bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Straightforward hp-Adaptivity Strategy for Shock-Capturing with High-Order Discontinuous Galerkin Methods
Authors: Lu Hongqiang , Sun Qiang
Published: July 2016

In this paper, high-order Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method is used to solve the two-dimensional Euler equations. A shock-capturing method based on the artificial viscosity technique is employed to handle physical discontinuities. Numerical tests show that the shocks can be captured within one element even on very coarse grids. The thickness of the shocks is dominated by the local mesh size and the local order of the basis functions. In order to obtain better shock resolution, a straightforwardhp-adaptivity strategy is introduced, which is based on the high-order contribution calculated using hierarchical basis. Numerical results indicate that thehp-adaptivity method is easy to implement and better shock resolution can be obtained with smaller local mesh size and higher local order.
Fluid-Structure Interaction in Microchannel Using Lattice Boltzmann Method and Size-Dependent Beam Element
Authors: Esfahanian V. , Dehdashti E. , Dehrouyeh-Semnani A. M.
Published: July 2016

Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problems in microchannels play prominent roles in many engineering applications. The present study is an effort towards the simulation of flow in microchannel considering FSI. Top boundary of the microchannel is assumed to be rigid and the bottom boundary, which is modeled as a Bernoulli-Euler beam, is simulated by size-dependent beam elements for finite element method (FEM) based on a modified couple stress theory. The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) using D2Q13 LB model is coupled to the FEM in order to solve fluid part of FSI problem. In the present study, the governing equations are non-dimensionalized and the set of dimensionless groups is exhibited to show their effects on micro-beam displacement. The numerical results show that the displacements of the micro-beam predicted by the size-dependent beam element are smaller than those by the classical beam element.
Continuous and Discrete Adjoint Approach Based on Lattice Boltzmann Method in Aerodynamic Optimization Part I: Mathematical Derivation of Adjoint Lattice Boltzmann Equations
Authors: Hekmat Mohamad Hamed , Mirzaei Masoud
Published: July 2016

The significance of flow optimization utilizing the lattice Boltzmann (LB) method becomes obvious regarding its advantages as a novel flow field solution method compared to the other conventional computational fluid dynamics techniques. These unique characteristics of the LB method form the main idea of its application to optimization problems. In this research, for the first time, both continuous and discrete adjoint equations were extracted based on the LB method using a general procedure with low implementation cost. The proposed approach could be performed similarly for any optimization problem with the corresponding cost function and design variables vector. Moreover, this approach was not limited to flow fields and could be employed for steady as well as unsteady flows. Initially, the continuous and discrete adjoint LB equations and the cost function gradient vector were derived mathematically in detail using the continuous and discrete LB equations in space and time, respectively. Meanwhile, new adjoint concepts in lattice space were introduced. Finally, the analytical evaluation of the adjoint distribution functions and the cost function gradients was carried out.
Explicit Multi-Symplectic Splitting Methods for the Nonlinear Dirac Equation
Authors: Chen Yaming , Song Songhe , Zhu Huajun
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we propose two new explicit multi-symplectic splitting methods for the nonlinear Dirac (NLD) equation. Based on its multi-symplectic formulation, the NLD equation is split into one linear multi-symplectic system and one nonlinear infinite Hamiltonian system. Then multi-symplectic Fourier pseudospectral method and multi-symplectic Preissmann scheme are employed to discretize the linear subproblem, respectively. And the nonlinear subsystem is solved by a symplectic scheme. Finally, a composition method is applied to obtain the final schemes for the NLD equation. We find that the two proposed schemes preserve the total symplecticity and can be solved explicitly. Numerical experiments are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Asymptotic Analysis of a Bingham Fluid in a Thin Domain with Fourier and Tresca Boundary Conditions
Authors: Dilmi M. , Benseridi H. , Saadallah A.
Published: July 2016

In this paper we prove first the existence and uniqueness results for the weak solution, to the stationary equations for Bingham fluid in a three dimensional bounded domain with Fourier and Tresca boundary condition; then we study the asymptotic analysis when one dimension of the fluid domain tend to zero. The strong convergence of the velocity is proved, a specific Reynolds limit equation and the limit of Tresca free boundary conditions are obtained.
Discrete Maximum Principle Based on Repair Technique for Finite Element Scheme of Anisotropic Diffusion Problems
Authors: Chen Xingding , Yuan Guangwei , Yu Yunlong
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we construct a global repair technique for the finite element scheme of anisotropic diffusion equations to enforce the repaired solutions satisfying the discrete maximum principle. It is an extension of the existing local repair technique. Both of the repair techniques preserve the total energy and are easy to be implemented. The numerical experiments show that these repair techniques do not destroy the accuracy of the finite element scheme, and the computational cost of the global repair technique is cheaper than the local repair technique when the diffusion tensors are highly anisotropic.
Multiscale Basis Functions for Singular Perturbation on Adaptively Graded Meshes
Authors: Sun Mei-Ling , Jiang Shan
Published: July 2016

