bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing Tetraarylanthracenes via Ruthenium-Catalyzed C–O or C–F Arylation and their Crystal Structures
Authors: Kakiuchi Fumitoshi , Izumoto Akiko , Kondo Hikaru , Kochi Takuya
Published: November 2017

Tetraarylanthracenes containing several fluoro groups were synthesized using the ruthenium-catalyzed C–O or C–F arylation with arylboronates and their structural and spectroscopic studies were conducted. The RuH2(CO)(PPh3)3-catalyzed C–O arylation of aromatic ketones was found to be effective for the introduction of aryl groups containing multiple fluoro groups. Anthracenes possessing fluorinated aryl groups were prepared in two steps from 1,4,5,8-tetramethoxyanthraquinone by C–O arylation and reduction of the carbonyl groups. A tetraphenylanthracene containing a fluorinated anthracene moiety was also prepared using C–F phenylation of octafluoroanthraquinone. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the positions of fluoro groups on the tetraarylanthracenes lead to notable difference in the crystal packing structures. The larger difference between the tetraarylanthracenes was observed in the fluorescence spectra in the solid state than those in chloroform.
Synthesis of 1,5-Anhydro-d-glycero-d-gluco-heptitol Derivatives as Potential Inhibitors of Bacterial Heptose Biosynthetic Pathways
Authors: Kosma Paul , Blaukopf Markus , Atamanyuk Dmytro , Xavier Nuno , Gerusz Vincent
Published: November 2017

A series of 1,5-anhydro-d-glycero-d-gluco-heptitol derivatives have been prepared from 3-O-benzyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-d-glycero-d-gluco-heptofuranose via conversion into anomeric bromide and thiophenyl derivatives, followed by glycal formation and reductive desulfurization, respectively. Global deprotection of the protected intermediates afforded the 1,5-anhydro derivatives of the d-glycero-d-gluco- and 1,2-dideoxy-d-altro- configuration as well as the 1,5-anhydro-2-deoxy-d-altro-hept-1-enitol. In addition, the 7-O-phosphorylated d-glycero-d-gluco-heptose and its 1,5-anhydro analogue were prepared in good yields utilizing phosphoramidite chemistry. A novel heptitol analogue based on a 1-deoxynojirimycin scaffold was also elaborated via a Wittig­-type chain elongation followed by dihydroxylation, separation of the resulting epimers, and global deprotection. The target compounds, however, were not active as inhibitors of the bacterial sedoheptulose-7-phosphate isomerase GmhA.
Safe management of laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery for superficial non-ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors
Authors: Otowa Yasunori , Kanaji Shingo , Morita Yoshinori , Suzuki Satoshi , Yamamoto Masashi , Matsuda Yoshiko , Matsuda Takeru , Oshikiri Taro , Nakamura Tetsu , Kawara Fumiaki , Tanaka Shinwa , Ishida Tsukasa , Toyonaga Takashi , Azuma Takeshi , Kakeji Yoshihiro
Published: November 2017

Background and study aims Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for duodenal tumors results in a high delayed perforation rate due to the thinness of the duodenal wall. In most cases with perforation after duodenal ESD, additional surgery is needed due to severe peritonitis. A newly developed procedure, laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery for duodenal tumors (D-LECS), may help to avoid perforation after ESD. In our institution, patients with superficial non-ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors (SNADET) smaller than 50 mm which could not have en-bloc resection by endoscopic mucosal resection were treated with D-LECS. After a laparoscopic exposure of anterior duodenal wall of second portion, ESD was performed. Laparoscopic suturing from the serosal side of ESD site was performed for reinforcement. There were neither postoperative leakage nor other complications. Therefore, D-LECS can be performed safely and prevent perforation after ESD for SNADET. D-LECS could be selected as a treatment for SNADET which can be cured by ESD.
Messung der Zyklofusionskompetenz bei Normalprobanden mittels dynamischer 3-D-„Random-Dot“-Stereogramme
Authors: Heckmann Jan , Sturm Veit , Landau Klara , Török Béla
Published: November 2017

Hintergrund Evaluation einer neuen Methode zur Bestimmung der Zyklofusionskompetenz.

Patienten und Methoden Die maximale In- und Exzyklofusionskompetenz wurde bei 20 Normalprobanden (15 w, 5 m, mittleres Alter 36 ± 9,9 Jahre) gemessen. Den Probanden wurden zufallsgeneriert Landolt-Ringe als nur binokular sichtbare, simultane Stimuli in Form dynamischer Random-Dot-Stereogramme auf einem 3-D-Monitor präsentiert. Mithilfe einer Shutterbrille erfolgte die seitengetrennte, 3-dimensionale Stimulation für das rechte und das linke Auge. Die gegensinnige Rotation der Stimuli erfolgte in 0,5°-Schritten. Bei 10 Probanden wurde die Messung wiederholt, um die Reproduzierbarkeit zu bestimmen.

Ergebnisse Die Inzyklofusionsbreite lag zwischen 2,5° und 6°, die Exzyklofusionsbreite zwischen 3° und 5,5°. Die mittlere Inzyklofusionskompetenz betrug 3,71° (SD 0,82). Die mittlere Exzyklofusionskompetenz betrug 4,24° (SD 0,73). Die wiederholten Messungen der In- und Exzyklofusionskompetenz bei der gleichen Person wichen durchschnittlich um ca. 0,5° voneinander ab (0,55° bei Inzyklofusion, 0,45° bei Exzyklofusion).

