bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The “Critical Thickness” of Organic Thin Films
Authors: Tachibana Taro , Fukuda Kiyoshige
Published: July 2006

By studying the reactions of protein with the aid of monolayer technique, Rothen found that antigen and antibody, and also enzyme and substrate molecules, can react in despite of being apparently separated by some inert screen.

He assumed from these results, that the specific long range forces operate in immunologic and enzymatic reactions. We have found that similar phenomena occurred in the following systems: monolayer of hapten-conjugated protein as antigen and antibody directed specifically against the hapten, azo-ovalbumin and ovalbumin, and even cholestanol and digitonin. Therefore, it leaves some room for consideration to assume specific long range forces in immunologic and enzymatic reaction alone.

Besides, we suggested that there was required an almost constant thickness (about 150 Å.) of barium stearate to inhibit completely the combination of antibody with antigen in transferred film, independent of the variety of the systems.

We have also noticed, from the data of the contact angle towards water, those of surface potential and of static friction coefficient of stearic acid multilayers on glass or metal surface, that the multilayers of stearic acid must have a thickness over about 150 Å. (same as the result of antigen-antibody reaction) to interrupt the effect of underlying substance, regardless of the phenomena concerned.

These facts appear to suggest the fragile nature of screen film which is thinner than the certain thickness which we call the “critical thickness.” Such a thin film may conceivably be such as the net-work structure loose enough to permit the diffusion and the penetration of large molecules. Such a physical state of screen film may primarily be responsible for the results of the experiments of Rothen, Singer and the present authors.
Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide on Metal Catalysts
Authors: Kwan Takao , Fujita Yuzabro
Published: July 2006

Differential heat of adsorption of carbon dioxide on reduced nickel, cobalt or iron catalyst was determined by the indirect method at the lower degree of adsorption with particular precaution for securing thermodynamical equilibrium, being found at 22, 14 and 15,5 kcal./mole respectively. Using the heat of adsorption derived adsorption isotherms were investigated statistical mechanically with reference to the adsorbed state of carbon dioxide molecule, leading to the conclusion that the molecule dissociates into three statistically independent atoms in any case of the catalysts.
The Structure of Surface-Denatured Protein. II. Relation between the Surface Diffusion Constant and the Shape of the Protein Molecule (Theoretical)
Authors: Imahori Kazutomo
Published: July 2006

1. The relation between the friction ratio and the surface-diffusion constant has been derived.

2. The relation between the friction ratio and the ratio of two axes of an ellipse has been derived.

3. The relation between f/f0 and c⁄a has been shown in a curve which makes the estimation of c⁄a very simple.
The Structure of Surface-Denatured Protein. III. Determination of the Shape of Surface-Denatured Horse Serum Albumin
Authors: Imahori Kazutomo
Published: July 2006

1. The apparatus for measuring surface potential by the so-called ionization method has been described.

2. The relation between the surface potential and concentration of serum albumin and castor oil monolayers have been obtained.

3. The method for determining the shape of surface-denatured protein molecules has been described. This can be carried out on the grounds of the determination of surfacediffusion constant by the surface potential measurement.

4. The shape of horse serum albumin has been decided to be an elliptic disk having the value of a=20 Å., c=160 Å. and thickness of 10 Å.
Concentration Polarization and the Polarographic Current-Time Curve. I. Rate of the Consecutive Reaction Consisting of the Linear Diffusion Process and the Electrode Reaction
Authors: Kambara Tomihito , Tachi Isamu
Published: July 2006

The differential equation of linear diffusion was solved with the boundary condition controlled by the chemical kinetics. The result obtained gives the rate of the consecutive reaction consisting of the diffusion process and the electrode process. This theory can explain the course of the polarographic current-time curve very well.
Synthesis of 2-Amino-4-methyl-5-cyanothiazole from Acetonitrile
Authors: Murata Kiku
Published: July 2006

A new thiazole, 2-amino-4-methyl-5-cyanothiazole (V) m. p. 164–166° was synthesized from thiourea and α-bromo-β-ketobutyronitrile (IV), b. p. 70–73°/4 mm., prepared by the action of bromine on β-iminobutyronitrile obtained from acetonitrile.
Heats of Wetting of Polysaccharides. I. Heats of Wetting of Various Polysaccharides
Authors: Nakagawa Toshio
Published: July 2006

Heats of wetting of various polysaccharides, such as potato starch, potato amylose, potato amylopectin, inulin, glycogen, and konjac mannan were measured, but no correlation between heat of wetting and molecular constitution was found.
Heats of Wetting of Polysaccharides. II. A Rule Which Exists Between Adsorption Isotherms and Heats of Wetting of Polysaccharides
Authors: Nakagawa Toshio
Published: July 2006

A simple rule which correlates adsorption isotherms and heats of wetting of polysaccharides was described. The rule states: “When we bring one gram each of polysaccharides (and several other substances belonging to organic high polymer) under the same relative humidity, generated net heats of adsorption are proportional to the amounts of adsorbed water, independently of the varieties of substances.”
Monolayers of Branched-Chain Fatty Acids I
Authors: Izawa Masami
Published: July 2006

(1) Force-area relations for the monolayers of a number of branched-chain fatty acids have been investigated.

(2) These monolayers are of the liquidexpanded type, on acidic substrates, and forcearea curves fit the Langmuir equation well.

(3) Constants F0 and a0 in the Langmuir equation have been calculated from the curves. It has been shown that there is a definite regularity between these constants and the structure of the molecules in the films.

