bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rolling Bearing Material Quality Fatigue Testing - Material Quality Life Factors
Authors: Gabelli A , Ioannides S , Beswick J , de Wit G , Krock H , Korenhof B , Kerrigan A
Published: September 2009

The rolling contact fatigue testing of low oxygen, high quality, rolling bearing steels is a major challenge to steel makers, bearing producers and end users. Material specimen based rolling contact fatigue tests were used for a number of years, mainly as acceptance tests. Often in this type of test, the applied contact stress exceeds the stress normally found in rolling bearing applications and also exceeds the limit stress for rapid cyclic micro-plastic groove formation in the rolling contact. For these reasons the established methods have limited ability to discriminate material quality effects in modern high cleanliness rolling bearing materials. Furthermore, the results of tests based on a material specimen are difficult to translate into life calculation factors for the bearings. In this paper a novel test method is presented and used to determine the effect of steel internal cleanliness on the performance of rolling bearings. To achieve this result considerable care is required in the preparation of the test elements, the selection of the specific test conditions and in the analysis of the results. This work also led to an ability to determine the dependence of steel quality on the steel making processes. Material cleanliness is characterized using the statistics of extreme values of the micro-inclusion size population allowing the steel cleanliness quality rating to be related directly to the fatigue performance of rolling bearings through the introduction of a material cleanliness factor η. The expected bearing life performance for materials with different inclusion size ratings can thus be calculated. Results correlate well with measurements demonstrating that the quality rating of the material can now be reliably included in standard bearing life calculations.
ASTM C 1036: Does It Work for Field Inspections of Surface Blemishes?
Authors: Mazula TW , Hennings I
Published: September 2009

Glass can be damaged after installation, and often the home or building owner is left trying to determine if the resulting surface damage is acceptable. Glass quality is addressed in ASTM C1036, Standard Specification for Flat Glass. However, this standard is not intended for use in the field. It is useful for the proper specification of glass quality, and in lieu of any other field inspection standards, parts of ASTM C1036 are helpful in defining acceptable scratch criteria.
PC-Based Stress-Measuring System for On-Line Quality Control of Tempered and Heat-Strengthened Glass
Authors: Redner AS
Published: September 2009

A new PC-based stress measuring system was developed for measuring edge-stress in tempered glass. The system is based on the Spectral-Contents Analysis method, modified to permit the very high-speed data acquisition needed for measuring stress in a moving item, within a region where the stress gradient is high.
Testing of Annealed Glass with Anchored-Film Glass Retention Systems for Fallout Protection After Thermal Stress Cracking
Authors: Kaskel BS , Pearson JE , Schmidt MK , Pelletier RE
Published: September 2009

Recently adopted ASTM Standard Test E 1886-97, “Standard Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, and Storm Shutters Impacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure Differentials” and its accompanying specification, E 1996-99, “Standard Specification for Performance of Exterior Windows, Glazed Curtain Walls, Doors, and Storm Shutters Impacted by Windborne Debris in Hurricanes” are used to determine the the performance of exterior fenestration elements when subjected to hurricane-like conditions. The intent of these standards is to minimize property or personal loss due to the breaching of fenestration elements in a hurricane.

Protective systems for both new and existing buildings have been developed in response to these new standards. One possible application for existing building glass is an anchored-film system. This system relies on a polyester film adhered to the existing glass. The film is anchored around the glass perimeter to the window frame.

An existing building with a history of thermal stress glass breakage required a system to safeguard against the possibility of glass fallout. Testing was necessary to determine the effectiveness of an anchored-film system for this application. The aforementioned ASTM standards were consulted; however, the cause of cracking, the nature of anticipated wind loads, and the pass/fail criteria were significantly different from those presented in these standards. Test criteria were developed by the authors to simulate the cracked glass, to apply appropriate loads and to measure the degree of fallout protection. This paper summarizes the development, implementation, and results of the test program, thereby demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of anchored-film systems for this unique application.
Planning Soil Dynamics Instrumentation
Authors: Selig E. T. , Joyce R. P.
Published: September 2009

This paper provides a guide to instrumentation planning for soil dynamics measurements. The total instrumentation system is outlined, and each of the basic parts including transducers, conditioning and recording instruments, and calibration systems is discussed. The objective is to provide soils engineers with a review of modern instrumentation equipment and procedures to assist in selecting and organizing a total instrumentation plan for multichannel recording.
The Development of a Free-Field Soil Stress Gage for Static and Dynamic Measurements
Authors: Ingram J. K.
Published: September 2009

