bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Broader Look at the Transformative Impact of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ Decisions
Authors: Alessandri Pablo Saavedra
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses the impact of decisions from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, going beyond merely State-centered implementation outcomes to encompass broader consequences of IACtHR rulings, especially the construction of knowledge, acceptance, and empowerment within a community of practice. It starts by analyzing comprehensive reparations, with a focus on nonrepetition measures. The chapter then proceeds to discuss the impact of other types of IACtHR decisions: advisory opinions and provisional measures. The chapter contends that harmonious and constructive pro persona judicial dialogue between the national and inter-American courts is crucial to optimize impact and maximize the protection of human rights.
The Realistic Imperative of Diversity
Authors: Hebl Mikki , King Eden
Published: February 2024

This chapter presents and discusses the most recent population trends compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the U.S. Census Bureau, and other scientific demographers. These data sources show that the United States has undergone and will continue to undergo seismic shifts in demographic trends. These statistics clearly and compellingly demonstrate that diversity is not just an imagined possibility but instead a reality for organizations. The demographic changes in the workforce mean that organizations of the future will be different from those of today and yesterday. Organizations that want to be competitive must adapt. They need to become aware of the changing demographics so that these demographics can be better addressed.
Individual-Level Discrimination
Authors: Hebl Mikki , King Eden
Published: February 2024

This chapter describes and defines a variety of manifestations of discrimination that range from overt and formal to subtle and interpersonal in nature. Overt discrimination is discrimination on the basis of identity in any aspect of the employment cycle that can typically be identified, observed, and quantified to some extent. Subtle discrimination is sometimes labeled unconscious bias, everyday bias, or microaggressions. In this chapter, the term subtle discrimination is used as an umbrella label to incorporate each of these ways of thinking about behavioral acts of bias that are ambiguous, difficult to detect, low in intensity, and often unintentional. This chapter focuses on the more common, and arguably more pernicious, subtle types of discrimination that emerge in the context of work. This includes subtle discrimination in getting interviews, in the interview, in performance management and feedback systems, and in promotions to leadership positions.
Enhancing Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Employee Selection
Authors: Hebl Mikki , King Eden
Published: February 2024

It is critical—from realistic, moral, and economic perspectives—that organizations make equitable hiring decisions. The evidence described in this chapter indicates that such decisions are enhanced when the criteria for success in a job are defined in advance of selection processes, when identity-hidden reviews are possible, when structured interviews are implemented, and when decision-makers are accountable for their decisions. In addition, organizations should consider hiring unorthodox applicants (i.e., look beyond traditional measures of success) and maximize their focus on metrics (i.e., any knowledge, skill, or ability that is deemed to be important for performance in a job should be measured carefully). Specific examples of processes and practices are provided.
Reducing Employee Attrition
Authors: Hebl Mikki , King Eden
Published: February 2024

Efforts to create and sustain diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in organizations depend on extending activities beyond recruitment and selection. Organizations and leaders need to create cultures and policies that support people from a variety of backgrounds throughout their careers. This includes mentoring and sponsorship programs, employee resource groups, improving psychological safety, enacting effective diversity training programs, and conducting and addressing self-assessments over time. The attraction–selection–attrition model, which states that the people make the place, reveals that attrition is one of the key components of how an organizational culture is perpetuated. The practices presented in this chapter may help enhance DEI by increasing the retention of people from marginalized backgrounds.
The Skeleton in the Cupboard
Authors: Starr Martin P.
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses Wilfred Talbot Smith’s birth, the concealment of his parentage, his paternal family and upbringing as a virtual orphan and out-of-wedlock “upstairs-downstairs” child in Victorian England. Smith was warehoused out of sight of the socially and politically prominent Cox family. Smith is rescued from a substandard boarding school by a paternal aunt who ensures that he receives a proper education at Bedales School. Smith’s parentage is revealed to him. Smith is apprenticed to a cabinetmaker before he makes his emigration to Canada.
A Master of the Temple
Authors: Starr Martin P.
Published: February 2024

This chapter covers the transcendent results of Stansfeld Jones’s initiation as a “Master of the Temple” in 1916 and acceptance as Crowley’s “magical son,” which leads to the transformation of Jones’s worldview away from Crowley’s doctrines of the path of initiation on the kabbalistic Tree of Life. The resulting doctrinal divide begins to sever his relations with Crowley. Smith’s sexual relations with Emily Talbot and her daughter Katherine present a more mundane disjunction; their resulting “free and easy arrangement,” as envisioned by Crowley, works to undermine the cohesion of OTO members in Vancouver.
Nemo Abest
Authors: Starr Martin P.
Published: February 2024

