bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Power, Harassment, and Trophy Mates: The Feminist Advantages of an Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Kenrick Douglas T , Trost melanie R , Sheets virgil L
Published: November 2023

When Darwin (1859) first proposed his theory of natural selection, it was regarded as a radical affront to the established order because it moved Homo sapiens from a special place at God’s right hand to just another randomly selected spot on an ever-changing map. Ironically, some social scientists now seem to regard any application of Darwinian theory to human behavior as an attempt to bolster the established order, supposedly replacing cherished models of random cultural variation with a god-given and inviolable set of genetic blueprints. In particular, a number of social scientists believe that evolutionary theorists wish to lock men and women into rigid “genetically determined” sex roles that position men as omnipotent Gods and women as their humble handmaidens. This misperception is unfortunate for several reasons. To ignore the evolutionary history of any species is to blind oneself to some of the key pieces needed to explain the puzzle of why they do the things they do. This is as true of Homo sapiens as it is of any other living species. Another reason particularly relevant to the psychology of gender differences is that the alternative perspectives have often focused on narrow, male-oriented definitions of power and have failed to give females their due.
The Threat of Rape: Its Psychological Impact on Non victimized Women
Authors: Bohner Gerd , Schwarz Norbert
Published: November 2023

One of the most controversial hypotheses about rape and sexual violence holds that rape serves to show women their place in society and hence contributes to the preservation of the societal status quo of male dominance (e.g., Brown-miller, 1975; Griffin, 1979). In what is probably the most widely known statement of this hypothesis, Susan Brownmiller suggested that rape “is nothing more or less than a conscious process of intimidation by which all men keep all women in a state of fear” (Brownmiller, 1975, p. 15 [italics added]). Whereas it is difficult to assess the assumed conscious nature of this assumed process of intimidation, the hypothesis that the threat of rape has an intimidating effect on women in general is amenable to empirical research.
Mental Health Interventions with Battered Women
Authors: Petretic-Jackson Patricia A , Jackson Thomas
Published: November 2023

This chapter is designed to provide a format for mental health professionals in their work with women who have been victims of violence in their adult intimate relationships. The assessment and intervention strategies reviewed in this chapter are limited to measures and techniques that have been empirically demonstrated to be effective with battered women. Although this chapter addresses concerns specific to battered women, many of the assessment and intervention strategies discussed may be applicable to other trauma/victim populations. In addition, since many battered women have experienced a variety of past and current life stressors besides the actual battering episodes (Foy, 1992), we examine assessment and treatment concerns related to these compounding stressors.
Who Freed the Slaves?
Authors: McPherson James M
Published: November 2023

If We Were To Go Out On The Streets of Almost Any Town in America and ask the question posed by the title of this essay, probably nine out of ten respondents would answer unhesitatingly, “Abraham Lincoln.” Most of them would cite the Emancipation Proclamation as the key document. Some of the more reflective and better informed respondents would add the Thirteenth Amendment and point to Lincoln’s important role in its adoption. And a few might qualify their answer by noting that without Union military victory the Emancipation Proclamation and Thirteenth Amendment would never have gone into effect, or at least would not have applied to the states where most of the slaves lived. But, of course, Lincoln was commander in chief of Union armies, so the credit for their victories would belong mainly to him. The answer would still be the same: Lincoln freed the slaves.
Two Definitions of ‘Cause’
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: November 2023

In Treatise I.iii.2 (“Of probability; and of the idea of cause and effect”), Hume sets out to “explain fully” the relation of cause and effect. By the time Hume took up this question, seventeenth- and eighteenth-century philosophy had already found an ever-increasing number of prima facie causal connections failing to meet the Cartesian ideal of intellectual intelligibility. Malebranche, for example, found Descartes’s supposed causal link between mind and body unintelligible; Locke found the causal connection between primary qualities and sensations of color, sound, taste, smell, and temperature-as well as physical causal interactions other than the communication of motion by impulse-to be unintelligible.
Introduction
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: November 2023

In the course of his remarkable life as an author, diplomat, and government official, David Hume (1711-1776) made noteworthy contributions to many fields of inquiry, including history, economics, political science, anthropology, and psychology. But while his contributions to these fields were noteworthy, his contributions to philosophy were momentous. Indeed, most contemporary philosophers would agree that he was the greatest philosopher yet produced by the English-speaking world.
The Separability Principle
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: November 2023

Unlike the Copy Principle, which has an acknowledged antecedent in Locke’s denial of innate ideas, Hume’s Separability Principle-the second of his two fundamental principles-has no obvious predecessors. He first explicitly states the principle as follows: We have observ’d, that whatever objects are different are distinguishable, and that what ever objects are distinguishable are separable by the thought and imagination.
The Personal Self in Social Context	Barriers to Authenticity
Authors: Harter Susan
Published: November 2023

