bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of inshore/offshore tributyltin pollution gradients in the northwest portugal continental shelf usingNassarius reticulatusas a bioindicator
Authors: Rato Miléne , Sousa Ana , Quintã Raquel , Langston William , Barroso Carlos
Published: December 2006

Imposex and organotin tissue contamination were assessed in Nassarius reticulatus (L.) populations in the northwest Portuguese continental shelf between 2002 and 2005 over an area of 735 km2, involving 366 sampling sites. The objective was to evaluate the dispersion of tributyltin (TBT) from inshore sources inside the Ria de Aveiro estuary into the adjacent deeper sea and to assess endocrine disruption in the netted whelk N. reticulatus, using imposex as a biomarker. The highest levels of TBT tissue contamination and imposex were found in the whelks inside the Ria de Aveiro, and these declined logarithmically with distance from the mouth of this estuary. Remarkably, we found that offshore populations were also extensively affected: TBT (the dominant organotin) tissue concentration was above the detection limits at all sites where whelks were analyzed (12–356 ng TBT-Sn/g dry wt), and imposex occurred at 80% of the sampling stations, with relatively high values at some sites from the deepest area surveyed. This work shows clearly that TBT pollution is not restricted to the Ria de Aveiro but affects a significant part of the adjacent continental shelf as well. The ecological impacts of TBT pollution on offshore ecosystems are discussed.
Gibbs free energies for dual langmuir-like adsorption onto hard carbon materials in sediment and soils
Authors: van Noort Paul C.M.
Published: December 2006

Adsorption of organic compounds onto hard carbon constituents of soils and sediments may be described by a dual Langmuir-like equation for adsorption onto high-energy sites and low-energy sites. To describe quantitatively the sorbate–sorbent interactions on these high-energy sites and low-energy sites, Gibbs free energies for adsorption onto several soils and sediments were calculated using suitable experimental sorption data from the literature. A large part of the variation in these Gibbs free energies relative to the pure solid state appeared to be related to differences in sorbate molecular symmetry. Generally, for a broad range of nonpolar organic compounds, from substituted benzenes to five-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and hexachlorinated biphenyls, sorbate molecular symmetry–corrected Gibbs free energies for high-energy and low-energy adsorption relative to the pure solid state were within a narrow range or approximately −23 and −11 kJ/mol, respectively. These two average values for the geosorbents were comparable to corresponding values for adsorption onto activated carbon.
STIMULUS EQUIVALENCE: TESTING SIDMAN'S (2000) THEORY
Authors: Minster Sara Tepaeru , Jones Max , Elliffe Douglas , Muthukumaraswamy Suresh D.
Published: December 2006

Sidman's (2000) theory regarding the origin of equivalence relations predicts that a reinforcing stimulus common to distinct equivalence classes must drop out of the equivalence relations. This prediction was tested in the present study by arranging class‐specific reinforcers, R1 and R2, following correct responding on the prerequisite conditional discriminations (Ax—Bx, Cx—Bx) for two stimulus classes, A1B1C1 and A2B2C2. A class‐common reinforcer, R3, was presented following correct responding on the prerequisite conditional discriminations for a further two stimulus classes, A3B3C3 and A4B4C4. Sidman's theory predicts reinforcer inclusion within Classes 1 and 2 only, given this training arrangement. Experiment 1 tested for the emergence of four equivalence classes and of stimulus—reinforcer and reinforcer—stimulus relations in each class. Four of the 6 subjects demonstrated the reinforcer‐based relations in all four equivalence classes, rather than in only those classes with a class‐specific reinforcer, as Sidman's theory predicts. One of the remaining 2 subjects showed the reinforcer‐based relations in three of the four classes. Experiment 2 extended these findings to document the emergence of interclass matching relations based on the common reinforcer R3, in 5 of 6 subjects, such that a Class 3 sample occasioned the selection of a Class 4 sample when the Class 3 comparison was absent, and similarly, a Class 4 sample occasioned the selection of a Class 3 comparison when the Class 4 comparison was absent. These interclass relations emerged despite the simultaneous maintenance of Class 3 and 4 baseline conditional discriminations, so that the Class 3 and 4 stimuli and reinforcer simultaneously were, and were not, part of a single larger equivalence class. These data are irreconcilable with Sidman's theory, and question the utility of the application of the equivalence relation in describing derived stimulus relations.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPORAL CONTEXT ON VALUE IN THE MULTIPLE‐CHAINS AND SUCCESSIVE‐ENCOUNTERS PROCEDURES
Authors: O'Daly Matthew , Angulo Samuel , Gipson Cassandra , Fantino Edmund
Published: December 2006

