bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological interventions for reducing pain related to immunization or intramuscular injection in children: A mixed treatment comparison network meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials
Authors: Sridharan Kannan , Sivaramakrishnan Gowri
Published: February 2018

Various interventions were observed to reduce pain following vaccination in children. This study is a network meta-analysis comparing pharmacological interventions. Electronic databases were searched for appropriate randomized controlled clinical trials comparing active pharmacological agents to reduce pain following vaccination or intramuscular injection in neonates, infants, or children. Pain score was the primary outcome measure. Random effects model was used for generating pooled estimates. A total of 23 studies were included in the network meta-analysis. Topical eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) significantly reduced pain scores. Crying time was also observed to be lower with vapocoolant spray and 25% sucrose and glucose solutions. Quality of the evidence was observed to be either low or very low. Topical EMLA significantly reduce pain following intramuscular injections particularly vaccination. However, due to low grade quality of the evidence, more studies are obligatory.
Gazing into the Abyss of Indebted Society: The Social Power of Money and Debt
Authors: Antoniades Andreas
Published: February 2018

Ever larger parts of life and nature are integrated in our socio-economic system as future cash flows, augmenting obscure, unstable and unsustainable debt structures. The larger and deeper these debt structures grow, the larger, more multifaceted and destructive the inequality divide in our societies becomes. It is now normal for people to live indebted, as it is normal for young students to have their future monetised through student loans, the debt implications of which may never escape. What forces normalise these abnormal and unsustainable patterns and our rather admissive/submissive response to them? How our lives and future have been monetised and where have our social consent and agency been in these processes? Is there a way out, before crossing the boundary of social sustainability and environmental collapse? The three books examined here offer refreshing and complementary perspectives on these ‘big questions’ on which our monetised future depends.

Di Muzio T and Robbins RH (2016) Debt as Power. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Lazzarato M (2015) Governing by Debt. South Pasadena, CA: Semiotext(e).

Soederberg S (2014) Debtfare States and the Poverty Industry: Money, Discipline and the Surplus Population. London: Routledge.
Earning Like a Woman: Salaries versus Marginal Revenue Products in the AAGBPL and MLB: 1947-1952
Authors: Giddings Lisa A. , Haupert Michael
Published: February 2018

This article exploits heretofore unexplored data from the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League that existed in the United States from 1943 to 1954 to measure and compare the economic loss to male and female professional baseball players. While female ballplayers earned a fraction of male salaries, they captured nearly twice as much of the revenues that they generated, indicating a smaller degree of exploitation. We hypothesize that in addition to the difference in structures of the two leagues, reservation wages explain the large difference in exploitation rates between the male and female players.
Enhancing stab resistance of thermoset–aramid composite fabrics by coating with SiC particles
Authors: Rubin Wei , Wen Zhai , Feng Li , Yingjian Li , Wenting Zhang , Yongfang Liang , Bin Dong , Xiaowei Wang
Published: February 2018

Aramid has been proved to have excellent ability to protect against ballistic threats however, it has poor puncture resistance. In this research, flexible fabric materials with outstanding stab resistance were prepared with thermoset–aramid composites coated with SiC particles. The stab resistance and mechanical properties of the flexible fabric composites were evaluated. Results showed that the stab resistance of the thermoset–aramid fabrics was effectively improved by the introduction of SiC particles; however, the tear force was slightly decreased. Composites coated with 20 wt.% SiC particles exhibited the best stab resistance against knife cut. Scanning electron microscopy observation showed that the irregular SiC particles were embedded into the gaps among aramid fibers. The increased stab resistance was ascribed to the fact that the introduced SiC particles with hard and refractory nature could highly enhance the fiber-to-fiber friction and blunt the sharp metal blade by abrasion.
Complete Lower Extremity Revascularization via a Hybrid Procedure for Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia
Authors: Takayama Toshio , Matsumura Jon S.
Published: February 2018

Background:

Complete revascularization, achieving inline flow to the foot through at least 1 patent tibioperoneal artery, is considered to be desirable for treating critical limb ischemia (CLI). Hybrid procedure, combined femoral endarterectomy and endovascular treatment, is commonly performed on patients with CLI because they often present with complicated lower extremity lesions involving the common femoral artery. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of complete revascularization (CR) achieved by hybrid procedure on limb salvage in patients with CLI.

Methods:

Between February 2010 and January 2016, 95 limbs (82 patients) were treated by lower extremity hybrid procedure; of these 95 procedures, 61 were for patients with CLI. We defined CR as achieving inline flow to the foot through at least 1 patent tibioperoneal artery. Complete revascularization was performed on 37 limbs, and incomplete revascularization (IR) was performed on 24 limbs. Specific variables, including patient age, male–female ratio, Rutherford classification, preoperative and postoperative ankle–brachial pressure indices (ABIs), follow-up duration (months), primary patency rate, assisted primary patency rate, secondary patency rate, and major amputation rate, were analyzed.

