bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐Rate Continuous Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Perovskites and Metal Oxides in a Colliding Vapor Stream of Microdroplets
Authors: Ould‐Ely Teyeb , Kaplan‐Reinig Lyle , Morse Daniel E.
Published: November 2013

A high‐rate, continuous synthesis of functional nanomaterials using a home engineered reactor is reported. The reactor is able to produce low‐cost, kilogram‐scale BaTiO3 nanopowders with a nanocrystalline particle size less than 30 nm at mild temperatures (<100 °C) and ambient pressure. Nebulization and collision of warm microdroplets (60–80 °C) of Ba(OH)2 and Ti(O‐nBu)4 very quickly result in total hydrolysis and subsequent conversion to BaTiO3, yielding 1.3 kg/day of high purity, highly crystalline nanoparticles (25–30 nm). This synthesis procedure also enables high‐rate production of TiO2 anatase (2.9 kg/day). It therefore provides a general platform for processing and scaling up of functional inorganic nanomaterials under very mild conditions.
Surface Modification of Silicone with Covalently Immobilized and Crosslinked Agarose for Potential Application in the Inhibition of Infection and Omental Wrapping
Authors: Li Min , Neoh Koon‐Gee , Kang En‐Tang , Lau Titus , Chiong Edmund
Published: November 2013

In peritoneal dialysis (PD), the catheter, usually made of silicone, has been considered the “lifeline” of the patient. However, the PD catheter also serves as a nidus for bacterial infection. Furthermore, complications can result from fibrin deposition and omental wrapping of the catheter, which obstructs the dialysate flow. In this work, a crosslinked agarose (AG) polymer layer is covalently grafted as a microscale coating on the silicone surface. This coating reduces Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation by more than two orders of magnitude. In addition, cell and platelet adhesion and protein adsorption is also reduced by ≥90%. Without compromising the antibacterial and antifouling property, further improvement in hemocompatibility, as shown by the inhibition of platelet adhesion and activation, prolonged plasma recalcification time and lower hemolysis degree, is achieved by co‐immobilization of 2.6 μg cm−2 of heparin (HEP) in the agarose coating. The AG–HEP coatings are not cytotoxic to mammalian cells, and are stable for extended periods in lysozyme aqueous solution and under autoclaving at 121 °C for 20 min.
Optical Analysis of p‐Type Surface Conductivity in Diamond with Slotted Photonic Crystals
Authors: Blin Candice , Checoury Xavier , Girard Hugues A. , Gesset Céline , Saada Samuel , Boucaud Philippe , Bergonzo Philippe
Published: November 2013

2D slotted diamond‐based photonic crystals (PhCs) with Q factors up to 6500 are fabricated and optically characterized at 1550 nm in order to probe surface molecular modifications. This study focuses on the simplest surface modifications that can modify the diamond PhC optical properties, namely, hydrogenation and oxidation. Depending on the chemical surface termination, these diamond PhCs exhibit a strong modification of their spectral features. When the surface is tuned from oxidized to hydrogenated, a resonance wavelength shift of the cavity occurs and is accompanied by a decrease of the Q factor. Moreover, experimental evidence is given that this phenomenon is reversible, as the initial value of the Q factor is recovered when the surface is re‐oxidized. This is attributed to the subsurface conductive layer that is due to transfer doping in hydrogenated diamond and which is absent from oxidized diamond. Thanks to 3D finite differences in time domain (FDTD) simulations, an estimate of the effective refractive index of the surface conductive layer at 1.5 μm is given as a function of its thickness. This result highlights the high sensitivity of slotted diamond PhC and the importance of surface control for biosensing with diamond.
A Three‐Way Switchable Process for Suzuki Cross‐Coupling, Hydrodehalogenation, or an Assisted Tandem Hydrodehalogenation and Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Sequence
Authors: Sandtorv Alexander H. , Bjørsvik Hans‐René
Published: November 2013

A three‐way switchable Pd‐catalyzed and microwave assisted process appropriate for selective arylation or hydrodehalogenation of the imidazole backbone was discovered and entirely optimized. The “arylation switch position” was adapted and optimized for the synthesis of 4,5‐diaryl‐1H‐imidazoles, while the “hydrodehalogenation switch position” was used for the preparation of 4(5)‐iodo‐1H‐imidazole. The hydrodehalogenation and the cross‐coupling reactions were also successfully combined in “the third switch position” that performs an assisted tandem reaction sequence that produced 4(5)‐aryl‐1H‐imidazole. All of the three pathways produced their corresponding products in excellent yield.

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Methylsulfinyl (Dimsyl) Anion as Umpolung Catalyst for the Chemoselective Cross‐Benzoin Reaction of α‐Diketones with Aldehydes
Authors: Bortolini Olga , Fantin Giancarlo , Ferretti Valeria , Fogagnolo Marco , Giovannini Pier Paolo , Massi Alessandro , Pacifico Salvatore , Ragno Daniele
Published: November 2013

The hitherto unreported ability of the methylsulfinyl carbanion (dimsyl anion) to generate acyl anion equivalents is described. The dimsyl anion, in fact, efficiently catalyzes chemoselective intermolecular cross‐benzoin condensations of diaryl α‐diketones (benzils) with various aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes to give the corresponding aryl‐aryl and aryl‐alkyl benzoin benzoates in an atom‐economic fashion. The dimsyl anion acts as an environmentally friendly alternative to the toxic cyanide anion and it is obtained by in situ deprotonation of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent with a catalytic amount of a strong base, potassium tert‐butoxide (t‐BuOK) the optimal promoter. The assumption that the methylsulfinyl carbanion is the active catalyst in the title transformation is supported by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) experiments.

