bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RECONSIDERING EURIPIDES'BELLEROPHON
Authors: Dixon Dustin W.
Published: November 2014

No consensus has been reached about the reconstruction of Euripides' fragmentary tragedyBellerophon, but two suggestions have not received the serious attention they deserve. The first is that Stheneboea is a character in the play, and the second that Euripides does not depict Bellerophon as an atheist or an impious hero. In this paper, I shall reconsider both of these suggestions. In fact, the addition of Stheneboea to thedramatis personaeallows us to correct the second problem, as I shall propose that Stheneboea, not Bellerophon, speaks the infamous atheistic fragment.
THE ECLIPSE OF XERXES IN HERODOTUS 7.37:LUX A NON OBSCURANDO
Authors: Glover Eric
Published: November 2014

Reports of lunar and solar eclipses are of interest to students of both history and the history of science. Used with care, they can anchor significant historical events in time. Greek literature, like that of other civilizations, has its fair share of such reports. Often they motivate the actions of characters or expose aspects of belief. Sometimes they shed light on the assumptions of the writer. There are three places in theHistoriesof Herodotus where the author mentions darkenings of the sky (generally taken to be solar eclipses), which have narrative significance and which assist in dating the wars between the Lydians and the Medes (1.74) and between the Greeks and the Persians (7.37 and 9.10).
CLAUDIAN, DE RAPTU PROSERPINAE 1.82 AND GEORGICS 3.68
Authors: O'Hogan Cillian
Published: November 2014

That Claudian imitates Virgil's Georgics in the De raptu Proserpinae is well known. Most of his allusions are restricted to Golden Age or Underworld imagery, largely from Books 1, 2, and 4. However, one imitation of the third Georgic that appears not to have been noted previously occurs at De raptu Proserpinae 1.82. The context is Claudian's famous description of Pluto enthroned:
ipse rudi fultus solio nigraque uerendusmaiestate sedet: squalent inmania foedosceptra situ; sublime caput maestissima nubesasperat et dirae riget inclementia formae;terrorem dolor augebat.     (De raptu Proserpinae 1.79–83)
I argue that this recalls the following passage in Virgil:
optima quaeque dies miseris mortalibus aeuiprima fugit; subeunt morbi tristisque senectuset labor, et durae rapit inclementia mortis.   (Georgics 3.66–8)Inclementia occurs some twenty times in extant classical and late antique Latin verse. Claudian himself uses it three other times. None the less, the construction of Claudian's line makes it clear that the line from the Georgics is being imitated here: the lines are metrically equivalent, and the sound-pattern and identical grammatical structure make the imitation unmistakable (¯˘˘ | et d¯rae r˘˘t inclementia ¯x).
NEW FRAGMENTS FROM RUFUS OF EPHESUS' ON MELANCHOLY
Authors: Pormann Peter E.
Published: November 2014

Publishing a collection of fragments from a classical author is a risky business: the moment the book appears in print, it may already be outdated, as new fragments could have come to light. Or, in the words of Ecclesiasticus 18:7: ‘When a man hath done, then he beginneth; and when he leaveth off, then he shall be doubtful’ (Ὅταν συντελέσῃ ἄνθρωπος, τότε ἄρχεται, καὶ ὅταν παύσηται, τότε ἀπορηθήσεται). The same fate befell me shortly after the publication of my collection of fragments from Rufus of Ephesus' On Melancholy. Manfred Ullmann wrote to me that the late Rainer Degen had discovered a new fragment; in the course of my research, I came across some relevant quotations in the Hippocratic Treatments by the tenth-century author aṭ-Ṭabarī; and recently, Klaus-Dietrich Fischer published two related fragments. The following short note contains these new fragments together with an English translation and commentary. At the end, I also offer some addenda and corrigenda, partly in light of the reviews that have since appeared.
THE NORMAL ROAD TO GEOMETRY: δή IN EUCLID'SELEMENTSAND THE MATHEMATICAL COMPETENCE OF HIS AUDIENCE
Authors: van der Pas Stéphanie
Published: November 2014

Euclid famously stated that there is no royal road to geometry, but his use of δή does give an indication of the minimum level of knowledge and understanding which he required from his audience. The aim of this article is to gain insight into his interaction with his audience through a characterization of the use of δή in theElements. I will argue that the primary use of δή indicates a lively interaction between Euclid and his audience. Furthermore, the specific contexts in which δή occurs reveal the considerable mathematical competence that Euclid expected from his audience.
Postcranium of the paradigm elasmosaurid plesiosaurianLibonectes morgani(Welles, 1949)
Authors: SACHS SVEN , KEAR BENJAMIN P.
Published: November 2014

Elasmosauridae constitutes one of the most immediately recognizable plesiosaurian radiations. Their distinctive body plan represents the popular model for Plesiosauria, and is typified by an osteological morphology especially adapted for hyper-elongation of the neck. Nevertheless, many archetypal elasmosaurids are known only from incomplete and/or inadequately documented material, a problem that has contributed to their uncertain intra-clade relationships. A prime example of this isLibonectes morganifrom the Upper Cretaceous of Texas, USA, which is frequently presented as an elasmosaurid structural proxy because of its three-dimensionally preserved holotype skull. Perplexingly though, both the taxonomic diagnosis and phylogenetic placement ofL. morganirely primarily upon the cervical vertebrae, together with the pectoral girdle and forelimb, yet most of these elements are now lost and figured only as line drawings. We therefore reviewed the remnant postcranial skeleton ofL. morganifirst-hand with the objective of clarifying its defining character states. Our observations showed that the existing diagnosis ofL. morganiis indeed inadequate. Moreover, the only identifiable autapomorphies occurred within the axial skeleton. This concurred with an examination of character scores used in published plesiosaurian phylogenies, and highlights the persistent significance of postcranial elements for discriminating elasmosaurid taxa.
Picturing Gentlemen: Japanese Portrait Photography in Colonial Taiwan
Authors: Allen Joseph R.
Published: November 2014

