bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of thulium fiber laser induced bubble dynamics for ablation of kidney stones
Authors: Hardy Luke A. , Kennedy Joshua D. , Wilson Christopher R. , Irby Pierce B. , Fried Nathaniel M.
Published: August 2016

The Thulium fiber laser (TFL) is being explored as an alternative to the Holmium : YAG laser for lithotripsy. TFL parameters differ in several fundamental ways from Holmium laser, including smaller fiber delivery, more strongly absorbed wavelength, low pulse energy/high pulse rate operation, and more uniform temporal pulse structure. High speed imaging of laser induced bubbles was performed at 105,000 frames per second and 10 μm spatial resolution to determine influence of these laser parameters on bubble formation and needle hydrophone data was also used to measure pressure transients. The TFL was operated at 1908 nm with pulse energies of 5–65 mJ, and pulse durations of 200–1000 μs, delivered through 105‐μm‐core and 270‐μm‐core silica optical fibers. Bubble dynamics using Holmium laser at a wavelength of 2100 nm with pulse energies of 200–1000 mJ and pulse duration of 350 μs was studied, for comparison. A single, 500 μs TFL pulse produced a bubble stream extending 1200 ± 90 μm and 1070 ± 50 μm from fiber tip, with maximum bubble widths averaging 650 ± 20 μm and 870 ± 40 μm (n = 4), for 105 μm and 270 μm fibers, respectively. These observations are consistent with previous studies which reported TFL ablation stallout at working distances beyond 1.0 mm. TFL bubble dimensions were four times smaller than for Holmium laser due to lower peak power and smaller fiber diameter used. The maximum pressure transients measured 0.6 bars at 35 mJ pulse energy for TFL and 7.5 bars at 600 mJ pulse energy for Holmium laser. These fundamental studies of bubble dynamics as a function of specific laser and fiber parameters may assist with optimization of the TFL parameters for safe and efficient lithotripsy in the clinic.

Image of bubble formation during fiber optic delivery of Thulium fiber laser energy in saline (35 mJ, 500 μs).

magnified image

Image of bubble formation during fiber optic delivery of Thulium fiber laser energy in saline (35 mJ, 500 μs).
Questionnaire survey on work motivations of gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary pancreatic surgeons enrolled in a Japanese national interdisciplinary program
Authors: Kaibori Masaki , Nitta Hiroyuki , Hayashi Michihiro , Takemura Shigekazu , Nagano Hiroaki , Matsui Kosuke , Ikoma Hisashi , Nakai Takuya , Yasunaga Masafumi , Kido Masahiro , Aoki Takeshi , Rikiyama Toshiki , Sano Keiji , Kudo Atsushi , Katagiri Satoshi , Otsuka Yuichiro , Kuroki Tamotsu , Nomi Takeo , Yano Koichi , Endo Itaru , Ueno Masaki , Kanazawa Akishige , Terajima Hiroaki , Ko Saiho , Honda Goro , Seyama Yasuji , Sunagawa Hiroki , Aibara Tsukasa
Published: August 2016

Background

Among young residents, there seems to be a decreasing desire to become surgeons, resulting in a decrease in the number of surgeons. There is concern regarding a shortage of hepatobiliary pancreatic (HBP) surgery residents in Japan. A questionnaire survey was designed to assess the work motivations of Japanese gastrointestinal (GI) and HBP surgeons.

Methods

Questionnaires assessing seven domains related to motivation (aptitude, satisfaction/dissatisfaction, knowledge/skill, evaluation/approval, self‐management, community/expectation from other parties, and emotion) were sent to GI and HBP surgeons throughout Japan. Differences between HBP and GI surgeons were analyzed.

Results

Responses were received from 27 institutions in Japan between May and August 2014. Mid‐career and senior HBP surgeons (11–20 years after graduation) working in university hospitals were significantly less satisfied with their work than GI surgeons (P = 0.036). Evaluation/approval factors were significantly lower in senior HBP surgeons than in GI surgeons 16–20 years after graduation (P = 0.048).

Conclusions

The future satisfaction of young residents seeking to become HBP surgeons should be enhanced, providing an appealing workplace for young residents and preventing discontinuation by mid‐career and senior surgeons.
Recombinant overexpression of camel hepcidin cDNA in Pichia pastoris: purification and characterization of the polyHis‐tagged peptide HepcD‐His
Authors: Boumaiza Mohamed , Chahed Haifa , Ezzine Aymen , Jaouen Maryse , Gianoncelli Alessandra , Longhi Giovanna , Carmona Fernando , Arosio Paolo , Sari Marie‐Agnès , Marzouki Mohamed Nejib
Published: August 2016

