bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Search for a Radical Cartography
Authors: Denil Mark
Published: June 2014

A number of recent map publications have incorporated terms like Radical, Counter,and Alternative in their titles, but it is unclear exactly what a radical (or counter, oralternative) cartography would be. This paper postulates some characteristics such acartography (termed radical for convenience) might possess, and explores analogousphenomena in other fields, in search of a paradigm or model for recognizingcartographic radicality.The term mapicity is proposed to instantiate that quality which all maps mustpossess in order to be recognized and employed as maps, and the term radicality isintroduced to identify a quality that would set a radical cartography apart from onethat was not radical.Three collections of maps that are identified by their authors or publishers as radicalare examined for traces of radicality as defined in this paper. In addition, the earlyTwentieth Century painting movement Analytic Cubism (approximately 1907–1914) is forwarded as a model or paradigm for radicality.
A Program for Handling Map Projections of Small Scale Geospatial Raster Data
Authors: Finn Michael P , Steinwand Daniel R , Trent Jason R , Buehler Robert A , Mattli David M , Yamamoto Kristina Haruka
Published: June 2014

Scientists routinely accomplish small-scale geospatial modeling using raster datasets of global extent. Such use often requires the projection of global raster datasets onto a map or the reprojection from a given map projection associated with a dataset. The distortion characteristics of these projection transformations can have significant effects on modeling results. Distortions associated with the reprojection of global data are generally greater than distortions associated with reprojections of larger-scale, localized areas. The accuracy of areas in projected raster datasets of global extent is dependent on resolution. To address these problems of projection and the associated resampling that accompanies it, methods for framing the transformation space, direct point-to-point transformations rather than gridded transformation spaces, a solution to the wrap-around problem, and an approach to alternative resampling methods are presented. The implementations of these methods are provided in an open source software package called MapImage (or mapIMG, for short), which is designed to function on a variety of computer architectures.
The Jumonji family: past, present and future of histone demethylases in cancer
Authors: Franci Gianluigi , Ciotta Alfonso , Altucci Lucia
Published: June 2014

The first Jumonji gene was cloned in 1995 by Takeuchi et al. [Takeuchi T, Yamazaki Y, Katoh-Fukui Y, Tsuchiya R, Kondo S, Motoyama J, Higashinakagawa T. Gene trap capture of a novel mouse gene, jumonji, required for neural tube formation. Genes Dev 1995; 9: 1211–22.]. Several genes sharing similar biological features have since been discovered, and are currently grouped into the JMJ family. Interestingly, their deregulation has been associated with cardiac disease, obesity, neurological disorders and cancer. One of the mechanisms underlying their function is gene expression modulation via histone post-translational modifications (PTMs). Increasing evidence of Jumonji deregulation in tumours such as colon, prostate, haematological and breast cancer is continually emerging, hence the need to acquire a better understanding. The Genesapiens.org database of patient arrays allows target expression levels to be investigated in a wide range of cancers, corroborating and extending the role of the JMJ family. Here, we provide an overview of the expression profile and regulation of JMJ family members in cancer, examining the most recent literature in the light of analyses drawn from this database.
Novel Scheme to Improve Power Factor of Slip Energy Recovery Drive by Selective Harmonic Elimination
Authors: Ismayil C. , Nanda Kumar M.
Published: June 2014

In this paper, the harmonic analysis of inverter voltage of a slip energy recovery drive (SERD) is carried out and proposes a novel approach to improve the supply side power factor of the overall drive system. The proposed model is a self-commutated SERD using IGBT inverter, and a modulation technique called selective harmonic elimination (SHE) is applied to improve the supply side power factor. The complete solutions for switching patterns to eliminate the fifth and seventh harmonics are developed using genetic algorithm. SHE method is simulated in semi-open-loop mode, and the power factor of the drive is compared with conventional line commutated thyristor inverter-based SERD. Simulations have been carried out in Matlab/Simulink environment to predetermine the performance of the drive, and results show a significant improvement in the input power factor of the drive.
Bifurcation Analysis of a Capacitive Micro-resonator Considering Non-local Elasticity Theory
Authors: Valilou Shiva , Rezazadeh Ghader , Shabani Rasoul , Fathalilou Mohammad
Published: June 2014

This paper deals with analysis of the mechanical behavior of an electro-statically-actuated micro-beam resonator from the bifurcation view of point. The non-local constitutive relation has been used to obtain the governing deformation equations. The obtained static equation has been solved using two approaches. The dynamic equation of motion has been solved applying a Galerkin-reduced order model. Bifurcation behavior of the beam subjected to an electrostatic force has been analyzed using the both approaches. The fixed points of the beam for given voltages have been obtained and stability of them determined by studying the phase portraits for each fixed point.
Phylogenetic position of the giant house bat Scotophilus nigrita (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
Authors: Vallo Peter , Benda Petr , Červený Jaroslav , Koubek Petr
Published: June 2014

The giant house bat
Nano is nano is nano or: nanotechnology – a European legal perspective
Authors: Fulda Christian , Weber-Bruls Dorothée , Werth Jochen
Published: June 2014

