bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF OVIPOSITION SITES ON EGG PRODUCTION AND LONGEVITY OF TROGODERMA PARABILE (COLEOPTERA: DERMESTIDAE)
Authors: Loschiavo S. R.
Published: December 2009

Pairs of adults of Trogoderma parabile Beal were held in glass vials and provided with one of seven types of oviposition sites. Among the types of oviposition sites tested, the highest mean egg production was recorded on cotton balls and the lowest in empty glass vials. Egg production was not increased by adding food to vials that contained cotton balls. A suitable oviposition site, which provided crevices for insertion of the ovipositor, was more important than food in stimulating egg production. Non-ovipositing females lived longer than productive females on the various oviposition media. Adults fed, but did not require food to lay eggs. Mated females laid practically the same number of eggs during the oviposition period whether or not males were present.
AN ENVIRONMENTAL CABINET WITH VARIABLE AIR VELOCITY FOR INSECT STUDIES
Authors: Scott K. R.
Published: December 2009

A controlled environment cabinet for the study of insects or plant–insect interactions which has a novel air velocity control mechanism is described. The useful working space is 0.56 × 0.84 × 1.83 m long and the temperature in this area can be selected from 18° to 35°C at air velocities ranging from 1.5 to 18.0 km/hr. Fluorescent lamps provide a light intensity of 32,300 lm/m2, 0.32 m below the lamps.

Temperatures were controlled within ±0.67°C and the air velocity was uniform within 20% throughout the working area.
A NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF ADELGES STROBILOBIUS (HOMOPTERA: ADELGIDAE) IN CONES OF EASTERN LARCH
Authors: Kettela E. G. , Brown N. R.
Published: December 2009

Studies on insect pests in cones of eastern larch, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, have revealed adelgids living inside many of the cones. Mr. G. R. Underwood of the Forest Research Laboratory, Fredericton, has identified them as Adelges strobilobius (Kalt). This is a new feeding site record, for normally this insect feeds on larch needles.
STUDIES ON THE SITKA SPRUCE WEEVIL, PISSODES SITCHENSIS, IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Silver G. T.
Published: December 2009

The life history of the Sitka spruce weevil, Pissodes sitchensis Hopk., is described. Adults overwinter in duff at the base of trees and emerge in April or early May. Oviposition begins in late April on leaders. The larvae hatch and mine downward, eventually girdling and killing the leader. Larvae pupate in chip cocoons under the bark. Newly developed adults start emerging in August and, prior to hibernation, feed on leaders of young trees. Adults have been observed in the field as late as December.

Predators caused heavy mortality but the weevil population maintained itself and increased in some years. Parasitism was light. Natural control factors reduced the population level but were incapable of controlling a population. Satisfactory control was obtained by applying DDT and phosphamidon to leaders with a hand-sprayer early in the spring, but repeated applications would be necessary to protect a plantation through the critical years.

Damage to Sitka spruce regeneration and plantations in British Columbia is severe. At present, protection of Sitka spruce plantations would require considerable expense.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO A STUDY OF THE PYRAUSTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) OF TEMPERATE EAST ASIA. III
Authors: Munroe Eugene , Mutuura Akira
Published: December 2009

The following new pyraustine taxa are described: Psammotis turkestanica n. sp., East Turkestan; P. orientalis n. s p., Hokkaido, Far-Eastern SSR, Manchuria and Siberia; Xanthopsamma, n. gen., type-sp. X. aurantialis n. sp., Chekiang, Kiangsu and Hunan provs., China; X. youboialis n. sp., Hainan I., China; Nascia cilialis christophi n. subsp., Far-Eastern SSR; N. c. kumatai n. subsp., Hokkaido; Perinephela lancealis bergmeni n. subsp., Kurile Is.; P. l. pryeri n. subsp., Hokkaido; P. l. honshuensis n. subsp., Honshu; P. l. sinensis n. subsp., Shensi Prov. and West and South China; P. l. taiwanensis n. subsp., Taiwan.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO A STUDY OF THE PYRAUSTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) OF TEMPERATE EAST ASIA. IV
Authors: Munroe Eugene , Mutuura Akira
Published: December 2009

The following taxa are described as new: Pronomis n. gen., type-species Pyrausta delicatalis South, also containing Pyrausta profusalis Warren; Pronomis flavicolor n. sp., Taiwan; Nomis albopedalis tomariensis n. subsp., Kuriles; Nomis brunnealis n. sp., Japan and China; Gynenomis n. gen., type-species Pyrausta sericealis Wileman; Gynenomis mindanaoensis n. sp., Philippine Is., Paranomis n. gen., type-species Paranomis denticosta n. sp., Yuennan Prov., China; Paranomis nodicosta n. sp., Shensi Prov., China; Paranomis sidemialis n. sp., Manchuria; Paranomis moupinensis n. sp., Szechwan Prov., China; Oronomis n. gen., type-species Pyrausta xanthothysana Hampson.
THE STATUS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE WEED HYPERICUM PERFORATUM IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Harris P. , Peschken D. , Milroy J.
Published: December 2009

Biological control attempts against the weed Hypericum perforatum L. in the interior of British Columbia are summarized. Three of the insects introduced, Zeuxidiplosis giardi Kieff., Agrilus hyperici (Cr.), and Chrysolina varians (Schall.), did not survive, and reasons for their failure are discussed. Two beetles, C. hyperici (Forst.) and C. quadrigemina (Suff.), are established and their population build-up in several areas is followed over a period of 15 years. The beetles reach their optimum effectiveness in different moisture zones but neither species is effective at the arid end of the H. perforatum range. A moth, Anaitis plagiata L., was released in this zone in 1967.
CONTROL OF THE PEAR RUST MITE, EPITRIMERUS PYRI (ACARINA: ERIOPHYIDAE)
Authors: Downing R. S. , Moilliet T. K.
Published: December 2009