This essay investigates the conditions of portrait photography in Taiwan during Japanese colonization. After a brief introduction to the theoretical issues concerning the indexical nature of the photograph, I consider the Japanese colonial photographic industry and its products (portraits) in three contexts: the state of photographic technology in the world at that time, the ideological machinery of colonization in Taiwan, and the wider phenomenon of colonial mimicry. In this consideration, I offer a diachronic analysis of photo albums and commercial directories that contain formal portraits of politically and economically influential (almost exclusively) men. Bringing these considerations together suggests an aspect of the colonial ideological machinery that has been underrepresented in other studies: the colonial portrait as a mask in several forms.
Literature, Asia, and the Anthropocene: Possibilities for Asian Studies and the Environmental Humanities
Authors: Thornber Karen L.
Published: November 2014

The term “Anthropocene,” coined in the 1980s by the ecologist Eugene F. Stoermer and popularized at the turn of the twenty-first century by the atmospheric chemist and Nobel laureate Paul Crutzen, has been used increasingly in the past decade to highlight human activity as a geological force and to underscore the rapidly escalating impacts of human behaviors on the planet—sufficient, many have argued, to launch a new geological age. While geologists and environmentalists continue to debate the validity of Anthropocene as a formal designation, climate change; mass extinctions of plant and animal species; and widespread pollution of sky, sea, and land make clear the extent to which humans have shaped global ecologies. An understanding of Asia—home to more than half the world's population, an increasingly significant contributor to global carbon dioxide emissions, the site of the Third Pole, and an area acutely vulnerable to climate change and rising sea levels—is vital to an understanding of the physical, chemical, biological, and cultural processes that comprise the Anthropocene.
Editorial
Authors: MURPHY REGINA , FAUTLEY MARTIN
Published: November 2014

Broadly speaking, socio-cultural theory informs a great deal of our understanding of teaching and learning in music. To grasp this understanding and unpack the layers of experiences requires countless hours of observing, listening, questioning, analysing, interviewing, notating, consulting, verifying and at times, becoming as one with the research participants in order to capture their experiences at first hand. In so doing, we generate research that builds knowledge, deepens understanding and extends theory. Invariably, it is a slow process.
How Dynamics of Urbanization Affect Physical and Mental Health in Urban China
Authors: Chen Juan , Chen Shuo , Landry Pierre F. , Davis Deborah S.
Published: November 2014

Using a 2011 national survey of urban residents, irrespective of their officialhukoustatus, and the 2000–2009 night-time light data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS), this paper goes beyond the simple dichotomy of migrant versus non-migrant or rural versus urbanhukouto disentangle the processes of urbanization and migration and their complex associations with health, and assesses the impact of various levels and speed of urbanization on the physical and mental health of current residents in a city or town. By disaggregating urbanization into three discrete dimensions at sub-provincial levels, we find that while a higher absolute level of urbanization at the county level negatively impacted self-reported physical health, faster and accelerating urbanization had a positive impact which could be attributed to the demand-pull effect underlying the healthy migrant phenomenon. By contrast, all three dimensions of urbanization were associated with greater depressive distress and thus had an adverse effect on residents' mental health. Beyond demonstrating how variation in the process and location of urbanization affects individual health, we also illustrate more broadly the value of modelling locational parameters in analyses of individual outcomes based on national samples.
MicroRNA-194 reciprocally stimulates osteogenesis and inhibits adipogenesis via regulating COUP-TFII expression
Authors: Jeong B-C , Kang I-H , Hwang Y-C , Kim S-H , Koh J-T
Published: November 2014

Osteoblasts and adipocytes are differentiated from common mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in processes which are tightly controlled by various growth factors, signaling molecules, transcriptional factors and microRNAs. Recently, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor II (COUP-TFII) was identified as a critical regulator of MSC fate. In the present study, we aimed to identify some microRNAs (miR), which target COUP-TFII, and to determine the effects on MSCs fate. During osteoblastic or adipocytic differentiation from MSCs lineage cells, miR-194 expression was found to be reversal. In the cultures of mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 and primary bone marrow stromal cells, osteogenic stimuli increased miR-194 expression with accompanying decreases in COUP-TFII expression, whereas adipogenic stimuli reduced miR-194 expression with accompanying increases in COUP-TFII expression. A luciferase assay with COUP-TFII 3′-untranslated region (UTR) reporter plasmid, including the miR-194 binding sequences, showed that the introduction of miR-194 reduced the luciferase activity. However, it did not affect the activity of mutated COUP-TFII 3′-UTR reporter. Enforced expression of miR-194 significantly enhanced osteoblast differentiation, but inhibited adipocyte differentiation by decreasing COUP-TFII mRNA and protein levels. In contrast, inhibition of the endogenous miR-194 reduced matrix mineralization in the MSCs cultures, promoting the formation of lipid droplets by rescuing COUP-TFII expression. Furthermore, overexpression of COUP-TFII reversed the effects of miR-194 on the cell fates. Taken together, our results showed that miR-194 acts as a critical regulator of COUP-TFII, and can determinate the fate of MSCs to differentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes. This suggests that miR-194 and COUP-TFII may be good target molecules for controlling bone and metabolic diseases.
Revisiting caspases in sepsis
Authors: Aziz M , Jacob A , Wang P
Published: November 2014

