bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metabolism of14C‐labelled oleic acid, erucic acid and nervonic acid in rats
Authors: Carroll K. K.
Published: November 2006

1‐14C‐Oleic acid, 2‐14C‐erucic acid and 2‐14C‐nervonic acid were administered to rats by tail‐vein and the distribution of radioactivity in liver lipids was determined at intervals from 15 min to 6 hr after injection. High levels of activity were found after short time intervals which were mainly associated with triglycerides in the case of oleic acid and with free fatty acids in the case of erucic acid and nervonic acid. The activity in these lipids decreased with time and was later exceeded by that in more polar lipids. In rats given erucic acid or nervonic acid, sphingolipids were more highly labelled than glycerophosphatides. Nervonic acid showed little tendency to form a complex with serum albumin and erucic acid complexed less readily than palmitic acid.
Fatty acid distribution in the bovine pre‐ and postpartum testis
Authors: Ahluwalia Balwant , Holman Ralph T.
Published: November 2006

Testes from fetuses, calves, bulls and recently castrated animals were analyzed for total lipids, lecithin, cephalin, triglycerides, diglycerides, cholesteryl esters and cholesterol. Total lipids increase somewhat with age, but in the castrated animal the increase is more marked. Phospholipid content increases with age, but decreases in the castrated animal. Cholesterol decreases and triglyceride increases after birth and in the castrated animal. Polyunsaturated acids increase with age in all lipid classes. Eicosatrienoic acid is more abundant in fetal testicular lipids than in testes removed after birth. In the castrated testis there is a general decrease in the unsaturated fatty acids. Acids of the ω6 family are the predominant polyunsaturated acids and increase somewhat with age in all lipids. The ω3 family of polyunsaturated acids appears mostly toward the end of fetal life and increases after birth. Acids of the linoleate family reach approximately 25% of total acids in most lipid classes at maturity whereas the ω3 acids range from 1 to 9%.
Gas‐liquid chromatography of triglycerides from erucic acid oils and fish oils
Authors: Harlow R. D. , Litchfield Carter , Reiser Raymond
Published: November 2006

By critically selecting optimum operating conditions, quantitative gas‐liquid chromatography of triglycerides has been extended to molecules containing substantial amounts of C20, C22, and C24 fatty acids. The triglycerides of four erucic acid oils (water cress, rapessed, nasturtium, andLunaria annua) and two fully hydrogenated fish oils (menhaden and tuna) have been quantitatively analyzed by this technique. The average fatty acid chain length calculated from the triglyceride composition of each oil agreed closely with that determined by GLC of its respective methyl esters. Several conclusions about the triglyceride composition of the fats analyzed are discussed.
Preparation of sulfate esters
Authors: Mumma Ralph O.
Published: November 2006

This communication reports a new method for the synthesis of sulfate esters, in good yield, under mild conditions. Sulfuric acid reacts with an alcohol and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in a polar solvent to produce sulfate esters.
A comparison of acyltransferase activities in vitro with the distribution of fatty acids in lecithins and triglycerides in vivo
Authors: Lands W. E. M. , Blank M. L. , Nutter L. J. , Privett O. S.
Published: November 2006

The location and configuration of a double bond in a fatty acid influences the rate of its acyltransferase‐catalyzed esterification to form lecithin and its distribution in vivo between the primary and secondary positions of triglycerides and lecithins.

Saturated acids of shorter chain length are transferred at rates similar to the long chain unsaturated acids.

The positional distributions of acids in the diglyceride units of liver triglycerides appear to be similar to that found in the lecithins.

Acyltransferase activities measured in vitro have a considerable predictive value in terms of the ultimate distribution of fatty acids in glycerolipids in vivo.
Exacerbation of heart and liver lesions in rats by feeding of various mildly oxidized fats
Authors: Kaunitz Hans , Johnson Ruth E.
Published: November 2006

Groups of 40 male Charles River rats were fed diets containing cottonseed oil, olive oil, corn oil, soybean oil, coconut oil, chicken fat, beef fat, butter oil, lard and saturated medium chain triglycerides. The fats were fed fresh and after 40 hr aeration at 60 C, which hardly changed peroxide values. In addition, fresh and aerated soybean oil and lard were fed to W/Fu rats. Body weights and life span were significantly influenced by the kind of fat fed, but not by aeration. Many hearts exhibited unspecific focal myocarditis and focal fibrosis. The latter was graded in a blind test, which revealed highly significant differences in the incidence of severe lesions; those fed corn oil had the most, followed by cottonseed oil, soybean oil, olive oil, beef fat, saturated medium chain triglycerides, butter, chicken fat and lard, in that order. Feeding of aerated fat resulted in an increased incidence with six of the eight fats. The W/Fu rats had lower incidences, but those fed soybean oil had more than those fed lard, and aeration led to a higher incidence. Some heart sections stained with Light Green SF Yellowish revealed areas of muscle fibrils that did not accept the stain, probably as a consequence of cellular damage. Higher incidences of this lesion were associated with the same fats as was severe fibrosis, and feeding of aerated fats led to higher incidences. Many livers revealed marked proliferation of bile ducts. The groups fed cottonseed, soybean, olive and corn oils had higher incidences of severe lesions, and feeding of the oxidized oils led to still higher incidences. None of the results appeared to be associated with the fatty acid composition of the fats, which suggested that these long term effects may have been due to minor constituents in the individual fats.
Polymerization inhibitors for polyunsaturated oils
Authors: Sims R. J. , Fioriti J. A. , Kanuk M. J.
Published: November 2006

