bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Desegregation of an Elite Economics Department’s PhD Program: Black Americans at MIT
Authors: Darity William , Kreeger Arden
Published: December 2014

We examine the history of the entry of black American graduate students into the PhD program in economics at MIT in the 1970s. The deployment of an active and aggressive affirmative action program led to the presence of a critical mass of black doctoral students at MIT during the first half of the decade. We explore in detail the reasons why some MIT faculty members characterized the initiative as a “failed experiment” and what ultimately happened to affirmative action at MIT’s economics department.
Misleading Classification of Isomers and Stereoisomers in Organic Chemistry
Authors: Fujita Shinsaku
Published: December 2014

The conventional schemes for classifying isomers are clarified to suffer from serious confusion, because they are misleadingly based on the pairing of stereoisomers and “constitutional isomers” and the pairing of enantiomers and “diastereomers.” The misleading features are demonstrated in detail by critically examining isomers of dihalobenzenes, cycloalkanes, 2,3,4-trihydroxyglutaric acids, and pentanols as representative examples. The serious confusion is concluded to stem from disregard for the concepts of equivalence relationships and equivalence classes. The conventional definitions of an isomeric relationship, a stereoisomeric relationship, and an enantiomeric relationship are revised respectively to connote a self-isomeric relationship, a self-stereoisomeric relationship, and a self-enantiomeric relationship. Thereby, these relationships are capable of working up to equivalence relationships, which generate equivalence classes of isomers, stereoisomers, and enantiomers. An isoskeletomeric relationship is proposed as an additional equivalence relationship, which generates an equivalence class of isoskeletomers. A new flowchart of classifying isomers is devised on the basis of these equivalence relationships. On the other hand, the term “constitutionally-isomeric” is replaced by the term constitutionally-anisomeric to emphasize the nature of an inequivalence relationship, i.e., the difference nature at which the relationship aims. The term “constitutionally-isomeric” and the plural form “constitutional isomers” are permitted only for the purpose of characterizing 2D structural formulas. The terms skeletally-anisomeric and diastereomeric are also used as inequivalence relationships. The plural form “diastereomers” is permitted if a reference molecular entity is given to be fixed, but its easy usage should be avoided because they do not mean equivalence classes.
Latex Polymer/Super Growth-Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composites with High Electroconductivity Fabricated by Wet Processing
Authors: Shigeta Masahiro , Endo Tomoko , Kondo Yui , Uejima Mitsugu , Okada Susumu , Kaneko Kenji , Nakashima Naotoshi
Published: December 2014

Acrylonitrile–butadiene rubbers (NBR) have been widely used in many industrial applications due to their very low cost and high performance. In this study, we focus on the fabrication of NBR/carbon nanotube (CNT) composites using surfactant dispersed super-growth SWNTs (SG-SWNTs) as the nanocarbon, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes for comparison. We found that the prepared NBR (15 wt %)/SG-SWNT composite showed a 10 S cm−1 conductance, which was much higher than that of the NBR (15 wt %)/MWNT composite. Such a high value would be due to the good dispersion of the/SG-SWNTs in the rubber matrix.
Emergence of Highly Elaborated π-Space and Extending Its Functionality Based on Nanocarbons: New Vistas in the Fullerene World
Authors: Yamada Michio , Akasaka Takeshi
Published: December 2014

How the electronic properties and chemical reactivity of empty fullerenes can be changed upon endohedral metal-doping? How the dynamic behavior and position of encapsulated metal atoms can be controlled? How its functionality can be extended by chemical treatments? We have addressed all aspects of endohedral metallofullerenes, including the synthesis, isolation, structure, chemical properties, and theoretical considerations and their applications in the related fields to answer these questions.
Men's health (5): health as a lifestyle issue
Authors: Barber Chris
Published: December 2014

This article will explore the various dimensions of men's health as a lifestyle choice and will highlight a number of health issues. These will include obesity, weight management and diet, alcohol and tobacco use, exercise, sexual health, age-related concerns and health as style and image. A number of ways in which healthcare assistants (HCAs) can help will be suggested.
The Scottish model for chronic pain management services
Authors: Gilbert Steve , Holdsworth Lesley , Smith Blair
Published: December 2014

This article outlines how Scotland's approach to improving chronic pain services has evolved over the last seven years and where it stands currently. Successive reports have highlighted patchy provision of chronic pain management services. The Scottish Service Model for Chronic Pain clearly sets out how services need to be organised and delivered across the whole patient pathway. Establishing a nationally resourced initiative has provided clear direction, support and drive to improve clinical services locally.
Cost-effectiveness of bevacizumab for diabetic macular oedema
Authors: Chalk Daniel , Pitt Martin , Stein Ken
Published: December 2014

