bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large Golden Horde Cities of the Lower Volga Region and Their Periphery
Authors: Nedashkovsky Leonard F.
Published: October 2021

The article considers a number of problems of studying the large Golden Horde cities of the Lower Volga and the monuments surrounding them. Attempts are made to economically model the territories under consideration during the Golden Horde time, reconstruct the social appearance of the Lower Volga settlements of this period, and based on numismatic materials conclusions are made about the chronological stages of the development of various groups of monuments. The burial ceremony is characterized; data on Russian and Mordvin population in cities and their regions is given. Attention is paid to the economic connections of the largest cities of the Lower Volga with their regions in the times of the Jochid Empire.
To the History of International Law: the Property Rights of the Citizens of Local Centres of Italy in the 14th and 15th Centuries in Foreign Territory
Authors: Sredinskaya Natalia
Published: October 2021

This paper considers what the archival material of the 14th and 15th centuries can tell us about this question: how and to what extent the rights of the inhabitants of certain northern Italian cities (Ferrara, Cremona, Padua and Venice) were protected if their property was located in foreign territory and/or their property interests could be restricted by the power structures of another Italian centre. The first problem concerned the property of the Church. A study of the documentary material shows that one way of preserving the property of the Church on foreign territory, despite the increasing tendency of secular rulers to seize church lands, was to place it in possession of the local population on a secure basis - emphyteusis, livelles, or other type of long-term use. The second problem was enforcing the contracts, i.e. suing the party which had not fulfilled or improperly fulfilled their terms if the infringer was on foreign soil. The records show that this was most probably enshrined in agreements between the Italian city-states and was incorporated by means of a special formula in the treaties. The third problem was related to the property rights of the inhabitants of medieval Italy, whose real estate, together with the territory in which it was situated, passed under the jurisdiction of another ruler. A study of the lettere ducali shows that such legal relations were based on treaties between the rulers of Italian territorial states and became the subject of diplomatic correspondence
Bienvenidos al pasado
Authors: Bernazza Claudia
Published: October 2021

Los aspectos centrales del Plan de Modernización del Estado del actual gobierno nacional son discutidos desde una perspectiva que destaca su carácter instrumental, su parentesco con similares iniciativas emprendidas en la década de 1990 en Argentina y otros países latinoamericanos en el marco del ajuste neoliberal, y su directa vinculación con organismos multilaterales de financiamiento que auspiciaron dicho ajuste. Se destaca la metamorfosis de un conjunto de cuestiones típicamente políticas (los fines perseguidos por el Estado más allá de ciertas enunciaciones convencionales, las características del proceso de desarrollo impulsado desde el Estado, la participación de los trabajadores del sector público nacional y provincial) que se presentan como asuntos estrictamente técnicos y ajenos en consecuencia a la discusión o la negociación en función de diferentes perspectivas institucionales.
Mujeres en la Policía. Miradas feministas sobre su experiencia y su entorno laboral. Olivia Tena Guerrero y Jahel López Guerrero (coordinadoras)
Authors: Vivas Mauro
Published: October 2021

“Las mujeres en las corporaciones policiales son unespejo de la condición de las mujeres en la sociedadque todas habitamos” (p. 12). Este libro surgede un grupo de investigación conformado en 2010con el financiamiento del Programa de Apoyo ala Investigación e Innovación tecnológica (PAIIT)de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México(UNAM) y reúne los resultados y principales conclusionesque realizó el equipo de investigación enla Secretaría de Seguridad Pública del Distrito Federal(SSPDF) y debates en coloquios, seminariosy en diálogos con colegas de Argentina, Portugaly México.
QUEERING CYC PRAXIS: WHAT I LEARNED FROM LGBTQI+ NEWCOMER, REFUGEE, AND IMMIGRANT STUDENT EXPERIENCES IN CANADA
Authors: Marshall Nancy
Published: October 2021

