bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multibeam fiber laser cutting
Authors: Olsen Flemming Ove , Hansen Klaus Schuett , Nielsen Jakob Skov
Published: August 2009

The appearance of the high power high brilliance fiber laser has opened for new possibilities in laser materials processing. In laser cutting this laser has demonstrated high cutting performance compared to the dominating cutting laser, the CO2 laser. However, quality problems in fiber-laser cutting have until now limited its application to metal cutting. In this paper the first results of proof-of-principle studies applying a new approach (patent pending) for laser cutting with high brightness and short wavelength lasers will be presented. In the approach, multibeam patterns are applied to control the melt flow out of the cut kerf resulting in improved cut quality in metal cutting. The beam patterns in this study are created by splitting up beams from two single mode fiber lasers and combining these beams into a pattern in the cut kerf. The results are obtained with a total of 550 W of single mode fiber laser power. Burr free cuts in 1 mm steel and aluminum and in 1 and 2 mm AISI 304 stainless steel is demonstrated over a wide range of cutting rates. The industrial realization of this approach is foreseen to be performed by either beam patterning by diffractive optical elements or multibeam fiber laser arrangements.
Ten-year prevalence of fungal peritonitis in the city of Nis, South Serbia
Authors: Tasic S. , Miladinovic-Tasic N. , Djordjevic J. , Pesic S. , Avramovic M.
Published: August 2009

Fungal peritonitis is a rare but serious complication in patients with chronic renal failure on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The purpose of this study was to report the prevalence of fungal peritonitis in patients on CAPD in the Clinical Center-Nis (South Serbia) in the period from 1997 until the end of 2007. Fungal species were isolated in 66 cases (4.5%) of 1471 peritoneal fluid (PF) samples that we examined. During the study period, 22 (1.5%) cases of fungal peritonitis were registered. In 19 cases, Candida isolates were identified, Candida albicans (C. albicans) being the most common species (n=15). Two cases of fungal peritonitis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and 1 possible case caused by Cladosporium cladosporioides (Cl. cladosporioides) were also detected.
A Longitudinal Investigation of the Relationship between Teachers’ Self-Reports of Reform-Oriented Instruction and Mathematics and Science Achievement
Authors: Le Vi-Nhuan , Lockwood J. R. , Stecher Brian M. , Hamilton Laura S. , Martinez Jose Felipe
Published: August 2009

In the past two decades, several major initiatives were launched to improve mathematics and science education. One prominent feature in these efforts was a new approach to teaching mathematics and science, referred to as reform-oriented teaching. Although past studies suggest this approach may improve student achievement, the relationships between reform-oriented pedagogy and achievement were weak. The weak relationships may be partially attributable to the limited time frame in which reform-oriented teaching was examined (typically a 1-year period). This study explored the relationship between mathematics and science achievement and reform-oriented teaching over a 3-year period. Results suggested greater exposure to reform-oriented instruction was generally not significantly associated with higher student achievement but the effects became stronger with prolonged exposure to reform-oriented practices. Reform-oriented instruction showed stronger, positive relationships with open-ended measures than with multiple-choice tests in both mathematics and science and with problem-solving skills than with procedural skills in mathematics.
Do Inspections Improve Primary School Performance?
Authors: Luginbuhl Rob , Webbink Dinand , de Wolf Inge
Published: August 2009

This article investigates the effect of Dutch primary school inspections on test scores. These inspections are assessments of the educational quality of schools. The authors use two approaches to estimate the effect of the inspections. The first approach, based on a standard fixed effects model, indicates that inspections lead to slightly better school performance: Test scores increase by 2% to 3% of a standard deviation. However, the fixed effects model might be sensitive to selection bias. The second approach exploits a sample of randomly selected schools originally drawn for the purpose of compiling the annual report of the state of Dutch education. Based on this approach, the authors find that inspections do no harm but seem to have little or no effect on student performance.
An Examination of the Precision and Technical Accuracy of the First Wave of Group-Randomized Trials Funded by the Institute of Education Sciences
Authors: Spybrook Jessaca , Raudenbush Stephen W.
Published: August 2009

This article examines the power analyses for the first wave of group-randomized trials funded by the Institute of Education Sciences. Specifically, it assesses the precision and technical accuracy of the studies. The authors identified the appropriate experimental design and estimated the minimum detectable standardized effect size (MDES) for each study under plausible assumptions about intra-class correlations, covariate-outcome correlations, and explanatory effects of blocking. The MDESs ranged from .18 to .40 for studies funded by the National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance (NCEE) and from .20 to 1.0 for studies funded by the National Center for Education Research (NCER). They evaluated the technical accuracy by comparing the estimated MDES to the MDES stated in the proposal. Studies funded by the NCEE tended to be very accurate: estimated MDESs and stated MDESs were similar, whereas studies funded by the NCER were less accurate. However, the technical accuracy of the NCER studies improved over time.
Registration of Arkot 9704 and Arkot 9706 Germplasm Lines of Cotton
Authors: Bourland Fred M. , Jones Don C.
Published: August 2009

