bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unsettling the Coloniality of the Researcher: Toward a Black Studies Approach to Critical Humanisms in Qualitative Inquiry
Authors: Henson Bryce
Published: June 2021

This article unsettles the coloniality of the researcher, a convergence between coloniality, the researcher, and dominant representations of the human. This unsettling is necessary to call attention to, critique, and dismantle the institutional and systemic racism and its quotidian and mundane practices within Qualitative Inquiry as well as the human sciences in general. Engaging in Black Studies and the autobiographical, I first flesh out how coloniality continues to inform our notion of who does research, how one does research, and which cultural messages and knowledges are permissible. This coloniality naturalizes Man as our conception of the human and represents Black people as non-human even as we become researchers. Then, I illustrate how Black Studies approaches to Black cultural traditions and philosophies open up different possibilities in Qualitative Inquiry for the Black researcher, critical knowledge practices, and a more expansive conception of the human.
Characterization of Psychotropic PRN Medications in a Canadian Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Casol Marina , Tong Angela , Ng Joan C. Y. , McGloin Rumi
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND:

Pro re nata (PRN) antipsychotics and benzodiazepines are routinely used for the rapid stabilization of acutely agitated patients. Despite the popular use of PRN medications in mental health units, primary literature supporting efficacy and safety is poor, and there is no single universally accepted practice guideline. PRN psychotropic medications have the potential to cause adverse effects when used inappropriately.

AIMS:

Our objective was to characterize the prescribing, administration, and documentation practices of PRN psychotropic medications in a psychiatric intensive care unit.

METHODS:

We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients admitted to a 12-bed psychiatric intensive care unit between June and September 2018. All PRN antipsychotic and benzodiazepine orders, administrations, documentation practices, and attempted nonpharmacological strategies were assessed for each order and patient. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data.

RESULTS:

Thirty-two patients with a total of 123 physicians’ orders and 1,179 PRN administrations of antipsychotics and benzodiazepines were reviewed. Of the total administrations, 720 (61%) were combinations with at least two psychotropic agents. Forty-one (33%) physicians’ orders had a prescribed indication, and 559 (47%) administrations had an attempted nonpharmacological method prior to PRN administration. Eight patients (25%) had antipsychotic PRN orders, which exceeded the total daily maximum dose. Three adverse drug effects were attributed to PRN administration.

CONCLUSIONS:

Areas of improvement that we identified included documentation practices of effectiveness of administered PRNs, prescriptions to include clear indications and dosage within the 24-hour maximum limits, and documentation of nonpharmacological methods utilized.
Local material symmetry group for first- and second-order strain gradient fluids
Authors: Eremeyev Victor A.
Published: June 2021

Using an unified approach based on the local material symmetry group introduced for general first- and second-order strain gradient elastic media, we analyze the constitutive equations of strain gradient fluids. For the strain gradient medium there exists a strain energy density dependent on first- and higher-order gradients of placement vector, whereas for fluids a strain energy depends on a current mass density and its gradients. Both models found applications to modeling of materials with complex inner structure such as beam-lattice metamaterials and fluids at small scales. The local material symmetry group is formed through such transformations of a reference placement which cannot be experimentally detected within the considered material model. We show that considering maximal symmetry group, i.e. material with strain energy that is independent of the choice of a reference placement, one comes to the constitutive equations of gradient fluids introduced independently on general strain gradient continua.
Innovative strategies to enhance the sensory quality of dry fermented sausages containing lactic ingredients by the addition of exogenous enzymes
Authors: Stollewerk Katharina , Jofré Anna , Comaposada Josep , Guardia M. Dolors , Arnau Jacint , Kilcawley Kieran
Published: June 2021

This study investigated the impact of the addition of exogenous enzymes (Accelerzyme CPG, Debitrase DBP20) or cellular preparations (FlavoGard), traditionally used in the cheese industry, to accelerate flavour development of dry fermented sausages with 6% of lactic derivatives content. Sausages were fermented to pH 5.0, dried for 32 days and vacuum packed stored under refrigeration for 60 days. Sausages were analysed for physicochemical parameters, technological microbiota and proteolysis after fermentation, drying/ripening and storage. Similar compositional results were obtained in all products (38-39% humidity in the final product; 38.2% fat and 40.7% protein as dry matter throughout the study). Debitrase application positively affected proteolysis by changing the free amino acid profile and increasing non-protein nitrogen and total free amino acids by 2.2 and 11.8-fold, respectively. Accelerzyme increased ripened cheese flavour and overall sensory quality from 5.1 to 5.8; Debitrase increased ripened cheese odour and flavour, bitterness, umami, adhesiveness, pastiness, and overall sensory quality from 5.0 to 5.9, and decreased acid and hardness. This study highlights the effects of adding some exogenous enzyme/bacterial preparations traditionally used in the cheese industry to enhance the flavour of dry fermented sausages with high content of lactic ingredients and increase its sensory quality.
Reply to Brewer, Conway, and Rork (2021)
Authors: Reed W. Robert
Published: June 2021

