bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Baroque and Philosophy
Authors: Moriarty Michael
Published: September 2018

Although the concept “baroque” is less obviously applicable to philosophy than to the visual arts and music, early modern philosophy can be shown to have connections with baroque culture. Baroque style and rhetoric are employed or denounced in philosophical controversies, to license or discredit a certain style of philosophizing. Philosophers engage with themes current in baroque literature (the mad world, the world as a stage, the quest for the self) and occasionally transform these into philosophical problems, especially of an epistemological kind (are the senses reliable? how far is our access to reality limited by our perspective?) Finally, the philosophies of Malebranche and Berkeley, with their radical challenges to so-called common sense, and their explanation of conventional understandings of the world as based on illusion, have something of the disturbing quality of baroque art and architecture.
Baroque Organ Music
Authors: Ponsford David
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses French Baroque organ music from published and manuscript sources, its liturgical context as well as the instrument itself. Throughout the period, the French organ retained a consistency of design and liturgical use that was unique. Its overriding principle was that of tonal color, so that titles of individual pieces, plein jeu, fugue, duo, récit, trio, and grand jeu, became established genres from 1665 to the Revolution. These genres implied appropriate styles of composition. Nevertheless, within strict parameters, composers were more and more influenced by contemporary Italian and French secular music. This mix of sacred and secular styles was a catalyst for composers of immense imagination: Nivers, Lebègue, Raison, François Couperin, Boyvin, De Grigny, Marchand, Dandrieu, to Michel Corrette and Balbastre, whose music serves as an example of how true creativity developed within relatively narrow parameters.
Ornamentation
Authors: Yonan Michael
Published: September 2018

In the minds of many, the word “baroque” calls to mind one thing: ornamentation, and particularly, to modern viewers, what seems like a generous employment of ornamentation in the Baroque era’s art, architecture, and music. Exactly why seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe embraced decoration so eagerly has been difficult to explain. This is particularly true in the modern era, when prevailing aesthetic discourses worked to villainize ornament as unnecessary, wasteful, or degenerate. This chapter examines the role of ornament in baroque art, architecture, and music in order to understand the function it played in each. To achieve this, the chapter concentrates on two areas: ornamented interiors, particularly ecclesiastical ones, and the ornamented musical lines of vocal compositions. Baroque ornament emerges a site of communication and psychic expansion.
Perinatal Depression as an Early Stress
Authors: Goodman Sherryl H. , Halperin Meeka S.
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides a review of research and a description of the central issues regarding the stressor of depression in mothers during pregnancy and the postpartum periods in relation to risk for the development of psychopathology in offspring. Where evidence allows, causal relations are emphasized; otherwise, limitations are noted, especially those regarding being able to draw causal conclusions from the correlational approaches typically taken in this area of study. Evidence for mechanisms in the transmission of risk is also described, given the potential for understanding causal relations. With the developmental psychopathology perspective of depression as a stressor for offspring, the focus is on vulnerabilities to and early signs of disorder as well as mental health outcomes per se. The chapter concludes with suggested critical issues in the field and recommendations for future directions for research.
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
Authors: Desormeau Philip A. , Walsh Kathleen M. , Segal Zindel V.
Published: September 2018

Over the past two decades, investigations of mindfulness meditation have demonstrated considerable efficacy in reducing the symptom burden associated with a variety of medical and mental health disorders (Baer, 2003). This chapter reviews the theoretical basis for offering training in mindfulness meditation to these populations, and it outlines the structure of mindfulness-based interventions, as well as their impact on stress and psychological indices of mental and physical health. We first define mindfulness in terms of the core cognitive processes that are engaged through this practice and then review how mindfulness reduces ruminative and elaborative processing, factors known to perpetuate stress reactivity. From there, we describe the dominant theoretical model of mindfulness’s impact on stress-related disorders—the mindfulness stress-buffering account (MSBA; Creswell & Lindsay, 2014)—and highlight how using this framework can inform intervention science in the area of stress reactivity.
Examining Base of the Pyramid (BoP) Venture Success Through the Mutual Value CARD Approach
Authors: Dembek Krzysztof , Sivasubramaniam Nagaraj
Published: September 2018

