bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
V Captain Henry Herbert's Narrative of his Journey through France with his Regiment, 1671–3 and Ane Account of Our Regements Marches from the Winter Quarters to ther Entrance in France
Authors: Childs John
Published: December 2009

Acknowledgement 273

Abbreviations 274

Introduction 276

Editorial Practice 291

Note on Biographies 293

Captain Henry Herbert's Narrative of his Journey Through France with his Regiment, 1671–3 294

Chronology of Herbert's Travels, 1671–3 363

Ane Account of Our Regementes Marches from the Winter Quarters to ther Entrance in France, 1673 366

The transcripts from the Herbert Manuscripts in the National Library of Wales are reproduced with the kind permission of the Librarian and the Trustees of the Powis Castle Estate.
VI Lord Cutts's Letters, 1695
Authors: Childs John
Published: December 2009

Acknowledgements 373

Abbreviations 374

Introduction 375

Editorial Practice 380

Lord Cutts's Letters, 1695 381

Appendix: Biographical Index of army Officers Mentioned in the Text 407

The publication of this edition of Lord Cutts's Letters is by the kind permission of the current owners, Mr. and Mrs. Richard Moore, of ‘Hancox’, Whatlington, Sussex. The editor is especially mindful of Mrs. Moore's generous hospitality and assistance during the transcription and preparation of these documents. The editor also wishes to thank Dr. Paul Hopkins for drawing his attention to these letters of Lord Cutts.
EQUILIBRIUM STRATEGIES IN QUEUES BASED ON TIME OR INDEX OF ARRIVAL
Authors: Haviv Moshe , Kella Offer , Kerner Yoav
Published: December 2009

In most decision models dealing with unobservable stochastic congested environments, one looks for a (Nash) equilibrium behavior among customers. This is a strategy that, if adopted by all, then under the resulting steady-state conditions; the best response for an individual is to adopt this strategy too. The purpose of this article is to look for a simple decision problem but where the assumption of steady-state conditions is removed. Specifically, we consider an M/M/N/N loss model in which one pays for trying to get service but is rewarded only if one finds an available server. The initial conditions at time 0 are common knowledge and each customer possesses his arrival time as his private information. The equilibrium profile tells each arrival whether to try (randomization allowed) given his time of arrival. We show that all join up to some point of time. At this point, there is a quantum drop in the joining probability from one to some fraction. From then on, their joining probability continuously converges to the equilibrium joining probability under the model that assumes steady state.
CHEBYSHEV INEQUALITIES WITH LAW-INVARIANT DEVIATION MEASURES
Authors: Grechuk Bogdan , Molyboha Anton , Zabarankin Michael
Published: December 2009

The consistency of law-invariant general deviation measures with concave ordering has been used to generalize the Rao–Blackwell theorem and to develop an approach for reducing minimization of law-invariant deviation measures to minimization of the measures on subsets of undominated random variables with respect to concave ordering. This approach has been applied for constructing the Chebyshev and Kolmogorov inequalities with law-invariant deviation measures—in particular with mean absolute deviation, lower semideviation and conditional value-at-risk deviation. Additionally, an advantage of the Kolmogorov inequality with certain deviation measures has been illustrated in estimating the probability of the exchange rate of two currencies to be within specified bounds.
Serum phosphate in older people
Authors: Lambert M , Witham MD , Sumukadas D
Published: December 2009

Phosphate (PO4−) has a number of important functions in the human body and abnormalities of phosphate handling and phosphate levels are common in older people. We review the physiological functions of phosphate, the effects of phosphate deficiency and excess, and discuss the evidence underpinning management of these conditions in older people. Both hyper- and hypophosphataemia have been associated with a variety of adverse effects in different patient groups. There is currently little evidence to guide practice in treatment of abnormal phosphate levels specifically in older people. Studies looking into the effect of replacing phosphate on morbidity and mortality in milder cases of hypophosphataemia and into the dangers of, and treatment of, hyperphosphataemia in older people are required.
Sexual dysfunction in the older man
Authors: Albersen M , Shindel AW , Lue TF
Published: December 2009

Age is strongly associated with risk of sexual dysfunction in both men and women. For many years it was assumed that such a loss of sexuality was natural and inevitable, and therefore little attention was given to sexual behaviour and treatment in this population. However, more recent data have suggested that sexuality remains important into later life for many individuals. Although appreciation of sexuality persists, a decline in sexual activity is typical with advancing age, which is in part attributable to both general health problems and specific sexual dysfunctions, both becoming more prevalent with ageing. The principle sexual health issues in older men include erectile dysfunction and late onset hypogonadism. Although premature ejaculation is prevalent in older men, the bother from this disorder is generally lower in older men. This manuscript consists of a review of the contemporary peer-reviewed literature and attempts to provide insights for the physician treating the geriatric population. We discuss sexual behaviour at older age, and address erectile and androgen biology in older men and the prevalence and aetiology of sexual dysfunction in this population. Furthermore, an overview of contemporary pharmacological treatments for older men's sexual problems is provided.
WHAT IS RACIAL DOMINATION?
Authors: Desmond Matthew , Emirbayer Mustafa
Published: December 2009

