bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modulation of aroma compounds in yeast and lactic acid bacterium co‐fermented pork hydrolysates by thermal treatment and addition of aroma precursors (cysteine and xylose)
Authors: Li Xinzhi , Liu Shao‐Quan
Published: January 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation coupled with thermal treatment methods in valorising a type of industrially generated meat by‐product: pork trimmings, so as to produce a value‐added meat‐based flavouring. The pork trimmings were first hydrolysed using a protease (Flavourzyme) under optimised conditions and then fermented into liquid hydrolysates with mixed Lactobacillus fermentum and Pichia kluyveri; afterwards, xylose and cysteine were added to the fermented hydrolysates for heat treatment. A characteristic “savoury and roasted‐meat” aroma was produced due to the formation of potent sulphur‐containing volatile compounds such as 2‐furfurylthiol and methionol, though the browning intensity was inhibited due to the presence of cysteine. The thermal treatment did not significantly affect the fruity and sweet‐smelling ester volatiles such as isoamyl acetate and hexyl acetate that resulted from microbial fermentation. The decreases of amino acids and xylose might be due to their active participation in the Maillard reaction. The produced pork hydrolysates that imparted a unique aroma could be applied as a flavour enhancer or seasoning in the food industry.
Oxidative stability, shelf‐life and stir‐frying application of Torreya grandis seed oil
Authors: Huang Zicheng , Du Meijun , Qian Xueqin , Cui Haochi , Tong Pinzhang , Jin Hangbiao , Feng Yongcai , Zhang Jianfang , Wu Yuejun , Zhou Shengmin , Xu Lirong , Xie Liangliang , Jin Jun , Jin Qingzhe , Jiang Yuanrong , Wang Xingguo
Published: January 2022

Torreya grandis seed oil, with a feature of Δ5‐sciadonic acid (SA, 20:3 Δ5, 11, 14 ω‐6), is an attractive woody oil as its potential health benefits in lowering blood and hepatic lipids and anti‐inflammatory properties. In the present study, its oxidative stabilities at both room temperature and heating conditions were investigated by analysing oxidation stability index (OSI), shelf‐life, changes of fatty acids, acid value and peroxide value during stir‐frying tests. Also, its effects on the sensory qualities of stir‐fried shredded potatoes were evaluated. The OSI of T. grandis seed oil was 2.97 h at 120 °C, which was 11.24% higher than that of the control soybean oil, contributing to a longer predicted shelf‐life of 135–195 d for T. grandis seed oil than 127–180 d for soybean oil. T. grandis seed oil also exhibited superior thermal stability compared to soybean oil. The feature fatty acid, SA, only lost 2.48–5.73% (decreasing from 14.14 to 13.33–13.79%) under the optimised stir‐frying conditions at 140–180 °C for 3–5 min. For the stir‐frying shredded potatoes, T. grandis seed oil made it more pleasing in colour, odour and palatability. Due to its desirable oxidative stability at room temperature and stir‐frying performance at high temperature, T. grandis seed oil is suitable for use as a domestic cooking oil.
Inhibitory effects of atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge plasma against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus on Gwamegi (semi-dried Cololabis saira)
Authors: Kim Ji Yoon , Jeon Eun Bi , Song Min Gyu , Choi Eun Ha , Lim Jun Sup , Choi Jinsung , Park Shin Young
Published: January 2022

Aims

The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma on the reduction of B. cereus and S. aureus, both potential hazardous bacteria on Gwamegi.

Methods and Results

DBD plasma devices (1.1 kV, 43 kHz, 5–60 min, N2: 1.5 lpm for 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 min) were used to investigate the reduction effect. In the B. cereus by DBD plasma treatment, the 5–60 min indicated a reduction of 0.2–1.2 log CFU/g. The reductions of S. aureus at the same duration time of DBD plasma were 0.1–1.1 log CFU/g. The D-values for B. cereus and S. aureus were 49.0 (R2 = 0.98) and 61.0 (R2 = 0.94) min, respectively. The pH values for 0–30 min (6.00–6.01) were not significantly different, but significant differences at 60 min (6.09). There were no significant sensorial differences in colour (6.4–5.2) and flavour (6.2–5.3), but showing significant differences in appearance (6.6–5.2), texture (6.3–5.1) and overall acceptability (6.5–5.5).

Conclusions

This study indicates that the 60 min of DBD plasma treatment resulted in >1 log CFU/g of B. cereus and S. aureus without concomitant adverse changes in pH and most sensory properties in semi-dried Gwamegi.

