bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
West Nile Virus Infection
Authors: Bahuon Céline , Lecollinet Sylvie , Beck Cécile
Published: May 2015

West Nile virus (WNV) is an arthropod‐borne virus transmitted mainly by mosquito bites. Wild avifauna constitutes its natural reservoir. Mammals are dead‐end hosts as they generally do not develop a viraemia high enough to trigger a new infection cycle. WNV belongs to theFlavivirusgenus and can be responsible for a disease known asWNfever. Humans and horses are the most sensitive hosts as they may develop severe neurological signs. WNV has a worldwide distribution and caused numerous outbreaks since the late 1990s, most notably in North America and Europe. Lineage 1 strains have caused the most severe outbreaks to date. However, the situation has recently evolved with the emergence in the late 2000s of pathogenic lineage 2 strains in South Africa, Russia and Eastern and Southern Europe. Many developments in the fields of WN diagnosis and vaccination have been described in the recent years and may help control WNV spread.

Key Concepts

West Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic arbovirus mainly transmitted by mosquitoes. It is an enveloped, positive‐stranded RNA virus belonging to the genusFlavivirusin the familyFlaviviridae.

WNV has a wide geographical range that includes Europe, the Middle East, Western Asia, Africa, Australia (Kunjin virus) and North, Central and South America.

Most WNV infections are asymptomatic, but can be responsible for a disease known as WN fever (10–20% of WNV infections) or severe neurological signs (1–10% of WNV infections) in humans and horses.

Humans and horses are the most sensitive hosts.

Since the late 1990s, pathogenic WNV strains have begun to emerge.

Diagnosis can be difficult as flaviviruses are antigenically related.

There are no effective drugs or treatments against WNV infections.

Approved vaccines are available in equids, and human vaccines are under development.

Control of WNV outbreaks largely depends on vector control measures and interventions.
Macaque Fertility Signals
Authors: Higham James P , Dubuc Constance
Published: May 2015

Females of many animal species exhibit signals of fertility, but few animal groups do so with such prevalence, diversity of signal types, and variability between closely related species, as anthropoid primates. An excellent group for studying the evolution of such signals is the macaques, a group of some 22 species of Old World monkey. The macaques exhibit the same general mating system, but a great amount of inter‐specific variation in the type and number of different signals they display. In this article, we discuss the evolution of these traits, including the types of variation in fertility that they may indicate and the hormonal mechanisms that underlie them. We discuss the different signals that macaques exhibit, and review the distribution and abundance of these signals across species. Even closely related species differ in the type and number of signals displayed, as well as in their apparent accuracy in reflecting the timing of female ovulation. We offer some potential explanations for this variation, though much is still poorly understood. We finish by discussing future directions for research that are likely to prove fruitful.

Key Concepts

Females of many anthropoid primates, including macaques, exhibit signals of fertility.

Macaque signals of fertility include swellings of the hindquarters, changes in facial colour, olfactory signals, and auditory oestrus and copulation calls.

Three types of variation in fertility might potentially be communicated to others: intra‐cycle variation in the probability of ovulation; inter‐cycle, intra‐female variation in the probability of conception in that cycle, and inter‐female differences in overall fecundity.

The expression of intra‐cycle signals of the probability of ovulation is linked to the hormones oestrogen (positively) and progesterone (negatively).

There is a great deal of inter‐specific variation in the presence and type of fertility signals shown, as well as in their apparent accuracy in reflecting ovulatory function.

Though we understand some of the evolutionary pressures that may have led to inter‐specific variation, the sources of much of the variation remain unclear.
Next‐Generation Sequencing in Cancer: Tools for Fusion Gene Detection
Authors: Tuna Musaffe
Published: May 2015

Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) technology has a striking impact on genomics research, especially in complex diseases, including cancer. NGS technology is allowing the discovery of novel genomic alterations and screening for known driver mutations and structural alterations as well as understanding interactions between gene and environmental factors. Structural alterations including translocations inversions, tandem duplications, deletions, insertions, chromothripsis and chromoplexy can result in oncogenic fusion genes or fusion transcripts, which are important in carcinogenesis. Rapid advances in NGS technology and analytical tools have allowed them to be used routinely in molecular diagnosis and personalised therapy. However, NGS technologies have significant challenges, such as analysis time, false‐positive rate and storage to be overcome in the near future. This article discusses the current analytical tools for detection of fusion genes and reviews their pros and cons.

Key Concepts

Fusion genes/transcripts are common events in epithelial tumours.

Whole‐transcriptome sequencing (RNA‐seq) is the most commonly selected method for fusion‐transcript detection.

Sequel algorithms are used for detection of fusion transcripts.

Mapping algorithms and filtering are crucial for detection of true fusion transcripts.

Current fusion‐detection tools yield false‐positive and false‐negative results.
Are Humans Descended from a Knuckle‐Walking Ancestor?
Authors: Makedonska Jana A , Strait David S
Published: May 2015

A central topic in human evolution pertains to the emergence of habitual bipedalism [i.e., upright walking (UW)], a behavioural characteristic that defines the human lineage and is unique among primates. To pinpoint the factors that led to the appearance of UW, one has to reconstruct the locomotor behaviour of the last common ancestor of humans and their closest living relatives, the chimpanzees. Chimpanzees and gorillas adopt a peculiar mode of locomotion when travelling on the ground, knuckle‐walking (KW). This article evaluates the evidence for and against the hypothesis that humans have descended from a KW ancestor. The conflicting nature of this evidence does not allow firm conclusions, but future avenues of research are proposed.