Sepsis is a life-threatening illness that occurs due to an abnormal host immune network which extends through the initial widespread and overwhelming inflammation, and culminates at the late stage of immunosupression. Recently, interest has been shifted toward therapies aimed at reversing the accompanying periods of immune suppression. Studies in experimental animals and critically ill patients have demonstrated that increased apoptosis of lymphoid organs and some parenchymal tissues contributes to this immune suppression, anergy and organ dysfunction. Immediate to the discoveries of the intracellular proteases, caspases for the induction of apoptosis and inflammation, and their striking roles in sepsis have been focused elaborately in a number of original and review articles. Here we revisited the different aspects of caspases in terms of apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis and inflammation and focused their links in sepsis by reviewing several recent findings. In addition, we have documented striking perspectives which not only rewrite the pathophysiology, but also modernize our understanding for developing novel therapeutics against sepsis.
Characterization of novel markers of senescence and their prognostic potential in cancer
Authors: Althubiti M , Lezina L , Carrera S , Jukes-Jones R , Giblett S M , Antonov A , Barlev N , Saldanha G S , Pritchard C A , Cain K , Macip S
Published: November 2014

Cellular senescence is a terminal differentiation state that has been proposed to have a role in both tumour suppression and ageing. This view is supported by the fact that accumulation of senescent cells can be observed in response to oncogenic stress as well as a result of normal organismal ageing. Thus, identifying senescent cells in in vivo and in vitro has an important diagnostic and therapeutic potential. The molecular pathways involved in triggering and/or maintaining the senescent phenotype are not fully understood. As a consequence, the markers currently utilized to detect senescent cells are limited and lack specificity. In order to address this issue, we screened for plasma membrane-associated proteins that are preferentially expressed in senescent cells. We identified 107 proteins that could be potential markers of senescence and validated 10 of them (DEP1, NTAL, EBP50, STX4, VAMP3, ARMX3, B2MG, LANCL1, VPS26A and PLD3). We demonstrated that a combination of these proteins can be used to specifically recognize senescent cells in culture and in tissue samples and we developed a straightforward fluorescence-activated cell sorting-based detection approach using two of them (DEP1 and B2MG). Of note, we found that expression of several of these markers correlated with increased survival in different tumours, especially in breast cancer. Thus, our results could facilitate the study of senescence, define potential new effectors and modulators of this cellular mechanism and provide potential diagnostic and prognostic tools to be used clinically.
Combination simvastatin and metformin induces G1-phase cell cycle arrest and Ripk1- and Ripk3-dependent necrosis in C4-2B osseous metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer cells
Authors: Babcook M A , Sramkoski R M , Fujioka H , Daneshgari F , Almasan A , Shukla S , Nanavaty R R , Gupta S
Published: November 2014

Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells acquire resistance to chemotherapy and apoptosis, in part, due to enhanced aerobic glycolysis and biomass production, known as the Warburg effect. We previously demonstrated that combination simvastatin (SIM) and metformin (MET) ameliorates critical Warburg effect-related metabolic aberrations of C4-2B cells, synergistically and significantly decreases CRPC cell viability and metastatic properties, with minimal effect on normal prostate epithelial cells, and inhibits primary prostate tumor growth, metastasis, and biochemical failure in an orthotopic model of metastatic CRPC, more effectively than docetaxel chemotherapy. Several modes of cell death activated by individual treatment of SIM or MET have been reported; however, the cell death process induced by combination SIM and MET treatment in metastatic CRPC cells remains unknown. This must be determined prior to advancing combination SIM and MET to clinical trial for metastatic CRPC. Treatment of C4-2B cells with combination 4 μM SIM and 2 mM MET (SIM+MET) led to significant G1-phase cell cycle arrest and decrease in the percentage of DNA-replicating cells in the S-phase by 24 h; arrest was sustained throughout the 96-h treatment. SIM+MET treatment led to enhanced autophagic flux in C4-2B cells by 72–96 h, ascertained by increased LC3B-II (further enhanced with lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine) and reduced Sequestosome-1 protein expression, significantly increased percentage of acidic vesicular organelle-positive cells, and increased autophagic structure accumulation assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Chloroquine, however, could not rescue CRPC cell viability, eliminating autophagic cell death; rather, autophagy was upregulated by C4-2B cells in attempt to withstand chemotherapy. Instead, SIM+MET treatment led to Ripk1- and Ripk3-dependent necrosis by 48–96 h, determined by propidium iodide-Annexin V flow cytometry, increase in Ripk1 and Ripk3 protein expression, necrosome formation, HMGB-1 extracellular release, and necrotic induction and viability rescue with necrostatin-1 and Ripk3-targeting siRNA. The necrosis-inducing capacity of SIM+MET may make these drugs a highly-effective treatment for apoptosis- and chemotherapy-resistant metastatic CRPC cells.
BIS targeting induces cellular senescence through the regulation of 14-3-3 zeta/STAT3/SKP2/p27 in glioblastoma cells
Authors: Lee J-J , Lee J-S , Cui M N , Yun H H , Kim H Y , Lee S H , Lee J-H
Published: November 2014

