bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bemessung der Lastdurchleitung hochfester Stahlbetonstützen durch normalfeste Flachdecken nach EN 1992‐1‐1
Authors: Cyllok Michael
Published: October 2011

In Deckenknoten können Kräfte aus hochfesten Stützen durch normalfeste Flachdecken hindurchgeleitet werden, wenn die Knoten hierfür bemessen und ausgelegt werden. Zurzeit liegen jedoch weder in den in Deutschland eingeführten technischen Baubestimmungen noch in den mit Einschränkung von der Bauaufsicht ebenfalls akzeptierten Eurocoderegelungen direkte Bemessungsansätze für solche Deckenknoten vor. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird daher ein Bemessungsmodell für hochbelastete Deckenknoten vorgestellt, welches Regelungen zu Stabwerken, Teilflächenbelastung und mehraxialen Druckspannungszuständen nach DIN EN 1992‐1‐1 kombiniert. Dieses Bemessungsmodell wird an ausgewählten Laborversuchen validiert und soll es ggf. nach weiteren Validierungen ermöglichen, hochbelastete Deckenknoten sicher und bauordnungskonform ohne Zulassungen oder Zustimmung im Einzelfall zu bemessen.

Transmission of forces of high strength concrete columns through normal strength flat slabs – design according to EN 1992‐1‐1

A specially designed slab column joint can transmit forces of high strength columns trough normal strength flat slabs. Presently none of the in Germany officially acknowledged codes for structural engineering (including the Eurocodes) provide with direct design rules for those slab column joints. Hence, this article presents a design method for highly loaded slab column joints which combines rules for strut and tie models, partially loaded areas and confined concrete according to DIN EN 1992‐1‐1. This design method is validated with selected tests and could enable the engineer to design highly loaded slab column joints on the basis of officially acknowledged codes.
Innovative Verbundmittel in Ultrahochleistungsbeton
Authors: Wiese Susanne , Schnell Jürgen , Kurz Wolfgang
Published: October 2011

Die Entwicklung von Ultrahochleistungsbeton eröffnet zahlreiche neue Anwendungs‐ und Konstruktionsmöglichkeiten. Insbesondere im Verbundbau lassen sich die Werkstoffe Stahl und UHPC gemäß ihren materialspezifischen Vorteilen optimal kombinieren. Die Erforschung von UHPC wird in dem von der DFG initiierten Schwerpunktprogramm SPP 1182 vorangetrieben. Im Zuge dieses Programms werden in einem Projekt an der TU Kaiserslautern filigrane Verbundträger mit dünnen UHPC‐Gurten und einem neu entwickelten Verbundmittel untersucht. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die erzielten Ergebnisse vorgestellt. Zunächst werden das Verbundmittel “Stahlschare” vorgestellt und die experimentellen und numerischen Untersuchungen zur Analyse der Beanspruchungen aus dem Herstellprozess gezeigt. Versuche zur Längsschubtragfähigkeit in Form von Push‐out‐Versuchen gaben Aufschluss über das Trag‐ und Verformungsverhalten und führten zu einem Bemessungsansatz für das Versagenskriterium Stahlversagen. Daneben wurde ein FE‐Modell entwickelt, um weitergehende Erkenntnisse zu den Lastabtragungsmechanismen zu gewinnen.

Innovative shear connectors in ultra high performance concrete

The development of ultra high performance concrete offers various fields of applications. Especially in composite structures the materials steel and concrete can be ideally combined corresponding to their specific material properties. Research on UHPC is forwarded by the research programme SPP 1182 initiated by the DFG. In a project of this programme filigree composite girders with thin UHPC‐slabs and a novel shear connector are investigated at the University of Kaiserslautern (TU). The following article presents the achieved results. At first the shear connectors “steel shares” are introduced and the experimental and numerical investigations on the strains resulting from the fabrication process are shown. Tests on the longitudinal load bearing capacity gave information about load bearing and deformation capacity and led to a design approach for the criterion of steel failure. Additionally a FE‐model was built up in order to get further insights in the load transfer mechanisms.
Lyoluminescence, thermoluminescence and mechanoluminescence studies in γ‐ray irradiated Dy3+ activated potassium chloride phosphor for accidental radiation dosimetry
Authors: Bhujbal P. M. , Dhoble S. J.
Published: October 2011

The lyoluminescence (LL), thermoluminescence (TL) and mechanoluminescence (ML) of γ‐ray‐irradiated coloured powder of KCl:Dy (0.05–0.5 mol%) phosphors are reported in this paper. To understand the mechanism of LL and ML, the LL and ML spectra are compared with TL studies. The variation of intensity of respective luminescence with different γ‐ray doses and with different concentrations of Dy3+ ion doped in KCl is found to be similar in nature. The intensities differ from each other, but their nature is found to be similar with γ‐ray exposures. The ML glow peak intensity is linear up to high 1 kGy exposure as compared to LL (up to 0.5 kGy) and TL (up to 0.75 kGy) techniques. Therefore, according to our results, the recommendation is that KCl:Dy (0.1 mol%) phosphor prepared by wet chemical technique is useful for high‐dose measurements using the ML technique for accidental radiation dosimetry. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement in a patient with an anomalous origin of the right coronary artery
Authors: Weich Hellmuth , Ackermann Christelle , Viljoen Hofmeyr , van Wyk Jacques , Mabin Thomas , Doubell Anton F.
Published: October 2011

We describe the first case of implantation of a transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in a patient with an anomalous origin of the right coronary artery, coursing in between the aorta and pulmonary truncus to the right. After assessment of the risk of compression of the anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left coronary sinus (ARCA), the procedure was performed without complication. A brief discussion of the pathophysiology of ARCA is provided and the implications for TAVI as well as our recommendations are offered.© 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intensive statin therapy for Chinese patients with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (ISCAP study)
Authors: Liu Peng , Jiang Jie , Li Jianping , Hong Tao , Zhang Yan , Yu Ronghui , Jia Jia , Huo Yong
Published: October 2011

