bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treating Cancer as a Public Health Ethics Issue
Authors: Rivera Yonaira M. , Brawley Otis W.
Published: February 2019

Cancer is the second-leading cause of death in the United States. Social and structural inequalities and poor public health infrastructure, low-quality treatment, and lack of patient engagement in health-related decision-making increase the cancer burden among some populations. This chapter details ethical challenges to alleviating the cancer burden due to these health disparities from a public health perspective. Specific challenges relate to the just distribution of resources (resource allocation), balancing clinician judgment with respect for patient autonomy, medical paternalism, and reducing the social inequalities that contribute to disparities in cancer diagnosis and outcomes. This chapter discusses these challenges in relation to cancer prevention, screening, and treatment. The focus is on the United States, but many of the issues raised are relevant to other high-income countries.
Malnutrition, Public Health, and Ethics
Authors: Fanzo Jessica
Published: February 2019

A major challenge for society today is how to secure and provide plentiful, healthy, and nutritious food for all in an environmentally sustainable and safe manner, while also addressing the multiple burdens of undernutrition, overweight and obesity, stunting and wasting, and micronutrient deficiencies, particularly for the most vulnerable. There are considerable ethical questions and trade-offs that arise when attempting to address this challenge, centered around integrating nutrition into the food security paradigm. This chapter attempts to highlight three key ethical challenges: the prioritization of key actions to address the multiple burdens of malnutrition, intergenerational justice issues of nutrition-impacted epigenetics, and the consequences of people’s diet choices, not only for humanity but also for the planet.
Rational Choice and Politics
Authors: Congleton Roger D.
Published: February 2019

This chapter introduces readers to the methodology and research of public choice. The chapter is divided into two parts. The first discusses the methodology of the public choice research program, explaining the logic behind the rational choice principle and the development of rational choice models. There is much about politics that can be understood as the direct consequence of purposeful behavior, from public policies and electoral outcomes to institutional design and evolution. The second half of the chapter provides a short overview of the core results and puzzles explored by the public choice research program. These can roughly be divided into the theories of elections, interest group politics, and constitutional political economy. In addition, there are a variety of results from empirical tests of those theories and positive and normative methodological issues. Although a good deal of specialization has emerged in the past half century of public choice research, the various specialties continue to use the rational choice principle as their point of departure, as well as the models and findings of early public choice research.
Information Cues and Rational Ignorance
Authors: Bowler Shaun , Nicholson Stephen P.
Published: February 2019

This chapter addresses the role of cue taking by citizens. Cue taking is a way to answer the question: can democracy work when most of the public is rationally ignorant? The cue-taking literature gives a resounding “yes” as an answer to this question. This chapter elaborates upon the reasons for this answer and the conditions under which it holds. There are, however, reasons to be cautious in being too optimistic about this answer. While cue-taking behavior is both present and helpful, it is not infallible. The chapter also notes the times when cue-taking behavior does not really allow one to say that it is a panacea so far as democratic decision making is concerned.
Logrolling and Coalitions
Authors: McGann Anthony J.
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses logrolling, the process whereby people trade votes or support on different matters to produce a prearranged outcome. Although the term has negative connotations in popular discourse, it is an essential part of the legislative process. Some logrolls are explicit, where legislators come to an agreement to trade votes. However, logrolling also covers many other political phenomena where the vote trading is implicit, such as party platforms and coalition agreements. In fact, from a social choice point of view, logrolling is similar to coalition formation or voting on multiple, interdependent issues. Whether logrolling produces an efficient outcome depends on whether the logroll is “comprehensive,” taking into account all external costs, as opposed to being a series of decentralized vote trades. Political institutions are important in facilitating these broad logrolls and making them stick over time. Such institutions include political parties, committee systems, and coalition agreements.
Collective Action
Authors: Heckelman Jac C.
Published: February 2019

The theory of collective action, as outlined by Mancur Olson, is presented. Olson argued that individuals are subject to free-riding behavior, which can be overcome by selective incentives. The larger is the potential group, the greater the hurdles to successful formation. Thus, smaller groups with more narrow interests are more likely to form, leading to an emphasis on policy reform that concentrates benefits to the group while diffusing the costs on greater society. The accumulation of such groups will slow growth, and this sclerotic effect is reversed due to institutional instability. This chapter develops a critical appraisal of the theory and the accumulated evidence in the literature that follows from Olson.
Stochastic Process Models of Preference Change
Authors: Regenwetter Michel , Hsu Yung-Fong
Published: February 2019

