bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serial MR Imaging in Suprasellar Xanthogranuloma: Growth Pattern and New Lesions
Authors: Madan Mohan Balaguruswamy , Mohamed Ezaz , Jain Sunil Kumar , Jain Manoj , Jaiswal Awadesh Kumar
Published: October 2014

Xanthogranuloma is a rare lesion of the sellar‐suprasellar region. We describe a case of suprasellar xanthogranuloma in whom serial MRI revealed features that have not been previously described—development of dural tail, vascular encasement and intra‐axial lesions in posterior fossa.
Health needs of regional Australian children in out‐of‐home care
Authors: Arora Nitin , Kaltner Melissa , Williams Judy
Published: October 2014

Aim

This study aims to identify the health needs of children placed in out‐of‐home care in regional Queensland and to compare them with the needs of similar children in metropolitan Queensland.

Methods

Retrospective chart review and subsequent analysis of data from the first assessments of the children placed in care from January 2005 to April 2011. Health needs based on assessment recommendations were then compared with needs and recommendations from a similar clinic in metropolitan Brisbane.

Results

Two hundred thirty‐nine first assessments were reviewed. The average number of health referrals arising out of each assessment was 2. 72% children were between 2 and 12 years of age and accounted for 76% of the health referrals made. The 10–13% of the children needed referrals for medical and surgical specialties, audiology, speech pathology, dental, and ophthalmology/optometry, each. A percentage of 30 needed ongoing paediatric care. The 15% needed immunisation catch up, 35% counselling and behaviour management, and 15% formal mental health referrals. These were comparable to the health needs identified in out‐of‐home care children residing in metropolitan Queensland.

Conclusion

Children in care who live in a regional setting have similar health‐care needs compared with urban children. Given restricted health services in regional settings, there is difficulty in accessing services to meet these needs.
Joint hypermobility syndrome: A review for clinicians
Authors: Pacey Verity , Tofts Louise , Wesley Alison , Collins Felicity , Singh‐Grewal Davinder
Published: October 2014

The term ‘joint hypermobility’ describes synovial joints that move beyond a normal range of motion. ‘Joint hypermobilty syndrome’ may also be associated with significant symptoms and impaired quality of life. The purpose of this review is to help the generalist to recognise the condition, exclude significant alternative diagnoses and understand the multidisciplinary approach to management.
Change occurs when body meets environment: A review of the embodied nature of development
Authors: Maruyama Shin , Dineva Evelina , Spencer John P. , Schöner Gregor
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this paper is to outline the challenges of psychological research in addressing the mechanisms of emergence: how new behavioral patterns and cognitive abilities arise from the interaction of an organism with its environment in real time. We review some of the empirical studies on infant development with reference to Dynamical Systems accounts and relevant views such as the ecological approach to perception and action, and cover topics ranging from early motor skills to goal‐directed locomotion and to higher cognitive development. The central claim is that the results of these studies are essentially related: they suggest that there is a fundamental connection among perception, motor behavior, and cognition. In addition, we recount our attempt to re‐enact the situatedness and temporal structure of the decision‐making processes of human infants by using an autonomous robotic device. We conclude by highlighting several insights from the broad spectrum of studies looking into the embodied nature of adaptive behavior. In our view, such studies are making a profound contribution to uncovering the emergent mechanisms of intellectual and bodily activity throughout development.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of an in situ forming gel system for sustained delivery of Florfenicol
Authors: Yu Z.‐G. , Geng Z.‐X. , Liu T.‐F. , Jiang F.
Published: October 2014

The objective of this study was to develop an injectable in situ forming gel system based on Poloxamer for sustained release of Florfenicol (FFC). The formulations were prepared containing certain amounts of Poloxamer 407 (P407) and Poloxamer 188 (P188) alone or with hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC‐Na), or polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as polymer additives. The optimal formulation was chosen according to in vitro parameters (gelation temperature, gelation time, pH value, viscosity, and in vitro release). Then the FFC in vivo pharmacokinetic character of the optimal formulation was investigated in dogs with a single dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. under s.c. injection. In vitro release studies, all formulations containing polymer additives had prolonged release time and decreased initial burst to some extent. The optimal formulation containing 0.15% HPMC showed a best sustained release profile for about 128 h with the lowest initial burst in vitro (<40% in 24 h). In vivo, the 20% FFC in situ forming gel provided prolonged drug release time within the therapeutic range for about 100 h, with stable plasma levels and elimination half‐life (t1/2λz) nine times higher than the control formulation. In conclusion, in situ forming gel is an attractive alternative for FFC sustained release system.
Effect of Salinity on Growth and Survival in Juvenile Opossum Pipefish,Microphis brachyurus, in Culture Conditions
Authors: Martinez‐Cardenas Leonardo , Valdez‐Hernández Edna F. , González‐Díaz Alfonso A. , Soria‐Barreto Miriam , Castañeda‐Chavez María R. , Lango‐Reynoso Fabiola , Ruiz‐Velazco Javier M. , Peña‐Messina Emilio
Published: October 2014

