bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic cost of bovine trypanosomosis in pastoral and ago pastoral communities in Buliisa district, Uganda
Authors: Kizza Daniel , Ocaido Michael , Mugisha Anthony , Azuba Rose , Nalule Sarah , Onyuth Howard , Musinguzi Simon Peter , Nalubwama Sylvia , Waiswa Charles
Published: May 2022

Background - Animal diseases that are endemic like tsetse transmitted trypanosomosis cause continuous expenditure of financial resources of livestock farmers and loss of productivity of livestock. Estimating the cost of controlling animal trypanosomosis can provide evidence for priority setting and targeting cost effective control strategies.Methodology A cross sectional survey to estimate the economic cost of bovine trypanosomosiswas conducted in cattle keeping communities living around Murchision falls National Park, in Buliisa district Uganda. Data was collected on herd structure, the cost of treatment and control, prevalence of morbidity and mortality rates due to trypanosomosis, salvage sales losses in cattle herd in the last one year.Results- In this study, 55.4% (n= 87) of the households reported their cattle had been affected by trypanosomosis during the previous last year. There was a high economic cost trypanosomosis (USD 653) per household in cattle keeping communities in Buliisa district of which 83% and 9% was due to mortality and milk loss respectively/ High mortality loss was due to low investment in treatment. The study showed that prophylactic treatment 3 times a year of the whole herd of cattle using Samorin ® (Isometamidium chloride) at a cost of USD 110 could drastically reduce cattle mortality loss due to trypanosomosis due to trypanosomosis with return on investment of USD 540 annually per herd. This could be coupled with strategic restricted insecticide spraying of cattle with deltamethrin products.Conclusions. The results show a high economic cost of trypanosomosis in cattle keeping communities in Buliisa district with mortality of cattle contributing the largest proportion of the economic cost. The high mortality loss was due to low investment in treatment of sick cattle
Exploring pandemic-related health literacy among adolescents in Germany: A focus group study
Authors: Loer Anne-Kathrin Mareike , Domanska Olga Maria , Stock Christiane , Jordan Susanne
Published: May 2022

Background: Health literacy enables people to cope efficiently with health threats, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little is known about health literacy among adolescents in general and especially in the context of pandemics. This study aimed to explore pandemic-related health literacy among adolescents by addressing cognitive, behavioral, conative, and affective components of the multidimensional health literacy construct.Methods: We conducted four online focus groups with 24 adolescents aged 13-17 years from four German federal states during the COVID-19 pandemic in May and June 2021. We analyzed data using qualitative content analysis.Results: Regarding the cognitive and behavioral components of pandemic-related health literacy, adolescents reported to use a broad range of traditional and digital media and personal information sources. The adolescents considered pandemic-related information to be good and easy to understand, when the information is presented in a concise and structured manner. The participants stated difficulties in finding, understanding, and evaluating pandemic-related information regarding particular protective measures. The adolescents described themselves to be critical when evaluating pandemic-related information and reported a high level of adherence to protective measures. Regarding the conative and affective components of health literacy, the adolescents explained that their wish to protect their loved ones from getting infected was the predominant motive for adherence to protective measures. They were convinced that people of their age play a role in pandemic containment. The adolescents reported sometimes making exceptions from adhering to protective measures to cope with negative feelings they experienced during the pandemic.Conclusions: This study provides insights on how measures to improve pandemic-related health literacy among adolescents may be tailored to their needs. Prompt, concise, structured, and comprehensible preparation and communication of pandemic-related information in addition to educational efforts to strengthen health-related cognitive skills and critical health literacy may be supportive to reduce barriers in finding, understanding, and evaluating pandemic-related content.
Thematic Stimulus Presentation in Asynchronous-Based Coursework Lectures
Authors: Arnall Robin
Published: May 2022

While synchronous, direct methods of teaching technology may be more traditional (Lovett et al., 2011; Saville et al., 2013), students may prefer or be limited to an asynchronous platform of learning based on environmental variables (Choe et al., 2019). Some of the instruction given in asynchronous courses may be delivered in lecture-based format. Ensuring that students are interested and engaged with the material is a high priority of many instructors and finding new ways to encourage engagement should be a priority in research. This study examined if the addition of novel, thematic stimuli in the form of costume pieces (novelty hats with themed language) would increase student engagement in pre-recorded lectures for an asynchronous masters level course. When comparing the results between a control and an experimental group, the first experimental test results showed better outcomes including a decreased range of scores between the lowest score and highest score across group participants and an increased average score on the exam. Following the first experimental test, however, scores leveled out to scores similar to baseline and the control groups, suggesting either satiation (i.e., wearing off of the effect) or anticipation of the procedure, resulting in no effect. Limitations and future research considerations are also discussed.
Acid suppressant therapy and risk of COVID-19 infection: rational use through lessons learnt during a pandemic
Authors: Niriella Madunil Anuk
Published: May 2022