In Europe, nanotechnology is perceived as one of the innovative technologies that may drive technological progress. At the same time, Europe historically has followed an approach to cautiously but proactively regulate new technologies, instead of taking a wait-and-see approach. This article discusses how the European legal system bridges the requirements of regulation and the opportunities of innovation. It focuses in particular on the question of the definition of nanotechnology, as any legislation has to start with a clear understanding of its scope, which typically is achieved by definitions. The article, in part 1, addresses the current state of play when it comes to regulation of nanotechnology in the European Union. In part 2, we discuss how nanotechnology is approached under the European patent system and how the upcoming new European patent system may see a convergence of innovation and regulation.
Linking Genetics to Structural Biology: Complex Heterozygosity Screening with Actin Alanine Scan Alleles Identifies Functionally Related Surfaces on Yeast Actin
Authors: DiPrima Stephanie , Haarer Brian , Viggiano Susan , Pons Carles , Myers Chad L , Amberg David C
Published: June 2014

Previous genome-level genetic interaction screens with the single essential actin gene of yeast identified 238 nonessential genes that upon deletion result in deleterious, digenic complex haploinsufficiences with an actin null allele. Deletion alleles of these 238 genes were tested for complex heterozygous interactions with 32 actin alanine scan alleles, which target clusters of residues on the surface of actin. A total of 891 deleterious digenic combinations were identified with 203 of the 238 genes. Two-dimensional hierarchical cluster analysis of the interactions identified nine distinct groups, and the alleles within clusters tended to affect localized regions on the surface of actin. The mutants in one cluster all affect electrostatic interactions between stacked subunits in the long pitch helix of the actin filament. A second cluster that contains the most highly interactive alleles may disrupt the tropomyosin/myosin system, as one of the mutants in that cluster cannot support Type V myosin-dependent movement of secretory vesicles in haploids and causes processivity defects in heterozygous diploids. These examples suggest the clusters represent mutations with shared protein−protein interaction defects. These results show that complex heterozygous interaction screens have benefit for detecting actin-related genes and suggest that having actin filaments of mixed composition, containing both mutant and wild-type subunits, presents unique challenges to the cell.
The evaluation of van der Waals interaction in the oriented-attachment growth of nanotubes
Authors: Jin Weixuan , He Weidong , Wen Kechun , Lin Xiao , Zhang Yuqian , Cao Huanqi , Song Yuanqiang , Lv Weiqiang , Dickerson James H.
Published: June 2014

Taking the advantage of nanomaterials to protect the environment and avoiding the side effect need a fundamental understanding of the growth mechanism of the nanomaterials. Here, the van der Waals interaction between a nanoparticle and a nanotube in the oriented-attachment growth of nanotubes is quantitatively evaluated for the first time. In particular, the correlation between van der Waals interaction and the growth parameters is investigated in depth. Our work opens up the opportunity of studying the important interparticle interactions in the oriented attachment growth of nanotubes.
Synthesis and Characterization of Co0.6Zn0.4Mn0.3Fe1.7O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Gupta Arti , Tandon R. P.
Published: June 2014

In the recent time spinel ferrite magnetic nanoparticles have been largely studied owing to various applications of these materials in the information storage, ferro-fluid technology, magnetocaloric effect, refrigeration and medical diagnostics. In this category cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles specifically gained huge research attention and prepared by various chemical methods. However, further investigations are still needed on the substituted CoFe2O4 (CFO) nanoparticles to explore their various characteristics. In this paper we present our results on Mn and Zn substituted cobalt ferrite (Co0.6Zn0.4Mn0.3Fe1.7O4 ) nanoparticles prepared by chemical co precipitation method. The x ray diffraction pattern of as prepared Co0.6Zn0.4Mn0.3Fe1.7O4 (CZFMO) nanoparticles indicated their average particle size =20 nm. Magnetic properties of these nanoparticles before and after thermal annealing have been compared. Magnetization (M) vs. field (H) loop measurements at T = 293 K on as prepared and thermally annealed CZFMO nano powders revealed an unusual feature contrary to CFO nanoparticles prepared under same conditions. The saturation magnetization (Ms) decreases after the thermal annealing unlike the usual increase in Ms observed for CFO nanoparticles. These nano sized CZFMO powder samples are further characterized by low temperature magnetic measurements; Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Effect of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone on Osseointegration of Titanium Implants: A Histologic and Biomechanical Study in Rabbits
Authors: Abreu Marcelo Emir Requia , Valiati Renato , Hubler Roberto , Moraes Aury Nunes , Antonini Fernando , de Oliveira Henrique do Couto , Pagnoncelli Rogério Miranda
Published: June 2014

To evaluate the action of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on osseointegration of titanium implants in rabbits. Fourteen adult New Zealand rabbits, aged 30 weeks, were used in the study, and randomly divided into 2 groups. In each animal, 2 (2.2 mm × 6 mm) pure titanium implants were placed in the left tibia. In one group (test group), 1 IU (0.3 mg) of rhGH as a lyophilized powder was applied to each osteotomy site prior to implant placement. Only titanium implants were placed in osteotomy sites of the other group (control). Animals were humanely killed at 14 and 42 days after surgery, and samples were then prepared for histologic analysis and biomechanical test. The biomechanical test showed tensile pull-out stress values of 33.88 N/cm2 for controls and 59.26 N/cm2 for the rhGH group at 14 days and 25.99 N/cm2 and 29.69 N/cm2 for the control and the test group, respectively, at 42 days. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed more uniform and abundant bone tissue in contact with the implants for the test group at 14 days, and no differences between groups at 42 days. Furthermore, histologic analysis also showed accelerated bone repair in 14 days and a more advanced stage of bone remodeling for the rhGH-treated group when compared to controls after 42 days of repair. Such results show that the topical use of rhGH induces new bone formation in the early stages of bone repair and hence accelerates osseointegration of titanium dental implants.
Implant Injury Case Series and Review of the Literature Part 1: Inferior Alveolar Nerve Injury
Authors: Du Toit Jonathan , Gluckman Howard , Gamil Rami , Renton Tara
Published: June 2014

