bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental Effects on Children's Hearing:
Authors: Orloske Arthur J. , Leddo John S.
Published: October 2009

Physical, social and psychological environments have had substantial impact on the hearing efficiency of American youth. During the neonatal, preschool and school years, environmental factors such as injuries, drugs, fractures, noise, viruses and Rh incompatibility have exposed youth to auditory damage. School administrators can plan and should implement acoustical measures in the design of their school buildings and screening programs. Teachers can learn to practice communication techniques that result in more effective education for those students with hearing losses as well as those who hear normally.
Death Education within Health Education: Current Status, Future Directions
Authors: Crase Darrell
Published: October 2009

A national survey was conducted among 205 university level divisions/departments of health education to determine the current status of death education courses within the health education field. Forty‐nine college and university health educators currently teaching the course returned usable instruments. Death education receives the same credit, utilizes similar grading systems and is generally managed much like other academic courses. Since the discipline is in its infancy and many teachers are relatively unprepared, respondents called for greater quality control and improved professional preparation. Several concerns accompanying the growth of death education were identified.
A Proposal for Certification of School Nurses The West Virginia Model
Authors: Morris Jean G. , Stuck Roberta
Published: October 2009

The need for school nurse certification has been a longstanding concern of school health providers and citizens interested in school health. The West Virginia School Health Association formed a task force to study this need in West Virginia and to formulate a proposal for submission to the West Virginia Department of Education. The proposal addresses the need for school nurse certification, supplies supportive information regarding scope of problem, relates this problem to West Virginia's educational goals and provides information for potential improvement for education. A committee of educators and nurses are in the process of formulating educational and competency requirements for certification of school nurses in West Virginia.
The Minnesota Smoking Prevention Program
Authors: Arkin Rise Morgenstern , Roemhild Helen F. , Johnson C. Anderson , Luepker Russell V. , Murray David M.
Published: October 2009

A seventh‐grade program based on social psychological theories attempted to prevent non‐smokers from starting to smoke. Two competing strategies, a Short‐Term Influences Curriculum and a Long‐Term Influences Curriculum were compared. Within these broad strategies, several other variables were also tested: the use of same age peer opinion leaders or health educators as teachers, the use of media supplements and the elicitation of a public commitment not to become a regular smoker. Program effectiveness was evaluated using self‐report measures confirmed by saliva thiocyanate analyses. The treatment groups were compared to a standard curriculum comparison group.
Pediatric‐Based Assessment Children With School Problems
Authors: Dworkin Paul H. , Woodrum Diane T. , Brooks Katherine S. , Marshall Richard
Published: October 2009

Twenty‐one children with school problems underwent pediatric assessment within a university hospital primary care clinic. Assessment included history‐taking facilitated by parent and teacher questionnaires, physical examination, vision and hearing screening and neurodevelopmental examination. For 11 of the children, psychoeducational assessment was also obtained. Parent and school personnel were interviewed 2 to 6 months following assessment to determine implementation rates for recommendations. Overall, 66% of parent recommendations were implemented, including 72% of medical, 58% of mental health and 64% of educational recommendations. Seventy‐two percent of school recommendations were implemented. Interdisciplinary evaluation as compared to pediatric‐based assessment alone resulted in a greater number of recommendations generated (p < .05) and a higher percentage of school recommendations implemented (p < .01). Implementation rates for school recommendations were greater for young children (p < .01). This study supports the usefulness of pediatric‐based assessments for school problems and documents the advantages of an interdisciplinary approach to such children.
Child Safety Programs: Implications Affecting Use of Child Restraints
Authors: Hoadley Michael R. , Macrina David M. , Peterson Fred L.
Published: October 2009

Automobile deaths have been identified as the leading cause of death for children between the ages of one and fourteen. Those children who are unrestrained as passengers are at particularly high risk to injury and death. School health and safety programs need to include an understanding of this problem and implement efforts to increase restraint usage.

A study of parental seatbelt and child passenger restraint use was conducted to identify frequency of use and behavioral and attitudinal factors influencing use of child restraints.

