bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cosmopolitan Model of Global Justice: The Basic Framework
Authors: Brock Gillian
Published: May 2009

This chapter develops and defends a novel cosmopolitan model of global justice. The model includes the view that global justice requires all to be adequately positioned to enjoy the prospects for a decent life, so that all are enabled to meet basic needs, basic liberties are protected, and there are fair terms of co‐operation in collective endeavors. This also calls on us to ensure that there are social and political arrangements that can underwrite these important goods. (Later chapters discuss the kinds of reforms necessary to secure the elements of global justice.) The chapter also considers whether we should endorse a principle promoting global equality of opportunity or a global difference principle. The chapter argues that securing decent opportunities for all should be a key focus of accounts of global justice, and that a global difference principle is not superior to the principles of global distributive justice she endorses. The chapter compares the account with capabilities and human rights approaches.
Global Governance and the Nationalist Challenge: What Does Authentic Democracy Require?
Authors: Brock Gillian
Published: May 2009

The account introduced in Chapter 3 has implications for sovereignty and governance and these are discussed in this chapter. In addition, the chapter argues that: equitable global governance is a requirement of pursuing global justice in a fair and even‐handed way, and that models of global governance (such as the Cosmopolitan Democracy project of David Held) can be defended in light of nationalist concerns (such as those presented by Will Kymlicka) that democracy cannot be achieved at the global level. A major challenge facing global governance arrangements is to ensure they are effective yet accountable. A system of governance that both effectively attends to people's interests and is suitably accountable can claim to have good democratic credentials on the “Responsive Democracy” view discussed.
Global Poverty, Taxation, and Global Justice
Authors: Brock Gillian
Published: May 2009

How could we move closer to achieving global justice? In chapters 5 through 9 the case against the feasibility skeptic builds, as we see that there is much we can do that would constitute real progress toward global justice. This chapter discusses global poverty, global public goods, and taxation reform. At least 25% of the world's population is currently unable to meet their basic needs. Our neglect of various global public goods means that this situation is likely to deteriorate in the future. The chapter discusses how we can make genuine progress with respect to global poverty and the protection of global public goods by presenting considerations in favor of major taxation and accounting reform, which would enable developing countries better to help themselves. The chapter includes critical discussion of some well‐known taxes such as Thomas Pogge's Global Resource Tax, a Carbon Tax, and the Tobin Tax.
Basic Liberties and Global Justice
Authors: Brock Gillian
Published: May 2009

About 56% of the world's population does not currently enjoy adequate protection for their basic liberties. The chapter argues that various institutions play a central role in fortifying basic freedoms, such as press freedom and the architecture of international justice. The emphasis is on how we can build local capacity to protect basic freedom by supporting organizations and institutions (such as Reporters without Borders or the International Criminal Court) that can shore up local press freedom and domestic legal justice. Further defense of the value of basic liberties is offered. The chapter also shows that we can identify what basic freedoms are important to protect, we can justify why their protection is important, and we can monitor whether more or fewer people are enjoying the important freedoms.
The Global Economic Order and Global Justice
Authors: Brock Gillian
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins by arguing that the link between free trade and poverty reduction is not as straightforward as some believe. Though there is a role for trade liberalization, its pace, sequencing and other complementary policies are also crucial to its success. Special and differential treatment can be justified for vulnerable, developing nations. The chapter considers what economic justice requires. Rejecting Kapstein's model, it argues for an alternative account of economic justice, according to which the international community makes it possible for each country to have reasonable opportunities to achieve the kind and level of economic activity necessary to sustain the goals of global justice introduced in Chapter 3. The chapter discusses ways in which we can discharge this obligation and also ways in which the global economic order can assist in improving working conditions and wages, through programs such as “Just Linkage”, advocated by Barry and Reddy.
What Do We Owe Co‐nationals and Non‐nationals? Why the Liberal Nationalist Account Fails and How We Can Do Better
Authors: Brock Gillian
Published: May 2009

This chapter constitutes the first part of a detailed discussion on how the model of global justice developed in this book can adequately accommodate nationalism. For many people, individual identity crucially depends on national, cultural, ethnic, or religious identity. Are such affinities and partialities compatible with global justice? Chapter 10 begins by examining nationalism and indicates how the cosmopolitan model of global justice developed in this work can accommodate people's legitimate attachments and allows ample space for them. The focus of this chapter is on the question of what we owe co‐nationals and non‐nationals. This issue is crucial in determining whether liberal nationalist views are ethically defensible. The chapter examines the most developed accounts offered by the leading liberal nationalists (Yael Tamir and David Miller) and shows how those accounts fail. The chapter indicates why the account developed in the book is more promising.
Equality, Cosmopolitanism, and Global Justice
Authors: Brock Gillian
Published: May 2009

