bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coding strategies in the otolith system differ for translational head motion vs. static orientation relative to gravity
Authors: Jamali Mohsen , Carriot Jerome , Chacron Maurice J , Cullen Kathleen E
Published: June 2019

The detection of gravito-inertial forces by the otolith system is essential for our sense of balance and accurate perception. To date, however, how this system encodes the self-motion stimuli that are experienced during everyday activities remains unknown. Here, we addressed this fundamental question directly by recording from single otolith afferents in monkeys during naturalistic translational self-motion and changes in static head orientation. Otolith afferents with higher intrinsic variability transmitted more information overall about translational self-motion than their regular counterparts, owing to stronger nonlinearities that enabled precise spike timing including phase locking. By contrast, more regular afferents better discriminated between different static head orientations relative to gravity. Using computational methods, we further demonstrated that coupled increases in intrinsic variability and sensitivity accounted for the observed functional differences between afferent classes. Together, our results indicate that irregular and regular otolith afferents use different strategies to encode naturalistic self-motion and static head orientation relative to gravity.
Genome-wide analyses of the bHLH gene family reveals structural and functional characteristics in the aquatic plantNelumbo nucifera
Authors: Mao Tian-Yu , Liu Yao-Yao , Zhu Huan-Huan , Zhang Jie , Yang Ju-Xiang , Fu Qiang , Wang Nian , Wang Ze
Published: June 2019

Lotus (Nelumbo nuciferaGaertn.) is an economically important aquatic plant with multiple applications, but water salinity and cold stress seriously affect lotus yield and distribution. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs) play a vital role in plant growth and development, metabolic regulation processes and responses to environmental changes. However, systematic analyses of the bHLH TF family in lotus has not yet been reported. Here, we report the identification and description of bHLH genes in lotus (NnbHLHs) with a focus on functional prediction, particularly for those involved in stress resistance. In all, 115NnbHLHswere identified in the lotus genome and classified into 19 subfamilies. The chromosomal distribution, physicochemical properties, bHLH domain, conserved motif compositions and evolution of these 115NnbHLHswere further analyzed. To better understand the functions of the lotus bHLH family, gene ontology, cis-element, and phylogenetic analyses were conducted.NnbHLHswere predicted to be involved in plant development, metabolic regulation and responses to stress, in accordance with previous findings. Overall, 15NnbHLHswere further investigated with functional prediction via quantitative real-time PCR analyses. Meanwhile, expression profiles ofNnbHLHsin four tissues indicated that manyNnbHLHsshowed tissue preference in their expression. This study is supposed to provide a good foundation for further research into the functions and evolution ofNnbHLHs, and identifies candidate genes for stress resistance in lotus.
Level of Adoption of Improved Cassava Technologies in Benue State
Authors: Onyemma Juliet Ogadinma , Tertsea Koko Michael , Ogbonna Nkem Kelechi , Chimela Nwafor Solomon
Published: June 2019

Aims:  The study aimed to determine the level of adoption of improved cassava technologies in Benue State.

Study Design:  The Survey design was adopted for the study.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Benue State, between September 2018 and March 2019.

Methodology: Cluster and simple random sampling techniques were used to select 336 respondents for the study. Primary data were collected using Semi-structured questionnaire. The objectives were achieved using descriptive statistics such as percentages, frequencies and means and Rank ordered analysis.

Results: The improved cassava technologies in Benue state were identified to include; TMS 0505, TMS 0581, TMS 30572, TMS 01/1368, TMS 96/1632, TMS 92/0326, TME 419, NR 8082.The result revealed that the percentage awareness for TMS 0505 was high 65% (238) but the adoption of TMS 0505 was low 32% (78). There is moderate awareness level for TMS 0581 49% (179) and TMS 02/1368 56% (294) with moderate adoption 55% (98) and 53% (109) respectively. Also, the awareness level for TMS 92/0326 is high 72% (265) with moderate adoption 44% (116); TME 419 and NR 8082 had high awareness level 85% (311) and 88% (323) with high adoption 65% (201) and 68% (221) respectively. The result also revealed that famers complained that the improved cassava varieties cannot store for a long time in the farm 93% (342) and that there is no market to sale increased quantity of cassava roots.

Conclusion:  Thus it was concluded that there is generally high level of awareness of improved cassava varieties in Benue state but with moderate to low adoption rate.

The study thus recommend that farmers should be consulted and their needs should always be considered in such development ventures. This will ensure high adoption and high impact as well.
Construction of Stable High Order One-Block Methods Using Multi-Block Triple
Authors: Ajie I. J. , Utalor K. , Durojaiye M. O.
Published: June 2019

This paper deals with the construction of l-stable implicit one-block methods for the solution of stiff initial value problems. The constructions are done using three different multi-block methods. The first multi-block method is composed using Generalized Backward Differentiation Formula (GBDF) and Backward Differentiation Formula (BDF), the second is composed using Reversed Generalized Adams Moulton (RGAM) and Generalized Adams Moulton (GAM) while the third is composed using Reversed Adams Moulton (RAM) and Adams Moulton (AM). Shift operator is then applied to the combination of the three multi-block methods in such a manner that the resultant block is a one-block method and self-starting. These one-block methods are up to order six and  with at order ten. Numerical experiments show that they are good for solving stiff initial problems.
Detecting plant spatial pattern change after disperser loss: A simulation and a case study
Authors: Nield Andrew P. , Enright Neal J. , Ladd Philip G. , Perry George L. W.
Published: June 2019

