bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuropathology
Authors: Lantos Peter L , Cairns Nigel J
Published: October 2023

Within the nosological entity of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), there is both clinical and pathological heterogeneity. Subgroups include sporadic and familial forms; there are also phenotypic differences according to the gene and location of the genetic defect within a single gene. Occasionally, atypical cases may be seen and Alzheimer’s disease may also be found in combination with other diseases, which may contribute to the dementing illness (see chapter 11).
Vascular dementias
Authors: Hodges John R , Graham Naida L
Published: October 2023

Cerebrovascular disease is typically regarded as a condition of the elderly in whom it undoubt- edly plays an important, but complex, role in the genesis of cognitive impairment. (For review of this topic readers are recommended to read the many excellent articles in the special issue of Alzheimer’s Disease and Associated Disorders, Volume 13, supplement 3, December 1999.) Rather surprisingly, in view of the relative rarity of cases in memory clinics (Rockwood et al. 1999), epidemiological studies also show that vascular dementias (VaD) contribute significantly in younger cohorts. For instance, in a recent community-based study of two London boroughs by Harvey et al. (Chapter 1), VaD was second in prevalence only to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in patients aged under 65. Intuitively it seems likely that rarer causes of VaD are more common in the elderly, although this has not been proven.
Epidemiology Of Bladder Cancer
Authors: Silverman Debra T , Rothman Nathaniel , Devesa Susan S
Published: October 2023

In the United Kingdom, an estimated 12 900 cases of cancer of the urinary bladde are diagnosed and 5400 deaths from the disease occur each year (1). These account for 7.9% of all new cases of cancer among men and 3.2% of cases among women, as well as 4.4% of cancer deaths among men and 2.4% among women. In the USA, the corresponding figures are about 6.3% of all new cases among men and 2.5% among women, as well as 2.9% of cancer deaths among men and 1.5% among women (2). The lifetime risk of ever being diagnosed with bladder cancer is 3.38% among men in the USA (3). Among women, the lifetime risk is 1.18%. The lifetime risks of dying due to bladder cancer are 0.70% for men and 0.35% for women. More than 80% of bladder cancers diagnosed in the United Kingdom are histologically confirmed (4). Most of these are transitional cell carcinomas (82%); 2% are squamous cell carcinomas and 2.5% are adenocarcinomas.
Your experience of chronic (persistent) back and neck pain
Authors: Burn Loïc
Published: October 2023

Acute (short,lived) and chronic (persistent) pain produce very different problems. A ‘chronic pain state’ refers to chronic pain from any cause and presents with certain generic symptoms and problems, as applicable to chronic back and neck pain as to any other chronic pain.
conclusion
Authors: Burn Loïc
Published: October 2023

The extraordinary explosion in the number of cases of back and neck pain shows no signs of abating. You have seen exactly how the pain can affect, and sometimes take over, your life- perhaps more than you realize. You now know the different problems that acute and chronic pain present for you and that there has been a radical change in thinking with regard to what should be done to you and what you should do yourself. In fact, things are moving so fast that a completely new review of the situation was undertaken barely two years after the previous one. This does not happen very often in medicine.
Physical, sexual abuse
Authors: Etherington Kim
Published: October 2023

The topic of childhood sexual and physical abuse has been the subject of many research reports and literature over the last 10 or 15 years.
End-of-life care in dialysis
Authors: Bowman Kerry W , Singer Peter A
Published: October 2023

Dialysis has given many patients with renal failure a chance to live longer and more productive lives. But the medical ability to prolong the lives of these patients also poses some difficult ethical questions: When should dialysis be withheld? When should it be continued? And, finally, when should it be stopped? Much of what we know about end-of-life care comes from nephrology in the context of dialysis, but there is still much to learn.
Societal allocation of resources for patients with ESRD
Authors: Callahan Daniel
Published: October 2023

I approach the topic of resource allocation for patients with end-stage renal disease with trepidation and chagrin. The trepidation comes from the difficulty of the topic, one that becomes harder, not easier, as time goes on. More people need dialysis, more can benefit from it, more seem inappropriate users, and more and more money is needed to pay for it. How are we supposed to deal with that? The chagrin comes from the fact that I have been saying for at least 20 years, in a voice reminiscent of Chicken Little, ‘this can’t go on, it just can’t’. But it has gone on and, in the near term, will no doubt continue to go on.
Controversies in acetabular fracture surgery
Authors: Macleod M D
Published: October 2023

Treatment of fractures of the acetabulum has changed dramatically in the last five decades. Surgical treatment has evolved rapidly as surgeons have recognized the need to intervene and have developed techniques to improve outcomes associated with these injuries
Evidence-based patient choice?
Authors: Elwyn Glyn , Edwards Adrian
Published: October 2023