Schlussfolgerung Die Verwendung dynamischer 3-D-Random-Dot-Stereogramme ermöglicht eine zuverlässige und gut reproduzierbare Bestimmung der Zyklofusion. Die ermittelten Zyklofusionskompetenzen lagen über den Literaturangaben für dissoziierende 2-D-Messtechniken.
Effectiveness of TC-325 (Hemospray) for treatment of diffuse or refractory upper gastrointestinal bleeding – a single center experience
Authors: Cahyadi Oscar , Bauder Markus , Meier Benjamin , Caca Karel , Schmidt Arthur
Published: November 2017

Background and study aims TC-325 (Hemospray, Cook Medical) is a powder agent for endoscopic hemostasis in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). Although most publications are based on case-reports and retrospective studies, data on efficacy are promising. Here we report our experience with TC-325 for diffuse or refractory UGIB.

Patients and methods Data on patients receiving TC-325 for endoscopic hemostasis from November 2013 to February 2017 at our center were analyzed retrospectively. Primary endpoints were technical success (successful immediate hemostasis) and clinical success (effective hemostasis and no recurrent bleeding). Secondary endpoints were recurrent bleeding within 3 and 7 days, hospital mortality and TC-325 associated complications. TC-325 was used for bleeding not amenable to standard endoscopic treatment (e. g. diffuse bleeding) or as salvage therapy after failure of conventional methods

Results Fifty-two patients received TC-325 treatment. Most of the patients were treated for peptic ulcer bleeding (18/52 patients, 34.6 %) and post-interventional bleeding (13/52 patients, 25 %). Hemospray was used in 23/52 (44.2 %) patients as monotherapy and in 29/52 (55.8 %) patients as a salvage therapy. Application of the powder on the bleeding source was successful in all patients with no therapy-related adverse events (AEs). Immediate hemostasis was achieved in 51/52 (98.1 %) patients. Recurrent bleeding within 3 and 7 days was observed in 22/51 and 25/51 patients respectively (43.1 % and 49 %). The overall clinical success was 56.9 % on day 3 and 51 % on day 7. Total mortality was 15.4 % (8 patients), bleeding associated mortality was 3.8 % (2 patients). There were no therapy-related AEs.

Conclusions TC-325 showed a high technical success rate as monotherapy for bleeding sources not amenable to standard methods or as an “add-on” therapy after unsuccessful hemostasis. However, rebleeding was frequent in this cohort and further studies are warranted to exactly define a treatment algorithm for TC-325 use.
The Effects of a Modified High-carbohydrate High-fat Diet on Metabolic Syndrome Parameters in Male Rats
Authors: Wong Sok , Chin Kok-Yong , Suhaimi Farihah , Ahmad Fairus , Ima-Nirwana Soelaiman
Published: November 2017

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including central obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. A previous study has established that high-carbohydrate high-fat diet (HCHF) can induce MetS in rats. In this study, we modified components of the diet so that it resembled the diet of Southeast Asians. This study aimed to determine the effects of this modified HCHF diet on metabolic parameters in rats. Male Wistar rats (n=14) were randomised into two groups. The normal group was given standard rat chow. The MetS group was given the HCHF diet, comprises of fructose, sweetened condensed milk, ghee, Hubble Mendel and Wakeman salt mixture, and powdered rat food. The diet regimen was assigned for a period of 16 weeks. Metabolic syndrome parameters (abdominal circumference, blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid profile) were measured at week 0, 8, 12, and 16 of the study. The measurement of whole body composition (fat mass, lean mass, and percentage of fat) was performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at week 0, 8, and 16. Our results indicated that the components of MetS were partially developed after 8 weeks of HCHF diet. Systolic blood pressure, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, fat content, and percentage of fat was significantly higher in the HCHF group compared to normal group (p<0.05). After 12 weeks of HCHF diet, the rats showed significant increases in abdominal circumference, blood pressure, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia compared to normal control (p<0.05). In conclusion, MetS is successfully established in male rats induced by the modified HCHF diet after 12 weeks.
In-vitro-Untersuchung zur optischen Qualität segmental refraktiver multifokaler Intraokularlinsen
Authors: Yildirim Timur Mert , Auffarth Gerd Uwe , Tandogan Tamer , Liebing Stephanie , Labuz Grzegorz , Choi Chul Young , Khoramnia Ramin
Published: November 2017

Hintergrund Die Kenntnisse zur optischen Qualität verschiedener Intraokularlinsen (IOL) sind wichtig für eine individualisierte Patientenversorgung. In dieser Studie wurde die optische Qualität dreier segmentaler Intraokularlinsen untersucht.

Material und Methoden Analysiert wurden an der optischen Bank OptiSpheric IOL PRO (Trioptics GmbH, Wedel) die LENTIS Comfort LS-313 MF15, LENTIS Mplus X LS-313 MF30 und LENTIS High Add IOL LS-313 MF80 (Oculentis, Berlin) mit jeweils einer Brechkraft von + 21 dpt für die Ferne. Die Linsen haben nahezu das gleiche optische Design, unterscheiden sich jedoch hinsichtlich ihrer Brechkraft im Nahteilsegment: Die MF15 hat eine Nahaddition von + 1,5 dpt zur Verbesserung des Sehens im Intermediärbereich, die MF30 hat eine Nahaddition von + 3 dpt und die MF80 eine Nahaddition von + 8 dpt. Untersucht wurden der Flächenanteil unter der Kurve der Modulationstransferfunktion (MTFa) und die Strehl Ratio jeweils bei einer Blendengröße von 3 mm (photopisch) und 4,5 mm (mesopisch).

