bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CONTEXTUALIZANDO A POLÍCIA DEMOCRÁTICA: UMA POSSÍVEL RESPOSTA PARA AS GRAVES CRISES DE SEGURANÇA PÚBLICA NO BRASIL
Authors: Gouvêa Carina Barbosa , Castelo Branco Pedro H. Villas Bôas , Vianna Gilberto de Souza
Published: March 2022

O “policiamento democrático” pode vir a ser um meio para minimizar as graves crises da segurança pública que vem a atravessar o Brasil principalmente no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19. Desta forma, repensar a responsabilização e a reformulação das políticas públicas para o policiamento através de processos mais democráticos pode favorecer para elevar o grau de proteção dos direitos humanos e fundamentais, proporcionar um nível maior de segurança e contribuir para os fundamentos duma ordem política democrática. Este artigo tem o propósito de examinar o contexto que se insere o denominado “policiamento democrático” no campo do direito internacional para demonstrar que o seu exercício pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento político das instituições policiais e da segurança pública. A metodologia empregada foi dedutiva, utilizando como métodos a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Assim, a “polícia democrática” não é aquela que opera de forma irrestrita sob o manto da lei e da ordem, mas também é responsiva e protetiva dos direitos humanos e fundamentais. A mudança pretendida também alcança aqueles grupos que são economicamente, politicamente e socialmente marginalizados e que são frequentemente afetados pelas ações policiais. O policiamento democrático objetiva ser indutor do diálogo e pôr em marcha o processo de construção coletiva das políticas públicas através das escolhas cooperadas e participativas e pode trazer novo significado ao contexto que envolve a polícia, os direitos humanos e a segurança pública.
ANOTAÇÕES SOBRE O DIREITO COMPARADO
Authors: Nobre Júnior Edilson Pereira
Published: March 2022

O presente texto se caracteriza pela exposição de noções relativas ao estudo do direito comparado. Aborda sua importância, evolução histórica, natureza, funções, técnicas e direitos a comparar, entre outros aspectos.
EFEITOS DA MULTIPARENTALIDADE NO DIREITO DE FAMÍLIA
Authors: Lobo Fabíola Albuquerque
Published: March 2022

O presente artigo tem por finalidade analisar o instituto da multiparentalidade e seus efeitos no direito de família. Como sabido, o ingresso da multiparentalidade, pela via jurisprudencial, se deu com o julgamento do tema de Repercussão Geral 622, representado pelo leading case RE 898060, cujo julgamento resultou no reconhecimento jurídico do vínculo de filiação socioafetivo e biológico concomitantes. Diante da complexidade que envolve a multiparentalidade, se faz necessário a fixação de limites quanto a sua aplicação, por sua vez, balizados pelo princípio do melhor interesse. A multiparentalidade necessariamente exige uma interlocução prévia com a socioafetividade, pois enquanto àquela é recente, esta possui elaboração teórica e aplicação prática consolidadas no direito brasileiro.
RESEARCH GROUP TRANSFORMATION OF WORK: CHALLENGES TO LABOUR LAW
Authors: Teixeira Sergio Torres
Published: March 2022

The text corresponds to an official report submitted and approved at the XXIII World Congress of the International Society for Labor Law and Social Security, held in Lima, Peru, in September 2021. The work addresses the main challenges of Labor Law in the face of changes caused by technological innovations in the form of development of labor relations, including and especially through the performance of digital platforms. The text examines the consequences of two decisions that will necessarily have to be defined: a) the inclusion or exclusion of new forms of work within the scope of labor law; and b) the extent of protection that must be assured to these new workers. The concern to follow the guidelines of the UN Agenda 2030 and its promise to ensure decent work for all will be a decisive factor in the options to be made, imposing on everyone to take responsibility for the impacts that will be generated in the current and future generations of workers humans.
NOVOS DEBATES SOBRE O “ÔNUS” DA PROVA ACORDOS E DESACORDOS ENTRE A DOUTRINA SOBRE O TEMA
Authors: Ramos Vitor de Paula
Published: March 2022

No presente trabalho o autor pretende seguir os debates a respeito do ônus da prova. Assim, na primeira parte apresenta um resumo a respeito das suas ideias apresentadas em obras anteriores. A seguir, apresenta as ideias principais dos autores que escreveram sobre o tema nos últimos anos. Por fim, apresenta diálogo crítico com tais ideias.
Design de Superfície: As Ações Comunicacionais Táteis nos Processos de Criação
Authors: Braga Marcos , Freitas Renata Oliveira Teixeira de , Costa Carlos Zibel
Published: March 2022

