bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Media Marketing
Authors: Constantinides Efthymios
Published: July 2013

The present stage in the evolution of the Internet, commonly called Web 2.0, has revolutionized the way people communicate, interact, and share information and has radically changed the way customers search for and buy products. The increasing adoption of Web 2.0 applications and technologies has led to an explosion of customer-generated content and has opened new opportunities for networking and collaboration among customers. Web 2.0 applications have brought about a new media category, the Social Media, increasingly growing in importance at the cost of traditional media. The Social Media have changed the power structures in the marketplace; evidence points to a major power-migration that is taking place and to the emergence of a new breed of powerful and sophisticated customers, difficult to influence, persuade, and retain. The chapter outlines the nature, effects, and present status of the Social Media, underscoring their role as agents of customer-empowerment. It explains their aptitude and possible roles as part of the corporate marketing strategy and identifies different ways of engaging them as marketing tools. The chapter proposes two possible Social Media marketing strategies. One is a passive approach focusing on utilizing the Social Media domain as source of customer voice and market intelligence. The second is an active approach, engaging the Social Media as direct marketing and PR channels, as channels of customer influence, as tools of personalizing products, and last, but not least, developing them as platforms of co-operation and customer-generated innovation. Finally, the chapter identifies future research directions for this new element of the marketing landscape.
What Do Chinese Fashion Consumers Talk about when They Talk about Fashion?
Authors: Foster Jonathan
Published: July 2013

This chapter explores the interaction between fashion innovation and a networked information economy. One of the distinctive features of the latter is the prominence of a consumer who is able to play a more active and prominent role in the reception and even design of new products. Against this background the purpose of this study was to explore the role and contributions of Chinese consumers in the diffusion of fashion innovation. A content analysis of the contributions of Chinese consumers to a popular fashion forum called Branded Clothing is presented. The findings suggest a preference for later rather than earlier adoption of fashion goods; with forty-one per cent of respondents acting as a fashion follower, and fifty-nine per cent adopting more active roles in the exchange of fashion information. Tips and advice are the main category of content identified. The reliability and validity of the findings of the study are discussed. In conclusion it is suggested that the social system into which fashion goods are introduced in China may be different from that in a Western context. While innovative communicators exist, there are also opportunities for displays of increased innovativeness and opinion leadership in a Chinese online fashion consumption context.
Integrating Digital Technologies for Spatial Reasoning
Authors: Schroeder D. Craig , Lee Carl W.
Published: July 2013

The Common Core State Standards for Mathematics include mathematical practices for modeling and also references to the appropriate use of technology. Several new dynamic programs can be leveraged using Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) to enhance the conceptual and practical knowledge of students. The authors used Google SketchUp to develop understandings of 3-dimensional shapes and models. In the successful project, middle school students were introduced to the program, given small challenges, and then, as a culminating project, asked to model rooms within their school. The result was an exact replica of the schoolrooms and a project that could be used for virtual tours. This type of project-based learning can be implemented in most classrooms, even those in which the instructor has limited knowledge of SketchUp. Students were actively engaged throughout the instruction and were able to work with their peers and develop practical mathematical skills.
Solving Equations is All about Balance
Authors: Magruder Robin , Mohr-Schroeder Margaret
Published: July 2013

Virtual manipulatives provide benefits to students as they encounter the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics content and practice standards. The National Library of Virtual Manipulatives provides an abundant supply of virtual manipulatives for all K-12 grades and mathematics content areas. Specifically, in this chapter, the authors explore the use of Algebra Balance Scale manipulatives in a middle school mathematics classroom. Using virtual manipulatives increases understanding of the equal sign, algebraic symbols, and increases procedural and conceptual knowledge. In this chapter, the authors demonstrate how using virtual manipulatives helped middle school students to meet grade level content standards for solving equations in one variable. Additionally, practice standards, such as making sense of problems and persevering to solve them, modeling with mathematics, and using tools strategically through the use of virtual manipulatives are addressed. They conclude by considering practical issues related to incorporating virtual manipulatives in mathematics classrooms.
LessonSketch
Authors: Herbst Patricio , Aaron Wendy , Chieu Vu Minh
Published: July 2013

This chapter describes how the authors have utilized digital graphics and Web 2.0 technologies to design an information technology environment, LessonSketch. In LessonSketch teachers can learn about mathematical practice in instruction through the transaction of representations of practice. The authors describe the main features of LessonSketch, its collection of lessons, and its authoring tools, and illustrate what teacher educators have done with them.
The Use of Digital Resources to Support Elementary School Teachers’ Implementation of the Common Core State Standards
Authors: Lehew Amy Jensen , Polly Drew
Published: July 2013

