bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bidirectional plasticity at developing climbing fiber–Purkinje neuron synapses
Authors: Ohtsuki Gen , Hirano Tomoo
Published: November 2008

Climbing fibers provide one of the two major excitatory inputs to the cerebellar cortex. In an immature animal, several climbing fibers form synapses with one Purkinje neuron. During postnatal development most climbing fiber innervations with a Purkinje neuron are eliminated and only one strong fiber remains. Previous studies suggested that this pruning of surplus climbing fiber innervations depends on the neuronal activity. We hypothesized that synaptic plasticity might play a role in the maturation and refinement of such a climbing fiber projection pattern, and examined the plasticity properties of synapses between postnatal days 5 and 9 in mice. We found that a 5 Hz conditioning stimulation of climbing fibers forming relatively strong synapses with a Purkinje neuron induced long‐term potentiation of the transmission accompanied by a decrease in the paired‐pulse ratio of excitatory postsynaptic current amplitudes. This was suggestive of an increased probability of presynaptic release. However, the conditioning stimulation of climbing fibers forming relatively weak synapses induced long‐term depression and tended to increase the paired‐pulse ratio. Thus, the direction of plasticity appears to be determined by the strength of synaptic connection. Long‐term depression occurred only in the conditioned climbing fiber, whereas long‐term potentiation spread to unconditioned climbing fibers. A postsynaptic increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration was required for long‐term potentiation but not for long‐term depression. These results reveal the existence of novel presynaptic plasticity at immature climbing fiber–Purkinje cell synapses, which may contribute to the maturation and refinement of the climbing fiber projection pattern.
NON‐SPECIFIC GRANULOMATA OF THE URETER AND BLADDER
Authors: O'Flynn W. R. , Sandrey J. G.
Published: November 2008

Two cases of non‐specific urinary tract granulomata are described: one occurring in the left ureter and one in the bladder. Certain striking clinical features are emphasised, first the similarity to neoplasm, and secondly the tendency to fibrosis and sometimes ureteric obstruction. A short review of non‐specific granulomata at these sites is given.
LEUKÆMIC INFILTRATION OF THE PROSTATE
Authors: Vinnicombe J.
Published: November 2008

A case of leukamic infiltration of the prostate is described and the literature reviewed. Results of treatment are considered and surgery is advised if merited by urological considerations.
A Computer‐based Record and Organisation System for a Department of Urology
Authors: WICKHAM J. E. A. , CHARLTON C. A. C. , RICHARDS B. , HENDRY W. F. , WARD J. P. , O'DONOGHUE E. P. N. , HAMSHERE R. G. , FRANKLIN D. A.
Published: November 2008

This paper describes the development and practical application of a computer‐based record system in a urological department.

It demonstrates how such a system can provide a clinical flow sheet for day‐to‐day use combined with a computerised data store for both clinical evaluation and for research purposes.

The paper also outlines how the system has improved patient handling and general departmental efficiency.
Malignant Phaeochromocytoma of the Urinary Bladder—Report of Two Cases
Authors: JAVAHERI P. , RAAFAT J.
Published: November 2008

2 new patients with malignant phaeochromocytoma of the urinary bladder were presented. 4 other cases with the same disease reported in literature were reviewed and discussed.
The Effect of an Antibacterial Drug on Urinary Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorus Excretion in Patients with Neurogenic Bladder
Authors: BURR R. G. , SILVER J. R.
Published: November 2008

The effect of the simultaneous administration of hexamine mandelate and methionine on the urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium and phosphate is reported in 3 groups of paraplegic patients.

Long‐term therapy with G 500 increases bone loss in paralysed patients, and is contra‐indicated when there is infection of the urinary tract by urea‐splitting organisms.
Grey‐scale Ultrasound Imaging: Assessment of Acute Hydronephrosis
Authors: TAYLOR K. J. W. , KRAUS VERA
Published: November 2008

Rapid changes in the renal anatomy during the development and resolution of an acute hydronephrosis may require multiple imaging procedures. The ionising radiation hazard limits the extent to which this may be achieved by intravenous pyelography. Grey‐scale ultrasound offers a safe, non‐intrusive technique for visualising the renal pelvis which may be repeated daily. The value of such an ultrasound facility is illustrated by 3 case histories.
Volume Estimation of the Seminal Vesicles by Means of Transrectal Ultrasonotomography: A Preliminary Report
Authors: TANAHASHI YOSHIKATSU , WATANABE HIROKI , IGARI DAIROKU , HARADA KAZUYA , SAITOH MASAHITO
Published: November 2008

The volume of the seminal vesicles was estimated in 27 cases by means of transrectal ultrasonoto‐mography.

The seminal vesicles of normal subjects were found to be generally larger than in cases of prostatic hypertrophy or cancer. The volume of the seminal vesicles in Klinefelter's syndrome was remarkably small.

The correlation between the volume of the seminal vesicles and of the prostate is given.
Matrix and the Infective Renal Calculus
Authors: WICKHAM J. E. A.
Published: November 2008

From the basis of an examination of the literature, and on a personal exerience of the surgical treatment of 100 cases of calculus disease, the suggestion is made that 2 distinct mechanisms of calculogenesis should be recognised. Calculi of metabolic origin should be considered as having an entirely distinct aetiological mechanism. Phosphatic calculi are apparently determined by the existence of urinary tract infection. Partial nephrectomy does not seem indicated for either type of disease.
Uromucoid Excretion of Normal Individuals and Stone Formers
Authors: BICHLER K. H. , KIRCHNER CH. , IDELER V.
Published: November 2008

Uromucoid excretion was measured in 49 normal subjects and 79 patients with stones.

