bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Valoración del medio natural por "unidades valle" en Puebla de Lillo (León) para actividades genéricas y específicas
Authors: Alonso Herrero E. , Rodríguez Blanco J. , López de Prado J. , Cendrero Uceda A.
Published: October 2010

[es] La cuantificación territorial (planimetría) de diferentes parámetros del medio natural del término municipal de Puebla de Lillo, en la vertiente sur de la Cordillera Cantábrica, ha permitido la valoración de la capacidad de este medio natural frente a la posible implantación de diferentes actividades.Esta valoración se basa en la utilización de matrices de relación entre los elementos y tipos del medio natural frente a las actividades, eligiéndose diferentes tipos de parámetros pertenecientes a 5 elementos del medio natural.En primer lugar se ha realizado una valoración para seis actividades genéricas, consideradas éstas como el conjunto de varias actividades específicas relacionadas estrechamente entre sí. De este modo se establece una doble jerarquización en la capacidad de uso para las distintas "unidades valle". Posteriormente se muestra como ejemplo la valoración de cinco actividades específicas y se establece la capacidad de acogida para éstas.
[fr] La capacité d'accueil pour de différentes activités de la Cordillère Cantabrique (versant méridional) a été évaluée par la quantification des divers paramètres du moyen naturel.Le rapport entre les éléments et les types du moyen naturel et les activités, a été étudié sur l'analyse matriciel, dans lequel sont considérés différentes types de paramètres qui appartiennent à 5 éléments de l'environnement naturel.L'évaluation de 6 activités génériques et 5 spécifiques nous ont permis l'établissement de deux niveaux d'utilisation pour les "unités vallée".
Alpine meadows and pastures after abandonment. Results of the Austrian MaB-programme and the EC-STEP project INTEGRALP
Authors: Tappeiner Ulrike , Cernusca Alexander
Published: October 2010

[es] Se presentan los resultados de un análisis sobre el comportamiento de los ecosistemas alpinos durante el abandono de las prácticas agrícolas en los mismos. Los trabajos se han llevado a cabo en el valle de Gastein (Austria), en el Parque Nacional del Alto Tauern (Austria) y en el Monte Bondone (Italia). En los tres lugares se han estudiado distintas fases de la sucesión vegetal, midiéndose numerosos parámetros ecológicos, como el balance de carbono, el balance energético, la estructura de la cubierta vegetal y distintas interacciones entre organismos. Más de 20 especialistas han intervenido en la toma y análisis de los datos. Entré los principales resultados observados se cuentan el aumento de diversidad en las áreas abandonadas y su relativa inestabilidad; en ellas la luz se convierte en un factor limitante; la degradación de la hojarasca y la materia muerta se hace más lenta; la escorrentía y la erosión superficial disminuyen apreciablemente. En general, los pastos alpinos abandonados reflejan una situación de transición entre el estado artificial de equilibrio mantenido por el cultivo y el equilibrio natural existente en las comunidades clímax.
[fr] On présente les résultats d'une étude du comportement des écosystèmes alpins après l'abandonnement des pratiques traditionnelles de pâturage. Les observations ont été faites dans la Vallée de Gastein (Autriche), dans le Parc National de l'Haut Tauern (Autriche) et dans le M t. Bondone (Italie). Dans les trois places on a étudié différents phases de la succession végétale, en mesurant nombreux paramètres écologiques, telle bilan d'énergie, le bilan du carbone, la structure du tapis végétal et diverses interactions entre les organismes. Plus de 20 spécialistes ont travaillé dans la prise et l'analyse des données. Parmi les principaux résultats observés peut-on signaler l'augmentation de la diversité dans les pâturages abandonnés et leur relative instabilité; la lumière dévient là un facteur limitant, la dégradation de la litière se fait plus lente; l'écoulement et l'érosion de la surface diminuent beaucoup. Généralement les pâturages alpins abandonnées montrent une situation transitionnelle entre l'équilibre artificiel résultant de l'intervention humaine et l'équilibre naturel de la communauté climacique.
Magnitud y frecuencia del transporte fluvial de sedimento en una cuenca mediterránea semihúmeda
Authors: Batalla Ramón J. , Sala María
Published: October 2010

[es] Este trabajo examina la magnitud y la frecuencia del transporte de sedimento (material disuelto, sedimento en suspensión y carga de fondo) en la cuenca de la riera de Arbúcies (Cordilleras Costeras Catalanas), a partir de los caudales diarios del periodo 1967-1992 y de las muestras de agua y sedimento obtenidas durante los años 1991 y 1992. Los resultados indican que el transporte en disolución es más uniforme en el tiempo que el transporte de material sólido, tanto en suspensión como de fondo. Los cálculos muestran que la carga sólida total depende sobre todo de crecidas frecuentes y de magnitud moderada, correspondientes al nivel de cauce lleno (bankfull). Cabe señalar, en este sentido, que los caudales bankfull suceden el 2,2% del tiempo y transportan el 56% del sedimento en suspensión y el 31% de la carga de fondo total anual. El caudal efectivo para el transporte de sedimento en este río es, por tanto, un suceso relativamente frecuente y de idéntica magnitud al caudal geomorfológicamente dominante o bankfull.
[fr] Ce travail examine l'ampleur et la fréquence du transport de sédiment (matériel dissous, sédiment en suspension et charge de fond) dans le bassin de la "sierra de Arbúcies" (Cordillères Côtières Catalanes), à partir des débits journaliers de la période 1967-1992 et des échantillons d'eau et de sédiment obtenus durant les années 1991 et 1992. Les résultats indiquent que le transport en dissolution est plus uniforme dans le temps que le transport de matériel solide, tant en suspension que de fond. Les calculs montrent que la - charge solide totale dépend surtout des crues d'eau fréquentes et d'ampleur modérée, correspondantes au niveau du canal plein (bankfull). Ou signale, dans ce sens, que les débits bankfull surviennent pendant 2,2% du temps et transportent 56% du sédiment en suspension et 31% de la charge de fond annuelle totale. Le débit effectif pour le transport de sédiment dans cette rivière est, donc, un événement relativement fréquent et d'ampleur identique à celle du débit géomorphologiquement dominant ou bankfull.
Uso estructural del hábitat por una comunidad de aves en bosques de rebollo (Quercus pyrenaica, Willd)
Authors: Calvo Jesús M. , Peris Salvador J.
Published: October 2010