Ergebnisse Die MTFa-Werte für den Fernfokus lagen bei 33,34/30,80/51,53 (MF15/MF30/MF80) bei einer Blendengröße von 3 mm und 25,38/22,52/43,15 bei einer Blendengröße von 4,5 mm. Für den Intermediärfokus erreichten die MTFa-Werte 29,85/16,21/6,25 für eine Blendengröße von 3 mm und 23,92/8,05/3,08 für 4,5 mm. Die MTFa-Werte für den Nahfokus waren 9,75/21,49/33,12 für eine Blendengröße von 3 mm und 4,95/22,70/31,68 für 4,5 mm. Die Strehl Ratio des Fernfokusses war 0,34/0,30/0,52 für eine Blendengröße von 3 mm und 0,24/0,22/0,43 für 4,5 mm. Für den Intermediärfokus betrug die Strehl Ratio 0,30/0,17/0,07 für eine Blendengröße von 3 mm und 0,24/0,08/0,03 bei 4,5 mm. Die Strehl Ratio des Nahfokusses betrug 0,10/0,22/0,33 bei einer Blendengröße von 3 mm und 0,05/0,23/0,32 bei 4,5 mm.

Schlussfolgerung Es kann bestätigt werden, dass die Addition einen Einfluss auf die optische Qualität von segmentalen Bifokallinsen hat. Für den Fernfokus sind die Ergebnisse der MF15 und MF30 hinsichtlich der optischen Qualität ähnlich. Im Intermediärfokus erreicht die MF15 die besten Werte. Im Nahbereich erreicht die MF30 bessere Werte als die MF15. Die für Patienten mit Makulopathien konzipierte MF80 liefert sowohl im Fern- als auch für im Nahbereich eine gute optische Qualität.
Piezo-tunnel effect in Al/Al2O3/Al junctions elaborated by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Rafael R. , Puyoo E. , Malhaire C.
Published: November 2017

In this work, the electrical transport in Al/Al2O3/Al junctions under mechanical stress is investigated in the perspective to use them as strain sensors. The metal/insulator/metal junctions are elaborated with a low temperature process (≤200 °C) fully compatible with CMOS back-end-of-line. The conduction mechanism in the structure is found to be Fowler-Nordheim tunneling, and efforts are made to extract the relevant physical parameters. Gauge factors up to −32.5 were found in the fabricated devices under tensile stress. Finally, theoretical mechanical considerations give strong evidence that strain sensitivity in Al/Al2O3/Al structures originates not only from geometrical deformations but also from the variation of interface barrier height and/or effective electronic mass in the tunneling oxide layer.
Optical rectification using geometrical field enhancement in gold nano-arrays
Authors: Piltan S. , Sievenpiper D.
Published: November 2017

Conversion of photons to electrical energy has a wide variety of applications including imaging, solar energy harvesting, and IR detection. A rectenna device consists of an antenna in addition to a rectifying element to absorb the incident radiation within a certain frequency range. We designed, fabricated, and measured an optical rectifier taking advantage of asymmetrical field enhancement for forward and reverse currents due to geometrical constraints. The gold nano-structures as well as the geometrical parameters offer enhanced light-matter interaction at 382 THz. Using the Taylor expansion of the time-dependent current as a function of the external bias and oscillating optical excitation, we obtained responsivities close to quantum limit of operation. This geometrical approach can offer an efficient, broadband, and scalable solution for energy conversion and detection in the future.
Perturbation expansions of stochastic wavefunctions for open quantum systems
Authors: Ke Yaling , Zhao Yi
Published: November 2017

Based on the stochastic unravelling of the reduced density operator in the Feynman path integral formalism for an open quantum system in touch with harmonic environments, a new non-Markovian stochastic Schrödinger equation (NMSSE) has been established that allows for the systematic perturbation expansion in the system-bath coupling to arbitrary order. This NMSSE can be transformed in a facile manner into the other two NMSSEs, i.e., non-Markovian quantum state diffusion and time-dependent wavepacket diffusion method. Benchmarked by numerically exact results, we have conducted a comparative study of the proposed method in its lowest order approximation, with perturbative quantum master equations in the symmetric spin-boson model and the realistic Fenna-Matthews-Olson complex. It is found that our method outperforms the second-order time-convolutionless quantum master equation in the whole parameter regime and even far better than the fourth-order in the slow bath and high temperature cases. Besides, the method is applicable on an equal footing for any kind of spectral density function and is expected to be a powerful tool to explore the quantum dynamics of large-scale systems, benefiting from the wavefunction framework and the time-local appearance within a single stochastic trajectory.
Obtaining short-fiber orientation model parameters using non-lubricated squeeze flow
Authors: Lambert Gregory , Wapperom Peter , Baird Donald
Published: November 2017