A Markov model was developed to predict the outcomes and cost-effectiveness of bevacizumab compared to macular laser therapy for diabetes patients with clinically significant macular oedema (CSMO). This study used outcome data from a randomised controlled trial, utility data and health states from a ranibizumab health technology assessment, and costs from the UK national tariff. A total of 37.73% of patients treated with bevacizumab in the model had a visual acuity of at least 76 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group (ETDRS) letters after four years, compared with 4.09% of laser therapy patients. Only 0.11% of bevacizumab patients were blind after four years compared with 6.45% of laser therapy patients. However, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £51,182, we predict that bevacizumab would not be cost-effective compared to laser therapy because of the influence of the NHS national tariff costs for monitoring patients and administering bevacizumab, and the inability of the EQ-5D measure to capture the impact of sensory deprivation on quality of life sufficiently. This study recommends significant caution when interpreting the results of cost-effectiveness analyses of interventions that involve vision-related interventions.
Managing asthma in school age children: An overview
Authors: Greener Mark
Published: December 2014

About one in every 11 children in the UK receives treatment for asthma. Despite this, a child is admitted to hospital as an emergency because of asthma every 21 minutes. Moreover, poorly managed asthma can restrict a pupil's activities, result in absenteeism and undermine academic performance. However, attendance among children who receive evidence-based care, encompassing school health services, is equal to that of pupils without asthma. Optimising treatment could also potentially avoid up to 90% of deaths from, and 75% of hospital admissions for, asthma. This feature—the first in a series of three—introduces school nurses' role in asthma management and the development of the school's asthma policy.
Why children's mental health should be high on the agenda
Authors: Bhardwa Seeta
Published: December 2014

Mental health services for children and young people have long been underfunded, yet early intervention in this area is essential to prevent problems escalating and to ensure good outcomes. Seeta Bhardwa looks at the latest policy and developments in this area.
Itching in children: An overview of causes and management
Authors: Watkins Jean
Published: December 2014

Pruritus (itching) is a common problem in children and may stem from a number of causes, such as eczema, urticaria, insect bites, infections or occasionally from more serious generalized disease. Prescribing nurses should be able to recognize common conditions that children may present with and recommend treatment and management options to parents. This article discusses signs and symptoms that help in diagnosis, and the appropriate management and treatment of these conditions.
Can student mental health nurses be prepared for medicines management?
Authors: Hemingway Steve
Published: December 2014

Aim

This paper reports on an evaluation of the Medicines with Respect project, which implemented a stepped approach to education and training in medicines management (MM) for mental health nurses (MHNs).

Method

In the retrospective qualitative study, nine MHNs were interviewed to gain their perceptions of the MM training they received at university and to find out if it still had relevance.

Results

Content analysis of the interview data revealed that overall the participants valued the theoretical and practical learning strategies they experienced, although criticisms relating to all aspects of the education and training were reported. The participants also reported that the approach prepared them for clinical practice as registered nurses. Such an approach may also build the capacity of MHNs to develop as prescribers.
Cytogenetic and Flow Cytometry Evaluation of Richter Syndrome Reveals MYC, CDKN2A, IGH Alterations With Loss of CD52, CD62L and Increase of CD71 Antigen Expression as the Most Frequent Recurrent Abnormalities
Authors: Woroniecka Renata , Rymkiewicz Grzegorz , Grygalewicz Beata , Błachnio Katarzyna , Rygier Jolanta , Jarmuż-Szymczak Małgorzata , Ratajczak Błażej , Pieńkowska-Grela Barbara
Published: December 2014

Objectives:

Richter syndrome (RS) is a transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) into high-grade lymphoma. There are only limited data on flow cytometry (FCM) and cytogenetics in RS.

Methods:

In this study, FCM, classic cytogenetics (CC), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were performed in eight RS cases.

Results:

Most cases of RS were characterized by a loss/decrease of CD52 and CD62L and increased CD71 expression. CC identified complex karyotypes, with losses of 9/9p and 17/17p as the most frequent in four of seven cases. Seven RS cases demonstrated MYC abnormalities. Disruptions of CDKN2A and IGH were identified in five of seven and four of seven RS cases, respectively.

Conclusions:

Newly diagnosed RS is an oncologic emergency, and a quick diagnostic decision is crucial in clinical practice. Therefore, in patients with CLL/SLL and rapidly enlarging asymmetric lymphadenopathy and/or extranodal tumors, we strongly advise FCM of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) material, including CD62L, CD52, and CD71 analysis as well as assessment of karyotype and at least MYC abnormalities by FISH of the same FNAB material. Loss of CD52 expression in RS most likely predicts resistance to alemtuzumab therapy, which is frequently used in CLL.
“Happen Is Never Once”: The Temporality of Modernism’s Black Atlantic
Authors: Recker Laurel
Published: December 2014

The works of William Faulkner and Aimé Césaire demonstrate that the Black Atlantic’s circuits join the triangle trade not only spatially, but also temporally and historically. Furthermore, they articulate the temporality of a twentieth-century subject defined along the axis of the African diaspora—one who must manage both the (presumably) linear and progressive order of global capitalist industry and the historical vertigo and disenfranchisement of the transatlantic slave trade. This essay analyzes the formal techniques of both writers, particularly their use of temporal conflation, to show that rendering the “shock” of modernity demands addressing the slave trade that linked, and in many ways produced, the modern world.
Visual Economies of Queer Desire in Gertrude Stein’s The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas
Authors: Coffman Chris
Published: December 2014

