bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endo-xylanase Enzyme Production using Agroindustrial Biomass as Feedstock by Kitasatospora sp.
Authors: Rahmani N , Oktavia A , Nuryati  , Astuti D , Nugraha S , Nuro F , Mulyani E S , Hermiati E , Ramadhan K P , Lisdiyanti P , Yopi  , Prasetya B
Published: February 2020

Endo-β-1, 4-xylanases is an enzyme that depolymerize xylan, a major component of lignocelluloses. Lignoselulose is a great source of cheap carbohydrate and thus has been used over the past decade as a raw material for the production of high value products, such as enzymes. However, lignocelluloses are a highly recalcitrant material that is extremely difficult to depolymerize. By using proper pretreatment, lignocelluloses from agroindustrial biomass can replace conventional carbon sources in media preparation for enzyme production. In this study, we used three kinds of agroindustrial biomass, such as sorghum variety of Buleleng, sorghum variety of JP, rice straw LIPI GO1 and these biomasses were pretreated with acid to remove a portion of lignin for use as a carbon source to endoxylanase production. The production of xylanase Kitasatospora sp. under submerged fermentation was investigated with different carbon sources using agroindustrial biomass. Optimization steps included studies carbon source concentration and pH medium fermentation. The optimized condition of enzyme production was obtained using the sorghum variety Buleleng biomass at 2% concentration and pH medium is 9.0 with activity 3. 04 U/mL.
Optimization of engineered-modular endolysins expression conditions in Escherichia coli NiCo21(DE3) for the control of Streptococcal infection
Authors: Hariyatun  , Wahyu Putro E , Ridwanuloh A M , Syahputra G , Kusharyoto W
Published: February 2020

Streptococci are Gram-positive bacteria which cause diverse animal and human diseases and systemic infections. Antibiotic therapy for this pathogen is often unsuccessful and contributes to the development of antibiotic resistance. Bacteriophage modular endolysins, as well as their chimeric constructs, represent promising antimicrobials with high specificity against these bacteria and unlikely to evoke antimicrobial resistance. Our previous work has developed the recombination and fusion engineered-modular endolysins design (namely EλCφ and EλCφEφ, respectively) from a particular modular endolysin EφCφ to obtain novel antimicrobial with enhanced activity. In this study, we investigated further the optimization of the engineered-modular endolysin expression conditions in Escherichia coli NiCo21(DE3). Accordingly, clone selection, final inducer concentration, and incubation temperature were optimized. To obtain a recombinant clone which exhibits optimum protein expression level, expressions of the recombinant protein were conducted in shake flask. Subsequently, the soluble and insoluble protein crude extracts were collected by lysis and denaturation treatments, respectively, and verified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. The result showed that the selected clone for optimum expression of EφCφ, EλCφ, and EλCφEφ was clone 1, 3, and 5, respectively. Moreover, the optimum final inducer concentration for both EλCφ and EφCφ was 2000 μM, whereas for EλCφEφ was 500 μM. Besides, the optimum incubation temperature for protein expression for EλCφEφ was incubation at 37ºC and followed by induction at 25ºC, and for both EλCφ and EφCφ were both incubation and induction at 25ºC. Furthermore, these three proteins were found to be expressed as insoluble proteins. Collectively, these results could contribute to the development of ‘tailor-made’ antimicrobials by modular endolysin engineering, which can be used for the control of Streptococcal infection.
Isolation and identification of Ktedonobacteria using 16S rRNA gene sequences data
Authors: Rachmania M K , Ningsih F , Sakai Y , Yabe S , Yokota A , Sjamsuridzal W
Published: February 2020

The aims of this study were to isolate and identify the members of Ktedonobacteria from soil samples in Cisolok geysers area, West Java, Indonesia. To isolate the bacteria, sample was spread on 10-fold-diluted Reasoner’s 2A medium and the plates were incubated at 30 °C until the Ktedonobacteria-like colonies appeared. Ktedonobacteria-like colonies showed the characteristics of a firm pale orange colony. The colonies were purified and colony PCR was performed using Ktedonobacteria specific and universal eubacterial primers for 16S rRNA gene. Almost full-length of 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained in order to know the identity of the taxonomic affiliation of the isolates. Three Ktedonobacteria-like isolates, designated S3.2.1.5, S3.2.1.6 (isolated from soil under Bamboo tree) and S3.2.2.5 (isolated from soil in decayed Bamboo stems) were obtained. The detection using Ktedonobacteria specific primers showed positive results, which confirmed that all of three isolates belong to class Ktedonobacteria. The sequence homology search using EzBioCloud showed that these isolates (S3.2.1.5, S3.2.1.6, and S3.2.2.5) were belonged to the family Dictyobacteraceae and closely related to Bacterium SOSP1-79 (99.20%, 98.83%, 99.34%, respectively) and Dictyobacter aurantiacus S-27T (97.41%, 97.41%, 98.00%, respectively). The low percentage of sequence homology to type strains indicates that they could be a candidate of novel taxa of the genus Dictyobacter. Further characterizations such as morphology, physiology, and chemotaxonomy are needed in order to clarify the taxonomic position of these potential novel species of Dictyobacter.
Efficiency of Xylitol Production from Meyerozyma caribbica Y67 with Cell Initiation and Volume Fermentation
Authors: Saputra H , Thontowi A , Kholida L N , Kanti A
Published: February 2020