Cellular senescence is an important mechanism for preventing tumor progression. The elevated expression of Bcl-2-interacting cell death suppressor (BIS), an anti-apoptotic and anti-stress protein, often correlates with poor prognosis in several cancers including glioblastoma; however, the role of BIS in the regulation of senescence has not been well defined. Here, we describe for the first time that the depletion of BIS induces G1 arrest and cellular senescence through the accumulation of p27 that is independent of p53, p21 or p16. The increase in p27 expression in BIS-depleted cells was attributable to an impairment of the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of p27, which was caused by a decrease in S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) at the transcriptional level. As an underlying molecular mechanism, we demonstrate that the loss of activity of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was specifically linked to the suppression of SKP2 expression. Despite a reduction in phospho-STAT3 levels, total STAT3 levels were unexpectedly increased by BIS depletion, specifically in the insoluble fraction. Our results show that 14-3-3ζ expression is decreased by BIS knockdown and that 14-3-3ζ depletion per se significantly induced senescence phenotypes. In addition, the ectopic expression of 14-3-3ζ blocked senescence caused by BIS depletion, which was paralleled with a decrease in insoluble STAT3 in A172 glioblastoma cells. These findings indicate that the impairment of the protein quality control conferred by BIS and/or 14-3-3ζ is critical for BIS depletion-induced senescence. Moreover, BIS knockdown also induced senescence along with an accumulation of total STAT3 and p27 in several different cell types as well as embryonic fibroblasts derived from Bis-knock out mice with/without variations in 14-3-3ζ levels. Therefore, our findings suggest that a downregulation of BIS expression could serve as a potential strategy for restricting tumor progression via an induction of senescence through the regulation of STAT3/SKP2/p27 pathway.
Field-induced assembly of colloidal ellipsoids into well-defined microtubules
Authors: Crassous Jérôme J. , Mihut Adriana M. , Wernersson Erik , Pfleiderer Patrick , Vermant Jan , Linse Per , Schurtenberger Peter
Published: November 2014

Current theoretical attempts to understand the reversible formation of stable microtubules and virus shells are generally based on shape-specific building blocks or monomers, where the local curvature of the resulting structure is explicitly built-in via the monomer geometry. Here we demonstrate that even simple ellipsoidal colloids can reversibly self-assemble into regular tubular structures when subjected to an alternating electric field. Supported by model calculations, we discuss the combined effects of anisotropic shape and field-induced dipolar interactions on the reversible formation of self-assembled structures. Our observations show that the formation of tubular structures through self-assembly requires much less geometrical and interaction specificity than previously thought, and advance our current understanding of the minimal requirements for self-assembly into regular virus-like structures.
DHA-PC and PSD-95 decrease after loss of synaptophysin and before neuronal loss in patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Yuki Dai , Sugiura Yuki , Zaima Nobuhiro , Akatsu Hiroyasu , Takei Shiro , Yao Ikuko , Maesako Masato , Kinoshita Ayae , Yamamoto Takayuki , Kon Ryo , Sugiyama Keikichi , Setou Mitsutoshi
Published: November 2014

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic disruption and neuronal loss. Several studies have demonstrated decreases of docosahexaenoic acid-containing phosphatidylcholines (DHA-PCs) in the AD brain. In this study, we used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry in postmortem AD brain to show that PC molecular species containing stearate and DHA, namely PC(18:0/22:6), was selectively depleted in the gray matter of patients with AD. Moreover, in the brain regions with marked amyloid β (Aβ) deposition, the magnitude of the PC(18:0/22:6) reduction significantly correlated with disease duration. Furthermore, at the molecular level, this depletion was associated with reduced levels of the postsynaptic protein PSD-95 but not the presynaptic protein synaptophysin. Interestingly, this reduction in PC(18:0/22:6) levels did not correlate with the degrees of Aβ deposition and neuronal loss in AD. The analysis of the correlations of key factors and disease duration showed that their effects on the disease time course were arranged in order as Aβ deposition, presynaptic disruption, postsynaptic disruption coupled with PC(18:0/22:6) reduction and neuronal loss.
In situ investigation of supercritical CO2 assisted impregnation of drugs into a polymer by high pressure FTIR micro-spectroscopy
Authors: Champeau M. , Thomassin J.-M. , Jérôme C. , Tassaing T.
Published: November 2014

High pressure FTIR micro-spectroscopy to follow the kinetics of the drug loading during the supercritical CO2 assisted impregnation process.
Identification of green tea varieties and fast quantification of total polyphenols by near-infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy with chemometric algorithms
Authors: Wang Xi , Huang Jianhua , Fan Wei , Lu Hongmei
Published: November 2014

An approach was proposed to simultaneously solve the classification of varieties and rapid determination of the TPC in green tea.
Fast and sensitive determination of sulfur dioxide in herbal medicines by microchip-based field asymmetric-wave ion mobility spectrometry
Authors: Wang Xiaozhi , Zhao Weijun , Li Lingfeng , Wang Xiangyang , Li Peng , Wang Yu , Luo Jikui
Published: November 2014

