bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-ligand-directed synthesis of chiral silver nanoclusters
Authors: Zou Xuejuan , Jin Shan , Du Wenjun , Li Yangfeng , Li Peng , Wang Shuxin , Zhu Manzhou
Published: September 2017

Engineering the surface ligands of metal nanoclusters is critical for tuning their sizes, structures and properties at the atomic level.
Hierarchically interconnected nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets for an efficient hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Wang Hao , Yi Qinghua , Gao Lijun , Gao Yongqian , Liu Tingting , Jiang Ying-Bing , Sun Yinghui , Zou Guifu
Published: September 2017

Hierarchically interconnected nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets exhibit one of the best catalytic performances among metal-free electrocatalysts towards the hydrogen evolution reaction.
Micro organic light-emitting diodes fabricated through area-selective growth
Authors: Zhu Juan , Fontein Florian , Wang Hong , Zhong Qigang , Li Chenglong , Li Jianping , Wang Bo , Liao Liangsheng , Wang Yue , Huang Lizhen , Fuchs Harald , Wang Wenchong , Chi Lifeng
Published: September 2017

A photolithography compatible way for the fabrication of Micro-OLED devicesviaarea-selective growth is developed.
Biocompatibility and safety evaluation of a silk fibroin-doped calcium polyphosphate scaffold copolymer in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Xie Huixu , Wang Jianyun , He Yan , Gu Zhipeng , Xu Jia , Li Longjiang , Ye Qingsong
Published: September 2017

For the reconstruction of cartilage and bone defects, bone repair scaffolds with porous network structures have been extensively studied.
Phloroglucinol accelerates the regeneration of liver damaged by H2O2or MNZ treatment in zebrafish
Authors: Cha Seon-Heui , Lee Ji-Hyeok , Kim Eun-Ah , Shin Chong Hyun , Jun Hee-Sook , Jeon You-Jin
Published: September 2017

ROSs can cause oxidative damage to biological macromolecules. Particularly, liver is a vital organ in vertebrates and easily attacked by ROS. PG attenuates H2O2-induced oxidative stress, even in liver.
Use of a passivation layer to improve thermal stability and quality of a phosphorene/AZO heterojunction diode
Authors: Pandey Sushil Kumar , Izquierdo Nezhueyotl , Liptak Rick , Campbell Stephen A.
Published: September 2017

Herein, we report the effect of passivation layer composition on thermal stability as measured by Raman spectra of a phosphorene/Al-doped ZnO (AZO) heterostructure.
Simultaneous determination of selected veterinary antibiotics in Nile tilapia (Orechromis niloticus) and water samples by HPLC/UV and LC-MS/MS
Authors: Mostafa Aziza E. , Abdel Salam Randa A. , Hadad Ghada M. , Eissa Ismail A.
Published: September 2017

A method was optimized and validated for simultaneous estimation of some antibiotics such as CTC, DOX, FF, FLU, NAL, SDI, STZ and TMP in fish muscle and water samples.
A novel fluorescence turn-on probe for the selective detection of thiophenols by caged benzooxazolidinoindocyanine
Authors: Yin Guoxing , Yu Ting , Niu Tingting , Yin Peng , Chen Haimin , Zhang Youyu , Li Haitao , Yao Shouzhuo
Published: September 2017

Based on a strategy involving 2,4-dinitrophenyl ether and functionalized caged benzooxazolidinoindocyanine, a fluorescence turn-on probe for the selective detection of thiophenols was developed.
Integrated production of furfural and levulinic acid from corncob in a one-pot batch reaction incorporating distillation using step temperature profiling
Authors: Ji Hairui , Zhu J. Y. , Gleisner Roland
Published: September 2017

Integrated production of furfural and levulinic acid (LA) in one pot through two-step temperature profiling.
Highly transparent and flame-retardant epoxy composites based on a hybrid multi-element containing POSS derivative
Authors: Liu Cheng , Chen Ting , Yuan Conghui , Chang Ying , Chen Guorong , Zeng Birong , Xu Yiting , Luo Weiang , Dai Lizong
Published: September 2017

Epoxy resin modified with ODMAS comprising a POSS core and sixteen DOPO groups possess high transparency, excellent flame retardant property and enhanced mechanical strength.
Cu2(BDC)2(BPY)–MOF: an efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the aerobic Chan–Lam coupling prepared via ball-milling strategy
Authors: Khosravi Armaqan , Mokhtari Javad , Naimi-Jamal Mohammad Reza , Tahmasebi Sharareh , Panahi Leila
Published: September 2017

Nanoporous Cu2(BDC)2(BPY)–MOF was used as efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst to effect the aerobic cross-coupling of aromatic amines and phenyl boronic acid (Chan–Lam Coupling).
Regioselective alkylation of carbohydrates and diols: a cheaper iron catalyst, new applications and mechanism
Authors: Ren Bo , Yan Ningning , Gan Lu
Published: September 2017

We developed a much cheaper iron catalyst, Fe(dipm)3, which has a good catalytic efficiency in regioselective alkylation of carbohydrates.
Correction: One-step trapping of droplets and surface functionalization of sensors using gold-patterned structures for multiplexing in biochips
Authors: Dias T. M. , Fernandes E. , Cardoso S. , Monteiro G. , Freitas P. P.
Published: September 2017

