bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Erythrophagosomal haemolytic degradative pathway in rat brown adipocytes induced by hyperinsulinaemia: an ultrastructural study
Authors: GRUBIC M. , UKROPINA M. , CAKIC‐MILOSEVIC M. , KORAC A.
Published: November 2008

The phagocytosis and degradation of erythrocytes were studied in brown adipose tissue of experimentally hyperinsulinaemic rats. We found that insulin induces intensive erythrophagocytosis by brown adipocytes and their degradation by haemolytic pathway. Ultrastuctural study revealed that haemolytic degradation of erythrophagosomes was characterized by progressive and uniform decrease of erythrocyte matrix density. At the beginning of the degradative process small, clear vesicles resembling primary lysosomes were visible inside the erythrophagosome. With time, the erythrocyte structure totally disappeared and transformed into a fine, granular material within the erythrophagosomal vacuole. Finally, the erythrocyte membrane detached from the phagosomal and clumped into the vacuolar space forming one or several small myelin‐like figures. In conclusion, brown adipocytes are capable of performing intensive erythrophagocytic activity when brown adipose tissue is stimulated and blood flow is enhanced. The molecular basis for favouring a haemolytic instead of more common granular erythrophagosomal degradative pathway remains unknown.
Morphology and viscoelastic properties of sealing materials based on EPDM rubber
Authors: MILIĆ J. , AROGUZ A. , BUDINSKI‐SIMENDIĆ J. , RADIČEVIĆ R. , PRENDZOV S.
Published: November 2008

In this applicative study, the ratio of active and inactive filler loadings was the prime factor for determining the dynamic–mechanical behaviour of ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubbers. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the structure of reinforced dense and microcellular elastomeric materials. The effects of filler and blowing agent content on the morphology of composites were investigated. Microcellular samples cured in salt bath show smaller cells and uniform cell size compared with samples cured in hot air. Dynamic–mechanical thermal analysis showed appreciable changes in the viscoelastic properties by increasing active filler content, which could enable tailoring the material properties to suit sealing applications.
Fractographic analysis of fatigue damage in 7000aluminium alloys
Authors: CVIJOVIĆ Z. , VRATNICA M. , GERIĆ K.
Published: November 2008

In this paper, an attempt is made to correlate the fatigue damage in 7000 aluminium alloys with different impurity contents to the microstructural features and to explain their interdependence through fractographic observations. The Paris constants of these alloys in the form of hot‐forged plates subjected to the overaged T73 temper are evaluated and differences in the fatigue crack growth rate described by striation spacing measurements. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of fatigue fracture surfaces revealed that the type and morphological parameters of coarse intermetallic particles play a critical role in fatigue crack growth behaviour. The elemental distribution determined by means of energy‐dispersive spectroscopy analysis showed that the fractured particles accelerating the crack advances are larger particles of Fe‐rich phases. The fatigue crack growth rate increases considerably with increasing amounts of these particles. The smaller η, S and Mg2Si particles contribute beneficially to fatigue life.
Moisture and gamma‐ray irradiation effects on the mechanical properties of carbon fibre–reinforced plastics
Authors: SEKULIĆ D. , BOŽIĆ D. , BABIĆ B. , STAŠIĆ J. , STEVANOVIĆ M.
Published: November 2008

The effects of γ‐irradiation and moisture absorption on the mechanical properties of carbon fibres–epoxy resin composites were studied. The properties dominated by the matrix and fibre–matrix interface (interlaminar and in‐plane shear strength) were measured at room temperature using standard tests. These tests were carried out before and after exposures to gamma irradiation and before and after immersion in water at 80°C during 21 days. The dosage of gamma irradiation was up to 11.7 MGy. The micrographs of surfaces fractured in performed tests were observed on a scanning electron microscope. They were analyzed with consulting the stated effects on mechanical properties and the measured values of the glass transition temperature of tested coupons before and after irradiation and immersion in water. The obtained results show that moisture and irradiation, if they act one after the other, have a significant influence on the degradation of matrix‐dominated mechanical properties of the tested carbon–epoxy composite.
Modelling and experimental investigations of thin filmsof Mg phosphorus‐doped tungsten bronzes obtainedby ultrasonic spray pyrolysis
Authors: JOKANOVIĆ V. , NEDIĆ Z. , ČOLOVIĆ B.
Published: November 2008

In this study, the synthesis of thin films of Mg phosphorus doped tungsten bronzes (MgPTB; MgHPW12O40·29H2O) by the self‐assembly of nano‐structured particles of MgPTB obtained using the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method was investigated. As the precursor, MgPTB, prepared by the ionic exchange method, was used. Nano‐structured particles of MgPTB were obtained using the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. The nano‐structure of the particles used as the building blocks in the MgPTB thin film were investigated experimentally and theoretically, applying the model given in this article. The obtained data for the mean particle size and their size distribution show a high degree of agreement. These previously tailored particles used for the preparation of thin films during the next synthesis step, by their self‐assembly over slow deposition on a silica glass substrate, show how it is possible to create thin MgPTB films under advance projected conditions of the applied physical fields with a fully determined nanostructure of their building block particles, with a relatively small roughness and unique physical properties.
Nitric oxide regulates mitochondrial re‐modelling in interscapular brown adipose tissue: ultrastructural and morphometric‐stereologic studies
Authors: PETROVIĆ V. , KORAĆ A. , BUZADŽIĆ B. , VASILIJEVIĆ A. , JANKOVIĆ A. , MIĆUNOVIĆ K. , KORAĆ B.
Published: November 2008