This paper reports a new method for the direct determination of SO2in HMs using fast field asymmetric-wave ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) coupled with a headspace air bubbling method.
Utilizing LC-MS/MS to provide adaptable clinical bioanalytical support for an extended half-life bioactive peptide fused to an albumin-binding domain antibody
Authors: Bowen Chester L. , Kehler Jonathan , Mencken Thomas , Orr Bonnie , Szapacs Matthew
Published: November 2014

Bioactive peptides are often unstable in the body leading to short half lives and requiring frequent dosing intervals.
Asymmetric tandem reactions of N-sulfonylimines and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes: an alternative reaction pathway to that of using saturated aldehydes
Authors: An Qianjin , Li Jing , Shen Jiefeng , Butt Nicholas , Liu Delong , Liu Yangang , Zhang Wanbin
Published: November 2014

An organocatalyzed asymmetric tandem reaction of cyclic N-sulfonylimines and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes was developed, undergoing an alternative reaction pathway while affording similar piperidines to that of reactions involving saturated aldehydes.
Palladium(ii)-catalyzed meta-selective direct arylation of O-β-naphthyl carbamate
Authors: Zhang Jingchang , Liu Qingwen , Liu Xufei , Zhang Suoqin , Jiang Pingping , Wang Yanxiang , Luo Shengyuan , Li Yang , Wang Qifeng
Published: November 2014

meta-Direct arylation of O-β-naphthyl carbamate with aryl boronic acids has been accomplished unprecedentedly in an ortho-carbometallation/meta-direct arylation mechanism.
Glycan reductive isotope-coded amino acid labeling (GRIAL) for mass spectrometry-based quantitative N-glycomics
Authors: Cai Yan , Jiao Jing , Bin Zhichao , Zhang Ying , Yang Pengyuan , Lu Haojie
Published: November 2014

A general and simple labeling method, termed glycan reductive isotope-coded amino acid labeling (GRIAL), was developed for mass spectrometry-based quantitative N-glycomics.
Structural transformation and tuning behavior induced by the propylamine concentration in hydrogen clathrate hydrates
Authors: Park Seongmin , Kang Hyery , Shin Kyuchul , Seo Yutaek , Lee Huen
Published: November 2014

The structures and the guest–host distributions of propylamine hydrates provide useful information on the hydrophilic guest–host interactions in clathrate hydrates.
Ionic liquid effect: selective aniline oxidative coupling to azoxybenzene by TiO2
Authors: Qadir Muhammad I. , Scholten Jackson D. , Dupont Jairton
Published: November 2014

TiO2 promotes the oxidative catalytic coupling of anilines to diazo compounds. In ionic liquids, azoxybenzene is formed in high selectivity, whereas in toluene azobenzene is formed almost exclusively.
Sticking and patching: tuning and anchoring cyclometallated ruthenium(ii) complexes
Authors: Ertl Cathrin D. , Ris Daniel P. , Meier Stefan C. , Constable Edwin C. , Housecroft Catherine E. , Neuburger Markus , Zampese Jennifer A.
Published: November 2014

In a series of [Ru(bpy)2(C^N)][PF6] complexes with a variety of functionalities in the cyclometallating ligand, the absorption response is enhanced considerably by the introduction of a 4-C6H4P(O)(OEt)2 anchoring domain in the C^N pyridine ring.
Carbon nanotubes for stabilization of nanostructured lipid particles
Authors: Gaunt Nicholas P. , Patil-Sen Yogita , Baker Matthew J. , Kulkarni Chandrashekhar V.
Published: November 2014

Nanostructured hybrid particles fabricated from carbon nanotubes and highly organized lipid self-assemblies for biotechnological applications.
A hydrogel pen for electrochemical reaction and its applications for 3D printing
Authors: Kang Hosuk , Hwang Seongpil , Kwak Juhyoun
Published: November 2014

Localized electrochemistry on the nanometer scale is studied using a pyramidal hydrogel tip containing an electrolyte and applied to 3-dimensional printing of metallic nanostructures by localized electrodeposition.
Critical factors affecting the 3D microstructural formation in hybrid conductive adhesive materials studied by X-ray nano-tomography
Authors: Chen-Wiegart Yu-chen Karen , Figueroa-Santos Miriam Aileen , Petrash Stanislas , Garcia-Miralles Jose , Wang Jun
Published: November 2014

X-ray nano-tomography reveals 3D characters in hybrid conductive adhesives, which are favorable in a wide range of applications, including a lead-free solder in micro-chips, and in electronics and energy storage devices.
Catalytic oxidation of CO on metals involving an ionic process in the presence of H2O: the role of promoting materials
Authors: Tanaka Ken-Ichi , He Hong , Yuan Youzhu
Published: November 2014

A new catalytic oxidation of CO is enhanced by H2O molecule on the Pt and Au with specific promoting materials where the rate-determining reaction of HCOO(a) + OH → CO2+ H2O is promoted by repeated contribution of OH−anionviamessenger molecule H2O.
Factors affecting microalgae harvesting efficiencies using electrocoagulation-flotation for lipid extraction
Authors: Zhang Dawei , Yu Yanling , Li Chao , Chai Chunyan , Liu Lili , Liu Jia , Feng Yujie
Published: November 2014

Electrocoagulation-flotation (ECF) is a new technology for algae harvesting with higher collection efficiency and lower energy consumption, as compared to flocculation.
Atomic structure of the La/Pt(111) and Ce/Pt(111) surfaces revealed by DFT+U calculations
Authors: Tereshchuk Polina , Piotrowski Maurício J. , Da Silva Juarez L. F.
Published: November 2014