Significance and Impact of the Study

This novel DBD plasma technology can be applied in semi-dried food production and distribution processes to enhance dried fishery food hygiene and safety.
Perceptions of Resource Scarcity in Factor Markets: The Effect on Managerial Attention and Collaboration
Authors: Wiedmer Robert , Whipple Judith M.
Published: January 2022

In globalized factor markets, firms face threats of resource scarcity, which challenge purchasing managers in interpreting signals about complex and uncertain factor‐market conditions. When future resource supply is threatened, purchasing managers are affected not only by the expected scarcity but also by the uncertainty of the scarcity threat. We investigate how expected resource scarcity and scarcity uncertainty affect managerial attention to scarcity perceptions, which, in turn, impacts the likelihood to respond to the scarcity threat by collaborating with the major supplier. We collected data from 203 purchasing managers about their experience with a scarcity incident and developed new scales for assessing perceived scarcity. Our findings indicate that expected resource scarcity results in increased levels of managerial attention while scarcity uncertainty reduces managerial attention. Importantly, managerial attention mediates the effect of expected resource scarcity and scarcity uncertainty on purchasing managers’ propensity to collaborate. The results illustrate the contrary impact of expected resource scarcity and scarcity uncertainty on purchasing managers’ attention and highlight managerial attention as an important behavioral consideration to understand how purchasing managers mitigate environmental risk. Finally, we identify individual (responsibility, experience) and organizational (trust) factors that increase purchasing managers’ attention to scarcity threats and collaboration.
Berberine regulates mesangial cell proliferation and cell cycle to attenuate diabetic nephropathy through the PI3K/Akt/AS160/GLUT1 signalling pathway
Authors: Ni Wei‐Jian , Guan Xi‐Mei , Zeng Jing , Zhou Hong , Meng Xiao‐Ming , Tang Li‐Qin
Published: January 2022

High glucose (HG) is one of the basic factors of diabetic nephropathy (DN), which leads to high morbidity and disability. During DN, the expression of glomerular glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) increases, but the relationship between HG and GLUT1 is unclear. Glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) have multiple roles in HG‐induced DN. Here, we report prominent glomerular dysfunction, especially GMC abnormalities, in DN mice, which is closely related to GLUT1 alteration. In vivo studies have shown that BBR can alleviate pathological changes and abnormal renal function indicators of DN mice. In vitro, BBR (30, 60 and 90 μmol/L) not only increased the proportion of G1 phase cells but also reduced the proportion of S phase cells under HG conditions at different times. BBR (60 μmol/L) significantly reduced the expression of PI3K‐p85, p‐Akt, p‐AS160, membrane‐bound GLUT1 and cyclin D1, but had almost no effect on total protein. Furthermore, BBR significantly declined the glucose uptake and retarded cyclin D1‐mediated GMC cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. This study demonstrated that BBR can inhibit the development of DN, which may be due to BBR inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/AS160/GLUT1 signalling pathway to regulate HG‐induced abnormal GMC proliferation and the cell cycle, supporting BBR as a potential therapeutic drug for DN.
Nervous necrosis virus viability modulation by water salinity and temperature
Authors: Vázquez‐Salgado Lucia , Olveira Jose G. , Bandín Isabel
Published: January 2022

Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is a hazardous aquatic pathogen, distributed worldwide and in a wide range of temperatures. Viral persistence in water has been demonstrated to be affected by different factors, such as temperature, UV, or biological load. In this study, we have investigated the viability of NNV strains in low‐ and high‐salinity seawater (LS and HS, respectively) both in laboratory and aquarium conditions, at different storage temperatures, and for comparative purposes, in culture medium. Our results showed the highest NNV viability in seawater at 15°C and as temperature increased, a drop in viral persistence was observed. Additionally, survival at 15 and 30°C was strongly affected by increasing salt content, while no differences were observed between LS and HS groups at 20 and 25°C. The results of the incubation under aquarium conditions indicated that the effect of UV light and oxygen exposure accelerate the inactivation of infective particles. According to previous studies, NNV persistence in cell culture medium was higher than in seawater, and as observed in the latter, increasing incubation temperatures led to a decrease in viral survival.
Drying of lotus rhizome slices: Influence of drying conditions on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, rheology, functional, and physicochemical characteristics of lotus rhizome powder
Authors: Showkat Qazi A. , Majid Darakshan , Rather Jahangir A. , Naqash Saadiya , Dar Basharat N. , Makroo Hilal A.
Published: January 2022

Fresh lotus rhizome has a limited harvesting duration and is prone to browning leading to fast decomposition. Lotus rhizome powder (LRP) can be an innovative substitute to unravel this difficulty, valorize the product and improve its export potential. Microwave blanched lotus rhizome (LR) slices revealed the logarithmic model as the best drying model of fresh LR slices. Water activity (Aw) portrayed strong dependence on drying time; color parameters, a* increased, while L* and b* decreased with slice thickness. Water and oil absorption capacity (WAC and OAC) of lotus rhizome powder (LRP) changed from 4.95 to 1.68 g/g and 2.99 to 0.52 g/g, respectively, with a sharp increase in OAC of samples dried at 80°C. Storage modulus (G′) was higher than loss modulus (G″). Samples of 3 mm thickness dried at 50, 60 and, 70°C had the lowest flow behavior index (n) of 0.2219. Fourier transform infrared spectra of LRP displayed regions of polyphenols with slight deviations for different drying temperatures. It was concluded that 3 mm thick slices dried at 60–80°C required lesser time and possessed better WAC, OAC, and color values.

