bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on the future of e-books in libraries in universities
Authors: Vasileiou Magdalini , Rowley Jennifer , Hartley Richard
Published: February 2012

This article reports research into the perceptions and predictions of academic librarians regarding the future role and development of e-books, and e-book collections and services. A number of recent studies reported in the literature review indicate increasing interest in e-books. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 academic librarians, in seven case study libraries. Most interviewees anticipated a significant growth in the size and role of e-book collections in academic libraries over the next five years. The actions and policies of each of the key stakeholder groups, e-book vendors (publishers and aggregators), academic libraries and users are viewed as pivotal to the future use of e-books in universities. The growing importance of e-books will have a number of consequences for academic libraries, in terms of the technologies that they make available to users, the use of library space, user education and staff workload.
Modeling of a distributed device for simultaneous reactive vibration suppression and energy harvesting
Authors: Harne Ryan L , Fuller Chris R
Published: February 2012

Distributed devices or treatments are a mainstay of passively suppressing structural vibrations. In some cases, piezoelectric materials were included within the devices to utilize them as actuators. Interest in energy harvesting encourages a reassessment of these devices, using the piezoelectric materials as a means to convert input vibrational energy into electrical power. A numerical model of one such device, exhibiting mass-spring-damper dynamics, attached to a vibrating host structure is described and validated against 3D finite element analysis. The model is utilized to evaluate the simultaneous goals of passive vibration attenuation and energy harvesting of devices on a lightweight, clamped panel. The objectives are found to be partly in opposition, particularly when the total mass of the added devices becomes more substantial. This feature is widely neglected in employing mass-spring systems as energy-harvesting devices, where the mass of the device is insubstantial relative to the main structure. As a result, compromises or alternatives may be explored to achieve both goals: the implementation of materials exhibiting greater electromechanical coupling, minimization of total applied mass to the host structure, and retuning of attached devices to exhibit natural frequencies not exactly equal to those of the host structure.
Civil Society in Global Environmental Governance
Authors: Bernauer Thomas , Betzold Carola
Published: February 2012

Non-governmental organizations play an increasingly important role in the formation and implementation of environmental policies and institutions. The growing involvement of non-state actors in environmental governance is generally welcomed for two reasons: civil society presumably helps governments reach more effective and democratic agreements by providing information and legitimacy. Yet, there are reasons to doubt civil society’s capacity to fulfill these two functions. Many non-governmental organizations themselves lack democratic legitimacy; and weak international agreements are often the result not of lack of information, but of lack of political will. While non-state actors clearly have an important role to play in global environmental governance, this article calls for more research to identify when and how non-state actors indeed contribute to more effective and democratically more legitimate governance.
Pemetrexed-induced cellulitis: A rare toxicity in non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Authors: Katsenos Stamatis , Psara Anthoula , Panagou Chara
Published: February 2012

Pemetrexed is indicated for locally advanced or metastatic non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer as an initial treatment in combination with cisplatin or after prior chemotherapy as a single agent. It is generally a well-tolerated drug. The most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥20%) with single-agent use are fatigue, nausea, and anorexia. Additional common side effects when used in combination with cisplatin include vomiting, neutropenia, leukopenia, anemia, stomatitis/pharyngitis, thrombocytopenia, and constipation. Peripheral edema with associated erythema has rarely been described as an adverse effect. Herein, we report a patient with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer who experienced bilateral peripheral edema after pemetrexed administration. Discontinuation of pemetrexed and corticosteroids use completely resolved peripheral edema.
Detection of a buried void in an elastic layer of constant thickness: The anti-plane problem
Authors: Sumbatyan Mezhlum A , El-Morabie Khaled M , Brigante Michele
Published: February 2012

This work is concerned with an anti-plane inverse problem about identification of a buried void in an elastic layer of constant thickness. It is assumed that a certain load is applied to the upper boundary surface, to generate wave fields inside the layer. Then, a numerical algorithm is proposed to restore the position and size of the buried void. The input data is given by the amplitude of oscillations known over a certain finite-length interval on the upper face of the layer. Some numerical examples demonstrate the stability of the proposed algorithm.
What’s in a name? Using surnames as data for party research
Authors: Byrne Kevin , O'Malley Eoin
Published: February 2012

We present a novel method which can be used to show that contemporary party systems may originate much further back than is usually assumed or might be expected – in reality many centuries. Using data on Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, jurisdictions with party systems that differ significantly, one of which poses significant challenges to the universality of many political science theories, we show how using surnames as markers can confirm the obvious explanation for the Northern Ireland party system and then propose a novel explanation for the Irish party system. We suggest that surnames could be an objective way of studying migration patterns and ethnic heritage which may be important in explaining party systems.
Giving voters what they want? Party orientation perceptions and preferences in the British electorate
Authors: Johns Robert , Brandenburg Heinz
Published: February 2012