In this work, we investigated LnPt5/Pt(111) systems (Ln = La and Ce) employing ab initio molecular dynamics based on density functional theory with Hubbard model corrections.
Reactions of β-diketone compounds with nitriles catalyzed by Lewis acids: a simple approach to β-enaminone synthesis
Authors: Cheng Xu , Pei Shuchen , Xue Chenchen , Cao Kaifei , Hai Li , Wu Yong
Published: November 2014

Aluminium chloride selectively promoted the nucleophilic attack of β-diketone compounds with nitriles to give enaminones.
Electric–dielectric properties and complex impedance analysis of La0.5Ca0.5−xAgxMnO3 manganites
Authors: Smari M. , Rahmouni H. , Elghoul N. , Walha I. , Dhahri E. , Khirouni K.
Published: November 2014

The electric and dielectric properties of La0.5Ca0.5−xAgxMnO3 (LCMO–Ag with x = 0 and x = 0.4) were investigated using the impedance spectroscopy technique.
Quantum correction to low-temperature resistivity induced by disorder in La2/3Sr1/3MnO3–ZrO2matrix composites
Authors: Jin Yuan , Qian Xiao-Long , Lu Bo , Cao Shi-Xun , Zhang Jin-Cang
Published: November 2014

Low-temperature transport properties were systemically studied for a series of (1 −x) La2/3Sr1/3MnO3+xZrO2(x= 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9%) matrix composites under low applied magnetic fields.
Synthesis and characterization of thermo-responsive and photo-cleavable block copolymers as nanocarriers
Authors: Lee Ren-Shen , Wang Shiu-Wei , Li You-Chen , Fang Jia-You
Published: November 2014

In this study, we synthesized thermo-responsive and photo-cleavable amphiphilic block copolymers containing photodegradable linkers as junction points between hydrophilic and hydrophobic chains.
Selective interactions of 5-(hydroxyimino)quinolin-8-one with tetrabutylammonium fluoride and zinc(ii) ions
Authors: Khakhlary Prithiviraj , Baruah Jubaraj B.
Published: November 2014

Zinc ions or fluoride ions can be selectively detected by 5-(hydroxyimino)quinolin-8-one under mild acidic conditions.
Rational coupled dynamics network manipulation rescues disease-relevant mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
Authors: Proctor Elizabeth A. , Kota Pradeep , Aleksandrov Andrei A. , He Lihua , Riordan John R. , Dokholyan Nikolay V.
Published: November 2014

A novel approach identifying networks of residues involved intrans-protein dynamic coupling is applied to rescue mutant CFTR.
Prediction and characterisation of radiation damage in fluorapatite
Authors: Jay Eleanor E. , Fossati Paul C. M. , Rushton Michael J. D. , Grimes Robin W.
Published: November 2014

Displacement cascade simulations in fluorapatite show selective amorphisation, with the phosphate sub-structure forming amorphous chains interlaced with much more damage-resistant calcium meta-prisms.
Amphiphilic trismethylpyridylporphyrin-fullerene (C70) dyad: an efficient photosensitizer under hypoxia conditions
Authors: Guan Mirong , Qin Tingxiao , Ge Jiechao , Zhen Mingming , Xu Wei , Chen Daiqin , Li Shumu , Wang Chunru , Su Hongmei , Shu Chunying
Published: November 2014

Amphiphilic trismethylpyridylporphyrin-C70(PC70) dyad with improved photosensitization has been successfully prepared.
MXene nanoribbons
Authors: Zhao Shijun , Kang Wei , Xue Jianming
Published: November 2014

Quasi-one-dimensional nanoribbons have great potential for applications in nanoelectronics and nanospintronics due to their unique quantum confinement effects.
Influential effects of π-spacers, alkyl side chains, and various processing conditions on the photovoltaic properties of alkylselenyl substituted benzodithiophene based polymers
Authors: Kranthiraja Kakaraparthi , Gunasekar Kumarasamy , Cho Woosum , Park Young Geun , Lee Jin Yong , Shin Yurim , Kang In-Nam , Song Myungkwan , Chae Keun Hwa , Kim BongSoo , Jin Sung-Ho
Published: November 2014

Collective effects of π-spacers, alkyl side chains, and various processing conditions on the photovoltaic properties.
The Effects of Rate on Single-Word Reading Assessment
Authors: Carter Matthew D. , Walker Marianna M. , O'Brien Kevin
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of introducing rapid stimulus presentation durations while limiting response durations on the decoding profiles of college students with reading disorders.

Method

Eighteen college-aged individuals with typical reading abilities and 12 college-aged adults who exhibited reading difficulties participated. Participants completed a series of 4 experimental word-naming tasks. Two Word Attack subtests and 2 Word Identification subtests were administered while introducing more rapid stimulus presentation durations along with limited response times. Standard scores and response times were collected. Each individual's results were subjected to a subtyping procedure based on relative decoding strengths and weaknesses.

Results

More rapid conditions were associated with higher sight word decoding scores and lower phonological decoding scores. The results indicated that the subtyping patterns differed drastically depending on the presentation conditions.