Key Concepts

The context for the emergence of habitual bipedalism/upright walking is a key topic in human evolutionary studies.

Bipedalism/upright walking is a characteristic that defines the human lineage.

Some evidence suggests that the ancestor of the earliest hominins was a knuckle‐walker.

However, other evidence appears to contradict this possibility.

The role of knuckle‐walking in human evolution will be better understood as more data about the functional anatomy of knuckle‐walking is gathered and as more fossils are described that shed light on the morphology of the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees.
Attitude: Construction versus Disposition
Authors: Lord Charles G.
Published: May 2015

Although Charles Darwin conceptualized attitudes as things that organisms
do
, many psychologists and laypeople today make the fundamental attribution error of conceptualizing attitudes as dispositions people
have
that make them do what they do. Recent attitudes research, however, has begun to explore the basic process by which people construct attitudes—a process that operates in the same way when answering general attitude questions as for any other evaluative response to an attitude object. In the basic evaluation process, the evaluator activates associations to the attitude object, perceives the implications of those associations, and bases evaluative responses at least in part on those implications. Instead of trying to measure a relatively stable disposition that predicts future behavior, the emerging research investigates influences on which associations get activated (e.g., chance, recency, and priming) and influences on how the activated associations are perceived (including subjective ease, the perceived source, and their perceived relevance). Interestingly, the two steps in the basic evaluation process parallel the two strategies that people use when they try to change their own attitudes. Emerging research directions that were suggested by conceptualizing attitudes as things people
do
, not what they
have
, include understanding the effects of evaluation goals on activating and perceiving associations, assessing attitude accuracy according to how adaptive are the attitudes that people take, and applying network theory to the basic evaluation process.
Crime and the Life Course
Authors: Warr Mark , Gutierrez Carmen
Published: May 2015

The introduction of the life‐course perspective to criminology brought about a conceptual realignment of the field. After recounting this history, we describe emerging research in criminology, point to some nagging unanswered questions, and suggest some new avenues for future research.
Deep Brain Stimulation for Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Widge Alik S. , Arulpragasam Amanda R. , Deckersbach Thilo , Dougherty Darin D.
Published: May 2015

In this monograph, we briefly review the rationale for deep brain stimulation (DBS) for psychiatric illness, beginning with current noninvasive treatment options and progressing to the evolution and success of DBS as a therapy. This discussion will focus on obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) particularly, as these are the only two diagnoses that have been subjected to adequately controlled DBS trials to date. The majority of the essay then describes the significant limitations that DBS is currently facing and emerging approaches to address them. This will lead into a discussion of new technologies such as patient‐specific modeling of electric fields and closed‐loop DBS systems and how we can best utilize these to increase our understanding of DBS and the overall efficacy of this novel therapy.
Identity‐Based Motivation
Authors: Oyserman Daphna
Published: May 2015

People believe that they know who they are and that who they are matters for what they do. These core beliefs seem so inherent to conceptualizations of what it means to have a self as to require no empirical support. After all, what is the point of a concept of self if there is no stable thing to have a concept about, and who would care if that concept was stable if it was not useful in making it through the day? Yet the evidence for action‐relevance and stability are surprisingly sparse. This entry outlines identity‐based motivation theory which takes a new look at these assumptions and makes three core predictions termed
dynamic construction
,
action‐readiness
, and
interpretation of difficulty
. That is, rather than being stable, which identities come to mind and what they mean are dynamically constructed in context. People interpret situations and difficulties in ways that are congruent with currently active identities and prefer identity‐congruent to identity‐incongruent actions. When action feels identity‐congruent, experienced difficulty highlights that the behavior is important and meaningful. When action feels identity‐incongruent, the same difficulty suggests that the behavior is pointless and “not for people like me.”
Lived Religion
Authors: Ammerman Nancy T.
Published: May 2015

Research on “lived religion” focuses on the everyday practices of ordinary people, in contrast to the study of official texts, organizations, and experts. It includes attention to rituals and stories and spiritual experiences that may draw on official religious traditions, but may also extend beyond them. Lived religion is closely related to “popular religion”, but is a more encompassing category. As with the study of popular religion, the focus is on ordinary people and often includes festivals and shrines and healing practices that may happen without the approval of religious authorities. Lived religion research pays special attention to the lives of women, of populations of color, and of people in the Global South. Both approved traditional practices and new innovations may be “lived”.

Being “lived” points especially to the material, embodied aspects of religion as they occur in everyday life. The study of lived religion includes attention to how and what people eat, how they dress, how they deal with birth and death and sexuality and nature, even how they modify hair and body through tattoos or dreadlocks, for instance. The study of lived religion includes everyday sacralized spaces and the physical and artistic things people do together, such as singing, dancing, and other folk or community traditions that enact a spiritual sense of solidarity and transcendence.

