bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AN ANALYTICAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF UNSTEADY CHANNEL FLOW WITH SLIP
Authors: MATTHEWS MICCAL T. , HASTIE KAREN M.
Published: February 2013

A theoretical investigation of the unsteady flow of a Newtonian fluid through a channel is presented using an alternative boundary condition to the standard no-slip condition, namely the Navier boundary condition, independently proposed over a hundred years ago by both Navier and Maxwell. This boundary condition contains an extra parameter called the slip length, and the most general case of a constant but different slip length on each channel wall is studied. An analytical solution for the velocity distribution through the channel is obtained via a Fourier series, and is used as a benchmark for numerical simulations performed utilizing a finite element analysis modified with a penalty method to implement the slip boundary condition. Comparison between the analytical and numerical solution shows excellent agreement for all combinations of slip lengths considered.
Report of a feasibility study of a Mindfulness group for clients, carers and staff of an early intervention in psychosis service
Authors: Moorhead S.
Published: February 2013

Mindfulness meditation is developing momentum as a mental health promoting activity in clinical and non-clinical settings. Our Early Intervention in Psychosis (EIP) service wished to determine its acceptability and utility among a mixed group of participants. All clinical team members, their patients and their carers were offered an 8-week Mindfulness group. Participants rated acceptability before and after. They prospectively identified, then monitored, distress associated with areas of their lives they hoped might improve. Nineteen participants provided a mean attendance of 11.25 per group. The group was overwhelmingly positively perceived and distress associated with participants’ items significantly improved. Findings support further implementation. The goal of inclusion was achieved with some reservation about staff preparation.
Spezifische und unspezifische Hautmanifestationen bei Leukämien
Authors: Büchner
Published: February 2013

Les modifications cutanées qui apparaissent lors de leucémie sont classées en lésions spécifiques (leucaemia cutis) et non-spécifiques. Les lésions spécifiques sont formées par des infiltrations locales ou disséminées de cellules leucémiques malignes qui peuvent être localisées dans tous les couches de la peau. L'image clinique est exceptionnellement variée et va de papules ou nodules jusqu'à un exanthème généralisé maculopapulaire et une érythrodermie. Le diagnostic d'une leucaemia cutis exige un examen histopathologique des lésions cutanées. Les infiltrations cutanées spécifiques surviennent en règle générale lors de leucémie à progression rapide et signalent un mauvais pronostic de la maladie. Cependant, la survie de patients atteints de leucaemia cutis dans le cadre d'une leucémie lymphatique chronique est significativement plus longue que pour les autres formes de leucémie. Dans de rares cas, les infiltrations cutanées leucémiques peuvent précéder l'apparition de la leucémie dans le sang ou la moelle osseuse (leucaemia cutis aleucémique). Les lésions cutanées leucémiques dans leur grande variation doivent être différenciées de nombreuses lésions cutanées non-spécifiques lors de leucémie. Des modifications cutanées non-spécifiques sont observées chez jusqu'à 80% des patients atteints de leucémie.
Gegenwärtiger Stand der Pankreastransplantation
Authors: Hopt
Published: February 2013

Die Pankreastransplantation stellt zwischenzeitlich ein klinisch etabliertes Therapieverfahren dar. Vor allem bei niereninsuffizienten Typ-1-Diabetikern ist die simultane Pankreas-Nierentransplantation im Moment das optimale Therapieverfahren. Die Lebenserwartung dieser Patienten kann auf einen 10-Jahreszeitraum hin gesehen dramatisch verbessert werden. Die perioperative Morbidität ist zwar signifikant, das Risiko aber insgesamt kalkulierbar. Die modernen Operationsverfahren führen jetzt erstmals zu völlig physiologischen Verhältnissen hinsichtlich der exokrinen und endokrinen Sekretion des Pankreastransplantates. Dementsprechend ist nach Pankreastransplantation der Glukosestoffwechsel völlig normalisiert. Die Langzeitergebnisse hinsichtlich Rehabilitation und Lebensqualität sind bestechend. Ziel muss es daher sein, diese Patienten frühzeitiger einer kombinierten Pankreas-Nierentransplantation zuzuführen.
Chronische Diarrhoe und Gewichtsverlust
Authors: Motta  , Bertschinger  , Eriksson
Published: February 2013

Chronische Durchfälle und Gewichtsverlust mit Hypalbuminämie und Vitamin B12-Mangel führten bei einer 77-jährigen Frau zur Diagnose einer Dünndarmdivertikulose. Die Symptomatik war Folge eines Malabsorptionssyndromes aufgrund einer bakteriellen Überwucherung. Eine siebentägige Therapie mit Ciprofloxacin brachte die Durchfälle zum Verschwinden und die Patientin begann wieder an Gewicht zuzunehmen.
Unklare Oberbauchschmerzen
Authors: Stettler
Published: February 2013