We apply the multiscale basis functions for the singularly perturbed reaction-diffusion problem on adaptively graded meshes, which can provide a good balance between the numerical accuracy and computational cost. The multiscale space is built through standard finite element basis functions enriched with multiscale basis functions. The multiscale basis functions have abilities to capture originally perturbed information in the local problem, as a result our method is capable of reducing the boundary layer errors remarkably on graded meshes, where the layer-adapted meshes are generated by a given parameter. Through numerical experiments we demonstrate that the multiscale method can acquire second order convergence in theL2norm and first order convergence in the energy norm on graded meshes, which is independent of ɛ. In contrast with the conventional methods, our method is much more accurate and effective.
A New Finite Volume Element Formulation for the Non-Stationary Navier-Stokes Equations
Authors: Luo Zhendong
Published: July 2016

A semi-discrete scheme about time for the non-stationary Navier-Stokes equations is presented firstly, then a new fully discrete finite volume element (FVE) formulation based on macroelement is directly established from the semi-discrete scheme about time. And the error estimates for the fully discrete FVE solutions are derived by means of the technique of the standard finite element method. It is shown by numerical experiments that the numerical results are consistent with theoretical conclusions. Moreover, it is shown that the FVE method is feasible and efficient for finding the numerical solutions of the non-stationary Navier-Stokes equations and it is one of the most effective numerical methods among the FVE formulation, the finite element formulation, and the finite difference scheme.
An Inverse Problem of Determining Coefficients in a One-Dimensional Radiative Transport Equation
Authors: Higashimori Nobuyuki
Published: July 2016

We consider an inverse problem of determining unknown coefficients for a one-dimensional analogue of radiative transport equation. We show that some combination of the unknown coefficients can be uniquely determined by giving pulse-like inputs at the boundary and observing the corresponding outputs. Our result can be applied for determination of absorption and scattering properties of an optically turbid medium if the radiative transport equation is appropriate for describing the propagation of light in the medium.
Industrial Engineering: creating a network!
Authors: Prado-Prado José Carlos
Published: July 2016

This paper presents a brief history of the Industrial Engineering Conference (CIO), and specially reinforces the role of the CIOs as a forum for building a network and creating log-term relationships.
Why did the storm ex-Gaston (2010) fail to redevelop during the PREDICT experiment?
Authors: Freismuth Thomas M. , Rutherford Blake , Boothe Mark A. , Montgomery Michael T.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. An analysis is presented of the failed re-development of ex-Gaston during the 2010 PREDICT field campaign based on the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) analyses. We analyze the dynamics and kinematics of ex-Gaston to investigate the role of dry, environmental air in the failed redevelopment. The flow topology defined by the calculation of particle trajectories shows that ex-Gaston's pouch was vulnerable to dry, environmental air on all days of observations. As early as 12:00 UTC 2 September 2010, a dry layer at and above 600 hPa results in a decrease in the vertical mass flux and vertical relative vorticity. These findings support the hypothesis that entrained, dry air near 600 hPa thwarted convective updraughts and vertical mass flux, which in turn led to a reduction in vorticity and a compromised pouch at these middle levels. A compromised pouch allows further intrusion of dry air and quenching of subsequent convection, therefore hindering vorticity amplification through vortex tube stretching. This study supports recent work investigating the role of dry air in moist convection during tropical cyclogenesis.
Chemical Characteristics of Marine Fine Aerosols over Sea and at Offshore Islands during Three Cruise Sampling Campaigns in the Taiwan Strait– Sea Salts and Anthropogenic Particles
Authors: Li Tsung-Chang , Yuan Chung-Shin , Hung Chung-Hsuang , Lin Hsun-Yu , Huang Hu-Ching , Lee Chon-Lin
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Marine fine aerosols were simultaneously collected over sea and at offshore islands during three cruise sampling campaigns to investigate the spatial distribution of atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) and the influences of sea salts and anthropogenic particles on the chemical characteristics of PM2.5 in the Taiwan Strait. Field sampling results indicated that PM2.5 concentrations over sea were generally higher than those at the offshore islands, while the PM2.5 concentrations in the daytime were commonly higher than those at nighttime. Moreover, the concentrations of PM2.5 were generally higher than those of coarse particles (PM2.5–10) with an exception of the winter cruise in 2014. Moreover, sea salts accounted for 6.5–11.1 % and 11.0–13.5 % of PM2.5 at the offshore islands and over sea, respectively. The contributions of non-sea salt-water soluble ions (nss-WSI) to PM2.5 at the offshore islands were obviously higher than those over sea, while the contributions of ss-WSI for PM2.5 at the offshore islands were much lower than those over sea during the cruise sampling campaigns. Anthropogenic metallic elements including Zn, Mn, Pb, Cr, and Ni had higher concentrations over sea than those at the offshore islands, suggesting that PM2.5 was not only influenced by marine aerosols but also by anthropogenic particles originated from human activities such as industrial processing, fuel burning, and vehicular and shipping exhausts. Higher mass ratios of Ni/Al and Ni/Fe over sea than those at the offshore islands suggested that shipping emissions had higher influences on marine fine particles than crustal dusts in open sea while compared to those at the offshore islands. The carbonaceous contents of PM2.5 indicated that the concentrations of organic carbons (OC) were generally higher than those of elemental carbons (EC). The higher mass ratios of organic and elemental carbons (OC/EC) were observed at the central and north Taiwan Strait, and follow by the offshore islands and the south Taiwan Strait. Overall, sea salts and anthropogenic particles had significant influences on the chemical composition of PM2.5 over sea and at the offshore islands.
Surface Renewal as a Significant Mechanism for Dust Emission
Authors: Zhang Jie , Teng Zhenjiao , Huang Ning , Guo Lei , Shao Yaping
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Wind-tunnel experiments of dust emissions from different soil surfaces are carried out to better understand dust emission mechanisms. The effects of surface renewal on aerodynamic entrainment and saltation bombardment are analysed in detail, and the measurements are used to test published dust models. It is found that flow conditions, surface particle motions (saltation and creep), soil dust content and ground obstacles all strongly affect dust emission, causing dust emission rate to vary over orders of magnitude. Aerodynamic entrainment is highly effective, if dust supply is unlimited, as in the first 2–3 minutes of our wind-tunnel runs. While aerodynamic entrainment is suppressed by dust supply limit, surface renewal through the motion of surface particles is found to be an effective pathway to remove the supply limit. Surface renewal is also found to be important to the efficiency of saltation bombardment. We demonstrate that surface renewal is a significant mechanism affecting dust emission and recommend that this mechanism be included in future dust models.
On the role of tropopause folds in summertime tropospheric ozone
over the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East
Authors: Akritidis Dimitris , Pozzer Andrea , Zanis Prodromos , Tyrlis Evangelos , Škerlak Bojan , Sprenger Michael , Lelieveld Jos
Published: July 2016