Depto. de Biología Animal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37071- Salamanca, España
[es] Se estudia la influencia que ejercen sobre la comunidad de aves, las 9 zonas estructurales definidas dentro de dos parcelas de rebollar que presentan diferente estructura de su vegetación. La utilización del medio se midió observando cada individuo a intervalos de 30 segundos, anotando la zona sobre la que se encontraba buscando alimento. Se comprueba la selección preferencial de la copa de los árboles y del matorral en la parcela "Monte" y de la copa y el suelo en la parcela "Dehesa". Se pone de manifiesto la incidencia de la estacionalidad sobre la selección de algunos sustratos (copa de árboles, matorral y aire), mientras que otros mantienen una utilización más uniforme durante todo el año (suelo y troncos). El matorral es más ampliamente empleado en el rebollar que en bosques de Quercus perennes ibéricos, mientras que sucede lo contrario respecto al empleo del suelo. El invierno aparece como el período adverso para alimentarse las aves en el rebollar, mientras que en los bosques esclerófilos mediterráneos sería el verano.
[fr] Nous avons étudié l'influence sur la communauté d'oiseaux de 9 zones structurelles definées en deux parcelles de chênaie (Quercus Pyrenaica), présentant chacune une structure de végétation différente. L'utilisation de l'environnement fut mesuré par l'observation de chaque individu tous les 30 secondes, enregistrant la zone où il se trouvait pendant la recherche de la nourriture. Nous avons vérifié que "têtes d'arbres" et "maquis" dans la parcelle "Monte" et "têtes d'arbres" et "sol" dans la parcelle "Dehesa" ont été choisis de préférence. Nous avons pu constater que quelques substrats sont choisis selon les saisons tandis que d'autres (sol et troncs) sont usés de la même manière pendant toute l'année. Le maquis est utilisé plus largement dans la chênaie que dans autres forêts de "Quercus à feuille persistante", tandis que le contraire arrive pour l'utilisation du sol. L'hiver est la période dé favorable pour la nourriture dans la chênaie, tandis que dans des forêts "sclerophiles" méditerranéens c'est l'été.
Rockfalls and glacier contraction: Cirque de Troumouse, French Pyrenees
Authors: Gellatly Anne F. , Parkinson Robert J.
Published: October 2010

[es] Las caldas de piedras en el Circo de Troumouse parecen haber sido desencadenadas por la acción del hielo, y el modelo geomorfológico de depósitos de bloques resultante proporciona una idea sobre la migración de las zonas de meteorización en las paredes. Las observaciones de tales depósitos indican la existencia de claros controles geológicos que pueden relacionarse directamente con la exposición de la pared durante las fases de fusión glaciar.
[fr] Les chutes des pierres dans le cirque de Troumouse paraissent avoir été déclenchées par l'action de la glace, et le modèle géomorphologique des dépôts de blocs résultant donne une idée de la migration des zones de météorisation dans les parois. Les observations de ces dépôts indiquent l'existence de contrôles géologiques très clairs qui peuvent être directement liés à l'exposition de la paroi durant les phases de fusion glaciaire.
Relationships between mountain pine and climate in the French Pyrenees (Font-Romeu) studied using the radiodensitometrical method
Authors: Rolland Cristian , Schueller Jeanne Florence
Published: October 2010

[es] Se ha llevado a cabo un trabajo densitométrico sobre 46 Pinus uncinata (Ramond) en Font-Romeu (Cerdaña francesa). Las funciones de correlación con el clima han sido calculadas sucesivamente con el espesor de los anillos de crecimiento, la densidad de la madera temprana y de la madera tardía. Esta especie produce anillos de crecimiento delgados (1.5 mm) y presenta una elevada sensibilidad con el clima (S.M. = 0.221) pero no parece afectada por la falta de lluvia aunque el clima es más xérico (788 mm/ año). La madera tardía parece muy sensible a las temperaturas. Una primavera cálida ejerce un efecto favorable y un otoño suave con temperaturas máximas superiores a límites críticos permite continuar su desarollo. De la misma manera un otoño caliente aumenta la densidad de la madera tardía aunque las noches frías durante el otoño precedente son desfavorables para el crecimiento porque pueden afectar al Inicio de las yemas y del cambium.
[fr] Une étude radiodensitométrique de46 Pinus uncinata (Ramond) a été réalisée à Font-Romeu (Pyrénées Françaises). Les fonctions de corrélation avec le climat ont été calculées successivement avec les largeurs de cernes, les densités du bois initial et final. Cette espèce forme ici des cernes étroits (1.5 mm) et présente une forte sensibilité au climat (M.S. = 0.221), mais ne semble pas être affectée par le manque de pluie malgré la sécheresse du climat (788 mm de pluie par an). Le Pin à crochets est davantage sensible aux températures par l'intermédiaire du bois final, et préfère un printemps chaud ainsi qu'un automne doux avec des températures maximum supérieures à des seuils critiques afin de prolonger sa période de croissance. Un automne chaud augmente également la densité du bois final, tandis que des nuits froides durant l'automne précédent sont défavorables a la croissance, car elles peuvent affecter l'initiation des bourgeons et du cambium.
Regeneración de un "aulagar" con Ulex europaeus después de un incendio en el norte de España
Authors: Vera de la Fuente M. L.
Published: October 2010

