bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aspergiolides C and D: Spirocyclic Aromatic Polyketides with Potent Protein Kinase c‐Met Inhibitory Effects
Authors: Du Lin , Ai Jing , Li Dehai , Zhu Tianjiao , Wang Ying , Knauer Michael , Bruhn Torsten , Liu Hongbing , Geng Meiyu , Gu Qianqun , Bringmann Gerhard
Published: December 2010

Variation of the cultivation conditions for Aspergillus glaucus led to the discovery of two novel spirocyclic aromatic polyketides, aspergiolides C (3) and D (4). Their constitutions were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic methods and isotope‐labeling experiments. Aspergiolides C (3) and D (4) occur as racemic mixtures, the resolution of which was succeeded by HPLC on a chiral phase. The absolute configurations of their enantiomers were assigned online, from the peaks in the chromatogram, by a combination of HPLC‐CD and quantum chemical CD calculations. Both compounds were found to inhibit the kinase activities of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) c‐Met, Ron, and c‐Src with low‐micromolar IC50s. The enantiomers of 3 were resolved by HPLC on a chiral phase. Both enantiomers showed a comparable inhibition of the HGF‐induced autophosphorylation of c‐Met and of subsequent cell migration.
Hydrothermal Fabrication of Quasi‐One‐Dimensional Single‐Crystalline Anatase TiO2 Nanostructures on FTO Glass and Their Applications in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Liao Jin‐Yun , Lei Bing‐Xin , Wang Yu‐Fen , Liu Jun‐Min , Su Cheng‐Yong , Kuang Dai‐Bin
Published: December 2010

One‐dimensional and quasi‐one‐dimensional semiconductor nanostructures are desirable for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), since they can provide direct pathways for the rapid collection of photogenerated electrons, which could improve the photovoltaic performance of the device. Quasi‐1D single‐crystalline anatase TiO2 nanostructures have been successfully prepared on transparent, conductive fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) glass with a growth direction of [101] through a facile hydrothermal approach. The influences of the initial titanium n‐butoxide (TBT) concentration, hydrothermal reaction temperature, and time on the length of quasi‐1D anatase TiO2 nanostructures and on the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs have been investigated in detail. A power conversion efficiency of 5.81 % has been obtained based on the prepared TiO2 nanostructure photoelectrode 6.7 μm thick and commercial N719 dye, with a short‐circuit current density of 13.3 mA cm−2, an open‐circuit voltage of 810 mV, and a fill factor of 0.54.
ChemInform Abstract: Bixbyite‐ and Anatase‐Type Phases in the System Sc—Ta—O—N.
Authors: Stork A. , Schilling H. , Wessel C. , Wolff H. , Boerger A. , Baehtz C. , Becker K.‐D. , Dronskowski R. , Lerch M.
Published: December 2010

In the title system bixbyite‐type phases of general composition ScxTa1‐x(O,N)y (0.33 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 1.7 ≤ y ≤1.9), yellow colored metastable anatase‐type phases such as Sc0.1Ta0.9O1.2N0.8 or Sc0.15Ta0.85O1.3N0.7, and anosovite‐type phases ScxTa3‐xO2xN5‐2x (0 ≤ x ≤ 1.05) are synthesized by ammonolysis of amorphous mixed oxides.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and Physical Properties of the New Ternary Antimonides Ln3Pd8Sb4 (Ln: Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm).
Authors: Zelinska Mariya , Oryshchyn Stepan , Zhak Olga , Pivan Jean‐Yves , Potel Michel , Tougait Olivier , Noel Henri , Kaczorowski Dariusz
Published: December 2010

The title compounds are prepared by arc melting of the elements using a 2 at.% excess of Sb (700 °C, 240—360 h).
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Effective Bis(sulfonamide)—Diamine Ligand: A Unique Chiral Skeleton for the Enantioselective Cu‐Catalyzed Henry Reaction.
Authors: Jin Wei , Li Xincheng , Huang Yongbo , Wu Fan , Wan Boshun
Published: December 2010

Newly developed bis(sulfonamide)‐diamines are highly efficient ligands in the asymmetric copper‐catalyzed Henry reaction between nitromethane and both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes using a low catalyst loading.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid—Liquid Phase Alkylation of N‐Heterocycles: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis as an Environmentally Friendly Alternative.
Authors: Milen Matyas , Gruen Alajos , Balint Erika , Dancso Andras , Keglevich Gyoergy
Published: December 2010

The alkylation of N‐heterocycles proceeds under different conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Combined Source of “CN” from N,N‐Dimethylformamide and Ammonia in the Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl C—H Bonds.
Authors: Kim Jinho , Chang Sukbok
Published: December 2010

Isotopic incorporation experiments reveal that the carbon and nitrogen of the “CN” originate from the N,N‐dimethyl moiety of DMF and ammonia, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: (9H‐Fluoren‐9‐yl)methanesufonyl (Fms): An Amino Protecting Group Complementary to Fmoc.
Authors: Ishibashi Yoshitaka , Miyata Kengo , Kitamura Masato
Published: December 2010

The sulfonamide‐based protecting group Fms can be used for the protection of primary and secondary amines, α‐amino carboxylic esters, and α‐amino phosphonic esters.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Substituted α‐Trifluoromethyl β‐Nitro Amines in the Synthesis of Fluorine‐Containing 1,2‐Diamines, Amino Alcohols, and β‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Korotaev V. Yu. , Barkov A. Yu. , Kodess M. I. , Kutyashev I. B. , Slepukhin P. A. , Zapevalov A. Ya.
Published: December 2010

