bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sharp and the Restoration Policy in Scotland
Authors: John Willcock B.D.
Published: March 2007

The idea that at the Restoration the Government of Charles II. wantonly attacked a Church that otherwise would have remained at peace and in the enjoyment of hardly-won liberties is not in accordance with facts. The Church was divided into two warring factions—that of the Remonstrants or Protesters and that of the Resolutioners. The former were the extreme Covenant party and had as their symbol the Remonstrance of the Western army after the Battle of Dunbar, in which they refused to fight any longer in the cause of Charles II. The Resolutioners were the more moderate party, which accepted him as a Covenanted King, and they derived their name from their support of certain Resolutions passed in the Parliament and General Assembly for the admission of Royalists to office under certain conditions. The Protesters—who numbered perhaps about a third of the Presbyterian clergy—claimed, probably not without reason, to be more religious than their opponents. They were very eager to purge the Church of all those whose opinions they regarded as unsatisfactory, and to fill up vacant charges with those who uttered their shibboleths. In their opposition to the King they naturally drew somewhat closely into sympathy with the party of Cromwell, though, with the fatal skill in splitting hairs which has afflicted so many of their nation, they were able to differentiate their political principles from what they called ‘English errors.’ The Resolutioners, on the other hand, adhered steadily to the cause of Charles II., and came under the disfavour of the Government of the Commonwealth for their sympathy with the insurrection under Glencairn and Middleton which had been so troublesome to the English authorities.
The Rebellion of the Earls, 1569
Authors: Reid R. R.
Published: March 2007

A popular movement like the Rebellion of the Earls can always be treated from two distinct standpoints, the national and the local. Hitherto, the Rebellion has always been treated from the national standpoint, with the result that, so far as I am aware, there is no book dealing with the Rebellion alone. All accounts of it must be sought in general histories such as those named below. I would specially mention the chapter in the ‘Cambridge Modern History’ in which Mr. Law has anticipated all the conclusions which I have been able to draw from my own examination of the sources. The local point of view, on the other hand, has been almost wholly ignored, and affords more opportunity for investigation; to it, therefore, I have confined myself. I cannot pretend that the essay is exhaustive, as circumstances have prevented me from investigating the local sources, such as Corporation and Town Records, Parish Registers and the like. Nevertheless, this contribution may not be wholly without value, since it is based on a careful study of the material preserved at the Public Record Office and in the British Museum.
An Address delivered November 15, 1894, on the occasion of the Gibbon Centenary Commemoration
Authors: Harrison Frederic
Published: March 2007

Mr. Frederic Harrison, V.P.R.Hist. S., said:

It is now just one hundred years ago that, in a remote village church under Ashdown Forest in Sussex, and in the most simple manner, were laid to rest, by the loving care of his lifelongfriend, the mortal remains of the most famous writer of history in the English language. Edward Gibbon, the immortal author of ‘The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire’, died in London in January 1794, at the age of 56, after an illness of a few days, almost in the fulnessof his intellectual power, at the zenith of his fame, with the great work of his life achieved, in perfect peace of mind, and surrounded by the esteem and affection of all who knew him. Hisdear friend, we may almost say his brother by adoption, Lord Sheffield, whose grandson to-day presides over this gathering, placed the body in the Sheffield mausoleum in Fletching Church, where it still reposes; and he collected in the house of Sheffield Place portraits, miniatures, personal relics, manuscripts, diaries, and letters of the historian; and there, until now, they have been religiously preserved as heirlooms in the Sheffield family. Nor have the literary remains ever been examined since the publication of Lord Sheffield's five volumes of ‘Miscellaneous Works’ in 1814, except partially by Dean Milman more than fifty years ago.
Alien Merchants in England in the Fifteenth Century
Authors: Giuseppi Montague S.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is not to discuss in detail the trade relations of England in the fifteenth century with other nations of Europe, but to endeavour to arrive at some conclusion as to the political and social standing of alien merchants in this country during the century by a consideration of the chief measures adopted to regulate their dealings. The insight which this consideration will give us into the nature and motives of the attitude then generally held by Englishmen towards these merchants will assist us greatly in arriving at some definite acquaintance with the economic theories of the period.
Exploration Under Elizabeth, 1558–1603
Authors: Beazley C. Raymond
Published: March 2007

English exploration in the age of Elizabeth is one of the main lines of national progress. It is no longer a by-path of our history, it is more and more plainly connected with that essential development of English life on which our Empire depended and depends. For it was in the latter half of the sixteenth century that the New World in East and West, by sea and land, was fully revealed to our countrymen, as it had been disclosed to Italians, Frenchmen, and Spaniards in the earlier years of the same century; the excitement, the hopes and fears, the boundless expectations, the astonishing achievements which had gone to inspire the heroic age of the countrymen of Columbus and Cortes, of Da Gama and Magellan—were all realised over again by the islanders of the Protestant North. Under Elizabeth our forefathers entered into the fulness of the national renaissance—for which they had been slowly educated since the Tudor dynasty began.
The Monetary Movements of 1600–1621 in Holland and Germany
Authors: Shaw W. A.
Published: March 2007

