bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Double gastroepiploic vascularized lymph node tranfers to middle and distal limb for the treatment of lymphedema
Authors: Ciudad Pedro , Manrique Oscar J. , Date Shivprasad , Agko Mouchammed , Perez Coca John Jaime , Chang Wei‐Ling , Lo Torto Federico , Nicoli Fabio , Maruccia Michelle , López Mendoza Javier , Chen Hung‐Chi
Published: March 2017

Background

Vascularized lymph node (VLN) transfer for lymphedema treatment has shown promising results. Optimal donor and recipient sites remain a matter of debate. We describe the technique and outcomes of a laparoscopically harvested extended gastroepiploic VLN flap with two levels of inset.

Patients and Methods

Between 2014 and 2015, four‐patients with upper limb breast cancer‐related lymphedema and three‐patients with lower limb pelvic cancer‐related lymphedema who underwent VLN transfers were included. After harvest, the gastroepiploic VLN flap was divided into two halves that were separately inset at the level of elbow and wrist (upper limb) or knee and ankle (lower limb). The mean patient age was 53.1 years (range, 42–65 years).

Results

The average flap size after division was 6.3 cm in length (range, 5–7 cm) and 3.4 cm in width (range, 3–4 cm). The mean pedicle length was 3.2 cm (range, 2.5–4 cm). All flaps survived completely. No donor or recepient site complication was noted. At a mean follow‐up of 9.7 months (range, 8–11 months), the mean circumference reduction rate was 43.7 ± 2.5% along the entire limb (P < 0.05). No episode of infection was noted postoperatively.

Conclusions

Double gastroepiploic VLN transfers to middle and distal limb are a safe approach with very promising results. This technique may be used to improve clinical outcomes by enhancing the lymphatic drainage of the entire affected limb in a uniform fashion. In addition, the laparoscopic harvest can provide decreased donor site morbidity with a faster recovery.
A UK national survey of care pathways and support offered to patients receiving revision surgery for prosthetic joint infection in the highest volume NHS orthopaedic centres
Authors: Moore Andrew J. , Whitehouse Michael R. , Gooberman‐Hill Rachael , Heddington Jason , Beswick Andrew D. , Blom Ashley W. , Peters Tim J.
Published: March 2017

Background

Deep prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a devastating complication of joint replacement surgery. It is difficult to treat, and patients often require multiple major revision surgeries to eradicate the infection. Treatment can have negative and long‐term impact on patients' quality of life. Understanding current service provision provides valuable information needed to design and evaluate support interventions for patients.

Aim

This survey aimed to identify usual care pathways and support in UK National Health Service (NHS) orthopaedic centres for patients receiving revision surgery for PJI after hip or knee replacement.

Methods

The 20 highest volume NHS orthopaedic centres treating prosthetic joint infection after hip or knee replacement were approached. Consultant orthopaedic surgeons specializing in treating PJI were invited to participate in a telephone or email survey about usual care provision and support for PJI.

Findings

Sixteen centres completed the survey. Findings showed a high degree of variation nationally in follow‐up time‐points after revision surgery. Multidisciplinary approaches to care focused more on clinical care and physical rehabilitation than social and psychological care. Patient management and referral to support services also varied and barriers to referrals included lack of availability or access to services, lack of knowledge of services, shortage of staff, and complexities of referring outside of the hospital catchment area.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that future development of interventions should focus on more inclusive and patient‐centred multidisciplinary approaches to care. Such interventions could more completely address psychological and social as well as physical aspects of patients' recovery.
Topology optimization with additive manufacturing consideration for vehicle load path development
Authors: Chuang Ching‐Hung , Chen Shikui , Yang Ren‐Jye , Vogiatzis Panagiotis
Published: March 2017

Topology optimization has been widely studied and implemented as a powerful conceptual design tool in various engineering applications. However, the result from topology optimization has posed an implementation challenge to engineers because of the complexity of converting obtained solution into computer‐aided design data and then fabricating it into real parts. Over the past few years, the advanced additive manufacturing technology with new materials and higher resolution output capabilities has opened numerous opportunities to fill the gap between topology optimization and product application. In this study, an engineering procedure is presented for the conversion of topology optimization result to ready‐to‐print model for additive manufacturing. The steps of post‐optimization handling are outlined, and the potential practical issues for the additive manufacturing implementation are discussed. A vehicle example for full frontal impact load path development by topology optimization with inertia relief approach is used to exhibit the employed additive manufacturing implementation process with a reduced‐scale part build. The arising implementation issues and needs are examined for future advance of topology optimization and additive manufacturing integration development. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Randomized controlled trial of an early child obesity prevention intervention: Impacts on infant tummy time
Authors: Gross Rachel S. , Mendelsohn Alan L. , Yin H. Shonna , Tomopoulos Suzy , Gross Michelle B. , Scheinmann Roberta , Messito Mary Jo
Published: March 2017

Objective

To describe infant activity at 3 months old and to test the efficacy of a primary care‐based child obesity prevention intervention on promoting infant activity in low‐income Hispanic families.

