bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rearing in an enriched environment ameliorates the ADHD-like behaviors of Lister hooded rats while suppressing neuronal activities in the medial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Utsunomiya Ryo , Mikami Kanta , Doi Tomomi , Choudhury Mohammed E. , Jogamoto Toshihiro , Tokunaga Naohito , Ishii Eiichi , Eguchi Mariko , Yano Hajime , Tanaka Junya
Published: August 2022

Genetic factors play a critical role in the pathogenesis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but environmental factors may also be responsible for ADHD symptoms. In this study, Lister hooded rats (LHRs), which are outbred rats that exhibit more hyperactive, inattentive, and impulsive behaviors than Wistar rats, were used as ADHD model animals. Male LHR pups were kept in four rearing conditions from postnatal day 23 (4 rats in a standard cage; 12 rats in a large flat cage; and 4 or 12 rats in a large, tall cage with an enriched environment [EE]) until 9 weeks of age. EE rearing decreased the activity of LHRs in the open field test that was conducted for 7 consecutive days. LHRs reared in a large flat cage did not exhibit any apparent change in motor activity. In the drop test, most rats reared in an EE remained on a disk at a height, whereas most rats reared in a standard cage fell off. The rats reared in an EE for 3 weeks from 6 weeks of age also showed an improvement in their ADHD-like behaviors. RNA sequencing revealed that the expression of immediate-early genes in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of LHRs reared in a standard cage was higher than that in the mPFC of LHRs reared in an EE. cFos-expressing neurons were reduced in number in LHRs reared in an EE. These results suggest that growing in an EE from childhood or adolescence improves ADHD-like behaviors and that said improvement is due to the suppression of neuronal activity in the mPFC.
Modified Bushen Yiqi formula attenuates neutrophils recruitment to the lung in rats model of COPD via inhibiting the CXCL1/CXCL5/CXCL8-CXCR2 axis and its downstream STAT and SRC signaling pathways
Authors: Kong Qing , Wang Bin , Zhong Yuanyuan , Liu Baojun , Dong Jingcheng
Published: August 2022

Background: Modified Bushen Yiqi formula (MBYF) demonstrates a therapeutic effect on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), however, its mechanism against COPD remains unclear. This study aims to explore the therapeutic effect and mechanisms of MBYF in a rat model of COPD.Methods: The therapeutic effect of MBYF(12.5 g/kg or 25 g/kg) on six-month cigarette smoke (CS)-induced COPD rats model was evaluated through pulmonary function test, inflammatory cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and inflammatory cytokines in serum and BALF. The therapeutic mechanism was revealed by the RNA-sequencing using lung tissue in CS and CS+MBYF group and confirmed via immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot. Results: MBYF remarkably improved the pulmonary function in the rat model of COPD, ameliorated inflammatory cell accumulation in the lung, and reduced the level of inflammatory cytokines in pulmonary and systemic. Mechanistically, MBYF suppressed the chemotactic migration of neutrophils into the lung by down-regulating CXC motif chemokine ligands (CXCL)1/CXCL5/CXCL8-CXC chemokine motif receptor (CXCR)2 axis. Moreover, MBYF inhibited the activation of STAT1, STAT3, and SRC, which are the downstream signaling pathways of the chemokine-chemokines receptor.Conclusion: MBYF attenuated neutrophils recruitment to the lung in the rats model of COPD via inhibiting the CXCL1/CXCL5/CXCL8-CXCR2 axis and its downstream STAT and SRC signaling pathways. Our results support further investigation of MBYF as a promising therapy in the management of COPD.
Bioinformatics Construction and Experimental Validation of a novel N6- Methylandenosine(m6A)-related lncRNA signature predicts prognosis and immune microenvironment in colon cancer
Authors: Lu Liqing , Zhou Chenghui
Published: August 2022

Background
Colon cancer is one of the most usual malignancies. which affects millions of people worldwide. M6A regulators play significant roles in oncogenesis, tumor progression and prognosis of cancers. The relevance of m6A-related lncRNAs in colon cancer has not been determined. Therefore, the data of transcriptome expression and clinical features were collected from the TCGA database.
Methods
Transcriptome data, miRNA-sequencing data, and clinical information were downloaded from the TCGA database. The m6A-related lncRNA signature was constructed via comprehensive analyses of lncRNA expression level and corresponding clinical data. Besides, the nomogram was built in view of the independent variables. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and CIBERSORT algorithms were applied to evaluate the potential biological functions and to appraise the tumor microenvironment in the two risk groups, respectively. Moreover, the knockdown of m6A-related lncRNA was performed for in vitro analysis, as well as proliferation and colony formation assay.
Results
The result of Kaplan-Meier curve demonstrated remarkable differences in colon cancer patients' overall survival in the two risk groups in two cohorts. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were applied to appraise the manifestation of the model. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis illustrated that the risk score was an independent prognostic factor in two cohorts. Prognosis-related lncRNA ITGB1-DT, SNHG26, AP006621.2, AL513550.1, and AP001619.1 were identified as prognostic risk variables. Knockdown of ITGB1-DT repressed colon cancer cells’ proliferation and colony formation.
Conclusions
This study indicates that m6A-related lncRNAs can function as the underlying independent prognostic biomarkers for colon cancer survival.
Tourists’ perception of outstanding universal value of world natural heritage:a case study of South China Karst
Authors: Ye Shian , Song Xiaoyu , Wu Kehua
Published: August 2022

