bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WHOSE DEMOCRACY? HISTORIES OF BRITISH POLITICAL CULTURE BETWEEN THE WARS
Authors: McCARTHY HELEN
Published: February 2012

This article reviews the current state of historical writing on British political culture in the interwar period, with a particular focus on the character of the democratic society which emerged from the franchise extensions of 1918 and 1928. It takes as its starting point the influential interpretation advanced by Ross McKibbin in his two most recent books,Classes and cultures(1998) andParties and people(2010). This holds that Britain's interwar democracy came to be shaped in the image of the anti-socialist middle class, buoyed by the centrist appeal of Baldwinite constitutional Conservatism. Anti-socialism's interwar hegemony, McKibbin further argues, had serious consequences for the progress of social democracy after the Second World War. Whilst this narrative is, in many respects, highly compelling, this review suggests that much recent literature on the period points to a range of alternative interpretative possibilities which offer different answers to McKibbin's core question: what kind of a democracy was Britain between the wars? Drawing on these studies, the review argues that Britain's political culture was rather more ‘democratized’ during these years than McKibbin allows, before finally identifying some directions for future research.
Nonlinear waves and shocks in relativistic two-fluid hydrodynamics
Authors: HAIM L. , GEDALIN M. , SPITKOVSKY A. , KRASNOSELSKIKH V. , BALIKHIN M.
Published: February 2012

Relativistic shocks are present in a number of objects where violent processes are accompanied by relativistic outflows of plasma. The magnetization parameter σ = B2/4πnmc2 of the ambient medium varies in wide range. Shocks with low σ are expected to substantially enhance the magnetic fields in the shock front. In non-relativistic shocks the magnetic compression is limited by nonlinear effects related to the deceleration of flow. Two-fluid analysis of perpendicular relativistic shocks shows that the nonlinearities are suppressed for σ≪1 and the magnetic field reaches nearly equipartition values when the magnetic energy density is of the order of the ion energy density, Beq2 ~ 4πnmic2γ. A large cross-shock potential eφ/mic2γ0 ~ B2/Beq2 develops across the electron–ion shock front. This potential is responsible for electron energization.
Positive diversifying selection onPlasmodium vivaxRON2 protein
Authors: TANG JIANXIA , DAI YANG , ZHANG HONGWEI , CULLETON RICHARD L. , LIU YAOBO , ZHAO SONG , WANG XIAOTING , GUAN XIAOHONG , KANEKO OSAMU , ZHU YINCHANG
Published: February 2012

Plasmodiumrhoptry neck protein 2 (RON2), which is released from the neck portion of the merozoite rhoptries and interacts with the microneme protein Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA1), plays a crucial role in erythrocyte invasion. In this study, we sequenced thePlasmodium vivaxRON2 gene from 19P. vivaxisolates collected in central China in order to establish whether this protein is under positive diversifying selection, which may occur as a result of protective host immune pressure†. In comparison with theP. vivaxSal-1 reference line, we found 10 amino acid substitutions dispersed throughout the open reading frame as well as indels caused by polymorphism in a repeat unit (21–23 repeats of (Q/E/K/N/H)(G/D)G(H/L/Y/P)G) in the second tandem repeat region located at amino acid positions 541–650. A McDonald-Kreitman test with RON2 sequences from the primate malaria parasitePlasmodium knowlesi, detected significant departure from neutrality in thePvRON2 3′ region (nucleotide positions 2668–6609). These results suggest that thePvRON2 gene has evolved under positive diversifying selection.
OUT OF THE SHADOWS AND SILENCES: THE LOTTA WENNÄKOSKI IN PROFILE
Authors: Howell Tim
Published: February 2012

The sheer quantity and diversity of music being written in Finland today continues to surprise and delight us. But one significant strand in this otherwise egalitarian success story has remained in the shadows: the role of women composers. Kaija Saariaho appears to be the only such figure to hold a truly international reputation, raising basic questions: why should this be so, how are things changing and what kind of music is being produced. Outlining social and political issues that are distinctive to Finland helps to explain the emergence of Saariaho as a role model for younger women composers. It also invites a detailed case study of a leading member of this generation: Lotta Wennäkoski. This focus on an analytical reading of Wennäkoski's compositional process – as evidenced through her orchestral piece Sakara (2003) – reveals how this music communicates so effectively with contemporary audiences.
THE INTERACTION OF FORM AND MATERIAL IN SCHOENBERG'S KLAVIERSTÜCK OP. 33B
Authors: Rice Hugh Collins
Published: February 2012

The least familiar of Schoenberg's piano pieces, op.33b nevertheless can be seen to illuminate the crucial relationship between material and form. Ostensibly a simple ABABA pattern, the form has a multi-faceted character, whose second half performs a different role from the first and even suggests a different style of musical utterance. The opening material is pianistically awkward and though its formal returns suggest different possibilities, it is the strange and beautiful passage at bar 46 which does most to alter the trajectory of the later stages of the piece. Although this passage sits outside the form, it has a role in the broader narrative of the piece and many of its characteristics are taken up in the coda of the work. The developing sense of a more fluent pianism provides a counterpoise to the ABABA shape and the awkwardness of the opening becomes part of the dialogue between form and material.
Reciprocal Relationship between Social Support and Psychological Distress among a National Sample of Older Adults: An Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Model
Authors: Robitaille Annie , Orpana Heather , McIntosh Cameron N.
Published: February 2012