A Coleção Pensando o Design oferece textos relevantes para os estudos em Design. De forma objetiva, séria e original, são abordados importantes temas dentro do largo espectro de atuação do design contemporâneo.Neste volume, o leitor conhecerá como as superfícies podem se tornar interfaces ativas, capazes de estabelecer uma comunicação através de códigos sensoriais. A investigação busca nos processos criativos os meios geradores e engendradores das ações comunicacionais táteis no design de superfície. As interconexões estabelecidas entre as potencialidades da superfície como interface comunicativa, somadas ao conceito projetivo e industrial do design, propõem novas reflexões e possíveis meios de exploração de recursos e efeitos comunicacionais.
Microstrip Antenna Design for a non-Invasive Glucose Sensor
Authors: Baharuddin Merna , Dewiani Dewiani , Rayhana Mutiah , Syarif Syafruddin , Palantei Elyas
Published: March 2022

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the diseases with many patients in the world. The current method used by people with diabetes was an invasive approach using blood samples to monitor their blood glucose levels. The non-invasive approach that does not require blood samples would increase ease-of-use for diabetics. This research presents a microstrip antenna to monitor glucose levels in human blood non-invasively. The background concept of this approach was blood glucose variation causes variations of blood permittivity accordingly. This blood permittivity will affect the resonant frequency of the microstrip antenna. Antenna design and simulation were performed using CST Microwave Studio software. The antenna is designed on FR4 (εr = 4.3) dan NPC H220 (εr = 2.17) substrate with h = 1.6mm. A patch of microstrip antenna placed on one side and ground plane on another side, they are connected using SMA connector. The fabrication result of the designed antenna has an operating frequency of 2.17 GHz. In this research, the correlation between blood glucose and changing the microstrip antenna’s resonant frequency was observed. For this non- invasive method, the microstrip antenna is placed facing the forearm. Experimental results of both approaches, antenna placement with and without spacing to the forearm, show the shift of resonant frequency according to blood glucose changes. Based on this research’s linearity, accuracy, and sensitivity result, the microstrip antenna shows potential as a glucose- sensing device for a non-invasive method with further development.
Uso da fotobiomodulação para cicatrização de lesão por pressão em paciente em cuidados paliativos exclusivos: relato de caso
Authors: Girotto Paula Regina , De Sá Evandro Claudino , Gomes de Sousa Adriana
Published: March 2022

Introdução: Lesão por pressão é definida como uma região da pele lesionada profundamente, geralmente ocorre sobre uma proeminência óssea e pode ser desencadeada por fatores extrínsecos, como a permanência na mesma posição por um período muito longo e/ou por fatores intrínsecos, como desnutrição, insuficiência circulatória, vasoconstrição periférica, alterações no índice de massa corporal e presença de doenças crônicas. O tratamento com fotobiomodulação pode promover a cicatrização tecidual, modulação do processo inflamatório e neovascularização. Objetivo: O presente relato de caso tem por objetivo observar a resposta de cicatrização tecidual e efeitos analgésicos do uso da fotobiomodulação. Metodologia: Foi utilizada a manta de LED da marca Sportllux Advanced PRO por 10 minutos em dias intercalados durante a internação, juntamente com a equipe de enfermagem realizando os curativos. Conclusão: A terapia de fotobiomodulação em conjunto com os cuidados padrões de feridas é eficaz, considerando as características clínicas individuais.
Partos atendidos pela enfermagem obstétrica em um hospital público de saúde: análise de dados
Authors: Sabino Batista Kamanda , Charallo Carvalho Débora Cristina
Published: March 2022

O objetivo desse estudo consiste em descrever o perfil de partos assistidos por enfermeiros obstetras no Centro Obstétrico do Hospital Regional da Ceilândia-DF. Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo e documental, de abordagem quantitativa. Constitui sua amostra 370 partos registrados no Livro de Partos da Enfermagem Obstétrica, entre março de 2020 a março de 2021. Obteve-se que 88,4% estavam entre 18 a 35 anos de idade, 91,6% entre 37 a 41 semanas gestacionais, 49,8% entre 2ª e 3ª gestação 78,6% com 6 ou mais consultas pré-natais, 45,9% apresentavam um ou mais fatores de risco gestacional. 74,3% usaram técnicas não farmacológicas para alívio de dor, 41% acompanhadas por partograma, ocitocina no período expulsivo em 31%. 56,58% pariram em posição semissentada, 66,4% tiveram grau I ou II de laceração. Conclui-se que foram realizadas variadas práticas de humanização no trabalho de parto e nascimento e que não usaram condutas intervencionistas sem indicação clínica para esse fim.
Techniques of sown pasture establishment and management in Sudan Savanna zone Nigeria: Technical report
Authors: Garba M. G. , Gadaffi S. , Idowu W.
Published: March 2022

Increasing demands for livestock products in Nigeria have greatly offered opportunities for farmers to intensify their production systems. However, there is an erratic supply of these products, especially during the dry season due to poor quality feed resources and management Therefore the aim of this study was to highlight simple techniques involved in sown pasture establishment and management in Sudan savannah ecological zone. From the collective technical activities carried out, the series of technical activities for pasture establishment and management were site selection, soil testing and correcting soil nutrient deficiencies, seedbed preparation, pasture species selection, timing planting date, seed dressing and treatment, seeding methods, weed control, fertilizer application, pasture disease and pest control, grazing management, forage and seed harvesting techniques and forage conservation. Considering dwindling feed production for livestock while demand is on the significant increases, there is a need for pasture scientist and other livestock researchers to intensify efforts to fully explore modern-strategic approaches for pasture establishment and management through integration of cheapest and commonest ways that requires less technical labour skills, land and other input.