Many problems are inherent in measuring stresses in granular materials such as soils. The presence of an inclusion such as a gage disrupts the stress field, causing either stress concentration or stress relief depending on whether the inclusion is more or less stiff than the medium. This phenomenon can seriously affect gage registration. Inertial effects must also be taken into consideration in designing a gage for dynamic measurements. This paper describes the work of the Waterways Experiment Station during the past 2 1/2 years in developing a free-field soil stress gage to minimize these problems. Two different gage sizes were developed. Both sizes use piezoresistive strain gages bonded to stiff diaphragms as sensing elements. Fluid calibrations for the gages are linear to at least 500 psi. Dynamic rise times are approximately 6 μsec. Results of laboratory calibrations in dry sand, and of field measurements during a 500-ton TNT test are presented.
A Hydraulic Earth Pressure Cell
Authors: Peaker K. R.
Published: September 2009

A simple, inexpensive hydraulic earth pressure cell is described. Pressure on the cell diaphragm causes fluid contained in the cell to be expelled into a nylon tube. The fluid level in the tube can be correlated with the pressure on the diaphragm. The cells have been tested over a three year period under simulated field conditions.
Various Modes of Wear and Their Controlling Factors
Authors: Bisson E. E.
Published: September 2009

The paper discusses the various modes of wear, the mechanisms involved in each, and the mitigation of wear in some of the modes. The various modes of wear included are: (1) adhesion, (2) abrasion, (3) corrosion, and (4) surface fatigue. Fretting (fretting corrosion or friction oxidation) is a special combination of adhesive, corrosive, and abrasive wear. Adhesive wear is one of the most prevalent types of wear. It can best be explained using the adhesion theory of friction, which is based on contact of surfaces through asperities. Welding occurs at the contacting asperities, and shear takes place at the welds during relative motion. The shear strength at these welds is strongly influenced by contamination, either deliberate or accidental. There is a marked influence of crystal structure on friction and adhesive wear. In general, the hexagonal structure gives lower friction and wear than the cubic structure. Experimental studies show that the lattice parameters in hexagonal crystals also affect friction. Abrasive wear involves damage to soft surfaces by a hard surface, either one of the two surfaces, or a third body. Hardness, work hardening, crystallite orientation, and elastic modulus of the contacting surfaces can all influence wear. Corrosive wear involves corrosion, followed by wear of the corrosion film. Surface fatigue normally appears as local pitting or flaking. Wear damage of this type is a function of the number of stress cycles. All modes of wear lead to loss of dimensional tolerances, high operating costs, and excessive expense (in time and money) for replacement of worn parts. A complete understanding of the basic mechanisms of wear permits alleviation and mitigation.
Testing of Bearings Under Controlled Load
Authors: Feankland J. M. , Innes C. B.
Published: September 2009

In the course of testing a highly-loaded planetary gear-reduction system, a failure was encountered which pointed out the need for more precise information on the behavior of highly-loaded bearings and bearing installations. As this gear system was intended for airplane use, the question of weight was paramount. In view of frequent overhauls and careful inspection, long life could be sacrificed to some extent if appreciable weight savings could be obtained in return. Attempts to obtain design information of the kind required from the bearing manufacturers failed to produce the data which were needed. A bearing testing machine was accordingly designed suitable to study this particular bearing application.
Irradiation Effects on High-Temperature Reactor Structural Metals
Authors: Claudson T. T. , Pessl H. J.
Published: September 2009

Operating conditions for nuclear power reactors indicate that new materials must be used due to the temperature and corrosion limitations of presently used materials. Investigation of the effects of irradiation and environment on the mechanical properties of several iron- and nickel-base alloys has been initiated at Hanford Laboratories.

Flat tension specimens of several nickel-base alloys have been irradiated to exposures to 1 X 1021 nvt in 80 C water, 280 C water, and 500 to 700 C gaseous environments. Several metallurgical conditions have also been examined. Additional specimens of refractory metal alloys have been irradiated and tested at ambient temperatures. The corrosion and oxidation resistance of the nickel-base alloys has been determined in an environment of helium containing 15-torr water vapor at 925 C. Intergranular attack was found in alloys which showed high weight gains.
The Combined Effects of Temperature and Irradiation on the Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Irvin J. E. , Bement A. L. , Hoagland R. G.
Published: September 2009

The effects of neutron irradiation and temperature on the mechanical properties of AISI 348 and 304 stainless steels have been determined using smooth and notched tension specimens containing different amounts of cold-work. Smooth tension specimens were irradiated at about 50, 290, and 750 C. Room temperature and 300 C tests on specimens in both the annealed and 25 percent cold-worked conditions show a marked reduction in ductility with increasing exposure and increasing test temperature. Damage accumulation, as measured by changes in mechanical properties, occurs more rapidly at the intermediate irradiation temperature. Control specimens exposed in an out-of-reactor loop at 282 C for times in excess of 5000 hr showed a significant change in mechanical properties.