This book’s focus is on the decisions taken in consultations between health care patients and professionals. We mention this here because we are all too aware of the frame we have placed around the discussions. These eighteen chapters consider one of the most complex issues of all—human decision making—and, in addition, do so within the politically sensitive contexts of health care systems as they test the ability of their collective financing arrangements to meet the demands placed on them.
Evidence-based patient choice in primary health care
Authors: Schofield Theo
Published: October 2023

Many countries such as the UK have an established system of primary health care in which a large proportion of all illness episodes are managed. The elements of this system include personal doctoring, generalist whole person care, and the requirement that patients are usually only seen in secondary care after referral. This chapter examines how the structures and processes of primary care affects the opportunities that patients have to make evidence-based choices about their health care.
Coping With Sports Injuries: Psychological Strategies for Rehabilitation
Authors: Crossman Jane
Published: October 2023

When an athlete gets injured great attention is paid to understanding the physical nature of their injury and putting in place strategies for rehabilitation. Too often though, the psychological effects of injury are not even considered, yet an injury can have a profound psychological effect on the well-being of the athlete. To attend only to the physical effects is to leave a part of the athlete effectively untreated. Jane Crossman is one of the world authorities on the psychological effects of sporting injuries. In Coping with sports injuries she has brought together the leading researchers from sports science and medicine to firstly discuss and explain the ways in which the athlete is psychologically affected by injury, before going on to provide effective and proven methods for helping the athlete through this difficult period. The information in the book will be valuable in helping to ensure that they can return to their field of activity fully treated. Coping with sports injuries is a unique book that will be of enormous interest and benefit to sports physicians, sports scientists, team doctors, and anyone involved in the rehabilitation of the injured athlete.
The Role of the Physiotherapist and Sport Therapist
Authors: Gordon Sandy , Potter Margaret , Hamer Peter
Published: October 2023

This chapter has three objectives: first, to provide a brief overview of research that supports the use of sport psychology principles and mental skills techniques as part of the rehabilitation process for injured athletes; second, to outline a periodization approach for the application of mental skills techniques related to the pathology and repair phases of rehabilitation; and third, to illustrate with three case studies how mental skills training can be implemented within guidelines for best practice.
Returning to Action and the Prevention of Future Injury
Authors: Andersen Mark B
Published: October 2023

Once the initial shock of an athletic injury is over and the athlete has settled into a rehabilitation routine, the questions of returning to participation in sport and the prevention of future injuries loom larger and larger as recovery proceeds. Returning a recovering athlete to full sport participation is a complex and multifaceted process, which is influenced by a variety of factors that include the characteristics of the injury along with biological, psychological, and social variables.
Economics and efficiency
Authors: Dolan Paul , Olsen Jan Abel
Published: October 2023

This chapter has the dual purpose of introducing the ‘dismal science’ of economics to non-economists, and to draw trained economists’ attention to those parts of their discipline that are most relevant in the context of this book. Therefore, rather than purporting to represent a complete introduction to economics, the chapter introduces concepts and basic models which are of particular relevance later in the book.
Justice and fairness
Authors: Dolan Paul , Olsen Jan Abel
Published: October 2023

Justice and fairness essentially deal with two issues; whether the distribution of something is considered ‘just’ and ‘fair’, and whether the procedures that led to that distribution are considered ‘just’ and ‘fair’. This chapter discusses the major theories of justice, with an emphasis on comparing them with each other. Given the title and focus of this book, most space will be devoted to theories of distributive justice.
Life events: meanings and precursors
Authors: Craig Tom K J
Published: October 2023

The first and most obvious issue concerns the definition of experiences of possibly causal relevance. For any aetiological investigation, we must decide whether we are interested in both discrete events that can be pinpointed in time (for example, a change of job, a death, the receipt of bad news) as well as chronic difficulties whose origins may be impossible to date precisely (for example, marital problems, poor quality housing, chronic ill health of a household member).
Conversion hysteria: the relevance of attentional awareness
Authors: Sierra Mauricio , Berrios German E
Published: October 2023

Often encountered in neuropsychiatric practice, so-called ‘conversive symptoms’ refer to sensory or motor deficits which cannot be mapped onto conventional neuroanatomical knowledge. Historically, they did not always belong to the ‘hysteria’ complex. The fact that they were added later has created interesting conceptual obstacles to their analysis. Conversive symptoms, however, cannot be said to be specific to hysteria; indeed, 50-80 per cent are reported to ‘coexist’ with other psychiatric disorders, most commonly depression (Guze et al. 1971; Lecompte 1987). In about 50 per cent of cases, some form of ‘personality disorder’ is also found (Binzer et al. 1997). But in 80 per cent, conversive symptoms are not associated with the so-called hysterical personality or Briquette’s syndrome (Marsden 1986).
Disorders of willed action
Authors: Spence Sean A
Published: October 2023

