bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Salvetti complex and the little cubes
Authors: Tamaki Dai
Published: March 2012

For a real central arrangement

\mathcal{A}

, Salvetti introduced a construction of a finite complex Sal

(\mathcal{A})

which is homotopy equivalent to the complement of the complexified arrangement in [Sal87]. For the braid arrangement

\mathcal{A}_{k-1}

, the Salvetti complex Sal

(\mathcal{A}_{k-1})

serves as a good combinatorial model for the homotopy type of the configuration space

F(\mathbb C,k)

of

k

points in

\mathbb C

, which is homotopy equivalent to the space

\mathcal{C}_2(k)

of

k

little

2

-cubes. Motivated by the importance of little cubes in homotopy theory, especially in the study of iterated loop spaces, we study how the combinatorial structure of the Salvetti complexes of the braid arrangements are related to homotopy theoretic properties of iterated loop spaces.As a consequence, we prove the skeletal filtrations on the Salvetti complexes of the braid arrangements give rise to the cobar-type Eilenberg-Moore spectral sequence converging to the homology of

\Omega^2\Sigma^2 X

. We also construct a new spectral sequence that computes the homology of

\Omega^{\ell}\Sigma^{\ell} X

for

\ell>2

by using a higher order analogue of the Salvetti complex. The

E^1

-term of the spectral sequence is described in terms of the homology of

X

. The spectral sequence is different from known spectral sequences that compute the homology of iterated loop spaces, such as the Eilenberg-Moore spectral sequence and the spectral sequence studied by Ahearn and Kuhn in [AK02].
A Computerized Tyre Pressure Control System for Off-road Vehicles
Authors: Emam M.A.A. , Shaaban S.M. , El-Demerdash S.M. , El-Zomor H.M.
Published: March 2012

This paper presents a computerized tyre pressure control system for off-road vehicles to achieve the required tyre flotation pressure during their mobility. This method accounts for soil deformation and tyre deflection in the vehicle tyre-terrain interaction. A test rig has been designed to apply vertical load to the tyre at the tyre to terrain surface. The deflection and inflation pressure of the tyre were recorded by a data acquisition system. The test rig is integrated with a pressure system for tyre inflation and deflation. The proposed control system ensures that the soil deformation is higher than the tyre deflection. Experimental results showed that the proposed control system adjusted the tyre pressure to the flotation pressure for a given load and soil conditions within a reasonably shorter elapsed time.
Preservation effects on C/N ratios and stable isotope signatures of freshwater fishes and benthic macroinvertebrates
Authors: Lau Danny C. P. , Leung Kenneth M. Y. , Dudgeon David
Published: March 2012

This study examined the effects of fluid preservatives on carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) and C/N ratios of freshwater animals. Brotia hainanensis snails, Caridina cantonensis and Macrobrachium hainanense shrimps, and Pseudogastromyzon myersi, Liniparhomaloptera disparis, and Ctenogobius duospilus fishes were collected from seven Hong Kong streams, so as to incorporate natural variations in isotopic signals among conspecifics. Samples were preserved with 10% formalin, 70% ethanol, or formalin‐ethanol solution (fixation in formalin then storage in ethanol). We compared sample molar C/N, δ13C, and δ15N with frozen conspecifics after 30, 60, 90, 180, and 360 d. Increases in C/N were evident in formalin‐fixed shrimps and fish only, whereas ΔC/N attributable to ethanol and formalin‐ethanol preservation was insignificant in all species. Chemical preservation generally caused δ13C depletion in fishes and Δδ13C significantly declined over time in formalin‐ethanol‐preserved L. disparis. Formalin‐induced δ13C shifts were observed in shrimps (C. cantonensis: −1.54‰; M. hainanense: −0.80‰) and snails (−0.25‰) and were relatively consistent when preservation was ≤ 60 d. The influence of formalin‐ethanol on C/N and δ13C was smaller than that of formalin for all species and more consistent than ethanol preservation. δ15N of all species was unaffected (within ±1‰) by chemical preservation. Effects on isotopic signals were more predictable among fishes than shrimps or snails. Corrections of +1.11‰ and +1.24‰ should be applied to δ13C of fishes preserved with formalin and formalin‐ethanol (respectively) during trophic analysis. We recommend using formalin‐ethanol for macroinvertebrates to limit isotopic shifts, especially those preserved for > 60 d.
Use of Clinical Decision Support to Improve the Quality of Care Provided to Older Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Groshaus H. , Boscan A. , Khandwala F. , Holroyd-Leduc J.
Published: March 2012

Background: Frail older inpatients are at risk of unintended adverse events while in hospital, particularly falls, functional decline, delirium and incontinence.

Objective: The aim of this pragmatic trial was to pilot and evaluate a multi-component knowledge translation intervention that incorporated a nurse-initiated computerized clinical decision support tool to reduce harms in the care of older medical inpatients.

Methods: A stepped wedge trial design was conducted on six medical units at two hospitals in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The primary quantitative outcome was the rate of order set use. Secondary outcomes included the number of falls, the average number of days in hospital, and the total number of consults ordered for each of orthopedics, geriatrics, psychiatry and physiotherapy. Qualitative analysis included interviews with nurses to explore barriers and facilitators around the implementation of the electronic decision support tool.

