bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN AND INOSITOL ON THE SURVIVAL OF SEMIDRIED MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Webb S. J.
Published: February 2010

Oxygen was found to have no effect on the induction of the λ prophage due to desiccation but enhanced cell death and the inactivation of the intracellular phages at relative humidity (R.H.) levels below 40%. The magnitude of the oxygen effect increased as the R.H. below 30% decreased. Inositol prevented cell death and phage inactivation due to both bound water reorientation and oxidations. Cells freeze-dried before aerosolization were more stable to storage in air at 30% R.H. and below than they were at 40% to 70% R.H. However, most of the killing of pre-dried cells held at 20% R.H. and below in air was found to be due to an effect of oxygen.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF IMMUNOGENIC PROPERTIES OF TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI INACTIVATED WITH β-PROPIOLACTONE AND WITH SOME OTHER INACTIVATING AGENTS
Authors: Soltys M. A.
Published: February 2010

Success in immunizing animals with dead trypanosomes depends on both the method of inactivating trypanosomes and the strain used for immunization. Comparative studies with various inactivating agents showed that β-propio-lactone and formalin are superior to phenol, heat at 56 °C, and lysis in distilled water. A vaccine containing Trypanosoma brucei with frequent passages through mice and not exposed to antibodies could elicit in animals protective antibodies and resistance to a challenge with a homologous strain. Passive immunity was shown in young mice born of vaccinated mothers. On the other hand, no active or passive immunity was demonstrated when animals were immunized with a vaccine prepared from a variant of T. brucei after passage through rabbits or sheep.
THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITIONS OF 17 ENTOMOPHTHORA ISOLATES
Authors: Tyrrell D.
Published: February 2010

The fatty acid compositions of 17 Entomophthora isolates, together with those of 8 other fungi, were determined. γ-Linolenic acid was present in all fungi examined, and eicosatrienoic and arachidonic acids were found in all but the three Basidiobolus species and Rhizopus nigricans. All but two of the Entomophthora isolates could be divided into three groups on the basis of their fatty acid composition. Of the other fungi examined, only the fatty acid compositions of the Conidiobolus species show close correlation with those of Entomophthora species.
THE METABOLISM OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS WITH DIFFERENT SIDE CHAINS BY A PSEUDOMONAS
Authors: Blakley E. R.
Published: February 2010

A strain of Pseudomonas previously used to study the oxidative degradation of phenylacetic acid and phenylpropionic acid has been used to study the degradation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, phenylbutyric acid, and phenylvaleric acid. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid was converted to 3, 4-dihydroxy-benzoic acid and the aromatic ring was cleaved between carbons 3 and 4. Previous results showed that cleavage of 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid occurred between carbons 2 and 3. Phenylalanine and tyrosine were metabolized by the homogentisic acid pathway. These results, together with results of previous work, suggest that the pathway used for the degradation of aromatic compounds by this organism varies with the nature of the side chain. The metabolism of aromatic compounds with side chains longer than three carbons appears to involve oxidative shortening of the side chain prior to cleavage of the aromatic ring.
THE UTILIZATION OFD-AMINO ACIDS BY YEASTS
Authors: LaRue T. A. , Spencer J. F. T.
Published: February 2010

Ninety-one strains of yeast from 19 genera were examined for their ability to utilize single L- and D-amino acids as the nitrogen source for growth. Eighty strains from 17 genera were able to grow on at least one D-amino acid. The most readily utilized were alanine, α-amino butyric acid, leucine, and serine. D-Cysteine was used by few species. The utilization of D-amino acids is of little use in classifying or identifying yeasts.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMMUNE RESPONSE AND HYDROLASE ACTIVITY IN RAT MONONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Shults Fred S. , Woodward John M.
Published: February 2010

Studies of differences in hydrolase activity of peritoneal mononuclear leucocytes from normal rats and rats given three injections of killed Francisella tularensis vaccine demonstrated increases of 37–69% in ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, and acid phosphatase in lysates of cells obtained from vaccinated animals. No deviation from normal was observed for B-glucuronidase, alkaline phosphatase, or cathepsin. Following a single injection of vaccine the activity of ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, and acid phosphatase decreased slightly and then increased, reaching a maximum of 96 h and returning to normal levels after 30 d. Stimulation of the animals with a second injection of vaccine at 96 h resulted in an immediate and pronounced depression in activity of deoxyribonuclease and acid phosphatase which also was followed by an increase similar to that observed initially. Analysis of the various leucocytic fractions revealed 52.2–56.4% of the total enzymatic activity to be associated with the cytoplasmic granules.
THE EFFECT OF ANTIMETABOLITES ON NODULATION AND GROWTH OF LEGUMINOUS PLANTS
Authors: Molina J. A. E. , Alexander M.
Published: February 2010

The influence of antimetabolites of amino acids, vitamins, auxins, purines, and pyrimidines on nodule formation and growth of legumes was investigated using Lotus corniculatus and excised roots of Phaseolus vulgaris. Many of the antimetabolites were toxic to L. corniculatus plants, P. vulgaris roots, or both at the concentrations tested, but several increased top length without affecting root development of the former species. Nodule abundance on L. corniculatus was increased by indole, 2-phenyl-n-butyric acid, D- and L-leucine, barbituric acid, oxythiamine, and quercetin. α-Picolinic acid, a niacin antagonist, prevented nodule formation by this plant species, although it had no apparent effect on root or top growth or on proliferation of the infective rhizobium in vitro. No such influence on nodulation of L. corniculatus was noted with pyridine-3-sulfonate, another niacin antimetabolite. Benzene hexachloride and α-methyl-glutamic acid inhibited nodulation without seemingly affecting development of excised bean roots, while pyridine-3-sulfonate markedly enhanced nodulation. Nodulation of excised roots of Medicago sativa and Melilotus alba inoculated with infective rhizobia was demonstrated.
THE INDUCTION OF BIREFRINGENCE IN PELLICLES OF BACTERIAL CELLULOSE FROM ACETOBACTER XYLINUM BY LIPIDS
Authors: Carson J. H. , Sowden L. C. , Colvin J. R.
Published: February 2010

