bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of csos in Promoting Human Rights Protection, Mass Atrocities Prevention, and Civilian Protection in Armed Conflicts
Authors: Eze Chukwuemeka B.
Published: May 2016

The West Africa region is arguably the most turbulent region in Africa; from the civil wars of Liberia and Sierra Leone to the political disputes in Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea, Guinea Bissau and recently Mali; the region has hosted the highest numbers of the United Nations (un) peacekeeping missions with mixed results. While the responsibility of peace, security and ensuring human protection resides with governments, Civil Society Organizations (csos) have demonstrated their capacity to complement government’s efforts in peace and security; and political leadership across the world has come to realise the strength of csos in anticipating, preventing and resolving conflicts because of their in-depth knowledge of context and expertise in working closely with communities. This paper assesses the contributions of csos towards the promotion of human rights protection, mass atrocities prevention and civilian protection in conflict-affected areas in West Africa; and argues for continued involvement of csos in human protection.
Regionalizing Protection: au and asean Responses to Mass Atrocity Crimes against Internally Displaced Persons
Authors: Orchard Phil
Published: May 2016

Forcible displacement can constitute a mass atrocity crime. This is something that is considered within the non-binding Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. Efforts to implement the Guiding Principles at the regional level suggest one path to implement stronger legal protections for internally displaced persons (idps), in particular, against mass atrocity crimes. These regional processes, however, can vary in remarkable ways. In the African Union, the Kampala Convention has brought the Guiding Principles and protections against mass atrocity crimes directed at idps into regional hard law; it also includes robust implementation and enforcement mechanisms. At this stage, however, these mechanisms remain anticipatory rather than effective; consequently international assistance will be vital to entrench the rights anchored in the Convention. By contrast, asean has introduced no overt protections for idps. However, its developing legal human rights framework through the asean Declaration of Human Rights, coupled with the Association’s response to the Rohingya idp crisis in Myanmar, suggests that a policy-focused change, while incremental, may be happening.
Biology and immature stages of Pherbellia limbata (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), a parasitoid of the terrestrial snail Granaria frumentum
Authors: NERUDOVÁ-HORSÁKOVÁ JANA , MURPHY WILLIAM L. , VALA JEAN-CLAUDE
Published: May 2016

The very rare Palaearctic Pherbellia limbata (Meigen, 1830) lives in limestone steppes and other xerothermic habitats in central and southern Europe. For the first time, the egg, first-, second- and third-instar larvae and the puparium are described. Scanning electron micrographs of various morphological features of immature stages are provided. Larvae of P. limbata are parasitoids exclusively of the terrestrial snail Granaria frumentum (Draparnaud, 1801). Results of this study are integrated with those of previous studies of the biology, ecology, immature stages, and mollusc-prey habitat of the other 28 (of 96) Pherbellia species for which life cycles have been completely or partially elucidated. Recent published taxonomic approaches to clarifying the phylogeny of the Sciomyzidae are discussed, particularly those involving DNA analyses of Pherbellia species.
A new pupillarial scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from Angophora in coastal New South Wales, Australia
Authors: GULLAN PENNY J. , WILLIAMS DOUGLAS J.
Published: May 2016

A new scale insect, Aolacoccus angophorae gen. nov. and sp. nov. (Eriococcidae), is described from the bark of Angophora (Myrtaceae) growing in the Sydney area of New South Wales, Australia. These insects do not produce honeydew, are not ant-tended and probably feed on cortical parenchyma. The adult female is pupillarial as it is retained within the cuticle of the penultimate (second) instar. The crawlers (mobile first-instar nymphs) emerge via a flap or operculum at the posterior end of the abdomen of the second-instar exuviae. The adult and second-instar females, second-instar male and first-instar nymph, as well as salient features of the apterous adult male, are described and illustrated. The adult female of this new taxon has some morphological similarities to females of the non-pupillarial palm scale Phoenicococcus marlatti Cockerell (Phoenicococcidae), the pupillarial palm scales (Halimococcidae) and some pupillarial genera of armoured scales (Diaspididae), but is related to other Australian Myrtaceae-feeding eriococcids.
The integration of sport science and coaching: A case study of an American junior record holder in the hammer throw
Authors: Judge Lawrence W , Judge Mike , Bellar David M , Hunter Iain , Hoover Donald L , Broome Rhonda
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this case study was to describe the integration of sport science and coaching that helped to produce an American junior record of 68.12 m in the women’s hammer throw in 2012. Two digital video cameras (Canon Elura 60) running at 60 Hz were placed to view Shelby Ashe’s best throws at the 2010 USATF Nationals (61.77 m), 2011 USATF Junior Nationals (58.34 m), and 2012 USATF Junior Nationals (68.12 m American junior record). Following each competition, the coach collaborated with the sport scientist and chair of USATF coach’s education to review and evaluate each of the throws. The record setting throw by Ashe was 1.49 s in duration from right foot lift off and produced a release velocity of 26.8 m/s. During the throw, Ashe spent 50.35% of the duration of the throw in double support. Improvements in technique focused on strategies designed to increase velocity of the head of the hammer.
Billholder Rights in the Reorganization of a Legal Entity
Authors: Габов Андрей , Gabov Andrey
Published: May 2016

