bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Bonding Nature of Cyclometalated Ru Complex: How DFT Study Revealing the Dewar‐Chatt‐Duncanson Model Relates to the Molecular Properties
Authors: Vektarienė Aušra
Published: October 2018

The new intermediate Ru η3‐allyloxapyridyl complex has been studied aiming to illuminate the Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson (donation/back‐donation (D/BD)) model by calculations. A non‐standard, alternative calculation scheme integrating the density functional theory along with the charge decomposition, natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis and the map of electrostatic potential has provided new insights into the electronic structure of the complex presenting it in a Lewis structure. The donating, accepting contribution of Ru to ligand bonding in BD has been estimated by Weinhold's perturbation theory. This allowed quantifying D and BD contribution to the stabilization of the complex Lewis structure by deletion of selected Fock‐matrix elements from the basis set. Lewis energy gets lowered mainly by BD contribution from Ru d NBOs into the C2 atom of allyl ligand. Finally, the outcomes of calculations reveal: that Ru to ligands is bonded in donor‐acceptor fashion; the complex embodies nucleophilic character accumulated on the lone pairs of O atom in oxabenzyl group. The nucleophilic sides suggested by calculations support the reactivity trends of complex in the catalytic cycle. Calculated properties correlate well with experimental observations. The proposed scheme applied to the complex can be helpful for treatment of new metal complex candidates.
Synthesis of High Surface Area Carbon Nanospheres with Wrinkled Cages and Their CO2 Capture Studies
Authors: Singh Baljeet , Maity Ayan , Polshettiwar Vivek
Published: October 2018

In this work, we report the synthesis protocol for carbon coated dendritic fibrous nanosilica (DFNS@Carbon) and high surface area wrinkled carbon nanospheres using phenol formaldehyde polymerization chemistry. We have shown that the choice of hard template, i. e. DFNS with different sizes and fiber density, can lead to the synthesis of carbon‐coated DFNS and wrinkled carbon nanospheres with tunable properties, having high surface area (1090 ±50 m2/g), large pore volume (1.18 ±0.02 cm3/g) and distinct pore size distribution (from 3.5 nm to 15 nm). The CO2 capture value of 1.47 mmol/g was obtained without any amine functionalization. This value is comparable or better than reported non‐amine functionalized CO2 sorbents, indicating the contribution of textural properties and morphology of carbon cages on their CO2 capture capacity.
Synthesis and Characterization of Palladium(II) CNC Pincer Complexes with Novel Bis(1,2,3‐triazolylidene)amine Ligands
Authors: Li Linfeng , Cao Lei , Yan Xiaoyu
Published: October 2018

A novel CNC pincer ligand with secondary amine moiety flanked by 1,2,3‐triazolylidene was reported. Metalation of the ligand precursors with silver oxide afforded the bimetallic silver complexes, which were subsequently transmetalated with palladium to afford palladium(II) CNC Pincer complexes. The structure of these metal complexes was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analyses.
Heterogeneous Amorphous Cu–MOF‐74 Catalyst for C‐N Coupling Reaction
Authors: Ma Peilong , Meng Fei , Wang Nan , Zhang Jie , Xie Jianwei , Dai Bin
Published: October 2018

The formation of amorphous Cu–MOF‐74 from crystalline Cu–MOF‐74 at 120 °C under strong alkali condition was reported for the first time, and it could be employed as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for catalyzing cross‐coupling reactions between (hetero)aryl iodides/bromides and N‐H heterocycles in high yields. The solid catalyst showed high catalytic activity with minimal copper leaching in reaction solution and lower copper contamination in N‐arylated product than with other common copper/ligand systems, and it could be reused at least six times with no significant decrease in activity.
π‐Conjugated Molecule Boosts Metal–Organic Frameworks as Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalysts
Authors: Zhu Rongmei , Ding Jiawei , Xu Yuxia , Yang Jinpeng , Xu Qiang , Pang Huan
Published: October 2018

To improve the efficiency of water electrolysis, developing efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysis is extremely important due to its four‐electron transfer dynamics. In this work, a π‐conjugated molecule (2,3,6,7,10,11‐hexahydroxytriphenylene, HHTP), which can accelerate the electron transfer, is coated directly on pristine ZIF‐67, resulting in a composite named HHTP@ZIF‐67, via a simple one‐step solvothermal method. The obtained HHTP@ZIF‐67 possesses a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of 2013.9 m2 g−1 and displays microporous behavior, which can provide enough active sites for OER. The double‐layer capacitance of HHTP@ZIF‐67 is also enhanced, corresponding to an enlarged electrochemical active surface area. HHTP@ZIF‐67 presents a quite low overpotential of 238 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in 1.0 m KOH. This material synthesized via the simple coating strategy is promising in the application of energy conversion devices.
Development of Chaetocin and S‐Adenosylmethionine Analogues as Tools for Studying Protein Methylation
Authors: Sohtome Yoshihiro , Sodeoka Mikiko
Published: October 2018

