bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PECULIARITIES OF THE METAPHORS RENDERING IN TEXTS OF PUBLICISTIC STYLE
Authors:   National Technical University of Ukraine «Igor Sikorsky Polytechnic Institute», Glinka Hataliia , Horodylovska Olena ,   National Technical University of Ukraine «Igor Sikorsky Polytechnic Institute»
Published: November 2020

The article is devoted to the analysis of the conceptual approach to the definition of the concept of metaphor; considering the conditions of effective translation of the metaphor and awareness of its lexical-semantic and expressive-evaluative content. The study systematizes the frequency metaphors usage in the field of English publicistic discourse. The main methods of metaphor translation in the field of publicistic style of English, as well as the functioning of metaphor are considered. In the course of our research, a number of issues related to the metaphors rendering in English-language publicistic texts were considered. The publicistic style is used in political literature and is represented by mass media – newspapers, magazines, radio, television and documentary films. It deals with a wide range of topics of politics, economy, ideology, philosophy, culture, sport, everyday life, current events, which are covered in the light of certain ideological aims. The general aim of publicistic style is to make a deep influence on public opinion, to convince the reader or the listener that the interpretation given by the writer or the speaker is the only correct one and to cause him to accept the point of view expressed in the speech, essays or article nor merely by logical argumentation but by emotional appeal as well. In different language styles, especially in the publicistic style, language tools are widely used, which enhance the effectiveness of expression due to the fact that their logical content is added to different expressive and emotional nuances. The language of publicistic style differs from all others primarily in that it performs an aesthetic function. One of the most widely used tropes in publicistic style is a "metaphor". It is a figure of speech that identifies something as being the same as some unrelated thing, for rhetorical effect, thus highlighting the similarities between the two. Metaphor is a widely used linguistic tool in a publicistic text, according to O. Filimonova, it is one of the dominants of speech. This is due to its high evaluative potential, its imagery, the ability to effectively implement the author's intention and influence the audience. The methods of metaphor translation are dominated by the principle of preserving a similar metaphorical image (80%), the principle of paraphrasing (15%) and replacing the equivalent metaphor in the language of translation (5%).
LEXICO-SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DAN BROWN’S IDIOSTYLE (A STUDY BASED ON THE NOMINATIVE FIELD IN THE SPHERE OF ART)
Authors:   National Technical University of Ukraine ", Isniuk Olha ,   Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Taranenko Larysa ,   National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute"
Published: November 2020

The article is a study of linguo-stylistic devices characteristic of the description of notions related to the field of art in Dan Brown’s idiostyle. In our research we systematized a number of theoretical views on the idiostyle as a whole system and its individual aspects related to the concepts of "linguistic personality", represented in verbal and non-verbal forms. In the paper the idiostyle is defined as a holistic system of visual aids that structures and represents individual knowledge about the world as well as reflects the national specificity of the world perception. In examining the linguistic grounds of the study of the author’s idiostyle, it is found out that idiostyle is a special component of the stylistic system of the language of a literary text, which consists of a set of linguistic and expressive means that perform an aesthetic function and distinguish the writer’s language. The paper points out that the nominative field in Dan Brown’s idiostyle represented in Robert Langdon book series is a complex structurally meaningful, multidimensional verbalized formation that is also rated as a verbal embodiment of the author’s creative potential. Despite being based on the standard lexicon of the linguistic society, Dan Brown’s thesaurus still has its differences. First of all, it is significantly influenced by the linguistic preferences and habits of the author, as well as genre-thematic and ideological originality. In addition, a number of extralingual factors prove to be an important component of the writer’s nominative field, namely: the presence of a technological component and informativeness of works, geographical environment, mystery, anthropocentrism, communication with the reader and inocultural environment. All these factors affect the choice and use of thematic lexical units and certain stylistic devices with the purpose to intensify the text’s communicative-and-pragmatic effect on the recipient. As a result, the analyzed works consist of the following stylistic elements: toponyms, chromatonyms, anthroponyms, terms, realia, as well as metaphors and similes.
GENDER AND LANGUAGE VS. TRANSLATION
Authors:   National Technical University of Ukraine «Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute», Onopriienko Iryna , Turysheva Oksana ,   National Technical University of Ukraine «Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute»
Published: November 2020

The paper deals with the identification of the main processes of ensuring gender equality in modern communication. The analysis of scientific works on this topic is carried out. The main tendencies in society that led to the emergence of the problem of gender asymmetry in the language and preceded the mutual influence of the problems of gender asymmetry with the language issue with examples in gender and gender non-oriented languages are identified; the main approaches to ensuring gender equality in languages are characterized in accordance with their grammatical structures. The processes of neutralization and feminization are determined with examples, as well as the characteristics of genderless languages are given. Using this macro-approach allows for the identification of general trends, but does not reveal the subtle differences between individual countries and languages. As such, we hope that this article will serve as a catalyst for future work to further explore how grammatical gender works in everyday communication and what the differences are in the use of grammatical gender in different languages. The article discusses the methods of ensuring gender equality in the Ukrainian language through feminization, in particular, the development and formation of feminitives in Ukrainian language and the features of their creation are determined. The problems in the translation industry, caused by tendencies towards gender equality, were described. While the current results indicate that there are differences in gender equality between countries with different grammatical gender language systems, they cannot answer the question of the process by which these differences arise or whether language systems play a causal role. Moreover, while language can play an important role in promoting gender equality and eliminating gender asymmetries, and language reform can be a fruitful way to improve the representation of women's rights in androcentric languages, it is important to remember that language change must first be accompanied by social and political adjustments in order to truly solve the existing problems of gender inequality.
Розвиток міжнародно-правових відносин у сфері боротьби з фінансуванням тероризму до 11 вересня 2001 року
Authors: Holik  M. Yu.
Published: November 2020