Some lipids, particularly diglycerides, cholesterol, or cholesterol derivatives, are able to induce visible birefringence in pellicles of extracellular bacterial cellulose produced by Acetobacter xylinum when they are added in small amounts to the surface of cultures. This birefringence is due to orientation of a fraction of the cellulose microfibrils, not the cells, in the pellicle. Orientation may begin with small microscopic domains which are present in pellicles of untreated cultures and some of which may overgrow others under the influence of a lipid. How the lipids induce alignment of the microfibrils in the bacterial culture is unknown but the process appears to involve an interaction between newly formed extracellular microfibrils and the microcrystalline surface of the lipid.
A COMPARISON OF RAT AND RABBIT SERA BACTERICIDINS ACTIVE AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Yotis W. W. , Ortiz J. S.
Published: February 2010

The respiration and growth of 5 strains each of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis in fresh normal rat and rabbit sera were measured. S. aureus grew and oxidized the sera of these animals better than S. epidermidis. Both S. aureus and S. epidermidis grew and respired more actively in rabbit than in rat serum. The antibacterial activity of rat or rabbit serum was stable to heating at 56 °C for 1 h, but its activity was destroyed after heating at 60 °C for 2 h. Treatment of rat and rabbit sera with 0.4 M sodium citrate drastically reduced the antibacterial activity of these sera. Once the sera had been treated with sodium citrate or oxalate, addition of equimolar solutions of calcium chloride or magnesium chloride failed to restore the antibacterial activity of rat and rabbit sera. Addition of ferric ions at concentrations which are not normally found in rat and rabbit sera reversed the inhibitory activity of these sera, thus allowing coagulase-negative strains of staphylococci to grow well in rat and rabbit sera. The antibacterial agent of rat or rabbit serum was absorbed by heat-killed cells of S. aureus and S. epidermidis; treatment with bentonite at a concentration of 100 mg/ml absorbed the antibacterial agent from rabbit serum but only partially from rat serum. The high levels of the antibacterial agent in rat serum may explain the partial removal of this agent by bentonite and may contribute to the marked resistance of the rat to staphylococcal infection.
BETA-(1→3)- AND BETA-(1→4)-D-GLUCANASE PRODUCTION BY THREE FUNGI
Authors: Schneberger G. L. , Luchsinger W. W.
Published: February 2010

Schizophyllum commune, Polyporus versicolor, and P. betulinus have been tested for endo-barley-β-glucanase, endo-carboxymethylcellulase, and laminarin-splitting activities for up to 36 days of growth in shake culture on seven carbon sources. S. commune, P. versicolor, and P. betulinus were decreasingly effective as enzyme producers. Barley β-glucan and cellulose derivatives were the most effective carbon sources. Barley β-glucanase, which is inducible for S. commune, may act by cleavage of β-(1→3) bonds.
PREVALENCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ANTI-DELTA LYSIN IN MAN
Authors: Maniar A. C. , Weslake Claudia , Warner Peter
Published: February 2010

A group of 53 normal human plasma samples showed variable staphylococcal anti-delta-hemolysin activity. Albumin and globulin in low concentrations did not interfere with the hemolytic activity of delta lysin. Rabbit and guinea pig sera contained anti-delta lysin in low titer. Staphylococcus aureus 209 produced equal zones of hemolysis when grown on washed erythrocyte agar plates prepared from 16 different human blood samples while whole blood agar plates prepared from the same blood gave variable and smaller zones under similar conditions.
SEPARATION OF BOVINE SENSITIZING MATERIAL FROM PAPAIN DIGEST OF BEEF BROTH
Authors: Stainer D. W.
Published: February 2010

Papain digest of beef broth (P.D.B. broth), which is routinely used to grow Corynebacterium diphtheriae in submerged culture, was examined for its ability to elicit sensitivity reactions to beef serum in guinea pigs and to induce shock. When ammonium sulfate was added to P.D.B. broth to 45% (w/v) a precipitate was obtained which, when redissolved and combined with Freund's adjuvant, sensitized guinea pigs so that challenge with beef serum produced severe anaphylactic reactions. If aluminium hydroxide and Bordetella pertussis were used as adjuvant, the method of preparation of the broth was shown to have an effect on the anaphylactic response obtained.Sephadex gel filtration of the ammonium sulfate-precipitable material gave an included and excluded ultraviolet-absorbing peak at 278 mμ, and all of the sensitizing properties were shown to reside in the excluded fraction. The amount of sensitizing material could be greatly reduced by either ultrafiltration or by adsorption of the broth with Al(OH)3 gel. These treated media still supported good toxin production.
SEPARATION OF TETANUS TOXIN AND TOXOID PROTEINS BY SEPHADEX GEL
Authors: Robb Leslie A.
Published: February 2010