This exploratory autoethnographic study, undertaken by a White straight cisgender child and youth care practitioner, seeks to understand the experiences of LGBTQI+ newcomer, refugee, and immigrant students in Canada. It highlights the nuances of creating safe spaces for young people who experience harm due to the intersections of systemic racism, xenophobia, transphobia, and homophobia. The overarching finding of this study reveals a culture of silence. Queer newcomer, refugee, and immigrant youth in Canada are often reluctant to disclose or explore their queerness due to their fears of discrimination and violence. This fear exists notwithstanding the pride Canada takes in its efforts to protect LGBTQI+ rights. Inspired by findings from interviews with two women, one who supports LGBTQI+ newcomers, refugees, and immigrants to Canada, and one who researches policy affecting all Canadian refugee experiences, I utilized a self-reflexive deep-dive approach to learn about the events and policies that have shaped LGBTQI+ newcomer, refugee, and immigrant students’ access to postsecondary education in Canada. Central findings in this study point to barriers emerging from homonationalism, colonization, religion, culture, race, White-centred gay–straight alliances in schools, and immigration policies pertaining to sexual orientation and gender identity expression (SOGIE). These findings problematize the White, Westernized, liberal, out-and-proud policies that child and youth care practitioners are accustomed to.
A Study on Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction and Dyslipidaemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Care Hospital - Kottayam, Kerala
Authors: Thankappan Prasantha Kumar
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND It has been noted of the interdependence and impact of diabetes mellitus and thyroid dysfunction on each other. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was found to be higher in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Most commonly associated thyroid dysfunction in diabetes was hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism can precipitate complications in diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. METHODS This cross-sectional study included a total number of 100 type-2 diabetic patients aged >15 years. All the patients were evaluated for thyroid dysfunction and dyslipidaemia by estimating triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and lipid profile [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGA-c), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C)].The correlation of prevalence of thyroid disorder with gender distribution, age distribution, HbA1C, duration of diabetes, family history of thyroid disorder, body mass index (BMI), usage of oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA’s) and insulin and dyslipidaemia was carried out. The observations and interpretations were recorded and results obtained were statistically analysed. This study was conducted from December 2018 to November 2019 at Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala. RESULTS The study revealed a high prevalence (26 %) of thyroid disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), most common being hypothyroidism (20 %) which was further found to be more in females, patients with uncontrolled diabetes i.e. HbA1C values ≥ 8.7 or patients on OHA and patients with BMI > 25. High prevalence of dyslipidaemia in diabetics (62 %) was observed; of which 51 % had hypertriglyceridaemia, 49 % had decreased HDL-C, 47 % had hyper cholesterolaemia and 43 % had increased LDL-C. Only 30.6 % diabetics with dyslipidaemia had thyroid dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Screening of thyroid dysfunction should be done in all diabetic patients especially in patients with poor glycaemic control as micro vascular complications were commonly observed in this group of patients with dual endocrine disorders. There is a high prevalence of dyslipidaemia in diabetics. KEYWORDS Diabetes Mellitus, Thyroid Dysfunction, Dyslipidemia
The Stabilization Effects of Fiscal Policy on Banking System Stability in Nigeria
Authors: AMADI Agatha Nkem , ADETILOYE Kehinde Adekunle , OMANKHANLEN Alexander Ehimare , AMADI Idimmachi Pius , NWODIMMAH Pascal
Published: October 2021

This study examined the stabilization effect of fiscal policy on banking system stability in Nigeria using data from 1985 to 2019. The study adopted the ordinary least squares, cointegration and error correction techniques to analyze and determine the existence of a long-run relationship among the variables. The ordinary least squares technique was used to evaluate the impact of the interaction between fiscal policy and banking system stability variables. The findings indicate that fiscal policy has a strong influence on banking system stability in Nigeria. It was further discovered that, among the fiscal policy variables, taxation and government debt have a more positive effect on banking systems than other variables used in the study, while government funding and debt growth have a negative effect on banking system stability. This indicates that the more debt the government accumulates, the greater the instability of the banking system. The study recommends that the government put appropriate controls in place to avoid borrowing that will creep into deficit, which will, in turn, affect the banking system stability. The government should also ensure that its borrowings are channeled into productive segments of the economy to enhance the sustainable repayment of debt and ensure that the mechanisms for debt repayment are strictly adhered to.
A Pragmatic Study for Enhancing Agricultural Efficiency through Labor Freedom
Authors: Kapoor Rajni , Das Nimai
Published: October 2021

The study aims to explore labor freedom in the agricultural sector for enhancing the efficiency of farming through policy change towards assigning property rights, rental contracts, and better wage-employment options to rural workers. Labor freedom emphasizes land reform and development policy for improving the economic status and capabilities of rural workers. The paper assessed the labor freedom index, weighted through agricultural property rights, labor wage contracts, and rural development policy. Data envelopment analysis is used to assess farm-level efficiency under the framework of Tobit regression for different size-based farm categories. Farm-level information was collected through a primary survey of 336 rural households of an advanced agricultural state in India. The study found a positive association between farm size and intensity of labor freedom, although the extent of freedom differs among farms. Size-specific variation was also observed for allocative efficiency such that marginal and medium-sized farms are more efficient than smaller ones. Tobit regression indicated labor freedom to be positively and significantly related to the efficiency of marginal, small and overall farms with enhancing efficiency of 25, 17 and nearly 20%, respectively; however, estimates of labor freedom insignificantly increased the efficiency of mediums farms, by 4.8%. This result suggests that labor freedom positive and significantly affects the efficiency of farms in general, and marginal and small farms in particular. Of course, the elasticity estimate of enhancing efficiency through labor freedom for medium farmers is found at a lower level.
Goods Quality Guarantee and Goods Quality Assurance: The Correlation and Demarcation Issue
Authors:   LL.M., Evseev Evsey F.
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we study the correlation between legal doctrines of merchantability warranty of goods and assurances of quality of goods as a particular case of assurances of circumstances. The possible similarities, but especially differences, have been pointed out. The position of necessity of their identification and differentiation has been presented. The paper also describes the difference between the legal consequences of a breach of the merchantability warranty and the quality assurance as well as some other differences in the legal regulation arising from their correlation.
Reduction of Property Liability: Problem Setting
Authors:   Attorney at the YUST Law Firm Moscow Bar Association, PhD (Law), Malbin Dmitriy A.
Published: October 2021