Although this chapter appears in the section entitled “Classic Contrasts: Personal Self Versus Social Identity,” these constructs should not be considered in opposition to one another. Instead, the personal self is very much embedded within multiple social contexts. Three historical scholars, Cooley (1902), Mead (1934), and Baldwin (1897), set the conceptual stage on which the drama of the self in social interaction was enacted. For these symbolic interactionists, the self was primarily a social construction, crafted through linguistic exchanges with others. Thus, the personal self is crafted through the incorporation of attitudes that significant others appear to hold about one’s self. There has been a resurgence of interest in their formulations emphasizing how interactive processes, initially with care givers, profoundly shape the developing self. Contemporary attachment theorists (e.g., Bretherton, 1991; Cicchetti, 1990; Sroufe, 1990) emphasize how working models of self arise from an organized care-giving matrix. Cognitive developmentalists (e.g., Case, 1991), in paying homage to Baldwin, Cooley, and Mead also observe that the first sense of self is formed in the crucible of children’s interactive experiences with significant others. Those who have examined self-processes across the life span have highlighted how others continue to impact the formation of one’s self-portrait (see review by Harter, in press-b).
Conclusion : Fundamental Issues in the Study of Self and Identity-Contrasts, Contexts, and Conflicts
Authors: Jussim Lee , Ashmore Richard D
Published: November 2023

This volume has identified some of the conceptual contrasts and historical and sociocultural contexts with which social scientists are grappling as we begin a second century of exploration of self and identity. The chapters in this book have highlighted two contrasts: self as multiplicity versus unity of identity, and self as personal versus self as social. They have also addressed three contexts: history, culture, and American society at the end of the twentieth century. In doing so, several important metatheoretical conflicts have emerged regarding how the self should be construed and studied and regarding which aspects of the self are most important to study.
The Present Water Cycle And St Ability Relations
Authors: Carr Michael H
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes the present-day water cycle on Mars, insofar as we know it, and explores some implications of present day conditions for the stability of water and water-ice near the surface. The present water cycle has been inferred largely from observations of the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. This may represent only a minute fraction of that near the surface, but it is the only part of the inventory that we can measure directly. Though small, the water content of the atmosphere is important because it provides clues about the stability of water (ice) in the near-surface materials and so has long-term geologic implications and implications for future Mars exploration. The chapter also examines the holding capacity of the surface materials for water and ice, and how water might migrate through these materials, both on a short time scale and over geologically significant time scales.
Summary And Conclusions
Authors: Carr Michael H
Published: November 2023

The story of water on Mars impacts almost every facet of the planet’s evolution, including accretion, geologic evolution, climatic history, atmospheric dynamics, and biologic potential. It also has major implications for future Mars exploration, both manned and unmanned. There can be little doubt that water has played a major role in the history of Mars, but uncertainties remain about almost every aspect of the water story. There are different possibilities as to how the initial inventory was acquired and how it changed with time. The climatic history of the planet is very uncertain. The stability relations of water in the near-surface materials under present conditions are reasonably well understood, but we do not know the extent to which equilibrium with these conditions has been achieved. The degree to which water is cycled between surface and subsurface reservoirs is unclear. We do not know how much water is near the surface today nor where it is. Despite these uncertainties, some parts of the story of water are understood, and we can place significant constraints on its acquisition and evolution. This chapter summarizes points raised earlier in the book and attempts to highlight both contentious issues and areas of agreement.
Swallowed by a Song
Authors: Everett Walter
Published: November 2023

Grown men living in a kid’s world!” So the trapped singer-songwriter Jonah Levin and his band are described by Levin’s wife, Marion, in One Trick Pony, a film written by Paul Simon, who also stars as Levin. Rock ‘n’ roll is Jonah’s life, and it is a field that, according to Simon, “really is not given to thinking—and resents thinking. Which I believe is the big error of rock ‘n’ roll. It’s always aspired to be the music of the working class. And it’s never been looked upon as a vocabulary for art and artistic thinking … We have to be able to expand the vocabulary to express more complex thoughts:’
Canada Trends and Issues in Child Welfare
Authors: Swift Karen J
Published: November 2023

The Canadian child welfare system is not one system but many. Each of the 10 provinces and the two territories (Yukon and Northwest Territories) has its own legislation. Further, Aboriginal peoples are in the process of developing agreements with government concerning the way child welfare is funded and delivered. Also, differences between the two founding cultures of Canada, French and English, have resulted in the development of somewhat different approaches to child welfare.
England Child Abuse Reports, Responses, and Reforms
Authors: Berridge David
Published: November 2023