Nearly two decades ago, Prahalad and Hart introduced the novel idea that large corporations can both serve the poor customers profitably and help alleviate their poverty. However, the base-of-the-pyramid (BoP) field, as it has come to be called, has struggled to deliver on the initial promise and the dual goal of profit creation and poverty alleviation (creating mutual value). While this mutual value is a useful lens to define and evaluate success of BoP ventures, developing a value proposition from the perspective of the BoP has only received limited attention. To address these shortcomings and to extend the way in which success is viewed from the perspective of the BoP, this chapter introduces the mutual value creation, appropriation, retention, and destruction (CARD) approach using the mutual value lens to analyze the success of BoP ventures. It applies the value CARD framework to four different archetypes of BoP ventures to show how the archetypes help identify important differences in the full value proposition for the BoP and the success of the BoP ventures. The chapter illustrates these differences using examples from the field. It discusses the implications of our new perspective on designing BoP ventures that seek to be sustainable over time, and identifies possible avenues for future research to help fulfill the potential of the BoP framework.
Regulatory Institutions and Multinational Companies in Emerging Markets
Authors: Contractor Farok J.
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the role of government policies in fostering, or inhibiting, foreign direct investment (FDI) by multinational companies in emerging nations. Using World Bank data on 149 emerging nations, the chapter examines the impact of government policies and institutions on the magnitude of inward FDI each country receives. Certainly, socioeconomic factors such as the size of the local market, human capital, and skills remain powerful determinants of FDI flows. But, ceteris paribus, the results show that the institutional environment does plays a substantial role in determining the magnitude of FDI inflows received by a nation. Globalization, measured by FDI as well as trade, data, and people flows, is cyclical. But all in all, globalization has seen a massive increase since the 1980s, when a sea change occurred in government policies toward international business. Formerly socialist and inward-oriented policies were almost universally replaced by a liberal free-market posture.
Adjustment of MNE Geographic Market Strategy in Responding to the Rise of Local Competitors in an Emerging Market
Authors: Li J.T. , Xie Zhenzhen
Published: September 2018

Emerging economies are characterized by weak institutions but also a very dynamic competitive landscape. This chapter proposes that MNE subsidiaries may have to adjust their geographic market strategies as a response to the rise of local competitors. Information on 25,161 manufacturing subsidiaries exporting from China during 2005–2007 was analyzed to show that the export intensity of an MNE subsidiary first increases and then decreases with the export volume of the subsidiary’s local Chinese competitors in the same industry and with the same destination country. Subsidiaries that are older or more tightly controlled by their MNE parents are less likely to respond to the exporting of their Chinese competitors by changing their exporting intensities. Better developed market-supporting institutions make MNE subsidiaries more sensitive to the impact of Chinese local exporters.
Human Resource Management in Emerging Markets
Authors: Minbaeva Dana
Published: September 2018

This chapter introduces human resource management (HRM) in emerging markets and explains that in such contexts HRM is still emerging, and characterized by uncertain and unplanned forms of hybridization. The chapter argues that in each emerging market, HRM will depend on the types of actors present and the behavior of those actors. Accordingly, any generalization about HRM across emerging markets doesn’t make any sense. However, there are certain generalizable mechanisms through which the interactions among different actors occur and how these interactions shape HRM in the given emerging market. The chapter discusses those mechanisms and advocates the need to adopt a nested view in order to fully understand how HRM is practiced in emerging markets.
How Technology-Based Firms from India Deal with Legitimacy Challenges in International Markets
Authors: Raghunath S , Padmanabhan Jaykumar
Published: September 2018

Technology based firms from India, an emerging market, seek legitimacy in international markets in order to get access to mission-critical capabilities and resources for growth. Cooperation with internationally established firms and the resulting legitimacy enables emerging market firms to get access to development activities that they can use to substitute for expensive R&D efforts. Technology-based emerging market multinational enterprises do not possess great brands or technologies. They have agility and flexibility based on working with different technologies and their vendors. Developing interoperability between technologies and products and being able to do so is a distinct set of capabilities that enables them to support foreign expansion. As they enhance their expertise by working with diverse set of customers in different stages of the product life cycle, they develop unique skills in systems integration. Some of these companies have acquired firms in developed markets to strengthen their capabilities in product development and to move up the value chain. The dynamics results in the evolution of emerging market firms.
Financial Decisions, Behavioral Biases, and Governance in Emerging Markets
Authors: Hrnjic Emir , Reeb David M. , Yeung Bernard
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, we theorize that corporate governance models in emerging countries, relative to their developed economy peers, countenance greater behavioral biases in financial decision-making. Our arguments start with the notion that officers and directors of a firm choose the types and venues of various financial instruments to fund the firm and design various mechanisms to allocate these funds across divisions and projects within the firm. We posit that these allocation and capital sourcing decisions are influenced by both economic incentives and behavioral biases, which potentially differ between firms in developed and emerging markets. Specifically, we argue that the governance models used in emerging markets facilitate rapid managerial choices but occur at the cost of allowing behavioral-based distortions in both product and financial markets. Building on this notion, we provide insights into financial decisions, behavioral biases, and governance in emerging markets by assimilating behavioral financial economics and models of corporate governance.
The Urbanization of Capital and the Production of Capitalist Natures
Authors: Swyngedouw Erik
Published: September 2018