Some of the most important propositions in the political marketing literature hinge on assumptions about the electorate. In particular, voters are presumed to react in different ways to different orientations or postures. Yet there are theoretical reasons for questioning some of these assumptions, and certainly they have seldom been empirically tested. Here, we focus on one prominent example of political marketing research: Lees-Marshment’s orientations’ model. We investigate how the public reacts to product and market orientation, whether they see a trade-off between the two (a point in dispute among political marketing scholars), and whether partisans differ from non-partisan voters by being more inclined to value product over market orientation. Evidence from two mass sample surveys of the British public (both conducted online by YouGov) demonstrates important heterogeneity within the electorate, casts doubt on the core assumptions underlying some political marketing arguments and raises broader questions about what voters are looking for in a party.
Social care and older prisoners
Authors: Williams John
Published: February 2012

• Summary:

This article reviews the evidence available on the treatment of older prisoners within England and Wales who are the fastest growing group within prisons. It concentrates on the lack of available social care facilities for older prisoners. Many older prisoners have special needs that are not met within prison, mainly because of the ‘sameness’ principle that is applied. Social care is as important to older prisoners as their health care. Although some social care may be available to older prisoners, it is not provided within the legal framework that applies to older people outside of prison. This article argues that the general legal obligation to provide social care (imperfect though it may be), should also be applied within the prison setting.

• Findings:

Based on the evidence available, older prisoners are often unable to access social care services within prison. This is a breach of international obligations entered into by the United Kingdom. It may also breach the European Convention of Human Rights. The article argues that existing legislation does not prevent older prisoners from accessing social care services. The sameness principle discriminates against older prisoners. Mental health, physical disability, and incontinence are all areas where older prisoners lack access to services available to older people outside of prison.

• Applications:

Considerable progress has been made in raising the profile of older prisoners. However, more needs to be done to embed the social care needs older prisoners may have into the prison system. The ordinary residence rule, the National Service Framework and the Fair Access to Care guidance must be adapted to meet the needs of serving prisoners as well as those preparing for release. Attitudes need to change. There needs to be a willingness to meet the international and domestic legal obligations towards older prisoners.
Internet access and use in domestic violence shelters: Policy, capacity, and management barriers
Authors: Westbrook Lynn
Published: February 2012

•  Summary: Domestic violence agency administrators struggle to incorporate the Internet safely and effectively into their intimate partner violence (IPV) services. This study utilizes two data gathering tools to identify administrative concerns and web content in the 91 Texas shelters. The first research stage employed a mixed-methods questionnaire (89% response rate) to identify managers’ Internet use patterns and managerial needs. In the second stage, all shelter web sites (65) were submitted to a multi-context content analysis.

•  Findings: Overall, findings indicate that administrators see a serious need for basic administrative support tools (e.g. policies and training materials) and the development of cyber-safety resources (e.g. online stalking tips). Administrators view the Internet’s potential for increasing staff efficiency and clients’ sense of self-efficacy as worthwhile. Questionnaire findings indicate that 66 percent of directors need a means of helping clients learn to do their own information-seeking, only 54 percent have a written policy, and 46 percent have no in-house training at all. Web site findings indicate that 61 percent of the sites lacked minimal cyber-safety information despite administrative concerns about cyber-stalking.

•  Applications: IPV shelter administrators’ two Internet utility criteria, service priorities and resources, privilege implementation barriers and ignore the embedded expectations of communication and resource support. By shifting from a shelter-based Internet perspective to a user-generated perspective, administrators can integrate clients’ expectations with the shelter’s options. The resultant conceptual framework for Internet integration posits the lived information experience as managers’ basis for shaping social communication, resource generation, information seeking, and decision-making.
Contextual social work and internationalizing social work education: Two sides of the same story?
Authors: Lyngstad Rolv
Published: February 2012

• Summary:

Social work is contextual; some may argue that there is a contradiction between advocating more internationalization in social work education and emphasizing the importance of contextual social work. This article starts with a review of some core concepts, followed by a discussion of results from an inquiry into social work around the world. The professors were asked to define and reflect upon the achievements, dilemmas and pitfalls related to the concepts of international, comparative and contextual social work. Together with some relevant literature, their reflections and understandings form the basis for this article.

• Findings:

The discussion of findings concerns a discourse about how useful global principles, values and ethics may be in approaching dilemmas in social work practices. It is concluded that there is no contradiction between advocating more internationalization in social work education, while at the same time emphasizing the importance of contextual social work. More internationalization by use of comparative social work is very useful, though it is necessary to be aware of the pitfalls and reflect upon how social work ethics can be applied in different contexts.