World heritage is the common wealth of all mankind. How the public perceives the “outstanding universal value(OUV)” under the framework of the expert knowledge system and whether they can consciously recognize, which is already related to the interpretation of heritage value and protection management. Taking the South China Karst World Natural Heritage property as case sites, this paper analyzes the tourists’ perception of OUV and further explore the underlying reasons behind the perception based on online text data. The results showed that: (1) Tourists do not have a high degree of perception of the OUV in the South China Karst World Natural Heritage property, and there are obvious differences; (2) The landscape features of the heritage site at different stages of karst landform evolution have become a prerequisite for the difference in the tourists' perceptions of the karst landscape and aesthetic features of the heritage site. The insufficient OUV display during the tourism development of the heritage site has resulted in an overall low level of tourists’ perception, in addition to the service and experience are gradually valued by tourists, thus the OUV landscape of the heritage site is no longer a hot spot. The image of the tourist destination constructed by the heritage site runs through the pre-tourism motivation, willingness and the post-tourism evaluation of tourists, and then deepens the perception of heritage OUV. By understanding the tourist group's perception of heritage OUV, the results of the study can provide a certain theoretical and practical reference for the development, operation and management of heritage tourism.
Prevalence of Cannabidiol (CBD) consumption and cancer patients’ expectations in one Oncology Day-Hospital: A cross-sectional study and questionnaire validation
Authors: Bozec Antoine Le , Guédon Marie , Brugel Mathias , Laurent Maeliss , Carlier Claire , Hettler Dominique , Perrier Marine , Aubert Léa , Slimano Florian , Mongaret Céline , Bouché Olivier
Published: August 2022

Purpose: The growing interest of cannabidiol (CBD) in medical care prompted french health authorities to explore the potential of CBD in cancer-related severe symptoms. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of CBD use among cancer patients with potential associated factors and to measure the cancer patient’s health literacy (HL) on CBD consumption.Methods: In a prospective study in oncology day-care hospital including patients from October 29th to December, 20th 2021, we collected demographic, biological and oncological characteristics. Patient CBD HL was measured by the hetero-questionnaire 8-item-CBD HL scale (HLS-8-CBD) whose conception has been validated by a psychometric analysis.Results: Among 363 participants, 20 patients (5.5%) reported CBD use. Factors associated with CBD use were: age <60yrs (Odd Ratio=7.80[1.36-13.32], p<10-4 versus ≥60yrs), smoking history (OR=5.53[1.81-16.88], p<0.01) and no smoking cessation (OR=5.07[1.66-15.46], p<0.01). CBD use was also associated with a better CBD total HL score than non-users (pvalue=0.02).Conclusion: Identification of factors associated with CBD use and a relatively high patient CBD HL in CBD users showed that CBD use in cancer patients care represented a new concern and should enhance health professionals to consider CBD with its associated drug-related problems.
Parallel implementations of randomized vector algorithm for solving large systems of linear equations
Authors: Sabelfeld Karl K. , Kireev Sergey , Kireeva Anastasiya
Published: August 2022

The results of a parallel implementation of a randomized vector algorithm for solving systems of linear equations are presented in the paper. The solution is represented as a Neumann series. The stochastic method computes this series by sampling only random columns, avoiding matrix-by-matrix and matrix-by-vector multiplications. We consider the case when the matrix is too large to fit in random-access memory (RAM). We take two approaches to solving this problem. In the first approach, the matrix is divided into parts, which are distributed among the MPI processes and stored in the available RAM of the cluster nodes. In the second approach, the entire matrix is stored on the hard drive of each node, loaded into RAM and processed in parts. Independent Monte Carlo experiments for random column indices are distributed among MPI processes or OpenMP threads for both matrix storage approaches. The efficiency of parallel implementations is analyzed. Results are given for a system governed by dense matrices of size 104 and 105 .
A Method for Analyzing the Texture Features of Free-form Surface Polishing Paths Based on Co-occurrence Matrix
Authors: Li Jiaxuan , Zhou Bo , Li Lun , Zhao JiBin , Zhu Guang , Cai Ming
Published: August 2022

Analysis of polished surface texture features has been the subject of many classic studies in surface polishing technology and is a key indicator for evaluating the polishing path. In this paper, a new method to analyze the texture features of polishing based on co-occurrence matrix is proposed. It extends the previous approach termed the residual level co-occurrence matrix (RLCM) focusing on the distribution of surface polishing residues, leading to more targeted and stabilized evaluation results. This method can be used in the path planning stage to estimate the polishing quality of the planned path without physical processing, which can avoid resource waste in the physical world. Furthermore, in this method the usage of images is avoided, which can ensure that the results are not affected by the light and image quality. Simulation experiments as well as empirical investigations were conducted to verify the feasibility of the method. The results of both consistently reveal that the proposed method is able to accurately describe the texture feature and correctly analyze the texture feature.
The Inheritance of Axillary Heading Tendency in Cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. (Capitata Group)1
Authors: Akratanakul Wanee , Baggett James R.
Published: August 2022

The tendency for axillary head (AH) development in Brassica oleracea (Capitata group) was shown to be a heritable characteristic. In 11 crosses between high and low AH lines carried at least through the F2 generation, AH was recessive and largely controlled by one or a few genes. In other crosses, in which only the F1 generation was studied, AH tendency usually resembled that of the parent having a low level of AH, but in certain crosses was intermediate or closer to the high scoring parent. Expression of AH was continuous and apparently influenced by modifying genes and the environment. Broadsense heritability estimates were high, but narrowsense heritability estimates were very low indicating dominance effects. No consistent or apparently important differences were found between reciprocals. The weight of AH was not related to yield of main heads in F2 plants.
Nitrogen-water Relationships of Onions Grown on Organic Soil1
Authors: Riekels Jerald W.
Published: August 2022

Field experiments were conducted on organic soil for 2 years to evaluate the influence of frequent irrigation and topdressings with N on growth, maturity and storage life of onions (Allium cepa L.). With no irrigation, growth to midseason, maturity, and final yield were not influenced by increasing amounts of N. The growth to midseason, and the final yield increased and maturity was earlier with increasing amounts of N applied to onions receiving 5 cm of rainfall + irrigation per week. Sprouting in storage was earlier with high N and latest with no N or with the low N rates. The effect was greater with irrigation.