Aufgrund der Anamnese, der Klinik und der erhobenen Befunde konnte bei einem 58-jährigen Patienten mit Oberbauchschmerzen mittels Bestimmung von Blutbild, Chemogramm, Sonographie des Abdomens, Bestimmung der Hepatitis-Serologien, des a-Fetoproteins sowie einer 3-Phasen-CT-Abdomen und CT-Thorax (zum Ausschluss von Metastasen) die Diagnose eines Hepatozellulären Karzinomes gestellt werden. Zur optimalen Einstellung der Analgesie und Weiterabklärung durch die Kollegen der Gastroenterologie, wurde der Patient hospitalisiert. Geplant wäre, sofern möglich, eine transarterielle Chemoembolisation (TACE) des rechten Leberlappens in möglicherweise kurativer Absicht.
PI5P migrates out of the PIP shadow
Authors: Devereaux Kelly , Di Paolo Gilbert
Published: February 2013

In a recent study published in EMBO reports, the group of Jorgen Wesche identified a new role for PI5P as a positive regulator of cell migration, most likely by facilitating actin cytoskeletal rearrangements.
FIP200 regulates targeting of Atg16L1 to the isolation membrane
Authors: Nishimura Taki , Kaizuka Takeshi , Cadwell Ken , Sahani Mayurbhai H , Saitoh Tatsuya , Akira Shizuo , Virgin Herbert W , Mizushima Noboru
Published: February 2013

Autophagosome formation is a dynamic process that is strictly controlled by autophagy‐related (Atg) proteins. However, how these Atg proteins are recruited to the autophagosome formation site or autophagic membranes remains poorly understood. Here, we found that FIP200, which is involved in proximal events, directly interacts with Atg16L1, one of the downstream Atg factors, in an Atg14‐ and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase‐independent manner. Atg16L1 deletion mutants, which lack the FIP200‐interacting domain, are defective in proper membrane targeting. Thus, FIP200 regulates not only early events but also late events of autophagosome formation through direct interaction with Atg16L1.
Scientific dissent and public policy
Authors: de Melo‐Martín Inmaculada , Intemann Kristen
Published: February 2013

The temptation to silence dissenters whose non‐mainstream views negatively affect public policies is powerful. However, silencing dissent, no matter how scientifically unsound it might be, can cause the public to mistrust science in general.
Prohepcidin binds to the HAMP promoter and autoregulates its own expression
Authors: Pandur Edina , Sipos Katalin , Grama László , Nagy Judit , Poór Viktor S. , Sétáló György , Miseta Attila , Fekete Zsuzsanna
Published: February 2013

Hepcidin is the major regulatory peptide hormone of iron metabolism, encoded by the HAMP (hepcidin antimicrobial peptide) gene. Hepcidin is expressed mainly in hepatocytes, but is also found in the blood in both a mature and prohormone form. Although, the function of mature hepcidin and the regulation of the HAMP gene have been extensively studied, the intracellular localization and the fate of prohepcidin remains controversial. In the present study, we propose a novel role for prohepcidin in the regulation of its own transcription. Using indirect immunofluorescence and mCherry tagging, a portion of prohepcidin was detected in the nucleus of hepatocytes. Prohepcidin was found to specifically bind to the STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) site in the promoter of HAMP. Overexpression of prohepcidin in WRL68 cells decreased HAMP promoter activity, whereas decreasing the amount of prohepcidin caused increased promoter activity measured by a luciferase reporter-gene assay. Moreover, overexpression of the known prohepcidin-binding partner, α-1 antitrypsin caused increased HAMP promoter activity, suggesting that only the non-α-1 antitrypsin-bound prohepcidin affects the expression of its own gene. The results of the present study indicate that prohepcidin can bind to and transcriptionally regulate the expression of HAMP, suggesting a novel autoregulatory pathway of hepcidin gene expression in hepatocytes.
Incretin-stimulated interaction between β-cell Kv1.5 and Kvβ2 channel proteins involves acetylation/deacetylation by CBP/SirT1
Authors: Kim Su-Jin , Ao Ziliang , Warnock Garth , McIntosh Christopher H. S.
Published: February 2013

The incretins, GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) and GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) are gastrointestinal hormones conferring a number of beneficial effects on β-cell secretion, survival and proliferation. In a previous study, it was demonstrated that delayed rectifier channel protein Kv2.1 contributes to β-cell apoptosis and that the prosurvival effects of incretins involve Kv2.1 PTMs (post-translational modifications), including phosphorylation and acetylation. Since Kv1.5 overexpression was also shown to stimulate β-cell death, the present study was initiated in order to determine whether incretins modulate Kv1.5α–Kvβ2 interaction via PTM and the mechanisms involved. GIP and GLP-1 reduced apoptosis in INS-1 β-cells (clone 832/13) overexpressing Kv1.5, and RNAi (RNA interference)-mediated knockdown of endogenous Kv1.5 attenuated apoptotic β-cell death. Both GIP and GLP-1 increased phosphorylation and acetylation of Kv1.5 and its Kvβ2 protein subunit, leading to their enhanced interaction. Further studies demonstrated that CBP [CREB (cAMP-response-element-binding protein)-binding protein]/SirT1 mediated acetylation/deacetylation and interaction between Kvβ2 and Kv1.5 in response to GIP or GLP-1. Incretin regulation of β-cell function therefore involves the acetylation of multiple Kvα and Kvβ subunits.
Micromachined piezoelectric microphones with in-plane directivity
Authors: Kuntzman Michael L. , Gloria Lee Jia , Hewa-Kasakarage Nishshanka N. , Kim Donghwan , Hall Neal A.
Published: February 2013