Natural populations of the opossum pipefish,Microphis brachyurus, are affected in Mexico by anthropogenic alteration of their habitat and unregulated fishing as this species is traded as an aquarium fish without formal records as occurs with other syngnathids around the world.M. brachyurusis an estuarine fish adapted to salinity fluctuations. The aim of this study was to examine the effect on growth, condition, and survival of juvenile pipefish cultured for 4 wk at salinities of 0, 8, and 16 g/L. Pipefish were fed enrichedArtemianauplii maintaining a ration rate of 14% body weight per day (dry weightArtemia: wet weight fish). Pipefish cultured at 16 g/L showed lower survival (40%) than those at 0 and 8 g/L (100 and 96%, respectively), while juveniles cultured in 8 and 16 g/L were heavier (0.393 and 0.388 g, respectively), longer (9.9 cm), and grew faster (1.4) than those in 0 g/L (0.294 g, 9.1 cm, and 0.44, respectively). This study is the first to report that a salinity of 16 g/L compromisesM. brachyurusculture potential and a salinity of 0 g/L caused poor growth while the optimal salinity for the species appears to be around 8 g/L.
Induction of Diploid Androgenesis in the Stinging Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis
Authors: Christopher J. G. , Murugesan A. G. , Sukumaran N.
Published: October 2014

This study reports the results on induced diploid androgenesis in the Indian catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation was used to inactivate maternal genome of H. fossilis. Complete inactivation of maternal genome was recorded at 12,500 ergs/mm2. These genome‐inactivated eggs of H. fossilis were inseminated with conspecific sperm. The sperm suspension was diluted to 1 × 107 sperm ml/L in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution. Egg viability was assessed for different exposure durations at fertilization, hatching, haploidy, and diploidization. Majority of the larvae derived from irradiated eggs had abnormal appearance. Complete inactivation of maternal genome was detected by haploid syndrome and confirmed by chromosome counting (n = 29). These eggs activated with sperm were subjected to heat shock at 40 and 41 C for different postactivation times and durations. Diploid androgens had a normal appearance as controls and confirmed by chromosome counting (n = 58). A maximum of 21 and 14% of diploidization was recorded at 30 min after activation, at 40 and 41 C, which corresponds to the first cleavage suppression time.
Effects of Temperature Reduction and MS‐222 on Water Quality and Blood Biochemistry in Simulated Transport Experiment of Largemouth Bronze Gudgeon, Coreius guichenoti
Authors: Zhao Jianhua , Zhu Yongjiu , He Yongfeng , Chen Jianwu , Feng Xianbin , Li Xi , Xiong Bangxi , Yang Deguo
Published: October 2014

The effects of temperature reduction, MS‐222 (3‐aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester methanesulfonate) anesthesia and the combination of these factors on water quality and the blood biochemistry of the largemouth bronze gudgeon, Coreius guichenoti, a rare, endangered, and valuable fish in the upper Yangtze River, were investigated before and after simulated long‐term transport. The results showed that transport caused deterioration of water quality and elevated the concentrations of plasma cortisol (2–3.5 times) and plasma lactate (1.33–2.5 times) in C. guichenoti. Temperature reduction was found to play a major role in improving the water quality by reducing total ammonia nitrogen and oxygen consumption, while MS‐222 anesthesia mainly inhibited the activity of transported C. guichenoti and suppressed the increases in plasma lactate and alanine aminotransferase. Some interactions were observed between anesthesia and temperature reduction during C. guichenoti transportation regarding improving the water quality and reducing the physiological stress. The results suggest that during the long‐term transportation of C. guichenoti, the combined use of temperature reduction and MS‐222 is most preferable, followed by the use of temperature reduction alone or MS‐222 at a relatively high temperature. These data provide useful information regarding the transport and physiological response of C. guichenoti as well as other related stresses in this fish.
Effect of Illuminance Transition Rate on Survival of Juvenile Pacific Bluefin Tuna, Thunnus orientalis
Authors: Honryo Tomoki , Kurata Michio , Okada Tokihiko , Sawada Yoshifumi , Ishibashi Yasunori
Published: October 2014

To investigate the reason for the high mortality of cultured juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna (PBT), especially during land‐based culture, we examined the effect of the rate of light‐intensity change during the dawn period. Juvenile PBT kept in a natural light environment (control) were compared with those exposed to an artificially slowed change in light intensity during the dawn period (test group). For the test group, lamps, which were connected to automatic timers and placed above the rearing tank, were switched on from 0345 to 0515 h at 15‐min intervals. After 9 d, the survival rate of the test and control group was identical. Between Day 1 and Day 6, whole‐body cortisol levels were not different between groups. However, whole‐body glucose levels in the test group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Both groups displayed a diel rhythm in plasma cortisol concentration that peaked at 0300–0600 h. These results suggest that slowing the increase in light intensity during the dawn period did not improve survival and that low light intensity itself induces high mortality in cultured PBT juveniles.
Evaluation of methods to age Scottish red deer: the balance between accuracy and practicality
Authors: Pérez‐Barbería F. J. , Duff E. I. , Brewer M. J. , Guinness F. E.
Published: October 2014

