bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strong convergence rates for explicit space-time discrete numerical approximations of stochastic Allen-Cahn equations
Authors: Becker Sebastian , Gess Benjamin , Jentzen Arnulf , Kloeden Peter E.
Published: April 2022

Strong convergence rates for fuly discrete numerical approximations of space-time white noise driven SPDEs with superlinearly growing nonlinearities, such as the stochastic Allen–Cahn equation with space-time white noise, are shown. The obtained strong rates of convergence are essentially sharp.
The Effects of Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Training on Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Lundberg Tommy R. , Feuerbacher Joshua F. , Sünkeler Marvin , Schumann Moritz
Published: April 2022

Background

Whole muscle hypertrophy does not appear to be negatively affected by concurrent aerobic and strength training compared to strength training alone. However, there are contradictions in the literature regarding the effects of concurrent training on hypertrophy at the myofiber level.

Objective

The current study aimed to systematically examine the extent to which concurrent aerobic and strength training, compared with strength training alone, influences type I and type II muscle fiber size adaptations. We also conducted subgroup analyses to examine the effects of the type of aerobic training, training modality, exercise order, training frequency, age, and training status.

Design

A systematic literature search was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) [PROSPERO: CRD42020203777]. The registered protocol was modified to include only muscle fiber hypertrophy as an outcome.

Data Sources

PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus were systematically searched on 12 August, 2020, and updated on 15 March, 2021.

Eligibility Criteria

Population: healthy adults of any sex and age; intervention: supervised, concurrent aerobic and strength training of at least 4 weeks; comparison: identical strength training prescription, with no aerobic training; and outcome: muscle fiber hypertrophy.

Results

A total of 15 studies were included. The estimated standardized mean difference based on the random-effects model was − 0.23 (95% confidence interval [CI] − 0.46 to − 0.00, p = 0.050) for overall muscle fiber hypertrophy. The standardized mean differences were − 0.34 (95% CI − 0.72 to 0.04, p = 0.078) and − 0.13 (95% CI − 0.39 to 0.12, p = 0.315) for type I and type II fiber hypertrophy, respectively. A negative effect of concurrent training was observed for type I fibers when aerobic training was performed by running but not cycling (standardized mean difference − 0.81, 95% CI − 1.26 to − 0.36). None of the other subgroup analyses (i.e., based on concurrent training frequency, training status, training modality, and training order of same-session training) revealed any differences between groups.

Conclusions

In contrast to previous findings on whole muscle hypertrophy, the present results suggest that concurrent aerobic and strength training may have a small negative effect on fiber hypertrophy compared with strength training alone. Preliminary evidence suggests that this interference effect may be more pronounced when aerobic training is performed by running compared with cycling, at least for type I fibers.
Research on position/force hybrid control of an FFHD robot with EHS-actuators
Authors: Wang Yongmei , Wang Xigui , Li Chen , Ruan Jiafu , An Siyuan
Published: April 2022

An Electro-Hydraulic Servo (EHS) Four-Footed Heavy-Duty (FFHD) robot is designed and developed in this work. An integration layout cylinder design scheme for the non-lightweight EHS four-footed robot with high loads and hip joint torques is proposed, and a mathematical element analysis model for a parallel EHS cylinder system is derived. Multiple inherent characteristics of the parallel-executed cylinder integration system model are then further explored. Based on the controllable functional requirements of interconnected joints and the influence reduction in internal force coupling, a force/position hybrid control scheme for the parallel-executed cylinder is determined, and the force/position signal module design unit is used to solve the force/position hybrid control in reverse. The implementation process of magnetic flux compensation and speed compensation is discussed in detail, considering the inherent requirements of the EHS-executed cylinder force control unit module. A compliant controller is then applied to the EHS-executed cylinder force unit module, and the proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is determined in the EHS-executed cylinder position control unit module. The compound control strategy proposed in this paper is verified on a parallel EHS platform. The experimental verification results reveal that the values of position/force attenuation amplitude and lag phase are no greater than 10.0% and 20°, respectively. The feasibility of the interconnected implementation of the proposed hybrid control scheme is then analyzed. The conclusions obtained in this research provide relevant insights for the application of FFHD robot control systems.
A Review of the Effectiveness of Current US Policies on Antimicrobial Use in Meat and Poultry Production
Authors: Wallinga David , Smit Lidwien A. M. , Davis Meghan F. , Casey Joan A. , Nachman Keeve E.
Published: April 2022

Purpose

Industrial food animal production accounts for most animal-source protein consumed in the USA. These operations rely on an array of external inputs, which can include antimicrobials of medical importance. The use of these drugs in this context has been the subject of public health debate for decades because their widespread use contributes to the selection for and proliferation of drug-resistant bacteria and their genetic determinants. Here, we describe legislative and regulatory efforts, at different levels of governance in the USA, to curtail food animal consumption of medically important antimicrobials.

