bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shared Expertise
Authors: Jivanjee Pauline R. , Friesen Barbara J.
Published: December 2008

Family-professional and interprofessional collaboration have been increasingly emphasized in children's mental health since the advent of federal legislation requiring parent participation in planning services for children with disabilities and the Child and Adolescent Service System Program. However, professional training programs have been slow to incorporate attention to such collaboration. In this article we report findings from a survey of 51 university and agency-based interprofessional training programs. The purpose of the survey was to learn about interprofessional education programs that prepare professionals to work in interagency, interprofessional environments and to collaborate with families. Family member involvement in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of interprofessional training and curricular attention to family-professional collaboration were found to be present in a small number of interprofessional education training programs. These findings are presented, along with recommendations for increased attention to family-professional collaboration in professional training.
The Caregiver Strain Questionnaire
Authors: Brannan Ana Maria , Heflinger Craig Anne , Bickman Leonard
Published: December 2008

The impact on the family of having a family member with serious emotional problems has been an area of concern as deinstitutionalitation and managed care have shifted treatment to the community and primary caregiving to the family. Measures are needed to assess caregiver strain in a way that can lead to a better understanding of the phenomena, improve clinical interventions, and examine the outcomes of new treatment modalities on the client's family. In order to study the effects of this treatment shift, the Caregiver Strain Questionnaire (formerly the Burden of Care Questionnaire) was developed for use with families of children and adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders. Findings from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses support the existence of three related but unique dimensions of strain experienced by parents of this population. This study adds to the current body of knowledge by suggesting that subjective caregiver strain has two components, and not the single form claimed in previous research. The results also indicate that the Caregiver Strain Questionnaire is a reliable and valid scale for the measurement of caregiver strain among families of children with emotional or behavioral disorders.
Empowerment Status of Families Whose Children Have Serious Emotional Disturbance and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Singh Nirbhay N. , Curtis W. John , Ellis Cynthia R. , Wechsler Hollis A. , Best Al M. , Cohen Robert
Published: December 2008

Empowerment is a critical indicator of a family's ability to access and effectively utilize services to achieve desired outcomes for themselves and their children. The empowerment status of two groups of families, those with children who had serious emotional disturbance (SED) alone and those with children who had SED combined with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), were investigated. The Family Empowerment Scale (FES) was completed by a sample of 228 families. In addition, these families provided demographic data concerning family composition, race, education, income, membership in a parent support group, and the mental health status of their children. The demographic variables were entered into a multivariate analysis of variance model to predict the empowerment status of families across the four subscales of the FES. Statistically significant correlations were obtained between family empowerment and membership in a parent support group, mental health status of the child (SED alone versus SED with ADHD), gender of the respondent, and respondent education. The results indicated that membership in a parent support group was a strong predictor of family empowerment, particularly of the systems advocacy and knowledge dimensions of empowerment. The results of this study can be used by mental health services providers for designing services that maximize family empowerment.
Concordance Between Mothers' and Teachers' Perceptions of Behavior Problems of Children with Developmental Delays
Authors: Keogh Barbara K. , Bernheimer Lucinda P.
Published: December 2008

The concordance between mothers' and teachers' perceptions of behavior problems and competencies of 74 children with nonspecific developmental delays was assessed using standardized and study-developed scales. Each child was rated by both his or her mother and teacher. The relationship between adults' perceptions and children's cognitive status was also assessed. Mean child chronological age was 131.6 months ( SD = 8.2 months); mean Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test was 66.13 ( SD = 20.37). Correlations between mothers' and teachers' scores across problem dimensions averaged .43 (range .18–.60). Differences in ratings of boys and girls within rater sources were minimal, although teachers rated boys higher than girls in learning problems. Few correlations between children's cognitive status and adults' ratings of behavior problems and competencies reached statistical significance. Findings underscore the importance of taking child attributes, settings, and observer influences into account when assessing children with developmental delays.
Troubled or Troubling? Characteristics of Youth Referred to a System of Care Without System-Level Referral Constraints
Authors: Rosenblatt Jennifer , Robertson Laurel , Bates Michael , Wood Michelle , Furlong Michael J. , Sosna Todd
Published: December 2008