This chapter gives an informal summary of a research program aiming to develop and test stochastic process models of preference change. What does it take to develop a formally precise and descriptively valid model of persuasion? Any such model should specify formally concise definitions of hypothetical constructs such as preferences or attitudes. The chapter reviews weak order and semiorder models of preferences that are grounded in decision theory. Such a model should also spell out how hypothetical constructs relate to observable behavior, such as feeling thermometer ratings. The chapter reviews response processes that, in some cases, accommodate within and across respondent heterogeneity in overt behavior. The model should furthermore specify formally what it means to change one’s preference over time and how that change relates to the persuasive environment. The chapter treats preference change as a continuous time stochastic process on a graph of preference states. The most innovative feature of the approach is to model the (perceived) persuasive environment itself also as a hypothetical construct that is not directly/objectively observable by the researcher. Last but not least, the chapter discusses how to accommodate partisan differences, how to incorporate respondents with immutable preferences, and the possibility that respondents may tune in and out of a persuasive campaign. The emphasis of the chapter lies in explaining key conceptual ideas grounded in decision theory and mathematical psychology.
Kantianism and Political Institutions
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey , Kliemt Hartmut
Published: February 2019

Western political institutions of limited government that embody Kantian ideals of rule of law and interindividual respect (chrono-)logically precede Kantianism in political economy and philosophy. Once both Kantian ideals and institutions exist, they can stabilize each other in equilibrium like the stones of a Roman arc. A traditional public choice or economic approach to politics, though hostile to intrinsic motivation through Kantian ideals, becomes more hospitable to explaining and supporting their institutional realization if it is used to understand how Kantian opinion can guide the allocation of “esteem” in ways that create institutionalized Kantian extrinsic motives or incentives.
Political Choices in One Dimension
Authors: Grofman Bernard
Published: February 2019

This chapter focuses on majority rule processes for choice of a single alternative from a set of alternatives we can regard as locations in one-dimensional space (a line), and where the voters who must choose among these alternatives can themselves be viewed as having a most preferred location on this line, with utility for the voter falling off with distance from each voter’s “ideal point.” The chapter also considers alternatives to this proximity model of voting, such as the directional model, which emphasizes change in direction vis-á-vis the location of the status quo, and the mixed model, which combines directional and proximity components. The chapter briefly reviews some of the main theoretical results on majority rule voting, such as the median voter theorem, and on value restriction and other conditions that avoid cycles. It briefly considers some other types of models that can be studied in the context of choice of alternatives on a line, such as threshold models and models that voters are making judgments rather than expressing preferences. The companion chapter to this one considers applications of the spatial model in the context of one-dimensional politics in areas such as legislative voting, party competition, and coalition formation.
Are There Really Dictatorships?
Authors: Quiroz Flores Alejandro
Published: February 2019

Selectorate theory explains variation in political leaders’ tenure in office. More specifically, it explains why leaders who produce “good” policies stay in office for short periods of time while leaders who deliver “bad” policy can hold on to power for decades. This chapter presents an overview of selectorate theory, discusses the political institutions that lie at the center of it, including the selectorate and the winning coalition, and elaborates on the place that authoritarian governance has in it. In particular, the chapter uses selectorate theory to analyze autocracies and explains why autocratic leaders implement different sets of policies to obtain and keep the political support necessary to maximize tenure in office.
The Logic of Revolutions
Authors: Kuran Timur , Romero Diego
Published: February 2019

However easily explicable in hindsight, revolutions are typically unforeseeable, because key determinants of individual decisions to join protests are unobservable. Coupled with the interdependence of individual choices, unobservability ensures that many revolutions occur through cascades. Surveying research on the dynamics of revolutions, this article evaluates insights into the connections between the likelihood of protests and individual freedoms. Other findings include: that network structure shapes motivations to participate in collective action; that social media facilitate mobilization and also quicken the diffusion of information through pre-established networks; that using social media as a mobilization tool poses growing personal risks as regimes learn to monitor the internet; and that a revolution may trigger other revolutions by altering individuals’ expected payoffs around the world.
Voters and Representatives
Authors: Braendle Thomas , Stutzer Alois
Published: February 2019

