bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The dark side of street lighting: impacts on moths and evidence for the disruption of nocturnal pollen transport
Authors: Macgregor Callum J. , Evans Darren M. , Fox Richard , Pocock Michael J. O.
Published: June 2016

Among drivers of environmental change, artificial light at night is relatively poorly understood, yet is increasing on a global scale. The community‐level effects of existing street lights on moths and their biotic interactions have not previously been studied. Using a combination of sampling methods at matched‐pairs of lit and unlit sites, we found significant effects of street lighting: moth abundance at ground level was halved at lit sites, species richness was >25% lower, and flight activity at the level of the light was 70% greater. Furthermore, we found that 23% of moths carried pollen of at least 28 plant species and that there was a consequent overall reduction in pollen transport at lit sites. These findings support the disruptive impact of lights on moth activity, which is one proposed mechanism driving moth declines, and suggest that street lighting potentially impacts upon pollination by nocturnal invertebrates. We highlight the importance of considering both direct and cascading impacts of artificial light.
Climate change impacts on wildlife in a High Arctic archipelago – Svalbard, Norway
Authors: Descamps Sébastien , Aars Jon , Fuglei Eva , Kovacs Kit M. , Lydersen Christian , Pavlova Olga , Pedersen Åshild Ø. , Ravolainen Virve , Strøm Hallvard
Published: June 2016

The Arctic is warming more rapidly than other region on the planet, and the northern Barents Sea, including the Svalbard Archipelago, is experiencing the fastest temperature increases within the circumpolar Arctic, along with the highest rate of sea ice loss. These physical changes are affecting a broad array of resident Arctic organisms as well as some migrants that occupy the region seasonally. Herein, evidence of climate change impacts on terrestrial and marine wildlife in Svalbard is reviewed, with a focus on bird and mammal species. In the terrestrial ecosystem, increased winter air temperatures and concomitant increases in the frequency of ‘rain‐on‐snow’ events are one of the most important facets of climate change with respect to impacts on flora and fauna. Winter rain creates ice that blocks access to food for herbivores and synchronizes the population dynamics of the herbivore–predator guild. In the marine ecosystem, increases in sea temperature and reductions in sea ice are influencing the entire food web. These changes are affecting the foraging and breeding ecology of most marine birds and mammals and are associated with an increase in abundance of several temperate fish, seabird and marine mammal species. Our review indicates that even though a few species are benefiting from a warming climate, most Arctic endemic species in Svalbard are experiencing negative consequences induced by the warming environment. Our review emphasizes the tight relationships between the marine and terrestrial ecosystems in this High Arctic archipelago. Detecting changes in trophic relationships within and between these ecosystems requires long‐term (multidecadal) demographic, population‐ and ecosystem‐based monitoring, the results of which are necessary to set appropriate conservation priorities in relation to climate warming.
Modelling climate change impacts on viticultural yield, phenology and stress conditions in Europe
Authors: Fraga Helder , García de Cortázar Atauri Iñaki , Malheiro Aureliano C. , Santos João A.
Published: June 2016

Viticulture is a key socio‐economic sector in Europe. Owing to the strong sensitivity of grapevines to atmospheric factors, climate change may represent an important challenge for this sector. This study analyses viticultural suitability, yield, phenology, and water and nitrogen stress indices in Europe, for present climates (1980–2005) and future (2041–2070) climate change scenarios (RCP4.5 and 8.5). The STICS crop model is coupled with climate, soil and terrain databases, also taking into account CO2 physiological effects, and simulations are validated against observational data sets. A clear agreement between simulated and observed phenology, leaf area index, yield and water and nitrogen stress indices, including the spatial differences throughout Europe, is shown. The projected changes highlight an extension of the climatic suitability for grapevines up to 55°N, which may represent the emergence of new winemaking regions. Despite strong regional heterogeneity, mean phenological timings (budburst, flowering, veraison and harvest) are projected to undergo significant advancements (e.g. budburst/harvest can be >1 month earlier), with implications also in the corresponding phenophase intervals. Enhanced dryness throughout Europe is also projected, with severe water stress over several regions in southern regions (e.g. southern Iberia and Italy), locally reducing yield and leaf area. Increased atmospheric CO2 partially offsets dryness effects, promoting yield and leaf area index increases in central/northern Europe. Future biomass changes may lead to modifications in nitrogen demands, with higher stress in northern/central Europe and weaker stress in southern Europe. These findings are critical decision support systems for stakeholders from the European winemaking sector.
Effects of biochar application on soil greenhouse gas fluxes: a meta‐analysis
Authors: He Yanghui , Zhou Xuhui , Jiang Liling , Li Ming , Du Zhenggang , Zhou Guiyao , Shao Junjiong , Wang Xihua , Xu Zhihong , Hosseini Bai Shahla , Wallace Helen , Xu Chengyuan
Published: June 2016