[es] Se estudia la recuperación de un matorral caracterizado por la presencia de Genista hispánica ssp. occidentalis, Ulex europaeus y Erica vagans después de un incendio, en las proximidades de Oviedo. La estrategia regenerativa de Erica vagans es mediante rebrote vegetativo, mientras Ulex europaeus y Genista hispánica ssp. occidentalis tienen capacidad de regenerarse por rebrote vegetativo y por semilla, aunque en este último taxon, el mecanismo de regeneración a través de plántulas fue muy escaso. El desarrollo de la vegetación está muy marcado por la composición florística previa al fuego.
[fr] On à étudié la récupération de broussailles caractérisées par la présence de Genista hispánica ssp. occidentalis, Ulex europaeus et Erica vagans, après un incendie prés d’Oviedo (Nord de Espagne). La stratégie de régénération d’Erica vagans se fait moyennant des pousses végétatives, tandis que la régénération d’Ulex europaeus et Genista hispánica ssp. occidentalis s'esf faite par pousses végétatives et par graines, bien que pour ce dernier taxon, le mécanisme de régénération au travers de plantules a été très rare. Le développement de la végétation est très marqué par la composition floristique existante durant l'incendie.
Determinación de procesos y áreas de riesgos en los Andes centrales de Chile mediterráneo: Casos de estudio
Authors: Quintanilla Víctor
Published: October 2010

[es] Durante la realización del proyecto de Cartografía de Riesgos de Montaña en los Andes Centrales de Chile (Proyecto FONDECYT nº 482- 91) se cartografiaron los riesgos naturales en la cuenca del Aconcagua, altos Andes (2.500 a 4.000 m). Varios riesgos geomorfológicos (avalanchas, caídas de piedras, erosión hídrica) fueron cartografiados a escala 1:50.000 con una leyenda simplificada. Las áreas de montaña parecen relativamente estables y el sustrato rocoso (principalmente granítico) es resistente a la meteorización.Los mayores riesgos son las avalanchas y los deslizamientos, que tienen un largo periodo de recurrencia y son difíciles de predecir, aunque sus áreas fuente pueden ser fácilmente identificadas.
[fr] Durant la réalisation du projet de cartographie des risques de montagne dans les Andes Centrales du Chili (Projet FONDECYT nº 482-91 ) on a réalisé des cartographies des risques naturels dans le bassin de Aconcagua, Hautes Andes (2500 à 4000 m). Des risques géomorphologiques variés (avalanches, chutes de pierres, érosion hydrique) ont été représentés au 1:50.000ième avec une légende simplifiée. Les zones de montagne paraissent relativement stables et la roche mère (principalement granitique) est résistante à la désagrégation. Les risques majeurs sont les avalanches et les glissements, qui ont une vaste période de récurrence et sont difficiles à prédire, quoique leurs zones d'origine puissent être facilement identifiées.
Prophetic witness: An appropriate mode of public discourse in the democratic South Africa?
Authors: De Villiers Etienne
Published: October 2010

The question asked in the heading was answered in this article in four steps. In the first step, an attempt was made to find an accurate account of biblical prophecy by means of a critical discussion of certain influential interpretations of it. In the second step, the extent to which biblical prophecy could serve as a model for contemporary Christians was discussed and an acceptable Christian model of prophetic witness was formulated by drawing on the views of different authors. In the third step, the impact of democracy on the prophetic witness of the church was discussed. The Dutch theologian, Gerrit de Kruijf’s view that the public prophetic witness of the church is not appropriate in democratic societies was criticised and the legitimacy of certain forms of prophetic witness in such societies defended. In the final step, a number of examples of the prophetic witness that is needed in the present democratic South Africa were provided.
The influence of river plume dynamics on trace metal accumulation in calanoid copepods
Authors: Wright Derek D. , Frazer Thomas K. , Reinfelder John R.
Published: October 2010