α‐Trifluoromethyl‐β‐nitroamines, e.g. (III), (IX) or (XIV)/(XV), obtained by amination of either diazo‐nitropropane (I) or nitroolefins like (XIII), represent useful building blocks that can be further functionalized by reduction of the nitro group.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and Economic Halogenation of Aryl Amines via Arenediazonium Tosylate Salts.
Authors: Lee Young Min , Moon Mi Eun , Vajpayee Vaishali , Filimonov Victor D. , Chi Ki‐Whan
Published: December 2010

Bromination and chlorination of various aniline substrates is carried out under optimized conditions A) and proceeds via formation of arenediazonium tosylates.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Synthesis of N‐Cyano‐Substituted Sulfilimines and Sulfoximines.
Authors: Pandey Ankur , Bolm Carsten
Published: December 2010

The two‐step sequence involves sulfide imination with cyanogen amide and subsequent oxidation of the resulting sulfinylimines to yield sulfoximes under metal‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Odorless One‐Pot Synthesis of Thioesters and Selenoesters Promoted by Rongalite®.
Authors: Dan Weixing , Deng Hongjuan , Chen Jiuxi , Liu Miaochang , Ding Jinchang , Wu Huayue
Published: December 2010

The process can be applied to a broad spectrum of diaryl dichalcogenides in the presence of inexpensive Rongalite and in the absence of metal catalysts.The products, versatile intermediates in natural product synthesis, are available with excellent yields within a short reaction time.
ChemInform Abstract: A General and Special Catalyst for Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling Processes.
Authors: Tang Wenjun , et al. et al.
Published: December 2010

A novel oxaphospholano‐fused biphenyl derivative (OPBIM) is developed as efficient ligand for Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki—Miyaura cross coupling of sterically congested aryl halides and arylboronic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Photodecarboxylative Benzylations of Phthalimide in pH 7 Buffer: A Simple Access to 3‐Arylmethyleneisoindolin‐1‐ones.
Authors: Belluau Vincent , Noeureuil Pierre , Ratzke Elfrun , Skvortsov Aleksei , Gallagher Sonia , Motti Cherri Ann , Oelgemoeller Michael
Published: December 2010

The reaction is achieved in a commercially available microreactor to give the corresponding hydroxy derivatives (III) and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Bromotriphenylphosphonium Salt Promoted Tandem One‐Pot Cyclization to Optically Active 2‐Aryl‐1,3‐oxazolines.
Authors: Jiang Haizhen , Yuan Shijie , Wan Wen , Yang Kun , Deng Hongmei , Hao Jian
Published: December 2010

Optically active amino alcohol (II) and aromatic/heteroaromatic acids give under optimized conditions exclusively or predominantly 2,4‐substituted oxazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Efficient Preparation of 2,5‐Disubstituted Oxazoles via a Metal‐Free‐Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization.
Authors: Wan Changfeng , Gao Linfeng , Wang Qiang , Zhang Jintang , Wang Zhiyong
Published: December 2010

The iodine‐catalyzed process allows the synthesis of oxazoles (24 examples) from hydrochloride (I) and aldehydes under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: A Direct Route to 2‐Alkyl‐4‐carbethoxy‐5‐vinyloxazoles.
Authors: Zhang Jianmin , Ciufolini Marco A.
Published: December 2010

The use of an acetylenic alane, generated in situ from (IIa), permits the conversion of chloroglycinates into the title compounds with moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of New Thiadiazole Derivatives.
Authors: Mullick Pooja , Khan Suroor A. , Verma Surajpal , Alam Ozair
Published: December 2010

A series of 24 title compounds of type (IX) is prepared and tested in vitro against various bacterial and fungal strains.
ChemInform Abstract: γ‐Fe2O3: A Magnetic Separable Catalyst for Synthesis of 5‐Substituted 1H‐Tetrazoles from Nitriles and Sodium Azide.
Authors: Qi Gang , Dai Yong
Published: December 2010

Optimized conditions are developed for the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition and the catalyst can easily be removed by a magnet for reuse.
ChemInform Abstract: An Enantioselective Claisen Rearrangement Catalyzed by N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes.
Authors: Kaeobamrung Juthanat , Mahatthananchai Jessada , Zheng Pinguan , Bode Jeffrey W.
Published: December 2010

In the presence of a chiral azolium salt, enols and ynals undergo a highly enantioselective annulation reaction to form enantiomerically enriched dihydropyranones via an N‐heterocyclic carbene catalyzed variant of the Claisen rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of Benzo[c]chromen‐6‐ones by One‐Pot Cyclocondensation of 1,3‐Bis(trimethylsilyloxy)‐1,3‐butadienes with 4‐Chloro‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromene‐3‐carbaldehyde.
Authors: Fatunsin Olumide , Iaroshenko Viktor O. , Dudkin Sergii , Mkrtchyan Satenik , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter
Published: December 2010

In contrast to previously reported syntheses, the reaction allows the preparation of benzo[c]chromenones in a single step but only in moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Flexible Synthesis of Chiral Azacycles via Iridium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation.
Authors: Verendel J. Johan , Zhou Taigang , Li Jia‐Qi , Paptchikhine Alexander , Lebedev Oleg , Andersson Pher G.
Published: December 2010

A ring‐closing metathesis as a key step is used to produce a number of five‐, six‐, and seven‐membered cyclic alkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis and in vitro Anticancer Activity of 4‐Aza‐podophyllotoxin Derivatives Catalyzed by L‐Proline.
Authors: Shi Chunling , Wang Juxian , Chen Hui , Shi Daqing
Published: December 2010