Dans cette étude, nous avons examiné les relations longitudinales entre les cinq dimensions de soutien social et la détresse psychologique afin de déterminer si (1) le soutien social est lié à niveaux subséquentes de la détresse psychologique ; ou (2) si les niveaux de détresse psychologique ont été liés à des niveaux ultérieurs de soutien social ; ou (3) si la détresse et le soutien avaient une relation réciproque (bi-directionnel) à travers le temps. L’étude a examiné le rapport bidirectionnel longitudinal entre les dimensions différentes du soutien social et la détresse psychologique, en utilisant un modèle autorégressif de corrélation avec décalage pour cinq périodes de données. Nous avons trouvé des preuves (d’appui) de la relation réciproque entre le soutien affectueux et la détresse. L’augmentation de la détresse psychologique etait liée à des niveaux élevés de la suite des interactions sociales positives et significativement liée a un soutien par la suite plus émotionnel et informationnel. Aucune relation significative n’a été trouvée entre un soutien tangible et structurelle et la détresse psychologique. Cette étude démontre que les différents types de soutien sont associés avec la détresse psychologique d’une manière correspondante et que la détresse psychologique peut être important, deux ans plus tard, pour prévoir des niveaux de soutien social.
Psychometric validation of a knowledge questionnaire on micronutrients among adolescents and its relationship to micronutrient status of 15–19-year-old adolescent boys, Hyderabad, India
Authors: Augustine Little Flower , Vazir Shahnaz , Rao Sylvia Fernandez , Rao M Vishnuvardhana , Laxmaiah A , Ravinder P , Rao V Vikas , Nair K Madhavan
Published: February 2012

Objective

To develop a psychometrically valid questionnaire for testing knowledge on micronutrients and to assess the relationship between knowledge and biomarkers of micronutrient status among adolescents.

Design

Cross-sectional, institution-based, validity and reliability study.

Setting

Seven higher secondary schools were covered in the limits of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, Hyderabad, India.

Subjects

Students aged 15–19 years,n92 for the pre-test,n108 for test–retest andn109 for studying the relationship between knowledge and biomarkers of Fe, retinol, ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, folic acid and vitamin B12status.

Results

From an item pool of 106, thirty-one items were selected based on content validity. Statistical tools to obtain a valid and reliable questionnaire among adolescent boys and girls resulted in eighteen items with a difficulty index of 0·11–0·86, discrimination index of 0·20–0·72 and validity index (point bi-serial correlation) of 0·10–0·62. Reliability as measured by Cronbach'sαwas 0·71 and the intra-class correlation coefficient was 0·80. A Bland–Altman plot showed good agreement between test and retest scores. The mean response score to the eighteen-item questionnaire was 5·2 (sd2·68). The mean values of serum retinol were significantly different (P= 0·022) between groups below (24·8 (sd6·64) μg/dl) and above (28·0 (sd7·67) μg/dl) the 50th percentile of knowledge score. The relationship persisted after controlling for economic status as a covariate using analysis of covariance (P= 0·018). Other micronutrients did not show any significant relationship.

Conclusions

A valid and reliable eighteen-item knowledge questionnaire was constructed and found to have a significant positive relationship with plasma retinol status alone.
Trigeminal satellite cells modulate neuronal responses to triptans: relevance for migraine therapy
Authors: de Corato Alice , Capuano Alessandro , Currò Diego , Tringali Giuseppe , Navarra Pierluigi , Dello Russo Cinzia
Published: February 2012

In the present paper, we have further developed an in vitro model to study neuronal–glial interaction at trigeminal level by characterizing the effects of conditioned medium (CM) collected from activated primary cultures of satellite glial cells (SGCs) on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from rat trigeminal neurons. Moreover, we investigated whether such release is inhibited by a clinically relevant anti-migraine drug, sumatriptan. CM effects were tested on trigeminal neuronal cultures in different conditions of activation and at different time points. Long-term exposures of trigeminal neurons to CM increased directly neuronal CGRP release, which was further enhanced by the exposure to capsaicin. In this framework, the anti-migraine drug sumatriptan was able to inhibit the evoked CGRP release from naïve trigeminal neuron cultures, as well as from trigeminal cultures pre-exposed for 30 min to CM. On the contrary, sumatriptan failed to inhibit evoked CGRP release from trigeminal neurons after prolonged (4 and 8 h) pre-exposures to CM. These findings were confirmed in co-culture experiments (neurons and SGCs), where activation of SGCs or a bradykinin priming were used. Our data demonstrate that SGCs activation could influence neuronal excitability, and that this event affects the neuronal responses to triptans.
Overcooling in the upper thermosphere during the recovery phase of the 2003 October storms
Authors: Lei Jiuhou , Burns Alan G. , Thayer Jeffrey P. , Wang Wenbin , Mlynczak Martin G. , Hunt Linda A. , Dou Xiankang , Sutton Eric
Published: February 2012

