bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of teratogenic effects of crocin and safranal, active ingredients of saffron, in mice
Authors: Moallem Seyed Adel , Afshar Mohammad , Etemad Leila , Razavi Bibi Marjan , Hosseinzadeh Hossein
Published: October 2013

Saffron ( Crocus sativus) is a widely used food additive for its color and taste. Crocin and safranal are two main components of this plant. Numerous studies are underway to introduce saffron and its active ingredients as pharmacological agents. Safety assessments of these compounds are important parts of this endeavor. In this study, the effects of crocin and safranal administrations during embryogenesis have been investigated in mice. A total of 75 BALB/c pregnant mice were divided into six experimental and control groups. Four experimental groups received intraperitoneal injection of crocin (200 mg/kg or 600 mg/kg) daily or safranal (0.075 ml/kg or 0.225 ml/kg) on gestational days (GDs) 6 to 15. Control groups received normal saline or paraffin as solvents of crocin and safranal. Dams were dissected on GD18 and embryos were collected. Routine maternal and fetal parameters were recorded. Macroscopic observation of external malformations was also performed. Fetuses were then selected for double skeletal staining with alizarin red and alcian blue. All experimental groups caused significant decrease in length and weight of fetuses when compared with the control groups and revealed malformations such as minor skeletal malformations, mandible and calvaria malformations, and growth retardation. Minor skeletal malformations were the most commonly observed abnormality, which were statistically significant when compared with the control groups ( p < 0.05). The severities of malformations were comparable in the crocin- and safranal-treated groups. This study suggests that crocin or safranal can induce embryonic malformations when administered in pregnant mice. Due to the wide use of saffron, further elaborate studies to understand the malformation mechanisms of these ingredients are recommended.
Effects of aflatoxin B1 on oxidative stress markers and apoptosis of spleens in broilers
Authors: Chen Jin , Chen Kejie , Yuan Shibin , Peng Xi , Fang Jing , Wang Fengyuan , Cui Hengmin , Chen Zhengli , Yuan Jingxin , Geng Yi
Published: October 2013

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the oxidative damage and apoptosis induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in spleen of broilers. A total of 200 one-day-old avian male broilers were randomly divided into 4 equal groups of 50 each and were fed for 21 days as follows: a control diet and three AFB1 diets containing 0.15, 0.3, and 0.6 mg AFB1/kg diet. Consumption of AFB1 diets induced oxidative stress in the spleen of chicken as evidenced by reduced glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase activities, decreased glutathione contents, and increased malondialdehyde contents in explaining the pathogenesis. Flow cytometer method and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling assay revealed that the apoptotic splenocytes were increased in AFB1 groups. The results suggest that AFB1 induced excessive apoptosis of splenic lymphocytes, which is correlated with increased oxidative stress. The present results may be helpful for explaining the pathogenesis of AFB1-induced immunosuppression.
Histopathological alterations after a growth promoter boldenone injection in rabbits
Authors: Tousson Ehab
Published: October 2013

Boldenone (BOL) is a derivative of the testosterone that has dual effects on humans, both directly and indirectly; directly as injection to build muscles and indirectly as through consuming meat of animals that where treated with BOL. However, the action of these steroids on different body organs structures is still unclear; therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the intramuscular injection of BOL undecylenate on the different organ structures. A total of 10 adult New Zealand rabbits were divided into two main groups, the first group was the control group, which includes animals that were injected intramuscularly with olive oil and the second group included animals that received two intramuscular injections of 5 mg/kg body weight BOL dissected after 6 weeks. Our results showed that intramuscular injection of rabbits with BOL showed hypertrophy in both skeletal and cardiac muscles, disturbances of the hepatocytes radially arranged cords with multifocal hepatocellular vacuolations in the liver, glomerulus mass reduction with multifocal glomerular injury in the kidney, disturbances of the cycle of spermatogenesis in the testes. In conclusion, using BOL, while preparing for a young bodybuilding contest, may cause an alteration in the histological structure of most of the body organs; these findings suggested that especially young people who misuse anablic androgenic steroids should be careful if they want to use such steroids to enhance their strength and endurance.
Assessment of metal contents in spices and herbs from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Seddigi Z S , Kandhro G A , Shah F , Danish E , Soylak Mustafa
Published: October 2013