Biochar application to soils may increase carbon (C) sequestration due to the inputs of recalcitrant organic C. However, the effects of biochar application on the soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes appear variable among many case studies; therefore, the efficacy of biochar as a carbon sequestration agent for climate change mitigation remains uncertain. We performed a meta‐analysis of 91 published papers with 552 paired comparisons to obtain a central tendency of three main GHG fluxes (i.e., CO2, CH4, and N2O) in response to biochar application. Our results showed that biochar application significantly increased soil CO2 fluxes by 22.14%, but decreased N2O fluxes by 30.92% and did not affect CH4 fluxes. As a consequence, biochar application may significantly contribute to an increased global warming potential (GWP) of total soil GHG fluxes due to the large stimulation of CO2 fluxes. However, soil CO2 fluxes were suppressed when biochar was added to fertilized soils, indicating that biochar application is unlikely to stimulate CO2 fluxes in the agriculture sector, in which N fertilizer inputs are common. Responses of soil GHG fluxes mainly varied with biochar feedstock source and soil texture and the pyrolysis temperature of biochar. Soil and biochar pH, biochar applied rate, and latitude also influence soil GHG fluxes, but to a more limited extent. Our findings provide a scientific basis for developing more rational strategies toward widespread adoption of biochar as a soil amendment for climate change mitigation.
Comparing methods for measuring the digestibility of miscanthus in bioethanol or biogas processing
Authors: Frydendal‐Nielsen Susanne , Jørgensen Uffe , Hjorth Maibritt , Felby Claus , Gislum René
Published: June 2016

Lignocellulosic biomass is a candidate for future renewable energy resources. Choice of optimum biomass types and biological conversion techniques requires well‐founded assessment of the digestibility determining the conversion efficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate the digestibility of miscanthus samples that were tested using three methods: 3,5‐dinitrosalicylic acid assay (DNS), anaerobic batch digestion test, and high‐throughput pretreatment and hydrolysis method, including a grinding and hydrothermal pretreatment prior to the analysis (HTPH). The miscanthus samples were expected to have different digestibilities due to maturity stage, dry matter content and the implementation of extrusion as a mechanical pretreatment. The results of the DNS and the biogas batch test methods were highly correlated (R2 between 0.75 and 0.92), but not with the results of the HTPH method. The DNS and biogas batch test showed that digestibility differed between samples, probably due to the degree of lignification and content of soluble sugars. For the HTPH method, the digestibility for biorefining was the same irrespective of the variation in the other analyses. The HTPH method had higher biomass use efficiency, closely followed by the biogas batch test running for 91 days on the mechanically pretreated biomass. The HTPH method provided information on the overall quantity of carbohydrates that can be made available from a given biomass. Additionally, DNS and biogas batch test visualize the variation in digestibility between biomass types caused by lignification and particle. The study concludes that the choice of evaluation method for miscanthus will depend on the bioenergy conversion method used and that important information on the interaction between physio‐chemical pretreatment and biological accessibility of the biomass can be obtained by comparing the methods. This information will enable sound decisions on the future choice of bioenergy conversion technologies.
Carnitine dynamics and their effects on hyperammonemia in cirrhotic Japanese patients
Authors: Shiraki Makoto , Shimizu Masahito , Moriwaki Hisataka , Okita Kiwamu , Koike Kazuhiko
Published: June 2016

Aim

Supplementation with levocarnitine preparations has been reported to improve hepatic encephalopathy, but no detailed investigations have addressed the dynamics of carnitine or its supplementation indication in cirrhosis patients. We studied carnitine dynamics in cirrhotic patients by measuring serum and liver tissue carnitine levels and tested the effects of levocarnitine supplementation on concurrent hyperammonemia.

Methods

In a pilot cohort of seven patients with liver cirrhosis and five patients without cirrhosis, the serum and liver carnitine concentrations were measured. Then the serum carnitine fractions were analyzed in 70 liver cirrhosis patients. Among them, a levocarnitine preparation (1800 mg/day) was supplemented orally for 3 months in 27 patients with refractory hyperammonemia, and the effects were evaluated.

Results

A significant correlation was observed between serum and liver tissue carnitine concentrations (r = 0.69, P < 0.05). The serum total carnitine concentration was 68.4 ± 4.7 μmol/L, the free carnitine concentration was 53.2 ± 2.6 μmol/L, and the acylcarnitine concentration was 13.2 ± 1.1 μmol/L in 70 cirrhotic patients (reference values are 45–91, 36–74, 6–23 μmol/L, respectively). There was no correlation between blood ammonia and serum carnitine concentrations. The serum carnitine concentration rose with levocarnitine supplementation, reaching steady state after 1 month and, in parallel, refractory hyperammonemia was significantly improved. The cut‐off level for a 20% decrease in blood ammonia was identified as 62.0 μmol/L total carnitine concentration by receiver–operating characteristic curve analysis, with an area under the curve of 0.69.