Tetanus toxin can be fractionated on Sephadex into a non-flocculating protein of over 200,000 molecular weight and a main flocculating fraction with molecular weight under 100,000. After detoxifying, the molecular weight of the main fraction is over 100,000 but under 200,000. A second, slowly flocculating, small fraction appears which is highly antigenic and is possibly a polymer of the main fraction. Both the toxin and toxoid contain a non-flocculating protein with a molecular weight of over 200,000 but which is low in the protective antigen factor. The purity of the main flocculating portion of the toxoid may be increased by removing this fraction.
LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE STUDIES IN ANIMALS INFECTED WITH TYPE 12 STREPTOCOCCI OR TREATED WITH STREPTOCOCCAL NEPHROTOXIN
Authors: Elliott S. C. , Williamson C. K.
Published: February 2010

A histochemical and biochemical study of the reactions of Wistar rats and New Zealand rabbits to Streptococcus pyogenes, type 12, strain H-8, and the nephrotoxin (NT) elaborated by these organisms is presented. A significant lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) increase was found in the sera of all test rats 27 days following treatment with streptococcal NT. However, before this increased activity was detected, a marked decrease in LDH activity was obtained as early as 1 day after the last NT injection. This decrease was modest in rats treated with 1.0 mg NT, but it was great when the dosage of NT was increased to 5.0 mg. Serum LDH values also decreased progressively, up to about 2 weeks, in rabbits infected with nephritogenic streptococci or treated with streptococcal nephrotoxin. Such serum LDH fluctuations did not occur in animals treated with saline or Todd–Hewitt broth. Histochemical studies also suggested an initial inhibition by NT of LDH activity in renal tissue.
MYCOPLASMA PSEUDOCOLONIES FROM CULTURES OF BUFFY COAT OF BLOOD
Authors: Ryschenkow E. I. , Wertlake P. T. , Young V. M.
Published: February 2010

Pseudocolonies which closely resemble colonies of mycoplasma were encountered during culture of the buffy coat of human blood and the derivation of the pseudocolonies from platelets under varying conditions is discussed. These colonies closely resemble the true Mycoplasma spp. upon direct microscopic examination (100× and 600×). Stained agar preparations as well as other criteria provided a means of distinguishing the pseudocolonies from colonies of mycoplasma. Culturing of body fluids rich in platelets should be done with a full knowledge of the pitfalls involved and ways to avoid them.
ANTIBODY PRODUCTION IN MILK SERUM AFTER VIRUS INSTILLATION OF GOAT MAMMARY GLAND: I. RESPONSES TO INFLUENZA VIRUS, MUMPS VIRUS, AND ADENOVIRUS 3
Authors: Mitchell Chas. A. , Guerin L. F. , Pasieka A. E.
Published: February 2010

The study reported in this article relates to the instillation of three viruses into the mammary glands of goats. The PR8 strain of influenza A virus (Myxovirus influenzae) and mumps virus (Myxovirus parotidis) replicated in the gland and antibody formation occurred in a few days. Adenovirus 3 failed to replicate but repeated instillations led to antibody synthesis.The antibody of each was concentrated. Influenza PR8 was found to possess two activities, complement fixing which gave reactions with all strains of type A examined, and neutralizing antibody which was specific for the PR8 strain.In the case of adenovirus 3, the milk contained neutralizing antibody only. It was specific for adenovirus 3.Mumps virus replicated in the gland and antibody formation followed. The properties of this antibody have not been studied.
NATURE OF THE DETERMINANT OF TETRACYCLINE RESISTANCE IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Kasatiya S. S. , Baldwin Jack N.
Published: February 2010

Ninety-one tetracycline-sensitive mutants were isolated from naturally occurring tetracycline-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Only two mutants reverted to the typical wild type. All of the sensitive mutants tested were competent recipients of the tetracycline marker. In 150 crosses between non-reverting mutants, no tetracycline-resistant recombinants were observed. Transduction frequencies obtained with ultraviolet irradiated phage lysates indicated that the tetracycline determinant is an extrachromosomal gene resistant to the low dose of ultraviolet used. The penicillinase determinant may be either on the chromosome or in the cytoplasm, depending on the strain tested.
A STUDY OF FAECAL BACTERIA IN THE RIVER KYMI (SOUTH EAST FINLAND)
Authors: Niemeiä Seppo , Tirronen Erkki
Published: February 2010

Bacteriological observations made on samples taken monthly from the River Kymi over a two year period (June 1964–May 1966) were subjected to statistical analysis. The ratios of numbers of coliforms to those of faecal streptococci (C/F) were found to vary significantly with both the river temperature and water level. High C/F values were associated with high temperatures and high water levels. The former of these findings is probably attributable to the multiplication of coliforms in the river. It is suggested that the latter could arise from more efficient homogenization of coliform aggregates by increased turbulence at high water or from selective adsorption of streptococci by suspended clay particles.
EFFECT OF CERTAIN CATIONS ON ACTIVITY OF LEUCINE NAPHTHYLAMIDASES OF PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM
Authors: Hunter Norvell W.
Published: February 2010

Spectrophotometric methods were used to study the activity of the leucine naphthylamidases of Paramecium caudatum. Optimum activity of the enzymes occurred from pH 6.6 to 6.8 and was enhanced by either Co2+, Mn2+, or by Mg2+. Maximum activity occurred when Co2+ was used with either Mg2+ or Mn2+. Activity was depressed by either Sr2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Sn2+, or Li2+, and not affected by Ba2+, Cu2+, and Ca2+. Approximately 40% of the enzymatic activity was inhibited by EDTA. Most of this inhibition was reversed by either Mg2+, Co2+, or Mn2+.
POPULATION VARIATIONS OF EPIPHYTIC BACTERIA
Authors: Leben Curt , Daft Gilbert C.
Published: February 2010