As a complex, cell‐specific process that includes both division and clear functional differentiation of mitochondria, mitochondriogenesis is regulated by numerous endocrine and autocrine factors. In the present ultrastructural study, in vivo effects of l‐arginine‐nitric oxide (NO)‐producing pathway on mitochondriogenesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) were examined. For that purpose, adult Mill Hill hybrid hooded rats were receiving l‐arginine, a substrate of NO synthases (NOSs), or Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME), an inhibitor of NOSs, as drinking liquids for 45 days. All experimental groups were divided into two sub‐groups – acclimated to room temperature and cold. IBAT mitochondria were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and stereology. l‐Arginine treatment acted increasing the number of mitochondrial profiles per cell profile, as well as volume fraction of mitochondria per cell volume in animals maintained at room temperature. Cold‐induced enhancement of number of mitochondrial profiles per cell profile was additionally increased in l‐arginine‐treated rats. Ultrastructural examinations of l‐arginine‐treated cold‐acclimated animals clearly demonstrated thermogenically active mitochondria (larger size, lamellar, more numerous and well‐ordered cristae in their profiles), which however were inactive in l‐arginine‐receiving animals kept at room temperature (small mitochondria, tubular cristae). By contrast, l‐NAME treatment of rats acclimated to room temperature induced mitochondrial alterations characterized by irregular shape, short disorganized cristae and megamitochondria formation. These results showed that NO is a necessary factor for mitochondrial biogenesis and that it acts intensifying this process, but NO alone is not a sufficient stimulus for in vivo induction of mitochondriogenesis in brown adipocytes.
Comparison between light and electron microscopy in canine and feline renal pathology: a preliminary study
Authors: SCAGLIONE F.E. , CATALANO D. , BESTONSO R. , BROVIDA C. , D'ANGELO A. , ZANATTA R. , CORNAGLIA S. , CORNAGLIA E. , CAPUCCHIO M.T.
Published: November 2008

The aim of this study is to compare the accuracy and clinical use of light and transmission electron microscopy in detecting the early stages of renal pathologies in domestic animals. We examined 30 samples of renal tissue from cats and dogs referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Department of Animal Pathology for different systemic diseases. The progressions of the kidney pathologies were classified using the scheme system proposed by the International Renal Interest Society. All samples were submitted for conventional histology and ultrastructural examination. Our study shows that electron microscopy is necessary to complete the histological examinations, especially to define early stages of kidney diseases (minimal changes disease, epithelial tubular pathologies, tubular basement membrane and glomerular basement membrane changes). Electron microscopy can be more accurate in defining the level of focal lesion, and permits discrimination between different clinical and pathological alterations such as fibrillary deposits. In conclusion, transmission electron microscopy associated with clinical, histological, histochemical and immunological examinations, is an essential method for diagnosis and prognosis of renal disease.
Micromorphology of trichomes of Thymus malyi (Lamiaceae)
Authors: MARIN M. , KOKO V. , DULETIĆ‐LAUŠEVIĆ S. , MARIN P.D.
Published: November 2008

Micromorphological, ultrastructural and morphometric investigations of the trichomes of Thymus malyi were carried out using a light microscope, a scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope. Unbranched non‐glandular trichomes, peltate and capitate glandular trichomes were described. The leaves of Thymus malyi bear non‐glandular and glandular trichomes on both sides. Estimates of the volume density (i.e. their volume fraction per unit volume) of non‐glandular trichomes were higher as compared to volume density of peltate and capitate glandular trichomes. Estimates of the number of these trichomes per area on sections showed that the capitate trichomes were the most abundant. Ultrastructural analyses of cell inner structure have shown numerous mitochondria, big nuclei and plastids with lipid globules and starch grains.
Applicability of the energy dispersive x‐ray microanalysis for quantification of irregular calcium deposits on fruit and leaf cuticles
Authors: HUNSCHE M. , NOGA G.
Published: November 2008

