bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Question of Identity? Purpose, Policy and Practice in the Teaching of History in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland
Authors: McCully Alan , Waldron Fionnuala
Published: January 2019

This article traces the evolution of history education, north and south of the Irish border since partition of the island in 1921. It begins with an historical overview of the situation common across Ireland prior to partition. Subsequent developments in history provision in elementary,
primary and early secondary education are traced in each of the two jurisdictions that emerged after partition, the Irish Free State, which became the Republic of Ireland, and Northern Ireland. In each case, the educational and political imperatives of each, which shaped these changes, and
resulted in divergence, are identified, analysed and compared. Evidence is drawn from the dominant literature in each jurisdiction and on relevant curriculum documents. The paper concludes by demonstrating that in a post-modern, increasingly globalised world, shared educational ideas and political
aspirations emerging from the Irish peace process are acting to bring the respective history curricula back into symmetry and, thereby, providing opportunities for increased co-operation.
DETERMINATION AND EVALUATION OF METHANOL, ETHANOL AND HIGHER ALCOHOLS IN LEGALLY AND ILLEGALLY PRODUCED ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
Authors: Destanoğlu Orhan , ATEŞ İsmail
Published: January 2019

In this paper, we demonstrated the results of ethanol, methanol and
higher alcohols contents of the legally and illegally produced alcoholic
beverage samples after analyzing headspace gas chromatographic methods
conducted in Council of Forensic Medicine (ATK), Department of Chemistry,
Istanbul, TURKEY between years 2015-2017. Fast and
reliable analysis of the alcoholic beverages, especially in terms of methanol
concentration, has vital importance primarily due to the cases of death arose from metabolic
acidosis after consumption of illicit alcoholic beverages with high
concentration of methanol produced in clandestine laboratories. 96 Turkish Rakı samples, 8
beer samples, 1 wine sample, 101 other strong drink samples, totaling to 206
samples, and 2 industrial ethanol samples were thoroughly investigated. An
HS-GC-MS system was utilized for qualitative analysis of the higher alcohols and for scanning
any volatile compound, whereas the determination of ethanol and methanol
concentrations HS-GC-FID system was performed. So, after all results were
investigated in detail, mentioning the key points for evaluations, it was
clearly described whether the drinks comply with criteria set by Turkish Food
Codex Communiqué on Distilled Alcoholic Beverages. 89 of 96 Rakı samples and 90
of 101 strong alcoholic beverages were not definitely compliant with the
Communiqué since they contained either high concentration levels of methanol or
tert-butanol, which is a denaturant.
Perspective: Work-Related Stress and Mortality among Black Men
Authors: Archibald Paul
Published: January 2019

Ethn Dis. 2019;29(1):21-22; doi:10.18865/ed.29.1.21
Reasons for Exclusion from a Smoking Cessation Trial: An Analysis by Race/Ethnicity
Authors: Webb Hooper Monica , Asfar Taghrid , Unrod Marina , Dorsey Asha , Correa John B. , Brandon Karen O. , Simmons Vani N. , Antoni Michael A. , Koru-Sengul Tulay , Lee David J. , Brandon Thomas H.
Published: January 2019

Objective: The exclusion criteria of tobacco cessation randomized clinical trials (RCTs) may have unintended consequences on inclusion and cessation disparities. We examined racial/ethnic differences in: a) ex­clusion from a group-based cessation RCT; and b) reasons for exclusion.Design: Quasi-experimental. Inclusion criteria were self-identification as African American/Black, non-Hispanic White, or Hispanic (any race), adults, minimum five cigarettes/day or carbon monoxide reading of ≥ 8 parts per million (ppm), interest in quitting, and spoke/read English. Data were obtained from a parent trial, which is ongo­ing and will be completed in 2019. Analyses for our present study on participant screen­ing and enrollment were conducted in 2018.Main Outcome Measures: Study ineligi­bility, and reasons for exclusion (contra­indications for nicotine patch use, serious mental illness [SMI, eg, bipolar disorder or schizophrenia], alcohol dependence or illicit drug use, current tobacco treatment, attendance barriers [eg, transportation], and other concerns [eg, aggressive, intoxicated, disruptive, visibly ill]).Results: Of 1,206 individuals screened, 36% were ineligible. The most frequent reasons were SMI (28%), alcohol depen­dence or drug use (10%), and attendance barriers (7%). Ineligibility was greater among African Americans (42%) and Hispan­ics (37%), compared with Whites (24%; P<.001). Compared with African Americans and Hispanics, Whites were more likely to be excluded for single reasons, including attendance barriers, and medical conditions (P<.05). African Americans were more than twice as likely as Whites to be excluded for 3 or more reasons (12% vs 5% respectively, P<.05).Conclusions: A notable proportion of smokers were ineligible for this RCT, with SMI as the greatest single cause. Racial/ ethnic minorities were more likely to be excluded, with African Americans deemed ineligible for multiple reasons. Findings have implications for RCT generalizabil­ity, addressing tobacco disparities and health equity.Ethn Dis. 2019;29(1):23-30; doi:10.18865/ed.29.1.23.
Pengaruh Fermentasi Oleh Effective Microorganis-4 (EM-4) Terhadap Kadar Kurkumin Ekstrak Rimpang Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.)
Authors: Karolina Anita , Winata I Nyoman Adi , Oktavianawati Ika
Published: January 2019

Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. merupakan tanaman asli Indonesia yang lebih dikenal sebagai temulawak. Rimpang temulawak merupakan salah satu bahan untuk pembuatan jamu ternak. Jamu ternak berfungsi untuk meningkatkan produktivitas ternak. Pembuatan jamu ternak relatif murah dan mudah, yaitu dengan mencampurkan rimpang temulawak yang telah dihaluskan dengan cairan EM4. Campuran tersebut difermentasi selama 7 hari pada wadah tertutup. Kandungan kimia utama dalam rimpang temulawak adalah kurkumin. Penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh fermentasi oleh EM4 (dengan variasi volume 10, 20 dan 30 ml) terhadap kadar kurkumin yang diperoleh dari ekstrak rimpang temulawak yang dianalisa dengan menggunakan metode KLT-Densitometri, menunjukkan semakin banyak EM4 yang ditambahkan, semakin besar kadar kurkumin yang diperoleh. Namun, pada penambahan EM4 sebanyak 10 dan 20 ml kadar kurkumin yang diperoleh lebih sedikit dibanding kontrol (tanpa penambahan EM4). Hal tersebut didukung dengan adanya dua spot baru selain spot pada larutan standar dengan intensitas yang besar. Sedangkan pada penambahan EM4 30 ml memiliki kadar kurkumin paling besar. Kata Kunci: Fermentasi, Jamu ternak, KLT-Densitometri, Kurkumin, Rimpang temulawak.
Grandezas: relações lidas no ensino de saberes aritméticos, 1890-1950
Authors: Trindade Deoclecia de Andrade , Silva Maria Célia Leme da
Published: January 2019

Este trabalho é o resultado de uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo analisar as relações das grandezas com os saberes aritméticos, especificamente os números e as frações. Para isso, foram considerados como fontes os programas do ensino primário de São Paulo de 1890 a 1950. Os conceitos de grandeza discreta e contínua (Chambris, 2007); de número concreto e abstrato (Noirfalise, 2007) foram tomados como lente de análise, assim como os movimentos pedagógicos em circulação no período. Pode-se inferir que, àquela época, na escola primária, a ideia de número e operações foi abstraída das grandezas discretas. E o ensino das frações ordinárias e decimais foi proposto via números abstratos, com exceção dos programas de 1925 e 1949/50, nos quais se percebeu que as grandezas discretas e/ou as contínuas passaram a integrar o seu ensino. Ressalta-se que a abordagem do ensino de números e frações relacionadas às grandezas pode ser lida como resultado das ideias advindas do Método intuitivo e da Escola Nova.
Desenvolvimento do pensamento algébrico: proposição de um modelo para os problemas de partilha
Authors: Almeida Jadilson Ramos de , Santos Marcelo Câmara dos
Published: January 2019

Esse artigo tem por objetivo apresentar um modelo que possibilita a identificação de níveis de desenvolvimento do pensamento algébrico revelado por estudantes ao resolverem problemas de partilha. Nossa pesquisa foi realizada em duas etapas. Na primeira, construímos uma versão a priori do modelo a partir da produção escrita de 342 alunos do 6º ano do ensino fundamental ao responderem 6 problemas de partilha. Na segunda etapa reaplicamos os problemas a 343 alunos dos anos finais do ensino fundamental da cidade do Recife, em seguida escolhemos 8 alunos para realizarmos uma entrevista de explicitação. As análises aqui apresentadas serão a partir da produção escrita e da entrevista realizada com esses 8 alunos. Ao final chegamos à proposição de um modelo de níveis de pensamento algébrico que vai desde o nível 0, caracterizado pela ausência de pensamento algébrico, passando por um nível incipiente de pensamento algébrico (nível 1), por um nível intermediário (nível 2) e por um nível consolidado de pensamento algébrico (nível 3). Propomos, também, para cada nível, a partir do nível 1, três subníveis, que denominamos de subníveis A, B e C.
Inovar e promover o ensino da Matemática com recurso à Astronomia
Authors: Costa Maria Cristina , Domingos António Manuel , Teodoro Vítor Manuel
Published: January 2019

Este artigo descreve o impacto de um programa de formação de professores do Ensino Básico, que inclui atividades experimentais hands‑on de Astronomia, nas práticas de ensino da Matemática. O programa envolve workshops com conteúdos de Matemática e Ciências, onde são trabalhadas diversas tarefas, para implementar em aula. Com uma metodologia de Teacher Design Research, investiga-se em que medida os professores inovaram as suas práticas, concebendo e implementando tarefas de Matemática, a partir de atividades experimentais hands‑on de Astronomia. A recolha de dados foi feita através de observações de aulas, entrevistas e portefólios realizados pelos professores. Com uma abordagem qualitativa, de natureza interpretativa, conclui‑se que os professores ganharam motivação para conceber e realizar atividades experimentais com os seus alunos, nomeadamente para promover o ensino da Matemática, a partir de atividades experimentais hands‑on de Astronomia.
Prática de discussão coletiva de uma professora em Álgebra
Authors: Rodrigues Cátia , Ponte João Pedro da , Menezes Luís
Published: January 2019

Este artigo apresenta um estudo que tem como objetivo descrever e compreender a prática de discussão matemática de uma professora durante a preparação e dinamização da discussão coletiva em Álgebra com alunos do 7.º ano. O estudo segue uma abordagem qualitativa e interpretativa com um design de estudo de caso de uma professora de Matemática. Os resultados revelam que a professora seleciona criteriosamente as tarefas que pretende apresentar aos alunos, antecipando possíveis estratégias de resolução que recorrem à tentativa e erro e ao uso de linguagem algébrica. Em aula, na dinamização da discussão, concretiza a preparação feita, levando os alunos a apresentar as suas estratégias de resolução, a comparar e avaliar as dos colegas, filtrando os diversos contributos, de modo a que sejam sintetizados os aspetos mais relevantes do seu trabalho. A professora leva os alunos a generalizar e justificar ideias algébricas, através de uma combinação intencional de ações de elicitar, apoiar, informar e desafiar.
Editorial
Authors: Fiorentini Dario , Dassie Bruno Alves
Published: January 2019