One of the rare types of pentose sugar is xylitol, which has various benefits in the field of food and medicine. Xylitol is one of the results of xylose fermentation and few microorganisms are able to produce it. Meyerozyma caribbica Y67 is one of the yeast collections of Indonesian Culture Collection (InaCC) which can produce xylitol. The production of xylitol about cell initiation and media volume gave different results for each factor. The fermentation conditions were using erlenmeyer 250 mL, agitation 150 rpm and 30ºC temperature. The parameters analyzed were dry cell weight (DCW), xylose, and xylitol. The results of this study showed that cell initiation with an optical density at 600 nm (OD600) = 5 (≍1.07x107 CFU or 3.980 g/L) had the highest efficiency in producing xylitol for 24 hours of fermentation, 51, 099%; specific growth rate (µ): 0.069. In the media volume variable, for 24 hours fermentation, the high-efficiency value of 20% volume erlenmeyer is 55, 708%; (µ): 0.082 and 48 hours fermentation is 40% volume erlenmeyer which is 71, 959%; (µ): 0.048. The research is expected to be used as a scale up recommendation for the industry.
Drought tolerant screening of 20 indonesian sorghum genotypes through leaf water potential measurements under water stress
Authors: Widiyono W , Nugroho S , Rachmat A , Syarif F , Lestari P , Hidayati N
Published: February 2020

Understanding drought tolerance status in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is very important for the development of sorghum varieties suitable for sub-optimal, drought prone areas in Indonesia. We estimated drought tolerance status of 20 Indonesian sorghum genotypes by observing their leaf water potential under glasshouse condition. Research design was randomized complete block design with 20 sorghum genotypes, 2 water treatments (control and water stress), and 2 replicates. The control plants were irrigated under field capacity, while the water stress treated plants were sown under field capacity followed by drought treatment without watering for one month. Sorghum seeds were cultivated in soil medium containing top soil, organic fertilizer and sand (50:20:30) in four 1x1.2x1 m3 containers. Seeds were sown in soil media pre-treated with tap water under field capacity. Leaf water potential was observed one month after planting by using WP 4 Dew Point. Plant growth performances, including plant height and leaf width were observed. Leaf water potential observation of the 20 sorghum genotypes showed that 2 sorghums genotypes, KLR and KS, had leaf water potential of -2.43 Mpa and - 2.455 Mpa respectively, which were categorized as tolerance to water stress. Four sorghum genotypes, Buleleng Empok, UPCA, Kawali and WHP, had leaf water potential of -3.7275 MPa, -3.7650, - 3.7700 and - 3.7950 Mpa respectively, were classified to be very sensitive to drought stress. The rest of the sorghum genotypes were classified as medium tolerance with leaf water potential between - 2.5200 Mpa and 3.6550 Mpa. Although it is a preliminary results and needs to be combined with field experimental data, the results obtained was an important step in determining sorghum genotypes which was best suited to be cultivated in drought prone areas and also to identify sorghum genotypes suitable to be used as drought tolerant trait donor.
Antioxidant Activities of Mangrove Fruits Endophytic Fungus from Segara Anakan Lagoon, Indonesia
Authors: Rahmawati SI , Izzati F , Yadi  , Septiana E , Bustanussalam  , Simanjuntak P.
Published: February 2020

Mangrove derived endophytic fungi are particular interest because they constitute the second-largest environmental group of marine fungi and are adapted to extreme conditions, which make them a rich source for novel metabolite and enzyme discovery. Especially the bioactivities of endophytic fungi from mangrove’s fruits have not been explored yet. We took our samples from The Segara Anakan lagoon which is situated at the southern coast of Central Java. The mangrove forest is semi-enclosed because there were Nusa Kambangan Island and its connection to the Indian Ocean. The endophytic fungus from 4 species mangrove’s fruits which are Acacia mangium Wild, Avicennia alba Blume, Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam have been isolated, and antioxidant analysis have been done. Its resulted that the extract from endophytic fungi isolated from Bruguiera gymnorhiza showed the highest antioxidant activities among others even though the extract yield showed the opposite. From profiling of secondary metabolite from endophytic fungi extract, we obtained data that the extract contained Cyclohexane, 1-hexadecanol, 1H-Indene as and farnesene that might be contributed to antioxidant activities of ethyl acetate extract from isolated fungi from Bruguiera gymnorhiza fruits
Characteristics of Bioplastic Made from Cassava Starch Filled with Fibers from Oil Palm Trunk at Various Amount
Authors: Syamani FA , Nurjayanti  , Pramasari DJ , Kusumaningrum WB , Kusumah SS , Masruchin N , Ermawati R , Supeni G , Cahyaningtyas AA
Published: February 2020

