bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reviews and syntheses: Influences of landscape structure and land uses on local to
regional climate and air quality
Authors: Massad Raia Silvia , Lathiére Juliette , Perrin Mathieu , Personne Erwan , Stefanon Marc , Stella Patrick , Strada Susanna , Szopa Sophie , de Noblet-Ducoudré Nathalie
Published: October 2018

Abstract. The atmosphere and the land surface interact in multiple ways, for instance though the radiative-energy balance, the water cycle or the emission-deposition of natural and anthropogenic compounds. By modifying the land surface, land-use and land-cover changes (LULCCs) and land management changes (LMCs) alter the physical, chemical and biological processes of the biosphere and therefore all land-atmosphere interactions, from local to global scales. Through socio-economic drivers and regulatory policies adopted at different levels (local, regional, national or supranational), human activities strongly interfere in the land-atmosphere interactions, at those activities lead to a patchwork of natural, semi-natural, agricultural, urban and semi-urban areas. In this context, urban and peri-urban areas are of particular attention since land transformation can lead to important environmental impacts and affect the health and life of millions of people. The objectives of this review is to synthesize the existing experimental and modelling works that investigate physical, chemical and/or biogeochemical interactions between land surface and the atmosphere mainly in urban or peri-urban landscapes at regional and local scales. In the context of LULCCs, the importance of land-atmosphere interactions for climate and air quality have been analysed in many studies published over the last years, with a large range of spatial and temporal scales investigated. The conclusions from such a synthesis is first that (i) the description of land-use and land-management (e.g. areas concerned, type of crops, whether or not they are irrigated, quantity of fertilizers used and actual seasonality of application), including surface properties and emission sources, is inexistent (or very poor) in global and even more in regional climate models. Not taking into account these characteristics may bias the regional projections used for impact studies. (ii) Land-atmosphere interactions are often specific to the case study analysed; therefore, in this perspective, one can hardly propose general solutions or recommendations. (iii) Adaptation strategies, proposed after the evaluation of climatic impacts on the targeted resource have been derived, but are often biased as they do not account for feedbacks on local/regional climate. (iv) There is space for considering atmospheric chemistry, through land-atmosphere interactions, as a decision parameter for land-management, helping to maintain air quality and supporting ecosystem functioning. (v) There is a lack of an integrated tool, which includes the many different processes of importance in an operational model, to test different land use or land management scenarios at the scale of a territory.
A database of marine and terrestrial radiogenic Nd and Sr isotopes
for tracing earth-surface processes
Authors: Blanchet Cécile L.
Published: October 2018

Abstract. The database presented here contains radiogenic neodymium and strontium isotope ratios measured on both terrestrial and marine sediments. The main purpose of this dataset is to help assessing sediment provenance and transport processes for various time intervals. This can be achieved by either mapping sediment isotopic signature and/or fingerprinting source areas using statistical tools. The database has been built by incorporating data from the literature and the SedDB database and harmonizing the metadata, especially units and geographical coordinates. The original data were processed in three steps. Firstly, a specific attention has been devoted to provide geographical coordinates to each sample in order to be able to map the data. When available, the original geographical coordinates from the reference (generally DMS coordinates) were transferred into the decimal degrees system. When coordinates were not provided, an approximate location was derived from available information in the original publication. Secondly, all samples were assigned a set of standardized criteria that help splitting the dataset in specific categories. For instance, samples were discriminated according to their location Region, Sub-region and Location that relate to location at continental to city/river scale) or the sample type (terrestrial samples – aerosols, soil sediments, river sediments – or marine samples – marine sediment or trap sample). Finally, samples were distinguished according to their deposition age, which allowed to compute average values for specific time intervals. Graphical examples illustrating the functionality of the database are presented and the validity of the process was tested by comparing the results with published data. The dataset will be updated bi-annually and might be extended to reach a global geographical extent and/or add other type of samples. It is publicly available (under CC4.0-BY Licence) on the GFZ data management service at http://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.5.2.2018.001.
Effect of changing vegetation and precipitation on denudation – Part 1: Predicted vegetation composition and cover over the last 21 thousand years along the Coastal Cordillera of Chile
Authors: Werner Christian , Schmid Manuel , Ehlers Todd A. , Fuentes-Espoz Juan Pablo , Steinkamp Jörg , Forrest Matthew , Liakka Johan , Maldonado Antonio , Hickler Thomas
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Vegetation is crucial for modulating rates of denudation and landscape
evolution, as it stabilizes and protects hillslopes and intercepts rainfall.
Climate conditions and the atmospheric CO2 concentration, hereafter
[CO2], influence the establishment and performance of plants; thus, these factors have a direct
influence on vegetation cover. In addition, vegetation dynamics (competition
for space, light, nutrients, and water) and stochastic events (mortality and
fires) determine the state of vegetation, response times to environmental
perturbations and successional development. In spite of this,
state-of-the-art reconstructions of past transient vegetation changes have not
been accounted for in landscape evolution models. Here, a widely used dynamic
vegetation model (LPJ-GUESS) was used to simulate vegetation composition/cover
and surface runoff in Chile for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the mid-Holocene (MH) and the present day (PD).
In addition, transient vegetation simulations were carried out from the LGM to PD for four sites in the Coastal
Cordillera of Chile at a spatial and temporal resolution adequate for
coupling with landscape evolution models. A new landform mode was introduced to LPJ-GUESS to enable a better
simulation of vegetation dynamics and state at a sub-pixel resolution and to
allow for future coupling with landscape evolution models operating at
different spatial scales. Using a regionally adapted parameterization,
LPJ-GUESS was capable of reproducing PD potential natural
vegetation along the strong climatic gradients of Chile, and simulated
vegetation cover was also in line with satellite-based observations.
Simulated vegetation during the LGM differed markedly from PD conditions.
Coastal cold temperate rainforests were displaced northward by about
5∘ and the tree line and vegetation zones were at lower elevations
than PD. Transient vegetation simulations indicate a marked shift in
vegetation composition starting with the past glacial warming that coincides
with a rise in [CO2]. Vegetation cover between the sites ranged from
13 % (LGM: 8 %) to 81 % (LGM: 73 %) for the northern Pan de
Azúcar and southern Nahuelbuta sites, respectively, but did not vary by
more than 10 % over the 21 000 year simulation. A sensitivity study suggests
that [CO2] is an important driver of vegetation changes and, thereby,
potentially landscape evolution. Comparisons with other paleoclimate model
drivers highlight the importance of model input on simulated vegetation. In the near future, we will directly couple LPJ-GUESS to a landscape
evolution model (see companion paper) to build a fully coupled
dynamic-vegetation/landscape evolution model that is forced with
paleoclimate data from atmospheric general circulation models.
Effect of changing vegetation and precipitation on denudation – Part 2: Predicted landscape response to transient climate and vegetation cover over millennial to million-year timescales
Authors: Schmid Manuel , Ehlers Todd A. , Werner Christian , Hickler Thomas , Fuentes-Espoz Juan-Pablo
Published: October 2018