Methods

This study was a randomized controlled trial (n = 533) comparing a control group of mother–infant dyads receiving standard prenatal and pediatric primary care with an intervention group receiving “Starting Early,” with individual nutrition counseling and nutrition and parenting support groups coordinated with prenatal and pediatric visits. Outcomes included infant activity (tummy time, unrestrained floor time, time in movement‐restricting devices). Health literacy was assessed using the Newest Vital Sign.

Results

Four hundred fifty‐six mothers completed 3‐month assessments. Infant activity results were: 82.6% ever practiced tummy time; 32.0% practiced tummy time on the floor; 34.4% reported unrestrained floor time; 56.4% reported ≥1 h/d in movement‐restricting devices. Inadequate health literacy was associated with reduced tummy time and unrestrained floor time. The intervention group reported more floor tummy time (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.44‐3.23) and unrestrained floor time (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.14‐2.49) compared to controls. No difference in the time spent in movement‐restricting devices was found.

Conclusions

Tummy time and unrestrained floor time were low. Primary care‐based obesity prevention programs have potential to promote these activities.
Spin‐Forbidden Branching in the Mechanism of the Intrinsic Haber–Weiss Reaction
Authors: Leitão Ezequiel F. V. , Ventura Elizete , de Souza Miguel A. F. , Riveros José M. , do Monte Silmar A.
Published: March 2017

The mechanism of the O2⋅− and H2O2 reaction (Haber–Weiss) under solvent‐free conditions has been characterized at the DFT and CCSD(T) level of theory to account for the ease of this reaction in the gas phase and the formation of two different set of products (Blanksby et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 4948). The reaction is shown to proceed through an electron‐transfer process from the superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide, along two pathways. While the O3⋅− + H2O products are formed from a spin‐allowed reaction (on the doublet surface), the preferred products, O⋅−(H2O)+3O2, are formed through a spin‐forbidden reaction as a result of a favorable crossing point between the doublet and quartet surface. Plausible reasons for the preference toward the latter set are given in terms of the characteristics of the minimum energy crossing point (MECP) and the stability of an intermediate formed (after the MECP) in the quartet surface. These unique results show that these two pathways are associated with a bifurcation, yielding spin‐dependent products.
Combating blood stream infections during induction chemotherapy in children with acute myeloid leukemia: Single center results in India
Authors: Subburaj Divya , Uppuluri Ramya , Jayaraman Dhaarani , Vellaichamyswaminathan Venkateshwaran , Kandath Sathishkumar , Raj Revathi
Published: March 2017

Optimal management of infectious complication is the biggest challenge in children receiving chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We have analyzed the data of children undergoing AML induction chemotherapy at our center from 2002 to 2016 and found that Gram‐negative infections are more predominant when compared to the published literature. There also has been a surge in multidrug‐resistant (MDR) infections over the last 4 years, which has increased the need for supportive care and escalated the cost of care. We have introduced certain novel methods to combat MDR sepsis and decrease mortality rates.
Vincristine toxicity with co‐administration of fluconazole during induction therapy for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Smitherman Andrew B. , Faircloth Cassidy B. , Deal Allison , Troy Michael , Gold Stuart H.
Published: March 2017

Background

Antifungal prophylaxis is recommended for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) during high‐risk periods such as induction; however, increased vincristine toxicities have been reported with the co‐administration of triazole antifungals. We sought to determine whether vincristine‐associated toxicities are higher among children with ALL concurrently given fluconazole prophylaxis compared to no prophylaxis.

Procedure

Using a retrospective cohort design, we reviewed records of pediatric patients treated for newly diagnosed ALL from 2003 to 2013. Patients were classified by fluconazole exposure during induction. The development of vincristine‐associated toxicity and vincristine dose adjustment were the primary outcomes evaluated. The adjusted risk difference (RD) for vincristine‐related toxicity associated with triazole exposure was determined.

Results

We identified 197 patients meeting inclusion criteria for evaluation, 160 (81%) of whom received fluconazole prophylaxis. Among patients receiving fluconazole, 36/160 (22%) developed vincristine toxicity compared to 7/37 (19%) among those not receiving prophylaxis (RD: 3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] −11 to 18%). Adjusting for patient age and race, no statistically significant increased risk for vincristine‐associated toxicity with fluconazole exposure was observed (RD 5%, 95% CI −8 to 17%). An increased risk for vincristine‐associated toxicity was independently associated with age 10 years or older (RD 19%, 95% CI 4–34%).

Conclusion

Co‐administration of fluconazole during induction therapy for pediatric ALL does not significantly increase the risk for vincristine‐associated toxicities; however, patients 10 years or older are at an increased risk for toxicity independent of fluconazole exposure. Prophylaxis with fluconazole during induction therapy for pediatric ALL, if warranted, appears to be a safe clinical practice.
Utility of peripheral blood immunophenotyping by flow cytometry in the diagnosis of pediatric acute leukemia
Authors: Metrock Laura K. , Summers Ryan J. , Park Sunita , Gillespie Scott , Castellino Sharon , Lew Glen , Keller Frank G.
Published: March 2017

Background

Childhood acute leukemia is traditionally diagnosed from a bone marrow aspirate (BMA). New‐onset acute leukemia patients do not always have visible circulating blasts in the peripheral blood (PB) at diagnosis. While the role of bone marrow flow cytometry for the diagnosis of acute leukemia is well established, the utility of PB flow cytometry (PBFC) is unknown. We performed a single‐institution retrospective analysis to compare PBFC versus BMA in establishing or excluding a diagnosis of childhood acute leukemia.