Infrared radiative emissions by carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitric oxide (NO) are the major cooling mechanisms of the lower thermosphere. During geomagnetically active periods, the NO density and cooling rate in the auroral regions increase significantly as a result of particle precipitation and Joule heating. Previous studies have shown that the time for NO density to recover to quiet time levels is longer than that of the thermosphere temperature or density recovery. This study explores the implications of these different recovery rates for the post‐storm thermosphere. Thermosphere densities retrieved from the CHAMP and GRACE accelerometer measurements and NO cooling rates measured by TIMED/SABER are used to examine their variations during the post‐storm period of the October 2003 geomagnetic storms. It was found that thermosphere densities at both CHAMP and GRACE altitudes recovered rapidly and continuously decreased below the quiet time densities during the post‐storm period, especially at middle latitudes. Compared with the quiet time values, the maximum depletion in the CHAMP and GRACE densities after the storm is about 23–36%, and the estimated decrease of thermospheric temperature is as large as 70–110 K. Our analysis suggests that the elevated NO cooling rate, resulting from the slower recovery of NO densities in the post‐storm period, is a plausible cause for this apparent post‐storm overcooling of the thermosphere.
Recent advances in understanding substorm dynamics
Authors: Sergeev V. A. , Angelopoulos V. , Nakamura R.
Published: February 2012

Magnetospheric substorms are elemental processes of solar wind energy storage and explosive release in Earth's magnetosphere. They encompass fundamental plasma physics questions, are ubiquitous during all types of geomagnetic conditions, contribute significantly to magnetic storms, and are a key element of Space Weather applications. This paper reviews recent major advances enabled by modern multi‐point space‐based and ground‐based platforms. These datasets have also empowered a system‐wide perspective and advanced modeling. We particularly highlight progress in two areas: (1) substorm onset timing and evidence for current sheet preconditioning and destabilization and (2) fast flows and dipolarizations, including the role of entropy in magnetotail plasma propagation.
RWD domain: a recurring module in kinetochore architecture shown by a Ctf19–Mcm21 complex structure
Authors: Schmitzberger Florian , Harrison Stephen C
Published: February 2012

The proteins Ctf19, Okp1, Mcm21 and Ame1 are the components of COMA, a subassembly of budding‐yeast kinetochores. We have determined the crystal structure of a conserved COMA subcomplex—the Ctf19–Mcm21 heterodimer—from Kluyveromyces lactis. Both proteins contain ‘double‐RWD’ domains, which together form a Y‐shaped framework with flexible N‐terminal extensions. The kinetochore proteins Csm1, Spc24 and Spc25 have related single RWD domains, and Ctf19 and Mcm21 associate with pseudo‐twofold symmetry analogous to that in the Csm1 homodimer and the Spc24–Spc25 heterodimer. The double‐RWD domain core of the Ctf19–Mcm21 heterodimer is sufficient for association with Okp1–Ame1; the less conserved N‐terminal regions may interact with components of a more extensive ‘CTF19 complex’. Our structure shows the RWD domain to be a recurring module of kinetochore architecture that may be present in other kinetochore substructures. Like many eukaryotic molecular machines, kinetochores may have evolved from simpler assemblies by multiplication of a few ancestral modules.
Telepractice and the Public Sector Audiologist
Authors: Lisonbee Dale L.
Published: February 2012

The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) defines telepractice as the application of telecommunications technology to deliver professional services at a distance by linking clinician to client; or clinician to clinician for assessment, intervention, and/or consultation (ASHA, 2005a). Telepractice has become a standard delivery process for the medical community. ASHA has recognized telepractice as a viable and appropriate venue for audiologist. They have provided a position statement to guide audiologists using telepractice. The advent of high speed Internet and computerized testing equipment has increased the capability of audiologists to use telepractice technology. Research has shown significant evidence that telepractice could be used to provide many aspects of audiological assessment and treatment. There are three types of telepractice technology that can be used to aid the audiology practice: synchronous, which uses real time technology, asynchronous, which uses store-and-forward technology, and hybrid, which is a combination of both. Telepractice could be a valuable resource for public sector audiologists in the near future. Newborn hearing screening and educational audiology programs will likely benefit greatly from the use of telepractice. If the advances in technology continue at the current pace, telepractice will be poised to help provide services to difficult-to-reach patients all over the world.
A negative feedback loop at the nuclear periphery regulates GAL gene expression
Authors: Green Erin M. , Jiang Ying , Joyner Ryan , Weis Karsten
Published: February 2012

The genome is nonrandomly organized within the nucleus, but it remains unclear how gene position affects gene expression. Silenced genes have frequently been found associated with the nuclear periphery, and the environment at the periphery is believed to be refractory to transcriptional activation. However, in budding yeast, several highly regulated classes of genes, including the GAL7-10-1 gene cluster, are known to translocate to the nuclear periphery concurrent with their activation. To investigate the role of gene positioning on GAL gene expression, we monitored the effects of mutations that disrupt the interaction between the GAL locus and the periphery or synthetically tethered the locus to the periphery. Localization to the nuclear periphery was found to dampen initial GAL gene induction and was required for rapid repression after gene inactivation, revealing a function for the nuclear periphery in repressing endogenous GAL gene expression. Our results do not support a gene-gating model in which GAL gene interaction with the nuclear pore ensures rapid gene expression, but instead they suggest that a repressive environment at the nuclear periphery establishes a negative feedback loop that enables the GAL locus to respond rapidly to changes in environmental conditions.
The human mitochondrial ISCA1, ISCA2, and IBA57 proteins are required for [4Fe-4S] protein maturation
Authors: Sheftel Alex D. , Wilbrecht Claudia , Stehling Oliver , Niggemeyer Brigitte , Elsässer Hans-Peter , Mühlenhoff Ulrich , Lill Roland
Published: February 2012

