bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are addictions “biases and errors” in the rational decision process?
Authors: Khalil Elias L.
Published: July 2008

Redish et al. view addictions as errors arising from the weak access points of the system of decision-making. They do not analytically distinguish between addictions, on the one hand, and errors highlighted by behavioural decision theory, such as over-confidence, representativeness heuristics, conjunction fallacy, and so on, on the other. Redish et al.'s decision-making framework may not be comprehensive enough to capture addictions.
Expanding the range of vulnerabilities to pathological gambling: A consideration of over-fast discounting processes
Authors: Lejuez Carl W. , Potenza Marc N.
Published: July 2008

Redish et al. present a compelling, interdisciplinary, unified framework of addiction. The effort to integrate pathological gambling is especially important, but only the vulnerability of misclassifying situations is described in detail as being linked directly to this disorder. This commentary focuses on further developing the comprehensiveness of this framework for pathological gambling using over-fast discounting as an illustrative example.
Bridging the gap between science and drug policy: From “what” and “how” to “whom” and “when”
Authors: MacCoun Robert J.
Published: July 2008

For all its problems, the microeconomic “rational addiction” theory had the appeal of making clear predictions about the effects of various drug policies. The emerging picture of the “what” and “how” of addiction is far more complex. Addiction scientists might help bridge the science–policy gap by devoting more attention to the “whom” and “when” of addiction.
Laminated currents
Authors: FORNÆSS JOHN ERIK , WANG YINXIA , WOLD ERLEND FORNÆSS
Published: July 2008

In this paper we prove the equivalence of two definitions of laminated currents.
Semi-focusing billiards: ergodicity
Authors: BUNIMOVICH LEONID A. , DEL MAGNO GIANLUIGI
Published: July 2008

In Bunimovich and Del Magno [Semi-focusing billiards: hyperbolicity. Comm. Math. Phys.262 (2006), 17–32], we proved that billiards in certain three-dimensional convex domains are hyperbolic. In this paper, we continue the study of these systems, and prove that they enjoy the Bernoulli property. This result answers affirmatively a long-standing question on the existence of ergodic billiards in convex domains in dimensions greater than two. Besides, it shows that the chaotic components of the first rigorously investigated three-dimensional billiards with mixed phase space (mushroom billiards), introduced in Bunimovich and Del Magno, are in fact Bernoulli.
Meromorphic solutions of higher order Briot–Bouquet differential equations
Authors: EREMENKO ALEXANDRE E , LIAO LIANGWEN , NG TUEN WAI
Published: July 2008

For differential equations P(y(k), y)=0, where P is a polynomial, we prove that all meromorphic solutions having at least one pole are elliptic functions, possibly degenerate.
A pilot study of the effect of providing daily free fruit to primary-school children in Auckland, New Zealand
Authors: Ashfield-Watt Pauline AL , Stewart Elizabeth A , Scheffer Judi A
Published: July 2008

Objective

To determine the uptake of a free fruit provision to low-decile primary-school children by quantitatively assessing changes in fruit intake.

Design

A randomised controlled trial using a paired, cluster randomisation.

Setting

Twenty low-decile primary schools (schools attended by the most deprived children) in Auckland, New Zealand.

Subjects

In total 2032 children, aged 7–11 years, provided data on at least one occasion.

Intervention

Ten pairs of low-decile primary schools matched by roll size and location were randomly allocated to control (no free fruit) or intervention (free fruit) for a school term. Dietary assessments using the 24 h recall methodology were made at baseline, on the last week of the intervention and 6 weeks post-intervention.

Results

Fruit intakes in this cohort were lower than the national average with over 40 % reporting no fruit intake at baseline and did not differ between groups. After the free fruit period the intervention group increased school fruit intakes by 0·39 pieces/school d from baseline (P≤ 0·001) and the proportion of children consuming no fruit reduced to 22 %. This increase, however, was not sustained and fruit intakes fell below baseline levels at 6 weeks post-intervention. Control subjects did not significantly alter their fruit intakes throughout the study.

Conclusions

Improving exposure and accessibility to fruits at school increases fruit intakes of low socio-economic group children, particularly those who do not normally eat fruit. The present pilot study demonstrates some possible negative effects of short-term free fruit interventions, but is informative for developing and evaluating sustained fruit intervention programmes.
Fish intake and the risk of fatal prostate cancer: findings from a cohort study in Japan
Authors: Pham Truong-Minh , Fujino Yoshihisa , Kubo Tatsuhiko , Ide Reiko , Tokui Noritaka , Mizoue Tetsuya , Ogimoto Itsuro , Matsuda Shinya , Yoshimura Takesumi
Published: July 2008

Objective

We investigated the relationship between the intake of fish and the risk of death from prostate cancer.

Design

Data were derived from a prospective cohort study in Japan. Fish consumption obtained from a baseline questionnaire was classified into the two categories of ‘low intake’ and ‘high intake’. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals.

Subjects

Data for 5589 men aged 30–79 years were analysed.

