bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
À propos des « morphèmes d'appui » en russe
Authors: Comtet Roger
Published: May 2011

Über die «stützmorpheme» im russischen

Es ist allgemein bekannt, daß die morphematische Analyse des zeitgenössischen Russischen, wenn sie mit genügender Gründlichkeit und Genauigkeit durch Kommutation durchgeführt wird, zur Verdeutlichung von «zurückgebliebenen» Phonemen führt, deren Funktion auf den ersten Blick unklar ist; zum Beispiel /o/ in со мной und разошлись, oder /v/ in бывать, oder /e/ in земельный, песенный, oder /і/ in помни... Die gewöhnlich gewählte Lösung, um diese Einheiten wieder ins System zu gliedern, besteht darin, aus ihnen einfache Elemente zu machen, die Allomorphe bilden, oder sie in die Gruppe der benachbarten Morpheme einzuschließen; so hätten wir in den zitierten Beispielen die Allomorphe /, /, /, /, /, <Ø>/; es scheint ebenso unbefriedigend zu sein, sie in «Mobilvokale» umzuwandeln, da dieser Ausdruck gewöhnlich eine gewisse innere Beugungsendung bezeichnet, die mit der Nullendung ein diskontinuierliches Morphem bildet (was Jacques Veyrenc das «Vorsignal einer Nullfallendung» nannte), siehe свисток /sv'istok/, wo die Fallendung  ist.

Welche Rolle können diese Elemente in einer funkzionellen und ausschließlich synchronischen Perspektive genau spielen? Die Analyse zeigt, daß sie meistens den konstitutiven Morphemen der Wörter, seien sie lexikalisch oder grammatisch, erlauben, in ihrer Identität und Vollständigkeit geschützt zu werden; sie entkommen nämlich den reduzierenden Vorgängen der Assimilierung, der Diärese u.s.w. Diese Sehweise ermöglicht diese Morpheme, deren Funktion unklar ist, in einer einzigen Klasse zu versammeln. Man könnte ihnen das von Baudouin de Courtenay genannte « prothetische » /n'/ in {с ней,} das /a/ von кошачий, das /ši/ von сделавшись hinzufügen, selbst die thematischen Vokabeln und Konsonanten und gewisse «Suffixe» in der Flexion u.s.w. Es bliebe also nur der Einzelfall der Lexem wie во имя, во. избежание u.s.w. Das Morphem /o/ übt hier eine andere Funktion aus, die vom lexikalischen Merkmal der Ausdrücke, die nicht mehr motiviert sind und als ein Ganzes betrachtet werden müssen.

Aber die Analyse dieser «Stützmorpheme» zeigt hauptsächlich einmal mehr das tief morphologische Wesen des Russischen, ein Zug, der es unter anderem von den anderen slawischen Sprachen unterscheidet und das sich auf zahlreichen Ebenen ausdrückt, besonders in der Rechtschreibung.
Quelques considérations sur le préverbe po- en russe contemporain
Authors: Camus Rémi
Published: May 2011

Некоторые наблюдения над глагольной приставкой по- в современном русском языке

Приставка по-, ярко выделяющаяся на фоне других приставок русского языка, остается, однако, малоизученной с точки зрения ее семантики. Рассматривая семантическое варьирование и сочетаемостные свойства по- на примере двух глаголов сов. вида подать и побить, автор приходит к выводу, что в этих глаголах по- означает, что заложенное в производящей основе понятие рассматривается как реализующееся во времени событие. Подчеркивается неожиданность и парадоксальность такого вывода: если исходить из традиционного описания совершенного вида с помощью понятия предельности, то оказывается, что в случае с подать и побить предел не может быть задан вне самой реализации события в определенных временно-пространственных рамках (ср. например с глаголом разбить, в котором предел фиксируается на основе состояния бутылки). В конце статьи излагаются три возможных способа использования полученного толкования для анализа более широкого круга глаголов.
К типологии поэзии первой русской эмиграции : поэтика промежуточности в произведениях некоторых молодых поэтов русской эмиграции в Париже
Authors: Gayraud Régis
Published: May 2011

Poétique de l'intermédiaire dans les œuvres de quelques jeunes poètes de l'émigration russe à Paris

L'étude de deux recueils édités à Paris au cours des années vingt par deux jeunes poètes de l'émigration russe, Borba za nesuščestvovanie (1925) de Boris Božnev et Stixi na slučaj (1928) de Vladimir Pozner, permet de mettre en évidence un réseau de motifs conduisant tous à une poétique de l'intermédiaire, dont le nom même du groupe dont ces deux auteurs firent quelque temps partie, Čerez, nous semble porter témoignage. Dans chacun de ces recueils, le sort personnel du poète, vivant dans sa chair un statut ambigu, a un rôle de déclencheur d'images poétiques. Ces images contribuent à la formation d'un portrait de l'individu dans le monde — et particulièrement dans la ville — où cette indétermination est perçue de manière exacerbée et où le trouble identitaire se mue en trouble de la personnalité. On retrouve ce thème chez d'autres auteurs de l'émigration russe, particulièrement dans la prose de poètes comme Boris Pasternak (Apollon Bezobrazov, Domoj s nebes) ou Georgij Ivanov (Raspad atoma), thème soutenu par des motifs et des procédés poétiques semblables, laissant entrevoir l'existence d'un appareillage poétique qui serait commun à tout un courant de poètes qui font de la description de leur statut d'émigrés le fond essentiel de leur œuvre. En l'absence, chez ces écrivains, de tous discours théorique ou programmatique commun, c'est bien en cherchant dans leurs œuvres que l'on trouverait ce qui pourrait unir leurs expériences poétiques. Sans vouloir préjuger des résultats d'une étude plus vaste et plus approfondie de ce domaine, il nous paraît vraisemblable qu'une telle recherche mettrait à jour le caractère essentiel de cette poétique de l'intermédiaire.
L'odyssée religieuse de Vasilij Grigorovič Barskij à travers les chrétientés latine et grecque (1723-1747)
Authors: Gonneau Pierre
Published: May 2011