Reorganization of a legal entity entails significant risks for creditors. To reduce risks, the law (article 60 of the RF Сivil Сode) vests the lenders with special rights. When a legal entity makes the decision about its reorganization, the creditor has the right to demand early performance of obligations, and in case of impossibility of early performance – to require the termination of obligations and compensation for losses. The application of this general rule to the creditors, whose rights are based on the bill, faces a problem: the Regulation on bills and notes of 1937 (article 43) does not mention reorganization as grounds for early repayment of the bill. In the present paper, the author proves that the bill holders have the rights envisaged by article 60 of the RF Civil Сode. The author analyzes the problems in case of bill presentation for repayment.
Modern Trends of Conflicts of Laws Regulation of Tort Liabilities: EU Regulation of 2007 “On the Law Applicable to Non-Contractual Obligations” (Rome II) and the Russian Legislation
Authors: Марышева Наталия , Maryshyeva Nataliya
Published: May 2016

The article is devoted to the conflict of laws regulation of torts under Rome II (Regulation (EC) No. 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 “On the law applicable to non-contractual obligations”) and under the Russian legislation. The analysis of the Rome II provisions and the relevant norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (including significant changes made to the Code by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation, dated 30 September 2013) identifies current trends in the development of conflict of laws regulation of torts and the impact of the Rome II Regulation on the Russian legislation. The author notes that in the Russian legislation, as well as in Rome II, the operation of the basic conflict of laws rule is combined with the operation of special conflict of laws rules; the possibility to use the autonomy of the will of the parties in conflict of laws of torts is extended; the use of the principle of closer connection with the tort is allowed, though in a more restricted form than in Rome II. The author regards the whole complex of the conflict of laws rules on torts in the modern Russian legislation as the result of development towards softening of the basic conflict of laws rule aimed at the creation of a more flexible framework for conflict of laws regulation of torts. Here the provisions of the Rome II served as a sample in many ways.
Development of Legal Coverage for National Innovation System of the Russian Federation
Authors: Перькова Вероника , Perkova Veronika
Published: May 2016

The transition to innovative economy has been one of the topical issues in recent decades in Russia. However, legal acts acknowledge the lack of development of the Russian national innovation system. The author of this article considers the economic category “the concept of national innovation systems”, which is now widely used in advanced countries for the development of innovative legal relationship and is analyzed by the economic science. The author notes that this concept has a number of advantages, and thus proposes to improve the regulatory framework of the Russian Federation on the basis of this concept. Despite the fact that there is no common approach to the definition of the national innovation system, the author concludes that the concept of the national innovation system, contained in the legislation of the Russian Federation has a number of significant shortcomings and can not be considered as satisfactory and requires prompt revision. The author reveals the existing problems in the legal base, that prevent the development of innovative legal relationship and offers proposals to be taken as a basis for preparation of draft legal acts in the sphere of innovative economy.
Settlement of Labour Disputes through Mediation: Current Status of Legislation, its Practical Application and Development Perspectives
Authors: Филипова Ирина , Filipova Irina
Published: May 2016

Russian legislation envisages the possibility of using mediation in labour disputes. At the same time, in practice mediation in labour disputes is rarely used. In legal literature, different reasons of this situation are identified: reluctance of the parties to pay for mediation, distrust of the mediator, absence of demand for mediation. It is important to understand that an employee is usually the initiator of a labour dispute. The author of this article believes that scarce application of mediation in the settlement of labour disputes lies in the high level of employees’ guarantees and rights in the Russian labor law and civil procedural law. First of all, the Labour Code provides plenitude of employee´s rights. If the employer violates these rights, the employee can go to court; the court will require the employer to restore the employee’s violated rights. Secondly, the employee is exempt from payment of judicial expenses. Thirdly, the employee may apply to the State Labour Inspectorate and the Prosecutor´s Office. Thus, the employee does not need the mediation procedure. It is more useful for employers, but employers have little knowledge about mediation. Foreign experience shows that for successful implementation of mediation in practice it is necessary to introduce the concept of mediation in labour legislation.
Legal Regime and Importance of Sovereign Wealth Funds of the Russian Federation
Authors: Поветкина Наталья , Povetkina Natalya
Published: May 2016

The article is devoted to the study of the legal regime of the sovereign wealth funds of the Russian Federation — the Reserve Fund and National Welfare Fund. The article reveals the role and importance of sovereign wealth funds for the implementation of efficient financial activity of the state and the achievement of socially significant results. The article studies the evolution of the development of the Russian legislation on sovereign wealth funds, funds’ specific characteristics and their attributes and functions, presents the actual currency structure of these funds. The author pays special attention to the specifics of managing sovereign funds. The author argues that the Sovereign Wealth Fund represents a portion of the Federal budget funds, established to ensure the state’s financial stability, managed by a special body and intended for the financial support of the execution of the state’s objectives and functions, in the event of risks and threats to the budget balance. The author emphasizes that the transformation of the main purpose of sovereign wealth funds — from “Fund of financial stability” under the crisis, to the Fund — “Protector of stability and prosperity” presents itself as rather promising.
Taking into Account Perpetrator’s Personality and Circumstances Mitigating or Aggravating the Punishment, as One of the Criteria of Fair Punishment
Authors: Шкредова Эвелина , Shkredova Evelina
Published: May 2016