Results: The estimated mean rate of order set use over a 2 week period was 3.1 (95% CI 1.9–5.3) sets higher after the intervention than before. The estimated odds of a fall happening on a unit over a 2-week period was 9.3 (p = 0.065) times higher before than after the intervention. There was no significant effect of the intervention on length of hospital stay (p = 0.67) or consults to related clinical services (all p <0.2). Interviews with front-line nurses and nurse managers/educators revealed that the order set is not being regularly ordered because its content is perceived as part of good nursing care and due to the high workload on these busy medical units.

Conclusions: Although not statistically significant, a reduction in the number of falls as a result of the intervention was noted. Frontline users’ engagement is crucial for the successful implementation of any decision support tool. New strategies of implementation will be evaluated before broad dissemination of this knowledge translation intervention.
Comparisons of observed and modeled OH and HO2 concentrations during the ambient measurement period of the HOxComp field campaign
Authors: Kanaya Y. , Hofzumahaus A. , Dorn H.-P. , Brauers T. , Fuchs H. , Holland F. , Rohrer F. , Bohn B. , Tillmann R. , Wegener R. , Wahner A. , Kajii Y. , Miyamoto K. , Nishida S. , Watanabe K. , Yoshino A. , Kubistin D. , Martinez M. , Rudolf M. , Harder H. , Berresheim H. , Elste T. , Plass-Dülmer C. , Stange G. , Kleffmann J. , Elshorbany Y. , Schurath U.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. A photochemical box model constrained by ancillary observations was used to simulate OH and HO2 concentrations for three days of ambient observations during the HOxComp field campaign held in Jülich, Germany in July 2005. Daytime OH levels observed by four instruments were fairly well reproduced to within 33% by a base model run (Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism with updated isoprene chemistry adapted from Master Chemical Mechanism ver. 3.1) with high R2 values (0.72–0.97) over a range of isoprene (0.3–2 ppb) and NO (0.1–10 ppb) mixing ratios. Daytime HO2(*) levels, reconstructed from the base model results taking into account the sensitivity toward speciated RO2 (organic peroxy) radicals, as recently reported from one of the participating instruments in the HO2 measurement mode, were 93% higher than the observations made by the single instrument. This also indicates an overprediction of the HO2 to OH recycling. Together with the good model-measurement agreement for OH, it implies a missing OH source in the model. Modeled OH and HO2(*) could only be matched to the observations by addition of a strong unknown loss process for HO2(*) that recycles OH at a high yield. Adding to the base model, instead, the recently proposed isomerization mechanism of isoprene peroxy radicals (Peeters and Müller, 2010) increased OH and HO2(*) by 28% and 13% on average. Although these were still only 4% higher than the OH observations made by one of the instruments, larger overestimations (42–70%) occurred with respect to the OH observations made by the other three instruments. The overestimation in OH could be diminished only when reactive alkanes (HC8) were solely introduced to the model to explain the missing fraction of observed OH reactivity. Moreover, the overprediction of HO2(*) became even larger than in the base case. These analyses imply that the rates of the isomerization are not readily supported by the ensemble of radical observations. One of the measurement days was characterized by low isoprene concentrations (∼0.5 ppb) and OH reactivity that was well explained by the observed species, especially before noon. For this selected period, as opposed to the general behavior, the model tended to underestimate HO2(*). We found that this tendency is associated with high NOx concentrations, suggesting that some HO2 production or regeneration processes under high NOx conditions were being overlooked; this might require revision of ozone production regimes.
Further examination of the thermodynamic modification of the inflow layer of tropical cyclones by vertical wind shear
Authors: Riemer M. , Montgomery M. T. , Nicholls M. E.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. Recent work has developed a new framework for the impact of vertical wind shear on the intensity evolution of tropical cyclones. A focus of this framework is on the frustration of the tropical cyclone's power machine by shear-induced, persistent downdrafts that flush relatively cool and dry (lower equivalent potential temperature, θe) air into the storm's inflow layer. These previous results have been based on idealised numerical experiments for which we have deliberately chosen a simple set of physical parameterisations. Before efforts are undertaken to test the proposed framework with real atmospheric data, we here survey and diagnose five additional numerical experiments with some modifications of the experimental setup to assess the robustness of our previous results. The modifications comprise the values of the exchange coefficients of surface heat and momentum fluxes, the inclusion of experiments with ice microphysics, and the consideration of weaker, but still mature tropical cyclones. In all experiments, the depression of the inflow layer θe values is significant and all tropical cyclones exhibit the same general structural changes when interacting with the imposed vertical wind shear. Tropical cyclones with a higher downdraft activity exhibit a more pronounced depression of inflow layer θe outside of the eyewall in our experiments. The magnitude of the θe depression underneath the eyewall early after shear is imposed in our experiments correlates well with the magnitude of the ensuing weakening of the respective tropical cyclone. Based on the evidence presented, it is concluded that the newly proposed framework is a robust description of intensity modification in our suite of experiments.
Magnetopause energy transfer dependence on the interplanetary magnetic field and the Earth's magnetic dipole axis orientation
