bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia in pediatric renal transplantation
Authors: Pattaragarn Anirut , Viprakasit Vip , Supavekin Suroj , Sumboonnanonda Achra
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  The aim of the study was to demonstrate clinical course of the first reported cases of PLS in pediatric kidney transplantation and therapeutic outcome for such condition using a combination of high‐dose corticosteroid and tacrolimus. We report a single case (a nine‐year‐old Thai boy) with end‐stage kidney disease secondary to obstructive uropathy developed immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia from the PLS at second week after a pre‐emptive living‐related kidney transplantation. The alloimmune hemolysis was a result of anti‐B antibodies, derived from blood group O‐donor lymphocytes. Using a combination of high‐dose corticosteroid and a substitution of cyclosporin with tacrolimus, there was no further hemolysis although the anti‐B antibodies remained detectable until the eighth week post‐transplantation. An impairment of the graft function because of hemoglobinuria was resolved after the hemolysis was stopped. The alloimmune hemolysis caused by PLS in pediatric kidney transplantation could be controlled with a combination of high‐dose corticosteroid and tacrolimus.
Ectomycorrhizal colonization slows root decomposition: thepost‐mortemfungal legacy
Authors: Adam Langley J. , Chapman Samantha K. , Hungate Bruce A.
Published: August 2006

The amount of carbon plants allocate to mycorrhizal symbionts exceeds that emitted by human activity annually. Senescent ectomycorrhizal roots represent a large input of carbon into soils, but their fate remains unknown. Here, we present the surprising result that, despite much higher nitrogen concentrations, roots colonized by ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi lost only one‐third as much carbon as non‐mycorrhizal roots after 2 years of decomposition in a piñon pine (Pinus edulis) woodland. Experimentally excluding live mycorrhizal hyphae from litter, we found that live mycorrhizal hyphae may alter nitrogen dynamics, but the afterlife (litter‐mediated) effects of EM fungi outweigh the influences of live fungi on root decomposition. Our findings indicate that a shift in plant allocation to mycorrhizal fungi could promote carbon accumulation in soil by this pathway. Furthermore, EM litters could directly contribute to the process of stable soil organic matter formation, a mechanism that has eluded soil scientists.
Jack of all trades, master of some? On the role of phenotypic plasticity in plant invasions
Authors: Richards Christina L. , Bossdorf Oliver , Muth Norris Z. , Gurevitch Jessica , Pigliucci Massimo
Published: August 2006

Invasion biologists often suggest that phenotypic plasticity plays an important role in successful plant invasions. Assuming that plasticity enhances ecological niche breadth and therefore confers a fitness advantage, recent studies have posed two main hypotheses: (1) invasive species are more plastic than non‐invasive or native ones; (2) populations in the introduced range of an invasive species have evolved greater plasticity than populations in the native range. These two hypotheses largely reflect the disparate interests of ecologists and evolutionary biologists. Because these sciences are typically interested in different temporal and spatial scales, we describe what is required to assess phenotypic plasticity at different levels. We explore the inevitable tradeoffs of experiments conducted at the genotype vs. species level, outline components of experimental design required to identify plasticity at different levels, and review some examples from the recent literature. Moreover, we suggest that a successful invader may benefit from plasticity as either (1) a Jack‐of‐all‐trades, better able to maintain fitness in unfavourable environments; (2) a Master‐of‐some, better able to increase fitness in favourable environments; or (3) a Jack‐and‐master that combines some level of both abilities. This new framework can be applied when testing both ecological or evolutionary oriented hypotheses, and therefore promises to bridge the gap between the two perspectives.
Importance of peripheral biopsies in maximising the detection of early prostate cancer in repeat 12‐core biopsy protocols
Authors: PHILIP JOE , HANCHANALE VISHWANATH , FOSTER CHRISTOPHER S. , JAVLÉ PRADIP
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE

To assess cancer‐detection rates in repeat 12‐core biopsy protocols, as extended multicore prostate biopsy protocols have become standard when investigating men with a raised prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level, but repeat prostate biopsy protocols are still developing.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

During a 4.5‐year period, 241 of 590 patients with persistently high age‐specific PSA levels of 2.6–10 ng/mL and an initial benign biopsy were invited for repeat transrectal ultrasonography‐guided 12‐core prostatic biopsy. The protocol for repeat biopsy was identical to the first biopsy, and included a periprostatic nerve block. The first six biopsies were obtained from the periphery of the gland directed more laterally at the base, mid‐zone and apices. The remainder were parasagittal sextant biopsies. Pathological findings were analysed on an individual core basis.