 

 

Les demandes croissantes pour les produits de bétail au Nigéria ont grandement offert des possibilités d'intensifier leurs systèmes de production. Cependant, il existe une offre erratique de ces produits, en particulier pendant la saison sèche due à une mauvaise qualité des ressources et une mauvaise gestion, l'objectif de cette étude était de mettre en évidence des techniques simples impliquées dans l'établissement et la gestion des pâturages semés dans la zone écologique du Soudan Savannah. Des activités techniques collectives réalisées, la série d'activités techniques pour l'établissement et la gestion des pâturages était la sélection de chantiers, les tests de sol et la correction des carences de nutriment de sol, la préparation des semences, la sélection des espèces de pâturage, la date de la plantation de calendrier, la vinaigrette et le traitement, des méthodes d'ensemencement, des mauvaises herbes Contrôle, application d'engrais, pâturage et contrôle des parasites, de gestion des pâturages, des techniques de pêche des fourrages et des semences et de la conservation des fourrages. Compte tenu de la production d'aliments en diminution du bétail tandis que la demande repose sur les augmentations importantes, il est nécessaire de renforcer les chercheurs scientifiques et autres chercheurs d'élevage pour intensifier les efforts visant à explorer pleinement les approches stratégiques modernes pour l'établissement des pâturages et la gestion grâce à l'intégration des moyens les moins chers et les plus communs qui nécessitent moins cher compétences techniques du travail, des terres et autres entrées.
Evaluation of Proficiency Testing Results with a Drifting Artifact - An Example of Standard Resistor
Authors:   Center for Measurement Standards/Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hung Chen-Yun , Wang Pin-Hao , Peng Gwo-Sheng
Published: March 2022

Proficiency testing (PT) is evaluation of participant’s performance against pre-established criteria by means of interlaboratory comparisons. In the calibration field, the normalized error (En) is the most widely used performance statistic for determining the measurement capability of a calibration laboratory. One of the variables in the En equation is Uref, which is the expanded uncertainty of the reference laboratory’s assigned value. To evaluate a participant's performance effectively, if any effects of the PT scheme are significant, the additional uncertainties should be combined with the reference laboratory’s reported expanded uncertainty to estimate Uref. Among such uncertainties, the stability of artifacts is an important uncertainty component in the PT scheme, especially for a calibration laboratory. Based on practical PT experience, most artifacts can be regarded as sufficiently stable if the difference between three reference laboratory measurements is small. In such cases, the median of the three measurements is usually chosen as the assigned value, and its reported expanded uncertainty is used as the Uref value. However, some artifacts, such as standard resistors, drift over time. There is some uncertainty about how to accurately determine the assigned values and expanded uncertainties of these artifacts. The confidentiality of the participants' information must also be considered. This paper utilizes the PT scheme for standard resistors performed by CMS/ITRI to demonstrate the evaluation of PT results with a drifting artifact. The standard resistor measurement capability of each calibration laboratory in Taiwan is also provided.
Using Modular Instruments to Reduce Costs
Authors:   National Instruments, Gray Damien F.
Published: March 2022

Calibration is typically performed with large, expensive standards with multiple modes of operation. These standards can be expensive to ship and difficult to move around. This makes their use in field calibration both difficult and expensive. Modular instrumentation based on standard computer buses, such as PXIe, is now available with specifications which meet or exceed those needed for many calibrations. These modular instruments are typically smaller, more flexible, less expensive, and faster than the equivalent, standalone standard. This paper will analyze several common field service use cases and show the relative merits of both traditional and modular instruments as field calibration standards.
Calibration of optical fiber Laser source
Authors:   The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Ko Samuel C.K. , Yan Aaron Y.K. ,   Standards and Calibration Laboratory, Chan Barry K.Y.
Published: March 2022

The Standards and Calibration Laboratory (SCL) has set up facilities to provide calibration for optical fiber laser sources. The measurements of wavelength, output power level and output power stability of an optical fiber laser source fitted with FC/APC connectors are detailed. The wavelength is directly measured by the laboratory wavelength meter. The measurement uncertainty obtainable by this calibration method is better than 1 picometer (pm). The output power level is the summation of the measured power by the laboratory Electrically Calibrated Pyroelectric Radiometer (ECPR) and the insertion loss between the source and the ECPR with measurement uncertainty better than 0.5 dB. The output power stability is measured in accordance with the international standard ISO 11554. The output power stability is evaluated by measuring fluctuation of the measured emission intensity. The laboratory ECPR has 0.001mW power reading resolution which is sufficient to quantify stability as small as 0.015 dB.
A Perspective on Measurement Uncertainty Analysis For Commercial Aircraft Test Engines
Authors:   Pratt & Whitney, a United States Technologies Company, Jalalzadeh-Azar Ali A.
Published: March 2022