Notched tension specimens of AISI 348 stainless steel in the annealed, 10, 20, and 40 per cent cold-worked conditions were irradiated at about 290 C and tested at room temperature. The mode of fracture was ductile in nature throughout the range of cold-work and neutron exposures studied. A transition from notch-strengthening to a notch-sensitive behavior was observed for specimens in the 20 and 40 per cent cold-work levels after an exposure of about 1.0 x 1020 neutrons/cm2 (>1 Mev).

The effects of cold-work, temperature, and chemical composition on the metallurgical stability of these materials were examined using magnetic measurements and X ray diffraction. The magnetic susceptibility of both materials containing up to 70 per cent cold-work was determined prior to irradiation. No measurable change was noted in the magnetic susceptibility of either the annealed or 25 per cent cold-worked materials which could be attributed to irradiation alone, after exposures of 1.5 x 1021 neutrons/cm2 ( > 1 Mev). Optical and electron microscopy studies on both materials revealed no changes in structure due to the combined effects of irradiation and temperature.
The Use of Materials Properties by the Reactor Vessel Designer
Authors: Langer B. F.
Published: September 2009

This paper discusses the information which the pressure vessel designer must obtain from the materials engineer in order to provide protection against crack growth and brittle fracture. The most meaningful fatigue tests in the low-cycle range are those in which strain, rather than stress, is the controlled parameter. Therefore, many fatigue data in the literature are of little use to the pressure vessel designer and new tests will be needed. The subject of fatigue notch sensitivity is a very important one which requires further investigation. The correlation between fatigue properties, strength properties, and ductility is of particular interest because the principal effects of neutron bombardment are to increase the strength and lower the ductility. Irradiation also raises the transition temperature, meaning that the reactor vessel designer must consider the possibility of brittle fracture occurring late in life.
The Important Materials Parameters Affecting the Performance of Nuclear Reactor Pressure Vessels
Authors: Wylie R. D.
Published: September 2009

The two failure mechanisms of most concern in nuclear reactor pressure vessels are brittle fracture and low-cycle fatigue. Steel selection and fabrication history determine the properties of the vessel prior to service. The ability to detect defects incident to vessel fabrication is an important factor in fracture consideration. Suggestions are made relative to an engineered selection of nondestructive-test requirements dependent on stress level.
Electron Transmission Microscopy of Metals
Authors:   First Progress Report of the Electron Transmission Microscopy Task Group of Subcommittee XI on Electron Microstructure of Metals, ASTM Committee E-4 on Metallography
Published: September 2009

Subcommittee XI on Electron Microstructure of Metals of ASTM Committee E-4 on Metallography first became interested in direct transmission electron microscopy of metal foils in 1958, as a result of published reports of the successful transmission microscopy of aluminum and stainless steel. In these papers it was noted that dislocations and other lattice defects could be detected in the electron images. The subcommittee undertook to investigate the method in order to assess it in relation to established replica techniques. The results of this assessment are outlined in this report, the primary purpose of which is to provide a guide for metallographers as to the additional information that may be obtained by transmission microscopy. The difficulties and limitations of the method are also indicated, and some comments regarding the experimental techniques are included. It is not the purpose of this report to discuss in detail the interpretation of electron images of crystalline foils; this has been the subject of several recently published papers (see Bibliography, Appendix I).
Transmission Electron Microscopy of Type 410 Stainless Steels
Authors: Capenos J. M. , Hauser J. J. , Banerjee B. R.
Published: September 2009

A thin metal film for direct-transmission electron microscopy was first prepared by Heidenreich (1), using an electrolytic thinning technique based on the principles of electropolishing. Since that time, various modifications of the electrolytic thinning technique as well as other methods have been developed which involve chemical dissolution (2), mechanical deformation (2), ion bombardment (3), vacuum deposition (4), or chemical etching (5). Of all these methods, electrolytic thinning has been the most successful approach and is also the most widely applicable technique because it introduces least deviation in structure from the bulk material. Although the precise mechanism of electrolytic thinning has not been clearly established, many improvements in technique have been empirically devised. For example, preferential thinning at the specimen edges has been reduced by coating the edge with nonconductive lacquers, and by using point-cathode geometry (6). These developments were recently reviewed in detail (7).
Classified Bibliography on Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis
Authors: Banerjee Bani R.
Published: September 2009

This classified bibliography, sponsored by Subcommittee XI on Electron Microstructure of Metals of ASTM Committee E-4 on Electron Metallography, was compiled through the efforts of many scientists from several countries and includes contributions from individuals who, although not members of the ASTM subcommittee, contributed substantially to this effort.
Measurement of Dielectric Properties of Materials Under Vacuum, Reactor Radiation, and Cryogenic Conditions
Authors: McMillan W. D. , Gause R. L. , Kerlin E. E. , Warwick J. E.
Published: September 2009