Onions did not respond to N topdressing without irrigation even though rainfall was regular. With irrigation, the highest yield and earliest maturity was obtained with 22 or 34 kg of N/ha applied whenever the crop received 10 cm of water. No advantage in yield or maturity was obtained by applying N after mid-July. Maturity was earlier without irrigation regardless of N treatment.
Resistance in Tomato to the Pink Form of the Potato Aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas): The Role of Anatomy, Epidermal Hairs, and Foliage Composition1
Authors: Quiros Carlos F. , Stevens M. Allen , Rick Charles M. , Kok-Yokomi M. L.
Published: August 2022

Several characteristics of the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and several wild relatives were explored as factors in resistance to the pink form of the potato aphid. Foliage volatiles of resistant and susceptible plants were found to be qualitatively similar but quantitatively different. Olfactometric tests revealed that the aphids did not react in any detectable way to the aroma variation conditioned by these quantitative differences. Epidermal hairs (non-glandular) of the normal genotypes were not a factor influencing degree of attack by the aphids. In the field the aphids avoided both an excessively hairy compound mutant stock Ln-Wom and the wild tomato relative L. hirsutum. However, under infestation in the laboratory the insects managed to feed on these plants. Pubescence in the normal genotype is not a factor affecting resistance. However, increase of hair density and length tends to restrict aphid feeding activity under field conditions. The presence of anthocyanin in the foliage did not inhibit aphids from feeding. No anatomical obstacles to reaching the feeding site, the internal phloem, were found in resistant accessions of the green-fruited species L. hirsutum, however, thick cortex in the stems might prevent aphids from reaching vascular tissue. Comparative analysis of foliage of susceptible and resistant plants revealed higher sucrose, lower quinic acid, and higher alanine and tyrosine contents and a trend toward higher total free amino-acid concentration in the former. Furthermore, susceptible plants were unique as a source of o-phosphoethanol amine.
Effect of Irrigation on Interlocular Cavitation and Yield in Snap Bean1
Authors: Lee Jung M. , Read Paul E. , Davis David W.
Published: August 2022

Interlocular Cavitation (IC) in snap bean pods was studied in 8 commercial cultivars under several irrigation regimes on a sandy soil. In susceptible cultivars, IC was consistently associated with heavy irrigation during pod growth. Little or no IC was found when no more than 1.27 cm of water was applied per week. Irrigation also influenced pod yield, plant weight, ratio of pod weight to plant weight, pod composition, and seed number. Cultivars susceptible to IC showed rapid increase in pod weight when irrigated after 2-3 weeks of moisture stress conditions. However, this rapid increase in pod weight did not induce IC under the conditions tested. Proportion of pod P and K in relation to Ca and Mg increased as irrigation levels were increased. Seed number was related to irrigation and the severity of IC, depending upon cultivar.
Effect of Nitrogen Source and Aluminum in Nutrient Solution on the Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Apple and Peach Seedlings1
Authors: Kotze W. A. G. , Shear C. B. , Faust M.
Published: August 2022

Open-pollinated ‘York Imperial’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and Nemagard peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) seedlings were grown in nutrient solution containing either NH4+ or NO3-. The solution contained 0 or 4 ppm A1 and the pH was maintained at 4.5 by frequent adjustment. Apple seedlings grew better, and growth was less affected by Al, when the N source was NH4+ rather than NO3-. Peach seedlings grew better when supplied with NO3-. The total quantity of Ca, Mg, K, P, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe taken up by both apple and peach seedlings was less in the presence of Al when N was supplied as NO3-. Nutrient uptake by seedlings receiving NH4+ was slightly less or not affected by the presence of Al. Uptake of Mn and Fe was greater in both species and K and P uptake greater in apples, whereas Ca uptake by peach seedlings was less in the presence of NH4+. Aluminum uptake and transport was lower with NH4+ than with NO3- as N source.
Reduction of Tomato Fruit Size and Yield by Ozone1
Authors: Oshima R. J. , Braegelmann P. K. , Baldwin D. W. , Van Way V. , Taylor O. C.
Published: August 2022

A multiple regression analysis of yields of ‘6718 VF’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) from 11 field plots along an ambient ozone gradient in southern California indicated that ozone was responsible for a significant reduction in fruit size. Ozone dose accounted for 85% of the reduction in fruit size and was at least 3.3 times more important than any of the monitored meteorological variables in predicting the percentage of marketable fruit. High ambient ozone depressed production and caused a significant decrease in fruit size over time. A model describing the reduction in marketing container yield (% reduction = 0 + (.0232 x dose)) predicted a 50% reduction at a dose of 2000 pphm-hours > 10 pphm.
Self-fertilization of Cucumis metuliferus Naud. and its Cross-compatibility with C. melo L.1
Authors: Fassuliotis George
Published: August 2022

