bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ancient Roman Coins from the Republican Age to the Imperial Age: A Multi-Analytical Approach
Authors: De Vito Caterina , Bernabale Martina , Aurisicchio Carlo , Catalli Fiorenzo , Medeghini Laura , Mignardi Silvano , Conte Aida Maria , de Caro Tilde
Published: January 2024

We report here the results of a multi-analytical approach to characterize twelve Roman coins dating from the third century B.C. to fifth century A.D. that were found in the surroundings of Rome and for which the year of minting is determined by numismatic analysis. The coins were studied using SEM-EDS, EMPA, XRD, and FTIR techniques, enabling semi-quantitative and quantitative determinations of the chemical and mineralogical composition of the alloys and corrosion products. SEM-EDS analyses highlighted the occurrence of corrosion products on the surfaces and wide chemical variations due to selective enrichment or depletions of the alloying metals. The EMP analyses showed that three of the twelve coins are made of copper (1), one is a copper–tin alloy (2), five are copper–tin–lead alloys with elements in different proportions (3), two are copper–lead alloys (4), and another one is a subaerata coin (5). In addition, the physical parameters of the coins, i.e., density, weight, and diameters, were measured to have an overall characterization.
The Evolution of Warfare and Weapons in Japan, 792–1392
Authors: O’Reilly Sean
Published: January 2024

The fearsome Japanese samurai, a legendary figure whose primary attribute was loyalty or honor, needs no introduction. He is strongly associated with the equally famous katana. The popular image of the samurai probably would appear wearing armor but certainly does not carry a shield. This figure, many assume, must have dominated medieval Japan. Yet is this samurai image accurate? Can it withstand sustained scrutiny? What was Japanese warfare really like 1000 years ago? In this article, I evaluate the key sources on medieval warfare in Japan, identifying the contributions of each and pointing out some methodological problems they face. The most prominent casualty of this synthetic analysis is the pop culture image of the heroic and honorable sword-wielding samurai.
Biosafety Issues in Patient Transport during COVID-19: A Case Study on the Portuguese Emergency Services
Authors: Vandenberghe Pierre , Ladeira Luis Manuel , Gil Margarida , Cardoso Ivo , Rato Fatima , Hayes Jessica S. , Connolly Maire A. , Gala Jean-Luc
Published: January 2024

During the COVID-19 pandemic, first responders faced significant biosafety challenges, especially while handling patient transport, potentially exposing them to infection. The PANDEM-2 (European project on pandemic preparedness and response) project, funded by the Horizon 2020 program, sought to investigate the challenges confronting Emergency Medical Systems throughout the EU. First responders from Portugal’s National Institute of Medical Emergency (INEM) were considered as a representative operational model of the national first responder agencies of European member states because they played a critical role during the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, they were asked to complete an online survey about their COVID-19 pandemic-related professional activities. The survey focused on their perspectives on current biosafety guidelines and their operational practices. It covered opinions on existing protocols, technical concerns during patient transport, and issues after the patients arrived at the hospital. The key findings revealed concerns about risk assessment, the inadequacy of guidelines, and disparities in equipment access. This survey emphasizes the importance of developing streamlined, adaptable biosafety protocols, better coordination between prehospital and in-hospital services, and the development of scalable, cost-effective biosafety solutions. Based on our findings, we propose improvements to national and European biosafety directives and advocate for streamlined adaptation during pandemics.
Recent Progress Regarding Jasmonates in Tea Plants: Biosynthesis, Signaling, and Function in Stress Responses
Authors: Zhang Xin , Yu Yongchen , Zhang Jin , Qian Xiaona , Li Xiwang , Sun Xiaoling
Published: January 2024

Tea plants have to adapt to frequently challenging environments due to their sessile lifestyle and perennial evergreen nature. Jasmonates regulate not only tea plants’ responses to biotic stresses, including herbivore attack and pathogen infection, but also tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as extreme weather conditions and osmotic stress. In this review, we summarize recent progress about jasmonaic acid (JA) biosynthesis and signaling pathways, as well as the underlying mechanisms mediated by jasmontes in tea plants in responses to biotic stresses and abiotic stresses. This review provides a reference for future research on the JA signaling pathway in terms of its regulation against various stresses of tea plants. Due to the lack of a genetic transformation system, the JA pathway of tea plants is still in the preliminary stages. It is necessary to perform further efforts to identify new components involved in the JA regulatory pathway through the combination of genetic and biochemical methods.
Targeting the Melanocortin 1 Receptor in Melanoma: Biological Activity of α-MSH–Peptide Conjugates
Authors: Szabó Ildikó , Biri-Kovács Beáta , Vári Balázs , Ranđelović Ivan , Vári-Mező Diána , Juhász Éva , Halmos Gábor , Bősze Szilvia , Tóvári József , Mező Gábor
Published: January 2024

Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive and resistant tumor types, with high metastatic properties. Because of the lack of suitable chemotherapeutic agents for treatment, the 5-year survival rate of melanoma patients with regional and distant metastases is lower than 10%. Targeted tumor therapy that provides several promising results might be a good option for the treatment of malignant melanomas. Our goal was to develop novel melanoma-specific peptide–drug conjugates for targeted tumor therapy. Melanocortin-1-receptor (MC1R) is a cell surface receptor responsible for melanogenesis and it is overexpressed on the surface of melanoma cells, providing a good target. Its native ligand, α-MSH (α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone) peptide, or its derivatives, might be potential homing devices for this purpose. Therefore, we prepared three α-MSH derivative–daunomycin (Dau) conjugates and their in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities were compared. Dau has an autofluorescence property; therefore, it is suitable for preparing conjugates for in vitro (e.g., cellular uptake) and in vivo experiments. Dau was attached to the peptides via a non-cleavable oxime linkage that was applied efficiently in our previous experiments, resulting in conjugates with high tumor growth inhibition activity. The results indicated that the most promising conjugate was the compound in which Dau was connected to the side chain of Lys (Ac-SYSNleEHFRWGK(Dau=Aoa)PV-NH2). The highest cellular uptake by melanoma cells was demonstrated using the compound, with the highest tumor growth inhibition detected both on mouse (38.6% on B16) and human uveal melanoma (55% on OMC-1) cells. The effect of the compound was more pronounced than that of the free drug.
The Interaction between CLSPN Gene Polymorphisms and Alcohol Consumption Contributes to Oral Cancer Progression
Authors: Hsieh Ming-Ju , Lo Yu-Sheng , Ho Hsin-Yu , Lin Chia-Chieh , Chuang Yi-Ching , Chen Mu-Kuan
Published: January 2024

Most disease single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are regulatory and approximately half of heritability is occupied by the top 1% of genes, with the gene-level structure varying with the number of variants associated with the most common alleles. Cancer occurrence and progression are significantly affected by Claspin (CLSPN) gene polymorphism present in the population, which alters the expression, function, and regulation of the gene. CLSPN genotypes are associated with oral cancer, but the literature on this association is limited. As a result, the goal of this study is to investigate the correlation between CLSPN genotypes and oral cancers’ development. This study will explore the presence of four CLSPN SNPs including rs12058760, rs16822339, rs535638 and rs7520495 gene polymorphisms, and analyze the expression of these genes in 304 cancer-free controls and 402 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cases. Attempts have been made to obtain insight into the role of CLSPN gene polymorphisms in oral cancer through the analysis of this study. We demonstrated that the OSCC risk of individuals with four CLSPN SNPs relative to the wild type did not differ significantly from that of the wild type when the polymorphisms are analyzed according to individual habits. We further studied the mechanism by which CLSPN polymorphisms affect the progression of clinicopathological features in OSCC patients. The results of the degree of cell differentiation showed that compared with patients of rs7520495 SNP carrying the CC genotype, the incidence of poor cell differentiation in patients carrying the CC + GG genotype was higher (AOR: 1.998-fold; 95% CI, 1.127–3.545; p = 0.018). In particular, patients with the G genotype of rs7520495 had increased poor cell differentiation compared with patients with the C genotype (AOR: 4.736-fold; 95% CI, 1.306–17.178; p = 0.018), especially in the drinking group. On the basis of our analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas dataset, we found that higher CLSPN levels were associated with poorer cell differentiation in oral cancers. In this study, we provide the first evidence showing that CLSPN SNPs contribute to oral cancer. Whether or not rs7520495 can be used as a confirmatory factor in the future is uncertain, but it seems likely that it can be used as an important factor in predicting recurrence, response to treatment and medication toxicity to patients with oral cancer.
Potential Molecular Markers Related to Lymph Node Metastasis and Stalk Resection Margins in Pedunculated T1 Colorectal Cancers Using Digital Spatial Profiling: A Pilot Study with a Small Case Series
Authors: Kwon Mi Jung , Park Ha Young , Lim Hyun , Son Il Tae , Kim Min-Jeong , Kim Nan Young , Kim Min Jeong , Nam Eun Sook , Cho Seong Jin , Bang Woo Jin , Kang Ho Suk
Published: January 2024

There is a debate regarding the prediction of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in pedunculated T1 colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study with four cases of pedunculated T1 CRCs, we aimed to investigate gene expression variations based on the distance from the Haggitt line (HL) and identify potential molecular risk factors for LNM. By leveraging the Cancer Transcriptome Atlas and digital spatial profiling technology, we meticulously analyzed discrete regions, including the head, HL, proximal stalk region (300–1000 μm from HL), and distal stalk region (1500–2000 μm from HL) to identify spatially sequential molecular changes. Our findings showed significant overall gene expression variations among the head, proximal stalk, and distal stalk regions of pedunculated T1 CRCs compared to the control adenoma. Compared to LNM-negative T1 CRCs, LNM-positive T1 CRC showed that the expression of genes involved in immune-related pathways such as B2M, HLA-B, and HLA-E were significantly downregulated in the distal stalk region compared to the proximal stalk region. In summary, our results may tentatively suggest considering endoscopic resection of the stalk with a minimum 2000 μm margin from the HL, taking into account the gene expression alterations related to immune-related pathways. However, we acknowledge the limitations of this pilot study, notably the small case series, which may restrict the depth of interpretation. Further validation is imperative to substantiate these findings.
The Role of microRNAs Related to Apoptosis for N-Methyl-d-Aspartic Acid-Induced Neuronal Cell Death in the Murine Retina
Authors: Sone Kohei , Mori Asami , Sakamoto Kenji , Nakahara Tsutomu
Published: January 2024

Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of acquired blindness and characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that degrade their target mRNAs. Apoptosis is one of the common mechanisms leading to neuronal death in many neurodegenerative diseases, including glaucoma. In the present study, we identified microRNAs that modulate RGC death caused by the intravitreal injection of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA). We found an upregulation of miR-29b and downregulation of miR-124 in the retina of the NMDA-injected eyes. The intravitreal injection of an miR-29b inhibitor 18 h before NMDA injection reduced RGC death and the downregulation of myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL-1), an anti-apoptotic factor, induced by intravitreal NMDA. The intravitreal injection of an miR-124 mimic 18 h before NMDA injection also reduced RGC death and the upregulation of B-cell/chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphoma 2 (bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax) and bcl-2 interacting protein (Bim), pro-apoptotic factors, induced by intravitreal NMDA. These data suggest that expressional changes in microRNA are involved in the excitotoxicity of RGCs, and that complement and/or inhibition of microRNA may be a potential therapeutic approach for the diseases related to the excitotoxicity of RGCs, such as glaucoma and retinal central artery occlusion.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Aminoterminal Prohormone of Brain Natriuretic Peptide in Heart Failure with Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction Stratified by the Degree of Renal Dysfunction
Authors: Schupp Tobias , Abumayyaleh Mohammad , Weidner Kathrin , Lau Felix , Schmitt Alexander , Reinhardt Marielen , Abel Noah , Forner Jan , Akin Muharrem , Ayoub Mohamed , Mashayekhi Kambis , Bertsch Thomas , Akin Ibrahim , Behnes Michael
Published: January 2024

Limited data concerning the diagnostic and prognostic value of blood-derived biomarkers in heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) is available. This study investigates the diagnostic and prognostic value of aminoterminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in patients with HFmrEF, stratified by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Consecutive patients with HFmrEF were retrospectively included at one institution from 2016 to 2022. First, the diagnostic value of NT-proBNP for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) was tested. Thereafter, the prognostic value of NT-proBNP levels was tested for 30-months all-cause mortality in patients with ADHF. From a total of 755 patients hospitalized with HFmrEF, the rate of ADHF was 42%. Patients with ADHF revealed higher NT-proBNP levels compared to patients without (median 5394 pg/mL vs. 1655 pg/mL; p = 0.001). NT-proBNP was able to discriminate ADHF with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.777 (p = 0.001), with the highest AUC in patients with eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min (AUC = 0.800; p = 0.001), and no diagnostic value was seen in eGFR < 30 mL/min (AUC = 0.576; p = 0.210). Patients with NT-proBNP levels > 3946 pg/mL were associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality at 30 months (57.7% vs. 34.4%; HR = 2.036; 95% CI 1.423–2.912; p = 0.001), even after multivariable adjustment (HR = 1.712; 95% CI 1.166–2.512; p = 0.006). In conclusion, increasing NT-proBNP levels predicted the risk of ADHF and all-cause mortality in patients with HFmrEF and preserved renal function; however, NT-proBNP levels were not predictive in patients with HFmrEF and eGFR < 30 mL/min.
Effectiveness, Tolerability, and Drug Survival of Risankizumab in a Real-World Setting: A Three-Year Retrospective Multicenter Study—IL PSO (ITALIAN LANDSCAPE PSORIASIS)
Authors: Gargiulo Luigi , Ibba Luciano , Malagoli Piergiorgio , Amoruso Fabrizio , Argenziano Giuseppe , Balato Anna , Bardazzi Federico , Burlando Martina , Carrera Carlo Giovanni , Damiani Giovanni , Dapavo Paolo , Dini Valentina , Franchi Chiara , Gaiani Francesca Maria , Girolomoni Giampiero , Guarneri Claudio , Lasagni Claudia , Loconsole Francesco , Marzano Angelo Valerio , Maurelli Martina , Megna Matteo , Orsini Diego , Sampogna Francesca , Travaglini Massimo , Valenti Mario , Costanzo Antonio , Narcisi Alessandra
Published: January 2024

Background: Risankizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively inhibits interleukin-23. It has been approved for moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis and has shown efficacy and safety in clinical trials and real-world experiences. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness, safety, and drug survival of risankizumab in a real-life setting. Materials and Methods: We included patients treated with risankizumab from January 2019 to February 2023. A Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score (PASI) was collected at weeks 0, 16, 28, 52, 104, and 156, when available. The occurrence of any adverse events was recorded at each visit. Results: We enrolled 1047 patients. At week 52, a ≥90% improvement in PASI was observed in 81.44% of patients, with a continuous improvement throughout the study (88.99% and 99.07% at weeks 104 and 156, respectively). After three years of treatment, all patients involving the scalp, palms/soles, and genitalia and 95% of patients with nail psoriasis achieved a complete or almost complete skin clearance. No significant safety findings were observed, and 90.73% of the patients were still on treatment after 36 months. Conclusions: This study supports the long-term effectiveness and safety of risankizumab in a real-world setting, even in patients involving difficult-to-treat areas.
The Value of the Endoscope-Holding Arm in Transoral Pharyngeal Surgery
Authors: Giotakis Aris I. , Giotakis Evangelos I. , Kyrodimos Efthymios
Published: January 2024

