bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE NORTH WEST SHELF
Authors: Cockbain A.E.
Published: November 2018

The region of the North West Shelf dealt with in this paper is underlain by three of the four basins which make up the Westralian Superbasin. The Bonaparte Basin lies outside the scope of this paper; the other basins are the Browse Basin, the offshore Canning Basin, here named the Western Canning Basin, and the offshore Carnarvon Basin, here called the Northern Carnarvon Basin. Sediments belonging to ten depositional sequences (Pz5, Mzl to Mz5, and Czl to Cz4) are present in the basins, the oldest being of Late Carboniferous and Permian age (Pz5).Deposition commenced in rift (interior fracture) basins under fluvial/deltaic conditions in the Late Permian/Early Triassic (Mzl), when the North West Shelf was part of Gondwana. Continental breakup took place in the Middle Jurassic (breakup unconformity between Mz2 and Mz3), and marine conditions prevailed over the Westralian Superbasin thereafter, with deposition taking place in a marginal sag setting. Siliciclastic sediments gave place to carbonates in the Late Cretaceous (Mz5) as the Indian Ocean grew larger.Parts of the area have been under permit since 1946, and to date some 227 exploration wells have been drilled. The most intensive exploration has taken place in the Northern Carnarvon Basin (191 wells), followed by the Browse Basin (20 wells), and Western Canning Basin (16 wells). Thirty- four economic and potentially economic discoveries have been made. The main target reservoirs are Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous, and the regional seals are Triassic and Cretaceous. The fields are of two types: pre- breakup unconformity (mainly tilted horst blocks), and post- breakup unconformity (usually four- way dip closures). Of the five producing fields, the North Rankin Gas Field is a pre- breakup field, while the four oil fields (Barrow, Harriet, South Pepper and North Herald) are all post- breakup.
Pup production and breeding areas of Australian fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus at Kanowna Island and The Skerries in north eastern Bass Strait.
Authors: Arnould JPY , Littnan CL
Published: November 2018

THE breeding distribution of the Australian fur seal
(Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) is restricted to
offshore islands in Bass Strait, southeastern Australia
(Warneke and Shaughnessy 1985). Breeding colonies
are currently established on only nine islands but
there is historical evidence to suggest that several
other islands within Bass Strait once accommodated
breeding sites (Warneke 1982). Prior to the largescale
commercial hunting (1798-1825), the annual
total A. p. doriferus pup production is estimated to
have been between 20,000 ? 50,000 but these
numbers were severely reduced as a result of overexploitation
(Warneke and Shaughnessy 1985).
Dynamics of the new south wales yellow-footed rock­wallaby population, in relation to rainfall patterns
Authors: Sharp A , Norton M
Published: November 2018

Yellow-footed rock-wallabies (Petrogale xanthopus) are listed as endangered in New South Wales (NSW). Annual helicopter surveys have been conducted, during winter, on the NSW population since 1980. Correlation analysis suggested that the exponential rate of increase (r) of the population was positively related to rainfall in the previous calender year. Ivlev's inverted exponential numerical response model was found to adequately represent the relationship between r and rainfall, though the fit was poor (R2 = 0.43). Examination of the fit of the numerical response model and the predictions for the consonants used in the model suggested that the lower end of the function was better approximated than the upper end. The predicted values for the maximum rate of decrease and the level of rainfall at which r would became positive could be intuitively explained given aspects of the wallabies' ecology. However, the estimated maximum rate of increase was far below theoretically predicted values, which suggested that the expected positive correlation between rainfall and recruitment was weak. This suggested that the NSW P. xanthopus population was not primarily regulated by absolute resource availability during the period of the study. Possible intrinsic and extrinsic factors that detrimentally influenced the population are proposed.
Observations Of The Behaviour Of Free Living Bush Rat, Rattus Fuscipes And Southern Brown Bandicoot, Isoodon Obesulus At Buried Bait Stations
Authors: Fairbridge D , Fisher P , Busana F , Pontin K , Edwards A
Published: November 2018

EXCAVATION and burying of food items is a
common behaviour in canids (Saunders et al. 1999).
In Victoria burial of poisonous meat baits (containing
1080) to a depth of 8 - 10 cm for red fox (Vulpes
vulpes) and wild dog (Canis lupus spp.) control is a
standard practice (Saunders et al. 1995; Bloomfield
1999) and is thought to provide some protection to
non?target native species (Allen et al. 1989; Staples
and McPhee 1995). However, black rats (Rattus
rattus) have been recorded taking Foxoff� baits
buried at a depth of 10cm (Dexter and Meek 1998)
and anecdotal evidence indicates that native rodents
will occasionally excavate and consume buried meat
baits although the frequency of this behaviour is not
known (H. Brunner pers. comm.).
First Fossil Bandicoots from the Pliocene
Authors: Mackness BS , Wroe S , Muirhead J , Wilkinson C , Wilkinson D
Published: November 2018

FOUR fossil peramelemorphians are currently
recognised ? Yarala burchfieldi from Miocene
deposits of Riversleigh (Muirhead and Filan 1995;
Muirhead in press), Ischnodon australis from the
Early to Middle Pliocene Palankarinna Fauna (Stirton
1955), Perameles allinghamensis from the Early
Pliocene Bluff Downs Local Fauna (Archer 1976)
and P. bowensis from the Early Pliocene Bow Local
Fauna (Muirhead et al. 1997). Three of these fossil
taxa are referable to modern families. Ischnodon
australis represents the Thylacomyidae, while
Perameles allinghamensis and P. bowensis represent
the Peramelidae. Yarala burchfieldi, in contrast,
represents the superfamily Yaraloidea (Muirhead in
press).
Hastings River mouse Pseudomys oralis: a biological review.
Authors: Pyke GH , Read DG
Published: November 2018