Correction for ‘One-step trapping of droplets and surface functionalization of sensors using gold-patterned structures for multiplexing in biochips’ by T. M. Dias et al., RSC Adv., 2017, 7, 43273–43282.
The behavior of hydroxide and hydronium ions at the hexadecane–water interface studied with second harmonic generation and zeta potential measurements
Authors: Gan Wei , Wu Wei , Yang Fangyuan , Hu Deping , Fang Hui , Lan Zhenggang , Yuan Qunhui
Published: September 2017

It was shown that hydronium ions don't have a specific affinity to the oil–water interface although hydroxide ions do.
A silk fabric derived carbon fibre net for transparent capacitive touch pads and all-solid supercapacitors
Authors: Ma D. L. , Ma Y. , Chen Z. W. , Hu A. M.
Published: September 2017

A transparent and flexible conductive carbon net film was obtained by carbonizing pristine silk fabric. Based on that, transparent capacitive touch pads and all-solid supercapacitor were fabricated through laser patterning with a 2D programmable platform.
Photoelectrochemistry of colloidal Cu2O nanocrystal layers: the role of interfacial chemistry
Authors: Ben-Shahar Yuval , Vinokurov Kathy , de Paz-Simon Héloïse , Gofer Yosef , Leiter Matan , Banin Uri , Cohen Yaron S.
Published: September 2017

The photoelectrochemical response of colloidal semiconducting nanocrystal based electrodes can be optimized by judicious design of the interfacial chemistry.
Comparative effects of a candidate modified-risk tobacco product Aerosol and cigarette smoke on human organotypic small airway cultures: a systems toxicology approach
Authors: Iskandar Anita R. , Martinez Yannick , Martin Florian , Schlage Walter K. , Leroy Patrice , Sewer Alain , Torres Laura Ortega , Majeed Shoaib , Merg Celine , Trivedi Keyur , Guedj Emmanuel , Frentzel Stefan , Mathis Carole , Ivanov Nikolai V. , Peitsch Manuel C. , Hoeng Julia
Published: September 2017

The biological impact of a tobacco heating system 2.2 aerosol and cigarette smoke were compared.
Stereo matching using cost volume fusion for high dynamic range scenes
Authors: Lee D.H. , Chang J.Y. , Heo Y.S.
Published: September 2017

A method is proposed to obtain accurate disparity maps for high dynamic range (HDR) scenes using stereo image pairs acquired under different exposure times and viewpoints. In HDR scenes, saturated pixels such as too‐dark or too‐bright pixels are inevitable because of the limited bit‐depth representations of images. These saturated regions include little information for matching images and harm the performance of conventional stereo matching methods. To address this problem, a method is proposed that generates a new cost volume by fusing cost volumes obtained using different stereo image pairs taken under different exposure times as well as different points of view. In addition, the directional semi‐global matching method is proposed to efficiently optimise the cost volume. Experimental results show that the proposed method generates more accurate results for saturated regions than existing methods on various datasets.
High‐power single spatial mode superluminescent diodes at 675 nm
Authors: Andreeva E.V. , Anikeev A.S. , Il'chenko S.N. , Chamorovskiy A. , Yakubovich S.D.
Published: September 2017

The optimisation of AlGaInP/GaInPAs MQW heterostructure metal‐organic chemical vapour deposition growth as well as the improvements of active channel formation and P‐contact deposition technologies is shown to enable a significantly increased external differential efficiency up to 0.5 mW/mA and catastrophic optical damage threshold up to 50 mW of spatially single‐mode superluminescent diodes (SLDs) at central wavelength of 675 nm. Life time tests demonstrated high reliability of new SLDs at continuous wave output power of up to 30 mW. The dependencies of spectral and power characteristics of these SLDs on active channel dimensions are presented. To the best of knowledge, these are the most powerful and broadband SLDs at 675 nm.
Placement of protective devices in distribution system considering uncertainties in loads, temporary and permanent failure rates and repair rates
Authors: Alam Afroz , Alam Mahamad Nabab , Pant Vinay , Das Biswarup
Published: September 2017

Distribution system reliability is directly affected by the placement of various types of protective devices at different locations of the distribution system. To reduce the momentary interruptions, fuse‐blow scheme is used which in turn increases sustained interruption. Utilities having more concern to the sustained interruptions prefer to use fuse‐save scheme over fuse‐blow scheme. Different models have been developed to solve the problems incorporating placement of various combinations of protective devices in a distribution network for increasing the profit of the utility. The uncertainties in temporary failure rates, permanent failure rates, repair rates and load data have been considered in the problem formulation using three‐point estimate method. A generalised objective function capable of simulating different combinations of the protective devices has also been developed. The formulated problems have been solved for 58 bus and IEEE 123 bus distribution networks using mixed integer non‐linear programming optimisation technique. After analysing the test results of the various scenarios for the two test systems, it is concluded that maximum profit for the utility is obtained by using the scenario corresponding to a combination of the four protective devices, namely reclosers, switches, fuse‐blow fuses and fuse‐save fuses.
Synthetic Approaches to 2,6-trans-Tetrahydropyrans
Authors: Tong Rongbiao , Zhang Zhihong
Published: September 2017

Being different from 2,6-cis-tetrahydropyrans (2,6-cis-THPs), the corresponding 2,6-trans-THPs are thermodynamically less stable and more challenging to construct. The fact that there are many natural products and/or bioactive molecules containing this 2,6-trans-THP subunit has led to the development of many efficient synthetic approaches to access 2,6-trans-THPs. This review summarizes various synthetic methods reported for this structural motif and/or related applications in the total synthesis of natural products.

