bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coordination of care in Australian mental health policy
Authors: Banfield Michelle A. , Gardner Karen L. , Yen Laurann E. , McRae Ian S. , Gillespie James A. , Wells Robert W.
Published: May 2012

Objective. To review Australian mental health initiatives involving coordination of care. Methods. Commonwealth government websites were systematically searched for mental health policy documents. Database searches were also conducted using the terms ‘coordination’ or ‘integration’ and ‘mental health’ or ‘mental illness’ and ‘Australia’. We assessed the extent to which informational, relational and management continuity have been addressed in three example programs. Results. The lack of definition of coordination at the policy level reduces opportunities for developing actionable and measurable programs. Of the 51 mental health initiatives identified, the three examples studied all demonstrated some use of the dimensions of continuity to facilitate coordination. However, problems with funding, implementation, evaluation and competing agendas between key stakeholders were barriers to improving coordination. Conclusions. Coordination is possible and can improve both relationships between providers and care provided. However, clear leadership, governance and funding structures are needed to manage the challenges encountered, and evaluation using appropriate outcome measures, structured to assess the elements of continuity, is necessary to detect improvements in coordination. What is known about the topic? The issues of integration of services and coordination of care have been a part of the National Mental Health Strategy documents for almost 20 years, but reports and evaluations continually note a lack of solid progress on these reforms. What does this paper add? This paper examines how the key elements of continuity that underpin coordination have been addressed in three examples of Australian mental health initiatives aimed at improving integration and coordination. What are the implications for practitioners? Coordination of care for mental health is possible and can improve both relationships between providers and care provided, but attention should be paid to the role of informational, relationship and management continuity in program design and implementation.
Why are junior doctors deterred from choosing a surgical career?
Authors: Rogers Mary E. , Creed Peter A. , Searle Judy
Published: May 2012

Objective. To identify the reasons why interns would not choose a surgical career. Methods. This qualitative study used semi-structured telephone interviews to explore the future career choices of 41 junior doctors (14 men, 27 women). Doctors were asked to identify specialties they would not take up, and state why this was the case. Results. Thirty (73.2%) of the 41 interns nominated surgery as a specialty they would not choose. Themes relating to reasons for not wanting to pursue a surgical career included the lifestyle associated with surgery (66.7%), the culture within the surgical work environment (53.3%), the lack of interest in performing surgical work (36.7%), and the training requirements associated with surgery (33.3%). Both sexes had similar reasons for not wanting to choose a surgical career; but additionally, women referred to the male domination of surgery, and the difficulty and inflexibility of the training program as deterrents. Conclusions. Efforts are needed to promote interest in surgery as a career especially for women, to improve the surgical work environment so that medical students and junior doctors have exposure to positive role models and surgical placements, and to provide a more flexible approach to surgical training. What is known about the topic? In Australia, there is an anticipated future shortage of surgeons, with acute shortages expected in some locations. Lifestyle issues are reported as the primary contributing factor. What does this paper add? Little is known about Australian junior doctors’ perceptions of surgery as a possible specialty choice. The results of this qualitative study reveal that perceived lack of lifestyle, the culture within the surgical environment, the lack of interest in performing surgery, and concerns relating to the training program were the main disincentives to choosing a surgical career. These results add to the international literature in this area. What are the implications for practitioners? To meet current and future workforce needs, educators need to be aware that positive role models and positive work environments are very important in attracting more medical students and graduates to choosing surgery as a career.
Engineering rotor ring stoichiometries in the ATP synthase
Authors: Pogoryelov Denys , Klyszejko Adriana L. , Krasnoselska Ganna O. , Heller Eva-Maria , Leone Vanessa , Langer Julian D. , Vonck Janet , Müller Daniel J. , Faraldo-Gómez José D. , Meier Thomas
Published: May 2012

ATP synthase membrane rotors consist of a ring of c-subunits whose stoichiometry is constant for a given species but variable across different ones. We investigated the importance of c/c-subunit contacts by site-directed mutagenesis of a conserved stretch of glycines (GxGxGxGxG) in a bacterial c
11
ring. Structural and biochemical studies show a direct, specific influence on the c-subunit stoichiometry, revealing c
<11
, c
12
, c
13
, c
14
, and c
>14
rings. Molecular dynamics simulations rationalize this effect in terms of the energetics and geometry of the c-subunit interfaces. Quantitative data from a spectroscopic interaction study demonstrate that the complex assembly is independent of the c-ring size. Real-time ATP synthesis experiments in proteoliposomes show the mutant enzyme, harboring the larger c
12
instead of c
11
, is functional at lower ion motive force. The high degree of compliance in the architecture of the ATP synthase rotor offers a rationale for the natural diversity of c-ring stoichiometries, which likely reflect adaptations to specific bioenergetic demands. These results provide the basis for bioengineering ATP synthases with customized ion-to-ATP ratios, by sequence modifications.
Eukaryotic elongation factor 1 complex subunits are critical HIV-1 reverse transcription cofactors
Authors: Warren Kylie , Wei Ting , Li Dongsheng , Qin Fangyun , Warrilow David , Lin Min-Hsuan , Sivakumaran Haran , Apolloni Ann , Abbott Catherine M. , Jones Alun , Anderson Jenny L. , Harrich David
Published: May 2012