This chapter argues that the model of global justice developed in this book adequately reflects our moral equality and also can defensibly claim to be cosmopolitan. The chapter begins by considering the kind of equality a model of global justice should reflect. An account of relational equality (in general) and democratic equality (in particular) is endorsed. There are problems and opportunities extending such an account from the domestic to the global sphere, which are addressed. It is argued that the account captures our equality better than rival conceptions (such as those that reflect a commitment to a global difference principle, global equality of opportunity, or global basic income). Altogether the account shows strong support for our equal moral worth and supports our equality on multiple levels, as is shown using examples. The kind of cosmopolitanism endorsed is also located using familiar distinctions and introducing some new ones.
Introduction
Authors: Oda Hiroshi
Published: May 2009

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the study of comparative law, tracing the development of European and American law specialists' interest in Japanese law. It then discusses anti-positivism in Japanese law. Judges in Japan are fairly active in creating law, and may even go further than the judges in the Anglo-American jurisdictions in some respects. In cases where there seems to be no alternative way to achieve an equitable solution, the court may even deviate from the wording of statutory law rather than adhering to the literal interpretation of the statutes.
The History of Modern Japanese Law
Authors: Oda Hiroshi
Published: May 2009

This chapter focuses on the history of modern Japanese law. It discusses the three stages wherein foreign law was received. The first stage was in the 7th and 8th centuries, when Japan imported the Chinese political and legal system. The second stage occurred between the overthrow of the Tokugawa Shogunate in the mid-19th century and the early 20th century, when the industrialization of Japan was accomplished. The third stage began after the Second World War and continued during the period of the Allied occupation.
The Sources of Law
Authors: Oda Hiroshi
Published: May 2009

This chapter focuses on the sources of Japanese law. Japanese law is primarily based on codified laws. Unlike the Anglo-American system, statute law plays the primary role in the Japanese system. Major statutes which set out the basic legal framework in a certain area are denoted as codes. There are six major Codes: the Constitution, the Civil Code, the Criminal Code, the Commercial Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, and the Code of Civil Procedure. Statutory laws, delegated legislation, international treaties, judge-made law, circulars (tsutatsu), administrative guidance, local regulations, and customary law are discussed.
The Legal Profession
Authors: Oda Hiroshi
Published: May 2009

This chapter focuses on the legal profession in Japan. Judges, public prosecutors, and attorneys form a distinct group of professions called the hōsō. All members of the hōsō are required to pass the same uniform State examination and are trained in the Legal Research and Training Institute for one year. Judges, public prosecutors, attorneys, para-legals, foreign attorneys, and the uniform state examination and legal training are discussed.
The Protection of Human Rights
Authors: Oda Hiroshi
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses human rights protection in Japan. Topics covered include the development of human rights law, the Constitution, restrictions on human rights, freedom of expression, access to information, equal treatment, freedom of religion, due process of law, rights of suspects and defendants, economic rights, the role of the Supreme Court, and international treaties and human rights.
Property Law
Authors: Oda Hiroshi
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses Japanese property law. Topics covered include the concept of real rights, registration, ownership, joint ownership, the right to use another person's property, real securities, and atypical real security rights.
Law of Torts
Authors: Oda Hiroshi
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses Japanese tort law. Topics covered include the development of tort law, general rules of tort law, scope of losses, special provisions on tort liability, joint liability, remedies, and product liability.
Corporate Law
Authors: Oda Hiroshi
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses Japanese corporate law. Topics covered include the history of Japanese company law, types of companies in Japan, share ownership structure of Japanese companies, setting up companies, shares, corporate governance, mergers and splitting of companies, financing of companies, and accounting.
Anti-Monopoly Law
Authors: Oda Hiroshi
Published: May 2009

This chapter focuses on Japan's Anti-Monopoly Law. Topics discussed include the historical background of the law, an outline of the law, private monopolization, prevention of excessive concentration of economic power, unfair trade practices, problems of keiretsu (companies linked together by continuous business relations), application of the Anti-Monopoly Law on international transactions, and procedures and sanctions.
Intellectual Property Law
Authors: Oda Hiroshi
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses Japanese intellectual property law. Topics covered include Japan as an ‘intellectual property-based nation’, patent law, copyright law, trade market protection, trade secrets protection, and other types of intellectual property.
Labour Law
Authors: Oda Hiroshi
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses Japanese labour law. Topics covered include the development of labour law legislation, constitutional guarantees, employment relations, collective labour relations, and procedure for labour dispute settlement.
Civil Procedure
Authors: Oda Hiroshi
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses civil procedure in Japan. Topics covered include the Code of Civil Procedure, jurisdiction; capacity to be a party, standing, and the interest to initiate an action; preliminary procedure; oral proceedings, appeals, enforcement of judgements; and small claims procedure.
Challenging Health Economics
Authors: Mooney Gavin
Published: May 2009