• Applications:

Having fellow students and scholars pose unexpected questions and representing new perspectives in the analysis of academic and professional issues is possible to do without diminishing the relevance of local research, education and practice, and will be productive for the learning process.
The prevalence of pseudoepiphyses in the metacarpals of the growing hand
Authors: Limb D. , Loughenbury P. R.
Published: February 2012

Normally the metacarpals have an epiphysis at one end — distally for the second to fifth and proximally for the first. Pseudoepiphyses are notches or clefts that occur at the non-epiphyseal ends of bones where an epiphyseal plate would be expected and are common incidental findings in the metacarpals of the growing hand. We aimed to identify the prevalence of pseudoepiphyses on serial radiographs of 610 healthy asymptomatic children. Pseudoepiphyses in the form of notches or clefts were common, identified most often in the second metacarpal (15.25%), fifth metacarpal (7.21%), and third metacarpal (0.49%). Complete pseudoepiphyses, in which the cleft extended across the full width of the metacarpal, were seen in the first metacarpal (1.97%) and the second metacarpal (1.31%). Pseudoepiphyses are a normal variant of metacarpal ossification and should not be confused with fractures in skeletally immature patients.
Traumatic ulnar translocation of the carpus: early recognition and treatment
Authors: Berschback J. C. , Kalainov D. M. , Husain S. N. , Wiedrich T. A. , Cohen M. S. , Nagle D. J.
Published: February 2012

This study evaluated the clinical outcomes and radiographic features of surgically treated traumatic ulnocarpal translocation in nine patients (ten cases). All ligament and fracture repairs were completed within 2 months of injury. Seven cases were examined at a mean of 6.5 years, and information in three cases was obtained from medical records at a mean of 13 months after injury. At final evaluation, the mean disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand score was 6 (range, 0–16), and the mean Mayo modified wrist score was 76 (range, 40–100). Ulnocarpal translocation was evident in nine of the injured wrists, six of which showed arthritis, and in four of the uninjured wrists. Ulnar variance measured negative in nine cases and neutral in one case. Pre-existing medial alignment of the carpus and ulnar minus variance may predispose to traumatic ulnocarpal translocation. Early injury repair does not assure restoration of radiocarpal alignment or prevent joint deterioration; however, these changes do not always portend a suboptimal result.
Adipofascial turnover flap for the coverage of the dorsum of the thumb: an anatomic study and clinical application
Authors: Braga Silva J. , Faloppa F. , Albertoni W. , Gazzalle A. , da Cunha G. L.
Published: February 2012

The purpose of this report is to show how our anatomical findings have influenced the design of the dorsal homodigital adipofascial turnover arterial flap to the thumb. Thirty-six thumbs from 18 fresh cadavers were dissected at the Fèr à Moulin Laboratoire (Paris, France) between January 1998 and March 1999. All branches of the proper digital artery (PDA) were identified. During the clinical study, from 2002 to 2008, 12 patients with dorsal thumb skin defects were treated with adipofascial turnover flaps. The dorsal branches of the PDA typically emerge at the level of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, 10 mm apart from the joint line. Based on the anatomical study, the flap could be designed predictably and reliably. The main advantages of dorsal adipofascial turnover flaps include their simplicity; the possibility of a one stage procedure; avoiding the use of tissue from elsewhere on the limb/body; minimal donor-site deformity; and avoidance of damage to the volar digital arteries.
Management of severe Dupuytren’s contracture of the proximal interphalangeal joint with use of a central slip facilitation device
Authors: White J. W. , Kang S.-N. , Nancoo T. , Floyd D. , Kambhampati S. B. S. , McGrouther D. A.
Published: February 2012

Thirty-eight fingers in 27 patients with Dupuytren’s contracture of the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) in excess of 70° were treated using a staged technique. The first stage involved applying a mini external fixator across the PIPJ for continuous extension over 6 weeks with intensive hand therapy to maintain mobility of the joint and help correct the deformity. Twice weekly during hand therapy sessions the tension of the elastic band across the mini ex-fix was increased, allowing that full active flexion of the PIPJ against the elastic band could still be achieved. The second stage, 4 weeks after the external fixator was applied, involved an open palm technique of fasciectomy for the contracted cords restricting metacarpophalangeal joint movement and dermofasciectomy with full-thickness skin grafting over the proximal phalanx for bands restricting PIPJ movement. The external fixator was used to maintain active extension force until the graft healed. It was generally removed in the outpatient clinic under ring block 2 weeks after the second stage procedure. The patients were followed for a mean of 20.6 (6–48) months. The mean preoperative PIPJ deformity improved from 75° to 37° postoperatively. Overall, 69% of results were rated as good to excellent. Only one patient reported any on-going functional problems. There were eight cases of pin site infections and one case each of loose pins, osteoarthritics at the PIPJ, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, and disease recurrence needing PIPJ fusion. We conclude that our simple staged procedure is a valid alternative in the management of severe Dupuytren’s PIPJ contracture.
Exemestane in the prevention setting
Authors: Litton Jennifer Keating , Bevers Therese B. , Arun Banu K.
Published: February 2012

Aromatase inhibitors are well-established therapies in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant and metastatic settings for breast cancer. In adjuvant trials, this class of drugs has shown preventative properties by decreasing the rate of contralateral breast cancer. Recently, the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group MAP.3 study evaluated exemestane as a breast cancer prevention agent for women with specified higher risks of developing breast cancer. We review the history of exemestane and evaluate the available evidence of its use for breast cancer prevention.
Investigating the Relationship between Perceived Discrimination, Social Status, and Mental Health
Authors: Lee Hedwig , Turney Kristin
Published: February 2012