In the corpus of Marxist thought as well as in mainstream socialist strategies and politics, the theoretical and politically strategic position and role of space, nature, and the urbanization process in the expanded production and reproduction of capitalism, and in the transformation to socialism, remains—with a few notable exceptions—largely marginal and residual. Nonetheless, cities are hotbeds of anti-capitalist struggles and socio-ecological conflict, offer experimental spaces for emancipatory socio-ecological transformation and action, and remain pivotal for the organization and management of the creative destruction that animates a continuously revolutionizing capital circulation process. This chapter explores how emancipatory-egalitarian political movements, in conjunction with urban political-economic and political-ecological transformation, demonstrate the vital role of space, urbanization, and socio-ecological processes both in sustaining the expanded reproduction of capitalism and in choreographing the dynamics and configuration of class struggle.
Asia and the Shift in Marx’s Conception of Revolution and History
Authors: Chun Lin
Published: September 2018

Through a revisit of the evolution of Marx’s ideas about Oriental society and the village community, this chapter explores the methodological meaning of Asia for the Marxist conception of history and demonstrates its contemporary relevance. Following Marx’s original cases of India, China, and Russia, the chapter traces how eventually in his analysis national liberation and class struggle became mutually indispensable and why the oldest forms of social organization could be transformed into the newest as the communist project. This textual study of a remarkable intellectual trajectory begins with a critical examination of Marx’s Asiatic mode of production and then looks into the major twists and leaps in his later reflections, and concludes with a tentative appraisal of the significance of his eastward turn. Marx’s non-deterministic history with a strong agential as well as ecological consciousness is shown to be an indispensable source for contemporary Marxist rethinking of historical and global transformations.
Marx’s Concept of Socialism
Authors: Hudis Peter
Published: September 2018

One of the most important theoretical challenges facing us is developing a viable alternative to capitalism. Achieving this requires rethinking basic premises of social theory and practice, given the difficulties of freeing humanity from such problems as alienation, class domination, and the capitalist law of value. Taking off from Marx’s Concept of the Alternative to Capitalism, this article explores how Marx’s critique of capital, value production, and abstract universal labor time is grounded in an emancipatory vision of a post-capitalist society—a vision that has been largely overlooked. While Marx never wrote “blueprints of the future,” the full breadth of his work as revealed in the Marx-Engels Gesaumtausgabe indicates that his vision of a post-capitalist society went further than specifying the need to abolish private property and “anarchic” exchange relations. This chapter seeks to show how Marx’s writings on this issue provide important theoretical ground for envisioning a non-capitalist future in the twenty-first century.
American Custom, Ritual, and Holidays
Authors: Santino Jack
Published: September 2018

Since the nineteenth century, attention in folklore and folklife studies has shifted from viewing certain customary symbolic actions such as “calendar customs” and rituals of the life course to a more inclusive performance-oriented perspective on holidays and customs. Folklorists recognize the multiplicity of events that people may consider ritual and festival, and the porous nature of these categories. The concept of the “sacred” has expanded to include realms other than the strictly religious, so as to include the political and other domains, both official and unofficial. A comprehensive study of ritual and festival incorporates a close study of folk and popular actions as well as institutional ceremony. In the twenty-first century, approaching events as both carnivalesque and ritualesque allows folklorists to describe purpose and intention in public events, and to account for political, commemorative, celebratory, and festive elements in any particular event.
Historiography and Intellectual History of American Folklore and Folklife Studies
Authors: Rudy Jill Terry
Published: September 2018

Exploring the history of ideas remains crucial to the historiographic work in American folklore and folklife studies. Folklorists since the nineteenth century have consistently tracked the variability of traditional expressions and the communities in which they circulate amid the challenges and opportunities of changing social relations, communications technologies, and modernization. Even in the digital age, folkloristic histories investigate recurring behaviors and expressions that involve processes and products, individuals and communities, and the particular and the universal. In considering transitions of American historiography from hidden usable pasts to emerging professionalism and from the community concerns of folklife studies to the potential alienation of a digital era, folkloristic work documents, preserves, and shares traditional expression in all available media. This chapter considers how this historiography reaches academic and popular audiences by investigating institutional successes and struggles through the lived experiences of individuals and communities.
American Food, Foodways, and Eating
Authors: Long Lucy M.
Published: September 2018

