bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wet‐Chemical Synthesis of Elemental 2D Materials
Authors: Xu Yue , Qi Junlei , Ma Cong , He Qiyuan
Published: March 2024

Wet‐chemical synthesis refers to the bottom‐up chemical synthesis in solution, which is among the most popular synthetic approaches towards functional two‐dimensional (2D) materials. It offers several advantages, including cost‐effectiveness, high yields,, precious control over the production process. As an emerging family of 2D materials, elemental 2D materials (Xenes) have shown great potential in various applications such as electronics, catalysts, biochemistry,, sensing technologies due to their exceptional/exotic properties such as large surface area, tunable band gap,, high carrier mobility. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current state‐of‐the‐art in wet‐chemical synthesis of Xenes including tellurene, bismuthene, antimonene, phosphorene,, arsenene. The current solvent compositions, process parameters utilized in wet‐chemical synthesis, their effects on the thickness, stability of the resulting Xenes are also presented. Key factors considered involves ligands, precursors, surfactants, reaction time, temperature. Finally, we highlight recent advances, existing challenges in the current application of wet‐chemical synthesis for Xenes production, provide perspectives on future improvement.
Do focused interests support word learning? A study with autistic and nonautistic children
Authors: Arunachalam S. , Steele A. , Pelletier T. , Luyster R.
Published: March 2024

Although focused interests are often associated with a diagnosis of autism, they are common in nonautistic individuals as well. Previous studies have explored how these interests impact cognitive, social, and language development. While some research has suggested that strong interests can detract from learning (particularly for autistic children), newer research has indicated that they can be advantageous. In this pre‐registered study, we asked whether focused interests support word learning in 44 autistic children and a vocabulary‐matched sample of 44 nonautistic children (mean ages 58 and 34 months respectively). In a word‐learning task administered over Zoom, children were exposed to an action labeled by a novel word. The action was either depicted by their focused interest or by a neutral image; stimuli were personalized for each child. At test, they were asked to identify the referent of the novel word, and their eye gaze was evaluated as a measure of learning. The preregistered analyses revealed an effect of focused interests, and post‐hoc analyses clarified that autistic children learned the novel word in both the focused interest and neutral conditions, while nonautistic children only showed evidence of learning in the neutral condition. These results suggest that focused interests are not disruptive for vocabulary learning in autism, and thus they could be utilized in programming that supports early language learning in this population.
Prognostic factors and treatment impact on overall survival in patients with renal neuroendocrine tumour
Authors: Omidele Olamide O. , Connors Christopher , Wainganker Nikhil , Badani Ketan , Sfakianos John , Mehrazin Reza , Jayaratna Isuru
Published: March 2024

Background

Renal neuroendocrine neoplasms (R‐NEN) are exceptionally rare tumours characterized by high mortality rates.

Objective

The objective of this study is to analyse prognostic factors and treatment impact on overall survival in patients with R‐NEN.

Design, setting and participants

We identified all patients with R‐NEN in the National Cancer Database (NCDB) from 2004 to 2019 and identified prognostic factors for improved survival.

Results and limitations

Of 542 R‐NEN cases, 166 (31%) were neuroendocrine tumour grade 1 (NET‐G1), 14 (3%) were neuroendocrine tumour grade 2 (NET‐G2), 169 (31%) were neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC‐NOS), 18 (3%) were large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LC‐NEC) and 175 (32%) were small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SC‐NEC). Median overall survival for all patients in the study was 44.88 months (SE, 4.265; 95% CI, 27.57–62.19). Median overall survival was 7.89 months (SE 0.67; 95% CI, 6.58–9.20) for patients without surgical intervention and 136.61 months (SE 16.44; 95% CI, 104.38–168.84, p < 0.001) for patients who underwent surgery. Increased age (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.03–1.06; p < 0.001), T4 stage disease (HR, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.96–5.1; p < 0.001), NEC‐NOS histology (HR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.64–4.86; p < 0.001), LC‐NEC histology (HR, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.04–7.17; p = 0.041) and SC‐NEC histology (HR, 5.17; 95% CI, 2.95–9.05; p < 0.001) were all positive predictors of worsening overall survival. The main limitation of the study is its retrospective design.

Conclusion

R‐NEN is an aggressive tumour characterized by high mortality rates. Surgery continues to be the mainstay of treatment and has shown to provide a survival benefit for most patients.

Patient Summary

R‐NEN is composed of several tumour histologies that differ based on their aggressiveness with NEC‐NOS and SC‐NEC being the most lethal. Surgery, predominantly through minimally invasive approaches, is the mainstay of treatment and has a clear survival benefit.
Lessons From OpenAI in Fostering Effective CEO‐Board Dynamics
Authors: Paese Matthew
Published: March 2024

Dr. Matthew Paese is senior vice president of Leadership Insights at global leadership company DDI. In this article, he discusses the lessons learned from OpenAI and its abrupt removal of its CEO—and subsequent efforts to reinstate him.
Evolved Roles and Sustainability Challenges for Boards in 2024
Authors: Spadafor Christine
Published: March 2024

Christine Spadafor is an experienced management consultant with expertise in risk management, regulatory compliance, ESG, and DEI, as well as extensive experience serving on the board of directors of various institutions. In this article, she discusses how to balance short‐term and long‐term goals for sustainability, and the evolving roles and responsibilities of a board of directors.
Inhibition of leukocyte migration after ischemic stroke by VE‐cadherin mutation in a mouse model leads to reduced infarct volumes and improved motor skills
Authors: Koecke Mailin Hannah Marie , Strecker Jan‐Kolja , Straeten Frederike Anne , Beuker Carolin , Minnerup Jens , Schmidt‐Pogoda Antje
Published: March 2024

Aims

To distinguish between the genuine cellular impact of the ischemic cascade by leukocytes and unspecific effects of edema and humoral components, two knock‐in mouse lines were utilized. Mouse lines Y731F and Y685F possess point mutations in VE‐cadherin, which lead to a selective inhibition of transendothelial leukocyte migration or impaired vascular permeability.