When students of race and racism seek direction, they can find no single comprehensive source that provides them with basic analytical guidance or that offers insights into the elementary forms of racial classification and domination. We believe the field would benefit greatly from such a source, and we attempt to offer one here. Synchronizing and building upon recent theoretical innovations in the area of race, we lend some conceptual clarification to the nature and dynamics of race and racial domination so that students of the subjects—especially those seeking a general (if economical) introduction to the vast field of race studies—can gain basic insight into how race works as well as effective (and fallacious) ways to think about racial domination. Focusing primarily on the American context, we begin by defining race and unpacking our definition. We then describe how our conception of race must be informed by those of ethnicity and nationhood. Next, we identify five fallacies to avoid when thinking about racism. Finally, we discuss the resilience of racial domination, concentrating on how all actors in a society gripped by racism reproduce the conditions of racial domination, as well as on the benefits and drawbacks of approaches that emphasize intersectionality.
WHITE JUSTIFICATIONS FOR SCHOOL CLOSINGS IN PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY, VIRGINIA, 1959–1964
Authors: Bonastia Christopher
Published: December 2009

From 1959 to 1964, Prince Edward County, Virginia, dodged a court desegregation order by refusing to operate public schools. Though the county played an integral role in the national battle over civil rights, scholars and journalists have largely neglected Prince Edward's role in the national drama of race. In 1951, Black high school students went on strike to protest unequal school facilities. This strike led to an NAACP lawsuit that became one of five decided inBrown v. Board of Education. When faced with a final desegregation deadline in 1959, the county put itself in a unique position by becoming the only school district in the U.S. to close its public schools for an extended period of time rather than accept any desegregation. Most White students attended a private, segregated academy; over three-quarters of Black Prince Edward students lost some or all of those years of education. White county leaders believed they were creating a blueprint for defying desegregation in the rural South and perhaps, they hoped, throughout much of the United States. Using archival materials, interviews and secondary accounts, I explain how White county leaders made a public case for the school closings. These leaders' rhetorical strategy was a crucial early draft in the depiction of segregation as a natural state free of racial rancor. The segregationist rhetoric emanating from Prince Edward County was grounded primarily in arguments for privatization, local self-determination, and taxpayers' rights. Such arguments would come to dominate conservative rhetoric nationwide.
ONE YEAR LATER AND THE MYTH OF A POST-RACIAL SOCIETY
Authors: Dawson Michael C. , Bobo Lawrence D.
Published: December 2009

Many commentators, both conservative and liberal, have celebrated the election of Barack Obama as president of the United States, claiming the election signified America has truly become a “post-racial” society. It is not just Lou Dobbs who argues the United States in the “21st century [is a] post-partisan, post-racial society.” This view is consistent with beliefs the majority of White Americans have held for well over a decade: that African Americans have achieved, or will soon achieve, racial equality in the United States despite substantial evidence to the contrary. Indeed, this view is consistent with opinions found in the Boston Globe, Wall Street Journal, New York Times, and elsewhere—attitudes that even the tragic events following the Katrina disaster had nothing to do with race.
Salinity bias on the foraminifera Mg/Ca thermometry: Correction procedure and implications for past ocean hydrographic reconstructions
Authors: Mathien‐Blard Elise , Bassinot Franck
Published: December 2009

Mg/Ca in foraminiferal calcite has recently been extensively used to estimate past oceanic temperatures. Here we show, however, that the Mg/Ca temperature relationship of the planktonic species Globigerinoides ruber is significantly affected by seawater salinity, with a +1 psu change in salinity resulting in a +1.6°C bias in Mg/Ca temperature calculations. If not accounted for, such a bias could lead, for instance, to systematic overestimations of Mg/Ca temperatures during glacial periods, when global ocean salinity had significantly increased compared to today. We present here a correction procedure to derive unbiased sea surface temperatures (SST) and δ18Osw from G. ruber TMg/Ca and δ18Of measurements. This correction procedure was applied to a sedimentary record to reconstruct hydrographic changes since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the Western Pacific Warm Pool. While uncorrected TMg/Ca data indicate a 3°C warming of the Western Pacific Warm Pool since the LGM, the salinity‐corrected SST result in a stronger warming of 4°C.
A new aspect of ionospheric E region electron density morphology
Authors: Chu Yen‐Hsyang , Wu Kong‐Hong , Su Ching‐Lun
Published: December 2009