Results

A total of twenty-one prostate cancer deaths were observed during 75 072 person-years of follow-up. Mean age at baseline study of these twenty-one subjects was 67·7 years, ranging from 47 and 79 years old. Results showed a consistent inverse association of this cancer between the high v. low intake groups. The multivariate model adjusted for potential confounding factors and some other food items showed a HR of 0·12 (95 % CI 0·05, 0·32) for the high intake group of fish consumption.

Conclusions

These results support the hypothesis that a high intake of fish may decrease the risk of prostate cancer death. Given the paucity of studies examining the association between prostate cancer and fish consumption, particularly in Asian populations, these findings require confirmation in additional cohort studies.
The role and future of subject classification: the exploitation of resources
Authors: Marcella Rita
Published: July 2008

‘Classification, then, is a tool for very simple but infinitely important purposes. Its whole object is to secure an order which will be useful to readers and to those who seek information with the smallest complication of search or other effort. It is a technique designed to expedite the full use of the knowledge stored in books and other material housed in the collection.’ (Maltby, 1975). Rita Marcella expounds her view of the importance of subject classification.
Transcripts: Bane or Boon?
Authors: Munday Roderick
Published: July 2008

Roderick Munday, Fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge and Editor-in-chief of the Justice of the Peace Reports, shares his invaluable perception and extensive research on the difficulties which arise from the excess of access to judgments.
Finding Information from the National Assembly for Wales
Authors: Speight Simon
Published: July 2008

Following its General Election victory in 1997, the new Labour Government set out its plans for devolution in Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. The proposals for a National Assembly for Wales were outlined in A Voice for Wales, published as a White Paper in July 1997. A referendum on the proposals was held on 18 September and, as many people know, the result was very close, with the outcome not known until the very last result was declared. In the end, however, the people of Wales said “Yes” to the Assembly by a margin of just 0.6% – 50.3% voting in favour of the Assembly, with 49.7% rejecting the proposals.
FLAG Project: Survey Results
Authors: Clinch Peter
Published: July 2008

The Foreign Law Guide (FLAG) Project, which aims to build a Web inventory to the holdings of foreign legal materials in university and college libraries throughout the United Kingdom, is one of about 12 collection management projects, funded by the Research Support Libraries Programme (RSLP). It is believed to be the only project which included within its research proposal the requirement to carry out a survey of user needs to assist in the design of the end-product of the project: the Web inventory.The purpose of the survey, as stated in the bid document, would be to:

establish the present and future requirements for foreign, comparative and international legal materials

discover what information researchers need on foreign law, how they obtain it and what they expect libraries to provide

provide essential information for decision-making on collection development and influence the production of the law Web map.

The Project Management Committee considered it important to attempt to obtain the views of as wide a range of users of foreign legal materials as possible. Attempts were made to include (a) non-lawyers working in related disciplines, (b) research support staff and PhD. students as well as academics, and (c) law librarians and information officers.
The Road to Library Chartership
Authors: Malsher Carolyn
Published: July 2008

A select group of delegates gathered in the sauna-like atmosphere of the silver Springs cellar to learn how, and indeed why, we should put ourselves forward for Library Association chartership.
Information Audits
Authors: Johnson Guy
Published: July 2008

Although one can read differing accounts of what is involved in information auditing, most commentators would probably accept that audits are, in some form or another, a type of investigation undertaken for the purpose of optimising information use within organisations. In practice this can range from the compilation of a straightforward inventory of published materials to an analysis of information use and flow across the whole of an organisation's operations. Despite differences in scope, most audits are likely to consist of a survey of the organisation combined with some form of gap analysis.
Wanderings in Foreign Parts
Authors: Miller John
Published: July 2008

I saw the ad for ‘Head Librarian’ at Central European University in Prague in July 1993 after I had stopped for coffee in a grotty service area on the M5, en route from the impossible job in Glasgow to the exciting job in Somerset (holding both of those down simultaneously was an interesting geographical challenge in itself…). Of course, I knew I had no chance at all, but applied anyway, and by some minor miracle they offered me the post.
Sawasdee Ka from Bangkok
Authors: Wright Emma
Published: July 2008

I came to Thailand 18 months ago. An amazing opportunity had arisen to work in Bangkok and as my ‘other half’ was also being transferred, off we set. The contract was to work in our Bangkok office for 2/3 years in a regional role supplying commercial information and research to the five Asian offices and, of course, experience the life of another country.
Digitisation: Do We Have a Strategy?
Authors: Pearson David
Published: July 2008

The notion that we are living through times of great change in the communication of information and the transmission of texts is a truism which will bring a weary look to most professionals with any kind of involvement in the area. The digital age, the information age, the electronic age — we've all heard these terms so many times and have sat through innumerable discussions, and seen even more documents, trying to sort out what it all means. There are almost as many views on the likely pace of change and the shape of the landscape 10 or 20 years from now as there are librarians to hold forth on the subject. Perhaps this helps to explain why the library community as a whole seems to be in such a rudderless state regarding the creation of digital content; no shortage of action, but no overall sense of direction. I am talking here about digitisation of our documentary heritage, that vast mass of books, archives and other media which fill our library shelves today.
Another one bites the dust…
Authors: Cook Roger
Published: July 2008

