bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic diversity and population structure inChrysolepis chrysophylla(golden chinquapin; Fagaceae): SSRs vs SNPs
Authors: Willyard Ann , Bower Andrew , Hipkins Valerie , Snelling Jacob , DeWoody Jennifer
Published: April 2020

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes on the same plant samples of Chrysolepis chrysophylla (Douglas ex Hook.) Hjelmq. (Fagaceae; golden chinquapin) from 22 sites were used to determine genetic diversity and population structure. One site of C. sempervirens (Kellogg) Hjelmq. allowed interspecific vs. intraspecific comparisons. SSRs and SNPs yielded many similar results. Among-site variation contributed 13% to 17% of the genetic variation and Fstestimates of 0.14 to 0.17 were in the range expected among Fagaceae species rather than among populations within a species. The northern sites tended to group separately on the first two axes of multivariate scatterplots from southern sites. Sites in two geographically isolated areas were divergent: (i) the Hood Canal, Washington population was relatively more genetically distant from other golden chinquapin sites than was our C. sempervirens site; (ii) three coastal southern California sites were moderately diverged. The Hood Canal site had a negative inbreeding coefficient, fewer alleles, lower heterozygosity, and differed from the Skamania County, Washington site as well as all other sites. Hood Canal trees are distinguished by disjunct geography and by these molecular results. This suggests that the golden chinquapin near Hood Canal be treated as a management unit, and potential conservation actions are discussed.
Existence Results for Nonlinear Multiorder Fractional Differential Equations with Integral and Antiperiodic Boundary Conditions
Authors: Choi HuiChol , Sin YongSim , Jong KumSong
Published: April 2020

In this paper, we study the solvability of a class of nonlinear multiorder Caputo fractional differential equations with integral and antiperiodic boundary conditions. By using some fixed point theorems including the Banach contraction mapping principle and Schaefer’s fixed point theorem, we obtain new existence and uniqueness results for our given problem. Also, we give some examples to illustrate our main results.
Three‐Dimensional Generalized Dynamics of Soft‐Matter Quasicrystals
Authors: Fan Tian-You , Tang Zhi-Yi
Published: April 2020

The three‐dimensional generalized dynamics of soft‐matter quasicrystals was investigated, in which the governing equations of the dynamics are derived for observed 12‐fold symmetry quasicrystals and possibly observed 8‐ and 10‐fold symmetry ones in soft matter. The solving methods, possible solutions for some initial‐ and boundary‐value problems of the equations, and possible applications are discussed as well.
Parameter Estimations of Fuzzy Forced Duffing Equation: Numerical Performances by the Extended Runge-Kutta Method
Authors: Karim Muhammad Ahsar , Gunawan Agus Yodi
Published: April 2020

In this work, the forced Duffing equation with secondary resonance will be considered our subject by assuming that the initial values has uncertainty in terms of a fuzzy number. The resulted fuzzy models will be studied by three fuzzy differential approaches, namely, Hukuhara differential and its generalization and fuzzy differential inclusion. Applications of fuzzy arithmetics to the models lead to a set of alpha-cut deterministic systems with some additional equations. These systems are then solved by the extended Runge-Kutta method. The extended Runge-Kutta method is chosen as our numerical approach in order to enhance the order of accuracy of the solutions by including both function and its first derivative values in calculations. Among our fuzzy approaches, our simulations show that the fuzzy differential inclusion is the most appropriate approach to capture oscillation behaviors of the model. Using the aforementioned fuzzy approach, we then demonstrate how to estimate parameters to our generated fuzzy simulation data.
Enhanced Gray Matter Volume Compensates for Decreased Brain Activity in the Ocular Motor Area in Children with Anisometropic Amblyopia
Authors: Lu Weizhao , Yu Xueliang , Zhao Lisheng , Zhang Yanli , Zhao Feng , Wang Yi , Qiu Jianfeng
Published: April 2020

Purpose.Anisometropic amblyopia usually occurs during early childhood and results in monocular visual deficit. Recent neuroimaging studies have demonstrated structural and functional alterations in pediatric anisometropic amblyopia (PAA) patients. However, the relationship between structural and functional alterations remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between structural and functional alterations in PAA patients. Materials and Methods. Eighteen PAA patients and 14 healthy children underwent a multimodal MRI scanning including T1WI and functional MRI (fMRI). Voxel-based morphometry was used to assess structural alterations between PAA patients and healthy children. Regional homogeneity (ReHo) was used to investigate changes in local spontaneous brain activity in the enrolled subjects. Correlations between structural, functional alterations, and clinical information were analyzed in the PAA group. Results. Compared with healthy children, PAA patients exhibited significantly reduced ReHo of spontaneous brain activity in the right superior temporal gyrus (STG) and right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and increased gray matter volume in the right lobules 4 and 5 of the cerebellum. The gray matter volume of the right lobules 4 and 5 of the cerebellum was negatively correlated with the ReHo values of the right MFG. Conclusions. Our findings may suggest that PAA patients experience structural and functional abnormalities in brain regions related to oculomotor and visual-spatial information. In addition, the increased gray matter volume may compensate the decreased brain activity in the oculomotor regions, which reflects compensatory or neural plasticity in PAA patients.
Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Subsets Drive Glioblastoma Growth in a Sex-Specific Manner
Authors: Bayik Defne , Zhou Yadi , Park Chihyun , Hong Changjin , Vail Daniel , Silver Daniel J. , Lauko Adam , Roversi Gustavo , Watson Dionysios C. , Lo Alice , Alban Tyler J. , McGraw Mary , Sorensen Mia , Grabowski Matthew M. , Otvos Balint , Vogelbaum Michael A. , Horbinski Craig , Kristensen Bjarne Winther , Khalil Ahmad M. , Hwang Tae Hyun , Ahluwalia Manmeet S. , Cheng Feixiong , Lathia Justin D.
Published: April 2020