In our studies, we evaluated the relation between CaCl2 concentration and the scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive x‐ray microanalysis parameters, net intensity, peak/background and standardized percentage of atoms and percentage of weight after application of single microdroplets on enzymatically isolated tomato fruit cuticles and apple seedling leaves. After analysis, the Ca/Cl ratio was calculated and the area ultimately covered with Ca and Cl within the droplet spread area determined. According to our findings, all evaluated parameters were influenced by both droplet volume and calcium chloride concentration, whereas Pearson's analysis revealed a strong correlation between net intensity and area ultimately covered by Ca or Cl, respectively. Simple linear regressions for net intensity, peak/background and Ca/Cl ratio showed variable determination coefficients (R2) ranging between 0.49 and 0.79. Multiple regression equations comprising net intensity, Ca/Cl ratio and deposit area were established to estimate the amount of calcium present on the cuticles. Equation slopes depended on droplet volumes, with determination coefficients of 0.89 and 0.81 for 0.5 and 1.0‐μL droplets, respectively. The importance of the physicochemical properties of the spray solution was exploited in another study where a hydrophobic or a hydrophilic adjuvant was added to a 10 g L−1 CaCl2 solution, which was applied to apple seedling leaves. The addition of adjuvants increased values of net intensity and peak/background, which correlated significantly with the area covered by calcium. The importance of the methodology for studies on the interaction between leaf applied fertilizers (also extended to agrochemicals) and the characteristics of target surfaces is discussed.
Semi‐thin sections of epoxy resin‐embedded mouse embryos in morphological analysis of whole mount in situ RNA hybridization
Authors: MITREČIĆ D. , ČUNKO V.F. , GAJOVIĆ S.
Published: November 2008

Descriptive morphological studies are often combined with gene expression pattern analyses. Unembedded vibratome or cryotome sections are compatible with in situ RNA hybridization, but spatial resolution is rather low for precise microscopic studies necessary in embryology. Therefore, use of plastic embedding media, which allow semi‐thin and ultra‐thin sectioning for light and electron microscopy, could be an important advantage. This work suggested a new approach based on the whole mount hybridization of mouse embryos and subsequent epoxy resin embedding. Epoxy resin allowed serial sectioning of semi‐thin sections with preserved in situ RNA hybridization signal, which was a necessary prerequisite for precise morphological analysis of embryo development.
Levels of plant cell wall structural organization revealed by atomic force microscopy
Authors: RADOTIĆ K. , DJIKANOVIĆ D. , BOGDANOVIĆ J. , VASILJEVIĆ‐RADOVIĆ D.
Published: November 2008

We used an atomic force microscope to image cell wall isolated from needles of Serbian spruce tree and that synthesized from cell wall components. We also observed the structure of lignin model polymer (DHP), as a best substitute for the natural lignin. A tendency of aggregate formation was observed in all samples. Cell wall was revealed as a laminated fibrous structure. General organization is similar in both isolated and synthesized cell wall samples, with dominating globular motifs arranged regularly as rods and forming cavities. The synthesized cell wall has a more regular structural organization than isolated cell wall. The dimensions of individual globular aggregates and pores differed between the two samples. DHP showed a similar, regular organization, with globular aggregates and holes. Globules and pores are smaller in size than the corresponding structures in both the isolated and synthesized cell walls. Such modular organization of cell walls may have a physiological role in response to the external mechanical stress caused to plant cells.
Morphological changes of poly(DI‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) nano‐particles containing ascorbic acid during in vitro degradation process
Authors: STEVANOVIĆ M. , JORDOVIĆ B. , USKOKOVIĆ D.
Published: November 2008

Poly(dl‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) powder composed of uniform particles with the mean particle size in the range of 110–170 nm was obtained from commercial granules. Ascorbic acid in different concentrations was encapsulated into the poly(dl‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) particles. Degradation of the latter in terms of morphological changes in the physiological solution was followed. Within a period of 2 months, the particles completely degrade and all the ascorbic acid is released. The samples were characterized by ultraviolet spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
Oral ganciclovir versus valganciclovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in high‐risk liver transplant recipients
Authors: Brady R.L. , Green K. , Frei C. , Maxwell P.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: This retrospective review compared oral valganciclovir (VGCV) 450 mg daily for 6 months versus oral ganciclovir (GCV) 1000 mg 3 times daily for 3 months in preventing cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease in high‐risk liver transplant recipients. We evaluated all CMV donor positive–recipient negative liver transplant recipients managed at University Health System in San Antonio, Texas from August 1996 to September 2006. CMV disease was confirmed by polymerase chain‐reaction or antigenemia assay, and CMV invasive disease by tissue biopsy. Patient demographics, laboratory results, complications, and therapies were collected via retrospective chart review. Patients <18 years of age or those who died during transplant admission were excluded. Primary endpoints included incidence, onset, and severity of CMV disease up to 1 year post transplant. Data collection also included patient demographics, immunosuppression, CMV treatment regimens, and relevant lab results. A total of 64 patients (43 VGCV and 21 GCV) were identified. Four patients developed CMV disease: VGCV (3/43, 7%) versus GCV (1/21, 5%) (P=1.0), with 1 VGCV patient experiencing tissue‐invasive CMV. In all cases, onset of CMV disease occurred after prophylaxis was discontinued. Onset occurred at 24, 27, and 45 weeks post transplant in the VGCV group, and at 26 weeks in the 1 patient on GCV. Four patients received rabbit anti‐thymocyte globulin (rATG) induction; 1 patient received rATG and developed CMV disease, with no statistical difference compared with the 3 remaining patients who received rATG but did not develop CMV disease (P=0.09). No difference was found in incidence of CMV disease between patients who received GCV and those who received VGCV at our institution.
Relationship between maternal and newborn anthropometric measurements in Sudan
Authors: Elshibly Eltahir M. , Schmalisch Gerd
Published: November 2008

Background:  The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between maternal and newborn anthropometry.