Stained bacteria were observed on the surface of bleached leaves. On most plants in Puerto Rico, bacteria were absent during dry weather and were found in varying numbers with the onset of a rainy period. In Ohio, there were a few or no bacteria on leaves of crop plants sampled at different times during the growing season. Drops of sterile water were placed on individually boxed leaves of field cucumber plants that were brought to the laboratory. Areas of leaves that had been covered by drops for 24–72 h carried sizable populations of bacteria. On adjacent leaf areas not covered by drops and subjected to a high relative humidity, bacteria were absent or few. Similar results were obtained in the laboratory with boxed, detached leaves from field-grown plants. We conclude, therefore, that a probable reason for the sparsity of epiphyllous bacteria in Ohio is that free water usually does not remain on leaves for a long enough time to permit the formation of significant bacterial populations.
PURIFICATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THERMOACTINOMYCES VULGARIS AMYLASES
Authors: Kuo M. J. , Hartman P. A.
Published: February 2010

An α-amylase from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris has been purified about 100-fold. Its optimum pH was between 5.9 and 7.0, and the maximum rate was achieved at 60 °C. In the absence of substrate, the enzymes were more stable at pH 5.9 than at higher or lower pH values; inactivation was rapid at pH 7.0. Temperatures of 70 °C or greater also caused rapid denaturation of the enzyme in the absence of substrate. Three major peaks of amylase activity were detected when purified enzyme preparations were passed through Sephadex G-75 columns. At least two of these amylases were interconvertible. Four or five T. vulgaris proteinases also were separated, using ion exchange column chromatography.
PHYSIOLOGY OF SELENITE REDUCTION BY ENTEROCOCCI: I. INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
Authors: Tilton Richard C. , Gunner Haim B. , Litsky Warren
Published: February 2010

Environmental factors affecting the reduction of selenite by growing and resting cells of Streptococcus faecalis N83 and Streptococcus faecium K6A, respectively, were studied. Both organisms displayed an intrinsic capacity to reduce selenite to the metallic selenium in a complex medium. However, concentrations of selenite above 50 μg/ml proved toxic to S. faecium, while S. faecalis tolerated and reduced selenite at concentrations as high as 1000 μg/ml. The pH optimum for selenite reduction lay between 7.2 and 7.7 for both organisms. Though maximum selenite reduction was shown by both under anaerobic conditions, S. faecalis, but not S. faecium, reduced selenite substantially even under aeration. The reduction of selenite by S. faecalis did not appear to be directly conditioned by the oxidation-reduction potential of the medium; a low potential was, however, necessary for the reduction of selenite by S. faecium. The presence of a flavin compound was associated with maximum reduction of selenite by S. faecalis, but effected no change in selenite reduction by S. faecium. The growth of these organisms could not be coupled to the reduction of selenite.
ANTIBODY PRODUCTION IN MILK SERUM AFTER VIRUS INSTILLATION OF GOAT MAMMARY GLAND: II. BIOCHEMICAL ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF ANTIBODY TO INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Pasieka Arthur E. , Guerin L. F. , Mitchell Chas. A.
Published: February 2010

Goat milk was obtained from the right lactiferous sinus following instillation of PR8 influenza type A virus. The proteins precipitated from goat milk serum by (NH4)2SO4 were found to contain antibody activity and further purification was undertaken. In the development of the method the protein solutions were subjected to paper chromatography and paper and polyacetate high voltage electrophoresis, both before and after a number of isolation and purification steps. In addition, preparations from each step were run on the Technicon amino acid analyzer for the presence of amino acids and (or) peptides.As a working procedure, a preparation obtained after cold acetone precipitation was subjected to rivanol treatment, and after electrophoresis a single protein band containing the antibody was obtained. This material was further purified by gel filtration using a Bio-Rad P150 column. The antibody containing protein was finally isolated in the eluate by a fraction collector using phosphate buffer as the eluting fluid. There was excellent recovery of the antibody activity in each preparation.
REGULATION OF THE "MALIC" ENZYME IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA
Authors: Zink M. W.
Published: February 2010

"Malic" enzyme has been isolated from Neurospora crassa which can bring about the reversible carboxylation of pyruvic acid. The enzyme is specific to L-malate and NADP and is activated by Mn++ and Mg++. The partially purified enzyme does not decarboxylate oxaloacetate but is competitively inhibited by it. This enzyme is synthesized only during the early stages of the growth cycle and is repressed by acetate. In addition, the oxidative decarboxylation of malic acid is competitively inhibited by aspartic acid; the degree of inhibition depends upon the cell growth phase from which the enzyme is extracted. "Malic" enzyme isolated from a 12-h culture is not significantly inhibited by aspartate. However, this inhibition increases to 90% if an enzyme preparation from a 24-h culture is used. The significance of enzyme repression by acetate and the inhibition of the activity by aspartate are discussed.
OCCURRENCE AND ENUMERATION OF BDELLOVIBRIO BACTERIOVORUS IN SOIL CAPABLE OF PARASITIZING ESCHERICHIA COLI AND INDIGENOUS SOIL BACTERIA
Authors: Klein D. A. , Casida Jr. L. E.
Published: February 2010

A plating technique was developed for the enumeration of soil Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus parasitic on Escherichia coli. With this technique, the parasite was detected in all of 23 soils examined, and counted in 21 of them. Soil-derived Bd. bacteriovorus parasitic on E. coli serogroup OX9 and strain 167 were found to parasitize all of 25 other E. coli serogroups tested, as well as the smooth and rough forms of E. coli strain MGH6. Examination of the sensitivity to Bd. bacteriovorus of stock cultures of various soil-derived bacteria, and of the sensitivity of bacteria randomly isolated from soil by the Lochhead and Chase "non-biased" isolation procedure, revealed that indigenous hosts for this organism occur in the soil.
THE ADAPTATION OF FUNGI TO PENTACHLOROPHENOL AND ITS BIODEGRADATION
Authors: Cserjesi A. J.
Published: February 2010