Hysteria, or conversion disorder, is a curious diagnostic entity, characterized by a puta- tive psychological mechanism rather than a specific symptom or pathognomonic finding. Indeed, it is the absence of such features which renders the diagnosis, combined with the belief (on the part of the physician) that the patient is not consciously feigning dys- function; however, physicians can be poor judges of deception (Turner, 1999).
Cognitive behavioural therapy as a treatment for conversion disorders
Authors: Chalder Trudie
Published: October 2023

The term ‘conversion hysteria’ is often used in place of ‘conversion disorder’. Both are inadequate for a number of reasons, not least because they are often seen as pejorative and judgemental by the patient. However, they can also be misleading, and if used in clinical practice are apt to alienate and upset the patient (see Merskey’s chapter in this volume, p. 171). In DSM-IV, the diagnostic criteria for conversion disorder include the presence of psychological conflicts and primary and secondary gain (Mayo et al. 1995). It is often difficult though, especially in the early stages of assessment, to ascertain a specific psychological trigger, and the concept of secondary gain is a dubious one for which there is no conclusive evidence. It is clear that the current classification system is unsatisfactory from both a descriptive and explanatory perspective (Mayou et al.1995; see also Wessely’s chapter in this volume, p. 63). However, given the lack of an acceptable alternative the term conversion disorder will be used in this chapter.
The prevention of delirium
Authors: O’Keeffe Shaun
Published: October 2023

Delirium is a common condition among older people admitted to hospital and is associated with serious short-term and long-term consequences for patients and with increased health costs (see Chapter 4). Management of delirium can be difficult and, at present, primarily consists of supportive care and relief of symptoms. Many patients do badly even with optimum management. Thus, the potential benefits of preventing delirium are substantial for patients and also for health care systems.
Cold Wars
Authors: Tyrrell David , Fielder Michael
Published: October 2023

Cold Wars tells the story of the common cold, the most widespread disease of all. From ancient Egypt to the space age, colds have plagued mankind, and many attempts have been made to find a cure. Today, we spend millions of pounds on remedies and businesses lose millions of pounds through employee sickness - but are we any closer to conquering the cold? In the aftermath of the Second World War, a concerted effort was made in the UK to resolve the scientific conundrum of the common cold. A Common Cold Unit was established near Salisbury, in collaboration with emergency facilities provided by Harvard and the American Red Cross, and for nearly 50 years was part of the British medical establishment. Much of the research was done on volunteers, who came in large numbers to the CCU to spend days in isolation while scientists attempted to give them a cold. Many eminent scientists, including James Lovelock, were part of the attempt to understand the common cold. This book begins with a brief history of colds through the centuries, describing what earlier generations believed and the strange treatments they tried. That the cold was caused by a virus was only uncovered at the beginning of the last century. The authors vividly describe the establishment of the Common Cold Unit, and its work in uncovering the causes and transmission of the cold and analysing possible treatments. Finally, they assess the progress made in recent years in understanding the psychological aspects of colds, and the latest research on prevention and cures. Cold Wars offers a fascinating account of an eccentric, but effective, attempt to unravel the mysteries of the common cold.
Idiopathic pain syndromes
Authors: Imundo Lisa F
Published: October 2023

The aim of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with the spectrum of childhood conditions characterized by severe disability out of proportion to physical findings. It provides a balanced discussion of several frequently encountered painful conditions and offers an approach to management based in large part on JIA experience gleaned from children with painful and disabling conditions who happily attend school regularly and participate fully in after school programs.
Psoriatic Arthritis
Authors: Cabral David A
Published: October 2023

The aim of this chapter are to discuss the clinical manifestations, investigations, and classification of Psoriatic Arthritis in children. The difficulties inherent in correctly diagnosing and classifying patients with this type of arthritis in particular will be emphasized. Psoriatic Arthritis in children has only recently been recognized as a distinct condition among the chronic arthritides of childhood. In many centres, it continues to be under-diagnosed. This chapter will concentrate on the clinical characteristics of childhood Psoriatic Arthritis and point out largely unappreciated differences between this arthritis and the other types of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA).
Pharmacological treatment of early or established arthritis
Authors: Malleson Peter N
Published: October 2023

The aim of this chapter is to discuss the usual pharmacological management of JIA in a manner that is practical, highlighting the benefits and disadvantages of the more commonly used drugs The treatment of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is challenging for both the physician and the patient. Although the goal of treatment is straightforward—to achieve remission of disease—without significant physical or emotional sequelae, there are no therapies that consistently and reliably achieve this result for all children.
Pharmacological treatment: Approach to the management of refractory arthritis
Authors: Wulffraat Nico M , Prakken Berent J
Published: October 2023

The aim of this chapter is to provide a thorough discussion of the role of aggressive, and largely experimental treatment options for children with severe and refractory Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) who have failed conventional therapies. In recent years, because of the recognition of the relatively poor outcomes of Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), treatment of these conditions has been intensified considerably. Potent immunosuppressive drugs have been introduced early in attempts to suppress joint inflammation in those children who do not respond rapidly to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) [1,2].
Introduction
Authors: Griffin Jasper
Published: October 2023

