bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Germany
Authors: Berger Stefan
Published: October 2023

The period between the outbreak of the First World War and the end of the Second World War is a period of dramatic changes in German history: the negative balance sheet is marked by responsibility for two world wars, political violence, economic crises on a scale unprecedented in the twentieth century, National Socialism, and, above all, the Holocaust. But even in Germany, where the first half of the twentieth century were indeed dark years, the period also has a positive balance sheet including the revolutionary breakthrough to parliamentary democracy and republicanism, a vibrant cultural scene (at least until 1933), the extension of the welfare state, and remarkable economic recovery.
Negotiating an Information and Consultation Procedure
Authors: Squire Nicholas , Healy Kathleen , Broadbent Joanna
Published: October 2023

Once a request has been received from the requisite percentage of staff (normally at least 10% of the workforce within the undertaking-see further Chapter 4), and assuming that request is valid or has been validated (by a ballot, where there is a pre-existing agreement), the employer should then set about initiating negotiations with employee representatives to reach a negotiated agreement on the method of information and consultation which will apply to the parties. If the employer chooses not to initiate negotiations, there is no penalty under the ICE Regulations, but the parties will become subject to the standard information and consultation procedures (detailed in Chapter 7).
Standard Information and Consultation Arrangements
Authors: Squire Nicholas , Healy Kathleen , Broadbent Joanna
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines the circumstances in which the standard information and consultation provisions laid down in the ICE Regulations will apply and the extent of the obligations the standard arrangements impose on employers. It covers the following areas: when the standard information and consultation arrangements apply; the requirements for the election of information and consultation representatives; when there will be an obligation to inform and/ or consult; the timing obligations that are likely to attach to any requirement to inform and/or consult; and
Introduction
Authors: Rodríguez-Piñero Luis
Published: October 2023

In 1926, Mr Joshi, a workers’ delegate to the eighth International Labour Conference in Geneva, submitted a draft resolution inviting the Governing Body to undertake an inquiry into the conditions of ‘native’ and ‘coloured’ labour in Africa and America. The workers’ representative was merely extending the scope of a resolution adopted by the Conference a year earlier, concerning the collection and publication of information on the conditions of labour in Asian countries and, ‘more specially’, in the Asian ‘colonies, protectorates and mandated territories’.
The Internationalization of Indigenism: the ILO and the ‘Indian Problem’ (1936–49)
Authors: Rodríguez-Piñero Luis
Published: October 2023

At the same time as the Colonial Code began to be drafted in Geneva, the ILO’s policy on indigenous populations found a parallel in the Americas. The encounter between the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the reality of indigenous peoples in the Western hemisphere took place in the context of a policy of decentralization of the organization, articulated through the periodic gathering of American labour conferences. It was at this institutional site, a forum for the discussion of the most pressing issues on the agenda of social reform of (mostly Latin) American countries, that a distinct concern started to materialize within the organization with regard to the ‘Indian problem’—a topic describing the low standard of living of indigenous peoples as a barrier to the development of American ‘nations’ as a whole.
The probability approach in econometrics, and the VAR
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

Chapter 1 discussed Haavelmo ‘s probability approach to empirical macroeconomics and the need to formulate a statistical model describing the data which is general enough to encompass the major features of the economic model. Because most macroeconomic data exhibit strong time dependence, it is natural to formulate the empirical model in terms of time-dependent stochastic processes. The aim of this chapter is to discuss under which simplifying assumptions on the vector time-series process the VAR model can be used as an adequate summary description of the information in the sample data.
The unrestricted VAR
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

The probability approach in econometrics requires an explicit probability formulation of the empirical model so that a fully specified statistical model can be derived and checked against the data. Assume that we have derived an estimator under the assumption of multivariate normality as demonstrated in the previous chapter.
Deterministic components in the I(1) model
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

constant term and the linear trend in a simple dynamic regression model. Section 6.2 then extends the discussion to the more complicated case of the VAR model. Section 6.3 discusses five cases of different restrictions imposed on the trend and the constant in the VAR model. Section 6.4 derives the MA representation when there is a trend and a constant in the VAR model.
Determination of cointegration rank
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

The choice of cointegration rank is likely to influence all subsequent inference and is, therefore, a crucial step in the empirical analysis. Unfortunately it is also a difficult decision as the distinction between stationary and non-stationary directions of the vector process is often far from straightforward. The formal test procedure is based on the null of a unit root, which is not always reasonable from an economic point of view. We shall, therefore, argue that the choice of rank preferably should be based on other information as well.
Testing restrictions on α
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

Tests on α are closely associated with interesting hypotheses about the common driving forces in the system. The test of a zero row in α is the equivalent of testing whether a variable can be considered weakly exogenous for the long-run parameters β.
Identification of the short-run structure
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

