bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cytoplasmic protein aggregates interfere with nucleocytoplasmic transport of protein and RNA
Authors: Woerner Andreas C. , Frottin Frédéric , Hornburg Daniel , Feng Li R. , Meissner Felix , Patra Maria , Tatzelt Jörg , Mann Matthias , Winklhofer Konstanze F. , Hartl F. Ulrich , Hipp Mark S.
Published: December 2015

Location, location, location

Aggregates of certain disease-associated proteins are involved in neurodegeneration. Woerner
et al.
now show that the exact location of these aggregates in the cell may be the key to their pathology (see the Perspective by Da Cruz and Cleveland). An artificial aggregate-prone protein caused problems when expressed in the cytoplasm but not when expressed in the nucleus. Cytoplasmic aggregates interfered with nucleocytoplasmic import and export. Perhaps if we can shunt pathological aggregates to the nucleus in the future, we will be able to ameliorate some forms of degenerative disease.

Science
, this issue p.
173
; see also p.
125
Draft Genome Sequence of Komagataeibacter intermedius Strain AF2, a Producer of Cellulose, Isolated from Kombucha Tea
Authors: dos Santos Renato Augusto Corrêa , Berretta Andresa Aparecida , Barud Hernane da Silva , Ribeiro Sidney José Lima , González-García Laura Natalia , Zucchi Tiago Domingues , Goldman Gustavo H. , Riaño-Pachón Diego M.
Published: December 2015

Here, we present the draft genome sequence of
Komagataeibacter intermedius
strain AF2, which was isolated from Kombucha tea and is capable of producing cellulose, although at lower levels compared to another bacterium from the same environment,
K. rhaeticus
strain AF1.
Genome Sequence of Rapid Beer-Spoiling Isolate Lactobacillus brevis BSO 464
Authors: Bergsveinson Jordyn , Pittet Vanessa , Ewen Emily , Baecker Nina , Ziola Barry
Published: December 2015

The genome of brewery-isolate
Lactobacillus brevis
BSO 464 was sequenced and assembly produced a chromosome and eight plasmids. This bacterium tolerates dissolved CO
2
/pressure and can rapidly spoil packaged beer. This genome is useful for analyzing the genetics associated with beer spoilage by lactic acid bacteria.
Molecular Characteristics of H6N6 Influenza Virus Isolated from Pigeons in Guangxi, Southern China
Authors: Li Meng , Xie Zhixun , Xie Zhiqin , Luo Sisi , Xie Liji , Huang Li , Deng Xianwen , Huang Jiaoling , Zhang Yanfang , Zeng Tingting , Wang Sheng
Published: December 2015

Here, we report the complete genome sequence of an H6N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) isolated from a pigeon in Guangxi, southern China, in 2014. The eight RNA segment genes shared a high nucleotide identity (97 to 99%) with H6N6 subtypes of AIV isolated from ducks in the regions around Guangxi Province. The finding of this study will help us understand the ecology and molecular characteristics of H6 avian influenza virus in wild birds in southern China.
Transferring patients home to die: what is the potential population in UK critical care units?
Authors: Coombs Maureen A , Darlington Anne-Sophie E , Long-Sutehall Tracy , Pattison Natalie , Richardson Alison
Published: December 2015

Objectives

Most people when asked, express a preference to die at home, but little is known about whether this is an option for critically ill patients. A retrospective cohort study was undertaken to describe the size and characteristics of the critical care population who could potentially be transferred home to die if they expressed such a wish.

Methods

Medical notes of all patients who died in, or within 5 days of discharge from seven critical care units across two hospital sites over a 12-month period were reviewed. Inclusion/exclusion criteria were developed and applied to identify the number of patients who had potential to be transferred home to die and demographic and clinical data (eg, conscious state, respiratory and cardiac support therapies) collected.

Results

7844 patients were admitted over a 12-month period. 422 (5.4%) patients died. Using the criteria developed 100 (23.7%) patients could have potentially been transferred home to die. Of these 41 (41%) patients were diagnosed with respiratory disease. 53 (53%) patients were conscious, 47 (47%) patients were self-ventilating breathing room air/oxygen via a mask. 20 (20%) patients were ventilated via an endotracheal tube. 76 (76%) patients were not requiring inotropes/vasopressors. Mean time between discussion about treatment withdrawal and time of death was 36.4 h (SD=46.48). No patients in this cohort were transferred home.

Conclusions

A little over 20% of patients dying in critical care demonstrate potential to be transferred home to die. Staff should actively consider the practice of transferring home as an option for care at end of life for these patients.
The legacy of deer overabundance: long-term delays in herbaceous understory recovery
Authors: Pendergast Thomas H. , Hanlon Shane M. , Long Zachary M. , Royo Alejandro A. , Carson Walter P.
Published: December 2015