Micromachined piezoelectric microphones with in-plane directivity are introduced. A beam rotates about center torsional pivots and is attached to piezoelectrically active end-springs. Rotation of the beam in response to sound pressure gradients produces spring deflections, which, in turn, produce an open-circuit voltage at the piezoelectric films. Prototypes are presented that contain a 20-μm-thick silicon beam and end-springs with 900-nm-thick chemical solution deposited lead zirconate titanate atop the surface of the end-springs. Acoustic directivity measurements are presented that confirm device functionality.
Thermochemical nonequilibrium modeling of a low-power argon arcjet wind tunnel
Authors: Katsurayama Hiroshi , Abe Takashi
Published: February 2013

Non-transferred low-power arcjet wind tunnels with pure argon working gas are widely used as inexpensive laboratory plasma sources to simulate a weakly ionized supersonic flow around an atmospheric entry vehicle. Many experiments using argon arcjet wind tunnels have been conducted, but their numerical modeling is not yet complete. We develop an axisymmetric Navier-Stokes model with thermochemical nonequilibrium and arc discharge that simulates the entire flow field in a steady-operating argon arcjet wind tunnel, which consists of the inside of the arcjet and its arc plume entering a rarefied vacuum chamber. The computational method we develop makes it possible to reproduce the arc column behavior far from thermochemical equilibrium in the low-voltage discharge mode typical of argon arcjets. Furthermore, the results reveal that the plasma characteristic of being far from thermal equilibrium, which is particular to argon, causes the arcjet to operate in the low-voltage mode and its arc plume to be completely thermochemically frozen. Moreover, the arc plume has electroconductive non-uniformity with an electrically insulating boundary in the radial direction. Our computed values for the shock standoff distance in front of a blunt body and the drag exerted on it agree with measured values. As a result, the self-consistent computational model in this study is useful in investigating thermochemical nonequilibrium plasma flows in argon arcjet wind tunnels.
The vibration properties of the (n,0) boron nitride nanotubes from ab initio quantum chemical simulations
Authors: Erba A. , Ferrabone M. , Baima J. , Orlando R. , Rérat M. , Dovesi R.
Published: February 2013

The vibration spectrum of single-walled zigzag boron nitride (BN) nanotubes is simulated with an ab initio periodic quantum chemical method. The trend towards the hexagonal monolayer (h-BN) in the limit of large tube radius R is explored for a variety of properties related to the vibrational spectrum: vibration frequencies, infrared intensities, oscillator strengths, and vibration contributions to the polarizability tensor. The (n,0) family is investigated in the range from n = 6 (24 atoms in the unit cell and tube radius R = 2.5 Å) to n = 60 (240 atoms in the cell and R = 24.0 Å). Simulations are performed using the CRYSTAL program which fully exploits the rich symmetry of this class of one-dimensional periodic systems: 4n symmetry operators for the general (n,0) tube. Three sets of infrared active phonon bands are found in the spectrum. The first one lies in the 0–600 cm−1 range and goes regularly to zero when R increases; the connection between these normal modes and the elastic and piezoelectric constants of h-BN is discussed. The second (600–800 cm−1) and third (1300–1600 cm−1) sets tend regularly, but with quite different speed, to the optical modes of the h-BN layer. The vibrational contribution of these modes to the two components (parallel and perpendicular) of the polarizability tensor is also discussed.
Role of zero-point vibrational corrections to carbon hyperfine coupling constants in organic π radicals
Authors: Chen X. , Rinkevicius Z. , Ruud K. , Ågren H.
Published: February 2013

By analyzing a set of organic π radicals, we demonstrate that zero-point vibrational corrections give significant contributions to carbon hyperfine coupling constants, in one case even inducing a sign reversal for the coupling constant. We discuss the implications of these findings for the computational analysis of electron paramagnetic spectra based on hyperfine coupling constants evaluated at the equilibrium geometry of radicals. In particular, we note that a dynamical description that involves the nuclear motion is in many cases necessary in order to achieve a semi-quantitatively predictive theory for carbon hyperfine coupling constants. In addition, we discuss the implications of the strong dependence of the carbon hyperfine coupling constants on the zero-point vibrational corrections for the selection of exchange-correlation functionals in density functional theory studies of these constants.
Photodetachment anisotropy for mixed s-p states: 8/3 and other fractions
Authors: Sanov Andrei , Grumbling Emily R. , Goebbert Daniel J. , Culberson Lori M.
Published: February 2013

An approximate model for analytical prediction of photoelectron angular distributions in anion photodetachment from mixed s-p states is presented. Considering the dipole-allowed s, p, and d free-electron partial waves, the model describes photodetachment anisotropy in terms of the fractional p character of the initial orbital and the A and B coefficients describing the relative intensities of the p → d to p → s and s → p to p → s channels, respectively. The model represents an extension of the central-potential model to an intermediate regime encompassing varying degrees of s and p contributions to the initial bound orbital. This description is applicable to a broad class of hybrid molecular orbitals, particularly those localized predominantly on a single atom. Under the additional assumption of hydrogenic or Slater-type orbitals, the B/A ratio in photodetachment from a mixed 2s-2p state is shown to equal 8/3. Corresponding fractions are derived for other ns-np mixing cases. The predictions of the model are tested on several anion systems, including NH2− and CCl2−. The quantitative discrepancies in the latter case are attributed to the breakdown of the central-atom approximation and a mechanism for corresponding corrections is indicated.
Oxidation induced softening in Al nanowires
Authors: Sen Fatih G. , Qi Yue , van Duin Adri C. T. , Alpas Ahmet T.
Published: February 2013