The article is devoted to the analysis of the general principles, which are most frequently taken into account in infliction of penalty: perpetrator’s personality and the circumstances mitigating or aggravating the punishment. In particular, the author notes that negative personality characteristics, which do not manifest themselves in the criminal conduct and which do not give evidence of the social danger should not be taken into account in sentencing. The author examines which characteristics of the individual offender must be considered in sentencing. The author attends to errors arising from the use of the circumstances in question and resulting in the violation of the principle of justice. The main reasons for these errors are inattention of judges (with regard to non-recognition of a number of circumstances as mitigating or aggravating) and the imperfection of the law (in the wording of some circumstances). In conclusion, the author arrives at the idea about the necessity of formalization of the influence of aggravating and mitigating circumstances on punishment.
Growth hormone deficiency and metabolic disorders after radiotherapy and chemotherapy of malignant tumors of the posterior cranial fossa
Authors: Tselovalnikova Tatiana Y. , Pavlova Maria G. , Zilov Alexey V. , Yudina Alla E. , Mazerkina Nadezhda A. , Zheludkova Olga G. , Kotlyarevskaya Evgenia Y. , Arefyeva Irina A. , Gerasimov Andrey N. , Medvedeva Olga A.
Published: May 2016

Endocrine disorders are common in patients after treatment for brain tumors in childhood. Growth hormone (GH) deficiency is the most common consequence of cranial irradiation. Objective — to evaluate the prevalence of GH deficieny and metabolic disorders in patients after treatment for malignant tumors of the posterior cranial fossa (MT PCF) in childhood. Material and methods. In this study 40 patients (21 men, 19 women) who had undergone treatment for MT PCF were assessed. Patients underwent surgery, chemotherapy and craniospinal irradiation (CSI) in a dose of 34.9±1.6 Gy with a boost to the PCF 51.3±9.2 Gy. Age at the time of the survey — 19.8±3.05 years; age at the time of treatment — 10.9±3.4 years; follow-up — 7.2±4.2 years. Patient’s anthropometric and laboratory parameters were measured, GH failure was diagnosed by two tests – insulin tolerance test (ITT) and glucagon stimulation test (GST). Results. According to ITT GH deficiency was observed in 82.1% and according to GST in 60.0% of patients. When comparing two tests GST showed 100% specificity, but lower sensitivity (72.2%). Manifestation of GH deficiency depends on the age at the time of treatment (p=0.002). There is significant correlation between age at the time of treatment and SDS of final height (r=0.632; p<0.001). We found a significant correlation between age at the time of treatment and BMI (r=–0,327; p=0.04). Dyslipidemia occurred in 50% of cases. Insulin resistance was recorded in 16.7% of patients. We found significant correlation between the HOMA-IR and BMI (r=0.336; p=0.034). Conclusions. In patients after treatment for MT PCF in childhood GH deficiency and metabolic disorders is highly prevalent. This group of patients should be monitored by endocrinologist for timely detection and treatment of GH deficiency and metabolic complications.
Antibodies against NALP5 and it’s role in hypoparathyroidism in autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1
Authors: Sozaeva Leila S. , Orlova Elizaveta M. , Oftedal Bergithe , Kareva Maria A. , Peterkova Valentina A. , Dedov Ivan I. , Husbye Eystein Sverre
Published: May 2016

Hypoparathyroidism is one of major components of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS type 1) with a prevalence 73—83%. The protein NALP5 has been described previously as an antigen of parathyroid glands. Aim — to investigate antibodies against NALP5 in patients with APS type 1. Material and methods. Seventy nine patients with APS type 1 were included in the study. Radio-immune assay was used for detecting antibodies against NALP5. Results. The correlation between hypoparathyroidism and high levels of antibodies against NALP5 was found (p<0.001). Sensitivity of the method was 69,4%, specificity — 83,3%, positive predictive value — 93,5%, negative predictive value — 44,1%. Correlations between other components of the disease and high levels of the antibodies were not found. Conclusions. We found a positive correlation between antibodies against NALP5 and hypoparathyroidism in APS type 1 patients. We did not find correlations between antibodies against NALP5 and other components of APS type 1.
Stimulation of a spermatogenesis at men gonadotrophins and an antiestrogen at a pathospermia and infertility
Authors: Kravtsova Nataliya S. , Rozhivanov Roman V. , Kurbatov Dmitriy G.
Published: May 2016

Aim — to investigate the methods of treatment, directed on increase in quantity of spermatozoa in an ejaculate.Material and methods. In investigation was used: chorionic gonadotrophin, anti-estrogen, recombinant preparations FSH, and also their combinations.Results. The worst efficiency (10%) was noted when using monotherapy by preparation HCG. Efficiency of monotherapy by a preparation of clomiphene was higher and made 20% concerning conception, and 63% concerning an oligoteratozoospermiya. Efficiency of the combined therapy of HCG in combination with recombinant FSH was 40% concerning conception, and 87% concerning an oligoteratozoospermiya.Conclusion. At the same time the studied types of the stimulating therapy are effective, safe and don’t lead to development of side effects.
Molecular and genetic features of primary hyperparathyroidism in young patients
Authors: Mamedova Elizaveta O. , Mokrysheva Natalya G. , Pigarova Ekaterina A. , Voronkova Iya A. , Kuznetsov Sergey N. , Vasilyev Evgeny V. , Petrov Vasily M. , Kuznetsov Nikolay S. , Rozhinskaya Liudmila Y. , Tiulpakov Anatoly N.
Published: May 2016

When primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is diagnosed in a young patient in the absence of other clinical manifestations differential diagnosis between a sporadic form of PHPT and PHPT as the first manifestation of one of hereditary syndromes may be challenging. Diagnosis of sporadic or hereditary PHPT determines the extent of surgical intervention, a strategy for further observation and treatment, and the need for examination and treatment of first-degree relatives. Aim of the study — to determine genetic characteristics of PHPT with manifestation at a young age (<40 years old) with clinically sporadic PHPT and familial isolated hyperparathyroidism (FIHP).Material and methods. 40 patients with manifestation of PHPT at the age younger than 40 years, 4 of which with FIHP, were included in the study. In 11 patients Sanger sequencing of MEN1 gene was performed (ABI 3130 Genetic Analyser, «Applied Biosystems», USA). 37 patients underwent next-generation sequencing (NGS) (Ion Torrent PGM, Thermo Fisher Scientific — Life Technologies, USA) using a panel of candidate genes (MEN1, CASR, CDC73, CDKN1A, CDKN1B, CDKN1C, CDKN2A, CDKN2C, CDKN2D). Results. In 3 (7,5%) patients (1 of which with FIHP) we revealed germline heterozygous mutations in MEN1 gene: in exon 9 p.D418N, exon 3 p.R176Q, intron 3 с.654+1G>A. In 4 (4/40, 10%) patients we revealed germline heterozygous mutations in CDC73 gene: 3 nonsense mutations in patients with parathyroid carcinoma — in exon 3 p.R91X, exon 6 p.Q166X, exon 7 p.R229X, and 1 missense mutation in a patient with parathyroid hyperplasia in exon 8 p.R263C. Conclusions. In the majority of cases (75%) PHPT in young patients without positive family history is sporadic. Search for germline mutations in the genes, leading to development of hereditary forms of PHPT (first of all in MEN1 and CDC73), is appropriate in young patients with positive family history, or when positive family history may be suspected, and in patients with parathyroid carcinoma. In the majority (75%) of FIHP cases search for other, probably yet unknown, genes is necessary.
Description of the first genetically confirming case with Donahue’s syndrome in Russia
Authors: Tikhonovich Yulia V. , Malievsky Oleg A. , Tyul'pakov Anatoly
Published: May 2016

Syndrome Donahue (leprechaunism) is a rare form of neonatal diabetes mellitus associated with INSR gene mutations. There are three types of insulin resistance syndrome: Donohue syndrome, Rabson—Mendenhall syndrome and insulin resistance type A. These syndromes are distinguished from one another by severity of symptoms, age of onset and age of death. Donohue and Rabson—Mendenhall syndromes are associated with biallelic mutations in the α-subunit or/and β-subunit of INSR gene and are characterized by more severe phenotype and poor prognosis. Patients with Donohue syndrome usually die within the first two years of life. Life expectancy of patients with Rabson—Mendenhall syndrome is 5—15 years. Most patients with insulin resistance type A have heterozygous mutations in the β-subunit and demonstrate mild phenotype. Here, we describe the first genetically confirmed case of syndrome Donahue in the Russian Federation.
Role of type 1 and 2 deiodinases in thyroid metabolism (review)
Authors: Artykbaeva Gulnora M.
Published: May 2016

Thyroid hormones control growth, development and metabolism in animals. The iodothyronine deiodinases catalyze the removal of an iodine residue from outer or inner ring of the pro-hormone thyroxin (T4) molecule, thus producing either the active form triiodothyronine (T3; activation) or inactive metabolites (reverse T3; inactivation), respectively. Type 1 deiodinase (D1) catalyzes both reactions. Over the last years, several studies have attempted to understand the mechanisms of D1 function, underlying its effects on thyroid metabolism in physiology and pathology. Type 2 deiodinase (D2) initiates thyroid hormone signaling by activating the T4 to the biologically active T3 molecule followed by gene expression on a cell-specific basis. Expression of D2 in such specific tissues as hypothalamus, pitutary, brain, brown adipose tissue, cochlea, retina, skeleton demonstrates the role of enzyme in physiology of these organs suggesting further therapeutic application. The current review intended to provide an updated picture of the recent advances concerning the molecular properties of D1 and D2 as well as their role in physiology.
Strategy for obesity prevention among school-age children (literature review)
Authors: Karpushkina Anna V. , Pankratova Maria S.
Published: May 2016