The article deals with an issue of reduction of liability in the civil law. The Civil Code of Russian Federation includes handful rules, which allow the court to reduce liability of a debtor. However, such rules are applicable to different events and there are no universal rules applied to all events of property (economical) liability. For instance the court ought to reduce liability of a debtor in case both a creditor and the debtor are failed an obligation as well as the court is entitled to reduce liability of the debtor when the creditor facilitated increasing an amount of his losses. The court reduces an amount of penalties in event of such the amount is obviously not equal to the result of aftermath that an obligation was failed by debtor. In cases related to damnification the court has the right to reduce liability of tortfeasor based on his property status unless they caused damage intentionally. Yet there are many rules of property liability simultaneously do not allow to reduce such liability, for instance liability for violation of intellectual rights, rights of consumers (when a seller refuses to fulfil a demand of a consumer on his own free will), etc. Since there are sort of such rules, the court occasionally forces to apply the art. 333 of the Civil Code to Russian Federation, meanwhile the legal practice of applying this article is inconsistent. The reason of that inconsistency is there are no legal rules of reducing liability which regard all types and events of property (economical) liability. However the legal practice has a wide experience and knows many methods of reducing property (economical) liability. The author points out that it is time to formulate universal rules of reducing liability applied to all events of property (economical) liability on the basis of scattered rules of the Civil Code of Russian Federation and legal practice of its application.
The Legal Nature of Membership in a Self-Regulated Organization in the Financial Market Sphere
Authors:   Degree-Seeking Student of the Department of Entrepreneurial, Labor and Corporate Law of the Institute of Law and National Security of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), Struzhinskaya Oksana S.
Published: October 2021

The article considers the legal characteristics of membership in a self-regulating organization in the financial market. Attention is drawn to the need to distinguish, first, the relations between a self-regulating organization in the financial market and its members, which are characterized as corporate with a complicated public element, and, second, the relations between a self-regulating organization and its associate members, which do not have a full set of corporate rights and obligations, and whose legal status is determined by the named organization. The article proves the need to improve the current Russian legislation on the legal status of members and associate members of self-regulating organizations in the financial market.
Legal Entity Forms in Education: Law Harmonization Issues
Authors:   Head of the Department of Legal, Social and Humanitarian Research in Education and Scientific and Technological Activities of the Federal Centre of Education Legislation, Doctor of Education, PhD (Law), Syubareva Irina F.
Published: October 2021

The article reviews the issues of harmonization of the educational and civil legislation norms in regards to organizational and legal forms of legal entities in the sphere of education, taking into consideration constitutional norms and guidance norms of the model legislation. It examines advantages and disadvantages of legal entities in the sphere of education in organizational and legal forms of the institution, the autonomous non-profit organization. Problem solution is proposed in the line of enhancement of the educational legislation in regards to assignment of organizational and legal forms of legal entities in the sphere of education.
A Review of the Monograph The Main Tendencies of the Development of Foreign Corporate Laws by Olga A. Ternova
Authors:   Associate Professor of the School of General and Interdisciplinary Legal Studies (the Department of International Public and Private Law) of the Faculty of Law of the National Research University Higher School of Economics (NRU HSE), PhD (Law), Fonotova Olga V.
Published: October 2021

The review covers the main provisions and conclusions presented in Olga A. Ternovaya’s monograph “The Key Tendencies of the Foreign Corporate Legislation Development”. As a result of the research the author of the monograph reveals such current trends of modern corporate law development as digitalization, socialization, harmonization of norms on counteraction to erosion of taxable base and norms on corporate governance, democratization of corporate regulation, perfection of regulation of transborder bankruptcies. Olga A. Ternovaya’s work undoubtedly contributes to the development of domestic scholarship on corporate law of foreign jurisdictions.
Fundamental Rights and the Obligation to Publicly Disclose Information on Tax Strategy
Authors: Szymacha Adam
Published: October 2021