Recent Findings

The features and relative success of the US efforts are examined alongside those of selected member states (Denmark and the Netherlands) of the European Union. Evaluation of efforts at all levels of US governance was complicated by shortcomings in prescribed data collection; nevertheless, available information suggests deficiencies in policy implementation and enforcement compromise the effectiveness of interventions pursued to date.

The political will, robust systems for collecting and integrating data on antimicrobial consumption and use, and cross-sectoral collaboration that have been integral to the success of efforts in Denmark and The Netherlands have been notably absent in the USA, especially at the federal level.
Earlier green-up and senescence of temperate United States rangelands under future climate
Authors: Zimmer Scott N. , Reeves Matthew C. , St. Peter Joseph R. , Hanberry Brice B.
Published: April 2022

Climate and vegetation phenology are closely linked, and climate change is already impacting phenology in many systems. These impacts are expected to progress in the future. We sought to forecast future shifts in rangeland growing season timing due to climate change, and interpret their importance for land management and ecosystem function. We trained a model on remotely sensed land surface phenology and climate data collected from 2001 to 2014 in temperate United States rangelands. We used this model to forecast annual growing season start dates, end dates, and season length through 2099 among six general circulation models and under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. Growing season start was projected to shift earlier throughout our study area. In 2090–2099, start of season advanced by an average of 10 (RCP 4.5) to 17 (RCP 8.5) days. End of season also advanced by 12 (RCP 4.5) to 24 (RCP 8.5) days, but with greater heterogeneity. Start and end of season change mainly offset one another, so growing season length changes were lesser (2 days in RCP 4.5, and 7 in RCP 8.5). Some mountainous areas experienced both earlier start of season and later end of season, lengthening their growing season. Earlier phenology in rangelands would force adaptation in grazing and impact ecosystem function. Mountainous areas with earlier start and later end of season may become more viable for grazing, but most areas may experience slightly shortened growing seasons. Autumn phenology warrants greater research, and our finding of earlier autumn senescence contradicts some prior research.
Teilnehmendengewinnung in der Weiterbildung und spezifische Ansprachestrategien in der Alphabetisierung und Grundbildung – ein systematisches Literaturreview
Authors: Mania Ewelina , Ernst Sarah Jasmine , Wagner Farina
Published: April 2022

Teilnehmende für Weiterbildungsangebote zu gewinnen, stellt eine zentrale Herausforderung der Weiterbildungspraxis dar und ist eine klassische Aufgabe des Weiterbildungspersonals. Innerhalb des Weiterbildungsdiskurses gibt es für diesen Themenbereich jedoch keinen einheitlichen Terminus bzw. keine etablierte Kategorie. Der Beitrag zielt daher auf die Bestandsaufnahme und Systematisierung des Diskussions- und Forschungsstands zum Gegenstandsbereich der Teilnehmendengewinnung. Aufgrund der spezifischen Bedeutung der Zielgruppengewinnung im Programmbereich Alphabetisierung und Grundbildung, und dabei ausgehend von den Besonderheiten der Zielgruppe der gering Literalisierten, wird dieser Bereich fokussiert.
Die Entwicklung von Beruflichkeit über iterative Lern- und Bildungsprozesse
Authors: Kraus Katrin
Published: April 2022

Beruflichkeit bezeichnet eine spezifische Form der Erwerbsarbeit und darauf bezogener Bildungsprozesse. Sie orientiert sich an den beiden Zieldimensionen berufliche Handlungsfähigkeit und erwerbsbiographische Gestaltungskompetenz und umfasst die Elemente fachliches Wissen und Können, überfachliche Kompetenzen, Allgemeinbildung, berufliche Identität und Berufsethos. Entwickelt wird Beruflichkeit über pädagogische Settings beruflicher Aus- und Weiterbildung, berufliche Sozialisation und (reflektierte) Erfahrung in der Berufstätigkeit. Beruflichkeit hat Relevanz auf individueller, organisationaler, sozialer und systembezogener Ebene und die Funktion einer transsektoriellen Verbindung von Bildung und Arbeitswelt. Ausgehend von diesem Verständnis von Beruflichkeit wird im Beitrag in Anlehnung an den Ansatz der iterativen Bildung die Entwicklung individueller Beruflichkeit theoretisch über berufliche Lern- und Bildungsprozesse begründet, die sich entlang der gesamten Berufsbiographie in verschiedenen räumlichen Kontexten vollziehen und über Beruflichkeit gerahmt sind.
Re-evaluating invasive species in degraded ecosystems: a case study of red-eared slider turtles as partial ecological analogs
Authors: Dupuis-Desormeaux Marc , Lovich Jeffrey E. , Whitfield Gibbons J.
Published: April 2022

