bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, description, and application of novel corrosion inhibitors for CS AISI1095 in 1.0 M HCl based on benzoquinoline derivatives
Authors: Sayed Ali G. , Ashmawy Ashraf M. , Elgammal Walid E. , Hassan Saber M. , Deyab M. A.
Published: August 2023

This study aims to synthesize and evaluate the corrosion inhibition properties of three newly prepared organic compounds based on benzo[h]quinoline hydrazone derivatives. The compounds structure were characterised using FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and Mass spectroscopy. Electrochemical methods, including Potentiodynamic Polarization (PP), Electrochemical Frequency Modulation (EFM), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to evaluate the compounds as corrosion inhibitors in HCl (1.0 M) for carbon steel (CS). Additionally, surface examination techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used to investigate the surface morphology and elemental composition of the CS before and after exposure to the synthesized compounds. The electrochemical measurements showed that compound VII achieved corrosion inhibition efficiency. SEM and EDX analysis further confirmed the creation of a passive film on the CS surface. These findings demonstrated the potential of benzo[h]quinoline hydrazone derivatives as effective organic corrosion inhibitors for CS in aggressive solution.
Association between the accumulation of elevated serum γ-glutamyltransferase level and risk of atrial fibrillation: a nationwide cohort study
Authors: Jeon Won Kyeong , Lee So-Ryoung , Han Kyung-Do , Choi Eue-Keun , Oh Seil , Lip Gregory Y. H.
Published: August 2023

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. The association between AF and γ-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) was not fully established. This study demonstrated the independent association of cumulative GGT score and AF incidence with the dose-response relationship. Using the Korean National Health Insurance Corporation database, adult subjects who had 4 consecutive annual health examinations from 2009 to 2012 were enrolled. A cumulative GGT score was calculated as the cumulative number of the highest GGT quartile amongst four examinations (0–4 times). A multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed. Among a total of 3,500,847 people included, AF was developed in 27,752 people (0.793%) during a median of 8.0 years of follow up. The incidence rate of AF and adjusted hazard ratio were increased by a stepwise manner in the higher quartile group and cumulative GGT score group. In subgroup analysis, this trend was more prominent in the elderly, people without hypertension, non-obese people, and people without any four comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity). Our results suggest multiple accumulation of elevated GGT levels in health examination might be a useful marker for risk stratification of AF development, especially in the elderly and healthy population.
The ram cichlid (Mikrogeophagus ramirezi) learns an associative task: a new fish species for memory research
Authors: Tsang Benjamin , Venditti Veronica , Javier Celina Micaela , Gerlai Robert
Published: August 2023

Fish are the most species rich and evolutionarily oldest vertebrate taxon. This represents opportunities for biologists who intend to employ laboratory animals in their comparative or translational research. Yet, the overwhelming majority of such studies use a single fish species, the zebrafish, a suboptimal strategy from the comparative standpoint. Neuronal plasticity (learning and memory) is perhaps one of the most complex biological phenomena from a mechanistic standpoint, and thus its analysis could benefit from the use of evolutionarily ancient and simple vertebrate model organisms, i.e., fish species. However, learning & memory research with the zebrafish has been replete with problems. Here, we employ a novel fish species, the ram cichlid, we argue will be particularly appropriate for this purpose for practical as well as ethological/ecological reasons. First, we investigate whether the ram cichlid exhibits innate preference for certain colours (red, blue, yellow or green) in a four-choice task, the plus maze. Subsequently, we pair the apparently least preferred colour (green, the conditioned stimulus or CS) with food reward (the unconditioned stimulus, US) in the plus maze, a CS–US associative learning task. After eight pairing trials, we run a probe trial during which only the CS is presented. At this trial, we find significant preference to the CS, i.e., acquisition of memory of CS–US association. We argue that our proof-of-concept study demonstrating fast acquisition of CS–US association in the ram cichlid, coupled with the universal utility of some genome editing methods, will facilitate the mechanistic analysis of learning and memory.
Hypoglycemia measured by flash glucose monitoring system predicts liver-related events in chronic liver disease patients
Authors: Sasaki Ryu , Taura Naota , Nakao Yasuhiko , Fukushima Masanori , Haraguchi Masafumi , Miuma Satoshi , Miyaaki Hisamitsu , Nakao Kazuhiko
Published: August 2023

Impaired glucose tolerance, glucose fluctuations, and hypoglycemia have been observed in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). The flash glucose monitoring (FGM) system, which recognises continuous and dynamic glucose changes in real time, is used in daily clinical practice. This study aimed to examine the association between glucose fluctuations and hypoglycemia, as measured by the FGM system, and liver-related events. Seventy-two patients with CLD and type 2 DM who had their blood glucose measured using Freestyle Libre Pro between April 2017 and July 2018 at our institution were enrolled in this retrospective study. We assessed the results of the FGM system measurements and liver-related events, as defined by gastrointestinal bleeding, infection, ascites, encephalopathy, and liver-related death. The standard deviation (SD) of mean glucose as measured by the FGM system was 41.55 mg/dl, and hypoglycemia was observed in 48.6% (35/72) of the patients. Liver-related event-free survival was not significant when stratified based on SD; however, the event-free survival was significantly lower when stratified by hypoglycemia (p = 0.007). In a multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model, Child–Pugh class B [Hazards ratio (HR) 2.347 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.042–5.283), p = 0.039] and hypoglycemia [HR 2.279 (95% CI: 1.064–4.881), p = 0.034] were identified as factors contributing to event-free survival. Hypoglycemia, as determined by the FGM system, was identified as a significant factor that was closely associated with liver-related events. In addition to measuring glucose levels, the FGM system is useful in predicting the occurrence of liver-related events.
Changes in atmospheric oxidants over Arctic Ocean atmosphere: evidence of oxygen isotope anomaly in nitrate aerosols
Authors: Zhang Yanlin , Zhao Zhuyu , Cao Fang , Song Wenhuai , Lin Yuchi , Fan Meiyi , Yu Haoran , Li Hanyu , Hong Yihang , Gao Meng
Published: August 2023