The aim of the article: The presented study concerns the problem of violations of fundamental rights caused by the law regulation contained in art. 27c of the Corporate Income Tax Act in Poland. This regulation provides obligation to publish information about introduced tax strategies. Yet, it may endanger many human rights and this article focuses on two of them – the right to remain silent, and the right of privacy. The aim of this article is to make an analysis of the standards presented by the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights. Additionally, the standard presented by the Polish Constitutional Court is presented.
Methodology: To decode these standards the comparative law method is used. Especially the case laws of these courts are presented and additionally, they are completed by the comparison of the acts that concern similar law institutions but come from different lawmakers.
Results of the research: The results of the study do not provide a clear answer. However, they do allow for an approximation of the issue of possible violations of fundamental rights by the analyzed regulation. It is very likely that the analyzed regulation violates the right to remain silent and it is even close to certainty that the analyzed laws violate the right to privacy. The problem is not only the interference in these rights, but in its character as well. Under certain circumstances, interference with fundamental rights is acceptable but must be proportionate. Examined laws are only explained in terms of budgetary balance and the academic world points out that the purpose of this type of regulation is mainly of administrative convenience. This is far too little to consider this interference with fundamental rights imperative.
Identification of Point Mutation in Exon 3 of Leptin Gene in Munjal Sheep
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Dahiya S.P. , Magotra Ankit , Bangar Yogesh C. , Garg Asha Rani
Published: October 2021

Background: Leptin is a varied hormone which plays vital role in body development by regulating the balance between food intake and energy expenditure by signaling to the brain. Leptin has diverse effect on controlling appetite, energy metabolism, growth, reproduction, body composition and immunity. The present study was aimed to screen candidate point mutation (g.332G greater than A) in the targeted genomic region of leptin gene in Munjal sheep. Methods: A total of 50 Munjal sheep were selected and genomic DNA was isolated in Automated Maxell RSC DNA/ RNA purification system by using Maxwell RSC whole blood DNA kit. Reported set of primers was used to amplify 463bp fragment encompassing targeted region (exon 3) of leptin gene. PCR-RFLP was performed to genotype targeted point mutation in our resource population. PCR products were digested by Cail 1 restriction enzyme to genotype g.332G greater than A (at 332th nucleotide of exon 3 leptin gene) non-synonymous mutation (Arg to Gln). Result: All studied samples resolved into monomorphic banding pattern, revealed only AA (463bp single band bp) genotype. The absence of candidate mutation in our resource population might be due to small sample size.
Efficacy of Silymarin and SAM in the Management of Hepatic Disorders in Dogs
Authors: Lakshmi K. , Padmaja K.
Published: October 2021

Background: Treatment of canine liver diseases is often supportive and enables combinations of drug therapy and dietary support. Many nutraceutical compounds that have anti-oxidant properties have been suggested as supplements in animals suffering with hepatic diseases especially silymarin and S-adenosyl methionine The current study was aimed to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of certain nutraceuticals in the management of hepatic disorders in dogs. Methods: Dogs presented to Veterinary Hospital, Bhoiguda, Hyderabad with the clinical signs suggestive of hepatobiliary disorders were selected. Detailed history of the affected dogs was collected. Later, these cases were subjected for detailed clinical examination. While, apparently healthy dogs presented for general health checkup and vaccination with no clinical condition in the age group of 2-5 years were selected randomly as healthy control group for this study. Result: The present investigation was under taken to study the therapeutic efficacy of certain nutraceuticals in the management of hepatic disorders in dogs. Based on history, clinical signs, haemato biochemistry and ultrasonography, 32 dogs were histologically confirmed as hepatic disorders which formed the largest group. These dogs were selected for therapeutic trial. Apart from the specific drugs, addition of nutraceuticals like Silymarin and S-adenosyl methionine therapy was effective in the treatment of hepatic disorders.
​Molecular Mechanism of Extreme Hypoxia Tolerance Difference between Male and Female Adult Fish and Juvenile Fish of Acrossocheilus fasciatus by Transcriptomics
Authors: He Jinghong , Wang Handong , Guo Yongyao , Chu Zhangjie , Zhao Bo
Published: October 2021

Background: Dissolved oxygen in water is an important limiting factor for fish. In this study, the suffocation point and transcriptomes analysis of Acrossocheilus fasciatus with different age and gender are helpful to analyze the effects of gender and age on extreme hypoxia tolerance. Methods: First of all, we compared the difference in tolerance to extreme hypoxia among 15 fish from male adult fish, female adult fish and juvenile fish of Acrossocheilus fasciatus in each group by asphyxiation point experiment. Then, we analyzed the molecular mechanism of extreme hypoxia tolerance difference between male and female adult fish and juvenile fish by transcriptomics. Result: Female adult fish of Acrossocheilus fasciatus showed the strongest tolerance to extreme hypoxia in the asphyxiation point experiment. In transcriptomes experiments in all samples, we found that the expression of ncoa4 and facl4 was significantly down regulated and the expression of jnk, gpx4 and jip-1 was significantly increased in females adult fish.
Genetic Analysis of Various Traits in Oilseed Brassicas
Authors: Ahmad Hafiz Basheer , Rauf Salsabeel , Chattha Waqas Shafqat , Khaliq Abdul , Amin Amir , Sher Rashad ul , Ali Sajid
Published: October 2021

