bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward the Breathing Rights of Counselors and other Persons
Authors: Eddy John
Published: May 2005

Non-smokers have breathing rights in a society of smokers is the theme of this drug education article. At least 8 million Americans suffer from the ill effects of tobacco smoke. This is a sizable minority of persons in this nation. The issue of minority rights to breathe non-polluted air in spite of smokers in close quarters is as important as any issue of prejudice to other minorities in this country. For the first time in counselor education literature, this article states the issue and in a non-judgemental manner suggests various solutions to the problem of counselors and others who smoke in inadequately ventilated rooms. In a clear and concise manner, the author presents ways to face up to drug education by every person who smokes and how to make the environment more livable for a significant number of non-smokers who get sick from tobacco smoke in their immediate atmosphere. Counselors who believe in being sensitivve to all persons and their physical as well as their psychological problems can be valuable change agents in a increasingly dangerously polluted air crisis. A recent survey of smoking and non-smoking counselors by Eddy indicates the extent to which: all counselors are against smoking as a healthy thing; smoking counselors are insensitive to their smoking in the presence of clients who prefer they do not smoke in counseling sessions; and smoking counselors ignore non-smoking signs to prove their insensitivity.
A Note on the Modifiability and Reversibility of Development and Aging
Authors: Riegel Klaus F.
Published: May 2005

Two major theories of biological development and aging are discussed: the mutation theory and the waste theory. The first relies on the instability of chromosomes and proposes that the aged organism, during his long life span, is more likely to have experienced damaging effects. Changes in irradiation have been introduced to manipulate longevity in the laboratory. The second theory relies on the accumulation of metabolic waste in cells and proposes, likewise, that the aged organism is more likely than the young to experience damaging effects. Recent developments in chemotherapy enable the removal of cellular waste material and, thus, the reversibility of aging processes. Some implications for the behavioral sciences are discussed.
Factors Associated with Illegal Drug Use in Rural Georgia
Authors: Napier Ted L. , Bachtel Douglas C. , Carter Michael V.
Published: May 2005

Data assessing the extent of illegal drug use were collected in the spring of 1981 from 2,060 junior and senior high school students living in a rural county in southern Georgia. The sample consists of 83.2 percent of all students in grades 8 through 12 in the county. Only students absent from the public schools at the time the questionnaires were administered were excluded from the analyses. A private school in the county with less than 5 percent of all students refused to participate in the study. The study findings are basically consistent with research expectations. It was revealed that the respondents participated extensively in illegal drug use. Approximately 76.7 percent of the respondents indicated they had consumed alcohol at least once, 41.0 percent had tried marijuana at least once, 64.5 percent had tried cigarettes at least once, 16.0 percent had tried amphetamines at least once, and 12.2 percent had tried barbiturates at least once. The frequency of each illegal drug was regressed against selected independent variables and the findings revealed that ten variables explained 41.4 percent of the variance in alcohol use, eleven variables explained 57.3 percent of the variance in marijuana use, eight variables explained 28.7 percent of the variance in cigarette use, seven variables explained 30.4 percent of the variance in amphetamine use, and eight variables explained 35.7 percent of the variance in barbiturate use.
Evaluating the Useability of a Spanish Language Drug and Substance Abuse Education Program
Authors: Toohey Jack V. , Valenzuela Gloria J. , Dezelsky Thomas L.
Published: May 2005

This project in developing and evaluating a Spanish language drug and substance abuse education program was divided into three phases. Phase one and two; developing a student activity booklet and instructors manual was funded by the Partners of the Americas, Washington, D.C. Phase three; the useability evaluation of the program was funded by the Faculty Grant-In-Aid-Program of Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. Traditional value gaming strategies used in the United States with success were those adapted for this Spanish language program. A pilot study was conducted at a juvenile residence in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico with follow up programs in Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico. The useability evaluation of the program took place in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico during the Summer of 1980. The useability evaluation indicated that Spanish speaking agencies could utilize both the student guide and instructors manual as a tool for drug education with their own staff conducting the program.
The Brotherhood of Man: A Community Based Drug Education and Crisis Intervention Center
Authors: Spivack James D. , Troupe Charles
Published: May 2005

Recently, there has been a proliferation of community based drug programs in response to the increasing use and abuse of drugs. This article describes one unique approach to providing a wide range of helping services for individuals in the community with drug related problems. The methods used are a blend of traditional and innovative styles. The development of the organization, services offered, and community outreach programs are discussed, as well as the training, supervision, and consultation provided by trained professionals to laymen which enables the agency to function as a facilitative, comprehensive drug education and therapeutic intervention center. Implications of this type of work are discussed.
Correlates of Changes in Desired Control Scores and in Life Satisfaction Scores among Elderly Persons
Authors: Ziegler Michael , Reid David W.
Published: May 2005