Conway, Brewer, and Rork (CBR) have done a thorough reproduction and replication of Reed. Their analysis extending the time period that I used, while applying the same empirical procedures, convincingly demonstrates that the estimated effect of taxes on state-level economic growth has declined in recent years. In this reply, I reflect on the capacity of the regression procedures used by CBR, Reed, and others to identify causal effects of taxes on economic growth at the state level. I identify challenges to causal inference that make it difficult to translate these findings to advise for policy makers.
Does body position, age, and heart rate induce IOP’s changes?
Authors: Sobczak Marcelina , Asejczyk Magdalena , Geniusz Malwina
Published: June 2021

Objectives:

The main goal of this research was to determine the differences between the values of intraocular pressure (IOP) in the supine and sitting positions, and to assess the effect of age and cardiovascular parameters.

Methods:

Seventy-two healthy adults were enrolled and classified into age groups: 20–30 years (group A), 31–40 years (group B), and 41–71 years (group C). Corneal biometry and cardiovascular parameters, such as heart rate (HR), were measured. IOP measurements were taken in the sitting position (IOPS) and in the supine position (IOPL) using the iCare® Pro tonometer.

Results:

A significant difference between the IOPS and IOPL in the entire cohort was found ( p < 0.001). Regarding the age subgroups, a significant difference ( p < 0.001) between the IOPS and IOPL was obtained in group A (2.6 ± 1.6 mmHg) and group C (1.5 ± 1.3 mmHg). There were no significant differences in the IOPS between groups. The highest IOP values were obtained for group A. The correlations between HR and IOPS are statistically significant for group A and group B, and for HR and IOPL-S for group B only. Multivariate analysis showed that HR has a significant influence on the difference in IOP in the two body positions.

Conclusion:

A statistically significant difference between the effect of age and the values of IOPS and IOPL was shown. Cardiovascular parameters showed some relevant statistical dependencies, but with a rather marginal significance in young people. The influence of body position for the measurement of IOP for healthy subjects does not seem to matter, despite the fact that there are some dependencies that are statistically significant.
Immersion, drowning, dispersion and resurfacing: Coping with the emotions of ethnographic management learning
Authors: McMurray Robert
Published: June 2021

While organisational researchers have had a long-standing commitment to ensuring the well-being of others, relatively little attention has been paid to the care of fieldworkers themselves, particularly in emotional terms. Drawing on personal experiences of ethnographic research with UK charity Samaritans, this paper considers the ways in which embedding oneself in the culture of another organisation can expose researchers to pain which, if not recognised or ameliorated, can be become toxic. The paper questions whether such pain is an inevitable consequence of certain forms of qualitative research and, if so, how we might learn to cope with its effects. In answer, the paper describes a journey through immersion, drowning and eventually resurfacing, where the latter is facilitated by a process defined as emotional dispersion. The paper contributes to our understanding of (i) the necessarily painful nature of certain immersive modes of ethnographic and qualitative research, (ii) the conceptualisation of emotional dispersion and its practical implications for coping with emotional pain, burnout and toxicity as a relational practice and (iii) the relative balance of institutional and individual duties when it comes to a care of the self in emotional terms.
Neuronal and glial cell number is altered in a cortical layer-specific manner in autism
Authors: Falcone Carmen , Mevises Natalie-Ya , Hong Tiffany , Dufour Brett , Chen Xiaohui , Noctor Stephen C. , Martínez Cerdeño Verónica
Published: June 2021

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impaired social communication and repetitive behaviors. Changes in the number of specific cell types in the cerebral cortex could produce a dramatic alteration in the regulation of cortical circuits, and thus an alteration of behavior. We investigated whether there are layer-specific changes in the number of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in the prefrontal cortex in postmortem human brains from autism spectrum disorder subjects. We quantified the number of specific cell types in the prefrontal cortex (Brodmann areas 9, 46, and 47) of 10 cases with autism spectrum disorder and 10 age-matched control cases. We found that the number of neurons was increased and the number of astrocytes was decreased in layer II of all three prefrontal areas. Area BA47 was most widely affected presenting with an increased number of neurons and a decreased number of astrocytes in layer II and deeper layers of the cortex. Among other possibilities, the alterations in neuron and glial cell number we report here are consistent with a failure of radial glial cells to shift daughter cell production from neurons to astrocytes during prenatal cortical development in autism spectrum disorder. The data provided here are key anatomical findings that shed light on autism spectrum disorder pathogenesis.