Background: The combining ability and manifestation of heterosis within and among the species of oilseed brassicas (B. campestris, B. napus and B. juncea) were studied for yield and yield related traits in 12F1 combinations. Methods: All crosses (12F1) along with their parents (7 parents) were sown in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Result: The analysis of variance showed extensive variability among the genotypes. The physical appearance of interspecific crosses was intermediate. B. campestris showed significant GCA effects among lines and B. juncea among testers for seed yield per plant. General combining behaviour of B. campestris was better as compared to B. napus and B. juncea. The SCA effects were higher within species than among the species. This also revealed that within the species B. juncea had more SCA (17.45) than B. napus (9.82) and B. campestris (8.01) for seed yield. The SCA showed the improvement of B. Juncea, is the best than other two species. It is also concluded that to obtain better yield, crossing within the species is more appropriate than among the species. Moreover, to introduce novel traits in brassica species is possible through interspecific hybridization.
Indirect Hemagglutination Test in the Detection of Antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in Venezuelan Felids
Authors: Cañizales Israel
Published: October 2021

Current knowledge of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Venezuelan ecosystems is limited. Mammals and birds are intermediate hosts and felid species are definitive hosts. In most human-altered habitats, the domestic cat is the predominant definitive host. Cats are important in the epidemiology of T. gondii infection because they are the only hosts that can excrete the environmentally resistant oocysts. Other carnivores can be infected by the consumption of tissue cysts when feeding on infected animals and by incidental ingestion of oocysts from environmental contamination. This study aimed to quantify the values of antibodies for T. gondii in blood serum of some felids species employing the technique of indirect hemagglutination. In the present study, seropositivity of T. gondii was determined in serum of 35 animals (22 stray cats and 13 wild cats) from Venezuela, South America. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 21 of 22 (95,45 %) stray cats’ titers of 1:64 in four, 1:128 in four, 1:256 in one, 1:512 in one, 1:1024 in three, and 1:2048 or higher in eight. In four of six (66,67 %) ocelots’ titers of 1:64 in one, 1:256 in one, 1:1024 in one, and one with titers 1:2048. In three of four (75,00 %) jaguars’ titers of 1:512 in one, and two with titers 1:2048. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed a statistically significant difference between species (H = 8,413, p = 0,015).
Corporate Social Responsibility and MNCs: An Appraisal from Investment Treaty Law Perspective
Authors: Dawood Shamila
Published: October 2021

Recent investment treaties recognize corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a mechanism for regulating corporate behavior concerning the protection and promotion of human rights, social and environmental standards. These treaties often include a universally recognized soft law version of CSR developed by the International Labor Organization (ILO) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), considered prominent sources of CSR voluntary standards. This study analyzed significant advances in including such voluntary standards in investment treaty law, which led to implementing globally agreed norms regarding sustainable development into action. In addition to the inclusion of CSR standards in legally binding documents, this study argued that the practical issues involved in implementing the CSR standards should be addressed from the perspective of capital-dependent developing countries. To this end, this study adopted the due diligence test to apply CSR standards in cross-border investments better. For this purpose, theoretical analysis that combined descriptive and analytical approaches based on the available primary and secondary sources best suited current research. The study showed that applying CSR standards in capital-dependent developing countries was only possible when corporate, home state, and the host government took appropriate actions at the policy level. It concluded that such additional measures were needed to effectively implement CSR standards emphasizing prevention was better than cure and ensuring the appropriate due diligence process by the relevant parties.

KEYWORDS: Corporate Social Responsibility, Investment Laws, Developing Countries.
Meninjau Ulang Ketentuan Presidential Threshold dalam Pemilihan Presiden dan Wakil Presiden di Indonesia
Authors: Sumodiningrat Aprilian
Published: October 2021

The presidential threshold is a requirement for the nomination of the President and Vice President to meet the minimum threshold percentage for support from the DPR or the number of valid national votes. Presidential threshold provisions are contained in various laws and regulations regarding Elections. This research is juridical study using a conceptual approach and statute approach. The legal materials used in this research are primary and secondary legal materials. The two legal materials are inventoried; then used as a basis for compiling a prescriptive study of the legal issues raised. The results of this study state that the presidential threshold has started since 2004. Regulations regarding post-reform elections always include a presidential threshold. Then, the presidential threshold has been 'tested' several times by the Constitutional Court. Various decisions of the Constitutional Court stated that the presidential threshold is one of the provisions which is the domain of open legal policy for legislators or the making of laws. Furthermore, the implication of the presidential threshold is aimed at simplifying the fragmentation of political parties in parliament. The nominations for the President and Vice President promoted by the parliamentary political party actually allow for more than two candidates; and it is also possible to have an Election that does not get the support of more than 50 persen of the voters' vote. Thus, effectiveness is needed regarding the implementation of the presidential threshold provisions in the presidential system by strengthening relations between presidential institutional actors and the President's non-institutional personnel.