Abstract. We study the contribution of tropopause folds in the summertime pool of tropospheric ozone over the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East (EMME) with the aid of the atmospheric chemistry climate model ECHAM5/MESSy (EMAC). Tropopause fold events in EMAC simulations were identified with a 3-D labeling algorithm that detects folds at grid points where multiple crossings of the dynamical tropopause are computed. Subsequently the events featuring the largest horizontal and vertical extent were selected for further study. For the selection of these events we identified a significant contribution of the stratospheric ozone reservoir to the high concentrations of ozone in the middle/lower free troposphere over the EMME. A distinct increase of ozone is found over the EMME in the middle troposphere during summer as a result of the fold activity, shifting towards the south-east and decreasing altitude. We find that the interannual variability of near surface ozone over the eastern Mediterranean (EM) during summer is related to that of both tropopause folds and ozone in the free troposphere.
Evaluation of Machine Learning Algorithms for Classification of
Primary Biological Aerosol using a new UV-LIF spectrometer
Authors: Ruske Simon , Topping David O. , Foot Virginia E. , Kaye Paul H. , Stanley Warren R. , Crawford Ian , Morse Andrew P. , Gallagher Martin W.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Characterisation of bio-aerosols has important implications within Environment and Public Health sectors. Recent developments in Ultra-Violet Light Induced Fluorescence (UV-LIF) detectors such as the Wideband Integrated bio-aerosol Spectrometer (WIBS) and the newly introduced Multiparameter bio-aerosol Spectrometer (MBS) has allowed for the real time collection of fluorescence, size and morphology measurements for the purpose of discriminating between bacteria, fungal Spores and pollen. This new generation of instruments has enabled ever larger data sets to be compiled with the aim of studying more complex environments. In real world data sets, particularly those from an urban environment, the population may be dominated by non-biological fluorescent interferents bringing into question the accuracy of measurements of quantities such as concentrations. It is therefore imperative that we validate the performance of different algorithms which can be used for the task of classification. For unsupervised learning we test Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering with various different linkages. For supervised learning, ten methods were tested; including decision trees, ensemble methods: Random Forests, Gradient Boosting and AdaBoost; two implementations for support vector machines: libsvm and liblinear; Gaussian methods: Gaussian naïve Bayesian, quadratic and linear discriminant analysis and finally the k-nearest neighbours algorithm. The methods were applied to two different data sets measured using a new Multiparameter bio-aerosol Spectrometer which provides multichannel UV-LIF fluorescence signatures for single airborne biological particles. Clustering, in general performs slightly worse than the supervised learning methods correctly classifying, at best, only 72.7 and 91.1 percent for the two data sets respectively. For supervised learning the gradient boosting algorithm was found to be the most effective, on average correctly classifying 88.1 and 97.8 percent of the testing data respectively across the two data sets.
A Polarimetric Scattering Database for Non-spherical Ice Particles
at MicrowaveWavelengths
Authors: Lu Yinghui , Jiang Zhiyuan , Aydin Kultegin , Verlinde Johannes , Clothiaux Eugene E. , Botta Giovanni
Published: July 2016