Recently there have been many concerns regarding the use of acid suppression therapy in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic. We review the biological plausibility, the evidence and the recommendations for acid suppressant use in the present COVID-19 pandemic. On review of recent literature, after adjusting for confounding factors, PPI use, especially twice-daily dosing, seem to be associated with acquiring COVID-19 infection and worse outcomes among patients with COVID-19 compared to non-users. PPI induced hypochlorhydria may be responsible for the observed effects. Famotidine protects against clinical deterioration among hospitalised patients and improves patient-reported outcomes among non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19 compared to non-users. Famotidine interfering maturation of SARS-CoV-2 and reducing inflammation may be responsible for the observed effect. A more recent propensity score-matched study using medication data on UK Biobank subjects and subsequent meta-analysis using prior studies on acid suppressants and the risk of COVID-19 indicated that neither PPI nor H2RA use was associated with the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and death in patients with COVID-19. The knowledge from the recent studies could help by reminding PPI users to be especially vigilant about following public health practices and protective health behaviours and could undoubtedly help encourage physicians to prescribe PPIs rationally during the pandemic and beyond. Twice a day, PPI should be changed to once-daily dosing whenever possible, and for those at high risk of severe COVID-19 infection, switching to safer famotidine should be considered.
Determinants of hydroxychloroquine-mediated hemolytic anemia in G6PD-deficient COVID-19 patients
Authors: Naushad Shaik Mohammad , Hussain Tajamul , Alrokayan Salman A , Kutala Vijay Kumar
Published: May 2022

Aims
To identify the factors contributing to hydroxychloroquine (HCQS)-mediated hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficient COVID-19 patients.
Materials and Methods
We have developed Multiple linear regression (MLR) and classification and regression tree (CART) models based on the published data (n = 13) and evaluated the impact of G6PD variants in exerting hemolysis.
Results
African Ancestry subjects had significant HCQS-mediated drop in hemoglobin (pre- vs. post-therapy Hb, g/dl: 12.75 ± 1.57 vs. 6.78 ± 0.62, p = 0.0008) than those from non-African ancestry (pre- vs. post-therapy Hb, g/dl: 13.27 ± 1.51 vs. 9.97 ± 2.34, p = 0.04). Diabetics had significant HCQS-mediated drop in hemoglobin (pre- vs. post-therapy Hb, g/dl: 12.96 ± 0.98 vs. 6.82 ± 0.76, p = 0.0007) than non-diabetics (pre- vs. post-therapy Hb, g/dl: 12.88 ± 2.13 vs. 9.13 ± 2.51, p = 0.05). MLR model explained 53.75% variability in HQCS-mediated hemoglobin drop when African Ancestry, diabetes, hypertension and azithromycin used as input variables. CART model efficiently explained HQCS-mediated hemolytic anemia by projecting African Ancestry and diabetes as the key predictors (R2 = 1.00). Although, African Ancestry G6PD A (-) variant had lesser ligand propensity than G6PD Mediterranean, G6PD Y70H and G6PD Union, it is thermolabile similar to G6PD Orissa, G6PD Y70H and G6PD L235F.
Conclusions
African Ancestry diabetic patients are more prone for HQCS-mediated hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficient COVID-19 patients. MLR and CART models explain 53.75% and 100% variability in HQCS-mediated hemolytic anemia. In view of similar in silico profile of Indian G6PD variants to G6PD A (-), HCQS should be used with caution in diabetics during COVID-19 therapy.
Desmoplastic Ameloblastoma- a Case Report
Authors: Renu Renu singh
Published: May 2022

Abstract: Desmoplastic ameloblastoma is defined as locally invasive, intraosseous and a rare variant of ameloblastoma which show slight male predilection with prevalence within the fourth and fifth decades. Desmoplastic ameloblastoma (DA) is characterized by specific clinical, imaging, and histological features. We report a case of Desmoplastic ameloblastoma in a 28-year-old male with a painless swelling in the right anterior maxillary region. DA has greater predilection for maxilla with marked tendency for anterior region as compare to other variant of ameloblastoma which creates particular issues like expansion of lesion into maxillary sinus, high recurrence rate and proximity to important anatomical structures demands extra caution in the approach during treatment planning
Bioactive Material in Pediatric Dentistry
Authors: Singh DR AKHAND PRATAP SINGH
Published: May 2022

A new generation of bioactive materials which has been developed during the last ten years has been used in every field of dentistry and medicine. These bioactive materials are able to release calcium, phosphate and other specific ions to help rebuild demineralized dentin and enamel. These materials are broadly used in the field of conservative dentistry for regeneration, repair and reconstruction. These materials are available in different form and composition that acts directly on vital tissue inducing its healing and repair. These materials directly function because of induction of various growth factors and different cells. New innovations are necessary to continue to help reinforce existing technologies and to introduce new paradigms for treating dental disease and restoring teeth seriously compromised by caries lesions via biomimetic and more biological operative approaches. Bioactive materials with nanoscale structure, including nanomedicine, nanodevices, nanomaterials, such as nanofibres and nanocomposites, can be designed and produced from natural biopolymers, synthetic polymers and inorganic substances. The nanocomposite-based scaffold allows for cell growth, yielding a unique composite system.
A Comparative Evaluation of the Positional Accuracy of Multiple Implants by Open Tray Impression Technique using Three Different Splinting Materials: An in vitro study
Authors: Jayaswal Amrita
Published: May 2022

Aim: To comparatively evaluate the positional accuracy of multiple implants by open tray impression technique using three different splinting materials namely self-cure acrylic resin, pattern resin and flowable composite.