In Chapter 12, we gave the arguments for why it is possible to treat identification as two separate, though interdependent, problems. Here we shall show that the conditions for generic identification discussed in Section 12.1 apply for the short-run structure as well. Likewise, a generically identified short-run adjustment structure should also satisfy the conditions for empirical and economic identification. Nevertheless, the identification of the short-run structure differs from the long-run structure in a number of important ways.
Identification of common trends
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

The identification problem for the common trends case is similar to the one of the long-run relations in the sense that one can always choose a normalization and (p−r−1) restrictions without changing the value of the likelihood function, whereas additional restrictions are over-identifying and, hence, testable. The aim of this chapter is primarily to discuss how to impose econometrically reasonable restrictions on the underlying common trends without attaching a structural meaning to the estimated shocks.
Identification of a structural MA model
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

Section 15.1 introduces the structural VAR model, Section 15.2 discusses how to separate between transitory and permanent shocks in the VAR model, and Section 15.3 how to formulate and interpret some conditions conventionally assumed to define a structural shock. Section 15.4 illustrates a structural common trends model based on the Danish data and Section 15.5 concludes with a discussion of the structural labelling of empirical shocks.
Collecting the threads
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

The first 18 chapters provided a detailed analysis of the pushing and the pulling forces underlying the monetary model based on the I(1) model. The analysis showed that inflation rate, real money stock and the short-term interest rate were exclusively adjusting, whereas permanent shocks to the long-term interest rate and the real income were primarily pushing. The inflation rate was found to be adjusting negatively to real income, a puzzling result that seemed to reflect the fact that over the sample period inflation has steadily decreased whereas real income has increased.
The Centres of Beowulf: A Complex Spatial Order
Authors: Michelet Fabienne L
Published: October 2023

The creation topos, examined in the previous chapter, is again pervasive in Beowulf — in the Scyld episode, in the building of Heorot, in the song of creation, in the consequences of the hero’s victory over Grendel. Investigating questions of creation and beginnings, the poem betrays a special interest in the genesis of kingdoms, in how they are formed and how they can ensure their survival. This attention to origins raises a number of questions linked to spatial organization and territorial authority, for epic poems bring together two closely related issues: control of space and the coming into being of agiven society.
Searching for Land: Scriptural Poetry and Migration
Authors: Michelet Fabienne L
Published: October 2023

The remaining two chapters of this book adopt a new perspectiveon the motif of travel that has figured so prominently in Chapter 5: they envisage it more particularly as a migration. They recognize in it a key feature of the Anglo-Saxons’ spatial imaginaire. Yet, with the concept of migration, the stakes are no longer to map, to tame, and eventually to control the wild and unknown periphery. It is rather to reach, at the end of the migration journey, a homeland to which one is rightfully entitled and destined. This scenario, analysed here in the context of vernacular scriptural poetry, is also developed by the historiographic narratives recounting the Anglo-Saxons’ journey to and conquest of England.
The Family Economy versus the Labour Market (or Housework as a Legal Issue)
Authors: Marella Maria Rosaria
Published: October 2023

Freedom of contract is traditionally understood as the major mechanism of self-determination in private law. For this reason, when applied to domestic relations, it should enhance personal autonomy within the family as well and contribute to the modernization of family law and to its proximity to the market model. However, the legal regime governing family relations is traditionally seen as separate from the core of private law, the market, and freedom of contract, because it pursues a different goal—solidarity among individuals as opposed to exchange between them. This is true for the legal regime governing ‘informal’ domestic arrangements (cohabitation agreements) as well as for the regulation of married couples. In both cases, the position of spouses or parmers is constructed as external to the market, and oriented towards the realization of the interests of the family, which, in turn, prevail over the interests of the individual parties.
Issues of Work and Family in Japan
Authors: Hayashi Hiroko
Published: October 2023

I travelled to Hawaii at the end of May 2003 to be one of the lecturers for the Freeman Foundation 2003 Summer Research Training on Japanese Studies. There I met Gay Satsuma, a researcher on Japanese literature in the Centre for Japanese Studies at the University of Hawaii. It was a year since we had last met. She asked me about recent popular female writers, and I replied with titles by Banana Yoshimoto, Yuko Tsushima, Eimi Yamada, Kaori Ekuni, as well as OUT by Natsuo Kirino. Although OUT is not properly characterized as ‘high’ literature, it is a Japanese bestseller, winning the fifty-first Nihon Suiri Sakka Kyokai Chohen (Japanese Crime Fiction Novelists’ Association Prize).
Manuscript Collecting
Authors: Hamilton Alastair
Published: October 2023