Methods

Ischemic stroke was induced by a model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Analysis contained structural outcomes (infarct volume and extent of brain edema), functional outcomes (survival analysis, rotarod test, and neuroscore), and the extent and spatial distribution of leukocyte migration (heatmaps and fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis).

Results

Inhibition of transendothelial leukocyte migration as in Y731F mice leads to smaller infarct volumes (52.33 ± 4719 vs. 70.43 ± 6483 mm3, p = .0252) and improved motor skills (rotarod test: 85.52 ± 13.24 s vs. 43.06 ± 15.32 s, p = .0285). An impaired vascular permeability as in Y685F mice showed no effect on structural or functional outcomes. Both VE‐cadherin mutations did not influence the total immune cell count or spatial distribution in ischemic brain parenchyma.

Conclusion

Selective inhibition of transendothelial leukocyte migration by VE‐cadherin mutation after ischemic stroke in a mouse model leads to smaller infarct volumes and improved motor skills.
Time is ticking for TikTok tics: A retrospective follow‐up study in the post‐COVID‐19 isolation era
Authors: Tomczak Kinga K. , Worhach Jennifer , Rich Michael , Swearingen Ludolph Olivia , Eppling Susan , Sideridis Georgios , Katz Tamar C.
Published: March 2024

Introduction

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, an influx of adolescents presented worldwide with acute onset of functional tic‐like behaviors (FTLBs). Our goal was to evaluate psychosocial factors around onset, to elucidate outcomes after pandemic isolation protocols were lifted, and to examine therapy and medication management.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed of 56 patients ages 10–18 years with new‐onset FTLBs seen at Boston Children's Hospital beginning in March 2020. Demographic factors, medical history, and treatment were evaluated. Patient outcomes were determined retrospectively based on the Clinical Global Impression Improvement (CGI‐I) and Severity (CGI‐S) scales from follow‐up visits. CGI‐I scores assessed the progression of FTLBs; CGI‐S assessed overall function.

Results

Ninety‐six percent of patients were female‐assigned at birth with high rates of comorbid anxiety (93%) and depression (71%). Forty‐five percent were gender‐diverse. Based on scales that assessed FTLBs (CGI‐I) and overall functioning (CGI‐S), up to 79% of patients improved independent of comorbid diagnosis or treatment. Evidence‐based tic‐specific treatments were not more effective than other treatments. A subset of patients had improvement in their FTLBs but not in their general functioning and continued to have other psychosomatic presentations.

Conclusion

While many patients’ FTLBs improved, it is critical to remain alert to patients’ overall function and to assess for other functional neurological disorders and mental health concerns. The tendency of FTLBs to improve in this population, independent of treatment, highlights the unique pathophysiology of FTLBs. Future research on contributing psychosocial factors and specific treatment protocols will allow optimal support for these patients.
A retrospective, naturalistic study of deep brain stimulation and vagal nerve stimulation in young patients*
Authors: Yuruk Deniz , Ozger Can , Garzon Juan F. , Nakonezny Paul A. , Vande Voort Jennifer L. , Croarkin Paul E.
Published: March 2024

Introduction

Invasive neuromodulation interventions such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) and vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) are important treatments for movement disorders and epilepsy, but literature focused on young patients treated with DBS and VNS is limited. This retrospective study aimed to examine naturalistic outcomes of VNS and DBS treatment of epilepsy and dystonia in children, adolescents, and young adults.

Methods

We retrospectively assessed patient demographic and outcome data that were obtained from electronic health records. Two researchers used the Clinical Global Impression scale to retrospectively rate the severity of neurologic and psychiatric symptoms before and after patients underwent surgery to implant DBS electrodes or a VNS device. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine clinical effects.

Results

Data from 73 patients were evaluated. Neurologic symptoms improved for patients treated with DBS and VNS (p < .001). Patients treated with DBS did not have a change in psychiatric symptoms, whereas psychiatric symptoms worsened for patients treated with VNS (p = .008). The frequency of postoperative complications did not differ between VNS and DBS groups.

Conclusion

Young patients may have distinct vulnerabilities for increased psychiatric symptoms during treatment with invasive neuromodulation. Child and adolescent psychiatrists should consider a more proactive approach and greater engagement with DBS and VNS teams that treat younger patients.
SP140 inhibitor suppressing TRIM22 expression regulates glioma progress through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
Authors: Li Xiang , Li Guangzhao , Li Longyuan , Gao Bixi , Niu Xiaowang , Wang Yunjiang , Wang Zhong
Published: March 2024

Background

SP gene family, consisting of SP100, SP110, SP140, and SP140L, has been implicated in the initiation and advancement of numerous malignancies. Nevertheless, their clinical significance in glioma remains incompletely understood.

