bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liberalismo versus anarcocapitalismo
Authors: Soto Jesús Huerta de
Published: March 2021

This article explains why the ideal of classical liberalism is theo-retically and practically impossible, as well as that the only system of social cooperation theoretically possible and wholly compatible with human natu-re is anarcocapitalism.

Key words: Classical liberalism, anarcocapitalism, socialism, statism, entre-preneurship.

Códigos JEL: B53, D83, H11, H77, P17.

Resumen: En el presente trabajo se explica por qué el programa del libe-ralismo clásico es teórica y prácticamente imposible, y por qué el único siste-ma de cooperación social plenamente compatible con la naturaleza del ser humano es el anarcocapitalismo.

Palabras clave: Liberalismo, anarcocapitalismo, socialismo, estatismo, empresarialidad.
Simmetrie Spezzate. Natura, nascita ed evoluzione della proprietà privata
Authors: Zanella Antonio
Published: March 2021

Il liberalismo, fin dalle sue origini, si basa sul riconoscimento e sul rispetto di tre diritti fondamentali: vita, proprietà e libertà —uno dei fondatori di questa dottrina politica fu il filosofo inglese John Locke (1632-1704)—. Per il liberalismo classico la libertà e la proprietà sono strettamente correlate; i liberali e, in seguito, i libertari, si sono spinti oltre affermando che la libertà e la proprietà sono la stessa cosa. Anche il diritto alla vita è stato riformulato nei termini di proprietà di sé, cioè ognuno è proprietario del proprio corpo e del proprio intelletto, insomma della propria vita. I tre diritti fondamentali —inalienabili— che stanno alla base di ogni altro diritto sono quindi riconducibili al diritto di proprietà. Nel giustificare questo diritto alcuni autori liberali e libertari —come per esempio Murray N. Rothbard (1926-1995)— si sono appoggiati al giusnaturalismo, cioè a una dottrina filosofico-giuridica che si basa sul riconoscimento dell’esistenza di un diritto naturale e razionale universalmente valido, considerato il fondamento di ogni diritto civile. In questo lavoro cercheremo di giustificare il concetto di proprietà abbandonando la sua fondazione giusnaturalistica, che molti contestano per le sue pretese universalistiche —non tutti, infatti, sono disposti a riconoscere l’universalismo dei diritti naturali e l’aura di «sacralità» e «misticismo» che sembrano emanare— sforzandoci di dare un fondamento razionale al rispetto che gli individui tendono ad avere nei confronti dei diritti di proprietà. Per fare ciò utilizzeremo la branca della teoria della scelta razionale che si occupa delle decisioni interattive o strategiche: la teoria dei giochi.

In questo passo mostreremo, quindi, servendoci dei principi della teoria evoluzionistica dei giochi (TEG),1 come il concetto di proprietà privata non sia arbitrario, ma sia nato e si sia evoluto per la sua efficienza nel dirimere contese, sia nel mondo animale che tra gli esseri umani. Non sono solo gli esseri umani, infatti, a riconoscere e rispettare la proprietà altrui; anche la maggior parte degli animali distinguono tra lo stato di proprietario e quello di intruso e si comportano in modo diverso qualora si trovino nel primo o nel secondo.

Nel primo paragrafo forniremo una breve introduzione ai concetti fondamentali della teoria evoluzionistica dei giochi; nel secondo definiremo il concetto di proprietà privata. Nel terzo considereremo, sulle tracce di David Friedman e degli autori della scuola «austriaca»,2 la funzione sociale della proprietà privata, per passare poi, nel quarto paragrafo, all’analisi della nascita e dell’evoluzione della proprietà, analisi che verrà condotta sulla base della TEG.
Análisis de la regulación sectorial de telecomunicaciones desde la perspectiva de la Escuela Económica Austriaca
Authors: González Fernando Herrera
Published: March 2021

Telecommunication services have been provided under a legal monopoly for the most part of its history. In 1998, market liberalisation was completed both in European Union and in Spain. This was accomplished under a legal framework which imposes asymmetric obligations to the incumbent operator, due to its past as monopolist. From that moment, regulatory pressure on market players has increased as the legal framework has evolved. These phenomena can be explained by the theory of price control, due to Ludwig Von Mises; the same theory may preview the future of the sector, if this tendency of regulation is continued.

Key words: Regulation, asymmetric obligations, markets, monopoly, price controls.

JEL Codes: B53, K23, L43, L51, L96.

Resumen: Los servicios de telecomunicaciones se han prestado bajo un monopolio legal durante prácticamente toda su historia. En 1998, se com-pletó la liberalización del mercado tanto en la Unión Europea como en España. Esto se hizo bajo una normativa que impone obligaciones asimétricas al operador histórico del mercado, debido a su pasado monopolista. Desde entonces, la presión regulatoria sobre los agentes presentes en el sector ha crecido conforme ha evolucionado el marco normativo. Estos fenómenos se explican a partir de la teoría de control de precios, de Ludwig Von Mises, por lo que la misma también permite predecir el futuro que espera al sector de seguirse esta línea de regulación.

Palabras clave: Regulación, obligaciones asimétricas, mercados, monopolio, control de precios.