In the recent years, there has been a growing interest in monitoring heavy metal contamination of spices/herbs. Spices and herbs are sources of many bioactive compounds that can improve the tastes of food as well as influence digestion and metabolism processes. In the present study, the levels of some essential and toxic elements such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), present in common spices/herbs that were purchased from the local market in Saudi Arabia, were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy after digestion with nitric acid/hydrogen peroxide mixture. Samples from the following spices/herbs were used: turmeric, cloves, black pepper, red pepper, cumin, legume, cinnamon, abazir, white pepper, ginger, and coriander. The concentration ranges for the studied elements were found as 48.8–231, 4.7–19.4, 2.5–10.5, below detection level (BDL)–1.0, 8.8–490, 1.0–2.6, and BDL–3.7 µg g−1 for Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Pb, respectively, while Cd and Co levels were below the detection limit. Consumers of these spices/herbs would not be exposed to any risk associated with the daily intake of 10 g of spices per day as far as metals Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Pb are concerned.
Impact of caffeic acid phenethyl ester treatment on vancomycin-induced pancreatic damage in rats
Authors: Koyu Ahmet , Gokalp Osman , Gumral Nurhan , Oktem Faruk , Karahan Nermin , Yilmaz Nigar , Saygin Mustafa
Published: October 2013

This study investigates the preventive effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on pancreatic damage induced by vancomycin (VCM) in rats. Rats were equally divided into three groups: group I (control), group II (only VCM-treated group) and group III (VCM + CAPE-treated groups). VCM was intraperitoneally administered at a dose of 200 mg kg−1twice daily for 7 days. CAPE was administered orally at 10 µM mL−1 kg−1 dose once daily for 7 days. The first dose of CAPE administration was performed 24 h prior to VCM injection. Blood and pancreas tissue samples were removed and collected after the study. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), amylase, γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and lipase activities were determined. Pancreas tissue samples were evaluated with the light microscope. Group II significantly increased serum ALP, amylase, GGT and lipase activities when compared with the control group. Group III significantly decreased serum ALP, amylase, GGT and lipase activities when compared with group II. In histopathological examination, it has been observed that there was a significant pancreatic damage in group II. CAPE exerted prominent structural protection against VCM-induced pancreatic damage and this effect was statistically significant. CAPE caused a marked reduction in the extent of pancreatic damage. We have concluded that it may play an important role in the VCM-induced pancreatic damage and reduce the pancreatic damage both at the biochemical and histopathological aspects.
Nutritional Practices at a Glance
Authors: Davis Rebecca Hurst , Godshall Barbara J. , Seffrood Erin , Marcus Mary , LaSalle Bernard A , Wong Brenda , Schroth Mary K. , Swoboda Kathryn J.
Published: October 2013

Proactive nutritional management for children with spinal muscular atrophy type I can provide insight into improved spinal muscular atrophy care. This observational study consisted of a nutritional and medical history survey of children with spinal muscular atrophy type I collected in 2009-2011. Forty-four caregiver survey responses were evaluated using descriptive statistics. Average age of spinal muscular atrophy type I subjects was 5 years (5 mo-16 y). The subject cohort was composed of 22 males, 21 females, and 1 unreported. Nutrition support via feeding tube was utilized by 43 of 44 subjects. A majority of respondents reported using elemental or semi-elemental formula for subjects’ essential caloric intake (34 of 44). Formula intolerance issues were reported by many caregivers (27 of 44). Half of caregivers implemented dietary changes on their own or with guidance from other families; 15 caregivers consulted a registered dietitian. Survey responses and comments indicate need for evidence-based nutritional guidelines for spinal muscular atrophy.
Fabrication and in vitro biological evaluation of photopolymerisable hydroxyapatite hydrogel composites for bone regeneration
Authors: Killion John A , Geever Luke M , Devine Declan M , Higginbotham Clement L
Published: October 2013

The aim of this study was to improve the bioactive and compressive properties of photopolymerisable polyethylene glycol hydrogels with the incorporation of hydroxyapatite at different loadings. The synthesis of pure hydroxyapatite was verified through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis by the complete reaction of all constituents. The formation of a bioactive layer of the hydrogel based composites was confirmed through the formation of carbonate hydroxyapatite after soaking the samples in simulated body fluid. The incorporation of hydroxyapatite into the system resulted in an increase in Young’s modulus from 4.36 to 12.73 MPa and an increase in the stress at limit value from 1.20 to 4.42 MPa. This was due to the hydroxyapatite absorbing the compressive load, the polymer matrix distributing the load, a reduction in swelling and the presence of physical crosslinking between both components. Drug dissolution testing showed that the release rate of a drug from the hydrogels was dependent on the molecular weight of the polymer and the type of drug used.
Commentary on Canadian Child Maltreatment Data
Authors: Tonmyr Lil , Hovdestad Wendy E. , Draca Jasminka
Published: October 2013

The issue of how to best collect child maltreatment data is a key concern within the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). We argue that maltreatment data can be collected from children, adolescents, and parents with approaches that are accurate, methodologically robust, legal, and ethical. It has been done in other countries. First, we clarify ongoing child maltreatment data collection by the Canadian government and address PHAC initiatives to include child maltreatment questions in national contemporaneous surveys. Second, we identify examples of population-based studies with child, adolescent, and parent respondents. Third, we highlight some measurement considerations. Fourth, we address ethical considerations in conducting this type of research.
Exposure to Family Violence and Attachment Styles as Predictors of Dating Violence Perpetration Among Men and Women
Authors: Lee Mary , Reese-Weber Marla , Kahn Jeffrey H.
Published: October 2013