Conclusion

Serum carnitine concentrations were within standard levels in the majority of liver cirrhosis patients. In patients with concurrent hyperammonemia, the levocarnitine supplementation reduced blood ammonia levels.
The Greater Game: Qing China in Central Eurasia
Authors: Chan Ying‐kit
Published: June 2016

This article surveys Qing China's expansion into Central Eurasia in the context of “The Great Game,” a geopolitical contest between the British and Russian empires in that region. It argues that Manchu activities, policies, and roles in Tibet and Xinjiang made Qing China a significant third player in the struggle for regional dominance, which can be regarded as “The Greater Game.” This article specifically refers to the geopolitical concerns of Britain, China, and Russia in Asia and Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to explain their effects on this Greater Game.
The History of Critical Theory in China
Authors: He Weihua
Published: June 2016

Due to the lack of theoretical resources for the ideological reconstruction during the New Era, Critical Theory was brought into China along with numerous other theoretical paradigms. During the 80s, many of the major works by critical theorists became available in China for the first time. With the consequent social transformation after the implementation of the reform and opening‐up policy, the emergence of popular culture constitutes one of the most noticeable events during the post‐Mao era. Thus, in order to map, interpret and fruitfully engage with the new cultural formation, to appropriate Critical Theory to talk about Chinese cultural reality actually developed into a fad among Chinese intellectuals in the 90s. With more thorough and more complete studies being carried out in this field in recent years, Chinese scholars gradually became more aware of the limitations of Critical Theory. However, given its influence in Chinese academia, Critical Theory will remain important theoretical resources when Chinese scholars talk about popular culture.
The impact of education and occupation on domestic violence in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Shiraz Mohammed S.
Published: June 2016

This study examined the role of education and occupation in connection with domestic violence in Saudi Arabia based on a survey administered to 917 women who had varying years of education and various types of occupations. Results show that education and occupation play a positive role in the life of Saudi women by reducing the level of domestic violence to which they are exposed. Education was found to lower the rate of domestic violence by around 7%. A significant difference in the level of domestic violence was found as well between employed and unemployed women. In Saudi Arabia, having an education and/or earning an income seems to give women more power and higher social status, which in turn appears to lower the level of domestic violence they experience compared with women who do not work, have few years of education or are not currently enrolled in education.
Is the Erosion Thesis Overblown? Alignment from Without in Germany
Authors: Addison John T. , Teixeira Paulino , Evers Katalin , Bellmann Lutz
Published: June 2016

It is sometimes alleged that collective bargaining coverage in Germany is understated because uncovered firms “orient” themselves toward sectoral agreements. In fact, although orientation has grown as sectoral bargaining has declined, their joint frequency has fallen. Further, where orientation occurs at firms that leave a sectoral agreement, it provides only partial compensation. The small deficits involved, in conjunction with some indirect evidence on joiners, suggest some modest attenuation of the undoubted decline in collective bargaining.
Just a Question of Selection? The Causal Effect of Profit Sharing on a Firm's Performance
Authors: Kraft Kornelius , Lang Julia
Published: June 2016

Using German firm panel data, we analyze the productivity effects of profit sharing. Because selectivity should pose a severe problem in this context, we combine matching with a difference‐in‐differences approach. This method enables us to rule out potential bias. Our results suggest that selectivity does indeed matter. Firms with very special characteristics apply profit sharing. We find that these establishments are already more productive before they decide to implement profit sharing. Nevertheless, after accounting for selection, our results show that the introduction of profit sharing leads to a significantly higher productivity in these firms.
Don't Forget the Gravy! Are Bonuses Just Added on Top of Salaries?
Authors: Green Colin P. , Heywood John S.
Published: June 2016

The press often depicts bonuses as extra payments to the already well compensated and calls for reform. Yet, these calls typically ignore the efficiency argument that bonuses are potentially risky performance pay that substitute for salary compensation. This paper uses representative UK data to estimate that bonuses appear not to substitute for salary in cross‐sectional estimates. Yet, when controlling for time‐invariant characteristics in panel data, bonuses emerge as partial substitutes. Each pound of bonus comes at a cost of 40 pence in other earnings. The degree of substitution is far larger at the bottom of the earnings distribution and far smaller at the top of the earnings distribution where, indeed, bonuses look more like gravy.
How Does Corporate Governance Affect Loan Collateral? Evidence from Chinese SOEs and Non‐SOEs
Authors: An Can , Pan Xiaofei , Tian Gary
Published: June 2016

We examine the effect of corporate governance on the collateral requirements for firms' bank loans in China. We find that firms with lower excess control rights and other large shareholders face lower collateral requirements, which is more pronounced in non‐state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) than in SOEs. Regarding board characteristics, we find that smaller board size, more independent directors, separation of the positions of CEO and chairman, and larger supervisory board size can reduce a firm's use of collateral; the effect of all the preceding characteristics is more pronounced in SOEs. Overall, our research suggests that, in China, corporate governance structures are able to affect bank‐lending decisions in respect of collateral requirements and that the influence depends on the controlling shareholder type and associated agency problems.
Comparison of long‐term outcomes of bare‐metal and paclitaxel‐eluting stents in New York
Authors: Qian Feng , Zhong Ye , Kheocha‐on Tammie , Hannan Edward
Published: June 2016

Aims

Bare‐metal stents (BMS) as the first‐generation coronary stent and paclitaxel‐eluting stents (PES) as a first‐generation drug‐eluting stent have been employed in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the long‐term comparative effectiveness of BMS versus PES in real practice remains unclear. To assess long‐term outcomes for patients undergoing PCI with either BMS or PES placement and to determine comparative effectiveness of BMS versus PES in six ‘off‐label’ and two ‘high‐risk’ patient subgroups.