The concentrations of Ag, Cd, Cu, Hg(II), monomethylmercury (MeHg), Pb, and Zn were measured and modeled in calanoid copepods collected from the Hudson River plume in April 2005 and May 2006. Copepods in the buoyant plume were significantly (p < 0.05) enriched in Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, and MeHg (2‐ to 25‐fold), but depleted in Cd (by 25–40%) relative to oceanic copepods. Median burdens of Ag, Cu, and Hg(II) differed in plume copepods collected in April 2005 and May 2006 by factors of 1.5 to 3, reflecting the influence of river discharge and associated physical processes on plankton dynamics and metal bioaccumulation. Only the concentrations of Cu and Zn in plume copepods clearly showed the expected trend of highest levels near the mouth of the Hudson River and lower levels offshore. Spatial trends in concentrations of Ag and Hg(II) in plume copepods were strikingly different from those in suspended particles and the dissolved phase, apparently reflecting differences in metal bioavailability because of shifts in available food types. Modeled concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in plume copepods were within less than a factor of two of measured values, but model results showed that Hg(II) was less bioavailable, and Ag and MeHg were more bioavailable in the Hudson River plume than laboratory results would predict. Zooplankton from urban river plumes may accumulate potentially toxic levels of trace metals or act as a trophic link between metal contamination in polluted estuaries and pelagic ecosystems.
GOMOS data characterisation and error estimation
Authors: Tamminen J. , Kyrölä E. , Sofieva V. F. , Laine M. , Bertaux J.-L. , Hauchecorne A. , Dalaudier F. , Fussen D. , Vanhellemont F. , Fanton-d'Andon O. , Barrot G. , Mangin A. , Guirlet M. , Blanot L. , Fehr T. , Saavedra de Miguel L. , Fraisse R.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. The Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) instrument uses stellar occultation technique for monitoring ozone, other trace gases and aerosols in the stratosphere and mesosphere. The self-calibrating measurement principle of GOMOS together with a relatively simple data retrieval where only minimal use of a priori data is required provides excellent possibilities for long-term monitoring of atmospheric composition. GOMOS uses about 180 of the brightest stars as its light source. Depending on the individual spectral characteristics of the stars, the signal-to-noise ratio of GOMOS varies from star to star, resulting also in varying accuracy of retrieved profiles. We present here an overview of the GOMOS data characterisation and error estimation, including modeling errors, for O3, NO2, NO3, and aerosol profiles. The retrieval error (precision) of night-time measurements in the stratosphere is typically 0.5–4% for ozone, about 10–20% for NO2, 20–40% for NO3 and 2–50% for aerosols. Mesospheric O3, up to 100 km, can be measured with 2–10% precision. The main sources of the modeling error are incompletely corrected scintillation, inaccurate aerosol modeling, uncertainties in cross sections of trace gases and in atmospheric temperature. The sampling resolution of GOMOS varies depending on the measurement geometry. In the data inversion a Tikhonov-type regularization with pre-defined target resolution requirement is applied leading to 2–3 km vertical resolution for ozone and 4 km resolution for other trace gases and aerosols.
Spatial and vertical extent of nucleation events in the Midwestern USA: insights from the Nucleation In ForesTs (NIFTy) experiment
Authors: Pryor S. C. , Barthelmie R. J. , Sørensen L. L. , McGrath J. G. , Hopke P. , Petäjä T.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Measurements of aerosol particle physical and chemical properties, gas phase concentrations and meteorological parameters were made along a transect in Southern Indiana during the Nucleation In ForesTs (NIFTy) experiment conducted in May 2008. These measurements indicate nucleation was observed at all three measurement sites on almost half of all sampling days. The intensity of the nucleation events, as measured by the increase in ≥10 nm aerosol particle number concentrations of approximately 2×104 cm−3 over a layer of at least 300 m depth, is in good agreement with recent model results for the Midwestern USA derived using PMCAMx-UF. During the hour after termination of nucleation approximately half of the number concentration reduction is due to coagulation, while the remainder is due in equal parts to dry deposition and entrainment of relatively ultra-fine aerosol particle free troposphere air. Clear nucleation with continuous subsequent growth is only observed on days when the morning fractional cloud cover was less than 30%, and is associated with a clear transition from a strongly stratified atmosphere with low turbulence intensity and weak vertical velocities, to much a weaker vertical gradient of wind speed, increased turbulence intensity and stronger downwards vertical velocities, consistent with growth of the mixed layer and entrainment of air from the residual layer. Nucleation intensity is not very strongly determined by the prevailing condensational sink. However, there is a strong correlation between both a modified version of the Nucleation Parameter from Boy and Kulmala (2002) and ultrafine aerosol particle number concentrations, and mean morning H2SO4 concentrations and ultrafine aerosol particle number concentrations. Five A-class event days during NIFTy were characterized by values of the dimensionless nucleation parameter of Kuang et al. (2010) that are below 0.3, further indicating the applicability of their postulate that nucleation is favored by LΓ values below 0.7. Based on aerosol particle composition measurements it appears that aerosol particle formation and initial growth to approximately 30 nm diameter is dominated by ammonium and sulfate. Conservative estimates of the percent contribution of H2SO4 to aerosol particle growth (for sub-30 nm aerosol particles) on five A-class event days ranged from 23 to 85%.
Contributions of secondary forest and nitrogen dynamics to terrestrial carbon uptake