The distribution and abundance of the Hastings River mouse (Pseudomys oralis) have declined
since the Pleistocene, and it is now one of Australia?s rarest mammals. It was presumed extinct
until rediscovered in south-east Queensland in 1969. Because of this past, and apparently
ongoing decline, as well as the nature and extent of known or presumed threats, P. oralis is
considered threatened with extinction. Like other ?threatened? species, P. oralis is presently the
subject of a recovery process, which aims to improve its conservation status. Essential to the
development of a recovery strategy for any species is a reasonable knowledge of its biology and
the nature and extent of threatening processes. While there has been considerable recent interest
in the biology of P. oralis and possible threats to its populations, there has not been a
comprehensive and detailed review of its biology. The present review indicates that the
necessary information for developing a recovery strategy for P. oralis is lacking. Progress has
been made in understanding habitat requirements and developing the ability to predict its
presence or absence, as well as knowledge of the biology of individuals. However, we presently
have little understanding of the population biology or community ecology of the species. We do
not, in particular, know what factors determine the distribution and abundance of P. oralis, nor
how these factors operate. In this situation we can potentially provide some protection for P.
oralis through strategies that avoid or minimise human impacts on habitat areas, but a strategy
aimed at species recovery is impossible.
Status of the common spotted cuscus Spilocuscus maculatus and other wild mammals on Selayar Island, Indonesia, with notes on Quaternary faunal turnover.
Authors: Heinsohn TE
Published: November 2018

Selayar Island, lying 16 km off the tip of Sulawesi's southernmost peninsula, has the world's
most isolated population of common spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus maculatus) belonging to the
same subspecies Sp. maculatus chrysorrhous as found in western New Guinea and the
Moluccas. It was probably introduced to Selayar in the latter part of the Holocene by
Austronesian praus returning from trading and fishing voyages to the aforementioned areas.
From 14 to 19 February 1997 five days were spent on Selayar conducting a survey of its
contemporary status there. Indications are that it has a dispersed and vulnerable population that
persists in an archipelago of forest remnants, jungle regrowth and anthropogenic tree groves on
this heavily populated, cultivated and substantially deforested island. Indeed, the species may
owe its persistence on Selayar to the island's Moslem population, which due to Islamic dietary
restrictions, for the most part, does not engage in cuscus hunting. Opportunistic observations of
other larger wild mammals on the island reveal a contemporary fauna dominated by introduced
ethnotramp species, many of which may have replaced extinct elements of a displaced original
mammal fauna. An opportunistic observation of a pteropid resembling the striped-face fruit bat
(Styloctenium wallacei) indicates that this Sulawesi species may extend to Selayar Island.
Bait uptake by free living brush-tailed phascogales Phascogale tapoatafa and other non-target mammals during simulated buried fox baiting.
Authors: Fairbridge D , Anderson R , Wilkes T , Pell G
Published: November 2018

Field trials were undertaken in box-ironbark woodland at Puckapunyal Military Area (PMA)
in central Victoria between January 2000 and April 2001 to assess bait uptake by the brushtailed
phascogale (Phascogale tapoatafa) and other small mammals during simulated fox
baiting exercises. The systemic marker Rhodamine B was used in non-toxic fox baits
(Foxoff®) to detect non-target bait consumption. The trials demonstrated that free-living
brush-tailed phascogales, yellow-footed antechinus (Antechinus flavipes), sugar gliders
(Petaurus breviceps) and common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) were capable of
accessing non-toxic fox baits buried under 10 cm of sand. Rhodamine B markings were
detected in six (15%) of 40 P. tapoatafa captured during the study period. The implications of
these results and future research needs are discussed.
The role of Acacia in the diets of Australian marsupials ? A review.
Authors: Irlbeck NA , Hume ID
Published: November 2018

Many of the 600 species of Acacia found in Australia form part of the diet of several groups of
marsupials. Acacia foliage is generally high in tannins but is consumed by several folivorous
possums and by some macropods (kangaroos and wallabies), but the macropods eat it mainly
as dry leaf litter during times of food shortage (in dry seasons and drought). Acacia gum is an
important diet component of two omnivorous possums (Petaurus breviceps, Gymnobelidius
leadbeateri) and, to a lesser extent, two rat-kangaroos (Bettongia sp.). Acacia seeds are
consumed by marsupials to a limited extent, but are an important seasonal component of the
diet of the mountain brushtail possum (Trichosurus cunninghami), and possibly the tammar
wallaby (Macropus eugenii) on Kangaroo Island. Likewise, Acacia arils (lipid-rich appendages
to the seeds of some species) are an important seasonal component of the diet of the mahogany
glider (Petaurus gracilis). Acacia pollen and nectar are consumed by several omnivorous
possums (e.g., Petaurus norfolcensis) as well as by at least one species of rock-wallaby
(Petrogale sp.), but the quantitative contributions made by these floral products to the protein
and energy budgets of the consumers have been difficult to determine. Thus several parts of the
Acacia plant are food resources for one or more groups of marsupials, but the contribution of
the genus to marsupial nutrition is often overlooked.
Long-acting contraceptives: a new tool to manage overabundant kangaroo populations in nature reserves and urban areas..
Authors: Adderton HC
Published: November 2018