Arkot 9704 (Reg. No. GP‐914, PI 654509) and Arkot 9706 (Reg. No. GP‐915, PI 654510) are noncommercial breeding lines of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) that were released by the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station in August 2008. Both lines were derived from 1997 crosses using one common parent, Ark 9108‐04, a breeding line from which Arkot 9108 was selected. The second parent for Arkot 9704 was M331RKN. The other parent of Arkot 9706 was Arkot 8712. The lines were evaluated in 15 replicated tests in Arkansas from 2004 through 2007 and compared to check cultivars SG 105 and PSC 355. Lint yields of Arkot 9704 and Arkot 9706 were equal to the check cultivars. Yields of both lines could be attributed in part to higher lint per seed (and lint fraction) produced by fewer seed per area than either check cultivar. Arkot 9706 was earlier maturing than Arkot 9704 and the two check cultivars. Fiber properties of Arkot 9706 were very similar to PSC 355, whereas Arkot 9704 produced lower micronaire, length uniformity index, and strength than Arkot 9706 and PSC 355. Leaf pubescence and bract trichome density of Arkot 9704 were less dense than either check cultivar, whereas Arkot 9706 was similar to SG 105 for these traits. Both lines expressed resistance to bacterial blight. Arkot 9704 expressed resistance to tarnished plant bug equal to PSC 355, whereas Arkot 9706 expressed higher resistance than either check cultivar. The relative yield, maturity, and line‐specific host plant resistance traits make these lines valuable to cotton breeding programs.
Registration of ‘Zorro’ Black Bean
Authors: Kelly James D. , Varner Gregory V. , O'Boyle Pat , Long Brian
Published: August 2009

‘Zorro’ black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Reg. No. CV‐288, PI 656394), developed by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station was released in 2008 as an upright, midseason, disease‐resistant cultivar. Zorro was developed from a backcross population using pedigree selection to the F4 followed by pure line selection for disease and agronomic and quality traits. Zorro combines high yield potential with erect architecture and is among the highest‐yielding contemporary black and navy bean cultivars. Zorro has excellent resistance to lodging, making it suitable for direct harvest under narrow production systems. The upright architecture also contributes to avoidance to white mold [caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary], a disease aggravated by narrow rows. Zorro possesses partial resistance to common bacterial blight [caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Smith) Vauterin et al.] and resistance to specific races of rust [incited by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.:Pers.) Unger], virus, and anthracnose [caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Lams.‐Scrib.]. Zorro has a small opaque dry bean seed typical of the black bean seed class that meets the standards of national and international markets. The canning quality of Zorro is equivalent to other black bean cultivars as it retains more black color following processing.
Registration of PSI 113 and PSI 425 Germplasm Lines of Pima Cotton Possessing Superior Fiber Quality Traits
Authors: Percy Richard G. , Ulloa Mauricio , Zhang Jinfa
Published: August 2009

Cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) germplasm lines PSI 113 (Reg. No. GP‐916, PI 655939) and PSI 425 (Reg. No. GP‐917, PI 655940) were jointly developed and released by the USDA–ARS and New Mexico State Agricultural Experiment Station in 2008. The purpose of the release was to provide public and private breeders with agronomically improved resources for genetic improvement of fiber quality and to serve as genetic resources for broadening the germplasm base of Pima germplasm in the United States. Lines PSI 113 and PSI 425 originated from a cross made at New Mexico State University in 1997 of germplasm line 8810 and the Sea Island breeding line NMSI 1601, followed by individual plant selection within the F2, F3, and F4 generations and progeny selection in the F5 generation. Eight progeny lines, along with two commercial check cultivars and two high fiber quality check lines, were selected for evaluation in replicated tests at Maricopa, AZ, Shafter, CA, Westside, CA, and Las Cruces, NM, in 2005 and 2006. Across locations, lines PSI 113 and PSI 425 exhibited fiber lengths and strengths superior to commercial check cultivars and fiber yields not differing from the commercial cultivars. Lines PSI 113 and PSI 425 were selected for release from among the eight progeny lines on the basis of their overall agronomic performance and improved fiber characteristics across locations.
Registration of ‘Sidney’ Spring Feed Barley Resistant to Russian Wheat Aphid
Authors: Mornhinweg D. W. , Bregitzer P. P. , Porter D. R. , Peairs F. B. , Baltensperger D. D. , Hein G. L. , Randolph T. A. , Koch M. , Walker T.
Published: August 2009

‘Sidney’ (Reg. No. CV‐344, PI 641939), a Russian wheat aphid [RWA, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov)]–resistant, spring, two‐rowed, feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) tested as 98BX 44B, was developed and released by the USDA–ARS, Stillwater, OK, and Aberdeen, ID; Colorado State University; and the University of Nebraska. Introduction of RWA to the United States effectively eliminated spring barley, the preferred alternate crop, in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotations, in eastern Colorado and western Nebraska. ‘Otis’, a spring barley well adapted to the high dry plains, is susceptible to RWA. STARS 9301B, the first RWA‐resistant barley germplasm line released in the United States, has a high level of resistance to the aphid. With RWA resistance from STARS 9301B transferred to Otis through backcross breeding, Sidney outperforms Otis in this marginal production area.
Registration of ‘L 99‐233’ Sugarcane
Authors: Gravois K. A. , Bischoff K. P. , Hoy J. W. , Reagan T. E. , LaBorde C. M. , Kimbeng C. A. , Hawkins G. L. , Pontif M. J.
Published: August 2009