This set of studies explored the influence of temporal context across multiple‐chain and multiple‐successive‐encounters procedures. Following training with different temporal contexts, the value of stimuli sharing similar reinforcement schedules was assessed by presenting these stimuli in concurrent probes. The results for the multiple‐chain schedule indicate that temporal context does impact the value of a conditioned reinforcer consistent with delay‐reduction theory, such that a stimulus signaling a greater reduction in delay until reinforcement has greater value. Further, nonreinforced stimuli that are concurrently presented with the preferred terminal link also have greater value, consistent with value transfer. The effects of context on value for conditions with the multiple‐successive‐encounters procedure, however, appear to depend on whether the search schedule or alternate handling schedule was manipulated, as well as on whether the tested stimuli were the rich or lean schedules in their components. Overall, the results help delineate the conditions under which temporal context affects conditioned‐reinforcement value (acting as a learning variable) and the conditions under which it does not (acting as a performance variable), an issue of relevance to theories of choice.
FACTOR ANALYSIS AND PSYCHOMETRIC EVALUATION OF THE CONNOR-DAVIDSON RESILIENCE SCALE (CD-RISC) WITH CHINESE PEOPLE
Authors: Yu Xiaonan , Zhang Jianxin
Published: December 2006

This study examines the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Connor and Davidson's Resilience Scale (CD-RISC; 2003), an American instrument originating from a posttraumatic stress disorder research program. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Chinese data failed to
verify the original 5-factor structure of CD-RISC obtained in the USA, while exploratory factor analysis resulted in a 3-factor structure of resilience (labeled respectively as Tenacity, Strength, and Optimism). The reliability coefficient of the Chinese version of CD-RISC was 0.91. The validity
of CD-RISC was also satisfying in terms of the actual data matching the expected correlation between resilience measure and the variables of selfesteem, life satisfaction, and personality trait factors of NEO-FFI. It is concluded that the construct of resilience and its measurement from the
West can be helpful and applicable in understanding Chinese adaptive behaviors, however, the understanding of the construct may also need some modification according to Chinese culture.
A SELF-PRESENTATIONAL APPROACH TO TRANSMISSION OF GOOD AND BAD NEWS
Authors: Uysal Ahmet , Öner-Özkan Bengi
Published: December 2006

People are reluctant to transmit bad news, a tendency named as the MUM effect. One explanation of this effect suggests that people do not want to construct negative impressions by being associated with bad news. In this study, transmission of good and bad news was examined from an impression
management perspective. University students (N= 275) participated in a scenario study, with the valence of the news (good / bad) and outcome dependence on the recipient (high / low) as independent variables and transmission likelihood as dependent variable. Four variables, anticipated
likeability, gratitude, perceived favor doing and ulterior motives, were assessed to form an ingratiation mediator. Results showed that participants were more likely to transmit good news than bad news. Also a significant interaction effect was obtained. In a high dependence condition participants
were more likely to transmit good news and less likely to transmit bad news than participants in a low dependence condition. Moreover, the ingratiation construct significantly mediated the relationship investigated. In the second study (N = 74) similar findings were obtained except
the interaction effect of dependence and news valence.
IDENTITY STATUS OF TURKISH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN RELATION to THEIR EVALUATION OF FAMILY PROBLEMS
Authors: Akman Yasemin
Published: December 2006

The relationship between the evaluation of Turkish university students of their family problems and their age, gender and identity status was studied. The study group was composed of 291 students from Hacettepe University. The results of the study showed that there is a direct relation
between gender and Identity Foreclosure and Moratorium, and between age and identity status. Depending on the evaluation of insensitivity and inconsistency within the family, the Identity Achievement scores of the students decrease, however, the scores of Moratorium and Identity Diffusion
increase. An increase in the evaluation of health and economic problems within the family seems to be related to a decrease in Moratorium scores, and the evaluation of a disorganized family and incompatible parents seems to be related to a decrease in the scores of Identity Foreclosure.
Evaluation of changes in architecture of the stratum internum of the hoof wall from fetal, newborn, and yearling horses
Authors: Bidwell Lori A. , Bowker Robert M.
Published: December 2006

Objective—To evaluate morphologic changes of the stratum internum of hooves from near-term fetal, newborn, and yearling horses.

Animals—Feet from 27 near-term equine fetuses, 19 newborn foals, and 8 yearlings.

Procedures—Primary epidermal laminae (PEL) of the stratum internum were examined for evidence of architectural changes.

Results—In near-term fetuses, the PEL had a homogeneous appearance and symmetric distribution around the hoof wall with no significant differences in PEL density between the toe and quarters. However after birth, branched laminae at the toe formed within the first few weeks, which significantly increased PEL density at the toe, compared with the quarters. In yearlings, morphology of the PEL differed from that in younger foals and the PEL density was significantly greater at the toe than the quarters. The PEL density at the toe and medial and lateral quarters was significantly different from each other, as these PEL densities appeared to have been associated with conformation. No significant differences in PEL densities between forefeet and hind feet were detected in any group.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings indicate that the stratum internum of the inner hoof wall undergoes several morphologic changes shortly after birth. The PEL become branched with a greater PEL density at the toe than the quarters. In an asymmetric foot, more PEL were associated with the sloping side than the steep side of the foot. Findings suggested that PEL growth may also occur by bifurcation as well as by mitosis from the coronet and that wall stress may be associated with increased PEL density.
Comparison of measurements obtained by use of an electrogoniometer and a universal plastic goniometer for the assessment of joint motion in dogs
Authors: Thomas Todd M. , Marcellin-Little Denis J. , Roe Simon C. , Lascelles B. Duncan X. , Brosey Bess P.
Published: December 2006

Objective—To compare measurements obtained by use of a universal plastic goniometer (UG) and an electrogoniometer (EG) and from radiographs and to compare joint motion in German Shepherd Dogs and Labrador Retrievers.