The mechanical properties of metallic nanowires depend dramatically on the atmospheric conditions. Molecular-dynamics simulations with ReaxFF were conducted to study tensile elastic deformation of oxidized Al nanowires. The thin amorphous oxide shell formed around Al nanowires had a very low Young's modulus of 26 GPa, due to its low density and low Al-O coordination. Consequently, for diameters less than 100 nm, the composite Young's modulus of oxide-covered Al nanowires showed a size dependence implying that in this case “smaller is softer.” The model developed also explained the discrepancies in the reported modulus values of nanometer-scale Al thin films.
High birefringence liquid crystalline mixture: Optical properties and order parameter
Authors: Dutta Gupta Molly , Mukhopadhyay Anuradha , Roy S. K. , Dabrowski R.
Published: February 2013

Liquid crystal mixtures with tailored electro-optical behaviour; especially high birefringence (Δn ≥ 0.30) is presently being used extensively in display and other devices. Cyano (CN) and isothiocyanato (NCS) are two polar groups commonly employed for this purpose. The present work entails the study of optical properties of a five component liquid crystal mixture (code name: 1770-2) containing alkylfluoroisothiocyanatotolanes and alkylphenylfluoroisothiocyanato-tolanes with a potentiality for entertaining this possibility. To explore this possibility the optical and polarizability anisotropies (in terms of molecular weight) have been determined and their thermal variation investigated. The order parameter (orientational) has been obtained from polarizability anisotropy and its thermal dependence determined. The experimentally obtained values have been compared with theoretical values computed from Maier-Saupe theory.
Note: A simple correlation to locate the three phase coexistence line in methane-hydrate simulations
Authors: Conde M. M. , Vega C.
Published: February 2013

In this Note, the three phases coexistence (hydrate-water-methane) temperature is determined by using direct coexistence simulations for a force field in which methane is described by a single Lennard-Jones site, and water is described by either SPC or SPC/E models. Results were obtained for two pressures: 100 and 400 bars. The results of this note along with those obtained in our previous work [M. M. Conde and C. Vega, J. Chem. Phys. 133, 064507 (2010)]10.1063/1.3466751 allow to present the three phases coexistence line for a number of water models: SPC, SPC/E, TIP4P, TIP4P/2005, and TIP4P/Ice. A correlation between the three phases coexistence temperature T3 of the methane hydrate and the melting point of ice at normal pressure Tm of the water model is found. Models with a good prediction of the melting temperature of ice Ih, have also good predictions of the three phases coexistence line. Models with a bad prediction of the melting temperature of ice Ih, provide poor estimates of T3. As a rule of thumb, the three phase coexistence line of the methane hydrate at 100 bars for a water-methane force field is located approximately at about 15(7) K above the melting temperature of ice Ih of the considered water model. In summary, when modeling the methane-hydrate, if you are looking for a three phases coexistence line in good agreement with experiment, you need first a water model that describes accurately the melting temperature of ice Ih.
Ordered arrays of Si and Ge nanocrystals via dewetting of pre-patterned thin films
Authors: Berbezier I. , Aouassa M. , Ronda A. , Favre L. , Bollani M. , Sordan R. , Delobbe A. , Sudraud P.
Published: February 2013

We develop self-organisation processes for the fabrication of 2D arrays of Si and Ge quantum dots. The processes make use of the dewetting phenomenon which involves the transformation of a 2D thin film into an array of isolated 3D islands through a morphological instability. We show that self-organization of monodisperse ultra-small nanocrystals (NCs) into large scale patterns with ad hoc features can be created via heterogeneous dewetting. The process involves dewetting of thin films nanopatterned by electron beam lithography (EBL) or liquid metal alloy source focused ion beam (LMAIS-FIB). Heterogeneous dewetting is initiated at the edges of the patterns. It provokes the retraction of the thin film following the kinetics of surface diffusion and ends by the formation of faceted monocrystalline NCs regularly positioned. Their geometrical features and lateral arrangements can be tuned by changing the pitch, size, and shape of the patterns. The process developed in this study is adapted to the fabrication of NCs based floating gate memories.
High beta lasing in micropillar cavities with adiabatic layer design
Authors: Lermer M. , Gregersen N. , Lorke M. , Schild E. , Gold P. , Mørk J. , Schneider C. , Forchel A. , Reitzenstein S. , Höfling S. , Kamp M.
Published: February 2013

We report on lasing in optically pumped adiabatic micropillar cavities, based on the AlAs/GaAs material system. A detailed study of the threshold pump power and the spontaneous emission β factor in the lasing regime for different diameters dc is presented. We demonstrate a reduction of the threshold pump power by over 2 orders of magnitude from dc = 2.25 μm down to 0.95 μm. Lasing with β factors exceeding 0.5 shows that adiabatic micropillars are operating deeply in the cavity quantum electrodynamics regime.
Controlling bubble motion over heated surface through evaporation momentum force to enhance pool boiling heat transfer
Authors: Kandlikar S. G.
Published: February 2013