Authors: Palmroth M. , Fear R. C. , Honkonen I.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. We examine the spatial variation of magnetospheric energy transfer using a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation (GUMICS-4) and a large data set of flux transfer events (FTEs) observed by the Cluster spacecraft. Our main purpose is to investigate whether it is possible to validate previous results on the spatial energy transfer variation from the GUMICS-4 simulation using the statistical occurrence of FTEs, which are manifestations of magnetospheric energy transfer. Previous simulation results have suggested that the energy transfer pattern at the magnetopause rotates according to the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation, and here we investigate whether a similar rotation is seen in the locations at which FTE signatures are observed. We find that there is qualitative agreement between the simulation and observed statistics, as the peaks in both distributions rotate as a function of the IMF clock angle. However, it is necessary to take into account the modulation of the statistical distribution that is caused by a bias towards in situ FTE signatures being observed in the winter hemisphere (an effect that has previously been predicted and observed in this data set). Taking this seasonal effect into account, the FTE locations support the previous simulation results and confirm the earlier prediction that the energy transfers in the plane of the IMF. In addition, we investigate the effect of the dipole orientation (both the dipole tilt angle and its orientation in the plane perpendicular to the solar wind flow) on the energy transfer spatial distribution. We find that the energy transfer occurs mainly in the summer hemisphere, and that the dayside reconnection region is located asymmetrically about the subsolar position. Finally, we find that the energy transfer is 10% larger at equinox conditions than at solstice, contributing to the discussion concerning the semiannual variation of magnetospheric dynamics (known as "the Russell-McPherron effect").
Sea-to-air and diapycnal nitrous oxide fluxes in the eastern tropical North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Kock A. , Schafstall J. , Dengler M. , Brandt P. , Bange H. W.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. Sea-to-air and diapycnal fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O) into the mixed layer were determined during three cruises to the upwelling region off Mauritania. Sea-to-air fluxes as well as diapycnal fluxes were elevated close to the shelf break, but elevated sea-to-air fluxes reached further offshore as a result of the offshore transport of upwelled water masses. To calculate a mixed layer budget for N2O we compared the regionally averaged sea-to-air and diapycnal fluxes and estimated the potential contribution of other processes, such as vertical advection and biological N2O production in the mixed layer. Using common parameterizations for the gas transfer velocity, the comparison of the average sea-to-air and diapycnal N2O fluxes indicated that the mean sea-to-air flux is about three to four times larger than the diapycnal flux. Neither vertical and horizontal advection nor biological production were found sufficient to close the mixed layer budget. Instead, the sea-to-air flux, calculated using a parameterization that takes into account the attenuating effect of surfactants on gas exchange, is in the same range as the diapycnal flux. From our observations we conclude that common parameterizations for the gas transfer velocity likely overestimate the air-sea gas exchange within highly productive upwelling zones.
A combined field and modeling study of groundwater flow in a tidal marsh
Authors: Xia Y. Q. , Li H. L.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. Bald mud beaches were found among the mangrove marshes in Dongzhaigang National Nature Reserve, Hainan, China. To investigate the possible reasons for this phenomenon, the intertidal zones of a mangrove transect and a bald beach transect with similar topography and tidal actions were selected for comparison study. Along both transects, observed water table variations were significant in the high and low intertidal zones and negligible in the middle intertidal zones. Despite the same tidal actions and above-mentioned similarities, observed groundwater salinity was significantly smaller along the mangrove transect (average 23.0 ppt) than along the bald beach transect (average 28.5 ppt). These observations invite one hypothesis: the hydraulic structure of tidal marsh and freshwater availability may be the main hydrogeological factors critical to mangrove development. Two-dimensional numerical simulations corroborated the speculation and gave results in line with the observed water table. The two transects investigated were found to have a mud-sand two-layered structure: a surface zone of low-permeability mud and an underlying high-permeability zone that outcrops at the high and low tide lines. The freshwater recharge from inland is considerable along the mangrove transect but negligible along the bald beach transect. The high-permeability zone may provide opportunity for the plants in the mangrove marsh to uptake freshwater and oxygen through their roots extending downward into the high-permeability zone, which may help limit the buildup of salt in the root zone caused by evapotranspiration and enhance salt removal, which may further increase the production of marsh grasses and influence their spatial distribution. The bald beach is most probably due to the lack of enough freshwater for generating a brackish beach soil condition essential to mangrove growth. It is also indicated that seawater infiltrated the high-permeability zone through its outcrop near the high intertidal zone, and discharged from the tidal river bank in the vicinity of the low tide line. These processes thereby formed a tide-induced seawater-groundwater circulation, which likely provided considerable contribution to the total submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). Finally, implications and uncertainties behind this study were summarized for future examinations.
Monte Carlo ice flow modeling projects a new stable configuration for Columbia Glacier, Alaska, by c. 2020
Authors: Colgan W. , Pfeffer W. T. , Rajaram H. , Abdalati W.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. Due to the abundance of observational datasets collected since the onset of its retreat (c. 1983), Columbia Glacier, Alaska, provides an exciting modeling target. We perform Monte Carlo simulations of the form and flow of Columbia Glacier, using a 1-D (depth-integrated) flowline model, over a wide range of parameter values and forcings. An ensemble filter is imposed following spin-up to ensure that only simulations which accurately reproduce observed pre-retreat glacier geometry are retained; all other simulations are discarded. The selected ensemble of simulations reasonably reproduces numerous highly transient post-retreat observed datasets with a minimum of parameterizations. The selected ensemble mean projection suggests that Columbia Glacier will achieve a new dynamic equilibrium (i.e. "stable") ice geometry c. 2020, by which time iceberg calving rate will have returned to approximately pre-retreat values. Comparison of the observed 1957 and 2007 glacier geometries with the projected 2100 glacier geometry suggests that, by 2007, Columbia Glacier had already discharged ∼83 % of its total sea level rise contribution expected by 2100. This case study therefore highlights the difficulties associated with the future extrapolation of observed glacier mass loss rates that are dominated by iceberg calving.
Strengthening CAPTCHA-based Web security
Authors: Bell Graeme Baxter
Published: March 2012