Cellular proteins have been implicated as important for HIV-1 reverse transcription, but whether any are reverse transcription complex (RTC) cofactors or affect reverse transcription indirectly is unclear. Here we used protein fractionation combined with an endogenous reverse transcription assay to identify cellular proteins that stimulated late steps of reverse transcription in vitro. We identified 25 cellular proteins in an active protein fraction, and here we show that the eEF1A and eEF1G subunits of eukaryotic elongation factor 1 (eEF1) are important components of the HIV-1 RTC. eEF1A and eEF1G were identified in fractionated human T-cell lysates as reverse transcription cofactors, as their removal ablated the ability of active protein fractions to stimulate late reverse transcription in vitro. We observed that the p51 subunit of reverse transcriptase and integrase, two subunits of the RTC, coimmunoprecipitated with eEF1A and eEF1G. Moreover eEF1A and eEF1G associated with purified RTCs and colocalized with reverse transcriptase following infection of cells. Reverse transcription in cells was sharply down-regulated when eEF1A or eEF1G levels were reduced by siRNA treatment as a result of reduced levels of RTCs in treated cells. The combined evidence indicates that these eEF1 subunits are critical RTC stability cofactors required for efficient completion of reverse transcription. The identification of eEF1 subunits as unique RTC components provides a basis for further investigations of reverse transcription and trafficking of the RTC to the nucleus.
State‐Dependent Migration Timing and Use of Multiple Habitat Types in Anadromous Salmonids
Authors: Satterthwaite William H. , Hayes Sean A. , Merz Joseph E. , Sogard Susan M. , Frechette Danielle M. , Mangel Marc
Published: May 2012

Anadromous salmonids vary considerably in their age at ocean entry, their timing of ocean entry within a year, and the extent to which they use multiple habitat types within freshwater. To better understand habitat use and movement timing, we developed a broadly applicable model of state‐dependent movements among multiple habitats, which was parameterized based on a case study of steelheadOncorhynchus mykissin a California coastal watershed with a seasonally closed lagoonal estuary. The model correctly predicted population‐level patterns, including predominance of anadromy and a dominant smolt age of 2 years. In addition, the new model predicted the occurrence of small, lagoon‐rearing fish (displaying smoltlike migratory behavior) that returned upstream and did not enter the ocean until the next year, whereas large fish emigrated from the lagoon into the ocean. The new model predicted all‐or‐nothing habitat use for fish of a given size, but we observed a mix of strategies for fish of the same size. Our modeling suggests that a mortality–growth rate tradeoff can explain much of the life history variation, but this tradeoff alone cannot drive a mixture of habitat use strategies by fish of a similar state (i.e., length). We predicted that a mixed strategy may develop as a consequence of density‐dependent reduction in growth rates, arising as more individuals recruit to the originally preferable habitat. Higher risk in the higher‐growth habitat may halt recruitment to the high‐growth habitat even before growth rates are equalized. Uncertainty in rewards associated with the higher‐growth habitat may also favor a mixed strategy in which only some fish accept the higher risk associated with increased growth opportunity. This model framework can be used to predict movement timing and use of multiple habitats for other salmonids and in other systems.
Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation in Saugers
Authors: White Matthew M.
Published: May 2012

Despite extensive work documenting genetic variation in walleyes Sander vitreus, relatively little is known about the distribution of variation in saugers S. canadensis. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation was surveyed among samples of saugers to assess the magnitude and distribution of variation among sauger populations. Sequencing of 847 bases of the mitochondrial DNA control region in 60 individuals yielded 19 haplotypes that differed by 0.1–0.8%. Several haplotypes were broadly distributed across the range sampled. The data support the hypothesis of a single glacial refugium. There was no evidence of multiple refugia within which sauger populations could have differentiated. A single Mississippian refuge is consistent with the data and with likely routes of colonization of the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River and the Hudson Bay drainage. A mismatch distribution analysis among haplotypes suggested a recent population expansion; the presence of haplotypes with broad distributions is also consistent with a recent range expansion. Little differentiation among sauger haplotypes suggests a recent divergence.
Nutrient Enrichment with Salmon Carcass Analogs in the Columbia River Basin, USA: A Stream Food Web Analysis
Authors: Kohler Andre E. , Pearsons Todd N. , Zendt Joseph S. , Mesa Matthew G. , Johnson Christopher L. , Connolly Patrick J.
Published: May 2012

Anadromous fishes represent an important ecosystem linkage between marine and inland aquatic and terrestrial habitats. These fishes carry organic matter and marine‐derived nutrient (MDN) subsidies across a vast landscape, often with profound influences on recipient ecosystem food web structure and function. In the Columbia River basin, century‐long declines in the abundance of anadromous fish populations have focused attention on potential mitigation efforts to address MDN deficits. In this study, we evaluate components of the stream food web response (periphyton, macroinvertebrate, and fish) to pasteurized salmon carcass analog (SCA) treatments in 15 streams across the Columbia River basin. Periphyton standing crop, macroinvertebrate density, and salmonid fish growth rates and stomach fullness measures increased following the addition of SCA. We found no significant change in dissolved nutrient concentrations after treatment, suggesting that biological demand exceeded supply. Nitrogen stable isotope signatures confirmed trophic transfer from SCA to lower trophic levels but were noticeably weak in fish tissue samples despite our marked growth and stomach fullness measures. These data indicate that SCA has the potential to increase the productivity of nutrient‐limited freshwater ecosystems and may provide a nutrient mitigation tool in ecosystems where MDNs are severely limited or unavailable.
Age Determination, Growth, and Population Structure of the Striped Shiner and Duskystripe Shiner
Authors: Simmons Bryan R. , Beckman Daniel W.
Published: May 2012