Knowing the age of individuals is crucial for almost any analysis of population dynamics, evolution, palaeontology, management and conservation. The aim of this study was to provide the practitioner with a practical and cost‐effective method to estimate the age of large numbers of red deer samples. Using 694 mandibles ofScottish red deer of known age, we compared the bias and precision of five of the most widely used methods for estimating the age of red deer based on tooth characters. Two methods based on reference collections of photographs representing different stages of tooth wear, two methods describing the traits that characterise different classes of the tooth wear and age, and one method based on counting the cementum layers of the radicular pad of the first permanent molar, were used. We also described 13 age classes up to 38 months of age based on different stages of eruption of lower molar teeth. We applied a sequential stepwise‐like selection procedure in conjunction with cross‐validated predictions using the prediction error sum of squares statistic, with the aim of reducing the large number of traits that the two methods based on tooth wear trait descriptions require to estimate age. We were able to reduce the number of traits by 70% and still gain precision and reduce bias in the predictions, which indicated that the equations provided by these two methods overfitted the age of our reference samples. The cementum layers method was the most precise and least biased of all the methods, followed byDudley's method. We provide the practitioner with recommendations to allow estimation of the ages ofScottish red deer, together with comprehensive graphic material to facilitate the use of the different methods.
The influence of female body size and shape on the trade‐off between offspring number and offspring size in two viviparous snakes
Authors: Ford N. B. , Seigel R. A.
Published: October 2014

Although the trade‐off between offspring size and the number of offspring is a critical component of life‐history theory, many empirical tests fail to show that such trade‐off exists. Although this may be due to statistical issues (i.e. failure to control for maternal body size), other complications such as female body shape may play a role as well. Here, we examined reproductive traits in two species of viviparous garter snakes with very different body morphologies (Thamnophis marcianusandT. proximus) to see how female body shape affects this trade‐off. In the more slender species (T. proximus), we found a strong, negative relationship between brood size and offspring size, with the effect most notable in smaller females. However, in the more robust snake (T. marcianus), there was no significant trade‐off seen in either the sample as a whole or for either larger or smaller females. Our data support earlier work on ectotherms, which indicates that body shape can act to constrain how offspring size and clutch or litter size are related.
Beyond Materiality in Shakespeare Studies
Authors: Knapp James A.
Published: October 2014

“Materialism,” “materiality,” and “material culture” have become key terms in early modern studies and Shakespeare scholarship over the past two decades. Responding to perceived subjective shortcomings of the New Historicism and Cultural Materialism of the 1980s and early 90s, “new materialist” approaches have emerged in scholarship ranging from Book History and textual studies to affect theory and ecocriticism. This article reviews the debates over this materialist emphasis and points to new directions that Shakespeare studies might take, not in a return to idealism, but beyond the dichotomy between subject and object, mind and body, material and immaterial.
Molecular‐clock methods for estimating evolutionary rates and timescales
Authors: Ho Simon Y. W. , Duchêne Sebastián
Published: October 2014

The molecular clock presents a means of estimating evolutionary rates and timescales using genetic data. These estimates can lead to important insights into evolutionary processes and mechanisms, as well as providing a framework for further biological analyses. To deal with rate variation among genes and among lineages, a diverse range of molecular‐clock methods have been developed. These methods have been implemented in various software packages and differ in their statistical properties, ability to handle different models of rate variation, capacity to incorporate various forms of calibrating information and tractability for analysing large data sets. Choosing a suitable molecular‐clock model can be a challenging exercise, but a number of model‐selection techniques are available. In this review, we describe the different forms of evolutionary rate heterogeneity and explain how they can be accommodated in molecular‐clock analyses. We provide an outline of the various clock methods and models that are available, including the strict clock, local clocks, discrete clocks and relaxed clocks. Techniques for calibration and clock‐model selection are also described, along with methods for handling multilocus data sets. We conclude our review with some comments about the future of molecular clocks.
Staphylococcus aureus DivIBis a peptidoglycan‐binding protein that is required for a morphological checkpoint in cell division
Authors: Bottomley Amy L. , Kabli Azhar F. , Hurd Alexander F. , Turner Robert D. , Garcia‐Lara Jorge , Foster Simon J.
Published: October 2014

Bacterial cell division is a fundamental process that requires the coordinated actions of a number of proteins which form a complex macromolecular machine known as the divisome. The membrane‐spanning proteinsDivIBand its orthologueFtsQare crucial divisome components inGram‐positive andGram‐negative bacteria respectively. However, the role of almost all of the integral division proteins, includingDivIB, still remains largely unknown. Here we show that the extracellular domain ofDivIBis able to bind peptidoglycan and have mapped the binding to its β subdomain. Conditional mutational studies show thatdivIBis essential forStaphylococcus aureusgrowth, while phenotypic analyses following depletion ofDivIBresults in a block in the completion, but not initiation, of septum formation. Localisation studies suggest thatDivIBonly transiently localises to the division site and may mark previous sites of septation. We propose thatDivIBis required for a molecular checkpoint during division to ensure the correct assembly of the divisome at midcell and to prevent hydrolytic growth of the cell in the absence of a completed septum.
When Hands Speak Louder Than Words: The Role of Gesture in the Communication, Encoding, and Recall of Words in a Novel Second Language
Authors: Morett Laura M.
Published: October 2014