Morestan applied at the white bud, calyx, or white bud plus calyx stage on Bartlett pears gave good control of the pear rust mite, Epitrimerus pyri (Nal.), and prevented fruit russet caused by rust mite feeding. A June spray of Morestan or ethion also controlled the mite but did not prevent fruit russet. During the white bud and calyx stage, the rust mite is found at the base of leaves and flowers but moves to the fruit shortly after the calyx stage. By early June, it can cause considerable fruit russet, especially on the calyx end of the pears.
AMERICAN SPECIES OF DIORYCTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE): I. WESTERN CANADIAN SPECIES OF THE ZIMMERMANI GROUP
Authors: Mutuura Akira , Munroe Eugene , Ross D. A.
Published: December 2009

Dioryctria tumicolella, from pine blister rust, Peridermium spp., swellings on Pinus ponderosa Lawson and Son in British Columbia, Washington, Montana, and Colorado; D. contortella, from Peridermium swellings on P. contorta Douglas in British Columbia, Alberta, and Washington; D. monticolella, from trunks of P. monticola Douglas in British Columbia; and D. banksiella, from trunks of P. banksiana Lambert in Alberta, Northwest Territories and eastward, are described as new species and distinguished from the western D. cambiicola (Dyar) and the eastern D. zimmermani (Grote).
RESPONSES OF ABIES GRANDIS TO ATTACK BY SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Berryman Alan A.
Published: December 2009

The reactions of resistant and susceptible Abies grandis to attacks by Scolytus ventralis are described. Resistant reactions were characterized by the production of secondary resin in the cells of the phloem parenchyma and the formation of callus tissue and traumatic resin cavities at the cambium–sapwood interface. S. ventralis exhibited varying degrees of gallery establishment on resistant hosts. Some individuals were repelled by phloem resinosis before reaching the vascular cambium while others were able to construct galleries of varying length before they were repelled by resin flow from the phloem and traumatic cavities. The degree of gallery establishment appeared to be inversely associated with the rapidity of the host’s response. Necrotic resinous lesions developed around the attack and extended vertically to various distances from the attack. Callus tissue, produced at the margins of this lesion, eventually grew over and healed the wound. Vulnerable grand firs were characterized by the lack of resinosis in the phloem parenchyma, and the absence of extensive callus production and traumatic cavity formation.
ARCTIC OLETHREUTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: MacKay Margaret R. , Downes J. A.
Published: December 2009

Two species of Olethreutinae (Tortricidae), Olethreutes inquietana and Olethreutes mengelana, are known to occur in the far north. Their respective hosts are Pedicularis and Dryas. Life-history notes on inquietana, and larval descriptions and illustrations of both species are given in this paper.
AN EVALUATION OF A NEW PREDACEOUS CENTIPEDE LAMYCTES SP., ON THE GARDEN SYMPHYLAN SCUTIGERELLA IMMACULATA
Authors: Waterhouse J. Stallard
Published: December 2009

Lamyctes sp. (Chilopoda) is a predator of Scutigerella immaculata Newport and rapidly decimates symphylan soil storage cultures. In a limited soil environment this centipede controls symphylan populations to a level allowing for normal plant growth. Field populations of this predator are too small to effectively control symphylan injury to seeds and transplants.
RESPONSE OF IPS GRANDICOLLIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) TO THE ATTRACTANT PRODUCED BY ATTACKING MALE BEETLES
Authors: Hertel G. D. , Hain F. P. , Anderson R. F.
Published: December 2009

The odor produced by male Ips grandicollis attacking caged loblolly pine bolts was not very effective in attracting marked beetles. Only 2.4% of the 9,417 beetles released around the attracting attacks were recaptured.Unscreened infested bolts lost their attractiveness to responding beetles when about 27 attacks per square foot of bark surface had been reached. More beetles attacked bolts placed outside of a beetle producing area than those within. The latter indicates that a dispersal flight may be needed before response takes place.
FOUR NEW SPECIES OF APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) FROM WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: December 2009

Four new species of aphids are described: alate and apterous viviparous females of Masonaphis patriciae new species from Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. in British Columbia; apterous viviparous females of Masonaphis menziesiae new species from Menziesia ferruginea Smith in Alberta; apterous viviparous females, oviparae, and males of Aphis rubiradicis new species from Rubus chamaemorus L. in Saskatchewan; and apterous viviparous females of Aulacorthum capilanoensis new species from Rubus spectabilis Pursh in British Columbia.
EFFECTS OF THREE HORMONAL MIMICS ON MORTALITY, METAMORPHOSIS, AND REPRODUCTION OF THE WESTERN TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA CALIFORNICUM PLUVIALE
Authors: Wellington W. G.
Published: December 2009