This study examined a multiple mediator model explaining how sibling perpetration and one’s attachment style mediate the relation between parent-to-child victimization and dating violence perpetration. A sample of undergraduate students ( n = 392 women, n = 89 men) completed measures of the aforementioned variables on an Internet survey. For men, path analyses found no mediation; parent-to-child victimization had a direct association with dating violence perpetration, no association was found between sibling perpetration and dating violence perpetration, and attachment anxiety, but not attachment avoidance, was positively associated with dating violence perpetration for men. For women, the hypothesized mediation model was supported; parent-to-child victimization had a direct association with dating violence perpetration, and sibling perpetration and attachment anxiety served as mediating variables. Attachment avoidance was not associated with dating violence perpetration for women. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed.
Fair Innings? Against Healthcare Rationing in Favour of the Young over the Elderly
Authors: Fisher OP Anthony
Published: October 2013

This article provides a critical appraisal of the case for healthcare being rationed away from older patients to those who are younger. After sketching a metaphysics of elderliness and reviewing clinical and economic cases for healthcare rationing, the article looks in depth at the most challenging case for age rationing known as the ‘fair innings’ case. This article rejects that case and makes an alternative case that fairness actually dictates against age rationing in favour of allocation on the basis of need. It concludes with a call for a renewed ‘covenant between generations’, founded on the virtue of pietas.
Body Integrity Identity Disorder and the Ethics of Mutilation
Authors: Song Robert
Published: October 2013

The rare phenomenon in which a person desires amputation of a healthy limb, now often termed body integrity identity disorder, raises central questions for biomedical ethics. Standard bioethical discussions of surgical intervention in such cases fail to address the meaning of bodily integrity, which is intrinsic to a theological understanding of the goodness of the body. However, moral theological responses are liable to assume that such interventions necessarily represent an implicitly docetic manipulation of the body. Through detailed attention to the ethics of mutilation and of surgery for psychiatric disorders, this article explores the theological and ethical significance of the body for human identity.
Integrate market demand forecast and demand-pull replenishment to improve the inventory management effectiveness of wafer fabrication
Authors: Chang Yung-Chia , Chang Kuei-Hu , Huang Chao-Wei
Published: October 2013

The characteristics of the semiconductor industry are short product life cycle, lumpy demand, long lead time, and so on. Theory of constraint suggests a simple replenishment policy to effectively manage supply chain inventory by a demand-pull approach combined with buffer management. However, a demand-pull approach sometimes causes out of stock when the products have lumpy demand. In order to effectively solve this issue, this article integrated market demand forecast information and demand-pull replenishment to improve the inventory management effectiveness of wafer fabrication. An integrated circuit design house provides actual demand per week and market forecast information to the wafer fab. Wafer fab uses inventory buffer to meet customer demand and adjust inventory quantity according to market forecast information and demand-pull replenishment policy. A case of a wafer product that has been drawn from a professional wafer foundry company located in Taiwan is presented to further illustrate the proposed approach. After comparing the result that was obtained from the proposed approach with the traditional demand-pull method, it was found that the proposed approach helps keep high service levels and avoid being out of stock.
Factors Associated With the Timing of Antenatal Care Seeking in Bangladesh
Authors: Kamal S. M. Mostafa , Hassan Che Hashim , Islam Md. Nazrul
Published: October 2013

This study investigates the factors affecting the timing of antenatal care (ANC) seeking among Bangladeshi women using the 2007 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey data. Overall, 52% of the most recently pregnant women sought skilled ANC. The most pronounced reason for not receiving the services was that it was “not needed.” Of the women who sought ANC, 57% entered for ANC at the fourth month or later. The multivariate regression analysis revealed that maternal age, women’s education, residence, wealth index, pregnancy intention status, child’s birth order, and wanting more children were the important determinants of ANC services utilization. Wanting more children and contraception use were no longer independent contributors to late ANC entry. These barriers should also be addressed as part of health interventions through information education and communication programs to early entry to ANC. The need to reduce financial barriers to care is a major implication of this study.
Predictors of Poor Response After Primary Immunization of Hepatitis B Vaccines for Infants and Antibody Seroprotection of Booster in a Metropolis of China
Authors: Li Jian , Hu Jiayu , Liang Xiaofeng , Wang Fuzhen , Li Yanting , Yuan Zheng-an
Published: October 2013