From global measurements of ionospheric electron density profiles made by the FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC satellites, the morphology of E region electron density is investigated. Seasonal, latitudinal, and diurnal variations in daytime E region electron density are well described by the Chapman theory, and the E layer peak electron density NmE and its peak height hmE are governed by the solar zenith angle χ in accordance with relations NmE ∝(cosχ)p and hmE ∝ln(secχ), respectively. However, it is revealed that there are three geomagnetic latitude regions where striking enhancements of the E region electron density occur. One of them is located at the geomagnetic equator with relatively narrow latitude extent of about 6°–10°, and the other two with much wider latitude extent of about 10°–20° appear on both sides of the geomagnetic equator in latitude regions ±20°–30°, respectively. The locations of these E region density enhancements are asymmetrical about the geomagnetic equator in solstice seasons, and they have a salient tendency to shift toward (away from) the summer (winter) hemisphere. The off‐equator E region electron density enhancements are closely connected with the bottomside of the F region equatorial anomaly crests, where the component of the electron density parallel to the magnetic field line is maximum. It appears that the off‐equator E region electron density enhancements are very likely the footprints of the F region equatorial anomaly crests. The morphologies of the exponent n and coefficient K in the power law relation between χ and foE (E region critical frequency) are also examined. There is a tendency for the n and K values to be larger in local winter than in local summer seasons in the latitudinal regions the same as the off‐equator electron density enhancements. In addition, it is found that a minor peak in the K values is nearly continuously present in all seasons over the geomagnetic equator. A comparison shows significant discrepancies in the E region electron density morphologies between COSMIC measurement and IRI model prediction. Furthermore, compelling evidence is provided to show the presences of longitudinal wave number 3 and 4 structures of the electron density in the height region 100–200 km, which are in coincident with the longitudinal structures of equatorial electrojet. It is believed that these longitudinal 3‐ and 4‐peak structures are very likely associated with nonmigrating diurnal tides propagating eastward in ionospheric E region.
Impact of Asian continental outflow on the springtime ozone mixing ratio in northern Taiwan
Authors: Chiang Chih‐Kang , Fan Jia‐Fong , Li Jing , Chang Julius S.
Published: December 2009

In springtime, northern Taiwan is in the downwind neighboring area of east Asia so that pollutants in this flow will have a direct impact on the ozone mixing ratio in Taiwan. By coupling long‐term ozone observations and regional‐scale chemical transport model (CTM) simulations, we obtained an understanding of the transport processes and provided some quantified estimates of the impact. We found that when the Asian continental outflow arrived in northern Taiwan, it always happened under the influence of east China high‐pressure systems with dominant wind from the northeast to northern Taiwan and accompanying surface wind speeds greater than 5 m/s. Furthermore, no local high‐ozone episodes were observed under such conditions. When local high‐ozone episodes do occur, it is always with wind speeds less than 3 m/s and the wind direction generally from east and southwest. Using a three‐dimensional CTM, we simulated the ozone evolution over northern Taiwan for 1 month in springtime in 2003. By comparing the simulation with and without different pollutant sources, we estimated the impact of pollutants in eastern Asian continental outflow and how and when this occurs. Our simulations indicate outflow mixing ratio of 50–70 ppb reaching the upwind boundary of Taiwan with the plume reaching a height of 2.5 km. For the nonepisode days the influence of Asian continental outflow of ozone may reach over 30%, and for the episode days it is less than 10% in northern Taiwan. Our findings suggest that for the study period high‐oxidant formation in northern Taiwan is predominantly due to local pollution.
Starting laminar plumes: Comparison of laboratory and numerical modeling
Authors: Vatteville Judith , van Keken Peter E. , Limare Angela , Davaille Anne
Published: December 2009

A detailed comparison of starting laminar plumes in viscous fluids is provided using the complementary approaches of laboratory modeling and numerical simulation. In the laboratory experiments the plumes are started in a nearly isoviscous silicone oil with heat supplied through a fixed circular source. The temperature field is measured by differential interferometry and thermochromic liquid crystals. The velocity field is determined by particle image velocimetry. Numerical simulations of the laboratory experiments are performed using a finite element method that employs the measured properties of the physical oil and the heating history. No further adjustments are made to match the laboratory results. For fluids at two different viscosities and for variable power supplied to the plume there is excellent agreement in the temporal evolution and fine spatial detail of the plume. Minor differences remain, particulary in the transient stage of the plume in the low‐viscosity fluid, but the differences are within the experimental uncertainties. In contrast, the assumption of constant viscosity in the numerical models leads to differences that are larger than the experimental uncertainties, demonstrating that these near‐isoviscous fluids should not be considered to have constant viscosity.
Nitrogen constraints on terrestrial carbon uptake: Implications for the global carbon‐climate feedback
Authors: Wang Ying‐Ping , Houlton Benjamin Z.
Published: December 2009

Carbon‐climate feedback has been identified as one of the key areas of synthesis for the next Inter‐governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); however, most of the models on which the IPCC will rely are yet to consider vital interactions between nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) cycles. A major impediment to including N limitation in model predictions has been the lack of constraint to rates of N fixation worldwide. Here we use a theoretical framework that considers interactions of C and nutrients to estimate rates of terrestrial N fixation, and thereby examining how the constraints of N on land C uptake and global warming. We show that most global models without nutrient limitations significantly overestimated land C uptake, thus underestimating both the pace and magnitude of the predicted global warming. We suggest that the next IPCC assessment should consider nutrient constraints on carbon‐climate feedback and the pace of global warming.
Zonal wave structures in the nighttime tropospheric density and temperature and in the D region ionosphere over Mars: Modeling and observations
Authors: Haider S. A. , Abdu M. A. , Batista I. S. , Sobral J. H. A. , Sheel Varun , Molina‐Cuberos G. J. , Maguire W. C. , Verigin M. I.
Published: December 2009