This report describes the correlates of Life Satisfaction and Desired Control among seventy-nine elderly residents, with an average age of seventy-eight, of a partial-support apartment complex. The residents were assessed at three points in time: shortly after moving into the building, six months later, and after a total of eighteen months. Both Life Satisfaction and Desired Control (a measure of the extent to which a person reports control over desired outcomes) are intercorrelated and related to other indices of psychological well-being at all three points in time. Cross-lag correlations also indicate an enduring relationship between Life Satisfaction, Desired Control, Activity, and Rated Vitality. A residual regression analysis employing hierarchical procedures for evaluating significance of added variance yielded only one predictor of changes in Life Satisfaction: an initial measure of psychomotor speed. The residual regression analysis yielded one predictor of changes-fin Desired Control — initial activity level.]
Roles for Multimedia in the Response-Based Literature Classroom
Authors: Meskill Carla , Swan Karen
Published: May 2005

As numerous multimedia products for literature become commercially available, questions pertaining to their quality, approach, and role in teaching and learning need to be posed. This study set out to develop criteria with which to examine products, and in turn have teachers apply these to a representative sample of software currently on the market. Findings indicate that while products are attractive on a technical level, their underlying pedagogical approach is not necessarily aligned with response-based practice in literature teaching and learning. In spite of this lack of supportive features, our teacher/reviewers make suggestions for ways in which the applications might be adapted to meet the needs of the response-based classroom.
Elements of a Science of E-Learning
Authors: Mayer Richard E.
Published: May 2005

A science of e-learning involves the scientific investigation of how people learn in electronic learning environments. Three elements of a science of e-learning are: a) evidence—a base of replicated findings from rigorous and appropriate research studies; b) theory—a research-based theory of how people learn in electronic learning environments, which yields testable predictions; and c) applications—theory-based principles for how to design electronic learning environments, which themselves can be tested in research studies. This article provides examples of these three elements from a program of research on multimedia learning.
Psychological Growth and the Impact of Stress in Middle Age
Authors: Medinger Fred , Varghese Raju
Published: May 2005

Cycles of stress and anxiety in middle age may have a developmental etiology, and may be a necessary part of the developmental process in this phase of life. Middle age often is punctuated by recurrent episodes of stress which do not appear to have a basis in any specific event. These cycles of stress instead are a function of psychological development in mid-life, with stress resulting from the need to integrate newly differentiated aspects of experience which cannot be integrated with an existing cognitive system of beliefs and values. Reintegration of the cognitive structure to accommodate these new elements reduces the stress, leaving the adult changed with respect to certain beliefs about self or world. These reintegrations are facilitated by an internal locus of control and an articulate self-other differentiation, both of which are important for a positive response to stress in middle age.
Differences in Knowledge-Building between Two Types of Networked Learning Environments: An Information-Flow Analysis
Authors: Oshima Jun
Published: May 2005

The main purpose of the present study was to examine how elementary school students improve their scientific discourse on a computer-networked database environment called “Computer-Supported Intentional Learning Environments (CSILE).” Students in two, five to six grade combined classrooms taught by the same teacher engaged in their computer-mediated collaborative learning for five weeks by utilizing different system configurations: single-note based (S-CSILE) vs. discussion-note based (D-CSILE). Tracking files automatically recorded by the system were used for an analysis of students' learning activities. Results showed that system affordance specially designed for joint written discourse in D-CSILE significantly facilitated students' joint knowledge-transformation activities as well as maintained each individual's activity to pursue her own agenda. Importance of such a system affordance was discussed from the perspective of distributed cognition.
Adaptive Feedback in Computer-Based Instruction: Effects of Response Certitude on Performance, Feedback-Study Time, and Efficiency
Authors: Mory Edna H.
Published: May 2005

This study compared the effects of response-certitude adaptive and non-adaptive feedback within a computer-based lesson of verbal information and defined concept tasks. Effects were measured on student performance, feedback-study time, and lesson efficiency. Undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of two treatments—one in which amount of feedback information varied according to a combined assessment of response correctness and student's response certainty level, and another in which feedback information did not vary. Results indicate that effects of adaptive feedback were not significantly different from non-adaptive feedback on student performance. Feedback-study times for low certitude responses were significantly higher than for other response combinations. In terms of feedback efficiency, adaptive feedback was significantly more efficient than non-adaptive feedback, but for overall lesson efficiency, non-adaptive feedback was significantly more efficient. Results are discussed in light of past research and implications for future studies are presented.
Approaches to Drug Abuse Prevention: Crusade vs. Fact of Life
Authors: Bedworth David A.
Published: May 2005

This paper presents some suggestions for dealing with the problem of adequately utilizing the educational resources available in preparing students to cope with the problems they will face in a drug oriented society.

The problem of drug education is discussed by answering two major questions: should drug education be dealt with as a crusade? or should drug education treat drug abuse as a fact of life?

