bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of magnetic losses variation in stator‐end structures with windings extensions using space vectors
Authors: Wang Likun , Kou Baoquan , Sun Yutian , Ye Jian
Published: February 2018

Electromagnetic and heat issues are more complex in the end region of a generator than in the line segment area. In this study, the electromagnetic field and related challenges are discussed. Stepped cores are considered in the performed calculations. Eddy‐current losses variation mechanisms for structures in the end region and iron losses of end stepped cores are investigated under rated load condition, using space vectors. The effects of the end windings stretching out the end cores from the rotor and stator on the electromagnetic losses of the end structures studied in detail. The obtained results can be employed for developing large turbo‐generators, and reveal a novel approach for reducing eddy currents and iron losses.
Experimental and analytical study on the performance of novel design of efficient two‐stage electrostatic precipitator
Authors: Khaled Usama , Beroual Abderrahmane , Alotaibi Falah , Khan Yasin , Al‐Arainy Abdulrehman
Published: February 2018

This study presents a novel design of high‐efficiency two‐stage electrostatic precipitator (ESP). For its design, different electrode configurations were tested and the corresponding onset and breakdown voltages were measured and compared. Based on findings, an optimal arrangement was then defined and a novel design of a two‐stage ESP prototype, using needle electrodes instead of long wires utilised in conventional ESPs, is realised. For comparison, a single‐stage ESP was also built. The influence of various parameters on the performances of both two‐stage and single‐stage ESPs was evaluated numerically using 2D modelling and compared with the experimental ones for the same dimensions of laboratory‐scale ESP. The numerical simulation was implemented using COMSOL Multiphysics package that uses finite element method (FEM) solver. The main investigated parameters are the electric potential, electric field distribution and collection efficiency under the loading conditions as a function of air flow velocity, magnitude and polarity of voltage, ESP geometry design (size, shape and number of discharge electrodes). It is shown that the collection efficiency of this novel ESP increases when decreasing air flow velocity; and its effectiveness is higher when using negative ionisation polarity. Also, the collection efficiency of this ESP could greatly improve the existing ESPs under the same applied physical conditions.
Research on the modulation of a three‐level matrix converter with reduced common mode voltage
Authors: Jianglei Qu , Lie Xu , Lina Wang , Yannia Hui
Published: February 2018

The matrix converter (MC) is a kind of universal power transformation topology. It merits in unit power factor operation; no intermediate storage link, bidirectional power conversion etc. Compared to traditional MC, three‐level MC can achieve multilevel high‐voltage output, high‐power conversion, improved power quality etc. An interesting space vector modulation (SVM) of the MCs has been reported for the common mode voltage (CMV) suppression recently. However, the CMV suppression method on three‐level MCs is seldom mentioned due to its complicated SVM. The CMV suppression of a capacitor clamped three‐level MC is introduced in this paper. Aiming at reduce the CMV on three‐level MC, the contribution of this article is determined an improved SVM with minimised CMV on the proposed three‐level MC, this SVM chooses the different modulation strategy based on the different modulation index.
A uniform cube-free morphism isk-power-free for all integersk≥ 4
Authors: Wlazinski Francis
Published: February 2018

In the study ofk-power-free morphisms, the case of 3-free-morphisms,i.e., cube-free morphisms, often differs from otherk-power-free morphisms. Indeed, cube-freeness is less restrictive than square-freeness. And a cube provides less equations to solve than any integerk≥ 4. Anyway, the fact that the image of a word by a morphism contains a cube implies relations that, under some assumptions, allow us to establish our main result: a cube-free uniform morphism is ak-power-free morphism for all integersk≥ 4.
Finite volume coastal ocean model for water-level fluctuation due to climate change in Aguelmam Sidi Ali Lake (Middle Atlas, Morocco)
Authors: Haddout Soufiane , Jamali Abdelkrim , Rhazi Mbarek , Aghfir Mohamed
Published: February 2018

Climate changes are the main motivation for alteration of ecosystems; in fact the effects of these changes on biodiversity and ecosystems are considered as the most challenging cases in present century. Therefore, since the lakes are the most important services and functions of ecosystems, the effect of climate change on water level fluctuations of Aguelmam Sidi Ali Lake (Morocco) was analyzed as a natural ecosystem in this essay. The regular observations from the lake have found that a very sensitive withdrawal of their water level during the dry years. Therefore, a hydrodynamic model has been used to simulate the condition of Aguelmam Sidi Ali Lake, with observed field data (model has been set up to run annually for a total 35 year data,i.e., precipitation, evaporation, runoff discharges and water-level which are available for the last 35 years) being used for model calibration and validation. Additionally, the model validation process showed that the model results fit the observed data fairly well (R2 = 0.70−0.74, root mean square error [RMSE] = 1.63−1.71 m). On the other hand, different hydrological conditions regarding lake input and output data were tested and water depth was calculated using bathymetry to predict water-level fluctuations in the future. The results predict that the water-level will decrease continuously (In 2044, the water level will reach to 6.20 m). The water level decrease due to the climate change in both scenarios (dry and very dry) is dramatic and a profound adverse impact on the environmental balance is predicted in the region. Additionally, the lake will be dried up in about 20 years if very dry conditions continue in the region. This reveals the importance of this type of approach for obtaining a first-order estimate of water-level variations in Sidi Ali Lake, affected by climate change.
Springback optimization in automotive Shock Absorber Cup with Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Kakandikar Ganesh , Nandedkar Vilas
Published: February 2018