Можливості терористичних організацій напряму залежать від їхнього фінансового забезпечення. Події 11 вересня 2001 року яскраво продемонстрували, якою високою може бути ціна за несвоєчасно вжиті заходи в боротьбі з фінансуванням тероризму на міжнародному рівні.
Мета статті – проаналізувати розвиток міжнародно-правових відносин у сфері боротьби з фінансуванням тероризму від моменту їх зародження до 11 вересня 2001 року.
Наукова новизна статті полягає у визначенні передумов формування ефективного міжнародного організаційно-правового механізму боротьби з фінансуванням тероризму після терактів 11 вересня.
Висновки. Міжнародною спільнотою впродовж 90-х років ХХ століття поступово напрацьовувалися методи та способи протидії збагаченню терористів, які стали правовим підґрунтям для подальших процесів розвитку правового регулювання боротьби з фінансуванням тероризму. До позитивних здобутків міжнародної спільноти, які відіграли важливу роль у формуванні після подій 9/11 ефективного міжнародного організаційно-правового механізму боротьби з фінансуванням тероризму, належать:
1) налагодження Радою Безпеки ООН механізму накладення санкцій на державних та недержавних спонсорів тероризму із застосуванням обов’язкових до виконання положень Розділу VII Статуту ООН щодо забезпечення міжнародного миру та безпеки. Першим в цьому напрямку міжнародно-правовим документом стала прийнята 31 березня 1992 року Радою Безпеки ООН Резолюція 748, що по суті означало зародження міжнародно-правових відносин у сфері боротьби з фінансуванням тероризму;
2) використання стратегії протидії відмиванню грошей як певного шаблону у розробці стратегії боротьби з фінансуванням тероризму із-за схожості методів фінансування тероризму з методами відмивання грошей;
3) прийняття 9 грудня 1999 року Міжнародної конвенції про боротьбу з фінансуванням тероризму, яка надала визначення фінансуванню тероризму та заклала основи формування міжнародного організаційно-правового механізму боротьби з ним. Від 11 вересня 2001 року число учасників Конвенції збільшилося з 4 до 189 з-поміж загальної кількості держав-членів ООН – 193, що дозволяє стверджувати про наявність в міжнародному праві домінуючого бачення у вирішенні проблеми фінансування тероризму;
4) зміщення вже в 1998 році, після активізації терористичної діяльності Аль-Каїди, фокусу міжнародної спільноти в протидії фінансуванню тероризму з держав на міжнародні терористичні організації.
Деякі питання визначення конституційно-правової моделі прокуратури України
Authors: Ionushas S.K.
Published: November 2020

Стаття присвячена дослідженню питань конституційно-правової моделі прокуратури України. Розглянуто структурні елементи системи прокуратури. Критично проаналізовано основні принципові положення стосовно побудови системи прокурорських органів. Досліджено питання спеціалізації органів прокуратури і на цій основі зроблено відповідні обґрунтовані висновки. За результатами аналізу основного нормативно-правового акта у сфері функціонування органів прокуратури в Україні виділено ключові етапи у його дії.
Метою статті є визначення конституційно-правової моделі органів прокуратури в Україні.
Наукова новизна статті полягає у визначенні на основі сучасних досліджень оптимальної конституційно-правової моделі прокуратури України.
Висновки. 1) Позитивно оцінюючи реформування прокуратури України у напрямку оптимізації її системи, а також зміни, спрямовані на укріплення незалежності даних органів і їх посадових осіб, відзначимо, що часта зміна структурних елементів системи прокуратури пов’язана з проблемами невизначеності адміністративно-територіального устрою держави; 2) нормативне закріплення права Генерального прокурора на утворення спеціалізованих ланок прокуратури слід визнати позитивним моментом, оскільки це дозволить оперативно реагувати на певну ситуацію, запровадивши відповідну спеціальну структурну одиницю системи прокуратури; 3) принципи єдності та централізації як засадничі елементи організації прокуратури України, зважаючи на різницю їх сутнісних характеристик, не слід вважати тотожними. Визнаємо значущість принципу централізації у побудові і функціонуванні системи прокуратури. У цьому плані статтю 1 Закону України «Про прокуратуру», на нашу думку, слід викласти із зазначенням принципу централізації, оскільки його сутнісні характеристики відтворюються у положеннях цього нормативно-правового акта; 4) відстоюємо позицію про виокремлення принципу єдиноначальності, оскільки системний аналіз положень статей 8, 9 Закону України «Про прокуратуру» дозволяє стверджувати про те, що саме Генеральний прокурор має повноваження керівника усієї системи прокуратури; 5) вважаємо, що організація спеціалізованих прокуратур повинна відповідати вимогам системного підходу.
Cover and Credits
Authors: Mallary Kevin J.
Published: November 2020