The last decade in England has seen escalating concern about the abuse of children and its prevention. Following a lull in interest since the mid-1970s, widespread media and political attention was aroused by the deaths in London of Jasmine Beckford in 1984, Tyra Henry in 1984, and Kimberley Carlile in 1986. Public reaction was vehement and individual social workers were castigated, particularly as these children were ostensibly subject to official scrutiny at the time. With the benefit of hindsight, a number of common themes have been detected from these and other tragedies, including certain professional shortcomings and deficiencies in interagency communication and collaboration (Department of Health, 1991a; Reder, Duncan, & Gray, 1993).
Denmark Voluntary Placements as a Family Support
Authors: Pruzan Vital. Bering
Published: November 2023

In Denmark a well-known children’s doctor, Svend Heinild, deserves to be mentioned as the person most responsible for bringing the concept of “child abuse” to public attention in the 1960s. Dr. Heinild’s efforts were inspired by the influential work of the American children’s doctor Henry Kempe.
Belgium An Alternative Approach to Child Abuse Reporting and Treatment
Authors: Broos Patrick
Published: November 2023

Belgium is a small European country of 10 million inhabitants composed of three linguistic communities (French, Flemish, and German). Although small, the country is very divided, which makes it rather complicated for an outsider to understand. Our research examines child abuse and neglect policies during the period between 1986 and 1992. Belgium has no mandatory reporting system for cases of child abuse and neglect. Since the mid-1980s, 17 specialized centers for the prevention and treatment of child abuse and neglect have been established by decree in Wallonia and by resolution in Flanders (two of the country’s three major regions). The centers are organized around three functions.
Natural History
Authors: Sheffield John V L , Root Richard K
Published: November 2023

The current understanding of the time course and natural history of patients infected with HIV is based on longitudinal studies of seropositive individuals. These studies demonstrate a pattern of clinical progression common to all at-risk populations. Because patients experience widely variable rates of progression, predicting the clinical course for a single patient is very difficult.
Altered Mental Status
Authors: Zunt Joseph R , Marra Christina M
Published: November 2023

Altered mental status describes a spectrum of cognitive changes that includes confusion (misinterpretation of stimuli, disorientation to time and, sometimes, to person and place), delirium (disorientation, illusions, delusions, visual hallucinations, often with a fluctuating course), dementia (loss of intellectual function with preserved arousal), and coma (a state of unarousable unconsciousness).
Esophageal Symptoms
Authors: Spach David H , Shuhart Margaret C
Published: November 2023

During the course of their HIV illness, at least one-third of individuals will develop a symptom caused by an esophageal disorder. Most commonly, patients with an esophageal disorder will present with odynophagia (pain with swallowing) and/or dysphagia (difficulty swallowing, with sensation of food sticking). In some instances, singultus (hiccups) may signal the presence of an esophageal disorder.
Bartone/la-Associated Infections
Authors: Spach David H
Published: November 2023

species can cause a wide array of clinical manifestations, including cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis hepatis, lymphadenopathy, bacteremia, and endocarditis. Among HIV-infected patients, it remains unclear whether any differences exist in the clinical manifestations caused by the two distinct species of Bartonella.
Microsporidiosis
Authors: Bramante John P , Oliver Marquam R , Ryan Caroline A
Published: November 2023

Microspora are ubiquitous obligate intracellular spore-forming protozoa! parasites. Six species are known to infect humans. Enterocytozoon bieneusi

is the most frequently identified human microspora and generally remains confined to the gastrointestinal tract. It most commonly infects the proximal small bowel, but occasionally invades other regions of the gastrointestinal tract, including sigmoid colon, rectum, and biliary tract. Septata intestinalis,

a more recently identified microspora, can also infect the gastrointestinal tract, but has the propensity to disseminate to other organs, including liver and kidneys.

The reservoir for microsporidia and the mechanism for transmission remain unknown. Presumably these organisms usually enter the host via the gastrointestinal tract.

Microsporidia was first suspected as a cause of HIV-associated diarrhea in 1985 when it was identified by electron microscopy in a patient with chronic diarrhea. Since that time, several reports have noted the presence of microsporidia in HIV-infected patients with diarrhea.

Several reports have suggested that microsporidia causes up to 30 percent of the episodes of diarrhea in AIDS patients that otherwise defy diagnosis by standard means. One case-control study, however, has called into question the pathogenic role of microsporidia in HIV-infected patients. Specifically, this study found E. bieneusi

in HIV-infected patients without gastrointestinal symptoms and noted no significant difference in the occurrence of E. bieneusi

infection in HIV-infected patients with or without chronic diarrhea.
Hepatitis C
Authors: Koelle David M , Willson Richard A
Published: November 2023

Because clinicians rarely encounter clinically evident acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among HIV-infected individuals, this chapter will focus on chronic HCV infection.

HCV is a recently discovered RNA virus that is predominantly spread via blood products (now screened) and injection-drug use. Transmission of HCV also occurs by sexual exposure, household contact, occupational exposure, and from mother to child, but at a low frequency.