RESULTS

The mean age of the 241 men was 63.4 years; cancer was diagnosed in 40 (16.6%) on repeat biopsy. Men with cancer were older and had a higher median PSA level. The median Gleason score was 6, with a median of two cores positive for cancer. Maximum cancer detection rates were from peripheral apices (37.5%), basal biopsies had the lowest detection rates (23.8% and 16.3%), and parasagittal biopsies missed 35% of detected cancers. Patients with cancer also had significantly lower prostate volumes and higher PSA densities (both P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

A low cancer yield from both peripheral basal and parasagittal basal specimens on repeat biopsy indicates adequate sampling at initial biopsy. The maximum cancer yield in the peripheral mid‐zones and apical zones suggests the necessity for concentrated sampling of these zones in repeat biopsy protocols.
High‐dose chemotherapy with haematopoietic stem‐cell support in patients with poor prognosis, relapsed or refractory germ cell tumours
Authors: EL‐HELW LOAIE M. , NAIK JAY D. , CHESTER JOHN D. , JOFFE JOHNATHAN K. , SELBY PETER J. , COLEMAN ROBERT E.
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE

To report our experience of high‐dose chemotherapy (HDC) with haematopoietic stem‐cell support (HSC) in patients with poor risk, relapsed or refractory germ cell tumours (GCTs), as this treatment might offer effective salvage for patients with disseminated GCTs.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and database for 33 patients with GCT who were treated with HDC with HSC in our centres.

RESULTS

Thirty‐three patients were treated with either one or two cycles of carboplatin and etoposide‐based HDC with HSC support, between March 1990 and October 2003. Twenty‐six patients (79%) had nonseminomatous GCT, six seminoma (18%), and one (3%) a combined seminoma and teratoma. Twenty patients (60%) had previously had a clinical complete response after previous chemotherapy ± surgery for residual disease. Most patients were treated with HDC for relapsing (49%) or relative refractory disease (30%), but seven (21%) had HDC in the first partial remission. The complete response rate to HDC was 58%. There were two treatment‐related deaths (6%). As of April 2005, 18 patients were alive and disease‐free with a median (range) follow‐up of 72 (0.5–174) months. The 5‐year overall and progression‐free survival probabilities were 57% and 56%, respectively. The median (range) times to absolute neutrophil count recovery (≥500/µL) were 13 (9–24) and 12 (10–15) days, and for platelet count recovery (≥20 000/µL) were 16 (7–50) and 13 (11–17) days, in the first and second cycles, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The role of HDC with HSC support in metastatic GCTs remains controversial, and data from randomized controlled trials are needed. Our experience suggests that, in selected patients, this approach might be a useful form of salvage therapy.
Error‐related electrocortical responses in 10‐year‐old children and young adults
Authors: Santesso Diane L. , Segalowitz Sidney J. , Schmidt Louis A.
Published: August 2006

Recent anatomical and electrophysiological evidence suggests that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is relatively late to mature. This brain region appears to be critical for monitoring, evaluating, and adjusting ongoing behaviors. This monitoring elicits characteristic ERP components including the error‐related negativity (ERN), error positivity (Pe) and correct‐related negativity (CRN), with the ERN clearly relating to activation of the ACC; however, little attention has been paid to the examination of these ERP components in children. The present study examined developmental differences in the ERN, Pe, and CRN in normal 10‐year‐old children and young adults in a standard visual flanker task. We found that children had smaller ERNs than adults, with no between‐group differences on the Pe, and some ambiguity concerning the CRN. Results provide electrophysiological support either for late maturation of the ACC or late involvement of the ACC in response monitoring. Results also suggest that there is some functional independence of response‐monitoring ERP components. Error‐related ERPs may be a useful tool in studying the development of this brain region and its role in behavior in normal and atypical development.
‘CONCHAS LEGERE’: SHELLS AS TROPHIES OF REPOSE IN NORTHERN EUROPEAN HUMANISM
Authors: VAN HOGENDORP PROSPERETTI LEOPOLDINE
Published: August 2006

This paper interprets Hendrick Goltzius's 1603 portrait of a Dutch shell collector as a powerful statement on the cultural and spiritual ambitions of leading citizens in the Dutch city of Haarlem. The focus is on the role of natural philosophy and natural theology in realizing the ideals of the humanist vocation. Within this context the Erasmian adage ‘collecting of shells’ proves to be a fitting slogan for the pursuit of fruitful repose as the indispensable foundation of a successful commonwealth.
ENVELOPING OBJECTS: ALLEGORY AND COMMODITY FETISH IN WENCESLAUS HOLLAR'S PERSONIFICATIONS OF THE SEASONS AND FASHION STILL LIFES
Authors: MONTEYNE JOSEPH
Published: August 2006

While in London during the 1640s Wenceslaus Hollar produced a striking cycle of etchings using contemporary female figures as allegories of the seasons, followed by another series of still lifes depicting fashion accessories, in which fur muffs appear repeatedly. This article focuses on the connections between the personi‐fications of winter and the still lifes, and brings out the tensions that transpire when the disinterested and supposedly objective eye utilized in Hollar's other projects of the 1640s is revealed as an eye steeped with ambivalent desires – not just in relation to the bodies of certain women, but to the commodity form as well. The fur muff in these etchings is shown to be an enigmatic entity, not only intersecting with issues related to fetishism, eroticism and urban space in early modern London, but is also poised on a threshold between different economies of the object, between residual classical and medieval systems of representation and newly emergent anxieties about the commodity and exchange value.
‘THIS THREATENING AND POSSIBLY FUNCTIONING OBJECT’: LEE BONTECOU AND THE SCULPTURAL VOID1
Authors: APPLIN JO
Published: August 2006