Accurate models of fiber orientation dynamics during the processing of polymer-fiber composites are needed for the design work behind important automobile parts. All of the existing models utilize empirical parameters, but a standard method for obtaining them independent of processing does not exist. This study considers non-lubricated squeeze flow through a rectangular channel as a solution. A two-dimensional finite element method simulation of the kinematics and fiber orientation evolution along the centerline of a sample is developed as a first step toward a fully three-dimensional simulation. The model is used to fit to orientation data in a short-fiber-reinforced polymer composite after squeezing. Fiber orientation model parameters obtained in this study do not agree well with those obtained for the same material during startup of simple shear. This is attributed to the vastly different rates at which fibers orient during shearing and extensional flows. A stress model is also used to try to fit to experimental closure force data. Although the model can be tuned to the correct magnitude of the closure force, it does not fully recreate the transient behavior, which is attributed to the lack of any consideration for fiber-fiber interactions.
Dielectric permeability tensor and linear waves in spin-1/2 quantum kinetics with non-trivial equilibrium spin-distribution functions
Authors: Andreev Pavel A. , Kuz'menkov L. S.
Published: November 2017

A consideration of waves propagating parallel to the external magnetic field is presented. The dielectric permeability tensor is derived from the quantum kinetic equations with non-trivial equilibrium spin-distribution functions in the linear approximation on the amplitude of wave perturbations. It is possible to consider the equilibrium spin-distribution functions with nonzero z-projection proportional to the difference of the Fermi steps of electrons with the chosen spin direction, while x- and y-projections are equal to zero. It is called the trivial equilibrium spin-distribution functions. In the general case, x- and y-projections of the spin-distribution functions are nonzero which is called the non-trivial regime. A corresponding equilibrium solution is found in Andreev [Phys. Plasmas 23, 062103 (2016)]. The contribution of the nontrivial part of the spin-distribution function appears in the dielectric permeability tensor in the additive form. It is explicitly found here. A corresponding modification in the dispersion equation for the transverse waves is derived. The contribution of the nontrivial part of the spin-distribution function in the spectrum of transverse waves is calculated numerically. It is found that the term caused by the nontrivial part of the spin-distribution function can be comparable with the classic terms for the relatively small wave vectors and frequencies above the cyclotron frequency. In a majority of regimes, the extra spin caused term dominates over the spin term found earlier, except the small frequency regime, where their contributions in the whistler spectrum are comparable. A decrease of the left-hand circularly polarized wave frequency, an increase of the high-frequency right-hand circularly polarized wave frequency, and a decrease of frequency changing by an increase of frequency at the growth of the wave vector for the whistler are found. A considerable decrease of the spin wave frequency is found either. It results in an increase of module of the negative group velocity of the spin wave. The found dispersion equations are used for obtaining of an effective quantum hydrodynamics reproducing these results. This generalization requires the introduction of the corresponding equation of state for the thermal part of the spin current in the spin evolution equation.
Isothermal equation of state of three dimensional Yukawa gas
Authors: Shukla Manish K. , Avinash K. , Mukherjee Rupak , Ganesh R.
Published: November 2017

Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations are carried out to examine the effect of particle confinement on the pressure of 3D Yukawa gas. Confinement effects are taken into account by using perfectly reflecting boundary conditions in MD simulations. An equation of state relating pressure to number density is obtained. The results of the MD simulations show that in the weak coupling regime, pressure of confined Yukawa gas is much larger than the kinetic pressure and scales quadratically with number density. The results are compared with earlier theories and experiments which show quadratic scaling of dust pressure with density.
Low-cost fabrication and polar-dependent switching uniformity of memory devices using alumina interfacial layer and Ag nanoparticle monolayer
Authors: Xia Peng , Li Luman , Wang Pengfei , Gan Ying , Xu Wei
Published: November 2017

A facile and low-cost process was developed for fabricating write-once-read-many-times (WORM) Cu/Ag NPs/Alumina/Al memory devices, where the alumina passivation layer formed naturally in air at room temperature, whereas the Ag nanoparticle monolayer was in situ prepared through thermal annealing of a 4.5 nm Ag film in air at 150°C. The devices exhibit irreversible transition from initial high resistance (OFF) state to low resistance (ON) state, with ON/OFF ratio of 107, indicating the introduction of Ag nanoparticle monolayer greatly improves ON/OFF ratio by four orders of magnitude. The uniformity of threshold voltages exhibits a polar-dependent behavior, and a narrow range of threshold voltages of 0.40 V among individual devices was achieved upon the forward voltage. The memory device can be regarded as two switching units connected in series. The uniform alumina interfacial layer and the non-uniform distribution of local electric fields originated from Ag nanoparticles might be responsible for excellent switching uniformity. Since silver ions in active layer can act as fast ion conductor, a plausible mechanism relating to the formation of filaments sequentially among the two switching units connected in series is suggested for the polar-dependent switching behavior. Furthermore, we demonstrate both alumina layer and Ag NPs monolayer play essential roles in improving switching parameters based on comparative experiments.
Planar and nonplanar electron acoustic solitons in dissipative quantum plasma
Authors: Sahu Biswajit , Roy Debasish
Published: November 2017