Códigos JEL: B53, K23, L43, L51, L96.
La eficiencia dinámica en la economía de un campo de concentración nazi
Authors: Bas David Sanz
Published: March 2021

The economic activity tends to self-organize under every imaginable situation thanks to the coordinating and creative force of entrepreneurship. Thus, during the Second World War, a market economy developed spontaneously in P.O.W. camps, driven by the entrepreneurship based on the cigarette currency and on free exchange, in which prisoners tried to improve their material welfare by means of voluntary cooperation. Through the testimony of an economist, who fought in the British army and who was captured by the German army, we get to know in detail the development process of this so odd economy. The present work aims at an Austrian interpretation of R.A . Radford's testimony about the development of these processes, putting special emphasis on the leading role of entrepreneurship and evaluating their dynamic efficiency degree at all times.

Key words: Entrepreneurship, dynamic efficiency, P.O.W. camp, cigarette currency.

Resumen: La actividad económica tiende a auto-organizarse en todas las situaciones imaginables gracias a la fuerza coordinadora y creativa de la función empresarial. Así, en los campos de prisioneros de guerra de la Segunda Guerra Mundial se formó de manera espontánea toda una economía de mercado impulsada por la empresarialidad basada en la moneda-cigarrillo y en el intercambio libre en la que los reclusos trataban de mejorar su bienestar material mediante la cooperación voluntaria. A través del testimonio de un economista que luchó en el ejército británico y que fue capturado por el ejército alemán podemos conocer con detalle cuál fue el proceso de desarrollo de esta economía tan peculiar. El presente trabajo pretende ser una interpretación austriaca del testimonio de R.A. Radford sobre el desarrollo de estos procesos haciendo hincapié en el papel protagonista de la empresarialidad y evaluando en todo momento el grado de eficiencia dinámica de los mismos.

Palabras clave: Función empresarial, eficiencia dinámica, campo de prisioneros, moneda cigarrillo.
Una crítica a la teoría de los fallos del mercado desde la perspectiva de la Escuela Austriaca
Authors: Oro Ángel Martín
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we present a critical analysis of the standard market failure theory, one of the most important pillars of economic interventionism. This theory justifies state interference when markets do not produce so-called optimal outcomes; being based on two fundamental concepts of neoclassical welfare economics, namely, Pareto efficiency and perfect competition. The main criticism is directed at the theoretical framework in which is based on, through the contributions of the Austrian School of Economics. To accomplish that, after revising the basics of the market failure theory, we will put forward an alternative concept of efficiency, as well as questioning the suitability of the perfect competitive model. Next, we will reconsider theoretically the traditional market failures, that is, monopolies, public goods and externalities’ problems. This analysis is accompanied by historical cases that illustrate our criticism.

Key words: Market failure, welfare economics, efficiency, imperfect competition, public goods, externalities.

JEL codes: B53, D60, H00.

Resumen: En este trabajo se realiza un análisis crítico de la teoría tradicional de los fallos del mercado, uno de los pilares más importantes del intervencionismo económico. Esta teoría vendría a justificar la interferencia estatal en los casos en que el mercado no produce resultados óptimos; estando apoyada en dos conceptos fundamentales en la economía del bienestar neoclásica: la eficiencia paretiana y el modelo de competencia perfecta. La principal crítica se realizará al marco teórico en el que se inserta, a partir de las aportaciones de la Escuela Austriaca de Economía. Para ello, tras describir a grandes rasgos la teoría de los fallos del mercado, expondremos un concepto alternativo de eficiencia, y nos cuestionaremos la validez teórica del modelo perfectamente competitivo. A continuación, reconsideraremos desde un punto de vista teórico los fallos del mercado tradicionales, esto es: monopolios, bienes públicos y externalidades. Este análisis se acompañará de casos históricos que ilustren y apoyen nuestra crítica.

Palabras clave: Fallos del mercado, economía del bienestar, eficiencia, competencia imperfecta, bienes públicos, externalidades.

Códigos JEL: B53, D60, H00.
Negative externalities of government
Authors: Barnet II William , Block Walter , Dauterive Jerry
Published: March 2021

The neoclassical economists have long used the concept of «market failure» as a stick with which to beat up on the free enterprise system. Foremost amongst these so called «market failures» are «negative externalities.» These are defined as action that negatively affects third parties, other than via price. The key example is pollution. These dismal scientists never mention, however, the fact that government itself is the source of negative externalities itself, particularly through the socialization of risk; e.g., social security, Medicare, Medicaid and other forms of socialized medicine, unemployment insurance, welfare, etc. The present paper is devoted to explicating and elaborating upon the concept of government failure.

Key words: Externality, public good, market failure, neighborhood effect, government failure, moral hazard.

JEL Classification: Q5; D62; H41.

Resumen: Los economistas neoclásicos han utilizado durante mucho tiempo el concepto de «fallo de mercado» como un bastón con el que golpear sobre el sistema de libre empresa. Principalmente entre los llamados «fallos de mercado» se encuentran las «externalidades negativas». Estas se definen como acciones que afectan negativamente a terceras partes por vías distintas a los precios. El ejemplo clave es la polución. Sin embargo, estos «tristes» científicos nunca mencionan el hecho de que el propio gobierno es la fuente de las propias externalidades negativas, particularmente a través de la socialización del riesgo; por ejemplo, la seguridad social, los seguros médicos estatales, los seguros de enfermedad, los seguros de desempleo, la asistencia social, etc. El presente trabajo se dedica a explicar y ampliar el concepto de fallo del gobierno.

Palabras clave: Externalidad, bien público, fallo de mercado, efecto de vecindario, fallo del gobierno, riesgo moral.

