bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local variation in the population dynamics of Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Glossinidae). II. The effect of insecticidal spray programmes
Authors: Randolph Sarah E. , Rogers David J. , Kuzoe Felix A. S.
Published: July 2009

An analysis of the population changes of Glossina palpalis palpalis (R.-D.) during and after two insecticide trials in Ivory Coast revealed that the effects of insecticide application depend very strongly on the characteristics of the population ecology of the fly, which showed considerable local variation. At sites with high fly populations and low natural mortality rates, the populations declined rapidly during the spray period as the insecticide killed a large proportion of the local, mainly resident, population. The high resilience of the populations, however, permitted rapid recovery, largely through reinvasion from neighbouring areas, so the reduction in fly numbers lasted for only 3–4 months at a time of year when, in the absence of insecticide, the population showed a significant seasonal decline lasting for up to three months. At other sites, with low populations and high natural mortality rates, the local populations were supported chiefly by immigrants and therefore insecticides only affected a very small proportion of the total population and thus did not cause an immediate decline in fly numbers. The low resilience of these populations, however, means that any repeated low additional mortality (such as that caused by removal trapping or deterioration of environmental conditions) would cause the populations to decline. Thus at both types of site, but for rather different reasons, single or short-term insecticide applications had a limited effect on the populations, and longterm, repeated control procedures are considered to be the only ones likely to reduce the populations significantly; through economic necessity these must rely on low-technology devices such as insecticide-impregnated screens or traps.
A population study of the coconut pest Segestidea uniformis (Willemse) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) on an equatorial island
Authors: Room P. M. , Perry C. H. , Bailey P. T.
Published: July 2009

A population of the coconut pest Segestidea uniformis (Willemse) was monitored on a small island 2° from the equator in Papua New Guinea between 1973 and 1978. Totals of 54 000 first-instar nymphs were caught on sticky traps on palm trunks and 8750 other nymphs and adults were recovered from the crowns of palms. Generations were completely overlapping, and there was no evidence of seasonality in population fluctuations. The sex ratio was 50:50 in the first six instars, but 90% of seventh instars and 30% of adults were female. Explanations for these variations are given. The population declined from an annual mean of 24 individuals of all ages per palm crown in 1973 to 9 in 1976 and increased again to 29 in 1978. Most post-hatching mortality occurred as first instars climbed from the ground to the crown of palms, probably due to the lizard Gehyra oceanica and rainfall. The number of adults was more sensitive to mortality occurring after the first instars had arrived in the crowns. This mortality appeared to be related to the duration of periods without rainfall, supporting earlier observations that damaging outbreaks of S. uniformis populations do not occur in places which experience a regular dry season. Production of coconuts appeared to be inversely related to the population density of S. uniformis, which did not rise above a level estimated to cause 20% defoliation of the palms during the study. Nut production also seemed to be related to the number of hours of sunshine received in the preceding 12 months. Biological control aimed at nymphs and adults in palm crowns is suggested as an option for controlling S. uniformis which deserves investigation.
An assessment of some methods for the bioassay of changes in cattle dung as insect food, using the bush fly, Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Matthiessen J. N. , Haylesa L. , Palmer M. J.
Published: July 2009

Several methods for the bioassay of changes in cattle dung as insect food were defined and simultaneously assessed using Musca vetustissima Wlk. Size of emerging adults, in particular head width, was a reliable estimator of changes in the dung, but survival was not. Freezing of dung for 24 h had no effect. Flies of similar size emerged from dung placed on moist sand (field capacity moisture) and on an impermeable membrane; on dry sand, size was greatly reduced when the dung was coarse and less nutritious. The optimal method was deemed to be use of fresh dung on sand at field capacity moisture, leaving flies to emerge and die before measuring the head widths in a sample.
Numicia gauhati sp.n. (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Tropiduchidae) from rice in India, with taxonomic notes on other Indian Numicia species
Authors: Wilson M. R.
Published: July 2009

Numicia gauhati sp.n., collected from rice in Assam, India, is described and illustrated. It is compared with other known species of Numicia from the Oriental Region. N. maculosa pusana Ghauri is raised to specific status.
Pentatomid bugs (Hemiptera) that transmit a flagellate disease of cultivated palms in South America
Authors: Dolling W. R.
Published: July 2009

Descriptions are given of two new species of pentatomid bug, one known to transmit the disease ‘marchitez’ (caused by Phytomonas staheli) of oil palm in Ecuador and the other associated with hartrot (caused by the same flagellate) in coconut palm in French Guiana. Notes are included on a third species also associated with hartrot in French Guiana. The species are Lincus lethifer sp.n., L. apollo sp.n. and L. croupius Rolston.
Implications for comparability of laboratory experiments revealed in studies on the effects of population density on vigour in Coptotermes lacteus (Froggatt) and Nasutitermes exitiosus (Hill) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae & Termitidae)
Authors: Lenz M. , Barrett R. A. , Williams E. R.
Published: July 2009