Methods and results

A longitudinal database was created by linking the New York State cardiac registries, statewide hospital discharge data, the National Death Index and the US Census file (2010) for patients undergoing PCI with BMS or PES placement in 2006 and 2007. Outcomes included all‐cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), target vessel PCI (TVPCI) and target vessel coronary artery bypass graft (TVCABG) surgery for a 5.5‐year follow‐up period. A total of 13 879 propensity score matched pairs were compared with respect to outcomes using Kaplan–Meier method with further adjustment using Cox proportional hazards regression. At 5.5 years, PES use was associated with significantly lower mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR): 0.73, 95% confidence interval < CI>: 0.69–0.77), AMI (AHR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.83–0.98), TVPCI (AHR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.86–0.99) and TVCABG (AHR, 0.63, 95% CI: 0.53–0.74). For ‘off‐label’ and ‘high‐risk’ subgroups, PES was associated with lower mortality and improved/similar AMI, TVPCI and TVCABG rates relative to BMS.

Conclusions

Compared with BMS, PES was associated with improved mortality and better or comparable AMI, TVPCI and TVCABG outcomes at 5.5 years.
Trichocysts—Paramecium's Projectile‐like Secretory Organelles
Authors: Plattner Helmut
Published: June 2016

This review summarizes biogenesis, composition, intracellular transport, and possible functions of trichocysts. Trichocyst release by Paramecium is the fastest dense core‐secretory vesicle exocytosis known. This is enabled by the crystalline nature of the trichocyst “body” whose matrix proteins (tmp), upon contact with extracellular Ca2+, undergo explosive recrystallization that propagates cooperatively throughout the organelle. Membrane fusion during stimulated trichocyst exocytosis involves Ca2+ mobilization from alveolar sacs and tightly coupled store‐operated Ca2+‐influx, initiated by activation of ryanodine receptor‐like Ca2+‐release channels. Particularly, aminoethyldextran perfectly mimics a physiological function of trichocysts, i.e. defense against predators, by vigorous, local trichocyst discharge. The tmp's contained in the main “body” of a trichocyst are arranged in a defined pattern, resulting in crossstriation, whose period expands upon expulsion. The second part of a trichocyst, the “tip”, contains secretory lectins which diffuse upon discharge. Repulsion from predators may not be the only function of trichocysts. We consider ciliary reversal accompanying stimulated trichocyst exocytosis (also in mutants devoid of depolarization‐activated Ca2+ channels) a second, automatically superimposed defense mechanism. A third defensive mechanism may be effectuated by the secretory lectins of the trichocyst tip; they may inhibit toxicyst exocytosis in Dileptus by crosslinking surface proteins (an effect mimicked in Paramecium by antibodies against cell surface components). Some of the proteins, body and tip, are glycosylated as visualized by binding of exogenous lectins. This reflects the biogenetic pathway, from the endoplasmic reticulum via the Golgi apparatus, which is also supported by details from molecular biology. There are fragile links connecting the matrix of a trichocyst with its membrane; these may signal the filling state, full or empty, before and after tmp release upon exocytosis, respectively. This is supported by experimentally produced “frustrated exocytosis”, i.e. membrane fusion without contents release, followed by membrane resealing and entry in a new cycle of reattachment for stimulated exocytosis. There are some more puzzles to be solved: Considering the absence of any detectable Ca2+ and of acidity in the organelle, what causes the striking effects of silencing the genes of some specific Ca2+‐release channels and of subunits of the H+‐ATPase? What determines the inherent polarity of a trichocyst? What precisely causes the inability of trichocyst mutants to dock at the cell membrane? Many details now call for further experimental work to unravel more secrets about these fascinating organelles.
Healing Families: Outcomes from a Family Drug Treatment Court
Authors: van Wormer Jacqueline , Hsieh Ming‐Li
Published: June 2016

Family drug treatment courts (FDTC) have been acknowledged as a promising intervention for substance‐abusing parents involved in the child welfare system. Over the past decade, the number of FDTC programs has grown substantially, yet questions remain regarding the efficacy of these courts. This study examines the ability of the Snohomish County (WA) FDTC to address the three main goals of the Adoption and Safe Families Act. Utilizing propensity score matching, this study found that participants were more likely to have their children returned, experienced stronger treatment completion rates, and had less use of foster care. Implications for replication and further analysis are discussed.
Multiple pregnancy is the leading contributor to cesarean sections in in vitro fertilization pregnancies: An analysis using the Robson 10‐group classification system
Authors: Tan Jarrod Kah Hwee , Tan Eng Loy , Kanagalingam Devendra , Yu Su Ling , Tan Lay Kok
Published: June 2016

Aim

In vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancy is an important contributor to rising cesarean section (CS) rates. The profile of CS in this group is not well documented. This study sought to identify leading patient categories of the Robson 10‐Group Classification System (TGCS) contributing to the high IVF CS rate.

Methods

We carried out a prospective study of IVF patients who delivered in the Singapore General Hospital from January 2010 to July 2012. Parity, singleton/multiple pregnancy, previous CS, mode of labor onset and gestational age at delivery were collected based on the TGCS. All other deliveries during the study period served as control.