Hepcidin, a liver‐expressed antimicrobial peptide, has been demonstrated to act as an iron regulatory hormone as well as to exert a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. The aim of this work was the expression, as secreted peptide, purification, and characterization of a new recombinant polyHis‐tagged camel hepcidin (HepcD‐His) in yeast Pichia pastoris. The use of this eukaryotic expression system, for the production of HepcD‐His, having 6 histidine residues at its C terminus, was simpler and more efficient compared with the use of the prokaryotic system Escherichia coli. Indeed, a single purification step was required to isolate the soluble hepcidin with purity estimated more that 94% and a yield of 2.8 against 0.2 mg/L for the E coli system. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight (TOF)/TOF mass spectrometry of the purified HepcD‐His showed 2 major peaks at m/z 4524.64 and 4634.56 corresponding to camel hepcidin with 39 and 40 amino acids. Evaluation of disulfide bond connectivity with the Ellman method showed an absence of free thiol groups, testifying that the 8 cysteine residues in the peptide are displayed, forming 4 disulfide bridges. Circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that camel hepcidin structure was significantly modified at high temperature of 90°C and returns to its original structure when incubation temperature drops back to 20°C. Interestingly, this peptide showed also a greater bactericidal activity, at low concentration of 9.5μM, against E coli, than the synthetic analog DH3. Thus, the production, at a large scale, of the recombinant camel hepcidin, HepcD‐His, may be helpful for future therapeutic applications including bacterial infection diseases.
On boundary damped inhomogeneous Timoshenko beams and related problems
Authors: Picard Rainer , Watson Bruce
Published: August 2016

We consider the model equations for the Timoshenko beam as a first‐order system in the framework of evolutionary equations. The focus is on boundary damping, which is implemented as a dynamic boundary condition. A change of material laws allows the inclusion of a large class of cases of boundary damping. By choosing a particular material law, it is shown that the first‐order approach to Sturm–Liouville problems with boundary damping is also covered. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human Factors Effects and Analysis in Maintenance: A Power Plant Case Study
Authors: Sheikhalishahi Mohammad , Azadeh Ali , Pintelon Liliane , Chemweno Peter
Published: August 2016

This paper proposes a methodical approach for identifying and reducing human error in maintenance activities, the human factors effect and analysis. Human factors effect and analysis presents a roadmap for selecting significant human factors affecting maintenance management as well as the most effective solutions using cost–benefit analysis. Safety and operational consequences of each human factor are compared to preventive and recovery risk controls to select the preferred risk control method. Because human factor programs are not implemented in many maintenance departments, quantitative data are rare. Thus, expert judgment may help to compare potential solutions. In order to show the applicability of the proposed approach a power plant in Kenya is selected as a case study. Procedure usage, fatigue, knowledge and experience, and time pressure are identified as the most important human factors. Training, task planning /shift management, knowledge management, scheduling as well as incident report programs are the most cost‐effective solutions for performing human factors program. The proposed approach would improve system reliability by recognizing human related failures. Furthermore, unexpected incident and accident may be reduced having knowledge about potential risk factors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Actionability Judgments Cause Knowledge Judgments
Authors: Turri John , Buckwalter Wesley , Rose David ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2016

Researchers recently demonstrated a strong direct relationship between judgments about what a person knows (“knowledge judgments”) and judgments about how a person should act (“actionability judgments”). But it remains unknown whether actionability judgments cause knowledge judgments, or knowledge judgments cause actionability judgments. This paper uses causal modeling to help answer this question. Across two experiments, we found evidence that actionability judgments cause knowledge judgments.
Health‐Related Quality of Life Components in Children With Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Chang Kate W.‐C. , Austin Amy , Yeaman Jan , Phillips Lauren , Kratz Anna , Yang Lynda J.‐S. , Carlozzi Noelle E.
Published: August 2016

Background

Currently, no published, validated patient‐reported outcome (PRO) measures of health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) exist for use with neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP). NBPP is a debilitating condition that occurs during the perinatal period, resulting in paralysis/paresis and loss of sensation in the affected arm. Commonly used NBPP measures are not comprehensive and do not fully account for clinically meaningful changes in function or progression of the disorder.

Objective

To evaluate important components of HRQOL for children with NBPP and identify where new PRO measures are needed.

Design

Eleven focus groups comprising children with NBPP (4), family members (6), and professional providers (1) to assess HRQOL.

Setting

Brachial plexus clinic.

Participants

Children with NBPP, their parents, and professional providers.

Inclusion Criteria

Children 7‐17 years old with NBPP; parents/caregivers at least 18 years of age; professionals with ≥2 years' experience providing NBPP clinical care; ability to read and speak English fluently.

Methods

Focus group sessions were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and deidentified. Qualitative frequency analysis identified different aspects of HRQOL relevant to NBPP. This analysis expands on the grounded‐theory approach to qualitative analysis, including development of a domain framework, open and axial coding, selective coding, and descriptive analysis. The resulting HRQOL domain framework (and frequency analysis) was then compared to the domain framework for existing PRO measures (PROMIS and Neuro‐QoL) to identify components of HRQOL where new PRO measures are needed for NBPP.

Main Outcome Measures

Not applicable.

Results

Although many physical, social, and emotional health domains were captured by existing PRO measures, some significant NBPP‐specific topics emerged from qualitative analysis—functionality, sensory, physical appearance, arm/hand compensation and preference, explaining functionality/appearance to others, and self‐esteem and body image concerns.

