bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emergence of Sociopolitical Complexity in Northern Peru
Authors: Yamamoto Atsushi
Published: May 2022

The far north of Peru has often been regarded as marginal in considering the emergence of sociopolitical complexity in the Central Andes. This chapter intends to reconstruct the diachronic process of local socio-political developments from the Initial Period to the Early Horizon, focusing on the Huancabamba Valley where the ceremonial center of Ingatambo played an important role as a node of multiple levels of regional and interregional interactions. These new data indicate that the sociopolitical development in this area was intrinsically tied to active participations of local centers to shifting regional and interregional interaction spheres, and thus reflects the complex diachronic entanglement of multiple spheres, which provide a good opportunity for assessing the role of frontier/periphery societies.
Herders in the Jungle
Authors: Hastings Charles M.
Published: May 2022

The Chinchaycocha, a people described by sixteenth century sources as herders of a high Central Andean plateau, may also have been part of the Andean-Amazonian frontier. A combination of archaeological, ethnohistoric, and ethnographic information in support of this argument is presented from eastern valleys below this plateau. A long ridge beside one of these valleys descends to a small basin nestled at the foot of the Andes, at times home to one or more indigenous populations of Amazonian cultural affiliation. An ancient trail along this ridge connected one relatively large Late Intermediate village near its upper end to a smaller one just above the basin. Both are argued to have been culturally affiliated to Chinchaycocha-based herders of the plateau and quite distinct from the lowland occupants of the basin. The nature of interaction across this cultural frontier remains largely unknown.
In the Activists’ Kitchen
Authors: Hogan Wesley C. , Ortiz Paul
Published: May 2022

Wesley Hogan and Paul Ortiz bring a wealth of experience to the discussion of democracy in the US, through the centering figure of Larry Goodwyn. Contributors have studied slave revolts, popular insurgencies in Latin America, and rural rebellions in the United States. The writers of People Power have also participated in a broad array of struggles including the Chicano movement, women’s liberation, union organizing, consciousness raising, Mississippi Freedom Summer, the Central American solidarity movement of the 1980s, and the 2008 and 2012 Obama presidential campaigns. This book is designed to generate deep discussions on the multiple crises of our time and give everyday people strategies to take back the country in the name of small-d democracy.
Without Dissent There Can Be No Democracy
Authors: Cortés Ernesto
Published: May 2022

Ernesto Cortés Jr., one of the nation’s most respected community organizers, reflects on the ways that Goodwyn introduced him to a network of political thinkers and activists in the 1960s and 1970s. Their generosity of spirit and breadth of vision provided a pathway forward that led to Cortés’s own pathbreaking work in the Southwest.
Movement Culture in Durham, North Carolina
Authors: Peck Gunther
Published: May 2022

Peck describes the way ordinary people come together to form an extraordinary political force in the Durham for Obama campaign in 2007–2008. White supremacy was not just a factor in the people’s party in the 1880s and 1890s, but in the twenty-first century and Goodwyn made the connection between the two. In both centuries, movement cultures emerged where ordinary people challenged the powerful to create more egalitarian paths forward.
A Democrat for the Ages
Authors: DeMott Benj
Published: May 2022

Benj DeMott offers a summary of Goodwyn’s book on the Polish Solidarity movement that recovers it from the condescension of a scholarly class that was particularly ill-suited to understand it. Most scholars outside of Poland assumed it was Polish scholars who had led the movement. Goodwyn showed how workers had in fact created the movement over decades.
Nell’s Kitchen, Larry’s War Room
Authors: Wood Peter H.
Published: May 2022

Historian Peter Wood writes a letter to his colleague Larry Goodwyn examining the persistent nature of voter suppression, white supremacy, faux-populists, and race-baiting. He contrasts the Civil War of the nineteenth century with the widening political fissures of the twenty-first century and finds increasing parallels among the political firestorms animating both eras.
Family Politics
Authors: Goodwyn Wade
Published: May 2022

In this chapter Wade Goodwyn shares stories of what it was like to grow up with Larry Goodwyn as a father. Relationships between people must be democratic to thrive. That was hard to do in families, schools, and workplaces where hierarchies ruled the day. He learned that the best way to bring change was through broad-based, inter-denominational, multi-racial, grass-roots organizing.
You Already Know Everything
Authors: Jacobs Wendy
Published: May 2022

Durham County commissioner Wendy Jacobs reflects on her time in Goodwyn’s classes, where she learned over time that she had the ability to create change on campus and enjoyed the process of working with others to be a part of and create institutions that reflected her values. She explores how this unfolded while she was a Duke student and then continued into her adult work in North Carolina.
Mentoring as Community-Building
Authors: Kithcart Thelma
Published: May 2022

