bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic divergence and geographical variation in the deep‐water Conus orbignyi complex (Mollusca: Conoidea)
Authors: Puillandre Nicolas , Meyer Christopher P. , Bouchet Philippe , Olivera Baldomero M.
Published: June 2011

Puillandre, N., Meyer, C. P., Bouchet, P. & Olivera, B. M. (2011). Genetic divergence and geographical variation in the deep‐water Conus orbignyi complex (Mollusca: Conoidea). —Zoologica Scripta, 40, 350–363.

The cone snails (family Conidae) are a hyperdiverse lineage of venomous gastropods. Two standard markers, COI and ITS2, were used to define six genetically divergent groups within a subclade of Conidae that includes Conus orbignyi; each of these was then evaluated based on their shell morphology. We conclude that three forms, previously regarded as subspecies of C. orbignyi are distinct species, now recognized as C. orbignyi, C. elokismenos and C. coriolisi. In addition, three additional species (C. pseudorbignyi, C. joliveti and C. comatosa) belong to this clade. Some of the proposed species (e.g. C. elokismenos) are possibly in turn complexes comprising multiple species. Groups such as Conidae illustrate the challenges generally faced in species delimitation in biodiverse lineages. In the case of C. orbignyi complex, they are not only definable, genetically divergent lineages, but also considerable geographical variation within each group. Our study suggests that an intensive analysis of multiple specimens within a single locality helps to minimize the confounding effects of geographical variation and can be a useful starting point for circumscribing different species within such a confusing complex.
Sociocultural antecedents of academic motivation and achievement: Role of values and achievement motives in achievement goals and academic performance
Authors: Liem Gregory Arief D. , Martin Andrew J. , Porter Amy L. , Colmar Susan
Published: June 2011

With a view to understand the influence of culture on achievement motivation, the study aimed to test the hypothesized mediating role of individual‐oriented and social‐oriented achievement motives in linking value orientations (e.g. achievement, security, conformity, hedonism) to achievement goals (i.e. mastery‐approach, mastery‐avoidance, performance‐approach, and performance‐avoidance goals) as predictors of English and mathematics achievements. These hypothesized relationships were tested in the one‐path analytic model with a sample of Indonesian high‐school students (n = 356; 46% girls, M age = 16.20 years). The findings showed that security and conformity values positively predicted social‐oriented achievement motive; self‐direction values positively predicted individual‐oriented achievement motive; and hedonism values negatively predicted both achievement motive orientations. Both individual‐oriented and social‐oriented achievement motives positively predicted mastery‐approach and performance‐approach goals. Interestingly, social‐oriented achievement motive also positively predicted mastery‐avoidance and performance‐avoidance goals, which in turn, negatively predicted English and mathematic achievement. There was also some evidence for the direct effects of values on performance‐approach goals and achievement. Taken together, the findings evinced the relevance of achievement goal constructs to Indonesian students and the psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of the Achievement Goals Questionnaire for further use in Indonesia. The study concludes that the meanings of academic motivation and achievement should be seen from a sociocultural perspective relevant to the context in which they are being studied.
Winch and Anscombe on Ethics and Religion
Authors: Mounce Howard
Published: June 2011

The aim of this paper is to consider in detail a paper in which Peter Winch discusses the absolute nature of the moral ought. Anscombe had argued that the notion of an absolute ought presupposes the idea of divine law. Winch's aim is to show her mistaken. On his view, it is the idea of divine that depends on the notion of an absolute ought.

It is argued that Winch is not successful in his criticism. Indeed, were we to accept his assumptions, we should be forced to conclude that the moral ought is not absolute at all, but relative.
On Epistemological Shifts and Good Old French Wine (in New Bottles): Commentary on Elcheroth, Doise, and Reicher
Authors: Spears Russell , Klein Olivier
Published: June 2011

In this article, we first suggest that the approach presented by Elcheroth, Doise, and Reicher is particularly relevant in view of the “neuroscientific turn” that faces political psychology. Thus, we note that the distinction between content and process and the predilection for general, intrapsychological, and content‐free explanations of political cognition and behavior are encouraged by these developments. We contrast the contribution of the social representations approach to the understanding of social conflict and social change with the approach promoted by these new perspectives. Next, we consider the four themes highlighted by Elcheroth et al. as distinctive of the social representations approach. We notice convergences between these themes and several areas of “mainstream” social and political psychology and show that several of these themes have surfaced in these fields without making reference to this approach.
OPTIMAL PRICE SETTING IN FIXED‐ODDS BETTING MARKETS UNDER INFORMATION UNCERTAINTY
Authors: Makropoulou Vasiliki , Markellos Raphael N.
Published: June 2011

This paper develops a model of optimal pricing under information uncertainty for fixed‐odds betting markets. The model suggests that bookmakers require a premium for quoting the odds several days before an event. This premium reflects the uncertainty of public information that can be exploited by expert bettors. The model predicts that when bookmakers set optimal prices, expected returns to bettors increase as a monotonic function of winning probabilities. In this manner, an information‐based explanation is given for the celebrated favourite‐longshot bias in fixed‐odds. Using an extensive data‐set of football odds from two major European bookmakers, we estimate the probability of informed betting.
Dealing with Extreme Response Style in Cross-Cultural Research: A Restricted Latent Class Factor Analysis Approach
Authors: Morren Meike , Gelissen John P.T.M. , Vermunt Jeroen K.
Published: June 2011