As a central aspect of human lives, food, foodways, and eating have been included in American folklore research since the mid- 20th century and have been used to explore the dynamics of folk groups, ethnicity and regionalism, identity construction, artistic expression, and power hierarchies. This essay offers a definition of folkloristic perspectives on food, identifying three areas of emphasis that characterize folkloristics in general but are particularly relevant to the study of food: the personal (as in individual agency within larger structures), aesthetics (artistry and creativity as a part of that agency, and aesthetic experience as a motivation for engaging in cultural forms), and meaningfulness (sense of connectedness between individuals and their pasts, places, and other people). The essay examines food as cultural, social, and personal construction and as performance of identity, then offers two methodological frameworks for studying food: ethnography of eating and foodways. It concludes by exploring ways in which folkloristic approaches to food can be applied to issues within the food system as well as to broader questions around nationalism, cultural appropriation, authenticity, social inequalities, and community building.
Farm, Town, and Country in American Folklore and Folklife
Authors: Boyer R. Troy
Published: September 2018

Seeking remnants of verbal traditions they thought were being lost to industrialization and urbanization, the earliest folklore scholars took to the countryside. Analyzing folk culture in a fuller context, a generation of folklife scholars in the twentieth century set out to identify patterns in the rural landscape in materials, such as traditional artifacts and folk belief, that would illuminate the old traditional way of life and expand the purview of American history. A vital subject requiring more study and that connects to all other aspects of rural culture is traditional farming practices in the agricultural year. With regard to social history, folklife scholars have a critical role in the debate concerning the effect of commercialism on preindustrial farming that have implications for the valuation of family farms, rural communities, and sustainability into the twenty-first century. Among the topics in the rural setting that call for further folklife research are narratives of loss, the creation of local economies, and sense of place.
Asian American Folklore and Folklife
Authors: Khan Fariha
Published: September 2018

The study of Asian-American folklore and folklife focuses on the diverse peoples of Asia as they navigate their lives in America. Sharing the historical framework of Asian American Studies, Asian American folklore and folklife studies are informed by, and respond to, a legacy in the United States of racial discrimination, and stereotypes of the Asian “model minority” and “forever foreigner.” More specifically, these studies challenge Eurocentric ethnic folklore theory and method by emphasizing the distinctive ways in which diverse groups within the Asian American rubric create and sustain folkloric identities and raising the question of whether there is an emerging pan-Asian American or transnational identity evident in music and other folk forms. This chapter presents as examples approaches to, and interpretations of, in folkloristic studies of religious observance, artistic expressions, and food cultures in everyday practice of various groups in the United States with backgrounds in China, Japan, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, and Korea. Folklore and folklife scholarship on Asian America should foster a multidimensional perspective approach that counters the image of Asian homogeneity.
American Occupational Folklife
Authors: Groce Nancy
Published: September 2018

In the past, folklorists often approached the study of occupational folklife through a single trade or occupation or through a political lens that prioritized factory floors and union activities. While both approaches resulted in important scholarship, neither fully reflected the complex, multifaceted relationships contemporary Americans have with their jobs. In contemporary life, the majority of workers hold a series of jobs during their careers. Sometimes these “career arcs” are related to a worker’s professional training, but just as often they are not. In addition, the boundaries between work and nonwork have blurred as technology, working women, the diversification of the workforce, and evolving workspaces have transformed the once iconic eight-hour workday into different, arguably preindustrial, patterns. These rapid shifts have made the use of occupational folklore, on-the-job traditions, orally transmitted knowledge, and job-centered narratives all the more important in training and acclimating workers, and in ordering and authenticating contemporary workplaces. This evolving “workscape” has also made it increasingly important for folklorists to approach the study of occupational folklife in a nuanced, multifaceted way.
Folklore and Folklife of American Age Groups and Aging
Authors: Sellers Mary L.
Published: September 2018

Folklore occurs at every stage of a person’s life, and this chapter covers the way folklore and folklife across, and of, the life course has been studied. Six divisions in the life course that mark traditions of age groups as well as perceived stages in the United States are pregnancy and birth, infancy and early childhood, childhood and adolescence, adulthood, seniority, and death. Although much of the scholarship of age groups has been on the beginning and end of life, I demonstrate the conditions of aging in adolescence through the senior years that generate folklore and should be studied in relation to formation of age-group identity. This chapter emphasizes the use of folklore as an adaptation to aging. It examines the connection of folk traditions to the role that anxiety plays in the aging process, the formation of self and group identity, and the rites of passage that mark transitions from one stage to another. It shows that the presence of invented and emerging traditions indicates changing values and beliefs across the life course and encourages research in age-based research as a basic component of folklore and folklife studies.
Folklore and Folklife of American LGBTQIA+ Communities and Queer Culture
Authors: Chadwell-English J. Tyler , Bronner Simon J.
Published: September 2018