When kangaroo populations reach high numbers in reserves and parkland near urban areas
there are a number of implications. The animals may pose a risk to their own welfare as the
population expands, have a negative effect on other aspects of the local biodiversity or impinge
on human activities. In such cases active management of the population may be sought to
ameliorate the negative effects. Traditional control techniques such as culling are often out of
the question in these circumstances due to social pressures and concerns for human safety. In
this paper I review three fertility control techniques that are potential management tools for
these situations. Surgical sterilisation is a fertility control technique that has been used in a
number of high profile situations. It is probably the most well established method of fertility
control, is permanent, but is invasive and stressful. New biotechnological approaches to fertility
control, such as the use of steroidal and non-steroidal contraceptives, are currently being
trialled on kangaroos. These include the synthetic progestin levonorgestrel and the GnRH
agonist deslorelin. These contraceptive agents are capable of successfully reducing the fertility
of kangaroos for a range of durations depending on the agent used. Such contraceptive agents
are likely to be a useful tool to manage both captive kangaroo populations and those in
parkland areas. The development of a remote delivery technique will increase their efficacy for
use in wild populations.
Are day-active small mammals rare and small birds abundant in Australian desert environments because small mammals are inferior thermoregulators?
Authors: Withers PC , Cooper CE , Buttemer WA
Published: November 2018

Small desert birds are typically diurnal and highly mobile (hence conspicuous) whereas small
non-volant mammals are generally nocturnal and less mobile (hence inconspicuous). Birds are
more mobile than terrestrial mammals on a local and geographic scale, and most desert birds
are not endemic but simply move to avoid the extremes of desert conditions. Many small desert
mammals are relatively sedentary and regularly use physiological adjustments to cope with
their desert environment (e.g., aestivation or hibernation). It seems likely that prey activity
patterns and reduced conspicuousness to predators have reinforced nocturnality in small desert
mammals. Differences such as nocturnality and mobility simply reflect differing life-history
traits of birds and mammals rather than being a direct result of their differences in physiological
capacity for tolerating daytime desert conditions.
The effect of water deprivation on signalling molecules that utilise cGMP in the spinifex hopping mouse Notomys alexis.
Authors: Heimeier RA , Bartolo RC , Donald JA
Published: November 2018

In mammals the natriuretic and guanylin peptides influence renal and intestinal fluid content and
electrolyte transport by binding to and activating guanylyl cyclase (GC) receptors that in turn
stimulate production of the intracellular second messenger guanosine 3?:5?-cyclic monophospate
(cGMP). However, the role of natriuretic and guanylin peptides in desert mammals is not
understood. The spinifex hopping-mouse (Notomys alexis), has a suite of behavioural and
physiological mechanisms that permits survival for extended periods without access to free
water. Because signalling molecules that generate cGMP are known to promote water excretion,
it was predicted that natriuretic and guanylin peptide synthesis would be down regulated in
water-deprived N. alexis, and thus reduce the amount of water lost in the urine and faeces.
However, in the kidney ANP and GC-A mRNA levels were increased in water-deprived mice,
but CNP and GC-B mRNA levels were decreased. Water deprivation increased guanylin and
uroguanylin mRNA expression in the distal colon, but it remained unchanged in the kidney and
proximal colon. The expression of GC-C mRNA increased in the proximal colon but not in the
distal colon. This study shows that water deprivation differentially affects the expression of
regulatory molecules that stimulate cGMP production, and that a down-regulation associated
with water conservation does not uniformly occur.
Kangaroo-vehicle collisions in Australia's sheep rangelands, during and following drought periods.
Authors: Lee E , Klöcker U , Croft DB , Ramp D
Published: November 2018

The effects of roads on wildlife behaviour and ecological function are poorly known in arid
Australia. The most obvious impact is roadkill from wildlife-vehicle collisions. Therefore we
collected statistics on kangaroo-vehicle collisions, investigated the causal factors of these
collisions, and related roadkill mortality to the population structure, size and distribution of four
kangaroo species in two intensive six month studies during and following drought. The
research was conducted along a 21.2 km sealed section of the Silver City Highway between
Broken Hill and Tibooburra that passes through the University of New South Wales (NSW)
Arid Zone Research Station at ‘Fowlers Gap’ in north-western NSW. The rate of roadkill was
higher during drought (20.8 roadkills month-1) than non-drought (2.6 roadkills month-1).
Affected species were red kangaroos (Macropus rufus), euros (Macropus robustus erubescens),
western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) and eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus
giganteus). During drought, M. fuliginosus and M. giganteus were killed in lower proportions
than their proportion in the source population, otherwise species were killed in proportion to
their density along the road. There were no sex biases but male M. r. erubescens were much
more likely to be beside the road than females and thus were killed more often during drought.
The majority of roadkills were young individuals around 2 years old. Curves and stockraces
along the road significantly increased the likelihood of roadkills. Likewise the frequency of
roadkills was a function of the kangaroo population density along the road, night time traffic
volume, low rainfall and higher vegetation cover and greenness along the road relative to
surrounding areas. We evaluate the relationships between these causal factors and kangaroovehicle
collisions, and discuss the possible effects of these collisions on kangaroo population
structure under drought and post-drought conditions.
Cetacean captures, strandings and mortalities in South Australia 1881-2000, with special reference to human interactions.
Authors: Kemper CM , Flaherty A , Gibbs SE , Hill M , Long M , Byard RW
Published: November 2018

