bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electro-Oculography in Pigment Dispersion Syndrome
Authors: Scuderi G.L. , Ricci F. , Nucci C. , Galasso M.J. , Cerulli L.
Published: April 2003

Clinical data and the common embryological origin of the pigment epithelium of the iris and retinal pigment epithelium suggest that the latter may be involved in the pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS). In our study functional changes of the retinal pigment epithelium were evaluated by electro-oculography in 10 PDS patients, 10 patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma (COAG) and 10 normal subjects. The mean dark-trough latency and Arden ratio for the PDS group were significantly lower than those of the COAG and control groups. Analysis of the Arden ratios based on the Kruskall-Wallis test revealed that 30% of the PDS values were subnormal with respect to the control group mean –1 SD. These results indicate primary involvement of the retinal pigment epithelium in PDS.
The Eye within the Framework of Human Senescence: Biological Decline and Morbidity
Authors: Weale Robert
Published: April 2003

An introduction to basic risk theory is applied to an analysis which is used to calculate risks for mortality, age-related maculopathy, and nuclear cataract. A number of ad hoc assumptions are introduced, and the predicted results compared with results culled from the literature. The results for nuclear cataract indicate that the loss of life expectancy associated with this condition may exceed 3 years. Finally, the theory is applied to an estimate of general blindness.
Ultrastructural Identification of Substance P Containing Nerves in the Guinea Pig Trabecular Meshwork
Authors: Sasamoto Mariko , Chen Hai-Bo , Tsukahara Shigeo
Published: April 2003

We aimed to provide a detailed analysis of substance P (SP)-containing nerves in the trabecular meshwork by ultrastructural immunohistochemistry and capsaicin treatment for chemical ablation of the sensory nerves. Numerous myelinated and unmyelinated nerves were observed inside the sheets and intertrabecular spaces of the trabecular meshwork, and the inner side of Schlemm’s canal. SP-like immunoreactive products were identified in some of these nerves and associated with numerous vesicles of different sizes, a few mitochondria and numerous neurotubili. After the capsaicin treatment, SP-like immunoreactive nerves persisted and no degenerated SP-like immunoreactive nerves were noted. On the basis of the ultrastructural features and the results of capsaicin treatment, it seems that these nerves are most probably autonomic in origin. Autonomic efferent SP-containing nerves are confirmed directly located in the trabecular meshwork; these have not been previously described at electron microscopic level. SP in autonomic efferent nerves might act as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator for intraocular pressure regulation.
Nilvadipine Inhibits Acute Rise of Aqueous Flare and Intraocular Pressure Induced by Prostaglandin E2 in Pigmented Rabbits
Authors: Zhang Xue-Yun , Hiraki Shigeyoshi , Hayasaka Seiji
Published: April 2003

To evaluate the possible role of calcium channel blocker on changes in aqueous flare and intraocular pressure induced by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in pigmented rabbits, we examined the effects of nilvadipine and nicardipine (calcium channel blockers). PGE2, 25 µg/ml, was administered using a glass cylinder. Nilvadipine or nicardipine was injected intravenously. Aqueous flare was measured by a laser flare cell meter. Intraocular pressure was measured by a noncontact tonometer. After administration of PGE2, aqueous flare and intraocular pressure increased and then decreased. Increased flare and elevated intraocular pressure following PGE2 administration were inhibited by nilvadipine in a dose-dependent manner (5–500 µg/kg body weight). These responses were inhibited only slightly by nicardipine at the same concentration. Nilvadipine injected 30 min before PGE2 application inhibited the increase maximally. The inhibitory effect was found on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 by daily administration of nilvadipine. A good correlation between the inhibition of intraocular pressure and the inhibition of increased flare by nilvadipine was found. We believe that Ca2+, or calcium channel blocker-related substances may be involved in the mechanism of PGE2-induced elevation of aqueous flare and intraocular pressure in the pigmented rabbit.
Role of Nitric Oxide during the Initial Phase of Reperfusion after Retinal Ischemia in the Rat
Authors: Hangai Masanori , Yoshimura Nagahisa , Hiroi Kano , Mandai Michiko , Honda Yoshihito
Published: April 2003

The onset of reperfusion and the recovery of the ERG b-wave following retinal ischemia was examined among three groups of rats: group 1 (n = 12) and group 2 (n = 6) received pretreatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine (20 mg/kg, i.p., 2 h before ischemia) followed by intravenous injection of saline (group 1) or of 200 mg/kg L-arginine (group 2) 5 min before the end of ischemia; group 3 (n = 7) received saline pretreatment followed by intravenous injection of saline as a control. Group 1 showed delayed onset of reperfusion compared to the other two groups and a reduction in the rate of the b-wave recovery compared to the control on the 1st day after reperfusion (group 1 vs. group 3; p = 0.0357). The L-arginine posttreatment significantly increased the b-wave recovery (group 2 vs. group 1; p = 0.0005 on day 1 and p < 0.0006 on day 3). The rate of the b-wave recovery in group 1 was inversely proportional to the time to establish complete reperfusion. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase during the initial phase of reperfusion may worsen the recovery of the b-wave following retinal ischemia, at least in part, by inhibiting establishment of reperfusion.
PGE2 Synthesis by Corneal Endothelial Cells: Effect of Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs
Authors: García-Cabanes C. , Palmero M. , Bellot J.L. , Orts A.
Published: April 2003