Progress both in the Coptic language and in the knowledge of the Church of Alexandria depended to a large extent on the available Coptic material. So how was this collected? The channels, as we have already seen, were numerous. Visitors from the East might arrive with gifts. Scholars in Europe managed to pick up Coptic manuscripts which had been acquired by travellers and then sold. Agents in Egypt could be relied on to scour the libraries and the bookshops, and European travellers did the same. And then there were copyists—professionals in Egypt, usually members of the clergy, and Europeans for whom it was the only way of acquiring a text.
‘Tu recites, je replique; et quant nous avons fait et fait, tout
ne vault riens’ Explorations of a Debating Climate in Early Humanist
France
Authors: Cayley Emma
Published: October 2023

The Querelle de la Rose is perhaps the best-known literary debate of the late medieval period. This early fifteenth-century epistolary quarrel was largely provoked by the controversy surrounding Jean de Meun‘s portrayal of women in his continuation of Guillaume de Lorris‘s Roman de la Rose. As a purportedly ‘real ‘ debate, this Querelle will provide a contrast with the fictitious literary debates I discussed in Chapter 1. Its development within chancery milieux was fostered by an existing climate of literary and practical debating in contemporary French and Italian court society.
Context and Background
Authors: Knights Samantha
Published: October 2023

From the earliest times, religion has been both a divisive and cohesive force in society. Spiritual belief has been the inspiration for immense good, but also the driving force and justification for mass persecution, intolerance of difference, and abuse of the rights of others. As Lord Walker commented in the House of Lords judgment in R (Williamson) v Secretary of State for Education and Employment:

Countless thousands have suffered cruel deaths because at different periods during the last two thousand years parts of the Christian Church thought that the Bible not merely permitted but enjoined them to torture and kill apostates, heretics and witches.
Employment
Authors: Knights Samantha
Published: October 2023

Access to employment and legal protection during the course of employment is of fundamental importance to the individual concerned. There is no right to work in English law, but it is the means by which many essential aspects of life may be effectively realized.It provides the means to sustain private and family life through the provision of wages in consideration for labour and services. It also plays a more general role in the fulfilment and development of the individual and is of key importance for society as a whole.
The Extent of the Right to Use Property: Nuisance, Troubles Voisinage and Immissionenrecht
Authors: Gordley James
Published: October 2023

Some doctrines prescribe to what extent an owner may use his own property without interfering with the use of others. They will be examined in this chapter. In discussing ownership and possession, we saw that common law conceptions emerged in response to a civil law debate. By examining this debate and the response, we could better understand why both systems protect the possessor who lacks tide. The doctrines that govern how an owner or possessor may use property emerged quite differently. So far as I can tell, the Germans, French and common lawyers arrived independently at solutions to the problems which they call Immissionen, troubles de voisinage and nuisance. Indeed, they represent a rediscovery of the solution of one of the greatest medieval jurists, Bartol us of Saxoferrato. Despite their independent origin, they are quite similar. The similarity suggests that there are common underlying principles which explain why different jurisdictions have found these solutions appropriate. Yet Western jurists have been unsuccessful in identifying these principles. We will examine the doctrines themselves, and ask what principles can explain them. I. Common Solutions In continental Europe before the enactment of modern civil codes, limits on a person’ s use of his property were described in two short Roman texts. One text reported that the jurist Aristo ‘ does not think that smoke can lawfully be discharged from a cheese shop onto the buildings above it’. The text added: ‘ He also holds that ic is not permissible to discharge water or any other substance from the upper onto the lower property, as a man is only permitted to carry out operations on his own premises to this extent, that he discharge nothing onto those of another’.
Private Modification of the Right to Use Property: Servitudes
Authors: Gordley James
Published: October 2023

The previous chapter dealt with a person’ s right to use his property in a way that interferes with others. This one will discuss how such rights can be changed by private arrangement. A landowner may agree to some change in his rights that binds, not only himself, but anyone who owns his land thereafter. The common law refers to such an arrangement as an easement or covenant, although here we will refer to it, continental fashion, as a servitude. The beneficiary of a servitude may be another landowner and his successors. In some legal systems, it may be instead a particular person independent of what land he owns. In discussing ownership and possession, we saw that the differences between common and civil law arose in response to a debate as to why the possessor should be protected. In discussing rights to interfere with another’ s use of his property, we saw that different legal systems had arrived at similar solutions independently, and yet the similarity suggested there must be common underlying principles although there had been no common discussion of what they were. Servitudes are different. The law that governs them varies, not only between civil law and common law jurisdictions, but within them. The differences are not the result of any dialogue as to what the law should be. Nor can any legal system state with clarity what principles should govern the law of servitudes. One might wonder if there is any principled explanation.
Restitution Without Enrichment?
Authors: Gordley James
Published: October 2023