Thelma Kithcart recalls the team that she and Goodwyn built as part of the Duke Oral History program, where they recruited a group of predominantly Black oral history students to come to Duke’s PhD program in the 1970s and 1980s. The campus was in many ways ill-prepared to integrate Black students, and Kithkart and Goodwyn had to come up with many ways to make Black students feel at home on the campus so that they could thrive within the program.
From the Bottom of the Mud Hole
Authors: Bolton Charles C.
Published: May 2022

Historian Chuck Bolton explores the lessons he learned as a student of Goodwyn’s. Goodwyn believed that the young represented the agents of change in any society, and that his interactions with his students offered an opportunity to transform their lives, and in the process, reshape the future. In Bolton’s own practice as an oral historian and teacher, he has adapted several of Goodwyn’s teachings as central.
Goodwyn 101
Authors: Ellsworth Scott
Published: May 2022

Historian Scott Ellsworth takes the reader through the first few years of his graduate program with Goodwyn and how those lessons have continued to shape his life, writing, and teaching. Goodwyn, in turn, Ellsworth demonstrates, was deeply shaped by his experiences in Texas working for Ralph Yarborough and by his father’s experiences as a US military officer.
A History-Changing Partnership
Authors: Chafe William H.
Published: May 2022

Historian William Chafe reflects on co-founding the Duke Oral History Program with Goodwyn, as well as on the Nixon Library controversy and an early 1980s trip to China.
How Lawrence Goodwyn Gave Me My Life
Authors: Tyson Tim
Published: May 2022

Historian Tim Tyson shares his memories of working with Larry Goodwyn in the 1980s and 1990s as they shared an office at Duke. Tyson learned how ordinary people have tried to change history and sometimes succeeded, if a movement continues to recruit, it will ultimately be able to create a new society more in line with its values. Movement culture then spreads throughout society.
Imagination, Silence, and Movement Life
Authors: Waldrep G. C.
Published: May 2022

Poet and historian G. C. Waldrep explores his movement from time in Larry’s graduate seminar, through time spent researching working class organizing in three communities in the South, through his own experiences in building intentional communities. He becomes a historian, then a poet, and explores how themes of violence, witness, and imagination are connected to his long-term relationship with Goodwyn’s teachings.
“New Outposts in the Growing Movement”
Authors: Gillespie Deanna M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines the expansion of the citizenship school program to the neighbouring South Carolina Sea Islands and into northern Alabama. In this period, the experiment became a structured program as Septima Clark, Bernice Robinson, and the growing cadre of citizenship school teachers refined materials for local classes and developed a teacher training workshop. They did this work as state and federal officials intensified attacks on the Highlander Folk School. Director Myles Horton grew increasingly concerned about the expanding program’s impact on other Highlander programs and initiated negotiations to transfer the program to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
“We Shall Overcome Today”
Authors: Gillespie Deanna M.
Published: May 2022

Septima Clark, Dorothy Cotton, and Andrew Young reached the Mississippi Delta in the summer of 1961 and over the next two years, Citizenship Education Program (CEP) teachers helped to lay the groundwork for a regional movement. CEP field staff Annell Ponder relocated to the Delta where she collaborated with Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and Congress for Racial Equality (CORE) workers under the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO) umbrella. Through the CEP, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) funnelled crucial resources into the Delta, a region marked by poverty and racial oppression. Local teachers opened much-needed adult education classes in the region and CEP stipends provided an income independent of white employers. This chapter examines the teachers’ efforts and physical and economic reprisal that came as a result.
Globalization Period Education
Authors: Ebbitt McGill Alicia
Published: May 2022

In the Globalization Period, national actors in the newly independent Belize advocated for educational content on Belizean culture and history to help citizens overcome colonial legacies, embrace national identity, and address diversity issues. Drawing from analyses of recent social studies curricula, education practices, and interviews with state actors, this chapter demonstrates that Belizean education related to culture and history connects with nationalist goals, global trends, and social and economic development rhetoric and continues to essentialize and stereotype cultural differences. The author also reveals local negotiations of official constructions of heritage in educational contexts, providing examples from ethnographic observations and interviews with teachers and young people from rural Kriol villages. Though local citizens replicate narrow ethnic divisions, cultural stereotypes, and social hierarchies, they also challenge them, resist state institutions and foreigners, advocate for their communities, and engage in vernacular heritage practices.
Conclusion
Authors: Ebbitt McGill Alicia
Published: May 2022

