bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Germanium-vacancy centers in detonation nanodiamond for all-optical nanoscale thermometry
Authors: Fujiwara Masanori , Fu Haining , Hariki Nene , Ohki Izuru , Makino Yuto , Liu Ming , Tsurui Akihiko , Yoshikawa Taro , Nishikawa Masahiro , Mizuochi Norikazu
Published: November 2023

Nanodiamonds with group-IV color centers, such as silicon-vacancy centers and germanium-vacancy (GeV) centers, exhibit excellent properties, including a sharp and stable zero-phonon line, surface functionalization, and low cytotoxicity. Because the line peak wavelength shifts linearly with the temperature under ambient conditions, the nanodiamonds are promising candidates for all-optical nanoscale thermometry inside a living cell. However, the particles used for temperature measurements have been reported to be larger than a few hundred nanometers. Here, we report temperature sensing using GeV detonation nanodiamonds. The GeV nanodiamonds have a mean particle size of 20 nm. These are the smallest particles among GeV-based particles used in thermometry. The sensitivity of the single GeV centers in the detonation nanodiamond is estimated to be almost consistent with the reported ones of the single GeV centers in bulk diamonds, which can potentially reach sub-kelvin temperature accuracy. The GeV detonation nanodiamonds should function as good photoluminescence probes and intracellular temperature sensors.
Ionic transport through a bilayer nanoporous graphene with cationic and anionic functionalization
Authors: Ding Chuxuan , Su Jiaye
Published: November 2023

Understanding the ionic transport through multilayer nanoporous graphene (NPG) holds great promise for the design of novel nanofluidic devices. Bilayer NPG with different structures, such as nanopore offset and interlayer space, should be the most simple but representative multilayer NPG. In this work, we use molecular dynamics simulations to systematically investigate the ionic transport through a functionalized bilayer NPG, focusing on the effect of pore functionalization, offset, applied pressure and interlayer distance. For a small interlayer space, the fluxes of water and ions exhibit a sudden reduction to zero with the increase in offset that indicates an excellent on-off gate, which can be deciphered by the increasing potential of mean force barriers. With the increase in pressure, the fluxes increase almost linearly for small offsets while always maintain zero for large offsets. Finally, with the increase in interlayer distance, the fluxes increase drastically, resulting in the reduction in ion rejection. Notably, for a specific interlayer distance with monolayer water structure, the ion rejection maintains high levels (almost 100% for coions) with considerable water flux, which could be the best choice for desalination purpose. The dynamics of water and ions also exhibit an obvious bifurcation for cationic and anionic functionalization. Our work comprehensively addresses the ionic transport through a bilayer NPG and provides a route toward the design of novel desalination devices.
Atomic insights into shock-induced alloying reaction of premixed Ni/Al nanolaminates
Authors: Xie Yifan , Shao Jian-Li , Liu Rui , Chen Pengwan
Published: November 2023

In material processing and handling processes, premixed interlayer often replace the ideal Ni/Al interface, which would become a new origin of alloying reaction. This work investigates shock-induced reaction mechanism and kinetics of premixed Ni/Al nanolaminates with molecular dynamics simulations and theoretical analysis. The reaction is found to be driven by the crystallization evolution in premixed interlayer and the diffusion of premixed atoms. Among them, multi-stage reaction patterns are strongly manifested by the crystallization evolution characteristics. Specifically, “crystallization-dissolution-secondary growth” and “crystallization-dissolution” of B2 phase respectively correspond to the solid-state and solid-liquid reaction cases, where crystallizations are fitted well by Johnson–Mehl–Avrami kinetics model. Interestingly, the different growth mechanisms of B2 grain are revealed, namely nuclei coalescence and atomic diffusion. Moreover, the analysis of microscopic diffusion theory indicates a certain non-random diffusion nature for solid-state reaction initiation, but near-purely random diffusion for solid-liquid reaction initiation. The diffused Al atoms possess a limited diffusion coefficient and enhanced diffusion correlation, resulting in extremely slow mixing rate in Ni layer. In addition, the influence law of Ni concentration in premixed interlayer on reactivity parameters can be quantitatively described by a quadratic function.
Low thermal expansion of layered electrides predicted by density-functional theory
Authors: Rumson Adrian F. , Johnson Erin R.
Published: November 2023

Layered electrides are a unique class of materials with anionic electrons bound in interstitial regions between thin, positively charged atomic layers. While density-functional theory is the tool of choice for computational study of electrides, there has to date been no systematic comparison of density functionals or dispersion corrections for their accurate simulation. There has also been no research into the thermomechanical properties of layered electrides, with computational predictions considering only static lattices. In this work, we investigate the thermomechanical properties of five layered electrides using density-functional theory to evaluate the magnitude of thermal effects on their lattice constants and cell volumes. We also assess the accuracy of five popular dispersion corrections with both planewave and numerical atomic orbital calculations.
Effects of N doping on mechanical properties of Fe and interlayer adhesion of Fe with Cr, Ti, and Si: A spin-polarized density functional theory study
Authors: Yang Zaixiu , Niu Zhenwei , Tang Mei , Zhang Junyan , Zhang Bin
Published: November 2023