Background: Transoral pharyngeal surgery is mainly feasible with the use of a microscope or robotic systems. Data about alternative methods, with lower costs and easier availability, are sparse. We intended to examine to what extent the endoscope-holding arm is a suitable alternative to the microscope or robotic systems. Material and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed subjects who underwent pharyngeal tumor resection with the endoscope-holding arm in our university department. Results: We identified 13 subjects who underwent transoral pharyngeal surgery between November 2020 and November 2023. Most subjects presented with an oropharyngeal tumor (6/11 in the lateral wall or tonsil; 4/11 in the tongue base). The oropharyngeal lateral wall or tonsillar tumors were exposed with a standard mouth gag. The tongue-base tumors or hypopharyngeal tumors were exposed with an operating laryngoscope. Advantages over the microscope included an angled view. Advantages over robotic systems included haptic feedback and a faster setup. Advantages over both the microscope and robotic systems included lower costs and easier availability. Visualization with the endoscope was sufficient and similar to that of the microscope. Bimanual action was possible with surgical forceps and a monopolar electrode. Conclusions: Transoral pharyngeal surgery was feasible with the endoscope-holding arm. The endoscope-holding arm could be a cost-efficient alternative to the microscope or robotic systems.
The Role of Fullerenes in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Authors: Wilson Daisy L. , Ahlawat Jyoti , Narayan Mahesh
Published: January 2024

The use of carbon nanomaterials including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, carbon nano-onions, carbon dots and carbon quantum dots for environmental applications has increased substantially. These nanoparticles are now used in the development of sensors and switches, in agriculture as smart fertilizers and in the biomedical realm for cancer therapy intervention, as antioxidants, in gene delivery and as theranostics. Here, we review the role of fullerenes as neuroprotectants. Their sp2 hybridized architectures and ability to intervene in the soluble-to-toxic transformation of amyloidogenic trajectories is highlighted here, along with other physico–chemical properties that impact interventional efficacy. Also highlighted are drawbacks that need to be overcome and future prospects.
SEM Analysis and Micro-CT Evaluation of Four Dental Implants after Three Different Mechanical Requests—In Vitro Study
Authors: Vinhas Ana Sofia , Salazar Filomena , Mendes José Manuel , Silva António Sérgio , Ríos-Carrasco Blanca , Ríos-Santos José Vicente , Gil Javier , Herrero-Climent Mariano , Aroso Carlos
Published: January 2024

Statement of problem: Implant-supported rehabilitations are an increasingly frequent practice to replace lost teeth. Before clinical application, all implant components should demonstrate suitable durability in laboratory studies, through fatigue tests. Objective: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the integrity and wear of implant components using SEM, and to assess the axial displacement of the implant–abutment assembly by Micro-CT, in different implant connections, after three distinct mechanical requests. Materials and methods: Four KLOCKNER implants (external connection SK2 and KL; and internal connection VEGA and ESSENTIAL) were submitted to three different mechanical requests: single tightening, multiple tightening, and multiple tightening and cyclic loading (500 N × 100 cycles). A total of 16 samples were evaluated by SEM, by the X-ray Bragg–Brentano method to obtain residual stresses, and scratch tests were realized for each surface and Micro-CT (4 control samples; 4 single tightening; 4 multiple tightening; 4 multiple tightening and cyclic loading). All dental implants were fabricated with commercially pure titanium (grade 3 titanium). Surface topography and axial displacement of abutment into the implant, from each group, were evaluated by SEM and Micro-CT. Results: In the manufacturing state, implants and abutments revealed minor structural changes and minimal damage from the machining process. The application of the tightening torque and loading was decisive in the appearance and increase in contact marks on the faces of the hexagon of the abutment and the implant. Vega has the maximum compressive residual stress and, as a consequence, higher scratch force. The abutment–implant distances in SK2 and KL samples did not show statistically significant differences, for any of the mechanical demands analyzed. In contrast, statistically significant differences were observed in abutment–implant distance in the internal connection implants Vega and Essential. Conclusions: The application of mechanical compression loads caused deformation and contact marks in all models tested. Only internal connection implants revealed an axial displacement of the abutment into the implant, but at a general level, a clear intrusion of the abutment into the implant could only be confirmed in the Essential model, which obtained its maximal axial displacement with cyclic loading.
Influence of Loading Waveform on the Fatigue Life of 34CrNi3MoVA Steel
Authors: Guan Xiaoyan , Tang Jie , Chen Jianzhi
Published: January 2024

Mechanical components often experience fatigue loading from various waveform conditions during their operational lifespan. However, the underlying mechanisms through which variations in loading waveform affect the fatigue life of components remain unclear. Thus, this study conducted tension–compression fatigue experiments on 34CrNi3MoVA steel specimens under the same stress amplitude with different waveforms (cosine, triangular, sawtooth, and reverse sawtooth) to investigate the effects of loading waveform variations on the cyclic strain hardening behaviors, the fatigue fracture failure, and the fatigue life. The results indicated that specimens under different waveforms all exhibited cyclic strain hardening. The fatigue cyclic hardening level progressively increased in the order of cosine, triangular, and sawtooth waveforms, resulting in a continuous increase in cyclic saturation strain amplitude. The analysis of fatigue fractures demonstrated a consistent increase in both the initiation and propagation zone areas in the order of cosine, triangular, and sawtooth waveforms, and the boundary between the propagation and final fracture zones gradually shifted from a straight to a curved shape. The influence mechanisms of cyclic loading waveforms on the fatigue life of specimens were analyzed based on the energy dissipation, leading to the development of a universal fatigue life prediction model applicable to different waveform conditions, the model was then verified with the reverse sawtooth wave specimens and resulted in a prediction error less than 15%. The study is expected to serve as a significant guide for predicting and evaluating the fatigue life of mechanical components under various fatigue loading conditions.
Conservation Voltage Reduction Impact Investigation for Personal Computing Devices Using Experimental Measurements and Computation Performance Metrics
Authors: Ayaz Muhammad , Rizvi Syed Muhammad Hur , Akbar Muhammad
Published: January 2024

Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) is a potential energy management approach for increasing computer system energy efficiency. This study uniquely contributes to the field by thoroughly investigating the impact of CVR on computing devices, filling a significant gap in the existing literature. The research employs a novel experimental approach, considering the temporal variations in energy use behavior, and presents a comprehensive benchmark analysis of desktop PCs and laptops. Notable gains in processing efficiency are observed, with specific instances such as Desktop 1’s 1.53% Single-Core performance improvement and Desktop 3’s 3.19% total performance boost. Despite variations, the thermal performance of CVR-equipped devices, particularly Desktop 3 and Laptop 3, consistently demonstrates lower temperatures, indicating thermal management enhanced by 3.19% and 1.35%, respectively. Additionally, the study introduces the CVR Performance Enhancement Ratio (%), providing a unique metric for evaluating the trade-offs between energy efficiency and system performance. This research highlights the dual impact of CVR on thermal and computational elements, emphasizing its broad advantages. Integrating CVR emerges as a viable strategy for developing more durable, efficient, and sustainable computing devices, setting the stage for advancements in voltage regulation.
High-Performance Multi-Level Grayscale Conversion by Driving Waveform Optimization in Electrowetting Displays
Authors: Xu Wanzhen , Yi Zichuan , Jiang Mouhua , Wang Jiashuai , Long Zhengxing , Liu Liming , Chi Feng , Wang Li , Wan Qiming
Published: January 2024

As a new type of reflective display, electrowetting display (EWD) has excellent dynamic display performance, which is based on polymer coatings. However, there are still some issues which can limit its performance, such as oil backflow and the hysteresis effect which reduces the stability and response speed of EWDs. Therefore, an effective driving waveform was proposed to overcome these drawbacks, which consisted of grayscale conversions between low gray levels and high gray levels. In the driving waveform, to stabilize the EWD at any initial grayscale (low gray levels/high gray levels), an exponential function waveform and an AC signal were used. Then, the grayscale conversion was performed by using an AC signal with a switching voltage to quickly achieve the target grayscale. Finally, another AC signal was used to stabilize the EWD at the target grayscale. A set of driving waveforms in grayscale ranging across four levels was designed using this method. According to the experimental results, oil backflow and the hysteresis effect could be effectively attenuated by the proposed driving waveforms. During conversion, the response speed of EWDs was boosted by at least 9.37% compared to traditional driving waveforms.
Thermal Conductivity Gas Sensors for High-Temperature Applications
Authors: Samotaev Nikolay , Podlepetsky Boris , Mashinin Mikhail , Ivanov Igor , Obraztsov Ivan , Oblov Konstantin , Dzhumaev Pavel
Published: January 2024

This paper describes a fast and flexible microfabrication method for thermal conductivity gas sensors useful in high-temperature applications. The key parts of the sensor, the microheater and the package, were fabricated from glass-coated platinum wire and the combination of laser micromilling (ablation) of already-sintered monolithic ceramic materials and thick-film screen-printing technologies. The final thermal conductivity gas sensor was fabricated in the form of a complete MEMS device in a metal ceramic package, which could be used as a compact miniaturized surface-mounted device for soldering to standard PCB. Functional test results of the manufactured sensor are presented, demonstrating their full suitability for gas sensing applications and indicating that the obtained parameters are at a level comparable to those of standard industrially produced sensors. The results of the design and optimization principles of applied methods are discussed with regard to possible wider applications in thermal gas sensor prototyping in the future. The advantage of the developed sensors is their ability to operate in air environments under high temperatures of 900 °C and above. The sensor element material and package metallization were insensitive to oxidation compared with classical sensor-solution-based metal–glass packages and silicone MEMS membranes, which exhibit mechanical stress at temperatures above 700 °C.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Surface Textures in Vibration-Assisted Micro Milling
Authors: Song Bowen , Zhang Dawei , Jing Xiubing , Ren Yingying , Chen Yun , Li Huaizhong
Published: January 2024

Vibration-assisted micro milling is a promising technique for fabricating engineered mi-cro-scaled surface textures. This paper presents a novel approach for theoretical modeling of three-dimensional (3D) surface textures produced by vibration-assisted micro milling. The proposed model considers the effects of tool edge geometry, minimum uncut chip thickness (MUCT), and material elastic recovery. The surface texture formation under different machining parameters is simulated and analyzed through mathematical modeling. Two typical surface morphologies can be generated: wave-type and fish scale-type textures, depending on the phase difference between tool paths. A 2-degrees-of-freedom (2-DOF) vibration stage is also developed to provide vibration along the feed and cross-feed directions during micro-milling process. Micro-milling experiments on copper were carried out to verify the ability to fabricate controlled surface textures using the vibration stage. The simulated and experimentally generated surfaces show good agreement in geometry and dimensions. This work provides an accurate analytical model for vibration-assisted micro-milling surface generation and demonstrates its feasibility for efficient, flexible texturing.
Characteristics of Ore-Forming Fluids and Genesis of the First Mining Area and Eastern Ore Section of the Pulang Porphyry Copper Deposit, Southeastern China: A Comparative Study
Authors: Hu Dengpan , Guan Shenjin , Su Yan , Li Sheng , Li Zhipeng , Yang Fan , Wang Lei , Ren Tao
Published: January 2024