Este é o terceiro número do volume 26 da revista Zetetiké (v. 26, n. 3), relativo ao ano de 2018. Com este fascículo, que completa o terceiro ano da revista com periodicidade quadrimestral, publicamos 10 artigos que foram escritos por 22 autores, sendo 50% do Brasil e 50% do exterior (Argentina, México e Portugal). A metade dos trabalhos (cinco) tem como foco de estudo o professor que ensina matemática, sendo três com foco de estudo no desenvolvimento profissional do professor e na aprendizagem docente e dois como foco na relação que o professor estabelece com os processos e metodologias de ensino. Dois trabalhos têm como foco de análise e discussão a aprendizagem dos alunos em contextos específicos e três desenvolvem estudos relativos à história de seu ensino no Brasil, em diferentes épocas e contextos.
Potensi Biji Orok-orok (Crotalaria juncea L.) sebagai Kandidat Obat Insomnia
Authors: Djalil Asmiyenti Djaliasrin , Musyarofah Siti , Putra Bayu Satria Nugroho , Genatrika Erza , Astuti Ika Yuni
Published: January 2019

ABSTRAK

Insomnia merupakan gangguan yang menyebabkan penderita mengalami ketidakmampuan untuk mencukupi kebutuhan tidur. Pemilihan terapi insomnia di Desa Lembarawa, Brebes, secara empiris biasanya menggunakan biji orok-orok (Crotalaria juncea L.) sebagai sedatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahwa biji orok-orok memiliki potensi sebagai sedatif dengan dosis yang tepat. Biji orok-orok diekstrak menggunakan pelarut metanol. Ekstrak yang diperoleh selanjutnya difraksinasi dengan pelarut etil asetat dan metanol. Ekstrak dan fraksi yang diperoleh kemudian diujikan terhadap mencit. Mencit dibagi menjadi 12 kelompok, kelompok I kontrol positif (fenobarbital 60 mg/Kg BB) kelompok II kontrol negatif (NaCMC 1%), kelompok III-IV merupakan kelompok perlakuan ekstrak metanol dengan konsentrasi 50 dan 200 mg/Kg BB, kelompok V-VIII merupakan fraksi etil asetat dengan konsentrasi berturut-turut 7,5; 15; 22,5; dan 30 mg/Kg BB, kelompok IX-XII merupakan fraksi metanol dengan konsentrasi berturut-turut 25, 50, 75, dan 100 mg/Kg BB. Parameter yang digunakan adalah daya cengkeram mencit, reflek balik badan mencit, diameter pupil mata, serta daya jatuh menit. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa fraksi etil asetat dan metanol memiliki efek sedatif. Efek sedatif paling baik ditunjukkan oleh fraksi metanol 100 mg/Kg BB yang mendukung terapi untuk insomnia.
Kata kunci: biji orok-orok, Crotalaria juncea L., sedatif.

ABSTRACT

Insomnia is a disruption that can not supply the needs of sleeping. In Lembarawa, Brebes, insomnia was treated empirically using Crotalaria Juncea L. (orok-orok). The purpose of this study was to prove that the seeds of Crotalaria juncea L. had potential as a sedative. Orok-orok seeds methanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and methanolic fraction were observed as a sedative. Mice were divided into 12 groups: positive control group (phenobarbital 60 mg/Kg BW), negative control group (Na CMC 1%), methanolic extract of orok-orok seeds with doses of 50 and 100 mg/Kg BW, ethyl acetate fraction with doses of 7.5; 15; 22.5; and 30 mg/Kg BW, methanolic extract with doses of 25; 50; 75; and 100 mg/Kg BW. The sedative activity was investigated in mice including diameter mouse’s pupil, grip strange performances, return mice reflect, and rotarod performances. The results suggest that methanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and methanolic fraction of orok-orok seeds possess potent sedative activity. The highest activity was obtained by using 100 mg/Kg BW of methanolic fraction, which supported its therapeutic use for insomnia.

Keywords: Crotalaria juncea L., Orok-orok seeds, a sedative.
Persepsi Dokter Terhadap Kolaborasi dengan Apoteker pada Pengobatan Pasien Anak Epilepsi di Klinik Saraf Rumah Sakit “X”
Authors: Rinda Agnes Christie , Atmaja Dewi Susanti
Published: January 2019

ABSTRAK

Hubungan kolaborasi yang kuat di antara dokter dan apoteker sangat dibutuhkan untuk mengoptimalkan pengobatan pasien, terutama pasien dengan penyakit kronis. Dokter dan apoteker memiliki tanggung jawab untuk saling berkomunikasi dan berinteraksi agar kontinuitas pelayanan dapat tercapai. Pemahaman terhadap persepsi dan hambatan terhadap kolaborasi di antara dokter dan apoteker berguna untuk mewujudkan kolaborasi tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi persepsi dokter terhadap kolaborasi dengan apoteker pada pengobatan pasien anak epilepsi. Sebanyak 5 dokter terlibat dalam penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan metode in-depth, semi-structured interview dan dianalisis melalui transkrip, quotes dan tema. Hasil yang teridentifikasi pada penelitian ini meliputi pengalaman dokter terhadap kolaborasi dengan apoteker, hambatan dalam berkolaborasi dengan apoteker serta media kolaborasi dokter dan apoteker pada pengobatan penyakit kronis. Pengalaman dokter dalam berkolaborasi dengan apoteker masih sangat terbatas sehingga diperlukan peran aktif apoteker dalam membangun komunikasi dengan dokter agar kolaborasi dapat tercapai. Salah satu cara yang mampu meningkatkan kolaborasi dokter dan apoteker adalah melalui suatu catatan pengobatan pasien yang berperan seperti rekam medis yang dapat dibawa oleh pasien ke setiap tempat pelayanan kesehatan yang dikunjunginya.