Results:

The mean age was similar between the groups 67.2 years in the CR group and 70.7 years in the IR group ( P = .11). Limb ischemia severity was significantly higher in the CR group: 63% of the patients scored Rutherford 5 in the CR group, compared to 30% in the IR group ( P = .027). Mean postoperative ABI was significantly higher in the CR group (CR: 0.87, IR: 0.53; P = .0001). Major amputation rate was higher in the IR group (CR: 2.7%, IR: 13%; P = .29), and major amputation-free survival rate at 3 years after the index procedure was higher in the CR group (CR: 97%, IR: 81%; P = .054).

Conclusion:

Complete lower extremity revascularization was beneficial for patients with CLI, avoiding major amputation.
An approximation method for stiffness calculation of robotic arms with hybrid open- and closed-loop kinematic chains
Authors: Sun Longfei , Fang Lijin
Published: February 2018

Industrial robots have advantages of large workspace, compact structure, and good flexibility, but the stiffness of the robot is relatively weak due to the compliance of reducers and its series structure. In this article, a five-degree-of-freedom robot with non-backlash driving is presented. A parallelogram structure with diagonal driven is used for robotic arms which is useful to improve the overall stiffness of the robot. First, the detailed structure of the robot is introduced, and the kinematic characteristics of the robot are analyzed. Second, a stiffness approximation method is proposed to evaluate the stiffness of the robot in the global workspace. The overall deformations under certain external loads which are composed of deflection deformations and stretching deformations are calculated based on the strain energy method and the properties of the components. The effectiveness of the approximation method used for evaluating the stiffness of the robot which has hybrid open- and closed-loop kinematic chains is verified through the finite element analysis results and the experimental results. Finally, the stiffness evaluation results show that the stiffness of the proposed robot is better than that of the industrial robot, which makes it more suitable for most of the industrial applications, such as handling, palletizing, and drilling.
Numerical analysis and optimal design of the breechblock mechanism
Authors: Zhu Yongmei , Ni Luyao , Zhang Jian
Published: February 2018

This article is devoted to the structural design of the breechblock mechanism. The impact force between the driven cam and the cartridge is an important factor that affects the gun cartridge extraction speed and breech strength. The impact force is deduced with the theoretical solution, numerical solution, and test method in this article, and the analysis results are verified through experiments. Then, dynamic analysis is carried out for the breechblock based on the obtained results. The stress distribution is obtained using the Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems software and experiments. The maximum stress of the impact parts exceeds the fatigue limit stress of the material, so the structure optimization should be performed. In this article, the stopper optimization is discussed in detail. To improve the energy absorption characteristics of the stopper, an optimization method is presented. The topology optimization, slot clearance optimization, and shape optimization of the stopper are performed. Moreover, the stopper structure size, strength, stiffness, and the specific energy absorption before and after optimization are compared. The results of the experimental, analytical, and numerical investigations are compared in tables and figures.
Imaging in neuro-oncology
Authors: Nandu Hari , Wen Patrick Y. , Huang Raymond Y.
Published: February 2018

Imaging plays several key roles in managing brain tumors, including diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response assessment. Ongoing challenges remain as new therapies emerge and there are urgent needs to find accurate and clinically feasible methods to noninvasively evaluate brain tumors before and after treatment. This review aims to provide an overview of several advanced imaging modalities including magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography (PET), including advances in new PET agents, and summarize several key areas of their applications, including improving the accuracy of diagnosis and addressing the challenging clinical problems such as evaluation of pseudoprogression and anti-angiogenic therapy, and rising challenges of imaging with immunotherapy.
Isolated large vessel pulmonary vasculitis leading to pulmonary artery aneurysm formation: a case report and literature review
Authors: Moghaddam Nima , Moghaddam Bahar , Dehghan Natasha , Brunner Nathan W.
Published: February 2018

Pulmonary artery (PA) vasculitis occurs in association with primary vasculitides—in particular, giant cell arteritis, Takayasu’s arteritis, or Behçet’s disease—or secondary vasculitis as a result of infections or malignancy. However, PA vasculitis in isolation and with concomitant aneurysmal dilation is an unusual finding. We present a rare case of PA aneurysm secondary to isolated PA vasculitis in an asymptomatic patient with no features of systemic vasculitis. This case highlights one of the first cases of PA vasculitis managed with surgical resection alone.
I Am An Industrial Nurse
Authors: Clement Thetma I.
Published: February 2018