Obesity is one of major threats to people health and life. It increases risk of many diseases, including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, and several cancers. This is a serious problem for the Russian Federation. Half of adults in our country are considered to be overweight or obese. However, to assess objectively the prevalence of this pathology in children is very difficult. At present in Russia there is no single universally accepted system for child anthropometry. Several studies in Russian regions found that about 10% of children were overweight and obese. Main risk factors of obesity in intrauterine and perinatal periods: mother smoking during pregnancy, child accelerated weight gain during the first months of life, formula feeding and early complementary feeding. In older children main risk factors are high-calorie foods, lack of exercise and sedative behaviour. International expert community has defined preventive strategies that will support elimination of child obesity. These strategies include implementation of child development assessment system with body mass index measurement in accordance with the World Health Organization guidelines; training primary pediatricians on using this assessment system and effective obesity prevention counseling; and school-based obesity prevention programs. Physicians and teachers must understand how important obesity prevention for child health. Health and education stakeholders should actively support these preventive measures and ensure universal access to physical exercises and healthy diet in schools. Alfa-Endo Program will assist all these initiatives.
Periodicity, almost periodicity for time scales
and related functions
Authors: Wang Chao , Agarwal Ravi P. , O’Regan Donal
Published: May 2016

In this paper, we study almost periodic and changing-periodic time scales considered byWang and
Agarwal in 2015. Some improvements of almost periodic time scales are made. Furthermore, we introduce a
new concept of periodic time scales in which the invariance for a time scale is dependent on an translation
direction. Also some new results on periodic and changing-periodic time scales are presented.
Tropical rainforest palm communities in Madre de Dios in Amazonian Peru
Authors: Balslev Henrik , Laumark Per , Pedersen Dennis , Grández Cesar
Published: May 2016

We studied palm communities, in particular species-richness and abundance, in the tropical rainforests in southeastern Peru in 54 transects (5×500m) covering an area of 13.5 hectares in flood plain, terra firme, terrace and premontane hills. We found 42 palm species in 18 genera in the transects. Terra firme forest had the highest species richness (38 species) followed by floodplain and premontane hills with 27 species and terrace forests with 26 species. The highest palm abundances were found in premontane hill forest which had 3243 palms per hectare and terra firme forest which had 2968 palms per hectare. The floodplain forests were intermediate in palm abundance with 2647 and the terrace forests had the lowest abundance with 1709 palms per hectare. Intermediate sized palms were the most common being represented by 18 species, while large palms were represented with 16 species. There were only eight species of small palms of which one was acaulescent. Only one species of liana palm was registered. Of the 42 species observed in the 54 transects, 20 were cespitose, 21 solitary and two had colonial growth. Seven species were found 40–320 km outside of their previously known range.
Revalidación taxonómica y distribución potencial de Armatocereus brevispinus Madsen (Cactaceae)
Authors: Loaiza S. Christian R. , Roque Gamarra José
Published: May 2016

Se reporta el primer registro confirmado para el norte de Perú de Armatocereus brevispinus Madsen, una especie de cactácea considerada como endémica de la provincia de Loja, en la región sur del Ecuador. El registro corresponde a una localidad situada en el km 18 de la vía a Ayabaca (04º 42’ 21.0” S y 79º 48’ 51.0” W), en el distrito de Ayabaca, dentro de la provincia de Ayabaca, en el Departamento de Piura. Este registro representa una ampliación del rango distributivo conocido para esta especie en Ecuador. Se analiza la taxonomía, distribución y el estado de conservación y se comenta sobre su biogeografía en la región andina.
New records for two Peruvian endemic Telipogon (Orchidaceae) including an unexpected record of Telipogon ariasii
Authors: Martel Carlos
Published: May 2016

The paper registers for first time to Telipogon selbyanus in southern Peru and new records to Telipogon ariasii. A new record of Telipogon ariasii was found surprisingly ca. 2000 m a.s.l. below the type location. Herein I provide taxonomic notes, a distribution map and the updated conservation status of both species.
Small vertebrates in the spectacled bear’s diet (Tremarctos ornatus Cuvier, 1825) in the north of Peru
Authors: Gonzales Fiorella N. , Neira-Llerena Javier , Llerena Gabriel , Zeballos Horacio
Published: May 2016

There have been numerous studies about Spectacled bear´s diet, however little is known about the small vertebrates it consumes. This study present nine vertebrate species (seven rodent and two birds) as preys of the Spectacled bear, based on the analysis of six feces collected from two locations Upa (Amazonas) and Lagunas Arreviatadas (Cajamarca) in northern Peru. Six of these records were new food items and a new family Caviidae. Vertebrates were found only in the Upa location. Additionally a sampling of small non flying mammals was conducted in there. Our results suggest that the Spectacled bear would be a generalist species. It prefers plants, however if it finds vertebrates in the environment, it could feed on them.
El género Sphaerocavum y dominancia de S. brasiliense y Microcystis wesenbergii (Microcystaceae, Cyanophyceae) en la floración algal de la laguna Huacachina, Perú
Authors: Mendoza-Carbajal Leonardo H.
Published: May 2016

En el presente trabajo se registra por primera vez a las cianobacterias Sphaerocavum brasiliense Azevedo y Sant’Anna y Microcystis wesenbergii (Komárek) Komárek in Kondrateva (Microcystaceae, Cyanophyceae) en una floración algal de la laguna Huacachina (Ica), incluyendo el primer reporte del género Sphaerocavum para el Perú. Se sugiere el monitoreo de estas cianobacterias por ser formadoras de floraciones algales.
Cadmium and Lead Thiosemicarbazide Complexes: Precursors for the Synthesis of CdS Nanorods and PbS nanoparticles
Authors: Mlondo S.N. , Revaprasadu N. , Christian P. , O'Brien P.
Published: May 2016

