bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Fractional Calculus for Dynamic Problems of Solid Mechanics: Novel Trends and Recent Results
Authors: Rossikhin Yuriy A. , Shitikova Marina V.
Published: December 2009

The present state-of-the-art article is devoted to the analysis of new trends and recent results carried out during the last 10years in the field of fractional calculus application to dynamic problems of solid mechanics. This review involves the papers dealing with study of dynamic behavior of linear and nonlinear 1DOF systems, systems with two and more DOFs, as well as linear and nonlinear systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom: vibrations of rods, beams, plates, shells, suspension combined systems, and multilayered systems. Impact response of viscoelastic rods and plates is considered as well. The results obtained in the field are critically estimated in the light of the present view of the place and role of the fractional calculus in engineering problems and practice. This articles reviews 337 papers and involves 27 figures.
Atomic precision lithography on Si
Authors: Randall J. N. , Lyding J. W. , Schmucker S. , Von Ehr J. R. , Ballard J. , Saini R. , Xu H. , Ding Y.
Published: December 2009

Lithographic precision is as or more important than resolution. For decades, the semiconductor industry has been able to work with ±5% precision. However, for other applications such as micronanoelectromechanical systems, optical elements, and biointerface applications, higher precision is desirable. Lyding et al. [Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 11 (1999)] have demonstrated that a scanning tunneling microscope can be used to remove hydrogen (H) atoms from a silicon (100) 2 × 1 H-passivated surface through an electron stimulated desorption process. This can be considered e-beam lithography with a thin, self-developing resist. Patterned hydrogen layers do not make a robust etch mask, but the depassivated areas are highly reactive since they are unsatisfied covalent bonds and have been used for selective deposition of metals, oxides, semiconductors, and dopants. The depassivation lithography has shown the ability to remove single H atoms, suggesting the possibility of precise atomic patterning. This patterning process is being developed as part of a project to develop atomically precise patterned atomic layer epitaxy of silicon. However, significant challenges in sample preparation, tip technology, subnanometer pattern placement, and patterning throughput must be overcome before an automated atomic precision lithographic technology evolves.
Apparatus to measure electron reflection
Authors: Maldonado Juan R. , Sun Yun , Tsai Roger , Pease Fabian , Pianetta Piero
Published: December 2009

Controlling reflection of electrons from an array of electrodes is a key feature of an electron lithography system currently under development. Here the authors describe a technique for characterizing this control. The apparatus is only 30mm long, features simple colinear electron optics and a photocathode that emits a well-directed, monochromatic beam. The overall energy resolution is better than 1eV.
Gas assisted focused electron beam induced etching of alumina
Authors: Bret T. , Afra B. , Becker R. , Hofmann Th. , Edinger K. , Liang T. , Hoffmann P.
Published: December 2009

This study investigates focused electron beam induced etching for the removal of alumina particles on patterned extreme ultra violet (EUV) mask using nitrosyl chloride (NOCl) as assist gas. As potential contaminant, particles of aluminum oxide (alumina, Al2O3) have been successfully removed, leaving the underlying layers undamaged. Particles were applied onto an EUV mask, consisting of a multilayer Bragg mirror capped with a thin ruthenium layer and a structured tantalum nitride (TaN∕TaON) absorber/antireflective film. Alumina particles were selectively etched using the chlorine-based gas, NOCl. Neither the Ru nor the absorber was significantly etched during the process in spite of a square area scanned by the focused electron beam being larger than the particle. The process resolution is discussed based on Monte Carlo electron scattering simulations. Thermodynamic driving forces for the electron-induced reactions and its selectivity are discussed and a chemical rationale is proposed.
Development and characterization of an iodine field emission ion source for focused ion beam applications
Authors: Fedkiw Timothy P. , Lozano Paulo C.
Published: December 2009

Emission of positive and negative ions is possible when a room-temperature molten salt, or ionic liquid, is exposed to a sufficiently high electric field. Ionic liquid ion sources (ILISs) have shown potential to be used in various focused ion beam (FIB) applications, since their operation and characteristics are similar to those of liquid metal ion sources, with the advantage that ILIS work at low temperatures in comparison and a large number of ionic liquids with many different compositions are available. In this article, the authors present results on the emission characteristics of negative ions extracted from an iodine-based ionic liquid using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer and a retarding potential analyzer. The ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide (BMI-I) is used as source media, producing a droplet free beam with multiple solvated ion species. Attention is given to BMI-I, in particular, due to the potential of creating a beam of pure and clustered I-ions, which are expected to improve the performance in applications based on secondary emission and reactive species. Properties important to the focusing of the ion beam such as mass and energy distributions are obtained. The full width at half maximum of the energy distribution is measured to be on the order of 10eV, with an estimated angular intensity of 0.65×10−6Asr−1. Estimated performance of the ILIS in a hypothetical FIB column gives current densities of 0.15Acm−2.
High density submicron features using a laser pattern generator and double patterning
Authors: Gaevski Mikhail E. , Watson G. Patrick , Novembre Anthony E.
Published: December 2009

