Cascade of abrupt transitions in past climates
Authors: Rousseau Denis-Didier , Lucarini Valerio , Bagniewski Witold , Ghil Michael 
Published: March 2022

&lt;p&gt;The Earth&amp;#8217;s climate has experienced numerous abrupt and critical transitions during its long history. Such transitions are evidenced in precise, high-resolution records at different timescales. This type of evidence suggests the possibility of identifying a hierarchy of past critical events, which would yield a more complex perspective on climatic history of the than the classical saddle-node two-dimension representation of tipping points. Such a context allows defining a tipping, or dynamical, landscape (Lucarini and B&amp;#243;dai, 2020), similar to the epigenetic landscape of Waddington (1957).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To illustrate a richer structure of critical transitions, we have analyzed 3 key high-resolution datasets covering the past 66 Ma and provided evidences of abrupt transitions detected with the augmented Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and a recurrence analysis (Bagniewski et al., 2021). These time series are the CENOGRID benthic d&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O and d&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C (Westerhold et al., 2020), the U1308 benthic d&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O, d&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C and the d&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;bulk carbonate (Hodell and Channell, 2016), and the NGRIP d&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O (Rasmussen et al., 2014) records. The aim was to examine objectively the observed visual evidence of abrupt transitions and to identify among them the key thresholds indicating regime changes that differentiate among major clusters of variability. This identification is followed by establishing a hierarchy in the observed thresholds organized through a domino-like cascade of abrupt transitions that shaped the Earth&amp;#8217;s climate system over the past 66 Ma.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study is supported by the H2020-funded Tipping Points in the Earth System (TiPES) project.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bagniewski, W., Ghil, M., and Rousseau, D. D.: Automatic detection of abrupt transitions in paleoclimate records, Chaos, 31, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0062543, 2021.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hodell, D. A. and Channell, J. E. T.: Mode transitions in Northern Hemisphere glaciation: co-evolution of millennial and orbital variability in Quaternary climate, Clim. Past, 12, 1805&amp;#8211;1828, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1805-2016, 2016.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lucarini, V. and B&amp;#243;dai, T.: Global stability properties of the climate: Melancholia states, invariant measures, and phase transitions, Nonlinearity, 33, R59&amp;#8211;R92, https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6544/ab86cc, 2020.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Rasmussen, S. O., Bigler, M., Blockley, S. P., et al.: A stratigraphic framework for abrupt climatic changes during the Last Glacial period based on three synchronized Greenland ice-core records: refining and extending the INTIMATE event stratigraphy, Quat. Sci. Rev., 106, 14&amp;#8211;28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.007, 2014.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Waddington, C. H.: The strategy of the genes., Allen &amp; Unwin., London, 1957.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Westerhold, T., Marwan, N., Drury, A. J., et al.: An astronomically dated record of Earth&amp;#8217;s climate and its predictability over the last 66 million years, Science, 369, 1383-+, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba6853, 2020.&lt;/p&gt;