The results showed no significant differences in the uromucoid excretion rate between these 2 groups; there was no simple quantitative relationship between uromucoid excretion rate and the genesis of stones.

It is suggested that uromucoid may be concerned in a protective function of tubular epithelium and also in the transport of electrolytes and hydrogen ions.
Childhood Urolithiasis in the United Kingdom and Eire
Authors: GHAZALI S.
Published: November 2008

152 children with urinary calculi were treated in the United Kingdom and Eire in the years 1972 and 1973.

There was a marked male preponderance particularly evident in early life.

In 124 children the urine was infected on admission to hospital; in 87, particularly the younger children, this was with the Proteus species. Awareness of the relationship between Proteus urinary infection and matrix calculi is stressed.
Idiopathic Chronic Urinary Retention in the Female
Authors: FOX MILES , JARVIS G. J. , HENRY L.
Published: November 2008

The clinical features in 14 female patients with chronic urinary retention unassociated with extrinsic or obvious intrinsic obstruction or neurological disease are described.

Management, results and histological findings are presented and discussed in relation to the clinical findings.
A Urodynamic View of Bladder Outflow Obstruction in the Female: Factors influencing the Results of Treatment
Authors: FARRAR D. J. , OSBORNE J. L. , STEPHENSON T. P. , WHITESIDE C. G. , WEIR J. , BERRY J. , MILROY E. J. G. , WARWICK RICHARD TURNER
Published: November 2008

169 female patients with outlet obstruction have been studied urodynamically.

The results of treatment of the outlet obstruction in 102 patients have been analysed and the reason for the failures discussed. Patients with stable detrusors and those with symptoms of recurrent urinary tract infection responded well to treatment, provided this relieved the obstruction adequately; symptomatic relief was less common in patients with unstable detrusors, despite adequate outflow readjustment.
The Effects of Overstretching on the Structure and Function of the Bladder in Relation to Helmstein's Distension Therapy
Authors: ANDERSON J. D. , ENGLAND H. R. , MOLLAND E. A. , BLANDY J. P.
Published: November 2008

Measurements of the maximum bladder distensibility, cystometrograms and histological studies of the bladder after Helmstein's distension therapy show intramural fibrosis and a reduction in bladder capacity. When this is made worse by post‐radiation fibrosis it may give rise to such severe contraction that diversion may be needed. There is no evidence that distension, of the type used here, ever gives rise to “stretching” or “atony” of the bladder: and it is questionable whether distension of a lesser degree, such as may be found in acute urinary retention, ever does so either.
Urodynamic Findings in Adult Females with Frequency and Dysuria
Authors: REES D. L. P. , WHITFIELD H. N. , ISLAM A. K. M. S. , DOYLE P. T. , MAYO M. E. , WICKHAM J. E. A.
Published: November 2008

Urodynamic findings, and in particular measures of outflow obstruction in a consecutive series of 156 women presenting with recurrent increased frequency and dysuria, have been analysed.

Poor correlation between these various measures has been demonstrated; at most only 8% of these patients have demonstrable outflow obstruction. More than a quarter of the patients had bladder instability.
Bilateral Vesico‐ureteral Reflux with Pyelonephritis in Identical Twins
Authors: HAMPEL N. , LEVIN D. R. , GERSH I.
Published: November 2008

A case of identical twins with bilateral vesico‐ureteral reflux is presented.

This case supports the hypothesis that primary vesico‐ureteral incompetence may be an inherited lesion.

The importance of investigating close relatives, especially identical twins, is stressed.
Role of Uroflowmetry in the Assessment of Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction in Adult Males1
Authors: SHOUKRY ISMAIL , SUSSET JACQUES G. , ELHILALI MOSTAFA M. , DUTARTRE DANIEL
Published: November 2008

A group of 173 prostatic patients were submitted to a prospective study to determine the respective value of symptoms, uroflowmetry, endoscopic and radiological findings in the assessment of the degree of urinary obstruction.

Uroflowmetry proved to bring objective evidence of the degree of obstruction with a reasonable degree of accuracy.

Maximum urinary flow appears to be more accurate than other flow parameters in the determination of lower urinary tract obstruction.
The Response of Lymph Node Metastases of Testicular Teratoma to Radiation Therapy
Authors: TYRRELL C. J. , PECKHAM M. J.
Published: November 2008

The response to radiation therapy of lymph node metastases from testicular teratomas has been examined in 117 Stage I and II patients treated between 1962 and 1972.

It is not possible to obtain reliable estimates of the percentage Stage I patients with occult retroperitoneal node metastases; however, available evidence suggests that spread of tumour to the lymph nodes has occurred in a proportion (possibly as many as 50%) of patients in this category. Radiation therapy is an effective method of achieving tumour eradication and overall survival results in this group are good (84%).

In a smaller group of Stage II patients with unequivocal lymphographic evidence of nodal spread, the effectiveness of irradiation is dependent upon turnour volume. In those patients with metastases 2 centimetres or less in diameter, the results of treatment are similar to Stage I and we have designated this group Stage IIa. In those patients with larger volume metastases, two thirds have developed abdominal node relapse, in most cases associated with distant spread. We have designated this group Stage IIb. The implications of these observations for overall management are discussed.