This chapter covers the activities of Charles Stansfeld Jones, who leaves Vancouver for New York to study with Crowley. Together they practice magic of the spiritualist type incorporating sex and drugs. Wilfred Smith experimented with ether. Cecil Frederick Russell is introduced into the circle of Crowley disciples. Stansfeld Jones wavers on severing his connection to Ordo Templi Orientis. Aleister Crowley and Jones open relations with Scottish Rite Freemasons in Detroit who have expressed interest in the “esoteric Masonry” of the OTO, leading quickly to their rejection of Crowley in the face of public and private scandal.
Viator in Regnis Arboris
Authors: Starr Martin P.
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses Wilfred Smith’s final separation from his mistress and fellow member of the Ordo Templi Orientis, Emily Talbot. The activities of the OTO in Detroit and British Columbia end. Smith and Stansfeld Jones relocate to Chicago. Smith is understood to have assumed the grade of “Master of the Temple.” Theodor Reuss dissolved his relationship in OTO with Crowley due to the latter’s promulgation of the Law of Thelema in it. Crowley claims to depose Reuss as head of OTO. Reuss issues an OTO charter to Stansfeld Jones for North America, which sets up the conflict over Crowley’s claim to rule over all English-speaking countries. Disciples Max Schneider and his wife Leota Harris are destined to play dissimilar roles with Stansfeld Jones, Smith, and Crowley.
The End of the Beginning
Authors: Starr Martin P.
Published: February 2024

This chapter covers Charles Stansfeld Jones and his revelation of the reversal of the Tree of Life coterminously with Aleister Crowley’s self-proclamation as the Magus of the Aeon and World Teacher whose “Word” is “Thelema.” Crowley’s one-sided conflict with Annie Besant and Charles Leadbeater over Krishnamurti as World Teacher escalates. Crowley denounces the Universal Brotherhood (UB) as a fraud and declares that its obligations are void. Charles Stansfeld Jones breaks publicly with Crowley; Wilfred Talbot Smith regretfully accepts the severance of all his esoteric bonds with his mentor Jones; Smith begins correspondence with Crowley directly.
Chants before Battle
Authors: Starr Martin P.
Published: February 2024

This chapter covers the entrance of the disciples Louis Culling and Roy Leffingwell into the Ordo Templi Orientis and the circle of Wilfred Talbot Smith and Regina Kahl. Publicity regarding the murder of a drama student of Regina Kahl brings attention to OTO in Hollywood; there is no connection, but the “cult” stereotype of OTO prevails in the press. The introduction of Jack and Helen Parsons to Wilfred Smith and Regina Kahl is the start of the breakup of their relationship. Crowley puts Smith’s OTO activities—theirs being the only lodge in existence—under the supervision of Smith’s rival Karl Germer, who has relocated to New York. Crowley begins testing the waters for removing Smith from control over the OTO in Hollywood.
Hoc Id Est
Authors: Starr Martin P.
Published: February 2024

This chapter details the depression that Smith suffers after he is exiled by Crowley. His efforts over three decades to build the Ordo Templi Orientis are gradually erased. Crowley dies in 1947. As with the death of Reuss, succession to headship of OTO after Crowley remains in doubt, along with its future. Smith resumes relationship with Jack Parsons and again attempts to correspond with Germer, who encourages him to confer OTO degrees again on a single candidate. Parsons dies in an explosion in 1952. Smith builds his final home in Malibu (“Hoc Id Est,” this is it) where he meets Germer in person for the first time, along with Marcelo Ramos Motta. Smith dies at home in 1957, survived by Helen and their son, but otherwise forgotten.
Liberal Adversary Democracy
Authors: Redish Martin H.
Published: February 2024

This chapter provides a brief introduction to the political theory of liberal adversary democracy. It establishes two foundational points, both normative and historical, on which the remainder of the book builds: (1) historically, adversary democratic theory—a form of “possessive pluralist” political theory which recognizes the self-interest and conflict inherent in American democracy—provides the foundation of American constitutionalism, and (2) as a normative matter, adversary democracy serves as a type of “bodyguard” to assure achievement of the vital values of liberal democracy, including maintenance of individual dignity and self-realization associated with a liberal democratic governmental form. In this way, liberal adversary theory constitutes a paradoxical form of “skeptical optimism,” essential for the proper functioning of a liberal democratic system.
Due Process as Liberal Adversary Democracy
Authors: Redish Martin H.
Published: February 2024

