bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Canadian Botanical Photography at the Exposition universelle, Paris 1867
Authors: Cull Brendan
Published: October 2017

Sites et végétaux du Canada was an early photographic experiment in botanical illustration. Presented at the 1867 Paris exposition, the album’s 35 albumen prints were part of the Canadian displays. The photographs were a collaborative effort between Joseph-Charles Taché, Canada’s Executive-Secretary at the exposition; Louis-Ovide Brunet, a Catholic priest and botany professor at the Université Laval; and Livernois & Cie, a Québec City photography studio. Previous work has considered the album as the aesthetic accomplishment of Jules-Isaïe Benoît dit Livernois, excluding Taché and Brunet from the art historical narrative. In this paper, I consider the album’s political and botanical contexts, and viewership, to more clearly situate the album in the visual culture of early Canadian science. In its representation of Canadian landscapes and native-plant specimens, the album effectively employed photography to present Canada as a centre of cutting-edge scientific investigation.
The Origins of the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology
Authors: Enros Philip
Published: October 2017

An effort to establish programs of study in the history of science took place at the University of Toronto in the 1960s. Initial discussions began in 1963. Four years later, the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology was created. By the end of 1969 the Institute was enrolling students in new MA and PhD programs. This activity involved the interaction of the newly emerging discipline of the history of science, the practices of the University, and the perspectives of Toronto’s faculty. The story of its origins adds to our understanding of how the discipline of the history of science was institutionalized in the 1960s, as well as how new programs were formed at that time at the University of Toronto.
La patrimonialisation du pire a-t-elle des vertus véritatives et préventives ?
Authors: Belot Robert
Published: October 2017

Le classement au patrimoine mondial de l’Humanité du Dôme de Genbaku (Hiroshima), en 1996, s’inscrit dans une tendance à distinguer un patrimoine du pire, comme Auschwitz, au nom de ses vertus supposément véritatives, éducatives et préventives. Pourtant, Barack Obama, premier président américain à se rendre sur les lieux du drame, déplorait le 26 mai 2016 « l’absence de perspective historique » de ce lieu de mémoire qui ne permettait pas une « compréhension » adéquate de la « tragédie d’Hiroshima ». La démarche patrimoniale pourrait-elle avoir pour effet pervers de déshistoriser ce qu’elle est censée mémorialiser, constituant ainsi un patrimoine sans mémoire, voire contre l’histoire ? Une stratégie de l’évitement et de l’innocentement aurait-elle transformé le Dôme en « lieu de dé-mémoire » ? C’est une manière de questionner le rôle de l’UNESCO dans les processus de construction des narrations patrimoniales et d’interroger les rapports complexes qu’entretiennent la mémoire, l’histoire et le patrimoine.
Pourquoi les Roumains ne sont-ils pas devenus un peuple slave ?
Authors: Stamati Iurie
Published: October 2017

Le XVIIIe siècle marque le début de la construction des nations modernes. C’est à ce moment que les lettrés des quatre coins de l’Europe se sont mis à construire des passés pour ces nations. Les nouveaux panthéons nationaux se remplissent vite d’ancêtres glorieux choisis parmi les tribus de l’Antiquité et du Moyen Âge, mais aussi d’ennemis cruels auxquels ils ont dû faire face. La présente étude examine la place attribuée aux anciennes tribus slaves dans l’histoire de la nation roumaine par les lettrés roumains à partir du XVIIe siècle et jusqu’au début du XXe siècle. Nous exposons comment les enjeux politiques et culturels de la société roumaine, les profils personnels (l’origine, la prédilection pour certains courants de pensée, etc.) de ceux qui ont contribué à la rédaction de l’histoire nationale roumaine, ainsi que la professionnalisation de l’historiographie sous l’égide du paradigme positiviste ont déterminé la façon dont les lettrés roumains ont traité ces tribus.
Le ministère du Patrimoine canadien et la « mosaïque du développement durable »
Authors: Vaillancourt Benoit
Published: October 2017

Cet article examine la place accordée à la culture dans les stratégies de développement durable du ministère du Patrimoine canadien depuis la fin des années 1990. Il part du constat que de nombreux textes internationaux soulignent l’apport de la culture à un développement durable, mais que sa reconnaissance dépend aussi des politiques particulières des États et des institutions. À cet égard, le cas du ministère du Patrimoine canadien est révélateur des limites de la perspective canadienne, puisqu’après s’être impliqué dans l’étude et la promotion des enjeux sociaux et culturels du développement durable, il s’en est désengagé peu à peu sous le coup de nouvelles directives fédérales. Afin d’éclairer la position du ministère dans cette affaire, l’article commence par retracer son histoire institutionnelle, dissipant ainsi un flou terminologique qui entoure les mots « patrimoine » et « culture » depuis sa création, et plus encore depuis sa séparation d’avec Parcs Canada. Une seconde partie présente cette séparation comme un facteur déterminant dans la réorientation de son approche au développement durable étant donnés les liens forts entre l’environnement d’une part, et les espaces naturels et les lieux historiques sous la responsabilité de Parcs Canada d’autre part. À partir de stratégies triennales et d’autres documents officiels, la dernière partie résume les démarches successives du ministère et fait ressortir la difficulté à rendre opérationnelle l’articulation entre le développement durable et la culture.
Of Chiefs and Kings
Authors: de Stecher Annette
Published: October 2017

“Of Chiefs and Kings” is about the role of Wendat diplomatic traditions, explored through documentary and pictorial evidence and the arts of ceremonial dress. I will describe diplomatic interactions between Wendat and British communities between 1838 and 1842, through which the Wendat affirmed commitments of military and civilian support and asserted a continued Wendat presence in their traditional territories. By their dynamic public representation of Indigenous identity, they denied the romanticized notion of the vanishing race, deeply rooted in the popular imagination. These events marked a particular moment within a Wendat history of diplomatic engagement and intercultural exchange with European leaders, extending back to the early seventeenth century.