Disruption of seed dispersal processes may affect plant population spatial structure. We used a spatial simulation model and an empirical case study to assess the conditions under which the loss of seed dispersers has a detectable effect on a species' spatial pattern. Our simulation experiments suggested that detecting spatial change following disperser loss will be difficult, except when rates of fruit removal are initially high and then completely disappear. To contextualize the simulation modeling, we used spatial point pattern analyses to characterize the spatial pattern of two large‐seeded species (Leucopogon nutans, a fire‐killed seeder shrub and Macrozamia riedlei, a long‐lived, resprouting cycad) in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forests of southwestern Australia. The plant species' primary disperser, the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), was absent from one of the sites we considered, but present at the other two. There was no detectable difference for either plant species in the strength of aggregation between sites with and without emu. However, even if disperser loss may not greatly affect local spatial structure for most plant species, it is likely to be important for long distance dispersal and genetic structuring of populations, so accurate characterization of the dispersal kernel is critical, especially in terms of plant emigration.
F‐ATP synthase and the permeability transition pore: fewer doubts, more certainties
Authors: Carraro Michela , Checchetto Vanessa , Szabó Ildikó , Bernardi Paolo
Published: June 2019

Whether the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP), also called mitochondrial megachannel (MMC), originates from the F‐ATP synthase is a matter of controversy. This hypothesis is supported both by site‐directed mutagenesis of specific residues of F‐ATP synthase affecting regulation of the PTP/MMC and by deletion of specific subunits causing dramatic changes in channel conductance. In contrast, human cells lacking an assembled F‐ATP synthase apparently display persistence of the PTP. We discuss recent data that shed new light on this controversy, supporting the conclusion that the PTP/MMC originates from a Ca2+‐dependent conformational change in F‐ATP synthase allowing its reversible transformation into a high‐conductance channel.
SGLT1 is required for the survival of triple‐negative breast cancer cells via potentiation of EGFR activity
Authors: Liu Huiquan , Ertay Ayse , Peng Ping , Li Juanjuan , Liu Dian , Xiong Hua , Zou Yanmei , Qiu Hong , Hancock David , Yuan Xianglin , Huang Wei‐Chien , Ewing Rob M. , Downward Julian , Wang Yihua
Published: June 2019

Sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1), an essential active glucose transport protein that helps maintain high intracellular glucose levels, was previously shown to interact with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR); the SGLT1–EGFR interaction maintains intracellular glucose levels to promote survival of cancer cells. Here, we explore the role of SGLT1 in triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC), which is the most aggressive type of breast cancer. We performed TCGA analysis coupled to in vitro experiments in TNBC cell lines as well as in vivo xenografts established in the mammary fat pad of female nude mice. Tissue microarrays of TNBC patients with information of clinical–pathological parameters were also used to investigate the expression and function of SGLT1 in TNBC. We show that high levels of SGLT1 are associated with greater tumour size in TNBC. Knockdown of SGLT1 compromises cell growth in vitro and in vivo. We further demonstrate that SGLT1 depletion results in decreased levels of phospho‐EGFR, and as a result, the activity of downstream signalling pathways (such as AKT and ERK) is inhibited. Hence, targeting SGLT1 itself or the EGFR–SGLT1 interaction may provide novel therapeutics against TNBC.
Sonographic Findings in Inflammatory Arthritis Secondary to Immune Checkpoint Inhibition: A Case Series
Authors: Albayda Jemima , Dein Eric , Shah Ami A. , Bingham Clifton O. , Cappelli Laura
Published: June 2019

Objective

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are transforming the field of oncology, leading to tumor regression in multiple advanced cancers. With this case series, we review the ultrasound imaging findings in a series of patients with ICI‐induced inflammatory arthritis (IA), a novel rheumatic disease that is caused by cancer immunotherapy.

Methods

We identified patients with rheumatologist‐diagnosed, ICI‐induced IA who had musculoskeletal ultrasound performed for clinical care. A retrospective chart review was done to obtain demographics, oncologic history, clinical presentation, imaging, and synovial fluid results. Ultrasound images were reviewed and scored for synovial and tendon pathology, presence of Doppler, and bony erosion.

Results

Nine patients were included in this study with a total of 18 joint regions assessed. The knees were the most commonly imaged joint followed by the hands, wrists, feet, and ankles. Synovitis was seen in 12 of the 18 joints with active Doppler in 50% of the cases. Tendon involvement was also frequently seen (13 of 18 joints) with tenosynovitis, tendinitis, and enthesophytes. Erosions were less frequent and seen in only three cases but were also an early finding.