Authors: Yang X. , Richardson T. K. , Jain A. K.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. We use a terrestrial carbon-nitrogen cycle component of the Integrated Science Assessment Model (ISAM) to investigate the impacts of nitrogen dynamics on regrowing secondary forests over the 20th century. We further examine what the impacts of nitrogen deposition and land use change history are on terrestrial carbon uptake since preindustrial time. Our results suggest that global total net land use emissions for the 1990s associated with changes in cropland, pastureland, and wood harvest are 1.22 GtC/yr. Without considering the secondary forest regrowth, the estimated net global total land use emissions are 1.58 GtC/yr or about 0.36 GtC/yr higher than if secondary forest regrowth is considered. Results also show that without considering the nitrogen dynamics and deposition, the estimated global total secondary forest sink for the 1990s is 0.90 GtC/yr or about 0.54 GtC/yr higher than estimates that include the impacts of nitrogen dynamics and deposition. Nitrogen deposition alone is responsible for about 0.13 GtC/yr of the total secondary forest sink. While nitrogen is not a limiting nutrient in the intact primary forests in tropical regions, our study suggests that nitrogen becomes a limiting nutrient for regrowing secondary forests of the tropical regions, in particular Latin America and Tropical Africa. This is because land use change activities, especially wood harvest, removes large amounts of nitrogen from the system when slash is burnt or wood is removed for harvest. However, our model results show that carbon uptake is enhanced in the tropical secondary forests of the Indian region. We argue that this may be due to enhanced nitrogen mineralization and increased nitrogen availability following land use change in the Indian tropical forest ecosystems. Results also demonstrate that there is a significant amount of carbon accumulating in the Northern Hemisphere where most land use changes and forest regrowth has occurred in recent decades. This study indicates the significance of secondary forests to terrestrial carbon sinks, the importance of nitrogen dynamics to the magnitude of secondary forests carbon uptake, and therefore the need to include both primary and secondary forests and nitrogen dynamics in terrestrial ecosystem models.
NORPERM, the Norwegian Permafrost Database – a TSP NORWAY IPY legacy
Authors: Juliussen H. , Christiansen H. H. , Strand G. S. , Iversen S. , Midttømme K. , Rønning J. S.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. NORPERM, the Norwegian Permafrost Database, was developed at the Geological Survey of Norway during the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007-2009 as the main data legacy of the IPY research project Permafrost Observatory Project: A Contribution to the Thermal State of Permafrost in Norway and Svalbard (TSP NORWAY). Its structural and technical design is described in this paper along with the ground temperature data infrastructure in Norway and Svalbard, focussing on the TSP NORWAY permafrost observatory installations in the North Scandinavian Permafrost Observatory and Nordenskiöld Land Permafrost Observatory, being the primary data providers of NORPERM. Further developments of the database, possibly towards a regional database for the Nordic area, are also discussed. The purpose of NORPERM is to store ground temperature data safely and in a standard format for use in future research. The IPY data policy of open, free, full and timely release of IPY data is followed, and the borehole metadata description follows the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P) standard. NORPERM is purely a temperature database, and the data is stored in a relation database management system and made publically available online through a map-based graphical user interface. The datasets include temperature time series from various depths in boreholes and from the air, snow cover, ground-surface or upper ground layer recorded by miniature temperature data-loggers, and temperature profiles with depth in boreholes obtained by occasional manual logging. All the temperature data from the TSP NORWAY research project is included in the database, totalling 32 temperature time series from boreholes, 98 time series of micrometeorological temperature conditions, and 6 temperature depth profiles obtained by manual logging in boreholes. The database content will gradually increase as data from previous and future projects are added. Links to near real-time permafrost temperatures, obtained by GSM data transfer, is also provided through the user interface.
Groundwater contribution to river flows – using hydrograph separation, hydrological and hydrogeological models in a southern Quebec aquifer
Authors: Larocque M. , Fortin V. , Pharand M. C. , Rivard C.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Groundwater contribution to river flows, generally called base flows, often accounts for a significant proportion of total flow rate, especially during the dry season. The objective of this work is to test simple approaches requiring limited data to understand groundwater contribution to river flows. The Noire river basin in southern Quebec is used as a case study. A lumped conceptual hydrological model (the MOHYSE model), a groundwater flow model (MODFLOW) and hydrograph separation are used to provide estimates of base flow for the study area. Results show that the methods are complementary. Hydrograph separation and the MOHYSE surface flow model provide similar annual estimates for the groundwater contribution to river flow, but monthly base flows can vary significantly between the two methods. Both methods have the advantage of being easily implemented. However, the distinction between aquifer contribution and shallow subsurface contribution to base flow can only be made with a groundwater flow model. The aquifer renewal rate estimated with the MODFLOW model for the Noire River is 30% of the recharge estimated from base flow values. This is a significantly difference which can be crucial for regional-scale water management.
Estimating river discharge from earth observation measurement of river surface hydraulic variables
Authors: Negrel J. , Kosuth P. , Bercher N.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. River discharge is a key variable to quantify the water cycle, its fluxes and stocks at different scales, from local scale for the efficient management of water resource to global scale for the monitoring of climate change. Therefore, developing Earth observation (EO) techniques for the measurement or estimation of river discharge is a major challenge. A key question deals with the possibility of deriving river discharge values from EO surface variables (width, level, slope, velocity the only one accessible through EO) without any in situ measurement. Based on a literature study and original developments, the possibilities of estimating water surface variables using remote-sensing techniques have been explored, mainly RADAR altimetry as well as across-track and along-track interferometry.