This chapter describes the process of developing Web-based resources to support elementary school teachers’ implementation of the Common Core State Standards in Mathematics in a large urban school district in the southeastern United States. Based on a learner-centered approach to teacher professional development the authors describe a three-fold process of supporting teachers: providing opportunities for teachers to deepen their understanding of the CCSSM, providing curricular resources that align with the CCSSM, and providing ongoing support through teachers’ implementation of the CCSSM. Implications for the development of Web-based resources and researching these types of endeavors are also shared.
Need for Dynamicity in Social Networking Sites
Authors: Hura Gurdeep S
Published: July 2013

This chapter presents this new emerging technology of social media and networking with a detailed discussion on: basic definitions and applications, how this technology evolved in the last few years, the need for dynamicity under data mining environment. It also provides a comprehensive design and analysis of popular social networking media and sites available for the users. A brief discussion on the data mining methodologies for implementing the variety of new applications dealing with huge/big data in data science is presented. Further, an attempt is being made in this chapter to present a new emerging perspective of data mining methodologies with its dynamicity for social networking media and sites as a new trend and needed framework for dealing with huge amount of data for its collection, analysis and interpretation for a number of real world applications. A discussion will also be provided for the current and future status of data mining of social media and networking applications.
Data Preprocessing for Dynamic Social Network Analysis
Authors: Gupta Preeti , Bhatnagar Vishal
Published: July 2013

The social network analysis is of significant interest in various application domains due to its inherent richness. Social network analysis like any other data analysis is limited by the quality and quantity of data and for which data preprocessing plays the key role. Before the discovery of useful information or pattern from the social network data set, the original data set must be converted to a suitable format. In this chapter we present various phases of social network data preprocessing. In this context, the authors discuss various challenges in each phase. The goal of this chapter is to illustrate the importance of data preprocessing for social network analysis.
Dynamic Social Network Mining
Authors: Cagliero Luca , Fiori Alessandro
Published: July 2013

This Chapter overviews most recent data mining approaches proposed in the context of social network analysis. In particular, it aims at classifying the proposed approaches based on both the adopted mining strategies and their suitability for supporting knowledge discovery in a dynamic context. To provide a thorough insight into the proposed approaches, main work issues and prospects in dynamic social network analysis are also outlined.
Social Media Analytics
Authors: Pandey Sunil Kr , Kansal Vineet
Published: July 2013

Many popular online social networks such as Twitter, LinkedIn, and Facebook have become increasingly popular. In addition, a number of multimedia networks such as Flickr have also seen an increasing level of popularity in recent years. Many such social networks are extremely rich in content, and contain tremendous amount of content and linkage data which can be leveraged for analysis. The linkage data is essentially the graph structure of the social network and the communications between entities; whereas the content data contains the text, images and other multimedia data in the network. The growth of the usage and penetration of social media in the recent years has been enormous and unprecedented. This significant increase in its usage and increased number of users, there has been trend of a substantial increase in the volume of information generated by users of social media. Irrespective of primary domain in which organization is operating in to, whether it is insurance sector, social media (including facebook, twitter etc), medical science, banking etc. Virtually a large number of varying nature and services of organizations are making significant investments in social media. But it is also true that many are not systematically analyzing the valuable information that is resulting from their investments. This chapter aims at providing a data-centric view of online social networks; a topic which has been missing from much of the literature and to draw unanswered research issues which can be further explored to strengthen this area.
Critical Parameters for Fuzzy Data Mining
Authors: Bhattacharya Sinchan , Bhatnagar Vishal
Published: July 2013

Research on data mining is increasing at an incessant rate and to improve its effectiveness other techniques have been applied such as fuzzy sets, rough set theory, knowledge representation, inductive logic programming, or high-performance computing. Fuzzy logic due to its proficiency in handling uncertainty has gained its importance in a variety of applications in combination with the use of data mining techniques. In this chapter we take this association a notch further by examining the parameters which allow fuzzy sets and data mining to be combined into what has come to be known as fuzzy data mining. Analyzing and understanding these critical parameters is the main purpose of this chapter, so as to acquire maximum efficiency in applying the same which impelled the authors to work extensively and find out the crucial parameters essential to the application of fuzzy data mining.
On the Aggregatability of Router Forwarding Tables
Authors: Liu Yaoqing , Zhao Xin , Wang Lan , Zhang Beichuan
Published: July 2013

In this book chapter, the authors first present Optimal Routing Table Constructor (ORTC), an optimal one-time FIB aggregation algorithm that preserves strong forwarding correctness. The authors then present four-level FIB aggregation algorithm(s) that can handle dynamic routing updates while maintaining forwarding correctness. Afterwards, the authors evaluate our algorithms using routing tables from RouteViews, and compare the algorithms with ORTC using routing tables from a Tier-1 ISP. The authors found that ORTC’s aggregation ratio is better than the Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 algorithms, but the Level 4 algorithm has better aggregation ratio than ORTC as they relax the requirement of forwarding correctness. Finally, the authors evaluate the potential impact of introducing extra routable space in the Level 4 algorithm and discuss how to limit such negative impact.
APT
Authors: Jen Dan , Meisel Michael , Massey Daniel , Wang Lan , Zhang Beichuan , Zhang Lixia
Published: July 2013