The characteristics of 128 youth with emotional and behavioral disorders referred to a system of care were investigated according to agency referral, behavioral and emotional issues, and risk factors. The referral process in this system of care was unique, with each agency referring youth deemed to need multiagency services. The primary analysis used a two-step clustering procedure to examine characteristic profiles, and results produced evidence of four types of referral profiles: Troubled, Troubling. Troubled and Troubling, and At Risk. It was found that youth with various impairments and corresponding needs were referred by different agencies (e.g., troubling youth were most likely to be referred by juvenile probation), but all agencies referred youth across the four clusters. The results of this study are examined with respect to the long-standing policy debate regarding which youth with emotional and behavioral disorders should be given priority to receive services. Implications about evaluating outcomes in systems of care are also discussed.
An Examination of Psychotropic Drug Treatment for Children with Serious Emotional Disturbance
Authors: Hallfors Denise , Fallon Theodore , Watson Kim
Published: December 2008

Psychotropic medication is an important factor in the care of children with serious emotional disturbance (SED) in community settings. In this article, we describe the use of medication in two sites that participated in the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Mental Health Services Program for Youth (MHSPY). Partaicipants included a total of 488 children and youth, enrolled at either the Cleveland, Ohio, or state of Vermont site. Forty percent of the study population received psychotropic medication during their enrollment in the program. Characteristics associated with use were analyzed using logistic regression. Although adolescent boys with conduct disorders appeared to be targeted by the MHSPY, younger children, girls, and those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or psychotic disorder diagnoses were more likely to receive medication. Stimulants, tricyclic antidepressants, and neuroleptics were the drug types most frequently prescribed. Rates of medication use in the MHSPY program were high but not unexpected, given the targeting of children with significant histories of emotional and behavioral challenges and imminent risk of restrictive placement. As new policies increasingly shift to community-based care for children with SED and to delivering such care through Medicaid managed care plans, careful evaluation of the risks and benefits of medication treatment is essential.
First Step to Success
Authors: WALKER HILL M. , KAVANAGH KATE , STILLER BRUCE , GOLLY ANNEMIEKE , SEVERSON HERBERT H. , FEIL EDWARD G.
Published: December 2008

This article reports results of a 4-year study designed to develop and initially evaluate a combined home and school intervention approach to preventing school antisocial behavior. The First Step to Success program targets at-risk kindergartners who show the early signs of an antisocial pattern of behavior (e.g., aggression, oppositional-defiant behavior, severe tantrumming, victimization of others). First Step to Success consists of three interconnected modules: (a) proactive, universal screening of all kindergartners; (b) school intervention involving the teacher, peers, and the target child; and (c) parent/caregiver training and involvement to support the child's school adjustment. The major goal of the program is to divert at-risk kindergartners from an antisocial path in their subsequent school careers. Two cohorts of at-risk kindergartners, consisting of 24 and 22 students, were identified and exposed to the First Step to Success program during the 1993–1994 and 1994–1995 school years, respectively. A randomized, experimental, wait-list control-group design was used to evaluate intervention effects. Cohort 1 and 2 subjects were followed up through Grades 2 and 1, respectively, with differing teachers and peer groups. Results indicated a measurable intervention effect for both cohorts and persistence of gains into the primary grades.
Consequences of Differential Diagnostic Criteria on Identification Rates of Children with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders
Authors: Cluett Sandra E. , Forness Steven R. , Ramey Sharon L. , Ramey Craig T. , Hsu Chuanchieh , Kavale Kenneth A. , Gresham Frank M.
Published: December 2008

What constitutes an appropriate diagnostic workup for children with emotional or behavioral disorders (EBD) varies in both school and clinic settings. Current definitions of EBD suggest that a symptom checklist should be required, but there is some disagreement about what constitutes a functional impairment and what role out-of-school assessments should play. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of different diagnostic criteria on EBD identification by systematically varying the respondent for the symptom checklist (parent and/or teacher) and the type of functional impairment (poor academic achievement and/or poor social skills) required for diagnosis. The sample included 3.694 children in second grade, who were part of a longitudinal sample of Head Start graduates. Clinical cutoff points on behavior problem checklists from parents and teachers, on social skills ratings from parents and teachers, and on individual measures of academic achievement were serially applied to the sample to determine the rate of EBD identification with various combinations of instruments. The 13 different diagnostic combinations identified from 1.1% to 27.5% of the sample. Four of these combinations resulted in significant ethnic or gender bias. Findings are discussed with reference to current diagnostic criteria used for EBD in school or clinic settings.
Serving Children with Serious Emotional Disturbance in a System of Care
Authors: Walrath Christine M. , Nickerson Kim J. , Crowel Raymond L. , Leaf Philip J.
Published: December 2008