New aircraft engines have to undergo a series of systematic ground and flight tests as part of the pre-production qualification process. Successful completion of these tests hinges upon high accuracy measurements as a prerequisite to ensuing comprehensive uncertainty analyses. Central to assessment of measurement uncertainties is the imperativeness of accurately capturing all elemental sources of errors and identifying the dominant components for uncertainty mitigation. In line with this realization, this paper aimed to 1) identify and discuss sources of errors for flight-test measurements and 2) demonstrate the importance of implementing applicable engineering principles for realistic assessment of uncertainties. To achieve the first objective, the following sources of uncertainties were examined: Thermal effects, span mismatch, physical change, and response variation of instrument. Of these, the last two can be subtle and, hence, inadvertently overlooked in simplified uncertainty analyses. Physical changes that may occur within an instrument during a flight cycle can potentially alter the calibration curve and compromise the projected measurement uncertainties as a result. Similarly, the response characteristics of an instrument can vary during a flight cycle as the environmental and engine operating conditions change with the flight mode (e.g., takeoff, climb, and cruise). The efforts made to substantiate these seemingly less axiomatic occurrences underscored the need for applying investigative procedures that are anchored in ineluctable laws and principles of engineering sciences—fulfilling the second objective.
Determination of Emissivity by Using Reflected Thermal Radiation
Authors:   Fluke Calibration, Liebmann Frank
Published: March 2022

The determination of emissivity is crucial in any temperature measurement using radiation thermometry. Without this knowledge, large measurement uncertainties result. There is a lack of information on emissivity for common materials. Where there are databases, these databases often give emissivity for a specific material in a range or give emissivity for different conditionings of the material. This information may not apply to certain uses of the material. This creates quite a bit of doubt for anyone making measurements in the field. What is needed is a method to determine emissivity for a material object in the field. In 2011, Yamada and Ishii discussed a method that was set up in a fixed geometry to determine the emissivity of a specular object. In this paper, a method is discussed to determine the emissivity of both specular and diffuse objects using a thermal radiation source. The theory is presented. Then, practical measurements which were made are discussed. These measurements are compared to emissivity determined by other methods.
The 2014 North American Josephson Voltage Interlaboratory Comparison
Authors:   Keysight Technologies, Harben Jonathan
Published: March 2022

The 10th North American Josephson voltage standard (JVS) interlaboratory comparison (ILC) at 10 V was completed in 2014. This year’s ILC was unique as it consisted of 2 parts. An on-site comparison was conducted between the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) compact JVS and the pivot laboratory’s conventional JVS (CJVS) system. A set of four traveling Zener voltage standards then served to transfer traceability from the pivot laboratory to the 12 other participants. In addition to the regular ILC activities, a second on-site comparison was conducted between the NIST compact JVS and the programmable JVS (PJVS) provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Due to limited availability of the PJVS, only two labs were selected to make direct comparison between their CJVS systems and NASA’s PJVS. The method has been used for the first time in the JVS ILC and has the advantage of using the PJVS as a transfer standard. This allowed the participating lab to make comparisons using its CJVS system against the 10V PJVS in the same manner as the measurements for Zener standards are performed while overcoming limitations of the Zener noise. We give the results from the 2014 ILC.
The Effect that Variations in Gas Thermal Properties Have On the Accuracy of Thermal-Type Mass Flow Meters
Authors:   CSA Group, DeRemer Robert B.
Published: March 2022

Manufacturers of thermal-type mass flow meters provide lists of gas correction factors (GCFs) that allow the flow meters to be calibrated on one gas, and then be used on a wide range of process gases. These GCFs work well when the particular process gas properties are fairly constant over the range in temperatures and pressures that are encountered in the process. This paper deals with a situation where the process gas properties vary significantly over the range of process conditions.
Test Lab Asset Utilization; Methods to Maximize Your Asset Budget
Authors:   The Boeing Company, Lindstrom Leah
Published: March 2022

As technology is rapidly developing, causing antiquated assets to become obsolete at an increasing rate, budgets are becoming further restricted and labs are asked to complete more testing with less resources. It is crucial to ensure your lab is optimizing its return on investment in every facet of the test lab, specifically regarding the utilization of assets and lab space. This paper is a teaching tool of how to best utilize the resources (assets and space) available to you so as to not drain on budget, space or redundant labor. The presentation will provide an overview of standardized process flow for reviewing whether assets are being utilized to an acceptable threshold for the lifecycle of the asset. Knowledge and implementation of this process can contribute to the success of your organization’s profitability and competitive advantage while maintaining an inventory of assets that is right sized for current and future business objectives. Traditionally, utilization studies are executed at a production level to increase the rate of return; this paper will “recalibrate” the original strategy to be applied at a Test Lab level. Proven formulas and methods as described in ASTM E2453-13 and E2495-13, among other sources, as well as utilization study design elements. This paper is intended to provide a broad, flexible template on how to better realize utilization efficiency of your lab operation portfolio.
Inter Laboratory Comparison (ILC) - 10 dB attenuator standard
Authors:   Wehrtechnische Dienststelle für Informations technologie und Elektronik, Pracht René
Published: March 2022