‘L 99‐233’ (Reg. No. CV‐139, PI 655534) sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharum officinarum L., S. barberi Jeswiet, S. spontaneum L., and S. sinense Roxb. amend. Jeswiet) was released on 25 Apr. 2006 by the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center in cooperation with the USDA–ARS and the American Sugar Cane League Inc. L 99‐233 was released because of its high sugar and cane yields along with excellent ratooning ability. Data from 93 outfield trials indicate that L 99‐233 produced approximately 18% greater sugar yield than LCP 85‐384 when averaged across all crops. The sucrose content of L 99‐233 was similar to LCP 85‐384. The new cultivar is resistant to brown rust (Puccinia melanocephala H. and P. Sydow) and leaf scald [Xanthomonas albilineans (Ashby) Dowson], moderately susceptible to smut disease (Ustilago scitaminea Sydow & P. Sydow), moderately resistant to mosaic diseases, and susceptible to the sugarcane borer (Diatraea saccharalis F.). The cross for L 99‐233 (XL94‐8) was made in the fall of 1994. Early stage clonal selection was made from 1996 to 1998, which culminated in permanent clonal assignment in 1999. Replicated yield trials were conducted in south Louisiana from 2000 through 2005. Plant Patent no. 18,826 was issued for L 99‐233 on 20 May 2008.
Registration of ‘USG 3555’ Wheat
Authors: Griffey C. A. , Thomason W. E. , Pitman R. M. , Beahm B. R. , Paling J. J. , Chen J. , Fanelli J. K. , Kenner J. C. , Dunaway D. W. , Brooks W. S. , Vaughn M. E. , Hokanson E. G. , Behl H. D. , Corbin R. A. , Hall M. D. , Liu S. , Custis J. T. , Waldenmaier C. M. , Starner D. E. , Gulick S. A. , Ashburn S. R. , Whitt D. L. , Bockelman H. E. , Souza E. J. , Brown-Guedira G. L. , Kolmer J. A. , Long D. L. , Jin Y. , Chen X. , Cambron S. E.
Published: August 2009

‘USG 3555’ (Reg. No. CV‐1037, PI 654454) soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), developed and tested as VA02W‐555 by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, was released in March 2007. USG 3555 was derived from the cross VA94‐52‐60/Pioneer Brand ‘2643’ //‘USG 3209’. USG 3555 is a high‐yielding, moderately early heading, awnletted, short stature, semidwarf (Rht2), cultivar that is resistant to powdery mildew [Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer], stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis Westend.), and stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.). In Virginia average grain yield (2006– 2008) of USG 3555 (6114 kg ha−1) has been equal to that of the highest‐yielding cultivars. In USDA–ARS uniform nursery trials conducted at 27 locations in 2005 and at 26 locations in 2006, USG 3555 produced average grain yields of 5651 and 5530 kg ha−1, respectively, in comparison to nursery mean yields of 4959 kg ha−1 in 2005 and 4878 kg ha−1 in 2006. Milling and baking quality of USG 3555 exceeds that of its parent USG 3209. On an Allis Chalmers Mill, grain of USG 3555 has higher break flour yields (305 vs. 283 g kg−1), softer texture (lower endosperm separation index scores 9.98 vs. 10.62), lower sucrose solvent retention capacity (98.6 vs. 104 g 100 g−1), and larger cookie diameters (17.1 vs. 16.8 cm).
Registration of ‘5205’ Wheat
Authors: Griffey C. A. , Thomason W. E. , Pitman R. M. , Beahm B. R. , Paling J. J. , Chen J. , Gundrum P. G. , Fanelli J. K. , Kenner J. C. , Dunaway D. W. , Brooks W. S. , Vaughn M. E. , Hokanson E. G. , Behl H. D. , Corbin R. A. , Hall M. D. , Liu S. , Custis J. T. , Waldenmaier C. M. , Starner D. E. , Gulick S. A. , Ashburn S. R. , Jones E. H. , Whitt D. L. , Bockelman H. E. , Souza E. J. , Brown-Guedira G. L. , Kolmer J. A. , Long D. L. , Jin Y. , Chen X. , Cambron S. E.
Published: August 2009

Soft red winter (SRW) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ‘5205’ (Reg. No. CV‐1038, PI 656755) developed and tested as VA01W‐205 by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station was released in March 2008. 5205 was derived from the three‐way cross Pioneer Brand ‘2684’ /VA93‐54‐185//‘Pocahontas’. Cultivar 5205 is broadly adapted, high‐yielding, midseason maturity, short in stature, and semidwarf (Rht2), and it has very good milling and pastry baking quality. It also is notably resistant to powdery mildew [Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer], leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.), and stripe rust (P. striiformis Westend.) and moderately resistant to Fusarium head blight [caused by Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe)]. In Virginia average grain yield (2006–2008) of cultivar 5205 (6114 kg ha−1) has been equal to that of the highest‐yielding cultivars. In USDA–ARS uniform southern SRW wheat nursery trials conducted at 26 locations in 2006 and at 19 locations in 2007, 5205 produced average grain yields of 5362 and 4488 kg ha−1, respectively, in comparison to nursery mean yields of 5180 and 4146 kg ha−1 In these nursery trials, 5205 was most similar in milling quality to the check ‘AGS 2000’, which ranks 25th among 830 soft wheat cultivars evaluated by the USDA–ARS Soft Wheat Quality Laboratory for Allis milling quality. 5205 has softer flour texture (softness equivalent of 61.1 vs. 57.5 g 100 g−1), has stronger gluten strength (lactic acid solvent retention capacity of 118 vs. 107 g 100 g−1), and produces cookies that are larger in diameter (18.58 vs. 17.75 cm) than AGS 2000.
A Simple Interpretation of Hubbert’s Model of Resource Exploitation
Authors: Bardi Ugo , Lavacchi Alessandro
Published: August 2009