This article addresses the issues of violence, spectatorial invasion and psychic affect in the large‐scale wall‐mounted metal and fabric reliefs made by female sculptor Lee Bontecou in New York between 1959 and 1967. It is argued that Bontecou's work both engages with and destabilizes the sculptural encounter as it was reconfigured at that time. In tracking the shift from the phenomenological reading of how subjects encounter objects in space that was so important to minimalism, this article discusses the movement towards a psychically charged encounter that is less stable and which draws instead upon psychoanalytic readings of blindness, desire and aggression. If, during the 1960s, sculptural practice can be crudely schematized in terms of the move from specificity of objecthood to the subsequent dematerialization of the object, Bontecou's works articulate the consequences for the viewing encounter and attendant anxieties that such a shift demands.
Ethnomethodology and Sociology: An Introduction
Authors: Linstead Stephen
Published: August 2006

Arising as a powerful challenge to programmatic views of sociology that sought to determine stable laws underpinning social order, ethnomethodology set out an alternative programme to reveal social order as a dynamic, contingent ‘ongoing accomplishment’. This programme was neither micro nor macro, but was concerned with different contexts of accountability in which both individuals and institutions are given identity and reproduced. Recognising everyday life as an achievement, collective sense making, and the central importance of talk as a social process, ethnomethodology had an impact on all those arenas of sociology where ordinary interaction is an element. This introduction to the special section discusses the contributions of each of the papers – which cover mundane reasoning, social learning, the early acquisition of social competence, and the application of membership categorization analysis to gender – in relation to the continuing relevance of Garfinkel's legacy to contemporary sociological theory and practice.
Ethnomethodological Studies of Mediated Interaction and Mundane Expertise
Authors: Livingston Eric
Published: August 2006

This paper introduces ethnomethodological studies of skill and reasoning in domains of mundane expertise. In particular, it focuses on reasoning in the game of checkers. Reasoning is generally considered to be a ‘thing of its own kind’ something universal that transcends the empirical situations to which it is applied. The game of checkers suggests something quite different: that reasoning is domain specific and that it belongs peculiarly to the practices from within which reasoning arises. Through the material on checkers, the paper illustrates ethnomethodological research as a ‘tinkerer's craft’ and attempts to show the continuing vitality of small-scale ethnomethodological studies for raising fundamental, foundational issues of social inquiry
On Ethnomethodology, Feminism, and the Analysis of Categorial Reference to Gender in Talk-in-Interaction
Authors: Stokoe Elizabeth
Published: August 2006

This paper sets out an ethnomethodological approach to the study of gender and interaction, and demonstrates how the topic of ‘gender’ can be studied empirically via its categorial reference in talk-in-interaction. I begin by charting the history of ethnomethodological accounts and studies of gender, starting with Garfinkel's groundbreaking work and the subsequent ‘doing gender’ project, alongside a more general discussion of feminism's relationship to ethnomethodology. I then consider two related trajectories of research, one in conversation analysis and the other in membership categorization analysis, both of which deal with the explication of gender's relevance to interaction, but in somewhat different ways that raise different problems. Finally, drawing on data from different institutional settings, I show how ‘categorial’ phenomena such as ‘gender’ can be studied as phenomena of sequential organization using the machinery of membership categorization alongside conversation analysis. I suggest that the analysis of members’ categories in their sequential environment allows language and gender researchers to see how everyday notions of gender are taken up, reformulated, or resisted, in turns of talk that accomplish conversational action; that is, how categories ‘might be relevant for the doing of some activity’ ( Sacks, 1992 vol. 1: 597).
‘Don't you Think you're Missing Out, Living at Home?’ Student Experiences and Residential Transitions
Authors: Holdsworth Clare
Published: August 2006

Recent policy shifts in higher education impact on the diversity of student experiences, one such trend is an increase in the number of students staying in their parental home for the duration of their studies. This has implications for students’ experiences of university life, particularly non-academic aspects. Drawing on Bourdieu's theory of practice and habitus, this papers explores how young people go about fitting in to ‘being a student’, and how predispositions to university life influence these practices. Residential status emerges as a key demarcating factor in how successfully students feel they adapt to being at university. Though related to class, this cannot be explained solely by the socio-economic background of students living at home, but rather reflects both practical problems faced by these students as well as difficulties in incorporating a student habitus while living at home.
New Ethnicities Online: Reflexive Racialisation and the Internet
Authors: Parker David , Song Miri
Published: August 2006

In this article we analyse the emergence of Internet activity addressing the experiences of young people in two British communities: South Asian and Chinese. We focus on two web sites: www.barficulture.com and www.britishbornchinese.org.uk , drawing on interviews with site editors, content analysis of the discussion forums, and E-mail exchanges with site users.