The western tent caterpillar, Malacosoma californicum pluviale (Dyar) was treated externally with farnesyl methyl ether and the crude ether extracts of two forest trees, Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata) and Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Within 24 hr of the intervening molts, late fourth- and early fifth-instar larvae weighing 178 mg received 55 μg, and late fifth-instar larvae and new pupae weighing 450 mg received 140 μg in 0.6 μl of acetone. Controls received only acetone.Treated groups suffered increased mortality due to structural abnormalities, molting difficulties, and increased infection with polyhedral virus and microsporidia. Many surviving adults also were structurally abnormal, and the proportion of females depositing normal egg masses was reduced. The progeny were less viable than those of the controls. Reductions in the viability of progeny were only slightly affected by time of treatment, but egg-laying behavior was more affected by later than by earlier treatments.All materials produced examples of juvenility, but many of the abnormal individuals produced by cedar treatment died early in the pupal stage, whereas those induced by the other treatments lived longer. In most instances, samples were too small to indicate statistical superiority of any one material but, as received, the cedar extract seemed more potent than the fir. Farnesyl methyl ether had the greatest influence on reproductive capacity.
THE SITE OF PHEROMONE PRODUCTION IN TRYPODENDRON LINEATUM (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): BIO-ASSAY AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE HINDGUT
Authors: Schneider I. , Rudinsky J. A.
Published: December 2009

Bio-assay showed that the pheromone of attractive female Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.) must be produced in the posterior part of the ileum. Histological studies revealed a layer of secretory cells in the rear part of the ileum and the rectal valve which occur only in feeding adults. The attractive material is produced only when bark and wood particles are present at the site of pheromone production, and the actual production is initiated probably by activity of a female hormone or enzyme.
LARVAL HEAD CAPSULE CHARACTERS FOR SPECIFIC IDENTIFICATION IN DEILINIA AND DREPANULATRIX (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: McGuffin W. C.
Published: December 2009

A study of the cast-off head capsules of fourth-instar larvae of Deilinia variolaria (Guenée), D. borealis Hulst, D. exanthemata bryantaria Taylor, D. erythemaria (Guenée), Drepanulatrix unicalcararia (Guenée), D. foeminaria (Guenée), and D. falcataria (Packard) shows considerable variation in colour pattern. The colour pattern varies sufficiently between species and yet is constant enough within species to enable one to construct a key to their identity. This key is very useful in identification where the larva has been parasitized.
INFECTION AND MORTALITY OF SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA, AND FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA, CAUSED BY NUCLEAR AND CYTOPLASMIC POLYHEDROSIS VIRUSES
Authors: Bird F. T.
Published: December 2009

Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses are, in general, more infectious to spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), and forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Hübner), than the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses which affect these insects. The cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses interfere with and retard development of the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses.Larvae of both insects, as they grow older, develop resistance to both viruses. Resistance develops more rapidly and to a greater degree against the nuclear polyhedrosis than against the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses.The nuclear polyhedrosis viruses are more lethal than the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses, and all larvae infected with the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses die except those infected so late in larval development that they are able to pupate. Most young larvae infected with the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus die or are seriously affected, but infection has progressively less effect as the larvae mature.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON PRE-ADULT DEVELOPMENT OFAEDES FLAVESCENS(DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Trpiš Milan , Shemanchuk J. A.
Published: December 2009

The most suitable temperature for larval development ofAedes flavescenswas found to be 20 °C. At this temperature 74% of the larvae pupated in 20 days. At 15 °C the developmental period was 42 days with a survival rate of 54%. At 25 °C the developmental period was 22 days but the survival rate dropped to 7%. At 10 °C the developmental period was 80 days with a survival rate of 6%. At 5 °C and 30 °C mortality was 100% in the first instar stage. Adult males emerged from the pupae in three days at 25 °C, two days earlier than the females.
THE EFFECTS OF SUMITHION AND PHOSPHAMIDON ON POPULATIONS OF FIVE CARABID BEETLES AND THE SPIDERTROCHOSA TERRICOLAIN NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO AND INCLUDING A LIST OF COLLECTED SPECIES OF CARABID BEETLES AND SPIDERS
Authors: Freitag R. , Ozburn G. W. , Leech R. E.
Published: December 2009

In an attempt to control the spruce budworm in northwestern Ontario, Sumithion and Phosphamidon were sprayed from the air in June 1968. Some carabid beetles and one spider were studied to assess the effect the insecticides had on forest floor arthropods in mixed boreal forest. A sudden decrease in collected specimens both in and out of the spray area 1 week prior to spraying was probably due to reduced activity caused by heavy rainfall, but during and following the spray period there were fewer specimens collected in the spray area than in the control area.
OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE AND SURVIVAL OF HYLEMYA BRASSICAE ON SOME CRUCIFEROUS CROPS
Authors: Mukerji M. K.
Published: December 2009

A field investigation was carried out in Chatham, Ont., to evaluate the oviposition preference and survival of Hylemya brassicae (Bouché) on six early cruciferous crops, namely, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, and kohlrabi. A significantly greater number of eggs was laid on Chinese cabbage than on any other host. In the first generation, the percentage mortality for each of the life history stages differed significantly on the various crucifers but the total generation mortality did not.
GRASSHOPPER CONTROL: LABORATORY TESTING AS A MEANS OF EVALUATING FIELD PERFORMANCE
Authors: McKinlay K. S.
Published: December 2009

Fourteen insecticides were tested by direct contact against second-instar nymphs of a grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes F. Of these, seven were judged to be sufficiently promising to be compared for toxicity and persistence as deposits on wheat seedlings. Comparison with a dieldrin standard showed that Dursban, Dibrom, and malathion were extremely effective by contact but had little persistence on growing wheat. Baygon was extremely effective by contact and showed some persistence. CIBA 9643 and dimethoate were the only two compounds to show persistent effects almost equivalent to dieldrin, and CIBA 9643 was more toxic than dieldrin by direct contact.It was concluded that CIBA 9643 was the only compound, of those tested, which might give grasshopper control equivalent to, or better than, dieldrin or the currently recommended dimethoate.
ON THE HABITS OF A JACK PINE NEEDLE-MINER, EUCORDYLEA CANUSELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE), WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS ASSOCIATION WITH A FUNGUS, AUREOBASIDIUM PULLULANS (MANILIALES (DEUTEROMYCETES) DEMATIACEAE)
Authors: McLeod J. M.
Published: December 2009