Petroleum-based plastic causes a threat to the environment at the end of its use because it cannot decompose naturally. Therefore it is necessary to develop bioplastic for food packaging but has the same function as conventional plastic. Starch based bioplastic, generally made from cassava starch. The disadvantage of this bioplastic is its low mechanical strength and damage if exposed to water. One way to increase the mechanical strength of bioplastic is to add fiber. Oil palm trunks are the source of natural fiber that is available in considerable amounts. The purpose of this study was to find out the characteristics of bioplastic from cassava starch with the addition of oil palm trunk fiber, in various amount. Bioplastics are made by heating a solution of cassava starch (tapioca: distilled water = 1:20) at 70 °C for 1 hour while stirring. After starch solution was gelatinized, glycerol (0.3%) and citric acid (1%) was added, and stirring was continued for 15 minutes. Oil palm fiber from oil palm trunk is added to the solution of cassava starch as much as 0%, 1%, 3% and 5% of the weight of cassava starch. The bioplastic solution is then poured into a (20x20) cm acrylic sheet with a thickness of ± 5mm. Furthermore, it is cooled at room temperature for 3 days so that the bioplastic sheet is ready for mechanical strength testing based on ASTM D 882-75b Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting, and for thermal properties testing with Thermo Gravimetry Analyzer. The addition oil palm trunk (OPT) cellulose fibers into bioplastic made from modified cassava starch, produce bioplastic with higher tensile strength compare to modified cassava starch bioplastic with addition of OPT pulp fibers. The decomposition temperature of bioplastic made from modified cassava starch with 1% OPT cellulose was higher than of bioplastic with 1% OPT pulp, indicates that bioplastic with 1% OPT cellulose fibers have better thermal stability compare to bioplastic with 1% OPT pulp fibers
Comparison of Addition Mold and Yeast Inoculants on the Production of Citric Acid in Liquid and Solid Media from Sorghum
Authors: Napitupulu TP , Kanti A , Purnaningsih I , Sudiana IM
Published: February 2020

The aim of the study was to determine the production of citric acid in liquid and solid media made from the juice and bagasse of sorghum plant. Sorghum has a great potential to be utilized as fermentation substrate for production of citric acid. The production of citric acid by fermentation is influenced by several factors including the type of media and used microorganisms. Fermentation to produce citric acid can be done by using mold as well as yeast. In this study, the mold isolates were Beauveria bassiana and Paelomyces lilacinus, while the yeast isolates were Candida utilis and Candida lessepsii. The fungal fermentations were conducted in two phases of medium, liquid and solid. Three formulas were prepared for liquid fermentation, namely sorghum juice only, sorghum juice supplemented with NH4NO3 and micronutrients, and sorghum juice supplemented with asparagine and micronutrients. Two formulas were prepared for solid fermentation, sulfuric acid hydrolyzed sorghum bagasse and non-hydrolyzed sorghum bagasse. The results showed that citric acid yield in solid fermentation is lower than liquid fermentation. For all formulas, the citric acid formation through liquid fermentation was higher in yeast than in molds. On the other hand, for solid fermentation, citric acid production was higher in hydrolyzed media than non-hydrolyzed media, except for yeast Candida lessepsii.
Enzyme powder amylase complex from Aspergillus awamori KT-11 for hydrolysis of cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Authors: Perwitasari U , Melliawati R , Palit R O , Ngangi J , Moko E , Yopi
Published: February 2020

Glucoamylase is the common enzyme to produce liquid sugar from starch. This enzyme breaks the starch chain randomly. Enzymes that are commonly used are liquid enzymes. Liquid enzymes stored at room temperature are easily damaged. The aim of the present study is to check the ability of the glucoamylase powder enzyme from Aspergillus awamori KT-11 in hydrolyzing starch-based biomass for producing liquid sugar. The produced liquid sugar was analyzed its concentration of reducing sugar, glucose concentration, sweetness level, and micrograph as a result of hydrolysis of biomass by enzyme glucoamylase. Variations concentration of the glucoamylase enzyme with cassava juice substrate was optimized to produce a high concentration of liquid sugar. The optimal time on hydrolysing 30% cassava with the enzyme is at 48 hours with enzyme concentration of 10.0469 U and substrate concentration of 30%. The sweetness level obtained on the refractometer is 4.2 % Brix. Approximately, 4000 ppm of glucose can be produced after 48 hours of reaction.
Development of Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) as Functional Food Based of Local Resource
Authors: Deswina P , Priadi D
Published: February 2020

The development of functional food is one of the government’s programs to improve food security in Indonesia. Increasing cases of degenerative diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer have triggered people to look for functional food ingredients, especially local resource-based food sources in each region to explore the benefits and nutritional content of health. Arrowroot (Maranta arundinaceaeL.) is an alternative crop-source of carbohydrate with enormous potential to be developed. Flour products from arrowroot plant have special features, which are easy to digest because the content of the glycemic index (IG) is low so it is very good for health. This plant is generally propagated by vegetation, so it has a narrow genetic diversity. Various efforts have been made to improve the genetic diversity of arrowroot plants, in order to obtain superior types of arrowroot plants with high productivity. This study aims to understand and explore the primacy of arrowroot plants from the benefits, origin, spread, multiplication, and utilization of plants by the community. Based on the results of this study we have not discovered any superior arrowroot plant model with high productivity and wide genetic diversity.
Expression of recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in Escherichia coli using various induction methods
Authors: Dewi K S , Permadi D G , Aminah  , Fuad A M
Published: February 2020