Our analysis of these two web sites shows how collective identities still matter, being redefined rather than erased by online interaction. We understand the site content through the notion of reflexive racialisation. We use this term to modify the stress given to individualisation in accounts of reflexive modernisation. In addition we question the allocation of racialised meaning from above implied by the concept of racialisation. Internet discussion forums can act as witnesses to social inequalities and through sharing experiences of racism and marginalisation, an oppositional social perspective may develop.

The online exchanges have had offline consequences: social gatherings, charitable donations and campaigns against adverse media representations. These web sites have begun to change the terms of engagement between these ethnic groups and the wider society, and they have considerable potential to develop new forms of social action.
ON THE PLAUSIBILITY OF THE SUPPLY‐DRIVEN INPUT‐OUTPUT MODEL
Authors: Oosterhaven Jan
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT The supply‐driven input‐output model is, in all its aspects, the complete reverse of the traditional, demand‐driven input‐output model. Several authors have used it to indicate the strength of the industrial forward linkages in the economy at hand. Others have used it to indicate the impact of specific supply shortages on output levels. Finally, it has been used as a general description and projection vehicle for entire economies that are thought of as being supply‐constrained, such as centrally planned economies.

This paper critically reviews this literature and concludes that most of these applications suffer from more or less severe theoretical flaws. It is argued that using the supply‐driven model as a descriptive device to indicate the strength of forward linkages is justified. In the case of impact studies, straightforward use of the model is criticized and a more careful estimation procedure is suggested. For the purpose of a general description of a supply‐driven economy, a dynamic optimization model is proposed to replace the theoretically implausible, supply‐driven input‐output model.
The Impact of Training on Productivity and Wages: Evidence from British Panel Data*
Authors: Dearden Lorraine , Reed Howard , Van Reenen John
Published: August 2006

It is standard in the literature on training to use wages as a sufficient statistic for productivity. This paper examines the effects of work‐related training on direct measures of productivity. Using a new panel of British industries 1983–96 and a variety of estimation techniques we find that work‐related training is associated with significantly higher productivity. A 1% point increase in training is associated with an increase in value added per hour of about 0.6% and an increase in hourly wages of about 0.3%. We also show evidence using individual‐level data sets that is suggestive of training externalities.
Seasonality, Market Timing and Performance Amongst Benchmarks and Mutual Fund Evaluation
Authors: Matallín‐Sáez Juan C.
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  Mutual fund performance is normally measured by comparing results of active management with those obtained by one or several benchmarks that should represent the fund's investment. In this context, this paper examines the effect on mutual fund assessment if a relevant benchmark is omitted. This effect is analysed in three elements of active management: stock selection, market timing, and seasonality. The latter is defined as fund management at specific moments of time with the objective of achieving positive abnormal returns to improve performance. For a sample of Spanish mutual funds, we find that the omission of style benchmarks, particularly that corresponding to small‐cap stocks, leads to greater evidence of negative market timing and positive seasonality at year beginning. However, the positive abnormal returns of the seasonality at year end, month end and especially at the beginning of July hold regardless of benchmark omission. The paper therefore also analyses the relation between performance and seasonality, finding that positive seasonality at year beginning and at July beginning improves performance; however, at other moments it implies a possible window dressing strategy in mutual fund management.
The development of emotion‐processing in children: effects of age, emotion, and intensity
Authors: Herba Catherine M. , Landau Sabine , Russell Tamara , Ecker Christine , Phillips Mary L.
Published: August 2006

Background:  This study examined the effects of age and two novel factors (intensity and emotion category) on healthy children's developing emotion‐processing from 4 to 15 years using two matching paradigms.

Methods:  An explicit emotion‐matching task was employed in which children matched the emotion of a target individual, and an implicit task whereby participants ignored the emotive facial stimulus and matched identity. Four intensities (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) for each of five emotion categories (sad, anger, happy, fear, and disgust) were included and provided a novel avenue of emotion‐processing exploration.

Results:  Increasing age significantly improved children's performance on both tasks, particularly for fear and disgust. Age was not associated with more subtle processing (i.e., lower intensity of expression). When explicitly matching emotion expressions, increasing intensity was associated with improved performance. When matching identities (implicit emotion‐matching), emotion category and intensity influenced task performance. Sex effects were minimal.

Conclusions:  In children, age, facial expression intensity and emotion category are important for predicting accuracy on emotion‐processing tasks. Emotion category and expression intensity differentially affect performance on explicit and implicit emotion‐processing tasks.
Upland–wetland linkages: relationship of upland and wetland characteristics with watersnake abundance
Authors: Attum O. , Lee Y. M. , Roe J. H. , Kingsbury B. A.
Published: August 2006