In German law, American law and, more recently, English law, it is a defense to an action for unjust enrichment chat the defendant is no longer enriched. Nevertheless, many German scholars want to limit this defense. My former teacher, John Dawson, thought it leads to senseless results in Germany4 which American courts avoid only by refusing to apply it. In the United States, he said, ‘ we would not as in Germany, conceive of enrichment as a variable that can be recovered only as long as it lasts’. I. Origins We can see what these problems are if we examine the origins of this defense. The drafters of the German Civil Code cook it from the 19th century Pandektists, Windscheid, and Savigny. Savigny seems to have taken it from members of the 17th and 18th century natural law school such as Grotius and Pufendorf, who cook it in turn from the late scholastics of the 16th and 17th centuries. As we have seen, they had been discussing the implications of Aristotle’ s concept of commutative justice as it had been interpreted by Thomas Aquinas, and their efforts produced the modern idea of unjust enrichment as a separate body of law coeval with contract and tort.
History as a Chamber of Horrors: The French Revolution at Madame Tussaud’s
Authors: Melman Billie
Published: October 2023

Visitors to the Chamber of Horrors at Madame Tussaud’s museum in London are invited to look at ‘a history of crime and punishment’. They follow a one-way trail, modelled on a dungeon, making progress, or regress, from medieval instruments of torture to likenesses of notorious nineteenth and twentieth century murderers, posing in semblances of city yards and alleys, courtrooms and prisons. The last two figures in this urban trail are Dennis Andrew Nilsen, the Muswell Hill murderer, strangler of young men, necrophile and body-carver, convicted in 1983, and ‘Tiger’ Donald Nielson, kidnapper and killer, condemned in 1975.
The Queen’s Two Bodies and the King’s Body: History, Monarchy, and Stardom, 1933–1953
Authors: Melman Billie
Published: October 2023

In early May 1936, a special premiere of Tudor Rose took place in the Tower of London. The film was embraced by officialdom and the gatekeepers of history as serious and duly respectful of the monarchy, and was well liked by audiences. The venue of the premiere was more than appropriate for a film on the ten-day rule and execution of Lady Jane Grey. Austerely produced and directed by Michel Balcon and George Stevenson, it represented history as a repressive place ridden with violence and a monarchy devoid of splendour and power. Starred in by the child-actor Nova Pilbeam as the 16-year-old victim/queen, the film harked back to the early Victorian Tower lore manufactured by the novelists and antiquaries, amply discussed in Chapters 4 and 5 (see Fig. 14).
Exploring Weber’s Theory of Capitalism in Confucian East Asia
Authors: Shin Doh Chull , Dalton Russell J
Published: October 2023

Over the past several decades, many of the nations of East Asia have experienced a profound economic transformation. Income levels in East Asia were near those of Africa only a generation ago. As recently as 1975, GNP per capita in South Korea was roughly comparable to Zimbabwe and the Ivory Coast; Taiwan’s income per capita was comparable to Algeria or Turkey; and even Singapore was similar to Gabon (Taylor and Jodice 1983). Then, an economic miracle transformed the region. The East Asian Tigers dramatically improved their economies and the living standards of their citizens. Even many of the less affluent nations in East Asia, such as China and Vietnam, have experienced profound economic growth over the past decade (also see Chapter 11 by Pham and Pham).
The Parallel Development of Democracy and Markets
Authors: Shin Doh Chull , Dalton Russell J
Published: October 2023

In East Asia, as in other regions of the world, democratic politics and free- market economy have emerged as the twin goals of national development. During the Third Wave of democratization, the number of countries promoting democracy and free markets in parallel has grown substantially (Kim 1996, 1999; Haggard 2000; Ravich 2000; Stiglitz 2002). This trend of building free markets while deepening democracy contrasts sharply with the slow and sequential pattern of capitalist democratic development in Western Europe and North America (Moore, Jr. 1966; Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens 1992; Collier 1999). Thus, the deliberate efforts of East Asian countries to implement democratic and market-oriented reforms simultaneously and rapidly have few historical precedents.
Introduction to Part II: Analysis—Providing a Context for Intelligence
Authors: Phillips David
Published: October 2023

One way and another the writers in this section ask us what we think about ‘intelligence’ by reflecting upon the dilemmas of the ‘analyst’. After all there is a reasonable consensus that ‘intelligence’ is about the reduction of information to a distillate of meaning; it is not simply the possession of ‘information’—albeit that in common usage, particularly and ironically amongst professional customers, intelligence is a term naively used as a synonym for the ‘golden nuggets’ of raw data. Furthermore, if the task of distilling the’product’ from the’data’ were merely mechanical we would not need to call upon their Delphic skills.
Cultural Paradigms and Change: A Model of Analysis
Authors: Evans R Mark
Published: October 2023