In a study of adaptation of fungi to pentachlorophenol, only one isolate of Cephaloascus fragrans, which had originally low tolerance, was adapted to concentrations of this fungicide and became as tolerant as other isolates of the same species. This suggested that the other cultures of this fungus were isolated as tolerant strains. Pentachlorophenol was degraded by three species of Trichoderma in malt extract solution in a relatively short, 12-day incubation period. Other fungi, including C. fragrans, failed to show any capacity for degradation.
TRANSFORMATION OF STEROIDS BY MUCOR GRISEO-CYANUS
Authors: Singh Kartar , Sehgal S. N. , Vézina Claude
Published: February 2010

Spores and vegetative growth of Mucor griseo-cyanus (ATCC 1207) hydroxylated deoxycorticosterone, testosterone, progesterone, and androst-4-ene-3,17-dione mainly to their 14α-hydroxy derivatives. However, with 17α-methyl substituted steroids, the main transformation products were the 7α-hydroxy derivatives.
L-SERINE DEHYDRATASE (DEAMINASE) OF PSYCHROPHILES AND MESOPHILES FROM POLAR AND TEMPERATE HABITATS
Authors: Staley James T. , Boyd William L.
Published: February 2010

Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were grown at several temperatures ranging from 0° to 37 °C and assayed at each temperature for L-serine dehydratase activity. The relationship between enzymatic activity and growth temperature is quite different for the mesophile and psychrophile. In addition, the stimulatory effect of natural plant lecithin upon serine deamination was different for each organism, suggesting that there is either a difference in permeability or that this substance has a more direct role in enzymic activity. Also included are data confirming the results of other workers.
STEROL AND FATTY ACID COMPONENTS OF MYCELIUM OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM
Authors: Starratt A. N. , Madhosingh C.
Published: February 2010

A chloroform extract of the mycelium of Fusarium oxysporum Schl. em. Sny. et Hans, was analyzed for sterols; three major components were identified as ergosterol, ergosterol peroxide, and cerevisterol. The ratio of ergosterol to ergosterol peroxide formed was variable. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids were identified by gas–liquid chromatography as the principal fatty acids of this organism.Fusaric acid, a phytotoxin previously obtained by other investigators from a number of forms of F. oxysporum, was isolated from the culture medium.
NUMERICAL TAXONOMY OF SOME NAMED BACTERIAL CULTURES
Authors: Goodfellow M.
Published: February 2010

Forty-two cultures, representing 22 genera of bacteria, were tested for 123 properties. The data obtained were coded and subjected to Adansonian analysis by electronic computer. At 80% or greater similarity levels, six distinct groups were present: group 1, which contained the enterobacteria and Aeromonas; group 2 contained Pseudomonas, Vibrio cuneatus, Achromobacter, and Acinetobacter; group 3 contained Agrobacterium; group 4, the largest cluster, had two subgroups, 4a, containing the Gram-positive cocci, Nocardia, Mycobacterium, and Arthrobacter spp., and 4b, containing the streptomycetes; group 5 contained Cytophaga and group 6, containing Bacillus spp., Bacillus pantothenticus, and Protaminobacter alboflavus, did not share a high phenetic similarity with any of the above cultures and the clusters were regarded as isolated and single-item. The results confirmed earlier indications that the evaluation of taxonomic relationships by numerical methods can indicate areas in need of closer examination.
THE PREPARATION OF ANTIGENS OF RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI BY ULTRASONIC DISRUPTION: AN ANOMALY
Authors: Gibbins L. N.
Published: February 2010

Diffusible external antigens of whole cells of Rhizobium meliloti PDD1322 lost the capacity to precipitate with homologous antibodies in the gel diffusion test, when the cells were disrupted by ultrasonic oscillation. Sonicated cell preparations caused diminution of the homologous precipitin reaction when mixed with suspensions of whole cells. Sonicates contained a new, faster-diffusing antigen component, probably of intracellular origin. The serological inactivity of these sonicates was reversed by boiling. Diffusible antigens of whole cells of R. meliloti SU388, a strain closely related serologically to PDD1322, behaved similarly, whereas the cross-reacting antigens of strain CC8, of distant serological relationship to PDD 1322, were not affected by sonication. It is suggested that the external antigens and some intracellular compound released by sonication form a heat-labile, relatively nonspecific complex which will not take part in the precipitin reaction. Antibodies to sonicates of PDD1322 reacted strongly with the diffusible external antigens of whole cells of this strain. The same antigens of homologous sonicates reacted very feebly, but the new faster-diffusing component was evident.
DIFFERENCES IN TOXICITY OF EDTA + TRIS AMONG MATING TYPES OF ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Goldschmidt Millicent C. , Goldschmidt E. P. , Wyss O.
Published: February 2010

When various mating types of Escherichia coli were exposed to solutions of Tris + EDTA, a differential toxicity was noted. The male strains were very sensitive. The data from mating experiments suggested that the ability to conjugate is not destroyed by the brief treatment with Tris + EDTA. When females are converted to males, survival drops from 99 to 14%.
VARIATION IN SENSITIVITY OF AN INTERFERON ASSAY SYSTEM
Authors: Stewart Robert B. , Gandhi Sunidhkumar S.
Published: February 2010