The author concludes that in order to deal adequately with major social problems such as drug abuse, school systems must decide what true education really is, utilize the resources available at colleges and universities, reduce or eliminate the cultural lag by integrating all aspects of a changing society into the educational process, and discriminate between educational fads and sound educational changes in producing realistic drug abuse prevention programs.
Retirement as a Psychosocial Transition: Process of Adaptation to Change
Authors: Thériault Jocelyne
Published: May 2005

This study seeks to verify if the work-to-retirement process meets the requirements inherent to the Psychosocial Transitions Model [1]. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations are used to verify if pre-, intra-, and post-retirement periods are different from one another when the individual's internal organization is examined. The experimental group ( n = 17, age = 65) takes IPAT, LSI-A, and clinical interviews evaluations at pre-, intra-, and post-retirement measurement times. The control group ( n = 22, age = 65), used to verify the test-retest effect, takes these evaluations only at the post-retirement session. Variance analysis (ANOVA) show, at a quantitative level that the retirement transition triggers observable changes in anxiety levels. A posteriori analysis (HELMERT) shows that these operate significantly between the pre- and intra-retirement times. The content analysis of interviews shows, at a qualitative level, observable changes in pre-post-retirement preoccupations. These include death thoughts.
Tetracyclines
Authors: Sum Phaik‐Eng
Published: May 2005

The tetracyclines are a group of antibiotics having an identical 4‐ring carbocyclic structure as a basic skeleton and differing from each other chemically only by substituent variation. The first tetracycline discovered was produced by a soil organism,Streptomyces aureofaciens, and is now known as chlorotetracycline. This compound ushered in a new era in antibacterial chemotherapy because it was effective orally and against a broad range of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. The three marketed tetracyclines were made by a semisynthetic pathway. The first of these were methacycline (6‐methylene oxytetracycline), and its reduction product doxycycline. The latest addition is minocycline. Minocycline showed superior antibacterial activity over other older tetracyclines and was active against many tetracycline‐resistant strains of gram‐positive bacteria when it was first discovered. In general, the tetracyclines are yellow crystalline compounds that have amphoteric properties. Most of the fermentation and isolation processes for manufacture of the tetracyclines are described in patents. Manufacture begins with the cultivated growth of selected strains ofStreptomycesin a medium chosen to produce growth and maximum antibiotic production. Most of the clinically useful tetracyclines have been prepared either semi‐synthetically or isolated from fermentation. Tetracyclines inhibit bacterial growth by blocking protein synthesis and are bacteriostatic. The crystal structure of complex ofThermus thermophilius30S ribosomal subunit with tetracycline has recently been determined. The emergence of bacterial resistance to tetracyclines has limited the use of these agents. Nevertheless, they are still the treatment of first choice for bacterial infections causing brucellosis, cholera, chancroid, granuloma inguinale, and lyme disease; for rickettsial and chlamydial infections, in the treatment of nonspecific urethritis, and in the treatment of acne vulgaris and rosacea. Tetracyclines are used as alternative drugs in a variety of circumstances when patient is unable to take the drug of choice, eg, in patients allergic to penicillin. Tetracyclines are widely used for veterinary therapy. The types of pathogens encountered are frequently different from those for which tetracyclines are used in humans. The discovery of glycylcyclines represents a significant advance in combating highly resistant organisms. One of the compounds, tigecycline, is current in phase III clinical trials. Tigecycline exhibits potent antibacterial activity against a broad‐spectrum of both tetracycline‐susceptible and tetracycline‐resistant organisms, including organisms resistant to other class of antibiotics. Most notably, it is active against multiply‐resistant staphylococci, vancomycin‐resistant enterococci, penicillin‐resistant streptococci and methicillin‐resistantS. aureous.
Interrater Agreement
Authors: Banerjee Mousumi
Published: May 2005

Analysis of interrater or interobserver agreement data provides a useful means of assessing the reliability of a rating system. This article presents various interrater agreement measures as well as models for studying agreement, when the relevant data comprise either continuous or categorical ratings from multiple raters. Descriptions and characterizations of the underlying models are presented in detail, as well as methods for estimation and confidence interval construction. The scenarios and designs that underlie the development of the agreement measures are described, and the interrelationships between these measures discussed.
Correlation, Weighted
Authors: Shieh Grace S. , Kotz Samuel
Published: May 2005

The concept of weighted correlation and its applications are introduced in this entry. Some statistics for estimating weighted correlation were reviewed. Furthermore, three classes of weighted correlation statistics for testing independence of two variables were also reviewed and their properties commented upon.
Cure Model
Authors: Baker Stuart G.
Published: May 2005

A cure model is useful for modeling survival when a fraction of subjects who receive an intervention are known to be “cured” immediately while only some of the remaining subjects survive. Parameters can be estimated using the method of maximum likelihood.
Extreme‐Value Distributions, Declustering Techniques
Authors: Nadarajah Saraless , Kotz Samuel
Published: May 2005

Univariate and multivariate declustering techniques for extreme value models are reviewed.
J‐Shaped Distribution,Topp andLeone's
Authors: Nadarajah Saraless , Kotz Samuel
Published: May 2005

A distribution attributable to Topp and Leone is revisited and some of its properties discussed.
Kotz‐type Distribution
Authors: Nadarajah Saraless , Kotz Samuel
Published: May 2005

The Kotz‐type distribution and some of its properties are discussed.
Local Dependence Functions
Authors: Nadarajah Saraless , Kotz Samuel
Published: May 2005

Recent developments about local dependence functions and their properties are discussed.
TheMeixner Hypergeometric Distribution
Authors: Nadarajah Saraless , Kotz Samuel
Published: May 2005