Several edible anionic surfactants were found to function as polymerization inhibitors for safflower oil. The most effective additive was the sodium salt of phosphated mono‐ and diglycerides. Additional inhibitors included sodium diacetyltartaric acid esters of mono‐ and diglycerides, sodium stearoyl‐2‐lactylate, sodium stearyl fumarate, sodium succinoylated mono‐ and diglycerides, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, and sodium sulfoacetate esters of mono‐ and diglycerides. It is suggested that these surfactants behave in a manner similar to methyl polysiloxane, as oxygen barriers at the oil‐air interface. This view is supported by data showing that in the free acid, oil soluble form their functionality is minimal. But when they are neutralized to form the sodium salts their effectiveness is markedly enhanced.
Pyruvate metabolism by rat lung in vitro
Authors: Scholz Richard W. , Evans Robert M.
Published: November 2006

Rat lung slices were used to examine the net uptake of pyruvate and the incorporation of specifically labeled pyruvate‐14C into CO2 and lipid fractions. Pyruvate uptake and pyruvate‐2‐14C incorporation into these fractions was increased by raising the pyruvate concentration in the incubation medium from 1 to 25 mM. The addition of 5 mM glucose to the incubation medium decreased the apparent oxidation of pyruvate‐2‐14C to CO2 but increased its incorporation into lung lipids. Glucose did not increase net pyruvate uptake by lung slices. The incorporation of pyruvate‐1‐14C and pyruvate‐3‐14C into CO2 and lung lipids was also examined. The results indicated that a major portion of the pyruvate utilized was oxidized to CO2 with substantial levels found in the fatty acid moiety of lung phospholipids. The low level of pyruvate conversion to phospholipid glycerol, possibly via the dicarboxylic acid shuttle, is of uncertain physiological significance.
Hydroxystearic acid deposition and metabolism in rats fed hydrogenated castor oil
Authors: Binder R. G. , Booth A. N. , Robbins D. J. , Fuller G.
Published: November 2006

Groups of rats were fed diets containing corn oil, 1% hydrogenated castor oil (principal constituent: 12‐hydroxystearic acid) or 10% hydrogenated castor oil. Rats were sacrificed after 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks for determination of hydroxy fatty acids in excised abdominal adipose tissue or in lipid extracted from lyophilized carcass. Maximum content of hydroxystearic acid was 4.4% in adipose tissue of rats four weeks on the 10% hydrogenated castor oil diet. When rats on hydrogenated castor oil diets were switched to the corn oil diet, hydroxystearic acid was depleted from their tissues. 10‐Hydroxypalmitic and 9‐hydroxymyristic acids were characterized as metabolites of 12‐hydroxystearic acid. No adverse effects of diets were observed except reduced growth in rats given 10% hydrogenated castor oil diet.
Coenzymes Q in lemon shark liver
Authors: Casey Adria C. , Lee Agnes , Colquhoun William
Published: November 2006

Earlier studies have shown that some extracts of nonpolar lipids from lemon shark liver are able to stimulate the reticuloendothelial system (RES) of experimental animals. This communication reports the identification of the coenzymes Q as the constituents of a fraction from lemon shark liver lipid which showed intense biological activity.
Lipid composition of beef heart ventricle
Authors: Das Manik L. , Rouser George
Published: November 2006

The lipid class composition of beef heart ventricle was determined by a combination of diethylaminoethyl cellulose column chromatography and quantitative thin‐layer chromatography. Percentages of the total lipid were: triglyceride, 43.6; cholesterol, 7.4; phosphatidyl choline, 22.8; phingomyelin, 4.0; phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 11.2; diphosphatidyl glycerol, 5.8; phosphatidyl serine, 1.2; phosphatidyl inositol, 3.0; phosphatidyl glycerol, 0.9; unsaturated hydrocarbon, 0.02; saturated hydrocarbon, 0.20. Nonlipid components represented 33.6% of the crude chloroform/methanol extracts.
Lysosomes and essential fatty acid deficiency
Authors: Moore J. L. , Richardson T. , Deluca H. F.
Published: November 2006

The hydrolytic activity usually associated with lysosomes increased in the homogenates and subcellular fractions of rat liver as a result of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency. The proportion of the total (tissue homogenate) activity found in each subcellular fraction, however, was unchanged by EFA deficiency.

Lysosomes isolated from normal and EFA‐deficient rat livers differed significantly in their stability to thermal and osmotic variations. This suggested that lysosomal membranes, like other membranes, were altered by EFA deficiency.

In spite of increased tissue‐bound hydrolytic activity and altered lysosomal membranes, hydrolytic activity of the serum was not markedly changed in EFA deficiency. These minor changes in hydrolytic activity and in lysosomal membrane stability seemed insufficient to explain the general lesions of EFA deficiency.
Role of ATP in the inhibition of lipogenesis in fasted animals
Authors: Rous S. , Luthi L. , Favarger P.
Published: November 2006

This study was undertaken to obtain information both in vivo and in vitro on the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis in fasted mice.

Fasted mice were injected intravenously with glucose or fructose or intraperitoneally with insulin to increase the supply of endogenous ATP. They then received acetate 1−14C, glucose 6−3H or fructose U−14C intravenously and were killed at various intervals. The controls received the labeled tracers only. The radioactivities of liver and carcass fatty acids were determined.

The action of ATP on homogenized livers from fasted mice was also determined.