The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of age estimates for the striped shinerLuxilus chrysocephalusand the duskystripe shinerLuxilus pilsbryiusing asterisci otoliths, scales, and length data. Both species were sampled monthly from the headwater reaches of the James River in southwestern Missouri from February 1998 to January 1999. The formation of an annual opaque region was validated using edge analysis, whereby the progression of annulus formation is followed throughout the year. A single opaque region was formed in otoliths, primarily during May in striped shiners and June and July in duskystripe shiners. Agreement between otolith and scale ages was over 95% for fish 0–3 years old. However, scales commonly underestimated age for fish of ages greater than 3. For both species, the ages of individuals based on otoliths ranged from 0 to 6 years. Population age structure indicated higher rates of survival and longevity for females and faster growth rates for males of both species. The most notable life history differences between species were the accelerated growth rate of adult male striped shiners and the uniform age structure for female duskystripe shiners.
The Spatial Scale for Cisco Recruitment Dynamics in Lake Superior during 1978–2007
Authors: Rook Benjamin J. , Hansen Michael J. , Gorman Owen T.
Published: May 2012

The cisco Coregonus artedi was once the most abundant fish species in the Great Lakes, but currently cisco populations are greatly reduced and management agencies are attempting to restore the species throughout the basin. To increase understanding of the spatial scale at which density-independent and density-dependent factors influence cisco recruitment dynamics in the Great Lakes, we used a Ricker stock–recruitment model to identify and quantify the appropriate spatial scale for modeling age-1 cisco recruitment dynamics in Lake Superior. We found that the recruitment variation of ciscoes in Lake Superior was best described by a five-parameter regional model with separate stock–recruitment relationships for the western, southern, eastern, and northern regions. The spatial scale for modeling was about 260 km (range = 230–290 km). We also found that the density-independent recruitment rate and the rate of compensatory density dependence varied among regions at different rates. The density-independent recruitment rate was constant among regions (3.6 age-1 recruits/spawner), whereas the rate of compensatory density dependence varied 16-fold among regions (range = −0.2 to −2.9/spawner). Finally, we found that peak recruitment and the spawning stock size that produced peak recruitment varied among regions. Both peak recruitment (0.5–7.1 age-1 recruits/ha) and the spawning stock size that produced peak recruitment (0.3–5.3 spawners/ha) varied 16-fold among regions. Our findings support the hypothesis that the factors driving cisco recruitment operate within four different regions of Lake Superior, suggest that large-scale abiotic factors are more important than small-scale biotic factors in influencing cisco recruitment, and suggest that fishery managers throughout Lake Superior and the entire Great Lakes basin should address cisco restoration and management efforts on a regional scale in each lake.

Received March 5, 2011; accepted January 5, 2012
Numerical investigation of the plasma flow through the constrictor of arc-heated thrusters
Authors: Wang Hai-Xing , Wei Fu-Zhi , Murphy A B , Liu Yu
Published: May 2012

A modelling study is performed to investigate the plasma flow through the constrictor of medium-power arc-heated thrusters. The Roe scheme is employed to solve the governing equations, which take into account the effects of compressibility, Joule heating and the Lorentz force, as well as the temperature and pressure dependence of the gas properties. The modelling results show that the gas flow within the constrictor is choked by the combined effects of friction and arc heating. The computed total pressure drop within the constrictor due to friction and arc heating is about twice the dynamic head at the constrictor outlet. The effects of the arc current, inlet pressure and mass flow rate, and the constrictor length and diameter on the gas flow characteristics within the constrictor are presented and discussed. Further, it is shown that the choking effects caused by arc heating reduce the flow rate more strongly for argon and nitrogen working gases than for hydrogen working gas.
Marker2sequence, mine your QTL regions for candidate genes
Authors: Chibon Pierre-Yves , Schoof Heiko , Visser Richard G.F. , Finkers Richard
Published: May 2012

Summary: Marker2sequence (M2S) aims at mining quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for candidate genes. For each gene, within the QTL region, M2S uses data integration technology to integrate putative gene function with associated gene ontology terms, proteins, pathways and literature. As a typical QTL region easily contains several hundreds of genes, this gene list can then be further filtered using a keyword-based query on the aggregated annotations. M2S will help breeders to identify potential candidate genes for their traits of interest.

Availability: Marker2sequence is freely accessible at http://www.plantbreeding.wur.nl/BreeDB/marker2seq/. The source code can be obtained at https://github.com/PBR/Marker2Sequence.