A growing body of evidence suggests that experiences with discrimination have implications for mental health and that these associations may vary by social status. We use data from the Chicago Community Adult Health Study (CCAHS) to examine how two types of perceived discrimination, chronic everyday discrimination and major lifetime discrimination, are linked to mental health and how this association varies by race/ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status. Results indicate that everyday discrimination is generally independently linked to greater depressive symptoms, loneliness, and hostility across all social status groups. Major discrimination is not associated with depressive symptoms or loneliness after adjusting for a host of covariates but is associated with hostility, especially for certain groups. These findings highlight the need to examine multiple indicators of discrimination and mental health and to pay attention to both differences and similarities in these associations by social status.
Reconstruction and analysis of a genome-scale metabolic model for Scheffersomyces stipitis
Authors: Balagurunathan Balaji , Jonnalagadda Sudhakar , Tan Lily , Srinivasan Rajagopalan
Published: February 2012

Background

Fermentation of xylose, the major component in hemicellulose, is essential for economic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels and chemicals. The yeast Scheffersomyces stipitis (formerly known as Pichia stipitis) has the highest known native capacity for xylose fermentation and possesses several genes for lignocellulose bioconversion in its genome. Understanding the metabolism of this yeast at a global scale, by reconstructing the genome scale metabolic model, is essential for manipulating its metabolic capabilities and for successful transfer of its capabilities to other industrial microbes.

Results

We present a genome-scale metabolic model for Scheffersomyces stipitis, a native xylose utilizing yeast. The model was reconstructed based on genome sequence annotation, detailed experimental investigation and known yeast physiology. Macromolecular composition of Scheffersomyces stipitis biomass was estimated experimentally and its ability to grow on different carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus sources was determined by phenotype microarrays. The compartmentalized model, developed based on an iterative procedure, accounted for 814 genes, 1371 reactions, and 971 metabolites. In silico computed growth rates were compared with high-throughput phenotyping data and the model could predict the qualitative outcomes in 74% of substrates investigated. Model simulations were used to identify the biosynthetic requirements for anaerobic growth of Scheffersomyces stipitis on glucose and the results were validated with published literature. The bottlenecks in Scheffersomyces stipitis metabolic network for xylose uptake and nucleotide cofactor recycling were identified by in silico flux variability analysis. The scope of the model in enhancing the mechanistic understanding of microbial metabolism is demonstrated by identifying a mechanism for mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation.

Conclusion

The genome-scale metabolic model developed for Scheffersomyces stipitis successfully predicted substrate utilization and anaerobic growth requirements. Useful insights were drawn on xylose metabolism, cofactor recycling and mechanism of mitochondrial respiration from model simulations. These insights can be applied for efficient xylose utilization and cofactor recycling in other industrial microorganisms. The developed model forms a basis for rational analysis and design of Scheffersomyces stipitis metabolic network for the production of fuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass.
Resveratrol promotes expression of SIRT1 and StAR in rat ovarian granulosa cells: an implicative role of SIRT1 in the ovary
Authors: Morita Yoshihiro , Wada-Hiraike Osamu , Yano Tetsu , Shirane Akira , Hirano Mana , Hiraike Haruko , Koyama Satoshi , Oishi Hajime , Yoshino Osamu , Miyamoto Yuichiro , Sone Kenbun , Oda Katsutoshi , Nakagawa Shunsuke , Tsutsui Kazuyoshi , Taketani Yuji
Published: February 2012

Background

Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic compound known for its beneficial effects on energy homeostasis, and it also has multiple properties, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activities. Recently, silent information regulator genes (Sirtuins) have been identified as targets of resveratrol. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), originally found as an NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase, is a principal modulator of pathways downstream of calorie restriction, and the activation of SIRT1 ameliorates glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. To date, the presence and physiological role of SIRT1 in the ovary are not known. Here we found that SIRT1 was localized in granulosa cells of the human ovary.

Methods

The physiological roles of resveratrol and SIRT1 in the ovary were analyzed. Immunohistochemistry was performed to localize the SIRT1 expression. SIRT1 protein expression of cultured cells and luteinized human granulosa cells was investigated by Western blot. Rat granulosa cells were obtained from diethylstilbestrol treated rats. The cells were treated with increasing doses of resveratrol, and subsequently harvested to determine mRNA levels and protein levels. Cell viability was tested by MTS assay. Cellular apoptosis was analyzed by caspase 3/7 activity test and Hoechst 33342 staining.

Results

SIRT1 protein was expressed in the human ovarian tissues and human luteinized granulosa cells. We demonstrated that resveratrol exhibited a potent concentration-dependent inhibition of rat granulosa cells viability. However, resveratrol-induced inhibition of rat granulosa cells viability is independent of apoptosis signal. Resveratrol increased mRNA levels of SIRT1, LH receptor, StAR, and P450 aromatase, while mRNA levels of FSH receptor remained unchanged. Western blot analysis was consistent with the results of quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay. In addition, progesterone secretion was induced by the treatment of resveratrol.