Methods:  In 1000 Sudanese mothers and newborns anthropometric measurements were taken within 24 h of birth. The relationship between maternal characteristics including age, years of education, social class and anthropometry, and newborn characteristics including gestational age, weight, body length, body circumference and skin‐fold thickness, was investigated on multiple regression with backward selection, and multivariate anova (where appropriate) to identify the most important associations.

Results:  Maternal age and anthropometry were significantly associated with newborn anthropometry to a variable extent. The strongest associations (R2 > 5–6%) were found for mid‐arm circumference, supine length and birthweight. The postpartum maternal lean body mass (LBM) was significantly associated with birthweight, body length and body circumference (P < 0.001), while skin‐fold thickness was mainly associated with maternal age and maternal body mass index (BMI). Gestational age was only weakly associated with the maternal height (R2 > 1.3%) and the association between maternal anthropometry and the ponderal index (PI) of the newborn was negligible (R2 < 1%). Maternal education was significantly associated with birthweight and body circumference (except the abdominal), and the PI and the latter increased significantly with increasing number of years of education. No association between social class and newborn anthropometry was obtained.

Conclusion:  There was a significant association between maternal LBM and newborn size and between maternal BMI and newborn fat stores. Maternal education and not social class was associated with newborn size.
Macrophage inflammatory protein‐1β and interleukin‐8 associated with idiopathic steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Kanai Takahiro , Yamagata Takanori , Momoi Mariko Y.
Published: November 2008

Background:  The cytokines associated with idiopathic steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome (ISSNS) have not been identified definitively, because previous studies had variable sampling and population heterogeneity. To clarify the cytokines involved, serum cytokine levels were measured using uniform sampling in a homogeneous population.

Methods:  Five children meeting the following criteria were included: (i) ISSNS; (ii) selectivity index <0.1; (iii) paired sera obtained in the nephrotic phase before steroid treatment (STx; group A) and in the remission phase under STx (group B); (iv) no infection; and (v) no immunosuppressant. Control groups were as follows: group C, four children with ISSNS in the remission phase without STx; group D, five with normal urinalysis; group E, five with symptomatic secondary nephrotic syndrome before STx. Cytokine levels were measured using bead‐based assay.

Results:  Serum macrophage inflammatory protein‐1β (MIP‐1β) levels were higher in group B compared to group A, and group C was lower than groups A and B. Serum interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) levels were higher in group A than in groups B and C, and groups B and C did not differ. With regard to both cytokine levels, there were no differences between groups C and D, and groups A and E.

Conclusion:  Serum MIP‐1β and IL‐8 are associated with the clinical status of ISSNS in children. A relationship between MIP‐1β and ISSNS has not been previously reported. The mechanism by which MIP‐1β and IL‐8 affect ISSNS is unclear. Nevertheless, the present findings are an interesting starting point for further investigations into the pathophysiology of ISSNS in children.
Usefulness of panoramic views for novice surgeons doing retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy
Authors: Naya Yukio , Nakamura Kazuyoshi , Araki Kazuhiro , Kawamura Koji , Kamijima Syuichi , Imamoto Takashi , Nihei Naoki , Suzuki Hiroyoshi , Ichikawa Tomohiko , Igarashi Tatsuo
Published: November 2008

Objectives:  Laparoscopic surgery is widely accepted for managing renal disease. Thus, the system used to educate and train novice surgeons in laparoscopic surgery becomes important to reduce the risks of surgery during their training. A prospective study was carried out to determine the usefulness of using panoramic views during laparoscopic surgery.

Methods:  Between April 2004 and March 2007, four novice surgeons started learning laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: two carried out surgery without panoramic views and two used panoramic views. Operating time and blood loss for the initial 10 cases of each surgeon were compared. Panoramic views were obtained by interlacing each video frame of the video images electronically; the images were then processed and displayed during each step of laparoscopic surgery.

Results:  Panoramic, real‐time views could be obtained, and they served as navigation maps. The learning curve of surgeons using the panoramic views was shorter than that of surgeons who did not use panoramic views. Time to ligation of renal artery from port placement and the operating time was shorter (69.0 ± 21.5 min vs 106.8 ± 44.9 min, P = 0.0016, 212 ± 42 min vs 254 ± 46 min, P = 0.0489, respectively) and the estimated blood loss was less for the surgeons who used panoramic views (87 ± 109 mL vs 334 ± 268 mL, P = 0.0005).