I accept the responsibility of my position and will endeavor to maintain and elevate the standard of my profession. I will assist the physician-in-charge with the health maintenance of the employee and will provide nursing care as authorized by him. I will maintain adequate records and reports of all services rendered. I will strive to maintain cooperative relations with community physicians and health and welfare agencies. I will participate in company safety, sanitation and welfare activities. I will promote health education and engage in health counseling. To the best of my ability I will be resourceful, use sound judgment and have a sincere interest in people. I will be friendly with employee organizations and maintain a position of neutrality whenever matters of conflict with management arise. I will at all times maintain a confidential professional relationship with the employees, in conformity with legal and ethical codes. I will remember always — I am a nurse.
Ultrasonographic movement of the flexor pollicis longus tendon before and after removal of a volar plate for the distal radius fracture
Authors: Nanno Mitsuhiko , Kodera Norie , Tomori Yuji , Takai Shinro
Published: February 2018

Introduction:

The purpose of this study was to compare the movement of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon on the distal radius during wrist and finger motions before and after removal of a volar plate in patients with distal radius fractures using transverse ultrasound and to evaluate the kinematic effects on the FPL by the removal.

Methods:

Twenty-five patients with distal radius fracture were evaluated quantitatively by transverse ultrasound using coordinates for the movement of the FPL on the distal radius during wrist and finger motions before and after the plate removal.

Results:

At all wrist positions, during finger motion, the FPL moved significantly more palmarly away from the radius after plate removal compared to before. However, the FPL was still situated more dorsoulnarly compared with unaffected side. Moreover, the FPL moved significantly most dorsally both before and after removal at the wrist dorsal flexion position with finger flexion.

Conclusions:

These findings suggested that any adhesion between the FPL and the pronator quadratus (PQ) muscle was released by removing the plate and that the FPL would approach original tendon movement. Additionally, it is speculated that any remaining atrophy and fibrosis of the PQ may be the reason for more dorsoulnar location of the FPL in the affected side compared with the unaffected one. This ultrasound evaluation may be useful in further understanding the FPL kinematics on the distal radius, and in appropriate treatment of the distal radius fracture with plate fixation for preventing FPL rupture.
Structural properties of the angular and metric street network's centralities and their implications for movement flows
Authors: Omer Itzhak , Kaplan Nir
Published: February 2018

The street network's angular centralities have been found more suitable than metric centralities for explaining the observed pedestrian and vehicle movement flows in various urban areas. Some studies relate this state to ‘network effects’ – outcomes of the underlying street network structure. However, we have yet to be ascertained how ‘network effects’ work and why angular centralities are superior to metric centralities for modeling movement in the network. The aim of this article is to clarify this issue. The investigation entailed analysis of the street network centralities and movement flows obtained through agent-based simulations conducted for two cities that differ in the pattern and size of their street networks. The findings indicate that the correlations between street network centralities and simulated movement flows, and the superiority of angular centralities in this respect, can be affected by two network's interrelated structural properties: (i) agents who calculate the shortest paths by means of metric distance pass through street segments with relatively high angular Betweenness more often than do agents who calculate the shortest paths by means of angular distance pass through street segments with a relatively high metric Betweenness; and (ii) the angular foreground sub-network (street segments in which Betweenness and Closeness values increase significantly across spatial scale) is relatively more prominent and fits the simulated movement flows better than do the metric foreground sub-networks. These structural properties are found to be nearly identical in both study cities.
Deep crustal structure and tectonic origin of the Tobago-Barbados ridge
Authors: Gomez Shenelle , Bird Dale , Mann Paul
Published: February 2018

The north–south-trending Tobago-Barbados ridge (TBR) extends 250 km from its southern end at the island of Tobago to its northern end at the island of Barbados. On Tobago, exposed metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks have been identified as fragments of a Mesozoic primitive island arc, whereas on Barbados, exposed sedimentary rocks record Paleogene development of the Barbados accretionary prism (BAP). We integrate gravity data with seismic refraction data, well constraints, and seismic reflection data to improve our understanding of the TBR’s crustal structure, uplift mechanism, along-strike compositional variations in the crust, and tectonic origin. Three 2D gravity models suggest that the TBR is underlain by a “pop-up” crustal block uplifted in the trench between the overriding Caribbean plate and the westwardly subducting South American plate. At approximately 11.75° N, the character of the TBR changes over a distance of 60 km from a symmetrical and more elevated, crystalline, thrust fault-bounded structure to a west-verging thrust belt that is less elevated. The symmetrical pop-up and asymmetrical, west-verging thrust belt accommodate east–west, subduction-related shortening that deforms the westernmost edge of the BAP. We think that the crystalline basement of the southern and central TBR is the buried, northeastern continuation of Mesozoic intraoceanic-arc crust and metamorphic belt of Tobago that accreted along the eastern margin of the Great Arc of the Caribbean during its subduction polarity reversal in the early Cretaceous.
Seismic reservoir characterization of a class-1 amplitude variation with offset turbiditic system located offshore Cote d’Ivoire, West Africa
Authors: Alvarez Pedro , Marin William , Berrizbeitia Juan , Newton Paola , Barrett Michael , Wood Harry
Published: February 2018