We report the first model results of zonal wind perturbations in the nighttime D region ionosphere of Mars during winter and summer seasons at latitude ranges 60°S–64°S and 64.7°N–67.3°N, respectively. The production rate, ion density, and electron density are calculated between longitudes 0° and 360°E due to impact of galactic cosmic rays on the nighttime troposphere of Mars at these latitudes. In this calculation, temperature and air density are used from the measurements made by the radio occultation experiment on board Mars Global Surveyor at low solar activity period. In these seasons the zonal distribution of temperature, air density, and electron density are fitted by a least squares method at altitudes near the surface, 15 km and 30 km. The modes of seasonal winds are also calculated from Fourier analysis at these heights. These measurements suggest mode of wave number 2 in northern high latitudes and wave numbers 3 and 8 in southern high latitudes, respectively. It is found that the nighttime ionosphere of Mars consists of a permanent D peak, which varies with east longitudes in both hemispheres. The modes 2 and 3 of semidiurnal tides dominate the D peak oscillation during the summer and winter seasons, respectively. The water cluster ions H3O+(H2O)n, NO2−(H2O)n and CO3−(H2O)n are the major species in the D region ionosphere of Mars.
Statistical roles of storms and substorms in changing the entire outer zone relativistic electron population
Authors: Li L. Y. , Cao J. B. , Zhou G. C. , Li X.
Published: December 2009

Since storms/substorms can lead to flux enhancements of relativistic electrons (E > 500 keV) in one region of the outer zone (L ∼ 2–7) and simultaneously to flux decreases in another region, the final effects of storms/substorms on changing the entire outer zone relativistic electron population are indicated by the total flux variation of the entire outer zone relativistic electrons. The total flux of the relativistic electrons is the summation of their omnidirectional integral fluxes over the entire outer zone. By analyzing the total flux variations of relativistic electrons in the entire outer zone during about 18 storms from August 1990 to March 1991, this paper investigates the statistical relationships between the total flux variations of the entire outer zone relativistic electrons and the intensities of storms/substorms. The statistical results indicate that the primary impact of a storm development is the net loss of relativistic electrons from the entire outer zone via the main phase losses of relativistic electrons, whereas the continuous intense substorm activity (average AE > 200 nT) can lead to the net increases of the relativistic electrons in the entire outer zone. Furthermore, the more intense the substorm activity, the larger the increases of the relativistic electrons, indicating that the continuous intense substorm activity can effectively supply relativistic electrons for the entire outer zone. Since the net increases of the relativistic electrons usually occur during the continuous intense substorm activity, the effective acceleration of the relativistic electron is correlated with the continuous intense substorm activity, e.g., the stochastic acceleration of electron by whistler mode chorus waves.
Interannual variability in the longitudinal structure of the low‐latitude ionosphere due to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Authors: Pedatella N. M. , Forbes J. M.
Published: December 2009

The ratio of monthly median foF2 values between the ionosondes at Maui (20.8°N, −156°E geographic; 21.2°N, −90.4°E geomagnetic) and Yamagawa (31.2°N, 130.6°E geographic; 20.6°N, −160.9°E geomagnetic) from January 1960 to June 1993 are used to investigate interannual variability in the wave‐4 longitudinal structure of the low‐latitude F region ionosphere. Analysis of Global Positioning System total electron content between January 1998 and December 2008 reveals that the ratio between these two locations is a suitable proxy for the amplitude of the wave‐4 longitudinal structure in the Northern Hemisphere. Significant interannual variability is present in the foF2 ratio after removing the solar cycle and intra‐annual variability. The remaining variability is thought to be due, in part, to changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulations arising from the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Wavelet analysis reveals that similar periodicities and occurrence times exist for the foF2 ratio monthly anomalies and sea surface temperature anomalies, represented by the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI). Furthermore, the yearly ONI extreme value is well correlated with the extreme value of the foF2 ratio monthly anomalies in the subsequent 5 months. This surprising connection is attributed to changes in tropospheric convection, and hence latent heating, associated with changing sea surface temperatures due to the ENSO. Changing distributions of latent heat tidal forcing are thought to induce changes in the strength of the upward and eastward propagating diurnal tide with zonal wave number s = −3 (DE3) which subsequently produces the observed changes in the amplitude of the wave‐4 longitudinal structure through modulation of the electric fields generated by the dynamo mechanism in the ionospheric E region. Our results demonstrate that there is significant interannual variability in the ionospheric wave‐4 longitudinal structure and further indicate that the ENSO phenomenon represents a source of ionospheric variability which has previously not been considered.
Natural versus anthropogenic aerosols in the eastern Mediterranean basin derived from multiyear TOMS and MODIS satellite data
Authors: Hatzianastassiou N. , Gkikas A. , Mihalopoulos N. , Torres O. , Katsoulis B. D.
Published: December 2009