The vigour, i.e. survival and wood consumption, of groups of Coptotermes lacteus (Frogg.) and Nasutitermes exitiosus (Hill) was measured when termites were kept at different population densities by changing group size and/or volume of the holding container. A characteristic pattern emerged for subterranean termite species. At low population densities (<0·01 g termites/ml), performance improved with an increase in group size; at higher densities, it tended to decline. The impact of altering group size and container volume on termite vigour was most pronounced at low population densities; at higher population densities, performance tended to be more stable but declined markedly when termites became overcrowded. In most jar-type experiments on termites, especially those conducted in Europe and the USA, small groups of termites are housed in disproportionately large jars, resulting in very low, sub-optimal population densities. Suggestions are made for improvement in experimental design that would lead to an enhancement of the comparability of results from different laboratories.
The relationship between pre-flight reproduction and migratory urge in alatae ofAphis fabaeScopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Kidd N. A. C. , Cleaver A. M.
Published: July 2009

Alatae ofAphis fabaeScop. which reproduced before their first flight (flyers) were compared in the laboratory with those which did not (migrants) in order to test whether this difference in behaviour could be taken as an expression of migratory urge. No difference in live weight or dry weight could be found between the two groups. Flyers, however had a higher wingloading than migrants after the final moult but not after pre-flight reproduction. Flyers also had a lower fat/dry weight ratio than migrants and appeared to have more embryos, including a greater number in an advanced state of development. The significance of these observations is discussed in relation to two hypotheses which could account for the different behaviour of migrants and flyers. The results support the hypothesis that migrants have an innately greater urge to take off than flyers, mediated by their crowding experience during development, and that this is likely to result in migratory as opposed to trivial flight.
A new genus and species of encyrtid (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) parasitic on the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: Noyes J. S.
Published: July 2009

Parapyrus manihoti gen. et sp. n., an encyrtid parasite of Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero in South America, is described from the adults of both sexes. The parasite is of potential use as a controlling agent of this mealybug in West and Central Africa where it is established as a pest of cassava.
The effect of attack by Amblypelta cocophaga China (Hemiptera:Coreidae) on growth of Eucalyptus deglupta in the Solomon Islands
Authors: Bigger M.
Published: July 2009

Reduction in growth of saplings of Eucalyptus deglupta resulting from die-back caused by Amblypelta cocophaga China was studied in forestry plantations in the Solomon Islands. At a standard spacing of 10 × 3 m, a comparison was made of tree growth and incidence of A. cocophaga attack on saplings planted in strips 2 m wide cut through secondary forest, with those from which all inter-row vegetation was cut back prior to planting. Initially, a greater proportion of trees was infested on the cleared than the uncleared plots, but at the end of the first year, at which time the attack was at its peak, no differences could be detected. From the fifth to the thirteenth month after planting out, uninfested trees on the cleared plots increased in height at an average rate of 60 cm per month. For every week that at least one A. cocophaga was recorded on a tree, this rate was depressed by 1·3 cm. On the uncleared plots, the average rate of increase of uninfested trees was only 42 cm per month and this was reduced by 1·0 cm for every week that an insect was recorded. By the end of the first year, an estimated 37% (in cleared plots) and 41% (in uncleared plots) of the potential stand was rendered useless for future timber production due to A. cocophaga damage. In terms of total stem volume (not log production), about 1 m3/h out of a potential 3 m3/h was lost in the uncleared plots and 0·2 m3/h out of a potential 0·6 m3/h in the uncleared ones. Whilst clearing did not reduce the incidence of A. cocophaga attack, the advantage of clearing in terms of increased tree growth was considerable.
Age grades and infection rates of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae) to assess theileriosis challenge in the field
Authors: Walker Alan R. , Fletcher June D.
Published: July 2009

Data are presented from five series of 240 adults of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann kept in the laboratory, in which a steady decline in the numbers of granules in e cells of type 3 acini of the salivary glands occurred. This was readily detected in whole gland preparations of the salivary glands stained with methyl green and pyronin, and the same specimens could be used for detecting Theileria parasites in the salivary glands. Characteristics for grading these ticks into three physiological age grades are given, and a formula is provided for incorporating the age grade with infection rate. This gives a value for comparative estimates of the challenge posed by field populations of ticks for the transmission of Theileria to cattle.
Effect of decline of insecticide residues on selection for insecticide resistance in Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Ffrench-Constant R. H. , Clark S. J. , Devonshire A. L.
Published: July 2009

Residues of pirimicarb or deltamethrin plus heptenophos on potatoes in field cages in southern England reduced artificial infestations of susceptible and insecticide-resistant strains of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) introduced up to 14 days after treatment. Deltamethrin plus heptenophos gave better control than pirimicarb, particularly of nymphs, but also selected more strongly for very resistant (R2) aphids. Susceptible (S) aphids survived the treatment with deltamethrin plus heptenophos better than moderately resistant (R1) aphids, probably due to a different or more pronounced behavioural response to the pyrethroid. However, the combination of the greater persistence of deltamethrin plus heptenophos and the high resistance of M. persicae to the pyrethroid led to more prolonged selection for R2 aphids, which is sometimes associated with a resurgence in aphid numbers.
Odour-baited targets to control tsetse flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae), in Zimbabwe
Authors: Vale G. A. , Lovemore D. F. , Flint S. , Cockbill G. F.
Published: July 2009