This book mounts a critique of current health economics and provides a new way of looking at the economics of health and health care. It argues that health economics has been too dominated by the economics of health care and has largely ignored the impact of poverty, inequality, poor housing, and lack of education on health. It is suggested that some of the structural issues of economies, particularly the individualism of neo liberalism which is becoming more and more pervasive across the globe, need to be addressed in health economics. The book instead proposes a form of collective decision making through communitarianism, placing value on participation in public life and on institutions, such as health care. It is envisaged this form of decision making can be used at the local, national, or global levels. For the last, this would mean a major revamp of global institutions like the World Bank and the IMF. Examples of the impact of the new paradigm on health policy in general but also more specifically on priority setting and equity are included.
Why a New Paradigm?
Authors: Mooney Gavin
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins with a discussion of the reasons why there is a need to change health economics. It identifies some problems with the current paradigm. Among these is that there are the problems that arise from health economics not recognising that the hospital is a social institution; and the non-recognition by most health economists of the social nature of prevention and public health, and the need for such activities to be underpinned by community values rather than individual values. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Some Problems in Existing Health Economics
Authors: Mooney Gavin
Published: May 2009

This chapter demonstrates how health economics has had only limited success in policy and in practice. Debates about choices of health care systems, priorities for resource use, alternative funding mechanisms, how to pay hospitals and general practitioners, how to price pharmaceuticals, etc., are all issues on which health economics ought to be making a significant impact. Where there have been contributions, they have been more limited than might have been hoped or expected.
The Lack of a Comprehensive Paradigm
Authors: Mooney Gavin
Published: May 2009

This chapter examines how health economists have dealt with the recognition that the market for health care fails. It examines the reasons for such failure and suggests that too little attention has been given to the formulation of values, with issues around asymmetry of information overly dominating the thinking on market failure. It considers two other key issues around market failure: externalities and public goods. The chapter highlights the problems in conventional health economics in restricting itself to using the values of individuals qua individuals and in being consequentialist; both of these restrictions being true of welfarism as well as of extra-welfarism. It argues that there has been no real attempt to date to provide a comprehensive alternative health economics paradigm in the wake of market failure.
The Need for a New Paradigm
Authors: Mooney Gavin
Published: May 2009

This chapter focuses on the need for a shift in the health economics paradigm. It identifies the requirements of a new paradigm shift which includes a move from individuals' values to citizens' and community values; the acceptance of both health care systems and public health as social institutions; and a shift away from the property rights currently in the hands of medical associations and individual doctors to investing power in the community whose health is at stake, whose health service it is, and who are members of the population whose public health it is.
Building the Base for the New Paradigm
Authors: Mooney Gavin
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins to build the new paradigm. First, it sets the stage by introducing the ‘expressive theory’ of Elizabeth Anderson (1993), which revolves around a rejection of consequentialism and especially the context-free monistic value systems of both welfarism and extra-welfarism. It also addresses two issues that are important to any communitarian-based approach to values. The first looks at preferences, the elicitation of preferences, and the impact of reflection on such preferences. The second considers the extent to which preferences elicited in a group may be different from the aggregation of the preferences of the individual members of the group.
Communitarianism
Authors: Mooney Gavin
Published: May 2009

This chapter examines the philosophy of communitarianism, arguing that this can be used as a basis for the values on which to build the proposed new paradigm for health economics. It points to the emphasis that communitarians place on public life and community in general, and the fact that people are not free floating atoms but members of communities, citizens with identities that are in part formed by their social setting.
A future health policy: nationally and internationally
Authors: Mooney Gavin
Published: May 2009

This chapter examines how public health and healthcare might be better delivered, both at a national level and globally. It looks at health policy globally, going beyond considerations of formal health care policy. It examines how to overcome some of the problems created by neo-liberalism. In doing so, it uses the model of a national health policy as developed by Navarro (2007) but modifies this to a more global level. It argues for eschewing not just neo-liberalism but any hegemonic system, suggesting that the links between culture and health point to the need to preserve the diversity of cultures across the globe.
Priority Setting Under the New Paradigm
Authors: Mooney Gavin
Published: May 2009