Procedure

We retrospectively identified 485 PBFC samples with concurrent BMA from 2008 to 2013. Results of four‐color flow cytometry for immunophenotypic characterization of leukemic versus nonclonal disease were characterized. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated among patients without a known diagnosis or prior therapy.

Results

Among 485 samples eligible for analysis, 120 had negative PBFC and BMA, 359 had positive PBFC and BMA, 3 had negative PBFC and positive BMA, and 3 had positive PBFC and negative BMA. There were small but significant differences in sensitivity (100 vs. 93.8%; P = 0.002) and positive predictive value (100 vs. 93.8%; P = 0.002) favoring BMA over PBFC among those demonstrating absence of circulating morphologic blasts.

Conclusion

PBFC has high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of childhood acute leukemia. The predictive value of PBFC remains high for patients without visible circulating blasts and may enhance the diagnostic process for determining the indications for marrow testing.
Effect of organoclay on the solvent diffusion behavior and mechanical properties of natural rubber nanocomposites
Authors: Meera A. P , Thomas Sabu , Zachariah Ajesh K. , Yang Weimin
Published: March 2017

This article aims to investigate the structure–property relationship of organoclay filled natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites. The nanostructure has been investigated by X‐ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The effect of organoclay on the diffusion behavior and mechanical properties of natural rubber has been investigated. The solvent transport properties and the swelling characteristics of the nanocomposites have been studied using toluene and hexane as solvents. It is observed that the nanocomposites exhibit an anomalous trend of transport behavior. The diffusion coefficient and permeability coefficient values are found to be lower for hexane than for toluene. The nanocomposites exhibit improved mechanical properties (tensile strength, tear strength, and modulus) and hardness compared to the unfilled rubber. It is concluded that the dispersion of organoclay has a significant effect on the diffusion and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:3110–3118, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Enhanced thermo‐physical properties of nitrile‐butadiene rubber nanocomposites filled with simultaneously reduced and functionalized graphene oxide
Authors: Zhang Yinhang , Cho Ur Ryong
Published: March 2017

3‐Mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) modified exfoliated graphene oxide (GO)/nitrile‐butadiene rubber (NBR) nanocomposites were fabricated by latex compounding method. The modification and reduction of GO were simultaneously conducted in situ by a one‐pot design. The reductant, ammonium hydroxide was employed to mildly reduce GO at 78°C. The GO exfoliation, MPTMS modified GO (MGO), and the dispersion of GO sheets in rubber matrix were studied using Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is evident that GO sheets are uniformly dispersed in the rubber matrix. The one‐pot design can significantly promote the reduction process and the surface modification of GO, simultaneously. The reduction was confirmed by morphology analysis and FT‐IR analysis of uncured rubber compounds. The mechanical properties of pristine NBR/GO and NBR/MGO nanocomposites were studied within a filler range of 0–2 phr. The NBR/MGO composites exhibited superior mechanical property and higher storage modulus attributing to the stronger interfacial interaction via covalent bonding between MGO and NBR molecules compared with the NBR/GO composites connected by weaker π–π stacking. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:3227–3235, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Injection molding of polypropylene hybrid composites reinforced with carbon fiber and wood fiber
Authors: Guo Gangjian , Chen Joseph C. , Gong Guan
Published: March 2017

Hybrid composites are made by incorporating two or more different types of fillers in a single matrix that is highly tailorable. Carbon fiber (CF) reinforced composites have been well developed for certain industries such as aerospace and sporting goods. However, the high cost of carbon fiber, as well as lack of cost effective processing technologies for mass production, prevents its penetration to many different markets. Wood fiber (WF), an environmentally sustainable bio‐fiber, has been used widely in making wood/plastic composites (WPCs) for building products and automotive applications, due to its low cost and lightweight. Nevertheless, WPCs have very limited structural applications where strong mechanical properties are required. Incorporating CF and WF into a polymer matrix to make hybrid composites through injection molding, would be a path to expanded applications for both. This paper investigated the injection molding of CF‐WF/polypropylene hybrid composites and their mechanical properties. The effects of fiber content and hybridization on the mechanical properties were studied. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:3329–3335, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synergetic enhancement of thermal conductivity for highly explosive‐filled polymer composites through hybrid carbon nanomaterials
Authors: He Guansong , Zhou Xiaoyu , Liu Jiahui , Zhang Jianhu , Pan Liping , Liu Shijun
Published: March 2017