The well known “Hubbert curve” assumes that the production curve of a crude oil in a free market economy is “bell shaped” and symmetric. The model was first applied in the 1950s as a way of forecasting the production of crude oil in the US lower 48 states. Today, variants of the model are often used for describing the worldwide production of crude oil, which is supposed to reach a global production peak (“peak oil”) and to decline afterwards. The model has also been shown to be generally valid for mineral resources other than crude oil and also for slowly renewable biological resources such as whales. Despite its widespread use, Hubbert’s modelis sometimes criticized for being arbitrary and its underlying assumptions are rarely examined. In the present work, we use a simple model to generate the bell shaped curve curve using the smallest possible number of assumptions, taking also into account the “Energy Return to Energy Invested” (EROI or EROEI) parameter. We show that this model can reproduce several historical cases, even for resources other than crude oil, and provide a useful tool for understanding the general mechanisms of resource exploitation and the future of energy production in the world’s economy.
Time Trend of the Male Proportion at Birth in Brazil, 1979-2004
Authors: Gibson Gerusa , Costa Luciana  Scarlazzari , Koifman Sergio
Published: August 2009

Several studies suggest that exposure to environmental endocrine disrupters can reduce the number of male births, and therefore, the male proportion at birth (also denominated birth ratio or sex ratio at birth) can be used as a sentinel health indicator. This work aimed to analyze the trend of male births in Brazil, according to their distribution by states and capitals. An ecological descriptive time series was carried out using polynomial regression, showing a declining trend for male proportion at birth in Brazil (1979-1994), followed by an upward trend until 2004. A decline on the proportion of male births was observed in Brazil between 1979 and 1993, followed by a subsequent rise of this ratio between 1995 and 2004, wherein the mean proportion of male births in Brazil rose from 51.05 to 51.18, representing a relative increase of 0.25%. The states of São Paulo (Southwest region) and Acre (Western Amazon), as well as some capitals−Cuiabá (Western Region), Palmas (Amazon) and Rio Branco (Amazon)−showed increasing trends, which suggests the influence of socio-demographic changes. In contrast, a declining trend in the State of Ceará State (Northeast region), with a 0.35% yearly decrease was observed. As a whole, these results suggest the influence of different environmental factors (demographic changes, public health services distribution, and population exposure to endocrine disruptor substances) influencing the time trend of birth ratio in the Brazilian population during the last decades.
Verification of the Addiction Severity Index Japanese Version (ASI-J) as a Treatment-Customization, Prediction, and Comparison Tool for Alcohol-Dependent Individuals
Authors: Haraguchi Ayako , Ogai Yasukazu , Senoo Eiichi , Saito Satoru , Suzuki Yoshihiro , Yoshino Aihide , Ino Aro , Yanbe Kenji , Hasegawa Mitsuru , Murakami Masaru , Murayama Masanobu , Ishikawa Toru , Higuchi Susumu , Ikeda Kazutaka
Published: August 2009

Objective: To demonstrate the usefulness of the Addiction Severity Index Japanese Version (ASI-J) in Japanese alcohol-dependent individuals. The ASI is a frequently used clinical and research instrument that measures severities in seven functional domains in people with substance abuse disorders. Methods: A total of 370 male inpatients with a history of alcohol dependence participated in the study. Forty-nine participants were excluded in the final analysis due to lack of reliability (i.e., patient misrepresentation or inability to understand). We used the ASI-J and a series of indexes that determined patient states during and post-treatment. Results: The correlations between ASI Composite Scores (CSs), which were calculated through a weighted formula and indicated the severity of each problem area, were significant but low in eight relations and not significant in 13 relations, indicating substantial independence of the problem areas. Significant differences were found in Family/Social CSs between abstinent and relapsed alcohol-dependent individuals. The questions of undesirable attitude were significantly related to the CSs of Employment, Drug use, Family/Social, and Psychiatric sections. Significant differences were observed in patient demographics, CS, and ASI Severity Rating (SR) and interviewer’s subjective scoring between alcohol-dependent individuals and drug abusers. CSs in Japanese alcohol-dependent individuals were generally similar to corresponding CSs in individuals from other countries, with the exception of The Netherlands. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the ASI-J is useful for understanding individual profiles of problems for each patient and planning customized treatment. The ASI-J served as a predictive tool for relapse and compliance to treatment afterward and was shown to be useful as a comparison tool in clarifying similarities and differences between substance abuser groups.
Plant-Associated Bacterial Degradation of Toxic Organic Compounds in Soil
Authors: McGuinness Martina , Dowling David
Published: August 2009

A number of toxic synthetic organic compounds can contaminate environmental soil through either local (e.g., industrial) or diffuse (e.g., agricultural) contamination. Increased levels of these toxic organic compounds in the environment have been associated with human health risks including cancer. Plant-associated bacteria, such as endophytic bacteria (non-pathogenic bacteria that occur naturally in plants) and rhizospheric bacteria (bacteria that live on and near the roots of plants), have been shown to contribute to biodegradation of toxic organic compounds in contaminated soil and could have potential for improving phytoremediation. Endophytic and rhizospheric bacterial degradation of toxic organic compounds (either naturally occurring or genetically enhanced) in contaminated soil in the environment could have positive implications for human health worldwide and is the subject of this review.
The Role of Probiotics in the Poultry Industry
Authors: Kabir S. M. Lutful
Published: August 2009