The nonlinear propagation of electron acoustic waves (EAWs) in an unmagnetized dissipative quantum plasma is studied both in an unbounded planar geometry and a bounded nonplanar geometry. With the help of the reductive perturbation technique, damped Korteweg-de Vries (KdV), cylindrical and spherical KdV equations are derived by using the quantum hydrodynamic set of equations for EAWs. The linear dispersion relation is found to be modified by the collision between electrons and ions. The nondimensional parameter δ, the equilibrium density ratio of the cold to hot electron component, plays a crucial role in the formation of both compressive and rarefactive solitons. Approximate analytical time evolution solutions of planar and nonplanar damped KdV equations are presented. Numerically, the effects of several physical parameters on the properties of EAWs are discussed in the planar and nonplanar geometry. It is also found that electron acoustic solitons in the nonplanar geometry significantly differ from the planar geometry.
Extension of the source-sink potential approach to Hartree-Fock and density functional theory: A new tool to visualize the ballistic current through molecules
Authors: Fias Stijn , Stuyver Thijs
Published: November 2017

The recent source and sink potential approach by Pickup et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 143, 194105 (2015)] is extended to Hartree-Fock and density functional theory, allowing the calculation of the transmission and the visualization of ballistic currents through molecules at these levels of theory. This visualization allows the study of the transmission process in real-space, providing an important tool to better understand the conduction process.
Delayed avalanche breakdown of high-voltage silicon diodes: Various structures exhibit different picosecond-range switching behavior
Authors: Brylevskiy Viktor , Smirnova Irina , Gutkin Andrej , Brunkov Pavel , Rodin Pavel , Grekhov Igor
Published: November 2017

We present a comparative study of silicon high-voltage diodes exhibiting the effect of delayed superfast impact-ionization breakdown. The effect manifests itself in a sustainable picosecond-range transient from the blocking to the conducting state and occurs when a steep voltage ramp is applied to the p+-n-n+ diode in the reverse direction. Nine groups of diodes with graded and abrupt pn-junctions have been specially fabricated for this study by different techniques from different Si substrates. Additionally, in two groups of these structures, the lifetime of nonequilibrium carriers was intentionally reduced by electron irradiation. All diodes have identical geometrical parameters and similar stationary breakdown voltages. Our experimental setup allows measuring both device voltage and current during the kilovolt switching with time resolution better than 50 ps. Although all devices are capable of forming a front with kilovolt amplitude and 100 ps risetime in the in-series load, the structures with graded pn-junctions have anomalously large residual voltage. The Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy study of all diode structures has been performed in order to evaluate the effect of deep centers on device performance. It was found that the presence of deep-level electron traps negatively correlates with parameters of superfast switching, whereas a large concentration of recombination centers created by electron irradiation has virtually no influence on switching characteristics.
Combined influence of the impurities and radial electric field on dielectric barrier discharges in atmospheric helium
Authors: Huang Zhiming , Hao Yanpeng , Han Yuying , Yang Lin , Tang Li , Liao Yifan , Li Licheng
Published: November 2017

The combined influence of nitrogen impurities and radial electric field on dielectric barrier discharges in atmospheric helium is investigated using a two-dimensional (2D) fluid simulation. Discharge current waveforms, 2D electron densities, distributions of surface charge, and radial and axial components of the electric field at the electrode edge are calculated for different impurity levels varying from 0 to 30 ppm. It is observed that the discharge presents the characteristic of a column in pure helium, and it gradually becomes a relatively uniform glow discharge as the impurity level is increased to 20 ppm; for the higher impurity level of 30 ppm, the discharge adopts a concentric-ring pattern discharge. Our result shows that the radial electric field at the electrode edge is approximately 0.6–1.2 kV/cm during the discharge. This radial electric field has an effect that leads to a non-uniform discharge. After doping a low level of impurities, the Penning ionizations caused by the impurities can inhibit this effect and lead to a uniform discharge. However, for a higher impurity level (30 ppm), the effect of the radial electric field again becomes dominant, which easily leads to a non-uniform discharge. These results provide a new perspective on obtaining a uniform glow discharge when both influences of the impurity and radial electric field are taken into account.
Effect of radiation damping on the Child-Langmuir law in open diodes
Authors: González Gabriel
Published: November 2017

We present a microscopic derivation of the space charge limited current for the motion of non-relativistic charged particles inside a parallel vacuum tube diode taking into account the radiation reaction force. We study the space charged limited current for two different limiting cases. Our results reveal that in the high field regime, the space charge current does not follow the Child-Langmuir law, while in the low field regime, the space charge current follows the Child-Langmuir law with an effective electrostatic field, i.e., the so-called modified Child-Langmuir law.
Electronic transport anisotropy of 2D carriers in biaxial compressive strained germanium
Authors: Morrison C. , Myronov M.
Published: November 2017

The anisotropic nature of carrier mobility in simple cubic crystalline semiconductors, such as technologically important silicon and germanium, is well understood as a consequence of effective mass anisotropy arising from a change in band structure along non-identical surface crystal directions. In contrast to this, we show experimentally that this type of anisotropy is not the dominant contribution. Recent advances in epitaxial growth of high quality germanium enabled the appearance of high mobility 2D carriers suitable for such an experiment. A strong anisotropy of 2D carrier mobility, effective mass, quantum, and transport lifetime has been observed, through measurements of quantum phenomena at low temperatures, between the ⟨110⟩ and ⟨100⟩ in-plane crystallographic directions. These results have important consequences for electronic devices and sensor designs and suggest similar effects could be observed in technologically relevant and emerging materials such as SiGe, SiC, GeSn, GeSnSi, and C (Diamond).
Financial costs associated with monopolies on biologic medicines in Australia
Authors: Gleeson Deborah , Townsend Belinda , Lopert Ruth , Lexchin Joel , Moir Hazel
Published: November 2017

Objectives
The aim of the study was to estimate the potential savings to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and the Repatriation Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (RPBS) in 2015–16 if biosimilar versions of selected biologic medicines (biologics) had been available and listed on the PBS.