Practical Applications

Recently, vegetable powders have driven the attention of food process engineers due to their stability and wide nutritional gamut. Thus, it is attempted to develop and characterize the Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn) rhizome powder which will not only make it readily available but will find its practical utilization as an ingredient in food formulations. Lotus rhizome powder is a unique blend of nutrients and bioactive components; therefore, it is important to understand its properties, drying behavior, and engineer the powder development with maximum functionality. Primarily, the lotus rhizome being a perishable vegetable, can be improved for shelf‐life stability and safety. Secondarily, the lotus rhizome powder can be incorporated as the functional ingredient, in flavoring, food, and pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, it is of prime significance to add value to this aquatic vegetable to make it an ideal food resource in the future.
“Falling between the cracks”: Experiences of Black dementia caregivers navigating U.S. health systems
Authors: Alexander Karah , Oliver Sloan , Bennett Stephanie G. , Henry Jenyl , Hepburn Kenneth , Clevenger Carolyn , Epps Fayron
Published: January 2022

In addition to numerous care responsibilities, family caregivers are expected to navigate health systems and engage in healthcare management tasks on behalf of their persons living with dementia (PLWD). These challenging tasks pose additional difficulties for Black dementia caregivers. Due to the centuries‐old, disadvantaged social history of Black Americans, several unique stressors, vulnerabilities, and resources have emerged which inform and affect Black dementia caregivers' experiences and well‐being. Focus groups were held with Black caregivers (N = 19) from the United States to explore the unique experiences and perspectives of this population navigating the U.S. health system on behalf of their PLWD. Five overarching themes were constructed during thematic analysis: Forced Advocacy, Poor Provider Interaction, Payor Source Dictates Care, Discrimination, and Broken Health System. Black dementia caregivers unanimously concurred that the health system that they experience in America is “broken.” Gaps in the health system can lead to people [as one caregiver passionately expressed] “falling between the cracks,” in terms of care, services, and resources needed. Caregivers agreed that class, sex, utilizing public health insurance, and being a “person of color” contribute to their difficulties navigating the health system. Caregivers perceived being dismissed by providers, forcing them to advocate for both themselves and their PLWD. Healthcare providers and researchers can utilize these findings to improve the experiences and healthcare outcomes of Black persons living with dementia and their caregivers. Additionally, these findings can lead to the development of culturally tailored caregiver education programs.
Performance‐enhancing drugs and the Olympics
Authors: Watson C. James , Stone Genevra L. , Overbeek Daniel L. , Chiba Takuyo , Burns Michele M.
Published: January 2022

The rules of fair play in sport generally prohibit the use of performance‐enhancing drugs (PEDs). The World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) oversees global antidoping regulations and testing for elite athletes participating in Olympic sports. Efforts to enforce antidoping policies are complicated by the diverse and evolving compounds and strategies employed by athletes to gain a competitive edge. Now between the uniquely proximate 2021 Tokyo and 2022 Beijing Olympic Games, we discuss WADA's efforts to prevent PED use during the modern Olympic Games. Then, we review the major PED classes with a focus on pathophysiology, complexities of antidoping testing, and relevant toxicities. Providers from diverse practice environments are likely to care for patients using PEDs for a variety of reasons and levels of sport; these providers should be aware of common PED classes and their risks.
Associations between Developmental Assets and Adolescent Health Status: Findings from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health
Authors: Zheng Katherine , Roehlkepartain Eugene C. , Santelli John S. , Smaldone Arlene , Bruzzese Jean‐Marie
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND

Developmental assets foster positive health outcomes among adolescents, but have not been studied in adolescents with chronic illness or depression, two conditions that impact behaviors in school. We examined parent‐reported assets in a national sample of adolescents and compared the number and types of assets by health statuses.

METHODS

Data were from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health (N = 15,734 adolescents), which captured 15 of 40 assets in the Developmental Assets Framework. We categorized adolescents as healthy; chronic physical illness alone; depression alone; and chronic physical illness with co‐morbid depression. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and logistic regression.

RESULTS

Healthy adolescents and those with chronic physical illness alone were comparable in number and types of assets. Adolescents with chronic physical illness and co‐morbid depression had fewer assets compared to healthy adolescents and those with chronic physical illness alone. Similar associations were found in comparing healthy adolescents to those with depression without chronic physical illness.

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of depression, among adolescents with and without chronic physical illness, was associated with fewer internal and external assets. The absence of assets may serve as a unique indicator of underlying depressive symptoms among adolescents in the school setting.
“We are cheaper, so they hire us”: Discounted nativeness in online English teaching
Authors: Panaligan Joy Hannah , Curran Nathaniel Ming
Published: January 2022

This article considers the rapidly expanding online market for English teaching. Drawing on interviews with 11 Filipino online English teachers and the first author's own experiences teaching English online, we examine how teachers feel under the conditions of precarity they experience in the gig economy for language teaching. In addressing the experiences of Filipino teachers, we introduce the notion of “discounted nativeness.” Discounted nativeness describes Filipino teachers’ ambivalent position within the online English teaching industry: platforms take advantage of Filipino teachers' high levels of English proficiency—up to and including passing them off as American teachers—while the teachers experience discrimination from students and maltreatment by the platforms. The article concludes by discussing the need for sustained research into the burgeoning market for online language teaching.
Toll‐like receptor inflammatory cascade and the development of diabetic kidney disease in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Authors: de Melo Thamara R , de Souza Karla S C , Ururahy Marcela A G , Bortolin Raul H , Bezerra João F , de Oliveira Galvão Marcos F , Hirata Rosario D C , Hirata Mario H , Arrais Ricardo F , Almeida Maria das Graças , de Rezende Adriana A , Silbiger Vivian N
Published: January 2022

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the association of toll‐like receptor (TLR) inflammatory cascade with the development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Methods

A total of 49 T1D patients and 49 normoglycaemic (NG) subjects aged 5–20 years old were recruited. TLR2, TLR4, MYD88, NFKB, MCP1/CCL2 and IL18 mRNA expressions were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Fasting glucose, glycated haemoglobin, serum urea, serum creatinine and urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (ACR) were determined.