The Religious Odyssey of Vasilij Grigorovič Barskij Through Latin and Greek Christendom (1723-1747)

Relating his pilgrimages through Poland, Hungary, Austria, Italy, the Greek islands, Mount Athos and the Near East, the Kievan Vasilij Barskij devotes a great deal of attention to the confrontation between Latin and Greek faiths. His testimony is a contrasted one. It includes sympathetic descriptions of Western European mores and even of specifically Catholic supports of worship, such as sculptures or musical instruments. Meanwhile, Barskij denounces «Papist» expansionism in traditionally «Greek» fields and tells several tales of violence commited by Catholics against Orthodoxs. Neither does Barskij spare his criticisms to the rigorist monks of the Athos (most of them Serbians or Bulgarians) who doubt the Orthodoxy of the Ukrainian people coming to the Holy Mountain. Well aware of the cultural gap between his native land, under the rule of the powerful Russian sovereign, and the cradle of Orthodoxy, under Ottoman yoke, Vasilij experiences a mix of respect and condescension towards the Greek «great Church in captivity». In the end, he elaborates a sort of climate theory, recognizing the validity of both Catholic and Orthodox faiths, within their ancestral boundaries.
L'Église d'Angleterre et l'orthodoxie russe : quelques exemples de relations
Authors: Lossky Nicolas
Published: May 2011

The Church of England and Russian Orthodoxy: A Few Examples of Relations

The place of Britain within «Latin Christianity» is justified.

A hypothesis is advanced concerning the 16th century in connexion with the Muscovy Company. After a brief mention of the 18th century Non-Jurors, the emphasis is entirely placed on the 19th century, with some little known effects of the Oxford Movement, and even more particularly on the 20th century with the foundation and development of the Fellowship of St Alban and St Sergius by prominent Anglicans and members of the Russian emigration.
Deux lettres de Vjačeslav Ivanov
Authors: Ivanov Dimitri
Published: May 2011

Two Letters of Vjačeslav Ivanov

After years of reflexion Vjačeslav Ivanov decided, in 1926, to join the Catholic Church. Не informed the Vatican Congregation for the Eastern Church about his wish and asked to be authorized to use for this occasion a statement written by Vladimir Solov'ev instead of the usual formula, according to which the postulant «abjured» the Orthodox Church. Ivanov did not abjure. Не believed on the contrary that by professing the unity of the Universal Church one acts as a real member of Orthodoxy as it was before the quarrels and schisms.

The Congregation, after consulting the Holy Office, agreed to the unusual proceeding.

A year later, the 15 years old son of Ivanov, Dimitri, wrote to his father — then in Pavia — informing him about his intention to become a catholic. To his great surprise his father strongly objected and insisted that Dimitri go to the Russian Orthodox church, discuss the mater with the Rector, confess and, if the Rector allowed, receive Communion. Не should first become a good orhodox, before deciding.

Dimitri obeyed. But a few months later he became dangerously ill. Не then returned to his previous decision and this time his father agreed. Не only regretted that in the hospital chapel it was not possible to celebrate the liturgy in the bizantine rite. As he later wrote to his friend, S. L. Frank, «the Catholic Church consists of two halves: the Latin Church and the Greek Church. The latter is not as numerous but essential on a spiritual level because preceding the course of history it accomplishes the wholeness of the Universal Church».
Проникновение и влияние философии Мартина Хайдеггера в России
Authors: Dennes Maryse
Published: May 2011

Pénétration et influence de la philosophie de Martin Heidegger en Russie

Avant que ne se développe, dans le milieu culturel russe contemporain, un intérêt véritable pour la pensée de Martin Heidegger, déjà quelques penseurs de l'émigration russe en Occident (N. Lossky, N. Berdiaev, S. Frank) se sont intéressés à l'œuvre du philosophe allemand. Cependant, l'empreinte laissée par la pensée heideggerienne sur ces philosophes russes ne peut pas être séparée d'un contexte culturel plus large et de l'influence qu'avait déjà exercée en Russie l'œuvre d'Edmund Husserl. De cette façon, aujourd'hui, il est impossible de parler de la signification de l'influence de Heidegger en Russie si l'on ne prend pas en considération le contexte qui permet la pénétration de son œuvre et la rencontre de sa pensée. On peut dire que l'étude d'une telle influence est nécessairement liée à celle du rôle complémentaire que peuvent jouer les pensées de Husserl et de Heidegger, de façon générale, dans la culture russe, et de façon plus particulière, dans la prise de conscience philosophique de la spécificité de la pensée russe.
Présentation
Authors: Lynch Kathleen , Payet Jean-Paul
Published: May 2011