The one‐dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and two‐dimensional (2D) graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were adopted to enhance the thermal conductivity (K) of polymer‐bonded explosives (PBX). Seven 1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB)‐based PBX formulations without or with 1.31 vf % carbon materials were designed and fabricated. The results indicated that, the K was only slightly improved by pure GNPs or CNTs. However, a remarkable synergetic effect between GNPs and CNTs in improving the K of PBX was demonstrated. The K of PBX with hybrid GNPs and CNTs was obviously higher than that of PBX with pure GNPs or CNTs. The bridging interactions between GNPs and CNTs could lead to the formation of a more efficient 3D percolating network. Moreover, the presence of CNTs triggered the percolation effect in the GNPs as the enhanced K was more pronounced with increasing GNPs. Additionally, the nonlinear dependence of the K of PBX on GNPs content was fitted by an analytical model which incorporated the percolation effect. The theoretical results were found to be in reasonably good agreement with the experimental data. Finally, the thermal shock resistance of PBX with hybrid CNT/GNP was significantly enhanced. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E1452–E1462, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Interest of the trajectory method for the evaluation of outcomes after in utero drug exposure: example of anxiolytics and hypnotics
Authors: Hurault‐Delarue Caroline , Chouquet Cécile , Savy Nicolas , Lacroix Isabelle , Beau Anna‐Belle , Montastruc Jean‐Louis , Damase‐Michel Christine
Published: March 2017

Purpose

The aim of this study was to examine the potential benefit to take into account duration and intensity of drug exposure using the recently published method based on individual drug trajectories. This approach was used to define profiles of exposure to anxiolytics/hypnotics during pregnancy and to evaluate the potential effect on newborn health.

Methods

The study was performed in EFEMERIS database (54 918 mother–children pairs). An estimation of adaptation to extrauterine life was assessed using several criteria especially cardio‐respiratory symptoms. A proxy variable called “neonatal pathology” was created. The occurrence of this event was studied using two approaches:

The Standard Method comparing exposed and unexposed newborns,

The Trajectory Method comparing the different profiles of exposure.

Results

Around 5% of newborns (n = 2768) were identified to be exposed to anxiolytics or hypnotics during pregnancy.

Using the Standard Method, 6.2% of exposed newborns developed a “neonatal pathology” against 4.8% of unexposed newborns (odds ratios [OR] = 0.9[0.8–1.2], p = 0.7).

With the Trajectory Method taking into account evolution of exposure during pregnancy and treatment intensity, four profiles of pregnant women were identified. A significant difference in the rates of “neonatal pathologies” was observed between profiles (p = 0.0002). Newborns of the two profiles exposed in utero to high constant level of anxiolytics or hypnotics were more at risk of developing “neonatal pathology” than unexposed newborns (OR1 = 2.0 [1.0–3.9] and OR2 = 7.6 [2.8–20.5]).

Conclusions

The present study demonstrates the interest of this method based on individual drug trajectories for the evaluation of outcomes in pharmaco‐epidemiological studies and more specifically during pregnancy. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of sago starch laurate in densified carbon dioxide
Authors: Muljana Henky , Irene Cynthia , Saptaputri Vina , Arbita Ernest , Sugih Asaf K. , Heeres Hero J. , Picchioni Francesco
Published: March 2017

Fatty acid starch esters are potential candidates for novel biodegradable plastics. This work describes a systematic study on the synthesis of starch laurate using sago starch and vinyl laurate (VL) in densified CO2 as a green solvent. The phase behavior of the CO2–VL system was investigated in a high pressure view cell and the critical point of the CO2‐VL mixtures was shown to increase with temperature. Within the experimental window, sago starch laurate with a maximum degree of substitution (DS) of 0.97 is obtained. To the best of our knowledge, such high DS values have never been reported before for reactions in densified CO2. Moreover, the presence of laurate chains in the starch backbone has a profound influence on the degree of crystallinity, the melt and crystallization temperature, and the degradation temperature of the final products. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:291–299, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Ring opening metathesis polymerization of triazole‐bearing cyclobutenes: Diblock copolymer synthesis and evaluation of the effect of side group size on polymerization kinetics
Authors: Wei Jia , Trout William , Simon Yoan C. , Granados‐Focil Sergio
Published: March 2017

Cyclobutenes containing pendant groups of varying sizes were polymerized via ring opening metathesis polymerization using Grubbs catalyst 2nd generation (G2). The rate of polymerization depended on the size of the pendant groups attached to the cyclobutene rings, with longer side‐chains producing slower polymerization rates and narrower molecular weight distributions. The polymerization of these new molecules proceeded with first order kinetics, consistent with a living polymerization. Chain extension experiments produced cyclobutene‐based diblock copolymers with polydispersity indices below 1.33. The synthetic methods in this report will allow the use of G2 to access new complex polymeric architectures with a higher density of pendant groups than those derived from norbornene analogs and cyclooctene moieties. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 1929–1939
Ground Temperatures and Permafrost Warming from Forest to Tundra, Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands and Anderson Plain, NWT, Canada
Authors: Kokelj S. V. , Palmer M. J. , Lantz T. C. , Burn C. R.
Published: March 2017