We would like to thank Dr J. S. Macdonald for his helpful advice in lymphographic interpretation and Miss Sue Moore who typed the manuscript.
Chlorhexidine for Irrigation of Vas: a Clinical Trial and the Study of Viability of Non‐Motile Sperms in Post‐Vasectomy Patients with Trypan Blue Uptake
Authors: YU H. Y. HENRY , HALIM A. , EVANS P. R.
Published: November 2008

A clinical trial showed that when chlorhexidine was used for irrigation of a vas, 93% of patients became sperm‐free at 6 weeks as compared to 72%, when sterile water was used.

The use of chlorhexidine for irrigation of the distal vas is recommended in order to achieve sterility within a shorter length of time in view of its potent spermicidal effect as compared with water.

The determination of the viability of non‐motile sperms in post‐vasectomy patients by the method of trypan blue uptake is described. This is a simple laboratory procedure suitable for routine clinical use.

The criteria for sterility after vasectomy should be based on either 2 consecutive sperm‐free specimens or 2 specimens of sperms shown to be 100% dead by trypan blue uptake.
Control of Bleeding after Renal Biopsy with Epsilon‐amino‐caproic acid
Authors: SAVDIE E. , MAHONY J. F. , STOREY B. G.
Published: November 2008

Summary— EACA proved useful in controlling severe bleeding after renal biopsy. In 6 patients who required transfusion for prolonged or severe bleeding, haemorrhage ceased and no further transfusions were necessary after EACA therapy. No serious side‐effects were encountered.
Ultrastructure and Pathogenesis of Human Urinary Calculi
Authors: SPECTOR M. , GARDEN N. M. , ROUS S. N.
Published: November 2008

Summary— The ultrastructure of human urinary calculi was studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The hydroxyapatite constituent of the stones was often present in the form of spherical aggregates of the minute apatite crystallites (1 to 10 μ in diameter). In most cases, the spherical apatite deposits consisted of concentric lamellae of crystallites. The spherical apatite deposits, described in detail for the first time in urolithiasis, were similar to those found in a variety of calcified tissues including nephrocalcinosis and malakoplakia.
Controlled Clinical Trial of Arginine for Infertile Men with Oligozoospermia
Authors: PRYOR J. P. , BLANDY J. P. , EVANS P. , SAINTONGE D. M. CHAPUT DE , USHERWOOD M.
Published: November 2008

Summary— 64 infertile men with oligozoospermia took part in a double blind cross‐over trial. Each patient received matching capsules of a placebo and arginine for periods of 12 weeks. There was no difference in the conception rates of the wives or changes in the quality of the semen during each period of treatment.
The Significance of Bone Marrow Acid Phosphatase in Patients with Prostatic Carcinoma
Authors: FOSSÅ SOPHIE DOROTHEA , SOKOLOWSKI JERZY , THEODORSEN LIV
Published: November 2008

Summary— The levels of total and l‐tartrate labile acid phosphatase were studied in 49 patients with prostatic carcinoma. The results were compared with the results from a control group.

The acid phosphatase levels from the bone marrow were above the upper normal limit of serum acid phosphatase both in the control group and in patients with prostatic carcinoma. This may be due to acid phosphatase released from blood cells during haemolysis.

There was a positive correlation between serum and bone marrow acid phosphatase levels in patients with prostatic carcinoma. Significantly raised levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase (above the upper limit of the normal range from the control group) were observed only in advanced stage IV patients with significantly increased serum levels.

The levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase gave no supplementary diagnostic information in any of the patients with prostatic carcinoma. Doubt is expressed concerning the hypothesis that raised levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase are diagnostic of early metastases from prostatic carcinoma.
Results of Prolonged Bladder Distension as Treatment for Detrusor Instability
Authors: PENGELLY A. W. , STEPHENSON T. P. , MILROY E. J. G. , WHITESIDE C. G. , TURNER‐WARWICK RICHARD
Published: November 2008

Summary— Forty‐six patients with urinary symptoms associated with unstable (uninhibitable) detrusor contractions have been treated by a total of 58 bladder distensions; 43 of these were fully re‐evaluated urodynamically thereafter and none showed conversion from unstable to stable detrusor behaviour. Four patients with unstable bladders were symptomatically improved but 5 patients reported symptomatic deterioration. We have concluded that while over‐distension may sometimes improve a patient's symptoms, it did not result in the abolition of detrusor contractions or the reversal of unstable detrusor behaviour.
Endourethral Urethroplasty: A Simple Method for Treatment of Urethral Strictures by Internal Urethrotomy and Primary Split Skin Grafting
Authors: PETTERSSON SILAS , ASKLIN BJÖRN , BRATT CLAES‐CÖRAN
Published: November 2008

Summary— Primary endourethral split skin grafting was performed in 4 patients operated upon for stricture of the bulbous urethra by internal urethrotomy. Post‐operatively, all grafts were found to have taken. Follow‐up has ranged from 4 to 12 months. The results were considered good in all patients and after release from the hospital they had no subjective symptoms. Further urethral dilation has not been necessary in any of the patients.
Cytological Changes due to Urinary Calculi: A Consideration of the Relationship between Calculi and the Development of Urothelial Carcinoma
Authors: BEYER‐BOON M. E. , CUYPERS L. H. R. I. , de VOOGT H. J. , BRUSSEE J. A. M.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Urinary calculi can induce urothelial cellular abnormalities comparable with those of malignancy; this was found in 11 out of 62 lithiasis cases.

Severe cellular changes, comparable with those of carcinoma in situ, may be seen in the epithelium adjacent to a calculus. Squamous metaplasia was frequently observed in cases with staghorn stones in the renal pelvis. The abrasive effect of the calculus may result in many multinucleated cells in the sediment.