Conclusions

These results suggest a novel mechanism that resveratrol could enhance progesterone secretion and expression of luteinization-related genes in the ovary, and thus provide important implications to understand the mechanism of luteal phase deficiency.
The nanoscale phase distinguishing of PCL-PB-PCL blended in epoxy resin by tapping mode atomic force microscopy
Authors: Li Huiqin , Sun Limin , Shen Guangxia , Liang Qi
Published: February 2012

In this work, we investigated the bulk phase distinguishing of the poly(ε-caprolactone)-polybutadiene-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL-PB-PCL) triblock copolymer blended in epoxy resin by tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TM-AFM). We found that at a set-point amplitude ratio (r
sp) less than or equal to 0.85, a clear phase contrast could be obtained using a probe with a force constant of 40 N/m. When r
sp was decreased to 0.1 or less, the measured size of the PB-rich domain relatively shrank; however, the height images of the PB-rich domain would take reverse (translating from the original light to dark) at r
sp = 0.85. Force-probe measurements were carried out on the phase-separated regions by TM-AFM. According to the phase shift angle vs. r
sp curve, it could be concluded that the different force exerting on the epoxy matrix or on the PB-rich domain might result in the height and phase image reversion. Furthermore, the indentation depth vs. r
sp plot showed that with large tapping force (lower r
sp), the indentation depth for the PB-rich domain was nearly identical for the epoxy resin matrix.
CA19-9-Producing early gastric adenocarcinoma arising in hyperplastic foveolar polyp: a very unique resection case
Authors: Guo Xin , Yamada Sohsuke , Omori Haruki , Wang Ke-Yong , Tasaki Takashi , Nabeshima Atsunori , Kohno Kimitoshi , Sasaguri Yasuyuki
Published: February 2012

Here we report the first case of carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9-producing early gastric adenocarcinoma arising in polyp. A solitary pedunculated polyp lesion of the stomach, measuring 26 × 20 × 20 mm, was noticed in a 76-year-old Japanese woman due to an abdominal disorder, associated with a markedly high serum CA19-9 level (2,172.6 U/ml). After endoscopic mucosal resection was performed, the CA19-9 level was drastically decreased and normalized. The scanning view of immunohistochemical staining of CA19-9 exhibited a focal, not diffuse, positive-expression in the hyperplastic epithelium and, especially, in the irregular and fused tubular glands and the mucinous material secreted into the dilated glands. In particular, microscopic examination of the strongly CA19-9-positive areas showed structurally atypical epithelium containing mildly to focal moderately enlarged nuclei and prominent nucleoli with loss of cellular polarity, estimated as adenocarcinoma. No stromal invasion was evident. Immunohistochemically, distinct nuclear stainings for p53 and Ki-67 were seen, occasionally conforming to the CA19-9-positive atypical cells, respectively, confirmed by double immunostaining. These hyperplastic and atypical cells were classified into the pure gastric phenotype by mucin histochemical methods. Based on these features, we finally made a conclusive diagnosis of CA19-9-producing in situ well differentiated adenocarcinoma of gastric type arising in hyperplastic foveolar polyp. We suggest that the markedly high serum CA 19-9 level could be indicative of carcinoma in polyp at the very least.

Virtual Slides

The virtual slides for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1692254825554310
A role for endothelial cells in promoting the maturation of astrocytes through the apelin/APJ system in mice
Authors: Sakimoto Susumu , Kidoya Hiroyasu , Naito Hisamichi , Kamei Motohiro , Sakaguchi Hirokazu , Goda Nobuhito , Fukamizu Akiyoshi , Nishida Kohji , Takakura Nobuyuki
Published: February 2012

Interactions between astrocytes and endothelial cells (ECs) are crucial for retinal vascular formation. Astrocytes induce migration and proliferation of ECs via their production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and, conversely, ECs induce maturation of astrocytes possibly by the secretion of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Together with the maturation of astrocytes, this finalizes angiogenesis. Thus far, the mechanisms triggering LIF production in ECs are unclear. Here we show that apelin, a ligand for the endothelial receptor APJ, induces maturation of astrocytes mediated by the production of LIF from ECs. APJ (Aplnr)- and Apln-deficient mice show delayed angiogenesis; however, aberrant overgrowth of endothelial networks with immature astrocyte overgrowth was induced. When ECs were stimulated with apelin, LIF expression was upregulated and intraocular injection of LIF into APJ-deficient mice suppressed EC and astrocyte overgrowth. These data suggest an involvement of apelin/APJ in the maturation process of retinal angiogenesis.
Reprogramming cell shape with laser nano-patterning
Authors: Vignaud Timothée , Galland Rémi , Tseng Qingzong , Blanchoin Laurent , Colombelli Julien , Théry Manuel
Published: February 2012