Lay abstract

The cerebral cortex affected with autism spectrum disorder presents changes in the number of neurons and glia cells, possibly leading to a dysregulation of brain circuits and affecting behavior. However, little is known about cell number alteration in specific layers of the cortex in autism spectrum disorder. We found an increase in the number of neurons and a decrease in the number of astrocytes in specific layers of the prefrontal cortex in postmortem human brains from autism spectrum disorder cases. We hypothesize that this may be due to a failure in neural stem cells to shift differentiation from neurons to glial cells during prenatal brain development. These data provide key anatomical findings that contribute to the bases of autism spectrum disorder pathogenesis.
An examination of prosody and second language sentence processing through pause insertion
Authors: Fang Lan , Xie Yiyang , Yu Keke , Wang Ruiming , Schwieter John W.
Published: June 2021

Objectives:

Research on second language (L2) sentence comprehension often has examined reliance on semantic and syntactic information but has left aside for the most part the role of prosodic cues. In the present study, we compare less- and more-proficient L2 learners’ integration of prosody and syntax structure during auditory L2 sentence comprehension.

Design:

Two group Chinese learners of L2 English learners (A2 and C1 levels) participated in an auditory comprehension task, which included sentences that had artificial pauses inserted either between or within syntactic boundaries. After hearing each sentence, learners were asked to judge the translation as ‘identical’ or ‘not identical’ on the keyboard.

Data Analysis:

We conducted t-tests and an analysis of variance to examine prosodic effects among the two learner groups.

Findings:

The results showed that both A2 and C1 learners were sensitive to pauses. However, the direction and magnitude of this sensitivity was significantly different for the two groups. A2 learners were faster to respond to auditory sentences in which a brief pause was placed within syntactic phrases. Contrarily, C1 learners responded faster when the brief pause was placed between syntactic phrases.

Originality:

Unique to the present study is the inclusion of the pause-insertion paradigm to examine the role of prosody in L2 auditory sentence processing.

Implications:

The results imply that the two groups of learners do not rely on prosodic and syntactic cues in the same manner when processing L2 sentences. We argue that the processing mechanisms involved in L2 sentence comprehension evolve hand-in-hand with L2 proficiency development. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research.
Thirdhand smoke exposure: Differences in smoke exposure indices and cultural norms between hotels and motels in South Korea
Authors: Park Myung-Bae , Lee Tae Sic , Oh Jee Eun , Lee Do Hoon
Published: June 2021

The legal regulations and cultural environment for smoking bans in hotels and motels in South Korea differ depending on the type of accommodation. The aim of this study was to assess the thirdhand smoke exposure for hotel and motel guests staying at accommodations who are expected to be relatively vulnerable to thirdhand smoke. Biomarkers for 28 participants were assessed before and after lodging at a hotel or motel for approximately 14 h. Hotel participants had statistically decreased urinary cotinine concentrations after their stay, whereas motel participants experienced increased concentrations. The concentration of nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone in dust in hotels was lower than that in motels, and the higher dust nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone concentration in motels had more effect on an increase in urinary cotinine concentration. Both hotels and motels legally allowed smoking in guest rooms. However, the study participants in hotels were less exposed to thirdhand smoke than those in motels.
Nonmedical use of prescription drugs: A comparison between intoxication-oriented and other nonmedical users
Authors: Piispa Ilona , Karjalainen Karoliina , Karttunen Niina
Published: June 2021

Aims:

Nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) is a major public health concern. The aim of the study was to compare intoxication-oriented users to those who utilised prescription drugs nonmedically for other purposes. The characteristics of the study groups, prescription drugs used, motivations for their use and sources of prescription drugs were also examined.

Methods:

Data were derived from the population-based Drug Survey 2014 which was conducted in Finland. The respondents were divided into intoxication-oriented users ( n = 118) and other nonmedical users ( n = 74) according to the motivation behind their NMUPD. The reference population ( n = 3277) did not report any NMUPD. Pearson’s chi square test was used to compare the distributions. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to estimate the association of sociodemographic background and intoxicant use with NMUPD.

Results:

Low education level and illegal drug use were associated with intoxication-oriented and other nonmedical use of prescription drugs. Intoxication-oriented use was associated also with younger age and current smoking. Sedatives were the most commonly used prescription drugs among intoxication-oriented users, and opioids among other nonmedical users. Experimentation and facilitating social interactions as a motivation for use were emphasised among intoxication-oriented users. Friends and relatives were the most common sources of prescription drugs for nonmedical use, especially among intoxication-oriented users.