The method shows several advantages such as short reaction times, simple product isolation, recycling of the catalyst, and exclusive regioselectivity of the three‐component reaction in the case of unsymmetrical amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactions of 4‐Hydroxy‐8,9,10,11‐tetrahydropyrido[3,2,1‐jk]carbazol‐6‐ones.
Authors: Stadlbauer Wolfgang , Dang Hoai Van , Berger Birgit S.
Published: December 2010

To study the influence of substituents at the aromatic ring concerning the cyclization reactions of tetrahydrocarbazoles, a series of tetrahydrocarbazoles with methyl‐and chloro substituents in the aromatic ring, and methyl substituents in the saturated ring, e.g.(III) and (X), is synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Synthesis of Quinazolines Through Copper‐Catalyzed Reaction of Aniline‐Derived Benzamidines.
Authors: Ohta Yusuke , Tokimizu Yusuke , Oishi Shinya , Fujii Nobutaka , Ohno Hiroaki
Published: December 2010

Alkynylation of the title compounds with the iodoxolone derivative (II) is followed by cyclization to produce the biologically interesting quinazoline skeleton (III) in moderate yield.
ChemInform Abstract: AuI‐Catalyzed Direct Hydroamination/Hydroarylation and Double Hydroamination of Terminal Alkynes.
Authors: Patil Nitin T. , Lakshmi Pediredla G. V. V. , Singh Vipender
Published: December 2010

A wide range of terminal alkynes smoothly undergoes hydroamination—hydroarylation reaction in the presence of a thermally stable cationic Au catalyst to give fused dihydropyrazines (III), (V), (VII) or fused dihydroquinolines (IX), (XI).
ChemInform Abstract: Sesquiterpenoids and Other Constituents from Senecio argunensis.
Authors: Xie Wei‐Dong , Niu Yu‐Fang , Lai Peng‐Xiang , Row Kyung‐Ho
Published: December 2010

The title compounds (I)—(III) are isolated along with several known substances from the aerial parts of the title plant.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Cytotoxic Activity, and Thermal Studies of Novel N‐[(1,3‐Diphenylpyrazol‐4‐yl)methyl] α‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Joksovic Milan D. , Bogdanovic Gordana , Kojic Vesna , Szecsenyi Katalin Meszaros , Leovac Vukadin M. , Jakimov Dimitar , Trifunovic Snezana , Markovic Violeta , Joksovic Ljubinka
Published: December 2010

This solventless method combines aldehyde (I), α‐amino acids (II), and sodium hydroxide in a mortar and aggregates the dry solid mixture until a powder is formed, thus accelerating the condensation reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Synthesis of N‐Z/Boc‐Protected 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole‐Based Peptidomimetics Employing Peptidyl Thiosemicarbazides.
Authors: Lamani Ravi S. , Nagendra G. , Sureshbabu Vommina V.
Published: December 2010

A convenient protocol is presented for the cyclization of dipeptidyl thiosemicarbazides (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 2‐(4‐o‐β‐D‐Glucosidoxyphenyl)‐4,5‐disubstituted Imidazoles.
Authors: Taile V. S. , Hatzade K. M. , Gaidhane P. K. , Ingle V. N.
Published: December 2010

Condensation between hydroxybenzaldehyde (I), α‐diketones (II), and ammonium acetate yields the aglycons (III) which are glucosylated by using a modified Koenig′s‐Knorr method.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Curine‐Type Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids from the Roots of Cyclea wattii with Cytotoxic Activities.
Authors: Wang Jian‐Zhong , Liu Xiao‐Yu , Wang Feng‐Peng
Published: December 2010

Two new alkaloids, wattisines A and B, are isolated along with three known alkaloids from the roots of the title species.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Based Anion Receptors: An Application of Second‐Sphere Coordination
Authors: Mercer Darren J. , Loeb Stephen J.
Published: December 2010

Review: 34 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Aspects of Cadmium(II) Complexes: Isomers
Authors: Melnik Milan , Valent Aladar , Kohutova Maria
Published: December 2010

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: pH Effect on the Assembly of Metal—Organic Architectures
Authors: Long La‐Sheng
Published: December 2010

Review: 135 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hybrid Organic—Inorganic Polyoxometalate Compounds: From Structural Diversity to Applications
Authors: Dolbecq Anne , Dumas Eddy , Mayer Cedric R. , Mialane Pierre
Published: December 2010

Review: 580 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrocyclization Reactions of Vinyl, Styryl, and Butadienyl Conjugated Carbonyl/Azomethine Ylides.
Authors: Anac Olcay , Guengoer Fuesun Seyma
Published: December 2010

Review: 186 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Selectivity in Metal‐Catalyzed Carbon—Carbon Bond Cleavage of Alkylidenecyclopropanes
Authors: Masarwa Ahmad , Marek Ilan
Published: December 2010

Review: 83 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid Structure‐Induced Effects on Organic Reactions
Authors: Stark Annegret
Published: December 2010

Review: 182 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Enzymatic Reactions in Aqueous Media
Authors: Zhao Hua
Published: December 2010

Review: 144 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Substitution on the Amine Nitrogen
Authors: Lawrence S. A.
Published: December 2010

Review: 351 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Development of Highly Selective Addition Reactions of Tetraphenyldiphosphine to Carbon—Carbon Unsaturated Bonds
Authors: Kawaguchi Shin‐ichi , Ogawa Akiya
Published: December 2010

Review: ca. 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Ring‐Opening Reactions of meso‐Epoxides Using Metal—Chiral Bipyridine Complexes
Authors: Ogawa Chikako , Kokubo Masaya , Kobayashi Shu
Published: December 2010

Review: 25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Lighting Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines for Molecular Photovoltaics
Authors: Martinez‐Diaz M. Victoria , de la Torre Gema , Torres Tomas
Published: December 2010