Exotic species are often vilified as “bad” without consideration of the potential they have for contributing to ecological functions in degraded ecosystems. The red-eared slider turtle (RES) has been disparaged as one of the worst invasive species. Based on this review, we suggest that RES contribute some ecosystem functions in urban wetlands comparable to those provided by the native turtles they sometimes dominate or replace. While we do not advocate for releases outside their native range, or into natural environments, in this review, we examine the case for the RES to be considered potentially beneficial in heavily human-altered and degraded ecosystems where native turtles struggle or fail to persist. After reviewing the ecosystem functions RESs are known to provide, we conclude that in many modified environments the RES is a partial ecological analog to native turtles and removing them may obviate the ecological benefits they provide. We also suggest research avenues to better understand the role of RESs in heavily modified wetlands.
Factors associated with thyroidectomy complications in resource-limited settings: An observational study
Authors: Wondwosen Mekete , Bekele Mahteme , Abebe Kirubel , Tantu Temesgen , Zewdu Dereje
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT

Background: Even though thyroidectomy outcomes and their predictive factors are various and widely studied, the data from our country and other African countries where the disease burden is high are limited. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and factors associated with thyroidectomies complication in a resource limited setting where the procedures were performed by general surgeons/general surgery residents.

Methods:

This is an observational study of one hundred ninety-nine patients undergoing elective thyroidectomy from September 1, 2020, to August 30, 2021. The primary outcomes are the incidence and types of complications observed during and after surgery. The secondary outcomes are identifying risk factors associated with complications. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify risk factors. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Result:

The incidence of complications after thyroid surgeries was 18.6%. The two commonest complications were an external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLNI) injury and hypocalcemia. Thyroidectomy performed by residents and patients who underwent total thyroidectomy, the independent risk factor of the EBSLN injury [AOR = 8.015; 95%CI (1.402–45.807); P = 0.019 and postoperative hypocalcemia [AOR = 17.797; 95%CI (3.799–83.374); P < 0.001, resulted in an incidence of 7.54% and 5.53% respectively.

Conclusion:

The incidence of thyroidectomy complications is relatively similar to other studies. However, the provision of special training for residents on surgical techniques to prevent EBSLN injury and performing non-total thyroidectomies for benign thyroid diseases are recommended to reduce complications.

Highlights
Regularity of calibrated sub-actions for circle expanding maps and Sturmian optimization
Authors: GAO RUI
Published: April 2022

In this short and elementary note, we study some ergodic optimization problems for circle expanding maps. We first make an observation that if a function is not far from being convex, then its calibrated sub-actions are closer to convex functions in a certain effective way. As an application of this simple observation, for a circle doubling map, we generalize a result of Bousch saying that translations of the cosine function are uniquely optimized by Sturmian measures. Our argument follows the mainline of Bousch’s original proof, while some technical part is simplified by the observation mentioned above, and no numerical calculation is needed.
Linking sporadic hospital clusters during a community surge of the severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B.1.617.2 delta variant: The utility of whole-genome sequencing
Authors: Wee Liang En , Ko Karrie Kwan-Ki , Conceicao Edwin Philip , Sim Jean Xiang-Ying , Rahman Nurdyana Abdul , Tan Shireen Yan-Ling , Cao Delphine Yan-Hong , Chan Kenneth Xing-Long , Aung May Kyawt , Aung Myat Oo , Yong Yang , Arora Shalvi , How Molly Kue Bien , Tan Kwee Yuen , Lee Lai Chee , Tan Thuan Tong , Wijaya Limin , Sim James Heng Chiak , Suphavilai Chayaporn , Venkatachalam Indumathi , Ling Moi Lin
Published: April 2022

Sporadic clusters of healthcare-associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurred despite intense rostered routine surveillance and a highly vaccinated healthcare worker (HCW) population, during a community surge of the severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B.1.617.2 δ (delta) variant. Genomic analysis facilitated timely cluster detection and uncovered additional linkages via HCWs moving between clinical areas and among HCWs sharing a common lunch area, enabling early intervention.
Incised Lines: Planning and Design in the Late Formative E Group at Yaxuná, Yucatán, Mexico
Authors: Collins Ryan H.
Published: April 2022

Although direct evidence of civic planning is rare among Mesoamerican sites, such features offer great insight into past practices, intentions, and urban transformation. Using data from the transition to the Late Formative period (ca. 400–300 BC), I argue that direct evidence of urban planning is present in the monumental constructions of Yaxuná in Yucatán, Mexico. There, investigators detected a series of carefully rendered incised lines directly on Floor 6 of the E Group plaza. Along with the buildings' exposed surfaces, incised lines served as visual markers for placing rubble and dry-core fill into two categories: large dry-core stones and small compact fill. These visual distinctions informed the location of features built on top of this fill, including Floor 5 and a causeway spanning the plaza's central axis, distinguished from the white floor surfacesascab(a durable product of pulverized limestone) by a red-orange color. The incised lines at Yaxuná grant insight into how ancient builders envisioned public works and then implemented and completed features in a step-by-step design process, which required precision and foresight.
Caring for Colour
Authors: Quigley Killian
Published: April 2022

