bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Maceration Divergently Shifts Protein Degradability in Condensed‐Tannin vs. o‐Quinone Containing Conserved Forages
Authors: Grabber John H.
Published: March 2008

Conditioning and conservation methods may interact with polyphenols to alter forage crude protein (CP) solubility and degradability. In this study, forages with ∼200 g CP kg−1 dry matter were roll conditioned or macerated, conserved as hay or silage, and then analyzed for CP fractions. Shifting from roll conditioning to maceration of polyphenol‐free alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) reduced buffer soluble protein (SP) with little effect on protease rumen‐undegradable protein (RUP) and intestinal available protein (IAP, RUP minus acid‐detergent insoluble CP). In birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), condensed tannin (CT) and maceration independently reduced SP and increased RUP to yield up to 62% more IAP in hay and 145% more IAP in silage than alfalfa. Based on results with trefoil, roll‐conditioned forage with 70 to 120 g CT kg−1 CP or macerated forage with more modest CT levels should meet a 350 g RUP kg−1 CP target to support 35 kg d−1 milk yield by cattle. In roll‐conditioned red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), o‐quinones formed by polyphenol oxidase reduced SP and increased RUP to yield 50% more IAP in hay and 88% more IAP in silage than alfalfa. Surprisingly, maceration reduced SP, RUP, and IAP in clover. Following maceration, RUP and IAP in conserved clover and trefoil responded similarly to CT, suggesting that maceration disabled o‐quinone protection of protein substrates. Although red clover has high RUP, low reported milk yields indicate o‐quinones might depress IAP.
Seeding Rate and Nitrogen Management on Milling and Baking Quality of Hard Red Spring Wheat Genotypes
Authors: Otteson Brian N. , Mergoum Mohamed , Ransom Joel K.
Published: March 2008