Chapter 6, the concluding chapter, emphasizes the importance of community-based engagement in public history and heritage studies and draws attention to key aspects of vernacular Kriol heritage and heritage resiliency among elders and youth in Belize. Specifically, chapter 6 highlights ways people in rural Kriol communities adapt to colonial legacies and contemporary identity politics and maintain rich constructs of Kriol history and culture through enduring practices like storytelling, subsistence practices, and other engagements with ecological resources. The chapter also reveals that youth are central to contemporary Kriol identity and culture and provides examples of how historical and cultural knowledge persist across generations. Finally, chapter 6 demonstrates that hands-on interactions with tangible forms of history and cultural exchanges can be particularly engaging and effective forms of heritage education and outreach.
The Politics of Alphabets in Ulysses and the Wake
Authors: Mecsnóber Tekla
Published: May 2022

In chapter 3, Mecsnóber offers analyses of both Ulysses and Finnegans Wake, highlighting the often neglected but persistent textual and historical significance of two related visual aspects of linguistic politics: the choice of alphabet and orthography. Mecsnóber explores the ways in which Joyce’s deployment of diacritics and his references to various script styles (Gaelic, Hebrew, “gothic”) appear to be informed by the uses that national and international alphabets were put to in various European countries in the first four decades of the twentieth century. Taking the references to “diacritic aspirations” and “servile letters” in Ulysses as starting points, Mecsnóber evokes the discourse of national aspirations and relates this to Joyce’s comic exploration of national diacritics in his late 1921 additions to the “Cyclops” episode of Ulysses. Joyce’s 1925 addition of diacritics to the Wake’s “mamafesta” chapter is reinterpreted in the context of contemporaneous linguistic works calling for more efficient international communication. The chapter concludes that Joyce’s multiple exploration of diacritics is likely to reflect the insight that beyond referring to speech sounds, distinctive letters are capable of encoding national and international political aspirations and serving political purposes—as they did in Joyce’s Europe.
Introduction
Authors: Golden Rachel May , Kong Katherine
Published: May 2022

The introduction posits voice as a multivalent, multimedia phenomenon in medieval France and Occitania that enacts aspects of social communication, articulates individual and communal emotions and beliefs, and negotiates power, gender, and class relationships. Tracing ways in which medieval writers drew on classical antecedents, with particular attention to Aristotle, the introduction explains the importance of France for examining medieval interpretations of the concept of voice, including as an essentially human attribute.  It engages multidisciplinary contemporary scholarship to consider voice from the perspectives of subjectivity, power, language, polyphony, quotation, and reinterpretation. Further, it argues that France proves a key site for the proliferation of texts—especially as performed, read, and sung—that variously interrogate and enact the functions of voice in medieval culture. Finally, the discussion recognizes and advances ongoing scholarly efforts to understand gendered identities—along with the social norms and modes of communication that constituted them—in medieval Europe.
Silence and Speech
Authors: Kong Katherine
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers the exercise of voice as constitutive of masculine privilege in Chrétien de Troyes’s Le Chevalier de la charrette. Through an examination of Lancelot’s varied speech acts—including extravagant promises and anguished silences—it examines how the exercise and withholding of voice reveal the limits of submission to authority, illustrating the productive nature of constraint. Reading across the romances of Chrétien de Troyes, this chapter also interrogates the gendered nature of silence and speech.  While silence might be coded as feminine and submissive, as in Erec et Enide, Lancelot’s silences emphasize the elective, and therefore privileged, nature of his submission. His strategic performances of speech and silence operate under the illusion of a gendered powerlessness—exemplified by his submission to the queen—, exploring what it means to be a male subject both subjected to and seemingly abjected by the caprices of his lordly lady.
“Et encore ne me puis taire”
Authors: Hutchison Emily J.
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines Christine de Pizan’s complex and sometimes contradictory ideas regarding who has the right to speak their minds. While she assertively uses her writings to challenge male authority and to engage in the political arena, her privilege, powerful friends, and status as writer shielded her, to an extent, from prejudices regarding women’s speech, which was generally considered harmful, noisy, and irrational. Moreover, Pizan does not share this freedom to write and engage with other women, whose voices, she insists, should remain quiet and passive. She is even more limiting in her vicious assessment of the irrational noise the men and women of lower classes produce when they speak. Challenging notions of Christine de Pizan’s feminism, this chapter argues that her ideas about whose voices should be heard and whose denied conformed to prevailing gender ideals and class-based prejudices that were circulating in her time.
Introduction
Authors: Fennell Christopher C.
Published: May 2022

Trajectories of change over the past few centuries were marked by distinctive elements. Mechanical devices were employed increasingly as substitutes for manual, human skills. Power provided by people, horses, oxen, and mules was replaced with energy sources such as water wheels and combustion engines propelling steam pistons. Access, extraction methods, and processing techniques improved for working with chemical and metallic materials. These facets lead to broad-scale questions of how and why particular processes of manufacturing changed in different places and times, and within varying social, economic, and political contexts. Research projects focused on industrial enterprises traverse a spectrum of perspectives. Some limit their efforts to recording, mapping, and studying the mechanics of a site. Others examine comparative questions of changes in technologies over time and space.
Heritage Dynamics and Concluding Observations
Authors: Fennell Christopher C.
Published: May 2022

