bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure-Phase Transformations in the Course of Solid-State Mechanical Alloying of High-Nitrogen Chromium-Manganese Steels
Authors: Lyashkov Kirill , Shabashov Valery , Zamatovskii Andrey , Kozlov Kirill , Kataeva Natalya , Novikov Evgenii , Ustyugov Yurii
Published: February 2021

The solid-state mechanical alloying (MA) of high-nitrogen chromium-manganese austenite steel—MA in a planetary ball mill, —was studied by methods of Mössbauer spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the capacity of a material for the alloying we used mixtures of the binary Fe–Mn and Fe–Cr alloys with the nitrides CrN (Cr2N) and Mn2N. It is shown that ball milling of the mixtures has led to the occurrence of the α → γ transitions being accompanied by the (i) formation of the solid solutions supersaturated with nitrogen and by (ii) their decomposition with the formation of secondary nitrides. The austenite formed by the ball milling and subsequent annealing at 700–800 °C, was a submicrocrystalline one that contained secondary nano-sized crystalline CrN (Cr2N) nitrides. It has been established that using the nitride Mn2N as nitrogen-containing addition is more preferable for the formation and stabilization of austenite—in the course of the MA and subsequent annealing—because of the formation of the concentration-inhomogeneous regions of γ phase enriched with austenite-forming low-mobile manganese.
Robust Optimization and Kriging Metamodeling of Deep-Drawing Process to Obtain a Regulation Curve of Blank Holder Force
Authors: Palmieri Maria Emanuela , Lorusso Vincenzo Domenico , Tricarico Luigi
Published: February 2021

In recent decades, the automotive industry has had a constant evolution with consequent enhancement of products quality. In industrial applications, quality may be defined as conformance to product specifications and repeatability of manufacturing process. Moreover, in the modern era of Industry 4.0, research on technological innovation has made the real-time control of manufacturing process possible. Moving from the above context, a method is proposed to perform real-time control of a deep-drawing process, using the stamping of the upper front cross member of a car chassis as industrial case study. In particular, it is proposed to calibrate the force acting on the blank holder, defining a regulation curve that considers the material yield stress and the friction coefficient as the main noise variables of the process. Firstly, deep-drawing process was modeled by using commercial Finite Element (FE) software AutoForm. By means of AutoForm Sigma tool, the stability and capability of deep-drawing process were analyzed. Numerical results were then exploited to create metamodels, by using the kriging technique, which shows the relationships between the process parameters and appropriate quality indices. Multi-objective optimization with a desirability function was carried out to identify the optimal values of input parameters for deep-drawing process. Finally, the desired regulation curve was obtained by maximizing total desirability. The resulting regulation curve can be exploited as a useful tool for real-time control of the force acting on the blank holder.
Influences of Residual Stress, Surface Roughness and Peak-Load on Micro-Cracking: Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Nafar Dastgerdi Jairan , Sheibanian Fariborz , Remes Heikki , Hosseini Toudeshky Hossein
Published: February 2021

This paper provides further understanding of the peak load effect on micro-crack formation and residual stress relaxation. Comprehensive numerical simulations using the finite element method are applied to simultaneously take into account the effect of the surface roughness and residual stresses on the crack formation in sandblasted S690 high-strength steel surface under peak load conditions. A ductile fracture criterion is introduced for the prediction of damage initiation and evolution. This study specifically investigates the influences of compressive peak load, effective parameters on fracture locus, surface roughness, and residual stress on damage mechanism and formed crack size. The results indicate that under peak load conditions, surface roughness has a far more important influence on micro-crack formation than residual stress. Moreover, it is shown that the effect of peak load range on damage formation and crack size is significantly higher than the influence of residual stress. It is found that the crack size develops exponentially with increasing peak load magnitudes.
Elaboration of Metallic Materials by SPS: Processing, Microstructures, Properties, and Shaping
Authors: Monchoux Jean-Philippe , Couret Alain , Durand Lise , Voisin Thomas , Trzaska Zofia , Thomas Marc
Published: February 2021

After a few decades of increasing interest, spark plasma sintering (SPS) has now become a mature powder metallurgy technique, which allows assessing its performances toward fabricating enhanced materials. Here, the case of metals and alloys will be presented. The main advantage of SPS lies in its rapid heating capability enabled by the application of high intensity electric currents to a metallic powder. This presents numerous advantages balanced by some limitations that will be addressed in this review. The first section will be devoted to sintering issues, with an emphasis on the effect of the electric current on the densification mechanisms. Then, typical as-SPS microstructures and properties will be presented. In some cases, they will be compared with that of materials processed by conventional techniques. As such, examples of nanostructured materials, intermetallics, metallic glasses, and high entropy alloys, will be presented. Finally, the implementation of SPS as a technique to manufacture complex, near-net shape industrial parts will be discussed.
Impulse Pressure-Assisted Diffusion Bonding (IPADB): Review and Outlook
Authors: AlHazaa Abdulaziz , Haneklaus Nils , Almutairi Zeyad
Published: February 2021