Résumé La réflexion politique sur l’égalité fut longtemps centrée sur la sphère publique : relations politiques de l’État, relations économiques du marché, relations culturelles à l’origine de la reconnaissance sociale. Ce dossier interroge d’autres dimensions des inégalités en éducation. Si des relations économiques inégales impliquent un accès différencié aux richesses, elles pèsent aussi sur le degré de respect et de reconnaissance, sur l’exercice du pouvoir et la répartition des relations d’amour, d’affection et de solidarité. En abordant ces inégalités dans des environnements culturels différents –Australie, États-Unis et Grande-Bretagne pour les anglophones, Belgique, France et Suisse pour les francophones– les auteurs mettent en évidence des articulations entre des sphères de la justice éducative, en termes de redistribution, de reconnaissance et de participation. Les anglophones s’intéressent aussi aux corrélations entre justice en éducation et “care”, qui recouvre notamment la bienveillance, l’attention portée à autrui, le soin qu’on lui prodigue. Le dossier montre que le modèle de justice à trois dimensions de Fraser doit être complété par celles des relations affectives et de la solidarité qui ont un impact profond bien qu’invisible sur la réussite à l’école.
Redistribution et reconnaissance : le refus des pédagogies de l'indifférence
Authors: Lingard Bob
Published: May 2011

Résumé L’auteur s’appuie sur une étude des pratiques pédagogiques enseignantes menée dans le Queensland –sur trois ans, 250 enseignants, 1000 observations de cours dans le primaire et le secondaire dans diverses matières– pour analyser la mise en œuvre de pédagogies bénéfiques (exigence intellectuelle, contextualisation, accompagnement des élèves, valorisation de la différence). Les pratiques ordinaires, fondées sur l’indifférence aux différences, manquent souvent d’exigence intellectuelle –notamment face aux élèves de milieu populaire– et compensent par l’affection portée. L’étude montre que les établissements n’apportent pas aux élèves, entrés sans capital culturel suffisant, les compétences utiles pour réussir. Partant de l’hypothèse de Fraser selon laquelle la reconnaissance est impossible sans redistribution vers ceux qui sont marginalisés, l’auteur milite pour la redistribution de pédagogies bénéfiques pour les élèves issus de milieux pauvres et soulève des questions politiques : les bénéficiaires actuels du système autoriseront-ils des investissements qui permettraient à leurs concurrents potentiels de lutter contre eux sur le marché des compétences éducatives ? Si tous les élèves atteignaient le même niveau scolaire, comment s’opérerait la sélection sur un marché du travail stratifié ? Le capital social ne remplacerait-il pas le capital culturel comme mécanisme de sélection ? Les injustices de répartition des divers capitaux et de reconnaissance passent à travers les murs poreux de l’institution scolaire.
Comment des femmes à la tête de PME réussissent-elles leur succession?
Authors: Koffi Vivi , Lorrain Jean
Published: May 2011

Résumé Au cœur de la réussite du processus de transfert de direction se trouve la crédibilité que le successeur doit établir et que le dirigeant sortant doit aider à bâtir. Afin d’optimiser la réussite des successions au sein des entreprises familiales, cet article tire des leçons de quatre cas de succession de femmes dirigeantes de PME qui sont bien entamés ou qui se sont bien déroulés. Les entrevues réalisées mettent en lumière le fait qu’un successeur crédible doit présenter trois caractéristiques : avoir des compétences «à valeur ajoutée», exercer un leadership gagnant et se montrer honnête. Nos résultats indiquent aussi que les dirigeantes sortantes peuvent accroître la crédibilité de leur successeur en lui faisant confiance et en lui exprimant cette confiance, en l’inspirant et en agissant comme modèle auprès de lui, en l’amenant à développer ses compétences, en collaborant et en communiquant avec lui et, enfin, en exerçant un leadership empathique envers le successeur.
Des banques préoccupées par le développement durable ?
Authors: Elabidi Houda , Hamdi Badreddine
Published: May 2011

Résumé Le secteur financier fait l’objet de reproches à l’égard du développement durable. En réaction à cela, plusieurs banques veulent amorcer des initiatives dans ce domaine. Mais comment faire? Cet article traite d’abord des enjeux et des défis auxquels font face les banques en matière de développement durable. Ensuite, il décrit les diverses étapes du projet de développement durable mis sur pied par la banque Fortis : planification et développement, implantation, pilotage et gestion. Une synthèse des retombées de son projet montre que l’accroissement de la performance environnementale à long terme exige d’intégrer les éléments clés du développement durable dans les métiers et les processus de base. Cette étude de cas et les écrits sur le sujet nous permettent, finalement, de formuler des recommandations et d’indiquer des priorités à l’intention des banques de même que des organisations d’autres secteurs désirant s’engager en matière de développement durable.
Comment une équipe de gestion du changement peut-elle aider à implanter un système de gestion intégré?
Authors: Lemieux Nathalie
Published: May 2011

Résumé Les organisations sont amenées de plus en plus souvent à implanter un système de gestion intégré, c’est-à-dire un logiciel conçu pour intégrer et gérer un ensemble de processus administratifs et de données liant diverses fonctions, comme la gestion financière et comptable, les ventes, la distribution et l’approvisionnement. Malgré les ressources énormes souvent accordées à l’implantation d’un tel système, les résultats quant à sa réussite et à ses incidences sont souvent décevants. L’expérience montre qu’une des conditions critiques du succès de l’implantation d’un système de gestion intégré est l’efficacité avec laquelle on gère le changement qu’il entraîne. Mais comment gérer ce changement? S’appuyant sur une étude de cas menée à Hydro-Québec, qui a implanté un vaste système d’information clientèle, et sur la documentation à ce sujet, cet article propose un modèle d’intervention que les équipes de gestion du changement gagneraient à mettre en œuvre pour faciliter l’implantation d’un système de gestion intégré. Nous donnons ensuite des conseils clés aux dirigeants et aux équipes de gestion de changement.
Pourquoi réformer l'hôpital public ?
Authors: Vincent Gérard
Published: May 2011