Subject to variation in public discourse, the initialism LGBTQIA+ stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning and queer, intersexed, and asexual and allies. Since the late twentieth century, scholars writing about these linked identities referred to it succinctly as queer, because the term represents a deliberately ambiguous reference to nonnormative identities that challenges traditional gender designations. The composite nature of the LGBTQIA+ label raises the central question of how individuals relating to one or more of the identities constitute a community or set of different groups for which folklore and folklife often serve a bonding function and a communicative role of expressing shared distinctive cultural values. Events such as circuit parties, pride festivals, and brunches emerged as pan-queer traditions, while other esoteric traditions of humor, gestures, names, and dress were coded expressions for different groups centered on sexual practices. Much of this folklore and folklife responded to a need for secrecy for stigmatized behavior; as many nonnormative sexual practices become decriminalized, cultural practices emerge to naturalize LGBTQIA+ communities within a multicultural society.
The Diversified Form and Function of Cochlear Afferents
Authors: Fuchs Paul Albert
Published: September 2018

Cochlear afferents differ in form and function. The great majority are type I, large diameter, myelinated neurons that contact a single inner hair cell to transmit acoustic information. Each inner hair cell is presynaptic to a pool of 10–30 type I afferents, among which spontaneous activity and acoustic threshold vary widely. Variation in the number, voltage-gating, and density of L-type calcium channels at each presynaptic active zone (ribbon) may dictate this functional diversity. Despite contacting large numbers of outer hair cells, the scarce, unmyelinated type II afferents are acoustically insensitive, and only weakly depolarized by outer hair cell transmitter release. However, type II afferents respond strongly to adenosine triphosphate released by cochlear tissue damage, providing a biological basis for painful hearing (noxacusis).
Migrations and Macro-Regions in Times of Crises
Authors: Hoerder Dirk
Published: September 2018

This essay analyzes the actual relationship between natural and manmade crises in longue-durée perspective and questions labels attached by master narrators. It challenges the standard view by differentiating sociologically between groups benefiting or suffering from migration. At the beginning, scales of spatial and temporal analysis are discussed as well as types of migration in relation to their potential impact. Next the elimination of mobility and crises in historiography and political theory regarding Greek and Roman societies are discussed. The following section approaches three distinct mass migrations in terms of push factors perceived, often justly so, as crises: the misnamed “peoples” migrations, migration after the “fall” of the Roman Empire, and settlement of the Yangtze Valley. Then forced labor mass migrations (slaveries) and the migrations in the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, and North China migration systems, self-decided under extreme economic and societal constraints, are analyzed. In conclusion present-day discourses are placed in context.
Memories of a French Migration Crisis
Authors: Sims Laura Jeanne
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines how the French state created a crisis through its management of the arrival and installation of the Harkis in 1962. The Harkis, Algerians of North African origin who supported the French army during the Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962), faced reprisal violence in Algeria at the end of the war and many were forced to migrate with their families to France. In response, French officials attempted to prevent the Harkis from escaping to France and placed some of those who succeeded in internment camps. Comparing the treatment of the Harkis with that of the Pieds-Noirs, the descendants of European settlers in Algeria who likewise fled to France in 1962, highlights the structural racism underlying French perceptions of and reactions to Harki migration. This chapter also explores the ways in which second-generation Harkis have constructed collective memories of the crisis and their attempts to hold the state responsible for its actions.
LGBTQ Migration Crises
Authors: Lewis Rachel A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines legal and administrative forms of violence produced by immigration laws and policies that condemn LGBTQ migrants to a state of crisis, leaving them permanently vulnerable to detention, deportation, and in some cases death. Despite the newly emerging body of scholarship devoted to theorizing deportation, there has been relatively little attention given to the ways in which gender and sexuality, along with race, class, nationality, and geopolitical location, produce particular migrants as deportable subjects. And yet, deportability structures the experiences of the majority of LGBTQ migrants. The first part of the chapter considers the historically specific asylum regimes that transform LGBTQ migrants into detainable and deportable subjects. The second part examines the various forms of legal and administrative violence inflicted upon LGBTQ migrants by the global detention and deportation regime. Finally, the third part of the chapter discusses examples of LGBTQ migrant activism that are emerging from these spaces of deportability and crisis.
Refugees in the United States and the Politics of Crisis
Authors: Nawyn Stephanie J.
Published: September 2018