The unique habits of a jack pine needle-miner, Eucordylea canusella (Free.), are described. It feeds for the greater part of its life on dead or dying needle tissue and on the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans de Bary (Arnaud), which grows within the needle-pair following construction of a mine by the first-instar larva. On reaching maturity, the larvae revert to a more conventional needle-mining behaviour. This habit is unusual in defoliating Lepidoptera although other species in the same, or closely related genera, are also thought to feed upon fungi. The impact of these findings on the taxonomy of Eucordylea spp. is discussed.
STUDIES OF PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE ARTHROPOD SECRETIONS: II. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE SCENT PENCILS OF MALE VITULA EDMANDSAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PHYCITIDAE)
Authors: Weatherston J. , Percy J. E.
Published: December 2009

Morphological and histological details of the sex pheromone glands of male Vitula edmandsae (Packard) are reported. Several hypotheses concerning the functions of these glands are discussed.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO A STUDY OF THE PYRAUSTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) OF TEMPERATE EAST ASIA. V
Authors: Munroe Eugene , Mutuura Akira
Published: December 2009

The following new pyraustine taxa are described: Callibotys n. gen., type-species Rhectothyris hyalodiscalis Warren, from Assam and Burma, including also Crocidophora carapina Strand, from Taiwan, considered a distinct species from Callibotys hyalodiscalis, and Callibotys wilemani n. sp., from Honshu, Japan; Eumorphobotys n. gen., type-species Calamochrous eumorphalis Caradja, from China, and also including Calamochrous obscuralis Caradja, from China; Sinibotys n. gen., type-species Crocidophora hoenei Caradja, from China.
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT AND HABITS OF PSEUDOPITYOPHTHORUS SPP. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN SOUTHERN OHIO
Authors: Rexrode Charles O.
Published: December 2009

During 1965–67, the seasonal history and habits of two oak bark beetles, Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus (Zimm.) and P. pruinosus (Eichhoff), were studied in 47 oaks, Quercus spp., in southern Ohio.All study trees were attacked and the male beetles made initial entry into the trees. The attack period per tree was usually 1–3 days, and the density of attack varied from 5 to 120 galleries 1 ft2 of surface area. Oviposition began as soon as egg gallery construction began, and the incubation period was about 5 days in the summer. The rate of egg gallery construction was about 0.2 in./day in mid-summer. The average length of the egg galleries was 1.9 cm and the average number of eggs per gallery was 41.5. Over 50% of the parent adults of both species re-emerged after egg gallery construction and oviposition. The re-emerging parent adults can attack, lay eggs, and re-emerge three times. The larval stage can last 25–247 days, the pupal stage 15–139 days, and the adult stage 7–198 days. The beetles can overwinter in every stage but the pupal stage. Spring emergence occurred 29 April in 1966 and 14 April in 1967, and in southern Ohio, two generations and a partial one occur each year.Trap trees were attacked 7–205 days and brood emergence lasted 58–329 days. The beetles can attack one tree three times.
REASSIGNMENT OF THE AMBIGUA GROUP OF PRISTIPHORA TO A NEW GENUS, SHARLIPHORA (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Wong Horne R.
Published: December 2009

A new genus, Sharliphora, with type-species Tenthredo ambiguus Fallén is described. Key to genera of Nematini related to Sharliphora is presented.
OPISTHOSOMAL MUSCULATURE OF FEMALE ARANEUS DIADEMATUS (ARANEAE: ARGIOPIDAE)
Authors: Robinson G. L. , Paim U.
Published: December 2009

The opisthosomal musculature of adult female Araneus diadematus Clerck was investigated by means of dissections. Forty-nine different muscles, each paired, were found in the opisthosoma proper. Of these muscles, 7 pairs move the opisthosoma about the pedicel, 13 pairs compress the opisthosoma, 19 pairs move the spinnerets and colulus with respect to the opisthosoma, 4 pairs dilate the anus, 3 pairs dilate the genital aperture, and 3 pairs open the book-lung spiracles.
THE APPRAISAL OF DELAYED AND DIRECT DENSITY-DEPENDENCE
Authors: Hassell M. P. , Huffaker C. B.
Published: December 2009

Of the methods designed to detect and measure the intensity of direct and delayed density-dependent types of mortality acting on populations, that of Morris has gained considerable acceptance. While this method of analysis has predictive value and provides a means of estimating direct density-dependence, it seems inappropriate to the detection and measurement of a delayed density-dependent mortality such as that normally associated with entomophagous parasites. The biological significance of the slopes of the linear regressions calculated in the Morris method is discussed, and population models based on the theory of Nicholson and Bailey are presented in support of the argument.
LOGARITHMIC REGRESSION AS AN INDEX OF RESPONSES TO POPULATION DENSITY: COMMENT ON A PAPER BY M. P. HASSELL AND C. B. HUFFAKER
Authors: Morris R. F. , Royama T.
Published: December 2009