Conclusion

Patients with ICI‐induced IA had a wide range of pathology affecting the synovium, tendons, and bones on musculoskeletal ultrasound. Further systematic study with imaging is needed for this group of diseases.
Influence of Microstructural Features on the Strain Hardening Behavior of Additively Manufactured Metallic Components
Authors: Biswas Abhishek , Prasad Mahesh R. G. , Vajragupta Napat , ul Hassan Hamad , Brenne Florian , Niendorf Thomas , Hartmaier Alexander
Published: June 2019

Additive manufacturing (AM) has recently become one of the key manufacturing processes in the era of Industry 4.0 because of its highly flexible production scheme. Due to complex thermal cycles during the manufacturing process itself and special solidification conditions, the microstructure of AM components often exhibits elongated grains together with a pronounced texture. These microstructural features significantly contribute to an anisotropic mechanical behavior. In this work, the microstructure and mechanical properties of additively manufactured samples of 316L stainless steel are characterized experimentally and a micromechanical modeling approach is employed to predict the macroscopic properties. The objective of this work is to study the effects of texture and microstructural morphology on yield strength and strain hardening behavior of face‐centered cubic additively manufactured metallic components. To incorporate the texture in synthetic representative volume elements (RVE), the proposed approach considers both the crystallographic and grain boundary textures. The mechanical behavior of these RVEs is modeled using crystal plasticity finite element method, which incorporates size effects through the implementation of strain gradients.
Effects of Template and Molecular Nanostructure on the Performance of Organic–Inorganic Photomechanical Actuator Membranes
Authors: Dong Xinning , Guo Tianyi , Kitagawa Daichi , Kobatake Seiya , Palffy‐Muhoray Peter , Bardeen Christopher J.
Published: June 2019

Porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes template the growth of photochromic crystalline nanowires. The resulting organic–inorganic composite can function as a photomechanical bending actuator. In order to investigate how the nanostructural properties of both the organic and inorganic components affect the photomechanical response, the composite mechanical properties are characterized using a variety of methods. There is a significant variation in both morphology and elastic modulus for two commercially available AAO templates with nominally identical pore diameters of 200 nm. After these templates are filled with diarylethene molecules that undergo a ring‐open to ring‐closed photoisomerization, the light‐generated curvature and mechanical work are evaluated using two different methods. The templates with a lower average elastic modulus (16 GPa vs 68 GPa) generate almost an order of magnitude more photomechanical work. The dependence of the photomechanical response on the chemical structure of the photochrome is assessed by comparing the performance of a diarylethene that undergoes a crystal expansion to that of one that undergoes a contraction, which leads to a decrease in curvature. Both the inorganic template and the organic active component play important roles in the overall photomechanical response, with substantial room to improve the performance.
Quantum‐Confined‐Superfluidics‐Enabled Moisture Actuation Based on Unilaterally Structured Graphene Oxide Papers
Authors: Zhang Yong‐Lai , Liu Yu‐Qing , Han Dong‐Dong , Ma Jia‐Nan , Wang Dan , Li Xian‐Bin , Sun Hong‐Bo
Published: June 2019

The strong interaction between graphene oxides (GO) and water molecules has trigged enormous research interest in developing GO‐based separation films, sensors, and actuators. However, sophisticated control over the ultrafast water transmission among the GO sheets and the consequent deformation of the entire GO film is still challenging. Inspired from the natural “quantum‐tunneling‐fluidics‐effect,” here quantum‐confined‐superfluidics‐enabled moisture actuation of GO paper by introducing periodic gratings unilaterally is reported. The folded GO nanosheets that act as quantum‐confined‐superfluidics channels can significantly promote water adsorption, enabling controllable and sensitive moisture actuation. Water‐adsorption‐induced expansion along and against the normal direction of a GO paper is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Featuring state‐of‐the‐art of ultrafast response (1.24 cm−1 s−1), large deformation degree, and complex and predictable deformation, the smart GO papers are used for biomimetic mini‐robots including a creeping centipede and a smart leaf that can catch a living ladybug. The reported method is simple and universal for 2D materials, revealing great potential for developing graphene‐based smart robots.
Switchable Adhesives for Multifunctional Interfaces
Authors: Croll Andrew B. , Hosseini Nasibeh , Bartlett Michael D.
Published: June 2019

Joining two materials with an adhesive is an extremely common activity, but is most often irreversible. However, emerging and current applications ranging from consumer and medical products to soft robotics and wearable bio‐monitoring devices demand strong adhesives which can be easily removed on‐demand and subsequently reused. This requires new paradigms in adhesive science and engineering, resulting in the emergence of new classes of multifunctionalswitchable adhesives. Here summarized is the current state of the art in switchable adhesive systems, focusing on how devices fit into the basic science of adhesion while providing performance metrics for comparison across current approaches. Using fracture mechanics as a guide, systems are classified as functioning under one of three basic mechanisms: near‐interface, contact area, or mechanical. These mechanisms must be initiated or “triggered” by a specific input, which can include mechanical, electromagnetic, fluidic, or thermal stimuli. Triggers and adhesion switching performance are compared through the use of a “switching ratio,” the interfacial energy release rate, and an estimate of mechanism timing. Finally, it is discussed that how the fundamental mechanisms relate to challenges and opportunities for switchable interfaces in future applications and adhesive systems.
Visible Light‐Induced Regioselective Decarboxylative Alkylation of the C(sp2)−H Bonds of Non‐Aromatic Heterocycles
Authors: Liu Lixin , Pan Neng , Sheng Wei , Su Lebin , Liu Long , Dong Jianyu , Zhou Yongbo , Yin Shuang‐Feng
Published: June 2019

With sunlight or blue LEDs irradiation, regioselective decarboxylative alkylation of various non‐aromatic heterocycles has been realized via C(sp3)‐centered radical C(sp2)−C(sp3) bond formation under oxidant‐free conditions at room temperature. This reaction readily incorporates various functional alkyl groups into heterocyclic compounds without observation of any alkyl radical rearrangement and represents a mild and general tool for the preparation of valuable alkyl group‐functionalized heterocyclic compounds.