So Lawtel has become part of the ever-growing empire that is Sweet & Maxwell. Their duopoly with Butterworths extends and the poor librarian has one less independent place to go to for information. But the question is, how will this affect us in our daily lives? Will we see this very good service swallowed up and become part of Westlaw or will it remain functioning independently?
E-learning: a Step Change in Developing our People
Authors: Boyd Lorraine
Published: July 2008

E-learning – is it all it's made out to be? Does it deliver what it promises? In this article, I hope to convince you that it does? I'll explain why, as Head of Resource Development for the Retail Branch Networks for the Royal Bank of Scotland Group, I believe it has proved successful. The Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) and National Westminster (NW) Branch Networks consist of over 2,300 branches employing approximately 30,000 people throughout the U.K. My team are responsible for the design, development and implementation of training and development for these staff. We consider that in today's climate of accelerated change, high performance depends critically on the extent to which our intellectual capital is built, refreshed and leveraged – why?

Our customers expect that, as a minimum, our people are appropriately trained and can handle all their enquiries efficiently and effectively. Competent staff and the delivery of excellent customer service are not an option for the Group, but a necessity if we are to sustain our competitive advantage in the financial market place.
Discovering a Canadian Focus: the JSI in Canada: Part 1
Authors: Gough Aynsley
Published: July 2008

My trip to British Columbia to attend the Third Joint Study Institute in May this year has definitely been one of the highlights of my career so far! After applying for and successfully receiving a BIALL overseas bursary I had the most fantastic opportunity to hop across the globe and embark on a fascinating and challenging journey into Canadian law and history! I thought I would share a selection of the most memorable moments of the trip with you.
Badgers and Bovines: a Professional Development Experience in Wisconsin
Authors: Mawson Maria
Published: July 2008

On 18th April 2002, I found myself on a flight to Chicago. My ultimate destination was Madison, Wisconsin, and I would be spending the next month at the University of Wisconsin's Law Library. This article gives me the opportunity to share some of my experiences, as well as outlining the benefits of this type of professional development opportunity.
New Bill to extend Legal Deposit to Non-Print Materials
Authors: Coult Graham
Published: July 2008

A campaign to bring the law up-to-date with the current world of publishing has been led by the British Library, on behalf of all the legal deposit libraries and the publisher trade bodies. If the move is successful, new generic legislation will ensure that non-print formats are included within legal deposit – allowing UK businesses and education to benefit from access to the widest possible collections of research material, now and in the future.
Implementations in the UK of EU Directive 29/2001 on Copyright part 1: Consulting the experts, raising awareness, identifying the main issues, and the consultation process
Authors: Coult Graham
Published: July 2008

One of the most satisfying aspects of editing a magazine such as Managing Information, is the gathering together of expertise to help people improve their abilities and the services they provide and to facilitate, through raised awareness and discussion, the development of solutions to issues. Just such an opportunity has presented itself over the past year in the form of the imminent implementation of EU Directive 29/2001.
Information Ethics: Codes, Cases and Conclusions
Authors: Bebbington Laurence W.
Published: July 2008

“If the Information Society is to be both open and universal it should develop along the principles embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They are, among others, the right to freedom of expression, free access to information, the right to education and the right to participate in cultural life.’ (UNESCO 2000)
FBI in your Library? The USA PATRIOT Act and its Implications for Libraries
Authors: Stevenson Valerie
Published: July 2008

The title of the legislation commonly referred to as the USA PATRIOT Act is in fact an acronym: the full name of this 342-page act is the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act, passed on 26 October 2001. It amends more than 15 federal statutes covering criminal procedure, computer fraud and abuse, foreign intelligence, wiretapping and the privacy of student records. The USA PATRIOT legislation was introduced by Attorney-General John Ashcroft who sought to increase the powers to fight terrorism following the September 11 attacks on New York and Washington DC. Some concern was expressed at the lack of public debate when the legislation was introduced: the Act was passed in around six weeks.
Disability Discrimination
Authors: Morrall Stephen , Urquhart Charles
Published: July 2008

Disability discrimination law is a fast evolving area of the law in England and Wales. This article sets out the basic concepts of what constitutes a “disability”, what constitutes “discrimination” and some of the factors that tribunals, employees and employers should consider in a disability discrimination dispute.
Lawbore: a legal Gateway for City University
Authors: Allbon Emily , Bromley Andy
Published: July 2008

Lawbore is a subject-orientated gateway to legal resources developed at City University, which has been created as a community site for the law department. Lawbore's features include regular polls, articles written by City staff and students, legal news and useful legal quotes. It aims to attract students with its time based structure, snappy resource descriptions, direct links into articles within databases, interactive qualities, relevance to module content and easy navigation. Although launched at the end of April, it is expected that usage will be low-key at a time when most students are frantically revising. The real test will not come until the new academic year.
Law-Making and Devolution: the Northern Ireland Experience
Authors: Morison John
Published: July 2008

In Northern Ireland there has been a lot of interesting experience of devolution (although rather less of lawmaking, especially recently). Indeed, the experience of devolution in Northern Ireland is greater than elsewhere in the United Kingdom as this present (interrupted) phase is the third version that has taken place. Such a history, involving as it does not just various failures but also a fifty year record of relative stability might suggest that Northern Ireland has particular lessons to offer to the devolution process that the UK has experienced since 1998.
Library Resources
Authors: Webster Mandy
Published: July 2008