Cell shape in vitro can be directed by geometrically-defined micropatterned adhesion substrates. However conventional methods are limited by the fixed micropattern design, which can not recapitulate the dynamic changes of the cell's microenvironment. Here, we manipulate the shape of living cells in real time by using scanned and tightly focused pulsed laser to introduce additional geometrically-defined adhesion sites. This easy-to-handle method allows a precise control of specific actin-based structures that regulate cell architecture. Actin filament bundles or branched meshworks were induced, displaced or removed in response to specific dynamic modifications of cell adhesion pattern. Isotropic branched actin meshworks could be forced to assemble locally new stress fibers and polarise in response to specific geometrical cues. The sub-micrometer resolution of the laser patterning allowed us to identify the critical distances between cell adhesion sites required for cell shape extension and contraction.
Structural Characteristics in a Stable Metallic ET Salt with Unusually High Oxidation State (ET: Bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene)
Authors: Minemawari Hiromi , Jose Judy Fe F , Takahashi Yukihiro , Naito Toshio , Inabe Tamotsu
Published: February 2012

Electrolysis of ET in a mixed solvent of methanol/CHCl3 with bromide yielded (ET)3(Br3)5, in which an unusually high formal charge of ET5/3+ is achieved. ET forms a two-dimensional conducting sheet incorporating Br3−. Despite the high formal charge of the ET cations, the strong electrostatic attractions between the ET cations and Br3− support aggregation of the ET cations, allowing sufficient π–π overlap for delocalization of the π-electrons. The crystal shows stable metallic behavior down to low temperatures, being consistent with the metallic band structure with two-dimensional Fermi surfaces and Pauli-like paramagnetism down to low temperatures. The lack of any indication of instability in the metallic phase due to correlation effects is considered to result from an ionic-crystal-like structure, in which the lattice is more resistant toward lattice deformation and/or shrinkage than in typical partially oxidized salts with low formal charges.
Mechanistic Consideration of Asymmetric C–N and C–C Bond Formations with Bifunctional Chiral Ir and Ru Catalysts
Authors: Hasegawa Yasuharu , Gridnev Ilya D , Ikariya Takao
Published: February 2012

The mechanism of two enantioselective reactions, direct amination of α-cyanoacetates 3 with azodicarboxylates 4 and C–C bond formation reaction of α-cyanoacetates with acetylenic esters 6, catalyzed by chiral bifunctional Ir and Ru complexes, Cp*Ir[(S,S)-N-sulfonated dpen] 1 and Ru[(S,S)-N-sulfonated dpen](η6-arene) 2 (DPEN: 1,2-diphenylethylenediamine) was studied by NMR spectroscopic analysis combined with DFT analysis. Notably, these two reactions using the same chiral amide catalysts 1, 2 and pronucleophile, α-cyanoacetates 3 gave quantitatively the conjugate adducts bearing quaternary chiral carbon centers in excellent enantiomeric excess albeit with the opposite absolute configuration depending on the acceptor molecules 4 and 6. NMR investigation of the reactions between Ir complexes 1a–1c with α-cyanoacetates 3 showed that a stereoselective deprotonation reaction takes place to give an equilibrium mixture of N-bound amine complexes 8 and 9, the former with intramolecular hydrogen bonding and the latter without it, respectively. Computational study revealed the full details of the mechanism of the asymmetric C–N and C–C bond forming reactions catalyzed by the chiral Ir catalyst 1b. In the C–N bond forming reaction, the dimethyl azodicarboxylate 4a undergoes productive bifunctional activation by a non-hydrogen-bonded N-bound complex 9b(re) resulting in the formation of the R-product through the energetically favorable transition state. On the other hand, the linear geometry of the acetylenic ester molecule 6 allows its bifunctional activation with both types of the N-bound complexes: 8b and 9b with and without the intramolecular hydrogen bond respectively. The hydrogen-bond stabilized transition state for the C–C bond formation leading to the S-enantiomer is significantly lower in energy than the corresponding non-hydrogen-bonded transition state leading to the R-enantiomer. Thus, chiral induction of these two reactions is determined by the structures of the acceptor molecules.
A rare skin presentation of Penicillium marneffei infection in an AIDS patient
Authors: Yang Y S , Chang F Y , Wang N C
Published: February 2012

Penicillium marneffei is an opportunistic fungal pathogen in HIV disease. We report the case of a patient with AIDS who presented with general weakness and generalized skin rashes. No specific allergic history or recent medication were reported. The skin lesions disappeared after adequate antifungal therapy. A blood culture obtained from the patient confirmed the presence of P. marneffei, infection which is characterized by cutaneous umbilicated lesions in AIDS patients. We report this case on account of the unusual skin presentation.
High prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium among female sex workers in Honduras: implications for the spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections
Authors: Johnston L G , Paz-Bailey G , Morales-Miranda S , Morgan M , Alvarez B , Hickman L , Monterroso E
Published: February 2012

This study describes HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STI) and risk factors associated with Mycoplasma genitalium among female sex workers (FSWs) in four cities in Honduras. In 2006, 795 FSWs from Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula, La Ceiba and Comayagua were recruited using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) and tested for HIV prevalence and STI. HIV prevalence ranged from no infections in Comayagua to 5.4% in Tegucigalpa. With the exception of Comayagua, more than 20% of FSWs were infected with M. genitalium. M. genitalium in the aggregated cities was associated with HIV positivity, being aged ≤30 years old, drinking alcohol more than once weekly and always using condoms with regular clients in the past month. In comparison with a 2001 surveillance study we found lower rates of HIV infection. Interventions for HIV control and prevention among FSWs, including promotion of condom use, are needed in Honduras.
Increasing cervical cytology uptake in Glasgow HIV cohort
Authors: MacDonald R , Anderson P , Winter A J
Published: February 2012