Interlayers between a substrate and a functional film are used extensively to tailor film adhesion and avoid failure induced by delamination. With nitrogen doping increasingly used to improve the surface properties of steel, how to select appropriate interlayers for high film adhesion on substrate remains elusive in theory. Using spin-polarized density functional theory computations, the authors investigated the effects of N doping on the mechanical properties of Fe and its adhesion with widely used Cr, Ti, and Si interlayers. The results showed that N atoms doped at the Fe octahedron center increased hardness by 30% under 4 wt. % N. N atom at Cr/Fe, Ti/Fe, Si/Fe interfaces interestingly increased the interlayer adhesion of Ti/Fe and Si/Fe, while reducing that of Cr/Fe. This behavior is attributed to competition between magnetic coupling and atomic bonding. For Cr/Fe with strong magnetic coupling, the reduction in adhesion was resulted from doped N that inhibited magnetic coupling at the interface. For Ti/Fe and Si/Fe with weak magnetic coupling, the formation of covalent bonds at the interface by the N atom increased interfacial adhesion. This study provides insights into the nitrogen doping of steel and the selection of proper interlayers for strong film-substrate adhesion.
Numerical analysis of impingement characteristics of supercooled large droplets on the surface of a rotating hood
Authors: Yu Dongyin , Hu Yaping , Chen Tianxiang , Wang Biao , Li Zhonghui
Published: November 2023

The authors of this study numerically analyze the characteristics of impingement of supercooled large droplets on the surface of the rotating hood of an aircraft. We use the secondary development function of Fluent software to first compare the prevalent models of impinging supercooled large droplets and then develop a modified model to numerically simulate their characteristics of impingement on the surface of a rotating hood in order to examine the effects of the diameter of the droplets, the speed of rotation, and the corresponding velocity of inflow on them. The results showed that the efficiency of the loss of mass of the droplets caused by their splashing and rebounding was low on the top of the cone, while the efficiency of local droplet collection was the highest. The efficiency of mass loss quickly increased, while that of droplet collection sharply decreased in the area of transition from the top to the side. The efficiencies of mass loss and droplet collection were nearly constant on the side of the cone, while that of the latter decreased to zero on the tail of the cone. When the median volumetric diameter of the droplets was increased from 79 to 250 µm, the efficiency of the loss of mass increased by about 15% on the side of the cone, but that of local droplet collection changed only slightly. The efficiency of the loss of mass decreased by about 20%, while that of local droplet collection increased by about 2.6% on the top of the cone under this condition. When the speed of rotation was increased from 1200 to 4300 r/min and the corresponding velocity of inflow was increased from 30 to 140 m/s, the efficiency of mass loss increased by about 15% on the side of the cone, while that of local droplet collection changed little. The efficiency of mass loss on the top of the cone decreased by about 37.5%, while that of local droplet collection increased by about 8% in this case.
Square waves and Bykov T-points in a delay algebraic model for the Kerr–Gires–Tournois interferometer
Authors: Stöhr Mina , Koch Elias R. , Javaloyes Julien , Gurevich Svetlana V. , Wolfrum Matthias
Published: November 2023

We study theoretically the mechanisms of square wave formation of a vertically emitting micro-cavity operated in the Gires–Tournois regime that contains a Kerr medium and that is subjected to strong time-delayed optical feedback and detuned optical injection. We show that in the limit of large delay, square wave solutions of the time-delayed system can be treated as relative homoclinic solutions of an equation with an advanced argument. Based on this, we use concepts of classical homoclinic bifurcation theory to study different types of square wave solutions. In particular, we unveil the mechanisms behind the collapsed snaking scenario of square waves and explain the formation of complex-shaped multistable square wave solutions through a Bykov T-point. Finally, we relate the position of the T-point to the position of the Maxwell point in the original time-delayed system.
A zero-shot learning for property prediction of wear-resistant steel based on Multiple-source
Authors: Liu Yuan , Wei Shi-Zhong , Jiang Tao , Yu Hua
Published: November 2023

In order to address the scarcity of C-Cr-V-Mo steel samples, a zero-shot transfer component analysis (TCA) based on multi-source is proposed. TCA maps the features of multiple sources composed of different kinds of wear-resistant steels and target domain to the reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHS). And the proposed fitness parameter