Policing in Northern Ireland has gone through radical change in the last 10 years. The Police Service of Northern Ireland (Crime) Analysis Centre deploys some 95 staff across more than 30 sites including Territorial, Headquarters and Specialist Units. This case study explores the Analysis Centre as a model suitable for supporting an intelligence-led, community-focused style of policing. It will explain the importance of building critical mass, focusing on support for decision-makers, and emphasizing analyst learning and development as critical success factors in addressing cultural paradigms and supporting change to shape the future.
1650–1659
Authors: Randall Dale B J , Boswell Jackson C
Published: October 2023

A year before publishing what proved to be his most famous work, Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) put forth his Humane Nature. He dedicated it to William Cavendish, whose tutor he had been some forty years before, and whom he now addressed as “the Right Honorable William Earl of Newcastle, Governour to the Prince his Highness” (sig. A5r)—though later still Cavendish would be created and known as the Duke of Newcastle (1665).
1660–1669
Authors: Randall Dale B J , Boswell Jackson C
Published: October 2023

Nor are these false measures of Honor more opposite to Religion, then Prudence; The glosses the Sword-men have put upon the one fundamental Law of Not bearing an Injury, have introduced such a multitude of ridiculous Punctillo’s, that the next Age will be in danger of receiving the Fable of Don Quixot for Authentique History; and I see not with what justice this can laugh at them in him and his squire Sancho, and yet think them serious enough to govern men in their most real and weighty concernments.
1680–1689
Authors: Randall Dale B J , Boswell Jackson C
Published: October 2023

Whoever wrote Hattigé, ou Les amours du Roy de Tamaran nouvelle, most likely Gabriel de Brémond (1645–after 1705), the book was a likely candidate for translation to English. Set in Tunis, it is a thinly disguised roman á clef depicting the aﬀairs of Charles II with Barbara Palmer, Duchess of Cleveland. Well might the translator wish to claim anonymity.
1690–1699
Authors: Randall Dale B J , Boswell Jackson C
Published: October 2023

The dispersal of modern language books from the great library of the Duke of Lauderdale resumed here at Sam’s Coffee House at the corner of Ludgate Street and Ave Mary Lane on 14 May 1690. A brief address “Au Lecteur” on the verso of the title page announces that the catalogue is “composée d’une grande quantité de Livres Francois, Italiens & Espagnol; sur toutes sortes de sujets.” In the catalogue proper, under the heading “Libros Espanolos en Quarto,” lot no. 4 is “Vida del Ingenioso Hidalgo D. Quixote de la Mancha, por Miguel de Cervantes SaavedraMadrid 1655” (p. 26). Under the head- ing “Libros Espanolos en Octavo,” lot no. 3 is “Novelas Exemplares de Miguel de Cervantes Saavedr”Brussel. 1625” (p. 27).
Saltimbanques and Savages
Authors: Gill Miranda
Published: October 2023

The rhetoric of eccentricity played an important role in representations of the Parisian fairground and sideshow. Such spectacles can only be understood in the context of a culture of human exhibition that pervaded the French literary and scientific imagination for over a hundred years. The exhibition of human beings for entertainment and profit was a central though until recently largely neglected feature of French cultural life. Drawing on the rhetoric of natural history, the genre of the physiology transformed Paris into an enormous zoological garden of exotic human specimens; during the July Monarchy and Second Empire, Parisians of all classes paid to visit freaks and other human and animal ‘eccentricities’; and from the 1870s until the 1930s, mass spectacles transformed the techniques of the fairground to create human zoos in which the natives of distant countries were displayed as tokens of anthropological difference, receiving millions of visitors and shaping attitudes towards colonial expansion.
Bohemia
Authors: Gill Miranda
Published: October 2023

Attitudes towards eccentricity were notably unstable in Parisian Bohemia. This ‘kingdom of eccentricity and misery’ was home to artists and writers struggling to make their living, who, though they often adopted a stance of social opposition, were firmly linked to the bourgeoisie. During the July Monarchy, eccentricity was generally portrayed positively as wilful nonconformism. An important performative strategy for artists and writers, it reflacted a new political and cultural climate following the collapse of the Restoration, and was associated with the Romantic movement of 1830, the Jeune-France, and a new body of writing preoccupied with modern life and urban experience.
Alliances
Authors: Konrad Kai A
Published: October 2023