Conclusions

Development of sensitive and specific measures capturing arm/hand function and body image would improve the clinical care of patients with NBPP.

Level of Evidence

Not applicable.
UTILITY AND CONDITIONS OF DIFFUSION BY DIASPORAS: EXAMINING FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT LIBERALIZATION IN CHINA AND INDIA
Authors: Ye Min
Published: August 2016

Diffusion studies have rightly emphasized external ideas and resources that propel liberalization in the developing world. There remain two gaps: first, the literature has not covered the types of diffusers and the ways diasporas may shape liberalization in their homelands; second, it pays little attention to internal diffusion after national adoption within a country. This article explores the utility and conditions of diffusion by diasporas and examines the roles of diasporas and internal diffusion in China and India's FDI liberalization. In both countries, diasporas were main diffusers that led national adoption of liberalism at home. In China, however, entrepreneurial diasporas' networks with local governments helped expansive internal diffusion. India's professional diasporas did not strongly engage local governments or domestic companies. National adoption in India was followed by reversal and partial internal diffusions. India's software services provide a similar diffusion by diasporas to that in China.
Compressible vapour flow in conduits and fractures
Authors: Huppert Herbert E. , Sparks R. Stephen
Published: August 2016

We consider the steady flow of a viscous compressible gas through an axisymmetric or two-dimensional porous medium whose properties in the direction of the flow are sufficiently slowly varying. The study is partly motivated by a number of different applications in the Earth sciences, including the release of magmatic volatiles from a magma chamber beneath an active volcano and the discharge of geothermal fluids. The results are also relevant to evaluating the consequences of an accidental release of carbon dioxide from a storage reservoir within the Earth, as might happen at a carbon capture and storage (CCS) site. We consider both slow, thermally equilibrated, flows and fast, adiabatic flows. Because the flow is compressible, it is the mass (and not the volume) flux which is conserved along the flow. We determine this constant mass flux and the velocity and pressure fields, both of which vary with position along the flow, as a function of all the physical parameters. We find that the resultant pressure gradient in the medium is largest at the far, low-pressure end of the conduit because the velocity is largest at that end due to the smallest density being associated with the smallest pressures. This means that the pressure in the permeable conduit is always larger than the linear pressure distribution which joins the given pressures at depth and at the surface, as would be the situation if the flow were incompressible. The detailed pressure distribution is shown to depend on the variation with depth of the quantity $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}T/(ka^{2})$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$ is the dynamic viscosity of the vapour, $T$ is the external temperature, $k$ the permeability and $\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}a^{2}$ the cross-sectional area of the conduit. The resultant mass flux is determined to be proportional to the mean along the flow of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}T/(ka^{2})$. We present two numerical illustrations of the results.
The Royal Tombs of Ur
Authors: Woolley C. Leonard
Published: August 2016

The royal tombs that have been discovered at Ur this winter are remarkable not only for their contents but for their construction, and for the light they throw on Sumerian funeral customs unguessed hitherto.

We have dug some nine hundred graves in this cemetery and the types are well established. There are a certain number of clay coffins; they form a small proportion of the whole and tend to be commoner in the late than in the early period, but do occur even in the earliest time. The normal grave is a rectangular shaft measuring little more than 1½ metres by I metre; the bottom of this may be lined with matting and the body, wrapped in a mat, simply laid in it, or there may be a coffin, generally made of wickerwork with wooden stays, occasionally of wood: it contains the body and the more personal ornaments, while the rest of the offerings are deposited by the side of it in the grave-shaft.
Two Great Dolmens of Central France
Authors: Somerville Boyle
Published: August 2016

The visitor to Tours, having exhausted himself, as is soon and easily possible, in ‘doing’ the chateaux of the Loire, may find refreshment for his jaded brain by passing from history to prehistory, and turning back the pages from 1500 A.D. to 2000 B.C. or thereabouts, which he may do in the course of two short journeys from his hotel.

There are many prehistoric remains in the departement d'Indre et Loire, and in the arrondissement of Tours alone there are g dolmens. The first of the two described in this paper is situated 10 kilometres from Tours by road. The other, though not in the same departement is within easy rail distance from Tours, and adjoins the town of Saumur.
The ‘Children of the Sun’ and Central America
Authors: Thompson Eric
Published: August 2016

The theory that American aboriginal civilization was derived from south-east Asia and indirectly from Egypt has received such wide publicity that it is no longer possible to dismiss it lvithout refutation and wait for it to die a natural death. Such was the policy followed when the extravagances of Lord Kingsborough claiming that the inhabitants of Central America were the lost ten tribes first saw the light. Le Plongeon's fantastic claims too had their hour and then passed into the limbo of lost causes. Other heads of this hydra, peopling Central America from the lost continent of Atlantis, from Babylonia, Africa, New Zealand, Easter Island, and in fact from nearly every quarter of the globe, were not lopped off but left to wither away from lack of that blood, so necessary to this type of hydra–reasoned argument and proof.
Geochronology
Authors: Geer Gerard De
Published: August 2016