Review: 148 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Colorimetric and Fluorescent Anion Sensors: An Overview of Recent Developments in the Use of 1,8‐Naphthalimide‐Based Chemosensors
Authors: Duke Rebecca M. , Veale Emma B. , Pfeffer Frederick M. , Kruger Paul E. , Gunnlaugsson Thorfinnur
Published: December 2010

Review: ca. 150 refs.
Influence of Stress Mechanism and Intensities on Product Properties in Solid Mixing
Authors: Habermann Ralf
Published: December 2010

Beim Feststoffmischen wird eine charakteristische spezifische Leistung in das Mischgut eingetragen. Diese kann eine Änderung der Produkteigenschaften der beteiligten Komponenten herbeiführen. Hierbei bestimmen insbesondere wirkende Beanspruchungsmechanismen und ‐intensitäten, ob die geforderte Mischaufgabe erfüllt wird und somit die gewünschten Produkteigenschaften erzeugt werden können. Wie jedoch Beanspruchungsmechanismen und ‐intensitäten mit den Produkteigenschaften gekoppelt sind, ist bislang ungeklärt.
Versuche mit Natrium. Leucht‐ und Lumineszenzerscheinungen
Authors: Schalko Werner , Schmidkunz Heinz
Published: December 2010

Viele Reaktionen des Natriums gehen mit dem Aussenden von Licht einher. Diese Leuchterscheinungen sind zum Teil bekannt, vor allem das gelbe Leuchten des brennenden Natriums, andere hingegen sind noch wenig untersucht. In dem Beitrag wird eine Lumineszenzerscheinung vorgestellt, die bisher in der Literatur noch nicht beschrieben worden ist.
How to design 13C para‐hydrogen‐induced polarization experiments for MRI applications
Authors: Reineri Francesca , Viale Alessandra , Dastrù Walter , Gobetto Roberto , Aime Silvio
Published: December 2010

The application of hyperpolarization techniques for MRI purposes is gathering increasing attention, especially for nuclei such as 13C or 129Xe. Among the different proposed methods, ParaHydrogen Induced Polarization requires relatively cheap equipment. The setup of an MRI experiment by means of parahydrogen requires the application of skills and methodologies that derive from different fields of knowledge. The basic theory and a practical insight of this method are presented here. Parahydrogenation of alkynes, having a labelled 13CO group adjacent to the triple bond, catalyzed by Rh(I) complexes containing a chelating phosphine, represents the best choice for producing and maintaining high heteronuclear polarization effect. In order to transform anti‐phase into in‐phase (net) 13C polarization for MRI application it is necessary to set up the described magnetic field cycle procedure. In vitro and in vivo images have been acquired using fast imaging sequences (RARE and trueFISP). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Colour size effect modelling
Authors: Xiao Kaida , Luo M. Ronnier , Li Changjun
Published: December 2010

The visual phenomenon known as the colour size effect was investigated and two models were developed to predict the change in colour appearance of samples with six different sizes. The models are capable of transforming the colour appearance of a stimulus having a viewing field of 2° to that associated with a range of viewing fields. They are named the size effect correction and the size effect transform and are based on human perceptual attributes and human cone responses, respectively. The performance of both models was tested using the experimental data, and the results showed that the size effect transform performed better than the size effect correction. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2012
Lighting the world's treasures: Approaches to safer museum lighting
Authors: Delgado Monica F. , Dirk Carl W. , Druzik James , WestFall Nathan
Published: December 2010

A strategy is reported to optimize lighting to reduce photochemical degradation of works of art and archival documents. The strategy revolves around improving luminous efficiency of the spectral profile to exclude light which doesn't contribute to brightness or color perception, while also trying to maintain color rendering. The work focuses on Old Master Drawings and designing filters for illuminants, but is applicable to the broad range of art and archival documents and the direct design of lighting without filters such as LED. A filter profile is identified which seems to be beneficial, or at worst neutral for all pigments measured. Underlying principles are identified: (1) The best luminous efficiencies arise from multiple band illuminants, and also improves as color rendering is sacrificed. (2) Protection of an object even late in its damage life can significantly extend its remaining life. (3) Protection of an object early in its life can possibly abate some of the light induced damage it may experience across its life, so early intervention in light protection may be advised. This report further goes on to suggest approaches to further enhance the protection, including tailoring the spectral dependence of appearance change. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010
Somatic Growth and its Regulation
Authors: Clark Pamela A. , Rogol Alan D.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Variations of Normal Growth

Normal Variations in Infancy

Constitutional Delay of Growth and Adolescence

Constitutional Accelerated Growth

Premature Adrenarche

Premature Thelarche

Gynecomastia

Abnormal Growth

Intrinsic Disorders of Growth Deficiency

Extrinsic Disorders of Growth Deficiency

Intrinsic Disorders of Increased Growth

Extrinsic Disorders of Increased Growth

Assessment of Growth

Growth Standards

Standards for Pubertal Development

Terminology

Measurement Techniques

Anthropometry

Body Composition Assessment

Assessment of Biological Maturity

Mathematical Modeling of Growth Data and Prediction of Adult Height

Methods for Assessment of Growth in Laboratory Animals

Assessment of the Regulation of Growth

General Considerations

Screening Procedures

Static Hormone Levels

Serial Growth Hormone Sampling

Stimulation Testing

Suppression Tests
Regulation of Growth Hormone Gene Expression
Authors: Cooke Nancy E. , Liebhaber Stephen A.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Transcriptional Controls

Growth Hormone Gene Organization

Activation of Proximal Promoter Elements of the Growth Hormone Gene in Somatotropes