From March to October 1984, targets consisting of black cloth and netting, baited with 1-octen-3-ol (released at about 0·5 mg/h), and acetone (about 100 mg/h) or butanone (15 mg/h), and coated with deltamethrin, were deployed at 3–5/km2 in 600 km2 of the Zambezi Valley of Zimbabwe where Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen were initially abundant. About 3 000 000 adults of G. pallidipes and 200 000 of G. m. morsitans originally present in the area as adults or pupae were killed by targets or removed by sampling procedures between March and December. At the end of this period, the tsetse populations in the centre of the block had declined by at least 99·99%. The targets dealt adequately with a strong invasion pressure from initially dense infestations nearby, partly because the targets reduced the abundance of tsetse up to 5–10 km outside the block. At 18 months after the start of the study, the targets were badly faded; this was corrected by spraying them with a black dye and an ultraviolet-light absorber that protected the dye and insecticide, but by then the targets had deteriorated and were without adequate odour attractant, and many were no longer being maintained. Tsetse then invaded further into the block, but only in small numbers. Tabanids and muscoids were not strongly attracted to targets; their population densities in and near the block did not change greatly. Targets offer a simple and ecologically clean method of controlling tsetse and preventing invasion.
The effect of the activity of the African dung beetle Catharsius tricornutus De Geer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on the survival and size of the African buffalo fly, Haematobia thirouxi potans (Bezzi) (Diptera: Muscidae), in bovine dung in the laboratory
Authors: Doube Bernard M. , Moola Farida
Published: July 2009

The effect of dung burial by the African dung beetle Catharsius tricornutus De Geer on the survival and size of the dung-breeding African fly Haematobia thirouxi potans (Bezzi) was examined in the laboratory at 25°C using 1-litre pads of cattle dung. The experiment included a set of dung pads which were exposed to infrared radiation for 12 h per day to mimic the heating effect of solar radiation. C. tricornutus is a large (1–2-g live weight) dung beetle, and moderate numbers can completely bury dung pads within 24 h of pad colonization. Dung burial was proportional to the number of pairs present (range 0–8 pairs per pad), but the level of burial was reduced in the presence of infrared radiation. Dung pads lost moisture with time, and the rate of desiccation of unburied dung increased with the amount of dung burial and under infrared radiation. Mortality in the immature stages of H. t. potans increased with increasing levels of dung burial and with exposure of pads to infrared radiation. The timing of addition of dung beetles (i.e. before or after egg hatch) did not affect fly survival. At moderate levels of dung burial, fly larvae were killed directly by beetle activity and at high levels of dung burial, fly larvae also perished due to an unfavourable physical environment associated primarily with moisture stress. Infrared radiation killed immature flies and increased the level of moisture stress. There was a low level of survival in dung buried by the beetles under these unnatural laboratory conditions. Stunting of surviving flies was associated with reduced levels of moisture in the core of the unburied dung and was observed when the level of dung burial was >60% in ambient conditions and >40% under infrared radiation.
Aspects of the injuriousness of the maize stalk borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Rensburg J. B. J. Van , Giliomee J. H. , Walters M. C.
Published: July 2009

Through repeated sampling in maize planted on different dates over different seasons in South Africa, it was shown that damage by Busseola fusca (Fuller) to plant parts other than the whorl had an important influence on yield. Damage to plants in the period after tasselling was shown to be important. The number of larvae in the plant was a weak estimator of expected yield losses.
Metaphycus baruensis sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) parasitic in green scales, Coccus spp. (Hemiptera: Coccidae), on coffee in kenya
Authors: Noyes J. S.
Published: July 2009

Metaphycus baruensis sp. n., an encyrtid parasitoid of Coccus spp. on coffee in Kenya, is described and compared with related species. The parasitoid is to be introduced into Papua New Guinea in an attempt to control green scales which are serious pests of coffee there.
The distribution of Glossina in the Ilorin Province of Northern Nigeria
Authors: Macfie J. W. Scott
Published: July 2009

With the rapid development of Northern Nigeria, following the British administration and the completion of the railway from Lagos to Kano, problems hitherto of minor importance are continually coming into prominence. Amongst these the abatement of trypanosomiasis is a matter of medical and entomological interest. As the confidence of the people grows there is an increase of intercommunication, which inevitably involves a danger of the spread of such diseases as sleeping sickness from existing foci. In Northern Nigeria these foci are at present peculiarly isolated, but they will gradually lose their isolation as the efforts made to stimulate the agricultural development of the country meet with greater success and the growing demand for roads, feeders for the railway, and better means of transport, is satisfied. In a densely populated and naturally fertile country like Ilorin the problem of avoiding this danger is particularly insistent, but unfortunately also particularly difficult. In the neighbouring province of Kabba sleeping sickness is said to be endemic, and might readily move westwards with the opening up of the interior ; and in a large part of the province of Ilorin itself tsetse-flies already spread disease amongst the cattle and horses to such an extent that these animals cannot live. Nevertheless, during the dry season, herds of cattle pass, day after day, in an almost continuous stream along the highroads on their way to Lagos from the north. How many die on the journey no one can tell, for the fate of those that sicken is to be butchered by the way, and it is a common experience to come across a carcase hewn up and laid out for sale by the road-side (Pl. I, fig. 1).
Some observations on the larva of Auchmeromyia luteola, F.
Authors: McConnell Robert E.
Published: July 2009

The following are a few observations made on the larvae of Auchmeromyia luteola taken in Uganda. The larvae were kept in glass-topped cardboard boxes containing earth. Several attempts were made to feed them on the less hairy parts of puppies but in no case did they make any attempt to draw blood. I then placed some on my own hand. In only one instance was this successful, the details of the feeding being described below.