1 Introduction

2 Nucleophilic Addition to an Oxocarbenium Ion (Strategy A)

3 Intramolecular Oxa-Michael Addition (Strategy B)

4 Intermolecular Michael Addition to Dihydropyranones (Strategy A)

5 The Heck–Matsuda (Strategy A) Reaction and Oxa-Heck Cyclization (Strategy B)

6 Intramolecular SN2 Substitution and Epoxide Opening (Strategy B)

7 Miscellaneous Methods

8 Conclusion and Outlook
Centralization of Pediatric Surgery in The Netherlands
Authors: Wijnen Marc
Published: September 2017

In this article, the route to centralization of rare congenital surgical diseases in the Netherlands is described. The pros and cons are addressed and the point of view of the Netherlands Society for Pediatric Surgery is explained.
Duhamel and Transanal Endorectal Pull-throughs for Hirschsprung' Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Miyake Hiromu , Hock Alison , Koike Yuhki , Yong Chen , Lee Carol , Li Bo , Pierro Agostino , Seo Shogo
Published: September 2017

Aim The Duhamel pull-through and transanal endorectal pull-through (TEPT) are commonly used for the treatment of Hirschsprung's disease (HD). To date, there has been no meta-analysis evaluating postoperative outcomes following Duhamel pull-through and TEPT. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to compare patient outcome after Duhamel pull-through and TEPT for HD.

Materials and Methods Original articles published between 1998 and 2016 were identified using the MEDLINE database. Studies comparing Duhamel pull-through and TEPT were included. Outcomes evaluated included incidence of postoperative constipation, incontinence/soiling, enterocolitis, anastomotic stricture, and leak. We analyzed dichotomous variables by estimating odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and continuous variables using the weighted mean difference with 95% CI. The meta-analysis was done using RevMan 5.3.

Result There were no randomized controlled trials. Seven observational clinical studies were included, comprising 260 cases of Duhamel pull-through and 170 cases of TEPT. Anastomotic stricture (OR = 0.10; 95%CI 0.02–0.48; p = 0.004) was lower following Duhamel pull-through than TEPT. There were no significant differences in the incidence of postoperative incontinence/soiling and anastomotic leak. After TEPT, postoperative constipation seems to be lower and enterocolitis higher compared with those after Duhamel pull-through; however, these differences are not significant when the follow-up period is equal between groups.

Conclusion The Duhamel pull-through seems to be associated with lower incidence of anastomotic stricture compared with TEPT. The effects of the two analyzed operative techniques on constipation and enterocolitis remain unclear. The quality of evidence supporting the above findings is suboptimal, indicating the need for prospective studies.
Evolution of Amplitude-Integrated Electroencephalogram as a Predictor of Outcome in Term Encephalopathic Neonates Receiving Therapeutic Hypothermia
Authors: Sewell Elizabeth , Vezina Gilbert , Chang Taeun , Tsuchida Tammy , Harris Kari , Ridore Michelande , Glass Penny , Massaro An
Published: September 2017

Objectives This study aims to evaluate the ability of (1) a novel amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) background evolution classification system; and (2) specific hour of life (HOL) cut points when observation of aEEG normalization and development of cycling can predict adverse neurological outcomes in infants with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).

Study Design Continuous aEEG data of term neonates with HIE were reviewed for background pattern and aEEG cycling from start of monitoring through rewarming. Infants were classified by overall background evolution pattern. Adverse outcomes were defined as death or severe magnetic resonance imaging injury, as well as developmental outcomes in a subset of patients. aEEG characteristics were compared between outcome groups by multivariate regression models, likelihood ratios (LR), and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses.

Results Overall, 80 infants receiving therapeutic hypothermia met the inclusion criteria. Background evolution pattern seemed to distinguish outcome groups more reliably than background pattern at discrete intervals in time (LR: 43.9, p value < 0.001). Infants who did not reach discontinuous background by 15.5 HOL, cycling by 45.5 HOL, and normalization by 78 HOL were most likely to have adverse outcomes.

Conclusion Evolution of aEEG in term neonates with HIE may be more useful for predicting outcome than evaluating aEEG at discrete intervals in time.
DNVF-Memorandum III „Methoden für die Versorgungsforschung“, Teil 3: Methoden der Qualitäts- und Patientensicherheitsforschung
Authors: Geraedts Max , Drösler Saskia , Döbler Klaus , Eberlein-Gonska Maria , Heller Günther , Kuske Silke , Manser Tanja , Sens Brigitte , Stausberg Jürgen , Schrappe Matthias
Published: September 2017

Das Deutsche Netzwerk Versorgungsforschung e.V. (DNVF) fördert seit Jahren die methodische Qualität von Versorgungsforschungsstudien auf der Basis von Memoranden und anderen Initiativen. Die Qualitäts- und Patientensicherheitsforschung (QPSF) gilt als Kerngebiet der Gesundheitsversorgungsforschung. Das vorliegende Memorandum erläutert wesentliche etablierte Fragestellungen und Methoden der QPSF. Vor dem Hintergrund der besonderen gesundheitspolitischen Bedeutung des Themas werden Methoden der Messgrößenentwicklung und -prüfung, die Risikoadjustierung, Methoden zur Erhebung von Patientensicherheitsdaten, Instrumente zur Analyse sicherheitsrelevanter Ereignisse und Methoden zur Evaluation der meist multiplen und komplexen QPSF-Interventionen behandelt. Zudem werden vordringliche Forschungsthemen benannt.
Gehört die Hand alleine in die Hand des
Handchirurgen?
Authors: Güven Asim , Kols Kerstin , Fischer Klaus , Schönberger Michael , Allert Sixtus
Published: September 2017

Hintergrund In Deutschland existiert die Zusatzbezeichnung Handchirurgie
als weiterführende Qualifikation für Fachärzte für Chirurgie, Plastische
Chirurgie sowie Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie. Dennoch werden Verletzungen und
Krankheiten der Hand auch durch Ärzte ohne diese Qualifikation versorgt. Es
stellt sich die Frage, ob durch diese Versorgung gegebenenfalls mehr
Behandlungsfehler auftreten.