Structure and Function of the Proximal Promoter

Activation of Placentally Expressed Human Growth Hormone Genes

Role of Silencer Elements

Genetic Evidence for Transcriptional Control and Developmental Pathways

Posttranscriptional Controls

Alternative Splicing of Human Growth Hormone Genes

Alternative Splicing of the Bovine Growth Hormone Gene

mRNAStability
Growth Hormone‐Releasing Hormone: Discovery, Regulation, and Actions
Authors: Frohman Lawrence A. , Kineman Rhonda D.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Historical Aspects

Biological Evidence for a Hypothalamic Growth Hormone–Releasing Factor

Purification

Anatomical Localization

Central Nervous System

Extracranial

Atypical

Molecular Biology and Chemistry of Hypothalamic Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone

Gene Expression

Peptide Processing

Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Actions

Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Receptor

Signal‐Transduction Pathways

Regulation of Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Receptor Synthesis and Activity

Additional Actions

Regulation of Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Synthesis and Secretion

Hypothalamic Negative‐Feedback Effects of Growth Hormone

Glucocorticoids

Gonadal Steroids

Neurotransmitters

Signal‐Transduction Pathways which Lead to Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Release

Ontogenesis and Senescence of the Hormone‐Receptor System

Metabolic Changes

Future Directions
The Growth Hormone Secretory Pattern and Statural Growth
Authors: Robinson Iain C. A. F. , Hindmarsh Peter C.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

How is the Growth Hormone Secretory Pattern Analyzed?

General Considerations in Pulse Analysis of Growth Hormone Secretion

Construction of Data Arrays or Hormone Profiles

Sampling Interval and Aliasing

Duration of Sampling

Discrete or Integrated Samples

Assays and Noise

Basic Evaluation

Stationarization

Analysis of Profiles

Time Series Analysis

Deconvolution Analysis

Baseline Occupancy

Chaos

Neural Networks

Characterization of Growth Hormone Secretory Patterns

Ontogeny of Episodic Growth Hormone Secretion

Growth Hormone Secretory Patterns in the Prepubertal Period

Puberty and Effects of Gonadal Steroids on the Growth Hormone Secretory Pattern

Growth Hormone Secretory Patterns in Adulthood

Other Endocrine Inputs Affecting Growth Hormone Secretory Patterns

Extrinsic Factors Affecting Growth Hormone Pulsatility

How Does the Growth Hormone Secretory Pattern Reflect the Episodic Nature of Hypothalamic Control Mechanisms?

Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone and Somatostatin Interactions Generate Growth Hormone Pulsatility

Other Growth Hormone Secretogogues

Growth Hormone Feedback Effects on Endogenous Growth Hormone Pulsatility

How is The Growth Hormone Secretory Signal Modified in its Passage from the Pituitary to the Peripheral Target Tissues?

How Are Growth Hormone Patterns Modified by Interactions with Growth Hormone Binding Proteins?

How are the Temporal Elements of the Growth Hormone Signal Detected and Interpreted by the Target Tissues?

Pattern‐Dependent Growth Hormone Responses

Growth Hormone Patterns and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I Generation

What is the Significance of the Growth Hormone Secretory Pattern for Statural Growth?

Animal Studies

Human Studies

Indirect Manipulation of Growth Hormone Secretory Pattern
Plasmonic flow cytometry by immunolabeled nanorods
Authors: Crow Matthew J. , Marinakos Stella M. , Cook J. Michael , Chilkoti Ashutosh , Wax Adam
Published: December 2010

Fluorescence‐based flow cytometry measures multiple cellular characteristics, including levels of receptor expression, by assessing the fluorescence intensity from a population of cells whose cell surface receptors are bound by a fluorescently labeled antibody or ligand for that receptor. Functionalized noble metal nanoparticles provide a complementary method of receptor labeling based on plasmonics for population analysis by flow cytometry. The potential benefits of using plasmonic nanoparticles to label cell surface receptors in flow cytometry include scattering intensity from a single particle that is equivalent to fluorescence intensity of 105 fluorescein molecules, biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity, and nonquenching optical properties. The large spectral tunability of nanorods also provides convenient access to plasmonic markers with peak surface plasmon resonances ranging from 600 to 2,200 nm, unlike gold nanosphere markers that are limited to visible wavelengths. Gold nanorod‐based plasmonic flow cytometry is demonstrated herein by comparing the scattering of cells bound to anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐conjugated nanorods to the emission of cells bound to anti‐EGFR‐conjugated fluorescent labels. EGFR‐expressing cells exhibited a statistically significant six‐fold increase in scattering when labeled with anti‐EGFR‐conjugated nanorods compared with labeling with IgG1‐conjugated nanorods. Large scattering intensities were observed despite using a 1,000‐fold lower concentration of nanorod‐conjugated antibody relative to the fluorescently labeled antibody. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Quantitative comparison of polar approach versus fitting method in time domain FLIM image analysis
Authors: Leray A. , Spriet C. , Trinel D. , Blossey R. , Usson Y. , Héliot L.
Published: December 2010

We calculate here analytically the performance of the polar approach (or phasor) in terms of signal‐to‐noise ratio and F values when performing time‐domain Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) to determine the minimal number of photons necessary for FLIM measurements (which is directly related to the F value), and compare them to those obtained from a well‐known fitting strategy using the Least Square Method (LSM). The importance of the fluorescence background on the lifetime measurement precision is also investigated. We demonstrate here that the LSM does not provide the best estimator of the lifetime parameter for fluorophores exhibiting mono‐exponential intensity decays as soon as fluorescence background is superior to 5%. The polar approach enables indeed to determine more precisely the lifetime values for a limited range corresponding to usually encountered fluorescence lifetime values. These theoretical results are corroborated with Monte Carlo simulations. We finally demonstrate experimentally that the polar approach allows distinguishing in living cells two fluorophores undetectable with usual time‐domain LSM fitting software. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Flächige Abdichtung erdberührter Bauteile mittels Injektion
Authors: Kremnitzer Peter
Published: December 2010