The aim of this work was to study the effect of various anti-inflammatory drugs on PGE2 synthesis in cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells (BCECs) stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Salmonella typhimurium. NSAIDs were more potent in inhibiting LPS-stimulated PGE2 synthesis. Diclofenac was more potent than indomethacin, although both drugs showed a 98% maximal inhibitory effect. Dexamethasone inhibited 80% of the A23187-stimulated PGE2 synthesis and only 53% of the LPS-stimulated PGE2 synthesis. Prednisolone did not show an inhibitory effect. The results demonstrate the inhibitory effect of NSAIDs and show differences between the activity of glucocorticoids on PGE2 synthesis in BCECs. Prednisolone could not inhibit PGE2 synthesis in these cells in our experimental conditions.
Adrenergic Drug Effects on Cyclic AMP in Cultured Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells
Authors: Friedman Zvi , Bloom Ernest , Polansky JonR.
Published: April 2003

Cyclic AMP production in the presence or absence of various adrenergic agonists and antagonists was determined in cultured human trabecular cells using a gammaflow automated radioimmunoassay that allowed multiple simultaneous experiments and reproducible results. Adrenergic agonists and antagonists showed activation and inhibition constants consistent with the presence of β2-receptors: Ka of isoproterenol < epinephrine < norepinephrine < phenylephrine; Ki of timolol < betaxolol < celiprolol < atenolol. Selective ICI antagonists showed β2-specificity.
Postoperative Lens Position Preoperatively Determined by Scheimpflug Photography
Authors: Kersten I.S. , Olbert D. , Kehrhahn O.H. , Pfeiffer N.
Published: April 2003

The position of the artificial lens has an important influence on refractive power calculation. We compared the position of the crystalline lens with that of the artificial lens after cataract surgery by means of Scheimpflug photography. A difference in position of approximately 0.8 mm in the anterior direction could be determined.
Lens Fibre Cell Differentiation – A Link with Apoptosis?
Authors: Dahm Ralf
Published: April 2003

During the process of terminal differentiation, the fibre cells in the eye lens undergo many changes that are reminiscent of apoptotic/necrotic changes. Mitochondria, for instance, undergo permeability transition and nuclear degradation is accompanied by chromatin condensation, disintegration of the nucleolus, dissolution of the nuclear lamina, nuclear pore clustering and fragmentation of the DNA into oligonucleosomal fragments. As during apoptosis, members of the caspase family of proteases were shown to be active during fibre cell differentiation and Bcl-2 overexpression was demonstrated to block normal differentiation of lens cells. In this review, the current knowledge of the sequence of events during cell death is summarised and contrasted with events during lens fibre cell differentiation. Due to the numerous similarities between these processes, lens fibre cell differentiation is suggested to represent an attenuated form of cell death.
Inhibitory Effect of Nilvadipine on Disruption of Blood-Aqueous Barrier Induced by Prostaglandin E2 Application in Pigmented Rabbits: A Morphologic Study
Authors: Kadoi Chiharu , Hiraki Shigeyoshi , Hayasaka Seiji , Ohtani Osamu
Published: April 2003

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the morphologic sites of breakdown in eyes pretreated with nilvadipine (a calcium channel blocker) that has been shown to inhibit the acute rise of aqueous flare induced by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Nilvadipine (100 µg/kg body weight) was injected intravenously in pigmented rabbits. Thirty minutes later, vehicle or PGE2 (10, 50 or 250 µg/ml) was applied on the cornea by use of a glass cylinder. Forty-five minutes later, the animals received horseradish peroxidase (HRP) intravenously and the eyes were enucleated. Distribution of HRP in the anterior segments was observed by electron microscopy. Without nilvadipine pretreatment, HRP was seen in the intercellular space of nonpigmented cells of the eyes treated with 50 µg/ml PGE2 and in the iris stroma of the eyes treated with 250 µg/ml PGE2. With nilvadipine pretreatment, HRP was not observed in these sites. Our results indicate that nilvadipine suppresses disruption of the different sites of the blood-aqueous barrier.
Conserved T Cell Receptor Complementarity-Determining Region 3 of Ocular T Cells in Mice with Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis
Authors: Uehara Reiko , Fujisawa Koushi , Kezuka Takeshi , Sakai Jun-Ichi , Nishioka Kusuki , Sumida Takayuki , Usui Masahiko
Published: April 2003

Purpose: To characterize T cells infiltrating into the ocular tissues of mice with experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) immunized with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP). Methods: The T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire on T cells obtained from ocular lesions of EAU mice was analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The clonotype of the T cells was examined by the single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) method, followed by sequence analysis of the TCR β-chain complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3). Results: The repertoire of the TCR BV gene in T cells from inflamed lesions was heterogeneous. SSCP analysis showed accumulation of multiple T cells specifically in ocular tissues of EAU mice, suggesting that these cells were expanded by an antigen-driven stimulation. Junctional sequence analysis demonstrated the presence of highly conserved amino acid sequence motifs (AGTGG, AGD) in CDR3 of BV2-positive T cells. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that T cells infiltrating into ocular lesions of EAU mice recognize restricted T cell epitopes of IRBP, resulting in autoimmune uveoretinitis.
Expression of Fibroblast Growth Factors 1 and 2 in a Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cell Line (K1034)
Authors: Seidler Daniela G. , Schwegler Johann S. , Liesenhoff Hans
Published: April 2003