Cross-cultural comparison of attitudes using rating scales may be seriously biased by response styles. This paper deals with statistical methods for detection of and correction for extreme response style (ERS), which is one of the well-documented response styles. After providing an overview of available statistical methods for dealing with ERS, we argue that the latent class factor analysis (LCFA) approach proposed by Moors (2003) has several advantages compared to other methods. Moors' method involves defining a latent variable model which, in addition to the substantive factors of interest, contains an ERS factor. In LCFA the observed ratings can be treated as nominal responses, which is necessary for modeling ERS. We find strong evidence for the presence of ERS and, moreover, find that the groups differ not only in their attitudes but also in ERS. These findings underscore the importance of controlling for ERS when examining attitudes in cross-cultural research.
Loyalty Programmes: Current Knowledge and Research Directions*
Authors: Dorotic Matilda , Bijmolt Tammo H.A. , Verhoef Peter C.
Published: June 2011

Loyalty programmes (LPs) have increased in number and popularity, but their effects on customer behaviour remain equivocal, due to a lack of understanding of the drivers of LP effectiveness and insufficient generalizable conclusions across prior studies. This paper synthesizes current knowledge pertaining to LPs, reconciles opposing findings by exploring the conditions that mediate and moderate the effects of LP participation on consumer responses, and charts important avenues for research. Overall, we find that LPs are effective in increasing consumer purchase behaviours over time, but the impact differs across consumer segments and markets. Currently, neither firms nor consumers fully benefit from the opportunities that LPs offer. To that end, we identify aspects which help researchers and practitioners increase their understanding of LP benefits and pitfalls. Through this study, companies that already have LPs will be able to improve their performance, and those that are about to introduce one will better understand the implications of the LP launch.
Role of Cognitive Styles in Business and Management: Reviewing 40 Years of Research
Authors: Armstrong Steven J. , Cools Eva , Sadler‐Smith Eugene
Published: June 2011

In line with increased attention on the application of cognitive approaches to industrial, work and organizational psychology, the last 40 years have witnessed a growing interest in application of the cognitive style construct to the field of business and management. The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, we wish to advance understanding of cognitive styles research by elucidating trends and perspectives related to business and management. Second, we identify gaps in the literature and promising areas of research that can be further developed. This is accomplished by means of a review of papers published between 1969 and 2009. Eight themes emerged from our analysis: (a) vocational and occupational issues; (b) national culture; (c) teamwork and interpersonal relationships; (d) learning; (e) decision making; (f) creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship; (g) sales and marketing; and (h) management information systems, information management and use. Third, we identify valid and reliable methods of assessment of cognitive style for use in business and management settings. Finally we draw a number of conclusions regarding the current state of cognitive styles research and promising directions for future research.
Limits to expansion: transnational corporations and territorial embeddedness in the Japanese temporary staffing market
Authors: COE NEIL M. , JOHNS JENNIFER , WARD KEVIN
Published: June 2011

Recent changes to employment legislation have combined with shifting macro‐economic conditions to drive dramatic growth in Japan's temporary staffing industry. Leading transnational staffing agencies have sought to capitalize on this growth as part of their wider globalization strategies but have faced substantial challenges both in entering the market and in their subsequent attempts at expansion. In this article, we explore the ways in which the particularities of the Japanese host market regulatory and institutional environment combine with the inherent characteristics of the temporary staffing business model to challenge the expansionary strategies of these firms. We argue that while transnational firms have sought to adapt their business practices and strategies to the Japanese case, the attributes of the Japanese staffing market mean they have been unable to make significant inroads into the dominant market shares held by their domestic rivals.
REPRODUCIBILITY OF ELEMENTAL ANALYSES OF BASALTIC STONE ARTEFACTS BY QUADRUPLE ICP–MS USING DIFFERENT SAMPLE SIZES AND DIGESTION METHODS, WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Authors: MA JINLONG , BOLHAR R. , WEISLER M. I. , FENG YUEXING , ZHAO JIANXIN
Published: June 2011

Using high‐precision inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), we measured >40 elements in basalts sampled by diamond micro‐drills to evaluate the effectiveness of different digestion methods and the reproducibility of elemental analysis for different sample sizes from 5 mg to 100 mg. The results indicate that those elements that are most suitable for geochemical characterization, such as rare earth elements (REE), high‐field strength elements (HFSE) and certain mobile elements (Rb, Sr, Th, U), show excellent reproducibility with an average relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3% between open‐beaker and pressured ‘bomb’ digestion methods. This observation rules out the presence of refractory phases such as zircon, which can only dissolve in pressured ‘bombs’, and suggests that the results from open‐beaker digestion are reliable. The ICP–MS data for powders of different weights ranging from 10 to 100 mg collected from two fine‐grained basalt artefacts display excellent reproducibility, with a RSD of <5% for the most important elements. The reproducibility is reduced when including the 5 mg weight fraction (RSD of ∼2–9%), which is still sufficient for archaeological applications. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of 10 mg samples for elemental measurement, which is valuable for geochemical characterization and sourcing of fine‐grained basalt artefacts from museum collections that require minimal destructive sampling.
CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE ORGANIZATION OF LATE BRONZE AGE NUZI WARE PRODUCTION
Authors: ERB‐SATULLO N. L. , SHORTLAND A. J. , EREMIN K.
Published: June 2011