Method

Expression levels and prognostic significance of SP family members were evaluated in the TCGA and CGGA datasets. Multifactorial analysis was used to identify SP gene family members that can independently impact the prognosis of glioma patients. A SP140‐based predictive risk model/nomogram was developed in TCGA dataset and validated in CGGA dataset. The model's performance was evaluated through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration plots, and decision curve analyses. Phenotypic associations of SP140 and TRIM22 were examined through CancerSEA and TIMER. The effect of SP140 inhibitor in glioma progress and TRIM22/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was confirmed in U251/U87 glioma cells.

Results

The SP family members exhibited elevated expression in gliomas and were negatively correlated with prognosis. SP140 emerged as an independent prognostic factor, and a SP140‐based nomogram/predictive risk model demonstrated high accuracy. SP140 inhibitor, GSK761, lead to the suppression of TRIM22 expression and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. GSK761 also restrain glioma proliferation, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, SP140 and TRIM22 coexpressed in glioma cells with high level of vascular proliferation, TRIM22 is closely associated with the immune cell infiltration.

Conclusion

SP140‐based nomogram proved to be a practical tool for predicting the survival of glioma patients. SP140 inhibitor could suppress glioma progress via TRIM22/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
Causal association between atopic dermatitis and Parkinson's disease: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Zhou Taofeng , Wei Baohao , Hu Yachun , Zhou Xiaoming , Cai Xiaoying , Shi Xiaolei
Published: March 2024

Background

Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common skin disorders. Evidence has suggested an association between skin disorders, such as atopic dermatitis, and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, whether atopic dermatitis has a causal effect on PD remains unknown.

Methods

The study aimed to determine whether their association between atopic dermatitis and PD is causal, using a bidirectional two‐sample Mendelian randomization method. Genetic variants from the public genome‐wide association studies for atopic dermatitis (n = 10788 cases and 30047 controls) were selected to evaluate their causal effects on the risk of PD (33,674 cases and 449,056 controls). The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was used as the primary analysis.

Results

The IVW results indicated that atopic dermatitis was associated with decreased risk of PD {fixed effects: odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval (CI)]: .905 [.832–.986], p = .022; OR [95% CI]: .905 [.827–.991], p = .032}. However, we failed to detect the causal effects of PD on risk of atopic dermatitis in the reverse causation analysis.

Conclusion

This study indicated causal association of genetically proxied atopic dermatitis with the risk of PD. Future studies are warranted to explore the underlying mechanism and investigate the targeting effect of atopic dermatitis on PD.
A histology guide for performing human cadaveric studies: SQIP 2024 what to look for with light microscopy
Authors: Iwanaga Joe , Kikuchi Keishiro , Tabuchi Kosuke , Dave Mitesh , Anbalagan Muralidharan , Fukino Keiko , Kitagawa Norio , Reina Miguel A. , Reina Francisco , Carrera Ana , Nonaka Taichiro , Rajaram‐Gilkes Mathangi , Khalil Mohammed K. , Matsushita Yuki , Tubbs R. Shane
Published: March 2024

Histological observation under light microscopy has long been used in human cadaveric studies. However, it can distort the interpretations of findings if not used appropriately; there is no guide for its proper use. The aim of this article is to revisit and discuss the correct use of histology in human cadaveric studies, following discussions with experts in multiple fields of medicine, and to create the first guide for such usage. We reached a consensus with the experts, agreeing that when this principle (structure, quantification, interaction, position: SQIP) is applied to histological observations, the findings will be interpreted correctly. Appropriate use of this recommendation can make human cadaveric studies more accurate and informative. This is the first histology guide for human cadaveric studies.
Causal associations between atrial fibrillation and breast cancer: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis
Authors: Gong Zhaoting , Hu Mengjin , Yang Yuejin , Yin Chunlin
Published: March 2024

Background

Previous observational studies indicated that atrial fibrillation may increase the risk of breast cancer. Following a breast cancer diagnosis, the chance of developing atrial fibrillation may increase as well. However, it is uncertain whether the link is causal or just due to confounding factors.

Objective

Using bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, we sought to assess the bidirectional causal relationship between atrial fibrillation and breast cancer from a genetic level.

Methods

Large genome‐wide association studies yielded summary‐level data for atrial fibrillation and breast cancer. The preliminary estimate was inverse variance weighted (IVW) under a random model. MR–Egger, weighted median, simple mode, weighted mode, and multivariable MR (adjusting body mass index, smoking, and alcohol drinking) were performed as sensitivity analyses.

Results

Genetically predicted atrial fibrillation presented no statistically significant association with overall breast cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.97–1.04; p = 0.79), estrogen receptor (ER) + (OR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.96–1.03; p = 0.89) or ER− subtypes (OR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.97–1.04; p = 0.89). Similarly, genetically predicted overall breast cancer (OR = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.98–1.04; p = 0.37), ER+ (OR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.99–1.05; p = 0.16) or ER− (OR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.93–1.02; p = 0.32) subtypes had no causal effect on atrial fibrillation. Sensitivity analyses yielded similar results. Individual single nucleotide polymorphism had little effect on the total estimate. We did not observe any evidence of horizontal pleiotropy.