The Pulang copper deposit, formed in the Late Triassic, is the largest porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit in the eastern Tethys, and its genetic type and mineralization potential have received widespread attention. Identifying the characteristics of ore-forming fluids and the sources of ore-forming materials in the deep and peripheral ore bodies of Pulang is particularly important for constructing a complete porphyry copper mineralization system. Based on detailed core logging and geological observations, this article provides extensive petrographic, fluid inclusion micro-thermometry, laser Raman spectroscopy, and H-O-S isotope data on the veins of the main mineralization stage (B veins) in the first mining area and eastern ore section of the Pulang porphyry copper deposit. The genetic correlation between the eastern ore section and the first mining area is clarified, and their mineralization potential is inferred. The results indicate that the deep vein bodies in the first mining area exhibit multi-stage characteristics, and the fluid in B veins exhibits both high-temperature and salinity characteristics. The magma-derived early ore-forming fluids underwent processes such as boiling and experienced immiscibility during meteoric water mixing, which could be the primary mechanism of the precipitation of Cu, Mo, Au, and other metals. The outer eastern ore section is located in a medium-to-low-temperature hydrothermal mineralization zone far from the mineralization center. This outer eastern ore section is a distant part of the magmatic–hydrothermal system of the first mining area.
Textural Study of Vesicles in Tagish Lake (C2-ung) Meteorite Fusion Crust: Constraints on Vesicle Formation during Their Entry into the Earth’s Atmosphere
Authors: Shehaj Xhonatan , Caporali Stefano , Palomba Ernesto , Pratesi Giovanni
Published: January 2024

Vesicles are characteristic structures within the outer layer of many stony meteorites’ fusion crusts. Although these features are well-developed in hydrated carbonaceous chondrites and some micrometeorites, their formation mechanism remains poorly understood. This study provides new insights into the understanding of physical vesiculation processes by presenting the results of vesicle size distribution (VSD)—i.e., a quantitative method for vesicle analysis—applied to the study of the Tagish Lake (C2-ung) meteorite fusion crust. Tagish Lake was chosen because it shows a scoriaceous texture and a significant number of vesicles (about 24,000 vesicles/mm2), thus allowing statistical analysis. Vesicles range from being spherical to irregular-shaped and from a few μm to ~70 μm (equivalent diameter) in size. Vesicle size distribution and cumulative number density analyses show a high nucleation event and a fractal distribution of the vesicle population, respectively. We suggest these features are due to disequilibrium degassing processes, which simultaneously produce continuous/accelerating vesicle nucleation and growth. Finally, possible analogies between the scoriaceous Tagish Lake fusion crust and the space-weathered “frothy layer” on the surface of Ryugu’s grains could be found in terms of vesicularity.
Pore Structure and Migration Ability of Deep Shale Reservoirs in the Southern Sichuan Basin
Authors: Wu Jianfa , Wu Qiuzi , Xu Liang , Yang Yuran , Liu Jia , Yin Yingzi , Jiang Zhenxue , Tang Xianglu , Miao Huan
Published: January 2024

The migration phenomenon of deep shale gas is a subject that has yet to be fully comprehended, specifically regarding the migration ability of deep shale gas. This study focuses on the Longmaxi Formation in the southern Sichuan Basin, utilizing it as an example. Various experimental techniques, such as temperature-driven nitrogen and carbon dioxide adsorption, high-pressure mercury intrusion, XRD, and TOC analysis, are employed. The goal is to analyze the pore structure and fractal characteristics of the Longmaxi Formation shale. Additionally, the study aims to calculate its Knudsen number based on parameters like temperature gradient and pressure coefficient. The migration ability of the Longmaxi Formation shale in southern Sichuan Basin is also discussed. The results show the following: (1) The pore volume distribution of the Longmaxi Formation shale in the study area ranges from 0.0131 to 0.0364 cm3/g. Mesopores contribute approximately 56% of the pore volume, followed by micropores with a contribution rate of about 26%, and macropores contributing approximately 18%. Additionally, the Longmaxi Formation shale exhibits strong heterogeneity, with the fractal dimension (D1) of mesopores ranging from 2.452 to 2.8548, with an average of 2.6833, and the fractal dimension (D2) of macropores ranging from 2.9626 to 2.9786, averaging 2.9707. (2) The fractal dimensions of shale were significantly influenced by organic matter, inorganic minerals, and pore structure parameters. D1 and D2 were positively correlated with TOC, clay mineral content, and specific surface area, while exhibiting negative correlation with quartz. However, the correlations with calcite content, pore volume, and average pore size were not significant. (3) The proportion of pores satisfying Darcy flow in the Longmaxi Formation shale was approximately 3.7%–11.8%, with an average of 6.6%. Consequently, the migration capability of shale gas can be calculated using Darcy’s law. Furthermore, the migration capability of shale gas is controlled by D2, specifically the surface area, and the connectivity of macropores.
Screening of Multitarget Compounds against Acetaminophen Hepatic Toxicity Using In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Approaches
Authors: Ali Muhammad , Asghar Esha , Ali Waqas , Mustafa Ghulam , Ansari Irfan Aamer , Zia Saadiya , Ansari Siddique Akber , Khan Sumaiya
Published: January 2024