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Designing 3D Digital Metamaterial for Elastic Waves: From Elastic Wave Polarizer to Vibration Control
Authors: Liu Huan , Zhang Quan , Zhang Kai , Hu Gengkai , Duan Huiling
Published: June 2019

Elastic wave polarizers, which can filter out linearly polarized elastic waves from hybrid elastic waves, remain a challenge since elastic waves contain both transverse and longitudinal natures. Here, a tunable, digital, locally resonant metamaterial inspired by abacus is proposed, which consists of 3D‐printed octahedral frames and built‐in electromagnets. By controlling current in the electromagnets, each unit cell exhibits three digital modes, where the elastic waves have different characteristics of propagation under each mode. A variety of waveguides can be formed by a combination of the three modes and desired polarization can be further filtered out from hybrid elastic waves in a tunable manner. The underlying mechanism of these polarizer‐like characteristics is investigated through a combination of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and experimental testing. This study provides a means of filtering out the desired wave from hybrid elastic waves, and offers promise for vibration control of particle distribution and flexible structure.
Graphene Oxide: From Tunable Structures to Diverse Luminescence Behaviors
Authors: Mei Qingsong , Liu Bianhua , Han Guangmei , Liu Renyong , Han Ming‐Yong , Zhang Zhongping
Published: June 2019

Since the first discovery of luminescent graphene oxide (GO), exponentially increasing investigations on the tunable structures and surfaces for modulating its optical properties have struggled to expand applications in imaging, sensing, biomedical diagnostics, and so on. Here, the latest works on reconstructing or modifying the structures and surfaces of GO to achieve diverse luminescence are systematically reviewed, including fluorescence, electroluminescence, and chemiluminescence. Moreover, the fundamental difficulties of the investigations and applications of luminescent GO nanomaterials are clarified to inspire more constructive thoughts for expanding their application boundaries.
A modified Solvay process with low‐temperature calcination of NaHCO3 using monoethanolamine: Solubility determination and thermodynamic modeling
Authors: Wang Qiaoxin , Li Zhibao
Published: June 2019

An energy‐saving, modified Solvay process for dense soda ash production was proposed to replace the high‐temperature, calcination step of NaHCO3. We found NaHCO3 completely decomposed into anhydrous, Na2CO3 at 353 K in a mixed‐solvent containing at least 65 wt% of monoethanolamine (MEA), which is an amine‐absorbent prevalently used for CO2 capture. A chemical model was built after the determination of solubilities and through data regression for the solid–liquid system: Na‐Cl‐NH4‐CO3‐HCO3‐MEA‐H2O. Reparameterization for paired‐ion interactions were performed via the mixed‐solvent electrolyte model. Thermodynamic analysis elucidated the shift in ion dominance from HCO3− to CO32+, thereby providing the phase transition mechanisms. An exploratory, fed‐batch experiment was implemented to verify the accuracy of the model, for which the obtained solids were in the form of saleable, dense soda ash products; bulk densities up to 1.01 g/cm3 were achieved in the laboratory.
Who are they and What do they Need: Characterizing and Supporting the Early Childhood Assistant Teacher Workforce in a Large Urban District
Authors: Cramer Travis , Cappella Elise
Published: June 2019

Highlights

Assistant teachers are sought for professional advice considerably less than other ECE professionals.

Assistant teachers' demographics highlight pathways to support their needs and utilize their strengths.

Variance decomposition analyses were conducted to compare different on‐the‐job supports.

Assistant teachers’ receipt of coaching may be a key contributor to their job satisfaction.

Professional advice from colleagues may support the quality of assistant teachers’ work experiences.
Genetic risk for alzheimer disease is distinct from genetic risk for amyloid deposition
Authors: Leonenko Ganna , Shoai Maryam , Bellou Eftychia , Sims Rebecca , Williams Julie , Hardy John , Escott‐Price Valentina ,   the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: June 2019

Objective

Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is responsible for a huge and growing health care burden in the developed and developing world. The polygenic risk score (PRS) approach has shown 75 to 84% prediction accuracy of identifying individuals with AD risk.

Methods

In this study, we tested the prediction accuracy of AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and amyloid deposition risks with PRS, including and excluding APOE genotypes in a large publicly available dataset with extensive phenotypic data, the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohort. Among MCI individuals with amyloid‐positive status, we examined PRS prediction accuracy in those who converted to AD. In addition, we divided polygenic risk score by biological pathways and tested them independently for distinguishing between AD, MCI, and amyloid deposition.

Results

We found that AD and MCI are predicted by both APOE genotype and PRS (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.82% and 68%, respectively). Amyloid deposition is predicted by APOE only (AUC = 79%). Further progression to AD of individuals with MCI and amyloid‐positive status is predicted by PRS over and above APOE (AUC = 67%). In pathway‐specific PRS analyses, the protein–lipid complex has the strongest association with AD and amyloid deposition even when genes in the APOE region were removed (p = 0.0055 and p = 0.0079, respectively).