This essay tracks the dynamics of vision that animate Gertrude Stein’s The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas . It argues that the text uses Toklas’s loving gaze to establish and recognize Stein’s masculinity, as well as to highlight the importance to modernism of her masculine homosocial bonds with her colleagues. The Autobiography depicts those ties as very congenial with men such as Sherwood Anderson and with masculine women such as Jane Heap, but more fraught—and more likely to induce perspectival vacillation—with Ernest Hemingway and Pablo Picasso. This multiperspectivalism structures the book and mobilizes multiple narratives of modernism’s emergence. In so doing, The Autobiography eventually reframes Stein’s masculinity and relationship with Toklas as part of the appearance of the new that the text initially attributes solely to the formal properties of modern art and writing.
Disambiguating Henry James
Authors: Sussman Matthew
Published: December 2014

This essay reconsiders the meaning and function of ambiguity in the work of Henry James. The first half traces how trends in twentieth-century criticism helped to transform ambiguity from a term of censure into one of approval. The second half reads James’s story “The Figure in the Carpet” as an allegory for a practice of critical reading that rejects ambiguity in favor of certainty, precision, and acuteness. By encouraging readers to shift their attention away from a text’s meaning and onto the facultative virtues exercised in interpretation, the story defends the critical impulse without necessarily endorsing its outcomes. The essay concludes by arguing that Jamesian ambiguity ought to be understood as an initial condition that legitimates the processes which invariably seek to eliminate it.
“Constant Bliss in Every Atom”: Tedium and Transcendence in David Foster Wallace’s The Pale King
Authors: Hamilton Robert C.
Published: December 2014

David Foster Wallace’s final manuscript, edited and published posthumously as The Pale King , presents serious interpretive difficulties in both its form and its content. Despite its fragmentary nature and its deliberate embrace of lengthy repetition, it is a unified work that develops Wallace’s earlier thoughts on boredom, conversion, and endurance. The Pale King argues consistently that the inherent boredom of modern life and work is convertible—in a quasi-religious sense—to transcendence, meaning, and happiness. Indeed, it goes beyond argument to imitation; the repetitions in the text are best read as reflections of, and cures for, the ennui of the postmodern condition.
A Private Public Sphere: Robert Duncan and Jess’s Cold War Household
Authors: Higgins Scarlett
Published: December 2014

Robert Duncan, a poet, and Jess, a visual artist, were collage artists and life partners; their shared home came to comprise an integral part of their artistic philosophy. This essay uses the resources of public sphere theory to analyze how Duncan’s “The Homosexual in Society” and “The Architecture Passages 9,” and Jess’s Paste-Up, “The Mouse’s Tail” taken together provide a theory of living directly opposed to the then-hegemonic vision of a pleasure-based family or home life cordoned off from the “real world” of work and politics. Collage becomes a way of bringing—as the historical avant garde attempted to do—art and life together, and of forming a political home and family life integrally related to the life of the “outside world.”
Conquest’s Child: Gold, Contracts, and American Imperialism in María Amparo Ruiz de Burton’s Who Would Have Thought It?
Authors: Ramirez Pablo A.
Published: December 2014

María Amparo Ruiz de Burton’s novel Who Would Have Thought It? (1872) illustrates how U.S. imperialism has all but rendered contractual relations between Mexicans and Anglo Americans an impossibility, thereby creating an untenable merger between a republic founded on consensual relations and an empire created through the abridgement of consent. This essay argues that Ruiz de Burton engages the postbellum discourses of gold, value, and race in order to address the deleterious consequences of racializing Mexicans for the purposes of plunder. The text illustrates how the nation’s imperialist practices were creating two systems of meaning—one contractual and the other imperial, which in turn has created a world of contradictions. To be both a republic and an empire means to be both white and Native American, businessman and plunderer, civilized and barbaric. These contradictions debase the value of whiteness and gold, values that only contractual relations can uphold.
“Everything depends on reaching the coast”: Inscriptions of Placelessness in John Hillcoat’s Adaptation of The Road
Authors: Stratton Billy J.
Published: December 2014

Inscriptions of Placelessness in John Hillcoat’s Adaptation of The Road ” John Hillcoat’s cinematic adaptation (2009) of Cormac McCarthy’s novel The Road (2006) takes as its subject the horror of a postapocalyptic world in which all semblance of order has been reduced to an ephemeral absent presence that haunts the nameless protagonist and his young son. Ironically, their only means of survival and source of solace is a desolate road strewn with the wreckage of civilization. Central to the Hillcoat’s film is the multivalent use of this road as a simultaneous symbol of refuge and desolation. This article addresses the various ways in which notions of ecological catastrophe and biopolitics help to inform conceptions of landscape and placelessness in order to create a cinematic vision of a not-so-distant future in which the world is, perhaps, just as we have made it to be.
Priestly Celibacy and Identity: The Rocky Reception of Vatican II’s Presbyterorum Ordinis
Authors: Anello Robert L.
Published: December 2014