Institutions systematically affect which individuals gain positions in the different branches of democratic government. Given agents’ discretion in decision-making, their characteristics matter for policy choices. This perspective on political selection replaces the representative political agent with a heterogeneous set of political decision-makers having different skills and motivations. Selecting political agents becomes a means to align the interests of the elected delegates with those of the citizens. The chapter’s comparative analysis reviews demand- and supply-side conditions in the market for competent and honest politicians. On the demand side, parties and electoral rules (including reservations and quotas) play an important role in determining who is recruited, nominated, and finally elected. On the supply side, various types of compensations are associated with political office. Finally, institutions affecting the attractiveness of a political mandate for people with a specific professional background are considered and related to policy outcomes.
Political Participation and the Welfare State
Authors: Borck Rainald
Published: February 2019

A large literature has claimed that higher political participation increases welfare spending. In this chapter, the author reviews this literature, first studying the theoretical link between participation and redistributive spending, then reviewing the empirical literature on the links between education, income, and political participation, and those between political participation and redistribution.
Is Government Growth Inevitable?
Authors: Holcombe Randall G.
Published: February 2019

Despite massive worldwide growth of government in the twentieth century, there have been periods in the U.S. and other countries when growth has slowed or reversed. Government growth is not inevitable. Explanations of government growth fall into three major categories. Path-dependent theories emphasize factors that continually push the size of government up, so the current size is in part a function of its past size. Theories about the equilibrium size of government explain why government is big, but not why government grows. If equilibrium conditions change, that can produce government growth. Theories also describe ideological shifts that cause people to want, or at least accept, bigger governments. All these explanations could have an effect on government growth. However, none appears to be persuasive enough to explain all the growth that occurred.
Politics, Direct Investment, Public Debt Markets, and the Shadow Economy
Authors: Schneider Friedrich
Published: February 2019

The chapter first considers the role of politics on the size of the shadow economy and how it is affected by political institutions. Second, it investigates the role of the informal sector on direct investment and public debt markets in the “official” economy. The informal sector has significant adverse effects on credit ratings, lending costs, and investment decisions. This has policy implications, especially in the context of the ongoing sovereign debt crisis, since it suggests that, if politics succeed in reducing the informal sector of financially challenged countries, this is likely to reduce credit risk concerns, cutting down lending costs, and stimulating investment.
Christian History and Public Choice
Authors: Ferrero Mario
Published: February 2019

In the last twenty years, Christian history has attracted the effort of a number of economists, challenged by the fact that the mainline churches are among the longest-lasting institutions in world history. This chapter covers the subset of that research that, while part of the broader field of the economics of religion, more nearly falls within the public-choice approach, dividing it into main topics: doctrine and theology, Catholic saint-making, the working of the papacy as an institution, religious orders, and church leadership and governance. It is shown that the essential analytical tools of this research have been the classic public-choice models of collective decision-making, bureaucracy, dictatorship, rent-seeking, and clubs. The conclusion reviews neglected topics and modeling approaches that show potential for further progress.
Executive Veto Power and Constitutional Design
Authors: Miller Nicholas R.
Published: February 2019

A “separation of powers” system provides for an executive and legislature with independent powers. While only the legislature can pass bills, executive approval is commonly required for them to become law. The executive exercises veto power by withholding approval. Executive veto power is simple if the executive can only approve a bill or reject it in its entirety; it is constructive if he can amend a bill in certain ways. It is qualified if the legislature can override a veto; it is unqualified otherwise. Any such system creates a gamelike strategic interaction between the legislature and executive. The chapter provides an expository sketch of a variety of such veto games. The analysis is based on a one-dimensional spatial model given three different behavioral assumptions: sincere behavior by both the legislature and executive, strategic behavior by both, and strategic behavior coupled with the possibility of a credible veto threat by the executive. Several extensions and qualifications are briefly noted.
Betrayal by Bosses
Authors: Ross Jacqueline E.
Published: February 2019

This chapter identifies a management problem in the regulation of undercover operations and terms it the problem of “upstream defection” by a “rogue principal,” in contrast to the better-known problem of the faithless agent (known as the “agency problem”) or “downstream defection.” orThe chapter first considers some of the features of undercover operations that bring undercover agents into conflict with investigative teams and supervisors and that can make undercover agents vulnerable to upstream defection, either real or imagined. It then highlights the distinction between the risks of betrayal facing undercover agents and those facing informants, as well as the differences between real and perceived “betrayals” and the analytical and evidentiary difficulties of distinguishing between them. It also discusses some of the regulatory devices employed by French and German law enforcement agencies to reduce the differences in outlook between undercover agents and other members of the law enforcement team, in order to mitigate the conflicts that can produce both real and perceived forms of defection within the chain of command.
Challenges of Trial Procedure Reform
Authors: Satzger Helmut , Zimmermann Frank
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines the impact of European Union legislation on trial procedure reforms in EU Member States’ national criminal justice systems. It first considers the harmonization of procedural rights in the EU from the initial concept of mutual recognition, focusing on the legislative efforts to strengthen the rights of suspects and accused persons as well as the rights of victims in the trial phase, before discussing European rules for the admissibility and assessment of evidence. It then uses the European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO) as an example to highlight the potential impact of supranational institutions on national trial proceedings. It shows that the criminal trial itself is subject to European influences, noting that the EPPO-Regulation contains some rules for the preliminary question of where the trial will take place.
International Corporate Prosecutions
Authors: Garrett Brandon
Published: February 2019