Oxygen isotope anomaly of nitrate aerosol (∆17O-NO3−) contributes to understanding the atmospheric nitrogen chemistry in the polar oceans. Here, ∆17O-NO3−of the aerosol samples was analyzed based on a cruise from East Asia to the Arctic Ocean to explore the nitrate formation mechanisms. ∆17O-NO3−decreased with the increase of latitude, especially when after entering the Arctic Circle. ∆17O-NO3−(e.g., 11.5‰–21.2‰) was extremely low while crossing the sea ice-covered Arctic Ocean. This is most likely influenced by the combined enhancement of hydroxyl (OH) and peroxy (HO2 + RO2) radicals derived by sea ice under permanent sunlight period. In addition, the obvious increase in the ∆17O-NO3−of return trip with shortened daytime indicated the advantage of nocturnal pathways (NO3related) with the higher ∆17O endmembers. The mutation of ∆17O-NO3−can reflect the change of NOxconversion pathways to nitrate, and it can be more sensitive to the change of radical chemistry related to atmospheric oxidation.
Using AI to measure Parkinson’s disease severity at home
Authors: Islam Md Saiful , Rahman Wasifur , Abdelkader Abdelrahman , Lee Sangwu , Yang Phillip T. , Purks Jennifer Lynn , Adams Jamie Lynn , Schneider Ruth B. , Dorsey Earl Ray , Hoque Ehsan
Published: August 2023

We present an artificial intelligence (AI) system to remotely assess the motor performance of individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD). In our study, 250 global participants performed a standardized motor task involving finger-tapping in front of a webcam. To establish the severity of Parkinsonian symptoms based on the finger-tapping task, three expert neurologists independently rated the recorded videos on a scale of 0–4, following the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS). The inter-rater reliability was excellent, with an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.88. We developed computer algorithms to obtain objective measurements that align with the MDS-UPDRS guideline and are strongly correlated with the neurologists’ ratings. Our machine learning model trained on these measures outperformed two MDS-UPDRS certified raters, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.58 points compared to the raters’ average MAE of 0.83 points. However, the model performed slightly worse than the expert neurologists (0.53 MAE). The methodology can be replicated for similar motor tasks, providing the possibility of evaluating individuals with PD and other movement disorders remotely, objectively, and in areas with limited access to neurological care.
The structure of plastocyanin tunes the midpoint potential by restricting axial ligation of the reduced copper ion
Authors: Mammoser Claire C. , LeMasters Brynn E. , Edwards Sydney G. , McRae Emma M. , Mullins M. Hunter , Wang Yiqi , Garcia Nicholas M. , Edmonds Katherine A. , Giedroc David P. , Thielges Megan C.
Published: August 2023

Blue copper proteins are models for illustrating how proteins tune metal properties. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which the protein controls the metal site remain to be fully elucidated. A hindrance is that the closed shell Cu(I) site is inaccessible to most spectroscopic analyses. Carbon deuterium (C-D) bonds used as vibrational probes afford nonperturbative, selective characterization of the key cysteine and methionine copper ligands in both redox states. The structural integrity of Nostoc plastocyanin was perturbed by disrupting potential hydrogen bonds between loops of the cupredoxin fold via mutagenesis (S9A, N33A, N34A), variably raising the midpoint potential. The C-D vibrations show little change to suggest substantial alteration to the Cu(II) coordination in the oxidized state or in the Cu(I) interaction with the cysteine ligand. They rather indicate, along with visible and NMR spectroscopy, that the methionine ligand distinctly interacts more strongly with the Cu(I) ion, in line with the increases in midpoint potential. Here we show that the protein structure determines the redox properties by restricting the interaction between the methionine ligand and Cu(I) in the reduced state.
Advantages and challenges associated with bisulfite-assisted nanopore direct RNA sequencing for modifications
Authors: Fleming Aaron M. , Zhu Judy , Done Vilhelmina K. , Burrows Cynthia J.
Published: August 2023

Nanopore direct RNA sequencing assisted by pseudouridine- and m5C-specific bisulfite treatment is a technology that allows sequencing for epitranscriptomic modifications with the possibility of quantitative assessment.
Unlocking the potential of a NiMo foam substrate for water splitting using an ultrafast two-step dipping strategy
Authors: Xue Min , Gao Lihua , Wang Haoxuan , Guo Yanling , Huo Xiao-Lei , Pan Zhongqin , Zhou Qingwen
Published: August 2023

We use an ultrafast two-step dipping strategy to fabricate a porous nanosheet array without other external forces. The practical application potential of a bifunctional water splitting electrode based on a NiMo foam substrate is studied.
Photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production with high efficiency monolayer In2Te5: a theoretical study
Authors: Zhang Cong , Tan Meiping , Lu Xin , Li Wenzhuo , Yu Yang , Wang Qiang , Zhang Wenjun , Qiu Xiaole , Yang Hongchao
Published: August 2023