Regression coefficients derived from the Nicholson–Bailey parasite mode) by Hassell and Huffaker (1969) are interpreted, and their conclusions about the biological significance of changes in slope are shown to be invalid. It is demonstrated that the term "delayed density-dependence" has no functional significance because it includes density responses that range from inverse to direct, depending upon the particular theoretical model that is selected for simulation exercises. In natural populations of a number of forest insects, the net response of parasitism to host density is direct, not inverse.
EFFICACY OF DISULFOTON FOR CONTROL OF THE GREEN PEACH APHID, MYZUS PERSICAE, ON PEPPERS
Authors: Foott W. H. , Stryk F. G. Von , Timmins P. R.
Published: December 2009

In a 3-year study, one annual application of a 10% granular formulation of disulfoton in the soil at a rate of 2 lb actual toxicant per acre controlled M. persicae throughout the entire period that aphids were most prevalent in pepper fields. Some control was observed within a few days of treatment, but effective control did not occur until 2 to 3 weeks after placement of the insecticide. Irrigation increased the initial uptake of disulfoton, but after 2 weeks the degree of control was essentially the same in irrigated and nonirrigated plots.Analyses of fruit samples from treated plots showed that there were no detectable amounts of disulfoton or its oxidation products 42, 50, and 60 days after treatment. These observations suggest that the required interval of 90 days between treatment and harvest could be reduced. Appreciable amounts of the insecticide or its oxidation products were present in the leaves on all sampling dates.
THE DIEL PATTERN OF FEEDING ACTIVITY OF LARVAL PSEUDOSARCOPHAGA AFFINIS (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE)
Authors: House H. L.
Published: December 2009

Feeding activity is a crucial measure used in experiments with larvae of Pseudosarcophaga affinis auct. nec Fallén on chemically defined diets to determine whether food selection and preference occurs because of nutritional factors. To avoid temporal bias in recording it was necessary to know: (1) when during larval development feeding activity is greatest; and (2) whether a diel periodicity of feeding activity demands that observations be standardized according to time of day. Experiments done at 23 °C and 16-hour photoperiod with new-born larvae showed that: (1) during larval life feeding activity increases rapidly up to 96 hours of age and thereafter slowly decreases; and (2) on the two diets tested more feeding occurred during darkness but only on one diet was the difference (about 7.3%) statistically significant. Thus in P. affinis it is seldom necessary to control for time of day in experiments of the kind used in the work on food selection and preference.
NEW HOSTS, DISTRIBUTION, AND BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON AN IMPORTED AMBROSIA BEETLE, XYLOSANDRUS GERMANUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Schneider Isolde , Farrier Maurice H.
Published: December 2009

New hosts of an introduced Oriental ambrosia beetle were tupelo (Nyssa aquatica), swamp cypress (Taxodium distichum), and black cherry (Prunus serotina). Known distribution was extended southward into North Carolina. A partial seasonal development with simple through complex gallery systems was observed.
SOME ASPECTS OF ASSESSING EFFICIENCY OF NATURAL ENEMIES
Authors: Huffaker C. B. , Kennett C. E.
Published: December 2009

Drawing retrospectively and collectively on results of a single individual and his associates covering some 22 years of field and laboratory studies, the authors present three documented case histories of technically complete biological control. They use these examples to illustrate the potential for greater use of this method of pest control, and they discuss the theory of biological control as related to whether or not introductions of a complex of enemy species will inherently lead to competitive interference and a lesser degree of control than if only the "best" species were introduced. They conclude that the three case histories are a refutation of this thesis, as are certain theoretical considerations, and the net results from all biological control programs on a worldwide basis.The authors also point to weaknesses in the use of currently available methods for quantitatively rating or appraising the control and regulating power of density-dependent factors that act with a lag (entomophagous parasites and predators), and emphasize chat regression and modelling methods should be used in conjunction with "check-methods" or other experimental means.
EFFECTS OF SILICA ON THE SURVIVAL OF COLEOMEGILLA MACULATA LENGI (COLEOPTERA: COCCENELLIDAE) AND LEPTMOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Smith B. C.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake and Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) were unable to moult and died after ingesting colloidal silica with their food. Field trials showed that dry silica can be used to reduce populations of L. decemlineata on potato.
INHIBITION OF CHOLINESTERASE IN THE CATTLE GRUB HYPODERMA BOVIS (DIPTERA: OESTRIDAE) AFTER TREATMENT OF THE HOST CATTLE WITH SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES
Authors: Steward C. C.
Published: December 2009

Cattle grubs, first-instar larvae of Hypoderma bovis (L.), were removed from nine slaughtered heifers. Two of these heifers had previously been treated with coumaphos, three with Ruelene, and two with trichlorfon. The remaining two heifers were not treated with insecticides and served as sources of control grubs. The grubs, after removal from the hosts and fixation in formalin, were incubated with one of the two cholinesterase substrates, acetylthiocholine iodide or 5-bromoindoxyl acetate. Cholinesterase was completely inhibited in the central nervous systems of the grubs whose hosts were treated with Ruelene. This inhibition was also virtually complete in grubs from heifers treated with trichlorfon and was usually complete in those from the heifers treated with coumaphos. This is presented as histochemical evidence that the three systemic insecticides inhibit the cholinergic enzymes in the grubs, thus causing them to die while still in the body of the host.
EFFECT OF LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE ON THE ACTIVITY OF BALSAM WOOLLY APHID CRAWLERS
Authors: Atkins M. D. , Hall A. A.
Published: December 2009