We have evaluated a case study, in which a class-1 amplitude variation with offset (AVO) turbiditic system located offshore Cote d’Ivoire, West Africa, is characterized in terms of rock properties (lithology, porosity, and fluid content) and stratigraphic elements using well-log and prestack seismic data. The methodology applied involves (1) the conditioning and modeling of well-log data to several plausible geologic scenarios at the prospect location, (2) the conditioning and inversion of prestack seismic data for P- and S-wave impedance estimation, and (3) the quantitative estimation of rock property volumes and their geologic interpretation. The approaches used for the quantitative interpretation of these rock properties were the multiattribute rotation scheme for lithology and porosity characterization and a Bayesian lithofluid facies classification (statistical rock physics) for a probabilistic evaluation of fluid content. The result indicates how the application and integration of these different AVO- and rock-physics-based reservoir characterization workflows help us to understand key geologic stratigraphic elements of the architecture of the turbidite system and its static petrophysical characteristics (e.g., lithology, porosity, and net sand thickness). Furthermore, we found out how to quantify and interpret the risk related to the probability of finding hydrocarbon in a class-1 AVO setting using seismically derived elastic attributes, which are characterized by having a small level of sensitivity to changes in fluid saturation.
A new petrophysical joint inversion workflow: Advancing on reservoir’s characterization challenges
Authors: Miotti Fabio , Zerilli Andrea , Menezes Paulo T. L. , Crepaldi João L. S. , Viana Adriano R.
Published: February 2018

Reservoir characterization objectives are to understand the reservoir rocks and fluids through accurate measurements to help asset teams develop optimal production decisions. Within this framework, we develop a new workflow to perform petrophysical joint inversion (PJI) of seismic and controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) data to resolve for reservoirs properties. Our workflow uses the complementary information contained in seismic, CSEM, and well-log data to improve the reservoir’s description drastically. The advent of CSEM, measuring resistivity, brought the possibility of integrating multiphysics data within the characterization workflow, and it has the potential to significantly enhance the accuracy at which reservoir properties and saturation, in particular, can be determined. We determine the power of PJI in the retrieval of reservoir parameters through a case study, based on a deepwater oil field offshore Brazil in the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, to augment the certainty with which reservoir lithology and fluid properties are constrained.
Psychotic major depression: challenges in clinical practice and research
Authors: Heslin M. , Young A. H.
Published: February 2018

Psychotic major depression is an under-researched and under-identified disorder. We highlight the major challenges both in clinical practice and in conducting research with people with this disorder. We also suggest which major issues need addressing to move treatment and knowledge of this disorder forward.

Declaration of interest

M.H. and A.H.Y. both report grants from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR).
The Third Maudsley Lecture.
Authors: Craig Maurice
Published: February 2018

We are met to fulfil the behest of one of the most distinguished physicians of psychological medicine of recent times. Maudsley was a leader in his lifetime, and he lit a lamp for research which it is our duty and that of the generations which follow after to keep burning. He was a man with a great insight and practical withal, for he has left behind him benefactions which are endowed by his inspiration and which must live with increasing benefit to mankind. The acuteness of Maudsley's vision is demonstrated by the method in which he founded these lectures; he perceived, and perceived rightly, that mental disorder was not purely a medical problem, but that there was a lay side to it which was of vital importance, and in consequence he directed that in alternate years a scientific and a popular lecture should be given. He wrote that “there are not many natures predisposed to insanity but might be saved from it were they placed in their earliest days in exactly those circumstances and subjected to exactly that training most fitted to counteract that innate infirmity.” No doubt this connotes much, and to some it may seem an overwhelming task. For it would appear to include a full appreciation of how mental disorder is brought about; what, if any, are the precursory indications, and what symptoms, when present, should be regarded as potentially dangerous to the future welfare of the mind of an individual. The inquiry is a fascinating one, and the problem can be more quickly unravelled by the working of physician, psychologist and educationalist in close collaboration. Mental disorder unfortunately, as things are at present, only becomes a medical matter when it has advanced a considerable distance, but this must be changed, and it must be our endeavour as physicians to control its very beginnings. Whilst it is right to devote time and energy to examine scientifically every means by which the recovery or the alleviation of mental disorder may be brought about and to use them to the full, in the end the return for these labours must be limited; to control its gateways and to prevent its occurrence far out-rivals any treatment of disorder that has once become established. In fact it is doubtful whether a complete recovery ever does take place in the sense that the patient is free from any scarring from the experience he has passed through. Preventive medicine is the side of medical science which is most attractive, offering as it does benefits of infinite value both to the individual and to the nation. Investigation tends more and more to establish the view that many disorders have their inception in childhood and experience confirms that this is true of the more common types of mental disturbance. It is on this account that I have decided to take as my subject for this lecture “Some Aspects of Education and Training in Relation to Mental Disorder.” The term “education” will be used in its widest sense and will connote the instruction and upbringing of the child both at home and in the school.
The Morbid Psychology of Criminals
Authors: Nicolson David
Published: February 2018