The primary source of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) is the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Investigations on FGF secretion in RPE primary cultures are hampered by the rapid run-down of cell vitality after a few passages. Therefore, long-term experiments require an alternative to primary cultures. We detected FGF-1 and FGF-2 in the established human K1034 cell line by immunohistochemistry. In addition, mRNA for both FGFs was found by RT-PCR. By immunohistochemistry, the signal was more pronounced with FGF-2 than with FGF-1. K1034 is capable of expressing both FGF-1 and FGF-2. With respect to these features, this cell line can be used as an alternative to primary cultured human RPE cells.
Nickel, Chromium, Manganese, Iron and Aluminum Levels in Human Cataractous and Normal Lenses
Authors: Çekiç Osman , Bardak Yavuz , Totan Yüksel , Kavaklı Sadık , Akyol Ömer , Özdemir Özden , Karel Fatih
Published: April 2003

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to detect lenticular nickel, chromium, manganese, iron and aluminum levels in 37 senile cataractous and 9 normal human lenses. The nuclear parts of the lenses were used for the study in both groups. It was found that the concentrations of nickel and iron were significantly higher, and those of chromium, manganese and aluminum were significantly lower in human cataractous lenses than those in normal human lenses. None of the elements showed a significant difference according to sex in both groups. As remarkable differences in chromium, manganese, iron, aluminum and nickel levels exist in cataractous lenses, all the five elements may play some roles in cataractogenesis.
Ocular Volume Change per Minute with Ocular Pneumoplethysmography
Authors: Gee William , Reed, III James F.
Published: April 2003

Ocular pneumoplethysmography was performed before and after 1,737 carotid endarterectomies, 82% of which were performed for carotid lesions of hemodynamic consequence. Preoperative ocular hypoperfusion without ischemia was associated with at least transient postoperative ocular hyperemia. A difference in ocular volume change per minute of 14.0%, female greater than male, was explained by sex differences in heart rate, brachial pulse pressure and eye size. These observations may have a direct application in the management of diabetic retinopathy with panretinal photocoagulation.
The Human Fetal Retinal Pigment Epithelium: A Target Tissue for Thyroid Hormones
Authors: Duncan K.G. , Bailey K.R. , Baxter J.D. , Schwartz D.M.
Published: April 2003

Thyroid hormone (T3) has previously been shown to regulate visual function in experimental animals and humans. To determine if T3 exerts direct effects on retinal function, cultured human fetal retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells were tested for the presence of thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and T3 responses. Using TR-isoform-specific reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction techniques, mRNA was detected for α1, α2 and β1 TR isoforms. Immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal antibody that simultaneously recognizes α1, α2 and β1 TRs showed nuclear staining of the fetal RPE. Specific binding of 125I-T3 to RPE cell nuclear extracts was detected, and Scatchard analysis revealed a Kd of 110 pM. To determine if RPE cells can respond to T3, hyaluronic acid (HA) levels in cell culture media were measured after 2, 4 or 6 days of growth in medium containing 10–7 M T3. T3 inhibited accumulation of HA in the cell culture medium of RPE cells. This effect was not evident at 2 days, but at 4 days there was 42.8% less HA in cell culture medium of RPE cells grown in 10–7 M T3 (p < 0.01, t test). The effect persisted through 6 days, when there was 46.3% less HA in cell culture medium of RPE cells grown in 10–7 M T3 (p < 0.001, t test). The data indicate that human fetal RPE cells are a direct target for thyroid hormones.
Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase (nm23 Protein) Expression in Retinoblastoma
Authors: Bardak Yavuz , Çekiç Osman , Ayhan Ayşe , Günalp İlhan , Bulay Orhan
Published: April 2003

Forty-two enucleated eyes of 42 patients with unilateral retinoblastoma were studied histologically, including histochemically examiantion with anti-nm23 polyclonal antibody which does not recognise cDNA but its product. Primary tumours of >15 mm diameter with less evidence of apoptosis and with the most pleomorphic and anaplastic nuclei were associated with an increased risk of distant metastasis, but rosette formation did not discriminate. A high intensity of nm23 staining also indicated a tendency to meastasise, consistent with childhood neuroblastoma but in contrast to findings in carcinoma of the breast, colon and uterine cervix.
Quantification of Nitric Oxide and Cytokines in Rabbit Aqueous Humor after Neodymium:YAG Laser Capsulotomy
Authors: Er Hamdi , Gündüz Abuzer , Cigli Ahmet , Turkoz Yusuf , Cekmen Mustafa
Published: April 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines such as interleukin 1β, interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R), interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α on aqueous humor after neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser posterior capsulotomy. Methods: Fifteen rabbits (30 eyes) with dense posterior capsule opacities underwent Nd:YAG capsulotomy 4 months after phacoemulsification cataract surgery. After general and topical anesthesia, Nd:YAG capsulotomy was performed using an equal number of shots and power setting on all eyes. Aqueous humor specimens were collected from each eye preoperatively and at 12, 24 and 48 h after the surgery to determine NO and cytokine levels. Results: The levels of NO and cytokines except IL-2R were significantly high as compared to preoperative levels in all eyes at 12 and 24 h postoperatively (p < 0.05). Although the levels of NO and cytokines were higher than preoperative levels at 48 h, the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that NO and cytokines appear to be potential inflammatory mediators in the occurrence of early inflammation following Nd:YAG posterior capsulotomy.
Virucidal and Chlamydicidal Activities of Eye Drops with Povidone-Iodine Liposome Complex
Authors: Wutzler P. , Sauerbrei A. , Klöcking R. , Burkhardt J. , Schacke M. , Thust R. , Fleischer W. , Reimer K.
Published: April 2003

Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) is a broad-spectrum microbicide with in vitro activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans. A 5% solution of PVP-I proved to be highly effective in ophthalmic surgery for the prophylaxis of endophthalmitis. For the antiseptic treatment of eye infections a novel application form of PVP-I has been developed by using a PVP-I liposome complex which demonstrated an excellent antimicrobial efficacy. In this study it could be shown that the novel liposomal formulations containing 2.5 or 5% PVP-I were as active as the aqueous solution against herpes simplex virus type 1, adenovirus type 8, coxsackievirus A9 and Chlamydia trachomatis in cell culture referring to equal PVP-I concentrations. Long-term cytotoxicity experiments demonstrated a moderate cytotoxicity for both formulations with a better tolerability of the liposomal PVP-I formulation compared with the aqueous solution. There is no evidence for a genotoxic activity of these agents.
Cytokines in Aqueous Humour and Serum before and after Corneal Transplantation and during Rejection
Authors: van Gelderen B.E. , van der Lelij A. , Peek R. , Broersma L. , Treffers W.F. , Ruijter J.M. , van der Gaag R.
Published: April 2003

Cytokine profiles in aqueous humour were studied in relation to corneal disease and subsequent corneal graft survival or rejection. Cytokine levels in samples obtained from eyes with clear grafts (n = 59) were all within the normal range. At the time of penetrating keratoplasty (n = 146), intraocular levels of IL-6 were increased in 38% (50/131), most markedly in eyes with previous allograft failure or herpetic stromal keratitis. The level of IL-10 was increased in 1 eye (n = 144) and of IL-4 and IFN-γ in none. During rejection (n = 10), the levels of IL-6 in aqueous humour were increased in 75% (3/4), of IL-10 in 50% (3/6), of IL-4 in none (0/4) and of IFN-γ in 40% (2/5). In conclusion, the levels of total protein and IL-6 were increased prior to penetrating keratoplasty in eyes with previous inflammation. These results could however not predict the final outcome of the graft. Increased intraocular levels of IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ were observed during rejection.
Analysis of UVA-Related Alterations upon Aging of Eye Lens Proteins by Mini Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Weinreb Orly , van Rijk F. Anke , Steely H. Thomas , Dovrat Ahuva , Bloemendal Hans
Published: April 2003

This study is a first approach to identify UVA-related alterations in situ of bovine eye lens proteins from the water-soluble and urea-soluble fractions upon aging. The fractions were obtained from irradiated long-term organ culture lenses and analyzed by mini two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This micropreparative method followed by computer analysis allows high resolution and separation of microgram quantities of proteins and to detect spots which arose as a consequence of irradiation. To facilitate the analysis we first separated the water-soluble fraction into the major crystallin classes by gel filtration. Moreover, we immunoblotted the gel of the urea-soluble fraction with a specific antibody against the intermediate filament protein vimentin. Upon irradiation of young and adult lenses, αA-crystallin and vimentin showed obvious modifications. During aging the susceptibility to irradiation increased when vimentin started to degrade, whereas deamidation of αA-crystallin seems to occur.
nm23 Expression in Choroidal Melanoma
Authors: Bardak Yavuz , Çekiç Osman , Ayhan Ayşe , Günalp İlhan , Bulay Orhan
Published: April 2003

nm23 protein expression of choroidal melanoma was investigated to determine its relationship with clinical and histopathological characteristics of the tumour. Thirty-four consecutive choroidal melanoma patients were examined by immunohistochemistry. Although age, sex, tumour cell type, tumour size, pigmentation, necrosis, apoptosis and tumour lymphocytic infiltration were not correlated with nm23 protein expression, tumours with low percentages of nm23-positive cells revealed higher nuclear grades and predominant mitotic figures. nm23 may be associated with melanoma progression, but there is no proof that it plays a role in the metabolic process of the tumour.
Influence of Dehydroepiandrosterone on Rabbit Intraocular Pressure
Authors: Kearse E. Claire , McIntyre Orinthal L. , Johnson Maribeth H. , Phillips Calbert I. , Lathe Richard , Adams William , Green Keith
Published: April 2003

Purpose: The systemic concentration of dehydroepiandrosterone decreases with age in primates while in humans intraocular pressure (IOP) increases with aging. This study was designed to investigate if a relationship existed between dehydroepiandrosterone and IOP in pigmented rabbits. Methods: Animals were treated unilaterally for 6 weeks with topical 3% dehydroepiandrosterone in 30% 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin; the contralateral eye received vehicle alone. Drops were applied, and IOP measured, twice daily. Results: Small, but statistically significant, drug-related effects were found. IOP was consistently higher in the afternoon; the afternoon minus morning difference in IOP, however, decreased with time. Topical, radioactive drug application indicated very low level penetration into aqueous humor, iris, corneal epithelium, the rest of the cornea, or bulbar conjunctiva. Conclusion:  The small drug-related effects may be due, in large part, to poor intraocular drug penetration. The circadian rhythm of IOP appears to be time-dependent in chronic studies with a gradual loss of IOP difference between a.m. and p.m. readings.
Metabolic Changes in Rabbit Lens Induced by Treatment with Dexamethasone
Authors: Pescosolido N. , Miccheli A. , Manetti C. , Iannetti G.D. , Feher J. , Cavallotti C.
Published: April 2003