In order to investigate the nature and organization of high‐status ceramic production in the Late Bronze Age, samples of Nuzi Ware from four different sites were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM–EDS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP–AES). Chemical and mineralogical evidence suggests that Nuzi Ware was produced in at least two distinct regions, one probably in the Adhaim Basin in northern Iraq and another possibly in the Orontes catchment in southeastern Turkey. The existence of individual production units probably developed in response to the local elites' desire to imitate the tastes of the Mitanni aristocracy, resulting in a mapping of political relationships on to material culture.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL, STYLISTIC AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON 11TH–13TH CENTURY AD PAINTED FRAGMENTS FROM THE SAN GIOVANNI BATTISTA CHURCH IN CEVIO (SWITZERLAND)
Authors: CAVALLO G. , VERGANI R. CARDANI , GIANOLA L. , MEREGALLI A.
Published: June 2011

The painted fragments collected during the archaeological excavation campaign in the San Giovanni Battista church in Cevio represent a unique patrimony of Romanesque wall painting in Tessin, Switzerland, having a strong stylistic linkage with the Lombardic art of the same period. The archaeological and stylistic research allowed the fragments to be dated between the 11th and 13th centuries ad and to group them in three chronological phases. The scientific research (p‐XRF, OM, SEM–EDS, FTIR and XRD) was aimed at characterizing the pigments and the pictorial techniques used. Important changes occurred in terms of some pigments used during the 11th and 12th centuries: in particular, azurite was used to decorate the earlier wall paintings while lapis lazuli was used for the 12th‐century ones. During the second period, lead‐based pigments (lead white and minium) were introduced into the palette. The use of natural yellow and red ochres and green earth was common for the three periods. The fresco technique was generally used, except for the application of azurite and lead‐based pigments, where the a secco technique was adopted. The integrated research is a contribution to the knowledge of Romanesque art in the Insubric Region.
From in vivo gene targeting of oestrogen receptors to optimization of their modulation in menopause
Authors: Arnal Jean‐François , Lenfant Françoise , Flouriot Gilles , Tremollières Florence , Laurell Henrik , Fontaine Coralie , Krust Andrée , Chambon Pierre , Gourdy Pierre
Published: June 2011

The ancestral status of oestrogen receptor (ER) in the family of the steroid receptors has probably contributed to the pleiotropic actions of oestrogens, and in particular, that of 17β‐oestradiol (E2). Indeed, in addition to their well‐described role in sexual development and reproduction, they influence most of the physiological processes. The pathophysiological counterpart of these actions includes prevention of osteoporosis, atheroma and type 2 diabetes, and also the promotion of uterus and breast cancer growth. Thus, the major challenge consists in uncoupling some beneficial actions from other deleterious ones, that is, selective ER modulation. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are already used, as they prevent the recurrence of breast cancer and mimic oestrogen action mainly on bone. Both E2 and tamoxifen exhibit a proliferative and, thus, a protumoural action on the endometrium. Activation of ERα and ERβ regulates target gene transcription (genomic action) through two independent activation functions, AF‐1 and AF‐2, but can also elicit rapid membrane‐initiated steroid signals. In the present review, we attempted to summarize recent advances provided by the in vivo molecular ‘dissection’ of ERα, allowing the uncoupling of some of its actions and potentially paving the way to optimized selective ER modulators.
Intermedin (adrenomedullin2) stabilizes the endothelial barrier and antagonizes thrombin‐induced barrier failure in endothelial cell monolayers
Authors: Aslam M , Pfeil U , Gündüz D , Rafiq A , Kummer W , Piper HM , Noll T
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Intermedin is a member of the calcitonin gene‐related‐peptide (CGRP) family expressed in endothelial cells and acts via calcitonin receptor‐like receptors (CLRs). Here we have analysed the receptors for intermedin and its effect on the endothelial barrier in monolayers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We analysed the effect of intermedin on albumin permeability, contractile machinery, actin cytoskeleton and VE‐cadherin in cultured HUVECs.

KEY RESULTS Intermedin concentration‐dependently reduced basal endothelial permeability to albumin and antagonized thrombin‐induced hyperpermeability. Intermedin was less potent (EC50 1.29 ± 0.12 nM) than adrenomedullin (EC50 0.24 ± 0.07 nM) in reducing endothelial permeability. These intermedin effects were inhibited by AM22–52 and higher concentrations of αCGRP8–37, with pA2 values of αCGRP8–37 of 6.4 for both intermedin and adrenomedullin. PCR data showed that HUVEC expressed only the CLR/RAMP2 receptor complex. Intermedin activated cAMP/PKA and cAMP/Epac signalling pathways. Intermedin's effect on permeability was blocked by inhibition of PKA but not of eNOS. Intermedin antagonized thrombin‐induced contractile activation, RhoA activation and stress fibre formation. It also induced Rac1 activation, enhanced cell–cell adhesion and antagonized thrombin‐induced loss of cell–cell adhesion. Treatment with a specific inhibitor of Rac1 prevented intermedin‐mediated barrier stabilization.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Intermedin stabilized endothelial barriers in HUVEC monolayers via CLR/RAMP2 receptors. These effects were mediated via cAMP‐mediated inactivation of contractility and strengthening of cell–cell adhesion. These findings identify intermedin as a barrier stabilizing agent and suggest intermedin as a potential treatment for vascular leakage in inflammatory conditions.
Cannabinoid CB2 receptor‐mediated regulation of impulsive‐like behaviour in DBA/2 mice
Authors: Navarrete Francisco , Pérez‐Ortiz José M. , Manzanares Jorge
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study evaluated gene expression differences between two mouse strains, characterized by opposite impulsivity‐like traits and the involvement of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor in the modulation of impulsivity.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Behavioural tests were conducted to compare motor activity, exploration and novelty seeking, attention and cognitive and motor impulsivity (delayed reinforcement task: session duration 30 min; timeout 30 s) between A/J and DBA/2 mice. Expression of genes for dopamine D2 receptors, CB1 and CB2 receptors were measured in the cingulate cortex (CgCtx), caudate‐putamen (CPu), accumbens (Acc), amygdala (Amy) and hippocampus (Hipp). Involvement of CB2 receptors in impulsivity was evaluated in DBA/2 mice with a CB2 receptor agonist (JWH133) and an antagonist (AM630).