Simple, universally applicable strategies can help any captcha–protected system resist automated attacks and can improve the ability of administrators to detect attacks. The strategies discussed here cause an exponential increase in the difficulty faced by automated attackers, while only increasing the inconvenience for human users in an approximately linear manner. These strategies are characterised using a new metric, the ‘Captcha Improvement Ratio’. The paper concludes that presenting multiple captcha systems together in random order may provide quantitative and qualitative advantages over many typical present–day captcha systems.
The machine to aspire to: The computer in rural south India
Authors: Pal Joyojeet
Published: March 2012

This study examined the perception of technology from the frame of aspiration in rural India. We argue here that the idea of technology as a critical part of modernity has been deeply tied to India’s discourse of development, and that this was in turn a portrayal of technology in a range of outlets in the public sphere. In villages of rural south India, we found an environment of great expectations from technology to reduce poverty and open urban opportunities, including from those who had never used a computer before. Specifically in schools, where this research was conducted, we found that computers played a much larger role than just as a delivery mechanism for digital educational material since they represented an aspirational artifact to children and parents alike. With historically low performance records at public schools, the computer frequently has been seen as a device offering a cure to systemic educational problems. Children, in part imbibing a discourse of technology from their own parents and media, have seen the computer as a critical part of their schooling experience. The device, and its mastery, then became an affirmation of pecking order among children themselves, and influenced the way that they interacted with fellow students.
Home computer ownership and Internet use in China: Trends, disparities, socioeconomic impacts, and policy implications
Authors: Wang Qingbin , Li Minghao
Published: March 2012

This paper reviews the trends of China’s home computer ownership and Internet use, analyzes the disparities in computer ownership, and examines the impacts of increasing computer and Internet use on e–commerce and trade, Internet addiction and public health, family and marriage relationships, and public policy and democracy. Analysis results suggest that average income and urbanization have been the key factors behind both the growth of and the disparities in home computer ownership and Internet use in China. Also, the increasing use of computers and Internet has resulted in both positive and negative impacts in Chinese society and brought about opportunities and challenges for human development.
Where do bloggers blog? Platform transitions within the historical Dutch blogosphere
Authors: Weltevrede Esther , Helmond Anne
Published: March 2012

The blogosphere has played an instrumental role in the transition and the evolution of linking technologies and practices. This research traces and maps historical changes in the Dutch blogosphere and the interconnections between blogs, which — traditionally considered — turn a set of blogs into a blogosphere. This paper will discuss the definition of the blogosphere by asking who the actors are which make up the blogosphere through its interconnections. This research aims to repurpose the Wayback Machine so as to trace and map transitions in linking technologies and practices in the blogosphere over time by means of digital methods and custom software. We are then able to create yearly network visualizations of the historical Dutch blogosphere (1999–2009). This approach allows us to study the emergence and decline of blog platforms and social media platforms within the blogosphere and it also allows us to investigate local blog cultures.
Successful Replacement of a Detached Pedestal during Support with Jarvik 2000
Authors: Centofanti Paolo , Attisani Matteo , Bosco Giovanni F. , Khayat Andrè , La Torre Michele , Baronetto Andrea , Boffini Massimo , Rinaldi Mauro
Published: March 2012

Infection in patients supported with left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) is common and it can limit widespread implantation of mechanical assistance as destination therapy (DT). The infection-resistance power delivery system could improve longevity and quality of life. The Jarvik 2000 (Jarvik Heart, New York, NY, USA) driveline design showed a prolonged infection-free survival and a better quality of life compared to those patients supported with traditional LVAD with an abdominal cable. We report a singular driveline complication in a 71-year-old patient supported with a Jarvik 2000. A new retroauricular pedestal was successfully repositioned after the detachement of the first one.
Prophylactic Treatment with Alkaline Phosphatase in Cardiac Surgery Induces Endogenous Alkaline Phosphatase Release
Authors: Kats Suzanne , Brands Ruud , Hamad Mohamed A. Soliman , Seinen Willem , Scharnhorst Volkher , Wulkan Raymond W. , Schönberger Jacques P. , van Oeveren Wim
Published: March 2012

Introduction

Laboratory and clinical data have implicated endotoxin as an important factor in the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass. We assessed the effects of the administration of bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase (bIAP), an endotoxin detoxifier, on alkaline phosphatase levels in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.