The Second Vatican Council’s 1965 decree, Presbyterorum Ordinis (On the Ministry and Life of Priests) received an unwelcome reception within the Church. Priests, principally in the United States, Canada, and Europe, believed the document inadequate because it had not resolved the debate on mandatory clerical celibacy and priestly identity. The immediate aftermath of the council saw large numbers of priests leave active ministry and fewer men in formation for priesthood. Presbyterorum Ordinis ’s unresolved questions led to the 1971 Synod of Bishops on the Ministerial Priesthood. After a lively debate, clerical celibacy was reaffirmed and by the late 1970s the controversies surrounding priestly life and ministry were in decline.
The Sounds of Vatican II: Musical Change and Experimentation in Two U.S. Trappist Monasteries, 1965–1984
Authors: Eden Bradford Lee
Published: December 2014

The Second Vatican Council impacted the use of liturgical music within religious communities. Two U.S. Trappist monasteries, New Melleray Abbey in Dubuque, Iowa, and Gethsemani Abbey in Bardstown, Kentucky, evidenced distinctive approaches to the musical freedom resulting from the Vatican II reforms. New Melleray incorporated contemporary folk music and instruments. At Gethsemani, Father Chrysogonus Waddell pioneered the use of Gregorian notation and English psalmody. The musical changes had a profound effect on the Trappists’ celebration of the Mass and the praying of the Liturgy of the Hours.
Instruments of Change: The Christian Brothers’ Catechetical Texts, 1943–1969
Authors: Baumert Susan W.
Published: December 2014

The Christian Brothers’ high school religion textbook series, Living with Christ , published in two editions between 1943 and 1969, reflects the changing landscape of Catholic catechesis in the mid-twentieth century. The catechetical movement influenced the revised edition, beginning with the kerygmatic approach to catechesis and culminating in the incorporation of “ongoing revelation,” a revolutionary approach that emphasized how Catholics might know God by examining their personal experiences rather than relying on the teachings of the pope and bishops—the magisterium—as the primary authority on theological matters. The theological transformation highlighted in these textbooks reveals the wider trends adopted by U.S. Catholics whose subjective experiences significantly informed their approach to God and Church teaching.
The Dismissal of Father Charles Curran and the Catholic University Strike, April 1967
Authors: Mitchell Peter M.
Published: December 2014

In April 1967, the board of trustees of Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C., dismissed Father Charles Curran from his position as theology professor without any hearing or explanation. In response, the CUA faculty led a campus-wide strike in support of Curran, which succeeded in having Curran reinstated as a professor. The story of the strike narrated below draws from never-before published material from the archives of CUA and the personal papers of key bishops on the CUA board of trustees. The battle which played out at Catholic University centered on the question that consumed Catholic higher education throughout the country during the turbulent years following the Second Vatican Council: “What is the meaning of academic freedom at a Catholic university that seeks to be fully American?” Widespread frustration among Catholic intellectuals with ecclesiastical control found a willing and powerful ally in the American Association of University Professors (AAUP), whose principles had developed during the twentieth century into a quasi-religious ideology of academic freedom in opposition to any and all creedal statements of a priori dogmatic truth. Throughout the 1960s the AAUP waged an aggressive attack on religious institutions of higher education demanding they renounce commitments to denominational interests. The outcome of this high-profile clash of opinions over the nature of bishops’ authority over theology professors remains normative in U.S. Catholic higher education.
Black Power, Vatican II, and the Emergence of Black Catholic Liturgies
Authors: Cressler Matthew J.
Published: December 2014

To understand the ways U.S. black Catholics experienced the changes of the Second Vatican Council one must account for the Black Power movement. Starting in the late 1960s a growing number of black Catholics embraced the arguments for self-determination and black nationalism growing increasingly popular in the black freedom struggles. In this context, black Catholic activists interpreted Vatican II as an opportunity to integrate African and African American religious practices into the Mass. These liturgical innovations often occurred without the approval of ecclesial authorities and in the face of opposition from white and black Catholics alike. Resistance notwithstanding, black Catholic liturgies and the effort to produce “authentic black” Catholic worship transformed what it meant to be black and Catholic in the decades after the council.
Obedience, Responsibility, and Freedom: Anita M. Caspary, IHM, and the Post-Conciliar Renewal of Catholic Women Religious
Authors: Maloney Susan M.
Published: December 2014

As the only woman in U.S. Catholic history to hold the positions of mother general of a Catholic order of sisters and president of an ecumenical community, Anita M. Caspary, IHM, was a transformative figure in the post-conciliar Church. Under her leadership the Immaculate Heart of Mary Sisters (IHMs) of California relinquished their canonical status in 1970 to form the new Immaculate Heart Community. This biographical study shows continuities between her early Catholic formation, her handling of the conflict between the IHMs and the Church hierarchy, and her leadership in the renewal of communities of women religious.
“Woman—Go Forth!”: Catholic Women’s Organizations and Their Clergy Advisors in the Era of the “Emerging Laywoman”
Authors: Henold Mary J.
Published: December 2014