KEY RESULTS DBA/2 mice presented higher motor and exploratory activity, pre‐pulse inhibition impairment and higher cognitive and motor impulsivity level than A/J mice. In addition, DBA/2 mice showed lower (CgCtx, Acc, CPu) D2 receptor, lower (Amy) and higher (CgCtx, Acc, CPu, Hipp) CB1 receptor and higher (CgCtx, Acc, Amy) and similar (CPu, Hipp) CB2 receptor gene expressions. Treatment with JWH133 (0.5, 1, 3 mg·kg−1, i.p.) reduced cognitive and motor impulsivity level, accompanied by CB2 receptor down‐regulation (CgCtx, Acc, Amy) but did not modify other behaviours. In contrast, AM630 (1, 2, 3 mg·kg−1, i.p.) improved pre‐pulse inhibition and reduced novelty seeking behaviour in DBA/2 mice.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CB2 receptors might play an important role in regulating impulsive behaviours and should be considered a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of impulsivity‐related disorders.
Novel opioid cyclic tetrapeptides: Trp isomers of CJ‐15,208 exhibit distinct opioid receptor agonism and short‐acting κ opioid receptor antagonism
Authors: Ross Nicolette C , Reilley Kate J , Murray Thomas F , Aldrich Jane V , McLaughlin Jay P
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The κ opioid receptor antagonists demonstrate potential for maintaining abstinence from psychostimulant abuse, but existing non‐peptide κ‐receptor selective antagonists show exceptionally long activity. We hypothesized that the L‐ and D‐Trp isomers of CJ‐15,208, a natural cyclic tetrapeptide reported to be a κ‐receptor antagonist in vitro, would demonstrate short‐acting, dose‐dependent antagonism in vivo, preventing reinstatement of cocaine‐seeking behaviour.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Affinity, selectivity and efficacy of the L‐Trp and D‐Trp isomers for opioid receptors were assessed in vitro in radioligand and GTPγS binding assays. Opioid receptor agonist and antagonist activities were characterized in vivo following i.c.v. administration with the 55°C warm water tail‐withdrawal assay. The D‐Trp isomer, which demonstrated primarily κ‐receptor selective antagonist activity, was further evaluated for its prevention of stress‐ and drug‐induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP).

KEY RESULTS

The two isomers showed similar affinity and selectivity for κ receptors (Ki 30–35 nM) as well as κ receptor antagonism in vitro. As expected, the D‐Trp cyclic tetrapeptide exhibited minimal agonist activity and induced dose‐dependent κ‐receptor selective antagonism lasting less than 18 h in vivo. Pretreatment with this peptide prevented stress‐, but not cocaine‐induced, reinstatement of extinguished cocaine CPP. In contrast, the L‐Trp cyclic tetrapeptide unexpectedly demonstrated mixed opioid agonist/antagonist activity.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

The L‐Trp and the D‐Trp isomers of CJ‐15,208 demonstrate stereospecific opioid activity in vivo. The relatively brief κ opioid receptor antagonism, coupled with the prevention of stress‐induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine‐seeking behaviour, suggests the D‐Trp isomer could be used therapeutically to maintain abstinence from psychostimulant abuse.
Delirium incidents in three Danish intensive care units
Authors: Svenningsen Helle , Tønnesen Else
Published: June 2011

Background: Delirium as a result of hospitalization in an intensive care unit (ICU) is defined by a mental state different from the patients' normal state and an acute fluctuating course. Both morbidity and mortality are increased in relation to delirium. The incidence of delirium has been reported from 16% to 87% in international studies primarily in elderly patients.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of delirium in adult intensive care patients in Denmark and to identify correlations between delirium, sedatives, opiod analgesics and age.

Methods: In a prospective follow‐up study, 139 adult patients were screened for delirium using the confusion assessment method for the ICU (CAM‐ICU) from 48 h after admission to ICU, twice a day until discharged.

Results: A total of 41 patients had at least one positive score for delirium, 61 had only negative scores and 37 were too heavily sedated to be scored during the study period. Thus, the incidence of delirium was 40% among patients who were able to be CAM‐ICU scored. Patients who were lightly sedated had a 10‐fold increased risk of delirium. There was no difference in incidence by age. Patients who received Fentanyl were more at risk of developing delirium compared with patients who received other or no analgesics. Sedative drugs did not influence the incidence.