The particular phenomena of the crisis of 1621 in England have been examined in another connection' by the aid afforded in the State Papers, Domestic and Foreign, at the Record Office. That the movement—one, namely, of an unprecedented change in the relative values of the precious metals towards the close of the sixteenth century, bringing with it disturbance in the monetary standards and economic and social life of the chief States of Europe—was not restricted to England is demonstrable, and might safely be presumed. In the case of those other States, however, the nature of the evidence available differs from that revealed in such welcome fulness by the English State Papers. For Holland the chief authority is the huge Plakkaat book, a collection which takes the place of our Statutes of the Realm plus (our one great desideratum yet) a book of proclamations of the King in Council. In the case of Germany the want of a central rule rendered impossible anything like a statute or an imperial proclamation of sufficient authority to bind the various constituent parts of the empire. To face the monetary evils which beset her to even a greater and more pernicious degree than they did England, Germany was reduced to the less effectual system of local mint unions between the circles or contiguous princes.
Some Materials for a New Edition of Polydore Vergil's ‘History’
Authors: Gasquet Francis Aidan
Published: March 2007

The importance of Polydore Vergil's ‘History’ for the reign of Henry VII. is fully recognised by all students of that time. Dr. James Gairdner, without doubt our first English authority for the events of this period of our national history, considers that with the exception of the poetical story of Bernard André, from which we learn something, albeit very little, Vergil's work may be regarded as the only contemporary history of this reign. Dr. Wilhelm Busch also, in his excellent study of ‘England under the Tudors,’ speaks as strongly about our indebtedness to this cultured Italian ecclesiastic, and declares that ‘for elegance of language, easy narrative, firmness and independence of judgment [Polydore's work] far surpasses [that of] all the English historians of his day.’ Even for the reign of Henry VIII., although he is considered by some as ‘not so trustworthy, owing to his bias against Wolsey,’ his authority cannot be altogether set aside, since in the opinion of Mr. Brewer ‘no man was better informed on European politics’ at this time.
The Internal Organisation of the Merchant Adventurers of England
Authors: Lingelbach W. E.
Published: March 2007

The Merchant Adventurers occupied a unique place in the history of England. Their life and activities were closely associated with the most varied phases of the national progress; their influence is seen not only in the municipal and domestic affairs of the realm, but also in many of its most important international relations. Through their branch organisations in the different towns of England the Adventurers were brought into close contact with local and municipal life; through their position as the great buyers and exporters of woollen cloth they came into immediate contact with English industrial development. For several centuries the Society enjoyed a virtual monopoly of the foreign trade in the English cloth manufacture. Its wealth and power became very great, and, as is to be expected, the Adventurers, both as individuals and as a corporate organisation, became potent factors in the field of national politics also—a fact seen most clearly in their participation in the restoration of financial credit in the sixteenth century, and the overthrow of the Stuarts in the seventeenth. In international affairs the Adventurers were connected at a very early date with the active intercourse between England and the Low Countries. Concerned solely with foreign commerce, and strongly supported by the Crown, they gradually secured for themselves the English commerce on the North Sea, and therefore necessarily became the agents and exponents of the successful commercial policy inaugurated by the Tudors. The Fellowship and its activities became the channel through which the mutual influence of England and the Continent in the industrial and commercial world was chiefly transmitted, and the history of the Adventurers strikingly illustrates those larger interests which England in her economic development shared with Europe.
An Unknown Conspiracy against King Henry VII
Authors: Leadam I. S.
Published: March 2007

The following paper is to be found in the Record Office, being No. 24 of the Star Chamber Proceedings of the time of Henry VII. It is not, however, a Star Chamber Proceeding in the accepted sense of the term. It forms no part of a litigation, neither is it a proceeding of the Statutory Court of the Star Chamber in virtue of its statutory or other jurisdiction. It probably found its way among the Star Chamber Proceedings proper by accident. It is evidently a fragment of depositions in a political case heard by the Privy Council. It may be that the Council, as was not unusual sat in the Star Chamber for convenience; or that a member of the Council, leaving the Council Chamber for the Star Chamber, took it with him and mixed it with his judicial papers. Possibly Robert Rydon, who acted both as clerk of the Council and of the Star Chamber, and who took these depositions, was the agent of the confusion. The depositions relate the movements of certain conspirators in a mysterious plot against Henry VII. the exact nature of which can only be guessed. In the year 1503, to which these events relate, the centre of political intrigue against the new dynasty was Edmund de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk. His life is set out in the ‘Dictionary of National Biography,’ and it will only be necessary to recall here so much as will serve to elucidate the story. Edmund de la Pole was the second son of John de la Pole, second Duke of Suffolk, by Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, and sister of Edward IV.
The English Premonstratensians
Authors: Gasquet F. A.
Published: March 2007