Die Schirminjektion ist ein Injektionsverfahren zur Abdichtung von erdberührten Bauwerken gegenüber Grundwasser, bei denen aufgrund der speziellen Gegebenheiten eine Behebung der Undichten des Baukörpers technisch nicht möglich oder ökonomisch nicht sinnvoll erscheint. Durch die Schirminjektion werden die Wasserwege im anstehenden Boden mit Kunstharzgelen verfüllt und abgedichtet, so dass der injizierte Boden die Funktion einer neuen Abdichtungsebene übernimmt. Der Beitrag beschreibt die Eigenschaften der verwendeten Gele und die qualitätsbestimmenden Schritte von der Voruntersuchung des Mauerwerks, über die Planung und Ausführung bis zur Qualitätssicherung und Dokumentation. Auch ökologische Aspekte der Injektion im Boden werden angesprochen.

Waterproofing of Subgrade Constructions by Curtain Grouting. Curtain grouting is a method for waterproofing subgrade constructions where the sealing of the leakages in the construction is technically not possible or economically not sensible. By this kind of grouting the capillaries and cavities in the soil surrounding the construction are filled and sealed with polymeric gels. The grouted soil forms a new waterproofing body outside the structure. The properties of the used gels are described as well as the necessary steps to control the quality, including preliminary enquiries of the masonry, planning and execution of the grouting process, quality control and documentation. Also ecological aspects of grouting in soil are discussed.
Abdichtung von erdberührten Bauteilen
Authors: Steinbrecher Michael
Published: December 2010

Im Rahmen eines von der Österreichischen Forschungsförderungs gesellschaft geförderten Projekts wurden die häufigsten Mängel und Schäden an Abdichtungen von erdberührten Bauteilen erhoben. Dazu wurden Schadensgutachten ausgewertet und die Ausführung von Abdichtungsarbeiten vor Ort begutachtet. Des Weiteren wurde das Qualifikationsniveau der Arbeiter erfasst, Fachleute befragt und Ausschreibungsunterlagen in Hinblick auf ihre Übereinstimmung mit den Bestimmungen der einschlägigen ÖNORMEN untersucht.

Waterproofing of building elements with ground contact. In the context of a from the Austrian Research Promotion Agency funded research project the most common deficits and damages of water proofing of building elements with ground contact were examined. For this purpose damage expertises were analysed and the rea lisation of waterproofing systems on the building site were examined. Furthermore the qualification levels of the workers were collected, experts were consulted and tender documents in regard to their compliance with the requirements of the relevant Austrian Standards were evaluated.
Einbruchssicherheit durch Porenbeton
Authors: Küenzlen Jürgen H. R. , Flassenberg Georg
Published: December 2010

Bereits vor einigen Jahren konnte durch Versuche gezeigt werden, dass Wände aus Porenbeton durchaus auch einen erhöhten Einbruchschutz bieten können. Im Jahr 2005 wurden beispielsweise Versuche mit einbruchhemmenden Fenstern, die in Porenbeton befestigt waren, am ift in Rosenheim in der Widerstandklasse WK 2 durchgeführt und positiv beurteilt.
Diabetes mellitus, other medical conditions and pancreatic cancer: a case‐control study
Authors: Lipworth Loren , Zucchetto Antonella , Bosetti Cristina , Franceschi Silvia , Talamini Renato , Serraino Diego , McLaughlin Joseph K. , La Vecchia Carlo , Negri Eva
Published: December 2010

Background

Diabetes and other medical conditions have been related to pancreatic cancer, but time risk quantification is unsettled.

Methods

We combined data from two case‐control studies conducted in Italy, including 688 pancreatic cancer cases and 2204 controls. All subjects were interviewed by trained interviewers during their hospital stay. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multiple logistic regression.

Results

Overall, 103 cases (15%) and 125 controls (5.7%) reported a history of diabetes. The OR for pancreatic cancer was more pronounced among those diagnosed with diabetes in the previous 2 years (OR = 5.17; 95% CI = 2.71–9.87) than among those with diabetes diagnosed more than 2 years ago (OR = 2.35; 95% CI = 1.70–3.26). The ORs remained significantly elevated 2–4 years (OR = 3.81; 95% CI = 2.07–7.04) and 5–9 years (OR = 3.75; 95% CI = 2.13–6.59) since diagnosis of diabetes, after which a non‐significant 20% increased risk for pancreatic cancer was observed. As compared to non‐diabetic non‐smokers, the OR was 1.85 among non‐diabetic current smokers, 2.17 among diabetic never/former smokers, and rose to 4.67 among diabetic current smokers, indicating a multiplicative effect between these two risk factors. Pancreatic cancer was significantly associated with pancreatitis, primarily among those diagnosed within 2 years (OR = 7.16; 95% CI = 2.25–22.78). In addition, the ORs were elevated for cholelithiasis (3.53; 95% CI = 1.67–7.45) and gastroduodenal ulcer (3.16; 95% CI = 1.14–8.73) only among those diagnosed within the past 2 years.