This study summarizes 660 events involving captured, live-stranded and dead cetaceans in
South Australia between 1881 and 2000. Emphasis is placed on records (n = 361) during
1985-2000 when an active necropsy programme was underway. Average number of events per
year was 30.4 and the most common species were the short-beaked common dolphin
(Delphinus delphis) and Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus). Records were
assigned to nine categories of circumstance/cause of death. Summarizing the total database,
60% were unknown circumstance, 22% not obviously anthropogenic, 13% unintentional
human-related and 5% intentional human-related. In the data set of records for 1985-2000,
50% were unknown, 25% were not obviously anthropogenic, 20% were unintentional humanrelated
and 5% were intentional killings. Non-anthropogenic circumstances included neonatal
deaths, live strandings, significant diseases, shark attacks and choking. Cornynebacterium
ulcerans is recorded for the first time in a cetacean. Unintentional circumstances included
entanglement in fishing and aquaculture equipment (17% of necropsied carcasses from
1985-2000) and boat strikes. Intentional human-related circumstances were captures for live
display and illegal killing. Five percent of the necropsied carcasses during 1985-2000 were
attributed to shootings or stabbings/spearings. There is need for a formal reporting procedure
for marine mammal deaths and human interaction involving injury and for steps to be taken to
reduce human impacts.
The importance of refuge habitat in the local conservation of stripe-faced dunnarts Sminthopsis macroura on arid rangelands.
Authors: Frank A , Soderquist T
Published: November 2018

ANTHROPOGENIC change to Australian habitats
accelerated rapidly during the late 1800s as sheep
grazing spread across the continent. In particular,
intensive grazing in arid and semi-arid regions is
believed to have vastly altered vegetation
communities, triggered extensive soil erosion, and
reduced shelter available to small mammals, thus
increasing their vulnerability to predation (Morton
1990). It is not surprising, then, that since European
settlement 32 species (42%) of mammals inhabiting
the arid zone of Australia have become extinct
(Landsberg et al. 1997), and many others have
suffered major range reductions or are currently
considered widespread but rare. This faunal collapse
was due to multiple factors (Burbidge and McKenzie
1989; Morton 1990), but the most consistent
predictor of marsupial decline is geographic overlap
with domestic sheep (Fisher et al. 2003). While
overgrazing is a serious broadscale problem, the
destruction of naturally occurring pockets of highquality
habitat probably played a critical role in the
extirpation of species that relied on refugia for
survival during droughts (Morton 1990).
A Primer of Conservation Genetics. Richard Frankham, Jonathon Ballou and David Briscoe., A Review by Andrea C Taylor.
Authors: Taylor AC
Published: November 2018

MAMMALOGISTS who set out to acquaint
themselves with a general understanding of the
significance of genetics in conservation biology via
Frankham, Ballou and Briscoe’s 2002 offering,
Introduction to Conservation Genetics, may be
forgiven a little reticence in tackling its successor, A
Primer of Conservation Genetics. The first book was
originally touted as providing an ‘accessible
introduction’ to the field. However the substantial
size of Introduction to Conservation Genetics - partly
due to repetition of concepts among chapters
intended to provide the basis for undergraduate
lectures - may be sufficient to deter all but the
keenest professional student. For readers whose
‘study’ time is concentrated into office coffee breaks,
train commutes or bed-time reading A Primer of
Conservation Genetics is an infinitely better choice
(as it is for less-specialist undergraduate courses).
Professional wildlife managers these days are
expected or even legally compelled to incorporate
genetic issues into management programs and/or
avail themselves of multi-disciplinary sources of
information including that provided by ‘molecular
ecologists’. However the conservation genetics
revolution has occurred sufficiently recently that it is
only just beginning to infiltrate University teaching.
Fortunately the false dichotomy between genetics and
whole organism biology is breaking down, and the
former is now recognised as providing valuable tools
that undergraduate students are keen to master as part
of a holistic education in biology. Nonetheless most
practising wildlife managers have probably received
little formal genetics training any relevance. A
Primer of Conservation Genetics is ideal for absolute
beginners as well as those seeking to consolidate
knowledge. The authors bring to the book the wealth
of their own experience in laboratory
experimentation, hands-on genetic management and
empirical data collection.
Life under a sandstone overhang: the ecology of the eastern cave bat Vespadelus troughtoni in northern New South Wales.
Authors: Law B , Chidel M , Mong A
Published: November 2018

We studied the eastern cave bat (Vespadelus troughtoni) in northern New South Wales to
provide ecological information on roosts and foraging. Radio-tracking of five bats was
supplemented with opportunistic visits to roosts over five years. One male was radio-tracked
and its roost was within a corrugated iron roof cavity of a dairy. Maternity roosts were located
in the overhangs of large sandstone caves usually containing a dome at the rear. Searches of
nearby cliff-lines found that small caves, crevices and overhangs were not used as day-roosts.
Nor did any radio-tagged bat roost in tree hollows. Colony size of one tight roosting cluster was
estimated as 240 individuals. Radio-tagged bats frequently switched roosts, while opportunistic
visits over a five-year period often found caves unoccupied. Most movements between roosts
were within 1.5 km, although one female moved about 3.75 km between roosts. One radiotagged
female shifted roost to beneath the corrugated iron of a farm-shed that supported at least
50 bats, predominantly females with young. Observations of foraging radio-tagged and lighttagged
bats were frequent along a stream lined with trees, but surrounded by cleared paddocks.
Foraging was observed in the air space above the creek, interspersed with occasional rapid
flights across paddocks (> 500 m). We suggest that a key requirement for V. troughtoni in the
rural landscape is the presence of native vegetation in close proximity to roosts, although
extensive forested areas may not be required. Education of local communities about the
sensitivity of these bats at cave roosts would be an important contribution to their conservation.
Neurogenesis in the olfactory sytem of the brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula.
Authors: Sanderson KJ
Published: November 2018