Members of the bacterial and mitochondrial iron–sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly machinery include the so-called A-type ISC proteins, which support the assembly of a subset of Fe/S apoproteins. The human genome encodes two A-type proteins, termed ISCA1 and ISCA2, which are related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Isa1 and Isa2, respectively. An additional protein, Iba57, physically interacts with Isa1 and Isa2 in yeast. To test the cellular role of human ISCA1, ISCA2, and IBA57, HeLa cells were depleted for any of these proteins by RNA interference technology. Depleted cells contained massively swollen and enlarged mitochondria that were virtually devoid of cristae membranes, demonstrating the importance of these proteins for mitochondrial biogenesis. The activities of mitochondrial [4Fe-4S] proteins, including aconitase, respiratory complex I, and lipoic acid synthase, were diminished following depletion of the three proteins. In contrast, the mitochondrial [2Fe-2S] enzyme ferrochelatase and cellular heme content were unaffected. We further provide evidence against a localization and direct Fe/S protein maturation function of ISCA1 and ISCA2 in the cytosol. Taken together, our data suggest that ISCA1, ISCA2, and IBA57 are specifically involved in the maturation of mitochondrial [4Fe-4S] proteins functioning late in the ISC assembly pathway.
Mentor Contour Profile Gel Implants
Authors: Hammond Dennis C. , Migliori Mark M. , Caplin David A. , Garcia M. Emily , Phillips Christine A.
Published: February 2012

Background:

MemoryShape (Contour Profile Gel) is a textured contoured implant filled with a cohesive silicone gel intended for use in aesthetic and reconstructive breast surgery. The 6-year summary of the clinical outcomes and satisfaction rates for this device from a 10-year, prospective, open-label, multicenter clinical trial is presented.

Methods:

According to 2006 guidelines set forth by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 955 women were enrolled: 572 undergoing primary augmentation, 124 undergoing revision-augmentation, 191 undergoing primary reconstruction, and 68 undergoing revision-reconstruction. The cumulative incidence of selected complications was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results:

For the primary augmentation cohort, Kaplan-Meier estimated 6-year cumulative incidence rates for key complications by patient were as follows: 2.4 percent Baker grade III/IV capsular contracture, 0.9 percent infection, 7.0 percent explantation, and 18.1 percent any reoperation. Corresponding rates were 9.7, 2.1, 13.6, and 24.1 percent for revision-augmentation; 10.1, 1.6, 21.8, and 44.5 percent for primary reconstruction; and 16.4, 3.0, 34.2, and 45.4 percent for revision-reconstruction. The Kaplan-Meier estimated rupture rate at 6 years was 2.1 percent for primary augmentation, 2.9 percent for revision-augmentation, 1.5 percent for primary reconstruction, and 0 percent for revision-reconstruction. Implantation of Contour Profile Gel breast implants resulted in a significant increase in circumferential chest size in the overall population (mean change, 1.5 inches; p < 0.0001), and 96.6 percent of patients would make the same decision to have Contour Profile Gel breast implant surgery.

Conclusions:

At 6 years postoperatively, Contour Profile Gel breast implants were found to be effective and have an acceptable safety profile in women undergoing breast augmentation, reconstruction, and revision surgery.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, II.
Intraspecific trait cospecialization of constitutive and inducible morphological defences in a marine snail from habitats with different predation risk
Authors: Bourdeau Paul E.
Published: February 2012

1. Studies examining the integration of constitutive and inducible aspects of multivariate defensive phenotypes are rare.

2. I asked whether marine snails (Nucella lamellosa) from habitats with and without abundant predatory crabs differed in constitutive and inducible aspects of defensive shell morphology.

3. I examined multivariate shell shape development of snails from each habitat in the presence and absence of waterborne cues from feeding crabs (Cancer productus). I also examined the influence of constitutive and inducible shell morphology on resistance to crushing.

4. Regardless of the presence of crabs, snails from high‐risk (HR) habitats developed rotund, short‐spired shells, while snails from low‐risk habitats developed elongate shells, tall‐spired shells, indicating among‐habitat divergence in constitutive shell shape. Moreover, allometry analyses indicated that constitutive developmental patterns underlying this variation also differed between habitats. However, snails from HR habitats showed greater plasticity for apertural lip thickness and apertural area in the presence of crab cues, indicating among‐habitat variation in defence inducibility.