This chapter applies the political synthesis of liberal and adversary democratic theory shaped in Chapter 1 to the context of procedural due process, constitutionally guaranteed in both the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the US Constitution. The chapter explains how liberal adversary democratic theory is essential to the understanding and application of liberal adversary democracy. Central to adversary democracy is an inherent mistrust of anyone other than the individual or those chosen by the individual to protect their own personal or political interests. This skepticism applies especially to government officials—including judges—who are subject to countless potential outside pressures, as well as associative and dissociative incentives in regard to individuals whom those officials have the power to coerce or punish. The logical implication of this form of democratic theory, then, is the triggering of the two “bookends” of adversary democratic due process: (1) the imposition of strict prophylactic protections of adjudicatory neutrality and independence, and (2) individual litigants’ almost inalienable right to their “day in court” before their property, liberty, or life is threatened. While modern due process doctrine on occasion pays lip service to both of these concerns, the overwhelming role played by utilitarianism in the shaping of modern due process doctrine has caused courts far too often to dismiss or ignore these vital concerns. The shift to the theoretical focus on liberal adversary democracy as the foundation of modern due process will dramatically alter this situation, as the remaining chapters will clearly demonstrate.
Private Contingent Fee Lawyers, Public Power, and Procedural Due Process
Authors: Redish Martin H.
Published: February 2024

This chapter serves as a bridge between the chapters focused on issues of complex litigation, on the one hand, and those chapters focused on pure issues of constitutional law, on the other hand, because it contains elements of both. It concerns the modern trend of states to employ private contingent fee attorneys to bring complex public nuisance suits against private entities, rather than use full-time government attorneys to conduct such suits. The chapter raises concerns about such a practice, because lawyers motivated solely by their personal financial interests are far less likely to take into account the public interest in deciding whether to pursue litigation. The problem is made more troubling by the fact that contingent fee practice involves an all-or-nothing gamble. While even government attorneys act as advocates, rather than as neutral adjudicators, because they have no direct financial incentive in the success of individual cases they can still, as a general matter, be trusted to pursue the public interest when they invoke the power of the state against private entities.
Power and Institutions in Iran
Authors: Kamrava Mehran
Published: February 2024

In the Islamic Republic, institutional change has had two, interrelated consequences. First, institutional flexibility and adaptability has given the system a fair amount of resilience and survivability. Not only does Iran’s hybrid authoritarianism feature the safety valves of presidential and parliamentary elections, it is one that has survived self-inflicted wounds domestically, persistent stagnation and underperformance, growing public dissatisfaction, the loss of key figures through terrorism, sabotage and assassinations by Israel, the animosity of neighbors, and unrelenting hostility from the United States. A second, related development has been the increasing tilt of the Islamic Republic toward authoritarianism. Institutional adaptability in Iran has been in a particular direction, namely that of concentration of power within one in a constellation of institutions. The presidency’s powers have declined, and so have those of the parliament. The judiciary has become yet another filter for cleansing the system of nonconformists and critics. The Sepah has become as much of a praetorian guard as it is meant to defend the fruits of the revolution. And, the velayat-e faqihhas become the central nodal point from which all political power emanates. The Islamic Republic’s hybrid authoritarian system has become far more authoritarian and a lot less hybrid.
Elections in Iran Rewards and Risks for Authoritarian Rule
Authors: Akbarzadeh Shahram , Pargoo Mahmoud
Published: February 2024

Elections present a mix of risks and rewards for the regime, depending on how they are held. Every election is a struggle to maintain a balance in a continuum of benefits and challenges, and to ultimately optimize the benefits to the regime. Constitutionally, the Iranian political system is designed to contain the significance of elections and manage their impact within the power structure. The non-elected Guardians Council can disqualify candidates and vet and reject laws passed by the parliament, and the Supreme Leader can indirectly dismiss the president. However, the regime does not always use these instruments to their full potential, leaving space for political debate, and sometimes electoral defeat. Elections provide the regime with domestic and international legitimacy, enable the regime to shift the blame of policy failures onto the opposition, and serve as a safety valve by preventing the radicalization of the opposition. However, these benefits are intertwined with associated challenges.
Iran’s Foreign Policy Institutions
Authors: Divsallar Abdolrasool
Published: February 2024