NATO Military forces are in constant need for standardization of material and logistic behavior in order to improve their interoperability. Calibration as part of the logistic management of test and measurement equipment contains the opportunity to perform a comparison of the capabilities and the degree of equivalence between many international participant laboratories based on the same technical needs but not necessarily the same technical equipment. Starting in 2012 the Calibration Organization of the German Armed Forces organized an ILC with an 10 dB attenuator standard. German Armed Forces Calibration Center analyzed the data and prepared a final report.
Variations and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban region: insights from measurements on a tall tower
Authors: Li Xiao-Bing , Yuan Bin , Wang Sihang , Wang Chunlin , Lan Jing , Liu Zhijie , Song Yongxin , He Xianjun , Huangfu Yibo , Pei Chenglei , Cheng Peng , Yang Suxia , Qi Jipeng , Wu Caihong , Huang Shan , You Yingchang , Chang Ming , Zheng Huadan , Yang Wenda , Wang Xuemei , Shao Min
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are key precursors of ozone and particulate matter that are the two dominant air pollutants in urban environments. However, compositions and sources of VOCs in urban air aloft were rarely reported by far. To address this matter, highly time-resolved measurements of VOCs were made by proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) at a 450-m platform on the Canton Tower in Guangzhou, China. A combination of in-situ measurements and modeling techniques was used to characterize variations and sources of VOCs. Five sources were identified from positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, namely daytime-mixed (e.g., biogenic emissions and secondary formation), visitor-related (e.g., human breath and volatilization of ethanol-containing products), vehicular+industrial, regional transport, and volatile chemical product (VCP)-dominated (i.e., volatilization of personal care products), contributing on average to 22 %, 30 %, 28 %, 10 %, and 11 % of total VOC (TVOC) mixing ratios, respectively. We observe that contributions of the visitor-related source, mainly composed of ethanol, followed well with the variation patterns of visitor number on the tower. The VCP-dominated source only had an average contribution of ~5.7 ppb during the campaign, accounting for a small fraction (11 %) of TVOC mixing ratios. However, large fractions of some VOC species, e.g., monoterpenes (49 %), were attributed to the VCP-dominated source, indicating significant contributions of VCPs to ambient concentrations of these species in urban environments. Vertical profiles of air pollutants (including NOx, ozone, Ox, and PM2.5), measured at 5 m, 118 m, 168 m, and 488 m, exhibited more evident gradients at night than in the daytime owing to stronger stability of the nocturnal boundary layer. Mixing ratios of VOC species during the nighttime generally decreased with time when the 450-m platform was located in the nocturnal residual layer and significantly increased when impacted by emissions at ground. The results in this study demonstrated composition characteristics and sources of VOCs in urban air aloft, which could provide valuable implications in making control strategies of VOCs and secondary air pollutants.
Simulating Wildfire Emissions and Plumerise using Geostationary Satellite Fire Radiative Power Measurements: A Case Study of the 2019 Williams Flats fire
Authors: Kumar Aditya , Pierce R. Bradley , Ahmadov Ravan , Pereira Gabriel , Freitas Saulo , Grell Georg , Schmidt Chris , Lenzen Allen , Schwarz Joshua P. , Perring Anne E. , Katich Joseph M. , Hair John , Jimenez Jose L. , Campuzano-Jost Pedro , Guo Hongyu
Published: March 2022