A dielectric test system for measuring the dielectric properties of materials under vacuum, reactor radiation, and cryogenic conditions is described. The cryovacuum dielectric tester consists of eight cylindrical test cells mounted on two rectangular, hollow cryopanels. Liquid nitrogen supplied to the cryopanels provides the cryotemperature environment. The test cells are designed to hold specimens 4.5 in. in diameter and up to 0.25 in. in thickness. Two cryovacuum-irradiation tests have been conducted. The specimens were exposed to about 1 × 1010 ergs/g (C) of gamma radiation and 3 × 1015 n/cm2 of fast neutron (E > 1 Mev) radiation, vacuum in the 10−6 torr region, and temperatures of +25 C to −190 C. Capacitance, dissipation factor, and volume resistivity were determined for speciments of vinylidene fluoride, melamine resin, polycarbonate plastic, and silicone resin. A table summarizing the test results is presented.
Shape and Surface of Fine Powders by the Permeability Method
Authors: Carman P. C.
Published: September 2009

The theory of the permeability method (1) and details of experiments (2) to test its validity have been fully discussed in previous papers. In the present paper, therefore, this earlier work is briefly summarized, the main function of the paper being to give a full description of the experimental technique, to discuss the limitations of the method, and to present some new data relating to the shape of nonspherical particles.
Miscellaneous Applications of Radiography and Fluoroscopy
Authors: Seemann Herman E.
Published: September 2009

X-ray inspection of industrial products and materials for gross defects has been in use quite extensively outside the fields of casting and welding. The two general methods by which the X-ray examination may be conducted are “radiography” and “fluoroscopy.” If the X-ray shadow image is impressed upon photographic film or paper, the process is called “radiography.” If the shadow image is observed by the eye on a chemical screen which gives off visible light when struck by X-rays, the process is called “fluoroscopy.”

The author discusses the general conditions for the application of one or the other of the above methods. A number of actual problems solved wholly or in part by X-rays are described. Some cases also are considered which indicate possible future industrial uses. While the nature of this subject prohibits the development of a clear outline, it has been found possible to group the examples roughly under seven main headings: (1) assemblies; (2) ceramics, concrete, mica, coal, and asbestos; (3) foods and tobacco; (4) plastics; (5) textiles, paper, and leather; (6) wood; and (7) miscellaneous.
Some Calibration Data and Scatter Measurements for the Radiography of Magnesium Aircraft Castings
Authors: Ball L. W.
Published: September 2009

The purpose of this paper is to provide radiographers who are already familiar with the X-ray examination of aluminum alloy castings with information required for the satisfactory examination of magnesium castings. This information consists of measurements of penetration, of sensitivity, and of scattered radiation.
A Study of Cassette Design for the Radiography of Aircraft Castings
Authors: Ball L. W.
Published: September 2009

The apparatus commonly used for radiographing aircraft castings and forgings was inherited from medical diagnostic radiography. One part of this inheritance was a cassette design consisting of bakelite, felt, fluorescent screens, and a brass frame. Such a design is most unsuitable for aircraft radiography. This fact probably has been realized by the many industrial radiographers who have been using aluminum front cassettes, but present restrictions on supplies may re-introduce objectionable bakelite fronts or other detrimental arrangements in homemade cassettes.
Industrial X-Ray Protection
Authors: Taylor Lauriston S.
Published: September 2009

Protection against undesired exposure to X-rays or the gamma rays from radium can be had, but for economy and convenience it is desirable to analyze closely, with certain fundamental principles in view, each particular problem. Basic rules for X-ray and radium protection have been promulgated by the International Commission on X-ray and Radium Protection and published in numerous journals. More detailed rules, prepared in this country, are available in N.B.S. Handbook 20 (X-ray Protection) and N.B.S. Handbook 23 (Radium Protection) (1). Reference to these is recommended before planning a new X-ray installation.
Quality Control of Metal Powder Gears
Authors: Hinkle W. A.
Published: September 2009

The various dimensional changes which result from the processing steps necessary to produce a high-strength copper impregnated sintered iron gear make the prospect of producing original dies and determining subsequent sintering and infiltering schedules to produce gears to meet a given drawing seem almost insurmountable. However, the techniques necessary for high-quantity, high-quality production have been worked out.

This paper presents a statistical study of some of the data collected by the General Electric Home Laundry Equipment Department during the year 1951. These data are proof that a quality gear train can be produced by the powder metal techniques.
Methods of Testing Cemented Carbide Compositions
Authors: Stevens A. D. , Redmond J. C.
Published: September 2009

The objective of this paper is to discuss the generally accepted methods of testing “cemented” carbide materials. Four groups of tests are outlined, and their utility to both manufacturer and user is enlarged upon. One conclusion is that intelligent use of these accepted methods will promote better understanding and more intelligent application of the materials. A second conclusion is that additional standard methods of examination must be developed.
Metal Powder Size Distribution with the Roller Air Analyzer
Authors: Roller P. S.
Published: September 2009