Mandy Webster continues her series of surveys of materials available on the internet, concentrating on useful sites for the legal information professional.
Laying the Foundations for Law Library Co-operation around the world
Authors: Gee David
Published: July 2008

In October 2002 I was lucky enough to spend three stimulating days at the New York University Law School Library participating in the annual Legal Information Transfer Network workshop. The Legal Information Transfer Network (ITN) is funded by a generous grant from The Starr Foundation (established in 1955 by insurance entrepreneur Cornelius Van der Starr) and is headed by the dynamic Director of the NYU Law School Library, Professor Kathie Price. ITN aims to establish a global network of prestigious law libraries which ultimately can offer a 24/7 virtual reference service, both to its own partner libraries in the developed world and to academic legal communities in less developed countries. Previous annual workshops in such cities as Lausanne in Switzerland have given senior librarians from ITN partner libraries the opportunity to meet and make progress on issues such as providing a global virtual reference desk, sharing database access across the libraries, developing interactive legal research guides, and creating imaginative training programmes for local law librarians in China and Southern Africa (http://www.law.nyu.edu/library/itn). Between workshops the exchange of ideas is continued by email discussion. Currently the list of law library partners includes New York University, Washington University in Seattle, Toronto University in Canada, IALS Library in the UK, the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, Tilburg University in the Netherlands, Konstanz University in Germany, Cape Town University in South Africa, Melbourne University in Australia, Yerevan State University in Armenia, and Tsinghua University in China.
Pflegebedarfserhebung auf onkologischen Abteilungen in einem deutschen Universitätsklinikum
Authors: Irlinger Wimmer Elke , Glaus Agnes , Spreeuwenberg Cor
Published: July 2008

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, den Ist-Zustand der Pflegebedarfserhebung bei stationärer Aufnahme onkologischer Patientinnen und Patienten eines Universitätsklinikums in Deutschland zu explorieren. Folgende Forschungsfragen wurden unter anderem gestellt: Führen die Pflegenden eine Pflegebedarfserhebung bei stationärer Aufnahme durch? Zu welchem Zeitpunkt wird der Pflegebedarf erhoben und was wird erhoben? Was wird dokumentiert, wann wird dokumentiert und in wie weit ist der Patient in die Dokumentation eingebunden? Welche Faktoren auf Seiten der Pflegenden beeinflussen die Pflegebedarfserhebung? Für die Datensammlung wurden zwei Methoden verwendet. Es erfolgte die Analyse der aktuellen Pflegedokumente (n = 68) und die Selbsteinschätzung der Pflegenden mittels Fragebogens (n = 81). Dazu wurde mittels qualitativen Pilottests je ein Instrument entwickelt und getestet. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass die Einschätzung der Pflegenden hinsichtlich ihres Dokumentationsverhaltens und die tatsächliche Pflegedokumentation u. a. in Bezug auf den Zeitpunkt der Pflegebedarfserhebung und der Dokumentation inkongruent sind. Das heißt z.B. mit Blick auf die psychischen, sozialen und spirituellen Pflegebedarfe: die Pflegenden sind der Meinung, sie hätten diese bei der Dokumentation weitaus stärker berücksichtigt, als dies tatsächlich der Fall war. Eine Einbindung der Patientinnen und Patienten in die Dokumentation findet laut Analyse der Pflegedokumente in 15% der Fälle statt. Ferner besteht nach Einschätzung der Pflegenden Verbesserungsbedarf mit Blick auf die allgemeine Kommunikationskompetenz, die Schulung und Überprüfung verwendeter Instrumente sowie die Standardisierung der Pflegedokumentation. Die internationale Literatur bestätigt den durch die Untersuchung erhobenen Mangel. Die Sicht der onkologischen Patientinnen und Patienten sollte stärker als bisher in die Erhebung des Pflegebedarfs einbezogen werden. Es ist anzunehmen, dass auf diese Weise der jeweils individuelle Pflegebedarf angemessener erfasst werden kann. Selbsteinschätzungsinstrumente könnten sich in diesem Zusammenhang als geeignete Hilfsmittel erweisen. Die verwendeten Instrumente zur Pflegebedarfserhebung sollten per Schulung vermittelt und auf Gültigkeit, Zuverlässigkeit, Praxisnähe und Anwenderfreundlichkeit fortlaufend überprüft werden.
Leben mit einer chronischen Bauchwunde – Die Erfahrung Betroffener und ihre Erwartungen an die betreuenden Fachpersonen
Authors: Rüeger-Schaad Elisabeth , Panfil Eva-Maria , Viehl Carsten T. , Spirig Rebecca
Published: July 2008