Wendat and British first-hand accounts furnish perspectives of individual members of each community, while Wendat elders’ recollections of ceremonial traditions give important community knowledge of the significance of these events to the Wendat, at an important time in the history of Wendake and Lower Canada.
Médiations alimentaires et écologie de l’attention à l’Exposition universelle de Milan, 2015
Authors: Tran Van Troi
Published: October 2017

Dans le cadre de l’exposition universelle de Milan de 2015 dont le thème était « Nourrir la planète, énergie pour la vie », plusieurs pays, organisations non gouvernementales et entreprises ont profité de l’occasion pour mettre en valeur leurs produits, leurs spécialités, leurs cultures gastronomiques et leurs initiatives en développement durable. Cet article explore comment le contexte de l’exposition universelle, en tant qu’événement international, affecte les modes de valorisation des patrimoines et des cultures alimentaires, dans une situation de concurrence pour l’attention d’un public massif. Ainsi, paradoxalement, autant les promoteurs du Slow Food devaient accélérer leurs services pour répondre aux besoins de la clientèle, les entreprises de « fast food » devaient, à l’occasion de l’Exposition, mettre de l’avant les atouts qualitatifs de leurs produits plutôt que l’efficacité. L’article examine donc plus généralement quels peuvent être les effets d’une mondialisation intensive sur les pratiques de médiation alimentaire pour un public submergé d’informations.
De l’esthétique à la prothétique, et inversement
Authors: Graburn Nelson H.H.
Published: October 2017

Cet article examine l’ethno-esthétique complexe des sculptures commerciales des Inuit canadiens de la fin du XXe siècle. Il suggère que cette ethno-esthétique est performative dans le sens où les Inuit jugent leurs oeuvres d’art non par leur forme visuelle ultime, mais en fonction de critères de proximité instaurés par les artistes masculins locaux ayant le plus de succès, par la nature du matériau lithique disponible sur place (et les outils utilisés) et par le statut et l’aptitude de l’artiste (selon son âge, son sexe, son expérience, son état de santé). À la suite d’Alfred Gell et Marily Strathern, nous sommes d’avis que l’art a une finalité, à savoir exercer son agentivité (son influence) sur le public qui, pour les Inuit, est avant tout le groupe local des autres (artistes) Inuit. Mais ces oeuvres sont destinées à la vente, aussi doivent-elles (aussi) influencer lesqallunaat(les Blancs susceptibles de les acheter). Certains Inuit enfreignent leurs propres valeurs ethno-esthétiques pour produire des oeuvres ayant l’air « primitif », c’est-à-dire de facture grossière et de formes enfantines, ou bien soulignent la « spiritualité » (le chamanisme) ou les transformations de l’homme en animal (animisme) pour séduire le « marché blanc » en convoquant les propres fantasmes de celui-ci au sujet du primitif en voie de disparition.
Tourisme et patrimoine dans la ville de Malacca, Malaisie
Authors: Graezer Bideau Florence , Kilani Mondher
Published: October 2017

Dans cet article, les auteurs se penchent sur le lien entre tourisme et patrimoine dans la ville de Malacca, capitale de l’État du même nom de la fédération de Malaisie. En 2008, cette ville a été conjointement inscrite avec celle de George Town, la capitale de l’État de Penang, sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l’Unesco. Leur réflexion s’inscrit dans une recherche plus large incluant les deux sites et portant sur la gestion de la diversité multiculturelle dans deux contextes sociologiques différents, tant sur le plan démographique et religieux que politique. Cet article est plus précisément consacré à la ville de Malacca, qui reçoit environ 15 millions de touristes dont une large majorité est composée de nationaux et de citoyens provenant de Chine et d’Asie du Sud-Est. L’essentiel de son argument est de montrer comment Malacca, en faisant la promotion d’un tourisme de masse orienté vers la promotion d’une identité essentiellement malaise, marginalise quelque peu la dimension du patrimoine immatériel qui est pourtant mise en avant dans le dossier de nomination destiné à sa candidature pour le patrimoine mondial, et qui se fonde notamment sur la coexistence harmonieuse des principales communautés malaise, chinoise et indienne composant la population. Cette situation produit plusieurs paradoxes que cet article tente d’expliciter en se basant sur une observation directe ainsi que sur l’analyse des politiques et des directives présidant à la mise en valeur touristique de la ville.
Médiation culturelle pour la sauvegarde et la valorisation du patrimoine tunisien
Authors: Zaiane-Ghalia Selma
Published: October 2017