Results

There were a total of 215 IVF deliveries, of which 114 (54.4%) were CS. Group 8 (all multiple pregnancies) was the greatest contributor to the overall CS rate (43.0%). Group 2 (term nulliparous singleton cephalic pregnancies with induction of labor or planned CS) was the second largest contributor to overall CS rate (12.3%). The third and fourth leading contributors were Group 10 (preterm singleton pregnancies) and Group 5 (pregnancies with previous CS), respectively. In contrast, these two groups were top contributors to the overall CS rate for the control group.

Conclusion

Multiple pregnancy is the principal contributor to CS in our IVF population, and reducing its incidence may reduce its CS rate. Among singleton pregnancies, planned CS and failed induction for cephalic term pregnancies and preterm singleton pregnancies were the next largest contributors, suggesting a higher prevalence of maternal request and high‐risk obstetric indications requiring interventions at preterm gestations.
C‐peptide antioxidant adaptive pathways in β cells and diabetes
Authors: Luppi P. , Drain P.
Published: June 2016

In this review, we present findings that support autocrine cell protection by C‐peptide in the context of clinical studies of type 1 diabetes (T1D), which universally measure C‐peptide serum levels as a surrogate for β cell functional mass. Over the last decade, evidence has accumulated that supports models in which C‐peptide, cosecreted with insulin by pancreatic β cells, acts on peripheral targets including the vascular endothelium to reduce oxidative stress and apoptosis subsequent to exposure to diabetic insults. In parallel, as assays have become more sensitive, C‐peptide has been detected in the circulation of most subjects with T1D where higher C‐peptide levels are associated with fewer and slower development of diabetic microvascular complications, consistent with antioxidant protection by C‐peptide. Clinical trials investigating C‐peptide‐replacement therapy effects have demonstrated amelioration of T1D nephropathy and neuropathy. Recently, the antioxidant action of C‐peptide was extended to the β cells secreting it, that is an autocrine mechanism. Autocrine protection has major implications for the treatment of diabetes because the more C‐peptide secreted, the more protection provided to the same β cells resulting in a slower decay in β cell functional mass over the time course of disease. Why β cells evolved to cosecrete an antioxidant C‐peptide hormone together with the glycaemia‐lowering insulin hormone is explored in the context of proposed evolutionary advantages of physiologically transient oxidative stress and insulin resistance as an adaptation for survival through times of fuel scarcity. The importance of recognizing autocrine C‐peptide protection of functional β cell mass in observational clinical studies, and its therapeutic implications in interventional C‐peptide‐replacement studies, will be discussed.
Diagnostic accuracy of two point‐of‐care kits for the diagnosis of Giardia species infection in dogs
Authors: Costa M. , Clarke C. , Mitchell S. , Papasouliotis K.
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to compare results obtained by ZnSO4 Flotation and SNAP ®Giardia to those generated by the new point‐of‐care tests Single and Triple Rapid.

METHODS

Prospective study evaluating 51 canine faecal samples submitted at a reference laboratory for the presence of Giardia spp. Kappa statistics, specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated by comparing the new tests to the combined results of ZnSO4 and SNAP tests.

RESULTS

There was fair (Single Rapid, j=0·434) to good (Triple Rapid, j =0·797) agreement with the reference tests. At this study's prevalence (59 to 61%), specificities and PPV were high (1·00) with both Rapid tests, but sensitivities and NPV were lower for the Single than for the Triple (0·48 vs 0·83 and 0·55 vs 0·80) tests. At lower prevalence rates, both tests exhibited a high PPV (1·00), but the NPV were higher with the Triple (0·96 to 0·99) than the Single (0·88 to 0·96) Rapid test.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Both tests exhibited excellent PPV values at all prevalence rates but an excellent NPV only at low prevalence. As the prevalence is likely to be low (<15%) in clinical settings, we propose that these tests may be helpful in the in‐house diagnosis of Giardia spp infection. However, they exhibit lower sensitivity than the combined sensitivity of ZnSO4 and SNAP tests, particularly in high prevalence settings.
Prevalence and progression of pectinate ligament dysplasia in the Welsh springer spaniel
Authors: Oliver J. A. C. , Ekiri A. , Mellersh C. S.
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVES

To determine the prevalence of pectinate ligament dysplasia in a large group of Welsh springer spaniels; to investigate associations between pectinate ligament dysplasia and age, sex and intraocular pressure and between intraocular pressure and age and sex; and to investigate progression of pectinate ligament dysplasia in individual dogs.

METHODS

In a prospective study, gonioscopy was performed in both eyes of 227 Welsh springer spaniels and intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry. Eyes were classified as “unaffected” if 0% of the iridocorneal angle was affected with pectinate ligament dysplasia (grade 0), “mildly affected” if <20% was affected (grade 1), “moderately affected” if 20 to 90% was affected (grade 2) and “severely affected” if >90% was affected (grade 3). In a retrospective study, progression of pectinate ligament dysplasia over time was investigated for 65 dogs.