Chronische Bauchwunden unterschiedlicher Genese führen zu wiederkehrenden Spitalaufenthalten und längeren stationären Betreuungszeiten. Interessanterweise konnte keine Studie gefunden werden, die das Erleben von Menschen mit einer chronischen Bauchwunde in den Mittelpunkt stellte. Aus diesem Grund wurde diese qualitative Forschungsarbeit durchgeführt. Ein weiteres Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war, die Erwartungen an die betreuenden Fachpersonen zu untersuchen. Mit fünf Frauen und vier Männern wurden anhand eines Leitfadens narrative Interviews durchgeführt und mit der Methode der Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet. Das Resultat sind fünf Kategorien mit je einer bis vier Unterkategorien. «In den gewohnten Alltag ohne Wunde zurückkehren» beschreibt das Hauptziel und die Hoffnung der Betroffenen. «Der Alltag mit der Wunde» stellt den aktuellen Alltag der Teilnehmer dar, der von Leiden geprägt ist. Die «Arbeit der Betroffenen» zeigt auf, welchen Beitrag die Betroffenen im Umgang mit ihrer Bauchwunde leisten. Die «Arbeit der Bezugspersonen» beleuchtet die Wichtigkeit von Bezugspersonen und die «Arbeit der Fachpersonen» beinhaltet die Erwartungen der Betroffenen an die betreuenden Fachpersonen. Die partnerschaftliche Zusammenarbeit der betreuenden Fachpersonen mit den Betroffenen und ihren Bezugspersonen scheint von zentraler Bedeutung zu sein. Diese ist notwendig, damit ideale Voraussetzungen für die Rückkehr in den Alltag ohne Wunde geschaffen werden können.
Superposed epoch analysis of high‐speed‐stream effects at geosynchronous orbit: Hot plasma, cold plasma, and the solar wind
Authors: Denton M. H. , Borovsky J. E.
Published: July 2008

Superposed epoch analyses of magnetospheric plasma analyzer (MPA) data from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) satellites are performed to reveal the density, temperature and flow velocity behavior of the hot ion plasma (0.1–45 keV), the hot electron plasma (0.03–45 keV) and the cold ion plasma (1–100 eV) at geosynchronous orbit following the arrival of high speed solar wind streams at the dayside magnetopause. The analyses reveal three striking features. (1) The arrival of a high density solar wind plasma at the leading edge of a high speed solar wind stream induces a sharp enhancement in magnetospheric convection which leads to the delivery of a hot, dense “plug” of fresh plasma sheet ions and electrons to the inner magnetosphere. On average, this superdense plasma is observed at geosynchronous orbit for ∼20 h following convection onset. There follows an extended period when exceptionally hot plasma sheet ions and electrons of more usual density are continually convected to the inner magnetosphere ‐ a environment that persists at geosynchronous orbit while the high speed stream prevails. (2) Flow velocities and convection speeds of eroded cold plasma moving toward the dayside magnetopause are calculated from MPA statistical analyses. Average convection speeds of 8–12 km s−1 are typical in plume material moving sunwards following the arrival of high speed solar wind streams at the magnetopause. (3) The density of plume material convecting to the dayside magnetopause during high speed streams which follow very calm periods (Kp ∼ 0) is around double that during high speed streams following periods when higher levels of convection persist (Kp ∼ 2).
Dynamical data‐based modeling of the storm‐time geomagnetic field with enhanced spatial resolution
Authors: Sitnov M. I. , Tsyganenko N. A. , Ukhorskiy A. Y. , Brandt P. C.
Published: July 2008

A new approach, based on an extensible model for the field of equatorial currents and the use of large sets of spacecraft data that became available in recent years, has been shown to dramatically improve the resolution of the empirical picture of the magnetospheric magnetic field. However, accumulation of data, necessary for high resolution in space, may be too long and smear out important dynamical effects. We show that the problem can be resolved using the nearest‐neighbor approach, in which the spatial structure of each state of the magnetosphere is described by fitting the empirical model to a local subset of data. It includes both the actual data obtained for the given state and data from other time intervals (e.g., similar phases of other storms), neighboring the present state in the space of global parameters, solar wind electric field, Sym‐H index, and its time derivative. New findings in the picture of magnetic storms emerging from the new model include a consistent description of the ring current density peak in the postmidnight sector during the main phase and the premidnight depression of the equatorial magnetic field. The model also shows a strong erosion of the ring current on the dayside during the early main phase and its enhancement in a broad area in the evening sector extending from the geosynchronous orbit to the magnetopause near the Sym‐H minimum. Another interesting effect is a double partial ring current during the main phase, consistent with the energy density profiles derived from energetic neutral atom images.
Seismic reflection imaging over the South Portuguese Zone fold‐and‐thrust belt, SW Iberia
Authors: Schmelzbach C. , Simancas J. F. , Juhlin C. , Carbonell R.
Published: July 2008