Physiological regulatory mechanisms of protein, RNA, and DNA functions include small chemical modifications, such as methylation, which are introduced or removed in a highly chemo‐, regio‐, and site‐selective manner by methyltransferases and demethylases, respectively. However, mimicking or controlling these modifications by using labeling reagents and inhibitors remains challenging. In this Personal Account, we introduce our nascent interdisciplinary collaboration between chemists and biologists aimed at developing a basic strategy to analyse and control the methylation reactions regulated by protein methyltransferases (PMTs). We focus in particular on the structural development of chaetocin and S‐adenosylmethionine to obtain PMT inhibitors and PMT substrate detectors.
Assessing partial discharge intensity of electrical equipment based on UV detection and the ANFIS algorithm
Authors: Chen Junli , Wang Jingang , He Wei , Xu Zhi
Published: October 2018

UV detection has been generally used in external insulation detection of equipment. Currently used detection methods have many shortcomings, such as incomprehensive consideration of influencing factors, poor model adaption, and low accuracy. We propose a method that detects the ultraviolet pulse number (P), temperature (T), and humidity (H). Meanwhile, discharge intensity (J') was preliminarily estimated by UV detection using a fuzzy algorithm. Next, the ANFIS algorithm with a self‐study mechanism and an artificial neural network was introduced, which assessed that the discharge intensity is J. A UV detection circuit was established while carrying out a field test. The preliminary evaluation data of the fuzzy were used as training and testing data of ANFIS. The optimized model was obtained after ANFIS multiple trainings. Experimental results show that the relationships between P, T, H, and J in the optimized model are consistent with those of theoretical deduction. The assessment results remain highly stable with the occurrence of changes in external conditions, which indicates the feasibility of the ANFIS algorithm in UV detection of discharge intensity of electric equipment. This study can provide effective suggestions for online insulation monitoring and equipment maintenance. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of performance degradation and residual life prediction of batteries for electric vehicles under driving conditions
Authors: Li Wenhua , Jiao Zhipeng , Zhou Lulu
Published: October 2018

The analysis of residual life prediction of batteries for electric vehicles under driving conditions was performed based on the degradation data. This article, characteristics of lithium iron phosphate battery performance degradation as the object, mainly considers two factors about the charge–discharge rate and vibration stress, first, the lithium battery performance degradation test simulating a car in a real driving environment is designed, which provides the lithium battery performance test reference. Then, the model parameters were obtained based on the test data. Finally, the performance degradation model and residual life prediction model of the lithium battery based on the Wiener process are established. This method not only has a high prediction accuracy, but also avoids the construction of a complex battery mechanism degradation model. What is more, this article provides a good perspective for residual life prediction in simplified experiments saving cost. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Expertise, availability build camaraderie across campus
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: October 2018

“I love the camaraderie of my peers,” said Carnell Jones, Ph.D., director of enrollment services at the University of Rhode Island. “There's not a department where I'm not known and welcome,” he added.
Purpose and Scope
Authors: Nanzyo Masami , Kanno Hitoshi
Published: October 2018

Soil plays a major role in ecosystem services (an ecological term referring to the benefits granted to humans by ecosystems). Among the various ecosystem services, provisioning services are important providers of foods, fibers, wood, and other naturally sourced materials. To increase biological production while maintaining sustainable soil and ecosystems, we must understand element cycling in soils and ecosystems and its high dependence on inorganic constituents. This monograph describes the fundamentals, along with visual aids, of inorganic soil constituents for beginning students of soil science, environmental science, biogeochemistry, and interested readers in other disciplines. The visual aids include optical photographs, electron microscope images, and element maps acquired by energy dispersive X-ray analyses.
From rarefied elliptic beta integral to parafermionic star-triangle relation
Authors: Sarkissian Gor , Spiridonov Vyacheslav P.
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We consider the rarefied elliptic beta integral in various limiting forms. In particular, we obtain an integral identity for parafermionic hyperbolic gamma functions which describes the star-triangle relation for parafermionic Liouville theory.
Dualities and phases of 3d$$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$ SQCD
Authors: Choi Changha , Roček Martin , Sharon Adar
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We study gauge theories with

$$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$

N
=
1

supersymmetry in 2+1 dimensions. We start by calculating the 1-loop effective superpotential for matter in an arbitrary representation. We then restrict ourselves to gauge theories with fundamental matter. Using the 1-loop superpotential, we find a universal form for the phase diagrams of many such gauge theories, which is proven to persist to all orders in perturbation theory using a symmetry argument. This allows us to conjecture new dualities for

$$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$

N
=
1

gauge theories with fundamental matter. We also show that these dualities are related to results in

$$ \mathcal{N}=2 $$

N
=
2

supersymmetric gauge theories, which provides further evidence for them.
Car style-holon recognition in computer-aided design
Authors: Ostrosi Egon , Bluntzer Jean-Bernard , Zhang Zaifang , Stjepandić Josip
Published: October 2018