The focus on lived religion has enriched and complicated the efforts of social scientists to understand the place and role of religion in society.
Organizational Populations and Fields
Authors: Haveman Heather A. , Kluttz Daniel N.
Published: May 2015

This essay examines two major perspectives on organizations that have been prominent since the 1970s: ecology and institutionalism, both of which emerged as reactions against rationalist approaches to the study of organizations. Both take as their primary units of analysis collections of organizations, rather than individual organizations: “populations” for ecologists (groups of organizations with the same form) and “fields” for institutionalists (groups of organizations of different forms that interact with each other in some social sector). Ecologists seek to explain the changing distribution of organizations (rates of founding, failure, growth, and change) in terms of the features of organizations' environments. Institutionalists seek to explain organizational legitimacy, variety, and change by reference to cultural norms, values, and expectations about what is the “right” or “normal” way to organize. While ecologists seek general explanations that apply to all populations, institutionalists seek explanations that are sensitive to the peculiarities of the field under study. Ecological and institutional studies of organizations have converged in the past decade, which has yielded studies that minimize the weaknesses of each perspective and maximize their strengths. Ecologists have examined many explanatory factors, such as pressures to imitate legitimate organizational forms, which were originally highlighted by institutionalists. In the same vein, institutionalists have turned their attention to founding and failure, outcomes that were ecologists' original focus, and have used factors such as the number of organizations, much studied by ecologists, to explain these outcomes. We conclude by suggesting potential fruitful avenues for further integration between these perspectives.
Reconciliation and Peace‐Making: Insights from Studies on Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Koski Sonja E.
Published: May 2015

Conflict resolution is the part and parcel of living in groups. In social circumstances competition over limited resources is inevitable. For individuals to benefit from group living, the costs should not disrupt social cohesion or relationships. Animals use many ways to avoid conflicts and to mitigate their damage. Post‐conflict reconciliation is an effective way to reduce emotional stress after aggression and to repair the damaged relationship between the former opponents. We now know that reconciliation is common in social species with individualized relationships. The necessity to reconcile is higher when individuals fight with someone who provides them with valuable benefits. Also, general benevolence between individuals reduces the risk to reconcile, increasing thus its likelihood. There are also preventive mechanisms to avoid costly conflicts, and ways to prevent its escalation once started. In many species, bystanders interact with conflict participants when aggression is over, often with affinitive behavior. Such ‘bystander affiliation” serves many functions, some of which may be cognitively demanding and resemble human consolation or mediating. However, we still know little of the cognitive and emotional mechanisms of animal conflict resolution. Understanding the mechanisms of behavior is the next step in animal conflict resolution research. It will help illuminate the mysterious minds of social animals and, ultimately, the evolutionary history of human peacekeeping.
Did That Brownie Do Its Job? Stress, Eating, and the Biobehavioral Effects of Comfort Food
Authors: Janet Tomiyama A. , Finch Laura E. , Cummings Jenna R.
Published: May 2015

Comfort eating is a widespread behavior, but does it actually work? The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of the existing research on the potentially comforting effects of comfort food. We begin by summarizing the existing nonhuman animal research in this area, and then summarize the human research. On the basis of this foundational research, we provide a conceptual model of comfort eating that can be used as a hypothesis‐generating tool to guide future research. Finally, we highlight what we consider to be the most exciting future directions in comfort eating. These include (i) determining whether comfort eating is trait‐like or state‐like, (ii) understanding the antecedents and sequelae of comfort eating, (iii) elucidating the types of food implicated in comfort eating, (iv) creating linkages between comfort eating and comfort drinking, (v) incorporating measures of the autonomic nervous and immune systems in addition to the current focus on the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical axis, (vi) studying both short‐term and long‐term effects, and (vii) testing the biological and psychological mechanisms of comfort eating. Given that comfort eating has been practiced for centuries, we conclude that the time is ripe to advance the science of comfort eating.
Positive Emotion Disturbance
Authors: Gruber June , Purcell John
Published: May 2015

The longstanding assumption has been that positive emotions and associated feelings are entirely adaptive. As a result, less scientific attention has been devoted to understanding the ways in which positive emotions might also be a source of dysfunction for our psychological health. However, the empirical tides have recently begun to change, and with it, a new wave of research has pointed to ways in which positive emotionality is also related to a range of poor health outcomes and maladaptive clinical syndromes. How might this be possible? Here, we provide cutting‐edge insights into unpacking the nature of positive emotion disturbance by highlighting six key themes outlining the ways positive emotion may go awry. We conclude by providing a roadmap for future research aimed at providing an integrative model for understanding positive emotion as well as how to harness and cultivate appropriate positive feelings.
Influence of the Carbon Content on the Crystallization and Oxidation Behavior of Polymer‐Derived Silicon Carbide (SiC)
Authors: Lehmann Tobias , Baier Johannes , Leineweber Andreas , Kienzle Andreas , Bill Joachim
Published: May 2015