Methods
The research involved retrospective analysis of Australian Medicare expenditure data and PBS price data from 2015–16 for biologics, for which biosimilar competition may be available in future, listed on the PBS.

Results
Australian Government expenditure on biologics on the PBS and RPBS was estimated at A$2.29 billion dollars in 2015–16. If biosimilar versions of these medicines had been listed on the PBS in 2015–16, at least A$367million dollars would have been saved in PBS and RPBS subsidies. Modelling based on price decreases following listing of biosimilars on the PBS suggests that annual PBS outlays on biologics could be reduced by as much as 24% through the timely introduction of biosimilars.

Conclusions
Biologic medicines represent a large proportion of government expenditure on pharmaceuticals. Reducing the length of monopoly protections on these medicines could generate savings of hundreds of millions of dollars per year.

What is known about the topic?
Biologics take up an increasing share of pharmaceutical expenditure, but no previous published studies have examined Australian Government expenditure on biologics or the potential savings from reducing the duration of monopoly protection.

What does this paper add?
This paper provides new evidence about Australian Government expenditure on biologics and potential savings for selected medicines that are still subject to monopoly protection and thus are not yet subject to biosimilar competition. In 2015–16 Australian Government expenditure on biologics through the PBS and RPBS was estimated at A$2.29 billion dollars. If biosimilar versions of these medicines had been listed on the PBS at that time, at least A$367million dollars would have been saved.

What are the implications for practitioners?
Reducing the duration of monopoly protection on biologic medicines could save hundreds of millions of dollars annually that could be redirected to other areas of the healthcare system.
Quantitative prediction and typical factor effects of phosphorus adsorption on the surface sediments from the intertidal zones of the Yellow River Delta, China
Authors: Liang Baocui , Qian Xiao , Liu Xinhui , Zhao Shengnan , Cui Baoshan , Bai Junhong
Published: November 2017

Using 13 sediment physicochemical properties and a partial least squares (PLS) regression method, a predictive model was developed for the phosphorus (P)-adsorption capacity of sediments in the intertidal zones of the Yellow River Delta. The cross-validated regression coefficient (Q2cum=0.823) and correlation coefficient (R2=0.854) indicated significantly high robustness of the model. Moreover, P adsorption characteristics of sediments in the intertidal zones were systematically studied. The maximum adsorption rate (274.80mgkg–1h–1) was seen for sediment of the site around which there was aquaculture, which could have led to a higher organic matter content in the sediment. The mass fraction of clay and silt (<62.5µm) in the sediment of this site was 74%. The P-adsorption capacities ranged from 86.63 to 297.49mgkg–1 for all sites. The quantity of P adsorbed decreased with increasing salinity (2–30), and exhibited an inverted U-trend under the effect of pH (5–11). P adsorption increased with increasing P concentration under oxidation conditions (>400mV), but decreased under reduction conditions (0±100mV). These results could contribute to the restoration and management of intertidal zones.
General practice utilisation of Medicare Benefits Schedule items to support the care of older patients: findings from the REDIRECT study
Authors: Turner Lyle R. , Pearce Christopher , Brijnath Bianca , Browning Colette , Lowthian Judy , Shearer Marianne , Mazza Danielle
Published: November 2017

Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) items designed to support the wellbeing of older people may reduce unnecessary emergency department utilisation, however it is unclear to what extent such items are used. This study examined general practitioner (GP) utilisation of these MBS items through an analysis of the Melbourne East Monash General Practice Database (MAGNET), which contains information collected from GP clinics within the inner east Melbourne region. Sociodemographic and MBS claim data were extracted for patients aged ≥75 years attending a GP between 2005 and 2012. Utilisation of 75+ Health Assessments, General Practitioner Management Plans (GPMP), Team Care Arrangements (TCAs) or reviews, or Medication Management Reviews (MMRs) was assessed. There were 12962 (60.6%) patients assigned at least one of the MBS items. The highest level of claiming was for GPMPs (n=4754; 35.8%) and TCAs (n=4476; 33.7%), with MMRs having the lowest use (n=1023; 6.8%). Examination of GP and patient barriers to the uptake of these items is needed, along with a greater understanding as to whether those most at risk of hospitalisation are receiving these services. Strategies that support capacity to implement these items are also required.
How social information can improve estimation accuracy in human groups
Authors: Jayles Bertrand , Kim Hye-rin , Escobedo Ramón , Cezera Stéphane , Blanchet Adrien , Kameda Tatsuya , Sire Clément , Theraulaz Guy
Published: November 2017