Metabolic changes in the rabbit lens have been studied by means of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These changes have been induced by prolonged topical treatment with dexamethasone. Our results demonstrate an increase in sorbitol, sorbitol-3-phosphate, fructose-3-phosphate, glycerol-3-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate levels and a decrease in glutathione sulphate (GSH) and myo-inositol levels, in agreement with what was observed in lenses from streptozocin-diabetic rats before lens opacity. The hyperglycaemia can only partially explain all these observed biochemical variations. The lack of increase in the intermediates of pentose cycle, such as sedoheptulose-7-phosphate, seems to support the hypothesis of an inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by dexamethasone treatment. Finally dexamethasone treatment induces a decrease in GSH. The decreasing or the loss of GSH has been suggested as a possible pathogenic mechanism in the cataract formation.
Short-Time Application of Latanoprost Does Not Stimulate Melanogenesis in Bovine Ocular Melanin-Containing Cells in vitro
Authors: Loeffler Karin U. , Sahm Monika , Spitznas Manfred
Published: April 2003

Topical use of latanoprost for glaucoma can lead to an increase in iris and eye lash pigmentation but the precise mechanism is unclear. To study the possible effect of this drug on ocular melanogenesis, we used cultures of bovine iris melanocytes, iris pigment epithelial cells, retinal pigment epithelial cells, and choroidal melanocytes. Latanoprost (at concentrations of 10–8 and 10–6 mol) was applied for 3 days, and cell numbers as well as melanin content were measured prior to and 10 days after exposure and compared to untreated controls. In none of the cell types examined a significant increase in melanin content or an increase in cell proliferation was observed. Additional treatment with the tyrosinase inhibitor α-methyl-p-tyrosine showed no significant effect either. Our results support the concept of a rather complex mechanism underlying the increased iris pigmentation after treatment with latanoprost.
Mitomycin C Influence on Inhibition of Cellular Proliferation and Subsequent Synthesis of Type I Collagen and Laminin in Primary and Recurrent Pterygia
Authors: Lee Jong Soo , Oum Boo Sup , Lee Sang Hyup
Published: April 2003

The purpose was to investigate the biological effects of mitomycin C (MMC) on the inhibition of cellular proliferation and the subsequent synthesis of extracellular matrix like type I collagen (PIP) and laminin on primary and recurrent pterygia. The 3H-thymidine assay for cellular proliferation was consistent with the MMC dose and time response of both pterygia. The cellular inhibitory effect of MMC was greater on recurrent pterygial cells than primary ones. The inhibition of laminin by MMC followed the dose and time-response curves, with a stronger effect found in recurrent pterygial cells, but no significant difference between the two types concerning type I collagen synthesis. The inhibition of fibroblast proliferation and subsequent synthesis of laminin by MMC was more marked in recurrent pterygium than the primary one.
Human and Rabbit Corneal Endothelial Permeability after Different Chemical Forms of Glutathione
Authors: Green Keith , Kearse E. Claire , Yokogaki Shuichi , Awata Takashi
Published: April 2003

This study aimed to compare the effects of reduced glutathione (GSH) with those of S-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)glutathione (DCE-GS) (in rabbits and humans), and different concentrations of the latter (in humans), on corneal endothelial permeability when added to solutions bathing the isolated cornea. Inulin/dextran permeability was determined from stromal- to endothelial-facing surfaces of de-epithelialized corneas. The bathing solution was modified Opeguard®-MA (MOMA), an ocular irrigating solution, to which either GSH or another intrinsic tripeptide, DCE-GS, was added. Paired corneas were used to compare either different combinations of GSH with DCE-GS (rabbit or human) or various concentrations of DCE-GS from 0.25 to 2.0 mM (human). Endothelial cyclic AMP levels were determined in cultured rabbit cells. MOMA alone resulted in approximately the same permeability as MOMA + 0.3 mM GSH while the use of 2 mM DCE-GS significantly reduced rabbit (40% maximum, p < 0.00001) and human (30% maximum, p < 0.01) corneal permeability. Human corneal endothelial permeability remained reduced through a range of concentrations of DCE-GS from 0.25 to 2.0 mM DCE-GS. Tissue-cultured rabbit corneal endothelium showed an increase in cyclic AMP after DCE-GS or GSH. DCE-GS potentially offers a viable alternative to GSH for inclusion in ocular irrigating or corneal preservative solutions since it maintains human corneal endothelial permeability at a lower, stable value relative to non-DCE-GS-containing solutions.
Interaction between Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Indomethacin
Authors: Green Keith , Kearse E. Claire , McIntyre Orinthal L.
Published: April 2003

The effect of indomethacin on the Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)-induced fall in rabbit intraocular pressure (IOP) was determined. A 2% suspension of indomethacin was given topically 1 h before intravenous injection of Δ9-THC. IOP was measured hourly and was compared between groups receiving either Δ9-THC alone or Δ9-THC plus indomethacin. A substantial attenuation of the IOP response to Δ9-THC was caused by indomethacin. Δ9-THC may influence IOP at least in part by a prostaglandin-mediated process. Involvement of the cyclooxygenase pathway offers a common explanation for linking several ocular cannabinoid effects. The latter include a fall in IOP, conjunctival hyperemia and minor inflammation.
Thalidomide Inhibits Leukocyte-Endothelium Interaction in Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis
Authors: Baatz Holger , Tönessen Björn , Prada Javier , Pleyer Uwe
Published: April 2003