Diffusion bonding is a solid-state welding technique used to join similar and dissimilar materials. Relatively long processing times, usually in the order of several hours as well as fine polished surfaces make it challenging to integrate diffusion bonding in other production processes and mitigate widespread use of the technology. Several studies indicate that varying pressure during diffusion bonding in contrast to the traditionally applied constant load may reduce overall processing- and bonding times. Such processes are referred to as impulse pressure-assisted diffusion bonding (IPADB) and they are, for the first time, reviewed in this work using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) methodology. Results of the review indicate that varying pressure can indeed reduce bonding times in diffusion bonding and reduce the requirements for pre-bond surface preparation. Additional research is required and should go beyond small and simple sample geometries to concentrate on making IPADB accessible to industrial applications.
Organic Molecule Assisted Growth of Perovskite Films Consisting of Square Grains by Surface-Confined Process
Authors: Yan Shao Xin , Han Chang Bao , Huang Jianhua , Chen Yichuan , Zhang Xiaobo , Chen Xiaoqing , Zhang Yongzhe , Yan Hui
Published: February 2021

Organic–inorganic perovskite single crystals are promising in the field of optoelectronics due to their excellent optoelectronic properties. However, the ion transport of perovskite precursor is poor in confined spaces, which results in difficulty in the preparation of perovskite single-crystal films. Herein, MAPbBr3 films consisting of square grains were fabricated by the surface-confined process using the organic molecule PEAI (phenethylammonium iodide). Under the effect of oversaturation gradient, PEA+ is combined with the surface of perovskite grain from top to side, which constrains the lateral growth of grains and induces a downward growth of perovskite, leading to the formation of square grains. With the improvement of concentration PEAI, the perovskite film exhibits a decreased side length of grains (from 0.98 to 12.96 μm) and increased grain number and coverage, as well as crystallinity. The perovskite single crystalline grain films with PEAI showed double photoluminescence (PL) emission peaks due to the existence of iodine-rich perovskite. This work may provide a practical way to fabricate high-quality perovskite films for perovskite photoelectronic devices.
Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Oesophago-Gastric Carcinoma
Authors: Högner Anica , Thuss-Patience Peter
Published: February 2021

Immune checkpoint inhibitors enrich the therapeutic landscape in oesophago-gastric carcinoma. With regard to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the selective PD-1 (programmed cell death receptor 1)-inhibitor nivolumab improves disease-free survival in the adjuvant therapy setting (CHECKMATE-577). In first-line treatment, ESCC patients (pts) benefit in overall survival (OS) from the PD-1-inhibitor pembrolizumab in combination with chemotherapy (KEYNOTE-590). In the second-line setting, nivolumab (ATTRACTION-03) and pembrolizumab (KEYNOTE-181) demonstrate a benefit in OS compared with chemotherapy. These data resulted in the approval of nivolumab for the second-line treatment of advanced ESCC pts regardless of PD-L1 (programmed cell death ligand 1) status in Europe, Asia, and the USA, and pembrolizumab for pts with PD-L1 CPS (combined positivity score) ≥ 10 in Asia and the USA. Further approvals can be expected. In gastro-oesophageal junction and gastric cancer, the addition of nivolumab to chemotherapy in first-line treatment improves OS in pts with advanced disease with PD-L1 CPS ≥ 5 (CHECKMATE-649). Additionally, pembrolizumab was non-inferior to chemotherapy for OS in PD-L1 CPS ≥ 1 pts (KEYNOTE-062). In third-line treatment, nivolumab shows benefits in OS regardless of PD-L1 expression (ATTRACTION-02) with approval in Asia, and pembrolizumab prolonged the duration of response in PD-L1 positive pts (KEYNOTE-059) with approval in the USA. We discuss the recent results of the completed phase II and III clinical trials.
The Direct 3D Printing of Functional PEEK/Hydroxyapatite Composites via a Fused Filament Fabrication Approach
Authors: Rodzeń Krzysztof , Sharma Preetam K. , McIlhagger Alistair , Mokhtari Mozaffar , Dave Foram , Tormey David , Sherlock Richard , Meenan Brian J. , Boyd Adrian
Published: February 2021

The manufacture of polyetheretherketone/hydroxyapatite (PEEK/HA) composites is seen as a viable approach to help enhance direct bone apposition in orthopaedic implants. A range of methods have been used to produce composites, including Selective Laser Sintering and injection moulding. Such techniques have drawbacks and lack flexibility to manufacture complex, custom-designed implants. 3D printing gets around many of the restraints and provides new opportunities for innovative solutions that are structurally suited to meet the needs of the patient. This work reports the direct 3D printing of extruded PEEK/HA composite filaments via a Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) approach. In this work samples are 3D printed by a custom modified commercial printer Ultimaker 2+ (UM2+). SEM-EDX and µCT analyses show that HA particles are evenly distributed throughout the bulk and across the surface of the native 3D printed samples, with XRD highlighting up to 50% crystallinity and crystalline domains clearly observed in SEM and HR-TEM analyses. This highlights the favourable temperature conditions during 3D printing. The yield stress and ultimate tensile strength obtained for all the samples are comparable to human femoral cortical bone. The results show how FFF 3D printing of PEEK/HA composites up to 30 wt% HA can be achieved.
Alignment Layer of Liquid Crystal Using Plant-Based Isoeugenol-Substituted Polystyrene
Authors: Yang DaEun , Seo Kyutae , Kang Hyo
Published: February 2021