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Ionic Liquid–Sulfolane Composite Electrolytes for High‐Performance and Stable Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Marszalek Magdalena , Arendse Francine Duriaux , Decoppet Jean‐David , Babkair Saeed Salem , Ansari Azhar Ahmad , Habib Sami S. , Wang Mingkui , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Grätzel Michael
Published: November 2013

Ionic liquid electrolytes are prepared using sulfolane as a plasticizer for eutectic melts to realize highly stable and efficiently performing dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) in hot climate conditions. Variations in the viscosity of the formulations with sulfolane content are measured and performance in DSCs is investigated using the ruthenium dye C106 as a sensitizer. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.2% is achieved under standard reporting conditions. Apart from lowering the viscosity, the addition of sulfolane induces a negative shift of the TiO2 conduction band edge. Strikingly the device performance increases to 8.4% at 50 °C due to higher short circuit photocurrent and fill factor, over‐compensating the loss in open circuit voltage with increasing temperature. The PCE increases also upon decreasing the light intensity of the solar simulator, reaching up to 9% at 50 mW cm−2. Devices based on these new electrolyte formulations show excellent stability during light soaking for 2320 h under full sunlight at 60 °C and also during a 1065 h long heat stress at 80 °C in the dark. A detailed investigation provides important information about the factors affecting the principal photovoltaic parameters during the aging process and the first results from a series of outdoor measurements are reported.
Diagnosis and treatment of cancer‐related anemia
Authors: Gilreath Jeffrey A. , Stenehjem David D. , Rodgers George M.
Published: November 2013

Cancer‐related anemia (CRA) is due to multiple etiologies, including chemotherapy‐induced myelosuppression, blood loss, functional iron deficiency, erythropoietin deficiency due to renal disease, marrow involvement with tumor as well as other factors. The most common treatment options for CRA include iron therapy, erythropoietic‐stimulating agents (ESAs), and red cell transfusion. Safety concerns as well as restrictions and reimbursement issues surrounding ESA therapy for CRA have resulted in suboptimal treatment. Similarly, many clinicians are not familiar or comfortable using intravenous iron products to treat functional iron deficiency associated with CRA. This article summarizes our approach to treating CRA and discusses commonly encountered clinical scenarios for which current clinical guidelines do not apply. Am. J. Hematol. 89:203–212, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A case of paraparesis with thoracic ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and the ligamentum flavum induced by falling down on the abdomen
Authors: Nagayama Masataka , Yanagawa Youichi , Okuda Takatoshi , Yonezawa Ikuho , Iba Toshiaki , Kaneko Kazuo
Published: November 2013

Aim

To describe an educational case.

Methods

Case report.

Results

A 71‐year‐old female was transported to our emergency department with complaints of lower abdominal pain and gate disturbance after falling down on her abdomen. She had lower abdominal painful paresthesia in the dermatome from the twelfth thoracic to the first lumbar level without signs of peritoneal stimulation. Paraparesis and dysesthesia of the lower extremities was predominant on the left side. Abdominal computed tomography revealed severe thoracic ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and the ligamentum flavum at the thoracic level 10/11. Laminectomy and spinal fusion with rods resulted in recovery of the patient's symptoms.

Conclusion

Physician should pay attention to thoracic spinal cord injury induced by hyperextensive stress on the spine, even in cases of minor trauma, among patients with preexisting bony pathologies at the thoracolumbar level.
Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Bis and Tris Heterocycles
Authors: Mahaboob Basha Nabhubygari , Seenaiah Dandu , Padmaja Adivireddy , Padmavathi Venkatapuram , Bhargav Desaraju Suresh , Vijaya Tartte
Published: November 2013

A variety of bis heterocycles, oxazolyl/thiazolyl/imidazolyl oxadiazoles having a styryl sulfonylmethyl group at the 5‐position of oxadiazole and tris heterocycles having a pyrrolyl/pyrazolyl sulfonylmethyl group at the 5‐position of oxadiazole were prepared adopting simple and versatile synthetic methodologies. All the compounds were screened for their antioxidant activities. Compound 5b displayed radical scavenging activity in all the three methods greater than the standard ascorbic acid, whereas compounds 8b and 14b showed activities equal to the standard ascorbic acid.
The Google scholar experiment: How to index false papers and manipulate bibliometric indicators
Authors: Delgado López‐Cózar Emilio , Robinson‐García Nicolás , Torres‐Salinas Daniel
Published: November 2013

