bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low-Dose Antigen Promotes Induction of FOXP3 in Human CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Long S. Alice , Rieck Mary , Tatum Megan , Bollyky Paul L. , Wu Rebecca P. , Muller Isabelle , Ho Jhon-Chun , Shilling Heather G. , Buckner Jane H.
Published: August 2011

Low Ag dose promotes induction and persistence of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in mice, yet few studies have addressed the role of Ag dose in the induction of adaptive CD4+FOXP3+ Tregs in humans. To this end, we examined the level of FOXP3 expression in human CD4+CD25− T cells upon activation with autologous APCs and varying doses of peptide. Ag-specific T cells expressing FOXP3 were identified by flow cytometry using MHC class II tetramer (Tmr). We found an inverse relationship between Ag dose and the frequency of FOXP3+ cells for both foreign Ag-specific and self Ag-specific T cells. Through studies of FOXP3 locus demethylation and helios expression, we determined that variation in the frequency of Tmr+FOXP3+ T cells was not due to expansion of natural Tregs, but instead, we found that induction, proliferation, and persistence of FOXP3+ cells was similar in high- and low-dose cultures, whereas proliferation of FOXP3− T cells was favored in high Ag dose cultures. The frequency of FOXP3+ cells positively correlated with suppressive function, indicative of adaptive Treg generation. The frequency of FOXP3+ cells was maintained with IL-2, but not upon restimulation with Ag. Together, these data suggest that low Ag dose favors the transient generation of human Ag-specific adaptive Tregs over the proliferation of Ag-specific FOXP3− effector T cells. These adaptive Tregs could function to reduce ongoing inflammatory responses and promote low-dose tolerance in humans, especially when Ag exposure and tolerance is transient.
The Role of Mannose-Binding Lectin-Associated Serine Protease-3 in Activation of the Alternative Complement Pathway
Authors: Iwaki Daisuke , Kanno Kazuko , Takahashi Minoru , Endo Yuichi , Matsushita Misao , Fujita Teizo
Published: August 2011

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)-associated serine proteases (MASPs) are responsible for activation of the lectin complement pathway. Three types of MASPs (MASP-1, MASP-2, and MASP-3) are complexed with MBL and ficolins in serum. Although MASP-1 and MASP-2 are known to contribute to complement activation, the function of MASP-3 remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of MASP-3 activation and its substrate using the recombinant mouse MASP-3 (rMASP-3) and several different types of MASP-deficient mice. A proenzyme rMASP-3 was obtained that was not autoactivated during preparation. The recombinant enzyme was activated by incubation with Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of MBL-A, but not MBL-C. In vivo studies revealed the phagocytic activities of MASP-1/3–deficient mice and all MASPs (MASP-1/2/3)–deficient mice against S. aureus and bacterial clearance in these mice were lower than those in wild-type and MASP-2–deficient mice. Sera from all MASPs-deficient mice showed significantly lower C3 deposition activity on the bacteria compared with that of wild-type serum, and addition of rMASP-3 to the deficient serum restored C3 deposition. The low C3 deposition in sera from all MASPs-deficient mice was probably caused by the low level factor B activation that was ameliorated by the addition of rMASP-3. Furthermore, rMASP-3 directly activated factors B and D in vitro. These results suggested that MASP-3 complexed with MBL is converted to an active form by incubation with bacterial targets, and that activated MASP-3 triggered the initial activation step of the alternative complement pathway.
Genome-Wide Expression Profiling and Mutagenesis Studies Reveal that Lipopolysaccharide Responsiveness Appears To Be Absolutely Dependent on TLR4 and MD-2 Expression and Is Dependent upon Intermolecular Ionic Interactions
Authors: Meng Jianmin , Gong Mei , Björkbacka Harry , Golenbock Douglas T.
Published: August 2011

Lipid A (a hexaacylated 1,4′ bisphosphate) is a potent immune stimulant for TLR4/MD-2. Upon lipid A ligation, the TLR4/MD-2 complex dimerizes and initiates signal transduction. Historically, studies also suggested the existence of TLR4/MD-2–independent LPS signaling. In this article, we define the role of TLR4 and MD-2 in LPS signaling by using genome-wide expression profiling in TLR4- and MD-2–deficient macrophages after stimulation with peptidoglycan-free LPS and synthetic Escherichia coli lipid A. Of the 1396 genes significantly induced or repressed by any one of the treatments in the wild-type macrophages, none was present in the TLR4- or MD-2–deficient macrophages, confirming that the TLR4/MD-2 complex is the only receptor for endotoxin and that both are required for responses to LPS. Using a molecular genetics approach, we investigated the mechanism of TLR4/MD-2 activation by combining the known crystal structure of TLR4/MD-2 with computer modeling. According to our murine TLR4/MD-2–activation model, the two phosphates on lipid A were predicted to interact extensively with the two positively charged patches on mouse TLR4. When either positive patch was abolished by mutagenesis into Ala, the responses to LPS and lipid A were nearly abrogated. However, the MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways were impaired to the same extent, indicating that the adjuvant activity of monophosphorylated lipid A most likely arises from its decreased potential to induce an active receptor complex and not more downstream signaling events. Hence, we concluded that ionic interactions between lipid A and TLR4 are essential for optimal LPS receptor activation.
Resveratrol, MicroRNAs, Inflammation, and Cancer
Authors: Tili Esmerina , Michaille Jean-Jacques
Published: August 2011