We synthesized a series of renewable and plant-based isoeugenol-substituted polystyrenes (PIEU#, # = 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20, where # is the molar percent content of isoeugenol moiety), using polymer modification reactions to study their liquid crystal (LC) alignment behavior. In general, the LC cells fabricated using polymer film with a higher molar content of isoeugenol side groups showed vertical LC alignment behavior. This alignment behavior was well related to the surface energy value of the polymer layer. For example, vertical alignments were observed when the polar surface energy value of the polymer was smaller than approximately 3.59 mJ/m2, generated by the nonpolar isoeugenol moiety with long and bulky carbon groups. Good alignment stability at 100 °C and under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of 15 J/cm2 was observed for the LC cells fabricated using PIEU100 as a LC alignment layer. Therefore, renewable isoeugenol-based materials can be used to produce an eco-friendly vertical LC alignment system.
A Comparative Study on the Dissolution of Argema mimosae Silk Fibroin and Fabrication of Films and Nanofibers
Authors: Kgomo Hlobsile , Ncube Somandla , Mhuka Vimbai , Kebede Temesgen Girma , Dube Simiso , Nindi Mathew M.
Published: February 2021

Limited studies have been done on silk fibroins of wild silkworm species owing to their relative insolubility in many solvents. In this study, the solubility of Argema mimosae wild silk fibroin in different salts (LiBr, LiCl, Ca(NO3)2, and CaCl2) dissolved in formic acid under varying temperatures was investigated. The dissolution conditions under which the solubility was optimum were optimized using a central composite design approach. The optimum range for solvation of the fibroin were visualized using contour plots. The influence of temperature and salt concentration were found to significantly influence the solvation of the fibroin. Following the successful dissolution of the fibroin, the regenerated silk fibroin solutions were cast to obtain water insoluble films which were used in investigating optimum electrospinning conditions. Average nanofiber diameters in the 110–141 nm range were obtained under optimum electrospinning conditions. The silk forms were characterized using the FTIR, TGA, XRD, and SEM to understand their properties. The investigations revealed that formic acid—salt solvents were effective in the solvation of the wild silk fibroin. Some of the dissolution conditions induced mild effects on the silk fibroin while others were harsh. Furthermore, processing to nanofibers resulted in the degradation of the β-sheets producing nanofibers rich in α-helices. However, post-treatment using methanol and water vapor were effective in restoring β-sheet crystallinity.
Analysis and Validation of Ultrasonic Probes in Liquid Level Monitoring Systems
Authors: Gao Wanjia , Liu Wenyi , Li Fei , Hu Yanjun
Published: February 2021

Selecting and designing the optimum ultrasonic probe is vital for ultrasonic measurements and experiments. The amplitude of the emitted ultrasonic wave excitation signal as well as the diameter and the natural frequency of the probe seriously affect the validity of the probe results. In this paper, we analyze the significance of the key parameters of the ultrasonic probe theoretically. Further, an external fixed-point liquid level monitoring system was assembled according to the principle of ultrasonic reflection and transmission. On this experimental platform, we study the key parameters of the ultrasonic probe that affect the system evaluation through a simulation and experiment, and select the optimal sensor parameters for this experiment. The evaluations show that under the experimental conditions where the tested container is made of aluminum alloy and its wall thickness is 3 mm, the best results are obtained when the diameter of the ultrasonic sensor is 15 mm, the amplitude of the emitted excitation signal is ±15 V, and the frequency is 1 MHz. The results’ average deviation is less than ±0.22 V. The evaluations are consistent with the simulation results. This research can effectively monitor the liquid in the closed, ultra-thin-walled container, and can realize non-contact measurement. It provides an effective basis for the parameters selection and design of the ultrasonic probe in the ultrasonic-based experiments and tests.
Botulinum Neurotoxin Injections in Childhood Opisthotonus
Authors: Hull Mariam , Parnes Mered , Jankovic Joseph
Published: February 2021

Opisthotonus refers to abnormal axial extension and arching of the trunk produced by excessive contractions of the paraspinal muscles. In childhood, the abnormal posture is most often related to dystonia in the setting of hypoxic injury or a number of other acquired and genetic etiologies. The condition is often painful, interferes with ambulation and quality of life, and is challenging to treat. Therapeutic options include oral benzodiazepines, oral and intrathecal baclofen, botulinum neurotoxin injections, and deep brain stimulation. Management of opisthotonus within the pediatric population has not been systematically reviewed. Here, we describe a series of seven children who presented to our institution with opisthotonus in whom symptom relief was achieved following administration of botulinum neurotoxin injections.
Improving population estimates of Swedish birds using the Breeding Bird Survey fixed routes and correction factors from Finnish line transect surveys
Authors: Svensson Sören
Published: February 2021