We report the synthesis of cadmium and lead thiosemicarbazide complexes. The single x-ray crystal structure of lead complex is reported. The cadmium thiosemicarbazide complex was thermolysed in hexadecylamine (HDA) at 140°C and 180°C to give CdS nanorods. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and XRay diffraction (XRD) measurements show that the reaction temperature has the influence on the size and shape of the nanorods. The lead thiosemicarbazide was thermolysed in tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) at 240°C to yield hexagonally shaped nanoparticles of PbS. The XRD confirms a face centred cubic rock salt structure.
Seed Germination Ecology of Catchweed Bedstraw (Galium aparine)
Authors: Wang Hongchun , Zhang Bing , Dong Liyao , Lou Yuanlai
Published: May 2016

The influence of temperature, light, solution pH, water stress, salt stress, and burial depth on seed germination and seedling emergence of catchweed bedstraw and the sensitivity of that weed to commonly available herbicides in China were studied in laboratory and greenhouse. Germination occurred at day/night temperatures from 5/0 C to 30/25 C, with optimum germination at 15/10 C. Catchweed bedstraw germinated equally well under a 12-h photoperiod and continuous darkness; however, a 24-h photoperiod inhibited seed germination. Catchweed bedstraw seed is moderately sensitive to osmotic potential and salt stress, with 15 and 3% germination rates at an osmotic potential of −0.5 Mpa and salinity level of 120 mM, respectively. Maximum seed germination was observed in near neutral pH; germination was greater than 80% over a broad pH range from 5 to 8. Seedling emergence of the seeds buried at a depth of 1 cm was higher (74%) than those placed on the soil surface (20%), but declined with burial depth increasing. Few (10%) seedlings emerged when seeds were placed at a depth of 5 cm. Bensulfuron-methyl, and ethametsulfuron-methyl applied PRE and tribenuron-methyl, fluroxypyr, and florasulam applied POST can be used to provide greater than 80% control of catchweed bedstraw. The results of this study have contributed to more complete understanding of the germination and emergence of catchweed bedstraw.
Soil Organic Matter Content and Volumetric Water Content Affect Indaziflam–Soil Bioavailability
Authors: Jeffries Matthew D. , Gannon Travis W.
Published: May 2016

Indaziflam is a cellulose biosynthesis-inhibiting herbicide for annual weed control in various agricultural systems. Sporadic cases of unacceptable injury to desirable plants have been reported after indaziflam application, which may have been due to conditions favoring increased indaziflam–soil bioavailability. Research was conducted from 2013 to 2015 on a sandy soil to elucidate the effects of soil organic matter content (SOMC) and soil volumetric water content (SVWC) on indaziflam–soil bioavailability. Indaziflam was applied (50 or 100 g ha–1) at fall only, fall plus spring, and spring only timings to plots in a factorial arrangement of SOMC, pre–indaziflam application (PrIA) SVWC, and post–indaziflam application (PoIA) SVWC. After application, field soil cores were collected for a subsequent greenhouse bioassay experiment, where foliage mass reduction of perennial ryegrass seeded from 0 to 15 cm soil depth was used as an indicator of indaziflam–soil bioavailability throughout the profile. Significant edaphic effects were observed at 0 to 2.5, 2.5 to 5, and 5 to 7.5 cm depths, with increased bioavailability at low compared with high SOMC. Pre–indaziflam application SVWC did not affect bioavailability, whereas PoIA high SVWC increased indaziflam–soil bioavailability at 2.5 to 7.5 cm depth compared with PoIA low SVWC. Low SOMC–PoIA high SVWC decreased perennial ryegrass foliage mass 40 and 37% at 5 to 7.5 cm depth from cores collected 10 and 14 wk after treatment, respectively, whereas reductions from all other SOMC–PoIA SVWC combinations were < 12% and did not vary from each other. Pearson's correlation coefficients showed a moderate, positive relationship between perennial ryegrass mass reductions at 0 to 2.5, 2.5 to 5, 0 to 5, and 0 to 10 cm depths and hybrid bermudagrass cover reduction, which suggests conditions favoring increased indaziflam–soil bioavailability can adversely affect plant growth. Data from this research will aid land managers to use indaziflam effectively without adversely affecting growth of desirable species.
Fluridone and Encapsulated Acetochlor Reduce Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitor Use in a Glufosinate-Based Palmer Amaranth Management Program for Cotton
Authors: Braswell Lewis R. , Cahoon Charles W. , York Alan C. , Jordan David L. , Seagroves Richard W.
Published: May 2016