We present an audit of cervical smear uptake in our HIV-positive cohort in Glasgow. Uptake was favourable in comparison with the general population in the rest of Scotland (75% versus 73.4%); however, much lower than the British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) recommended standard of 95%. A significant number of patients were incorrectly identified as only requiring three-yearly smears when they attended non-specialist services which may contribute to reduced uptake.
Co-trimoxazole-induced myopia in an HIV-positive patient
Authors: Kamath S , Acharya N , Nithyanandam S
Published: February 2012

Co-trimoxazole is a commonly used drug in the treatment and prophylaxis of opportunistic infections in HIV seropositive patients. We report a case of a 35-year-old HIV-infected man who presented with blurring of vision one week following initiation of co-trimoxazole therapy. A diagnosis of co-trimoxazole-induced myopia, a known idiosyncratic drug reaction, was made. The drug was withheld and the myopia resolved completely. Although in this patient the ocular condition resolved completely, serious ocular adverse reactions have also been reported with co-trimoxazole. This case report highlights the occurrence of ocular adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in HIV-infected patients on co-trimoxazole and the complexity of drug interactions.
Immune reconstitution renal-limited sarcoidosis presenting as acute kidney injury
Authors: Fernandez V A , Thomas D B , Reiser I W , Spitalewitz S
Published: February 2012

An HIV-infected asymptomatic woman developed acute kidney injury six weeks after initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). A renal biopsy revealed both renal-limited sarcoidosis and HIV nephropathy. The acute renal injury reversed with glucocorticoid therapy.
Evolution of an Endovenous Laser Ablation Practice for Varicose Veins
Authors: Samuel N , Wallace T , Carradice D , Smith G , Mazari F , Chetter I
Published: February 2012

Objective:

We aimed to assess the evolution of an endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) practice in the management of varicose veins in a university teaching hospital vascular surgical unit, over five years.

Methods:

This was a retrospective review of a prospectively collected database of patients undergoing EVLA for great saphenous vein incompetence and followed up for a year. For inter- and intragroup comparison, patients were divided into three groups: group A: endovenous access generally established at the perigenicular level ( n = 105); group B: when practice changed to gain access at lowest point of demonstrable reflux ( n = 70); and group C: when tumescence delivery changed from manual injections to delivery via peristaltic pump ( n = 49). Outcomes including pain scores, time taken to return to normal functioning, quality of life (QoL), venous clinical severity scores (VCSS) and complication rates were evaluated.

Results:

Intergroup analysis: increase in the length of vein treated and laser density delivered was observed over time, even as median procedure duration decreased ( P < 0.001). An increase in sensory disturbance was noticed in group C ( P = 0.047) while better Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire (AVVQ) ( P = 0.004), SF-36® physical domains ( P < 0.05) and patient satisfaction with treatment ( P = 0.025) were recorded in the same group at 52 weeks. No significant difference was observed in technical failure, pain scores, return to normal functioning, VCSS and recurrence rates post-intervention. Intragroup analysis: QoL measures (AVVQ, SF-36®, EQ-5D) and VCSS scores demonstrated significant improvement at 12 and 52 weeks compared with baseline ( P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Increase in length of vein treated and energy delivery seems to improve short-term outcomes; however, operators need to be wary of a possible concurrent increase in paraesthetic complications.
Conservation of the relative tRNA composition in healthy and cancerous tissues
Authors: Mahlab Shelly , Tuller Tamir , Linial Michal
Published: February 2012

Elongation in protein translation is strongly dependent on the availability of mature transfer RNAs (tRNAs). The relative concentrations of the tRNA isoacceptors determine the translation efficiency in unicellular organisms. However, the degree of correspondence of codons and the relevant tRNA isoacceptors serves as an estimator for translation efficiency in all organisms. In this study, we focus on the translational capacity of the human proteome. We show that the correspondence between the codon usage and tRNAs can be improved by combining experimental measurements with the genomic copy number of isoacceptor groups. We show that there are technologies of tRNA measurements that are useful for our analysis. However, fragments of tRNAs do not agree with translational capacity. It was shown that there is a significant increase in the absolute levels of tRNA genes in cancerous cells in comparison to healthy cells. However, we find that the relative composition of tRNA isoacceptors in healthy, cancerous, or transformed cells remains almost identical. This result may indicate that maintaining the relative tRNA composition in cancerous cells is advantageous via its stabilizing of the effectiveness of translation.
Double-stranded polymeric ladderphanes
Authors: Luh Tien-Yau
Published: February 2012