A series of developmental studies of the brushtail
possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) have described
much of the postnatal neurogenesis in the brain of
this species (Sanderson and Aitkin 1990; Sanderson
and Weller 1990a,b; Harman et al. 1992; Sanderson
and Wilson 1997) except in the olfactory system. The
olfactory epithelium is well developed at birth (Hall
and Hughes 1987). This study provides a brief report
of neuronal birth in the olfactory system, using the
same anatomical material from the previous studies.
Risk sensitive foraging: an experimental study of a solitary marsupial.
Authors: Evans LN , Elgar MA , Handasyde KA
Published: November 2018

DETECTION and avoidance of predators are the
principle strategies employed by prey to evade attack;
by scanning their environment, prey individuals can
reduce the likelihood of a predator approaching to
within striking distance (Elgar 1989; Lima and Dill
1990). However, vigilance is often incompatible with
foraging behaviours, and thus animals may be forced
to trade-off the risk of predation against acquiring
food. Consequently, the quality of a particular
resource patch and its associated predation risk may
influence the foraging decisions of animals (Werner
et al. 1983; Newman and Caraco 1987; Heithaus and
Dill 2002). Cover is an important feature of a
foraging site because it can provide a hiding place to
escape potential predators (Lazarus and Symonds
1992). Thus, animals may prefer foraging sites that
are close to cover, or adjust their level of vigilance at
different distances from cover in order to compensate
for changes in the chance of early detection and
escape (Elgar 1989; Lima and Dill 1990; Lima et al.
1985; Kramer and Bonenfant 1997).
Age estimation of pouch young and growth of the burrowing bettong, Bettongia lesueur, (Marsupialia: Potoroidae) on Heirisson Prong, Shark Bay, Western Australia
Authors: Freegard C.J. , Calver M.C. , Richards J.D. , Bradley J.S.
Published: November 2018

Measurements of hind foot length, weight, head length and tail length were collected from pouch young, young at foot, sub-adults and adults of a reintroduced population of the vulnerable burrowing bettong, Bettongia lesueur, on Heirisson Prong, Shark Bay, Western Australia. A key based on qualitative characteristics was used to age individuals and a Richards growth function was fitted to plots of hind foot length versus age. The patterns of growth and morphological characteristics were similar for males and females. Both sexes exhibited a growth pattern typical of a medium-sized macropod with an initial slow phase of growth followed by a rapid phase that slowed as adult size was reached. The growth curves are suitable for broad estimates of the age of wild-caught animals from pouch young to early adulthood.
Molecular relationships of species of Pseudantechinus, Parantechinus and Dasykaluta (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae).
Authors: Westerman M. , Young J. , Krajewski C.
Published: November 2018

The eight currently recognized species of false antechinuses are members of the dasyurid marsupial genera Pseudantechinus, Parantechinus and Dasykaluta. Previous morphological and molecular studies have confidently placed these species in the tribe Dasyurini, but their affinities within that clade are poorly understood. We report phylogenetic analyses of cytochrome b, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, IRBP, �-fibrinogen intron 7 and e-globin intron 1 DNA sequences from one or more exemplars of each species of false antechinus and selected outgroups. The three genera of false antechinuses do not form a monophyletic group, but more specific relationships among them remain unresolved. Branching order within Pseudantechinus is reasonably clear: Ps. bilarni is sister to the other species, among which Ps. woolleyae, Ps. ningbing and Ps. mimulus form successive branches above the root. Our results support the current generic affiliation of Ps. bilarni, in agreement with previous morphological and allozyme studies, though this support is not strong. Our data fail to demonstrate reciprocal monophyly of Ps. macdonnellensis and Ps. roryi haplotypes, suggesting instead that populations within this group have a complex phylogeographic structure that will only be elucidated with more detailed field sampling.
Chronoethology of captive koalas Phascolarctos cinereus.
Authors: Benesch A.R. , Munro U. , Schratter D. , Fleissner G.
Published: November 2018

Activity patterns of 4 koalas from 2 zoos were observed for 6 weeks. Actograms show that koalas were mainly, but not exclusively, nocturnal.
An alternative spool-and-line tracking device for medium-sized animals.
Authors: Sutherland D. R. , Glen A. S. , Cruz J.
Published: November 2018

The centre plastic core can be removed from bobbins of sewing thread to allow the tread to feed out from the centre without revolving. Spools of 500 m and 1,000 m have been used successfully on medium sized mammals and on goanas (Varanus gouldii).
The Nature of Reaction Wood II. The Cell Wall Organization of Compression Wood Tracheids
Authors: Wardrop AB , Dadswell HE
Published: November 2018