RESULTS

One hundred and thirty‐nine of 227 dogs (61·2%) were affected by pectinate ligament dysplasia (grades 1 to 3) and 82/227 (36·2%) were moderately or severely affected. There was a significant association between pectinate ligament dysplasia and age. There were no associations between pectinate ligament dysplasia and intraocular pressure or pectinate ligament dysplasia and sex. Thirty‐five of 65 dogs (53·8%) demonstrated progression of pectinate ligament dysplasia.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Prevalence of pectinate ligament dysplasia was high despite widespread screening and selection against the condition. Our data indicate that gonioscopic features of pectinate ligament dysplasia can progress in the Welsh springer spaniel. Dogs deemed unaffected at an early age may subsequently be diagnosed with pectinate ligament dysplasia.
Vinblastine as a second rescue for the treatment of canine multicentric lymphoma in 39 cases (2005 to 2014)
Authors: Lenz J. A. , Robat C. S. , Stein T. J.
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate response and outcome of dogs with multicentric lymphoma treated with single‐agent vinblastine as a second rescue.

METHODS

Medical records from 39 client‐owned dogs receiving vinblastine rescue treatment (having relapsed on or following completion of UW‐Madison and CCNU/L‐asparaginase protocols), between 2005 and 2014, were reviewed for information regarding clinical presentation, diagnostic testing, drug dosage, number of treatments, side effects, response and outcome.

RESULTS

The median starting dose of vinblastine was 2·6 mg/m2 (1·7 to 2·8 mg/m2), administered weekly until disease progression. Of the 39 dogs treated, 3 dogs (7·7%) achieved a complete remission, 7 dogs (17·9%) achieved a partial response, 18 dogs (46·2%) maintained stable disease and 11 (28·2%) had progressive disease. Ten dogs (25·6%) developed a grade III or IV neutropenia, and 4 dogs (10·3%) developed grade III or IV thrombocytopenia (one dog in both categories). After starting vinblastine, the median progression‐free survival was 29·5 days (0 to 77 days) and overall median survival time was 46 days (4 to 250 days). Duration of first remission was identified as a positive predictor of outcome.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Single‐agent vinblastine is well tolerated in dogs with relapsed or refractory lymphoma. Responses were incomplete and short‐lasting.
Development of infant and toddler sleep patterns: real‐world data from a mobile application
Authors: Mindell Jodi A. , Leichman Erin S. , Composto Jordana , Lee Christina , Bhullar Bula , Walters Russel M.
Published: June 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the development of infant and toddler sleep patterns. Data were collected on 841 children (aged from birth to 36 months) via a free, publicly available, commercially sponsored iPhone app. Analyses were conducted on caregiver recordings of 156 989 sleep sessions across a 19‐month period. Detailed visualizations of the development of sleep across the first 3 years of life are presented. In the first 3 months, sleep sessions primarily lasted less than 3.5 h throughout the day. Between 3 and 7 months old, sleep consolidated into two naps of about 1.5 h in length and a night‐time sleep session of about 10.5 h. Across age groups, a negative relationship was observed between the start of bedtime and the length of the night‐time sleep session (i.e. later bedtime is associated with a shorter night‐time sleep period). The length of daytime sleep sessions (naps) varied with age, decreasing between 1 and 5 months old, and then increasing monotonically through 28 months. Morning wake time was observed to be invariant in children aged 5–36 months. Sleep patterns are ever‐changing across the first few years with wide individual variability. Sleep patterns start to develop more clearly at 5–6 months, when longer night‐time sleep duration begins and sleep consolidation occurs. Daytime sleep patterns appeared to become more consistent and consolidated later in age than night‐time sleep. Finally, there is greater variability in bedtimes than wake times, with bedtimes having a greater influence on night‐time sleep duration.
Long‐term outcomes following percutaneous hepatic vein recanalization for Budd–Chiari syndrome
Authors: Tripathi Dhiraj , Sunderraj Lawrence , Vemala Vishwaraj , Mehrzad Homoyon , Zia Zergham , Mangat Kamarjit , West Richard , Chen Frederick , Elias Elwyn , Olliff Simon P
Published: June 2016

Background & Aims

A proportion of patients with Budd–Chiari Syndrome (BCS) associated with stenosis or short occlusion of the hepatic vein (HV) or upper inferior vena cava (IVC) can be treated with recanalization by percutaneous venoplasty ± HV stent insertion. We studied the long‐term outcomes of this approach.

Methods

Single‐centre retrospective analysis of patients referred for radiological assessment ± intervention over a 27‐year period. Of 155 BCS patients, 63 patients who underwent venoplasty were studied and compared to a previously reported series treated by TIPSS (n = 59).

Results

Patients treated with HV interventions (32 venoplasty alone, 31 endovascular stents): mean age, 34.9 ± 10.9; M:F ratio 27:36; median follow‐up, 113.0 months; 62% of patients had ≥1 haematological risk factor. Technical success was 100%, with symptom resolution in 73%. Cumulative secondary patency at 1, 5, 10 years was 92%, 79%, 79% and 69%, 69%, 64% in the stenting and venoplasty groups respectively. Where long‐term patency was not achieved, 10 patients required TIPSS, and 8 underwent surgery. Actuarial survival at 1, 5, 10 years was 97%, 89% and 85%. When compared to TIPSS, HV interventions resulted in similar patency and survival rates but significantly lower procedural complications (9.5% vs 27.1%) and hepatic encephalopathy (0% vs 18%). Patient age predicted survival following multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

Our data support the stepwise approach to management of BCS, with very good outcomes from venoplasty combined with stenting when required. TIPSS should only be offered where HV interventions are not feasible or unsuccessful.
ADAMTS5 deficiency protects against non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis in obesity
Authors: Bauters Dries , Spincemaille Pieter , Geys Lotte , Cassiman David , Vermeersch Pieter , Bedossa Pierre , Scroyen Ilse , Lijnen Henri R.
Published: June 2016

Background & Aims

Increased prevalence of obesity is paralleled by an increase in non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We previously found that the expression of ADAMTS5 (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin type 1 motifs; member 5) is enhanced in expanding adipose tissue. However, no information is available on a potential role in liver pathology. We studied the effect of ADAMTS5 deficiency on NASH in mice.