When the calculi are removed the cytological atypia and the observed multinucleation disappeared, and none of these 62 patients developed urothelial carcinoma.

A possible relationship was found between a long‐term clinical history of lithiasis and the development of cancer of the upper urinary tract in a study of 92 cases of carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis.
Exstrophy of the Bladder: Treatment by Trigonosigmoidostomy—Long‐term Results
Authors: GREGOIR W. , SCHULMAN C. C.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Twenty‐five patients with bladder exstrophy were treated by implanting the vesical trigone into the sigmoid colon. Twenty‐three have been followed for 3 to 19 years, with an average of 10 years. Taking into account the clinical status, renal function, the intravenous urogram, continence and social life, 18 patients were considered to have had an excellent result. There were 2 failures; 1 post‐operative death occurred due to ruptured oesophageal varices and 1 patient developed bilateral hydronephrosis which necessitated cutaneous urinary diversion. In 4 cases the results, while satisfactory, were only fair in that 2 developed stones and 2 showed symptomatic electrolyte disturbances requiring treatment. Trigonosigmoidostomy preserves intact the ureterovesical junction which prevents colo‐ureteric reflux and this probably accounts for the generally excellent long‐term results. We believe the operation is preferable to ureterosigmoidostomy in the management of bladder exstrophy.
Procarbazine (Natulan) in the Treatment of Peyronie's Disease
Authors: MORGAN R. J. , PRYOR J. P.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Thirty‐four men with Peyronie's diseases were treated with a 12‐week course of the drug procabazine (Natulan), preceded or followed by a 12‐week course of vitamin E.

Ninety‐one per cent of the men failed to improve or became worse whilst receiving Natulan and toxic side‐effects were common. In comparision 39% improved whilst taking vitamin E.

We conclude that Natulan is of little benefit in the treatment of this condition and may indeed be harmful.
Surgical Management of Impotence using the Inflatable Penile Prosthesis: Experience with 103 Patients
Authors: FURLOW WILLIAM L.
Published: November 2008

Summary— The inflatable hydraulic penile prosthesis has been implanted in 103 patients with both organic and psychogenic impotence.

The 4 failure in this series resulted from infection. Mechanical problems occurred in 27 patients, but with additional implant experience, these have been significantly reduced. All mechanical complications are correctable through secondary and tertiary surgical procedures. Ninety‐eight of 99 patients with a normally functioning prosthetic device had satisfactory intercourse without significant difficulty.

The inflated penile prosthesis has proved to be a highly satisfactory method of treating male impotence.
Adenomatoid Tumour of the Epididymis: Histochemical and Ultrastructural Study of 2 Cases
Authors: NISTAL MANUEL , CONTRERAS FÉLIX , PANIAGUA RICARDO
Published: November 2008

Summary— Two cases of adenomatoid tumour of the epididymis are described. Both the histochemical and ultrastructural studies support the concept that it is of mesothelial origin.

The histochemical study showed the presence of acid mucopolysaccharides in the lumen of the tubular structures.

The epithelial cells presented numerous microvilli in the free surface, junction complexes, wide intercellular channels and a well‐developed Golgi complex.

Abundant bundles of microfilaments and intracellu?ar spaces were observed in the cytoplasm. Lymphocytes and histiocytes were indentified both in the tabular lumen and between the epithelial cells.

The stroma of the tumour was made up of dense connective tissue with abundant bundles of elastic fibres.

The presence of intracytoplasmic spaces in the epithelial cells and elastic fibres in the stroma had not been previously observed in this tumour.
The Relationship Between Urinary Bilharziasis and Urolithiasis in the Sudan
Authors: IBRAHIM A.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Nine hundred and ninety‐seven Sudanese patients presenting to a urological unit in Khartoum were divided into a group consisting of 144 patients with a history or evidence of urinary bilharziasis and a second group of 853 patients with no history or evidence of this disease. Thirty‐one per cent of the patients with bilharziasis and 32% of those without were found to have urinary calculi. In the bilharzial group there were recurrent stones in 7% compared with 12.4% in the non‐bilharzial group. In the bilharzial group the stones were renal in 63.6%, ureteric in 27.3% and vesical in 9.1%, while in the non‐bilharzial group 57% were renal, 30% ureteric and 13% vesical. Comparison of the incidence, rate of recurrence and site of stones in both groups suggests that urinary bilharziasis does not contribute to the high incidence of urolithiasis in the Sudan.
Congenital Parameatal Urethral Cyst in the Male
Authors: OKA M. , NAKASHIMA K. , SAKODA R.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Three cases of parameatal cysts in boys are reported. Two cysts were present at birth and the other was found in early infancy. Aetiology and treatment are discussed.
Orchiopexy in the Prune Belly Syndrome
Authors: WOODARD JOHN R. , PARROTT THOMAS S.
Published: November 2008

Summary— It has been suggested that abdominal tests might have better ultimate function if brought to the scrotum at a very early age.

In a study of 16 patients with the prune belly syndrome, 8 had reconstruction of the urinary tract together with an orchiopexy and 2 had an orchiopexy alone.