Meat, crushed ticks, bananas were placed in the boxes at various times, but so far as could be gathered, they were left untouched. By dampening the earth with water every few days larvae were kept alive up to a month. They would probably have lived longer were it not that the exigencies of constant travelling caused their neglect. The small immature larvae however did not seem to grow, those which pupated having been mature, or almost so, at the time of capture. The longest period between capture and pupation was 12 days, and this larva was full of blood when taken and two days later its alimentary tract was still red with blood.
On two varieties of Glossina morsitans from Nyasaland
Authors: Shircore J. O.
Published: July 2009

Thorax slate-grey, pattern indistinguishable; scutellum with two dark triangular areas which are contiguous at their upper inner angles. Abdomen with the darker blotches on each side of the second segment very faint ; on the other segments the banding is not a prominent feature, as it is in the typical form; the bands olive-grey, their margins being distinct and defined from the ground-colour, which is a few shades lighter. In the middle line the banding is cut off square, leaving a very narrow straight line down the centre of the segments ; the outer margins of the bands sloping away from below upwards and leaving light areas on each side. Legs with all the joints of the front and middle tarsi pale, except the distal end of the latter which has a faint darkish ring ; the last two joints of the hind tarsi faintly dark, but nothing like so dark as in G. morsitans. Wings tinged with light yellowish-brown.
New Culicine larvae from the Gold Coast
Authors: Macfie J. W. Scott , Ingram A.
Published: July 2009

Since Mr. F. W. Edwards' “Revised Keys to the known larvae of African Culicinae” appeared (Bull. Ent. Res. iii, pp. 373–385) the larvae of several additional species—all belonging to the tribe Culicini—have been found in the Gold Coast Colony. These larvae, collected at Accra and at Sunyani in Ashanti, are briefly described here and their position in Mr. Edwards' keys indicated so far as possible.
Observations on some recently described Coccidae
Authors: Green E. Ernest
Published: July 2009

Pseudococcus bicaudatus, Keuchenius, Medel. v.h. Besoekisch Proefstation, Djemba, No. 16, 1915, p. 63 [see also Review of Applied Entomology, Nov. 1915, p. 647].

The author's detailed description of the supposed new species shows quite clearly that he is dealing with Pseudococcus virgatus, described by Cockerell in 1893. The species occurs commonly throughout the tropics of both hemispheres and has been described by different authors under several names, e.g. ceriferus (Newstead), talini (Green), and marchali (Vayssière).

Fiorinia morrisi, Brittin, Trans. N.Z. Inst., Wellington, xlvii, 1914 (issued July 1915), p. 149 [see also Rev. Appl. Entom., Dec. 1915, p. 74].

Through the courtesy of the author, I have had an opportunity of examining typical examples of this insect, and find that they agree with examples of F. asteliae (ex coll. W. M. Maskell). Fiorinia asteliae is now considered to be a synonym of F. gigas of Maskell, and both have been rightly relegated to the genus Leucaspis.
Resistance of the eggs of Stegomyia fasciata (Aedes calopus) to conditions adverse to development
Authors: MacGregor Malcolm Evan
Published: July 2009

It is a well-known fact that the eggs of Stegomyia fasciata are highly resistant to conditions adverse to their normal development.

In April 1915 I received through the Colonial Office a few dried leaves from West Africa, on which—secured by a fine mud deposit—were eggs of this mosquito that had been in a dried condition for at least three and a half months. These were found to be viable and were successfully hatched and reared for many successive generations, as described in a recent paper.
Some experiments on the breeding of the mangold fly (Pegomyia hyoscyami, Panz.) and the dock fly (Pegomyia bicolor, Wied.)
Authors: Cameron Alfred E.
Published: July 2009

In a previous paper (Ann. Applied Biol. i, 1914, pp. 41–76) in which the author dealt with the life-history of Pegomyia hyoscyami, Panz., it was shown that the foodplants of this species belonged principally to the natural orders Chenopodiaceae and Solanaceae. Various weeds have also been cited in this connection, namely, certain kinds of thistle and the dandelion. Recently E. M. Vassiliev (see Rev. Appl. Ent. iii, Ser. A., 1915, p. 608) has added to the record the following:—Silene (catchfly), Datura stramonium (thorn-apple) and Onopordon acanthium (Scotch thistle). Thus, in addition to the two aforementioned, the orders Caryophyllaceae and Compositae are fairly well represented. As the original paper of the Russian author is not available, it cannot be definitely stated in how far his records are authentic. But as he advises the removal of these weeds from the vicinity of beet plantations, one would naturally infer that he has some reason for assuming that they may be attacked by the mangold fly and presumably provide an ever-present source of infestation to the cultivated crop.
On Mutillidae parasitic on Glossina morsitans
Authors: Turner R. E.
Published: July 2009

Mutilla glossinae, Turn.