Background: Myocardial necrosis is related to higher incidence of cardiovascular events and higher mortality rates during follow‐up. Statins have been demonstrated to lower the risk of periprocedural myocardial infarction. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intensive statin therapy and the long‐term outcome of patients in the Asian population. Study design: Approximately 1,100 patients with stable angina or non‐ST elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing selective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are enrolled in this study. Patients are randomized either to the experimental group (80 mg atorvastatin 80 mg/day × 2 days before and 40 mg/day × 30 days after PCI) or to the control group (usual care). Creatine kinase‐MB (CK‐MB), troponin I (cTnI), and serum creatine are measured at 24 hours after the procedure. The total follow‐up period is 6 months. The primary objective is to evaluate the efficacy of intensive atorvastatin treatment compared with usual care in reducing 30‐day primary cardiovascular endpoints in patients undergoing selective PCI. Secondary endpoints are changes in myocardial biomarkers (cTnI, CK‐MB) and hs‐CRP, CIN morbidity, 6‐month clinical outcomes, and safety. Conclusion: The result of the ISCAP study will provide important evidence on the efficacy and safety of periprocedural serial intensive statin treatment in Asian patients with coronary artery disease undergoing selective PCI. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Performance of valve‐in‐valve for severe para‐prosthetic leaks due to inadequate transcatheter aortic valve implantation
Authors: Napodano Massimo , Gasparetto Valeria , Tarantini Giuseppe , Fraccaro Chiara , Yzeiraj Ermela , Gerosa Gino , Isabella Giambattista , Iliceto Sabino
Published: October 2011

Objectives: This study reports on mid‐term safety and performance of valve‐in‐valve implantation as rescue strategy to overcome acute PPL after TAVI. Background. Moderate to severe para‐prosthetic leaks (PPL) after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) have been described with both self‐expandable and balloon‐expandable device.Methods: We analyzed data regarding patients who underwent valve‐in‐valve implantation, enrolled in the ongoing single‐center prospective registry of TAVI, the Padova University REVALVing experience Registry. All procedures were performed by a totally percutaneous approach, using the self‐expanding Medtronic CoreValve (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN). Results: Out of 87 patients who underwent TAVI, six received valve‐in‐valve implantation because of persisting severe PPL, due to prosthesis malposition. In all patients, the second device was successfully deployed, with a significant reduction in aortic regurgitation: PPL was no longer appreciable in two of six patients, and it decreased from severe to mild or trivial in four patients. Four patients developed atrio‐ventricular block requiring pace‐maker implantation. At follow‐up (6–24 months) two patients died, whereas no prosthesis‐related death occurred. Transprosthesis pressure gradient, effective orifice area, and aortic regurgitation did not change at serial echocardiograms throughout the follow‐up. Conclusions: Valve‐in‐valve implantation using self‐expandable bioprosthesis seems safe and highly effective to overcome severe PPL due to prosthesis malposition early after TAVI. Moreover, the implantation of two valves does not affect the performance of prosthesis at follow‐up. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthetische Biologie
Authors: Weitze Marc‐Denis
Published: October 2011

In Fortführung von Verfahren der Gentechnik und Molekularbiologie verfolgt die Synthetische Biologie einen ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Ansatz, indem sie auf verschiedenen Ebenen (Gene, Stoffwechselwege, Zellen) in biologische Prozesse eingreift oder diese ganz neu konstruiert. Man verspricht sich kostengünstigere biotechnologische Verfahren mit besonders reinen Produkten. Das noch junge Feld wirft aber auch ethische, rechtliche und gesellschaftliche Fragen auf.
Die Brüder Otto und Robert Margulies
Authors: Offermanns Heribert , Becker Frank , Wipfler Helmut
Published: October 2011

Ammoniak und Wasserstoffperoxid, bedeutende Industriechemikalien mit einer Weltproduktion von rund 125 bzw. 3, 5 Mio. Tonnen, sind für die Produktion von Düngemitteln bzw. für Oxidationen unerlässlich. Gleichwohl sucht man in diesem Zusammenhang den Namen Margulies in Lexika, Enzyklopädien, Hand‐ und Sachbüchern vergeblich. Denn es ist weitgehend unbekannt, dass die Brüder Dr. Otto und Dr. Robert Margulies, Söhne des bedeutenden österreichischen Chemieunternehmers Benedikt Margulies, als Visionäre die Bedeutung der Katalyse und der Elektrochemie als Basistechnologien voraussahen. Als Pioniere der Industriellen Chemie haben sie die Fixierung des Stickstoffs aus der Luft angeregt und die erste technische Synthese von Wasserstoffperoxid realisiert.
Neue Anschrift: (H2O)1@C60
Authors: Jaenicke Lothar
Published: October 2011

Das Wasser, H2O, das wir um uns herum kennen, sei es im festen, flüssigen oder gasförmigen Aggregatzustand, ist immer “polymeres” (H2O)n mit n von mindestens 4 (Tetraeder in heißem Dampf) bis “sehr, sehr groß” (Eis), zusammengehalten durch Wasserstoffbindungen zwischen der Lewisbase O: und den Lewissäuren H+, die sich in alle drei Raumdimensionen erstrecken und mit der Zeitdimension dynamisch in allen Richtungen oszillieren können. Es ist also turbulentes Geschehen in einem Tropfen Wasser, das ihn als Lösemittel und Stabilisator für Stoffe sowie als chemischen und physikalischen Reaktionspartner so vielfältig macht, wie die Bibliotheken, die bereits darüber geschrieben wurden.
Regulation des alternativen Spleißens
Authors: Hille‐Rehfeld Annette
Published: October 2011