Conclusion:

The characteristics, motivations and sources of nonmedically used prescription drugs differed in intoxication-oriented and other nonmedical users. These findings may help to identify those at risk for NMUPD. More attention should be paid to the motivations of NMUPD when new prevention and intervention methods are developed.
Monitoring patient flow in a hospital emergency department: ARMA-based nonparametric GLRT scheme
Authors: Harrou Fouzi , Kadri Farid , Sun Ying , Khadraoui Sofiane
Published: June 2021

Overcrowding in emergency departments (EDs) is a primary concern for hospital administration. They aim to efficiently manage patient demands and reducing stress in the ED. Detection of abnormal ED demands (patient flows) in hospital systems aids ED managers to obtain appropriate decisions by optimally allocating the available resources following patient attendance. This paper presents a monitoring strategy that provides an early alert in an ED when an abnormally high patient influx occurs. Anomaly detection using this strategy involves the amalgamation of autoregressive-moving-average (ARMA) time series models with the generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) chart. A nonparametric procedure based on kernel density estimation is employed to determine the detection threshold of the ARMA-GLR chart. The developed ARMA-based GLR has been validated through practical data from the ED at Lille Hospital, France. Then, the ARMA-based GLR method’s performance was compared to that of other commonly used charts, including a Shewhart chart and an exponentially weighted moving average chart; it proved more accurate.
Epistemic justice for the dead
Authors: Turner Stephen
Published: June 2021

The classics of social theory have a peculiar status: our current list is the product of past academic strategizing, and the list of favored classics has changed. Currently there is a process of replacing them with older writers who better fit current concerns, and to cancel those who hold the wrong views, or are of the oppressor class, in order to provide epistemic justice for those who don’t deserve their status and uplift those who were wrongly neglected. From an instrumental, careerist point of view, adapting to these changes makes sense. From the point of view of judgement, which differs from the capacity to produce, it does not. Exclusions narrow our range of reference and our capacity to assess in the present. We owe ourselves, and them, not only temporary, fashion driven justice but a larger capacity of judgement detached from the instrumentalization of scholarship.
The risks of standardised school building design: Beyond aligning the parts of a learning environment
Authors: Woolner Pamela , Thomas Ulrike , Charteris Jennifer
Published: June 2021

School design in any epoch reflects the collective values and attitudes of the time, and the political currents which shape perspectives. In this paper, we consider the risks associated with an English school’s rebuilding under the Priority School Building Programme, a standardised approach to school design, tending to result in ‘traditional’ instead of ‘innovative’ designs. At a micro scale, risk is affective, influencing educators’ ontological security. We also consider the macro-level risk of shaping citizens through education policy reflecting particular values. This case study, in a UK secondary school, explores theoretical frameworks that can be used to investigate risks involved in rebuilding projects. It is well established that misalignment between structural resources, approaches to pedagogy and social relations presents a significant risk for school redesign. Although the case study project was a relatively smooth transition at the local level, with alignment between set, epistemic and social design, we argue that there can be a philosophical risk associated with conservatism in schooling design and a focus on performativity and conformity. Giving consideration to policy-led schooling decisions, we argue for the importance of alignment between design elements in the context of wider consideration around the purposes of education.
Is small beautiful? A scoping review of 21st-century research on small rural schools in Europe
Authors: Fargas-Malet Montserrat , Bagley Carl
Published: June 2021

Small rural schools in many countries have historically been viewed as less desirable than their larger urban counterparts, being treated less favourably in the policy arena and facing a risk of closure or amalgamation. Within Europe, they have been the focus of a range of research studies and have been defined in different ways, based mostly on the number of pupils enrolled (typically around 100), but also their geographical isolation or small number of staff. However, the last notable attempt to review the literature in this area was carried out over 10 years ago. Since then, there has been a large volume of research conducted in many European countries. This rigorous scoping review has brought together what we know from research (published in English since 2000) on small rural schools in Europe. The most common themes identified were school leadership, the importance of context (including education policy and school closures/amalgamations), and school-community relationships. Case studies and ethnographic qualitative methods were the most popular, with a stronger use made of theoretical frameworks since the previous review. Nonetheless, the current review found still significant gaps in the literature including an under-theorization of certain topics and a lack of research with children.
Metaphor Research and the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Lancaster Mason D.
Published: June 2021

This article provides an overview of metaphor theories and research on their own terms, as well as their use in Hebrew Bible (HB) studies. Though metaphor studies in the HB have become increasingly popular, they often draw upon a limited or dated subset of metaphor scholarship. The first half of this article surveys a wide variety of metaphor scholarship from the humanities (philosophical, poetic, rhetorical) and the sciences (e.g., conceptual metaphor theory), beginning with Aristotle but focusing on more recent developments. The second half overviews studies of metaphor in the HB since 1980, surveying works focused on theory and method; works focused on specific biblical books or metaphor domains; and finally noting current trends and suggesting areas for future research.
Imposter Syndrome Among First- and Continuing-Generation College Students: The Roles of Perfectionism and Stress
Authors: Holden Chelsey L. , Wright Lindsay E. , Herring Angel M. , Sims Pat L.
Published: June 2021