Evaporation momentum force arises due to the difference in liquid and vapor densities at an evaporating interface. The resulting rapid interface motion increases the microconvection heat transfer around a nucleating bubble in pool boiling. Microstructure features are developed on the basis of this hypothesis to control the bubble trajectory for (i) enhancing the heat transfer coefficient, and (ii) creating separate liquid and vapor pathways that result in an increased critical heat flux (CHF). An eightfold higher heat transfer coefficient (629 000 W/m2 °C) and two-and-half times higher CHF (3 MW/m2) over a plain copper surface were achieved with water.
Impact of Se flux on the defect formation in polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films grown by three stage evaporation process
Authors: Islam M. M. , Uedono A. , Sakurai T. , Yamada A. , Ishizuka S. , Matsubara K. , Niki S. , Akimoto K.
Published: February 2013

Cu(InxGa1−x)Se2 (CIGS) films, grown under various Se fluxes, have been investigated by the positron annihilation spectroscopy. The line-shape parameter (S) of the positron annihilation spectra was used to characterize the defects in the CIGS films. When Se flux was decreased, the S parameter at the surface and subsurface region of the films increased. This phenomenon was attributed to the increased concentration of the defect complex formed between Se and Cu vacancies. S parameter at the surface region was significantly higher than that in the bulk region of each film. It was explained with the model of compositional inhomogeneities along the depth of the film. Solar cell performance strongly correlated to the S parameter at the surface region of the CIGS films. Sufficient Se flux was found to be effective to reduce the S parameter, thereby, to suppress the defects in the films.
Recurrent pain and discomfort in relation to fitness and physical activity among young school children
Authors: Sollerhed Ann‐Christin , Andersson Ingemar , Ejlertsson Göran
Published: February 2013

As an increase in pain symptoms among children has been shown in the last decades, the aim of this study was to describe perceptions of recurrent pain, measured physical fitness and levels of reported physical activity (PA) in children, and to investigate if any associations between PA, fitness and recurrent pain could be identified. A school‐based study comprised 206 Swedish children 8–12 years old, 114 boys, 92 girls. A questionnaire with questions about perceived pain, self‐reported PA and lifestyle factors was used. Health‐related fitness was assessed by 11 physical tests. A physical index was calculated from these tests as a z score. High physical index indicated high fitness and low physical index indicated low fitness. ANOVA test, chi‐square test and logistic regression analysis were used to compare active and inactive children. The prevalence of one pain location (head, abdomen or back) was 26%, two 11% and three 4% (n=206). Female gender, living in single‐parent families, low PA and low subjective health were associated with reported recurrent pain. Children reporting high levels of PA had high physical index and reported low prevalence of pain symptoms. The physical index and level of self‐reported PA decreased gradually the more pain locations. Physically active children had higher fitness levels and reported less pain symptoms than inactive peers. Coping with pain is an integral part of PA, and active children learn to cope with unpleasant body sensations which together with high fitness may reduce the perception of pain.
Respiratory Virus Shedding in a Cohort of On-Duty Healthcare Workers Undergoing Prospective Surveillance
Authors: Esbenshade Jennifer C. , Edwards Kathryn M. , Esbenshade Adam J. , Rodriguez Vanessa E. , Talbot H. Keipp , Joseph Marlon F. , Nwosu Samuel K. , Chappell James D. , Gern James E. , Williams John V. , Talbot Thomas R.
Published: February 2013

Background.

Healthcare-associated transmission of respiratory viruses is a concerning patient safety issue.

Design.

Surveillance for influenza virus among a cohort of healthcare workers (HCWs) was conducted in a tertiary care children's hospital from November 2009 through April 2010 using biweekly nasal swab specimen collection. If a subject reported respiratory symptoms, an additional specimen was collected. Specimens from ill HCWs and a randomly selected sample from asymptomatic subjects were tested for additional respiratory viruses by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results.

A total of 1,404 nasal swab specimens were collected from 170 enrolled subjects. Influenza circulated at very low levels during the surveillance period, and 74.2% of subjects received influenza vaccination. Influenza virus was not detected in any specimen. Multiplex respiratory virus PCR analysis of all 119 specimens from symptomatic subjects and 200 specimens from asymptomatic subjects yielded a total of 42 positive specimens, including 7 (16.7%) in asymptomatic subjects. Viral shedding was associated with report of any symptom (odds ratio [OR], 13.06 [95% confidence interval, 5.45–31.28]; P< .0001) and younger age (OR, 0.96 [95% confidence interval, 0.92–0.99]; P = .023) when controlled for sex and occupation of physician or nurse. After the surveillance period, 46% of subjects reported working while ill with an influenza-like illness during the previous influenza season.

Conclusions.

In this cohort, HCWs working while ill was common, as was viral shedding among those with symptoms. Asymptomatic viral shedding was infrequent but did occur. HCWs should refrain from patient care duties while ill, and staffing contingencies should accommodate them.
The State of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in California
Authors: Trivedi Kavita K. , Rosenberg Jon
Published: February 2013

Objective.