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) that block antitumor immunity are elevated in glioblastoma (GBM) patient blood and tumors. However, the distinct contributions of monocytic (mMDSC) versus granulocytic (gMDSC) subsets have yet to be determined. In mouse models of GBM, we observed that mMDSCs were enriched in the male tumors, whereas gMDSCs were elevated in the blood of females. Depletion of gMDSCs extended survival only in female mice. Using gene-expression signatures coupled with network medicine analysis, we demonstrated in preclinical models that mMDSCs could be targeted with antiproliferative agents in males, whereas gMDSC function could be inhibited by IL1β blockade in females. Analysis of patient data confirmed that proliferating mMDSCs were predominant in male tumors and that a high gMDSC/IL1β gene signature correlated with poor prognosis in female patients. These findings demonstrate that MDSC subsets differentially drive immune suppression in a sex-specific manner and can be leveraged for therapeutic intervention in GBM.

Significance:

Sexual dimorphism at the level of MDSC subset prevalence, localization, and gene-expression profile constitutes a therapeutic opportunity. Our results indicate that chemotherapy can be used to target mMDSCs in males, whereas IL1 pathway inhibitors can provide benefit to females via inhibition of gMDSCs.

See related commentary by Gabrilovich et al., p. 1100.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1079
Harnessing CAR T-cell Insights to Develop Treatments for Hyperinflammatory Responses in Patients with COVID-19
Authors: Agarwal Sangya , June Carl H.
Published: April 2020

Cytokine release and macrophage activation contribute to immunopathology after SARS-CoV-2 infection. We discuss approaches to decrease the morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19 by repurposing existing drugs previously developed for cancer therapy.
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Signaling Enhances Production of Galactose-Deficient IgA1 in IgA Nephropathy
Authors: Yamada Koshi , Huang Zhi qiang , Raska Milan , Reily Colin , Anderson Joshua C. , Suzuki Hitoshi , Kiryluk Krzysztof , Gharavi Ali G. , Julian Bruce A. , Willey Christopher D. , Novak Jan
Published: April 2020

Objectives: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is thought to involve an autoimmune process wherein galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1), recognized as autoantigen by autoantibodies, forms pathogenic immune complexes. Mounting evidence has implicated abnormal activation of some protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) in IgAN. Furthermore, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of IgAN provided insight into disease pathobiology and genetics. A GWAS locus on chromosome 22q12 contains genes encoding leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and oncostatin M, interleukin (IL)-6-related cytokines implicated in mucosal immunity and inflammation. We have previously shown that IL-6 mediates overproduction of Gd-IgA1 through aberrant STAT3 activation. Here, we show that LIF enhanced production of Gd-IgA1 in IgA1-secreting cells of patients with IgAN and provide initial analyses of LIF signaling. Methods: We characterized LIF signaling that is involved in the overproduction of Gd-IgA1, using IgA1-secreting cell lines derived from peripheral blood of patients with IgAN and healthy controls (HC). We used global PTK activity profiling, immunoblotting, lectin ELISA, and siRNA knock-down. Results: LIF stimulation did not significantly affect production of total IgA1 in IgA1-secreting cells from patients with IgAN or HC. However, LIF increased production of Gd-IgA1, but only in the cells from patients with IgAN. LIF stimulation enhanced phosphorylation of STAT1 in IgA1-secreting cells from patients with IgAN to a higher degree than in the cells from HC. siRNA knock-down of STAT1 blocked LIF-mediated overproduction of Gd-IgA1. Unexpectedly, this abnormal phosphorylation of STAT1 in IgA1-secreting cells from patients with IgAN was not mediated by JAK, but rather involved activation of Src-family PTKs (SFKs). Conclusion: Abnormal LIF/STAT1 signaling represents another pathway potentially leading to overproduction of Gd-IgA1 in IgAN, providing possible explanation for the phenotype associated with chromosome 22q12 GWAS locus. Abnormal LIF/STAT1 signaling and the associated SFKs may represent potential diagnostic and/or therapeutic targets in IgAN.
Apuntes sobre las enunciaciones que configuran el problema público "reducción de la desigualdad en el acceso a la educación superior" en la América Latina
Authors: Acero Forero Luz Maritza
Published: April 2020