Some constructional modifications of the analyzer are described. The apparent size of irregular-shaped particles is quantitatively related to the diameter of sphere separated at the same air velocity. The velocity distribution of the air stream is shown to be linear over a wide range, and the significance is discussed. The size character of the residual particles after a separation is evaluated. Theoretical equations of a size separation are derived and applied to actual separations with several examples.
The Distribution and Importance of Marine Wood Borers in the United States
Authors: Menzies Robert J. , Turner Ruth
Published: September 2009

Most persons concerned with problems of marine corrosion are acquainted with the importance of the shipworm and the ravages of the gribble, Limnoria. Both are marine wood borers whose combined activities have been estimated to cause $50 million damage annually in the United States (2). Shipworms occasionally have been responsible for spectacular economic losses, such as the extensive dock failures in San Francisco Bay between 1917 and 1919 (1), and the more recent collapse of a bridge in New Jersey (3). Instances such as those mentioned have kept our interest in the prevention and control of wood borers at a high level. Corrosion caused by other large organisms on other materials has naturally occupied little attention. However, the recent destruction of steel piling by sea urchins along the Pacific coast indicates that a review of the modus operandus of the various known categories of marine borers could serve the useful purpose of preparing ourselves for any future costly attacks.
Performance Tests of Heavy Metal Compounds as Marine Borer Inhibitors
Authors: Roe T. , Hochman H. , Holden E. R.
Published: September 2009

Among the various methods that have been used to protect wooden waterfront structures from the ravages of marine borers is the practice of scupper nailing. This practice, which originated in ancient times, consists of driving nails, rather closely spaced, into those sections of pilings exposed to marine borer attack. Only in recent times has this procedure been replaced by creosote because of increased effectiveness and for economic reasons.
Relationship Between Limnoria Species and Service Life of Creosoted Piling
Authors: Vind Harold , Hochman Harry , Muraoka James , Casey Joan
Published: September 2009

The U. S. Naval Civil Engineering Research and Evaluation Laboratory has been engaged in research on marine borers, the termites of the sea. The wood boring habits of these animals are responsible for millions of dollars of damage annually, and many methods have been employed in attempts to protect wooden harbor installations from them. The effectiveness of any of these wood preserving methods varies considerably from one geographical area to another. The most popular and probably the most successful treatment consists of impregnating the timbers under heat and pressure with coal-tar creosote.
Introduction
Authors: Gonser Bruce W
Published: September 2009

Aside from uranium, probably no metal in the past decade has so captured the interest of the metallurgical industry as titanium. It is a good metal, with a combination of availability, lightness with strength, and corrosion resistance that makes it of particular interest to the aeronautical industry. This interest, with support from the Department of Defense, has resulted in phenomenal progress in the commercial and technical development of this relatively new metal of construction. In fact, titanium has been a worthy leader in the recent rise of a whole series of little known metals to a position of considerable commercial importance.
Elevated-Temperature Properties of the 6 Per Cent Aluminum, 4 Per Cent Vanadium Titanium Alloy
Authors: Parris W M , Sherman R G , Kessler H D
Published: September 2009

The testing procedures and equipment used to obtain elevated-temperature tensile, creep, stress-rupture, and stress-stability properties of the 6 Al, 4 V titanium alloy are described.

Short-time tensile data at temperatures to 1000 F (540 C) are presented. Notched and unnotched stress-rupture data at 750, 850, and 950 F (400, 455, and 510 C) are given for a mill-annealed condition and a high-strength heat-treated condition. Creep test results including design curves showing 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 per cent creep at 650, 750, and 850 F (345, 400, and 455 C) to 1000 hr are presented. Stress-stability test results are given for the mill-annealed and two heat-treated conditions at various stresses and times to 1000 hr at temperatures between 650 and 950 F (345 and 510 C). The room-temperature tensile results obtained on all unbroken creep specimens representing 1000 hr at various stresses at 650, 750, and 850 F (345, 400, and 455 C) were obtained to indicate stability of the alloy under these conditions.

The results show that the 6 Al, 4 V titanium alloy is metallurgically stable under stress to 950 F (510 C) and has good creep resistance at temperatures to at least 850 F (455 C). The notch-rupture strength of both the annealed condition and a high-strength duplex heat-treated condition is considerably higher than the unnotched rupture strength from room temperature through 950 F (510 C).
A Radiation-Effects Program
Authors: Whitney J. E. , Chandler E. M. , Gates J. E. , Calkins G. D.
Published: September 2009

The various steps and procedures in a program for the study of the effects of radiation on nuclear fuels are discussed. These include inspection of the test specimens before irradiation, design of the radiation capsule, irradiation in a nuclear reactor, and inspection after irradiation.

Examples of the equipment and facilities required are presented. These include examples of radiation capsules, capsule-loading equipment, irradiation facilities, and hot-cell laboratories.