Among HIV-infected individuals, HCV seroprevalence rates range from 4 to 80 percent, with high rates (greater than 50 percent) present among injection-drug users and low rates (less than 20 percent) present among men who have sex with men. For those HIV-infected persons with elevated hepatic transaminase enzyme levels, up to 33 percent will have evidence of chronic HCV infection as measured by a positive HCV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test.

Although the effect of HCV infection on progression of HIV remains poorly studied, available data suggest that HCV does not alter the course of HIV disease. In contrast, several studies suggest that HIV-infected patients have relatively higher titers of HCV viremia and a more rapid decline of HCV antibody titers.
Molluscum Contagiosum
Authors: Velde Karen M Van De
Published: November 2023

Molluscum contagiosum is caused by a poxvirus and is a common, self-limited infection in children. Among HIV-infected individuals, it is typically more widespread and chronic. Approximately 10 percent of HIV-infected persons develop molluscum contagiosum at some point in their illness.

The virus is spread by direct contact. Autoinoculation by scratching, shaving, or other means can lead to diffuse disease.

CLINICAL FEATURES

Characteristic lesions appear as flesh-colored, dome-shaped, 2 to 5

mm papules with central umbilication. They typically first develop on the face and genitals, but may become widespread over time. Some patients may have associated pruritus.

Individual lesions may rapidly enlarge or coalesce into large plaques. When large lesions develop, they may ulcerate. Although most lesions do not cause symptoms, some lesions, especially large ulcerated lesions, can cause pain.

Less commonly, lesions involve the mucosa or eyes, with the latter sometimes leading to a chronic keratitis or conjunctivitis. Palm and sole lesions rarely occur.

DIAGNOSIS

The diagnosis is usually based on clinical findings. The differential diagnosis may include cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, or basal cell carcinoma
Scabies
Authors: Vandevelde Karen M
Published: November 2023

Scabies is an infestation caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei

and is transmitted by close personal contact. It is a common cause of pruritus in the general population as well as among HIV-infected individuals.

The common (classic) form of scabies is characterized by severe pruritus. Most infected persons harbor fewer than one dozen mites at any one time.

Crusted scabies, also known as Norwegian

or hyperkeratotic scabies,

is a different and uncommon form of scabies. It occurs primarily in immunocompromised, elderly, or institutionalized patients. Among HIV-infected patients, it generally occurs only in those with AIDS. In contrast to the small number of mites present in classic scabies, the density of mites present in crusted scabies is astounding, with estimates of thousands of mites on the skin. Several reports have described large-scale nosocomial outbreaks associated with crusted scabies.

CLINICAL FEATURES

Patients with common scabies typically complain of severe pruritus, and their physical examination shows multiple urticarial papules and excoriations. Lesions are distributed most prominently at web spaces of the hands, the wrist, the umbilicus, the belt line, and, in males, the glans penis. Burrows, which are long (0.5 to 2.0 cm), slightly elevated, linear (or tortuous) lesions that often end in a vesicle, may be seen. Indurated erythematous nodules known as scabetic nodules

may appear at some point in the course of scabies, especially on the scrotum.
Xerosis and Xerotic Dermatitis
Authors: Vandevelde Karen M
Published: November 2023

Some degree of xerosis (dry skin) frequently develops among HIV-infected persons, particularly those with advanced HIV disease. Xerotic dermatitis refers to dry skin that shows “dermatitic changes,” namely, erythema, scaling, and fissuring. Xerotic dermatitis occurs in up to 30 percent of HIV-infected individuals.

Xerosis and xerotic dermatitis can cause significant morbidity as a result of pruritus- induced scratching and secondary infection. Patients often complain of pruritus disproportionate to the clinical degree of xerosis. Infection may result from entry of bacteria through fissures and erosions created by scratching or excessive water loss.

Xerosis and xerotic dermatitis are chronic conditions that may wax and wane with environmental conditions, concurrent illnesses, and other factors. The severity may worsen with progressive immunosuppression.

Xerosis and xerotic dermatitis can overlap with acquired ichthyosis, a condition that also occurs with other systemic illnesses, such as malignancies and sarcoidosis. The cause of acquired ichthyosis in HIV-infected individuals remains unknown.