Google Scholar has been well received by the research community. Its promises of free, universal, and easy access to scientific literature coupled with the perception that it covers the social sciences and the humanities better than other traditional multidisciplinary databases have contributed to the quick expansion of Google Scholar Citations and Google Scholar Metrics: 2 new bibliometric products that offer citation data at the individual level and at journal level. In this article, we show the results of an experiment undertaken to analyze Google Scholar's capacity to detect citation‐counting manipulation. For this, we uploaded 6 documents to an institutional web domain that were authored by a fictitious researcher and referenced all the publications of the members of the EC3 research group at the University of Granada. The detection by Google Scholar of these papers caused an outburst in the number of citations included in the Google Scholar Citations profiles of the authors. We discuss the effects of such an outburst and how it could affect the future development of such products, at both the individual level and the journal level, especially if Google Scholar persists with its lack of transparency.
Adaptive designs with arbitrary dependence structure
Authors: Schmidt Rene , Faldum Andreas , Witt Olaf , Gerß Joachim
Published: November 2013

Adaptive designs were originally developed for independent and uniformly distributed p‐values. There are trial settings where independence is not satisfied or where it may not be possible to check whether it is satisfied. In these cases, the test statistics and p‐values of each stage may be dependent. Since the probability of a type I error for a fixed adaptive design depends on the true dependence structure between the p‐values of the stages, control of the type I error rate might be endangered if the dependence structure is not taken into account adequately. In this paper, we address the problem of controlling the type I error rate in two‐stage adaptive designs if any dependence structure between the test statistics of the stages is admitted (worst case scenario). For this purpose, we pursue a copula approach to adaptive designs. For two‐stage adaptive designs without futility stop, we derive the probability of a type I error in the worst case, that is for the most adverse dependence structure between the p‐values of the stages. Explicit analytical considerations are performed for the class of inverse normal designs. A comparison with the significance level for independent and uniformly distributed p‐values is performed. For inverse normal designs without futility stop and equally weighted stages, it turns out that correcting for the worst case is too conservative as compared to a simple Bonferroni design.
Identification of New N‐Acylhomoserine Lactone Signalling Compounds of Dinoroseobacter shibae DFL‐12T by Overexpression of luxI Genes
Authors: Neumann Alexander , Patzelt Diana , Wagner‐Döbler Irene , Schulz Stefan
Published: November 2013

Bacteria of the Roseobacter clade are widespread in the ocean and occur in many different habitats. In the genome of Dinoroseobacter shibae DFL‐12, luxI homologous genes that encode synthases responsible for the formation of N‐acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) have been described. These compounds are known autoinducers that regulate several biological traits—namely, flagella formation and cell differentiation—in D. shibae through quorum sensing. The AHLs produced by D. shibae mainly consisted of N‐octadecadienoylhomoserine lactone (C18:2‐AHL) and N‐octadecenoylhomoserine lactone (C18:1‐HSL). In the wild type these AHLs are synthesized only in low abundance. The luxI genes were therefore expressed in Escherichia coli; this resulted in the formation of AHLs mostly different from those found in the D. shibae wild type. A luxI1‐deficient mutant of D. shibae was then reprovided with an overexpressed luxI1 gene. This strain produced large amounts of C18:2‐AHL and C18:1‐AHL, allowing full characterization of these compounds by mass spectrometric techniques and derivatization. Synthesis of the proposed structures confirmed that the major compound is (2E,11Z)‐N‐octadeca‐2,11‐dienoylhomoserine lactone (6, C18:2‐HSL), accompanied by (Z)‐N‐octadec‐11‐enoylhomoserine lactone (5, C18:1‐HSL). AHL 6 has not been reported before from other organisms and contains an unusual 2E double bond.
Comment on “Mechanism of PtIV Sonochemical Reduction in Formic Acid Media and Pure Water”
Authors: Goldstein Sara , Meyerstein Dan
Published: November 2013

Sonochemical formation of Pt0 nanoparticles in formic acid media involves the reduction of PtVI by carboxyl radicals (.CO2H/CO2.−).
Coumarinylmethyl Caging Groups with Redshifted Absorption
Authors: Fournier Ludovic , Aujard Isabelle , Le Saux Thomas , Maurin Sylvie , Beaupierre Sandra , Baudin Jean‐Bernard , Jullien Ludovic
Published: November 2013

The small and synthetically easily accessible coumarinylmethyl backbone has been modified to generate a family of photolabile protecting groups with redshifted absorption. We relied on introducing electron‐donating groups in the 7 position and electron‐withdrawing groups in the 2‐, and 2‐ and 3 positions. In particular, we showed that the diethylamino‐thiocoumarylmethyl and the diethylamino‐coumarylidenemalononitrilemethyl are relevant for uncaging with cyan light. They both exhibit a significant action cross section for uncaging in the 470–500 nm wavelength range and a low light absorption between 350 and 400 nm. These attractive features are favorable to perform chromatic orthogonal photoactivation with UV and blue‐cyan light sources, respectively.
Efficient Electronic Communication of Two Ruthenium Centers through a Rigid Ditopic N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Linker
Authors: Nussbaum Michael , Schuster Oliver , Albrecht Martin
Published: November 2013