The global routing system has seen a rapid increase in table size and routing changes in recent years, mostly driven by the growth of edge networks. This growth reflects two major limitations in the current architecture: (a) the conflict between provider-based addressing and edge networks’ need for multihoming, and (b) flat routing’s inability to provide isolation from edge dynamics. In order to address these limitations, we propose A Practical Tunneling Architecture (APT), a routing architecture that enables the Internet routing system to scale independently from edge growth. APT partitions the Internet address space in two, one for the transit core and one for edge networks, allowing edge addresses to be removed from the routing table in the transit core. Packets between edge networks are tunneled through the transit core. In order to automatically tunnel the packets, APT provides a mapping service between edge addresses and the addresses of their transit-core attachment points. We conducted an extensive performance evaluation of APT using trace data collected from routers at two major service providers. Our results show that APT can tunnel packets through the transit core by incurring extra delay on up to 0.8% of all packets at the cost of introducing only one or a few new or repurposed devices per AS.
Routing Architecture of Next-Generation Internet (RANGI)
Authors: Xu Xiaohu , Lu Meilian
Published: July 2013

This chapter describes a new Identifier/Locator split architecture, referred to as Routing Architecture for the Next Generation Internet (RANGI), which aims to deal with the routing scalability issues. Similar to the Host Identity Protocol (HIP) architecture, RANGI also introduces a host identifier (ID) layer between the IPv6 network layer and the transport layer and hence the transport-layer associations (e.g., TCP connections) are no longer bound to IP addresses, but to the host IDs. The major difference from the HIP architecture is that RANGI adopts hierarchical and cryptographic host IDs which have delegation-oriented structure. The corresponding ID to locator mapping system in RANGI is designed to preserve a “reasonable” business model and clear trust boundaries. In addition, RANGI uses special IPv4-embeded IPv6 addresses as locators and hence site-controllable traffic-engineering and simplified renumbering can be easily achieved while the deployment cost of such new architecture is reduced greatly.
Waveband Switching
Authors: Wang Yang , Anand Vishal , Cao Xiaojun
Published: July 2013

In this chapter, the authors describe and review some of the recent research on WBS, including Multi-Granular optical cross-connect (MG-OXC) architectures that can switch traffic at different granularities. The authors focus on the dynamic online WBS problem, and describe and analyze two reconfigurable MG-OXC architectures in terms of their port count and blocking probabilities. Based on the analyses, the authors then propose a novel dynamic graph-based waveband assignment algorithm in conjunction with adaptive routing. The proposed algorithm employs ant optimization techniques to reduce ports and blocking probability in the network with online traffic in a distributed manner. The authors use simulation experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of the authors’ approach under various parameters such as varying number of ants, varying the number of routes and the wavelength assignment algorithm. The authors’ simulation results show that their graph-based waveband assignment algorithm combined with adaptive routing can achieve a superior performance when compared to other schemes. Furthermore, the authors’ studies shows that even with limited resources, WBS can achieve a low blocking probability and port savings.
Virtual Reality Technologies (Visual, Haptics, and Audio) in Large Datasets Analysis
Authors: Menelas Bob-Antoine J.
Published: July 2013

With the latest developments in technology, several researchers have integrated other sensorymotor channels in the analysis of scientific datasets. In addition to vision, auditory feedbacks and haptic interactions have been exploited. In this chapter we study how these modalities can contribute to effective analysis processes. Based on psychophysical characteristics of humans the author argues that haptics should be used in order to improve interactions of the user with the dataset to analyze. The author describes a classification that highlights four tasks for which haptics seems to present advantages over vision and audio. Proposed taxonomy is divided into four categories: Select, Locate, Connect and Arrange. Moreover, this work provides a complete view on the contribution of haptics in analysis of scientific datasets.
Highlighting in Visual Data Analytics
Authors: Huang Mao Lin , Liang Jie , Huang Weidong
Published: July 2013

Highlighting has been known as a basic viewing control mechanism in computer graphics and visualization for guiding users’ attention in reading diagrams, images, graphs, and digital texts. Due to the rapid development of theory and practice in information visualization and visual analytics, the role of ‘highlighting’ in computer graphics has been extended from just acting as a viewing control to being part of an interaction control and a visual recommendation mechanism that is important in modern information visualization and visual analytics. In this chapter, the authors present a brief literature review. They try to assign the word ‘highlighting’ a contemporary definition and attempt to give a formal summarization and classification of the existing and potential ‘highlighting’ methods that are to be applied in Information Visualization, Visual Analytics, and Knowledge Visualization. We also propose a new three-layer model of ‘highlighting’ and discuss the responsibilities of each layer accordingly.
Visualizing Information-Triage
Authors: Zahabi Liese
Published: July 2013