Annual mean ground temperatures (Tg) decline northward from approximately −3.0°C in the boreal forest to −7.0°C in dwarf‐shrub tundra in the Tuktoyuktuk Coastlands and Anderson Plain, NWT, Canada. The latitudinal decrease in Tg from forest to tundra is accompanied by an increase in the range of values measured in the central, tall‐shrub tundra zone. Field measurements from 124 sites across this ecotone indicate that in undisturbed terrain Tg may approach 0°C in the forest and −4°C in dwarf‐shrub tundra. The greatest range of local variation in Tg (~7°C) was observed in the tall‐shrub transition zone. Undisturbed terrain units with relatively high Tg include riparian areas and slopes with drifting snow, saturated soils in polygonal peatlands and areas near lakes. Across the region, the warmest permafrost is associated with disturbances such as thaw slumps, drained lakes, areas burned by wildfires, drilling‐mud sumps and roadsides. Soil saturation following terrain subsidence may increase the latent heat content of the active layer, while increases in snow depth decrease the rate of ground heat loss in autumn and winter. Such disturbances increase freezeback duration and reduce the period of conductive ground cooling, resulting in higher Tg and, in some cases, permafrost thaw. The field measurements reported here confirm that minimum Tg values in the uppermost 10 m of permafrost have increased by ~2°C since the 1970s. The widespread occurrence of Tg above −3°C indicates warm permafrost exists in disturbed and undisturbed settings across the transition from forest to tundra. Copyright © 2017 Government of the Northwest Territories. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biological characterization of novel nitroimidazole‐peptide conjugates in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Bergmann Ralf , Splith Katrin , Pietzsch Jens , Bachmann Michael , Neundorf Ines
Published: March 2017

Recently, we reported on the design of a multimodal peptide conjugate useful as delivery platform for targeting hypoxic cells. A nitroimidazole (2‐(2‐nitroimidazol‐1‐yl)acetic acid, NIA) moiety, which is selectively entrapped in hypoxic cells, was coupled to a cell‐penetrating peptide serving as the transporter. Furthermore, attachment of a bifunctional linker allowed the introduction of a diagnostic or therapeutic radiometal. However, although selective tumor accumulation could be detected in vivo, a fast renal clearance of the compound was observed. The present study aims to improve the system by using the more proteolytically stable all‐d version of the peptide carrier (DsC18), by attaching two NIA moieties instead of one (DsC18(NIA)2) to enhance the tumor uptake, and by incorporating the bifunctional chelator NODAGA instead of DOTA (NODAGA‐DsC18(NIA)2) to optimize labeling chemistry. First, we characterized in vitro the novel all‐d peptide compared with its parent l‐version. Then, in order to investigate and compare the pharmacological profiles of the peptides, these were radiolabeled with 64CuII and 68GaIII, and the biodistribution and kinetics were evaluated in vivo. Our results show the versatility of the d‐peptide as cell‐penetrating peptide and transporter. However, attaching two NIA groups modified the system in such a way that no selective tumor uptake could be observed compared with the peptide without NIA moieties. Still, this work highlights new pharmacokinetic data on the biodistribution of such compounds in vivo. Copyright © 2017 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A dielectric‐constant‐controlled tunnel junction for III‐nitride light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Li Luping , Shi Qiang , Tian Kangkai , Chu Chunshuang , Fang Mengqian , Meng Ruilin , Zhang Yonghui , Zhang Zi‐Hui , Bi Wengang
Published: March 2017

Due to the low hole mobility and the unsatisfying p‐type doping efficiency, the p‐type layer has a low effective hole concentration and a large electrical resistivity that result in poor hole injection efficiency and significant current crowding effect for III‐nitride light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). In this work, we report a III‐nitride LED architecture comprising a dielectric‐constant‐controlled tunnel junction to improve both the current spreading effect and the hole injection efficiency. The dielectric‐constant‐controlled tunnel junction is an n+‐GaN/AlGaN/p+‐GaN heterojunction, in which the dielectric constant for the AlGaN layer is smaller than that for the GaN layer, and therefore, compared to the conventional n+‐GaN/p+‐GaN homojunction, the electric field within the tunnel junction is increased and hence, the hole injection can be substantially enhanced if the n+‐GaN/AlGaN/p+‐GaN heterojunction is properly designed. Furthermore, the proposed device can better spread the current compared to the LED without a tunnel junction. As a result, the internal quantum efficiency has been improved for the LED possessing the dielectric‐constant‐controlled tunnel junction.
Bergamot (Citrus bergamia) Essential Oil Inhalation Improves Positive Feelings in the Waiting Room of a Mental Health Treatment Center: A Pilot Study
Authors: Han Xuesheng , Gibson Jacob , Eggett Dennis L. , Parker Tory L.
Published: March 2017