The increase of productivity in the poultry industry has been accompanied by various impacts, including emergence of a large variety of pathogens and bacterial resistance. These impacts are in part due to the indiscriminate use of chemotherapeutic agents as a result of management practices in rearing cycles. This review provides a summary of the use of probiotics for prevention of bacterial diseases in poultry, as well as demonstrating the potential role of probiotics in the growth performance and immune response of poultry, safety and wholesomeness of dressed poultry meat evidencing consumer’s protection, with a critical evaluation of results obtained to date.
A Focus on Natural Variation for Abiotic Constraints Response in the Model Species Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Lefebvre Valérie , Kiani Seifollah  Poormohammad , Durand-Tardif Mylène
Published: August 2009

Plants are particularly subject to environmental stress, as they cannot move from unfavourable surroundings. As a consequence they have to react in situ. In any case, plants have to sense the stress, then the signal has to be transduced to engage the appropriate response. Stress response is effected by regulating genes, by turning on molecular mechanisms to protect the whole organism and its components and/or to repair damage. Reactions vary depending on the type of stress and its intensity, but some are commonly turned on because some responses to different abiotic stresses are shared. In addition, there are multiple ways for plants to respond to environmental stress, depending on the species and life strategy, but also multiple ways within a species depending on plant variety or ecotype. It is regularly accepted that populations of a single species originating from diverse geographic origins and/or that have been subjected to different selective pressure, have evolved retaining the best alleles for completing their life cycle. Therefore, the study of natural variation in response to abiotic stress, can help unravel key genes and alleles for plants to cope with their unfavourable physical and chemical surroundings. This review is focusing on Arabidopsis thaliana which has been largely adopted by the global scientific community as a model organism. Also, tools and data that facilitate investigation of natural variation and abiotic stress encountered in the wild are set out. Characterization of accessions, QTLs detection and cloning of alleles responsible for variation are presented.
Effect of Potato Virus Y on the NADP-Malic Enzyme from Nicotiana tabacum L.: mRNA, Expressed Protein and Activity
Authors: Doubnerová Veronika , Müller Karel , Čeřovská Noemi , Synková Helena , Spoustová Petra , Ryšlavá Helena
Published: August 2009

The effect of biotic stress induced by viral infection (Potato virus Y, strain NTN and O) on NADP-malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. Petit Havana, SR1) was tested at the transcriptional, translational and activity level. The increase of enzyme activity in infected leaves was correlated with the increased amount of expressed protein and with mRNA of cytosolic NADP-ME isoform. Transcription of the chloroplastic enzyme was not influenced by viral infection. The increase of the enzyme activity was also detected in stems and roots of infected plants. The effect of viral infection induced by Potato virus Y, NTN strain, causing more severe symptoms, was compared with the effect induced by milder strain PVYO. The observed increase in NADP-malic enzyme activity in all parts of the studied plants was higher in the case of PVYNTN strain than in the case of strain PVYO. The relevance of NADP-malic enzyme in plants under stress conditions was discussed.
Coupling Reactions of α-Bromocarboxylate with Non-Aromatic N-Heterocycles
Authors: Brychtova Katerina , Slaba Barbora , Placek Lukas , Jampilek Josef , Raich Ivan , Csollei Jozef
Published: August 2009

The conditions for the C-N bond forming reaction (C-N coupling reaction) between α-bromocarboxylate and nitrogen-containing non-aromatic heterocyclic rings under heterogeneous copper(I) oxide catalysis are investigated in this paper. All the generated compounds were fully characterized by IR, NMR and MS spectroscopy. Ab initio/DFT calculations of partial charges on nitrogen atoms in all the discussed heterocycles and on C(2) of carboxylate under applied conditions were predicted. These in silico results correlate relatively with the experimental observations.
Plant-Derived Antimalarial Agents: New Leads and Efficient Phytomedicines. Part II. Non-Alkaloidal Natural Products
Authors: Batista Ronan , De Jesus Silva Júnior Ademir , De Oliveira Alaíde Braga
Published: August 2009

Malaria is still the most destructive and dangerous parasitic infection in many tropical and subtropical countries. The burden of this disease is getting worse, mainly due to the increasing resistance of Plasmodium falciparum against the widely available antimalarial drugs. There is an urgent need for new, more affordable and accessible antimalarial agents possessing original modes of action. Natural products have played a dominant role in the discovery of leads for the development of drugs to treat human diseases, and this fact anticipates that new antimalarial leads may certainly emerge from tropical plant sources. This present review covers most of the recently-published non-alkaloidal natural compounds from plants with antiplasmodial and antimalarial properties, belonging to the classes of terpenes, limonoids, flavonoids, chromones, xanthones, anthraquinones, miscellaneous and related compounds, besides the majority of papers describing antiplasmodial crude extracts published in the last five years not reviewed before. In addition, some perspectives and remarks on the development of new drugs and phytomedicines for malaria are succinctly discussed.
A Simple Algorithm for Large-Scale Mapping of Evergreen Forests in Tropical America, Africa and Asia
Authors: Xiao Xiangming , Biradar Chandrashekhar  M. , Czarnecki Christina , Alabi Tunrayo , Keller Michael
Published: August 2009