In the interest of clarifying how gesture facilitates L2 word learning, the current study investigates gesture's influence on three interrelated cognitive processes subserving L2 word learning: communication, encoding, and recall. Individuals unfamiliar with Hungarian learned 20 Hungarian words that were either accompanied or unaccompanied by gestures depicting their referents, and taught the meanings of the words to interlocutors who were also unfamiliar with Hungarian. All participants were then tested for their recall of target words. The results show that gesture facilitates all three cognitive processes, supporting the predictions of McNeill's (2005) growth point theory. Furthermore, the results indicate that gesture production facilitates all of the cognitive processes more effectively than gesture viewing. Overall, the results demonstrate that gesture can serve as an effective cognitive aid for L2 word learning by beginning L2 learners, particularly in task‐focused, conversational settings.
Concatenative and Nonconcatenative Plural Formation in L1, L2, and Heritage Speakers of Arabic
Authors: Albirini Abdulkafi , Benmamoun Elabbas
Published: October 2014

This study compares Arabic L1, L2, and heritage speakers’ (HS) knowledge of plural formation, which involves concatenative and nonconcatenative modes of derivation. Ninety participants (divided equally among L1, L2, and heritage speakers) completed two oral tasks: a picture naming task (to measure proficiency) and a plural formation task. The findings indicate that both L2 learners and heritage speakers have consistent problems with nonconcatenative plural morphology (particularly plurals with geminated and defective roots). However, the difficulties that heritage speakers displayed were mainly restricted to forms that are acquired late by L1 children, unlike L2 learners who displayed a sharp performance dichotomy between concatenative and nonconcatenative plurals. Furthermore, with regard to the default strategy, heritage speakers resorted to the language‐specific default form, namely the sound feminine, whereas L2 learners opted for the sound masculine, which is likely a case of adhering to a universal tendency.
With Feeling: How Emotions Shape Negotiation
Authors: Olekalns Mara , Druckman Daniel
Published: October 2014

Recognition of the role played by emotions in negotiation is growing. This article synthesizes current research around four broad themes: moves and exchanges, information processing, social interaction, and context. The authors' review reveals that much of the research on this topic has focused on two key emotions, anger and happiness. More recently, negotiators have turned to other emotions such as guilt and disappointment, demonstrating that not all negative emotions have the same consequences, or activate the same regions of the brain. Focusing on social interaction, the authors note that negotiators may influence each others' emotions: whether negotiators converge to anger or happiness has different consequences for agreement. Researchers have broadened their examination of emotion by considering how external factors such as power, the number of negotiators, culture, and gender influence the impact of emotional expression. The authors also consider the function and impact of expressing authentic emotions, or choosing to use emotions strategically to gain an advantage — an issue that raises important ethical questions for negotiators. The article concludes with some practical implications of the research.
Procedural Justice and Conflict Management at School
Authors: Nelson Noa , Shechter Dikla , Ben‐Ari Rachel
Published: October 2014

In this research, we explored the contributions of perceived procedural justice (PPJ) to the conflict management behaviors of adolescents when they experience conflict with their teachers. We tested an extensive model to determine how PPJ contributes to conflict management. We also extended research on PPJ to examine its impact on adolescents. Our results, acquired from a large and diverse sample of 256 high school students, indicate that PPJ had an impact on adolescents' approach to managing conflicts with their teachers. Students who perceived that their teachers' decision processes were just were less dominating and more avoiding, obliging, and compromising. In addition, we found that students' perceptions about the legitimacy of their teachers' authority mediated the relationships between PPJ and conflict management style. This study contributes to the rather scarce research on PPJ's role in conflict management and should be useful for educators searching for constructive, relationship‐based tools for conflict management.
Convergent innovation for affordable nutrition, health, and health care: the global pulse roadmap
Authors: Jha Srivardhini K. , McDermott John , Bacon Gordon , Lannon Chris , Joshi P. K. , Dubé Laurette
Published: October 2014

The paper outlines how the principles of convergent innovation (CI) can be applied to bring about a transformation in the pulse value chain. The paper presents three pioneering CI initiatives––two in conception and one in operation––by various actors in the pulse ecosystem, which are delivering economic and human development impact in particular segments of the pulse value chain. It goes on to propose the way forward to scale up these efforts and connect them into a roadmap so as to achieve transformation throughout society, calling into action a number of actors in the ecosystem.
Cotton LIM domain‐containing protein GhPLIM1 is specifically expressed in anthers and participates in modulating F‐actin
Authors: Li L. , Li Y. , Wang N.‐N. , Li Y. , Lu R. , Li X.‐B.
Published: October 2014

As one form of actin binding protein (ABP), LIM domain protein can trigger the formation of actin bundles during plant growth and development. In this study, a cDNA (designated GhPLIM1) encoding a LIM domain protein with 216 amino acid residues was identified from a cotton flower cDNA library. Quantitative RT‐PCR indicated that GhPLIM1 is specifically expressed in cotton anthers, and its expression levels are regulated during anther development of cotton. GhPLIM1:eGFP transformed cotton cells display a distributed network of eGFP fluorescence, suggesting that GhPLIM1 protein is mainly localised to the cell cytoskeleton. In vitro high‐speed co‐sedimentation and low co‐sedimentation assays indicate that GhPLIM1 protein not only directly binds actin filaments but also bundles F‐actin. Further biochemical experiments verified that GhPLIM1 protein can protect F‐actin against depolymerisation by Lat B. Thus, our data demonstrate that GhPLIM1 functions as an actin binding protein (ABP) in modulating actin filaments in vitro, suggesting that GhPLIM1 may be involved in regulating the actin cytoskeleton required for pollen development in cotton.
Identification and characterisation of tobacco microRNA transcriptome using high‐throughput sequencing
Authors: Gao J. , Yin F. , Liu M. , Luo M. , Qin C. , Yang A. , Yang S. , Zhang Z. , Shen Y. , Lin H. , Pan G.
Published: October 2014