We reprocessed an ∼35‐km‐long part of the IBESREIS seismic reflection profile which runs over the Iberian Pyrite Belt section of the South Portuguese Zone, SW Iberia, with the goal to image the upper crust (<15‐km depth). The applied processing sequence enhanced numerous prominent reflections and diffraction patterns within the uppermost 5‐s travel time relative to high‐amplitude source‐generated noise. A complex subsurface characterized by conflicting dips and a survey following winding roads require a crooked‐line prestack migration scheme for coherent imaging. To interpret sources of diffracted energy, we additionally employed a diffraction imaging scheme which enhances diffractions at the expense of reflections.The final seismic images show south‐vergent imbricate fold‐and‐thrust tectonics, documenting the contractive deformation that the South Portuguese Zone experienced during the Variscan Orogeny. Based on surface geological information, we correlate a low reflective unit with the shallow Upper Carboniferous Flysch Group, a highly reflective unit ranging in depth from 2 to 4 km with the Middle Carboniferous Volcano–Sedimentary Complex Group, which hosts massive sulfide deposits, and a moderately reflective unit with the Upper Devonian Phyllite–Quartzite Group. Below these units, another low‐reflective facies is present, which may represent older Paleozoic metasediments. In addition, the seismic and diffraction images reveal bands of high reflectivity and distinct diffraction patterns that were interpreted as extensive layered mafic intrusions. These proposed mafic bodies may be related to the same event that triggered a huge hydrothermal activity assumed in Early Carbonifereous times.
Rupture velocity estimation of large deep‐focus earthquakes surrounding Japan
Authors: Park Sun‐Cheon , Mori Jim
Published: July 2008

Rupture velocity is an important source parameter, which is often difficult to determine, especially for deep‐focus earthquakes where there is usually limited near‐source information. To help overcome this problem, we developed a new method to estimate rupture velocities of deep‐focus earthquakes with better resolution. We first carry out teleseismic P waveform inversions to determine slip distributions for a range of rupture velocities on the two nodal planes. Then forward modeling of regional data is performed using the slip distributions determined in the teleseismic inversions to estimate the rupture velocity. Using this method, we attempted to determine the rupture velocities of large deep‐focus earthquakes surrounding Japan, which are well recorded on teleseismic and regional networks. Empirical Green functions are used for both the teleseismic and regional analyses. Although it is difficult to determine the rupture velocity from only the teleseismic data, the analyses including regional data show clear difference which can resolve the rupture velocity and fault geometry. For three deep earthquakes, we obtained rupture velocities of about 1∼2 km/s, which correspond to 20∼40% of the shear wave velocity and are much slower than typical values for shallow earthquakes.
Complex dielectric constant of sea foam at microwave frequencies
Authors: Anguelova Magdalena D.
Published: July 2008

We present a systematic investigation of the applicability of a group of mixing rules for obtaining the dielectric constant (permittivity) of sea foam (whitecaps) at microwave frequencies, 1.4 to 37 GHz. By demonstrating that the foam scattering is weak at these frequencies, we justify our interest in basic mixing rules, which do not involve explicit scattering computation, namely, the Maxwell Garnett, Polder‐Van Santen, Coherent potential, Looyenga, and Refractive models. The complex dielectric constant of sea foam obtained with these mixing rules is presented and the dependence of foam permittivity on foam void fraction, radiation frequency, sea surface temperature, and salinity is reported. With the exception of the Coherent potential model, all selected mixing rules give reasonable values for the sea foam dielectric constant. To further examine the suitability of a permittivity model for computing the dielectric constant of sea foam, the performance of each mixing rule is evaluated on the basis of three criteria: (1) how well a permittivity model deals with a wide range of void fractions, (2) how a permittivity model behaves approaching the foam‐air and foam‐water boundaries, and (3) how the choice of a permittivity model affects estimates of emissivity and brightness temperature due to foam. The suitability of the basic mixing rules for computing the complex dielectric constant of sea foam at microwave frequencies can be ranked as: (1) Refractive model, (2) Looyenga model, (3) Maxwell Garnett model, and (4) Polder‐Van Santen model.
Complexity of the flooding/drying process in an estuarine tidal‐creek salt‐marsh system: An application of FVCOM
Authors: Chen Changsheng , Qi Jianhua , Li Chunyan , Beardsley Robert C. , Lin Huichan , Walker Randy , Gates Keith
Published: July 2008

The tidal flooding/drying process in the Satilla River Estuary was examined using an unstructured‐grid finite‐volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM). Driven by tidal forcing at the open boundary and river discharge at the upstream end, FVCOM produced realistic tidal flushing in this estuarine tidal‐creek intertidal salt‐marsh complex, amplitudes and phases of the tidal wave, and salinity observed at mooring sites and along hydrographic transects. The model‐predicted residual flow field is characterized by multiscale eddies in the main channel, which are verified by ship‐towed ADCP measurements. To examine the impact of complex coastal geometry on water exchange in an estuarine tidal‐creek salt‐marsh system, FVCOM was compared with our previous structured‐grid finite difference Satilla River Estuary model (ECOM‐si). The results suggest that by failing to resolve the complex coastal geometry of tidal creeks, barriers and islands, a model can generate unrealistic flow and water exchange and thus predict the wrong dynamics for this estuary. A mass‐conservative unstructured‐grid model is required to accurately and efficiently simulate tidal flow and flushing in a complex geometrically controlled estuarine dynamical system.
Algorithm development and validation for satellite‐derived distributions of DOC and CDOM in the U.S. Middle Atlantic Bight
Authors: Mannino Antonio , Russ Mary E. , Hooker Stanford B.
Published: July 2008