The Premonstratensian Order was founded in the early part of the twelfth century by St. Norbert. This remarkable man was born at Xanten, in the duchy of Cleves, in 1080. His family were highly connected, his father being Count of Gennep, and his mother a cousin of the Emperor Henry IV The aspirations of Norbert's early years seemed to mark him out for an ecclesiastical career, and as quite a youth, in accordance with an abuse of Church patronage unfortunately too common in those days, he was presented with a canonry in his native city. At the earliest possible age he was ordained subdeacon; but, being attracted by natural disposition to the gaieties of the world, for a long time he hesitated to enter the higher grades of the sacred ministry and passed his time mostly at the court of his cousin the Emperor, to whom he acted as almoner. In the thirtieth year of his age, however, his thoughts were turned to the more serious side of life by a narrow escape from death by lightning. After a prolonged preparation he received the sacred orders of deacon and priest, and spent a considerable period of strict retirement in the abbey of Conon. As a result of his reflections he resigned his canonry and other preferments, and in 1118 embraced a life of complete poverty in order that he might the better devote his life to the work of preaching to the poor. He commenced his new mode of work by an unsuccessful attempt to induce his brethren, the canons of Xanten, to embrace a life more in accord with the regular observances, to which they were bound, at least theoretically, by their name of ‘canons.’
Italian Bankers and the English Crown
Authors: Whitwell Robert Jowitt
Published: March 2007

THE geographical position of Britain made her dependent upon the Mediterranean races—with their higher civilisation and more advanced mechanical processes—for the development of the natural resources of the island.

Her distance from the central marts of the world was counterbalanced in the dawn of her history by the excellence and cheapness of her tin and hides; and in the eleventh and later centuries by the primacy of her wools in all the textile work of Europe.
The Development of Political Parties during the Reign of Queen Anne
Authors: Lord Walter Frewen
Published: March 2007

The social conditions of the early years of the eighteenth century were in a high degree favourable to underhand dealings. Although England was on the verge of a great war with her secular rival, the patrolling of the Channel seems to have been almost entirely neglected. Sloops crossed to France, and crossed to England from France almost daily, and went and came unchallenged. H.M.S. Warspite, on seizing a French privateer out of St. Malo, was confronted with the claim of a Yarmouth fisherman, who complained that the boat was his own; that it had been driven to sea in a storm, captured, and carried to St. Malo. Every fishing fleet clearly ran the same risk. The presence of a Seaford peasant having become desirable, for some undisclosed reason, he was kidnapped from his field, willingly or unwillingly, and carried to France. With the Channel in this condition it is clear that although the movements of highly placed men could be watched and controlled, obscure agents could pass and repass in perfect security, so far as the efforts of the pubic services were concerned. Extensive powers of the public services were concerned. Extensive powers of arrest of suspicious persons were enjoyed by the magistracy, but the public services were themselves not above suspicion.
The Decay of Villeinage in East Anglia
Authors: Davenport Frances G.
Published: March 2007

The material upon which this paper is based is largely confined to the unpublished records of a single Norfolk manor. The aim of the paper is to sketch so far as possible the conditions that within this manor effected and accompanied the decay of serfdom.
The Inquisitions of Depopulation in 1517 and the ‘Domesday of Inclosures.’
Authors: Gay Edwin F.
Published: March 2007

The Royal Historical Society has already devoted much of its valuable space to the Inquisitions on Depopulation of 1517. In its ‘Transactions’ for three successive years, and in two extra volumes, Mr. Leadam has, with painstaking industry, edited and statistically exploited all that in 1897 was accessible of the Inquisitions. The initiative of the editor and the generosity of the Society must have their reward in the gratitude of all students of English economic history. A further investigation, however, into the inclosure movement of the Tudor period has brought new material to light, and raises questions which, from the importance of the subject, render advisable a critical review of Mr. Leadam's methods and conclusions.
The Historical Connections of the Hittites
Authors: Conder C. R.
Published: March 2007

The subject for your consideration in the present paper is one which has recently attracted attention, and which is of necessity destined to arouse controversy. I do not desire to weary you with dry details which must be carefully investigated and verified, or to make any reply to adverse criticisms, which as yet have served to show that the most careful demonstration of every point in a new thesis is required by modern scholarship. There are three separate questions to be considered, each of which might demand a volume by itself, and each of which might be independently considered. First, who were the Hittites? What do we know about them, and what bearing has such knowledge on general questions of history and ethnology? Secondly, what are the hieroglyphic texts of Northern Syria and Asia Minor? Is there any reason to suppose that all or any of them are the work of Hittites? and how are they to be deciphered? Third, what bearing have the two preceding studies on the Old Testament historical notices of the Hittites? Do they serve to support the general historical accuracy of the Hebrew Scriptures, or the reverse? I propose to confine my remarks in this paper chiefly to the first of these questions. The second has less bearing on history, and requires a great amount of study yet to lead to a solution.
Hugh Elliot in Berlin
Authors: Browning Oscar
Published: March 2007