Kata kunci: persepsi dokter, kolaborasi, pasien anak epilepsi

ABSTRACT

The strong collaboration between physicians and pharmacists are needed to optimize the patient medication, especially for the patient with chronic disease. Physicians and pharmacist have a responsibility to communicate and interact each other in order to reach the continuity of care. Understanding perceptions and barriers to collaboration between physicians and pharmacists may help with delivery of the collaboration. The aim of this research is to identify the perception of the physicians about the collaboration with pharmacists in the medication of the children with epilepsy. 5 physicians is involved in this qualitative research that used in-depth, semi-structured interview method that being analyzed by transcript, quotes and theme. The result that identified in this research are the physician’s experience with collaboration, the barrier to collaboration between physicians and pharmacists and the collaboration media for physicians and pharmacists in the medication of chronic disease. The physician’s experience in the collaboration with pharmacist is still limited so the acttive role of pharmacist is needed to build the communication with the physician to reach the collaboration. One of the way to improve the physician and pharmacist’s collaboration is through the patient medication record that used as the medical record that can be brought by the patient to every healthcare centre they visit.

Keywords: physician’s perception, collaboration, children with epilepsy
Penentuan Kadar Flavonoid Total dan Uji Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kasturi (Mangifera casturi Kosterm.) dengan Metode DPPH
Authors: Bakti Alifni Adha , Triyasmono Liling , Rizki Muhammad Ikhwan
Published: January 2019

ABSTRAK

Bahan alam dapat dijadikan bahan obat baru karena mengadung metabolit sekunder. Di Indonesia terdapat lebih kurang 30.000 jenis tumbuh-tumbuhan yang mengandung metabolit sekunder, lebih kurang 7.500 jenis diantaranya termasuk tanaman berkhasiat obat. Salah satunya adalah tanaman kasturi (Mangifera casturi Kosterm.). Tanaman M. casturi merupakan tumbuhan khas Kalimantan Selatan yang hanya dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat untuk dikonsumsi, tidak untuk pengobatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kadar flavonoid total dan aktivitas antioksidan dari ekstrak etanol daun M. casturi. Penelitian ini bersifat non-eksperimental. Sampel yang digunakan adalah daun M. casturi yang berasal dari Kabupaten Banjar, Kalimantan Selatan. Penentuan Kadar flavonoid total dilakukan secara spektrofotometri UV-Vis dengan pereaksi kompleks AlCl3 sedangkan aktivitas antioksidan ditentukan dengan metode DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil). Hasil penelitian diperoleh kadar flavonoid total ekstrak etanol daun M. casturi sebesar 9,31 ± 0,08 %b/b dan aktivitas antioksidan dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 34,558 ppm sehingga termasuk dalam kategori antioksidan yang sangat aktif.

Kata kunci: Antioksidan, DPPH, Flavonoid Total, Mangifera casturi.

ABSTRACT

Natural resources can be used as the new medicine ingridients because it has second metabolite. In Indonesia, there are more than 30.000 kinds of plants that contain second metabolite, more or less than 7.500 kinds of those are medicinal plants. One of those plants is Kasturi (Mangifera casturi Kosterm.). M. casturi is a typical plant from South Kalimantan that be used as a food not as a medicine. The purpose of this research is to determine the total of flavonoid content and anti-oxidant activity from ethanol extract of M. casturi leaves. This study is a non-experimental research. Sample which used in this research is M. casturi Leaves from Banjar Region, South Kalimantan. The research for total Flavonoid content is done by UV-Vis spectrophotometric with AlCl3 reagent complex while the anti-oxidant activity is determined by DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil) method. The result of this research are extract of M. casturi leaves obtains 9,31 ± 0,08 %b/b of total flavonoid and the antioxidant activity result with IC50 value is 34,558 ppm, so it can be categorized as a very active anti-oxidant.

Keywords: Antioxidant, DPPH, Total Flavonoid, Mangifera casturi.
Penentuan Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Ekstrak Kulit Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) Dengan Metode DPPH
Authors: Mardiah Nuraina , Mulyanto Catherina , Amelia Audifa , Lisnawati Lisnawati , Anggraeni Dyah , Rahmawanty Dina
Published: January 2019

Kulit bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) merupakan salah satu limbah rumah tangga yang sangat jarang dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat. Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, kulit bawang merah mengandung senyawa flavonoid yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi ekstrak kulit bawang merah yang mampu menghambat 50% absorbansi DPPH. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian eksperimental. Kulit bawang merah diekstraksi, dilakukan skrining fotokimia, dan dilakukan penetapan IC50 antiradikal bebas. Rendemen ekstrak kulit bawang yang diperoleh adalah sebesar 5,381 %. Berdasarkan penelitian ini diketahui ekstrak kulit bawang merah mengadung polifenol, flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, steroid dan triterpenoid, kuinon serta seskuiterpen dan monoterpen. Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak kulit bawang merah dapat dilihat dari nilai IC50 yaitu sebesar 15,44 ppm sedangkan IC50 kuersetin yaitu sebesar 2,69 ppm. Nilai IC50 ekstrak kulit bawang merah yang diperoleh termasuk dalam golongan antioksidan yang sangat aktif.
Kata kunci: Allium ascalonicum L.; antioksidan
Profil Glukosa Darah Tikus Putih Setelah Pemberian Ekstrak Minyak Ikan Patin (Pangasius hypopthalmus) Sebagai Alternatif Antidiabetes
Authors: Hidayaturrahmah Hidayaturrahmah , Santoso Heri Budi , Nurlely Nurlely
Published: January 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak minyak ikan patin dan dosis ekstrak minyak ikan patin yang tepat untuk menurunkan kadar glukosa darah pada tikus jantan kondisi hiperglikemia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian ekperimental. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 6 perlakuan pada 4 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari 1. Kontrol normal, 2. Kontrol positif, 3. Kontrol negative, 4. Kelompok A (Ekstrak minyak ikan patin A), 5. Kelompok B (Ekstrak minyak ikan patin B) dan 6. Kelompok C (Ekstrak minyak ikan patin C). Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa ekstrak minyak ikan patin (EMIP) berpengaruh terhadap profil glukosa darah tikus putih. Dosis yang dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darahpaling tinggi pada tikus putih adalah 72,8 mg/kg BB