Self- and cross-compatibility relationships between Cucumis metuliferus and C. melo cv. Gulfstream were studied. In selfed flowers of C. metuliferus, the pollen tubes reached the ovules within 24 hours. Fertilization occurred in 91% of the ovules between 24 and 48 hours. ‘Gulfstream’ pollen on C. metuliferus germinated well, but pollen tubes grew slower and most stopped at the level of the uppermost ovules. About 1% of the tubes, however, succeeded in entering and fertilizing the ovules. Seeds recovered from fruit resulting from C. metuliferus x C. melo did not germinate, probably due to failure to achieve double fertilization or to early embryo abortion. Viable embryos have been successfully cultured when removed from the ovary 15—20 days after pollination but one surviving plant was similar to the maternal parent and was not an interspecific hybrid.
Heterosis and Combining Ability in a Diallel Cross of Onions1
Authors: Hosfield George L. , Vest Grant , Peterson C. E.
Published: August 2022

Nine inbred onion (Allium cepa L.) lines of diverse origin and known horticultural performance were crossed in diallel to measure the extent of heterosis for yield and 6 other traits and to evaluate the types of gene action involved in character expression. Parents and the 36 F1 hybrids were compared at 2 locations (Michigan and Wisconsin) in 1975. Average performance of the parents and hybrids showed good agreement between environments for yield and several other traits. The mean performance of F1 hybrids fell within the range of parents for all characters. Although not always significant, F1’s on the average yielded more, were earlier to mature, had greater bulb weights, more centers, fewer rings, and were less firm than the average of the better parents in crosses. Heterosis was significant and favorable at both locations for yield, maturity, and bulb weight, but unfavorable for centers/bulb. Yield heterosis of the hybrids over the mid- and high parent, respectively, were 39 and 20% at Palmyra, Wisconsin and 27 and 12% at East Lansing, Michigan. In general, high F1 yields were associated with crosses involving high yielding parents. Variances of general combining ability (GCA) predominated for all traits. Small but significant specific combining ability (SCA) effects were noted for maturity, bulb firmness, and % of storage loss.
Relationship of Storage, Handling, and Cooking Method to Color, Hardcore Tissue, and Carbohydrate Composition in Sweet Potatoes1
Authors: Sistrunk W. A.
Published: August 2022

The effects of bruising and chilling on color, hardcore, and carbohydrate composition in ‘Centennial’ and ‘Georgia Jet’ sweet potato roots (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) were observed after baking and boiling. ‘Centennial’ was better in color than ‘Georgia Jet’ by both cooking methods. There was a general increase in discoloration as storage was extended to 10 days. Baked roots were better in color than boiled by both Hunter Color Difference Meter and sensory scores. The incidence of hardcore was higher in ‘Georgia Jet’, and the amount increased with storage time at 2°C. Bruising did not influence hardcore, but bruised lots had more discoloration and received lower color scores. ‘Centennial’ was higher than ‘Georgia Jet’ in all carbohydrates except cellulose. All carbohydrates decreased during 10-day storage except sugars and water-soluble pectin. Cooking by baking converted more starch to sugar than boiling. Significant interactions occurred among cultivar, storage temperature, storage time, and cooking method that influenced the interpretation of the results.
The Role of Nucleic Acid Synthesis in Cucumber Fruit Set1
Authors: Fuller Gale L. , Leopold A. Carl
Published: August 2022

The effects of pollination and auxin treatment on nucleic acid synthesis were compared in cucumber ovaries (Cucumis sativus L., cv. Crusader) druing fruit set. Stimulation of nucleic acid synthesis occurred within 9 hours after pollination, and within 6 hours after auxin treatment. This new synthesis is deduced to be necessary for fruit growth because nucleic acid inhibitors such as Actinomycin-D (Act-D) blocked fruit growth most effectively if applied during the first 12 hr after pollination, before an increase in growth had begun. The inhibitor 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), which selectively inhibits synthesis of RNA fractions other than messenger RNA, did not block fruit growth, suggesting that messenger RNA could be the most limiting of the new RNA fractions synthesized during the first 12 hours of fruit set.
Frequency and Rate of Fertilization with Trickle Irrigation for Strawberries1
Authors: Locascio S. J. , Myers J. M. , Martin F. G.
Published: August 2022

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Dutch.) response to trickle irrigation was compared with overhead and no irrigation. Fertilizer rates were 94-55-104 to 202-118-223 kg/ha N-P-K with 0, 50, and 100% of the N and K applied with trickle irrigation. The remaining fertilizer for trickle and all for overhead and non-irrigated treatments was applied preplant. Fruit yields were increased 34% with overhead irrigation and 37% with trickle irrigation above that for non-irrigated treatments. With 0 and 50% of the N and K applied in daily or weekly increments with trickle irrigation, fruit yields were 2 and 20% greater than with overhead irrigation, 30 and 58% greater than with no irrigation, respectively. The N levels of leaf tissue samples were not influenced by treatment. Leaf K levels were significantly higher with trickle irrigation than with overhead irrigation or check treatments. Soil value for total soluble salts, K and NO3 were significantly lower with trickle irrigation than with overhead or no irrigation treatments.
Effects of Etiolation, Stem Anatomy, and Starch Reserves on Root Initiation of Layered Malus Clones1
Authors: Doud Steven L. , Carlson Robert F.
Published: August 2022