Cover and journal credits pages for Volume 4, Number 3/4.
EU-MPfG - EU-Meldepflichtgesetz
Authors: Spieß Karoline
Published: November 2020

Erfolgreich melden nach dem EU-MPfG Ihre Vorteile auf einen Blick: - Klärung von Auslegungsfragen zur Meldung nach EU-MPfG - Vermeidung von Verstößen und empfindlichen Strafen - Korrekte Erfüllung der neuen Meldepflicht für Beratungspraxis, Finanzverwaltung und Steuerpflichtige Mit 1. Juli 2020 beginnt die laufende Meldeverpflichtung für österreichische Unternehmen mit grenzüberschreitenden Geschäftsfällen, unabhängig von ihrer Größe. Mit dem neuen EU-Meldepflichtgesetz wurde die sechste Stufe der EU Richtlinie betreffend der Zusammenarbeit der Finanzbehörden in der EU (Directive on Administrative Cooperation - DAC), die DAC 6-Richtlinie, in innerstaatliches Recht umgesetzt. Doch das EU-MPfG gilt nicht nur für Unternehmen, sondern auch für Berater. Damit besteht akuter Handlungsbedarf auf beiden Seiten: Steuerpflichtige und Berater sind fortan verpflichtet, bestimmte grenzüberschreitende Gestaltungen binnen knapper Fristen an die Finanzverwaltung zu melden. Schon jetzt zeigen sich in allen Bereichen wesentliche Auslegungsfragen, wie etwa dem Umfang der Meldepflicht, den relevanten Personen oder dem Inhalt der Meldung. Verstöße gegen die neuen Meldeverpflichtungen können zu empfindlichen Strafen führen. Die Klärung dieser Zweifelsfragen ist daher von zentraler Bedeutung. Dieser Kommentar zeigt den betroffenen Personen aus Beratungspraxis und Finanzverwaltung sowie Steuerpflichtigen den Weg zur erfolgreichen Meldung nach dem EU-MPfG.
Influence of protracted application of systems of basic till and fertilizer is on structure of soil
Authors:   Khmelnitsky State Agricultural Experimental Station of the Institute of Forage and Agricultural Podillia of NAAN, Kyryliuk V. , Krychkivskyi V. ,   Khmelnitsky State Agricultural Experimental Station of the Institute of Forage and Agricultural Podillia of NAAN, Kovalchuk N. ,   Khmelnitsky State Agricultural Experimental Station of the Institute of Forage and Agricultural Podillia of NAAN
Published: November 2020

The results of researches of influence of the protracted application of the different systems of basic till of soil and fertilizer are presented on basic conformities to law and parameters of changes of the structural state that took place in an arable layer. It is educed that on a background a organic-mineral fertilizer for 20 years place improvement of structuralness of arable layer on 4,5-6,0 % by the greatest index for the moldboard systems. On a background a mineral fertilizer for this period the decline of amount of structuralness aggregates is marked from 0,1 % and chisel systems to 0,6 % and moldboard. In middle for 20 replacement of ploughing nonmoldboard tills on a background a organic-mineral fertilizer resulted in the decline of structuralness of arable layer on 2,0–8,0 %. On a background a mineral fertilizer a tendency was kept, though with some more subzero values, and to the organic-mineral background declines folded 0,1–3,7 %. Amount agronomical valuable aggregates in soil depended on the amount of debrises, evenness of their placing on an arable layer and from intensity of loosening. From time of sowing to the harvest the structuralness of soil got better with the greatest positive effect in sowing of mustard white, some more subzero, - to soy and most subzero - wheat winter-annual and at permanent advantage of background of organic-mineral fertilizer above mineral.
Learning Model Based on Multiple Intelligence in Stimulating Musical Intelligence in Children
Authors: Virganta Anada Leo , Kamtini Kamtini , Nurmaniah Nurmaniah , Tanjung Salsabila Hasiana
Published: November 2020

Every child has different characteristics with different ways of learning. Children tend to have a very active nature because they have seen muscle development that allows them to perform a variety of skills. By using learning based on multiple intelligence, children are more stimulated to carry out the learning process and significant development achievements are achieved. This study uses a development research method by conducting time-series tests on data processing. The population used is children aged five to six who are in kindergarten age, namely children aged in five until six years. Children show a good increase in the stimulation of musical intelligence using a learning model that has been developed. The novelty of this research is to produce and use a learning model based on multiple intelligences that children have. But still, focus on stimulating children's musical intelligence.
The Role of Paracrine Regulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Crosstalk With Macrophages in Musculoskeletal Diseases: A Systematic Review
Authors: Xu Hongtao , Lee Chien-Wei , Wang Yu-Fan , Huang Shuting , Shin Lih-Ying , Wang Yu-Hsuan , Wan Zihao , Zhu Xiaobo , Yung Patrick Shu Hang , Lee Oscar Kuang-Sheng
Published: November 2020