(4) It was revealed that the structure of phthioic acid is not of the trialkylacetic acid type as postulated by Stenhagen and Robinson.
The Crystal Structure of Trinitrotriammine-cobalt (III), [Co(NH3)3(NO2)3]
Authors: Tanito Yoshimichi , Saito Yoshihiko , Kuroya Hisao
Published: July 2006

The crystal structure of trinitrotriamminecobalt (III) prepared accoding to the method of Jörgensen has been studied by X-rays, using rotation methods (Fe Kα, λ=1.937 A.). This structure belongs to the orthorhombic system and the dimensions of the unit cell which contains four molecules of [Co(NH3)3(NO2)3] are a=10.20 A., b=11.77 A., and c=6.99 A. The space group is D24−P212121. The cobalt atom is surrounded by six nitrogen atoms approximately in octahedral coordination. The shape and size of the nitro-groups are like those in Ag[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]. Two of the nitrogroups are found to be (coordinated to) the cobalt atom in the trans-positions with respect to each other in conformity with the conclusion drawn from spectroscopic investigations.
On the Acidity of Boric Acid. I. Neutral-Salt Effect Observed by Alkali-titration
Authors: Shishido Shunsuke
Published: July 2006

The acidifying effect of various solutions (CH3OH, C2H4(OH)2, C3H5(OH)3, C6H8(OH)6, their mixture, CH3COCH3, O(CH2CH2)2O, and neutral-salts) is measured by the alkali-titration method, and the simple relation between the hydration energy of neutral-salts and their acidifying effect is found. The consistent explanation for these phenomena is proposed on the view of the nature of the tricovalent and teracovalent bond of boron atom.
Studies on Nitrate Reductase. VII. Reinvestigation on the Identity of the Enzyme with Cytochrome b
Authors: Sato Ryo , Niwa Makoto
Published: July 2006

1. It has been found that thiourea has a marked inhibitory effect on the nitrate reduction by E. coli, but dehydrogenase activity and the aerobic respiration of the same organism are not considerably influenced by this compound.

2. Spectroscopically it has been further clarified that thiourea completely prevents the anaerobic oxidation of the ferrocytochrome b by means of nitrate, whereas the same reagent can not inhibit the aerobic oxidation of the cytochrome. Cyanide prevents both of the oxidation processes.

3. On the basis of these findings the previously suggested identity of nitrate reductase with cytochrome b of E. coli type has been criticized and it has been concluded that the cytochrome b is not identical with nitrate reductase itself, though it is closely associated with the nitrate-reducing mechanism of E. coli.

4. A scheme has been proposed which can account for both the nitrate-reducing and the respiratory mechanisms of E. coli.

5. The chemical nature of nitrate reductase has been discussed and the iron-protein nature of this enzyme has been again emphasized.

Addendum I : In a review quoting a previous paper of this series, Wurmser wrote that in the nitrate reduction nitrogen replaces oxygen for the Slater’s respiratory scheme. In spite of the validity of this statement, it should be considered that nitrate, but not nitrogen, replaces it.

Addendum II: After this paper had been submitted to the editors, we were informed of the criticism by G. N. Cohen against our earlier hypothesis on the identity of nitrate reductase with the cytochrome b. The nitratereducing mechanism of strict anaerobes and its differences from that of E. coli have been investigated by Mr. Tadao Katsura at the Institute of Infectious Diseases of Tokyo University in connection with us. This material will be published shortly.
Analytical Chemistry by Means of Oxalic Acid. I. On the Quantitative Analysis of Strontium
Authors: Matsumoto Tamotsu
Published: July 2006

1. Quantitative precipitation of strontium as its oxalate monohydrate is made possible by employing 50% alcohol as the washing solution and by drying the precipitate at 100–105°C for 2 hrs., and as a consequence a new method for determining strontium gravimetrically was established.

2. It was found that strontium can be determined volumetrically by titrating with potassium permangante the oxalic acid which is formed when the strontium oxalate prepared by the above method is decomposed with sulfuric acid.
Synthetic Studies on the Δ2-Derivatives of Selenazolines
Authors: Mizuhara Yutaka
Published: July 2006

(i) Several derivatives of Δ2-selenazolines were synthesized from N-acylethanolamine and phosphorus pentaselenide.

The larger the alkyl group was, the better the yield became.

(ii) 2-Arylselenazolines were solid and did not give picrates, differing from 2-alkylselenazolines.
On the Mechanism of the Reduction Process of the Hydrogen Ion at the Dropping Mercury Electrode. I. Theoretical Part
Authors: Tamamushi Reita
Published: July 2006

The formulas for the current-voltage curve of the reduction wave of the hydrogen ion under the various mechanisms of the overall deposition process were derived from the standpoint of chemical kinetics. The results on the various properties of the current-voltage curve,—the relation between the half-wave potential and the concentration of the hydrogen ion in the bulk of the solution, the property of the limiting current, and the log-plot analysis of the current-voltage curve—are presented.

It is assumed throughout the present discussion that the processes at the electrode surface, including the diffusion process, are kept in a. stationary state, i. e., in a dynamic equilibrium. This assumption seems to be reasonable when the stationary and reproducible current-voltage curve is obtained at the dropping mercury-electrode.
Heats of Sublimation of Condensed Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Inokuchi Hiroo , Shiba Sukekuni , Handa Takashi , Akamatu Hideo
Published: July 2006

The heats of sublimation of a series of condensed polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 1rom anthracene (C14) to violanthrene (C34), were measured. It has been found that there is an additivity in the inner heats of sublimation among these compounds, i. e., as the number of carbon atoms in each molecule increases by one, the inner heat of sublimation increases by 1.51 kcal./mole.
Closure, Resonance, Bond and Activation Entropy
Authors: Otozai Kiyoteru , Kume Sanshiro , Fukushima Shouzow
Published: July 2006

(1) From the standpoint of chemical bond a new empirical rule for the calculation of entropy of polyatomic gas molecule has been proposed. It agrees with the observed value within the error of ±2 e. u., and includes monoatomic and diatomic molecule as a special case, and finally gives the upper limit of the observed value.