In the American journal Science for 1920 mention was made of my plan for investigating certain laminated clays in North America. During a previous visit to that country in 1891 I had noticed, in several places, laminated clays, similar to late glacial melting sediments in Sweden ; these I had found, by long continued investigations, to represent the annual deposit from the melting water along the border of the retreating ice-edge. (Plate I). With the aid of a graphic method for the comparison of the sharply marked annual layers or varves, I had succeeded in identifying such varves from one point to another, and ultimately worked out a systematic plan for the elaboration of a continuous time-scale. (See page 309). This was mainly carried out in 1905-6 on the basis of field measurements made with the assistance of a number of able young geologists. During the following year this standard scale was completed at many points. I thus succeeded in tracing, step by step, the recession of the ice-edge and the immediately following progress of the clay varves over one region after the other, until the whole line from the south to the centre of Sweden had been traced.
The Magic Origin of Prehistoric Art
Authors: Bégouen Count
Published: August 2016

The authenticity of the prehistoric paintings of the caves of Altamira has now been fully recognized for about thirty years, and with the many similar discoveries which have been made in France and Spain an entirely new light has been thrown on the mentality of prehistoric men. We must henceforth acknowledge that they possessed artistic tastes and a well developed aesthetic sense. No longer may we think of them as savages, solely concerned with the most material needs of daily life, but rather as men endowed with well-developed intellect and capable of considering things over and above the mere material side of the struggle for existence.

The discovery of skeletons, obviously buried with care, and surrounded with tools and ornaments, had already proved to us that respect was paid to the dead, and that there was a belief in an after-life. But with the discovery of works of art a fresh avenue of knowledge was opened up before us.
The Origin of the Kelts
Authors: Kraft Georg
Published: August 2016

The origin of every nation lies beyond the range of written records. It is one of the principal tasks of prehistory to supplement and extend backwards the historical tradition until it brings those events within its purview. The difficulty of the task is greatest where the historical record is shortest. So the peoples of northern and eastern Europe who most deeply concern us Northerners present one of the most perplexing problems to the archaeologist.

In the case of the Teutons the problem has been materially clarified by Scandinavian investigators. Moreover Gustav Kossinna in Germany has devised for its solution a method all his own which the Vienna school has subsequently applied to the Illyrian question. But in western Europe the Teutonic invasions for the most part fall within the domain of history. The forerunners of the Teutons in England, France, western Germany and in parts of Spain and Italy were the Kelts. The latter in places maintained their identity side by side with the Teutons, and in any case constitute a vital element in the present population of the regions in question. No wonder then that archaeology turned early to the elucidation of the problem of Keltic origins.
Dykes
Authors: Fox Cyril
Published: August 2016

Dykes have been described as travelling, running or linear earthworks. All these terms express their essential character, that of a bank, usually of earth but occasionally of loose stone, extending for a considerable distance across country. The existence of a bank presupposes an adjacent ditch from which its material was derived, and the descriptive term Ditch is as common as Dyke in the nomenclature of linear earthworks. Both terms have indeed a common origin.
Town and Country in Roman Britain
Authors: Collingwood R. G.
Published: August 2016

The second edition of the Ordnance Survey Map of Roman Britain gives us what we have never had before—a detailed account of the distribution of population over a large tract of the Roman Empire. Hitherto it has been impossible to say what principles governed the distribution of population during that period; and the result has been that everything written about the population of the Roman Empire has been somewhat vague and inconclusive, and has generally been confined to sweeping generalizations founded on induction from a very few facts, or to mere repetition of isolated statements, some doubtless true, others perhaps exaggerated or misleading, made by ancient writers.
The Giant of Cerne and other Hill-figures
Authors: Crawford O. G. S.
Published: August 2016

Few monuments are more interesting to the general observer than the hill-figures carved on the chalk downs of Southern England. The publication of Sir Flinders Petrie's monograph has led us to revisit one of those he describes; and the resulting observations are here set down for what they are worth.
Excavation
Authors: Wheeler Noel F.
Published: August 2016

Our only guide to the thoughts and motives of mankind is a correct interpretation of their acts; and when we are dealing with the Past our only guide to their acts lies in a correct interpretation of the results of those acts. These results are visible in their writings, buildings, paintings, and in all the other works of their hands.