Silicon Carbide (SiC) samples with controlled carbon contents are manufactured from polymeric precursors. Based on X‐ray diffraction (XRD) data, a correlation of the excess carbon content and the crystallization kinetics of silicon carbide are determined for the obtained pyrolysates. The crystallization mechanisms as well as the corresponding activation energies EA are also determined. Furthermore, the influence of the carbon content on the oxidation behavior of these pyrolysates is studied. A model for the oxidation of the prepared silicon carbide‐based materials is proposed.
High Temperature Mechanical Properties of an Extruded Mg–TiO2 Nano‐Composite
Authors: Safari Athar , Mahmudi Reza
Published: May 2015

The microstructure, high‐temperature shear strength, hot hardness, and creep resistance of pure Mg and its composite, reinforced with 1 vol% TiO2 nano‐particles, were investigated. The shear yield stress (SYS) and ultimate shear strength (USS), measured by the shear punch test (SPT), together with hot hardness were evaluated in the temperature range 25–225 °C. Impression creep tests were performed at 150 °C and under punching stress of 225 MPa. Depending on the test temperature, the shear yield stress (SYS) increased by 4–10 MPa, and ultimate shear strength (USS) by 4–12 MPa in the composite material. Similarly, the hardness increased by 4–8, and impression rate decreased from 10−4 to 0.3 × 10−4 mm s−1. This was attributed to the dispersive distribution of the nano‐sized TiO2 particles in the Mg matrix.
Tissue Adhesive Catechol‐Modified Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel for Effective, Minimally Invasive Cell Therapy
Authors: Shin Jisoo , Lee Jung Seung , Lee Changhyun , Park Hyun‐Ji , Yang Kisuk , Jin Yoonhee , Ryu Ji Hyun , Hong Ki Sung , Moon Sung‐Hwan , Chung Hyung‐Min , Yang Hee Seok , Um Soong Ho , Oh Jong‐Won , Kim Dong‐Ik , Lee Haeshin , Cho Seung‐Woo
Published: May 2015

Current hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel systems often cause cytotoxicity to encapsulated cells and lack the adhesive property required for effective localization of transplanted cells in vivo. In addition, the injection of hydrogel into certain organs (e.g., liver, heart) induces tissue damage and hemorrhage. In this study, we describe a bioinspired, tissue‐adhesive hydrogel that overcomes the limitations of current HA hydrogels through its improved biocompatibility and potential for minimally invasive cell transplantation. HA functionalized with an adhesive catecholamine motif of mussel foot protein forms HA‐catechol (HA‐CA) hydrogel via oxidative crosslinking. HA‐CA hydrogel increases viability, reduces apoptosis, and enhances the function of two types of cells (human adipose‐derived stem cells and hepatocytes) compared with a typical HA hydrogel crosslinked by photopolymerization. Due to the strong tissue adhesiveness of the HA‐CA hydrogel, cells are easily and efficiently transplanted onto various tissues (e.g., liver and heart) without the need for injection. Stem cell therapy using the HA‐CA hydrogel increases angiogenesis in vivo, leading to improved treatment of ischemic diseases. HA‐CA hydrogel also improved hepatic functions of transplanted hepatocytes in vivo. Thus, this bioinspired, tissue‐adhesive HA hydrogel can enhance the efficacy of minimally invasive cell therapy.
Metal–Organic Frameworks with Boronic Acid Suspended and Their Implication for cis‐Diol Moieties Binding
Authors: Zhu Xiangyang , Gu Jinlou , Zhu Junying , Li Yongsheng , Zhao Liming , Shi Jianlin
Published: May 2015

Introduction of accessible boronic acid functionality into metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) might to endow them with desired properties for potential applications in recognition and isolation of cis‐diol containing biomolecules (CDBs). However, no investigation is found to address this topic until now. Herein, Cr‐based MOFs of MIL‐100 (MIL stands for Materials from Institut Lavoisier) integrated with different pendent boronic acid group (MIL‐100‐B) are reported. This new functional material is successfully prepared using a simple metal–ligand–fragment coassembly (MLFC) strategy with isostructure to the parent MIL‐100 as verified by X‐ray diffraction characterization. The integration and content tunability of the boronic acid group in the framework are confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and 11B NMR. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that MIL‐100‐B can evolve into well‐defined morphology and nanoscale size at optimized boronic acid incorporating level. The obtained MOFs exhibit comparable surface areas and pore volumes with parent MIL‐100 and present exceptional chemical stability in a wide pH range. The inherent boronic acid components in MIL‐100‐B can effectively serve as the recognition units for the cis‐diol moieties and consequently enhance the capture capabilities for CDBs. The exceptional chemical stability, high porosity, and good reusability as well as the intrinsic cis‐diol moieties recognition function prefigure great potential of the current MIL‐100‐B in CDBs purification, sensing, and separation applications.
Cell‐Membrane‐Coated Synthetic Nanomotors for Effective Biodetoxification
Authors: Wu Zhiguang , Li Tianlong , Gao Wei , Xu Tailin , Jurado‐Sánchez Beatriz , Li Jinxing , Gao Weiwei , He Qiang , Zhang Liangfang , Wang Joseph
Published: May 2015