Kata kunci : diabetes melitus, ikan patin, minyak
Kualitas Pelayanan Informasin Obat (Konseling) di Apotek Kabupaten Garut
Authors: Suci Riza Permana , Saibi Yardi , Dasuki Asep
Published: January 2019

ABSTRAK

Peran apoteker telah mengalami pergeseran dalam beberapa dekade terakhir. Peran yang sebelumnya lebih berorientasi kepada produk (product oriented) telah beralih kepada peran yang lebih berfokus kepada pasien (patient oriented). Salah satu peran yang berfokus kepada pasien adalah pelaksanaan pemberian informasi obat ataupun konseling di apotek. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat kualitas pelayanan pemberian informasi obat dan atau konseling oleh tenaga kefarmasian di apotek di wilayah Kabupaten Garut, Jawa barat. Rancangan penelitian berupa potong lintang dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Untuk mengamati pelaksanaan pemberian informasi obat/konseling, dilakukan dengan pendekatan simulasi pasien penggunakan resep yang mengandung obat antidiabetes dan obat lain yang saling berinteraksi menurut literatur. Penelitian ini mendapat izin dari dinas kesehatan kabupaten Garut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian informasi obat oleh tenaga kefarmasian kepada pasien di apotek wilayah garut dilakukan oleh asisten apoteker dan apoteker. Kualitas layanan pemberian informasi obat yang dilakukan oleh apoteker sedikit lebih baik jika dibandingkan pelayanan yang dilakukan oleh asisten apoteker. Kualiltas layanan informasi obat yang dilakukan oleh apoteker masuk kategori kurang baik sedangakan yang diberikan oleh asisten apoteker dalam kategori buruk. Informasi obat pada pasien dengan penyakit kronis hendaknya dilakukan secara langsung oleh apoteker. Apoteker perlu meningkatkan kemampuannya dalam memberikan informasi obat kepada pasien.

Kata Kunci : apoteker komunitas, apotek, peran apoteker, Garut, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

The pharmacist role in Indonesia as well as in the global world has shifted in the last few decades. The previous role that more focus on product has changed to the role that orient to patient care. One of this new pharmacist role form is giving apropriate information about the drug to patien either in the form of simple information or in the form of more complete i.e counceling in community pharmacy or apothec. This research aimed to evaluate the quality of drug information service and or counselling conducted by pharmacy staff in pharmacy in Garut regency, West Java province. This was a cross- sectional study with descriptive approach. Patient simulation method was used to evalulate the practice of drug information delivery and or counselling by pharmacy staff eithe by pharmacy technician or pharmacist to patient come with antidiabetic prescription. This research was conducted by the permission from publich health office of Garut regency. The result showed that the quality of drug information delivery conducted by pharmacist was slightly better than pharmacy technician did. Pharmacist should served patient with chronic desease such as diabetict directly. Both pharmacy technician and pharmacist need to improve their knowledge and skill in handling patient.

Key word : community pharmacist, pharmacy , Pharmacist role, Garut, Indonesia
Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Akar Kalakai (Stenochlaena palustris Bedd) Asal Kalimantan Tengah
Authors: Adawiyah Rabiatul , Rizki Muhammad Ikhwan
Published: January 2019

ABSTRAK

Tanaman khas Kalimantan yang banyak digunakan sebagai tanaman obat adalah kalakai atau sering juga disebut paku haruan (Stenochlaena palustris Bedd) atau pakis. Kalakai mengandung beberapa senyawa bioaktif seperti fenolik, flavonoid, alkaloid dan keluarga terpenoid yang telah terbukti sangat efektif sebagai antioksidan. Kalakai merupakan tumbuhan yang tumbuh subur di tanah gambut dan juga ditemukan tumbuh baik di tanah berpasir. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan dari akar kalakai (Stenochlaena palustris) yang tumbuh pada tanah gambut dan tanah berpasir berdasarkan parameter Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC50). Aktivitas antioksidan diuji menggunakan metode DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikril-hidrazil) dan kuersetin sebagai pembanding. Nilai IC50 untuk ekstrak akar kalakai pada tanah gambut yaitu sebesar 19,06 ppm dan pada ekstrak akar kalakai pada tanah pasir didapat IC50 sebesar 24,40 ppm. Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan pada ekstrak etanol akar kalakai yang tumbuh pada tanah pasir dan tanah gambut memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat kuat.

Kata Kunci : Akar, Antioksidan, Kalakai, Stenochlaena palustris Bedd

ABSTRACT

Borneo plants that are widely used as medicinal plants are kalakai or often also called paku Haruan (Stenochlaena palustris Bedd). Kalakai contains several bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoid that have been shown to be very effective as antioxidants. Kalakai is a plant that thrives on peat soils and is also found to grow well in sandy soils. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of kalakai root (Stenochlaena palustris) that grows on peat soil and sandy soil based on Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC50). Antioxidant activity was tested using DPPH method (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil) and quercetin as a comparison. IC50 value for kalakai root extract on peat soil that is 19,06 ppm and at kalakai root extract on sand soil obtained IC50 that is 24,40 ppm. The results of antioxidant activity test on kalakai root extract that grow on sand and peat soil have very strong antioxidant activity.