Having made ourselves acquainted, in a measure, with the more rudimentary perversions to which mental operations in prisoners are liable, we shall be the better able to enter upon a consideration of those more advanced perversions which establish themselves at the expense of the healthy exercise of a reasonable intelligence, and which induce behaviour so eccentric or obstructive as to necessitate medical interference. These latter I propose to deal with under the general term of delusions; not being always careful to discriminate between a “delusion proper” and a hallucination; for, after all, what is a hallucination in its outward manifestion but a delusion credited (upon grounds not always well established) with some relationship to the organs of sense.
The Madmen of the Greek Theatre
Authors: Gasquet J. R.
Published: February 2018

In striking contrast to the frequent introduction of madness into their plays by the tragedians, is the rarity of any allusion to it by the great comic writer of Athens. This is not due, as might be supposed, to any feeling that good taste would be violated by putting so terrible an affliction as insanity on the stage in a ludicrous light. The marvellous genius of Aristophanes was bound by none of our modern canons of delicacy; while no flight of fancy was too high for him, no depth of coarseness was too base; and he, who in his satire was no respecter of gods or men, was not likely to refrain from putting the antics of a madman before his audience, if he thought it would serve his purpose.
On the Effects of Enteric Fever in the Insane. Notes on Twenty-two Gases
Authors: Campbell C. M.
Published: February 2018

In the autumn of last year an epidemic of enteric fever occurred in this asylum. The cases were all on the female side of the old building, from five contiguous wards, having common drainage. The origin was discovered to be a defect in this system of drainage, which has since been rectified.
Case of Prolonged Fœcal Accumulation with great Distention of Bowel
Authors: Johnstone J. Carlyle
Published: February 2018

Mrs. T., admitted May 10th, 1852. Age 34; married. An intelligent woman of kindly and somewhat melancholy disposition, active habits, and nervo-bilious temperament. First attack; duration 14 days; assigned cause, religious excitement; was nursing her fifth child. Fancied that her husband and other relations were going to murder her, and were plotting against her, and expressed many delusions of a religious character. Had attempted suicide by precipitation. There was hereditary predisposition to insanity. Her general health was good.
A Case of Endarteritis with Insanity and Aphasia
Authors: Mitchell Richard B.
Published: February 2018

Mrs. N., æt. 40, married, teacher. Admitted to the Fife and Kinross District Asylum on June 9th, 1880.
The Physical Conditions of Consciousness
Authors: Herzen A.
Published: February 2018

Before approaching the next subject I wish to avoid the reproach of departing from the rules of the inductive method by drawing conclusions from the complex to the simple; that is to say, in this case, by applying to the lower centres a conclusion drawn from the observation of the higher centres, instead of proceeding in the opposite way. I am obliged to proceed in this manner by the very nature of the problem which really cannot be treated any other way. As we have to deal with the subjectivity of central phenomena it is impossible to seek its conditions when we have no direct means of proving its presence or absence. Now in respect to the subordinate centres we are reduced exclusively to objective observation, which in no way can teach us anything of the subjectivity of the changes which take place in them; therefore, whatever conjectures we may make in regard to the consciousness or unconsciousness of the motor reactions furnished by the lower centres, they can have only a certain degree of probability when we study these reactions by the aid of what subjective observation teaches us relative to the consciousness or unconsciousness of the cortical centres. It is because they have not followed this method that writers disagree so completely as to the presence or absence of subjectivity in the sensori-motor centres, and especially in the spinal cord. Let us begin with the latter.
Unverified Prognosis
Authors: Newington H. Hayes
Published: February 2018

In none of the more practical aspects of insanity, with the exception perhaps of that of pathology, does the alienist stand at so much disadvantage with the other members of the medical profession as in the matter of prognosis. In diagnosis we have, as a rule, an easy task, though now and then cases arise in which it requires much thought to come to a determination whether some unhappy event is due to insanity or to crime. Again, in treatment we fairly hold our own, taking into consideration the complex nature of the organs and functions that are affected, coupled with the impossibility of direct examination and treatment of them. But in prognosis we are distinctly less sure of our footing, and it is unfortunate that this uncertainty is accompanied by a most pressing demand for accurate forecasts from the relatives of those who are placed under our charge. This pressure, no doubt, arises in chief from the necessity in nearly every case for modifying, either temporarily or for good, those circumstances, domestic, official, and pecuniary, from which the patient has been removed; but there is this further difficulty, that while in cases of general disease, other than insanity, the friends have some sort of knowledge and opinion of their own as to the probable result, gained from insight into similar cases, in insanity such clinical experience is denied them by the necessity for withdrawing patients from the observation of the public. They are thus almost entirely without guides of their own, and in consequence they come to lean more heavily on the doctor. The strain and responsibility for error thus cast on us would be intolerable were there only the two eventualities of absolute recovery and absolute loss of mind; but, fortunately, there are many stages to fill up the huge gap between these two extremes, stages of partial recovery which allow of the restoration of the patient to various degrees of liberty and usefulness in the world. It is not too much to say that the problem of the future of the patient has to be faced never less often, generally more frequently, than that of treatment.
The Neuropathic Diathesis, or the Diathesis of the Degenerate
Authors: Revington G. T.
Published: February 2018