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a glycoprotein that has several therapeutic applications. It consists of 174 amino acids and manufactured by recombinant DNA technology. Until now, the Escherichia coli expression system is still become the first choice for producing recombinant proteins. It is because of this organism is simple to culture in low-cost medium and easy to scale up. In the course to find the most efficient way to produce a high yield of recombinant human G-CSF, we compared several types of medium with different induction methods. In this experiment, recombinant E. coli NiCo21(DE3) harbouring gene encoding rh-GCSF proteins were cultured in various media including auto-induction, non-induction, and IPTG-induction. To determine the protein expression profile, culture sampling was done every 12 h (up to 60 h). Then, the optical density at ʎ 600 nm was measured using UV spectrophotometer and rh-GCSF protein expression were characterized using SDS-PAGE and western blot analyses. ImageJ software was used to calculate the amount of rh-GCSF protein yield using Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) with known concentration as a standard. Result of this experiment concluded that simple auto-induction medium from Imperial College could produce good amount of rh-GCSF proteins (117 µg/mL) with relatively low production cost and short incubation time.
Optimization of Medium Composition for Inulin Fructotransferase (IFTase) Production by Nonomuraea sp.
Authors: Endah E S , Fitriana M , Mulyani R , Ratnaningrum D , Lisdiyanti P , Pudjiraharti S
Published: February 2020

Inulin fructotransferase is an enzyme which converts inulin into difructose anhydride III (DFA III). Inulin fructrotransferase was produced by fermentation in medium containing various concentrations of inulin (10 g/L, 20 g/L) as carbon source, yeast extract (1 g/L, 2g/L) as organic nitrogen source and (NH4)2SO4 (2g/L, 5g/L) as inorganic nitrogen source using Nonomuraea sp. ID06-A0189. The aim of the study was to optimize the medium composition using various concentrations of carbon and nitrogen sources for inulin fructotransferase production by Nonomuraea sp. ID06-A0189, through shake flask system. Fermentation was conducted at 30 °C, pH 7.0 and agitated in 130 rpm for three days. The result showed that comparable with those found in another condition the highest enzyme activity was produced in medium using inulin as carbon source with concentration of 10 g/L, yeast extract as organic nitrogen source with concentration of 5 g/L and ammonium sulfate as inorganic nitrogen source with concentration of 2 g/L. Addition of inulin as a carbon source increased the volume of biomass by about 11.5-24 mL. The enzyme activity in the culture supernatant reached 25.3 U/mL after three days incubation.
Isolation and characterization of Lactobacillus brevis’ surface layer protein (Slp) from Indonesian Culture Collection
Authors: Pratiwi R D , Sembiring E R , Aminah  , Zanjabilla S
Published: February 2020

Lactobacillus brevis is a potential probiotic in functional foods, yet it is still not well explored. It has been studied to enhance calcium and other minerals absorption in intestine via surface layer protein (Slp). The protein forms mineral-Slp complex and then facilitates bacteria cells binding to the intestinal epithelial cells. Among four L.brevis isolates from Indonesian Culture Collection-Indonesian Institute of Sciences (InaCC LIPI) and one isolate from Food and Nutrition Culture Collection (FNCC Universitas Gadjah Mada), L.brevis B144 shows the highest concentration of Slp in aerated fermentation. The Slp from L.brevis B144 has 45% coverage of peptide mapping compared with that of in database (Lactobacillus brevis KB290). Furthermore, the isolated Slp which was analyzed with 2D SDS PAGE resulted four spots at acidic and neutral pI, namely approximately 3.8-3.9; 5.5-6.5; and 7.6-7.8.
Triplex PCR for halal authentication of processed food: Development and Characterization
Authors: Desriani  , Sugiana F A , Widyowati H , Suryani  , Sukma A , Wulandari D , Warisman M A
Published: February 2020

Awareness of consumers towards the safety of food and labelling statement due to food adulterations is increasing. Simultaneous detection made the developed methods are rapid and economic. In this study we developed triplex PCR for beef and pork detection by using 18SsRNA as the internal control, then further characterized the methods. Primer formulation for triplex PCR being used are 0, 8µM porcine, 0, 04 µM for each beef and 18sRNA, that all together working at 45°C annealing temperature in one single tube. The amplicon sizes for pork, beef and 18SrRNA are 300, 120 and 99bp respectively. The sensitivity of the method is 0, 851ng. This developed method shown as robust method that can detect DNA target from different source of matrices [five products contain pork (meatball, sausage, ham, pasta, cornet), 3 beef processed food (dendeng, rendang and satay) and three products contain pork include beef (sauce curry from three different products)] which could contain some types of PCR inhibitor. Furthermore, the method shows specific detection towards the target that had no cross contamination.
Variation of cassava genotypes based on physicochemical properties of starches and resistant starch content
Authors: Hartati  , Rahman N , Ajie F T , Hartati N S
Published: February 2020

Cassava has a large variation in their qualitative trait, such as variation in resistant starch content and physicochemical properties. Characteristics of cassava, such as physicochemical properties, are very important for its application in food industries and will affect the quality of the end products. The properties of starch could indicate the appropriateness of starch for various uses. Our paper aims to study the variation of the resistant starch content of several cassava starch and its physicochemical properties. Tapioca starch produced from LIPI cassava collection were used as material. The variation of resistant starch content was determined by using Megazyme kit protocol. Variation of physicochemical properties is determined based on the value of resistance to freeze thawing, swelling power and starch solubility, and paste clarity. Variation of cassava genotypes was determined by using SSR markers. The result showed that Manggu has the highest percentage of resistant starch (7, 32%). The percentage of starch resistance to freeze thawing varies from 0, 153 to 1,173. Swelling power of different starch samples was varies from 8, 59 to 11, 605 g/g, and the solubility of starch have a slight ranges from 0, 293 to 0, 437g/g at 90°C. The value of paste clarity varies from 0, 135-0, 543. Dendogram generated based on UPGMA cluster analysis showed that all the cassava genotypes were distributed in two main clusters.
Morphological and anatomical characters of diploid and tetraploid taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) cv. Bentul grown in lathhouse
Authors: Wulandari DR , Ningrum RK , Wulansari A , Ermayanti T M , Ratnadewi D
Published: February 2020