The behavior of the balsam woolly aphid in relation to its dispersal and establishment is reported. Light orientation trials provided no evidence that crawlers move over their host in a distinct manner. But the number of crawlers that drop from their host increases with light intensity and temperature. Crawler activity may also influence dropping, but activity declines rapidly with increasing age particularly at higher temperatures. Populations along stand edges are probably more subject to long range dispersal.
A NEW SPECIES OF TUBERCULATUS FROM TURKEY, WITH REVISIONARY, DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON TUBERCULOIDES (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Tuberculatus cornutus is described from Turkey, its affinities noted, and a combined key to the world species of Tuberculatus Mordwilko and Tuberculoides v. d. Goot is given. Revisionary notes on Tuberculoides are offered and Tuberculoides eggleri (Börner) is transferred to Tuberculatus.
SPECIES OFAPHIS(HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ONCORNUSSPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Robinson A. G. , Chen Ya-Hwai
Published: December 2009

A key is given for seven species ofAphisL. that occur onCornusspecies in North America:caliginosaHottes and Frison,corniella(Hille Ris Lambers),cornifoliaeFitch,helianthiMonell,maculataeOestlund,neogilletteiPalmer, and a new species that is described,nigratibialisRobinson. Host transfer attempts withhelianthiandcorniellaare discussed.
CULICOIDES (SELFIA) DENNINGI, A UNIQUE RIVER-BREEDING SPECIES
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H.
Published: December 2009

The larvae of Culicoides denningi F. & P. may be unique among Ceratopogonidae in that they appear to be restricted to rivers. In the South Saskatchewan River the larvae overwinter in the sand across the entire river bed. Several weeks after the ice breaks up in the spring the larvae swim to shore to pupate. Man and livestock near the river are sometimes severely attacked.
A NEW SPECIES OF EREMOCHARIS (ORTHOPTERA: PAMPHAGIDAE) FROM AFGHANISTAN
Authors: Pfadt Robert E.
Published: December 2009

A new species of Eremocharis (Orthoptera: Pamphagidae) is described, E. zaheri, from Paktia Province, Paywar, Afghanistan.
ON THE BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY OF THE FACE FLY, MUSCA AUTUMNALIS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)
Authors: Teskey H. J.
Published: December 2009

The face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, is continuously present in the field at Guelph, Ont., from April to late October, with peak populations occurring near 1 August. The flies enter buildings only to hibernate, the females doing so in an unfertilized, nulliparous condition. The flies feed only during the daylight hours and primarily on cattle and horses. Infestations on these hosts arc subject to wide daily and hourly variation dependent on temperature, light, precipitation, wind, and behavior of the host.Mating normally occurs as a result of males waiting at particular stations in the pasture to apprehend females flying past. Experiments and observations on a laboratory colony of face flies has disclosed other facets of their sexual behavior.Provided with a suitable proteinaceous diet the face fly can produce an average of 26 eggs per ovarial cycle and a probable maximum of near 230 eggs in a lifetime. Oviposition and (or) successful development will apparently occur only in bovine feces having a certain consistency. Face flies are among the first of the coprophagous insects to reach a dropping; arriving normally within 5 to 10 minutes of its deposition. The dropping remains suitable for oviposition for up to about 3 hours, depending on the rate of drying of its surface.Under normal summer temperature conditions eggs hatched within about 24 hours. The young larvae were initially restricted to the surface layers of the dropping by their respiratory requirements but by the end of the normal 5 to 7 day development period the larvae occupied the entire dropping. Mature third stage larvae pupated in the soil surrounding the dropping.Two hymenopterous pupal parasites Aphaereta pallipes (Say) and Xylaphora sp. accounted for approximately 10% mortality. Face fly adults were preyed upon by the staphylinid beetle Ontholestes cingulatus Gravelle, and the common dung fly, Scatophaga stercoraria (L.).
ARTIFICIAL DIET FOR MASS PRODUCTION OF THE CODLING MOTH, CARPOCAPSA POMONELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Brinton F. E. , Proverbs M. D. , Carty B. E.
Published: December 2009

An artificial diet for rearing the codling moth is described. It is a modification of a casein–wheat germ diet that was initially developed for the cabbage looper. Agar was replaced by a mixture of wood sawdust, wheat flour, and wood pulp. Growth of microorganisms was controlled by sorbic acid and aureomycin, and by lowering the pH of the diet to 3.5 with citric acid. Production cost for dietary ingredients was about $1/1000 moths. The moths were slightly smaller than those reared on apple. When confined in cages, the sterilized diet-reared moths were somewhat less competitive than the apple-reared insects. However, sterilized diet-reared male moths released in an apple orchard dispersed more rapidly than sterilized apple-reared males.
THE EFFECT OF PETROLEUM OILS ON ANJOU PEARS AND ON PEAR PSYLLA, PSYLLA PYRICOLA
Authors: Madsen Harold F. , Williams K.
Published: December 2009

Orchex-796 oil and Volck Supreme oil at 2.5 gal per acre gave equal commercial control of adults and nymphs of the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, on Anjou pears. Control was better at 5 gal per acre but at this rate, both oils caused sporting and marginal burn on leaves and russet spots on the fruit of Anjou pears. The 2.5-gal rate caused slight leaf spotting, but no fruit injury.This indicates that the recommended rate of 6 gal of oil per acre for Bartlett pears cannot be used on the Anjou variety, and raises the question whether this high rate is necessary for pear psylla control.
THE INFLUENCE OF SPRAY PROGRAMS ON THE FAUNA OF APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA: XIX. APPLE RUST MITE, VASATES SCHLECHTENDALI, A FOOD SOURCE FOR PREDATORS
Authors: Herbert H. J. , Sanford K. H.
Published: December 2009