This chapter shows how the new paradigm provides a more acceptable value base for both the public and the health policy makers, alters the distribution of property rights, and increases the probability that recommendations from priority setting exercises, such as with programme budgeting and marginal analysis. It demonstrates that the problems of lack of ‘credible commitment’ can be overcome by bringing in players who do have an interest in organizational efficiency and who are likely to be present for the long term. The most obvious group that meets these characteristics is the community that is to be served by the organization.
Conclusion
Authors: Mooney Gavin
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It argues that there is a gap between what informed citizens of the world want and what global institutions deliver. There seems also to be a gap between the values of a nation's citizens and what is then provided by way of health care and public health. These gaps need to be investigated more and ways found to address them. Health economists have a role to play (with others) in examining these gaps and seeking ways of filling them. The paradigm suggested in this book is one way for health economists to make a contribution to reform.
Chapter 1 Why Economics Needs Ethical Theory
Authors: Broome John
Published: May 2009

Amartya Sen has worked tirelessly to establish the importance of ethics in economics. This chapter adds a little to his arguments. Whenever economics tries to determine how the economy ought to be structured or managed, it makes an ethical judgement. But economists use various devices to hide from themselves their need for ethical theory. The chapter describes and criticizes some of their devices. The main one is to found an account of value on people's preferences. In this way, economists hope to avoid making judgements of value themselves, but instead leave them to the people. However, this device entails implausible ethical commitments of its own. Economists need to found their recommendations on their best ethical judgements. They must make their judgements explicit, and they must be ready to defend them with good arguments.
Chapter 5 Rights and Interests
Authors: Scanlon T. M.
Published: May 2009

Rights are defined by certain specific duties, and they are justified on the ground that they are necessary to protect important individual interests. This chapter examines the relation between a right and the duties that define it, and the relation between a right and the interests that justify it. The latter form of justification is not ‘instrumental’, in a way that contrasts with the justification of other moral claims. The idea that rights conflict and must be ‘balanced’ against each other is a mistake. Interests can conflict and must be balanced; rights must be defined so that they do not conflict.
Chapter 6 Elements of a Theory of the Right to Development
Authors: Sengupta Arjun
Published: May 2009

This chapter spells out the characteristics of the Right to Development, adopted by the 1986 UN Declaration as an international human right. It builds on the six questions identified by Sen as essential for understanding any theory of human rights, regarding importance and universality of human rights, corresponding duties and obligations, methods of protecting and promoting human rights, including justiciability and the place of economic, social, and cultural rights within human rights. The chapter demonstrates that recognizing RTD as a composite of different rights — which improves if any of these rights improve while no right deteriorates — facilitates its implementation by identifying the obligations corresponding to the component rights and their coordination as a development policy. It further argues that such a development policy can be seen as Sen's notion of meta-right, with the identification of duty-bearers with specific obligations. This would facilitate the operationalization of RTD according to human rights standards and allow corresponding obligations including those of the international community to be clearly delineated.
Chapter 7 Rational Choice on General Domains
Authors: Bossert Walter , Suzumura Kotaro
Published: May 2009

The rationalizability of a choice function on general domains by means of an ordering has been analyzed thoroughly by Richter (1966; 1971), Hansson (1968), and Suzumura (1977). Moreover, characterizations of various versions of consistent rationalizability have appeared in Bossert, Sprumont, and Suzumura (2005a). However, not much seems to be known when the coherence property of quasi-transitivity or that of P-acyclicity is imposed on a rationalization. This chapter develops a unified approach in order to characterize all forms of rationalizability on general domains.
Chapter 8 Some Remarks on the Ranking of Infinite Utility Streams
Authors: Dutta Bhaskar
Published: May 2009

This chapter first discusses some pre-orders which are the infinite horizon versions of classic utilitarianism and the leximin principles. There are two different ways in which leximin and utilitarianism have been extended to the infinite horizon context. The chapter uses some simple examples to illustrate how these different approaches compare with one another, and argues informally that one method is perhaps better than the other. Second, it shows that Separability along with a weak version of the Pareto axiom implies that any social welfare ordering of infinite utility streams must exhibit time preference over a limited class of comparisons.
Chapter 9 Individual Choices in a Non‐Consequentialist Framework
Authors: Gaertner Wulf , Xu Yongsheng
Published: May 2009