The phenotypic change of macrophages (Mφs) plays a crucial role in the musculoskeletal homeostasis and repair process. Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown as a novel approach in tissue regeneration, the therapeutic potential of MSCs mediated by the interaction between MSC-derived paracrine mediators and Mφs remains elusive. This review focused on the elucidation of paracrine crosstalk between MSCs and Mφs during musculoskeletal diseases and injury. The search method was based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and Cochrane Guidelines. The search strategies included MeSH terms and other related terms of MSC-derived mediators and Mφs. Ten studies formed the basis of this review. The current finding suggested that MSC administration promoted proliferation and activation of CD163+or CD206+M2 Mφs in parallel with reduction of proinflammatory cytokines and increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines. During such period, Mφs also induced MSCs into a motile and active phenotype via the influence of proinflammatory cytokines. Such crosstalk between Mφs and MSCs further strengthens the effect of paracrine mediators from MSCs to regulate Mφs phenotypic alteration. In conclusion, MSCs in musculoskeletal system, mediated by the interaction between MSC paracrine and Mφs, have therapeutic potential in musculoskeletal diseases.
Seismic Loss Estimation in Pre-1970 Residential RC Buildings: The Role of Infills and Services in Low–Mid-Rise Case Studies
Authors: Del Gaudio Carlo , De Risi Maria Teresa , Scala Santa Anna , Verderame Gerardo Mario
Published: November 2020

The lessons learned after recent earthquakes have highlighted the key role played by infills and services in damage and loss of Reinforced Concrete (RC) buildings. Their influence in seismic performance and loss estimation of selected RC building case studies is thoroughly analyzed here. The case study selection aims to be representative of existing buildings built in Italy before 1970, and covers a different number of stories and design typologies. The seismic responses of the case-study buildings are numerically analyzed by means of non-linear static pushover analysis (PO) considering a lumped plasticity approach with a quadri-linear flexural response for beam/column elements (properly calibrated for RC elements reinforced with plain bars) and a tri-linear compressive-only axial response with diagonal concentric struts for infill panels (empirically derived from experimental data on hollow clay masonry walls). Economic loss estimation is carried out via a component-based methodology that relies on the main repairing activities and resultant costs required for the refurbishment of infills and services for different damage levels. Accordingly, a damage analysis is performed herein, given the intensity measure, based on a comparison between Interstory drift demand from PO analysis and drift-based fragility functions specific for masonry infills. Loss curves, relating the total building repair cost to peak ground acceleration (PGA), are presented and compared for the analyzed case study buildings to show their trends and quantify the incidence of infills and services with respect to the reconstruction cost. A comparison between these outcomes and those recently found in the literature emphasizes the robustness of the considered approach and the reliability of the hypotheses about damage and loss assessment.
The Relationship Between Reactive Oxygen Species and Endothelial Cell Metabolism
Authors: Alhayaza Raid , Haque Emaan , Karbasiafshar Catherine , Sellke Frank W. , Abid M. Ruhul
Published: November 2020

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been the leading cause of death for many decades, highlighting the importance of new research and treatments in the field. The role of hypoxia and subsequent free radical production [reactive oxygen species (ROS)] have become an area of particular interest in CVD. Interestingly, our laboratory and other laboratories have recently reported positive roles of subcellular ROS in modulating endothelial cell (EC) metabolism, proliferation, and angiogenesis. This bidirectional relationship between ROS and EC metabolism, as well as functional changes, continues to be an area of active research. Interestingly, ECs have been shown to rely on anaerobic processes for ATP generation, despite their direct access to oxygen. This paradox has proven to be beneficial as the major reliance on glycolysis produces ATP faster, preserves oxygen, and results in reduced ROS levels in contrast to oxidative phosphorylation. This review will address the relationship between ROS and carbohydrate, lipid, and nitrogen metabolism in ECs, and their effects on EC phenotype such as sprouting angiogenesis.
Detection of a New Tert-Leucinate Synthetic Cannabinoid 5F-MDMB-PICA and Its Metabolites in Human Hair: Application to Authentic Cases
Authors: Shi Yan , Zhou Liying , Li Le , Liu Mengxi , Qiang Huosheng , Shen Min , Shen Baohua , Chen Hang , Drummer Olaf H. , Liu Wanhui , Wu Hejian , Xiang Ping
Published: November 2020

Methyl 2 -[ [ 1- (5- fluoropentyl) indole - 3- carbonyl] amino] -3, 3- dimethyl - butanoate (5F-MDMB-PICA) is a new synthetic cannabinoid characterized by valinate or tert-leucinate moieties. In recent years, 5F-MDMB-PICA has been abused in the form of “spice-like” herbal incenses or electronic cigarette oil. A UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed to detect 5F-MDMB-PICA and its metabolites in human hair. Approximately 20 mg of hair was weighed and pulverized with methanol below 4°C. After ultrasonication, centrifugation and filtration, 200 μL of supernatant was placed into an autosampler vial and analyzed on a Waters Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm particle size) using an acetonitrile-20 mmol/L ammonium acetate (0.1% formic acid, 5% acetonitrile) gradient with a run time of 8 min. The limit of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.5 to 5 pg/mg, and the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) ranged from 1 to 5 pg/mg. The method was shown to be linear over a concentration range of 1–200 pg/mg. The linear correlation (R2) of the calibration curves for all analytes was >0.999. The accuracy varied from 95.4 to 107.4%, while the intra- and inter-day precision RSD values were 0.7–10.6% and 1.7–12.2%, respectively. Recoveries were within the range of 61.1–93.3%, and matrix effects were in the range of 19.1–102.6%. The validated method was successfully applied to the identification and quantification of 5F-MDMB-PICA and its metabolites in hair from authentic forensic cases.
Impact Assessment of Climate Change on Storm Surge and Sea Level Rise Around Viti Levu, Fiji
Authors: Sabūnas Audrius , Mori Nobuhito , Fukui Nobuki , Miyashita Takuya , Shimura Tomoya
Published: November 2020