Results

The mRNA expressions of TLR2, TLR4, MYD88 and NFKB were significantly increased in the T1D group compared with the NG group. The mRNA expression levels of MCP1/CCL2 and IL18 were higher in 21 T1D patients (42.9%) (average of MCP1/CCL2: 6.6‐fold and IL18: 5.8‐fold) than in NG patients. Furthermore, ACR was increased in the T1D group compared with the NG group.

Conclusion

The increased mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR4, MYD88, NFKB, MCP1/CCL2 and IL18 favours the development of an inflammatory process that may lead to a decline in renal function and consequently DKD in children and adolescents with T1D. This suggests that these genes are early mediators of onset DKD since the beginning of the lives of the paediatric T1D patients.
Immediate impact of bringing a school to the community with a new community‐based clinical education program
Authors: Nguyen Lisa B. , Johnson Lynn , Lee Steve , Tupaz Kyle , Piskorowski Wilhelm A.
Published: January 2022

Objectives

To examine the implementation of a community‐based clinical education (CBCE) program at the University of California, Los Angeles School of Dentistry (SOD) and the preliminary outcomes on dental students and affiliated clinics.

Methods

A retrospective review was carried out of SOD CBCE program implementation and program data between March 2018 and June 2019 related to patient encounters, pre‐ and post‐rotation student self‐assessments, student exit surveys and surveys administered to faculty within affiliate clinics.

Results

In five academic quarters, 133 students delivered care for 7556 patients and completed 12,467 procedures in underserved communities. Students reported increased confidence across 14 areas of self‐assessment. The percentage of students reporting future plans of working in public health clinics upon graduation increased from 6% to 19%. Affiliate clinic faculty indicated increased care delivery for underserved patients, appointment availability, and job satisfaction.

Conclusions

The newly implemented UCLA SOD CBCE program preliminarily yielded immediate positive outcomes for SOD students and affiliate community clinics.
Trend in rural‐urban disparities in access to outpatient mental health services among US adults aged 18‐64 with employer‐sponsored insurance: 2005‐2018
Authors: Chen Zhuo , Roy Kakoli , Khushalani Jaya Shankar , Puddy Richard W.
Published: January 2022

Purpose

This study estimates the rural‐urban differences in outpatient service utilization and expenditures for depression, anxiety disorder, and substance use disorder, and the evolving mental health provider mix for privately insured US adults aged 18‐64 during 2005‐2018.

Methods

We used the IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database for individuals covered by employer‐sponsored health insurance, from 2005 to 2018, with a yearly total number of beneficiaries ranging from 17.5 to 53.1 million. Claims for nonelderly adults with mental health and substance abuse coverage are included. Outcomes include rates of outpatient service utilization for depression, anxiety disorder, and substance use disorder; counts of outpatient visits; expenditure and share of the out‐of‐pocket cost; and the mental health services provider mix.

Findings

Rural enrollees were less likely than urban enrollees to use outpatient mental health services for depression by 1.2% (percentage points) in 2005 and 0.6% in 2018. Among those who used outpatient mental health services, rural enrollees had fewer outpatient visits than their urban counterparts (difference: 1.8‐2.4 visits for depression, 1.2‐1.7 visits for anxiety disorder, and 0.7‐2.1 visits for substance use disorder). Rural patients paid less per year for mental health outpatient visits of the 3 conditions but incurred a higher share of out‐of‐pocket expenses. Rural and urban patients differ in the mix of mental health providers, with rural enrollees relying more on primary care providers than urban enrollees.

Conclusions

Rural‐urban disparities in access to mental health services persist during 2005‐2018 among a population with private insurance.
Developing a predictive model for spinal shock in dogs with spinal cord injury
Authors: McBride Rebecca , Parker Elizabeth , Garabed Rebecca B. , Olby Natasha J. , Tipold Andrea , Stein Veronika Maria , Granger Nicolas , Hechler Ashley C. , Yaxley Page E. , Moore Sarah A. ,   CANSORT‐SCI study investigators
Published: January 2022

Background

Reduced pelvic limb reflexes in dogs with spinal cord injury typically suggests a lesion of the L4‐S3 spinal cord segments. However, pelvic limb reflexes might also be reduced in dogs with a T3‐L3 myelopathy and concurrent spinal shock.

Hypothesis/Objectives

We hypothesized that statistical models could be used to identify clinical variables associated with spinal shock in dogs with spinal cord injuries.

Animals

Cohort of 59 dogs with T3‐L3 myelopathies and spinal shock and 13 dogs with L4‐S3 myelopathies.

Methods

Data used for this study were prospectively entered by partner institutions into the International Canine Spinal Cord Injury observational registry between October 2016 and July 2019. Univariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between independent variables and the presence of spinal shock. Independent variables were selected for inclusion in a multivariable logistic regression model if they had a significant effect (P ≤ .1) on the odds of spinal shock in univariable logistic regression.