A ditopic benzobis(carbene) ligand precursor was prepared that contained a chelating pyridyl moiety to ensure co‐planarity of the carbene ligand and the coordination plane of a bound octahedral metal center. Bimetallic ruthenium complexes comprising this ditopic ligand [L4Ru‐C,N‐bbi‐C,N‐RuL4] were obtained by a transmetalation methodology (C,N‐bbi‐C,N=benzobis(N‐pyridyl‐N′‐methyl‐imidazolylidene). The two metal centers are electronically decoupled when the ruthenium is in a pseudotetrahedral geometry imparted by a cymene spectator ligand (L4=[(cym)Cl]). Ligand exchange of the Cl−/cymene ligands for two bipyridine or four MeCN ligands induced a change of the coordination geometry to octahedral. As a consequence, the ruthenium centers, separated through space by more than 10 Å, become electronically coupled, which is evidenced by two distinctly different metal‐centered oxidation processes that are separated by 134 mV (L4=[(bpy)2]; bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) and 244 mV (L4=[(MeCN)4]), respectively. Hush analysis of the intervalence charge‐transfer bands in the mixed‐valent species indicates substantial valence delocalization in both complexes (delocalization parameter Γ=0.41 and 0.37 in the bpy and MeCN complexes, respectively). Spectroelectrochemical measurements further indicated that the mixed‐valent RuII/RuIII species and the fully oxidized RuIII/RuIII complexes gradually decompose when bound to MeCN ligands, whereas the bpy spectators significantly enhance the stability. These results demonstrate the efficiency of carbenes and, in particular, of the bbi ligand scaffold for mediating electron transfer and for the fabrication of molecular redox switches. Moreover, the relevance of spectator ligands is emphasized for tailoring the degree of electronic communication through the benzobis(carbene) linker.
Response to Comment on “Mechanism of PtIV Sonochemical Reduction in Formic Acid Media and Pure Water”
Authors: Chave Tony , Nikitenko Sergey I.
Published: November 2013

Contrary to radiolysis, sonochemistry is not only based on radical processes and further effects such as local activation or heating must be considered in particular for the sonolysis of formic acid. In the same way, the high local concentration of radicals observed in sonochemistry can induce different mechanisms compared to radiolysis.
Deconstructing the Sustainable Drainage Management Train in Terms of Water Quantity – Preliminary Results for Coventry, UK
Authors: Lashford Craig , Charlesworth Sue , Warwick Frank , Blackett Matthew
Published: November 2013

The potential water quantity benefits of various sustainable drainage system (SUDS) management trains compared to conventional pipe‐based drainage systems are examined using the commercially available software WinDes® to model a site at Prior Deram Park, Coventry, UK, by investigating its response to a 1 in 100 years 30, 360, and 720 min winter rainfall event. The site is currently subject to a regeneration plan whereby the Park will be replaced with 250 houses. The housing layout was designed in ArcGIS and transferred to WinDes® and flood hydrographs of the likely outflow from each system simulated. The outputs from each system were then compared and it was found that an 88% reduction of peak flow was achieved using a SUDS management train that consisted of green roofs, porous paving, swales and dry detention ponds in comparison to pipe based drainage systems. The type of SUDS also appears critical; detention ponds can reduce peak flow by 82.9% when compared to systems without detention ponds. It is however likely that some form of flow control will be required at the outflow point as the peak runoff generated was significantly higher than acceptable values of 23 L/s for the site.
Impact of Electrode Design, Supply Voltage and Interelectrode Distance on Safety Aspects and Characteristics of a Medical DBD Plasma Source
Authors: Helmke A. , Wandke D. , Mahmoodzada M. , Weltmann K.‐D. , Viöl W.
Published: November 2013

In the frame of plasma source development for dermatological applications in the field of plasma medicine, operational safety of the devices is of superior priority. For sources based on the concept of dielectric barrier discharges (DBD), electric potentials with amplitudes in the range of some kV are arranged in close proximity to the skin of patients, wherein dielectric strength of the electrodes and leakage currents are crucial for electrical applicability. In this work, ceramic electrodes of 10 mm in diameter and varying ceramic thickness are operated at input powers up to 300 mW against non‐biological counter electrodes. In a combined experimental and numerical approach, electric fields inside the ceramic are determined, whereas values are well below the dielectric strength of the material. The spectrally weighted plasma emission is within limit values of exposure to human skin as long as daily treatment does not exceeded 7 h. Neutral gas temperatures of up to 310 K are determined which underline the minor thermal impact of the plasma exposure. In contrast, values for reduced electric fields are of the order of some hundred Townsend and thus the electrons can initiate various secondary effects such as chemical reaction chains. Consequently, ozone concentrations in the discharges are quantified between 230 ppm and 1140 ppm in close proximity to the actual discharge volume and the results are discussed in the frame of risk assessment for therapeutic applications in dermatology. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Degradation of Methylene Blue by Microwave Discharge Plasma in Liquid
Authors: Wang Bo , Sun Bing , Zhu Xiaomei , Yan Zhiyu , Liu Yongjun , Liu Hui
Published: November 2013