El artículo emerge del estudio “Trayectoria de política pública para reducción de desigualdades en el acceso a la educación superior”. El objetivo general de investigación es caracterizar y comparar la trayectoria de política pública (PP) entre 2015 y 2018 en Colombia y Brasil. Es un trabajo documental cualitativo, usa análisis narrativo, enfoques interaccionistas e interpretativitas, teoría del actor-red y análisis por referencial; pretende conocer el estado de la cuestión y estudiar asuntos que están en desarrollo, analizando cambios, tendencias o regularidades en torno a la PP; así como describir y caracterizar actuaciones e interacciones para responder interrogantes sobre el estado de cosas que la configuran. con lo anterior, este artículo tiene el objetivo de presentar un análisis de enunciaciones que develan en la discursiva, gran parte de la configuración del problema público (PPco) a estudiar. El análisis consiente en identificar cargas de significado, notoriedad y publicación propias de la configuración del PPco, allí el interés es descubrir el contenido del lenguaje socio-técnico presente en los diferentes foros de educación en América Latina (AL) vislumbrando el ámbito de tematización que configura el acceso a la Educación Superior (ES): tensiones entre educación-derecho y educación-mercado
The empty boat
Authors: Fraguas Marcia Cristina
Published: April 2020

O artigo tem por objetivo analisar e interpretar alguns aspectos musicais e poéticos do disco Caetano Veloso (1969) escrito e gravado durante a prisão do compositor pela ditadura militar no final dos anos de 1960, a fim de compreender o modo como as canções expressam aspectos da experiência da prisão e do iminente exílio de seu autor.
Conceptual Considerations for Device-Based Therapy in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
Authors: Rosenblum Hannah , Kapur Navin K. , Abraham William T. , Udelson James , Itkin Maxim , Uriel Nir , Voors Adriaan A. , Burkhoff Daniel
Published: April 2020

Acute decompensated heart failure remains the most common cause of hospitalization in older adults, and studies of pharmacological therapies have yielded limited progress in improving outcomes for these patients. This has prompted the development of novel device–based interventions, classified mechanistically based on the way in which they intend to improve central hemodynamics, increase renal perfusion, remove salt and water from the body, and result in clinically meaningful degrees of decongestion. In this review, we provide an overview of the pathophysiology of acute decompensated heart failure, current management strategies, and failed pharmacological therapies. We provide an in depth description of seven investigational device classes designed to target one or more of the pathophysiologic derangements in acute decompensated heart failure, denoted by the acronym DRI
2
P
2
S. Dilators decrease central pressures by increasing venous capacitance through splanchnic nerve modulation. Removers remove excess fluid through peritoneal dialysis, aquaphoresis, or hemodialysis. Inotropes directly modulate the cardiac nerve plexus to enhance ventricular contractility. Interstitial devices enhance volume removal through lymphatic duct decompression. Pushers are novel descending aorta rotary pumps that directly increase renal artery pressure. Pullers reduce central venous pressures or renal venous pressures to increase renal perfusion. Selective intrarenal artery catheters facilitate direct delivery of short acting vasodilator therapy. We also discuss challenges posed in clinical trial design for these novel device–based strategies including optimal patient selection and appropriate end points to establish efficacy.
Impact of a Copayment Reduction Intervention on Medication Persistence and Cardiovascular Events in Hospitals With and Without Prior Medication Financial Assistance Programs
Authors: Doll Jacob A. , Kaltenbach Lisa A. , Anstrom Kevin J. , Cannon Christopher P. , Henry Timothy D. , Fonarow Gregg C. , Choudhry Niteesh K. , Fonseca Eileen , Bhalla Narinder , Eudicone James M. , Peterson Eric D. , Wang Tracy Y.
Published: April 2020

Background

Hospitals commonly provide a short‐term supply of free P2Y
12
inhibitors at discharge after myocardial infarction, but it is unclear if these programs improve medication persistence and outcomes. The ARTEMIS (Affordability and Real‐World Antiplatelet Treatment Effectiveness After Myocardial Infarction Study) trial randomized hospitals to usual care versus waived P2Y
12
inhibitor copayment costs for 1‐year post‐myocardial infarction. Whether the impact of this intervention differed between hospitals with and without pre‐existing medication assistance programs is unknown.

Methods and Results

In this post hoc analysis of the ARTEMIS trial, we examined the associations of pre‐study free medication programs and the randomized copayment voucher intervention with P2Y
12
inhibitor persistence (measured by pharmacy fills and patient report) and major adverse cardiovascular events using logistic regression models including a propensity score. Among 262 hospitals, 129 (49%) offered pre‐study free medication assistance. One‐year P2Y
12
inhibitor persistence and major adverse cardiovascular events risks were similar between patients treated at hospitals with and without free medication programs (adjusted odds ratio 0.93, 95% CI, 0.82–1.05 and hazard ratio 0.92, 95% CI, 0.80–1.07, respectively). The randomized copayment voucher intervention improved persistence, assessed by pharmacy fills, in both hospitals with (53.6% versus 44.0%, adjusted odds ratio 1.45, 95% CI, 1.20–1.75) and without (59.0% versus 48.3%, adjusted odds ratio 1.46, 95% CI, 1.25–1.70) free medication programs (
P
interaction
=0.71). Differences in patient‐reported persistence were not significant after adjustment.

Conclusions

While hospitals commonly report the ability to provide free short‐term P2Y
12
inhibitors, we did not find association of this with medication persistence or major adverse cardiovascular events among patients with insurance coverage for prescription medication enrolled in the ARTEMIS trial. An intervention that provided copayment assistance vouchers for 1 year was successful in improving medication persistence in hospitals with and without pre‐existing short‐term medication programs.