Labeling a refugee migration as a “crisis” is not an inevitable action to large-scale forced migration. It is a choice that is steeped in racial, gender, and colonialist politics. The choice to label a situation a crisis might have underlying it good intentions for highlighting migrants’ dire situations, but it can also have negative discursive (and potentially material) consequences. Discursively, labeling a crisis could justify a more defensive stance than a humanitarian approach, leading to greater border enforcement and less willingness to provide protection and assistance to refugees. This chapter outlines some of the negative responses that are typical in US discourse on refugees, and how those responses tend to misinterpret the real nature of refugee crises, using the situation of Central American asylum seekers entering the United States in the mid-2010s as an exemplar.
Regional Migration and Argentina’s “Hospitality” in Crisis
Authors: Basok Tanya
Published: September 2018

The January 27, 2017 Necessity and Urgency Decree (DNU 70/2017), with its emphasis on immigrants’ criminality and the need to protect Argentina’s nationals from “menacing” foreigners, modified the liberal 2004 Immigration Law (#26,871) that had proclaimed respect for migrant rights and facilitated legal regional migration to Argentina. Can DNU 70/2017, therefore, be seen as an exceptional measure in the otherwise welcoming country? Or alternatively, are control measures, even those violating the rights of some migrants consistent with even the most liberal immigration policies? This chapter argues the latter by tracing the continuities between the recent decree and the previous measures and attitudes.
The Paradox of Immigrant Political Participation in Europe amidst Crises of Multiculturalism
Authors: Vermeulen Floris
Published: September 2018

In Europe, there is a narrative of a crisis of multiculturalism. The narrative assumes Europeans have been too generous and tolerant towards immigrants; that illiberal immigrants, from predominately Muslim countries, have exploited that tolerance to institutionalize their own anti-Western value system; and that a crisis of multiculturalism emerged because such groups were unable and unwilling to integrate into liberal European countries, leading to polarization and segregation. The narrative then pushes for a political solution to alleged cultural conflicts and has serious, stigmatizing affects for Muslim immigrants. Taking Amsterdam as a case study, this chapter analyzes the effects on immigrants’ political participation.
Migration and Environmental Crises in Africa
Authors: Omobowale Ayokunle Olumuyiwa , Akanle Olayinka , Falase Olugbenga Samuel , Omobowale Mofeyisara Oluwatoyin
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the contributions of economic crises, disasters, medical migration—especially for maternal and child care, in particular among the privileged— and climate change to migration in Africa, within the context of embedded values of immigration for economic advantage for self, family, and friends. Embedded local constructions of the West as the land of incredible opportunities and limitless wealth propel migration and frame local economic and environmental challenges as insurmountable requiring a determined or ‘lucky’ escape to developed countries to be achieved. Hence, local environmental crises solidify the resolve to migrate to improve socioeconomics for present and future populations through chain migration and remittances, among other culturally defined and expected support from successful migrants.
Conflicting Perspectives on the “Migrant Crisis” in the Horn of Africa
Authors: Campbell John R.
Published: September 2018

In sharp contrast to the sense of a “migrant crisis” which prevails in Europe, nation states in the Horn of Africa understand migration, including state-induced population displacement, as unexceptional. The chapter addresses this apparent paradox by contrasting European policy discourse on migration with the long-term political and structural processes in northeastern Africa that cause population displacement and migration. The chapter then examines the migration policies of governments in the Horn and concludes by arguing that the European Union misrepresents and misunderstands the factors responsible for large-scale migration and the role of states in exploiting migrants. For these reasons it is highly unlikely that the EU-Horn of Africa Action Plan/Khartoum process will bring about better border management policies and practices.
Wars and Migration Crises in Central America
Authors: Sørensen Ninna Nyberg
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the notion of “migration crisis” through an analysis of the tangled histories of war and postconflict migration. The author sets out to juxtapose the accounts of missing persons produced in two seemingly disparate situations: those who are “disappeared” during or because of armed conflict, and the migrants and refugees who go missing as an effect of stricter border enforcement policies and practices. The aim is to understand and theorize both the political projects that produce disappearances in different situations and the initiatives—or lack of initiatives—that publicly address the structural factors behind their occurrence. Global concern for missing people is predominantly cast as responses to war, armed conflict, terrorism and natural disasters, or, when involving migrants, to trafficking.
Precarious Mobility in Central America and Southern Mexico
Authors: Wiesner Martha Luz Rojas , Winton Ailsa
Published: September 2018

The widely reported increase in violence-based displacement from Central America to Mexico has been managed as a non-crisis by the Mexican government, which continues to try to assuage its powerful neighbours to the north and to control what has been termed the United States’ “third border” (Grayson 2006), between Mexico and Guatemala/Belize. This chapter is based on work that has sought to understand migration and displacement as lived experience, and argues that mobility is a deeply historical, personal, and conditioned process, in which the self—at the center of a complex web of shifting opportunities and oppressions—is itself in flux, at the apex of damage and possibility. Rather than crises, mobility is too often lived as protracted and contingent struggles.
Violence at the US-Mexico Border
Authors: Pombo María Dolores París
Published: September 2018