Drawing or forming is a process normally used to achieve a required component form from a metal blank by applying a punch which radially draws the blank into the die by a mechanical or hydraulic action or combining both. When the component is drawn for more depth than the diameter, it is usually seen as deep drawing, which involves complicated states of material deformation. Due to the radial drawing of the material as it enters the die, radial drawing stress occurs in the flange with existence of the tangential compressive stress. This compression generates wrinkles in the flange. Wrinkling is unwanted phenomenon and can be controlled by application of a blank-holding force. Tensile stresses cause thinning in the wall region of the cup. Three main types of the errors occur in such a process are wrinkling, fracturing and springback. This paper reports a work focused on the springback and control. Due to complexity of the process, tool try-outs and experimentation may be costly, bulky and time consuming. Numerical simulation proves to be a good option for studying the process and developing a control strategy for reducing the springback. Finite-element based simulations have been used popularly for such purposes. In this study, the springback in deep drawing of an automotive Shock Absorber Cup is simulated with finite element method. Taguchi design of experiments and analysis of variance are used to analyze the influencing process parameters on the springback. Mathematical relations are developed to relate the process parameters and the resulting springback. The optimization problem is formulated for the springback, referring to the displacement magnitude in the selected sections. Genetic Algorithm is then applied for process optimization with an objective to minimize the springback. The results indicate that a better prediction of the springback and process optimization could be achieved with a combined use of these methods and tools.
Oblique Ionograms Automatic Scaling Algorithm OIASA application to the ionograms recorded by Ebro observatory ionosonde
Authors: Ippolito Alessandro , Altadill David , Scotto Carlo , Blanch Estefania
Published: February 2018

The oblique ionograms automatic scaling algorithm (OIASA), developed at the INGV for the identification of trace of oblique ionograms, allows the determination of the maximum usable frequency (MUF) for communication between the transmitter and receiver, automatically rejecting poor quality ionograms. A test of the algorithm using data from a campaign of oblique soundings between Dourbes (50.1°N, 4.6°E) and Roquetes (40.8°N, 0.5°E) has been performed. Oblique soundings from three different campaigns have been studied, covering different geomagnetic conditions, in order to study the behavior of the autoscaling algorithm under quiet and perturbed geomagnetic periods. The reported results demonstrate that OIASA performance is not influenced by geomagnetic or ionospheric activity conditions. This demonstrates a satisfactory performance of the automatic scaling algorithm, even under different geomagnetic conditions, the potential application of OIASA as a near-real-time tool for ionospheric monitoring purposes, and its performance for tracking ionospheric effects caused by space weather events.
The density compression ratio of shock fronts associated with coronal mass ejections
Authors: Kwon Ryun-Young , Vourlidas Angelos
Published: February 2018

We present a new method to extract the three-dimensional electron density profile and density compression ratio of shock fronts associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs) observed in white light coronagraph images. We demonstrate the method with two examples of fast halo CMEs (∼2000 km s−1) observed on 2011 March 7 and 2014 February 25. Our method uses the ellipsoid model to derive the three-dimensional geometry and kinematics of the fronts. The density profiles of the sheaths are modeled with double-Gaussian functions with four free parameters, and the electrons are distributed within thin shells behind the front. The modeled densities are integrated along the lines of sight to be compared with the observed brightness in COR2-A, and a χ2 approach is used to obtain the optimal parameters for the Gaussian profiles. The upstream densities are obtained from both the inversion of the brightness in a pre-event image and an empirical model. Then the density ratio and Alfvénic Mach number are derived. We find that the density compression peaks around the CME nose, and decreases at larger position angles. The behavior is consistent with a driven shock at the nose and a freely propagating shock wave at the CME flanks. Interestingly, we find that the supercritical region extends over a large area of the shock and lasts longer (several tens of minutes) than past reports. It follows that CME shocks are capable of accelerating energetic particles in the corona over extended spatial and temporal scales and are likely responsible for the wide longitudinal distribution of these particles in the inner heliosphere. Our results also demonstrate the power of multi-viewpoint coronagraphic observations and forward modeling in remotely deriving key shock properties in an otherwise inaccessible regime.
Programmatic and Administrative Barriers to High-Risk Infant Follow-Up Care
Authors: Lee Henry , Gray Erika , Gould Jeffrey , Hintz Susan , Tang Brian
Published: February 2018

Objective This article characterizes programmatic features of a population-based network of high-risk infant follow-up programs and identifies potential challenges associated with attendance from the providers' perspective.