Clasificación JEL: Q5; D62; H41.
Free banking, the real-balance effect, and Walras’ Law
Authors: Hauwe Ludwig van den
Published: March 2021

The author of this article draws special attention to two particular claims of the free bankers concerning the supposed working characteristics of a fractional-reserve free banking system which may strike the reader as questionable. The first of these relates to the alleged absence of a real-balance effect under free banking. The second relates to the free bankers’ reference to Walras’ Law as providing a rationale for the free banking system’s «offsetting» actions when confronted with changes in the public’s demand to hold bank liabilities. This rationale is defective since it is based on an erroneous interpretation of Walras’ Law. The author’s conclusion does not imply that it is not at all possible, from a rational viewpoint, to make a plausible case for this variant of free banking, only that the argument should be freed from certain questionable tenets.

Key words: Free banking, monetary systems, real-balance effects, Walras’ Law.

JEL Classification: E0; E32; E42; E5; E51; E52.

Resumen: El autor de esta nota llama la atención sobre dos alegaciones particulares relativas a las supuestas características operativas de una banca libre con reserva fraccionaria que podrían resultar cuestionables al lector. La primera se refiere a la supuesta ausencia de efectos de saldo real en la banca libre. El segundo guarda relación con la referencia de los teóricos de la banca libre con reserva fraccionaria a la Ley de Walras que constituiría la base lógica de las acciones «de compensación» de la banca libre al enfrentarse a cambios en la demanda de medios fiduciarios por parte del público. Esta base lógica es defectuosa puesto que parte de una interpretación errónea de la Ley de Walras. La conclusión del autor no implica que no sea posible en absoluto, desde un punto de vista racional, elaborar una argumentación plausible para esta variante de la banca libre, sino que la argumentación debe estar libre de determinados argumentos cuestionables.

Palabras clave: Banca libre, sistemas monetarios, efectos de saldo real, Ley de Walras.

Clasificación JEL: E0; E32; E42; E5; E51; E52.
Instituciones y praxeología. Un análisis comparado
Authors: Alonso José Carlos Herrán
Published: March 2021

Mises sitúa la acción intencional en el centro de todo su desarrollo teórico económico. Al utilizar el término «acción humana»1 como sinónimo de acción intencional emprendida por el ser humano tras un cálculo racional entre medios y fines subjetivamente con-siderados, Mises contribuye a edificar sobre sólidas bases un en-tramado capaz de soportar el envite epistemológico y metodo-lógico propio de otras corrientes de pensamiento económico.

En este trabajo, más allá del comentario procedente, cuando de lo que se trata es de comparar la entidad de la acción inten-cional con la naturaleza de las instituciones sociales, pretende-mos definir ámbitos y conceptos que mejoren la comprensión respecto a los distintos objetos de estudio de que se trata. Adelan-tamos ya nuestra impresión sobre el aparente dualismo meto-dológico que divide acción humana e instituciones sociales, considerando que en absoluto la duplicidad de métodos niega o merma la capacidad explicativa de cada teoría.

Praxeología y método histórico evolutivo no son sino recur-sos metodológicos compatibles y necesariamente integrados dentro del estudio social. La psicología, partiendo de los funda-mentos descritos por Hayek en El Orden Sensorial ,2 será la ter-cera pata del banco epistemológico capaz de plantear razona-mientos rigurosos y próximos a la verdad científica.

A continuación trazaremos los extremos más importantes a fin de presentar una explicación suficiente y coherente de las rela-ciones más importantes entre Acción intencional, o Acción huma-na, y Conducta: la praxeología, como estructura lógico-formal, y el contenido normativo y las reglas de conducta, con su comple-jidad e indispensable integración disciplinar.
Vínculos entre la Escuela Austriaca de Economía y el método de la inversión en valor
Authors: Durán Diego E. Quijano
Published: March 2021

The Austrian school of economics and the investment method known as value investing have a similar conception of the world, so that it is possible to find multiple links between them and form a coherent structure. To the economist, this allows for a much deeper understanding of the entrepreneurial function and the manner in which economic calculation is actually performed. To the investor, it offers a theoretical framework that explains economic phenomena, permitting him to better understand the role of the entrepreneur and to protect his investment when dangerous patterns can be observed. In this essay, we begin from the common stance of both schools of thought towards common sense, the use of realistic assumptions, the importance of prudence and the low value of complex mathematics in the fields of economics and finance. We then proceed to develop in greater depth nine aspects that have strong philosophical and scientific links.
Key words: Value investing, Austrian school of economics, entrepreneurship, dynamic efficiency, economic calculation.
JEL Classification: A12, G17, M20.
Resumen: La Escuela Austriaca de Economía y el método de inversión en valor tienen una concepción similar del mundo que permite entrelazarlas coherentemente. Al economista, le permite profundizar el conocimiento del ejercicio de la función empresarial y la realización del cálculo económico en la práctica. Al inversor, le ofrece un marco teórico para comprender mejor el papel del empresario y los fenómenos económicos y detectar temprano patrones peligrosos y así protegerse. En este trabajo partimos de la base de que ambas escuelas de pensamiento tienen sus raíces en el sentido común y los supuestos realistas, que son prudentes a la hora de ver el futuro y que dudan de la utilidad de las matemáticas complejas en los campos económicos y financieros. Sobre ello, desarrollamos nueve aspectos en los cuales hay fuertes conexiones como, por ejemplo, la manera en que el ejercicio de la empresarialidad mejora la eficiencia del mercado y coordina los planes de las personas.
Palabras clave: Inversión en valor, escuela austriaca de economía, empre-sarialidad, eficiencia dinámica, cálculo económico.
Clasificación JEL: A12, G17, M20.
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT EFFICIENCY AND COMPETTIIVENESS OF LOCALLY MANUFACTURED GOODS BY AUTOSTERILE EAST AFRICA, KENYA
Authors: Kamau Margaret , Sile Isabella
Published: March 2021