Most of game theory, welfare economics, and choice theory is consequentialist in nature. What really matters in these analyses are outcomes, which are often measured in terms of utilities or monetary payoffs. Non-consequentialist features may, however, matter. The procedural aspect behind availability of alternatives may induce an individual to abstain from choosing any element at all so that the choice set becomes empty. This chapter relates the concept of choice to procedural aspects of different kinds. Availability of objects, different aspects of production as such, and shrinkages from an originally given set of options to several of its subsets are considered. Rationalizability of choice in such contexts is studied axiomatically. The chapter relates conditions to the standard consistency conditions from traditional choice theory. It finally makes a suggestion how to derive an ordering over different procedures.
Chapter 10 The Method of Majority Decision and Rationality Conditions
Authors: Jain Satish K.
Published: May 2009

This chapter extends the earlier work on domain conditions for social rationality under the method of majority decision (MMD) by deriving Inada-type necessary and sufficient conditions for transitivity and quasi-transitivity for cases which were not covered by the earlier results. It presents a unified approach to the problem of obtaining domain conditions by formulating all conditions in terms of Latin Squares. Also, each characterization is obtained in terms of a single condition. These two together result in considerable simplification of proofs. The chapter also provides new proofs for the earlier results. Regarding acyclicity, it is shown that for any non-trivial set of binary relations containing intransitive binary relations, no condition defined only over triples can be an Inada-type necessary and sufficient condition for acyclicity under the MMD.
Chapter 11 Convexity and Separability in Representing Consensus
Authors: Levi Isaac
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses some issues concerning the representation of the valuation of options when decision makers have different probability judgments, different value commitments or both, and must engage in a joint deliberation based on some kind of consensus. The representation of consensus in such a setting is assumed to exhibit a structure similar to that appropriate to a single decision maker conflicted between competing commitments who makes decisions while in doubt. A case is made for representing doubt concerning probability judgment by sets of permissible probabilities, evaluations of consequences by sets of permissible utilities, and assessments of the available options by expectations derived from permissible probability-utility pairs. Sen has considered cognate problems where the evaluations of options are incomplete. He advocates restricting choice to options that are maximal among the available ones. The merits of this proposal are compared with restricting choice to options that are E-admissible in the sense that they are optimal according to at least one permissible probability-utility pair. Two variants of this view are considered. The chapter expresses a preference for requiring sets of permissible probabilities and permissible assessments of utilities for consequences to be convex, and taking the permissible probability-utility pairs to be the cross products of such sets. Seidenfeld, Schervish, and Kadane impose no general constraint on the convexity of sets of permissible probabilities or sets of utilities.
Chapter 14 Limited Rights and Social Choice Rules
Authors: Salles Maurice
Published: May 2009

In 1970 Amartya Sen introduced within social choice theory the notion of minimal liberty and proved an impossibility result concerning social decision functions. In this chapter Sen's condition of (minimal) liberty is weakened within the framework of social choice rules. It is then shown that the same kind of impossibility obtains for social choice functions.
Chapter 22 Ungrouping Income Distributions
Authors: Shorrocks Anthony , Wan Guanghua
Published: May 2009

This chapter describes a new method of facilitating inequality and poverty analysis of grouped distributional data by allowing individual income observations to be reconstructed from any feasible grouping pattern. In contrast to earlier methods, the chapter's procedure ensures that the characteristics of the synthetic sample exactly match the reported values. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated first by using household survey records to compare true income observations with their synthetic counterparts, then by comparing the true and generated values of the Gini coefficient and other inequality indices. The results indicate that the new technique is capable of reproducing individual data from grouped statistics with a high degree of accuracy.
Chapter 23 A Practical Proposal for Simplifying the Measurement of Income Poverty
Authors: Subramanian S.
Published: May 2009

The identification problem in the measurement of income poverty is associated with a number of both conceptual and pragmatic difficulties. These difficulties also have implications for the possibility of coherent aggregation. Conceptually sound identification procedures could be hard to implement, while conceptually dubious procedures are misleading. One possible way out of the problem might be to avoid the identification exercise altogether, by resort to a thoroughgoing fuzzy approach to poverty measurement. It can be quite easily shown, as is done in this chapter, that certain well-known ‘exact’ income-based indices of aggregate welfare (including one due to Amartya Sen) can be rationalized as fuzzy poverty measures. Such an approach to poverty measurement is certainly not free of interpretational ambiguity. But it does have simplicity on its side, as well as the fact that extant feasible approaches are also not exempt from conceptual niggles.
Chapter 26 Welfare Economics and Giving for Development
Authors: Atkinson A. B.
Published: May 2009