Microwave plasma in liquid is a new plasma technology and becomes more and more concerned due to its large spatial distribution and high density of plasma. In this paper, methylene blue is degraded using plasma which is generated by 2450 MHz microwave in liquid. Effects of microwave power, initial concentration and pH on the degradation rate of methylene blue are studied respectively. Results show that the degradation rate of methylene blue increases with increasing of microwave power, and decreases with increasing pH in the range of 6‐8; When the initial concentration is less than 12.5 mg/L, the maximum degradation rate of methylene blue increases with increasing of its initial concentration, which can reach 96.56%. However, when the initial concentration is more than 12.5 mg/L, the maximum degradation rate appears decreased. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Influence of Dynamical Screening on the Transport Properties of Dense Plasmas
Authors: Karakhtanov V. S. , Redmer R. , Reinholz H. , Röpke G.
Published: November 2013

We investigate the effects of dynamical screening on the static transport properties. We review the low density expansion for the electron‐electron and electron‐ion correlation functions and give results for a 6‐moment approach within linear response theory. The expansion coefficients are given. The convergence of thermoelectric transport coefficients is examined in dependence of the rank of the collision term determinant. The results are compared with previous calculations and experiments. Effective Debye screening radii derived from the Gould‐DeWitt scheme for the inclusion of strong collisions as well as dynamical effects are discussed. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Model for the Neoclassical Toroidal Viscosity Effect on Edge Plasma Toroidal Rotation
Authors: Miron I. G.
Published: November 2013

A semianalytic expression for the edge plasma angular toroidal rotation frequency that includes the neoclassical toroidal viscosity braking influence is obtained. Based on the model presented in a previous paper [I.G. Miron, Contrib. Plasma Phys. 53, 214 (2013)], the less destabilizing error field spectrum is found in order to minimize the nonlinear effect of the NTV on the toroidal rotation of the edge of the plasma. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Plasmon‐Enhanced Second‐ and Third‐Order Harmonic Generation in Spherical Free‐Electron Nanoclusters with Diffuse Surface
Authors: Fomichev S. V. , Becker W.
Published: November 2013

The nonlinear scattering of a laser pulse off spherical nanoclusters with free electrons and with a diffuse surface is examined in the collisionless hydrodynamics approximation in the framework of perturbation theory with respect to the laser pulse intensity, as well as of the steady‐state approximation. In a previous publication [S.V. Fomichev and W. Becker, Phys. Rev. A 81, 063201 (2010)] we reported the full nonlinear hydrodynamic model of forced collective electron motion confined to a cluster with diffuse surface and introduced two different perturbation theories corresponding to different laser intensity regimes. In the current paper, in the framework of this hydrodynamic model we focus on the properties of plasmon resonance‐enhanced third‐harmonic generation in a spherical cluster and its dependence on the shape of its diffuse surface whose role increases for nonlinear processes. At the same time, the quadrupole second‐harmonic generation in a spherical cluster is also inspected as a necessary intermediate step. Both cold metal clusters in vacuum or in a dielectric surrounding and hot laser‐heated and laser‐ionized clusters are considered within the same approach for a wide range of the fundamental laser frequency. Nonlinear laser excitation of the dipole plasmon Mie resonance in spherical clusters, as well as of other respective multipole plasmon resonances is investigated analytically and numerically in detail (position, width, and strength) versus the cluster‐surface diffuseness, the outer ionization degree in charged clusters, the electron‐density diffuseness, and their interplay. Under certain conditions, depending on the various cluster parameters, different secondary nonlinear resonances are found. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analytical approaches for the determination of phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids in human matrices
Authors: Battista Natalia , Sergi Manuel , Montesano Camilla , Napoletano Sabino , Compagnone Dario , Maccarrone Mauro
Published: November 2013

Over the last two decades, the role played by phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids in medicine has gained increasing interest in the scientific community. Upon identification of the plant compound Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and of the endogenous substance anandamide (AEA), different methodological approaches and innovative techniques have been developed, in order to evaluate the content of these molecules in various human matrices. In this review, we discuss the analytical methods that are currently used for the identification of phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids, and we summarize the benefits and limitations of these procedures. Moreover, we provide an overview of the main biological matrices that have been analyzed to date for qualitative detection and quantitative determination of these compounds. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Embryonic craniofacial bone volume and bone mineral density in Fgfr2+/P253R and nonmutant mice
Authors: Percival Christopher J. , Huang Yuan , Jabs Ethylin Wang , Li Runze , Richtsmeier Joan T.
Published: November 2013

Background: Quantifying multiple phenotypic aspects of individual craniofacial bones across early osteogenesis illustrates differences in typical bone growth and maturation and provides a basis for understanding the localized and overall influence of mutations associated with disease. We quantify the typical pattern of bone growth and maturation during early craniofacial osteogenesis and determine how this pattern is modified in Fgfr2+/P253R Apert syndrome mice. Results: Early differences in typical relative bone density increase are noted between intramembranous and endochondral bones, with endochondral bones normally maturing more quickly during the prenatal period. Several craniofacial bones, including the facial bones of Fgfr2+/P253R mice, display lower volumes during the earliest days of osteogenesis and lower relative densities until the perinatal period relative to unaffected littermates. Conclusions: Estimates of bone volume and linear measures describing morphology do not necessarily covary, highlighting the value of quantifying multiple facets of gross osteological phenotypes when exploring the influence of a disease causing mutation. Differences in mechanisms of osteogenesis likely underlie differences in intramembranous and endochondral relative density increase. The influence of the FGFR2 P253R mutation on bone volume changes across the prenatal period and again after birth, while its influence on relative bone density is more stable. Developmental Dynamics 243:541–551, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ecological speciation in postglacialEuropean whitefish: rapid adaptive radiations into the littoral, pelagic, and profundal lake habitats
Authors: Præbel Kim , Knudsen Rune , Siwertsson Anna , Karhunen Markku , Kahilainen Kimmo K. , Ovaskainen Otso , Østbye Kjartan , Peruzzi Stefano , Fevolden Svein‐Erik , Amundsen Per‐Arne
Published: November 2013