A number of tetraploid taros Bentul has been produced by in vitro polyploidization with oryzalin treatment to achieve optimal production and to overcome pests, diseases and drought stress. Planlets achieved from polyploidization had high survival rate on acclimatization process. Characterization was conducted for diploid and tetraploid Taro plants grown in Lathhouse. The aim of morphology and anatomy characterization of tetraploid taro was to compare those with diploid one. The results showed that the morphological characters of seven clones of tetraploid taro Bentul presented 56% similarity with the diploid and divided into three different subgroups with 63% similarity. The thickness of leaves tissue was not significantly different. Stomata size of tetraploid taro was larger than diploids but the stomata density was lower. Thickness of petiole epidermis of diploid taro was significantly different with tetraploid 75.2.1. Thickness of root epidermis of diploid taro was significantly different with tetraploid 7,5.12.2; 30.4.6; 60.2.6 and 75.2.3. Diameter of root stele of taro Bentul was not significantly different between diploid and tetraploid clones.
Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of endophytic bacteria isolated from mangrove species
Authors: Izzati F , Rahmawati S I , Hapsari Y , Rachman F , Simanjuntak P
Published: February 2020

Mangroves have proven to possess strong bioactivities to survive their complex environmental condition. However, apart from the primary function of mangroves as an ecosystem keeper, mangroves are often overexploited for construction materials. Hence, their medicinal purposes are often overlooked, and the direct exploration of pharmacologically active compounds derived from mangrove species seems illogical. Endophytic bacteria are found capable of producing secondary metabolites similar or even the same as their host plant. Therefore, exploration of endophytic bacteria from mangroves becomes an excellent alternative for bioproduction of certain plant-specific bioactive compounds. Moreover, mangroves live in an extreme living environment, and therefore, may contain interesting endophytic bacteria that possess remarkable bioactivities, particularly antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from mangrove species collected from the Segara Anakan Lagoon, on the south coast of Java, Indonesia. Isolated bacteria were cultivated to produce secondary metabolites. Fermentation liquid was then extracted and investigated for its antioxidant activity and cytotoxic activity. Secondary metabolites from isolated bacteria showed to have potentials to be used as an antioxidant as well as a cytotoxic agent.
The Effect of Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) and Tofu Dregs Formula on Chocolate Pudding
Authors: Sukotjo S , Syarafina A , Irianto H
Published: February 2020

Eucheuma cottonii is a seaweed that produces carrageenan which can form a gel texture. Tofu dregs is a by-product of tofu processing in the form of white solids which still contains good nutritional value. Pudding is one of food products that has a soft and gel texture. This study aims to obtain a seaweed chocolate pudding with addition of tofu dregs which is palatable and can be accepted by the panelists. The experimental design used is Randomized Block Design (RBD) consist of one factor with five levels of treatment. The treatment in this study is comparison of seaweed and tofu dregs (a), consisting of a1 = 5%: 25%, a2 = 10%: 20%, a3 = 15%: 15%, a4 = 20%: 10% and a5 = 25%: 5%. Analysis carried out on the chocolate pudding included preference and chemical test. Chemical analysis carried out is a test of protein content and crude fiber content performed on the best pudding from preference test, namely pudding with formula a1 (15%: 15%)hh. The best pudding chosen by the panelists has an average taste score of 3, 778 (neither like nor dislike – like a little), average aroma score of 3, 822 (neither like nor dislike – like a little), average color score of 4, 044 (like a little), and average texture score of 3, 667 (neither like nor dislike – like a little). Protein content in the best chocolate pudding from preference test is 3.92%, while dietary fiber content is 5.38%.
Characteristics of Solo Black Garlic Fermented in Kombucha Black Tea
Authors: Afiati F , Setiyoningrum F , Priadi G , Handoyo C H
Published: February 2020

A research has done on the characteristics of solo black garlic fermented by kombucha black tea. Fermentation is carried out for 0, 7, 14 and 21 days and continued to aging process for 0, 7, 14 and 21 days. Observation was done to see the characteristics of functional traits such as antioxidant capacity, total flavonoids and total polyphenols amount. There was a significant interaction (p<0, 05) between the fermentation period and the aging period in the functional properties of a solo black garlic. The study resulted in 68, 34 % of functional values characteristic of antioxidants capacity, 49, 94 mg QE flavonoids total and 185.97 mg GAE/g of polyphenols total. Increased bioactivity resulting from fermented solo black garlic using kombucha tea for 7 days and continued by aging process for 21 days.
In vitro and in planta efficacy studies on T6generation of transgenic Rojolele rice lines against the rice yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Walker)
Authors: Estiati A , Astuti D , Nurhasanah A N , Nugroho S
Published: February 2020