No diplomatic story is better known than that of Hugh Elliot stealing the despatches of Arthur Lee at Berlin. The most graphic account is to be found in Carlyle's ‘Frederick,’ vol. vi. page 557. He describes how the American war is raging and blundering along. The devoted colonists have their Franklins, Lees, busy in European courts. ‘Help us in our noble struggle, ye European courts; now is your chance on tyrannous England.’ He says that the British cabinet had got it into their sagacious heads that the bad neighbour at Berlin was in effect the arch-enemy, and probably the mainspring of the whole matter, and that it would be in the highest degree interesting to see clearly what Lee and he had on hand. Order is therefore given to Elliot, ‘Do it at any price;’ and finally, as mere price will not answer, do it by any method—steal Lee's despatch box for us. Carlyle says further that Elliot had no appetite for the job, but that orders were peremptory. ‘Lee is a rebel, quasi outlaw, and you must.’ Elliot thereupon hired or made his servant hire the chief housebreaker or pickpocket in the city. He is told that Lee lodges in such and such an hostelry; bring us his red box for thirty hours; it shall be well worth your while.
The Commercial Policy of Edward III
Authors: Cunningham W.
Published: March 2007

I. The current fashion which despises ‘drum and trumpet’ histories has affected the ordinary estimate of certain historical personages: the man who was merely a great commander, who did not obviously devote himself to constitutional changes and the amelioration of the lot of the people, secures but faint praise from a democratic age. This is noticeably true of current language in regard to Edward III.; his reign is dismissed as ‘brilliant,’ and his achievements condemned as ‘barren,’ and these depreciatory judgments are confirmed by other circumstances. There was something hollow and unreal in the chivalry of his Court; it was self-conscious and theatrical; while it is difficult to believe that the claim to the French Crown, which was put forward at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, was altogether serious; it rested on such special pleading and was pressed so fitfully. It is obvious, too, that at the end of the reign the country was much exhausted by the long struggles in which the King had engaged, and it is easy to accuse him of pursuing his own personal ambitions lightly and recklessly.
History and Assassination
Authors: Haines Herbert
Published: March 2007

‘With a modern reader, the assassination of the four leaders, in their houses, and at the banquet, raises a sentiment of repugnance which withdraws his attention from the other features of this memorable deed.’

Grote, in the passage just quoted, is referring to the assassination which freed Thebes from the Spartan yoke.
The Traditions of the Archaian White Races
Authors: Glennie J. S. Stuart
Published: March 2007

1. By Archaian White Races I mean White Races non-Semitic and non-Aryan; and by White Races I mean Races with either long or short heads (dolichocephalic, or bracbycephalic), high noses, unprojecting jaws (orthognathic, not prognathic), long hair and beards, and light-coloured skins.
The Magyar County: A Study in the Comparative History of Municipal Institutions
Authors: Reich Emil
Published: March 2007

Brief description of Hungary—General characteristics of Hungary in the Middle Ages—Statistical comparison of the territorial development of Prussia and Hungary—Hungary a ‘national state’—Standpoint wherefrom to appreciate the Magyar County—History of the Magyar County—Comparison of Magyar and English counties—Sovereignty of the Magyar County—Comparison with Slav counties—Salutary effect of the Hungarian County—The privileges of noblemen in the administration of Hungarian counties—Recriminations of the non-Magyar nationalities of Hungary.
The Druids of Ireland
Authors: Von Pflugk-Harttung Julius
Published: March 2007

Byzantines, Romans, Kelts, Germans, and Sclavs form the five civilising peoples of mediaeval Europe. Three of them inhabited, and still inhabit, the actual body of the Continent, whereas the Byzantines were driven into the extreme southeast, and the Kelts into the extreme north-west, even farther than suited their capacities and pursuits, owing to the continued onward march of the others. It was also unfortunate for the Kelts that they were, so to say, a distinctly unhistorical and unsettled people; that they had no history of any importance; did not keep any record even of such events as occurred around them; and that other communities, distinct from themselves as regards place and speech, took but little notice of them. Hence, of the earlier history of the mediaeval Kelts, and especially of their chief branch, the Irish, we know practically nothing; and this although there is yet extant concerning them a literature which compares favourably in extent with that of any other early people. Imagination and the works of scholars, especially after the tenth century, supplied that which was painfully wanting in actuality.
The Laws of the Mercers Company of Lichfield
Authors: Russell W. H
Published: March 2007