Understanding how a monophyletic lineage of a species diverges into several adaptive forms has received increased attention in recent years, but the underlying mechanisms in this process are still under debate. Postglacial fishes are excellent model organisms for exploring this process, especially the initial stages of ecological speciation, as postglacial lakes represent replicated discrete environments with variation in available niches. Here, we combine data of niche utilization, trophic morphology, and 17 microsatellite loci to investigate the diversification process of three sympatricEuropean whitefish morphs from three northernFennoscandian lakes. The morphological divergence in the gill raker number among the whitefish morphs was related to the utilization of different trophic niches and was associated with reproductive isolation within and across lakes. The intralacustrine comparison of whitefish morphs showed that these systems represent two levels of adaptive divergence: (1) a consistent littoral–pelagic resource axis; and (2) a more variable littoral–profundal resource axis. The results also indicate that the profundal whitefish morph has diverged repeatedly from the ancestral littoral whitefish morph in sympatry in two different watercourses. In contrast, all the analyses performed revealed clustering of the pelagic whitefish morphs across lakes suggesting parallel postglacial immigration with the littoral whitefish morph into each lake. Finally, the analyses strongly suggested that the trophic adaptive trait, number of gill rakers, was under diversifying selection in the different whitefish morphs. Together, the results support a complex evolutionary scenario where ecological speciation acts, but where both allopatric (colonization history) and sympatric (within watercourse divergence) processes are involved.
Sneaker “jack” males outcompete dominant “hooknose” males under sperm competition in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
Authors: Young Brent , Conti David V. , Dean Matthew D.
Published: November 2013

In a variety of taxa, males deploy alternative reproductive tactics to secure fertilizations. In many species, small “sneaker” males attempt to steal fertilizations while avoiding encounters with larger, more aggressive, dominant males. Sneaker males usually face a number of disadvantages, including reduced access to females and the higher likelihood that upon ejaculation, their sperm face competition from other males. Nevertheless, sneaker males represent an evolutionarily stable strategy under a wide range of conditions. Game theory suggests that sneaker males compensate for these disadvantages by investing disproportionately in spermatogenesis, by producing more sperm per unit body mass (the “fair raffle”) and/or by producing higher quality sperm (the “loaded raffle”). Here, we test these models by competing sperm from sneaker “jack” males against sperm from dominant “hooknose” males in Chinook salmon. Using two complementary approaches, we reject the fair raffle in favor of the loaded raffle and estimate that jack males were ~1.35 times as likely as hooknose males to fertilize eggs under controlled competitive conditions. Interestingly, the direction and magnitude of this skew in paternity shifted according to individual female egg donors, suggesting cryptic female choice could moderate the outcomes of sperm competition in this externally fertilizing species.
An Internal Data Non‐Hiding‐Type Real‐Time Kernel and Its Application to a Mechatronics Controller
Authors: Yoshida Toshio
Published: November 2013

For a mechatronics equipment controller that controls robots and machine tools, high‐speed motion control processing is essential. The software system of the controller, as is the case with other embedded systems, is composed of three layers of software, including the real‐time kernel layer, middleware layer, and application software layer, running on dedicated hardware. The application layer, which is the top layer, consists of a large number of tasks, and the application functions of the system are achieved through cooperation between these tasks.

In this paper, we propose an internal data non‐hiding‐ type real‐time kernel in which customizing task control is possible by only making changes in the program code on the task side, without any changes in the program code of the real‐time kernel.

It is necessary to reduce the overhead caused by real‐time kernel task control for improving the speed of the motion control of mechatronics equipment. For this purpose customization of the task control function is needed. We developed the internal data non‐cryptic‐type real‐time kernel ZRK to evaluate this method, and applied it to the control of a multisystem automatic lathe. The speed‐up of task cooperation processing was confirmed by combined task control processing on the task side program code using the internal data non‐hiding‐type real‐time kernel ZRK. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(12): 61–73, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11481
Cantilever‐Type Thermal Microactuators Fabricated by SOI‐MUMPs with U‐Type and I‐Type Configurations
Authors: Osada Takahiro , Ochiai Kuniyuki , Osada Kazuki , Muro Hideo
Published: November 2013

Recently, micro fluid systems have been studied extensively, and microactuators such as micro valves fabricated using MEMS technology are essential for realizing these systems. This paper describes an investigation of thermal microactuators with U‐type and I‐type shapes fabricated by SOI‐MUMPs technology in order to optimize their configurations. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(12): 46–51, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11500
Fabrication and Physical Properties of Organic Tricolor Superlattice
Authors: Yanase Takashi , Shimada Toshihiro
Published: November 2013