MicroRNAs are short noncoding RNAs that regulate the expression of many target genes posttranscriptionally and are thus implicated in a wide array of cellular and developmental processes. The expression ofmiR-155ormiR-21is upregulated during the course of the inflammatory response, but these microRNAs are also considered oncogenes due to their upregulation of expression in several types of tumors. Furthermore, it is now well established that inflammation is associated with the induction or the aggravation of nearly 25% of cancers. Therefore, the above microRNAs are thought to link inflammation and cancer. Recently, resveratrol (trans-3,4′,5-trihydroxystilbene), a natural polyphenol with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, currently at the stage of preclinical studies for human cancer prevention, has been shown to induce the expression ofmiR-663, a tumor-suppressor and anti-inflammatory microRNA, while downregulatingmiR-155andmiR-21. In this paper we will discuss how the use of resveratrol in therapeutics may benefit from the preanalyses on the status of expression ofmiR-155ormiR-21as well as ofTGFβ1. In addition, we will discuss how resveratrol activity might possibly be enhanced by simultaneously manipulating the levels of its key target microRNAs, such asmiR-663.
Antioxidant Vitamins in the Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation: What Is the Evidence?
Authors: Rasoli Sonia , Kakouros Nicholaos , Harling Leanne , Gukop Philemon , Soni Manish , Athanasiou Thanos , Kourliouros Antonios
Published: August 2011

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Current available therapies remain inadequate in symptom control and secondary prevention and are often associated with significant side effects. The mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of AF are poorly understood, although electrophysiological remodeling has been described as an important initiating step. Recently, increasing evidence implicates oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathogenesis of AF. We searched the literature for evidence to support the use of antioxidant vitamins C and E in the prevention of AF. These vitamins, through their reactive-oxygen-species- (ROS-) scavenging effect, have shown a role in AF prevention in both animal and small clinical studies. The available evidence, however, is currently insufficient to support recommendations for their use in the wider patient population. Larger-scale clinical studies are required to confirm these preliminary results. Research is also required to further the understanding of the processes involved in the pathogenesis of AF and the role of antioxidant therapies to prevent the arrhythmia.
Vascular and Valvular Calcification in Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Wang Angela Yee-Moon
Published: August 2011

Cardiovascular disease accounts over half of the total mortality in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. In addition, there is an increasing recognition of a high prevalence of vascular and valvular calcification that may contribute to the increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the PD patients. Disturbed mineral metabolism in association with chronic kidney disease has been suggested as one of the major contributing factors to the increased vascular/valvular calcification in this population. In this paper, we provide an overview of the prevalence and importance of this complication in the PD patients. In addition, we review the contributing factors and some emerging mechanisms for this complication. Furthermore, we discuss some therapeutic strategies that may be useful in limiting the progression of vascular/valvular calcification in the PD population.
5′CAG and 5′CTG Repeats Create Differential Impediment to the Progression of a Minimal Reconstituted T4 Replisome Depending on the Concentration of dNTPs
Authors: Delagoutte Emmanuelle , Baldacci Giuseppe
Published: August 2011

Instability of repetitive sequences originates from strand misalignment during repair or replicative DNA synthesis. To investigate the activity of reconstituted T4 replisomes across trinucleotide repeats (TNRs) during leading strand DNA synthesis, we developed a method to build replication miniforks containing a TNR unit of defined sequence and length. Each minifork consists of three strands, primer, leading strand template, and lagging strand template with a 5′single-stranded (ss) tail. Each strand is prepared independently, and the minifork is assembled by hybridization of the three strands. Using these miniforks and a minimal reconstituted T4 replisome, we show that during leading strand DNA synthesis, the dNTP concentration dictates which strand of the structure-forming 5′CAG/5′CTG repeat creates the strongest impediment to the minimal replication complex. We discuss this result in the light of the known fluctuation of dNTP concentration during the cell cycle and cell growth and the known concentration balance among individual dNTPs.
Assessment of the Morphological, Biochemical, and Kinetic Properties forCandida rugosaLipase Immobilized on Hydrous Niobium Oxide to Be Used in the Biodiesel Synthesis
Authors: Miranda Michele , Urioste Daniele , Andrade Souza Livia T. , Mendes Adriano A. , de Castro Heizir F.
Published: August 2011

Lipase fromCandida rugosa(CRL) was immobilized by covalent attachment on hydrous niobium oxide. The matrix could effectively be attached to the enzyme with high retention of activity and prevent its leakage. Following immobilization, CRL exhibited improved storage stability and performed better at higher incubation temperatures. In addition, the enzyme retained most of its catalytic efficiency after successive operational cycles. The immobilized derivative was also fully characterized with respect to its morphological properties: particle size, surface specific area, and pore size distribution. Structural integrity and conformational changes, such as surface cavities in the support, set by the lipase procedure, were observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Additionally, a comparative study between free and immobilized lipases was provided in terms of pH, temperature, and thermal stability. CRL derivative was evaluated for the synthesis of biodiesel employing babassu oil and short chain alcohols. The process was feasible only for oil and butanol reaction system.
Recovery of Bacillus licheniformis Alkaline Protease from Supernatant of Fermented Wastewater Sludge Using Ultrafiltration and Its Characterization
Authors: Bezawada Jyothi , Yan S. , John Rojan P. , Tyagi R. D. , Surampalli R. Y.
Published: August 2011