To assess antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) and strategies in California general acute care hospitals and to describe the effect of state legislation (Senate Bill 739) requiring hospitals to develop processes for evaluating the judicious use of antimicrobials.

Design.

Web-based survey of general acute care hospitals.

Participants.

All 422 general acute care hospital campuses in California were invited to participate.

Results.

Responses from 223 (53%) of California's general acute care hospital campuses were included and were statistically representative of all acute care hospital campuses by region but not bed size or rurality. Community hospitals represented 73% of respondents. Fifty percent of hospitals described a current ASP and 30% reported planning an ASP; of these, 51% reported measuring outcomes. Twenty percent of hospitals reported no planned ASP or uncertainty whether an ASP existed and described barriers including staffing constraints (47%), lack of funding (42%), and lack of initiation of a formal proposal to start an ASP (42%). Of 135 responding hospitals, 22% reported that Senate Bill 739 influenced initiation of their ASP.

Conclusions.

Although many studies have been published that describe hospital-specific ASPs, most have been described within academic centers, and there are limited assessments of ASP strategies across hospital systems. Our study verifies that many ASPs exist in California, particularly in community settings where a scarcity of antimicrobial restriction was thought to exist. Additionally, Senate Bill 739 appears to have played a role in initiating many hospital ASPs, which supports the adoption of similar legislation in other states and nationally.
Association between sleep‐disordered breathing, sleep–wake pattern, and cognitive impairment among patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Hjelm Carina , Strömberg Anna , Årestedt Kristofer , Broström Anders
Published: February 2013

Aims

Chronic heart failure (CHF) and sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) are often co‐existing problems among the elderly. Apnoeic events may cause cognitive impairment. The aim of the study was to compare sleep and wake patterns, insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and cognitive function in community‐dwelling CHF patients, with and without SDB, and to investigate the association between sleep‐related factors and cognitive dysfunction.

Methods and results

In this cross‐sectional observational study, SDB was measured with an ApneaLink device and defined as an apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) ≥15/h of sleep. Sleep and wake patterns were measured with actigraphy for 1 week. Insomnia was measured with the Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale, daytime sleepiness with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and cognitive function with a neuropsychological test battery. A total of 137 patients (68% male, median age 72 years, 58% NYHA functional class II) were consecutively included. Forty‐four per cent had SDB (AHI ≥15). The SDB group had significantly higher saturation time below 90%, more difficulties maintaining sleep, and lower levels of daytime sleepiness compared with the non‐SDB group. Cognitive function and sleep and wake patterns did not differ between the SDB and the non‐SDB group. Insomnia was associated with decreased global cognition.

Conclusion

The prevalence of cognitive dysfunction was low in this population with predominantly mild to moderate CHF. This might have influenced the lack of associations between cognitive function and SDB. Insomnia was the only sleep‐related factor significantly influencing cognition.
Revisiting the angular momentum growth of protostructures evolved from non-Gaussian initial conditions
Authors: Fedeli C.
Published: February 2013

I adopt a formalism previously developed by Catelan and Theuns (CT) in order to estimate the impact of primordial non-Gaussianity on the quasi-linear spin growth of cold dark matter protostructures. A variety of bispectrum shapes are considered, spanning the currently most popular early Universe models for the occurrence of non-Gaussian density fluctuations. In their original work, CT considered several other shapes, and suggested that only for one of those does the impact of non-Gaussianity seem to be perturbatively tractable. For that model, and on galactic scales, the next-to-linear non-Gaussian contribution to the angular momentum variance has an upper limit of ∼10 per cent with respect to the linear one. I find that all the new models considered in this work can also be seemingly described via perturbation theory. Considering current bounds on fNL for inflationary non-Gaussianity leads to the quasi-linear contribution being ∼10–20 per cent of the linear one. This result motivates the systematic study of higher order non-Gaussian corrections, in order to attain a comprehensive picture of how structure gravitational dynamics descends from the physics of the primordial Universe.
Rural History
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: February 2013

This article looks at the environment where most Latin Americans lived until the middle of the twentieth century. Reflecting this basic fact, the region's historiography boasts a long tradition of studies of agrarian movements, haciendas—with a once fiery debate about the putative feudal or capitalist nature of these large landed estates, plantations, estancias, and ejidos (or land-owning Indian villages)—and the peasantry. Both this rich historiographical tradition and newer works on rural life are surveyed.
Gender and Sexuality in Latin America
Authors: Guy Donna J.
Published: February 2013

This article discusses gender and sexuality during the national period and the shift from women's history to the study of the social construction of both femininity and masculinity and of various forms of sexuality. It argues that this has problematized “the notion of universalized female oppression,” a trend in line with the general historiographical emphasis on individual and collective agency since the 1980s. Gender here is both a topic and a category of analysis. The discussion thus sheds much light on other aspects of—in this case, national—society, such as notions of nationality and citizenship, the nature of the modern state and law, populism, and revolutionary and feminist politics.
Aquinas and Aristotle
Authors: Doig James
Published: February 2013