Optical and X-ray methQds have been used in the examinatiQn Qf the secQndarycell wall Qf cQmpressiQn WQQd tracheids from a number Qf species QfgymnDsperms.By these methQds it has been shQwn that the cell wall Qf CQmpressiQn WQQd tracheidscDnsists Qf two. layers. In the Quter layer the micelles are inclined at a large angle 'to. the lQngitudinal axis Qf the tracheid, while in the inner layer the micelles areinclined at a relatively smaller angle. In the inner Df the two. layers there exist radialdiscQntinuities in the spiral micellar structure, which are visible as IQngitudinal striatiQnsin the cell wall. These discQntinuities also. aCCQunt for the radial distributiQn Qflignin which is observed in transverse sectiQns Qf cQmpressiQn WQQd tracheids. Bydetermining the average tracheid length Qf the last-fDrmed late WQod in the variQusgrowth rings Df several eccentric stems Qf Pinus radiata D.DQn it has been shDwn thatthe tracheids Qf cQmpressiQn WQQd are appreciably shQrter than WQuld be the case ifno. cQmpressiQn WQQd were present. A study Qf the change in micellar QrientatiQn withchange in tracheid length has indicated that the angle Qf micellar QrientatiQn in CQmpressiQnWQQd tracheids dQes nQt differ signific(mtly frQm that existing in nQrmalWQQd tracheids Qf similar length. In so. far as the prQperties Qf WQQd are determinedby cell wall QrganizatiQn, it is cQncluded that cQmparisQns between cQmpressiQn WQDdand normal WQQd shQuld be made Qn material Qf the same tracheid length and spiralQrganizatiDn. It is suggested that bQth the reductiQn in tracheid length and eccentricradial growth in stems cQntaining cQmpressiQn WQQd are to. be attributed to. an increasein the number Df bDth transverse and tangential lQngitudinal divisiQns Qf thefusifQrm initials Qf the cambium.
Studies of the Physiology and Toxicology of Blowflies
Authors: Waterhouse DF
Published: November 2018

Lucilia cuprina larvae possess two pairs of malpighian tubules. One pair,having a yellow appearance, is restricted to the posterior end of the body.The other pair commences at the posterior end of the body and rims forwardsas far as the brain and then backwards on either side of the gut to enter itby a common duct. Whereas the ascending regions are greatly enlarged andhave a white appearance caused by many small spherical granules in thelumen, the descending regions� have the usual yellow appearance. The tubulesare held in place at several points by fine strands of connective tissue.
The Reactions of Mosquito Larvae to Regular Repetitions of Shadows as Stimuli
Authors: Thomas IM
Published: November 2018

Two factors are involved in the diving reaction of larvae of Culex fatigans,Wied., a kinetic stimulus which initiates movement and a directional stimulus.The kinetic stimulus may be a water vibration, a change in light intensity, or amild electric shock. The directional stimulus is normally a combination of lightand gravity.
Observations on the Behaviour of Protein in Paper Partition Chromatography
Authors: Wynn V , Rogers G
Published: November 2018

A study has been made of the behaviour in partition chromatography onfilter paper, by the method of Cons den, Gordon, and Martin (1944), of severalproteins commonly occurring in biological fluids. It is shown that the proteinin such fluids may appear as a ninhydrin-reacting spot in a characteristic positionon the chromatogram, and present a problem in identification.
Studies on the Digestion of Wool by Insects V. The Goblet Cells in the Midgut of Larvae of the Clothes Moth (Tineola Bissellielal (Humm.)) And Other Lepidoptera
Authors: Waterhouse DF
Published: November 2018

Goblet cells and columnar cells occur, together with regenerative cells, in the midgut epithelium of lepidopterous larvae. The columnar cells have an appearance typical of the simple epithelial cells that occur in the midgut of many insects. The goblet cells are highly differentiated and, although there are marked variations between species, such as in frequency of occurrence, in shape, in staining reactions, and so on, their basic structure is very similar. Bodian's 'ProtargoI' staining technique provides excellent differentiation of goblet cells. Each goblet cell has a basally situated nucleus and contains an internal cavity, which is bordered by a faintly striated lining. No opening permitting direct movement of material from the cavity into the lumen has been observed. Available evidence suggests that materials moving out of the cavity pass through a bounding membrane. Unlike columnar cells, goblet cells do not possess a striated border on their lumen surface.
Fungal Cellulases III. St Achybotrys Atra: Growth and Enzyme Production on Non-Cellulosic Substrates
Authors: Jermyn MA
Published: November 2018

The growth of the mould Stachybotrys atra OCl modified vVaksman-Carey medium has been studied. Iron, zinc, copper, and manganese have been shown to be inorganic micronutrients for the 'mould but their essential nature has not been conclusively demonstrated. Certain other supplements appear to stimulate growth.
Transferase Activity of the ß-Glucosidases of Aspergillus Oryzae
Authors: Jermyn MA , Thomas R
Published: November 2018

The p-nitrophenyl-,8-glucosidase of Aspergillus oryzae is able to transfer a glucose residue to methanol, ethanol, and n-butanol. The enzymes hydrolysing salicin and cellobiose carry out this transfer to a much less degree if at all. There is evidence that these enzymes can transfer glucose residues to other sugar molecules to build up more complex saccharides.
A Critical Study of the Use of Paper Electrophoresis for Separating Proteins and Measuring Their Isoelectric Points
Authors: oods EFW , Gillespie JM
Published: November 2018

A study has been made of the factors affecting the migration of proteins during electrophoresis on paper strips held between glass plates. A major difficulty in interpreting results is caused by movement of liquid in the paper from anode to cathode, the rate of flow diminishing from the anode end to the cathode end. Even with non-uniform liquid flow of this type it is possible to choose a path such that migration of an ion is linear with respect to both time and potential gradient.
Inheritance of Spotted Wilt Resistance in the Tomato II. Five Genes Controlling Spotted Wilt Resistance in Four Tomato Types
Authors: Finlay KW
Published: November 2018

The four spotted-wilt-resistant tomato types, Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium and L. esculentum varieties Rey de los Tempranos, Pearl Harbour, and Manzana, were each crossed with the susceptible variety Potentate, and also crossed with each other in all possible combinations. The F 1 and F 2 plants, when inoculated with 10 strains of tomato spotted wilt virus, were resistant to five groups of these strains.
The Accumulation of Acetaldehyde by Suspensions of Yeasts
Authors: Fornachon JCM
Published: November 2018