Registration

URL:
https://www.clini​caltr​ials.gov/
. Unique identifier: NCT02406677.
Implication of Apnea‐Hypopnea Index, a Measure of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity, for Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Xu Haobo , Wang Juan , Yuan Jiansong , Hu Fenghuan , Yang Weixian , Guo Chao , Luo Xiaoliang , Liu Rong , Cui Jingang , Gao Xiaojin , Chun Yushi , Qiao Shubin
Published: April 2020

Background

Obstructive sleep apnea (
OSA
) is common and independently associated with atrial fibrillation (
AF
) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (
HCM
). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between apnea‐hypopnea index (
AHI
), a measure of
OSA
severity, and prevalence of
AF
in a large series of patients with HCM.

Methods and Results

A total of 555 patients with HCM who underwent sleep evaluations were retrospectively included. Data from polysomnography studies, echocardiography, and baseline clinical characteristics were collected.
OSA
was present in 327 patients (58.9%). Patients with
OSA
or higher
AHI
quartiles were older, more often male, had a higher body mass index, and more clinical comorbidities. The prevalence of
AF
increased in patients with
OSA
(23.9% versus 13.6%,
P
=0.003) or across
AHI
quartiles (9.4%, 17.3%, 26.6%, and 25.2%, respectively;
P
for trend <0.001). After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, New York Heart Association class, left atrial diameter, hypertension, oxygen desaturation index, and obstructive
HCM
, highest
AHI
quartile (odds ratio, 4.42; 95%
CI
, 1.35–14.52 [
P
=0.014]) or moderate to severe
OSA
(odds ratio, 3.03; 95%
CI
, 1.28–7.20 [
P
=0.012]) but not presence of
OSA
(odds ratio, 1.58; 95%
CI
, 0.84–2.97 [
P
=0.153]) were significantly associated with
AF
. Higher
AHI
levels were also factors associated with persistent or permanent
AF
(highest
AHI
quartile with odds ratio, 10.96; 95%
CI
, 1.07–111.85).

Conclusions

Severity of
AHI
level is independently associated with
AF
in patients with HCM. Clinical trials are required to determine the benefits of
OSA
treatment on
AF
in patients with HCM.
Potential Embolic Sources and Outcomes in Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source in the NAVIGATE-ESUS Trial
Authors: Ntaios George , Pearce Lesly A. , Veltkamp Roland , Sharma Mukul , Kasner Scott E. , Korompoki Eleni , Milionis Haralampos , Mundl Hardi , Berkowitz Scott D. , Connolly Stuart J. , Hart Robert G. ,   on behalf of the NAVIGATE ESUS Investigators
Published: April 2020

Background and Purpose—

Emboli in embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) may originate from various potential embolic sources (PES), some of which may respond better to anticoagulation, whereas others to antiplatelets. We analyzed whether rivaroxaban is associated with reduction of recurrent stroke compared with aspirin in patients with ESUS across different PES and by number of PES.

Methods—

We assessed the presence/absence of each PES (atrial cardiopathy, atrial fibrillation, arterial atherosclerosis, left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac valvulopathy, patent foramen ovale, cancer) in NAVIGATE-ESUS (New Approach Rivaroxaban Inhibition of Factor Xa in a Global Trial Versus ASA to Prevent Embolism in Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source) participants. Prevalence of each PES, as well as treatment effect and risk of event for each PES were determined. Results by number of PES were also determined. The outcomes were ischemic stroke, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and myocardial infarction.

Results—

In 7213 patients (38% women, mean age 67years) followed for a median of 11 months, the 3 most prevalent PES were atrial cardiopathy (37%), left ventricular disease (36%), and arterial atherosclerosis (29%). Forty-one percent of all patients had multiple PES, with 15% having ≥3 PES. None or a single PES was present in 23% and 36%, respectively. Recurrent ischemic stroke risk was similar for rivaroxaban- and aspirin-assigned patients for each PES, except for those with cardiac valvular disease which was marginally higher in rivaroxaban-assigned patients (hazard ratio, 1.8 [95% CI, 1.0–3.0]). All-cause mortality risks were similar across treatment groups for each PES while too few myocardial infarctions and cardiovascular deaths occurred for meaningful assessment. Increasing number of PES was not associated with increased stroke recurrence nor all-cause mortality, and outcomes did not vary between rivaroxaban- and aspirin-assigned patients by number of PES.

Conclusions—

A large proportion of patients with ESUS had multiple PES which could explain the neutral results of NAVIGATE-ESUS. Recurrence rates between rivaroxaban- and aspirin-assigned patients were similar across the spectrum of PES.

Registration—

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT02313909.
Soqotrano-Biblica
Authors: Kogan Leonid
Published: April 2020

The article investigates the thematic and stylistic parallelism between Old Testament books (primarily, but not exclusively, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Songs) and the oral poetry in the Modern South Arabian language Soqotri. Striking similarities between the two corpora, noted already by the father of Soqotri studies in the West, David Heinrich Müller, are investigated in depth on the basis of the author’s fieldwork experience on the island.
Evaluating taxonomic inflation: towards evidence-based species delimitation in Eurasian vipers (Serpentes: Viperinae)
Authors: Freitas Inês , Ursenbacher Sylvain , Mebert Konrad , Zinenko Oleksandr , Schweiger Silke , Wüster Wolfgang , Brito José C. , Crnobrnja-Isailović Jelka , Halpern Bálint , Fahd Soumia , Santos Xavier , Pleguezuelos Juan M. , Joger Ulrich , Orlov Nikolay , Mizsei Edvárd , Lourdais Olivier , Zuffi Marco A.L. , Strugariu Alexandru , Zamfirescu Ştefan Remus , Martínez-Solano Íñigo , Velo-Antón Guillermo , Kaliontzopoulou Antigoni , Martínez-Freiría Fernando
Published: April 2020