Conclusion: In this study delirium occurred in 40% of adult ICU patients of all ages.
Neurovascular assessment in the critically ill patient
Authors: Johnston‐Walker Elizabeth , Hardcastle Jane
Published: June 2011

Aim: To outline the pathophysiological processes involved in neurovascular impairment and compartment syndrome and examine common contributory factors within the development and clinical presentation of neurovascular impairment in critical care patients with musculoskeletal trauma.

Background: Thorough and systematic assessment of neurovascular status in critically ill patients with musculoskeletal trauma is crucial to detect secondary ischaemic injury and implement appropriate and timely treatment of any neurovascular deficits.

Method: Current literature relating to neurovascular assessment and associated patient care was reviewed and utilised to outline distinct assessment components, indicators of neurovascular impairment and highlight the important issues for critical care nursing practice.

Results: Diminished limb perfusion secondary to vascular impairment and compartment syndrome are well documented. Complications associated with musculoskeletal trauma and surgical intervention can have wide‐ranging effects on the patient's functional ability and overall outcome. It is crucial that appropriate neurovascular assessment is undertaken for patients admitted to the critical care unit following musculoskeletal trauma, crush injury, orthopaedic surgery (involving internal or external fixation of fractures) and those who may have experienced prolonged external pressure from casts or tight‐fitting bandages. Several elements of neurovascular assessment are, however, more complex to undertake in the context of the unconscious or sedated critically ill patient.

Conclusions: Effective practice requires that the critical care nurse has a comprehensive understanding of the aetiology, pathophysiology, physiological responses and clinical presentation associated with neurovascular impairment, secondary ischaemia and compartment syndrome.

Relevance to clinical practice: Undertaking an effective neurovascular assessment for patients at risk of neurovascular impairment or acute compartment syndrome (ACS) in the critical care setting can be problematic when patients are unable to communicate with the nurse. The risk of long‐term functional impairment or limb loss can be significant in this group of patients, particularly following musculoskeletal trauma. This article reviews the aetiology and pathophysiology of neurovascular impairment in the critical care context and provides guidance for nurses undertaking this important element of nursing assessment with non‐verbal, critically unwell patients. Informed practice in neurovascular assessment has the potential to enable early detection and timely management for these patients, which is crucial to optimise patient outcomes.
CAMTA1 T polymorphism is associated with neuropsychological test performance in older adults with cardiovascular disease
Authors: MILLER Lindsay A. , GUNSTAD John , SPITZNAGEL Mary Beth , MCCAFFERY Jeanne , MCGEARY John , POPPAS Athena , PAUL Robert H. , SWEET Lawrence H. , COHEN Ronald A.
Published: June 2011

Background:  Cardiovascular disease has long been associated with poor neurocognitive outcome, with multiple pathophysiological mechanisms that are linked to cognitive impairment in older adults. Although less frequently examined, insulin dysregulation is known to affect vascular function and the associated brain dysfunction in cardiovascular disease. Accordingly, genetic factors tied to insulin regulation may make certain people with cardiovascular disease more susceptible to cognitive dysfunction. Specifically, the calmodulin‐binding transcription activator 1 (CAMTA1) genotype, which has been examined as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes and has been linked to reduced episodic memory performance in healthy young adults, is a potential candidate gene.

Methods:  Blood samples were obtained from 113 older adults with cardiovascular disease who also underwent neuropsychological testing. Carriers of either one or two copies of the T allele of CAMTA1 were categorized into one group (n= 63), whereas non‐carriers were categorized into a second group (n= 50).

Results:  Analyses showed that carriers of the T allele performed more poorly on tests of attention, executive function, and psychomotor speed, but not on tests of memory. Carriers of the T allele also performed more poorly on a measure of global cognitive function.

Conclusions:  Results indicate that CAMTA1 genotype is associated with cognitive function in older adults with cardiovascular disease, because carriers of the T allele performed more poorly on tests of attention, executive function, and psychomotor speed. Contrary to expectations, there were no differences in memory performance among carriers and non‐carriers of the T allele. Given these mixed findings, further studies are necessary to elucidate the association between CAMTA1 and cognition, particularly gene expression and neuroimaging studies.
Depression–dementia medius: Between depression and the manifestation of dementia symptoms
Authors: KOBAYASHI Toshiyuki , KATO Satoshi
Published: June 2011

Depression and dementia, among the most common conditions in clinical practice, sometimes coexist, sometimes succeed each other, and often confuse clinicians. In the present paper, the clinical concept of ‘depression–dementia medius’ (which includes pseudodementia and depression in Alzheimer's disease as exemplars) is proposed, in reference to Janet's concept of psychological tension. Because psychosomatically complex human lives are always in a state of dynamic equilibrium, it seems sensible to propose that pseudodementia and depression in Alzheimer's disease are located within a spectrum extending from depression without dementia symptoms to dementia without depression. From the Janetian viewpoint, pseudodementia is regarded as uncovered latent dementia as a result of reduced psychological tension. Dementia is more than a fixed progressive condition under this view, and is a manifestation of dynamic mental activities. Characterizing these entities through perspectives such as psychological tension may yield deep insights in clinical practice.
Headache Disorders in the Millennium Cohort: Epidemiology and Relations With Combat Deployment
Authors: Jankosky Christopher J. , Hooper Tomoko I. , Granado Nisara S. , Scher Ann , Gackstetter Gary D. , Boyko Edward J. , Smith Tyler C. ,   for the Millennium Cohort Study Team
Published: June 2011

(Headache 2011;51:1098‐1111)

Objective.— Characterize migraine and other headache disorders within a large population‐based US military cohort, with an emphasis on the temporal association between military deployment and exposure to combat.