(2) The abnormal depression of entropy from the standard of the present rule was interpreted as ring closure entropy and resonance entropy, and respective values were given for some typical substances. Closure entropy 20.9 e. u. of cyclohexane and resonance entropy 4.2 e. u. of benzene agreed well with the conclusion of Bremner-Thomas according to the atomic group method.

(3) It has been shown that resonance entropy is so small that its contribution to the resonance free energy is neglisible compared with resonance energy. In special case, however, the contribution of the resonance entropy is about 10% of the resonance free energy, as in the case of carbon dioxide.

(4) It has been shown that it is impossible to construct the true bond entropy, which is. additive and independent. But it is possible to build up the formal bond entropy, which is additive and not independent.

(5) In order to show that the present rule includes naturally the atomic group method, some typical rules of the atomic group displacement method have been derived.

(6) Under some assumptions the frequency factors of some simple chemical reactions have been computed by means of the present rule. The calculated values agreed with the observed, within 3∼l/6 times.
Sterols and other Unsaponifiable Substances in the Fats of Shell Fishes, Crustacea and Echinodermata. X. Corbisterol
Authors: Toyama Yoshiyuki , Kita Minoru , Tanaka Tatsuo
Published: July 2006

From the results of a further study of corbisterol by bromination, reduction and ozonolysis of corbisteryl acetate and absorption spectrum of corbisterol, the structure of corbisterol is believed to be 5, 7, 22-triunsaturated C29-sterol.
Electrolytic Reduction of Aromatic Carboxylic Acids. I. Reduction of Benzoic Acid under Pressure
Authors: Ono Shin-ichi , Yamauchi Tsuneo
Published: July 2006

The authors studied the electrolytic reduction of benzoic acid and compared the yield of the reduction product obtained under various pressures of hydrogen and carbon dioxide with that obtained in an open vessel. The effect of pressure in the course of electrolytic reduction was discussed and it was found that the reduction product differed according to the pressure.
The Bitter Substance, Produced in Black-rotten Sweet Potato. III. On the Constitution of Ipomoeamarone. Part 2
Authors: Ohno Takashi , Toyao Misao
Published: July 2006

By oxidation of ipomoeamarone and its semicarbazone with potassium permanganate, ceratonic acid (ipomeanic acid) (II), C12H20O4, and ipomic lactone (III), C11H18O3, were obtained. The ketonic group of ipomoeamarone was proved to be an isoamyl ketone by the oxidation of the reaction product of Grignard’s reagent. These experiments led us to conclude that ipomoeamarone is represented by the provisional constitution (I).
Surface Films of Azo-proteins
Authors: Tachibana Taro , Fukuda Kiyoshige , Inokuchi Kiyoshi , Yamaoka Seisaburo , Suzuki Kan
Published: July 2006

(1) Force-area curves were determined of monolayers of native ovalbumin and azo-ovalbumin with various number of diazonium groups. As a results it was found that the coupled diazonium groups do not contribute to the area of compressed protein film molecule, but tends to increase the thickness.

(2) The mode of deposition, when the monolayers of azo-ovalbumins are deposited on metal slides covered with multilayers of barium stearate, was examined. Various types of deposited azo-ovalbumin films thus obtained were tested as to their antigenic activity. The results were discussed in relation to the structure of protein films.
Spinnability of Liquid. A Visco-elastic State. II. Spinnability and Visco-elastic Property
Authors: Nakagawa Tsurutaro
Published: July 2006

According to the experiments and considerations presented above, a mechanical model as Fig. 4 is introduced for the thread-forming state of liquid. The thread-forming state is the “series” coupling of elasticity corresponding to G=10°∼102 dyn./cm.2 (some millionth of G for rubber) and viscosity which corresponds to η=10°101 poises (some thousands times η for water). This is spinnability.
The Iodine Reaction of Rare Earth Elements. II. Colorimetric Determination of Acetate Ions by the Iodine Reaction of Rare Earth Elements
Authors: Kimura Kenjiro , Ikeda Nagao , Nomura Masayasu
Published: July 2006

The application of the color reaction between basic lanthanum acetate and iodine to the quantitative analysis has long been the problem left to be solved. Recently, hawever, Hutchens and Kass succeeded in application of this color reaction to the micro-determination of acetate ions with good results.

The present authors examined this method and confirmed that satisfactory results were obtained in its application. In addition, the authors found that the corresponding reactions for praseodymium and neodymium were applicable, too, to the same purpose, although in these cases the sensitivity was not so good as that in the case of lanthanum.
Electrolytic Behavior of Elements of the Group VIa in the Periodic System. I. Potentiometric Studies on the Chromate, Molybdate and Tungstate Ions
Authors: Pan Kuan , Hseu Tong Ming
Published: July 2006

(1) A vacuum tube potentiometer constructed in our laboratory has been used for the pH measurements with a glass electrode.

(2) A mathematical expression for the hydrolytic process has been given as a linear relation between the pH values and concentrations of the solutions.