Material und Methodik Es wurden die Daten von 376 Fällen von
Behandlungsfehlervorwürfen bei chirurgischen Eingriffen an der Hand und am
Unterarm, die in den Jahren 2014 und 2015 abgeschlossen wurden, durch die
Schlichtungsstelle für Arzthaftpflichtfragen der norddeutschen Ärztekammern
(Norddeutsche Schlichtungsstelle) zusammengestellt.

Die Fälle mit nachgewiesenen Behandlungsfehlern wurden anhand der Qualifikation
der behandelnden Ärzte unterteilt und analysiert. Eine statistische Auswertung
wurden mit Hilfe des Programm SPSS (IBM) durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse Ärztliche Behandlungsfehler mit einem daraus folgenden Schaden
wurden bei Fachärzten mit Zusatzbezeichnung Handchirurgie bei 42 von 113 von
Fällen festgestellt (37,2 %). Bei Fachärzten ohne diese Zusatzbezeichnung waren
es in der Gruppe der Unfallchirurgen und Orthopäden bei 79 von 155 (51,0 %) und
in der Gruppe der Allgemeinchirurgen bei 54 von 108 (50,0 %). Der Unterschied
zwischen den Handchirurgen und Unfallchirurgen und Orthopäden (p = 0,017) sowie
zwischen den Handchirurgen und Allgemeinchirurgen ist signifikant (p =
0,037).

Schlussfolgerung Fachärzten mit Zusatzweiterbildung Handchirurgie wurden
signifikant weniger ärztliche Behandlungsfehler nachgewiesen als Fachärzten ohne
diese Zusatzweiterbildung. Es lassen sich dabei folgende Trends bei den
Chirurgen ohne Zusatzbezeichnung Handchirurgie feststellen: Das Unterschätzen
der Schwere von Weichteilverletzungen und Infektionen der Hand, häufiger Fehler
in der handchirurgischen Untersuchung wie der Überprüfung der Funktion von
Sehnen und Nerven sowie in der diagnostischen Befunderhebung nach
Röntgenuntersuchungen der Hand.
Clinical Trial on the Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic Profiles in Diabetic Hemodialysis
Authors: Tamadon Mohammad Reza , Soleimani Alireza , Keneshlou Fariba , Mojarrad Malihe Zarrati , Bahmani Fereshteh , Naseri Afshin , Kashani Hamed Haddad , Hosseini Elahe Seyed , Asemi Zatollah
Published: September 2017

The current study was conducted to assess the effects of vitamin D supplementation on insulin metabolism, lipid fractions, biomarkers of inflammation, and oxidative stress in diabetic hemodialysis (HD) patients. This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out among 60 diabetic HD patients. Subjects were randomly allocated into two groups to intake either oral vitamin D3 supplements at a dosage of 50 000 IU (n=30) or placebo (n=30) every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks of intervention, subjects who received vitamin D supplements compared with the placebo had significantly decreased serum insulin concentrations (–3.4±3.7 vs. +2.0±4.2 μIU/ml, p<0.001), homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (–1.2±1.8 vs. +0.9±2.3, p<0.001), and improved quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) (+0.02±0.03 vs. –0.01±0.02, p<0.001). In addition, compared with the placebo, vitamin D supplementation led to significant reductions in serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (–1.4±2.5 vs. +1.4±4.8 mg/l, p=0.007), plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) (–0.1±0.2 vs. +0.1±0.2 μmol/l, p=0.009) and a significant increase in plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) concentrations (+33.8±56.7 vs. –2.0±74.5 mmol/l, p=0.04). We did not see any significant effect of vitamin D supplementation on lipid profiles and other biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress compared with the placebo. Overall, we found that vitamin D supplementation had beneficial effects on serum insulin, HOMA-IR, QUICKI, serum hs-CRP, plasma MDA, and TAC levels among diabetic HD patients for 12 weeks.

Clinical registration:

http://www.irct.ir: IRCT201611155623N92.
Long-lived non-equilibrium interstitial solid solutions in binary mixtures
Authors: Ríos de Anda Ioatzin , Turci Francesco , Sear Richard P. , Royall C. Patrick
Published: September 2017

We perform particle resolved experimental studies on the heterogeneous crystallisation process of two component mixtures of hard spheres. The components have a size ratio of 0.39. We compared these with molecular dynamics simulations of homogenous nucleation. We find for both experiments and simulations that the final assemblies are interstitial solid solutions, where the large particles form crystalline close-packed lattices, whereas the small particles occupy random interstitial sites. This interstitial solution resembles that found at equilibrium when the size ratios are 0.3 [L. Filion et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 168302 (2011)] and 0.4 [L. Filion, Ph.D. thesis, Utrecht University, 2011]. However, unlike these previous studies, for our system simulations showed that the small particles are trapped in the octahedral holes of the ordered structure formed by the large particles, leading to long-lived non-equilibrium structures in the time scales studied and not the equilibrium interstitial solutions found earlier. Interestingly, the percentage of small particles in the crystal formed by the large ones rapidly reaches a maximum of ∼14% for most of the packing fractions tested, unlike previous predictions where the occupancy of the interstitial sites increases with the system concentration. Finally, no further hopping of the small particles was observed.
A programmable nonlinear acoustic metamaterial
Authors: Yang Tianzhi , Song Zhi-Guang , Clerkin Eoin , Zhang Ye-Wei , Sun Jia-He , Su Yi-Shu , Chen Li-Qun , Hagedorn Peter
Published: September 2017