Abstract. We present a numerical modeling investigation into the
interactions between transient climate and vegetation cover with hillslope
and detachment limited fluvial processes. Model simulations were designed to
investigate topographic patterns and behavior resulting from changing climate
and the associated changes in surface vegetation cover. The Landlab surface
process model was modified to evaluate the effects of temporal variations in
vegetation cover on hillslope diffusion and fluvial erosion. A suite of
simulations were conducted to represent present-day climatic conditions and
satellite derived vegetation cover at four different research areas in the
Chilean Coastal Cordillera. These simulations included steady-state
simulations as well as transient simulations with forcings in either climate
or vegetation cover over millennial to million-year timescales. Two different
transient variations in climate and
vegetation cover including a step change in climate or vegetation were used, as well as
100 kyr oscillations over 5 Myr. We conducted eight different step-change
simulations for positive and negative perturbations in either vegetation
cover or climate and six simulations with oscillating transient forcings for
either vegetation cover, climate, or oscillations in both vegetation cover
and climate. Results indicate that the coupled influence of surface
vegetation cover and mean annual precipitation shifts basin landforms towards
a new steady state, with the magnitude of the change being highly sensitive to the
initial vegetation and climate conditions of the basin. Dry, non-vegetated
basins show higher magnitudes of adjustment than basins that are situated in
wetter conditions with higher vegetation cover. For coupled conditions when
surface vegetation cover and mean annual precipitation change simultaneously,
the landscape response tends to be weaker. When vegetation cover and mean
annual precipitation change independently from one another, higher magnitude
shifts in topographic metrics are predicted. Changes in vegetation cover show
a higher impact on topography for low initial surface cover values; however,
for areas with high initial surface cover, the effect of changes in
precipitation dominate the formation of landscapes. This study demonstrates
the sensitivity of catchment characteristics to different transient forcings in
vegetation cover and mean annual precipitation, with
initial vegetation and climate conditions playing a crucial role.
GCAM v5.1: Representing the linkages between energy, water, land,
climate, and economic systems
Authors: Calvin Katherine , Patel Pralit , Clarke Leon , Asrar Ghassem , Bond-Lamberty Ben , Di Vittorio Alan , Edmonds Jae , Hartin Corinne , Hejazi Mohamad , Iyer Gokul , Kyle Page , Kim Sonny , Link Robert , McJeon Haewon , Smith Steven J. , Waldhoff Stephanie , Wise Marshall
Published: October 2018

Abstract. This paper describes GCAM v5.1, an open source model that represents the linkages between energy, water, land, climate, and economic systems. GCAM is a market equilibrium model, is global in scope, and operates from 1990 to 2100 in five-year time steps. It can be used to examine, for example, how changes in population, income, or technology cost might alter crop production, energy demand, or water withdrawals, or how changes in one region's demand for energy affect energy, water, and land in other regions. This paper describes the model, including its assumptions, inputs, and outputs. We then use eleven scenarios, varying socioeconomic and climate policy assumptions, to illustrate the results from the model. The resulting scenarios illustrate a wide range of potential future energy, water, and land uses. We compare the results from GCAM v5.1 to historical data and to future scenario simulations from earlier versions of GCAM and from other models. Finally, we provide information on how to obtain the model.
Body growth and phenotypic variation of the carcasses of native duck lineages (Cairina moschata)
Authors: Almeida Eva C. J. , Carneiro Paulo L. S. , Farias Filho Ronaldo V. , Nunes Lorena A. , Malhado Carlos H. M. , Bittencourt Thereza C. B. S. C.
Published: October 2018