The Laws of the Mercers of Lichfield which have been transcribed by Mr. Russell and will, I trust, find a place in our next volume of Transactions, seem to me to have very special interest. They are typical of the ordinances which were made for industrial regulation in the seventeenth century. Throughout this century there was an extraordinary development of industrial and commercial companies, many of which were formed by statute and others by letters patent. The wisdom of granting such patents for commercial purposes was the subject of long-continued discussion—this centred round the action of the East India Company. But, if we except some special cases in the time of Charles I., there seems to have been comparatively little dispute about the industrial companies, and a great many were formed or were reconstituted during this period. Of these the Cutlers Company of Sheffield is the most celebrated.
The Inquisition of 1517. Inclosures and Evictions. Part II. Edited from the Lansdowne MS. 1. 153
Authors: Leadam I. S.
Published: March 2007

In the ‘English Historical Review’ for April (1893) Professor Ashley offers some criticisms upon the ‘Introduction to the Inquisition of 1517,’ contributed by me to the ‘Transactions of the Royal Historical Society’ for 1892. One object of that Introduction, it may be remembered, was to disprove the assertion of Professor Ashley that at the time when the evictions for inclosure began, and until ‘towards the end of the period,’ ‘the mass of copyholders’ had no legal security. In my view, the manorial records, the compilations of laws in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the practice of the courts, even the treatises of the jurists when critically scrutinised, led to the conclusion not merely that copyholders enjoyed protection in legal theory, but that their predecessors in title, the villeins, had done so before them. I drew no distinction in this matter between customary tenants and copyholders, as Professor Ashley appears to suppose, but showed that security extended even to villeins by blood, or ‘nativi,’ on custo-mary lands. Professor Ashley's proposition that ‘customary tenants’ and ‘copyholders’ were equivalent terms was never doubted by me, and is irrelevant to my argument. Indeed, it is assumed by me on the very pages to which he refers. ‘Mr. Leadam,’ he says, ‘draws a sharp distinction between “copyholders” on the one side and “tenants at will” on the other—a distinction which one may doubt whether the men of the sixteenth century would have felt so keenly.’ The distinction, as those who turn to the passage will see, is between ‘copyholders,’ used in Fitzherbert's sense as equivalent to customary tenants, who were ‘tenants at will according to the custom of the manor,’ and ‘tenants at will at Common Law.’
Diary of the Journey of Philip Julius, Duke of Stettin-Pomerania, through England in the year 1602
Authors: von Blow Gottfried , Powell Wilfred
Published: March 2007

PhilipJulius, Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast, born in the year 1584, was the only son of Ernst Ludwig, of Pomerania, and Sophia Hedwig, of Brunswick. For the purpose of finishing his education before taking up the government of his country, he was sent on a grand tour through the principal States of Europe, sixteen gentlemen and servants forming his suite.
The Roumanian Language
Authors: Robinson Thornton D.D.
Published: March 2007

In the old portion of the city of Rome, between the Capitoline and Quirinal Hills, and north-west of the old Forum, stands a column, some 117 feet high, surmounted by a statue of St. Peter, and adorned with a bas-relief, winding spirally round the shaft, from pedestal to summit. This column commemo-rates the events which led to the formation of the Roumanian people and language.
The Evolution of the Family
Authors: Browning Oscar
Published: March 2007

We live in an age when the theory of evolution is being applied to all the phenomena of the universe. It is natural, therefore, that we should attempt to explain the sequence of the various forms of government by this hypothesis. Political science, although it is a favourite study in America, is not much regarded in England. We are, perhaps, too much absorbed in political practice to believe in the reality of political theory. Still it is probable that, as democracy advances, and as the necessity of educating the masses of our population in politics becomes more imperative, political science will claim a larger share of attention. This science is divided into two branches, the one deductive and speculative, the other inductive and historical. The Elements of Politics, by Professor Sidgwick, is perhaps the first attempt to treat the first division thoroughly and systematically in the English language. The writer essays, with more or less success, to trace every ramification of the perfect modern state, as it ought to be, based upon the theory of the greatest happiness of the greatest number. The second department has not yet been worked out, but there is no reason why this should not be done. Anyone who attempted it would have to separate the facts of government from all other social phenomena, and to seek to arrange them in such an order, proceeding from the more simple to the more complex, that he could arrive at some conclusion, more or less valid, as to the manner in which the state had been evolved and differentiated amongst human beings. Attempts have been made to effect this in isolated parts of the whole field.
Some Notes on the Πoλiteia Tωn Aθhnaiωn
Authors: Oman C. W. C.
Published: March 2007

It is twenty months since the first rumours of the discovery of the now famous πολıτεĺα τν 'AΘηναĺΩν went round the learned world, and a year and a half has elapsed since the book itself appeared to vex the souls of those engaged in the teaching of ancient history, and to force them to recast paragraph after paragraph of the books or lectures which had long served them well, but whose hypotheses were, alas ! more often upset than confirmed by the statements of the new authority.
Early Colonial Constitutions
Authors: Wallis J. P.
Published: March 2007