Conclusion:  Panoramic views during laparoscopic surgery shortened operating time and reduced blood loss, indicating their usefulness in assisting novice surgeons to carry out procedures safely and accurately.
Plastic and reconstructive surgery in Uganda – 10 years experience
Authors: HODGES SARAH , WILSON JOANNA , HODGES ANDREW
Published: November 2008

We describe our experience of working in plastic and reconstructive surgery in Uganda over the last 10 years. There is a high burden of disease, a health system that is under resourced, and few qualified physicians to provide healthcare for a principally rural population. Training the physicians of the future is essential. Prevention and early wound management needs to be emphasized for traumatic injuries including burns. Subsidized up‐country visits by trained specialists with the appropriate equipment are required to provide a service for the rural poor. There appears to be a high mortality rate in babies with unrepaired cleft palate, probably due to feeding difficulties in an environment where intercurrent illness is common. We now offer nutritional support with early combined cleft lip and palate repair in these babies, a practice that has a high success rate and may be suited to other specialist units in the developing world.
Comparison of Structural Deterioration Models for Stormwater Drainage Pipes
Authors: Tran D. H. , Perera B. J. C. , Ng A.W.M.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Structural deterioration of pipes is the continuing reduction of load bearing capacity, which can be characterized through structural defects. Structural deterioration has been a major concern for asset managers in maintaining the required performance of stormwater drainage systems in Australia. Condition assessment using closed circuit television (CCTV) inspection is often carried out to assess the deteriorating condition of individual pipes. In this study, two models were developed using ordered probit and neural networks (NNs) techniques for predicting the structural condition of individual pipes. The predictive performances were compared using CCTV data collected for a local government authority in Melbourne, Australia. The significant input factors to the outputs of both models were also identified. The results showed that the NN model was more suitable for modeling structural deterioration than the ordered probit model. The hydraulic condition, pipe size, and pipe location were found to be significant factors for this case study.
Symptomatic stenosis of the vertebrobasilar arteries: results of extra‐ and intracranial stent‐PTA
Authors: Seifert T. , Augustin M. , Klein G. E. , Horner S. , Niederkorn K. , Fazekas F.
Published: November 2008

Background and purpose:  About half of all transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) or strokes in the posterior circulation are caused by the arterial stenosis. The purposes of this study were to determine the safety of stent‐assisted percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (stent‐PTA) and its efficacy for the prevention of recurrent stroke in patients with symptomatic artery stenosis in the extra‐ and intracranial posterior circulation.

Methods:  Forty‐six patients with a previous stroke or TIA who received balloon‐mounted coronary stents for vertebral artery origin stenosis (VAOS; 29 patients) or self‐expanding nitinol stents for vertebrobasilar intracranial stenosis (VBIS; 17 patients) were followed‐up for a mean of 24.1 (VAOS) and 12.7 (VBIS) months.

Results:  When all cause morbidity/mortality within 30 days from stent‐PTA and stroke or death from stroke in the treated vascular territory during the first 12 months of follow‐up are combined, the incidence of periprocedural complications and disease progression for the first year is 10.3% in VAOS patients and 17.6% in the VBIS group. Vessel restenosis ≥50% was found in 52.0% of VAOS and in 32.1% of VBIS patients who completed 6 months follow‐up.

Conclusions:  We observed a higher periprocedural complication rate for patients with VBIS and a higher rate of restenosis in VAOS patients after stent‐PTA for symptomatic artery stenosis.
Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination validation in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Reyes M. A. , Lloret S. P. , Gerscovich E. R. , Martin M. E. , Leiguarda R. , Merello M.
Published: November 2008

Background:  There is a clear need for brief, sensitive and specific cognitive screening instruments in Parkinson’s disease (PD).

Objectives:  To study Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE) validity for cognitive assessment of PD patient’s using the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS) as reference method. A specific scale for cognitive evaluation in PD, in this instance the Scales for Outcomes of Parkinson’s disease – Cognition (SCOPA‐COG), as well as a general use scale the Mini‐mental state examination (MMSE) were also studied for further correlation.

Methods:  Forty‐four PD patients were studied, of these 27 were males (61%), with a mean (SD) age of 69.5 (11.8) years, mean (SD) disease duration of 7.6 (6.4) years (range 1–25), mean (SD) total Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) score 37 (24) points, UPDRS III 16.5 (11.3) points. MDRS, ACE and SCOPA‐COG scales were administered in random order. All patients remained in on‐state during the study. Results: Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination correlated with SCOPA‐COG (r = 0.93, P < 0.0001), and MDRS (r = 0.91 P < 0.0001) and also with MMSE (r = 0.84, P < 0.001). Area under the receiver‐operating curve, taking MDRS as the reference test, was 0.97 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.92–1.00] for ACE, 0.92 (95% CI: 0.83–1.00) for SCOPA‐COG and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.83–1.00) for MMSE. Best cut‐off value for ACE was 83 points [Sensitivity (Se) = 92%; Specificity (Sp) = 91%; Kappa concordance (K) = 0.79], 20 points for the SCOPA‐COG (Se = 92%; Sp = 87%; K = 0.74) and 26 points for MMSE (Se = 61%; Sp = 100%; K = 0.69).