Four Malus dwarfing rootstock clones showed a range of rooting success when propagated as layers. Root emergence was largely confined to a nodal position near lateral buds. Anatomical studies revealed nodal rooting to be closely associated with the parenchymatous bud and leaf gaps of the stem. The highest starch concentration was in these tissues and the outer ring of pith cells. Etiolation during layering increased stem starch and decreased the degree of sclerification of the cortex. Rooting success was negatively correlated with degree of sclerification. Etiolated stem cuttings rooted in 7 days under mist propagation, while non-etiolated cuttings failed to root, indicating that etiolation provided a stimulus to root initiation in the non-differentiated, starch-rich gap areas. Inter-relationships of stem etiolation and internal carbohydrate reserves were associated with the rooting process.
Effects of Two Analogs of Rhizobitoxine and Sodium Benzoate on Senescence of Snapdragons1
Authors: Yi Wang Chien , Baker James E. , Hardenburg Robert E. , Lieberman Morris
Published: August 2022

Snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus L.) preconditioned or held in floral preservative solutions containing the ethoxy analog of rhizobitoxine showed reduced ethylene production, reduced flower abscission, and increased vase life. The methoxy analog of rhizobitoxine also inhibited ethylene production and increased vase life of snapdragons, but to a lesser extent. Sodium benzoate at 0.2 mm suppressed ethylene production but did not increase vase life; at 2.0 mm sodium benzoate was toxic to flowers.
Thinning Apples with Ethylene-releasing Chemicals1
Authors: Robitaille Henry A. , Emerson Frank H. , Yu K. S.
Published: August 2022

Successful fruit thinning of apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) with CGA 15281, an ethylene-releasing compound, was demonstrated at 20 and 46 days past bloom. A rapid drop in fruit removal force was followed by fruit abscission on days 4 and 5. In contrast, ethephon often resulted in protracted abscission and complete fruit removal. Differential sensitivity to CGA 15281 existed among cultivars. Explants were less sensitive to ethylene than intact fruit, and could not be used for controlled experiments. No adverse effects of CGA 15281 were noted with the exception of some leaf drop in the interior of the tree.
Fruit Removal Force, Cellulase, and Ethylene Production in Release and Ethephon-treated Oranges1
Authors: Kossuth S. V. , Biggs R. H.
Published: August 2022

‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] were treated by stem uptake or dipping in 5-chloro-3-methyl-4nitro-1H, pyrazole (Release) and (2-chloro-ethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) of varying concentrations. Depending upon chemical concentration and fruit maturity, fruit removal force (FRF) was reduced within 24 or 48 hours. More buffer and salt extractable cellulase activity were produced after ethephon than after Release treatment, both exceeding the control. Buffer soluble cellulase activity was treatment concentration dependent while salt released cellulase activity was chemical (Release, ethephon, or control) dependent, increasing by the same amount regardless of treatment concentration. Two ethylene peaks, resulting in an M-shaped curve, occurred after dipping oranges in Release. The peak due to chemical treatment (chemical peak) appeared first and was concentration dependent, being of greater magnitude and earlier in time with the higher concentrations. Measurable ethylene production after stem uptake of the chemicals was erratic and represents an inadequate and erroneous procedure for determining effectiveness of a potential abscission chemical.
Irrigation and Applied Nitrogen Effects on Snap Beans and Pickling Cucumbers1
Authors: Doss B. D. , Evans C. E. , Turner J. L.
Published: August 2022

Field studies were conducted to determine the response of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) to no, intermediate, and high irrigation with 0, 65, 100, and 135 kg N/ha on beans and 56 and 112 kg N/ha on cucumbers. Intermediate irrigation increased marketable yields, but high irrigation did not. Average snap bean yields for the 3-year period by soil water regimes were 5,800, 7,000, and 6,800 kg/ha, and for cucumbers were 32,200, 35,400, and 33,000 kg/ha for no, intermediate, and high irrigation, respectively. Applied N increased yields, with the 3-year average snap bean yields being 4,600, 6,600, 7,200 and 7,700 kg/ha for 0, 65, 100 and 135 kg/ha rates, respectively, and cucumber yields being 31,900 and 35,100 kg/ha for 56 and 112 kg/ha, respectively. There was a greater response to N fertilizer on the spring crop than on the fall crop.
Influence of Fruit-setting Treatment on Translocation of l4C-metabolites in Citrus during Flowering and Fruiting1
Authors: Powell A. A. , Krezdorn A. H.
Published: August 2022

Self-pollination, emasculation and gibberellic acid (GA) were used to study translocation patterns of l4C-metabolites during flowering and fruiting in calamondin (Citrus madurensis Lour.). Radioautographs showed similar translocation patterns with self-pollination and GA. GA and self-pollination resulted in a considerably stronger mobilization of 14C-metabolites to young ovaries and developing fruits than when flowers were emasculated and no further stimulus provided. The movement of l4C-metabolites to fruits, especially in the 3-week period after anthesis, appeared essential for fruit set and development.
Comparative Efficacy of Ozone-injury Suppression by Benomyl and Carboxin on Turfgrasses1
Authors: Papple D. J. , Ormrod D. P.
Published: August 2022