The end‐use value of hard red spring wheat (HRSW) (Triticum aestivum L.) is determined by many factors including grain protein content (GPC), grain volume weight (GVW), thousand‐kernel weight (TKW), and milling and baking characteristics. These quality traits can be affected by environment, genotype, seeding rate, and nitrogen management. Experiments were conducted under dryland (Casselton, ND) and irrigated (Carrington, ND) conditions in 2003 to 2005 to determine the influence of seeding rate and N management on spring wheat quality in selected genotypes. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of HRSW genotypes (‘Alsen’, ‘Briggs’, ‘Granite’, and ND 740), seeding rates (2.9 and 4.2 million seeds ha−1), N rate (140 and 224 kg ha−1 for the non‐irrigated site, 168 and 280 kg ha−1 for the irrigated site), and timing of N application (pre‐plant, 2‐split applications, and 3‐split applications). Genotype was the only factor that consistently affected the various quality traits measured. There were few interactions between factors and all involved genotype. GPC and GVW of Granite were 0.5 g kg−1 and 14 kg m−3 greater, respectively, than any of the other genotypes. Over all treatments, increasing the N rate increased the grain protein content by 8 g kg−1 GPC was correlated with loaf volume but negatively correlated with flour extraction. Applying N in three splits when compared to applying it all preplant increased baking absorption by 0.8%, increased the mixograph score by 0.4 units, and decreased mixing time by 0.2 min. Seeding rate did not result in a significant change in grain quality or milling and baking quality in this study. Overall, genotype was the most important factor in determining grain quality and milling and baking performance. To a lesser extent, N timing influenced grain quality, particularly in its mixing characteristics.
Comparison and Assessment of Aerial and Ground Estimates of Waterbird Colonies
Authors: GREEN M. CLAY , LUENT MARGARET C. , MICHOT THOMAS C. , JESKE CLINTON W. , LEBERG PAUL L.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Aerial surveys are often used to quantify sizes of waterbird colonies; however, these surveys would benefit from a better understanding of associated biases. We compared estimates of breeding pairs of waterbirds, in colonies across southern Louisiana, USA, made from the ground, fixed‐wing aircraft, and a helicopter. We used a marked‐subsample method for ground‐counting colonies to obtain estimates of error and visibility bias. We made comparisons over 2 sampling periods: 1) surveys conducted on the same colonies using all 3 methods during 3–11 May 2005 and 2) an expanded fixed‐wing and ground‐survey comparison conducted over 4 periods (May and Jun, 2004–2005). Estimates from fixed‐wing aircraft were approximately 65% higher than those from ground counts for overall estimated number of breeding pairs and for both dark and white‐plumaged species. The coefficient of determination between estimates based on ground and fixed‐wing aircraft was ≤0.40 for most species, and based on the assumption that estimates from the ground were closer to the true count, fixed‐wing aerial surveys appeared to overestimate numbers of nesting birds of some species; this bias often increased with the size of the colony. Unlike estimates from fixed‐wing aircraft, numbers of nesting pairs made from ground and helicopter surveys were very similar for all species we observed. Ground counts by one observer resulted in underestimated number of breeding pairs by 20% on average. The marked‐subsample method provided an estimate of the number of missed nests as well as an estimate of precision. These estimates represent a major advantage of marked‐subsample ground counts over aerial methods; however, ground counts are difficult in large or remote colonies. Helicopter surveys and ground counts provide less biased, more precise estimates of breeding pairs than do surveys made from fixed‐wing aircraft. We recommend managers employ ground counts using double observers for surveying waterbird colonies when feasible. Fixed‐wing aerial surveys may be suitable to determine colony activity and composition of common waterbird species. The most appropriate combination of survey approaches will be based on the need for precise and unbiased estimates, balanced with financial and logistical constraints. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72(3):697–706; 2008)
Effects of Road Crossings on Stream and Streamside Salamanders
Authors: WARD RYAN L. , ANDERSON JAMES T. , PETTY J. TODD
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Salamanders are important members of faunal communities in Appalachian Mountain (USA) streams, and the use of salamanders as bioindicators is increasing. Roads are a part of the modern landscape, but effects of roads on stream and streamside salamander diversity and abundance is not clear. We sampled streams in central West Virginia, USA, using quadrats placed along transects in the flowing channel, dry channel, and stream bank to assess salamander diversity, richness, and abundance during 2004. We used Akaike's Information Criterion for model selection at reach (i.e., above and below culverts) and stream scales. Salamander diversity and richness was affected by elevation, stream gradient, canopy cover, and the presence of roads. Overall, stream and riparian habitat quality was the most important factor affecting salamander richness. The presence of roads, stream gradient, and elevation received the most empirical support for predicting species' abundances. Roads benefited disturbance‐tolerant species but negatively affected other species. Impacts of roads and culverts on habitat should be considered by federal and state transportation agencies and natural resources agencies during the planning process and addressed through mitigation efforts. Managers should install culverts that are as wide as the stream channel, at grade with the streambed, and dominated by rubble substrate to provide maximum benefit for salamanders. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72(3):760–771; 2008)
Common Loon Survival Rates and Mercury in New England and Wisconsin
Authors: MITRO MATTHEW G. , EVERS DAVID C. , MEYER MICHAEL W. , PIPER WALTER H.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Bioaccumulation of toxic environmental mercury may affect the vital rates of piscivores such as the common loon (Gavia immer). Although immediate effects of mercury on early development or reproduction can be determined from short‐term field studies or dosing experiments, long‐term effects on survival for a long‐lived species such as the common loon must be discerned from large, long‐term observational data sets. We analyzed band‐resight and mercury data for 776 adult loons in Wisconsin and New England, USA, from 1991 to 2001 to 1) estimate annual survival rates and 2) investigate the relation between mercury exposure and survival. The model‐averaged estimate of apparent survival was 0.87, whereas the approximate survival rate (accounting for movement) was 0.92. We found no differences in apparent survival by geographic location or sex and no relation between survival and mercury. Power analyses showed that we were only likely to detect differences in survival ≥3%. Small differences in survival (<3%), which may be important to loon population viability, were unlikely to be detected in our dataset. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72(3):665–673; 2008)
Forested Buffer Strips and Breeding Bird Communities in Southeast Alaska
Authors: KISSLING MICHELLE L. , GARTON EDWARD O.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Forested buffer strips are used to mitigate fragmentation and habitat loss and are a common feature in management of riparian landscapes. Low‐elevation, old‐growth coastal forests are a rare riparian habitat that can benefit from similar conservation measures. We evaluated the effectiveness of postlogging, forested buffer strips for forest‐dwelling birds in the coastal temperate rainforest of southeast Alaska, USA. Our objective was to compare bird composition and density among forested buffer strips of differing widths and controls at the stand and landscape scales. We applied a 2‐stage sampling design stratified by forested buffer width and randomly selected 24 managed and 18 control sites to sample over 2 breeding seasons. We estimated abundance of birds using the paired‐observer, variable‐circular plot method. We modeled combined effects of buffer width and vegetation and landscape characteristics on bird density at 2 spatial scales. Species richness and diversity were greatest in the narrowest buffers, but species composition in the largest buffers (≥400 m) was most similar to that in control blocks. Abundance of 3 of 10 common species differed across forested buffer treatments and controls. Densities of red‐breasted sapsucker (Sphyrapicus ruber) and Pacific‐slope flycatcher (Empidonax difficilis) were positively related to buffer width, whereas density of ruby‐crowned kinglet (Regulus calendula) was negatively associated with buffer width. Parameter estimates for buffer width effects at both spatial scales were similar within species. We found few habitat and landscape variables that clearly affected density of our focal species, and among species no predictor variables affected density in a similar fashion. We recommend retaining forested buffers ≥400 m to support composition and abundance of forest‐dwelling birds, particularly those species that rely on interior forest conditions. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72(3):674‐681; 2008)