One of the most destructive pests in cultivated rice (Oryza sativaL.) is the rice yellow stem borer (YSB;Scirpophaga incertulasWalker). YSB attacks rice plant throughout its life span, with the most devastating being during mature stage that causes a symptom called whiteheads. Every 1% of whiteheads symptoms resulted in 1% rice production losses. Planting YSB-resistant cultivars is a good strategy besides environmentally friendly. However, since the unavailability of YSB-resistant gene in rice germplasm, genetic engineering of rice to express Cry toxin fromBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) that is toxic to YSB is an alternative.Agrobacterium-mediated transformation has been conducted to introducecry1Bgene fromBtinto a local javanica rice cultivar, Rojolele. The recombinant plasmid containscry1Bgene driven by wound-inducible promoter from maize proteinase inhibitor (mpi) gene andhygromycin phosphotransferase(hpt) selectable marker gene for transgenic plants selection. The presence ofcry1Bgene in transgenic rice plants was identified by PCR analysis. Four homozygous transgenic rice lines harboringcry1Bgene have been obtained. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the efficacy ofcry1Bgene in homozygous transgenic rice lines against YSB at vegetative stage,in vitroandin plantaat T6generation.In vitroassay was performed in aerated Petri dishes using leaf samples under growth room condition, meanwhilein plantaassay was done by subjecting the four homozygous transgenic rice lines to YSB under greenhouse condition. The results showed that the four homozygous transgenic rice lines tested were highly resistant to YSB compared to the wild-type Rojolele rice.
Improvement of mammalian cells performance by addition of glucose for the expression of erythropoietin with 2 additional link in CHO-DG44 cells
Authors: Santoso A , Wisnuwardhani P H , Kusumawati A , Rubiyana Y , Septisetyani E P , Nurainy N
Published: February 2020

The use of recombinant proteins for therapeutic use, currently, have become a standard procedure to fight many diseases and this reality have a great impact on the biotechnology industry. To produce this drug, established mammalian cell lines, especially CHO cells, have become a standard system for the production of such proteins. The main goal in recombinant protein production using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells is to achieve both high specific productivity and high cell density. These cells demonstrate a high consumption of glucose and this condition causes rapid depletion this nutrient in the medium. The loss of nutrient such as glucose can result in the limitation of cell growth and viability and finally the loss of quality of the protein. In relation to the previous knowledge, in this work the effect of glucose on cell density and viability of CHO-DG44 cell capable of producing erythropoietin (EPO) was studied. With this in mind 3 mg/liter of glucose was added to the medium at day 4 and 7. The cells were cultured for total 10 days in orbital shaker at the speed of 130 rpm at 37°C and 5% CO2 condition and samples were taken every 2 days. The results showed significantly that the addition of glucose to the medium with the time and concentration mentioned above increased the density and viability of the cell.
Molecular identification of F1 population containing entC and pmsB genes to increase resistance for blast disease
Authors: Rachmat A , Zannati A , Nugroho S , Safitri H
Published: February 2020

Rice is the staple food of the Indonesian people. Many efforts have been made to improve rice productivity under biotic stress condition. Blast disease caused by Pyrcularia grisea is one of the main diseases in rice plants. This study aimed to assemble rice plants that have high productivity and resistant to blast disease by cross-breeding method betweenRojolele transgenic containing entC and pmsB genes with Ciherang, Sintanur, Inpari 31, Inpari 33 and Tarabas varieties. The results showed that the salicylic acid coding gene was successfully derived in the F1 population, as indicated by the positive PCR analysis of the pmsB gene.Further analysis is needed on the next offspring to test stability of genes and bioassay for blast disease resistance.
Identification of lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria of lampung cocoa beans fermentation
Authors: Fahrurrozi  , Stefanie  , Purwanto A P , Sofia D Y , Ratnakomala S
Published: February 2020

The quality of chocolate influenced by cocoa varieties, growth conditions, and fermentation. As a part of post-harvesting treatments, cocoa beans fermentation affects biochemical transformations resulting in the aroma, color, and taste of chocolate. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and acetic acid bacteria (AAB) along with yeasts are involved during during cocoa beans fermentation. In this study, the diversity of LAB and AAB of cocoa beans fermentation from Lampung will be identified. Fortykgs of cocoa beans undergo spontaneous box fermentation for five days, with 24 hours intervals of sampling. DeManRogosa Sharpe (MRS) Agar and Glucose Yeast Peptone (GYP) Agarwere used for LAB and AAB enumeration, respectively. Morphology of each colony were identified and molecular identification by analyzing 16S rRNA gene. As results, the growth of LAB reach its highest level on the zero and fifth day of fermentation to 106 CFU/mL and the growth of AAB reach 106 CFU/mL as well.Lactobacillus plantarum, L. fermentum and L. pentosusare the main species of lactic acid bacteria, and Acetobacterpasteurianusand A. tropicalisas the main species of acetic acid bacteria. These results describe more about the diversity of Indonesian cocoa that could be applied for starter culture development.
Cytotoxic effects of chemopreventive agents curcumin, naringin and epigallocathecin-3-gallate in C2C12 myoblast cells
Authors: Septisetyani E P , Santoso A , Wisnuwardhani P H , Prasetyaningrum P W
Published: February 2020