Injury to adjacent structures is an unfortunate and avoidable outcome of oral implant placement surgery. Paramount among these is perforation into paranasal sinus; into neighboring tooth root; through cortical plate; and into vessels, canals, and, most importantly, nerves. In most cases, injudicious oral implant placement can be attributed to poor treatment planning. We present the cases of several patients referred for postsurgical radiology that illustrate injury to the inferior alveolar canal by implant impingement, penetration, and even complete obliteration of the nerve and canal in the absence of proper treatment planning and imaging modalities. The authors stress the importance of thorough implant case preparation and planning, which may include the use of cone beam computerized tomography in order to minimize nerve injury.
Método do hipercubo latino condicionado para a amostragem de solos na presença de covariáveis ambientais visando o mapeamento digital de solos
Authors: Carvalho Júnior Waldir de , Chagas César da Silva , Muselli Alexandre , Pinheiro Helena Saraiva Koenow , Pereira Nilson Rendeiro , Bhering Silvio Barge
Published: June 2014

A amostragem é uma das etapas mais importantes dos levantamentos de solos. No entanto, os esquemas de amostragem utilizados nos levantamentos convencionais têm se evidenciado inadequados para o mapeamento digital de solos, pois podem comprometer os resultados e, além disso, não possibilitam a realização de análises estatísticas. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o método de amostragem do hipercubo latino condicionado (cLHS, sigla em inglês), na presença de covariáveis ambientais (elevação, declividade, curvatura e mapa de uso e cobertura do solo), em comparação com a amostragem aleatória, na alocação de 100 pontos amostrais, buscando maior representatividade das características ambientais da bacia do rio Guapi-Macacu. O desempenho dos métodos foi avaliado pela análise qualitativa dos histogramas de frequência e das análises estatísticas pelos testes F, T de Student e Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S), para cada covariável. Os resultados apresentaram que os pontos selecionados pelo método cLHS possuíam distribuição geográfica mais adequada do que aqueles obtidos pela amostragem aleatória. Além disso, o método cLHS preservou mais a distribuição de frequência das covariáveis contínuas do que a amostragem aleatória; para covariável categórica uso e cobertura do solo os métodos foram equivalentes. Os testes estatísticos confirmaram o melhor desempenho do método cLHS, cujas amostras não diferiram estatisticamente da bacia. Entretanto, a amostragem aleatória apresentou diferença estatística para com a bacia, para todas as covariáveis contínuas para pelo menos um dos testes utilizados. Assim, o método cLHS pode ser considerado como um método satisfatório para seleção de locais de amostragem em áreas heterogêneas similares as deste estudo, visando a utilização no mapeamento digital de solos.
Inoculation of sugarcane with diazotrophic bacteria
Authors: Schultz Nivaldo , Silva Jeferson Alves da , Sousa Jailson Silva , Monteiro Rafael Cassador , Oliveira Renan Pedula , Chaves Valfredo Almeida , Pereira Willian , Silva Marinete Flores da , Baldani José Ivo , Boddey Robert Michael , Reis Veronica Massena , Urquiaga Segundo
Published: June 2014

The sugarcane industry, a strategic crop in Brazil, requires technological improvements in production efficiency to increase the crop energy balance. Among the various currently studied alternatives, inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria proved to be a technology with great potential. In this context, the efficiency of a mixture of bacterial inoculant was evaluated with regard to the agronomic performance and N nutrition of sugarcane. The experiment was carried out on an experimental field of Embrapa Agrobiologia, in Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, using a randomized block, 2 × 3 factorial design (two varieties and three treatments) with four replications, totaling 24 plots. The varieties RB867515 and RB72454 were tested in treatments consisting of: inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria, N-fertilized control with 120 kg ha-1 N and absolute control (no inoculation and no N fertilizer). The inoculum was composed of five strains of five diazotrophic species. The yield, dry matter accumulation, total N in the shoot dry matter and the contribution of N by biological fixation were evaluated, using the natural 15N abundance in non-inoculated sugarcane as reference. The bacterial inoculant increased the stalk yield of variety RB72454 similarly to fertilization with 120 kg ha-1 N in the harvests of plant-cane and first ratoon crops, however the contribution of biological N fixation was unchanged by inoculation, indicating that the benefits of the inoculant in sugarcane may have resulted from plant growth promotion.
Least limiting water range in assessing compaction in a Brazilian Cerrado latosol growing sugarcane
Authors: Gonçalves Wainer Gomes , Severiano Eduardo da Costa , Silva Fabiano Guimarães , Costa Kátia Aparecida de Pinho , Guimarães-Junnyor Wellingthon da Silva , Melo Gabriel Bressiani
Published: June 2014