Interpretation

The results showed different pattern of APOE contribution in PRS risk predictions of AD/MCI and amyloid deposition. Our study suggests that APOE mostly contributes to amyloid accumulation and the PRS affects risk of further conversion to AD. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:427–435
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed (5+1) Annulations Exploiting a Vinyl Dianion Synthon Strategy
Authors: Nguyen Xuan B. , Nakano Yuji , Duggan Nisharnthi M. , Scott Lydia , Breugst Martin , Lupton David W.
Published: June 2019

Direct polarity inversion of conjugate acceptors provides a valuable entry to homoenolates. N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalyzed reactions, in which β‐unsubstituted conjugate acceptors undergo homoenolate formation and C−C bond formation twice, have been developed. Specifically, the all‐carbon (5+1) annulations give a range of mono‐ and bicyclic cyclohexanones (31 examples). In the first family of annulations, β‐unsubstituted acrylates tethered to a divinyl ketone undergo cycloisomerization, providing hexahydroindenes and tetralins. In the second, partially untethered substrates undergo an intermolecular (5+1) annulation involving dimerization followed by cycloisomerization. While enantioselectivity was not possible with the former, the latter proved viable, allowing cyclohexanones to be produced with high levels of enantiopurity (most >95:5 e.r.) and exclusive diastereoselectivity (>20:1 d.r.). Derivatizations and mechanistic studies are also reported.
Highly Selective Enamination of β‐ketoesters Catalyzed by Interlocked [Cu8] and [Cu18] Nanocages
Authors: Qiao Wan‐Zhen , Song Tian‐Qun , Cheng Peng , Zhao Bin
Published: June 2019

Interlocking cages are of great interest due to their fascinating structures and potential applications. However, the interlocking of different cages has not been previously reported. Herein, quadruply interlocked [Cu8] and [Cu18] nanocages have been constructed and structurally characterized in cationic metal–organic framework {[CuICu4II(XN)4(PTA)4(H2O)4]0.5 SO4⋅5 H2O⋅EtOH}n (1). 1 can trap the anionic pollutant CrO42− and the radioactive‐contaminant simulant ReO4− with an uptake capacity of 83.2 and 218 mg g−1, respectively. Catalytic investigations reveal 1 is an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the enamination of ethyl acetoacetate with aniline and the turnover frequency (TOF) can reach a record value of 4000 h−1. More importantly, 1 represents the first of a catalyst of enamination to exhibit excellent size selectivity on different substrates. The robust catalyst can be reused at least ten times without obvious loss in catalytic activity.
Enhanced Thermal Decomposition Properties and Catalytic Mechanism of Ammonium Perchlorate over CuO/MoS2 Composite
Authors: Hu Yinghui , Yang Yulin , Fan Ruiqing , Lin Kaifeng , Hao Dongyu , Xia Debin , Wang Ping
Published: June 2019

In this report, CuO/MoS2 composites were successfully prepared by the hydrothermal method where nano‐sized CuO was uniformly distributed on the surface of hierarchical MoS2 substrates (CuO/MoS2 composites). Their physicochemical properties and catalytic performance in ammonium perchlorate (AP) decomposition were investigated and characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, XPS, TG/DSC and combustion measurement. The results showed that it could decrease AP decomposition temperature at high decomposition stage from 416.5 °C to 323.5 °C and increase the heat release from 378 J/g (pure AP) to 1340 J/g (AP with catalysts), which was better than pure CuO nanoparticles (345.5 °C and 1046 J/g). Meanwhile, it showed excellent performance in combustion reaction either in N2 or air atmosphere. The results obtained by photocurrent spectra, photoluminescence spectra and time‐resolved fluorescence emission spectra indicated that loading CuO mediated the generation rate and combination rate of electrons and holes, thus tuning the catalytic performance on AP decomposition. This study proved that employing the supports that can synergistically interact with CuO is an efficient strategy to enhance the catalytic performance of CuO.
Postoperative complications in relation to overall treatment time in patients with rectal cancer receiving neoadjuvant radiotherapy
Authors: Erlandsson J , Pettersson D , Glimelius B , Holm T , Martling A
Published: June 2019

Background

The optimal timing of surgery for rectal cancer after radiotherapy (RT) is disputed. The Stockholm III trial concluded that it was oncologically safe to delay surgery for 4–8 weeks after short-course RT (SRT), with fewer postoperative complications compared with SRT with surgery within a week. Other studies have indicated that an even shorter interval between RT and surgery (0–3 days) might be beneficial. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal interval to surgery after RT.

Methods

Patients were analysed as treated, in terms of overall treatment time (OTT), the interval from the start of RT until the day of surgery. Patients receiving SRT (5 × 5 Gy) were categorized according to OTT: 7 days (group A), 8–13 days (group B), 5–7 weeks (group C) and 8–13 weeks (group D). Patients receiving long-course RT (25 × 2 Gy) were grouped into those with an OTT of 9–11 weeks (group E) or 12–14 weeks (group F). Outcomes assessed were postoperative complications and early mortality.

Results

A total of 810 patients were analysed (group A, 100; group B, 247; group C, 192; group D, 160; group E, 52; group F, 59). Baseline patient characteristics were similar. There were significantly more overall complications in group B than in groups C and D. Adjusted odds ratios, with B as the reference group, were: 0·72 (95 per cent c.i. 0·40 to 1·32; P = 0·289), 0·50 (0·30 to 0·84; P = 0·009) and 0·39 (0·23 to 0·65; P < 0·001) for groups A, C and D respectively. Early mortality was similar in all groups. There were no significant differences between long-course RT groups.