As this modest sample of American industrial archaeology studies shows, this field of research has matured significantly in just a few decades. Archaeologists have engaged in vital collaborations with stakeholders invested in the heritage of particular sites. Such projects of commemoration are now combined with multifaceted research questions and increasingly sophisticated field methods. Researchers can also enhance the ways in which their projects examine the anthropogenic impacts of past industries and join in debates on the details of environmental contingencies. Such broader perspectives will enhance the relevance of archaeologists’ work to larger audiences and engaged communities. In the twentieth century many viewed industrial archaeology as a study and commemoration of factory owners, engineers, patent holders, and entrepreneurs. By the turn of the twenty-first century, industrial archaeologists emphasized that buildings and equipment represent a material testament of the lives and ingenuities of many people. Numerous individuals utilized, modified, and improvised within those spaces and the intricate, moving machinery. These dynamics were manifest in the numerous ways in which craft and artisanal skills were interwoven in manufacturing operations that otherwise emphasized the specialization of labor tasks and an increased deployment of mechanization.
Town and Gown Archaeology in Eighteenth-Century Williamsburg
Authors: Kostro Mark
Published: May 2022

Drawing on recent investigations of the Brafferton Indian School and the Bray African American School, this chapter considers the different ways the College of William & Mary and the wider Williamsburg community have developed in tandem to influence each other’s growth over the course of the eighteenth century. Measurable connections between “town and gown” can be seen in architecture, spatial patterning, and population, among others that resonate in any understanding of the town and practices in historical archaeology and reconstruction.
A Diachronic Study of Window Leads from Williamsburg
Authors: Ladd-Kostro Kelly
Published: May 2022

Artifact collection within what was once a vibrant colonial capital such as Williamsburg never fails to yield an abundance of “pretty” material culture, readily identifiable and viewed as highly helpful to the dating and interpretation of sites. With this material so comes what many would classify as “coarser” artifactual clues. This chapter introduces turned window leads used in the creation and maintenance of casement windows as a vehicle for a discussion of changes through time in Williamsburg. This includes shifts within definitions of trades and professions in the colonies versus England, as well architectural alterations of Middle Plantation and its successor, the city of Williamsburg. When faced with discoveries of stylistic or behavioral changes, this chapter attempts to illustrate how a living history museum and archaeologists can adjust, reconstruct, and interpret this material for the public.
A Virtual Williamsburg
Authors: Inker Peter A.
Published: May 2022

Virtual Williamsburg is a phenomenological, interactive, immersive digital reconstruction of late eighteenth-century Williamsburg. This chapter examines the ways in which we can more coherently reconstruct diverse sets of archaeological data by digital modeling. It discusses the relative merits of varying resolutions and scales of reconstruction, along with an analysis of how one deals with gaps in the research, levels of data uncertainty in the record, and how they might help provide strategies for future prospection. Discussions and conclusions are presented as a series of case studies of the applied practices used in Virtual Williamsburg.
Afterword
Authors: Edwards-Ingram Ywone D. , Edwards Andrew C.
Published: May 2022

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Race and Culture on the Thrift Store Shift
Authors: Adams Jessica
Published: May 2022

Through a meditation on objectification and materiality, valuation and devaluation, this chapter explores how objects and texts can be combined and juxtaposed in order to help generate new narratives about Haiti. This is a process that can be aided by both real and imagined listening to the voices of people who have been silenced as they were made to disappear into stereotypes, and into objects and objectification. Through methodical yet surprising shifts in perspective, a varied series of texts can counter the dehumanizing language and assumptions found inside the classroom and outside it. Performance Studies offers a potentially powerful tool for disrupting the insistent rhythm of stereotypes and common assumptions, in part because it focuses on the various meanings and significance of embodiment. Guided by this approach, the chapter suggests new combinations of texts and methodologies for teaching about Haiti that can be productively adapted for a variety of courses in the humanities, including rhetoric and composition courses. The chapter draws on the author’s experiences teaching in the Caribbean in a department that is explicitly interdisciplinary in its focus.
Death Ritual as Ethnopoeisis
Authors: Carron Rodrigo Villagra
Published: May 2022