The designation of taxonomic units has important implications for the understanding and conservation of biodiversity. Eurasian vipers are a monophyletic group of viperid snakes (Serpentes, Viperinae), currently comprising four genera (Daboia, Macrovipera, Montivipera and Vipera) and up to 40 species. Taxonomic units have been described using a wide variety of methods and criteria, and consequently, considerable controversy still surrounds the validity of some currently listed species. In order to promote a consensus- and evidence-based taxonomy of Eurasian vipers, we analysed published mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences for this group to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among currently recognized viper species. We also compiled information on external morphology to assess their morphological distinctiveness. Phylogenetic inference based on mtDNA sequences shows contrasting levels of divergence across genera and species and identifies several instances of non-monophyly in described species. Nuclear DNA sequences show extremely low levels of genetic variation, with a widespread pattern of allele sharing among distant species, and even among genera. Revision of morphological data shows that most species designations rely on scalation traits that overlap extensively among species of the same genus. Based on our combined assessment, we recognize 15 taxa as valid species, three taxa which likely represent species complexes, 17 taxa of doubtful validity as species, and five taxa for which species status is maintained but further research is highly recommended to assess taxonomic arrangements. We stress the need to implement integrative taxonomic approaches for the recognition of evidence-based taxonomic units in Eurasian vipers.
A Strategy of Non-Participation before International Courts and Tribunals
Authors: Tzeng Peter
Published: April 2020

One of the greatest challenges facing international courts and tribunals today is a State’s decision not to participate in a proceeding. Ever since China refused to take part in the South China Sea arbitration in 2013, there have been no fewer than nine additional inter-State cases of non-participation. The existing literature views this growing phenomenon as a problem. This article, however, takes the perspective of the non-participating State, and thus views non-participation as a strategy. After examining the law and practice of non-participation, the article discusses a series of strategic considerations that States should take into account when deciding whether to participate in a proceeding. In doing so, the article hopes not only to advise States considering non-participation, but also to help others understand the reasons behind a State’s decision of non-participation.
Outsourcing FTA Dispute Settlement Administration to Third-Party International Arbitral Institutions: Opportunities and the Role of the Permanent Court of Arbitration
Authors: Falls Scott
Published: April 2020

With the future viability of WTO dispute settlement being uncertain, states may be required to rely on the dispute settlement mechanisms of their FTAs to provide a forum for litigating international trade disputes. Given however that these mechanisms have historically been inefficient and ineffective, it would be judicious for states to consider delegating the administrative functions of FTA dispute settlement to a third-party arbitral institution in order to remedy these deficiencies. This article analyzes both the factors impelling states to consider contracting out the administrative function of FTA dispute settlement, as well as the potential benefits states can reap by pursuing this strategy. Assessing the strengths and potential drawbacks of delegating FTA dispute settlement administration to the Permanent Court of Arbitration in particular, this article argues that the PCA is well positioned to undertake effective and efficient administration of FTA trade disputes.
Necessity Historically Considered
Authors: Schwartz Daniel
Published: April 2020

The principle of necessity as applied to self-defence requires the use of the least harmful defensively effective means of thwarting a wrongful threat. Yet –so I argue – a harm can be excessive even when it is the least harmful way of dealing with the threat at the time of the attack. I therefore propose a historical view of the requirement of necessity. Historical necessity requires the selection of the least harmful means to thwart a future attack at the point in time at which we have a solid presumption that the future attack will take place. This may happen considerably before the time of the attack. Once you fail to acquire or preserve the least harmful defensive option for thwarting a future attack you may come to be irrevocably in breach of necessity. The paper tackles a number of objections to the view proposed.
The genus Litophyton Forskål, 1775 (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea: Nephtheidae) from Australia
Authors: VAN OFWEGEN LEEN P.
Published: April 2020

The Litophyton species of Australia are described. Of the 33 species dealt with three were previously described and 30 are considered new. For convenience the species described are divided into five distinct morphological groups. The new species are compared with previously described species from neighbouring Indonesia. L. pyramidalis (Kükenthal, 1895) is synonymized with L. elongatum (Kükenthal, 1895).
Effect of Mir-663 on the Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Inflammatory Environment Through Regulating Oxidative Stress and Transforming Growth Factor β1
Authors: Sun Xiuhong , Liu Yujie , Zheng Shujuan
Published: April 2020