Significance

Digital technologies deeply impact the way that people interact. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how social influence affects individual and collective decision-making. We performed experiments where subjects had to answer questions and then revise their opinion after knowing the average opinion of some previous participants. Moreover, unbeknownst to the subjects, we added a controlled number of virtual participants always giving the true answer, thus precisely controlling social information. Our experiments and data-driven model show how social influence can help a group of individuals collectively improve its performance and accuracy in estimation tasks depending on the quality and quantity of information provided. Our model also shows how giving slightly incorrect information could drive the group to a better performance.
Evaluation of mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V cold sprayed coatings
Authors: Garrido M.A. , Sirvent P. , Poza P.
Published: November 2017

The majority of the mechanical components in aeronautical applications show a reduction of their performance during their service life. Sometimes the component replacement is necessary, with the consequent cost of material and time. An alternative is to repair the component depositing a coating onto the metallic alloy. In this work, a cold spray technique was used to generate Ti6Al4V coatings onto a bulk of the same material. The mechanical response of these coatings was investigated by instrumented indentation tests. Additionally, instrumented indentation tests were also conducted on the particles used for the spraying process and on the substrate. The Young's modulus and the hardness of the coatings were compared to those obtained on the particles and on the substrate. The mechanical properties obtained on the coatings presented values similar to those obtained on the substrate. Also, the sprayed particles showed a hardness significantly lower than that obtained on the coatings.
The Notion of Trust in Social Theory
Authors: Misztal Barbara A
Published: November 2017

“We study what is significant for us and we explain the problems we study in terms of their significance for us” (Abrams 1982:78).
Mining Meaning from the Rhetoric of Nature—Australian Mining Companies and their attitudes to the environment at home and abroad
Authors: McEachern Doug
Published: November 2017

This article explores the claims used by international mining companies, based in Australia, to justify the impact which their activities have on the environment in both Australia and Melanesia. The first section of the paper looks at the character of the major mining companies involved. The second provides an account of the forms of rhetoric used to defend their actions. These defences include the invocation of a rhetoric of nature. The third section of the paper considers the political dynamics of mining company responses to environmental criticism and regulation. The article concludes with an account of the potential for mining companies to embrace the goal of (ecologically) sustainable development.
Accord VII: Collective Bargaining In a Labourist Framework
Authors: Singleton Gwynneth
Published: November 2017

The Accord of 1983 gave substance to Australian labourism as a partnership in government between the Australian Council of Trade Unions and the Hawke Labor Government to deliver real wage maintenance ‘over time’ for all workers through a system of centralised wage-fixing and full wage indexation. Accord VII, on the other hand, offers a decentralised system of enterprise bargaining that delivers variable wage outcomes across and within industries. The paper finds limited coherence between the outcomes of Accord VII and corporatism in the Panitch/Winkler mode of labour subordination and the greater association with the Crouch concept of bargained corporatism because it delivers some positive benefits to labour. The paper concludes that the political linkage between the ACTU and the ALP places Accord VII more in the context of traditional Australian labourism predicated on union support for wage restraint in return for select benefits to a ‘labour aristocracy’, continuation of the safety-net and a protective Labor government.

In 1990 I described the Accord as ‘an alliance or partnership in government between the Australian trade union movement and the Australian Labor Party’ in the ‘labourist tradition’, a strategy to achieve their economic, electoral and social objectives through Labor in government (Singleton 1990).

The several configurations of the Accord since 1983 have seen the original agreement transformed from centralised wage indexation to the current Accord VII two-tier system of decentralised enterprise-based productivity bargaining, supported by a safety net based on maintenance of the award system and increases for those unable to secure a result through enterprise bargaining. The original Accord sought equitable outcomes from centralised wage-fixing. Accord VII, while claiming the advancement of equity is central to its wages policy, is premised on equal access but variable outcomes across and within industries.

The paper will examine the capacity of Australian workers to achieve wage increases under Accord VII and analyse whether the outcomes give credence to a corporatist critique of this latest version of the Accord as the tool of capital to induce wage restraint from labour or alternatively, whether the two-tier system embodied in Accord VII upholds the labourist underpinnings of the original Accord that sought to manage the capitalist state to the advantage of working people through Labor in government (Singleton 1990, Chapter 11).
Cambodia after UNTAC: The Domestic Limits to International Intervention
Authors: Martin Tom
Published: November 2017

The UN's unprecedented commitment in Cambodia was to be the harbinger of a revived role for the UN in enhancing international peace and security in the post-Cold War era. However, in the initial optimism associated with this renewed hope, the nature of the challenge the UN faces in cases of international intervention was not fully recognised. This paper focuses on the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) and the nature of Cambodian politics since UNTAC. In drawing attention to the complexity of domestic conflict in Cambodia, it argues that if there is a lesson to be learnt from UNTAC, it lies in the need to examine the limits of international attempts to transform political cultures and to monitor political developments and enforce agreements once a mandate has expired.
Organisation Theory and Postmodern Thinking: The uncertain place of Human Agency
Authors: Carr Adrian
Published: November 2017

Postmodernist formulations are increasingly being entertained throughout the social sciences—creating turbulence for those fields who traditionally draw from the social and human sciences. Fundamental ‘troths’ are being revisited and taken- for-granted assumptions are being reconsidered. Much of the postmodernist formulations leave us an image of the individual (to be read ‘subject’) whose existence and constitution is a textual creation, and whose intentionally is dissolved in the liquor that is the text. The integrated self is replaced with, at best, a fragmented self. In the postmodernists' declaration of ‘the death-of-the-subject’ putatively there is a declaration of the death of a number of fields and a need for significant reform in others. Using, as an example, the current discourse in organisation theory and administrative theory this paper highlights how postmodernist formulations brush against the grain of the existing paradigms of these fields and in so doing, draws attention to aspects of our theorising that have been neglected or obscured.
Economic Development in South Korea: By-product of Military Regimes
Authors: Han Gil Soo , Sharp Rachel
Published: November 2017