The stimulation of lipogenesis was obtained under all these conditions, but only in animals fasted for 4 hr. Insulin was active only on the extrahepatic tissues. Fructose, as well as glucose, restored hepatic lipogenesis. In vitro, ATP restored lipogenesis by homogenized livers of mice fasted for 4 hr, but it inhibited the fatty acid synthesis by homogenized livers from unfasted mice.

The significance of the results is discussed.
Studies on the lipids of sheep red blood cells. I. Lipid composition in low and high potassium red cells
Authors: Nelson Gary J.
Published: November 2006

The lipid composition of whole red blood cells was investigated in five sheep with red cells containing a low concentration of potassium (LK) and in five sheep with red cells containing a high concentration of potassium (HK). No apparent differences within the limit of error of the experiment were detected in the lipid class composition between the HK and LK red cells. Cholesterol, the only nonpolar lipid detected in the tissue, was present in oneto‐one molar ratio to the total phospholipids. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine and sphingomyelin accounted for 85% of the total phospholipids; phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidic acid, and lysolecithin were present in lesser amounts. No lecithin was detected in any of the animals in this investigation. Plasmalogen compounds were found only in the ethanolamine lipids. The molar ratio of choline to noncholine phospholipids was also approximately one to one. It was concluded that the major lipid class distribution in the two types of red cells cannot be directly responsible for the differences observed in the cation concentrations in these cells in the two species of sheep.
Lipid changes in rat brain during maturation
Authors: Galli Claudio , Cecconi Daniela Re
Published: November 2006

Changes in lipid class distribution occurring during brain maturation in rats have been quantitatively investigated using a combination of DEAE column chromatography and quantitative thin‐layer chromatography based on photodensitometry.

Quantitative changes are presented for the single lipid classes in relation to brain weight, water content and total lipid variation at ages 2, 8, 16, 24, 37 and 50 days. The results indicate an accumulation of sphingolipids during brain maturation, particularly due to cerebrosides and sulfatides and a relative decrease of lecithin.
Effects of dietary docosenoic acid upon rats in cold
Authors: Beare‐Rogers J. L. , Nera E. A.
Published: November 2006

Six week old rats fed rapeseed oil and subjected to cold at 4 C had a higher mortality rate than those fed oils lacking or low in docosenoic acids. A high frequency of deaths coincided with the period of pronounced cardiac lipidosis. Rats which had passed this phase before being exposed to the cold survived as well as the control animals.
Biochemical and physiological studies of certain ticks (Ixodoidea): Isolation and partial identification of a new fatty acid in eggs ofDermacentor andersoni Stiles (Ixodidae)
Authors: Shimi Ibrahim R. , Maroun Nabila A. , Kamel Mamdouh Y. , Ragheb Hemmat H. , Badran Mohga M.
Published: November 2006

Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters from eggs ofDermacentor andersoni Stiles (Ixodidae) revealed the presence of significant quantities (15% total fatty acids) of an unidentified component with a retention time between C18∶3−C22∶0 fatty acids. Smaller amounts of the unidentified component (ca. 5% total fatty acid) also were detected in host rabbit serum. Purified, the unidentified component's methyl ester collected from the tick eggs by preparative gas liquid chromatography was partially identified and characterized by chemical and spectroscopic analyses. The evidence suggests that the unidentified component is a methyl branched C15 tricarboxylic acid containing two vicinal carboxylic acid groups. Biosynthesis of the unidentified component by the tick is under investigation.
Gas chromatographic resolution of homologous monoacyl and monoalkylglycerols
Authors: Myher J. J. , Kuksis A.
Published: November 2006

Homologous series of 1 and 2 monoacyl and monoalkyl‐sn‐glycerols with 0–6 double bonds were resolved by gas liquid chromatography as the trimethylsilyl ethers and acetates using ethylene glycolsuccinate siloxane, cyanopropylphenylsiloxane, and methylsiloxane liquid phases. The trimethylsilyl ethers gave effective separation of positional isomers and saturated and unsaturated derivatives of acylglycerols on both ethylene glycolsuccinate siloxane and cyanopropylphenylsiloxane, columns. The corresponding acetyl esters were eluted on the basis of unsaturation, but positional isomers overlapped. The ethylene glycol‐succinate siloxane and cyanopropylphenylsiloxane columns resolved the positional isomers and saturated and unsaturated species of the alkylglycerols when chromatographed as the acetates, while the corresponding trimethylsilyl ethers were separated on the basis of unsaturation only. On methylsiloxane columns essentially complete overlapping was observed among the positional isomers within each acyl and alkylglycerol series when chromatographed as the acetates. There was an effective resolution of the positional isomers of the acylglycerols as the trimethylsilyl ethers on methylsiloxane. From methylsiloxane, the alkenylglycerols were eluted earlier than the alkylglycerols of corresponding carbon numbers. These species were not separated on conventional ethylene glycol‐succinate siloxane or cyanopropylphenylsiloxane columns.
Biosynthesis of monoacyl‐sn‐glycerol 3‐phosphate by rabbit heart mitochondria: Positional specificity differing from liver enzyme
Authors: Liu M. S. , Brooks P. J. , Kako K. Joe
Published: November 2006