Self‐reported data of driver seat‐belt use at all times was 19.0%, and the use of a child restraining device was 49.6%. Data recorded in a previous observational study noted a driver seatbelt usage rate of 14.2% and use of a child restraining device at 25.6%. Major reasons for non‐use of seatbelts by drivers included discomfort and restricted movement. Reasons for non‐use of child restraints focused upon the dislike and discomfort of the child for the restraint.
Issues and Problems Related to the Research on Teenage Fathers: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Robinson Bryan E. , Barret Robert L.
Published: October 2009

Although there are few research studies on adolescent fatherhood, recently sufficient investigations have occurred to merit a critical analysis. In general, research in this area is marred by certain methodological deficiencies. Research in adolescent pregnancy generally ignores the fathers involved, and data on teenage fathers are often inferred or confounded by the use of biased report techniques. Retrospective and post hoc analyses often render inaccurate conclusions, and sampling methods generate unrepresentative subject pools. This article will demonstrate the ways these issues contaminate knowledge about teenage fathers.
Teen Advocate Program
Authors: Miller Louise M.
Published: October 2009

The South Bay Free Clinic's Teen Advocate Program is comprised of three basic components: Clinic duties, outreach and CARE‐line. The ten Teen Advocates (TA's) spend a total of ten hours per week divided among these activities. In the Clinic, they perform such duties as intake, blood pressure and hematocrit measurement, exam room assistance, birth control raps and answering the phones. Outreach consists mainly of speaking informally with their peers at school, home, parties or wherever young people congregate. Occasionally, TAs speak formally in high school classrooms or at youth‐serving agency meetings (e.g. YWCA). They also distribute evaluation forms for each group presentation given. The CARE‐line, a health information and referral helpline for teenagers, is staffed by Teen Advocates Monday‐Thursday, 4–8 p.m. Adult volunteer supervisors provide necessary support and guidance for the teen listeners.
Part II. Evaluation Component: School Nurse Achievement Program
Authors: Smith Ann N. , Goodwin Laura D.
Published: October 2009

The School Nurse Achievement Program is a national continuing education course for school nurses to increase and improve their services for disabled children. It is currently being developed under the auspices of the Department of Education, Office of Special Education in conjunction with the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, School of Nursing. A description of a national needs survey of school nurses and resulting program goals, curriculum development, and course administration in twelve states appeared in last month's Journal. Formative and summative evaluation studies to aid in curriculum development and to examine changes in the school nurses' activities are described in Part II of this article.
Reduction of Teenage Pregnancy As A Rationale For Sex Education: A Position Paper
Authors: Dunn Patricia
Published: October 2009

There is little doubt that the present level of interest in initiating sex education programs in the schools stems from the effort to reduce the teenage pregnancy rate.

While one can hardly challenge the respectability of the goal to reduce teenage pregnancy, the writers take the view that the focus on reducing teenage pregnancy may be counter‐productive to the establishment of effective sex education programs in school for the following reasons.

1. It promotes a narrow and incorrect understanding of human sexuality and sex education.

2. It creates misunderstanding of what constitutes a comprehensive sex education program.

3. Because the focus is on the junior/senior high youngster the assumption is left that sexuality occurs only between grades six and twelve.

4. It focuses primarily on the female and provides little education for the male.

5. It implies that the majority of teenagers want sex and not babies.

6. It implies that advocating sexual restraint is moralizing (and moralizing is bad) but teaching students that they should use contraceptives to avoid pregnancy is not moralizing.

7. The contraception approach presents human sexuality as a negative behavior because it conveys the impression that sex will get you into trouble if you do not know what to do.
Social and Affective Factors Associated with Adolescent Pregnancy
Authors: Smith Peggy B. , Weinman Maxine L. , Mumford David M.
Published: October 2009

Perceptions associated with pregnancy, including life‐expectations, desire for pregnancy and knowledge of the menstrual cycle were assessed in a sample of urban adolescents 13 to 18 years old. Data was obtained from 104 primiparous teens in their second and third trimester of pregnancy. The majority of adolescents, although experiencing an unplanned pregnancy, perceived minimal negative social consequences associated with the pregnancy. Although more than 82% of all teens were aware of where to get birth control, they demonstrated no deep understanding of the menstrual cycle and its relationship to intercourse and only 11% used effective contraception. Of the birth control non‐users 74% of the girls reported they did not want to get pregnant. In spite of unprotected coitus, most girls were surprised at conception.
Immittance Screening For Aural Problems in School Children
Authors: McDermott John C.
Published: October 2009