The history of Greece and Rome can be looked at in two different ways. It can be seen as forming a single whole, all the way from the emergence of the Greek city-state (the polis) in the eighth century BC to the enormous expansion and eventual disintegration of the Roman Empire, a society which rested on Roman military and political power but whose culture, literature, and arts were truly Graeco-Roman. It can also be seen as two separate stories: first, the rise of the Greek polis from poverty and obscurity to the self-confident splendours of the ‘classical’ period in the fifth century BC, its extension over great areas of Asia by the conquests of Alexander, and its eventual subjugation by the Roman legions.
Greek Myth and Hesiod
Authors: Griffin Jasper
Published: October 2023

Everyone is familiar with some Greek myths: that Oedipus solved the riddle of the Sphinx and married his mother, that the Argonauts sailed away in search of the Golden Fleece. Many poeple know that there is a large modern literature about mythology, from Sir James Frazer’s Golden Bough and Robert Graves’s Greek Myths to the dense and complex accounts given by Claude Levi-Strauss and the Structuralists. Myth is a very attractive subject, but the immense disagreements of the experts show that it is also a very difficult one. It was a brilliant stroke of George Eliot to show the learned Mr Casaubon, in Middlemarch, struggling to write a Key to all Mythologies, swamped and overwhelmed by masses of material on which he could not impose any intelligible order.
The Poets of the Late Republic
Authors: Nisbet Robin
Published: October 2023

EARLY in 54 BC Cicero ended a letter tn his brother with a note on his recent reading. ‘Lucretius’ poetry is just as you say; many brilliances of natural genius, all the same much technique; but more anon. If you read Sallustius’ Empedoclea I’ll think you a man, but I’ll not think you a human being’ (QF 2. 10. 3). Here we glimpse a society where some public men find time for new literature, and comment on it without affectation. Both the works mentioned are philosophical and scientific, reflecting the intellectual curiosity of a small Hellenized elite, an enlightenment that Cicero was to transmit but did not originate.
The Arts of Prose The Early Empire
Authors: Russell Donald
Published: October 2023

The first two centuries of the Christian era produced an extensive and important prose literature, both in Greek and in Latin. Though the greatest genius, Tacitus, was a Roman whose ways of thinking seem peculiarly difficult to express in Greek, the two languages were in many respects vehicles of a single literature, and the Greek contribution is arguably the more significant of the two. Not that Greek and Latin were at all on an equal footing. Native Greek speakers seldom troubled to learn Latin, except for the purposes of official life, and they seem to have found its nuances hard to grasp. ‘Longinus’ (On Sublimity 12. 4) wisely asks indulgence for trying to judge Cicero; Plutarch (Demosthenes 3) disclaims the ability to do so, and clearly had a struggle with his Latin.
The Arts of Living
Authors: Ling Roger
Published: October 2023

The object of the present chapter is to review those aspects of Roman art and architecture which impinge upon life, and conversely those aspects of life which encroach upon the realms of art. Thus, while Chapter 16 will deal with High Art and ‘art for art’s sake’, we shall here concentrate on topics such as houses and gardens in so far as they affect and reflect life-style, on fittings, furnishings, and interior decoration as documents of contemporary taste and attitudes, on eating and drinking, on personal effects and ornaments, and on household implements and utensils. The field is vast and varied, and generalization is inevitable. It is inevitable, above all, that much of the material discussed will relate to Roman Italy and to the first and early second centuries AD, for which we have an unparalleled abundance of evidence, both literary and archaeological.
The First Fall of Mussolini, July 1943
Authors: Morgan Philip
Published: October 2023

In the early hours of 25 July 1943, after a sitting which lasted for over nine hours, a vote was taken at the Wnal meeting of the Fascist Grand Council. Nineteen of the twenty-six high-ranking Fascists attending the Grand Council voted for a motion which led eventually to the removal of Mussolini as the head of the Italian government. When Mussolini met the king for a slightly earlier than normal audience on the afternoon of 25 July, Victor Emmanuel III told him that there was to be a new government under Marshal Pietro Badoglio. Not only was Mussolini dismissed as head of government; the king had him arrested by a waiting group of carabinieri (military policemen) within the palace grounds, and taken away to a carabinieri barracks in Rome in a windowless military ambulance.
Memory and the Self
Authors: Thompson Paul
Published: October 2023

Every historical source derived from human perception is subjective, but only the oral source allows us to challenge that subjectivity: to unpick the layers of memory, dig back into its darknesses, hoping to reach the hidden truth. If that is so, why not seize our chance, unique to us among historians, ease our informants back on to the couch, and, like psychoanalysts, tap their unconscious, draw out the very deepest of their secrets?
Financing the War
Authors: Feldman Gerald D
Published: October 2023