(3) Hydrolyses of chromates, molybdates and tungstates in dilute solutions have been observed.

(4) The existence of dimolybdate and ditungstate ions, Mo2O7−− and W2O7−−, as well as that of bichromate ion, HCrO4−, in dilute solutions were confirmed by measuring the pH values at varying dilutions.

(5) An empirical formula for expressing the relationships between the pH values and concentrations of the solutions was proposed for chromate, molybdate and tungstate solutions.

(6) The similarities of the electrolytic behaviors between tungstate and molybdate as well as the dissimilarities of those between chromate and molybdate or between chromate and tungstate have been ascertained by means of potentiometric studies.

(7) It has been observed by these studies that the strength of the acids increases with the atomic weights of these acidic metals.

(8) The existence of para- and meta-polyanions of tungstate as well as those of molybdate were confirmed by potentiometric titration of molybdate or tungstate with hydrochloric acid.

(9) A steady inflection at the mol-ratio, 6:4, is revealed both in molybdate and tungstate solutions, but it is not sufficiently pronounced. Another break at the mol-ratio, 6:8, was found in the titration curve of tungstate solution.

(10) No break but that at the mol-ratio, 1:1, which is attributable to the formation of bichromate ion could be found in the titration curve of chromate. It gives further confirmation of the dissimilarity between chromate and molybdate as well as tungstate.
Electrolytic Behavior of Elements of the Group VIa in the Periodic System. II. Conductometric Studies on the Chromate, Molybdate and Tungstate Ions
Authors: Pan Kuan , Lin Sui Fong , Sheng Shong Tsuo
Published: July 2006

(1) Conductance measurements of sodium chromate, molybdate and tungstate solutions were carried out by using a Du Mont 208 type cathode-ray oscillograph as a detector of the Kohlrausch bridge setting.

(2) Equivalent conductivities of chromate, molybdate and tungstate at varying dilutions were measured at 25°C., but the limiting value of the equivalent conductivity of each salt at infinite dilution could not be estimated by the usual way, owing to the hydrolysis of these salts.

(3) The similarity between molybdate and tungstate as well as the dissimilarity between chromate and each of the two others were confirmed also in the present investigation.

(4) The difference Λ1024–Λ32 was found to be approximately equal to 2×10 for these sodium salts. It seems to indicate that either molybdic or tungstic or even chromic acid may be a kind of weak dibasic acid if Ost-wald’s rule is applicable.

(5) Besides two breaks at the XO4−− to H+ mol-ratios, 6:7 and 6:9 were found in the conductometric titration curves of molybdate and tungstate, a new sharp break at the molratio 12:11 was observed prominently in the titration curves of molybdate but fairly in those of tungstate.

(6) A break at the mol-ratio, 6:8, which was reported in the previous paper, was found also in the titration curves of tungstate.
Absorption Spectra of Coordination Compounds. V. The Hyperchromic Series of Ligands
Authors: Yamada Shoichiro , Tsuchida Ryutaro
Published: July 2006

The relation between the kind of ligands and extinction coefficients of the first absorption bands of cobaltic complexes has been discussed. The order of ligands as to the magnitude of the effect which they exert on extinction coefficients of the first bands has been determined empirically, thus

NCS^-CrO_4^=SO_3^=NO_2^-CO_3^=C_2O_4^=en

OH^-NO_3^-SO_4^=Br^-NH_3Cl^-H_2O.

For pentammine cobaltic complexes with the sixth ligands, each of which is coordinated with an oxygen atom, a linear relation has been found to hold between νmax’s and εmax’s of the first bands. For complexes of the type [CoA4X2], the trans-isomer has larger εmax if X has more hyperchromic and trans-pairing effects than A. This investigation was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Education.
Mechanical Properties of Concentrated Hydrogels of Agar-agar. II. Creep under Constant Load in Compression
Authors: Fujita Hiroshi , Ninomiya Kazuhiko , Homma Terutaka
Published: July 2006

In this report, we have presented the results of an experimental investigation carried out of the creep under constant compressive load for concentrated hydrogels of agar-agar.

The apparatus which was designed in a previous paper I of this series for the measurement of the compression stress-strain curve was modified to suit the measurement of the creep under constant compressive load. The shape of the creep curves obtained was found to be well fitted by Eq. (1). The influences of temperature, concentration and applied stress on the creep rate in the viscous flow region were investigated separately. One of the interesting facts found was a clear evidence showing that even at zero stress condition there occurred a definite creep process which was closely followed by a straight line within the interval of time of observation employed. It seemed likely that this phenomenon should be associated primarily with the molecular structural feature of the agar-agar gel network which leads the gel to syneresis.

It was found for all the data obtained that the relation between λ and S followed Eq.(2) within the limits of experimental error, where λ is the creep rate in the viscous flow region and S is the magnitude of stress applied. This equation involves two parameters λ0 and η, where λ0 stands for the value of λ in the absence of external stress, and η is the Newtonian viscosity corresponding to the region in which a linear viscous flow appears. The influences of various environmental parameters on these two quantities were investigated, obtaining the results as shown in Figures 3, 4 and 5.
Purification and Characterization of Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Watanabe Itaru , Kawade Yoshimi
Published: July 2006

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was purified by differential centrifugation in a vacuum-type, airdriven ultracentrifuge, first constructed in Japan.

The yield of purified TMV was high and about 2 mg. per cc. of the original plant juice.