Depuis son indépendance, la Tunisie a consacré des efforts importants à la valorisation du patrimoine culturel dans un objectif de développement économique misant sur le secteur touristique. Les diverses institutions gouvernementales concernées par la sauvegarde et la valorisation des richesses patrimoniales, telles que le ministère de la Culture et le ministère du Tourisme, ont mis en place plusieurs actions de médiation culturelle à cet effet. De nombreux rapports et publications mentionnent ces données mais l’on a peu écrit sur l’apport important des citoyens et des organisations communautaires à ce domaine de la médiation culturelle. Or le mouvement associatif a toujours été fort en Tunisie et il s’est renforcé depuis la révolution de 2010. À partir de visites et de rencontres personnelles effectuées sur le terrain et complétées par des données récentes colligées sur Internet – sur des blogues, des pages sociales ou des sites plus professionnels –, nous nous proposons d’examiner la place de la participation citoyenne dans la médiation culturelle en Tunisie. Nous prendrons à cet effet des exemples de projets concrets.
Les potiers de Guellala (Djerba)
Authors: Boussetta Mourad
Published: October 2017

Cet article propose une nouvelle lecture de la médiation dans le tourisme et le patrimoine. En examinant les initiatives des potiers du village de Guellala (Djerba, Tunisie) à la suite d’une crise économique, nous verrons comment ces acteurs réinventent leurs relations avec les touristes tout en réinventant leur espace et leurs produits. C’est ainsi que ces acteurs parviennent à s’évader de la tradition artisanale aliénée à l’industrie du tourisme pour intégrer une nouvelle dynamique qui leur permet de reprendre possession, à leur façon, de la présence touristique, contrairement aux tisserands du centre urbain de Houmt Souk, qui ont soit renoncé à la tradition artisanale pour se lancer dans la production industrielle, soit se sont reconvertis en employés d’hôtels. Les acteurs résilients du village de Guellala parviennent à médiatiser de manière informelle leur patrimoine artisanal de manière aussi improvisée (relocalisation de leurs ateliers du village à la route) que stratégique (s’associer à un chauffeur de taxi pour faire l’éloge de leurs nouveaux produits et recruter les clients). Ainsi pouvons-nous dire que la médiation informelle se base sur le capital social qui assure une mobilisation autour de plusieurs éléments que ces acteurs ont en commun.
The cultural legacy of the frontier lands of Vinalopó (Alicante, Spain) and their tourist use – impossible mission?
Authors: Martínez Puche Antonio , Martínez Puche Salvador
Published: October 2017

“Frontier tourism” or tourisme de partage is a genuine typology of tourism which has these four features: space (geographic), time (historic), experience (motivations and behaviours) and sharing cultural heritage (material or immaterial). The border lands of Alto Vinalopó (Alicante-Spain) have a paradoxical and dual element in the sense that they operate as a territory with common customs and traditions which share many similarities with other territories, but at the same time they show a number of contrasts and peculiarities.

Reorganized now as potential tourist attractions, these deep-rooted ethnographic displays are becoming consumable products, which are struggling to find a differential position in the leisure business.

This article is aimed at illustrating this process, analysing its sociocultural, economic and promotional variables by considering a particular event: the Moors and Christians festival in Villena. These ancient celebrations convey their own values and signs of identity which have also served to stimulate and diversify the local economy. Besides, after being officially declared in 2015 a national tourist attraction, with the “4th September, All Mad” campaign, this festival has generated challenges, uncertainties and opportunities for tourist development which will demand the right creative strategies and economic management to succeed.
La poésie québécoise vue depuis le Mexique : l’anthologie Poesía México-Quebec
Authors: Stratford Madeleine , Legault-Beauregard Myriam
Published: October 2017

Le présent article se penche sur la traduction comme espace de médiation culturelle et vise à cerner l’image du Québec transmise au public mexicain au moyen de Poesía México-Quebec, anthologie bilingue coéditée en 2008 par les Écrits des Forges et la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. À notre connaissance, il s’agit de la seule publication des Forges qui réunit des poètes québécois et mexicains et qui est traduite par plus de deux personnes. Elle semble le fruit d’un travail collaboratif plus poussé avec le Mexique que les autres copublications. Dans le but d’observer comment l’ouvrage présente la poésie et la culture québécoises aux Mexicains, nous analysons d’abord le contenu des poèmes originaux, ciblant les marques thématiques de l’espace québécois. Ensuite, nous étudions les versions espagnoles de la sélection en nous penchant principalement sur la façon dont les marques distinctives du français québécois ont été traitées, dans le but d’évaluer comment les traductions se situent par rapport au contenu original.
Rewrapping Indianness for Spain: The Peritextual Representation of Native North American Identity in Literary Translations1
Authors: Herrero López Isis
Published: October 2017

When literature gets translated and published in the target market, the peritextual elements of the books get modified and updated because of commercial and aesthetic issues. If the translation involves identities very different from that of the target culture, then the peritexts offer a great amount of information about the ethnic representations that are accepted, welcome and customary as for the identities of the source culture and its members. This paper analyzes such a situation in relation to the Spanish translations of Native American written literature. By means of examining the peritexts of the available renditions in Spain, it is possible to establish if the publishing houses share a common image of Indianness, how it and its alternatives are used linguistically and visually, and what are the consequences of those cultural representations. This paper also includes a revision of the convergence of Translation Studies, Native American Studies and Imagology Studies in researching these renditions, and it stresses the importance of using this multidisciplinary point of view on the research materials.
De Bellefeuille sous la plume de D. G. Jones
Authors: Godbout Patricia
Published: October 2017