Durch alternatives Spleißen der primären Transkripte (Prä‐messengerRNA) kann die Vielfalt der Proteine eines Organismus erhöht werden. Als Regulator beim Erkennen und Verwenden alternativer Spleißstellen rückte jetzt das Ubiquitin‐ähnliche Protein Hub1 ins Rampenlicht.
Arsen
Authors: Schwedt Georg
Published: October 2011

Das seit fast 200 Jahren bestehende Mineralogische Museum der Universität Bonn, das 1874 eine bedeutende Sammlung vom Gründer des heutigen Rheinischen Mineralien‐Kontors A. Krantz erhielt, zeigt unter anderem systematisch geordnet Minerale zu ausgewählten chemischen Elementen. Sie werden in dieser Serie zum Internationalen Jahr der Chemie 2011 näher vorgestellt.
Disillusionment from Failure as a Source of Successful Learning
Authors: Cusin Julien
Published: October 2011

In this article I review the literature on organizational learning from failed product launches. I challenge the view that failure is an inevitable part of the “probe and learn” process as well as the view that companies do not learn anything from such failures. I conclude there is no direct link between learning and commercial failures, and highlight many obstacles that hamper the learning process. Finally, even when learning does occur, it will not always result in improved organizational performance. Copyright © 2011 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Les désillusions de l'échec comme source d'apprentissage performant
Authors: Cusin Julien
Published: October 2011

In this article I review the literature on organizational learning from failed product launches. I challenge the view that failure is an inevitable part of the “probe and learn” process as well as the view that companies do not learn anything from such failures. I conclude there is no direct link between learning and commercial failures, and highlight many obstacles that hamper the learning process. Finally, even when learning does occur, it will not always result in improved organizational performance. Copyright © 2011 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear displacement of ventral stress fibers under externally applied lateral force by an atomic force microscope
Authors: Hakari Tomoro , Sekiguchi Hiroshi , Osada Toshiya , Kishimoto Kikuo , Afrin Rehana , Ikai Atsushi
Published: October 2011

Actin‐based stress fibers (SFs) have fundamental importance in the maintenance of mechanical stability of living cells. Several in vitro measurements of their elastic properties have therefore been made, but direct mechanical manipulation of individual SFs in vivo for the determination of their mechanical properties has not been attempted. No less important is a search for the possible formation of a global mechanical network involving SFs and other intracellular filamentous components. In this article, we present an application of atomic force microscopy to probe into a live cell and laterally push selected SFs in a fibroblast cells (VNOf 06 fibroblast‐like cells derived from rat vomeronasal tissue) transfected with a green fluorescent protein‐β‐actin gene. The transfected cells were transferred to a serum‐depleted medium before the atomic force microscope manipulation. The lateral displacement of the SFs under a point loading condition recorded on a fluorescence microscope revealed both linear and nonlinear displacements against the contour distance from the point of force loading. The nonlinear displacements of the SFs were attributed to their association with a cortical actomyosin–cell membrane complex that effectively pulled them back as a 2D thin plate. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Model reduction techniques for fast blood flow simulation in parametrized geometries
Authors: Manzoni Andrea , Quarteroni Alfio , Rozza Gianluigi
Published: October 2011

In this paper, we propose a new model reduction technique aimed at real‐time blood flow simulations on a given family of geometrical shapes of arterial vessels. Our approach is based on the combination of a low‐dimensional shape parametrization of the computational domain and the reduced basis method to solve the associated parametrized flow equations. We propose a preliminary analysis carried on a set of arterial vessel geometries, described by means of a radial basis functions parametrization. In order to account for patient‐specific arterial configurations, we reconstruct the latter by solving a suitable parameter identification problem. Real‐time simulation of blood flows are thus performed on each reconstructed parametrized geometry, by means of the reduced basis method. We focus on a family of parametrized carotid artery bifurcations, by modelling blood flows using Navier–Stokes equations and measuring distributed outputs such as viscous energy dissipation or vorticity. The latter are indexes that might be correlated with the assessment of pathological risks. The approach advocated here can be applied to a broad variety of (different) flow problems related with geometry/shape variation, for instance related with shape sensitivity analysis, parametric exploration and shape design. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of HPTLC method for the estimation of ondansetron hydrochloride in bulk drug and sublingual tablets
Authors: Mujtaba Ali , Kohli Kanchan , Ali J. , Baboota Sanjula
Published: October 2011

A new, simple, rapid, accurate and precise high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method has been developed for the estimation of ondansetron hydrochloride in bulk and sublingual tablets. The mobile phase composition was chloroform : ethyl acetate : methanol : ammonia (9:5:4:0.1 v/v). Spectrodensitometric analysis of ondansetron was carried out at 254 nm and a symmetrical, well‐resolved, well‐defined peak was obtained at mean retardation factor (Rf) 0.52 ± 0.02. The calibration plot was linear in the range 200‐1200 ng/spot and showed good linear relationship with coefficient of regression, R2 = 0.9952 with respect to peak area. The method was validated according to the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH Q2(R1). The limit of detection and quantitation were 14.83 and 44.92 ng per spot, respectively. The recovery study was carried out by standard addition method and the percentage recovery was found to be 99.34 ± 1.08. Therefore it was concluded that the proposed developed HPTLC method can be applied for identification and quantitative determination of ondansetron in bulk drug and dosage forms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of partial‐filling capillary electrophoresis using lectins and glycosidases for the characterization of oligosaccharides in a therapeutic antibody
Authors: Yagi Yuki , Yamamoto Sachio , Kakehi Kazuaki , Hayakawa Takao , Ohyama Yukihito , Suzuki Shigeo
Published: October 2011