Keywords: Antioxidant, Kalakai, Root, Stenochlaena palustris Bedd
Reflections on Chinese Zombie Enterprises From the Perspective of Nash Equilibrium Theory
Authors: Zhang Shiqi
Published: January 2019

This paper gives the game analysis on zombie enterprises, banks and governments using Nash equilibrium theory in order to explore how to break the predicament of Chinese zombie enterprises. The optimal scheme is that the government does not provide subsidies for zombie enterprises, banks do not offer loans for zombie enterprises, and zombie enterprises apply for bankruptcy liquidation. Then According to the conclusions, put forward relevant policy suggestions to the government, banks and zombie enterprises.
Improving Students' Critical-Thinking Skills Through Student Facilitator and Explaining Model in Momentum and Impulse Topic
Authors: Malik Adam , Vitriani Vitriani , Chusni Muhammad Minan
Published: January 2019

This study aims to determine the implementation of cooperative learning models using type Student Facilitator and Explaining (SFAE) and the improvement of students' critical-thinking skills in momentum and impulses topic. We use pre-experiment design, with the one-group pretest-posttest. The population of this study was class X MIA YAS Bandung with the sample of class X MIA 2 amounted to 30 students selected by random technique. We use the observation sheet as the instrument to observe the implementation of teacher and student activities during the cooperative learning model type SFAE. The essay tests are used to measure the improvement of students' critical-thinking skills. The results of the study showed that the implementation of teacher activities was 81% and student activities by 77% in the good category. Increasing students' critical-thinking skills is the medium category with an average normalized gain value of 0.63. Based on the results of hypothesis testing using the paired sample t-test, it was obtained t-count (34.08) > t-table (2.052) which means that Ho was rejected and Ha was accepted. It was concluded that there was an increase in students' critical-thinking skills after applying the SFAE type cooperative learning model to the material of momentum and impulse. Thus, this learning model of type SFAE can be used to improve students' higher-order thinking skills.
The Character Education Through Analogy Learning Implementation on Vector Concepts
Authors: Safitri Islamiani , Hasibuan Lily Rohanita
Published: January 2019

The problem of this study is the acts of the criminal increase in North Sumatra, so it needs the characters' building begin from school. Besides, the teacher of physics should be able to instill character values through analogy learning about the concept of physics. This study aims to determine the results of physical knowledge and student responses after applying analogy learning to instill character values. The subjects of this study were X-IPA 1 students of SMA Negeri 1 Rantau Utara. This research is descriptive qualitative with two stages, namely the preparation stage (referring to the development that uses the 4-D model namely Defines, Design, Develop, and Disseminate) and the implementation stage. While the instruments used in this study are observation sheets on the implementation of RPP, student response questionnaires, and tests of knowledge competency results. The conclusions of this study are there is an increase in the results of students' physics knowledge competencies and a positive response to the implementation of analogy learning in instilling character education through the concepts of physics taught.
E-Learning Model for Problem Based Learning on Heat and Thermodynamic Topics in High School
Authors: Bakri Fauzi , Sunaryo Sunaryo , Irawan Velinda Finka , Muliyati Dewi
Published: January 2019

The development of information and communication technology (ICT) in the 21st century makes it easier for students to be more active in the learning process. Physics learning materials are needed to support the problem-based learning process in high school. This study aims to produce e-learning models for problem-based learning on Heat and Thermodynamics topics. The result shows media can be used in learning in high school class XI. We uses the research and development method, with the Dick and Carey model. The study was conducted in a digital media laboratory, Physics Education Department of Universitas Negeri Jakarta from January to June 2018. E-Learning models have been produced for problem-based learning in the topic of Heat and Thermodynamics. This WordPress-based E-Learning model can display physics material enriched with images, graphics, animations, simulations, and videos. Students are facilitated to understand the concepts learned. The e-learning model is equipped with assessment tools that can be used online. Students are facilitated to learn independently without limited space and time. The E-learning model developed was also equipped with discussion groups in the form of chats for all registered users. The media validation obtained the results of system evaluation, content, and e-learning infrastructure with 78.9 points average. The material validation gives an 81.55 rating. Concerning media and material, e-learning media is declared feasible as a medium for self-learning. The e-learning model for problem-based learning is feasible to use to train the ability to critical thinking, creative thinking, collaborative, and communicate for students in high school.
The Technology Pedagogy Knowledge (TPK) Teacher Using Worksheet 3D Pageflip Professional for Promoting Argumentation Skills High-Schools Students in Physics Learning
Authors: Oktasari Depi , Kuswanto Heru , Ismet Ismet , M.S. Sardianto
Published: January 2019

The demands of 21st-century skills highlighted the importance of cooperation between teachers and students to achieve the expected skill. The Pedagogical knowledge of teachers in teaching and technology into things that need to be developed. The pedagogic ability of teachers in the use of technology can be a potential to develop students' abilities argument. This study aims to develop students' ability argumentation through pedagogical knowledge of teachers in using technology. The technology used is the result of the development of student worksheets 3D PageFlip Impulse and Momentum topics. The purpose of this study to look at the ability of students through the application of scientific argumentation (Technological Pedagogic Knowledge) TPK teachers in the classroom. This research is descriptive research. The data collection capability student argumentation performed by administering a written test. The subjects were students of class X at SMAN 1 Yogyakarta Prambanan. Rate scientific argumentation ability of students refers to Toulmin Argumentation Pattern (TAP). The results showed that the complexity of argumentation ability of students still at low level. These results suggest that the ability of the student arguments need to be improved.
Performance of Air Injection vs. CO2/Water Injection in a Tight, Light-Oil Reservoir: A Laboratory Study
Authors: O'Brien W. J. , Moore R. G. , Mehta S. A. , Ursenbach M. G. , Kuhlman M. I.
Published: January 2019