The Great Barrier Reef has been bleaching yet again. If the Anthropocene had a colour table, bleached coral would hold an especially recognizable place within it. By some lights, chromatic behaviour — and chromatic disaster — are best apprehended as secondary qualities, as spectacles that offer to point the discerning observer beyond the tokens of human sense and toward an object’s (or ecosystem’s) essential properties. This article asks whether it is possible, and ethically viable, to recognise corallian colour practice as having meaning in and of itself. I argue that we should recognise coral colourism as the irreducibly relational comportment of species, sunlight, salt water, sediment and so on. Contrary to some influential views, the Reef’s performances are not simply constructed by the fantasies of human spectators, but by stimulating human sensoria, they do hail us as participants in the chromatic field. Reckoning the loss of hue as a discrete catastrophe might therefore generate tools for articulating value in a manner that is not strictly constructivist, naively scientistic or reactionarily idealistic. Caring for the Reef may be, not first of all but not least of all, a caring for colour — a caring against chromatic disappearance and a caring towards chromatic repair.
Basket Case!
Authors: Wallace Carden C.
Published: April 2022

Queensland has some 400 public museums and art galleries. Large or small, these are all dedicated to caring for their part of what is often called the ‘distributed national collection’ and to permanently documenting a segment of our history — social, natural or otherwise. Each of us who steps inside such an institution to help in this effort is liable to become lost to this world for the rest of our working life. We are all, in some sense, collectors, and we tend to be very loyal to ‘our’ subject matter.
The effects of multi-nutrient formulas containing a combination of n-3 PUFA and B vitamins on cognition in the older adult: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Fairbairn Paul , Dyall Simon C. , Tsofliou Fotini
Published: April 2022

There is now evidence to suggest that there may be an interaction between B vitamins and n-3 PUFA, with suggestions that increasing intake of both nutrients simultaneously may benefit cognition in older adults. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate whether supplementation with a combination of n-3 PUFA and B vitamins can prevent cognitive decline in older adults. Randomised controlled trials conducted in older adults that measured cognitive function were retrieved. The included trials provided a combination of n-3 PUFA and B vitamins alone, or in combination with other nutrients. Trials that provided n-3 PUFA alone and also measured B vitamin status or provided B vitamin supplementation alone and measured n-3 PUFA status were also included. The databases searched were The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus and MEDLINE. A total of 14 papers were included in the analysis (n 4913; age: 60–70 years; follow-up 24 weeks to 4 years). The meta-analysis results found a significant benefit of nutrient formulas, which included both n-3 PUFA and B vitamins alongside other nutrients, v. placebo on global cognition assessed using composite scores from a neuropsychological test battery (G = 0·23, P = 0·002), global cognition using single measures of cognition (G = 0·28, P = 0·004) and episodic memory (G = 0·32, P = 0·001). The results indicate that providing a combination of n-3 PUFA and B vitamins as part of a multi-nutrient formula benefits cognition in older adults v. a placebo, and the potential for an interaction between these key nutrients should be considered in future experimental work.
Temperature-dependent population dynamics for Aedes aegypti in outdoor, indoor, and enclosed habitats: a mathematical model for five North American cities
Authors: Roise Annika , Wallace Dorothy
Published: April 2022

A model for the Aedes aegypti lifecycle is developed that takes into account temperature-dependent maturation and death rates for several life stages, wet and dry egg oviposition with flooding, as well as three classes of larval habitat with different temperature profiles: outdoor (subject to external temperature fluctuations, human-inhabited), indoor (temperature moderated, human-inhabited, interior), and enclosed (temperature moderated, human free, exterior). An equilibrium analysis shows that the temperature range of outdoor viable equilibrium populations aligns closely with reported risk levels. Temperature patterns for El Paso, Texas; New York, New York; New Orleans, Louisiana; Orlando, Florida; and Miami, Florida, are considered. In four of these locations (all but New York), enclosed habitats can support mosquito populations even if all outdoor and indoor habitats are removed. In two locations (El Paso and New York) the model shows that in spite of the disappearance of adult mosquitoes during colder temperatures, populations reach seasonal steady state due to the survival of eggs. The results have implications for both vector and disease control.
Integrating parasite assemblages and host genetics for population discrimination in the black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci) in natural protected areas of the northern Yucatan peninsula
Authors: Villegas-Hernández Harold , Guillén-Hernández Sergio , González-Salas Carlos , Pech-Puch Dawrin , Espínola-Novelo Juan F.
Published: April 2022