In the present study we investigate the spatial and temporal variation of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) in the eastern Mediterranean basin, and more specifically in the area extending from 28.5°N to 42.5°N and from 18.5°E to 35.5°E, which includes large urban areas and megacities such as Cairo, Istanbul, Athens, Izmir, Ankara, and Thessaloniki. For this purpose we use long‐term AOT data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) version2 converted to 500 nm (AOT500) for the period 1980–2001 and Collection 005 AOT data atλ= 550 nm (AOT550) from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Terra and Aqua satellites for the periods 2000–2005 and 2002–2005, respectively. The spatial and temporal variation of AOT shows a good agreement between TOMS and MODIS, in terms of geographical patterns, which maximizes the usefulness of TOMS AOT product given its long temporal coverage (climatological). According to MODIS‐Terra, the annual mean AOT550over the studied region equals 0.22 ± 0.05 (monthly values ranging from 0.14 to 0.32) and shows strong spatial inhomogeneities. The smallest values (down to 0.1) occur over the western, and especially in the northwestern, part of Greece, over the northern part of Anatolian peninsula and also over the sea of east Mediterranean. The largest AOT values (up to about 1.0) occur over northern Africa, Middle East, and the adjacent coasts, and over the Anatolian plateau. These high aerosol loadings are of natural origin, mainly desert dust. However, very large values (up to 0.8) are also found over large urban areas surrounding megacities, associated with anthropogenic, apart from natural desert, aerosols. By using TOMS AOT data as proxy for the dust source, and the difference of MODIS‐TOMS AOT as an indicator of the anthropogenic aerosol component, the relative contribution of natural versus anthropogenic sources of aerosols has been derived for the eastern Mediterranean area. Limitations of this approach are discussed and the associated uncertainties are also evaluated and discussed.
Marine stratocumulus aerosol‐cloud relationships in the MASE‐II experiment: Precipitation susceptibility in eastern Pacific marine stratocumulus
Authors: Lu Miao‐Ling , Sorooshian Armin , Jonsson Haflidi H. , Feingold Graham , Flagan Richard C. , Seinfeld John H.
Published: December 2009

Observational data on aerosol‐cloud‐drizzle relationships in marine stratocumulus are presented from the second Marine Stratus/Stratocumulus Experiment (MASE‐II) carried out in July 2007 over the eastern Pacific near Monterey, California. Observations, carried out in regions of essentially uniform meteorology with localized aerosol enhancements due to ship exhaust (“ship tracks”), demonstrate, in accord with those from numerous other field campaigns, that increased cloud drop number concentration Nc and decreased cloud top effective radius re are associated with increased subcloud aerosol concentration. Modulation of drizzle by variations in aerosol levels is clearly evident. Variations of cloud base drizzle rate Rcb are found to be consistent with the proportionality, Rcb ∝ H3/Nc, where H is cloud depth. Simultaneous aircraft and A‐Train satellite observations are used to quantify the precipitation susceptibility of clouds to aerosol perturbations in the eastern Pacific region.
Singular sources in gravity and homotopy in the space of connections
Authors: Gravanis E. , Willison S.
Published: December 2009

Suppose a Lagrangian is constructed from its fields and their derivatives. When the field configuration is a distribution, it is unambiguously defined as the limit of a sequence of smooth fields. The Lagrangian may or may not be a distribution, depending on whether there is some undefined product of distributions. Supposing that the Lagrangian is a distribution, it is unambiguously defined as the limit of a sequence of Lagrangians. But there still remains the question: Is the distributional Lagrangian uniquely defined by the limiting process for the fields themselves? In this paper a general geometrical construction is advanced to address this question. We describe certain types of singularities, not by distribution valued tensors, but by showing that the action functional for the singular fields is (formally) equivalent to another action built out of smooth fields. Thus we manage to make the problem of the lack of a derivative disappear from a system which gives differential equations. Certain ideas from homotopy and homology theory turn out to be of central importance in analyzing the problem and clarifying finer aspects of it. The method is applied to general relativity in first order formalism, which gives some interesting insights into distributional geometries in that theory. Then more general gravitational Lagrangians in first order formalism are considered such as Lovelock terms (for which the action principle admits space-times more singular than other higher curvature theories).
Enhance diamond coating adhesion by oriented interlayer microcracking
Authors: Guo Haibo , Xiao Xingcheng , Qi Yue , Xu Zhi-Hui , Li Xiaodong
Published: December 2009

In this paper, we report a microcrack toughening mechanism for enhancing the adhesion of diamond coating. The oriented microcracks were formed within the TiC interlayer to dissipate strain energy and accommodate deformation via the crack opening-closing mechanism, thus enhancing the coating/substrate interfacial toughness. The delamination of diamond coating was effectively prevented when the parallel microcracks were confined within the interlayer and arrested at interfaces of coating/interlayer/substrate. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the highly anisotropic fracture strength of the TiC phase energetically favors crack initiation and propagation along (100) planes only, which are 54.7° away from the interface. These microcracks are constrained inside the interlayer by the two strong interfaces in the substrate/interlayer/coating system. The new microcrack toughening mechanism with these combined features has a wide application to enhance the adhesion of thin-film coatings.
Fabrication of electrically conductive nanowires using high-density dislocations in AlN thin films
Authors: Tokumoto Yuki , Amma Shin-ichi , Shibata Naoya , Mizoguchi Teruyasu , Edagawa Keiichi , Yamamoto Takahisa , Ikuhara Yuichi
Published: December 2009