Our own constitutional history has been studied, and is still being studied, with all the thoroughness and patient care demanded by so great a subject. On the other hand, the early constitutional history of our colonies has attracted less attention than it deserves. Probably this is because the shadow of a great failure hangs over it; if alluded to at all, it is only to point a moral at the folly which lost the American colonies. And yet a system which, with all its shortcomings, played so large a part in preparing the way for the constitution of the United States, and for our own colonial empire as it at present exists, is certainly worthy of investigation. English colonial government may be said to have been founded in the American colonies, but not to have attained its full development, if it has yet done so, until after their separation. It is, therefore, not surprising that such attention as the subject has recently received should have been devoted to it by American rather than by English writers. I propose to-day to deal with the early forms of government established in the colonies, and to point out how some of them, as in Massachusetts, were calculated from the outset to make for separation, while others, as in Virginia, lent themselves readily to maintaining the connection with the mother country, and are still used in our existing colonies.
Early Christian Geography
Authors: Beazley C. Raymond
Published: March 2007

Practical and theoretical geography were at a low ebb between the conversion of the Empire and the Crusades; but they had in themselves great possibilities. The time of sowing must not disappoint us if it fail to give a crop: in the age of the making of the modern nations we cannot expect the discovering instinct to show much activity. But if we wish to gain a proper understanding of the development of European Christendom upon the surface of the earth, we must begin with the origins. And these we find, as far as are necessary for our purpose, in the pilgrim-travellers and convent-maps and religious science of the centuries between Constantine and our own English Alfred.
On Some Political Theories of the Early Jesuits
Authors: Figgis J. Neville
Published: March 2007

From Hildebrand to John Stuart Mill is a far cry. Yet there is a common element in the thought of the two. Both held the same purely secular theory of the civil State. Both were jealous of State interference and would have narrowed the scope of governmental action. Both held that there are limits, especially in religious matters, which the State may not over-step, and both, though in different ways, would admit the right of an oppressed people to rebel against its sovereign. Their horizons were different, and their objects looked at in one point of view are even opposed. For Mill believed in the Divine right of the individual, or something like it, while, if Hildebrand would have bound kings with chains, it was only that he might forge more enduring fetters of iron for their peoples. Yet I believe that there are links of connection between the two; and of these the earlier Jesuits were not the least important. From the days of Hildebrand down to our own time there appear to me to have been two mutually opposed theories of the State, taking different shapes according to the needs of different ages, and defended by controversial methods and arguments which changed with the facts to which they owed their force. Indeed, so Protean were their manifestations that they commonly meet with nothing but contempt from us who owe much to both theories, and have entered into the heritage prepared for us by conflicts of which we have forgotten the meaning.
A Narrative of the Pursuit of English Refugees in Germany under Queen Mary
Authors: Leadam I. S.
Published: March 2007

DominusRex et Regina mandarunt hie breue suum sub Magno Sigillo suo Thesaurario et Baronibus huius scaccarii directum Cuiusquidem breuis tenor sequitur in hec verba. Philippus et Maria dei gracia Rex et Regina Anglie His-paniarum Francie vtriusque Sicilie Ierusalem et Hibernie fidei defensores Archiduces Austrie Duces Burgundie Mediolani et Brabancie Comites Haspurgi Flandrie et Tirolis Thesaurariis et Baronibus suis de Scaccario salutem Tenorem cuiusdam certificacionis coram nobis in Cancellaria nostra retornate ac in filaciis eiusdem Cancellarie nostre de Recordo residentis vobis Mittimus presentibus interclusum Mandantes vt inspecto tenore certificacionis predicte vlterius inde pro nobis fieri faciatis prout de iure et secundum legem et consuetudinem Regni nostri Anglie fuerit faciendum. Testibus nobis ipsis apud Westmonasterium xxijdo die Octobris Annis regnorum nostrorum tercio et quarto. Wa. Hare. Et tenor certificacionis vnde in brevi predicto superius fit Mencio sequitur in hec verba.
Goree: A Lost Possession of England
Authors: Lord Walter Frewen
Published: March 2007

Inthe year 1663 Captain, afterwards Vice-Admiral, Sir Robert Holmes, during a timeof profound peace, attacked and captured the Dutch possessions on the West Coast of Africa. Sailing across the Atlantic, he reduced the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam, and rechristened it, in honour of the Duke of York, New York. On his return to England he was denounced by the Dutch as a freebooter, and thrown into prison, but on the outbreak of hostilities was released andrestored to his rank, in which he long gave his country the benefit of his eminent abilities.
The English Occupation of Tangier (1661–1683)
Authors: Routh Enid
Published: March 2007

When Charles II. announced his impending marriage with Catharine of Portugal, the inclusion of Tangier in the Princess's dowry was the most popular clause of the marriage treaty.