Flumioxazin and fomesafen are commonly used to control glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in cotton and other crops, thus increasing risk to select for Palmer amaranth biotypes resistant to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors. A field experiment was conducted to determine the potential for fluridone and acetochlor to substitute for soil-applied PPO inhibitors in a Palmer amaranth management system with glufosinate applied twice POST and diuron plus MSMA POST-directed in conservation tillage cotton. Fluridone and flumioxazin applied preplant 23 to 34 d prior to planting were similarly effective. Fluridone and acetochlor plus diuron applied PRE controlled Palmer amaranth as well as fomesafen plus diuron PRE. All systems with preplant and PRE herbicides followed by glufosinate POST and diuron plus MSMA layby controlled Palmer amaranth well. Cotton yield did not differ among herbicide treatments. This research demonstrates that fluridone and acetochlor can substitute for soil-applied PPO-inhibiting herbicides in management systems for Palmer amaranth.
Variación estacional en la composición química de resinas y aceites esenciales de Liquidambar styraciflua de Hidalgo, México
Authors: Rasgado-Bonilla Fátima A. , Soto-Hernández Ramón Marcos , Conde-Martínez Víctor , Vibrans Heike , Cibrián-Tovar David
Published: May 2016

La resina de Liquidambar styraciflua (Altingiaceae) fue colectada en temporada de sequía y lluvia durante 2013, en las comunidades Santa Lucía, Tianguistengo, Xochimilco y Xalapa en el estado de Hidalgo, México. El aceite esencial de la resina se obtuvo por hidrodestilación. Xalapa obtuvo el mejor rendimiento de aceite esencial con 9.3 %, en época de sequía. La resina y el aceite se analizaron por cromatografía en capa fina y cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas, respectivamente. El análisis por cromatografía en capa fina mostró mayor número de compuestos en época de sequía. Se calculó la relación de frentes en ambas temporadas, algunos valores coincidieron con los valores reportados para los ácidos cinámico y benzoico, así como del cinamato de cinamilo. Un total de 52 compuestos fueron encontrados por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas, los cuales variaron en cada temporada. Los compuestos mayoritarios correspondieron al alcohol dihidro cinámico, estireno, cardeno, alcohol de cinamilo y alfa-pineno. Tres de los compuestos encontrados han sido reportados en el aceite esencial de hojas y tallos de L. styraciflua , estos son el beta-mirceno, allo-aromadendreno y gama-cadineno.  Los compuestos principales encontrados en los aceites esenciales coinciden entre las diferentes procedencias, por lo que el aprovechamiento comercial del styrax mexicano debe ser viable desde el punto de vista de su composición.
early history of research funding in South Africa: From the Research Grant Board to the FRD
Authors: Luruli Ndivhuwo M. , Mouton Johann
Published: May 2016

The South African government has a long tradition of supporting research at public higher education institutions. Such support commenced in the early 20th century, although the exact nature of the support at that time is poorly documented. The oldest research funding model in the country was agency funding, which started as early as 1911 through the Royal Society of South Africa. A few years later, in 1918, a more coordinated funding body called the Research Grant Board (RGB) was established in the Union of South Africa. The RGB offered competitive funding to individual academics in the natural and physical sciences. The human sciences were only supported much later with the establishment of the Council for Educational and Social Research in 1929. Here we review the history of research funding in South Africa, with a special focus on the work of the RGB between 1918 and 1938.
Creationist and evolutionist views of South African teachers with different religious affiliations
Authors: Stears Michèle , Clément Pierre , James Angela , Dempster Edith
Published: May 2016

Concerns have been raised in the scientific community that many teachers do not accept evolution as a scientific, testable phenomenon, and this is evident in their teaching. The non-acceptance of evolution theory is often heavily influenced by religious groups that endeavour to eliminate evolution from the curriculum. In South Africa, the inclusion of evolution in the curriculum is a recent event. This study focused on teachers’ views of evolution in relation to their religious affiliations. A questionnaire was developed and was validated by the Biohead–Citizen Project, and was then administered to more than 300 South African teachers and student teachers. Equal numbers of pre-service and in-service teachers were sampled. The groups included equal numbers of biology, English, and generalist teachers at primary school level. The results showed differences between teachers from different religions with regard to their views of evolution. Among teachers who identified as agnostic or atheist, 17% held creationist views. Among teachers who identified as Protestant, other Christian, or Muslim, 70% held creationist views. This study also examined, for the first time, the views of teachers belonging to religions not included in previous research. Of these, only 25% of Hindus held creationist views. Fewer adherents of African Independent Churches held creationist views compared with teachers from traditional Protestant denominations; for example, only 30% of Zionist followers and 40% of Shembe followers held creationist views. This study adds important knowledge by including the views of teachers from religions not previously researched.
William Faulkner's "That Evening Sun": Multiple Views of Oppression
Authors: Fakhimi Anbaran Farough
Published: May 2016

People throughout the history have been subject to discrimination from three distinct perspectives of class, race, and gender. Those who were richer used the lower class as a tool in their service to have a comfortable life. The white oppressed the black as the otherwho was not similar to him in the color of skin. The male dominated the female as she was different in gender lackingthe Phallus. The amalgamation of these ideas towards human being has masterly been presented in the story “That Evening Sun,” by William Faulkner. The present study, by applying Marxist approach on this story, tends to analyze how human being may be oppressed from different aspects.
Third-Space Encounters and Unexpected Forms of Resistance in Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club
Authors: Borhan Abbasali , Anushiravani Alireza
Published: May 2016