Projecting the sea level rise (SLR), storm surges, and related inundation in the Pacific Islands due to climate change is important for assessing the impact of climate change on coastal regions as well as the adaptation of the coastal regions. The compounding effects of storm surges and SLR are one of the major causes of flooding and extreme events; however, a quantitative impact assessment that considers the topographical features of the island has not been properly conducted.

Therefore, this study projects the impact of storm surge and SLR due to climate change on Viti Levu, which is the biggest and most populous island in Fiji. The impact of SLR on the inundation in coastal areas was simulated using a dynamic model based on the IPCC SROCC scenarios and the 1/100 years return period storm surge implemented based on the RCP8.5 equivalent scenario. The affected inundation area and population due to storm surges and SLRs are discussed based on the compound effects of SLR and storm surge.

Although the contribution of SLR to the inundation area was quite significant, the 1/100 year storm surge increased by 10 to 50% of the inundation area. In addition, a narrow and shallow bay with a flat land area had the largest impact of storm surge inundation. Furthermore, the western wind direction had the most severe storm surge inundation and related population exposure due to the topographic and bathymetric characteristics of Viti Levu Island.
Climate Conditions on the Tibetan Plateau During the Last Glacial Maximum and Implications for the Survival of Paleolithic Foragers
Authors: Liu Xiangjun , Cong Lu , Li Xiangzhong , Madsen David , Wang Yixuan , Liu Yonggang , Peng Jun
Published: November 2020

Environmental conditions on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) during the last glacial maximum (LGM) are poorly known. Existing studies of environmental proxies and climate model simulations are contradictory, with interpretations varying between cold-dry and cold-wet environmental conditions which differentially influenced lake volumes, loess deposition and vegetation communities across the TP. Genetic and archaeological studies suggest anatomically modern paleolithic foragers initially occupied the TP between 60 and 30 ka, and may have seasonally occupied the TP during the LGM. Hence, a better understanding for LGM environmental conditions is needed in order to estimate whether paleolithic foragers could have survived on the TP during the extreme LGM cold stage. Here we report the investigation of lacustrine sediments and beach deposits within two paleoshorelines around Dagze Co on the southern TP, ∼22 and ∼42 m higher than the present lake level. Optical age estimates suggest the sediments were deposited during the LGM and mid-Holocene, respectively. TraCE-21 climate model simulation results suggest that net annual LGM precipitation in the Dagze Co basin was lower than the mid-Holocene, but about the same as that of the past 1,000 years. Combining the optical age estimates with TraCE-21 and CAM4 climate model simulation results, we deduce that increased summer precipitation and glacier meltwater supply, combined with decreased lake surface evaporation, produced LGM lake levels ∼22 m higher than present. We also synthesized paleoenvironmental records reported across the TP spanning the LGM. This synthesis suggests that the LGM climate in the northern TP was cold and dry, but that some of the southern TP was cold and wet. These relatively wetter LGM conditions in the southern TP may have favored the growth of cold-resistant plants which, in turn, may have supported larger herbivore populations, and provided food for paleolithic foragers. We conclude that seasonal or short-term human occupation of the TP during the LGM was thus more likely in the southern TP than in the north.
Triangulating Multi-Method Assessments of Parental Support for Early Math Skills
Authors: Bachman Heather J. , Elliott Leanne , Duong Shirley , Betancur Laura , Navarro Monica G. , Votruba-Drzal Elizabeth , Libertus Melissa
Published: November 2020

Past research has examined parental support for math during early childhood using parent-report surveys and observational measures of math talk. However, since most studies only present findings from one of these methods, the construct (parental support for early math) and the method are inextricably linked, and we know little about whether these methods provide similar or unique information about children’s exposure to math concepts. This study directly addresses the mono-operation bias operating in past research by collecting and comparing multiple measures of support for number and spatial skills, including math talk during semi-structured observations of parent–child interactions, parent reports on a home math activities questionnaire, and time diaries. Findings from 128 parents of 4-year-old children reveal substantial within-measure variability across all three data sources in the frequency of number and spatial activities and the type and content of parent talk about number and spatial concepts. Convergence in parental math support measures was evident among parent reports from the questionnaire and time diaries, such that scale composites about monthly number activities were related to number activities on the previous work day, and monthly spatial activities were correlated with spatial activities the prior non-work days. However, few parent report measures from the survey or time diary were significantly correlated with observed quantity or type of math talk in the semi-structured observations. Future research implications of these findings are discussed.
Glucose Intolerance on Phaeochromocytoma and Paraganglioma—The Current Understanding and Clinical Perspectives
Authors: Abe Ichiro , Islam Farhadul , Lam Alfred King-Yin
Published: November 2020