Animals—12 healthy adult German Shepherd Dogs and data previously collected from 16 healthy adult Labrador Retrievers.

Procedures—German Shepherd Dogs were sedated. One investigator then measured motion of the carpal, cubital (elbow), shoulder, tarsal, stifle, and hip joints of the sedated dogs. Measurements were made in triplicate with a UG and an EG. Radiographs were taken of all joints in maximal flexion and extension. Values were compared between the UG and EG and with values previously determined for joints of 16 Labrador Retrievers.

Results—An EG had higher variability than a UG for all dogs. The EG variability appeared to result from the technique for the EG. German Shepherd Dogs had lower values in flexion and extension than did Labrador Retrievers for all joints, except the carpal joints. German Shepherd Dogs had less motion in the tarsal joints, compared with motion for the Labrador Retrievers, but had similar motion in all other joints.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A UG is reliable for obtaining measurements in German Shepherd Dogs. There was higher variability for the EG than for the UG, and an EG cannot be recommended for use.
Evaluation of peripheral and central venous pressure in awake dogs and cats
Authors: Chow Rosalind S. , Kass Phillip H. , Haskins Steve C.
Published: December 2006

Objective—To determine whether peripheral venous pressure (PVP) was correlated with central venous pressure (CVP) when measured by use of different catheter sizes, catheterization sites, and body positions in awake dogs and cats.

Animals—36 dogs and 10 cats.

Procedures—Dogs and cats with functional jugular and peripheral venous catheters were enrolled in the study. Peripheral venous catheters (18 to 24 gauge) were placed in a cephalic, lateral saphenous, or medial saphenous vein. Central venous catheters (5.5 to 8.5 F) were placed in the jugular vein and advanced into the cranial vena cava. Catheters were connected to pressure transducers and a blood pressure monitor capable of displaying 2 simultaneous pressure tracings. For each animal, the mean of 5 paired measurements of PVP and CVP was calculated. The relationship between PVP and CVP when measured by use of different catheter sizes, catheterization sites, and body positions was determined.

Results—Mean ± SD PVP was 5.7 ± 5.8 mm Hg higher than CVP in dogs and 6.0 ± 6.9 mm Hg higher than CVP in cats. However, results of multiple regression analysis did not indicate a significant correlation between PVP and CVP, regardless of catheter size, catheter position, or body position. The relationship was weak in both dogs and cats.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The PVP was poorly correlated with CVP when different catheter sizes, catheterization sites, and patient positions were evaluated. Peripheral venous pressure should not be used to approximate CVP in awake dogs and cats.
In vitro evaluation of three bacterial culture systems for the recovery of Escherichia coli from equine blood
Authors: Lorenzo-Figueras Mireia , Pusterla Nicola , Byrne Barbara A. , Samitz Eileen M.
Published: December 2006

Objective—To evaluate the effectiveness of a commercial conventional blood culture system (BCS), a commercial resin-containing BCS, and a commercial lysis-centrifugation–based BCS for the recovery of Escherichia coli from equine blood samples inoculated with that organism.

Sample Population—Samples of blood obtained from a clinically normal horse that were inoculated with E coli.

Procedures—Blood samples were aseptically collected and inoculated with an E coli specimen (50 CFUs/mL) that had been previously isolated from a foal with sepsis. Subsequently, samples were spiked with gentamicin at a concentration of 30 μg/mL, and 10 mL of each mixture was inoculated into 1 bottle or tube of each BCS. Samples were processed and incubated according to the manufacturer's guidelines and inoculated onto 5% sheep blood agar plates. Plated samples were examined macroscopically at regular intervals for as long as 72 hours. Detection of E coli and time to detection were recorded for each medium.

Results—Detection frequency of E coli was significantly greater by use of the resin-containing BCS (14/23 bottles) than that achieved by use of the conventional BCS (7/23 bottles) or the lysis-centrifugation–based BCS (0/10 tubes). Mean detection time (6 hours after plating) did not differ between the BCS with conventional medium and the BCS with resincontaining medium.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that a BCS with resin-containing medium may provide clinical benefit in the successful recovery of E coli from the blood of foals with sepsis that have been previously administered gentamicin.
Evaluation of retinal images for identifying individual dogs
Authors: Gionfriddo Juliet R. , Lee Arthur Claire , Precht Terry A. , Powell Cynthia C. , Marren Kimberly K. , Radecki Steven V.
Published: December 2006

Objective—To F whether vessels in the ocular fundus changed over the lifetime of Beagles and whether any changes were substantial enough to likely preclude positive identification of individual dogs by use of their retinal vascular patterns.

Animals—18 Beagles.

Procedures—Fundic photographs of both eyes of 18 Beagles taken at 1 or 3, 5, and 7 or 9 years of age were digitalized. Photographs were analyzed by use of 2 software programs. One was used to determine vessel numbers and widths and the other to determine the locations of the 3 largest vessels. Measurements were compared over time periods in the life of each dog. Only observations made at baseline (1 or 3 years of age) and again at 5 and 9 years of age were included in the statistical analysis, as these points were common to all dogs.