Rabbit heart mitochondria synthesize comparably more monoacyl‐than diacylglycerol 3‐phosphate as compared to heart microsomes. Since the fatty acid specificity of the biosynthesis by cardiac enzymes differs from that by hepatic enzymes, the positional specificity of monoacylglycerol 3‐phosphate formation by mitochondria was investigated by using a method utilizing lysosomal phosphatidate phosphohydrolase and borate‐impregnated thin layer chromatography. Contrary to the results of studies with liver particulates, ca. one‐third of palmitate was found at position 2 of the glycerol moiety and the remainder at position 1, whereas one‐third of oleate was bound at position 1. Only a slight, asymmetric distribution was observed with linoleate as the acyl donor. Thus, our study indicates that preferential acylation of individual fatty acids during the formation of monoacylglycerol 3‐phosphate is not as distinct in the heart mitochondria as in the liver mitochondria and microsomes.
The removal of water and nonlipid contaminants from lipid extracts
Authors: Williams J. P. , Merrilees P. A.
Published: November 2006

A technique is presented for the removal of water and water‐soluble non‐lipid contaminants from lipid extracts. The process is quicker and simpler than existing techniques and lipid recoveries of greater than 97% have been obtained.
Obligatory role of bile for the intestinal absorption of vitamin E
Authors: Gallo‐Torres Hugo E.
Published: November 2006

Normal, white female rats subjected to cannulation of the abdominal thoracic duct have been utilized for a study on the essentiality of biliary and pancreatic secretions for the intestinal absorption of vitamin E. In all animals the thoracic duct lymph was collected. Some rats had the enterohepatic circulation undisturbed and in others bile or pancreatic juice or both were drained to the exterior by appropriate catheters in the common bile duct. On the first postoperative day, the animals received intragastrically an emulsion containing protein, carbohydrate, monoolein, 2 mg ofd,l‐α‐tocopheryl acetate plus 50 μC ofd,l‐α‐tocopheryl‐1’,2’‐3H‐acetate. The appearance of radioactive α‐tocopherol and its derivatives was determined in lymph, hourly, after emulsion administration. The obligatory role of bile in intestinal absorption ofd,l‐α‐tocopheryl‐1’,2’‐3H‐acetate has been established. Pancreatic juice seems to be necessary for the hydrolysis of the vitamin E acetate ester. The simultaneous infusion of bile and pancreatic juice promotes absorption of about 10% of the administered dose into the lymph. A chromatographic separation of the radioactive vitamin E fractions revealed that most of the vitamin E, which is actively transfered from the intestinal lumen to the lymph, is nonesterified. An oxidation product of α‐tocopherol, presumably itsp‐quinone, appears in small amounts in the lymph, but almost no labeled α‐tocopheryl acetate could be detected under these experimental conditions.
Binding of long chain fatty acids to β‐lactoglobulin
Authors: Spector Arthur A. , Fletcher John E.
Published: November 2006

β‐lactoglobulin (BLG), a bovine milk protein that is available commercially in crystalline form, binds long chain free fatty acids (FFA). The binding data were analyzed with a model containing one primary FFA binding site and a large number of weak secondary binding sites. At 37C and pH 7.4, the apparent association constant for binding of FFA to the primary site was of the order of 105 M−1 and that for binding to the secondary sites was approximately 103 M−1. The strength of binding was: palmitate > stearate > oleate > laurate. The affinity of BLG for palmitate increased as the pH of the incubation medium was raised from 6.5 to 8.7 and decreased as the ionic strength of the medium was raised. Palmitate binding was decreased in the presence of 6 M urea and when the protein either was exposed to elevated temperature or was acetylated prior to incubation. BLG took up methyl palmitate, cetyl alcohol, hexadecane and cholesterol to a lesser extent than FFA. Binding of FFA to BLG was associated with a small increase in the intensity of the fluorescent emission of the protein at 333 mμ. BLG can serve as an FFA acceptor or carrier in biological experiments. FFA released from adipose tissue during in vitro incubation was taken up by BLG. Net transfer of fatty acid to the incubation medium ceased when the molar ratio of FFA to BLG exceeded 1.1.14C‐1‐Palmitate bound to BLG was taken up by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro. At a given palmitate‐protein molar ratio, much more labeled fatty acid was taken up by these cells from media containing BLG than from those containing bovine albumin, apparently because FFA is bound less firmly to BLG than to albumin.
Isolation and structural determination of the C20 and C22 unsaturated fatty acids of rapeseed oil
Authors: Haeffner E. W.
Published: November 2006

Polyunsaturated C20 and C22 fatty acids, which seldom are found in the triglycerides of higher plants, were isolated from rapeseed oil and their structures fully characterized. Pure 20∶2 and 20∶3 were identified as all‐cis Δ‐11,14 and all‐cis Δ‐11,14,17. Pure 22∶2 and 22∶3 were characterized as all‐cis Δ‐13,16 and all‐cis Δ‐13,16,19. Trienoic acids were found in very small amounts. Reinvestigation of the 20∶1 acid showed that it is a mixture of 75%cis Δ‐11 and 25%cis Δ‐13, whereas the 22∶1 is thecis Δ‐13 isomer only. Evidence is also given for the presence of a 24∶1 acid.
Spectrophotometric determination of molar amounts of glycosphingolipids and ceramide by hydrolysis and reaction with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Authors: Yamamoto Akira , Rouser George
Published: November 2006