Abstract. The atmospheric science community has entered a period in which radiative scattering properties in the microwave of realistically constructed ice particles are necessary for making progress on a number of fronts. One front includes retrieval of ice-particle properties and signatures from ground-, airborne- and satellite-based radar and radiometer observations. Another front is evaluation of model microphysics by application of forward operators to their outputs and comparison to observations during case study periods. Yet a third front is data assimilation, where again forward operators are applied to databases of ice-particle scattering properties and the results compared to observations, with their differences leading to corrections of the model state. Over the past decade investigators have developed databases of ice-particle scattering properties in the microwave and made them openly available. Motivated by and complementing these earlier efforts, a database containing polarimetric single-scattering properties of various types of ice particles at millimeter to centimeter wavelengths is presented. While the database presented here contains only single-scattering properties of ice particles in a fixed orientation, ice-particle scattering properties are computed for many different directions of the radiation incident on them. These results are useful for understanding the dependence of ice-particle scattering properties on ice-particle orientation with respect to the incident radiation. For ice particles small compared to the wavelength, the number of incident directions of the radiation is sufficient to compute reasonable estimates of their (randomly) orientation-averaged scattering properties. This database is complementary to earlier ones in that it contains complete (polarimetric) scattering property information for each ice particle – 44 plates, 30 columns, 405 branched planar crystals, 660 aggregates, and 640 conical graupel – and direction of incident radiation but is limited to four frequencies (W-, Ka-, Ku- and X-bands), does not include temperature dependencies of the single-scattering properties and does not include scattering properties averaged over randomly oriented ice particles. Rules for constructing the morphologies of ice particles from one database to the next often differ; consequently, analyses that incorporate all of the different databases will contain the most variability, while illuminating important differences between them. Publication of this database is in support of future analyses of this nature and comes with the hope that doing so helps contribute to the development of a database standard for ice-particle scattering properties, like the NetCDF CF (Climate and Forecast) or NetCDF CF Radial metadata conventions.
Species-specific temporal variation in photosynthesis as a moderator of peatland carbon sequestration
Authors: Korrensalo Aino , Hájek Tomáš , Alekseychik Pavel , Rinne Janne , Vesala Timo , Mehtätalo Lauri , Mammarella Ivan , Tuittila Eeva-Stiina
Published: July 2016

Abstract. In boreal bogs plant species are low in number, but they differ greatly in their growth forms and photosynthetic properties. We assessed how ecosystem carbon (C) sink dynamics were affected by seasonal variations in photosynthetic rate and leaf area of different species. Photosynthetic properties (light-response parameters), leaf area development and areal cover (abundance) of the species were used to quantify species-specific net and gross photosynthesis rates (PN and PG, respectively), which were summed to express ecosystem-level PN and PG. The ecosystem-level PG was compared with a gross primary production (GPP) estimate derived from eddy covariance measurements (EC). Species areal cover rather than differences in photosynthetic properties determined the species with the highest PG of both vascular plants and Sphagna. Species-specific contributions to the ecosystem PG varied over the growing season, which in turn determined the seasonal variation in ecosystem PG. The upscaled growing-season PG estimate, 230 g C m−2, agreed well with the GPP estimated by the EC, 243 g C m−2. Sphagna were superior to vascular plants in ecosystem-level PG throughout the growing season but had a lower PN. PN results indicated that areal cover of the species together with their differences in photosynthetic parameters shape the ecosystem-level C balance. Species with low areal cover but high photosynthetic efficiency appear to be potentially important for the ecosystem C sink. Results imply that functional diversity may increase the stability of C sink of boreal bogs.
A 368-year maximum temperature reconstruction based on tree-ring data
in the northwestern Sichuan Plateau (NWSP), China
Authors: Zhu Liangjun , Zhang Yuandong , Li Zongshan , Guo Binde , Wang Xiaochun
Published: July 2016

Abstract. We present a reconstruction of July–August mean maximum temperature variability based on a chronology of tree-ring widths over the period AD 1646–2013 in the northern part of the northwestern Sichuan Plateau (NWSP), China. A regression model explains 37.1 % of the variance of July–August mean maximum temperature during the calibration period from 1954 to 2012. Compared with nearby temperature reconstructions and gridded land surface temperature data, our temperature reconstruction had high spatial representativeness. Seven major cold periods were identified (1708–1711, 1765–1769, 1818–1821, 1824–1828, 1832–1836, 1839–1842, and 1869–1877), and three major warm periods occurred in 1655–1668, 1719–1730, and 1858–1859 from this reconstruction. The typical Little Ice Age climate can also be well represented in our reconstruction and clearly ended with climatic amelioration at the late of the 19th century. The 17th and 19th centuries were cold with more extreme cold years, while the 18th and 20th centuries were warm with less extreme cold years. Moreover, the 20th century rapid warming was not obvious in the NWSP mean maximum temperature reconstruction, which implied that mean maximum temperature might play an important and different role in global change as unique temperature indicators. Multi-taper method (MTM) spectral analysis revealed significant periodicities of 170-, 49–114-, 25–32-, 5.7-, 4.6–4.7-, 3.0–3.1-, 2.5-, and 2.1–2.3-year quasi-cycles at a 95 % confidence level in our reconstruction. Overall, the mean maximum temperature variability in the NWSP may be associated with global land–sea atmospheric circulation (e.g., ENSO, PDO, or AMO) as well as solar and volcanic forcing.
Comparison of simulated and reconstructed variations in East African hydroclimate over the last millennium
Authors: Klein François , Goosse Hugues , Graham Nicholas E. , Verschuren Dirk
Published: July 2016