Conclusions

Diabetes is associated with heightened risk of pancreatic cancer. The association is significant for diabetes diagnosed up to 10 years before pancreatic cancer. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Difructose Dianhydrides by Use of the Xylylene Group as Stereodirecting Element in Spiroketalisation Reactions
Authors: Méndez‐Ardoy Alejandro , Suárez‐Pereira Elena , Balbuena Oliva Patricia , Jiménez Blanco José Luis , Ortiz Mellet Carmen , García Fernández José M.
Published: December 2010

The use of the o‐xylylene protecting group as an element of remote stereochemical control in bis(spiroketalisation) reactions of D‐fructose has been investigated. The presence of the cyclic diether functionality favours the trans‐diequatorial disposition of oxygen substituents, a conformational arrangement that is encountered in the 3‐O/4‐O segment in β‐D‐fructopyranoside and β‐D‐fructofuranoside moieties in di‐D‐fructose dianhydrides (DFAs). Moreover, the presence of the o‐xylylene group in cis‐oriented vic‐diol segments slows down the interconversion rate between the two chair conformers in fructopyranose rings, which has a strong influence on the stereochemical outcome of the dimerisation reaction. Those features have been exploited to develop stereoselective syntheses of dipyranose and difuranose DFAs with the aid of triflic acid activation of 1,2‐O‐isopropylidene‐D‐fructose precursors. For difuranose DFAs, the combination of this strategy with the concept of rigid spacer‐mediated intramolecular spiroketalisation, with use of xylylene‐tethered D‐fructose precursors, further allows double stereocontrol. The conclusions of this study open new perspectives in the stereoselective synthesis of complex spiroketal derivatives in general and in the preparation of pure DFA standards with application in food chemistry in particular.
The Effect of Strain on the RhI‐Catalyzed Rearrangement of Allylamines
Authors: Siebert Matthew R. , Yudin Andrei K. , Tantillo Dean J.
Published: December 2010

A multitude of challenges facing modern synthesis have an enamine component as part of a solution. Transition‐metal‐catalyzed rearrangement of allylamines to enamines has occupied a prominent place among catalytic transformations. Similar to more conventional synthetic approaches to enamine intermediates, this chemistry typically leads to the formation of (E) isomers. Recently, a RhI‐catalyzed rearrangement of N‐allylaziridines to (Z)‐N‐alkenylaziridines was reported with kinetic stereoselectivities between 75:25 and 95:5 (Z/E). This exciting result warranted a mechanistic explanation. Herein we describe the results of quantum chemical calculations [B3LYP/6‐31+G(d,p)‐LANL2DZ] aimed at evaluating competing mechanisms for this isomerization. We have compared and contrasted two mechanisms for the rearrangement: one that proceeds through an azametallocyclopentene intermediate and another through a hydrometalation/β‐hydride elimination. We find that the latter mechanism corresponds to the lower energy pathway, which, counterintuitively, exhibits a kinetic preference for the formation of products with (Z) C=C double bonds. A close correspondence between product ratios determined by simple Boltzmann distribution calculations based on these theoretical results and the previously reported ratios is observed. Lastly, we have examined whether the observed stereocontrol is exclusive to strained amines, and we find that the unique characteristics of the aziridine ring, compared to other amines, prove to be essential. Given the privileged status of the enamine functional group in synthesis, application of the “strain effect” in a range of metal‐catalyzed processes is expected to have broad consequences.
Reducing Antioxidant Capacity Evaluated by Means of Controlled Potential Electrolysis
Authors: Oliveira Raquel , Marques Juliana , Bento Fátima , Geraldo Dulce , Bettencourt Paula
Published: December 2010

An analytical method suitable for an antioxidant sensor is presented following the response of these substances to an extensive oxidation imposed by electrochemical means. The electrochemical assay simulates the action of a reactive oxygen species (ROS) by means of electrolyses carried out at a potential which is settled at the formal potential of the ROS. The antioxidant activities of trolox and ascorbic, gallic and caffeic acids and of mixtures of these antioxidants were estimated from the charge required for the complete oxidation of the antioxidants from assays where the oxidative attack by O2 and by O2.− were simulated.
Preparation and application of organic‐silica hybrid monolithic capillary columns
Authors: Wu Minghuo , Wu Ren'an , Zhang Zhenbin , Zou Hanfa
Published: December 2010

Organic‐silica hybrid monolithic columns have drawn more and more attention due to the ease of preparation and good mechanical stability in recent years. Many synthetic approaches have been developed and a variety of hybrid monolithic capillary columns have been prepared. The sol–gel process is well recognized in the fabrication of hybrid monolithic columns, which can be mainly classified as one‐step, acid/base two‐step procedures. The new approaches such as the “one‐pot” and nano‐scaled inorganic–organic hybrid reagent of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane used as a cross‐linker have also emerged for the preparation of hybrid monolithic columns. The applications of the organic‐silica hybrid monolithic capillary columns for capillary electrochromatography, micro high‐performance liquid chromatography, solid‐phase micro‐extraction and enzymatic reactor etc. are included in this review.
CE‐MS for metabolomics: Developments and applications in the period 2008–2010
Authors: Ramautar Rawi , Mayboroda Oleg A. , Somsen Govert W. , de Jong Gerhardus J.
Published: December 2010

This review provides an update of the state‐of‐the‐art of CE‐MS for metabolomic purposes, covering the scientific literature from July 2008 to June 2010. This review describes the different analytical aspects with respect to non‐targeted and targeted metabolomics and the new technological developments used in CE‐MS for metabolomics. The applicability of CE‐MS in metabolomics research is illustrated by examples of the analysis of biomedical and clinical samples, and for bacterial and plant extracts. The relevant papers on CE‐MS for metabolomics are comprehensively summarized in a table, including, e.g. information on sample type and pretreatment, and MS detection mode. Future considerations such as challenges for large‐scale and (quantitative) clinical metabolomics studies and the use of sheathless interfacing and different ionization techniques are discussed.
Stability of copper smelter slag in sea water
Authors: Shanmuganathan P. , Lakshmipathiraj P. , Kumar Satendra , Sumathy A. , Srikanth S.
Published: December 2010