Decades of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) overpopulation have dramatically homogenized forests across much of the eastern United States, creating depauperate forest understory communities. The rate at which these communities recover once deer browsing has been reduced remains an open question. We evaluate overbrowsing legacy effects by examining how forest herbaceous layers respond in terms of biodiversity, density, and community composition over 11 years using exclosures and control plots within a mature beech–maple forest. Although little recovery occurred in the first 5 years, total density and preferred browse density rebounded substantially during the final years of the study. Although community composition began to diverge between exclosure and control plots after 5 years, diversity failed to recover even after 11 years of excluding browsers. Our findings show that vulnerable species can increase after excluding browsers but only if those species were initially present. Biodiversity recovery may be extremely slow because preferred browse species have been nearly extirpated from many forests and thus are unable to recruit into refugia. We empirically demonstrate the extent of the ghost of herbivory past or legacy effect of browsing, i.e., the substantial time delay between herbivore abatement and community response after decades of high deer densities.
Flame acceleration due to wall friction: Accuracy and intrinsic limitations of the formulations
Authors: Demirgok Berk , Sezer Hayri , Akkerman V’yacheslav
Published: December 2015

The analytical formulations on the premixed flame acceleration induced by wall friction in two-dimensional (2D) channels [Bychkov et al., Phys. Rev. E 72 (2005) 046307] and cylindrical tubes [Akkerman et al., Combust. Flame 145 (2006) 206] are revisited. Specifically, pipes with one end closed are considered, with a flame front propagating from the closed pipe end to the open one. The original studies provide the analytical formulas for the basic flame and fluid characteristics such as the flame acceleration rate, the flame shape and its propagation speed, as well as the flame-generated flow velocity profile. In the present work, the accuracy of these approaches is verified, computationally, and the intrinsic limitations and validity domains of the formulations are identified. Specifically, the error diagrams are presented to demonstrate how the accuracy of the formulations depends on the thermal expansion in the combustion process and the Reynolds number associated with the flame propagation. It is shown that the 2D theory is accurate enough for a wide range of parameters. In contrast, the zeroth-order approximation for the cylindrical configuration appeared to be quite inaccurate and had to be revisited. It is subsequently demonstrated that the first-order approximation for the cylindrical geometry is very accurate for realistically large thermal expansions and Reynolds numbers. Consequently, unlike the zeroth-order approach, the first-order formulation can constitute a backbone for the comprehensive theory of the flame acceleration and detonation initiation in cylindrical tubes. Cumulatively, the accuracy of the formulations deteriorates with the reduction of the Reynolds number and thermal expansion.
DARP-MP
Authors: Chen Hu , Roy Sanghamitra , Chakraborty Koushik
Published: December 2015

In this article, we demonstrate that the sensitized path delays in various microprocessor pipe stages exhibit intriguing temporal and spatial variations during the execution of real-world applications. To effectively exploit these delay variations, we propose
dynamically adaptable resilient pipeline
(DARP)—a series of runtime techniques to boost power-performance efficiency and fault tolerance in a pipelined microprocessor. DARP employs early error prediction to avoid a major portion of the timing errors. We combine DARP with the state-of-art
topologically homogeneous and power-performance heterogeneous
(THPH) architecture to build up a new frontier for the energy efficiency of multicore processors (DARP-MP). Using a rigorous circuit-architectural infrastructure, we demonstrate that DARP substantially improves the multicore processor performance (9.4--20%) and energy efficiency (10--28.6%) compared to state-of-the-art techniques. The energy-efficiency improvements of DARP-MP are 42% and 49.9% compared against the original THPH and another state-of-art multicore power management scheme, respectively.
Data Quality
Authors: Fan Wenfei
Published: December 2015

Data quantity and data quality, like two sides of a coin, are equally important to data management. This paper provides an overview of recent advances in the study of data quality, from theory to practice. We also address challenges introduced by big data to data quality management.
Mastering Situation Awareness
Authors: Gawlick Dieter , Chan Eric S. , Ghoneimy Adel , Liu Zhen Hua
Published: December 2015

John Boyd recognized in the 1960's the importance of situation awareness for military operations and introduced the notion of the OODA loop (Observe, Orient, Decide, and Act). Today we realize that many applications have to deal with situation awareness: Customer Relationship Management, Human Capital Management, Supply Chain Management, patient care, power grid management, and cloud services management, as well as any IoT (Internet of Things) related application; the list seems to be endless. Situation awareness requires applications to support the management of data, knowledge, processes, and other services such as social networking in an integrated way. These applications additionally require high personalization as well as rapid and continuous evolution. They must provide a wide variety of operational and functional requirements, including real time processing.

Handcrafting these applications is an almost impossible task requiring exhaustive resources for development and maintenance. Due to the resources and time involved in their development, these applications typically fall way short of the desired functionality, operational characteristics, and ease and speed of evolution. We - the authors - have developed a model enabling the development and maintenance of situation-aware applications in a declarative and therefore economical manner; we call this model KIDS - Knowledge Intensive Data-processing System.
Blunted flow-mediated responses and diminished nitric oxide synthase expression in lymphatic thoracic ducts of a rat model of metabolic syndrome
Authors: Zawieja Scott D. , Gasheva Olga , Zawieja David C. , Muthuchamy Mariappan
Published: December 2015

