bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geographical indicators of sustainable development and assessment of the impact on the environment
Authors: Elizbarashvili N , Meladze G , Yeghyan M , Elizbarashvili R
Published: November 2019

The indicators of sustainable development are the indices used to evaluate and show the levels and trends of national, regional and global development. The analysis of such indicators is used to forecast the peculiarities of political, economic, social and ecological development of the geographical environment. There are many examples of designing and determining the indicators of sustainable development known today, which have been actively considered since the Rio Conference of 1992. For example, under the UNO Development Programme, the social indicator of sustainable development is the human potential development index, which incorporates such indices, as a person’s expected lifetime (by the moment of his birth), level of education of the adult population and size of the gross domestic product per capita. Presently, the geographical (environmental) indicators of sustainable development are considered to be: Level of degradation of land, water, atmospheric air, plants and animals, eco-systems and landscapes; Scales of using the natural resources; Scales of ecological policy and landscape planning and realization; Outcomes of realization of the national environmental legislation and international conventions; Indicators of the science and education involvement in the study of the environmental problems and realization of the study outcomes; Level of the population environmental consciousness and awareness.
Water factor in landscape planning of the area
Authors: Gagarinova O V
Published: November 2019

The landscape planning projects consider different aspects of the water component, depending on the aims and characteristics of the natural and socioeconomic state of the areas. The selection of criteria and theoretical justification of the factors for assessing water potential are of special attention in this work. Notably, the water factor of the territorial development and, primarily, its water ecological aspect is a limiting element in many cases. Analysis of the conditions for the runoff formation and transformation as well as the relationship of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the runoff with the landscape elements allow determination of hydrological organization of the area and landscape hydrological zoning to substantiate the objectives of the territorial development. The methodology of landscape planning allows the introduction of the theory of landscape hydrological approach into the practice of land use planning. The combination of these approaches provides a functionally sound tool for the practical implementation of the scientific findings into the recommended actions and measures for the ecologically friendly environmental management and the sustainable development of certain areas. The article discusses hydrological aspects of some landscape planning projects that were fulfilled in V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography SB RAS as well as in collaboration with colleagues from Armenia and Germany.
Polygenesis of island geosystems
Authors: Ganzei K S
Published: November 2019

Research into the nature and structure of polygenetic landscapes began in the 1970s and showed that the physical geography of landscapes results from the combined effects of multiple geophysical fields. Since islands are isolated their origin, area and topography are distinct from continental areas. These distinctions have been revealed by studies of island landscapes. The peculiarities of manifestation and interaction of the geostationary, geocirculating and biocirculating geophysical fields result in the formation of the polystructural and polygenetic landscapes of island geosystem. This is shown based on research focused on landscape organization of the Kurile and the Hawaiian Islands as well as those of Peter the Great Bay (the Sea of Japan). The author demonstrates that the island geosystems represent the combination of all genetic versions of geosystems. The genesis, physical properties and spatial location of island geosystems define their regional features, whereas the fundamental processes of functioning remain uniform and do not depend on any factors but are rather due to the presence of the properties of closed geographical systems.
Socio-environmental aspects of the development of mineral raw material resources industry in the border regions of the East of the Russian Federation
Authors: Glazyrina I P , Faleychik L M , Zabelina I A
Published: November 2019

The paper presents calculations demonstrating the role of the mineral resource complex from a socio-ecological point of view. The activities of the industry should ensure the development of high-quality social infrastructure and a fairly high standard of living of the local population, including the quality of the environment. This is especially important because enterprises tend to be located in remote areas with not the most favorable climatic conditions. The paper shows the contribution of the raw mineral resource complex on the regional income tax. To compare the environmental impact of the industry with its contribution to the economic growth, an eco-intensity indicator is used. There is a significant differentiation between the Eastern border regions of Russia in terms of socio-environmental dynamics in the field of mining. The most successful is the development of the mineral sector of the Irkutsk region: there is a significant increase in the wage fund, and the improvement of environmental characteristics of emissions into the air. The calculations revealed an unfavorable situation in Primorye Territory. With the reduction of the wage fund formed in the mineral sector, there was an increase in eco-intensity by more than one and a half times.
The Jevons paradox and the problem of assessing the effectiveness of environmental institutions in Russia
Authors: Glazyrina I P , Zabelina I A
Published: November 2019