Investigation on recovery of alkaline protease from B. licheniformis ATCC 21424 fermented wastewater sludge was carried out by centrifugation and ultrafiltration. Optimization of ultrafiltration parameters (transmembrane pressure (TMP) and feed flux) was carried out with 10 kDa membrane. TMP of 90 kPa and feed flux of 714 L/h/m2 gave highest recovery (83%) of the enzyme from the centrifuged supernatant. The recovered enzyme had given maximum activity at temperature of 60°C and at pH 10. It was stable between pH 8 to 10 and retained 97% activity at 60°C after 180 min of incubation. Enzyme activity was significantly augmented by metal ions like Ca2+ and Mn2+. Protease inhibitors like phenylmethyl sulphonyl fluoride (PMSF) and diisopropyl fluorophosphates (DFPs) completely inhibited the enzyme activity. The partially purified protease showed excellent stability and compatibility with various commercial detergents. The detergent (Sunlight) removed the blood stains effectively along with the enzyme as additive.
Elevated Evolutionary Rates among Functionally Diverged Reproductive Genes across Deep Vertebrate Lineages
Authors: Grassa Christopher J. , Kulathinal Rob J.
Published: August 2011

Among closely related taxa, proteins involved in reproduction generally evolve more rapidly than other proteins. Here, we apply a functional and comparative genomics approach to compare functional divergence across a deep phylogenetic array of egg-laying and live-bearing vertebrate taxa. We aligned and annotated a set of 4,986 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 orthologs inAnolis carolinensis(green lizard),Danio rerio(zebrafish),Xenopus tropicalis(frog),Gallus gallus(chicken), andMus musculus(mouse) according to function using ESTs from available reproductive (including testis and ovary) and non-reproductive tissues as well as Gene Ontology. For each species lineage, genes were further classified as tissue-specific (found in a single tissue) or tissue-expressed (found in multiple tissues). Within independent vertebrate lineages, we generally find that gonadal-specific genes evolve at a faster rate than gonadal-expressed genes and significantly faster than non-reproductive genes. Among the gonadal set, testis genes are generally more diverged than ovary genes. Surprisingly, an opposite but nonsignificant pattern is found among the subset of orthologs that remained functionally conserved acrossallfive lineages. These contrasting evolutionary patterns found between functionally diverged and functionally conserved reproductive orthologs provide evidence for pervasive and potentially cryptic lineage-specific selective processes on ancestral reproductive systems in vertebrates.
Investigation of IrO2/Pt Electrocatalysts in Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cells
Authors: Baglio V. , D'Urso C. , Di Blasi A. , Ornelas R. , Arriaga L. G. , Antonucci V. , Aricò A. S.
Published: August 2011

IrO2/Pt catalysts (at different concentrations) were synthesized by incipient wetness technique and characterized by XRD, XRF, and SEM. Water electrolysis/fuel cell performances were evaluated in a 5 cm2single cell under Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell (URFC) configuration. The IrO2/Pt composition of 14/86 showed the highest performance for water electrolysis and the lowest one as fuel cell. It is derived that for fuel cell operation an excess of Pt favours the oxygen reduction process whereas IrO2promotes oxygen evolution. From the present results, it appears that the diffusion characteristics and the reaction rate in fuel cell mode are significantly lower than in the electrolyser mode. This requires the enhancement of the gas diffusion properties of the electrodes and the catalytic properties for cathode operation in fuel cells.
Development of a Non-Motor Fluctuation Assessment Instrument for Parkinson Disease
Authors: Kleiner-Fisman Galit , Martine Rebecca , Lang Anthony E. , Stern Matthew B.
Published: August 2011

Patients with Parkinson disease are increasingly recognized to suffer from non-motor symptoms in addition to motor symptoms. Many non-motor symptoms fluctuate in parallel with motor symptoms and in relationship to plasma levodopa levels. Though these symptoms are troublesome and result in reduced quality of life to patients and their caregivers, there has not been an objective method of recognizing and quantifying non-motor fluctuations (NMFs). This study sought to develop a patient-based instrument that would accurately capture the experience of patients with NMFs. Patient-based nominal group technique sessions, focus groups, and expert opinion were utilized in developing this questionnaire.
Oncoplastic Approaches to Breast Conservation
Authors: Holmes Dennis R. , Schooler Wesley , Smith Robina
Published: August 2011