Highly efficient photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen evolution was achieved due to the rapid separation of photo-generated carriers.
A nonlocal strain gradient shell model with the surface effect for buckling analysis of a magneto-electro-thermo-elastic cylindrical nanoshell subjected to axial load
Authors: Gui Yifei , Li Zhisong
Published: August 2023

This paper develops a novel size-dependent magneto-electro-thermo-elastic (METE) cylindrical nanoshell which is made of BaTiO3–CoFe2O4 materials. The results show that METE cylindrical nanoshells are potential candidates for nanocomponents.
Strategies to convert organic fluorophores into red/near-infrared emitting analogues and their utilization in bioimaging probes
Authors: Dai Mingchong , Yang Yun Jae , Sarkar Sourav , Ahn Kyo Han
Published: August 2023

This review analyzes strategies to convert key fluorophores into red/NIR emitting derivatives, with typical examples of how such fluorophores can be used to develop molecular probes for biological analytes, along with key sensing features.
Exploring amine-rich supramolecular silver(i) metallogels for autonomous self-healing and as catalysts for a three component coupling reaction
Authors: Saha Ekata , Rahaman Ajijur , Bhadra Sukalyan , Mitra Joyee
Published: August 2023

Ag(i) supramolecular organo-aqueous gel stabilized by extensive hydrogen bonding employing an amine-rich triazole ligand as gelator, catalyzed a three component coupling reaction for propargylamine synthesis with remarkable functional group tolerance.
A single-molecule study on polymer fluid dynamics in porous media
Authors: Sugar Antonia , Serag Maged , Buttner Ulrich , Habuchi Satoshi , Hoteit Hussein
Published: August 2023

Understanding the dynamic behavior of polymeric fluids in porous media is essential for vast geoscience applications, particularly enhanced oil recovery and polymer-enhanced soil washing, to clean up soil contamination.
Graphene in rubber formulations: a comprehensive review and performance optimization insights
Authors: Leong Y. L. , Lim H. N. , Ibrahim I.
Published: August 2023

Utilization of modified and integrated graphene in the rubber matrix, related applications, and performance optimization through response surface methodology.
2D foam film coating of antimicrobial lysozyme amyloid fibrils onto cellulose nanopapers
Authors: Kummer Nico , Huguenin-Elie Luc , Zeller Adrian , Chandorkar Yashoda , Schoeller Jean , Zuber Flavia , Ren Qun , Sinha Ashutosh , De France Kevin , Fischer Peter , Campioni Silvia , Nyström Gustav
Published: August 2023

The 2D lysozyme amyloid foam coating method can be used to deposit a 30 nanometer thick layer onto cellulose nanopapers introducing antimicrobial functionality.
Design rules for optimization of photophysical and kinetic properties of azoarene photoswitches
Authors: Adrion Daniel M. , Lopez Steven A.
Published: August 2023

The E-isomer λmax and Z-isomer t1/2 have been simultaneously optimized for a set of 26 hemi-azothiophenes. We found that by incorporating cross-conjugated thiophenes and additional π-conjugation, these two properties can be leveraged.
Ultrafine Ni12P5 nanoparticle-embedded carbon with abundant catalytic activity sites as separator modifiers in high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Li Yiqian , Hao Yuehan , Ali Usman , Liu Bingqiu , Zhang Qi , Jin Zhanshuang , Li Lu , Wang Chungang , Zhang Lingyu
Published: August 2023

Ultrafine Ni12P5 nanoparticle-embedded carbon nanospheres are used as separator modifiers for Li–S batteries. The uNi12P5/C//PP modified separator can effectively trap polysulfides by polar interaction and enhance the kinetic conversion of LiPSs.
An efficient blue electro-fluorescence material with high electron and balanced carrier mobilities based on effective π-stacking between acceptors
Authors: Sun Mizhen , Ma Chenglin , Xie Mingliang , Chu Lizhi , Wang Xin , Sun Qikun , Yang Wenjun , Xue Shanfeng
Published: August 2023

A blue emitter with effective π-stacking between acceptors is developed, which improves and balances carrier mobilities, obtaining higher device efficiency.
A global view of the human post-translational modification landscape
Authors: Kitamura Naoya , Galligan James J.
Published: August 2023

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) provide a rapid response to stimuli, finely tuning metabolism and gene expression and maintain homeostasis. Advances in mass spectrometry over the past two decades have significantly expanded the list of known PTMs in biology and as instrumentation continues to improve, this list will surely grow. While many PTMs have been studied in detail (e.g. phosphorylation, acetylation), the vast majority lack defined mechanisms for their regulation and impact on cell fate. In this review, we will highlight the field of PTM research as it currently stands, discussing the mechanisms that dictate site specificity, analytical methods for their detection and study, and the chemical tools that can be leveraged to define PTM regulation. In addition, we will highlight the approaches needed to discover and validate novel PTMs. Lastly, this review will provide a starting point for those interested in PTM biology, providing a comprehensive list of PTMs and what is known regarding their regulation and metabolic origins.
Finite‐time observer and current sharing control for disturbance compensation of parallel H‐bridge converters
Authors: Chen Tao , Fang Qiansheng , Yang Yalong , Wu Zhengtian , Zhang Xiuqing , Huang Liansheng , Chen Xiaojiao
Published: August 2023

Both electric vehicles and Tokamak power supply use multiple parallel converters to realize high current operation in four quadrants. A finite‐time current sharing control algorithm based on disturbance compensation is proposed to improve the converter system's dynamic and steady‐state performance so that the system can achieve the required load current and branch‐current sharing in a finite time. In the proposed algorithm, this paper adopts a finite‐time observer for unknown disturbances in the converter system and load circuit due to disturbances, such as unknown inductance and resistance in the converter system. The results show that the load current control overshoot is minimal, and the dynamic performance of each branch current is higher than the traditional control algorithm.