La traduction, par D. G. Jones, du recueil de poèmesCatégoriques un deux et trois(1986) de Normand de Bellefeuille est examinée ici à la lumière des réflexions que livre notamment Arno Renken sur le rejet traditionnel de la traduction au nom de sa non-identité avec le texte original. Plusieurs choix de traduction faits par D. G. Jones dansCategorics one two & three(1992) sont étudiés afin de voir les effets combinés que ces diverses transpositions produisent sur la lecture du recueil en langue anglaise.
De l’emploi des surtitres anglais dans les théâtres franco-canadiens : bénéfice et préjudice
Authors: Ladouceur Louise
Published: October 2017

Cet article propose une étude du surtitrage dans les théâtres francophones de l’Ouest canadien afin de mettre en relief ce qui distingue ce mode de traduction dans le champ de la traduction audiovisuelle. Le théâtre étant un art vivant, les surtitres doivent composer avec la nature instable du texte source livré sur scène et les différents profils linguistiques des destinataires auxquels ils sont transmis pendant le spectacle. Mis en pratique depuis plusieurs années dans les théâtres franco-canadiens, le surtitrage offre plusieurs avantages aux compagnies théâtrales fonctionnant dans une langue française minorisée puisqu’il permet à l’oeuvre de rejoindre un public élargi tout en conservant sa spécificité linguistique et esthétique. Toutefois, parce qu’il oblige les langues source et cible à cohabiter dans un espace traditionnellement consacré à des productions culturelles d’expression française, ce mode de traduction remet en cause la vocation des théâtres francophones en contexte minoritaire. Enfin, devenue pratique courante dans les théâtres franco-canadiens, le surtitrage demeure absent des scènes anglophones, ce qui met en relief l’asymétrie des langues officielles du Canada.
Proteomics research and related functional classification of liquid sclerotial exudates of Sclerotinia ginseng
Authors: Wang Dan , Fu Jun Fan , Zhou Ru Jun , Li Zi Bo , Xie Yu Jiao
Published: October 2017

Sclerotinia ginseng is a necrotrophic soil pathogen that mainly infects the root and basal stem of ginseng, causing serious commercial losses. Sclerotia, which are important in the fungal life cycle, are hard, asexual, resting structures that can survive in soil for several years. Generally, sclerotium development is accompanied by the exudation of droplets. Here, the yellowish droplets of S. ginseng were first examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the proteome was identified by a combination of different analytical platforms. A total of 59 proteins were identified and classified into six categories: carbohydrate metabolism (39%), oxidation-reduction process (12%), transport and catabolism (5%), amino acid metabolism (3%), other functions (18%), and unknown protein (23%), which exhibited considerable differences in protein composition compared with droplets of S. sclerotium. In the carbohydrate metabolism group, several proteins were associated with sclerotium development, particularly fungal cell wall formation. The pathogenicity and virulence of the identified proteins are also discussed in this report. The findings of this study may improve our understanding of the function of exudate droplets as well as the life cycle and pathogenesis of S. ginseng.
Genetic variation in two populations of the marine calanoid copepod Acartia californiensis Trinast
Authors: Trujillo-Ortíz A , Burton RS , De la Rosa-Vélez J , Correa-Sandoval F
Published: October 2017

Genetic variation of the marine calanoid copepod Acartia californiensis Trinast was studied from two close populations, Estero de Punta Banda, Baja California (Mexico) and Mission Bay, California (USA). The study was conducted with allozymes using a vertical polyacrylamide microelectrophoresis of 11 enzymatic systems and one buffer system. Acartia californiensis presented reliable banding patterns in six systems and eight loci, from which only PGI-1 was polymorphic, with P0.95 = 0.125 in both populations. The heterozygosity observed in Estero de Punta Banda was 0.060 ± 0.060 and 0.035 ± 0.035 in Mission Bay. There was a statistically significant deficiency in heterozygosity in Mission Bay (D = -0.477) when compared to the expected Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, but not in Estero de Punta Banda (D = -0.096). Nei’s genetic similarity (1978) between the two populations studied was 0.994, with a genetic distance of 0.006, which proves the lack of differentiation between these populations. The results showed the existence of a genetic flow which was very likely established by a passive dispersal of diapause (resting) eggs that this species produces. They are very likely carried inward and outward by the tidal flux and reflux, and transported South by the California Current and north by Davidson’s Coastal Countercurrent. The polymorphism and heterozygosity of the A. californiensis populations studied here are among the lowest when compared to other genetically characterized copepods. This is the first study conducted on the genetic variation of a calanoid copepod confined to estuarine waters or coastal lagoons using allozymes. A broader study is needed that covers a greater number of populations (locations) and loci.
Batch and continuous flow systems during the acid pre-extraction stage in the alginate extraction process
Authors: Arvizu-Higuera DL , Hernández-Carmona G , Rodríguez-Montesinos YE
Published: October 2017