The results in these patients support the view that an orchiopexy in the neonate or young infant offers the best chance of obtaining viable testes in the scrotum.
The Effect of Pelvic Nerve Stimulation and Some Drugs on the Urethra and Bladder of the Dog
Authors: CREED K. E. , TULLOCH A. G. S.
Published: November 2008

Summary—Pelvic nerve stimulation caused an increase in pressure in both the urethra and bladder of anaesthetised dogs. The increases were only partially blocked by intravenous injection of atropine and were not significantly reduced by phentolamine, propranolol or methysergide. Quinidine produced some reduction in the bladder but not the urethral response. Hexamethonium reduced but did not abolish the responses to pelvic nerve stimulation. Close arterial injection of acetylcholine and 5‐hydroxytryptamine increased the bladder and urethral pressures; noradrenaline produced a biphasic increase in urethral pressure but had no effect on the bladder; ATP increased bladder pressure but the response of the urethra was variable. The results indicate that some fibres in the pelvic nerve to the urethra as well as to the bladder are atropine resistant and suggest that transmission does not involve 5‐hydroxytryptamine or noradrenaline and probably not ATP. The significance for treatment of detrusor dysfunction is discussed.
One‐stage Excision Urethroplasty for Stricture
Authors: PANAGAKIS A. , SMITH J. C. , WILLIAMS J. L.
Published: November 2008

Summary–Forty‐two patients have had a one‐stage excision urethroplasty for localised strictures in the bulbous urethra. The stricture recurred in 2 patients, one requiring a scrotal flap urethroplasty and the other a further excision and repair with a good result.

With careful selection this operation gives very good results and has been used successfully in the primary repair of complete rupture of the bulbous urethra.
The Long‐term Follow‐up of Surgically Treated Vesicoureteric Reflux
Authors: WALLACE D. M. A. , ROTHWELL D. L. , WILLIAMS D. I.
Published: November 2008

Summary— We have followed up 83% of a series of 166 patients with vesicoureteric reflux who were treated surgically more than 10 years ago. We found an incidence of hypertension of 12.8%. The need for careful follow‐up of the blood pressure of patients with reflux nephropathy is stressed.
The Pseudo‐obstructed Bladder in Enuretic Children
Authors: JOHNSTON J. H. , KOFF S. A. , GLASSBERG K. I.
Published: November 2008

Summary— In a minority of enuretic children with severe day symptoms, and especially when there is urinary infection, there are bladder diverticula and trabeculation and possibly also harmful vesicoureteric reflux which suggest the presence of an infravesical obstruction. However, in 11 children with this syndrome who underwent urodynamic studies, no anatomical or functional obstruction was demonstrable. It is contended that the obstructive signs are the result of uninhibited detrusor contractions being voluntarily resisted by contraction of the external urethral sphincter so that abnormally high intravesical pressures result.

Management involves the use of detrusor‐inhibitory drugs. Ureteric reimplantation may be needed for reflux. In the majority of cases symptoms improve with time but the bladder diverticula persist.
The Late Symptomatic and Functional Results of Enterocystoplasty
Authors: GEORGE N. J. R. , DUNN M. , DOUNIS A. , ABRAMS P. H. , SMITH P. J. B.
Published: November 2008

Summary— A symptomatic and, where possible, urodynamic assessment has been made in 19 patients undergoing enterocystoplasty over a 16‐year period. It is suggested that this operation should be considered in those cases of interstitial cystitis and irritable bladder syndrome in which all recognised medical and surgical treatment has failed.
Late Results of Skin Inlay Urethroplasty
Authors: SMITH P. J. B. , ROBERTS J. B. M. , DUNN M.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Sixty‐tow patients undergoing either one‐stage or two‐stage sking or two‐stage skin inlay urethroplasty for stricture of the urethra have been reviewed. The success rate and rate and incidence of complications are discussed. The technique of skin inlay urethroplasty requires a considerable degree of surgical expertise and a similar skill in clinical evaluation is required in the selection patients for this procedure.
Obstructive Azoospermia: Respiratory Function Tests, Electron Microscopy and the Results of Surgery
Authors: HENDRY W. F. , KNIGHT R. K. , WHITFIELD H. N. , STASNSFELD A. G. , PRYSE‐DAVIES J. , RYDER T. A. , PAVIA D. , BATEMAN J. R. M. , CLARKE S. W.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Forth‐five patients have been treated surgically for obstructive azzospermia. Fifteen underwent reversal of vasectomy and 40% of the wives became pregnant. Thirty had epiddymovasostomy, and in only 2(6.5%) did the sperm count become normal, although a few poorly motile sperms appeared in the ejaculate in a further 4 patient.

Congenital abnormalities of the vase in 7 cases and post‐inflammatory blocks in 4 cases were examples of obstructive azzospermia due to well defined causes. However, in half of the patients (15 cases) the cause obscure although it was associated with sinusitis, brinchitis or bronchietasis (Young's syndrome).

Congenital abnormalities of the vasa in 7 cases post‐inflammatory blocks in 4 cases were examples of obstructive azoospermia due to well defined causes. However, in half of the or bronchiectasis (Young's syndrome).

The results of pulmonary function tests in 30 caes, and electron microscopic studies of cilia from epididymes (10 cases) and bornchial muscosa (2 cases) indicated that the basis abnormality might be malfuntion of the microntubules which appeared to be ultrastructurally normal in most cases. One appeared to be associated with dietary deficiency, and correction of diet coincided with asuccessful result of surgery.
Scrotal Lipomatosis
Authors: SHAFlK A. , OLFAT S.
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— The anatomy of scrotal fat was studied histologically and by dissection in 28 normal cadavers and 44 idiopathic infertile subjects. Two fat patterns were described: normal and infertile. In the normal pattern, a small posterior extratunicary pad of fat was constantly encountered. lntratunicary fat occurred as small granules between the cord veins.