Mental health issues have been increasingly recognized as public health problems globally. Their burden is projected to increase over the next several decades. Additional therapies for mental problems are in urgent need worldwide due to the limitations and costs of existing healthcare approaches. Essential oil aromatherapy can provide a cost‐effective and safe treatment for many mental problems. This pilot study observed the effects of bergamot essential oil inhalation on mental health and well‐being, as measured by the Positive and Negative Affect Scale, in a mental‐health treatment center located in Utah, USA. Fifty‐seven eligible participants (50 women, age range: 23–70 years) were included for analysis. Fifteen minutes of bergamot essential oil exposure improved participants' positive feelings compared with the control group (17% higher). Unexpectedly, more participants participated in experimental periods rather than control periods, suggesting even brief exposure to essential oil aroma may make people more willing to enroll in clinical trials. This study provides preliminary evidence of the efficacy and safety of bergamot essential oil inhalation on mental well‐being in a mental health treatment center, suggesting that bergamot essential oil aromatherapy can be an effective adjunct treatment to improve individuals' mental health and well‐being. © 2017 The Authors. Phytotherapy Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The potential value of early (1939–1967) upper‐air data in atmospheric climate reanalysis
Authors: Hersbach Hans , Brönnimann Stefan , Haimberger Leopold , Mayer Michael , Villiger Leonie , Comeaux Joey , Simmons Adrian , Dee Dick , Jourdain Sylvie , Peubey Carole , Poli Paul , Rayner Nick , Sterin Alexander M. , Stickler Alexander , Valente Maria A. , Worley Steven J.
Published: March 2017

In recent years a number of reanalysis datasets have been published that cover the past century or more, including the ‘Twentieth Century Reanalysis’ 20CRv2 and the European Reanalysis of the twentieth century ERA‐20C. These datasets are widely used, showing the need for, and possible benefit of, reanalysis data products designed for climate applications. The twentieth‐century reanalyses so far have assimilated only surface observations, and rely on independent estimates of monthly averaged sea‐surface temperatures and sea ice concentrations as boundary conditions. While 20CRv2 uses only observations of surface and sea‐level pressure, ERA‐20C additionally assimilates marine winds.

Here we describe an experimental reanalysis, referred to as ERA‐PreSAT, which covers the period 1939–1967 and also assimilates historical upper‐air data. Assessments of this dataset including comparisons with independent data show that (i) temperature biases in the Northern Hemisphere are largely reduced compared to reanalyses that assimilate surface data only, (ii) concentration of 1940s upper‐air data in the northern extratropics created a strong interhemispheric asymmetry which is likely not realistic, (iii) the forecast skill in the Northern Hemisphere has increased substantially compared to reanalyses that assimilate surface data only, (iv) day‐to‐day and (in the northern extratropics) month‐to‐month correlations with independent observations (of total column ozone, upper‐air data) increase over time, (v) interannual variability is well captured in the reanalysis, (vi) a signature of the stratospheric Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation is present as far back as the 1940s, and (vii) tropical cyclones are not well represented.

The generally encouraging results from the experimental ERA‐PreSAT reanalysis underline that early upper‐air data greatly contribute to our knowledge on the troposphere and lower stratosphere over the twentieth century.
Gas‐phase Smiles rearrangement reactions of deprotonated N‐phenylbenzamides studied by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Yikun , Chai Yunfeng , Wang Lin , Pan Yuanjiang , Zeng Su , Sun Cuirong
Published: March 2017

Rationale

Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MSn) is an invaluable tool for the study of gas‐phase reactions. When N‐phenylbenzamide is analyzed in negative ion mode, the nucleophilic deprotonated site of nitrogen or oxygen, together with the adjacent electrophilic phenyl carbon in the same molecule, provides a useful opportunity to study the intramolecular nucleophilic reaction in the gas phase.

Methods

All MSn experiments of deprotonated N‐phenylbenzamides were conducted on an ion trap mass spectrometer using ESI in negative ion mode. The accurate masses of fragments were measured on an ESI quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer in negative ion mode. Theoretical calculations were conducted at the B3LYP/6‐31++G(d,p) level of density functional theory using the Gaussian 03 program.

Results

When the polarity of the substituent on the aniline ring was changed, gas‐phase Smiles rearrangement reactions could be initiated by different atoms in the anionic center. Upon collisional activation, loss of CO from deprotonated N‐phenylbenzamides could be observed, which can be interpreted as a nitrogen anion triggering the Smiles rearrangement reaction through a three‐membered ring transition state. As the aniline ring was substituted by a strong electron‐withdrawing group (e.g., NO2, COCH3, or CF3) at the para position, a characteristic phenolate anion was obtained, which was derived from the Smiles rearrangement reaction initiated by the oxygen anion through a four‐membered ring transition state.

Conclusions

In the fragmentation of deprotonated N‐phenylbenzamides, the gas‐phase Smiles rearrangement reaction initiated by either the nitrogen or the oxygen atom can proceed. The findings in this study have not only enriched knowledge on the gas‐phase Smiles rearrangement reactions, but also provided valuable information for understanding the rearrangements of deprotonated aromatic amides in gas phase. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of endohedral metallofullerene (EMF) ions of (M = La, Y, n ≤ 6, 50 ≤ 2m ≤ 194) in the laser ablation process with graphene as precursor
Authors: Kong Xianglei , Bao Xiaodi
Published: March 2017

Rationale

Graphene has proved to be a versatile precursor for the generation of mono‐endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) of alkali and alkali earth metal atoms. Thus, it is important to investigate whether graphene is also a good precursor for the generation of EMFs including multi‐metal atoms or some transition metal atoms.