The paper presents an attempt to quantify and analyze the ecological and economic trends in the regions of Russia using the decoupling coefficient. The calculations showed high heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of the quantitative decoupling effect in Russia. The number of regions where this effect is steadily manifested concerning all (included in the analysis) types of negative impact is relatively small. In the regions actively developing cross-border ties with China, the decoupling effect is observed concerning the discharge of polluted wastewater. According to the negative impact on the atmospheric air in most cases, the effect of decoupling was also revealed. At the same time, in some regions, economic development is accompanied by an increase in air pollution, which is the most noticeable when considering the situation in the context of the main economic activities. We can also conclude that over the past decade there has been no significant environmental modernization in the basic industries of the regions actively developing cross-border ties with China. During the period of economic instability (from 2009 to 2016), the ecological and economic efficiency of economic activity decreased in all regions and the Russian Federation. The results of the study show that under these conditions, the effectiveness of existing environmental institutions is decreasing, and they do not provide sufficient “immunity” of regional ecological and economic systems concerning economic shocks.
Prospects for the rational use of water bodies of the Northwestern Federal District of Russia in the tourism sector
Authors: Grigoriev A A , Paranin R V , Paranina A N
Published: November 2019

The purpose of the article is to show that it is economically viable and environmentally sound to use the water resources of the Northwestern Federal District (NWFD) of Russia as a matrix for the development of tourism and recreational facilities in the region. Such specialization corresponds to the peculiarities of a very vulnerable northern nature and modern conditions when the sphere of recreational nature management and the market for services are actively developing all over the world. A large number of water bodies, unique monuments of natural and cultural heritage are located on the territory of the NWFD, which determines the possibilities of combining these resources in projects of recreational nature management. According to the authors of the article, the most promising resources are prehistoric monuments, including stone sculptures, structures and revered stones of different genesis and age. However, these objects are the least studied and protected. There are several problematic issues, which are related to the study, conservation and rational use of megalithic objects located on the region’s water and water routes. We consider the possibilities of researching such objects as the simplest astronomical tools of the Stone Age, list the main directions and research methods, and give some specific examples.
Morphodynamics of the river mouth systems of the southern Baikal depression
Authors: Ilicheva E A , Pavlov M V , Andreev F M
Published: November 2019

The researches covered the largest river mouths, representing the main morphogenetic types of river mouth systems (RMS) of tributaries of the southern depression of the Lake Baikal. On the coastal area of the southern depression there are 3 types of RMS: fewarm with channel opening or with a spit; multi-arm with phytogenous-delta coast (on the terrigenous cone); arched protruding deltas on a shallow seaside. The results of morphometric analysis in dynamics for the period from 1897 to the present time are presented. The various morphometric parameters and coefficients of development of the RMS are given. The increase in the level initially led to the flooding of the mouths and adjacent territories, and then to a new stage of development of the RMS at the «river-lake contact», both subaerial and underwater parts of them. An attempt was made to consolidate the concepts of river mouth system, river mouth area, and river mouth geosystem with the definition of the borders. The conclusions about the factors of formation of various RMS are presented: the water level regime of the receiving reservoir, hydro-climatic conditions, seismotectonic expressions, and the technogenic factor. The leading processes of relief formation at the present stage of development are revealed.
Crude oil lines accident rate analysis in Nizhnevartovsk district KhMAO-Ugra for years 2014-2018
Authors: Khodzhaeva G K
Published: November 2019

On the territory of Nizhnevartovsk district Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Ugra, accidents on pipelines still have a complex destructive impact on the environment, leading to pollution and aggravation of the environmental situation in the region. Possible impact on the environment during the exploitation of deposits, even if minimized (formally), yet negative changes in the environment continue to accumulate and manifest themselves. In this case, it is impossible to completely avoid accidents. Usually, as a result of pipeline breachings, the largest emissions of oil and petroleum products occur. The reasons for the high number of accidents on pipelines operating in the district and area are equipment operation, including pipelines, in excess of the standard period; insufficient investment by oil companies of funds allocated for the reconstruction and overhaul of pipelines; as well as the progressive aging of existing networks and poor production equipment with reliable automation and remote control systems. In recent years, numerous environmental protection measures cited in the oil and gas complex have not led to a significant improvement in the environmental situation in the region. This article analyzes the results of accidents on oil pipelines from fields in the Nizhnevartovsk district Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Ugra for 2014–2018 and determines the seasonal indexes of accidents on the oil fields of a given territory.
Features of the microelement composition of the liquid phase in snow cover from the towns of Usolye-Sibirskoe and Svirsk
Authors: Kholodova M S , Poletaeva V I , Pastukhov M V
Published: November 2019