The sherry flor yeast, Saccharomyces beticus, which causes accumulation of acetaldehyde when growing as a film on the surface of alcohol-containing media, also causes an accumulation of acetaldehyde when shaken with ethyl alcohol in air. The ability to accumulate aldehyde under these conditions is not confined to this species, however, but was also found in S. cerevisiae, S. carlsbergensis, and S. ellipsoideus.
Ruminal Flora Studies in the Sheep V. the Amino Acid Composition of Rumen Bacterial Protein
Authors: Holmes RJ Moir P , Underwood EJ
Published: November 2018

Fifteen amino acids were determined, by paper chromatography, on the protein preparations of each of two bulk samples of rumen bacteria from sheep fed under "dry" and "green" feed conditions.
The Pathway for Glucose Oxidation by Asterococcus Mycoides, the Organism of bovine Pleuropneumonia
Authors: Rodwell AW , Shirley Rodwell E
Published: November 2018

Cell suspensions of A. mycoides oxidize glucose but do not attack it anaerobically. The pathway for glucose oxidation was investigated.
Rugose Leaf Curl-A New Virus Disease Transovarially Transmitted by the Leafhopper Austroagallla Torrida
Authors: Grylls NE
Published: November 2018

A plant virus disease, not previously described, was obtained from the leafhopper Austroagallia torrida Evans collected from lucerne fields in Canberra. Symptoms have not been recognized in the field, but 16 species of plants from eight families developed symptoms in the glass-house.
The Rate of Production of the Peritrophic Membrane in Some Insects
Authors: Waterhouse DF
Published: November 2018

Feeding zygopterous (damsel-fly) nymphs produced peritrophic membranes at a rate of about three per day. Each membrane is secreted by the entire midgut epithelium and varies in length according to the degree of distension of the midgut by food. Starving nymphs evacuated empty membranes at a slower rate (about 1 per day) ,until death.
Studies on the Action of Rennet on Casein and the Nature of Clotting
Authors: Higgins HG , Fraser Dallas
Published: November 2018

Casein and paracasein preparations have been compared by various methods including titration techniques, solubility, and ultraviolet spectra of the proteins and their azo-derivatives. It is suggested that rennet may release imidazole or phenolic groups from intramolecular linkage. The liberation of proteoses was confirmed but their presence does not appear to bc essential for clotting. Support is given to the view that a-casein is more affected by rennet than are other casein components. The stability of the clots and the effect of electrolytes on the clotting process have been examined.
Protoplasmic Streaming in Tradescantia I. The Effects of Indoleacetic Acid and Other Growth-Promoting Substances on Streaming
Authors: M Kelso Judith , Turner JS
Published: November 2018

The rate of protoplasmic streaming in .the staminal hair-cells of Tradescantia virginiana is not affected by change of oxygen concentration in a hanging drop enclosing the hairs over the range 1�5-100 per cent. of oxygen in the surrounding gas phase. This allows experiments to be carried out without continuous renewal of the water drop.
The Amino Acid Composition of Keratins II. The Amino Acid Composition of a Keratin Derivative Extracted From Wool With Alkaline Thioglycollate Solution
Authors: Simmonds DH
Published: November 2018

The amino acid composition of a protein component of Merino 64's quality wool, which moves as a single peak on electrophoresis in alkaline thioglycollate solutions, has been determined. The results, which are summarized in Table 1, show that the purified protein fraction contains more aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine, lysine, and amide nitrogen, and less cystine, proline, serine, and tryptophan, than the parent wool from which it was extracted.
Effect of Nacl in Water Cultuire on the Ion Uptake and growth of Atriplex Hastata L.
Authors: Black RF
Published: November 2018

A/riplex hasia/a is taken as an example of a halophytie member of the genus. As a seedling it is shown to be tolerant to NaGI concentrations !tpproximating that of sea� water (O�tiiVI). Growth, however, is severely inhibited in concentrations above O�aM. For comparable cOllcentmtions, the chloride cOlltellts of the mature leaves are lower than those of either A. vesicaria or tomato plants. The root systems of A. has/a/a exhibit considerably higher chloride (mntents on a dry matter basis than the mature leaves. The total of the mature leaf cations analysed greatly exceeded the total of the inorganic anions. This condition is shown to agree with what would be expeeted, assuming a simple Donnan equilibrium existed between the mature leaves and the external eulture solution, where the concentration of the latter is 0'2M: or above.
Enzymic Activtties of Sur-Cellular Particles From Leaves I. the Occurrence of Mitochondria in Green Leaves of the Pea Plant
Authors: Smillie RM
Published: November 2018

Cytoplasmie particles eOl'l'cspollding to i.he mitochondria of animal and etiolated plant tissues have been prepared from green pea leaves. These part.icles contain t,he complete triearboxylic a(1id cycle ('omplex of enzymes. This has been determined by demonstrating the oxidative and phosphorylative (mpacities of the partieles in the l)I'csence of added snbs/,rates of the trical'boxylie acid cycle, the "sparked" oxidation of pyruvate, the conversion of fumarate to succinate in the presence of malonate', and by the eomplete oxidation of added substrate. lI:nzymes eapable of oxidizing formate, laetate, a number of amino acid,;, Hnd reduced oytoehl'ome c aro looMed in these pnrticles. Diphosphopyridillo nueleotide, triphosphopyridine nucleotide, and sueeinate-linked eytochrome reductases are also present. Tho effeets of varions COf!lctOl's [md inhibitors on the oxidative capaeit.ies of the pm�tielns havo beon ill,-ostigated. Valuos hetwenll :l and :1 for tho ratio of phosphorus esterified to oxygen eOllsumoc! luwe been obtained i'0!' all Hw triem'boxylic acid cy,,]o substrates tested. with til(' exception of succinate, for whieh It value of I ,Ml was found.
The Role of Serum in thi Nutrition Asterococcus Mycoides
Authors: Rodwell AW
Published: November 2018