The systemic fungicides benomyl and carboxin were evaluated in controlled environment chambers as ozone protectants on annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. cv. Merion) and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds. cv. Penncross); and in open-top outdoor chambers on creeping bent-grass. Benomyl sprays were effective in reducing ozone-induced injury in controlled environments on all grasses at all rates used. Carboxin was not a satisfactory ozone protectant and had direct toxic effects on leaves of all 3 species. Growth retardation due to ozone or carboxin was generally proportional to leaf injury. Benomyl sprays in the outdoor situation limited ozone injury on creeping bentgrass for several weeks in the summer but for a much shorter time in the fall.
Influence of Lime, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Sources on the Availability and Relationship of Soil Fluoride to Leaf Scorch in Lilium longiflorum Thunb1
Authors: Marousky F. J. , Woltz S. S.
Published: August 2022

Plants of ‘Croft’, ‘Ace’ and ‘Nellie White’ grown in F- or Li-amended sand cultures had injured leaves. F-injury on ‘Croft’ developed as a semi-circular necrotic area at the margin of the leaf near its apex. The necrosis enlarged until the entire leaf tip and margin became necrotic. F injury on ‘Ace’ and ‘Nellie White’ varied from the semi-circular necrosis pattern to chlorotic or necrotic leaf margins. Injury affected only lower leaves of ‘Ace’ and ‘Nellie White’ but affected all leaves of ‘Croft’. Li injured leaves of all cultivars but the number and degree of injury were less than those produced by F. Li injury developed as chlorotic leaf margins which eventually became necrotic. In all cultivars Li injury was confined to lower leaves. ‘Croft’ was more sensitive to F and Li than ‘Ace’ or ‘Nellie White’.

‘Ace’ and ‘Nellie White’ were also grown in soil amended with dicalcium phosphate or superphosphate at both low and high lime rates and fertilized with NH4-N or NO3-N nitrogen. Plants grown with dicalcium phosphate with NH4-N or at any lime rate had no leaf injury. Plants grown with superphosphate had injured leaves, particularly at low lime rates with NH4-N. Soil and plant analysis showed a high positive correlation between superphosphate, which contains F, and leaf scorch. Soil-borne F was influenced by source of N fertilizer and lime rate. The pattern of leaf scorch from superphosphate in ‘Nellie White’ and ‘Ace’ was the same as that from NaF.
A Media and Fertilizer Study in Anthurium1
Authors: Higaki Tadashi , Poole Richard T.
Published: August 2022

A study was conducted on Anthurium andreanum Lind, cv Ozaki Red testing sugarcane bagasse, wood shavings, black cinder, black cinder base with bagasse mulch, and tree fern chips, media and fertilizer levels of 448, 196, and 370 kg N-P-K/ha per yr at 1, 2, and 3 × rates. Media ranking from best to poorest for flower production, flower stem length, and flower size were: sugarcane bagasse, wood shavings, black cinder base with bagasse mulch, tree fern chips and black cinder. The low fertilizer rate gave as good or better results in flower production as the high rates. The 2 × rate produced slightly longer flower stems and larger flowers than 1 × or 3 × rate. Flower production decreased with age of plant, but both stem length and flower size increased.
Heritability of Reducing Sugar Concentration in Pickling Cucumber Fruit and its Implication on Methods of Selection1
Authors: McCreight J. D. , Lower R. L. , Moll R. H.
Published: August 2022

Narrow sense heritabilities (h2) for reducing sugar concentration of pickling cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) were estimated for a population of half-sib families from 501 plant introductions and cultivars. Reducing sugar concentration averaged 22.3 mg/g fresh weight, and ranged from 10.4 to 51.9 mg/g. Half-sib family heritability of reducing sugar concentration was 0.30, and after correction for estimated genotype × environment interaction was 0.051. Parent-offspring heritability was 0.042. Expected gains per cycle of half-sib progeny testing and half-sib testing, corrected for genotype × environment interaction bias, were 0.42 and 0.21 mg reducing sugar/g, respectively. Expected gain per cycle of mass selection was 0.38 mg/g.
Hormones in Pear Seeds. II. Levels of Abscisic Acid, Dihydrophaseic Acid, and Their Metabolites in Relation to Seed Dormancy in Several Pyrus Species1
Authors: Dennis F. G. , Martin G. C. , Gaskin P. , MacMillan J.
Published: August 2022

Concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA), dihydrophaseic acid (DPA), and their metabolites were measured in mature pear seeds, using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). ABA content of Pyrus communis L. cv. Bartlett seeds fell during imbibition, but was not affected by temperature (4 vs. 21°C) or time (0 to 4 weeks) of stratification in a moist medium. Levels of DPA and 3 of its metabolites were not correlated with dormancy. The amount of chilling required to break dormancy was not correlated with ABA or DPA content in imbibed, non-stratified seeds of 6 Pyrus species.
Interspecific Hybridization between Rice Bean [Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashi] and Adzuki Bean [V. angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi]1
Authors: Ahn Chang Soon , Hartmann Richard W.
Published: August 2022

Interspecific hybridization between Vigna umbellata and V. angularis is reported for the first time. Hybrids were obtained from immature embryos cultured on artificial medium. The hybrids showed normal meiosis (11II) and fertility only slightly reduced from that of the parental species. Viable seeds were produced by self-pollination and by backcrosses to both parents. It appears that these species are closely related and gene transfers in both directions should be possible once embryo abortion is overcome by embryo culture.
Effect of Stage of Bud Development on Cold Injury in Rabbiteye Blueberry1
Authors: Spiers J. M.
Published: August 2022