The predominant aural health problem in school‐age children is middle ear inflammation with effusion. The conventional hearing screening method has ineffectively detected half of those school children with middle ear problems. Acoustic immittance measurements, recently added to the audiologist's battery of tests, effectively and economically screens middle ear effusion. Unfortunately, acoustic immittance does not screen hearing sensitivity as does the conventional pure‐tone sweep check. This article describes the principles of acoustic immittance and compares it with pure‐tone audiometry; discusses current immittance screening practices; and outlines how acoustic immittance can be included in a school hearing conservation program.
Health Education For Prospective Teachers: Is It Effective?
Authors: Meyer Virginia Young
Published: October 2009

Prospective teachers enrolled in a health education and drug abuse course at Sonoma State University were given a pre‐ and post‐course student opinion survey questionnaire. Data from the survey supports the conclusion that the more a prospective teacher knows about health education the more assured that person will be in teaching the subject and in dealing with pupils who have medical problems.
Meal and Snacking Patterns of Students
Authors: Singleton Nan , Rhoads Dianne S.
Published: October 2009

A 1981 survey of 3,309 students in grades 3–12 enrolled in 135 Louisiana schools was used to determine their meal and snacking patterns. The data were analyzed according to three grade divisions: elementary, 3–6; junior high, 7–8; and senior high, 9–12.

An analysis of variance was computed with grade division as the independent variable. Students' responses to questions concerning the consumption of meals, snacks and vitamin supplements, and tasting new, unfamiliar or disliked food were the dependent variables.

A majority of students consumed three meals daily; however, breakfast was frequently skipped. Breakfast was usually eaten at home; 15% ate the school breakfast. Most students consumed the school lunch; many reported tasting new, unfamiliar or disliked food as part of these meals. Students snacked, most doing so in the afternoon. Students in grades 9–12 consumed significantly more snacks than their counterparts. Many snacks were purchased at school, primarily from a concession stand. Almost 50% took a vitamin supplement.
Teaching Proper Health Habits to Mainstreamed Students Through Positive Reinforcement
Authors: Salend Spencer J. , Mahoney Sandra
Published: October 2009

The following descriptive case studies illustrate the effectiveness of the school nurse in teaching proper hygiene habits to two mainstreamed students. Data were taken on the two mainstreamed students' ability to exhibit clean hands, face and teeth. The results show that the positive reinforcement program initiated by the school nurse was effective in increasing the students' ability to demonstrate appropriate hygiene habits. Implications for the role of the school nurse in mainstreaming are discussed.
The Use of Prescribed Medication in the Schools: A Status Report on the State Policies and Guidelines
Authors: Courtnage Lee
Published: October 2009

The increased use of medication in school systems and the broadened responsibility of educators for the medical/health related needs of students have created a number of concerns. Examples of issues facing school personnel include liability risks, designation of persons to administer medication and drug management procedures to safeguard students receiving drugs during the school day. A review of the literature indicates a paucity of legal documents and policies regarding the use of medication in schools. This study investigates existing state laws, regulations, attorneys general opinions and guidelines concerning the management of medication in the school system. The results show that: (a) the majority of states do not have legislation, regulations or other directives with force of law; (b) major policy statements found most often in legal documents were designated persons permitted to administer drugs, physician's approval, parent's authorization and liability; and (c) many states have apparently deferred policy making to the schools, and have developed state department guidelines to assist local school officials. The major policy and guideline statements may be considered as recommendations for adoption by states wanting to establish responsibility for policy making at the state and local school level.
Are Your Students Learning in a Safe Environment?
Authors: McKenzie James F. , Williams I. Clay
Published: October 2009

Whenever numerous people gather in a limited area the chances for unsafe conditions existing increase. A school building is no exception. Each year the results of unsafe conditions in school settings show up in national accident statistics. By law, school districts are required to provide a safe school environment. Specifically, each teacher is responsible for providing a safe learning environment. To help teachers become more aware of a safe environment the authors have developed a self‐awareness checklist.
Update: Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome
Authors: Crase Darrell
Published: October 2009

A contemporary “in” diagnosis in the field of cardiology is the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. This abnormality is evident in populations ranging from very young children to older adults. It is being recognized with increasing frequency among college and university students. In many cases, the syndrome is of limited consequence, while in others, it may be life threatening. This paper (1) defines what it is, (2) reports on its occurrence, (3) depicts some relationships with related health entities and (4) discusses certain implications for health professionals and heart health education.
Books and Films
Authors: Tow Patrick K. , Meyer Roger J.
Published: October 2009

Liska, K.: Drugs and the Human Body with Implications for Society.