Mutilla glossinae, Turner, Bull. Entom. Res., v., 1915, p. 383, ♀.

♂. Niger, albo-pilosus ; pronoto, mesonoto, scutelloque rufo-ferrugineis ; calcaribus albidis ; segmentis dorsalibus 2–4 apice anguste albo-fimbriatis ; alis basi hyalinis, dimidio apicali modice infuscatis ; mandibulis apice tridentatis. Long. 6 mm.

♂. Head narrower than the thorax, broader than long, rounded at the posterior angles, closely and not very finely punctured, the antennal tubercles well developed. Clypeus concave, smooth and shining. Third joint of the flagellum equal to the fourth, half as long again as the second and more than twice as long as the first. Eyes ovate, converging towards the clypeus, not emarginate ; ocelli placed in a triangle, the posterior pair a little further from each other than from the anterior ocellus and situated on the inner edge of a large but shallow depression. Thorax broad and short, closely but not coarsely punctured ; anterior margin of the pronotum straight, the posterior margin broadly arcuate ; scutellum flat, broadly truncate at the apex ; pleurae very closely punctured and sparsely clothed with long white pubescence. Median segment very coarsely reticulate, shorter than the scutellum, posterior slope very steep, not distinctly separated from the dorsal surface. Abdomen subsessile ; closely punctured, with distinct but narrow apical bands of long white hairs on segments 2–4, a less clearly defined band on the first ; apical dorsal segment broadly rounded, more coarsely punctured, the punctures more or less confluent longitudinally. Second ventral segment closely punctured and sparsely clothed with long whitish hairs, which form a continuous band on the apical margin. First dorsal segment short and broad, slightly depressed on the apical margin ; second very broad, fully twice as broad as long, the sides convex. Fore-wing with three cubital cells, radial cell very broad, not more than twice as long as broad ; first abscissa of the radius equal to the third, shorter than the second, the two recurrent nervures received near the middle of the second and third cubital cells.
On Water-finding and Oviposition by captive Mosquitoes
Authors: Kennedy John S.
Published: July 2009

1. The behaviour of Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus, Culex pipiens molestus and Aëdes aegypti has been studied before and during oviposition.

2. Anopheles and Culex when ready to lay make repeated descents to the ground and fly about with a skimming-hopping movement, while Aëdes flies about generally, at all heights.

3. On encountering water Anopheles breaks into a hovering flight, laying its eggs during this “oviposition dance” or while settled on the water. Culex stops “dead” on the water and lays its eggs settled there, as does Aëdes but with some fidgeting about. After encountering water mosquitoes may leave it again, but fly about the floor more steadily and persistently than before.

4. Among the factors which stimulate mosquitoes after they have arrived directly over a water surface, contact with the surface is essential for actual oviposition by Culex and Aëdes, and almost so for Anopheles. Good pre-ovipository responses may be induced by water vapour alone and by the reflection from the surface, although how this latter stimulus acts is not clear. A dark appearance, especially if the surroundings are relatively light, facilitates these responses.

5. Direct attraction of the mosquitoes over the short range available in a cage was only induced by a contrastingly dark appearance, but Anopheles and Culex are aided in water finding by diurnal changes, correlated with light and activity changes, in the sense of their geotactic response.
Studies on Insects bred from Barley, Wheat, Maize and Oats
Authors: Goodliffe F. D.
Published: July 2009

Larvae of a flea-beetle,Chaetocnema arida, were found mining in the stems of young barley shoots in June 1939.

Chlorops pumilionislarvae infested barley most heavily in fields whereAgrioteslarvae were doing most damage. TheChloropsadults showed marked sexual dimorphism in both size and colour. The size range for this species is correlated with a proportionate size range in its parasitesCoelinius nigerandStenomalus micans. Perforations 1·3 mm. in diameter in the top of a cage were sufficient for the escape ofStenomalusbut not ofChloropsorCoelinius.

Lasiosina cinctipeslarvae were commonly synoecious withChloropsin barley shoots, but in some cases (5–10 per cent.) they were living withoutChlorops. In these shoots the nodes were not swollen as inChloropsinfestation.Lasiosinawas not attacked by the above parasites ofChlorops.

The larvae ofElachiptera cornutainfested shoots already badly damaged by other species and were accompanied by manyLasiosinalarvae. Wet weather in July favours these two species. Their puparia differ in the form of the posterior spiracles.Elachipteraalso occurred in maize and wheat.

Meromyza saltatrixvar.nigriventriswas present in stunted barley shoots in small numbers, producing swelling of the nodes very like that due toChlorops. The summer pigmentation in both these species in Hampshire differed from that reported by Mesnil in France.Meromyzawas also bred from wheat.Meromyzapuparia, unlike those ofChlorops, were attached to barley sheathing-leaves by silk.