Iran’s foreign policy establishment has evolved in different ways from what the Islamic Republic’s constitution stipulated. The constant attempt of political groups and individual elites to raise their share of rents, combined with a perpetual pressure of external and internal threats, have largely impacted the development of foreign policy institutions. It has caused high levels of personalization and contextualization in Iran’s foreign policy establishment. That has made it difficult to observe any major long-term plan for modern institution building practices that can regulate and make the decision-making process transparent, even for the system’s insiders. Moreover, foreign policy institutions developed in a way that has prevented the formation of strong institutions. Being judged by their potential in solving immediate crises, the role and status of foreign policy institutions are in constant state of change.
Next Time, Testing First
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses the inadequacies in COVID-19 testing in the United States during the pandemic. The chapter notes how lack of testing capacity hobbled testing efforts and suggests the importance of federal spending to support greater capacity in the event of future pandemics, with emphasis on at-home self-diagnostic tests.
Holding Our Breath
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses the question, What was learned about respiratory illnesses during the COVID-19 pandemic? COVID-19 was not the only respiratory illness in circulation at that time. The chapter examines what was learned by efforts to prevent COVID-19 with regard to preventing illnesses such as flu and respiratory syncytial virus. It also discusses the trade-offs involved in these prevention efforts.
Does Today Matter More Than Tomorrow?
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses how overinvesting in the present can result in neglecting to engage with the long-term issues that shape health. In the context of COVID-19, this meant sometimes focusing on short-term mitigation of the threat posed by the pandemic at the expense of focusing on the long-term challenges associated with these measures, such as the mental health challenges linked with lockdowns.
The Limits of Our Science
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses what science can and cannot do in the context of decision-making about complex, evolving challenges such as COVID-19. The chapter suggests science should be cautious about informing decisions about such challenges, that scientists should be mindful of their own biases, and that it should be remembered that scientists are human and liable to be influenced by the prestige and media visibility of the type many of them experienced during the pandemic.
Mandating Vaccines
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines the challenges inherent in mandating vaccines in the United States. The chapter suggests that several core difficulties stand in the way of such a mandate being effectively enforced and that the bar for a mandate should be high, reflecting a great deal of thoughtfulness and care on the part of health authorities.
Policies That Persist
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines alcohol consumption during the pandemic, the polices that shape this behavior in the United States, and how alcohol may have intersected with COVID-19 risk. It also addresses the persistence of state-level policies allowing take-away alcohol despite the health risk posed by these purchasing accommodations.
Listening to the Spirit
Authors: Stauffer Aaron
Published: February 2024

Broad-based community organizing (BBCO) is perhaps the most successful and most widely used form of political participation supported by American religious institutions. As organizing groups become more religiously diverse, however, so do the conceptions of sacred value that ground organizing in the first place. It may seem that to hold something as sacred—human life, a land, or a natural resource, for example—only serves to further entrench us in our enclaves and threaten the solidarity of any constituency. This book tells a different story. Using auto-ethnography from over a decade of interfaith BBCO experiences, Listening to the Spirit makes a case for the political role of sacred value in BBCO, especially as they show up in two organizing practices: the “listening campaign” and the “relational meeting.” Listening to the Spirit addresses the political limits in organizing by arguing for building deeper solidarity through sacred values and provides Christians with political theological tools to understand the relational meeting and listening campaign as religious practices. Drawing on discussions of racial capitalism, radical democracy, feminist theory, and philosophical theology, Listening to the Spirit advances a Christian social ethics that crafts a political theological framework to interpret these organizing practices in ways that Christians have traditionally understood in terms of the Holy Spirit. When Christian engage in these organizing practices they are “listening to the Spirit” as it calls them out into public life and into the work of economic and political power.
The “New” New Journalism, and Lots of It
Authors: Nichols Tom
Published: February 2024

This chapter traces the decline of journalism from reported and edited facts chosen by editors into a consumer driven, for-profit entertainment system, including the growth of cable and alternative “news,” and the emergence of journalists whose background is in the mechanics of journalism rather than subject matter expertise. The chapter also includes recommendations for readers on becoming better consumers of journalism and its products.
Introduction
Authors: McLean Kate C.
Published: February 2024

This chapter serves as introduction to the volume, making the argument that the American value of individual responsibility for change is a master narrative perpetuated by cultural entities, including the scientific community. It also considers that such a narrative perpetuates an overprioritization of the individual to the denial of the system and structures in which the individual is living. A call is made for greater awareness of the complicity of the scientific community in perpetuating such narratives.
Transgressions as an Opportunity for Change?
Authors: McLean Kate C.
Published: February 2024

Transgressions are examined as a special opportunity for change because of the threat to identity that they engender. When one has harmed others, one’s self comes into question and the desire to change from a person who harms other to one who does not arises. The chapter focuses on large transgressions, such as sexual assault, which may more seriously threaten identity. Data on how transgressions are narrated are reviewed, examining how stories from perpetrators and victims can serve to maintain oppressive master narratives. Opportunities for change are shaped by the cultural expectations for stories from perpetrators and victims.
Spenser’s Legends of Sōphrosunē
Authors: Van der Laan Sarah
Published: February 2024