A finite‐time current sharing control algorithm based on disturbance compensation is proposed so that the converter system can achieve the required load current and branch current sharing in a finite time.
Atomic data and expansion opacity calculations in two representative 4d transition elements, niobium and silver, of interest for kilonovae studies
Authors: Ben Nasr S. , Carvajal Gallego H. , Deprince J. , Palmeri P. , Quinet P.
Published: August 2023

Aims. Neutron star (NS) mergers are thought to be a source of heavy trans-iron element production. The latter can be detected in the spectra of the ejected materials, from which bright electromagnetic radiation is emitted. This latter is due to the radioactive decay of the produced heavy r-process nuclei and is known as kilonova. Because of their complex atomic structures – characterized by configurations involving unfilled nd or nf subshells – the heavy elements of the kilonova ejecta often give rise to numerous absorption lines generating significant opacities. The determination of the latter, which are of paramount importance for the analysis of kilonova light curves, requires knowledge of the radiative parameters of the spectral lines belonging to the ions expected to be present in the kilonova ejecta. The aim of the present work is to provide new atomic opacity data for two representative 4d elements, niobium (Nb) and silver (Ag), in their first four charge states, namely for Nb I–IV and Ag I–IV.

Methods. Large-scale calculations based on the pseudo-relativistic Hartree-Fock (HFR) method were performed to obtain the atomic structure and radiative parameters while the expansion formalism was used to estimate the opacities.

Results. Wavelengths and oscillator strengths were computed for several million spectral lines in Nb I–IV and Ag I–IV ions. The reliability of these parameters was estimated by comparison with the few previously published experimental and theoretical results. The newly obtained atomic data were then used to calculate expansion opacities for typical kilonova conditions expected one day after NS merger, a density of ρ = 10−13 g cm−3, and temperatures ranging from T = 5000 K to T =15 000 K.
A review of planetary systems around HD 99492, HD 147379, and HD 190007 with HARPS-N
Authors: Stalport M. , Cretignier M. , Udry S. , John A. Anna , Wilson T. G. , Delisle J.-B. , Bonomo A. S. , Buchhave L. A. , Charbonneau D. , Dalal S. , Damasso M. , Di Fabrizio L. , Dumusque X. , Fiorenzano A. , Harutyunyan A. , Haywood R. D. , Latham D. W. , López-Morales M. , Lorenzi V. , Lovis C. , Malavolta L. , Molinari E. , Mortier A. , Pedani M. , Pepe F. , Pinamonti M. , Poretti E. , Rice K. , Sozzetti A.
Published: August 2023

Context. The Rocky Planet Search (RPS) program is dedicated to a blind radial velocity (RV) search of planets around bright stars in the northern hemisphere, using the high-resolution echelle spectrograph HARPS-N installed on the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG).

Aims. The goal of this work is to revise and update the properties of three planetary systems by analysing the HARPS-N data with state-of-the-art stellar activity mitigation tools. The stars considered are HD 99492 (83Leo B), HD 147379 (Gl617 A), and HD 190007.

Methods. We employ a systematic process of data modelling, which we selected from the comparison of different approaches. We use YARARA to remove instrumental systematics from the RV, and then use SPLEAF to further mitigate the stellar noise with a multidimensional correlated noise model. We also search for transit features in the Transiting Exoplanets Survey Satellite (TESS) data of these stars.

Results. We report on the discovery of a new planet around HD 99492, namely HD 99492 c, with an orbital period of 95.2 days and a minimum mass of m sin i = 17.9 M⊕, and refine the parameters of HD 99492 b. We also update and refine the Keplerian solutions for the planets around HD 147379 and HD 190007, but do not detect additional planetary signals. We discard the transiting geometry for the planets, but stress that TESS did not exhaustively cover all the orbital phases.

Conclusions. The addition of the HARPS-N data, and the use of advanced data analysis tools, has allowed us to present a more precise view of these three planetary systems. It demonstrates once again the importance of long observational efforts such as the RPS program. Added to the RV exoplanet sample, these planets populate two apparently distinct populations revealed by a bimodality in the planets’ minimum mass distribution. The separation is located between 30 and 50 M⊕.
Stochastic star formation in early galaxies: Implications for the James Webb Space Telescope
Authors: Pallottini A. , Ferrara A.
Published: August 2023

Contact. The star formation rate (SFR) in high-redshift galaxies is expected due to competing physical processes. This stochastic variability might boost the luminosity of galaxies and might explain the over-abundance seen at z ≳ 10 by the James Webb Space Telescope.

Aims. We quantify the amplitude and timescales of this variability and identify the key physical processes.