In many ways, the promise of the Internet has been overshadowed by a sense of information overload and anxiety for many users. The production and publication of online material has become increasingly accessible and affordable, creating a confusing glut of information users must sift through to locate exactly what they want or need. Even a fundamental Google search can often prove paralyzing. In this chapter, the author examines the points at which design plays a role in the online search process, reconciles those points with the nature of sensemaking and the limitations of working memory, and suggests ways to support users with an information-triage system. The author then describes a speculative online searching prototype that explores these issues and the possibilities for information-triage.
A Programmer-Centric and Task-Optimized Object Graph Visualizer for Debuggers
Authors: Savidis Anthony , Koutsopoulos Nikos
Published: July 2013

Today, existing graph visualizers are not popular for debugging purposes because they are mostly visualization-oriented, rather than task-oriented, implementing general-purpose graph drawing algorithms. The latter explains why prominent integrated development environments still adopt traditional tree views. The authors introduce a debugging assistant with a visualization technique designed to better fit the actual task of defect detection in runtime object networks, while supporting advanced inspection and configuration features. Its design has been centered on the study of the actual programmer needs in the context of the debugging task, emphasizing: 1.) visualization style inspired by a social networking metaphor enabling easily identify who deploys objects (clients) and whom objects deploy (servers); 2.) inspection features to easily review object contents and associations and to search content patterns (currently regular expressions only); and 3.) interactively configurable levels of information detail, supporting off-line inspection and multiple concurrent views.
Implementation of Evidence-Based Practice and the PARIHS Framework
Authors: Zaheer Shahram
Published: July 2013

Patients receiving healthcare are commonly exposed to harm that is systematic and often severe. Clinical decisions based on inaccurate sources of information can lead to medical errors, high treatment costs, and poor patient outcomes. Evidence-based practice has the potential to overcome these problems by improving clinical decision-making processes. The PARIHS framework was developed to address the inability of traditional unidimensional models to successfully implement evidence-based practice. The PARIHS framework proposes that successful implementation of evidence into practice is a function of evidence, culture, and facilitation. The PARIHS framework can be used to design, implement, and evaluate knowledge translation projects at both acute and chronic care facilities. This chapter discusses the PARIHS framework as well as its advantages for implementing change at a healthcare setting compared to traditional models. The chapter also outlines a feasible knowledge translation project based on the principles of the PARIHS framework while highlighting health informatics and availability of easily accessible high quality patient outcome data as key enablers in designing and successfully implementing such a project at a healthcare setting.
Implementation of Case Costing with Ontario Case Costing Initiative (OCCI)
Authors: Hoang Thuy Thi Thanh
Published: July 2013

Over the past decade there has been a tremendous spread of computerized systems in hospitals. The advancement provided an opportunity for hospitals to gain access to computerized clinical, financial, and statistical data. Case costing information is the integration of clinical, financial, and statistical data to provide costing information at the patient level. Ontario Case Costing Initiative (OCCI) is an undertaking of the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (MOHLTC). This chapter focuses on the implementation of case costing using OCCI as a guideline for a hospital. It addresses the process of implementation by discussing proposals for planning, implementing, transitioning, and evaluation of case costing. The adoption of the OCCI allows health care professionals to analyze integrated health information and further enables evidence-based decision making.
Mobile Learning Applications and Differentiated Instruction
Authors: Jackson Shelley A. , Snider Sharla , Masek Nicole , Baham Joanne
Published: July 2013

Mobile learning devices allow for learning anytime anywhere (Kinshuk, et al 2009). Currently instructors are attempting to keep up to date on the new developments in technology so that instruction is on the leading edge. Many instructors desire to be at the forefront of creating meaningful opportunities to use mobile devices rather than being passive recipients of developed curriculum and plans related to the use of these tools; plans that possibly address a “one size fits all” approach. For example, rather than technology being a tool to administer the same exams technology can be used to develop the exam so that it is student centered and responds in real time as the student completes the exam, perhaps modifying questions based on the student’s incorrect and correct answers. It is important for instructors to participate fully in the emerging technology of mobile learning applications (apps) and to create opportunities for differentiated instruction. Mobile learning apps hold the promise to be able to adapt to various learning styles of different instructors and different students to provide personalized learning experiences.
iTeach Literacy with iPad Devices
Authors: Santori Diane , Smith Carol , Schugar Heather
Published: July 2013

This chapter presents two unique cases of pre-service and in-service teachers utilizing iPad devices during literacy instruction, identifies numerous affordances and constraints of employing these devices, and offers suggestions for preparing teachers to integrate the iPad into literacy instruction. It is argued that iPad devices have the potential to truly transform literacy teaching and learning if used properly. If teachers are well prepared to use iPad devices effectively for literacy teaching, then their students will be able to utilize this mobile technology to enhance their literacy knowledge while also gaining technological skills essential for participation in our global society.
Stuck in Neutral
Authors: Amedeker Mawuadem Koku
Published: July 2013