Study Design A web-based survey of high-risk infant follow-up program directors, coordinators, and providers of a statewide high-risk infant follow-up system. Frequencies and percentages were used to describe the survey responses.

Results Of the 68 high-risk infant follow-up programs in California, 56 (82%) responded to the survey. The first visit no-show rate between 10 and 30% was estimated by 44% of programs with higher no-show rates for subsequent visits. Common strategies to remind families of appointments were phone calls and mailings. Most programs (54%) did not have a strategy to help families who lived distant to the high-risk infant follow-up clinic.

Conclusion High-risk infant follow-up programs may lack resources and effective strategies to enhance follow-up, particularly for those living at a distance.
Structural, magnetic, and ferroelectric properties of T-like cobalt-doped BiFeO3 thin films
Authors: Young T. , Sharma P. , Kim D. H. , Ha Thai Duy , Juang Jenh-Yih , Chu Y.-H. , Seidel J. , Nagarajan V. , Yasui S. , Itoh M. , Sando D.
Published: February 2018

We present a comprehensive study of the physical properties of epitaxial cobalt-doped BiFeO3 films ∼50 nm thick grown on (001) LaAlO3 substrates. X-ray diffraction and magnetic characterization demonstrate high quality purely tetragonal-like (T′) phase films with no parasitic impurities. Remarkably, the step-and-terrace film surface morphology can be fully recovered following a local electric-field-induced rhombohedral-like to T′ phase transformation. Local switching spectroscopy experiments confirm the ferroelectric switching to follow previously reported transition pathways. Critically, we show unequivocal evidence for conduction at domain walls between polarization variants in T′-like BFO, making this material system an attractive candidate for domain wall-based nanoelectronics.
Magneto-electroluminescence effects in the single-layer organic light-emitting devices with macrocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Pham S.-T. , Ikemoto K. , Suzuki K. Z. , Izumi T. , Taka H. , Kita H. , Sato S. , Isobe H. , Mizukami S.
Published: February 2018

Magneto-electroluminescence (MEL) effects are observed in single-layer organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) comprising only macrocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs). The fluorescence devices were prepared using synthesized MAHs, namely, [n]cyclo-meta-phenylene ([n]CMP, n = 5, 6). The MEL ratio of the resulting OLED is 1%–2% in the spectral wavelength range of 400-500 nm, whereas it becomes negative (−1.5% to −2%) in the range from 650 to 700 nm. The possible physical origins of the sign change in the MEL are discussed. This wavelength-dependent sign change in the MEL ratio could be a unique function for future single-layer OLEDs capable of magnetic-field-induced color changes.
Red blood cells show five-stage deformation in bifurcated microvessels
Authors: Wolverton Mark
Published: February 2018

Smoothed dissipative particle dynamics modeling reveals a predictable process of motion and deformation of red blood cells.
A sponge of the Cliona viridis complex invades and excavates corals of the Gulf of Mannar, south-eastern India
Authors: Ashok Arathy Mol , Schönberg Christine Hanna Lydia , Raj Kasper Diraviya , Bhoopathi Mahalakshmi , Bharath M. Selva , Patterson Edward J. K.
Published: February 2018

Sponges play an important role in biogenic coral-reef degradation, and it is acknowledged that elevated levels of sponge erosion commonly indicate poor health of coral-reef environments. An increase in the abundance of coral-excavating sponge has been reported from several locations, a development that may move coral-reef carbonate budgets increasingly towards net erosion. The role of coral-excavating sponges on Indian reefs has not been studied in as much detail as elsewhere. The present paper describes the observation of a coral-excavating sponge from the family Clionaidae. This brown, endolithic sponge formed a coherent thin layer over the surface of the substratum and had a spicule complement of tylostyles and spirasters. Therefore it belongs to the Cliona viridis species complex, which, as a group, is widely distributed and commonly displays high bioerosion rates. Accurate identification will require molecular studies and is presently deferred. The sponge was found excavating only Turbinaria mesenterina colonies of Gulf of Mannar. Within the surveyed area of 60m2, 38.58% of T. mesenterina colonies were found to be invaded by the sponge. Targeted long-term studies across a larger spatial scale are warranted to assess the role of this sponge in more detail, and whether its abundance changes over time.
Nesting behaviour of the endangered Mary River turtle: monitoring and modelling to inform e-flow strategies
Authors: Espinoza T. , Connell M. , Marshall S. , Beukeboom R. , McDougall A.
Published: February 2018