The long‐term stability of the slag in sea water is an essential requirement for its use in marine environment. Because no specific standards exist for studying the leachability of slag in sea water, its long‐term stability was assessed through four types of indigenously designed extraction tests: (i) extraction tests on the slag similar to that specified in the multiple extraction procedure USEPA 1320, however, using sea water as the leachant; (ii) mechanical activation of the slag followed by extraction test using sea water as leachant; (iii) pressure leaching of the slag (at 1000 psi) in N2 and O2 for 4 h at different temperatures up to 120°C; and (iv) mechanical activation of slag followed by pressure leaching of the slag in the temperature range of 40–120°C. In all these four tests, the leachability of the copper smelter slag was found to be higher in sea water compared to that in the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure medium and in acids. However, the highest concentration of all the relevant elements in the leachate was below the prescribed limits in USEPA method 1311. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2012
Mercury and methylmercury concentrations in two newly constructed reservoirs in the Wujiang River, Guizhou, China
Authors: Yao Heng , Feng Xinbin , Guo Yanna , Yan Haiyu , Fu Xuewu , Li Zhonggen , Meng Bo
Published: December 2010

We studied the distribution of different mercury species in two newly created reservoirs (Hongjiadu [HJD] and Suofengying [SFY] Reservoir) within the Wujiang River, Guizhou Province, China. These reservoirs were sampled four times between January, 2007, and November, 2007. Water, soil, and fish tissue samples were collected and analyzed for organic (methylmercury) and total Hg. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content in water was measured as well. In both reservoirs, the DOC concentration was low (range 0.5–4.9 mg/L). Organic matter content in soil collected near the bank of both reservoirs was also low (range 0.4–6.9%). The total MeHg level did not increase significantly with depth in water column, nor did it exhibit a pronounced spatial pattern moving from upstream to the dam. The total MeHg level did not increase significantly with depth in water column, nor did it exhibit a pronounced spatial pattern moving from upstream to the dam. The total Hg content in fish tissue was on average 0.044 mg/kg wet weight, which is a very low content in an international comparison. It is suggested that the studied reservoirs were not active sites of net Hg methylating. Low levels of organic matter (OM) may constrict the evolution of the bulk Hg methylation process occurring in flooded soil. Therefore, we hypothesize that newly constructed reservoirs in the karstic region of Southwest China appear to be much less beset by the problems of MeHg pollution that have been reported for corresponding reservoirs in North America and Europe. However, further research is required to verify this finding. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:530–537. © 2010 SETAC
Exposure of sea otters and harlequin ducks in Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA, to shoreline oil residues 20 years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill
Authors: Neff Jerry M , Page David S , Boehm Paul D
Published: December 2010

We assessed whether sea otters and harlequin ducks in an area of western Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA (PWS), oiled by the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS), are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from oil residues 20 years after the spill. Spilled oil has persisted in PWS for two decades as surface oil residues (SOR) and subsurface oil residues (SSOR) on the shore. The rare SOR are located primarily on the upper shore as inert, nonhazardous asphaltic deposits, and SSOR are confined to widely scattered locations as small patches under a boulder/cobble veneer, primarily on the middle and upper shore, in forms and locations that preclude physical contact by wildlife and diminish bioavailability. Sea otters and harlequin ducks consume benthic invertebrates that they collect by diving to the bottom in the intertidal and subtidal zones. Sea otters also dig intertidal and subtidal pits in search of clams. The three plausible exposure pathways are through the water, in oil-contaminated prey, or by direct contact with SSOR during foraging. Concentrations of PAH in near-shore water off oiled shores in 2002 to 2005 were at background levels (<0.05 ng/L). Median concentrations of PAH in five intertidal prey species on oiled shores in 2002 to 2008 range from 4.0 to 34 ng/g dry weight, indistinguishable from background concentrations. Subsurface oil residues are restricted to locations on the shore and substrate types, where large clams do not occur and where sea otters do not dig foraging pits. Therefore, that sea otters and harlequin ducks continue to be exposed to environmentally significant amounts of PAH from EVOS 20 years after the spill is not plausible. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:659–672. © 2011 SETAC
Polynuclear aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons in mussels from the coastal zone of Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
Authors: Amin Oscar A , Comoglio Laura I , Sericano José L
Published: December 2010

Mussels (Mytilus edulis chilensis) were collected from 12 coastal locations in Ushuaia Bay, Argentina, and the surrounding area in October 1999 and again in October 2003. Concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and selected chlorinated pesticides were determined to assess the impact of a fast-growing population in the area. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 2.24 to an extremely high concentration of 2,420 µg/g lipid measured in mussels collected near an oil jetty used to discharge to shore storage tanks. The composition of PAHs in these samples indicates that the source of these compounds inside Ushuaia Bay is predominantly petrogenic, with some pyrogenic background, whereas mostly pyrogenic-related PAHs were evident in areas outside the bay. Total concentrations of PCBs ranged between 12.8 and 8,210 ng/g lipid, with the highest concentration, detected inside Ushuaia harbor, representing a 10-fold increase when compared with historical data. Chlorinated pesticides were detected at comparatively lower concentrations, with 4-4′- 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene being the most common. The aggressive increase in population and related activities observed in the city of Ushuaia over the last two decades might have affected the environmental quality of the local bay. Moreover, the oceanographic and atmospheric conditions existing in Ushuaia Bay and surrounding areas may favor the accumulation and long-term presence of these organic pollutants in all compartments of this fragile environment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:521–529. © 2011 SETAC