Methods

Experiments were performed on a 7.0 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR) mass spectrometer. Laser ablation mass spectra were obtained by laser irradiation on mixtures of graphene and LaCl3, YCl3 or HAuCl4 on a stainless steel plate. A 355 nm Nd:YAG laser with a typical energy of 2.5 mJ/pulse was employed in these experiments. Tandem mass spectrometry was performed by on‐resonance excitation collision‐induced dissociation (CID) for selected single isotopic peaks.

Results

Metallofullerene
/
ions were observed in the laser ablation mass spectra of mixtures of graphene and LaCl3/YCl3. CID and reactant gas experiments on selected ions showed that these ions had endohedral structures. Considering the experimental condition applied here, a mechanism based on a top‐down process for the generation of the EMF ions is suggested. Further experiments on HAuCl4 showed some weak signals of
for the first time.

Conclusions

Mono‐ and multi‐EMF ions of
(M = La, Y, n = 1–6, 50 ≤ 2 m ≤ 194) were generated by laser ablation of graphene and the corresponding metal salts and detected by FT‐ICR mass spectrometry. The results have shed light on the formation and generation of some new EMF species. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corrosion, wear, and cell culture studies of oxygen ion implanted Ni–Ti alloy
Authors: Mohan L. , Chakraborty Manjusha , Viswanathan S. , Mandal Chitra , Bera Parthasarathi , Aruna S. T. , Anandan C.
Published: March 2017

To increase the biocompatibility of nickel–titanium (Ni–Ti) alloy substrates, oxygen ions have been implanted by the plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII–O) technique at low temperature without affecting the substrate properties. The implanted Ni–Ti surface is characterized for microhardness and composition. Energy‐dispersive spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigations show the replacement of native oxide on the alloy by a compact oxide during the implantation process. The corrosion behaviors of untreated substrate and PIII–O samples are investigated using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in simulated body fluid (Hanks' solution). Polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies reveal nearly ideal capacitor behavior with better passivation characteristics for the oxygen‐implanted substrate. Sliding wear studies reveal lower friction of coefficient for the implanted layers as compared with the substrate. The bare and surface modified Ni–Ti alloy samples are evaluated for biocompatibility using osteoblast‐like cells (MG‐63). Cellular behavior in terms of cell morphology along with the viability and proliferations is evaluated by using scanning electron microscopy and in vitro cell culture assay, respectively. The results clearly show that oxygen implantation by PIII–O provides a better compatible surface for cell attachment and growth. The modified surface exhibits a higher percentage of cell viability demonstrating the enhanced biocompatibility of the oxygen‐implanted surface compared with bare Ni–Ti alloy. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Versatility of Bis(2‐pyridyl)ditellane
Authors: da Silva Felipe D. , Simões Claudia A. D. P. , S. dos Santos Sailer , Lang Ernesto S.
Published: March 2017

The different nature of the Te and N binding sites of bis(2‐pyridyl)ditellane ‐ oPy2Te2 ‐ (1) in reactions with halogen, hydrohalic acids and a metal salt were explored in this work in order to obtain seven compounds: HoPyTeCl2 (2), HoPyTeBr2 (3), oPyTeI (4), HoPyTeI2 (5), HoPyTeI4 (6), MeoPyTeI2 (7), and [oPyTeCuCl]2 (8). The compounds were structurally characterized by X‐ray diffraction, which revealed, in almost all of the compounds, the presence of hypervalent chalcogen adducts containing a formal negative charge located on the TeII or TeIV atom stabilized by the protonated (2, 3, and 5) and methylated (7) pyridyl group. Compound 4 has a dimeric structure built up by association of highly unstable monomeric ArTeX units (X=Cl, Br, I) through Te‐N interactions while compound 8 is a binuclear coordination complex, in which 1 behaves as a tridentate ligand, with κ2N2, Te8 coordination for one CuI ion and κN10 coordination for the other CuI ion.
Modified Sonogashira Coupling Strategy For the Functionalization of Substituted Quinoline
Authors: Shaikh Mohammedumar M. , Bhutiya Priyank L. , Chikhalia Kishor H.
Published: March 2017

Modified and efficient sonogashira coupling reaction tactic has been developed for the functionalization of quinoline motif at different position. Copper‐, amine‐ and ligand free synthetic strategy make this reaction more advance and beneficiary synthetic tool for the functionalization of quinoline pharmacophore than the previously reported. In dihaloquinoline, first halogen was blocked by employing nucleophilic substitution reaction with different heterocycles whereas remaining halogen was subjected for modified sonogashira synthetic strategy.
Stress and adult smartphone addiction: Mediation by self‐control, neuroticism, and extraversion
Authors: Cho Hea‐Young , Kim Dai Jin , Park Jae Woo
Published: March 2017