Departing from the ethnographic account of an improvised farewell ritual of a belated Angaité shaman, Agapito Navarro, whose people inhabit the north of the lower Paraguayan Chaco, this chapter analyzes how the Angaité engage in a process of ethnopoiesis to presently ascribe as an ethnic group with an external ethnonym as their own. This chapter illustrates how the Angaité have suffered the colonization of their territory and intervention in their lifeways for more than a century, first by tannin companies, cattle ranches, and Anglican missionaries and more lately, by the presence of multifarious Christian denominations, state agencies, NGOs, and anthropologists. It goes on to show how the shaman’s death ritual both reveals the current circumstances of the Angaité and some larger and more lasting characteristics that have been conspicuous amongst the indigenous groups of the Chaco, particularly their ever-changing ethnonyms, taking as example the case of the Enlhet-Enenlhet linguistic family of which the Angaité are part. Finally, it demonstrates that the death ritual and mourning grief, while realigning the relations with the dead, helps to establish and assure relationships within and external to the indigenous participants, including those foreigners to whom they are represented as a distinct ethnic group.
Multiterritoriality and the Tapiete Trinational Experience in the Chaco
Authors: Hirsch Silvia
Published: May 2022

This chapter addresses how the Tapiete, an indigenous people of Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay have claimed space, recognition, and participation, and how in so doing they have articulated transnational connections which strengthen their identity. Faced with an intermittent presence of the State and its institutions, with an unstable economic and social context, the Tapiete have resorted to the Evangelical Church as a source of support and community cohesion. Evangelism provides a sense of continuity in a context of disruptive political practices and loss of legitimacy undergone by political leaders of the community throughout the years, and it provides a common idiom in Tapiete transnational and trinational connections. The chapter addresses the transnational dimension of Tapiete life by examining their multiterritoriality.
Introduction
Authors: Giles Bretton T. , Lambert Shawn P.
Published: May 2022

Our introduction provides the background for the subsequent case studies in this edited volume by reviewing the historical development and significance of stylistic and iconographic approaches to Mississippian imagery. It also explores the three topics that organize the larger volume: (1) the use of style in Mississippian iconographic studies, (2) interpreting Mississippian imagery, and (3) situating and historicizing Mississippian symbols. The first section considers how style has been conceptualized in archaeological studies, and the way it has how been employed to develop and infer regional styles in Mississippian imagery. The second section discusses how iconographic analyses can be employed to assess the referents of Mississippian imagery, as well as how the (ethno)historic narratives, beliefs and traditions of Native American peoples can be used to infer their significance. The third section examines the way that historical approaches and assessments of Mississippian symbols’ depositional contexts can enhance archaeological perspectives. In the final portion of this chapter, we discuss the subsequent chapters and how they advance through a series of well-contextualized case studies.
The McAdams Style Revisited
Authors: Stauffer J. Grant
Published: May 2022

McAdams Style compositions provide significant insights into the production of discrete iconographic themes within particular regions of the Mississippian period Eastern Woodlands. In particular, this style frequently portrays spiders bearing central cross motifs. These depictions both tie in to broader panregional themes and exhibit localized variations in composition. Stauffer highlights geographic variations within the style to approach the archaeological record and raise questions about past behaviors in a way that orients investigations about their use-life. Stauffer also proposes that particular iconographic themes relate to forums of activity and social roles that can be inferred from ethnography.
Feeding Families and Friars in Apalachee Province during the Mission Period
Authors: Peres Tanya M.
Published: May 2022