This chapter reexamines Renaissance allegories of the Odyssey to reveal the unsuspected complexity of The Faerie Queene’s uses of the Odyssey and its allegorical tradition. In book 2, Guyon’s heroic temperance lies in unwavering resistance to pleasures of many kinds. But Renaissance allegories explored Odysseus as a figure of the temperate and therefore virtuous experience of pleasure, and the uses of pleasure in an active, heroic life of statesmanship and wisdom. Spenser’s Legend of Temperance engages the full range of allegorical and epic traditions to count the human cost of Guyon’s vision of temperance and the poetic costs of a strictly moralized epic poetics. No sooner has Guyon destroyed the Bower of Bliss than book 3 reopens the problems of eros, experience, and pleasure, again through engagement with the Odyssey and its epic successors. The Legend of Chastity resumes the quest for an Odyssean epic telos: a marriage that reconciles public duty and private desire and provides the foundation for social harmony and lasting peace. But Spenser’s poem repeatedly frustrates the expectations of Odyssean closure it raises. Odyssean marriage, and the foundation for stability and renewal it promises, lies beyond its grasp. The Faerie Queene foregrounds instead the blockages and failures that delay or derail marriage, and their social causes and consequences. The Odyssey itself is pushed to the poem’s margins, where it lingers as a phantom reminder of alternative solutions to the problems of eros, pleasure, and marriage in a public, heroic life.
The Choice of Penelope
Authors: Van der Laan Sarah
Published: February 2024

Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria, Claudio Monteverdi’s 1640 operatic adaptation of the Odyssey, intervenes forcefully on the protofeminist side of the questione delle donne, the enduring Renaissance polemic over the nature and social roles of women. This chapter extensively surveys the bitter debates over whether Penelope could be an exemplary figure—and if so, of what virtues. These debates provide the context for a study of the surviving materials from the various stages of the opera’s composition: the tendentious translation of the Odyssey by the conservative controversialist Lodovico Dolce, the libretto by Giacomo Badoaro based on Dolce’s translation, and Monteverdi’s music and extensive revisions of Badoaro’s text. These layers of materials preserve multiple perspectives on the questione delle donne. While Badoaro’s libretto—which circulated unrevised—intensifies Dolce’s antifeminist tendencies, Monteverdi’s revised libretto and score resist the misogynist tendencies of early seventeenth-century Venetian discourse. Monteverdi consistently privileges Penelope’s experiences, endows her with heroism, and confers on her a broader range of virtues than Venetian discourse would lead one to expect. Reaching back to earlier and more sympathetic interpretations of Penelope’s character and exemplary virtues, he tempers the libretto’s misogynistic resonances to present a more sympathetic characterization of Penelope and a more equal view of her marriage to Odysseus. By emphasizing the comparability, even the identity, of Penelope’s experiences and virtues to Ulisse’s, Monteverdi restores the couple’s likeness of mind to his version of the Odyssey and reiterates the Odyssey’s claims for marriage as epic subject and epic telos.
Spindle oscillations in thalamic circuits
Authors: Destexhe Alain , Sejnowski Terrence J.
Published: February 2024

This chapter covers the key mechanisms of the genesis of spindle oscillations by thalamic circuits. It argues that large-scale network modelling can provide a single coherent framework that unifies the results concerned with modelling thalamic oscillations. The oscillatory behaviour of thalamic networks varies in different preparations. The chapter explains that, essentially, spindle waves are a hallmark of slow-wave sleep so oscillations typically appear during the initial stages of slow-wave sleep (stage II). It cites how 7–14 Hz frequency, phase relationships and the waxing-and-waning of spindle oscillations can be accounted for in models having accurate biophysical parameters for the intrinsic and synaptic currents' kinetics, but they can be inconsistent with the observations that the isolated thalamic reticular (RE) nucleus shows spontaneous oscillations in vivo.
A physiological role for sleep oscillations
Authors: Destexhe Alain , Sejnowski Terrence J.
Published: February 2024

This chapter looks into the physiological role of sleep oscillations. It provides an overview of other types of thalamocortical oscillations in slow-wave sleep (SWS) while considering cortical models and the impact of thalamic inputs on neocortical neurons. Meanwhile, the spatiotemporal dynamics of cortical oscillations present how alternating fast and slow waves could consolidate information acquired previously during wakefulness. The chapter then discusses a hypothetical scenario for memory consolidation during sleep being consistent with all of the known electrophysiological properties of sleep oscillations. It explains that biophysically plausible mechanisms consistent with the growing behavioural evidence indicated how sleep serves to consolidate memories.
Character, Circumstances, and Criminal Careers
Authors: Wikstrom Per-Olof H. , Treiber Kyle , Roman Gabriela
Published: February 2024