I estimated population size of fifty-nine common birds by using the fixed routes of the Swedish Bird Survey (SBS), which give the number of birds per kilometer. I converted this number to density, birds/km2, using the correction factors for detectability that have been developed for line transects in Finland. I compared the population estimates by this new method with those in a previous account from 2012, in which the estimates of common birds were primarily based on extrapolation of habitat-specific densities from numerous territory mapping plots. There was good agreement for the most abundant species but a clear tendency that the estimates with the new method were higher for many less common ones. As little new density data are being collected, the SBS fixed routes are likely to be the prime source of data for future national population estimates. Although the Finnish correction factors can be used to improve the Swedish estimates for suitable species it is advisable to develop factors specifically adapted to the Swedish counts for application to a wider spectrum of species.
Effects of harbour and ship channel construction on breeding seabirds
Authors: Yrjölä Rauno A. , Rintala Jukka A. , Pietiäinen Hannu , Luostarinen V. Matti O.
Published: February 2021

Bird population changes were studied during the construction of the new Vuosaari Harbour in 2001–2011 (Helsinki, Finland, N60°14.52' E25°9.07'). Part of the monitoring programme was to determine the possible impacts of harbour and ship channel construction on breeding seabird populations. The study revealed that the population trends of most species showed no substantial difference between islets close to harbour and channel and more distant reference islet. A Black-headed Gull colony was destroyed by landfill but that was deliberately and with permission. The trends of Ruddy Turnstone and Great Black-backed Gull populations were more negative in near than in distant islets. In the surrounding archipelago, the Barnacle Goose, Mew Gull and Common Black-headed Gull clearly increased during the study years. The European Herring Gull decreased distinctly, which was probably caused by the removal of individuals from the rubbish dumps around Helsinki. There were some differences between the restricted-and open-access islands. The population of Herring Gull was higher and the decline stronger in the restricted areas, while the Common Ringed Plover population simultaneously increased.
The Correlation of Sleep and Academic Performance
Authors: B. Sygaco Keanu Paul
Published: February 2021

The essence of sleep is to keep life in balance, ensuring that energy used during day time will also be replenished by resting at night. However, when sleep is interrupted and unable to achieve a blissful rest, it may compromise the health and unfolding tasks that teenagers need to accomplish. Young adults need at least 8 to 10 hours of sleep. Thus, grade 12 Science, Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, and Mathematics (STEAM) students from Silliman University Senior High School in the Philippines answered the online questionnaire on sleep deprivation, which correlates with sleep with academic performance. For nearly eight hours, these respondents in school were swamped with several academic tasks even after class hours leaving so little time to sleep.  While this study reveals that sleep deprivation may affect academic performance, the study obtains 95% confidence that respondents show a mean between 6.85 hours and 7.40 hours 6. This indicates the respondents may occasionally lack 1 to 2 hours of sleep from the required average of 8 to 10 hours of rest. Also, it illustrates no linear correlation between the number of hours of sleep and the general average. This further demonstrates that students can sacrifice a portion of their sleep to have their desired grades and be accustomed to the lack of sleep and difficult academic tasks.  Aside from that, 17 respondents are not sleep deprived. At the same time, 70% have partial sleep deprivation where most of their time is spent studying for exams, doing school projects, using social media, and video gaming. The top three outcomes of sleep deprivation are exhaustion, fatigue, and pessimism and succeeded by health risks, as well as a decline in thinking. Thus, to minimize having debt in sleep is to have time management, establish a comfortable sleeping environment, and less time on social media. The study concludes that there is no correlation between sleep and academic performance.
Factors Leading to School Dropout in Bangladesh: An Empirical Approach
Authors: Hossain Tazia
Published: February 2021

Developing country like Bangladesh, it is an unarguable fact that the development of a nation is dependent on education of its people. The purpose of this research is to determine the fundamental issues that act behind high dropouts in primary and followed by secondary level in Bangladesh. The study also has found some interventions that may play a critical role in reducing school dropout. Data had been collected from the industrial area of Tongi named Tetul-tola Slum, Kolabagan, Tongi, and secondary data had been collected from published Govt. Research papers. The data demonstrate that not only the economic background, parents unwillingness to education, parents education level, the distance of a school, gender discrimination, low quality of education, security problem of girls in school, teachers’ behavior, even students’ unwillingness to go to school and earning money in early age are the key reasons of children drop out from school. However, girls are more likely to drop school than boys.
Two Models to Improve Undergraduate Writing Perception and Capabilities in Plant and Soil Sciences
Authors: C. Speth , Lee D. , Blanco-Canqui H. , Ruis S.J.
Published: February 2021

Integration of professional writing with peer and instructor feedback as a graded component can be a strategy for writing improvement in an applied science undergraduate curriculum. The objective of this study was to assess the benefit of professional writing in first and second-year undergraduate courses in Agronomy and Horticulture with two different models for the writing experience. In the first-year course, students communicated the results of two plant growth experiments in the format of a standard research article. In the second-year course, students wrote a group report as a review of published research or a research-based proposal to address a soil management issue. Students were surveyed to determine their major and learning style evaluated with an18-question assessment. Students also chose their level of agreement with seven statements about the process and importance of professional scientific writing at the beginning and then at the end of the semester. Survey results showed that confidence in using and creating professional writing increased among students for both courses. Students in the first-year course showed a greater understanding of the value of peer reviewed research.
Problematic issues at sepsis diagnosis (Review and discussion)
Authors: Shapoval S. D. , Smirnova D. А. , Belinska V. O.
Published: February 2021