Résumé L’hôpital est une organisation qui a très fortement évolué depuis cinquante ans et n’a cessé de se transformer. De l’hôpital-hospice aux CHU, il a connu de profonds changements, issus du mouvement d’humanisation qui a pris son essor au XIX e siècle, puis de modernisation à compter des Trente Glorieuses, jusqu’à l’hôpital contemporain (disparition des salles communes, arrivée des très hautes technologies, etc.). Peu d’« administrations » ou d’organisations se sont autant transformées sur la période considérée.
Les médecins américains et la réforme Obama
Authors: Rodwin Victor G.
Published: May 2011

Résumé Les médecins américains sont favorables à un élargissement de la couverture et ont soutenu les grandes lignes de la réforme Obama. Cependant, leur rôle dans l’élaboration de ce projet, et plus généralement dans la politique de santé aux États-Unis, n’est plus déterminant. Cet article résume les grandes lignes de la réforme Obama, synthétise des études bien connues sur le rôle traditionnel des médecins dans la politique de santé, et tâche d’expliquer comment le corps médical américain est devenu un acteur parmi d’autres, désormais plus puissants que lui, de l’élaboration des politiques de santé.
“Obamacare” : où en sommes-nous ?
Authors: Brown Lawrence D.
Published: May 2011

Résumé Après un bref rappel des précédentes tentatives de réforme de la santé aux États-Unis et des conditions de vote de la loi Obama, l’auteur, dans cette conférence prononcée le 1 er avril 2010, énumère les principaux défis qui attendent la réforme et conditionnent en grande partie sa réussite ou son échec : tenir le consensus, contenir les groupes de pression, assurer une mise en œuvre complexe et délicate, ne pas éluder la question des coûts et tenir compte du contexte économique global dont la santé dépend massivement. Enfin, dans un post-scriptum rédigé en janvier 2011, l’auteur revient sur la première année de mise en place de la réforme.
La santé en Chine
Authors: Durand-Drouhin Jean-Louis
Published: May 2011

Résumé La question de l’accès à la santé et à une médecine de qualité constitue pour les autorités chinoises un enjeu majeur pour réduire les inégalités, assurer la stabilité sociale et confirmer la viabilité du modèle de développement chinois. À la suite du désengagement de l’État à la fin des années 1970, une majorité de la population, sans couverture sociale, a cessé d’accéder aux structures de soins, accentuant les inégalités, notamment entre les villes et les campagnes. La réforme du système de santé de 2008, primordiale pour l’avenir du pays, a pour objectif d’assurer à la totalité de la population urbaine et rurale une couverture de soins minimum grâce a un système d’assurance maladie, de rendre accessible les médicaments de base, de moderniser et développer les hôpitaux et les structures sanitaires de premiers recours, en particulier au profit des populations des campagnes.
Peut-on réformer l'organisation des soins de premier recours ?
Authors: Bras Pierre-Louis
Published: May 2011

Résumé Notre système de soins de premier recours est confronté à un double défi : d’une part la diminution prévisible du temps médical, d’autre part la nécessité d’enrichir le contenu des prises en charge, notamment des patients chroniques. L’externalisation de certaines fonctions (éducation thérapeutique, accompagnement des patients) en dehors des cabinets de médecine générale s’avère une réponse très partielle à ces défis. Les exemples étrangers montrent qu’il est nécessaire, au contraire, de renforcer les cabinets de médecine générale en constituant en leur sein des équipes composées de médecins et d’infirmières. Les conditions en matière de définition des fonctions, de formation et de mode de rémunération sont loin d’être réunies pour que ce mode d’organisation puisse s’implanter en France. Il faut donc envisager une action volontariste des pouvoirs publics :financer les infirmières qui souhaiteraient travailler au sein des cabinets de médecine générale volontaires pour ce nouveau mode d’exercice.
Pays-Bas : la théorie de la concurrence régulée à l'essai
Authors: Bernstein David
Published: May 2011

Résumé Depuis une vingtaine d’années, les Pays-Bas introduisent progressivement des mécanismes concurrentiels dans leur système de santé. Depuis 2006 l’assurance maladie, obligatoire pour l’ensemble de la population, est gérée au premier euro par des assureurs en concurrence. Cette réforme a permis d’unifier un système auparavant fragmenté où les deux tiers de la population étaient couverts par une assurance publique obligatoire et le tiers le plus riche par des assurances privées facultatives. Toute la population a désormais une assurance de base uniforme. La réforme a également favorisé une forte concentration du secteur des assurances. Sur l’objectif principal (accroître l’efficience du système en favorisant le rôle d’acheteur des assureurs), peu de résultats sont perceptibles. Du côté des prestataires de soins, la contractualisation sélective par les assureurs n’a pas pris son essor et certains facteurs structurels restent peu favorables à la concurrence entre professionnels de santé. La plupart des assurés ont vu les primes versées aux assureurs et leurs restes à charge augmenter de façon non négligeable.
Development of an Advanced Nomogram for Myopic Astigmatic Wavefront-Guided Laser in Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK)
Authors: Biebesheimer Jesse B. , Kang Terry S. , Huang Cynthia Y. , Yu Fei , Hamilton D. Rex
Published: May 2011

Background and Objective:

To identify the relationship between preoperative parameters and postoperative overcorrection or undercorrection in eyes with myopic astigmatism treated with wavefront-guided laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), and to develop an advanced surgical nomogram.