Methods. We selected 245 z = 7.7 galaxies with stellar mass 5 × 106 ≲ M⋆/M⊙ ≲ 5 × 1010 from SERRA, which is a suite of high-resolution radiation-hydrodynamic cosmological simulations. After fitting the average SFR trend, ⟨SFR⟩, we quantified the time-dependent variation, δ(t)≡log[SFR/⟨SFR⟩],  for each system and performed a periodogram analysis to search for periodicity modulations.

Results. We find that δ(t) is distributed as a zero-mean Gaussian, with standard deviation σδ ≃ 0.24 (corresponding to a UV magnitude s.d. σUV ≃ 0.61) that is independent of M⋆. However, the modulation timescale increases with stellar mass: tδ ∼ (9, 50, 100) Myr for M⋆ ∼ (0.1, 1, 5)×109 M⊙, respectively. These timescales are imprinted on the SFR by different processes: (i) photoevaporation, (ii) supernova explosions, and (iii) cosmological accretion/merging dominating in low-, intermediate-, and high-mass systems, respectively.

Conclusions. The predicted SFR variations cannot account for the required z ≳ 10 UV luminosity function boost. Other processes, such as radiation-driven outflows clearing the dust, must then be invoked to explain the enhanced luminosity of super-early systems.
Hypercholesterinämie – Wen, wann, wie behandeln?
Authors: Merkel Martin
Published: August 2023

Was ist neu?

LDL-Cholesterin und Arteriosklerose In den letzten Jahren haben klinisch wissenschaftliche Daten zu LDL-Cholesterin und Arteriosklerose zu immer niedrigeren LDL-Cholesterin-Zielwerten und zur Ausweitung der Indikation für eine medikamentöse Lipidtherapie auf immer größere Bevölkerungs- bzw. Patientengruppen geführt.

Kardiovaskuläres Risiko und Therapieziele Bei der Einschätzung des kardiovaskulären Risikos von Patienten werden neben z.B. vorbestehender kardiovaskulärer Erkrankung, familiärer Hypercholesterinämie und Typ-II-Diabetes auch Typ-I-Diabetes, diabetische Folgeerkrankungen, Niereninsuffizienz und subklinische Arteriosklerose berücksichtigt.

Lipidologische Therapie zur kardiovaskulären Risikoreduktion Zur Berechnung des kardiovaskulären Risikos in der Primärprävention wurden die Kalkulatoren SCORE2 und SCORE-OP neu entwickelt. Eine diätetische Intervention gehört an den Anfang jeder lipidsenkenden Therapie. Bempedoinsäure und Inclisiran stellen neue medikamentöse Therapieoptionen dar.

Therapeutisches Vorgehen Nach der Anamnese erfolgt die Zielwertsetzung und die stufenweise Aufdosierung eines Statins. Nach 6–12 Wochen wird diese Therapie ggf. mit einem ACL-Inhibitor kombiniert, um die Wirkung zu verstärken.
Verbrennungschirurgie
Authors: Schmidt Sonja , Drysch Marius , Lehnhardt Marcus
Published: August 2023

Was ist neu?

Prognoseeinschätzung Bei Brandverletzten sollte rechtzeitig
überprüft werden, ob eine Indikation zur Verlegung in ein Schwerbrandverletztenzentrum
vorliegt, um die Behandlung nicht zu verzögern. Die Einschätzung des Verbrennungsausmaßes
(VKOF) kann entweder über die Neuner-Regel nach Wallace oder über die Handflächenregel
bestimmt werden.

Flüssigkeitssubstitution Im Verlauf muss die initiale
Flüssigkeitstherapie immer wieder reevaluiert und angepasst werden, um eine Überwässerung oder
auch zu geringe Substitution zu vermeiden.

Die Brandverletzung und die verschiedenen Verbrennungsgrade
Oberflächliche Verbrennungen (erst- und IIa-gradig) können narbenfrei abheilen. Ab einer
IIb-gradigen Verletzung sollte eine operative Therapie oder die Behandlung mittels spezieller
Wundauflagen erwogen werden. Die Verbrennungswunde kann nach Jackson in 3 Zonen eingeteilt
werden. In der Stasezone kann es zum sogenannten „Nachbrennen“ der Wunde kommen. Bei größeren
Wunden gilt, die Verbrennungstiefe in den Tagen nach dem Unfall zu reevaluieren.

Therapie der Verbrennungswunden Bei aufliegendem
Verbrennungsschorf oder nekrotischem Gewebe sollte eine Nekrektomie durchgeführt werden:
enzymatisch mittels Nexobrid: selektive Entfernung des Eschars, tangential mittels
Weck-Messer: schichtweise Entfernung des Gewebes bis zum vitalen Wundgrund, epifaszial mittels
Monopolar oder Skalpell: Resektion des gesamten Gewebes bis auf die Muskelfaszie. Neben
diversen Wundauflagen gibt es einige Möglichkeiten zur definitiven autologen
Hautrekonstruktion: Spalthaut, Vollhaut, Meeks, kultivierte Keratinozyten.
Asthma – was ist neu?
Authors: Westhölter Dirk , Reuter Sebastian , Taube Christian
Published: August 2023

Was ist neu?

Grundzüge der Therapie Eine bedarfsweise Monotherapie mit kurzwirksamen Beta-2-Sympathomimetika (SABA) stellt nicht mehr die bevorzugte Therapie in der Stufe 1 dar. Sie ist mit einem Verlust an Asthma-Kontrolle und einem Anstieg der asthmabezogenen Mortalität assoziiert. Die bedarfsweise Anwendung einer Fixkombination aus einem inhalativen Kortikosteroid mit einem Beta-2-Sympathomimetikum (ICS-Formoterol) zeigte eine höhere Effektivität und Sicherheit gegenüber der SABA-Monotherapie. Insgesamt wird der Stellenwert antiinflammatorischer Therapien in den aktualisierten Leitlinien gestärkt.