Natives ducks are birds that require little handling and are resistant to many diseases that affect chickens. Thus, they adapt to low-input farming conditions, which contributes to the food security of small farmers. Although they exhibit potential for growth, their production characteristics are relatively unknown, so they are underexploited. The objective of this study was to compare how nonlinear models fit the growth curve of two genetic groups of duck and to evaluate variation based on carcass characteristics. Two hundred and twenty four animals were weighed weekly, from birth to 90 days of age. We used nonlinear models (Brody, Richards, Gompertz, Von Bertalanff and Logistic) to describe growth curve. For the evaluation of phenotypic variation, we measured seven carcass traits from 81 ducks carried out by principal component analysis. The logistic model best fit the growth curve, and the absolute growth rates (AGR) for the Catolé duck showed that females reached their maximum AGR at approximately 30 days but did not reach their ideal commercial weight. The drumstick, thigh and liver yields accounted for 41.17% of the differences between the Catolé and Paysandu ducks. The slaughter of male Catolé ducks is recommended between 70 and 90 days because a drastic decrease in growth occurs after this time. For the slaughter of females, feeding management modifications and improvement in growth indices are recommended to increase the final weight and AGR. The carcass yields indicate potential for native duck meat production.
Non-phytate phosphorus requirement for male broilers subjected to two calcium supply regimens from 8 to 21 days of age under thermoneutral environment conditions
Authors: Cardoso Evandro F. , Donzele Juarez L. , Donzele Rita-Flávia M. O. , Figueiredo Érika M. , Azevedo Cândida P. F. , Sufiate Bruna L.
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this study was to determine the non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) requirement for male broiler subjected to two calcium supply regimens from 8 to 21 d of age, based on performance and bone mineralization. Birds were distributed in a complete randomized 4 × 2 factorial design with four nPP concentrations: 0.25, 0.35, 0.45 and 0.55%, and two Ca supply regimens: Ca fixed at 9.0 g/kg of diet (CaF) or varying together with the nPP concentrations tested keeping a fixed Ca:nPP ratio (CaV), with 8 battery cages/treatment and 9 birds/battery cage. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) and Ca:P ratio deposited in the dry defatted tibia (TibCa:TibP) were quadraticaly increased by the increasing nPP concentrations, regardless of the Ca supply regimen adopted (p<0.01). The nPP levels tested also influenced FCR and TibAsh, which presented a quadratic and linear response when CaF and CaV diets were used, respectively, and TibP and TibCa, which presented a quadratic response with both Ca supply regimen, CaF and CaV diets. Also, CaV diets provided a 2.86 and 5.02% higher FCR (p<0.05) and TibCa (p<0.01), respectively, when compared to CaF diets. Therefore, nPP nutritional requirement for male broilers reared at thermoneutral conditions from 8 to 21 d of age that provided better performance and bone mineralization were, respectively, 0.480 and 0.459% with CaF and 0.550% with CaV diets, indicating that, under thermoneutral conditions, CaV diets negatively affected growth performance of broilers, while positively affecting bone mineralization especially when low nPP levels are applied.
Sou o que eu Consumo? Smartphones e o Self Estendido a Luz de Paradoxos Tecnológicos
Authors: Marchezan Colatto Martins Valquíria , Rovedder de Oliveira Marta Olivia , Benedetti Corso Kathiane
Published: October 2018

Objetivos: Averiguar o envolvimento dos usurios com relao posse de smartphone e verificar se o mesmo representa uma extenso do self do seu usurio. Buscou-se, tambm, identificar percepes paradoxais quanto a esta tecnologia mvel.Mtodo: A pesquisa se deu com base em uma metodologia qualitativa, com a realizao de entrevistas em profundidade com doze usurios, utilizando a tcnica de anlise de contedo.Resultados: Foi verificado que certos usurios de smartphone possuem forte apego emocional ao seu aparelho, considerando-o uma extenso da sua prpria identidade. Tambm foram evidenciados quatro paradoxos tecnolgicos no comportamento de uso: Dependncia x Independncia, observado pelo desconforto na ausncia do aparelho e ao mesmo tempo a mobilidade que o smartphone proporciona trazendo maior independncia; Autonomia x Vcio; Satisfao x Criao de Necessidades; Novo x Obsoleto.Contribuies tericas: A presente pesquisa abre linhas de investigao que abarcam aspectos vinculados s reas de comportamento do consumidor e sistemas de informao quanto ao uso de smartphones.Originalidade / Relevncia: Devido ao fato de os smartphones serem considerados uma tecnologia recente, a relao sobre self estendido no uso de smartphone ainda foi pouco abordada, tanto na literatura nacional como internacional. Esta pesquisa apoia-se em uma viso integrada de comportamento do consumidor, psicologia e sistemas de informao. As proposies desta pesquisa assumem que o smartphone pode ser considerado uma extenso da identidade do usurio, em decorrncia do grau de envolvimento entre ambos e, como consequncia desse envolvimento, podem emergir paradoxos tecnolgicos, isto , as percepes opostas sobre o uso do smartphone.
Evento Esportivo ou Experiência para o Consumidor? Um Estudo sobre a Motivação do Consumidor em Comparecer a Eventos de Corrida de Rua
Authors: Parolini Pedro Lucas Leite , Rocco Júnior Ary José , Carlassara Eduardo De Oliveira Cruz
Published: October 2018

Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo identificar os fatores motivacionais que levam os corredores a escolher participar de eventos de corrida de rua.Mtodo: Para responder ao objetivo foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa quantitativa de carter descritivo. Elaborou-se um questionrio capaz de responder ao objetivo desse trabalho. O questionrio continha afirmaes correspondentes a nove domnios, onde o indivduo assinalava o grau de concordncia com cada afirmao. A amostra foi composta por 243 corredores.Originalidade/Relevncia: Esse estudo poder contribuir com os produtores de corrida de rua no momento da elaborao dos eventos, pois, entendendo as motivaes de seus consumidores, podero oferecer um servio que atenda s expectativas do pblico desse esporte e, consequentemente, agregue valor prova.Resultados: A dimenso que mais motiva os participantes o condicionamento fsico (4,71), seguido pelo excitamento (4,44) e o domnio de habilidades (4,40). A dimenso competio aparece na oitava posio (3,63). Negcios (3,01) foi avaliada como a dimenso que menos motiva os participantes a escolher o evento corrida de rua.Contribuies tericas/metodolgicas: a motivao desses consumidores e, sim, vrios outros aspectos que comtemplem os fatores que interferem na participao dentro do mercado de corrida de rua.Contribuies sociais / para a gesto: Esse estudo pode auxiliar no entendimento de um componente especfico do comportamento do consumidor: a motivao. Alm disso, o estudo refora a ideia da busca do consumidor pelo entretenimento aliado a prtica de atividade fsica.
O Uso de Cortisol Salivar como Marcador Biológico para o Stress em Pesquisas de Comportamento do Consumidor
Authors: Pastore Cristina Maria de Aguiar , Francisco-Maffezzolli Eliane Cristine
Published: October 2018

Objetivo:Este estudo buscou validar o protocolo de estmulo destresspsicolgico em grupos G-TSST , a medida de cortisol salivar para estudos destressem comportamento do consumidor e confrontar a medida biolgica com outras subjetivas e de percepo. Mtodo:Atravs dedesignexperimental 2x1 com manipulaobetween subjects, foram avaliadas as respostas fisiolgicas e de percepo parastress, em 50 sujeitos divididos entre grupo controle e experimental, submetidos ao G-TSST. Originalidade/Relevncia:A manipulao laboratorial de stress em um estudo de marketing, a utilizao da medida salivar de cortisol hormnio secretado no organismo humano em situaes de stress e seu confronto com medidas clssicas de percepo e auto relato so inditas no campo. Resultados:Os resultados indicam que o protocolo foi eficiente em gerar o estado destressagudo nos participantes, a medida de cortisol salivar vlida e confivel para o proposto e as medidas subjetivas e biolgica no so correlacionadas e medem objetos distintos, sendo, portanto, no substituveis. Contribuies tericas/metodolgicas: A importncia da investigao sobre os impactos dostressno comportamento do consumidor ressaltada neste estudo com a validao de um protocolo de estmulo e da incluso de medidas fisiolgicas, em especial salivares, como opo vivel aos pesquisadores de marketing. Alm disso discutida a discrepncia entre os resultados encontrados na medida fisiolgica de stress e naquelas de percepo/auto relato.
Fatores de Motivação no Consumo de Itens de Luxo
Authors: Pereira Neidy Aparecida Christo , Teixeira Arilda
Published: October 2018

Objetivo: Identificar a interdependncia entre os fatores de motivao internos e os fatores de motivao externos com a inteno de consumo por status de itens de luxo por jovens brasileiros. Metodologia: Pesquisa descritiva e quantitativa, de uma amostra no probabilstica por acessibilidade e convenincia, de 644 respondentes, com resultados obtidos atravs de anlise de varincia (ANOVA), regresso stepwise e regresso linear mltipla. Principais Resultados: Encontrou evidncias de que existe interdependncia entre os fatores de motivao internos e os de motivao externos com o consumo por status de produtos de luxo pelos jovens brasileiros. As variveis testadas mostraram-se estatisticamente significantes (5%) para explicar a varivel dependente - exceto hedonismo e adeso (quando na presena dos fatores em conjunto). A interdependncia se mostrou mais expressiva quando os fatores internos estavam na presena dos fatores externos. Contribuies Tericas: Aprimorar a compreenso sobre os fatores que levam deciso de compra de produtos de luxo por jovens brasileiros. Relevncia/originalidade: Abordar a influncia da interdependncia entre os fatores de motivao internos e os de motivao externos sobre a inteno de compra de jovens brasileiros. Implicaes para gesto: Seus resultados contribuem para aprimorar as estratgias de marketing para produtos de luxo para jovens brasileiros.
The influence of socio-demographic and clinical factors on the process of acceptance of the disease among patients with ulcerative colitis
Authors: Chrobak-Bień Joanna , Gawor Anna , Paplaczyk Małgorzata , Małecka-Panas Ewa , Gąsiorowska Anita
Published: October 2018