Line and space patterns have been fabricated in Si with periods as small as 1.3μm using a double patterning technique and an optical direct write tool. The pattern density of a single lithography step is shown to be limited by the proximity effect and that gratings with periods smaller than about 2.0μm are beyond the resolution of the 405nm wavelength laser direct write tool employed in these experiments. The lithography-etch–lithography-etch technique, which includes a highly selective reactive ion etch step, provides a robust way to create 4mm long gratings of 1.5μm period. Variations in this two step lithography process limit the practical minimum pitch for long gratings to about 1.4μm.
Identification of an Autoantigen Demonstrates a Link Between Interstitial Lung Disease and a Defect in Central Tolerance
Authors: Shum Anthony K. , DeVoss Jason , Tan Catherine L. , Hou Yafei , Johannes Kellsey , O’Gorman Clodagh S. , Jones Kirk D. , Sochett Etienne B. , Fong Lawrence , Anderson Mark S.
Published: December 2009

A defect in immune tolerance to self-antigens may underlie the lung damage that accompanies many autoimmune diseases.
Peer-to-Peer Sharing Spurs Scientific Innovation
Authors: Zerhouni Elias A.
Published: December 2009

The peer-to-peer renegades notwithstanding, open sharing of data among scientists must be the rule rather than the exception in the biomedical arena.
Harbingers of Metabolic Havoc
Authors: LaMarco Kelly
Published: December 2009

The exact combinations of symptoms displayed by patients may allow physicians to identify those destined to develop metabolic syndrome so that treatment can begin early.
Long-term health outcomes of youth sports injuries
Authors: Maffulli N , Longo U G , Gougoulias N , Loppini M , Denaro V
Published: December 2009

Injuries can counter the beneficial effects of sports participation at a young age if a child or adolescent is unable to continue to participate because of residual effects of injury. This paper reviews current knowledge in the field of long-term health outcomes of youth sports injuries to evaluate the evidence regarding children dropping out of sport due to injury, physeal injuries and growth disturbance, studies of injuries affecting the spine and knee of young and former athletes and surgical outcome of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in children. Studies of dropping out of sport due to injury are limited primarily to gymnasts and implicate such injuries as ACL rupture and osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow joint in the early retirement of young athletes. Although most physeal injuries resolve with treatment and rest, there is evidence of disturbed physeal growth as a result of injury. Radiological findings implicate the effects of intense physical loading and injury in the development of spinal pathology and back pain during the growth of youth athletes; however, long-term effects are unclear. Follow-up studies of young athletes and adults indicate a high risk of osteoarthritis after meniscus or ACL injury. Prospective cohort studies with a follow-up into adulthood are needed to clarify the long-term health outcomes of youth sports injuries. Important to this research is meticulous documentation of injuries on injury report forms that include age-appropriate designations of the type of injury and accurate determination of exposure-based injury rates.
Sectors of the Russian economy that would benefit from reduced cigarette sales
Authors: Merrill R M , Castleton R A , Lindsay G B
Published: December 2009

Background:

Cigarette companies argue that tobacco control measures will harm the Russian economy. Research in other countries has refuted this claim.

Objective:

To identify how current and former smokers would (or did) spend their cigarette money if (or when) they quit smoking.

Methods:

A nationwide face-to-face survey of 1599 participants aged 18 years and older in 128 cities was conducted in Russia during May 2008 by the Russian Levada Analytical Center.

Results:

In all, 10% of respondents were former smokers and 33% were current smokers. Respondents indicated that they would spend their cigarette money on selected items if they quit. These items, from most to least common are groceries, recreation, housing, clothing, transportation, healthcare and savings. The ways that cigarette money would be spent in the absence of smoking significantly differed according to smoking status, gender, age, education, income, rural versus urban residency and geographic region.

Conclusions:

Tobacco control may benefit the Russian economy by producing healthier workers and because the money that would have been used for cigarettes would be shifted primarily to groceries, recreation, housing and clothing.
DYNAMICS BEHAVIORS OF WEIGHTED LOCAL-WORLD EVOLVING NETWORKS WITH EXTENDED LINKS
Authors: WEN GUANGHUI , DUAN ZHISHENG
Published: December 2009

In this paper, we present a local-world evolving model to characterize weighted networks. By introducing the extended links to mimic the weak interactions between the nodes in different local-worlds, the model yields scale-free behavior as well as the small-world property, as confirmed in many real networks. With the increase of the local information, the generated network undergoes a transition from assortative to disassortative, meanwhile the small-world property is preserved. It indicates that the small-world property is a universal characteristic in our model. The numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the analytical expressions.
A SPECTRAL COLLOCATION APPROXIMATION FOR THE RADIAL-INFALL OF A COMPACT OBJECT INTO A SCHWARZSCHILD BLACK HOLE
Authors: JUNG JAE-HUN , KHANNA GAURAV , NAGLE IAN
Published: December 2009