Conclusion:  Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination appears to be a valid tool for dementia evaluation in PD, with a cut‐off point which should probably be set at 83 points, displaying good correlation with both the scale specifically designed for cognitive deficits in PD namely SCOPA‐COG, as well as with less specific tests such as MMSE.
Scale Theory, Serial Theory and Voice Leading
Authors: Tymoczko Dmitri
Published: November 2008

Efficient voice leading, in which melodic lines move by short distances from chord to chord, is a hallmark of many different Western musical styles. Although musicians can often find maximally efficient voice leadings with relative ease, theorists have not adequately described general principles or procedures for doing so. This article formalises the notion of voice leading, shows how to classify voice leadings according to transpositional and inversional equivalence and supplies algorithms for identifying maximally efficient voice leadings between arbitrarily chosen chords. The article also includes analytical and theoretical discussions of neo‐Riemannian theory, the ‘tritone substitution’ in contemporary jazz, the music of Wagner and Debussy, the relation between harmony and counterpoint and the connections between scale theory and serial theory.
Paradoxes ofPitchSpace
Authors: Brower Candace
Published: November 2008

Parallels between the mathematics of tiling, which describes geometries of visual space, and neo‐Riemannian theory, which describes geometries of musical space, make it possible to show that certain paradoxes featured in the visual artworks of M. C. Escher also appear in the pitch space modelled by the neo‐RiemannianTonnetz. This article makes these paradoxes visually apparent by constructing an embodied model of triadic pitch space in accordance with principles drawn from the mathematics of tiling, on the one hand, and from cognitive science, on the other – specifically, the notion that our experience of pitch relationships is governed in part by the metaphorical projection of patterns abstracted from embodied experience known as image schemas. These paradoxes are illustrated with reference to passages drawn from four compositions to whose expressive character such paradoxes contribute: the fifteenth‐century motet ‘Absalon fili mi’; the finale of Haydn's String Quartet in G major, Op. 76 No. 1; Brahms's Intermezzo in B minor, Op. 119 No. 1; and Wagner'sParsifal.
ALSTON ON BELIEF AND ACCEPTANCE IN RELIGIOUS FAITH1
Authors: VAHID HAMID
Published: November 2008

In this paper, I shall examine William Alston's influential view that the cognitive element in religious faith should be identified with ‘acceptance’ rather than ‘belief’. Although I am sympathetic to Alston's reluctance to regard belief as essential to faith, I shall argue that one can redescribe the cases that Alston invokes in support of his claim in terms of the standard notion of degrees‐of‐belief without loss. It will be further argued that, given Alston's constraints, his notion of acceptance, if not identical to belief, is at least a species of belief.
Recruitment of mitochondria into apoptotic signaling correlates with the presence of inclusions formed by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis‐associated SOD1 mutations
Authors: Soo Kai Y. , Atkin Julie D. , Horne Malcolm K. , Nagley Phillip
Published: November 2008

Mutations in Cu, Zn‐superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) are associated with degeneration of motor neurons in the disease, familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Intracellular protein inclusions containing mutant SOD1 (mSOD1) are associated with disease but it is unclear whether they are neuroprotective or cytotoxic. We report here that the formation of mSOD1 inclusions in a motor neuron‐like cell line (NSC‐34) strongly correlates with apoptosis via the mitochondrial death pathway. Applying confocal microscopic analyses, we observed changes in nuclear morphology and activation of caspase 3 specifically in cells expressing mSOD1 A4V or G85R inclusions. Furthermore, markers of mitochondrial apoptosis (activation and recruitment of Bax, and cytochrome c redistribution) were observed in 30% of cells bearing mSOD1 inclusions but not in cells expressing dispersed SOD1. In the presence of additional apoptotic challenges (staurosporine, etoposide, and hydrogen peroxide), cells bearing mSOD1 inclusions were susceptible to further apoptosis suggesting they were in a pro‐apoptotic state, thus confirming that inclusions are linked to toxicity. Surprisingly, cells displaying dispersed SOD1 [both wildtype (WT) and mutant] were protected against apoptosis upstream of mitochondrial apoptotic signaling, induced by all agents tested. This protection against apoptosis was unrelated to SOD1 enzymatic activity because the G85R that lacks enzymatic function protected cells similarly to both WT SOD1 and A4V that possesses WT‐like activity. These findings demonstrate new aspects of SOD1 in relation to cellular viability; specifically, mSOD1 can be either neuroprotective or cytotoxic depending on its aggregation state.
DEEPLY COLOURED AND BLACK GLASS IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE: DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION BEFORE AND AFTER ad 150*
Authors: VAN DER LINDEN V. , COSYNS P. , SCHALM O. , CAGNO S. , NYS K. , JANSSENS K. , NOWAK A. , WAGNER B. , BULSKA E.
Published: November 2008

In this work we attempt to elucidate the chronological and geographical origin of deeply coloured and black glass dating between 100 bc and ad 300 on the basis of their major and trace element compositions. Samples from the western and eastern parts of the Roman Empire were analysed. Analytical data were obtained by means of a scanning electron microscope – energy‐dispersive system (SEM–EDS, 63 samples analysed) and laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS, 41 samples analysed). Among the glass fragments analysed, dark brown, dark purple and dark green hues could be distinguished. Only among the dark green fragments could a clear compositional distinction be observed between fragments dated to the periods before and after ad 150. In the early samples (first century bc to first century ad), iron, responsible for the green hue, was introduced by using impure sand containing relatively high amounts of Ti. In contrast, a Ti‐poor source of iron was employed, containing Sb, Co and Pb in trace quantities, in order to obtain the dark green colour in the later glass samples. The analytical results obtained by combining SEM–EDS and LA–ICP–MS are therefore consistent with a differentiation of glassmaking recipes, detectable in glass composition, occurring in the period around ad 150.
Echocardiographic Feature of Aortic Arch Pseudoaneurysm Resulting from Spontaneous Aortic Rupture
Authors: Sun Dandan , Ren Weidong , Tang Li , Chen Xin , Ma Chunyan , Li Nan
Published: November 2008