Chemical analyses and physico-chemical examinations (including electrophoresis, sedimentation, diffusion, viscosity and electron microscope measurements) were carried out on the purified preparations to test their purities and homogeneities. It was found that the purity of ultracentrifugally isolated TMV was very high in a chemical sense. Although the homogeneity withrespect to the length of particles was not always so good, one preparation, TMV-9, was found to have a high degree of homogeneity by the sedimentation and electrophoresis patterns. The size and shape of TMV particles were determined on this preparation by several methods.
On the Ring-Opening Reactions of the Furan Compounds. II. The Synthesis of γ, ζ, ι-Triketobrassylic Acid from Difurfurylideneacetone
Authors: Midorikawa Hiroshi
Published: July 2006

The γ,ζ,ι-triketobrassylic acid which is a new triketo-dicarboxylic acid was obtained from difurfurylidene acetone by the ring opening.

The similar ring opening did not take place in difurfurylidene cyclohexanone, difurfurylidene-methyl-ethyl ketone and furfurylidenediethyl ketone which have a branched chain at the carbon atom between the furfurylidene and the carbonyl groups. It seems that the ring opening reaction is hindered by the-presence of the branched chain.
Surface Chemistry of High Polymers. I. Non-electrolytic Flexible Linear Polymers at Air/Water Interface
Authors: Isemura Toshizo , Hotta Hiroshi , Miwa Teruo
Published: July 2006

The surface films of some linear non-electrolytic polymers such as polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl stearate and copolymers between them were studied at the air/water interface by measuring surface pressure, and surface potential in relation to the area occupied per monomer.

The surface concentration was changed by two different methods, namely by the compression with barrier and by the successive addition by injection with micrometer syringe.

Polyvinyl acetate gave the film of expanded type and was hardly affected by its degree of polymerization. Polyvinyl stearate gave the film of coherent type and its F—A curve resembled that of polyoctadecyl methacrylate. The copolymer with moderate content of vinyl stearate showed the smaller limiting area per monomer than polymers of its constituents.

The results were discussed in relation to the molecular model and to the methods adopted to change the surface concentration.
Constant Current Coulometric Method in Argentometric Titration of Thiourea
Authors: Nakanishi Masaki , Kobayashi Hanako
Published: July 2006

The coulometric method with a constant current was used for the microanalysis of thiourea.

An ammoniacal solution of silver bromide was added to thiourea solution and the liberated bromide equivalent to thiourea was titrated with electrolytically generated silver ion in an acid solution. A milligram amount of thiourea was satisfactorily determined with the standard deviation of about 0.01 mg. and the method is also applicable to submilligram amounts of thiourea.

Simultaneous analysis of thiourea and ammonium thiocyanate in a mixture was made using 90% acetone solution.
Electron Microscopic Observation of Carbon Brushes. I.
Authors: Noda Tokiti , Tomita Hiroshi , Miyata Kenichi
Published: July 2006

Pitch coke type brushes were found to consist of graphite crystallites having irregular forms and flat surfaces. Sizes of the graphite crystallites were very variable. Well graphitized crystals have relatively flat and smooth surfaces. Less graphitized crystals have rough surfaces. Well-developed flat crystals were split into thin flakes and attached on replica films. Parts of small and badly developed crystallites were seen side by side with the well-developed ones.

Carbon black type brushes were found to contain aggregated parts of minute carbon particles and parts of pitch coke origin. The size of the minute particles was approximately the same as that of the original carbon black particles. The minute particles were seen as minute projections or pits on replicas, while they were observed as being linked together to aggregates in directly observed specimens.
The Crystal Structure of Chlorodinitro-triammine-cobalt. III
Authors: Tanito Yoshimichi , Saito Yoshihiko , Kuroya Hisao
Published: July 2006

The crystal structure of [Co (NH3)3 (NO2)2Cl] is tetragonal, with eight formula units in a cell of dimensions a=9.87 Å and c=16.51 Å.

The space group is C4n6-I4/a. The determination of atomic parameters was made by three dimensional Fourier syntheses. The configuration of the complex molecule is described.

Two nitro-groups are found to be in transpositions with respect to each other. The main forces acting between these molecules in the crystal seem to be O … H-N bonds between the oxygen atoms of the nitro-group and the ammonia of the other. Molecules are linked together by these hydrogen bonds, forming a compact three-dimensional network in the crystal.
The Structure of Surface Denatured Protein. V. The Surface Film of Diketo-piperazine
Authors: Imahori Kazutomo
Published: July 2006

1. The curves of the surface pressure against area, the surface potential against area, and surface viscosity against area were obtained with diketopiperazine. All the three curves show the limiting area to be about 1.83 m2/mg or 34.6Å2 per molecule.

2. Comparing this result with that obtained by Corey, diketopiperazine molecules are thought to lie flat on the surface.

3. The above value is far larger than the limiting areas of native serum albumin or synthetic protein analogues. And the poly-peptide chain will not show the diketopiperazine configuration on the surface.
Studies on the Polarographic Analysis. XVIL. Electrolytic Reduction of Cyclohexanedionedioxime and its Application to Amperometric Titrations
Authors: Ishibashi Masayoshi , Fujinaga Taitiro , Kawamura Kazuo
Published: July 2006

1. Cyclohexanedionedioxime (nioxime) was synthesized and its aqueous solution was used for the amperometric titration of nickel in ammoniacal medium, and the accurate results were obtained.

2. The polarographic behavior of nioxime was investigated and the reduction mechanism at the dropping mercury cathode was discussed.
On the Mechanism of the Reduction Process of the Hydrogen Ion at the Dropping Mercury Electrode. III. Experimental Part —The Half-wave Potential, Log-plot Analysis and the Reversibility of the Wave
Authors: Tamamushi Reita
Published: July 2006

Various properties of the current-voltage curve of the reduction wave of the hydrogen ion were studied in the system of the dil. HCl in 0.1 n KCl solution.