A red blood cell membrane‐camouflaged nanowire that can serve as new generation of biomimetic motor sponge is described. The biomimetic motor sponge is constructed by the fusion of biocompatible gold nanowire motors and RBC nanovesicles. The motor sponge possesses a high coverage of RBC vesicles, which remain totally functional due to its exclusively oriented extracellular functional portion on the surfaces of motor sponge. These biomimetic motors display efficient acoustical propulsion, including controlled movement in undiluted whole blood. The RBC vesicles on the motor sponge remain highly stable during the propulsion process, conferring thus the ability to absorb membrane‐damaging toxins and allowing the motor sponge to be used as efficient toxin decoys. The efficient propulsion of the motor sponges under an ultrasound field results in accelerated neutralization of the membrane‐damaging toxins. Such motor sponges connect artificial nano­motors with biological entities and hold great promise for treating a variety of injuries and diseases caused by membrane‐damaging toxins.
Universal Magnetic Hall Circuit Based on Paired Spin Heterostructures
Authors: Zhang Shilei , Baker Alexander A. , Zhang Jing‐Yan , Yu Guanghua , Wang Shouguo , Hesjedal Thorsten
Published: May 2015

The merit of advanced hybrid memory and logic devices not only lies in their high performance and superior functionalities but also their capability to establish a complete computational system, including full memory and logic functionalities. In this paper, a novel, ultrahigh‐performance device concept for hybrid memory and logic applications is presented, which relies on spin‐based magnetic Hall measurements. Employing a pair of spintronic heterostructures, the new system shows flexible functionality as both a robust memory element and a complex logic device. The building blocks of this universal magneto‐Hall circuit are experimentally demonstrated, based on the paired heterostructures. Combined with a new type of circuit, this design paves the way for robust room‐temperature spintronics.
Three‐dimensional numerical simulation of coalescence and interactions of multiple horizontal bubbles rising in shear‐thinning fluids
Authors: Liu Jingru , Zhu Chunying , Wang Xiaoda , Fu Taotao , Ma Youguang , Li Huaizhi
Published: May 2015

The dynamics of multiple horizontal bubbles rising from different orifice arrangements in shear‐thinning fluids was simulated numerically by three‐dimensional Volume of Fluid method. The effects of bubble size, rheological properties of shear‐thinning fluids, and orifice structure arrangements on multiple bubbles interaction and coalescence were analyzed, and the mechanisms of bubble coalescence and breakup were fully discussed and elucidated. The variation of bubble rising velocity during coalescence process and freely rising processes for different orifice arrangements was also deeply investigated. The critical initial horizontal intervals for coalescence of multiple horizontal bubbles with various orifice arrangements were attained by simulation, which could serve as the critical criterion of bubble coalescence or noncoalescence. Furthermore, the critical bubble interval was predicted based on the film drainage model, the prediction accords well with the simulation result and is quite conducive for the design and optimization of perforated gas–liquid contact equipment. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3528–3546, 2015
Ketotifen suppression of NF1 neurofibroma growth over 30 years
Authors: Riccardi Vincent M.
Published: May 2015

A patient with NF1 was treated with oral ketotifen for 30 years since infancy. Review of the patient's course and treatment details establishes a basis for reconsideration of several fundamental precepts about NF1 pathogenesis. The data suggest a distinctive benefit to treating an NF1 patient with an inhibitor of mast cell degranulation before cutaneous neurofibromas are clinically apparent: the neurofibromas appear to be arrested at a very early stage of development. The patient's skin was especially remarkable for both the paucity of cutaneous neurofibromas and the distinctive monotonous uniformity of those present, which were small and flat or barely sessile. While the data do not, of themselves, prove that ketotifen treatment commencing in childhood preempts neurofibroma maturation, in the context of earlier publications, they certainly warrant further investigation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pain interference in youth with neurofibromatosis type 1 and plexiform neurofibromas and relation to disease severity, social‐emotional functioning, and quality of life
Authors: Wolters Pamela L. , Burns Katherine M. , Martin Staci , Baldwin Andrea , Dombi Eva , Toledo‐Tamula Mary Anne , Dudley William N. , Gillespie Andrea , Widemann Brigitte C.
Published: May 2015

The physical manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) can cause chronic pain. This study investigated the impact of pain in youth with NF1 and plexiform neurofibromas (PNs) and its relationship to disease factors, social‐emotional functioning, and quality of life (QOL) within a biopsychosocial framework. Caregivers of 59 children and adolescents with NF1 and PNs (6–18 years), and 41 of these youth (10–18 years), completed questionnaires assessing social‐emotional functioning and QOL, including an item on pain interference. Measures of disease severity included total PN volume by percent body weight and number of disease complications. Both caregiver (73%) and self‐report (59%) ratings indicated that pain interferes with the child's daily functioning despite 33% taking pain medication. Based on caregivers’ behavior ratings, more symptoms of anxiety and larger tumor volumes predicted greater pain interference, while greater pain interference, worse depressive symptoms, and more disease complications predicted poorer QOL. As rated by adolescents, more symptoms of anxiety predicted greater pain interference, while greater pain interference and social stress predicted poorer QOL. Further, social‐emotional problems mediate the relationship between pain interference and QOL. Thus, pain interferes with daily functioning in the majority of youth with NF1 and PNs even when using pain medication. The impact of pain interference, disease severity, and particularly social‐emotional problems on QOL highlights the interaction between physical and psychological states in NF1. Future research and treatment of pain in this population should utilize a biopsychosocial approach and involve multidisciplinary therapies including psychological interventions that target social‐emotional functioning. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Eintopfsynthese von “Kettenhemd”‐stabilisierten DNA‐Nanostrukturen
Authors: Cassinelli Valentina , Oberleitner Birgit , Sobotta Jessica , Nickels Philipp , Grossi Guido , Kempter Susanne , Frischmuth Thomas , Liedl Tim , Manetto Antonio
Published: May 2015