Abstract. The multi-decadal to centennial hydroclimate changes in East Africa over the last millennium are studied by comparing the results of forced transient simulations by six general circulation models (GCMs) with published hydroclimate reconstructions from four lakes: Challa and Naivasha in equatorial East Africa, and Masoko and Malawi in southeastern inter-tropical Africa. All GCMs simulate fairly well the unimodal seasonal cycle of precipitation in the Masoko–Malawi region, while the bimodal seasonal cycle characterizing the Challa–Naivasha region is generally less well captured by most models. Model results and lake-based hydroclimate reconstructions display very different temporal patterns over the last millennium. Additionally, there is no common signal among the model time series, at least until 1850. This suggests that simulated hydroclimate fluctuations are mostly driven by internal variability rather than by common external forcing. After 1850, half of the models simulate a relatively clear response to forcing, but this response is different between the models. Overall, the link between precipitation and tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over the pre-industrial portion of the last millennium is stronger and more robust for the Challa–Naivasha region than for the Masoko–Malawi region. At the inter-annual timescale, last-millennium Challa–Naivasha precipitation is positively (negatively) correlated with western (eastern) Indian Ocean SST, while the influence of the Pacific Ocean appears weak and unclear. Although most often not significant, the same pattern of correlations between East African rainfall and the Indian Ocean SST is still visible when using the last-millennium time series smoothed to highlight centennial variability, but only in fixed-forcing simulations. This means that, at the centennial timescale, the effect of (natural) climate forcing can mask the imprint of internal climate variability in large-scale teleconnections.
Sea ice-related halogen enrichment at Law Dome, coastal East
Antarctica
Authors: Vallelonga Paul , Maffezzoli Niccolo , Moy Andrew D. , Curran Mark A. J. , Vance Tessa R. , Edwards Ross , Hughes Gwyn , Barker Emily , Spreen Gunnar , Saiz-Lopez Alfonso , Corella J. Pablo , Cuevas Carlos A. , Spolaor Andrea
Published: July 2016

Abstract. The Law Dome site is ideal for the evaluation of sea ice proxies due to its location near to the Antarctic coast, regular and high accumulation throughout the year, an absence of surface melting or remobilization, and minimal multiyear sea ice. We present records of bromine and iodine concentrations and their enrichment beyond seawater compositions, arguing that halogen enrichment is indicative of the local sea ice area, particularly the 90–110° E sector of the Wilkes coast. Our findings support the results of previous studies of sea ice variability from Law Dome, indicating that Wilkes coast sea ice area is currently at its lowest level since the start of the 20th century. From the Law Dome DSS1213 firn core, 26 years of monthly deposition data indicate that the period of peak bromine enrichment is during Austral spring-summer, from November to February. Results from a traverse along the lee (Western) side of Law Dome show low levels of sodium and bromine deposition, with the greatest fluxes in the vicinity of the Law Dome summit. Finally, iodine enrichment is well correlated to that of bromine, indicating a common, sea ice source for their enrichment.
Using dry and wet year hydroclimatic extremes to guide future hydrologic projections
Authors: Oni Stephen , Futter Martyn , Ledesma Jose , Teutschbein Claudia , Buttle Jim , Laudon Hjalmar
Published: July 2016

Abstract. There are growing numbers of studies on climate change impacts on forest hydrology, but limited attempts have been made to use current hydroclimatic variabilities to constrain projections of future climatic conditions. Here we used historical wet and dry years as a proxy for expected future extreme conditions in a boreal catchment. We showed that runoff could be underestimated by at least 35 % when dry year parameterizations were used for wet year conditions. Uncertainty analysis showed that behavioural parameter sets from wet and dry years separated mainly on precipitation-related parameters and to a lesser extent on parameters related to landscape processes, while uncertainties inherent in climate models (as opposed to differences in calibration or performance metrics) appeared to drive the overall uncertainty in runoff projections under dry and wet hydroclimatic conditions. Hydrologic model calibration for climate impact studies could be based on years that closely approximate anticipated conditions to better constrain uncertainty in projecting extreme conditions in boreal and temperate regions.
Gas sensors based on plasma-electrochemically oxidized titanium foils
Authors: El Achhab Mhamed , Schierbaum Klaus
Published: July 2016

Abstract. We have developed a preparation technique to form graphite/TiO2/Ti and platinum–graphite/TiO2/Ti solid-state sensors. It is based on plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) of titanium foils, whereby a porous titanium oxide layer is formed with well-defined phase composition and a reproducible microstructure. A printing method is used to deposit graphite or catalytically active graphite–platinum electrodes. Our design enables the application of a variety of different detection principles such as calorimetry, impedances and amperometry. This study reports results for H2, H2O, and CO sensing at room temperature with the most appropriate detection principle, electrode composition and titanium oxide microstructure.
An examination of land use impacts of sea level rise induced flooding
Authors: Song Jie , Fu Xinyu , Gu Yue , Deng Yujun , Peng Zhong-Ren
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Coastal regions are under intense development because of their biodiversity and economic attractiveness. Meanwhile, these places are highly vulnerable to coastal hazards that are associated with sea level rise. Continuing urban development in these coastal areas that are prone to be flooded increasingly poses unnecessarily risk to their residents. While overwhelming efforts have been made to investigate coastal land use changes, few studies have simultaneously explored urban growth dynamics and its interaction with the coastal hazards. This paper applied the cellular automaton-based SLEUTH model to calibrate historical urban growth pattern from 1974 to 2013 in Bay County coastal areas, Florida. Three scenarios of urban growth – historical trend, compact development, and urban sprawl – up to 2080 were predicted by applying the calibrated SLEUTH model. To assess the effects of different policies, we developed three excluded layers – no regulations, flooding-risk mitigation, and conservational/agricultural land protection – and evaluated how different urban growth scenarios were oriented under these policies. Eventually, flooding maps were overlaid with future urban areas, and the exposure of different urban growth patterns to sea level rise induced flooding was examined. The findings suggest that if coastal cities expand in a compact manner, areas vulnerable to flooding will increase compared with historical trend and urban sprawl scenarios. With respect to policies, if no regulations are implemented, on average the flooded area in 2080 would be more than 25 times under flooding-risk mitigation. The joint model can serve as a decision support tool to assist city officials, urban planners, and hazard mitigation planners in making informed decisions. The visualization results can be also useful in public outreach regarding coastal communities' increasing risk to flooding enhanced by sea level rise.
Natural hazard fatalities in Switzerland from 1946 to 2015
Authors: Badoux Alexandre , Andres Norina , Techel Frank , Hegg Christoph
Published: July 2016