Patients and Methods:

A retrospective chart review of 468 eyes that underwent wavefront-guided LASIK for myopia with astigmatism with the Alcon LADARVision 4000 (Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, TX), of which 235 had flaps created by microkeratome (OneUse; Moria Surgical, Doylestown, PA) and 233 by femtosecond laser (Intralase; AMO, Santa Ana, CA). Manifest sphere, cylinder, and spherical equivalent were recorded preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. Various parameters from patient records were analyzed to identify which had greatest influence on outcomes.

Results:

Manifest spherical equivalent was the most important predictor of surgical overcorrection, with the second being spherical aberration. In both groups, there was a statistically significant (
P
< .0001) correlation of spherical aberration with the amount of overcorrection. Using these two parameters, compensatory nomograms were derived.

Conclusion:

Surgical overcorrection in wavefront-guided LASIK for myopic astigmatism correlates positively with the amount of spherical equivalent treated and preoperative spherical aberration. Nomograms incorporating spherical aberration may improve accuracy of outcomes.
Use of Amniotic Membrane Graft in Glaucoma Shunt Surgery
Authors: Anand Aashish , Sheha Hosam , Teng Christopher C. , Liebmann Jeffrey M. , Ritch Robert , Tello Celso
Published: May 2011

Background and Objective:

To determine the safety and efficacy of amniotic membrane graft in glaucoma drainage device surgery.

Patients and Methods:

Institutional retrospective case series of 44 patients undergoing glaucoma drainage device implantation with use of 300-μm thick amniotic membrane as a patch graft. Endpoints assessed were tube exposure, graft thinning, graft clarity, graft-related infection, and inflammation.

Results:

A total of 41 (93%) eyes had an uneventful course over a mean follow-up of 22 ± 3 months (range: 17 to 28 months). Tube exposure and hypotony each occurred in one eye and were successfully treated with a tube revision using double pericardial and amniotic membrane patch graft. The translucency of amniotic membrane graft enabled good visualization of the occluding suture when performing laser suture lysis in 16 eyes. Sequential anterior segment optical coherence tomography showed stable amniotic membrane graft thickness with a change from low to moderate reflectivity in the subconjunctival–graft bilayer.

Conclusion:

Amniotic membrane graft offers good tectonic support and allows direct visualization of the underlying tube.
Promiscuous Processing of Human α/β-Protryptases by Cathepsins L, B, and C
Authors: Le Quang T. , Min Hae-Ki , Xia Han-Zhang , Fukuoka Yoshihiro , Katunuma Nobuhiko , Schwartz Lawrence B.
Published: May 2011

Human α- and β-protryptase zymogens are abundantly and selectively produced by mast cells, but the mechanism(s) by which they are processed is uncertain. β-Protryptase is sequentially processed in vitro by autocatalysis at R−3 followed by cathepsin (CTS) C proteolysis to the mature enzyme. However, mast cells from CTSC-deficient mice successfully convert protryptase (pro-murine mast cell protease-6) to mature murine mast cell protease-6. α-Protryptase processing cannot occur by trypsin-like enzymes due to an R−3Q substitution. Thus, biological mechanisms for processing these zymogens are uncertain. β-Tryptase processing activity(ies) distinct from CTSC were partially purified from human HMC-1 cells and identified by mass spectroscopy to include CTSB and CTSL. Importantly, CTSB and CTSL also directly process α-protryptase (Q−3) and mutated β-protryptase (R−3Q) as well as wild-type β-protryptase to maturity, indicating no need for autocatalysis, unlike the CTSC pathway. Heparin promoted tryptase tetramer formation and protected tryptase from degradation by CTSB and CTSL. Thus, CTSL and CTSB are capable of directly processing both α- and β-protryptases from human mast cells to their mature enzymatically active products.
Role for E-Cadherin as an Inhibitory Receptor on Epidermal γδ T Cells
Authors: Uchida Youhei , Kawai Kazuhiro , Ibusuki Atsuko , Kanekura Takuro
Published: May 2011

E-cadherin is a homophilic adhesion molecule that maintains homotypic intercellular adhesion between epithelial cells such as epidermal keratinocytes. E-cadherin is also expressed on resident murine epidermal γδ T cells, known as dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs), but they express another receptor for E-cadherin, αE(CD103)β7 integrin, as well. In this study, we analyzed functional differences between E-cadherin–mediated homophilic binding and heterophilic binding of αEβ7 integrin to E-cadherin in heterotypic intercellular adhesion of DETCs to keratinocytes. E-cadherin, but not αEβ7 integrin, was downregulated on activation of DETCs in vivo and in vitro. Short-term (1-h) adhesion of DETCs to keratinocytes in vitro was primarily mediated by αEβ7 integrin, and blocking of the binding of αEβ7 integrin to E-cadherin inhibited the lysis of keratinocytes by DETCs. Stable binding of E-cadherin on DETCs to plate-bound recombinant E-cadherin was observed only after 24-h culture in vitro. Cytokine production and degranulation by DETCs in response to suboptimal TCR cross-linking and mitogen stimulation were augmented by coligation of αEβ7 integrin. In contrast, engagement of E-cadherin on DETCs with immobilized anti–E-cadherin Ab, plate-bound recombinant E-cadherin, and E-cadherin on keratinocytes inhibited DETC activation. Therefore, E-cadherin acts as an inhibitory receptor on DETCs, whereas αEβ7 integrin acts as a costimulatory receptor. Differential expression of E-cadherin and αEβ7 integrin on resting and activated DETCs, as well as their opposite functions in DETC activation, suggests that E-cadherin and αEβ7 integrin on DETCs regulate their activation threshold through binding to E-cadherin on keratinocytes.
Dominant Clonotypes within HIV-Specific T Cell Responses Are Programmed Death-1high and CD127low and Display Reduced Variant Cross-Reactivity
Authors: Conrad Joseph A. , Ramalingam Ramesh K. , Smith Rita M. , Barnett Louise , Lorey Shelly L. , Wei Jie , Simons Brenna C. , Sadagopal Shanmugalakshmi , Meyer-Olson Dirk , Kalams Spyros A.
Published: May 2011