CLINICAL FEATURES

On physical examination, xerotic skin typically feels dry and rough. Fine scale may develop focally or diffusely, with a predilection for the anterior tibial areas, dorsal hands, and forearms.
Read the Lips: Speculations on the Nature and Role of Lipreading in Cognitive Development of Deaf Children
Authors: Campbell Ruth
Published: November 2023

I came at studies of deafness sideways and backward, and a description of this trajectory will form the first part of this chapter. This concerns studies of lipreading conducted mainly but not exclusively with hearing children and adults. In a further willful twist, however, I will break off this particular story and consider some aspects of the acquisition of language and thought in people born without useful hearing, only to regain the track of the original story at a much later stage. Then, in a further loop (taking a shaggy dog for a walk?), I consider some aspects of the cerebral bases for understanding seen speech and attempt to relate them to what is known about the brain bases for understanding language in deaf people. I also consider some ways in which the acquisition of seen speech may and may not be optimized for people born with no effective hearing.
Making Faces: Coextant Domains for Language and Visual Cognition
Authors: Campbell Ruth
Published: November 2023

My original impulse in studying speechreading (I now enter the modern era) was that it gave an interesting perspective on the interface between language-usually construed in terms based on auditory/articulatory processing-and visual processes that are nonlinguistic, especially those concerned with face processing. This perspective does not place special emphasis on hearing impairment. This is still the impulse that motivates me, but thanks to the work of researchers in American Sign Language (ASL) psycholinguistics, such as Siple and Lillo-Martin, the study of speechreading may be placed in a fuller context. In this response, I will consider just one aspect of this enlarged context: the uses of the face in signed languages. One point elegantly clarified by the contributions of Lillo-Martin and Siple is that the underlying structural constraints and parameters of language have become clearer in recent years. To a large extent this is due to the work of theoretical linguists taking into account not only signed languages but structural aspects of all human languages. In this newer context, as Lillo-Martin makes clear, typical syntactic forms in signed languages can be seen to have similar underlying principles to those of some spoken languages- common-
Inaccuracy And Inaccessibility In Memory Retrieval: Contributions From Cognitive Psychology And Neuropsychology
Authors: Koutstaal Wilma , Schacter Daniel L
Published: November 2023

People depend on memory in countless facets of their everyday lives. Fortunately, human memory systems are capable of encoding and retrieving large amounts of reasonably accurate information about past events. But memory is far from perfect. We do not retain all that we experience; forgetting is a ubiquitous feature of memory. And not everything that we do remember is entirely accurate; memories often contain a degree of distortion. Our memories thus can fail because information is either lost or temporarily inaccessible, or because what is remembered does not correspond well to what actually happened.
Psychodynamic Therapy For Patients With Early Childhood Trauma
Authors: Matthews Julia A , Chu James A
Published: November 2023

Recent years have seen a dramatic rise in the attention to the psychological and therapeutic issues associated with severe childhood abuse. Mental health professionals have become increasingly aware of the high prevalence of childhood maltreatment, and have recognized the contribution of actual trauma to the development of adult psychopathology. In response to this increasing awareness, we are currently witnessing a swing of the pendulum back to a theoretical perspective, reminiscent of Freud’s earliest theory of the etiology of hysteria, that places actual external trauma as the central causative factor in many forms of psychiatric illness. In the clinical arena, the acknowledgement of the reality of early traumatic experiences leads to a more empathic formulation of current difficulties and can guide treatment interventions. Taken to an extreme, however, the focus on external childhood trauma can gain such a central position that the diverse insights of psychodynamic psychiatry concerning the complexities of interpersonal relationships and intrapsychic processes are all but disregarded. The result can be a reductionistic and simplistic vision of human suffering that is framed exclusively in terms of victimization.
Feudal Foundations 1000-1350
Authors: Johnson Lonnie R
Published: November 2023

One of the peculiarities of Central Europe is that some people from the region consider the Middle Ages to be the high point in their national historical traditions. Therefore, we should examine the period before 1500 because the process of empire building in Central Europe, which gradually led to the demise of the kingdoms of Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland, began shortly thereafter. By the end of the eighteenth century most of Central Europe had been divided among three dynastic powers: Habsburg Austria, Romanov Russia, and Hohenzollern Prussia.
Absolutism as Enlightenment 1700-1790
Authors: Johnson Lonnie R
Published: November 2023

The rise of continental European absolutism during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and the concomitant development of the stream of thought called the Enlightenment may appear to be incompatible in theory, but they were compatible in practice. Although the various philosophers of the Enlightenment agreed on a few basic methodological principles like a faith in reason instead of revelation, a critical analysis of tradition and authority, and the scientific spirit, there is really no point in arguing who the best representatives of the Enlightenment were because each nation seems to have its own.
Pharmacokinetics of Ethanol: Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination
Authors: Kalant Harold
Published: November 2023

The basic elements in the pharmacokinetics of ethanol and other lower alkanols have been known for nearly a century. Much of the early work was described in detail in previous reviews (Kalant, 1971; Wallgren and Barry, 1970), and there have been many excellent reviews of different aspects of the topic in the past two decades. It is impossible to cite all of them here, and a few will suffice to illustrate the range of special approaches and interests reflected in reviews available else where to the reader.
Cross-Tolerance: Theoretical and Experimental Issues
Authors: Khanna J M , Lê A D
Published: November 2023