5. Both shell shape and apertural lip thickness contributed to shell strength suggesting that constitutive shell shape development and inducible lip thickening have evolved jointly to form an effective defence in habitats where predation risk is high.
The ancillary protein 1 of Streptococcus pyogenes FCT‐1 pili mediates cell adhesion and biofilm formation through heterophilic as well as homophilic interactions
Authors: Becherelli Marco , Manetti Andrea G. O. , Buccato Scilla , Viciani Elisa , Ciucchi Laura , Mollica Giulia , Grandi Guido , Margarit Imma
Published: February 2012

Gram‐positive pili are known to play a role in bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells and in the formation of biofilm microbial communities. In the present study we undertook the functional characterization of the pilus ancillary protein 1 (AP1_M6) from Streptococcus pyogenes isolates expressing the FCT‐1 pilus variant, known to be strong biofilm formers. Cell binding and biofilm formation assays using S. pyogenes in‐frame deletion mutants, Lactococcus expressing heterologous FCT‐1 pili and purified recombinant AP1_M6, indicated that this pilin is a strong cell adhesin that is also involved in bacterial biofilm formation. Moreover, we show that AP1_M6 establishes homophilic interactions that mediate inter‐bacterial contact, possibly promoting bacterial colonization of target epithelial cells in the form of three‐dimensional microcolonies. Finally, AP1_M6 knockout mutants were less virulent in mice, indicating that this protein is also implicated in GAS systemic infection.
Light and abscisic acid signalling are integrated by MIZ1 gene expression and regulate hydrotropic response in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: MORIWAKI TEPPEI , MIYAZAWA YUTAKA , FUJII NOBUHARU , TAKAHASHI HIDEYUKI
Published: February 2012

Plant roots undergo tropic growth in response to environmental cues, and each tropic response is affected by several environmental stimuli. Even its importance, molecular regulation of hydrotropism has not been largely uncovered. Tropic responses including hydrotropism were impacted by other environmental signal. We found that hydrotropism was reduced in dark‐grown seedling. Moreover, we found that the expression of MIZ1, an essential gene for hydrotropism, was regulated by light signal. From our genetic analysis, phytochrome A (phyA)‐, phyB‐ and HY5‐mediated blue‐light signalling play curial roles in light‐mediated induction of MIZ1 and hydrotropism. In addition, we found that abscisic acid (ABA) also induced MIZ1 expression. ABA treatment could recover weak hydrotropism and MIZ1 expression level of hy5, and ABA synthesis inhibitor, abamineSG, further reduced hydrotropic curvature of hy5. In contrast, ABA treatment did not affect ahydrotropic phenotype of miz1. These results suggest that ABA signalling regulates MIZ1 expression independently from light signalling. Our results demonstrate that environmental signals, such as light and stresses mediated by ABA signalling, are integrated into MIZ1 expression and thus regulate hydrotropism. These machineries will allow plants to acquire sufficient amounts of water.
Geographic differences in perioperative opioid administration in children
Authors: Rabbitts Jennifer A. , Groenewald Cornelius B. , Räsänen Jukka
Published: February 2012

Objectives:  To investigate whether geographic differences exist in perioperative opioid administration to children.

Aim:  To investigate whether perioperative fentanyl use for cleft lip and palate surgery varies between children of three different geographic regions.

Background:  Differences have been found in perioperative opioid administration to children of differing ethnicity in the USA. Whether similar differences exist in perioperative opioid administration to children residing in different geographic regions is unknown.

Methods/Materials:  We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of ASA I children who underwent surgery under standardized general anesthesia between January 2010 and April 2011 during SMILE Network International mission trips to Africa, India and Central and South America. Perioperative administration of fentanyl was compared between these three locations.

Results:  We analyzed data from 79 children who underwent surgery in Africa, 76 in India and 153 in Central and South America. Children in Central and South America were given <50% of the intraoperative amount of fentanyl (2.0 ± 1.2 mcg·kg−1) administered to children in Africa (4.1 ± 2.4 mcg·kg−1; P < 0.001) and children in India (4.3 ± 2.2 mcg·kg−1; P < 0.001). Postoperatively, fentanyl was administered in equivalent doses to all groups.

Conclusions:  Children in Central and South America received less opioid intraoperatively than African and Indian children, under standardized anesthesia for cleft surgeries. Further research is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these group differences.
Farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) is a good source of long chain omega‐3 fatty acids
Authors: Jensen I. J. , Mæhre H. K. , Tømmerås S. , Eilertsen K. E. , Olsen R. L. , Elvevoll E. O.
Published: February 2012

The limited amount of fish oils available has resulted in an increased use of vegetable oils in the feed for farmed fish, such as Atlantic salmon. The aim of this study was to evaluate how this has affected the fatty acid (FA) composition of farmed Atlantic salmon and to compare the FA composition of 20 farmed Atlantic salmon with that of 20 wild Atlantic salmon caught in the sea. Fillet fat of farmed salmon was about 12%, which is twice that found in wild salmon. The FA composition of the farmed salmon confirmed a substantial inclusion of vegetable oils in the feed, but the total amount of long chain n‐3 FA present in the fillets of farmed salmon was higher than in the wild fish. A standard portion of farmed Atlantic salmon fillet (200 g) provides approximately 2 g of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is four times higher than the minimum daily intakes recommended by the UK's Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition and the World Health Organisation.
Food taxes: what type of evidence is available to inform policy development?
Authors: Hawkes C.
Published: February 2012