The analysis of nested contests has taken the composition of groups in the inter-group contest as exogenous. If more than two players compete for a prize, one or several subgroups of players may, but need not, form such an alliance. The formation of such groups is a very widespread phenomenon in politics, business and in the context of military conflict. The alliance between the USA and Russia during the Second World War, for instance, has been mentioned as an example already. The alliance emerged voluntarily, suggesting that it was perceived as useful for the Allied Forces in their goal of defeating Nazi Germany. When the end of the war came closer, however, a divergence of interests among the Allied Forces became visible.
Legitimacy, Coherence And Governance
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M , Kostecki Michel M
Published: October 2023

Trade policy in a pluralistic society is made through a complex process of decision-making involving government, political parties, business interests, trade unions, consumer organizations and other members of civil society. In a changing world, rules and procedures affecting trade age quickly. New technologies and new business needs emerge, changing lobbying incentives with respect to trade policy, and altering the need for regulation and associated administrative procedures. Trade rules are therefore subject to continuous pressure for change. This pressure occurs mostly at the national level, but is also reflected at the WTO level. Delegations and the secretariat may be lobbied by interest groups, and are influenced indirectly through research or demonstrations on the streets.
Preferential Trade Agreements and Regional Integration
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M , Kostecki Michel M
Published: October 2023

Both the GATT and the GATS make explicit allowance for preferential trade agreements among a subset of members. Such agreements can be of two types: reciprocal and nonreciprocal. This chapter deals with the former; the latter are discussed in Chapter 12 as they arise in trade relations between industrialized and developing countries. Both types of preferential trade are inconsistent with the MFN principle and are therefore subject to multilateral disciplines that define minimum conditions that must be met for an agreement. The WTO also provides for multilateral scrutiny of such agreements. This chapter discusses the rationales for preferential trade agreements (PTAs) between WTO members, the WTO rules and their application in practice, and the economic literature exploring the relationship between PTAs and multilateralism (the trading system)—both theoretical and empirical. Given the steadily expanding number of PTAs, a critical question for the WTO is whether the network of PTAs create incentives to lower trade barriers on a MFN basis and thus help achieve a major objective of the drafters of the GATT.
World Gone Wrong
Authors: Rules —Rumsfeld’s
Published: October 2023

Naval Captain Robert Buehn, Bee Bee or Skipper to his friends, gazed out the window of his seaside office at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and observed the sailboats rocking gently from side to side, balancing effortlessly. Fit, muscular, and of medium height, his clear, blue eyes emitting boundless energy, Buehn was feeling good these days. He had run the Pentagon’s Marine Marathon earlier that fall, just weeks after the lingering fi res of 9/11 had died down. He could still feel the rush of running before a crowd that was openly weeping as the national anthem played at the starting line. Now Buehn was savoring the first idyllic days of a sunny Caribbean winter, blessed by unseasonable summer rains and an unexpected burst of new foliage from the fall. He was looking forward to going fishing with his sons over the upcoming Christmas break, when the phone rang.
The Caribbean Hilton
Authors: Mica (R-FL) —Congressman John
Published: October 2023

As head of the Joint Detention Operations Group, or JDOG, Terry Carrico was the point person on penal policy. Consistent with the lack of expertise at the ready for the Guantanamo detention effort, he was a military policeman (MP), not a corrections specialist. Still, as we have seen, he was adamant about the need for firm authority in his prison, Camp X-Ray. To his mind, his goal was to exert control in a manner that left absolutely no room for the detainees to think that they had any freedom of activity at all. This was not about cruelty or abuse. This was about maintaining order and calm in the camp. To Carrico’s mind, unyielding authority was essential to maintaining order and to preventing an outbreak of protests or violence. Tasked, as was Shimkus, with making sure no one was harmed or killed, Carrico wanted to do what it took to maintain order.
The General and the Chaplain
Authors: Lehnert —Maj. Gen. Michael
Published: October 2023

On January 23, Navy chaplain Lieutenant Abuhena Saifulislam flew into the air base at Guantanamo Bay on a sleek C-21 military transport plane. “I’m here for the JTF,” he explained to a soldier at the hangar. “I’m the new chaplain.”
Missing Pieces
Authors: Wolfowitz —Paul , Defense Deputy Secretary of
Published: October 2023

Donald Rumsfeld’s signature glower suddenly materialized on SOUTHCOM’S video teleconferencing screen. It was the end of January. Nearly two weeks had passed since the first detainees had been consigned to JTF 160’s custody at Guantanamo Bay, and the self-confident SECDEF was displeased. Bristling, the Secretary was pressing SOUTHCOM for some—any—sort of explanation. He wanted to know where the interrogations at Guantanamo Bay stood.
Bowing Out
Authors: Nichols —Lt. Col. Timothy
Published: October 2023