Background.— Little research has been published on the prevalence of headache disorders in the US military population, especially in relation to overseas deployments and exposure to combat. A higher than expected prevalence of migraine has previously been reported among deployed US soldiers in Iraq, suggesting an association. Headache disorders, including migraine, could have important effects on the performance of service members.

Methods.— A total of 77,047 US active‐duty, Reserve, and National Guard members completed a baseline questionnaire between July 2001 to June 2003 for the Millennium Cohort Study. Headache disorders were assessed using the following survey‐based measures: self‐reported history of provider‐diagnosed migraine, recurrent severe headache within the past year, and recent headaches/bothered a lot within the past 4 weeks. Follow‐up surveys were completed on average 3 years after baseline (mean = 2.7 years; range = 11.4 months to 4.5 years).

Results.— The overall male and female prevalence of self‐reported headache conditions at baseline were: provider‐diagnosed migraine, 6.9% and 20.9%, respectively; recurrent severe headache, 9.4% and 22.3%, respectively; and bothered a lot by headaches, 3.4% and 10.4%, respectively. Combat deployers had significantly higher odds of any new‐onset headache disorders than non‐deployers (adjusted odds ratios = 1.72 for men, 1.84 for women; 95% confidence intervals, 1.55‐1.90 for men, 1.55‐2.18 for women), while deployers without combat exposure did not.

Conclusions.— Deployed personnel with reported combat exposure appear to represent a higher risk group for new‐onset headache disorders. The identification of populations at higher risk of development of headache provides support for targeted interventions.
Use of Antimigraine Treatments by General Practitioners
Authors: Ducros Anne , Romatet Sophie , Saint Marc Thierry , Allaf Bashar
Published: June 2011

(Headache 2011;51:1122‐1131)

Objectives.— To assess headache treatment patterns in 2 groups: general practitioners (GPs) who suffered from migraine themselves (GP‐M) and GPs having a close family member with migraine (GP‐CFM). The secondary objective was to assess the impact of migraine on activities of daily living in these 2 groups.

Background.— Personal experience of migraine may influence prescribing practices of physicians treating patients with migraine. Little data are available on perceptions of migraine by GPs.

Methods.— This was an observational, cross‐sectional, pharmacoepidemiological survey conducted in primary care in France. Most GPs completed 1 of 2 questionnaires, and GPs belonging to both groups could complete both. Data were collected on headache treatments used (GP‐M) or prescribed (GP‐CFM), and on self‐reported (GP‐M) or described (GP‐CFM) migraine features and impact on daily activities.

Results.— The most frequently reported acute headache treatments in both groups were triptans and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (>75% of GPs); >81% of GPs in both groups were satisfied with acute headache treatments. Only 6.9% of the GP‐M group used and 17.2% of the GP‐CFM group prescribed a prophylactic treatment, which was considered satisfactory by 46.2% and 56.1%, respectively. In the preceding 3 months, 79.4% of the GP‐M group reported handicap in daily activities due to migraine, 23.6% interruption of extraprofessional activities and 7.6% interruption of work. In the GP‐CFM group, 32.6% described interruption of extraprofessional activities and 57.3% interference with daily activities or work.

Conclusions.— Acute headache treatment prescribed by French GPs for their own migraines or those of their relatives respect practice guidelines and is considered as effective and satisfactory. Use of prophylactic medication is low and its effectiveness perceived as limited. Better use of prophylactic treatments may attenuate the impact of migraine on daily activities.
Chronic Kidney Disease: A Risk Factor for Dementia Onset: A Population‐Based Study. The Osaki‐Tajiri Project
Authors: Sasaki Yumi , Marioni Ricardo , Kasai Mari , Ishii Hiroshi , Yamaguchi Satoshi , Meguro Kenichi
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between the incidence of dementia and chronic kidney disease (CKD).

DESIGN: Longitudinal data analyses.

SETTING: Baseline data and follow‐up data from the Osaki‐Tajiri Project.

PARTICIPANTS: The Tajiri Project dementia prevalence study in 1998 involved 497 community‐dwelling, older men and women (346 with Clinical Dementia Rating score (CDR) of 0 (healthy), 119 with a CDR of 0.5 (questionable dementia), and 32 with a CDR of 1 or greater (dementia)). Two hundred fifty‐four participants with CDR of 0 and 0.5 who were reclassified as converters (n=28) or nonconverters (n=230) to dementia in the incidence study in 2003 were followed.

MEASUREMENTS: The prevalence of CKD and the onset of dementia were retrospectively analyzed, and the effects of other vascular risk factors on converters and CKD were analyzed.

RESULTS: Weighted logistic regression showed CKD to be significantly associated with incident dementia after adjustment for age, sex, education, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, ischemic heart disease, and anemia. The odds ratio for conversion to dementia for those with CKD compared to those without was 5.3 (95% confidence interval=1.7, 16.2). Apart from dyslipidemia, there were no associations between dementia and the other vascular risk factors.