It was found out that the log-plot of the reduction wave is not linear and that the half-wave potential shifts to be more negative with the increase of the limiting current.

The temperature coefficient of the half-wave potential was obtained to be about 3 millivolts per degree over the temperature range of 0 to 50°. This value of the temperature coefficient is much larger than the value which is expected when the reduction process of the hydrogen ion proceeds under the condition of the diffusion-controlled type.

The Kalousek’s methods were applied to the hydrogen wave in order to test the reversibility of the reduction process and it was shown that this process is one of the irreversible type.

These experimental results were satisfactorily explained by assuming the reduction process of the hydrogen ion as follows: First, the hydrogen ion is adsorbed on the surface of the D.M.E., and, next, the adsorbed hydrogen ion is neutralized to the hydrogen atom under the condition of the activation-controlled process. In this case it was assumed that the equilibrium state represented by the Freundlich adsorption isotherm exists between the hydrogen ion in the neighborhood of the electrode surface and the adsorbed hydrogen ion in the adsorbed layer.

The value of the free energy of activation of the overall discharge process of the hydrogen ion was calculated.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Camphor-aldehydes. I
Authors: Sahashi Yoshikazu , Ueno Jinkichi , Mori Minoru
Published: July 2006

1) 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of β(10) apocamphor-1 -aldehyde and π(8 or 9) apocamphor-7-aldehyde were prepared and their absorption spectra were exactly determined.

2) From the standard E values, the amount of the above compounds in an unknown solution can be calculated from the estimation by a Beckman spectrophotometer.
Peculiarity of Dichroism of Aromatic Molecular Compounds. II. The Dichroisms of s-Trinitrobenzene—Anthracene and 4,4′-Dinitrodiphenyl–Diphenyl
Authors: Nakamoto Kazuo
Published: July 2006

Measurements of the dichroisms of molecular compounds, s-trinitrobenzene—anthracene and 4,4′-dinitrodiphenyl—diphenyl have been made quantitatively made in the visible and ultraviolet region. It can be concluded that the crystal of the former compound has the same dichroic property as the typical molecular compound already given in the previous report. The dichroism of the latter compound suggests that there exists no special attraction in the direction normal to the molecular plane of dinitrodiphenyl.
Analysis of High Molecular Substances by Chromatography. I. Paper Chromatography of Polyethylene Oxide
Authors: Kume Sanshiro , Yamamoto Tai , Otozai Kiyoteru , Fukushima Shouzow
Published: July 2006

(1) It was found that polyethylene oxide on paper can readily be recognized with fluorescein as an adsorption indicator.

(2) It was found that paper chromatography can be applied also for polyethylene oxide in the range of the average molecular weight 1,000-5,000, as the first case for hydrophilic polymer, in the same manner as low molecular weight substances.

(3) It was found that paper chromatography gives a simple new relative method of determination of the average molecular weight of polyethylene oxide in the range mentioned above, where all the other conventional methods encounter serious difficulties.
Formation and Aging of Precipitates. II. Electron Microscopic Studies of the Aging of Barium Sulfate Precipitate
Authors: Suito Eiji , Takiyama Kazuyoshi
Published: July 2006

1. The amorphous precipitate of barium sulfate changed to a crystalline state by aging.

2. The precipitated particles produced in uniform size remained almost unchanged for a few months, but they became perfect for a long period (i. e. a few years).

3. When the particles of two different sizes formed directly after mixing the reagents, the smaller particles went into solution and the larger particles grew at the expense of the small ones.

4. In the case of dilute reagents the rapid change of conductivity was observed in an early stage of the reaction. The nucleus probably formed during this stage.

5. The precipitation was promoted by the nucleus added before the reaction, but the presence of the nucleus did not affect the shape of the precipitated particles.
On the Ring-opening Reactions of the Furan Compounds. IV. The Condensation Products of Furfural with Methyl Propyl Ketone, Methyl Isopropyl Ketone and Pinacolin by Alkali
Authors: Midorikawa Hiroshi
Published: July 2006

Methyl propyl ketone condensed with furfural by alkali both at the α-methyl and α-methylene groups of the ketone, giving 1-(2-furyl)-1-hexen-3-one (I) in a larger proportion and 3-ethyl-4-(2-furyl)-3-buten-2-one (II) in a much smaller proportion.

The former furfurylidene ketone (I) gave γ, ζ-dioxocapric acid (III) on the ring-opening in alcoholic hydrochloric acid, and the latter (II) was oxidized by sodium hypochlorite to α-ethyl-2-furanacrylic acid (IV).

The ring-opening of furfurylidenemethyl isopropyl ketone (V) and furfurylidenemethyl tert-bntyl ketone (VI) in alcoholic hydrochloric acid gave γ, ζ-dioxo-η-methylpelargonic acid (VII) and γ, ζ-dioxo-η, η-dimethylpelargonic acid (VIII) respectively.
The Dimerization of Trichloroethylene Induced by the Decomposition of α, α′-Azodiisobutyronitrile and the Structure of the Dimer
Authors: Simamura Osamu , Inamoto Naoki
Published: July 2006

1. Trichloroethylene has been dimerized by boiling with α, α′-azodiisobutyronitrile to C4H2Cl6, which has been identified as 1, 1, 3, 3, 4, 4-hexachloro-1-butene by degradation.