Atraumatic, spontaneous aortic rupture is a rare but potentially lethal event. In this report, we present two unusual cases of aortic arch pseudoaneurysm resulting from spontaneous aortic rupture. The appearance of aortic arch pseudoaneurysm and the rupture area was clearly visualized with echocardiography, as well as by three‐dimensional reconstruction of multislice computed tomography (3DCT) images.
Application of Landsat satellite imagery to monitor land‐cover changes at the Athabasca Oil Sands, Alberta, Canada
Authors: GILLANDERS STEVE N. , COOPS NICHOLAS C. , WULDER MICHAEL A. , GOODWIN NICHOLAS R.
Published: November 2008

A major advantage of satellite remote sensing is that the imagery acquired provides a synoptic view of the landscape. Thus, repeat coverage by the satellite on a regular basis permits the detection of changes in land‐cover over time. This study demonstrates the application of remote sensing technology to the monitoring of mining activities at the Athabasca Oil Sands region of Alberta, Canada. First, we describe the techniques used to match a time sequence of Landsat imagery, both spatially and spectrally, to ensure that the spectral changes through time are due to land‐cover variations. A series of spectral trajectories were then extracted to assess changes in land‐cover through time. Secondly, a land‐cover classification was produced from the baseline 1984 imagery and, using historic and future mine extents, the classification was analyzed to determine the proportion of each land‐cover type affected through development. Results of the analysis indicate that since 1984 there has been a larger reduction in mixedwood dense and broadleaf vegetation classes than mixedwood sparse or dense conifer stands in the area. Based on the delineations of mine‐site activity, the area of woodland and wetland habitat subject to development has increased from approximately 2,520 hectare (ha) in 1984 to 32,930 ha in 2005.
Sample Size Determination for Categorical Responses
Authors: Mavridis Dimitris , Aitken Colin G.G.
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  Procedures are reviewed and recommendations made for the choice of the size of a sample to estimate the characteristics (sometimes known as parameters) of a population consisting of discrete items which may belong to one and only one of a number of categories with examples drawn from forensic science. Four sampling procedures are described for binary responses, where the number of possible categories is only two, e.g., licit or illicit pills. One is based on priors informed from historical data. The other three are sequential. The first of these is a sequential probability ratio test with a stopping rule derived by controlling the probabilities of type 1 and type 2 errors. The second is a sequential variation of a procedure based on the predictive distribution of the data yet to be inspected and the distribution of the data that have been inspected, with a stopping rule determined by a prespecified threshold on the probability of a wrong decision. The third is a two‐sided sequential criterion which stops sampling when one of two competitive hypotheses has a probability of being accepted which is larger than another prespecified threshold. The fifth procedure extends the ideas developed for binary responses to multinomial responses where the number of possible categories (e.g., types of drug or types of glass) may be more than two. The procedure is sequential and recommends stopping when the joint probability interval or ellipsoid for the estimates of the proportions is less than a given threshold in size. For trinomial data this last procedure is illustrated with a ternary diagram with an ellipse formed around the sample proportions. There is a straightforward generalization of this approach to multinomial populations with more than three categories. A conclusion provides recommendations for sampling procedures in various contexts.
Combining plant and animal traits to assess community functional responses to disturbance
Authors: Moretti Marco , Legg Colin
Published: November 2008

There is a general consensus that functional traits are reliable indicators of adaptation of organisms to particular environmental characteristics. In this study we relate the combined distributions of species traits of plants and animals to disturbance regimes in chestnut forests of southern Switzerland affected by regular winter fires. We used co‐inertia analysis for combining the trait response of 471 invertebrate species (117 001 individuals) and 81 plant species at 23 sites with different fire and cutting histories. Trait response was assessed by calculating the variation in weighted mean traits averaged over the communities and by using mean traits in multivariate analyses. The analysis showed a strong association between plant and animal traits under fire constraints (Monte‐Carlo test, p=0.0045). Plants and animal distributions show parallel trends in responses to fire which selects traits relating to persistence (ability to survive), resilience (ability to recover) and mobility. Warmth‐demanding insects, herbivores, flying carnivores and pollinators were associated with recent fires, as were annual, ruderal and light‐demanding plant species with long flowering duration. Small arthropods feeding on dead wood and those with narrow habitat requirements were associated with low fire frequency and unburnt sites, as were competitive plants with large seeds favoring moist sites. The spatial association between plant and animal traits reflected adaptations that promote survival in the disturbance regime, while the disturbance acts as an environmental filter on the distribution and assemblage of the trait values within communities.