The German inflation had its origins in the First World War, a war which profoundly altered the course of German history. During the 1970s and 1980s, some historians stressed the important lines of continuity in German history, such as the weaknesses of German liberalism and of the German parliamentary tradition, the special characteristics of German imperialism that are seen by some to run in a continuous line from as far back as 1848 up to the Second World War, and the role played by Germany’s uneven economic and social development in preventing the timely decline of her preindustrial elites and social groups and in delaying the emancipation of the German working class. Although many of these arguments for continuity have come under increasing attack for being excessively teleological, it would be nonsense to reject the existence of a potent and unique historical legacy which is essential to any explanation of why German history took its indisputably disastrous course between 1871 and 1945.1
Sex, Gender, And The Politics Of Era
Authors: Mathews Donald G , Hart Jane Sherron De
Published: October 2023

This is a study of the politics of the movement for an Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution, concentrating on North Carolina, one of the states in which the ERA was defeated. There is particular discussion of the role of the religious fundamentalists who have opposed the Amendment.
Land and Market
Authors: Sellers Charles
Published: October 2023

Opened with the fate of the American republic-and worldwide republicanism-hanging in the balance. A pall of chill, ashes, and gloom lay over muddy little Washington. Burned out of the Capitol, congressmen found standing room in a patent office spared by British invaders’ reverence for technology. Amid blackened rubble, they dreaded news from every direction.
Ambiguous Republicanism
Authors: Sellers Charles
Published: October 2023

Alexandria for a speculation in flour” sounded the knell of the whole system of politics pitting Federalists against Republicans. Federalism had heard its doom the evening before, when delegates bearing the Hartford Convention’s demands to a beleaguered Congress were overtaken by the rumor at Baltimore. With convention and party condemned overnight to treasonable opprobrium, the delegates abandoned their mission, and Federalism abandoned the contest for national power. As Federalist politicians retreated, however, their policies were taken up by their triumphant opponents. The peace news found Republicans creating a new national Bank (herein capitalized to distinguish it from state-chartered banks), five times bigger than the Federalist original.
‘‘A General Mass of Disaffection”
Authors: Sellers Charles
Published: October 2023

The Political firestorm sweeping the states alarmed contenders for the 1824 presidential succession. With “enormous numbers of persons utterly ruined” and “multitudes in deep distress,” Secretary Calhoun warned Secretary Adams late in 1820, there was “a general mass of disaffection to the government, not concentrated in any particular direction, but ready to seize upon any event and looking out anywhere for a leader.” A leader for the democratic conquest of presidential politics emerged in a curious fashion from the Tennessee relief struggle.
Introduction
Authors: Kaplan Marion A
Published: October 2023

The Sabbath and German classics, synagogue and piano lessons, carefully crafted furnishings and German patriotism, Jewish friends and family-these were the separate threads which composed the fabric of middle-class Jewish women’s lives in Imperial Germany. Jewish women wove intricate and complicated patterns in de signing their environments, choosing from modem bourgeois practice and tradition al familial and communal customs. Paradoxically for historians, but perfectly consistently and reasonably for themselves, they were agents of acculturation and tradition, of integration and apartness. On the one hand, many joined the German feminist movement in demanding women’s rights, helped develop the field of modem social work, and pioneered women’s role in higher education and the professions. They urged their Jewish communities to keep pace with changing attitudes toward women’s place in the home and society.
The Paradox of Change
Authors: Chafe William H
Published: October 2023

The Paradox of Change is a revised and updated version of William Chafe's classic study The American Woman (1972). Building on his original analysis of the experience of twentieth-century American women, Chafe now also considers the significance of the events of the last two decades. In a period which has seen the rise of both feminism and the New Right, American women have gradually entered more fully into economic and political life, though complete social and economic equality remains elusive. Tension between public and private roles; the increasing feminization of poverty; and the struggle to have both a family and career remain important unresolved issues, each constituting part of the `paradox of change'.
A Study In Change
Authors: Chafe William H
Published: October 2023

At the end of the 1930s, the prospects for improvement in women’s economic status appeared bleak. Despite important statistical changes in the number of women seeking work, the Depression had fostered a wave of reaction against any change in woman’s traditional role. Legislatures enacted laws restricting the employment of married women; labor, government, and the mass media joined in a campaign urging women to refrain from taking jobs; and the overwhelming majority of average citizens—including women—showed little interest in altering existing gender roles. Although shifts of long-term significance had occurred in the two decades after suffrage, the overall stability of women’s economic and social status was remarkable. In 1940, the percentage of women at work was almost exactly what it had been in 1910, and there seemed little reason to expect any change in the future.
The Unfree Professions
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H
Published: October 2023

How could educated professional support Hitler's Nazi movement and the Third Reich? Jarausch examines this fascinating and largely unexplored subject, tracing the social, ideological, and political development of three representative German professions - lawyers, teachers, and engineers - from the late Empire to the end of World War II.
Workers’ Lives
Authors: Johnson Christopher H
Published: October 2023