The inhomogeneous Zerilli equation is solved in time-domain numerically with the Chebyshev spectral collocation method to investigate a radial-infall of the point particle towards a Schwarzschild black hole. Singular source terms due to the point particle appear in the equation in the form of the Dirac δ-function and its derivative. For the approximation of singular source terms, we use the direct derivative projection method proposed in Ref. 9 without any regularization. The gravitational waveforms are evaluated as a function of time. We compare the results of the spectral collocation method with those of the explicit second-order central-difference method. The numerical results show that the spectral collocation approximation with the direct projection method is accurate and converges rapidly when compared with the finite-difference method.
EMERGENCE OF TRAVELING PATTERN IN A PREDATOR–PREY SYSTEM
Authors: ZHOU PENG , WANG JINGYU , LI XIAODONG , JIN ZHEN
Published: December 2009

Spatial patterns have influence on modifying the temporal dynamics and stability properties of population densities at a range of spatial scales. Thus, in this paper, we have considered a predator-prey model taking into account both diffusion and migration. We present a theoretical analysis of the condition of emerging spatial pattern. The results of numerical simulations reveal that the migration has marked effect on the pattern formation of the population, i.e. changing Turing pattern to be traveling pattern. The obtained results show that the modeling by both migrations and diffusion can account for the dynamic complexity of ecosystems.
LONG DISTANCE DYNAMICS AND CONFINEMENT VIA RG DECIMATIONS
Authors: TOMBOULIS E. T.
Published: December 2009

We review a recently developed framework employing computable Renormalization Group (RG) decimations for gauge theories in the lattice regularization. They provide upper and lower bounds at every scale for free energies and some order parameters. By interpolating between these bounds representations of the exact quantities are obtained at progressively longer scales (coarser lattices). In the case of the SU(2) gauge theory in four dimensions RG flow to the confining strongly coupled regime is obtained for any initial coupling; whereas for the U(1) theory a fixed point is reached for small initial coupling.
AN IMPROVED FRACTAL IMAGE CODING METHOD
Authors: WANG XING-YUAN , LI FAN-PING , CHEN ZHI-FENG
Published: December 2009

This paper presents a fast fractal image coding method based on quadtree division, improved neighbor search and asymptotic strategy. We search the optimal matched domain block of a range block in its five nearest neighbor blocks and make asymptotic moves along the direction of potential optimal solution. If the optimal solution can not be improved, we carry out quadtree division for this range block until it caters to our demand or reaches greatest division level. The experimental results show that the coding speed of the proposed method declined slightly, but it has a better quality of reconstructed image and higher compression ratio in comparisons with no search method.
MIXED-ASPECT FRACTAL CURVES
Authors: GENTIL C. , TOSAN E. , NEVEU M.
Published: December 2009

The aim of our work is to elaborate a method to build parametric shapes (curves, surfaces, …) with a non uniform local aspect: every point is assigned a "geometric texture" that evolves continuously from a smooth aspect to a rough aspect.

We rely on previous work that enables us to represent both smooth and fractal free form curves to propose a formalism based on finite families of iterated function systems that generalizes this previous approach. The principle is to blend shapes with uniform aspects to define a shape with a variable aspect.
QUANTIFICATION OF DEPTH OF ANESTHESIA BY MEANS OF ADAPTIVE CALCULATION OF CORRELATION DIMENSION PARAMETERS
Authors: AHMADI BEHZAD , ZAGHARI BAHAREH , AMIRFATTAHI RASSOUL , MANSOURI MOJTABA
Published: December 2009

This paper proposes an approach for quantifying Depth of Anesthesia (DOA) based on correlation dimension (D2) of electroencephalogram (EEG). The single-channel EEG data was captured in both ICU and operating room while different anesthetic drugs, including propofol and isoflurane, were used. Correlation dimension was computed using various optimized parameters in order to achieve the maximum sensitivity to anesthetic drug effects and to enable real time computation. For better analysis, application of adaptive segmentation on EEG signal for estimating DOA was evaluated and compared to fixed segmentation, too. Prediction probability (PK) was used as a measure of correlation between the predictors and BIS index to evaluate the proposed methods. Appropriate correlation between DOA and correlation dimension is achieved while choosing (D2) parameters adaptively in comparison to fixed parameters due to the nonstationary nature of EEG signal.
SUBSTITUTIONS GENERATING THE FRACTAL MATRICES OF THE p-ADIC VALUATION OF THE BINOMIAL AND LEGENDRE-POLYNOMIAL COEFFICIENTS
Authors: BARBÉ A. , SKORDEV G.
Published: December 2009

We consider the fractal matrix which describes the divisibility properties of the coefficients of the Legendre polynomials by prime powers, and derive a block matrix substitution system that generates it. Central in the development is a similar substitution for a particular matrix of binomial coefficients.
COUPLED FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF MULTI-ORDERS
Authors: EAB C. H. , LIM S. C. , MAK K. H.
Published: December 2009

Recently, Deng et al. showed that a special class of coupled fractional differential equations of Caputo type with unequal rational multi-orders 0 < αi < 1 can be transformed to an equivalent system with common equal order. This paper generalizes the result to coupled differential equations of arbitrary multi-fractional orders for both Caputo and Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives.
MULTIFRACTAL ANALYSIS OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN NORMAL AND GROWTH-RESTRICTED FETUSES
Authors: KIKUCHI AKIHIKO , UNNO NOBUYA
Published: December 2009

Multifractal analysis has recently been validaded as an excellent method by which to analyze heart rate variability and in distinguishing healthy subjects from patients with various types of the cardiac nervous system dysfunction. Our objective was to improve the understanding of the multifractal properties of fetal heart rate (FHR) variability in healthy normal fetuses according to gestational age, and to determine whether the heart rate dynamics in growth-restricted fetuses is different from normal fetuses by multifractal analysis. One hundred nineteen FHR recordings obtained from healthy normal fetuses and 68 recordings obtained from small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses were analyzed to examine gestational and pathologic changes of the degree of multifractality.