α

derived from the maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) allows multiple sources to affect the prediction to varying degrees. The support vector regression (SVR) model, established after TCA, can then predict the hardness without homologous samples. The matrix is rapidly predicted by the minimum distance from the sample to the cluster centers of matrix. The (Cr+V)/C, V/Cr and predicted hardness are added to feature space and the abrasion loss of samples quenched at high temperature are predicted using these quenched at low temperature. Experiments show that the multi-source based TCA+SVR model improves the prediction accuracy of hardness of C-Cr-V-Mo steel with R of 0.98 and MAE less than 1.4HRC under zero-shot condition. The primary matrix is quickly identified as martensite. The abrasion loss is mostly effected by hardness, (Cr+V)/C and V/Cr, which is predicted with R of 0.95, MAE of 5.23 mg.
Low-temperature fracture resistance of plant-mixed heat recycled asphalt mixture based on SCB
Authors: Wu Jinrong , Ren Haoran , Jin Aihua
Published: November 2023

To investigate the low-temperature crack resistance of plant-mixed heated recycled asphalt mixture, we conducted a semi-circular bending (SCB) test to analyze the effects of the reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content, salt concentration, and loading rate on the crack resistance at −15 °C. The experimental results show that the fracture energy (G
f) of the recycled asphalt mixture decreases with an increase in RAP content and salt concentration but increases with an increase in loading rate. When the RAP content is 0%, the Gf of the specimen reaches its maximum value, while when the RAP content is 50%, Gf reaches its minimum value. When the loading rate is 10 mm s−1, the destruction of coarse aggregates in the specimen is much greater than the destruction mode at a loading rate of 2 mm s−1. Meanwhile, as the RAP content increases, the influence of chloride salt on the low-temperature crack resistance of the recycled asphalt mixture fluctuates. According to the quadratic fitting of RAP content and G
f, it can be concluded that a lower loading rate is more helpful in analyzing the degradation mechanism of reclaimed asphalt mixture by salt, and a loading rate of 5 mm s−1 ha−1s−1 a significant impact on the degradation trend of the recycled asphalt mixture. Finally, by establishing the relationship between the Mohr-Coulomb expression and the ultimate tensile stress, we obtained the cohesive force (c) and further analyzed the degradation mechanism of the recycled asphalt mixture under the loading rate and chloride salt. However, the effect of RAP content on c is influenced by various factors, which should be considered comprehensively. These research results enrich the mechanism analysis of the low-temperature cracking performance of plant-mixed heated asphalt mixture and provide theoretical guidance for enhancing the low-temperature cracking resistance design of asphalt pavement.
Home-care services in Israel
Authors: Factor Haim , Morgenstin, Brenda , Naon Denise
Published: November 2023

Compared with Western countries, Israel is a unique feature on the map of ageing. While life expectancy in Israel matches the peak levels of Western Europe, birth rates in Israel are much higher. While Israel is considerably younger than most European countries, the elderly population itself is quite old and ageing rapidly. Between 1950 and 1985, the elderly population grew from 3 to 9 per cent of Israel's population. Most relevant to the planning of long-term care service is the growth of the dependent aged.
Exercise and older women
Authors: Hardman Adrianne
Published: November 2023

Increasing numbers of women are participating in a wide variety of physical activities. Between 1977 and 1983, the proportion of females aged 16 years and over who engaged in at least one indoor activity in the four weeks before interview rose from 13 per cent to 18 per cent. Similarly, the proportion of women claiming to have walked a distance of two miles or more on at least one occasion during the previous month, increased from 17 per cent to 18 per cent. Despite these encouraging trends, vigorous physical activity remains a minority pursuit for many women, even in the younger age-groups. Some 50 to 70 per cent of women aged between the late teens and early 40s do not take regular exercise and among older women this proportion is even higher. For example, the 1983 General Household Survey reported that only 7 per cent of 60 to 69-year-olds and 2 per cent of people over 70, had taken part in an outdoor activity in the previous four weeks. For outdoor activities, including walking (a distance of at least two miles), these figures were 20 per cent and 7 per cent respectively. Next to walking, swimming and keep-fit or yoga were the most popular activities for older women, but even these were engaged in by only 1–3 per cent of the over 60s.
Health Care Technology and its Assessment
Authors: Banta H David , Luce Bryan R
Published: November 2023

This book presents an international perspective on health care technology and its development providing fully up-to-date coverage of this most rapidly developing area. This is the only comprehensive review of the subject available. Thoroughly referenced it deals with all types of health technologies - drugs, devices, and procedures and combines cost and other socio-economic analyses with information on diffusion, dissemination and use, as well as efficacy and safety testing. For all those faced with decisions concerning health care technology, this is an unrivalled guide.
Burns
Authors: Guly H R
Published: November 2023

The time that the burn occurred is very important and must be recorded as fluid replacement is calculated from the time of the burn and not from the time of arrival at hospital.