Political discourses on war at the US-Mexico border have material and performative consequences that produce social suffering among migrants. Stated as public policies, the declarations of war against drugs, immigration, and terrorism have legitimized violence at the border, which is carried out by security forces, state institutions, pressure groups, and organized crime. This chapter highlights a) the processes of structuring violence through immigration policy and border control in the southwestern US border, b) the forms of institutional violence carried out against migrants by the agencies of border surveillance and immigration control, and c) some of the effects of the so-called “war against drugs” on the proliferation of criminal violence in northern Mexico, particularly the formation of chains of violence and exploitation against migrants.
The Manufacturing of the US-Mexico Border Crisis
Authors: Morales Maria Cristina
Published: September 2018

This chapter illustrates the manufacturing of the US.-Mexico border crisis by providing a historical overview and a discourse analysis of contemporary US public-policies that contribute to the subjugation of the region and by extension to the vulnerability of border communities and migrants on their journey to the United States. The chapter begins with a vignette on a border patrol agent’s excessive use of force actions that resulted in the death of a Mexican youth. This tragedy is a testament of border security policies that enact state-sanctioned violence that continues to threaten the collective safety of residents on both sides of the United States—Mexico border and migrants. The chapter then discusses how the borderlands has historically been marked by conquest and violence from its creation to the present where national security policies created community insecurity. Next, the chapter discusses border-crossing-related deaths including the upward trend in these tragedies, the use of these deaths to expand anti-immigrant legislation, and concerns with migrant death statistics. Lastly, the chapter conducts a critical discourse analysis of the Executive Order: Border Security and Immigration Enforcement Improvements released on January 2017 under the Trump presidency to illustrate how political rhetoric and power over the US-Mexico border are created and exacerbated the manufacturing of the border crisis.
Central American Refugees Reveal the Crisis of the State
Authors: Abrego Leisy J.
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyzes President Obama and his Administration’s construction of Central American migrants as a crisis. Based on a close reading of letters to Congress, governmental Fact Sheets, speeches, and other written documents of the administration, the chapter argues that the language that initially established violence against migrants as the crux of the crisis simultaneously erased the role of the United States in supporting the conditions that are expelling migrants from their homelands. The faulty logic during a purported moment of crisis, moreover, made it possible to propose family detention centers and ramped-up enforcement as the main solutions. Central American refugees, therefore, are left with only their bodies to resist and to draw attention to the true crises: US intervention and nation-states’ long-term unwillingness to enforce human rights protections in the region.
Climate-Migration Responses in the Pacific Region
Authors: McMichael Celia , Farbotko Carol , McNamara Karen E.
Published: September 2018

There is widespread understanding that migration can represent an adaptive response to emerging and realized climate threats. However, the concept of “migration as adaptation” positions vulnerable populations as adaptive agents who can and even must migrate in response to climate change impacts, despite their often negligible contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. The Pacific islands region is widely viewed as an iconic site of climate change impacts and subsequent climate migration risk. This chapter discusses three Pacific countries—Fiji, Tuvalu, and Kiribati—and explores how people and government officials in these countries respond to the dynamic discursive, policy, social, and biophysical domains of “migration as climate change adaptation.”
Australia and People Seeking Asylum who Arrive by Boat
Authors: Fleay Caroline
Published: September 2018

Throughout the past forty years various leaders from both major political parties in Australia have categorized the arrival by boat of people seeking asylum as a “crisis” and the people themselves as “illegal.” This is despite Australia being a signatory to the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, and receiving relatively few people who seek asylum compared with many other countries. Punitive government policies and processes have further reinforced these representations, such that “crisis” and “illegal” can now be understood as both categories of analysis and practice. The repeated use of such categories may be helping to produce and reproduce prejudice and racism and obscure the needs and experiences of people seeking asylum.
France
Authors: Saada Emmanuelle
Published: September 2018