The chapter analyses some of the formal documents that led to integrating Information and Communication Technology (ICT) into the educational system in Ghana. These documents include Ghanaian government policy documents as well as international organisations’ research works on ICT in Ghana and other African countries. Most of the documents have the vision to revolutionize existing knowledge base of the Ghanaian society through the deployment and use of ICT by all sectors of the society, including education. The chapter demonstrates that Ghana government ICT policies are not classroom-integration oriented, but rather politically motivated. Further, not enough interventions have been introduced to move teachers away from the traditional ‘chalk-and-talk’ approach to teaching. Thus, all the flamboyant ideas of introducing ‘one child one laptop’ policy do not ensure the integration of technology into education and its use for teaching and learning purposes. It is suggested that training of classroom teachers to integrate ICT into learning is the way forward.
Environmental Context of Information Seeking Behavior
Authors: Miller Rebecca L.
Published: July 2013

Most current models of information seeking behavior (ISB) do not explicitly address the effects of the environmental context on ISB. Wilson (1996) identified several intervening variables, but these have not been systematically considered. This chapter explores the use of the Katz, Levin and Hamilton (1963) model of diffusion of innovations to provide a framework for examining the various elements of an environmental context. In particular, this model provides the means to account for the cultural, social, communicative, and actor components of ISB. The model is described and its use as a supplementing analytic framework in ISB is examined, paying particular attention to its use in research in developing nations.
The Ellis Model of Information Seeking Behavior and the Peripheral Scientific Community
Authors: Aristeguieta-Trillos Simon
Published: July 2013

This chapter explores the relationship between the Ellis Model of Information Seeking Behavior and the scientific community of Venezuela. The research employs a qualitative method to investigate the main information seeking activities of a scientific community in the periphery in the context of dependency theory. The following elements of the Ellis model are supported by the data gathered and analysis: starting, browsing, chaining, filtering, extracting, and information management.
Digitize or Perish
Authors: Asunka Stephen
Published: July 2013

In today’s knowledge and technology driven society, most scholarly information is increasingly being produced and distributed in digital formats. Yet, in Sub-Saharan Africa, academic libraries have been very slow at joining this digital movement, and hence stand the risk of losing their relevance, particularly with regard to locally generated intellectual material. To better serve the knowledge and information seeking needs of their patrons, librarians need to reinvent services. The challenges are discussed as well as prescriptions of workable strategies that librarians, information scientists, and other stakeholders can adopt to overcome these barriers. Such strategies mostly involve appropriately leveraging the existing Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools and resources to make library resources more accessible. Consequently, digitizing indigenous intellectual resources may keep libraries from perishing and respond to user needs and information seeking habits in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Functional Assessment of Persons with Motor Limitations
Authors: Lappas Kaliopi
Published: July 2013

In this chapter a referral is made to the most known examination methods and tools for evaluating persons with motor limitations. Since there are many methods and tools, standardized or not, describing each of them by the area of evaluation and forming a quick reference guide seem to be helpful. Furthermore referrals are made to some special evaluation forms regarding special conditions, like stoke, which appear to have multiple problems influencing function. Finally, in the last section of this chapter a referral is made to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health scale (ICF), which has been developed the past few years by the World Health Organization (WHO), in an effort to have and apply a universal way of assessing people with disabilities. This scale aims to give to all the health professional and researchers a “common language” when “measuring” disability and function.
HIV drug resistance: problems and perspectives
Authors: Pennings Pleuni S.
Published: July 2013

Access to combination antiretroviral treatment (ART) has improved greatly over recent years. At the end of 2011, more than eight million HIV-infected people were receiving ART in low-income and middle-income countries. ART generally works well in keeping the virus suppressed and the patient healthy. However, treatment only works as long as the virus is not resistant against the drugs used. In the last decades, HIV treatments have become better and better at slowing down the evolution of drug resistance, so that some patients are treated for many years without having any resistance problems. However, for some patients, especially in low-income countries, drug resistance is still a serious threat to their health. This essay will review what is known about transmitted and acquired drug resistance, multi-class drug resistance, resistance to newer drugs, resistance due to treatment for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission, the role of minority variants (low-frequency drug-resistance mutations), and resistance due to pre-exposure prophylaxis.
Huwelik en huweliksrolle in Afrikaanse kultuur- en kerklike konteks
Authors: Botha Annelie , Dreyer Yolanda
Published: July 2013

Marriage and marital roles in the Afrikaans cultural and religious context. The article investigates women’s socialization in terms of their position in society and the church, and their roles in the marriage relationship. A brief historical overview is given of how the understanding of marriage has developed, with specific emphasis on marriage and marital roles in Afrikaans cultural and religious contexts. The authors examine the ecclesiastical magazines Die Hervormer and Die Jaarboek van die Nederduitsch Hervormde Sustersvereniging (Yearbook of the Netherdutch Reformed Women’s Association). The article shows that the message communicated to women who are members of the Netherdutch Reformed Church with regard to marital roles is that they must be submissive. Centuries of conditioning has created submissiveness and inferiority in these women and this has affected them negatively not to be equal to men in society and marriage relationships.
’n Postliberale perspektief op ’n ekklesiologiese modaliteit as ’n ecclesiola in ecclesia – heroriëntasie in die Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika
Authors: Van Aarde Andries G.
Published: July 2013