The areal extent and spatial distribution of evergreen forests in the tropical zones are important for the study of climate, carbon cycle and biodiversity. However, frequent cloud cover in the tropical regions makes mapping evergreen forests a challenging task. In this study we developed a simple and novel mapping algorithm that is based on the temporal profile analysis of Land Surface Water Index (LSWI), which is calculated as a normalized ratio between near infrared and shortwave infrared spectral bands. The 8-day composites of MODIS Land Surface Reflectance data (MOD09A1) in 2001 at 500-m spatial resolution were used to calculate LSWI. The LSWI-based mapping algorithm was applied to map evergreen forests in tropical Africa, America and Asia (30°N–30°S). The resultant maps of evergreen forests in the tropical zone in 2001, as estimated by the LSWI-based algorithm, are compared to the three global forest datasets [FAO FRA 2000, GLC2000 and the standard MODIS Land Cover Product (MOD12Q1) produced by the MODIS Land Science Team] that are developed through complex algorithms and processes. The inter-comparison of the four datasets shows that the area estimate of evergreen forest from the LSWI-based algorithm fall within the range of forest area estimates from the FAO FRA 2000, GLC2000 and MOD12Q1 at a country level. The area and spatial distribution of evergreen forests from the LSWI-based algorithm is to a large degree similar to those of the MOD12Q1 produced by complex mapping algorithms. The results from this study demonstrate the potential of the LSWI-based mapping algorithm for large-scale mapping of evergreen forests in the tropical zone at moderate spatial resolution.
Bacteriophage T4 Nanoparticles as Materials in Sensor Applications: Variables That Influence Their Organization and Assembly on Surfaces
Authors: Archer Marie  J. , Liu Jinny  L.
Published: August 2009

Bacteriophage T4 nanoparticles possess characteristics that make them ideal candidates as materials for sensors, particularly as sensor probes. Their surface can be modified, either through genetic engineering or direct chemical conjugation to display functional moieties such as antibodies or other proteins to recognize a specific target. However, in order for T4 nanoparticles to be utilized as a sensor probe, it is necessary to understand and control the variables that determine their assembly and organization on a surface. The aim of this work is to discuss some of variables that we have identified as influencing the behavior of T4 nanoparticles on surfaces. The effect of pH, ionic strength, substrate characteristics, nanoparticle concentration and charge was addressed qualitatively using atomic force microscopy (AFM).
Spatio-Temporal Human Grip Force Analysis via Sensor Arrays
Authors: Kutz Dieter F. , Wölfel Alexander , Meindl Tobias , Timmann Dagmar , Kolb Florian P.
Published: August 2009

This study describes a technique for measuring human grip forces exerted on a cylindrical object via a sensor array. Standardised resistor-based pressure sensor arrays for industrial and medical applications have been available for some time. We used a special 20 mm diameter grip rod that subjects could either move actively with their fingers in the horizontal direction or exert reactive forces against opposing forces generated in the rod by a linear motor. The sensor array film was attached to the rod by adhesive tape and covered approximately 45 cm2 of the rod surface. The sensor density was 4/cm2 with each sensor having a force resolution of 0.1 N. A scan across all sensors resulted in a corresponding frame containing force values at a frame repetition rate of 150/s. The force value of a given sensor was interpreted as a pixel value resulting in a false-colour image. Based on remote sensed image analysis an algorithm was developed to distinguish significant force-representing pixels from those affected by noise. This allowed tracking of the position of identified fingers in subsequent frames such that spatio-temporal grip force profiles for individual fingers could be derived. Moreover, the algorithm allowed simultaneous measurement of forces exerted without any constraints on the number of fingers or on the position of the fingers. The system is thus well suited for basic and clinical research in human physiology as well as for studies in psychophysics.
Intersex Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) from a Contaminated River in Taiwan: A Case Study
Authors: Sun Peter Lin , Tsai Shinn-Shoung
Published: August 2009

River pollution in Taiwan is rather serious, but so far there have been no reports of fish intersex problems. This report reveals that 50% male tilapia in the Era-Jiin River of southern Taiwan were found to be feminized in an October 8, 1994 collection from station EJ-2 of this river. After discounting all other possible causative factors, and correlating with endocrine disrupting chemicals found in this river, we suggest that there is a great possibility that the occurrence of intersex tilapia was caused by these chemicals. The above finding suggests that greater attention needs to be given to endocrine disrupting chemicals problems.
Visual Rehabilitation by Scleral Fixation of Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lenses in Omani Children With Aphakia
Authors: Ganesh Anuradha , Al-Zuhaibi Sana , Mitra Sandip , Saad Sabt Buthaina I. , Ganguly Shyam S. , Bialasiewicz Alexander A.
Published: August 2009

Background and Objective:

To report indications and outcomes of scleral-fixated posterior chamber intraocular lenses (PC IOLs) in Omani children with aphakia.

Patients and Methods:

Patients with aphakia who were younger than 16 years, unsuitable for spectacle or contact lens correction, and without capsular support underwent an anterior vitrectomy and 10-0 polypropylene inside-out scleral fixation of a PC IOL.