Sich selbstständig anordnende DNA‐basierte Nanostrukturen finden weitverbreitete Anwendung bei der präzisen Positionierung organischer und anorganischer Komponenten im Nanometerbereich. Besonders vielversprechend ist ihre Verwendung als programmierbare Systeme für den zielgerichteten Wirkstofftransport. Um DNA‐basierte Strukturen zu entwickeln, die robust gegen Zersetzung bei erhöhten Temperaturen, niedrigen Ionenkonzentrationen, ungünstigen pH‐Bedingungen oder durch DNAsen sind, haben wir 6‐Helix‐Bündel aus 24 Oligonukleotiden konstruiert, die an ihrem 3′‐Ende Alkingruppen und an ihrem 5′‐Ende Azidgruppen tragen. Mithilfe einer sanften Klick‐Reaktion wurden die beiden Enden ausgewählter Oligonukleotide kovalent miteinander verbunden, um Ringe und verschränkte DNA‐Stränge zu erzeugen. Auffallenderweise blieben diese DNA‐Catenane in Wasser oder selbst nach Ethanolfällung topologisch intakt. Gleiches galt, wenn die Strukturen Temperaturen über 95 °C ausgesetzt wurden, sofern alle 24 Stränge kovalent cyclisiert wurden.
Synthesis and Applications of Hajos–Parrish Ketone Isomers
Authors: Eagan James M. , Hori Masahiro , Wu Jianbin , Kanyiva Kyalo Stephen , Snyder Scott A.
Published: May 2015

Numerous natural products possess ring systems and functionality for which Hajos–Parrish ketone isomers with a transposed methyl group (termed “iso‐Hajos–Parrish ketones”) would be of value. However, such building blocks have not been exploited to the same degree as the more typical Hajos–Parrish hydrindane. An efficient three‐step synthesis of such materials was fueled by a simple method for the rapid preparation of highly functionalized cyclopentenones, several of which are new chemical entities that would be challenging to access through other approaches. Furthermore, one iso‐Hajos–Parrish ketone was converted into two distinct natural product analogues and one natural product. As one indication of the value of these new building blocks, that latter target was obtained in 10 steps, having previously been accessed in 18 steps using the Hajos–Parrish ketone.
Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry: Development and Perspectives
Authors: Stephan Douglas W. , Erker Gerhard
Published: May 2015

Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are combinations of Lewis acids and Lewis bases in solution that are deterred from strong adduct formation by steric and/or electronic factors. This opens pathways to novel cooperative reactions with added substrates. Small‐molecule binding and activation by FLPs has led to the discovery of a variety of new reactions through unprecedented pathways. Hydrogen activation and subsequent manipulation in metal‐free catalytic hydrogenations is a frequently observed feature of many FLPs. The current state of this young but rapidly expanding field is outlined in this Review and the future directions for its broadening sphere of impact are considered.
Fabrication of Tiron‐doped polypyrrole/MWCNT composite electrodes with high mass loading and enhanced performance for supercapacitors
Authors: Shi Kaiyuan , Pang Xin , Zhitomirsky Igor
Published: May 2015

In this study, the aromatic sulfonate compound Tiron with high charge to mass ratio is used as an anionic dopant for synthesis of polypyrrole (PPy). The fabricated PPy is investigated for electrochemical supercapacitor (ES) application. Testing results show that Tiron allows reduced PPy agglomeration, smaller particle size and improved charge storage properties of PPy. High capacitance and improved capacitive retention at high scan rates are achieved by the fabrication of PPy/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite electrode using safranin (SAF) as a co‐dispersant. The Tiron‐doped PPy electrode shows the highest capacitance of 7.8 F cm−2 with a mass of 27 mg cm−2. The Tiron‐doped PPy/MWCNT composite electrode shows good capacitance retention with a capacitance of 1.0 F cm−2 at the scan rate of 100 mV s−1. Symmetric supercapacitor cells are fabricated using PPy based active materials. An energy density of 0.36 mWh cm−2 is achieved. The energy/power density and capacitance retention of the Tiron‐doped PPy/MWCNT ES is significantly improved in comparison with PPy‐based ES, prepared without Tiron or MWCNT. The Tiron‐doped PPy/MWCNT symmetric supercapacitor presents good cycling performance with 91.4% capacitance retention after 1000 charge–discharge cycles. The PPy/MWCNT composites, prepared using Tiron and SAF co‐dispersant, are promising electrodes for ES. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42376.
Effect of electrical properties on gas sensitivity of polypyrrole/cds nanocomposites
Authors: Yeole Bharati , Sen Tanushree , Hansora D. P. , Mishra Satyendra
Published: May 2015