The depth of a burn will depend on the temperature of the burning object and the duration of exposure. Therefore the mechanism of burning should be recorded. A burn from molten metal will almost always be of full thickness whereas a scald caused by a cup of tea will usually be partial thickness or deep dermal.
Nurse’s notes
Authors: Guly H R
Published: November 2023

The notes of the initial assessment should contain a history of the patients’ perceived problem, and observations of the patients’ condition or injury. It should also contain a brief but concise and accurate account of why the patient has attended the A& E department.
Men’s Health
Authors: O’dowd Tom
Published: November 2023

Although men consult their GPs much less frequently than women, they are much more prone to accidents, violence, cancer, and cardiovascular disease (all of which will affect them in the most productive period of their lives). However, as the pressure mounts both at work and at home, men are expected to make heavier demands on their GPs. This book, the first to be published on men's health in primary care, has been put together by a team of general practitioners, psychologists, sociologists, and epidemiologists. It brings together all the latest research on specifically male health problems during childhood, adolescence, adulthood and later life, and adds practical guidelines for GPs, other members of the primary health care team, and patients themselves. Clear management and referral protocols are provided, along with relevant case histories, bulleted lists for ease of reference, and informative illustrations.
The epidemiology of men’s health
Authors: Mant David , Silagy Christopher
Published: November 2023

It is easy, as so many commentators have done, to make off the cuff explanations of why men die younger than women. This chapter sets out the context in which the rest of the book is set. It takes a broad view in order to identify all conditions which are more common in men and discusses possible explanations. The average man in England and Wales can expect to live to age 73—five and a half years less than the average woman. The female mortality advantage continues throughout life but peaks in late adolescence and early adult life (Fig. 1.1). Each year in England and Wales 5.3 million years of male life are lost because of premature death before age 65.
The Health Problems of Adolescent Males
Authors: McPherson Ann , Macfarlane Aidan
Published: November 2023

There is a shortage of knowledge about adolescent health, although it is of great interest to health planners. More young females consult doctors than young males and GP consultations with adolescents are shorter than with adults. Appointments are usually made on the day of attendance and teenagers often feel uncomfortable with doctors and indeed vice versa. The delivery of primary care to adolescents can be improved and this chapter gives an upbeat account of adolescent health and highlights some unique aspects of male health.
Nephritogenic properties of lupus autoantibodies
Authors: Foster Mary H
Published: November 2023

Autoantibodies are major pathogens implicated in glomerulonephritis, hemolytic anemia, and other manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Both human and murine forms of the disease are characterized by the spontaneous production of autoantibodies that react with a variety of intracellular and extracellular constituents, including nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens, phospholipids, basement membrane and extracellular matrix components, and cell-surface proteins. Immune-mediated glomerulonephritis is a common complication, characterized by glomerular antibody deposition with the capacity to alter glomerular permselectivity; initiate an inflammatory response, and/or induce cellular proliferation and fibrosis, often leading to renal failure.
Understanding lupus nephritis: unraveling the pathogenesis through molecular approaches in murine models
Authors: wüthrich Rudolf P , Jevnikar Anthony M , Kelley Vicki Rubin
Published: November 2023

Through the advent of molecular approaches, the utility and importance of animal models in identifying the molecules and events required for autoimmune kidney destruction can be addressed more definitively. This chapter will focus on the concept that autoimmune kidney damage requires autoreactive cells, which require a threshold combination of factors for both the development and expression of injury. We will discuss the mechanisms responsible for the failure to delete autoreactive cells and describe the molecules which target these autoreactive cells to the kidney toincite renal damage.
Growth of tissues
Authors: Sinclair David , Dangerfield Peter
Published: November 2023

The connective tissues in the body contribute substantially to the bulk of the body, being found in association with all tissues and organs. Relatively little is known about its growth after the embryonic period, although study of the deposition of collagen fibres from work on tendons has shown us some of the processes involved. In baby animals, tendons are relatively cellular, but as growth proceeds the cellular content diminishes, and in adult tendon there are very few cells in comparison with the number of fibres.
Growth and repair
Authors: Sinclair David , Dangerfield Peter
Published: November 2023

The external environment exerts a major influence on all parts of the body due to it causing repeated minor damage, injury, and other effects. This requires growth process mechanisms by the body to ensure effective continuous re placement, a process which is not restricted solely to childhood and the growing period, but one which continues throughout the whole of adult life. The most obvious example of this process affects the skin and its ap pendages. Here, the superficial layer of the epidermis is constantly worn away and shed, but the epidermis as a whole is maintained at a constant thickness by the continual growth of the stem cells lying in the deepest layer which replace the loss. The daughter cells produced by this germinative layer (Fig. 9.1) are gradually pushed towards the surface by the steady division of the stem cells, and arrive there after about 15-20 days in the case of the forearm skin: the time varies somewhat in other regions.
Behind locked doors: Sexual assault of men in custodial environments
Authors: Coxell A , King M B
Published: November 2023

In 1968, a government investigation was described the ‘Report on Sexual Assaults in the Philadelphia Prison System and Sheriff’s Vans’ (Davis, 1968). This report, receiving widespread media coverage at the time, has influenced popular and scholarly writ ing on the topic. Often, as writers have generalised the finding of this report to other prison systems, we can trace errors in the criminological literature to reliance on this single source. Prison and jail conditions vary widely over place and time. Concerning rates of victimisation, it is quite improper to extrapolate from one prison to another.
Principles of management
Authors: Wrightson Philip , Gronwall Dorothy
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters we have looked at various aspects of the syndrome of mild head injury. In this section we will try to bring these together into a rational scheme for practical management.