This chapter deals with corporate prosecutions around the world, focusing on the approach adopted by federal prosecutors in the United States in which settlement negotiations with companies are resolved, either through a plea agreement or agreements entered largely out of court and without judicial oversight. These agreements, called deferred and non-prosecution agreements, have added new flexibility but also some additional uncertainty to the practice of corporate prosecutions. Before discussing how this U.S. approach has altered the international corporate prosecution landscape, the article considers varying standards for corporate criminal liability. It then examines underlying corporate crimes and how standards and enforcement approaches may vary depending on the type of crime, settlement approaches toward corporate criminal cases, criticisms of corporate crime settlement approaches, and international approaches and cooperation in corporate crime cases. It also explains how corporate or entity-based criminal liability is limited and unavailable for many types of crimes in most countries.
Pretrial and Civil Detention of “Dangerous” Individuals in Common Law Jurisdictions
Authors: McSherry Bernadette
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines issues surrounding the pretrial and civil detention of “dangerous” individuals in common law jurisdictions. It first provides an overview of justifications for pretrial and civil detention schemes governing “dangerous” individuals as well as “pre-crime,” “pre-trial,” “post-crime,” and “post-sentence” schemes including risk assessment. In particular, it considers the pre-charge detention of suspected terrorists, civil detention of those with severe mental health problems and/or intellectual disabilities, remand and bail, unfitness to plead, and indefinite detention of recidivist offenders and of those found not guilty by reason of mental impairment. The chapter concludes with an analysis of criticisms of pretrial and civil detention schemes based on the grounds of human rights, due process, and the principle of proportionality.
Defense Rights in European Legal Systems under the Influence of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Weigend Thomas
Published: February 2019

This chapter focuses on the role of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in interpreting the defense rights enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and other European legal systems. In particular, it considers one aspect of European Union Member States’ compliance with ECtHR case law: the rights of suspects and defendants under Article 6 ECHR. The chapter first discusses the right of a suspect to be informed about the accusation against him, the right to legal assistance at the early stages of the criminal process, the privilege against self-incrimination, and the right to examine adverse witnesses. It then explores how the European Court’s jurisprudence has been received by the legislation and judge-made law in France and Germany. It shows that Article 6 ECHR and the ECtHR’s jurisprudence on various clauses of that article exerted an influence on domestic laws, at least in France and Germany.
Plea Bargaining under the Common Law
Authors: Vogel Mary
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines plea bargaining under the common law in England and the United States, with brief references to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The work reveals plea bargaining operates in combination with mandatory sentencing to contribute to the rise of mass incarceration. It first considers the current nature, frequency, and patterns of variation of Anglo-American plea bargaining, noting that both U.S. and English criminal justice systems employ distinct kinds of agreements that are similar to negotiated guilty pleas and that civil forfeiture agreements are sometimes components of negotiated resolutions. The chapter proceeds by examining some of the major criticisms against plea bargaining as well as constitutional controversies (particularly in the U.S. context) that bargaining raises. It analyzes the constitutionality of plea bargaining, its relation to human rights, and some of the presumptions of the high courts about the practice. By probing competing accounts of the causes of plea bargaining, this work enables us to see how this controversial practice arose. The chapter concludes by analyzing the consequences of plea bargaining for the nature of “justice” meted out, focusing on four outcomes—false convictions, wrongful acquittals/dismissals, equity in sentencing, and administrative efficiency—and arrives at findings that challenge some of the key presumptions of high courts.
Beyond Common Law Evidence
Authors: Jackson John , Roberts Paul
Published: February 2019