Oligosaccharides in therapeutic recombinant antibodies play important roles in regulation of various biological functions. To monitor the glycosylation profiles of antibody pharmaceuticals in the manufacturing process, a highly sensitive and specific method is required. We extended partial‐filling techniques using lectins and exoglycosidases in capillary electrophoresis for the characterization of 8‐aminopylene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonic acid labeled N‐linked oligosaccharides derived from the therapeutic antibody rituximab. In the lectin‐filling method, Galβ1–4GlcNAc‐specific Erythrina cristagali agglutinin, α1,6‐linked Fuc‐specific Aleuria aurantia lectin and Neu5Acα2–3Gal‐specific Maackia amurensis lectin were used. The oligosaccharides migrated through the lectin plug during separation; the changes in separation profiles were observed according to the interaction with the lectins. The glycosidase‐filling method allowed rapid digestion as suggested by the electropherograms. Partial‐filling CE methods can avoid tedious hands‐on procedures such as overnight incubation and optimization reaction condition with lectins and exoglycosidases. Combination of these partial‐filling capillary electrophoresis methods makes the characterization of oligosaccharide profiles of therapeutic antibodies easier and faster.
Further development of the rat Pig‐a mutation assay: Measuring rat Pig‐a mutant bone marrow erythroids and a high throughput assay for mutant peripheral blood reticulocytes
Authors: Kimoto Takafumi , Chikura Satsuki , Suzuki Kumiko , Kobayashi Xiao mei , Itano Yasuhiro , Horibata Katsuyoshi , Honma Masamitsu , Dobrovolsky Vasily N. , Heflich Robert H. , Miura Daishiro , Kasahara Yoshinori
Published: October 2011

Recent studies indicate that the Pig‐a assay is a promising tool for evaluating in vivo mutagenicity. We have developed novel rat Pig‐a assays that facilitate measuring mutant frequencies in two early arising populations of blood cells, bone marrow erythroids (BMEs) and peripheral blood (PB) reticulocytes (RETs). In these assays, bone marrow cells of erythroid origin and PB red blood cells (RBCs) were identified using an antibody against rat erythroid‐specific marker HIS49. In addition, RETs were selectivity enriched from PB using magnetic separation of cells positive for CD71, a transferrin receptor expressed on the surface of BMEs and RETs, but not on the surface of mature RBCs. With magnetic enrichment, more than 1 × 106 CD71‐positive RETs could be evaluated by flow cytometry for Pig‐a mutant frequency within 5 to 8 min. CD59‐deficient RET and BME frequencies of more than 100 × 10−6 and 80 × 10−6 were detected 1 week after treating rats with 40 mg/kg N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea; by comparison, the frequency of CD59‐deficient total RBCs in these rats was 13.2 × 10−6. The frequency of spontaneous Pig‐a mutant RETs and BMEs was less than 5 × 10−6 and 15 × 10−6, respectively. Since ∼98% of nucleated cells in the BME fraction were erythroblasts, it should be possible to use BMEs to determine the spectrum of CD59‐deficient Pig‐a mutations in cells of erythroid lineage. Conducting concurrent Pig‐a assays on RETs and BMEs may be useful for evaluating the in vivo mutagenicity of chemicals, especially when prolonged mutant manifestation is not feasible or when the confirmation of mutation induction is necessary. © Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2011. Published 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Manifestation and persistence of Pig‐a mutant red blood cells in C57BL/6 mice following single and split doses of N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea
Authors: Bhalli Javed A. , Pearce Mason G. , Dobrovolsky Vasily N. , Heflich Robert H.
Published: October 2011

Treating rats with single doses of N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea (ENU) results in a time‐dependent accumulation of Pig‐a‐mutant phenotype peripheral red blood cells (RBCs), reaching a plateau at about 6‐weeks posttreatment, with the response persisting for at least 26 weeks. In the present study, groups of 5 C57BL/6 male mice were administered single i.p. doses of up to 140 mg/kg ENU, and blood samples were collected up to 26 weeks posttreatment. The samples were analyzed by flow cytometry for the frequency of CD24‐deficient (presumed Pig‐a mutant) reticulocytes (RETs) and total RBCs; micronucleated RET frequencies were evaluated at 1 day posttreatment. Mean Pig‐a mutant frequencies and micronucleated RET frequencies increased in a dose‐responsive manner, with maximum Pig‐a frequencies in RETs and RBCs observed at Week 2 and Week 4 posttreatment, respectively. Mutant frequencies in RETs and RBCs generally decreased slowly with time after reaching their maxima. In a second experiment, groups of five male C57BL/6 mice were given single i.p. injections of 8, 32, or 160 mg/kg ENU, or four weekly doses of 8 or 40 mg/kg ENU (split doses totaling 32 and 160 mg/kg, respectively). In each case the maximum RET and RBC mutant frequencies produced by the split doses were similar to but not as great as the mutant frequencies produced by the equivalent single doses. The data indicate that ENU‐induced Pig‐a mutant RBC frequencies accumulate in mice as they do in rats; however, mice and rats differ in the manifestation kinetics and the persistence of the responses. © Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2011. Published 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Report on stage III Pig‐a mutation assays using N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea – comparison with other in vivo genotoxicity endpoints
Authors: Cammerer Zoryana , Bhalli Javed A. , Cao Xuefei , Coffing Stephanie L. , Dickinson Donna , Dobo Krista L. , Dobrovolsky Vasily N. , Engel Maria , Fiedler Ronald D. , Gunther William C. , Heflich Robert H. , Pearce Mason G. , Shaddock Joseph G. , Shutsky Thomas , Thiffeault Catherine J. , Schuler Maik
Published: October 2011