Biologika bei schwerem Asthma Tezepelumab wurde als mittlerweile 6. Biologikum zur Therapie von Patient*innen mit schwerem Asthma zugelassen. Tezepelumab richtet sich gegen das Zytokin TSLP, welches eine Rolle in der initialen Entzündungsreaktion bei Asthma spielt. Eine Verordnung ist unabhängig von erhöhten Biomarkern als „Add-on“ zur Basistherapie möglich.

Asthma und Virusinfektionen Akute Atemwegserkrankungen, meist viraler Genese, gelten als der Hauptauslöser für Asthma-Exazerbationen. Die zu Beginn der Erkältungssaison 2022/23 vom RKI gemeldeten Fallzahlen an Influenza- sowie RSV-Infektionen waren im Vergleich zu den Pandemiejahren zuvor deutlich erhöht. Im weiteren Verlauf hat sich die Aktivität akuter Atemwegserkrankungen auf einem hohen Niveau stabilisiert. Ein vermehrtes Auftreten von Asthma-Exazerbationen lässt sich daher auch für Deutschland vermuten.

Asthma-Remission als neues Therapieziel Verbesserte Therapiekonzepte führen zu einem neuen Therapieziel. Die Ziele einer Asthma-Therapie sind nicht die Symptombehandlung, sondern die langfristige Prävention von asthmabezogenen Symptomen, der Erhalt der Lungenfunktion und der fehlende Bedarf an systemischen Kortikosteroiden im Sinne einer Remission der Erkrankung.
Ultrasonographic Vasospasm and Outcome of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy and Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndromes
Authors: Pinto Maria João , Schon Miguel , Sousa João André , Filipe João , Costa Andreia , Azevedo Elsa , Sargento-Freitas João , Silva Fernando , Fonseca Ana Catarina , Castro Pedro
Published: August 2023

Purpose Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) are often complicated by vasospasm and ischemia. Monitoring with transcranial color-coded Doppler (TCCD) could be useful, but its role is not established. We studied the incidence of ultrasonographic vasospasm (uVSP) in PRES/RCVS and its relationship with ischemic lesions and clinical outcome.

Materials and Methods We conducted a multicenter retrospective study of all patients with PRES/RCVS from 2008 to 2020 who underwent TCCD and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). TCCD exams were analyzed for uVSP. Diffusion-weighted MRI was analyzed for positive lesions (DWI-positive). Functional outcome was assessed by modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 90 days. The associations with outcomes were determined by logistic regression.

Results We included 80 patients (mean age of 46 (standard deviation, 17) years; 66% females; 41 with PRES, 28 with RCVS and 11 with overlap phenotype). uVSP was detected in 25 (31%) patients. DWI-positive lesions were more often detected in uVSP-positive than uVSP-negative patients (36% vs. 15%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.05 [95% CI 1.06 – 15.5], P=0.04). DWI-positive lesions were independently associated with worse functional prognosis (mRS 2–6, 43% vs. 10%; aOR, 10 [95% CI 2.6 – 43], P<0.01). Having additional uVSP further increased the odds of a worse outcome (P interaction=0.03).

Conclusion Ultrasonographic vasospasm was detected in a third of patients with PRES/RCVS and was associated with brain ischemic lesions. TCCD bedside monitoring can help to stratify patients at risk for cerebral ischemia, a strong predictor of functional outcome.
Management of Gastric Varices: GI Perspective
Authors: Vozzo Catherine , Chittajallu Vibhu , Glessing Brooke , Faulx Ashley , Chak Amitabh , Wong Richard C.K.
Published: August 2023

There is a paucity of literature on the management of gastric varices and current guidelines rely heavily on expert opinion. Optimal treatment of gastric varices requires a multidisciplinary team including gastrointestinal endoscopist, hepatologist, and interventional radiologists. Initial management relies on endoscopic diagnosis followed by therapeutic modalities based on the experience of the endoscopist and the institution. Definitive management may be endoscopic, endovascular, or a combination of the two disciplines. In this review, we discuss endoscopic management of gastric varices with direct endoscopic glue injection, endoscopic ultrasound-guided management, limitations, and adverse events. We conclude by describing a case of gastric variceal bleeding managed with endoscopy when interventional radiographic techniques were not feasible.
The Use of Muscle Flaps in Surgery for Chronic Osteomyelitis*
Authors: Jena S. K. , Parida S. K.
Published: August 2023

Muscle tissue because of its bulk and vascularity forms an ideal material to fill up defects and obliterate dead spaces. 10 muscle flaps were used in chronic osteomyelitis of lower limb after sequestrectomy and saucerization. The results were better as compared to those obtained following the standard procedure of debridement alone.
Islamic commercial arbitration and private international law: mapping controversies and exploring pathways towards greater coordination
Authors: El Maknouzi Mohammed El Hadi , Jadalhaq Iyad Mohammad , Abdulhay Imad Eldin , Alqodsi Enas Mohammed
Published: August 2023