It has been well established that the Apalachee lived in an environment conducive to farming, hunting, fishing, and foraging. The woodlands, freshwater lakes, streams and rivers, and arable soils of the Tallahassee Red Hills region enabled the Apalachee to attain a high standard of food security in the pre-Mission period. This level of success took the form of extensive agricultural fields and stores of dried deer meat, as was noted in the de Soto chronicles. While the historic documents include some information about maize or black drink preparation, overall, little textual attention is given to foodways. Fortunately, zooarchaeology and paleoethnobotany allows us to piece together this information from multiple lines of evidence. In this chapter, Tanya Peres reviews the subsistence evidence we have to date for Apalachee Province during the Mission Period, including animal and plant data. These data are combined with other currently available forms of foodways data such as food storage and preparation indicators, types of cooking and serving vessels and tools, contextual information, and historic documentation to paint a picture of what we know about the foodways practiced by the Spanish friars living among the Apalachee and the families that fed them during the Mission Period.
The Science of Cities
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Urban ecology is about the coupled relationship between humans and nature in cities. Three interconnected systems create a city, including the natural environment, such as soils, water, and vegetation, the built environment, including roads and buildings, and the social environment, including people and their activities. In addition to natural ecology considerations, the social side of urban ecology considers people’s beliefs and behaviors, how we value nature, and how we create and care for the natural urban environment. Urban ecology began as the study of ecology in cities, which focused on wildlife and remanent forest patches; progressed to ecology of cites, which views the entire city as an ecosystem, including green infrastructure; and finally, to ecology for cities, which links ecological science with civic policy and human well-being.
Urban Soils
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Urban soil is the ecological foundation of the urban bionetwork. As a living organism it provides ecosystem services such as water filtration, carbon sequestration, and drought and flood mitigation. It is key to the health of green spaces in the city and the literal foundation of our buildings and roads, where soil strength is vitally important to our safety and welfare in the built environment. Threats to urban soils include erosion, compaction, sealing, contamination, and loss of nutrients, microbiota, and healthy soil layers. Soil protection and management strategies for construction have been developed that allow for urban development while planning for restoration of disturbed soils and keeping healthy soils intact.
Urban Climate
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Cities often experience a climate phenomenon known as the urban heat island, where the built form, building materials, and lack of vegetation modify temperature, wind, rain, and humidity. Radiating heat from building materials, roads, and utilities form a dome of warm air where the transfer of heated air to and from building surfaces doesn’t allow for a temperature decrease at night to cool the air, creating the heat island. The dynamics of this urban heat budget involves several heat fluxes, including sensible, latent, and storage fluxes. A major health impact is heat stress in the summer and cities are employing several technologies to lower temperatures, such as heat mapping, solar micro-grids to power cooling centers, light-colored reflective pavements, and water retentive porous pavement for evaporative cooling.
Risk Assessment and Climate Change
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Growing cities and environmental degradation have created an urgency for cities to develop risk assessment policies and climate-proofing strategies to adapt to environmental pressures. Impacts include loss of green space, loss of function due to less biodiversity, and compromised human well-being due to depleted supplies. Green urbanism is the general concept for future-proofing approaches that identify risks, vulnerabilities and potential solutions for resilient cities. Weather, water, and heat-proofing are a suite of future-proofing strategies that address severe weather, flooding, saltwater intrusion, and the urban heat island effect. Adaptive strategies such as blue/green wedges use water bodies or man-made wetlands and green corridors to control flooding and cool heat islands. Policy development includes green infrastructure and recognizing social-ecological relationships.
Biophilia
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Biophilia is defined as the innate attraction that humans have to nature. Studies in a wide range of disciplines, from psychology to medicine to design, have concluded that connecting to natural environments greatly improves well-being and health outcomes for people. Interweaving nature throughout extensively developed environments, such as cities, creates conditions in which humans can perform well and thrive. Biophilic design principles can be used to create human-made environments that not only insert nature into them, but also ecologically integrate spaces into a biophilic whole. As a sustainable design strategy, biophilic design mitigates the effect of urban structures on cities and allows urban dwellers to have adequate exposure to and reconnect with natural environments. Biophilic design enhances sensory experiences and can be implemented to benefit urban environments and the humans who occupy them.
Attachment and Place-making
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Urban green spaces embody a variety of meanings for people depending on the emotional relationship a person has with the landscape. Common heritage and cultural values are often reflected in our urban green spaces that create identity in cities. Place attachment refers to a person’s love for the physical and social attributes of a place, and the positive feelings that encourage a person to actively protect and care for the environment. Place-making is re-creating, improving, and protecting public spaces to which people have assigned meaning and value. The relationship between emotions, place, health, and urban green spaces is gaining more attention in public health policy and urban design to create better urban green spaces based on the collective vision of people who use the space.
Landscape Behaviors
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Landscape behaviors are activities humans engage in that have an impact on the environment, including creating and using the landscape, caring for it, and advocating for protection and preservation. Social institutions drive landscape behaviors, including informal institutions such as unwritten norms and customs, and formal institutions such as policies and regulations. Behaviors can have both positive and negative effects and changing negative behaviors can be difficult, requiring recognition of barriers, acquiring new knowledge, and identifying relevant incentives and do-able actions for pro-environmental behavior. Economic, social, and demographic factors are used to understand motivations and create targeted social marketing and economic programs. Factors include neighborhood norms, education and income level, gender, and experience with nature, which all influence decisions about landscapes.
Cultural Beliefs and Ethics
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Environmental ethics is the study of human’s relationship to nature, including the moral status and intrinsic value of nature. Ethics provide the moral grounds for social and environmental policies for more sustainable cities. Science provides knowledge, but ethics strengthens science by considering the social implications of human values and beliefs for decision-making. Factors that influence ethics include personal and cultural beliefs, personal morals, personal and civic values, education, exposure to nature, and attitudes about personal responsibility. Environmental ethics is significant for urban ecology because the sense of right or wrong compels people to be involved when natural areas in cities are threatened. Several new environmental ethics philosophies have emerged as a way explain humans ethics toward nature, including deep ecology, holism, relational ethics, and environmental pragmatism.
Healthy and Sustainable Neighborhoods
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Healthy and sustainable neighborhoods offer a better quality of life to urban dwellers and are the building blocks needed to create more sustainable cities and metropolitan regions. Communities can be made more sustainable and allow their residents to lead healthier lives by making changes to their built environments. The history of urban development in the US helps explain how neighborhoods lost their most desirable qualities, and the unforeseen consequences of certain development patterns and well-intended policies. Currently, cities need to adapt, retrofit, or rebuild their neighborhoods to reverse the tides of environmental degradation and offer opportunities for healthier living. Strategies to create urban places that are not only healthy and sustainable, but also socially and economically equitable, include smart growth principles and policies, improved accessibility and urban mobility, and ecologically sound practices.
Writing a Decentered World Regional History
Authors: Gunn Geoffrey C.
Published: May 2022