In the south-central region of Brazil, there is a trend toward reducing the sugarcane inter-harvest period and increasing traffic of heavy harvesting machinery on soil with high water content, which may intensify the compaction process. In this study, we assessed the structural changes of a distroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol) by monitoring soil water content as a function of the Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) and quantified its effects on the crop yield and industrial quality of the first ratoon crop of sugarcane cultivars with different maturation cycles. Three cultivars (RB 83-5054, RB 84-5210 and RB 86-7515) were subjected to four levels of soil compaction brought about by a differing number of passes of a farm tractor (T0 = soil not trafficked, T2 = 2 passes, T10 = 10 passes, and T20 = 20 passes of the tractor in the same place) in a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement with three replications. The deleterious effects on the soil structure from the farm machinery traffic were limited to the surface layer (0-10 cm) of the inter-row area of the ratoon crop. The LLWR dropped to nearly zero after 20 tractor passes between the cane rows. We detected differences among the cultivars studied; cultivar RB 86-7515 stood out for its industrial processing quality, regardless of the level of soil compaction. Monitoring of soil moisture in the crop showed exposure to water stress conditions, although soil compaction did not affect the production variables of the sugarcane cultivars. We thus conclude that the absence of traffic on the plant row maintained suitable soil conditions for plant development and may have offset the harmful effects of soil compaction shown by the high values for bulk density between the rows of the sugarcane cultivars.
Fuzzy logic applied to the modeling of water dynamics in an Oxisol in northeastern Brazil
Authors: Afonso Antônio Cláudio Marques , Maciel Netto André , Vasconcelos Wagner Estáquio de
Published: June 2014

Modeling of water movement in non-saturated soil usually requires a large number of parameters and variables, such as initial soil water content, saturated water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity, which can be assessed relatively easily. Dimensional flow of water in the soil is usually modeled by a nonlinear partial differential equation, known as the Richards equation. Since this equation cannot be solved analytically in certain cases, one way to approach its solution is by numerical algorithms. The success of numerical models in describing the dynamics of water in the soil is closely related to the accuracy with which the water-physical parameters are determined. That has been a big challenge in the use of numerical models because these parameters are generally difficult to determine since they present great spatial variability in the soil. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and use methods that properly incorporate the uncertainties inherent to water displacement in soils. In this paper, a model based on fuzzy logic is used as an alternative to describe water flow in the vadose zone. This fuzzy model was developed to simulate the displacement of water in a non-vegetated crop soil during the period called the emergency phase. The principle of this model consists of a Mamdani fuzzy rule-based system in which the rules are based on the moisture content of adjacent soil layers. The performances of the results modeled by the fuzzy system were evaluated by the evolution of moisture profiles over time as compared to those obtained in the field. The results obtained through use of the fuzzy model provided satisfactory reproduction of soil moisture profiles.
Efeito de semeadora com haste sulcadora para ação profunda em solo manejado com plantio direto
Authors: Nunes Márcio Renato , Denardin José Eloir , Faganello Antonio , Pauletto Eloy Antonio , Pinto Luiz Fernando Spinelli
Published: June 2014

A adoção do plantio direto na região subtropical úmida do Brasil, fundamentada apenas em dois preceitos da agricultura conservacionista - mobilização de solo restrita à linha de semeadura e manutenção de resíduos culturais na superfície do solo -, tem induzido à estratificação de atributos químicos do solo na camada de 0-20 cm profundidade e degradação física da camada subsuperficial (entre aproximadamente 5-20 cm de profundidade), que podem contribuir para frustrações de safras agrícolas, quando da ocorrência de estiagens. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito residual de uma semeadora/adubadora, equipada com elemento rompedor de solo tipo haste sulcadora, atuando em quatro profundidades para a semeadura de milho (Zea mays L.), na mitigação de problemas de ordem física e química, em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico húmico, manejado em plantio direto há mais de 10 anos. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: T1 = hastes sulcadoras atuando até 5 cm de profundidade; T2 = hastes sulcadoras atuando até 10 cm de profundidade; T3 = hastes sulcadoras atuando até 15 cm de profundidade; e T4 = hastes sulcadoras atuando até 17 cm de profundidade. O efeito desses tratamentos sobre os atributos físicos do solo foi avaliado pela técnica do perfil cultural associada à determinação da densidade, porosidade total, macroporosidade e resistência do solo à penetração, aos oito e 12 meses, após a semeadura da cultura de milho. Sobre os atributos químicos, esses efeitos foram avaliados pela determinação de pH em H2O, P e K disponíveis, Ca, Mg e Al trocáveis, acidez potencial e matéria orgânica, em amostras de solo coletadas em camadas de 2,5 cm de espessura, de 0-22,5 cm de profundidade. A utilização da semeadora/adubadora, equipada com elemento rompedor de solo tipo haste sulcadora, evidenciou-se eficaz em mitigar os problemas físicos e químicos do solo, tanto aos oito como aos 12 meses após a operação de semeadura.
Contribuição das fontes de sedimentos em uma bacia hidrográfica agrícola sob plantio direto
Authors: Tiecher Tales , Minella Jean Paolo Gomes , Miguel Pablo , Alvarez Jimmy Walter Rasche , Pellegrini André , Capoane Viviane , Ciotti Lucas Henrique , Schaefer Gilmar Luiz , Santos Danilo Rheinheimer dos
Published: June 2014