Results:

Scleral-fixated PC IOLs were implanted in 28 eyes of 24 patients. Group A comprised 10 (36%) eyes with congenital cataract and 3 (11%) eyes with ectopia lentis and group B comprised 15 (53%) eyes with traumatic cataract. The mean age at implantation was higher in group A (10.5 years) than in group B (7.3 years). Visual acuity improved in 17 of 28 (61%) eyes and remained at the preoperative levels in 11 of 28 (39%) eyes. Mean postoperative refraction was within ± 2.0 diopters of the predicted refraction in 19 of 28 (68%) eyes. Complications included temporary intraocular pressure increase, vitreous hemorrhage, and iris capture with lens malposition.

Conclusion:

Scleral-fixated PC IOLs are beneficial for children with aphakia without posterior capsular support who are lacking other means for visual rehabilitation. Patients with traumatic cataract and lens dislocation are more likely to experience an improvement in visual acuity postoperatively than patients with congenital cataract. However, this procedure is technically more difficult than routine PC IOL implantation and potentially carries greater risks.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:354–360.]
Effects of Ranibizumab on Exudative Disciform Scars
Authors: Ahmad Fatima K. , Morley Michael G. , Berry Anna , Wiegand Torsten W. , Heier Jeffrey S. , Morley Eleanor F. , Sanguansak Thuss , Topping Trexler M. , Frederick Albert R. , Sang Delia N. , Hughes Mark S. , Cleary Tina S.
Published: August 2009

Background and Objective:

To evaluate the effect of intravitreal ranibizumab in patients with leaking disciform scars.

Patients and Methods:

In this retrospective case series, 31 eyes received one or two ranibizumab injections for treatment of choroidal neovascularization. Visual acuity, central retinal thickness, and macular volume were measured prior to injection and at 1-month follow-up.

Results:

After one injection (n = 31), mean optical coherence tomography (OCT) central foveal thickness decreased from 317 to 242 µm (
P
= .00016). Mean OCT macular volume decreased from 7.89 to 6.80 mm
3
(
P
= .00019). After two injections (n = 12), mean OCT central foveal thickness decreased from 310 to 248 µm following the second injection (
P
= .04). Mean OCT macular volume decreased from 7.80 to 6.43 mm
3
at 1-month follow-up after a second injection (
P
= .006). There was no significant change in visual acuity after injections.

Conclusion:

In the short-term, ranibizumab decreases the leakage associated with choroidal neovascularization in chronic macular degeneration.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:366–372.]
Enhancing Nonmydriatic Color Photographs of the Retina With Monochromatic Views and a Stereo Pair to Detect Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Salti Haytham I. , Nasrallah Mona , Haddad Sandra , Khairallah Walid , Salti I. S.
Published: August 2009

Background and Objective:

Nonmydriatic digital color imaging is rapidly gaining an important role in screening for diabetic retinopathy. However, it has yet to equal a dilated fundus examination or seven Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study field 35-mm photography. The authors therefore attempted to enhance efficacy and validity by adding two low-cost steps to the nonmydriatic digital image evaluation.

Patients and Methods:

The fundi of 145 consecutive patients with diabetes mellitus were evaluated for diabetic retinopathy using two different nonmydriatic reading techniques: creating a red-free view (using digital filters) and looking at a stereo pair of each field taken. These methods were each compared to a mydriatic fundus examination.

Results:

Although the first technique yielded views with sensitivities and specificities similar to what exists in the literature using this same technique, enhancing these photographs (second technique) yielded a statistically significant increase in sensitivity and specificity (
P
< .005).

Conclusion:

The authors recommend using both low-cost steps when screening for diabetic retinopathy through nonmydriatic digital color imaging.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:373–378.]
Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Type 2 Idiopathic Perifoveal Telangiectasia
Authors: Krivosic Valérie , Tadayoni Ramin , Massin Pascale , Erginay Ali , Gaudric Alain
Published: August 2009

Background and Objective:

To compare images acquired by Stratus time domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) and Cirrus spectral domain OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec) in cases of bilateral type 2 idiopathic perifoveal telangiectasia.

Patients and Methods:

Twenty-three eyes of 12 patients with type 2 idiopathic perifoveal telangiectasia were examined on the same day with both OCT systems.

Results:

Foveal cystoid spaces were detected in more eyes by Cirrus than Stratus OCT (19 of 23 vs 13 of 23). Disruptions of the inner segment/outer segment photoreceptor line were detected with both systems but were only quantified on Cirrus images. Thinning of central foveal thickness was established by both, but only Cirrus OCT measured outer retinal thinning on the temporal compared to the nasal side of the fovea.

Conclusions:

Spectral domain OCT could become a new noninvasive tool for facilitating early diagnosis of type 2 idiopathic perifoveal telangiectasia and for following its evolution and the effects of any treatments.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:379–384.]
Detection of Macular Photocoagulation Scars With Confocal Infrared Reflection Imaging
Authors: Kotoula Maria G. , Chatzoulis Dimitrios Z. , Tahmitzi Sofia , Tsironi Evangelia E.
Published: August 2009

Background and Objective:

To study the diagnostic reliability (specificity and sensitivity) of confocal infrared reflection in detecting threshold argon laser photocoagulation scars in the macula.

Patients and Methods:

Fifty-six maculae with diabetic macular edema were evaluated by biomicroscopic slit-lamp fundus examination, digital color fundus photography, digital fundus fluorescein angiography, and digital infrared reflection images. Three examiners evaluated whether the eye had undergone any laser photopexy in the macula.

Results:

Sensitivity, specificity, and false-positive and false-negative results were calculated for each method. Fluorescein fundus angiography and infrared imaging, although using different approaches, both detect pigment epithelium changes such as laser scars. It seems that both methods are of equal specificity. On the other hand, both biomicroscopic fundus examination and digital color photography showed poor reliability.