Abstract. A database of fatalities caused by natural hazard processes in Switzerland was compiled for the period between 1946 and 2015. Using information from the Swiss flood and landslide database and the Swiss destructive avalanche database, the data set was extended back in time and more hazard processes were added by conducting an in-depth search of newspaper reports. The new database now covers all natural hazards common in Switzerland categorized into seven process types: flood, landslide, rockfall, lightning, windstorm, avalanche, and other processes (e.g. ice avalanches, earthquakes). Included were all fatal accidents associated with natural hazard processes where victims did not expose themselves to an important danger on purpose or wilfully. The database contains information on 635 natural hazard events causing 1023 fatalities, which corresponds to a mean of 14.6 victims per year. The most common causes of death were snow avalanche (37 %), followed by lightning (16 %), flood (12 %), windstorm (10 %), rockfall (8 %), landslide (7 %) and other processes (9 %). About 50 % of all victims died in one of the 507 single-fatality events; the other half of victims were killed in the 128 multi-fatality events. The number of natural hazard fatalities that occurred annually during our 70-year study period ranged from two to 112 and exhibited a distinct decrease over time. While the number of victims during the first three decades (until 1975) ranged from 191 to 269 per decade, it ranged from 47 to 109 in the four following decades. This overall decrease was mainly driven by a considerable decline in the number of avalanche and lightning fatalities. About 75 % of victims were males in all natural hazard events considered together, and this ratio was roughly maintained in all individual process categories except landslides (lower) and other processes (higher). The ratio of male to female victims was most likely to be balanced when deaths occurred at home (in or near a building), a situation that mainly occurred in association with landslides and avalanches. The average age of victims of natural hazards was 35.9 years, and accordingly, the age groups with the largest number of victims were the 20–29 and 30–39 year-old groups, which in combination represented 34% of all fatalities. It appears that the natural hazard fatality rate in Switzerland during the past 70 years has been relatively low in comparison to rates in other countries or rates of other types of fatal accidents in Switzerland.
GEM: A Dynamic Tracking Model for Mesoscale Eddies in the Ocean
Authors: Li Qiu-Yang , Sun Liang , Lin Sheng-Fu
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Genealogical Evolution Model (GEM) is an efficient logical model used to track dynamic evolution of mesoscale eddies in the ocean. It can distinguish different dynamic processes (e.g., merging and splitting) within a dynamic evolution pattern, which is difficult to accomplish using other tracking methods. To this end, GEM first uses a two-dimensional (2-D) vector rather than a scalar to measure the similarity between eddies, which effectively solves the "missing eddy" problem (temporally lost eddy in tracking). Second, GEM uses both parents and children in tracking, and the dynamic processes are described as birth and death of different generations. Additionally, a look-ahead approach with selection rules effectively simplifies computation and recording. All of the computational steps are linear and do not include iteration. Given the pixel number of the target region L, the maximum number of eddies M, the look-ahead time steps N, and the total number of time steps T, the total computation complexity is O (LM(N+1)T). The tracking of each eddy is very smooth because we require that the snapshots of each eddy on adjacent days overlap one another. Although eddy splitting or merging is ubiquitous in the ocean, there were related different distribution patterns when we applied GEM to track eddies in the Northern Pacific Ocean. Both the merging and splitting rates of the eddies were high, especially at the western boundary, in currents and in "eddy deserts." GEM is useful not only for satellite-based observational data but also for numerical simulation outputs. It is potentially useful for studying dynamic processes in other related fields, e.g., the dynamics of cyclones in meteorology.
Inversion of geothermal heat flux in a thermomechanically coupled nonlinear Stokes ice sheet model
Authors: Zhu Hongyu , Petra Noemi , Stadler Georg , Isaac Tobin , Hughes Thomas J. R. , Ghattas Omar
Published: July 2016