This article maps the main fault lines between the concerns for Shari’ah compliance, which are central to Islamic commercial arbitration and the categories of private international law. While issues such as applicable law, public order and the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards are routinely addressed in private international law, questions remain as to the extent to which the latter is able to accommodate additional concerns, which would be relevant for Shari’ah compatibility of an Islamic commercial arbitral award. This study is based on the qualitative methodology that is standard in legal analysis. This methodology consists, first, of desk-based research to compare the formulations found in a variety of textual sources: national and international legal sources, doctrinal opinions and the rulings of different courts. Second, the implications of different formulations are drawn out by considering actual and possible ‘limit cases’ in which the different wordings would translate into incompatible solutions. Third, proposals are made to help address the ensuing incompatibilities. Establishing a common operational ground between international private law and Shari’ah compliance in commercial arbitration would enable the two systems to function in a more coordinated fashion, reducing the legal uncertainties that are otherwise present when they are treated as parallel, mutually incommunicable systems. Through a focus on the specific misalignment between Islamic commercial arbitration and private international law, our article makes targeted suggestions that would materially address some of the concerns posed by the increasing internationalisation of Islamic finance—and by its attendant need for cross-border dispute resolution respectful of the ethical goals of Shari’ah compliance.
Human ear-inspired ultrasonic transducers able to locate objects in three dimensions
Authors: Shapiro Maura
Published: August 2023

Adding spirals to acoustic lenses encodes directional information, enabling 3D localization by a single detector.
Ultrahigh polarization Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-based relaxor ceramics for force-electric conversion
Authors: Lin Yezhan , Nie Hengchang , Xie Meng , Cao Fei , Peng Ping , Wang Genshui
Published: August 2023

High polarization of ferroelectric materials has profound research significance and is the decisive factor in the application of energy storage, pyroelectricity, and explosive energy conversion. Herein, in force-electric conversion field, an ultrahigh remanent polarization (51.43 μC/cm2) and record-breaking energy density (4.59 J/cm3) after poling were achieved with a lead-free (1 − x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 − xAgNbO3 [(1 − x)BNT – xAN] relaxor ceramics. The enhancement effect of AgNbO3 on polarization is attributed to the increase in lattice distortion and orientation after poling. Additionally, a significant force-electric conversion effect under hydrostatic pressure (depolarization rate ∼44.8%, 400 MPa) and shock pressure (depolarization rate ∼54.4%, 6.3 GPa) in (1 − x)BNT – xAN was attributed to the pressure-driven ferroelectric/relaxor (FE/RE) phase transition. This work is expected to enlighten the further design of ferroelectric materials with high polarization for pulse power energy conversion application.
Low energy electron injection for direct laser acceleration
Authors: Starodubtseva E. , Tsymbalov I. , Gorlova D. , Ivanov K. , Savel'ev A.
Published: August 2023

The feasibility of ionization injection for Direct Laser Acceleration (DLA) of electrons up to hundreds of MeV has been studied analytically. Criteria for effective injection determining a range of background and in-channel plasma parameters, laser intensity, etc., were found using phase portraits of the system deduced from the simplified analytical model. The found optimal trajectory in the phase space corresponds to the electron with low (few eV) initial energy experiencing ∼109 times energy gain. For this to occur, electron density should be a few percent of the critical density, while the in-channel electron density should be ∼3 times lower. The analytically obtained dependence of the energy gain on the initial electron longitudinal and transverse momenta corresponds well to the results of exact numerical simulations of an electron motion in the plasma channel. To test the theory, a series of PIC simulations were carried out. PIC simulation confirms the model if the plasma channel has appropriate parameters. The developed approach can form the basis for further studies of electron injection in DLA varying plasma and laser parameters as well as initial electron energies.
Enhanced capillary pumping using open-channel capillary trees with integrated paper pads
Authors: Tokihiro Jodie C. , Tu Wan-chen , Berthier Jean , Lee Jing J. , Dostie Ashley M. , Khor Jian Wei , Eakman Madeleine , Theberge Ashleigh B. , Berthier Erwin
Published: August 2023

The search for efficient capillary pumping has led to two main directions for investigation: first, assembly of capillary channels to provide high capillary pressures, and second, imbibition in absorbing fibers or paper pads. In the case of open microfluidics (i.e., channels where the top boundary of the fluid is in contact with air instead of a solid wall), the coupling between capillary channels and paper pads unites the two approaches and provides enhanced capillary pumping. In this work, we investigate the coupling of capillary trees—networks of channels mimicking the branches of a tree—with paper pads placed at the extremities of the channels, mimicking the small capillary networks of leaves. It is shown that high velocities and flow rates (7 mm/s or 13.1 μl/s) for more than 30 s using 50% (v/v) isopropyl alcohol, which has a 3-fold increase in viscosity in comparison to water; 6.5 mm/s or 12.1 μl/s for more than 55 s with pentanol, which has a 3.75-fold increase in viscosity in comparison to water; and >3.5 mm/s or 6.5 μl/s for more than 150 s with nonanol, which has a 11-fold increase in viscosity in comparison to water, can be reached in the root channel, enabling higher sustained flow rates than that of capillary trees alone.
High temperature decomposition of polymeric carbon monoxide at pressures up to 120 GPa
Authors: Scelta Demetrio , Ceppatelli Matteo , Bini Roberto , Pakhomova Anna , Garbarino Gaston , Mezouar Mohamed , Santoro Mario
Published: August 2023