Maintenance of predacious arthropods in apple orchards requires both the judicious use of chemical sprays and the presence of adequate food supplies. When the common food source, the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), is depleted by either a selective chemical, such as Animert V-101, or by excessive activity of the predators, the apple rust mite, Vasates schlechtendali (Nal.), if present, provides an alternate food. This enables survival of sufficient numbers of predators to prevent resurgence of the red mite within the same season.
PERIODICITY IN THE PROPORTIONS OF HAEMOCYTE CATEGORIES IN THE GIANT COCKROACH, BLABERUS GIGANTEUS
Authors: Arnold J. W.
Published: December 2009

Physical activity in Blaberus giganteus (L.) loosely follows a recurrent temporal pattern corresponding to the light–dark cycle. Differential haemocyte counts were made from serial blood samples taken before and after dark from individual adults in a brief attempt to determine whether the haemocyte population changed regularly also with this cycle. In 4 of the 16 individuals tested there was a substantial increase in the relative number of spherule cells and a somewhat proportional decrease in granular haemocytes after dark. In this species, these two haemocyte categories differ mainly in the size and composition of their cytoplasmic inclusions. The proportional change in their numbers is therefore considered to be the result of chemistry rather than a shift in populations of entirely separate kinds of cells. Retention of the two categories may be useful for indicating physiological changes in the blood. It seems possible that the cyclic change in numbers indicated here for these categories is more usual than shown, but is not revealed by the method employed. It seems sufficiently large however to warrant consideration in the design and interpretation of experiments relating to haemocyte populations.
THE LARVAE OF SOME SPECIES OF THE GENUS STENOPORPIA FROM ARIZONA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Poole Robert W.
Published: December 2009

The larvae of 11 species of the genus Stenoporpia (Geometridae: Lepidoptera) from Arizona are described, figured, and keyed. On the basis of the known larvae, Stenoporpia can be divided into four very distinct species-groups, one feeding on species of oak, and the other three on conifers. Temporal displacement was found in four species of Stenoporpia feeding on ponderosa pine at the Fort Valley Experimental Forest near Flagstaff, Ariz. The sensory papillae of the maxillary palpi are investigated as a taxonomic character. A list of all of the known foodplants of the species of the genus is given.
CANADIAN AMBER — A PALEONTOLOGICAL TREASURE-CHEST
Authors: McAlpine J. F. , Martin J. E. H.
Published: December 2009

Amber of Cretaceous Age from Canada is an exceptionally fine source of well-preserved fossils of a wide variety of insects and related animals. Since these fossils can yield much information about the forms of, and conditions for, life in the Cretaceous Period some 75 million years ago, they represent a highly interesting and valuable scientific resource.The history, relative abundance, nature, biological origin, and significance of Canadian amber is reviewed and related to similar aspects of European or Baltic amber. Reported occurrences of amber in Canada (about 50) are assembled and some 350 arthropod inclusions discovered in the amber collections made thus far are tabulated, with respect to their origins, classification, and present location. The article contains one map, two tables, and 16 figures.
SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS IPS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Lanier Gerald N. , Cameron E. Alan
Published: December 2009

The sexes of all but three of the North American species of Ips DeGeer can be separated reliably using characters on the frons, vertex of the head, protibiae, or declivital armature. In general, these secondary sexual characters are consistent within Hopping’s species groups.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF ALNIPHAGUS ASPERICOLLIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Borden John H.
Published: December 2009

The alder bark beetle, Alniphagus aspericollis (LeConte), is bivoltine on Burnaby Mountain, B.C. The principal spring attack occurred in May and the second generation attack from mid July to early August. Mature adults overwinter in shallow galleries underneath the bark while larvae, pupae, and callow adults overwinter in the brood galleries. Sporadic emergence occurred in warm periods throughout the winter but the first egg galleries were not observed until early March. Windfalls and standing trees were attacked.Adult sexes can be distinguished by the fused (female) or separate (male) seventh and eighth abdominal tergites. Females attack the host first and are soon joined by the males. Single egg galleries extending about 8 cm parallel to the length of the bole are most common. Eggs are laid on both sides of the gallery; the larvae mine outward at right angles to the egg gallery and then usually up or down the bole. Adult gallery construction and oviposition and larval mining habits were observed through plexiglass–bark "sandwiches," and are similar to those in the genus Ips. Pupation occurs in a chamber in the inner bark. Maturation from egg to callow adult required a minimum of 8 weeks.
CHEMOTAXONOMIC STUDIES OF ANTS: VOLATILE COMPOUNDS
Authors: Vick K. , Drew W. A. , Young J. , McGurk D. J. , Eisenbraun E. J.
Published: December 2009

The gas chromatograms of some of the volatile chemicals found in the following ants are presented: Pogonomyrmex barbatus (F. Smith), Forelius foetida (Buckley), Conomyrma pyramica (Roger), Iridomyrmex pruinosus analis (E. André), Tapinoma sessile (Say), Trachymyrmex septentrionalis obscura (Wheeler), Pheidole dentata Mayr, Acromyrmex versicolor (Pergunda), and Novomessor cockerelli (E. André). The data and methods are presented to demonstrate their potential value as taxonomic characters in the study of ant systematics.
EFFECTS OF DIETARY AMINO ACIDS, SALTS, AND PROTEIN STARVATION ON FECUNDITY OF THE PARASITOIDEXERISTES COMSTOCKII(HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Bracken G. K.
Published: December 2009