Muscle tissues make up about 40-50% of the human bodies. Satellite cells, which present in between the basal lamina and myofiber, are the adult muscle stem cells or myoblasts which are important for the regeneration of muscle tissues. Anticancer agents generally possess high cytotoxicity to either cancer cells or normal cells. Their effects on muscle cells generate cachexia or the deterioration of muscle tissues. Chemopreventive agents which possess lower cyctotoxic effects are expected to show higher safety in normal cells. Therefore, we investigated the effects of chemopreventive agents curcumin, naringin, and epigallocathecin-3-gallate (EGCG), which show anticancer properties in cancer cells, in C2C12 myoblast cells. We observed the C2C12 cell viability by MTT and WST assays, cell migration by wound healing scratch assay, as well as differentiation assay after treatment with the chemopreventive agents. The results indicated that curcumin showed highest cytotoxicity compared to naringin and EGCG. In addition, naringin and EGCG exhibited lower cytotoxicity. Both naringin and EGCG inhibited C2C12 cell migration at cell density 150, 000 cells/ml. Whereas, at cell density 100, 000 cells/ml, there was no significant effects of naringin as well as EGCG. Altogether, the results suggest that naringin and EGCG possess lower cytotoxic effect on C2C12 myoblast cells whereas curcumin showed stronger cytotoxicity at concentration higher than 20 µM.
Effect of aqueous extract of ajwa dates on C2C12 myoblast cell proliferation, migration and differentiation
Authors: Prasetyaningrum P W , Santoso A , Septisetyani E P
Published: February 2020

Chemotherapeutic agents generate side effects or cytotoxicity to other cells that include muscle cells. Doxorubicin, one of the mostly used chemotherapeutic agents, has been known to cause a loss of skeletal muscle mass which known as cachexia. On the other hand, chemopreventive agents, which mostly derived from phytochemicals, have been known to show less cytotoxity to cancer cells than chemotherapeutic agents. However, their effects on the muscle cells remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of ajwa dates extract in C2C12 myoblast cells. C2C12 cells are satellite cells or adult muscle stem cells which can differentiate to from multinucleated myotube. MTT assays had been performed to determine the effect of ajwa dates extract on cell viability. In addition, effects on cell migration were examined by wound healing method. Proliferation assay was done to investigate the effect of ajwa dates extract to cell growth. Furthermore, C2C12 differentiation into myotubes was also investigated. The results of the cell viability assay against C2C12 cells showed that low concentration of ajwa dates was not toxic for C2C12 cells, whereas higher concentration of ajwa dates (10 µg/µl) decreased cell viability. In addition, the effect of ajwa dates extract (1 µg/µl) on cell migration depended on cell seeding density. At a lower cell density, the extract might promote myoblasts migration, whereas at a higher cell density it inhibited the cell migration that may be related to the induction of myocytes differentiation. Overall, we found that ajwa dates extract exhibited low or no cytotoxicity on C2C12 myoblast cells.
Preliminary Study on Bacterial Diversity Causing Human Foot Odor
Authors: Wulandari NF , Suharna N , Yulinery T , Nurhidayat N
Published: February 2020

This preliminary study was aimed at studying on microbial diversity causing odor of the human foot. The objective was to know the main bacteria species causing foot odor. The method used in this study was foot swab by using cotton buds for bacterial isolation, tests for H2S gas formation by using Kligler Iron Agar solid medium, odor test and optical density value. There were 204 bacterial isolates collected from 30 people ranged from 7-40 years old. They were identified based on polyphasic characterization. Based on 50 cultures of 25 isolates, it was indicated that sweat filtrate was better medium for bacterial growth than shocks filtrate. This was indicated that the odor problem was from sweat which was consisted of bacterial growth producing unpleasant odor. These were shown by the H2S producing-bacteria such as Bacillus cereus and Proteus mirabilis were isolated from the foot. Those bacteria were identified based on their partial sequences of 16sDNA. Other bacteria isolated were Acinetobacterpittii, Enterobacterhormaecheisubsp. xiangfangensis, Enterobactermori, Glutamicibactercreatinolyticus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Leclerciaadecarboxylata, and Staphylococcus warnerii.Further study will be carried out to use bacteriophages for eliminating bacterial biofilm in vitro. Bacteriophage uses for prevention application for human foot odor by bacterial growth is much prospective than other application such as sanitizer or disinfectant.
Hydrolysis of Local Genotype Taro (Colocasia esculenta) Starch by Crude Amylase from Brevibacterium Sp. for Maltooligosaccharides Production
Authors: Andriani A , Bayuningsih MIW , Kusnadi J , Rahmani N , Juanssilfero AB , Sari L , Ermayanti TM , Yopi
Published: February 2020

Maltooligosaccharides are starch-based carbohydrate oligomers linked by α-1.4 glycosidic bonds with a degree of polymerization between three and ten. Maltooligosaccharides can be produced by hydrolysis of starch by α-amylase. The enzymatic hydrolysis can be affected by several factors such as substrate and enzyme concentration, pH, temperature and incubation time. In this present study, the hydrolysis of starch from local genotipe of Taro (Var. Bentul) was conducted by optimization of 3 parameters: substrate concentration, amount of enzymes, and hydrolysis time. Taro starch concentrations were 10%, 15%, and 20%. Total Enzymes used for hydrolysis were 17.5, 14, and 7 U, respectively. The results showed that an amylase produced by Brevibacterium sp could hydrolyze taro starch into maltooligosaccharides with the most optimum hydrolysis conditions using 20% substrate (w/v) and total enzyme 14 U. Based on HPLC and TLC analysis, Maltotriose revealed as predominant oligosaccharides found in the hydrolysis product with concentration of 8621.7 µg/ml.
Antimicrobial activity of Streptomyces griseoviridis K10 against ESBL Escherichia coli, MRSA, and other pathogenic microorganisms
Authors: Warsito M F , Isnaeni  , Kusumawati I
Published: February 2020