O conhecimento das principais fontes difusas de produção de sedimento pode aumentar a eficiência de utilização dos recursos públicos, investidos em estratégias de gestão em bacias hidrográficas, que visem mitigar a transferência de sedimentos aos cursos d'água. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as fontes de sedimentos numa bacia hidrográfica rural de cabeceira com predomínio de cultivos anuais sob plantio direto e com intensa e inadequada exploração dos recursos naturais, por meio da quantificação da contribuição relativa das estradas e das lavouras na produção global de sedimentos. A bacia hidrográfica está localizada no município de Júlio de Castilhos, Rio Grande do Sul. O período de estudo foi de maio de 2009 a abril de 2011. Para a identificação das fontes, foi utilizado o método fingerprinting, que compara os solos de diferentes fontes e os sedimentos que são encontrados em suspensão no canal de drenagem, usando elementos traçadores. O manejo inadequado do solo nas áreas de lavoura, a falta de planejamento das vias de acesso e a ausência de práticas de controle do escoamento superficial, que sejam compatíveis com a fragilidade condicionada pelos solos e pelo relevo da bacia hidrográfica, têm provocado o surgimento de processos erosivos acelerados com efeitos negativos ao agricultor e à sociedade. As estradas apresentam alta porcentagem de contribuição na transferência de sedimentos, mas a contribuição das áreas de lavoura aumenta em precipitações pluviais de alta magnitude. Isso evidencia que a magnitude dos eventos de chuva influencia a proporção de contribuição entre as fontes ao longo do ano na bacia hidrográfica, interferindo no processo de mobilização de sedimentos e nutrientes em direção à rede de drenagem.
Crescimento e acúmulo de biomassa em floresta ombrófila mista no Sul do Brasil
Authors: Müller Alexandre Luis , Dalmago Genei Antonio , Fernandes Jose Mauricio Cunha , Cunha Gilberto Rocca da , Santi Anderson , Kovaleski Samuel , Bolis Laise Maria , Schweig Evandro , Fochesatto Elizandro
Published: June 2014

No Rio Grande do Sul são poucos os fragmentos de Floresta Ombrófila Mista em estado natural. Isso, por si só, justifica a importância de estudar esses locais visando à compreensão da sua dinâmica interna e da sua relação com o ambiente de entorno. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o crescimento e acúmulo de biomassa de um remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista, localizado na Floresta Nacional de Passo Fundo (FLONA). O experimento foi realizado no Município de Mato Castelhano, RS, utilizando o método de área fixa. Foram instaladas 10 parcelas com 30 x 30 m (900 m²), totalizando 9.000 m², em outubro de 2009. Todas as árvores com Diâmetro à Altura do Peito (DAP) maior que 0,1 m foram identificadas. Nos anos 2009, 2010 e 2012, os indivíduos marcados foram contados e seus DAP, medidos. Com os resultados do DAP das árvores, foram realizados o cálculo da área basal e a estimativa da biomassa da vegetação. O total de indivíduos amostrados foi de 402 (447 árvores ha-1). O diâmetro médio das árvores foi de 0,270 m e a área basal das árvores remanescentes, de 35,58; 36,19; e 37,47 m² ha-1, respectivamente nos anos 2009, 2010 e 2012. Esse incremento da área basal no período avaliado resultou em aumento de 217% no valor da biomassa da avaliação de 2009-2010 para 2010-2012. A FLONA de Passo Fundo apresentou aumento no diâmetro das árvores ao longo do tempo, o que resultou em aumento também no acúmulo de biomassa pelo maciço florestal.
Redes neurais artificiais para estimação do volume de árvores
Authors: Binoti Mayra Luiza Marques da Silva , Binoti Daniel Henrique Breda , Leite Hélio Garcia , Garcia Silvana Lages Ribeiro , Ferreira Maria Zelia , Rode Rafael , Silva Antonilmar Araújo Lopes da
Published: June 2014

Objetivou-se propor neste estudo uma metodologia com a utilização de Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA), para redução do número de árvores a serem cubadas durante o processo de geração de equações volumétricas. Os dados utilizados neste estudo foram provenientes de cubagens de 2.700 árvores de povoamentos clonais de eucalipto localizados no Sul da Bahia. O treinamento das RNA foi feito visando à obtenção de redes para a estimação do volume com e sem casca. Como variáveis de entrada, utilizaram-se o diâmetro à altura do peito - 1,30 m (dap), a altura e os diâmetros nas posições de 0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; e 4,0 m do solo e os volumes obtidos até 2 e 4 m. A precisão do método foi feita com a aplicação do teste L&O. Avaliaram-se também a dispersão dos erros percentuais, o histograma de frequência dos erros percentuais e a raiz do erro quadrático médio (RMSE). A metodologia proposta neste estudo mostrou-se eficiente para a estimação do volume de árvores, sendo indicada para a obtenção do volume total com e sem casca de povoamentos de eucalipto, possibilitando a redução dos custos para a construção de equações volumétricas.
Modelagem da distribuição diamétrica de espécies florestais em um fragmento de floresta ombrófila mista
Authors: Orellana Enrique , Figueiredo Filho Afonso , Netto Sylvio Péllico , Dias Andrea Nogueira
Published: June 2014