The sullen hostility of that night-and the prison sentence its leaders received-made the confrontation of l834, with its charivari overtones and worker self-confidence, seem far in the past. Worker solidarity was now matched by the unity of a small, relatively homogeneous, and determined class of employers, who had been reluctantly supported by the state in blocking and severely punishing working-class economic resistance, until then a seemingly fruitful path.
“We Are at the Crossroads”
Authors: Cobb James C
Published: October 2023

As the 1930s began, the stability of Delta society depended on an intricate network of customs and control mechanisms that guaranteed the fundamental socioeconomic supremacy of all whites over all blacks, while assuring as well that the Delta’s white planter elite would remain at the very top of the region’s socioeconomic and political pyramid. The Great Depression plunged the Delta’s economy into crisis, and the Roosevelt New Deal recovery program introduced the first ongoing federal presence in the region since the end of Reconstruction. The New Deal set in motion forces that would dramatically alter the Delta’s agricultural system, and the influences unloosed by World War II reinforced these trends. Local whites managed to shape the Roosevelt administration’s relief and recovery initiatives to their own needs and interests, however, and their subsequent manipulation of wartime agencies and programs helped to ensure that the planter elite remained in control. Still, although an economically transformed Delta emerged from the protracted trauma of depression and war with its controversial socioeconomic and racial hierarchy largely intact, a changing social and political climate in the nation at large promised to make the relationship between Washington and the region’s white leadership an increasingly tense and contradictory one.
In the Beginning
Authors: Schoenbaum David
Published: October 2023

In the cool, dry realm of juridical theory, all relations between sovereign states are special. But the realities of size, proximity, power, conflicting interests, economic resources, and cultural affinity inevitably make some relationships more special than others. In the years since World War II, the Anglo-U.S., Canadian-U.S., Mexican-U.S., German-U.S., Japanese-U.S., and Soviet-U.S. relationships could all be reasonably described as special. Yet for most of that time, the relationship of the United States with Israel, a country neither large, close, powerful, hostile, richly endowed, nor culturally very near has been at least as special as any of them, and often more special than most. A unique but also fortuitous combination of acknowledged and unacknowledged values, interests, and memories, the whole of the relationship has regularly seemed to exceed the sum of its parts.
A Piece of Peace
Authors: Schoenbaum David
Published: October 2023

The question, as usual, was where to go from there. Kissinger himself conceded the limits of Sinai II in a speech to the Greater Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce on September 16, 1975. “I want to emphasize that the United States did not help negotiate this agreement in order to put an end to the process of peace but to give it new impetus,” he told the U.N. General Assembly a few days later. There were unusual opportunities for progress, he added hopefully, but they had to be seized before they disappeared. It was clear, for all that, that the opportunities were both indeterminate and open-ended. “Impeccable” execution of the Sinai accords was a first condition, the secretary emphasized. Washington was prepared to “make a serious effort to encourage negotiations between Syria and Israel,” he continued bravely. But the third course, involving exploration of “possibilities for perhaps a more informal multilateral meeting to assess conditions and discuss the future,” already led into the mists. “We have no preference for any particular procedure,” the secretary added. Acknowledging superpower concurrence that another war in the region would be disastrous, and the persisting willingness of the United Nations to dispatch casques bleues, he let it be known that the United States was prepared to pursue “whatever process seems most promising.”
Afterthoughts
Authors: Schoenbaum David
Published: October 2023

All appearances to the contrary, four eventful decades only confirmed the continuities, tensions, even paradoxes of Israeli-U.S. relations. Over forty years, Israelis and Americans had learned a lot about themselves and each another. Regularly euphemized as “normalization,” the results were both good news and bad news. More than forty years’ experience seemed to suggest that U.S. support was most certain when Israel was endangered. Yet paradoxically, Israel had rarely seemed so vulnerable as when an Egyptian president proposed to make peace. In contrast to their other neighbors, Israelis had thitherto at least been willing to talk to anyone at any time. Now, as the bangs of the intifada followed the whimpers of Lebanon, even this had become a matter of furious contention. Given the choice of settlement or settlements, the choice seemed loud and clear. Not only did Israelis no longer believe that negotiations were possible, they no longer seemed even to care.
The fast as prologue
Authors: Schoenbaum David
Published: October 2023

Since the creation of Israel, three premises—the moral and psychic legacy of the Holocaust, the presumed affinities of what were now universally referred to as "Judaeo-Christian" values, and the exigencies of the Cold War—had defined and driven the relationship. Even after forty years, all three retained their evocative force. Yet the first, like all historical memories, was subject to passing time; the second, like all strategic arguments, to changing circumstance; the third, like all images, to new images, increasingly remote from the world of Exodus, embattled kibbutzniks, and blooming deserts. What would support, or replace, them in the familiar, yet unfamiliar, world coming up on the horizon.
A Square Character—Dartmouth, 1937-1938
Authors: May Gary
Published: October 2023