The emergence of resistant pathogenic bacteria is serious threat to global public health. This problem can be address through discovering new antibiotics from nature. Streptomyces are known as the source of more than fifty percent commercially available antibiotics, but it is predicted that only less than 5% were identified. Streptomyces griseoviridis K10 were fermented in ISP-4 medium pH 7.2 for four days in 32 °C incubated shaker with 150 rpm agitation. The antimicrobial activity of Streptomyces griseoviridis K10 were analyzed using diffusion method. The antibiotic production curves were made to determine the optimal antibiotic production time. The result showed that these bacteria had activity against extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) Escherichia coli, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, S. aureus ATCC 25923, and Candida albicans, with inhibitory zone of 17.25 ± 0.43 mm; 13.95 ± 0.60 mm; 20.96 ± 0.41 mm; 20.64 ± 0.92 mm; 21.73 ± 0.53 mm; and 16.90 ± 1.27 mm, respectively. The antibiotic production was optimum in the second and third days.
Potential Environmental and Economic Impacts of Biofuel Production for the Local Community: A Case Study
Authors: Simamora M , Hama S , Yoshida A , Maulana S , Firdaussy U F , Yaman A
Published: February 2020

Biorefinery technology development in Indonesia especially related to production of biofuel from Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and other biomass from oil palm has already been progressing quite significantly during the last ten years. In 2018, Indonesia has implemented B-20 policy where 20% of diesel is blended with biodiesel from CPO. Likewise, researches on development of enzymes for various application including its application in the production of biofuel from CPO and Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OP EFB) through an enzymatic process has also been progressing. However, there is not enough research or information on what are the economic and environmental impact of this biofuel production to local community. Does this biofuel production also provide direct and indirect benefit to local community surrounding oil palm plantation and CPO mills? If it does, How? This paper describes what are specific economic and environmental issues facing by local community and how a biofuel production in the surrounding of local community can get environmental and economic and benefits. This case study was conducted in 2018 at 6 villages in Putri Hijau District, North Bengkulu Regency, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia
Maternal Age Patterns of Preterm Birth: Exploring the Moderating Roles of Chronic Stress and Race/Ethnicity
Authors: Kim Sangmi , Im Eun-Ok , Liu Jianghong , Ulrich Connie
Published: February 2020

Background

Despite the suggested contribution of cumulative chronic stress to the racial/ethnic disparities in preterm birth (PTB), it is unclear how chronic stress, maternal age, and race/ethnicity are linked underlying PTB.

Purpose

We investigated the moderating effect of chronic stress on the maternal age–PTB association among non-Hispanic (N-H) White, N-H Black, Hispanic, and Asian women.

Methods

We analyzed the Washington State’s Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data linked with birth certificates. The sample included women aged 18 years or older who birthed the first, singleton baby without birth defects. Chronic stress was measured by race/ethnicity-specific chronic stress indices. A maternal age–chronic stress interaction was modeled to predict PTB by logistic regression stratified by race/ethnicity. In subanalysis, the moderating role of racism was investigated in the maternal age–chronic stress interaction among three minority groups combined.

Results

Women’s maternal age trajectory of PTB varied by their race/ethnicity and chronic stress level. N-H White and N-H Black women showed a steeper maternal age-related increase in PTB (weathering) under higher chronic stress, indicating a chronic stress’ cumulative effect with maternal age. Besides, the extent of weathering was amplified by racism on top of chronic stress, particularly among N-H Black women.

Conclusions

These results show that both chronic stress and racism may develop accelerated PTB risk among minority women. Future research should use more objective and accurate chronic stress measures to ascertain the complex relationships among chronic stress, racial discrimination, and maternal age underlying the racial/ethnic differentials in PTB.
Clonidine as a strategy for discontinuing dexmedetomidine sedation in critically ill patients: A narrative review
Authors: Glaess Shelley S , Attridge Rebecca L , Christina Gutierrez G
Published: February 2020

Purpose

To review the efficacy and safety of transitioning from dexmedetomidine to clonidine to facilitate weaning of patients from sedation with dexmedetomidine. There is a paucity of data describing dexmedetomidine withdrawal syndrome (DWS) as well as clonidine’s place in therapy for DWS. This review will describe and analyze current literature to provide clinical recommendations.

A MEDLINE literature search was performed to identify original research articles describing DWS and/or transitioning from dexmedetomidine to clonidine for the purpose of weaning patients from sedation with dexmedetomidine. Four case reports describing DWS, 3 case reports describing the use of clonidine to treat DWS, and 3 observational studies describing the use of clonidine to facilitate dexmedetomidine weaning were identified. The incidence of and risk factors for DWS are unknown; factors including patient age and dexmedetomidine infusion rate, loading dose, and discontinuation strategy have inconsistent associations with DWS. All cases of DWS have been associated with infusion durations greater than 72 hours. While there are limited data describing clonidine use for the treatment of dexmedetomidine withdrawal, clonidine appears to be beneficial for dexmedetomidine weaning and its use for that purpose has been well described. Clonidine dosages that have been assessed for discontinuing dexmedetomidine vary from 0.1 to 0.3 mg orally or enterally every 6 to 8 hours; one study assessed use of transdermal clonidine (100 µg/24 h patch). Patients with extensive cardiac comorbidities may be more susceptible to adverse effects of clonidine, which may limit the drug’s use for DWS intervention.

Conclusion

Despite limited supportive data, clonidine provides a promising option for sedation management in adult ICU patients, with successful transitions from dexmedetomidine reported within 24 hours after clonidine initiation.