Children in need of mental health services do not constitute a homogeneous group. Important to this discussion is an examination of the diverse presenting problems and psychosocial histories of children referred by different service agencies. Using data from the East Baltimore Mental Health Partnership (EBMHP), we determined whether and how children referred to the EBMHP from a traditional mental health center differed from children referred to the EBMHP by non—mental health agencies. Data on demography, family background, and child and family functioning were collected on 254 children and their families. The analyses confirmed that children with serious emotional disturbance served in a system of care and their families are not homogeneous. Children and their families differed in terms of their sociodemographic characteristics and psychosocial adjustment depending on their referral source. These differences are discussed in terms of service planning and delivery, as well as theoretical implications.
Diagnostic Subgroups of Depression in Adolescents with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
Authors: Carmanico Sharon J. , Erickson Marilyn T. , Singh Nirbhay N. , Best Al M. , Sood Aradhana A. , Oswald Donald P.
Published: December 2008

One hundred and eighty-five adolescent inpatients with emotional and behavioral disorders completed two self-report measures of depression, the Children's Depression Inventory and the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, and a structured diagnostic interview of depression, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (Module C). Measures of depression were entered into a cluster analysis to determine subgroups of depressive symptom patterns. A five-cluster solution was obtained, with clusters characterized as (a) Nondepressed, (b) Endogenous Depression, (c) Depressed Mood with Subclinical Features, (d) Depressed Mood with Clinical Features, and (e) Negative Cognitions. The consistency of these findings with clusters previously obtained in child, adolescent, and adult samples suggested a continuity of depressive presentations in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Endogenous depression appears to be a robust subgroup of depression that is evident across the lifespan. A second subgroup of depression, characterized by negative cognitions and suicidal ideation in children and adolescents, may present in adulthood as a personality disorder with depressive features. Finally, two depressive subgroups characterized primarily by dysphoric mood may be distinguished by symptom severity. Depressed mood with subclinical features may occur as an isolated depressive syndrome in adolescents and adults. In contrast, depressed mood with clinical features in adolescence may represent the early stage of a clinical depression emerging in adulthood.
Explanatory Models of ADHD
Authors: Bussing Regina , Schoenberg Nancy E. , Rogers Kenneth M. , Zima Bonnie T. , Angus Sherwin
Published: December 2008

This study describes parents' understanding, or explanatory models, of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and examines how such explanatory models differ by ethnicity, child gender, treatment status, and sociodemographic status. Children with ADHD were identified through a two-stage study of a school district special education population; this study included a screening and a diagnostic phase. In addition, a survey concerning parent-reported knowledge and attitudes about ADHD, and ethnographic interviews—based on Kleinman's patient explanatory model—to elicit parental beliefs were conducted. White parents were more likely than African American parents to apply medical labels, expect a lifelong course, include school interventions in the desired treatment plan, and address academic and social outcomes. Compared to parents of boys, parents of affected girls were less likely to expect short duration of ADHD. Further research needs to be done to address the etiology of cultural and gender variations of explanatory models for ADHD, and to examine how specific explanatory styles affect help-seeking, treatment adherence, and outcomes for this important, treatable childhood condition.
Needs of High Functioning Teenagers and Adults with Autism (Tips From a Recovered Autistic)
Authors: Grandin Temple
Published: December 2008

Editor's Note: The current issue of Focus on Autistic Behavior is authored by Temple Grandin, PhD. Dr. Grandin was diagnosed with autism as a child and thus personal insights and experiences have shaped her unique perspective. Readers are advised to keep this in mind as they consider Dr. Grandin's interpretations and positions. Professionals are also advised to consider that the information contained herein, though nontraditional, can be extremely useful in fostering increased awareness and sensitivity to the needs of persons with autism.
Using Behavioral Interventions to Decrease Coprolalia in a Student with Tourette's Syndrome and Autism: A Case Study
Authors: Earles Theresa L. , Myles Brenda Smith
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavioral techniques that would be most effective in decreasing coprolalia for a student diagnosed with autism and Tourette's syndrome. The study involved a young female who was enrolled in a public school special education classroom for children with behavior and communication disorders. Four behavior-management strategies were used: (a) time-out, (b) differential reinforcement of other behavior, (c) differential reinforcement of other behavior paired with differential reinforcement of alternative behavior, and (d) intermittent differential reinforcement of alternative behavior. All interventions showed a reduction in the number of profane words used by the subject. The least effective behavior strategy was the independent implementation of time-out. The fewest occurrences of coprolalia occurred during the use of intermittent differential reinforcement of alternative behavior.
Great Expectations
Authors: Cooley Nancy , Cooley Jeffery
Published: December 2008