Abstract. We address the inverse problem of inferring the basal geothermal heat flux from surface velocity observations using a steady-state thermomechanically coupled nonlinear Stokes ice flow model. This is a challenging inverse problem since the map from basal heat flux to surface velocity observables is indirect: the heat flux is a boundary condition for the thermal advection–diffusion equation, which couples to the nonlinear Stokes ice flow equations; together they determine the surface ice flow velocity. This multiphysics inverse problem is formulated as a nonlinear least-squares optimization problem with a cost functional that includes the data misfit between surface velocity observations and model predictions. A Tikhonov regularization term is added to render the problem well posed. We derive adjoint-based gradient and Hessian expressions for the resulting partial differential equation (PDE)-constrained optimization problem and propose an inexact Newton method for its solution. As a consequence of the Petrov–Galerkin discretization of the energy equation, we show that discretization and differentiation do not commute; that is, the order in which we discretize the cost functional and differentiate it affects the correctness of the gradient. Using two- and three-dimensional model problems, we study the prospects for and limitations of the inference of the geothermal heat flux field from surface velocity observations. The results show that the reconstruction improves as the noise level in the observations decreases and that short-wavelength variations in the geothermal heat flux are difficult to recover. We analyze the ill-posedness of the inverse problem as a function of the number of observations by examining the spectrum of the Hessian of the cost functional. Motivated by the popularity of operator-split or staggered solvers for forward multiphysics problems – i.e., those that drop two-way coupling terms to yield a one-way coupled forward Jacobian – we study the effect on the inversion of a one-way coupling of the adjoint energy and Stokes equations. We show that taking such a one-way coupled approach for the adjoint equations can lead to an incorrect gradient and premature termination of optimization iterations. This is due to loss of a descent direction stemming from inconsistency of the gradient with the contours of the cost functional. Nevertheless, one may still obtain a reasonable approximate inverse solution particularly if important features of the reconstructed solution emerge early in optimization iterations, before the premature termination.
On the impact of non-Gaussian wind statistics on wind turbines – an experimental approach
Authors: Schottler Jannik , Reinke Nico , Hölling Agnieszka , Whale Jonathan , Peinke Joachim , Hölling Michael
Published: July 2016

Abstract. The effect of intermittent and Gaussian inflow conditions on wind energy converters is studied experimentally. Two different flow situations were created in a wind tunnel using an active grid. Both flows exhibit nearly equal mean velocity values and turbulence intensities, but strongly differ in their two point statistics, namely their distribution of velocity increments on a variety of time scales, one being Gaussian distributed, the other one being strongly intermittent. A horizontal axis model wind turbine is exposed to both flows, isolating the effect of the differences not captured by mean values and turbulence intensities on the turbine. Thrust, torque and power data were recorded and analyzed, showing that the model turbine does not smooth out intermittency. Intermittent inflow is converted to similarly intermittent turbine data on all scales considered, reaching down to sub-rotor scales in space, indicating that it is not correct to assume a smoothing of wind speed fluctuations below the size of the rotor.
ESTUDO COMPARATIVO DA CONTAMINAÇÃO POR MICRO-ORGANISMOS PATOGÊNICOS EM RESÍDUOS DOMICILIARES E DE SAÚDE EM UBERLÂNDIA (MG)
Authors: Chayb Edilza Filice , Kozusny-Andreani Dora Inês
Published: July 2016

A proposta do trabalho foi realizar um estudo comparativo da contaminaçãopor micro-organismos patogênicos, que causam potenciais riscos para saúdehumana, animal e meio ambiente, associados aos resíduos sólidos domiciliares(RSD) aos resíduos sólidos de saúde (RSS). Os RSD e os RSS foram colhidos emUberlândia (MG). O estudo foi realizado por meio da abordagem quantitativa,utilizou-se o teste comparativo não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis e acomparação múltipla de Dunn post hoc e os resultados foram avaliados portécnica multivariada. As comparações foram com a quantidade de um mesmomicro-organismo entre os tipos de RS, comparando a quantidade de todose os mais frequentes em cada tipo de resíduo. As maiores contagens foramverificadas nos RSD, pois neles a contaminação foi maior e mais diversificada,com periculosidade infectocontagiosa, riscos à saúde pública e ao meioambiente, quando o resíduo for gerenciado de forma inadequada.
ANÁLISE MULTIVARIADA NA AVALIAÇÃO DA QUALIDADE DE ÁGUA DO RESERVATÓRIO DE FOZ DO AREIA, ESTADO DO PARANÁ
Authors: Arruda Nicole Machuca Brassac de , Rizzi Nivaldo Eduardo , Miranda Tânia Lúcia Graf de
Published: July 2016

O reservatório de Foz do Areia, formado em 1980, localiza-se no rio Iguaçue tem finalidade de geração de energia. A qualidade de suas águas émonitorada desde 2005, gerando uma extensa matriz de dados. A AnáliseFatorial (AF) é empregada como ferramenta de estudo de matrizes comoesta, condensando dados, com mínima perda de informação. A AF foiaplicada para avaliação de dados de cinco estações de monitoramentono local. A variância explicada esteve entre 71,1 e 84,3%, com a retençãode 5 a 6 fatores, por estação. Na estação a montante do reservatório, oaporte de poluentes foi relacionado à área da bacia de contribuição, que secaracteriza pela diversidade de usos do solo. Nas estações de reservatório,o fator eutrofização foi destacado, evidenciado pela ocorrência eventualde florações, que interferem na qualidade da água. A estação a jusante doreservatório caracterizou‑se por fontes pontuais de poluentes, evidenciandotambém a qualidade da água restituída.
ANÁLISE DE INCERTEZA E MODELAGEM DE QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA DO RIO UBERABA, MINAS GERAIS
Authors: Mateus Marcos Vinícius , Gonçalves Julio Cesar Inácio de Souza , Lopes Junior Guilherme Barbosa , Okura Mônica Hitomi
Published: July 2016