CONCLUSION: CKD was strongly associated with the incidence of dementia independent of age, sex, education, and other vascular risk factors.
Cholinesterase Inhibitor and Memantine Use in Newly Admitted Nursing Home Residents with Dementia
Authors: Parsons Carole , Briesacher Becky A. , Givens Jane L. , Chen Yong , Tjia Jennifer
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVES: To quantify the use of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) and memantine in nursing home (NH) residents with dementia upon NH admission and 3 months later and to examine factors associated with reduction in therapy.

DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING: Nationwide sample of U.S. NHs.

PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand five hundred six NH residents with dementia newly admitted in 2006.

MEASUREMENTS: Data from pharmacy dispensing records were used to determine ChEI and memantine medication use upon NH admission and at 3‐month follow‐up. The Minimum Data Set was used to determine resident‐ and facility‐level characteristics. Severity of dementia was defined using the Cognitive Performance Scale (CPS).

RESULTS: Overall, 40.1% (n=1,407) of newly admitted NH residents with dementia received ChEIs and memantine on NH admission. Use of ChEIs and memantine on admission was significantly greater in residents with mild to moderately severe dementia (41.2%) than in those with advanced dementia (33.3%, P=.001). After 3 months, ChEI and memantine use decreased by about half in both groups (48.6% with mild to moderately severe dementia vs 57.0% with advanced dementia, P<.05). NH residents with advanced dementia were significantly more likely reduce their use of ChEIs and memantine than those with mild to moderately severe dementia (odds ratio=1.44, 95% confidence interval=1.03–2.01, P=.04).

CONCLUSION: Many NH residents with advanced dementia receive ChEIs and memantine upon NH admission, and approximately half of these decrease their medication use over the ensuing months. Further study is required to optimize use of ChEIs and memantine in NH populations and to determine the effects of withdrawing therapy on resident outcomes.
Purkinje‐related Arrhythmias Part II: Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia and Ventricular Fibrillation
Authors: NOGAMI AKIHIKO
Published: June 2011

There has been growing evidence that the Purkinje network plays a pivotal role in both the initiation and perpetuation of ventricular fibrillation (VF). A triggering ventricular premature beat (VPB) with a short‐coupling interval could arise from either the right or left Purkinje system in patients with polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) or VF, and that can be suppressed by the catheter ablation of the trigger. A focal breakdown in the “gating mechanism” at the Purkinje system resulting in a short‐circuiting of the transmission across the gate at the distal Purkinje network might predispose to reentrant circuits of polymorphic VT/VF. Many investigators also reported the successful ablation of Purkinje‐related VF with an acute or remote myocardial infarction. The same approach with good short‐term results has been reported in a small number of patients with other heart diseases (i.e., amyloidosis, chronic myocarditis, nonischemic cardiomyopathy). Catheter ablation of the triggering VPBs from the Purkinje system can be used as an electrical bailout therapy in patients with VF storm. (PACE 2011; 34:1034–1049)
Statistical Evaluation of Fatigue Crack Propagation from Natural Flaws in Silicon Nitride
Authors: Härtelt Martin , Riesch‐Oppermann Heinz , Schwind Thomas , Kraft Oliver
Published: June 2011

Silicon nitride exhibits fatigue based on cyclic crack propagation which is critical for components under repeated loading. Lifetime predictions for such components are usually based on power law formulations and are most sensitive to the crack growth exponent n. Various statistical procedures exist to determine the parameters from cyclic tests of un‐cracked smooth samples. In this work, an analysis is presented for silicon nitride (SL200) lifetime data with a focus on the relation between load ratio and the exponent n. It is found that n increases with the load ratio which has also been observed for macroscopic cracks in silicon nitride earlier. A high degree of uncertainty is associated with the crack growth exponent due to the sparse lifetime database. A pooling strategy is presented which increases the sample size of the underlying lifetime distribution and successfully decreases the scatter in the crack propagation curves and the uncertainty in the crack propagation exponent and, thus, in the lifetime prediction.
The Compaction, Sintering, and Mechanical Properties of Al2O3–CeO2 Composite Nanopowders
Authors: Hassanzadeh‐Tabrizi Sayed Ali , Taheri‐Nassaj Ehsan
Published: June 2011

In the present work, compaction, sintering behavior, and mechanical properties of Al2O3–CeO2 composite nanopowders were investigated. Al2O3 and Al2O3–CeO2 composite nanopowders were prepared by a sol–gel method. The effect of CeO2 on compressibility, sintering rate, final density, and mechanical properties was studied. The aggregation strength of nanopowders reduced from 158 to 101 MPa by adding 5 wt% CeO2. The amount of CeO2 had a strong effect on the sintering behavior and final microstructure of nanopowders and it inhibited alumina grain growth and suppressed densification process. The activation energy for grain growth increased from 428 to 554 kJ/mol by adding 5 wt% CeO2 to the nanopowders. The addition of 5 wt% CeO2 improved fracture toughness (by 28%) and flexural strength (by 17%) with respect to monolithic Al2O3.
Synthesis of Mesoporous Carbon‐Bonded TiC/SiC Composites by Direct Carbothermal Reduction of Sol–Gel Derived Monolithic Precursor
Authors: Zhong Jie , Liang Shuquan , Wang Kun , Wang Huanting , Williams Tim , Huang Han , Cheng Yi‐Bing
Published: June 2011