To evaluate proportion and predictors of poor response in infants and appraise booster seroprotection, we surveyed 2047 infants in Shanghai and detected antibody to hepatitis B (HB) surface antigen (anti-HBs). Poor responders were randomized into 2 groups, given booster with 5 µg and 10 µg hepatitis B vaccine (HepB), respectively. Proportion of infants with titer <10 mIU/mL and 10 to 99 mIU/mL was 1.86% and 15.14%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression suggested infants of male, aged 13 to 18 months, premature, administered with 5 µg HepB or mother positive for HB surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBe antigen (HBeAg) would more likely develop worse response. Difference of geometric mean concentration between the first and full booster was not statistically significant both for 5 µg and for 10 µg HepB groups. The seroprotective rate were higher for infants with 10 µg HepB than those with 5 µg HepB ( P > .05). Therefore, it is concluded that booster for poor vaccinees with 10 µg HepB could achieve satisfactory seroprotection.
Determinants of Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Schoolchildren
Authors: Wang Su-qing , Liu Yu-jian , Zhan Jian , Liu Xiao-li , Feng Qi , Gong Jie , Talbott Evelyn O. , He Qi-qiang
Published: October 2013

The objective of this study was to identify the potential risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Chinese schoolchildren. A cross-sectional study among 624 children (357 boys and 267 girls, aged 9.6 ± 0.7 years) was conducted in Wuhan, China, from May to June 2010. MetS was defined according to the criteria proposed by De Ferranti and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Data on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), household income, parental hypertension, and children’s personal information, including birth weight, preterm birth, and breast-feeding, reported by their parents were obtained. Multiple logistic regression showed that CRF (odds ratio [OR] = 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.60-0.77), breast-feeding (OR = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.10-0.97), and paternal hypertension (OR = 5.06; 95% CI = 1.20-21.37) were all independently associated with MetS. In conclusion, low CRF and paternal hypertension significantly increase the risk, whereas breast-feeding may reduce the risk of MetS among Chinese schoolchildren.
Gaps in Health-Related Quality of Life Among Survivors of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Hwang In Cheol , Park Sang Min , Yun Young Ho , Kim Kyoung Kon
Published: October 2013

Few studies performed so far have weighed the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of cancer survivors against that of cardiovascular disease (CVD) survivors. This study was based on data obtained from the Third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Of adults with available EuroQoL (EQ) information, a total 23 370 individuals (658 CVD survivors, 389 cancer survivors, and 22 323 controls) remained in the final analysis. Cancer survivors have the lowest HRQoL scales among the 3 groups, independent of age. The HRQoL of young cancer survivors was as impaired as that of older cancer survivors, whereas the HRQoL of CVD survivors and controls decreased with increasing age. Cancer survivors also have more problems in all domains of EQ-5D, especially domains of pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. The study suggests that cancer survivors should receive more intensive attention to develop means of identifying them and to improve their quality of life.
Looking Beyond Supply
Authors: Byrne Abbey , Hodge Andrew , Jimenez-Soto Eliana , Morgan Alison
Published: October 2013

Significant disparities in reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) outcomes and intervention coverage exist between the Mountains and other ecoregions of Nepal. Delivery of essential health services to remote mountainous areas is challenging and access is a known barrier to utilization. However, the contribution of demand-side barriers is poorly understood. Consequently, policies and programs cannot strategically target constraints to increase coverage. This systematic review identifies demand-side barriers to utilization of RMNCH services in the Mountain districts of Nepal. Research was drawn from MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Eldis, and unpublished literature. Beyond inaccessibility, utilization is undermined by costs of care-seeking, traditional attitudes and practices, low status of women, limited health knowledge, dissatisfaction with service quality, and low and inequitable care by community health workers. The intensity and repercussions of these barriers are of greater magnitude in the Mountains where delayed care-seeking combines with long distances for critical health consequences.
Social Capital and Depression
Authors: Han Sehee , Lee Hee-Sun
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this study is 2-fold: (1) to examine how much variance of depression is attributed to the household level and (2) to examine the relationships between individual- and household-level social capital and depression using multilevel analysis from the Korean Welfare Panel Study data. Results show that more than 30% of variance in depression is derived from household-level differences. Results also show that individual level of trust and satisfaction with relationships in the family and household level of satisfaction with relationships among family members was related to depression. The results imply that forming and increasing household or family-level social capital along with individual-level social capital may contribute to preventing depression.
Effect of Low Income on Health-Related Quality of Life
Authors: Zhang Ying , Ou Fengrong , Gao Shuang , Gao Qian , Hu Liwen , Liu Yang
Published: October 2013

Following the dramatic socioeconomic transition since the 1980s in China, some people became unemployed and experienced a significant drop in income. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of low income on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among the population in northeast China. A total of 5100 individuals in northeast China were randomly sampled and investigated using the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) from November 2005 to October 2006. According to the monthly per capita income level, the population was divided into different groups for analysis. Multiple linear regressions showed that low income, older age, disease, and unemployment were the important factors that could lead to worse HRQOL. Covariance analysis showed that there were significant differences in HRQOL scores among the subgroups of the low-income population. When the income level increased, HRQOL scores improved. This study could provide valuable information for planning integrated economic and public health policies to improve the health of people living in poverty.
Work-Related Musculoskeletal Pain Among Dentists in Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Saxena Payal , Gupta Saurabh Kumar , Jain Sandhya , Jain Deshraj
Published: October 2013