In the third week of March 2002, U.S. Army reservist Brigadier General Rick Baccus’s phone rang. Baccus, head of a National Guard military police brigade in Warwick, Rhode Island, was looking forward to being called to active duty, but he was surprised when the call came not from his local bosses but directly from the National Guard bureau at the Pentagon. Even more surprising than the break from protocol was his assignment. On that cold day in mid-March 2001, Rick Baccus was named the new commander of JTF 160 at Guantanamo Bay. General Lehnert’s successor was soon on his way to Cuba.
Conclusion
Authors: Shepherd Lynn
Published: October 2023

There is both sense and suitability in the fact that our discussion of Samuel Richardson should have ended by projecting forwards to Jane Austen. Austen was not only a great admirer of Richardson—and of Grandison in particular—but his most obvious and significant literary heir, reinventing the sentimental novel’s repertoire of characters and situations for the early nineteenth century, in sharper focus and more incisive prose. Many critics have discussed Richardson’s influence on Austen: in the recent Cambridge edition of Austen’s works Jane Stabler summarizes Richardson’s influence in terms of ‘characters, situations, narrative tensions, and a consuming fascination for the inner life’, and Jocelyn Harris has written a particularly comprehensive study of the way that ‘[Austen] builds her books’ out of ‘commentary on Richardson’. In my view the parallels are, if anything, even deeper than this, and go beyond character and situation to narrative technique and scenic form. It is no coincidence that Mansfield Park (1814) is not only Jane Austen’s most Richardsonian novel, but one that is organized according to exactly the same principles of spatial and visual representation that we have seen the same degree of control as his exemplar exercises, he certainly does resemble Sir Charles in his readiness to assume mediatory roles—roles that place him in the same triangular relationships as we have observed operating in Grandison.
System design and sources of credit risk in large-value payment and settlement systems
Authors: Manning Mark , Nier Erlend , Schanz Jochen
Published: October 2023

The focus of this chapter is credit risk in payment and settlement systems. We begin with a discussion of how the design of a large-value system might affect the propensity for unintended credit-risk exposures to arise between participants. Two basic settlement models are typically applied in interbank payment systems: deferred net settlement (DNS); and real-time gross settlement (RTGS). Netting allows users to economize on the liquidity required to complete settlement, but may give rise to the build-up of interbank credit exposures during the interval prior to settlement. In an RTGS design, on the other hand, payments are settled gross and in real time, leaving no scope for interbank exposures to accumulate within the system. Liquidity demands will, however, tend to be higher.
Determining Market Power And Market Dominance
Authors: Schwalbe Ulrich , Zimmer Daniel
Published: October 2023

There are basically two methods of examining whether a firm can act independently and is thus dominant on the market in question: either by directly establishing a significant degree of market power or market dominance or by an indirect approach requiring a definition of the relevant market and a calculation of the firms’ market shares. In this context, account must be taken of supply substitution and potential competition.
England and Wales
Authors: Toube Felicity , Wheeler, Jonathan , Roberts Kevin
Published: October 2023

A company voluntary arrangement (CVA) is one of the insolvency procedures available to creditors under the Insolvency Act 1986 (IA 1986). It is an agreement between a company, its shareholders, and its creditors. Generally a CVA is proposed by the company’s directors,1 whereby a plan to reorganize the company or to provide staged payments to creditors is agreed.
United states of america
Authors: Lee Gary S , Marinuzzi Lorenzo , Richards Erica , Molison Stacy
Published: October 2023

In the US, bankruptcy laws have been in effect since the 1800s. However, it was not until 1978, when Congress undertook a major reform of the US bankruptcy laws, that title 11 of the United States Code (as amended, the ‘Bankruptcy Code’), as we know it today, came into existence.1 The authority for the Bankruptcy Code stems from section 8 of the United States Constitution, which permits Congress ‘[t]o establish ... uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States’.2 The Bankruptcy Code is federal law that allows individuals, corporations, partnerships, and other entities to liquidate their assets or reorganize their debts.
British virgin islands
Authors: foote Robert , mcdonald rachael
Published: October 2023

This chapter provides a brief overview of the various insolvency regimes in the British Virgin Islands (BVI), which are relevant to asset tracing in an international context. It considers the various insolvency processes under the Insolvency Act 2003 (the IA), including the liquidation process, administrative receivership, and company creditor arrangements. It reviews the powers and functions of the various office holders together with the investigatory tools that are available to a liquidator and the provisions that enable him to bring claims against persons associated with the company in liquidation and third parties under IA’s voidable transaction and malpractice provisions. Following a review of the provisions in the IA that enable the BVI High Court to make orders in aid of foreign proceedings, it then goes on to consider voluntary liquidations and plans and schemes of arrangement, which are all governed by the BVI Business Companies Act 2004 (the BCA). Finally, having reviewed the various ways pursuant to which a person may obtain disclosure of documents and information from BVI companies and generally, it considers interim remedies that may be open to office holders and litigants before providing a general review of the main actions and claims that may be brought in the context of asset tracing claims in the BVI. The law relating to the enforcement of foreign judgments and arbitration awards, a review of asset tracing in a criminal context, and a consideration of what powers the BVI Financial Services Commission has in the BVI to investigate the affairs of regulated persons have been included for completeness.
Cayman islands
Authors: Russell Christopher , Reynolds Rachael , Folpp Shaun , Jones William
Published: October 2023