Why do young people engage in acts of crime and what is it that drives their criminal careers? These are the key questions addressed in Character, Circumstances, and Criminal Careers which explores and explains people’s criminal careers through adolescence into young adulthood. Guided by Situational Action Theory (SAT)’s Developmental Ecological Action (DEA) model, the work analyses longitudinal data from the Peterborough Adolescent and Young Adult Development Study (PADS+), testing various hypotheses about the causes and drivers of people’s crime involvement and criminal careers. Character, Circumstances, and Criminal Careers makes an argument for a more dynamic Developmental and Life Course criminology (DLC) by exploring the relationship between childhood predictors, such as social disadvantage and social adversity, and different trajectories of crime involvement. It also presents a special analysis of the age–crime curve and its explanation. The book includes the most recent and updated statement of SAT and its DEA model, including comparisons between the basic assumptions and propositions of SAT and selected major criminological theories (social bond and self-control theories, differential association and learning theories, rational choice theory, and the theory of moral disengagement). Character, Circumstances, and Criminal Careers presents an original theory, a uniquely detailed contemporary longitudinal study, and novel research methods and analytical techniques, and applies these to derive innovative findings about the relationship between individual and environmental factors across a critical developmental period.
Conclusion
Authors: O’Brien Nanette
Published: February 2024

The Conclusion: Cooking Civilization, Tasting Modernism considers modernist aesthetics and taste while introducing the idea of modernist leftovers, or what is left over for future generations when modernists cook, eat, and write about food, society, and civilization. The conclusion begins with Edith Wharton’s more traditional notion of the idea of taste, especially French taste, as adjacent to culinary aesthetics. It goes on to consider how Ford, Stein, and Woolf have all taken up themes of culinary tradition and heritage while engaging with political, social and aesthetic questions. In doing so, these authors further push modernist conceptions of form, while drawing from their own lives and working to imagine a creative ideal for civilization.
Pathways to Development
Authors: Hickey Sam , Sen Kunal
Published: February 2024

This chapter introduces the core question of the book, namely: ‘Under what conditions do governments become committed to and capable of delivering development?’ It critiques what has been the dominant response to this question within international development since the late twentieth century, which has been to focus primarily on the role of institutions, and argues for a stronger focus on the politics and power relations that shape how institutions emerge and function. The chapter introduces the key puzzles with which the book wrestles, including why some countries grow faster and why some governments deliver higher-quality services than others. It identifies the key gaps in the literature that the volume seems to address and introduces the structure and content of the book.
Reconceptualizing the Politics of Development
Authors: Hickey Sam , Sen Kunal
Published: February 2024

The first decade of the twenty-first century saw the emergence of a shift from ‘institutions matter’ to ‘politics matters’ within discussions of why some countries have managed to achieve higher levels of development than others. A key focus within this newly politicized body of development theory has been on the role of elites and inter-elite bargaining in shaping how institutions function and how they distribute resources and status within society. This chapter critically discusses this literature, before setting out a ‘power domains’ framework of analysis that can help generate new and policy-relevant insights into the politics of development. The first level of this framework uses an adapted form of ‘political settlements’ analysis, which moves beyond a narrow focus on elite incentives to incorporate a stronger appreciation of the role played by both ideas and broader social groupings in shaping the configuration of power within which elites operate. By linking this form of political settlements analysis to a second level of analysis on specific policy domains, we can investigate how this broader configuration of power plays out in relation to specific fields of policy and practice. The chapter also establishes the methodological approach that was used to underpin the comparative investigations into the politics of development that are reported in later chapters.
Recurring Themes in Tech-Facilitated Sexual Violence Over Time
Authors: Bailey Jane , Dunn Suzie
Published: February 2024

From a rape in an early text-based online environment known as LamdaMOO to image-based sexual abuse and sexual harassment on social media platforms to sexual violence in the so-called ‘virtual reality’ of the ‘metaverse’ and numerous spaces in between, reported incidents of sexualized and gender-based violence have existed in our digitally networked world for a long time. While the technologies involved have evolved and advanced, the underlying systemic and structural drivers of technology-facilitated sexual violence remain the same and share much in common with the long history of sexualized and gender-based violence in our physical world. This chapter explores some of these common themes over time, including challenges as to what constitutes ‘violence’, the alleged ‘un’ reality of sexual violence in ‘cyber’ spaces, the lack of support and frameworks for addressing the harms of tech-facilitated violence, and the role that technology corporations play in its perpetration.
Consent
Authors: Weigend Thomas
Published: February 2024

This chapter presents an overview of various legal issues raised by consent to sexual acts, including the dissemination of sexual images. Generally, consent of both sexual partners removes the risk of criminal responsibility. However, legally valid consent requires certain preconditions in the persons affected (eg consciousness and understanding of the meaning of sex) and the situation (absence of force, massive threats, and some forms of deceit). Consent must be expressed, but it is an open question on what forms of consent (or lack of non-consent) each partner may rely. The scope and timing of consent can also raise questions. Whereas sexual assault offences traditionally require intent, a growing international trend is to provide for criminal liability in cases of recklessness and gross negligence regarding the other person’s lack of consent. The general development of the law is towards extending the protection of sexual autonomy and, thus, towards making greater demands on the voluntariness of entering into sexual relations.
Seeking Justice for Image-based Sexual Abuse
Authors: McGlynn Clare
Published: February 2024