This chapter offers a critique of the “common law model” of the Law of Evidence and calls for a new organizing principle that “reimagines” evidence law as forensic science, particularly in the context of criminal adjudication. It first provides an overview of the orthodox common law model of Evidence Law before deconstructing it, arguing that it adopts a very narrow doctrinal focus, thus undermining the dynamic processes through which evidence is collected, organized, presented, tested, and evaluated in legal proceedings. It also suggests that the model is difficult to defend in terms of robust disciplinary boundaries differentiating that which is specifically evidentiary from broader aspects of substantive and procedural law. Finally, it considers the so-called “New Evidence Scholarship” on evidence law, the impact of the new cosmopolitanism on common law evidence, and the rationale for reconceptualizing evidence law as part of an interdisciplinary “forensic science” that goes “beyond common law.”
The Confrontation Right
Authors: Friedman Richard
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines the right of criminal defendants to be confronted with the witnesses against them. It first provides an overview of the nature, purposes, and costs of the confrontation right before discussing the history of the confrontation right. It then considers a range of issues that may arise in any jurisdiction (or in some cases, any common law jurisdiction) with regard to the confrontation right, using as a touchstone the current status of the right in the United States. In particular, it describes situations in which the question of whether a statement is testimonial typically arises, such as fresh accusations and forensic laboratory reports. It also explores the waiver and forfeiture of the confrontation right, a child’s testimony, and remote testimony as well as the extent of constitutionally protected impeachment before concluding with an analysis of the confrontation right in Europe.
Appeal and Cassation in Continental European Criminal Justice Systems
Authors: Thaman Stephen C.
Published: February 2019

This chapterexamines appeal and cassation as procedural vehicles for challenging criminal judgments rendered by trial courts in five European countries: France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Spain. More specifically, it considers whether appeal and cassation serve as guarantees of factual accuracy in criminal judgments or as vehicles by which the high courts exercise administrative control over the work of lower courts. The chapter first provides an overview of the hierarchical model of criminal procedure in the civil law system before discussing the structural and philosophical differences between Continental European (civil law) and common law systems. It also describes how appeal and cassation have developed from their classical forms and concludes with an analysis of how they function today, noting that acquittals seem to receive enhanced scrutiny on appeal and cassation in European jurisdictions.
Criminalization and Quasi-criminalization of Terrorism
Authors: Fenwick Helen
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines the criminalization and quasi-criminalization of terrorism, focusing on emerging trends and tensions with human rights law in the UK. In particular, it considers two recently emerging trends in counterterrorism against the backdrop of the terrorist attacks in Europe in 2015–2017: the reliance on very broad “precursor” terrorism offenses—the creeping criminalization of terrorism—and the accompanying reliance post-9/11 on quasi-criminal non-trial-based preventive measures such as control orders and Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures (TPIMs) under the Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 2011 (TPIMA). These trends are explored in relation to the current counterterrorism and national security context and to resultant tensions with the rights enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights and scheduled in the Human Rights Act 1998 and common law principles.
The European Union and the Rights of Individuals in Criminal Proceedings
Authors: Mitsilegas Valsamis
Published: February 2019

This chapter considers the secondary legislation that has been adopted by European Union institutions under Article 82(2) TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) in the field of procedural rights in criminal proceedings. Article 82(2) TFEU is included in the Lisbon Treaty conferring to the EU express competence to adopt minimum standards on criminal procedure. The chapter first provides an overview of the EU Directive on the right to interpretation and translation, the right to information, the right of access to a lawyer, the right to legal aid, procedural rights of children, and presumption of innocence. It then discusses some of the key challenges in reaching agreement on EU standards on procedural rights in criminal proceedings, before concluding with an analysis of the transformative potential of EU law on procedural rights when viewed within the broader constitutional and institutional context of the EU.
Queering Scholarship?
Authors: Thiel Markus
Published: February 2019

With the emergence of global LGBT issues as focal points for domestic and international politics, a theoretical examination of their impact on scholarship becomes necessary in order to broaden international relations (IR) and political science and re-evaluate some of the central tenets and concepts in those disciplines. LGBT politics are often theorized in LGBT studies, which more conventionally trace the impact of such politics, but also increasingly in queer studies, which advance critical, deconstructive perspectives stemming from sexuality and gender. The author asks why LGBT and queer studies have not made earlier inroads into IR and political science, accounts for the theoretical as well as methodological challenges that LGBT politics pose for those disciplines, and highlights some of the open questions that remain to be answered in the future.
Asserting Ignorance
Authors: Peels Rik
Published: February 2019