Conclusions

Our bidirectional MR studies revealed that there may be no causal links between atrial fibrillation and breast cancer.
Survival of the Hmong population diagnosed with colon and rectal cancers in the United States
Authors: Walker Margaret R. , Lor Kha , Lor Kajua B. , Vidri Roberto J. , Hampton John M. , Maldonado Cinthya , Schiefelbein Andrea M. , LoConte Noelle K.
Published: March 2024

Background

The Hmong population constitutes an independent ethnic group historically dispersed throughout Southeast Asia; fallout from the Vietnam War led to their forced migration to the United States as refugees. This study seeks to investigate characteristics of the Hmong population diagnosed with in colorectal cancer (CRC) as well as survival within this population.

Methods

Cases of colon and rectal adenocarcinoma diagnosed between 2004 and 2017 were identified from the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Summary statistics of demographic, clinical, socioeconomic, and treatment variables were generated with emphasis on age and stage at the time of diagnosis. Cox‐proportional hazard models were constructed for survival analysis.

Results

Of 881,243 total CRC cases within the NCDB, 120 were classified as Hmong. The average age of Hmong individuals at diagnosis was 58.9 years compared 68.7 years for Non‐Hispanic White (NHW) individuals (p < 0.01). The distribution of analytic stage differed between the Hmong population and the reference NHW population, with 61.8% of Hmong individuals compared to 45.8% of NHW individuals with known stage being diagnosed at stage III or IV CRC compared to 0, I, or II (p = 0.001). However, there was no difference in OS when adjusting for potential confounders (HR 1.00 [0.77–1.33]; p = 0.998).

Conclusions

Hmong individuals are nearly a decade younger at the time of diagnosis of CRC compared to the NHW individuals. However, these data do not suggest an association between Hmong ethnicity and overall survival, when compared to the NHW population.
TBCRC 057: Survey about willingness to participate in cancer clinical trials during the pandemic
Authors: Smith Karen Lisa , Mead‐Harvey Carolyn , Mazza Gina L. , Shinn Eileen H. , Frank Elizabeth S. , Melisko Michelle E. , Eaton Cyd , Liu Yisi , Salamone Jeannine M. , Pollastro Teri , Spears Patricia A. , Caston Nicole E. , Wolff Antonio C. , Rocque Gabrielle Betty
Published: March 2024

Background

Breast cancer patients experienced heightened anxiety during the pandemic. Also, modifications to clinical trial activities allowing for virtual platforms, local assessments, and greater flexibility were introduced to facilitate participation. We sought to evaluate the association between pandemic‐related anxiety and willingness to participate in trials and how pandemic‐era modifications to trial activities affect the decision to participate.

Methods

We conducted an online survey from August to September, 2021 of patients with breast cancer assessing pandemic‐related anxiety; clinical trials knowledge and attitudes; willingness to participate during and before the pandemic; and how each modification affects the decision to participate. Fisher's exact tests evaluated differences in proportions and two‐sample t‐tests evaluated differences in means. The association of pandemic‐related anxiety with a decline in willingness to participate during compared to prior to the pandemic was modeled using logistic regression.

Results

Among 385 respondents who completed the survey, 81% reported moderate–severe pandemic‐related anxiety. Mean willingness to participate in a trial was lower during the pandemic than prior [2.97 (SD 1.17) vs. 3.10 (SD 1.09), (p < 0.001)]. Severe anxiety was associated with higher odds of diminished willingness to participate during the pandemic compared to prior (OR 5.07). Each of the modifications, with the exception of opting out of research‐only blood tests, were endorsed by >50% of respondents as strategies that would increase their likelihood of deciding to participate.

Conclusions

While pandemic‐related anxiety was associated with diminished willingness to participate in trials, the leading reasons for reluctance to consider trial participation were unrelated to the pandemic but included worries about not getting the best treatment, side effects, and delaying care. Patients view trial modifications favorably, supporting continuation of these modifications, as endorsed by the National Cancer Institute and others.
Endowing Metal‐Organic Coordination Materials with Chiroptical Activity by a Chiral Anion Strategy
Authors: Zhao Yuan‐Yuan , Li Zhong‐Qiu , Gong Zhong‐Liang , Bernhard Stefan , Zhong Yu‐Wu
Published: March 2024

Recently, chiral metal‐organic coordination materials have emerged as promising candidates for a wide range of applications in chiroptoelectronics, chiral catalysis, and information encryption, etc. Notably, the chiroptical effect of coordination chromophores makes them appealing for applications such as photodetectors, OLEDs, 3D displays, and bioimaging. The direct synthesis of chiral coordination materials using chiral organic ligands or complexes with metal‐centered chirality is very often tedious and costly. In the case of ionic coordination materials, the combination of chiral anions with cationic, achiral coordination compounds through noncovalent interactions may endow molecular materials with desirable chiroptical properties. The use of such a simple chiral strategy has been proven effective in inducing promising circular dichroism and/or circularly polarized luminescence signals. This concept article mainly delves into the latest advances in exploring the efficacy of such a chiral anion strategy for transforming achiral coordination materials into chromophores with superb photo‐ or electro‐chiroptical properties. In particular, ionic small‐molecular metal complexes, metal clusters, coordination supramolecular assemblies, and metal‐organic frameworks containing chiral anions are discussed. A perspective on the future opportunities on the preparation of chiroptical materials with the chiral anion strategy is also presented.
Response surface methodology for the green obtention of polyphenols from yerba mate
Authors: Arencibia Nicolás , Gomez‐Osuna Florencia Emilia , Arencibia Valeria , Litter Marta I. , Marco‐Brown Jose Luis
Published: March 2024