When a woman is diagnosed with breast cancer many aspects of her physical, emotional, and sexual wholeness are threatened. The quickly expanding field of oncoplastic breast surgery aims to enhance the physician commitment to restore the patient's image and self-assurance. By combining a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment with oncoplastic surgery, successful results in the eyes of the patient and physician are significantly more likely to occur. As a way to aid oncoplastic teams in determining which approach is most suitable for their patient's tumor size, tumor location, body habitus, and desired cosmetic outcome we present a review of several oncoplastic surgical approaches. For resections located anywhere in the breast, theradial ellipse segmentectomy incisionandcircumareolar approach for segmental resectionare discussed. For resections in the upper or central breast,crescent mastopexy, thebatwing incision, thehemibatwing incision,donut mastopexy,B-flap resection, and thecentral quadrantectomyare reviewed. For lesions of the lower breast, thetriangle incision,inframammary incision, andreduction mastopexyare discussed. Surgeons who are interested in adding oncoplastic breast conserving therapies to their skill sets are encouraged to implement these surgical techniques where applicable and to seek out breast fellowships or enhanced training when appropriate.
Luffa aegyptiaca(Gourd) Fruit Juice as a Source of Peroxidase
Authors: Yadav R. S. S. , Yadav K. S. , Yadav H. S.
Published: August 2011

Peroxidases have turned out to be potential biocatalyst for a variety of organic reactions. The research work reported in this communication was done with the objective of finding a convenient rich source of peroxidase which could be used as a biocatalyst for organic synthetic reactions. The studies made have shown thatLuffa aegyptiaca(gourd) fruit juice contains peroxidase activity of the order of 180 enzyme unit/mL. TheKmvalues of this peroxidase for the substrates guaiacol and hydrogen peroxide were 2.0 and 0.2 mM, respectively. The pH and temperature optima were 6.5 and 60°C, respectively. Like other peroxidases, it followed double displacement type mechanism. Sodium azide inhibited the enzyme competitively withKivalue of 3.35 mM.
A Molecular Perspective on Systematics, Taxonomy and Classification Amazonian Discus Fishes of the GenusSymphysodon
Authors: Amado Manuella Villar , Farias Izeni P. , Hrbek Tomas
Published: August 2011

With the goal of contributing to the taxonomy and systematics of the Neotropical cichlid fishes of the genusSymphysodon, we analyzed 336 individuals from 24 localities throughout the entire distributional range of the genus. We analyzed variation at 13 nuclear microsatellite markers, and subjected the data to Bayesian analysis of genetic structure. The results indicate thatSymphysodonis composed of four genetic groups: group PURPLE—phenotype Heckel and abacaxi; group GREEN—phenotype green; group RED—phenotype blue and brown; and group PINK—populations of Xingú and Cametá. Although the phenotypes blue and brown are predominantly biological group RED, they also have substantial contributions from other biological groups, and the patterns of admixture of the two phenotypes are different. The two phenotypes are further characterized by distinct and divergent mtDNA haplotype groups, and show differences in mean habitat use measured as pH and conductivity. Differences in mean habitat use is also observed between most other biological groups. We therefore conclude thatSymphysodoncomprises five evolutionary significant units:Symphysodon discus(Heckel and abacaxi phenotypes),S. aequifasciatus(brown phenotype),S. tarzoo(green phenotype),Symphysodonsp. 1 (blue phenotype) andSymphysodonsp. 2 (Xingú group).
Staged Custom, Intramedullary Antibiotic Spacers for Severe Segmental Bone Loss in Infected Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Kamath Atul F. , Anakwenze Okechukwu , Lee Gwo-Chin , Nelson Charles L.
Published: August 2011

Introduction. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) infections with severe bone loss pose significant reconstructive challenges. We present our experience with two-stage hip reimplantation using an intramedullary, antibiotic-impregnated nail.Methods. Three patients with infected THA with severe proximal femoral bone loss (Mallory type IIIB or greater) were treated using a custom antibiotic spacer. Clinical outcomes and any complications were recorded. Average followup was 49 months from final reimplantation.Results. Mean age at spacer placement (stage 1) was 53 years. The mean Harris Hip Score at final followup was 80. Two patients had asymptomatic heterotopic ossification, and one patient had a 2 cm leg-length discrepancy.Conclusions. A custom intramedullary nail antibiotic spacer is a reliable option in the staged management of the infected THA with severe proximal femoral bone loss. Benefits of this technique include limb salvage with maintenance of leg length, soft tissue tension, and functional status.
Neurobiology of Vascular Dementia
Authors: Enciu Ana-Maria , Constantinescu Stefan N. , Popescu Laurenţiu M. , Mureşanu Dafin F. , Popescu Bogdan O.
Published: August 2011

Vascular dementia is, in its current conceptual form, a distinct type of dementia with a spectrum of specific clinical and pathophysiological features. However, in a very large majority of cases, these alterations occur in an already aged brain, characterized by a milieu of cellular and molecular events common for different neurodegenerative diseases. The cell signaling defects and molecular dyshomeostasis might lead to neuronal malfunction prior to the death of neurons and the alteration of neuronal networks. In the present paper, we explore some of the molecular mechanisms underlying brain malfunction triggered by cerebrovascular disease and risk factors. We suggest that, in the age of genetic investigation and molecular diagnosis, the concept of vascular dementia needs a new approach.
Metastatic Deposits of Breast Lobular Carcinoma to Small Bowel and Rectum
Authors: Eljabu W. , Finch G. , Nottingham J. , Vaingankar N.
Published: August 2011

Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy in women accounting for approximately 32% of all cancers, with a lifetime risk of 1 in 10. It causes considerable morbidity and mortality. Recently, the survival rate has dramatically increased due to early detection of the disease and improvement in the treatment measures. However, more than 30% of the patients develop metastatic diseases following surgical treatment, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy, or chemotherapy. Distant spread is usually found in bones, lungs, liver, brain and skin. Rarely, it spreads to bowel, spleen, gallbladder, pancreas, urinary bladder, and eyes. Breast cancer is the second commonest primary tumour responsible for gastrointestinal metastases after malignant melanoma. We report a case of a Caucasian female who developed an intestinal obstruction secondary to metastatic deposits to the small bowel and later to the rectum from breast lobular carcinoma 2 years after mastectomy, axillary clearance, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy, and transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap for reconstruction.
Petroleum-Degrading Enzymes: Bioremediation and New Prospects
Authors: Peixoto R. S. , Vermelho A. B. , Rosado A. S.
Published: August 2011

Anthropogenic forces, such as petroleum spills and the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, have caused an accumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment. The accumulation of petroleum and its derivatives now constitutes an important environmental problem. Biocatalysis introduces new ways to improve the development of bioremediation strategies. The recent application of molecular tools to biocatalysis may improve bioprospecting research, enzyme yield recovery, and enzyme specificity, thus increasing cost-benefit ratios. Enzymatic remediation is a valuable alternative as it can be easier to work with than whole organisms, especially in extreme environments. Furthermore, the use of free enzymes avoids the release of exotic or genetically modified organisms (GMO) in the environment.
Hemiparesis Caused by Cervical Spontaneous Spinal Epidural Hematoma: A Report of 3 Cases
Authors: Nakanishi Kinya , Nakano Naoki , Uchiyama Takuya , Kato Amami
Published: August 2011

We report three cases of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) with hemiparesis. The first patient was a 73-year-old woman who presented with left hemiparesis, neck pain, and left shoulder pain. A cervical MRI scan revealed a left posterolateral epidural hematoma at the C3–C6 level. The condition of the patient improved after laminectomy and evacuation of the epidural hematoma. The second patient was a 62-year-old man who presented with right hemiparesis and neck pain. A cervical MRI scan revealed a right posterolateral dominant epidural hematoma at the C6-T1 level. The condition of the patient improved after laminectomy and evacuation of the epidural hematoma. The third patient was a 60-year-old woman who presented with left hemiparesis and neck pain. A cervical MRI scan revealed a left posterolateral epidural hematoma at the C2–C4 level. The condition of the patient improved with conservative treatment. The classical clinical presentation of SSEH is acute onset of severe irradiating back pain followed by progression to paralysis, whereas SSEH with hemiparesis is less common. Our cases suggest that acute cervical spinal epidural hematoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients presenting with clinical symptoms of sudden neck pain and radicular pain with progression to hemiparesis.
Pleuroperitoneal Leak Complicating Peritoneal Dialysis: A Case Series
Authors: Kennedy C. , McCarthy C. , Alken S. , McWilliams J. , Morgan R. k. , Denton M. , Conlon P. J. , Magee C.
Published: August 2011

Pressure related complications such as abdominal wall hernias occur with relative frequency in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Less frequently, a transudative pleural effusion containing dialysate can develop. This phenomenon appears to be due to increased intra-abdominal pressure in the setting of congenital or acquired diaphragmatic defects. We report three cases of pleuroperitoneal leak that occurred within a nine-month period at our institution. We review the literature on this topic, and discuss management options. The pleural effusion resolved in one patient following drainage of the peritoneum and a switch to haemodialysis. One patient required emergency thoracocentesis. The third patient developed a complex effusion requiring surgical intervention. The three cases highlight the variability of this condition in terms of timing, symptoms and management. The diagnosis of a pleuroperitoneal leak is an important one as it is managed very differently to most transudative pleural effusions seen in this patient population. Surgical repair may be necessary in those patients who wish to resume peritoneal dialysis, or in those patients with complex effusions. Pleuroperitoneal leak should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a pleural effusion, particularly a right-sided effusion, in a patient on peritoneal dialysis.
Protein Kinase C and Toll-Like Receptor Signaling
Authors: Loegering Daniel J. , Lennartz Michelle R.
Published: August 2011

Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of kinases that are implicated in a plethora of diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disease. PKC isoforms can have different, and sometimes opposing, effects in these disease states. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that bind pathogens and stimulate the secretion of cytokines. It has long been known that PKC inhibitors reduce LPS-stimulated cytokine secretion by macrophages, linking PKC activation to TLR signaling. Recent studies have shown that PKC-α, -δ, -ε, and -ζare directly involved in multiple steps in TLR pathways. They associate with the TLR or proximal components of the receptor complex. These isoforms are also involved in the downstream activation of MAPK, RhoA, TAK1, andNF-κB. Thus, PKC activation is intimately involved in TLR signaling and the innate immune response.
Specific and Nonhomologous Isofunctional Enzymes of the Genetic Information Processing Pathways as Potential Therapeutical Targets for Tritryps
Authors: Gomes Monete Rajão , Guimarães Ana Carolina Ramos , de Miranda Antonio Basílio
Published: August 2011