Abstract. We use the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model with new implementations of GOES-16 fire radiative power (FRP) based wildfire emissions and plume-rise to interpret aerosol observations during the 2019 NASA-NOAA FIREX-AQ field campaign and perform model evaluations. We compare simulated aerosol concentrations and optical properties against observations of black carbon aerosol from the NOAA Single Particle Soot Photometer (NOAA-SP2), organic aerosol from the CU High Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-AMS) and aerosol backscatter coefficients from the High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) system. This study focuses on the Williams Flats fire in Washington, which was repeatedly sampled during four science flights by the NASA DC-8 (August 3 – August 8, 2019). The emissions and plume-rise methodologies are implemented following NOAA’s operational High Resolution Rapid Refresh coupled with Smoke (HRRR-Smoke) forecasting model. In addition, new GOES-16 FRP based diurnal cycle functions are developed and incorporated in WRF-Chem. The FIREX-AQ observations represented a diverse set of sampled environments ranging from fresh/aged smoke from the Williams Flats fire to remnants of plumes transported over long distances. The Williams Flats fire resulted in significant aerosol enhancements during August 3–8, 2019, which were substantially underestimated by the standard version of WRF-Chem. The simulated BC and OC concentrations increased between 92 – 125 times (BC) and 28–78 times (OC) with the new implementation compared to the standard WRF-Chem version. These increases resulted in better agreement with the FIREX-AQ airborne observations for BC and OC concentrations (particularly for fresh smoke sampling phases) and aerosol backscatter coefficients. The model still showed a low bias in simulating the aerosol loadings observed in aged plumes from Williams Flats. WRF-Chem with the FRP-based plumerise simulated similar plume heights to the standard plumerise model in WRF-Chem. The simulated plume heights (for both versions) compared well with estimated plume heights using the HSRL measurements. Therefore, the improvements in the model simulation were mainly driven by the higher emissions in the FRP-based version. The model evaluations also highlighted the importance of accurately accounting for the wildfire diurnal cycle and including adequate representation of the underlying chemical mechanisms, both of which could significantly impact model forecasting performance.
Analysis of reduced and oxidized nitrogen-containing organic compounds at a coastal site in summer and winter
Authors: Ditto Jenna C. , Machesky Jo , Gentner Drew R.
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Nitrogen-containing organic compounds, which may be directly emitted into the atmosphere or which may form via reactions with prevalent reactive nitrogen species (e.g., NH3, NOx, NO3), have important but uncertain
effects on climate and human health. Using gas and liquid chromatography
with soft ionization and high-resolution mass spectrometry, we performed a
molecular-level speciation of functionalized organic compounds at a coastal site on the Long Island Sound in summer (during the 2018 Long Island Sound Tropospheric Ozone Study – LISTOS – campaign) and winter. This region often experiences poor air quality due to the
emissions of reactive anthropogenic, biogenic, and marine-derived compounds
and their chemical transformation products. We observed a range of
functionalized compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, and/or sulfur atoms
resulting from these direct emissions and chemical transformations,
including photochemical and aqueous-phase processing that was more pronounced in summer and winter, respectively. In both summer and winter, nitrogen-containing organic aerosols dominated the observed distribution of
functionalized particle-phase species ionized by our analytical techniques,
with 85 % and 68 % of total measured ion abundance containing a nitrogen
atom, respectively. Nitrogen-containing particles included reduced nitrogen functional groups (e.g., amines, imines, azoles) and common NOz contributors (e.g., organonitrates). Reduced nitrogen functional groups observed in the particle phase were frequently paired with oxygen-containing groups elsewhere on the molecule, and their prevalence often rivaled that of oxidized nitrogen groups detected by our methods. Supplemental gas-phase
measurements, collected on adsorptive samplers and analyzed with a novel
liquid chromatography-based method, suggest that gas-phase reduced nitrogen compounds are possible contributing precursors to the observed nitrogen-containing particles. Altogether, this work highlights the
prevalence of reduced nitrogen-containing compounds in the less-studied northeastern US and potentially in other regions with similar anthropogenic, biogenic, and marine source signatures.
Bacterial and eukaryotic intact polar lipids point to in situ production as a key source of labile organic matter in hadal surface sediment of the Atacama Trench
Authors: Flores Edgart , Cantarero Sebastian I. , Ruiz-Fernández Paula , Dildar Nadia , Zabel Matthias , Ulloa Osvaldo , Sepúlveda Julio
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Elevated organic matter (OM) concentrations are found in hadal
surface sediments relative to the surrounding abyssal seabed. However, the
origin of this biological material remains elusive. Here, we report on the
composition and distribution of cellular membrane intact polar lipids (IPLs)
extracted from surface sediments around the deepest points of the Atacama
Trench and adjacent bathyal margin to assess and constrain the sources of
labile OM in the hadal seabed. Multiscale bootstrap resampling of IPLs'
structural diversity and abundance indicates distinct lipid signatures in
the sediments of the Atacama Trench that are more closely related to those
found in bathyal sediments than to those previously reported for the upper
ocean water column in the region. Whereas the overall number of unique IPL
structures in hadal sediments contributes a small fraction of the total IPL
pool, we also report a high contribution of phospholipids with mono- and
di-unsaturated fatty acids that are not associated with photoautotrophic
sources and that resemble traits of physiological adaptation to high
pressure and low temperature. Our results indicate that IPLs in hadal
sediments of the Atacama Trench predominantly derive from in situ microbial
production and biomass, whereas the export of the most labile lipid
component of the OM pool from the euphotic zone and the overlying oxygen
minimum zone is neglectable. While other OM sources such as the downslope
and/or lateral transport of labile OM cannot be ruled out and remain to be
studied, they are likely less important in view of the lability of
ester-bond IPLs. Our results contribute to the understanding of the
mechanisms that control the delivery of labile OM to this extreme deep-sea
ecosystem. Furthermore, they provide insights into some potential
physiological adaptation of the in situ microbial community to high pressure and
low temperature through lipid remodeling.
Modelling ignition probability for human- and lightning-caused wildfires in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Dorph Annalie , Marshall Erica , Parkins Kate A. , Penman Trent D.
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Wildfires pose a significant risk to people and property which is expected to grow with urban expansion into fire-prone landscapes and climate change causing increases in fire extent, severity and frequency. Identifying spatial patterns associated with wildfire activity is important for assessing the potential impacts of wildfires on human life, property and other values. Here, we model the probability of fire ignitions in vegetation across Victoria, Australia to determine the key drivers of human- and lightning-caused wildfire ignitions. In particular, we extend previous research to consider the role fuel moisture has in predicting ignition probability while accounting for environmental and local conditions previously identified as important. We used Random Forests to test the effect of variables measuring infrastructure, topography, climate, fuel and soil moisture, fire history, and local weather conditions to investigate what factors drove ignition probability for human- and lightning-caused ignitions. Human-caused ignitions were predominantly influenced by measures of infrastructure and local weather. Lightning-sourced ignitions were driven by fuel moisture, average annual rainfall and local weather. Both human- and lightning-caused ignitions were influenced by dead fuel moisture with ignitions more likely to occur when dead fuel moisture dropped below 20 %. In future, these models of ignition probability may be used to produce spatial likelihood maps which will improve our models of future wildfire risk and enable land managers to better allocate resources to areas of increased fire risk during the fire season.
High Reynolds number wind turbine blade equipped with root spoilers. Part II: Impact on energy production and turbine lifetime
Authors: Potentier Thomas , Guilmineau Emmanuel , Finez Arthur , Le Bourdat Colin , Braud Caroline
Published: March 2022