Time, with all its attendant destructive agents-war, wear, and wilful destruction-has obscured the evidence onsiderably; but much still remains, though it may require labour, patience, and careful deduction to secure it.
Submarine Discoveries in the Mediterranean
Authors: Merlin A.
Published: August 2016

Hidden beneath the Mediterranean is a matchless collection of antiquities; but for centuries the sea has jealously watched over its treasures, allowing us no more than an occasional peep. Sometimes when a harbour is being deepened the dredger brings up an important specimen, such for instance as the massive silver patera with designs in gold, a splendid example of Alexandrian art, now in the Bardo Museum at Tunis; or the bronze statuettes from the harbour of Bona (found in July 1912), one of which, representing a girl—unfortunately headless—seated on the ground, is a rare combination of grace and artistic skill. At other times again it is the lucky haul of a fisherman which gives back to us a fine piece of sculpture. Thus it was that in 1832 near Piombino there was fished up out of the sea the Apollo of the early 5th century B.C. which is the pride of the Salle des Bronzes in the Louvre. Other objects found in the same way are the fine bronze headless statue of a boy found near Eleusis in 1879, and acquired by the Berlin Museum from the Sabouroff collection; Poseidon holding a dolphin, of the early 5th century, found near Creusis on the Boeotian shore of the Gulf of Corinth and now restored and exhibited at Athens; and the marble Aphrodite found in 1929 not far from Rhodes. One might easily prolong the list.
Yucatan: New Empire Tribes and Culture Waves
Authors: Mitchell J. Leslie
Published: August 2016

In the first of these papersX dealing with certain problems in the history and archaeology of Ancient America an account was given of the Maya Old Empire and the possible causes which lead to its collapse in the fourth or sixth centuries A.D. The whole tract of Xibalba was probably deserted, its inhabitants scattered, and the alien theocracy which had inspired a great semi-civilization destroyed.
Air-Photography in Northern Ireland
Authors: Chart D. A.
Published: August 2016

On the suggestion of Rev. L. P. Murray, and influenced by the discoveries made at Stonehenge and elsewhere by 0 means of air-photography , the Ancient Monuments Advisory Committee for Northern Ireland, at a meeting held 27 April 1927, agreed to pursue similar investigations in the Province. The Ministry of Finance, which in regard to Ancient Monuments corresponds to H.M. Office of Works in England, gave its support and asked the Air Ministry for its cooperation. This was readily accorded, and 502 Ulster (Bombing) Squadron of the Royal Air Force stationed at Aldergrove, co. Antrim, was instructed to give assistance, so far as was consistent with its ordinary duties. Valuable help was given by Wing Commander A. Claud Wright and the Squadron under his command, and the results have been decidedly interesting.
Historical Cycles
Authors: Crawford O. G. S.
Published: August 2016

History has been studied and histories written for more than two millennia. From time to time attempts have been made to discern some pattern or design running through it. But they have usually failed because the data have been inadequate. You cannot see the pattern of a carpet when only a minute portion is uncovered, and you cannot discern the pattern of history until large portions of it are available for examination. It was not until the 19th century that really long vistas were opened up by archaeological exploration in the East. Here, in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Crete, there were found the remains of forgotten civilizations; and Sir Flinders Petrie, one of the pioneers in that work of epoch-making in the literal sense, has himself sketched an outline of the pattern he believes he can see emerging. The present essay is an attempt to interpret and explain that pattern.
Stone Vessels found in Crete and Babylonia
Authors: Reisner G. A.
Published: August 2016

A Series of Egyptian objects found in foreign lands has been used to date archaeological groups in those lands, especially for periods the dating of which was unknown. In connexion with a study of Egyptian stone vessels I have taken occasion to examine the material reported from other lands, and it appears to me that some of the material used by scholars can be more accurately dated.
This Fieldwork
Authors: Wheeler R. E. M.
Published: August 2016

‘It is better to dig than to dance’, said St. Augustine. This sober choice between two difficult alternatives is one which, I freely confess, had always appealed to me as that of a balanced and discerning mind. Today I am a little shaken in my confidence. It has been brought home to me, with something of a shock, that this obiter dictum might in a certain sense be cited as a justification of the (to my thinking) distorted outlook of the modern archaeologist. At the present moment, for good or for ill, digging has, it seems, become to a large extent the basis of archaeological research. I say ‘ for good or for ill ’ advisedly. To those of us who may be classed as Antiquaries of the Older Generation, there is something indecorous, almost irreverent, in all this hot and untidy pick-and-shovel work. It is so hearty, so vocal, so undergraduate. Besides, it is so easy. Next to committing a murder, the easiest step to fame nowadays is to dig up a potsherd. And the more ignorant the excavator, the greater the kudos. ‘Potsherd dated 543 B.C. found in Kent’ may not be a hundred-per-cent. news-item ; but ‘ Mystery potsherd in Medway midden : experts baffled ’ is a main-page headline, sure thing. It is hardly to be wondered that, in our sound-proof studies, surrounded by our genealogies, our heraldry and our armour, we slippered veterans move uneasily in our chairs. It is as though a fist had been thrust rudely through our window-pane and let a draught of cold, oxygenladen air into our hitherto inviolate sancta.
A Chronological Table of Prehistory
Authors: Burkitt Miles , Childe V. Gordon
Published: August 2016

When the Editor of ANTIQUITY approached the authors and suggested that some of his readers would welcome a visual table showing the occurrence and sequence of the different prehistoric cultures, the matter did not seem to be one of outstanding difficulty. When the time came, however, to produce the work, it was found to be quite otherwise. Perhaps the ideal method would have been to prepare a series of gigantic distribution maps of the area to be covered (Europe, the Mediterranean Basin and adjacent regions) during the different prehistoric periods. But the preparation and publication of such maps on a scale large enough to be at all helpful would have presented insuperable difficulties. The more diagrammatic method which has been adopted divides up the map into several geographical areas which will be found heading the various columns of the table. These areas have been chosen and arranged as conveniently as possible in the light of the general distribution of the early and later prehistoric cultures.