The Meixner hypergeometric distribution and some of its properties are discussed.
Principal Differential Analysis
Authors: Ramsay James O.
Published: May 2005

Differential equation systems are often a natural way of describing sets of variables changing over time or space. For example, in controlling industrial systems, engineers consider the time course of a set of inputs and outputs for a system such as a chemical reactor with a view to developing useful feedback processes. Principal differential analysis uses functional data to estimate a system of linear differential equations that fit the data. The estimate minimizes an integrated squared error criterion. The coefficient functions that define the linear differential equation are estimated by expansions in terms of basis functions such as Fourier series orB‐splines, and the estimates are calculated rapidly and without iteration.
S
pearman Correlation Coefficients, Differences between
Authors: Myers Leann , Sirois Maria J.
Published: May 2005

Testing the equality of two population correlation coefficients when the data are bivariate normal and Pearson correlation coefficients are used as estimates of the population parameters is a straightforward procedure covered in many introductory statistics courses. The coefficients are converted using Fisher's
z
‐transformation with standard errors (
N
 − 3)
−1/2
. The two transformed values are then compared using a standard normal procedure. When data are not bivariate normal, Spearman's correlation coefficient rho is often used as the index of correlation. Comparison of two Spearman rho's is not as well documented. Three approaches were investigated using Monte Carlo simulations. Treating the Spearman coefficients as though they were Pearson coefficients and using the standard Fisher's
z
‐transformation and subsequent comparison was more robust with respect to Type I error than either ignoring the nonnormality and computing Pearson coefficients or converting the Spearman coefficients to Pearson equivalents prior to transformation.
U‐ andV‐Statistics
Authors: Shieh Grace S.
Published: May 2005

This article reviews the development ofU‐ andV‐statistics from mid‐1990s to 2001. Three categories of new results are reviewed: (1) asymptotic behavior ofU‐ andU‐related statistics, (2) asymptotic distribution theory (including asymptotic distribution, Berry‐Esseen theorem, and Edgeworth expansion), and (3) a new subclass,U‐statistics with a kernel of indeterminate degeneracy.
Nekrasov,PavelAlekseevich
Authors: Seneta Eugene
Published: May 2005

Nekrasov used the saddle‐point method to find probabilities of large deviations in the proof of a central limit theorem of local limit type, in 1898. He pointed out that Chebyshev's Inequality for averages of random variables held under zero covariance; and his incorrect assertion that such “pairwise independence” was also necessary for the Weak Law of Large Numbers to hold motivated Markov to construct a counter example, the first “Markov chain”. Thus Nekrasov motivated study of dependence. He modified Quetelet's social physics/moral statistics by emphasizing the link between free will in human affairs with ideas of probability and randomness.
Partial Least Squares Regression
Authors: Helland Inge
Published: May 2005

Partial least squares regression was introduced as an algorithm in the early 1980s, and it has gained much popularity in chemometrics. PLSR—or PLSR1—is a regression method for collinear data, and can be seen as a competitor to principal component regression. The method makes it possible to combine prediction with a study of a joint latent structure in thex,y‐variables. PLSR2 is a generalization to several dependent variables. PLSR1 can be understood from a statistical point of view via its parameter algorithm and the corresponding population model.
Cancer Stochastic Models
Authors: Tan Wai Y. , Chen Chao W.
Published: May 2005

In this article, we present an overview of cancer stochastic models. These models include single pathway models and multiple pathways models as well as state space models. To analyze these models, different mathematical approaches are reviewed and discussed. The results are illustrated by using a multievent model as an example.
Forestry, Statistics in
Authors: Gregoire Timothy , Lappi Juha
Published: May 2005

Statistical methods are used in surveys of forest resources, and in the development of predictive models of individual‐tree size and growth, as well as the growth and yield of aggregations of trees in forest stands. Statistically designed experiments are conducted in order to understand better the responses to(i)management interventions, such as fertilization, genetic improvement, site preparation, harvesting; and to(ii)natural events like insect infestations, ice storms, hurricanes, temperature change.
Correspondence Analysis
Authors: Kroonenberg Pieter M. , Greenacre Michael J.
Published: May 2005

Correspondence analysis is a multivariate technique to investigate the association in a two‐way table of nonnegative quantities, usually counts. In particular, graphical representations of the row and column variables are derived that highlight the salient aspects of their relationship. We give an exposition of the technique as well as some equivalent definitions, a selection of extensions of the basic method and a collection of applications from various disciplines to illustrate its use in practice.
Epidemiological Statistics–II
Authors: McNeil Don
Published: May 2005

Epidemiological studies use statistical methods to understand the factors that cause, reduce, and prevent diseases in human populations. These studies estimate the parameters in a target population based on representative samples, and can be qualitative or quantitative, descriptive or comparative, and observational or experimental. Parameters of interest include levels of disease and associations between risk factors and disease outcomes. Concept maps are useful for showing causal paths between risk factors, disease outcomes, and intervening variables (confounders) that could distort the association. The statistical methods can be classified by the type and role of the data, and are subject to both inaccuracy or lack of statistical power (due to sampling variability) and bias (due to faulty measurement, differential selection of subjects, or confounding). Matching of subjects can improve accuracy. Mantel–Haenszel methods can reduce confounding bias. Meta‐analysis is used to combine results from different studies. Statistical models include linear, logistic, and Poisson regression, and the proportional hazards model for handling censored data.
Permutation Tests: Multivariate
Authors: Pesarin Fortunato
Published: May 2005