Topical issues of modern diagnostics of sepsis, potential problems of assessing the patient's condition and ways of solving problematic issues of timely diagnosis and prevention of sepsis development are analysed.
Stomach fish bone perforation
Authors: Rudik N. V. , Sementsov A. S. , Fedchuk D. B.
Published: February 2021

Stomach foreign bodies take second place after foreign bodies of the esophagus and can be both harmless as well as life-threatening. The shape, size, and time of the swallowed foreign body to get deposited in the specific location determine the type of treatment. The article presents a clinical observation – the stomach wall perforation of fish bones, principles of examination of the patient, computed tomography data and surgical treatment.
Nasal neuroblastoma: review and case report
Authors: Kashirin V. A. , Shcherbina A. N. , Rudik N. V.
Published: February 2021

Sinonasal neuroblastoma is a rare malignant tumor with a wide variability of clinical manifestations, which may cause diagnostic difficulty and have hindered the progress in understanding the clinical course and improving outcomes of treatment. Patients often present with nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, recurrent epistaxis, hyposmia, or anosmia. Treatment options consist of surgical resection and before or followed radiation and chemotherapy.

We present a case report and short literature review about diagnostic, clinical and histological classification and treatment of this tumor.
HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 27 IN LARYNGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CANCER TREATMENT
Authors: Horolec O. V. , Kashirin V. A. , Voroncova L. L.
Published: February 2021

Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) belongs to a family of ATP-independent chaperones and plays a fundamental role in cell physiology in various disease states, including cancer. So, it was found that serum HSP27 levels were significantly increased in patients with various tumors, but their significance in laryngeal carcinoma is not well defined.

Purpose of the study. Determination and comparison HSP27 serum levels at different stages of special treatment methods in laryngeal cancer patients.

Materials and methods. The studies were conducted in 31 patients of laryngeal cancer of T2–3 N0 M0 categories before treatment and at its various stages. The serum HSP27 levels analysis was carried out using the «ELISA» diagnostics test system by enzyme immunoassay.

Results. The serum HSP27 levels in patients before treatment and with various types of special treatment are statistically significantly higher than the control values. There was a decrease in serum HSP27 levels in patients after removal of the neoplasm and a slight increase in serum HSP27 levels after completion of radiation therapy.

Comparison of initial serum HSP27 values in patients with subsequent relapse of the disease with initial serum HSP27 levels in patients with positive treatment outcomes did not reveal statistically significant differences.

Conclusion. The serum HSP27 levels in laryngeal cancer patients are elevated and remain so at all treatment stages. Initial level of serum HSP27 cannot predict tumor recurrence.
VITAMIN-ANTIOXIDANT HOMEOSTASIS DATA IN PATIENTS WITH LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES AFTER MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
Authors: Lekomtseva Y. V.
Published: February 2021

Introduction. Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) was reported to be the most frequent among other types of brain injuries and is the main reason for the disability in mid-life and middleaged people. It’s known that antioxidants can reduce oxidative stress, so, to prevent secondary brain injury modulating maintaining of long-term consequences after mTBI.

Purpose of the study. This work was to study the serum vitamin E, C and A levels in the patients with long-term consequences after mTBI to explore their potential pathogenetic influence.

Materials and methods. Sixty-seven patients with long-term consequences after mTBI were investigated with the mean age of 43,61 ± 8,24 years (18 women, 26,86% and 49 men, 73,14%) where the vitamin E, C and A contents were measured in sera by spectrophotometer method using standard protocols and reagents (Sigma, USA).

Results. In this work, it was found descending serum levels of all investigated vitaminantioxidants in almost all patients with longterm consequences after mTBI where the content of vitamins A (M ± s: 1,63 ± 1,56 mkM/l) and E (25,41 ± 0,93 mkM/l) had a tendency to decreasing without significant differences compare to controls. It was found the statistically significant decreased of vitamin C levels in the serum samples of our investigated patients when compared to controls (p < 0,05, t = 4,59, 95% CI 98,81 to 55,68) where in the main patient group, the medians of total vitamin C level was 30,57 ± 5,38 mkM/l vs 36,91 ± 5,22 mkM/l in controls. It was shown that the patients with long-term consequences after mild contusion in anamnesis (64,18%) had the prominent changes in the vitamin C content.

Conclusion. The maintaining of long-term consequences of mTBI was accompanied by the vitamin-antioxidant dyshomeostasis such as decreasing of vitamin C serum level associated with a tendency to decreasing of vitamins A and E levels that may play the certain role in the pathogenesis. All these data are needed to be accounted into the consideration during the treatment of this patient category.
Some questions about the state of the eye surface in patients before cataract surgery
Authors: Lutsenko N. S. , Isakova O. A. , Rudycheva O. A. , Kyrilova T. S. , Mihalchik T. S.
Published: February 2021

Introduction. Ocular surface status is a main risk factor for the development of postoperative complications and lead to the decrease of life quality.