BMSCs are beneficial for the treatment of Osteoarthritis (OA). Mir-663 involves in various diseases. However, the role of Mir-663 in the differentiation of BMSCs in an inflammatory environment remains unclear. Rat BMSCs were isolated and divided into control group, and inflammation
group which was treated with 1 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Mir-663 group and Mir-663 siRNA groups which was respectively transfected with Mir-663 plasmid and Mir-663 siRNA into LPS-treated BMSCs followed by analysis of the survival rate of BMSC by MTT, Caspase 3 activity, ALP
activity, expression of osteogenic genes Runx2 and OP by Real time PCR, ROS content and SOD activity, TGF-β1 level by Real time PCR and ELISA, TNF- and IL-1 secretion by ELISA. LPS treatment significantly increased Mir-663 expression, inhibited cell proliferation, increased Caspase
3 activity, and inhibited ALP activity. Meanwhile it also significantly decreased Runx2 and OP expression, increased ROS content, decreased SOD activity and TGF-β1 expression as well as elevated TNF-α and IL-1β secretion compared to control (P <
0.05); Mir-663 plasmid transfection can further promote the above changes (P < 0.05); whereas, Mir-663 siRNA could reverse the above changes (P < 0.05). Mir-663 expression was increased in BMSCs in inflammatory environment. Down-regulation of Mir663 expression can regulate
oxidative stress, up-regulate TGF-β1 level, inhibit the secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β, and promote the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in inflammatory environment.
Overexpression of Heme Oxygenase-1 Promotes Osteoblast Differentiation of Osteoporosis Rat Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in Bone Morphogenetic Protein-Dependent Manner
Authors: Fan Jiangrong , Zheng Yong , You Jingyang
Published: April 2020

BMSCs play a role in osteoporosis (OP) and their differentiation can lead to OP progression. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) involves in many diseases, but the effect of HO-1 on osteoblast differentiation of BMSCs in OP rats remains unclear. SD rats were divided into control group and OP group.
Rats BMSCs in OP group were cultured in vitro, HO-1 expression was up-regulated by HO-1 agonist hemin, and BMPR inhibitor LDN-19318 was added followed by analysis of HO-1 expression by real time PCR and ELISA, cell proliferation by MTT assay, apoptosis by Caspase 3 activity, BMP-2 expression
by Western blot, ALP activity, expression of Runx2 and OC by real time PCR. In OP group, HO-1 expression was significantly decreased, cell proliferation was inhibited, Caspase 3 activity was increased along with decreased ALP activity and expression of Runx2, OC and BMP-2 compared to control
(P < 0.05). Up-regulation of HO-1 expression significantly promoted cell proliferation, reduced Caspase 3 activity, increased ALP activity, and expression of Runx2, OC and BMP-2 (P < 0.05). However, inhibition of HO-1 significantly promoted bone differentiation after the
addition of BMPR inhibitor LDN-193189 (P < 0.05). HO-1 expression is decreased in BMSCs of OP group rats. Up-regulation of HO-1 promoted BMSCs proliferation in OP rats in BMP-dependent manner, inhibited apoptosis, and promoted osteoblast differentiation.
Clinical Research of Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System Classification Combined with Color-Doppler Blood-Flow Parameters in Diagnosis of Benign and Malignant Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Wang Hongzhu , Yu Da , Bao Kunzhong
Published: April 2020

In order to investigate the characteristics of high-frequency ultrasound for the patients with thyroid nodules (TN), and we use the Thyroid Imaging Reporting And Data System (TI-RADS) to classify all the TN. Combined TIRADS classification with the features of color Doppler ultrasound
and Doppler blood flow parameters for each nodule, we tried to diagnose TN between benign and malignant nodules so as to provide clinical physicians a more appropriate method and decision-making strategy for patients with of TN by ultrasound findings. The pulse Doppler technique was used to
measure the peak systolic velocity (PSV) and resistance index (RI) of the blood flow within the nodule or closely around. The final pathology results were compared with all the ultrasound test. The diagnostic coincidence rates for B&M-TN were statistically compared by single two-dimensional
ultrasound or by single color Doppler flow imaging or by combined technique of both. It can be seen that the combination strategy can optimize the coincidence rate of clinical diagnosis of B&M-TN. Therefore, the differential diagnosis of TN by high-frequency ultrasound TI-RADS classification
combined with color Doppler blood flow parameters deserves our attention and further study.
The Application Effect of Regional Family Doctor Contract Service Based on Internet Platform in the Management of Hypertensive Patients in Primary Hospital
Authors: Sheng Yuefeng , Zhao Jincao , Gu Zhenliang , Yao Weizhong , Li Weiguo , Yi Lei , Fan Jiangang , Shen Yaoliang , Zhu Youqing
Published: April 2020

Objective: To analyze the application effect of regional family doctor contract service based on Internet platform in the management of hypertension patients in community hospitals. Methods: Since June 2017, the Yetang Health Center has established a model of family doctors
contracted chronic disease management based on the Internet platform under the guidance of the General Medical Department of the First People’s Hospital of Changshu City. The Internet platform for patient management was developed, and a regional data sharing center for hypertensive patients
was established. The combination with the family doctor contract model enabled the effective management of hypertensive patients. In the 12 months before the model was implemented, 525 patients with hypertension were selected, and 2173 patients with hypertension after 12 months of implementation
were included in the control group and the observation group. The differences in treatment compliance, selfmanagement rate and other indicators between the two groups were compared to analyze the application effect of the model. Results: Compliance, compliance rate, self-management
rate and awareness rate of hypertensionrelated knowledge in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The total management cost, unit management cost and standard management cost of hypertension
patients in the observation group were lower than those in the control group. The satisfaction rate of hypertension management in the observation group was 96.87% (2105/2173), which was higher than 63.05% (331/525) in the control group (P < 0.05). The awareness rate of diagnostic
criteria, risk factors, hazards and treatment methods of hypertension in the observation group was higher than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The regional family doctor contract service based on Internet
platform can significantly improve the effectiveness and efficiency of community hospital management of hypertension patients, and it is also an effective way to reduce management costs and ensure patient satisfaction, which is worth further optimization and promotion.
Experimental Design and Multivariate Analysis for Optimizing Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Molecular Micelles
Authors: Ganea Gabriela M. , Sabliov Cristina M. , Ishola Abiodun O. , Fakayode Sayo O. , Warner Isiah M.
Published: April 2020