We fabricated conductive nanowires in insulating AlN thin films by doping Mn along high-density unidirectional threading dislocations. Investigation of the dislocation microstructures by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution scanning TEM revealed that Mn segregates to the dislocation cores. Strain analysis around the dislocations suggests that the strong attractive interaction between the Mn ions and the strain field around the dislocations enhances the confinement of the Mn only in the vicinity of the dislocation cores. Atomic force microscopy measurements under contact-current mode detected the local electrical conduction along the Mn-doped dislocations. The present results open up the possibility for fabricating functional nanowires using dislocations in thin films.
Design of half-metallic ferrimagnets: Doped MnX (X=Te, Se, S)
Authors: Long Nguyen Hoang , Ogura Masako , Akai Hisazumi
Published: December 2009

Half-metallic ferrimagnetism of transition-metal-doped MnX (transition-metal=V, Cr and X=Te, Se, S) is examined in the framework of first-principles Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker-coherent potential approximation calculation. Such unusual ferrimagnetism becomes possible due to the coexistence of ferromagnetic coupling among transition-metal impurities (here, Cr and V) and antiferro-magnetic coupling among Mn ions. In particular, NaCl-type MnSe and MnS compounds exhibit clear half-metallic ferrimagnetism even when the doping concentrations are as low as a few percents. On the other hand, NiAs-type MnTe compounds exhibit pseudo half-metallic ferrimagnetism. For a metastable zinc-blende structure, half-metallic ferrimagnetism is realized in all cases except in a low doping region.
Analysis of degradation mechanisms in lattice-matched InAlN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors
Authors: Kuzmik J. , Pozzovivo G. , Ostermaier C. , Strasser G. , Pogany D. , Gornik E. , Carlin J.-F. , Gonschorek M. , Feltin E. , Grandjean N.
Published: December 2009

We address degradation aspects of lattice-matched unpassivated InAlN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). Stress conditions include an off-state stress, a semi-on stress (with a partially opened channel), and a negative gate bias stress (with source and drain contacts grounded). Degradation is analyzed by measuring the drain current, a threshold voltage, a Schottky contact barrier height, a gate leakage and an ideality factor, an access, and an intrinsic channel resistance, respectively. For the drain-gate bias <38 V parameters are only reversibly degraded due to charging of the pre-existing surface states. This is in a clear contrast to reported AlGaN/GaN HEMTs where an irreversible damage and a lattice relaxation have been found for similar conditions. For drain-gate biases over 38 V InAlN/GaN HEMTs show again only temporal changes for the negative gate bias stresses; however, irreversible damage was found for the off-state and for the semi-on stresses. Most severe changes, an increase in the intrinsic channel resistance by one order of magnitude and a decrease in the drain current by ∼70%, are found after the off-state ∼50 V drain-gate bias stresses. We conclude that in the off-state condition hot electrons may create defects or ionize deep states in the GaN buffer or at the InAlN/GaN interface. If an InAlN/GaN HEMT channel is opened during the stress, lack of the strain in the barrier layer is beneficial for enhancing the device stability.
A density-division embedding potential inversion technique
Authors: Roncero O. , Zanchet A. , Villarreal P. , Aguado A.
Published: December 2009

A new method is proposed to partition the density of a system in two portions. The density on each subsystem is the solution of a Fock equation modified by the addition of an embedding potential. This embedding potential is obtained iteratively by minimizing the difference between the electronic densities of the total system and the sum of the subsystems. Thus, the electronic density partition and the embedding potential are obtained at the same time within the procedure, guarantying the v-representability of the densities partitioned. This fact is a considerable improvement of a recently proposed embedding potential inversion technique, [O. Roncero, M. P. de Lara-Castells, P. Villarreal, F. Flores, J. Ortega, M. Paniagua, and A. Aguado, J. Chem. Phys. 129, 184104 (2008)], in which the embedding potential is obtained once the electronic density is previously partitioned. The method is first applied to a linear H10 chain to illustrate how it works. The orbitals obtained are localized on each subsystem, and can be used to include local electronic correlation with currently available ab initio programs. Finally, the method is applied to include the electronic correlation needed to describe the van der Waals interaction between H10 chains and H2 molecules, of ≈12 meV, giving very accurate results.
Photocurrent in Ag–Si photodiodes modulated by plasmonic nanopatterns
Authors: Wang Yumin , Su Xiaodong , Zhu Yongyuan , Wang Qianjin , Zhu Dongliang , Zhao Junwei , Chen San , Huang Wanxia , Wu Shan
Published: December 2009

We demonstrate that Ag–Si photodiodes allow photocurrents to be modulated by changing periods of nanopatterns on Ag film. The maximum and minimum photocurrents occur in certain periods corresponding to the excitation of surface plasmon polariton and Wood’s anomaly, which can be predicted with the help of related theories. Therefore, it is feasible to design nanopatterns to satisfy special requirements.
Nanoparticle surface modification induced space charge suppression in linear low density polyethylene
Authors: Huang Xingyi , Jiang Pingkai , Yin Yi
Published: December 2009