Materials and Methods: An edentulous maxillary model was fabricated with heat-cure acrylic resin. Four dummy implants were placed bilaterally at canine and second premolar positions in the acrylic model, perpendicular to the horizontal plane and parallel to each other. Open tray impression copings were attached to dummy implants. The copings were splinted with dental floss onto which self-cure acrylic resin was added, which was sectioned and rejoined (for Group A). Similarly, pattern resin (for Group B) and flowable composite (for Group C) were used as splinting materials after sectioning and rejoining as previously described for Group A. Open tray impressions were made using polyvinylsiloxane impression material to obtain 10 casts for each group categorized according to the splinting material used. Interimplant distances were measured between implants on the master model and between the implant analogs in the retrieved casts in three different groups using a Coordinate measuring machine and a comparative evaluation of positional accuracy was done.

Results: Splinting with materials of all three Groups showed minimal variation in positions of multiple implants and within clinical limits. Group B (pattern resin) had more accurate values similar to master model compared to Group A (self-cure acrylic resin) and Group C (flowable composite), although statistically insignificant. The results with Groups A and C were similar. No statistically significant difference was derived between the three different groups.

Conclusion: It was concluded that all the three splinting materials evaluated in the study can be recommended as splinting material of choice for multiple implants using open tray impression technique.
A Comparative Evaluation of Salivary Alkaline Phosphatase Level in Pre-Menopausal And Post-Menopausal Women With And Without Periodontitis. A Biochemical Study.
Authors: Dr GD awadhiya Dr Neha Awadhiya , Kalburgi Veena
Published: May 2022

Introduction- Alkaline phosphatase is an intracellular destruction enzyme in the periodontium, and it takes part in the normal turnover of the periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and root cementum formation and maintenance.

Aim-  The aim of this case control study was to evaluate the enzyme Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) level in saliva of post menopausal women with and without chronic periodontitis.

Materials and Methods- This study includes 48 samples of pre and post menopausal females. All the subjects were selected from the Department of Periodontology, Peoples College of Dental Science and Research Centre, Bhopal. The study participants were divided into 4 groups, Group A: 12 pre- menopausal women without periodontitis with systemically healthy, Group B : 12 post-menopausal women without periodontitis with systemically healthy, Group C: 12 pre- menopausal women with periodontitis and systemically healthy, Group D: 12 post- menopausal women with periodontitis and systemically healthy. Clinical parameters assessed were Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) and Probing Pocket Depth (PPD). Unstimulated salivary samples were obtained in which the ALP concentration was measured using p-Nitrophenylphosphate, and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol reagents in Beckman and Coulter, AU 480 auto analyser. Mann-Whitney U test was used to find statistical difference with respect to all clinical parameters such as PI, GI, CAL, PPD and salivary ALP levels.

Result – The result of the present study showed considerably higher salivary ALP levels in post menopausal women with chronic periodontitis compared to other groups.

Conclusion -The present study suggest that the presence of ALP levels is not simply a reflection of the local inflammatory state in females but their estrogen levels may possibly influence bone destruction in periodontitis.
Subjective and Quantifiable Analysis of Palatal Rugae Pattern in Punjab Population
Authors: Jaswinder Kaur  , Ashima Bali  , Sumit  , Neha  , Salvina Grewal  , Yashoodeep Singh
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background: - Palatal Rugae are irregular, asymmetric ridges of mucous membrane extending laterally from incisive papillae and anterior part of palatal raphe. Palatal rugae patterns are relatively unique to individuals and are well protected by lips, buccal pad of fat and teeth.

Aims & Objectives: - The aim of the study was to identify pattern of palatal rugae in terms of number, size, and shape and also to compare rugae patterns in males and females of Punjab population.

Materials & Methods: - A total of 280 maxillary casts that were randomly collected and were examined  using graphite pencil and magnifying glass under adequate light  with equal number of males & females. Statistical analysis was done by T-test using SPSS software version 20.

Results: - The mean rugae were found to be more in females than males. Most prevalent form on basis of shape is found to be straight and on basis of size is primary form. Statistically, significant values were found in curved and secondary type, both more in females than males.

Conclusion: - Palatal rugae pattern is definitely a sufficient characteristic to discriminate between the genders. The present study highlighted the prevalence of palatal rugae in individuals of Punjab population. It is unique to an individual and can be used successfully in identification.
Efficacy of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 0.1% octenidine dihydrochloride mouth rinses in patients with plaque induced gingivitis: Double blinded randomised case control study.
Authors: Razi Mohammed Ahsan , Annapurna Ahuja  , Seema Qamar  , Ankit Mahajan  , Pooja Mittal
Published: May 2022

Aims: The study aims at making a comparative study of two commercially available mouth rinses, 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 0.1% octenidine dihydrochloride for assessing their efficacy as an antiplaque agent in patient with plaque induced gingivitis.

Methods and Material:

In double-blinded experimental study forty-five patients with dental plaque induced gingivitis, divided into 3 groups of 15 patients each, were advised 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and 0.1% octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) and distilled water as a mouth rinses respectively. Clinical parameters viz, Plaque Index, Modified Gingival Index and Gingival Bleeding Index were assessed (day 0, 5,10 and15). Microbial count was also assessed from the collected plaque samples (at day 0 and on day 15). Antimicrobial susceptibility test was also done.