“I’m glad to be back,” Remington wrote his Aunt Nan after returning to Dartmouth. “ ... After being away for a year I have changed Never again will I get mixed up in so much extra truck as I did before.” To other relatives and friends, Remington claimed that his TVA experience was a watershed-that after TVA there occurred an authentic change in his philosophy, friendships, and activities. In part, this appears to be true. In his junior year he seemed more politically moderate, less intolerant of opinions different from his own, and more respectful of his teachers and college administrators. But others intimate with Remington at this time offer a different view: that the transformation-if it had occurred-was seriously incomplete-was, in fact, only a tactical move calculated to promote his career. Earlier, he had shown a Communist’s angry face to the world; now a new face appeared-the eyes watchful, the smile careful, the voice quiet. His manner, said one observer, “was rather like that of an archdeacon who was a con man on the side.” His first move was to resign from The Dartmouth, telling his editor that his goal now was to become the most important man on campus-next to Dartmouth’s president, Ernest Hopkins.2 Specifically, his objectives included winning all the awards the college could give: a Phi Beta Kappa key, a Senior Fellowship, and a nomination for a Rhodes Scholarship.
A Marked Man
Authors: May Gary
Published: October 2023

There was a new secretary in the anteroom, and his African violet was missing. These were the first two differences Remington noticed when he returned to the Office of lnternational Trade on February 12. “Where am I supposed to sit?” he asked the woman. “That’s still your office,” she said. “We’ve been saving it for you.” The plant would be returned, too----a colleague had been caring for it during his absence. “I was intensely eager to get it back,” he later said. “I wanted to have a feeling of familiarity with my surroundings again.” At first, everything did seem familiar. His fellow employees welcomed him back and said that they were happy to see him again. One asked if he ever felt like Sacco and Vanzetti? “No,” Remington said, “The Count of Monte Cristo.” Francis McIntyre, his supervisor, greeted him warmly and then took him to his first staff meeting in eight months. At day’s end, he visited the accounting office, where he collected almost six thousand dollars in back pay; it vanished almost immediately-some went to his lawyer; the rest, to his mother, who had given him her life savings when he so desperately needed it.
Feeling Good
Authors: Cloninger C Robert
Published: October 2023

All human beings have spontaneous needs for happiness, self-understanding and love. In Feeling Good: The Science of Well Being, psychiatrist Robert Cloninger describes a way to coherent living that satisfies these strong basic needs through growth in the uniquely human gift of self-awareness. The scientific findings that led Dr Cloninger to expand his own views in a stepwise manner during 30 years of research and clinical experience are clearly presented so that readers can consider the validity of his viewpoint for themselves. The principles of well-being are based on a non-reductive scientific paradigm that integrates findings from all the biomedical and psychosocial sciences. Reliable methods are described for measuring human thought and social relationships at each step along the path of self-aware consciousness. Practical mental exercises for stimulating the growth of self-awareness are also provided. The methods are supported by data from brain imaging, genetics of personality, and longitudinal biopsychosocial studies. Feeling Good: The Science of Well-Being will be of value to anyone involved in the sciences of the mind or the treatment of mental disorders. It will also interest theologians, philosophers, social scientists, and lay readers because it provides contemporary scientific concepts and language for addressing the perennial human questions about being, knowledge, and conduct.
The Unexpected John Foster Dulles
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: October 2023

The cartoon images, thanks to the malicious genius of Herblock, still stick in our minds: John Foster Dulles as a pudgy Superman, pushing an alarmed Uncle Sam over the brink with the reassuring comment, “Don’t be afraid I can always pull you back.” Or a complacent Secretary of State following Chiang Kai-shek down into a swamp filled with rotting garbage and voracious alligators, pulling a befuddled Eisenhower and-again-a worried Uncle Sam along behind him. Or a sour-faced Dulles standing with bags packed for the summit, swathed in layers of coats, blankets, earmuffs, scarves and caps, grimly clutching a hot water bottle and an umbrella, while a smiling short sleeved Eisenhower tells the Russians over the telephone: “Yes, we’ll be there, rain and shine.” Or Dulles as an aloof grocer, presiding over a freezer stocked with “frozen attitudes,” “frozen platitudes,” and “frosted fruitless policies,” while a frustrated American housewife plaintively asks: “Don’t you ever have anything fresh?’” It has often been said of Dulles that he lent himself to caricature: the public appearance of sanctimonious stuffiness, the tendency to let self-confidence become self-congratulation, the penchant for grandiloquent phrase-making, the apparent lawyer-like rigidity in the face of change, even his obvious fondness for diplomacy by airplane-all seemed to confirm Her block’s image of the determined but narrow-minded ideological crusader, relentlessly assaulting the ramparts of monolithic communism, brandishing nuclear weapons at every opportunity, heedless of the risks this involved to the nation, and to the world.
The Power Of The Word
Authors: Matthews Glenna
Published: October 2023