This article deals with the multivariate extension of permutation or randomization tests. Three different situations are met: (i) the first assumes that a single overall statistic is available; (ii) the second takes into consideration a univariate transformation ofq‐dimensional individual responses; (iii) in the third a single overall statistic is not available or is too difficult to justify, or a single derived variable is not sufficient to capture all aspects of interest for the analysis. Testing problems in (i) and (ii) are equivalent to univariate situations. Problems in (iii) are more difficult and are solvable if the permutation testing principle is applicable and if the overall hypotheses are broken down in a finite set of subhypotheses, each provided with an unbiased partial test.

The methodological tool that allows us to cope with these kind of problems is the NonParametric Combination (NPC) of dependent permutation tests. To show the potential of NPC, an example with multivariate mixed data and restricted alternatives is discussed.

Among the many applications of NPC, we mention the following: the one‐way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA), when some of the variables are quantitative and others categorical; analysis of repeated measures with dependent random effects and dependent errors; analysis of multivariate restricted alternatives; analysis of problems when some data are missing and the underlying missing process is not ignorable; analysis of multivariate ordered categorical data; the multivariate Behrens–Fisher problem; some multivariate stochastic dominance problems; exact separate tests for main effects and interactions in balanced and unbalanced factorial designs; closed testing procedures; and multiaspect testing problems. One important feature of the NPC methodology, which is particularly useful for most applications, is that it frees the researcher from the need to define and model the dependence relations among responses and partial tests.
Order Statistics
Authors: David H. A. , Nagaraja H. N.
Published: May 2005

The basic distribution theory of order statistics (ordered random variables) is developed for both finite random samples and asymptotically. The use of order statistics in the estimation of parameters is described, with special emphasis on suitably chosen linear functions of these variables. Order statistics provide simple robust estimators of location, such as the median or trimmed means. They are also useful, as outlined below, in the treatment of outliers, simultaneous inference, data compression, probability plotting, ranked‐set sampling, and ranking and selection.
Khinchin,AleksandrYakovlevich
Authors: Vere‐Jones David
Published: May 2005

Aleksandr Yakovlevich Khinchin was the founder and leader of the Moscow school of probability, which dominated probability theory during much of the twentieth century. He was born in the last decade of the nineteenth century, and entered university just before the first world war and the Russian revolution. Throughout the turbulence of the ensuing years, he maintained an international reputation as an outstanding mathematician. His name is associated with major developments in probability theory, including the law of the iterated logarithm and the law of large numbers, and representation theorems for infinitely divisible distributions and the correlation functions of stationary processes. He is well known also for his series of lucid expository texts.
Social class and adult education policy
Authors: Rubenson Kjell
Published: May 2005

Social class has strongly influenced the development of social policies about adult education. Present policy discourses are a result of weakening working‐class interests.
Y‐chromosome and mitochondrial DNA studies on the population structure of the Christmas Island community
Authors: Wise Cheryl A. , Sullivan Sheena G. , Black Michael L. , Erber Wendy N. , Bittles Alan H.
Published: May 2005

Christmas Island is a remote Australian territory located close to the main Indonesian island of Java. Y‐chromosome and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers were used to investigate the genetic structure of the population, which comprises communities of mixed ethnic origin. Analysis of 12 Y‐chromosome biallelic polymorphisms revealed a high level of gene diversity and haplotype frequencies that were consistent with source populations in southern China and Southeast Asia. mtDNA hypervariable segment I (HVS‐I) sequences displayed high levels of haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity that were comparable to various Asian populations. Genetic distances revealed extremely low mtDNA differentiation among Christmas Islanders and Asian populations. This was supported by the relatively high proportion of sequence types shared among these populations. The most common mtDNA haplogroups were M* and B, followed by D and F, which are prevalent in East/Southeast Asia. Christmas Islanders of European descent were characterized by the Eurasian haplogroup R*, and a limited degree of admixture was observed. In general, analysis of the genetic data indicated population affinities to southern Chinese (in particular from the Yunnan Province) and Southeast Asia (Thailand, Malaysia, and Cambodia), which was consistent with historical records of settlement. The combined use of these different marker systems provides a useful and appropriate model for the study of contemporary populations derived from different ethnic origins. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Erkennung Prolin‐reicher Motive (PRMs) durch Protein‐Protein‐Wechselwirkungsdomänen
Authors: Ball Linda J. , Kühne Ronald , Schneider‐Mergener Jens , Oschkinat Hartmut
Published: May 2005