Oscinella fritlarvae, infesting young sweet maize shoots at Gosden, Surrey, were either accompanied or followed by those ofAphanotrigonum trilineatumandElachiptera. Infesting oat shoots at Long Sutton, Hampshire,Oscinella fritlarvae were accompanied by larvae ofLasiosinaandCamarota curvinervis. Adults of the latter emerged from stunted barley shoots in September. They showed some resemblance to flea beetles, possibly protective.Oscinella fritwas also bred in small numbers from stunted wheat and barley shoots. The Chalcid,Callitula pyrrhogaster, was reared from pupae of this species found in oat shoots.

Larvae of a Muscid,Hylemyia(Phorbia)genitalis, infested a winter wheat crop in large numbers in May 1940.Tropidoscinis albipalpis, Oscinella? graciliorandAgromyza nigripes, were bred in small numbers from potted plants of this crop kept in a cage in the laboratory during the summer.Hylemyia genitalisandAgromyza(Domomyza)ambiguapupated in the soil surrounding the roots of these plants. The adults (together with a Braconxd parasite,Phaenocarpa pullata, Hal.) emerged from the soil in the following spring.
On the Ecology of Larvae of Anopheles culicifacies Giles, in Borrow-pits
Authors: Russell Paul F. , Rao T. Ramachandra
Published: July 2009

(1) In seepage-filled borrow-pits in South India it was observed that there was a progressive decline in the density of larvae of Anopheles culicifacies, Giles, as the pits became older. The largest numbers of larvae were tound soon after water entered the newly-dug pits.

(2) There was less ovipositing by culicifacies in older pits than in new ones dug late in the irrigation season. Newer pits seemed definitely more attractive in this species than older ones. These newer pits sheltered more culicifacies larvae late in the season than the older pits.

(3) The decline of culicifacies larva density in a borrow-pit seemed to be due mainly to factors internal to the pits. There was no evidence of the influence of external factors, except from October to January, when perhaps meteorological influences supplemented the internal factors. The attractiveness of new borrow-pits to culicifacies appeared to be due mainly to internal factors.

(4) Certain simple factors studied did not seem to have any significance in relation to culicifacies density in the pits. Rainfall, predators, macroscopic vegetation, pH, CO2, dissolved oxygen, bicarbonate alkalinity, ratio of free to bound and half bound CO2, hardness, chlorine, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrates, nitrites, sulfates and iron, appeared to have no significance in this regard. Albuminoid nitrogen and oxygen absorbed perhaps had some significance, which was not clear.

(5) Among planktonic organisms, the individual groups of organisms, such as green algae, diatoms, rotifers, and copepods, definitely showed no relation to culicifacies breeding. Protozoa as a group appeared to be negatively associated to a slight degree. Blue-green algae also seemed to have a negative association.

(6) Amorphous organic matter and total plankton, however, showed statistically significant negative association with larval density of culicifacies The decline in culicifacies larvae was clearly associated with increase in total plankton and amorphous matter. The attractiveness of new borrow-pits also seemed to be related to their low total plankton content.

(7) The exact manner in which the total organic matter acted as an inhibitory factor against culicifacies breeding was not determined.
A new Sub-species of Glossina from Uganda (Diptera)
Authors: Emden F. I. Van
Published: July 2009

In November 1939, Mr. G. H. E. Hopkins, Senior Medical Entomologist in Kampala, reported to me that he, together with Mr. T. W. Chorley, had discovered Glossina nigrofusca, Newst., in Uganda. As G. nigrofusca is a rare West African species, this find was rather unexpected, and he asked me to check the identification. The exterior characters of the two specimens sent in were entirely those of G. fusca, but after dissecting the male genitalia of a West African G. nigrofusca, I could not but agree that the Uganda specimens were quite as like the latter species.
On the fruit-flies of the genus Dacus (s. 1.) occurring in India, Burma, and Ceylon
Authors: Bezzi M.
Published: July 2009

As stated in my previous paper on the Ethiopian species of Dacus, the Oriental forms of this genus show much more variation in their structural and ornamental features. They may be therefore divided into no less than five well defined genera, only one of which is common to both faunal areas. Reserving for later publication a third paper on the Oriental (and Australian) species, I will give here some notes on the classification and feeding habits of the species from British India.
Notes on African Chalcidoidea—V
Authors: Waterston James
Published: July 2009

Eupelminus tarsatus, Waterst. (1916).

Eupelminus tarsatus, Waterston, Bull. Ent. Res., vi, Feb. 1916, p. 389, figs. 7 and 8 ; Lamborn, ibid., vii, May 1916, p. 34.