The Mary River turtle (Elusor macrurus) is an endemic, monotypic species with multiple impacts across its life-history, including overharvesting of eggs, nest predation and habitat degradation. Long-term recruitment failure has led to protection measures established under state, federal and international authority. Previous research has demonstrated that E. macrurus lives instream but nests on river banks, requiring specific habitat for breeding, nesting and recruitment. Ecohydrological rules represent the critical water requirements contributing to a species’ life history and can be used to develop and assess environmental flow strategies for species affected by water resource development. This study investigated the nesting behaviour of E. macrurus, including the environmental drivers that affect nest inundation. Monitoring showed that nesting by E. macrurus peaked in October and November, driven by rainfall events (>10 mm), with potential impacts from flow events (20% of nests established <2.5 m above water level at time of nesting). These ecohydrological rules were modelled against 109 years of simulated natural flow and rainfall data. The ‘potential nesting and nest inundation’ (PNNI) indicator revealed that nesting for E. macrurus was assured in a majority of years under the natural flow scenario. The results of this study will inform the development and assessment of e-flow strategies for nesting by E. macrurus in terms of current, and future water resource development, along with climate change impacts.
Fast and accurate quantum Monte Carlo for molecular crystals
Authors: Zen Andrea , Brandenburg Jan Gerit , Klimeš Jiří , Tkatchenko Alexandre , Alfè Dario , Michaelides Angelos
Published: February 2018

Significance

Computational approaches based on the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics are now integral to almost all materials design initiatives in academia and industry. If computational materials science is genuinely going to deliver on its promises, then an electronic structure method with consistently high accuracy is urgently needed. We show that, thanks to recent algorithmic advances and the strategy developed in our manuscript, quantum Monte Carlo yields extremely accurate predictions for the lattice energies of materials at a surprisingly modest computational cost. It is thus no longer a technique that requires a world-leading computational facility to obtain meaningful results. While we focus on molecular crystals, the significance of our findings extends to all classes of materials.
Effectiveness of Pharmacological Or Psychological Interventions for Smoking Cessation in Smokers with Major Depression Or Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Aldi Giulia A. , Bertoli Giuly , Ferraro Francesca , Pezzuto Aldo , Cosci Fiammetta
Published: February 2018

Background: Smokers with major depressive disorder (MDD) or depressive symptoms (DS) represent a subgroup in need of attention, since they have specific clinical features and prognosis. Methods: A systematic review of the literature (Cochrane, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Web of Science databases from inception to June 2017) of randomized clinical trials assessing the effectiveness of pharmacological, psychological, or combined interventions for smoking cessation in subjects with current or past MDD/DS without medical or comorbid psychiatric disorder(s) was run following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Nicotine, varenicline, and staged-care intervention were more effective in smokers with current MDD; nicotine and fluoxetine plus nicotine were more effective in smokers with DS; naltrexone and nicotine plus fluoxetine were more effective in smokers with severe current DS. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and cognitive and behavioral cessation and relapse prevention skills training were superior to placebo in smokers with past MDD. Conclusions: More research is needed into effectively addressing smoking in people with concurrent mental disorder. Data currently available need to be confirmed in randomized trials aimed at replicating the results and disentangling the effects of each therapeutic ingredient when a combination therapy is proposed. Studies on tolerability of treatments are warranted, as well as those aimed at identifying factors of vulnerability to adverse effects.
Height-Based Equations Can Improve the Diagnosis of Elevated Blood Pressure in Children
Authors: Mourato Felipe A , Mattos Sandra S , Lima Filho Jose L , Mourato Marianna F , Nadruz Wilson
Published: February 2018

Background

High blood pressure (BP) is usually underdiagnosed in children and adolescents, particularly due to its complex diagnosis process. This study describes novel height-based equations for the detection of BP disorders (BP > 90th percentile) and compares the accuracy of this approach with previously described screening methods to identify BP disorders.

Methods

Height-based equations were built using the 90th percentile values for systolic and diastolic BP and respective height values from the current guideline of high-BP management in children. This guideline was also used as the gold standard method for identification of BP disorders. The equations were tested in Brazilian (n = 2,936) and American (n = 6,541) populations of children with 8–13 years old.

Results

The obtained equations were 70 + 0.3 × height (in cm) for systolic BP and 35 + 0.25 × height (in cm) for diastolic BP. The new equations presented sensitivity and negative predictive value of near 100% and specificity > 91% and showed higher specificity and positive predictive value when compared with other screening tools. Importantly, height-based equations had greater agreement (kappa coefficient = 0.75–0.81) with the gold standard method than the other methods (kappa coefficient = 0.53–0.73). Further analysis showed that alternative height-based equations designed to identify hypertension (BP ≥ 95th percentile) also showed superior performance (kappa coefficient = 0.89–0.92) compared with other screening methods (kappa coefficient = 0.43–0.85).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the use of height-based equations may be a simple and feasible approach to improve the detection of high BP in the pediatric population.
Liposclerosing Myxofibrous Tumor of the Cranial Vault: A Case Report
Authors: Ploof Jillian , Shaikh Hamza , Melli Jenny , Jour George , Turtz Alan
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE

Liposclerosing myxofibrous tumors (LSMFTs) are rare benign fibro-osseous tumors most frequently occurring in the proximal femur. We report the first case of this rare tumor occurring within the calvarium.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

Our patient presented with a 2-yr history of enlarging, painless, fixed mass over the left forehead. She underwent surgical resection and the mass was histologically confirmed to be a LSMFT.