Shear-dependent inhibition of lymphatic thoracic duct (TD) contractility is principally mediated by nitric oxide (NO). Endothelial dysfunction and poor NO bioavailability are hallmarks of vasculature dysfunction in states of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). We tested the hypothesis that flow-dependent regulation of lymphatic contractility is impaired under conditions of MetSyn. We utilized a 7-wk high-fructose-fed male Sprague-Dawley rat model of MetSyn and determined the stretch- and flow-dependent contractile responses in an isobaric ex vivo TD preparation. TD diameters were tracked and contractile parameters were determined in response to different transmural pressures, imposed flow, exogenous NO stimulation by S-nitro- N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), and inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) by l-nitro-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging molecule 4-hydroxy-tempo (tempol). Expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) in TD was determined using Western blot. Approximately 25% of the normal flow-mediated inhibition of contraction frequency was lost in TDs isolated from MetSyn rats despite a comparable SNAP response. Inhibition of NOS with l-NAME abolished the differences in the shear-dependent contraction frequency regulation between control and MetSyn TDs, whereas tempol did not restore the flow responses in MetSyn TDs. We found a significant reduction in eNOS expression in MetSyn TDs suggesting that diminished NO production is partially responsible for impaired flow response. Thus our data provide the first evidence that MetSyn conditions diminish eNOS expression in TD endothelium, thereby affecting the flow-mediated changes in TD lymphatic function.
Altering fatty acid availability does not impair prolonged, continuous running to fatigue: evidence for carbohydrate dependence
Authors: Leckey Jill J. , Burke Louise M. , Morton James P. , Hawley John A.
Published: December 2015

We determined the effect of suppressing lipolysis via administration of nicotinic acid (NA) on fuel substrate selection and half-marathon running capacity. In a single-blinded, Latin square design, 12 competitive runners completed four trials involving treadmill running until volitional fatigue at a pace based on 95% of personal best half-marathon time. Trials were completed in a fed or overnight fasted state: 1) carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion before (2 g CHO·kg−1·body mass−1) and during (44 g/h) [CFED]; 2) CFED plus NA ingestion [CFED-NA]; 3) fasted with placebo ingestion during [FAST]; and 4) FAST plus NA ingestion [FAST-NA]. There was no difference in running distance (CFED, 21.53 ± 1.07; CFED-NA, 21.29 ± 1.69; FAST, 20.60 ± 2.09; FAST-NA, 20.11 ± 1.71 km) or time to fatigue between the four trials. Concentrations of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol were suppressed following NA ingestion irrespective of preexercise nutritional intake but were higher throughout exercise in FAST compared with all other trials ( P < 0.05). Rates of whole-body CHO oxidation were unaffected by NA ingestion in the CFED and FAST trials, but were lower in the FAST trial compared with the CFED-NA trial ( P < 0.05). CHO was the primary substrate for exercise in all conditions, contributing 83-91% to total energy expenditure with only a small contribution from fat-based fuels. Blunting the exercise-induced increase in FFA via NA ingestion did not impair intense running capacity lasting ∼85 min, nor did it alter patterns of substrate oxidation in competitive athletes. Although there was a small but obligatory use of fat-based fuels, the oxidation of CHO-based fuels predominates during half-marathon running.
Eight Weeks ofCosmos caudatus(Ulam Raja) Supplementation Improves Glycemic Status in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Cheng Shi-Hui , Ismail Amin , Anthony Joseph , Ng Ooi Chuan , Hamid Azizah Abdul , Barakatun-Nisak Mohd Yusof
Published: December 2015

Objectives. Optimizing glycemic control is crucial to prevent type 2 diabetes related complications.Cosmos caudatusis reported to have promising effect in improving plasma blood glucose in an animal model. However, its impact on human remains ambiguous. This study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness ofC. caudatuson glycemic status in patients with type 2 diabetes.Materials and Methods. In this randomized controlled trial with two-arm parallel-group design, a total of 101 subjects with type 2 diabetes were randomly allocated to diabetic-ulam or diabetic controls for eight weeks. Subjects in diabetic-ulam group consumed 15 g ofC. caudatusdaily for eight weeks while diabetic controls abstained from takingC. caudatus.Both groups received the standard lifestyle advice.Results. After 8 weeks of supplementation,C. caudatussignificantly reduced serum insulin (−1.16 versus +3.91), reduced HOMA-IR (−1.09 versus +1.34), and increased QUICKI (+0.05 versus −0.03) in diabetic-ulam group compared with the diabetic controls. HbA1C level was improved although it is not statistically significant (−0.76% versus −0.37%).C. caudatuswas safe to consume.Conclusions.C. caudatussupplementation significantly improves insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Improvement of D-Ribose Production from Corn Starch Hydrolysate by a Transketolase-Deficient StrainBacillus subtilisUJS0717
Authors: Wei Zhuan , Zhou Jue , Sun WenJing , Cui FengJie , Xu QinHua , Liu ChangFeng
Published: December 2015