More research is needed to understand the relationships between imposter syndrome, perfection, and stress, as well as how they might be similar or different among first- and continuing-generation college students. This research study examines the relationships among imposter syndrome, perfectionism, and stress among first- and continuing-generation college students. Participants included 388 college students, including 184 (47.4%) first-generation students. Results indicate levels of imposter syndrome and stress are similar between first- and continuing-generation students. Levels of socially prescribed perfectionism are significantly correlated with imposter syndrome and stress for both groups; however, imposter syndrome is more strongly associated with stress among first-generation students. Implications for college student mental health and retention are discussed.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication Assessment in Adults With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Results of Semi-Structured Interviews
Authors: McKelvey Miechelle , Weissling Kristy S. E. , Lund Shelley K. , Quach Wendy , Dietz Aimee
Published: June 2021

This phenomenological qualitative study explored how eight speech-language pathology specialists in augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) (who self-identified as adult-focused) would approach the AAC assessment process when presented with a case study of an adult with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The general research questions were: What areas are assessed by AAC specialists evaluating individuals with ALS? How do specialists evaluate the areas identified: In all, four themes emerged: (a) Area of Assessment, (b) Method of Assessment, (c) Patient Education, and (d) Decision Criteria. These results support authoritative models of AAC assessment. AAC assessment is a complex task and understanding the behaviors of specialists, as outlined in this article, may be a first step in assisting general practice SLPs to complete AAC assessments for individuals with ALS with greater confidence and comfort.
Is Distance to Drop Box an Appropriate Proxy for Drop Box Treatment? A Case Study of Washington State
Authors: Collingwood Loren , Gonzalez O’Brien Benjamin
Published: June 2021

In the United States, drop box mail-in voting has increased, particularly in the all vote by mail (VBM) states of Washington, Colorado, Utah, and Oregon. To assess if drop boxes improve voter turnout, research proxies box treatment by voters’ residence distance to nearest drop box. However, no research has tested the assumption that voters use drop boxes nearest their residence more so than they do other drop boxes. Using individual-level voter data from a 2020 Washington State election, we show that voters are more likely to use the nearest drop box to their residence relative to other drop boxes. In Washington’s 2020 August primary, 52% of drop box voters in our data used their nearest drop box. Moreover, those who either (1) vote by mail, or (2) used a different drop box from the one closest to their residence live further away from their closest drop box. Implications are discussed.
Stimulating Research to Enhance Aging in Place
Authors: Rodakowski Juleen , Mroz Tracy M. , Ciro Carrie , Lysack Catherine L. , Womack Jennifer L. , Chippendale Tracy , Cutchin Malcolm , Fritz Heather , Fields Beth , Schepens Niemiec Stacey L. , Orellano-Colón Elsa M. , Rotenberg Shlomit , Toto Pamela E. , Lee Danbi , Jewell Vanessa D. , McDonald Margaret V. , Arthanat Sajay , Somerville Emily , Park Melissa , Piersol Catherine Verrier
Published: June 2021

Older adults may benefit from interventions to successfully age in place. Research has an opportunity to test interventions and implementation strategies to fulfill the needs of older adults through collective evidence building. The purpose of this article is to describe the proceedings of the American Occupational Therapy Foundation (AOTF) 2019 Planning Grant Collective and describe the areas of research that were identified as critical. The AOTF convened scientists with expertise in the area of aging in place to catalyze research on aging in place for older adults. Four priority areas in the aging in place literature were highlighted: (a) identification of factors that support aging in place, (b) classification of processes by which family members and care partners are included in aging in place efforts, (c) categorization of technology supporting older adults to age in place, and (d) development of science that clarifies implementation of evidence-based practice.
A Fully Longitudinal Mixed Methods Case Study Design: An Example Based on the Illness Trajectory of a Person With Chronic Conditions in Home-Monitoring-Based Telenursing During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Kamei Tomoko , Kawada Aki , Nishimura Naoki , Kakai Hisako
Published: June 2021

A challenge for mixed methods researchers concerns integration in the methodological dimension. Employing a fully longitudinal mixed methods case study design, we examined the physical and psychological changes in a chronically ill older person via telenursing video consultations. We collected daily measures of his physical state and conducted clinical interviews before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our two-step approach integrated mixed data types, first, by making meta-inferences at five time frames during his illness trajectory and, second, by developing “global meta-inferences,” or interpretations across the meta-inferences from each of the five time frames using joint display analysis. We contribute to the mixed methods literature by illustrating integration in the methodological dimension through a fully longitudinal mixed methods case study.
Narrative Inquiry Methodology and Family Research: An Innovative Approach to Understanding Acquired Brain Injuries
Authors: Karpa Jane V.
Published: June 2021