Multi-scale design can presumably stimulate greater intelligence in computer-aided design (CAD). Using the style-holon concept, this paper proposes a computational approach to address multi-scale style recognition for automobiles. A style-holon is both a whole—it contains sub-styles of which it is composed—as well as a part of a broader style. In this paper, we first apply a variable precision rough set-based approach to car evaluation and ranking. Secondly, we extracted and subsequently computed the each car's characteristic lines from the CAD models. Finally, we identified style-holons using the property of a double-headed style-holon. A style-holon is necessarily included in a typical vertical arrangement with progressive accumulation and forms a nested hierarchical order called a holarchy of styles. We adopted an interactive cluster analysis to recognize style-holons. Our results demonstrate that car style depended on each brand's individual strategy: a car is a form endowed with some structural stability. The style-holon also demonstrated that the evolution of characteristic lines should preserve the property of functional homeostasis (the same functional states) as well as the property of homeorhesis (the same stable course of change). For many car companies, stable brand recognition is an important design specification. The proposed approach was used to analyse a set of car styles as well as to assist in the design of characteristic model lines. A designer can also use this approach to evaluate whether or not the strategic requirement—style alignment with the style-holon of benchmarked cars--is satisfied.

Highlights A style-holon is double-headed: a part of a greater style that contains sub-styles. A car's characteristic lines preserve the properties of homeostasis and homeorhesis. The Chinese style offers a unique context to consider functionality of a whole style. Shift from functional to emotional performance demonstrated in Chinese car brands. Evaluates the strategic requirement of style alignment with the selected style-holon.
THE MICROBLADE INDUSTRY FROM SWAN POINT CULTURAL ZONE 4b: TECHNOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS FROM THE EARLIEST HUMAN OCCUPATION IN ALASKA
Authors: Gómez Coutouly Yan Axel , Holmes Charles E.
Published: October 2018

Swan Point in central Alaska contains the oldest recognized human occupation in Alaska (Cultural Zone 4b [CZ4b]), dating to circa 14,000 cal BP. This component consists of a microblade and burin industry with clear technological ties to the Siberian Upper Paleolithic Diuktai Culture. Through the systematic use of the Yubetsu method for the production of microblades, Swan Point is technologically more similar to Siberian microblade sites than to later-age (Denali complex) microblade sites in Alaska. The Yubetsu method is the hallmark of the Diuktai Culture, and in Alaska, Swan Point CZ4b is the only component with systematic production of microblades using the Yubetsu method. Other late Pleistocene and Holocene microblade sites in Alaska have an industry based on Campus-style, conical, or tabular microblade cores. Analysis of the collection furthers our understanding of how CZ4b relates to previous Siberian Diuktai-related assemblages and to later Alaskan Denali-related sites. We interpret the CZ4b component as representing a brief single event that has major cultural and technological implications for the early colonization process of North America.
RESPONSE TO SHACKLEY AND MOORE
Authors: Liebmann Matthew
Published: October 2018

Shackley and Moore's Comment misrepresents the focus of my 2017 article, which is not “regional” in nature but rather attempts a focused study of one community's relationship with the Valles Caldera; furthermore, the vast majority of the data they present do not correspond temporally with my study.
Bankruptcy, Discharge, and the Emergence of Debtor Rights in Eighteenth-Century England
Authors: CARLOS ANN M. , KOSACK EDWARD , PENARRIETA LUIS CASTRO
Published: October 2018

Bankruptcy is a precise legal process defining, ex ante,the rules for allocation of assets when debtors fail to repay their legally constituted debts. Ultimately, these rules determine willingness to lend and to borrow, and thus economic growth. In 1706, Parliament in England passed a bankruptcy statute that allowed, for the first time, bankrupts to exit the state of bankruptcy prior to full repayment of all debts. This represented a fundamental change in English bankruptcy rules: creditors could now choose to discharge a bankrupt. Obviously, bankrupts benefitted from such a discharge, but creditors could also benefit from greater asset revelation. We document that discharge was quickly adopted, and estimate that many bankrupts received a second chance in business.
The electoral cycle effect in parliamentary democracies
Authors: Müller Stefan , Louwerse Tom
Published: October 2018

Does government party support decline in a monotonic fashion throughout the legislative cycle or do we observe a u-shaped “electoral cycle effect”? Moving beyond the study of midterm election results, this is the first comparative study to assess the cyclical pulse of government party support in parliamentary democracies based on voting intention polls from 171 cycles in 22 countries. On average, government parties lose support during the first half of the electoral cycle, but at most partially recover from their initial losses. Under single-party government and when prime ministers control cabinet dissolution, support tends to follow the previously assumed u-shaped pattern more strongly. Finally, we find that government parties hardly recover from early losses since the 2000s.
Leucopis glyphinivoraTanasijtshuk (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), a new aphidophagous biocontrol agent; development, survival and comparison withAphidoletes aphidimyzaRondani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Barriault S. , Soares A.O. , Gaimari S.D. , Lucas E.
Published: October 2018