CONCLUSION

LSMFT is a rare tumor that should remain on the differential for lesions of the calvarium. When diagnosed, this lesion can be removed with the goal of gross total resection and excellent cosmesis can be achieved.
Social Identity and Intergroup Relationships in the Management of Crowds during Mass Emergencies and Disasters: Recommendations for Emergency Planners and Responders1
Authors: Carter Holly , Drury John , Amlôt Richard
Published: February 2018

When addressing public behaviour during mass emergencies and disasters, it is important to consider that such emergencies and disasters will often involve crowds. An understanding of emergency crowds is therefore crucial in ensuring that incidents are managed as effectively as possible. The elaborated social identity model of crowd behaviour emphasizes that the way in which emergency responders manage crowds during an incident can play a crucial role in determining how members of the public react. Specifically, if affected casualties see emergency responders’ instructions and actions as legitimate, this will result in increased identification and cooperation between emergency responders and members of the public. In this paper, we show how the social identity approach can be applied to best explain crowd behaviour during mass emergencies and disasters, and how this improved theoretical understanding can be used to generate specific recommendations for operational good practice during incident management.
Validation of RT-qPCR Approaches to MonitorPseudomonas syringaeGene Expression During Infection and Exposure to Pattern-Triggered Immunity
Authors: Smith Amy , Lovelace Amelia H. , Kvitko Brian H.
Published: February 2018

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 is an important model plant pathogen, with a fully annotated genome and multiple compatible plant hosts. Very few studies have examined the regulation of DC3000 gene expression in vivo. We developed a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay to monitor transcriptional changes in DC3000 inoculated into Arabidopsis thaliana leaves during disease and exposure to pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). In our approach, bacterial RNA concentrations in total tissue RNA are standardized using P. syringae–specific 16S ribosomal RNA primers. We validated multiple stable reference genes for normalization in calculating the relative expression of genes of interest. We used empirically derived rates of amplification efficiency to calculate relative expression of key marker genes for virulence-associated regulation. We demonstrated that exposure to PTI alters DC3000 expression of type III secretion system, coronatine synthesis genes, and flagellar marker genes.
Dramatic Reduction in Hospital-Acquired Pressure Injuries Using a Pink Paper Reminder System
Authors: Shieh David C. , Berringer Christine M. , Pantoja Roselyn , Resureccion Juji , Rainbolt Joria M. , Hokoki Amena
Published: February 2018

OBJECTIVE:

The goal of this quality improvement project was to reduce the number of hospital-acquired pressure injuries (HAPIs) by flagging extremely high-risk patients with a pink paper reminder system and implementing a pressure injury prevention order set.

METHODS:

The pink paper reminder system is an innovative, cost-neutral, simple approach to identify patients at highest risk of pressure injury development who meet specific criteria. There are 2 steps to this intervention. First, study authors developed a new risk assessment tool, the pink paper criteria. When a patient met the specified criteria, a pink piece of paper titled “SKIN AT RISK” in a large font was hung at the head of his/her bed to reinforce preventive strategies. Next, a set of pressure injury preventive measures was ordered.

PATIENTS:

This quality improvement project included all adult hospitalized patients of all specialties based in 2 Kaiser Permanente hospitals.

RESULTS:

There was a 67% reduction in HAPI incidences following the initiation of the pink paper reminder system, from a mean rate of 1.2 to 0.4 incidence of HAPIs per 1000 patient-days measured over 4 years.

CONCLUSIONS:

Identifying and flagging patients who are at extremely high risk of pressure injuries and implementing an order set of pressure injury preventive measures dramatically reduced the rate of HAPIs per 1000 patient-days.
Peanut allergy reduction in high-risk pediatric patients
Authors: Hopper Jaime , Hopp Courtney , Durbin Jessica
Published: February 2018

The prevalence of food allergies has doubled in the past 10 years. Peanut allergies are a significant public health issue and are the primary reason for food-related anaphylactic reactions that result in death. Evidence supports that early introduction of the peanut protein (or in combination with immunotherapy) to the highly allergic may safely desensitize patients, which could lead to less adverse allergic reactions and alter allergy management overall.
Neurophysiological Pain Education for Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Tegner Heidi , Frederiksen Pernille , Esbensen Bente A. , Juhl Carsten
Published: February 2018

Objective:

To evaluate the effect of neurophysiological pain education (NPE) for patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP).