Thirty‐eight of the 44 idiopathic infertile subjects had scrotal lipomatosis, of which 2 types were recognised: extratunicary and intratunicary. The latter showed 2 patterns: diffuse and lobular. The diffuse pattern occurred in obese subjects and those of normal build, and the fat was firmly adherent to the cord veins. The lobular pattern occurred exclusively in the obese, and the lobules were loosely connected to the cord.

The anatomical features of the normal fat pattern in relation to maximal testicular thermoregulatory efficiency were discussed. The role of scrotal lipomatosis in infertility was clarified and the relationship of scrotal lipornatosis to obesity presented.
Lipectomy in the Treatment of Scrotal Lipomatosis
Authors: SHAFIK A. , OLFAT S.
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— Scrotal lipectomy was performed in 102 infertile patients with scrotal lipomatosis; suprapubic lipectomy was included in 22 patients who had redundant suprapubic fat.

Improvement in semen quality was obtained in 64.7% and pregnancy occurred in 19.6%. Statistically, the improvement was significant in both the sperm count and motility of the total series and only in the sperm count in the cases which produced pregnancy. The technique is described and the factors to which the results may be attributed are discussed.
Vesicoureteric Reflux Following Renal Transplantation: a Simple Method of Ureteric Implantation
Authors: MITTERDORFER A. J. , WILLIAMS GORDON , CASTRO J. E.
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— We have used a simple method of ureteroneocystostomy in renal transplant patients. This entails a no‐tunnel “drop‐in” with a long free segment protruding into the bladder lumen. The incidence of vesicoureteric reflux was investigated in 81 transplant patients who had a follow‐up period ranging from 4 months to 1 5 years (mean 3.7 years); 29 of these patients had recurrent urinary tract infections. Micturating cystography demonstrated reflux in 6 patients (7.4%). In these 6 patients the presence of reflux had no deleterious effect on renal function and the infections were easily controlled with long‐term antibiotics. In the 52 patients without urinary infection no reflux was demonstrated.

The conclusions based on this study indicate that

in the absence of recurrent infection there are no indications for micturating cystography and

this method of ureteroneocystostomy is expedient and has a low incidence of reflux.
Primary Neoplasm in Vesical Diverticula: A Report of 12 Cases
Authors: FAYSAL M. H. , FREIHA F. S.
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— Twelve patients with primary carcinoma arising in a vesical diverticulum are presented. Treatment included diverticulectorny with or without post‐operative irradiation and transurethral resection. Recurrences were detected in 6 patients and the disease‐free survival rate was 8%.
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
Authors: WICKHAM J. E. A. , KELLETT M. J.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Small mobile stones in the major renal collecting system can be extracted through a percutaneous tract. Initially the radiologist performs a conventional percutaneous needle nephrostomy and inserts a pigtail catheter into the renal pelvis. Over the next week the tract formed is serially dilated to a size large enough to pass a cystoscope into the kidney. The calculi are trapped by a stone basket and removed. The many advantages of this relatively atraumatic procedure are discussed.
The Value of lntravesical Prostaglandin E2and F2αin Women with Abnormalities of Bladder Emptying
Authors: DELAERE K. P. J. , THOMAS C. M. G. , MOONEN W. A. , DEBRUYNE F. M. J.
Published: November 2008

Summary— A clinical study of intravesical prostaglandin E2(PGE2) and F2α(PGF2α) in the treatment of 1 3 female patients with difficulties in emptying their bladder is reported. Urodynamic investigations were performed before and after instillation of the drug. Although 3 patients had some reduction in residual urine volume, the remainder showed no obvious change and no patient experienced subjective improvement. In 6 patients, biopsies of the vesical mucosa were taken before and after instillation in order to measure the uptake of prostaglandin by the mucosa, but no conclusions could be drawn from these measurements.

Although prostaglandins are known to have contractile effects on the detrusor muscle, the results of this study suggest that intravesical PGE2and PGF2α have no therapeutic value in the treatment of voiding dysfunction and residual urine.
Single‐Drug Chemotherapy with 5‐FU and Adriamycin in Metastatic Bladder Carcinoma
Authors: FOSSÅ SOPHIE D. , GUDMUNDSEN T. E.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Either 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) or Adriamycin was used as single‐drug treatment in 10 and 1 5 patients respectively with measurable metastatic bladder carcinoma. In the 5‐FU group there were one complete and 2 partial remissions. Six partial remissions were observed in patients treated with Adriamycin. The duration of the remissions was usually short. Gastrointestinal and haematological side effects were more pronounced in the Adriamycin group. The results are discussed in relation to other reports on cytostatic treatment of bladder carcinoma, with emphasis on general problems concerning chemotherapy of this disease.
Clitoroplasty in Intersex: a New Technique
Authors: MOLLARD P. , JUSKIEWENSKI S. , SARKISSIAN J.
Published: November 2008

Summary— A new technique of reduction clitoroplasty is presented. The procedure consists of a subtotal resection of the shaft of the clitoris with preservation of the dorsal neurovascular bundle of the glans. The purpose is to preserve erogenous glans clitoris and the erection of the crura.

The anatomical results in 8 patients were excellent; partial necrosis occurred in a 1 2‐year‐old patient. The functional result remains unknown since the children are still young.