We analyze the chemical composition of the liquid phase in the snow cover from industrial and residential zones, as well as the background region, the water area of Lake Baikal, to assess the atmospheric pollution of the towns of Usolye-Sibirskoe and Svirsk. We have determined the concentrations of trace elements (Fe, Co, Mn, V, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, Th, U, and Hg), and most of which have a high toxicity degree. The study has resulted in the identification of priority elements that pollute the atmosphere of the two cities, which differ significantly in the specifics of core enterprises. For the town of Usolye-Sibirskoe, such toxic elements in the liquid phase of snow are Hg, Zn and Pb; for the town of Svirsk – As and V. According to the dispersal halos of pollutants, we determined that their highest concentrations are in the industrial zones of the towns. At the same time, these elements have increased concentrations in the snow meltwater of residential areas of cities as well as in the water area of the Angara River, which is significant as the main source of drinking water supply to the region and fishery facilities. The revealed high concentrations of trace elements in the liquid phase of the snow cover show that a significant part of the pollutants is in the most dangerous dissolved mobile forms. Even in the period of a sharp decrease in the technogenic emission of potentially toxic elements, industrial sites of the investigated cities remain the main sources of air pollution.
New Economic Development of the North of Irkutsk Region: Socio-Ecological Consequences
Authors: Krasnoshtanova N E
Published: November 2019

The processes of economic development of the territories in the modern world change under many factors. Significant transformation of approaches to the development of new territories has occurred in Russian practice in recent decades. The differences between the Soviet period (planned economy) of the development of new territories and the modern period (market economy) are tremendous. The consequences of these transformations have an impact on the formation of benefit sharing frameworks in Russian resource sector. The research was performed on the example of three new economic development districts located in the North of Irkutsk region (Ust-Kutsky, Kirensky, and Katangsky). The following objectives were made: to identify the local population’s opinion about active development of a new sector of the economy such as oil and gas extraction; and to determine the influence of new economic branch on the life quality of population and socio-ecological consequences of new industry in the study area. The research has shown that the new industrial development not only fails to have the aspect of settling the territory but is partly the cause of the migration of population from small northern settlements of the North of Irkutsk region. The questionnaire survey and interviewing of the population on the impact of new oil and gas industry on life quality and the socio-economic and ecological environment made it possible to identify four main aspects of the impact: economic conditions, environment accessibility, environmental safety and confidence in the future.
Spring riverfloods in Nizhnevartovsk: Specific features
Authors: Kuznetsova E A , Sokolov S N
Published: November 2019

Compared to other emergencies, flooding is considered the most common and devastating natural disaster. Therefore, the Russian state program on the “Reproduction and use of natural resources” currently states the protection of population and economic facilities from the negative effects of water as a topical priority. Nizhnevartovsk is located on the right bank of the Ob River and was built on marshy terrain. The average long-term water consumption here is 5634 m3/sec. River floods usually last for 60-130 days, with the maximum water levels registered in 1966, 1970, 1979, 2007, and 2015. In June 2015, the city authorities introduced a municipal emergency regime in some areas of Nizhnevartovsk due to the high level of floodwaters and flooding of a significant part of gardeners’ partnerships. The water level reached the maximum value of 1061 cm on June 19, 2015. After abatement in water, the city authorities together with the chairmen of gardeners’ partnerships examined summer cottages, where citizens registered and resided permanently, and assessed the effects of the flood as well as the state of roads and bridges in the flood zone. After flooding, many summer cottages could not be restored. Based on the water level indicators in the Ob River, the study develops the trends in the actual and calculated maximum water levels with components of the Fourier series. The results of the study can be used to elaborate city development plans and reduce flood damage.
Mapping of geosystems in the south of the Yenisei Siberia for environmental assessment
Authors: Lysanova G I , Semenov Yu M , Sorokovoi A A , Balyazin I V
Published: November 2019

Landscape mapping of the southern regions of Middle Siberia within the territory of the planned complex investment project “Yenisei Siberia” on collateral economic development of 3 regions (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republics of Khakassia and Tyva) is carried out. Works were performed with using uniform geosystem classification based on systemic hierarchical approach to identification of a taxonomy of landscape units. It considers positioning of concrete territories and typological ranges of regional geosystems in the system of physical geographycal regionalization. The technique of mapping was based on the V.B. Sochava’s doctrine about geosystems and the principles of creation of hierarchical structure of geomers by integration of structural and structural-dynamic indicators. Own ideas of authors of geosystems classification received from experience of landscape mapping of other regions in the South of Siberia by drawing up the map are used. As a result of research a big variety of geosystems is revealed on the map through display of spatial differentiation of areals of distribution of geomers of a rank of group of fatsias is revealed. The complexity of landscape structure is caused by position of the territory of researches of a joint of four landscape regions.
Climate research in Arctic regions of Siberia
Authors: Maksyutova E V , Bashalkhanova L B
Published: November 2019