Moist‐Soil Seed Abundance in Managed Wetlands in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley
Authors: KROSS JENNIFER , KAMINSKI RICHARD M. , REINECKE KENNETH J. , PENNY EDWARD J. , PEARSE AARON T.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Managed moist‐soil units support early succession herbaceous vegetation that produces seeds, tubers, and other plant parts used by waterfowl in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV), USA. We conducted a stratified multi‐stage sample survey on state and federal lands in the MAV of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Missouri during autumns 2002–2004 to generate a contemporary estimate of combined dry mass of seeds and tubers (herein seed abundance) in managed moist‐soil units for use by the Lower Mississippi Valley Joint Venture (LMVJV) of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan. We also examined variation in mean seed abundance among moist‐soil units in 2003 and 2004 in relation to management intensity (active or passive), soil pH and nutrient levels, proportional occurrence of plant life‐forms (e.g., grass, flatsedge, and forb; vine; woody plants), and unit area. Estimates of mean seed abundance were similar in 2002 (x̄ = 537.1 kg/ha, SE = 100.1) and 2004 (x̄ = 555.2 kg/ha, SE = 105.2) but 35–40% less in 2003 (x̄ = 396.8 kg/ha, SE = 116.1). Averaged over years, seed abundance was 496.3 kg/ha (SE = 62.0; CV = 12.5%). Multiple regression analysis indicated seed abundance varied among moist‐soil units inversely with proportional occurrence of woody vegetation and unit area and was greater in actively than passively managed units (R2adj = 0.37). Species of early succession grasses occurred more frequently in actively than passively managed units (P ≤ 0.09), whereas mid‐ and late‐succession plants occurred more often in passively managed units (P ≤ 0.02). We recommend the LMVJV consider 556 kg/ha as a measure of seed abundance for use in estimating carrying capacity in managed moist‐soil units on public lands in the MAV. We recommend active management of moist‐soil units to achieve maximum potential seed production and further research to determine recovery rates of seeds of various sizes from core samples and the relationship between seed abundance and unit area. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72(3):707–714; 2008)
Seasonal Altitudinal Movements of Golden Takin in the Qinling Mountains of China
Authors: ZENG ZHI‐GAO , SKIDMORE ANDREW K. , SONG YAN‐LING , WANG TIE‐JUN , GONG HUI‐SHENG
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We studied seasonal movements of golden takin (Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi), a large, social, forest‐dwelling ungulate, by radiotracking and field surveys during 1995–1996 and 2002–2005 at Foping National Nature Reserve on the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains, China. Takins inhabited forests and subalpine meadows at an altitudinal range from 1,360 m to 2,890 m. Our results showed that golden takins had a complicated seasonal movement pattern and underwent altitudinal migration 4 times each year. Takins occupied a high‐altitude range during summer, stayed at low‐altitude ranges for short periods during spring and autumn, and resided at an intermediate‐altitude range during winter. Changes in plant phenology may have caused seasonal movements. Reserves for takin conservation should incorporate lower altitude habitats than those takins use in spring and autumn, and seasonal movements by takins should be protected from disturbance by human activities. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72(3):611–617; 2008)
Evaluation of Cage‐Traps and Cable Restraint Devices to Capture Red Foxes in Spain
Authors: MUÑOZ‐IGUALADA JAIME , SHIVIK JOHN A. , DOMÍNGUEZ FRANCISCO G. , LARA JOSÉ , GONZÁLEZ LUIS MARIANO
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A growing international concern for the welfare of animals, combined with the need to capture and handle specific species for conservation, management, or recreational purposes, is increasing the need for scientific evaluation of capture methods. We evaluated the efficiency, selectivity, and injury of cable restraint devices and cage‐traps for capture of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in 4 sites of Castilla y León (Spain) during spring of 2006. All traps performed similarly at all sites, with no apparent site and trap interactions. Fox capture rates and mechanical efficiencies of the Belisle® (Edouard Belisle, Saint Veronique, PQ, Canada) and Collarum® (Wildlife Control Supplies, East Granby, CT; mention of product names does not infer endorsement) were similar, but both had higher capture rates than the cage‐trap. Similar to previous studies, the Collarum was 100% selective for canids and had a selectivity of 94.4 overall, which was higher than that for the Belisle (63.4); both Collarum and Belisle were much more selective than the cage‐trap (21.4). Fox injuries were statistically indistinguishable using injury scores, but the Collarum and the Belisle surpassed international standards for humane trapping; an insufficient number of animals were captured in cage‐traps to allow evaluation. Both the Collarum and the Belisle may be useful for the capture of foxes in Spain, but training and experience with each may be necessary to ensure the highest efficiency while preventing injuries, especially to nontarget species. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72(3):830–836; 2008)
Estimation and Correction of Visibility Bias in Aerial Surveys of Wintering Ducks
Authors: PEARSE AARON T. , GERARD PATRICK D. , DINSMORE STEPHEN J. , KAMINSKI RICHARD M. , REINECKE KENNETH J.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Incomplete detection of all individuals leading to negative bias in abundance estimates is a pervasive source of error in aerial surveys of wildlife, and correcting that bias is a critical step in improving surveys. We conducted experiments using duck decoys as surrogates for live ducks to estimate bias associated with surveys of wintering ducks in Mississippi, USA. We found detection of decoy groups was related to wetland cover type (open vs. forested), group size (1–100 decoys), and interaction of these variables. Observers who detected decoy groups reported counts that averaged 78% of the decoys actually present, and this counting bias was not influenced by either covariate cited above. We integrated this sightability model into estimation procedures for our sample surveys with weight adjustments derived from probabilities of group detection (estimated by logistic regression) and count bias. To estimate variances of abundance estimates, we used bootstrap resampling of transects included in aerial surveys and data from the bias‐correction experiment. When we implemented bias correction procedures on data from a field survey conducted in January 2004, we found bias‐corrected estimates of abundance increased 36–42%, and associated standard errors increased 38–55%, depending on species or group estimated. We deemed our method successful for integrating correction of visibility bias in an existing sample survey design for wintering ducks in Mississippi, and we believe this procedure could be implemented in a variety of sampling problems for other locations and species. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72(3):808–813; 2008)
Variance of Stratified Survey Estimators With Probability of Detection Adjustments
Authors: FIEBERG JOHN , GIUDICE JOHN
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Estimates of wildlife population sizes are frequently constructed by combining counts of observed animals from a stratified survey of aerial sampling units with an estimated probability of detecting animals. Unlike traditional stratified survey designs, stratum‐specific estimates of population size will be correlated if a common detection model is used to adjust counts for undetected animals in all strata. We illustrate this concept in the context of aerial surveys, considering 2 cases: 1) a single‐detection parameter is estimated under the assumption of constant detection probabilities, and 2) a logistic‐regression model is used to estimate heterogeneous detection probabilities. Naïve estimates of variance formed by summing stratum‐specific estimates of variance may result in significant bias, particularly if there are a large number of strata, if detection probabilities are small, or if estimates of detection probabilities are imprecise. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72(3):837–844; 2008)
What Does Being Gay Have to Do with It? A Feminist Analysis of the Jubran Case
Authors: Dafnos Tia
Published: March 2008