Absrtact
This study investigated the influence of business environment efficiency on competitiveness of locally manufactured
goods by Autosterile East Africa, Kenya. This study used case study design. This study sampled 69 respondents,
including 8 top level employees, 22 middle level employees and 39 lower level employees in Autosterile East Africa.
Census sampling was used to select the respondents. Secondary data was obtained from the Autosterile East Africa
publications that touches on determinants of competitiveness. Questionnaires used in the survey formed the primary
data and was analyzed by use of Statistical Packages for Social Science version 23. Linear regression analysis was
done to test the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The study findings led to the conclusion
that business environment efficiency have a positive relationship with competitiveness of locally manufactured goods.
The findings revealed that business environment efficiency is significant determinant of competitiveness of locally
manufactured goods. It was found out that the demand for goods and services and political stability influences
competition of goods and services. The regulations dictate the competition among companies and supply of goods and
services controls a firm's competitive advantage.
Keywords: Business environment efficiency, competitiveness, Locally manufactured goods, Autosterile East Africa.
Teks Rujukan Sinema Indonesia yang Mendesak Diperbaharui
Authors:   Fakultas Film dan Televisi, Institut Kesenian Jakarta, Yatim Debra H
Published: March 2021

Buku Kuasa Dalam Sinema: Negara, Masyarakat dan Sinema Orde Baru karya Krishna Sen, yang merupakan teks wajib di FFTV-IKJ, saat diterjemahkan dan terbit dalam versi bahasa Indonesia saja sudah kedaluwarsa 27 tahun. Sudah saatnya muncul inisiatif akademik untuk melakukan penelusuran ulang terhadap beberapa premis yang ditawarkan oleh Sen saat melakukan penelitiannya pada 1980-1982, mengkaji kembali argumentasi yang disodorkannya tentang kekuatan-kekuatan pembentuk sensibilitas sinema di Indonesia, dan menerima tantangan yang dilemparkannya 27 tahun silam untuk mengamati sumbangsih perempuan dalam perfilman Indonesia.
Ketika Koreografi Berdialog dengan Kamera
Authors:   Fakultas Seni Pertunjukan, Institut Kesenian Jakarta, Herlina Hanny
Published: March 2021

Tulisan ini merupakan penelitian tentang fenomena proses pembelajaran koreografi saat situasi pandemi Covid-19 di Indonesia yang berdampak terhadap aktivitas proses kreatifnya. Seni Tari adalah seni yang diciptakan dari sebuah kreativitas, eksplorasi tubuh, ruang, dan waktu dimana hasil tersebut ruang pertunjukan menjadi salah satu tempat dialog antara karya tari dan penonton. Peristiwa yang tercipta di panggung, terbangun dan menjadi kenikmatan tersendiri bagi sang koreografer untuk memberikan tawaran-tawaran imaginasi dan kreativitas kepada penonton. Gerak tubuh, ekspresi, suasana artistik panggung setiap adegan dapat dilihat dan dirasakan secara langsung oleh penonton. Pandemi Covid-19 telah merubah konsep pertunjukan panggung di mana koreografer harus merubah cara kebiasaannya menjadi sebuah pertunjukan secara virtual. Pengamatan peristiwa ini dilakukan pada salah satu mahasiswa tari yang akan melaksanakan Ujian Tahap Akhir dimana koreografi tidak lagi diciptakan untuk sebuah pertunjukan di panggung tetapi menjadi sebuah pertunjukan dalam frame kamera. Karya Medhang, koreografer Lenny Febriani menceritakan perjalanan seorang penari Lengger yang hijrah ke Jakarta untuk mewujudkan impiannya. Metode yang digunakan adalah penyajian data kualitatif deskristif, observasi video, kajian pustaka dan pengamatan langsung.
Film dan Arah Kebudayaan
Authors:   Fakultas Film dan Televisi, Institut Kesenian Jakarta, Hakim Nurman
Published: March 2021

Manusia adalah makhluk yang selalu mencari makna diri dan relasinya dengan kehidupan. Untuk itulah mereka menciptakan kebudayaan. Salah satu dari produk kebudayaan adalah film, yang mengalami transformasi terus-menerus seiring dengan berlangsungnya kehidupan sosial budaya yang berkelindan dengan masyarakatnya. Melalui film sebagai produk kebudayaan, dengan menggunakan perspektif antropologi budaya, tulisan ini berusaha menunjukkan dan menjelaskan persinggungan berikut ketegangan antara sineas sebagai aktor/agen kebudayaan dengan struktur kebudayaan yang berorientasi pada suatu ideologi tertentu, yang kemudian mentransfigurasi struktur itu sendiri atau justru memperkukuh struktur kebudayaan yang sudah ada.
EVALUATION OF THE PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF α-MoO3 DOPED WITH RARE EARTH ELEMENTS ( La , Y ) FOR THE REMOVAL OF METHYL RED DYE
Authors: Kassem M.
Published: March 2021