N‐Ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea (ENU) was evaluated as part of the Stage III trial for the rat Pig‐a gene mutation assay. Groups of six‐ to eight‐week‐old male Sprague Dawley (SD) or Fischer 344 (F344) rats were given 28 daily doses of the phosphate buffered saline vehicle, or 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg ENU, and evaluated for a variety of genotoxicity endpoints in peripheral blood, spleen, liver, and colon. Blood was sampled predose (Day‐1) and at various time points up to Day 57. Pig‐a mutant frequencies were determined in total red blood cells (RBCs) and reticulocytes (RETs) as RBCCD59− and RETCD59− frequencies. Consistent with the results from a reference laboratory, RBCCD59− and RETCD59− frequencies increased in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner, producing significant increases at all doses by Day 15, with similar frequencies seen in both rat strains. ENU also induced small but significant increases in % micronucleated RETs on Days 4 and 29. No significant increases in micronuclei were seen in the liver or colon of the ENU‐treated SD rats. Hprt and Pig‐a lymphocyte mutation assays conducted on splenocytes from Day 56 F344 rats detected two‐ to fourfold stronger responses for Hprt than Pig‐a mutations. Results from the in vivo Comet assay in SD rats at Day 29 showed generally weak increases in DNA damage in all tissues evaluated. The results with ENU indicate that the Pig‐a RET and RBC assays are reproducible, transferable, and complement other genotoxicity endpoints that could potentially be integrated into 28‐day repeat‐dose rat studies. © Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2011. Published 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lower levels of oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in lymphocytes from patients undergoing surgery with propofol anesthesia
Authors: Braz Mariana G. , Braz Leandro G. , Mazoti Marina A. , Pinotti Matheus F. , Pardini Maria Inês M. C. , Braz José R. C. , Salvadori Daisy M. F.
Published: October 2011

Propofol, which is widely used as an intravenous anesthetic, has a phenolic structure similar to that of α‐tocopherol with antioxidant properties that could prevent genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in lymphocytes of anesthetized patients. The aims of this study were to evaluate oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in lymphocytes and the expression of DNA repair genes in blood cells from patients undergoing elective surgery under anesthesia with propofol. Twenty healthy adults of both genders (18–50 years old) who were scheduled for otorhinological surgery were enrolled in this study. Blood samples were collected before anesthesia induction (T1‐baseline), 120 min after anesthesia induction (T2), and on the first postoperative day (T3). Oxidative DNA damage in peripheral lymphocytes was assessed using the comet assay. Lymphocytes were phenotyped as T helper or cytotoxic T cells, and apoptosis was evaluated using flow cytometry. The expression of DNA repair genes (hOGG1 and XRCC1) was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A reduction in the level of oxidized purines in DNA (P < 0.01) was observed 120 min after anesthesia induction, and reduced apoptosis of T helper cells was observed 120 min after anesthesia induction and on the first postoperative day. Down‐regulation of hOGG1 and XRCC1 gene expression was observed on the first postoperative day. In conclusion, patients undergoing non‐invasive surgery under propofol anesthesia presented lower levels of oxidized purines and apoptosis of T helper lymphocytes. Furthermore, anesthesia with propofol did not directly influence the expression of the DNA repair genes hOGG1 and XRCC1 in blood cells. © Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2012. Published 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
International Pig‐a gene mutation assay trial (Stage III): Results with N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosourea
Authors: Lynch Anthony M. , Giddings Amanda , Custer Laura , Gleason Carol , Henwood Andrew , Aylott Mike , Kenny Julia
Published: October 2011

N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosourea (MNU) was evaluated in the in vivo Pig‐a mutation assay as part of an International Collaborative Trial to investigate laboratory reproducibility, 28‐day study integration, and comparative analysis with micronucleus (MN), comet, and clinical pathology endpoints. Male Sprague Dawley rats were treated for 28 days with doses of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg MNU/kg/day in two independent laboratories, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS). Additional studies investigated the low‐dose region (<2.5 mg/kg/day). Reticulocytes were evaluated for Pig‐a phenotypic mutation, CD59‐negative reticulocytes/erythrocytes (RETsCD59−/ RBCsCD59−) on Days 1, 4, 15, 29, 43, and 57, and for micronucleated reticulocytes (MN‐RETs) on Days 4 and 29. Comet analysis was conducted for liver and whole blood, and hematology and clinical chemistry was investigated. Dose‐dependent increases in the frequency of RETsCD59− and RBCsCD59− were observed by Day 15 or 29, respectively. Dose‐dependent increases were observed in %MN‐RET on Days 4 and 29, and in mean %tail intensity in liver and in blood. Hematology/clinical chemistry data demonstrated bone marrow toxicity. Data comparison between GSK and BMS indicated a high degree of concordance with the Pig‐a mutation assay results, consistent with previous observations with MNU and N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea. These data confirm that complementary genotoxicity endpoints can be effectively incorporated into routine toxicology studies, a strategy that can provide information on gene mutation, chromosome damage, and DNA strand breaks in a single repeat dose rodent study. Collectively, this would reduce animal usage while providing valuable genetic toxicity information within the context of other toxicological endpoints. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of Uncoated Stainless Steel as Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Bipolar Plates Material
Authors: Caqué N. , Paris M. , Chatenet M. , Rossinot E. , Bousquet R. , Claude E.
Published: October 2011

Thanks to their high conductivity, important gas tightness, good corrosion resistance, and low‐cost manufacturing pathways, stainless steels are considered as good candidates for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) bipolar plates materials. In this study, a proprietary alloy was identified as very promising: its initial electrical contact resistance (ECR) with the gas diffusion layer was low, while its corrosion resistance in simulated PEMFC environment was sufficient. Furthermore, the ECR did not increase dramatically during long‐term potentiostatic and potentiodynamic polarizations in simulated PEMFC cathode and anode environments. Finally, the stainless steel was successfully tested for 3,000 h in a commercial system using a 16‐cell stack, without detrimental cell voltage losses.
The Reißeck II pumped storage power station in Carinthia / Das Pumpspeicherkraftwerk (PSKW) Reißeck II in Kärnten
Authors: Freitag Manfred , Larcher Markus , Hager Andreas
Published: October 2011