Double-stranded polymeric ladderphanes are obtained by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of bisnorbornene derivatives by the first generation of Grubbs catalyst (G-I). A range of two- and three-dimensional organic and organometallic linkers are used to connect two norbornene units. The structures of these double-stranded polymers are proved by spectroscopic means and scanning tunneling microscopic (STM) images. Hydrolytic cleavages of these ladderphanes give the corresponding single-stranded polymers with the same degree of polymerization and polydispersity as those of the double-stranded counterparts. Helical polymeric ladderphanes are also synthesized similarly when chiral linkers are used. Strong intereactions between adjacent linkers have been revealed by their physical properties in these polymers. Chemical modification of ladderphanes is achieved by bis-dihydroxylation, diimide reduction of double bonds, and electrochemical oxidation of linkers. Unsymmetrical ladderphanes with well-defined lengths and narrow dispersity are also obtained by replication and by sequential polymerization.
Spatial and Temporal Localization of WNT Signaling Proteins in a Mouse Model of Distraction Osteogenesis
Authors: Kasaai Bahar , Moffatt Pierre , Al-Salmi Loai , Lauzier Dominique , Lessard Lucie , Hamdy Reggie C.
Published: February 2012

While the surgical procedure of distraction osteogenesis (DO) is very successful in the treatment of orthopedic conditions, its major limitation of slow bone formation in the distracted gap has prompted numerous attempts to understand and accelerate this slow bone formation. Interestingly, WNT/FZD signaling has been identified as a critical pathway in mediating bone formation and regeneration but has not yet been studied in the context of DO. The objective of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal localization of endogenous WNT signaling proteins at various times of bone formation in a wild-type mouse model of DO. In this study, the DO protocol performed on mice consisted of three phases: latency (5 days), distraction (12 days), and consolidation (34 days). Our immunohistochemical findings of distracted bone specimens show an increased expression of WNT ligands (WNT4 and WNT10A), receptors (FZD1 and 2, LRP5 and 6), β-catenin, and pathway antagonizers (DKK1; CTBP1 and 2; sFRP1, 2, and 4) during the distraction phase, which were then down-regulated during consolidation. This is the first published report to show an activation of the WNT pathway in DO and could help identify WNT as a potential therapeutic target in accelerating bone regeneration during DO.
Conversion Reactions in Surface-Functionalized Mesoporous Materials: Effect of Restricted Transport and Catalytic Site Distribution
Authors: Wang Jing , Ackerman David M. , Kandel Kapil , Slowing Igor I. , Pruski Marek , Evans James W.
Published: February 2012

We analyze the interplay between anomalous transport and conversion reaction kinetics in mesoporous materials functionalized with catalytic groups. Of primary interest is functionalized mesoporous silica containing an array of linear pores with diameters tunable from 2-10 nm, although functionalization can produce smaller effective diameters, d. For d < 2 nm, transport and specifically passing of reactant and product species within the pores can be strongly inhibited (single-file diffusion). The distribution of catalytic groups can also vary depending on the synthesis approach. We apply statistical mechanical modeling (utilizing spatially discrete stochastic lattice-gas models) to explore the dependence of reactivity on the extent of inhibition of passing of species within the pore, as well as on the distribution of catalytic sites.
Short-channel and high-mobility p- and n-type organic single-crystal transistors with air-gap structures
Authors: Uno M. , Uemura T. , Miwa K. , Facchetti A. , Takeya J.
Published: February 2012

In an effort to realize high-speed organic logic components, p- and n-type single-crystal organic field-effect transistors (SC-OFETs) were fabricated using air-gap structures with channel lengths as short as several μm. High carrier mobility of about 10 cm2/Vs is demonstrated in rubrene SC-OFETs even with the short channel length of 6 μm, using Si-based microstructures. The contact resistance is estimated to be 450 Ohm cm, which is only 5% of the total channel resistance between source and drain electrodes. Performances of n-type air-gap devices based on PDIF-CN2 are also demonstrated exhibiting electron transport with the carrier mobility of about 2 cm2/Vs. Furthermore, micron-scale air-gap structures are fabricated using insulating materials on glass substrates to reduce parasitic gate capacitance. The cut-off frequency of this rubrene air-gap device is measured to be as high as 8 MHz with applied drain voltage VD of 15 V. These techniques are promising to be applicable to next-generation organic high-speed logic circuits.
UK contractors’ views on self-compacting concrete in construction
Authors: Rich David , Glass Jacqui , Gibb Alistair G. F. , Goodier Chris
Published: February 2012

Self-compacting concrete is claimed to offer faster construction, safer sites and more consistent concrete quality, but little corroborative research data exist on performance advantages, particularly in comparison with traditional construction. Industry opinions also appear to be divided. For these reasons, an extensive interview programme was undertaken with UK contractors – from large national concrete frame contractors to small, locally based housebuilders – to assess whether benefits were being achieved and to try to understand the reasons why self-compacting concrete is, or is not, being used. The 48 participants reported that decisions on the suitability of self-compacting concrete were inherently complex and, if selected, there were challenges in understanding ‘how’ construction should be planned and managed to accommodate the use of self-compacting concrete and to fully utilise its advantages. The findings identify the need for a step change in the industry’s perception of self-compacting concrete, such that it should be considered as a construction method, not simply as a material.