KEYWORDS: Presidential Threshold, General Election, Open Legal Policy.
Outsourcing sebagai Pelanggaran Terhadap Hak Para Pekerja di Indonesia
Authors: Husin Zaimah
Published: October 2021

The problem experienced by contract workers or outsourcing are quite varied, which includes the potential of human rights violations. This is because the insufficient existing regulations in Indonesia protect contract workers. This study is legal research, which uses statutory and conceptual approaches that utilize primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The technique of collecting legal materials in this legal research uses literature study. This study shows that outsourcing workers are the most disadvantaged party in a work agreement, remarkably where they are terminated. The outsourcing worker will not get the normative rights like ordinary workers. Outsourced workers do not have a fixed work period. Then, the working period returns to the beginning when a work contract agreement occurs. The work contract system with probation conducted by the company directly benefits the company. It can violate human rights due to the absence of wages based on the length of work provided by the company. As a result, it is essential to pay attention to agency workers' conditions to obtain legal protection for human rights. Human rights are fundamental and must be legally protected. Thus, legal protection regarding the rights of outsourced workers can be carried out by the local government by issuing policies that regulate legal protection for agency workers. Finally, companies will pay more attention to the welfare of workers.

KEYWORDS: Outsourcing Workers, Right to Work, Legal Protection.
The Name Jar Project: Supporting Preservice Teachers in Working with English Language Learners
Authors: Kapoyannis Theodora
Published: October 2021

Classrooms are becoming more linguistically and culturally diverse and many educators are feeling unprepared to meet the varied needs of English language learners (ELLs). Through a larger design-based research doctoral study, I collaborated with 11 preservice teachers and 28 ELLs in Grades 2 and 3 to design and implement a literacy intervention that focused on cultivating literacy engagement to foster English language development. This paper documents the positive impact the implementation of the literacy intervention, also known as the Name Jar Project, had on supporting the preservice teachers’ emerging practice. Analysis of focus group data, preservice teachers’ written reflections, and field notes revealed that (a) the preservice teachers, through their informal learning experiences, were able to empathize with the ELLs’ strengths and challenges of learning English; (b) the service learning model provided a safe learning environment for preservice teachers to gain practical experience working with ELLs; and (c) through the research design, preservice teachers connected practice and theory to inform their future teaching experiences.
Access and Use of Digital Technologies in Early Childhood: A Review of Mixed Messages in Popular Media
Authors: Teichert Laura , Anderson Jim , Anderson Ann , Hare Jan , McTavish Marianne
Published: October 2021

This paper reports on an analysis of 60 print and online articles collected in a metropolitan area in Canada that describe children’s digital engagement through a focus on ‘early literacy’ or ‘digital literacy’. Findings reveal mixed messages about children’s use of digital technology that create competing frames for adults supporting (or not) young children’s digital literacy practices. Digital technology was often characterized as something to limit/control, except in school, where digital literacy was characterized as holding a proper place when controlled by educators. Consistent across media messaging was the promotion of traditional, print-based texts as an essential early literacy practice.
Silly Putty: Mobilization of the Known Across Technology-Enhanced Learning Spaces
Authors: Wong Melanie
Published: October 2021

In technology-enhanced classrooms, due to the affordances of technologies, English Language Learners (ELLs) are moving between learning spaces; boundaries are never clear. Questions arise with regards to how students’ non-sanctioned experiences might mediate classroom learning. Using a multiliteracies (New London Group, 2000) and learning by design (Cope & Kalantzis, 2015) theoretical lens, this ethnographic case study explores the technology-enhanced learning experiences of Grade 6 ELLs. Data including field observations, artifacts, and interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis (Saldaña, 2016). Findings of this study indicate that ELL students were engaged in learning experiences that encouraged them to mobilize their known (knowledge) across learning spaces.
Língua(gem) e gênero neutro
Authors: Moura Jonathan Ribeiro Farias de
Published: October 2021

O presente trabalho aborda o uso e a tentativa de implementação do gênero neutro na língua(gem) do português brasileiro e uma parte do histórico de tentativas que já se buscou para implementar uma língua(gem) que fosse mais inclusiva, do ponto de vista do gênero, com o -@; -X e o -E. Analisaremos esses gestos discursivos e como eles operam na língua. Como aporte teórico, nos filiamos à escola Materialista de Discurso, cujo expoente maior é Michel Pêcheux, na França, e Eni Orlandi, no Brasil. Ao fim, podemos concluir que os gestos de tentativa dos sujeitos de quererem uma língua portuguesa brasileira menos gentrificada, ou menos binária, têm um efeito político de significar sujeitos que se sentem excluídos da linguagem, no entanto, como a língua é um sistema fechado, precisa de  ser atravessada por uma historicidade para fazer sentido e entrar no curso da língua(gem).
Socioeconomic Study of Climate Change and its Impacts on Livelihoods of People Living Around the Coastal Areas of the Gambia
Authors: Fanneh Momodou Mustapha
Published: October 2021