Three spectrophotometric procedures for determination of chromatographically separated glycosphingolipids (cerebroside, sulfatide, ganglioside) are described and compared. Hydrolysis to release long chain base followed by reaction of the amino group with trinitrobenezene sulfonic acid (TNBS) and measurement at 340 mμ was shown to give values in good agreement with those obtained by reaction of the carbohydrate moiety with α‐naphthol or anthrone and measurement at 550 and 625 mμ respectively. The TNBS method is also applicable to ceramide.
Synthesis of phospholipids and phospholipid fatty acids by isolated perfused rat lung
Authors: Wang M. C. , Meng H. C.
Published: November 2006

Synthesis of phospholipids and phospholipid fatty acids in isolated perfused rat lung was studied. The perfusion fluid was a Krebs‐Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing a14C labeled substrate. It was found that 1‐14C‐acetate, 1‐14C‐laurate, 1‐14C‐palmitate, 1‐14C‐stearate, 1‐14C‐oleate, or U‐14C‐D‐glucose was incorporated into tissue lipids in the isolated perfused lung at a rate geeater than that in incubated minced tissue. However, the patterns of the newly synthesized lipids from these two systems were similar. In 1 hr of perfusion, 6.8, 3, 14.5, 7.5, 7, and 2% of the initial14C‐radioactivity of 1‐14C‐acetate, 1‐14C‐laurate, 1‐14C‐palmitate, 1‐14C‐stearate, 1‐14C‐oleate, and U‐14C‐D‐glucose, respectively, were incorporated into phospholipids. Phospholipid fatty acids accounted for 95–96% total phospholipids‐14C when14C‐substrates, other than glucose, were used. For glucose, only 20% phospholipids‐14C was in phospholipid fatty acids. More than 80% phospholipid fatty acids‐14C was in palmitic acid when 1‐14C‐acetate and U‐14C‐D‐glucose were used, while 37, 61, 80, and 94% phospholipid fatty acid‐14C from 1‐14C‐laurate, 1‐14C‐sterate, 1‐14C‐oleate, and 1‐14C‐palmitate, respectively were recovered in the original form of the fatty acid used. The newly synthesized phospholipid fatty acid (13–24%) from 1‐14C‐laurate, 1‐14C‐stearate, and 1‐14C‐oleate was palmitic, and 10% of phospholipid fatty acid from 1‐14C‐stearate was in oleic acid. Hydrolysis by phospholipase A showed that14C from perfused substrates was esterified to both α and β positions of phospholipids. It was found that positional selectivity of phospholipid fatty acids was determined by chain length, degree of unsaturation, and source of fatty acid.
Differential trypsin effect upon (1‐14C) acetate incorporation into choline and ethanolamine glycerophosphatides of rat brain and liver
Authors: Cohen Steven R. , Bernsohn Joseph
Published: November 2006

Preincubation of rat brain and liver slices in a medium (5% glucose, 5% fructose, 1% albumin, 1% trypsin, 10 mM phosphate buffer pH 6.0) used to pretreat brain tissue for the separation of cell types was found to uncouple the incorporation of (1‐14C) acetate into ethanolamine phosphoglycerides from that of the choline phosphoglycerides. Incorporation into ethanolamine phosphoglycerides was stimulated in both brain (330%) and liver (780%) slices, while the incorporation of (1‐14C) acetate into choline phosphoglycerides was reduced for both brain (71%) and liver (63%) slices, compared to control values from nonpreincubated material. With (1‐14C) linolenic acid as a precursor, no significant differences were found in incorporation into ethanolamine phosphoglycerides and choline phosphoglycerides.
Quantitation of phosphatidyl N‐methyl and N,N‐dimethyl aminoethanol in liver and lung of N‐methylaminoethanol fed rats
Authors: Katyal S. L. , Lombardi B.
Published: November 2006

A diet supplemented with N‐methylaminoethanol was fed to rats, and liver and lung phospholipids were resolved by a two dimensional thin layere chromatographic method affording the separation of phosphatidyl N‐methylaminoethanol and phosphatidyl N,N‐dimethylaminoethanol, as well as of the major phosphatides. Significant amounts of phosphatidyl N‐methylaminoethanol and phosphatidyl N,N‐dimethylaminoethanol accumulated within 24 hr in liver and lung. The fatty acid composition of liver phosphatidyl N‐methylaminoethanol and phosphatidyl N,N‐dimethylaminoethanol was determined. Stearic, arachidonic, and docosahexaenoic acids were the predominant fatty acids of these phosphatides. After injection of (Me‐14C)methionine, only phosphatidyl N,N‐dimethylaminoethanol and phosphatidylcholine became heavily labeled in both liver and lung. These findings indicate that N‐methylaminoethanol is incorporated into phosphatidyl N‐methylaminoethanol, and the latter is methylated to phosphatidyl N,N‐dimethylaminoethanol and phosphatidylcholine.
Formation of palmitate esters of monohydric short chain alcohols by swine arterial subcellular fractions
Authors: Morin Robert J. , Ihrig Thomas
Published: November 2006

Alcohols of 1–5 carbon chain length were esterified with palmitic acid and palmitoyl CoA substrates by swine aortic cytosol, mitochondrial, and microsomal fractions. Esterification of the palmitic acid substrate with ethanol was enhanced by the addition of adenosine 5′‐triphosphate and CoA to the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions. The rate of esterification of ethanol was most rapid in the microsomal fraction and with the palmitoyl CoA substrate. Esterification was linearly related to time of incubation, was optimal at pH 6.8, and could be inactivated by heating at 90 C. Esterification was inactivated by ethanol concentrations above 0.8 M and by lower concentrations of the other alcohols. Rates of esterification were highest with n‐propanol and lowest with tert‐butanol and the pentanols. The formation of cholesteryl esters by the aortic microsomes was inhibited by ethanol and was inversely related to the rate of ethyl palmitate formation.
New drugs affecting lipid metabolism
Authors: Kritchevsky David
Published: November 2006