This article describes an emergent literacy project with 6- through 11-year-old students with mental, physical, language, and/or behavioral impairments. The authors designed a developmentally appropriate curriculum, engaged students in informal language-learning activities, and modeled enjoyable literacy activities. Students were given ownership of their work, opportunities for practice, and im mediate feedback. Students demonstrated increased engagement in literacy activities, tremendous growth in language and literacy, enhanced self-esteem, and more appropriate classroom behavior.
The Picture Exchange Communication System
Authors: Bondy Andrew S. , Frost Lori A.
Published: December 2008

A variety of strategies have been used to help children with autism acquire functional communication skills. The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is a unique communication training program that was developed as a means of circumventing some shortcomings associatd with these strategies. A description of the steps within PECS is provided. Long-term group data have indicated that a large proportion of children started on PECS as preschoolers acquire speech. Individual and group data supporting the use of PECS are provided.
Play Behaviors of Young Children with Autism
Authors: Rettig Michael A.
Published: December 2008

Autism has been shown to be associated with deficits in play behavior. The play behaviors of children with autism indicate that they tend to have severe deficits in play, both with toys and with regard to social behaviors. A consistent finding in the literature has been that both symbolic play and symbolic language are areas in which children with autism show specific impairments. Interventions to promote the play behaviors of these children have involved the use of either nonhandicapped or disabled peers, the use of specific instructions or verbal and physical prompts, highly structured one-to-one interactions involving adults and peers, or manipulation of the setting. Although different intervention techniques have been successful in promoting play behaviors, there is some concern about lasting effects after the intervention.
Generic Habit-Training Program
Authors: Wilson Mike
Published: December 2008

For years parents and other care providers have been bringing children with autistic characteristics to the toilet, sitting them down hour after hour, only to find that nothing is accomplished. The following outlines one method of habit training, known are the “challenge” method because the parent or care provider picks one optimum time and challenges the child to urinate in the context of the bathroom. After this one toileting time (per day) is consolidated, other toileting times are added, and eventually the youngster is rewarded for remaining dry in between toiletings.
Understanding the Student with Asperger Syndrome
Authors: WILLIAMS KAREN
Published: December 2008

Children diagnosed with Asperger syndrome present a special challenge in the educational milieu. This article provides teachers with descriptions of seven defining characteristics of Asperger syndrome, in addition to suggestions and strategies for addressing these symptoms in the classroom. Behavioral and academic interventions based on the author's teaching experiences with children with Asperger syndrome are offered.
Full Inclusion
Authors: Grider Julia Roxanne
Published: December 2008

With the passage of Public Law 94–142, students with special needs are guaranteed a free and appropriate education in the least restrictive, most appropriate environment. Prior to the enactment of PL 94–142, students with severe disabilities typically attended special schools or stayed at home. Students with mild disabilities typically attended general education classes with no special education support services of any sort. Many proponents of full inclusion appear to be suggesting a return to the delivery system of old, where all children, without exception, are educated in the same classroom. This article gives an overview of current literature, both positive and negative, related to full inclusion. It also includes reflections about full inclusion from several parents, educators, and administrators currently involved with the field of public education.
A Home-Centered Approach to Assistive Technology Provision for Young Children with Disabilities
Authors: Brotherson Mary Jane , Cook Christine C. , Parette Howard P.
Published: December 2008

This article discusses a home-centered approach to the use of assistive technology. A home-centered approach essentially addresses two questions: (a) How can assistive technology interventions for children with disabilities be implemented successfully in the home environment? and (b) How can the family system be considered in the use of assistive technology in the home environment? This article helps answer these questions by reviewing the literature in two encompassing areas: children's home environments and self-determination, and family systems and assistive technology. The first area examines the home as the primary learning environment for children and how the home environment can contribute to the development of skills. The second area discusses how family culture, resources, interactions, and goals for the future must be considered if assistive technology is to be susccessful in the home environment. The article provides a discussion of suggestions for working with families in the process of identifying and providing assistive technologies for young children in the home environment.
Software That Engages Young Children with Disabilities
Authors: Lahm Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2008

Teachers of young children with disabilities are being exposed to computer technologies more and more frequently, yet many basic questions about their effectiveness remain unanswered. A recent study examined software features that are typically used in commercially available programs. Using a series of alternating treatment design experiments, individual features were compared for their effect on engagement, affect, and choice. Data from 48 experiments suggest that children prefer programs with higher interaction requirements, and those that use animation, sound, and voice features.
Fragile Success
Authors: Dunn Kari L.
Published: December 2008

Fragile Success: Nine Autistic Children, Childhood to Adulthood By Virginia Walker Sperry North Haven, CT: Show String Press, Inc., 1995 209 pages
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1996
Authors: Egnor David
Published: December 2008