Azmi Jubran was subjected to homophobic harassment throughout his high school experience. In 1996, he filed a human rights complaint against the Vancouver School Board alleging discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation. His case was the first in Canada to deal with the issue of school responsibility for peer-to-peer harassment. It also makes a significant contribution to the jurisprudence in the realm of sexual orientation harassment and discrimination. This is because Jubran did not identify as homosexual. Using a critical feminist analysis, this paper analyses the decisions and opinions of the British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal, Superior Court, and Court of Appeal regarding the relevance of sexual orientation identity and the recognition of harm in the case. Drucilla Cornell's concept of sexual shame, Gail Mason's linking of sexuality harassment to visibility and naming, and Judith Butler's discussion of the power of words to injure are discussed in relation to the case as to whether it would qualify as harassment under these conceptualizations. It is argued that while the precedent carries the possibility of eliminating homophobia in schools, there are significant concerns with the legalistic human rights mechanism that potentially undermine efforts to eliminate oppression and achieve social equality.
Private Security's Purchase: Imaginings of a Security Patrol in a Canadian Residential Neighbourhood
Authors: Brown Jeffrey , Lippert Randy
Published: March 2008

This paper explores a small residential private security program in an affluent Ontario neighbourhood in which individual residents hired a private firm to provide security patrols. Drawing primarily on in-depth interviews with program subscribers, this exploratory study examines consumers’ imaginings of the private security program and its context. Four key aspects of subscribers’ discourse – exclusivity, security, public and private patrols, and responsibility – are discussed. Through analysis of consumers’ understandings of these issues, we argue that the consumption of private security may be more complex and private security's purchase on the consumer imagination weaker than earlier theory and research has acknowledged. Based on these findings we suggest more research into private security consumption is required and that neighbourhood-initiated private security programs, especially those without state endorsement or support, are unlikely to proliferate in Canada.
An Algorithmic Complexity Interpretation of Lin's Third Law of Information Theory
Authors: Ratsaby Joel
Published: March 2008

Instead of static entropy we assert that the Kolmogorov complexity of a static structure such as a solid is the proper measure of disorder (or chaoticity). A static structure in a surrounding perfectly-random universe acts as an interfering entity which introduces local disruption in randomness. This is modeled by a selection rule R which selects a subsequence of the random input sequence that hits the structure. Through the inequality that relates stochasticity and chaoticity of random binary sequences we maintain that Lin’s notion of stability corresponds to the stability of the frequency of 1s in the selected subsequence. This explains why more complex static structures are less stable. Lin’s third law is represented as the inevitable change that static structure undergo towards conforming to the universe’s perfect randomness.
Freeze‐Casting of Porous Ceramics: A Review of Current Achievements and Issues
Authors: Deville S.
Published: March 2008

Freeze‐casting, the templating of porous structures by the solidification of a solvent, have seen a great deal of efforts during the last few years. Of particular interest are the unique structure and properties exhibited by porous freeze‐casted ceramics, which opened new opportunities in the field of cellular ceramics. The objective of this review is to provide a first understanding of the process as of today, with particular attention being paid on the underlying principles of the structure formation mechanisms and the influence of processing parameters on the structure. This analysis highlights the current limits of both the understanding and the control of the process. A few perspectives are given, with regards of the current achievements, interests and identified issues.
Towards Designing Stable Pd‐Based Membranes for Hydrogen Gas Separation: A Statistical Thermodynamics Approach
Authors: Nanu Diana E. , Böttger Amarante J.
Published: March 2008