Floral and vegetative buds of ‘Tifblue’ and ‘Woodard’ rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium ashei Reade) in various stages of development were exposed to cold under controlled conditions. The temperature required to damage a floral bud was inversely related to the stage of the bud; closed floral buds survived −15°C, but open buds were killed by −1°. Floral buds exposed to but undamaged by cold developed as rapidly as buds with no exposure to cold. Cold hardiness of vegetative buds was similar to that of floral buds.
Nitrogen, Potassium and Magnesium Nutrition of Three Orchid Genera1
Authors: Poole Hugh A. , Seeley John G.
Published: August 2022

In nutrient culture, growth of hybrid plants of Cymbidium and Phalaenopsis was optimal with 100 ppm N, 50-100 ppm K and 25 ppm Mg and optimal for Cattleya with 50 ppm each of N, K and Mg. Cymbidium plants developed N deficiency symptoms when supplied with 50 ppm N. K levels tested had little effect on growth responses. Mg at 100 ppm decreased growth of all 3 genera in comparison to 50 ppm.
Relationship of Seedbed Fertilization and Fumigation to Infection of Sour Orange Seedlings by Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phytophthora parasitica1
Authors: Timmer L. W. , Leyden R. F.
Published: August 2022

Preplant fumigation with methyl bromide, sodium N-methyl dithiocarbamate, and heat treatment temporarily eliminated Phytophthora parasitica Dast. from most seedbeds, prevented damping-off and reduced root rot on sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) seedlings. Stunting of seedlings due to elimination of mycorrhizal fungi occurred frequently following these treatments. Seedlings in non-fumigated, captan-treated seedbeds were not affected by damping-off or lack of mycorrhizae, but growth was reduced compared to that in fumigated beds because of severe root infection by P. parasitica. Application of 500 to 750 kg P/ha to fumigated seedbeds temporarily stimulated the seedling growth, and larger seedlings resulted when mycorrhizae subsequently became reestablished in the beds. Application at these rates did not overcome the stunting problem if mycorrhizae failed to become re-established. Application of 1900 to 2000 kg P/ha stimulated early growth of seedlings in fumigated seedbeds but inhibited mycorrhizal formation and induced copper deficiency symptoms. Fumigation programs which are effective in eradicating P. parasitica also eliminate mycorrhizal fungi and induce severe stunting symptoms which are partially reversible by application of P, but completely reversible only by inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi.
Abscission of Flowers and Fruits in Phaseolus vulgaris L. II. The Relationship between Pod Abscission and Endogenous Abscisic, Phaseic, and Dihydrophaseic Acids in Pedicels and Pods1
Authors: Subhadrabandhu S. , Dennis F. G. , Adams M. W.
Published: August 2022

In each of 2 cultivars of dry bean, populations of fruits having either low or high abscission potentials were established by removing early opening flowers from half the plants and leaving all flowers on the remainder. Fruits were harvested 4 to 5 days after anthesis and separated according to length, which was negatively correlated with abscission potential. Abscisic acid (ABA), phaseic acid (PA), and dihydrophaseic acid (DPA) contents were determined in methanol extracts of both pods and pedicels, using electron capture gas liquid chromatography. The content of these 3 compounds in pedicels was not significantly affected by cultivar, fruit size or flower removal. ABA content of pods was positively correlated with fruit load but was not related to fruit size. Phaseic acid content increased with fruit size and with fruit load but was not affected by cultivar. Content of DPA was unaffected by pod size or fruit load. We conclude that levels of extractable ABA, PA, and DPA do not regulate fruit abscission in dry bean.
Effect of Orchard Culture on Pine Vole Activity1
Authors: Byers R. E. , Young R. S.
Published: August 2022

A change in orchard culture caused a significant reduction in activity of pine voles (Microtus pinetorum Le Conte). Cultivations in May, July, and November were not as effective as 2 cultivations plus 2 residual herbicide treatments (July and November). A single cultivation in November caused a small but significant reduction in vole activity but the effect was short lived. A heavy annual residual herbicide treatment in July caused a small but significant reduction in vole activity. No cultural treatment resulted in adequate control by December of 3 consecutive years and toxic hand placed baits were required each year to reduce populations.
Determining Air Pollutant Effects on the Growth and Productivity of ‘Concord’ Grapevines Using Open-top Chambers1
Authors: Musselman R. C. , Render W. J. , Crowe D. E.
Published: August 2022

A 4-year study was conducted to compare vine growth and yield in ambient air with growth in air charcoal-filtered to remove ozone. Open top chambers, with and without charcoal filters, were placed over individual vines in a mature ‘Concord’ (Vitis labruscana, Bailey) vineyard. Vines growing in open top chambers, regardless of charcoal filtration, grew less, had delayed maturity of shoots, and delayed leaf senescence as compared to those not growing in chambers. Though chamber effect masked treatment effect on total vine productivity, charcoal filtration reduced oxidant stipple and increased fruit soluble solids. Year-to-year variability in severity of oxidant stipple may be related to seasonal rainfall and ambient ozone levels.
Base-line Growth Studies of ‘Grand Rapids’ Lettuce in Controlled Environments1
Authors: Hammer P. Allen , Tibbitts T. W. , Langhans Robert W. , McFarlane J. Craig
Published: August 2022

‘Grand Rapids’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was grown in 4 different controlled environment facilities to establish base-line growth (“normal”) rates under a standard set of environmental conditions. Growing and environmental measurement procedures to minimize variability and environmental measuring instruments to set environmental conditions are described. The variation in growth within laboratories was greater than the variation among laboratories. The base-line data, with described procedures, can be used to compare lettuce growth in other growth chambers and provides a biological check for operation and environmental control in research facilities.
Cytological Studies of ‘Kaumana’ and ‘Uniwai’ Anthurium1
Authors: Kaneko Kenichiro , Kamemoto Haruyuki
Published: August 2022