Methods:

A systematic search was performed in 6 electronic databases. Eligible randomized-controlled trials were those with at least 50 % of patients with CLBP and in which NPE was compared with no intervention or usual care. Methodological quality was assessed independently by 2 of the authors using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool. The effect of NPE was summarized in a random effect meta-analysis for pain, disability, and behavioral attitudes. Effect was estimated as weighted mean difference (WMD) if outcomes were on the same scale or as standardized mean difference (SMD). The overall quality of evidence was evaluated according to GRADE guidelines.

Results:

Seven randomized-controlled trial studies (6 low and 1 high quality) were included. Statistically significant differences in pain, in favor of NPE, were found after treatment, WMD=−1.03 (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.55 to −1.52), and after 3 months, WMD=−1.09 (95% CI, −2.17 to 0.00). Furthermore statistically significant lower disability was found in the NPE group after treatment, SMD=−0.47 (95% CI, −0.80 to −0.13) and after 3 months SMD=−0.38 (95% CI, −0.74 to −0.02). The difference in favor of NPE in reduction in Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia was not statistically significant, WMD=−5.73 (95% CI, −13.60 to 2.14) and after 3 months WMD=−0.94 (95% CI, −6.28 to 4.40).

Discussion:

There was moderate evidence supporting the hypothesis that NPE has a small to moderate effect on pain and low evidence of a small to moderate effect on disability immediately after the intervention. NPE has a small to moderate effect on pain and disability at 3 months follow-up in patients with CLBP.
The interplay between tuberculosis and systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Balbi Gustavo Guimarães Moreira , Machado-Ribeiro Francinne , Marques Cláudia D.L. , Signorelli Flávio , Levy Roger Abramino
Published: February 2018

Purpose of review

Tuberculosis (TB) is a millenarian chronic infection and, yet, remains a major global health problem. The interaction between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and TB is complex, as one seems to be a risk factor for the development of the other. SLE patients are more likely to develop TB, that is more frequently extrapulmonary, with more extensive pulmonary involvement, and with a higher relapse rate.

Recent findings

Different studies suggest that TB is more prevalent in SLE patients and that TB may actually be a risk factor for the development of the disease. Molecular and epidemiological data suggest that TB may be involved in the pathogenesis of SLE.

We reviewed the most relevant aspects of TB infection in SLE patients, including the burden of TB, its role in inducing flare and its perpetuation, risk evaluation and prevention, and pearls and pitfalls when assessing extrapulmonary TB in SLE patients. We conclude that a high suspicion of TB in SLE patients from endemic countries should be kept in mind, especially in those with nephritis and high cumulative doses of corticosteroids.
The autoimmune ecology: an update
Authors: Anaya Juan-Manuel , Restrepo-Jiménez Paula , Ramírez-Santana Carolina
Published: February 2018

Purpose of review

The autoimmune ecology refers to the interactions between individuals and their environment leading to a breakdown in immune tolerance and, therefore, to the development of one or more autoimmune diseases in such an individual. Herein, an update is offered on four specific factors associated with autoimmune diseases, namely, vitamin D, smoking, alcohol and coffee consumption from the perspective of exposome and metabolomics.

Recent findings

Smoking is associated with an increased risk for most of the autoimmune diseases. Carbamylation of proteins as well as NETosis have emerged as possible new pathophysiological mechanisms for rheumatoid arthritis. Low-to-moderate alcohol consumption seems to decrease the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, and studies of vitamin have suggested a beneficial effect on these conditions. Coffee intake appears to be a risk factor for type 1 diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis and a protective factor for multiple sclerosis and primary biliary cholangitis.

Recent studies support the previously established positive associations between environmental factors and most of the autoimmune diseases. Nevertheless, further studies from the perspective of metabolomics, proteomics and genomics will help to clarify the effect of environment on autoimmune diseases.
Noncoding RNAs in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: A Review of Recent Studies
Authors: Ni Wen-Juan , Wu Ying-Zhong , Ma Dong-Hong , Leng Xiao-Min
Published: February 2018

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common heart valve disorder in human populations. Nevertheless, there are presently no effective means for its prevention and treatment. It is therefore critical to comprehensively define key mechanisms of the disease. A major focus of cardiovascular research has been characterization of how regulation of gene expression maintains healthy physiologic status of the component tissues of the system and how derangements of gene regulation may become pathological. Recently, substantial evidence has emerged that noncoding RNAs, which are an enormous and versatile class of regulatory elements, such as microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, have roles in onset and prognosis of CAVD. Authors of the present report have therefore here provided a summary of the current understanding of contributions made by noncoding RNAs major features of CAVD. It is anticipated that this article will serve as a valuable guide to research strategy in this field and may additionally provide both researchers and clinicians with an expanded range of CAVD-associated biomarkers.
Corneal and Anterior Chamber Morphology in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1–Infected Patients Without Opportunistic Infections
Authors: Cetin Ebru N. , Kutlu Selda Sayın , Parca Osman , Kutlu Murat , Pekel Gökhan
Published: February 2018

Objectives:

To evaluate corneal and anterior chamber morphology as measured by Pentacam HR in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients without opportunistic infections and to search for signs of accelerated aging.