Combination therapy and multitarget drugs have recently attracted much attention as promising tools to fight against many challenging diseases and, thus, represent a new research focus area. The aim of the current project was to screen multitarget compounds and to study their individual and combined effects on acetaminophen-induced liver injury. In this study, 2 of the best hepatoprotective multitargeting compounds were selected from a pool of 40 major compounds present in Curcuma longa and Cinnamomum zeylanicum by using molecular docking, ADMET profiling, and Pfizer’s rule of five. The two selected compounds, quercetin and curcumin, showed a high binding affinity for the CYP2E1 enzyme, MAPK, and TLR4 receptors that contribute to liver injury. The candidates caused the decreased viability of cancer cell lines (HepG2 and Huh7) but showed no effect on a normal cell line (Vero). Examination of biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin) showed the hepatoprotective effect of the candidate drugs in comparison with the control group, which was confirmed by histological findings. Taken together, quercetin and curcumin not only satisfied the drug-like assessment criterion and proved to be multitargeting by preventing liver damage but also showed anticancer activities.
In Vitro and In Vivo Preventive Effects of Thymoquinone against Breast Cancer: Role of DNMT1
Authors: Kaleem Mohammed , Kayali Asaad , Sheikh Ryan A. , Kuerban Abudukadeer , Hassan Mohammed A. , Almalki Naif Abdullah R. , Al-Abbasi Fahad A. , Anwar Firoz , Omran Ziad , Alhosin Mahmoud
Published: January 2024

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers in women and is a major cause of female cancer-related deaths. BC is a multifactorial disease caused by the dysregulation of many genes, raising the need to find novel drugs that function by targeting several signaling pathways. The antitumoral drug thymoquinone (TQ), found in black seed oil, has multitargeting properties against several signaling pathways. This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of TQ on the MCF7 and T47D human breast cancer cell lines and its antitumor activity against BC induced by a single oral dose (65 mg/kg) of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) in female rats. The therapeutic activity was evaluated in DMBA-treated rats who received oral TQ (50 mg/kg) three times weekly. TQ-treated MCF7 and T47D cells showed concentration-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. TQ also decreased the expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) in both cancer cell types. In DMBA-treated animals, TQ inhibited the number of liver and kidney metastases. These effects were associated with a reduction in DNMT1 mRNA expression. These results indicate that TQ has protective effects against breast carcinogens through epigenetic mechanisms involving DNMT1 inhibition.
Chemical Composition, and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Oregano Essential Oil
Authors: Walasek-Janusz Magdalena , Grzegorczyk Agnieszka , Malm Anna , Nurzyńska-Wierdak Renata , Zalewski Daniel
Published: January 2024

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health problem, and the rapid rise in AMR is attributed to the inappropriate and/or overuse of antibiotics. Therefore, alternative antimicrobial agents, including those of natural origin, are being sought for the development of new drugs. The purpose of our study was to analyze the chemical composition, and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of four oregano essential oils (OEOs) from Poland, Europe, Turkey and the USA. The antimicrobial activity (AMA) was evaluated using 23 strains, including Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and Candida species. The antioxidant activity (AA) of essential oils (EOs) was determined by the DPPH method. The main component of the EOs tested was carvacrol (76.64–85.70%). The highest amount of this compound was determined in the Polish OEO. The OEOs we tested showed antimicrobial resistance, which was especially strong against fungi (MIC = 0.06–0.25 mg/mL−1). These products also showed high AA (71.42–80.44%). OEOs high in carvacrol should be the subject of further research as potential antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.
Rapid Analysis of Compounds from Piperis Herba and Piperis Kadsurae Caulis and Their Differences Using High-Resolution Liquid–Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Network Binding Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Shi Dezhi , Liao Nanxi , Liu Hualan , Gao Wufeng , Zhong Shaohui , Zheng Chao , Chen Haijie , Xiao Lianlian , Zhu Yubo , Huang Shiwen , Zhang Yunyu , Hu Yang , Zheng Yunfeng , Ji Jing , Cheng Jianming
Published: January 2024