Summary  Once dispatched to the bottom draw of policy options to address unhealthy eating, food taxes now seem back in the out tray of European policy makers. Even David Cameron made an offhand quip recently suggesting that this is something the British Government might explore. While the purpose of developing food taxes is likely their potential to raise money for national treasuries, governments have justified them on health grounds. But, what evidence is available that can inform policy development in this area from a health perspective? Most obvious are the studies that model different scenarios for taxes. Yet these studies form a relatively small part of the potential evidence‐base. The largest proportion of existing research on food prices has simply measured food prices in the marketplace and drawn hypotheses about the dietary implications. Other studies have estimated the costs of actually consumed diets. Another set of studies have quantified an association between price of specific foods and diet from real world data. Others have likewise taken a quantitative approach, but in experimental settings. A particularly large group of studies are qualitative – those asking consumers if and/or how their food choices are influenced by prices. The final type of study combines qualitative and quantitative methods. This paper examines the relevance of these different types of evidence as information for policy development in this area.
Response to commentary: is collaboration a viable target for family therapists?
Authors: Sutherland Olga , Strong Tom
Published: February 2012

In response to Zimmerman's commentary, ‘Is collaboration a viable target for family therapists?’ we explore more conventional perspectives of therapeutic collaboration featured in the family therapy literature, including Zimmerman's commentary. In particular, we critique essentialist and universal formulations that portray the client–therapist relationship to be inherently unequal as inconsistent and limiting. We conclude by addressing what appear to be some misunderstandings in Zimmerman's commentary and clarify what we see as differences between his ideas and our stance on collaboration and power in family therapy.
Where Do Unions Add Value? Predominant Organizing Principle, Union Strength and Manufacturing Productivity Growth in the OECD
Authors: Vernon Guy , Rogers Mark
Published: February 2012

This article deploys comparative historical data on 14 OECD countries to examine the significance of predominant union structure for the impact of union strength on the (medium‐term) growth in hourly labour productivity in manufacturing. The analysis shows that where craft and general unionism predominates, union strength has a deleterious impact on productivity growth. Where enterprise unionism predominates, union strength is irrelevant. However, where industrial unionism predominates, union strength promotes productivity growth. These effects exist independently of established economic influences on aggregate productivity growth. The findings are interpreted as displaying the importance of the character of the governance that unions provide for their productivity impact.
Motor vehicle accidents during pregnancy: a population‐based study
Authors: Vivian‐Taylor J , Roberts CL , Chen JS , Ford JB
Published: February 2012

Please cite this paper as: Vivian‐Taylor J, Roberts C, Chen J, Ford J. Motor vehicle accidents during pregnancy: a population‐based study. BJOG 2012;119:499–503.

This population‐based cohort study of more than 600 000 Australian women describes the incidence of motor vehicle accidents (MVA) during pregnancy and the immediate and subsequent pregnancy outcomes. In this study, 3.5 women per 1000 maternities were admitted to hospital following an MVA. Immediate delivery was uncommon: 0.4% at <20 weeks of gestation and 3.5% at ≥20 weeks of gestation. Outcomes for those giving birth immediately were poor, with increased risk of antepartum haemorrhage, preterm birth, caesarean section and perinatal death. In contrast, women who remained undelivered following an MVA (96%) had similar pregnancy outcomes to women not involved in MVAs, and can be reassured.
Prediction of selective fetal growth restriction and twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome in monochorionic twins
Authors: Memmo A , Dias T , Mahsud‐Dornan S , Papageorghiou AT , Bhide A , Thilaganathan B
Published: February 2012

Please cite this paper as: Memmo A, Dias T, Mahsud‐Dornan S, Papageorghiou A, Bhide A, Thilaganathan B. Prediction of selective fetal growth restriction and twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome in monochorionic twins. BJOG 2012;119:417–421.

Objective  To study the correlation of discrepancy between crown–rump length (CRL) and nuchal translucency (NT) in monochorionic twins at 11–14 weeks of gestation and subsequent development of twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) and selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR).

Design  Retrospective cohort study.

Setting  Tertiary‐care Fetal Medicine Unit, London.

Sample  Monochorionic twin pregnancies with known outcome.

Methods  Inter‐twin discrepancy was calculated as a percentage of the larger CRL and smaller NT and compared among those developing TTTS, those with sFGR and those with normal outcome. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to evaluate the performance of inter‐twin discrepancy in prediction of sFGR and TTTS.

Main outcome measures  Development of TTTS and sFGR.

Results  A total of 242 monochorionic twin pregnancies were studied (102 TTTS, 36 sFGR and 104 controls). The median CRL discrepancy in the sFGR group (11.9%) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than in the TTTS group (3.8%) and control group (3.5%). Median inter‐twin NT discrepancies were not significantly different (P = 0.869) between sFGR and both TTTS and control groups (15.6%, 16.7% and 14.8%, respectively). Discrepancy in CRL performs well as a screening test for sFGR (area under ROC curve = 0.89), but not for TTTS (area under ROC curve = 0.58).