Repeated assays of standard preparations of interferon carried out for over a year using primary cultures of chick-embryo cells and Sindbis virus in an assay system showed that cell cultures varied in their sensitivity to interferon. This altered sensitivity was not due to a change in the challenge virus nor to the time of exposure of cells to interferon. An analysis of the data showed that the slope of the dose–response curves remained constant although they could be displaced, indicating changes in sensitivity. Information was also obtained demonstrating that sensitivity of cells to interferon could vary within a single assay.
TUMEURS À VIRUS SV 40 : RÉDUCTION DES RÉCIDIVES TUMORALES POST-OPÉRATOIRES CHEZ LE HAMSTER PAR L'ADMINISTRATION DU VIRUS; RÉSISTANCE À UNE SECONDE TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: Dubreuil R. , Franco E. Di , Pavilanis V. , Marois P.
Published: February 2010

The induction and the growth of viral SV 40 tumors in hamsters can be influenced by treating the animals with the oncogenic virus itself. The virus can be used to vaccinate against the transplanted tumor cells; it can also be used as a treatment to prevent the development of the tumor after its induction in the newborn by the virus or in the adult by the implantation of tumor cells.The present study reports that the administration of SV 40 virus to adult hamsters immediately following the excision of their transplanted SV 40 tumor brings a reduction in the frequency of recurrences appearing after the operation. It was also observed that among the animals that did not present recurrences after 7 to 10 months, those that were treated with the virus at the time of the surgical intervention, were still more resistant to the reimplantation of homologous cancer cells.These observations are interpreted as another indication that the evolution of a tumor can be modified in a favorable way by immunological means, in this instance, by a treatment with the oncogenic virus itself.
THE GROWTH OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS IN MEDIA CONTAINING CHETOMIN, SPORIDESMIN, AND GLIOTOXIN
Authors: Brewer D. , Hannah D. E. , Rahman R. , Taylor A.
Published: February 2010

Sporidesmin, gliotoxin, and chetomin increase the lag phase of growth of Bacillus subtilis. By daily subculture of the organism in media that contained one of the antibiotics in sufficient concentration to increase the lag phase of growth by 300%, organisms were obtained whose lag phase of growth was the same as that of the parent strain (HLX 373). Repetition of this process has made it possible to obtain cultures which have a lag phase of growth of 300 ± 20 min in the presence of chetomin (0.15 μg/ml), gliotoxin (3.0 μg/ml), or sporidesmin (30 μg/ml). The culture which could grow in the presence of gliotoxin lost this ability on subcultivation in the absence of the antibiotic. Sufficient cross resistance was shown to indicate the possibility that these three antibiotics had a similar mode of action.
ESCHERICHIA COLI DIE-OUT FROM NORMAL SOIL AS RELATED TO NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY AND THE INDIGENOUS MICROFLORA
Authors: Klein D. A. , Casida Jr. L. E.
Published: February 2010

Addition of a small portion of autoclaved soil to normal soil provided some degree of protection against die-out for Escherichia coli cells also introduced into this soil. This protection was associated with organic carbon (glucose) availability, but not with nitrogen (ammonium nitrate) availability. An E. coli population was stabilized, at least temporarily, in soil by glucose feeding, and the protective effect of glucose was temperature dependent. Indigenous micro-organisms also multiplied in the glucose-amended soil, and, therefore, colonizing space and microbial production of compounds toxic to E. coli were not considered to be major controlling factors in E. coli die-out in soil. E. coli cells recovered after residence in this soil demonstrated an initial decreased growth rate which was less pronounced in cells recovered from glucose-amended soil and which disappeared for both cell types on subculture. It was concluded that a major factor in E. coli die-out from natural soil is its inability to step down its metabolic rate to meet the low availability of usable organic carbon in soil.
BACTERIAL CELL MEMBRANES: I. REAGGREGATION OF MEMBRANE SUBUNITS FROM MICROCOCCUS LYSODEIKTICUS
Authors: Butler Thomas F. , Smith Gerald L. , Grula E. A.
Published: February 2010

The membranes from M. lysodeikticus can readily be disaggregated into a very small subunit form with sodium lauryl sulfate. Reaggregation of these subunits into membranous sheets occurs during dialysis in a menstruum of relatively low ionic strength, in the presence of a divalent cation at near neutral pH. Reducing conditions and a monovalent salt need not be present during dialysis. Effect of several compounds on membranes and subunit reaggregation was studied. Reaggregated membrane sheets are very similar chemically and morphologically to whole membranes; however, a difference was noted. The major bonding mode in membranes appears to involve hydrophobic groups.
IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE IN THE STUDY OF VIRUSES IN TISSUE CULTURE: I. DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMMUNOFLUORESCENT FOCUS ASSAY FOR HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
Authors: Sattar S. A. , Westwood J. C. N.
Published: February 2010

A rapid and sensitive assay method has been developed for herpes simplex virus in kidney cells of Cercopithecus aethiops. Using immunofluorescence, foci of infection produced by this virus can be scored within 20–22 hours after inoculation. It has been demonstrated that this procedure gives reproducible results and exhibits a direct relationship between virus concentration and the number of fluorescent foci. The technique is slightly more sensitive than the conventional plaque assay method using the same host system.
THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS ON GROWTH OF PYTHIUM SPECIES
Authors: Agnihotri V. P. , Vaartaja O.
Published: February 2010