The silver flyLeucopis glyphinivoraTanasijtshuk (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) is an aphidophagous predator during its larval stage. Our study describes the life cycle ofL. glyphinivoraand evaluates its potential as a biocontrol agent. The development, survival and longevity ofL. glyphinivorawere observed and compared with those of the aphid gall midgeAphidoletes aphidimyzaRondani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Tests were conducted under laboratory conditions in Petri dishes with the green peach aphidMyzus persicaeSulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on potato leaves.Leucopis glyphinivorahas a 42% longer life cycle thanA. aphidimyza. Larval development was 27% longer inL. glyphinivorathan inA. aphidimyza. Egg hatch rate and pupal emergence rate were similar in both species, but larval survival was 20% lower forL. glyphinivorathan forA. aphidimyza. Sex ratio was approximately 50% in both species. A longer development time forL. glyphinivorain the larval stage could be an advantage for biocontrol by providing more time to exert predation pressure against aphids. However, this may be offset by the lower survival rate found in the silver fly larvae.
Impacts of long-term fertilization on the soil microbial communities in double-cropped paddy fields
Authors: Tang H. M. , Xu Y. L. , Xiao X. P. , Li C. , Li W. Y. , Cheng K. K. , Pan X. C. , Sun G.
Published: October 2018

The response of soil microbial communities to soil quality changes is a sensitive indicator of soil ecosystem health. The current work investigated soil microbial communities under different fertilization treatments in a 31-year experiment using the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profile method. The experiment consisted of five fertilization treatments: without fertilizer input (CK), chemical fertilizer alone (MF), rice (Oryza sativaL.) straw residue and chemical fertilizer (RF), low manure rate and chemical fertilizer (LOM), and high manure rate and chemical fertilizer (HOM). Soil samples were collected from the plough layer and results indicated that the content of PLFAs were increased in all fertilization treatments compared with the control. The iC15:0 fatty acids increased significantly in MF treatment but decreased in RF, LOM and HOM, while aC15:0 fatty acids increased in these three treatments. Principal component (PC) analysis was conducted to determine factors defining soil microbial community structure using the 21 PLFAs detected in all treatments: the first and second PCs explained 89.8% of the total variance. All unsaturated and cyclopropyl PLFAs except C12:0 and C15:0 were highly weighted on the first PC. The first and second PC also explained 87.1% of the total variance among all fertilization treatments. There was no difference in the first and second PC between RF and HOM treatments. The results indicated that long-term combined application of straw residue or organic manure with chemical fertilizer practices improved soil microbial community structure more than the mineral fertilizer treatment in double-cropped paddy fields in Southern China.
Just like in Germany, only better? Old-age care facilities in Poland for people from Germany and the question of legitimacy
Authors: Großmann Sonja , Schweppe Cornelia
Published: October 2018

This article deals with old-age care facilities in Poland which are aimed at people from Germany. These facilities emerge against the background of severe criticism of old-age care facilities in Germany. The media projects a widespread use of these facilities, claiming this is mainly due to the lower costs as compared to Germany. Against the backdrop of normative discussions about old-age care in Germany, doubts about a widespread use of facilities abroad may arise. Indeed, we will show that in quantitative terms, the facilities in Poland are a marginal phenomenon. Drawing on neo-institutional organisation theories, we demonstrate that the facilities face legitimisation challenges that consist of being able to align with the socially shared values and norms of old-age care in Germany to position themselves as a legitimate option. We analyse whether and how the facilities deal with these challenges. We particularly focus on the only facility we found that has a substantial number of residents from Germany. We show how the facility takes on the legitimation challenge by its motto ‘Just like in Germany – only better’, while other facilities position themselves as ‘low-cost facilities for people from Germany’. The low take-up of the latter indicates that low prices alone do not attract a substantial number of residents from Germany into the facilities.
SHARING AND COLLECTING HOSPITAL-BASED HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT REPORTS INTERNATIONALLY: IS AN EXTENSIVE PARTICIPATION OF STAKEHOLDERS REALISTIC?
Authors: Verbeek Joost , Hiligsmann Mickaël , Cicchetti Americo , Marchetti Marco
Published: October 2018

Objectives:

The emergence of new medical technologies and budget restrictions has led to a substantial increase in the use of hospital-based health technology assessment (HB-HTA). This qualitative study explores whether there is a possibility and interest to realize the collection and dissemination of HB-HTA reports on an international scale by exploring the opinions from HB-HTA experts.

Methods:

A survey was designed and sent to an international group of experts knowledgeable in HB-HTA from eighteen different countries. The survey contained questions about their opinions on the collection and distribution of HB-HTA information, and about the meaningful dimensions, barriers and values about a database. The data obtained were analyzed through the method of content analysis.

Results:

A total of thirty-six experts (response rate of 18.3 percent) responded to the survey. The obtained data shows that all respondents agree that the collection of HB-HTA reports is useful. Moreover, 41.7 percent of respondents that are in the position of sharing HB-HTA reports (n = 24) mentioned that full HB-HTA reports can be shared. Many other respondents reported that confidentiality (45.7 percent) and investment into a database (40.0 percent) are important barriers for the dissemination of HB-HTA reports.