A postliberal perspective on an ecclesiological modality as an ecclesiola in ecclesia – reorientation in the Netherdutch Reformed Church of Africa. This article investigates the legitimacy of a middle position between Reformed orthodoxy and critical theology. Is such a middle position the solution to the current conflict in the Netherdutch Reformed Church of Africa? The tension between ‘liberal’ and ‘orthodox’ is investigated by comparing these to the alleged tension between psychology and critical exegesis in Schleiermacher’s thinking. The article finds that these poles constituted a dialectic rather than a tension in Schleiermacher’s thinking. An organised middle group will lead to a greater schism in the Netherdutch Reformed Church. The argument unfolds by means of a reflection on 10 theological nuances, the most important of which are not the poles of conservative confessionalism and critical liberalism, but ethical-dialectical and critical-realistic theology. The conclusion is that reconciling diversity remains a Biblical-theological imperative rather than the organisation of an ecclesiological modality.
Ekumeniese kerkreg: Die aangewese weg?
Authors: Strauss Pieter J.
Published: July 2013

Die argument word gehoor dat kerkregeringstelsels soos dié van die Rooms-Katolieke, Lutherse en gereformeerde kerke van ’n transendentale aard was en is. Daardeur word geïmpliseer dat hierdie stelsels een transendentale, unieke vaste beginsel gebruik om ’n hele stelsel van kerkregering van buite af te bepaal. Volgens Leo Koffeman, ’n voorstander van ’n ekumeniese kerkreg, plaas hierdie stelsels hulself hiermee buite die diskoers oor kerkreg en kerkregering en die beweging van die Heilige Gees. ’n Ekumeniese kerkreg, daarenteen, is ten gunste van ’n gemeenskaplike kerkreg tussen kerke. Omdat dit verskillende tradisies bymekaar bring, is dit ’n kritiese en daarom beter benadering. Die skrywer oorweeg hierdie argumente krities in die lig van ’n gereformeerde benadering tot kerkreg.The argument is used that church political systems like that of the Roman Catholic, Lutheran and reformed churches were of a transcendental character. By that it is implied that it used one transcendental and unique ‘hard principle’ from outside to direct a system of church government. Such uniqueness, according to Leo Koffeman who advocates an ecumenical church polity, places it outside the church political discourse and the way of the Holy Spirit. An ecumenical church polity seeks a combined polity between churches and is, by bringing different traditions together, a critical and therefore better undertaking. The author examines these arguments critically in the light of a reformed church polity.
MORPHOLOGY EVOLUTION AND THERMOMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TPV NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON PP/EPDM PREPARED BY REACTIVE EXTRUSION
Authors: Mirzadeh Amin , Lafleur Pierre G. , Kamal Musa R. , Dubois Charles
Published: July 2013

The rubberlike behavior of thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs), based on polypropylene/ethylene–propylene–diene M-class rubber (PP/EPDM), and their corresponding nanocomposites was investigated. The temperature Scanning Stress Relaxation (TSSR) method was used. Polypropylene nanocomposites, with different nanoclay dispersion levels, ranging from intercalated structures to a mixture of intercalated montmorillonite tactoids and exfoliated layers were used as the thermoplastic phase. A phenolic curing system was used to cross-link the rubber phase during the reactive extrusion process. The TSSR method provided useful information about the extent of the cross-linking reaction. Based on mechanical properties and the different criteria obtained by TSSR analysis, it was found that the presence of nanoclay would be more beneficial at high EPDM content in which the morphological studies suggested the existence of a network consisting of irregular-shaped rubber particles near a few rubber droplets.
Teoría sociológica y realidad social
Authors: Díez Nicolás Juan
Published: July 2013

Este trabajo pretende demostrar la complementariedad entre tres teorías sociológicasrelativamente recientes, cada una de las cuales explica una faceta distinta del mismoobjeto social: el origen, difusión y cambio de los valores sociales y culturales, con elfin de demostrar que no existe una sola teoría sociológica que lo explique todo, sinodiversas teorías que contribuyen a explicaciones parciales de la realidad social. Paraello, y partiendo de la necesaria relación entre teoría e investigación, se evalúan lastres teorías por separado: la del ecosistema social de Hawley y Duncan, la decentro-periferia de Galtung y la del cambio de valores en las sociedades industrialesde Inglehart, presentando evidencia teórica y empírica de sus relaciones de complementariedad,tanto con datos españoles como internacionales. Se demuestra quelas teorías del ecosistema social y la de centro-periferia tienen un muy alto nivel degeneralización (territorial y temporal) y de abstracción, aunque ambas puedenoperacionalizar fácilmente sus principales conceptos mediante indicadores válidos yfiables. La teoría del cambio de valores, sin embargo, tiene un alto nivel de generalizaciónterritorial, pero está limitada temporalmente al período histórico posterior a laSegunda Guerra Mundial, y tiene también un alto nivel de abstracción.La teoríacentro-periferia y la del cambio de valores utilizan unidades de análisis individuales ycolectivas, pero la teoría del ecosistema social solo utiliza unidadescolectivas, pordefinición. Las tres teorías conducen a la conclusión de que el valor de la «seguridad»adquirirá una importancia creciente en las sociedades actuales.
Virtual water from a vanishing river
Authors: Kelley Scott , Pasqualetti Martin
Published: July 2013