A method to design new, not yet synthesized, multicomponent alloys based on knowledge of binary alloys is applied to develop Pd‐alloys for membranes for gas separation. The approach couples the cluster variation method with effective pair potentials to describe the phase boundaries between theα‐solid solution (low hydrogen content) andβ‐hydride phases. The calculations illustrate (i) that the method can predictα − βphase boundaries of hydrogen in binary and ternary Pd‐alloys, (ii) how the relative interaction strengths of filled and empty interstitial sites influence the width of the miscibility gap, (iii) that the hydrogen absorption capacity of an alloy is related to the hydride phase stability and (iv) the presence of short range order of hydrogen inβ‐hydrides.
Oligophenylenevinylenes in Spatially Confined Nanochannels: Monitoring Intermolecular Interactions by UV/Vis and Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Aloshyna Mariya , Medina Begoña Milián , Poulsen Lars , Moreau Juliette , Beljonne David , Cornil Jérôme , Di Silvestro Giuseppe , Cerminara Michele , Meinardi Francesco , Tubino Riccardo , Detert Heiner , Schrader Sigurd , Egelhaaf Hans‐Joachim , Botta Chiara , Gierschner Johannes
Published: March 2008

Perhydrotriphenylene‐based channel‐forming inclusion compounds (ICs) and thin films made of polyphenylenevinylene (PPV)‐type oligomers with terminal alkoxy groups are investigated and compared in a combined experimental and theoretical approach. Interchromophore interactions and host‐guest interactions are elucidated by UV/Vis and Raman spectroscopy. The impact of the local environment of the chromophore on the optical and photophysical properties is discussed in light of quantum‐chemical calculations. In stark contrast to thin films where preferential side‐by‐side orientation leads to quenching of photoluminescence (PL) via non‐emissive traps, the ICs are found to be attractive materials for opto‐electronic applications: they offer high chromophore concentrations, but at the same time behave as quasi‐isolated entities of tightly packed, well‐oriented objects with high PL quantum yields and the possibility of color tuning.
Biocompatible, Luminescent Silver@Phenol Formaldehyde Resin Core/Shell Nanospheres: Large‐Scale Synthesis and Application for In Vivo Bioimaging
Authors: Guo Shi‐Rui , Gong Jun‐Yan , Jiang Peng , Wu Mian , Lu Yang , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: March 2008

Biocompatible and green luminescent monodisperse silver/phenol formaldehyde resin core/shell spheres with controllable sizes, in the range of 180 to 1000 nm, and interesting architectures (centric, eccentric, and coenocytic core/shell spheres) have been synthesized by a facile one‐step hydrothermal approach. These spheres can be used as bioimaging labels for human lung cancer H1299 cells. The results demonstrate that the nanoparticles can be internalized into cells and exhibit no cytotoxic effects, showing that such novel biocompatible core/shell structures can potentially be used as in vivo bioimaging labels. This facile one‐pot polymerization and encapsulation technique may provide a useful tool to synthesize other core/shell particles that have potential application in biotechnology.
A Novel Ruthenium‐Phosphorus Amorphous Alloy Catalyst for Maltose Hydrogenation to Maltitol
Authors: Li Hui , Chu Dongsheng , Liu Jun , Qiao Minghua , Dai Weilin , Li Hexing
Published: March 2008

A ruthenium‐phosphorus (Ru‐P) amorphous alloy catalyst was prepared by chemical reduction of ruthenium(III) ions [Ru3+] with hypophosphite [H2PO2−] in aqueous solution and was applied to the liquid‐phase hydrogenation of maltose. In comparison with other reference catalysts, Ru‐P showed significant activity as evident in the order: Ru‐P> Ru‐B≫ Ni‐P> Co‐P≫ Raney Ni. Furthermore, this catalyst was also found to be more durable during this hydrogenation process. Special emphasis was laid on a comparative study of Ru‐P and Ru‐B catalysts to get an insight into the excellent catalytic performances of Ru‐P.
Simply Modified Chiral Diphosphine: Catalyst Recycling via Non‐covalent Absorption on Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Xing Liang , Xie Jian‐Hua , Chen Yong‐Sheng , Wang Li‐Xin , Zhou Qi‐Lin
Published: March 2008

A new type of recyclable chiral catalyst system was developed by absorption of pyrene‐modified Pyrphos rhodium catalyst onto carbon nanotubes via π‐π stacking interaction. This modified catalyst was successfully applied in the asymmetric hydrogenation of α‐dehydroamino esters for nine cycles without obvious deterioration of activity and enantioselectivity.
Brief communication: Paleopathology of the Kiik‐Koba 1 Neandertal
Authors: Trinkaus Erik , Maley Blaine , Buzhilova Alexandra P.
Published: March 2008

The Kiik‐Koba 1 Neandertal partial skeleton (canine, partial hands, partial leg, and feet), of a ≈40‐year‐old probable male, exhibits a suite of pathological lesions, including hypercementosis, minor fibrous ossifications, pedal phalangeal fracture, and pronounced enthesopathies on the patella and calcanei in the context of no articular degenerations. The first two sets of lesions are related to age in the context of advanced dental attrition and physical strains. The third lesion joins a series of healed minor traumatic lesions among the Neandertals. The last represents either pronounced tendinous inflammation, albeit in the context of no articular degenerations, or a case of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) in the Late Pleistocene. Kiik‐Koba 1 therefore adds to the high incidence of pathological lesions among the Neandertals and, if a diagnosis of DISH is correct, to a high frequency of this disorder among older Neandertals. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carbonsäuren als Substrate in der homogenen Katalyse
Authors: Gooßen Lukas J. , Rodríguez Nuria , Gooßen Käthe
Published: March 2008