D-Ribose is a five-carbon sugar and generally used as an energy source to improve athletic performance and the ability. The culture conditions for maximum D-ribose production performance from cheap raw material corn starch hydrolysate were improved by using one-factor-at-a-time experiments and a three-level Box-Behnken factorial design. The optimal fermentation parameters were obtained as 36°C culture temperature, 10% inoculum volume, and 7.0 initial pH. The mathematical model was then developed to show the effect of each medium composition and their interactions on the production of D-ribose and estimated that the optimized D-ribose production performance with the concentration of 62.13 g/L, yield of 0.40 g/g, and volumetric productivity of 0.86 g/L·h could be obtained when the medium compositions were set as 157 g/L glucose, 21 g/L corn steep liquor, 3.2 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 1 g/L yeast extract, 0.05 g/L MnSO4·H2O, and 20 g/L CaCO3. These findings indicated the D-ribose production performance was significantly improved compared to that under original conditions.
Penfluridol: An Antipsychotic Agent Suppresses Metastatic Tumor Growth in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer by Inhibiting Integrin Signaling Axis
Authors: Ranjan Alok , Gupta Parul , Srivastava Sanjay K.
Published: December 2015

Metastasis of breast cancer, especially to the brain, is the major cause of mortality. The inability of anticancer agents to cross the blood-brain-barrier represents a critical challenge for successful treatment. In the current study, we investigated the antimetastatic potential of penfluridol, an antipsychotic drug frequently prescribed for schizophrenia with anticancer activity. We show that penfluridol induced apoptosis and reduced the survival of several metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines. In addition, penfluridol treatment significantly reduced the expression of integrin α6, integrin β4, Fak, paxillin, Rac1/2/3, and ROCK1 in vitro. We further evaluated the efficacy of penfluridol in three different in vivo tumor models. We demonstrate that penfluridol administration to an orthotopic model of breast cancer suppressed tumor growth by 49%. On the other hand, penfluridol treatment inhibited the growth of metastatic brain tumors introduced by intracardiac or intracranial injection of breast cancer cells by 90% and 72%, respectively. Penfluridol-treated tumors from all three models exhibited reduced integrin β4 and increased apoptosis. Moreover, chronic administration of penfluridol failed to elicit significant toxic or behavioral side effects in mice. Taken together, our results indicate that penfluridol effectively reduces the growth of primary TNBC tumors and especially metastatic growth in the brain by inhibiting integrin signaling, and prompt further preclinical investigation into repurposing penfluridol for the treatment of metastatic TNBC. Cancer Res; 76(4); 877–90. ©2015 AACR.
IL15 and T-cell Stemness in T-cell–Based Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Pilipow Karolina , Roberto Alessandra , Roederer Mario , Waldmann Thomas A. , Mavilio Domenico , Lugli Enrico
Published: December 2015

Preclinical models revealed that the immune system can mediate rejection of established tumors, but direct evidence in humans has been limited to largely immunogenic tumors, such as melanoma. The recent success of immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive T-cell transfer immunotherapy in clinical trials has instilled new hope for the use of T-cell immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer. IL15, a potent immunostimulatory cytokine, both potentiates host T-cells and natural killer (NK) cell immune responses and promotes the generation of long-lived memory T cells with superior functional capacity, with potential use in adoptive T-cell transfer protocols. IL15 has been recently tested in the clinic and showed dramatic effects at the level of responding NK and CD8+ memory T cells. The recent advances in the knowledge of IL15-dependent regulation of T-cell responses, gene expression, and metabolic adaptation have important implications for the use of IL15 in T-cell–based immunotherapy of cancer. Cancer Res; 75(24); 5187–93. ©2015 AACR.
Changes of Thyroid Hormones and Their Binding Proteins during Plasma Exchange for Polyneuropathy in a Patient with Substituted Hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Authors: Jenni Stefan , Adler Marcel , Lanz Simone , Mansouri Taleghani Behrouz , Christ Emanuel R.
Published: December 2015

Background: Pharmacodynamic studies and data concerning adaptation of thyroid substitution in patients with substituted hypothyroidism during plasma exchange (PE) is not available. Case Report: We measured TSH, fT3 and fT4, total T4, thyroxin binding globulin (TBG), and albumin before and after 5 PE procedures in a 37-year-old women who underwent PE for a therapy-resistant polyneuropathy. Thyroxin was increased empirically by 8% resulting in a dose of 1.95 µg/kg per day. Results: Despite larger reductions of total T4 and TBG over a series of 5 PEs (40-50% from baseline), only small reductions of 8% in fT3 and fT4 concentrations were documented with a concomittant increase in TSH level. Changes of fT4, fT3, and TSH remained within normal range. Conclusions: i) Despite a significant decrease in total thyroid hormone pool following PE, fT4, fT3, and TSH concentrations changed only slightly. ii) Based on this observation, a general increase in thyroid replacement therapy before PE cannot be recommended, but considered in case of a high normal TSH level.
Senescence-Derived Extracellular Molecules as Modulators of Oral Cancer Development: A Mini-Review
Authors: Parkinson Eric Kenneth , James Emma L. , Prime Stephen S.
Published: December 2015