Contact:  richard.finkers@wur.nl

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
DoGSiteScorer: a web server for automatic binding site prediction, analysis and druggability assessment
Authors: Volkamer Andrea , Kuhn Daniel , Rippmann Friedrich , Rarey Matthias
Published: May 2012

Motivation: Many drug discovery projects fail because the underlying target is finally found to be undruggable. Progress in structure elucidation of proteins now opens up a route to automatic structure-based target assessment. DoGSiteScorer is a newly developed automatic tool combining pocket prediction, characterization and druggability estimation and is now available through a web server.

Availability: The DoGSiteScorer web server is freely available for academic use at http://dogsite.zbh.uni-hamburg.de

Contact:  rarey@zbh.uni-hamburg.de.
Sea-level variations on the north and northwest coasts of Spain
Authors: García María Jesús , Tel Elena , Molinero Joaquín
Published: May 2012

García, M. J., Tel, E., and Molinero, J. 2012. Sea-level variations on the north and northwest coasts of Spain. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 720–727. An exhaustive analysis of historical sea-level records at three stations located along the northern and northwestern Spanish coast has permitted a description of the mean sea-level trend over the past 67 years. The analysis also produced results on the type, amplitude, and propagation of tides, as well as on the range of variation in the sea level, extreme values, and return periods. Once corrected for the Post Glacial Rebound, the rise in the mean sea level was estimated at 2.38, 2.45, and 2.65 mm year−1 in Santander, A Coruña, and Vigo, respectively. The meteorological contribution is evaluated by the winter North Atlantic Oscillation index, producing a correlation of −0.658 with the empirical orthogonal function mode 1, which explained 81.86% of the total variance of winter (from December to March) mean sea levels. Harmonic analysis evidenced the semi-diurnal nature of the tide and showed that the amplitude and propagation of the M2 tidal wave followed the North Atlantic regional pattern, with decreasing amplitudes and phases from east to west. Hourly height levels were run through an extreme analysis and resulted in maximum sea-level values over the respective mean sea levels (datum): 2.55, 2.48, and 2.51 m in Santander, A Coruña, and Vigo, respectively. The estimated extreme levels for a 120-year return period exceeded the observed maxima in the three locations by 0.25, 015, and 0.10 m, respectively.
The East Greenland Current and its impacts on the Nordic Seas: observed trends in the past decade
Authors: Rudels Bert , Korhonen Meri , Budéus Gereon , Beszczynska-Möller Agnieszka , Schauer Ursula , Nummelin Aleksi , Quadfasel Detlef , Valdimarsson Hed̄inn
Published: May 2012

Rudels, B., Korhonen, M., Budéus, G., Beszczynska-Möller, A., Schauer, U., Nummelin, A., Quadfasel, D., and Valdimarsson, H. 2012. The East Greenland Current and its impacts on the Nordic Seas: observed trends in the past decade. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 841–851. For the past 30 years, it has been known that dense waters are created in the Arctic Ocean. However, before the late 1980s, observations indicated that Arctic Ocean deep waters only modified the deep water in the Greenland Sea, which was still thought of as the major source of dense water. In the mid-1990s, this picture began to fade. The deep convection in the Greenland Sea weakened and only Arctic Intermediate Water was formed. A deep salinity maximum was reinforced and a temperature maximum emerged at mid-depth. The densities of the salinity and temperature maxima were those of the deep waters in the Arctic Ocean, and one possibility was that waters below the convection were ventilated by Arctic Ocean deep waters from the East Greenland Current. Between 1998 and 2010, the salinity and temperature of the deep water in the Greenland Sea increased, implying continuous input from the East Greenland Current. Water from the Greenland Sea advected to Fram Strait now has almost Arctic Ocean characteristics and cannot significantly change the outflowing Arctic Ocean waters by mixing in the East Greenland Current, leading to a more-rapid transformation of the deep Greenland Sea water column.
Multiple time-scales and the developmental dynamics of social systems
Authors: Flack Jessica C.
Published: May 2012

To build a theory of social complexity, we need to understand how aggregate social properties arise from individual interaction rules. Here, I review a body of work on the developmental dynamics of pigtailed macaque social organization and conflict management that provides insight into the mechanistic causes of multi-scale social systems. In this model system coarse-grained, statistical representations of collective dynamics are more predictive of the future state of the system than the constantly in-flux behavioural patterns at the individual level. The data suggest that individuals can perceive and use these representations for strategical decision-making. As an interaction history accumulates the coarse-grained representations consolidate. This constrains individual behaviour and provides the foundations for new levels of organization. The time-scales on which these representations change impact whether the consolidating higher-levels can be modified by individuals and collectively. The time-scales appear to be a function of the ‘coarseness’ of the representations and the character of the collective dynamics over which they are averages. The data suggest that an advantage of multiple timescales is that they allow social systems to balance tradeoffs between predictability and adaptability. I briefly discuss the implications of these findings for cognition, social niche construction and the evolution of new levels of organization in biological systems.
Is sociality required for the evolution of communicative complexity? Evidence weighed against alternative hypotheses in diverse taxonomic groups
Authors: Ord Terry J. , Garcia-Porta Joan
Published: May 2012