I think that the foregoing statistics, and those which follow, together with the large number of cases which I quote, and which connect general paralysis with almost every form of neurotic manifestation, will prove conclusively that neurotic inheritance is a striking feature in the causation of general paralysis. I question whether a distinction between “the cerebral and the insane element” in general paralysis can be maintained. If general paralysis is not a degeneration of the mind-tissue, then the pathology of insanity has no existence, and I would say that the subtle influence for evil, which is transmitted from parents, whose brains are deteriorated by neurotic outbursts, or soaked in alcohol, or wrecked by physiological immorality, tends strongly towards such degeneration. If insanity is, as Dr. Savage says, a perversion of the ego, then a general paralytic is the in-sanest of the insane. We know that the children of a melancholic parent, for example, may develop any form of neurosis—in other words, it is not that melancholia or general paralysis, or any other definite disease, is transmitted, but that a certain tendency to deviate from normal development is transmitted. This tendency to deviate is the neurotic diathesis, and the form of its development is determined by collateral circumstances, and a certain series of collateral circumstances determine the development of general paralysis. Perhaps neurotic inheritance may mean in some cases a limited capital of nervous energy, and if this is wasted recklessly the individual breaks down suddenly and pathologically, as we all do slowly and physiologically. I would also point out that considering the number of histories of insanity which owing to ignorance or reticence we, do not receive, and considering that we never receive information as to the existence of the slighter neuroses, it is marvellous that we get so high a percentage as 51. Of the 145 general paralytics with a reliable history, 38 had a family history of insanity, 28 a family history of drink, 8 of both, 43 had a personal history of drink, 8 of a previous attack too remote to be considered, at least, according to our present ideas, as part of the disease, and the vast majority had a history of some physiological irregularity which must be considered as conducive to the creation of an acquired neurosis. We may now pass to some further statistics.
On the various modes of providing for the Insane and Idiots in the United States and Great Britain
Authors: Tuke D. Hack
Published: February 2018

I count much upon your indulgence in presuming that you are willing to listen to the somewhat desultory remarks I desire to make in response to your invitation to contribute a paper to the Psychology Section of the International Congress.
The Psycho-pathology of Alcoholism and Some So-called Alcoholic Psychoses
Authors: Read C. Stanford
Published: February 2018

The social problems connected with alcohol are always before us, but social reconstruction after the great war has brought them into greater prominence than ever, while America having gone “dry” and the prohibition campaign starting in this country have brought the question of alcohol home to even the unthinking section of the community. In the past we have had the physiological effects of alcohol put before us almost ad nauseam, and everyone is fully aware of the disastrous wide-spread results of excessive drinking. Well-meaning temperance reformers are continually pointing out the intimate relationship existing between alcoholic excess and illness, crime and pauperism. Not so very long ago in the press, we had the almost amusing incident of a manifesto issued by a list of eminent physicians, who decried its use in medicine, followed not long afterwards by another manifesto signed by an equally eminent catalogue of medical men, who laid much emphasis on the beneficial effects of alcohol as a therapeutic agent. The personal factor is always apt to colour one's views, and I may be no exception to the rule. It is a common fallacy to suppose that science is free from bias and prejudice, but the facts I shall bring before your notice with regard to the relation of alcohol to mental disease will tend to indicate their presence.
The Symbol as an Energy Container. (Journ. Nerv. and Ment. Dis., December, 1919.) Jelliffe, Smith Ely.
Authors: Cole Sydney J.
Published: February 2018

Life is dependent on the energy around it. Being marked by the quality of growth, it must not only seize the energy through its protoplasmic structure, there transform it, and then put it forth, but it must unceasingly devise new means, new carriers for all these three processes. Human speech is such a means. Not consciously but unconsciously, man has made words because he has felt, though not understood, the necessity for a larger and wider self-expression—for more capture of energy, more work upon it within himself, and more giving of it out.
Retro-active Hypermnesia and other Emotional Effects on Memory. (Psych. Rev., November, 1919.) Stratton, M.
Authors: Forsyth C. W.
Published: February 2018