Abstract. A wind turbine blade equipped with root spoilers is analysed using time domain aeroelastic Blade Element Momentum (BEM) simulations to assess the impact of passive devices on the turbine Annual Energy Production (AEP) and lifetime. Previous 2D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) showed a large unsteadiness in aerodynamic coefficients associated to the spoiler, such behaviour is captured by the OpenFAST simulations when all degrees of freedom are switched off. Once the turbine is fully flexible, a novel way to account for aerofoil generated unsteadiness in the fatigue calculation is proposed and detailed. The outcome shows that spoilers, on average, can increase the AEP of the turbine. However, the structural impacts on the turbine can be severe if not accounted for initially in the turbine design.
Smartphone Addiction Factors Effecting University Student Performance
Authors: Omama Farooq, Syed Afzal Moshadi Shah , Shakir Hafeez
Published: March 2022

Smartphone addiction is a growing social issue globally, especially among young consumers. Few studies have examined the role of smartphone addiction and student performance in Pakistan. However, how daily life disturbance, positive anticipation, withdrawal, cyberspace orientation, overuse, tolerance, and student academic performance has not been examined in the literature in Pakistan. The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of daily life disturbance, positive anticipation, withdrawal, cyberspace orientation, overuse, and tolerance on student academic performance. The study has adopted a self-administered survey-based approach. A total of 375 responses were gathered from the university students in Pakistan. The study has used SPSS 25.0 version to analyse the data and report the findings. The findings indicate that ‘overuse’ has the most indirect effect on students’ performance, followed by Cyberspace and oriented relationship, tolerance, positive anticipation, and daily life disturbance. The study demands a particular intervention by the students to self-regulate their behaviour. Parents and teachers play their role in controlling mobile addiction. Policymakers may introduce policy-related interventions to control the excessive use of mobile phones. The study lays down future directions and discusses the limitations towards the end.
Non Ahli Sunnah Sects in Islamic Law and Causes of the Emergence of Sects
Authors:   Abdullah Demir, Demir Abdullah , Adamu Mohammed
Published: March 2022

The mujtahid scholars period is about two centuries from the early days of the Abbasids until the time of the Karahanlılar. One of the features of this period is the codification of Islamic law and the establishment of sects. Major jurists who perform the codification activity are: Sufyan b. Uyeyne (Mecca), Malik b. Enes (Medina), Hasan Basri (Basra), Abu Hanifa, Sufyan-iSevri (Kufe), Evzai (Sham), Shafii, Leys b. Sa’d (Egypt), Isaac b. Rahuveyh (Nisabur), Ahmed b. Hanbal, Davud-u Zahiri and Ibn Cerir (Baghdad). Some of these sects still exist today. Since some of them are not members of the group, theoretically their views are found in the books. Keywords: mujtahid scholars, Islamic law, Sufyan b. Uyeyne, Malik b. Enes, Hasan Basri, Abu Hanifa, Sufyan-iSevri, Evzai, Shafii, Leys b. Sa’d, Isaac b. Rahuveyh, Ahmed b. Hanbal, Davud-u Zahiri and Ibn Cerir
Connected, but are they engaged? Exploring young adults’ willingness to engage online and off-line
Authors: Seelig Michelle , Deng Huixin
Published: March 2022