Complex social communication is expected to evolve whenever animals engage in many and varied social interactions; that is, sociality should promote communicative complexity. Yet, informal comparisons among phylogenetically independent taxonomic groups seem to cast doubt on the putative role of social factors in the evolution of complex communication. Here, we provide a formal test of the sociality hypothesis alongside alternative explanations for the evolution of communicative complexity. We compiled data documenting variations in signal complexity among closely related species for several case study groups—ants, frogs, lizards and birds—and used new phylogenetic methods to investigate the factors underlying communication evolution. Social factors were only implicated in the evolution of complex visual signals in lizards. Ecology, and to some degree allometry, were most likely explanations for complexity in the vocal signals of frogs (ecology) and birds (ecology and allometry). There was some evidence for adaptive evolution in the pheromone complexity of ants, although no compelling selection pressure was identified. For most taxa, phylogenetic null models were consistently ranked above adaptive models and, for some taxa, signal complexity seems to have accumulated in species via incremental or random changes over long periods of evolutionary time. Becoming social presumably leads to the origin of social communication in animals, but its subsequent influence on the trajectory of signal evolution has been neither clear-cut nor general among taxonomic groups.
Social scale and structural complexity in human languages
Authors: Nettle Daniel
Published: May 2012

The complexity of different components of the grammars of human languages can be quantified. For example, languages vary greatly in the size of their phonological inventories, and in the degree to which they make use of inflectional morphology. Recent studies have shown that there are relationships between these types of grammatical complexity and the number of speakers a language has. Languages spoken by large populations have been found to have larger phonological inventories, but simpler morphology, than languages spoken by small populations. The results require further investigation, and, most importantly, the mechanism whereby the social context of learning and use affects the grammatical evolution of a language needs elucidation.
The social network and communicative complexity: preface to theme issue
Authors: Freeberg Todd M. , Ord Terry J. , Dunbar Robin I. M.
Published: May 2012

The complex social worlds of many animal species may be linked to complex communicative systems in those species. We now have evidence in diverse taxa and in different communicative modalities suggesting that complexity in social groups can drive complexity in signalling systems. The aim of this theme issue is to develop the theory behind this link between social complexity and communicative complexity, and to provide an overview of the lines of research testing this link.
Abnormal developmental control of replication-timing domains in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Ryba Tyrone , Battaglia Dana , Chang Bill H. , Shirley James W. , Buckley Quinton , Pope Benjamin D. , Devidas Meenakshi , Druker Brian J. , Gilbert David M.
Published: May 2012

Abnormal replication timing has been observed in cancer but no study has comprehensively evaluated this misregulation. We generated genome-wide replication-timing profiles for pediatric leukemias from 17 patients and three cell lines, as well as normal B and T cells. Nonleukemic EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines displayed highly stable replication-timing profiles that were more similar to normal T cells than to leukemias. Leukemias were more similar to each other than to B and T cells but were considerably more heterogeneous than nonleukemic controls. Some differences were patient specific, while others were found in all leukemic samples, potentially representing early epigenetic events. Differences encompassed large segments of chromosomes and included genes implicated in other types of cancer. Remarkably, differences that distinguished leukemias aligned in register to the boundaries of developmentally regulated replication-timing domains that distinguish normal cell types. Most changes did not coincide with copy-number variation or translocations. However, many of the changes that were associated with translocations in some leukemias were also shared between all leukemic samples independent of the genetic lesion, suggesting that they precede and possibly predispose chromosomes to the translocation. Altogether, our results identify sites of abnormal developmental control of DNA replication in cancer that reveal the significance of replication-timing boundaries to chromosome structure and function and support the replication domain model of replication-timing regulation. They also open new avenues of investigation into the chromosomal basis of cancer and provide a potential novel source of epigenetic cancer biomarkers.
(E)-3-(4-Methylphenyl)-1-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one
Authors: Palaniappan Annamalai , Arulmozhivarman Arumugam , Ramachandran Rajamanickam , Srinivasan Subramanian , Senthan Sivakolunthu
Published: May 2012

In the title chalcone, C13H11NOS, derived from the condensation of p-tolualdehyde and 1-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)ethanone, the olefine group has a trans configuration. No classical hydrogen bonding is present in the crystal structure.
A second triclinic polymorph of bis(μ-N-nitroso-N-phenylhydroxylaminato)-κ3
O,O′:O′;κ3
O′:O,O′-bis[(N-nitroso-N-phenylhydroxylaminato-κ2
O,O′)lead(II)]
Authors: Najafi Ezzatollah , Amini Mostafa M. , Ng Seik Weng
Published: May 2012

The cupferronate ions in the centrosymmetric dinuclear title compound, [Pb2(C6H5N2O2)4], O,O′-chelate to the two PbII atoms; two of the four nitroso O atoms are also involved in bridging. The geometries of the five-coordinate PbII atoms in the two independent molecules are Ψ-octahedral; if more remote Pb...O interactions are also considered, the coordination number is increased to six for one molecule and to seven for the other. Their coordination polyhedra are ill defined in the chain motif, which runs along [100].
Diaquabis{4-[(pyridin-2-yl)methylideneamino]benzenesulfonato-κ2
N,N′}nickel(II) tetrahydrate
Authors: Li Chao-Zhu , Huang Xue-Ren
Published: May 2012