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post‐transcriptional regulators that are involved in numerous biological processes in plants. In this study, we investigate miRNAs in Honghua Dajinyuan, an agronomically important species of tobacco in China. Here, we report a comprehensive analysis of miRNA expression profiles in the leaf, stem and root using a high‐throughput sequencing approach. A total of 165 miRNAs, representing 55 conserved families, and 50 novel miRNAs, representing 19 families, were identified in three libraries. In addition, 12 miRNAs were randomly selected from a differentially expressed conserved miRNA family in three libraries with expression alterations and subjected to qRT‐PCR validation. Of these, the expression level of nta‐miR167d is highly enriched in the leaf tissue. In addition, the expression level of nta‐miR319a is prominently enriched in the stem, while nta‐miR160c is highly enriched in the root. Moreover, the target prediction showed that most of the targets coded for transcription factors that are involved in cellular and metabolic processes. GO analysis showed that most of the targets were involved in organelle function, served binding functions, and take part in cellular and metabolic processes. This study helps shed new light on understanding the role of miRNAs in different parts of the tobacco plant and adds a significant number of novel miRNAs to the tobacco miRNA transcriptome.
Physiological and morphological adaptations of herbaceous perennial legumes allow differential access to sources of varyingly soluble phosphate
Authors: Pang Jiayin , Yang Jiyun , Lambers Hans , Tibbett Mark , Siddique Kadambot H.M. , Ryan Megan H.
Published: October 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of three perennial legume species to access sources of varyingly soluble phosphorus (P) and their associated morphological and physiological adaptations. Two Australian native legumes with pasture potential (Cullen australasicumandKennedia prostrata) andMedicago sativacv.SARDI10 were grown in sand under two P levels (6 and 40 µg P g−1) supplied as Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O(Ca‐P, highly soluble, used in many fertilizers) or as one of three sparingly soluble forms: Ca10(OH)2(PO4)6(apatite‐P, found in relatively young soils; major constituent of rock phosphate),C6H6O24P6Na12(inositol‐P, the most common form of organic P in soil) andFePO4(Fe‐P, a poorly‐available inorganic source of P). All species grew well with soluble P. When 6 µg P g−1was supplied as sparingly soluble P, plant dry weight (DW) and P uptake were very low forC. australasicumandM. sativa(0.1–0.4 gDW) with the exception ofM. sativasupplied with apatite‐P (1.5 g). In contrast,K. prostratagrew well with inositol‐P (1.0 g) and Fe‐P (0.7 g), and even better with apatite‐P (1.7 g), similar to that with Ca‐P (1.9 g). Phosphorus uptake at 6 µg P g−1was highly correlated with total root length, total rhizosphere carboxylate content and total rhizosphere acid phosphatase (EC3.1.3.2) activity. These findings provide strong indications that there are opportunities to utilize local Australian legumes in low P pasture systems to access sparingly soluble soil P and increase perennial legume productivity, diversity and sustainability.
Active Political Parenting: Youth Contributions During Election Campaigns*
Authors: McDevitt Michael , Kiousis Spiro
Published: October 2014

Objective

The etiology of active parenting remains almost entirely unexplored in political socialization. Applying ecological and dialectic perspectives, we propose a model ofdevelopmental provocationto capture contributions of youth to a politicization of parenting during campaigns.

Methods

Parent‐youth dyads in Arizona, Colorado, and Florida were interviewed across two election cycles. Adolescent respondents were juniors and seniors during a midterm campaign, and old enough to vote during the subsequent presidential election.

Results

Youth news attention, opposition to U.S. military involvement, and first‐time voting contributed to conditional change in active political parenting across campaigns, and these activities were more consequential than corresponding behaviors of parents.

Conclusions

Parenting is not driven primarily by political expertise readily available and deployed in family interaction; of greater consequence is the observable development of youth. A child's potential for political growth is thereby ingrained in an evolving relationship that periodically demands more and more from parents.
IN VIVO STUDY OF CEREBRAL WHITE MATTER IN THE DOG USING DIFFUSION TENSOR TRACTOGRAPHY
Authors: Anaya García Mitzi Sarahí , Hernández Anaya Jael Sarahí , Marrufo Meléndez Oscar , Velázquez Ramírez José Luis , Palacios Aguiar Ricardo
Published: October 2014

Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows investigators and clinicians to observe the anatomy and injuries of the cerebral white matter (CWM) in dogs. However, dynamic images based on the diffusion tensor (DT) technique are required to assess fiber tract integrity of the CWM. Diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) produces a three‐dimensional representation in which data are displayed on a colored map obtained from the anisotropy of water molecules in the CWM tracts. Fractional anisotropy (FA) is a value that measures changes in water diffusion, which can occur if the CWM tracts are displaced, disrupted, or infiltrated. The goal of this study was to determine the feasibility of DTT for in vivo examination of the normal appearance of CWM in dogs through visual and quantitative analysis of the most representative CWM tracts. Nine tractographies were performed on healthy dogs using a 3T MRI scanner. T1‐ and T2‐weighted images and DTI were acquired at different planes. Using DTT, three‐dimensional reconstructions were obtained. Fractional ansisotropy and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the right and left corticospinal tracts, corpus callosum, cingulum, and right and left fronto‐occipital fasciculus were determined. Tract reconstructions were similar in 8/9 healthy dogs. Values for FA and ADC were similar in all the dogs. In one dog, tract reconstructions were inhomogeneous; these were displaced because it had larger lateral ventricles. Findings indicated that DTT is a feasible technique for in vivo study of CWM in dogs and that it complements information from conventional MRI.
Galois representations attached to moments of Kloosterman sums and conjectures of Evans
Authors: Yun Zhiwei , Vincent Christelle
Published: October 2014