English hopes ran even higher round the little African port than over the companion gift of Bombay, for Tangier, situated almost on the north-west point of Morocco, lay in the direct trade route from the Levant to Western Europe. The English Consul at Lisbon pointed out that it might from its position become a magazine for all the Levant, a port which would be used by the Spanish West India fleet homeward bound to Seville or Cadiz, in order to avoid the high duties imposed by the Crown of Spain in its own ports—valuable asset this in case of war with Holland, Spain, or France.
The Beverley Town Riots, 1381–2
Authors: Flower Cyril T.
Published: March 2007

‘Nous devons dire ici,’ writes the editor of Réville's ‘Le Soulèvement des Travailleurs,’ ‘que nous n'avons pas pu … présenter à notre entière satisfaction les documents relatifs à cette révolte de Beverley, et nous souhaitons que quelque savant Anglais revoie les originaux et contrôle les conclusions.’ Without arrogating to himself the degree of erudition which these words imply, an English student might use this note as an excuse for further researches on this subject. Moreover, a fortunate discovery has placed the present writer in a position to supplement both M. Réville's researches and the valuable work which Mr. Leach has done in connection with the history of Beverley. The list of Ancient Petitions at the Record Office shows that the unusually large number of almost fifty consecutive documents appear to relate to Beverley, and after an examination of the documents themselves it was found that with a certain amount of rearrangement they could throw some light on the methods of medieval municipal politics.
The ‘Denarius Sancti Petri’ In England
Authors: De Binis Joh. , Jensen O
Published: March 2007

Under the later Anglo-Saxon kings the relations between England and Rome were not as good as in earlier times. Peter's pence were no longer sent from England according to custom. Canute's letter (cited in a previous paper)x bears witness to this negligence, which increased after his death. The laws regulating the payments were not enforced. The Papal Court only received gifts and offerings from England sent direct and voluntarily by private individuals. Occasionally Peter's pence were offered on the altars of the churches, but these went only into the bishop's treasury.
Polydore Vergil in the English Law Courts
Authors: Leadam I. S.
Published: March 2007

Two documents disclosing an incident in the life of the celebrated historian Polydore Vergil, which have hitherto escaped the research of biographers, are to be found in the Memoranda Roll of the King's Remembrancer of the Exchequer, Trinity term, 19 Henry VII., membrane xv and ibidem dorso (A.D. 1504). Of these the first refers to an illegal exchange negotiated on October 19, 1503, with a merchant of Florence; the second to an illegal exchange negotiated on March 8, 1504, with a merchant of Genoa. In both cases an information is laid against Polydore Vergil as defendant.
The Case of Dr. Crome
Authors: Brodie R. H.
Published: March 2007

The summer of 1540 in England witnessed an event which proved a turning-point in the history of the country. The fall of Thomas Cromwell Earl of Essex was the outcome of a long struggle between Gardiner and Cromwell, the two servants of Cardinal Wolsey who after their master's death led rival factions in the Council. As one result of the crisis a reconciliation with Rome was expected by foreign observers, a step that would have left the Emperor and the French King free to form independent alliances with England. At home those who dared not contemplate such a reconciliation could at least prevent the further spread of new doctrines by enforcing the doctrine of the Six Articles. But all who welcomed Cromwell's fall as the signal for a religious revolution were soon to realise that there was a king in England who would be head both of State and Church.
Some Aspects of Castlereagh's Foreign Policy
Authors: Webster C. K.
Published: March 2007

But little is yet known of the vast mass of documents bearing upon nineteenth-century history which are to be found in the archives of Europe; and historians have been tempted to take refuge in the thought that, after all, these papers contain little that is really of great value. How far that is true for any period of the nineteenth century may, I think, be doubted; but for the period during which Castlereagh held office, it can, surely, be urged that the unpublished documents in the Record Office are of real importance. Singularly, little attention has been paid by English historians to this period of history, and but little use has as yet been made of unpublished material. It is true that the collections of papers in the Londonderry correspondence and the Wellington Supplementary Dispatches contain a vast amount of information; but, valuable as this is, it is only a small fragment of the whole, and much of it can only be interpreted by the aid of other evidence. What has already been done in this way has thrown much new light on the character and achievements of Castlereagh. Fyffe was able to appreciate his career and his connexion with the congress system with much more justice, because he had seen some of the documents of the years 1814–15; and Mr. Alison Phillipps' monographs in the ‘Cambridge Modern History’ have already destroyed many of the fictions which had masqueraded as facts during the century. But as yet no detailed study of this period, based upon the archives, has appeared. Castlereagh's career has attracted but little attention and sympathy. There is no detailed account in English of the congress of Vienna, still less of the later congresses of Aix-la-Chapelle, Troppau, and Laibach. Yet, even if it be not admitted that Castlereagh was himself a great statesman, the circumstances of his life make the policy of England during his period of office well worthy of particular attention. From 1814 to 1822 England was connected with the Continent by ties far stronger than any which have bound her before or since. Not merely was she bound by treaties of exceptional character, but her leading statesman had exceptional personal relations with those of the other powers during a period which has never been surpassed in the invention of new methods of diplomacy, and the solution of difficult problems of immense importance. In these questions Castlereagh took a leading, at times a dominant, part. He was the creator of the great treaty which made it certain that Napoleon would no longer rule over France; he was the decisive factor at the Congress of Vienna, for it was he alone who made England take so commanding a position in the critical questions of Poland and Saxony; and he had perhaps a greater share than any other statesman in securing that period of comparative peace for Europe which was the first necessity of its future progress.
The Commonwealth Charters
Authors: Henderson B. L. K.
Published: March 2007