The histories of national laywomen’s organizations, including the National Council of Catholic Women, the Catholic Daughters of America, the Daughters of Isabella, and the Theresians, offer an opportunity to analyze how bishops and priests attempted to implement the teachings of the Second Vatican Council. In the 1960s into the early 1970s, chaplains and other priest advisors seemed eager to educate a national audience of laywomen about women’s role in the post-conciliar Church. Their writings and speeches stressed continuity with the past, indicating a significant gap between the idea of the empowered laity promoted by Vatican II and essen-tialist views of Catholic women’s nature. Clergy advisors, at times clearly nervous about the nascent feminist movement, highlighted how laywomen could fulfill the promises of the council from within the bounds of complementarity. Ultimately, these advisors were unable to look beyond gender and see laywomen as simply laity, placing significant limits on how laywomen were to view their role in the Church.
Physical Ruin and Spiritual Perfection in Fifth-Century Gaul: Orientius and His Contemporaries on the “Landscape of the Soul”
Authors: Fielding Ian
Published: December 2014

Orientius’s Commonitorium contains a well-known passage describing the damage done to the landscape of Gaul following the barbarian invasions of the early fifth century. This article examines the juxtaposition of the ruined physical world and the spiritual world beyond in the Commonitorium and three other poetic texts from this period—the Epigramma Paulini , Ad coniugem , and De prouidentia Dei . Compared to his contemporaries, Orientius is shown to be less absolute in his renunciation of the world around him. Situating these works in the ecclesiastical context of Gaul in the fifth century, I argue that Orientius offers a pastoral perspective on the Christian’s relationship with the wider world, whereas his fellow poets represent the more exclusive views of the emerging ascetic elite.
Suffering for Our Sake: Christ and Human Destiny in Hilary of Poitiers’s De Trinitate
Authors: Mercer Jarred
Published: December 2014

Hilary of Poitiers’s discussion of Christ’s human experience and suffering in De trinitate has caused immense problems for modern interpreters, who often accuse him of docetic tendencies. The focus on docetism has silenced the true significance of Hilary’s argument. His view of Christ’s human experience actually serves to enhance, not diminish or deny, the reality of Christ’s humanity. Stoic psychological categories allow Hilary to speak of Christ’s suffering without pain as legitimately human, and Hilary’s christological framework enables his discussion of Christ’s experience to have immense implications for all humanity, developing an anthropology based upon the lived experience of Christ.
Religious Toleration around the Year 313
Authors: MacMullen Ramsay
Published: December 2014

Attitudes toward another religion than one’s own can be seen, in settings both modern and ancient, to indicate how they may be subscribed to with a range of feelings and defenses that justify hostility, in the minds of the actors. Defenses, at least, can be clearly identified in the period surrounding the “Edict” of Milan, using public statements of both Christians and non-Christians. As to feelings, they can only be inferred, using the record of both words and actions. The Great Persecution offers much familiar material from a decade pre-313, especially the many imperial declarations relaxing persecution, while the words and actions of both Constantine and Eusebius throw light on the decade post-313. The particular susceptibility of monotheism to intolerance is brought out by Henry Chadwick.
The Power of Baptism: Augustine’s Pro-Nicene Response to the Donatists
Authors: Ployd Adam D.
Published: December 2014

In Tract. eu. Io . 5, Augustine preaches his anti-Donatist theology of baptism by emphasizing that Christ always retains the potestas of baptism. By focusing on the term potestas to argue that Christ, not the bishop, is the primary agent in baptism, Augustine subverts the traditional North African theological tradition that identifies potestas as the power of the bishop to impart the Holy Spirit. Augustine appeals instead to a separate pro-Nicene theological tradition in which power is a manifestation of the one divine nature through arguments of common and inseparable operations. The term potestas thus provides insight into how Augustine negotiates competing theological cultures.
The Logic of the Logos: A Note on Stoic Logic in Adversus Praxean 10
Authors: Boersma Gerald P.
Published: December 2014

The influence of Stoic ethics and anthropology on Tertullian’s thought has received substantial consideration. Much less attention has been given to the place of Stoic dialectic in his thought. This article is an initial attempt to remedy this lacuna by focusing on the place of Stoic dialectic in Adversus Praxean 10. My exegesis of this passage argues that Tertullian deploys Stoic dialectic, against his Monarchian interlocutor, to defend the distinction between Father and Son. For Tertullian, the rules of logic articulated in a Stoic syllogism serve to affirm his rational vision of theology, which, ultimately, is derived from the intelligibility of God’s revealed will.
A New Unmodern Eighteenth Century
Authors: Mannheimer Katherine
Published: December 2014

A review of Simon Dickie’s book Cruelty and Laughter: Forgotten Comic Literature and the Unsentimental Eighteenth Century
The Mendicants in the New World City
Authors: Bauer Ralph
Published: December 2014

A review of Karen Melvin’s Building Colonial Cities of God: Mendicant Orders and Urban Culture in New Spain.
Beastly Sodomites and the Shameless Urban Future
Authors: Azfar Farid
Published: December 2014