Conclusions:

There seem to be enough demand and willingness to share all or most reports by a large community of HB-HTA producers. Therefore, there is a need for a well-designed database with regular maintenance and complete, comparable, and qualitative HB-HTA reports. The database of the AdHopHTA project could potentially facilitate this process.
The effect of neighborhood density on children's word learning in noise
Authors: HAN Min Kyung , STORKEL Holly , BONTEMPO Daniel E.
Published: October 2018

Many studies have addressed the effect of neighborhood density (phonological similarity among words) on word learning in quiet listening conditions. We explored how noise influences the effect of neighborhood density on children's word learning. One-hundred-and-two preschoolers learned nonwords varied in neighborhood density in one of four listening conditions: quiet, +15 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), +6 dB SNR, and 0 dB SNR. Results showed that a high-density advantage for children under quiet listening condition was significantly reduced as noise increased. This finding implies an adverse impact of noise on long-term outcomes of word learning.
OBEYING THE LAW
Authors: Sevel Michael
Published: October 2018

What is it to obey the law? What is it to disobey? Philosophers have paid little attention to these questions. Yet the concepts of obedience and disobedience have long grounded many perennial debates in moral, legal, and political philosophy. In this essay, I develop systematic accounts of each concept. The Standard View of obedience—that to obey the law is to act for a certain sort of reason provided by the law—has long been taken for granted. I argue against this and other views of obedience, and develop an account of the knowledge and intention required in acts of obedience. I then develop a symmetrical account of the disobedience involved in acts of civil disobedience. The purpose of the essay is to develop a more systematic understanding of these concepts, in order to identify more precisely what is at stake in debates of political obligation, civil disobedience, and the authority of law.
The Sins of Moral Enhancement Discourse
Authors: Wiseman Harris
Published: October 2018

The chapter will argue that the way current enthusiasm for moral enhancement is articulated in the extant literature is itself morally problematic. The moral evaluation (and ultimately disapproval) of the discourse will proceed through three stages. First, we shall look at the chequered history of various societies’ attempts to cast evil, character, and generally undesirable behaviour, as biological problems. As will be argued, this is the larger context in which moral enhancement discourse should be understood, and abuses in the recent past and present should therefore be highlighted. Second, it will be argued that, given moral functioning's profoundly contextual and responsive qualities, any notion of a fine-grained, powerfully efficacious moral enhancement is both unrealistic and, actually, incoherent. Since enthusiasts’ hopes are unrealistic and incoherent, such enhancement would not even be capable of providing the transformative ends that supposedly justify the sometimes extreme prescriptions set forward. Finally, the chapter concludes with the claim that moral enhancement enthusiasm actually serves to trivialise the evils of this world, and not only to trivialise the hard-won efforts required to diminish and overcome such evils, but to misdirect attention away from the real hard work that needs to be done in facing such evils.
Moral Enhancement as a Collective Action Problem
Authors: Glannon Walter
Published: October 2018

In light of the magnitude of interpersonal harm and the risk of greater harm in the future, Ingmar Persson and Julian Savulescu have argued for pharmacological enhancement of moral behaviour. I discuss moral bioenhancement as a set of collective action problems. Psychotropic drugs or other forms of neuromodulation designed to enhance moral sensitivity would have to produce the same or similar effects in the brains of a majority of people. Also, a significant number of healthy subjects would have to participate in clinical trials testing the safety and efficacy of these drugs, which may expose them to unreasonable risk. Even if the drugs were safe and effective, a majority of people would have to co-operate in a moral enhancement programme for such a project to succeed. This goal would be thwarted if enough people opted out and decided not to enhance. To avoid this scenario, Persson and Savulescu argue that moral enhancement should be compulsory rather than voluntary. But the collective interest in harm reduction through compulsory enhancement would come at the cost of a loss of individual freedom. In general, there are many theoretical and practical reasons for scepticism about the concept and goal of moral enhancement.
Biomedical Moral Enhancement in the Face of Moral Particularism
Authors: Huang Pei-Hua , Tsu Peter Shiu-Hwa
Published: October 2018

Biomedical moral enhancement, or BME for short, aims to improve people's moral behaviour through augmenting, via biomedical means, their virtuous dispositions such as sympathy, honesty, courage, or generosity. Recently, however, it has been challenged, on particularist grounds, that the manifestations of virtuous dispositions can be morally wrong. For instance, being generous in terrorist financing is one such case. If so, biomedical moral enhancement, by enhancing people's virtues, might turn out to be counterproductive in terms of people's moral behaviour. In this chapter, we argue, via a comparison with moral education, that the case for the practice of biomedical moral enhancement is not weakened by the particularists’ stress on the variable moral statuses of the manifestations of our virtues. The real challenge from the particularists, we argue, lies elsewhere. It is that practical wisdom, being essentially context-sensitive, cannot be enhanced via biomedical means. On the basis of this, we further argue that BME ought to be used with great caution, for it may wrongly enhance, for instance, a terrorist financier's generosity, a robber's courage, or an undercover detective's honesty. Finally, we sketch how boundaries can be set on the use of BME, and address some potential objections to our position.
Institutional Innovation by the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
Authors: RANSDELL James
Published: October 2018

The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank [AIIB] is the world’s newest multilateral development bank [MDB] and already one of Asia’s largest international organizations by membership. This paper will compare the institutional structure of the AIIB with that of the Asian Development Bank [ADB] to identify areas in which the AIIB has innovated as a matter of international institutional law. In reviewing the constituent documents, bylaws, and operational policies of the two banks, the paper will juxtapose the AIIB and ADB’s approaches to membership, project finance, voting, and governance. It will identify not only innovations, but also the likely implications, positive and negative, thereof. Finally, it will assess the degree to which these innovations may impact the AIIB’s ability to partner with existing MDBs. In particular, the AIIB’s approach to project finance and governance mark a significant break from the status quo, while in other areas it has remained conservative.
Climate Effects and Stature since 1800
Authors: Galofré-Vilà Gregori , Guntupalli Aravinda Meera , Harris Bernard , Hinde Andrew
Published: October 2018