Giving for development provides an interesting case study in the application of welfare economics. Giving for development is modest in total amount, but it is one of the few direct ways in which individuals reveal information relevant to the properties of the social welfare function to be applied to global redistribution. Where individuals themselves are willing to make transfers, how should this be taken into account in the social welfare function? The chapter first examines individual motives for giving, turning to the specific purpose of development in the second section. It then considers how far these motives are welfarist. The fourth section examines the implications for the social welfare function of individual altruism towards people in poor countries. If individuals are non-welfarist in their concerns, should the state continue to adopt a welfarist social welfare function? The final section addresses explicitly the geographical dimension, and the fact that the social welfare is a national social welfare function, which has to take into account the limited ‘sphere of control’ of national governments.
Chapter 28 Isolation, Assurance and Rules
Authors: Hammond Peter
Published: May 2009

In an ‘isolation paradox’ game whose many players have identical preferences, conforming to a rule which maximizes average utility is individually a strictly dominated strategy. Suppose, however, some players think ‘quasi-magically’, or in accordance with evidential (but not causal) decision theory. They act as though believing that others' behavior is correlated with (but not caused by) their own disposition to conform, or not. Standard game theory excludes such ‘folly’. Yet it can rationalize ‘rule utilitarian’ cooperative behaviour. Comparisons are made with Newcomb's problem and related attempts to resolve the Prisoner's dilemma, as well as with an approach to eliciting players' subjective beliefs about other players' strategies in any normal form game.
Culture in Camouflage
Authors: Deer Patrick
Published: May 2009

This book remaps the history of British war culture by insisting on the centrality and importance of the literature of the Second World War. Offering an account of the emergence of modern war culture, it explores how writers like Ford Madox Ford, Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen, T.E. Lawrence, Winston Churchill, Elizabeth Bowen, Virginia Woolf, James Hanley, Rex Warner, Alexander Baron, Keith Douglas, Henry Green, and Graham Greene challenged and contested the dominant narratives of war projected by an enormously powerful mass media and culture industry. Modern war cultures, the book contends, are defined by their drive to normalize conflict and war making, by their struggle to colonize the entire wartime cultural field, and by claims to monopolize representations and interpretation of the conflict. The book argues that the Great War failed to produce an official war culture, famously producing instead a war literature of protest, marked by modernist tropes of alienation and disintegration. Challenging conventional maps of modern culture, it contends that the interwar period saw a parallel logic of consolidation and reconstruction as the imperial war machine struggled to reinvent itself, culminating in the emergence of a fully mobilized and persuasive official war culture during the Second World War. The book reads war literature as one element in an expanded cultural field, which also includes popular culture and mass communications, the productions of war planners and military historians, projections of new technologies of violence, the fantasies and theories of strategists, and the material culture of total war.
Introduction
Authors: Deer Patrick
Published: May 2009

The Introduction explores and defines the genealogy of modern war culture. It argues that during Great War the strategists struggled to regain their oversight over the battlefield and the minds and bodies of their own mass armies. The interwar years saw a massive effort to make strategic fantasies a reality; if the technology of imperial air power or mechanized warfare did not yet exist, culture could be mobilized to shore up the ramshackle war machine. During World War Two an official war culture emerged triumphant in time of national crisis, offering the vision of a fully mobilized island fortress, a loyal empire, and a modernized war machine waging a futuristic war of space and movement. The Introduction argues that the wartime state created the conditions for a literary boom. Yet the mobilization of cultural formations during wartime revealed the constitutive contradictions at the heart of modern ideas of culture.
From the Panorama of Battle to the Labyrinth of Total War
Authors: Deer Patrick
Published: May 2009

Contrasting the fractured point of view of combatant writers like Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen, Isaac Rosenberg, and Ford Madox Ford to the heroic prospects projected by official War Artists like Muirhead Bone and war poets like Rupert Brooke, this chapter argues that most urgent task confronting the military authorities was to bridge the gulf between the commanding strategic perspective and the collapses of vision in the trench labyrinth of the Western Front. It explores how despite its notorious failures the war machine used propaganda, censorship, military discipline, camouflage and other new technologies to recapture the oversight of battle, turning the imperial sovereign gaze on the minds and bodies of the mass army in the trenches. Despite antimodernism on the home front, the military authorities covertly cannibalized modernist culture in their struggle to modernize. But the camouflaged modernism of Rosenberg, Vera Brittain, or Ford's Parade's End demonstrates a more sceptical response to the dominant perspective of war.
Culture in the Blackout
Authors: Deer Patrick
Published: May 2009