Results

The final multivariable model included the natural log of weight (kg), the natural log of duration of clinical signs (hours), severity (paresis vs paraplegia), and pelvic limb tone (normal vs decreased/absent). The odds of spinal shock decreased with increasing weight (odds ratio [OR] = 0.28, P = .09; confidence interval [CI] 0.07‐1.2), increasing duration (OR = 0.44, P = .02; CI 0.21‐0.9), decreased pelvic limb tone (OR = 0.04, P = .003; CI 0.01‐0.36), and increased in the presence of paraplegia (OR = 7.87, P = .04; CI 1.1‐56.62).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

A formula, as developed by the present study and after external validation, could be useful for assisting clinicians in determining the likelihood of spinal shock in various clinical scenarios and aid in diagnostic planning.
Early prediction of decompensation (EPOD) score: Non‐invasive determination of cirrhosis decompensation risk
Authors: Schneider Annika R. P. , Schneider Carolin V. , Schneider Kai Markus , Baier Vanessa , Schaper Steffen , Diedrich Christian , Coboeken Katrin , Mayer Hannah , Gu Wenyi , Trebicka Jonel , Blank Lars M. , Burghaus Rolf , Lippert Joerg , Rader Daniel J. , Thaiss Christoph A. , Schlender Jan‐Frederik , Trautwein Christian , Kuepfer Lars
Published: January 2022

Background & Aims

Decompensation is a hallmark of disease progression in cirrhotic patients. Early detection of a phase transition from compensated cirrhosis to decompensation would enable targeted therapeutic interventions potentially extending life expectancy. This study aims to (a) identify the predictors of decompensation in a large, multicentric cohort of patients with compensated cirrhosis, (b) to build a reliable prognostic score for decompensation and (c) to evaluate the score in independent cohorts.

Methods

Decompensation was identified in electronic health records data from 6049 cirrhosis patients in the IBM Explorys database training cohort by diagnostic codes for variceal bleeding, encephalopathy, ascites, hepato‐renal syndrome and/or jaundice. We identified predictors of clinical decompensation and developed a prognostic score using Cox regression analysis. The score was evaluated using the IBM Explorys database validation cohort (N = 17662), the Penn Medicine BioBank (N = 1326) and the UK Biobank (N = 317).

Results

The new Early Prediction of Decompensation (EPOD) score uses platelet count, albumin, and bilirubin concentration. It predicts decompensation during a 3‐year follow‐up in three validation cohorts with AUROCs of 0.69, 0.69 and 0.77, respectively, and outperforms the well‐known MELD and Child‐Pugh score in predicting decompensation. Furthermore, the EPOD score predicted the 3‐year probability of decompensation.

Conclusions

The EPOD score provides a prediction tool for the risk of decompensation in patients with cirrhosis that outperforms well‐known cirrhosis scores. Since EPOD is based on three blood parameters, only, it provides maximal clinical feasibility at minimal costs.
Using machine learning to analyze and predict construction task productivity
Authors: Florez‐Perez Laura , Song Zhiyuan , Cortissoz Jean C.
Published: January 2022

The factors that affect productivity are a major focus in construction. This article proposes a machine learning–based approach to predict task productivity by using a subjective measure (compatibility of personality), together with external and site conditions, and other workers' characteristics. The approach integrates K‐nearest neighbor (KNN), deep neural network (DNN), logistic regression, support vector machine (SVM), and ResNet18 to discover the mapping between input and output variables, alongside rigorous statistical analyses to interpret data. A database including 1977 productivity measures is utilized to train, test, and validate the approach. Results test rules in the masonry industry, which do not seem to have been tested before: Small crews are more productive than large crews; higher compatibility results in higher productivity in easy but not in difficult tasks; the relevance of experience to task productivity may depend on the difficulty of the task.
The effect of group size on individual behavior of bubble‐net feeding humpback whales in the southern Gulf of Maine
Authors: Mastick Natalie C. , Wiley David , Cade David E. , Ware Colin , Parks Susan E. , Friedlaender Ari S.
Published: January 2022

In many species, group foraging is a strategy used to increase the efficiency of individuals to find and exploit patchy prey. Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are one of the few baleen whale species reported to use coordinated foraging strategies. One of these behaviors, bubble‐net feeding, has been observed in several populations, though the behaviors of individuals within these groups are largely unknown. This study used multisensor kinematic tag data from 26 whales foraging in the Southern Gulf of Maine to analyze individual bubble‐net feeding behaviors. Linear mixed effects models were used to test if there were differences in individual whales' dive behaviors across group size. The results indicate that individuals performed consistent bubble‐net feeding behaviors regardless of the size of their foraging group, except when using one specific foraging behavior, the upward spiral. Overall complexity of foraging dives, based on the three‐dimensional movements of the dive, decreased with increasing group size when group members used upward spirals. This may indicate that in larger groups, participants in coordinated feeding events need to move less and expend less energy to corral prey. This study provides new insights into the effects of group size on individual behavior and group coordination in humpback whales.
The essential role of fungal peroxisomes in plant infection
Authors: Falter Christian , Reumann Sigrun
Published: January 2022