By combining the two concepts of superlattices and organic amorphous materials, we attempted to fabricate a new material that exhibits photo‐switching piezoelectric properties. In order to utilize the merits of amorphous materials that can be deposited quickly, we started by building equipment specialized for the fabrication of organic amorphous superlattices. Using this equipment, we fabricated a p‐type semiconductor/piezoelectric polymer/n‐type semiconductor superlattice that responded to photoirradiation both electrically and mechanically. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(12): 32–36, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11556
Conductive Polymers as Bioelectronic Materials
Authors: Onoda Mitsuyoshi , Abe Yayoi , Tada Kazuya , Kawakita Yusuke , Fujisato Toshia , Uto Sadahito
Published: November 2013

Fibroblast L929 and myoblast C2C12 cells of mouse connective tissue origin were sown on the surface of conductive polymer films [polypyrrole (PPy) and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)] in a cell culture medium, and the proliferative process of these cells was observed. Without changing form, fibroblast L929 and myoblast C2C12 cells were observed to proliferate similarly to cells cultured in commercially available dishes and to maintain compatibility. It is inferred that the two conductive polymers used in this study, PPy and PEDOT films, maintain the secretion functions of cells cultured on their surfaces. Therefore, PPy‐ and PEDOT‐coated electrodes are possibly usable as nerve stimulation electrodes with biocompatibility, because they have been effective in cell culturing. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(12): 24–31, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11557
Pulse Rise Time Dependence of Switching Field of Co/Pt Multilayer Dot
Authors: Kikuchi Nobuaki , Suyama Yoshihiro , Okamoto Satoshi , Kitakami Osamu
Published: November 2013

A voltage pulse generator for magnetic field application was built using a coaxial cable as a capacitor. The pulse duration was fixed to 10 ns and the pulse field rise time was controlled from 70 ps to 4 ns using low‐pass filters. Magnetization switching experiments were carried out on a Co/Pt multilayer dot with diameter of 300 nm with a perpendicular pulse field. The required pulse field amplitude for magnetization switching is independent of the pulse rise time, suggesting that the thermally activated process is dominant in the perpendicular field geometry. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(12): 9–14, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11569
Impacts of seasonality and surface heterogeneity on water‐use efficiency in mesic grasslands
Authors: Brunsell N. A. , Nippert J. B. , Buck T. L.
Published: November 2013

Woody encroachment is occurring in grasslands worldwide, with largely unknown effects on local carbon and water fluxes and the energy balance. Water‐use efficiency (λ) is a measure of carbon assimilation per evapotranspiration. Here,awas compared among three different grassland ecosystems in eastern KS, USA, by using the eddy covariance technique. Variation inλwas examined at multiple timescales and across different burning regimes. Site‐specific variations inλwere more readily observed at seasonal and inter‐annual timescales rather than daily and monthly averages. Annually burned grassland with homogeneous C4grass cover had less negative values ofλ[lower water‐use efficiency (WUE)] than infrequently burned grassland that is presently undergoing woody encroachment and a transition to a shrub‐dominated ecosystem. The most likely explanation for differences inλare differences in rooting depth and source‐water acquisition between encroaching woody plants and the native grass community. Reliance on a deeper water source by the woody community may buffer the negative consequences of forecasted climate variability and drought, resulting in greater landscape WUE and reduced susceptibility to water stress when compared with the coexisting grass species. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FoxP3 provides competitive fitness to CD4+CD25+T cells in leprosy patients via transcriptional regulation
Authors: Kumar Sudhir , Naqvi Raza Ali , Ali Riyasat , Rani Richa , Khanna Neena , Rao D. N.
Published: November 2013

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. FoxP3 have been shown to have important implications in various diseases. The present study describes the mechanism of action of FoxP3 in CD4+CD25+ T cells derived from leprosy patients. Increased molecular interactions of FoxP3 with histone deacetylases 7/9 in the nucleus of CD4+CD25+ T cells derived from borderline lepromatous leprosy/lepromatous leprosy (BL/LL) patients were found to be responsible for FoxP3‐driven immune suppression activities during the progression of leprosy. Further, downregulation of CTLA‐4 and CD25 genes in siFoxP3‐treated PBMCs derived from BL/LL patients elucidated the transcription‐activating nature of FoxP3. This observation was supported by direct binding of FoxP3 to the promoter region of the CTLA‐4 and CD25 genes, and FoxP3's molecular interaction with histone acetyl transferases. The study also revealed that the increased expression of miR155 in CD4+CD25+ cells from BL/LL governs the competitive fitness of these cells. Again, reduced Annexin V & propidium iodide staining and Nur77 expression, and concomitantly increased Ki‐67 positivity suggested that CD4+CD25+ cells derived from BL/LL patients are more competitively fit than those from borderline tuberculoid leprosy/tuberculoid leprosy and healthy controls. Taken together, the study shows the orchestration of FoxP3 leading to competitive fitness of Treg cells in leprosy.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysed Oxidative Coupling of Aldehydes with Alcohols/Thiols and One‐Pot Oxidation/Esterification of Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Ji Miran , Wang Xi , Lim Yu Na , Kang Ye‐Won , Jang Hye‐Young
Published: November 2013