Acoustic metamaterials with specifically designed lattices can manipulate acoustic/elastic waves in unprecedented ways. Whereas there are many studies that focus on passive linear lattice, with non-reconfigurable structures. In this letter, we present the design, theory and experimental demonstration of an active nonlinear acoustic metamaterial, the dynamic properties of which can be modified instantaneously with reversibility. By incorporating active and nonlinear elements in a single unit cell, a real-time tunability and switchability of the band gap is achieved. In addition, we demonstrate a dynamic “editing” capability for shaping transmission spectra, which can be used to create the desired band gap and resonance. This feature is impossible to achieve in passive metamaterials. These advantages demonstrate the versatility of the proposed device, paving the way toward smart acoustic devices, such as logic elements, diode and transistor.
The potential regulatory effect of nitric oxide in plasma activated water on cell growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Tian Ying , Guo Jinsong , Wu Dong , Wang Kaile , Zhang Jue , Fang Jing
Published: September 2017

Plasma activated water (PAW) has shown a promising prospect for applications in the medical and food industries. In this study, the influence of nitric oxide radical (NO.) on the PAW regulatory capability was investigated. Electron paramagnetic resonance was employed to systematically detect the exact concentrations of NO. in PAW. It was observed that NO. concentration depended on plasma generation power, increasing with the augment of electrical parameters. Accordingly, the survival rates of S. cerevisiae were analyzed after PAW treatments, which had a negative correlation with NO. concentrations. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that NO. with low concentration in PAW had a promotive effect on cell growth, while NO. with high concentration in PAW had an inhibitory effect. It was speculated that NO. may be involved in the regulation of PAW on cell growth, which shed light on the further understanding in the interaction of PAW with biological cell.
Step-free GaN surfaces grown by confined-area metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Shelton Christopher T. , Bryan Isaac , Paisley Elizabeth A. , Sachet Edward , Ihlefeld Jon F. , Lavrik Nick , Collazo Ramón , Sitar Zlatko , Maria Jon-Paul
Published: September 2017

A two-step homoepitaxial growth process producing step-free surfaces on low dislocation density, Ga-polar ammonothermal GaN single crystals is described. Growth is conducted under very low supersaturation conditions where adatom incorporation occurs predominantly at step edges, and lateral growth is strongly preferred. The achievable step-free area is limited by the substrate dislocation density. For ammonothermal crystals with an average dislocation density of ∼1 × 104 cm−2, step-free mesas up to 200 × 200 μm2 in size are achieved. These remarkable surfaces create a unique opportunity to study the effect of steps on the properties and performance of semiconductor heterostructures.
Ethanol surface chemistry on MBE-grown GaN(0001), GaOx/GaN(0001), and Ga2O3(2¯01)
Authors: Kollmannsberger Sebastian L. , Walenta Constantin A. , Winnerl Andrea , Knoller Fabian , Pereira Rui N. , Tschurl Martin , Stutzmann Martin , Heiz Ueli
Published: September 2017

In this work, ethanol is used as a chemical probe to study the passivation of molecular beam epitaxy-grown GaN(0001) by surface oxidation. With a high degree of oxidation, no reaction from ethanol to acetaldehyde in temperature-programmed desorption experiments is observed. The acetaldehyde formation is attributed to a mechanism based on α-H abstraction from the dissociatively bound alcohol molecule. The reactivity is related to negatively charged surface states, which are removed upon oxidation of the GaN(0001) surface. This is compared with the Ga2O3(2¯01) single crystal surface, which is found to be inert for the acetaldehyde production. These results offer a toolbox to explore the surface chemistry of nitrides and oxynitrides on an atomic scale and relate their intrinsic activity to systems under ambient atmosphere.
In situ monitoring of water adsorption in active carbon using an oblique-incidence optical reflectance difference method
Authors: Zhan H. L. , Zhao K. , Lü H. B. , Zhu J. , Jin K. J. , Yang G. Z. , Chen X. H.
Published: September 2017

The adsorption of water molecules in active carbon in normal condition can be monitored in situ with an oblique-incidence polarization-modulated optical reflectance difference technique. The optical response cannot only characterize the time length of adsorption, but reveal the tendency of dielectric properties of active carbon during the adsorption process. Therefore, the whole adsorption can be described by the permittivity obtained by OIRD measurement. Such a technique is also effective under high ambient pressure and temperature because of the optical detection, indicating that the precise measurement carried with this technique can help in building adsorption theory system in some different conditions.
Thermoelectric anisotropy and texture of intercalated TiS2
Authors: Guilmeau E. , Barbier T. , Maignan A. , Chateigner D.
Published: September 2017