It must always be remembered, however, that the spread of a culture from its area of origin corresponds to the ever-widening rings formed by a stone which is cast into a pond—its influence lessens as we get farther from the centre of diffusion. It is not easy to represent this lessening influence diagrammatically. Of course when the industries of a culture have spread widely over a neighbouring area, its name appears in the appropriate column of the table. Where, however, they are only very rarely found, perhaps as the last, faintest ripple of the circles, or where, as with the Solutrean culture in Spain south of the Pyrenees, they are only present in a small corner of the area adjacent to another thickly sprinkled area (France) whence they have clearly percolated, it would have presented an erroneous picture to have cited the culture-name.
Ancient Agriculture
Authors: Huntingford G. W. B.
Published: August 2016

In the first volume of ANTIQUITaYp pear two papers, one by Dr R. C. C. Clay, dealing with the formation of lynchetsl ; the other, by Dr E. Cecil Curwen, containing a survey of prehistoric agriculture in Britain.2 These papers, which are of considerable interest to the farmer as well as to the archaeologist, have suggested the following remarks, which I was unable to put on paper before as some of my books were in England.
Ancient Cultivations
Authors: Curwen E. Cecil
Published: August 2016

The ability to recognize the traces of ancient cultivation is essential to all students of earthworks and field-workers. The scope of our study is being widened, so that we are interested not merely in fortifications but in any kind of interference with the surface soil resulting from man’s activities in the past. It would be purely an arbitrary distinction to be interested in a hill-fort and not in the surface traces of an agricultural village of the same date, and these same surface traces consist very largely in lynchets, or cultivation terraces, the presence of which is often the sole clue to the site of the settlement.

It is a matter of observation that agricultural processes at different periods may leave quite distinct and separate kinds of traces on the ground. This depends on the kind of plough used, and on different habits with regard to the shape, size, and outlay of the fields. The one feature that is common to most ancient fields is the tendency to form terraces on sloping ground, due to the way in which the soil creeps downhill under the influence of ploughing and rain-wash, forming an accumulation along the lower edges of the plot.
Alleged Norse Remains in America
Authors: Gathorne-Hardy G. M.
Published: August 2016

The discovery of America by the Norsemen in the early years of the eleventh century is now one of the accepted facts of history. While considerable difference of opinion still exists as to the measure of reliance to be placed, in points of detail, upon the documents in which the discovery is recorded, and the precise localities visited are still the subject of controversy, no one who has devoted any attention to the subject entertains any doubt that the broad fact of the discovery is established. But, though this is so, the evidence has hitherto been exclusively confined to the historical narratives of the sagas, and the attempts which have been made from time to time to supplement their testimony by the production of traces of Norse occupation discovered in America itself have not only broken down, but have excited so large a measure of ridicule and suspicion that they have, rather paradoxically, been the principal reason why general acceptance of the basic fact was unduly delayed. As a natural and justifiable result, the first reaction of students of the subject to alleged discoveries of Norse remains or inscriptions in the West is one of extremely cautious scepticism.
Archaeology as a Science
Authors: Randall–MacIver David
Published: August 2016

Archaeology, like anthropology, is a very young science, and like anthropology it has grown at a most astonishing rate. In the true sense it is scarcely a hundred years old, for its birth may be placed about the middle of the last century, unless we are willing to give a rather artificial value to that false dawn which came with the occupation of Egypt by Napoleon. I should rather prefer to say that it begins just about 1850. Layard was excavating at Nineveh in 1845. Boucher de Perthes published his first work on stone implements in 1841; and the entire theory was made known in England in 1858, in the same year that Darwin and Wallace read ‘On the Origin of Species’. Keller's work on lake-dwellings appeared in 1854. Lartet and Christy were doing their chief work in 1861,a nd Pigorini from 1862 onwards. Schliemann's excavations of Troy began in 1870.
Belgic Cities of Britain
Authors: Wheeler R. E. M.
Published: August 2016

What particular gadfly drove the Belgae into Britain in the early years of the first century B.C. is hidden from us. The pestiferous Cimbri may have lent their sting; for although, alone of the Gauls, the Belgae had beaten them off along the Seine valley in 103 B.c., these vagabond Teutons and their friends cannot have added to the amenities of a continental existence. Thereafter, at any rate, Belgic ambition turned easily northwards to the familiar and relatively empty coasts of southeastern Britain. With a combined initiative and deliberation that may be imagined to have reflected their mixed Celtic and Teutonic origin, organized Belgic tribes or tribal contingents began to settle along our shores and to penetrate inland along our rivers. When Caesar arrived in 55 B.c., he found them, he tells us, in occupation of ‘the maritime districts’.
Splendide Mendax
Authors: Randall H. J.
Published: August 2016