Leishmania major, Trypanosoma brucei, andTrypanosoma cruzi(Tritryps) are unicellular protozoa that cause leishmaniasis, sleeping sickness and Chagas' disease, respectively. Most drugs against them were discovered through the screening of large numbers of compounds against whole parasites. Nonhomologous isofunctional enzymes (NISEs) may present good opportunities for the identification of new putative drug targets because, though sharing the same enzymatic activity, they possess different three-dimensional structures thus allowing the development of molecules against one or other isoform. From public data of the Tritryps' genomes, we reconstructed the Genetic Information Processing Pathways (GIPPs). We then used AnEnPi to look for the presence of these enzymes betweenHomo sapiensand Tritryps, as well as specific enzymes of the parasites. We identified three candidates (ECs 3.1.11.2 and 6.1.1.-) in these pathways that may be further studied as new therapeutic targets for drug development against these parasites.
Rate of Improvement following Volar Plate Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Distal Radius Fractures
Authors: Dillingham Chris , Horodyski MaryBeth , Struk Aimee M. , Wright Thomas
Published: August 2011

Purpose. To determine recovery timeline of unstable distal radius fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation with a locking volar plate.Methods. Data was collected prospectively on a consecutive series of twenty-seven patients during routine post-operative visits at 2 and 6 weeks, and 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. Range of motion measures and grip strength for both wrists were recorded.Results. Greatest gains were made within the first 3 months after surgery. Supination and pronation returned more quickly than flexion or extension, with supination and pronation both at 92% of the uninjured wrist at 3 months. Only flexion improved significantly between 3 and 6 months. All wrist motions showed some improvement until 1 year. Grip strength returned to 94% of the uninjured wrist by 12 months.Conclusions. Range of motion improvement will be greatest between 2 weeks and 3 months, with improvement continuing until 12 months. Grip strength should return to near normal by one year. Function and pain will improve, but not return to normal by the end of 12 months.Clinical Relevance. These results provide the surgeon with information that can be shared with patients on the anticipated timeline for normal recovery of function and strength.
The Interpretation of Phrases Used to Describe Uncertainty in Pathology Reports
Authors: Galloway Malcolm , Taiyeb Taj
Published: August 2011

Histopathological reports frequently contain phrases describing the degree of uncertainty of the diagnosis. We examined the interpretations of such terms by cellular pathologists, other doctors, and medical students. 203 respondents estimated the degree of certainty they would associate with the following phrases in a cellular pathology report: the features are indicative of; raise the possibility of; are compatible with; are probably those of; are diagnostic of; are in keeping with; and are suggestive of. For all phrases assessed other than “diagnostic of”, all groups showed a wide spread in the interpreted probability. For example, the probability associated with the term “in keeping with” by individual consultant pathologists ranged from 25 to 100%. This study demonstrates that pathologists vary widely in how they interpret the meaning of phrases describing probability that are commonly used in pathology reports. We suggest that this potential risk is highlighted during pathology training.
A Comparison of Cooling Techniques to Treat Cardiac Arrest Patients with Hypothermia
Authors: Finley Caulfield Anna , Rachabattula Shylaja , Eyngorn Irina , Hamilton Scott A. , Kalimuthu Rajalakshmi , Hsia Amie W. , Lansberg Maarten G. , Venkatasubramanian Chitra , Baumann J. J. , Buckwalter Marion S. , Kumar Monisha A. , Castle James S. , Wijman Christine A. C.
Published: August 2011

Introduction. We sought to compare the performance of endovascular cooling to conventional surface cooling after cardiac arrest.Methods. Patients in coma following cardiopulmonary resuscitation were cooled with an endovascular cooling catheter or with ice bags and cold-water-circulating cooling blankets to a target temperature of 32.0–34.0∘C for 24 hours. Performance of cooling techniques was compared by (1) number of hourly recordings in target temperature range, (2) time elapsed from the written order to initiate cooling and target temperature, and (3) adverse events during the first week.Results. Median time in target temperature range was 19 hours (interquartile range (IQR), 16–20) in the endovascular groupversus. 10 hours (IQR, 7–15) in the surface group (P=.001). Median time to target temperature was 4 (IQR, 2.8–6.2) and 4.5 (IQR, 3–6.5) hours, respectively (P=.67). Adverse events were similar.Conclusion. Endovascular cooling maintains target temperatures better than conventional surface cooling.
Hypertension, Periodontal Disease, and Potassium Intake in Nonsmoking, Nondrinker African Women on No Medication
Authors: Yamori Masashi , Njelekela Marina , Mtabaji Jacob , Yamori Yukio , Bessho Kazuhisa
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association of periodontitis and/or tooth loss with hypertension by excluding the common confounders. Eighty-one Tanzanian women who were aged 46–58 years, nonsmokers, nonalcoholic drinkers, and on no medication underwent clinical examination. Multiple-regression analysis showed that the severity of periodontitis was significantly correlated with increased systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Simple-regression analysis indicated that the severity of periodontitis was inversely correlated with 24-hour urinary excretion of potassium (r=-0.579,P=0.0004) and also inversely with the frequency of intakes of green vegetables (r=-0.232,P=0.031) and fruits (r=-0.217,P=0.0043). Low-potassium intake in the diet mostly accompanied by low dietary fiber intake increases BP as well as periodontal inflammation. Potassium intake may be an important factor linking periodontitis and hypertension in middle-aged nonsmoking and nonalcoholic women on no medication, although chronic inflammation such as periodontitis may cause hypertension through a more direct mechanism.
Molecular Beacons: Powerful Tools for Imaging RNA in Living Cells
Authors: Monroy-Contreras Ricardo , Vaca Luis
Published: August 2011