HIV epitope-specific T cell responses are often comprised of clonotypic expansions with distinct functional properties. In HIV+ individuals, we measured programmed death-1 (PD-1) and IL-7Rα expression, MHC class I tetramer binding, cytokine production, and proliferation profiles of dominant and subdominant TCR clonotypes to evaluate the relationship between the composition of the HIV-specific T cell repertoire and clonotypic phenotype and function. Dominant clonotypes are characterized by higher PD-1 expression and lower C127 expression compared with subdominant clonotypes, and TCR avidity positively correlates with PD-1 expression. At low peptide concentrations, dominant clonotypes fail to survive in culture. In response to stimulation with peptides representing variant epitopes, subdominant clonotypes produce higher relative levels of cytokines and display greater capacity for cross-recognition compared with dominant clonotypes. These data indicate that dominant clonotypes within HIV-specific T cell responses display a phenotype consistent with ongoing exposure to cognate viral epitopes and suggest that cross-reactive, subdominant clonotypes may retain greater capacity to suppress replication of viral variants as well as to survive in the absence of strong antigenic signaling.
IFN-γ Mediates Enhancement of HIV Replication in Astrocytes by Inducing an Antagonist of the β-Catenin Pathway (DKK1) in a STAT 3-Dependent Manner
Authors: Li Wei , Henderson Lisa J. , Major Eugene O. , Al-Harthi Lena
Published: May 2011

Typically, IFN-γ is an antiviral cytokine that inhibits the replication of many viruses, including HIV. However, in the CNS, IFN-γ induces HIV-productive replication in astrocytes. Although astrocytes in vitro are refractory to HIV replication, recent in vivo evidence demonstrated that astrocytes are infected by HIV, and their degree of infection is correlated with proximity to activated macrophages/microglia. The ability of IFN-γ to induce HIV replication in astrocytes suggests that the environmental milieu is critical in regulating the permissiveness of astrocytes to HIV infection. We evaluated the mechanism by which IFN-γ relieves restricted HIV replication in astrocytes. We demonstrate that although astrocytes have robust endogenous β-catenin signaling, a pathway that is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, IFN-γ diminished β-catenin signaling in astrocytes by 40%, as evaluated by both active β-catenin protein expression and β-catenin-mediated T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer reporter (TOPflash) activity. Further, IFN-γ–mediated inhibition of β-catenin signaling was dependent on its ability to induce an antagonist of the β-catenin signaling pathway, Dickkopf-related protein 1, in a STAT 3-dependent manner. Inhibition of STAT3 and Dickkopf-related protein 1 abrogated the ability of IFN-γ to enhance HIV replication in astrocytes. These data demonstrated that IFN-γ induces HIV replication in astrocytes by antagonizing the β-catenin pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first report to point to an intricate cross-talk between IFN-γ signaling and β-catenin signaling that may have biologic and virologic effects on HIV outcome in the CNS, as well as on broader processes where the two pathways interface.
Human Bone Marrow Hosts Polyfunctional Memory CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells with Close Contact to IL-15–Producing Cells
Authors: Herndler-Brandstetter Dietmar , Landgraf Katja , Jenewein Brigitte , Tzankov Alexandar , Brunauer Regina , Brunner Stefan , Parson Walther , Kloss Frank , Gassner Robert , Lepperdinger Günter , Grubeck-Loebenstein Beatrix
Published: May 2011

Recently, a key role in memory T cell homing and survival has been attributed to the bone marrow (BM) in mice. In the human BM, the repertoire, function, and survival niches of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that CD4+ and CD8+ effector memory T cells accumulate in the human BM and are in a heightened activation state as revealed by CD69 expression. BM-resident memory T cells produce more IFN-γ and are frequently polyfunctional. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are in the immediate vicinity of IL-15–producing BM cells, suggesting a close interaction between these two cell types and a regulatory role of IL-15 on T cells. Accordingly, IL-15 induced an identical pattern of CD69 expression in peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. Moreover, the IL-15–inducible molecules Bcl-xL, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and CCR5 were upregulated in the human BM. In summary, our results indicate that the human BM microenvironment, in particular IL-15–producing cells, is important for the maintenance of a polyfunctional memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell pool.
Neurobiology of Depression and Anxiety in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Kano Osamu , Ikeda Ken , Cridebring Derek , Takazawa Takanori , Yoshii Yasuhiro , Iwasaki Yasuo
Published: May 2011