Results—No significant changes in numbers or locations of the blood vessels were detected over time. Widths of the vessels decreased significantly as the dogs aged.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The ocular fundus of Beagles changed over each dog's lifetime in that the retinal blood vessels became smaller but did not change in number or location. Results suggest that digitalized retinal images can likely be used to identify dogs over their lifetimes.
Effects of melatonin administration on the clinical course of adrenocortical disease in domestic ferrets
Authors: Ramer Jan C. , Benson Keith G. , Morrisey James K. , O'Brien Robert T. , Paul-Murphy Joanne
Published: December 2006

Objective—To evaluate the effect of oral administration of melatonin on clinical signs, tumor size, and serum steroid hormone concentrations in ferrets with adrenocortical disease.

Design—Noncontrolled clinical trial.

Animals—10 adult ferrets with clinical signs of adrenocortical disease (confirmed via serum steroid hormone concentration assessments).

Procedures—Melatonin (0.5 mg) was administered orally to ferrets once daily for 1 year. At 4-month intervals, a complete physical examination; abdominal ultrasonographic examination (including adrenal gland measurement); CBC; serum biochemical analyses; and assessment of serum estradiol, androstenedione, and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations were performed. Serum prolactin and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations were evaluated at the first, second, and last examinations, and serum cortisol concentration was evaluated at the first and last examinations.

Results—Daily oral administration of melatonin greatly affected clinical signs of adrenocortical disease in ferrets; changes included hair regrowth, decreased pruritus, increased activity level and appetite, and decreased vulva or prostate size. Mean width of the abnormally large adrenal glands was significantly increased after the 12-month treatment period. Recurrence of clinical signs was detected in 6 ferrets at the 8-month evaluation. Compared with pretreatment values, serum 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and prolactin concentrations were significantly increased and decreased after 12 months, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that melatonin is a useful, easily administered, palliative treatment to decrease clinical signs associated with adrenocortical disease in ferrets, and positive effects of daily treatment were evident for at least an 8-month period. Oral administration of melatonin did not decrease adrenal gland tumor growth in treated ferrets.
Doppler echocardiography–derived evidence of pulmonary arterial hypertension in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease: 86 cases (2001–2005)
Authors: Serres François J. , Chetboul Valérie , Tissier Renaud , Carlos Sampedrano Carolina , Gouni Vassiliki , Nicolle Audrey P. , Pouchelon Jean-Louis
Published: December 2006

Objective—To determine the prevalence of Doppler echocardiography–derived evidence of pulmonary arterial hypertension (DEE-PAH) in dogs with mitral valve disease (MVD) classified according to the International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council (ISACHC) heart failure classification scheme and various echocardiographic and Doppler indices of MVD severity.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—617 dogs examined from 2001 to 2005 with MVD in ISACHC classes I to III.

Procedures—Dogs were examined echocardiographically. Criteria used for systolic and diastolic DEE-PAH were detection of high tricuspid (≥ 2.5 m/s) and telediastolic pulmonic (≥ 2.0 m/s) valvular peak regurgitant jet velocities, respectively, by use of continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography.

Results—86 (13.9%) dogs with MVD had a diagnosis of DEE-PAH. Severity and prevalence of DEE-PAH increased with ISACHC class (3.0%, 16.9%, 26.7%, and 72.2% prevalences for ISACHC classes Ia, Ib, II, and III, respectively). A significant correlation between systolic or diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure and left atrial-to-aortic diameter ratio (LA/Ao) was detected. Doppler echocardiography–derived evidence of pulmonary arterial hypertension was detected in 18 dogs with values of LA/Ao within reference range, all of which had moderate (n = 2 dogs) or severe (16) mitral valve regurgitation on color Doppler imaging.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The prevalence and degree of DEE-PAH were related to the severity of MVD. Changes associated with DEEPAH may be detected in early stages of the disease, but only in dogs with severe mitral valve regurgitation.
Global attractivity, oscillation and Hopf bifurcation for a class of diffusive hematopoiesis models
Authors: Wang Xiao , Li Zhixiang
Published: December 2006

In this paper, we discuss the special diffusive hematopoiesis model
$$\frac{{\partial P(t,x)}}{{\partial t}} = \Delta P(t,x) - \gamma P(t,x) + \frac{{\beta P(t - \tau ,x)}}{{1 + P^n (t - \tau ,x)}}$$
with Neumann boundary condition. Sufficient conditions are provided for the global attractivity and oscillation of the equilibrium for Eq. (*), by using a new theorem we stated and proved. When P(t, χ) does not depend on a spatial variable χ ∈ Ω, these results are also true and extend or complement existing results. Finally, existence and stability of the Hopf bifurcation for Eq. (*) are studied.
The inhomogeneous quantum invariance group of commuting fermions
Authors: Altintas Azmi , Arik Metin
Published: December 2006

We consider a model of d fermions where creation and annihilation operators of different fermions commute. We show that this particle algebra is invariant under an inhomogeneous quantum group.
Network modeling of flow in a packed bed
Authors: Martins António A. , Laranjeira Paulo E. , Lopes José Carlos B. , Dias Madalena M.
Published: December 2006