With traditional criminal justice systems largely failing survivors of image-based sexual abuse, many are searching for alternative ways to secure a sense of justice. This search for justice takes many forms, including the possibilities of restorative and transformative justice processes beyond conventional criminal justice systems. This chapter examines the perspectives of survivors of image-based sexual abuse on justice, including alternative and innovative justice approaches. It suggests that while criminal laws provide a vital foundation for challenging intimate image abuse, and criminal justice systems must be reformed to better meet survivors’ needs and interests, alternative and innovative justice mechanisms must be more swiftly and effectively advanced if survivors’ justice interests are to be met.
Out of Date Almanacs and Middleton’s ‘Mouldy Stuff’
Authors: Reynolds Anna
Published: February 2024

Chapter 5 explores the way in which the intellectual contents and the material biography of almanacs combined to shape a widespread early modern understanding of the place of the human within the wider environment. It overviews the science and the use of these little books, demonstrating the ways in which they communicated the interconnectedness of the human and the non-human. It then suggests that the regular reuse of out-of-date and unsold almanacs mapped readily onto two different conceptions of the passage of bodies through time. In the first conception, discarded almanacs made visible a linear chronology of decay and disintegration; and in the second, this decay and disintegration is understood as a cyclical return to originative matter and subsequent reconstitution. The chapter concludes with an analysis of Thomas Middleton’s preoccupation with almanacs: despite his frequent parody of overly naïve almanac readers, the prolific playwright was sensitive to the ecology of human and non-human interconnectedness articulated by the little books. His frequent staging of almanac bodies—actors wearing and imitating the pages of almanacs—demonstrates Middleton’s career-long attempts to negotiate the discomfort he felt in the face of this waste-almanac ecology.
NPM? No Thanks—We Want Bureaucracy!
Authors: Hellström Mikael , Ramberg Ulf
Published: February 2024

This chapter includes an analysis how three major Swedish cities manage their strategy and control during transformative and complex capacity challenges. In particular, it extends our knowledge and contributes to NPM research concerning why and how local governments chose to adopt certain strategies and control actions to manage external pressure from a growing population. This is accomplished by investigating strategy and control actions taken by three major cities in Sweden: Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö. Both politics and officials need to address these capacity challenges to fulfil their service delivery obligations connected to their public mission. The situation stresses the importance to revise, and if necessary, change existing strategies and management techniques to ensure that the local government organisation adopts and aligns the capacity challenges effectively and stay legitimate. Whether this has been the case during the last decades of NPM reforms can be discussed. What kind of NPM reforms are prioritised in a situation of transformative and complex capacity challenges? Is it possible to discern a special focus on these reforms, or radical shifts in chosen strategies and management techniques? By using the framework of Miles and Snow (1978/2003) one main conclusion is that the capacity challenges are met by a Defender approach and bureaucratic control through more formalised planning and centralisation. This can be interpreted as the cities holding on to the old way of administrative thinking during a situation of transformative and complex capacity challenges, something that contrasts with what Miles and Snow (1978/2003) advocates.
Trust-based Management in the City of Oslo
Authors: Johnsen Åge
Published: February 2024

The city of Oslo has been an NPM-savvy reformer, but is now allegedly reforming away from NPM. The city is implementing a ‘trust reform’ (tillitsreformen), modelled after similar reforms in Denmark and Sweden. The core reform-idea is using bottom-up trust and empowerment instead of top-down control and contracting out, which many associate with management by objectives (MBO) and marketisation. Theory shows, however, that management by trust and empowerment was basically what Drucker prescribed with management by objectives and self-control in the 1950s, which was one of the main elements of NPM in the 1980s and 1990s. Moreover, agency and stewardship theory have addressed the balancing of trust, empowerment and performance since the 1970s, if not longer. This chapter analyses the ideas behind the trust reform in the City of Oslo and its early adoption phase during the years 2016–2019. The chapter then discusses whether the trust reform is an answer to allegedly failed earlier NPM-reforms, is an example of development and variations of NPM, or whether the trust-based reform in the City of Oslo is a new managerial super-standard emerging from experiences with NPM in the Nordic countries over several decades, with potential global applicability.
Methodological Choices and Data
Authors: Bolleyer Nicole
Published: February 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the methodological choices underpinning this study and the data used in the various (quantitative and qualitative) analyses. It justifies the country selection for the large-N CSO surveys and presents the measures used in the statistical analyses, notably those of the characteristics defining the ‘voluntary association’ and of ‘professionalized voluntary organization’. Based on these measures, the chapter illustrates the organizational diversity of the over 3000 CSOs studied in the four European democracies. This diversity rationalizes why—instead of constructing a summary measure for each governance template, the study will assess the implications of the latter’s constitutive features one by one to examine one of the most central claims underpinning the theoretical framework presented in Chapter 2: overall—the organizational features associated with the same template (as they reinforce the same behavioural logic) push CSOs in similar directions on each of the four dimensions used to assess CSOs’ democratic contributions, while characteristics associated with contrasting templates push them in the opposite direction on each of the four dimensions.
CSO Goal Reorientation in Individualizing Societies
Authors: Bolleyer Nicole
Published: February 2024