Oral cancers are predominantly oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) derived from keratinocytes, and there is now very detailed knowledge of the genetics and molecular biology of the epithelial tumourigenic component of these cancers, including the identification of cancer stem or tumour-initiating cells. Several key genetic alterations have been identified including the near ubiquitous loss of the CDKN2A/p16INK4A and p53 pathways and telomerase activation, together with frequent inactivation of the NOTCH1 canonical pathway either by somatic genetic alterations or by the presence of human papilloma virus. There is also evidence that OSCCs arise from a ‘field' of altered cells and that malignant conversion takes place pre-dominantly at the microscopic level. However, in the last decade, it has been realised that tumour development and progression are influenced by the cells of the microenvironment with cross-talk between the epithelial (tumour) and mesenchymal components. OSCCs, especially those that have bypassed cellular senescence, produce an array of proteins and metabolites that induce cellular senescence in the normal surrounding cells; indeed, senescence is a common property of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Cellular senescence is defined as an irreversible cell cycle arrest and is associated with the release of molecules known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype that can selectively promote the growth of pre-neoplastic keratinocytes (osteopontin) and cancer invasion (transforming growth factor β, matrix metalloproteinases, interleukin 6 and lactate). In addition, both old and new work has shown that keratinocytes harbouring NOTCH loss-of-function mutations that lead to defective keratinocyte differentiation and loss of squamous epithelial barrier function may act as a tumour-promoting stimulus for initiated cells harbouring RAS pathway mutations by activating a wound response in the tumour mesenchyme. Thus, not all keratinocytes in the tumour tissue may be tumourigenic and may instead act as promoters of tumour growth and progression analogous to the much-studied CAFs which co-evolve with the genetically altered tumourigenic cells. This new data is discussed in relation to attempts to develop novel non-invasive diagnostics and therapeutics for oral cancer.
ICF-Based Analysis of Communication Disorders in Dementia of Alzheimer's Type
Authors: Badarunisa Mohamad Basheer , Sebastian Daly , Rangasayee Raghunath Rao , Kala Baby
Published: December 2015

Purpose: Dementia of Alzheimer's type (DAT) is a major cognitive communication disorder. The present study attempted to analyse communication disorders in DAT in the International Classification of Functions (ICF) framework. The study investigated the impact of the severity of communication disorders in persons with DAT on activity participation and environment components of the ICF. Method: Thirty bilingual individuals with DAT in the age range of 65-88 years were classified into three groups of mild, moderate and severe degree of dementia. Forty-three items of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Functional Assessment of Communication Skills for Adults (ASHA FACS) were linked to the ICF framework. A few additional items were also added for a complete profiling of DAT. A total of 50 (ASHA FACS + ICF) items were rated and administered for the purpose of the study. Results: The study revealed a disproportionate impact of the severity of DAT on activity participation and environment components of the ICF. Conclusion: The present study investigated the utility of the ICF framework for profiling the functionality of persons with DAT. This profiling highlighted the need for ensuring effective communication and quality of life in the DAT population.
Efficacy and Safety of Carboplatin and Etoposide Combination Chemotherapy for Extrapulmonary Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: A Retrospective Case Series
Authors: Imai Hiroo , Shirota Hidekazu , Okita Akira , Komine Keigo , Saijo Ken , Takahashi Masahiro , Takahashi Shin , Takahashi Masanobu , Shimodaira Hideki , Ishioka Chikashi
Published: December 2015

Background: Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is a rare tumor type, and a standard therapy for NEC has not yet been established. From 2008 to 2013, carboplatin-etoposide combination therapy has been used to treat almost all NEC patients in our department, and the objective of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of carboplatin-etoposide combination therapy in NEC. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted based on medical records from 2008 to 2013. Eligible patients had been pathologically diagnosed with NEC and had received a carboplatin-etoposide combination as first-line chemotherapy. Results: Nineteen patients were included in the study, and the overall response rate was 47.4%. The median overall survival was 12.7 months, and the median progression-free survival was 7.0 months. The median survival times were 10.8 and 8.9 months in NEC patients with primary sites in the gastrointestinal tract and hepatobiliary-pancreatic system, respectively. Median progression-free survival times were 5.0 and 3.1 months, respectively. The major toxicities were grade 3 and 4 leukopenia (73.7%), neutropenia (78.9%), anemia (31.6%), and thrombocytopenia (26.3%). Conclusions: Carboplatin-etoposide combination therapy for NEC may have comparable effectiveness and milder adverse events than cisplatin-etoposide combination therapy.
Management of Anesthesia in a Child with a Large Neck Rhabdoid Tumor
Authors: Stevic Marija , Bokun Zlatko , Milojevic Irina , Budic Ivana , Jovanovic Branislav , Krstic Zoran , Simic Dusica
Published: December 2015

Objective: The aim of this paper was to report the management of anesthesia of a child with a large neck rhabdoid tumor. Clinical Presentation and Intervention: A 9-month- old female patient underwent urgent neck tumor excision due to intratumoral bleeding from a large tumor that compressed and dislocated the trachea; therefore, intubation was expected to be difficult. Sevoflurane inhalation induction was utilized to maintain spontaneous respiration. Oral laryngoscopy revealed Cormack-Lehane grade 3 laryngeal view. The trachea was intubated using a reinforced tube on the third attempt. Fiberoptic bronchoscope-assisted intubation was planned as an alternative in case of conventional intubation failure. Anticipation of massive blood loss necessitated central venous catheterization. Conclusion: Establishing a safe airway, intubation during spontaneous breathing and invasive hemodynamic monitoring are crucial factors in the anesthetic management of pediatric patients with a large neck tumor.
Antithrombotic Effects of Nur77 and Nor1 Are Mediated Through Upregulating Thrombomodulin Expression in Endothelial Cells
Authors: Yang Ping , Wei Xin , Zhang Jian , Yi Bing , Zhang Guan-Xin , Yin Litian , Yang Xiao-Feng , Sun Jianxin
Published: December 2015

Objective—

Thrombomodulin is highly expressed on the lumenal surface of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and possesses potent anticoagulant, antifibrinolytic, and anti-inflammatory activities in the vessel wall. However, the regulation of thrombomodulin expression in ECs remains largely unknown.