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho das funções densidade de probabilidade (fdp) Weibull 3 Parâmetros (3P) e Beta ajustadas pelo método da Máxima Verossimilhança para descrever a distribuição diamétrica de espécies arbóreas de um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista. A área de estudo faz parte da Floresta Nacional de Irati (FLONA), onde foram instaladas 25 parcelas permanentes (100 m x 100 m) com área total amostrada de 25 ha e, para os ajustes, foram utilizados dados de todas as árvores com diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) superior ou igual a 10 cm. Os ajustes foram feitos para as 20 espécies com maior valor de importância (VI) com dados agrupados em classes de 5 cm de DAP. A programação não linear (PNL) foi utilizada com o objetivo de minimizar os desvios entre valores observados e estimados. Para avaliação dos ajustes, foram utilizados os testes de aderência de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e de Hollander-Proschan, além do Erro-Padrão de Estimativa (%) e Índice de Reynolds. Os resultados indicaram que as funções Weibull 3P e Beta apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, que ambas poderiam ser recomendadas para avaliar a distribuição diamétrica das espécies consideradas e que o uso da PNL nem sempre melhorou os ajustes.
Biomass of tree species as a response to planting density and interspecific competition
Authors: Silva Paulo Sérgio Lima e , Paiva Haroldo Nogueira de , Oliveira Vianney Reinaldo de , Siqueira Patrícia Liany de Oliveira Fernandes , Soares Enielson Bezerra , Monteiro Alex Lima , Tavella Leonardo Barreto
Published: June 2014

Planting trees is an important way to promote the recovery of degraded areas in the Caatinga region. Experiments (E1, E2, and E3) were conducted in a randomized blocks design, with three, three, and five replicates, respectively. The objectives were to evaluate biomass of the shoots of: a) gliricidia (G) and sabiá (S), as a response to planting density; b) G, S, and neem (N) in competition; c) G, and S in agroforestry. E1 was conducted in split-plots, and planting densities (400, 600, 800, 1000, and 1200 plants ha-1) as subplots. E2 consisted of a factorial comprising the following plots: GGG, NGN, SGS, NNN, GNG, SNS, SSS, GSG, NSN (each letter represents a row of plants). E3 was conducted with G and S in agroforestry experiment. The trees were harvested after 54, 42, and 27 months old, in E1, E2 and E3, respectively. In E1, G presented higher green biomass of the stems and leaf at smaller densities than S, but lower green biomass of branches at most densities. The species did not differ for mean stem dry biomass and leaf dry biomass, but G showed higher branch dry biomass at most densities. Higher planting densities increased green and dry biomass of stems, branches, and leaves in S, but decreased those characteristics in G, with the exception of leaf dry mass, which was not influenced by density. In E2, the behavior of each species was identical in plots containing the same or different species. Griricidia showed the highest green biomass of stems and branches, and the highest values for geren biomass of the leaf were observed for gliricidia and neem. The highest stem, branch, and leaf dry biomass values were obtained for G, S, and N, respectively. In E3, G was superior for stem and leaf green biomass, and for stem and branch dry biomass. There were no differences between species for the other biomass values.
Espaço, cidades e escalas territoriais: novas implicações de políticas de desenvolvimento regional
Authors: Lima Ana Carolina da Cruz , Simões Rodrigo , Monte-Mór Roberto Luís de Melo
Published: June 2014

O papel do espaço no processo de desenvolvimento socioeconômico constitui um objeto de estudo bastante complexo. Os teóricos da Escola Francesa de Sociologia Urbana elaboraram uma série de estudos nesta área com o intuito de esclarecer as relações entre a forma espacial e os processos sociais. O objetivo do artigo é destacar os principais argumentos desta Escola de Pensamento, o papel desempenhado pelas cidades neste processo e as principais recomendações de políticas de desenvolvimento que surgem a partir de então. A análise sugere que as escalas territoriais tornam-se fundamentais para a dinâmica das economias nacionais, o que lhes concede papel de destaque como objeto de política: medidas intervencionistas devem ser combinadas nas diversas escalas territoriais, considerando a localidade como parte do todo. É preciso repensar a espacialidade, o que contribuirá para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico integrado.
Viver e morrer pelo trabalho: uma análise da banalidade do mal nos crimes corporativos
Authors: Silveira Rafael Alcadipani da , Medeiros Cintia Rodrigues Oliveira
Published: June 2014

Neste artigo, nós exploramos o conceito e os antecedentes de crime corporativo para discutir aqueles relacionados à morte de trabalhadores. Nosso objetivo é abrir um diálogo com sociólogos organizacionais que tratam do lado sombrio das organizações, bem como do conceito e das origens de crimes corporativos. Tomamos como referência o pensamento de Hannah Arendt sobre a banalidade do mal para conduzirmos o diálogo proposto: as ações organizacionais que acarretam a morte de trabalhadores e caracterizadas como crimes corporativos não constituem aquilo que Hannah Arendt chamou de "ausência de pensamento" ou de banalização do mal? Neste trabalho, de natureza ensaística, utilizamos a pesquisa documental em arquivos jornalísticos sobre duas situações reais de mortes no trabalho, incluindo tanto aquelas provocadas por acidente de trabalho, como, também, os suicídios, a título de ilustração da banalidade do mal. Dessa forma, ao final, apresentamos duas situações reais para ilustrar a banalidade do mal no agir das pessoas na corporação, cujos resultados fatais caracterizam-se como crimes corporativos.
Processo inovativo e indicadores estruturais: posição dos atores e trajetória tecnológica na rede de carcinicultura potiguar
Authors: Freire Ayalla Cândido , Baldi Mariana
Published: June 2014