Introduction. Ulcerative colitis (UC) belongs to the group of inflammatory bowel diseases of previously unknown etiology. Although UC may occur at any age, the peak of incidence falls between the ages of 20 and 40 and over 65. It is characterized by alternating periods of remission and exacerbations that hinder the daily functioning of patients. The aim of the study was to determine the degree of acceptance of the disease among WZJG patients, depending on selected socio-demographic and clinical variables.
Material and methods. The study was conducted on a group of 50 patients with confirmed UC, treated at the General and Colorectal Surgery Clinic of the Medical University
in Lodz, and under the care of a specialist Gastroenterological Outpatient Clinic at the University Hospital No. 1 in Łódź. The study was conducted using the own structure questionnaire and the Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS).
Results. Young people predominated in the study group. The average age of respondents was 38.82. Analysis of the results showed a reduced degree of acceptance of the disease among patients in the phase of exacerbation of the disease. The mean point score of the AIS scale for the study group was 29.65, which indicates the average level of acceptance of the disease among respondents.
Conclusions. People with higher education, professionally active and treated conservatively, accepted their illness to a better extent. The influence of having offspring on better adaptation to the disease has not been demonstrated.
Total Laryngectomy for Treatment of T4 Laryngeal Cancer: Trends and Survival Outcomes
Authors: Badwal Jaspreet Singh
Published: October 2018

Introduction: Management of advanced laryngeal cancer has shown fluctuating trends during the last few decades. Though many extensive reports are available in the literature regarding survival outcomes for advanced laryngeal cancer, there is a paucity of elaborate systematic reviews giving a complete picture of facts and figures. The present analysis brings to attention the most relevant data in a focused and up to date format, for simpler interpretation of evidence-based inference. Objective: To present the trends in the treatment of T4 laryngeal cancer over the past few decades and analyze survival outcomes for different treatment modalities in the management of T4 laryngeal cancer by way of systematic review. Methods : An electronic search was conducted using the terms “total laryngectomy”, “T4 laryngeal cancer”, “survival outcomes” in combination with the following search strategy : Search block Laryngeal cancer - "Laryngeal Neoplasms"[Mesh] OR ((Laryngeal[tiab] OR larynx[tiab] OR "Larynx"[Mesh]) AND (“Neoplasms”[Mesh] OR neoplasm* [tiab] OR tumor* [tiab] OR tumour* [tiab] OR cancer* [tiab] OR malignancy* [tiab] OR carcinoma* [tiab] OR neoplasm* [tiab] OR oncology* [tiab])); Search block Total laryngectomy - "Laryngectomy"[Mesh] OR total laryngectomy*[tiab] OR total laryngopharyngectomy*[tiab] OR total pharyngolaryngectomy*[tiab]; Search block T4 - t4[tiab]. Clinical studies were retrieved from the electronic databases of PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS and Cochrane Library. 304 articles had been published till June 2017, which included prospective studies, randomized controlled trials, retrospective studies, and smaller descriptive studies. References of the selected studies were further searched for relevant articles. Apart from this, a search was conducted on Google Scholar to obtain related articles. Results: Numerous studies, as mentioned in this review, provide authentic evidence in relation to the efficacy and outcome of surgical treatment for T4 laryngeal cancer. To address the problem of heterogeneity with regards to patient selection, numerous reports pertaining to T4 patients exclusively have been included. Conclusion: Total laryngectomy remains the gold standard for management of T4a laryngeal cancer. After the unparalleled oncological outcomes of more than a century, the technique has stood the test of time. An exhaustive review of the literature has been presented, discussing the trends in the treatment of advanced laryngeal cancer across different continents. However, it must be specified that the purpose of the study is not to prove one treatment protocol to be superior to the other but to bring out patterns of adherence to protocols and guidelines as suggested by multidisciplinary consensus reports and the consequent outcomes.
Mesh migration into stomach following diaphragmatic hernia repair: a rare complication
Authors: Samant Ambareesh , Kumar Vikesh , Halder Premashish , Kumar Mukesh
Published: October 2018

Mesh erosion and migration are considered the gravest of complications of mesh repairs. To the best of our knowledge, mesh erosion and migration into the stomach following a mesh repair of adult diaphragmatic hernia has yet to be reported in the literature. A case of mesh eroding into the stomach, after a prosthetic repair of an adult diaphragmatic hernia, is presented here because of its rarity.
Artificial Intelligence–Based Breast Cancer Nodal Metastasis Detection: Insights Into the Black Box for Pathologists
Authors: Liu Yun , Kohlberger Timo , Norouzi Mohammad , Dahl George E. , Smith Jenny L. , Mohtashamian Arash , Olson Niels , Peng Lily H. , Hipp Jason D. , Stumpe Martin C.
Published: October 2018

Context.—

Nodal metastasis of a primary tumor influences therapy decisions for a variety of cancers. Histologic identification of tumor cells in lymph nodes can be laborious and error-prone, especially for small tumor foci.

Objective.—

To evaluate the application and clinical implementation of a state-of-the-art deep learning–based artificial intelligence algorithm (LYmph Node Assistant or LYNA) for detection of metastatic breast cancer in sentinel lymph node biopsies.

Design.—

Whole slide images were obtained from hematoxylin-eosin–stained lymph nodes from 399 patients (publicly available Camelyon16 challenge dataset). LYNA was developed by using 270 slides and evaluated on the remaining 129 slides. We compared the findings to those obtained from an independent laboratory (108 slides from 20 patients/86 blocks) using a different scanner to measure reproducibility.

Results.—

LYNA achieved a slide-level area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) of 99% and a tumor-level sensitivity of 91% at 1 false positive per patient on the Camelyon16 evaluation dataset. We also identified 2 “normal” slides that contained micrometastases. When applied to our second dataset, LYNA achieved an AUC of 99.6%. LYNA was not affected by common histology artifacts such as overfixation, poor staining, and air bubbles.