Methods

A total of 63 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were enrolled and prospectively randomized. Bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase (n=32) or placebo (n=31) was administered as an intravenous bolus followed by continuous infusion for 36 hours. The primary endpoint was to evaluate alkaline phosphatase levels in both groups and to find out if administration of bIAP to patients undergoing CABG would lead to endogenous alkaline phosphatase release.

Results

No significant adverse effects were identified in either group. In all the 32 patients of the bIAP-treated group, we found an initial rise of plasma alkaline phosphatase levels due to bolus administration (464.27±176.17 IU/L). A significant increase of plasma alkaline phosphatase at 4–6 hours postoperatively was observed (354.97±95.00 IU/L) as well. Using LHA inhibition, it was shown that this second peak was caused by the generation of Tissue Non Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (TNSALP-type alkaline phosphatase).

Conclusions

Intravenous bolus administration plus 8 hours continuous infusion of alkaline phosphatase in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass results in endogenous alkaline phosphatase release. This endogenous alkaline phosphatase may play a role in the immune defense system.
Clinical and Immunological Changes of Immunotherapy in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis: Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Sánchez Caraballo Jorge Mario , Cardona Villa Ricardo
Published: March 2012

Background. Immunotherapy has proven to be an useful tool in the management of allergic respiratory diseases; however, little has been studied in atopic dermatitis. Objective. To evaluate the clinical and immunological impact of immunotherapy with mites allergen extracts in atopic dermatitis. Methods. Patients with atopic dermatitis were assigned with computer-generated randomization to either of the following groups: (a) controls received only topical treatment with steroids and/or tacrolimus and (b) actively treated patients received topical treatment plus immunotherapy. Levels of serum total IgE, mites-specific IgE and IgG4 were assessed at study start and after one year of immunotherapy. Results. 31 patients in the active group and 29 in the control group completed the study. Symptoms and medication scores were significantly reduced in the active group after six months. Three patients in the control group showed new sensitizations to mites, while 3 patients in the active group showed neosensitization to shrimp with negative oral food challenge. We observed significant increase of mites-specific IgG4 levels in active group. Conclusion. Specific allergen immunotherapy induced a tolerogenic IgG4 response to mite allergens associated with favorable clinical effects in atopic dermatitis patients.
An Approach to Convert XMI Representation of UML 2.x Interaction Diagram into Control Flow Graph
Authors: Kundu Debasish , Samanta Debasis , Mall Rajib
Published: March 2012

For automation of many software engineering tasks such as program analysis, testing, and coverage analysis, it is necessary to construct a control flow graph. With the advancement of UML, software practitioners advocate to construct control flow graph from some of the UML design artifacts. UML 2.x supports the modeling of control flow information in interaction diagram by means of message sequences and different types of fragments like alt, opt, break, loop, and so forth. Leading UML modeling tools, namely MagicDraw, IBM's Rational, and so forth export models in XMI format. Construction of control flow graph from the XMI representation of an interaction diagram is not straightforward as model elements of interaction diagram are captured in XMI by means of values of attributes of multiple tagged elements and correlations among these tagged elements is not explicitly specified. This paper proposes an approach for construction of control flow graph from XMI representation of UML 2.x interaction diagram. A prototype tool based on our approach has been developed which can be plugged in any computer-aided software engineering tool.
The Inhibition of Ureteral Motility by Periureteral Adipose Tissue
Authors: Killian Lyndsey M. , Bund Stuart J.
Published: March 2012

Perivascular adipose tissue exerts an anticontractile influence on vascular smooth muscle. This study was conducted to determine whether periureteral adipose tissue (PUAT) could exert a similar influence upon ureteral smooth muscle. Acetylcholine-stimulated (10−7 M–10−4 M) contractile responses of ureteral segments obtained from male Wistar rats were recorded in the presence and absence of PUAT. Ureters with PUAT generated phasic contractile responses with significantly lower frequencies () and magnitudes () compared with ureters cleared of their periureteral adipose tissue. Removal of PUAT significantly increased the frequency () and magnitude () of the contractile responses. Bioassay experiments demonstrated that ureters with PUAT released a transferable factor that significantly reduced frequencies (), but not magnitudes, of the contractile responses of ureters cleared of PUAT. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NNA (10−4 M) did not significantly influence the anticontractile effect exerted by ureters with PUAT.
This is the first study to demonstrate that ureteral motility is influenced by its surrounding adipose tissue. The PUAT has an anticontractile effect which is mediated by a transferable factor released from the PUAT. The identity of the factor is unknown but does not exert its effect through nitric oxide.
Efficient Nonviral Gene Therapy Using Folate-Targeted Chitosan-DNA Nanoparticles In Vitro
Authors: Jreyssaty Christian , Shi Qin , Wang Huijie , Qiu Xingping , Winnik Françoise M. , Zhang Xiaoling , Dai Kerong , Benderdour Mohamed , Fernandes Julio C.
Published: March 2012