The U.S. Congress is close to completing the first extensive revision of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) since P.L. 94–142 was enacted. This article provides an overview of the major substantive amendments to IDEA currently being proposed by the 104th Congress in the U.S. Senate, including changes in state and local educational agency eligibility; least restrictive environment; private school placement; evaluations, reevaluations, and Individualized Education Programs; discipline procedures; mediation; attorneys' fees; funding obligations of noneducational agencies; comprehensive system of personnel development; professional standards; general education initiatives; flexibility in use of funds; and the discretionary authorities that fund research, personnel preparation, programs for infants and toddlers with disabilities, and other activities. In addition, the article identifies possible scenarios and forecasts the most likely outcome for IDEA reauthorization as it makes its way through the U.S. Congress.
The Use of a Pica Box in Reducing Pica Behavior in a Student with Autism
Authors: Myles Brenda Smith , Hirsch Nancy
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the effects of a pica box in reducing pica behavior in a 10-year-old girl with autism and pica. Using an ABAB design, the availability and nonavailability of a pica box was analyzed in relation to the frequency of the problem behavior. Data, which were collected throughout the student's school day, showed a decrease in pica attempts when the pica box was available to the student.
Nutrition and Its Relationship to Autism
Authors: Adams Lynn , Conn Susan
Published: December 2008

This tutorial provides information regarding the relationship between nutrition and autism. A brief review of the literature pertaining to two dietary problems (Candidiasis and gluten/casein intolerance) is included. For illustrative purposes, a case history is provided for each of the dietary problems mentioned. As further research is needed, a procedure for collecting videotapes of behavioral samples is also discussed.
What Parents of Young Children with Mental Disabilities Want
Authors: Westling David L.
Published: December 2008

Based on a review of the literature by Westling (1996), a questionnaire for parents of children with mental disabilities was developed in which parents were asked to rate various aspects of special education and related services with regard to importance, satisfaction, availability, desire, or concern. Parents were questioned in the areas of curriculum, placement, support services, their involvement in their child's education, importance of information, and potential parental concerns. One hundred sixty-three questionnaires were distributed through the public school system of a medium-size school district in the southeastern United States and 53 (33%) were returned through the mail. Results are reported from each section of the questionnaire and the implications of the parents' views are discussed. Within the discussion, special attention is given to concerns of parents of children with more severe disabilities.
Implications for Assessing Biobehavioral States in Individuals with Profound Disabilities
Authors: Richards Stephen B. , Richards Rhonda Y.
Published: December 2008

Biobehavioral state assessment is an area of research and classroom application with important implications for students with profound disabilities, their families, and teachers. The authors review research related to the foundations of state assessment, its uses with typically and atypically developing infants, and related studies on individuals with profound disabilities. Specific studies are reviewed concerning the development of state assessment procedures for individuals with profound disabilities and their adaptations and implications for classroom use. Possible future research suggestions are offered as well.
Functional Analysis of Communicative Behaviors
Authors: Brady Nancy C. , Halle James W.
Published: December 2008

Functional analysis is a methodology that has been used to assess the functions of aberrant or disruptive behaviors. The current article discusses how functional analysis may be useful for determining the functions of all communicative behaviors, whether they are aberrant or not. Two case studies are presented to illustrate the implementation of the three components of functional analysis: interviews, direct observation, and analog probes. Information from each of these three assessment sources contributes to the development of intervention plans addressing the unique communication needs of individuals with severe disabilities.
Factors Predicting Intelligence Scores on the TONI in Individuals with Autism
Authors: Goldberg Meredyth , Timmons Derenda , Edelson Stephen M.
Published: December 2008

Two hundred fifty-eight individuals with autism who ranged in age from 4 to 41 years were assessed with the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-Second Edition (TONI-2). The purpose of the study was to determine whether the TONI-2 was appropriate for individuals with autism; to determine what factors such as verbal ability and degree of autism might have affected TONI-2 scores; and to compare our scores to those from a sample of individuals with mental retardation as well as to those from other special populations. Our results indicated that age, verbal ability, and lack of attention deficits were most predictive of TONI-2 scores in our sample. The presence of attention deficits and a moderate number of autistic symptoms predicted untestability on the TONI-2. The mean TONI-2 score for our sample was 88.99 with a standard deviation of 21.13. This mean most closely resembled means obtained for samples of non-English-speaking, head-injured, and dyslexic individuals rather than those from samples of individuals with mental retardation. Only 19% of our sample had scores that fell within the mentally retarded range. The implications of our findings are discussed with regard to the practice of intelligence assessment in persons with autism.
Decisions Regarding Functions of Behavior
Authors: Calloway Carie J. , Simpson Richard L.
Published: December 2008