In organischen Molekülen zählen Carbonsäuregruppen zu den häufigsten Funktionalitäten. Seit langem dienen aktivierte Derivate der Carbonsäuren als vielseitige Anknüpfungspunkte bei Derivatisierungen und beim Aufbau von Kohlenstoffgerüsten. In den letzten Jahren sind zahlreiche katalytische Transformationen entdeckt worden, mit deren Hilfe Carbonsäuren ohne zusätzlichen Aktivierungsschritt direkt als Bausteine nutzbar werden. Über vielfältige Reaktionspfade wurde so aus dieser einzelnen Funktionalität eine große Zahl unterschiedlicher Produktklassen zugänglich. Der Vortitel illustriert einen wichtigen Grund dafür: In den Katalysezyklen kann aus Acylmetallkomplexen Kohlenmonoxidgas, aus Carboxylatkomplexen gasförmiges Kohlendioxid freigesetzt werden, wobei jeweils unterschiedliche metallorganische Spezies gebildet werden. So können Carbonsäuren zu Syntheseäquivalenten von Acyl‐, Aryl‐ oder Alkylhalogeniden sowie von metallorganischen Reagentien werden. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über interessante katalytische Transformationen von Carbonsäuren und einigen aus ihnen in situ zugänglichen Derivaten. Er soll dazu einladen, diese neuen Methoden zu ergänzen, weiter zu entwickeln und in der organischen Synthese einzusetzen.
Synthesis and properties of silicon‐containing bismaleimide resins
Authors: Tang Haoyu , Song Naiheng , Chen Xiaofang , Fan Xinghe , Zhou Qifeng
Published: March 2008

Two novel bismaleimide (BMI) monomers containing silicon atom in the structure, i.e., bis[4‐(4‐maleimidophenylcarbonyloxy)phenyl]dimethylsilane (BMI‐SiE1) and bis[4‐(4‐maleimidophenyloxycarbonyl)phenyl]dimethylsilane (BMI‐SiE2), were designed, synthesized, and polymerized with and without the use of diamine as comonomers to yield novel silicon‐containing BMI resins. Both monomers obtained are readily soluble in organic solvents, such as chloroform and N, N‐dimethylformamide. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis investigation of these two monomers indicated a high polymerization temperature (Tp > 240°C) and a good thermal and thermo‐oxidative stability of cured BMI resins. The onset temperature for 5% weight loss was found to be above 450°C in nitrogen and above 400°C in the air. Polymerization of BMI‐SiE1 and BMI‐SiE2 with 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylether (DPE) yielded a series of polyaspartimides that had good solubility and could be thermally cured at 250°C. TGA investigations of the cured diamine‐modified BMI resins showed onset of degradation temperatures (Tds) in the range of 344–360°C in nitrogen and 332–360°C in the air. Composites based on the cured diamine‐modified BMI resins and glass cloth were prepared and characterized for their dynamic mechanical properties. All the composites showed high glass transition temperatures (e.g., >190°C) and high bending modulus in the range of 1000–2700 MPa. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Dielectric relaxation and Poole–Frenkel conduction in poly(vinyl chloride) blends with bisphenol A/Egyptian corncob resin
Authors: Ahmed M. A. , Hanafy T. A.
Published: March 2008

The dielectric constant (ε′), dielectric loss index (ε″), direct‐current conductivity, and current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of pure poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and blends of PVC and bisphenol A/Egyptian corncobs (BCC) were investigated at different temperatures. The relaxation processes for PVC and its blends revealed that PVC and BCC had an incompatible phase. PVC blends with 5 wt % BCC exhibited a peculiar I–V behavior. Both ε′ and ε″ were used to study miscibility and phase behavior in blends of PVC. The activation energies of all PVC samples were calculated. At higher voltages, the conduction mechanism could be identified as the Poole–Frenkel type. In addition, the ionic groups of BCC could enhance the PVC conductivity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
A disposition kinetic study of tramadol in rat perfused liver
Authors: Rouini Mohammad‐Reza , Ghazi‐Khansari Mahmoud , Ardakani Yalda H. , Dasian Zahra , Lavasani Hoda
Published: March 2008