Methods

Wild‐type (Adamts5+/+) and deficient (Adamts5−/−) mice were kept on a standard‐ or high‐fat diet (HFD) for 15 weeks. Alternatively, steatohepatitis was induced with methionine/choline‐deficient (MCD) diet.

Results

HFD feeding resulted in comparable body weights for both genotypes, but Adamts5−/− mice had approximately 40% lower liver weight (P = 0.0004). In the Adamts5−/− mice, the HFD as well as the MCD diet consistently induced less NASH with less fibrosis. The deteriorating effect of ADAMTS5 on the liver during diet‐induced obesity may be due, at least in part, to proteolytic cleavage of the matrix components syndecan‐1 and versican, thereby enhancing hepatic triglyceride clearance from the circulation. Plasma lipid levels were elevated in obese Adamts5−/− mice. There was no clear effect of ADAMTS5 deficiency on glycaemia or glucose tolerance, whereas insulin sensitivity was somewhat improved. Furthermore, Adamts5−/− mice were protected from hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction, as indicated by increased mitochondrial respiratory chain complex activity, higher ATP levels and higher expression of antioxidant enzymes.

Conclusions

Absence of ADAMTS5 preserves liver integrity in a diet‐induced obesity model. Selective targeting of ADAMTS5 could provide a new therapeutic strategy for treatment/prevention of NASH.
Rethinking Macroeconomic Policy within a Simple Dynamic Model
Authors: Almudi Isabel , Fatas‐Villafranca Francisco , Jarne Gloria , Sanchez‐Choliz Julio
Published: June 2016

We propose a simple macro‐dynamic model to rethink standard policy prescriptions. Our model includes exogenous growth, endogenous capital accumulation and debt, demand‐driven production with a non‐linear IS curve, a dynamic Phillips curve, and fiscal and monetary policy instruments. It has multiple steady states with different stability properties, and it is analytically tractable to a significant extent. We complete the analytical results with simulations. We find alternative growth patterns, endogenous fluctuations, and demand‐driven level effects even in the long‐run. For certain steady states the model shows saddle‐path type instabilities, which lead us to reflect on fiscal and monetary policy standards.
A Spatial Network Model for Civil Infrastructure System Development
Authors: Fu Gaihua , Wilkinson Sean , Dawson Richard J.
Published: June 2016

Infrastructure networks play an important role in improving economic prosperity, enabling movement of resources, and protecting communities from hazards. As these networks serve population, they evolve in response to social, economic, environmental, and technological changes. Consideration of these interactions has thus far been limited by use of simplified data sets and idealized network structures, and is unable to explain the complexity and suboptimal structures displayed by real infrastructure networks. This article presents a new computational model that simulates the growth and evolution of infrastructure systems. Empirical evidence obtained from analysis of nontrivial real‐world data sets is used to identify the mechanisms that guide and govern system‐scale evolution of infrastructure networks. The model investigates the interplay of three key drivers, namely network demand, network efficiency, and network cost in shaping infrastructure network architectures. The validity of the model is verified by comparing key topological and spatial properties of simulated networks with real‐world networks from six infrastructure sectors. The model is used to develop and explore different scenarios of infrastructure network futures, and their resilience is shown to change as a result of different infrastructure management policies. The model can therefore be used to identify system‐wide infrastructure engineering strategies to reduce network costs, increase network efficiency, and improve the resilience of infrastructure networks to disruptive events.
Patient experiences of training and transition to home haemodialysis: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Hanson Camilla S , Chapman Jeremy R , Craig Jonathan C , Harris David C , Kairaitis Lukas K , Nicdao Maryann , Mikaheal Mary , Tong Allison
Published: June 2016

Aim

This study aims to describe patients' perspectives on the transition to home haemodialysis.

Methods

Up to three sequential semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 20 patients during the transition to home haemodialysis at an Australian renal unit. Transcripts were analysed thematically. Participants completed a satisfaction questionnaire after commencing home haemodialysis.

Results

We identified six themes: persevering despite trepidations (diminishing intimidation of machinery, acquiescing to fatal risks, reconciling fears of cannulation, dispelling concerns of neglect and tolerating necessary concessions); optimizing the learning pathway (practising problem solving, learning from mistakes, grasping technical complexity, minimizing cognitive overload and progressing at own pace); developing confidence (believing in own abilities, adapting to independence, depending on caregiver partnership and faith in crisis support); interrupted transition momentum (lacking individual attention, language barriers, installation delays, interfering illness and complications and acclimatizing to new conditions); noticing immediate gains (reclaiming lifestyle normality, satisfying self‐sufficiency, personalizing treatment regime and thriving in a positive environment); and depleting resources and energy (exhaustion with gruelling routine, confronting medicalization of the home, draining financial reserves and imposing family burden). Fewer than 30% of respondents indicated low satisfaction with staff availability domains, staff interpersonal domains or technical domains.