Family qualitative research poses unique methodological considerations. In choosing a methodology when the research unit is a family it is critical the philosophical underpinnings, characteristics, and methods of the methodology can align with a family systems paradigm and accommodate transactional level data collection. While other qualitative methodologies have been utilized with family units (grounded theory, phenomenology), the combination of narrative inquiry (NI) and families is unique. In this paper, I describe why and how I used NI to explore families’ perspectives of the impact of acquired brain injury (ABI); adding to existing methodological knowledge by demonstrating NI has potential relevance and applicability for research with family systems.
Exploring political rupture through Jewish children’s diaries: Kindertransport children in France, 1938-1942
Authors: Hobson Faure Laura
Published: June 2021

This article focuses on France as a refuge for unaccompanied Central European Jewish children on the eve of World War II. Contrary to the United Kingdom, which accepted 10,000 Jewish children through Kindertransport, only 350-450 children entered France. This article utilizes children’s diaries and organizational records to question how children perceived and recorded their displacement and resettlement in France, a country that would soon be at war, and then occupied, by Nazi Germany. By questioning how these events filtered into and transformed children’s lives, I argue that the shifting political environment led to profound transformations in these children’s daily lives long before their very existence was threatened by Nazi–Vichy deportation measures. Most children were cared for in collective children’s homes in the Paris region in which left-oriented educators established children’s republics. Yet the outbreak of war triggered a series of events in the homes that led to changes in pedagogical methods and new arrivals (and thus new conflicts). The Nazi occupation of France led to the children’s displacement to the Southern zone, their dispersal into new homes, and the reconfiguration of their networks. This analysis of children’s contemporaneous sources and the conditions under which they were produced places new emphasis on the epistemology of Kindertransport sources and thus contributes to larger theoretical discussions in Holocaust and Childhood studies on children’s testimony.
Assessment of the educational competencies for the Hypertension Canada Professional Certification Program (HC-PCP) designed for implementation of hypertension guidelines into primary care
Authors: Watson Kaitlyn E. , Tsuyuki Ross T. , Beahm Nathan P. , Sedore Rebecca , Bell Alan
Published: June 2021

Background:

The uptake of clinical practice guidelines into practice is limited for many chronic conditions, including hypertension. The aim of this study was to ascertain the importance of the educational competencies for the development of the Hypertension Canada Professional Certification Program (HC-PCP) among frontline, primary care professionals (e.g., pharmacists, physicians, nurses).

Methods:

A group of hypertension experts developed 15 competencies believed to be important for primary care professionals to master when providing hypertension management. These competencies were surveyed for consensus by frontline clinicians through the Hypertension Canada e-newsletter in 2018. Clinicians were asked to rank the importance of each competency for a primary care provider to acquire when undertaking a certification in hypertension management, using a Likert scale from 1 (not important) to 5 (very important).

Results:

A total of 121 clinicians responded to the survey. Of these, 38% were pharmacists, 31.4% were registered nurses, 10.7% were physicians and 7% were nurse practitioners. There was at least 1 respondent from each Canadian province and territory, except for the Northwest Territories. All 15 competencies received a mean rank of at least 4. The competency with the highest ranking was Competency 6: Ability to screen and identify hypertension (mean 4.83 [0.04]). The competencies with the lowest average ranks were Competency 1: Demonstrates a sound knowledge of the epidemiology of hypertension (mean 4.07 [0.85]) and Competency 5: Demonstrates an understanding of the validation process for blood pressure devices (mean 4.15 [0.08]).

Conclusions:

Clinicians generally ranked all 15 competencies to be of high importance for a provider who is certified in hypertension management to possess. These competencies and the current Hypertension Canada guidelines were used as the foundation for the development of an education program called the Hypertension Canada Professional Certification Program. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2021;154:xx-xx.
Correlation Between the Glasgow Prognostic Score and the Serum Cytokine Profile in Taiwanese Patients with Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Yu Yen-Lin , Fan Chung-Wei , Tseng Wen-Ko , Chang Pei-Hung , Kuo Hsuan-Chih , Pan Yi-Ping , Yeh Kun-Yun
Published: June 2021

Background:

The Glasgow Prognostic Score and circulating cytokine levels are related to the prognosis of colorectal cancer and the severity of chronic inflammation. The association between the Glasgow Prognostic Score and circulating cytokines in colorectal cancer remains unclear.

Methods:

The levels of 10 circulating cytokines (TNF-α, TGF-β, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, and IL-23) were measured in 128 patients with colorectal cancer. The relationship between the Glasgow Prognostic Score, clinicopathologic variables, and cytokine levels was assessed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. The correlation among cytokines was also examined.