Several filamentous fungi are ecologically and economically important plant pathogens that infect a broad variety of crops. They cause high annual yield losses and contaminate seeds and fruits with mycotoxins. Not only powerful infection structures and detrimental toxins, but also cell organelles, such as peroxisomes, play important roles in plant infection. In this review, we summarize recent research results that revealed novel peroxisomal functions of filamentous fungi and highlight the importance of peroxisomes for infection of host plants. Central for fungal virulence are two primary metabolic pathways, fatty acid β‐oxidation and the glyoxylate cycle, both of which are required to produce energy, acetyl‐CoA, and carbohydrates. These are ultimately needed for the synthesis of cell wall polymers and for turgor generation in infection structures. Most novel results stem from different routes of secondary metabolism and demonstrate that peroxisomes produce important precursors and house various enzymes needed for toxin production and melanization of appressoria. All these peroxisomal functions in fungal virulence might represent elegant targets for improved crop protection.
Non‐cognitivism about Metaphysical explanation
Authors: Miller Kristie , Norton James
Published: January 2022

This article introduces a non‐cognitivist account of metaphysical explanation according to which the core function of judgements of the form ⌜xbecausey⌝ is not to state truth‐apt beliefs. Instead, their core function is to express attitudes ofcommitment to, andrecommendation of the acceptance ofcertain norms governing interventional conduct at contexts.
Humility and metaphysics
Authors: Zalabardo José L.
Published: January 2022

David Lewis has argued that we cannot identify the fundamental properties. It is generally accepted that we can resist Lewis's conclusion if we are prepared to accept a structuralist account of fundamental properties, according to which their causal/nomological role is essential to their identity. I argue, to the contrary, that a structuralist construal of fundamental properties does not sustain a successful independent strategy for resisting Lewis's conclusion. The structuralist can vindicate our ability to identify fundamental properties only if she accepts epistemic principles that suffice for blocking Lewis's conclusion even if fundamental properties are not construed along structuralist lines.
Dehydration‐responsive chickpea chloroplast protein, CaPDZ1, confers dehydration tolerance by improving photosynthesis
Authors: Lande Nilesh Vikram , Barua Pragya , Gayen Dipak , Wardhan Vijay , Jeevaraj Theboral , Kumar Sunil , Chakraborty Subhra , Chakraborty Niranjan
Published: January 2022

The screening of a dehydration‐responsive chloroplast proteome of chickpea led us to identify and investigate the functional importance of an uncharacterized protein, designated CaPDZ1. In all, we identified 14 CaPDZs, and phylogenetic analysis revealed that these belong to photosynthetic eukaryotes. Sequence analyses of CaPDZs indicated that CaPDZ1 is a unique member, which harbours a TPR domain besides a PDZ domain. The global expression analysis showed that CaPDZs are intimately associated with various stresses such as dehydration and oxidative stress along with certain phytohormone responses. The CaPDZ1‐overexpressing chickpea seedlings exhibited distinct phenotypic and molecular responses, particularly increased photosystem (PS) efficiency, ETR and qP that validated its participation in PSII complex assembly and/or repair. The investigation of CaPDZ1 interacting proteins through Y2H library screening and co‐IP analysis revealed the interacting partners to be PSII associated CP43, CP47, D1, D2 and STN8. These findings supported the earlier hypothesis regarding the role of direct or indirect involvement of PDZ proteins in PS assembly or repair. Moreover, the GUS‐promoter analysis demonstrated the preferential expression of CaPDZ1 specifically in photosynthetic tissues. We classified CaPDZ1 as a dehydration‐responsive chloroplast intrinsic protein with multi‐fold abundance under dehydration stress, which may participate synergistically with other chloroplast proteins in the maintenance of the photosystem.
Zinc homeostasis in immunity and its association with preterm births
Authors: Kumari Deepa , Garg Swati , Bhawrani Priyanka
Published: January 2022

Preterm birth is among the most common adverse pregnancy outcomes and is the leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. While trace elements are essential for humans, their specific roles in the prenatal period remain unexplored. Zinc, a ubiquitous element, plays a pivotal role in protein synthesis, cell division, nucleic acid metabolism, apoptosis, ageing, reproduction, immunological and antioxidant defence mechanism. Although zinc quantities are very small in body tissue, it is involved in every conceivable biochemical pathway, which is critical for the performance of various functions necessary to sustain life. Owing to the multifactorial role of zinc, it is not possible to attribute a certain zinc‐dependent mechanism in preterm births. Although the effect of zinc deficiency on immunity, its impact on maternal function and health as well as its role in the developing foetus is well documented, much less attention has been given to the understanding of micronutrient zinc homeostasis in immunity and its association with preterm births. Despite extensive research, the pathway by which zinc regulates pregnancy outcomes as well as the function of immune cells in controlling the delivery status (term/preterm) is still obscure. The present review aims to focus on the understanding of relationship of micronutrient zinc homeostasis in immunity and its association with preterm births.
Uniform convergence rates for nonparametric estimators smoothed by the beta kernel
Authors: Hirukawa Masayuki , Murtazashvili Irina , Prokhorov Artem
Published: January 2022