As a way of compensating for the generalized neglect of broader narratives, this chapter seeks to position the Asian world within the genre of global history writing. As explained, a new world history method privileges a “decentered” perspective on the world. It is also a method that transcends essentializing views of civilizations allowing us us to see in cultural diffusions and borrowings a rich array of hybrid experiences and forms. As opposed to national narratives, the new history actually celebrates the crossing of boundaries. This chapter opens with a survey of historiographical trends in world regional history analysis with an eye toward periodization and world history cycles such as those that touched the sea silk road exchange. A second section problematizes the zone between China and India known as Southeast Asia especially as to its autonomy or standing between the major civilizations. A third section examines specific texts and literatures with a view to better understanding the salience of connections/correlations or parallels across macro regions. Two further sections examine the literature on East-West historical sequencing and priorities with particular with particular reference to an East-Southeast Asian world region in an age prior to full-on Western imperialism.
An Indian Imaginary
Authors: Gunn Geoffrey C.
Published: May 2022

Mindful of a scholarly trend gaining ground in the 1980s to essentialize a coherent Southeast Asian identity, we are concerned in this chapter to test such assumptions against the evidence provided by newer waves of research and reconsiderations of bounded areas (and area studies) now stimulated by renewed interest in civilizational and other macro exchanges. We should also be careful to note in discussions on Indianization that the elitism and relative exclusivity of the courtly world, with its cast of Brahmans and ritual practitioners along with inner circles of devotees, possibly little touched surrounding village life, at least on the mainland, until the reception of Theravada Buddhism and the creation of monastic communities. First, this chapter offers a summary of Indian civilizational influences as they touched the Southeast Asia area. A second section examines deeper patterns from prehistory. A third section links the civilizational transfer with Indian trade activities, while a final section surveys the archaeological record as it pertains to Southeast Asia.
Arab Geographic Imaginaries
Authors: Gunn Geoffrey C.
Published: May 2022

Comprising a vast community of believers, Islam has no single political center, although sultans and emirs may command the allegiance of this or that polity. From its origins, however, Islam was centered upon the Arabian heartland. It may seem paradoxical, but in the Malay world of rajas-turned sultans, Islamic courts duly incorporated many of the trappings of the Indic courts they superseded. This was especially the case with the inland courts on Java, where the weight of pre-Islamic traditions was practically overwhelming. As a preliminary, this chapter explains the origins of Arab trade and Islamic conversion. A second section discusses Arab/Muslim geographies of Asia. A third section examines Arab primacy in navigational knowledge - as much knowledge of Asia - ahead of Europe. A fourth section follows with a review of Arab merchant accounts of India and, especially China, from the tenth century. Interalia, as translated and reinterpreted by French Arabists, the Arab-Persian corpus reveals a rich civilizational crossover and exchange, but it can also be understood as mutual otherings or imaginaries.
Japanese Geographic Imaginaries: The Tokugawa Invention of a Japan-Centered International Order
Authors: Gunn Geoffrey C.
Published: May 2022

While by definition the tribute trade system was Sino-centric, Japan’s falling off comprises the subject of the present chapter. Obviously, the Mongol-Yuan interlude leading to two abortive invasions of Japan (1274 and 1281) interrupted the tributary trade convention dating back to the Tang dynasty if not earlier. Restored under the Ming with Japan as a subservient member, Hideyoshi’s invasion of Korea in the late sixteenth century and his presumption to establish a Japan-centered international would be a major turning point in the evolution of East Asian interstate relations down until practically the modern era. For most of the next 250 years, at least until the end of the Pax Tokugawa, foreign traders (Europeans along with Asians) were obliged to endorse this conceit by visiting the “court” in Edo (present-day Tokyo). In other words, far from being a tribute-sending country, the Togukawa bakufu or shogunate positioned itself at the center of a Japan-centered regional international order. In brief, the chapter comments on the contrived ideological and practical features of Tokugawa’s own central kingdom view of the world with its hierarchically ranked civilized and barbarian nations set against its own standards.
Geographic Imaginaries of an Austral Land
Authors: Gunn Geoffrey C.
Published: May 2022