A significant decrease was observed in the degree of multifractality of healthy normal fetuses according to gestational age. The degree of multifractality of SGA fetuses was significantly higher than that of healthy normal fetuses. Moreover, the degree of multifractality of complicated SGA fetuses who ultimately showed nonreassuring FHR patterns was significantly higher than that of uncomplicated SGA fetuses. And the latter was significantly higher than that of healthy normal fetuses. The degree of multifractality appears to be a sensitive probe for detecting subtle, and possibly important, changes that occur in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and may be helpful in the early and non-invasive detection of placental insufficiency or incipient IUGR. The mechanisms underlying FHR regulation in IUGR fetuses seem to be different from those of cardiac pathology in adults.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE PETROLOGY OF THE PERMIAN EVAPORITE DEPOSITS OF NORTH-EASTERN ENGLAND
Authors: DUNHAM K. C.
Published: December 2009

The carbonate associated with the evaporites is dolomite; magnesite has not so far been found. The following sequence of deposition was accompanied by metasomatism at each stage :— Dolomite→ Anhydrite→ Halite. Evidence of replacement of dolomite by anhydrite includes irregular-sided veins, replaced fossils and pseudo-ooliths, porphyroblastic and poikiloblastic crystals. Evidence of normal primary precipitation is also presented. No pre-anhydrite gypsum has been found; this mineral occurs as porphyroblasts and fibrous veins later than anhydrite. Minor occurrences of fluorite and barite in the evaporites are noted. Carboniferous limestones in the “high” beneath Billingham have been replaced by dolomite and ankerite.
ON THE ‘ROUGH ROCK’ AND LOWER COAL MEASURES NEAR CRICH, DERBYSHIRE
Authors: STEPHENS E. A.
Published: December 2009

At Ridgeway, south-east of Crich, the ‘Rough Rock’ dips eastwards beneath the Lower Coal Measures. It is overlain immediately by the Belperlawn Coal, which is followed 40 feet higher in the sequence by the Alton Coal. The purpose of this paper is to describe the peculiar lithological development of the ‘Rough Rock’ within this region, and to amend earlier views as to the thickness of strata between the Belperlawn and Alton Coals.
SOIL MECHANICS IN RELATION TO GEOLOGY
Authors: Skempton A. W.
Published: December 2009

Soil mechanics consists of the study of the physical and mechanical properties of uncemented deposits such as clays, silts and sands, and the application of these studies to the solution of civil engineering problems. The paper commences with a brief outline of the methods of measuring shear strength, and consolidation: the two most important mechanical properties of soils. Detailed consideration is then given to five problems concerning clays and silts where soil mechanics is able to contribute toward a more complete understanding of certain geological phenomena.

Firstly the application of the Atterberg Limits and particle size analysis to the quantitative description of cohesive soils is discussed. A new term, the “activity” of clays is introduced, based on the above-mentioned tests, and it is shown that activity is related to the mineralogy and the geological history of clays. Secondly, a recent investigation of landslips in the boulder clay of west Durham is described. Two basic types of movement were observed, referred to as deep rotational slip and surface slips. Their mechanism is considered, and their geometrical proportions are compared with, and shown to be similar to, those of other land-slips in widely differing clays. The sequence of valley formation by landslipping is also considered.

Thirdly, quantitative data on the consolidation (or compaction) of clays and silts are presented, which supplement those given by the author in a paper to the Geological Society in 1944. Next the questions of thixotropy and sensitivity of clays are discussed in the light of recent laboratory and field work, and it is shown that the extra-sensitive clays of marine origin (found in Canada and Scandinavia) exhibit only slight thixotropy; their unusual properties being chiefly the result of leaching out of soluble salts, subsequent to deposition. Finally the development of fissured structure in clays is briefly considered.
THE GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE JURASSIC FLORA
Authors: HARRIS T. M.
Published: December 2009

The stratigraphic relations of the flora of the Deltaic rocks of the “Yorkshire Estuarine Series” have remained unsatisfactory because of badly localised collections, ill-defined species and especially because of concentration of effort on the half-dozen best localities.

A recent search over nearly the whole outcrop has given several hundred new localities yielding determinable plants (but mostly as small fragments). These show that most species continue through all four divisions of the series. There are however real differences in the floras of successive stages. One group of species is found in a good proportion of the hundred or so localities of the Lower Deltaic, but in the two divisions of the Middle Deltaic it has very few indeed of the numerous available localities and then has a good proportion of localities again in the Upper Deltaic. A contrasted group has numerous localities in the two middle divisions, but is rare in the first and last. This is more like a change in abundance caused by a fluctuation in climate than true zonation.