This study examines the role of functional analysis as the basis for development of management programs for preschool children with disabilities. Behavior management programs based on scientific analyses of the functions of behavior were designed for three children with developmental disabilities. Staff associated with the children who were uninvolved with the functional analysis were asked to informally identify the functions of behavior for each of the participants' respective target responses. Results of comparisons of scientific and informal functions of behavior are presented, along with a discussion and recommendations for functional analysis decision making and practices.
The Use of Social Stories to Reduce Precursors to Tantrum Behavior in a Student with Autism
Authors: Kuttler Shari , Myles Brenda Smith , Carlson Judith K.
Published: December 2008

This study analyzed the effects of social stories in reducing precursors to tantrum behavior in two social environments, morning work time and lunchtime. The student was a 12-year-old boy diagnosed with autism, Fragile X syndrome, and intermittent explosive disorder. Using an ABAB design, two social stories were implemented and withdrawn as data were collected to determine the frequency of two behaviors, inappropriate vocalizations and dropping to the floor, which served as precursors to tantrum behavior. The data revealed a decrease in precursors to tantrum behavior when the social stories were available to the student and an increase in targeted behavior when the intervention was withdrawn.
Asperger Syndrome and Autism
Authors: McLaughlin-Cheng Elissa
Published: December 2008

Studies on Asperger Syndrome (ASP) and autism (AUT) are synthesized and reviewed in terms of the (a) historical perspective, (b) clinical and diagnostic criteria, and (c) empirical data. The results of the synthesis suggest that these two groups of children differ in cognitive and adaptive behavior functioning and, as such, do not fall on the same autistic continuum. A meta-analysis procedure compares children and adolescents with ASP to study participants with AUT on various cognitive measures and using various adaptive behavior scales. The mean effect size for the category of cognitive functioning was + 0.98 in favor of ASP, whereas for adaptive behavior functioning it was + 0.86—again in favor of ASP. Overall, the results of the meta-analysis suggest that children and adolescents with ASP perform better than those with AUT on intelligence and cognitive measures as well as measures of adaptive behavior functioning. The results, therefore, suggest that ASP can be viewed as a distinct diagnostic category and can be separated from children with AUT.
Lighting for colour television
Authors: Ackerman K.R.
Published: December 2008

Colour television presents a considerable challenge to the studio lighting director. Among other things he must provide high levels of illumination, be able to adjust intensity over a considerable range without causing unacceptable changes in colour rendering and help to maintain high productivity from the studios. The BBC has encouraged the development of improved light sources for use in a new range of studio luminaires. In addition, the latest studio has been equipped with a lighting control system employing computer techniques which enables 100 different combinations of intensity information to be stored and recalled immediately. Among problems which are still to be solved are the production of colour filters able to operate continuously at high temperatures and the development of new high intensity light sources for use in follow-spots and in the production of clouds and other lighting effects.
Introduction of the International Practical Temperature Scale 1968: some effects in relation to light sources, colour temperature, and colorimetry
Authors: Preston J.S.
Published: December 2008

The International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 has replaced the IPTS-48, in this country, since January 1, 1969. In consequence, there are certain adjustments or changes in assigned temperature values including, for example, that of the gold point. In the range above the gold point, the changes are of the order of several kelvins. This paper summarises the basis and nomenclature of the IPTS-68, and explains the possible effects of the changes in situations where lamps are used as working standards of colour, colour temperature, or spectral energy distribution. The effect on the computed value of Km is also referred to. The paper concludes with a short table of equivalent 1968/48 temperature values.
Critical minimum acceptable window size: a study of window design and provision of a view
Authors: Ne'Eman E. , Hopkinson R.G.
Published: December 2008

When working light is provided by permanent supplementary artificial lighting, the function of the window is modified. The main visual functions then become (a) the provision of a view, and (b) the provision of some modelling light to enhance the appearance of solid objects. This study was concerned to establish whether a critical minimum size of window could be assessed subjectively. It was found that a criterion could be recognised, and that this critical minimum size was governed more by the visual information provided by the view outside than by the amount of daylight or sunlight which penetrates the room, by the level of interior artificial lighting or by the viewing position in the room.
The classification of lighting fittings and installations
Authors: Bean A.R. , Bellchambers H.E.
Published: December 2008

There is a general need for a system of classifying lighting fittings as a means of comparing their performance. Systems are based on the relative quantities of luminous flux emitted by fittings in the upper and lower hemispheres, but must not be too complicated for practical use. The BZ system extended the basis of classification and has become widely used since its introduction in 1961. Experience with the system has revealed certain deficiencies which are examined; suggested modifications are considered. The classification system proposed by CIE Committee E-3.1.1.1 is being studied.
The influence of illumination level on prolonged work performance
Authors: Boyce P.R.
Published: December 2008