Oceanographic cruises were conducted within the U.S. Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) to collect field measurements to develop algorithms to retrieve surface ocean colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from NASA's MODIS‐Aqua and SeaWiFS satellite sensors and to investigate the processes that influence the distributions of CDOM and DOC. In order to develop empirical algorithms for CDOM and DOC, the CDOM absorption coefficient (aCDOM) was correlated with in situ remote sensing reflectance band ratios, and DOC was then derived from aCDOM through the aCDOM to DOC relationships. Our validation analyses demonstrate successful retrieval of DOC and CDOM using MODIS and SeaWiFS with mean absolute percent differences from field measurements of 9.3 ± 7.3% for DOC, 19 ± 14% for aCDOM(355), 15.5 ± 12% for aCDOM(443), and 8.6 ± 4.9% for the CDOM spectral slope. To our knowledge, the algorithms presented here represent the first validated algorithms for satellite retrieval of aCDOM, DOC, and CDOM spectral slope in the coastal ocean. Satellite imagery demonstrates the importance of riverine/estuarine discharge from Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay to the export of CDOM and DOC to the coastal ocean. Between spring and summer, photooxidation has a significant impact on CDOM distributions resulting in a pronounced decrease in aCDOM between the midshelf and continental slope region of the MAB. The satellite‐derived DOC products demonstrate the net ecosystem production of DOC of 12 to 34 μmol C L−1 between spring and summer. The aCDOM algorithms presented here are applicable to other coastal regions and can also be used to retrieve DOC using region‐specific aCDOM to DOC relationships.
Physical and chemical signatures of a developing anticyclonic eddy in the Leeuwin Current, eastern Indian Ocean
Authors: Paterson Harriet L. , Feng Ming , Waite Anya M. , Gomis Damià , Beckley Lynnath E. , Holliday David , Thompson Peter A.
Published: July 2008

A multidisciplinary cruise aboard the R/V Southern Surveyor was conducted in May 2006 to sample a developing anticyclonic eddy of the Leeuwin Current off Western Australia. The eddy formed from a meander of the Leeuwin Current in mid‐April 2006 and remained attached to the current until mid‐August. In this study, a combination of satellite data (altimeter, sea surface temperature, and chlorophyll a) and shipboard measurements (acoustic Doppler current profiler and conductivity‐temperature‐depth) were used to characterize the physical and chemical signatures of the eddy. The temperature‐salinity properties of the mixed layer waters within the anticyclonic eddy and on the shelf were both connected to that of the Leeuwin Current, indicating the water mass in the eddy is mainly derived from the Leeuwin Current and the modified Leeuwin Current water on the shelf. Above the salinity maximum near the eddy center, there was a regionally significant concentration of nitrate (>0.9 μmol L−1), and the maximum (2 μmol L−1) was at 150 m depth, below the photic zone. Nitrification within the eddy and/or local upwelling due to the forming eddy could be responsible for this high concentration of nitrate near the eddy center, which potentially makes the eddy a relatively productive feature in the Leeuwin Current.
A comparison of different approaches to simulate a nonlinear channel resistance in lightning return stroke models
Authors: De Conti Alberto , Visacro Silvério , Theethayi Nelson , Cooray Vernon
Published: July 2008

Different physical models that describe the time variation of the channel resistance are investigated in a lightning return stroke model. Such models consider one of the three following hypotheses: (1) the channel resistance decays exponentially with time; (2) the channel resistance decays with the radial expansion of the channel core, which is assumed to be described by the strong‐shock approximation, or (3) the channel resistance varies with time according to three different arc resistance models (defined by Toepler, Barannik and Kushner et al.). Analyses illustrate the effect of a time‐varying channel resistance on channel currents and corresponding electromagnetic fields. It is shown that the strong‐shock approximation is able to predict typical features of experimentally observed lightning electromagnetic fields and return stroke speed profiles. It is also shown that results predicted by the strong‐shock approximation can be qualitatively reproduced by either using simplified arc resistance equations (such as Toepler's and Barannik's ones) or considering an exponential decay of the channel resistance with attenuation constants linearly increasing with height.
Suppression of rice methane emission by sulfate deposition in simulated acid rain
Authors: Gauci Vincent , Dise Nancy B. , Howell Graham , Jenkins Meaghan E.
Published: July 2008

Sulfate in acid rain is known to suppress methane (CH4) emissions from natural freshwater wetlands. Here we examine the possibility that CH4 emissions from rice agriculture may be similarly affected by acid rain, a major and increasing pollution problem in Asia. Our findings suggest that acid rain rates of SO42− deposition may help to reduce CH4 emissions from rice agriculture. Emissions from rice plants treated with simulated acid rain at levels of SO42− consistent with the range of deposition in Asia were reduced by 24% during the grain filling and ripening stage of the rice season which accounts for 50% of the overall CH4 that is normally emitted in a rice season. A single application of SO42− at a comparable level reduced CH4 emission by 43%. We hypothesize that the reduction in CH4 emission may be due to a combination of effects. The first mechanism is that the low rates of SO42− may be sufficient to boost yields of rice and, in so doing, may cause a reduction in root exudates to the rhizosphere, a key substrate source for methanogenesis. Decreasing a major substrate source for methanogens is also likely to intensify competition with sulfate‐reducing microorganisms for whom prior SO42− limitation had been lifted by the simulated acid rain S deposition.
Climate's control of intra‐annual and interannual variability of total organic carbon concentration and flux in two contrasting boreal landscape elements
Authors: Köhler S. J. , Buffam I. , Laudon H. , Bishop K. H.
Published: July 2008