Purpose of the study.The condition of the surface of the eye in patients before cataract surgery was study.

Material and methods. 320 patients preoperative the cataract surgery were investigated, among them 172 patients were female, 148 – were male. Patients with any previous ocular surgery or concomitant ocular diseases were excluded. The structure of common non-ocular comorbidities, subjective signs of ocular surface damage (redness, foreign body sensation, dryness, burning) and objective symptoms (tear break up time, cornea fluorescein staining) were carried out. Patients with asymptomatic forms of cornea staining were identified.

Results. It was found that 100 patients (31,2%) had subjective signs (specific complains) of ocular surface damage and 135 patients (35,5%) had positive corneal staining. Specific complains and obvious ocular surface damage were revealed in 17,7% and latent ocular surface damage – in 16,9% of patients. Thus 49% of patients had asymptomatic form of ocular surface damage. In the group of patients with diabetes mellitus healthy ocular surface was observed only in 35,6% cases, asymptomatic form of ocular surface damage consisted 72,9% and obvious damage – 16,9% among all patients.

Conclusion. Ocular surface dysfunction is common among patients before cataract surgery, especially in diabetes mellitus. Clinicians should be aware of this high prevalence and consider ocular surface screening before cataract surgery.
Geographies of Power /Architecture of Centrality
Authors:   Columbia University, Sassen Saskia
Published: February 2021

What I am trying to do this morning is talk a bit about what I think of as the geography of power and really the idea is that there are several geographies of power. And then attempt something which is somewhat of an experiment and that is to connect it with questions of architecture, particularly certain questions of architecture. The notion that to some extent what I think of as an architecture of centrality, and I should clarify in case you haven’t guessed yet that I am not an architect and have never studied architecture. I am a political economist who is interested in space and via that venue sort of keeps stumbling onto architecture and questions about architecture and am increasing intrigued by them. But in terms of power I repeat the notion that something which one could think of as an architecture of centrality has been a key factor, of course, in the representation of power. Really in building those places where there is power mongering rather than perhaps power as such like Congress, parliaments, markets, stock exchanges, etc.
Emerging Urban Forms
Authors:   Columbia University, Boseman Jos , Carter Brian ,   University of Michigan
Published: February 2021

Joseph Rykwert held a lecture in Zurich five or six years ago in which he posed the question "is the city an object or a field." This question seems to be answered very easily: when the buildings are high and standing next to one another like in Manhattan, it looks like an object; when you look to many post war extensions that were prepared in response to a lot of propaganda by the modem movement in Europe, it looks more like a field. For my generation, which was educated in the 1970's, this kind of doubleness of object and fields has doubled again. You must know that Joseph Rykwert, when he poses this question, thinks of the Unite &Habitation of Le Corbusier and the way Colin Rowe criticized it as an object, and he is on the side of the Smithsons and other younger people, who tried as architects to link these slab-like forms in networks that looked more like a field.
Urban Housing
Authors:   Duinker, van der Torre, s.a, Duinker Margreet , Rowe Peter ,   Harvard University, Liangyong Wu ,   Tsinghua University
Published: February 2021

Down through the centuries, Amsterdam has always been a compactly built city. There were good reasons for the compactness. It was not easy to make the marshy ground suitable for building. Water courses had to be filled in, marshlands drained, dikes had to be constructed and canals dug. Until the 19th century, the city had to be defended by walls and city ramparts from the surrounding dangers. It was only safe to life inside those walls. Even now there are still good reasons for continuing to build compactly. The Netherlands is a densely populated country where space and nature are scarce; the space we have has to well used, so city expansions were always carefully planned. There’s always been a tension between the need to build compactly and the quality of living in the city. In the history of Amsterdam can be seen how it was necessary to choose between density and space. In periods when the economy was flourishing, such as the 17th century, the city allowed itself more space. In periods of stagnation, buildings were placed increasingly close to each other. But, as architect Rietveld said, “In a properly built city, the scale of a dwelling can be closer to that of a big roomy coat with inside pockets than to a castle.”
Housing the Fort Garry: Urban Housing for the Fort Garry Site
Authors:   University of Manitoba, Kelly Grant , Lambert L. Scott ,   University of Manitoba
Published: February 2021

This project developed out of the intention to explore new ways of combining private and public spaces in an urban environment. It was felt that, in order for housing to truly become part of the city, it must engage itself with other functions on the ground plane. Thus, in developing this scheme of a mixture of residential, commercial, and recreational uses, it was decided to break from the typical urban pattern of public spaces on the lower levels and private spaces above. Instead, half of the ground plane was devoted to residential spaces grouped around semiprivate courtyards. The other half was assigned to large functions – a recreation center and a grocery store – which would be used not only by the residents of the development but also by members of the public who spend time downtown.
Urban Housing PARIS: Town/Building/ Apartment
Authors:   Tampere University of Technology, Peltola Toni
Published: February 2021