Statistical analysis used: One- way ANOVA with post hoc test using Tukey, Paired- t test, Mann-Whitney U test, The Kruskal-Wallis test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test

Results:

There was significant difference in mean plaque index between the different groups. There was a significant reduction in plaque index for 0.2% CHX The mean modified gingival index was higher in group belonging to 0.1% OCT compared to 0.2% CHX that was statistically significant (p = 0.005).  Similarly, the mean gingival bleeding index was significantly higher in group belonging to 0.1% OCT compared to 0.2% CHX (p = 0.005). On day 15 change in the microbial count was statistically significant for 0.2% CHX (p = 0.026).and 0.1% OCT (p = 0.001).

Conclusions:

The antimicrobial and antiplaque efficacy (in vivo and in vitro) of 0.1% octenidine dihydrochloride containing mouth rinse was comparatively higher than that containing 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate thereby demonstrating the former's potential usefulness in controlling plaque and gingivitis.
Formação para atuação na atenção básica na graduação e na residência multiprofissional
Authors: Basso Miolo Silvana , Braatz Petermann Xavéle , Fedosse Elenir
Published: May 2022

Objetivo: Analisar a formação para a atuação na Atenção Básica na graduação e na Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde na Região Sul do Brasil. Metodologia: Estudo quantitativo realizado com Residentes do segundo ano, Egressos e Residentes Desistentes por meio de um questionário enviado via Google drive. Os dados foram analisados de forma descritiva e apresentados por meio de quadros, tabelas e figuras. Resultados: Quanto à opinião dos Egressos, Residentes e Residentes Desistentes sobre a sua preparação para atuação na Atenção Básica ao finalizar a graduação, a maioria considerou suficiente, insuficiente e precária. Observou-se que a maior parte dos Egressos considerou plena e adequada a contribuição da Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde para o seu desempenho profissional na Atenção Básica. Conclusão: A Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde na Atenção Básica tem cumprido seu propósito de formação para o Sistema Único de Saúde. Por ser pioneiro e regional, este estudo abre espaço para novas discussões sobre os Programas de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde e sobre a formação das profissões da saúde para a atuação na Atenção Básica nas graduações em saúde no contexto brasileiro.
LIBERAÇÃO LENTA DO ÓLEO DE COPAÍBA ADSOLUBILIZADO EM HIDRÓXIDOS DUPLOS LAMELARES: UM MATERIAL PROMISSOR PARA POMADAS CUTÂNEAS
Authors: Nogueira Daiane , Jaerger Silvia , Fin Margani , Mainardes Rubiana , Zatta Leandro , Tormen Luciano , Marangoni Rafael
Published: May 2022

SLOW-RELEASE OF COPAIBA OIL ADSOLUBILIZED INTO LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDES: A PROMISING MATERIAL FOR SKIN OINTMENTS. In this work, Zn/Al layered double hydroxides intercalated with dodecyl sulfate ion (DS) in molar ratios (Zn2+/Al3+) 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1 were synthesized by co-precipitation method and then they were adsolubilized with essential oil of copaiba in the concentrations of 3, 5, 10, 13 and 15% wt/wt to be used as carriers in therapeutic ointments for skin injury treatments. The XRD results showed a diffraction pattern corresponding to the structure of LDHs with the presence of diffraction peaks referring to the basal reflection planes. Typical stretching and vibration bands of copaiba essential oil in FTIR spectra confirmed the adsolubilization process. The oil release plateau in the ointment was above 80% at normalized values in a time of approximately 20 h, the time required for dissolution and release of molecules adsorbed in the layered structure of the material for molar ratios 2:1 and 3:1 and the release of the solubilized molecules in the interlayer space. In contrast, LDH with a 4:1 molar ratio showed slower release and did not reach the plateau in 48 h, as this material has the ability to retain oil molecules in the LDH for longer, causing a slower release in relation to other molar ratios. The analysis for the non-intercalated copaiba oil showed a gradual increase in the concentration of the oil in the ointment, indicating a different curve profile.
Response of carbon budget to climate change of the alpine meadow in Gannan using the CENTURY model
Authors: Nkrumah Teddy , Meiling Zhang , Stephen Nazieh , Xingyu Wang
Published: May 2022