The characterization of the flow inside a packed bed requires a full description of the pore geometrical characteristics, and of the flow phenomena at local level. A two‐dimensional (2‐D) network model for describing the flow phenomena in unconsolidated‐packed beds has been developed. The network model consists of two different types of elements: chambers modeled as spheres, and channels modeled as cylinders. The size distributions of the network elements are obtained considering a geometrical model that uses the porosity, and the average‐particle diameter as input data. A flow simulator was developed, based on this network model. Results show that since the inertial effects due to connections between channels and chambers are taken into account, this simulator is capable of describing single‐phase flow in all the possible flow regimes, from laminar to turbulent. Results also show a good agreement between predicted values of the network model and experimental data available in literature. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 2007
Hybrid DEM‐compartment modeling approach for granular mixing
Authors: Portillo Patricia M. , Muzzio Fernando J. , Ierapetritou Marianthi G.
Published: December 2006

A new hybrid approach to model powder mixing based on the use of discrete element method (DEM) and compartment modeling is presented. The main motivation behind the proposed approach is to reduce the computational expense of modeling powder mixing by partitioning the mixing system into high shear areas that are modeled using detailed DEM simulations, whereas the remaining process is simulated using stochastic models. The approach can, thus, be used to model complex geometries, as well as a large number of particles that is typically unfeasible with the existing approaches. The results of a horizontal convective mixing vessel are used to illustrate the applicability and efficiency of the proposed approach. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 2007
Coupled computational fluid dynamics and multifilament fiber‐spinning model
Authors: Harvey Albert D. , Doufas Antonios K.
Published: December 2006

A fundamental fiber‐spinning model (proposed by Doufas and colleagues) is coupled to a three‐dimensional Navier–Stokes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, where source terms for momentum and energy transfer between the fibers and the surrounding quench air are treated implicitly. The three‐dimensional equations are solved for the airflow using a preconditioning technique in a structured multiblock framework. Scalable parallelism is achieved by assigning an arbitrary number of grid zones to a predetermined number of processors. Individual fibers are also divided equally among the available processors, allowing for thousands of fibers to be solved in only a few hours in realistic industrial‐scale spinning processes. Model results are shown to agree with results obtained using Doufas et al.'s stand‐alone fiber‐spinning model in the limit of a small number of fibers. The coupled model is used to compute the temperature and air flow around individual fibers on a generic three‐dimensional fiber‐spinning application that contains multiple rows of fibers. It is found that, for large fiber bundles (such as 72 fibers) a significant variation in fiber cooling and tensile stresses exists across the bundle, which would result in significant variation in fiber tensile properties within the bundle. It is proposed that the cooling air velocity profiles across a multifilament system that exhibits stress‐induced crystallization effects can be extracted from results obtained using the new coupled CFD/fiber‐spinning model and can then be used in improved calculations (using a stand‐alone fiber model) of the heat‐transfer and air‐drag coefficients within the fiber bundle. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 2007
Reconciliation, relationship quality, and postconflict anxiety: testing the integrated hypothesis in captive chimpanzees
Authors: Koski Sonja E. , Koops Kathelijne , Sterck Elisabeth H.M.
Published: December 2006

Reconciliation is a conflict resolution mechanism that is common to many gregarious species with individualized societies. Reconciliation repairs the damaged relationship between the opponents and decreases postconflict (PC) anxiety. The “integrated hypothesis” links the quality of the opponents' relationship to PC anxiety, since it proposes that conflicts among partners with high relationship quality will yield high levels of PC anxiety, which in turn will lead to an increased likelihood of reconciliation. We tested the integrated hypothesis in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the Arnhem Zoo, The Netherlands. We applied the standard PC/matched control (MC) method. Our results mostly support the integrated hypothesis, in that more valuable and compatible partners (i.e., males and frequent groomers) reconciled more often than less valuable and weakly compatible partners (i.e., females and infrequent groomers). In addition, PC anxiety was higher after conflicts among males than among females. Emotional arousal thus appears to be a mediator facilitating reconciliation. However, in contrast to the predictions derived from the integrated hypothesis, PC anxiety appeared only in aggressees, and not in aggressors, of conflicts. This suggests that while relationship quality determines PC anxiety, it is dependent on the role of the participants in the conflict. Am J Primatol 69:1–15, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Do cavity‐nesting primates reduce scent marking before retirement to avoid attracting predators to sleeping sites?
Authors: Franklin Samuel P. , Miller Kimran E. , Baker Andrew J. , Dietz James M.
Published: December 2006