Numerical simulation and first-order hazard analysis of large co-seismic tsunamis generated in the Puerto Rico trench: near-field impact on the North shore of Puerto Rico and far-field impact on the US East Coast
Authors: Grilli S. T. , Dubosq S. , Pophet N. , Pérignon Y. , Kirby J. T. , Shi F.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. We perform numerical simulations of the coastal impact of large co-seismic tsunamis, initiated in the Puerto Rican trench, both in far-field areas along the upper US East coast (and other Caribbean islands), and in more detail in the near-field, along the Puerto Rico North Shore (PRNS). We first model a magnitude 9.1 extreme co-seismic source and then a smaller 8.7 magnitude source, which approximately correspond to 600 and 200 year return periods, respectively. In both cases, tsunami generation and propagation (both near- and far-field) are first performed in a coarse 2′ basin scale grid, with ETOPO2 bathymetry, using a fully nonlinear and dispersive long wave tsunami model (FUNWAVE). Coastal runup and inundation are then simulated for two selected areas, using finer coastal nested grids. Thus, a 15″ (450 m) grid is used to calculate detailed far-field impact along the US East Coast, from New Jersey to Maine, and a 3″ (90 m) grid (for the finest resolution), encompassing the entire PRNS, is used to compute detailed near-field impact along the PRNS (runup and inundation). To perform coastal simulations in nested grids, accurate bathymetry/topography databases are constructed by combining ETOPO2 2′ data (in deep water) and USGS' or NOAA's 15″ or 3″ (in shallow water) data. In the far-field, runup caused by the extreme 9.1 source would be severe (over 10 m) for some nearby Caribbean islands, but would only reach up to 3 m along the selected section of the East coast. A sensitivity analysis to the bathymetric resolution (for a constant 3″ model grid) of runup along the PRNS, confirms the convergence of runup results for a topographic resolution 24″ or better, and thus stresses the importance of using sufficiently resolved bathymetric data, in order to accurately predict extreme runup values, particularly when bathymetric focusing is significant. Runup (10–22 m) and inundation are found to be very large at most locations for the extreme 9.1 source. Both simulated spatial inundation snapshots and time series indicate, the inundation would be particularly severe near and around the low-lying city of San Juan. For the 8.7 source, runup along the PRNS would be much less severe (3–6 m), but still significant, while inundation would only be significant near and around San Juan. This first-order tsunami hazard analysis stresses the importance of conducting more detailed and comprehensive studies, particularly of tsunami hazard along the PRNS, for a more complete and realistic selection of sources; such work is ongoing as part of a US funded (NTHMP) tsunami inundation mapping effort in Puerto Rico.
Multi-criteria site selection for fire services: the interaction with analytic hierarchy process and geographic information systems
Authors: Erden T. , Coşkun M. Z.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. This study combines AHP and GIS to provide decision makers with a model to ensure optimal site location(s) for fire stations selected. The roles of AHP and GIS in determining optimal locations are explained, criteria for site selection are outlined, and case study results for finding the optimal fire station locations in Istanbul, Turkey are included. The city of Istanbul has about 13 million residents and is the largest and most populated city in Turkey. The rapid and constant growth of Istanbul has resulted in the increased number of fire related cases. Fire incidents tend to increase year by year in parallel with city expansion, population and hazardous material facilities. Istanbul has seen a rise in reported fire incidents from 12 769 in 1994 to 30 089 in 2009 according to the interim report of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Department of Fire Brigade. The average response time was approximately 7 min 3 s in 2009. The goal of this study is to propose optimal sites for new fire station creation to allow the Fire Brigade in Istanbul to reduce the average response time to 5 min or less. After determining the necessity of suggesting additional fire stations, the following steps are taken into account: six criteria are considered in this analysis. They are: High Population Density (HPD); Proximity to Main Roads (PMR); Distance from Existing Fire Stations (DEF); Distance from Hazardous Material Facilities (DHM); Wooden Building Density (WBD); and Distance from the Areas Subjected to Earthquake Risk (DER). DHM criterion, with the weight of 40%, is the most important criterion in this analysis. The remaining criteria have a weight range from 9% to 16%. Moreover, the following steps are performed: representation of criterion map layers in GIS environment; classification of raster datasets; calculating the result raster map (suitability map for potential fire stations); and offering a model that supports decision makers in selecting fire station sites. The existing 35 fire stations are used and 17 fire stations are newly suggested in the study area.
Energetics of internal solitary waves in a background sheared current
Authors: Lamb K. G.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. The energetics of internal waves in the presence of a background sheared current is explored via numerical simulations for four different situations based on oceanographic conditions: the nonlinear interaction of two internal solitary waves; an internal solitary wave shoaling through a turning point; internal solitary wave reflection from a sloping boundary and a deep-water internal seiche trapped in a deep basin. In the simulations with variable water depth using the Boussinesq approximation the combination of a background sheared current, bathymetry and a rigid lid results in a change in the total energy of the system due to the work done by a pressure change that is established across the domain. A final simulation of the deep-water internal seiche in which the Boussinesq approximation is not invoked and a diffuse air-water interface is added to the system results in the energy remaining constant because the generation of surface waves prevents the establishment of a net pressure increase across the domain. The difference in the perturbation energy in the Boussinesq and non-Boussinesq simulations is accounted for by the surface waves.
On identification methods for direct data‐driven controller tuning
Authors: van Heusden Klaske , Karimi Alireza , Söderström Torsten
Published: October 2010