The population structure of the black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci) from the northern Yucatan Peninsula was evaluated with a two-fold emphasis on the spatial scales (whether island or coastal localities), as well as the effects of protection based on three natural protected areas (NPA) with different categories. To this end, specimens were collected at each NPA: Celestun (Biosphere Reserve) and Dzilam (State NPA) which are coastal and Alacranes (National Park) which is an island. Population discrimination was carried out by means of intestinal helminth parasite infracommunities and the hosts’ genetic similarities, highlighting the contradictions or coincidences between approaches. The intestinal parasitic fauna was examined in 161 specimens, of which 150 were genetically characterized using microsatellite DNA markers. Three distinct parasite communities were observed, in which taxa mainly responsible for the differences were the digeneansProsorhynchus atlanticus,Prosorhynchussp.,Lepidapedoides epinepheliandHamacreadium mutabileas well as the acanthocephalanGorgorhynchussp. The hosts’ genotypes indicated three genetically separated subunits that deviated significantly from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, and genetic differences evidenced a structured population. Despite the expectation that island NPAs would be distinctive, the coastal locality of Dzilam was the most differentiated. The present recognition of population subunits would indicate the beneficial effects of preserving the gene pool variability of the coastal Dzilam subunit since it is, at present, the least restrictive NPA where unregulated fishing is still allowed. Thus, this study indicates fishing regulations should be strengthened (e.g. determine catch quotas or reduce fishing effort) to prevent diversity loss (whether biological or genetic) in these NPAs, particularly in Dzilam, which is probably the most threatened area.
Multiple molecular characteristics of circulating enterovirus types among paediatric hand, foot and mouth disease patients after EV71 vaccination campaign in Wuxi, China
Authors: Kang Yan-Jun , Shi Chao , Zhou Jian , Qian Jun , Qiu Yuanwang , Ge Guizhi
Published: April 2022

The molecular properties of the circulating causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Wuxi remain unclear, posing diagnostic and prevention challenges. Additionally, in several regions of mainland China, the EV71 immunisation drastically reduced related cases and altered the HFMD pathogen spectrum, while the precise situation in Wuxi remained unknown. To address these issues, paediatric HFMD cases diagnosed in the clinic were enrolled and anal swabs were acquired in the spring of 2019. The 5′-UTR and VP1 genes were interpreted using RT-nPCR with degenerate primers to confirm their genotypes. Following that, the entire genome sequences of each viral type were recovered, allowing for the interpretation of several molecular properties. A total of 249 clinically confirmed HFMD cases had their anal swabs taken for viral identification, from which the genome sequences of seven genotypes were recovered. Coxsackievirus A16 is the most prevalent type, followed by Coxsackievirus A6, A10, A2, A4, A5 and Echovirus 11, all of which were genetically determined for the first time in Wuxi. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses were used to evaluate their evolutionary relationships with other strains found in other regions. Noticeably, a CVA16 subtype, responsible for a large proportion of the observed cases, phylogenetically clustered within clade B1a along with some strains from other countries, was the first one to be reported in China. Furthermore, some recombination events were inferred from strains detected in sporadic cases, particularly the recombination between CVA2 and CVA5 strains. Our investigation elucidated the multiple molecular characteristics of the HFMD causal enterovirus strains in Wuxi, underlining the potential hazards associated with these circulating viral types in the population and aiding in future surveillance and prevention of this disease.
Adolescents’ internalizing symptoms predict dating violence victimization and perpetration 2 years later
Authors: Psychogiou Lamprini , Ahun Marilyn N. , Geoffroy Marie-Claude , Brendgen Mara , Côté Sylvana M.
Published: April 2022

The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine bidirectional associations of adolescents’ internalizing symptoms with dating violence victimization and perpetration. We conducted secondary analyses of the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development data (n = 974). Each adolescent completed items from the Conflict Tactics Scale (at ages 15 and 17 years) to assess psychological, physical, and sexual dating violence victimization and perpetration in the past 12 months. Adolescents’ symptoms of depression and general anxiety in the past 12 months were self-reported (at ages 15 and 17 years) using The Mental Health and Social Inadaptation Assessment for Adolescents. There were concurrent associations of adolescents’ internalizing symptoms with dating violence victimization and perpetration. Internalizing symptoms at age 15 years were positively associated with dating violence victimization and perpetration 2 years later in both males and females, even after adjusting for baseline characteristics. However, neither dating violence victimization nor perpetration at age 15 years was associated with internalizing symptoms 2 years later. For males and females, internalizing symptoms put adolescents at risk for future dating violence victimization and perpetration. Interventions that target internalizing symptoms may have the potential to decrease subsequent dating violence.
Successful occlusion of a feeding artery with Amplatzer Piccolo Occluder in a patient diagnosed with Scimitar syndrome
Authors: Gursu Hazım Alper , Ozelce Bilal , Cetin Ibrahim İlker
Published: April 2022

Scimitar syndrome is a congenital anomaly in which some or all of right pulmonary veins drain into inferior caval vein. It is associated with anomalous systemic arteries arising from descending aorta supplying to right lung. Transcatheter embolisation of this artery prevents complications. We present a 2.5-year-old girl in which anomalous artery was embolised using Amplatzer PiccoloTM Occluder, for first time.
Survey of weed flora and weed management practices in Florida strawberry fields
Authors: Boyd Nathan S. , Reuss Laura
Published: April 2022