A common theme in the area of cross-tolerance can be derived from two major reviews of tolerance and cross-tolerance during the 1970s. Kalant et al. (1971) stated that “it has been long recognized that cross-tolerance can exist between various depressant drugs, such as ethanol and barbiturates, or ethanol and other sedatives.” According to Coper (1978), “It is well known that functional crosstolerance exists between ethanol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines.” In fact, it was generally believed that drugs with similar properties and belonging to the same pharmacological class would show cross-tolerance and that dissimilar drugs would not. Research over the last two decades, however, indicates that these views are oversimplified.
When the Fox Preaches, then Beware Your Geese
Authors: Ingle H Larry
Published: November 2023

On Wednesday, October 30, 1650, Fox was staying in the Derby home of a doctor whose wife he had convinced. He heard the local church bell tolling, calling people to a lecture sponsored by the Presbyterians; numerous outsiders, including an army colonel, had also come for the meeting. After interrupting the service with a compatriot, John Fretwell, a native of Stainsby in Derbyshire, Fox was taken into custody and subjected to eight hours of close questioning. Among other things he asserted, in the course of interrogation, that he was free of sin because Christ had taken it away, a comment bound—if not calculated—to infuriate his staunch Presbyterian inquisitors who held that no person could be free from sin. The two strangers—Fox was listed in the records as a cordwainer and resident of nearby Mansfield—were promptly committed to jail for a term of six months for blaspheming. Actually, the authorities probably cared less about his blasphemy than the appeal his religious message, with its undertones encouraging social insubordination, would have for the lower sorts. Thus he was queried about a female disciple who, it was reported, went looking for a man willing to kiss her. Fox remained in custody, unable to preach publicly, for almost a year.
Put Not Fire to Flax
Authors: Ingle H Larry
Published: November 2023

While waiting for Farnworth to arrive so they could discuss the movement’s future, Fox wasted no time beginning preaching missions in surrounding villages. His successes were many, he reports, but “rude” ones continued to resist his efforts. Rumors spread that he bewitched people to win them over. The crusade in the north was clearly on, and it had just as clearly struck fire, immediate fire: Ulverston’s vicar, William Lampit, took it upon himself to scout ahead of Fox to warn people about the strange doctrines he preached. Fox headed back to Dent where the tithe revolt smoldered and where he found people still responsive to his message. Preaching at Gdsdale, he received word from Margaret Fell that Nayler and Farnworth had arrived at Swarthmoor, so he temporarily banked the coals and returned to Lancashire.
The Linguistic Individual
Authors: Johnstone Barbara
Published: November 2023

Linguists usually discuss language or dialects in terms of groups of speakers. Believing that patterns can be seen more clearly in the group than the individual, researchers often present group scores with no indication of the variation within the group. Even though they all acknowledge that no two individuals speak alike, few study individual variation and voice. The individual has always been thought to be outside the purview of linguistic theory. Johnstone makes the case for the importance of the role of the individual, and the individual ‘s idiosyncrasies, in language and linguistics. Using theoretical arguments and discourse analysis, along with linguistic examples from a wide variety of speakers and settings, Johnstone illustrates how speakers draw on linguistic models associated with class, ethnicity, gender, region, among others, to construct individual ways of sounding. In doing so, she shows that certain important questions in sociolinguistics and pragmatics can only be fully answered with reference to individual speakers. Her study is important not only for the understanding of speech as expressive of self, but for the study of variation and the mechanisms of linguistic choice and change.
Rebuilding Zion
Authors: Stowell Daniel W
Published: November 2023

During the American Civil War and its aftermath, Southern evangelicals remained convinced that their cause was both Christian and just. This position became more entrenched as Northern evangelicals entered the South after the war, aiming to save freedmen. Author Daniel Stowell plots the conflict that resulted from these competing visions of the religious reconstruction of the South. By demonstrating how the Southern vision eventually came to predominate, he shows how the Southern Churches became one of the principal bulwarks in the creation of the myth of the "Lost Cause," Southern honour, and curious moral righteousness of the South's treatment of both slave and freedman.
God’s Judgment
Authors: Stowell Daniel W
Published: November 2023

Like their southern counterparts, northern clergy and laity vigorously supported their section during the Civil War. Like Confederate Christians, the vast majority of the northern religious populace interpreted battlefield victories as evidence of God’s favor and defeats as divine chastisement. As James H. Moorhead has convincingly demonstrated, northern Protestants saw the conflict in millennial terms; the nation was engaged in an apocalyptic struggle to determine whether it would fulfill its millennial role in hastening “the day of the Lord.”
Nature With Nurture: A Reinterpretation Of The Evidence
Authors: Broefenbrenner Urie
Published: November 2023