Conclusion

Home haemodialysis training fosters confidence in patients; however, many patients experience stress because of medical isolation, treatment responsibilities, family impositions and financial difficulties. Addressing patient's on‐going psychosocial concerns may alleviate burdens on patients and their families during the transition to home haemodialysis.
Neurobiology of early life stress and visceral pain: translational relevance from animal models to patient care
Authors: Prusator D. K. , Andrews A. , Greenwood‐Van Meerveld B.
Published: June 2016

Background

Epidemiological studies show that females are twice as likely to receive a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) than their male counterparts. Despite evidence pointing to a role for sex hormones in the onset or exacerbation of IBS symptoms, the mechanism by which ovarian hormones may predispose women to develop IBS remains largely undefined. On the other hand, there is a growing body of research showing a correlation between reports of early life stress (ELS) and the diagnosis of IBS. Current treatments available for IBS patients target symptom relief including abdominal pain and alterations in bowel habits, but are not directed to the etiology of the disease.

Purpose

To better understand the mechanisms by which sex hormones and ELS contribute to IBS, animal models have been developed to mirror complex human experiences allowing for longitudinal studies that investigate the lifelong consequences of ELS. These preclinical models have been successful in recapitulating ELS‐induced visceral pain. Moreover, in female rats the influence of cycling hormones on visceral hypersensitivity resembles that seen in women with IBS. Such studies suggest that rodent models of ELS may serve as pivotal tools in determining (i) the etiology of IBS, (ii) novel future treatments for IBS, and (iii) improving individualized patient care. The current review aims to shed light on the progress and the challenges observed by clinicians within the field of gastroenterology and the preclinical science aimed at addressing those challenges in an effort to understand and more efficiently treat functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in both children and adults.
The Endoscopic Reference Score shows modest accuracy to predict histologic remission in adult patients with eosinophilic esophagitis
Authors: van Rhijn B. D. , Verheij J. , Smout A. J. P. M. , Bredenoord A. J.
Published: June 2016

Background

The relationship between the severity of endoscopic signs scored according to the Endoscopic Reference Score (EREFS) and histopathologic signs of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) has not been sufficiently explored. We aimed to determine if the EREFS system predicts histopathologic activity in EoE patients.

Methods

We included 69 patients with EoE (age 35 [IQR 29–48] years; 80% male) who, between 2006 and 2014, underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) during which high‐quality endoscopic images were taken and esophageal biopsy specimens were obtained. Per EGD, three or more depersonalized images were scored by an expert endoscopist, and histopathologic signs were scored by a pathologist with gastrointestinal expertise; both in a blinded fashion. The predictive values of endoscopic signs for disease activity (peak eosinophil count) were calculated. In addition, we measured the utility of the EREFS in the follow‐up of 35 EoE patients.

Key Results

Individual endoscopic signs did not correspond to the peak eosinophil count or other histopathologic signs. Although the composite fibrotic signs score, inflammatory signs score, and total EREFS correlated weakly to moderately with the peak eosinophil count, none of these scores had both high positive and negative predictive values for histopathologic disease activity. In the follow‐up of 35 patients, lower peak eosinophil counts were not associated with a decrease in endoscopic abnormalities.

Conclusions & Inferences

In adult patients with EoE, the EREFS system correlates with peak eosinophil counts, but their predictive value for disease activity is insufficient for clinical use. Therefore, biopsies remain indispensable for the assessment of disease activity.
IRAK1 variant is protective for orthodontic‐induced external apical root resorption
Authors: Pereira S , Nogueira L , Canova F , Lopez M , Silva HC
Published: June 2016

Objective

Interleukin‐1 beta (IL1B) pathway is a key player in orthodontic‐induced external apical root resorption (EARR). The aim of this work was to identify the genes related to the IL1 pathway as possible candidate genes for EARR, which might be included in an integrative predictive model of this complex phenotype.

Materials and Methods

Using a stepwise multiple linear regression model, 195 patients who had undergone orthodontic treatment were assessed for clinical and genetic factors associated with %EARRmax (maximum %EARR value obtained for each patient). The four maxillary incisors and the two maxillary canines were assessed. Three functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped: rs1143634 in IL1B gene, rs315952 in IL1RN gene, and rs1059703 in X‐linked IRAK1 gene.

Results

The model showed that four of the nine clinical variables and one SNP explained 30% of the %EARRmax variability. The most significant unique contributions to the model were gender (P = 0.001), treatment duration (P < 0.001), premolar extractions (P = 0.003), Hyrax appliance (P < 0.001), and homozygosity/hemizygosity for variant C from IRAK1 gene (P = 0.018), which proved to be a protective factor.

Conclusion

IRAK1 polymorphism is proposed as a protective variant for EARR.