A survey of weed flora and basic weed management practices was conducted in commercial strawberry [Fragaria × ananassa (Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier ssp. ananassa] fields in central Florida during the 2019 to 2020 field season. Forty-one fields on 14 farms were surveyed, which represents a total of 907 ha or 23% of the acreage planted to strawberries in Florida. All conventional fields were fumigated, and combinations of chloropicrin and 1,3-dichloropropene were used on 72% of the fumigated acreage. Preemergence or postemergence herbicides were used in row middles on 100% of the conventional acreage, but preemergence herbicides applied under the plastic mulch were only used on 12% of the acreage. A total of 47 weed species were identified during the survey. The five weed species with the highest frequency were goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.], cutleaf evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata Hill), Carolina geranium (Geranium carolinianum L.), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), and eclipta [Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.] which occurred in 83%, 63%, 58%, 58%, and 46% of all fields surveyed, respectively. The five species with the highest overall relative abundance were E. indica, O. lanciniata, G. carolinium, A. artemisiifolia, and Brazil pusley (Richardia brasiliensis Gomes). The frequency and distribution of E. indica is of particular concern, because populations in strawberry fields are thought to be resistant to paraquat, which is the primary herbicide used for crop termination. Weed density tended to be low overall, which suggests the integrated weed management (IWM) programs adopted by most growers are effective. Mean weed density tended to be similar on conventional and organic fields and unaffected by fumigant applied the year of the survey or the number of years strawberries had been grown consecutively in a field. Weed management research moving forward should focus on the development of IWM programs for E. indica, O. lanciniata, G. carolinium, and A. artemisiifolia.
Callisto's Atmosphere and Its Space Environment: Prospects for the Particle Environment Package on Board JUICE
Authors: Galli A. , Vorburger A. , Carberry Mogan S. R. , Roussos E. , Stenberg Wieser G. , Wurz P. , Föhn M. , Krupp N. , Fränz M. , Barabash S. , Futaana Y. , Brandt P. C. , Kollmann P. , Haggerty D. K. , Jones G. H. , Johnson R. E. , Tucker O. J. , Simon S. , Tippens T. , Liuzzo L.
Published: April 2022

The JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) of the European Space Agency will investigate Jupiter and its icy moons Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, with the aim to better understand the origin and evolution of our Solar System and the emergence of habitable worlds around gas giants. The Particle Environment Package (PEP) on board JUICE is designed to measure neutrals and ions and electrons at thermal, suprathermal, and radiation belt energies (eV to MeV). In the vicinity of Callisto, PEP will characterize the plasma environment, the outer parts of Callisto's atmosphere and ionosphere and their interaction with Jupiter's dynamic magnetosphere. Roughly 20 Callisto flybys with closest approaches between 200 and 5,000 km altitude are planned over the course of the JUICE mission. In this article, we review the state of the art regarding Callisto's ambient environment and magnetospheric interaction with recent modeling efforts for Callisto's atmosphere and ionosphere. Based on this review, we identify science opportunities for the PEP observations to optimize scientific insight gained from the foreseen JUICE flybys. These considerations will inform both science operation planning of PEP and JUICE and they will guide future model development for Callisto's atmosphere, ionosphere, and their interaction with the plasma environment.
The Influence of Crustal Magnetic Fields on the Martian Bow Shock Location: A Statistical Analysis of MAVEN and Mars Express Observations
Authors: Garnier P. , Jacquey C. , Gendre X. , Génot V. , Mazelle C. , Fang X. , Gruesbeck J. R. , Sánchez‐Cano B. , Halekas J. S.
Published: April 2022

Previous missions underlined the complex influence of the crustal magnetic fields on the Martian environment, including the plasma boundaries. Their influence on the bow shock is however poorly constrained, with most studies showing North/South differences attributed to the crustal fields, with various conclusions from little to strong variabilities. We analyze for the first time in detail the influence of crustal fields on the Martian shock location based on a multi‐mission analysis (MAVEN and MEX). We introduce the angular distance to the strongest crustal field region in the southern hemisphere that induces the largest influence (but not unique, with a minimum pressure threshold analyzed). Its impact is at large scale (>40–60° around), is modulated by the local time of the strongest source region (with no influence beyond terminator), and maximizes when the Interplanetary Magnetic field (IMF) is stable during the preceding hours. We introduce a technique, that is, partial correlations, to provide a coherent picture for both MAVEN/MEX due to existing cross correlations with Extreme UltraViolet (EUV). A composite parameter is proposed, that represents the combined influence of EUV, magnetosonic mach number (two major drivers) and crustal fields, the latter having an impact of hundreds of km. The influence of crustal fields on the shock appears seasonal and correlated with the Total Electronic Content, revealing a large scale coupling between the crustal fields, the ionosphere and the shock. The crustal field influence on the shock is thus significant and complex, with a coupling to both the ionosphere below and the IMF above.
Subglacial Discharge Reflux and Buoyancy Forcing Drive Seasonality in a Silled Glacial Fjord
Authors: Hager Alexander O. , Sutherland David A. , Amundson Jason M. , Jackson Rebecca H. , Kienholz Christian , Motyka Roman J. , Nash Jonathan D.
Published: April 2022