Douglas W Jackson MD& Susan Pescar, THE YOUNG ATHLETE'S HEALTH HANDBOOK
Secondary School Students' Attitudes and Beliefs about Breastfeeding
Authors: Ellis Donelda J.
Published: October 2009

The incidence and prevalence of breastfeeding has increased in the United States and Canada in the past decade, but in spite of its known benefits it is often abandoned before infants are two months of age. Society lacks the attitudes and knowledge necessary for breastfeeding success. A survey of the knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of 409 secondary school students in British Columbia, Canada, revealed misconceptions about the nature of breastfeeding. A high percentage felt it was unacceptable in social situations. The findings point to a need for the integration of information about breastfeeding into school health programs, biology, home economics/nutrition and family life/sexuality courses. Increased knowledge and discussion to foster positive attitudes could increase breastfeeding duration among parents in the future.
A Study of the High School Principal's Role in Health Education
Authors: Davis Janet Haggerty
Published: October 2009

The role of the principal in secondary school health education is explored in this paper. Using the social process theory, the ideal role is developed through a review of current literature and the actual role through a survey of high school principals and health education teachers in Chicago. A consensus regarding the role functions of the principal related to school health education as perceived by principals, health education teachers and authorities in school administration was revealed. The principal's role is one of leadership related to curriculum and instruction. The physical education teacher was responsible for health education in all the schools. No consensus emerged regarding the priority of health education within the school.
The Relative Importance of Parental Attitudes and Behavior Upon Youth Smoking Behavior
Authors: Nolte Ann E. , Smith Becky J. , O'Rourke Thomas
Published: October 2009

The purpose of the study was to assess the relative importance of parental attitudes about smoking and parental smoking behavior as factors associated with youth smoking behavior. Knowledge of the relative importance of each variable could enhance antismoking educational efforts. Data were collected from 5,409 central Illinois school‐age youth in grades 7–12. Data were analyzed by sex. A variety of attitudinal, behavioral and behavior intention questions relative to risk factors, including smoking, were developed. Specific questions about parental attitudes, parental behavior, and the youth's smoking behavior were included. Descriptive and chi‐square statistical analyses were utilized. Results indicate that both factors are significantly associated with youth smoking behavior. However, it appears that parental attitudes may exert a more significant impact than parental behavior. Whereas parental behavior seems to be associated with a doubling of the youth smoking rate, it appears that parental attitude is associated with an approximately fourfold increase. These results need to be interpreted within the larger context that a number of variables, and not just smoking attitudes and parental behavior have been found to be associated with youth smoking behavior. However, within this overall context it appears that parental attitude toward youth smoking is a more significant factor associated with youth smoking behavior than parental behavior. As such, those involved with youth antismoking educational efforts may find it helpful to include this factor.
Multi‐matrix Sampling: A Valuable Data Collection Method for Health Educators
Authors: Gold Robert S. , Basch Charles E. , McDermott Robert J.
Published: October 2009

Survey research in health education, as in other disciplines, attempts to provide estimates of population parameters from which inferences important to program delivery can be made. This article examines the utility of multi‐matrix sampling as a technique in health education research that permits quality collection of large quantities of data without lengthy questionnaires or excessive time demands on respondents. The advantages and limitations of multi‐matrix sampling are delineated through a hypothetical example.
Unplanned Nutrition Education in the Schools: Sugar in Elementary Reading Texts
Authors: D'Onofrio Carol N. , Singer Rosalind
Published: October 2009

Analysis of food content in 1,666 readers, prereaders and reading workbooks for grades K‐3 revealed an undue emphasis upon sweets in both words and pictures. Cake alone accounted for one of every 12 food appearances. While fruits and vegetables were pictured slightly more often than sugar‐rich foods, they were related to actual food consumption far less frequently than sweets. By publisher, other food groups accounted for 10% or less of all food pictures and 15% or less of all food words. Snacks, treats and parties appeared more often as occasions for eating than regular meals, excluding picnics. Families were rarely presented eating together and little attention was devoted to the nutritional value of food. Knowledge children acquire from the media and other sources before attending school has been identified as a force counteracting nutrition education, but unintended messages conveyed in K‐3 readers also may work against the promotion of healthy eating habits. Reading texts should be screened for nutritional content before adoption and revised to reduce the appearance of sweets in accord with national dietary goals. Nutrition eduation must extend beyond teaching the basic four food groups to help children recognize how their food choices are affected by environmental influences, inside as well as outside of school.
Assessing Gender Differences in College Cigarette Smoking Intenders and Nonintenders
Authors: Page Randy M. , Gold Robert S.
Published: October 2009