This technique of clitoroplasty is, as far as we know, the most conservative procedure to date.
Limitations of the Doppler Flow Meter in the Diagnosis of the “Acute Scrotum” in Boys
Authors: BRERETON R. J.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Doppler examination of the “acute scrotum” was performed in 37 boys. The results of these examinations were consistent with the findings at operation in all but 4 boys. Of the latter, 3 were amongst the group of 11 with torsion of the spermatic cord, and the other was an infant with an irreducible inguinal hernia. At present, the results of ultrasound examination of blood flow are unreliable in the diagnosis of acute scrotal pathology in boys. This lack of reliability is particularly noticeable when symptoms have been present for more than 24 h.
Chronic Peripelvic Extravasation Treated Conservatively
Authors: Davies P. , Bates C. P. , Price Hazel M.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Three cases of chronic extravasation of urine secondary to ureteric stone are described. All were successfully treated conservatively and resolution was complete. The clinical features are more important than the urographic appearances in managing these cases and surgery may not be necessary.
A Phase 2 Study of Cis‐platinum in Patients with Recurrent Bladder Carcinoma
Authors: (Chairman) Grant B. Williams , OLIVER R. T. D. , NEWLANDS E. S. , WILTSHAW E. , MALPAS J. S. , Wiltshaw E. , Malpas J. S. , Newlands E. , Oliver R. T. D. , Alderson M. , Bloom H. J. G. , Ford H. T. , Hendry W. F. , Shearer R. J. , Trott P. A. , Sandland R. , Whitfield H. , Howard N. , Philip P. F. , Boyd J. , Snell M. , Durrant R. , Fellows G. , Smith J. C. , Riddle P. R. , Abercrombie G. F. , Cede I. , Vinnicombe J. , Turner A. G.
Published: November 2008

Summary— A series of 27 patients with measurable metastases from primary carcinoma of the bladder received cis‐platinum 50 mg/m2/3‐weekly. Twenty‐six per cent (32% if patients receiving only one injection are excluded) responded for a median of 4 months.
A Low Power Magnification Technique for Reanastomosis of the Vas
Authors: Urquhart‐Hay D.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Microsurgical reanastomosis of the vas following vasectomy should result in a pregnancy rate of 65% and the reappearance of sperms within the semen of 95% of patients, but the technique requires expensive and sophisticated equipment and considerable expertise.

Comparable results were obtained using a simple and conventional technique in which fine sutures, splintage and low power magnification (x 3.5) were used, making it an acceptable procedure for the surgeon untrained in microsurgical techniques.
Inosine in lschaemic Renal Surgery: Long‐term Follow‐UP
Authors: FITZPATRICK J. M. , WALLACE D. M. A. , WHITFIELD H. N. , WATKINSON L. E. , FERNANDO A. R. , WICKHAM J. E. A.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Inosine, a purine nucleotide, has been used in 33 patients as a method of preventing ischaemic renal damage. The long‐term results have been reviewed with a mean follow‐up of 28 months.

lnosine was administered either intra‐arterially or intravenously. Renal function was assessed by serum creatinine, creatinine clearance and divided function renography.

lnosine afforded satisfactory protection in ischaemic periods of up to 60 min, particularly if pre‐operative function was normal. It was less reliable if pre‐operative function was poor or in ischaemic periods greater than 60 min. lnosine is a helpful aid in ischaemic renal surgery.
Prostatodynia—Physiological Characteristics and Rational Management with Muscle Relaxants
Authors: OSBORN D. E. , GEORGE N. J. R. , RAO P. N. , BARNARD R. J. , READING C. , MARKLOW C. , BLACKLOCK N. J.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Patients with a clinical diagnosis of prostatodynia were evaluated by bacteriological, urodynamic and psychological means. In a prospective study 27 patients were entered on a trial of phenoxybenzamine, baclofen and placebo. A 50% symptomatic response was reported with phenoxybenzamine.
The Surgical Correction of Erectile Deformities of the Penis of 100 Men
Authors: FRANK J. D. , MOR S. B. , PRYOR J. P.
Published: November 2008

Summary— The Nesbit operation gave excellent results in 85% of 22 men with erectile deformities of the penis due to various congenital causes. The dermal graft procedure has been abandoned for the treatment of Peyronie's disease as a result of an unacceptably high incidence of post‐operative erectile problems. The Nesbit technique successfully corrected the erectile deformity in 77% of 62 men with Peyronie's disease. Those patients with Peyronie's disease and erectile impairment due to cavernous fibrosis are best treated by the insertion of a penile prosthesis.
Reversal of Vasectomy: the Effects of Sperm Antibodies on Subsequent Fertility
Authors: ROYLE M. G. , PARSLO J. M. , KINGSCOTT W. M. M. B. , WALLACE D. M. A. , HENDRY W. F.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Antisperm antibodies were measured in serum and seminal plasma in 1 30 males before and after vasectomy reversal and the occurrence of pregnancy was analysed in the partners of 77 who were followed for more than one year. Sperm‐agglutinating antibodies were found in the serum of 79% of patients; seminal plasma antibodies were present in only 9.5% before reversal and this rose to 26% afterwards. Pregnancies occurred in the partners of 53% of those men who were trying to produce children. A pregnancy was significantly less likely when the pre‐operative serum antisperm antibody titre was 51 2 or more, but no decrease in fertility was seen with titres below this. Several pregnancies were produced by patients with seminal plasma antibodies, but numbers and follow‐up are too small to permit detailed analysis. A randomized controlled trial of per‐operative steroids showed that they produced no benefit. The antis perm antibodies associated with vasectomy reversal appear to differ fundamentally from those occurring in naturally sub fertile males.
Safeguarding the Kidney after Non‐traumatic Perirenal Haemorrhage
Authors: Powell P. H. , Giddings A. E. B.
Published: November 2008