Depression and anxiety are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and have important consequences on quality of life. These have long been recognized as frequent accompanying syndromes of PD, and several reports suggest that these are the causative process or risk factors that are present many years before the appearance of motor symptoms. The neurochemical changes in PD involving dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin might be related to the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety, but this is still not clear. Several studies showed that anxiety in PD patients occurs earlier than depression, during premotor phase, suggesting that there may be a link between the mechanisms that cause anxiety and PD. Whereas a recent study reported that PD patients with depression and anxiety were associated with different demographic and clinical features.
The First Report ofMycobacterium celatumIsolation from Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa domestica) and Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) and an Overview of Human Infections in Slovenia
Authors: Pate Mateja , Žolnir-Dovč Manca , Kušar Darja , Krt Brane , Špičić Silvio , Cvetnić Željko , Ocepek Matjaž
Published: May 2011

Mycobacterium celatum, a slowly growing potentially pathogenic mycobacterium first described in humans, is regarded as an uncommon cause of human infection, though capable of inducing invasive disease in immunocompromised hosts. According to some reports, a serious disease due toM. celatummay also occur in individuals with no apparent immunodeficiency. In animals, anM. celatum-related disease has been described in three cases only: twice in a domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) and once in a white-tailed trogon (Trogon viridis). In this paper, we report the first detection ofM. celatumin a domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). A nation-wide overview of humanM. celatuminfections recorded in Slovenia between 2000 and 2010 is also given. Pulmonary disease due toM. celatumwas recognized in one patient with a history of a preexisting lung disease.
Chemistry Based on Renewable Raw Materials: Perspectives for a Sugar Cane-Based Biorefinery
Authors: Villela Filho Murillo , Araujo Carlos , Bonfá Alfredo , Porto Weber
Published: May 2011

Carbohydrates are nowadays a very competitive feedstock for the chemical industry because their availability is compatible with world-scale chemical production and their price, based on the carbon content, is comparable to that of petrochemicals. At the same time, demand is rising for biobased products. Brazilian sugar cane is a competitive feedstock source that is opening the door to a wide range of bio-based products. This essay begins with the importance of the feedstock for the chemical industry and discusses developments in sugar cane processing that lead to low cost feedstocks. Thus, sugar cane enables a new chemical industry, as it delivers a competitive raw material and a source of energy. As a result, sugar mills are being transformed into sustainable biorefineries that fully exploit the potential of sugar cane.
Older Adults' Perceptions of Clinical Fall Prevention Programs: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Calhoun Rebecca , Meischke Hendrika , Hammerback Kristen , Bohl Alex , Poe Pamela , Williams Barbara , Phelan Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2011