Kloosterman sums for a finite field $\mathbb{F}_{p}$ arise as Frobenius trace functions of certain local systems defined over $\mathbb{G}_{m,\mathbb{F}_{p}}$. The moments of Kloosterman sums calculate the Frobenius traces on the cohomology of tensor powers (or symmetric powers, exterior powers, etc.) of these local systems. We show that when $p$ ranges over all primes, the moments of the corresponding Kloosterman sums for $\mathbb{F}_{p}$ arise as Frobenius traces on a continuous $\ell$-adic representation of $\text{Gal}(\overline{\mathbb{Q}}/\mathbb{Q})$ that comes from geometry. We also give bounds on the ramification of these Galois representations. All of this is done in the generality of Kloosterman sheaves attached to reductive groups introduced by Heinloth, Ngô and Yun [Ann. of Math. (2) 177 (2013), 241–310]. As an application, we give proofs of conjectures of Evans [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 138 (2010), 517–531; Israel J. Math. 175 (2010), 349–362] expressing the seventh and eighth symmetric power moments of the classical Kloosterman sum in terms of Fourier coefficients of explicit modular forms. The proof for the eighth symmetric power moment conjecture relies on the computation done in Appendix B by C. Vincent.
Computation on elliptic curves with complex multiplication
Authors: Clark Pete L. , Corn Patrick , Rice Alex , Stankewicz James
Published: October 2014

We give the complete list of possible torsion subgroups of elliptic curves with complex multiplication over number fields of degree 1–13. Additionally we describe the algorithm used to compute these torsion subgroups and its implementation.
Explicit Kummer varieties of hyperelliptic Jacobian threefolds
Authors: Müller J. Steffen
Published: October 2014

We explicitly construct the Kummer variety associated to the Jacobian of a hyperelliptic curve of genus 3 that is defined over a field of characteristic not equal to 2 and has a rational Weierstrass point defined over the same field. We also construct homogeneous quartic polynomials on the Kummer variety and show that they represent the duplication map using results of Stoll.

Supplementary materials are available with this article.
A Qualitative Study of the Mindfulness Meditation Training for Sport: Division I Female Soccer Players’ Experience
Authors: Baltzell Amy , Caraballo Nicole , Chipman Kristen , Hayden Laura
Published: October 2014

This study explored how members of a Division I varsity women’s soccer team experienced a 6-week, 12 session mindfulness meditation training for sport (MMTS) program. The coaching staff and entire team participated in the MMTS program. Seven of the team members volunteered to be interviewed after their participation in the MMTS program. Thematic analysis was implemented. Most participants reported difficulty understanding the process of meditation at the start of the MMTS program. Post-MMTS, they reported an enhanced ability to accept and experience a different relationship with their emotions, both on and off the field. They also noted the importance of creating a phrase of care for self and team for cohesion purposes. Enhanced mindfulness, awareness, and acceptance of emotional experiences were attributed directly to the mindfulness training. Participants provided specific recommendations for future sport-focused mindfulness meditation programs.
Patterns of Specialization in Professional Baseball Players
Authors: Ginsburg Richard D. , Smith Steven R. , Danforth Nicole , Ceranoglu T. Atilla , Durant Stephen A. , Kamin Hayley , Babcock Rebecca , Robin Lucy , Masek Bruce
Published: October 2014

Two developmental pathways to sport excellence have been described: early specialization and early sampling (Côté, Lidor, & Hackfort, 2009). Despite a common assumption that early specialization (defined as playing one sport exclusively and intensely before age 12) is a necessary precursor to success at the collegiate or professional levels, research to support this assumption remains unclear. To add to this literature, the current study was a survey of 708 minor league professional baseball players on the ages at which they began to specialize in their sport. Results indicated that most players sampled a diversity of sports up through late adolescence. Only 25% of players specialized before the age of 12 and the mean age of specialization was 15 years. Furthermore, those who specialized later were more likely to receive college scholarships. Finally, we examined patterns of specialization as a function of athletes’ home climate and culture. At least in this sample of professional minor league baseball players, an early sampling pathway seems to have fortified success at both the collegiate and professional levels.
A signaling network stimulated by β
2
integrin promotes the polarization of lytic granules in cytotoxic cells
Authors: Zhang Minggang , March Michael E. , Lane William S. , Long Eric O.
Published: October 2014

Distinct pathways activated by an integrin in natural killer cells enable the polarization of lytic granules required for target cell killing.
Muscling Out Depression
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: October 2014