The paper shows the impact of recent changes in air temperature and wind speed on the living conditions of human population in the Arctic regions of Siberia (to the north of 66°N and within 66-162°E). The combined effect of subzero temperatures and wind speed on the thermal status of the exposed surface of the human body was evaluated as a proxy indicator for the severity of the climate. As average monthly temperatures increase, this indicator decreases in the Arctic territories of Siberia. The dynamics of daily fluctuations of threshold values of the weather severity index from October to April from 1966/67 to 2017/2018 has been analysed for the Verkhoyansk station. We found a decrease in the number of days prohibiting and an increase in the number of days restricting a person’s stay outdoors. In the more recent period from 1981/82 to 2017/18, a noticeable decrease in the number of days with prohibitive weather conditions was observed. At the same time, little variation was observed in the average number of days with restrictions in outdoor activities over longer time intervals: the difference between 1936-1964, 1966-2018, and 1981-2018 periods was less than five days.
Atmospheric protection technologies for coal thermal power plants in eastern regions of Russia
Authors: Maysyuk E P , Rjepka E A
Published: November 2019

Environmental problems of thermal power plants in the eastern regions of Russia are associated with emission of a significant amount of pollutants into the atmosphere. In recent years, documents have been adopted in Russia at the government level concerning the introduction of modern innovative technologies in all industries, including the energy sector. On July 1, 2018, a reference book of the best available technologies became operative. This reference book contains a list and analysis of the best available technologies for large coal-fired heat power plants, including atmospheric protection measures. For large thermal power plants, three pollutants are primarily considered: particulate matter, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide. For each of them, the article discusses the best available technologies for reducing emissions into the atmosphere. The atmospheric protection technologies include technologies of the preliminary preparation of fossil fuel for combustion as well as technical purification systems of each pollutant. Sulphur dioxide is the main impurity of emission from coal-fired thermal power plants, and one of the attractive ways to reduce its emissions is the thermal preparation of coal before combustion. This technology has been experimentally tested at ESI SB RAS. This article discusses preliminary estimates and calculated emissions obtained.
The study of the dependence of spring crops yield on the abiotic environmental factors using nonlinear interpolation
Authors: Morozova S V , Polyanskaya E A , Kononova N K , Denisov K E , Poletaev I S
Published: November 2019

The article discusses the effect of abiotic environmental factors on crop yields. Abiotic factors cannot be changed by human activity; therefore, considering their impact on yield is very important for predicting crop yields. The article analyzes the dependence of spring wheat yield on such abiotic environmental factors as average ten-day air temperatures during the growing season, ten-day amounts of precipitation during the growing season and the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient during the growing season. To identify dependencies, the authors applied a non-linear approximation method using a third-degree polynomial dependence with one variable. The study was conducted during the most important growing season of spring wheat, in May and June. The authors show the equations of the third-degree polynomial dependences and graphs, as well as their graphic interpretation. Based on the obtained graphs, the authors have analyzed favorable intervals of abiotic factors for the formation of high yields of spring wheat. The authors indicate the most optimal temperature and humidity conditions for each ten days of May and June. These dependences are suitable not only for spring wheat but also for other spring grain crops, such as oats and barley.
Methods of mathematical modelling for calculating flow characteristics of ungauged rivers in engineering design tasks (by the example of the Khemchik River, Tyva Republic, Russia)
Authors: Nesterova N V , Makarieva O M , Post D A
Published: November 2019

In this study, we assess the results of the application of the deterministic hydrological model Hydrograph for calculating the maximum discharge of various recurrence frequencies at the ungauged mountain catchment of the Khemchik River – Khemchik village (the Tyva Republic, Russia, area 1750 km2). We have assessed the parameters of the model for three main landscapes of the study area. Based on streamflow modelling at two gauged catchments, we have verified the parameters and algorithms of the hydrological mode land the results of modelling are satisfactory. The simulations of streamflow with daily time step for the Khemchik River – Khemchik village was conducted for the period between 1966 and 2012 using meteorological observational data from the Teeli meteorological station. Based on the simulated maximum discharge series, we have constructed the frequency distribution curves and compared with the data on calculations according to the standard methodology of frequency analysis provided in SP 33-101-2003. The modelling-based maximum instantaneous discharges for the frequency interval between 99 and 0.7% are 1.3-5 times higher than the values estimated by the standard methodology. The Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Tyva Republic indirectly confirms the plausibility of model calculations, evidencing the regular flooding of the Khemchik village, which is not predicted by the values obtained with the standard methods.
Methodological and applied bases of territorial planning (as exemplified by elaboration of the program of sustainable development for rural territories)
Authors: Rogovskaya N V , Grigoryeva M A
Published: November 2019