Nonviral cationic polymers like chitosan can be combined with DNA to protect it from degradation. The chitosan is a biocompatible, biodegradable, nontoxic, and cheap polycationic polymer with low immunogenicity. The objective of this study was to synthesize and then assess different chitosan-DNA nanoparticles and to select the best ones for selective in vitro transfection in human epidermoid carcinoma (KB) cell lines. It revealed that different combinations of molecular weight, the presence or absence of folic acid ligand, and different plasmid DNA sizes can lead to nanoparticles with various diameters and diverse transfection efficiencies. The intracellular trafficking, nuclear uptake, and localization are also studied by confocal microscopy, which confirmed that DNA was delivered to cell nuclei to be expressed.
On the Importance of Purification of Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate
Authors: Sen Akhil K. , Roy Sandip , Juvekar Vinay A.
Published: March 2012

Ion exchange is commonly employed for purification of sodium polystyrene sulfonate (NaPSS), a molecule widely used as a model polyelectrolyte. However, the present work demonstrates that the ion exchange process itself may introduce some extraneous species into NaPSS samples by two possible mechanisms: (i) chemical transformation of polystyrene sulfonic acid (HPSS), a relatively unstable intermediate formed during ion exchange and (ii) release of small amount of “condensed” acid from cationic resins during the elution of NaPSS molecules. Based on these observations, it is proposed that simple dialysis is adopted as a standard protocol for the purification of primary NaPSS sample.
Increasing Latino Parents’ Verbal Interactions with Their Preschool-Aged Children
Authors: Gesell Sabina , Wallace Dan , Tempesti Tommaso , Hux Vanessa , Barkin Shari
Published: March 2012

The rapidly growing Hispanic American population is experiencing an academic achievement gap that seems to be rooted in disparities in early childhood education and literacy development. Children of non-English-speaking immigrant parents are at greatest risk of poor school performance, but there is potential to capitalize on immigrants’ drive by encouraging them to engage with their children in dialog while reading native-language storybooks. This paper reports on a community-based randomized controlled trial () delivered to mostly Mexican immigrant parents of preschool-age children. Intervention group parents attended three monthly 60-minute sessions based on the Dialogic Reading Model—C.A.R. (Comment and Wait, Ask Questions and Wait, and Respond by Adding More), which teaches parents to have a conversation about pictures in books, with the goal of enhancing verbal exchanges with the child in the parent’s native language. After the 3-month intervention, parents in the bilingual early language development intervention reported placing greater value on children’s active verbal participation in reading compared to control group parents who participated in a healthy lifestyle intervention. These results suggest that Hispanics’ educational outcomes may be improved by educating parents on the value of playful conversations with young children while reading books in one’s native language.
Free Microsurgical and Pedicled Flaps for Oncological Mandibular Reconstruction: Technical Aspects and Evaluation of Patient Comorbidities
Authors: Hassid Victor J. , Maqusi Suhair , Culligan Emmett , Cohen Mimis N. , Antony Anuja K.
Published: March 2012

Oncologic mandibular reconstruction has changed significantly over the years and continues to evolve with the introduction of newer technologies and techniques. Patient demographic, reconstructive, and complication data were obtained from a prospectively maintained clinical database of patients who underwent head and neck reconstruction at our institution. The free fibular flap is now considered the gold standard for mandibular reconstruction. However, in patients with multiple comorbidities, lengthy procedures may be less optimal and pedicled flaps, with specific modifications, can yield reasonable outcomes. Technical aspects and comorbidity profiles are examined in the oncological mandibular reconstruction cohort.
Nickel/Zinc Chloride‐Promoted Domino Reaction of Enynes and Enones Including Unstrained CC Bond Cleavage
Authors: Ambe‐Suzuki Kaori , Ohyama Yukari , Shirai Naohiro , Ikeda Shin‐ichi
Published: March 2012

Unstrained CC bond cleavage proceeds during the domino reaction of enynes and enones that includes successive CC bond formation under the nickel/zinc/zinc chloride system. The cleavage occurs through β‐syn‐elimination of the 1,3‐dicarbonyl part. In addition, β‐carbon elimination is selective, unlike the β‐hydrogen elimination in the presence of excess zinc chloride.
Platinum on Carbon‐Catalyzed Precise Reduction Control of Trichloromethyl to Geminal‐Dichloromethyl Groups
Authors: Imanishi Takahiro , Fujiwara Yuta , Sawama Yoshinari , Monguchi Yasunari , Sajiki Hironao
Published: March 2012