The project starts from the idea that to build a town and to build a dwelling emerge from the same principle – the attempt to define the limits of our way of living. The triptych of town, building, and apartment participates to this definition in stages from the intimacy of apartment to the environment of the nearest neighborhood and all the way to the making of the city. The architectural project defines itself also as a social project dealing with the inhabitants’ relation to the other individuals and to the society. The site is located between Zac Rue de Flandre Sud development area and the vast open space ofthe railroad yard of Gare de I ‘Est on the north side of the lively Boulevard de la Villette. The broken context of the turn-of-the-century working class housing is collected with a physical incision to the urban fabric. Green line – park – forms an oasis in the city life and creates public space in the quarter. Visually a whole, the park is divided into parts for each respective block and raised a little above the street level. The nature is set in the architectural frame. It is presented as a different space – living and seemingly homogeneous and confronted with the mix of buildings. The changes along the seasons condition the atmosphere of the park, which is opposite to the stability of the living buildings.
Today's Midrise Housing in Shanghai
Authors:   Tianjin University, Zhan Guo , Can Zheng ,   Tianjin University, Yanchuan Liu ,   Tianjin University
Published: February 2021

Many older neighborhood areas in Chinese cities keep their own specifics, but the living conditions there are growing worse. How to find an appropriate approach adapting to the local culture and features of the city and create an ideal, comfortable, graceful, safe, and convenient living environment in the older neighborhood areas is the purpose of our scheme.
Technology and Urban Freedoms
Authors:   University of Plymouth, Bednarski Cezary M.
Published: February 2021

This paper sets out to offer hope that new technologies can bring back lost freedoms and facilitate life after death for architects.
Towards an Appropriate Technology
Authors:   University of Sheffield, Richardson Melanie , Trowell Derek ,   University of Sheffield
Published: February 2021

The pressures of building procurement frequently leave us with an Architecture bereft of meaning and constructional coherence. It is also a fact that in the field of technology, the means exist to resolve this problem. The rate of technological advance is breathtaking. In education there is neither the resource nor the hardware to fully take advantage of the latest technology. We believe that a role is not being fulfilled in Schools of Architecture in this respect and that new teaching tools must be developed now. We will develop this thesis through a discussion of our own proposal for a computer based teaching package, allowing an exploration of architectural form through the process of analytical and aesthetic manipulation of components.
North Miami Beach Mixed Use Multi-Family Housing Project
Authors:   University of Florida, Bryon Kevin
Published: February 2021

This site is located on North Miami Beach, across from the North Shore Recreational Park (a wooded park along the beach). It is currently a barren strip of eight blocks serving as unused parking and storage for miscellaneous construction equipment. The adjacent context to the west is primarily two- and three-story apartment housing separated from the site by a one-lane service alley. The program given to this area is mixed-use focusing on multi-family housing. The most important issue to address is the connection between the existing residential area and the proposed housing project through contextual response. The intention of this project is to weave these two areas together and create a singular neighborhood condition by reactivating the existing alley system.
Housing Fitting Economic Transition: Three Case Studies in Shenzhen and Shanghai
Authors:   Shenzhen University, Anzhi Xu
Published: February 2021

China's economy is developing very quickly. Shanghai and Shenzhen, the most vigorous cities, are progressing from a planned economy to a market economy. Their economies are progressing from a comparatively well-off condition to a wealthy condition. Housing facilities are crossing or will cross over from the former condition of "no car, no elevator" to a newer condition of "cars in the family" and "elevators in multi-storey housing." How can Chinese architects do their job for varied types of housing to fit this transitional situation?
Od Redakcji
Authors: Burkiewicz Łukasz
Published: February 2021

Silvestre de Sacy (1758–1838), pionier europejskiej orientalistyki, dostar­czył europejskiemu czytelnikowi wielu fundamentalnych dzieł na temat Orientu, jak również przekładów, które w wielu przypadkach są aktualne do dzisiaj. To on badał kamień z Rossetty, jak i interpretował korespon­dencję Timura z królem Francji Karolem VI. Jego dokonania na długo przed publikacją książki Edwarda W. Saida Orientalizm (1978), tak sze­roko dyskutowanej, otworzyły tajemniczy i intrygujący Orient dla Europy. Z naszej dzisiejszej perspektywy wpływ Orientu na kulturę Europy jest nader oczywisty. Stąd też również zainteresowanie tym zagadnieniem przez autorów publikacji zamieszczonych w niniejszym numerze „Per­spektyw Kultury”, którzy w większości przypadków nawiązali w swoich tekstach do tematu przewodniego Orient: wczoraj i dziś.
Dr. Aziz Suryal Atiya and the Establishment of the Middle East Center and the Aziz S. Atiya Library for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Utah
Authors: Chiarelli Leonard C. , Mirfakhrai Mohammad
Published: February 2021