Methods:

This prospective study included 41 eyes of 41 HIV-1–infected patients (study group) and 50 eyes of 50 healthy subjects (control group). Specular microscope and Pentacam HR were used for corneal and anterior chamber morphology evaluation. Corneal endothelial cell density (CECD), hexagonal cell ratio, coefficient of variation, corneal thickness, density and volume, maximum keratometry, anterior chamber volume (ACV), and anterior chamber depth (ACD) measurements were recorded for analysis.

Results:

The mean CD4 count was 428.3±231.9 (36–950) cells/mL, and the time since diagnosis was 27.5±34.1 months in the study group. The difference in anterior segment parameters was not significantly different between the study and the control groups (P>0.05). Age significantly correlated with CECD (r=−0.436, P=0.004), ACV (r=−0.570, P<0.001), ACD (r=−0.471, P=0.002), and corneal density (r=0.424, P=0.006) in the study group, whereas it did not show a significant correlation with any ocular parameters in the control group (Pearson correlation).

Conclusion:

Corneal density, CECD, ACV, and ACD showed significant correlation with age in HIV-1–infected patients. Further studies are needed to show whether ocular parameters may serve as useful tools to monitor HIV-related accelerated aging.
Racial differences in presentations and predictors of acute pain after motor vehicle collision
Authors: Beaudoin Francesca L. , Gutman Roee , Zhai Wanting , Merchant Roland C. , Clark Melissa A. , Bollen Kenneth A. , Hendry Phyllis , Kurz Michael C. , Lewandowski Christopher , Pearson Claire , O'Neil Brian , Datner Elizabeth , Mitchell Patricia , Domeier Robert , McLean Samuel A.
Published: February 2018

African Americans experience a greater burden of acute pain than non-Hispanic white individuals across of variety of acute medical conditions, but it is unknown whether this is the case after trauma. We evaluated pain, pain-related characteristics (eg, peritraumatic distress), and analgesic treatment in 2 cohorts of individuals (African American [n = 931] and non-Hispanic white [n = 948]) presenting to the emergency department (ED) after a motor vehicle collision. We performed a propensity-matched analysis (n = 796 in each group) to assess racial differences in acute pain in the ED. In multivariable models conducted within the matched sample, race was associated with moderate to severe axial pain (odds ratio [OR] 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.1-5.0,P< 0.001) and higher average numerical rating scale scores (1.3; 95% CI: 1.1-1.6;P< 0.001). After adjustment for pain and other covariates, non-Hispanic white patients were more likely to receive an opioid analgesic in the ED (OR 2.0; 95% CI: 1.4-3.0,P< 0.001) or at discharge (OR 4.9; 95% CI: 3.4-7.1,P< 0.001) and also less likely to receive an NSAID in the ED (OR 0.54; 95% CI: 0.38-0.78;P= 0.001) or at discharge (0.31; 95% CI: 0.43-0.84). Racial differences in the severity of acute posttraumatic pain after a motor vehicle collision are not explained by factors such as socioeconomic status or crash characteristics. Despite a higher burden of acute pain, African Americans were less likely to receive opioid analgesics and more likely to receive NSAIDs. Further work is needed to understand the relationship between pain severity, disparities in analgesic treatment, and longer term outcomes, such as post–motor vehicle collision chronic pain.
Endothelial cell biology of Endoglin in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Authors: Sugden Wade W. , Siekmann Arndt F.
Published: February 2018

Purpose of review

Mutations in theEndoglin(Eng) gene, an auxiliary receptor in the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-superfamily signaling pathway, are responsible for the human vascular disorder hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) type 1, characterized in part by blood vessel enlargement. A growing body of work has uncovered an autonomous role forEngin endothelial cells. We will highlight the influence ofEngon distinct cellular behaviors, such as migration and shape control, which are ultimately important for the assignment of proper blood vessel diameters.

Recent findings

How endothelial cells establish hierarchically ordered blood vessel trees is one of the outstanding questions in vascular biology. Mutations in components of the TGFβ-superfamily of signaling molecules disrupt this patterning and cause arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).Engis a TGFβ coreceptor enhancing signaling through the type I receptorAlk1. Recent studies identified bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) 9 and 10 as the primary ligands forAlk1/Eng. Importantly,EngpotentiatedAlk1pathway activation downstream of hemodynamic forces. New results furthermore revealed howEngaffects endothelial cell migration and cell shape control in response to these forces, thereby providing new avenues for our understanding of AVM cause.