This study deals with the use of molybdenum trioxide doped with different quantities of lanthanum or yttrium as catalysts in the photocatalytic processes  for removing methyl red from aqueous solution. Crystalline structure, surface area, pore volume, and pore diameter, characteristics that may significantly affect the photocatalytic activity of materials, have been studied, during the addition of lanthanum or yttrium to MoO3, using several advanced techniques such as X-ray diffraction, Raman spectrometry, and nitrogen absorption. Diffraction patterns did not show any changes in MoO3 structure when the doping rate was smaller than 0.6. In doping rates, greater than 0.6, new diffraction peaks related to other compounds have been noticed only in the case of LxMoO3. The addition of lanthanum or yttrium has increased the surface area of prepared materials, which contribute to enhancing the photcatalytic activity where the degradation rate of methyl red has reached to about 60% in the case of  LxMoO3 and to 95% in the case of YxMoO3.
OPTIMIZATION OF EUGENOL PRODUCTION FROM CLOVES USING TAGUGHI DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Guntero Vanina , Ferretti Cristián Alejandro , Mancini Pedro Máximo , Kneeteman María Nélida
Published: March 2021

This work study the application of Taguchi method and factorial design of experiment for modeling and optimization of the influence of some variables in the extraction of essential oil of cloves by a lab scale microwave. This methodology was compared with conventional methods such as hydrodistillation, steam distillation, continuous solid-liquid extraction. Subsequently, the eugenol present in clove oil was isolated, purified and characterized by gas chromatography. Results showed that the yields obtained by microwave are highest respect to others methods  being the optimum conditions to produce a 91.07% of yield of eugenol a temperature of 70 °C, stirring of 480 rpm, time of 25 minute, ethanol solution of 100% and a relation liquid-solid of 19 ml/mg.
THE EFFECT OF HIGH INTENSITY ULTRASOUND PRE-TREATMENT ON THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF MICROWAVE-DRIED PEARS
Authors: Yildiz Gulcin
Published: March 2021

The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of high intensity ultrasound (HIU) pre-treatment on the quality of microwave-dried pears. Functional properties including color and bioactive compounds (total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (ATC)) of microwave-dried pears at 2 power levels (100 and 200 W) with and without HIU-pretreatment were compared with the untreated pears. A Konica Minota CR-400 Chroma Meter was used to examine the color changes in microwave-dried pears. TPC was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The free radical scavenging activity of the extract was analyzed using 1,1-dipheyl-2-picylhydrazyl (DPPH). It was concluded that the TPC and ATC of microwave-dried pears treated with and without HIU pre-treatment under both power levels were decreased in comparison with untreated pears. The highest phenolic substances were observed in a HIU pre-treated (20 min) and dried at 200 W pear pieces. Similarly, the ATC of microwave-dried pears at 200 W with HIU pre-treatment were higher than those of the samples processed with microwave drying at 100 W for both HIU-treated and untreated samples. All colour parameters (L*, a*, b*)were shown a significant change depending on the drying powers and application of HIU pre-treatment. The closest color values to the fresh sample were found for the microwave-dried samples at 200 W with HIU pre-treatment during 20 min. In overall, microwave drying process was proven to be more effecient when combined with HIU-pretreatment to acquire a high-quality food product along with an enhanced bioactive components & color.
PENGALAMAN PASIEN KANKER PAYUDARA PADA SUKU BATAK YANG MENJALANI KEMOTERAPI
Authors: Sianipar Conny Melva , Nurmaini Nurmaini , Darti Nur Afi
Published: March 2021

Breast cancer is cancer that comes from the gland, the gland duct and supporting tissue of the breast. One of types of medication for breast cancer is by chemotherapy. Most of the breast cancer patients in North Sumatera are Bataknese women. Goal: The objective of this research was to explore the experience of Bataknese breast cancer patients who were under chemotherapy treatment. Method: The research used phenomenology descriptive method. The data were gathered by conducting in-depth interviews. The sample were 15 Bataknese breast cancer patients who had fulfilled the criteria as the participants, taken by using purposive sampling technique. The Results of recorded interviews was analyzed by using content analysis. Result: The result of the research showed that there were five themes which reflected the phenomena. They were experienced the emotional instability of breast cancer patients as a response to chemotherapy, adaptation to reduce the physical changes after chemotherapy, seeked the healing and recovery by breast cancer patients who were under chemotherapy treatment, reduced the emotional instability by breast cancer patienst who were under chemotherapy treatment, obstacles which is experienced by the breast cancer patients under chemotherapy treatment. It is recommended that health care provider, especially nurse, provide holistic service based on cultural for breast cancer patients who were treated with chemotherapy and give information to educational that the importance of cultural to give the nursing services.
HUBUNGAN KARAKTERISTIK DENGAN PHBS DI SMA NEGERI 1 PANCUR BATU
Authors: Simbolon Pomarida
Published: March 2021

Schools as one of the centers of education for the children of the nation, up to now have not been able to carry out recommendations to be able to behave clean and healthy. If PHBS is not done well, it will cause undesirable effects, namely the emergence of various diseases and poor health status. This was found in 1 Pancur Batu Public High School in Deli Serdang District. Goals : The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship of characteristics with PHBS in-state high schools 1 Pancur Batu. Methods: This type of research is cross-sectional conducted at 1 Pancur Batu Public High School. The sample in the study amounted to 88 people with a simple random sampling technique. Data collection using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. Results: The results showed that there was a sex relationship (p = 0.007, class level (p = 0.001) with PHBS. Conclusion: It was suggested that the 1 Pancur Batu Public High School be advised to collaborate with Pancur Batu Health Center to create a schedule for providing health education so that knowledge of school children more updates about PHBS.
TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN SUAMI TENTANG PENDAMPINGAN IBU SELAMA PROSES PERSALINAN DI KLINIK PERA MEDAN TAHUN 2019
Authors: Sitepu Aprilita Br
Published: March 2021