Conclusion:

Infrared reflection imaging is an easy, noninvasive method with excellent sensitivity and specificity in detecting photocoagulation scars from previous threshold laser treatment. It may be useful in estimating photocoagulated areas, especially if threshold treatment has been applied.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:385–388.]
Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography as a Screening Tool for the Assessment of the Anterior Segment Angle
Authors: Pekmezci Melike , Porco Travis C. , Lin Shan C.
Published: August 2009

Background and Objective:

Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) is an alternative method for the assessment of angle width. The purpose of this study is to assess the accuracy of AS-OCT for detecting occludable angles and compare the results of high- and low-resolution images with gonioscopy.

Patients and Methods:

Visante AS-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) images of 303 eyes (155 patients) presenting between February 1 and July 15, 2007, were retrospectively analyzed. Angle recess area (ARA) and angle opening distances (AOD) at 250, 500, and 750 µm were measured and correlated with the corresponding gonioscopic measurements.

Results:

AS-OCT parameters showed a nonlinear relationship with gonioscopy, ARA having the highest correlation. Correlations between high- and low-resolution images were modest. Cut-off values were 0.180 mm
2
(70.3% sensitivity, 87.4% specificity) for ARA and 0.264 mm (71.8% sensitivity, 84.8% specificity) for AOD at 500 µm.

Conclusion:

AS-OCT appears to be a promising screening tool for narrow angles.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:389–398.]
Optical Coherence Tomography Appearance of a Retinal Artery Macroaneurysm
Authors: Savar Aaron , Vavvas Demetrios
Published: August 2009

Macroaneurysms are saccular dilatations of the retinal arterioles commonly seen in systemic hypertension. The authors present the first report of the high-resolution optical coherence tomography appearance of an unruptured retinal artery macroaneurysm.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:403–404.]
Treatment of Subretinal Neovascular Membrane in a Patient With Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Type II
Authors: Farah Samer E. , Fazelat Ahad , Frei Gill
Published: August 2009

A 29-year-old woman with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II presented with decreased vision due to choroidal neovascular membrane. She was treated with monthly intravitreal injections of bevacizumab. Although there was dramatic improvement in her vision after the third injection, it continued to improve through the ninth monthly injection. Despite recent reports of renal side effects of systemic bevacizumab, patients with preexisting renal disease treated by the authors did not demonstrate any loss of renal function 1 year after treatment.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:416–418]
Labor-Induced Hemorrhage of a Retinal Cavernous Hemangioma
Authors: Smith Bradley T. , Joseph Daniel P.
Published: August 2009

The authors present a case of a previously undiagnosed retinal cavernous hemangioma that hemorrhaged during labor. There are previous reports of labor-induced intracranial hemorrhage from central nervous system vascular malformations, but none have demonstrated intraocular hemorrhage during labor. The case emphasizes a need to screen patients with retinal cavernous hemangioma and to warn them of possible vision loss during Valsalva maneuvers such as labor.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:419–420.]
Optical Coherence Tomography of Traumatic Maculopathy Following Blunt Trauma With Sugarcane
Authors: Chaudhuri Zia , Chaudhary Rajat , Ghosh Basudeb , Raina Usha Kaul , Mehta Sachin
Published: August 2009

An unusual case of traumatic maculopathy following blunt trauma with a sugarcane stick is reported in a 12-year-old boy. An area of parafoveal exudates associated with decrease in visual acuity was observed in the affected eye of the patient. Baseline parameters related to the best-corrected visual acuity, visual fields, fundus photographs, fluorescein angiography, and macular optical coherence tomography were performed and the patient was observed for 6 months with conservative management. There was complete resolution of the exudates with commensurate increase in the best-corrected visual acuity over this period. This unusual presentation of traumatic maculopathy is discussed along with the role of optical coherence tomography in such cases.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:421–424.]
CCR7 Deficiency in NOD Mice Leads to Thyroiditis and Primary Hypothyroidism
Authors: Martin Andrea P. , Marinkovic Tatjana , Canasto-Chibuque Claudia , Latif Rauf , Unkeless Jay C. , Davies Terry F. , Takahama Yousuke , Furtado Glaucia C. , Lira Sergio A.
Published: August 2009

CCR7 is involved in the initiation of immune responses and has been recently implicated in the control of tolerance. To analyze the role of CCR7 in autoimmunity, we backcrossed CCR7ko/ko mice (in which ko signifies deficient) onto the autoimmune-prone NOD background. Surprisingly, NODCCR7ko/ko mice never developed diabetes, but showed severe inflammation in multiple tissues including thyroid, lung, stomach, intestine, uterus, and testis. NODCCR7ko/ko mice had a marked enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter) that was associated with circulating autoantibodies against thyroglobulin, and development of primary hypothyroidism (decreased levels of serum thyroxin, and augmented levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the pituitary gland), features found in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Cells isolated from diseased thyroids and activated splenocytes from NODCCR7ko/ko animals induced goiter in NOD.SCID recipients, demonstrating that autoreactive cells were generated in the absence of CCR7. Moreover, thyroid disease could be accelerated in young NODCCR7ko/ko mice by immunization with thyroglobulin. These results demonstrate the complexity in the generation of multiple autoimmune phenotypes in NOD mice and indicate that CCR7 is a key molecule in their development.