Optimal conditions for polyphenols extraction from plants are moderate conditions and being water‐based is mandatory. In this work, a response surface methodology (RSM) was used to attain optimal conditions for polyphenols extraction from yerba mate (YM, South‐America infusion) using water as solvent under ultrasound (US). The following parameters were varied: mass of YM/volume of water (YM/W), pH, temperature, and time. The optimal conditions were 90°C with a YM/W of 150 g L−1 for 5 min, at which the highest total polyphenol content (TPC) concentration (11,300 mg GAE L−1) was found, together with an antioxidant activity of 132 mmol Trolox equivalent (TE) L−1 of extract. The conditions obtained from the RSM method were applied to other methods as follows: extraction without stirring, magnetic stirring assisted extraction and US with magnetic stirring assisted extraction. Results indicated that the US‐assisted extraction was the most efficient for extracting polyphenols under these conditions. This study helps to developing an eco‐friendly and cost‐effective experimental design, reducing the production of wastes, and using a very fast water‐based method.
Risk of supranormal left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with aortic stenosis
Authors: Inoue Naoya , Ohtani Hayato , Morikawa Shuji , Takayama Yohei , Ogane Takashi , Hiramatsu Takehiro , Kumihashi Hiroki , Murohara Toyoaki
Published: March 2024

Background

Cardiovascular events are increasing in patients with supranormal left ventricular ejection fraction (snLVEF). However, the effect of snLVEF in patients with aortic stenosis (AS) remains unclear, especially in patients with moderate AS.

Hypothesis

This study aimed to evaluate the prognosis of mortality and heart failure (HF) in patients with LVEF ≥ 50% and moderate or severe AS.

Methods

This retrospective study targeted patients with moderate or severe AS and LVEF > 50%. LVEF of 50%–65% was classified as normal LVEF (nLVEF, nEF group) and >65% as snLVEF (snEF group). AS severity was stratified based on the aortic valve area into moderate (1.0–1.5 cm²) and severe (<1.0 cm²). Primary outcomes included all‐cause mortality and HF hospitalization.

Results

A total of 226 participants were included in this study. There were 67 and 65 participants with moderate AS in snEF (m‐snEF) and nEF groups (m‐nEF), respectively, and 41 and 53 participants with severe AS in the snEF (s‐snEF) and nEF groups (s‐nEF), respectively. During the observation period (median: 554 days), the primary composite outcome occurred in 108 individuals. Cox hazard analysis revealed no significant differences among the four groups in primary composite outcomes. With respect to HF hospitalization, the adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) with m‐snEF as the reference were as follows: m‐nEF, 0.41 (0.19–0.89); s‐nEF, 1.43 (0.76–2.67); and s‐snEF, 1.83 (1.00–3.35).

Conclusions

The risk of HF hospitalization for m‐snLVEF was higher than m‐nLVEF and not significantly different from s‐nLVEF.
Size‐Dependent Carbon Dioxide Reduction Activity of Copper Nanoparticle and Nanocluster Electrocatalysts
Authors: Kawawaki Tokuhisa , Okada Tomoshige , Takemae Kana , Tomihari Shiho , Negishi Yuichi
Published: March 2024

The electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction reaction (CRR, which can convert CO2 into useful compounds at room temperature and ambient pressure by using electricity derived from renewable energy source), has been attracting attention in recent years. This is because it can convert CO2 into useful compounds, which is pertinent to establishing a next‐generation recycling‐oriented energy society. However, further improvement of the electrocatalyst is required to improve its activity, selectivity, and durability. Among these, copper (Cu) can synthesize various hydrocarbons from CO2 and has been the most studied electrocatalyst for the CRR over many years. In particular, regarding ligand‐protected Cu particles for the CRR, the size, shape, and ligands of Cu particles prepared by chemical reduction can be precisely controlled. In this review, we summarize previous research on the size‐dependence of the CRR by using ligand‐protected Cu particles (nanoparticles and nanoclusters) prepared by liquid‐phase reduction, and discuss the current status of these studies for researchers on the electrochemical CRR.
Connecting the new to the past: The Color‐Material‐Finish design approach applied to the Fortezza da Basso
Authors: Valan Francesca , Paglierani Pietro
Published: March 2024

This article presents the Color‐Material‐Finish (CMF) project developed for the renovation of Fortezza da Basso in Florence, Italy. Fortezza da Basso—a large, fortified complex consisting of old and new buildings—is the main venue in Tuscany for international exhibitions and cultural activities. In 2010, the Municipality of Florence started its restoration, which is still ongoing. The goal is to renovate the Renaissance parts of the fortress and replace the 20th‐century pavilions with environmentally sustainable buildings, harmonically integrated in the context. The renovation started with a project aimed at assessing the preservation status of the fortress. In 2016, the Municipality of Florence developed a body of design rules, the “Fortezza System,” dedicated to the design of new buildings within the fortress. A key role was assigned to CMF design: at first, to identify the fortress CMF identity; then, to develop CMF prescriptions to harmonically integrate the new constructions with the historic parts. The CMF approach required for such an ambitious plan also had to be flexible and with wide design margins to allow architects experiment innovative CMF languages. Such conflicting needs were met by designing a CMF approach based on Chromatic Areas, that is, usable continuous areas in the color space rather than on color charts based on lists of allowed historical colors. The article shows how the developed CMF approach can contribute to the full preservation of the Fortezza historical identity and at the same time increase the autonomy of architects in their material and color choices.
Pharmacokinetic and Safety Comparison of Fixed‐Dose Combination of Cilostazol/Rosuvastatin (200 + 20 mg) Versus Concurrent Administration of the Separate Components in Healthy Adults
Authors: Kim Jae Hoon , Hong Jang Hee , Jung Jin‐Gyu , Jung Won Tae , Nam Kyu‐Yeol , Roh Jae Seok , Choi Youn Woong , Bang Junbae , Huh Hyunwook , Lee Hye J. , Moon JungHa , Kim Jaehee , Sunwoo Jung
Published: March 2024