Rural development programs in strategic planning determine the direction of sustainable development, taking into account socio-economic and environmental factors. “The Concept of Sustainable Development of Rural Territories of the Russian Federation for the Period Until 2020” is an important document that defines the development of rural territories in Russia, approved in 2010. The implementation of the Concept is associated with the development of regional programs for the sustainable development of rural territories. Scientific and methodological support of sustainable rural development programs is an important aspect in developing programs at the regional and municipal levels. Whereas developing a regional program for the sustainable development of rural territories, the following sequence of steps is followed: the organizational stage, when third-party organizations are involved in research; the analytical stage, including the development of a program for sustainable development of rural territories and its scientific and methodological support; then coordination and approval of the program. This paper considers two research projects, which the authors participated in 2009-2011. The first project on sustainable development of rural territories was realized in the Altai Territory. The second project on sustainable development of rural areas was realized in the Tambov oblast in the framework of the Russian-French project.
Selected results of landscape planning in Ust’-Koksinskii District of the Altai Republic
Authors: Shitov A V , Klimova O V , Merdesheva E V , Semenov Yu M
Published: November 2019

Landscape planning for the territory of the Ust’-Koksinskii district of the Altai Republic is carried out. Rather severe environment prevents formation of normal intercommunications in the area. The agro-industrial complex is one of priority and socially important sectors of economy. The livestock production was and remains traditionally prevailing industry of agricultural production. The largest spaces in the district are occupied by the agricultural land. Large number of natural sights and nature sanctuaries form a basis for tourism development. The concepts of target development for concrete territories in the district are defined on the basis of integration of maps of the development purposes for separate natural components. Mountain glacial-nival and mountain-tundra landscapes are recommended for withdrawal from current use. Mountain-tundra landscapes with larch-cedar forests are attributed to the preservation of the existing extensive use with the abandonment of certain uses. For mountain taiga landscapes, it is recommended that existing widespread use should be observed in compliance with environmental measures. Adjustable widespread use is recommended for mountain-valley landscapes. Territories with steppe landscapes in the intermontane basins belong to the category of regulated development of agriculture and tourism with a possible increase in activity and local improvement of disturbed areas.
Mapping post fire recovery in Bakchar bog with Landsat time series data
Authors: Sinyutkina A A , Gashkova L P , Ivanova E S
Published: November 2019

The aim of this research was to assess the pyrogenic load and recovery processes after the fire event of 2016 within the drained site of Bakchar bog. Satellite remote sensing data and field data were collected for this study. The specific objectives of this study were: 1) to conduct field studies in key sites with different pyrogenic load keys in order to assess projective cover and species composition of the vegetation cover and 2) to compare field data with satellite image data using the vegetation index and perform spatial assessment of vegetation post-pyrogenic recovery in the first three years after the fire. The area of fire spread was 5.54 km2, including 4.44 km2 within the mire. The intensity and character of the vegetation recovery are differed between sites pyrogenic load classes. The first and second classes of the pyrogenic load are characteristic by the most intensive recovery process. These classes occupy 78 % of the burned area. NDVI values in three years after the fire become close and even exceed the values characteristic for drained pine-dwarf shrubs-sphagnum bogs mainly due to the intensive renewal of dwarf shrub layer. The emergence of deciduous trees will lead to a significant increase in the vegetation index in subsequent years.
Natural and ecological factors for assessing the quality of life of the population in the Russian Far East
Authors: Sukhoveeva A B
Published: November 2019

The study aims to assess the impact of environmental factors on the quality of life of the population in the Far Eastern regions of Russia. The paper analyzes two types of natural media: atmospheric air and surface water resources. The study was carried out for the regions of the Far East of Russia (FER) from 2010 to 2016. We have distinguished four types of regions according to the comfort degree of natural and climatic conditions as well as the environmental situation. The “high” level of quality of life is in the Jewish Autonomous Region, which is characterized by comfortable living conditions and low levels of natural and anthropogenic pollution in the territory. We conclude that environmental and climatic factors and environmental conditions, especially in regions with extreme and uncomfortable living conditions, in the presence of disturbances in the environment, do not affect the overall assessment of the quality of life of the population in the Far East.
The use of microbiological monitoring to assess the impact of the anthropogenic influence on the ecosystem of Lake Baikal
Authors: Yu Suslova M , Shtykova Yu R , Sukhanova E V , Podlesnaya G V , Ya Kostornova T , Grebenshchikova V I , Belykh O I
Published: November 2019