Aquinas followed the value for theology in Aristotelian thought that led him to undertake the composition of ‘expositions’ and sententiae respecting individual works of Aristotle. Aquinas chose Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and On Interpretation as the subjects of what medieval Masters termed ‘expositions’. Aquinas composed the first of his sententiae that concerned the De anima (In DA) in the year 1268. Aristotle's study of the soul is seen to focus on the substantial form or first intrinsic formal cause that explains both the possession of life and, remotely, the motions and activities typical of various types of living beings. Aquinas's In DA proposes that governance of the body is essential to the intellective soul's nature. Aquinas offered his sententia on the Physics (In Phy) in 1268A–1269. In Phy finds in Aristotle a general study of natural science focusing on the mobile being as the subject. Aquinas composed both the Secunda Pars of the Summa theologiae and the sententia on the Nicomachean Ethics (In NE), both treatises on morality in 1271–72. Aquinas explains in the sententia that Aristotle presents the first part of moral science as he discusses only the life of the individual human being as an agent voluntarily acting for an end through the performance of virtuous activity. The sententia on the Metaphysics (In Meta) was chronologically the last work of Aristotle which was fundamental to Aquinas's theological synthesis.
God's Knowledge and Will
Authors: Brent James
Published: February 2013

Aquinas presented God's knowledge as a divine perfection and as divine ideas. He also considered God's knowledge of future contingent events such as creaturely free choices. Aquinas believed that no one in this life could see what God's knowledge is either by the light of reason or by the light of grace. Aquinas talks about God's knowledge in a significant order. First, Aquinas speaks of God's knowing himself. Subsequently, Aquinas speaks about God's knowing creatures and lastly it is God's knowledge of himself that illuminates for us God's knowledge of creatures. Aquinas's argued that perfection terms such as ‘life’, ‘good’, and ‘power’ refer to distinct perfections when predicated of creatures, but co-refer to one and the same simple esse when predicated of God. Aquinas's also argued that the divine ideas are a special sort of cause that has no causality apart from God's willing. The divine ideas are exemplar causes. Aquinas's mentioned that when God sees in himself the whole of creation, he comprehends it. He knows everything that could be known about it. He sees all the parts and so all the properties of all the parts. God sees the actuality, modality, causality, and morality of any and every entity or event within the whole when he comprehends the whole of creation.
Theory of Language
Authors: Klima Gyula
Published: February 2013

Aquinas mentioned some important and interesting ideas on how language (any human language) is related to the world through the mediation of human thought. Aquinas argued that the corresponding function of the predicate is to signify the individualized forms of individuals, whether the forms are the actual or not. Aquinas held that what establishes signification is an act of imposition. A human language primarily consists of utterances, that is, articulate sounds. Aquinas provided an interesting reason for the need to refer to concepts in explaining meaning, in terms of the different ways the same things can be signified on account of the different ways in which they are conceived. For Aquinas, the verb functioning as a copula, besides its obvious syntactical function of linking subject and predicate to form a new syntactical unit, a proposition, also retains the function that it has when it is attached to a subject as an absolute predicate, namely, to signify actual existence. For Aquinas, the primary sense of ‘est’, or its English equivalent ‘is’, is expressed by its use as an absolute predicate of primary beings, that is, primary substances, signifying their actuality absolutely, namely, the actuality of their substantial act of being.
Disappointed Remains: Trauma, Testimony, and Reconciliation in Post-apartheid South Africa
Authors: Field Sean
Published: February 2013

The apartheid regime in South Africa and the fight against the same, followed by the reconciliation is the crux of this article. The first democratic elections held on April 27, 1994, were surprisingly free of violence. Then, in one of its first pieces of legislation, the new democratic parliament passed the Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act of 1995, which created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. At the outset, the South African TRC promised to “uncover the truth” about past atrocities, and forge reconciliation across a divided country. As oral historians, we should consider the oral testimonies that were given at the Human Rights Victim hearings and reflect on the reconciliation process and what it means to ask trauma survivors to forgive and reconcile with perpetrators. This article cites several real life examples to explain the trauma and testimony of apartheid and post-apartheid Africa with a hint on the still prevailing disappointments and blurred memories.
Case Study: Memory Work with Children Affected by HIV/AIDS in South Africa
Authors: Denis Philippe
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on working with children affected by HIV/AIDS in South Arica. In the early years of the AIDS epidemic, relief organizations focused their efforts on the material needs of children, but their psychological and emotional needs are no less important. Recognizing this, the Sinomlando Centre for Oral History and Memory Work in Africa, a research and community development center located at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, in Pietermaritzburg South Africa, has pioneered a model of psychosocial intervention for children in grief—particularly but not exclusively in the context of HIV/AIDS. This model uses the methodology of oral history in a novel manner, combined with other techniques such as life story work and narrative therapy. During the early years of the project, the model followed for the family visits was the oral history interview. A discussion on caregiver as the narrator and skills required in memory work especially in these cases concludes this article.
Oral History in the Digital Age
Authors: Schrum Kelly , Brennan Sheila , Halabuk James , Leon Sharon , Scheinfeldt Tom
Published: February 2013