Land‐use practices surrounding a wetland may be as important for maintaining wildlife populations as the wetland itself. Although imperiled species may appear to be more impacted than ubiquitous species from changes in the landscape surrounding wetlands, studies of common wetland species are useful for conservation because they provide insight into why some species persist despite landscape changes. We therefore investigated the relationship between connectivity, measured as the wetland distance to other wetlands; connectivity quality, implied by wetland distance to roads and forest area within 30, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 m buffer zones around the wetland; and patch size as indicated by wetland size with northern watersnakeNerodia sipedon sipedonabundance. Our results suggest that both upland and wetland characteristics influence the abundance ofN. s. sipedon, as wetland size and wetland connectivity to other wetlands were significantly associated with abundance. Abundance was positively correlated with increasing wetland size and wetland connectivity. We were not able to find a significant relationship between abundance and connectivity quality, and wetland distance to road or forest area within 30, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 m buffer zones. We conclude that wetland conservation should focus on wetland complexes as well as individual wetlands. In addition, common wetland species such as the northern watersnake do not appear to be negatively impacted by modifications to nearby terrestrial habitats, such as deforestation and roads, and may benefit from the creation of larger, permanent wetlands.
A method of genetic identification of pine marten (Martes martes) and stone marten (Martes foina) and its application to faecal samples
Authors: Pilot M. , Gralak B. , Goszczyński J. , Posłuszny M.
Published: August 2006

Reliable identification of species occurring in a given area is a basis of effective wildlife management and conservation. However, discrimination of species is often difficult, especially if two morphologically similar, rare and elusive species occur sympatrically. This is the case with pine marten Martes martes and stone marten Martes foina, two closely related mustelids that have overlapping ranges throughout central Europe. Here we describe a genetic method that allows for distinguishing non‐invasively collected samples (faeces or remotely plucked hair) derived from pine martens or stone martens. On the basis of the analysis of tissue samples of 31 pine martens and 26 stone martens, we found that the microsatellite locus Ma18– developed in another study for American marten Martes americana– differs substantially in allele lengths between pine martens and stone martens, thereby allowing a genetic distinction of these species. We propose combining the use of the locus Ma18 with the second one described in the literature as having the same properties. The simultaneous application of these two markers allows for unequivocal species identification. To test the practical use of this method, we analysed 365 faecal samples collected in the vicinity of the town Rogów (51°48′N, 19°53′E) in central Poland, where pine martens and stone martens occur sympatrically. We successfully identified 78 scats of stone martens and 155 of pine martens. We found that the faeces of both martens occurred inside forest complexes of the study area. Thus, it is impossible to draw any inferences on the marten species solely from the type of habitat where the faeces were found. Genetic identification of faeces or hair provides a reliable and relatively cheap method of determining the presence of two species of European martens. Its application enables the monitoring of changes in their distribution, which is important because of their different demographic trends and conservation status.
Dilated Cardiomyopathy Following Right Ventricular Pacing for AV Block in Young Patients: Resolution After Upgrading to Biventricular Pacing Systems
Authors: MOAK JEFFREY P. , HASBANI KEREN , RAMWELL CAROLYN , FREEDENBERG VICKI , BERGER JOHN T. , DIRUSSO GREGORY , CALLAHAN PATRICK
Published: August 2006

Introduction: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been demonstrated to result in clinical improvement in older adult patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), specifically those with left bundle branch block and prolonged QRS duration. We sought to demonstrate the benefits of CRT on improvement in cardiac function and clinical outcome in young patients that developed congestive heart failure (CHF) and DCM following cardiac pacing for AV block.

Methods and Results: We reviewed the charts of six patients who developed CHF or low cardiac output symptoms and DCM following implantation of right ventricular (RV)‐based pacing systems for AV block, and subsequently underwent CRT. Patients ranged in age from 6 months to 23.7 years (mean: 11.3 ± 3.6 years). AV block was congenital (3), post‐surgery (2), and acquired (1). Pacing had been performed for 0.1–14.5 (7.6 ± 2.4) years prior to development of DCM. Two patients required listing for cardiac transplantation. Following CRT: (1) QRS duration shortened from 204 ± 15 to 138 ± 10 msec, P = 0.002, (2) left ventricular ejection fraction improved from 34 ± 6 to 60 ± 2%, P = 0.003, and (3) left ventricular end diastolic dimension shortened from 5.5 ± 0.8 to 4.3 ± 0.5 cm, P =0.03. All patients demonstrated clinical improvement and have been weaned from CHF medications and listing for cardiac transplantation.

Conclusions: CRT can benefit young patients that develop CHF and DCM following RV pacing for AV block. Upgrading to biventricular pacing systems should be considered early in the management of these patients prior to listing for cardiac transplantation.
Does Proximal Location of Culprit Lesion Confer Worse Prognosis in Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction?
Authors: HARJAI KISHORE J. , MEHTA RAJENDRA H. , STONE GREGG W. , BOURA JUDY A. , GRINES LORELEI , BRODIE BRUCE R. , COX DAVID A. , O'NEILL WILLIAM W. , GRINES CINDY L. ,   On Behalf Of The Primary Angioplasty In Myocardial Infarction (Pami) Investigators
Published: August 2006

ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) from proximally located culprit lesion is associated with greater myocardium at jeopardy. In STEMI patients treated with thrombolytics, proximal culprit lesions are known to have worse prognosis. This relation has not been studied in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In 3,535 STEMI patients with native coronary artery occlusion pooled from the primary angioplasty in myocardial infarction database, we compared in‐hospital and 1‐year outcomes between those with proximal (n = 1,606) versus nonproximal (n = 1,929) culprit lesions. Patients with proximal culprits were more likely to die and suffer major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) during the index hospital stay (3.8% vs 2.2%, P = 0.006; 8.2% vs 5.8%, P = 0.0066, respectively) as well as during 1‐year follow‐up (6.9% vs 4.5%, P = 0.0013; 22% vs 17%, P = 0.003, respectively) compared to those with nonproximal culprits. After adjustment for baseline differences, proximal culprit was independently predictive of in‐hospital death (adjusted odds ratio% 1.58, 95% confidence intervals, CI 1.05–2.40) and MACE (OR 1.41, CI 1.06–1.86), but not 1‐year death or MACE. In addition, proximal culprit was independently associated with higher incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and sustained hypotension during the index hospitalization. The univariate impact of proximal culprit lesion on in‐hospital death and MACE was comparable to other adverse angiographic characteristics, such as multivessel disease and poor initial thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow, and greater than that of anterior wall STEMI. In conclusion, proximal location of the culprit lesion is a strong independent predictor of worse in‐hospital outcomes in patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI.
Taxonomic Characterization of Vorticella fuscaPrecht, 1935 and Vorticella parapulchella n. sp., Two Marine Peritrichs (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea) from China
Authors: SUN PING , SONG WEIBO , CLAMP JOHN , AL‐RASHEID KHALED A. S.
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT. Two marine peritrich ciliates, Vorticella fuscaPrecht (1935) and Vorticella parapulchella n. sp. were discovered in the littoral zone of Qingdao, northern China. Their morphology, infraciliature, and silverline system were described using live observation and silver impregnation. The poorly known species V. fusca is redescribed, adding information about the oral infraciliature and pellicular morphology. Vorticella parapulchella n. sp. is superficially similar to Vorticella pulchellaSommer (1951) but is distinguished from it by being markedly smaller and having much more widely spaced pellicular ridges. The infundibular infraciliature of V. parapulchella is extremely unusual in having infundibular polykinety 3 reduced to two rows, one of which has almost disappeared.
Reevaluation of the Phylogenetic Relationship between Mobilid and Sessilid Peritrichs (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea) Based on Small Subunit rRNA Genes Sequences
Authors: GONG YING‐CHUN , YU YU‐HE , VILLALOBO EDUARDO , ZHU FEI‐YUN , MIAO WEI
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT.Based on morphological characters, peritrich ciliates (Class Olygohymenophorea, Subclass Peritrichia) have been subdivided into the Orders Sessilida and Mobilida. Molecular phylogenetic studies on peritrichs have been restricted to members of the Order Sessilida. In order to shed more light into the evolutionary relationships within peritrichs, the complete small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) sequences of four mobilid species,Trichodina nobilis,Trichodina heterodentata,Trichodina reticulata, andTrichodinella myakkaewere used to construct phylogenetic trees using maximum parsimony, neighbor joining, and Bayesian analyses. Whatever phylogenetic method used, the peritrichs did not constitute a monophyletic group: mobilid and sessilid species did not cluster together. Similarity in morphology but difference in molecular data led us to suggest that the oral structures of peritrichs are the result of evolutionary convergence. In addition,Trichodina reticulata, aTrichodinaspecies with granules in the center of the adhesive disc, branched separately from its congeners,Trichodina nobilisandTrichodina heterodentata, trichodinids without such granules. This indicates that granules in the adhesive disc might be a phylogenetic character of high importance within the Family Trichodinidae.
Ecological Aspects of Group Behavior in Social Isolation1
Authors: Altman Irwin , Taylor Dalmas A. , Wheeler Ladd
Published: August 2006

The present study examined how socially isolated groups were affected by and used their physical environment during an 8‐day period. Pairs of men were isolated under different conditions of privacy, outside stimulation, and expected time in isolation. Measures were taken of environmentally oriented behaviors such as social activities; territoriality for beds, chairs, and areas of the room, use of beds; and performance on team and individual tasks. The results indicate that unsuccessful groups exhibited a pattern of behavior reflecting their misestimate of the demands of the situation. The fact that many different levels of behavior fit together, over time, suggested the importance of an ecological approach to interpersonal behavior which examines many levels of functioning over time as a system, with particular emphasis on the mutual relationship between man and his environment.
Public Attitudes Toward the Trustworthiness, Competence, and Altruism of Twenty Selected Occupations
Authors: Rotter Julian B. , Stein Donald K.
Published: August 2006