This letter reports the role of nanoparticle surface modification in affecting the space charge distribution of polyethylene/silica nanocomposite dielectrics. Space charge distribution in the nanocomposites was measured using a pulsed electroacoustic method. The results suggested that the nanoparticle surface modification has significant effects on the space charge behaviors in polyethylene and that the nanocomposites with surface-treated silica showed improved space charge distribution, which can be understood in terms of the morphological variation of the matrix and the better interfacial adhesion between the surface-treated nanoparticles and the matrix.
Mid-infrared PbTe vertical external cavity surface emitting laser on Si-substrate with above 1 W output power
Authors: Rahim M. , Fill M. , Felder F. , Chappuis D. , Corda M. , Zogg H.
Published: December 2009

Mid-infrared vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers (VECSELs) emitting above 1 W output power in pulsed mode and up to 17 mW in continuous mode at −172 °C were realized. Emission wavelength changes from 5 μm at −172 °C to 3.6 μm at 20 °C heat sink temperature. The active medium is a one wavelength thick PbTe layer grown by molecular beam epitaxy on a Si-substrate. It is followed by a 2.5 pair Pb1−yEuyTe/EuTe epitaxial Bragg mirror. The cavity is completed with an external curved Pb1−yEuyTe/BaF2 mirror. The VECSEL is optically pumped with 1.55 μm wavelength laser and In-soldered to Cu heat sink. No microstructural processing is needed.
High pressure phase transformation in iron under fast compression
Authors: Bastea Marina , Bastea Sorin , Becker Richard
Published: December 2009

We observe kinetic features—velocity loops—at the α to ϵ phase transformation of iron, similar with the ones reported when water is frozen into its ice VII phase under comparable experimental conditions. By using a phase nucleation and growth kinetic model with pressure dependent phase interface velocity we find that the thermodynamic path followed by the sample is strongly dependent on the drive conditions and sample characteristics. The velocity loops become broader and shallower at slower compressions, while on faster time–scales, e.g., for laser drivers, the loops form at higher velocities and may eventually disappear.
Improved performance of GaN-based blue light emitting diodes with InGaN/GaN multilayer barriers
Authors: Chung Hun Jae , Choi Rak Jun , Kim Min Ho , Han Jae Woong , Park Young Min , Kim Yu Seung , Paek Ho Sun , Sone Cheol Soo , Park Yong Jo , Kim Jong Kyu , Schubert E. Fred
Published: December 2009

Multi-layer barrier structure is suggested as an alternative approach to single-layer polarization matching barrier structure for the reduction of efficiency droop. Time resolved photoluminescence measurement showed that polarization field was reduced by 19% in the multilayer barrier light emitting diodes structures. Optical power measurements on packaged devices showed overall increase of external quantum efficiency for all currents up to the current density of 150 A/cm2. Increase of optical power is attributed to reduced polarization and decreased current overflow to p-side cladding layers. These results provide additional evidences that polarization is important in addressing the droop problem.
Linking People's Perceptions and Physical Components of Sidewalk Environments—An Application of Rough Sets Theory
Authors: Wang Weijie , Wang Wei , Namgung Moon
Published: December 2009

This paper aims to develop a new approach to investigating the relationships between people's perceptions and physical components of sidewalk environments. A psychological survey composed of semantic differential items was administered to 112 participants in order to assess their perceptions of 20 sidewalk environments in Iksan city, South Korea. A field survey of the selected sidewalks was conducted to survey the physical components of the sidewalk environments. Because conventional statistical methods are not appropriate owing to the qualitative data, small sample size, and uncertainty, a new approach based on an artificial intelligence technique—rough sets theory—is applied to deal with the collected data. The application of the rough sets theory outputs the most important attributes of people's perceptions, minimal attribute sets without redundancy, and a series of decision rules that represent the relationships between perceptions and physical components of sidewalk environments. The analytical approach helps to understand better people's perceptions to sidewalk environments in a small city and then to establish a useful and constructive ground of discussion for walking environment design and management.
The early effects of fire and grazing on bryophytes and lichens in tussock grassland and hummock sedgeland in north-eastern Tasmania
Authors: Ferguson Anneka V. , Pharo Emma J. , Kirkpatrick Jamie B. , Marsden-Smedley Jon B.
Published: December 2009