Alpine meadows have become particularly vulnerable to climate change. Variations in precipitation and temperature affect the ecological production of a region. The matrices for ecosystem change include net primary production (NPP), net photosynthesis (PsnNet), and net ecosystem production (NEP), of which NEP is the most important. Using the CENTURY model for alpine meadows, we investigated the response of NEP to climate change from 1969 to 2018 in Gannan, Gansu Province, China. The distribution pattern of NEP in Gannan was simulated with the model. The Mann–Kendall trend test was used to analyze the interannual variation of NEP for the individual counties and the entire study area over a 50-year period. The results showed the annual NEP distribution pattern varied widely in the region, with the highest NEP values in the southeastern part while the northwestern part showed the lowest. The highest NEP was measured in summer with sufficient precipitation and higher temperatures, whereas the lowest values occurred in winter. The total carbon sequestered in the Gannan alpine meadow over the last 50 years was 43580.9 gC, with the average annual NEP of the alpine meadow being approximately 813.62 gC m−2 year−1. Due to the combined effects of precipitation and temperature variations, NEP exhibits significant seasonal and interannual variations. The simulated NEP values of the seven counties fluctuated over the last 50 years, with each county showing an upward trend and the simulated NEP in the entire Gannan area also showing a clear upward trend that mutated around the year 1990. Both precipitation and temperature were found to be significantly and positively correlated with NEP. Precipitation was a significant driving factor, while temperature interacted with precipitation on the carbon budget. The carbon budget in the alpine meadow was stabilized by increasing precipitation and temperature. Estimates from NEP were in satisfactory correlation with measurements (r2=0.74, n=25 at p<0.01). Our findings provide preliminary understanding of the carbon budget and climatic feedback in Gannan alpine meadows which will help to predict carbon fluxes in the terrestrial biosphere and the impacts of climate change.
Lino Ciccone, Trudne spotkania w konfesjonale. Trzydzieści problemów sumienia, tłum. Krzysztof Stopa, Wydawnictwo Serafin, Kraków 2019, ss. 209.
Authors: Kućko Wojciech
Published: May 2022

Sakrament pokuty i pojednania jest jedną z płaszczyzn życia Kościoła katolickiego, w której można jak w soczewce dostrzec wiele problemów i trudności obecnych czasów, jak i ludzi w nich żyjących. Postmodernizm i szerząca się w świecie zachodnim rewolucja seksualna bardzo mocno uderzyły w sakrament pokuty, w którym człowiek wierzący konfrontuje swoje postępowanie we własnym sumieniu z obiektywnymi normami prawa Bożego. Utrata poczucia grzechu w wielu społeczeństwach niemal całkowicie zniweczyła to, co przez wieki było duchową siłą Kościoła – powstawanie z grzechów dzięki rozgrzeszeniu sakramentalnemu, połączone z zadośćuczynieniem i naprawą krzywd grzechów, które zawsze mają konsekwencje w życiu indywidualnym i wspólnotowym.

W tym kontekście jako bardzo użyteczna i potrzebna jawi się publikacja Lino Cicconego, zmarłego w 2014 r. włoskiego teologa moralisty, bioetyka i badacza problematyki sumienia, zatytułowana Trudne spotkania w konfesjonale. Trzydzieści problemów sumienia (polski tytuł nie jest tłumaczeniem trudnego do przełożenia włoskiego pierwowzoru: L’inconfessabile & il confessato,

Ares, Milano 2007). To pierwsza w języku polskim książka tego autora, która otwiera nową serię, zatytułowaną Biblioteka Szkoły dla Spowiedników. To właśnie dzięki twórcom tej założonej w 2004 r. szkoły polscy czytelnicy mogą zapoznać się z trzydziestoma kazusami, dotyczącymi różnych grzechów wyznawanych w sakramencie pokuty.
Jan Polák, Bellezza in vendita. Chirurgia estetica tra storia, antropologia ed etica, Edizioni Sant’Antonio, Beau Bassin 2018, ss. 503.
Authors: Kućko Wojciech
Published: May 2022

Troska o ciało, nierzadko przybierająca formy kultu ciała, jest jednym z charakterystycznych fenomenów czasów współczesnych, naznaczonych bardzo mocno przywiązywaniem uwagi do tego, co widoczne, mniej zaś do tego, co metafizyczne, duchowe. W tym kontekście bardzo

poważnym problemem moralnym są proponowane na coraz większą skalę i dla coraz szerszego grona odbiorców oferty operacji estetycznych, plastycznych i innych zabiegów, upiększających ciało ludzkie. Z drugiej strony chirurgia estetyczna jest ogromną szansą dla wielu osób, dotkniętych konsekwencjami różnych chorób, wypadków komunikacyjnych, okaleczeń, wojen. Dzięki opera- cjom plastycznym możliwe jest przywracanie akceptowalnego przez danego człowieka wyglądu i poprawianie w ten sposób kondycji psycho-fizyczno-duchowej.

Próbę wskazania kompleksowej odpowiedzi moralnej na te kwestie jest obszerna publikacja (503 ss.) w języku włoskim autorstwa czeskiego duchownego katolickiego, ks. Jana Poláka, zatytu- łowana Bellezza in vendita. Chirurgia estetica tra storia, antropologia ed etica [Piękno na sprzedaż. Chirurgia estetyczna między historią, antropologią i etyką], wydana we włoskim wydawnictwie Edizioni Sant’Antonio. Książka jest owocem studium ad Doctoratum i poszukiwań badawczych ks. Jana Poláka w czasie studiów w Accademia Alfonsiana – Wyższym Instytucie Teologii Moralnej Papieskiego Uniwersytetu Laterańskiego w Rzymie pod kierunkiem ks. prof. Giovanniego Del Missiera oraz prof. Cristiany Freni.
Synthesis of Spiropyrazoles Under Organic and Nonorganic Catalysis
Authors: Farghaly Thoraya A. , Al-Hussain Sami A. , Zaki Magdi E.A. , Asghar Basim H. , Muhammad Zeinab A.
Published: May 2022