Protein‐Protein‐Wechselwirkungen sind für alle Aspekte zellulärer Aktivität wichtig. Bildung und Dissoziation der Multiproteinkomplexe erfolgen auf spezifische Weise, oft mit ähnlichen Mechanismen. Bei der Signalübertragung sind häufig Proteindomänen beteiligt, die Prolin‐reiche Motive binden (PRMs); Prolin begünstigt die spezifische Erkennung derartiger Motive, ohne dass dabei hohe Affinitäten benötigt werden. In diesem Aufsatz stellen wir eine detaillierte und quantitative Bewertung der Strukturmerkmale vor, die die Wechselwirkungen zwischen den PRM‐Bindungsdomänen und den PRMs der Liganden festlegen, und untersuchen die Spezifität der PRM‐Erkennung. Durch Kombination mit Ergebnissen des Screenings von Peptidbibliotheken konnten wir verschiedene hoch konservierte Wechselwirkungen identifizieren, die in allen Komplexen von PRM‐Bindungsdomänen vorkommen. Das Unterdrücken von Protein‐Protein‐Wechselwirkungen mithilfe kleiner Moleküle ist eine große Herausforderung – daher ist es wichtig, zunächst genau die kritischen Wechselwirkungen zu identifizieren, die beim Design von Inhibitoren von PRM‐Bindungsdomänen zu berücksichtigen sind.
Novel Pyrazole Derivatives as Potential Promising Anti‐inflammatory Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Bekhit Adnan A. , Ashour Hayam M. A. , Guemei Aida A.
Published: May 2005

Four series of 1H‐pyrazole derivatives have been synthesized. The first series was synthesized starting by condensing the hydrazine derivatives 1a–d with 4‐(1‐ethoxycarbonyl‐2‐oxopropyl)azobenzoic acid 2a in ethanol or glacial acetic acid to generate the corresponding pyrazoline derivatives 3a–d. Likewise, heating 1a–d with 4‐(1‐acetyl‐2‐oxopropyl)azobenzoic acid 2b gave rise to the pyrazole derivatives 4a–d. Similarly, reaction of 1a–d with ethyl 2‐(1,5‐dimethyl‐3‐oxo‐2‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1Hpyrazol‐4‐ylazo)‐3‐oxobutanoate 2c or 3‐(1,5‐dimethyl‐3‐oxo‐2‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl azo)pentane‐2,4‐dione 2d in ethanol or glacial acetic acid led to the corresponding pyrazoline derivatives 5a–d or pyrazole derivatives 6a–d. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti‐inflammatory‐antimicrobial activities. In addition, the ulcerogenic and acute toxicity profiles were determined. Compound 6c, proved to be the most active anti‐inflammatory‐antimicrobial agent in the present study with a good safety margin and no ulcerogenic effect.
Method for coronary angiography in morbidly obese patients
Authors: Kussmaul William G. , Bowers Bruce , Dairywala Ismael
Published: May 2005

Cardiac catheterization in morbidly obese patients is difficult. In addition to problems regarding vascular access and radiographic penetration of the chest, the engineering parameters and physical limitations of the table and its supporting structures may limit these patients' ability to undergo clinically indicated coronary angiography. We describe a method for cardiac catheterization in which much of the obese patient's body weight is supported on a stretcher placed at right angles to the catheterization table, with only the thorax on the table under the image intensifier. Using this method, five consecutive successful diagnostic procedures and one coronary stent procedure have been performed without complication. Limitations of this procedure include inability to achieve the normal variety of angiographic views due to constraints on image intensifier rotation and skew. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transition Metal Complexes Coordinated by an NAD(P)H Model Compound and their Enhanced Hydride‐Donating Abilities in the Presence of a Base
Authors: Kobayashi Atsuo , Konno Hideo , Sakamoto Kazuhiko , Sekine Akiko , Ohashi Yuji , Iida Masashi , Ishitani Osamu
Published: May 2005

The ruthenium(II) and rhenium(I) complexes containing an NAD(P)H model compound, 1‐benzyl‐1,4‐dihydronicotinamide (BNAH), as ligand, [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(BNAH)]2+(1 a) and [Re(bpy)(CO)3(BNAH)]+(1 b), were quantitatively produced by the reaction of the corresponding metal hydrido complexes with BNA+(1‐benzylnicotinamidium cation). In the presence of base with pKa=8.9,1 aand1 bhave much greater reducing power than “free” BNAH. The oxidation potentials of1 ain the absence and the presence of triethylamine were 0.55 V and −0.04 V, respectively, versus Ag/AgNO3, whereas that of “free” BNAH was 0.30 V. Spectroscopic results clearly showed that the base extracts a proton from the carbamoyl group on1 aand1 bto give the deprotonated BNAH coordinating to the transition‐metal complexes [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(BNAH−H+)]+(3 a) and [Re(bpy)(CO)3(BNAH−H+)] (3 b); this deprotonation underlies the enhancement in reducing ability. The deprotonated forms3 aand3 bcan efficiently reduce other NAD(P) models to give the corresponding 1,4‐dihydro form, resulting in the deprotonated BNA+being coordinated to the metal complexes [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(BNA+−H+)]2+(2 a) and [Re(bpy)(CO)3(BNA+−H+)]+(2 b); “free” BNAH and the protonated adducts1 aand1 bcannot act in this way. X‐ray crystallography was performed on the PF6−salt of2 a, and showed that the deprotonated nitrogen atom on the carbamoyl group coordinates to the ruthenium(II) metal center with a bond length of 2.086(3) Å. Infrared spectral data suggested that the deprotonated carbamoyl group on the reduced forms3 aand3 bis converted to the imido group, and that the oxygen atom coordinates to the metal center.
Novel Phthalocyaninatobis(alkylcarboxylato)silicon(IV) Compounds: NMR Data and X‐ray Structures To Study the Spacing Provided by Long Hydrocarbon Tails That Enhance Their Solubility
Authors: Sosa‐Sánchez Jose L. , Sosa‐Sánchez Arturo , Farfán Norberto , Zamudio‐Rivera Luis S. , López‐Mendoza Gerson , Pérez Flores Javier , Beltrán Hiram I.
Published: May 2005