Fjords are conduits for heat and mass exchange between tidewater glaciers and the coastal ocean, and thus regulate near‐glacier water properties and submarine melting of glaciers. Entrainment into subglacial discharge plumes is a primary driver of seasonal glacial fjord circulation; however, outflowing plumes may continue to influence circulation after reaching neutral buoyancy through the sill‐driven mixing and recycling, or reflux, of glacial freshwater. Despite its importance in non‐glacial fjords, no framework exists for how freshwater reflux may affect circulation in glacial fjords, where strong buoyancy forcing is also present. Here, we pair a suite of hydrographic observations measured throughout 2016–2017 in LeConte Bay, Alaska, with a three‐dimensional numerical model of the fjord to quantify sill‐driven reflux of glacial freshwater, and determine its influence on glacial fjord circulation. When paired with subglacial discharge plume‐driven buoyancy forcing, sill‐generated mixing drives distinct seasonal circulation regimes that differ greatly in their ability to transport heat to the glacier terminus. During the summer, 53%–72% of the surface outflow is refluxed at the fjord's shallow entrance sill and is subsequently re‐entrained into the subglacial discharge plume at the fjord head. As a result, near‐terminus water properties are heavily influenced by mixing at the entrance sill, and circulation is altered to draw warm, modified external surface water to the glacier grounding line at 200 m depth. This circulatory cell does not exist in the winter when freshwater reflux is minimal. Similar seasonal behavior may exist at other glacial fjords throughout Southeast Alaska, Patagonia, Greenland, and elsewhere.
Impact of Space Environment on Geostationary Meteorological Satellite Data Outage
Authors: Sakaguchi Kaori , Nagatsuma Tsutomu
Published: April 2022

Impact of space environment changes on geostationary meteorological satellite services, such as data outage, incomplete imagery, or quality degradation were investigated using event logs of Himawari‐8 and Meteosat (MET‐7 and MET‐8) in 2015–2017. The event logs show that such failures were caused by anomalies on spacecraft and in ground system half each. On Himawari‐8, a total of 11 incomplete imagery occurred due to spacecraft anomaly, and among them about 45% (5 anomalies) occurred during energetic electron enhancement and about 9% (1 anomaly) occurred during energetic proton enhancement. In cases of Meteosat, a total of 84 service alerts occurred due to spacecraft anomaly, and among them 35% (29 anomalies) occurred during electron enhancement and 7% (6 anomalies) occurred during both proton and electron enhancement. On the basis of statistical analysis, it is found that the probability of spacecraft anomaly occurrence markedly increases when electron fluence exceeds a threshold. The probability of anomaly is less than 10% when the 1‐MeV electron fluence is less than 104 (/cm2 sr eV), whereas it increases to more than 20% above the fluence. Thresholds are also found for electron fluences at other energies from 200 keV to 1.5 MeV. This study clarifies that changes in the space environment, particularly electron fluence enhancement affect geostationary meteorological satellite services.
Is Earth’s Core Rusting?
Authors: Chen Jiuhua , Esdaille Shanece
Published: April 2022

If subduction carries hydrous minerals deep into Earth’s mantle, they may “rust” the iron outer core, forming vast sinks of oxygen that can later be returned to the atmosphere.
Quantifying the Sheath Impedance of the Electric Double Probe Instrument on the Van Allen Probes
Authors: Hartley D. P. , Christopher I. W. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Santolik O. , Kolmasova I. , Wygant J. R. , Bonnell J. W.
Published: April 2022

Spherical double probe electric field sensors become electrically coupled to magnetospheric plasma during operation, leading to an instrument response that varies with the local plasma environment. Here, a method is developed for determining this variable coupling impedance for each measurement direction by using periods of favorable boom, wave, and magnetic field geometry. Comparing electric field complex amplitudes between 30 Hz and 10 kHz observed along each boom direction to those predicted from simultaneous magnetic field measurements and cold plasma theory allows for the amplitude and phase response of the instrument to be quantified over the full range of plasma densities encountered on‐orbit. A sheath model is developed to describe how the sheath resistance, sheath capacitance, and relative effective length vary as a function of plasma density. An additional empirical correction is also included to describe the phase response along the spin‐axis. The modeled sheath correction is subsequently tested for case studies of burst‐mode data and statistical analyses of survey‐mode data. It is demonstrated that the levels of agreement between observations and theoretical predictions based on Faraday's Law are substantially greater for the sheath corrected data than for uncorrected observations. Comparisons between observations with oppositely directed Poynting vector directions reveals that the sheath correction reconciles a bifurcated distribution in the uncorrected data to a single peak centered on agreement with Faraday's Law. A full sheath corrected EMFISIS L4 survey mode data set has been produced for final archive. Full details of the sheath correction are also provided for manual data correction.
Broadly neutralizing antibodies against Omicron-included SARS-CoV-2 variants induced by vaccination
Authors: Chi Xiangyang , Guo Yingying , Zhang Guanying , Sun Hancong , Zhang Jun , Li Min , Chen Zhengshan , Han Jin , Zhang Yuanyuan , Zhang Xinghai , Fan Pengfei , Zhang Zhe , Wang Busen , Zai Xiaodong , Han Xuelian , Hao Meng , Fang Ting , Xu Jinghan , Wu Shipo , Chen Yi , Fang Yingying , Dong Yunzhu , Sun Bingjie , Zhang Jinlong , Li Jianmin , Zhao Guangyu , Yu Changming , Zhou Qiang , Chen Wei
Published: April 2022