Acid pre-extraction in the production process of alginates was investigated in two stages using Macrocystis pyrifera as raw material. In the first stage, the possibility of reducing the normality of the hydrochloric acid used in a continuous flow system was tested by varying the concentration of the acid between 0.2 and 0.006N. The percentage of calcium ions exchanged was considered as the variable response. lt was found that with this system it is possible to use 0.05N as the minimum concentration of hydrochloric acid without affecting the alginate yield. In the second stage, the continuous flow system using the conditions established in the first stage was compared to a three batch system at pH 4. It was found that the continuous flow system exchanges 76% of the ions present in the algae, while the batch system exchanges 50%. There is no significant difference in the yield, but the quality of the alginates, measured in terms of viscosity, is 55% greater using the batch system. The use of the batch system reduces hydrochloric acid consumption by 85.9%, water consumption by 25% and therefore reduces production costs.
Morphology and distribution of Corallina vancouverensis (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) in Northwest Mexico
Authors: Riosmena-Rodríguez R , Siqueiros-Beltrones DA
Published: October 2017

The morphology and distribution of Corallina vancouverensis Yendo was studied in order to determine its distribution limits and morphological variations in the northwestern coast of Mexico. Two hundred specimens were collected and analyzed, as well as samples from several herbaria, representing an overall total of 65 localities. The bibliographic records of this species in the Baja California Peninsula and mainland Mexico were also analyzed. Populations of C. vancouverensis are distributed from Alaska to Las Cabrillas, which is located South of Todos Santos, BCS. Several new localities are recorded for this species in the Gulf of California, and its southern limit in the Northeast Pacific is considered to lie within 23ºN on both sides of the Baja California Peninsula. Furthermore, the taxonomic relationship of this species with C. pinnatifolia and C. fiondescens is questioned based on morphological, ecological and distributional tendencies.
Comparative taphonomy and faunal composition of shelly cheniers from northeastern Baja California, Mexico
Authors: Kowalewski M , Flessa KW
Published: October 2017

This report presents the results of comparative taphonomic and faunal analyses of shelly cheniers (mollusk-dominated lag concentrations) from the tidal flats of northeastem Baja California, Mexico. Three generations of cheniers that differ in age and in the duration and complexity of their taphonomic history were sampled for taphonomic and faunal analyses. The three generations, although all dominated by the bivalve mollusk Mulinia coloradoensis, differ signiticantly in their taxonomic composition due to taphonomic and/or biological differences. Taphofacies analysis of 4,334 shells of M. coloradoensis described by nine variables indicated that the shells accumulated in the cheniers are rarely affected by biological processes and moderately affected by physical processes. The shells collected from the chenier surface have poorer preservation than the subsurface ones, indicating that taphonomic degradation is mostly a surface phenomenon. Multivariate analyses discriminate the chenier generations even when the poorly preservable luster variables are excluded from the analysis. Chenier shelly assemblages are taphonomically distinct from assemblages formed in other marine environments. They are characterized by a very low intensity of bioerosion and encrustation.
Primary productivity in the Gulf of California, calculated from the relationship between superficial irradiance and chlorophyll in the euphotic zone
Authors: Valdez-Holguín JE , Gaxiola-Castro G , Cervantes-Duarte R
Published: October 2017

The vertical distribution of chlorophyll a in the Gulf of California during the spring of 1992 showed a subsurface maxima between 10 and 50 m of depth. The average surface chlorophyll concentration was 0.71 mg m–3. It was linearly related to the integrated chlorophyll of the euphotic zone (r2 = 0.3 1, p < 0.001) and in the first optical depth (r2 = 0.56, p < 0.00l), estimated from a spectral model. The highest values of the integrated chlorophyll of the euphotic zone were found at the region of the large islands (62.76 mg m–2). The calculated values of integrated chlorophyll and incident irradiance were used to estimate primary productivity in the water column of the Gulf of California, throughout the parameter Ψ*. The predictions obtained with different values of this parameter were compared with measurements of primary productivity made in situ with the 14C method and estimated with natural fluorescente. Productivity increased to the north, reaching maximum values at the large islands region. Ψ*p = 0.039 + 0.017 m2 (gCla)–1 is proposed for spring in the Gulf of California.
Characteristics of the habitat for larval development of three bathylagid fish species (Pisces: Salmoniformes)
Authors: Esqueda-Escárcega GM , Hernández-Trujillo S
Published: October 2017

Three bathylagid smelt species were identified: Bathylagus ochotensis Schmidt 1938, Bathylagus wesethi Bolin 1938 and Leuroglossus stilbius Gilbert 1890. A structure analysis of the copepod community was also carried out at the sampling stations and 55 species of copepods were identifíed. The copepod species Calanus pacificus Brodsky 1948, Acartia danae Giesbrecht 1889 and Labidocera trispinosa Esterly 1905 were dominant where B. ochotensis was found. The dominant copepod species where B. wesethi was found were C. pacificus, Corycaeus speciosus Dana 1848 and Paracalanus parvus Claus 1863. The copepod species C. pacificus, Pleuromamma abdominalis Lubbock 1888 and Rhincalanus nasutus Giesbrecht 1888 were found with L. stilbius. Both B. ochotensis and B. wesethi were found in the California Current, whereas L. stilbius occurred in moditied California Current waters. The biogeographic affinities of the copepod species were mainly tropical-equatorial, temperate and transitional, and a different habitat was determined for each bathylagid species based on these biogeographic affinities. It can, therefore, be inferred that distinct ecological conditions exist for each species in the study area.
Age and growth of the Atlantic thread herring, Opisthonema oglinum (Le Sueur, 1818) (Teleostei: Clupeidae), of Margarita Island, Venezuela
Authors: González-Cabellos LW , Mengual-Izquierdo A
Published: October 2017