This paper provides a set of uniform consistency results with rates for nonparametric density and regression estimators smoothed by the beta kernel having support on the unit interval. Weak and strong uniform convergence is explored on the basis of expanding compact sets and general sequences of smoothing parameters. The results in this paper are useful for asymptotic analysis of two‐step semiparametric estimation using a first‐step kernel estimate as a plug‐in. We provide simulations and a real data example illustrating attractive properties of the estimators.
Minimally invasive skin sampling and transcriptome analysis using microneedles for skin type biomarker research
Authors: Kim Seo Hyeong , Kim Ji Hye , Lee Sung Jae , Jung Min Sook , Jeong Do Hyeon , Lee Kwang Hoon
Published: January 2022

Background

Minimally invasive skin sampling is used in various fields. In this study, we examined whether it was possible to obtain skin specimens using biocompatible microneedles composed of sodium hyaluronate and performed transcriptome analysis.

Materials and methods

Thirty‐three subjects with different skin conditions, such as skin aging, skin hydration, skin pigmentation, oily skin and sensitive skin, were recruited. Skin types were evaluated based on age, non‐invasive measurement devices, 10% lactic acid stinging test and visual assessment; the skin specimens were sampled from the face using microneedles. Total RNA was extracted, and microarray was performed. Correlations between various biomarkers and skin condition parameters were analysed.

Results

Several skin‐type biomarkers are correlated with age, non‐invasive device measurements, LAST score and visual assessment of acne lesions. Representatively, COL1A1 (Collagen type 1 alpha 1 chain), FN1 (Fibronectin 1) and PINK1 (PTEN‐induced putative kinase protein 1) for skin aging, FLG (Filaggrin), KLF4 (Kruppel‐like factor 4) and LOR (Loricrin) for skin hydration, GPNMB (Glycoprotein non‐metastatic melanoma protein B), MLANA (Melan‐A) and TYR (Tyrosinase) for skin pigmentation, IGF1 (insulin‐like growth factor‐1), MPZL3 (Myelin protein zero like 3) and AQP3 (Aquaporin 3) for oily skin and PGF (placental growth factor), CYR61 (cysteine‐rich angiogenic inducer 61), RBP4 (retinol‐binding protein 4), TAC1 (Tachykinin precursor 1), CAMP (Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide), MMP9 (Matrix metallopeptidase 9), MMP3, MMP12 and CCR1 (C‐C motif chemokine receptor 1) for sensitive skin.

Conclusion

Microneedle skin sampling is a new and minimally invasive option for transcriptome analysis of human skin and can be applied for diagnosis and treatment efficacy evaluation, as well as skin type classification.
Effect of convalescent plasma as complementary treatment in patients with moderate COVID‐19 infection
Authors: Baldeón Manuel E. , Maldonado Augusto , Ochoa‐Andrade Miguel , Largo Carolina , Pesantez Mónica , Herdoiza Marco , Granja Gerardo , Bonifaz Marco , Espejo Hugo , Mora Francisco , Abril‐López Patricio , Armijo Lady Karen Robles , Pacheco Verónica , Salazar Rafael , Reinthaller Steffy , Zertuche Federico , Fornasini Marco
Published: January 2022

Introduction

South America is one of the regions most affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic. Specific and affordable treatments are needed to treat SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Evidence regarding the use of convalescent plasma in COVID‐19 patients is still limited. We compared the safety and efficacy of COVID‐19‐convalescent plasma administration as a complement to standard treatment in the early management of patients with moderate SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.

Methods

We carried out a random double blinded, placebo‐controlled trial that compared standard treatment plus convalescent plasma (CP) or plus non‐convalescent plasma in the management of COVID‐19 patients. The main outcome was survival and secondary endpoints included: length of hospitalisation (LOH), days from treatment to discharge, time to clinical improvement or death within a 28‐day period, and adverse reactions to treatment.

Results

Administration of CP with antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 did not affect patient survival, RR = 1.003, 95% CI (0.3938, 2.555). These results led to terminate the RCT prematurely. However, early treatment of COVID‐19 patients with CP tended to decrease the LOH while the delay in CP treatment was associated with longer hospitalisation. In addition, delay in CP treatment negatively affected the recovery of the respiratory rate.

Conclusion

Use of CP for the treatment of COVID‐19 patients is safe and its early use can decrease the LOH and improve respiratory function. Early administration of antibody‐rich CP could contribute to decrease the negative impact of COVID‐19 pandemic in patients with impaired immune response.
Incidence of and risk factors for surgical site infection following canine limb amputation
Authors: Billas Alison R. , Grimes Janet A. , Hollenbeck Danielle L. , Dickerson Vanna M. , Wallace Mandy L. , Schmiedt Chad W.
Published: January 2022

Objective

To determine the incidence of and risk factors for surgical site infection (SSI) following canine thoracic and pelvic limb amputations.

Study design

Retrospective, multicenter study.

Animals

Dogs (n = 248).

Methods

Medical records were reviewed for preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables including indication for amputation, amputation type, method of muscle transection, duration of surgery and anesthesia, and wound classification. Follow up was ≥30 days or until SSI development. Logistic regression and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare SSI incidence to variables of interest.