The research aims to assess the effects of climate change on the livelihood of people living around the coastal areas and coping strategies used. The study uses a quantitative method with semi-structured interview questionnaire and convenient sampling method and conducts a survey of coastal community residents in Banjul, Barra, Bakau, Tanji, Sanyang, Gunjur, and Kartong and uses a descriptive analysis. Majority of respondents are self-employed as fishermen, and fish dryers, fish smokers, ship builders and boat riders. Most of the borrowing is done individually and the line of credit is mostly below D20,000 and more than 85% receive less than that amount. More than 60% of the respondents have no access to land and 4.71% stated that they do not have access to water. Most of the respondents rank their friends as their source of borrowing followed by families and banks. About 93% stated that it takes them less than 40 minutes to get to the nearest health facility. Adaptation strategies employed to deal with health problems during variable and extreme climate are going to hospital, cleanliness, eating healthy using herbal medicine. More than 85% of the respondents did not experience shortage of food in a year. But price of food has been increasing over the last 5 years. Finally, respondents favored adaptation strategy is saving followed by involving in other livelihood activities, government assistance, cleaning the environment, tree planting and protection of coastal areas.
Penyelesaian Pinjaman Bermasalah dalam Perusahaan Teknologi Finansial di Indonesia
Authors: Harja Randy Pramira , Widiati Ekawestri Prajwalita
Published: October 2021