Conclusions  First‐trimester CRL discrepancy in monochorionic twins is a marker for subsequent development of sFGR rather than TTTS. Inter‐twin NT discrepancy does not appear to be significantly different in these two groups from those with normal outcome.
Ontogeny and microstructure of the enigmatic Cambrian tommotiid Sunnaginia Missarzhevsky, 1969
Authors: MURDOCK DUNCAN J. E. , DONOGHUE PHILIP C. J. , BENGTSON STEFAN , MARONE FEDERICA
Published: February 2012

Abstract:  The tommotiids are a significant component of the earliest skeletal animal remains in the fossil record, occurring in large numbers in the Lower Cambrian. Sclerites of the tommotiid genus Sunnaginia have been implicated as integral to hypotheses regarding the evolution of the brachiopod body plan, with a morphology intermediate between the unspecialized sclerites of the tubular Eccentrotheca and the specialized sclerites of the tannuolinids. Abundant Sunnaginia ?imbricata sclerites, of a broad ontogenetic spectrum, were recovered from the Comley Limestone, Lower Cambrian (Stages 3–4), Shropshire, UK and compared to Sunnaginia imbricata from the Aldan River, Siberia (uppermost Tommotian). New microstructural data, collected using synchrotron radiation X‐ray tomographic microscopy, reveal a unique microstructure for Sunnaginia ?imbricata sclerites among the tommotiids; interlamellar cavities spanned by a series of continuous pillars, giving a colonnaded appearance contrasting to that of S. imbricata. These data refute the inclusion of Eccentrotheca within the Sunnaginiidae and highlight the need for a revision of suprageneric classification of the tommotiids. Rather, structural similarities between Sunnaginia sclerites and those of the tannuolinids suggest a close affinity to this group. Recent phylogenetic hypotheses place the tannuolinids as stem‐linguliform brachiopods, with Paterimitra plus the paterinid (and possibly rhynchonelliform) brachiopods as their sister group. Our new data therefore resolve Sunnaginia as close to the node defining crown‐Brachiopoda. However, the characters supporting this phylogenetic scheme cannot be consistently applied to all taxa, nor do they define a series of nested clades. We therefore suggest that a more thorough phylogenetic analysis is required in the light of the data presented here and other recent descriptions.
Non‐bronchodilating mechanisms of tiotropium prevent airway hyperreactivity in a guinea‐pig model of allergic asthma
Authors: Buels KS , Jacoby DB , Fryer AD
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Asthma is characterized by reversible bronchoconstriction and airway hyperreactivity. Although M3 muscarinic receptors mediate bronchoconstriction, non‐selective muscarinic receptor antagonists are not currently recommended for chronic control of asthma. We tested whether selective blockade of M3 receptors, at the time of antigen challenge, blocks subsequent development of airway hyperreactivity in antigen‐challenged guinea‐pigs.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Ovalbumin‐sensitized guinea‐pigs were pretreated with 1 µg·kg−1 of a kinetically selective M3 receptor antagonist, tiotropium, or 1 mg·kg−1 of a non‐selective muscarinic receptor antagonist, atropine, and challenged with inhaled ovalbumin. Animals were anaesthetized, paralyzed, ventilated and vagotomized 24 h later. We measured vagally mediated bronchoconstriction and i.v. ACh‐induced bronchoconstriction.

KEY RESULTS Electrical stimulation of both vagus nerves induced frequency‐dependent bronchoconstriction in sensitized animals that was significantly increased after antigen challenge. Antigen‐induced hyperreactivity was completely blocked by tiotropium pretreatment but only partially blocked by atropine pretreatment. Surprisingly, although tiotropium blocked bronchoconstriction induced by i.v. ACh, it did not inhibit vagally‐induced bronchoconstriction in sensitized controls, suggesting that tiotropium does not block hyperreactivity by blocking receptors for vagally released ACh. Rather, tiotropium may have worked through an anti‐inflammatory mechanism, since it inhibited eosinophil accumulation in the lungs and around nerves.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data confirm that testing M3 receptor blockade with exogenous ACh does not predict vagal blockade. Our data also suggest that selective blockade of M3 receptors may be effective in asthma via mechanisms that are separate from inhibition of bronchoconstriction.
Outcome Expectancies and Expectancy Accessibility in Exercise Behavior
Authors: WATERS ANDREW J. , BURGESS ANGELA , HUGHES DANIEL L. , JOVANOVIC JENNIFER L. , MILLER ELIZABETH K. , LI YISHENG , BASEN‐ENGQUIST KAREN M.
Published: February 2012

Most people do not engage in recommended levels of physical activity. Social cognition research indicates that self‐reported outcome expectancies (OEs) are associated with exercise behavior, but self‐report assessments have limitations. We investigated whether reaction times (RTs) to endorse outcome expectancies would capture unique information about spontaneous cognitive processes associated with exercise behavior. Exercisers and sedentary participants were randomly assigned to complete an exercise test or to rest. Participants completed an OE questionnaire and RT task before and after the test/rest. On the RT task, exercisers endorsed exercise positive outcomes more rapidly than sedentary participants. Furthermore, reported OEs and RTs were independently associated with exercise status. RTs may afford a more comprehensive assessment of the cognitive processes associated with exercise behavior.
Single unit attachments improve peri‐implant soft tissue conditions in mandibular overdentures supported by four implants
Authors: Cordaro Luca , di Torresanto Vincenzo Mirisola , Petricevic Nikola , Jornet Primitivo Roig , Torsello Ferruccio
Published: February 2012

Aim

To evaluate the clinical performance as well as patients' and clinicians' satisfaction on two different prosthodontic retention systems for implant‐overdentures in the mandible.