Conclusions

The authors hypothesize that the experimental conditions potentially yield a more reliable assessment of the 2 independent methods of single-word reading. The ability to subtype or categorize readers on the basis of their relative strengths and weaknesses is highly dependent on the reliability of the measures used to assess those relative strengths and weaknesses.
Topology of magneto‐inductive communication system based on the regular hexagonal array
Authors: Ma Jing , Zhang Xiaotong , Liao Mingjie , He Jie
Published: November 2014

Power consumption can be lowered when magneto‐inductive communication based on the well‐established regular quadrilateral array is applied to underground communication. However, the large path loss and low communication rate are obstacles. In comparison with the traditional topology of magneto‐inductive communications, a new topology based on the regular hexagonal array is brought forward in this study. This topology could improve the communication rate and increase the energy density by optimising the topology. On the basis of the analysis of path loss in the low‐loss model, this study corrects the lossless model, which proves that the new topology is superior to the previous one on bandwidth, group velocity, path loss and energy density. The three‐dimensional (3D) model proposed in the study obtain the best effect in the above four aspects compared with the other two‐dimensional and 3D models. The proposed model is suitable for underground communication.
Analysis of Mandibular Test Specimens Used to Assess a Bone Fixation System
Authors: Baccarin LeandroStocco , Casarin Renato Correa Viana , Lopes-da-Silva JorgeVicente , Passeri LuisAugusto
Published: November 2014

The aim of this study was to assess through biomechanical testing if different synthetic materials used to fabricate test specimens have a different biomechanical behavior in comparison with other materials when simulating in vitro load resistance of a fixation method established for sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO). Thirty synthetic and standardized human hemimandible replicas with SSRO were divided into three groups of 10 samples each. Group A—ABS plastic; Group B—polyamide; and Group C—polyurethane. These were fixated with three bicortical position screws (16 mm in length, 2.0-mm system) in an inverted L pattern using perforation guide and 5-mm advancement. Each sample was submitted to linear vertical load, and load strength values were recorded at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 mm of displacement. The means and standard deviation were compared using the analysis of variance ( p < 0.05) and the Tukey test. A tendency for lower values was observed in Group B in comparison with Groups A and C. At 3 and 5 mm of displacement, a difference between Groups A and C was found in comparison with Group B ( p < 0.05). At 7 and 10 mm of displacement, a difference was found among the three groups, in which Group C showed the highest values and Group B the lowest ( p < 0.05). Taking into consideration the results obtained and the behavior of each material used as a substrate, significant differences occurred among the materials when compared among them.
Empirical determination of the energy band gap narrowing in p+ silicon heavily doped with boron
Authors: Yan Di , Cuevas Andres
Published: November 2014

In the analysis of highly doped silicon, energy band gap narrowing (BGN) and degeneracy effects may be accounted for separately, as a net BGN in conjunction with Fermi-Dirac statistics, or lumped together in an apparent BGN used with Boltzmann statistics. This paper presents an experimental study of silicon highly doped with boron, with the aim of evaluating the applicability of previously reported BGN models. Different boron diffusions covering a broad range of dopant densities were prepared, and their characteristic recombination current parameters J0 were measured using a contactless photoconductance technique. The BGN was subsequently extracted by matching theoretical simulations of carrier transport and recombination in each of the boron diffused regions and the measured J0 values. An evaluation of two different minority carrier mobility models indicates that their impact on the extraction of the BGN is relatively small. After considering possible uncertainties, it can be concluded that the BGN is slightly larger in p+ silicon than in n+ silicon, in qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions by Schenk. Nevertheless, in quantitative terms that theoretical model is found to slightly underestimate the BGN in p+ silicon. With the two different parameterizations derived in this paper for the BGN in p+ silicon, both statistical approaches, Boltzmann and Fermi-Dirac, provide a good agreement with the experimental data.
Epitaxial GeSn film formed by solid phase epitaxy and its application to Yb2O3-gated GeSn metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors with sub-nm equivalent oxide thickness
Authors: Lee Ching-Wei , Wu Yung-Hsien , Hsieh Ching-Heng , Lin Chia-Chun
Published: November 2014

Through the technique of solid phase epitaxy (SPE), an epitaxial Ge0.955Sn0.045 film was formed on a Ge substrate by depositing an amorphous GeSn film followed by a rapid thermal annealing at 550 °C. A process that uses a SiO2 capping layer on the amorphous GeSn film during SPE was proposed and it prevents Sn precipitation from occurring while maintaining a smooth surface due to the reduced surface mobility of Sn atoms. The high-quality epitaxial GeSn film was observed to have single crystal structure, uniform thickness and composition, and tiny surface roughness with root mean square of 0.56 nm. With a SnOx-free surface, Yb2O3-gated GeSn metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors with equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of 0.55 nm were developed. A small amount of traps inside the Yb2O3 was verified by negligible hysteresis in capacitance measurement. Low leakage current of 0.4 A/cm2 at gate bias of flatband voltage (VFB)-1 V suggests the high quality of the gate dielectric. In addition, the feasibility of using Yb2O3 to well passivate GeSn surface was also evidenced by the small interface trap density (Dit) of 4.02 × 1011 eV−1 cm−2, which can be attributed to smooth GeSn surface and Yb2O3 valency passivation. Both leakage current and Dit performance outperform other passivation techniques at sub-nm EOT regime. The proposed epitaxial GeSn film along with Yb2O3 dielectric paves an alternative way to enable high-performance GeSn MOS devices.
Direct micro-carbonization inside polymer using focused femtosecond laser pulses
Authors: Morita Naoto , Shimotsuma Yasuhiko , Nishi Masayuki , Sakakura Masaaki , Miura Kiyotaka , Hirao Kazuyuki
Published: November 2014