The utilization of N compounds by P. ultimum Trow (strain I and II), P. rostratum Butler, and P. irregulare Buisman was examined in a chemically denned medium under controlled conditions in surface culture. All species were able to metabolize nitrate, ammonium, and organic nitrogen, and the amount of growth varied with the nitrogen source. In general, yeast extract, peptone, glycine, serine, histidine, cysteine, asparagine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid supported favorable growth, whereas γ-aminobutyric acid, threonine, and alanine supported poor growth of these fungi. The addition of succinic acid at 0.02 M concentration to ammonium compounds further increased growth of four isolates.Preferential utilization of amino acids from a given mixture was recorded using paper chromatographic techniques. All four isolates gave more vegetative growth on mixtures of amino acids than when they were supplied singly.
MARINE THIOBACILLI: I. ISOLATION AND DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Tilton R. C. , Cobet A. B. , Jones G. E.
Published: February 2010

Bacterial colonies were isolated from Caribbean and Atlantic Ocean seawaters by the membrane filter technique and enrichment cultures in which thiosulfate was the only added source of energy. Although colonies were never abundant (0–275 per 100 ml), they have been recovered from the open ocean. The colonies were translucent to pale yellow on thiosulfate marine agar. The cells were Gram-negative motile rods (1–3 μ in length) requiring seawater for growth. The pH of the culture flasks dropped to 2.1 – 2.3 in some cases, and to 5.6 in others. On the basis of these observations, the colonies have been classified as marine thiobacilli.In seawater samples examined, the total reduced sulfur compounds ranged from 0 to 0.101 milliequivalents per liter.
INFLUENCE OF CLAY MINERALS ON MICROORGANISMS: IV. MONTMORILLONITE AND KAOLINITE ON FUNGI
Authors: Stotzky G. , Rem L. T.
Published: February 2010

The respiration of mycelial homogenates of 27 fungal species representing four classes was generally not affected by pH nor by montmorillonite or kaolinite at concentrations below 4%. Respiration was markedly inhibited by montmorillonite at concentrations of 4% and above, but comparable inhibition by kaolinite occurred only at concentrations above 40%. The inhibition was greater as the metabolic activity of the mycelium increased but was not caused by a limitation in carbon substrate. The inhibition was related to the viscosity of the systems, which, in turn, presumably influenced the rate of O2 diffusion. The viscosities of systems containing montmorillonite were vastly greater than of those containing kaolinite. These results were in contrast to those previously obtained with bacteria, which revealed that montmorillonite greatly stimulated respiration.
TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE REPLICATION OF AN ACTINOPHAGE FOR STREPTOMYCES AUREOFACIENS
Authors: Kuroda Shyuko , Bradley S. G.
Published: February 2010

Actinophage SAP2 could infect, replicate in, and lyse Streptomyces aureofaciens at 27 °C and 37 °C. The phage attached to, and killed, the host at 42 °C but no new phage particles were produced. Phage-infected mycelia incubated at 42 °C for 2 h, and then lysed with lysozyme, did not contain viable actinophage particles. Viral yields were markedly decreased when phage-infected cultures were exposed to 42 °C during the first quarter or last quarter of the latent period. Phage lysates prepared at 37 °C contained less halo-producing lysin than those prepared at 27 °C. The data suggest that elevated temperatures affect an early event during the latent period and also suppress lysin production.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CELL ENVELOPES FROM AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS
Authors: Manasse Robert J. , Corpe W. A.
Published: February 2010

Cell envelopes from logarithmic phase cells of eight strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens were isolated and examined qualitatively and quantitatively for various components. Envelopes, 6 to 9% of the total dry weight of the bacteria, were composed of approximately 23 to 27% lipid, 3.1 to 6.0% total nitrogen, and 6.3 to 11.2% carbohydrates. Cytochrome was present in envelopes obtained from logarithmic phase cells.The glycosaminopeptide was composed of glutamic acid, alanine, 2,6-diaminopimelic acid, and amino sugars. Leucine, phenylalanine, serine, and aspartic acid were found in relatively high levels in several of the strains investigated.In addition to ubiquinones, four phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine, phosphatidyl-N,N-dimethylethanolamine, and phosphatidyl-choline, were observed in the lipid fraction of all eight strains of A. tumefaciens examined.Glucose, fucose, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid were present in the lipopolysaccharide of all strains tested.There appears to be no correlation between the virulence of this plant pathogen and the mucopeptide or lipid–protein–polysaccharide components of the cell envelope.
GLYCOPEPTIDE SYNTHESIS DURING SPORULATION OF BACILLUS MEGATERIUM
Authors: Gledhill William E.
Published: February 2010

The present study was initiated to determine the amount of glycopeptide synthesized during sporulation of Bacillus megaterium. The glycopeptide fraction was isolated quantitatively from vegetative cells, sporulated cells, and free spores, and then assayed for amino sugars. The yields of glycopeptide hexosamine (GPH) in these preparations were compared on the basis of number of cells. During the early stationary phase of cultural growth, cells continued to synthesize cell wall material even though they did not divide or increase in size significantly. In the sporulation medium GPH synthesis was synchronized with the development of the endospore within the bacilli. During this period GPH formation occurred at an increased rate. Synthesis terminated as free spores were liberated from their sporangia. The total amount of GPH synthesized in the sporulating bacilli could be accounted for in the cleaned, free spores.
BIOPOLYMERIC ASSOCIATIONS IN BACTERIAL SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS
Authors: Woodside E. E. , Frick C. A. , Fishel C. W.
Published: February 2010