Chapter 3 explores how the World War Two home front was defined and haunted by its founding blackouts: censorship, lack of information, the trauma, sensory deprivation, and destruction of the Blitz. Yet, it contends, the black out offered opportunities for resistance. In Winston Churchill's panoramic speeches, J.B.Priestley's populist broadcasts, Humphrey Jennings' ethnographic propaganda films, or the surreal radio comedy of ITMA, the official culture offered the spectacle of the People “taking it.” The chapter argues that the state's commitment to the arts created boom conditions, yet its oversight seemed to threaten the very existence of literature. It argues that the Blitz writing of Henry Green and James Hanley reveals a culture haunted by repressions, foreclosures and disavowals. In more fugitive forms like the short story, reportage, or essay, they joined their peers in practising a modernism in camouflage that looted the resources of a literary tradition shattered by war.
Ghosts inside the ‘Island Fortress’
Authors: Deer Patrick
Published: May 2009

Chapter 4 examines wartime writers' challenges to official projections of an “island fortress” under siege at the heart of a loyal, but distant empire. During a wartime revival of popular imperialism, Graham Greene and Elizabeth Bowen excavated buried histories of empire, representing the home front as a hallucinatory, haunted space. The chapter explores their secret war work as agents in British intelligence and their ironic representations of the corrosive effects of wartime surveillance, secrecy and espionage. In the dislocated perspectives offered by unpatriotic, transgressive figures like the spy, the spiv, the wounded veteran, the adulterous wife, or the rootless “mobile” woman conscripted into the war effort Bowen and Greene turn a sceptical eye on the mythology of “Deep England” and the “People's War.” Their work reveals that the island fortress was constituted by the contradictory relations between an insular Englishness, an expansive British imperial identity, and cosmopolitan traditions of anti-colonialism.
Conclusion: The Boom Ends
Authors: Deer Patrick
Published: May 2009

The Conclusion argues that the real rupture in British literary tradition comes not during the Second World War, but after it. In the late 1940s, the literary boom of the war years gave way to a culture of silence about the traumatic effects of war. Reading the postwar work of Orwell and Churchill, it argues that — overshadowed by the monumental productions of official war culture, film and popular culture, and in sharp contrast to the boom in war writing of the 1920s — wartime writers found themselves out in the cold. These were the hostile conditions in which Raymond Williams and Richard Hoggart pioneered the oppositional project of cultural studies. It concludes that this process of silencing was hastened by the insurgent Angry generation of the 1950s, who rejected the aesthetic and political complexity of wartime writing, and as critics denied it a place in the insular post-war canon.
Causation and Responsibility
Authors: Moore Michael S.
Published: May 2009

This book is about the role causation plays in the attribution of both moral responsibility and legal liability (in the law of crimes, torts, and to a lesser extent, contracts). The book strips away many of the usages of the word ‘causation’ in law and legal theory, on the grounds that such usages have little to do with causation itself. What remains is the law's use of ‘causation’ to name a natural relation that is at the heart of both ordinary and scientific explanations of the world. Some normative defense is offered as to why causation in this sense is a proper basis for assessing degrees of both culpability and permissibility in morality and also in law. A more extended metaphysical defense is also offered, as to the nature of the causal relation and as to the nature of the things related by the causal relation. This normative and metaphysical analysis is used as the springboard from which to critique much of what the law currently says about causation, including the law's counterfactual test for cause in fact, its notions of intervening cause, foreseeability, harm within the risk, accomplice liability, the causal status of omissions and of non-omissive allowings, and more besides. The result is a rethinking of causation's nature and role in our legal and moral practices of assigning blame and responsibility.
The Prima Facie Demands of the Law on the Concept of Causation
Authors: Moore Michael S.
Published: May 2009

This chapter takes the law pretty much at face value in describing the presuppositions about causation made by that law. It examines the cause/correlation distinction, the cause/condition distinction, overdetermining and pre-emptive causes; the scalarity, transitivity, and temporal asymmetry of causation; intervening causes breaking causal chains, omissions as causes, preventions as effects, the extensionality of causal contexts of speech; and the aphrodisiac effect of culpability on causation.
Conceptual Problems in Applying the Harm-within-the-Risk Test to Crimes/Torts of Negligence
Authors: Moore Michael S.
Published: May 2009

This chapter argues that as applied to crimes and torts of negligence, the harm within the risk test is incoherent. This is because, first, negligence does not consist in the imposition of any single risk; rather, negligence is holistic, taking into account all risks that an action may impose and not just the particular risk realized on a given occasion. Every action risks the harm it causes to some extent, and on the holistic view of negligence that risk is thus part of what makes that action negligent. Every harm that happens is thus ‘within the risk’. Second, there is no unique description of a risk that can uniquely fix the type of harms being risked. Each risk can be described using a narrower or broader typing of the harms risked, and whether a harm is ‘within the risk’ depends entirely on the breadth of the typing selected to describe the risk.
A Prolegomenon to the Issue of Causal Relata
Authors: Moore Michael S.
Published: May 2009