A series of both sexes of this parasite of Glossina morsitans enables me to describe the male for the first time and the female more fully. One of the striking features about this species, apart from its remarkable sexual dimorphism, is the great range in size which it exhibits. The females run from 3½ mm. to 5 mm. and the males from 1½ mm. to 2¼ mm., with a range in the alar expanse of 2¼ mm. to 3¾ mm. The larger female examples are invariably darker and more metallic in coloration. Dr. Lamborn is certainly right in correlating the smaller size of some of the parasites with a reduced food supply (l.c. p. 35). I cannot yet agree, however, that the parasitic status of E. tarsatus is definitely fixed by our present knowledge of its habits. Plainly the proportion of Mutilla-parasitised puparia supplied to the Eupelminus females was larger than could have occurred under natural conditions. Again, the factors, whatever they are, inducing Mutilla to oviposit in a particular puparium may be equally decisive for the female Eupelminus. If, for example, in two cases three Eupelminus punctures all close together could be seen with a high-power lens one might suggest that some structural peculiarity invited the attack. Nor, incidentally, is it legitimate to infer that because a puparium observed to be stung produced no Eupelminus the attack had failed. The presumption is that the attack had not been delivered, stinging and ovipositing being, in many cases, two separate processes. Many Chalcids plunge the ovipositor into ova, puparia, etc., and then, applying the mouth to the wound, suck up the contents which have been expelled. In other cases the first stinging observed is merely the narcotising and rendering antiseptic of the host, which precedes the real introduction of the ova. The parasitic status of Eupelminus can, in fact, be settled only by examination of puparia, collected under natural conditions, from which the Chalcids have been noted to emerge.
A new parasite bred from Glossina morsitans in Nyasaland
Authors: Turner R. E. , Waterston James
Published: July 2009

Prolaelius glossinae, sp. nov.

♀. Nigra ; scapo apice, flagello articulo primo, tibiis tarsisque anticis brunneotestaceis ; alis medio late leviterque infuscatis ; basi et marginibus hyalinis.

Head as long as the greatest breadth, narrowed both in front of and behind the eyes ; opaque, very finely and shallowly reticulate, with sparse piliferous punctures. Eyes separated across the frons by twice the diameter of either and situated nearer to the base of the mandibles than to the posterior margin of the head ; ovate and smooth ; ocelli in an equilateral triangle, the posterior pair a little farther from each other than from the hind margin of the head. Antennae thirteen-jointed, as long as the thorax and propodeon together. Scape about twice the pedicel, the latter slightly exceeding the first funicular joint ; joints of the funicle subequal, no definite club ; the last joint and the fourth and fifth of the funicle longer, equalling the pedicel.
The domestic mosquitos of Accra
Authors: Macfie J. W. Scott , Ingram A.
Published: July 2009

Samples of water containing mosquito larvae are collected at Accra by the Sanitary Inspectors, and are sent regularly to the Laboratory for identification. The number of samples submitted in this way is never very large, and varies considerably from time to time; but, recently, a careful examination has been made of all the specimens received during a complete year, and it is proposed to analyse in this paper the materials thus collected. In 1910–1911 Graham made a similar study of the larvae found in native water-receptacles at Lagos, and it will therefore be interesting to compare our results with those obtained by him.

Accra, the capital of the Gold Coast Colony, is situated on the coast a few miles west of the meridian of Greenwich and about 330 miles north of the Equator. The town itself is divided into three portions, Accra proper to the west, Christiansborg where the Governor resides to the east, and the official residential area Victoriaborg between these two. The surrounding country is level for some miles, but the actual site of the town slopes slightly upwards as it recedes from the sea. Accra is a very dry and dusty town, almost completely denuded of vegetation. The rainfall is low ; during the twelve months under consideration, December 1914 to November 1915, 21·75 inches of rain fell. During the same period the maximum shade temperature averaged 85·39°, the minimum 73·83°, and the relative humidity 72·46°. The physical features and climatic conditions of Accra differ therefore greatly from those of Lagos, a low-lying town surrounded by swamps with an average rainfall of about 70 inches.
Notes on blood-sucking flies in Grenada
Authors: Macdonald Angus
Published: July 2009

Grenada is the southernmost of the string of Islands composing the Lesser Antilles, if we except Trinidad and Tobago, some ninety odd miles further south, which lie close to the South American mainland of Venezuela. Geologically the Island is volcanic; basalts, lavas, cinder beds, gravel beds, agglomerates, various earths or clays forming the soil and subsoil of valleys, slopes, ridges, cones and craters, from sea-level to some 3,000 feet of elevation.
Morphological changes observed during the development of the larva of Stegomyia fasciata
Authors: Macfie J. W. Scott
Published: July 2009

The larva of Stegomyia fasciata passes through four distinct phases after it emerges from the egg and before it pupates. Under circumstances favourable to growth these phases are passed through very rapidly and the whole larval stage may occupy less than a week. In one experiment ten larvae which had hatched from their eggs on 1st April between 12 noon and 2 p.m. were isolated singly in small glass tubes containing a three-days-old broth medium. All these larvae cast their first pelts on the second day (2nd April), their second pelts on the third day, and their third pelts on the fourth day. The fourth and last larval pelt was not cast simultaneously by all the larvae, perhaps because by this time the nutrient value of the medium in the different tubes had begun to vary to an appreciable degree. Two larvae cast the fourth pelt on the seventh day, one on the eighth day, three on the ninth, one on the tenth, and one on the thirteenth day, and two died in this phase. One pupa died, but all the others hatched on the second day after pupation. In this experiment therefore the larval stage lasted on the average nine days, the shortest time being under seven days, and the longest thirteen days.
Studies on oil palm pollination by insects
Authors: Syed R. A.
Published: July 2009