Conclusion

These results suggest that surgery should optimally be delayed for 4–12 weeks (OTT 5–13 weeks) after SRT.
Therapeutic potential of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in engineered T‐cell therapy
Authors: Gao Qianqian , Dong Xuan , Xu Qumiao , Zhu Linnan , Wang Fei , Hou Yong , Chao Cheng‐chi
Published: June 2019

Cancer patients have been treated with various types of therapies, including conventional strategies like chemo‐, radio‐, and targeted therapy, as well as immunotherapy like checkpoint inhibitors, vaccine and cell therapy etc. Among the therapeutic alternatives, T‐cell therapy like CAR‐T (Chimeric Antigen Receptor Engineered T cell) and TCR‐T (T Cell Receptor Engineered T cell), has emerged as the most promising therapeutics due to its impressive clinical efficacy. However, there are many challenges and obstacles, such as immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, manufacturing complexity, and poor infiltration of engrafted cells, etc still, need to be overcome for further treatment with different forms of cancer. Recently, the antitumor activities of CAR‐T and TCR‐T cells have shown great improvement with the utilization of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. Thus, the genome editing system could be a powerful genetic tool to use for manipulating T cells and enhancing the efficacy of cell immunotherapy. This review focuses on pros and cons of various gene delivery methods, challenges, and safety issues of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing application in T‐cell‐based immunotherapy.
Risk stratification of ER‐positive breast cancer patients: A multi‐institutional validation and outcome study of the Rochester Modified Magee algorithm (RoMMa) and prediction of an Oncotype DX® recurrence score <26
Authors: Turner Bradley M. , Gimenez‐Sanders Mary Ann , Soukiazian Armen , Breaux Andrea C. , Skinner Kristin , Shayne Michelle , Soukiazian Nyrie , Ling Marilyn , Hicks David G.
Published: June 2019

The skyrocketing cost of health‐care demands that we question when to use multigene assay testing in the planning of treatment for breast cancer patients. A previously published algorithmic model gave recommendations for which cases to send out for Oncotype DX® (ODX) testing. This study is a multi‐institutional validation of that algorithmic model in 620 additional estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cases, with outcome data on 310 cases, named in this study as the Rochester Modified Magee algorithm (RoMMa). RoMMa correctly predicted 85% (140/164) and 100% (17/17) of cases to have a low‐ or high‐risk ODX recurrence score, respectively, consistent with the original publication. Applying our own risk stratification criteria, in patients who received appropriate hormonal therapy, only one of the 45 (2.0%) patients classified as low risk by our original algorithm have been associated with a breast cancer recurrence over 5‐10 years of follow‐up. Eight of 116 (7.0%) patients classified as low risk by ODX have been associated with a breast cancer recurrence with up to 11 years of follow‐up. In addition, 524 of 537 (98%) cases from our total population (n = 903) with an average modified Magee score ≤18 had an ODX recurrence score <26. Patients with an average modified Magee score ≤18 or >30 may not need to be sent out for ODX testing. By avoiding these cases sending out for ODX testing, the potential cost savings to the health‐care system in 2018 are estimated to have been over $100,000,000.
The prognostic value of gastrointestinal bleeding in gastrointestinal stromal tumor: A propensity score matching analysis
Authors: Wan Wenze , Xiong Zhen , Zeng Xiangyu , Yang Wenchang , Li Chengguo , Tang Yu , Lin Yao , Gao Jinbo , Zhang Peng , Tao Kaixiong
Published: June 2019

Background and objectives

Whether gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding indicates gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) rupture and impacts prognosis is unclear. We examined the prognostic value of GI bleeding in GIST.

Methods

Primary GIST patients with (GB group) or without (NGB group) initial symptoms of GI bleeding were retrospectively studied. Propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted to reduce confounders.

Results

Eight hundred patients were enrolled. Male gender [odds ratio (OR) = 1.517, P = 0.011], tumors in the small intestine (OR = 2.539, P < 0.001), and tumor size 5‐10 cm (OR = 2.298, P = 0.004) increased the odds of GI bleeding; age >60 years decreased the odds (OR = 0.683, P = 0.031). After PSM, 444 patients were included (222 in each group). Relapse‐free survival (RFS) (P = 0.001) and overall survival (OS) (P = 0.002) were both superior in the GB group. In subgroup analysis, the GB group achieved a superior RFS (P = 0.005) and OS (P = 0.007) in patients with small intestine GIST, but not stomach or colorectal GIST.

Conclusions

GIST patients with age <60, male gender, tumors located in the small intestine, and tumors 5‐10 cm in size had a higher risk of GI bleeding. GIST patients with GI bleeding had a superior RFS and OS. This difference was statistically significant only in small intestine GIST.
Human crowding and store messiness: Drivers of retail shopper confusion and behavioral intentions
Authors: Coskun Merve , Gupta Shipra , Burnaz Sebnem
Published: June 2019

With today's cut‐throat competition, brick and mortar retailers are engaging in various in‐store elements like ambience, visual design, and social factors to entice consumers. However, these environmental stimuli if not used properly can lead to retail shopper confusion that can negatively influence shopper behavioral intentions. Drawing on the theoretical argument that information overload facilitates retail shopper confusion, two experimental studies are conducted. The findings of both studies suggest a main effect of human crowding and store messiness for each dimension of retail shopper confusion—irritation, inefficiency, and helplessness. Mediating role of retail shopper confusion between human crowding, store messiness, and shopping behavioral intentions is also examined. Interactive impact of human crowding and store messiness suggests store messiness to be more problematic. The moderating role of shopping motivations (task vs. recreational) is also examined that suggests the negative effect of retail shopper confusion for consumers pursuing recreational shopping motivations. These findings across the two studies offer a new perspective that recommend the importance of organized retail store environments. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
A FRET‐Based Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Probe for Ratiometric Detection of Cysteine in Mitochondria
Authors: Xia Shuai , Zhang Yibin , Fang Mingxi , Mikesell Logan , Steenwinkel Tessa E. , Wan Shulin , Phillips Tyler , Luck Rudy L. , Werner Thomas , Liu Haiying
Published: June 2019