The Reißeck II pumped storage power station being constructed for the Verbund Hydro Power AG is a current extension project in the south of Austria. With an extended capacity of 430 MW in generation and pumping modes, the efficiency of the entire pumped storage scheme will be increased by up to 40%. One advantage is that many parts of the existing system (reservoirs, headrace tunnel, infrastructure) can be used and do not have to be newly constructed. Both, mechanical and conventional tunnelling, methods are being used to overcome the height difference of just 600 m. The power station will be entirely housed underground and should enter full service in September 2014 at a cost of 385 mio Euro. The main works has been under construction since June 2010 by a joint venture of Hinteregger, Östu‐Stettin, Porr and Swietelsky.

Das derzeit im Bau befindliche Pumspeicherkraftwerk Reißeck II der Verbund Hydro Power AG stellt ein aktuelles Erweiterungsprojekt im Süden Österreichs dar. Mit einer Ausbauleistung von 430 MW im Turbinen‐ und Pumpbetrieb wird eine Effizienzsteigerung des gesamten Kraftwerksstandorts von bis zu 40% erreicht. Vorteilhaft ist, dass zum Teil wesentliche Anlagenteile bestehender Anlagen (Speicher, Triebwasserweg, Infrastruktur) mitbenutzt und nicht mehr errichtet werden müssen. Zur Überwindung der knapp 600 m Höhendifferenz kommen sowohl maschinelle als auch konventionelle Vortriebsverfahren zum Einsatz. Die vollständig unterirdisch errichtete Kraftwerksanlage mit einem Gesamtinvestitionsvolumen von 385 Mio. Euro soll im September 2014 den Vollbetrieb aufnehmen. Die Hauptbauarbeiten werden seit Juni 2010 von der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Hinteregger, Östu‐Stettin, Porr, Swietelsky ausgeführt.
Kaiser Wilhelm Tunnel – mechanical tunnelling at the limits of experience / Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Tunnel – Maschinenvortrieb im Grenzbereich der Erfahrungen
Authors: Tauch Bodo , Handke Dieter , Reith Marco
Published: October 2011

The subject of this article based on the Kaiser Wilhelm Tunnel is the derivation of a list of criteria for overcoming critical situations during tunnelling at the borderline of open mode to closed mode operation. The consistent application of this list of criteria demonstrates, that with knowledge of the sensitive interaction of machine and surrounding ground, the scope of application of current machine technologies can even be extended into geologically difficult areas. Formerly, this led to considerable problems, at times even economic failure of the project. The advantages the use of the catalogue of criteria has, si shown in the example of a shield machine with earth pressure components.

Gegenstand des Beitrags zum Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Tunnel ist die Herleitung eines Kriterienkatalogs zur Beherrschung kritischer Vortriebssituationen im Grenzbereich der Betriebsart offener Modus zum geschlossenen Modus. Die konsequente Anwendung des Kriterienkatalogs demonstriert am Beispiel einer Schildmaschine mit Erddruckkomponenten, dass mit Kenntnis des als sensibel einzustufenden Interaktionsverhaltens Maschine‐Baugrund der Anwendungsbereich heutiger Maschinentechnologien auch in geotechnisch schwierige Bereiche verschoben werden kann, die noch in der Vergangenheit zu erheblichen Problemen bis hin zu einem wirtschaftlichen Scheitern des Projekts führten.
City Tunnel in Waidhofen an der Ybbs – difficulties facing near‐surface tunnelling in creeping soil / Citytunnel Waidhofen an der Ybbs – Schwierigkeiten einer oberflächennahen Tunnelherstellung im Kriechhangbereich
Authors: Brunner Markus , Enengl Ernst
Published: October 2011

The construction of the City Tunnel in Waidhofen an der Ybbs required not only the solution of problems specific to an inner‐city infrastructure project but also flexible adaptation to the difficult geological conditions.

This article intends to use the example to describe the construction of a structure in a creeping slope, to explain the considerable technical challenges and describe the chosen solution.

Der Bau des City Tunnels Waidhofen an der Ybbs erforderte neben den spezifischen Problemlösungen eines innerstädtischen Infrastrukturgroßprojekts vor allem eine flexible Anpassung an die schwierigen geologischen Randbedingungen.

Dieser Artikel versucht anhand eines Beispiels, die Errichtung des Bauwerks im Kriechhangbereich, die großen technischen Herausforderungen zu verdeutlichen und den gewählten Lösungsweg zu vermitteln.
Crossrail – design and construction / Crossrail – Entwurf, Bemessung und Ausführung
Authors: Dulake Chris
Published: October 2011

Crossrail is a new railway currently being constructed in London and is the largest construction project in Europe. Linking existing surface railways to the east and west of the capital via 21 km of new twin bore tunnels it will run 118 km from end to end. This paper briefly summarises the benefits of the scheme and its sustainability strategy and goes on to describe the design of the sprayed concrete and bored tunnels, management and mitigation of ground movements. It finishes by outlining the contractual framework for the procurement of the main construction contracts.