Half of the patients with phaeochromocytoma have glucose intolerance which could be life-threatening as well as causing postoperative hypoglycemia. Glucose intolerance is due to impaired insulin secretion and/or increased insulin resistance. Impaired insulin secretion is caused by stimulating adrenergic α2 receptors of pancreatic β-cells and increased insulin resistance is caused by stimulating adrenergic α1 and β3 receptors in adipocytes, α1 and β2 receptors of pancreatic α-cells and skeletal muscle. Furthermore, different affinities to respective adrenergic receptors exist between epinephrine and norepinephrine. Clinical studies revealed patients with phaeochromocytoma had impaired insulin secretion as well as increased insulin resistance. Furthermore, excess of epinephrine could affect glucose intolerance mainly by impaired insulin secretion and excess of norepinephrine could affect glucose intolerance mainly by increased insulin resistance. Glucose intolerance on paraganglioma could be caused by increased insulin resistance mainly considering paraganglioma produces more norepinephrine than epinephrine. To conclude, the difference of actions between excess of epinephrine and norepinephrine could lead to improve understanding and management of glucose intolerance on phaeochromocytoma.
Optimal Power Flow Calculation Considering Large-Scale Photovoltaic Generation Correlation
Authors: Li He , Li Huijun , Lu Weihua , Wang Zhenhao , Bian Jing
Published: November 2020

In order to analyze the impact of large-scale photovoltaic system on the power system, a photovoltaic output prediction method considering the correlation is proposed and the optimal power flow is calculated. Firstly, establish a photovoltaic output model to obtain the attenuation coefficient and fluctuation amount, and analyze the correlation among the multiple photovoltaic power plants through the k-means method. Secondly, the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network is used as the photovoltaic output prediction model, and the clustered photovoltaic output data is brought into the LSTM model to generate large-scale photovoltaic prediction results with the consideration of the spatial correlation. And an optimal power flow model that takes grid loss and voltage offset as targets is established. Finally, MATLAB is used to verify that the proposed large-scale photovoltaic forecasting method has higher accuracy. The multi-objective optimal power flow calculation is performed based on the NSGA-II algorithm and the modified IEEE systems, and the optimal power flow with photovoltaic output at different times is compared and analyzed.
Oligomeric Aromatic Oxides (OAO) Production From Sugarcane Bagasse Lignin by Acid-Catalyzed Solvothermal Liquefaction in Methanol
Authors: Cheng Yi , Yang Shujuan , Ji Li , Shi Hai
Published: November 2020

Extracted alkali lignin (AL) and organosolv lignin (OL) from sugarcane bagasse were acid-catalyzed liquefied in methanol with the aim of producing oligomeric aromatic oxides. Acids were screened for their effects on the output of oligomeric aromatic oxides from alkali lignin liquefaction. Based on the highest amount of lignin conversion, the order of catalytic efficiency was: p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) > CCl3COOH (TCA) > KHSO4 > AlCl3 > H3O40PW12 > H2SO4. The most alkali lignin conversion was 86.2 wt% when catalyzed by p-toluenesulfonic acid. Optimized liquefaction temperatures indicated that AL liquefaction optimum temperature was 250°C and OL was 175°C. GPC characterized AL, OL and resultant products implied that TsOH could degrade both lignins to about 780 g/mol of molecular weight. HSQC-NMR and GC-MS observations suggested that simultaneous vinyl ether cleavage and intermediate stabilization of phenolic hydroxyl group etherification at high temperatures achieved AL liquefaction. Acidolysis of β-ether linkages at mild temperatures was the mechanism of OL liquefaction.
Marine Litter Pollution in Baltic Sea Beaches – Application of the Sand Rake Method
Authors: Haseler Mirco , Balciunas Arunas , Hauk Rahel , Sabaliauskaite Viktorija , Chubarenko Irina , Ershova Alexandra , Schernewski Gerald
Published: November 2020

Most marine litter monitoring methods used on beaches focus on macro-litter (>25 mm) only and show shortcomings regarding smaller litter classes (<25 mm), especially at Baltic Sea beaches. Therefore, we used a sand rake method developed for large micro- (2–5 mm), and meso- (5–25 mm) litter to quantify the overall pollution status of Baltic Sea beaches and to test if the method is useful in terms of the requirements of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Between July 2017 and October 2019, 197 sand rake method surveys were carried out at 35 regions around the Baltic Sea. In total, 9345 litter pieces were found on an area of 10,271 m2 of which 69.9% were 2–25 mm in size. Artificial polymers (4921 litter pieces) were predominant (mean 52.7% ± 13.3). Abundance of litter was 0.91 pieces/m2 ± 1.50 (median 0.40 pieces/m2). The most common litter were industrial pellets (19.8%), non-identifiable plastic pieces 2–25 mm (17.3%), cigarette butts (15.3%), and paraffin (11.9%). At 15 surveys at the German North Sea island of Sylt the litter abundance ranged from 0.45 pieces/m2 (median) to 0.59 pieces/m2 ± 0.37 (mean). Here, 69.2% of the litter was 2–25 mm in size and paraffin was predominant (69.2%). Beaches show a high pollution level with large micro- and meso-litter (2–25 mm) and our data can serve as a Baltic-wide pollution baseline. In contrast to the naked eye OSPAR method for macro-litter, the sand rake method is generally applicable on all sandy beaches, both urban and remote. This method also allows for the provision of a full spatial pollution pattern and can serve for assessing the effectiveness of marine litter mitigation measures.
From Basic Biology to Patient Mutational Spectra of GATA2 Haploinsufficiencies: What Are the Mechanisms, Hurdles, and Prospects of Genome Editing for Treatment
Authors: Koyunlar Cansu , de Pater Emma
Published: November 2020

Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS) are monogenetic disorders that result in a reduction of mature blood cell formation and predisposition to leukemia. In children with myeloid leukemia the gene most often mutated is Gata binding protein 2 (GATA2) and 80% of patients with GATA2 mutations develop myeloid malignancy before the age of forty. Although GATA2 is established as one of the key regulators of embryonic and adult hematopoiesis, the mechanisms behind the leukemia predisposition in GATA2 haploinsufficiencies is ambiguous. The only curative treatment option currently available is allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). However, allo-SCT can only be applied at a relatively late stage of the disease as its applicability is compromised by treatment related morbidity and mortality (TRM). Alternatively, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-SCT), which is associated with significantly less TRM, might become a treatment option if repaired hematopoietic stem cells would be available. Here we discuss the recent literature on leukemia predisposition syndromes caused by GATA2 mutations, current knowledge on the function of GATA2 in the hematopoietic system and advantages and pitfalls of potential treatment options provided by genome editing.
Web-Based Genome Analysis of Bacterial Meningitis Pathogens for Public Health Applications Using the Bacterial Meningitis Genomic Analysis Platform (BMGAP)
Authors: Buono Sean A. , Kelly Reagan J. , Topaz Nadav , Retchless Adam C. , Silva Hideky , Chen Alexander , Ramos Edward , Doho Gregory , Khan Agha Nabeel , Okomo-Adhiambo Margaret A. , Hu Fang , Marasini Daya , Wang Xin
Published: November 2020

Effective laboratory-based surveillance and public health response to bacterial meningitis depends on timely characterization of bacterial meningitis pathogens. Traditionally, characterizing bacterial meningitis pathogens such asNeisseria meningitidis(Nm) andHaemophilus influenzae(Hi) required several biochemical and molecular tests. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) has enabled the development of pipelines capable of characterizing the given pathogen with equivalent results to many of the traditional tests. Here, we present the Bacterial Meningitis Genomic Analysis Platform (BMGAP): a secure, web-accessible informatics platform that facilitates automated analysis of WGS data in public health laboratories. BMGAP is a pipeline comprised of several components, including both widely used, open-source third-party software and customized analysis modules for the specific target pathogens. BMGAP performsde novodraft genome assembly and identifies the bacterial species by whole-genome comparisons against a curated reference collection of 17 focal species including Nm, Hi, and other closely related species. Genomes identified as Nm or Hi undergo multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and capsule characterization. Further typing information is captured from Nm genomes, such as peptides for the vaccine antigens FHbp, NadA, and NhbA. Assembled genomes are retained in the BMGAP database, serving as a repository for genomic comparisons. BMGAP’s species identification and capsule characterization modules were validated using PCR and slide agglutination from 446 bacterial invasive isolates (273 Nm from nine different serogroups, 150 Hi from seven different serotypes, and 23 from nine other species) collected from 2017 to 2019 through surveillance programs. Among the validation isolates, BMGAP correctly identified the species for all 440 isolates (100% sensitivity and specificity) and accurately characterized all Nm serogroups (99% sensitivity and 98% specificity) and Hi serotypes (100% sensitivity and specificity). BMGAP provides an automated, multi-species analysis pipeline that can be extended to include additional analysis modules as needed. This provides easy-to-interpret and validated Nm and Hi genome analysis capacity to public health laboratories and collaborators. As the BMGAP database accumulates more genomic data, it grows as a valuable resource for rapid comparative genomic analyses during outbreak investigations.
GSK3β Plays a Negative Role During White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Infection by Regulating NF-κB Activity in Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Zhang Shuang , Zhu Lulu , Hou Cuihong , Yuan Hang , Yang Sheng , Dehwah Mustafa Abdo Saif , Shi Lili
Published: November 2020