Oral history means many things. It is a record of oral tradition, compiled of stories handed down from one generation to the next, as well as the recording of personal history or experiences. It can involve a formal interview examining a particular topic, such as the history of the space telescope, or a moment in time, such as the partial meltdown at the Three Mile Island commercial nuclear power plant near Middletown, Pennsylvania, on March 28, 1979. A kind of oral history can also occur informally, when family members share stories around a kitchen table or when a high school student interviews his grandmother about immigrating to the United States. The task of categorizing oral history has become even more challenging in the digital age. It is possible to define online oral history, as resources are available via the Internet that are related to the collecting, cataloging, preserving, or sharing of oral history.
Preservation
Authors: Li Na , Hamin Elisabeth M.
Published: February 2013

This article discusses historic preservation, one of the key goals of urban planning. It explains that the intention of contemporary historic preservation is to preserve landscapes that are perhaps less aesthetic, yet representative of, various periods of urban development, which makes for an emotional connection with the lives of the community members who lived through their history, and who remember their history in that place. The article identifies the problems related to the preservation of historic buildings and describes how preservation planning has expanded from architecture to landscape, and how it became an avenue for economic development rather than its antithesis.
Cities, People, and Processes as Planning Case Studies
Authors: Birch Eugénie L.
Published: February 2013

This article examines the importance of case studies in urban planning. It explains that case studies are used to analyze urban behaviors in the political arena, in neighborhoods and in other places, and in providing exemplars of best practices in physical planning. The article describes the nature of case studies used in urban planning and the pattern of their application. An analysis of representative studies reveals several patterns, including an effort to develop cases that translate knowledge into action, that pay attention to place or the physical dimensions of a question, and that have a tendency to revisit and re-evaluate a phenomenon which has been studied at an earlier time.
Modeling Urban Systems
Authors: Landis John D.
Published: February 2013

This article examines the different types of urban model used in urban planning in North America, and to a lesser extent, in Europe, Asia, and South Americam, which include the population-projection models, economic base models, hedonic price models, and travel-behavior models. It describes emerging procedures such as land-use change and urban-growth models, and looks at Charles Tiebout's model of efficient public choice and Thomas Schelling's model of spatial segregation.
The Evolving Role of Community Economic Development in Planning
Authors: Chapple Karen
Published: February 2013

This article examines the evolution of the role of community economic development (CED) in urban planning. It provides an overview of the economic context that has forced the launch and growth of CED, and describes the practices at the heart of today's CED, including the core toolkit for planners entering the subfield. The article argues that to support a metropolitan CED, the federal government will need to revisit the poverty-based funding criteria it uses for many of its programs and develop a set of place characteristics related to economic security more broadly.
The Neolithic on the Plateau
Authors: Özbaşaran Mihriban
Published: February 2013

This article compiles data on the ninth-to-sixth-millennium-BCE communities of the central Anatolian plateau, underscoring the distinctive features of each of them in chronological order and deliberately avoiding the traditional phase terminology of the Neolithic. The data presently display local adaptations of central Anatolian Neolithic communities to their diverse habitats. In the ninth and early eighth millennia BCE, sedentism and a heavy reliance on naturally occurring resources constituted the way of life on the plateau. Full farming villages developed toward the second half of the eighth millennium, and settlements with specialized objectives seem to have been established in the seventh millennium. Although the picture was surely not that simplistic or linear, the article provides an overall look at the neolithization of the plateau.
The Chalcolithic on the Plateau
Authors: Schoop Ulf-Dietrich
Published: February 2013

This article outlines the present state of knowledge about the Chalcolithic sequence on the Anatolian plateau and in western Anatolia. Because archaeological knowledge is not represented continuously over the whole area, it will be treated in the context of seven larger regions: the central Anatolian Plain (including Cappadocia, with occasional references to Cilicia), the southwest Anatolian Lake District (a mountainous region around the city of Burdur), the Aegean coast (extending north into the Troad), the area around the Sea of Marmara, the Porsuk region (around the city of Eskişehir), the Black Sea coast (between the cities of Sinop and Trabzon), and north-central Anatolia within the bend of the Kızıl Irmak River. The discussion identifies the main archaeological traditions and their chronological relationships. It also offers an overview of the chronological arguments and contentious issues. All dates are given in calibrated radiocarbon values.
Southern and Southeastern Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age
Authors: Gates Marie-Henriette
Published: February 2013

This article presents data on the Late Bronze Age of southern and southeastern Anatolia. Southern and southeastern Anatolia present three contrasting zones, differentiated by topography, elevation, climate, soils, and connectivity to neighboring regions. In the Late Bronze Age, as at other times, they offered varied options for human exploitation and settlement, and reflected different cultural and political inclinations. The Late Bronze Age cities, towns, and forts in southern and southeastern Anatolia endured various fortunes in the twelfth century BCE, but all experienced the eventual termination of this cultural, political, and economic phase. Most were destroyed and lay deserted for centuries, or their ruins were reoccupied by squatters and migrants, then abandoned.
The Hittite Language: Recovery and Grammatical Sketch
Authors: Beckman Gary
Published: February 2013

This article introduces the oldest-attested Indo-European language, Hittite, also one of the first lost Anatolian languages to be deciphered. Today we have achieved a fairly sophisticated understanding of the Hittite language, as illustrated by an exhaustive recent grammar, a number of linguistic sketches, and several ongoing dictionary projects.