It is to be noted that it is only the proportion of localities where a species is met that changes, not its abundance in a particular locality. Each locality has a flora of special character with a great abundance of certain species, and rarity of others. Even the rarest species may occur locally in millions of specimens and even form a tiny coal seam by itself.
A PETROGRAPHICAL STUDY OF MEDIAEVAL HONES FROM YORKSHIRE
Authors: Morey June E. , Dunham K. C.
Published: December 2009

Honestones from York and certain other early mediaeval sites prove on petrographical examination to include the following rook types: quartz-mica granulite, quartz-muscovite-chlorite-schist, metamorphosed siltstone, silty sandstone, chloritic siltstone, mudstone, phyllite, micaceous sandstone and siltstone, glauconitic sandstone. The metamorphic granulites and related rocks are similar to the schist hones of Mr. G. C. Dunning. The possibility of a source in Aberdeenshire is suggested, perhaps indicating an ancient trade route with the north. Typical phyllites and siltstones from the Lower Palaeozoic rocks of NW. England and the Southern Uplands were probably obtained from the local glacial drift. The sandstones include some Yorkshire Millstone Grit types, while the glauconitic sandstone is undoubtedly from the Greensand of SE. England. It is noted that all the honestones consist of rocks made up of small angular quartz grains set in a softer matrix.
NOTES ON PART OF THE UPPER LIAS SUCCESSION AT BLEA WYKE, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Dean William T.
Published: December 2009

The Upper Lias at the classic section of Blea Wyke, south of Whitby, is here described in detail for the first time, although work has been confined, at least for the present, to the more critical, upper part of the succession. All the ammonites listed have been collected
in situ
by the writer so that an attempt can be made to delimit each of the subzones. In the case of the
braunianus
and
lilli
subzones the subzonal ammonite-indices have not yet been found in Yorkshire, but a provisional correlation of the equivalent beds at Blea Wyke is here suggested on the grounds that the strata between the
fibulatus
and
variabilis
subzones fall into two well-marked divisions. Tables are given showing the vertical ranges of all the fossils found.
A RESISTIVITY INVESTIGATION OF GLACIAL DEPOSITS NEAR BEARPARK, CO. DURHAM
Authors: Habberjam G. M. , Whetton J. T.
Published: December 2009

An account is given of an electrical resistivity survey covering an area of about one square mile across the valley of the River Browney near Bearpark, Co. Durham. The investigations were concerned with the pre-Glacial valley of the River Browney which is now filled with unconsolidated material to a depth of approximately 200 feet below the level of the present river. The methods used are briefly discussed and the results obtained are compared with recent geological findings in the area.
BLUE JOHN FLUORSPAR
Authors: Ford Trevor D.
Published: December 2009

The paper presents an account of the mineralogy, geological occurrence and history of the blue and white banded fluorspar found near Castleton in Derbyshire. Blue John is shown to be a fluorspar, coloured by bituminous inclusions, deposited as cavity-linings and replacements in Carboniferous Limestone of reef and massif facies. Alternative hypotheses of the cause of the colouring in Blue John are discussed. Lying more or less parallel to the bedding of the limestones, the deposits are in pipe-veins rising up the flanks of a pseudo-anticlinal structure formerly covered by impervious Namurian shales, which now outcrop only round the flanks of Treak Cliff. The relationships between Blue John and the associated minerals (calcite, barytes, galena, pyrites and quartz) are described, and an account is given of the history of the use of Blue John and the methods of manufacturing ornaments. Reasons are given for the conclusion that the story of the use of Blue John by the Romans is without foundation.
THE RHAETIC BEDS AND TEA GREEN MARL OF NORTH YORKSHIRE
Authors: Raymond L. R.
Published: December 2009

Two main items of interest have arisen from the coring of the Rhaetic and Tea Green Marl near Whitby, namely:

the possibility of a shoreline in Lower Rhaetic times somewhere to the east of Whitby;

the mineralisation which includes:

sulphates:
Celestite SrSO
4
, Barite BaSO
4
, Anhydrite CaSO
4
and Gypsum CaSO
4
2 H
2
O

carbonates:
Strontianite SrCO
3
, Calcite CaCO
3
and Dolomite CaMg (C0
3
)
2

sulphides:
Pyrite FeS
2
, Pyrrhotite FeS (+S) and Galena PbS.
THE COAST OF HOLDERNESS: THE PROBLEM OF EROSION
Authors: Dossor John
Published: December 2009

The erosion of the Holderness coast was identified by the Royal Commission of 1906–1911 as the most serious around the coast of the British Isles. Significant factors in coastal erosion include the structure of the cliffs, beach, and sea bed; the tidal range; currents; onshore winds; and storm surges. Measurements of the rate of coast erosion in Holderness made at seven points along the coast between 1876 and 1951 are set out. The mechanism of cliff erosion and littoral drift is discussed with particular reference to the Holderness coast and the Spurn. Suggestions are made for further land reclamation in the Humber Estuary. The design and maintenance of engineering works for coast protection are discussed. It is thought impracticable to protect the whole of the coast and not economical to protect more than the urban areas and that part of the coast south of Withernsea.
DOMERIAN OF THE YORKSHIRE COAST
Authors: Howarth Michael K.
Published: December 2009

The Domerian at the sections near Whitby of Hawsker Bottoms, Kettleness, and Staithes is described in detail. Ammonites listed from each bed have been collected
in situ
by the writer, and the sequences of species obtained are used as the basis of a critical revision and redefinition of the subzoning of the Domerian. Large-scale maps of the exposures on the foreshore at Staithes are given, and a correlation chart indicates the lateral variation in lithology and ammonite sequences between the three sections. Comparisons with other British and Continental Domerian sections are outlined.