A protein produced in the muscle during exercise promotes the breakdown of a stress-induced liver metabolite associated with depression.
Assessment of the Induction of Dormant Ring Stages in Plasmodium falciparum Parasites by Artemisone and Artemisone Entrapped in Pheroid Vesicles
In Vitro
Authors: Grobler Lizette , Chavchich Marina , Haynes Richard K. , Edstein Michael D. , Grobler Anne F.
Published: October 2014

The
in vitro
antimalarial activities of artemisone and artemisone entrapped in Pheroid vesicles were compared, as was their ability to induce dormancy in
Plasmodium falciparum
. There was no increase in the activity of artemisone entrapped in Pheroid vesicles against multidrug-resistant
P. falciparum
lines. Artemisone induced the formation of dormant ring stages similar to dihydroartemisinin. Thus, the Pheroid delivery system neither improved the activity of artemisone nor prevented the induction of dormant rings.
Quinacrine Inhibits Candida albicans Growth and Filamentation at Neutral pH
Authors: Kulkarny Vibhati V. , Chavez-Dozal Alba , Rane Hallie S. , Jahng Maximillian , Bernardo Stella M. , Parra Karlett J. , Lee Samuel A.
Published: October 2014

Candida albicans
is a common cause of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CR-BSI), in part due to its strong propensity to form biofilms. Drug repurposing is an approach that might identify agents that are able to overcome antifungal drug resistance within biofilms. Quinacrine (QNC) is clinically active against the eukaryotic protozoan parasites
Plasmodium
and
Giardia
. We sought to investigate the antifungal activity of QNC against
C. albicans
biofilms.
C. albicans
biofilms were incubated with QNC at serially increasing concentrations (4 to 2,048 μg/ml) and assessed using a 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2
H
-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) assay in a static microplate model. Combinations of QNC and standard antifungals were assayed using biofilm checkerboard analyses. To define a mechanism of action, QNC was assessed for the inhibition of filamentation, effects on endocytosis, and pH-dependent activity. High-dose QNC was effective for the prevention and treatment of
C. albicans
biofilms
in vitro
. QNC with fluconazole had no interaction, while the combination of QNC and either caspofungin or amphotericin B demonstrated synergy. QNC was most active against planktonic growth at alkaline pH. QNC dramatically inhibited filamentation. QNC accumulated within vacuoles as expected and caused defects in endocytosis. A tetracycline-regulated
VMA3
mutant lacking vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) function demonstrated increased susceptibility to QNC. These experiments indicate that QNC is active against
C. albicans
growth in a pH-dependent manner. Although QNC activity is not biofilm specific, QNC is effective in the prevention and treatment of biofilms. QNC antibiofilm activity likely occurs via several independent mechanisms: vacuolar alkalinization, inhibition of endocytosis, and impaired filamentation. Further investigation of QNC for the treatment and prevention of biofilm-related
Candida
CR-BSI is warranted.
Within-Population Distribution of Trimethoprim Resistance in Escherichia coli before and after a Community-Wide Intervention on Trimethoprim Use
Authors: Sundqvist Martin , Granholm Susanne , Naseer Umaer , Rydén Patrik , Brolund Alma , Sundsfjord Arnfinn , Kahlmeter Gunnar , Johansson Anders
Published: October 2014

A 2-year prospective intervention on the prescription of trimethoprim reduced the use by 85% in a health care region with 178,000 inhabitants. Here, we performed before-and-after analyses of the within-population distribution of trimethoprim resistance in
Escherichia coli
. Phylogenetic and population genetic methods were applied to multilocus sequence typing data of 548 consecutively collected
E. coli
isolates from clinical urinary specimens. Results were analyzed in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and the presence and genomic location of different trimethoprim resistance gene classes. A total of 163
E. coli
sequence types (STs) were identified, of which 68 were previously undescribed. The isolates fell into one of three distinct genetic clusters designated BAPS 1 (
E. coli
phylogroup B2), BAPS 2 (phylogroup A and B1), and BAPS 3 (phylogroup D), each with a similar frequency before and after the intervention. BAPS 2 and BAPS 3 were positively and BAPS 1 was negatively associated with trimethoprim resistance (odds ratios of 1.97, 3.17, and 0.26, respectively). In before-and-after analyses, trimethoprim resistance frequency increased in BAPS 1 and decreased in BAPS 2. Resistance to antibiotics other than trimethoprim increased in BAPS 2. Analysis of the genomic location of different trimethoprim resistance genes in isolates of ST69, ST58, and ST73 identified multiple independent acquisition events in isolates of the same ST. The results show that despite a stable overall resistance frequency in
E. coli
before and after the intervention, marked within-population changes occurred. A decrease of resistance in one major genetic cluster was masked by a reciprocal increase in another major cluster.
First Report of NDM-1-Producing Acinetobacter baumannii Sequence Type 25 in Brazil
Authors: Pillonetto Marcelo , Arend Lavinia , Vespero Eliana Carolina , Pelisson Marsileni , Chagas Thiago Pavoni Gomes , Carvalho-Assef Ana Paula D'Alincourt , Asensi Marise Dutra
Published: October 2014