This study employed descriptive statistics and correlation analysis to examine the influence of stress on smartphone addiction as well as the mediating effects of self‐control, neuroticism, and extraversion using 400 men and women in their 20s to 40s followed by structural equation analysis. Our findings indicate that stress had a significant influence on smartphone addiction, and self‐control mediates the influence of stress on smartphone addiction. As stress increases, self‐control decreases, which subsequently leads to increased smartphone addiction. Self‐control was confirmed as an important factor in the prevention of smartphone addiction. Finally, among personality factors, neuroticism, and extraversion mediate the influence of stress on smartphone addiction.
Instructional Interactions: Supporting Students’ Reading Development Through Interactive Read‐Alouds of Informational Texts
Authors: McClure Erin L. , Fullerton Susan King
Published: March 2017

This article provides classroom examples of how interactive read‐alouds of informational texts facilitate collaborative and respectful discussions that promote literacy learning. Several specific considerations for making interactive read‐alouds engaging and successful are presented in an effort to support educators in capitalizing on this effective instructional practice.
From Surviving to Thriving: Four Research‐Based Principles to Build Students’ Reading Interest
Authors: Springer Sheree E. , Harris Samantha , Dole Janice A.
Published: March 2017

In an educational climate in which many teachers may feel the tension between achieving grade‐level literacy standards and creating lifelong readers, interest can be a powerful mediator that impacts students’ cognitive and affective experiences with reading. This practical article presents four research‐based principles of reading interest—individual interests, situational interest, text‐based interest, and interest regulation—and describes how each can be used and implemented in the classroom to nurture motivated and resilient readers.
The ‘dirty dozen’ of freshwater science: detecting then reconciling hydrological data biases and errors
Authors: Wilby Robert L. , Clifford Nicholas J. , De Luca Paolo , Harrigan Shaun , Hillier John K. , Hodgkins Richard , Johnson Matthew F. , Matthews Tom K.R. , Murphy Conor , Noone Simon J. , Parry Simon , Prudhomme Christel , Rice Steve P. , Slater Louise J. , Smith Katie A. , Wood Paul J.
Published: March 2017

Sound water policy and management rests on sound hydrometeorological and ecological data. Conversely, unrepresentative, poorly collected, or erroneously archived data introduce uncertainty regarding the magnitude, rate, and direction of environmental change, in addition to undermining confidence in decision‐making processes. Unfortunately, data biases and errors can enter the information flow at various stages, starting with site selection, instrumentation, sampling/measurement procedures, postprocessing and ending with archiving systems. Techniques such as visual inspection of raw data, graphical representation, and comparison between sites, outlier, and trend detection, and referral to metadata can all help uncover spurious data. Tell‐tale signs of ambiguous and/or anomalous data are highlighted using 12 carefully chosen cases drawn mainly from hydrology (‘the dirty dozen’). These include evidence of changes in site or local conditions (due to land management, river regulation, or urbanization); modifications to instrumentation or inconsistent observer behavior; mismatched or misrepresentative sampling in space and time; treatment of missing values, postprocessing and data storage errors. Also for raising awareness of pitfalls, recommendations are provided for uncovering lapses in data quality after the information has been gathered. It is noted that error detection and attribution are more problematic for very large data sets, where observation networks are automated, or when various information sources have been combined. In these cases, more holistic indicators of data integrity are needed that reflect the overall information life‐cycle and application(s) of the hydrological data. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1209. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1209

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Methods

Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change
Computational design of two‐dimensional topological materials
Authors: Wang Z. F. , Jin Kyung‐Hwan , Liu Feng
Published: March 2017

The progress in science and technology is largely boosted by the continuous discovery of new materials. In recent years, the state‐of‐art first‐principles computational approach has emerged as a vital tool to enable materials discovery by designing a priori unknown materials as well as unknown properties of existing materials that are subsequently confirmed by experiments. One notable example is the rapid development of the field of topological materials, where new candidates of topological materials are often predicted and/or designed before experimental synthesis and characterization. Topological phases of condensed mater not only represent a significant advance in the fundamental understanding of material properties but also hold promising applications in quantum computing and spintronics. In this article, we will give an overview of recent progress in computational design of two‐dimensional topological materials and an outlook of possible future research directions. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2017, 7:e1304. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1304

This article is categorized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Density Functional Theory
Residual signal feature extraction for gearbox planetary stage fault detection
Authors: Skrimpas Georgios Alexandros , Ursin Thomas , Sweeney Christian , Marhadi Kun , Mijatovic Nenad , Holboell Joachim
Published: March 2017

Faults in planetary gears and related bearings, e.g. planet bearings and planet carrier bearings, pose inherent difficulties on their accurate and consistent detection associated mainly to the low energy in slow rotating stages and the operating complexity of planetary gearboxes. In this work, statistical features measuring the signal energy and Gaussianity are calculated from the residual signals between each pair from the first to the fifth tooth mesh frequency of the meshing process in a multi‐stage wind turbine gearbox. The suggested algorithm includes resampling from time to angular domain, identification of the expected spectral signature for proper residual signal calculation and filtering of any frequency component not related to the planetary stage. Two field cases of planet carrier bearing defect and planet wheel spalling are presented and discussed, showing the efficiency of the followed approach and the possibility of characterizing a fault as localized or distributed. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.