This article offers a reading of some texts that reflect what sodomy meant to this particular moment, that which followed the sodomy executions of 1726. I concentrate, in particular, on two: a polemical attack by a self-professed “Philogynus” published in a newspaper the week after the executions and a chapter of a half-fictional narrative supposedly penned by a celebrity criminal, James Dalton, who makes “pleasant and remarkable” adventures into the world of the mollies, accompanied by a man, Sukey Haws, who is “neither a downright Pick-pocket, a downright Sodomite, or a downright Bug, tho’ a Part of every one of them.” I proceed from the assumption that we can learn a lot about what these texts are doing by focusing on the moment when they are written and that this, in turn, can confound our assumptions about the cultural origins and range of anti-sodomitical sentiment. Key to my analysis is an attention to urbanity. The cultural afterlife of the executions in the public sphere of 1720s London tells us as much about the city as it does about sodomy. The private spaces that the mollies inhabited, the satirical texts that emerged to condemn them, the ideological tensions that formed around these descriptions: all were eminently urban, all moreover were features and events in the history of 1720s London. By embedding these texts into the culture and thought of 1720s London, we can better understand how the fear of the urban sodomite, as represented in the figure of the shameless, bestial molly, became part and parcel of the fear of urban life.
Print into Fiction, Readers into Authors
Authors: Benedict Barbara M.
Published: December 2014

A review of The Appearance of Print in Eighteenth-Century Fiction by Christopher Flint, a book exploring the relationships between the eighteenth-century novel’s materiality and its production and consumption from the lapse of the Licensing Act in 1695 to the early nineteenth century in works from Swift to Austen. The book includes both a cultural analysis of the conditions of print culture in the period, and close readings of the methodologies of particular novels.
Stories of Everything: Epics, Encyclopedias, and Concepts of “Complete” Knowledge
Authors: Rudy Seth
Published: December 2014

Epic poetry has long enjoyed a critical association with various manifestations of encyclopedic learning. The reputation of Homer and Virgil’s comprehensive knowledge in antiquity and the Middle Ages — a reputation neither always unchallenged nor entirely defeated, even as late as the early eighteenth century — helped make epic an enduring signifier of great magnitude and longevity, if no longer one of truly universal scope. This article traces the trajectory of the changing status of epic in the late seventeenth century through the eighteenth-century encyclopedia. The treatment of established commonplaces about epic and knowledge and the continued pursuit of “completeness” by Francis Bacon, Alexander Pope, Ephraim Chambers, Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’Alembert furthered a process of generic differentiation that contributed to the separation of encyclopedias from epic poems, literature from Literature, and the sciences from the humanities.
Maria Edgeworth’s The Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock : Symbolic Unification, Women’s Education, and the Marriage Plot
Authors: Ross Slaney Chadwick
Published: December 2014

This essay reads one of Maria Edgeworth’s short plays, The Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock (1817) as an Irish national tale with a pedagogical, feminist twist. Edgeworth engages with female education and authority, as well as the plot device of symbolically unifying marriage. The play responds to a variety of literary contexts, including Joanna Baillie’s “Introductory Discourse” (1798), closet drama, Edgeworth’s own educational theory, and popular national fictions such as Sydney Owenson’s The Wild Irish Girl (1806). Edgeworth’s portrayal of educated female leadership creates a protagonist whose authority and capability exceeds those typical of national tale heroines such as Owenson’s Glorvina. In this little-read play, she simultaneously calls those heroines’ positions into question while also capitulating to other tropes about women’s roles, as well as stereotypes of Irish and Scottish national characteristics.
A History of Inanimate Minds
Authors: King Christa Knellwolf
Published: December 2014

A response to Jonathan Lamb’s thought-provoking discussion of material culture and It-narratives offered in ‘The Things Things Say’
Henry Fielding’s The Female Husband and the Sexuality of Vagrancy
Authors: Nicolazzo Sarah
Published: December 2014

In The Female Husband (1746), Henry Fielding spins a fictionalized account of the real and sensational arrest of Charles Hamilton, tried for vagrancy after the discovery that Hamilton was (in the eyes of the law) a woman married to another woman. The logic naming a “female husband’s” crime as vagrancy connects eighteenth-century ideologies of labor and class mobility to the discourses and practices of gendered embodiment we now study under the rubric of the history of sexuality. When read alongside his writings on poor law and crime, The Female Husband reveals Fielding’s view of economic and sexual deviance as intertwined, mutually constitutive phenomena. Vagrancy is not incidental to this text; the logic of vagrancy law fundamentally structures the narrative and provides Fielding scope to speculate on the invisible forces that move bodies—whether those bodies are spurred towards industry or idleness, deference or criminality, sexual virtue or sexual deviance. By tracing vagrancy as a queer category, this essay proposes an approach to eighteenth-century histories of sexuality that refuses to understand sexuality in isolation from other interlocking modes of apprehending and disciplining bodies, desires, and animation.
Indentured Servitude, Material Identities, and Daniel Defoe in the Chesapeake Colonies
Authors: Wear Jeremy
Published: December 2014

A review of Dennis Todd’s Defoe’s America (Cambridge UP, 2010).
Laughter, Skepticism, and the Pleasures of Being Misunderstood in Laurence Sterne’s The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman
Authors: Holm Melanie D.
Published: December 2014