This is not the occasion to discourse of the Art of Lying in general. The subject is too wide for any essay, and the present writer can claim no special competence. Yet, contrary to much generally received opinion, mankind for the most part are extremely bad liars,—not for want of practice, but because of inherent deficiency. This proposition is accepted as axiomatic in the practice of law and in the science of history. Few witnesses can survive a really skilled crossexamination unless they are speaking the truth or a fairly close approximation to it, and the historical witness is in little better case. The difficulties inherent in testimony are immense, but deliberate untruthfulness seldom prevails.
The Abbots Bromley Horn Dance
Authors: Alford Violet
Published: August 2016

Few people know of this, possibly the most primitive dance in Europe. We find scanty records therefore, the earliest dating only from the 17th century. Robert Plot, in his Natural History of Staffordshire, 1686, p. 434, says:–

At Abbots, or now rather Pagets Bromley, they had also within memory, a sort of sport, which they celebrated at Christmas (on New-Year and Twelft-day) call'd the Hobby-horse dance, from a person that carryed the image of a horse between his leggs, made of thin boards, and in his hand a bow and arrow, which passing through a hole in the bow, and stopping upon a sholder it had in it, he made a snapping noise as he drew it to and fro, keeping time with the Musick: with this Man danced 6 others, carrying on their shoulders as many Rain deers heads, 3 of them painted white, and 3 red, with the Armes of the cheif families (viz.) of Paget, Bagot, and Wells) to whom the revenews of the Town cheifly belonged, depicted on the palms of them, with which they danced the Hays, and other Country dances. To this Hobbyhorse dance there also belong'd a pot, which was kept by turnes, by 4 or 5 of the cheif of the Town, whom they call'd Reeves, who provided Cakes and Ale to put in this pot; all people who had any kindness for the good intent of the Institution of the sport, giving pence a piece for themselves and families; and so forraigners too, that came to see it: with which Mony (the charge of the Cakes and Ale being defrayed) they not only repaired their Church but kept their poore too: which charges are not now perhaps so cheerfully boarn.

Why Plot says ‘within memory’ it is difficult to understand, unless there was a temporary cessation of the rite. He might easily have learnt whether the sport still lived or no, but from this and various internal points I suspect the Doctor never went to see for himself. Like too great a number of folklorists he preferred keeping his nose in a book to embarking on ‘field work’. The pot into which they put the feast has now disappeared, and so far from repairing the church and keeping the poor, the few shillings gained hardly pay the dancers for the loss of a day's work.
Ancient Mexico
Authors: Mitchell J. Leslie
Published: August 2016

Ancient Mexico in the popular mind remains synonymous with Montezuma, treasure, and the late Rider Haggard. Even those who have passed beyond the naiveties of this horizonculture have seldom progressed further than Prescott, and still envisage his genteel Aztecs as the fons et ongo of all things Mexican. The latter view, so far as the Americanist is concerned, is roughly sixty years and three research stages out of date. By 1899 Mr W. J. Payne was thus summing up the common opinion of his generation of historians, who had arrived at the second stage :—‘ To the Toltecs, among the early peoples of the New World, the first place no less indisputably belongs than to the Greeks in the Old’.
Wales in the Fourteenth Century
Authors: Randall H. J.
Published: August 2016

The publication of this map is an event of importance. It is no exaggeration to say that it marks a definite advance in the geographical study of history, There may be other historical maps of a like completeness and accuracy, but if there be, ‘ this deponent knoweth them not ’. It is for this reason that a contribution to local history is deemed to deserve an extended notice in the pages of ANTIQUITY. The map is the result of nearly twenty years of research. The results of that research might have been presented to the public in the form of a bulky volume ; it is an event without precedent that they should appear in the form of a map.
The Neolithic Age in Northern China
Authors: Bishop Carl Whiting
Published: August 2016

Northern China forms an integral part of the north temperate zone of the Old World. It is, moreover, connected with western Asia and eastern Europe by a long but continuous belt of steppe presenting no transverse barriers to migration, whether faunal or human. It cannot, therefore, be treated as a region apart, save in a very limited and subordinate sense.

The surface consists in the main of mountains in the west and of plains in the east. Over much of it lie thick deposits of loess, extending from Chinese Turkistan right across eastern Asia, nearly to the Yellow Sea. These great accumulations of wind-borne soil were most probably formed during times roughly contemporary with the Riss-Wurm glaciation of Europe.
Prehistory and the Romantic Movement
Authors: Piggott Stuart
Published: August 2016

In a stimulating essay published a few years ago, Mr O. G. S. Crawford indicated how the archaeology of the nineteenth century was a natural outcome of the social and industrial background of the period, and resulted from a combination of circumstances which gave opportunities for the investigation of Man's remote past. If we examine the study of British prehistory during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in its relation to contemporary fashions in literature and the visual arts, we shall I think, see that the accurate and precise science which some of us would consider modern archaeology to be began merely as an episode in the history of taste less than two hundred years ago.
Querns
Authors: Curwen E. Cecil
Published: August 2016