During the last 30 years, economic and social historians have collected and analyzed large amounts of anthropometric data to explore key aspects of the human past. Attention has also been devoted to the examination of factors that can exert an influence on stature. This article outlines the different ways in which climate might influence stature, either directly or indirectly. It then uses geographical information system software to explore the relationship between variations in temperature and precipitation and the average heights of men in France, India, Mexico, Spain, and the United States over the last two centuries. It is possible to observe an influence of climate on stature in some countries, especially during the nineteenth century, but the relationship weakens across time and largely disappears in recent decades. The attenuation of this relationship is attributed to a process of “technophysio evolution” as countries modernized and developed economically.
Vascular trauma of the hand – a systematic review
Authors: Wahl Uwe , Kaden Ingmar , Köhler Andreas , Hirsch Tobias
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Hypothenar or thenar hammer syndrome (HHS) and hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) are diseases caused by acute or chronic trauma to the upper extremities. Since both diseases are generally related to occupation and are recognised as occupational diseases in most countries, vascular physicians need to be able to distinguish between the two entities and differentiate them from other diagnoses. A total of 867 articles were identified as part of an Internet search on PubMed and in non-listed occupational journals. For the analysis we included 119 entries on HHS as well as 101 papers on HAVS. A professional history and a job analysis were key components when surveying the patient’s medical history. The Doppler-Allen test, duplex sonography and optical acral pulse oscillometry were suitable for finding an objective basis for the clinical tests. In the case of HHS, digital subtraction angiography was used to confirm the diagnosis and plan treatment. Radiological tomographic techniques provided very limited information distal to the wrist. The vascular component of HAVS proved to be strongly dependent on temperature and had to be differentiated from the various other causes of secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon. The disease was medicated with anticoagulants and vasoactive substances. If these were not effective, a bypass was performed in addition to various endovascular interventions, especially in the case of HHS. Despite the relatively large number of people exposed, trauma-induced circulatory disorders of the hands can be observed in a comparatively small number of cases. For the diagnosis of HHS, the morphological detection of vascular lesions through imaging is essential since the disorder can be accompanied by critical limb ischaemia, which may require bypass surgery. In the case of HAVS, vascular and sensoneurological pathologies must be objectified through provocation tests. The main therapeutic approach to HAVS is preventing exposure.
Wirksamkeit eines kombinierten Lese-Rechtschreib- und Aufmerksamkeitstrainings
Authors: Koenigs Julia , Schuchardt Kirsten , Mähler Claudia
Published: October 2018

Zusammenfassung. Trotz der hohen Komorbidität von Lese-Rechtschreib- und Aufmerksamkeitsschwierigkeiten existieren bisher keine speziell auf die Symptomatik der betroffenen Kinder zugeschnittenen Interventionen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war die Überprüfung der Wirksamkeit eines neu entwickelten Trainingsprogramms, das die Förderung der Selbstkontrolle und der Schriftsprache verbindet und die Eltern miteinbezieht. Auch wurde die Zufriedenheit mit der Maßnahme untersucht. Anhand eines Prä-Post-Eigenwarte-Kontrollgruppen-Designs wurden die Daten von insgesamt 21 Zweit- und Drittklässlern und ihren Eltern analysiert, welche in einem Zeitraum von zehn Wochen am Trainingsprogramm teilnahmen. Das Programm wurde insgesamt von den teilnehmenden Familien sehr gut angenommen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass nach dem Training insbesondere die Unaufmerksamkeit der Kinder zurückging und die Häufigkeit planvoller und strukturierter Bearbeitung von Lernaufgaben anstieg. Darüber hinaus berichteten die Eltern von einer Reduktion der beobachteten Rechtschreibschwierigkeiten, gleichzeitig zeigten sich bei den Leseleistungen über die Zeit hinweg starke Verbesserungen. Insgesamt legen die Ergebnisse der Evaluation nahe, dass die Teilnahme für Eltern und Kinder gewinnbringend war.
How Do We Accomplish System Science in Space?
Authors: McGranaghan Ryan , Borovsky Joseph , Denton Michael
Published: October 2018

Exploring Systems-Science Techniques for the Earth’s Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere; Los Alamos, New Mexico, 24–26 July 2018
Characteristics of Atmospheric Wave‐Induced Laminae Observed by Ozonesondes at the Southern Tip of South America
Authors: Ohyama H. , Mizuno A. , Zamorano F. , Sugita T. , Akiyoshi H. , Noguchi K. , Wolfram E. , Salvador J. , Benitez G. C.
Published: October 2018