This article explores to what extent ignorance is assertable. More specifically, can one properly assert that one is ignorant with respect to some specific proposition p? This article argues that, depending on one’s account of ignorance, there are six or seven different kinds of ignorance. Subsequently, it examines whether or not each of these varieties of ignorance is assertable. It defends the view that only two out of six or seven kinds of ignorance are assertable, at least de dicto: what the author calls “suspending ignorance” and “undecided ignorance.” The other four or five kinds of ignorance are unassertable: what the author calls “disbelieving ignorance,” “unconsidered ignorance,” “deep ignorance,” “complete ignorance,” and, on some accounts of what it is to be ignorant, “unwarranted ignorance.” It turns out they are unassertable for very different reasons, though. Finally, the article applies its argument to two issues. First, the debate about whether there is inexpressible ignorance has focused entirely on various kinds of propositions or facts that are supposed to be such that one cannot express ignorance with regard to them. It has failed to pay attention to the various attitudes that ignorance can consist in. Second, Transparency as an account of self-knowledge may be true for belief and some other mental states, but not for various kinds of ignorance.
Promising and Assertion
Authors: van Roojen Mark
Published: February 2019

Even if promising is a kind of assertion or accomplished by making an assertion, it has a normative upshot that goes beyond the normative upshot of ordinary assertions. When one breaks a promise, one is liable to criticism for actions subsequent to making the promise—a kind of criticism to which merely asserting something would not make one liable. This article explores various explanations for the ways in which a promise creates these obligations. It distinguishes those that see the relevant obligations as falling out of some prior obligation and those that treat promissory obligation as a new creation. If obligations generate reasons to comply, these latter accounts seem to postulate reasons that come from nowhere, and this in turn has led to some puzzlement. This article surveys the puzzlement, as well as ways to embrace it and ways to avoid it, while also examining reasons to be glad one can bind oneself by promising. Finally, it explores the possibility that promises as illocutionary acts are a species of assertion or constituted by assertions.
The Indicativity View
Authors: Pagin Peter
Published: February 2019

This chapter gives a presentation and a justification of the indicativity account of assertion, originally proposed in Pagin (2011). This account is entirely nonnormative. Neither the existence of norms nor the existence of normative attitudes is required. Assertion is explained in terms of credence-related dispositions to utter linguistic expressions and credence-related dispositions to react to such utterances. The view can be briefly summarized as follows: An assertion is an utterance that is prima facie informative. For an utterance to be informative is for it to be uttered partly because it is true. What this amounts to is spelled out differently for the speaker and for the hearer. Simplified, it amounts to the following: the speaker makes the utterance partly because of believing the proposition expressed, and the hearer believes the proposition because of the utterance. Details and qualifications are provided. The two final sections are devoted to empirical support from psychology, especially the so-called truth bias.
Introduction: The Crisis of the Baroque
Authors: Lyons John D.
Published: February 2019

Baroque is often considered as a category of style specific to the historical period extending roughly from the mid-sixteenth century to the mid-eighteenth century. The term “baroque” has also been applied to later periods, frequently with regard to works in the visual, musical, and performing arts as well as in literature, in which similar style markers appear. This entry, like several others in this volume, argues that the Baroque, as historical period, can also be fruitfully understood as a massive challenge of organization occasioned by geographic and scientific discoveries as well as by religious reformations. There are traits of the Baroque throughout the European society of this period and, as a consequence of European colonization of other continents, throughout the world.
Ibero-American Architecture and Urbanism
Authors: Niell Paul
Published: February 2019

The Baroque in Ibero-American Architecture and Urbanism, in parts of the Americas formerly comprising the Spanish and Portuguese empires, has been traditionally studied as a question of adherence to or deviation from a Counter-Reformation style promoted primarily by ecclesiastical institutions. This article expands upon what is meant by “Baroque” in the architecture and urbanism of the Iberian empires in the Americas. Through the analysis of urban plans, images of the city, architectural interiors and exteriors, physical urban spaces, and other forms of material culture, this article argues that Ibero-American architecture and urbanism in the age of the Baroque belonged to a phenomenon of ordering and thereby creating the “New World” as ideologically constituted colonial spaces that reified social and political norms. Furthermore, human subjects actively negotiated the spaces created by architecture and the city, making the American Baroque also part of a process of negotiating order and thereby producing American spaces.
Reforming Child Welfare
Authors: Lowry Marcia Robinson
Published: February 2019