This study addresses the effect of anisotropy on the electrical and thermal properties of CuxTiS2 compounds. We show that the anisotropy of the electrical resistivity (ρcross-plane/ρin-plane > 1) tends to be reduced as the covalent character along c is increased with the Cu content. For all x values (x ≤ 0.1), the absolute value of S is always found to be higher in-plane than in the cross-plane direction due to band structure anisotropy, leading to higher in-plane power factor values. Interestingly, the κin-plane/κcross-plane thermal conductivity ratio, with values similar to the only data reported for TiS2 crystals, are always higher than ρcross-plane/ρin-plane. This anisotropy relation leads to equivalent zT values for the in-plane and cross-plane directions, reaching 0.35–0.5 at 800 K.
Measurements of correlations enhanced collision rates in the mildly correlated regime (Γ ∼ 1)
Authors: Anderegg F. , Dubin D. H. E. , Affolter M. , Driscoll C. F.
Published: September 2017

We measure the perpendicular-to-parallel collision rate ν⊥|| in laser cooled, magnetized ion plasmas in the mildly correlated regime of Γ∼ 1 and find collision rates enhanced by exp(Γ). This ν⊥|| enhancement due to correlations is directly analogous to the enhancement of fusion collisions in hot dense stellar plasmas, as first analyzed by Salpeter [Aust. J. Phys. 7, 373 (1954)]. The enhancement is caused by screening of the repulsive Coulomb potential between charges, allowing closer collisions for a given relative energy. The measurements indicate that the screening is done by thermal particles and allows us to rule out dynamical screening theories, which predict no enhancement to the collisions rate for Γ≲ 1.
Achieving a high cutting-off frequency in the oriented CoFe2O4 nanocubes
Authors: Song Ningning , Gu Shangzhi , Zhou Jun , Xia Weixing , Zhang Panpan , Gul Qeemat , Wang Wei , Yang Haitao , Cheng Zhaohua
Published: September 2017

An effective way for the improvement of resonance frequency was demonstrated by the orientation of CoFe2O4 nanocubes (NCs) after applying a magnetic field. The magnetic holography image of the oriented CoFe2O4 NC arrays was obtained, and the vortex domain structure was found in single CoFe2O4 NCs, which greatly depends on dipolar interactions. Moreover, the cutting-off frequency of oriented CoFe2O4 NCs of 8.8 GHz is achieved with a slight increase in permeability at an extremely low mass fraction (about 10%). This work provides an effective way for optimizing the high-frequency properties of magnetic nanomaterials above GHz.
The third-order structure function in two dimensions: The Rashomon effect
Authors: Cerbus Rory T. , Chakraborty Pinaki
Published: September 2017

We study the third-order longitudinal structure function, S3(r), in two-dimensional turbulence. In three dimensions, there is considerable theoretical, experimental, and numerical consensus regarding the validity of Kolmogorov’s arch-famous “45th law” for S3(r). By contrast, in two dimensions, two disparate cascades, changed dissipation anomalies, a large-scale drag, and other factors conspire to create several versions of the S3(r) “law.” This single quantity can vary considerably when viewed from different perspectives, reminiscent of the “Rashomon effect” in anthropology. After reviewing the history and usage of S3(r) in two-dimensional turbulence, we show that S3(r) generically embodies a mixture of energy and enstrophy fluxes. Building on this result, we derive S3(r) laws for freely decaying and forced two-dimensional turbulent flows, where we also account for the effects of a large-scale drag, an inextricable feature of quasi two-dimensional turbulence in experimental and atmospheric flows. We draw attention to the caution needed in interpreting S3(r) in two-dimensional turbulence.
Magnetic-field-angle dependence of coercivity in CoFeB/MgO magnetic tunnel junctions with perpendicular easy axis
Authors: Igarashi J. , Llandro J. , Sato H. , Matsukura F. , Ohno H.
Published: September 2017

We investigate the magnetization-reversal mode in CoFeB/MgO magnetic tunnel junctions with perpendicular easy axis from the magnetic-field-angle dependence of coercivity. The reversal in a free layer with diameter of ∼20 nm is found to be in a good agreement with coherent reversal mode for a device with a reference layer much larger than the free layer. However, the reversal mode is quite different in a junction in which the two layers are almost the same size. From micromagnetic simulation, the difference is attributed to the reduction of the magnetic anisotropy in the vicinity of the device edge.
Enhancement of light emission and internal quantum efficiency in orange and red regions for regularly arrayed InGaN/GaN nanocolumns due to surface plasmon coupling
Authors: Oto Takao , Kikuchi Kazuma , Okamoto Koichi , Kishino Katsumi
Published: September 2017

We demonstrate enhanced light emission in the orange and red regions from regularly arrayed InGaN/GaN nanocolumns due to the surface plasmon (SP) coupling. A maximum photoluminescence (PL) enhancement ratio of 5.2 is observed by coating the nanocolumns with an Au thin film. In addition, a 2.1-fold increase in the internal quantum efficiency is obtained. Comparison of an electromagnetic field simulation and a theoretical calculation based on the SP dispersion indicates that the SP originates from a standing wave mode arising from the periodic Au/dielectric interface. The column-diameter dependence of the PL enhancement ratio can be reasonably explained by considering the simulated electric field intensity. The periodic plasmonic nanostructure is effective for improving the emission efficiencies of InGaN-based light emitters in the orange and red regions.
Scientific bases and principles of obtaining carbon-metallic material by catalytic pyrolysis of ethanol
Authors: Akhmadiev G M
Published: September 2017