The search for an ideal hypolipidemic agent still is underway. A relatively large number of the newer hypolipemic agents are related to ethyl p‐chlorophenoxyisobutyrate—among them are compounds with the trivial names or designations of SU 13,437; Sah 42‐348; halofenate, treloxinate, S‐8527, and two valeric acid derivatives. Other lipopenic agents, whose modes of action are described, are linoleic acid amides, Colestipol, antidiabetic agents, bis (hydroxyethylthio) 1,10‐decane, pyridinol carbamate, and some nicotinic acid derivatives.
Effect of (−)‐hydroxycitrate upon the accumulation of lipid in the rat: I. Lipogenesis
Authors: Sullivan Ann C. , Triscari Joseph , Hamilton James G. , Miller O. Neal , Wheatley Victor R.
Published: November 2006

The purpose of these investigations was to ascertain the effect of (−)‐hydroxycitrate on the accumulation of lipid in the meal fed rat by examining the rates of lipogenesis after acute and chronic treatment. Oral administration of (−)‐hydroxycitrate depressed significantly the in vivo lipogenic rates in a dose‐dependent manner in the liver, adipose tissue, and small intestine. The hepatic inhibition was significant for the 8 hr period, when control animals demonstrated elevated rates of lipid synthesis. The kinetics of this reduction of in vivo hepatic lipogenesis were identical after acute or chronic administration of (−)‐hydroxycitrate. However, in vitro rates of lipogenesis were elevated after chronic administration of (−)‐hydroxycitrate for 30 days. Rats receiving (−)‐hydroxycitrate consumed less food than the untreated controls; however, this decreased caloric intake was not responsible for the drug induced depression of hepatic lipogenesis, as shown by studies using pair fed rats.
Effects of dietary cholesterol upon bile acid metabolism in guinea pig
Authors: Lansma Heleni , Ostwald Rosemarie
Published: November 2006

Cholesterol fed guinea pigs develop a hemolytic anemia accompanied by high cholesterol concentrations in the liver, plasma, and red cells. We have studied the bile acid metabolism of guinea pigs fed a diet with or without cholesterol in a search for the factor(s) which prevent adequate control of their body cholesterol pool and, therefore, its pathological consequences. The results show that in the cholesterol fed guinea pig the synthesis (and excretion) of bile acids was at least three times greater than in controls. This is the result of a doubling of the fractional turnover rate and a smaller increase in the pool size. The major increase of the bile acid pool was in the liver. The main bile acid in gall bladder bile and small intestines was chenodeoxycholic acid, with smaller amounts of 7‐ketolithocholic and ursodeoxycholic acids. In the caecum, large intestines, and feces, the major bile acid was lithocholic acid.
Enzymic synthesis of ethanolamine plasmalogens through ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity in neurons and glial cells of rabbit in vitro
Authors: Binaglia L. , Roberti R. , Goracci G. , Francescangeli E. , Porcellati G.
Published: November 2006

The de novo synthesis of ethanolamine plasmalogen in isolated neuronal and glial cells from adult rabbit brain cortex was investigated in vitro, using labeled cytidine‐5′‐diphosphate ethanolamine as lipid precursor. The neuronal cell enriched fraction was found to possess a twofold ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity (EC 2.7.8.1), as compared to the glial fraction. The neuronal/glial ratio was similar both in the absence and in the presence of saturating alkenylacyl glycerol. Under the most favorable conditions, rates of 31 nmoles and 16 nmoles ethanolamine plasmalogen/mg protein/30 min were obtained for neurons and glia, respectively. Several kinetic properties of the phosphotransferase were found to be similar both in neurons and glia, e.g., Km of cytidine‐5′‐diphosphate ethanolamine, pH optimum, need for divalent cations; the Km value for alkenylacyl glycerol was twofold higher in glia (4 mM) than in neurons (2 mM). The neuronal/glial ratio for the phosphatidylethanolamine synthesizing activity was 2, 4.5, and 6 on using diacyl glycerols prepared from ox heart, ox brain, and soybean, respectively. It is concluded that the cytidine‐dependent system for ethanolamine plasmalogen and phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis is concentrated prevalently in the neuronal cells, as compared to glia.
Unusual composition of sterols in a phytophagous insect, Mexican bean beetle reared on soybean plants
Authors: Svoboda J. A. , Thompson M. J. , Elden T. C. , Robbins W. E.
Published: November 2006

Three saturated sterols, cholestanol, campestanol, and stigmastanol, constituted 54, 72, and 77% of the total sterols of the egg, prepupa, and adult, respectively, of the Mexican bean beetle,Epilachna varivestis (Mulsant), reared on soybean plants. Lathosterol (7‐cholesten‐3β‐ol), possibly formed from cholestanol in this insect, constituted 12, 16, and 11.8% of the total sterols isolated from egg, prepupa, and adult, respectively. None of these sterols have been isolated and identified previously as components of the sterols of a phytophagous insect reared on a natural host plant. Cholesterol, a major sterol of most plant feeding insects studied thus far, comprised less than 5% of the total sterols in any of the stages examined. The unique composition of the sterols in this insect in relation to the sterol composition of the host plant is compared to dietary sterol utilization and metabolism in other phytophagous insects.
Studies on phospholipids with particular reference to cardiolipin of rat heart after feeding rapeseed oil
Authors: Blomstrand Rolf , Svensson Lennart
Published: November 2006