The reaction between trans‐PcSiCl2 (1) and the potassium salts of six fatty acids (2 a–2 f) led to the trans‐PcSi[OOC(CH2)nCH3]2 compounds (3 a–3 f), which were characterised by elemental analysis, IR, UV/Vis and 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR spectroscopy. From a detailed study of the NMR spectra, the strong anisotropic currents of the Pc macrocycle were found to have an effect on up to the sixth methylenic group. As expected, the length of the hydrocarbon tail does not affect the chemical shift of the 29Si nucleus of any of the compounds, appearing at around −222.6. The structures of PcSi[OOC(CH2)nCH3]2, where n=7, 10, 12, 13 and 20, were determined by X‐ray crystallography. All the compounds were found to be triclinic with a P$\bar 1$ space group. In all cases the observed crystallographic pseudosymmetry is Ci and the asymmetric unit consists of half a molecule. The silicon atom is at the centre of a distorted octahedron and hence its coordination number is six. The carboxylate fragments are in a trans configuration with respect to the Pc macrocycle. The supramolecular structures are discussed in detail herein. The correlation between the 1H NMR chemical shifts and the position of the corresponding carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon tail reveals that the dicarboxylate substituents exhibit a spacer‐like behaviour that enhances the solubility. A detailed study of the tail variable allowed us to evaluate the loss of radial shielding along the Pc2− ligand.
Regulation of Tbx6 expression by Notch signaling
Authors: White Phillip H. , Farkas Deborah R. , Chapman Deborah L.
Published: May 2005

Somites are the first overt sign of segmentation in the vertebrate embryo and form from bilateral strips of paraxial mesoderm. Paraxial mesoderm arises from the primitive streak; it then migrates laterally and comes to lie on both sides of the neural tube. In the mouse, the T‐box transcription factor Tbx6 is required for both somite formation and patterning. Tbx6 expression corresponds both temporally and spatially to somite formation, with expression in the primitive streak and presomitic mesoderm. Its expression in the latter could simply be explained by maintenance following its initial activation in the primitive streak. Alternatively, its expression in the presomitic mesoderm may be contributed by separate regulatory elements possibly under the control of different signals. We have begun to investigate how Tbx6 expression is controlled during development using a transgenic approach to identify the cis‐acting regulatory regions. We show that it is possible to separate an element required for presomitic mesoderm expression from that driving expression in the primitive streak. Further, we show that a binding site for the Notch transcription factor RBP‐Jκ is necessary for Tbx6 presomitic mesoderm enhancer activity, indicating that Notch signaling is upstream of Tbx6 in the pathway directing somite formation and patterning. genesis 42:61–70, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Roles of CTPL/Sfxn3 and Sfxn family members in pancreatic islet
Authors: Yoshikumi Yukako , Mashima Hirosato , Ueda Namiki , Ohno Hideki , Suzuki Junko , Tanaka Shigeyasu , Hayashi Michio , Sekine Nobuo , Ohnishi Hirohide , Yasuda Hiroshi , Iiri Taroh , Omata Masao , Fujita Toshiro , Kojima Itaru
Published: May 2005

Pancreatic AR42J cells have the feature of pluripotency of the precursor cells of the gut endoderm. Betacellulin (BTC) and activin A (Act) convert them into insulin‐secreting cells. Using mRNA differential display techniques, we have identified a novel mitochondrial transporter, which is highly expressed during the course of differentiation, and have designated it citrate transporter protein‐like protein (CTPL). Recently sideroflexin 1 (Sfxn1) was shown to be a susceptible gene of flexed‐tail (f/f) mice, and CTPL has turned out to be a rat orthologous protein of Sfxn3, a member of sideroflexin family. CTPL/Sfxn3 was targeted to mitochondrial membrane like Sfxn1. The expression levels of CTPL/Sfxn3, Sfxn2, and Sfxn5 were upregulated in the early phase of differentiation into insulin‐secreting cells but the expression levels of Sfxn1 and Sfxn3 did not change. All Sfxn family members were expressed in rat pancreatic islet. The expression levels of CTPL/Sfxn3, Sfxn2, and Sfxn5 were also upregulated in islets of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats compared to normal rats. The downregulation of CTPL/Sfxn3 in a rat insulinoma cell line, INS‐1, with the antisense oligonucleotide did not affect the insulin secretion. Taken together, CTPL/Sfxn3 and some other family members might be important in the differentiation of pancreatic β‐cells as a channel or a carrier molecule and be related to the regeneration of pancreatic endocrine cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequential Electrografting and Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization: a Strategy for the Tailoring of Conductive Surfaces
Authors: Voccia Samuel , Claes Michael , Jérôme Robert , Jérôme Christine
Published: May 2005

Summary: An electrografting technique has been combined with ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Poly(allyl methacrylate) chains have been chemisorbed onto steel and carbon plates under an appropriate cathodic potential in N,N‐dimethylformamide. The allyl moieties have been converted into Ru catalysts active in ROMP of norbornene and its derivatives. Initiation of ROMP from the surface is an efficient strategy to prepare strongly adhering coatings of tunable thickness and hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance, depending on the norbornene derivative polymerized at the surface.