This combined analysis of plant and invertebrate traits distributions illustrates how community and ecosystem responses can be monitored and the results generalized across localities and disturbance types. Analyses of traits that cross trophic levels provide powerful and promising tools for validating management procedures and controlling ecosystem functions.
Conservation biogeography of large Mediterranean islands. Butterfly impoverishment, conservation priorities and inferences for an ecologica “island paradigm”
Authors: Dapporto Leonardo , Dennis Roger L. H.
Published: November 2008

Conservation biogeography is considered the Cinderella of biological conservation. Nevertheless biogeography provides the basis for establishing species distributions over space and time, therefore conservation priorities among areas and individual species. We demonstrate that there is no need to simplify analyses by using subsets of species (rare species, endemics) as surrogates. In doing so, we apply strict biogeographical techniques to determine butterfly impoverishment on three of the west Mediterranean's largest islands (Sardinia, Corsica and Sicily). The analyses performed on species, both collectively and individually, reveal that regional species richness in the Mediterranean zone can be largely predicted by latitude, altitude and latitudinal range (maximum minus minimum latitude), but that Sardinia and Corsica have clearly impoverished faunas. Logistic regression at individual species level demonstrates that several species, predicted to be present in these islands on the basis of their continental distributions, are actually absent. When compared with species that are present in these islands, such missing species are disclosed as having ecological traits which reduce their colonization capability. Probabilities of occurrence are calculated for each species on each island; they reflect the potential for each butterfly species to migrate to and colonise each island, and can be considered as a measure of conservation value. As such, species present on islands but having low immigration probabilities are predicted to represent isolated populations from the mainland that are unlikely to re‐colonize the islands in the case of extinction. Island endemic species and races are shown to have lower occurrence probabilities compared to widespread species occurring on islands and illustrate the usefulness of occurrence probabilities for identifying isolated populations in need of conservation attention.
Pagetoid reticulosis (Woringer‐Kolopp disease)
Authors: Lichte Verena , Ghoreschi Kamran , Metzler Gisela , Möhrle Mathias , Geyer Annette , Röcken Martin , Schaller Martin
Published: November 2008

Pagetoid reticulosis (Woringer‐Kolopp disease) is a rare subtype of cutaneous CD8‐positive T‐cell lymphoma. A 41‐year‐old man presented with a 7‐year history with a slowly progressive erythematous plaque on his right buttocks. With the working diagnosis of psoriasis, he was treated with topical corticosteroids which produced no improvement. Histological examination showed an epidermotropic T‐cell lymphoma with predominance of CD8‐ vs.CD4‐positive lymphocytes. Based on the clinical picture and the histological findings, we diagnosed pagetoid reticulosis. Excision of the plaque and cream PUVA photo‐chemotherapy produced long‐term remission.
Micronutrient sprinkles add more bioavailable iron to some Kenyan complementary foods: studies using an in vitro digestion/Caco‐2 cell culture model
Authors: Lung'aho Mercy G. , Glahn Raymond P.
Published: November 2008

Iron deficiency anaemia is arguably the most important public health problem in developing countries. In Sub‐Saharan Africa, iron deficiency anaemia has largely been attributed to poor infant feeding practices where complementary foods low in iron bioavailability are offered to at‐risk infants. Home fortification of complementary foods using micronutrient Sprinkles has been shown to reduce iron deficiency anaemia in many resource‐poor settings. In this study, the benefit of using the micronutrient Sprinkles as a home fortificant for some Kenyan complementary foods was assessed using an in vitro Caco‐2 cell model. In each case when micronutrient Sprinkles were added to the complementary food, the amount of Caco‐2 cell ferritin formation increased. For example, the addition of Sprinkles to corn porridge increased ferritin formation 5‐fold from 5.8 to 31.8 ng mg−1. Therefore, as indicated by the results, micronutrient Sprinkles would be a suitable form of home fortification for Kenyan complementary foods. Their use should be encouraged so as to improve infant feeding practices in Kenya.
Liquidity traps with global Taylor Rules
Authors: Schmitt‐Grohé Stephanie , Uribe Martín
Published: November 2008

An important theme in the writings of Jess Benhabib is the global stability of equilibrium in monetary economies. A key result emerging from his research is that Taylor‐type interest rate feedback rules that are bounded below by zero can lead to unintended liquidity traps. The present paper shows that even if the interest rate rule is not bounded below by zero, that is, even if the government could credibly commit to a globally active Taylor rule, self‐fulfilling liquidity traps cannot be ruled out. This result is shown to obtain in models with flexible and sticky prices and under continuous and discrete time.
Cultural transmission, socialization and the population dynamics of multiple‐trait distributions
Authors: Bisin Alberto , Topa Giorgio , Verdier Thierry
Published: November 2008

This paper studies the population dynamics of multiple preference traits in a model of intergenerational cultural transmission. Parents socialize and transmit their preferences to their children with endogenous intensities. Populations concentrated on a single cultural group are in general not stable. There is a unique stable stationary distribution, and it supports two or more cultural groups, in particular those with greater intolerance with respect to others' traits. The larger the heterogeneity of intolerance levels across cultural groups, the smaller the number of traits that are supported in the stable stationary distribution.