In the palaeontological section description of the Amaltheid ammonites is limited to an account of the sequence of species, with short descriptions of some of the more problematical ones; the highest Liparoceratids are summarily described. Rare Domerian representatives of the Hildoceratid ammonites are described in greater detail, as two of the genera are new to the British Isles. A table is given showing the vertical range of all the ammonites found.
GIGANTOPRODUCTUS EDELBURGENSIS
(PHILLIPS) AND RELATED SPECIES
Authors: Prentice J. E.
Published: December 2009

The study of several collections of large, coarsely-ornamented productids shows that three species may be distinguished.
Gigantoproductus edelburgensis
has a moderately thin shell, and is confined to P
1a
—P
1c
horizons;
G.
cf.
moderatus
has a characteristic shape and is only known from P
1c
horizons in North Wales;
Semiplanus fragilis
sp. nov., with a very thin shell, is limited to reef-limestones of B
2
—P
1a
age. The analysis of shell form in terms of growth-spirals is attempted, and shows significant differences between the species; it is concluded that
S. fragilis
is not very closely related to the other two species. The holotype of
G. edelburgensis
is described, the variation is given for each assemblage, and limits suggested for the species.
THE GEOLOGY OF THE KEASDEN AREA, WEST OF SETTLE, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Moseley F.
Published: December 2009

The Keasden district is between the Millstone Grit areas of the Lancaster Fells on the west and Rombalds Moor and Keighley on the east, and provides a link between those two regions. The sequence is very similar to that of the Lancaster Fells, the main points of difference being the transition of the Pendle Grit into sandy shales with sandstones, the thinning of the Upper Caton Shales and a slight thickening of the Bentham Grit Group. Most of the marine horizons found farther west are still to be found. The Lower Caton Shale sequence (E
2bi
and
ii
) is identical with that of the Lancaster Fells.

There is very little folding in the area and normally the beds dip north-wards at angles of between 5 and 15 degrees. Faulting is more important and there is a series of north-west trending normal faults, the majority of which throw down to the north-east.
THE SCALPA SANDSTONE OF THE ISLE OF RAASAY, INNER HEBRIDES
Authors: Howarth Michael K.
Published: December 2009

The Scalpa Sandstone of Raasay is 405 feet thick, and it ranges from the middle of the Ibex Zone of the Lower Lias to the lower part of the Tenuicostatum Zone of the Upper Lias.

The Lower Liassic part contains rare representatives of Liparoceratid ammonites, and these give some indication of the subzonal divisions. The Middle Liassic part yields an abundance of Amaltheid ammonites except in the lowest beds, and precise zones and subzones have been recognized. The two zones of the Middle Lias, the Margaritatus and Spinatum Zones, are 140 and 134 feet thick respectively. The Amaltheids and sediments of the Margaritatus Zone do not differ widely from those of this zone on the Yorkshire and Dorset coasts. The sediments and thickness of the Spinatum Zone are totally different from those in Yorkshire and Dorset, and the Amaltheids are almost completely different from those in the Yorkshire Spinatum Zone, but show some resemblances to those of Dorset, and contain other elements peculiar to Raasay. The Upper Liassic part is only 6 feet thick and contains a few Dactylioceratids.

Stratigraphical records of a considerable number of brachiopods are included in the detailed section.
THE GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE LAKE DISTRICT
Authors: Mitchell G. H.
Published: December 2009

The large amount of geological work carried out in the Lake District during the past forty years is summarized. It includes much mapping of the Ordovician rocks, which has resulted in important conclusions regarding the stratigraphy and structure of the area. Ideas regarding the later history of the district suggested by the revision of Carboniferous and younger rocks on the margins of the Lake District proper are discussed and an account given of recent views on the geomorphology and glacial history of the area.
A RECORD OF THE RATE OF EROSION ON MILLSTONE GRIT
Authors: Young Anthony
Published: December 2009

The volume of sediment deposited in Strines Reservoir, Yorkshire, over a period of 87 years indicates an annual loss of material from the area draining into it equivalent to a layer of 0.04 in. thickness from the whole of the valleys, or 0.12 in. thickness if it is assumed that the material is derived very largely from the steeper slopes.
THE YOREDALE SERIES OF UPPER WENSLEYDALE AND ADJACENT PARTS OF NORTH-WEST YORKSHIRE
Authors: Moore Derek
Published: December 2009