Ainda que se tenha avançado na análise do papel das relações sociais sobre a ação econômica, a atenção que lhe é conferida no processo inovativo ainda se mostra pequena no contexto brasileiro. Desta perspectiva, cabe analisar o processo inovativo como socialmente imerso, de onde se torna pertinente investigar como as relações sociais entre atores privados e públicos interferem na geração de inovação, tomando-se o caso da carcinicultura potiguar. Utilizando-se da análise de redes sociais, considera-se o indicador estrutural de posição na rede, cuja matriz de relações entre atores permite visualizar o caráter evolucionário da estrutura da rede e suas implicações sobre o processo inovativo. A partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas, interpretadas pela análise de conteúdo, descreve-se o fenômeno em uma abordagem longitudinal e indutiva, cuja compreensão ao longo da trajetória tecnológica revelou mais limites que oportunidades à geração de inovação, destacando-se a problemática do compartilhamento de informações na rede.
Small-Firm Networks: hybrid arrangement or organizational form?
Authors: Verschoore Jorge Renato , Balestrin Alsones , Perucia Alexandre
Published: June 2014

In the field of organizations, one relevant question is whether or not to consider networks as organizational forms. On the one hand, Williamson (1985) says that networks are hybrid arrangements. On the other, authors like Powell (1990) argue that networks constitute themselves as organizational forms. Given this dilemma, the present article proposes the analysis of organizational characteristics of small-firm networks (SFN). To reach such objective, twelve SFNs in distinct stages of development were analyzed. The results show that SFNs constitute themselves as singular organization forms which boundaries and identities are delineated by strategy, structure, coordination, processes and relationships.
Gestão de empreendimentos criativos e culturais: estudo de uma organização de ensino e difusão de ritmos afro-brasileiros em São João Del-Rei (MG)
Authors: Judice Valéria Maria Martins , Furtado Sandra Cristina
Published: June 2014

Indústrias criativas caracterizam-se pela produção de bens simbólicos e artísticos, cujo consumo é de natureza interpretativa, estética, experiencial. Isso as diferencia de indústrias cujos produtos/serviços são voltados ao consumo funcional e/ou instrumental, foco mais usual de estudos da Administração. O objetivo do artigo é descrever e analisar um empreendimento criativo e cultural em São João del-Rei (MG), buscando entender organização, gestão, produtos, objetivos e, conforme reporta a literatura, existência de tensões específicas. Adotou-se metodologia de estudo de caso, com abordagem interpretativista, envolvendo coleta e análise de dados da organização, obtidos via: (1) entrevistas em profundidade com membros e parceiros; (2) observação não participante a eventos públicos realizados pela organização; e (3) informações organizacionais disponíveis no website. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam existência, no empreendimento, de dilemas típicos descritos na literatura, particularmente, tensão entre "arte versus negócio", com aceitação parcial do modelo gerencial, tendência ao improviso, ausência de planejamento de longo prazo e ênfase em/ou idealização de objetivos educativos.
Latitudinal variation in the availability and use of dissolved organic nitrogen in Atlantic coast salt marshes
Authors: Mozdzer Thomas J. , McGlathery Karen J. , Mills Aaron L. , Zieman Joseph C.
Published: June 2014

North American Atlantic salt marshes are generally considered to be nitrogen (N) limited systems, and plants within these marshes were historically thought to use only inorganic forms of N, such as NH4+. Recent research has suggested that Spartina alterniflora may take up some organic nitrogen compounds directly. To determine the availability of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) to S. alterniflora in marshes along the North American Atlantic coast, porewater was sampled at eight field sites along the North American Atlantic Coast, ranging from Maine (44° N) to Florida (30° N). To determine if a latitudinal gradient existed in the assimilation of either DON or NH4+, replicated mesocosm experiments were conducted with S. alterniflora plants at three field sites (Massachusetts, Virginia, South Carolina), which represented three distinct ecotypes in the latitudinal range. To determine how microbial activity may influence DON availability, we also assessed rates of microbial activity. We found that porewater DON availability increased linearly with latitude. While S. alterniflora assimilated DON at all sites, plants from the southernmost site had 50% greater NH4+ assimilation rates than the other two sites, suggesting that low‐latitude S. alterniflora may rely more strongly on NH4+ as an N source. In contrast, high‐latitude salt marshes contain greater pools of available DON, and high‐latitude S. alterniflora plants exhibit similar uptake rates of DON and NH4+, suggesting a greater reliance upon DON as an N source. We also found that microbial activity decreased by an order of magnitude with increasing latitude along our latitudinal gradient. This suggests that DON uptake is more important at high‐latitude locations, where temperature constrains microbial mineralization of organic N. Our analysis also suggests that N limitation of S. alterniflora increases with decreasing latitude. We suggest that other detritus‐based ecosystems may exhibit similar latitudinal patterns regarding DON availability and use.
Reliability and refinement of the higher taxa approach for bee richness and composition assessments
Authors: van Rijn Itai , Neeson Thomas M. , Mandelik Yael
Published: June 2014