The utility of polymeric nanoparticles as drug delivery systems depends on effective control of synthetic parameters with a significant impact on their physico-chemical characteristics. In this study, a chemometric central composite experimental design (CCD) was used to optimize the
synthesis of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles by emulsification solvent evaporation using anionic molecular micelles, such as poly(sodium N-undecylenic sulfate) (poly-SUS), poly(sodium N-undecanoyl-glycinate) (poly-SUG) and poly(sodium N-undecanoyl-L-leucyl-valinate)
(poly-L-SULV) as well as conventional emulsifiers, such as anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and non-ionic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The individual and combined effects of PLGA concentration, emulsifier concentration, homogenization speed, and sonication time (design variables) on particle
size and polydispersity index (responses) were investigated using multivariate analysis. The most significant design variables influencing the nanoparticle size and size distribution were PLGA concentration and emulsifier concentration (p < 0.05) in comparison to the other design
variables. The quadratic model demonstrated the highest predictive ability when the molecular micelles were used as emulsifiers. The PLGA nanoparticles optimally synthesized according to the CCD were further purified by dialysis and then freeze-dried. Dried nanoparticles synthesized with molecular
micelles and PVA were readily re-suspended in water, as compared with SDS for which nanoparticle aggregation occurred. The size of PLGA nanoparticles synthesized using molecular micelles increased after freeze-drying, but remained smaller than 100 nm when poly-L-SULV was used as emulsifier.
The PDI values indicated monodisperse nanoparticle suspensions after purification and freeze-drying for all investigated molecular micelles (PDI < 0.100). The nanoparticle suspensions synthesized using molecular micelles were the most stable after dialysis and freeze-drying, having low
negative zeta potential values ranging from −54 ± 1.6 mV for poly-L-SULV to −63.2 ± 0.4 mV for poly-SUS. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs showed spherical shape and smooth surface for the PLGA nanoparticles synthesized using molecular micelles.
Surface Characterization of Lipid/Chitosan Nanoparticles Assemblies, Using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Grenha Ana , Seijo Begoña , Serra Carmen , Remuñán-López Carmen
Published: April 2020

Chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles are promising drug delivery systems, which show excellent capacity for protein entrapment and improvement of mucosal peptide absorption. We have recently developed a new drug delivery system consisting of assemblies formed between preformed chitosan
nanoparticles and phospholipids (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and dimiristoylphosphatidyl-glycerol) which are endogenous to the lung. These assemblies are prepared by lipid film hydration with a nanoparticles suspension. The aim of this work was to elucidate the architecture of these structures
using sensitive surface analysis techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and static time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, as well as to determine their physicochemical characteristics. The combination of zeta potential measurements with the results obtained by X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy and static time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, demonstrated that a complete lipid coating of the nanoparticles can be achieved using a lipid film formed by both dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and dimiristoylphosphatidylglycerol, this way conferring to the lipid film
a strong negative charge, which favors the interaction with the positively charged nanoparticles. Therefore, the major role of electrostatic interactions as driving forces to control the organisation of the lipid/nanoparticles assemblies was clearly evident. The implications of these findings
for the structural organisation of the assemblies, for their in vitro behaviour, as well as for their mechanism of formation are discussed.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of PbS Hollow Spheres with Single Crystal-Like Electron Diffraction Patterns
Authors: Zhao Pingtang , Wang Jinmin , Chen Guoe , Xiao Zhou , Zhou Jing , Chen Dean , Huang Kaixun
Published: April 2020

PbS hollow spheres were successfully prepared by a sodium citrate-assisted hydrothermal process at 120 °C for 12 h, employing lead acetate trihydrate, thiourea and sodium citrate as precursors. The diameter of PbS hollow spheres is 200–400 nm, which is composed of about 50–80
nm nanoparticles. The synthesized product was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electron diffraction (ED), Fourier transform-infrared
(FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectrometer (UV-vis) and near-infrared absorption spectrometer (NIR). The effects of the reaction conditions on morphologies of PbS structures were investigated. Star-shaped and flat PbS crystals were obtained by changing some experiment conditions.
The results show that temperature, sodium citrate concentration, sulfur sources and solvent play key roles on the final morphologies formation of PbS crystals. Especially, ED result indicates that PbS hollow spheres hold single crystal-like electron diffraction patterns. And the possible formation
mechanism of hollow spheres was proposed.
Biomolecule Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Chainlike Network of Silver Sulfide Nanostructures
Authors: Biswas Subhajit , Chaudhuri Subhadra
Published: April 2020