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil de oxigênio dissolvido (OD)em um trecho urbano da bacia do Rio Uberaba, identificar as principaisfontes poluidoras e sugerir medidas de controle. Para tanto, o estudo foidividido em cinco fases: (i) avaliação da qualidade da água durante um anohidrológico; (ii) calibração e validação do modelo de qualidade da água;(iii) análise de sensibilidade dos coeficientes e dos dados de entrada domodelo; (iv) análise de incerteza; e (v) criação de cenários para a tomada dedecisão. Os resultados mostraram que o Córrego das Lajes é a principal fontepoluidora do Rio Uberaba. O modelo mostrou‑se confiável, uma vez que elepôde ser calibrado e validado. Com a análise de incerteza foi possível mostrarque a probabilidade de o Rio Uberaba atender ao padrão ambiental exigidopara a classe 2 (OD≥5,0 mg.L‑1) é praticamente nula, mas que ela poderia serelevada para 75,3% se a carga orgânica lançada no rio fosse removida comuma eficiência de 75%.
Anticausatives are weak scalar expressions, not reflexive expressions
Authors: Schäfer Florian , Vivanco Margot
Published: July 2016

We discuss conceptual and empirical arguments from Germanic, Romance and Slavic languages against an analysis treating anticausative verbs as derived from their lexical causative counterparts under reflexivization. Instead, we defend the standard account to the semantics of the causative alternation according to which anticausatives in general, and anticausatives marked with reflexive morphology in particular, denote simple one-place inchoative events that are logically entailed by their lexical causative counterparts. Under such an account, anticausative verbs are weak scalar expressions that stand in a semantico-pragmatic opposition to their strong lexical causative counterparts. Due to this scalar relation, the use of an anticausative can trigger the implicature that the use of its lexical causative counterpart is too strong. As usual with implicatures, they can be ‘metalinguistically’ denied, cancelled, or reinforced and we argue that these mechanisms explain all central empirical facts brought up in the literature in favor of a treatment of anticausatives as semantically reflexive predicates. Our results reinforce the view that the reflexive morphemes used in many (Indo-European) languages to mark anticausatives do not necessarily trigger reflexive semantics. However, we also show that a string involving a reflexively marked (anti-)causative verb can be forced into a semantically reflexive construal under particular conceptual or grammatical circumstances.
ESTRUTURA E DISTRIBUIÇÃO ESPACIAL DE MANGUEIRAS (Mangifera indica L.) NAS RUAS DA CIDADE DE BELÉM (PA)
Authors: Silva Dâmaris Araújo da , Batista Daniela Biondi , Batista Antônio Carlos
Published: July 2016

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a estrutura e distribuição espacial dos indivíduos de mangueira no Distrito Administrativo de Belém (DABEL). Foi percorrida toda a malha viária do distrito, 424,45 km, sendo encontrados 36,86 km de calçadas arborizadas com mangueira (Mangifera indica L.). Foram quantificadas 2.649 mangueiras e calculados os seguintes índices: IMQC (índice de mangueira por quilômetro de calçada), ICAcalç (índice de cobertura arbórea) e IDA (índice de densidade arbórea). A distribuição de altura apresentou curva unimodal, caracterizando a predominância de árvores de grande porte. A distribuição diamétrica demonstrou maior concentração de árvores em estágio maduro. O maior IMQC foi para o bairro Nazaré e os maiores ICAcalç e IDA foram para o bairro Campina. Constatou-se uma má distribuição de mangueiras nas ruas, denotando que essa arborização não possui políticas específicas de manejo.
PRÉ-TEXTUAIS
Authors: Conselho Editorial Revista Geografar
Published: July 2016

Revista Geografar - Conselho Editorial
NOTA EDITORIAL
Authors: Conselho Editorial Revista Geografar
Published: July 2016

Revista Geografar - Conselho Editorial
ELEMENTOS PARA UMA HISTÓRIA DAS RESISTÊNCIAS À PERÍCIA CRIMINAL: O CASO BAMBINO MARCHI, ROMA, 1925
Authors: Artières Philippe
Published: July 2016

A partir do estudo de um caso, o assassinato do jesuíta Paul Gény pelo soldado italiano Bambino Marchi, em 1925, o artigo pretende mostrar como uma escrita de cunho autobiográfico, o breve relato do crime escrito pelo próprio assassino, pode ser lida como uma forma de insurgência contra os discursos policiais e, principalmente, médico. Mais que mero exercício memorialístico, tal narrativa é uma verdadeira tomada de palavra contra a autoridade do perito.
PEDRO HESPANHOL: UM BANDIDO CÉLEBRE NO IMPÉRIO BRASILEIRO
Authors: Porto Ana Gomes
Published: July 2016

Análise das representações de Pedro Hespanhol, que começaram a circular na imprensa brasileira em meados da década de 1830, estendendo-se até o século XX. O artigo indagará os motivos que fizeram com que Pedro Hespanhol, considerado um criminoso “sanguinário”, se transformasse em uma espécie de herói, sendo, inclusive, personagem de duas narrativas ficcionais.