This chapter deals with the stability of CSO identities, another indication of their societal responsiveness. In individualizing societies in which group affiliations are increasingly volatile, the maximization of outside support (e.g. through fundraising) tends to require CSOs to be flexible and responsive to the saliency of issues and to adapt their profiles accordingly. These tendencies are in tension with cultivating stable identities as the foundation of ties to loyal constituents. This chapter theorizes and examines the implications of central features of the ‘voluntary association’ and ‘professional voluntary organization’ for how CSOs manage this tension. Professionalization and bureaucratization have a positive relationship with CSOs’ readiness to alter central goals, while individual membership—a central association feature—supports goal commitment. These findings hold despite controlling for organizations’ exposure to a range of external pressures (e.g. resource competition) that incentivize adaptation, irrespective of an organization’s own governance characteristics, again substantiating the importance of how CSOs organize.
National Review's Literary Network
Authors: Schryer Stephen
Published: February 2024

Conservative Circuits traces the careers of literary intellectuals associated with William F. Buckley, Jr.’s National Review. Between the 1950s and 1980s, writers and critics like Whittaker Chambers, John Dos Passos, Hugh Kenner, Guy Davenport, Joan Didion, Garry Wills, and D. Keith Mano helped make Buckley’s version of conservatism respectable. In Buckley’s magazine and in their better-known books, they fashioned a body of literary work that takes up and refracts right-wing concerns about tradition, religion, and personal liberty. They helped conservatives present themselves as a counter-elite sheltering traditional, humanities-based knowledge within a technocratic welfare state. In so doing, they facilitated the magazine’s assault on the very possibility of expertise, ushering in the fragmented media landscape that has characterized the United States since the late 1960s.
National Review’s Kulchur Department
Authors: Schryer Stephen
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores Hugh Kenner and Guy Davenport’s efforts to promote experimental modernism in the pages of National Review. Between 1960 and 1964, Kenner published poems by Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams, and other modernists in the magazine. He also enlisted his friend Guy Davenport to serve as its fiction reviewer. Together, these writers tried to turn the book review section into what Kenner, echoing Pound, called a “kulchur department.” This chapter traces affinities between Kenner and Davenport’s work and National Review’s brand of conservatism. Both writers venerated what they called the “deep past” in terms that echoed traditionalist conservatives such as Russell Kirk. Both imagined forms of scholarship that might escape from the confines of the academy. For Kenner, this flight took the form of the maverick, interdisciplinary scholarship that culminated in his magnum opus, The Pound Era (1971). In Davenport’s fiction, it took the form of his pastoral fascination with erotically bound educational communities. Ultimately, these imagined flights from the academy had a greater impact on left-wing literary critics than they did on the conservative movement; both writers helped inaugurate a style of anti-institutional criticism that became central to the post-1960s literary left.
Writers for Goldwater
Authors: Schryer Stephen
Published: February 2024

Chapter 3 asks why Hugh Kenner, Joan Didion, and Garry Wills supported Barry Goldwater in 1964 but rejected Ronald Reagan in 1966. All three writers projected similar fantasies onto Goldwater’s presidential campaign; they believed that he reflected their elitist literary politics. These fantasies fell apart when Reagan ran for governor of California in 1966; Kenner, Didion, and Wills became aware of the populist anti-intellectualism of the post–World War II conservative movement. Both Kenner and Didion tried to disavow Goldwater while retaining their elitist aesthetic in their post-1966 criticism and literary journalism. Wills’s response to the rise of Reagan was more complex. Over the course of the late 1960s, motivated by his journalistic engagement with the Black Power movement, Wills adopted left-wing political positions that turned him into a conservative pariah. In particular, he came to see movement conservatives’ embrace of populist racial politics as threatening the social order that he promoted in his early work. Unique amongst National Review writers, Wills refashioned his conservative aesthetics and politics into a defense of the networks of expert institutions that made up the postwar welfare state.