Some of the special problems encountered and examples of costs of conducting a radiation-effects program on an industrial basis are considered.
Survey of Radiation Effects on Fuel Materials
Authors: Bowen Dwain
Published: September 2009

The changes in properties and dimensions that occur in nuclear fuel materials when fissioning takes place are described. The especially pronounced growth and distortion effects that are observed in uranium are discussed as they are affected by grain size and texture, heat treatment, alloy composition, and mechanical treatment. The characteristics included are gross dimensional change, pimpling, orange peeling, and cracking. The various fundamental considerations or theories that rationalize this behavior are presented. The changes in thermal conductivity, ductility, microstructure, and electrical properties are presented as they apply to all fuels, and these data are used to point out those areas of understanding and those of lack of understanding of the controlling variables in radiation damage to fuels. Some of the problems that require examination and additional data for our future development of high-performance reactor fuel elements are suggested. These include the necessary volume increase occurring at high burnup, the modifications of behavior that may be found when the fuel elements are operated at temperatures above our present experience, and improved mechanical and radiation stability that might be achieved by alloy development or composite design.
Influence of Heat Treatment on Irradiation-Induced Dimensional Changes in Some Uranium-Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Kittel J. H. , Paine S. H. , Chiswik H. H.
Published: September 2009

Specimens made of alloys containing 1, 2, and 3 weight percentage of zirconium in uranium were irradiated under conditions where the specimens were free from physical restraint. The specimens studied were from cast, wrought, and wrought and heat-treated materials. The heat treatments investigated included quenching from the gamma phase, quenching and tempering, isothermal transformations, and alpha phase annealing. All specimens were found to increase in length as a result of irradiation except a rolled and alpha-annealed group, which was observed to shorten. The rate of change of length with uranium atom burnup was found to depend strongly upon the prior metallurgical history of the specimens and upon their compositions.
Effect of Irradiation on the Notched-Bar Impact Properties of Some Plain-Carbon Steels
Authors: Leeser D. O. , Deily G. J.
Published: September 2009

The effect of reactor irradiation upon the notched-bar impact properties of several mild-carbon steels was investigated. ASTM types A 703 and A 2124 boiler steels, and aluminum treated, 0.34 per cent carbon steel were tested. The ductile-to-brittle transition temperature was raised significantly by irradiation and the maximum impact strength, under ductile conditions, was reduced in some cases.
Effects of Radiation Damage on Precipitation-Hardening Alloys, with Special Reference to Copper-Iron Alloys
Authors: Boltax Alvin
Published: September 2009

Studies of the effects of neutron irradiation on precipitation-hardening alloys have been carried out on a large number of different alloy systems. Most of this work has been concerned with radiation-induced precipitation from supersaturated solid solutions. “Irradiation aging” was observed in copper-beryllium alloys at room temperature and in nickel-beryllium alloys at 300 C. With these experiments as a basis, Murray and Taylor (1) have suggested prerequisites for irradiation aging which involve the atomic number of the principal constituent of the alloy, the activation energy of diffusion, and the critical particle size. Kernohan, Billington, and Lewis (2) suggested that the neutron irradiation caused precipitation by accelerating diffusion through the introduction of vacancies and interstitials.

Comparatively few experiments have been carried out on the effects of neutron irradiation on aged alloys. Work by Denny (3) and Boltax (4) on copper-iron alloys has demonstrated that high energy particle irradiation cian cause re-solution of precipitate particles. The results indicate that the radation-induced re-solution is dependent upon precipitate particle size. Experimental results obtained on the uranium-molybdenum alloys give further evidence for re-solution or homogenization by neutron irradiation.
Key Properties and Proposed Digital Code System for Glass Fiber Reinforcements for Filament Winding
Authors: Perry H. A.
Published: September 2009

A need exists for the development of national standards for materials for filament winding particularly for solid-propellant rocket casings. A classification system is under development which offers promise of covering glass fiber rovings and yarns, sized or finished, for use as reinforcements for organic resins. This method also offers promise of being adaptable for classifying resins and preimpregnated reinforcements. The selection of key properties for use in evaluating these materials is discussed and a tentative set of properties of reinforcements is proposed for adoption on a national basis. The status of methods of test for determining these properties is discussed. New methods for determining the strength retention after abrasion and the wetting time of uncured reinforcements and for determining the parallel interlaminar shear creep rates in a cured composite are described schematically.
Survey of Methods of Test for Parallel Filament Reinforced Plastics
Authors: Fried N.
Published: September 2009

The test methods outlined herein have been, or are being, used in various laboratories for determining the physical properties of parallel filament reinforced plastics. Some of these methods are in common use while others may be peculiar to a particular laboratory. Nomenclature and equations given for calculation of strength and stiffness properties are, for the most part, those used by the laboratory employing the method. In those few instances in which the equations were not given by the source, pertinent equations have been supplied by the author.
The NOL Ring Test as a Method for Selecting Finished Glass Fibers for Reinforcement of Epoxy Pipe
Authors: Roskos T. G. , Pflederer F. R.
Published: September 2009