The method of producing of carbon-metal material in the form of mixture of carbon fibers and encapsulated in unstructured carbon particles of nickel in diameter from 10 to 150 nanometers catalytic pyrolysis of ethanol comprising the catalyst in the form of nickel oxide and magnesium applied on the surface of inert substrate and placed in theclosed sealed volume maintained at constant temperature is fed through the inlet manifoldethanol vapor andis removed through outlet manifold gaseous pyrolysis products, wherein ethanol vapor diluted with inert gas in a ratio ethanol: inert gas of 1:4 …5. The inert gas dilution use ethanol vapor argon. The catalyst is used in the form of alloy of nickel oxide (II) and magnesium in a weight ratio of NiO: MgO 4:1. The temperature is maintained constantly during synthesis of the form in the range of 600 to 750 °C. Synthesis was carried out under atmospheric pressure. The catalyst applied on the surface of inert substrate in the form of graphite foil is used in pulverized or granular state.
Receptor-mediated cell mechanosensing
Authors: Chen Yunfeng , Ju Lining , Rushdi Muaz , Ge Chenghao , Zhu Cheng
Published: September 2017

Mechanosensing describes the ability of a cell to sense mechanical cues of its microenvironment, including not only all components of force, stress, and strain but also substrate rigidity, topology, and adhesiveness. This ability is crucial for the cell to respond to the surrounding mechanical cues and adapt to the changing environment. Examples of responses and adaptation include (de)activation, proliferation/apoptosis, and (de)differentiation. Receptor-mediated cell mechanosensing is a multistep process that is initiated by binding of cell surface receptors to their ligands on the extracellular matrix or the surface of adjacent cells. Mechanical cues are presented by the ligand and received by the receptor at the binding interface; but their transmission over space and time and their conversion into biochemical signals may involve other domains and additional molecules. In this review, a four-step model is described for the receptor-mediated cell mechanosensing process. Platelet glycoprotein Ib, T-cell receptor, and integrins are used as examples to illustrate the key concepts and players in this process.
A deep learning and novelty detection framework for rapid phenotyping in high-content screening
Authors: Sommer Christoph , Hoefler Rudolf , Samwer Matthias , Gerlich Daniel W.
Published: September 2017

Supervised machine learning is a powerful and widely used method for analyzing high-content screening data. Despite its accuracy, efficiency, and versatility, supervised machine learning has drawbacks, most notably its dependence on a priori knowledge of expected phenotypes and time-consuming classifier training. We provide a solution to these limitations with CellCognition Explorer, a generic novelty detection and deep learning framework. Application to several large-scale screening data sets on nuclear and mitotic cell morphologies demonstrates that CellCognition Explorer enables discovery of rare phenotypes without user training, which has broad implications for improved assay development in high-content screening.
Are we rational?
Authors: Evans Jonathan St B. T.
Published: September 2017

Human thinking and reasoning can be compared with a ‘normative’ standard—a formal theory of right and wrong answers. The normative theories mostly applied are decision theory, probability theory, and logic. People frequently make errors by these standards and have been shown to have many cognitive biases. Does this mean that human beings must be intrinsically irrational? ‘Are we rational?’ considers different definitions of rationality: instrumental, epistemic, bounded, normative, ecological, and evolutionary rationality. It also asks how important is general intelligence in rationality? More recent psychological research suggests that both instrumental and epistemic rationality, defined by conventional means, are aided by a combination of general intelligence and rational thinking disposition.
From dual processes to two minds
Authors: Evans Jonathan St B. T.
Published: September 2017

There has been a large amount of attention to dual processing in psychology, but with many different theories and much variation in terminology. ‘From dual processes to two minds’ reviews Type 1 processing and the power of intuition, as well as Type 2 thinking, intelligence, and working memory. It asks if dual-process theories can explain cognitive biases, and whether there is one general theory of dual processing. It concludes by outlining a new ‘two minds’ theory. There might be an implicit system (System 1 or old mind) that is evolutionarily ancient and shared with other animals, and an explicit system (System 2 or new mind) that is predominantly (but not exclusively) human.
Competition Between Fusarium pseudograminearum and Cochliobolus sativus Observed in Field and Greenhouse Studies
Authors: Troth Erin E. Gunnink , Johnston Jeffrey A. , Dyer Alan T.
Published: September 2017

Among root pathogens, one of the most documented antagonisms is the suppression of Cochliobolus sativus by Fusarium (roseum) species. Unfortunately, previous studies involved single isolates of each pathogen and thus, provided no indication of the spectrum of responses that occur across the respective species. To investigate the variability in interactions between Cochliobolus sativus and Fusarium pseudograminearum, field and greenhouse trials were conducted that included monitoring of spring wheat plant health and monitoring of pathogen populations via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The interactions between two isolates of C. sativus and four isolates of F. pseudograminearum were explored in three geographically distinct wheat fields. To complement field trials and to limit potentially confounding environmental variables that are often associated with field studies, greenhouse trials were performed that investigated the interactions among and between three isolates of C. sativus and four isolates of F. pseudograminearum. Across field locations, C. sativus isolate Cs2344 consistently and significantly reduced Fusarium populations by an average of 20.1%. Similarly, F. pseudograminearum isolate Fp2228 consistently and significantly reduced C. sativus field populations by an average of 30.9%. No interaction was detected in the field between pathogen species with regards to disease or crop losses. Greenhouse results confirmed a powerful (>99%), broadly effective suppression of Fusarium populations by isolate Cs2344. Among greenhouse trials, additional isolate–isolate interactions were observed affecting Fusarium populations. Due to lower C. sativus population sizes in greenhouse trials, significant Fusarium suppression of C. sativus was only detected in one isolate–isolate interaction. This study is the first to demonstrate suppression of Fusarium spp. by C. sativus in field and greenhouse settings. These findings also reveal a complex competitive interaction between these two pathogen species that was previously unknown.
NLRC4 inflammasomopathies
Authors: Romberg Neil , Vogel Tiphanie P. , Canna Scott W.
Published: September 2017

Purpose of review

The purpose of the review is to highlight developments in autoinflammatory diseases associated with gain-of-function mutations in the gene encoding NLR-family CARD-containing protein 4 (NLRC4), the NLRC4-inflammasomopathies.