Fluctuations of ozone concentrations with dimensions of a few kilometers (i.e., ozone laminae) are frequently found in ozone‐sounding profiles. We used ozonesonde measurements made at the southern tip of South America to examine the relationship between ozone laminae and atmospheric waves near the edge of the polar vortex and on the leeward side of the Andes Mountains. Laminar structures are formed by vertical and horizontal displacements of isopleths due to gravity waves and by isentropic advection of vortex air filaments with low ozone concentration due to Rossby wave breaking. We extracted components of these ozone fluctuations by applying a high‐pass filter to the observed ozone profiles and normalizing them to background concentrations, which were extracted with a low‐pass filter. Ozone fluctuations due to displacements caused by gravity waves were individually evaluated with experimental data. We assumed that the residuals between the observed and gravity wave‐induced fluctuations were Rossby waves‐induced fluctuations. We found that the gravity wave‐induced variability was larger in the upper troposphere than in the lower stratosphere and was a maximum in winter. Rossby wave‐induced variability showed a distinct seasonal pattern in the lower stratosphere and accounted for a large portion of the observed variability. We also examined the relationship between gravity wave‐induced and Rossby wave‐induced ozone variability and the differences in equivalent latitudes between the sonde positions and the polar vortex edge. We found that variability was larger inside than outside the polar vortex.
First Assessment of Inorganic Nitrogen Deposition Budget Following the Impoundment of a Subtropical Hydroelectric Reservoir (Nam Theun 2, Lao PDR)
Authors: Adon Marcellin , Galy‐Lacaux Corinne , Serça Dominique , Guedant Pierre , Vongkhamsao Axay , Rode Wanidaporn , Meyerfeld Yves , Guérin Frédéric
Published: October 2018

With around 490 km2 at full level of operation, the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir (NT2R) is one of the largest hydroreservoir in Southeast Asia. This study presents a first estimation of the atmospheric inorganic nitrogen deposition into the NT2R based on a 2‐year monitoring (June 2010 to July 2012) including gas concentrations and precipitation. Dry deposition fluxes are estimated by the inferential method using, on the one hand, surface measurements of gas concentrations (NO2, HNO3, NH3) from passive samplers and, on the other hand, modeled exchange rates. Wet deposition fluxes are calculated from NH4+ and NO3− concentrations determined in samples of rain from an automatic precipitation collector. The average nitrogen deposition flux is estimated at 1.26 ± 0.14 kgN·ha−1·year−1 from dry processes and 5.01 ± 0.92 kgN·ha−1·year−1 from wet ones, that is, an average annual total nitrogen flux of 6.27 ± 1.06 kgN·ha−1·year−1 deposited at the NT2R with 80% from wet deposition. Before impoundment, the mean N flux has been estimated at 3.42 ± 1.88 kgN·ha−1·year−1 for dry deposition and 5.01 ± 2.12 kgN·ha−1·year−1 for wet deposition, or a total N deposition flux of 8.43 ± 4.01 kgN·ha−1·year−1 over the studied area dominated by forests with little agriculture soil and water surfaces. Thus, the total N deposition over the studied area has been reduced of 26% (or 63% for dry deposition) following the reservoir impoundment based on our working hypothesis.
Buried Impact Features on Mercury as Revealed by Gravity Data
Authors: Qingyun Deng , Fei Li , Jianguo Yan , Zhiyong Xiao , Rodriguez J.Alexis P.
Published: October 2018

Gravity data provide information about the internal mass distribution of celestial bodies. The latest gravity field model of Mercury, HgM007, has a higher spatial resolution than previously published gravity models, allowing smaller crustal structures to be resolved. In this study, a global free‐air gravity anomaly grid of Mercury was derived from the HgM007 gravity model using the spherical expansion method, and a Bouguer anomaly map was calculated based on the free‐air gravity and topography data. We used this gravity model to search for quasi‐circular Bouguer anomalies (QCBAs) larger than ∼109 km in diameter within the Northern Smooth Plains (NSP) of Mercury, where the resolution of the gravity data is the highest. Assuming that these QCBAs were correlated with mantle uplifts caused by ancient buried impact structures, we applied the prism rectangular shape model and the Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion method to determine the subsurface structure of these QCBAs. Four ancient buried basins, not clearly visible in the surface topography, were detected. We estimated the crustal thickness ratios and original rim‐to‐rim diameters for these four impact basins, based on empirical cratering scaling laws, finding that the thickness of the infill lava within the NSP might be 5 times larger than previously believed and the ancient terrain beneath the NSP might be older than previously thought.
Single cell RNA sequencing of human liver reveals distinct intrahepatic macrophage populations
Authors: MacParland Sonya A. , Liu Jeff C. , Ma Xue-Zhong , Innes Brendan T. , Bartczak Agata M. , Gage Blair K. , Manuel Justin , Khuu Nicholas , Echeverri Juan , Linares Ivan , Gupta Rahul , Cheng Michael L. , Liu Lewis Y. , Camat Damra , Chung Sai W. , Seliga Rebecca K. , Shao Zigong , Lee Elizabeth , Ogawa Shinichiro , Ogawa Mina , Wilson Michael D. , Fish Jason E. , Selzner Markus , Ghanekar Anand , Grant David , Greig Paul , Sapisochin Gonzalo , Selzner Nazia , Winegarden Neil , Adeyi Oyedele , Keller Gordon , Bader Gary D. , McGilvray Ian D.
Published: October 2018