Aziz Suryal Atiya was an Egyptian Coptic Studies expert, historian and orientalist specializing in the study of the Crusades era. He published several important books, including primarily The Crusades in the Later Middle Ages (1938). He contributed to the creation of the Institute of Coptic Studies in Cairo in the 1950s. He was also the originator and founder of the Middle East Center at the University of Utah, which today is one of the most important centers of wide science research on the Middle East. This article discusses the background and circumstances of the establishment of the Middle East Center and the Aziz S. Atiya Library for Middle Eastern Studies, both at the Univer­sity of Utah, which is the fifth largest institution of its kind in North America.
An Unknown Portrait of King of Cyprus Hugh IV Lusignan: Reconstructions, Questions and Hypotheses Regarding a Miniature from the Manuscript BSB. Clm. 10268. Michael Scotus. F. 1r.
Authors: Bliznyuk Svetlana V.
Published: February 2021

The Lusignan epoch in Cyprus produced a number of interesting and extraor­dinary individuals, of which king Hugh IV Lusignan particularly stood out. However, due to a lack of portraits left to us from that time, we have only a very vague concept of what those individuals’ appearances looked like. This work makes a unique attempt at reconstructing a portrait of king Hugh IV Lusignan based on a miniature found in a manuscript containing works of Michael Scotus, located in the Bavarian State Library.
Polscy uchodźcy wojenni w Palestynie w okresie wojny domowej arabsko-żydowskiej (listopad 1947 – maj 1948)
Authors: Patek Artur
Published: February 2021

W latach 1940–1948 Palestyna była ważnym ośrodkiem polskiego uchodźstwa wojennego. W 1945 roku przebywało tam około siedmiu tysięcy Polaków. Gdy pod koniec 1947 roku wybuchła wojna domowa, położenie uchodźców skompli­kowało się. Pojawiły się podejrzenia, że Polacy angażują się w konflikt arabsko­-żydowski. Na wytworzenie się tej sytuacji wpłynęło kilka czynników: (1) roz­mieszczenie ludności polskiej zarówno w ośrodkach żydowskich (Tel Awiw, zachodnia Jerozolima), jak i arabskich (wschodnia Jerozolima, Jafa); (2) właś­ciwa każdej wojnie atmosfera podejrzliwości; (3) działalność agentów władz war­szawskich, którzy twierdzili, że emigracja polska jest „faszystowska”; (4) obec­ność wśród wygnańców osób karanych i z marginesu społecznego. Ponieważ problemem uchodźców był brak pieniędzy, możliwe, że ten i ów Polak licząc na zdobycie dodatkowego grosza na własną rękę, mieszał się w konflikt. Sytuację komplikowało to, że władze RP na obczyźnie straciły w lipcu 1945 roku uznanie mocarstw i uchodźcy (którzy w większości popierali rząd w Londynie) znaleźli się na łasce najpierw Wielkiej Brytanii, a następnie UNRRA i IRO. Dla Polaków było dramatem, że o ich losach nie decydowali już rodacy. Artykuł powstał na podstawie materiałów archiwalnych ze zbiorów Instytutu Polskiego i Muzeum im. gen. Sikorskiego w Londynie, Biblioteki Polskiej POSK w Londynie oraz Archiwum Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej w Warszawie. Wykorzystano również prasę wydawaną w Palestynie i ośrodkach polskiej emigracji.
„Modernizacja gorzelniana” terenów wiejskich w świetle piśmiennictwa polskiego pierwszych dekad zaborów
Authors: Stankiewicz-Kopeć Monika
Published: February 2021

Do wybuchu powstania listopadowego przez ziemie polskie przetoczyły się dwie główne fale modernizacyjne: przed- i porozbiorowa. Okres zaborów okazał się czasem prawdziwych wyzwań modernizacyjnych – zachodzących już w nowych warunkach politycznych. Wśród licznych przeobrażeń moder­nizacyjnych mających miejsce na obszarze dawnej Rzeczypospolitej w pierw­szych trzech dekadach okresu zaborów (do roku 1830) należy m.in. wymienić zmiany społeczno-polityczne, administracyjne, cywilizacyjno-przemysłowe, gospodarcze, urbanistyczne, naukowe, oświatowo-edukacyjne, kulturowe, estetyczne, obyczajowe, moralne, aksjologiczne, mentalnościowe. W niniejszym artykule uwagą został objęty jeden z rodzajów ówczes­nych procesów modernizacyjnych mających miejsce na obszarach wiejskich w pierwszych trzech dekadach zaborów (do wybuchu powstania listopa­dowego w 1830 r.) – związany z aktywnością gospodarczą ziemian: zjawi­sko nazwane tutaj „modernizacją gorzelnianą”. Tego rodzaju niebezpieczna modernizacja przestrzeni wiejskich była ważną wersją tendencji moderniza­cyjnych w omawianym okresie, posiadającą istotne i długofalowe skutki dla całego społeczeństwa polskiego. Problem ten znalazł swoje odzwierciedlenie w szeroko rozumianym piś­miennictwie polskim pierwszych dekad zaborów: zarówno w dziełach o cha­rakterze fikcjonalnym, jak też w utworach mających charakter informacyjny, publicystyczny, perswazyjny, wspomnieniowy.