In The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, Laurence Sterne famously depicts people delighting in their subjective interpretations of the world, recalling Erasmus’s wise jest: “The fool delights in his folly.” But Sterne’s originality, I claim, lies in his assertion that people can also share in the delights of their fellow fools by abandoning their expectations for intellectual consensus. This article examines Sterne’s humorous representations of eccentric follies in Tristram Shandy in order to elucidate the relationship between his literary characterization of contemporary life as fragmentary and his promotion of laughter and smiling as complements for the partiality of individual judgment. In joining skepticism of sensory knowledge with a sense of humor, Sterne models an alternative mode of understanding in the novel, one that comprehends social experience within wit’s affective compass of surprise and delight. Sterne thus recasts intellectual difference as an occasion for shared laughter that draws incomplete individuals together with mutual joy, giving rise to a sociability of feeling in which a “life” registers as more than the sum of one’s “opinions.”
Discerning Syntax: George Eliot’s Relative Clauses
Authors: Allison Sarah
Published: December 2014

George Eliot’s Middlemarch exhorts its readers to develop an intelligent sympathy towards others. The novel’s depiction of the gravest threat to this ideal--the difficulty of perceiving other people--is embedded in the narrative syntax itself. This article traces a peculiar grammatical pattern through Middlemarch : clauses that shift from a narrating past to a universalizing presence by means of the relative pronoun “which.” These clauses integrate reflection into narrative presentation. Much contemporary criticism around the ethical work novels do considers reading as a relation between the reader and either the characters or narrator; I propose that there is also an ethics of syntax operating at the level of the clause. Instead of promoting specific values, this “commentative clause” inscribes a process of making judgments, and aims to educate the reader in methods of taking perspective on other people. In terms of the Middlemarch narrative voice, commentative clauses have little to do with the “all-knowing, all-understanding, and all-forgiving” mother figure invoked by D.A. Miller in his description of Eliot’s narrative voice. Rather, they reveal a pattern of sharp conceptual discrimination in Middlemarch that is at odds with the larger trajectory toward sympathy that critics have long understood to shape its plot.
Protestant Animals: Puritan Sects and English Animal-Protection Sentiment, 1550–1650
Authors: Watson Robert N.
Published: December 2014

Unprecedented animal-protection sentiments correlated strongly with zealous Protestantism in late Renaissance England. This inadvertent side-effect of Calvinism undermined the proud human exceptionalism based on rationality while exalting other virtues--simplicity, perseverance, blind obedience, and faithful service--more evident in livestock than in their human masters. Embattled Puritans identified with other holy innocents oppressed by arbitrary human authorities, and Civil War radicals fantasized a renewed Edenic (often vegetarian) co-existence. Calvinist soteriology provoked invocations of the Golden Rule, in hopes that gratuitous kindness to animals -- including the imputation of virtues and therefore rights--might model similarly gratuitous kindness to human souls from God.
The Dandified Dick: Hardboiled Noir and the Wildean Epigram
Authors: Gutkin Len
Published: December 2014

In this paper, I demonstrate the formal debt of Raymond Chandler’s hardboiled fiction to literary dandyism, a debt occurring along the axis of what I call “epigrammatic speech.” I note Chandler’s interest in the Oscar Wilde trials, from which I develop a theory of epigrammatic aggressivity drawing on Wilde’s trial transcripts and on Amanda Anderson’s work on Wilde. I look closely at Wilde’s combative deployment of the epigram as entextualized in the trial transcripts. I read Chandlerian “tough talk” as a mode of oppositional epigrammatic speech dialectically invested in the figure of the dandy. In the paper’s second half, I analyze the social content of epigrammatic tough-talk in Chandler’s first two novels, The Big Sleep and Farewell, My Lovely --each of which, not coincidentally, prominently feature dandies. Borrowing some analytic categories from Eric Lott’s Love and Theft , I tease out the contradictory modes of identification and disidentification at play in the tough-guy’s appropriation of epigrammatic speech.
Seeing Things Through “Images Sensible”: Emblematic Similitudes and Sensuous Words in Francis Bacon’s Natural Philosophy
Authors: Aulakh Pavneet
Published: December 2014

Francis Bacon’s views on language are often cited to evidence his break with the past. His ambition, however, to “collect” a “ Rerum Copiam ” for “constructing true axioms” signals his effort to appropriate specific traditional rhetorical devises discussed, for example, in Erasmus’s De copia . For instance, his use of fables, which he distilled into emblematic images, demonstrates an attempt to cultivate a hieroglyphic vocabulary capable of conveying “conceits intellectual” through “Images sensible.” Moreover, in suggesting parallels that unite disparate disciplines, similitudes offered Bacon an instrument to discover the “ Rerum Copiam ” that constitute his Philosophia Prima and thereby advance his scientific project.
Pound Sign
Authors: Blevins Jeffrey
Published: December 2014

What can one, seemingly insignificant figure--possibly punctuation mark, possibly ideogram, possibly something else entirely--demonstrate about Ezra Pound’s figurative practice? #, which draws power from associations with Mencius’s well-field system and the Chinese character ching , becomes an emblem for a recurring quodlibet in The Cantos : howforces, and the structures allowing for these forces’ expression, coordinate into modes of holistic figuration. Critical work on The Cantos has entirely passed over #’s potential role in negotiating these two aspects (structure and force). Recuperating # as a figurative modelallows for new ways of cognizing the expressive possibilities, and limitations, bound up in Pound’s figurative practices, as well as his poetics more generally.
Contingency, Codex, the Eighteenth-Century Novel
Authors: Lupton Christina
Published: December 2014