Objective. To investigate motivational factors and barriers to participating in fall risk assessment and management programs among diverse, low-income, community-dwelling older adults who had experienced a fall.Methods. Face-to-face interviews with 20 elderly who had accepted and 19 who had not accepted an invitation to an assessment by one of two fall prevention programs. Interviews covered healthy aging, core values, attributions/consequences of the fall, and barriers/benefits of fall prevention strategies and programs.Results. Joiners and nonjoiners of fall prevention programs were similar in their experience of loss associated with aging, core values they expressed, and emotional response to falling. One difference was that those who participated endorsed that they “needed” the program, while those who did not participate expressed a lack of need.Conclusions. Interventions targeted at a high-risk group need to address individual beliefs as well as structural and social factors (transportation issues, social networks) to enhance participation.
Geomagnetic activity related NOx enhancements and polar surface air temperature variability in a chemistry climate model: modulation of the NAM index
Authors: Baumgaertner A. J. G. , Seppälä A. , Jöckel P. , Clilverd M. A.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. The atmospheric chemistry general circulation model ECHAM5/MESSy is used to simulate polar surface air temperature effects of geomagnetic activity variations. A transient model simulation was performed for the years 1960–2004 and is shown to develop polar surface air temperature patterns that depend on geomagnetic activity strength, similar to previous studies. In order to eliminate influencing factors such as sea surface temperatures (SST) or UV variations, two nine-year long simulations were carried out, with strong and weak geomagnetic activity, respectively, while all other boundary conditions were held to year 2000 levels. Statistically significant temperature effects that were observed in previous reanalysis and model results are also obtained from this set of simulations, suggesting that such patterns are indeed related to geomagnetic activity. In the model, strong geomagnetic activity and the associated NOx (= NO + NO2) enhancements lead to polar stratospheric ozone loss. Compared with the simulation with weak geomagnetic activity, the ozone loss causes a decrease in ozone radiative cooling and thus a temperature increase in the polar winter mesosphere. Similar to previous studies, a cooling is found below the stratopause, which other authors have attributed to a decrease in the mean meridional circulation. In the polar stratosphere this leads to a more stable vortex. A strong (weak) Northern Hemisphere vortex is known to be associated with a positive (negative) Northern Annular Mode (NAM) index; our simulations exhibit a positive NAM index for strong geomagnetic activity, and a negative NAM for weak geomagnetic activity. Such NAM anomalies have been shown to propagate to the surface, and this is also seen in the model simulations. NAM anomalies are known to lead to specific surface temperature anomalies: a positive NAM is associated with warmer than average northern Eurasia and colder than average eastern North Atlantic. This is also the case in our simulation. Our simulations suggest a link between geomagnetic activity, ozone loss, stratospheric cooling, the NAM, and surface temperature variability. Further work is required to identify the precise cause and effect of the coupling between these regions.
Continental-scale enrichment of atmospheric 14CO2 from the nuclear power industry: potential impact on the estimation of fossil fuel-derived CO2
Authors: Graven H. D. , Gruber N.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Since aged carbon in fossil fuel contains no 14C, 14C/C ratios (Δ14C) measured in atmospheric CO2 can be used to estimate CO2 added by combustion and, potentially, provide verification of fossil CO2 emissions calculated using economic inventories. Sources of 14C from nuclear power generation and spent fuel reprocessing can counteract dilution by fossil CO2. Therefore, these nuclear sources can bias observation-based estimates of fossil fuel-derived CO2 if they are not correctly accounted for or included as a source of uncertainty. We estimate annual 14C emissions from each nuclear site in the world and conduct an Eulerian transport modeling study to investigate the continental-scale, steady-state gradients of Δ14C caused by nuclear activities and fossil fuel combustion. Over Europe, North America and East Asia, nuclear enrichment may offset 0–260 % of the fossil fuel dilution in Δ14C, corresponding to potential biases of 0 to −8 ppm in the CO2 attributed to fossil fuel emissions, larger than the bias from respiration in some areas. Growth of 14C emissions increased the potential nuclear bias over 1985–2005. The magnitude of this potential bias is largely independent of the choice of reference station in the context of Eulerian transport and inversion studies, but could potentially be reduced by an appropriate choice of reference station in the context of local-scale assessments.
Effects of the climate change on regional ozone dry deposition
Authors: Kolozsi-Komjáthy E. , Mészáros R. , Lagzi I.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. This impact study investigates connections between the regional climate change and the tropospheric ozone deposition over different vegetations in Hungary due to the possible changes of atmospheric and environmental properties. The spatial and temporal variability of the dry deposition velocity of ozone was estimated for different time periods (1961–1990 for reference period and two future scenarios: 2021–2050 and 2071–2100). Simulations were performed with a sophisticated deposition model using the RegCM regional climate model results as an input. We found a significant reduction of the ozone deposition velocities during summer months, which predicts less ozone damage to the vegetation in the future. However elevated ozone concentration and changed plant physiology can compensate the effect of this reduction.
National Climate Observing System of Switzerland (GCOS Switzerland)
Authors: Seiz G. , Foppa N.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. In recent decades, the global observation of climate and climate change has become increasingly important. The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) established in 1992 addresses the entire climate system including physical, chemical and biological properties of atmosphere, ocean and land surface. This paper describes the GCOS implementation in Switzerland and highlights some major achievements over the last few years. The Swiss GCOS Office was established at the Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss in February 2006, to coordinate all climate-relevant measurements in Switzerland. The first-ever inventory of the country's long-term climatological data series and international data centres, including an assessment of their future prospects, was compiled in 2007. The National Climate Observing System of Switzerland (GCOS Switzerland) includes long-term climatological data series in the atmosphere and terrestrial domains, international data and calibration centres, satellite-based products and support of climate observations in developing countries. A major milestone in the surface-based atmospheric observations was the definition of the Swiss National Basic Climatological Network (NBCN), consisting of 29 stations of greatest climatological importance. The NBCN was further densified for precipitation with 46 additional daily precipitation stations (NBCN-P). Analysis of the homogenized timeseries of the average temperature in Switzerland shows a total warming of +1.6 °C from 1864 to 2010. In the terrestrial domain, substantial advances were made in all three subdomains hydrosphere, cryosphere and biosphere. As example for the use of satellite data within GCOS Switzerland, the 10-yr MODIS monthly mean cloud fraction climatology over Switzerland from March 2000 to February 2010 is presented, which illustrates the differences in cloud cover between mountainous regions and flatland regions in winter, as well as the north-south gradient in cloud cover over Switzerland in summer.
Future changes in European winter storm losses and extreme wind speeds inferred from GCM and RCM multi-model simulations
Authors: Donat M. G. , Leckebusch G. C. , Wild S. , Ulbrich U.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Extreme wind speeds and related storm loss potential in Europe have been investigated using multi-model simulations from global (GCM) and regional (RCM) climate models. Potential future changes due to anthropogenic climate change have been analysed from these simulations following the IPCC SRES A1B scenario. The large number of available simulations allows an estimation of the robustness of detected future changes. All the climate models reproduced the observed spatial patterns of wind speeds, although some models displayed systematic biases. A storm loss model was applied to the GCM and RCM simulated wind speeds, resulting in realistic mean loss amounts calculated from 20th century climate simulations, although the inter-annual variability of losses is generally underestimated. In future climate simulations, enhanced extreme wind speeds were found over northern parts of Central and Western Europe in most simulations and in the ensemble mean (up to 5%). As a consequence, the loss potential is also higher in these regions, particularly in Central Europe. Conversely, a decrease in extreme wind speeds was found in Southern Europe, as was an associated reduction in loss potential. There was considerable spread in the projected changes of individual ensemble members, with some indicating an opposite signature to the ensemble mean. Downscaling of the large-scale simulations with RCMs has been shown to be an important source of uncertainty. Even RCMs with identical boundary forcings can show a wide range of potential changes. The robustness of the projected changes was estimated using two different measures. First, the inter-model standard deviation was calculated; however, it is sensitive to outliers and thus displayed large uncertainty ranges. Second, a multi-model combinatorics approach considered all possible sub-ensembles from GCMs and RCMs, hence taking into account the arbitrariness of model selection for multi-model studies. Based on all available GCM and RCM simulations, for example, a 25% mean increase in risk of loss for Germany has been estimated for the end of the 21st century, with a 90% confidence range of +15 to +35%.