To investigate the effects of thalidomide on leukocyte-endothelium interaction in iris vessels of rats with an endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU), intravital fluorescence microscopy was used to quantify leukocyte adhesion to the vascular endothelium of iris venules in Lewis rats at 2, 4, 8 and 24 h after induction of EIU. Animals (n = 84) received a single intraperitoneal dose of either thalidomide (80 mg/kg body weight) or prednisolone (10 mg/kg body weight). Both drugs significantly reduced firm adhesion of leukocytes at 4, 8 and 24 h. Thalidomide caused earlier suppression of leukocyte rolling than prednisolone (4 vs. 8 h). TNF-α plasma levels peaked at 2 h and were not significantly reduced in any group compared with controls. Cell count and protein concentration in aqueous humor were significantly reduced by prednisolone and thalidomide at 24 h (p < 0.05). Thalidomide exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by an inhibition of leukocyte-endothelium interaction. Compared with prednisolone, thalidomide shows earlier inhibition of leukocyte rolling, indicating modulation of adhesion molecule expression and/or function.
Primary Chondrosarcoma Arising in the Parotid Gland
Authors: Maruya Shin-ichiro , Kurotaki Hidekachi , Fujita Shigetoshi , Sariishi Takumi , Shinkawa Hideichi , Yagihashi Soroku
Published: April 2003

We report an extremely rare case of chondrosarcoma arising in the left parotid gland in a 45-year-old man who complained of painless swelling of the postauricular region. Computed tomography revealed a well-circumscribed tumor in the parotid area with a rim of scattered calcification. Under the diagnosis of benign parotid tumor, the tumor mass was removed with adequate margin. Histologic features were consistent with a low-grade chondrosarcoma showing lobular growth but clearly separated from adjacent glandular tissue of the parotid gland. Entire examination of the tumor disclosed no component of pleomorphic adenoma. There has been no evidence of recurrence for 2 months after the operation. The current case indicates that the parotid gland could be the site of occurrence of de novo primary chondrosarcoma.
Tympanoscope-Assisted Myringoplasty
Authors: Karhuketo Tapio S. , Ilomäki Jaana H. , Puhakka Heikki J.
Published: April 2003

Thirty ears of 29 patients with different sized perforation of the tympanic membrane were operated on with the aid of rigid otoendoscopes. The technique has a significant novel feature: endoscopy of the tympanic cavity through a perforation with small tympanoscopes 1.7 mm in diameter with a 0%. The postoperative air-bone gap was less than 10 dB in 90% of the ears. It was concluded that tympanoscope-assisted myringoplasty is a reliable and simple procedure with the benefit of minimal trauma in healthy tissue and that it is a feasible approach for day-case surgery with an ordinary success rate of tympanic membrane closure and hearing results.
Laser Capture Microdissection: Methodical Aspects and Applications with Emphasis on Immuno-Laser Capture Microdissection
Authors: Fend Falko , Kremer Marcus , Quintanilla-Martinez Leticia
Published: April 2003

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is an easy, extremely fast and versatile method for the isolation of morphologically defined cell populations from complex primary tissues for molecular analyses. However, the optical resolution is limited due to the use of dried sections without coverslip necessary for tissue capture, and routine stains such as hematoxylin and eosin are sometimes insufficient for precise microdissection, especially in tissues with diffuse intermingling of different cell types and lack of easily discernible architectural features. Therefore, several groups have adapted immunohistochemical staining techniques for LCM. In addition to providing high contrast targets for microdissection, immunostaining allows selection of cells not only according to morphological, but also phenotypical and functional criteria. In order to allow reliable tissue transfer on one hand and preserve the integrity of the target of analysis such as DNA, RNA and proteins on the other hand, immunostaining protocols have to be modified for the purposes of LCM. The following review gives an overview of immuno-LCM and describes some applications, e.g. in the field of hematopathology.
Analyses of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Cyst Fluid of Serous Ovarian Tumors
Authors: Furuya Mitsuko , Ishikura Hiroshi , Ogawa Yayoi , Kawarada You , Shibata Masahiko , Fujimoto Seiichiro , Yoshiki Takashi
Published: April 2003

Objectives: Expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) in serous tumors of the ovary was investigated to determine whether and how these proteolytic enzymes are associated with the progression of these tumors. Methods: Cyst fluid of 24 serous ovarian tumors (8 adenocarcinomas, 2 borderline tumors and 14 adenomas) was analyzed using gelatin/casein zymography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Concentrations of MMP-9 and MMP-2 were statistically higher in serous adenocarcinomas than in serous adenomas (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, respectively), while the concentrations of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 showed no significant difference between adenocarcinomas and adenomas. The molar ratio of TIMP-2/MMP-2 was lower in adenocarcinomas than in adenomas (p < 0.05). With gelatin zymography, the MMP-9 band was detected in all serous adenocarcinomas, but only in 8 of 14 serous adenomas (p = 0.05). Using casein zymography, MMP-7 was more frequently detected in serous adenocarcinomas (7/8) than in serous adenomas (4/14; p < 0.05). Conclusions: These observations indicate that matriolytic enzymes such as MMP-2, MMP-7 and MMP-9 are secreted into cyst fluid from serous adenocarcinoma tissues. In part, the aggressive invasion of serous carcinoma cells may be explained by the expression of matriolytic enzymes.
Expression of MRE11 Complex (MRE11, RAD50, NBS1) and hRap1 and Its Relation with Telomere Regulation, Telomerase Activity in Human Gastric Carcinomas
Authors: Matsutani N. , Yokozaki H. , Tahara E. , Tahara H. , Kuniyasu H. , Kitadai Y. , Haruma K. , Chayama K. , Tahara E. , Yasui W.
Published: April 2003