Approaches and Results—

In this study, we characterized nuclear receptor 4A family as a novel regulator of thrombomodulin expression in vascular ECs. We demonstrated that both nuclear receptors 4A, Nur77 and Nor1, robustly increase thrombomodulin mRNA and protein levels in human vascular ECs and in mouse liver tissues after adenovirus-mediated transduction of Nur77 and Nor1 cDNAs. Moreover, Nur77 deficiency and knockdown of Nur77 and Nor1 expression markedly attenuated the basal and vascular endothelial growth factor
165
–stimulated thrombomodulin expression. Mechanistically, we found that Nur77 and Nor1 increase thrombomodulin expression by acting through 2 different mechanisms. We showed that Nur77 barely affects thrombomodulin promoter activity, but significantly increases thrombomodulin mRNA stability, whereas Nor1 enhances thrombomodulin expression mainly through induction of Kruppel-like factors 2 and 4 in vascular ECs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that both Nur77 and Nor1 significantly increase protein C activity and inhibit tumor necrosis factor α–induced prothrombotic effects in human ECs. Deficiency of Nur77 increases susceptibility to arterial thrombosis, whereas enhanced expression of Nur77 and Nor1 protects mice from arterial thrombus formation.

Conclusions—

Our results identified nuclear receptors 4A as novel regulators of thrombomodulin expression and function in vascular ECs and provided a proof-of-concept demonstration that targeted increasing expression of Nur77 and Nor1 in the vascular endothelium might represent a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of thrombotic disorders.
Endocardial Notch Signaling in Cardiac Development and Disease
Authors: Luxán Guillermo , D’Amato Gaetano , MacGrogan Donal , de la Pompa José Luis
Published: December 2015

The Notch signaling pathway is an ancient and highly conserved signaling pathway that controls cell fate specification and tissue patterning in the embryo and in the adult. Region-specific endocardial Notch activity regulates heart morphogenesis through the interaction with multiple myocardial-, epicardial-, and neural crest–derived signals. Mutations in NOTCH signaling elements cause congenital heart disease in humans and mice, demonstrating its essential role in cardiac development. Studies in model systems have provided mechanistic understanding of Notch function in cardiac development, congenital heart disease, and heart regeneration. Notch patterns the embryonic endocardium into prospective territories for valve and chamber formation, and later regulates the signaling processes leading to outflow tract and valve morphogenesis and ventricular trabeculae compaction. Alterations in NOTCH signaling in the endocardium result in congenital structural malformations that can lead to disease in the neonate and adult heart.
Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (E-CPR) During Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Arrest Is Associated With Improved Survival to Discharge
Authors: Lasa Javier J. , Rogers Rachel S. , Localio Russell , Shults Justine , Raymond Tia , Gaies Michael , Thiagarajan Ravi , Laussen Peter C. , Kilbaugh Todd , Berg Robert A. , Nadkarni Vinay , Topjian Alexis
Published: December 2015

Background—

Although extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (E-CPR) can result in survival after failed conventional CPR (C-CPR), no large, systematic comparison of pediatric E-CPR and continued C-CPR has been reported.

Methods and Results—

Consecutive patients <18 years old with CPR events ≥10 minutes in duration reported to the Get With the Guidelines–Resuscitation registry between January 2000 and December 2011 were identified. Hospitals were grouped by teaching status and location. Primary outcome was survival to discharge. Regression modeling was performed, conditioning on hospital groups. A secondary analysis was performed with the use of propensity score matching. Of 3756 evaluable patients, 591 (16%) received E-CPR and 3165 (84%) received C-CPR only. Survival to hospital discharge and survival with favorable neurological outcome (Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category score of 1–3 or unchanged from admission) were greater for E-CPR (40% [237 of 591] and 27% [133 of 496]) versus C-CPR patients (27% [862 of 3165] and 18% [512 of 2840]). Odds ratios (ORs) for survival to hospital discharge and survival with favorable neurological outcome were greater for E-CPR versus C-CPR. After adjustment for covariates, patients receiving E-CPR had higher odds of survival to discharge (OR, 2.80; 95% confidence interval, 2.13–3.69;
P
<0.001) and survival with favorable neurological outcome (OR, 2.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.91–3.64;
P
<0.001) than patients who received C-CPR. This association persisted when analyzed by propensity score–matched cohorts (OR, 1.70; 95% confidence interval, 1.33–2.18;
P
<0.001; and OR, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.31–2.41;
P
<0.001, respectively].