Recent advances in RNA functional studies highlights the pivotal role of these molecules in cell physiology. Diverse methods have been implemented to measure the expression levels of various RNA species, using either purified RNA or fixed cells. Despite the fact that fixed cells offer the possibility to observe the spatial distribution of RNA, assays with capability to real-time monitoring RNA transport into living cells are needed to further understand the role of RNA dynamics in cellular functions. Molecular beacons (MBs) are stem-loop hairpin-structured oligonucleotides equipped with a fluorescence quencher at one end and a fluorescent dye (also called reporter or fluorophore) at the opposite end. This structure permits that MB in the absence of their target complementary sequence do not fluoresce. Upon binding to targets, MBs emit fluorescence, due to the spatial separation of the quencher and the reporter. Molecular beacons are promising probes for the development of RNA imaging techniques; nevertheless much work remains to be done in order to obtain a robust technology for imaging various RNA molecules together in real time and in living cells. The present work concentrates on the different requirements needed to use successfully MB for cellular studies, summarizing recent advances in this area.
The Dynamic Structure of the Estrogen Receptor
Authors: Kumar Raj , Zakharov Mikhail N. , Khan Shagufta H. , Miki Rika , Jang Hyeran , Toraldo Gianluca , Singh Rajan , Bhasin Shalender , Jasuja Ravi
Published: August 2011

The estrogen receptor (ER) mediates most of the biological effects of estrogens at the level of gene regulation by interacting through its site-specific DNA and with other coregulatory proteins. In recent years, new information regarding the dynamic structural nature of ER has emerged. The physiological effects of estrogen are manifested through ER's two isoforms, ERαand ERβ. These two isoforms (ERαand ERβ) display distinct regions of sequence homology. The three-dimensional structures of the DNA-binding domain (DBD) and ligand-binding domain (LBD) have been solved, whereas no three-dimensional natively folded structure for the ER N-terminal domain (NTD) is available to date. However, insights about the structural and functional correlations regarding the ER NTD have recently emerged. In this paper, we discuss the knowledge about the structural characteristics of the ER in general and how the structural features of the two isoforms differ, and its subsequent role in gene regulation.
Radiolytic Reduction Characteristics of Artificial Oligodeoxynucleotides Possessing 2-Oxoalkyl Group or Disulfide Bonds
Authors: Tanabe Kazuhito , Ito Takeo , Nishimoto Sei-ichi
Published: August 2011

A number of advances have been made in the development of modified oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), and chemical or physical properties of which are controlled by external stimuli. These intelligent ODNs are promising for the next generation of gene diagnostics and therapy. This paper focuses on the molecular design of artificial ODNs that are activated by X-irradiation and their applications to regulation of hybridization properties, conformation change, radiation-activated DNAzyme, and decoy molecules.
Transient Response and Steady-State Analysis of the Anode of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells Based on Dual-Site Kinetics
Authors: Xing Lei , Scott Keith , Sun Yan-Ping
Published: August 2011

An intrinsic time-dependent one-dimensional (1D) model and a macro two-dimensional (2D) model for the anode of the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) are presented. The two models are based on the dual-site mechanism, which includes the coverage of intermediate species of methanol, OH, and CO (θM,θOH,Ru, andθCO,Pt) on the surface of Pt and Ru. The intrinsic 1D model focused on the analysis of the effects of operating temperature, methanol concentration, and overpotential on the transient response. The macro 2D model emphasises the dimensionless distributions of methanol concentration, overpotential and current density in the catalyst layer which were affected by physical parameters such as thickness, specific area, and operating conditions such as temperature, bulk methanol concentration, and overpotential. The models were developed and solved in the PDEs module of COMSOL Multiphysics, giving good agreement with experimental data. The dimensionless distributions of methanol concentration, overpotential, and current density and the efficiency factor were calculated quantitatively. The models can be used to give accurate simulations for the polarisations of methanol fuel cell.
Knowledge and Practice of PHC Physicians toward the Detection and Management of Hypertension and Other CVD Risk Factors in Egypt
Authors: Abolfotouh Mostafa A. , Soliman Laila A. , Abolfotouh Sameh M. , Raafat Mohamed
Published: August 2011

Aim. To assess the knowledge and practice of PHC physicians toward the detection and management of hypertension (HTN) and other CVD risk factors.Methods. A cross-sectional study of all primary health care physicians of the FHU of three rural districts of Egypt was conducted. Each physician was subjected to a prevalidated interview questionnaire on the WHO-CVD risk management package for low and medium resources, and a checklist of observation of daily practices.Results. Hypertension was a priority problem in about two-thirds (62.9%) of physicians, yet only 19% have guidelines for HTN patients. Clinical history recording system for HNT was available for 50% of physicians. Levels of knowledge varied with regard to definition of HTN (61.3%, fair), procedures for BP measurement (43.5%, poor), indications for referral (43.5%, poor), patient counseling (61.3%, fair), patient treatment (59.8%, fair). Availability of clinical history recording system for HNT was a significant predictor for physician's level of knowledge (P=0.001). Overall level of practice was fair (68.5%).Conclusion. PHC physicians have unsatisfactory knowledge and practice on hypertension. There is a need of more continuing medical education. Local and international manuals, workshops, and seminars on how to make use of these guidelines would improve doctors' performance.
Anesthesiologists work-related exhaustion
Authors: Riad Waleed , Mansour Afaf , Moussa Ashraf
Published: August 2011