The MRE11 complex (MRE11, RAD50, NBS1) are required for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and have another important function in regulating telomere length. The silent information regulator (Sir) proteins required for telomere position effect also bind telomeres. hRap1 protein is a human ortholog of yeast Rap1 which regulates telomere length by interacting with TRF2 and is recruited to telomeres by TRF2. We examined the expression of the MRE11 complex (MRE11, RAD50, NBS1), Sir2 and hRAP1 in 20 gastric carcinomas by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and then analyzed the relation between telomerase activity and other telomerase components such as human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), human telomerase RNA component (hTR), human telomerase-associated protein (TEP1), telomeric repeat binding factor 1 (TRF1), TRF2- and TRF1-interacting, ankyrin-related ADP-ribose polymerase (tankyrase) as well as TRF1-interacting nuclear protein 2 (TIN2). Of twenty gastric carcinomas examined, 13 (65%), 14 (70%), 16 (80%), 12 (60%) and 13 (65%) expressed MRE11, RAD50, NBS1, Sir2 and hRap1 at higher levels than corresponding nonneoplastic gastric mucosa, respectively. No obvious correlation was observed between MRE11 complex expression and telomerase activity or expression of TERT, hTR, TEP1, tankyrase and TIN2. Carcinomas with high TRF1 expression expressed significantly higher levels of MRE11 and RAD50 than those with low TRF1 expression (p < 0.05). On the other hand, carcinomas with high TRF2 expression expressed significantly higher levels of MRE11, NBS1 and hRap1 than those with low TRF2 expression (p < 0.05). These results suggest that gastric carcinomas with high TRF1 and TRF2 expression may need a large quantity of the MRE11 complex. Moreover, gastric carcinomas with high TRF1 expression may require a large quantity of hRap1.
Outcome of Surgical Treatment for Subdural Fluid Collections in Infants
Authors: Tolias C. , Sgouros S. , Walsh A.R. , Hockley A.D.
Published: April 2003

We reviewed retrospectively the management of 47 infants with subdural collections at the Birmingham Children’s Hospital. Of those patients who had needle aspiration as their initial treatment 42% required some form of further treatment and 25% were complicated by infection of the subdural collection. Of those patients treated with burr hole evacuation or with observation alone, 78 and 73%, respectively, required no further procedures. However, 17% of those who had burr holes as their initial treatment developed post-operative infected collections. Of those who had subdural-peritoneal shunt as initial or subsequent treatment, none required further procedures to treat the subdural collections. No infections were noted following shunting. There was no statistically significant difference in overall clinical outcome at last follow-up between the different treatment groups. We conclude that needle aspirations should be avoided due to high infection risk, and that observation alone can be sufficient in the absence of intracranial hypertension, as the condition may be self-limiting. In cases requiring surgery, it should be borne in mind that burr hole evacuation has a higher infection risk, whereas subdural shunting has the additional need for removal of the device if the parents and surgeon decide accordingly.
Atretic Cephalocele: Contribution of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Preoperative Diagnosis
Authors: Gulati Kiran , Phadke R.V. , Kumar Raj , Gupta R.K.
Published: April 2003

We describe a case of parietal cephalocele. MRI and MR venography were useful for accurate anatomical depiction. We speculate on developmental pathogenesis in the context of the literature available.
A Hazard of Combining the Infratentorial Supracerebellar and the Cerebellomedullary Fissure Approaches: Cerebellar Venous Insufficiency
Authors: Piatt Joseph H. , Kellogg Jordi X.
Published: April 2003

The infratentorial supracerebellar approach is a popular technique for exposure of lesions of the superior vermis and pineal region. The cerebellomedullary fissure approach is enjoying increasing application as a technique for exposure of the fourth ventricle. Occasionally, a tumor that arises in the quadrigeminal plate or the superior vermis grows to fill the fourth ventricle, and for such a case a combination of the infratentorial supracerebellar approach and the cerebellomedullary fissure approach might be considered. We report a grave hazard of this combination. Two patients with tumors involving the superior vermis and filling the fourth ventricle were managed with a combined infratentorial supracerebellar/cerebellomedullary fissure approach. The first patient, who underwent a bilateral exposure, died on the sixth postoperative day due to massive hemorrhagic venous infarction of the cerebellum. The second patient, who was explored on one side only, suffered a protracted postoperative course characterized by suboccipital pain, torticollis, feeding difficulties and persisting hydrocephalus. Postoperative imaging showed swelling of the inferior vermis and ipsilateral hemisphere of the cerebellum with unilateral tonsillar herniation. Simultaneous compromise of the galenic and tentorial bridging veins and interruption of collateral pathways between these systems and the petrosal bridging veins, as in the combined infratentorial supracerebellar/cerebellomedullary fissure approach, may cause cerebellar venous insufficiency with venous congestion and possible venous infarction.
Occult Aneurysmal Hemorrhage ina Child
Authors: Burke Michael J.
Published: April 2003