This chapter reviews the course of French decolonization by taking a long view of the central ideological tenets of French colonialism and the cultural ideas that underpinned governmental practice. The chapter also explores ideas of imperial structure, constitutional structures, and the basic architectures of French colonial rule. It looks at specific examples of French colonial areas, including Algeria, Indochina, and the Caribbean, as well as the various laws and constitutions enacted across the French Republics, exploring their connections with France’s process of decolonization. Finally, the chapter revisits ideas of decolonization and the ways in which the process unfolded for the peoples caught up in the ends of French empire.
The Life-World of Persons with Hysteria
Authors: Messas Guilherme , Zorzanelli Rafaela , Tamelini Melissa
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the fundamental anthropological features of the hysterical person. Two essential elements for the understanding of the hysterical persons are described: relational hypo-sufficiency and anthropological fragmentation. Relational hypo-sufficiency reveals the central characteristic of hysterical interpersonality, namely the subjugation of the I of the hysterical person to the other. Relational hypo-sufficiency is understood in terms of its temporality, spatiality, corporeality, and social identity. Anthropological fragmentation has puzzle corporeality as its main characteristic. In it, the body of the hysterical person is transformed into a passive stage of heteronomous life-projects. The chapter draws points of contrast with other disorders and sets out a dialectics of hysterical existence, presenting a fruitful face of this life-world.
Phenomenological Psychopathology and Neuroscience
Authors: Northoff Georg
Published: September 2018

The aim of this chapter is to introduce spatiotemporal psychopathology and the way it may complement and extend phenomenological psychopathology by bridging the methodological gap between brain and experience. The first section gives examples of spatiotemporal correspondence between neuronal and psychopathological features. Specifically, it discusses how spatial changes in the brain’s spontaneous activity translate into abnormal experience of the self in major depressive disorder (MDD). This is followed by the second section which focuses on spatiotemporal continuity. Specifically, the second section highlights the special relevance of temporal changes in spontaneous activity and its relation to the world and how that translates into hallucinations in schizophrenia. Finally, the third section briefly discusses the method of such spatiotemporal psychopathology and distinguishes it from other forms of psychopathology with a special focus on showing the continuity between spatiotemporal and phenomenological psychopathology.
Phenomenological Psychopathology and the Formation of Clinicians
Authors: Stanghellini Giovanni
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that psychopathology should be at the heart of psychiatry and clinical psychology. It first considers the three most important unmet needs identified by residents in psychiatry, namely: time dedicated to supervision, time dedicated to studying psychopathology, and opportunities to discuss patients’ psychopathological phenomena in clinical practice. It then examines five reasons for teaching phenomenological psychopathology to clinicians, along with its agenda—generalized and individual knowledge, explaining and understanding, first- and second-order empathy, education, and formation. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the need for training institutions to finally recognize the importance of the influence of the teacher upon the process of professional formation—which means that it is not only the trainees who need to be trained, selected, and supervised, but also the trainers.
Love and Animals
Authors: Milligan Tony
Published: September 2018

This chapter presents a defense of the depth and appropriateness of love for and by nonhuman animals in the face of attempts to marginalize both. Objections to the very idea of animal love generally appeal to the dangers of anthropomorphism when the dangers of anthropocentrism are at least as great. Or they appeal to the dangers of sentimentality but, in doing so, require love for or by animals to meet standards that our love for one another often fails to meet. The capacity of animals for grief is offered as a decisive, and well-evidenced, consideration that entails the capacity for love. Creatures who grieve must also be capable of love for that which has been lost.
Modernization on the Northern Fringe of Europe
Authors: Herva Vesa-Pekka , Naum Magdalena , Nordin Jonas M. , Ojala Carl-Gösta
Published: September 2018

The Atlantic world looms large in discussions of how the modern world emerged, and what modernization was about; but there have been calls to engage with these topics from the perspective of ‘margins’. Covering large areas of Fennoscandia, the seventeenth-century Kingdom of Sweden represented a northern end of urban Europe, but also encompassed the mythical Lapland, homeland of the Sámi and of natural and supernatural wonders—a contested borderland between the European ‘western’ and Russian ‘eastern’ worlds. This northern fringe of early modern Europe saw dynamic arenas of interaction where new cultural forms were generated. These localized transformations and the transmutations of modernity are the subjects of this chapter. Studying early modern processes of modernization from the perspective of the northern peripheries can provide new insights and challenges, not only into the understanding of the early modern history of the Swedish kingdom, but into the general perception of these processes.
Archaeological Research in St Petersburg, Russia
Authors: Sorokin Petr
Published: September 2018

St Petersburg, founded in 1703 and now the second largest city in Russia, has always been considered as a ‘new city’. However, it was not founded on a barren site. The land in the mouth of the Neva has been inhabited since the Neolithic era. In the middle ages, it was home to Ingrian and Russian settlements. Constant military conflicts over this territory both in the Middle Ages and in post-medieval times have left their traces—the remnants of the demolished Swedish fortresses, Landskrona (fourteenth century) and Nyenschantz (seventeenth century). During the 300-year history of St Petersburg, many fortifications, engineering structures, and architectural sites have been lost, and their history and remnants are becoming a target for thorough architectural research.