The type succession for the Yoredale Series is slightly amended at the base to include the Hawes Limestone, a name resurrected for the topmost beds (parts of D
1
and D
2
) of the Great Scar Limestone. The lateral variations of the series, up to the top of the Main Limestone, are described in detail, particularly the “Non-Calcareous Measures” between the major limestones. These may contain minor limestones, capable of limited correlation, as in the Hardrow Scar and Simonstone Cyclothems. The rock types are compared with those of a modern delta and an extensive correlation is found possible, leading to the suggestion that the Yoredale Series results from the intermittent deltaic invasions of a shallow limestone sea. It is deduced that periodic diversions of the delta river produced silting up of the main channel upstream; regional subsidence carried the abandoned delta below sea-level and limestone was deposited. During this time the river was building up a second delta to the east which eventually was similarly abandoned, and the river returned to its old course. Repetition of these events produced the Yoredale Series.
CEMENTED SHEAR-PLANES IN THE PLEISTOCENE MIDDLE SANDS OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE
Authors: Taylor B. J.
Published: December 2009

The origin of load-induced shear-planes in the Middle Sands is related to their stratigraphical position between the till sheets of the Main Irish Sea Glaciation and the Irish Sea Re-advance. Thin sections of the shear-planes show that they have undergone iron enrichment owing to differential capillarity.
HEAVY MINERALS IN THE MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE OF YORKSHIRE
Authors: Crampton C. B.
Published: December 2009

Heavy minerals in the Magnesian Limestone of Yorkshire have been separated, identified and their relative proportions ascertained. The mineral assemblage is reasonably constant throughout the limestone succession within the small area studied, and is characterized by abundant colourless zircon and monazite, green tourmaline, colourless garnet and amber rutile, with smaller amounts of anatase, amphiboles, pyroxenes, fluorite, epidote, topaz, staurolito and sphene.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE BURNSALL-CRACOE DISTRICT AND ITS BEARING ON THE ORIGIN OF THE CRACOE KNOLL-REEFS
Authors: Black W. W.
Published: December 2009

The structures found in the Cracoe reef-limestones are considered in relation to those found in the overlying Bowland Shales and Grassington Grit, and also to those found in the district as a whole. Although there is evidence of widespread breaks in the succession, angular unconformity occurs only in the reef area proper, where Bowland Shales and Grassington Grit overlap against eminences of reef limestone within which “pre-shale” dips can be demonstrated. While it is not possible to prove conclusively whether these dips are tectonic or are original dips of deposition, the latter explanation is considered to be the most consistent with the evidence found within this restricted district and also with existing knowledge of Lower Carboniferous reef limestones as a whole.

It is concluded that an original knoll-reef topography, with original dips, was partly buried by Lower Bowland Shales which, however, lie with no disparity of dip on adjacent non-reef limestones; that intermittent uplift, with minor faulting, and with some erosion of reef limestones and of the limestones forming on the edge of the bank to the north, occurred in P
2
and early E
1
times with the formation of boulder beds in the Bowland Shales; that this erosion surface was completely buried by the deposition of the Upper Bow-land Shales and Grassington Grit; and that the whole of this succession was later folded and faulted during the Armorican earth movements.

Dips in the Bowland Shales due to differential compaction over the underlying irregular surface are likely to be present and to be of the order of 10–15 degrees at a maximum. Such dips have, however, been obscured by the later earth movements.
EPIGENETIC MINERALIZATION IN YORKSHIRE
Authors: Dunham K. C.
Published: December 2009

The lead-zinc-copper-fluorine-barium deposits of N.W. Yorkshire are discordant veins and associated replacements of epigenetic origin. A summary of previous ideas shows that the principle of stratigraphic control has been recognized from earliest times. The structural setting of the deposits on the Rigid Block and their relation to preferred horizons in the Viséan and Namurian rocks is described. After a review of current genetic hypotheses it is suggested that at the time of mineralization, an active circulation of deep groundwaters was augmented by juvenile waters from acidic magmatism in the crust or from still deeper levels. The possible roles of metamorphic and connate waters are considered.
MARINE BANDS OF ARNSBERGIAN AGE (NAMURIAN) IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN PORTION OF THE ASKRIGG BLOCK, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Wilson A. A. , Thompson A. T.
Published: December 2009

The Cockhill Marine Band of earliest Arnsbergian (E
2
) age persists throughout the south-east quadrant of the Askrigg Block, and yields a large fauna, including the characteristic goniatite,
Cravenoceras cowlingense;
there is an increasing abundance of brachiopods towards the north. A new locality in the Mirk Fell Ironstone Series in Upper Swaledale yielding
C. cowlingense
is described. The Colsterdale Marine Beds of Arnsbergian age also persist throughout the area, two beds of shale being separated by the Colsterdale Limestone. The marine shales below the limestone vary locally in thickness, especially in the north where in Colsterdale thickening is accompanied by the appearance of a nuculid-gastropod fauna. Faunal characteristics of the marine beds are considered in terms of both lateral and chronological changes, and a case made out for a progressively deeper or more saline environment towards the southern margin of the Askrigg Block at the time of deposition of the upper part of the Colsterdale Marine Beds.
POLLEN SPECTRA FROM THE INTERGLACIAL DEPOSITS AT KIRMINGTON, LINCOLNSHIRE
Authors: Watts W. A.
Published: December 2009

A deposit of silt and peat at Kirmington, Lincolnshire was formed under estuarine conditions during a temperate stage of an interglacial period. Pollen spectra from the peat are compatible with a Hoxnian (Penultimate) Interglacial age.
THE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE CARADOC SERIES IN THE CROSS FELL INLIER
Authors: Dean W. T.
Published: December 2009