The Colorado River Basin (CRB) supplies much of the resource underpinning the mushrooming cities of the American Southwest—water. Water managers diligently track its distribution and usage to the seven states served by the CRB, but this accounting ignores water embodied in the goods it helps produce. Electricity is a valuable export from the CRB, and although records show the amount of water used to generate it, the destination of the “virtual” water embodied within this export is ignored. This article is a first attempt to quantify transfer of this resource to destinations outside the CRB. The authors calculate that thermoelectric stations within the CRB evaporate about 330,000 acre‐ft of water annually to produce electricity. Of that volume, nearly half is exported—virtually—to distant customers, and thus is not part of accounting systems or legal arrangements. As water demands come under increased scrutiny, such transfers will become more salient to near‐term policy decisions.
Steel Pipelines Inline Magnetic Flux Leakage Tool Streamlines Inspection
Authors: Galleher John , Rothwel Stephen
Published: July 2013

Pipeline failures aren't new. As US infrastructure reaches the end of its operational life, however, failures are becoming more frequent. Without a reliable way to assess the condition of cement‐mortar lined pipelines, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission set out to develop its own technology.
Concrete Pressure Pipe: Take a Proactive Approach to Assessment and Repair
Authors: Deremiah Rick
Published: July 2013

New technology and steps taken by some utilities to deal with corrosive soil are changing the way the water industry approaches concrete pressure pipe repair and rehabilitation.
Exploring Alternative Desalination Technologies for Drinking Water
Authors: Dietrich Jonathan A. , Luckenbach Heidi
Published: July 2013

Innovative technologies are making headlines as possible alternatives to traditional seawater desalination methods, such as reverse osmosis. Although promising, these technologies are in early development stages.
Testing Tool Confirms Proper Operation of Air Release/Vacuum Valve
Authors: Deraitus Joshua
Published: July 2013

Air release/vacuum valves play an important role in distribution systems because they let air in and out of mains to break suction during backsiphonage events. This article presents a tool that has helped save time and money by providing a way to test and exercise each air release/vacuum valve without digging up the entire box and valve.
Direct live imaging of cell–cell protein transfer by transient outer membrane fusion in Myxococcus xanthus
Authors: Ducret Adrien , Fleuchot Betty , Bergam Ptissam , Mignot Tâm
Published: July 2013

In bacteria, multicellular behaviors are regulated by cell–cell signaling through the exchange of both diffusible and contact-dependent signals. In a multicellular context, Myxococcus cells can share outer membrane (OM) materials by an unknown mechanism involving the traAB genes and gliding motility. Using live imaging, we show for the first time that transient contacts between two cells are sufficient to transfer OM materials, proteins and lipids, at high efficiency. Transfer was associated with the formation of dynamic OM tubes, strongly suggesting that transfer results from the local fusion of the OMs of two transferring cells. Last, large amounts of OM materials were released in slime trails deposited by gliding cells. Since cells tend to follow trails laid by other cells, slime-driven OM material exchange may be an important stigmergic regulation of Myxococcus social behaviors.
Do reindeer aggregate on snow patches to reduce harassment by parasitic flies or to thermoregulate?
Authors: Anderson John R. , Nilssen Arne C.
Published: July 2013

During warm, sunny days (Max. temp. 22 °C to 25 °C) C02-baited traps operated at sites on and off snow patches (SP's) in subarctic Norway caught significantly fewer culicids, simuliids and tabanids on snow in both 1985 and 1987. However, for overnight catches (18.30 - 07.30 h) there was no significant difference in the number of culicids caught on versus off SP's. Analysis of videotapes taken in 1987 showed that defensive anti-fly behaviors of reindeer on and off SP's remained low (< 1/4 min) throughout the day. Based on reindeer anti-fly behaviors, harassment was greatest from 10.30 to 12.30 h (Norwegian Standard Time), but reindeer continued to aggregate on SP's while anti-fly behaviors were lowest (13.30 to 20.00 h). Groups of > 150 animals often occupied the entire surface of a snow patch. At the fly densities and climatic conditions encountered it seemed apparent that reindeer intermittently used SP's primarily to thermoregulate following periods of foraging. Almost all reindeer remained on SP's from 11.00 to 12.30 h, but at other times between 08.00 and 19 00 h about half the herd (ca. 800 animals) foraged for about an hour while the other half aggregated on SP's. However, by 20.00 h, during the cooler period when trap catches of mosquitoes were increasing, almost all reindeer had moved off SP's. The small decreases in anti-fly defensive behaviors observed for reindeer on SP's versus animals foraging in snow-free areas indicated that their presence on SP's may have resulted in a minor, coincidental reduction in harassment. Significantly more tabanids were caught during the morning trapping period than at other times, and significantly more mosquitoes were caught during the evening/overnight trapping period than at other times.
Translocation of introduced reindeer from Hagemeister Island, Alaska
Authors: Stimmelmayr R. , Renecker L. A.
Published: July 2013