There is a serious mixing of Piperis Herba and Piperis Kadsurae Caulis in various parts of China due to the similar traits of lianas, and there is a lack of systematic research on the compound and activity evaluation of the two. Likewise, the differences in compounds brought about by the distribution of origin also need to be investigated. In this study, high-resolution liquid–mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Zeno-TOF-MS/MS) was used to analyze samples of Piperis Herba from five origins and Piperis Kadsurae Caulis from five origins, with three batches collected from each origin. The compounds were identified based on precise molecular weights, secondary fragments, and an online database combined with node-to-node associations of the molecular network. The t-test was used to screen and analyze the differential compounds between the two. Finally, the preliminary evaluation of antioxidant activity of the two herbs was carried out using DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays. The results showed that a total of 72 compounds were identified and deduced in the two Chinese medicines. These compounds included 54 amide alkaloids and 18 other compounds, such as flavonoid glycosides. The amide alkaloids among them were then classified, and the cleavage pathways in positive ion mode were summarized. Based on the p-value of the t-test, 32 differential compounds were screened out, and it was found that the compounds of Piperis Herba were richer and possessed a broader spectrum of antioxidant activity, thus realizing a multilevel distinction between Piperis Herba and Piperis Kadsurae Caulis. This study provides a preliminary reference for promoting standardization and comprehensive quality research of the resources of Piperis Herba using Piperis Kadsurae Caulis as a reference.
Dimethyl Derivatives of 2,2′-Bipyridine as Ligands in [W(CN)6(bpy)]2−-Type Complexes
Authors: Basta Natalia , Szklarzewicz Janusz , Hodorowicz Maciej , Jurowska Anna
Published: January 2024

The thermal decomposition of (XMebpyH)3(H3O)[W(CN)8]·3H2O (where XMebpy denotes 4Mebpy 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine or 5Mebpy 5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine) in glycerol results in the coordination of XMebpy. Salts of the anion formula [W(CN)6(XMebpy)]2− were isolated for PPh4+ and/or AsPh4+ cations as well as for K+, Rb+, and Cs+ ones. X-ray single-crystal analyses for tetraphenyl-phosphonium and tetraphenyl-arsonium cations are described. IR, UV-Vis, and cyclic voltammetry data are presented. The results were compared with those for [W(CN)6(bpy)]2− (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) ion salts.
Chitosan Biocomposites with Variable Cross-Linking and Copper-Doping for Enhanced Phosphate Removal
Authors: Udoetok Inimfon A. , Karoyo Abdalla H. , Mohamed Mohamed H. , Wilson Lee D.
Published: January 2024

The fabrication of chitosan (CH) biocomposite beads with variable copper (Cu2+) ion doping was achieved with a glutaraldehyde cross-linker (CL) through three distinct methods: (1) formation of CH beads was followed by imbibition of Cu(II) ions (CH-b-Cu) without CL; (2) cross-linking of the CH beads, followed by imbibition of Cu(II) ions (CH-b-CL-Cu); and (3) cross-linking of pristine CH, followed by bead formation with Cu(II) imbibing onto the beads (CH-CL-b-Cu). The biocomposites (CH-b-Cu, CH-b-CL-Cu, and CH-CL-b-Cu) were characterized via spectroscopy (FTIR, 13C solid NMR, XPS), SEM, TGA, equilibrium solvent swelling methods, and phosphate adsorption isotherms. The results reveal variable cross-linking and Cu(II) doping of the CH beads, in accordance with the step-wise design strategy. CH-CL-b-Cu exhibited the greatest pillaring of chitosan fibrils with greater cross-linking, along with low Cu(II) loading, reduced solvent swelling, and attenuated uptake of phosphate dianions. Equilibrium and kinetic uptake results at pH 8.5 and 295 K reveal that the non-CL Cu-imbibed beads (CH-b-Cu) display the highest affinity for phosphate (Qm = 133 ± 45 mg/g), in agreement with the highest loading of Cu(II) and enhanced water swelling. Regeneration studies demonstrated the sustainability and cost-effectiveness of Cu-imbibed chitosan beads for controlled phosphate removal, whilst maintaining over 80% regenerability across several adsorption–desorption cycles. This study offers a facile synthetic approach for controlled Cu2+ ion doping onto chitosan-based beads, enabling tailored phosphate oxyanion uptake from aqueous media by employing a sustainable polysaccharide biocomposite adsorbent for water remediation by mitigation of eutrophication.
Benzimidazole-Based Derivatives as Apoptotic Antiproliferative Agents: Design, Synthesis, Docking, and Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Youssif Bahaa G. M. , Morcoss Martha M. , Bräse Stefan , Abdel-Aziz Mohamed , Abdel-Rahman Hamdy M. , Abou El-Ella Dalal A. , Abdelhafez El Shimaa M. N.
Published: January 2024

A new class of benzimidazole-based derivatives (4a–j, 5, and 6) with potential dual inhibition of EGFR and BRAFV600E has been developed. The newly synthesized compounds were submitted for testing for antiproliferative activity against the NCI-60 cell line. All newly synthesized compounds 4a–j, 5, and 6 were selected for testing against a panel of sixty cancer cell lines at a single concentration of 10 µM. Some compounds tested demonstrated remarkable antiproliferative activity against the cell lines tested. Compounds 4c, 4e, and 4g were chosen for five-dose testing against 60 human tumor cell lines. Compound 4c demonstrated strong selectivity against the leukemia subpanel, with a selectivity ratio of 5.96 at the GI50 level. The most effective in vitro anti-cancer assay derivatives (4c, 4d, 4e, 4g, and 4h) were tested for EGFR and BRAFV600E inhibition as potential targets for antiproliferative action. The results revealed that compounds 4c and 4e have significant antiproliferative activity as dual EGFR/BRAFV600E inhibitors. Compounds 4c and 4e induced apoptosis by increasing caspase-3, caspase-8, and Bax levels while decreasing the anti-apoptotic Bcl2 protein. Moreover, molecular docking studies confirmed the potential of compounds 4c and 4e to act as dual EGFR/BRAFV600E inhibitors.