Age and growth of the Atlantic thread herring, Opisthonema oglinum (Le Sueur, 1818) was determined from the cleithra of 771 individuals caught at Margarita Island, from November 1986 to October 1987. Three age groups were found in the annual zones of the cleithra. The theoretical growth curves for length and weight were adjusted according to the values of the von Bertalanffy model parameters: L∞ = 29.8 cm; W∞ = 360.2 g; K = 0.47; t∞ = –1.00.
Feeding behavior of the hawaiian anchovy Encrasicholina purpurea fowler (Pisces: Engraulidae) in Kaneohe bay hawaii
Authors: Chiappa-Carrara X , Gallardo-Cabello M , Caso-Chávez M
Published: October 2017

In this paper, data on growth of the encephalon, sense organs and other feeding-related structures in Encrasicholina purpurea are analyzed. Allometric indexes of length of the different parts of the encephalon in relation to standard length (SL) were obtained. Growth of ocular lenses is isometric in organisms less than 25 mm SL, whereas positive allometric values were obtained for individuals 25+ mm SL. Growth of pectoral fins showed a similar pattern. During the life history of this species, visual perception is more important than olfactory sense for prey detection. Only larvae display tilter-feeding, while adults feed through deglutition and biting.
Long-Term Outcomes After Colectomy in Patients With Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Authors: Kimura Hideaki , Suwa Hirokazu , Takahashi Takuji , Watanabe Kazuteru , Sugae Sadatoshi , Saito Shuji , Kubota Toru , Koganei Kazutaka , Sugita Akira , Fujii Shoichi , Ota Mitsuyoshi , Ichikawa Yasushi , Endo Itaru
Published: October 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term prognosis of patients who underwent colectomy for familial adenomatous polyposis. The clinical data of 29 familial adenomatous polyposis patients who underwent colectomy were retrospectively reviewed. Five patients died of causes that included colorectal cancer (CRC), desmoid tumor, cancer of the small intestine, and pancreatitis. The 30-year survival rate was 72%. Among the 15 patients who had CRC at primary surgery, the 5-year survival rate was 100% in stages 0, I, and II, and 75% in stage IIIA. Stage I desmoid tumor showed slow or no growth, whereas a stage IV tumor showed rapid growth and was fatal. Extracolonic malignancies were seen in the small intestine, stomach, duodenum, thyroid, kidney, breast, and ovary. Among 8 patients with ileorectal anastomosis, 4 had a second primary rectal cancer and 6 had a salvage reoperation. None of the patients who underwent either stapled or handsewn ileal pouch–anal anastomosis had second primary rectal cancers. The stage of primary CRC at colectomy is the most important prognostic factor. But in addition to second primary CRC, the management of desmoid tumors and extracolonic malignancies is important for long-term survival regardless of the anastomotic technique used.
Stochastic Modeling of Sediment Connectivity for Reconstructing Sand Fluxes and Origins in the Unmonitored Se Kong, Se San, and Sre Pok Tributaries of the Mekong River
Authors: Schmitt R. J. P. , Bizzi S. , Castelletti A. F. , Kondolf G. M.
Published: October 2017

Sediment supply to rivers, subsequent fluvial transport, and the resulting sediment connectivity on network scales are often sparsely monitored and subject to major uncertainty. We propose to approach that uncertainty by adopting a stochastic method for modeling network sediment connectivity, which we present for the Se Kong, Se San, and Sre Pok (3S) tributaries of the Mekong. We quantify how unknown properties of sand sources translate into uncertainty regarding network connectivity by running the CASCADE (CAtchment Sediment Connectivity And DElivery) modeling framework in a Monte Carlo approach for 7,500 random realizations. Only a small ensemble of realizations reproduces downstream observations of sand transport. This ensemble presents an inverse stochastic approximation of the magnitude and variability of transport capacity, sediment flux, and grain size distribution of the sediment transported in the network (i.e., upscaling point observations to the entire network). The approximated magnitude of sand delivered from each tributary to the Mekong is controlled by reaches of low transport capacity (“bottlenecks”). These bottlenecks limit the ability to predict transport in the upper parts of the catchment through inverse stochastic approximation, a limitation that could be addressed by targeted monitoring upstream of identified bottlenecks. Nonetheless, bottlenecks also allow a clear partitioning of natural sand deliveries from the 3S to the Mekong, with the Se Kong delivering less (1.9 Mt/yr) and coarser (median grain size: 0.4 mm) sand than the Se San (5.3 Mt/yr, 0.22 mm) and Sre Pok (11 Mt/yr, 0.19 mm).
The Effect of a Guide Field on Local Energy Conversion During Asymmetric Magnetic Reconnection: Particle‐in‐Cell Simulations
Authors: Cassak P. A , Genestreti K. J. , Burch J. L , Phan T.‐D. , Shay M. A. , Swisdak M. , Drake J. F. , Price L. , Eriksson S. , Ergun R. E , Anderson B. J. , Merkin V. G. , Komar C. M.
Published: October 2017