Conclusions.—

Artificial intelligence algorithms can exhaustively evaluate every tissue patch on a slide, achieving higher tumor-level sensitivity than, and comparable slide-level performance to, pathologists. These techniques may improve the pathologist's productivity and reduce the number of false negatives associated with morphologic detection of tumor cells. We provide a framework to aid practicing pathologists in assessing such algorithms for adoption into their workflow (akin to how a pathologist assesses immunohistochemistry results).
Gerçek Zamanlı Sürücü Yorgunluk Tespit Sistemi
Authors: ACAR VURAL Revna , SERT Mustafa Yiğit , KARAKÖSE Büşra
Published: October 2018

Bu çalışmada,
görüntü işleme tabanlı sürücü yorgunluk tespit sistemi ile yorgunluk ve
uykusuzluğun yol açtığı trafik kazalarının önüne geçilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Geliştirilen sistem, farklı aydınlık seviyelerde sürücünün göz hareketlerini
kameradan anlık olarak izlemekte, analiz etmekte ve gerekli durumda alarm
vermektedir. Yorgunluk tespiti yapılırken PERCLOS (Percentage of Eye Closure)
metriği kullanılmıştır. PERCLOS metriği tespit edilen gözlerin eşik değerler
baz alınarak çevrilmiş binary görüntülerindeki piksel sayımı yapılıp ardından
önceden hesaplanmış averaj değeri ile kıyaslanması sonucu gözlerin kapalı veya
açık olduğuna karar verilmesi işlemlerine dayanmaktadır. Sürücüde yorgunluk
tespiti yapıldığı anda Raspberry Pi 3 gömülü sistemi üzerinden alarm sisteminin
devreye girmesi ve kablosuz haberleşme yardımı ile önceden belirlenmiş bir
hesaba durum hakkında görüntülü ve yazılı bildirim yapılması sağlanmıştır.
Novel approach for solving integer equal flow problem
Authors: Kumar Swapnil , Goteti Sasikanth
Published: October 2018

In this article we consider a certain sub class of Integer Equal Flow problem, which are known NP hard. Currently there exist no direct solutions for the same. It is a common problem in various inventory management systems. Here we discuss a local minima solution which uses projection of the convexspaces to resolve the equal flows and turn the problem into a known linear integer programming or constraint satisfaction problem which have reasonable known solutions and can be effectively solved using simplex or other standard optimization strategies
Motor thalamus supports striatum-driven reinforcement
Authors: Lalive Arnaud L , Lien Anthony D , Roseberry Thomas K , Donahue Christopher H , Kreitzer Anatol C
Published: October 2018

Reinforcement has long been thought to require striatal synaptic plasticity. Indeed, direct striatal manipulations such as self-stimulation of direct-pathway projection neurons (dMSNs) are sufficient to induce reinforcement within minutes. However, it’s unclear what role, if any, is played by downstream circuitry. Here, we used dMSN self-stimulation in mice as a model for striatum-driven reinforcement and mapped the underlying circuitry across multiple basal ganglia nuclei and output targets. We found that mimicking the effects of dMSN activation on downstream circuitry, through optogenetic suppression of basal ganglia output nucleus substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) or activation of SNr targets in the brainstem or thalamus, was also sufficient to drive rapid reinforcement. Remarkably, silencing motor thalamus—but not other selected targets of SNr—was the only manipulation that reduced dMSN-driven reinforcement. Together, these results point to an unexpected role for basal ganglia output to motor thalamus in striatum-driven reinforcement.
How Formal and Informal Institutional Environments Affect the Way Greenpeace Fights Genetically-Modified Organisms in Europe and the United States
Authors: Luxmore Stephen R. , Hull Clyde Eirikur
Published: October 2018

We applied institutional theory to examine the effect of differences in institutional pressures on strategic decisions of a non-profit non-governmental organization, Greenpeace, in its fight to stop the use of genetically-modified organisms. The effects of differences in institutional pressures were examined through examining differences between the United States and the European Union as well as between two European nations, France and Spain, in Greenpeace’s strategy. We suggested that formal and informal institutional pressures influence strategic decision-making in Greenpeace’s independent national units. We proposed that the US differs from the EU in both formal and informal institutional environments, Spain and France differ in the informal dimension, and these differences are reflected in Greenpeace’s strategies. We also argued that Greenpeace exemplifies the successful use of a transnational strategy and discussed that non-profits may be better able to adopt a transnational strategy than do for-profits.

To cite this document: Stephen R. Luxmore and Clyde Eirikur Hull, "Are Non-Profits Better at Adopting a Transnational Strategy Than For-Profits? How Environments Affect the Way Greenpeace Fights Genetically-Modified Organisms in Europe and the United States", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.14, No.3, pp. 225-252, 2018.