We present the data on the assessment of the hygiene microbiological state in the water area of Lake Baikal and the estuaries of its tributaries in 2016, 2017 and 2018 based on the standards adopted in the Russian Federation. Deep Baikal water, in general, meets the standards applied to assess the water to be used as drinking water supply. Monitoring of the surface layer has shown the most favourable quality of the water from the pelagic zone of the lake in 2017 with the minimum abundance and occurrence of hygiene indicator bacteria. The pelagic water meets the standards adopted in the Russian Federation for surface waters. Assessment of water quality has identified the maximum number of the opportunistic bacteria at the estuaries of the Baikal rivers. The non-standard samples are from the estuaries of the rivers Snezhnaya, Goloustnaya, Buguldeika, Anga, Kuchulga, Sarma, Turka, Barguzin, and Kichera. In 2018, the Snezhnaya River had the greatest anthropogenic load. Monitoring the Angara source by hygiene bacteriological characteristics showed maximum values in July and August 2019 for all groups of microorganisms.
Hydrological and climatic conditions of water resources formation in the South of Western Siberia
Authors: Tusupbekov Zh A , Nadtochiy V S , Ryapolova N L
Published: November 2019

Hydrological and climatic features of the formation of water resources in any territory are closely related to the conditions of formation of incoming elements of water and heat balance. The use of the method of hydrological and climatic calculations (GCR) developed by V. S. Mezentsev and tested in most regions of Siberia and adjacent territories involves the determination of flow characteristics by the equations of water and heat energy elements. In the presence of indicators of values of total moisture and heat and power resources of climate, these equations allow calculating values of actually all components of balance equations, both for a year and an intra-annual interval. The application of the GCR method in determining the elements of the water balance in the conditions of flat areas, which include the South of Western Siberia, allows obtaining runoff characteristics with satisfactory accuracy. The paper identifies the features of formation and distribution of elements of water and heat balance in the study area, determines their values for the territory of Western Siberia and checks the calculated values of flow by comparison with the measured ones.
Geosystems of the northeastern Hovsgol region
Authors: Vladimirov I N , Sofronov A P , Silaev A V , Kobylkin D V , Vyrkin V B , Sorokovoi A A , Khadbaatar S , Frolov A A , Shekhovtsov A I
Published: November 2019

We examine the main natural features and the present status of geosystems across the territory of the northeastern Hovsgol region. The source of observational evidence concerning the state of the landscapes was provided by field expedition-based investigations, with emphasis placed on the study of the species and age composition of vegetation in conjunction with dynamical processes as well as geomorphological characteristics of the study area. The present status of geosystems across the study territory was analyzed by methods of visual interpretation and automated processing of spatial information using GIS technologies on the basis of Earth remote sensing data, field investigations of landscapes, topographic maps as well as literature sources. Special attention was paid to the analysis of the digital elevation model that was generated on the basis of SRTM 4 data in order to determine the morphometric characteristics of the location of geosystems, assign them to a particular type of classification of geosystems and compile the map legend. The legend to the landscape map was produced on the basis of a classification of a number of geomers as developed by V.B. Sochava in his theory of geosystems. As a result of the work done, we compiled the medium-scale landscape-typological map of geosystems (Sc 1:200000) on the level of groups of facies.
The mapping population density in a sparsely populated region: a case study the Irkutsk Region
Authors: Vorobyev A N
Published: November 2019

Adequate assessment of population density is becoming an increasingly pressing issue on both state and regional levels. It is due to the heterogeneity of population distribution patterns. We have developed the principles and methods of mapping the population density in a sparsely populated area on the example of the Irkutsk Region. Most of the region is rather characterized by the linear and local settlements with an extremely sparse network of permanent settlements except for the south of the Trans-Siberian Railway than the total areal population settlements. Applying a spot mapping method to define the borders of a populated territory, we use a buffer area radius of 3 km. Settlement lines formed by the single or double settlement chains located along the communication lines are adjacent to the areal populated territory. We have constructed the quantiareal map of the entire population density (rural-urban population areas), which adequately reflects the peculiarities of the population distribution. The map allows visualizing the quantitative differentiation of the populated territories based on the population density and separating them from the unpopulated areas. The map of population distribution areas can serve as the basis for mapping demographic, ethnographic, ecological, and socioeconomic characteristics of a population.
Impact of heating conditions on the synthesis dynamics of composites in a cylindrical mold
Authors: Bukrina N V , Knyazeva A G
Published: November 2019

The paper suggests a model of powder compact heating in a cylindrical mold. The model accounts for various conditions of the reactor wall heating by different devices available for a laboratory experiment. Different heating conditions are set as different boundary conditions. The effective thermophysical properties of the mixture in the reactor are considered to be constant. The treatise demonstrates the examples of numerical modeling for three heating conditions, which lead to different respective conditions of reaction initiation due to nonuniform temperature propagation in the compact.
Precondition for the use of hybrid additive-thermomechanical technology
Authors: Chumaevskii A V , Gusarova A V , Gurianov D A , Kalashnikov K N , Kalashnikova T A
Published: November 2019