Child welfare has changed in some superficial ways over the years but key problems remain. The foster care population is once again rising, and most states fall far short of meeting even lax federal standards. States seem to have short attention spans to address these problems, reacting to the inevitable abuse- or neglect-related deaths of children with calls for more “preventive” services, while many such services are often inadequate, unproven, and not individualized. Rather than tolerating systemic problems—such as the shortage of meaningful services, high worker caseloads, and low numbers of foster homes, particularly adequate ones—many states continue to seek to reduce their in-care populations, leaving children with neither foster care nor necessary services. Litigation on behalf of children can change that, or at least move things forward. Marcia Robinson Lowry, a long-time child advocate engaged in many landmark child welfare lawsuits, surveys the current landscape from the vantage point of years seeking to reform child welfare systems, points out the advantages to this litigation, and urges more common sense approaches to delivering what children need.
The Social Embeddedness of Marketing
Authors: Schwarzkopf Stefan
Published: February 2019

In both premodern and modern capitalist societies, marketing emerged as a key driver behind consumption patterns and as a facilitator of new consumer goods and services. This chapter uses historical case studies to highlight how marketing and consumption practices co-developed over time and in response to socioeconomic and technological changes. The historical evidence shows that marketing activities have never followed a narrow economic and utilitarian calculus; instead, they have always existed within and helped to maintain a wide range of relations between businesses, consumers, cultural intermediaries, and lawmakers. A key tension that runs through the history of marketing and consumption is the coexistence of efforts to control consumer behavior and attempts to provide consumers with the space needed to create entirely new kinds of consumption experiences.
Emotions in Consumer Studies
Authors: Illouz Eva , Alaluf Yaara Benger
Published: February 2019

In the last decades, sociologists and anthropologists of consumption have been increasingly interested in emotions and in the seemingly contradictory concurrence of rational and emotional ideas and practices. Drawing on Illouz (2018a), this article suggests understanding the mutual enhancement of rationalization, commodification, and emotionalization as the outcome of an accelerating co-production of consumerist actions, commodities, and emotional lives. The article offers a historical analysis of the configuration of emotions and consumption, emphasizing the influence of psychological theories on the marketing sciences. It is demonstrated that it was throughout this process that consumers became increasingly defined in emotional terms and emotional experiences converted into commodities.
The Development of Ethnoracial Market Segments
Authors: Mora G. Cristina
Published: February 2019

Racial minority markets today are now multi-million-dollar ventures, but little is known about how these markets develop. This chapter uses the case of Latino media to show how market demands interact with racial narratives to channel the development of ethnoracial market segments. In a nutshell, the case shows that ethnic entrepreneurs exploit stereotypes about racial and consumer differences to build their minority market, but these racialized understandings can also prohibit market growth in the long run. The author contends that the study of racial and ethnic markets presents an important opportunity for economic sociologists to better understand how inequality and institutionalized meaning systems structure consumer markets over time.
Axon Trajectories in the Auditory Brainstem
Authors: Cant Nell Beatty
Published: February 2019

This chapter summarizes what is known about the organization of the axons that make up the white matter of the auditory brainstem. The sources of the axons in each of the major fiber bundles (the dorsal and intermediate acoustic striae, the ventral acoustic stria or trapezoid body, and the lateral lemniscus) are reviewed, and, where information is available, the organization of specific groups of axons within the fiber bundles is described. The chapter collects the extensive but scattered information about axon trajectories into one place, both to provide a summary of what is known and also to indicate important gaps in our knowledge. The emphasis is almost entirely on the routes followed by groups of axons over the relatively long distances between structures and on the organization of specific types of axons within the fiber bundles; information about the termination patterns of the axons can be obtained from the references cited and throughout the chapter. Because knowledge about axon trajectories has considerable practical value (as, for example, in designing and interpreting both anatomical and physiological studies), the most useful information is species specific. Fortunately, at least at our current level of understanding, the components and relative positions of the major fiber bundles are remarkably similar across species (undoubtedly reflecting a common mammalian developmental plan).
The Colonizing Other
Authors: Anderson Emily
Published: February 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the key historical factors that led Japanese Christians to develop their beliefs and practices in the context of early twentieth-century Japan. It places the emergence of Protestant Christianity within the larger context of Japan’s uncomfortable return to diplomatic and economic ties with western powers after over two centuries of self-imposed isolation. It particularly focuses on Christian engagement with Japan’s emergence as a colonial empire. The chapter also discusses whether or not the Bible supported colonial expansion or political dissent. In addition to offering a survey of relevant existing scholarship, it also introduces some of the key figures who engaged in these debates.
Jewish Negotiations of Hellenistic Power
Authors: Carter Warren
Published: February 2019