This paper sets out to investigate Amy Tan'sThe Joy Luck Club, a liminal work written in-between cultures, in the light of Homi Bhabha’s concept of the third space as a site of transformation and transvaluation. It is argued that Tan’s novel is implicated in unexpected forms of resistance as a result of its placement in the borderland of cultures. Thus, exploring the discursive fissures and ideological ruptures inscribed in the novel, the authors seek to bring to fore how the very mainstream accounts of Chinese culture and orientalist archive of knowledge in which the work is embedded are contested in the third-space enounters between subjects of different cultures. Orientalism, Western feminism, American Dream, and multiculturalism are some of the major discourses whose truthfulness and serenity are shown to be precarious and open to questioning, hence the recuperation of the subaltern’s voice through this contrapuntal reading.
The Use of Diatropic Approach as Methodological Basis of Scientifically-Pedagogical Research
Authors: Shpak Valentyna
Published: May 2016

The author is undertaken attempt to characterize particularities and cognitive possibilities of diatropic approach as methodological basis of modern scientifically-pedagogical research. It is shown it essence and is revealed urgency to study the phenomena and process to pedagogical reality.Diatropic paradigm of co-ordinates, cultural and sub-cultural worlds and finally individual displays personality and its environment represents gnosiological subsoil for determination of optimum correlation of idiographу and nomotetics in scientifically-pedagogical research, statement uniqueness of each individual is not more significant, than human nature in general.We consider that diatropic and cognitive model orients the researchers of the pedagogical phenomena, processes, systems, on the search of mutually complemented tendencies of scientific cognition on eclecticism, search and establishment of original, than on providing general and universal. Diatropic approach as methodology of scientifically-pedagogical researches determines logic of search in multicultural professionally educational spacious of variety of general properties and differences in the large aggregates of objects. Such way of cognition is not eliminated by the grant of advantage the idea of variant that acquires the special actuality in the conditions of reformation of the domestic educational system.
Investigating the Oil Effect on the Politicking in the 19th August, 1953 Coup d'État
Authors: Mahmodpanahi Seid Mohamad Reza , Shokriaghkand Sosan
Published: May 2016

The strategic situation of Iran has always drawn the attention of foreign powers including England, Russia and America and these powers have always attempted to utilize this situation for reaching their own interests in the Middle East. Discovery of large oil reserves in Iran intensified the competition of foreign powers. This research seeks to respond the question of how foreign powers intervened with the 19th August, 1953 Coup d'état. In the 19th August, 1953 Coup d'état, the Americans and English having after made sure that they could not seize the Iranian oil through political channels, they decide to launch a Coup d'état. With the victory of the 19th August, 1953 Coup d'état and subversion of the Dr. Mosadegh's government, the United States and Britain consolidated their own dominate in Iran via returning Mohamad Reza Shah and the oil reserves were once again made available to foreign powers. This research via applying comparative-descriptive methodology is based on documents and evidence. Findings of the research and examination of the 19th August, 1953 Coup d'état demonstrate that the significance of oil and energy and fear of the spread of the Oil National Movement to other oil producing countries and compromise of oil resources as well resulted in intervention by cross regional foreign powers like England, America with respect to the 19th August, 1953 Coup d'état.
Pedagogical Conditions as a Subject for Scientific Research in Ukraine: Nature, Structure, Characteristics, and Functions
Authors: Dmitrenko Tamara , Lavryk Tatjana , Yaresko Ekaterina
Published: May 2016

The article describes the essence of the pedagogical conditions as the subject of scientific research in Ukraine. The authors consider the relationship of pedagogical conditions with the problem of the study, with the means of its solutions, and identify the binary nature of the pedagogical conditions. The article discusses features of pedagogical conditions: universality, instrumentality, addressing study problems, continuity, hierarchy, integration, adaptability. The authors determine the functions of pedagogical conditions: to implement the connection of the optimization theory with practice; to be an instrument for solving problems in the study; to be a means of integration of the scientific research; to influence the technology of the processes in the educational system in order to increase efficiency.
Colonizer's Double Vision in Camp X-Ray
Authors: Rezazade Faeze , Faghfori Sohila , Oroskhan Muhammad Hussein
Published: May 2016

Twenty-first century has been endowed with the appearance of a new art form which is the cinematic language. And by the beginning of the twenty-first century cinematic language has thoroughly pervaded the world and became the best way of conveying new artistic messages. In this respect, a film can be demonstrated like a literary work in the lenses of different critical theories. Likewise, one can explore postcolonial perspectives not only in the literary works but also in different films produced lately.Camp X-Ray,directed by Peter Sattler in 2014, is among the films screened after 9/11 attacks dealing with this issue. It revolves around the story of a group of innocent Muslims who have been arrested and detained accused of implicating in the 9/11 attacks at Guantanamo Bay. This film can be examined from the postcolonial perspective which shows the influence of the colonized on the colonizer. In this research, it is tried to show how a colonizer (a female soldier), who wants to bring the colonized under her own control, is herself soaked into the colonized’s world. Thus, “double consciousness” or “double vision”, which is a way of perceiving the world divided between the colonizer and the colonized as two antagonistic cultures, can be highlighted in this study. In this case, Homi K. Bhabha’s theories of “hybridity” and “ambivalence" are applied to show the impact of the colonized on the colonizer.