The liver is the largest solid organ in the body and is critical for metabolic and immune functions. However, little is known about the cells that make up the human liver and its immune microenvironment. Here we report a map of the cellular landscape of the human liver using single-cell RNA sequencing. We provide the transcriptional profiles of 8444 parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells obtained from the fractionation of fresh hepatic tissue from five human livers. Using gene expression patterns, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemical examinations, we identify 20 discrete cell populations of hepatocytes, endothelial cells, cholangiocytes, hepatic stellate cells, B cells, conventional and non-conventional T cells, NK-like cells, and distinct intrahepatic monocyte/macrophage populations. Together, our study presents a comprehensive view of the human liver at single-cell resolution that outlines the characteristics of resident cells in the liver, and in particular provides a map of the human hepatic immune microenvironment.
Spherical neutron polarimetry under high pressure for a multiferroic delafossite ferrite
Authors: Terada Noriki , Qureshi Navid , Chapon Laurent C. , Osakabe Toyotaka
Published: October 2018

The analysis of three-dimensional neutron spin polarization vectors, using a technique referred to as spherical neutron polarimetry (SNP), is a very powerful means of determining complex magnetic structures in magnetic materials. However, the requirement to maintain neutrons in a highly polarized state has made it difficult to use this technique in conjunction with extreme experimental conditions. We have developed a high pressure cell made completely of nonmagnetic materials and having no effect on neutron polarizations. Herein, we report the first SNP analyses under high pressure up to 4.0 GPa in the magnetoelectric multiferroic delafossite CuFeO2. This study also determined the complex spiral magnetic structures in these pressure-induced phases, by measuring the full neutron polarization matrix. The results presented herein demonstrate that the SNP measurements are feasible under high pressure conditions, and that this method is a useful approach to study pressure-induced physical phenomena.
3D virtual reconstruction of the Kebara 2 Neandertal thorax
Authors: Gómez-Olivencia Asier , Barash Alon , García-Martínez Daniel , Arlegi Mikel , Kramer Patricia , Bastir Markus , Been Ella
Published: October 2018

The size and shape of the Neandertal thorax has been debated since the first discovery of Neandertal ribs more than 150 years ago, with workers proposing different interpretations ranging from a Neandertal thoracic morphology that is indistinguishable from modern humans, to one that was significantly different from them. Here, we provide a virtual 3D reconstruction of the thorax of the adult male Kebara 2 Neandertal. Our analyses reveal that the Kebara 2 thorax is significantly different but not larger from that of modern humans, wider in its lower segment, which parallels his wide bi-iliac breadth, and with a more invaginated vertebral column. Kinematic analyses show that rib cages that are wider in their lower segment produce greater overall size increments (respiratory capacity) during inspiration. We hypothesize that Neandertals may have had a subtle, but somewhat different breathing mechanism compared to modern humans.
Engineering protein-protein devices for multilayered regulation of mRNA translation using orthogonal proteases in mammalian cells
Authors: Cella Federica , Wroblewska Liliana , Weiss Ron , Siciliano Velia
Published: October 2018

The development of RNA-encoded regulatory circuits relying on RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) has enhanced the applicability and prospects of post-transcriptional synthetic network for reprogramming cellular functions. However, the construction of RNA-encoded multilayer networks is still limited by the availability of composable and orthogonal regulatory devices. Here, we report on control of mRNA translation with newly engineered RBPs regulated by viral proteases in mammalian cells. By combining post-transcriptional and post-translational control, we expand the operational landscape of RNA-encoded genetic circuits with a set of regulatory devices including: i) RBP-protease, ii) protease-RBP, iii) protease–protease, iv) protein sensor protease-RBP, and v) miRNA-protease/RBP interactions. The rational design of protease-regulated proteins provides a diverse toolbox for synthetic circuit regulation that enhances multi-input information processing-actuation of cellular responses. Our approach enables design of artificial circuits that can reprogram cellular function with potential benefits as research tools and for future in vivo therapeutics and biotechnological applications.
Imaging neural activity in the ventral nerve cord of behaving adult Drosophila
Authors: Chen Chin-Lin , Hermans Laura , Viswanathan Meera C. , Fortun Denis , Aymanns Florian , Unser Michael , Cammarato Anthony , Dickinson Michael H. , Ramdya Pavan
Published: October 2018

To understand neural circuits that control limbs, one must measure their activity during behavior. Until now this goal has been challenging, because limb premotor and motor circuits have been largely inaccessible for large-scale recordings in intact, moving animals—a constraint that is true for both vertebrate and invertebrate models. Here, we introduce a method for 2-photon functional imaging from the ventral nerve cord (VNC) of behaving adult Drosophila melanogaster. We use this method to reveal patterns of activity across nerve cord populations during grooming and walking and to uncover the functional encoding of moonwalker ascending neurons (MANs), moonwalker descending neurons (MDNs), and a previously uncharacterized class of locomotion-associated A1 descending neurons. Finally, we develop a genetic reagent to destroy the indirect flight muscles and to facilitate experimental access to the VNC. Taken together, these approaches enable the direct investigation of circuits associated with complex limb movements.