The husband is the person who plays an important role in assisting the mother during the birth process to provide support and motivation for the mother, so that labor can take place smoothly and reduce the occurrence of complications for both mother and fetus. Goals: The purpose of this study was to determine the level of husband's knowledge about maternal assistance during labor in Medan Pera Clinic for the period March-September 2019. Method: This study is descriptive in nature with a cross sectional study design of 30 respondents and uses a total population method that uses secondary data from the clinical labor registration book and primary data from questionnaires submitted to each respondent. Results: The results of the study were obtained based on the level of knowledge with the most lack of knowledge, namely 66.67%, followed by those with sufficient knowledge, namely 26.67%, and the least knowledgeable, namely 6.67%. Based on the demographics of respondents based on education most had high school educational background of 76.67%, based on the number of children who had the most 2-5 children as many as 63.33%, based on work, most worked as entrepreneurs, as many as 83.33%, based on the source of information most obtained information from the environment that is as much as 56.67%. Conclusion: Health workers are expected to motivate more husbands to be able to prepare themselves early in assisting mothers during the delivery process so that the husbands not only know but also carry out what is already known about childbirth companions.
GAMBARAN FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI WANITA USIA SUBUR MEMILIH KONTRASEPSI SUNTIK DI KLINIK PRATAMA TANJUNG TAHUN 2019
Authors: Ambarita Bernadetta , Tumanggor Sonia Esveralda
Published: March 2021

Kontrasepsi suntikan adalah salah satu jenis kontrasepsi dengan jalan penyuntikan sebagai usaha untuk mencegah terjadinya kehamilan melalui suntikan hormonal.Gambaran faktor yang mempengaruhi Wanita usia subur Memilih kontrasepsi suntik ialah: Faktor pendidikan, sosial ekonomi, sikap, pelayanan kesehatan, dan dukungan keluarga. Agar penggunaan kontrasepsi suntik secara dapat efektif, dalam hal ini perawat maternitas perlu memberikan konseling dan informasi secara lengkap agar pencapaian angka keberhasilan kontrasepsi suntik tercapai. Untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Wanita Usia Subur Memilih Kontrasepsi Suntik Di Klinik Pratama Tanjung Tahun 2019. penelitian ini di lakukan dengan metode deskritif, pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan populasi 30 WUS dan seluruh populasi di teliti (total sampling). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian di dapat bahwa faktor pendidkan SMP sebanyak 7 orang (23,3%), dan pendidikan SMA sebanyak 20 orang (66,7%), sedangkan pendidikan S1 sebanyak 3 orang (10,0%). responden yang mempunyai faktor sosial ekonomi penghasilan Tinggi sebanyak 4 orang (13,3%), dan penghasilan sedang 11 orang (36,7%), sedangkan penghasilan rendah sebanyak 15 orang (50,0%). Dan faktor sikap positif 22 orang (73,3), sedangkan sikap negatif sebanyak 8 orang (26,7%). Sebagian responden yang memilih baik dalam pelayanan kesehatan 20 orang (66,7), sedangkan tidak baik sebanyak 10 orang (33,3%). Sedangkan faktor Dukungan Keluarga yaitu sebagian responden yang memilih baik dalam pelayanan kesehatan 20 orang (66,7), sedangkan tidak baik sebanyak 10 orang (33,3%). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian di dapat bahwa Wanita Usia Subur mayoritas memperoleh informasi dari dukungan keluarga sama dengan pelayanan kesehatan , sehingga di sarankan pada tenaga kesehatan atau pemerintah setempat agar memberikan penyuluhan atau konseling tentang penggunaan alat kontrasepsi suntik..
PENGARUH RELAKSASI BENSON TERHADAP TINGKAT KECEMASAN PENULARAN CORONA VIRUS DISEASE 2019 PADA MAHASISWA NERS TINGKAT III STIKES SANTA ELISABETH MEDAN TAHUN 2020
Authors: S Samfriati , G Friska , S Lia Mayang S
Published: March 2021

Background: In the Covid-19 Pandemic era 2020, Covid-19 with its increasing spread rate even death in each individual can occur, this greatly affects the condition of students universally by experiencing annoyance, worry, fear, anxiety so that it can cause excessive anxiety. One of the techniques to reduce this level of anxiety is the Benson Relaxation, which can provide comfort and a sense of relaxation so that it can adapt well to the current environment. This Benson relaxation is a combination of deep breaths and elements of faith that give a feeling of calm, comfort and even confidence.Goals: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Benson Relaxation on the Anxiety Levels of Corona virus disease 2019 on nursing students level III of STIKes Santa Elisabeth Medan 2020.Method: This study used a pre-experimental study with one group pre test and post test design. The instrument used was an anxiety level questionnaire, with 30 nursing students level III STIKes Santa Elisabeth Medan. The research sample were 30 students, where the sample was used by using purposive sampling.Result: The results of the study p-value = 0.000 (P <0.05) indicate that Benson relaxation has an effect on the anxiety level of the third level of Nursing student STIKes Santa Elisabeth Medan.Conclusion: This Benson relaxation technique is a good and appropriate relaxation to do at this time to reduce the level of anxiety in the respondent so that the respondent experiences a sense of calm and comfort. Respondents are expected to always apply this Benson relaxation to overcome the increasing increase in anxiety and can overcome the level of anxiety they are experiencing
HUBUNGAN KONSEP DIRI DENGAN GAYA HIDUP HEDONIS PADA SISWA/I SMA SANTO YOSEF MEDAN TAHUN 2019
Authors: Sigalingging Vina Yolanda Sari , Simorangkir Lindawati , W Semirani
Published: March 2021