Abstract The development of financial technology services has experienced extraordinary growth and can alter as source of fund for the community, especially start-up business or small scale entrepreneur. This development has also followed by negative aspect, namely the growth in the percentage of bad credit or the default rate of loan repayments of more than 90 days (TWP90). This is exacerbated by the absence of a sufficient regulation regarding the settlement of non-performing loans or defaults where this will cause high risk for fin-tech operators and financiers (investors). In fin-tech services, there are 3 legal relationships arise: 1) namely between loan recipients and loan service providers; 2) between service providers and lenders, and 3) between loan recipients and lenders. In addition, the validity of electronic agreements made in fin-tech services does not in conflict with the norms according to article 1320 BW concerning validity of agreement. Legal action that can be taken by fin-tech operators and investors are through litigation or non-litigation procedure respectively mediation, adjudication and arbitration.Keywords: Financial Technology; Fintech; Loans; Debt;Litigation; Non-Litigation.Abstrak Perkembangan layanan teknologi finansial atau yang lebih dikenal dengan financial technology di Indonesia telah mengalami pertumbuhan yang luar biasa dan bisa menjadi alternatif pembiayaan bagi masyarakat khususnya UMKM. Perkembangan ini juga dibarengi aspek negatif yaitu mulai tumbuhnya presentase kredit macet atau tingkat wanprestasi pengembalian pinjaman lebih dari 90 hari (TWP90). Hal ini diperparah belum adanya payung hukum dari regulator terkait penyelesaian pinjaman bermasalah atau gagal bayar dimana hal ini akan menyebabkan resiko yang tinggi bagi penyelenggara tekfin dan pemberi dana (investor). Dalam layanan tekfin terdapat 3 hubungan hukum yang timbul yaitu antara penerima pinjaman dengan penyelenggara layanan pinjaman, antara penyelenggara layanan dengan pemberi pinjaman, dan antara penerima pinjaman dengan pemberi pinjaman. Selain itu keabsahan perjanjian elektronik yang dibuat dalam layanan tekfin tidak bertentangan dengan syarat sah perjanjian menurut pasal 1320 BW. Upaya hukum yang bisa dilakukan oleh penyelenggara tekfin dan investor adalah melalui jalur litigasi atau non litigasi yaitu mediasi, ajudikasi dan arbitrase.Kata Kunci:Tekfin; Pinjaman Bermasalah; Gagal Bayar; Ligitasi; Non Ligitasi.
Pertanggungjawaban Administratif Juru Parkir di Tepi Jalan Umum Dalam Pemungutan Retribusi
Authors: Fuadi Hasfar , Ismail Ilyas , Saleh Muhammad
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper uses a juridical empirical research method. Juridical research is using a statutory approach, namely Qanun/Perda (das sollen), while empirical research uses a field approach (das sein) by conducting direct interviews with parking attendants and parking retribution users. This study aims to understand and determine the responsibility of parking attendants on the edge of public roads in collecting retribution and applying sanctions to irresponsible parking attendants on the edge of public roads. The results of the study show that the parking attendant is required to use the official clothes/vest provided by the Banda Aceh City Transportation Service, the parking attendant at the time of collecting the parking fee is required to submit a coupon to the user of the retribution service as proof of the parking levy collection and the parking attendant is obliged to submit the levy result to the Banda City Government Aceh through the Quotation Officer assigned in accordance with the provisions that have been set, but if the parking attendant does not carry out his obligations, he will be given a sanction in the form of cancellation of the Management Agreement for the Collection of Parking Retribution. By submitting the coupon as proof of payment of the parking fee, the user of the levy service will count the number of vehicles entering and leaving. Keywords: Accountability; Retribution; Parking.AbstrakTulisan ini menggunakan metode penelitian yang bersifat yuridis empiris. Penelitian yuridis adalah menggunakan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan yaitu Qanun/Perda (das sollen), sedangkan penelitian empiris menggunakan pendekatan lapangan (das sein) dengan melakukan wawancara langsung terhadap Juru Parkir dan pengguna retribusi parkir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami dan mengetahui pertanggungjawaban Juru Parkir di tepi jalan umum dalam pemungutan retribusi dan penerapan sanksi terhadap Juru Parkir di tepi jalan umum yang tidak bertanggung jawab. Hasil penelitian bahwa Juru Parkir wajib menggunakan pakaian/rompi resmi yang diberikan oleh Dinas Perhubungan Kota Banda Aceh, Juru Parkir pada saat memungut retribusi parkir wajib menyerahkan kupon kepada pengguna jasa retribusi sebagai bukti pungutan retribusi parkir dan Juru Parkir wajib menyerahkan hasil retribusi kepada Pemerintah Kota Banda Aceh melalui Juru Kutip yang ditugaskan sesuai dengan ketentuan yang telah ditetapkan, namum apabila Juru Parkir tidak melaksanakan kewajibannya maka akan diberikan sanksi berupa pembatalan Surat Perjanjian Tata Kelola Pemungutan Retribusi Parkir. Dengan diserahkannya kupon sebagai tanda bukti pembayaran retribusi parkir maka pengguna jasa retribusi akan terhitung jumlah kendaraan yang masuk dan keluar.Kata Kunci: Pertanggungjawaban; Retribusi; Parkir.
Politik Hukum Pidana Pengelolaan Eks Dana Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Mandiri Perdesaan (PNPM-MPd)
Authors: Wibowo Aris Tri , Madjid Abdul , Sulistyarini Rachmi
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe management of the former PNPM-MPd funds does not yet have a legal umbrella, both laws, and regulations in other forms. Based on this, the authors see that there are legal problems, namely a legal vacuum (vacuum of Recht) regarding the management of former PNPM-MPd funds so that they have the potential to cause state financial losses (corruption). This paper includes normative juridical research with a statue approach and a conceptual approach. The results showed that the management of former PNPM-MPd funds was not explicitly regulated in statutory regulations. The potential for the occurrence of criminal acts of corruption to be exposed, as evidenced by the existence of criminal acts of corruption regarding the abuse of authority, resulting in losses to state finances. So that it takes legal politics to formulate the management of former PNPM-MPd funds so as not to harm state finances (the occurrence of criminal acts of corruption).Keywords: Political Law; Former Fund of the National Program for Rural Community Empowerment; Criminal Acts of Corruption.AbstrakPengelolaan eks dana PNPM-MPd belum memiliki payung hukum baik undang-undang maupun peraturan dalam bentuk yang lainnya. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penulis melihat terdapat permasalahan hukum yaitu kekosongan hukum (vacuum of recht) mengenai pengaturan pengelolaan eks dana PNPM-MPd sehingga berpotensi untuk menimbulkan kerugian keuangan negara (tindak pidana korupsi). Makalah ini termasuk penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan (statue approach), dan pendekatan konseptual (conseptual approach). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengelolaan eks dana PNPM-MPd tidak diatur secara eksplisit di dalam peraturan perundang-undangan. Potensi terjadinya tindak pidana korupsi menjadi terbuka, terbukti dengan adanya tindak pidana korupsi mengenai penyalahgunaan kewenangan sehingga menimbulkan kerugian keuangan negara. Sehingga diperlukan politik hukum untuk melakukan formulasi pengelolaan eks dana PNPM-MPd agar tidak merugikan keuangan negara (terjadinya tindak pidana korupsi).Kata Kunci: Politik hukum; Eks Dana Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Perdesaan; Tindak Pidana Korupsi.
Tax Comprehension and Ethics Education Integration in Improving Tax Compliance Among Accounting Students
Authors: I Nyoman Putra Yasa  , Nyoman Ari Surya Dharmawan  , I Made Pradana Adiputra  , I Putu Hendra Martadinata  , Nyoman Trisna Herawati
Published: October 2021

Tax education, especially at college level, has so far focused on academic aspects and tends to ignore ethical aspects. So far, ethics education has shown its role in increasing individual moral sensitivity. Given the importance of ethics education, an integration of ethics is needed in tax education, so that it is expected to help in shaping tax-compliant behavior among students. Based on these issues, this study aims to examine the combined effect of tax ethics education and tax comprehension on tax compliance. This research was conducted on 81 undergraduate accounting students with an experimental method. Based on the analysis using ANOVA, this study found that the integration of ethics in tax education can improve tax compliance, especially for students who have low tax comprehension. The results of this study indicate the importance of ethics integration in tax education, especially at the university level. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to be a consideration for universities to integrate ethical aspects of tax education, thus helping in the process of forming student moral awareness as taxpayers in the future.