In the present work, polypyrrole (PPy) nanocomposites were synthesized using ferric chloride (FeCl3) as an oxidant by in situ polymerization at room temperature. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles were synthesized by ultrasonication technique with size ranging between 60 and 110 nm. The PPy/CdS nanocomposites were prepared by taking 1–3 wt % loading of CdS to measure the electrical conductivity. The PPy nanocomposites were characterized by using FTIR, X‐ray diffraction, UV, and SEM. Furthermore, these PPy/CdS nanocomposites were investigated to study their effect of electrical properties on gas sensitivity of ammonia and LPG. The nanocomposites showed improvement in conductivity and sensing response toward 250 ppm NH3was found to be maximum (4.2) compared with 100 and 500 ppm NH3gas, whereas in the case of LPG, it showed sensitive response. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42379.
Facile preparation of EDTA‐functionalized chitosan magnetic adsorbent for removal of Pb(II)
Authors: Tan Zhengyan , Peng Hong , Liu Hongfang , Wang Linling , Chen Jing , Lu Xiaohua
Published: May 2015

A novel magnetic adsorbent (EDTA/chitosan/PMMS) was facilely prepared by reacting chitosan with EDTA anhydride in presence of PEI‐coated magnetic microspheres. The as‐synthesized EDTA/chitosan/PMMS was characterized by XRD, SEM, TGA, FT‐IR, and VSM, and then employed in removal of heavy metals of Pb(II) from aqueous solution. The results of the batch adsorption experiments revealed that the adsorbents had extremely high uptake capacities for Pb(II) in the pH range of 2 to 5.5, and the adsorption kinetics for EDTA/chitosan/PMMS was consistent with the pseudo–second‐order kinetic model. Moreover, its equilibrium data were fitted with the Langmuir isothermal model well, which indicated that the adsorption mechanism was a homogeneous monolayer chemisorptions process. The maximum adsorption capacity of EDTA/chitosan/PMMS for Pb(II) was found to be 210 mg g−1 at pH 4 (30°C), and further reuse experiments results suggested that EDTA/chitosan/PMMS could be a potential recyclable magnetic adsorbent in the practical wastewater treatment. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42384.
Photo‐Induced atom transfer radical polymerization with nanosized α‐Fe2O3 as photoinitiator
Authors: Liu Li‐chao , Lu Mang , Hou Zhao‐Hui , Wang Guo‐Xiang , Yang Chang‐An , Liang En‐Xiang , Wu Hu , Li Xian‐Lei , Xu Yi‐Xue
Published: May 2015

Photo‐induced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was achieved in poly(ethylene glycol)‐400 with nanosized α‐Fe2O3 as photoinitiator. Well‐defined poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was synthesized in conjunction with ethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate (EBiB) as ATRP initiator and FeCl3·6H2O/Triphenylphosphine (PPh3) as complex catalyst. The photo‐induced polymerization of MMA proceeded in a controlled/living fashion. The polymerization followed first‐order kinetics. The obtained PMMA had moderately controlled number‐average molecular weights in accordance with the theoretical number‐average molecular weights, as well as narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn). In addition, the polymerization could be well controlled by periodic light‐on–off processes. The resulting PMMA was characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and gel permeation chromatography. The brominated PMMA was used further as macroinitiator in the chain‐extension with MMA to verify the living nature of photo‐induced ATRP of MMA. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42389.
Improvement of mechanical properties of polylactic acid adhesion joints with bio‐based adhesives by using air atmospheric plasma treatment
Authors: Jordá‐Vilaplana Amparo , Sánchez‐Nácher Lourdes , Fombuena Vicent , García‐García Daniel , Carbonell‐Verdú Alfredo
Published: May 2015

The packaging industry generates a high volume of wastes; so that, there is a high demand of biodegradable materials, which do not damage the environment. Nowadays, there is an interesting consumption of polylactic acid (PLA) due to its biodegradable features. This work focuses on the improvement of mechanical properties of PLA adhesion joints for uses in the packaging industry. In order to achieve that purpose, atmospheric plasma treatment is used to selectively modify PLA surface properties. The obtained experimental results show that the atmospheric plasma treatment is suitable to increase the mechanical performance of PLA–PLA adhesive joints. Optimum conditions for the atmospheric plasma treatment were obtained with a nozzle–substrate distance of 10 mm and an advance rate in the 100–300 mm s−1range; for these particular conditions, the effectiveness of the surface modification is the highest. The main plasma‐acting mechanisms are microetching together with the insertion of polar groups which lead to an interesting synergy that causes a remarkable increase in mechanical properties of adhesion joints. In particular, the shear strength of untreated PLA–PLA adhesion joints is close to 50 N cm−2and this value is increased up to values of about 168.7 N cm−2with optimum plasma treatment conditions. This indicates that atmospheric plasma treatment is both a technical and an environmental friendly technique to improve mechanical performance of PLA adhesive joints. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42391.
Polycarbonate‐based composites reinforced by in situ polytetrafluoroethylene fibrillation: Preparation, thermal and rheological behavior
Authors: Antonioli Diego , Sparnacci Katia , Laus Michele , Boarino Luca , Righetti Maria Cristina
Published: May 2015