Introduction : Hedonist lifestyle can bring effects that can damage the next generation of the nation, especially adolescents who are still experiencing an identity crisis in looking for identity so that adolescents have not been able to judge themselves about the strengths and weaknesses of so many adolescents who are easily affected and are mired by unhealthy relationships.Method : This research is correlation analytic research with Cross Sectional approach. The statistical test used is the Spearman Rank. The population in this study were students of SMA Santo Yosef Medan class XI with a total sample of 57 respondents taken by the Quota Sampling technique.Result : The results showed that respondents who lacked self-concept were 27respondents (47%) and moderate hedonic lifestyle as many as 26 respondents (45.6%). Based on the results of the gamma analysis test, a p-value of 0,000 (p <0,005) was obtained so that Ha was accepted or there was a relationship between self-concept and hedonic lifestyles in the students of Santo Yosef Medan High School.Discussion : In this study available that there is a close relationship between self-concept and hedonic style in adolescents, especially students of the Santo Yosef Medan High School. For this reason, it is expected that adolescents will have positive self-concepts to support learning activities and reduce hedonic attitudes in life.
Palaeoenvironments of northwestern Bulgaria and northeastern Serbia during the Jurassic
Authors: Tchoumatchenco Platon
Published: March 2021

Jurassic rocks in the Danube Region of northwestern Bulgaria and northeastern Serbia have been the subject of numerous earlier studies that have shown notable similarities between their sedimentary facies and depositional environments. In terms of regional palaeotectonic zonation, this area represents the westernmost parts of the Vidin Early–Middle Jurassic Complex Horst and the Mihaylovgrad Early–Middle Jurassic Graben in NW Bulgaria, as well as the easternmost part of the Lower Danubicum in NE Serbia, which collectively take part of the Jurassic Moesian Platform. For compiling an overall conception of the palaeoenvironments that existed during the Jurassic, nine palaeoenvironmental sketch maps, from the Aalenian to the late Tithonian, have been composed in this study, based on reinterpretation of the data borrowed from previous literature. It became evident that the Middle Jurassic sedimentary successions of the Danube Region record an evolution from an initially isolated lacustrine-palustrine depositional setting (Aalenian) to rapidly expanding shallow to moderately deeper-marine sandy-calcareous setting (late Bajocian–early Callovian). From the middle Callovian and onwards, during the Late Jurassic, the region became an area of laterally extensive pelagic and platform carbonate deposition. This interpretation is consistent with the available earlier data, but it links the facies and their respective settings from NW Bulgaria to NE Serbia, which has not been made to date and will be of benefit for future regional correlations.
A new concept for the Paleogene lithostratigraphy in the onshore part of the Dolna Kamchiya Basin (eastern Bulgaria) on the basis of 3D modeling
Authors: Valchev Boris , Dimitrov Hristo , Sachkov Dimitar , Juranov Sava
Published: March 2021

This study is based on primary lithological data from 96 boreholes and lithostratigraphic interpretation of 17 seismic profiles from the onshore part of the Dolna Kamchiya Basin, which belongs to the onshore sector of the Moesian Platform and comprises the south-easternmost part of the Southern platform zone. Nine formal Paleogene lithostratigraphic units were recognized (the Byala, Komarevo, Dvoynitsa, Beloslav, Dikilitash, Aladan, Avren formations, the Dolni Chiflik Member of the Avren Formation, and the Ruslar Formation). For visualization of their spatial relationships and revealing the deep structure of the basin, a 3D lithological model was created. In addition, new data on the lithology, thicknesses and ages of the units were provided.
The Wretched on the Walls: A Fanonian Reading of a Revolutionary Albanian Orphanage
Authors: Nishku Genta
Published: March 2021

Using Franz Fanon’s “On Violence,” this paper analyzes dynamics of power and violence in Lulëkuqet mbi Mure / Red Poppies on Walls, a 1976 Albanian film about WWII anti-fascist resistance, told through the story of a group of orphans in Italian-occupied Albania. Fanon’s explication that the colonizer’s power is founded on force and maintained through violence, capitalist exploitation, dehumanization and compartmentalization, elucidates the film. His argument that decolonization is possible only through greater counter-violence is critical in understanding why the orphans use violent means to liberate themselves. The children’s struggle against the fascist orphanage directors is noticed and harnessed Communist Party members. I argue that though the Party’s guidance helps the children fight their subjugation, it also curbs their revolutionary potential. Thus, the didactic and propagandistic goals of Lulëkuqet mbi Mure allow only for a strict cold war dichotomy: one is either a fascist, capitalist and colonizer, or a communist, revolted colonized subject ready to take up arms. My engagement with the film, however, demonstrates that the children’s solidarity with one another and their subtle resistance prior to the communists’ intervention, gestured toward an alternative way of building community – one closer to Fanon’s ideas of a new humanism, even if it ultimately remains unrealized in the film.
Stigmatization of the Analytical Concept of Gender as Ideology
Authors: Barát Erzsébet
Published: March 2021