We use theory and simulations to study how the out‐of‐plane (guide) magnetic field strength modifies the location where the energy conversion rate between the electric field and the plasma is appreciable during asymmetric magnetic reconnection, motivated by observations (Genestreti et al., 2017). For weak guide fields, energy conversion is maximum on the magnetospheric side of the X line, midway between the X line and electron stagnation point. As the guide field increases, the electron stagnation point gets closer to the X line, and energy conversion occurs closer to the electron stagnation point. We motivate one possible nonrigorous approach to extend the theory of the stagnation point location to include a guide field. The predictions are compared to two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulations with vastly different guide fields. The simulations have upstream parameters corresponding to three events observed with Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS). The predictions agree reasonably well with the simulation results, capturing trends with the guide field. The theory correctly predicts that the X line and stagnation points approach each other as the guide field increases. The results are compared to MMS observations, Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE) observations of each event, and a global resistive‐magnetohydrodynamics simulation of the 16 October 2015 event. The PIC simulation results agree well with the global observations and simulation but differ in the strong electric fields and energy conversion rates found in MMS observations. The observational, theoretical, and numerical results suggest that the strong electric fields observed by MMS do not represent a steady global reconnection rate.
Piecemeal Rupture of the Mentawai Patch, Sumatra: The 2008 Mw 7.2 North Pagai Earthquake Sequence
Authors: Salman Rino , Hill Emma M. , Feng Lujia , Lindsey Eric O. , Mele Veedu Deepa , Barbot Sylvain , Banerjee Paramesh , Hermawan Iwan , Natawidjaja Danny H.
Published: October 2017

The 25 February 2008 Mw 7.2 North Pagai earthquake partially ruptured the middle section of the Mentawai patch of the Sunda megathrust, offshore Sumatra. The patch has been forecast to generate a great earthquake in the next few decades. However, in the current cycle the patch has so far broken in a sequence of partial ruptures, one of which was the 2008 event, illustrating the potential of the patch to generate a spectrum of earthquake sizes. We estimate the coseismic slip distribution of the 2008 event by jointly inverting coseismic offsets from GPS and interferometric synthetic aperture radar. We then estimate afterslip with 5.6 years of cumulative GPS displacements. Our results suggest that the estimated afterslip partially overlaps the coseismic rupture. The overlap of coseismic rupture and afterslip can be explained conceptually by a simple rate‐and‐state model where the degree of overlapping is controlled by the dynamic weakening and the critical nucleation size in the velocity‐weakening area. Comparing our rate‐and‐state model results with our geodetic inversion results, we suggest that the part of the coseismic rupture that does not overlap with the afterslip may represent a velocity‐weakening region, while the overlapping part may represent a velocity‐strengthening region.
Microseismicity in Southern South Island, New Zealand: Implications for the Mechanism of Crustal Deformation Adjacent to a Major Continental Transform
Authors: Warren‐Smith Emily , Lamb Simon , Stern Tim A. , Smith Euan
Published: October 2017

Shallow (<25 km), diffuse crustal seismicity occurs in a zone up to 150 km wide adjacent to the southern Alpine Fault, New Zealand, as a consequence of distributed shear and thickening in the obliquely convergent Australian‐Pacific plate boundary zone. It has recently been proposed that continental convergence here is accommodated by oblique slip on a low‐angle detachment that underlies the region, and as such, forms a previously unrecognized mode of oblique continental convergence. We test this model using microseismicity, presenting a new, 15 month high‐resolution microearthquake catalog for the Southern Lakes and northern Fiordland regions adjacent to the Alpine Fault. We determine the spatial distribution, moment release, and style of microearthquakes and show that seismicity in the continental lithosphere is predominantly shallower than ~20 km, in a zone up to 150 km wide, but less frequent deeper microseismicity extending into the mantle, at depths of up to 100 km is also observed. The geometry of the subducted oceanic Australian plate is well imaged, with a well‐defined Benioff zone to depths of ~150 km. In detail, the depth of continental microseismicity shows considerable variation, with no clear link with major active surface faults, but rather represents diffuse cracking in response to the ambient stress release. The moment release rate is ~0.1% of that required to accommodate relative plate convergence, and the azimuth of the principal horizontal axis of contraction accommodated by microseismicity is 120°, 15–20° clockwise of the horizontal axis of contractional strain rate observed geodetically. Thus, short‐term microseismicity, independent of knowledge of intermittent large‐magnitude earthquakes, may not be a good guide to the rate and orientation of long‐term deformation but is an indicator of the instantaneous state of stress and potential distribution of finite deformation. We show that both the horizontal and vertical spatial distribution of microseismicity can be explained in terms of a low‐angle detachment model.
Discrepancies in the Climatology and Trends of Cloud Cover in Global and Regional Climate Models for the Mediterranean Region
Authors: Enriquez‐Alonso Aaron , Calbó Josep , Sanchez‐Lorenzo Arturo , Tan Elcin
Published: October 2017