We will start by mentioning the physiological basis of recovery and some factors which affect it. We will then discuss the first diagnosis and contact with the patient and their family and the establishment of a relationship with them. Setting up a programme for management follows, with a description of the various elements of the syndrome which need to be considered. Monitoring progress and the steps towards return to work are then discussed. Lastly we consider the organization of a service for people with mild head injury.
Legal aspects
Authors: Wrightson Philip , Gronwall Dorothy
Published: November 2023

An important responsibility of the team managing a patient with head injury is to make sure as soon as possible what funds will be available to cover the costs of treatment and loss of earnings. Unfortunately the amount and quality of rehabilitation that is available may depend on this. Therefore when it becomes evident that there is no or insufficient cover by private insurance or other sources, the patient and family will need to seek legal advice, the issue being whether there has been fault and whether it is likely that it will be possible to recover damages. The sooner this is done the better, both to obtain funding for treatment and because the investigation of the circumstances of the accident will be easier.
Dialysis-access infection
Authors: Kirkland Kathryn B , Sexton Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Dialysis-access-related infections are common, and often result in great cost and morbidity. Placement and complications of vascular catheters for dialysis access account for approximately one-fourth of all admissions and hospitalizations for hemodialysis patients. Moreover, dialysis-access-related infections are the most important cause of loss of vascular catheter access and an important cause of failure of native and prosthetic arteriovenous grafts and fistulas (Moss et al. 1990; Fan and Schwab 1992; Keane et al. 1997).
Brain stimulation and the visual system
Authors: Mills K R
Published: November 2023

This chapter will consider the effects of stimulating over the occiput and other scalp areas on visual perception. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can also modify eye movements and these effects, although motor, will also be considered since they have implications for the way in which the visual image is stabilized on the retina during eye movements. Finally, some aspects of higher visual processing are considered. As pointed out in Chapter I, the effects of magnetic brain stimulation were first noticed on vision (D’Arsonval 1896; Beer 1902; Thompson 1910; Dunlap 1911; Magnusson and Stevens 1911-12; Barlow et al. 1947; Lovsund et al. 1980). Phosphenes, the transient, bright, usually formless perceptions of light, can be produced by both electrical (Merton and Morton 1980) and magnetic stimuli over the scalp (Barker et al. 1985). Earlier, however, much work had been done with low-strength alternating magnetic fields which can be used to excite the retina. A review of the early work on phosphenes due to retinal stimulation, including measurements of threshold at various frequencies, is provided by Marg (1991).
Brain stimulation in a clinical setting
Authors: Mills K R
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers technical and methodological aspects of performing central motor conduction studies in patients. Whilst the measurement of muscle responses to peripheral nerve stimulation is relatively straightforward, quantification of the responses to brain stimulation is more difficult. I have attempted to answer some of the frequently asked questions on the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in a clinical setting. To excite the motor cortex of arm muscles, a circular coil is usually placed with its centre at the vertex (Fig. 8.1). With a coil of diameter 10-12 cm, the edge of the coil in this position is over the hand area. The direction of coil current (provided this is effectively monophasic-see Chapter 2) will determine which hemisphere is preferentially excited. Using a circular coil with the coil current flowing clockwise when viewed from above, the right hemisphere will be preferentially excited. Turning the coil over so that current now flows anticlockwise, the left hemisphere will be preferentially excited. With a figure-eight coil; the central linear segment should be over the motor area (Fig. 8.1).
Diseases of the spinal motoneuron
Authors: Mills K R
Published: November 2023

This chapter will deal with those conditions in which degeneration of motor nerve cells-spinal and/or cortical motoneurons-is the hallmark. The motoneuron diseases and spinal muscular atrophies are included. Conditions in which motor system degeneration occurs in association with degeneration of other systems (e.g. spinocer ebellar atrophies, hereditary spastic paraplegia, multiple system atrophy) are dealt with in Chapters 13 and 14.
Diseases of the peripheral nervous system
Authors: Mills K R
Published: November 2023