The hydrophobicity of the polymer coating may be controlled by hydrolysis of the polynorbornene derivative.

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The hydrophobicity of the polymer coating may be controlled by hydrolysis of the polynorbornene derivative.
Stereoselective Cyclopolymerization of Polar 1,6‐Heptadiynes by Novel, Tailor‐Made Ruthenium‐Based Metathesis Catalysts
Authors: Halbach Tobias S. , Krause Jens O. , Nuyken Oskar , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: May 2005

Summary: The cyclopolymerization of 4,4‐bis(hydroxymethyl)‐1,6‐heptadiyne (M1), 4‐(carboxyethyl)‐1,6‐heptadiyne (M2), 4‐(hydroxymethyl)‐1,6‐heptadiyne (M3), and 4‐carboxy‐1,6‐heptadiyne (M4) using five different well‐defined metathesis initiators was investigated. Control of molar mass was achieved with catalysts bearing trifluoroacetate ligands. 13C NMR experiments showed that poly‐M2, prepared by the action of any catalyst consisted solely of five‐membered ring structures, i.e., 1,2‐(cyclopent‐1‐enylene)vinylene units. Effective conjugation lengths of all polymers were calculated from the corresponding UV‐Vis absorption maxima, which varied reversibly with temperature.

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Dietary fibre and colorectal cancer: A model for environment – gene interactions
Authors: Young Graeme P. , Hu Ying , Le Leu Richard K. , Nyskohus Laura
Published: May 2005

As environmental factors are clearly associated with risk for colorectal cancer, we set out to model how dietary fibre, or the effects of its ingestion, might impact upon the complex events that characterise colorectal oncogenesis. The diverse nature of dietary fibre and its resultant fate in the gut is outlined. The evidence indicates that different types of fibre create different conditions in different regions of the gut. This is reflected in different effects on oncogenesis especially in animal models. Data from animal models show that insoluble fibre is protective. Evidence from human studies are not consistent, especially considering the interventional studies. However, all such studies have been dependent on biomarkers short of cancer formation, for measurement of an effect. The biological and molecular events characteristic of colorectal oncogenesis are reviewed in an effort to identify how fibre ingestion might regulate oncogenesis. While several mechanisms might account for protection, the results of fermentation and especially butyrate production provide examples of how genomic instability might be controlled. Activation of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest seem likely to be mechanisms that would enable correction of genomic events that drive oncogenesis. Butyrate itself can regulate gene expression by both epigenetic and direct effects.
Dynamic mechanical properties of epoxy‐phenolic mixtures
Authors: Laza J. M. , Vilas J. L. , Garay M. T. , Rodríguez M. , León L. M.
Published: May 2005

The dynamic‐mechanical properties of different mixtures formed by an epoxy resin (DGEBA type) and a phenolic resin (resole type) cured by trietylenetetramine and/or p‐toluensulphonic acid at different concentrations have been studied by means of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). All samples were cured by pressing at 90 °C during 6 h. The mechanical studies were performed between −100 to 300 °C at a heating rate of 2 °C/min. This study was also carried out for the epoxy‐TETA and phenolic‐p‐toluensulphonic acid systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1548–1555, 2005
Striped‐pattern formation of a thin gold film deposited onto a stretched elastic silicone substrate
Authors: Watanabe Masashi
Published: May 2005

A well‐regulated striped pattern was produced on a thin gold film with the following very simple procedure. Gold was deposited by ion sputtering onto an elastic silicone sheet that was prestretched. The obtained gold film was observed without the release of the stretching. A well‐regulated striped pattern spontaneously formed on its surface. This pattern was observed over a wide area (>2 cm2) with a very small number of cracks. The wavelength of the pattern, ranging from 6 to 20 μm, could be controlled by the thickness of the gold film. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1532–1537, 2005
The variation of multipole polarizability at the surface of alkaline earth oxides and sulfides
Authors: Yousif Al‐Mulla S. Y.
Published: May 2005

Multipole polarizabilities of O2– and S2– ions at the {100}, {110} and {111} surfaces of oxides and sulfides of rocksalt structure were calculated variationally using the Kirkwood–Pople–Schofield (KPS) approach, and the method of Parry of calculating the electrostatic potential in the surface region of an ionic crystal. These results including various effects such as relaxation and rumpling were compared with bulk values for these systems. The initial wavefunctions of Harker have been used in the calculations. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)