Background:

Anesthesia is a demanding occupation due to long working hours, sustained vigilance, unpredictability of stressful situation, fear of litigation, competence, and production pressure. Work-related exhaustion can lead to several physical and psychological symptoms and delay decision making. The aim of this study was to evaluate how different work conditions affect personnel exhaustion by studying a sample of anesthesiologists comparing them with ophthalmologists and ancillary hospital staff

Methods:

One hundred fifty persons divided into three equal groups (50 each) were invited to participate in this study. Subjects were asked to answer two self report questionnaires: The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) which used to assess work related exhaustion and mental health, respectively.

Results:

Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory scale (MFI 20) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ 12) were significantly higher in anesthesiologists than in other groups (P = 0.001). Different aspects of work-related exhaustion showed that general, physical and mental fatigue were significantly higher in anesthesiologists (P = 0.002 and 0.001, respectively). Reduced activity and reduced motivation were also higher in anesthesiologists compare to the other groups (P = 0.005 and 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion:

Work-related exhaustion under the current study is more obvious among anesthesiologists. Ophthalmologist and ancillary hospital employees felt that they had less stress at their work.
Anesthetic considerations of central airway obstruction
Authors: El-Dawlatly Abdelazeem , Alnassar Sami , Abodonya Ahmed , Almutlaq Nada , Hajjar Waseem
Published: August 2011

Central airway obstruction (CAO) is a serious presentation of lung cancer and associated chest diseases. It presents a real challenge to the anesthesiologist because usually the patient admitted to the hospital as an emergency case with high grade dyspnea scheduled to undergo rigid bronchoscopy for diagnostic and possible therapeutic interventions. In this case report, we described the anesthetic management of a patient who was admitted to our hospital with CAO.
Lower Order Terms of the Discrete Minimal Riesz Energy on Smooth Closed Curves
Authors: Borodachov S. V.
Published: August 2011

We consider the problem of minimizing the energy of N points repelling each other on curves in ℝ ∞d with the potential |x — y|—s, s ≥ 1, where |・| is the Euclidean norm. For a sufficiently smooth, simple, closed, regular curve, we find the next order term in the asymptotics of the minimal s-energy. On our way, we also prove that at least for s ≥ 2, the minimal pairwise distance in optimal configurations asymptotically equals L/N, N → 1, where L is the length of the curve.
On Super Weakly Compact Convex Sets and Representation of the Dual of the Normed Semigroup They Generate
Authors: Cheng Lixin , Luo Zhenghua , Zhou Yu
Published: August 2011

In this note, we first give a characterization of super weakly compact convex sets of a Banach space X: a closed bounded convex set K ⊂ X is super weakly compact if and only if there exists a w* lower semicontinuous seminorm p with p ≥ σK ≌ supxєK 〈.,x〉 such that p2 is uniformly Fréchet differentiable on each bounded set of X*. Then we present a representation theoremfor the dual of the semigroup swcc(X) consisting of all the nonempty super weakly compact convex sets of the space X.
Aerosol particle number size distributions and particulate light absorption at the ZOTTO tall tower (Siberia), 2006–2009
Authors: Heintzenberg J. , Birmili W. , Otto R. , Andreae M. O. , Mayer J.-C. , Chi X. , Panov A.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. This paper analyses aerosol particle number size distributions, particulate absorption at 570 nm wavelength and carbon monoxide (CO) measured between September 2006 and January 2010 at heights of 50 and 300 m at the Zotino Tall Tower Facility (ZOTTO) in Siberia (60.8° N; 89.35° E). Average number, surface and volume concentrations are broadly comparable to former studies covering shorter observation periods. Fits of multiple lognormal distributions yielded three maxima in probability distribution of geometric mean diameters in the Aitken and accumulation size range and a possible secondary maximum in the nucleation size range below 25 nm. The seasonal cycle of particulate absorption shows maximum concentrations in high winter (December) and minimum concentrations in mid-summer (July). The 90th percentile, however, indicates a secondary maximum in July/August that is likely related to forest fires. The strongly combustion derived CO shows a single winter maximum and a late summer minimum, albeit with a considerably smaller seasonal swing than the particle data due to its longer atmospheric lifetime. Total volume and even more so total number show a more complex seasonal variation with maxima in winter, spring, and summer. A cluster analysis of back trajectories and vertical profiles of the pseudo-potential temperature yielded ten clusters with three levels of particle number concentration: Low concentrations in Arctic air masses (400–500 cm−3), mid-level concentrations for zonally advected air masses from westerly directions between 55° and 65° N (600–800 cm−3), and high concentrations for air masses advected from the belt of industrial and population centers in Siberia and Kazakhstan (1200 cm−3). The observational data is representative for large parts of the troposphere over Siberia and might be particularly useful for the validation of global aerosol transport models.