As effects of excitement may be noted—(a) those which are transitory, occurring during the excitement, and (b) those which persist. As transitory effects there may be an apparently general hypermnesia, in which there is a marked freshening of all memories, or there may be a selective hypermnesia, where certain rather narrow lines of association are followed. The lasting effects may be hypermnesia, hypomnesia, or total amnesia for events experienced during the excitement. The following lasting effects may also be noted upon experiences that have occurred before the emotion: (1) The well-known retro-active amnesia; (2) The opposite, retro-active hypermnesia to which little attention has formerly been paid; (3) a combination of both these effects; for the same person the stretch preceding the critical event may show vivid recollections followed by a period of utter blank. The retro-active hypermnesia in the author's cases rarely goes beyond the events of the day preceding the excitement. It occurred in 25 out of 225 cases. The antecedent events are unusually vivid—more vivid than any other of the patients' memories. The vividness is not confined to visual images, although these are more frequent; sounds, the mood, the general state of the mind may be clearly represented. There is some indication that women experience it more frequently than men. In some cases the effect has come at some crisis at early childhood, in others at a later date. The quality of the emotion seems of less importance than the intensity of the shock. Fear, or fearless surprise, or pleasurable surprise may be the cause. If the intensity be exceeded the experiences connected with it are in some degree suppressed; while if it be not reached the experiences are lost probably by a mere failure to gather up the events into the mesh of interest. Emotion facilitates the recall of whatever is noticed during the excitement, and it seems probable that memory images may be treated by the emotional onrush in the same way as perceptive images. The experiences of the preceding day, however, probably do not exist as actual images at the time of the emotion but as psycho-physical dispositions or traces, so that where there is retro-active hypermnesia the emotion would seem to have the power to strengthen these dispositions and the connections by which they may be called into life. The author gives illustrative cases.
A Plea for Convalescent Homes in connection with Asylums for the Insane Poor
Authors: Hawkins Henry
Published: February 2018

In every large asylum there are probably convalescents of two distinct classes. 1, Convalescents about to be dismissed nearly, or quite, recovered; and 2, Convalescents who, under favourable circumstances, would be discharged, but who are considerately permitted to remain, because they neither have friends able or willing to receive them—nor are themselves equal to the effort of procuring suitable employment—nor, again, are they, in many instances, persons who from their antecedents or habits can suitably be transferred to the Workhouse.
On Craniology
Authors: Eastwood J. W.
Published: February 2018

There are two classes of men who occupy themselves in observations on mental functions, frequently working widely apart from each other. These are, the metaphysicians, who investigate the phenomena of mind apart from anatomical or physiological facts, and the physiologists, who keep as exclusively to their own labours. Neither of these classes of men have as yet formed any philosophical system of the mental powers, and other functions of the brain; and it may be safely asserted that it is only by a combination of metaphysics and physiology that we can advance any considerable steps in our knowledge. The philosophical Reid, whose greatest disciple was Sir William Hamilton, stated many years ago, in his “Essays on the Powers of the Human Mind,” that they are “so many, so various, and so connected and complicated in most of their operations, that there never has been any division of them proposed which is not liable to considerable objections.” All the classifications made by metaphysicians differ materially from each other, and what was true in Reid's time is true now. We have a different race of metaphysicians from those who flourished years ago, different from Reid, Dugald Stewart, and Brown, but as yet we seem no nearer than we were to a systematic and comprehensive classification of mental faculties, or more properly, of the functions of the brain. I would not say that no progress has been made, for a vast mass of facts has been accumulated, and careful observations have been made, which will be available at some future period for a scientific and philosophical classification.
Some Observations on the State of Society, Past and Present, in Relation to Criminal Psychology
Authors: Nicolson David
Published: February 2018

6. In 1630 Alexander Hamilton confessed to having met the devil in the likeness of a black man riding on a black horse. He renounced his baptism, and engaged to become the devil's servant, on receipt of four shillings sterling. The devil instructed him how to be revenged of his enemies, and further gave him a spell by which he hilled the Lady Ormestone and her daughter in revenge of the lady's having refused him the loan of a mare, and having called him nicknames. Lastly, he declared he had many meetings with the devil, from whom he once got a severe drubbing for not keeping an appointment.
Two Cases of Insanity associated with Chorea
Authors: Wiglesworth Joseph
Published: February 2018

The following two cases of so-called “Rheumatic Insanity” have recently been under observation in Rainhill Asylum, and I am indebted to Dr. Rogers, under whose care the patients were, for permission to publish an account of them.
Cerebrospinal Localization.—Destructive Lesions of Encephalon.—Disease of Cord
Authors: Mickle W. Julius
Published: February 2018

Localized destructive lesions of cerebrum, basal ganglia, pons, and cerebellum, and secondary descending disease; also cornual atrophy.
4.—Psychological Retrospect
Authors: Costelloe B. F. C. , Glasgow M.A.
Published: February 2018