Feeding tests with adultExeristes comstockii(Cresson) showed that each of the 10 amino acids commonly recognized to be "essential" is required for egg production. Fecundity on a diet where only these 10 constituted the amino acid component equalled that on the control diet which contained 19 amino acids. Fecundity was reduced by 80% on diets in which Na+was substituted for K+and by one-third when K was the only mineral added. Omission of Mn2+or Ca2+from, or addition of Zn2+to, the control salt mixture (Wesson’s) did not affect fecundity. Females fed the control (chemically defined) diet or its 10% dilution (sucrose content maintained) for 30 days in the absence of host larvae laid more eggs initially when hosts were supplied than did females fed 1% control diet, honeydew, or 10% sucrose for a similar period. Thus, forE.comstockii, only food with a relatively high quantity and quality of amino nitrogen fed during absence of host larvae will significantly increase initial fecundity when such hosts are later encountered. This knowledge affects treatment of parasites when being held before release in biological control programmes.
THE INFUSCATUS AND DISPAR GROUPS OF THE SPIDER GENUS PHILODROMUS IN NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES (ARANEIDA: THOMISIDAE)
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Redner J. H.
Published: December 2009

The infuscatus group comprises 20 species and 2 subspecies. The group is wholly American, the main habitats occurring in the dry parts of the U.SA. and Mexico. Only Philodromus infuscatus Keyserling reaches Canada, while a few species are neotropical. P. droseroides Schick is divided into P. d. droseroides of California and P. d. arizonensis ssp. n. of Arizona. Similarly P. infuscatus is divided into P. i. infuscatus of eastern U.S.A. and P. i. utus Chamberlin of western U.S.A. The following are described as new species: P. pratarioides, P. harrietae, P. mississippianus, P. separatus, P. tortus, P. probolus, P. infectus, P. longiductus, P. breviductus, P. pseudanomalus, P. mexicanus, and P. cavatus. P. dispar Walckenaer, a species introduced from the Old World, is the sole American representative of the dispar group.
LASPEYRESIA PSEUDOTSUGAE N. SP. (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), A BARK MINER IN DOUGLAS-FIR
Authors: Evans David
Published: December 2009

A 5-year study of Laspeyresia pseudotsugae n. sp. (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) yielded considerable data on the habits, life history and immature stages of this insect, which gained attention because of its conspicuous bark-mine scars on the trunks of young Douglas-fir trees, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco. The mines are not deep enough to cause serious damage. L. pseudotsugae has a 1-year life-cycle. Three species of ichneumonid parasites were recovered, and several predators were identified.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE FACE FLY, MUSCA AUTUMNALIS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), IN WESTERN CANADA AND THE RELATION BETWEEN ITS ENVIRONMENT AND POPULATION DENSITY
Authors: Depner K. R.
Published: December 2009

The range of the face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, has extended from the site of its first North American occurrence in Nova Scotia in 1952 to the northern half of the United States from coast to coast and every province in Canada. The first recorded appearance in Western Canada was at Virden, Man., in 1964 and it has since become established in eastern Saskatchewan. Face flies moved from Washington and Idaho into British Columbia in 1966. In 1967 they spread to most areas of the southern half of British Columbia and into southwestern Alberta through the Crowsnest Pass. Moisture and shade in pastures influenced the numbers of face flies seen on cattle and resulted in higher numbers than under dry prairie conditions.
THE ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE MESO- AND META-THORACIC LEGS OF DIPRION SIMILIS (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE) WHEN REARED UNDER CERTAIN PHOTOPERIODS
Authors: Baker W. V. , Atwood C. E.
Published: December 2009

An account is given of some malformations affecting the meso- and meta-thoracic legs of Diprion similis Htg. after larvae were reared at certain photoperiods.
FLIGHT ORIENTATION IN A COREID SQUASH BUG (HETEROPTERA)
Authors: Govind C. K. , Burton A. J.
Published: December 2009

Flight orientation about the yaw axis (induced by rotation of a striped bowl) in the squash bug,Anoplecnimes curvipes(Heteroptera), is brought about by differential changes in wing-stroke amplitudes and wing-stroke planes of the two sides. The metathoracic leg of the inner side in a turn is displaced in the transverse plane while the contra-lateral leg remains in the normal flight posture. The probable mode of control of the two wing parameters effecting yaw is discussed.
COMPARISON OF FLIGHT AGGREGATION IN TWO SPECIES OF SOUTHERN IPS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Mason Richard R.
Published: December 2009

Comparisons were made of frequency distributions of Ips avulsus (Eichh.) and Ips grandicollis (Eichh.) caught in window traps while these species were attacking fresh pine slash. Relationships between mean and variance of trap data indicated that the flight of I. avulsus was more highly aggregated than the flight of I. grandicollis. Three different indices of aggregation were calculated which quantitatively expressed the degree of flight aggregation in each species. Degree of aggregation during attack may be an index of aggressiveness since it determines beetle density which influences attack success on a living host. The relatively high degree of flight aggregation of I. avulsus may partly explain why this species is more frequently a killer of live trees than is I. grandicollis.
RHYTHMIC EMERGENCE PATTERNS OF THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Watson J. A.
Published: December 2009

Logs of lodgepole pine (Pinus conforta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) supporting immature Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins were maintained under conditions of non-fluctuating temperature and light. The rate of emergence of the adult beetles exhibited a rhythmic, possibly circadian, emergence pattern. When the temperatures fluctuated the emergence rate was always greatest in higher temperature.
THE STYLETS OF THE BALSAM WOOLLY APHID, ADELGES PICEAE (HOMOPTERA: ADELGIDAE)
Authors: Forbes A. R. , Mullick D. B.
Published: December 2009

The morphology and fine structure of the stylets, labial clamp, and crumena of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), are described from sections studied in the electron microscope.