In 1992 and 1993, 411 live reindeer were shipped by air from Hagemeister Island to the Anchorage area, Alaska. Reindeer were either rounded up by helicopter and then corralled or captured by net-gun fired from a helicopter. Outcome of both capture events showed that helicopter corralling of reindeer was more successful than catching them with a net-gun and that post-rut rounding up was more successful than rounding up during the rut itself.
Effects of administration of potassium- and sodiumchlorides on faecal excretions and salivary and alimentary concentrations of, Na, K, 134Cs, Ca, Mg and P in reindeer fed a lichen diet
Authors: Staaland Hans , Hove Knut , Pedersen Øyvind , Birke Luise Charlotte
Published: July 2013

A comparison of the effects of administration of 350 mmol d-1 of KC1 or NaCl on faecal excretions, salivary concentrations and concentrations and pools of Na, K, 134Cs, Ca, Mg, P, and water in the alimentary tract of reindeer was carried out using three groups of three 10 months old reindeer fed a lichen diet. One group was used as a control group with no mineral supplementation. The level of K supplementation mimicked K intakes from summer pastures. NaCl was given at a rate which would mimic intake from salt licks by domestic ruminants of similar body size. Treatment with KC1 increased the salivary and alimentary concentrations and the alimentary pool sizes of K and faecal excretion of K increased. A decrease in l34Cs concentrations in all parts of the gastrointestinal tract indicated greater absorption of 134Cs during the KC1 treatment than in NaCl treated and control animals. Increased intake of Na or K had no significant effect on the digestibility of the lichen diet, but urine production increased. Little effects on pools or concentrations of Ca, Mg and P were observed. NaCl treatment increased urinary and faecal excretion of Na, but did not affect the metabolism of any of the other studied minerals.
The bacterial population adherent to plant particles in the rumen of reindeer fed lichen, timothy hay or silage
Authors: Olsen Monica Alterskjær , Mathiesen Svein Disch
Published: July 2013

Male reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) calves taken from a natural winter pasture were given ad lib. access to lichen (n = 3), timothy silage (n = 3) and hay (n = 3) for 7 weeks. Median numbers of viable anaerobic bacteria adherent to the plant particles (cells/g wet weight of rumen solids), growing on a habitat simulating medium (M8V), were significantly higher (P = 0.05) in the rumen of reindeer fed lichen (26.5 x 109- 53.0 x 109) and hay (4.0 x 109- 40.5 x 109), compared to reindeer fed silage (1.15 x 109 - 3.25 x 109). Anaerobic bacterial strains (n = 551) from the plant particles obtained from the rumen of the nine reindeer examined, were isolated using an acid swollen cellulose medium (M8SC) and tested for their ability to hydrolyse carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The proportion of CMC hydrolysing adherent bacteria isolated from M8SC was significantly higher in reindeer fed hay (21.5%) compared ro animals fed lichen (5.3%) and silage (2.7%) (P = 0.05). The CMC hydrolysing bacterial srrains (n=42) isolated from reindeer fed hay where characterised as non-cellulolytic Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (9.5%), cellulolytic B. fibrisolvens (50.0%), Clostridium sp. (2.4%) and unknowns (38.1%), while CMC hydrolysing strains (n=11) isolated from animals fed lichen and strains (n=4) isolated from animals fed silage where all characterised as B. fibrisolvens. None of the bacterial strains isolated from the rumen solids of reindeer fed lichen or silage were found to be cellulolytic. This study suggests that both lichen and timothy silage have a negative influence, compared to hay, on the numbers of cellulolytic bacteria adherent to the plant particles in the rumen of reindeer.
The frequency of antlerless females among Svalbard reindeer
Authors: Jacobsen Bente W. , Colman Jonathan E. , Reimers Eigil
Published: July 2013

The distribution of females with no, one and two antlers was recorded during July 1994 in Svalbard reindeer, Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus, and compared wirh 1974 data from Reimers (1993) and Larsen (1977). On Reinsdyrflya, 50% of the females were anrlerless, 16% one antlered and 34% rwo antlered. In Nordenskiold Land, 2% of the females were antlerless, 1% one antlered and 97% two antlered. These percentages have not changed since Reimers' study in 1974 in Reinsdyrflya (Chi square 2= 1.16, P > 0.05) and Nordenskiold Land (Chi square 2 = 1.69, P > 0.05). The reason for the high frequency of anrlerless females on Reinsdyrflya is not understood.