Conclusion—

For children with in-hospital CPR of ≥10 minutes duration, E-CPR was associated with improved survival to hospital discharge and survival with favorable neurological outcome compared with C-CPR.
Seasonal and inter-species comparison of asymmetry in the genital system of some species of the oceanic copepod genus Metridia (Copepoda, Calanoida)
Authors: Arima Daichi , Matsuno Kohei , Yamaguchi Atsushi , Nobetsu Takahiro , Imai Ichiro
Published: December 2015

The seasonal and inter-annual changes in the asymmetry of female insemination and the male leg 5 of the planktonic calanoid copepods Metridia okhotensis and M. pacifica were investigated in the Okhotsk Sea. An inter-species comparison of both parameters was also carried out on seven Metridia species collected from oceans throughout the world. For M. okhotensis from the Okhotsk Sea, most of the females showed left-side insemination (annual average: 95.7%) and most of the males showed left-side asymmetry (99.7%) of the long inner process of the second exopodal segment in the fifth leg throughout the year. However, sympatric M. pacifica showed different ratios of asymmetry for female insemination and male morphotypes with a left : right = 1 : 2 ratio throughout the year. For the seven Metridia species from the global oceans treated in this study, ratios of asymmetry for female insemination and male morphotypes were correlated with each other. One-sided insemination (i.e., only left or only right insemination) was a common pattern for various Metridia species from global oceans, but their ratios varied by species. Previously, low hatching rates (29-68%) of eggs were reported for various Metridia spp. in laboratory experiments, but the reasons for these low rates were unclear. Because each spermatheca of Metridia spp. is connected to the oviduct on the same side, either left or right, this suggests that half of the eggs produced by unilaterally inseminated females remain unfertilized. The morphology of the genital structures and literature data of the egg hatching rates of Metridia spp. indicate that almost half of the eggs produced by females are not viable and are, thus, wasted.
A new species of the genus Diogenes (Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae) from the South China Sea
Authors: Xiao Li-Chan , Wang Yong-Liang , Sha Zhong-Li
Published: December 2015

A new species of Diogenes Dana, 1851, Diogenes bispinatus sp. nov., is described from the South China Sea. It is closely allied to Diogenes dorotheae Morgan & Forest, 1991 and D. patae Asakura & Godwin, 2006, but it morphologically differs from the latter in the length of the antennular peduncle, the number of spines on the ocular acicle, the shape of the antennal acicle and the number of spines, the shape of the palm of left cheliped and telson. A key to the species of Diogenes from China seas is provided.
Anatolian Default Accentuation and Its Diachronic Consequences
Authors: Yates Anthony D.
Published: December 2015

This paper adduces evidence for and attempts to phonologically motivate a pattern of descriptive “retraction” of surface word accent in the Anatolian languages. It is proposed that the innovative accentual peak (
ictus
) in the relevant forms is due to
Anatolian Default Accentuation
, which applies when no constituent morpheme in a prosodic word is lexically specified as accented and assigns
ictus
to its leftmost syllable. Diachronic prosodic change is shown to result from the interaction of various morphophonological developments and the stable operation of this default accentual principle, whose effects in Hittite, Palaic, and Luwian require its reconstruction for Proto-Anatolian. Furthermore, the Anatolian evidence is argued to support Kiparsky and Halle’s (1977) reconstruction of the same default principle for Proto-Indo-European on the basis of Vedic Sanskrit and Balto-Slavic evidence.
Sonority Sequencing Violations and Prosodic Structure in Latin and Other Indo-European Languages
Authors: DeLisi Jessica
Published: December 2015

Attention has been paid of late to syllable structure in ancient Indo-European languages, e.g. Sanskrit (Kobayashi, 2004), Latin (Marotta, 1999), Greek (Zukoff, 2012), Anatolian (Kavitskaya, 2001), and general Indo-European (Byrd, 2010; Keydana, 2012). There is little agreement in the field about some of the more difficult cases, most of which involve both word-initial and medial clusters that violate the Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP), particularly sibilant-stop clusters. Because sibilants are more sonorous than stops, [STV-]
σ
onsets to roots such as *steh2- require special consideration. I will argue that there are three types of evidence we can and should employ in attempting to diagnose syllable structure in ancient languages: metrical, phonological, and morphological. I will apply all three to Latin forms, showing that in Pre-Literary Latin, sibilant-stop clusters formed true onsets, as Byrd (2010) has argued for Proto-Indo-European, but that by the Classical period these SSP-violating clusters were no longer licensed as onsets. In such sequences, Classical Latin allowed only [t] in the onset, while the [s] formed a coda in medial position and was housed extraprosodically in word-initial position. The various treatments of ST-sequences in Latin and other Indo-European languages, especially PIE, Sanskrit, and Gothic, will be modeled in Optimality Theory using constraints on phonotactics and extraprosodicity.
Information literacy in LIS education:
Authors: Inskip Charles
Published: December 2015

Theoretical and practical principles of information literacy (IL) are generally embedded into the wider course structure of Library and Information Studies (LIS) Master’s programmes. This paper discusses the findings of a qualitative thematic content analysis of library student exam answer texts, which provide a student view of whether it would be appropriate to designate a stand-alone module specifically for the delivery of these principles. The key concepts of IL are currently found embedded within the core programme. It is suggested that the introduction of a distinct module may more appropriately reflect stakeholder requirements, including LIS students’ combined needs as producer-consumers of IL interventions in their study and practice. There is an increasing requirement for them to develop, deliver and evaluate good-practice interventions in the workplace. This work builds on existing discussions around IL as a discipline and the changing role of the librarian. The analysis is substantially informed by the participants’ views. It suggests that while embedding IL in the library school curriculum can address the consumer-IL needs of the participants as students, a more explicit focus will support development of their professional-IL needs.
Are librarians teachers?
Authors: Wheeler Emily , McKinney Pam
Published: December 2015