In Cameroun, about a dozen species of insects were associated with oil palm inflorescences. All except Prosoestus spp. visited female inflorescences after visiting male inflorescences during anthesis and transported pollen to the receptive female flowers. At a rough estimate, about 20 000 individuals visited each female inflorescence during the period of receptivity, and about 70% of the pollen transported was viable. In Peninsular Malaysia, Thrips hawaiiensis (Morg.) is almost certainly the main pollinating agent. Some 200 000 individuals were estimated to visit a single male inflorescence. They also visited female inflorescences, Where up to 7.3 thrips per flower were estimated to be present at any one time, each carrying 4–5 pollen grains, of which 76% were viable. In Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah, a momphid moth. Pyroderces sp., may contribute to oil palm pollination. As natural pollination of all oil palms in Cameroun and taller palms in Peninsular Malaysia is considered adequate while in most areas of Sabah where few insects visit the flowers it is inadequate, it is concluded that the insects observed achieve pollination so the oil palm should be considered an entomophilous rather than an anemophilous plant.
Genetics of diazinon resistance in larvae of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Shanahan G. J.
Published: July 2009

The response of F1 larvae from reciprocal crosses of susceptible × organophosphorus-resistant strains of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) to diazinon was intermediate in relation to that for larvae from the parental lines to the chemical. Exposure to a concentration of 0·4 p.p.m. diazinon for 24 h was lethal to susceptible larvae. Close agreement with 1:1 ratios of susceptible: hybrid resistant larvae was obtained when larvae from a repeat backcross series were exposed to 0.4 p.p.m diazinon in each generation. Additionally, there was correspondence between response lines for larvae of backcrosses 1 and 3. This information, plus the recovery of a homozygous-resistant sub-strain by exposure of F2 larvae to a level of the chemical that discriminated against susceptible and hybrid genotypes, suggest that diazinon resistance in the larvae is due to a major allele.
Observations on breeding sites and light-trap collections of Culicoides during an outbreak of bluetongue in Cyprus
Authors: Mellor P. S. , Prrzous G.
Published: July 2009

During an epizootic of bluetongue virus disease of sheep in Cyprus in the autumn of 1977, 16 species of Culicoides were collected in light-traps and 4 species were collected from breeding sites. Two of the species found breeding in close association with sheep and goats are potential vectors of bluetongue virus. The possibility of a third species being a vector in Cyprus is discussed.
Comparison of hand-nets, biconical traps and an electric trap for sampling Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) and G. tachinoides Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Nigeria
Authors: Koch K , Spielberger U
Published: July 2009

Catches of Glossina palpalis palpalis (R.-D.) and G. tachinoides Westw. at high and low densities with hand-nets, biconical traps and an electric back-pack trap in Nigeria indicate that both types of trap are inferior to hand catching for routine checks of G. palpalis and G. tachinoides populations. Hand catching is recommended as being most suitable for large-scale surveys, assessment of control following insecticide spraying and classical fly-rounds. The biconical trap is recommended for use in experiments of a limited size, monitoring of fly populations on livestock ranches and around Villages, and for capturing flies for dissection. The electric trap is recommended for use in sampling flies in areas of medium and high density and possibly for blood-meal identification. Some blood-meals of G. palpalis were identified.
Behavioural ecology of the African armywonn, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae); evidence of successive generations from Kenya
Authors: Khasimuddin S. , Lubega M. C.
Published: July 2009

Spodoptera exempta (Wlk.) is predominantly a migrant species, but in southern Africa it is known that it can breed through several successive generations in one area. Similar observations were made for the first time in East Africa. Studies on populations in the Lambwe Valley in western Kenya revealed that during two years when the populations were monitored and one year when information was available from local farmers there were three generations each year during the period corresponding with the long rainy season. It is suggested that the Lambwe Valley presents a suitable habitat for the species to sustain its population and probably forms a breeding area for moths that might undergo large-scale migration.
Laboratory evaluation of sulphur-bearing chemicals as attractants for larvae of the onion fly, Delia antiqua (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Authors: Soni S. K. , Finch S
Published: July 2009

A laboratory method was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of volatile sulphur-bearing chemicals as attraotants for newly hatched larvae of Delia antiqua (Mg.). The 27 chemicals evaluated included mono-, di-and trisulphides, mercaptans, thiosulphinates, thiosulphonates, thiopropanal S-oxide and ‘onion oil’ (a complex mixture of volatiles). Larvae were placed in the centre of a petri dish and chemicals were presented either in glass tubes or on white absorbent discs 6 mm in diameter. One tube or disc contained 10 000, 1000, 100, 10, 1 or 0·1 nl of the test chemical and the other a similar amount of diethyl ether. The solvent did not attract the larvae and was used to dispense 0·1–100 nl amounts of the test chemicals. Most of the chemicals tested were unattractive at 0·1 nl and repellent at 10 000 nl. At the intermediate amounts, all attracted at least 40% of the larvae and 13 attracted more than 80%. Onion oil at 1 nl and methyl trisulphide at 10 nl elicited the greatest response, attracting 95% of the larvae. A possible method is suggested for using these chemicals in the field to attract newly hatched larvae away from onion seedlings.