Spiropyrazoles display many biological activities such as antitumor, vasodilation,
analgesic, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, aldosterone antagonistic, anabolic, androgenic, antiinflammatory,
progestational and salt-retaining activities, and they also exert neuroprotection
in dopaminergic cell death. Many efforts have been made to obtain these derivatives with high
yield and excellent regio-, diastereo- and enantioselectivities. Most of the spiroprazole synthesis
methods were proceeded in good to excellent yield in the presence of organic catalysts,
such as squaramide, NHC pre-catalyst, pyrrole derivatives, bis-oxazoline, etc. DMAP, DABCO,
thiourea derivatives, DBU, acetic acid and quinoline catalysts. In addition, the inorganic
and organometallic catalysts have been proven their efficiency in the synthesis of various types
of spiro-pyrazoles in excellent yield. Thus, in this review, we have compiled all citations for
the synthesis of spiropyrazoles in the presence of various types of catalysts such as organic, inorganic, and metalorganic
catalysts in the range 2020 to 2012. This review article is a useful compilation for researchers interested in the
synthesis of spiropyrazole derivatives and will assist them in selecting appropriate catalysts for the preparation of
their spiropyrazoles.
Dermatokinetics: Advances and Experimental Models, Focus on Skin Metabolism
Authors: Quantin Paul , Stricher Mathilde , Catoire Sophie , Ficheux Hervé , Egles Christophe
Published: May 2022

Numerous dermal contact products, such as drugs or cosmetics, are applied on the skin, the first protective
barrier to their entrance into the organism. These products contain various xenobiotic molecules that can penetrate
the viable epidermis. Many studies have shown that keratinocyte metabolism could affect their behavior by biotransformation.
While aiming for detoxification, toxic metabolites can be produced. These metabolites may react with
biological macromolecules often leading to sensitization reactions. After passing through the epidermis, xenobiotics
can reach the vascularized dermis and therefore, be bioavailable and distributed into the entire organism.
To highlight these mechanisms, dermatokinetics, based on the concept of pharmacokinetics, has been developed
recently. It provides information on the action of xenobiotics that penetrate the organism through the dermal route.
The purpose of this review is first to describe and synthesize the dermatokinetics mechanisms to consider when
assessing the absorption of a xenobiotic through the skin. We focus on skin absorption and specifically on skin metabolism,
the two main processes involved in dermatokinetics. In addition, experimental models and methods to
assess dermatokinetics are described and discussed to select the most relevant method when evaluating, in a specific
context, dermatokinetics parameters of a xenobiotic. We also discuss the limits of this approach as it is notably used
for risk assessment in the industry where scenario studies generally focus only on one xenobiotic and do not consider
interactions with the rest of the exposome. The hypothesis of adverse effects due to the combination of chemical
substances in contact with individuals and not to a single molecule, is being increasingly studied and embraced in the
scientific community.
Microwave-assisted Synthesis and Characterization of Acrylamide Grafted
Copolymer of Okra Gum with the Application of 32 Central Composite
Designs (CCD)
Authors: Attri Anshul , Taleuzzaman Mohamad , Verma Surajpal
Published: May 2022

Introduction:

Modified polymeric materials are nowadays most commonly used for making modified release pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Methods:

In this present research study, a grafted copolymer is synthesized by using acrylamide and okra gum with the help of the redox initiator method. The method was optimized using a 3-factor, 2-level central composite design (CCD). Optimization of the synthetic process was done by the application of QbD, amount of acrylamide (1-10g), amount of initiator (50-150 mg), and microwave irradiation exposure time (1-5 min) were taken critical process variables and response factors were selected as percentage grafting (% grafting) and percentage yield (% yield).

Results and Conclusion:

The optimized formulation (F13) having a maximum percentage of grafting 82.2 and a percentage yield of 12.54 of the formulation’s acrylamide (5.5g), amount of initiator (100 mg), and microwave irradiation exposure time (3 min). Characterization of synthesized grafted copolymer product was performed by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), FT-IR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Insulin Management for Type 2 Diabetes During Ramadan: A Narrative
Review for Clinicians
Authors: Kieu Alexander , Iles Ashley
Published: May 2022

Objective:

Muslims with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes are at high risk for adverse
events while fasting during the month of Ramadan. However, advances in pharmacologic therapy
coupled with creative strategies of insulin administration can mitigate complications. This narrative
literature review investigates which insulin subtypes are likely to prevent hypoglycemic events and
reduce hyperglycemia during the Ramadan fasting season for this high-risk population.

Design:

Narrative literature review

Eligibility Criteria:

The following MeSH terms were used: “Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2” and “Insulin,”
and the “Text Words”: “Ramadan”, “iftar”, “Muslim fast”, and “religious fast.” The primary
focus was on adult, non-pregnant, insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes during Ramadan. Anything
beyond this focus was excluded. A total of nine pertinent studies were included for narrative review
and analysis.

Information Sources:

PubMed, EMBASE and Medline.

Results:

The studies identified suggest long-acting insulins reduce the risk of hypoglycemia, and
rapid-acting insulin analogues may improve post-iftar hyperglycemia. Moreover, utilizing flexible
glycemic targets during Ramadan is a novel strategy that has demonstrated improved outcomes after
the fasting season.