In the title complex, [Ni(C12H9N2O3S)2(H2O)2]·4H2O, the NiII ion is coordinated by four N atoms from two bidentate chelating 4-[(pyridin-2-yl)methylideneamino]benzenesulfonate ligands and two O atoms from cis-related water molecules in a slightly distorted octahedral environment [Ni—N = 2.071 (3)–2.121 (3) Å and Ni—O = 2.071 (2) and 2.073 (3) Å]. In the crystal, the coordinated water molecules and the four water molecules of solvation are involved in intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions with water and sulfonate O-atom acceptors, giving a three-dimensional framework structure.
MnBa2(HPO4)2(H2PO4)2
Authors: Sun Wei , Sun Li-Zhi , Zhu Teng-Teng , Zhao Biao-Chun , Mi Jin-Xiao
Published: May 2012

Crystals of manganese(II) dibarium bis(hydrogenphosphate) bis(dihydrogenphosphate), MnBa2(HPO4)2(H2PO4)2, were obtained by hydrothermal synthesis. The title compound is isotypic with its CdII and CaII analogues. The structure is built up of an infinite {[Mn(HPO4)2(H2PO4)2]4−}
n
chain running along [100], which consists of alternate MnO6 octahedra and [PO4] tetrahedra, in which the centrosymmetric MnO6 octahedra share their four equatorial O-atom corners with tetrahedral [PO3(OH)] groups and their two axial apices with tetrahedral [PO2(OH)2] groups. These chains are held together by BaO9 coordination polyhedra, developing into a three-dimensional structure. The O—H...O hydrogen bonds additionally stabilize the structural set-up. Due to the ionic radius of Mn2+ being much smaller than those of Ca2+ and Cd2+, this may imply that their adopted structure type has a great tolerance for incorporating various ions and the exploitation of more diverse compounds in the future is encouraged.
cyclo-Tetrakis(μ2-3-sulfidopropyl-κ3
C
1,S:S)tetrakis[chloridocobalt(III)]. Retraction
Authors: Awan Shafique Ahmad , Tahir M. Nawaz , Muhammad Iram Khushi , Ahmad Saeed , Tariq Muhammad Ilyas
Published: May 2012

The paper by Awan et al. [Acta Cryst. (2011), E67, m576–m577] is retracted. It has subsequently been shown that the crystal studied was an already known zinc compound, [Zn4Cl4(C2H6NS)4].
(2R,3R)-3-O-Benzoyl-N-benzyltartramide
Authors: Madura Izabela D. , Zachara Janusz , Bernaś Urszula , Hajmowicz Halina , Synoradzki Ludwik
Published: May 2012

The title compound, C18H17NO6 [systematic name: (2R,3R)-4-benzylamino-2-benzoyloxy-3-hydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid], is the first structurally characterized unsymmetrical monoamide–monoacyl tartaric acid derivative. The molecule shows a staggered conformation around the tartramide Csp3
—Csp3
bond with trans-oriented carboxyl and amide groups. The molecular conformation is stabilized by an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H...O hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl and amide carbonyl groups, forming translational chains along [001]. Further O—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds as well as weaker C—H...O and C—H...π intermolecular interactions extend the supramolecular assembly into a double-layer structure parallel to (100). There are no directional interactions between the double layers.
Chlorido{μ-2,6-bis[(2-aminoethyl)iminomethyl]-4-chlorophenolato}-μ-oxido-dicopper(II) trihydrate
Authors: Zhou Jing-Jing , Xiao Wei , Mao Jia-Wei , Zhou Hong
Published: May 2012

In the title dinuclear complex, [Cu2(C14H20ClN4O)ClO]·3H2O, one CuII cation assumes a distorted square-planar coordination geometry and the other a distorted square-pyramidal coordination geometry. Both CuII cations are N,N′,O-chelated by one arm of the 2,6-bis[(2-aminoethyl)iminomethyl]-4-chlorophenolate anion, and one oxide anion bridges the two CuII cations, forming a dinuclear complex. One of the CuII cations is further coordinated by an Cl− anion in the apical direction. In the crystal, lattice water molecules are linked with the complex molecule via O—H...Cl hydrogen bonds while O—H...O hydrogen bonding occurs between lattice water molecules , forming three-dimensional network structure.
2,4-Dibromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl acetate
Authors: Çelik Ísmail , Akkurt Mehmet , Yilmaz Makbule , Tutar Ahmet , Erenler Ramazan , Kazak Canan
Published: May 2012

In the title compound, C11H10Br2O2, the cyclopentene ring fused to the benzene ring adopts an envelope conformation, with the C atom attached to the Br atom as the flap. The crystal structure does not exhibit any classical hydrogen bonds. The molecular packing is stabilized by van der Waals forces and π–π stacking interactions with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.811 (4) Å.
[μ-Bis(di-o-tolylphosphanyl)methane-1:2κ2
P:P′]nonacarbonyl-1κ3
C,2κ3
C,3κ3
C-(triphenyl phosphite-3κP)-triangulo-triruthenium(0) chloroform disolvate
Authors: Shawkataly Omar bin , Khan Imthyaz Ahmed , Sirat Siti Syaida , Quah Ching Kheng , Fun Hoong-Kun
Published: May 2012