The combined cilostazol and rosuvastatin therapy is frequently used for coronary artery disease treatment. This open‐label, 3 × 3 crossover clinical trial evaluated the pharmacokinetics and safety of a fixed‐dose combination (FDC) of cilostazol/rosuvastatin (200 + 20 mg) versus a concurrent administration of the separate components (SCs) under both fasted and fed conditions. Among 48 enrolled healthy adults, 38 completed the study. Participants were administered a single oral dose of cilostazol/rosuvastatin (200 + 20 mg), either as an FDC or SCs in a fasted state, or FDC in a fed state, in each period of the trial. Blood samples were taken up to 48 hours after dosing, and plasma concentrations were analyzed using validated liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. The geometric mean ratios of FDC to SCs for area under the plasma concentration‐time curve from time zero to the last quantifiable concentration (AUClast) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) were 0.94/1.05 and 1.06/1.15 for cilostazol and rosuvastatin, respectively (AUClast/Cmax). Compared with that during fasting, fed‐state administration increased the AUClast and Cmax for cilostazol by approximately 72% and 160% and decreased these parameters for rosuvastatin by approximately 39% and 43%, respectively. To conclude, the FDC is bioequivalent to the SCs, with notable differences in pharmacokinetics when administered in a fed state. No significant safety differences were observed between the treatments.
Influence of ZnSb2O6 Doping on Phase, Electrical and Dielectric Properties of ZnO Varistors
Authors: Li Hui , Li Zhen‐Yuan , Chen Yong , Wang Mao‐Hua
Published: March 2024

The present investigation reports the variations of the microstructure and electrical properties due to a change in the ZnSb2O6 content of ZnO varistors. The impact of the ZnSb2O6 additive on both microstructure and electrical properties in ZnO varistors is studied via the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and an impedance analyzer. Zn7Sb2O12 spinel phase and single hexagonal ZnO phase are detected in ZnO varistors with the addition of ZnSb2O6. The ZnO varistors with 5 mol% ZnSb2O6 have the highest nonlinear coefficient (43.2) and the lowest leakage current density (3.96 A cm−2). The resistivity of grain boundary ρgb increases continuously with the increasing content of ZnSb2O6 as demonstrated by impedance measurements. Additionally, low values of dielectric loss at high frequencies suggest a ZnO varistor doped with ZnSb2O6 is suitable for high frequency device applications.
Effect of plant architecture on the responses of canopy temperature and water use to population density in winter wheat
Authors: Huang Guirong , Zhang Xinying , Wang Zhenzhao , Liu Xiaoying , Guo Rui , Gu Fengxue , Liu Enke , Li Shuying , Zhong Xiuli , Mei Xurong
Published: March 2024

Revealing how plant architecture affects the responses of canopy temperature depression (CTD), water use (WU), and grain yield to population density (PD) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) would help explore a water‐saving pathway related to managing population. This study was conducted over three consecutive years under rainfed and supplemental irrigation conditions. The flat‐leafed Jinmai 47 and upright‐leafed Jing 411 genotypes were grown at high population density (HD), medium population density (MD), and low population density (LD); seeding rates were 450, 675, and 900 seeds m−2, respectively). CTD peaked at MD in Jinmai 47 but reached the highest at HD in Jing 411. WU generally increased with increasing PD but remained unchanged from LD to MD in Jinmai 47 under the two water conditions, while it remained unchanged from MD to HD under supplemental irrigation condition in Jing 411. Yield increased with increasing density in both genotypes under the two water conditions. It is thus clear that Jinmai 47 gained higher yield but did not consume more water at MD than at LD under the two water conditions; Jing 411 obtained higher yield at the expense of similar amount of water at HD than at MD under supplemental irrigation condition. The grain yield and WU responses of wheat crops to PD implied that through appropriately adjusting PD in combination with plant architecture and water condition, the dual goals of optimizing yield and effectively saving irrigation water could be realized synchronously.
The Laccase Catalysed Tandem Lignin Depolymerisation/Polymerisation
Authors: Pajer Nicolò , Gigli Matteo , Crestini Claudia
Published: March 2024