Structural-phase state of gradient structures obtained in the course of additive electron-beam production, friction-stir treatment and hybrid additive-thermomechanical technology was investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Characteristic features of defect formation in materials obtained by additive method are revealed. The peculiarities of defects “healing” in additive materials after friction-stir treatment are determined. In tensile tests the mechanical properties of the samples before and after further post-treatment in aluminum alloys are measured.
Analytical methods of electron beam power evaluation for electron-beam welding with deep penetration
Authors: Dragunov V K , Terentyev E V , Sliva A P , Goncharov A L , Zhgut D A
Published: November 2019

Existing analytical methods for calculating electron-beam welding modes, which provide welds with required penetration depth, are described, and main disadvantages of these methods are shown. A new calculation method based on a model of moving cylindrical heat source, which involves moving of a cylinder with constant surface temperature in an infinite plate, is proposed. The proposed calculation method takes into account energy losses during metal melting and its partial evaporation. A comparison of experimental and calculated data obtained using the developed method and existing methods, is presented. Plates with a thickness of 32 mm from 5V titanium alloy, 27 mm from 40 Kh13 steel and 20 mm from D16 duralumin were used for experiments. It was shown that the developed method application made it possible to calculate with appropriate accuracy a required beam power during EBW of various materials.
Investigation of the microstructure of the heat-affected zone of low-alloyed steel during pulsed arc aelding under conditions of low climatic ambient temperatures
Authors: Golikov N I , Maksimova E M , Saraev Yu N
Published: November 2019

The development of a special technology of welding at low temperatures is an urgent scientific and technical challenge aimed at solving the problems of increasing the reliability and safety of products of equipment and structures operated under conditions of the North and the Arctic. One of the perspective technologies is pulsed arc welding. The structure of the heat- affected zones (HAZ) of welded joints produced by pulsed arc welding at an ambient temperature of 45 degrees Celsius below zero was studied. Two frequency modes were applied during modulated-current welding, and the results obtained were compared with the traditional method of manual arc welding with direct current. The features of the influence of the modulation frequency of the welding current and the temperature of the welding performance on the microstructure of the HAZ of 09G2S steel welded joints are revealed.
Study of structural non-homogeneity impact on mechanical properties of dissimilar weld joints of carbon steel 20 and corrosion-resistant austenitic 12Kh18N10T steel
Authors: Goncharov A L , Marchenkov A Yu , Terentyev E V , Zhmurko I E , Sliva A P
Published: November 2019

The paper is devoted to identifying features of structural non-homogeneities formation in dissimilar welded joints of carbon steel 20 to corrosion-resistant austenitic 12Kh18N10T steel, obtained by tungsten inert gas welding (TIG), as well as studying of their influence on the mechanical characteristics of welded joints under static and cyclic loading. Differences in the formation of a diffusion carbide interlayer in weld metal alloyed with nickel and manganese are established. When austenite is alloyed with nickel, bulk carbon diffusion occurs, while in manganese austenite boundary diffusion becomes the main mechanism for carbon diffusion, which occurs mainly along grain and sub-grain boundaries of austenite. As a result of mechanical tests, it was established that under static tension welded joint works under conditions of strengthening by a soft (ferritic) layer due to the restraint of transverse deformations by more solid (carbide) layer. The limits of soft interlayer dimensions, under which the softening of welded joint does not occur, are established that will allow to proceed to the extreme temperature-time parameters of heat treatment and operation of welded joint.
Investigation of thermo-EMF temperature dependences for construction materials of various structural classes
Authors: Goncharov A L , Chulkova A V , Rodyakina R V , Dragunov V K , Chulkov I S
Published: November 2019

The paper is devoted to the study of the thermo-EMF of various metals and alloys, which are widely used in welded structures. For the selected steels, the relationship between the absolute thermo-EMF and their structural class was established, and the dependences of the thermo-EMF on temperature were obtained. For some groups of steels, a method of predicting the thermo-EMF by chemical composition was developed.
Impact of amplitude modulation of heteropolar square current pulses on formation of permanent joints in metal structures under residual magnetization
Authors: Kiselev A S , Baklanov S V , Gordynets A S , Saraev Y N
Published: November 2019