The present study aims at comparing total cloud cover (TCC) as simulated by regional climate models (RCM) from CORDEX project with the same variable as simulated by the driving global climate models (GCM), which are part of the fifth phase of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project ensemble. The comparison is performed for the Mediterranean region, and for the 1971–2005 period, when results from the “historical” scenario can also be compared with two data sets of ground‐based cloud observations. We work with 14 modeling results (resolution, 0.11° × 0.11°), which are a combination of five GCMs and five RCMs. In general, RCMs improve only very slightly the climatic estimation of TCC when compared with observations. Indeed, not all RCMs behave the same, and some indicators (monthly evolution of the relative bias) show an enhancement, while other indices (overall mean bias and annual range difference) improve only very slightly with respect to GCMs. Changes in the estimate of TCC in summer might be the most relevant value added by RCMs, as these should describe in a more proper way several mesoscale processes, which play a more relevant role in summer. Noticeably, RCMs are unable to capture the observed decadal trend in TCC. Thus, TCC simulated by RCMs is almost stable, in contradiction with observations and GCMs, which both show statistically significant decreasing trends in the Mediterranean area. This result is somewhat unsatisfactory, as if RCMs cannot reproduce past trends in TCC, their skill in projecting TCC into the future may be questioned.
Simultaneous Confidence Intervals and Regions
Authors: Chen Tuhao , Hoppe Fred M.
Published: October 2017

Simultaneous confidence intervals constitute a confidence region for a vector of parameters, comprising individual intervals for the separate components, with a coverage confidence level of the simultaneous correctness of all the statements involved. The approach is delineated for multiple comparisons of treatment means with the methods of Bonferroni, Duncan, Scheffé, and Tukey, as specific examples. The applications of simultaneous confidence intervals to the inference of a therapeutic window or the reliability of composite systems necessitate the elucidation of multiple sets of simultaneous confidence intervals. Studies related to condensing infinite sets of simultaneous confidence intervals trigger a discussion on simultaneous confidence bands. Integrating the intrinsic information on the patterns or trends governing a set of simultaneous confidence intervals for the mean responses results in the methodology of range regression.
Neuropsychology
Authors: Suchy Yana
Published: October 2017

Neuropsychology is a scientific and clinical discipline that is concerned with understanding the brain–behavior relationships and the application of this understanding to assessment of patients with brain dysfunction. This article surveys statistical applications of both the scientific and the clinical aspects of neuropsychology, including
t
‐tests; univariate, factorial, and repeated measures analysis of variance; analysis of covariance; correlational analyses; meta‐analysis; factor analysis; multiple regression; logistic regression; hierarchical linear regression; discriminant function analysis; and the receiver operating characteristic curve. Different statistical methods have the ability to contribute to different circumscribed components of clinical neuropsychology practice.
Nonparametric Bayes
Authors: Dunson David B.
Published: October 2017

Bayesian statistical methods consist of three key components: (i) a prior distribution characterizing uncertainty in parameters before observing current data; (ii) a likelihood function for the current data; and (iii) a loss function characterizing the price to be paid for errors in estimation, prediction, or decision‐making. Using Bayes' rule, the prior distribution is updated to include information in the likelihood function to obtain a posterior distribution quantifying uncertainty about the parameters. Parametric Bayesian models typically involve finitely many unknown parameters and require strong modeling assumptions. For example, one may assume that a response variable is normally distributed about a mean, which varies linearly with predictor variables. The posterior distribution, and associated predictions and decisions, will then be critically dependent on the accuracy of these modeling assumptions. Nonparametric Bayes (npB) methods seek to remove this limitation by defining more flexible models that can approximate any “true” data‐generating model in a large class. For example, instead of assuming that data are normally distributed, one may place a prior on the unknown density of the data. For this prior to be “nonparametric,” it must satisfy a large support property – meaning that the prior has positive probability of generating a density in an arbitrarily small neighborhood of any density in a large class. This article provides a brief overview of the npB philosophy, describing some basic details of canonical models, including Gaussian processes and Dirichlet process mixtures.
Inferential Models
Authors: Martin Ryan
Published: October 2017

Fisher's fiducial argument was intended to solve arguably the most fundamental problem in statistics, namely, probabilistic inference on unknown parameters without a prior distribution or Bayes's theorem. Despite Fisher's ingenuity, fiducial inference has, for various reasons, been largely dismissed by the mainstream of statistics, so the problem remains an open one. This article surveys a recently proposed alternative to Fisher's theory, calledinferential models(IMs), with the same goal of providing prior‐free probabilistic inference. Similar to fiducial, the IM approach starts by connecting the data and unknown parameters to an unobservable auxiliary variable defined through a particular representation of the sampling model. The IM's chief novelty is the introduction of a random set for predicting the unobserved value of that auxiliary variable. This makes the IM output a belief function, rather than a probability, but an appropriate choice of the random set guarantees that this output is valid which, among other things, implies that interval estimates derived from the IM have provable bounds on the frequentist error rate.
Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Lizotte Daniel J.
Published: October 2017

Reinforcement learning(RL) refers to a collection of algorithms for analyzing and solving optimal sequential decision‐making problems. “Reinforcement” signifies that these algorithms assume that decisions (referred to asactions) are “rewarded” quantitatively according to their benefit, with the intent of reinforcing useful behavior. The reward accrued by taking a sequence of actions over time is ultimately used to measure the quality of decision‐making. “Learning” signifies that these algorithms most often assume that the effects of actions are not knowna prioriand thus must be “learned from experience,” which is to say estimated from data. The aim of this article is to review fundamental RL algorithms, as well as the most significant challenges to their wider application. Connections are made between different fields of study, and references are provided for both the novice and the advanced reader.