Past research has been inconsistent about how awareness and social activism influence young adults’ likelihood of virtual or in-person engagement. The present study thus conducted a national survey of young adults to examine further how social media use, attitudes toward technology, civic-mindedness, social norms, and other factors influence digital engagement, and if online behaviors translate to a willingness to partake in off-line activities supporting a cause. Overall, the findings reveal social media increases awareness of issues, young adults engage and connect with others about social issues online, and perceive positive outcome expectations for social good online. More importantly, this research indicates that young adults are willing to engage online for social causes, and these behaviors are starting to translate to engagement off-line. The study findings also provide important implications for NPOs and advocacy groups on how to design messages for social media advocating specific conditions for people to partake in social activism for the greater good.
Demographic Issues of Social-Economic Development of Eastern Georgia: Population as a Demographic Potential
Authors: Khomeriki Giorgi , Meladze Giorgi , Nadareishvili Nana , Tutberidze Mzia , Kvirkvelia Nana , Dzhvarsheishvili Sofiko , Tavadze Givi
Published: March 2022

The policy of stimulating regional development is based on local potential, one of the main components of which is population: its number, nature of reproduction, structure, and social-economic conditions (employment, standard of living, and so on).The present research aimed to study the issues of Georgia's demographic potential: population dynamics, natural movement, migration, gender and age structure, labour force, and standard of living of the population. The study of the demographic potential of Georgia is a long-term task of the authors, the first geographical object of which is the study area of ​​the present article - eastern Georgia and, in particular, the regions of Kakheti, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Kvemo Kartli (not including Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, but including self-governing city Rustavi) and Shida Kartli. The research adopts a geographical approach, focusing on a unified vision of the issue, and studies regional differences. The research results outline the demographic situation in the study area and the modern trends that reflect the peculiarities of the demographic potential of eastern Georgia. These include the following: a) the decline in the absolute number of population has slowed down in the last decade due to reduced emigration; b) according to the latest statistics, in eastern Georgia as a whole, natural increase is negative (-0.4 percent), but higher than the national average (-1.1%); c) the process of population ageing in eastern Georgia has been generally outlined, the dynamics of which are different between the regions - in Kvemo Kartli, due to the relatively high natural increase, it is developing relatively slowly than in other regions; d) the share of women in gender structure is reduced (50.9 percent) compared to the country's average rate (52.3 percent), while in Mtskheta-Mtianeti, contrary to the general rule, The share of men exceeds that of women; d) Georgians make up 75 percent of the ethnic structure of the study region, followed by Azerbaijanis (19.7 percent), the principal part of the latter concentrated in Kvemo Kartli, which, in, turn, determines a number of peculiarities of the demographic behaviour of the population in this region; e) a large part of the population of eastern Georgia is mostly employed in traditional, non-commercial and partly commercial agriculture, due to which a higher share of self-employed (41.6 percent) was registered in the study area compared to the average in the country (31.9 percent); f) unemployment (18 percent of the economically active population), low income and low purchasing power remain the main social-economic issues. In the last decade, as in the whole of Georgia, signs of improvement were noted in the social-economic situation in the study area, though the COVID-19 pandemic partially slowed this trend.
Environmental and Anthropogenic Factors in the Development of Geodynamical Processes in Racha
Authors: Salukvadze Elene
Published: March 2022

The work describes and assesses the main physical-geographical and anthropogenic factors in the development and characteristic activation of geodynamic processes in Racha. The morphometric (hypsometric, mountain sloping, slope aspect) values are calculated and described. The paper also touches on the quantitative data that give the characteristics of the relief, climate, soil and vegetation cover and influence the development and activation of geodynamical processes. For studying the tasks mentioned above, we selected the mountainous region – Racha (municipalities of Ambrolauri and Oni). For the studies, together with literary material and different sources, we used cartographic material, the landscape maps (1970, 1983) and the topographic map (scale; 1:100 000) of Georgia and Transcaucasia and the observation materials of the field expedition made in 2019-2021 in Racha. Racha is a mountainous region characterized by complex relief and geological structure. Here, nearly all kinds of hazardous geodynamical processes such as landslides, mudflows, erosion, rock flows, avalanches, karst and suffosive phenomena are observed, though the most frequent are landslides, mudflows erosive processes and washing-off of river banks. The activation of the geodynamical process and the hazard of large-scale development of gravitational phenomena are extremely increased because the whole region territory is prone to earthquakes of intensity VII-IX. Among the most critical factors in geodynamical processes are geological, geomorphological, climatic, and anthropogenic factors. The data on the triggering factors of the main geodynamical processes – erosion, landslide, mudflow, etc. in Racha are given in the tables and diagrams of the paper.
Classification of Furcation Involvement - A Literature Review
Authors: Patil Dr. Aishwarya , Shetty Dr. Sarika
Published: March 2022

Inflammatory periodontal disease, if unabated, ultimately progresses to attachment loss sufficient to affect the bifurcation or trifurcation of multirooted teeth. In multi-rooted teeth, the bone destruction can reach the area of root separation, thus exposing it to microbial colonization. In this occurrence, a “furcation involvement” is created. This article reviews several classifications that have been proposed in an attempt to describe the anatomy of the furcation involvement which could be important for prognosis and diagnosis of the involved teeth and for the treatment planning.

Keywords: Classification of furcation involvement, Inflammatory periodontal disease, Periodontitis