Magnetic stimulation has found a number of applications in the investigation of diseases where the predominant abnormality is in peripheral nerves. The use of stimulation over the cervical and lumbar enlargements to excite motor roots at the exit foramina has been tried in the search for a technique to detect proximal conduction block reliably, but is inferior to electrical stimulation because of the problem of ensuring supramaximal stimulation (Schmid et al. 1990). The detection of subclinical abnormalities in central motor pathways, however, is an approach which, whilst not diagnostically useful in the individual patient, may give clues as to the pathogenesis of some conditions. The technique may also be used to split groups of patients with the same phenotype into subgroups which might be genetically distinct (e.g. patients with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, HMSN).
Movement disorders
Authors: Mills K R
Published: November 2023

The group of conditions broadly classified as movement disorders feature abnormalities of motor control not attributable to lesions of the pyramidal tract. They were formerly referred to as extrapyramidal syndromes. Many conditions are due to lesions of the basal ganglia or their connections. This chapter reviews the anatomy and physiology of the basal ganglia, insofar as they are relevant to the results of brain stimulation, and discusses results in Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and dystonia, both focal and generalized and other movement disorders. The basal ganglia comprise a group of five subcortical nuclei: the putamen and caudate nucleus, known collectively as the neostriatum; the globus pallidus, divided into internal and external parts; the substantia nigra, divided into the pars reticulata and the pars compacta; and the subthalamic nucleus. Like the cerebellum, the basal ganglia have no direct influence on spinal motoneurons, yet are intimately concerned with the control of movement.
Conclusions and future developments
Authors: Mills K R
Published: November 2023

There can be no doubt that the ability to stimulate the human brain painlessly has led to a greater understanding of human motor control. We now know that most, if not all, human muscles possess a fast corticospinal connection. We know in great detail how a brain stimulus evokes a complex descending volley of impulses in the corticospinal tract and how this volley interacts with the spinal motoneurons. We know that brain stimuli can activate cells in the premotor, motor, sensory and visual cortices and that with threshold stimuli inhibition predominates.
What is Psychopathology?
Authors: Farmer Anne , McGuffin Peter , Williams Julie
Published: November 2023

Consider this question. Have you worried a lot over the past month? Answering ‘yes’ may indicate that you are just experiencing normal concern about the usual tribulations oflife. Alternatively, your worrying may be an indicator that you have a mental disorder. Establishing whether worrying is a symptom of a psychiatric disorder, or merely a normal experience, requires answers to a number of supplementary questions such as ‘What’s it like when you worry?’ ‘Can you turn your attention to anything else?’ and ‘How much of the time over the past month have you worried?’ When worrying becomes a recurrent and painful round of thoughts, so that it is difficult to turn your attention to anything else and takes up much of your time, then your worrying is more likely to be a symptom of a mental disorder (Wing et al. 1974).
Diagnostic Interviews
Authors: Farmer Anne , McGuffin Peter , Williams Julie
Published: November 2023

Although standardized interviews began to be developed almost half a century ago, the introduction of operational definitions of psychiatric disorders has seen a concomitant growth in the use of standardized interviews. To a considerable extent this is because using explicit definitions of diagnostic categories facilitates their incorporation into a structured or semi-structured interview format. In other words, it is relatively straightforward to take each individual criterion and formulate it as a standard question that can be asked by an interviewer.
Polydiagnostic Approaches, Computerized Methods, and Best Estimate Diagnoses
Authors: Farmer Anne , McGuffin Peter , Williams Julie
Published: November 2023

In chapter 3 we discussed the advent of operational diagnostic criteria which have now become universally mandatory in psychiatric research and, in some countries, most notably the United States of America, are also widely used in clinical practice. We have noted the limitations ofoperational criteria in chapter 3, but have also emphasized their great advantages and noted the reason why they have become so widely accepted: because they allow very good reliability in terms of agreement between two or more researchers or clinicians. This is a major advance over the previous state of affairs, where inter-rater agreement was pitiably low. Hence there is little debate over whether operational criteria shou)d be used in research.
Screening
Authors: Mason Malcolm , Moffat Leslie
Published: November 2023

Why is screening for prostate cancer so controversial? To many people, it seems obvious that, in order to cure more men of prostate cancer, screening should enable a diagno, sis to be made at the earliest possible stage, and should be done as a matter of course. Despite this, the reluctance of the UK government to institute a screening programme seems implacable. To understand the scientific as opposed to the political - reasons behind this, we must look at both the advantages and the disadvantages of prostate cancer screening.
Locally advanced disease and advanced disease
Authors: Mason Malcolm , Moffat Leslie
Published: November 2023

This somewhat alarming term is used to describe a prostate cancer which, although it has spread to the tis, sues immediately outside the prostate gland itself, has not given rise to detectable disease elsewhere, such as in lymph glands or bones. It is a more serious situation than disease confined to the prostate gland, for a number of reasons: would, untreated, cause problems to the patient (see Chapter 3). Hence, it is more likely to need treatment, although this is not always the case (for example, a slowly progressing tumour in an elderly patient with other significant illnesses might never cause problems within that patient’s lifetime).
Clinical trials
Authors: Mason Malcolm , Moffat Leslie
Published: November 2023