Ratings on 4‐point scales of truthfulness, competence, and altruism of 20 selected occupations were obtained from 4 samples of subjects. The subjects included 200 students from the University of Connecticut, 96 students from the University of Maryland, 50 secretaries from a small town in Connecticut, and 50 teachers from the public schools of the same town. In spite of differences in sex, age, occupation, education, and locale, all the samples and subsamples were remarkably similar in their ratings of the 20 occupations. A strong tendency appears for professionals to be rated high and for people who may be regarded as powerful in our society to be rated poorly on all 3 variables. Several interesting differences in ratings on the 3 variables within professions were obtained.
Racial Discrimination in Apartment Rentals1
Authors: Johnson Daniel A. , Porter Richard J. , Mateljan Patricia L.
Published: August 2006

A lack of adequate housing in the Southern California city studied was perceived by minority groups to be the result of racial discrimination. To verify this, 25 apartment houses were visited by male‐female couples from three ethnic groups: Mexican‐American, Negro, and Caucasian. The couples asked about apartment availability, amount of rent, and miscellaneous fees. Fewer apartments were available to the minority groups than to Caucasians (p <.02). Negroes were quoted rents and miscellaneous fees which were higher than those quoted to Caucasians. Overall, Negroes were discriminated against more often than Mexican‐Americans, who in turn were more discriminated against than Caucasians. Seventy‐six percent of the apartment house managers displayed some overt indication of racial discrimination.
Some Sociopsychological Characteristics of Student Political Activists
Authors: GELLEK JESSE D. , HOWARD GARY
Published: August 2006

A variety of hypotheses regarding the motives, values, attitudes, intelligence, and sociological backgrounds of leftist student activists were tested by comparing Yale undergraduate signers of a pledge to resist induction into the Armed Services, with a representative sample of nonsigners. Contrary to previous findings, the signers neither were better students nor more sociologically privileged than their nonsigning peers. The decision to sign the pledge appeared to be a single manifestation of an anti‐institutional, yet nonfatalistic and nonauthoritarian life style which is highlighted by a marked concern with developing helpful, protective, intimate relationships and a devaluation of achievement, deference to authority, and self‐restraint. The implications of these and other findings for the student protest movement are discussed.
Attractiveness of the “Middle of the Road” Political Candidate
Authors: ROSEN BENSON , EINHORN HILLEL J.
Published: August 2006

Three classroom experiments were done in which subjects evaluated hypothetical political candidates based on the candidates' positions on three issues. In the first study, subjects evaluated the candidate advocating a neutral position on the issues lower than all other candidates. The second study systematically varied the number of neutral positions the candidates could take and the same result was found, viz., the more neutral positions the candidate took, the lower the evaluations. It was further found that one's own political position did not affect the negative evaluation of the neutral candidate. Subjects' perceptions of the candidate advocating neutrality were assessed in a third study. Results are discussed in the framework of dealing with possible optimal political strategies that candidates might use.
Tolerance for Inequity In Buyer‐Seller Relationships1
Authors: Leventhal Gerald S. , Younts Chakles M. , Lund Adrian K.
Published: August 2006

Customers who purchased a household cleaning product from a door‐to‐door salesman were offered a monetary rebate after the sale. Customers accepted the rebate when it came from a company, but not when it came from the salesman. A second study replicated these findings and also showed that customers were reluctant to accept rebates that came from middlemen (suppliers). It seems likely that customers were more willing to accept money from the company than from other donors becausc they believed the company had higher income.
Differentiation Matching Versus Level of Differentiation in Students' Judgments of Teacher Effectiveness
Authors: Townes Brenda D. , Carr John E.
Published: August 2006

The present study examined the role of differentiation matching and level of differentiation in student‐teacher relationships. Subjects were residents, mental health specialists, and medical students enrolled in psychiatry courses and in five core curriculum courses, and the respective faculty professors. All subjects completed measures of differentiation at the beginning of the course and students rated the teaching effectiveness of the faculty at the end. Judged teaching “effectiveness” was associated with a high level of interpersonal differentiation on the part of the teacher. Differentiation matching of teachers and student was related to high effectiveness ratings when the student was more differentiated than the teacher under conditions of frequent teacher exposure and familiarity.
An Examination of the Lost‐letter Technique1
Authors: Baskett Glen D. , Peet Joseph G. , Bradford Dianne , Mulaik Stanley A.
Published: August 2006

The results of three investigations of the validity and economics of the lost‐letter technique are reported. Although the return rate of the lost‐letter technique was higher than in the case of more obtrusive survey techniques involving hand‐distributed postcard questionnaires and mail surveys, the more obtrusive survey techniques were more economical to carry out, were more accurate in their predictions of election outcomes, and gave results more highly consistent among themselves than with the results obtained by the lost‐letter technique. Furthermore, the results indicated that the act of returning a lost letter may not be strongly affected by the identity of the sender or addressee indicated on the letter.
Sex Role and Attitudinal Correlates of Desired Family Size
Authors: Eagly Alice H. , Anderson Pamela
Published: August 2006