A L-cysteine assisted hydrothermal route has been utilized for the growth of Ag2S nanostructures with chainlike network. It was observed that the experimental parameters such as the synthesis temperature and variation in the molar ratio of the anionic and cationic precursors
play critical role in determining the morphology and crystal structure of the products. X-ray diffraction study revealed the formation of monoclinic acanthite Ag2S. L-cysteine was acting as complexing agent as well as sulfur source. The branching fractal morphology was explained
through Cayley tree model and structure of L-cysteine.
Controllable Synthesis and Photoluminescence Properties of ZnO Nanorod and Nanopin Arrays
Authors: Yin Song , Chen Yiqing , Su Yong , Jia Chong , Zhou Qingtao , Li Sen , Xin Minjun , Kong Weihai , Zhang Xinhua , Lü Youshen
Published: April 2020

Well-aligned ZnO nanorods and nanopins are synthesized on a silicon substrate using a one-step simple thermal evaporation of a mixture of zinc and zinc acetate powder under controlled conditions. A self-assembled ZnO buffer layer was first obtained on the Si substrate. The structure
and morphology of the as-synthesized ZnO nanorod and nanopin arrays are characterized using X-ray diffraction, and scanning and transmission electron microscopies, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The influence of the background atmosphere on the two
ZnO nanostructures has been studied. Two different growth mechanisms are mentioned to interpret the formation of ZnO nanorod and nanopin arrays in our work. The room-temperature PL features the ZnO nanorods exhibit only sharp and strong ultraviolet (UV) emission emissions, which confirms the
better crystalline and optical quality than the ZnO nanopins.
Synthesis and Characterization of Amorphous SiO2 Nanowires Derived from a Polymeric Precursor
Authors: Li Junping , Zhang Zhijie , Luo Yongming , Guo Li , Xie Zemin
Published: April 2020

Bulk quantity and long-scale amorphous SiO2 nanowires have been prepared simply by direct pyrolysis of an iron-modified perhydropolysilazane (Fe-PHPS) at 1300 °C in the flowing Ar atmosphere. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) study shows that most SiO2 nanowires
have smooth surface and they consist of straight and smoothly curved parts, with diameters in the range of 50 to 200 nm and lengths up to 200 μm. Beside this normal form of SiO2 nanowires via the typical vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism, four other different helical
forms of nanowires, named spring-shaped nanowires, twinborn nanospring, fishbone-shaped nanowires and braided-like helical SiO2 nanowires, are also observed. The formation of these nanowires is proposed to be the modulated contact angle anisotropy (CAA) mechanism based on the VLS
mechanism.
Photoluminescence of ZnO Nanocrystals Embedded in BaF2 Matrices by Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Zang C. H. , Liu Y. C. , Mu R. , Zhao D. X. , Zhang J. Y. , Ma J. G. , Lu Y. M. , Yao B. , Shen D. Z. , Fan X. W.
Published: April 2020

This paper describes ZnO nanocrystals embedded in BaF2 matrices by the magnetron sputtering method in an attempt to use fluoride as a shell layer to embed ZnO nanocrystals core. BaF2 is a wide-band gap material, and can confine carriers in the ZnO films. As a result,
the exciton emission intensity should be enhanced. The sample was annealed at 773 K, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that ZnO nanocrystals with wurtzite structure were embedded in BaF2 matrices. Raman-scattering spectra also confirmed the formation of ZnO nanoparticles.
Abnormal longitudinal-optical (LO) phonon-dominant multiphonon Raman scattering was observed in the sample. Room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed an ultraviolet emission peak at 374 nm. The origin of the ultraviolet emission is discussed here with the help of temperature-dependent
PL spectra. The ultraviolet emission band was a mixture of free exciton and bound exciton recombination observed in the low temperature PL spectra (at 77 K). Abnormal temperature dependence of ultraviolet near-band-edge emission-integrated intensity of the sample was observed. The band tail
state was observed in the absorption spectra, illustrating that the impurity-related defects were caused by the shell of the BaF2 grain layer. For comparison, ZnO films on BaF2 substrates were also fabricated by the magnetron sputtering method, and the same measurement
methods were used.
Novel Molecular Precursor of Lanthanide Complexes with LongChain Mono Cis-Butene Dicarboxylate to the Controlled Synthesis of Y2O3:Eu3+ Phosphors
Authors: Yan Bing , Zhu Hongxia , Zhou Lei
Published: April 2020

Maleic anhydride was modified with long chain alcohols (1-hexadecanol, 1-octadecanol, 1-eicosanol and docosyl) to their corresponding amphiphilic mono-L cis-butene dicarboxylates (L = hexadecyl, octadecyl, eicosyl and docosyl). Subsequently, corresponding amphiphilic lanthanide (Y3+,
Eu3+) complexes with these four mono-L cis-butene dicarboxylate ligands [Ln(L′)3, Ln = Eu, Y; L′ = MAH, MAO, MAE, MAD] were synthesized. Then, under heating at various temperatures (700, 800, 900, 1000, and 1,100 °C), twenty kinds of nanosized Y2O3:Eu3+
phosphors were prepared using these four as-derived amphiphilic lanthanide (Y3+, Eu3+) complexes as precursors. All four complexes can form nanosized micelle-like aggregates by special self-assembly. Results show that, under heating at 1,000 °C, the four Y2O3:Eu3+
phosphors present more regular dispersion particle-like morphology, and the particle size is in the range of 30–80 nm. They exhibit an especially strong emission at 609 nm, and the luminescence intensity of the sample derived from MAD at 1,000 °C is best.