Localized modification of electric conductive properties inside polyfluorene derivative by using focused femtosecond laser was demonstrated. Photoinduced structures are composed of amorphous carbon transferred from three-dimensional configuration of cardo structure. Such space-selective photoinduced microstructures exhibit high electrical conductivity of about 30 S/m.
Static network structure can stabilize human cooperation
Authors: Rand David G. , Nowak Martin A. , Fowler James H. , Christakis Nicholas A.
Published: November 2014

Significance

Human populations are both extremely cooperative and highly structured. Mathematical models have shown that fixed network interaction structures can lead to cooperation under certain conditions, by allowing cooperators to cluster together. Here, we provide empirical evidence of this phenomenon. We explore how different fixed social network structures can promote cooperation using economic game experiments. We find that people cooperate at high stable levels, as long as the benefits created by cooperation are larger than the number of neighbors in the network. This empirical result is consistent with a rule predicted by mathematical models of evolution. Our findings show the important role social networks can play in human cooperation and provide guidance for promoting cooperative behavior.
Optimal T-cell receptor affinity for inducing autoimmunity
Authors: Koehli Sabrina , Naeher Dieter , Galati-Fournier Virginie , Zehn Dietmar , Palmer Ed
Published: November 2014

Significance

The adaptive immune system has the potential to generate a self-reactive response, which can eventually lead to an autoimmune disease. To avoid this outcome, T lymphocytes with high-affinity, self-reactive antigen receptors are blocked from entering the mature T-cell pool (negative selection). Given this mechanism for removing dangerous high-affinity T cells, we wondered whether autoimmunity is more likely to be caused by chronic stimulation of low-affinity T cells or by stimulation of a few high-affinity T cells that escaped negative selection. In this paper, we show that T cells with an affinity just above the selection threshold can bypass negative selection and have the highest potential to cause an experimental autoimmune disease.
Activity-regulating structural changes and autoantibody epitopes in transglutaminase 2 assessed by hydrogen/deuterium exchange
Authors: Iversen Rasmus , Mysling Simon , Hnida Kathrin , Jørgensen Thomas J. D. , Sollid Ludvig M.
Published: November 2014

Significance

The enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is the target of autoantibodies characteristic of the gluten-sensitive enteropathy celiac disease, and intact enzyme activity seems to be required for the disease-causing immune response. TG2 activity is regulated through conformational changes. Ca
2+
binding is required for enzyme activity, whereas oxidation inactivates the enzyme. Using hydrogen/deuterium exchange monitored by mass spectrometry, we have studied differences between active and inactive forms of TG2 in solution and found that oxidation prevents Ca
2+
-induced structural changes. Further, we have characterized the TG2 binding of a panel of monoclonal autoantibodies derived from disease lesion plasma cells. Autoantibody binding affected the structure of TG2, and mapping of the targeted epitopes suggests a possible mechanism for the induction of the autoimmune response.
Instability-induced pattern formation of photoactivated functional polymers
Authors: Galinski Henning , Ambrosio Antonio , Maddalena Pasqualino , Schenker Iwan , Spolenak Ralph , Capasso Federico
Published: November 2014

Significance

When azobenzene-containing polymer films are exposed to UV or visible light complex Turing patterns form on the polymer's surface. But despite the large number of applications reported, a physical explanation for the pattern formation in this important class of materials and its dependence on both the lights intensity and polarization is still lacking. In this study, we present a general explanation for the pattern formation on these photoactivated azopolymer films. We believe that our findings are an innovative contribution to the field of pattern formation of functional polymers and photoactivated thin film engineering, which have the potential to boost the development of photoresponsive systems, such as molecular electronic devices.
Credit scores, cardiovascular disease risk, and human capital
Authors: Israel Salomon , Caspi Avshalom , Belsky Daniel W. , Harrington HonaLee , Hogan Sean , Houts Renate , Ramrakha Sandhya , Sanders Seth , Poulton Richie , Moffitt Terrie E.
Published: November 2014

Significance

Credit scoring is expanding into domains beyond lending. Today, credit scores are used by employers, utility companies, and automobile insurers to index high-risk behavior. Life insurance companies even incorporate credit scores into actuarial models. This expansion is controversial, as it is unclear what personal attributes credit scores capture. Following 1,000 individuals from birth to midlife, we show that low credit scores predict cardiovascular disease risk. We also show that the reason credit scores are broadly applicable as a risk stratification tool is because they capture enduring histories of human capital, beginning in childhood. These findings call attention to privacy concerns in a surveillance society, the value of financial literacy, and the importance of early childhood intervention to promote healthy aging.
Earthquake and tsunami forecasts: Relation of slow slip events to subsequent earthquake rupture
Authors: Dixon Timothy H. , Jiang Yan , Malservisi Rocco , McCaffrey Robert , Voss Nicholas , Protti Marino , Gonzalez Victor
Published: November 2014

Significance

Recent destructive megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis in Japan and Sumatra indicate the difficulty of forecasting these events. Geodetic monitoring of the offshore regions of the subduction zones where these events occur has been suggested as a useful tool, but its potential has never been conclusively demonstrated. Here we show that slow slip events, nondestructive events that release energy slowly over weeks or months, are important mechanisms for releasing seismic strain in subduction zones. Better monitoring of these events, especially those offshore, could allow estimates of the size of future earthquakes and their potential for damaging tsunamis. However, the predictive value of slow slip events remains unclear.