Geminal‐dichloromethyl derivatives could be efficiently synthesized by the highly chemoselective platinum on carbon‐catalyzed mono‐dechlorination of trichloromethyl substrates in dimethylacetamide (DMA) as a specific solvent at 25 °C under a hydrogen atmosphere.
A constitutive model for stress–strain response and mullins effect in filled elastomers
Authors: Mossi Idrissa A. K. , Ahzi S. , Patlazhan S. , Rémond Y. , Ruch D.
Published: March 2012

In this work we propose a new constitutive theory to estimate the stress–strain response and the softening induced by the Mullins effect during the stretching of filled elastomers. In this study, we used the Mullins and Tobin concept where the filled elastomers are treated as composites with hard‐domains and soft‐domains and the softening is due to the hard domain transformation into soft domain during stretching. Gent strain energy is assumed to represent the behavior of the unfilled elastomers. This strain energy representation is then reformulated in order to consider fillers effect in the case of filled elastomers. The proposed approach takes into account the effect of the type of carbon‐black filler and of its volume fraction on the mechanical response and microstructure evolution during stretching. The predicted results are compared to Mullins and Tobin experimental data, and good agreements are obtained. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Reactivity of Bispropargyl Sulfones under Basic Conditions: Interplay Between Garratt–Braverman and Schmittel/Myers–Saito Cyclization Pathway
Authors: Mukherjee Raja , Mondal Sayantan , Basak Amit , Mallick Dibyendu , Jemmis Eluvathingal D.
Published: March 2012

The preference for Garratt–Braverman (GB) over Myers–Saito (MS) and Schmittel (SCM) cyclizations has recently been demonstrated in sulfones capable of undergoing all three of the processes. As the GB cyclization is a self‐quenching process, there is a need to change the selectivity to the non‐self‐quenching MS or SCM pathway so as to enhance the DNA‐cleaving efficiency that operates through the radical‐mediated process. Herein we report a conformational constraint‐based strategy developed by using computations (M06‐2X/6‐31+G*) to switch the selectivity from GB to MS/SCM pathway which also results in greater DNA‐cleavage activity. The preference for GB could be brought back by easing the constraint with the help of spacers.
A programmable calculation procedure for number of traffic conflict points at highway intersections
Authors: Lu Jian John , Chen Shengdi , Ge Xing , Pan Fuquan
Published: March 2012

Traffic movement conflict points at intersections are the points at which traffic movements intersect (including crossing, merging, and diverging). Numbers and distribution of different types of conflict points are used to evaluate intersection access management designs and safety performance. Traditionally, the determination of the numbers of conflict points for different traffic movements is based on manual methods, which causes the difficulty for computerized procedures to evaluate safety performance of different access management designs. Sometimes, a programmable calculation procedure may provide more effective solutions as compared with manual methods. This paper presents a programmable calculation procedure for the determination of the numbers of conflict points, which could be used as a basis for a computerized procedure. Concepts of virtual movement lanes and intersection quadrants are introduced to specify types of intersections, traffic lane configurations, and traffic movement regulations. Calculation models, based on such concepts, for traffic movement conflict points at signalized and unsignalized intersections can be obtained. In support of the procedure, case studies are presented in the paper. The procedure presented in the paper can be programmed into a computer program for the purpose of a computerized evaluation of intersection safety and design performance of different access management or control approaches. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk‐based stochastic equilibrium assignment model in augmented urban railway network
Authors: Jianjun Wu , Huijun Sun , Ziyou Gao , Linghui Han , Bingfeng Si
Published: March 2012

This study developed a methodology to model the passenger flow stochastic assignment in urban railway network (URN) with the considerations of risk attitude. Through the network augmentation technique, the urban railway system is represented by an augmented network in which the common traffic assignment method can be used directly similar to a generalized network form. Using the analysis of different cases including deterministic travel state, emergent event, peak travel, and completely stochastic state, we developed a stochastic equilibrium formulation to capture these stochastic considerations and give effects of risk aversion level on the URN performance, the passenger flow at transfer stations through numerical studies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From preclinical to human – prediction of oral absorption and drug–drug interaction potential using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach in an industrial setting: a workflow by using case example
Authors: Sinha Vikash Kumar , Snoeys Jan , Osselaer Nancy Van , Peer Achiel Van , Mackie Claire , Heald Donald
Published: March 2012

Purpose

A case example is presented in which the physiologically based modeling approach has been used to model the absorption of a lipophilic BCS Class II compound predominantly metabolized by CYP3A4, and to assess the interplay of absorption related parameters with the drug–drug interaction (DDI) potential.

Methods

The PBPK model was built in the rat using Gastroplus® to study the absorption characteristics of the compound. Subsequently relevant model parameters were used to predict the non‐linear human PK observed during first‐in‐human study after optimizing the absorption model for colonic absorption, bile micelle solubilization and unbound fraction in gut enterocytes (fugut) using SIMCYP® simulator. The model fitted absorption parameters were then used to assess the drug–drug interaction (DDI) potential of the test compound when administered along with multiple doses of a potent CYP 3A4 inhibitor, ketoconazole. The impact of fugut in the extent of DDI was assessed using parameter sensitivity analysis.