Permanent link to this document:
http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.17889
Improving Shear Strength Parameters of Sandy Soil using Enzyme-Mediated Calcite Precipitation Technique
Authors: Putra Heriansyah , Yasuhara Hideaki , Kinoshita Naoki , . Erizal , Sudibyo Tri
Published: October 2018

Several methods have been established for their various potential applications as soil improvement technique, and recently the application of grouting technique using biological process have been proposed. This study discussed the applicability of enzyme-mediated calcite precipitation (EMCP) in improving the shear strength parameters of sandy soil.  In this study, soil specimens were prepared and treated with the grouting solutions composed of urea, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate and enzyme of urease. Evolutions in the cohesion and internal friction angle of the improved soil were examined through the direct shear tests. The presence of the precipitated materials, comprising 4.1 percent of the soil mass of the treated sand, generated a cohesion of 53 kPa. However, contrary to the improvement of cohesion, the friction angle is relatively constant. It indicated that the application of the EMCP technique has no significant impact on the friction angle
Initial Surface Absorption of Cement Combination Concrete
Authors: Folagbade Samuel Olufemi
Published: October 2018

This paper investigated the initial surface absorption (ISAT) of concrete using Portland cement (PC) and some binary and ternary cement combinations containing fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF) and metakaolin (MK) as partial replacements for PC at equal water/ cement ratios and strengths. At equal water/cement ratios, the cement combination concretes have higher ISAT values than PC concrete at 28 days and the disparity reduced with increasing curing age due to improved pozzolanic reactivity of the supplementary cementitious materials. SF and MK as binary and ternary cement components performed better than FA due to their higher fineness, improved particle packing and higher pozzolanic reactivity. At equal strengths, FA binary cement concretes have the lowest ISAT values and these reduced with increasing content of FA. At total replacement levels more than 20%, all the ternary cement concretes have lower ISAT values than PC concrete and the values reduced with increasing total replacement level due to the beneficial effect of FA.
Isolation and Characterization of Flavobacteriaceae from Farmed and Wild Nile Tilapia in Tanzania
Authors: Mwega Elisa , Colquhoun Duncan J. , Tuntufye Huruma , Mdegela Robinson , Mutoloki Stephen , Evensen Øystein , Wasteson Yngvild
Published: October 2018

The present study was conducted to explore the occurrence of Flavobacteriaceae in wild Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (n = 108) collected from Lake Victoria and farmed Nile Tilapia (n = 187) collected from 12 ponds in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. The size of the ponds surveyed ranged from 130 to 150 m2. Pond parameters and fish morphometric data were recorded during sampling. In total, 67 Flavobacterium-like isolates (n = 44 from farmed fish; n = 23 from wild fish) were identified on the basis of colony morphology and biochemical tests. Sequences from the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene revealed that all 67 isolates belonged to the genera Flavobacterium and Chryseobacterium. Based on 16S rRNA nucleotide identity, 26 isolates showed high similarity with C. indologenes (99–100% identity), 16 showed similarity to C. joostei (98–99.9%), and 17 were similar to diverse species of Chryseobacterium (97–99%). Three isolates were similar to F. aquatile and three were similar to F. indicum, with 99–100% nucleotide identity in both cases, and two isolates were similar to F. oryzae (99–100% identity). The findings obtained in this study provide a baseline for future studies and contribute to an understanding of the threats presented by the aquatic Flavobacteriaceae reservoir toward the development of healthy fish farming in Tanzania. Such knowledge is vital for the development of a sustainable aquaculture industry in Tanzania that will contribute to increased food security.
Examining children in English High Courts with and without implementation of reforms authorized in Section 28 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act
Authors: Henderson Hayden M. , Andrews Samantha J. , Lamb Michael E.
Published: October 2018

This study examined whether the implementation of Section 28 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act (1999) improved lawyers' questioning strategies when examining child witnesses in England. The government's Section 28 pilot study involved judges holding Ground Rules Hearings, during which restrictions and limitations were placed on the duration, content, and manner of questions to be asked. Afterwards, children's cross‐examinations were pre‐recorded and later played as part of their evidence at trial. The current study compared cases involving 6‐ to 15‐year‐old alleged victims of sexual abuse in which Section 28 was (n = 43) and was not (n = 44) implemented. Defence lawyers in Section 28 cases asked significantly fewer suggestive questions and more option‐posing questions than defence lawyers in Nonsection 28 cases. Younger children complied more with defence lawyers' suggestive questions. Ground Rules Hearings improved lawyers' questioning strategies, regardless of the case's involvement in the Section 28 pilot study.
Almost $1 billion in SOR grants awarded by SAMHSA
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2018

The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) announced its FY 2018 State Opioid Response (SOR) grants this summer (see ADAW, June 25) and made the awards Sept. 21. The individual state awards are listed later in this article.
42 CFR Part 2 still under siege
Authors: Clark H. Westley
Published: October 2018

Editor's note: Many people breathed a sigh of relief when H.R. 6082 was not included in the opioid legislation that went through Congress this summer and was passed by the full Senate last week. But it's too early to stop fighting. Observers say that those who want to decimate the regulation are determined to find a way, whether it's through Congress or through the administration. Last week, Pamela Greenberg, executive director of the Association for Behavioral Health and Wellness (ABHW), posted on Twitter that Elinore McCance‐Katz, M.D., Ph.D., had said at the Oct. 3 launch of Patrick Kennedy's Don't Deny Me campaign that there would not be parity for mental illness and substance use disorders (SUDs) unless 42 CFR Part 2, the confidentiality regulation requiring patients to consent to the release of their SUD data, was replaced by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). Indeed, despite the passage of the opioid package by the full Senate on May 3, without any revisions to 42 CFR Part 2, what remains at the top of the ABHW webpage is the report of last spring's vote by the House of Representatives to replace it with HIPAA. Many in the field think the proponents of erasing 42 CFR Part 2 are pressing on to make this happen. Below is commentary from H. Westley Clark, M.D., J.D.
Brain Organoids: A New, Transformative Investigational Tool for Neuroscience Research
Authors: Vaez Ghaemi Roza , Co Ileana L. , McFee Matthew C. , Yadav Vikramaditya G.
Published: October 2018