Fibrillar reinforced composites of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polycarbonate (PC) were prepared by in situ fibrillation of PTFE into PC matrix using twin screw extruder. Different samples were obtained by varying the relative ratio between PC and PTFE. The rheological properties of the PC/PTFE composites were found to depend on concentration of the PTFE fibrils. The melt strength analysis in nonisothermal conditions was also studied. The increase in force and decrease in drawability with increasing the PTFE content are associated with the PTFE fibrils formed in situ during the thermomechanical process in twin screw extruder. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42401.
EFFECTS OF FIVE DIVERSE LIGNOCELLULOSIC DIETS ON DIGESTIVE ENZYME BIOCHEMISTRY IN THE TERMITE Reticulitermes flavipes
Authors: Karl Zachary J. , Scharf Michael E.
Published: May 2015

Termites have recently drawn much attention as models for biomass processing, mainly due to their lignocellulose digestion capabilities and mutualisms with cellulolytic gut symbionts. This research used the lower termite Reticulitermes flavipes to investigate gut enzyme activity changes in response to feeding on five diverse lignocellulosic diets (cellulose filter paper [FP], pine wood [PW], beech wood xylan [X], corn stover [CS], and soybean residue [SB]). Our objectives were to compare whole‐gut digestive enzyme activity and host versus symbiont contributions to enzyme activity after feeding on these diets. Our hypothesis was that enzyme activities would vary among diets as an adaptive mechanism enabling termites and symbiota to optimally utilize variable resources. Results support our “diet‐adaptation” hypothesis and further indicate that, in most cases, host contributions are greater than those of symbionts with respect to the enzymes and activities studied. The results obtained thus provide indications as to which types of transcriptomic resources, termite or symbiont, are most relevant for developing recombinant enzyme cocktails tailored to specific feedstocks. With regard to the agricultural feedstocks tested (CS and SB), our results suggest endoglucanase and exoglucanase (cellobiohydrolase) activities are most relevant for CS breakdown; whereas endoglucanase and xylosidase activities are relevant for SB breakdown. However, other unexplored activities than those tested may also be important for breakdown of these two feedstocks. These findings provide new protein‐level insights into diet adaptation by termites, and also complement host–symbiont metatranscriptomic studies that have been completed for R. flavipes after FP, PW, CS, and SB feeding.
LC‐ESI‐MS/MS analysis of quercetin in rat plasma after oral administration of biodegradable nanoparticles
Authors: V. Dinesh Kumar , Verma Priya Ranjan Prasad , Singh Sandeep Kumar , Viswanathan S.
Published: May 2015

A simple, rapid and sensitive LC‐MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of free quercetin in rat plasma, using fisetin as internal standard. The detection was performed by negative ion electrospray ionization under selected reaction monitoring. Chromatographic separation (isocratic elution) was carried out using acetonitrile–10 m m ammonium formate (80:20, v/v) with 0.1% v/v formic acid. The lower limit of quantification (4.928 ng/mL) provided high sensitivity for the detection of quercetin in rat plasma. The linearity range was from 5 to 2000 ng/mL. Intra‐ and inter‐day variability (RSD) of quercetin extraction from rat plasma was <4.19 and 1.37% with accuracies of 98.77 and 99.67%. The method developed was successfully applied for estimating free quercetin in rat plasma, after oral administration of quercetin‐loaded biodegradable nanoparticles (QLN) and quercetin suspension. QLN (Cmax, 1277.34 ± 216.67 ng/mL; AUC, 17,458.25 ± 3152.95 ng hr/mL) showed a 5.38‐fold increase in relative bioavailability as compared with quercetin suspension (Cmax, 369.2 ± 108.07 ng/mL; AUC, 3276.92 ± 396.67 ng hr/mL). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemistry of Metalloproteins: Problems and Solutions in Bioinorganic Chemistry. By Joseph J. Stephanos, Anthony W. Addison
Authors: Tan Xiangshi
Published: May 2015

Wiley, Hoboken 2014, 448 pp, softcover, $ 125.00—ISBN 978‐1‐118‐47044‐2
A case report of Progressive subluxation leading to an anterior dislocation of the hip following sliding hip screw fixation for pertrochanteric Extracapsular 4 part fracture neck of femur
Authors: Shah Jaydeep , Marson Ben A.
Published: May 2015

Key Clinical Message

Unstable 4 part pertrochanteric fractures without lateral cortical support presents considerable technical problem in treatment with high risk of failure with any implant. Anatomical or slight valgus reduction and subchondral central position of the lag screw (TAD <25 mm) reduces the chance of screw cut out and other complications.
Nanoparticle‐Imprinted Polymers: Shell‐Selective Recognition of Au Nanoparticles by Imprinting Using the Langmuir–Blodgett Method
Authors: Bruchiel‐Spanier Netta , Mandler Daniel
Published: May 2015

The front cover artwork is provided by Prof. Mandler′s group at the Hebrew University (Israel). The image shows the reuptake process in which only the particles with the original shell size are captured by the imprinted cavities, while the others are not recognized. Read the full text of the Article at10.1002/celc.201402407.