The largest population of endangered golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia, GLTs) decreased from approximately 330 to 220 individuals between 1995 and 2000 due to a dramatic increase in predation at sleeping sites. We used behavioral data from eight social groups in this population to test two hypotheses: First, if GLTs attempt to mitigate the risk of predation at sleeping sites, they should reduce their rates of scent marking just prior to retirement. Second, if the benefits of scent marking prior to entering the sleeping site merit an increase in the rate of marking, then tamarins should increase their rate of pre‐retirement scent marking during the breeding season, when such behavior would have its greatest impact on reproductive fitness. We used a generalized linear model (GLM) repeated‐measures analysis to compare rates of daytime scent marking with rates of marking just prior to retirement for males and females. In addition, we compared scent marking prior to retiring in the nonbreeding season to marking rates before retirement in the breeding season for males and both sexes considered concurrently. Contrary to our expectations, GLTs significantly increased their rates of scent marking during the 30 min prior to entering their sleeping site–an observation driven by an increase in male (but not female) rates of marking. Rates of marking before entering the sleeping site were greater in the nonbreeding season compared to the breeding season, when both sexes were considered concomitantly and when males were evaluated alone. We conclude that GLTs do not attempt to minimize predation risk by decreasing scent marking in the period before they enter their sleeping site, and that tamarins do not scent mark at this time of day in order to transmit information about reproductive status or to control reproduction of subordinates. We speculate that scent marking in the 30 min prior to entering sleeping sites may serve to reduce predation risk by enabling tamarin groups to return quickly to favored sleeping sites in the evening when crepuscular predators are active. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1–12, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The capuchin, the howler, and the Caatinga: seed dispersal by monkeys in a threatened Brazilian forest
Authors: de A. Moura Antonio C. , McConkey Kim R.
Published: December 2006

Regeneration of the Brazilian Caatinga forest may be restricted by the naturally low diversity and density of fruit‐eating animals, which has been aggravated by local faunal extinction induced by human activities. We made a preliminary evaluation of the potential seed‐dispersal role of capuchin (Cebus apella libidinosus) and howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in Serra da Capivara National Park. The monkeys dispersed at least 26 species. Alouatta dispersed larger seeds than Cebus, and the two species apparently dispersed seeds in different local habitats. Seed dispersal by monkeys potentially makes a significant contribution to Caatinga regeneration. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1–7, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hand use by tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) to extract a small food item from a tube: digit movements, hand preference, and performance
Authors: Spinozzi G. , Laganà T. , Truppa V.
Published: December 2006

The aim of this study was to analyze the manual patterns used by tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) to retrieve a small food item from a narrow tube, with special attention focused on the independent use of single fingers, fine digit movements, hand preference, and intermanual differences in the time it took the monkeys to obtain the food. The capuchins (n = 20) mainly used their forefinger to extract the food from the tube. The simultaneous use of the index and middle fingers occurred less frequently, and the use of the forefinger in combination with other digits occurred rarely. The capuchins demonstrated a capacity to move single digits independently when the fingers were locating the food inside the tube, and displayed a high mobility of the distal phalanx joints. However, they possessed only a limited capacity to coordinate single fingers in space, and displayed only a slight degree of manual preshaping when they approached the tube. A hand‐preference analysis failed to reveal any significant lateral bias for the group, since both adults (≥5 years) and immature individuals (<5 years) of both sexes used either hand with the same frequency. Conversely, a latency analysis showed a significant interaction between the subject's age and performance difference between hands: in adults, but not in immature individuals, the left hand was faster than the right hand in retrieving food. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1–17, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partner effects on food consumption in brown capuchin monkeys
Authors: Dindo Marietta , De Waal Frans B.M.
Published: December 2006

It has been claimed that capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) show inequity aversion in relation to food rewards for a simple exchange task. However, other factors may affect the willingness of a monkey to consume foods of high or low value in the presence of a conspecific. In this study, pairs of monkeys were presented with unequally valued foods, but without any task‐performance: they simply received the food under four experimental conditions. By looking at the rate of collection and consumption of low‐valued cucumber slices we expected to see variation dependent on whether the partner either had 1) cucumber (equity), 2) grape (inequity), 3) inaccessible cucumber or 4) inaccessible grape. Testing 12 adult capuchin monkeys, our findings differed from those of other authors in that the monkeys failed to show negative reactions to inequity, but rather responded with scramble competition (i.e., fast food collection) in the presence of a conspecific without access to food. They also showed facilitated consumption in the presence of a conspecific consuming high‐valued food. Possibly, (in)equity plays a different role if food serves as a reward for a task rather than if it is simply made available for consumption. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1–9, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Titelbild: Immunität im Reagenzglas: Die Zauberkugel wird Wirklichkeit (Angew. Chem. 48/2006)
Authors: Lerner Richard A.
Published: December 2006

Zu Paul Ehrlichs Zeit mussten Antikörper für ein bestimmtes Ziel noch in lebenden Tieren erzeugt werden. R. A. Lerner zeigt in seinem Aufsatz auf S. 8284 ff., dass kombinatorische Bibliotheken die “Zauberkugel” verkörpern, nach der Ehrlich (siehe Einschub im Titelbild “Der Bücherwurm” von Carl Spitzweg) schon vor über 100 Jahren suchte: Heute können schon wenige hundert Mikroliter Lösung in einem Reagenzglas hunderte Millionen unterschiedlicher Antikörper enthalten.
Cover Picture: Manufacturing Immunity to Disease in a Test Tube: The Magic Bullet Realized (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48/2006)
Authors: Lerner Richard A.
Published: December 2006