Large spatial and temporal variations in stream total organic carbon (TOC) concentration and export occurred during an 11‐year observation period (1993–2003) in a boreal headwater catchment. TOC flux and concentration patterns from mire‐ and forest‐dominated subcatchments differed (mean annual flux 8.2 g m−2 a−1 versus 5.8 g m−2 a−1). Temporal variations in stream TOC concentrations in both landscape types were primarily driven by variations in streamflow, with the mire stream generally diluting by half with increased runoff during spring flood and TOC from the forested landscape increasing during runoff peaks irrespective of season. Average TOC concentration in the mire stream in the snow‐free season increased with increased seasonal precipitation from around 20 to 40 mg L−1 but then dropped to around 35 mg L−1 during very wet years. Average snow‐free season TOC concentration at the forested site remained stable when summer precipitation was below average but then increased from 10 to around 25 mg L−1 during exceptionally wet years. For both the forested subcatchment and the whole catchment, TOC concentrations increased during the warm summer months during wet years, but no such increase occurred during dry years. Interannual variations in TOC flux were primarily driven by variations during the snow‐free period. Wet years decreased the relative TOC export from the mire and favored the relative export of TOC from areas dominated by forest, an observation that also held true on a larger scale when similar landscape types were considered. Predicted climate change in rainfall and temperature patterns will affect the amount and character of TOC exported downstream from boreal landscapes with a mix of forest and mire.
Timescales of migmatization, melt crystallization, and cooling in a Cordilleran gneiss dome: Valhalla complex, southeastern British Columbia
Authors: Gordon S. M. , Whitney D. L. , Teyssier C. , Grove M. , Dunlap W. J.
Published: July 2008

Integration of in situ and conventional ion microprobe U‐Th‐Pb zircon and monazite geochronology with 40Ar/39Ar hornblende, biotite, and muscovite thermochronology provides a temporal record of metamorphism, partial melting, fluids, and cooling of exhumed midcrustal to lower crustal rocks. The Valhalla complex, southeastern British Columbia, is one of a series of elongate gneiss domes within the Omineca belt of the Canadian Cordillera. We have performed U‐Th‐Pb and 40Ar/39Ar age measurements on migmatitic gneisses from a range of structural levels and settings within the Valhalla complex in an effort to better document the timing of migmatization and exhumation. Stromatic migmatites and leucosomes crystallized in boudin necks yield concordant U‐Pb zircon ages that cluster near 60 Ma and Th‐Pb monazite ages of circa 60–50 Ma. In situ analyses of monazite in samples that contain <10% leucosome yield a bimodal distribution at 70–65 and 62–57 Ma. The younger ages are similar to migmatite zircon ages. 40Ar/39Ar analyses from the same rocks document cooling at 51–49 Ma. These new data, combined with field, structural, and petrologic data from this and previous studies of the Omineca domes, indicate that a large region (thousands of km2) of orogenic crust may have been partially molten during the Early Tertiary (>60–50 Ma). However, the combined data also suggest that melt crystallization (circa 60 Ma) in the Valhalla complex occurred rapidly and before the other domes within the Omineca belt. Cooling at 49 Ma throughout the Omineca is associated with regional extension and exhumation of migmatites in the domes. The presence of abundant migmatites and the similarity in timing of melt crystallization and cooling in domes along the 400‐km‐long Omineca belt is consistent with localization of exhumation at the boundary between the flowing crust of the hinterland and the rigid, colder crust of the Rocky Mountain foreland.
Japanese L‐Band Radar Improves Surface Deformation Monitoring
Authors: Shimada Masanobu , Ozawa Taku , Fukushima Yo , Furuya Masato , Rosenqvist Ake
Published: July 2008

The termination of the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS 1) in October 1998 and the subsequent delay of the launch of its successor, the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS), caused a troublesome interruption in the availability of L‐band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to the several research institutions and government agencies in Japan that had been studying surface deformation by SAR techniques since the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA, formerly the National Space Development Agency of Japan) launched JERS 1 in 1992.

SAR is an all‐weather type of sensor that is suitable for the derivation of disaster mitigation information, and—as shown, for example, by Massonnet and Feigl [1998]—interferometric SAR (InSAR) techniques can be used to derive precise ground surface deformation maps associated with earthquakes, volcanism, landslides, and slow tectonic motions, as well as with oil pumping and water withdrawal, with fine spatial accuracy. The electromagnetic similarity (coherence) between two SAR images acquired over the same area before and after an event—for instance, an earthquake—is measured, and where appropriately high coherence is achieved, the change in the distance between SAR and the ground target can be derived with fine (centimeter) precision. Both airborne and spaceborne SAR systems are commonly used, although the latter often are preferred due to their long‐term monitoring capacity and global coverage.