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), a cytoplasmic serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in a large number of key cellular processes, is a little-known signaling molecule in virus study. In this study, a GSK3 protein which was highly similar to GSK3β homologs from other species in Litopenaeus vannamei (designated as LvGSK3β) was obtained. LvGSK3β was expressed constitutively in the healthy L. vannamei, at the highest level in the intestine and the lowest level in the eyestalk. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) reduced LvGSK3β expression was in immune tissues including the hemocyte, intestine, gill and hepatopancreas. The inhibition of LvGSK3β resulted in significantly higher survival rates of L. vannamei during WSSV infection than the control group, and significantly lower WSSV viral loads in LvGSK3β-inhibited L. vannamei were observed. Knockdown of LvGSK3β by RNAi resulted in increases in the expression of LvDorsal and several NF-κB driven antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes (including ALF, PEN and crustin), but a decrease in LvCactus expression. Accordingly, overexpression of LvGSK3β could reduce the promoter activity of LvDorsal and several AMPs, while the promoter activity of LvCactus was increased. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) showed that LvDorsal could bind to the promoter of LvGSK3β. The interaction between LvGSK3β and LvDorsal or LvCactus was confirmed using co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays. In addition, the expression of LvGSK3β was dramatically reduced by knockdown of LvDorsal. In summary, the results presented in this study indicated that LvGSK3β had a negative effect on L. vannamei by mediating a feedback regulation of the NF-κB pathway when it is infected by WSSV.
Spatio-Temporal Variability of Harbor Porpoise Life History Parameters in the North-East Atlantic
Authors: Murphy Sinéad , Petitguyot Marie A. C. , Jepson Paul D. , Deaville Rob , Lockyer Christina , Barnett James , Perkins Matthew , Penrose Rod , Davison Nicholas J. , Minto Cóilín
Published: November 2020

Harbor porpoises exhibit early maturation, relatively short gestation/lactation periods and a faster rate of reproduction as compared to other cetacean species. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors can influence both population vital rates and population structure, which ultimately cause changes in dynamics within and between populations. Here, we undertook a retrospective analysis of mortality data collected over a 24-year period for assessing life history traits of the North-east Atlantic harbor porpoise population. We use time-period specific models for key life history relationships that considered cause of death of individuals (as a proxy for health status), sex and management unit (MU). Sexual variation in asymptotic length, asymptotic age, average length at 50% maturity (L50) and average age at 50% maturity (A50) were observed, with females attaining a larger asymptotic length, larger L50, and delaying attainment of both sexual and physical maturity, compared to males. While females are constrained in their minimum body size due to giving birth to proportionally larger offspring, males exhibited more plasticity in size at sexual maturity, enabling re-allocation of available energy resources toward reproduction. Data were then used to compare biological parameters among two porpoise MUs in United Kingdom waters, both of which in the current study exhibited reduced reproductive rates compared to other geographic regions. In both MUs, females significantly increased their A50 and males significantly declined in their L50. An increase in the age at asymptotic length was also observed in both sexes, along with a significant decline in the Gompertz growth rate parameter that was more apparent in the female data. While availability of suitable prey resources may be a limiting factor, a combination of other factors cannot be ruled out. Porpoises in the Celtic and Irish Seas MU were significantly larger in their maximum length, asymptotic length and L50 compared to porpoises in the North Sea MU throughout the study period, suggesting limited gene flow between these two MUs. These results justify the maintenance of these harbor porpoise MUs or assessment units, as two separate units, within the range of the North-east Atlantic population, and for indicator assessments under the EU’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive.
A Strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Can Prevent Vibrio vulnificus Colonization in Crassostrea gigas Oysters
Authors: Freire-Peñaherrera Andrea Martha , Tirapé Ana , Landívar-Zambrano Jerry , Cevallos-Cevallos Juan Manuel
Published: November 2020

The pathogen Vibrio vulnificus has been associated with the majority of clinical cases of septicemia and deaths attributed to shellfish consumption. However, reports on biocontrol agents against this pathogen are scarce. In this study, the strain A5 of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (A5) was evaluated against V. vulnificus. The sensitivity of V. vulnificus to A5 was first assessed in vitro using selected solid media as well as autoclaved oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Then, the ability of A5 to colonize live oysters was evaluated, and the biocontrol efficacy was investigated in vivo using oysters inoculated with V. vulnificus before or after inoculation with A5. The survival of the pathogen in oysters was evaluated after 2, 3, 4, and 6 days of exposure to A5 in all the experiments. In vitro, A5 showed inhibition halos of 18 mm against V. vulnificus. In autoclaved oysters, A5 caused a significant reduction in the levels of V. vulnificus on day 2 at 5.14 log CFU/g, but the pathogen’s counts were restored after day 3. In vivo, A5 was able to survive in live oysters and prevented the colonization of V. vulnificus only when the biocontrol agent was inoculated before the pathogen. Results show the potential of A5 to prevent V. vulnificus uptake by oysters when administered prior to the pathogen.
Sustainable Compliant Physical Interaction in a Biped-Wheeled Wearable Machine
Authors: Trono Gaspare , Nicolì Angelo , Muscolo Giovanni Gerardo
Published: November 2020

This paper deals with the problem of the physical human-machine interaction in biped-wheeled exoskeletons and underlines how the symbiosis between humans and machines may increase sustainability. Few exoskeletons in the world are designed with wheels, but the evolution of wearable machines in industries and the convenience of using wheels, underline the importance of the novel research sector of biped-wheeled exoskeletons. This paper shows the functional design and simulation of a novel biped-wheeled wearable machine, including sustainable compliant physical interaction with the subject on board. In particular, the multibody model of the proposed machine is studied and simulated with the subject model on board, including human-machine compliant interactions. The classical human walking cycle is implemented in the machine, varying the speed and the joint compliance of the subject on board and comparing the torque and power output of the motors of the biped-wheeled exoskeleton. The results of this study underline how the joint compliance of the subject on board of the biped-wheeled exoskeleton may influence the efficiency and sustainability of the biped-wheeled wearable machine.