Practically unique in the history of world expansion down until the eighteenth - even early nineteenth century - the continent of Australia remained a geographical imaginary, more easily mapped on paper than actually attested through discovery. Certainly that description applied to the Malacca-based “cosmographer” Manuel Godinho de Erédia and to a French school of cartography. We have no specific evidence, but it undoubtedly applied to Chinese seafarers reaching Timor and the Timor Sea zone. In sum, this chapter raises the possibility of an Asian discovery of the Great South Land. It tests this against the case of China and, in more detail, against the experience of Sulawesi-based Macassan seafarers. Additionally, it gives credence to prior Portuguese discovery narratives as with those entering the cartographic imaginings of Erédia, placing him ahead of pioneering Portuguese and Dutch voyages plying midlatitude routes eastward across the Indian Ocean. Ultimately, the chapter puts to rest the notion of a proven Chinese discovery of Australia while conceding that it remains an imaginary at the same time.
Connecting Up the Dots on Global Port Cities
Authors: Gunn Geoffrey C.
Published: May 2022

Just as the “known world” of the ancient Greeks and Romans entered the histories of Strabo, Pliny, and Arrian, so today archaeologists and others strive to recapture the dynamics of long-distance trade contacts between different civilizations, whether via maritime or land silk road links. Because we are dealing with vast space across time, with the rise and fall of civilizations and hegemonic centers, it is important to set down a basic chronology. One attempt to achieve such a framing was struck by Japanese scholar Ikuta Shigeru. We should have a sound knowledge of the major routes connecting up the termini of the silk roads, both terrestrial and maritime or what Janet Abu-Lughod describes as the first “nascent” world system. In this chapter, a first section examines port cities of the Middle East-Indian Ocean circuit, stressing the importance of long-distance trade connecting up Han China with Rome. A second section brings to attention the rise of Islamic trade ports building upon the Arab maritime commercial tradition. A third section examines the closely linked Southeast Asian circuits of trade, while the same is examined with respect to the South and East China Sea in a final section.
Configuring Macau on the World Map
Authors: Gunn Geoffrey C.
Published: May 2022

Macau simply did not exist as a world port at the time that Ptolemy conceived his Geographia, and with the coastline of Sinae/China only vaguely apprehended. In winning permission from Ming China to permanently settle Macau, the Portuguese arrived as supplicants on Chinese terms. As an act of validation, the Portuguese offered “ground rent” in the form of bars of silver to the local mandarins, a system that continued well into the nineteenth century. Yet we see a fundamental misconception on the part of arriving Europeans as to local, including imperial, Chinese concepts of space and territorialization. A first section of this chapter muses upon the exceptional priority accorded Portugal by Ming China ahead of European rivals. A second section offers an excursus on early Jesuit mapping of Ming China, whereas a third section turns to the practical mapping of Macau and its surrounding seas according to European conventions. A fourth section leads with an examination of the Jesuit astronomical project in Macau, a virtual world-mapping exercise based on observed science and mathematical computation. Finally, Macau is examined from inside the Chinese xylographic cartographic/gazetteer tradition by way of offering a counterpoint to European renderings of space.
The Singapore “Garden City”: The Death and Life of Nature in an Asian City
Authors: Jalais Annu
Published: May 2022

Singapore the ‘garden city’ has been a longstanding trope used by government officials to promote tourism and actively entice the world’s cosmopolitan well-heeled and moneyed to come and work, or settle, in the small cityscape. Nature in Singapore is primarily seen by the Government as a resource ‘that can be shaped to economic and national development objectives’ (Yuen 1996:968); and indeed, what strikes visitors to this ‘garden city’ is its cleanliness, orderliness, and greenery. But if ‘nature’ in Singapore is a matter of top-down governmental control (of both city-state aesthetics and economy), ‘nature’ has also been the realm for those wanting to rebel against the Government. In other words, politics in Singapore has often revolved around citizens taking up cat- and crow-culling, the saving of graveyards, or specific conservation issues as ways of resisting Governmental prerogatives. In light of the recent writings on the meaning of ‘nature’ and ‘non-humans’ — explored through supposed ‘eco-farms’ for ‘agri-tainment’, fishing and foraging, and the culling of cats and crows — the paper explores the tension between ‘development’ and ‘culture’ in the context of the city-state of Singapore.
The Absent Presence: Potholes in Urban India
Authors: Solomon Harris
Published: May 2022

This chapter is an ethnographic study of potholes in roads in urban India. It describes different forms of attention to potholes, including cases of media advocacy, clinical reflections on injury, and attempts by one accident survivor to document danger on the roads. It concludes by considering how the presence and absence of holes offers broader insight into the politics of public neglect and into the ways that infrastructure gets under the skin. Throughout, it argues that holes materialize how urban life becomes organized around injury and is borne out in bodies, and suggests new directions for scholarship on the embodiment of urban ecology and the limits of life in cities.