The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant shows substantial resistance to neutralization by infection- and vaccination-induced antibodies, highlighting the demands for research on the continuing discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Here, we developed a panel of bnAbs against Omicron and other variants of concern (VOCs) elicited by vaccination of adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine (Ad5-nCoV). We also investigated the human longitudinal antibody responses following vaccination and demonstrated how the bnAbs evolved over time. A monoclonal antibody (mAb), named ZWD12, exhibited potent and broad neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 variants Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Kappa, Delta, and Omicron by blocking the spike protein binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and provided complete protection in the challenged prophylactic and therapeutic K18-hACE2 transgenic mouse model. We defined the ZWD12 epitope by determining its structure in complex with the spike (S) protein via cryo-electron microscopy. This study affords the potential to develop broadly therapeutic mAb drugs and suggests that the RBD epitope bound by ZWD12 is a rational target for the design of a broad spectrum of vaccines.
Emergence of local scaling relations in adsorption energies on high-entropy alloys
Authors: Saidi Wissam A.
Published: April 2022

Alloying has been proposed to circumvent scaling relations between the adsorption energies thus allowing for the complete optimization of multistep reactions. Herein the fidelity of scaling rules on high-entropy alloy (HEA) surfaces is assessed focusing on hydrogen-containing molecules, *AHx for A = C and N (x = 0, 1, 2, 3), A = S (x = 0, 1, 2) and A = O (x = 0, 1). Using an adsorbate- and site-specific deep learning model to rapidly compute the adsorption energies on CoMoFeNiCu HEA surfaces, the energies of *AHx and *A are shown to be linearly correlated if *A and *AHx have identical adsorption site symmetry. However, a local linear dependence emerges between the configuration-averaged adsorption energies irrespective of the site symmetry. Although these correlations represent a weaker form of the scaling relationships, they are sufficient to prohibit the optimization of multistep reactions. The underpinning of this behavior is twofold (1) the nearsightedness principle and (2) the narrow distribution of the adsorption energies around the mean-field value. While the nearsightedness is general for all electronic systems, the second criterion applies in HEAs with relatively strong reactive elements. The present findings strongly suggest that alloys may not generally enable the breaking of scaling relationships.
Dilute carbon in H3S under pressure
Authors: Wang Xiaoyu , Bi Tiange , Hilleke Katerina P. , Lamichhane Anmol , Hemley Russell J. , Zurek Eva
Published: April 2022

Recently, room temperature superconductivity was measured in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride material whose identity remains unknown. Herein, first-principles calculations are performed to provide a chemical basis for structural candidates derived by doping H3S with low levels of carbon. Pressure stabilizes unusual bonding configurations about the carbon atoms, which can be six-fold coordinated as CH6 entities within the cubic H3S framework, or four-fold coordinated as methane intercalated into the H-S lattice, with or without an additional hydrogen in the framework. The doping breaks degenerate bands, lowering the density of states at the Fermi level (NF), and localizing electrons in C-H bonds. Low levels of CH4 doping do not increase NF to values as high as those calculated for $$Im\bar{3}m$$

I
m

3

¯

m

-H3S, but they can yield a larger logarithmic average phonon frequency, and an electron–phonon coupling parameter comparable to that of R3m-H3S. The implications of carbon doping on the superconducting properties are discussed.
White matter microstructure of superior longitudinal fasciculus II is associated with intelligence and treatment response of negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Lee Joonho , Oh Jong-Soo , Park Chun-Il , Bang Minji , Sung Gihye , Jung Sra , Lee Sang-Hyuk
Published: April 2022

Although the potential role of superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) in intellectual deficits and treatment response (TR) in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) has been previously described, little is known about the white-matter (WM) integrity of SLF subcomponents (SLF I, II, III, and arcuate fasciculus) and their particular relationships with the clinical presentations of the illness. This study examined the associations between fractional anisotropy (FA) of SLF subcomponents and intelligence level and 6-month treatment response (TR) of negative symptoms (NS) in patients with SZ. At baseline, 101 patients with SZ and 101 healthy controls (HCs) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. Voxel-wise group comparison analysis showed significant SLF FA reductions in patients with SZ compared with HCs. Voxel-wise correlation analyses revealed significant positive correlations of FAs of right SLF II with Korean–Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale at baseline and the percentage reduction of negative syndrome subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scales at 6 months. These findings suggest that aberrance in WM microstructure in SLF II may be associated with intellectual deficits in patients with SZ and TR of NS, which may support the potential role of SLF II as a novel neuroimaging biomarker for clinical outcomes of the illness.