The influence of dietary rapeseed oil on the lipid classes and fatty acid pattern of rat heart homogenate and mitochondria has been investigated after feeding a diet with 9.8% by wt erucic acid for 10 days and 1.4% and 2.6% erucic acid for 28 days. The rats treated with 9.8% erucic acid showed a significant increase in the triglycerides of the heart mitochondria. This tendency was much less pronounced in rats treated with 1.4 and 2.6% erucic acid, respectively. In all experiments, the triglycerides of the heart mitochondria showed a high content of erucic acid. The fatty acids of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and cardiolipin were all influenced by the dietary rapeseed oil, but the erucic acid seemed to have a specific affinity to cardiolipin. Cardiolipin of rat heart mitochondria was isolated and identified with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The isolated cardiolipin was found to contain 12% erucic acid after feeding 9.8% erucic acid as rapeseed oil for 10 days. Similar results were obtained after feeding glyceryl trierucate for 5 days to rats. The incorporation of erucic acid into cardiolipin was followed by a corresponding decrease of linoleic acid. This observation is of great interest because the molecular structure of fatty acids in lipid molecules has a profound influence on the packing of these molecules in a bilayer. Since cardiolipin is a component of the inner membrane of mitochondria its high affinity for erucic acid might influence the normal function of the inner membrane of heart mitochondria.
Metabolic effects following medium chain triglycerides load in dogs: IV. Influence of administration of methylene blue
Authors: Bach A. , Metais P. , Guisard D. , Debry D.
Published: November 2006

The perfusion of 1 g/kg of medium chain triglycerides in 1 hr in the dog causes an increase in triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acids, and ketone bodies in the plasma. Hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia are observed at the same time. Simultaneous perfusion of fat and a hydrogen acceptor, such as methylene blue, does not modify the triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acids, and total ketone bodies variations. On the other hand, the dye modified the redox state of the liver, the consequence of which is an increase in glycemia, despite high concentrations of insulin.
Bile acid metabolism in mammals: VII. Studies on sex differences in deoxycholic acid metabolism in isolated perfused rat liver
Authors: Fisher M. M. , Price V. M. , Magnusson R. J. , Yousef I. M.
Published: November 2006

The hepatic metabolism of deoxycholic acid was studied using the isolated perfused rat liver technique. In 20 perfusions, 10 involving the livers of male rats and 10 involving the livers of female rats, 30 μmoles deoxycholic acid was added to the perfusion medium. In 10 perfusions, 5 male and 5 female, 1 μmole deoxycholic acid was added to the perfusion medium. In 10 of the high dose studies and in the 10 low dose studies, 1 μCi deoxycholic acid‐C‐24‐C14 also was added. The deoxycholic acid was added to 100 ml perfusion medium after 2 hr of baseline perfusion, and the studies were continued another 3 hr. Biliary bile acids were analyzed by combined thin layer and gas chromatography, and the radioactivity content of the perfusion medium and liver was documented. Although there was no sex difference in total bile acid secretion in the high dose studies, there were sex differences in the bile acid secretion rate and in the quantitative secretion of individual bile acids. The biliary secretion of deoxycholic acid and cholic acid was immediate in the female studies and delayed in the male, and the amounts of cholic acid and sulfated deoxycholyl‐taurine secreted were considerably greater in the male studies. In the low dose studies the isolated perfused liver of the female rat converted more deoxycholic acid to cholyl‐taurine than did that of the male rat. There are sex differences in the hepatic metabolism of deoxycholic acid. In contrast to those found in the case of chenodeoxycholic acid, these sex differences are not impressive when physiological amounts of deoxycholic acid are presented to the liver.
Effect of excessive fatty acid ingestion upon composition of neutral lipids and phospholipids of snailHelix pomatia L.
Authors: Oudejans R. C. H. M. , Van Der Horst D. J.
Published: November 2006

The effect of an excessive intake of oleic acid on the lipids of the Roman snail (Helix pomatia L.) was studied. The total lipid content increased by 30% which was fully attributable to a marked elevation in the neutral esters and free fatty acids, as phospholipid and free sterol contents remained unaffected. The fatty acid composition of the phospholipids, characterized by high amounts of stearic, linoleic, homolinoleic, and, particularly, arachidonic acids, appeared to be nearly insensitive to this excessive oleic acid ingestion. By contrast, the effect of oleic acid upon the depot lipids was striking: active intestinal resorption of the acid from the dietary supply was shown by the fourfold level of lleic acid in the free fatty acid fraction, whereas a fivefold level of this acid in the glyceride and sterol ester fraction was proof of a substantial esterification. These data support the view that the composition of the structural lipids is specifically species oriented, whereas both the content and the composition of the depot lipids are highly governed by dietary fat intake.
Fatty acid composition of liver lipids during development of rat
Authors: Sinclair A. J.
Published: November 2006