Dentists are at risk for developing musculoskeletal problems. This provided the impetus for a study of prevalence, distribution, and the associated risk factors of these problems in the dentist population of Madhya Pradesh, India. The data were analyzed from 213 dentists of Madhya Pradesh, India, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and gave their consent for this cross-sectional study. Subjects were assessed by a special questionnaire using demographic details with working conditions. Chi-square test was used for the statistical analysis of the data. Of total 213 participants, 83.10% had at least one musculoskeletal pain in the past 12 months. Low back pain was most frequent (57.75%) followed by neck pain (31.17%) and wrist pain (17.84%). The pain was significantly prevalent among the group who worked in direct vision, without assistant, in standing position or following none of the fitness regimen.
Comparison Between Peer-Led and Teacher-Led Education in Tuberculosis Prevention in Rural Middle Schools in Chongqing, China
Authors: Liu Qin , Liu Liping , Vu Huyen , Liu Xiaoxue , Tang Shenglan , Wang Hong
Published: October 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of tuberculosis (TB) education through a comparison of peer-led and teacher-led methods of education about TB prevention among middle school students in rural Chongqing, China. A preintervention and postintervention questionnaire survey was conducted in 2 different middle school student groups to measure changes in knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) status of those students before and after each TB education program. Of 1265 students participating in the preintervention survey, 1176 completed the postintervention survey. KAP scores of both peer-led and teacher-led groups after intervention improved by as much as 2 times compared with before the intervention and those of the control group ( P < .01). KAP scores of immediate evaluation were higher than those of long-term evaluation in the teacher-led education group ( P < .01). The teacher-led group had a larger improvement than the peer-led group in practice scores ( P < .01) in immediate effect evaluation.
Adverse Consequences of Unintended Pregnancy for Maternal and Child Health in Nepal
Authors: Singh Abhishek , Singh Ashish , Thapa Shyam
Published: October 2013

In Nepal, 26%-38% of recent births are estimated to be from unintended pregnancies, but little is known whether these pregnancies have adverse consequences for the health of the mother and child. Data from the 2011 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey are used to examine the hypothesis that unintended pregnancies are associated with negative health outcomes for both mothers and children. When the pregnancy was unintended (compared with when it was intended) mothers were more likely to receive inadequate prenatal care (odds ratio OR = 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.28-1.77). They were also more likely to opt for home births (OR = 1.30; 95% CI = 1.11-1.52). Likewise, the resultant newborns of unintended pregnancies were more likely to receive inadequate immunization (OR = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.00-1.40) and to remain stunted (OR = 1.25; 95% CI = 1.00-1.56). Findings suggest significant associations between unintended pregnancy and negative health outcomes for both mothers and children in Nepal.
Physical Activity Research in Hong Kong From 1987 to 2012
Authors: He Gang , Huang Wendy Yajun , Wong Stephen H.
Published: October 2013

A comprehensive understanding of research on the physical activity (PA) of Hong Kong youth is necessary to develop specific and effective intervention strategies. This review summarizes existing evidence in studies on PA among the Hong Kong youth. An electronic literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, ERIC, and HighWire database. Forty-five studies published from 1987 to 2012 were included in this review. The findings are presented in five categories, namely, health benefits of PA, participation in PA, assessment of PA, correlates of PA, and interventions to promote PA. The results indicate that PA among the youth in Hong Kong has attracted concern in the past decade. Specifically, extensive studies focused on the areas of health benefits of PA, participation in PA, and correlates of PA. Research into context-specific correlates of PA and tailored PA promotion programs for the Hong Kong youth is warranted in the future.
Health Systems and Noncommunicable Diseases in the Asia-Pacific Region
Authors: Mannava Priya , Abdullah Asnawi , James Chris , Dodd Rebecca , Annear Peter Leslie
Published: October 2013

Addressing the growing burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in countries of the Asia-Pacific region requires well-functioning health systems. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), however, health systems are generally characterized by inadequate financial and human resources, unsuitable service delivery models, and weak information systems. The aims of this review were to identify ( a) health systems interventions being implemented to deliver NCD programs and services and their outcomes and ( b) the health systems bottlenecks impeding access to or delivery of these programs and services in LMICs of the Asia-Pacific region. A search of 4 databases for literature published between 1990 and 2010 retrieved 36 relevant studies. For each study, information on basic characteristics, type of health systems bottleneck/intervention, and outcome was extracted, and methodological quality appraised. Health systems interventions and bottlenecks were classified as per the World Health Organization health systems building blocks framework. The review identified interventions and bottlenecks in the building blocks of service delivery, health workforce, financing, health information systems, and medical products, vaccines, and technologies. Studies, however, were heterogeneous in methodologies used, and the overall quality was generally low. There are several gaps in the evidence base around NCDs in the Asia-Pacific region that require further investigation.
Strengthening Primary Health Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Rule John , Ngo Duc Anh , Oanh Tran Thi Mai , Asante Augustine , Doyle Jennifer , Roberts Graham , Taylor Richard
Published: October 2013