We will discuss the interplay ofEngand hemodynamic forces, such as shear stress, in relation toAlk1receptor activation. We will furthermore detail how this signaling pathway influences endothelial cell behaviors important for the establishment of hierarchically ordered blood vessel trees. Finally, we will provide an outlook how these insights might help in developing new therapies for the treatment of HHT.
Recent insights into vascular development from studies in zebrafish
Authors: Matsuoka Ryota L. , Stainier Didier Y.R.
Published: February 2018

Purpose of review

Zebrafish has provided a powerful platform to study vascular biology over the past 25 years, owing to their distinct advantages for imaging and genetic manipulation. In this review, we summarize recent progress in vascular biology with particular emphasis on vascular development in zebrafish.

Recent findings

The advent of transcription activator-like effector nuclease and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 genome-editing technologies has dramatically facilitated reverse genetic approaches in zebrafish, as in other models. Here, we highlight recent studies on vascular development in zebrafish which mainly employed forward or reverse genetics combined with high-resolution imaging. These studies have advanced our understanding of diverse areas in vascular biology, including transcriptional regulation of endothelial cell differentiation, endothelial cell signaling during angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, vascular bed-specific developmental mechanisms, and perivascular cell recruitment.

The unique attributes of the zebrafish model have allowed critical cellular and molecular insights into fundamental mechanisms of vascular development. Knowledge acquired through recent zebrafish work further advances our understanding of basic mechanisms underlying vascular morphogenesis, maintenance, and homeostasis. Ultimately, insights provided by the zebrafish model will help to understand the genetic, cellular, and molecular underpinnings of human vascular malformations and diseases.
Contribution of resident and recruited macrophages in vascular physiology and pathology
Authors: Zhang Li
Published: February 2018

Purpose of review

Macrophages are generally believed to originate entirely from the bone marrow; however, this paradigm is challenged by the discovery of yolk-sac-derived resident macrophages. Here, we provide an overview of recent advances in the ontogeny and function of resident macrophages.

Recent findings

Macrophage precursors from three distinct embryonic sources (yolk sac, fetal liver and bone marrow) are found to colonize various tissues via the blood circulation early during embryogenesis until shortly after birth. They differentiate into distinct long-lived resident macrophages in response to the expression of tissue-specific transcription factors. Resident macrophages are proficient at taking up tissue-specific cellular debris and consequently acquire tissue-specific imprints. They are primarily involved in homeostasis but can also support the functionality of various tissues. Under pathological settings, dysregulation of resident macrophages can promote disease progression.

Resident macrophages maintain themselves via in-situ proliferation under steady state. Following injury, bone marrow monocytes can contribute to the resident macrophage pool in adult animal. Embryonically and postnatally derived resident macrophages are similar but not identical: the former are more efficient at efferocytosis, whereas the latter are more competent at host defense. Thus, specific targeting of these two different resident macrophage populations may lead to better therapeutic strategies.
Morphologic and Immunohistochemical Appraisal of Primary Gastric Carcinomas
Authors: Guner Gunes , Isik Aynur , Karabulut Erdem , Gedikoglu Gokhan , Sokmensuer Cenk , Akyol Aytekin
Published: February 2018

Gastric carcinoma management requires adjustments answering their genetic and morphologic heterogeneity. We aim to assess the expression and significance of a myriad of biomarkers (p53, MLH1, MSH2, PMS2, MSH6, Epstein-Barr encoding region-RNA, c-erbB2, E-cadherin, CEA, chromogranin, Ki-67, CDX2, presenilin-1, cathepsin E, MUC5AC, cyclin-dependent kinase 1) in 117 gastric carcinomas, which we have morphologically subclassified with a simple algorithm. Immunohistochemical stains were applied to 3 tissue microarrays of primary gastric carcinomas (n=117) obtained from resection specimens of untreated patients. These cases represented the morphologic subgroups that emerged from a reclassification attempt carried out according to the predominant (>50%) morphologic component they contained (adenocarcinoma, diffuse infiltrative carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma) and “mixed” carcinoma if none predominated. Cases with unusual morphology were assigned to a “special subtypes” group (“rare” tumors). Correlation of overall survival and staining patterns was carried out. Adenocarcinomas comprised 43.6% (n=51), diffuse infiltrative carcinomas 28.2% (n=33), mucinous carcinomas 6% (n=7), mixed carcinomas 6%, and “rare/other” carcinomas 16.2% (n=19) of the 117 muscle-invasive carcinoma cases. High tumor stage was associated with worse overall survival at multivariate analysis (P=0.000, log-rank). Higher cathepsin E and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 expression was associated with worse overall survival on univariate analysis (log-rank; P=0.050 and 0.001, respectively). Mismatch repair defects were seen in adenocarcinomas and “rare” tumors with MLH1 silencing. These above-mentioned points can lead to the differentiation of metabolic and phenotypic features per gastric carcinoma subtype and may help design targeted approaches.