In non‐iterative data‐driven controller tuning, a set of measured input/output data of the plant is used directly to identify the optimal controller that minimizes some control criterion. This approach allows the design of fixed‐order controllers, but leads to an identification problem where the input is affected by noise, and not the output as in standard identification problems. Several solutions that deal with the effect of measurement noise in this specific identification problem have been proposed in the literature. The consistency and statistical efficiency of these methods are discussed in this paper and the performance of the different methods is compared. The conclusions offer a guideline on how to solve the data‐driven controller tuning problem efficiently. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sum‐frequency spectroscopy on bulk and surface phonons of noncentrosymmetric crystals
Authors: Liu W.‐T. , Shen Y.R.
Published: October 2010

Infrared‐visible sum‐frequency spectroscopy is shown to be an effective tool to probe not only bulk phonons, but also microscopic surface phonons of noncentrosymmetric crystals. Results on α‐quartz are presented as an example. The observed surface phonons of the (0001) surface agree well with the calculated surface structure.
A tale of two vacancies
Authors: Cheng W. , Liu L. , Yu P.Y. , Ma Z.X. , Mao S.S.
Published: October 2010

In this paper we have applied first‐principle density‐functional theory to calculate some of the interesting roles played by vacancies in material properties, such as magnetic properties and complex formation. We use as examples our recent results on vacancies in group III‐V semiconductors like GaN and II‐VI semiconductor like CdTe.
A fundamental analysis of continuous flow bioreactor and membrane reactor models with non‐competitive product inhibition. II. Exponential inhibition
Authors: Nelson Mark Ian , Lim Wei Xian
Published: October 2010

The steady‐state production of a product produced through the growth of microorganisms in a continuous flow bioreactor is presented. A generalised reactor model is used in which both the classic well‐stirred bioreactor and the idealised membrane bioreactor are considered as special cases. The reaction is assumed to be governed by Monod growth kinetics subject to non‐competitive product inhibition. Inhibition is modelled as a decaying exponential function of the product concentration. This reaction scheme is well documented in the literature, although a stability analysis of the governing equations has not previously been presented. The performance of a well‐stirred bioreactor with microorganisms death is also not currently available in the literature. The steady‐state solutions for the models have been obtained, and the stability has been determined as a function of the residence time. The key dimensionless parameter (γ) that controls the degree of non‐competitive product inhibition is obtained by scaling of the equations, and its effect on the reactor performance is quantified in the limit when product inhibition is ‘small’. The parameter γ is a scaled inhibition constant (Kp) that depends upon the substrate and product yield factors and the Monod constant ($\gamma = {\alpha_{s}\over \alpha_{p}} \cdot {K_{s}\over K_{p}}$). Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A secreted variant of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein carrying a chondrodysplasia‐causing mutation (p.H587R) disrupts collagen fibrillogenesis
Authors: Hansen Uwe , Platz Nicole , Becker Alexander , Bruckner Peter , Paulsson Mats , Zaucke Frank
Published: October 2010

Objective

Mutations in human cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) cause multiple epiphyseal dysplasia or pseudoachondroplasia. Electron microscopic analyses of patient biopsy tissue have shown that, in most cases, mutated COMP is retained in granular or lamellar inclusions in the endoplasmic reticulum of chondrocytes. However, some mutations that do not interfere with protein trafficking, resulting in normal secretion of the mutated protein, have been identified. These mutations are likely to cause the chondrodysplasia phenotype, via events that occur after secretion. The aim of the present study was to identify such extracellular mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of chondrodysplasias.

Methods

A mutated but secreted COMP variant, p.H587R, as well as wild‐type COMP were recombinantly expressed and purified from cell culture supernatants. Since recent studies have shown that COMP can facilitate collagen fibrillogenesis in vitro, the effect of the p.H587R mutation on this process was determined by analyzing the kinetics of fibrillogenesis in vitro and determining the structure of the collagen fibrils formed by immunogold electron microscopy.

Results

Mutated p.H587R COMP accelerated fibril formation by type I collagen in vitro to a slightly greater extent than that with wild‐type COMP. However, p.H587R COMP induced aggregation and disorganization of fibril intermediates and end products. Mixtures of cartilage collagens or of type XI collagen alone produced similar results. The addition of p.H587R COMP to preformed fibrils induced aggregation and fusion of the fibrils, whereas wild‐type COMP had little effect.

Conclusion

The mutant COMP variant p.H587R generally interferes with normal collagen organization during fibrillogenesis. This constitutes a novel pathogenetic mechanism of COMP‐associated chondrodysplasias.
Carbocations or Cyclopropyl Gold Carbenes in Cyclizations of Enynes
Authors: Pérez‐Galán Patricia , Martin Nolwenn J. A. , Campaña Araceli G. , Cárdenas Diego J. , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: October 2010

Theoretical and experimental studies on the gold(I)‐catalyzed formal [4+2] cycloaddition of dienynes are consistent with a mechanism that proceeds by means of cyclopropyl gold(I) carbenes instead of simple carbocations. This work shows that homoallylic stabilization is significant even for systems in which the tertiary carbocation is stabilized by two methyl groups.
Recent Developments in the Application of Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenases as Biocatalysts
Authors: de Gonzalo Gonzalo , Mihovilovic Marko D. , Fraaije Marco W.
Published: October 2010

Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) represent a specific class of monooxygenases that are capable of catalyzing a variety of oxidation reactions, including Baeyer–Villiger oxidations. The recently elucidated BVMO crystal structures have provided a more detailed insight into the complex mechanism of these flavin‐containing enzymes. Biocatalytic studies on a number of newly discovered BVMOs have shown that they are very potent oxidative biocatalysts. In addition to catalyzing the regio‐ and enantioselective Baeyer–Villiger oxidations of a wide range of carbonylic compounds, epoxidations, and enantioselective sulfoxidations have also been shown to be part of their catalytic repertoire. This review provides an overview on the recent developments in BVMO‐mediated biocatalytic processes, identification of the catalytic role of these enzymes in metabolic routes and prodrug activation, as well as the efforts in developing effective biocatalytic methodologies to apply BVMOs for the synthesis of high added value compounds.
Synthesis, In Vitro and In Vivo Release Kinetics, and Anti‐HIV Activity of A Sustained‐Release Prodrug (mPEG‐AZT) of 3′‐Azido‐3′‐deoxythymidine (AZT, Zidovudine)
Authors: Li Wenjun , Chang Yu , Zhan Peng , Zhang Na , Liu Xinyong , Pannecouque Christophe , De Clercq Erik
Published: October 2010

A poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugate of 3′‐azido‐3′‐ deoxythymidine (AZT, zidovudine) was designed and synthesized as a novel sustained‐release prodrug. In the synthetic process, a succinate diester spacer was used to covalently couple AZT with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG; MW=2000). The conjugate was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and NMR spectroscopies and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). The in vitro release was determined in hydrochloride (HCl) solution (pH 1.2) and phosphate‐buffered solution (PBS; pH 6.8), which showed the release rate of AZT from the conjugate was slower than that from the free drug, suggesting its possible increased retention in gastrointestinal conditions. Pharmacokinetic properties were evaluated experimentally by oral administration in mice. Compared to free AZT, the absorption half‐life (t$_{{1\over2}}$ka) and elimination half life (t$_{{1\over2}}$β) of AZT released from the conjugate were both extended to 0.51±0.03 h (p <0.01) and 2.94±0.24 h (p <0.01), respectively. Evaluation of the in vitro anti‐HIV activities showed mPEG‐AZT exhibited good inhibition of HIV‐1, with an EC50 value of 0.0634 μM, but it is lower than that of free AZT. These results show that the conjugate is capable of releasing the parent drug in a sustained profile, potentially providing a feasible alternative to oral administration of AZT in a clinical setting.
Strength in Numbers: Effects of Acceptor Abundance on FRET Efficiency
Authors: Fábián Ákos I. , Rente Tünde , Szöllősi János , Mátyus László , Jenei Attila
Published: October 2010

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a strongly distance‐dependent process between a donor and an acceptor molecule, which can be used for sensitive distance measurements and characterization of molecular interactions at the nanometer level. The original mathematical description of this process, however, is only valid for the interaction of one donor with one acceptor. This criterion is not always met, especially in biological systems, where multiple structures can interact simultaneously, often making distance estimations based on transfer efficiency values error‐prone. Herein we investigate how the interaction of multiple acceptors and donors influences the transfer efficiency value in an intramolecular cellular FRET system by manipulating the fluorophore/protein ratio of the fluorophore‐conjugated antibodies. We show that the labeling ratio of the acceptor has the largest influence on measured transfer efficiency and decreasing or increasing the acceptor labeling ratio can be utilized to manipulate the FRET response of the acceptor–donor pair and therefore is a tool for optimizing sensitivity of FRET measurements.
Pulse-dose application of chelated copper to a river forDidymosphenia geminatacontrol: Effects on macroinvertebrates and fish
Authors: Clearwater Susan J , Jellyman Phillip G , Biggs Barry J.F , Hickey Christopher W , Blair Neil , Clayton John S
Published: October 2010

A 1-h pulse-dose of a chelated Cu formulation (Gemex™; New Zealand) was applied to a river to test efficacy against the invasive mat-forming diatom Didymosphenia geminata (didymo) and to provide information on nontarget species effects that could not be adequately predicted from laboratory and experimental mesocosm studies. Intensive sampling allowed characterization of doses achieved at multiple downstream locations, and concurrent application of rhodamine dye allowed quantification of dispersion, adsorption, and dilution processes. The target dose of 10 to 20 mg Cu/L for 60 min was achieved at least 0.9 km downstream at sites with contrasting levels of didymo mat development. Adsorptive losses of Gemex were 12%/km where didymo was mostly nonvisible and approximately 36%/km where substantial didymo mats were present. At 0.9 km downstream, Cu concentrations peaked at 12 mg/L, and didymo was <5% viable (down from 65–72%) for ≥21 d posttreatment. Viability data indicate that elimination of nonvisible infestations is possible and that suppression of early-stage infestations (≤40% cover, ≤4.5 mm thick) could be achieved after repeated applications. After a single Gemex application, no significant accumulation of Cu was noted in the sediments six weeks posttreatment, but Cu concentrations remained high in algal mats (109–367 mg/kg dry wt). Long-term effects on the nontarget algal, invertebrate, or fish communities were minimal, although significant localized trout mortalities, not predicted by prior laboratory exposures, occurred on the treatment day. Extended Gemex exposure in low-hardness waters might have caused the mortalities, although changes in chelated Cu speciation also possibly contributed. The present study integrates effects on resident biota with dosage data, including changes in pH, in a natural waterway. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:181–195. © 2010 SETAC