When excavating in the hill-fort of Cissbury a few years ago the writer found nothing by which to date a certain group of pits except a piece of a revolving handmill (FIG. 23). Even this could not supply the necessary chronological evidence, because the developmental history of the quern or hand-mill had not yet been worked out in sufficient detail to enable one to say that a certain form is characteristic of a certain period. Being thus impressed with the need for such a study the writer endeavoured to collect data, but was met at the outset with the difticulty that of all the hand-mills preserved in our Museums extremely few have been dated at all closely by associated finds of pottery—at least so far as records go—while it seems to be exceptional even for modern excavators to note such associations when querns are found. After all, it is, as Pitt Rivers said, the common objects that are often more important than the rare ones, just because they are common, and it is surely one of the prime objects of excavation to obtain data for the study of the evolution, not only of pottery, but of all common objects.
Egyptian Portrait-Sculpture
Authors: Scharff Alexander
Published: August 2016

WE are often far too ready to apply to Egyptian art the same standards which we use in dealing with Greek, Roman, medieval and modern works. Thus, for example, we are apt to speak of Egyptian ‘masters’ or ‘master-hands’, expressions which constantly occur in connexion with Greek sculpture or Renaissance painting; or we assume that the identity of an Egyptian portrait can be established just as if it were a question of a definite Renaissance personality. Now one of the chief characteristics of Egyptian art is its impersonality. The Egyptians had no conception of a work of art produced, so to speak, from pietas, to perpetuate the features of some dear departed, or such as it would be pleasant to possess from sheer delight in artistry; in particular, the artistic contemplation and enjoyment of a work of art as we understand it could scarcely have been understood by an Egyptian.
Dendrochronology
Authors: Brown F. Martin
Published: August 2016

During the first years of this century an astronomer, Dr A. E. Douglass, started a series of examinations of the annual increment in trees just south of Flagstaff, Arizona, to see if the cyclical nature of sun-spot appearances was reflected in tree growth, through their influence on climate. He found that there was a rather high correlation between tree growth and sun-spots in the living trees he examined. In order to extend his studies into the past—beyond the 500 years recorded by living trees—he collected material taken from beams in the old Spanish Missions that dot the southwestern United States. He had found that it was possible to identify certain characteristic sequences of tree-ring widths with certain years, and thus project into the past his chart of tree growth from timbers cut at an unknown past date. In doing so he discovered a technique that has founded a new branch of science—dendrochronology.
Peasant Crofts in North Pembrokeshire
Authors: Fox Cyril
Published: August 2016

The Admiralty, having purchased in 1937 an extensive area of land in Llanychaer and adjacent parishes five miles SSE of Fishguard, Pembrokeshire, kindly permitted the National Museum of Wales to examine and make records of any sites or buildings of interest therein.

I visited the local headquarters at Trecŵn in June 1937 for this purpose. The site consists of a narrow valley—at one point a gorge with rocky scarps—and its flanking uplands. The western half is occupied by Trecŵn House, its parkland and village, an estate developed in the English manner and providing little of antiquarian interest. The remainder was largely under different ownership, and, apart from Llanychaer church and farm, both of which are modernized, more primitive conditions survive in it. This portion of the area, which includes the picturesque rock-wall of Graig Lwyd, is shown in FIG. I. Each rectangle on the map represents a dwelling; and it will be seen that settlement is now confined to the floor and eastern side of the valley. It is of the diffuse type, which contrasts so strongly with the nucleated villages characteristic of England and met with in south Pembrokeshire and other anglicized parts of Wales. If the parish boundaries be examined (shown by a line of dots on the map) it will be seen that most of the houses are in Llanychaer parish, the ancient centre of which, the church, has only one farmstead near it. The shaded (red) portion of the map represents part of the common land (rough mountain pasture) of this and the adjacent parish. The dwellings within the area controlled by the Admiralty are overprinted in red.
Were the Giza Pyramids Painted?
Authors: Lucas A.
Published: August 2016

So far as is known to the writer, the only published studies of this subject are one by himseIf, made many years ago, and a more recent one by Professor André Pochan, though references to the appearance and colour of the stones are not uncommon. Thus both Jomard (who climbed the pyramid) and Maspero (who apparently did not climb the pyramid, but relied upon Jomard's description) both say that the portion of the casing of the pyramid of Chephren, still remaining in place at the apex, is coloured reddish in patches by lichen, the identification of this apparently having been made by the well-known botanist Delile, who accompanied Jomard on his climb up the pyramid.

Professor Pochan, who also climbed the pyramid of Chephren, 2nd examined the stones at the apex, states that he saw lichen, but only on the north side, where the colour was blackish, and that the stones in general are of a reddish-brown colour. No proof that the black was indeed lichen is given, and the very dry situation would seem to make the presence of lichen improbable, unless it is growing on the patches of bird excrement that Jomard noticed, which, however, are not likely to be confined to the north side.