The fatty acid composition of triglycerides and phospholipids from rat liver was determined throughout the period of growth in the rat. Major changes in the triglyceride fatty acid composition were observed during the period studied. The triglycerides from fetal and newborn rats contained only a small percentage of polyunsaturated acids compared with suckling and weanling rats. During the suckling phase the liver triglycerides were rich in long chain polyunsaturated acids such as 20∶4, 20∶5, 22∶5, and 22∶6; once the pups were weaned, the percentage of these acids in the liver triglycerides fell. In these experiments, 18∶2 and 18∶3 were the only polyunsaturated acids in the maternal diet. However, the stomach contents of the suckling pups contained 18∶2 and 18∶3, as well as the long chain polyunsaturated acids. Radioactive 18∶3 and 22∶6 were fed to suckling pups, and the results suggested that the LCP in the rat liver triglycerides during the suckling period were derived from the long chain polyunsaturated acids in the dam's milk, rather than by synthesis from either 18∶2 or 18∶3 within the pups.
Glycosphingolipids of human thyroid
Authors: Karli Joanna N. , Levis Gabriel M.
Published: November 2006

Glycosphingolipids were isolated from total lipids of female and male human thyroids by alkaline hydrolysis, silicic acid, diethylaminoethyl‐celluose and thin layer chromatography and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. On the basis of their mobility in two dimensions on thin layer chromatography, IR analysis, and of sugar molar ratio, four neutral glycolipids, a sulfatide, and a hematoside fraction were identified. Glucosyl, plus galactosyl ceramide, and trihexosyl ceramide were the major fractions and accounted for 33% and 28% of total neutral glycolipids, respectively. Dihexosyl ceramide was a mixture of lactosyl and digalactosyl ceramide. The acidic lower phase glycolipids comprised ceramide galactosyl sulfate as the major component of male thyroids. Hematoside was identified tentatively as a minor component of the thyroids of both sexes. Major fatty acids of all neutral glycolipid fractions were 20∶0, 22∶0, 24∶0, and 24∶1; 24∶0 and 24∶1 for sulfatides. Low proportions of α‐hydroxy fatty acids were identified. Total neutral glycosphingolipids of male thyroids were comparable in quantities with human liver but lower than kidneys, leucocytes, and platelets. Male thyroids comprised higher quantities of neutral glycosphingolipids (4.04±0.32 μmoles/g total lipid) as compared to females (2.34±0.21 μmoles/g total lipid), and much higher sulfatide than the females. These marked differences may suggest that the biosynthesis of the glycosphingolipids in the thyroid gland is under hormonal control. Similarities in glycosphingolipid composition of human thyroid and kidney are discussed in relation to a possible role played by glycolipids in ion transport, which is a common feature of the two organs.
Individual phospholipid contents and their fatty acid compositions in early normal human embryonic lung tissue
Authors: Nikolasev Velimir
Published: November 2006

The concentrations of the individual phospholipids and their fatty acid compositions were determined in lung tissue obtained from 10–11 and 14–15 week pregancies. In this early stage of pregnancy, the amounts and fatty acid compositions of the individual phospholipids did not change substantially. Our human embryonic lung tissue results were compared with the corresponding data for infants and adults.
Model of interaction of polar lipids, cholesterol, and proteins in biological membranes
Authors: Brockerhoff H.
Published: November 2006

Membranes are proposed to consist of a hydrophobic core, two hydrogen belts, and two polar zones. The hydrogen belts consist of hydrogen bond acceptors, i.e. the carbonyl groups of phospholipids and sphingolipids, and hydrogen bond donors, i.e. the labile hydrogens of cholesterol, sphingosine, proteins, and water. The density of anhydrous hydrogen bonding and the impermeability of the membrane increase with increasing concentrations of cholesterol, sphingolipids, α‐hydroxy acyl residues, plasmalogens, and ether phospholipids. Cholesterol owes its membrane‐closing properties to its rigid longitudinal orientation in the membrane combined with the latitudinal orientation of the O−H bond. It is suggested that the intrinsic proteins of membranes are held in position by hydrogen bonding, as well as by hydrophobic and electrostatic forces, and that hydrogen bonding also mediates the penetration of membranes by proteins.
Glycosphingolipids of white cells lymphoid tissue and bone marrow
Authors: Levis G. M. , Kesse‐Elias M.
Published: November 2006

Glycosphingolipids of lymphoid tissues, bone marrow cells, mixed blood leucocytes, separated lymphocytes, and granulocytes from large white pigs were analyzed by thin layer and gas liquid chromatographies. The composition of the glycosphingolipids of thymus and blood leucocytes (mixed population) was similar, and trihexosyl ceramide (galactosyl‐[1–4]‐galactosyl‐[1–4]‐glucosyl‐[1–1]‐ceramide) was the major glycosphingolipid component of both tissues. The fatty acid fractions of all glycolipids from the two tissues were analyzed, and gross differences are discussed. Blood lymphocytes had a higher content of glycosphingolipids/mole phospholipid or mg protein than thymus lymphocytes obtained by a gentle washing of sliced tissue. Similar and more pronounced differences were obtained when the glycosphingolipid content of bone marrow cells (>50% polymorphonuclear neutrophils) was compared with that of blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils. In general, most of the blood leucocytes were richer in glycosphingolipids than most of the cells of the lymphoid tissues and bone marrow. These results indicate a marked difference in lipid composition between blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils and bone marrow cells. It is possible that certain of the biophysical properties which characterize blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils and which derive from changes in the cell periphery of immature granulocytes are connected with these differences in membrane lipid composition.
Reaction of cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol antisera with phospholipid antigens
Authors: Guarnieri Michael
Published: November 2006

Antisera from rabbits inoculated with cardiolipin react with both cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol. Antiphosphatidylinositol antisera also react with both phospholipids. These results suggest that antibodies to these phospholipids obtained in certain hyperimmune sera have a limited specificity.