Librarian roles in the education sector increasingly include teaching responsibilities, therefore librarians need to know more about teaching theory and techniques in order to provide high-quality information literacy (IL) teaching. There has been little published research into how librarians conceive of their teaching, their skills and themselves as teachers. This research, initially conducted for a Masters dissertation in the Information School at the University of Sheffield, investigates the variation in conceptions of their own teaching skills among academic librarians who teach IL in higher education (HE). It was investigated whether participants would describe themselves as teachers, whether they are influenced by teaching theories (and which ones), and whether they are actually teaching or training. Firstly the literature on pedagogy for IL, approaches to teaching IL in HE, and librarians as teachers, was reviewed before the research and its findings are discussed. A phenomenographic approach was used. A purposive sample of six librarians who teach IL in HE institutions in the north of England was chosen, selected to ensure maximum variation between participants and the resulting conceptions. Six interviews were conducted using phenomenographic techniques to encourage participants to talk about their conceptions, and the interviews were then transcribed and analysed. The data gives rise to four categories of description, each of which describes a conception that librarians hold of themselves and their teaching:: teacher-librarian; learning support; librarian who teaches; and trainer. The variation between categories is determined by interviewees’ conceptions of themselves, their teaching, IL, and other teachers. The results suggest that further support and training for librarians and library and information science (LIS) students would be beneficial and more in-depth and larger-scale research is recommended to test these conceptions and understand in greater detail the training experience and needs of librarians who teach. This article is based on a paper presented at LILAC 2015.
A new Combination in Crotalaria multiflora (Arn.) Benth. (Fabaceae)

Authors: KRISHNARAJ MOOTHEDATHU VENUGOPALAN NAIR , MOHANAN NARAYANAN NAIR
Published: December 2015

Crotalaria kurisumalayana Sibichen & Nampy is reduced to a variety of Crotalaria multiflora (Arn.) Benth.
Clarification of the type specimens of Angraecum parcum Schltr. and Angraecum stolzii Schltr.

Authors: STEUDEL BASTIAN
Published: December 2015

Confusion about type status of the collections Stolz 640 and Stolz 2508, both described by Schlechter, have arisen because the epithet stolzii was used by Schlechter himself on labels of the type collection of Angraceum parcum Schltr. I here clarify which are the type collections of A. parcum Schltr. and A. stolzii Schltr. and designate lectotypes for these species.
Mechanical Engineering Design Tuition at Universities
Authors: de Malherbe M. C. , Solomon P. J. B.
Published: December 2015

Methods of design tuition at universities are described and a brief comparison is drawn between British, Continental and American methods, emphasizing their essential differences. It is accepted that the limitation of British undergraduate courses to three years' duration is unlikely to alter and that a sound understanding of the meaning and purpose of design must somehow be instilled during this period. The aim of the courses at present developing at Imperial College, London, is shown to be directed at giving the students practice in the solution of real contemporary engineering problems. A short section is devoted to the role of engineering drawing. This is followed by an outline of the actual courses at present being given at Imperial College during each of the three undergraduate years.

Closer co-operation with industry is advocated and design studies undertaken during both second and third year are included, some of which are corporate projects carried out in collaboration with industry.
Marine Propulsion, with Special Reference to the Transmission of Power
Authors: Archer Simon
Published: December 2015

The author first presents an analysis of the world merchant fleet, some 11 000 ships, classified with Lloyd's Register of Shipping on 31st December 1962, with respect to such variables as type of prime mover, horsepower range, number of screws, engine location, and type of transmission. This is compared with a similar analysis of the classed fleet as it was on 31st December 1957; the comparison reveals some interesting trends.

The principal categories of transmission system are then broadly discussed with brief historical notes and illustrative examples from modern practice.

The lecture concludes with some general remarks on systems of automatic and remote control of marine propulsion machinery with illustrated descriptions of several recent examples.
Hydraulic Jet Propulsion: A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation into the Propulsion of Seacraft by Water Jets
Authors: Gasiunas A. , Lewis W. P.
Published: December 2015

In recent years there has been a revival of interest in hydraulic jet propulsion as a means of propulsion for seacraft. In this paper the important design variables for this type of system are established and the theoretical relationships between them derived. The sphere of application of this method of propulsion is considered and the effect of the different variables discussed. This discussion is illustrated by reference to a typical design and the results of field tests are examined to check the validity of data on which the design is based. In conclusion some general comments are offered on the types of water jet units which show promise for commercial development.
Development and Manufacture of Magnox Fuel
Authors: Stewart J. C. C.
Published: December 2015

The paper describes the stages in design, development and manufacture which have led to the successful introduction of magnox fuel into the first phase of the British nuclear programme. Significant design problems are discussed and attention is directed towards the main limitations in fuel performance and endurance.

Detailed results of fuel irradiation trials are presented and future developments are discussed.