Conclusion:

Certain insulin subtypes and dosing strategies may be advantageous to use during
Ramadan. However, a systematic, comprehensive, and updated review, including a critical appraisal
of each original study, is needed to improve clinical care of insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes
during Ramadan.
Utilization of Maltodextrin and Whey Protein Concentrate for Microencapsulation
of Kinnow Peel Extract in Breadsticks
Authors: Rafiq Shafiya , Ahmad Nayik Gulzar , Kaul Rajkumari , Kumar Harish , Ruiz Rodríguez Alfonso
Published: May 2022

Aims:

This work aimed to develop a functional powder from kinnow peel extract,
which could be proposed as a novel ingredient in the formulation of functional foods.

Methods:

The extract was spray-dried using different proportions (0, 15, 30 and 45 %) of encapsulating
agents (maltodextrin and whey protein concentrate (WPC) at two different inlet air temperatures
of 145 and 155 °C). The developed powder was examined for process yield, microencapsulation
efficiency, colour, moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity, solubility and antioxidant
properties.

Results:

The study showed the excellent potential of WPC as a drying aid in the production of
quality powder in terms of better yield (77.76-82.87%), higher microencapsulation efficiency
(69.07-80.36 %), better phenolic content (18.04-13.37 mg/g GAE) and higher antioxidant activity
(63.80-74.20 %), as compared to maltodextein. Polyphenol retention was also investigated under
controlled conditions, and results demonstrated an excellent stability of polyphenols at higher
concentrations of encapsulating agent. Microencapsulated powder in breadsticks significantly
affected the proximate composition and viscoelastic properties.

Conclusion:

This study can be recommended for the conversion of plant extracts into encapsulated
powders with reduced volume and better physical and rehydration properties to fortify different
cereal products, thus producing new and functional
The Involvement of Melatonin and Tasimelteon against Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Ravikumar Mrinalini , Mohan Sumithra , Velpandian Chitra
Published: May 2022

Background:

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disease with progressive cognition and memory loss, insomnia, and other abnormal behavioral changes. Amongst various hypotheses for AD pathophysiology, occupational stress-induced Alzheimer’s has recently been reported in many AD cases.

Objective:

Studies pertaining to the same suggest that stress leads to insomnia or sleep disruption, which further leads to neuroinflammation due to oxidative stress, both of which are major harbingers of AD. Additionally, overall sleep deficit is associated with progressive cognitive and memory decline, which adds more inconvenience to Alzheimer’s disease. Based on this, any triumphant AD management needs a pharmacological intervention that can not only antagonize the amyloid betainduced neurotoxicity but also correct the sleep-wake cycle disruption. Chronobiotic therapeutics like melatonin offer vital neuroprotective effects by eliciting its action through more than one of the pathologies of AD. This is also bolstered by the finding that endogenous melatonin levels are lower in AD patients. This melatonin replacement therapy can be especially useful in AD treatment, but only in the early phases of the disease and in cases where the melatonin receptors are intact and functioning.

Conclusion:

To negate such limitations and extend the action and therapeutic efficacy of melatonin- mediated actions towards AD treatment, melatonin analogue like tasimelteon can pose a high therapeutic value in AD treatment superior to that provided by melatonin. This review encapsulates all details about how AD is believed to occur and how current situations influence it, along with how melatonin and tasimelteon act towards treating Alzheimer’s.
Choosing the Right Protocol to Establish MCF-7 Tumor Xenograft in Nude Mice
Authors: Hosseinimehr Seyed Jalal , Behzadi Ramezan , Ahmadpour Sajjad , Amiri Fereshteh Talebpour , Kavosian Saeid , Asori Mohsen
Published: May 2022

Background:

Xenografts of various human cancers in nude mice provide a helpful model in cancer research.
This study aimed to develop a xenograft mouse model of MCF-7 breast cancer using injectable estradiol valerate.

Methods:

Thirty healthy female C57 nu/nu mice were engrafted with three protocols to establish an MCF-7 tumor.
Injectable estradiol valerate (10 mg/ml) was used as a substitute for estradiol pellets. The development of tumors was
recorded daily, and data were statistically analyzed. Histology of bladder, kidney, and tumors was used to estimate
tumor establishment and probable urinary adverse effects.

Results:

According to the findings, the duration of MCF-7 tumor growth was the lowest for protocol B (tumor tissue).
Also, this protocol had the highest xenograft yield within the shortest time duration (37 days for protocol B vs. 73 days
for protocol A) without causing urinary adverse effects.

Conclusion:

Our findings revealed that estradiol valerate, which is way less expensive than estradiol pellets, can be
used as a tumor proliferator to establish MCF-7 tumors with the highest yield when MCF-7 tumors have been used for
xenograft.
Combined Filtration and Flocculation for Chlorella vulgaris Harvesting
Authors: Marbelia Lisendra , Bilad Muhammad R. , Rens Pieter , Vankelecom Ivo
Published: May 2022

Background:

The present study aims to explore the feasibility of using flocculation combined
with filtration for microalgae harvesting, i.e., Chlorella vulgaris. This is important because microalgae
have small sizes and its broth is stable, which makes it difficult to be harvested. The aforementioned
facts cause the harvesting cost to be relatively high and become the bottleneck of microalgae
processes.

Objective:

The objective of this research is to find the relation between microalgae concentration, chitosan
dosing as a flocculant, and its filterability on membranes.