Since the publication of the World Health Report 2008, there has been renewed interest in the potential of primary health care (PHC) to deliver global health policy agendas. The WHO Western Pacific Regional Strategy 2010 states that health systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) can be strengthened using PHC values as core principles. This review article explores the development of an evidence-based approach for assessing the effectiveness of PHC programs and interventions in LMICs. A realist review method was used to investigate whether there is any internationally consistent approach to evaluating PHC. Studies from LMICs using an explicit methodology or framework for measuring PHC effectiveness were collated. Databases of published articles were searched, and a review of gray literature was undertaken to identify relevant reports. The review found no consistent approach for assessing the effectiveness of PHC interventions in LMICs. An innovative approach used in China, which developed a set of core community health facility indicators based on stakeholder input, does show some potential for use in other LMIC contexts.
Similarities and Differences in Perspectives on Interdisciplinary Collaboration Among Hospice Team Members
Authors: Kobayashi Rie , McAllister Carolyn A.
Published: October 2013

This study surveyed 4 core hospice professionals (physicians, nurses, social workers, and chaplains) on their perceived level of interdisciplinary collaboration, the influences of interdisciplinary collaboration, and job satisfaction to determine potential similarities and differences based on profession and various demographic characteristics of the members or member hospices. Analysis found that there are overall no differences based on demographic characteristics. Differences between professions, while few, were largely in the area of perceptions on relationships between members of the hospice team. Specifically, social workers appear to perceive themselves as less connected to the other members of the interdisciplinary team, an area theorized to influence interdisciplinary collaboration. Difference between professions was also found in job satisfaction. Implications for hospice practice and interdisciplinary education are discussed.
Clinical Venous Thromboembolism Following Joint Surgery
Authors: Dahl Ola E. , Gudmundsen Tor E. , Pripp Are H. , Aanesen Joakim J.
Published: October 2013

We describe annual incidences and 6-month postoperative patterns of clinical venous thromboembolism (VTE) in 9078 patients undergoing major joint surgery in a Scandinavian hospital. In cohort I (1989-1999), low-molecular-weight heparin thromboprophylaxis for 7 to 10 days was uniformly introduced, 5-week thromboprophylaxis becoming routine after total hip replacement (THR), partially applied after hip fracture surgery (HFS), but not used after total knee replacement (TKR) thereafter (2003-2011; cohort II). Mean annual VTE incidence was lower in cohort II than in cohort I after THR and HFS but not after TKR. In cohort I, the cumulative VTE incidence increased sharply during the first 5 postoperative weeks in all groups, subsequently plateauing up to 6 months postsurgery. In cohort II, this incidence remained low and stable during 5 weeks post-THR, rising gradually up to 6 months, with a comparable but less pronounced pattern following HFS but not TKR. In conclusion, the VTE risk after major joint surgery seems to persist after 5- and 1-week prophylaxis in patients undergoing hip surgery and TKR, respectively.
“Hey, Mayors, Leave Them Kids Alone”
Authors: Gofen Anat , Bresler-Gonen Rotem , Golan-Hoss Esti
Published: October 2013

Citizens’ local initiatives that are inconsistent with current policy challenge local authorities to act in response. How does local government react and what considerations are involved? Analysis draws on a recent trend in Israel: Dissatisfied parents have been establishing schools even though legal mechanisms enabling such initiatives are absent and central government continues to resist. Findings indicate that local authority reaction is a continuing process, constituting a series of responses. Influenced by societal, operational, and professional considerations, this evolving reaction illuminates that local authorities have been trapped between responsiveness to their communities, compliance with central policy, and maintenance of existing local services.
Nonclinical Toxicology Assessments Support the Chronic Safety of Dapagliflozin, a First-in-Class Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor
Authors: Tirmenstein Mark , Dorr Thomas E. , Janovitz Evan B. , Hagan Deborah , Abell Lynn M. , Onorato Joelle M. , Whaley Jean M. , Graziano Michael J. , Reilly Timothy P.
Published: October 2013