The development of strategies allowing either the production of high value phenolics, or the isolation of properties‐enhanced materials from technical lignins represents a fundamental step in the industrial upcycling of technical lignins. Both aims are met by the strategy presented in the present work, relying on the coupling of solvent‐based fractionation with the oxidative action of a new type of alkaline‐stable genetically modified bacterial laccase. The described approach succeeded in the tandem, high‐yield and selective isolation of valuable lignin‐monomeric compounds (MCs) and high molecular weight and hydrophobicity‐tailored polymerised materials (PMs) from two technical lignins, namely softwood kraft lignin (SKL), and wheat straw organosolv lignin (WSL). With respect to MCs, higher yields as compared to similar studies (up to 17.2 mg/g) were achieved. PMs from SKL samples where characterised by an almost quadrupled Mw, while in the case of WSL the Mw was approximately doubled. Noteworthy, the reaction conditions were optimized in terms of reaction temperature, time, enzymatic loading, and alkalinity for the selective production of single MCs. Most interestingly, technical lignins as well as their fractions and the PMs deriving from their laccase‐catalysed oxidation showed increased hydrophobicity.
Ni‐Based Catalysts for CO2 Methanation: Exploring the Support Role in Structure‐Activity Relationships
Authors: Musab Ahmed Syed , Ren Jie , Ullah Inam , Lou Hao , Xu Nuo , Abbasi Zeeshan , Wang Zhandong
Published: March 2024

The catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to methane is one of the highly researched areas for the production of chemical fuels. The activity of catalyst is largely affected by support type and metal‐support interaction deriving from the special method during catalyst preparation. Hence, we employed a simple solvothermal technique to synthesize Ni‐based catalysts with different supports and studied the support role (CeO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, and La2O3) on structure‐activity relationships in CO2 methanation. It is found that catalyst morphology can be altered by only changing the support precursors during synthesis, and therefore their catalytic behaviours were significantly affected. The Ni/Al2O3 with a core‐shell morphology prepared herein exhibited a higher activity than the catalyst prepared with a common wet impregnation method. To have a comprehensive understanding for structure‐activity relationships, advanced characterization (e. g., synchrotron radiation‐based XAS and photoionization mass spectrometry) and in‐situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy experiments were conducted. This research opens an avenue to further delve into the role of support on morphologies that can greatly enhance catalytic activity during CO2 methanation.
Roles of telocytes dominated cell–cell communication in fibroproliferative acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Zheng Yonghua , Cai Songshan , Zhao Zongfeng , Wang Xiangdong , Dai Lihua , Song Dongli
Published: March 2024

Telocytes (TCs) are a new type of interstitial cell identified in multiple tissues of mammals, including the human lung, and mediate homocellular or heterocellular cell‐cell communication. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by acute hypoxemia respiratory failure and combined with direct and indirect lung injury, which is induced by pneumonia, sepsis, burns, etc. Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive lung disease that occurs due to increased fibrosis of lung tissue in response to chronic injury of the epithelium and gets more and more attention as a well‐recognized sequela of ARDS or mechanical ventilation. However, the existing intervention measures could not prevent the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Although the protective effect of TCs in acute lung injury had been demonstrated in both cellular and animal models in previous studies by our or other researchers, the roles of TCs mediated cell‐cell communication in fibroproliferative ARDS is unclear. This review is aimed at integrating our understanding of TC‐mediated cell–cell communication in lung diseases with pulmonary fibrosis after ARDS.
Prodromal Alzheimer's disease can affect activities of daily living for adults with Down syndrome
Authors: Listwan Tracy A. , Krinsky‐McHale Sharon J. , Kovacs Cynthia M. , Lee Joseph H. , Pang Deborah I. , Schupf Nicole , Tycko Benjamin , Zigman Warren B. , Silverman Wayne
Published: March 2024

INTRODUCTION

Alzheimer's disease (AD) affecting adults with Down syndrome (DS‐AD), like late‐onset AD (LOAD) in the neurotypical population, has preclinical, prodromal, and more advanced stages. Only tasks placing high demands on cognition are expected to be affected during the prodromal stage, with activities of daily living (ADLs) typically being spared. However, cognitive demands of ADLs could be high for adults with DS and may be affected during prodromal DS‐AD.

METHODS

Cognitively stable cases that subsequently developed prodromal DS‐AD were identified within a set of archived data from a previous longitudinal study. Measures of ADLs and multiple cognitive domains were examined over time.

RESULTS

Clear declines in ADLs accompanied cognitive declines with prodromal DS‐AD while stability in all measures was verified during preclinical DS‐AD.

DISCUSSION

Operationally defining prodromal DS‐AD is essential to disease staging in this high‐risk population and for informing treatment options and timing as new disease‐modifying drugs become available.

Highlights

Cognitive and functional stability were demonstrated prior to the onset of prodromal DS‐AD.

ADL declines accompanied cognitive declines as adults with DS transitioned to prodromal AD.

Declines in ADLs should be a defining feature of prodromal AD for adults with DS.

Better characterization of prodromal DS‐AD can improve AD diagnosis and disease staging.

Improvements in DS‐AD diagnosis and staging could also inform the timing of interventions.
Midlife sensory and motor functions improve prediction of blood‐based measures of neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease in late middle‐age
Authors: Paulsen Adam J. , Pinto A. Alex , Schubert Carla R. , Chappell Richard J. , Chen Yanjun , Engelman Corinne D. , Ferrucci Luigi , Hancock Laura M. , Johnson Sterling C. , Merten Natascha
Published: March 2024

INTRODUCTION

We assessed whether midlife sensory and motor functions added to prediction models using the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia Score (CAIDE) and Framingham Risk Score (FRS) improve risk predictions of 10‐year changes in biomarkers of neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease.