Experimental work was conducted to determine whether a relationship exists between the NOL ring shear test and the life of glass-reinforced epoxy pipe when submitted to cyclic water pressure. Several lots of glass fibers were prepared in the laboratory by heat cleaning and finishing with a silane coupling agent. Two-inch diameter pipe was prepared from these fibers by a wet winding operation. The pipe was tested to weeping failure by exposing it to internal water pressure, cycling between 45 and 1150 psi. Representative spools were randomly selected from the glass lots and wound into 6-in. out-side diameter ring specimens. These were tested in shear after various periods of immersion in 190 F water.

A plot of ring “shear” stress after one week's immersion versus log cycles to failure of the pipe specimens was made. The best straight line was fitted to the data by a least squares method and the linear regression line was plotted and analyzed on an IBM 705 computer. It was found that the ring shear data did correlate with the cyclic life of pipe. The life of the pipe increased with increasing ring shear values.
Compression, Fatigue, and Stress Studies on NOL Ring Specimens
Authors: Prosen S. P. , Karpe S. , Kinna M. A. , Mueller C. , Perry H. A. , Barnet Robert F.
Published: September 2009

Test methods leading to standards and specifications are necessary for government use and for the glass-filament winding industry. The Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL) ring test specimen has been used extensively for the development of such methods. It is attractive as a test vehicle because of its inherent simplicity, ease of manufacture, and high degree of reproducibility. Such a ring is adaptable to the measurement of several important mechanical strength properties under both static and dynamic loading conditions.
Evaluation of High-Strength-and-Modulus Brittle Materials in Filament and Composite Forms
Authors: Clark Wendall J. , Gunn Kenneth M. , Talley Claude P.
Published: September 2009

A program is under way with the broad objective of accurately evaluating new high-strength-and-modulus brittle materials in filament and composite form for application as primary structural materials. Initially, the work has involved laboratory testing of continuous-filament boron. Primary emphasis has been on developing testing procedures for tensile and flexural strength and modulus. Short-term filament tensile strengths have been measured at temperatures up to about 1800 F. Fabrication techniques have been developed for producing small rectangular composite beams with good filament orientation. Loading up to 70 per cent by volume of boron filaments has been obtained. Tests on composites indicate that a high percentage of the filament properties are translated into composite properties.
A Tension Test Method for Glass Fiber Strands, Yarns, and Rovings (OCF Strand Test)
Authors: Hood James C.
Published: September 2009

The test method reported herein was designed and is being developed specifically for use in production facilities for process and quality control of glass fiber strands, yarns, and rovings intended for use in reinforced plastics. The following is essentially an initial progress report on the general method which is believed to show promise of being satisfactory for the intended use. The procedure, as it now stands, is reported in detail with photographs and drawings of all equipment required. The basis for selection of the various test parameters is explained. Data are presented and discussed for several types of glass fiber strands and yarns at different strength levels. Only preliminary feasibility trials have been made with rovings and slight modifications to the method reported herein will have to be made to test rovings.
New Concepts in the Blistering of Asphalt Shingles
Authors: Knight R. S. , Platt R. B. , Smith D. J.
Published: September 2009

This paper discusses some recent concepts regarding the blistering of single-thickness asphalt roofing shingles.

Attention is concentrated upon the upper layer of stabilized asphalt coating, and it is shown that a correlation exists between the intensity of observable shingle blistering after prolonged test deck exposure and the relative diameters of the air pockets or voids in this coating.

More particularly, it is shown that the production of large voids of diameters in excess of 220 μ and the percentage of these voids to the total number of voids are critical factors in determining the intensity of blistering.

Methods of reducing the number of large voids formed in the asphalt coating during the manufacture of shingles are discussed. These are: (1) the use of a relatively coarse mineral stabilizer in the coating; (2) the use of a holding tank after the introduction of mineral stabilizer into the coating; and (3) the use of asphalt in the coating that has been held at an elevated temperature for some time after blowing or oxidation.
Summary of Symposium on Recent Research on Bituminous Materials
Authors: Greenfeld S. H.
Published: September 2009

The eight papers in this symposium fall naturally into two groups. One set of four papers relates to the basic natures of asphalt and asphalt testing. The other four are concerned with problems related to some applications of blown asphalts in the roofing field. Thus, the Symposium logically could be presented in two sessions, one of basic and the other of applied information.
Proton and Electron Permanent Damage in Silicon Semiconductor Devices
Authors: Brown R. R.
Published: September 2009