Summary—Three case reports of the unusual condition of spontaneous perirenal haemorrhage are presented and their management discussed. An early accurate diagnosis and a trial of conservative management is suggested rather than emergency surgery which usually results in nephrectomy.
Chemical Test of Phosphates in Urinary Stones by Means of the Chromographic Contact Print Method
Authors: Tozuka. K. , Konjiki T. , Sudo T.
Published: November 2008

Summary—The chromographic contact print method, making use of the ammonium phosphornolybdate‐ascorbic acid reaction, is used to detect phosphates and to view their distribution in urinary stones. This sensitive reaction may take place even if phosphates, especially apatite, are present in such small amounts as to be under the confirmation limits of microscopic observation, and X‐ray and infrared analyses.
Hyperoxaluria Following Glycine Irrigation for Transurethral Prostatectomy
Authors: Fitzpatrick J. M. , Kasidas G. P. , Rose G. Alan.
Published: November 2008

Summary —Thirty‐four patients were studied following transurethral prostatectomy with glycine irrigation during and soon after the operation. Three cases developed hyponatraemia and this was accompanied by severe hyperoxaluria with raised urinary glycolate. This could be a hazard if urinary volume were allowed to fall.
The Effect of Local Hypothermia on Blood Loss during Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
Authors: Walton J. K. , E. Rawstron R.
Published: November 2008

Summary — A prospective trial to investigate the effect of using cold irrigating solution during transurethral resection of the prostate was carried out. A control group of 44 patients was resected using irrigant at room temperature, and a trial group of 49 cases was resected using irrigant cooled to 2°C. Blood loss during surgery was measured to see whether the cold irrigating solution had any effect on this loss.

There was a small reduction in blood loss in the cold group, but this reduction was not statistically significant (0.5 > P> 0.3).
Radionuclide Studies of the Lower Urinary Tract
Authors: O'Reilly P. H. , Lawson R. S. , Shields R. A. , Testa H. J. , Edwards E. C.
Published: November 2008

Summary—The results of prospective experimental and clinical studies into the use of radionuclides in the evaluation of urinary flow rates and residual urine volume estimations are presented.

The results indicate that the radionuclide estimation of flow rates is accurate, but complex and time‐consuming compared with other available methods. The calculation of residual urine is simple and accurate where residual volumes are not extremely large.

The opportunity for such lower tract studies after renography should not be missed where clinically appropriate, and the combined upper and lower tract studies provide a useful quantitative urological profile.
Three Polypoid Colorectal Tumours Associated with Different Types of Ureterocolic Implantation
Authors: O'HIGGINS N. , DIGNEY J. , DUFF F. A. , KELLY D. G.
Published: November 2008

The development of 3 polypoid lesions, 2 of them adenocarcinomas, at the site of previous uretero‐rectal implantations in a 29‐year‐old man with eclopia vesicae is described.
Aspiration Cytology of Solid Renal Tumours
Authors: HELM C. W. , BURWOOD R. J. , HARRISON N. W. , MELCHER D. H.
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— The results of needle aspiration cytology of solid renal lesions in Brighton from 1977 have been reviewed. Thirty‐one lesions were aspirated and of the 21 malignant tumours, cytology accurately diagnosed 19 (90%) when sufficient material was sent for analysis. Of the eight avascular solid renal space‐occupying lesions aspirated, cytology gave a correct differentiation (benign versus malignant) in seven (87%).

The results compare favourably with those of other published experience. A modification is suggested to the accepted diagnostic pathway.
Are We Using the Right Irrigation System?
Authors: RAO P. N. , LISTER B. , LIVESEY J. L. , BARNARD R. J.
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— The relationships between bladder pressure and irrigant fluid flow rate were tested using two commonly used supply systems and a 27 FG Storz resectoscope. Simple and inexpensive modifications would enable transurethral prostatectorny to be carried out with reduced intravesical pressure and less risk of fluid absorption. With a continuous suction resectoscope, the modified system allows accurate balance of the inflow and outflow of the irrigant fluid.
The Composition and Origin of the Gas Produced during Urological Endoscopic Resections
Authors: DAVIS T. R. C.
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— The gas produced from an in vitromodel of transurethral resection was found to contain high concentrations of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Evidence from a further experiment suggests that this gas is formed by the pyrolysis of animal tissue.
Percutaneous Nephrostomy in Pelviureteric Junction Obstruction in Children
Authors: MAN D. W. K. , HENDRY G. M. A. , HAMDY M. H.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Percutaneous nephrostomy using ultrasound guidance with the pigtail catheter is very useful in dealing with problems associated with pelvic hydronephrosis in children. It is safe, easy to perform and free of complications. Three cases are presented with a note on the technique. The role of percutaneous nephrostomy in pelviureteric junction obstruction in children is outlined.
The Accuracy of Ultrasound in the Measurement of Changes in Bladder Volume
Authors: POSTON G. J. , JOSEPH A. E. A. , RIDDLE P. R.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Ultrasound is an established method of assessing bladder and residual urine volumes. The aim of this study was to improve the accuracy of ultrasound in measuring changes in bladder volume and to avoid bladder catheterisation.

Seventeen patients took part in the trial; their bladders were scanned before and after micturition and bladder volumes were estimated. Fifteen patients had bladder outflow obstruction. Further mathematical analysis showed that a correction factor yielded greater accuracy in measuring bladder volume (mean error 21% in this series against 28% in previous studies).

Ultrasound is a quick, non‐invasive and quantitative method of studying bladder volume, especially in the conservative management of patients with bladder outflow obstruction.