This paper outlines the results of an early-stage comparative study of air-injection-based and immiscible-carbon-dioxide (CO2)/water-injection-based enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) processes for a 30+ °API tight, light-oil reservoir. This was accomplished by embedding multiple low-permeability core plugs in crushed reservoir-core material to create a composite core that was contained in a 1.84-m-long core holder. The objectives of this unscaled experimental work were to understand the suitability of each EOR process for a low-permeability reservoir; to define process parameters before a potential field pilot; and to understand the relative merits of each EOR process to mobilize light oil from a tight matrix to a fracture network.

A detailed experimental investigation was conducted at realistic reservoir conditions to evaluate the feasibility of an air-injection-based EOR process. The air-injection results were compared with those from an immiscible CO2/water-injection EOR experiment using the same experimental setup and reservoir conditions. Both the air- and CO2/water-coreflood tests were performed at 10 340 kPag (1,500 psig) and 99°C in a 100-mm diameter, 1.84-m-long composite-core holder using 38-mm-diameter reservoir core plugs (that represented the matrix) mounted within the crushed reservoir-core material (that represented the fracture); inert helium gas was used to pressure up the core holder to reservoir pressure. Permeability of the core plugs was from 0.3 to 3 md, while the permeability of the crushed core material was 1 to 3 darcies.

Air injection was performed as a standard, one-dimensional combustion-tube test with injection of 2.3 pore volumes (PVs) of air to burn 71% of the packed core length (including helium, a total of 4.3 PV of gas injected). The CO2/water coreflood was performed with the injection of 2.86 PV of CO2 followed by an extended soak period, then a second injection of an additional 2.86 PV of CO2, followed by the injection of 2.6 PV of water.

The pretest and post-test core-plug measurements of oil saturation show that the air-injection process removed significantly larger quantities of hydrocarbons than the immiscible-CO2/water-injection process. Relative to the initial conditions of the core plugs for the air-injection experiment, more than 95% of the hydrocarbons were removed (note that some fraction of original oil was consumed as fuel). In the post-test CO2/water-injection core plugs, oil recovery was in the range of 30 to 55% of initial oil in place (IOIP). These findings suggest that, under an appropriate field design, both processes have the potential to recover incremental oil from tight reservoirs. However, the air-injection process might be better suited to mobilize oil, because of thermal expansion, than the CO2/waterflood process.
Liberal transfusion strategy to prevent mortality and anaemia-associated, ischaemic events in elderly non-cardiac surgical patients – the study design of the LIBERAL-Trial
Authors: Meybohm Patrick , Lindau Simone , Treskatsch Sascha , Francis Roland , Spies Claudia , Velten Markus , Wittmann Maria , Gueresir Erdem , Stoppe Christian , Kowark Ana , Coburn Mark , Selleng Sixten , Baschin Marcel , Jenichen Gregor , Meersch Melanie , Ermert Thomas , Zarbock Alexander , Kranke Peter , Kredel Markus , Helf Antonia , Laufenberg-Feldmann Rita , Ferner Marion , Wittenmeier Eva , Gürtler Karl-Heinz , Kienbaum Peter , de Abreu Marcel Gama , Sander Michael , Bauer Michael , Seyfried Timo , Gruenewald Matthias , Choorapoikayil Suma , Mueller Markus M. , Seifried Erhard , Brosteanu Oana , Bogatsch Holger , Hasenclever Dirk , Zacharowski Kai
Published: January 2019

Background: Perioperative anaemia leads to impaired oxygen supply with a risk of vital organ ischaemia. In healthy and fit individuals, anaemia can be compensated by several mechanisms. Elderly patients, however, have less compensatory mechanisms because of multiple co-morbidities and aging-related decline of functional reserves. The purpose of the study is to evaluate whether elderly surgical patients may benefit from a liberal red blood cell (RBC) transfusion strategy compared to a restrictive transfusion strategy.
Methods: The LIBERAL Trial is a prospective, randomized, multicentre, controlled clinical phase IV trial randomising 2,470 elderly (≥ 70 years) patients undergoing intermediate- or high-risk non-cardiac surgery. Registered patients will be randomised only if Haemoglobin (Hb) reaches ≤ 9 g/dl during surgery or within 3 days after surgery either to the LIBERAL group (transfusion of a single RBC unit when Hb ≤ 9 g/dl with a target range for the post-transfusion Hb level of 9-10.5 g/dl) or the RESTRICTIVE group (transfusion of a single RBC unit when Hb ≤ 7.5 g/dl with a target range for the post-transfusion Hb level of 7.5-9 g/dl). The intervention per patient will be followed until hospital discharge or up to 30 days after surgery, whichever occurs first. The primary efficacy outcome is defined as a composite of all-cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction, acute ischaemic stroke, acute kidney injury (stage III), acute mesenteric ischaemia and acute peripheral vascular ischaemia within 90 days after surgery. Infections requiring iv antibiotics with re-hospitalisation are assessed as important secondary endpoint. The primary endpoint will be analysed by logistic regression adjusting for age, cancer surgery (y/n), type of surgery (intermediate- or high-risk), and incorporating centres as random effect.
Discussion: The LIBERAL-Trial will evaluate whether a liberal transfusion strategy reduces the occurrence of major adverse events after non-cardiac surgery in the geriatric population compared to a restrictive strategy within 90 days after surgery.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT03369210)
Sediment Oxygen Demand: A Review of In Situ Methods
Authors: Coenen Erin N. , Christensen Victoria G. , Bartsch Lynn A. , Kreiling Rebecca M. , Richardson William B.
Published: January 2019