In Paul Ehrlich's era selecting an antibody for a specific target was a physical process, involving live animals. R. A. Lerner shows in his Review on page 8106 ff. how combinatorial libraries are the incarnation of Ehrlich's (see inset in the cover picture showing “Der Bücherwurm” by Carl Spitzweg) “magic bullet”, proposed more than 100 years ago, and nowadays hundreds of millions of different antibodies can be provided in a couple of hundred microliters of solution in a test tube.
Punishment and ethics deterrents: A study of insider security contravention
Authors: Workman Michael , Gathegi John
Published: December 2006

Information security is a growing concern among the general population. For instance, it has been estimated by the U.S. Department of Justice (2004) that one in three people will become victims of identity theft at some point in their lifetime. The bulk of the research into information security has gone into the investigation of technological aspects of security, and there are gaps in the literature relative to contravention of security measures. Drawing from deterrence theory and using the theory of planned behavior as a general framework, this empirical field study investigated the effects of punishment and ethics training on behaviors related to contravention of information security measures among information professionals to fill an important gap in the literature. We found that both punishment and ethics training can be effective in mitigating the threat of software and information security, but that these depend on certain underlying motivational factors of individuals. The results of this study suggest a need to develop and refine the theoretical models, and we offer suggestions for getting at the root of behavioral issues surrounding information security.
Feedback quality adjustment with Bayesian state‐space models
Authors: Triantafyllopoulos K.
Published: December 2006

In this paper we develop a Bayesian procedure for feedback adjustment and control of a single process. We replace the usual exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) predictor by a predictor of a local level model. The novelty of this approach is that the noise variance ratio (NVR) of the local level model is assumed to change stochastically over time. A multiplicative time series model is used to model the evolution of the NVR and a Bayesian algorithm is developed giving the posterior and predictive distributions for both the process and the NVR. The posterior distribution of the NVR allows the modeller to judge better and evaluate the performance of the model. The proposed algorithm is semi‐conjugate in the sense that it involves conjugate gamma/beta distributions as well as one step of simulation. The algorithm is fast and is found to outperform the EWMA and other methods. An example considering real data from the microelectronic industry illustrates the proposed methodology. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Horseshoe‐shaped conformation of human L1 ectodomains identified by direct force measurements
Authors: Kim Sungsoo , Leckband Deborah E.
Published: December 2006

This accepted manuscript appeared online and has been removed for further review pending possible future publication.
High amounts of 17‐methylated anabolic‐androgenic steroids in effervescent tablets on the dietary supplement market
Authors: Parr Maria K. , Geyer Hans , Hoffmann Bernhard , Köhler Karsten , Mareck Ute , Schänzer Wilhelm
Published: December 2006

In numerous studies it has been demonstrated that several nutritional supplements contain prohormones not declared on the label. In the current study two products (effervescent tablets) containing high amounts of the 17‐methylated anabolic androgenic steroids metandienone (product 1: 16.8 mg/tablet) and stanozolol (product 2: 14.5 mg/tablet) were identified. Additionally in both products norandrostenedione was detected, in product 2 with minor amounts of several other steroids. The substances identified can cause enormous health risks. In addition, the use of the analyzed tablets can lead to positive doping results for metabolites of the respective steroids in sports. This study again shows the insufficient surveillance of the production and trade of dietary supplements. Consumers should be aware of the enormous health and doping risks connected with the use of such products. For GC‐MS identification of the analytes the trimethylsilyl derivatives of the steroids and the mixed N‐tbutyldimethylsilyl,O‐trimethylsilyl derivatives were used. The quantitation of metandienone, norandrostenedione, and stanozolol was performed using HPLC‐DAD. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Core Twisting on Self‐Assembly and Optical Properties of Perylene Bisimide Dyes in Solution and Columnar Liquid Crystalline Phases
Authors: Chen Zhijian , Baumeister Ute , Tschierske Carsten , Würthner Frank
Published: December 2006

A series of highly soluble and fluorescent core‐twisted perylene bisimide dyes (PBIs) 3 a–f with different substituents at the bay area (1,6,7,12 positions of the perylene core) were synthesized and fully characterized by 1H NMR, UV/Vis spectroscopy, MS spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The π–π aggregation properties of these new functional dyes were investigated in detail both in solution and in condensed phase by UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, vapor pressure osmometry (VPO), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing optical microscopy (POM), and X‐ray diffraction. Concentration‐dependent UV/Vis measurements and VPO analysis revealed that these core‐twisted π‐conjugated systems show distinct self‐dimerization equilibria in apolar solvent methylcyclohexane (MCH) with dimerization constants between 1.3×104 and 30 M−1. The photoluminescence spectra of the dimers of PBIs 3 a–f exhibit bathochromic shifts of quite different magnitude which could be attributed to different longitudinal or rotational offsets between the dyes as well as differences in the respective π–π stacking distance. In condensed state, quite a few of these PBIs form luminescent rectangular or hexagonal columnar liquid crystalline phases with low isotropization temperatures. The effects of the distortion of the π systems on their π–π stacking and the optical properties of the resultant stacks in solution and in LC phases have been explored in detail. In one case (3 a) a particularly interesting phase change from crystalline into liquid crystalline could be observed upon annealing that was accompanied by a transformation from non‐fluorescent H‐type into strongly fluorescent J‐type packing of the dyes.
Allosteric Tuning of the Intra‐Cavity Binding Properties of a Calix[6]arene through External Binding to a ZnII Center Coordinated to Amino Side Chains
Authors: Darbost Ulrich , Sénèque Olivier , Li Yun , Bertho Gildas , Marrot Jérôme , Rager Marie‐Noëlle , Reinaud Olivia , Jabin Ivan
Published: December 2006