In Vol. XL of the ‘Camden Miscellany,’ published by this Society, there appears the text of the charter granted, to the city of Salisbury in the year 1656, under circumstances which are described by the late Dr. S. R. Gardiner in his ‘History of the Protectorate,’ as well as by the Director of the Society, on whom devolved the task of editing the transcript which had been made for Dr. Gardiner from the city muniments.
The Trial of Sir Walter Raleigh
Authors: Stephen Harry L.
Published: March 2007

The subject of my paper is the trial of Sir Walter Raleigh. I propose to confine what I have to say to that subject, and consequently to consider legal rather than historical matters, as far as the two can be distingished, but I hope that some of my audience may deal with the points that I may have to notice from that wider point of view which it is so necessary to take into account if our national system of law is to be properly appreciated.
Edward I and his Tenants-in-Chief
Authors: Lodge E. C.
Published: March 2007

No student of Edward I's rule in Gascony can fail to be struck by the close resemblance between his policy there and in England; especially in his relations with the feudal nobility and in his encouragement of the towns and of the burgesses.
The Origin of the Regium Donum
Authors: Pike Clement E.
Published: March 2007

The Regium Donum was a pension paid by the Crown to the Presbyterian Ministers in Ireland. It began in the reign of Charles II., having been promised by that monarch about the middle of October, 1672. After being discontinued in the latter part of this reign, and throughout the reign of James II., it was revived and augmented by William III., again to be discontinued in the latter part of the reign of Queen Anne, and revived for the second time by George I. From this period it was continued until commuted by the Act which disestablished the Irish Church in 1869.
The Rise of Gaius Julius Caesar, with an Account of his Early Friends, Enemies, and Rivals
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: March 2007

It is assuredly a memorable fact that the beginning of our history, which has been in many ways unmatched, should be closely associated with a personage so deservedly famous and so great as Julius Caesar. These islands were known to the geographers of an earlier age, and had been visited by merchants and other adventurous people, but they were rather the homes of wondrous tales and of romantic legends than treated as parts of the world of which the philosopher or the statesman need take account.
Some Early Spanish Historians
Authors: Fitzmaurice-Kelly James
Published: March 2007

When you, sir, were good enough to invite me to read a paper to the Society over which you preside, I was divided between gratification and alarm. To these conflicting emotions is now added a feeling of sympathy for the audience on which I shall have to inflict many dry details. Let me begin cy reassuring you with respect to the title of the paper. ‘Some early Spanish historians’ sounds vague and formidable. ‘Some’ might mean almost any number; but one has to select, and I shall deal with only three. It may be objected that I speak of Spain as existing in the thirteenth century, whereas Spain was not a political unit till near the end of the fifteenth century. There is a good deal of force in this objection, and I feel bound to meet it, as far as I can. In the first place, ‘Spain’ is a more convenient expression than the triple forms of Castile, León and Aragón, or Navarre, Catalonia and Valencia; and, in the second place, the sentiment of Spanish nationality existed long before complete political unity was actually achieved. Let me try to show this.
The Commercial Relations of England and Portugal, 1487–1807
Authors: Chapman A. B. Wallis
Published: March 2007

Roughly speaking the modern history of Anglo-Portuguese commerce falls into two distinct parts, the period before and after the momentous treaty of 1654.

From the end of the fifteenth century up to 1580 the commercial interests of England and Portugal were overshadowed by their rivalry for the trade of Africa, As yet, England put forward little claim to a share in the riches of the East. Henry VIII. did, indeed, attempt to bargain with the Portuguese king for a part in one of the Portuguese expeditions to India. His overtures were rejected, however, and the English concentrated their attention on the trade with Africa. But the Portuguese guarded their possessions in Barbary and Guinea as jealously as their treasure-house in the East. By the middle of the sixteenth century the question grew acute. Philip and Mary forbade their subjects to trade in places under the king of Portugal's government. The merchants ingenuously pleaded that they did no such thing; they merely lay in their ships off the coast, and the natives came to them in boats and traded with them: but even this innocent performance was forbidden by Queen Mary, under the influence of Philip, the natural champion of colonial monopoly.
Some Elizabethan Penances in the Diocese of Ely
Authors: Hall Hubert
Published: March 2007

The documents printed below from the originals in the possession of Mr. J. W. Ford, J.P., of Enfield Old Park, by whom they were kindly communicated to the Society, have some interest in connexion with an obscure aspect of the ecclesiastical government of the later Tudor and early Stuart periods.