Sediment oxygen demand (SOD) plays a fundamental role in biological and chemical processes within the benthic layer of a water body. Land use, including agricultural land use, can affect SOD. However, a wide variety of approaches have been used for in situ SOD chamber construction and data collection, and modelers frequently use SOD values from the literature, without consideration of the differences in methods. Here, we review existing literature on SOD chambers (32 papers, 1974–2016), compare the differences between in situ and laboratory methods, evaluate the effects of in situ chamber mixing, and discuss common challenges associated with deployment. A cohesive in situ sealed chamber design for use with a multiparameter water‐quality instrument is presented as an effort toward standardizing SOD methodology, an important consideration that may facilitate integration of SOD data sets among multiple research efforts.

Core Ideas

Standardizing sediment oxygen demand (SOD) methodology will improve comparability of datasets.

High chamber velocities lead to resuspension of sediment; low velocities undervalue SOD.

Anomalies in dissolved oxygen can be identified by recording turbidity within the SOD chamber.

Natural mixing creates a representative regime; artificial pumping creates the most consistent.

If chambers are not mixed, stratification can occur, causing an underestimate of SOD.
Correlating Methods of Measuring Zoysiagrass Thatch
Authors: Shaddox T. W. , Unruh J. B.
Published: January 2019

In the absence of regular management, zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) thatch can be problematic and result in unacceptable turf quality. At least three methods of measuring thatch are used in turfgrass science, including organic matter percentage by weight‐loss‐on‐ignition (WLOI), depth by ruler, and mass by balance. The objective of this study was to determine if thatch compression using the faster Volk “thatchmeter” correlated to the three abovementioned methods. The four methods were evaluated as part of a field study designed to determine the influence of fertility and cultural management practices on thatch development of five zoysiagrass cultivars. Treatments were verticutting, topdressing, and fertilization arranged in a split‐split‐plot design with three replications. Thatch measurements were collected approximately every other month from June to November during three consecutive growing seasons in Jay, FL. The thatchmeter resulted in lower F values on Zoysia japonica Steud. than on Z. matrella (L.) Merr. Cultivars, indicating that the instrument had reduced sensitivity on the higher cut Z. japonica cultivars. Linear regression of the thatchmeter and the WLOI, ruler, and mass measurements resulted in 80% of the R2 values being <0.1. The increase in turf leaf blades likely contributed to the reduced sensitivity of the thatchmeter on Z. japonica cultivars. Although the thatchmeter sensitivity increased on the Z. matrella cultivars, the instrument failed to correlate to WLOI, ruler, or balance measurements.
Rate of Genetic Gain for Persistence to Grazing and Dry Matter Yield in White Clover across 90 Years of Cultivar Development
Authors: Hoyos-Villegas V. , O'Connor J. R. , Heslop A. D. , Hilditch A. , Jahufer M. Z. Z. , Barrett B. A.
Published: January 2019

White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is a major contributor of productivity and ecological services in pastures and rangelands worldwide. White clover breeding is recognized as a priority in many countries with a pastoral‐based livestock productivity system. The objective of this study was to provide an updated estimate of the rate of change in genotypic value attributable to population improvement in white clover, using a set of 80 cultivars released between 1920 and 2010 by public and private plant breeding programs across 17 countries, in an experiment to evaluate forage yield across three locations in New Zealand. Overall, some New Zealand cultivars released in the 2000s were highly adapted to more stable testing environments. Geographic origin resulted in differential rates of gain. A segmental regression comparing the pre‐1965 and post‐1965 rates of gain was performed. The pre‐1965 regression line for white clover dry matter yield resulted in an absolute rate of increase of 0.031 g m−2 yr−1 decade−1 or 0.087% decade−1, whereas the post‐1965 line resulted in an absolute rate of increase of 0.058 g m−2 yr−1 decade−1 or 0.162% decade−1. White clover content resulted in a pre‐1965 absolute rate of increase of 0.011% content decade−1 or 0.032% decade−1 on average, and the post‐1965 line indicated an absolute rate of increase of 0.04% content decade−1 or 0.121% decade−1 on average. The comparisons between pre‐1965 and post‐1965 indicated a twofold increase for white clover dry matter yield and a fourfold increase in rates of gain for white clover sward content since 1965; however, the rate of gain remains below the theoretical potential.
Isolation, screening, and crude oil degradation characteristics of hydrocarbons-degrading bacteria for treatment of oily wastewater
Authors: Tian Xiumei , Wang Xiaoli , Peng Shitao , Wang Zhi , Zhou Ran , Tian He
Published: January 2019

The aim of this study was to isolate hydrocarbons-degrading bacteria for treatment of oily wastewater from long-standing petroleum-polluted sediments in Bohai Bay, China. Six hydrocarbons-degrading bacteria were screened and identified as Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. A new approach using a combination of various bacterial species in petroleum biodegradation was proposed and evaluated for its degradation characteristics. Gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) analysis showed that mixed bacterial agents (YJ01) degraded 80.64% of crude oil and 76.30% of crude oil alkanes, exhibiting good biodegradation effect. Besides, after 14 days of culture, the biodegradation assessment markers, pristane and phytane, showed significant degradation rates of 46.75% and 78.23%, respectively. Kinetic analysis indicated that the degradation trends followed a single first-order kinetics model and the degradation half-life (t1/2) of 15 g/L crude oil was significantly shorter (5.48 days). These results indicated that YJ01 could degrade a wider range of hydrocarbons as well as some recalcitrant hydrocarbon components, and can be applied for bioremediation and treatment of oil-contaminated environment.