Crossrail ist das gegenwärtig größte europäische Bauvorhaben und beinhaltet eine neue Eisenbahnverbindung, die derzeit in London gebaut wird. Dabei werden die bestehenden Eisenbahnstrecken im Osten und Westen der Hauptstadt verbunden; die Gesamtstrecke ist 118 km lang, 21 km davon verlaufen in doppelröhrigen Tunneln. Der Beitrag erläutert den Nutzen und die Strategie des Projektes, insbesondere den Aspekt der Nachhaltigkeit, und befasst sich dann mit der Planung der Spritzbetonbauweise und der maschinellen Vortriebe sowie mit dem Management und der Minimierung von Erdbewegungen Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Beschreibung der vertraglichen Rahmenbedingungen für die Vergabe der Hauptbaulose.
Selection of tunnelling methods at the Gotthard Base Tunnel / Wahl der Vortriebsmethoden am Gotthard‐Basistunnel
Authors: Ehrbar Heinz , Sala Alex , Wick Raphael
Published: October 2011

For the construction of the longest rail tunnel in the world, the selection of the optimal method of tunnelling was of considerable importance. Not only the ground properties were decisive for the decision but also other constraints, like for example the environmental requirements or the access to intermediate starting points. In two of the five sections, the employer had essential grounds for the specification of tunnelling method, but in three of the five sections, there were no essential grounds in the view of the employer. The selection of tunnelling method was therefore decided by economic criteria as the result of competition between the international bidders in the tendering phase. In the end, TBMs were used in all three sections.

Für den Bau des derzeit längsten Eisenbahntunnels der Welt war die Auswahl der optimalen Vortriebsmethode für den Projekterfolg von entscheidender Bedeutung. Nicht nur die Baugrundeigenschaften waren maßgebend für die Wahl, sondern viele andere Randbedingungen auch, z.B. die Anforderungen aus dem Umweltschutz oder aber die Zugänglichkeit zu Zwischenangriffen. Bei zwei von fünf Abschnitten hatte der Bauherr zwingende Gründe, die Vortriebsmethode vorzugeben. Bei drei von fünf Abschnitten fehlten aus Bauherrensicht zwingende Vorgaben. Die Wahl der Vortriebsmethode erfolgte deshalb aufgrund wirtschaftlicher Kriterien als Resultat des Wettbewerbes unter den internationalen Anbietern in der Angebotsphase. In allen drei Abschnitten kam schließlich der TBM‐Vortrieb zum Einsatz.
State of the art in evaluation and interpretation of displacement monitoring data in tunnels / Stand der Auswertung und Interpretation von Verschiebungsmessdaten bei Tunneln
Authors: Schubert Wulf , Moritz Bernd
Published: October 2011

In many countries observations of the system behaviour are executed during tunnel construction. However, the enormous potential of modern monitoring and evaluation methods is frequently not utilised. This paper presents different and nowadays common evaluation methods and their benefit is highlighted. Case studies are used for illustration.

Beobachtungen des Systemverhaltens während des Tunnelbaus werden in vielen Ländern durchgeführt. Häufig wird jedoch das enorme Potenzial moderner Mess‐ und Auswertemethoden nicht ausgeschöpft. In diesem Beitrag werden verschiedene derzeit übliche Auswertemethoden dargestellt und deren Nutzen hervorgehoben. Fallbeispiele dienen zur Illustration.
Implementation of the observational method in mechanised tunnelling – contracts H3‐4 and H8 in the Lower Inn Valley / Umsetzung der Beobachtungsmethode beim TVM‐Vortrieb – Projektlose H3‐4 und H8 im Unterinntal
Authors: Maidl Ulrich , Köhler Manfred , Schretter Klaus
Published: October 2011

Between 2007 and 2009 the railway tunnels at Radfeld/Wiesing and Jenbach in the Lower Inn Valley were driven with two Herrenknecht TVM‐V4 machines (face with slurry support, D = 13 m). The tunnelling work was monitored according to the principles of the observational method as part of the independent data control. This article describes the experience from the project (contracts H3‐4 and H8) and make suggestions how the abstract requirements of the observational method can be implemented efficiently and economically. The results lead to the conclusion that mechanical tunnel drives in loose ground are predestined for the successful application of the observational method.

Die Eisenbahntunnel bei Radfeld/Wiesing und Jenbach im Unterinntal wurden zwischen 2007 und 2009 mit zwei Herrenknecht TVM‐V4 (Ortsbrust mit Flüssigkeitsstützung, D = 13 m) aufgefahren. Die Vortriebsarbeiten wurden im Rahmen der unabhängigen Datenkontrolle nach den Prinzipien der Beobachtungsmethode überwacht. Der Beitrag beschreibt die Erfahrungen bei der Projektabwicklung (Lose H3‐4 und H8) und gibt Hinweise, wie die abstrakten Anforderungen an die Beobachtungsmethode effizient und wirtschaftlich umgesetzt werden können. Als Ergebnis wird festgestellt, dass der TVM‐Vortrieb im Lockergestein prädestiniert für eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung der Beobachtungsmethode ist.
Evaluation and interpretation of monitoring data in the test adit EKT Paierdorf / Auswertung und Interpretation der Messdaten aus dem Versuchsstollen EKT Paierdorf
Authors: Pilgerstorfer Thomas , Radonc̆ić Nedim , Moritz Bernd , Goricki Andreas
Published: October 2011

When dealing with tunnels in difficult ground conditions the knowledge of rock mass parameters is of utmost importance to ensure an economical and safe tunnel design. In order to meet this goal a proper geomechanical characterization is imperative. The Koralmtunnel in Austria, for which exploratory tunnels were constructed between 2004 and 2010 in Carinthia, will pass a roughly 450 m long section of the so called Lavanttal fault zone. In order to gain detailed information about the properties and the mechanical behaviour of the surrounding rock mass in the fault zone an extensive in‐situ test program was conducted in a test adit. This paper describes the design and the execution of the in‐situ tests and measurements. The evaluation and results are discussed in detail. The in‐situ testing yields reliable and valuable information for geomechanical design of underground structures. It is pointed out that sometimes it can not be replaced by mere laboratory testing and numerical tools, no matter how advanced they may be.