This chapter considers, in addition to specific mechanisms for, and procedures available to assist, claims for asset tracing and recovery in the Cayman Islands, the general corporate and insolvency background in the context of which such claims are likely to arise. Of necessity, there are many detailed statutory provisions and common law principles which will fall outside the scope of a chapter of this breadth and generality.
Elastic behaviour of orientation-correlated grains in multiphase aggregates
Authors: Gnäupel-Herold Thomas
Published: October 2023

Diffraction elastic constants (DECs) describe the elastic response of a subset of orientation-correlated grains which share a common lattice vector. DECs reflect the elastic behaviour of the single-crystal constituents through their dependence on grain orientation. DECs furthermore depend on the behaviour of the polycrystal aggregate both through the dependence on preferred orientation and through the average elastic interaction of the grains in the subset with their surroundings. The latter is also known as grain–matrix interaction which is grain-shape dependent. Both dependencies can make the DECs uniquely sensitive to the elastic effects of the grain shape, texture and phase composition. Several micro-mechanical models are explored for use in calculating both DECs and overall elastic constants. Furthermore, it is shown how discrete data from electron backscatter diffraction on grain shape, grain orientations and neighbouring grains can be used for DEC calculations. Lastly, the inverse problem of calculating single-crystal elastic constants from DECs is discussed in detail. All calculations discussed in this work can be verified using the freely available computer program IsoDEC.
Jindal Vijayanagar Steel Limited (A): Challenges of Installing Corex I Plant
Authors: Dutta Goutam
Published: October 2023

Mr. Sajjan Jindal, MD of JVSL (nos JSW) wanted to bring the latest technology of iron making into India. His project went to several cost overrun and time overrun due to several foreseen and unforessen circumstances. This case discusses the issues new technology introduction in iron making area, problem faced by inexperienced contractor. It shows the need for proper risk management is required. It also shows the criticality of the project does not mean time cost trade off, but many other factors like reliability of the equipment, process and reliability of the equipment and plants.
Jindal Vijayanagar Steel Limited (B): Installation of Corex-I and II
Authors: Dutta Goutam
Published: October 2023

COREX, a new technology brought by Mr. Jindal, froze before going into live operations resulting in 10 month delay. This case discusses the project management monitoring methods used by them. Their use of Microsoft Project in place of Primavera is interesting. Before this, India did not have expertise in COREX. The case also discussed how to build project team when the local expertise is not availble. The case also shows how much of monitoring methods discussed in books are practicable.
Value-based management: a review of its conceptualizations and a research agenda toward sustainable governance
Authors: Wobst Janice , Tanikulova Parvina , Lueg Rainer
Published: October 2023

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to synthesize the topics, conceptualizations and measurements of value-based management (VBM) and to suggest a research agenda covering its next evolution as sustainable governance.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors conducted a systematic literature review of 80 seminal studies published between 1979 and 2022. The authors synthesized the studies by their conceptualizations of VBM in an inductively developed framework.

Findings

The authors find that scholars explore diverse topics related to VBM with a prevailing focus on shareholder primacy. There is a paucity of studies that focus on the integration of shareholder maximization and stakeholder management practices. The authors explain which studies will form a promising foundation for advanced research on sustainable governance that will reach beyond current VBM research.

Originality/value

The authors' research agenda addresses new future topics on conflicting goals within and between shareholder groups, offers specific suggestions for using new research methods and untapped data sources for VBM and paves the way to substantially extend the boundaries of the firm in VBM research to include stakeholders, strategic alignment and new sustainability measures.
Save a sinking ship: district-led school network governance to transform turnaround schools in Shanghai, China
Authors: Ye Wangbei
Published: October 2023

Purpose

This paper explores a district government's role in using school networks to transform turnaround schools in rural Shanghai, China.

Design/methodology/approach

Qualitative case studies were conducted.

Findings

Findings showed that the C District government varied its power in initiating school networks; collaborative networks were developed but addressed local problems in a limited manner and collaborative networks had difficulties innovating to solve novel problems.

Originality/value

This article presents an “external-internal context” framework for understanding local government's role in school networks and turnaround school transformation in China.