Data are presented on permanent radiation damage in silicon diodes, p-on-n solar cells, and both n-p-n and p-n-p transistors. This information was accumulated from proton (2 and 10 Mev) and electron (2 and 5 Mev) irradiation tests. Selected transistors of the following constructions were tested; grown, diffused mesa, diffused planar, and epitaxial planar. Anomalous current gain degradation was observed for irradiated transistors operating at low currents. This damage has been shown to be the result of ionization-induced changes in surface recombination velocity. Transistor damage constants for displacement damage from proton and electron irradiation tests are compared with those found from neutron and gamma ray tests.
The Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Transistor Gain
Authors: Taulbee C. D. , Nelson D. L. , Southward B. G.
Published: September 2009

Transistor gain is reduced by ioizing radiation, which affects the transistor surface, and by displacement radiation, which causes lattice defects. The investigation of ionizing radiation damage described in this paper was accomplished with X-rays of photon energy less than 150 kev, which is below the energy necessary for displacement damage in silicon. Experiments were performed on silicon dioxide passivated silicon planar transistors with open leads, in a normal amplifying mode and with other junction bias conditions. AC and DC gain measurements at various injection levels showed a gain degradation dependence on the operating bias conditions. Open leads and back-biasing of each junction during irradiation resulted in considerable damage, with almost complete recovery occurring in most transistors tested when the base emitter junction was forward-biased. Many of the characteristics of the radiation damage observed can be explained by Atalla’s model that charge collection at the surface causes a widening of the space charge region, thus increasing the recombination-generation current.
Influence of Operating Conditions on Radiation Damage to Transistor Gain
Authors: Frank Max , Taulbee C. D. , Chambers H. L.
Published: September 2009

Gain degradation rates were obtained for various transistor operating conditions of current and voltage during Cobalt 60 irradiation and compared with the degradation rate for a radiation exposure in the passive state. The effects of emitter current alone, collector voltage alone, and normal transistor operating modes were studied. The results showed that increasing levels of carrier injection from the emitter caused decreasing rates of damage. For a 2N1613 type silicon transistor, the maximum reduction observed was approximately a factor of 2. This behavior is believed to be due to an alteration of the charge state of the radiation induced defect at the time the defect is formed. A lesser dependency with collector voltage was also observed. The effects of temperature in the range 105 F to 140 F, during gamma irradiation, were found to be small in comparison with the effects of active-passive current variations. Tests conducted in a neutron environment, where normal transistor operating modes were compared with the passive irradiation state, indicated very little influence upon damage rate.
An Apparatus for STudying the Fire Resistance of Hydraulic Fluids at Elevated Pressures
Authors: Marzani J. A.
Published: September 2009

An apparatus has been developed to study the spontaneous ignition phenomenon of hydraulic-type fluids at elevated pressures. Investigations are conducted at selected conditions of temperature, pressure, and reactant concentration. The level of fire resistance is measured in terms of a minimum reaction temperature and a minimum spontaneous ignition temperature for each set of reaction-controlling parameters. In addition, the closed system affords a measure of the energy release associated with the combustion in terms of temperature and pressure rise. Modifications of the basic apparatus can be made to study the influence of scaling and surface effects.
Spontaneous Ignition Testing for High Speed Aircraft
Authors: Hamilton W. F. , Holloway R. A.
Published: September 2009

The hydraulic systems of supersonic aircraft which are designed to cruise at altitudes of approximately 70,000 ft must operate under conditions which impose severe physical and chemical stresses on the fluid. Appraisals of the thermal stability, the oxidative stability, the lubricity, the effect of close-tolerance moving parts, and the flammability of the fluid should be made before its pumpability is determined. Performance tests have been selected which permit a practical estimation of the five prerequisite factors, but the most complex and difficult evaluation is that of flammability.

Under precisely defined conditions, spontaneous ignition of a flammable fluid occurs in the presence of an oxidant only when the temperature is at or above that required to generate heat by oxidation at a rate which is greater than the rate of the dissipation of this heat to the surroundings. This temperature may or may not be the “spontaneous ignition temperature” as preflame of combustion usually occurs by reaction mechanisms which differ from those encountered in the flames themselves. However, ignition will not occur below this temperature, so in order to evaluate the hazard of a hydraulic fluid fire in high speed aircraft, measurements must be made in surroundings which closely approximate the actual environment and conditions in the airplane. Essentially, for aircraft now being developed, this entailed the fabrication of a small hot compartment of titanium alloy, using milled skins with typical stiffeners and fastenings, means for introducing precisely variable quantities of hot, atomized test fluids, controlling and measuring temperatures and pressures (“altitudes”), and also measuring pressure transients and ignition delays. The resulting apparatus, measurements and techniques are described and discussed.
Truck Operating Experience in the LP-Gas Industry
Authors: Lewis C. S.
Published: September 2009

Author details his personal experience involving the use of LP-Gas in medium capacity trucks within the LP-Gas Industry itself. He gives brief evolution of the LP-Gas fuel systems themselves. He also discusses “conversion” as opposed to original equipment on medium sized trucks.