Die Kenntnis der Gebirgsparameter ist vor allem bei Tunnelbauten in schwachem Gebirge von enormer Wichtigkeit, um eine wirtschaftliche und vor allem sichere Tunnelplanung zu gewährleisten. Eine gründliche geomechanische Charakterisierung ist deshalb unumgänglich. Der Koralmtunnel in Österreich, für den von 2004 bis 2010 Erkundungstunnel auf Kärntner Seite errichtet wurden, wird auf ca. 450 m die Lavanttaler Hauptstörungszone durchörtern. Um detaillierte Information über die Eigenschaften und das mechanische Verhalten des umgebenden Gebirges in der Störungszone zu erhalten, wurde im Rahmen eines ergänzenden Erkundungsprogramms ein umfangreiches Versuchsprogramm in einem Instrumentierungsstollen durchgeführt. Der Beitrag beschreibt die Planung und Durchführung der Versuche und Messungen. Die Auswertemethoden und die wichtigsten Ergebnisse werden detailliert dargestellt. Es wird gezeigt, dass In‐situ‐Versuche zuverlässige und wertvolle Informationen für die geotechnische Planung von Untertagebauwerken liefern. In vielen Fällen können oder dürfen In‐situ‐Versuche nicht durch reine Laborversuche oder numerische Berechnungen ersetzt werden.
Selection of tunnelling methods for the New Semmering Base Tunnel / Auswahl der Vortriebsmethode beim Semmering‐Basistunnel neu
Authors: Ekici Zafer , Rüegg Christoph , Wilfinger Nicole , Wagner Oliver K. , Weigl Johannes
Published: October 2011

The approved alignment of the “New Semmering Base Tunnel” was divided into sections according to the three aspects risk, geotechnics and construction operations, in which either only sequential tunnelling or both methods, sequential or continuous mechanised, could be used.

Auf Grundlage der drei Aspekte Risiko, Geotechnik und Baubetrieb wurde die Einreichtrasse des “Semmering‐Basistunnel neu” in Bereiche unterteilt, in denen entweder ausschließlich ein zyklischer Vortrieb oder beide Baumethoden, zyklisch und kontinuierlich, zum Einsatz kommen können.
Risk analysis for the selection of a suitable method of tunnelling for the Pummersdorf Tunnel / Risikoanalyse zur Wahl der geeigneten Vortriebsmethode für den Tunnel Pummersdorf
Authors: Bach Dietmar , Hödl Reinhold , Lemmerer Johann , Vigl Alois
Published: October 2011

The Pummersdorf Tunnel is part of the works to close the gap between St. Pölten and Loosdorf and is planned as a single‐bore, two‐track tunnel about 3.5 km long. Before the start of the design work leading to handing the project in for approval, a risk analysis was carried out regarding suitable tunnelling methods, with four variants being compared. As a result of this risk analysis, taking the current market conditions into account, a decision was made to submit two methods of tunnelling to free market competition:

· Variant A: Sequential advance with two lining layers (with relief of water pressure),

· Variant B: Continuous advance with an EPB shield with single‐layer segment lining (resistant to water pressure).

This article describes the project as affected by the geotechnical, hydrogeological and environmental constraints as well as the specific sensitive aspects on this project. It describes the decision‐making process, which led to the selection of the two tendered variants, and briefly describes the tendered variants.

Der Tunnel Pummersdorf ist Bestandteil des Lückenschlusses St. Pölten‐Loosdorf und ist als einröhriger, zweigleisiger Tunnel mit rund 3,5 km Länge geplant. Vor Beginn der Ausschreibungsplanung wurde eine Risikoanalyse betreffend geeigneter Vortriebsmethoden durchgeführt, wobei vier Varianten miteinander verglichen wurden. Als Ergebnis der Risikoanalyse wurde unter Berücksichtigung von derzeitigen Marktverhältnissen die Entscheidung getroffen, zwei Vortriebsmethoden dem freien Wettbewerb zu stellen:

· Variante A: Zyklischer Vortrieb mit zweischaligem Ausbau (druckwasserentlastend),

· Variante B: Kontinuierlicher Vortrieb mit EPB‐Schild mit einschaligem Tübbingausbau (druckwasserhaltend).

Im vorliegenden Bericht wird das Projekt im Rahmen der geotechnischen, hydrogeologischen und umfeldrelevanten Randbedingungen sowie der spezifisch sensiblen Aspekte des Projekts vorgestellt. Es wird auf die Entscheidungsfindung eingegangen, die zur Auswahl der beiden ausgeschriebenen Varianten geführt hat, und die ausgeschriebenen Varianten werden in ihren Grundzügen vorgestellt.
Characteristics and potential of the NATM, ADECO‐RS and mechanised methods of tunnelling / Charakteristika und Potenziale der Tunnelbaumethoden NÖT, ADECO‐RS und TVM
Authors: Flora Matthias , Purrer Walter , Bergmeister Konrad
Published: October 2011

In order to drive an underground tunnel, current technology offers plenty of methods. Only generally applicable statements can be made about the selection of a suitable method, as this depends on project‐specific conditions. In this article, three current methods of tunnelling are compared and their characteristics and potential are described in order to produce a system for the selection of the best option.

Um einen bergmännischen Tunnel aufzufahren, existieren dem Stand der Technik entsprechend mehrere Methoden. Für die Auswahl der geeigneten Tunnelbaumethode kann keine allgemeingültige Aussage getroffen werden, da diese von den projektspezifischen Gegebenheiten abhängt. In diesem Beitrag werden drei gängige Tunnelbaumethoden gegenübergestellt und die Charakteristika und Potenziale aufgezeigt, um in weiterer Folge eine Auswahlsystematik zu erstellen.