Dapagliflozin, a first-in-class, selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), promotes urinary glucose excretion to reduce hyperglycemia for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. A series of nonclinical studies were undertaken to evaluate dapagliflozin in species where it was shown to have pharmacologic activity comparable with that in humans at doses that resulted in supratherapeutic exposures. In vitro screening (>300 targets; 10 μmol/L) indicated no significant off-target activities for dapagliflozin or its primary human metabolite. Once daily, orally administered dapagliflozin was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats (≤6 months) and in beagle dogs (≤1 year) at exposures >5000-fold those observed at the maximum recommended human clinical dose (MRHD; 10 mg). Anticipated, pharmacologically mediated effects of glucosuria, osmotic diuresis, and mild electrolyte loss were observed, but there were no adverse effects at clinically relevant exposures, including in the kidneys or urogenital tract. The SGLT2−/− mice, which show chronic glucosuria, and dapagliflozin-treated, wild-type mice exhibited similar safety profiles. In rats but not dogs, dapagliflozin at >2000-fold MRHD exposures resulted in tissue mineralization and trabecular bone accretion. Investigative studies suggested that the effect was not relevant to human safety, since it was partially related to off-target inhibition of SGLT1, which was observed only at high doses of dapagliflozin and resulted in intestinal glucose malabsorption and increased intestinal calcium absorption. The rigorous assessment of supra- and off-target dapagliflozin pharmacology in nonclinical species allowed for a thorough evaluation of potential toxicity, providing us with confidence in its safety in patients with diabetes.
Spikey Posters
Authors: Gerbaudo Paolo
Published: October 2013

This article discusses fly-posting practices performed by radical urban activists in Rome and Berlin. It suggests that political posters cannot be understood simply as channels of information about events and activities of political and subcultural “autonomous scenes” encompassing squats, occupied social centers, political bars, bookshops, cafes, and similar activist hangouts. Rather, these “street media” are crucially involved in processes of spatial appropriation and in the construction of an antagonistic territoriality. Fly-posting exposes its practitioners to police repression and attacks by right-wing groups, and given the risks involved, it also becomes a form of demarcation, alerting that a certain wall, street, area is symbolically claimed by the movement. Looking at fly-posting we can come to understand the nature of autonomous movement scenes as antagonistic and exclusive spaces, whose internal communitarianism is premised on the symbolic and spatial repulsion of authorities and political enemies.
Prediction on friction characteristics of industrial brakes using artificial neural networks
Authors: Grzegorzek Wojciech , Scieszka Stanislaw F
Published: October 2013

Safety and reliability are the main requirements for brake devices in the mining winding installations. Therefore, selection of the right materials for the friction brake elements (pads and discs) is the most challenging task for brake system designers. The friction coefficient for such friction couples should be relatively high but, above all it should be stable. In order to achieve the desired brake friction couple performance, a new approach to the prediction of the tribological processes versus friction materials formulation is needed. The paper shows that the application of the artificial neural network can be productive in modelling complex, multi-dimensional functional relationships directly from experimental data. The artificial neural network can learn to produce the model of friction brake behaviour.
A review of fingerpad contact mechanics and friction and how this affects tactile perception
Authors: van Kuilenburg Julien , Masen Marc A , van der Heide Emile
Published: October 2013

In the sliding contact between the fingerpad and a rough surface when touching a product’s surface, friction plays a role in the perception of roughness, slipperiness and warmth. For product engineers who aim to control and optimize the sensorial properties of a product surface interacting with the skin, it is essential to understand this frictional behaviour. However, the friction of skin is yet poorly understood. The variation that is observed within or between skin friction studies can be assigned to gender, age and orientation of the finger. Analysing data collected from literature shows some consistent trends. The coefficient of friction increases considerably with increasing hydration level of the skin, due to softening of the top layer of the skin. The coefficient of friction of the fingerpad decreases with normal load to a constant value, which can be attributed to effects of normal adhesion and the deformation behaviour of the fingerpad. There is no consistent effect of velocity on the coefficient of friction. Friction decreases with increasing Ra roughness. When the Ra roughness increases further, the contribution of deformation causes an increase in the friction after which it remains constant. Some influence of the finishing method is reported. The type of material has a smaller influence than the surface roughness of the sample or the condition of the skin. Even though the coefficient of friction of the fingerpad shows some consistent trends, examining the friction behaviour at a more detailed level might explain the contribution of friction to tactile perception. The measuring signal contains relevant information and should be analysed thoroughly as opposed to taking the average coefficient of friction of the steady state part of the signal. Future work should involve the study of local friction behaviour at the scale of the surface roughness.
Endovascular management of acute limb ischemia
Authors: Sedghi Yabiz , Collins Tyrone J , White Christopher J
Published: October 2013

Acute limb ischemia (ALI) is defined as a sudden decrease (<14 days) in limb perfusion causing a potential threat to limb viability. Endovascular treatment of ALI is an effective and appropriate primary treatment strategy in patients with a viable acutely ischemic limb due to a recent arterial occlusion. We present a case of acute limb ischemia and discuss percutaneous interventional treatment strategies including catheter-directed thrombolysis, rheolytic thrombectomy, and utilization of distal protection devices.
Family cognitive remediation therapy for anorexia nervosa
Authors: Lask Bryan , Roberts Alice
Published: October 2013