Limited resources and taxonomic expertise in biodiversity surveys often lead to the application of the higher taxa approach (HTA), i.e., the identification of specimens to genus or higher taxonomic levels rather than to species. The reliability of the HTA varies significantly among studies, yet the factors underlying this variability have rarely been investigated. Bees are an ideal model taxon for testing the HTA because they are highly diverse, challenging to identify, and there is widespread interest in their role as native pollinators, driving demand for efficient diversity assessment tools. Using extensive bee data sets collected across three biomes and various habitats, we assessed the performance of the HTA in reflecting bee species richness and composition patterns at local scales, factors affecting this performance, and ways to improve it. The performance of the HTA varied considerably among biomes, taxonomic levels (genera and subfamilies), and diversity measures (species richness and composition); genus and subfamily richness accounted for 55–77% and 32–61% of the variation in species richness, respectively; genus and subfamily composition accounted for 28–87% and 26–80% of the variation in species composition, respectively. The number of species per higher taxon was a main factor influencing this performance (accounting for 63% of the variation), while the co‐occurrence of taxonomically related species had no significant influence on the performance of the HTA. Further subdividing genera by body size contributed to the performance of the HTA and increased its accuracy in representation of compositional patterns by ~16%. Our results have several practical implications. The considerable variability found in the performance of the HTA in representing local‐scale richness and composition patterns of bee species dictates caution in implementing this tool in bee surveys. When possible, an a priori evaluation of the expected performance of the HTA should be done, focusing on species distributions within higher taxonomic levels and the species : higher taxa ratio. Integrating morphological characteristics (such as body size) that consistently subdivide genera will improve the HTA's performance. Our results are likely applicable to the implementation of the HTA in other small‐bodied and species‐rich groups and may contribute to the cost‐effectiveness of biodiversity surveys.
Determinants of the microstructure of plant–pollinator networks
Authors: Kaiser-Bunbury Christopher N. , Vázquez Diego P. , Stang Martina , Ghazoul Jaboury
Published: June 2014

Identifying the determinants of biological interactions in mutualistic networks is key to understanding the rules that govern the organization of biodiversity. We used structural equation modeling and dissimilarities in nine ecological variables to investigate community processes underlying the turnover of species and their interaction frequencies (interaction pattern) among highly resolved plant–pollinator networks. Floral and pollinator community composition, i.e., species identities and their abundances, were strong determinants of the microstructure of pairwise interactions among the networks, explaining almost 69% of their variation. Flower and pollinator traits were directly related to interaction patterns, but were partly masked in the model by shared variance with community composition. Time of year and geographic location, floral and pollinator abundances independent of species identity, and relative abundance of exotic flowers had indirect and relatively weak effects on interaction patterns. Our analyses lead to precise predictions about the processes behind the interaction patterns in mutualistic networks. Future understanding of these processes will be aided by studies that evaluate these predictions experimentally at the network level.
A Model of Risk Reduction for Older Adults Vulnerable to Nursing Home Placement
Authors: Palmer Janice L. , Langan Joanne C. , Krampe Jean , Krieger Mary , Lorenz Rebecca A. , Schneider Joanne K. , Smith Judith M. , Lach Helen W.
Published: June 2014

Because of the cost of nursing home care and desire of older adults to stay in their homes, it is important for health care providers to understand the factors that place older adults at risk for nursing home placement. This integrative review of 12 years of research, as published in 148 articles, explores the risk factors for nursing home placement of older adults. Using the framework of the vulnerable populations conceptual model developed by Flaskerud and Winslow (1998), we explored factors related to resource availability, relative risks, and health status. Important factors include socioeconomic status, having a caregiver, the availability and use of home- and community-based support services, race, acute illness particularly if hospitalization is required, medications, dementia, multiple chronic conditions, functional disability, and falls. Few intervention studies were identified. Development of evidence-based interventions and creation of policies to address modifiable risk factors are important next steps.
Association of Gingivitis With Child Oral Health–Related Quality of Life
Authors: Tomazoni Fernanda , Zanatta Fabricio B. , Tuchtenhagen Simone , da Rosa Guilherme N. , Del Fabro Joana P. , Ardenghi Thiago M.
Published: June 2014

Background: Child oral health–related quality of life (COHRQoL) has been increasingly assessed. However, the full relationship between gingivitis and COHRQoL has been assessed by only a small number of studies. This study aims to assess the association between gingival bleeding and how a child perceives its OHRQoL.

Methods: This cross‐sectional study used multistage random sampling to enroll 1,134 12‐year‐old schoolchildren from Santa Maria, a southern city in Brazil. Participants were examined for gingival bleeding according to the community periodontal index criteria, a full‐mouth clinical examination of six sites per tooth. COHRQoL was assessed by the Brazilian version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire for 11‐ to 14‐Year‐Old Children (CPQ11–14), and data on socioeconomic status were collected. Multilevel Poisson regression models fitted the association of gingivitis with overall and domain‐specific CPQ11–14 scores.

Results: In general, children with bleeding in ≥15% of sites had higher total CPQ11–14 scores and domain‐specific scores than their counterparts. This association persisted after adjustment for other potential confounders. The presence and extent of gingival bleeding was associated mainly with emotional limitation domains of the CPQ11–14; those with extended levels of gingivitis had a 1.20 times higher mean score than those with low‐level/no gingival bleeding (rate ratio = 1.20; 95% confidence interval = 1.10 to 1.31).

Conclusion: The present results indicate that the presence of extensive levels of gingivitis might be negatively associated with how children perceive their oral health and their daily life.