Molecular recognition by calix[6]arene‐based receptors bearing three primary alkylamino side chain arms (1) is described. Complexation of ZnII ion provides the dinuclear μ‐hydroxo complex ${{\bf 2}{{{\rm OH}\hfill \atop {\rm G}\hfill}}}$, XRD characterization of which, together with solution studies, provided evidence of its hosting of neutral polar organic guests G. Treatment of this complex with a carboxylic acid or a sulfonamide (XH) results in the formation of mononuclear species ${{\bf 3}{{{\rm X}\hfill \atop {\rm G}\hfill}}}$, one of which (X = Cl) has been characterized by XRD. A dicationic complex ${{\bf 3}{{{\rm RNH}{_{2}}\hfill \atop {\rm G}\hfill}}}$ is obtained upon treatment of ${{\bf 2}{{{\rm OH}\hfill \atop {\rm G}\hfill}}}$ with a mixture of an alkylamine and a strong acid. Each of these ZnII complexes features a tetrahedral metal ion bound to the three amino arms of ligand 1 and to an exogenous ligand (either HO−, X−, or RNH2) sitting outside of the cavity. As a result, the metal ion structures the calixarene core, constraining it in a cone conformation suitable for guest hosting. The receptor properties of these compounds have been explored in detail and are compared with those of the trisammonium receptor ${{\bf 1}{{3\,{\rm H}{^{+}}\hfill \atop {\rm G}\hfill}}}$, based on the same calixarene core, as well as those of the trisimidazole‐based dicationic Zn funnel complexes. This study reveals very different host properties, in spite of the common hydrophobic, π‐basic, and hydrogen‐bonding acceptor properties of the calixarene cores. A harder external ligand produces a less polarized receptor that is consequently particularly sensitive to the hydrogen‐bonding ability of its guest. The less electron‐rich the apical ligand, and a fortiori the trisammonium host, the more sensitive the receptor to the dipole moment of the guest. All this stands in contrast with the funnel Zn complexes, in which the coordination link plays a dominant role. It is also shown that the asymmetry of an exo‐coordinated enantiopure amino ligand is sensed by the guest. This supramolecular system nicely illustrates how the receptor properties of a hydrophobic cavity can be allosterically tuned by the environment.
Gas‐Phase Chemistry of Diphosphate Anions as a Tool To Investigate the Intrinsic Requirements of Phosphate Ester Enzymatic Reactions: The [M1M2HP2O7]− Ions
Authors: Pepi Federico , Barone Vincenzo , Cimino Paola , Ricci Andreina
Published: December 2006

Experimental studies on gaseous inorganic phosphate ions are practically nonexistent, yet they can prove helpful for a better understanding of the mechanisms of phosphate ester enzymatic processes. The present contribution extends our previous investigations on the gas‐phase ion chemistry of diphosphate species to the [M1M2HP2O7]− ions where M1 and M2 are the same or different and correspond to the Li, Na, K, Cs, and Rb cations. The diphosphate ions are formed by electrospray ionization of 10−4 M solutions of Na5P3O10 in CH3CN/H2O (1/1) and MOH bases or M salts as a source of M+ cations. The joint application of mass spectrometric techniques and quantum‐mechanical calculations makes it possible to characterize the gaseous [M1M2HP2O7]− ions as a mixed ionic population formed by two isomeric species: linear diphosphate anion coordinated to two M+ cations (group I) and [PO3⋅⋅⋅M1M2⋅⋅⋅HPO4]− clusters (group II). The relative gas‐phase stabilities and activation barriers for the isomerization I→II, which depend on the nature of the M+ cations, highlight the electronic susceptibility of P‐O‐P bond breaking in the active site of enzymes. The previously unexplored gas‐phase reactivity of [M1M2HP2O7]− ions towards alcohols of different acidity was investigated by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT‐ICR/MS). The reaction proceeds by addition of the alcohol molecule followed by elimination of a water molecule.
Pterocaryquinone, a Novel Naphthoquinone Derivative from Pterocarya tonkinesis
Authors: Liu Hong‐Bing , Cai Bing , Cui Cheng‐Bin , Gu Qian‐Qun , Zhao Qing‐Chun , Guan Hua‐Shi
Published: December 2006

Pterocaryquinone, a novel 1,4‐naphthoquinone derivative, was isolated from Pterocarya tonkinesis and its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Pterocaryquinone is a new dimeric 1,4‐naphthoquinone derivative having a pentacyclic skeleton with two five‐membered carbon rings, which provided a novel structural skeleton for 1,4‐naphthoquinone derivatives and showed apoptosis‐inducing activity toward mouse cancer tsFT210 cells.