In the title solvated triangulo-triruthenium compound, [Ru3(C18H15O3P)(C29H30P2)(CO)9]·2CHCl3, the bis(di-o-tolylphosphanyl)methane (dtpm) ligand bridges one of the Ru—Ru bonds and the monodentate phosphine ligand bonds to the third Ru atom. All the P atoms are equatorial with respect to the Ru3 triangle: each Ru atom also bears one equatorial and two axial terminal carbonyl ligands. The dihedral angles between the two benzene rings are 75.92 (10) and 78.95 (10)° for the two diphenylphosphanyl groups of the dtpm ligand. In the crystal, C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into chains along [010].
Meta‐analysis of the comparative effects of different classes of antihypertensive agents on brachial and central systolic blood pressure, and augmentation index
Authors: Manisty Charlotte H. , Hughes Alun D.
Published: May 2012

AIMS Brachial systolic blood pressure (bSBP) exceeds aortic pressure by a variable amount, and estimated central systolic blood pressure (cSBP) may be a better indicator of cardiovascular risk than bSBP. We undertook a systematic review and meta‐analysis to compare the effect of single and multiple antihypertensive agents on bSBP, cSBP and augmentation index (AIx).

Methods A random effects meta‐analysis was performed on 24 randomized controlled trials of antihypertensives with measurements of bSBP, cSBP and/or AIx. Separate analyses were performed for drug comparisons with or without placebo, and drug combinations.

Results In the placebo vs. drug meta‐analysis, antihypertensive therapy reduced bSBP more than cSBP and there was no statistically significant evidence of heterogeneity by drug class, although the number of individual studies was small. In placebo‐adjusted drug vs. drug comparison, treatment with β‐blockers, omapatrilat and thiazide diuretics lowered cSBP significantly less than bSBP (i.e. central to brachial amplification decreased), whereas other monotherapies lowered cSBP and bSBP to similar extents. Sample sizes were too small and effect estimates insufficiently precise to allow firm conclusions to be made regarding comparisons between individual drug classes. Antihypertensive combinations that included β‐blockers decreased central to brachial amplification. β‐Blockers increased AIx, whereas all other antihypertensive agents reduced AIx to similar extents.

CONCLUSIONS A reduction in central to brachial amplification by some classes of antihypertensive drug will result in lesser reductions in cSBP despite achievement of target bSBP. This effect could contribute to differences in outcomes in randomized clinical trials when β‐blocker‐ and/or diuretic‐based antihypertensive therapy are compared with other regimens.
A comparative quality assessment of evidence‐based clinical guidelines in endocrinology
Authors: Hazlehurst Jonathan M. , Armstrong Matthew J. , Sherlock Mark , Rowe Ian A. , O'Reilly Michael W. , Franklyn Jayne A. , Stewart Paul M. , Tomlinson Jeremy W.
Published: May 2012

Context

Evidence‐based clinical guidelines in endocrinology attempt to improve and standardize patient care. There has been an expansion in guideline production although some of the heterogeneous methods used to assess the quality of the underlying evidence base might limit interpretation and implementation.

Design

Current and archived guidelines from major endocrine organizations were accessed. The organizations used six different methods to rate underlying evidence, including Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). To allow direct comparison between guidelines produced by different organizations, the levels of evidence used to generate them were graded according to the standardized system: ‘high’ based on randomized, controlled trials and meta‐analyses, ‘moderate’ based on nonrandomized studies and ‘low’ based on expert opinion.

Results

There was an increase in guideline production over time (1995–2000 = 9, 2001–2005 = 12, 2006–2011 = 36). Three guidelines were updated with an average delay of 4·3 years and an increase in recommendations per guideline (21·1%). Encouragingly, whilst updates had similar levels of ‘high’‐quality evidence, there was increased reliance on ‘moderate’‐category evidence and less on ‘low’‘‐quality evidence’ (‘high’, 6·3% vs 6·5%; ‘moderate’, 46·1% vs 59·1%; ‘low’, 47·7% vs 34·4%). A high proportion of ‘low’‐category evidence was seen throughout all organizations. Rarer conditions and recommendations concerning treatment efficacy were particularly reliant on ‘low’‐category evidence.

Conclusions

The level of evidence underpinning current guidelines highlights areas in need of well‐designed, collaborative clinical research. Furthermore, criteria to define when guideline updates are necessary are currently lacking. A standardized method of assessment, such as GRADE, would promote understanding and compliance by guideline users with the ultimate aim of enhancing patient care.
Influence of aphid honeydew on the foraging behaviour of Hippodamia convergens larvae
Authors: PURANDARE SWAPNA R. , TENHUMBERG BRIGITTE
Published: May 2012

1. Environmental cues associated with prey are known to increase predator foraging efficiency. Ladybird larvae are major predators of aphids. The sugary excretion of aphids (honeydew) has been proposed to serve as a prey‐associated cue for ladybird larvae.

2. Ladybird larvae are regularly found on the ground moving between plants or after falling off plants. The use of prey‐associated cues would be particularly beneficial for ladybird larvae on the ground in that such cues would help them to decide which plants to climb because aphids are patchily distributed within as well as amongst plants and, as a result, many plants are either not infested with aphids or do not host an aphid species of high nutritional value for ladybird larvae.

3. Laboratory experiments with larvae of Hippodamia convergens Guérin‐Méneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were carried out to explore whether honeydew accumulated on the ground is used as a foraging cue. The study also investigated whether, if honeydew is a foraging cue, larvae show differential responses to honeydew of high‐quality prey Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris compared with that of low‐quality prey Aphis fabae Scopoli (both: Homoptera: Aphididae).