Results

The incidence of SSI was 12.5% for all procedures and 10.9% for clean procedures. Factors increasing odds of SSI were muscle transection with a bipolar vessel sealing device (P = .023 for all procedures, P = .025 for clean procedures), procedure classified as other than clean (P = .003), and indication for amputation of bacterial infection (P = .041) or traumatic injury (P = .003) compared to neoplasia.

Conclusion

Use of bipolar vessel sealing devices for muscle transection increased the odds of developing an SSI whereas use of electrosurgery and/or sharp transection did not. Dogs with surgical sites that were other than clean, or with bacterial infection and/or traumatic injury were also at increased odds of SSI.

Clinical significance

Use of electrosurgery or sharp transection for muscle transection should be considered rather than use of bipolar vessel sealing devices to decrease odds of SSI in dogs undergoing limb amputation. Further studies across a variety of procedures are needed to validate these findings given the increasing popularity of these devices in veterinary medicine.
An intrinsic link to an extrinsic cause of cardiac xenograft growth after xenotransplantation
Authors: Goerlich Corbin E. , Singh Avneesh , Treffalls John A. , Griffith Bartley , Ayares David , Mohiuddin Muhammad M.
Published: January 2022

Post‐transplantation cardiac xenograft growth in an orthotopic pig to baboon model is a life‐limiting phenomenon that is poorly understood. Possible causes of growth include both intrinsic and extrinsic etiologies. Extrinsic causes are thought to be attributed to maladaptive hypertrophy as a result of increased mean arterial pressure experienced by the cardiac xenograft after transplantation. Intrinsic causes are thought to be a result of discordant growth between pig xenografts and recipients. This results in intrinsic xenograft growth that parallels the donor and continues in a recipient in which growth is relatively minimal, controlled in part by the growth hormone receptor, IGF‐1 axis. Recently, Zaman, et al. published a study titled, “Selective loss of resident macrophage‐derived insulin‐like growth factor‐1 abolishes adaptive cardiac growth to stress,” in Immunity, Volume 54; Issue 9, pp. 2057–2071. They demonstrated that insulin growth factor‐secreting resident macrophages that sense hypertensive stress are a mechanistic link to hypertension and maladaptive hypertrophy in the setting of hypertension. While notable in its own right, we comment on how this work may shed light on a new underlying mechanism for the use of growth hormone receptor knockout (GHRKO) pig donors and its role in addressing post‐transplantation xenograft growth. We hypothesize that GHRKO pig donors contain syngeneic resident cardiac macrophages that abrogate IGF‐1 mediated maladaptive hypertrophy from hypertension. Futures studies in post‐transplantation cardiac xenotransplantation growth should examine this mechanism as a potential contributor.
How to Reveal the Meaning of Space in Vernacular Architecture?
Authors: Manurung Parmonangan , Sastrosasmito Sudaryono , Pramitasari Diananta
Published: January 2022

Vernacular architecture is a modest style of building used to maintain the balance of human relations with nature. This architectural style is specific to a region and passed down from one generation to another to embody cultural values. However, its development is currently facing globalization and modernization challenges, thereby leading to a gradual shift of this ancestral heritage to modern buildings. Change is unavoidable due to continuous evolution, however, the meaning inherent architecture buildings need to be maintained because it contains the cultural and social values of the associated local community. Furthermore, vernacular building space is a place for social activities and contains historical meaning applicable to modern buildings. Its functionality responds to changes and the needs of times while maintaining the local essence. Therefore, this research aims to determine the suitable method needed to reveal the meaning of vernacular architectural space. Data were collected from the conscious mind of space users through in-depth interviews by applying epoche, which were further reduced, categorized, and integrated to determine its meaning. The data collected through a literature review were analyzed using the content analysis method. The results showed that transcendental phenomenology is the right method to determine the meaning of vernacular architectural space. Based on the results, it is concluded that the meaning passed down from one generation to another could be expressed through the conscious experience of space users. Furthermore, transcendental phenomenology helped reveal the meaning without the intervention of the author’s knowledge, therefore it is unbiased and applicable in modern buildings.
Assessing Perception and Practice of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by Energy Sector Firms in Ghana
Authors: Blay Jnr Andrew Victor Kabenlah , Kukah Augustine Senanu Komla , Akotia Julius
Published: January 2022

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities in Ghana are spearheaded by large-scale multi-national companies and have gained momentum in recent years possibly due to the discovery of oil. The goal of this study is to learn more about how energy companies in Ghana view and practise CSR. A mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods was adopted for this study. Structured questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect data from selected energy companies and inhabitants. Descriptive statistics, t-tests and content analysis were the analytical tools adopted. The findings suggest that CSR was seen as a voluntary activity in the Ghanaian energy supply industry, with enterprises being obliged to work within societal norms rather than regulatory standards in the country. In the lens of the level of CSR practiced by the energy supply company, the findings indicate that the companies do practice CSR but based on their own planned policy objectives with most of the interventions geared towards social interventions like education, provision of potable water for communities, scholarship schemes, and road development. Policymakers will make use of the findings of the research to inform their knowledge in designing policies related to CSR. The outcome will also guide corporate firms in the energy sector to make decisions to either consider stakeholders as vital movers of development in the communities they operate, or they are being a hindrance to their CSR mandate. This study is unique as it extends knowledge on CSR in the energy sector of Ghana.