2. A compound of molecular formula C8H8Cl5N, whose structure is presumably 1, 1, 3, 3, 4-pentachloro-5-cyano-5-methyl-1-hexene, has been isolated. This fact indicates that the reaction is initiated by the addition of 1-cyano-1-methylethyl radical to trichloroethylene and propagated by the transference of a chlorine atom from the dimeric radical to a molecule of the monomer.

3. The decomposition of dibenzoyl peroxide in trichloroethylene gives the same dimer as above, the structural identity being confirmed infrared spectrometrically.
Rheology of Surface Films. II. A Surface Rheometer for Measuring the Film Creep under Constant Shear Stress
Authors: Inokuchi Kiyoshi
Published: July 2006

A surface rheometer was presented which enables the creep of surface films to be measured under constant shear stress. The main construction consists of a ring and a suspending torsion wire. Automatic adjustment of the torsion head driving, which made distorsion of the wire to be constant throughout the creep test, was accomplished by means of a phototube relay mechanism. The creep curve and its analysis data of ovalbumin monolayer were also presented.
The Condensations of Furfural with Methyl Isobutyl Ketone and Phenyl-acetone by Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide
Authors: Midorikawa Hiroshi
Published: July 2006

Methyl isobutyl ketone and phenylacetone, unlike methyl ethyl ketone, condensed with furfural by sodium hydroxide at their α-methyl groups irrespective of the reaction temperature, giving 1-(2-furyl)-5-methyl-1-hexen-3-one (III) and 4-(2-furyl)-1-phenyl-3-buten-2-one (V) respectively.

1-(2-Furyl)-5-methyl-1-hexen-3-one (III) gave the two forms of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone. One (m.p. 145-146°) shifted readily to the other (m.p. 196-197°) in dilute alcoholic sulfuric acid, and those may be the syn- and anti-isomers.

4-(2-Furyl)-1-phenyl-3-buten-2-one (V) obtained here gave the two species of semi-carbazone which were converted into the respective two species of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone. It may perhaps be composed of the cis- and trans-isomers. This furfurylidene ketone gave γ, ζ-dioxo-η-phenylcaprylic acid (VI) by the ring-opening in alcoholic hydrochloric acid.
Equilibrium of the CO2–NH3–Urea–H2O System under High Temperature and Pressure. V. Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium in the Presence of Excess Ammonia or Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Kawasumi Sch\={o}hachi
Published: July 2006

The liquid-vapor equilibrium compositions of the CO2-NH3-Urea-H2O system starting with a mixture of ammonium carbamate and the excess amount of ammonia or carbon dioxide have been calculated at 160°C. and over the range of the loading NH3–CO2 mole ratio of 1.6 to 3.0 from the experimental data presented in the previous paper of this series.

The effects of the loading NH3–CO2 mole ratio on the equilibrium compositions have been discussed and the liquid-vapor equilibrium diagram of the system in the presence of excess ammonia or carbon dioxide has been drawn.
Sterols and Other Unsaponifiable Substances in the Lipids of Shell Fishes, Crustacea and Echinoderms. XIV. Unsaponifiable Components Other Than Corbisterol in the Lipid of Corbicula
Authors: Toyama Yoshiyuki , Tanaka Tatsuo
Published: July 2006

Among the sterol components of the unsaponifiable substances of corbicula, poriferasterol, clionasterol and cholesterol in addition to corbisterol are present. Among, the unsaponifiable components other than sterols, the presence of a mixture of chimyl and batyl alcohols is indicated. The unsaponifiable components appear to contain also unsaturated members (selachyl alcohol series) corresponding to batyl alcohol series. Besides these components, there occur some other liquid components which contain possibly hydrocarbons. But these unidentified components appear to contain more or less the decomposition products which might have been formed during the distillation.

The sterol mixture obtained from corbicula described in the 8th report, like the sterol mixture from corbicula described in the 6th report, has been found to contain brassicas-terol as a di-unsaturated sterol.
Thermal Diffusion Factor of Hydrogen-Nitrogen Mixture
Authors: Hirota Kozo , Sasaki Kazuo
Published: July 2006

The thermal diffusion factor of the nitrogen-hydrogen system has been discussed theoretically. It has been found that the Lennard-Jones potential can reproduce the experimental result, if the hydrogen concentration is below 0.8 in molar fraction. Each experiment done by use of the two-bulb-method in hydrogen concentration 0.74–0.89 has given similarly smaller value than expected theoretically. Such discrepancy may be caused by the theoretical formula of α as well as by the incomplete intermolecular potential.
Stoichiometric Investigations of the Liquid State. II. The Relation between the Sound Velocity and the Chemical Structure. (2). The Additivity of the Molar Sound Velocity of Unassociated Liquids
Authors: Tyuzyo Kiyoshi
Published: July 2006

(1) The additivity of molar sound velocity has theoretically been derived and the calculated and observed “atomic-” and “radical sound velocity” were shown to coincide with each other with the accuracy of about ±10%.

(2) The molar sound velocity derived from the calculated atomic and radical sound velocity was shown to coincide with the observed value with about 10 % deviation for unas-sociated liquids. (e. g., paraffins, alkyl halides, ethers, ketones, esters)

(3) The cause of deviation of the calculated and observed values and the application of this theory are briefly discussed.
Stoichiometric Investigations of the Liquid State. III. The Relation between the Sound Velocity and the Chemical Structure. (3). Molar Sound Velocity and its Additivity for Associated Liquids
Authors: Tyuzyo Kiyoshi
Published: July 2006

(1) Associated liquids are analysed with a method similar to that of the previous papers, and the temperature variation of molar sound velocity, comparison with experiment, calculation of the radical sound velocity, additivity, etc. are developed.