Brain organoids are self‐assembled, three‐dimensionally structured tissues that are typically derived from pluripotent stem cells. They are multicellular aggregates that more accurately recapitulate the tissue microenvironment compared to the other cell culture systems and can also reproduce organ function. They are promising models for evaluating drug leads, particularly those that target neurodegeneration, since they are genetically and phenotypically stable over prolonged durations of culturing and they reasonably reproduce critical physiological phenomena such as biochemical gradients and responses by the native tissue to stimuli. Beyond drug discovery, the use of brain organoids could also be extended to investigating early brain development and identifying the mechanisms that elicit neurodegeneration. Herein, the current state of the fabrication and use of brain organoids in drug development and medical research is summarized. Although the use of brain organoids represents a quantum leap over existing investigational tools used by the pharmaceutical industry, they are nonetheless imperfect systems that could be greatly improved through bioengineering. To this end, some key scientific challenges that would need to be addressed in order to enhance the relevance of brain organoids as model tissue are listed. Potential solutions to these challenges, including the use of bioprinting, are highlighted thereafter.
Interfacial Electron Transfer of Ni2P–NiP2 Polymorphs Inducing Enhanced Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Liu Tong , Li Anran , Wang Chengbo , Zhou Wei , Liu Shijie , Guo Lin
Published: October 2018

Heterointerface engineering can be used to develop excellent catalysts through electronic coupling effects between different components or phases. As one kind of promising Pt‐free electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), pure‐phased metal phosphide exhibits the unfavorable factor of strong or weak H*‐adsorption performance. Here, 6 nm wall‐thick Ni2P–NiP2 hollow nanoparticle polymorphs combining metallic Ni2P and metalloid NiP2 with observable heterointerfaces are synthesized. It shows excellent catalytic performance toward the HER, requiring an overpotential of 59.7 mV to achieve 10 mA cm−2 with a Tafel slope of 58.8 mV dec−1. Density functional theory calculations verify electrons' transfer from P to Ni at the heterointerfaces, which decreases the absolute value of H* adsorption energy and simultaneously enhance electronic conductivity. That is, the heterojunctions balance the metallic Ni2P and the metalloid NiP2 to form an optimized phosphide polymorph catalyst for the HER. Furthermore, this polymorph combination is used with NiFe‐LDH nanosheets to form an alkaline electrolyzer. It shows highly desirable electrochemical properties, which can reach 10 mA cm−2 in 1 m KOH at 1.48 V and be driven by an AAA battery with a nominal voltage of 1.5 V. The work about interfacial charge transfer might provide an insight into designing excellent polymorph catalysts.
Exploring Self‐Healing Liquid Na–K Alloy for Dendrite‐Free Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Zhang Liyuan , Xia Xinhui , Zhong Yu , Xie Dong , Liu Sufu , Wang Xiuli , Tu Jiangping
Published: October 2018

The development of high‐performance dendrite‐free liquid‐metal anodes at room temperature is of great importance for the advancement of alkali metal batteries. Herein an intriguing self‐healing liquid dendrite‐free Na–K alloy, fabricated by a facile room‐temperature alloying process, aiming for application in potassium‐ion batteries is reported. Through extensive investigation, its self‐healing characteristics are rooted upon a thin solid K2O layer (KOL) coated on the liquid Na–K alloy. The KOL not only acts as a protective layer to prevent the Na–K alloy from making contact with the electrolyte, but also greatly improves the wetting capability and adhesion between the liquid alloy and the carbon matrix (e.g., carbon fiber cloth (CFC)) to form a stable interface. Consequently, the as‐prepared CFC/KOL@Na–K alloy anode exhibits prominent electrochemical performance with smaller hysteresis (less than 0.3 V beyond 140 cycles at 0.4 mA cm−2), better capacity retention, and higher Coulombic efficiency than the CFC/bare Na–K alloy counterpart. When coupled with a potassium Prussian blue (PPB) cathode, the full cell manifests higher capability retention and improved cycling stability. This research deepens the understanding of self‐healing Na–K alloys and opens a new way to achieve high‐performance dendrite‐free alkali metal anodes for application in rechargeable batteries.
Unveiling the Roles of Formation Process in Improving Cycling Performance of Magnesium Stannide Composite Anode for Magnesium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Nguyen Giang Thi Huong , Nguyen Dan‐Thien , Song Seung‐Wan
Published: October 2018

The combination of Mg2+‐insertion type anodes with various Mg‐free cathode counterparts and electrolytes enables Mg‐ion batteries. Microsized magnesium stannide (Mg2Sn) active material for a potential Mg2+‐insertion anode has shown extremely low capacity and low Coulombic efficiency in the early cycles, due to not yet a full participation of active material and an irreversible capacity loss by anode–electrolyte interfacial reactions. An activation process, i.e., formation cycle, is necessary to mitigate those issues and to improve the cycling performance. Herein, the application of formation process to the Mg2Sn composite anode that includes graphite as an electrochemically inactive but electronically conductive component, the condition optimization of formation process, and the systematic studies of the effects of formation process on the cycling performance and anode–electrolyte interfacial reactions are reported. A basic understanding of the early cycling behavior and interfacial phenomena of Mg2Sn anode is provided, which gives insight into improvement of performance of alloy anodes in Mg‐ion batteries.