This article connects the physical form of the codex book, as one that both impedes and enables chance, to the narrative form of the novel, as one that can make closure into a condition of openness. It describes novels by Jane Austen, Laurence Sterne, Friedrich Nicolai, and Henry Fielding as exploring through this juncture the logic of contingency, by which given events or facts become points of contact with the patternlessness of the world. In particular, it offers a reading of Fielding’s Amelia as a novel that performs this investment in contingency through its own treatment of marriage.
“The Greedy Dialectic of Time and Eternity”: Karl Barth, T. S. Eliot, and Four Quartets
Authors: Soud David
Published: December 2014

Criticism of T. S. Eliot’s Four Quartets has often acknowledged the text’s mystical sources, but critics have also detected a countercurrent within the wartime Quartets, one which resists the timeless in favor of time. This tension reflects a theological dialectic between the poem’s mystical deliberations and an anti-mystical impulse arising from the influence of Søren Kierkegaard and Karl Barth. Barth in particular was the dominant theological presence between the wars, and Eliot certainly knew of his work. Four Quartets is both an affirmation and an interrogation of such moments of transcendence as that in the rose garden in “Burnt Norton”--moments that Kierkegaard and especially Barth define as the transformative “Moment” of the human-divine encounter. The poem’s larger dialectic is not merely the Augustinian distinction between the Word and words; it is a debate over the proper response to the Moment, and hence the proper form of faith. “Little Gidding” attempts to resolve this dialectic. Eliot’s deployment of paradox and negation does not just echo mystics; it also reflects the discursive strategies of Barth’s dialectical theology, in which paradox and negation open linguistic spaces through which the divine may choose to make itself known from beyond the boundary of signification.
Shelley’s Antimasques of Life: Re-Visioning The Triumph
Authors: Estermann Barbara
Published: December 2014

Shelley’s The Triumph of Life has its roots in the English masque tradition, an organic whole combining the distortions and chaos of the often grotesque antimasque with the metamorphosis in the masque proper, unwritten in this fragment but a requisite element because of the very nature of the genre. The “masked” narrator exists in a dream-like state traversing the past and present in déjà vu sequences, simulating the mind in dialogue with itself to “pierce the sphere / Of all that is, has been, or will be done.” Using the genre itself, passages from A Defence of Poetry , and the complex images and themes in the work itself, the image of the Moon emblematic in combining the ghost of its “dead mother,” the antimasque, with the new phase--the transformation in the unwritten masque proper, I argue that the answer to the final question, “Then, what is Life?” would have been revealed in the unwritten masque proper in which the narrator would have defeated the Proteus villain, the Shape, the source of delusion and loss of imagination.
Item of Mortality: Lives Led and Unled in Oliver Twist
Authors: Buzard James
Published: December 2014

This essay engages with recent scholarly debates in Victorian studies focused, first, on narrative’s relationship to the optative mood, and, second, on the status of minor characters in fiction. Its reading of Oliver Twist both extends and challenges prior work by Andrew Miller and Alex Woloch, among others. With particular emphasis on the protagonist’s minor alter-ego, Dick, the essay considers what difference fictional mode makes to the possibility of anything else’s happening to a character than what we read about him or her.
Pip’s Life
Authors: Jarvis Claire
Published: December 2014

This essay examines the sexual plots that circulate in Great Expectations . I argue that the novel’s emphasis on sexual withholdingor delay has consequences not only for how we read characters’ development, but also how we read the famously multiple endings of Great Expectations --the planned ending, where Dickens keeps Estella andPip apart, and the published ending where he poses their connection asa problem not entirely solved by time’s passage.
Eschatology in Genesis 15:6
Authors: Hwang Yohan
Published: December 2014

The word חשׁב in Gen 15:6 has traditionally been read in terms of God “considering” or “reckoning” Abram’s belief as righteousness. This understanding, however, is not consistent with current Pauline studies. The present article reads Gen 15:6 eschatologically. It will be shown that the biblical text opens itself up to such interpretation on semantic and contextual grounds: חשׁב can be read as God “planning” righteousness for Abram. The context of the chapter and Genesis as a whole supports the eschatological reading. That is also the case with the reception history of the verse including Paul’s usage of it in Romans and Galatians. The reading of Gen 15:6 offered in the present article has theological implications for our understanding of justification and our reading of Pauline texts.
A Model is Born: Presenting the Derivation in Modern Hebrew
Authors: Ephratt Michal
Published: December 2014

Leading scholars of Modern Hebrew have formulated various descriptions of its derivational apparatus. Analyzing the components of these descriptions, their standpoints, and the linguistic approaches underlying them, the present study abstracts criteria for characterization of Modern Hebrew word formation and for the understanding of the theoretical relationships between these criteria. They are then selected and integrated into a model tested on typical and atypical cases of Modern Hebrew derivation.