For grow(,h or A.,yierococcl<S lI1!1coiilc8 in l'Olltpi"x liquid IllNI iml1 , Nl'l'um oould be l'Oplacecl by balancNIll1ix(,ures of a hl)at,-sfahln protein fnwtioll, elioloNiowl, and oleate, when 11 suitahle osmoLie pressllI'o was provided, Olea!!) could I", l'eplaeod by linolcaje 01' by linolollate, and t;he p,'ofein fraction by bovino ""!'tun albumin or by stareh. Both the protein fruction and cholcsto['()l inhibited tlw mpid lysis brought, about by low concentrations ofoloato or otbOl' BUrraGe-active agents. anionic and nOlliOllie. It was concluded that SOl'um provides a nOll-toxie SOllrce of olea!,(), prohably as n moleeulnr uRsociation with protein and cholosterol, lmC tho (Jvidenoo did not inrlieato whothor OJ' not. ehoiesj,ero] iii also required us n. llllj.l'ioni.
The Metabolism Op Ahginine in Serratia Marcescens I. Pathways of Synthesis and Degradation
Authors: Glasziou KT
Published: November 2018

Sermtia marCC8ccn8 has no ornithine cycle, the enzyme argimlse being u,hs(mt. Arginine is not. dissimilated in the manner of tho st.I'optococci ancl staphylococci as arginine desmidaso is lacking.
The Influence of Environmental Temperature on the Level of Plasma Antidiuhetic Substances in the Rat
Authors: W Robinson Kathleen , Macfarlane WV
Published: November 2018

'rhe level of plasma antidiuretic substances (ADI:-i) was found to be doubled when rats were exposed continuously to an atmosphere of !l5�F (:35�C) and :30 mm Hg water vapour pressure for 28 days, and it, was reduccd to half with continuous exposure to cold (43�F (G�5�e)). When recluction in body woight accompanited IlEmting, the antidiuretie potency of tho blood was markedly increased.
Conductance Changes and Responses in Potato Tubers Following Inf'ection with Various Sthains of Phytophthora and with Pythium
Authors: Greenham CG , Müller KO
Published: November 2018

Electrical conductance measurements were made at high frequency (1 Me/B) !and at low frequency (I kC/H). The high frequency (ELF.) conductanco values woro similar in hcalt,hy and diseased tissue; the low frequency (L.F.) conductaneo values increased with duration of infedion, and changes in them could he used as a quantitative measure of injury.
Relationships of Legume Vihuses in Australia I. Strains of Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus and Pea Mosaic Virus
Authors: Goodchild DJ
Published: November 2018

Two strains of bean yellow mosaic virus and hvo strllills of pea mosaie virns are Rhown to be present in Australia, the physical propties Imd host ranges arc reported, Hud the relationship between j,hoso and previously deseribecl stl'l1ins is discussed.
Oxidation of Manganese by soil Microorganisms
Authors: Bromfield SM
Published: November 2018

Oxidation of manganolls sulphate by an associa,t,ion of two bacteria and by a newly-isolated strain of a Gorynebactc'rium sp. was studiod in an artificial medium containing 0-005 per eont. yeast extraot, 0�005 per COIlt. manganous sulphate, and various other ino['ganic salts.
Mast Cells and Hair Growth in the Mouse
Authors: Nay T
Published: November 2018

(i) In t.he skin of Naked, Crinkled, and oeeasionally, normal mice, the mast cell granules, or whole mast cells, located in subdermal conneetive tissue, become pigmented, the colour bcing the same as the colour of the hail' of the animal ill question.
Properties of Wool Root Phosphatases
Authors: Gillespie JM
Published: November 2018

\\Tool roots preparod b~' the wax shoet, toelmiquo contain pyrophosphatase, phosphatase, awl metaphosplmtaso. Of those the pyrophosphatase is t,ho most act,iv().n appears to carry an essential --SH group, is activated by jUg++ ions, shows optimum activity at about pH (Hl. The phosphatase is not adivated by metals nor inactivated by chelMing agents or -SH inhibitoJ�s.!ts optimum pH is !lot sharp but appears to be in the range 5-�7. The metaphosplmtase is activated by :\lg" and has an optimlllYl pH of" about 7.
The Occurrence of a Previously Unobserved Polysaccharide in Immature Infected Cells of Root Nodules of Trifolium Ambiguum M. Bieb. And Other Members of the Trifolieae
Authors: Bergersen FJ
Published: November 2018

A type of ineffective nodulation is described in which the bacteroids in the nodule cells fail to mature, and in which the infected host cells accumulate watersoluble polysaccharide between protoplast and cell wall. Ineffectiveness of this kind is characteristic of nodules� on Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb. produced by unadapted strains of bacteria, or produced by adapted strains on a small proportion of plants. It is also found when strains effective with T. ambiguum nodulate subterranean or white clover. The polysaccharide in the peripheries of infected cells is readily seen by phase-contrast observation, provided the sections are not hydrated after removal of wax, but it is not visible by ordinary staining procedures.