We report a near‐infrared fluorescent probe A for the ratiometric detection of cysteine based on FRET from a coumarin donor to a near‐infrared rhodamine acceptor. Upon addition of cysteine, the coumarin fluorescence increased dramatically up to 18‐fold and the fluorescence of the rhodamine acceptor decreased moderately by 45 % under excitation of the coumarin unit. Probe A has been used to detect cysteine concentration changes in live cells ratiometrically and to visualize fluctuations in cysteine concentrations induced by oxidation stress through treatment with hydrogen peroxide or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Finally, probe A was successfully applied for the in vivo imaging of Drosophila melanogaster larvae to measure cysteine concentration changes.
Characterization and Reactivity of a Tetrahedral Copper(II) Alkylperoxido Complex
Authors: Shimizu Ikuma , Morimoto Yuma , Velmurugan Gunasekaran , Gupta Tulika , Paria Sayantan , Ohta Takehiro , Sugimoto Hideki , Ogura Takashi , Comba Peter , Itoh Shinobu
Published: June 2019

A tetrahedral CuII alkylperoxido complex [CuII(TMG3tach)(OOCm)]+ (1OOCm) (TMG3tach={2,2′,2′′‐[(1s,3s,5s)‐cyclohexane‐1,3,5‐triyl]tris‐(1,1,3,3‐tetramethyl guanidine)}, OOCm=cumyl peroxide) is prepared and characterized by UV/Vis, cold‐spray ionization mass spectroscopy (CSI‐MS), resonance Raman, and EPR spectroscopic methods. Product analysis of the self‐decomposition reaction of 1OOCm in acetonitrile (MeCN) indicates that the reaction involves O−O bond homolytic cleavage of the peroxide moiety with concomitant C−H bond activation of the solvent molecule. When an external substrate such as 1,4‐cyclohexadiene (CHD) is added, the O−O bond homolysis leads to C−H activation of the substrate. Furthermore, the reaction of 1OOCm with 2,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol derivatives produces the corresponding phenoxyl radical species (ArO.) together with a CuI complex through a concerted proton‐electron transfer (CPET) mechanism. Details of the reaction mechanisms are explored by DFT calculations.
An adjusted K‐medoids clustering algorithm for effective stability in vehicular ad hoc networks
Authors: Hajlaoui Rejab , Alsolami Eesa , Moulahi Tarek , Guyennet Hervé
Published: June 2019

Recently, the routing problem in vehicular ad hoc networks is one of the most vital research. Despite the variety of the proposed approaches and the development of communications technologies, the routing problem in VANET suffers from the high speed of vehicles and the repetitive failures in communications. In this paper, we adjusted the well‐known K‐medoids clustering algorithm to improve the network stability and to increase the lifetime of all established links. First, the number of clusters and the initial cluster heads will not be selected randomly as usual, but based on mathematical formula considering the environment size and the available transmission ranges. Then the assignment of nodes to clusters in both k‐medoids phases will be carried out according to several metrics including direction, relative speed, and proximity. To the best of our knowledge, our proposed model is the first that introduces the new metric named “node disconnection frequency.” This metric prevents nodes with volatile and suspicious behavior to be elected as a new CH. This screening ensures that the new CH retains its property as long as possible and thus increases the network stability. Empirical results confirm that in addition to the convergence speed that characterizes our adjusted K‐medoids clustering algorithm (AKCA), the proposed model achieves more stability and robustness when compared with most recent approaches designed for the same objective.
Investigating phenotypes of emotional eating based on weight categories: A latent profile analysis
Authors: Sultson Hedvig , Akkermann Kirsti
Published: June 2019

Objective

We aimed to investigate the phenotypes of individuals with emotional eating (EE) based on their levels of positive and negative EE, body mass index (BMI), and preoccupation with weight, and to assess differences in eating pathology and emotion regulation (ER) difficulties among them.

Method

A community sample of 605 women (mean age = 29.8 years, SD = 9.6; mean BMI = 23.4 kg/m2, SD = 4.7) filled out the Positive–Negative Emotional Eating Scale, Eating Disorders Assessment Scale, and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Data of BMI, positive EE, negative EE, and preoccupation with body weight were submitted to a latent profile analysis.

Results

A four‐profile model was discovered with normal weight individuals without EE (63%), normal weight individuals with EE (23%), overweight individuals without EE (9%), and obese individuals with EE (5%). A five‐profile model was also included, as a class of normal weight individuals with positive EE was found. Obese and normal weight individuals with EE showed the highest level of ER difficulties and eating pathology. Overweight individuals without EE showed moderate levels of eating pathology and low levels of ER difficulties, suggesting that high BMI itself might not be related to eating disorder (ED) psychopathology. Normal weight individuals with positive EE showed low levels of eating pathology, but moderate levels of ER difficulties.