What is a (clinical trial’? Its very name conjures up images perhaps a courtroom? Trials and Tribulations? Using patients as (guinea pigs’? However, in the development of cancer treatments, clinical trials have played a vital role. Without them, we would lack many of the important cancer treatments that are now available. It is well known that the use of clinical trials to test and develop new cancer treatments is widely supported by the majority of the population, and yet relatively few people are prepared to enter a clinical trial themselves perhaps rightly? Whatever the reasons, or the rights and wrongs, it is a fact that, in the UK, only some 5 per cent of cancer patients are ever treated within the context of a clinical trial, and for prostate cancer patients the figure is considerably lower than this. Before discussing the advantages and disadvantages of clinical trials, we first need to discuss what a clinical trial is, and how it is designed.
Questions and answers
Authors: Mason Malcolm , Moffat Leslie
Published: November 2023

Early prostate cancer does not usually have symptoms. Enlargement of the prostate can cause difficulty passing water. blood in the water and a reduction in urinary stream. This is usually caused by what is called benign enlargement of the prostate.
How do we know we are healthy?
Authors: Taylor Ross J , Smith Blair H , Teijlingen Edwin R van
Published: November 2023

A 55-year-old man is started on treatment for high blood pressure. This was detected ‘opportunistically’ (by chance, as part of a consultation for another matter) and warrants treatment to reduce his risk of having a stroke. However, high blood pressure produces no symptoms and will not be considered an illness by the man unless the implications are explained. Lack of proper explanation might cause a failure to take the prescribed medication and a resultant higher than necessary risk of serious illness.
Present issues and concerns
Authors: Buchanan Ann
Published: November 2023

This book is about promoting the emotional well-being of a vulnerable developing organism - the human infant. It is about strategies that assist children to maximise their potential and increase the quality of their lives as they mature into adulthood and autonomy. Inevitably this book is also about the other side of the coin: the prevention of emotional and behavioral disorders that affect a child’s relationships with their family and others, inhibit their progress in school, and are associated with a range of problems in adult life.
Parenting programmes: the importance of partnership in research and practice
Authors: Grimshaw Roger
Published: November 2023

Ordinarily we think of human action as the fruit of decision. Social scientists are in the business of trying to understand decision making as something more than simply random and yet less than perfectly rational. They look to social processes to see how the substance and the They wish to investigate the reference groups that hold effective sway over individual conduct and they study the means by which a particular group seeks to extend its influence over another’s decisions.
Promoting emotional well-being in schools
Authors: Wells Jane
Published: November 2023

Children spend a lot of their lives at school, and it is well documented, and not surprising, that schools can have a pr found impact on many areas of a child’s development besides academic attainment (Rutter et al. 19 79; Sylva 1994). These influences may be positive or negative; for some children place of fear, failure, and alienation. As the requirement for schools to demonstrate their academic success becomes more pressing, it is more important than ever not to lose sight of their influence on the health and well-being of their children.
The causes of bleeding disorders
Authors: Jones Peter
Published: November 2023

The human body grows from a single cell, the fertilized ovum. At conception the union of the father’s sperm and the mother’s egg forms this cell. Within the cell lies the nucleus that governs all the functions of the cell. Packed within this first nucleus, a structure so small that it can on1y be seen through a microscope, is all the information needed for the control of the growth and development of the baby. This information has come from the child’s father and mother and, through them, from previous generations of the family. The nature of this information is explained Later in this chapter. When a single piece of the information is faulty, a bleeding disorder may result.
Planning a family
Authors: Jones Peter
Published: November 2023

Since the first edition of this book in 1974 the sexual revolution has resulted in a more open and honest attitude to sexual behaviour, with free discussion allowed in many countries where sex was previously a taboo subject. The speed of this welcome change has been remarkable. However, it has left an assumption that everyone feels comfortable about sex, and that all young people have been armed with accurate knowledge by the time they become sexually active. That this is not the case is demonstrated by continuing unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. So, although the love between two people is a very private and personal part of the pattern of their lives, when ignorance about sex and family planning intrude they may bring a lot of misery and worry. This is particularly true when couples know that their children may inherit a disorder like haemophilia.
Bacterial infections in renal allograft recipients
Authors: Sweny P
Published: November 2023

Bacterial infections may occur at any time following transplantation. In the early posttransplant period with the surgical breaches in natural defences (vascular access, surgical incisions, urethral catheters, and abdominal drains) the common bacterial organisms are seen as after any surgical procedure (Table 15.1). Similarly, a general anaesthetic exposes the patient to risks of postoperative chest infections. Common bacterial infections are more prevalent following transplantation than in other general surgical cases, reflecting the effects of uraemia and often malnutrition on the natural defence mechanisms.
The pathogens fight back
Authors: Playfair John
Published: November 2023