(2) It seems to be reasonable to distinguish the associated liquids to the first and second kind. This is consistent with the results of the author’s investigation of the viscous flow.

(3) Something about the structure of the associated liquids of the first and second kind, and methods of investigating the state of association are discussed.
A Study of the Growth of Pichia Membranaefaciens Utilising the Energy Obtained by the Oxidation of Different Metallic Hydroxides by Aeration
Authors: Ranganayaki S , Bahadur Krishna
Published: July 2006

When in Pichia membranaefaciens cultures, all other nutrients are present except the carbon source and the hydroxide of some metal is added and the culture aerated, a growth of yeast is observed. Maximum growth is observed in the case of cobalt hydroxide. Cerous hydroxide is poisonous and does not favour any growth.
The Catalytic Action of Organic Peroxides on the Polymerization of Ethenoid Compounds. III. The Effects of α-and β-Naphthoyl Peroxide on the Polymerization of Styrene
Authors: Takebayashi Matsuji , Shingaki Tadao , Matsui Hisashi
Published: July 2006

(1) The rates of polymerization of styrene with α-and β-naphthoyl peroxide have been found to be in a parallel relation with the rates of decomposition of the peroxides at 35° and 60°C.

(2) Aromatic amines such as dimethyl aniline and ethyl-benzyl aniline, and urotropine accelerate the decomposition of the peroxides.

(3) In the experiments using α-peroxide, the presence of the aromatic amines and urotropine show a retarding influence on the rate of the polymerization. In the experiments using β-peroxide, on the contrary, dimethyl aniline and ethyl-benzyl aniline influence the peroxide to accelerate the polymerization.

(4) Heterocyclic amines such as pyridine and quinoline manifest practically no influence either on the rate of decomposition of the peroxides or on that of the peroxide catalyzed polymerization of styrene.

(5) In respect to the action of amines, a tentative theory has been made.
Sterols and Other Unsaponifiable Substances in the Lipids of Shell Fishes, Crustacea and Echinoderms. XIII. Sterol Components of Star Fish, Luidia quinaria von Martens
Authors: Toyama Yoshiyuki , Takagi Toru
Published: July 2006

Sterol mixture of star fish, Luidia quinaria von Martens, has been found to consist largely of mono-unsaturated sterol with a lesser amount of saturated and di-unsaturated sterols. By fractional crystallization of steryl acetate mixture, sterol fractions I (m.p. 145° and m.p. of its acetate 157°) and II (m.p. 135° and m.p. of its acetate 149°) were separated. Both fractions were found to consist of Δ7:8-sterol of C28 or C29 series. It requires some further research to decide whether each fraction consists of a different individual sterol or both fractions consist substantially of the same sterol, differing only in their purity.
Seasonal Variations of Minor Chemical Constituents in the Waters of the Zunan-Kuroshio Region. II. Silicate Contents of Sea Water and Changes in Quality of the Kuroshio
Authors: Fukai Rinnosuke
Published: July 2006

Seasonal variations of silicate have been considered in the present paper on the basis of the data obtained from the observations carried out from January 1950 to February 1951.

The variations of silicate in the surface layers tend to have an inverse proportionality with those of chlorinity, increasing in summer while decreasing in winter. It is not sufficient to consider that the cause of the variations merely lies in the mixing either with fresh waters from the coast of Japan or with a water mass having low chlorinity and high silicate content. The actual circumstances may probably be caused by the overlapping effect of these two causes.

Although the fluctuation of vertical distributions of silicate below subsurface layer was also complicated, a close linear correlation between annual mean silicate contents and those of phosphate was obtained, to be expressed as the Si: P ratio of 28. However, the vertical distributions fluctuated considerably in the course of time, tending to become uniform in winter.

As the conclusion, it may be estimated that the vertical and lateral mixing of water masses is the prevailing factor for the variations of silicate in the region under consideration.
Surface Chemistry of High Polymers. V. The Monolayer of Polymethacrylic Acid and its Copolymers with Diethylaminoethyl Vinyl Ether at the Oil/Water Interface
Authors: Hotta Hiroshi
Published: July 2006

As the result of the comparison of interfacial pressure and potential of polymethacrylic acid and its copolymers with diethylaminoethyl vinyl ether at the various pH of substrate between the air/water and oil/water interfaces, it is concluded that their films are of the expanded type without the mutual restriction of dissociation at the larger area at the oil/water interface, and, on the other hand, they are of condensed type with such a restriction even at the larger area at the air/water interface. The difference at the two interfaces disappears at a collapse point, where these films are of condensed type.
Sterols and Other Unsaponifiable Substances in the Lipids of Shell Fishes, Crustacea and Echinoderms. XV. Occurrence of Δ7:8-Cholestenol as a Sterol Component of Star Fish, Asterias amurensis Lütken
Authors: Toyama Yoshiyuki , Takagi Toru
Published: July 2006

Sterol mixture of star fish, Asterias amurensis Lütken, caught around the southern coast of Hokkaido has been found to consist largely of mono-unsaturated sterols. By fractional crystallization of steryl acetate mixture, an acetate fraction of m.p. 119—120° and a higher melting fraction were separated. The fraction of m.p. 119—120° was identified with the acetate of Δ7:8-cholestenol. The higher melting fraction was not a single steryl acetate, but it appeared to contain predominantly the acetate of Δ7:8-sterol of C28 or C29 series.