A survey conducted in 1971 with college students as respondents tested the hypothesis that persons approving of a relatively equivalent pattern of sex roles desire to have smaller families than do persons approving of less equivalent sex roles. Though the hypothesis was confirmed for the number of children that Ss desired to procreate, approval of sex role equivalence appeared to be only one component of a more general pattern in which Ss who desired to procreate fewer children were nontraditional in their attitudes. Thus, to the extent that Ss approved of equivalent sex roles, favored Women's Liberation, opposed conservatism, favored liberalism, and considered themselves nonreligious, they tended to have smaller family size goals for biological parenthood. However, the role and attitudinal predictors related less strongly to the total number of children desired (i.e., the sum total of the number of children desired as a biological parent plus the number of adoptions desired).
Sermons on Racial Tolerance and the Parish Neighborhood Context1
Authors: Crawford Thomas J.
Published: August 2006

A study was conducted concerning racial attitudes of a group of white, Roman Catholic residents of a large midwestern city interviewed before and after they heard two sermons opposing raeial injustice and segregation. There was no significant relationship between presermon and postsermon change in a parishioner's attitude toward racial integration and the prointegration intensity of the sermons he heard. However, variation in the prointegration intensity of sermons delivered in a parish was closely related to the socioeconomic status of the parishioners, suggesting that the priests’perception of parish norms may have influenced the contents of the sermons.

The needs or functions that segregationist attitudes may serve were considered. The 3 strongest of 14 correlates of segregationist attitudes investigated in this study were (a) belief that racial integration leads to neighborhood deterioration, (b) authoritarian aggression, and (c) perception of neighbors’attitudes toward integration. These three correlates appear to reflect object appraisal needs, externalization of inner conflict needs, and social adjustment needs, respectively.
Organizational Coverups: Factors Influencing the Discipline of Information Gatekeepers1
Authors: Rosen Benson , Adams J. Stacy
Published: August 2006

This study examines factors that influence the severity of discipline administered to a subordinate information gatekeeper who is guilty of covering up an event and concealing and distorting information. Undergraduate business students read one of eight versions of a case depicting faulty upward communication, in which three variables‐the superior‐subordinate dependency relationship, the subordinate's motivation, and the subordinate's remorse‐were manipulated. Unethicality of the offense was evaluated to be quite high across all experimental conditions, yet mild discipline was recommended when the superior was highly dependent on his subordinate and when the subordinate acted out of altruism for his superior. Probability of reoccurrence of the infraction was judged lowest when the offending subordinate displayed remorse. These findings are interpreted as representing a pragmatic orientation toward discipline based on perceived costs or benefits to the administrator. Conditions that increase the vulnerability of decision‐makers to faulty upward communication are discussed.
Evaluations of Presidential Campaign Speakers as a Function of Similarity and Expectancy Disconfirmation
Authors: McPeek Robert W. , Gross Alan E.
Published: August 2006

During the week prior to the November 1972 U.S. Presidential election, 249 college students heard a young, “freaky”‐appearing or an old, “straight”‐appearing speaker—corresponding to a stereotyped McGovern or Nilon advocate—deliver a speech for either the expected or unexpected candidate. Espectancy had little effect on speaker ratings, but speakers were rated more positively by subjects who were similar to them in age. appearance, and (especially) candidate preference. Similarity, particularly in regard to preferred presidential candidate, affected the ratings of the speaker made by pro‐McGovern subjects to a greater degree than the ratings made by pro‐Nixon subjects. These data suggested that college‐aged Nixon supporters may have experienced an identification conflict.
Actuarial Prejudice Toward Women and Its Implications
Authors: Kiesler Sara B.
Published: August 2006

A process called “actuarial prejudice” is discussed. Actuarial prejudice is a cognitive bias, based on available information about a group from the past and the present, that causes individuals to expect inferior performance from persons who belong to the group. The process, in part, explains why both women and men expect relatively low achievement from women and why women are less likely to achieve than are men. Hypotheses are proposed for future research to test the implications of this process.
Conflict Between Firemen and Ghetto Dwellers: Environmental and Attitudinal Factors1
Authors: Shaver Phillip , Schurtman Robert , Blank Thomas O.
Published: August 2006

During the past few years urban fire companies have responded to a vastly increased number of false alarms, especially from lower income areas. In a preliminary attempt to understand this phenomenon, two studies were conducted. In the first, several environmental variables, in addition to average neighborhood income, reported harrassments of firemen, and type of alarm box, were correlated with false alarm frequencies for randomly selected alarm boxes in lower income sections of Brooklyn. Results of a step‐wise multiple regression analysis indicated that (a) a linear combination of six environmental variables accounts for 73% of the variance in false alarms, (b) this relationship is not due simply to differences in average neighborhood income, and (c) false alarms are associated geographically with harassments. The results suggested that false alarms should be interpreted as expressions of protest. The second study explored the beliefs and attitudes of ghetto residents and revealed that young nonwhites showed most hostility to the fire department. Although most respondents expressed positive attitudes toward firemen, many believed they do unnecessary damage; and some respondents linked this with racism. Other causes for anger not directly related to the fire department were also mentioned, including the environmental factors emphasized in the first study. The findings raise several questions amenable to social psychological investigation and suggest ways to reduce false alarms, but it seems unlikely that the problem can be solved until deeper racial and class antagonisms are reduced.