Anorexia nervosa (AN) in childhood and adolescence has a poor prognosis. It is possible that this may in part be due to the fact that cognitive weaknesses that appear to be risk factors for its development and maintenance are not being targeted in treatment. Through its focus on these deficits, cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) has been shown to be a promising intervention for AN. Furthermore, family interventions are widely recommended for this patient population, but to date no studies have reported the use of CRT in a family setting. This paper presents a case series in which family-based CRT was a significant component of the management. It was well received by patients and their families and previously treatment resistant patients became more engaged with the entire treatment process. In addition, all patients receiving family-based CRT went on to make progress towards recovery. These initial clinical observations suggest family-based CRT is likely to be a useful addition to treatment for child and adolescent AN and justifies formal evaluation.
“Rebuilding our community”: Hearing silenced voices on Aboriginal youth suicide
Authors: Walls Melissa L. , Hautala Dane , Hurley Jenna
Published: October 2013

This paper brings forth the voices of adult Aboriginal First Nations community members who gathered in focus groups to discuss the problem of youth suicide on their reserves. Our approach emphasizes multilevel (e.g., individual, family, and broader ecological systems) factors viewed by participants as relevant to youth suicide. Wheaton’s conceptualization of stressors and Evans-Campbell’s multilevel classification of the impacts of historical trauma are used as theoretical and analytic guides. Thematic analysis of qualitative data transcripts revealed a highly complex intersection of stressors, traumas, and social problems seen by community members as underlying mechanisms influencing heightened levels of Aboriginal youth suicidality. Our multilevel coding approach revealed that suicidal behaviors were described by community members largely as a problem with deep historical and contemporary structural roots, as opposed to being viewed as individualized pathology.
‘We are not here for the money’: Founders’ manifestos
Authors: Dror Yuval
Published: October 2013

In April 2004, prior to Google’s flotation in the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (NASDAQ) Stock Market, the company filed its S-1 Registration Statement. In addition to financial details, Google’s founders published a personal letter to the company’s potential investors in which they discussed procedural issues as well as philosophical ones. Since then, the founders of three other Internet companies – Groupon, Zynga and Facebook – have published similar manifestos in their S-1 statements. This first attempt to explore these manifestos uncovers how they function as a political and persuasive discourse. Using rhetorical analysis, this study identifies shared rhetorical strategies aimed at constructing a new business discourse. The founders’ efforts are important not only because they are counterintuitive to traditional business practices, but also because they signal the realization of an alternate business discourse that is informed by and based upon a new managerial style and Web 2.0 cultural values.
Data and dimension reduction for visual financial performance analysis
Authors: Sarlin Peter
Published: October 2013

This article assesses the suitability of data and dimension reduction methods, and data–dimension reduction combinations, for visual financial performance analysis. Motivated by no comparable quantitative measure of all aspects of dimension reductions, this article attempts to capture the suitability of methods for the task through a qualitative comparison and illustrative experiments. While the discussion deals with differences of data–dimension reduction combinations in terms of their properties, the experiments illustrate their general applicability for financial performance analysis. The main conclusion is that topology-preserving data–dimension reduction combinations with predefined, regular grid shapes, such as the self-organizing map, are ideal tools for this task. We illustrate advantages of these types of methods with a visual financial performance analysis of large European banks.
The voices of youth in foster care: A participant action research study
Authors: Ponciano Leslie
Published: October 2013

Utilizing participant action research methodology, five youth in foster care participated in the design and implementation of a pilot research study to collect data from 16 participants in foster care, highlighting their perspective of their strengths and experiences within the American foster care system. Participant action research (PAR) provides a pathway for youth in foster care to share their voice with those that influence policy and implement change in the very system that governs their lives. The participant researchers remained committed to the project for a year, creatively designed the research methodology, and contributed to the interpretation of the findings. Despite some potential validity and reliability issues, PAR methodology provided a positive framework for the voices of the participant researchers to be heard and for the voices of the participants to be interpreted by other youth in foster care.
A Case Study of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy for the Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Agazzi Heather , Tan Robin , Tan Sim Yin
Published: October 2013

Comorbid disruptive behavior disorders occur in up to 80% of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Children with ASD often present as inattentive, noncompliant, and aggressive, making it difficult for them to engage in learning and social activities across settings. Parents and school staff report spending excessive time managing disruptive behaviors at the expense of engaging these children in meaningful skill development. Identifying effective interventions to decrease disruptive behaviors and increase positive skill development is of critical importance to improving outcomes for children with ASD. This case study presents the effectiveness of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy, an evidence-based intervention for young children with disruptive behavior, for addressing behavioral problems in a 7-year-old boy with ASD. Results suggested improvements in child compliance and decrease in disruptive behaviors. Further, parents increased their use of positive parenting strategies, including giving effective commands all of which serve to improve the parent–child relationship. Treatment implications for working with young children with ASD are discussed.