In a review of the many issues that have appeared since our last retrospect, it will not be possible to do much more than indicate the main topics of interest to our readers in the various numbers of “Mind.” No. XX. (October, 1880) was in reality a more than usually interesting one. Besides the conclusion of a curious but valuable series of papers on the cell-theory and the “Unity of the Organic Individual,” to which we have referred before, it contained also an elaborate essay on “æsthetic Evolution in Man,” from the prolific pen of Mr. Grant Allen. It is sufficient to say of this that the theory propounded is one of “apanthropinisation;” or, in more intelligible language, the widening out of associations of beauty concentrically from the assumed starting-point in the sexual selection of the most ornamented mate. There is an unimportant essay by W. Davidson on “Botanical Classification”—a subject which has yet to be philosophically treated—and a very important one on Kant, by Professor John Watson, of Canada. Among the Notes are some remarks by Mr. Bain on Mr. Galton's very interesting scheme of mental statistics (previously noticed here), a discussion of “Brute Reason,” and a noteworthy summary of the views lately stated with great clearness by Professor James, of Harvard, as to Muscular Sense and the feeling of effort, hitherto a subject for much loose theorising.
On Uterine Disease and Insanity
Authors: Wiglesworth Joseph
Published: February 2018

The question of the relation between Uterine Disease and Insanity is one which, though at different times it has attracted much attention, is yet very far from being thoroughly elucidated. On the one hand the subject is mixed up with so-called “Hysterical Insanity,” and on the other with “Amenorrhœal Insanity,” concerning the former of which it may be said that but little evidence has been advanced to prove its dependence upon distinct physical disease in the internal organs of reproduction; and, as regards the latter, it needs but little observation in an asylum to show that in the majority of cases in which Amenorrhœa is associated with insanity, the suppression of the menses is merely a symptom, and in no sense the cause of the disease.
On Alcohol in Asylums, chiefly as a Beverage
Authors: Tuke D. Hack
Published: February 2018

My object in this paper is to elicit the opinions of asylum superintendents in regard to the use of some form of alcohol in the ordinary dietary of institutions for the insane, and to state at the same time what I already know in respect to this question, thanks to the very general replies I have received from medical superintendents to a troublesome circular which I recently issued. It was not without much hesitation that I sent round these queries, well aware as I am of the multitudinous duties already devolving upon the heads of asylums; but the importance of the subject induced me to overcome this reluctance, and I take the earliest opportunity of expressing my appreciation of the kindness of those gentlemen who have taken the trouble to fill up the circular. As to those who have not done so, I readily take the will for the deed.
Notes of a Case of Addison's Disease Associated with Insanity
Authors: Macphail S. Rutherford
Published: February 2018

The rarity of cases of Addison's Disease, and the want of accurate knowledge alike of the clinical features and of the pathology, justify the record of the following case.
The Use of Hypnotism among the Insane
Authors: Robertson George M.
Published: February 2018

Last year I paid a visit to the different schools of hypnotism in France, and I saw hypnotism used as a therapeutic agent in the wards of Professor Bernheim of Nancy, of Dr. Luys at the Charité in Paris, and of Dr. Auguste Voisin at the Salpêtrière. I became convinced of the reality of the phenomena, and of its great value as a therapeutic agent in certain cases, and therefore since my return I have made such use of it as time and opportunity permitted among the female pauper patients at Morningside Asylum. I here give an account of some of the cases I hypnotized and of the various reasons, both therapeutic and otherwise, for which I made use of this agent, and I shall conclude with a brief summary of its uses. I exclude from here, however, all examples of its use for physical ailments.
Neural Action Corresponding to the Mental Functions of the Brain
Authors: Warner Francis
Published: February 2018

While working purely on the lines of physical science it will be admitted that all observations recorded should be described in terms connoting physical phenomena, so given as to be capable of repetition, and, if possible, of measurement. No forces and no causes can be admitted as potent except those known to physiology and other branches of physical investigation. It follows that in dealing with the mental functions of the brain—here termed psychosis—we have nothing to do with “mind as an abstract entity” or with processes of feeling and consciousness, and must confine our attention to neural acts without either admitting or denying the existence of other potencies with which, while working on the lines of physical science, we are not concerned.
On so-called Paranoia
Authors: Dunn E. L.
Published: February 2018

The class of cases described under the term Paranoia have long been recognized in England, though, perhaps, they have not been studied to such an extent as on the Continent, and have, no doubt, been looked at from a different point of view. The word in Greek literally means “madness;” we find it employed by authors synonymously with the terms Wahnsinn and Verrücktheit, and on account of the confusion existing between these, Mendel, in 1881, and Werner, in 1889, proposed to substitute “paranoia” for them. In this sense it may be taken to mean “systematized insanity,” a definition which covers all classes of paranoia.
Cases of Hereditary Chorea (Huntington's Disease)
Authors: Menzies W. F.
Published: February 2018

A short account will next be given of the other cases I have had the opportunity of examining.