The chromosome number was 2n = 30 for Anthurium andreanum Linden ‘Kaumana’ and 2n = 30 +2B for ‘Uniwai’. The karyotypes, in addition to the 2 B chromosomes in ‘Uniwai’, consisted of 4 large metacentric, 2 fairly large satellite and 24 smaller chromosomes. Meiotic configurations in pollen mother cells were similar for both cultivars with the exception of 2 B chromosomes in ‘Uniwai’. Meiotic irregularities suggest a hybrid origin of cultivated anthuriums.
Ethylene Production as an Indicator of Seasonal Development in Red-osier Dogwood1
Authors: Seibel Janice R. , Fuchigami L. H.
Published: August 2022

Ethylene evolution from excised plant parts was tested as an indicator of stage of seasonal development in red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea L., syn. C. stolonifera Michx.). A reduction in ethylene production occurs several weeks prior to the time when defoliation can be safely accomplished. This reduction occurs synchronously over the length of the plant, although ethylene production by basipetal tissues prior to the decrease was lower than that by more acropetal tissues. The pattern of change in ethylene production by nodal tissue, which included the axillary buds and about 5 mm of petiole, seemed to be least affected by environmental growing conditions. Ethylene could be used as a predictor for vegetative maturity stage in red-osier dogwood.
Growth and Development of Forced Tuberous-rooted Dahlias1
Authors: Barrett J. E. , De Hertogh A. A.
Published: August 2022

For the first 35 days following planting, the dry weights of the tuberous roots (TR) of Dahlia ‘Park Princess’ and ‘Miramar’ decreased, but simultaneously the dry weights of the fibrous roots (FR) and shoots increased. During the 2nd half of the forcing period shoot and TR dry weights increased rapidly. New TR developed from adventitious roots which formed at the basal nodes of the stem. Ancymidol (0.75 mg/plant) reduced shoot dry weight as well as total height but did not alter TR or FR growth. Plant quality measured by shoot dry weight was reduced when the distal half of each TR was removed before planting. It was not reduced where half of the TR were left intact or when only 1 cm was removed from each TR. The number of days to flower was inversely correlated with plant height measured at 14 and 28 days after planting but not with clump fresh weight.
Growth Retardant Effects on Three Turfgrass Species
Authors: Christians Nick E. , Nau James
Published: August 2022

‘Baron’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and ‘Reliant’ hard fescue (Festuca ovina var. duriuscula L. Koch.) were treated with N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluromethyl) sulfonyl] amino] phenyl] acetamide (Mefluidide) at 0.28 and 0.56 kg/ha, (2-chIoroethyI) phosphonic acid (ethephon) at 2.24, 4.48; and 6.72 kg/ha; and 5-(4-chIorophenyl)-3,4,5,9,10-pentaaza-tetracyclo [5,4,1,02’6, 08,11] dodeca-3,9-diene (BAS 106 00 W) at 1.68, 3.36, and 5.04 kg/ha. Similar responses to all rates of mefluidide and BAS 106 00 W, and to the 2.24 kg/ha rate of ethephon were observed for Kentucky bluegrass and hard fescue. Tall fescue shoot growth was reduced by mefluidide and the BAS 106 00 W, but to a lesser extent than the other 2 species, and was not affected by ethephon. Ethephon elongated internodes and shortened leaf blades of Kentucky bluegrass. Ethephon at 2.24 kg/ha reduced Kentucky bluegrass clipping weight and increased root organic matter production without reducing quality.
Mycorrhizae, Water Relations, Growth, and Nutrient Uptake of Geranium Grown under Moderately High Phosphorus Regimes
Authors: Sweatt Michael R. , Davies Fred T.
Published: August 2022

To determine the role of endomycorrhizae on water relations and plant growth of geraniums under nonrate-limiting soil P conditions, hybrid seedlings (Pelargonium X hortorum Bailey cv. Cherry Glow) were planted in moderately high P (40 ppm) media, grown under high (−0.4 MPa) or low (−1 MPa) soil water potential (ψs), and either inoculated with VA mycorrhizal fungi [Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) and G. fasciculatus (Thaxt. sensu Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe] (VAM) or left as noninoculated controls. Geraniums grown under high moisture had greater shoot growth, more advanced floral development, and higher P uptake than the low moisture plants. Mycorrhizal plants under high moisture conditions had higher P levels than noninoculated plants, while mycorrhizal plants under low moisture regimes had greater shoot growth, more advanced floral formation, and greater N uptake than noninoculated plants. Xylem water potential in leaves (ψL) was lower under −1 MPa than −0.4 MPa ψS moisture regimes and lowest in mycorrhizal geraniums grown under −1 MPa ψS. One hundred minutes after plants had recovered from water stress, the greatest change in ψL was recorded for mycorrhizal geraniums acclimatized to low moisture regimes. Geraniums under low moisture regimes are more mycorrhizal-dependent. Total estimated root length and root water conductivity were lower with mycorrhizal geraniums under high water and P regime. Under water stress, the larger mycorrhizal geraniums have greater total water demands than controls. Consequently, mycorrhizal geraniums stressed more rapidly yet more efficiently recovered from water deficits. Data suggests that VAM plants acclimate more efficiently to water stress because of more frequent or extreme drought.