A recirculated perfusion system was used to investigate the metabolism of tramadol, an analgesic agent, in the isolated perfused rat liver. Tramadol was added to the perfusion medium at a concentration of 300 ng/ml, and the perfusate samples were collected for 180 min. The concentration of tramadol and its three main metabolites O‐desmethyltramadol (M1) and N‐desmethyltramadol (M2) and N,O‐didesmethyltramadol (M5) were determined in perfusate samples by a rapid HPLC method. All through the study, the phase I metabolism of tramadol led to the formation of M1 metabolite from early sampling points while M5 metabolite was detectable after 50 min in 6 out of 10 perfused livers and the M2 metabolite was not detectable in any experiment. The kinetic parameters of tramadol and two detectable metabolites (M1 and M5) were then calculated in perfusate samples. The tramadol concentration decreased from 297.8 to 159.6 ng/ml, with a mean half‐life of 232.4 min and a hepatic clearance of 0.73 ml/min. After 180 min, the mean concentration of M1 reached 59.5 ng/ml, resulting in a metabolic ratio of 16%, while the formation of M5 metabolite continued to a mean concentration of 14.6 ng/ml resulting in a metabolic ratio of 2% using AUC(0−180min). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic analysis of selenium embryotoxicity in cultured postimplantation rat embryos
Authors: Usami Makoto , Mitsunaga Katsuyoshi , Nakazawa Ken , Doi Osamu
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: Developmental toxicity of selenium (Se) is a nutritional, environmental and medicinal concern. Here, we investigated Se embryotoxicity by proteomic analysis of cultured rat embryos. METHODS: Rat embryos at day 9.5 or 10.5 of gestation were cultured for 48 or 24 h, respectively, in the presence of sodium selenate (100 or 150 µM) or sodium selenite (20 or 30 µM). Proteins from the embryo proper and yolk sac membrane were analyzed by two‐dimensional electrophoresis for quantitative changes from those in control embryos. Proteins with quantitative changes were identified by mass spectrometric analysis. RESULTS: Growth inhibition and morphological abnormalities of cultured embryos were observed in all the Se treatment groups. By the analysis of the embryo proper, actin‐binding proteins were identified as proteins with quantitative changes by selenate: increased phosphorylated‐cofilin 1, increased phosphorylated‐destrin, decreased drebrin E, and decreased myosin light polypeptide 3. Many proteins showed similar changes between selenate and selenite, including increased ATP‐synthase, decreased acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein P0, and decreased pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate reductase‐like. In the yolk sac membrane, antioxidant proteins were identified for protein spots with quantitative changes by selenite: increased peroxiredoxin 1 and increased glutathione S‐transferase. CONCLUSION: The identified proteins with quantitative changes by selenate or selenite were considered to be candidate proteins involved in Se embryotoxicity: the actin‐binding proteins for selenate embryotoxicity, proteins with the similar changes for the common Se embryotoxicity and antioxidant proteins for modification of Se embryotoxicity by redox‐related treatments. These proteins may also be used as biomarkers in developmental toxicity studies. Birth Defects Res (Part B), 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental approaches to microarray analysis of tumor samples
Authors: Furge Laura Lowe , Winter Michael B. , Meyers Jacob I. , Furge Kyle A.
Published: March 2008

Comprehensive measurement of gene expression using high‐density nucleic acid arrays (i.e. microarrays) has become an important tool for investigating the molecular differences in clinical and research samples. Consequently, inclusion of discussion in biochemistry, molecular biology, or other appropriate courses of microarray technologies has become essential in training the modern scientist. The following article offers preparatory and problem‐solving questions for engaging students in the understanding of microarray technologies for use in conjunction with other course materials relating to discussions of microarray technology.
Measuring intracellular enzyme concentrations
Authors: Miranda Hugo Vicente , Ferreira António E. N. , Quintas Alexandre , Cordeiro Carlos , Freire Ana Ponces
Published: March 2008

Enzymology is one of the fundamental areas of biochemistry and involves the study of the structure, kinetics, and regulation of enzyme activity. Research in this area is often conducted with purified enzymes and extrapolated to in vivo conditions. The specificity constant, kS, is the ratio between kcat (the catalytic constant) and Km (Michaelis–Menten constant), and expresses the efficiency of an enzyme as a catalyst. This parameter is usually determined for purified enzymes, and in this work, we propose a classroom experiment for its determination in situ, in permeabilized yeast cells, based on a method of external enzyme addition, which was previously reported. Under these conditions, which resemble the in vivo state, enzyme concentrations and protein interactions are preserved. The students are presented with a novel approach in enzymology, based on the titration methods that allow the measurement of the enzyme amount, and thus the kcat and kS. The method will also be used to investigate the effect of exposure to oxidative stress conditions on yeast glyoxalase I.
Rapid screening of polysaccharide‐based plasma volume expanders dextran and hydroxyethyl starch in human urine by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Guddat Sven , Thevis Mario , Thomas Andreas , Schänzer Wilhelm
Published: March 2008

The increasing number of samples and target substances in doping control requires continuously improved screening methods, combining high‐throughput analysis, simplified sample preparation, robustness and reliability. Hence, a rapid screening procedure based on liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry with in‐source collision‐induced dissociation was developed. The detection of the polysaccharide‐based plasma volume expanders dextran and hydroxyethyl starch (HES) in human urine was established without further sample preparation. The in‐source fragmentation strategy of the approach represented a valuable tool in the analysis of the polysaccharide‐based compounds, allowing the use of tandem mass spectrometry. After direct injection of urine specimens, analytes were chromatographically separated on a monolithic reverse‐phase column and detected via multiple reaction monitoring of diagnostic ions at detection limits of 10 µg/mL for HES and 30 µg/mL for dextran. Validation was performed regarding the parameters specificity, linearity, precision (8–18%) and accuracy (77–105%) and the method was applied to the investigation of approximately 400 doping control samples and seven dextran and two hydroxyethyl starch post‐administration samples. The approach demonstrated its capability as a rapid screening tool for the detection of dextran and hydroxyethyl starch and represents an alternative to existing screening procedures since time consuming hydrolysis or derivatization steps were omitted. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accessory muscles in the lower part of the anterior compartment of the arm that may entrap neurovascular elements
Authors: Paraskevas G. , Natsis K. , Ioannidis O. , Papaziogas B. , Kitsoulis P. , Spanidou S.
Published: March 2008