New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) was first identified in Brazil in
Enterobacter hormaechei
and
Providencia rettgeri
in 2013. Here, we describe the first case of NDM-1-producing
Acinetobacter baumannii
sequence type 25 isolated from the urinary tract of a 71-year-old man who died of multiple complications, including
A. baumannii
infection. The NDM-1 gene was detected by quantitative PCR, and its sequence confirmed its presence in an ∼100-kb plasmid.
Crystal Structures of Klebsiella pneumoniae Dihydrofolate Reductase Bound to Propargyl-Linked Antifolates Reveal Features for Potency and Selectivity
Authors: Lamb Kristen M. , Lombardo Michael N. , Alverson Jeremy , Priestley Nigel D. , Wright Dennis L. , Anderson Amy C.
Published: October 2014

Resistance to the antibacterial antifolate trimethoprim (TMP) is increasing in members of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
, driving the design of next-generation antifolates effective against these Gram-negative pathogens. The propargyl-linked antifolates are potent inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductases (DHFR) from several TMP-sensitive and -resistant species, including
Klebsiella pneumoniae
. Recently, we have determined that these antifolates inhibit the growth of strains of
K. pneumoniae
, some with MIC values of 1 μg/ml. In order to further the design of potent and selective antifolates against members of the
Enterobacteriaceae
, we determined the first crystal structures of
K. pneumoniae
DHFR bound to two of the propargyl-linked antifolates. These structures highlight that interactions with Leu 28, Ile 50, Ile 94, and Leu 54 are necessary for potency; comparison with structures of human DHFR bound to the same inhibitors reveal differences in residues (N64E, P61G, F31L, and V115I) and loop conformations (residues 49 to 53) that may be exploited for selectivity.
In Vitro
Activity of Human-Simulated Epithelial Lining Fluid Exposures of Ceftaroline, Ceftriaxone, and Vancomycin against Methicillin-Susceptible and -Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: MacVane Shawn H. , So Wonhee , Nicolau David P. , Kuti Joseph L.
Published: October 2014

Staphylococcus aureus
, including methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and -resistant (MRSA) strains, is an important pathogen of bacterial pneumonia. As antibiotic concentrations at the site of infection are responsible for killing, we investigated the activity of human-simulated epithelial lining fluid (ELF) exposures of three antibiotics (ceftaroline, ceftriaxone, and vancomycin) commonly used for treatment of
S. aureus
pneumonia. An
in vitro
pharmacodynamic model was used to simulate ELF exposures of vancomycin (1 g every 12 h [q12h]), ceftaroline (600 mg q12h and q8h), and ceftriaxone (2 g q24h and q12h). Four
S. aureus
isolates (2 MSSA and 2 MRSA) were evaluated over 72 h with a starting inoculum of ∼10
6
CFU/ml. Time-kill curves were constructed, and microbiological response (change in log
10
CFU/ml from 0 h and the area under the bacterial killing and regrowth curve [AUBC]) was assessed in duplicate. The change in 72-h log
10
CFU/ml was largest for ceftaroline q8h (reductions of >3 log
10
CFU/ml against all strains). This regimen also achieved the lowest AUBC against all organisms (
P
< 0.05). Vancomycin produced reliable bacterial reductions of 0.9 to 3.3 log
10
CFU/ml, while the activity of ceftaroline q12h was more variable (reductions of 0.2 to 2.3 log
10
CFU/ml against 3 of 4 strains). Both regimens of ceftriaxone were poorly active against MSSA tested (0.1 reduction to a 1.8-log
10
CFU/ml increase). Against these
S. aureus
isolates, ELF exposures of ceftaroline 600 mg q8h exhibited improved antibacterial activity compared with ceftaroline 600 mg q12h and vancomycin, and therefore, this q8h regimen deserves further evaluation for the treatment of bacterial pneumonia. These data also suggest that ceftriaxone should be avoided for
S. aureus
pneumonia.
Propensity-Based Study of Aminoglycoside Nephrotoxicity in Patients with Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock
Authors: Picard W. , Bazin F. , Clouzeau B. , Bui H.-N. , Soulat M. , Guilhon E. , Vargas F. , Hilbert G. , Bouchet S. , Gruson D. , Moore N. , Boyer A.
Published: October 2014

To assess the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) attributable to aminoglycosides (AGs) in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock, we performed a retrospective cohort study in one medical intensive care unit (ICU) in France. Patients admitted for severe sepsis/septic shock between November 2008 and January 2010 were eligible. A propensity score for AG administration was built using day 1 demographic and clinical characteristics. Patients still on the ICU on day 3 were included. Patients with renal failure before day 3 or endocarditis were excluded. The time window for assessment of renal risk was day 3 to day 15, defined according to the RIFLE (risk, injury, failure, loss, and end-stage renal disease) classification. The AKI risk was assessed by means of a propensity-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Of 317 consecutive patients, 198 received AGs. The SAPS II (simplified acute physiology score II) score and nosocomial origin of infection favored the use of AGs, whereas a preexisting renal insufficiency and the neurological site of infection decreased the propensity for AG treatment. One hundred three patients with renal failure before day 3 were excluded. AGs were given once daily over 2.6 ± 1.1 days. AKI occurred in 16.3% of patients in a median time of 6 (interquartile range, 5 to 10) days. After adjustment to the clinical course and exposure to other nephrotoxic agents between day 1 and day 3, a propensity-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed no increased risk of AKI in patients receiving AGs (adjusted relative risk = 0.75 [0.32 to 1.76]). In conclusion, in critically septic patients presenting without early renal failure, aminoglycoside therapy for less than 3 days was not associated with an increased risk of AKI.