Results and Conclusions

After optimizing the preclinical model and taking into consideration bile micelle solubilization and colonic absorption, the non‐linear pharmacokinetics of the test compound was satisfactorily predicted in man. Sensitivity analysis performed with the absorption parameter fugut indicated that it could be an important parameter in predicting oral absorption. In addition, DDI simulations using SIMCYP® suggest that Cmax and AUC ratios may also be sensitive to the fugut input in the model. Since fugut cannot be measured experimentally, sensitivity analysis may help in assessing the importance of fugut in human PK and DDI prediction using SIMCYP®. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using storage organelles for the accumulation and encapsulation of recombinant proteins
Authors: Khan Imran , Twyman Richard M. , Arcalis Elsa , Stoger Eva
Published: March 2012

Plants have been used to produce many diverse and valuable recombinant proteins, including subunit vaccines, antibodies and antibody fragments, hormones, blood products, cytokines, and enzymes. Different plant species and platforms have been explored as production hosts, each with unique properties in terms of the gene transfer method, production time, environmental containment, scalability, downstream processing strategy, protein folding and accumulation, and overall costs. Seed‐based systems have many advantages because they exploit the natural storage properties of seeds, which facilitate batch processing and distribution. Seeds possess specialized storage organelles that may be used to accumulate recombinant proteins, offering stability both in planta and after harvest in the final preparation/formulation. The post‐harvest stabilizing effect of seeds allows recombinant subunit vaccines and antibodies to be delivered via the mucosal route because they are better able to withstand this harsh microenvironment when protected by the plant matrix. Native storage organelles such as starch granules and protein bodies offer this protective effect, but protein storage organelles can also be induced ectopically in vegetative tissues. In this paper, we discuss the technical capabilities of storage organelle‐based expression platforms and their potential applications.
Effect of light intensity on algal biomass accumulation and biodiesel production for mixotrophic strains Chlorella kessleri and Chlorella protothecoide cultivated in highly concentrated municipal wastewater
Authors: Li Yecong , Zhou Wenguang , Hu Bing , Min Min , Chen Paul , Ruan Roger R.
Published: March 2012

In this research, the effect of light intensity on biomass accumulation, wastewater nutrient removal through algae cultivation, and biodiesel productivity was investigated with algae species Chlorella kessleri and Chlorella protothecoide. The light intensities studied were 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 200 µmol m−2 s−1. The results showed that light intensity had profound impact on tested responses for both strains, and the dependence of these responses on light intensity varied with different algae strains. For C. kessleri, the optimum light intensity was 120 µmol m−2 S−1 for all responses except for COD removal. For C. protothecoide, the optimum light intensity was 30 µmol m−2 S−1. The major components of the biodiesel produced from algae biomass were 16‐C and 18‐C FAME, and the highest biodiesel contents were 24.19% and 19.48% of dried biomass for C. kessleri and C. protothecoide, respectively. Both species were capable of wastewater nutrients removal under all lighting conditions with high removal efficiencies. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012;109: 2222–2229. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐cycling operation increases productivity of recombinant protein in Escherichia coli
Authors: Storms Zachary J. , Brown Tobin , Sauvageau Dominic , Cooper David G.
Published: March 2012

Self‐cycling fermentation (SCF), a cyclical, semi‐continuous process that induces cell synchrony, was incorporated into a recombinant protein production scheme. Escherichia coli CY15050, a lac− mutant lysogenized with temperature‐sensitive phage λ modified to over‐express β‐galactosidase, was used as a model system. The production scheme was divided into two de‐coupled stages. The host cells were cultured under SCF operation in the first stage before being brought to a second stage where protein production was induced. In the first stage, the host strain demonstrated a stable cycling pattern immediately following the first cycle. This reproducible pattern was maintained over the course of the experiments and a significant degree of cell synchrony was obtained. By growing cells using SCF, productivity increased 50% and production time decreased by 40% compared to a batch culture under similar conditions. In addition, synchronized cultures induced from the end of a SCF cycle displayed shorter lysis times and a more complete culture‐wide lysis than unsynchronized cultures. Finally, protein synthesis was influenced by the time at which the lytic phase was induced in the cell life cycle. For example, induction of a synchronized culture immediately prior to cell division resulted in the maximum protein productivity, suggesting protein production can be optimized with respect to the cell life cycle using SCF. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012;109: 2262–2270. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What if Web site editorial content and ads are in two different languages? A study of bilingual consumers' online information processing
Authors: Li Cong , Kalyanaraman Sriram
Published: March 2012

This study examined banner ads' communication effects when they were written in the same or different language from the editorial content of a Web site. A total of 60 bilingual consumers who spoke both Chinese (as their first language) and English (as their second language) participated in an experiment, in which they viewed a designated news story Web site. The editorial content of the Web site and the banner ads on it were written in either Chinese or English. It was found that the participants considered the Chinese Web sites to be more readable. However, they generated higher recalls and purchase intentions for the ads on the English Web sites. Moreover, they revealed more favorable attitudes toward the brands when the ads were written in English than in Chinese. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.