The paper discusses the effects of illumination ieveis on prolonged work performance. Measurements have been taken of speed, accuracy, fatigue, vigilance, critical flicker frequency, liminal brightness increment and subjective responses from subjects working for two-hour periods at fixed illumination levels. The results, from fourteen subjects, revealed that illumination level had little effect on accuracy or vigilance. The predominant effect was on the speed of working. It was found that after an initial practice period, a decrease in speed of working and an increase in the variability of speed of working occurred at low illumination levels. These fatigue effects on performance were supported by an adverse change in a physiological measurement, namely the liminal brightness increment, after work at the lowest illumination level. The subjective results were in reasonable agreement with the performance results. It is concluded that there existed an optimum range of target luminances (147-344 cd m-2) over which superior prolonged performance of the experimental task could be obtained.
Permanent supplementary artificial lighting of deep hospital wards
Authors: Cockram A.H. , Collins J.B.
Published: December 2008

Possible methods of lighting deep hospital-ward-units, having restricted fenestration and reduced ceiling height have been investigated at the Building Research Station in co-operation with the Department of Health and Social Security. The experimental work was conducted in a full-scale mock-up of a six-bed bay, 7-9 m deep and 6-25 m wide with a 2-75 m ceiling height. With such a ceiling height and restricted fenestration, the daylight falls below the recommended minimum daylight factor and a sense of gloominess at the rear of the ward is experienced. Methods of supplementing the available daylight with artificial lighting were developed to dispel the gloominess by increasing the luminance of critical surfaces. Recommended levels of additional luminance required on the upper quarter of the side walls at the back of the bed-space and on the window wall were determined by subjective observations for glazed areas of 30 and 20 per cent of the window wall area. The results are summarized in tables, and details of experimental designs of suitable lighting fittings are given.
Climate and building design
Authors: Chandler T.J.
Published: December 2008

The effects of climatic variations on building design are frequently overlooked, sometimes with disastrous consequences. Buildings significantly alter local air temperatures, and the likely changes should be taken into account in calculations affecting building design. Urban air pollution modifies the sunshine received at building sites and their location in the country also affects the climate. Long-term temporal changes are irrelevant to the design of individual buildings but shorter period temporal changes might well be significant. It is the responsibility of the architect to evaluate the importance of these various aspects of climate change in relation to the design of particular buildings. Closer co-operation between building scientists and climatologists is necessary.
Control of daylight, noise and heat by the building structure
Authors: Button D.A.
Published: December 2008

The role of the building envelope as a transmitter of light is changing, necessitating research into other roles of the window, namely the view through them and the provision of natural light for amenity. New implications result for the building envelope, related to form, construction, heating, acoustics and legislation. This new development complicates the design problem and requires attention to other considerations. New prediction techniques are being devised to assist design of the building structure so as to optimize its performance and integrate this performance with the design of the heating, air-conditioning and lighting services. New buildings promoted by these developments have been constructed. Air conditioning and design by performance specification will be important for future developments in structural design for environmental control.
Internal services which influence the interior environment
Authors: Sherratt A.F.C.
Published: December 2008

Available information on integration of the lighting system with the heating or air-conditioning systems of a building, with particular reference to deep buildings, is reviewed. Design parameters are assessed and the interrelation between visual, thermal and aural parameters examined. Heat recovery systems are discussed. The detailed mechanism of the systems is excluded but the physical arrangements relative to the room itself are considered.
Method of calculating the required luminances in tunnel entrances
Authors: Adrian W.
Published: December 2008

Controversial results from different studies of the luminance required in the entrance zone of vehicular tunnels lead to the development of the method described to obtain the actual adaptation luminance of the observer in approaching the tunnel. The equivalent veiling luminance following from the luminances occurring in the visual field can be computed for different fixation points and distances to the tunnel. (Ls)eq superimposes on the luminance of the area around the fixation point and has the etfect of decreasing the contrast of a small target to be perceived in its centre. Since its contrast reduced in such a way has always to be 0.2 to ensure visibility under practical conditions the required entrance luminances for different (Ls)eq levels and target contrasts can be derived by calculation.
Progress towards a practical fluorine lamp
Authors: Fitzpatrick J.R. , Rees J.M.
Published: December 2008