Much scholarship has addressed the question of how Jewish writings negotiated Hellenistic imperial and cultural power. These negotiations began in the time of Alexander (d. 323), continuing through the Ptolemaic and Seleucid empires until the assertion of Roman hegemony over Judaea/Israel in 63 bce. This chapter briefly reviews some recent discussions, noting significant interactions as well as neglected complexities. It then adopts a postcolonial optic to foreground inequalities in the assertions of power, along with the often invisible colonized and their agencies and voices. The chapter also discusses situations marked by ambivalence, mimicry, consensual-conflictive hybridity, native fractures, and the mutual dependence of colonizer and colonized.
Postcolonial Liberation
Authors: West Gerald O.
Published: February 2019

Liberation biblical interpretation and postcolonial biblical interpretation have a long history of mutual constitution. This essay analyzes a particular context in which these discourses and their praxis have forged a third conversation partner: decolonial biblical interpretation. African and specifically South African biblical hermeneutics are the focus of reflections in this essay. The South African postcolony is a “special type” of postcolony, as the South African Communist Party argued in the 1960s. The essay charts the characteristics of the South African postcolony and locates decolonial biblical interpretation within the intersections of these features. Race, culture, land, economics, and the Bible are forged in new ways by contemporary social movements, such as #FeesMustFall. South African biblical studies continues to draw deeply on the legacy of South African black theology, thus reimagining African biblical studies as decolonial African biblical studies—a hybrid of African liberation and African postcolonial biblical interpretation.
Global Summitry as Sites of Transnational Technocratic Management and Policy Contestation
Authors: Cooper Andrew
Published: February 2019

Global summits are commonly viewed as concert mechanisms dominated by political leaders. Although leaders are at the apex of the shifting dynamics of summitry—imparting symbolic importance to these meetings especially in time of crisis—the instrumental component is driven by a unique form of transnational management as seen in the evolution of the G20. At the core of this process is the work of the sherpas or permanent representatives of leaders. The role of the these politically well-connected actors is complemented by the activity undertaken by networks of technocratic finance ministry officials and central bankers either via the operations of the G20 (in working groups) or through interconnected—and often delegative—institutions such as the International Monetary Fund, the Financial Stability Board, the Bank of International Settlements, and the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development. The onus is on policy competence in the context of an intense degree of complex interdependence in the global economy. Although the G20 lacks legal authority, the summit process both in its highly visible leader-centric components and its below-the-surface technocratic components form a mode of transnational management which uses an innovative repertoire to animate policy coordination.
International Civil Servant Management
Authors: Moloney Kim
Published: February 2019

The intersection of public personnel management, the international civil service, and international civil servants of international organizations (IOs) is a relatively new area of inquiry shaped by two literatures. The first is an established public personnel management literature largely focused on democratic and developed countries. The second is a nascent and often non-comparative international civil service literature focused on the United Nations and, more recently, the European Union and the World Bank. Research is dominated by the politics of personnel management (recruitment/representation, secondment, labour contracts) and less on other typical personnel management concerns. Insufficient attention to an IO’s human resources limits a fuller understanding of its representation, legitimacy, and accountability concerns.
The Rise of Global Policy and Transnational Administration
Authors: Stone Diane , Moloney Kim
Published: February 2019

The sovereign domain of policy making and administration of the last century is increasingly supplanted by multiple public spheres and policy communities carving out new transnational spaces of policy making and public administration. The old methodological nationalism or ‘Westphalian grammar’ no longer exclusively describes a proliferation of delegated and decentralized policy and administration. This new global policy and transnational administration includes a diverse set of institutions, actors, and individuals interacting with non-state actors and other networks to help states and the global community respond to its most pressing problems. Global policy problems require scholars and practitioners to move past their sector-specific foci and narrow disciplinary (and nation-focused) endeavours to create space for new disciplinary, theoretical, and methodological emphases in which the boundaries between domestic and global are neither finite nor clearly defined.
Globalization and Internationalization
Authors: Raadschelders Jos C. N. , Verheijen Tony
Published: February 2019

This chapter reviews and discusses various aspects of engagement between national civil servants and their international environment, with the aim to establish how these have evolved in a context of growing globalization. This is a research topic that offers ample opportunity for further investigation and review, given the scant literature available on the subject. The authors review the topic through the prism of engagement in multi-level governance systems, patterns of influence in relations between global development actors and national officials and relations between US officials and their international counterparts. At the end of the chapter, an agenda for further research on this important but under-researched topic is presented.