While polymeric carbon monoxide (pCO) has been experimentally found to remain amorphous and undecomposed at room temperature up to 50 GPa, the question of whether crystalline counterparts of it can be obtained naturally raises. From different computational studies, it can be inferred that either the crystallization of amorphous pCO (a-pCO) or its decomposition into a mixture of CxOy suboxides (x > y) or carbon and CO2 may occur. In this study, we report experimental investigations of the high temperature (700–4000 K) transformation of a-pCO in the 47–120 GPa pressure range, conducted by x-ray diffraction in laser heated diamond anvil cells. Our results show the formation of no crystalline phases other than CO2 phase V, thus indicating the decomposition of the pristine a-pCO into CO2 and, likely, a mixture of amorphous CxOy suboxides and amorphous carbon hardly detectable at extreme conditions. These results support the theoretical picture of the pCO decomposition. We also show that the pressure-temperature kinetic border for this decomposition is very steep, thus indicating a strongly pressure-dependent kinetic barrier.
Review of research on streamwise corner boundary layer
Authors: Yang Rui , Wang Qi , Dong Ze-yu , Zhao Yu-xin
Published: August 2023

This paper is a brief review of recent research on the streamwise corner boundary layer as it affects the component performance evaluation of both the theoretical and practical aircraft design. Typical examples include aircraft wing–body junction, rectangular air intakes, and turbine-hub flow. The paper addresses the questions of what we know and do not know about the streamwise corner boundary layer. Streamwise corner flows are characterized by the presence of secondary flows in the cross-stream planes, which are driven by the normal and secondary-shear components of the Reynolds stress tensor. Extensive studies of analysis for Prandtl's second kind of secondary flows have promoted the understanding of characteristics and formation of streamwise corner boundary layer. However, compared to the flat plate boundary layer, the research on the streamwise corner boundary layer is still far from enough, especially in the similarity solution, the instability, and transition mechanism. In recent years, a significant progress has been achieved in the study on the streamwise corner boundary layer in turbulent flow through direct numerical simulation and stress−ω Reynolds stress model.
Numerical investigation of horizontal flow film boiling of saturated liquid over two inline cylinders in the mixed convection regime
Authors: S. M. Thamil Kumaran , Premachandran B.
Published: August 2023

Mixed convection film boiling in a system of two cylinders positioned in an in-line configuration is numerically studied. The relative importance of inertia over buoyancy is given by Froude number. The direction of the incoming saturated liquid is perpendicular to the direction of gravity. Simulations are performed for the Reynolds number values of 50, 100, and 150; non-dimensional wall superheat values of 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9; and non-dimensional spacing between cylinders values of 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0. Three modes of vortex shedding from the cylinders are identified. An increase in the Reynolds number increases the heat transfer for the upstream cylinder and decreases heat transfer for the downstream cylinder. Increasing the non-dimensional wall superheat leads to decrease in the heat transfer rate from both the cylinders. Changing the non-dimensional spacing between the cylinders does not significantly alter the heat transfer from the upstream cylinder. However, heat transfer rate from the downstream cylinder increases significantly with increase in the non-dimensional spacing between the cylinders. The dynamic interface is affected by the shear layer instability and the vortex shedding pattern, which in turn affects the vapor film thickness around the cylinders and the rates of heat transfer from the cylinders.
Assessing Biopesticides for Managing Fall Armyworm
(Spodoptera frugiperda)
in Africa
Authors: Bateman Melanie , Day Roger , Rwomushana Ivan , Subramanian Sevgan , Wilson Kenneth , Babendreier Dirk , Luke Belinda , Edgington Steve
Published: August 2023

In the last 6 years, the fall armyworm (FAW) has spread to the Middle East, Asia and the Pacific, as well as most nations in Africa. This case focuses on sub-Saharan Africa, where more than 300 million people depend on maize, as a staple crop, and the preferred host plant of FAW. Synthetic pesticides against FAW are not always used safely or effectively. Here we assess work on the current state of knowledge on biopesticides for FAW in Africa, document information gaps, including compatibility with other recommended management practices, and list biopesticides that are a priority for research, development and promotion.

The case incorporates two earlier assessments, one from 2018 on the status of biopesticide options against FAW, and one from 2020 that led to recommendations for field trials for eight active ingredients –
Bacillus thuringiensis
subsp.
kurstaki
,
Beauveria bassiana
,
Dysphania ambrosioides
, ethyl palmitate, eugenol, garlic extract,
Metarhizium anisopliae
and
Steinernema
spp. Field trials for some of these pesticides have now been carried out but other trials are still ongoing. The team also recommended bioassays to determine the effectiveness of four active ingredients against FAW – GS-omega/kappa-Hx-tx-Hv1a, canola oil, capsaicin and D-limonene.

Information

© CAB International 2023
Interacting Solitons, Periodic Waves and Breather for Modified Korteweg–de Vries Equation
Authors: Kruglov Vladimir I. , Triki Houria
Published: August 2023

We theoretically demonstrate a rich and significant new families of exact spatially localized and periodic wave solutions for a modified Korteweg–de Vries equation. The model applies for the description of different nonlinear structures which include breathers, interacting solitons and interacting periodic wave solutions. A joint parameter which can take both positive and negative values of unity appeared in the functional forms of those closed form solutions, thus implying that every solution is determined for each value of this parameter. The results indicate that the existence of newly derived structures depend on whether the type of nonlinearity of the medium should be considered self-focusing or defocusing. The obtained nonlinear waveforms show interesting properties that may find practical applications.