American women had been reading from the time of the earliest colonial settlement, principally the Bible, and, as we have seen, a few of them had also been writing. Not surprisingly, the changes of the eighteenth century in family life, in religion, in the economy, and in the polity turned more of them into writers. Then in the late eighteenth century the appearance of the novel as a genre and its burgeoning popularity in the New World created a new set of publishing possibilities for literary woman, hence new possibilities for public woman. Indeed, one can. go so far as to state that the novel symbolized the eighteenth-century changes in the status of female selfhood as it also ratified and extended them.
The Heart as a Pump
Authors: Milnor William R
Published: October 2023

The four-chambered mammalian heart is a complex pump that moves blood through the vascular system. The left heart chambers maintain a circulation through the systemic vascular bed, and those on the right simultaneously per fuse the pulmonary vessels. The special properties of cardiac cells that are the basis for the operation of this pump were discussed in the preceding chapter. Here we are concerned with excitation, conduction, and contraction in the heart as a whole.
Pulmonary Circulation
Authors: Milnor William R
Published: October 2023

Blood pressure and vascular resistance are much lower in the pulmonary than in the systemic circulation, and there are corresponding differences in vascular architecture. The large arteries and veins are shorter than their systemic counterparts, and the pulmonary vessels have thinner, more distensible walls containing less elastin and smooth muscle. The pulmonary artery and its main branches distend with each ejection of blood from the heart, just as the aorta does, and forward flow during diastole is maintained by recoil from this dis tended state.
Religion and American Intellectual History, 1945-1985: Reflections on an Uneasy Relationship
Authors: May Henry F
Published: October 2023

In 1986 I was asked to present a paper on this topic at a conference at the Smithsonian Institution. The topic had been so central in my teaching and thinking that I found I could not approach it in an impersonal mode. This essay, therefore, like the Introduction that precedes it, is directly autobiographical. The two pieces discuss some of the same persons and episodes, but the emphasis and purpose of each are obviously quite different. The other two essays in this section also deal with influences on my thinking and writing, and there are some autobiographical elements in other essays in this volume. Per¬ haps the addiction to reminiscence is the consequence of working for several years on a book about my childhood and youth. In any case, as one gets old, for better or worse present thinking becomes inseparable from reflecting on past experience.
The Enlightenment and America: The Jeffersonian Moment
Authors: May Henry F
Published: October 2023

The Enlightenment, according to several important historians, was developed in Europe and put into practice in America In my opinion, this statement is not and could not possibly be true. How could a set of ideas, deeply rooted in two thousand years of European intellectual history, be transferred intact to a new continent and a new society? And did the Enlightenment have a program of action? It had many. One must at this point at least try to answer two obvious questions: Did the Enlightenment exist? and if so What was it? My answer to the first question is emphatically yes.
The Politics of Survival
Authors: Zdatny Steven M
Published: October 2023

France has been considered the pre-eminent nation of the petit bourgeois, yet fascism had only limited appeal there. This book will significantly revise our understanding of the petit bourgeoisie's own perception of its political interests. In the course of examining the rise and fall of the French artisans' political movement from the turn of the century to the 1960s, Zdatny uncovers the reasons for the French petit bourgeoisie's failure to embrace fascism, in contrast to their counterparts in other European countries.
Artisans and the Popular Front, 1936-1939
Authors: Zdatny Steven M
Published: October 2023

Throughout the first years of the economic crisis, despite their occasional essays on parliamentary reform, artisans ‘ involvement in national politics remained sporadic and parochial. It was the question of definition, not the syndicalist-corporatist debate, that really inflamed the artisanat. This insularity became more and more tenuous after 1936. The victory of Leon Blum and the Popular Front coalition brought the country to a new pitch of intensity and the artisanal movement to a new degree of politicization. It finally forced artisans to choose sides.
Kinship
Authors: Sade Donald Stone
Published: October 2023

I have been asked to write on whether studies on the primates other than humans have revealed anything about human kinship, not about whether or in what way human behavior and primate behavior share common elements, nor about the processes of hominization that transformed an ape-like biogram into the human biogram during the past few million years.
Breaking Silence: Iola leroy
Authors: Ammons Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

Anna Julia Cooper wrote of black women’s need to speak in 1892, just one year after Helen Gray Cone had looked in vain for the new work by women writers that she knew had to be emerging. As if in prophetic answer to both Cooper and Cone, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper’s 1892) appeared.
Form and Difference: Gertrude Stein and Mary Austin
Authors: Ammons Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

Somewhere in print I have said that women as a class are indifferent to form. Take it that I was then behaving in a characteristically feminine way, but do not forget that the university had not taught me to recognize literary quality in any form of which the original mold was not Greek or Roman or Hebrew.