Results:

Patients with advanced stage colorectal cancer had lower levels of albumin ( P = 0.003), higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP; P < 0.001), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA; P < 0.001), interferon (IFN)-γ ( P < 0.001), and interleukin (IL)-10 ( P = 0.006), and shorter survival outcomes ( P < 0.001). Patients with a high Glasgow Prognostic Score (1 or 2) had lower 5-year progression-free survival and poor overall survival (log-rank P < 0.001). A high Glasgow Prognostic Score was significantly correlated with abnormal CEA levels (CEA > 5 ng/mL, P = 0.033), and higher levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (TNF-α ⩾ 53.9 pg/mL, P = 0.035) and IL-10 (IL-10 ⩾ 75.95 pg/mL, P = 0.008). TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-23 were significantly correlated with each other (all P < 0.05). Only IL-10 was correlated with abnormal CEA levels ( P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

The Glasgow Prognostic Score and level of circulating cytokines have an intergroup correlation, and there is a close association among cytokines in colorectal cancer.
From roadman to royalties: Inter-representational value and the hypercapitalist impulses of grime
Authors: Woods Orlando
Published: June 2021

This paper explores how digital media can cause the representational value of rap artists to be transformed. Ubiquitous access to digital recording, production and distribution technologies grants rappers an unprecedented degree of representational autonomy, meaning they are able to integrate the street aesthetic into their lyrics and music videos, and thus create content that offers a more authentic representation of their (past) lives. Sidestepping the mainstream music industry, the digital enables these integrations and bolsters the hypercapitalist impulses of content creators. I illustrate these ideas through a case study of grime artist, Bugzy Malone, who uses his music to narrate his evolution from a life of criminality (selling drugs on the street; a ‘roadman’), to one in which his representational value is recognised by commercial brands who want to partner with him because of his street credibility (collecting ‘royalties’). Bugzy Malone’s commercial success is not predicated on a departure from his criminal past, but the deliberate foregrounding of it as a marker of authenticity. The representational autonomy provided by digital media can therefore enable artists to maximise the affective cachet of the once-criminal self.
Annihilation as Segregation Philosophy: White Spaces of Law/Power/Desire
Authors: Mehmi Suneel
Published: June 2021

In this article, I investigate the spatial dimensions of the law and their relationships with desire and power. Annihilation, in my view, presents conceptions of white spaces of Law/Power/Desire that are threatened by interracial relationships associated with nightmare spaces of difference. I examine strategies of how space is conceived of and controlled in this white supremacist mindset and how categories of bodies that move through areas to form relationships are controlled. In particular, I expose how the segregation philosophy of the film relies on the control of white women and the prohibition of their connection with black men.
When two fields collide: Identifying “super-recognisers” for neuropsychological and forensic face recognition research
Authors: Bate Sarah , Portch Emma , Mestry Natalie
Published: June 2021

In the last decade, a novel individual differences approach has emerged across the face recognition literature. While the field has long been concerned with prosopagnosia (the inability to recognise facial identity), it has more recently become clear that there are vast differences in face recognition ability within the typical population. “Super-recognisers” are those individuals purported to reside at the very top of this spectrum. On one hand, these people are of interest to cognitive neuropsychologists who are motivated to explore the commonality of the face recognition continuum, whereas on the other hand, researchers from the forensic face matching field evaluate the implementation of super-recognisers into real-world police and security settings. These two rather different approaches have led to discrepancies in the definition of super-recognisers, and perhaps more fundamentally, the approach to identifying them, resulting in a lack of consistency that prohibits theoretical progress. Here, we review the protocols used in published work to identify super-recognisers, and propose a common definition and screening recommendations that can be adhered to across fields.
Climate change impacts on indigenous health promotion: the case study of Dikgale community in Limpopo Province, South Africa
Authors: Rankoana Sejabaledi A.
Published: June 2021

The most important determinants of indigenous health promotion are availability and accessibility of water, food and traditional medicine. It is for this reason that the 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion proposed the inclusion of food, water and ecosystems in any health promotion strategies. The present study describes the extent to which climate change in the form of rainfall scarcity and increased temperatures impacts the availability and accessibility of quality water, food and traditional medicine as basic determinants of indigenous health promotion. In-depth interviews were conducted with 240 participants purposely selected from Dikgale community in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study results show that availability and accessibility of water, food and traditional medicine are negatively impacted by increased temperature and scarcity of rainfall. These resources are scarcely encountered, and where they exist, they are of poor quality. However, community members resorted to modern technological practices such as sourcing water from the municipal water reticulation system, buying foodstuffs from retail outlets and immunization against disease via modern health care facilities. It can be deduced from the study that the prerequisites of indigenous health promotion are climate-sensitive. They become available and accessible under favourable climate conditions, and are scarce under unfavourable climate conditions, a situation that compromises the practice of indigenous health promotion.
Functional cortical changes associated with shoulder instability – a systematic review
Authors: Livett Morissa F , Williams Deborah , Potter Hayley , Cairns Melinda
Published: June 2021

Background

Glenohumeral joint instability is associated with structural deficits and/or alterations in sensory and motor processing; however, a proportion of patients with glenohumeral joint instability fail to respond to surgical and rehabilitative measures. This systematic review aimed to establish if functional cortical changes occur in patients with glenohumeral joint instability.