The work studies the impact of amplitude modulation of heteropolar current pulses on the formation of permanent joints of main pipelines done by manual shielded metal-arc welding. The results show that square pulsed current together with additional low-frequency current modulation facilitates formation of all weld layers in pipelines with residual magnetization. The work establishes that varying residual magnetization degree has no adverse effect on the quality of all layers of the permanent joints realized by modulated alternating square current, including their macrostructural and microstructural characteristics. This increases the technological stability of welding through elimination of electrode freezing during low-energy periods.
Determination of mechanical properties of coatings obtained by non-vacuum electron beam cladding
Authors: Krylova T A , Chumakov Yu A
Published: November 2019

A study on the mechanical properties of composite materials obtained by the method of non-vacuum electron-beam cladding of refractory powders on a steel substrate was carried out. The mechanical properties of composite with coatings were investigated by a three-point bending test at room temperature. The strength of the obtained composite was 4.5-6 times higher compared to that of low carbon steel depending on the deposition modes.
Reducing the distortion in thin-sheet structures made from high-strength steel based on CAE-welded joint analysis
Authors: Khaybrakhmanov R U , Korobov Y S , Bilenko G A
Published: November 2019

High competition in the field of mechanical engineering requires the manufacture of lightweight thin-sheet structures made of high-strength steels ensuring the geometry of a certain accuracy. Supporting a given geometry is achievable by improving methods to reduce residual deformations. Therefore, the purpose of the investigation is to reduce the distortion based on the analysis of the influence of clamping rigidity on the stress-strain state of the assembly using computer simulation by the finite element method. The result of the study is a clamping model that allows to adjust the level of residual stresses and deformations, confirmed experimentally.
Finite element modeling of multiple electrode submerged arc welding of large diameter pipes
Authors: Khudyakov A , Korobov Y , Danilkin P , Kvashnin V
Published: November 2019

For the process of multiple-electrode submerged arc welding (MESAW) of large- diameter pipes (LDP) a mathematical model has been developed with a numerical solution in the software product “SYSWELD”. The paper defines the parameters of double ellipsoid model of heat sources by J. Goldak. Using regression analysis of experimental data empirical formulas for calculating geometrical parameters of heat sources model by J. Goldak and deposition rate were developed for welding with direct current on positive polarity and alternating current. The model allows to predict the shape of weld and to estimate analytically the cooling rate in the heat affected zone (HAZ). The developed model and its numerical solutions with sufficient accuracy for practical calculations reflect the process of longitudinal welding of LDP.
Regularizing method for the analysis of CT images of welded joints of pipelines
Authors: Likhachev A V , Kiychenko T S , Likhachev N A
Published: November 2019

The aim of the paper is to improve the accuracy of the estimation of the shape and size of cracks in the welded seams of pipelines from their X-ray tomograms. Based on the results of previous studies, the procedure of deconvolution of projection data before reconstruction is considered. The influence of the value of the regularization parameter in the deconvolution algorithm based on the Fourier transform on the quality of the tomograms is investigated. In the numerical simulations, the estimates of the optimal values of the regularization parameter for different data recording conditions are derived.
Non-vacuum electron-beam surfacing of coatings with the ultrafine structure
Authors: Poletika I M , Perovskaya M V
Published: November 2019

The paper employs an ELV-6 accelerator to surface low-carbon steel with a tungsten carbide powder thus obtaining steel coatings with high hardness but low wear resistance. The abrasive wear resistance is considerably increased by changing the composition of the surfacing mixture due to the introduction of nickel as an austenite stabilizer and titanium carbide as a modifier. Besides, the paper deals with surfacing with a powder mixture of chromium carbide, chromium, and titanium carbide to produce bifunctional coatings with both high wear and corrosion resistance, which is explained by the presence of chromium in the layer. The methods of physical metallurgy are used to study mechanisms responsible for property changes. A substantial increase in wear resistance is shown to be related to the ductile austenitic structure formed in the deposited layer matrix when nickel is introduced and to rapid structure refinement in the presence of multiple centers of crystallization represented by dispersed precipitates of TiC.
Hybrid method of controlling arc welding process with consumable electrode and related processes
Authors: Sidoruk V S , Maksimov S Yu , Krazhanovsky D N , Saraev Y N
Published: November 2019

For the development of a classical method of mechanized arc welding with a self- regulation of the process of melting the electrode supplied to the welding zone at a constant speed, the following combination was proposed: on the one hand, a digital power source with automatic control and programming of volt-ampere characteristics VAC, which is a two-step one in our case: a – for increased arc length (with a low current), b – for shortened arc (with a high current); on the other hand, self-regulation of the melting process by the corresponding reaction of the power source. Moreover, the electrode melting occurs in a programmed oscillatory mode between the extreme values of the arc length: maximum and minimum. Such a combination is called a hybrid method of controlling the process of arc welding with a consumable electrode.