Greater amounts of intracellularly bound glucans were present in Escherichia coli, strain B/r cells, in the late lag and logarithmic growth phases than in cells in the early lag and stationary growth phases. Bound alkali-stable and alkali-labile glucose-containing polymers— as well as unbound glucans—were further characterized by their susceptibility to hydrolysis by alpha-amylase and by their trichloroacetic acid (TCA) – ethanol solubility characteristics. A combination of phenol/water fractionation and TCA–ethanol partitioning of acetone-dried cells revealed the presence of bound glucose-containing polymers in the crude lipopolysaccharide, protein, DNA, and RNA subcellular fractions.Purified lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli, strains B, B/r, and Bs, contained both alkali-stable and alkali-labile glucose polymers. Similarly, alkaline hydrolysis and TCA–ethanol partitioning of both phenol- and TCA-extracted endotoxin preparations yielded numerous carbohydrate-containing subfractions. The carbohydrate monomers associated with lipopolysaccharide fractions of Escherichia species were more susceptible to alkaline degradation than the monomeric constituents present in Salmonella and Shigella lipopolysaccharide preparations. Upon exposure to either hydrolytic enzymes or gelatin, the phenol-extracted lipopolysaccharides were further partitioned into numerous lipopolysaccharide- and (or) homopolysaccharide–biopolymeric complexes by TCA-ethanol fractionation.
CELLOBIOSE AS A PARAMORPHOGEN IN SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE
Authors: Wilson Ronald W. , Niederpruem Donald J.
Published: February 2010

The mycelial growth of Schizophyllum commune on cellobiose, as sole carbon source, produced colonies that were quite dense and restricted in diameter. The hyphae were composed of shorter, more highly branched cells when grown on this disaccharide. Cellobiose brought about an increase in the ratio of an alkali-soluble cell-wall fraction (S-glucan) to an alkali-insoluble cell-wall fraction (R-glucan). This change might be explained by increased activity of enzymes which hydrolyze the R-glucan component following growth in cellobiose. Thus, a system is described which attempts to relate wall-softening enzymes to morphology.
THE PREDOMINANT BACTERIA IN NATURAL ZOOGLOEAL COLONIES: I. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION
Authors: Unz Richard F. , Dondero Norman C.
Published: February 2010

Direct, single-cell isolations of bacteria, primarily from natural, branching, waste water zoogloeas, were made by micromanipulation. Isolations were also made by conventional methods. Direct isolates were classified, chiefly with regard to zoogloea formation, into two groups designated group I (zoogloea-forming) and group II (nonzoogloea-forming). Casitone – glycerol – yeast autolysate agar medium was best for the isolation of group I bacteria. Group I isolates reduced nitrate to gas, possessed urease and catalase, and gave positive oxidase reactions. They were generally able to hydrolyze gelatin but, with one exception, did not produce acid from carbohydrates, and none produced H2S, indole, or acetylmethylcarbinol or utilized Koser citrate. Group II strains were usually more diverse on differential tests and could be distinguished from group I strains. Group I strains were characterized as Zoogloea strains and were found to be the predominant bacteria in natural, branching, zoogloeal colonies.
THE PREDOMINANT BACTERIA IN NATURAL ZOOGLOEAL COLONIES: II. PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION
Authors: Unz Richard F. , Dondero Norman C.
Published: February 2010

Strains of Zoogloea were investigated regarding their physiological attributes. Growth occurred from 9 C to 37 C although some strains could not grow at the lower temperature. Optimum temperature and pH for growth initiation was estimated to be near 28 C and pH 7.0, respectively. Zoogloea cannot grow an-aerobically but may survive anaerobic conditions for at least 24 days. Strains were intolerant of NaCl above the region of physiological saline and tolerant to high levels of ammonium ion. A total of 65 strains were tested for growth on many nutritional compounds in a mineral salts medium supplemented with vitamin B12and a trace of yeast autolysate. As sole carbon sources, amygdalin, starch, inulin, and certain primary alcohols, saturated fatty acids, and Krebs intermediates supported the growth of most strains. Aspartic and glutamic acids and asparagin were available as sole carbon and nitrogen sources to most strains.
"PROTOPLASTS" FROM PYTHIUM SP. PRL 2142
Authors: Sietsma J. H. , Eveleigh D. E. , Haskins R. H. , Spencer J. F. T.
Published: February 2010

Enzyme preparations from two Streptomyces spp. released spherical protoplast-like bodies from the mycelium of Pythium sp. PRL 2142. The enzyme complexes were produced by growing the Streptomyces spp. in the presence of autoclaved Pythium mycelium, and concentrated from the culture mixture by precipitation with acetone (2:1, v/v). The protoplasts were released, from both intercalary and terminal locations on the hyphae, during incubation with the lytic enzyme complex for 24 hours using 0.8 M MgSO4 as an osmotic stabilizer.
Isolation of western encephalitis virus from mosquitoes in Alberta
Authors: Shemanchuk J. A. , Morgante Odosca
Published: February 2010

Mosquitoes were collected in Alberta during the spring, summer, and early fall of 1965. Western encephalitis (WE) virus was isolated from pools collected between August 11 and August 25.Two positive pools, one of Aedes vexans (Meigen) and one of Culiseta inornata (Williston) were collected by sweep nets in irrigated areas of southern Alberta near places where horses were reported sick with WE virus. Seven other positive pools, three of C. inornata and four of Culex tarsalis Coquillett, were collected in southern Alberta from mammalian burrows, which are hibernating habitats for C. inornata, C. tarsalis, and Anopheles earlei Vargas. This indicates that C. tarsalis and C. inornata can enter hibernation infected with WE virus. None of the A. earlei pools tested were positive for WE virus.About 50% of the C. inornata and 9% of the C. tarsalis collected from mammalian burrows were blood-engorged at the time of collection. None of the A. earlei collected from mammalian burrows were blood-fed.