The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of abnormal muscular bands of the anterior compartment of the arm that may compress the median, the ulnar, and the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve as well as the brachial artery and vein, thus causing entrapment at and above the elbow. A total of 56 adult cadavers were studied during routine dissections that occurred in our laboratory. In the 112 upper limbs studied, we found three variant muscles of the flexor compartment of the arm (2.68%) entrapping nerves and vessels. The first muscle was emerging from the tendon of long head of biceps brachii and coracobrachialis muscle insertion. The second muscle inserted partially into the belly of biceps brachii and should be considered as a supernumenary head of biceps brachii. The third muscle, in fact, represents an accessory fascicle of the brachialis muscle that is an embryonic remnant of that muscle. A number of structures cross anterior to the median, ulnar, and medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve as well as the brachial artery and vein. Compression of nerves and vessels may be caused by additional muscular bundles that pass anterior to these structures. These additional muscular bundles arise either from the brachialis, coracobrachialis, or biceps brachii muscle. Such variations have clinical implications and should be considered in patients, with a high median or ulnar or medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve paralysis with symptoms of lower brachial artery or brachial vein compression. Clin. Anat. 21: 246–251, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Testing panel consistency with GCAP method in food profile analysis
Authors: Kollár‐Hunek K. , Heszberger J. , Kókai Z. , Láng‐Lázi M. , Papp E.
Published: March 2008

The analysis of descriptive sensory data is a very complex task in food product development and in food quality management. One of the key issues is the reliability of the panel members in making decisions. The authors created a software – the ProfiSens, based on Visual Basic for Excel (VBE) – for the IT support of food profile analysis. Using this software we have developed a method for testing panel consistency. This method is based on the geometrical properties of the profile polygon. It offers a fast and expressive way for the qualification of the panel, and the authors created its VBE implementation, too, that can be easily linked to the basic ProfiSens software. In this paper we discuss the mathematical background and the algorithm of the method in every detail, and we show several applications in the fields of research, education and industry. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2H NMR Studies on Two‐Homopolypeptide Lyotropic Enantiodiscriminating Mesophases: Experimental Quantification of Solute–Fiber Affinities
Authors: Lesot Philippe , Lafon Olivier , Aroulanda Christie , Dong Ronald Y.
Published: March 2008

The analytical potential and enantioselective properties of lyotropic mesophases made by mixing two chemically different chiral polypeptides are described. Here we examine the case of a mixture of poly‐γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate (PBLG) and poly‐ε‐carbobenzyloxy‐L‐lysine (PCBLL). We demonstrate that 2H NMR spectroscopy on these chiral oriented mixtures can discriminate both enantiomers and enantiotopic directions in prochiral molecules. Moreover, in such systems, degree of enantiodiscrimination, resolution, and sensitivity can be conjointly optimized by changing the relative proportion of the two polypeptides. Therefore, these new enantiodiscriminating media provide a favorable alternative to single‐polypeptide mesophases with respect to stereochemical applications. At a more fundamental level, the present work points out that solute distribution in the vicinity of each polypeptide partly governs the degree of enantiodiscrimination and NMR relaxation rates. To this end, the experimental trends of solute NMR observables (ΔνQ, T1) versus the fraction of peptide units of each polymer were analyzed by using a “mean‐field” model derived from that proposed for mixtures of thermotropic nematic solvents, and based on the separation of intermolecular interactions between the solute and both polypeptides. This approach allows the relative solute–fiber affinities in these lyotropic systems to be determined. To identify the factors controlling solute–polypeptide affinities, we investigated various solutes (polar/apolar, rigid/flexible, achiral/prochiral/chiral molecules) using 2H NMR at natural abundance or on isotopically enriched solutes.
Self‐Assembled 3D Architectures of LuBO3:Eu3+: Phase‐Selective Synthesis, Growth Mechanism, and Tunable Luminescent Properties
Authors: Yang Jun , Li Chunxia , Zhang Xiaoming , Quan Zewei , Zhang Cuimiao , Li Huaiyong , Lin Jun
Published: March 2008

Rhombohedral‐calcite and hexagonal‐vaterite types of LuBO3:Eu3+ microparticles with various complex self‐assembled 3D architectures have been prepared selectively by an efficient surfactant‐ and template‐free hydrothermal process for the first time. X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, photoluminescence, and cathodoluminescence spectra as well as kinetic decays were used to characterize the samples. The pH, temperature, concentration, solvent, and reaction time have a crucial influence on the phase formation, shape evolution, and microstructure. The reaction mechanism is considered as a dissolution/precipitation process; it is proposed that the self‐assembly evolution occurs by homocentric layer‐by‐layer growth. Under UV excitation and low‐voltage electron beam excitation, calcite‐type LuBO3:Eu3+ particles show a strong orange emission corresponding to the 5D0→7F1 transition of Eu3+ whereas vaterite‐type LuBO3:Eu3+ particles exhibit a strong red emission with much higher R/O values (that is, chromatically redder fluorescence than that of crystals grown from a direct solid‐state reaction). The tunable luminescent properties have potential applications in fluorescent lamps and field emission displays.