Methods:

Research was performed by first cultivating the microalgae in a lab-scale photobioreactor,
followed by jar test, flocculation, and filtration experiment. Jar test flocculation was performed using
chitosan and microalgae with different concentrations, by simply mixing it in a 100-mL bottle and analyzing
the results with UV Vis Spectroscopy. Filtration experiments were performed using lab-made
polyvinylidene fluoride membrane, in a 100-mL dead-end filtration cell and in a 5-L tank for submerged
filtration. During both filtration tests, filtration flux and fouling were monitored and compared.

Results:

Results showed that the chitosan concentration needed as a flocculant depends on the microalgae
biomass concentration. For the filterability tests, the results proved that flocculation with chitosan
enhanced the filterability of the microalgae broth both in dead-end and submerged filtration
mode. For the used biomass concentration of around 400 mg/L, the filterability test showed an optimum
concentration of chitosan at 7.5 to 10 mg/L, which resulted in a higher filtration flux and lower
irreversible fouling in the dead-end filtration and a higher critical flux in the submerged filtration setup.

Conclusion:

This increased filterability allowed higher fluxes to be operated, thus resulting in a more
efficient harvesting process.
Biowaste-based Porous Carbon for Supercapacitors: Synthesis, Fabrication
and Electrochemical Performances: A Review
Authors: Mensah-Darkwa Kwadwo , Appiah Eugene Sefa , Gupta Anjali , Nashiru Mahadeen Nanzumani , Ampong Daniel Nframah , Agyemang Frank Ofori
Published: May 2022

The development of low-cost, high-efficiency electrode materials for supercapacitors is motivated by the growing need for green and affordable clean energy (SDG goal 7). Developing new energy conversion and storage technologies, such as supercapacitors, batteries, and fuel cells, is a viable option for meeting energy demands while addressing environmental concerns. Recent advances in carbonaceous materials derived from biowaste for supercapacitor applications have piqued the interest of academics and industry alike. Because of their large surface area and porous structure, activated carbon-based electrode materials can be used in various applications, including supercapacitors, fuel cells, and batteries. Carbonaceous materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and activated carbon, exhibit EDLC-like behavior mainly due to ion adsorption at the electrode interface. In recent years, several potential strategies for the synthesis and structural architecture of biowaste-derived porous carbons have been tested with varying degrees of success. Thus, it is critical to evaluate the prospects for biowaste-derived porous carbon materials used as supercapacitor electrodes.
In this review, we highlight how different biowaste-derived porous carbon affects the surface properties of carbon nanostructures and how this affects their electrochemical performance. Additionally, the extent to which various biowastes have been utilized as porous carbon for supercapacitor electrodes is addressed. The different synthesis techniques, such as hydrothermal carbonization, physical activation, chemical activation, and microwave-assisted activation, are briefly described in this review. Finally, we highlight fabrication techniques as well as electrochemical performance measurements such as CV, GCD, EIS, energy density, and power density.
Human Rights V. State Sovereignty - Conflict: Lessons from the Case Study of Afghan Refugees in Iran
Authors: Jami Maryam
Published: May 2022

Refugee-hosting countries have long feared that abiding by international law principles that entrench the human rights of refugees might impair their state sovereignty. Iran is one example of such countries: so far, it has refused to effectively protect the legal rights of its Afghan population and has also violated these rights on various occasions. This paper, however, argues that unheeding and violating the human rights of refugees by the host states trigger international backlash and humanitarian interference against them, thereby undermining their sovereignty. The paper illustrates how Iran’s anti-foreigner migration standards regarding Afghans have so far infringed its state sovereignty: they have led to the furious international condemnation of Iranian politics towards Afghan refugees and have left out a possibility of prospective humanitarian interventions. In doing so, the paper (1) charts how ignoring and violating the refugees’ rights can indirectly but more robustly damage a host state’s sovereignty, and (2) offers a new perspective into the orthodox understanding of the human rights and state sovereignty ‘pull-and-tug’: It refutes the longstanding conviction that the protection of refugees’ rights strikes at the host state’s sovereignty.
The Confidentiality and Transparency Debate Under Investor-State Mediation
Authors: Xiaoyo Fan
Published: May 2022

As an important part of alternative dispute resolution, investor–state mediation is attracting increasing interest from the creators of investment treaties and institutional rules. Traditional mediation mechanisms are inherently confidential. Keeping mediation proceedings and related documents strictly confidential is crucial to successful mediation. However, investor–state disputes, which involve public interests, often do not allow for the strict confidentiality of traditional mediation. Rather, those involved in investor–state mediation face pressure to be transparent. To increase public acceptance and the perceived legitimacy of the investor–state mediation system, it is necessary to establish the right balance between confidentiality and transparency. The degrees of transparency in arbitration and mediation are not the same; there are many institutional differences in their transparency rules, such as those regarding public hearings, access to documents, and non-disputing party submissions. The degree of transparency of investor–state mediation should generally fall between the strict confidentiality of commercial mediation and the transparency of investor–state arbitration. Distinct from investor–state arbitration and its exceptions to transparency and confidentiality requirements, investor–state mediation applies confidentiality in principle, with appropriately expanded transparency exceptions to respond to the need for transparency. When constructing investor–state mediation transparency rules, it is necessary to consider many other factors, as there is no universally applicable optimal degree of transparency.