Two major problems in the development of a lamp based on a chemical vapour deposition process involving fluorine, which will return tungsten back to the filament, are the need to protect the fused quartz envelope from attack by fluorine and the requirement of accurate and repeatable halogen dosing. The first problem has been overcome by coating the internal lamp surfaces with solution-deposited glasses based on the system Aℓ 2O3-TiO2-P2O5. The use of a fully fluorinated grease provides a successful means of solution dosing lamps with a repeatability of ±15 per cent. A considerable gain in performance has been achieved, an average 45 per cent increase in life at the same running voltage, in comparison with bromine lamps of the same type. This improvement can only be attributed to a suppression of normal evaporation rates i.e. a truly regenerative halogen cycle has been achieved. Tungsten-fluorine lamps are limited as practical lamps only by failures caused by erosion of the filament tails.
Subjective assessments of the appearance of special performance glazing in offices
Authors: Cuttle Kit
Published: December 2008

The responses of office staff to the appearances of windows which have modified glazing transmission characteristics were examined in a series of model studies. A large two-liquid filter enabled subjects to adjust the transmission characteristics of the window glazing to achieve various visual criteria. It was found that the acceptability of an office can be increased by the use of reduced transmittance glazing, and that generally there is a preference for a colour effect that gives a warm shift, but these preferences can be influenced by room and window sizes and by room decor. The effects of these, as well as practical limitations governing glazing materials, upon applications of special performance glazing materials are discussed. In addition some interesting insights emerged as to the visual aspects of windows which influence the satisfaction of office staff.
A mobile laboratory for dynamic road lighting measurement
Authors: Green J. , Hargroves R.A.
Published: December 2008

A mobile laboratory has been developed as part of an investigation into the relationship between road lighting and accidents. This paper describes the data collection facilities on the vehicle and associated analysis and processing equipment at the base laboratory for the measurement of all the CIE recommended road lighting quality parameters together with illuminance and individual lantern output. All the data acquisition is carried out while the vehicle is travelling through the installation under investigation and if necessary the variation in lighting performance can be examined in great detail.
Some effects of veiling reflections in papers
Authors: Reitmaier J.
Published: December 2008

Gloss and reflected light on written or printed texts can lead to different types of disturbance in reading or writing. Veiling reflections and reflected glare resulting from excessively high reflected luminances in the field of view can cause impairment of visual performance and visual comfort. Experiments with glossy papers show that the conditions for good visual performance and good subjective ratings are not necessarily correlated. For good visual performance adequate values of contrast and luminance are required. For comfort strong specular reflections should not occur. From the viewpoint of visual comfort, a value, pmax, can be defined, which is the maximum percentage contribution of the offending zone to the overall illuminance at the visual task, if discomfort is to be avoided.
In search of an improved method for assessing the colour rendering properties of light sources
Authors: Seim Thorstein
Published: December 2008

The original experimental work of CIE to establish a method for assessing the colour rendering properties of light sources has been analysed. The spectral power distribution of the Standard Warm White fluorescent lamp, used in that experiment to define a General Colour Rendering Index (Ra) equal to 50, is presented with extended spectral range and resolution. This lamp was used to compute new Ra indices when the CIE(1964)UVW formula was substituted by the CIELUV or the new, improved SVF colour space formula. Ten fluorescent and discharge lamps and two extra sets of colour samples were included in this investigation. The Special Colour Rendering Indices (Ri) for each sample of a set of 24 saturated colours show large deviations when the UVW formula is substituted by the SVF formula. Less variation is seen for the averaged Ra indices. However, for the Warm White de Luxe lamp investigated by the CIE committee, only the SVF formula yields a Ra index equal to that obtained by visual rating. The SVF formula includes a correction for chromatic adaptation that correlates well with physiological data. This improved adaptation transform makes it possible to use daylight illumination as a fixed reference source. This leads to drastic changes of the Ra-values, mainly due to a systematic degradation of Ra with decreasing correlated colour temperature. It is suggested that the use of the SVF formula, in combination with a set of 20 colour samples of constant lightness and saturation and with hues evenly distributed along the colour circle, will lead to an improved colour rendering index, tentatively called the Rb index. Our investigations indicate that, compared to the present CIE Ra index, only minor changes will result for the Standard, de Luxe and broad-band type of lamps. For modern energy saving lamps with irregular spectral power distribution, however, like three-three-band and most of the discharge lamps, the Rb index may deviate significantly and lead to more realistic values.
Spectral properties of metal halide lamps with rare earth-iodide or Sc-iodide and sodium iodide
Authors: Tielemans P. , Drop P. , Lorenz R.
Published: December 2008

The spectral power distributions of metal halide lamps with rare earth metal iodides and sodium iodide were investigated. In a first approximation, the spectra vary linearly with the composition of the salt fillings. As a result optimal spectra and salt compositions can be calculated for certain lighting specifications.