I identify three junctures … since the system change in 1989, which have emerged and crystalized into the discourses of ‘gender ideology’ and ‘gender-craze’. This appropriation of ’gender’, the key category in feminist analysis is a serious attack to stigmatize and ostracize its critical potential and existence. I shall reflect on the specificities of these changes and argue for a model of meaning in terms of polyvocality that is always already open to critique. We need such a socially situated model to reclaim gender as the critical category of analysis that has been developed to expose the very ideological interest of patriarchal institutions to re/produce unequal relations of power as given.
Decolonial Encounters and the Geopolitics of Racial Capitalism
Authors: Gržinić Marina , Kancler Tjaša , Rexhepi Piro
Published: March 2021

In the summer of 2018 at the first Balkan Society for Theory and Practice workshop that took place in Prizren, Kosova, scholars, activists, and artists came together to engage in a very much needed debate about the past, present, and future of anti-capitalist politics, feminism, queer and trans* studies, critical race theory, postcolonial and decolonial critique in the context of the post-socialist Balkan countries and former Eastern Europe. The idea for this tri-logue came out of a late night and early morning conversations based on common concerns and collaborations that have taken various forms through years of exchange and engagement with one another. It is a discussion based on the questions posed in the open call for this special issue Breaking with Transition: Decolonial and Postcolonial Perspectives in Eastern Europe. To articulate some crucial critical points through this text, we speak about the conflicts and tensions, as well as the need to envisage important analytical turns and political tactics within our ongoing struggles against turbo-racializing capitalism.
(Re)thinking Postsocialism: Interview with Neda Atanasoski and Kalindi Vora
Authors: Pagulich Lesia , Shchurko Tatsiana
Published: March 2021

Neda Atanasoski and Kalindi Vora: We realized that the socialist legacies of each region connected them, as well as to other global sites. Postcolonial studies offered tools for understanding Soviet imperialism, yet came from regions with very different racialized, gendered, and sexualized dynamics of power that accompanied the European colonial form of economic domination. At the same time, postsocialist studies was actively excavating and engaging the impact of socialism on cultural and political life in Eastern Europe in a way that did not seem to gain traction as a way to understand the socialist commitments of newly independent governments in the third world who were non-aligned but initiated social welfare and redistribution policies to protect newly launched national economies, policies that continue in some places until the present.
Queering Bratislava: On Borders, Otherness and Public Space
Authors: Tsilimpounidi Myrto
Published: March 2021

This paper follows the multiple layers of an urban fabric that is stereotypically characterised as ‘post-socialist’, yet in essence, it is subject to ongoing transitions – much like the notion of being queer. What can we learn from queer theory in relation to post-socialist urban theory? What are the methodological advancements that derive from a queer approach to research? In this light, the presentation breaks the usually logocentric academic discourse as it engages with the premises of visual sociology. Using visual material from Bratislava focusing on urban inscriptions (street art, urban interventions) it opens up a discussion about the changes in the city and the struggles of different groups.
Жити феміністично
Authors: Гусєва Оксана
Published: March 2021

Дев’ята книга феміністки та незалежної дослідниці Сари Ахмед «Жити феміністично» – текст, що поєднанує епізоди з особистого життя і професійної діяльності авторки, діалоги з видатними теоретикинями фемінізму, приклади з фольклору, художньої літератури та кінематографу, а також роздуми про розвиток і перспективи феміністичного руху. Спираючись на рефлексивно-аналітичний підхід, авторка демонструє, що життя за принципами фемінізму, як і саме поняття фемінізму, полягає в постійному критичному ставленні до навколишньої дійсності та в порушенні гострих і часто незручних питань.
Operational Trials of the E.M. 2 Automatic Rifle in Malaya, 1952–1953
Authors: Ferguson Jonathan S.
Published: March 2021

This article outlines the little-known field trials carried out with the British E.M. 2 advanced prototype assault rifle during the Malayan Emergency. It introduces the E.M. 2 rifle (accepted for service in 1951 as Rifle, 7 mm, No. 9, Mk. I) and the ‘Operational Trial’ as a part of the period British small arms procurement process. It then outlines the different trials carried out during the period in question and the military units involved, as well introducing some of the key personnel. Surviving examples of the E.M. 2 rifles used in these trials—today held in the Royal Armouries collection—are also identified and their known history elucidated. The implications for the ongoing development of the E.M. 2 after the trials period are then explored.
The occurrence of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura during treatment of HCV with direct-acting antiviral agents
Authors: Hanafy Amr , Seleem Waseem , Mohamed Salem ,   Internal Medicine Department, Hepatogastroenterology Unit – Zagazig University. Egypt,   Internal Medicine Department, Hepatogastroenterology Unit – Zagazig University. Egypt
Published: March 2021

Background and aim Experts have reported thrombocytopenia linked to chronic liver disease in up to 70% in patients with advanced fibrosis and portal hypertension. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) occurrence with HCV infection is a rare and life-threatening event. We aimed to investigate the cause of disturbed conscious level, acute hemolytic anemia, and severe thrombocytopenia in a male patient with chronic HCV and under treatment with direct-acting antivirals. Case report: Development of severe thrombocytopenia, acute hemolytic anemia, neurological symptoms in the form of fits and coma in a 32- year- old man with chronic HCV infection after one week of treatment with direct-acting antivirals (sofosbuvir 400mg PO daily, and daclatasvir 60 mg PO daily). Brain CT was normal, with a negative Coombs test and the presence of schistocytes in the peripheral blood smear. The patient presentation was suggestive of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Conclusion: This is a case of TTP after one week of direct-acting antiviral drugs despite the safety profile of these medications. Studying the pathophysiology of TTP after DAAs needs more clarifications.