Methods

In this retrospective study, patients provided with four intraforaminal implants with at least 12 months of follow‐up since overdenture delivery were evaluated. A total of 39 patients were treated either with Locator® attachment or with cad‐cam milled bar. Clinical parameters such as Peri‐implant Probing Depth (PPD), Plaque Index (PI), and Bleeding on Probing (BOP) were evaluated. Patients' and clinicians' perceptions regarding the outcome were assessed on visual analog scales (VAS).

Results

The mean follow‐up was 13 months in the Locator® group and 18 months in the Bar group and no implants were lost. The Locator group showed better results for PPD, PI, and BOP values. Patients' satisfaction was high in both groups, whereas the clinicians found better hygienic conditions and soft tissue health in the Locator group.

Conclusions

Although the patients' satisfaction was similar in both groups the Locator® system demonstrated better soft tissues scores because hygienic maintenance was more complicated around bars. This may increase the frequency of chronic inflammations around the implants.
Nuclear Import of Exogenous FGF1 Requires the ER‐Protein LRRC59 and the Importins Kpnα1 and Kpnβ1
Authors: Zhen Yan , Sørensen Vigdis , Skjerpen Camilla S. , Haugsten Ellen M. , Jin Yixin , Wälchli Sebastien , Olsnes Sjur , Wiedlocha Antoni
Published: February 2012

Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) taken up by cells into endocytic vesicles can be translocated across vesicular membranes into the cytosol and the nucleus where it has a growth regulatory activity. Previously, leucine‐rich repeat containing 59 (LRRC59) was identified as an intracellular binding partner of FGF1, but its biological role remained unknown. Here, we show that LRRC59 is strictly required for nuclear import of exogenous FGF1. siRNA‐mediated depletion of LRRC59 did not inhibit the translocation of FGF1 into cytosol, but blocked the nuclear import of FGF1. We also found that an nuclear localization sequence (NLS) in FGF1, Ran GTPase, karyopherin‐α1 (Kpnα1), and Kpnβ1 were required for nuclear import of FGF1. Nuclear import of exogenous FGF2, which depends on CEP57/Translokin, was independent of LRRC59, but was dependent on Kpnα1 and Kpnβ1, while the nuclear import of FGF1 was independent of CEP57. LRRC59 is a membrane‐anchored protein that localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the nuclear envelope (NE). We found that LRRC59 possesses NLS‐like sequences in its cytosolic part that can mediate nuclear import of soluble LRRC59 variants, and that the localization of LRRC59 to the NE depends on Kpnβ1. We propose that LRRC59 facilitates transport of cytosolic FGF1 through nuclear pores by interaction with Kpns and movement of LRRC59 along the ER and NE membranes.
Stable fighting strategies to maintain social ranks in captive male Alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus)
Authors: MENG Xiuxiang , CODY Nicholas , GONG Baocao , XIANG Leilei
Published: February 2012

This study was conducted at the Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm of China from July to September 2008. Results showed that captive male musk deer exhibit aggressive dominance behavior, by which a stable social ranking is established. Generally, there were three types of aggression in agonistic interactions among males: attacking, displacing and threatening. Threatening was more frequently observed than displacing and attacking. When in conflict with other deer, high‐rank males exhibited significantly more attacking than displacing and threatening. Moreover, no attacking occurred in low‐rank and middle‐rank males, but these individuals initiated significantly more threatening displays than high‐rank individuals. Among musk deer groups with different social ranks, there were no significant differences between threats received by middle‐rank and low‐rank groups, but attacks directed to high‐rank males was significantly lower than displacing and threatening behaviors. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that when a captive male musk deer population is assembled, individuals should be diversified in fighting ability and level of aggression. In particular, deer with higher aggression should not be enclosed with deer with similar tendencies, but should be enclosed with individuals with lower fighting levels. This should maintain stable social structures within captive musk deer groups and improve the overall welfare of captive musk deer.
Spastic quadriplegia in Down syndrome with congenital duodenal stenosis/atresia
Authors: Kurosawa Kenji , Enomoto Keisuke , Tominaga Makiko , Furuya Noritaka , Sameshima Kiyoko , Iai Mizue , Take Hiroshi , Shinkai Masato , Ishikawa Hiroshi , Yamanaka Michiko , Matsui Kiyoshi , Masuno Mitsuo
Published: February 2012

Down syndrome is an autosomal chromosome disorder, characterized by intellectual disability and muscle hypotonia. Muscle hypotonia is observed from neonates to adulthood in Down syndrome patients, but muscle hypertonicity is extremely unusual in this syndrome. During a study period of nine years, we found three patients with severe spastic quadriplegia among 20 cases with Down syndrome and congenital duodenal stenosis/atresia (3/20). However, we could find no patient with spastic quadriplegia among 644 cases with Down syndrome without congenital duodenal stenosis/atresia during the same period (0/644, P < 0.05). Further, we did not find any cases with spastic quadriplegia among 17 patients with congenital duodenal stenosis/atresia without Down syndrome admitted during the same period to use as a control group (0/17, P < 0.05). Our results suggest that congenital duodenal stenosis/atresia is a potential risk factor for spastic quadriplegia in patients with Down syndrome. Long‐term survival is improving, and the large majority of people with Down syndrome are expected to live well into adult life. Management and further study for the various problems, representing a low prevalence but serious and specific to patients with Down syndrome, are required to improve their quality of life.