This paper is a brief account of ‘miraculous’ economic development in postwar South Korea. The paper provides a short appraisal of existing perspectives regarding Korean economic development and discusses how three recent military regimes utilized current opportunities in relation to the international political economy situation and Korean society including its Confucian culture. Focus is given to the ways in which military regimes have constantly pursued development as a way of justifying their regimes. While pursuing growth and exported-oriented policies, the regimes in South Korea adopted a tight control over industrial relations and a low wage policy towards its work force.
Port Corporatisation in Australia: Dilemmas of Microeconomic Reform
Authors: Everett Sophia
Published: November 2017

Corporatisation and privatisation strategies in Australian ports are part of an ongoing microeconomic reform program by Australian governments to establish the maritime sector along commercially viable and competitive bases. Privatisation strategies transfer ports to non-government operators and subsequently operate under regulatory regimes identical to those imposed on any other business. Due to the inability of government to separate commercial imperatives from political control the processes of corporatisation becomes rather complex.

Reform strategies in Australian ports are about removing or distancing governments from day to day commercial operations. This places governments in some dilemma for if they retain ownership Ministers remain accountable. Clearly for government owned businesses to operate like the private sector they must have freedom to respond to market demands and have independence from political constraints. This places on governments the onus to separate commercial and political imperatives. To date, this remains unresolved and, moreover, while port corporatisation is in its infancy, some practices are emerging which are anticompetitive and non-commercial. Thus, they do not reflect freedom from political control.
From Keynes to Hayek: The Social Welfare Philosophy of the Liberal Party of Australia, 1983–1997
Authors: Mendes Philip
Published: November 2017

The Liberal Party has traditionally been a party of pragmatic conservatism blending three disparate ideological tendencies: the social liberal or ‘wet’ ameliorative tendency, the economic liberal or ‘dry’ individualist tendency, and a less organised social conservative tendency. The Menzies era and Fraser Governments reflected the influence of all three tendencies. However, since 1983, the Federal Liberal Party has arguably become dominated by classical liberal ideas of small government and rugged individualism. This dry takeover of the Liberal Party has been particularly apparent in the field of social welfare. Under the influence of the New Right, the Liberal Party has mounted a significant critique of the welfare state, comprising five related themes: 1) The alleged capture of the welfare state by vested interest welfare lobby groups; 2) the urgent need for labour market reform: 3) the proliferation of welfare dependency; 4) the importance of distinguishing between the deserving and undeserving poor; 5) The virtues of a return to private charitable welfare. The Liberal Party's espousal and implementation of these ideas, has however, been moderated on occasions by broader political and electoral considerations.
Tourism Policy and Planning: Evaluating the Life Cycle Model in Relation to Queensland and Hawaii
Authors: van Fossen Anthony , Lafferty George
Published: November 2017

This paper examines the most influential model of tourism development, the life cycle model, which has defined a ‘normal science’ of evolution for tourism destinations. The model is internally coherent, logical, easily intelligible and was used extensively as a guide to predicting development. For all destinations it postulates a path of steady growth until stagnation is reached. The model's widespread influence has discouraged policy and planning prior to stagnation. This paper illustrates the model's limitations, through a comparative analysis of tourism development in Queensland and Hawaii. Tourism growth in actual destinations does not support the model's predictions, in that some of the most attractive, but undeveloped destinations, have shown limited growth, while there are no indications of decline in established ‘mass’ destinations. Tourism growth in undeveloped areas is not inevitable, nor need developed destinations eventually stagnate. The paper argues that there is no automatic developmental progression. At all levels of development there are crisis points requiring coherent policy implementation if sustainable tourism growth is to be achieved.
A limit formula for semigroups defined by Fourier-Jacobi series
Authors: Guella J. , Menegatto V.
Published: November 2017

I. J. Schoenberg showed the following result in his celebrated paper [Schoenberg, I. J., Positive definite functions on spheres. Duke Math. J. 9 (1942), 96-108]: let

⋅
\cdot

and

S
d

S^d

denote the usual inner product and the unit sphere in

R

d
+
1

\mathbb {R}^{d+1}

, respectively. If

F

d

\mathcal {F}^d

stands for the class of real continuous functions

f
f

with domain

[
−
1
,
1
]

[-1,1]

defining positive definite kernels

(
x
,
y
)
∈

S
d

×

S
d

→
f
(
x
⋅
y
)

(x,y)\in S^d \times S^d \to f(x\cdot y)

, then the class

⋂

d
≥
1

F

d

\bigcap _{d\geq 1} \mathcal {F}^d

coincides with the class of probability generating functions on

[
−
1
,
1
]

[-1,1]

. In this paper, we present an extension of this result to classes of continuous functions defined by Fourier-Jacobi expansions with nonnegative coefficients. In particular, we establish a version of the above result in the case in which the spheres

S
d

S^d

are replaced with compact two-point homogeneous spaces.