Although Jensen’s ( 1969a, 1969b) argument claiming genetically based race differences in intelligence has been repeatedly and forcefully attacked (e.g., Scarr-Salapatek, 1971a), his thesis that 80 percent of the variation in intelligence is determined by heredity has been generally accepted (e.g., Scarr-Salapatek, 1971b). Since Jensen takes this thesis as the foundation both for his argument for innate differences in ability between the races, and for his contention that intervention programs with disadvantaged groups have little hope of success, it becomes imponant, both from the point of view of science and of social policy, to examine the evidence and line of reasoning that underlie his initial thesis.
Benchmarks of Fairness for Health Care Reform
Authors: Daniels Norman , Light Donald W , Caplan Ronald L
Published: November 2023

Health care services are rapidly changing in ways that seem increasingly inaccessible and unfair to millions of Americans. Yet what does "unfair" mean and how should our system be changed to make it more "fair"? This book addresses these probing questions by providing a universal definition of fairness and a set of criteria to measure which health care reform policies are more fair and why. The book comprises the efforts of a leading moral philosopher of health care, an internationally known sociologist of health care systems, and a health economist who join forces to transpose for the first time the universal moral concept. Through examples, they show how leaders and experts in various realms of public policy could develop criteria for applying concepts of moral philosophy to different fields. The book is original and controversial because it actually scores four major proposals for health care reform that exemplify the most prevalent ideas of the 1990s in state and national circles. Although some reform ideas fare much better than others, the author finds all proposals wanting, especially in establishing open, democratic procedures for deciding the limits of care. The authors give special attention to what market-based reforms need to do to be fair to everyone. They also assess the current changes brought on by the rapid growth of managed care systems since the collapse of national reform. Benchmarks of Fairness should be read by every citizen, physician, nurse, employer and politician who wants to educate themselves about fairness and who is interested in assessing the fairness of health care reforms..
Introduction: A Call for Research to Elucidate Causes, Assessment, and Management of Common Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Authors: Bruera Eduardo
Published: November 2023

Chronic nausea and vomiting, anorexia, constipation, and malnutrition are among the most frequent and devastating complications in patients with advanced cancer. These different symptoms were initially studied in isolation from each other. However, there is growing evidence that there is a strong association among them. Anorexia, early satiety, chronic nausea, and constipation are all major manifestations of the cachexia syndrome.1,2 These symptoms also occur in patients with autonomic failure due to cancer and other conditions. Finally, these symptoms are also frequently observed in patients receiving opioids.
Introduction: What Might the Future Hold for Opioid Pharmacotherapy?
Authors: Portenoy Russell K
Published: November 2023

“Translational” research, the stream of scientific endeavors that leads from basic discoveries in the laboratory to practical applications, has captured the attention of the scientific community. It is an appropriate label for research in opioid pharmacology during the past three decades. During this time, the ongoing elucidation of opioid-mediated antinociceptive processes and related opioidergic systems has provided the impetus for many advances in analgesic therapies. This part describes some of the most important advances and offers guidelines for opioid pharmacotherapy. An extensive clinical experience in the treatment of cancer pain suggests that these guidelines can provide sustained benefit to a large proportion of patients with chronic pain.
Denial, Misinformation, and the CCAssault of Truth”
Authors: Butow Phyllis N , Dunn Stewart M , Tattersall Martin H N
Published: November 2023

Modern medical ethics emphasizes the patient’s right to be fully informed of his or her medical condition, and to participate in decisions about treatment. Truth telling, once regarded as cruel and insensitive, is now thought by many to be morally obligatory.1,2 Community attitudes have also shifted toward greater patient participation in and knowledge of medical matters. 3,4 The rationale for this approach is to safeguard the autonomy and integrity of the individual and to ensure that the patient plays an active role in decisions about his or her care.
Introduction :Pediatric Palliative Care: A Field in Evolution
Authors: Bruera Russell K Portenoy Eduardo
Published: November 2023

Led by pediatric oncologists, pain specialists, nurses, social workers, and mental health professionals, the palliative care team has become an increasingly visible service in the pediatric tertiary care hospital. As a pediatric hematologist/oncologist, I became interested in some of the issues related to palliative care so that I might lessen the suffering of children dying of cancer. Children with cancer endured much suffering in the 1970s and early 1980s. Treatment modalities had progressed at a remarkable rate and most children with newly diagnosed malignancies could expect to achieve long-term survival. There was, however, the most rudimentary understanding of the means available to support these children through increasingly intensive treatment regimens, or to provide the help they and their families needed as death approached. In addition, I saw only the most elementary understanding of the techniques with which to treat the pain of the child’s primary disease, the pain caused by the intensive multimodality treatment programs, or the pain caused by the frequent invasive procedures needed to monitor the progress of these new therapies.
Management of Bone Pain
Authors: Pereira Jose
Published: November 2023