This cynical couplet could have been written with pathogens in mind: when attacked they defend themselves – most unsporting of them! The army of immune mechanisms we have just reviewed, if unopposed, would probably have been capable of keeping higher animals virtually pathogen-free. But we still get infectious diseases, so obviously today’s pathogens have evolved ways of surviving. Some do it by living outside the body, where they are generally left in peace. But others live – from their point of view – deep in enemy territory, in our tissues, inside our cells, even free in our blood.
The Pathogens
Authors: Playfair John
Published: November 2023

Opinions still differ as to exactly how life on earth started, but there is clear fossil evidence that about 3.5 billion years ago, only 1 billion years after the earth itself was formed, single-celled organisms remarkably like today’s bacteria were already abundant – and they were certainly not pathogens, because there was nothing except rocks for them to parasitize! It was another 2 billion years before the appearance of the new type of cell required for the evolution of larger animals and plants.
Solutions to the Homeless Problem
Authors: Caton Carol L M
Published: November 2023

We must ameliorate the miseries of our homeless. But in doing so we must not make the situation worse. Today, it is inconceivable that a new medication would be introduced before large-scale clinical trials were conducted among diverse patient populations. Furthermore, once the drug became widely available we would continue to monitor its effectiveness and potential toxicity....Why do we not have similar criteria for our social experiments? In the case of deinstitutionalization, no large-scale efficacy trials were performed. Toxicity and adverse consequences were not monitored.
In the Footsteps of the Cathars
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: November 2023

This year I did something I have avoided doing for more than fifty years-I spent six weeks in Germany. I was born and raised in Austria. I am Jewish, and I left Vienna just a few weeks before the Kristallnacht of 1938. I have been to Vienna a number of times since World War II, and each time I swore I would never go back again; then, something or other would come up and I would change my mind. But I did draw the line on going to Germany.
Nonviolent Resistance: The History of an Idea
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: November 2023

The concept of nonviolent resistance in the 20th-century United States has been taught and practiced in the civil rights movement and the modern peace movement. In the media and the public mind the practice is generally linked with the names of Martin Luther King, Mohandas Gandhi and Henry David Thoreau. According to the general view, Thoreau furnished the ideas in his essay Civil Disobedience, which in time, influenced the two great practitioners of the concept, Gandhi and King. In fact, the history of the idea of nonviolent resistance is much more complex; its roots run deep in the American past; its practice was tested and developed in American soil before it traveled around the world and, almost a century later, returned to the ground from which it sprang.
Looking Toward’ the Year 2000
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: November 2023

What kind of future can we envision after the year 2000? The state of the world being what it is, one can approach such a question either with profound pessimism, and answer that most likely the world is not going to survive into the 21st century; or one can approach it with purely utopian vision. Such an utopian approach may, in fact, be far more practical than the endless repetitions by politicians, statesmen and military leaders of worn-out and utterly inappropriate cliches of 19th-century wisdom. We must act in this worst of all worlds as though it were good; unless we do so we are doomed to alienation, anomie, despair and worse, ineffectiveness. It is from this stance of ambivalence that I want to address the question. In the 20th century we have lived through the nuclear revolu on, the media and cybernetic revolutions, not to mention various political revolutions. World War I signaled the end of the secure world of imperial powers ind their dominance over colonial empires. Authoritarian and fascistic regimes of various kinds substituted arbitrary power for the Lockean social contract.
Differences Among Women
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: November 2023

The development of women’s history in the past twenty years has not only helped to bring new subject matter to history, but has forced us to deal with the concepts and values underlying the organization of historical studies and of all intellectual fields. It has forced us to question not only why certain content was previously omitted, ignored, and trivialized, but also to consider who decides what is to be included. In short, we have begun first to question and then to challenge the conceptual framework for the organization of traditional knowledge. We challenge it because of its omissions: it leaves out the experiences, activities, and ideas of half or more of humankind. We challenge it because it is elitist: it leaves out not only all women, but most men, those of non-white races, those of various ethnicities, and, until quite recently, those of lower classes. In so doing, it defines all the groups omitted as less significant than the groups included. Pat­ently, this is untrue and therefore it is unacceptable. We challenge it because what traditional history teaches us denies our own experience of reality. We live in a world in which nothing happens without the active participation of men and women and yet we are constantly being told of a past world in which men are presumed to act and women presumed to be acted upon. Women’s history, even in its short devel­opment, has proven this judgement to be false, for the past as well as the present. Women are and always have been active participants in the shaping of events. One of the basic errors of patriarchal thought has been to make claims of universality for descriptions of the activities of a small elite group of upper-class white males. Traditional historians have described the activities of this group and called it the history of all of humankind. They have subsumed all women under the term “men” and have ignored the actual differences that exist among people by asserting that the small group whose activities they describe can stand for the rest of us. It obviously cannot. In rejecting this andro­centric distortion of the past, we have opened the way to other insights and challenges.