Mesosporous carbon‐bonded titanium‐carbide/silicon‐carbide (C‐TiC/SiC) ceramics with a high specific surface area (221 m2/g), ultra fine grains (10–50 nm), and high crystallinity were synthesized from direct carbothermal reduction (1100°–1450°C) of monolithic Ti–Si–O–C precursors made from controlled sol–gel process. The nano‐sized carbide grains are bonded into bulk materials by poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA) derived nanocrystalline carbon framework by “bridge,” “entanglement,” and “adhesive” effects. Graphenes were found to grow on {111} planes of TiC grains but this was not observed for SiC. The bonding of graphitic carbon layers on carbide grains support the nanostructure and also result in the desired combination of functional and mechanical properties.
Aqueous Tape Casting Using Organic Binder: A Case Study with YSZ
Authors: Nayak Sasmita , Singh Bimal P. , Besra Laxmidhar , Chongdar Tapas Kumar , Gokhale N. M. , Bhattacharjee Sarama
Published: June 2011

Aqueous tape casting of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) having very wide particle size range was investigated using bio‐polymer, gelatin as binder and glycerol as plasticizer. Best dispersion of YSZ powder was obtained by using an anionic polyelectrolyte DARVAN 821A at pH 7.5. Gelling properties of gelatin, plasticized with water and glycerol have been studied by dynamic shear measurements. Decreasing concentration of gelatin significantly decreases the gelling temperature of it. With the addition of optimum amount of binder and plasticizer, it has been possible to prepare stable YSZ suspension of 45–50 wt% solid loading that exhibited the desired shear‐thinning behavior. Green tapes with good flexibility (strain to failure: 12%–24%) and strength (2–3 MPa) with total organics content of 10–14 wt% were obtained. After removal of organics, the tapes were sintered at 1550°C for 3 h. The sintered density of the tapes thus obtained was about 99% of the theoretical density. The grain size of the sintered tape was fairly large (10–20 μm); but the surface of the sintered tape (thickness: 100 μm) did not show any visible porosity.
Placental trophoblasts shifted Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2 and inhibited Th17 immunity at fetomaternal interface
Authors: LIU FENGJUAN , GUO JING , TIAN TING , WANG HANZHI , DONG FANYI , HUANG HEFENG , DONG MINYUE
Published: June 2011

Liu F, Guo J, Tian T, Wang H, Dong F, Huang H, Dong M. Placental trophoblasts shifted Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2 and inhibited Th17 immunity at fetomaternal interface. APMIS 2011.

The aims were to clarify the effect of placental trophoblasts on T lymphocytes by assessing production of cytokines and expression of transcription factors regulating Th1, Th2, and Th17 immunity in T lymphocytes. Placental trophoblasts were isolated and conditioned medium was made after trophoblast cultivation for 72 h. T lymphocytes were cultured in presence or absence of conditioned medium. ELISA was used to detect concentration of IL‐2, TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐4, IL‐10, and IL‐17 in supernatants of T cell and real‐time PCR was used to detect the status of Th1 (T‐bet, STAT‐4), Th2 (GATA‐3, STAT‐6), and Th17 (RORC) immunity in T lymphocyte. We found that the level of IL‐2, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, and IL‐17 was significantly decreased when T lymphocytes were cultured in conditioned medium compared with control, while IL‐10 and IL‐4 level were not significantly changed. The presence of conditioned medium significantly decreased the ratio of Th1/Th2. The expression of GATA‐3 and STAT‐6 were significantly increased and STAT‐4 was reduced when T lymphocyte was cultured in conditioned medium, while the expression of T‐bet and RORC was not significantly different. We concluded that placental trophoblast‐induced shift of Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2 and inhibition of Th17 might be among the mechanisms involved in maternal tolerance to fetus.
Ergogenic effect of hyperoxic recovery in elite swimmers performing high‐intensity intervals
Authors: Sperlich B. , Zinner C. , Krueger M. , Wegrzyk J. , Mester J. , Holmberg H.‐C.
Published: June 2011

This investigation tested the hypothesis that breathing oxygen‐enriched air (FiO2=1.00) during recovery enhances peak (Ppeak) and mean power (Pmean) output during repeated high‐intensity exercise. Twelve elite male swimmers (21 ± 3 years, 192.1 ± 5.9 cm, 79.1 ± 8.2 kg) inhaled either hyperoxic (HOX) or normoxic (NOX) air during 6‐min recovery periods between five repetitions of high‐intensity bench swimming, each involving 40 maximal armstrokes. Oxygen partial pressure (pO2) and saturation (SO2), [H+], pH, base excess and blood lactate concentration were measured before and after all intervals. The production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) hydrogen peroxide was measured before, directly after and 15 min after the test. Ppeak and Pmean with HOX recovery were significantly higher than with NOX throughout the third, fourth and fifth intervals (P<0.001–0.04). With HOX, electromyography activity was lower during the third, fourth and fifth intervals than during the first (P=0.05–0.001), with no such changes in NOX (P=0.99). There were no differences in blood lactate, pH, [H+] or base excess and ROS production at any time point with either HOX or NOX recovery. These findings demonstrate that the Ppeak and Pmean of elite swimmers performing high‐intensity intervals can be improved by exposure to oxygen‐enriched air during recovery.