This chapter seeks to lay out a taxonomy of the sorts of things that may plausibly be thought to be related by causation, things like events, facts, states of affairs, objects, persons, tropes, properties, etc. It begins with the law's framing of this issue, both because there is wisdom in the law's simplified taxonomy of these possibilities and because the law is our ultimate interest here. The thesis of the chapter is that all plausible causal relata can be reduced either to coarse-grained things (events under the Davidsonian conception of them) or to relatively fine-grained things (either tropes, states of affairs, or facts).
Counterfactual Conditionals
Authors: Moore Michael S.
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins with an examination of counterfactual conditionals generally, without reference to using them as the reduction base for causation. The thesis of the chapter is that there are two analytically distinct and historically important conceptions of these conditionals. These are: (1) the older, (scientific) law-related view; and (2) the newer, possible worlds account. The subsequent chapters of the book focus on the latter in framing their discussion about the counterfactual theory of causation. This is done despite the author's own long-term bet being on the former conception of counterfactuals, a bet based on: (1) the difficulties that exist in making sense of a similarity metric with which to compare possible worlds; and (2) the difficulties of accepting any form of modal realism about possible worlds.
The Counterfactual Theory of Causation
Authors: Moore Michael S.
Published: May 2009

This chapter examines the counterfactual theory of causation, applying the possible world conception of counterfactuals. A wide variety of reasons is given in support for the conclusion that not only is causation not to be identified with counterfactual dependency, but that such dependency is also not either a necessary or a sufficient condition for causation. Such dependency is thus unreliable even as a test for when causation is present or absent, to say nothing of being an implausible theory about the nature of causation.
Generalist Theories of Causation
Authors: Moore Michael S.
Published: May 2009

This chapter returns to the metaphysics of the causal relation proper. It examines generalist theories of causation, theories that seek to reduce that relation between states of affairs tokens, to some law-based relation between states of affairs types. Particular attention is paid to the one such generalist theory that has had a large influence in legal theory. This is the nomic sufficiency theory of John Stuart Mill and his intellectual descendents, Hart, Honore, Mackie, and Wright. This is the view that reduces singular causal relations to instantiated scientific laws, and that reduces scientific laws to sets of minimally sufficient conditions (where each such condition is necessary to the sufficiency of the set). The thesis of the chapter is that generalist theories founder on the same seven arguments that doom the counterfactual theory as well.
Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices
Authors: Dalton Russell J.
Published: May 2009

Most democratic citizens today are distrustful of politicians, political parties, and political institutions. Where once democracies expected an allegiant public, citizens now question the very pillars of representative democracy. This book documents the erosion of political support in virtually all advanced industrial democracies. Assembling a large array of cross-national public opinion data, this book traces the current challenges to democracy primary to changing citizen values and rising expectations. These dissatisfied democrats are concentrated among the young, the better educated, and the politically sophisticated. At the same time, the evidence debunks claims that such trends are a function of scandals, poor performance, and other government failures. Changing public opinion is born from the successful social modernization of these nations. A creedal passion for democracy is sweeping across the Western democracies, and people now expect more of their governments. This book concludes by examining the consequences of these changing images of government. The book finds that these expectations are making governing more difficult, but also fuelling demands for political reform. The choices that democracies may in response to these challenges lead to a further expansion of the democratic process and a new relationship between citizens and their government.
The Challenge to Democracy
Authors: Dalton Russell J.
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents the current debate over the decrease in political support in most advanced industrial democracies and its potential implications for democratic politics. Theory distinguishes between support for government, the regime, and the political community. Public support for the regime and the political process is often seen an essential element of democracy. The chapter discusses the theoretical link between political support and democratic politics, and why support is important for the functioning of the democratic process.
The Correlates of Political Support
Authors: Dalton Russell J.
Published: May 2009

This chapter uses opinion data from the World Values Survey to compare levels of political support across a dozen advanced industrial democracies, and separate the various levels of political support. It then examines several theories for why trust has declined over time.
Social Change and the Accumulation of Incremental Effects
Authors: Dalton Russell J.
Published: May 2009

This chapter tracks the changes in political support by generations and social status groups over time. The greatest decline in trust in government and political institutions has come among the better-educated and higher social status, and among younger generations.
Value Change and Political Support
Authors: Dalton Russell J.
Published: May 2009

This chapter examines how the changing political values of contemporary publics alter perceived images of government and support for the democratic process. Postmaterialists are less trustful of government and more supportive of democratic values and ideals.