Pain is a common symptom in patients with cancer, occurring in 50%-85% of patients with advanced disease. Metastatic cancer invades bone in 60%-84% of cases. In several common cancers, such as breast and prostate cancers, the skeleton is the most common site of metastases. It is estimated that between 65% and 75% of patients with bone metastases present with bone pain, and the high morbidity associated with bone metastases can be protracted. Although survival varies widely among patients with metastatic bone disease, patients suffering from metastatic breast disease survive on average 34 months after detection of the first metastasis, with a range of 1-90 months. Survival with metastatic prostate cancer averages 24 months, and lung cancer patients have a poor prognosis of less than one year after bone metastases are first diagnosed. Significant advances in our knowledge of the mechanisms of bone metastases and the pathophysiology of bone pain have prompted review of traditional treatment modalities and have offered new possibilities for managing malignant bone pain more effectively. This chapter reviews current knowledge regarding the pathophysiology and treatment of malignant bone pain.
An Introduction to Psycho-oncology with Special Emphasis on Its Development in the Historical and Cultural Context
Authors: Stiefel Friedrich , Guex Patrice , Sarte Olivier Real Del
Published: November 2023

In many countries around the world, a new speciality, called psycho-oncology, has emerged during recent decades. Psycho-oncology deals with the psychosocial aspects of malignant diseases. As with any other medical speciality, the clinical, scientific, and educational work of psycho-oncology are closely related to its historical and cultural development. Until the late nineteenth century, no curative or palliative treatment was available for cancer. Even the word “cancer” was not mentioned to the patient.1 However, changes have occurred with the development of treatment modalities and societal shifts in many countries. The psychological and social aspects of cancer have increasingly become the focus of scientific study, education, and clinical care. Although many cancer patients cannot be cured, the achievements of curative and palliative treatments have transformed this once incurable, horrifying, and painful disease to a serious, but treatable and often chronic, disease. The development of psycho-oncology is closely related to the development of oncology, which is itself embedded in the development of medicine and society as a whole (see Table 7.1).
The Intelligent Patient’s Guide to the Doctor-Patient Relationship
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline
Published: November 2023

Do you feel that your doctor doesn't pay attention to what you say? Does your doctor cut you off when you try to explain how you feel? Do you think your doctor could remember your name without referring to your chart? Does your doctor seem to be in such a hurry that you don't even get a chance to ask your most important questions? Do you spend more time waiting than actually talking to your doctor? Do you understand what your doctor says? At one time or another, we have all had these complaints. This book will teach you how to ask the right questions, understand the answers, and show you how to take more control of your visits to the doctor and your own health. This is the first book in which communication pioneer Barbara M. Korsch, M.D., reveals what she has learned about the doctor-patient relationship dilemma during almost half a century of investigation. In clear, simple language, Dr. Korsch answers most of our common questions: How do I know when I'm sick enough to go to the doctor? How do I know if it's serious enough to go to the emergency room? What do I do if I can't follow the advice my doctor gives me? She walks us through a typical visit to the doctor, showing us how to prepare ourselves so we don't forget the question that has been worrying us for weeks as soon as we walk through the doctor's door. She gives important tips on how to survive the dreaded hospital experience. And she offers insight into the doctor's side of the relationship, showing how doctors are trained to be task-oriented and how their natural human sympathy is discouraged throughout their careers. Finally, she offers patients useful strategies for humanizing the relationship. Korsch's helpful, commonsense recommendations are extensively illustrated with real-life doctor-patient conversations which she recorded on audio and video tape over the course of the last thirty years. She was one of the first medical professionals to emphasize the importance of teaching doctors how to talk to patients as part of their medical training. She serves as consultant and lecturer to medical schools, hospitals, and medical practices throughout the world to help the next generation of doctors communicate with their patients. Above all, after years of research, she has found abundant evidence that the relationship patients form with their doctors directly determines the quality of the care they receive. This is a vital book for anyone who is concerned about their health and who wants to take control of their medical care. So much depends upon asking the right questions and on finding a doctor who will listen to you. This book gives you the tools and the confidence to do just that.
Point Counterpoint: Listening to Both Sides
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline
Published: November 2023

Why do we complain about our doctors? Why do they complain about us? What makes the doctor-patient relationship so complex? Well, for one thing, the doctor has more power than the patient, the doctor has more knowledge about the particular subject at hand than the patient, the patient is understandably anxious, the doctor has more responsibility, the doctor is prepared for the encounter, the patient is not, the doctor knows the ground rules, the patient does not. This book will increase your under standing of the relationship and the unwritten rules which dominate it.
The Hospital
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline
Published: November 2023

Although this story may have been embellished in repeated telling, it is true. Being admitted to the hospital is like finding yourself on a conveyor belt being whisked away into a sterile land of uncertainty and fear. Just locating the right parking space and the proper entrance can be daunting. Having to pass by guards and produce identification is not the warmest welcome either. “I felt like a criminal, as if they expected I had a gun hidden somewhere,” one conservatively dressed, mild-mannered visitor told me.