METHODS

Longitudinal data of N = 1529 (mean age 49years) Beaver Dam Offspring Study participants from baseline, 5‐year, and 10‐year follow‐up were included. We tested whether including baseline sensory (hearing, vision, olfactory) impairment and motor function measures improves CAIDE or FRS risk predictions of 10‐year incidence of biomarker positivity of serum‐based neurofilament light chain (NfL) and amyloid beta (Aβ)42/Aβ40 using logistic regression.

RESULTS

Adding sensory and motor measures to CAIDE‐only and FRS‐only models significantly improved NfL and Aβ42/Aβ40 positivity predictions in adults above the age of 55.

DISCUSSION

Including midlife sensory and motor function improved long‐term biomarker positivity predictions. Non‐invasive sensory and motor assessments could contribute to cost‐effective screening tools that identify individuals at risk for neurodegeneration early to target interventions and preventions.

Highlights

Sensory and motor measures improve risk prediction models of neurodegenerative biomarkers

Sensory and motor measures improve risk prediction models of AD biomarkers

Prediction improvements were strongest in late midlife (adults >55 years of age)

Sensory and motor assessments may help identify high‐risk individuals early
Assessing the utility of SoilGrids250 for biogeographic inference of plant populations
Authors: Miller Tony , Blackwood Christopher B. , Case Andrea L.
Published: March 2024

Inclusion of edaphic conditions in biogeographical studies typically provides a better fit and deeper understanding of plant distributions. Increased reliance on soil data calls for easily accessible data layers providing continuous soil predictions worldwide. Although SoilGrids provides a potentially useful source of predicted soil data for biogeographic applications, its accuracy for estimating the soil characteristics experienced by individuals in small‐scale populations is unclear. We used a biogeographic sampling approach to obtain soil samples from 212 sites across the midwestern and eastern United States, sampling only at sites where there was a population of one of the 22 species in Lobelia sect. Lobelia. We analyzed six physical and chemical characteristics in our samples and compared them with predicted values from SoilGrids. Across all sites and species, soil texture variables (clay, silt, sand) were better predicted by SoilGrids (R2: .25–.46) than were soil chemistry variables (carbon and nitrogen, R2 ≤ .01; pH, R2: .19). While SoilGrids predictions rarely matched actual field values for any variable, we were able to recover qualitative patterns relating species means and population‐level plant characteristics to soil texture and pH. Rank order of species mean values from SoilGrids and direct measures were much more consistent for soil texture (Spearman rS = .74–.84; all p < .0001) and pH (rS = .61, p = .002) than for carbon and nitrogen (p > .35). Within the species L. siphilitica, a significant association, known from field measurements, between soil texture and population sex ratios could be detected using SoilGrids data, but only with large numbers of sites. Our results suggest that modeled soil texture values can be used with caution in biogeographic applications, such as species distribution modeling, but that soil carbon and nitrogen contents are currently unreliable, at least in the region studied here.
Rich specialized insect damage on Pliocene leaves from the Mahuadanr Valley (India) growing under a warm climate with weak seasonality
Authors: Adroit Benjamin , Hazra Taposhi , Denk Thomas , Kumar Sarkar Subhankar , Khan Mahasin Ali
Published: March 2024

Plant‐insect interactions play a crucial role in shaping terrestrial ecosystems, influencing abundance and distribution of plant species. In the present study, we investigated leaf‐mining patterns on fossil leaves from Pliocene strata of the Mahuadanr Valley, Jharkhand, eastern India, deposited under a seasonal tropical climate, and reported complex interactions between plants and insects. We identified 11 distinct mining morphotypes. These morphotypes were mainly found on Dipterocarpaceae, Fabaceae, Lauraceae, and Moraceae; similar mining traces were also observed in the contemporary vegetation surrounding the fossil site. Although mining richness was relatively high, only 2.6% of all leaves in the fossil assemblage were mined. We compared mining richness and abundance values with previously reported values for galling. While richness was slightly lower for galling, almost 50% of all fossil leaves were galled. A literature survey on mining and galling patterns in modern vegetation suggests that there is no global explanation for richness of mining or gall‐inducing insects. Thus, low nutrient availability in the ancient forest, dominance of semideciduous leaves with hard texture, and different habitats in the same forest ecosystem, such as well‐drained forests and riparian stands, may all have favored different types of specialized plant–insect interactions.
Scorpionfish adjust skin pattern contrast on different backgrounds
Authors: John Leonie , Santon Matteo , Michiels Nico K.
Published: March 2024

The two scorpionfish species Scorpaena maderensis and S. porcus are well camouflaged ambush predators that rapidly change body colouration to adjust to background colour in less than 1 min. We tested whether individuals of both species also adjust body pattern to that of the background. We placed fish on backgrounds of different pattern granularity and quantified the change in fish body pattern over 1 min. We used calibrated image analysis to analyse the patterns from the visual perspective of a prey fish species using a granularity (pattern energy) analysis and an image clustering approach. In our experiment, fish did not change their most contrasting pattern components as defined by the dominant marking size, but changed their average marking size. Moreover, fish responded with a change in pattern in contrast to the different experimental backgrounds, especially when compared to the acclimation phase. These results indicate that scorpionfish have one main pattern that can be adjusted by modulating its internal contrast. A reduction in pattern contrast could thereby improve background matching, while an increase could promote camouflage via disruptive colouration.