Methods

AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Medline, PEDro, Pubmed, PsychINFO and Scopus were searched from inception to 17 March 2021. Randomised controlled trials and non-randomised trials were included and quality was appraised using the Downs and Black tool.

Results

One thousand two hundred seventy-nine records were identified of which five were included in the review. All studies showed altered cortical function when comparing instability patients with healthy controls and included areas associated with higher cortical functions.

Discussion

The findings of this systematic review offer some insight as to why interventions addressing peripheral pathoanatomical factors in patients with glenohumeral joint instability may fail in some cases due to functional cortical changes. However, data are of moderate to high risk of bias. Further high-quality research is required to ascertain the degree of functional cortical changes associated with the type and duration of glenohumeral joint instability.
Shoulder electromyography activity during push-up variations: a scoping review
Authors: Kowalski Katie L , Connelly Denise M , Jakobi Jennifer M , Sadi Jackie
Published: June 2021

Background

Push-ups (PU) are a common closed chain exercise used to enhance shoulder girdle stability, with variations that alter the difficulty or target specific muscles. To appropriately select and prescribe PU exercises, an understanding of muscle activity during variations of the PU is needed. The purpose of this scoping review was to identify common PU variations and describe their muscle activation levels.

Methods

Databases searched included PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus for articles published between January 2000 and November 2019.

Results

Three hundred three articles were screened for eligibility with 30 articles included in the analysis. Six PU types and five muscles met the criteria for analysis. Weighted mean electromyography (EMG) amplitude was calculated for each muscle across PU types and for each PU type as a measure of global muscle activity. Triceps and pectoralis major had the highest EMG amplitude during unstable, suspension, incline with hands on a ball and the standard PU. Serratus anterior had the highest EMG amplitude during PU plus and incline PU. The greatest global EMG amplitude occurred during unstable surface PU.

Discussion

These results provide clinicians with a framework for prescribing PU to target specific muscles and scale exercise difficulty to facilitate rehabilitation outcomes.
Examining Sensor Agreement in Neural Network Blood Glucose Prediction
Authors: Tucker Aaron P. , Erdman Arthur G. , Schreiner Pamela J. , Ma Sisi , Chow Lisa S.
Published: June 2021

Successful measurements of interstitial glucose are a key component in providing effective care for patients with diabetes. Recently, there has been significant interest in using neural networks to forecast future glucose values from interstitial measurements collected by continuous glucose monitors (CGMs). While prediction accuracy continues to improve, in this work we investigated the effect of physiological sensor location on neural network blood glucose forecasting. We used clinical data from patients with Type 2 Diabetes who wore blinded FreeStyle Libre Pro CGMs (Abbott) on both their right and left arms continuously for 12 weeks. We trained patient-specific prediction algorithms to test the effect of sensor location on neural network forecasting ( N = 13, Female = 6, Male = 7). In 10 of our 13 patients, we found at least one significant ( P < .05) increase in forecasting error in algorithms which were tested with data taken from a different location than data which was used for training. These reported results were independent from other noticeable physiological differences between subjects (eg, height, age, weight, blood pressure) and independent from overall variance in the data. From these results we observe that CGM location can play a consequential role in neural network glucose prediction.
Nasturtium officinale Extract Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis in RAW 264 Cells by Inhibiting IκB-Kinase β
Authors: Tsunekage Yukino , Takeiri Masatoshi , Yoshioka Yuri , Matsumura Shinichi , Kimura Yoshihide , Kataoka Kohsuke
Published: June 2021

Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated, bone-absorbing cells and play a crucial role in osteolytic bone diseases such as osteopetrosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, controlling osteoclast differentiation and activation has been considered a promising strategy to prevent and treat osteolytic diseases. In this study, we demonstrate, using the mouse monocyte-derived macrophage-like cell line RAW 264, that extract from Nasturtium officinale or watercress, an herb of European origin, suppresses receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand-induced osteoclast differentiation in vitro . N. officinale extract decreased the emergence of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive differentiated multinuclear cells and inhibited their bone-absorbing activity. The extract decreased expression of genes associated with osteoclast differentiation and function. Induction of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1), the master transcriptional regulator of osteoclastogenesis, was blunted by N. officinale extract. Activation of nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways, both of which are necessary for NFATc1 induction and osteoclast differentiation, was also suppressed by the extract. Among upstream kinases, activity of IκB-kinase β (IKKβ), but not that of TGFβ-activated kinase 1, was inhibited by N. officinale extract in vitro. Pharmacological inhibition of IKKβ by a specific inhibitor PS1145 in RAW 264 cells mostly recaptured the inhibitory action of N. officinale extract. These findings provide a novel pharmacological action of N. officinale and its potential usefulness for the prevention of osteoporosis.