Recent findings

Three years since the identification of the first autoinflammation with infantile enterocolitis (AIFEC) patients, there is an improved understanding of how the NLRC4 inflammasome and interleukin 18 (IL-18) contribute to gut inflammation in myeloid and also intestinal epithelial cells. This information has opened new therapeutic avenues to treat AIFEC patients with targeted agents like recombinant IL-18 binding protein and antiinterferon-γ antibodies. Additional phenotypes traditionally associated with NLRP3 mutations like familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome and neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID), have now also been associated with gain-of-functionNLRC4mutations. Finally,NLRC4somatic mosaicism has now been identified in a NOMID and an AIFEC patient, a finding emphasizing nontraditional modes of inheritance in autoinflammatory diseases.

The NLRC4 inflammasomopathies constitute a growing autoinflammatory disease category that spans a broad clinical spectrum from cold urticaria to NOMID and the often fatal disease AIFEC. Rapid case identification with biomarkers like elevated serum IL-18 concentrations and early intervention with targeted immunomodulatory therapies are key strategies to improving outcomes for AIFEC patients.
Neutrophil extracellular traps in vasculitis, friend or foe?
Authors: Söderberg Daniel , Segelmark Mårten
Published: September 2017

Purpose of review

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) can be found at the sites of vascular lesions and in the circulation of patients with active small vessel vasculitis. Neutrophils from vasculitis patients release more NETs in vitro, and NETs have properties that can harm the vasculature both directly and indirectly. There are several ways to interfere with NET formation, which open for new therapeutic options. However, there are several types of NETs and different mechanisms of NET formation, and these might have different effects on inflammation. Here we review recent findings regarding the pathogenesis and therapeutic potentials of NETs in vasculitis.

Recent findings

Experimental mouse models support a role for NETs in promoting vascular damage, where histones and mitochondrial DNA appear to be driving forces. Impaired formation of NETs, however, in an SLE-like mouse model leads to more severe disease, suggesting that NETs can be important in limiting inflammation. Studies on drug-induced vasculitis reveal that levamisole can induce NETosis via muscarinic receptors, predisposing for the generation of autoantibodies, including antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA). This supports the notion that NETs can bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems.

NETs can participate in the pathogenesis of vasculitis, but in some models there also seem to be protective effects of NETs. This complexity needs further evaluation with experimental models that are as specific as possible for human primary vasculitis.
Closed reduction of congenital dislocation of the hip: prediction factors and results
Authors: Galek-Aldridge Michal S. , de Graeff Jan Jaap , Struijs Peter A.A.
Published: September 2017

From 2009 to 2015, 15 infants with a congenital dislocation of the hip were treated with closed reduction under anaesthesia, after first being treated with Pavlik bandaging. A retrospective study was carried out with a minimum follow-up of 1 year to assess the success rate of the procedure and predictive factors. Twelve out of 15 (80%) patients achieved successful reduction. In the successful cases, the Barlow test was positive and the safe zone was 20° or more. In the unsuccessful cases, there was a negative Barlow present in the outpatient clinic and the safe zone was less than 20°. These three cases all had teratologic comorbidity, and required additional surgery in the form of open reduction. Avascular necrosis was noted in one out of 15 (6.7%) patients. In nonteratologic hips, a positive Barlow test with a safe zone of 20° is predictive of a successful closed reduction. In these patients, anaesthesia and arthrography might not be necessary.
DCOne as an Allogeneic Cell-based Vaccine for Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Leaf Rebecca Karp , Stroopinsky Dina , Pyzer Athalia R. , Kruisbeek Ada M. , van Wetering Sandra , Washington Abigail , Ephraim Adam , Cole Leandra , Morin Adam , Jain Salvia , Nahas Myrna R. , Apel Arik , Arnason Jon , Hamdan Ayad , Rosenblatt Jacalyn , Avigan David
Published: September 2017

Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by progressive immune dysregulation, loss of myeloma-specific immunity, and an immunosuppressive milieu that fosters disease growth and immune escape. Accordingly, cancer vaccines that reverse tumor-associated immune suppression represent a promising therapeutic avenue of investigation. We examined the potential of an allogeneic cellular vaccine to generate immune responses against MM tumor cells. The DCOne vaccine is comprised of a human myeloid leukemia cell line differentiated into a fully functional dendritic cell, expressing a range of tumor-associated antigens that are also known targets in MM. We found that the myeloma-specific antigens expressed by the DCOne vaccine can traffic via extracellular vesicles to surrounding antigen-presenting cells, thus stimulating autologous T-cell responses. Indeed, coculture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with MM with the DCOne vaccine resulted in the expansion of activated CD8+ T cells expressing interferon-γ and perforin, with no significant change in the percentage of CD4+ T cells producing interleukin-10. Further, coculture of patient’s tumor cells with peripheral blood mononuclear cells and DCOne induced cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated killing of autologous MM cells. These findings demonstrate that the allogeneic DCOne vaccine can induce T-cell activation and myeloma-specific immunity via cross presentation of antigens by native antigen-presenting cells.