The rocks of the Caradoc Series in the Cross Fell Inlier have been re-examined and their faunas, almost exclusively of shelly type, collected systematically. As a result a fairly detailed correlation with the stages of the south Shropshire succession is now possible. Bancroft’s published results are re-assessed and many of his conclusions, including that of the correlation between the shelly and graptolitic faunas, considerably modified. Detailed faunal lists and maps are appended, and correlations with other Ordovician sucessions, including parts of Scandinavia, discussed. It is proposed that in the Knock-Dufton district the term “
Corona
Beds” should be confined to strata of Lower Longvillian age, and “Dufton Shales” used for beds ranging from Upper Longvillian to Pusgillian in age. The Caradoc strata near Melmerby are shown to be of Longvillian age and the name “Melmerby Beds” is proposed for them. The Pusgillian is equated, at least approximately, with the Zone of
Pleurograptus linearis,
and is believed to be older than the
Diacalymene
Beds, the lowest subdivision of the Ashgill Series. The Swindale or
Staurocephalus
Limestone of Swindale Beck is probably disconformable on the Dufton Shales there. The Ashgill Series near the head of Billy’s Beck is shown to be more fully developed than was thought, and the structural relations of the rocks there and nearby are discussed.
STRATIGRAPHIC MAPS FROM DATA OBSERVED AT OUTCROP
Authors: Krumbein W. C.
Published: December 2009

Stratigraphic mapping methods were developed largely for sub-surface studies, but the same techniques can be used with surface data where sections of the stratigraphic unit are available over an area instead of along a relatively narrow strip. The basic maps include a structure contour map and an isopach map to show the geometry of the stratigraphic unit, and one or more contour-type facies maps that show variations in rock composition. Interpretation of the maps is commonly aided by trend surface analysis that removes local fluctuations from the data and permits clearer examinations of the broad patterns of areal variation.
POST-GLACIAL EROSION OF THE NORTH YORKSHIRE COAST FROM THE TEES ESTUARY TO RAVENSCAR
Authors: Agar Rodmell
Published: December 2009

This length of coast has been examined for physical evidence of the changes which have occurred in the past 10,000 years. The present rate of cliff foot recession has been determined by survey to average thirty feet per century for the bare shale foreshore and cliffs. The presence of cliff foot debris on the solid coast and glacial drift in the bays results in an average of about sixteen feet per century for cliff foot recession of the whole length of coast, and as active erosion has only reached the cliff top in certain stretches, the average erosion of the cliff top is about seven feet per century.

Knowledge of post-glacial sea-level variations has been applied to estimate erosion conditions applying in the past. The conclusion is reached that present conditions are exceptionally favourable for rapid erosion.

Early post-glacial marine erosion swept away the glacial drift blanket from the present sea-bed, then erosion of the solid cliff extended the wave-cut foreshore by an average of about seventy feet, this width having been cut down to its present level within the past thousand years.

The old cliff foot line, lying about seventy feet from the present cliff, is considered to be of Last (Eemian) Interglacial age.
A GRAVITY SURVEY OFF THE COAST OF NORTH-EAST ENGLAND
Authors: Bott M. H. P.
Published: December 2009

During summer, 1959, seventy-five gravity measurements were made off the Durham coast, north-east England, using an underwater gravimeter. The Bouguer anomalies are interpreted as indicating the pattern of Lower Carboniferous sedimentation associated with the seaward extensions of the Ninety Fathom and Butterknowle Faults.
JOINTS IN THE WHIN SILL AND ASSOCIATED SEDIMENTS IN UPPER TEESDALE, NORTHERN PENNINES
Authors: Spears D. A.
Published: December 2009

In both the Whin Sill and the associated sediments in Upper Teesdale most of the joints belong to two vertical sets intersecting approximately at right angles. This system is very similar to that described by Dunham (1933) in the sedimentary rocks of Weardale. Both are believed to have originated after the intrusion of the sill, owing to the relaxation of stresses upon uplift. The nature of the joints and their relationship to the mineralization of the area are also briefly discussed.
CLAVIRADIX, A NEW GENUS OF THE FAMILY PALAEOCORYNIDAE FROM THE CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS OF COUNTY DURHAM
Authors: Ferguson J.
Published: December 2009

A new genus and three new species of the family Palaeocorynidae Duncan and Jenkins 1869, from the Carboniferous (Lower Namurian) shales of Stanhope, County Durham, are described and figured. Previous literature is reviewed and the difficulties of classification discussed.
THE EROSION SURFACES OF EAST LINCOLNSHIRE
Authors: Straw Allan
Published: December 2009

Five dissected erosion surfaces in the Lincolnshire Wolds are described, ranging between 550 and 80 feet O.D., and a lower well-preserved wave-cut platform is shown to underlie the Marsh to the east. The age and origin of these features and the drainage are discussed.

The Humber fault and the Audleby monocline are believed to have strongly influenced the development of the surfaces and evolution of the drainage in the northern Wolds. It is suggested that these structures are younger than the summit surface and were formed about the end of the Pliocene period.