4. Hippodamia convergens larvae stayed longer in areas containing honeydew but did not engage in longer bouts of searching. Furthermore, larvae did not distinguish between honeydew from high‐ and low‐quality aphid prey.
Seasonal patterns of herbivory, leaf traits and productivity consumption in dry and wet Patagonian forests
Authors: MAZÍA NOEMÍ , CHANETON ENRIQUE J. , DELLACANONICA CRISTINA , DIPAOLO LUCIANO , KITZBERGER THOMAS
Published: May 2012

1. Endemic herbivory can influence forest ecosystem function, but how annual productivity consumption relates to seasonal resource utilisation by folivore guilds remains poorly understood.

2. Monthly changes in leaf damage and foliage traits were monitored in ‘dry’ and ‘wet’Nothofagus pumilio (Fagales: Nothofagaceae) deciduous forests in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Herbivore‐induced leaf abscission was assessed and foliar productivity consumption was measured in the canopy and in litterfall harvests.

3. Seasonal damage ranged from 8% to 32% in dry forest, but remained below 5% in wet forest although foliar quality was higher in the latter. In dry forest, dominant guilds were temporally separated; leaf miners consumed younger foliage in spring to early summer, whereas leaf tiers prevailed in late summer to autumn. In wet forest, damage created by external chewers was concentrated in early summer.

4. Insect damage induced premature leaf abscission, especially in dry forest. Although foliar production in wet forest doubled that in dry forest, the percentage of productivity lost to folivores was higher in dry (14–20%) than in wet (1.2–1.8%) forest.

5. The overall greater impact of herbivory in dry forest canopies countered the expectation that consumption would increase with plant productivity and nutritional quality. Lower temperatures and a shorter growing season are likely to constrain folivory in wet forest stands.
How to exercise people with chronic fatigue syndrome: evidence‐based practice guidelines
Authors: Van Cauwenbergh Deborah , De Kooning Margot , Ickmans Kelly , Nijs Jo
Published: May 2012

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (10): 1136–1144

Background  Despite the large number of studies emphasizing the effectiveness of graded exercise therapy (GET) and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for people with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), clinicians are left wondering how exactly to apply exercise therapy to their patients with CFS. The aim of this literature review is to identify the appropriate exercise modalities (i.e. exercise duration, mode, number of treatment sessions, session length, duration of treatment, exercise intensity and whether or not to apply home exercise program) for people with CFS.

Materials and methods  All studies that were identified through electronic databases (PubMed and PEDro) were assessed for methodological quality by using selection criteria (Delphi score).

Results  In this literature review, 12 studies fulfilled all study requirements. One study had a low methodological quality. The parameters used in the GET and CBT interventions were divided into subgroups: (i) time or symptom contingent, (ii) exercise frequency and (iii) exercise modality.

Conclusion  The lack of uniformity in outcome measures and CFS diagnostic criteria make it difficult to compare the findings across studies. Based on the available evidence, exercise therapy for people with CFS should be aerobic and must comprise of 10–11 sessions spread over a period of 4–5 months. A time‐contingent approach is preferred over a symptom‐contingent way of exercising. In addition, people with CFS can perform home exercises five times a week with an initial duration of 5–15 min per exercise session. The exercise duration can be gradually increased up to 30 min.
Population regulation of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Hunt Creek, Michigan: a 50‐year study
Authors: GROSSMAN GARY D. , NUHFER ANDREW , ZORN TROY , SUNDIN GARY , ALEXANDER GAYLORD
Published: May 2012

1. Fisheries models generally are based on the concept that strong density dependence exists in fish populations. Nonetheless, there are few examples of long‐term density dependence in fish populations.

2. Using an information theoretical approach (AIC) with regression analyses, we examined the explanatory power of density dependence, flow and water temperature on theper capitarate of change and growth (annual mean total length) for the whole population, adults, 1+ and young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Hunt Creek, Michigan, USA, between 1951 and 2001. This time series represents one of the longest quantitative population data sets for fishes.

3. Our analysis included four data sets: (i) Pooled (1951–2001), (ii) Fished (1951–65), (iii) Unfished (1966–2001) and (iv) Temperature (1982–2001).

4. Principle component analyses of winter flow data identified a gradient between years with high mean daily winter flows, high daily maximum and minimum flows and frequent high flow events, and years with an opposite set of flow characteristics. Flows were lower during the Fished Period than during the Unfished Period. Winter temperature analyses elucidated a gradient between warm mean, warm minimum and maximum daily stream temperatures and a high number of minimum daily temperatures >6.1 °C, and years with the opposite characteristics. Summer temperature analyses contrasted years with warm summer stream temperatures vs years with cool summer stream temperatures.

5. Both YOY and adult densities varied several‐fold during the study. Regression analysis did not detect a significant linear or nonlinear stock–recruitment relationship. AIC analysis indicated that density dependence was present in 15 of 16 cases (four population segments × four data sets) for bothper capitarate of increase (wivalues 0.46–1.00) and growth data (wivalues 0.28–0.99). The almost ubiquitous presence of density dependence in both population and growth data is concordant with results from other trout populations and other studies in Michigan.