Discussion

Our results suggest that negative EE could be an important risk factor for disordered eating, independent of BMI. Further, individuals with EE could benefit from learning adaptive ER strategies to prevent the onset or maintenance of ED or weight gain.
Efficacy of a brief group intervention for carers of individuals with eating disorders: A randomized control trial
Authors: McEvoy Peter M. , Targowski Katharina , McGrath Diana , Carter Olivia , Fursland Anthea , Fitzgerald Marilyn , Raykos Bronwyn
Published: June 2019

Objective

Interventions for carers of individuals with eating disorders are often time and resource intensive, which may be a barrier for service providers or attendees. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a very brief, two‐session psychoeducation and communication skills‐based intervention for carers of individuals with eating disorders.

Method

Carers (N = 44) were randomized to attend two 2.5 hr sessions delivered 1 week apart or waitlist control. Carer burden, self‐efficacy, skills, knowledge, expressed emotion (emotional overinvolvement and critical comments), distress (anxiety and depression), and accommodating and enabling behaviors were assessed at preintervention and postintervention and 1‐month follow‐up.

Results

Carer burden, self‐efficacy, skills, knowledge, and one component of expressed emotion (critical comments) improved significantly more in the treatment group compared to the waitlist. Changes in anxiety, depression, and accommodating and enabling behaviors did not significantly differ between groups.

Discussion

These results demonstrated that substantial improvements can be made from a very brief carers' intervention. More intensive and targeted interventions might be required to address carers' emotional symptoms and to reduce accommodating and enabling behaviors.
Evidence of strong stabilizing effects on the evolution of boreoeutherian (Mammalia) dental proportions
Authors: Monson Tesla A. , Boisserie Jean‐Renaud , Brasil Marianne F. , Clay Selene M. , Dvoretzky Rena , Ravindramurthy Shruti , Schmitt Christopher A. , Souron Antoine , Takenaka Risa , Ungar Peter S. , Yoo Sunwoo , Zhou Michael , Zuercher Madeleine E. , Hlusko Leslea J.
Published: June 2019

The dentition is an extremely important organ in mammals with variation in timing and sequence of eruption, crown morphology, and tooth size enabling a range of behavioral, dietary, and functional adaptations across the class. Within this suite of variable mammalian dental phenotypes, relative sizes of teeth reflect variation in the underlying genetic and developmental mechanisms. Two ratios of postcanine tooth lengths capture the relative size of premolars to molars (premolar–molar module, PMM), and among the three molars (molar module component, MMC), and are known to be heritable, independent of body size, and to vary significantly across primates. Here, we explore how these dental traits vary across mammals more broadly, focusing on terrestrial taxa in the clade of Boreoeutheria (Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria). We measured the postcanine teeth of N = 1,523 boreoeutherian mammals spanning six orders, 14 families, 36 genera, and 49 species to test hypotheses about associations between dental proportions and phylogenetic relatedness, diet, and life history in mammals. Boreoeutherian postcanine dental proportions sampled in this study carry conserved phylogenetic signal and are not associated with variation in diet. The incorporation of paleontological data provides further evidence that dental proportions may be slower to change than is dietary specialization. These results have implications for our understanding of dental variation and dietary adaptation in mammals.
Carbon Dioxide Catalyzed Cyclometallation of a Carbene Complex: Synthesis and Mechanism
Authors: Scharf Lennart T. , Feichtner Kai‐Stephan , Gessner Viktoria H.
Published: June 2019

The reaction of the nucleophilic carbene complex [Ph2P(S)(SO2Ph)C=Ru(p‐cymene)] (1) with carbon dioxide is reported. Instead of forming an activation product by 1,2‐addition of the C–O bond across the M=C bond, selective cyclometallation is observed. This metallation occurs at the phenyl group of the thiophosphoryl moiety and is thus in contrast to previously reported cyclometallations at the sulfonyl unit. DFT calculations demonstrate that the ease and selectivity of the reaction can be explained by a unique mechanism in which CO2 is coordinated by the carbene ligand. The thus formed carboxylate facilitates C–H activation and proton transfer to the former carbene center to re‐liberate CO2.
A Comparative Study of Confining Ligands Derived from Methylated Cyclodextrins in Gold‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of 1,6‐Enynes
Authors: Kaya Zeyneb , Andna Lucile , Matt Dominique , Bentouhami Embarek , Djukic Jean‐Pierre , Armspach Dominique
Published: June 2019

Gold(I) complexes containing monodentate PIII‐ligands built upon methylated α‐cyclodextrins have been synthesized and assessed in the cycloisomerization of 1,6‐enynes, two of the reactions studied involving prochiral substrates. Their performance was compared with that of previously reported mononuclear and dinuclear α‐ and β‐cyclodextrin‐based AuI complexes. Enantiodiscrimination was found to be strongly dependent on the ability of the ligand to position metal‐coordinated substrates inside the cyclodextrin core.
Copper‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Diastereoselective 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Glycine Imino Esters with 1‐Propene‐1,3‐sultone
Authors: Furuya Shohei , Kato Shuma , Kanemoto Kazuya , Fukuzawa Shin‐ichi
Published: June 2019

The 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of glycine imino esters (azomethine ylide precursors) with 1‐propene‐1,3‐sultone proceeded smoothly by using copper phosphine complexes at room temperature to give the bicyclic sultone‐fused pyrrolidines as single regio‐ and stereoisomers in good yields. A preliminary asymmetric reaction with a chiral copper complex gave the fused sultone‐pyrrolidine with excellent enantioselectivity.