A unique case of the diagnosis and treatment of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm in a 5-year-old male is presented. The child presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage, and initial CT imaging indicated a right posterior communicating artery aneurysm. Cerebral angiography and MRI/MRA were normal. Repeat cerebral angiogram 3 weeks later was also normal. Sixteen months later, an angiogram was performed to evaluate a subtle carotid bruit found on exam. A carotid bifurcation aneurysm pointing inferior and posterior was found. Craniotomy to clip the aneurysm was performed, and marked adherent gliosis around the lesion was found, supporting the fact that this was the causal lesion of his bleed in the past. Albeit a single case report, it underscores the need for very long-term follow-up and evaluation of idiopathic pediatric subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Diffuse Brainstem Glioma in a Patient with Laurence-Moon-(Bardet-)Biedl Syndrome
Authors: Yamada Kazumichi , Miura Masaki , Miyayama Haruhiko , Sakashita Naomi , Kochi Masato , Ushio Yukitaka
Published: April 2003

An autopsy case of a patient with diffuse brainstem glioma associated with Laurence-Moon-(Bardet-)Biedl syndrome is described. The subject was a 25-year-old woman who had been suffering from mental retardation, pigmented retinopathy, obesity, hexadactyly, amenorrhea and renal cysts. She developed dizziness, headache and consequent consciousness disturbance. Magnetic resonance images disclosed marked swelling of the pons without contrast enhancement. By means of combined chemotherapy and radiation, she survived for 15 months. Histopathological diagnosis for postmortem specimens obtained from the brainstem was glioblastoma multiforme. No pathogenetic association between the syndrome and brainstem gliomas is known, and the literature contains no cases of patients with this coincidence.
Selection and Evaluation of Children for Epilepsy Surgery
Authors: Nordli Jr. Douglas R. , Kelley Kent R.
Published: April 2003

Major determinants of the success of epilepsy surgery are the proper selection and evaluation of the patient. Candidates should have medically intractable, disabling epilepsy. The evaluation requires a unified, systematic approach by a comprehensive team of health professionals. Key points, common to most evaluations, are enumerated and provide a useful tool for mental organization. In general, the greater the degree of congruent information derived from these investigations, the better the candidacy for surgery. After this, completeness of resection and etiology are other important predictors of success. Children present unique challenges and opportunities owing to the vulnerability and plasticity of the developing nervous system. Surgery for intractable epilepsy can be a rewarding therapy, and in select children, the only chance for cure and substantial development progress.
Intramedullary Abscess of the Spinal Cord
Authors: Chidambaram B. , Balasubramaniam V.
Published: April 2003

A case of intramedullary abscess of the spinal cord in a child aged 3 years is reported. Successful outcome depends on early diagnosis and aggressive management.
Prognostic Implications for Gadolinium Enhancement of the Meninges in Low-Grade Astrocytomas of Childhood
Authors: Hurwitz Mark D. , Burger Peter C. , Goldthwaite Patricia T. , Tihan Tarik , Wharam Moody D. , Fisher Paul G.
Published: April 2003

Background: Persistent gadolinium enhancement on MRI of the meninges in some children with low-grade astrocytomas (LGA) is a widely recognized phenomenon. The relationship of this finding with the clinical course is unclear. Methods: From a consecutive cohort of 282 children with pathologically confirmed LGA we identified all patients with asymptomatic gadolinium enhancement of the meninges found on surveillance MRI. A nested case-control study was performed, comparing patients with meningeal enhancement to controls without enhancement. Results: Twenty-one children were identified with meningeal enhancement. The median follow-up was 5.2 years with enhancement noted for a median of 2.2 years. The 5-year overall survival for this cohort was 91.2% (Greenwood SE 8.0%), and the 5-year progression-free survival was 20.9% (SE 11.9%). Five patients are now free of disease, while 15 continue to have stable disease. The overall and progression-free survival was not significantly different compared to controls. Conclusions: Gadolinium enhancement of the meninges on MRI may occur in a significant number of children with LGA, particularly juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, but does not appear to affect progression-free or overall survival. Change in management based on this finding alone is unwarranted.
A Rare Clinical Entity: Pott’s Puffy Tumor
Authors: Bağdatoğlu Celal , Güleryüz Adil , Ersöz Gülden , Talas Derya Ü. , Kandemir Özlem , Köksel Turgut
Published: April 2003

Pott’s puffy tumor is a rare clinical entity described as osteomyelitis of the frontal bone associated with subperiosteal abscess. The causative factors and treatment modalities are discussed in light of the literature.
Recurrent Pyogenic Meningitis: An Unusual Presentation in a Case of Neurofibromatosis-1
Authors: Goel Deepak , Jha S. , Gupta R.K. , Hussain M.
Published: April 2003

We report a case of recurrent pyogenic meningitis with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea in a patient with neurofibromatosis-1, which has not been reported previously.
Temporal Lobectomy in Children with Intractable Seizures
Authors: Adelson P. David
Published: April 2003

The use of temporal lobectomy for the treatment of intractable complex partial seizures of temporal lobe origin has a long and successful history. When appropriately applied in children, excellent seizure control and neurodevelopmental progress are expected. This article reviews patient selection, evaluating the surgical procedure and outcome for temporal lobectomy, specifically in the pediatric population.