Little is known of the interactive effects of fire and grazing on cryptogam species and assemblages. These effects were observed for bryophyte and lichen species in Tasmanian tussock grassland and hummock sedgeland several months after experimental burning and fencing. A factorial design was used on 40 randomly located and treated pairs of 1 m × 1 m quadrats in each of the vegetation types. In total, 24 cryptogam taxa were found, with grassland having a greater taxon richness, as well as higher total cryptogam cover and a different species composition, to the hummock sedgeland. There was greater cryptogam cover in the burned quadrats than the unburned quadrats in the grassland. However, only bryophytes had different species composition between burned and unburned quadrats. There was a small but significant difference in richness in hummock sedgeland, with burned being richer than unburned. Three species were more abundant in the burned than in the unburned treatments in the grassland, whereas no species responded to treatment in the sedgeland and no species responded to grazing. The fact that no species or assemblage of species was significantly reduced in cover by the burns testifies to a high degree of cryptogam resilience to this disturbance. The total lack of negative grazing effects suggests cryptogams are not a major source of sustenance for the local vertebrate herbivores. These conclusions differ from those made elsewhere in the world.
Effects of sudden exposure to high light levels on two tree fern species Dicksonia antarctica (Dicksoniaceae) and Cyathea australis (Cyatheaceae) acclimated to different light intensities
Authors: Volkova Liubov , Bennett Lauren T. , Tausz Michael
Published: December 2009

We examined the responses of two tree fern species (Dicksonia antarctica and Cyathea australis) growing under shade or variable light (intermittent shade) to sudden exposure to high light levels. Steady-state gas exchange as well as dynamic responses of plants to artificial sunflecks indicated that difference in growth light environment had very little effect on the tree ferns’ capacities to utilise and acclimate to prevailing light conditions. Two weeks of exposure to high light levels (short-term acclimation) led to decreases in all photosynthetic parameters and more negative predawn frond water potentials, mostly irrespective of previous growth light environments. After 3months in high light levels (long-term acclimation), D. antarctica fully recovered, while C. australis previously grown under variable light, recovered only partially, suggesting high light level stress effects under the variable light environments for this species.
Morphoanatomy and development of leaf secretory structures in Passiflora amethystina Mikan (Passifloraceae)
Authors: Rocha Diego Ismael , Campos da Silva Luzimar , Valente Vânia Maria Moreira , Francino Dayana Maria Teodoro , Meira Renata Maria Strozi Alves
Published: December 2009

Extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) are commonly found in Passiflora L. Reports have been made on the occurrence of resin-producing structures morphologically similar to EFNs in the genus. The objective of this study was to characterise the morphoanatomy and development of leaf secretory structures in Passiflora amethystina and to use chemical and histochemical tests to detect the presence of sugars in the exudates. Samples of leaf blade and petioles in different developmental stages were collected and subjected to usual techniques using light and scanning electron microscopy. Secretion samples were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography. The concentration of total sugars in the secretion amounted to 39.67% for blade EFNs and 52.82% for petiolar EFNs. EFNs consist of a secretory, uni- or bistratified palisade epidermis, arising from the protoderm by means of anticlinal and periclinal divisions, glandular parenchyma originated from the ground meristem, and xylem and phloem elements formed from the procambium. Exudate accumulated in a subcuticular space formed outside the epidermal cells from where it was then released. Histochemical tests showed a positive reaction for neutral polysaccharides. The results confirm that the leaf secretory structures are indeed extrafloral nectaries, and these findings constitute important information for studies on the taxonomy and ecology of this species.
The history of the theory of the Platonic ideas in Damascius as an expression of the relation between the One and the Manifold
Authors: Terezis Christos , Tempelis Elias
Published: December 2009

This paper addresses the relation between the intelligible and the material world in the works of the Neoplatonic philosopher Damascius (ca. 460–ca. 538 AD), who uses the theory of the Platonic Ideas in order to discuss the evolution from the One to the Manifold. This relation arises through specific laws that lead to the development of a harmonious cosmic system. The vertical and the horizontal segmentation of metaphysical causes is implemented in the process of the generation of the empirical world, which is nevertheless imperfect in the sense that it is an image of the metaphysical world and is subject to generation and decay. The metaphysical world constitutes a normative basis for the beings of the world of experience to the same extent in the ontological as in the aesthetic and ethical area. The vertical segmentation cannot be understood without the horizontal because in that case the generation of tangible beings, which are complex realities, would be implausible. At the same time, the horizontal segmentation without the vertical would result in inactive metaphysical causes. The simple fact that the empirical world exists excludes such alternatives.
The Art of Gate-Crashing
Authors: Hüttenrauch Helge , Topp Elin A. , Severinson-Eklundh Kerstin
Published: December 2009

Special purpose service robots have already entered the market and their users’ homes. Also the idea of the general purpose service robot or personal robot companion is increasingly discussed and investigated. To probe human–robot interaction with a mobile robot in arbitrary domestic settings, we conducted a study in eight different homes. Based on previous results from laboratory studies we identified particular interaction situations which should be studied thoroughly in real home settings. Based upon the collected sensory data from the robot we found that the different environments influenced the spatial management observable during our subjects’ interaction with the robot. We also validated empirically that the concept of spatial prompting can aid spatial management and communication, and assume this concept to be helpful for Human–Robot Interaction (HRI) design. In this article we report on our exploratory field study and our findings regarding, in particular, the spatial management observed during show episodes and movement through narrow passages. Keywords: COGNIRON, Domestic Service Robotics, Robot Field Trial, Human Augmented Mapping (HAM), Human–Robot Interaction (HRI), Spatial Management, Spatial Prompting