A versatile carbene‐catalysed oxidation protocol involving N‐heterocyclic carbene catalysts and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine N‐oxyl (TEMPO) is described for the synthesis of esters, cinnamic acids, and thioesters. A wide range of esters, thioesters, and cinnamic acids were obtained by metal‐free coupling of aldehydes with aliphatic, allylic and aromatic alcohols, benzyl mercaptan, and water. In addition to the oxidative coupling of aldehydes with nucleophiles, dehydrogenation of saturated aldehydes and oxidation of allylic alcohols were found under our oxidative coupling conditions. Unlike other TEMPO‐mediated oxidative esterification reactions, this reaction does not proceed through a TEMPO ester intermediate to form esters and thioesters.
Numerical Simulation of Natural Convection in a Parallelogrammic Enclosure Containing Volumetric Heat Source with Non‐uniformly Heated Left Sidewall
Authors: Hussain Salam Hadi , Hussein Ahmed Kadhim , Kadim Kareema Abdul
Published: November 2013

The influence of the external Rayleigh number, inclination angle, and internal Rayleigh number on natural convection within an air‐filled parallelogrammic enclosure containing a volumetric source has been investigated numerically. The left sidewall of the enclosure is subjected to a non‐uniformly hot temperature and the right sidewall experiences a uniform cold temperature while the remaining top and bottom walls are kept adiabatic. The physical problems are represented mathematically by various sets of governing equations along with the corresponding boundary conditions. Buoyancy forces are taken into account during the analysis of the present investigation. By using the finite volume method, the dimensionless governing equations are discretized numerically based on a non‐uniform collocated grid system. Results are obtained for a wide range of external Rayleigh numbers varying from 103 to 106 with internal Rayleigh numbers varying from (0) to (108) while the left sidewall from vertical is varied as 0, 30, –30, 60, and −60°, respectively. In the present study, the obtained results are presented in terms of streamlines, isotherms, and average Nusselt number along the hot and cold sidewalls. Two pairs of rotating vortices are observed due to the non‐uniform heating process while the shape of this rotating vortices is sensitive to the inclination angle. Furthermore, the flow field circulation and the average Nusselt number increase remarkably with the increase in the external Rayleigh number. The results of the present work are compared with other published results and give excellent agreement. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 542–560, 2014; Published online 11 November 2013 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21096
Effects of Thermal‐Diffusion, Diffusion‐Thermo, and Space Porosity on MHD Mixed Convective Flow of Micropolar Fluid in a Vertical Channel with Viscous Dissipation
Authors: Muthuraj R. , Srinivas S. , Shukla Anant Kant , Ramamohan T.R.
Published: November 2013

This paper examines thermal‐diffusion and diffusion‐thermo effects on the fully developed MHD flow of a micropolar fluid through a porous space in a vertical channel with asymmetric wall temperatures and concentrations. The homotopy analysis method (HAM) is adopted to obtain the approximate analytical solution for the velocity, micro‐rotation, temperature, and concentration field. The convergence and the accuracy of the solutions are discussed. The role of pertinent parameters on the heat and mass transfer characteristics of the flow are presented graphically. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 561–576, 2014; Published online 11 November 2013 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21100
Double‐Diffusive Convective Transport in a Nanofluid‐Saturated Porous Layer with Cross Diffusion and Variation of Viscosity and Conductivity
Authors: Umavathi J.C. , Mohite Monica B.
Published: November 2013

The onset of double‐diffusive nanofluid convection in a fluid‐saturated horizontal porous layer is studied with thermal conductivity and viscosity dependent on the nanoparticle volume fraction. The Darcy model has been used for the porous medium, while the nanofluid incorporates the effects of Brownian motion along with thermophoresis. The nanofluid is assumed to be diluted and this enables the porous medium to be treated as a weakly heterogeneous medium with variation in the vertical direction of conductivity and viscosity. In addition, the thermal energy equation includes regular diffusion and cross diffusion terms. The linear stability analysis is based on the normal mode technique, while for nonlinear analysis, minimal representation of the truncated Fourier series representation involving only two terms has been used. It is found that for the stationary mode the Soret parameter, Dufour parameter, viscosity ratio, and conductivity ratio have a stabilizing effect, while the solutal Rayleigh number destabilizes the system. For the oscillatory mode, the Soret parameter, Dufour parameter, and viscosity ratio have a stabilizing effect while the solutal Rayleigh number and conductivity ratio destabilize the system. For steady finite amplitude motions, the heat and mass transport decreases with an increase in the values of the Dufour parameter and solutal Rayleigh number. The Soret parameter enhances the solute concentration Nusselt number while it retards the thermal Nusselt number and concentration Nusselt number. The viscosity ratio and conductivity ratio enhances the heat and mass transports. We also study the effect of time on transient Nusselt numbers which is found to be oscillatory when time is small. However, when time becomes very large, all three transient Nusselt values approach a steady value. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(7): 628–652, 2014; Published online 11 November 2013 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21102