Variations in cigarette smoking patterns between men and women have led to the speculation that there may be systematic gender differences which account for these patterns. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether such gender differences exist in beliefs about the consequences of smoking, evaluations of those consequences, one's normative beliefs and one's motivations to comply among 221 college‐age students. These subcomponents of Fishbein's model of behavioral intentions were tested with multivariate analysis procedures. Significant gender differences found in beliefs about the consequences of smoking, normative beliefs concerning smoking, and motivations to comply indicate that educational and treatment programs should address members of the two sexes in different ways.
The Effects of Self‐Care Instruction on Locus of Control in Children
Authors: Blazek Brodie , McClellan Muriel S.
Published: October 2009

This study investigated the effects of self‐care instruction on locus of control in fifth grade children. Forty‐two fifth graders attending an upper middle‐class Southwestern school were randomly assigned to either a control group or an experimental group. Children in the experimental group participated in a program adapted from the Health PACT program developed by Igoe1 and designed to show children how to become managers in their own health care. Children in the control group attended a health discussion. The results of this study suggest that participation in self‐care instruction can increase the extent to which children view health event outcomes as being due to their actions. This research provides direct implications that schools should adopt classes encouraging children to become managers in their own health care.
Health Behavior Survey of California School Health Educators
Authors: Nakamura Raymond M. , Lescault Charleen M.
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this survey was to assess the health behaviors of California School Health Association members to determine whether or not these individuals utilized their professional knowledge to maintain themselves at a high level of health and consequently act as positive role models in the school health program. The survey was designed to investigate behavior patterns in categories relating to nutrition, drugs, exercise, risk and medical profiles. A questionnaire was designed to determine what percent of the respondents practiced positive health behaviors. The survey results provide strong evidence that the majority of those surveyed practiced what they have learned and teach. Sound nutritional habits were exhibited. Reasonable drug and risk taking behavior was practiced. ***Excellent medical profiles also were maintained. Exercise was a basic component to most of the respondents lives, however, increased participation and regular exercise programs could be improved. The results showed good overall health practices, making CSHA members potentially good role models.
Teacher Stress and Burnout: Implications for School Health Personnel
Authors: Belcastro Philip A. , Gold Robert S.
Published: October 2009

Recent literature indicates teachers experience considerable stress in the workplace, and that such stress is associated with an increased frequency of physical illnesses and somatic complaints. This study was conducted to identify the relationship between reported levels of stress and somatic complaints and selected illnesses. The Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Teacher Somatic Complaints and Illness Inventory were distributed to 428 teachers in public schools in Southern Illinois. The MBI yields data allowing classification of teachers into two groups according to degrees of work related stress. A discriminant analysis was performed to examine the ability to discriminate between these groups based on their reported patterns of somatic complaints and illnesses. More than 11% of those responding to the study were classified as burned out according to conservative criteria for classification. The conclusion that burnout represents a health risk to teachers in this study has implications for school health personnel. Since school health personnel have experience in educating people about physiological and psychological factors that threaten health, and have experience in motivating individuals to take positive action regarding their health, they can provide teachers with information and skills to cope with occupational stress.
Rx for OTC Users: Improved Health Education
Authors: Shands Virginia P. , Goff Linda Dysart , Goff David H.
Published: October 2009

A survey of college students' perceptions and understanding of the directions, cautions and warnings affixed to or accompanying over‐the‐counter medicines was conducted during 1980–81 at the University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi. The questionnaire asked students to list the OTC products they use and to define or recognize definitions for pertinent terminology. The present paper concludes there is compelling need for increased emphases on health education at all educational levels, particularly as related to self‐medication practices, and that on‐going programs should be examined for relevance.
Anorexia and the Adolescent
Authors: McNab Warren L.
Published: October 2009

Anorexia nervosa or self‐starvation is a disease that can lead to lifelong problems or death. A problem primarily affecting young women, anorexia is occurring at a rapidly increasing rate in the United States. In today's society, thinness is perpetuated in all aspects of life; the result of this initial dieting in combination with a low self‐concept and self‐esteem appear to be factors related to this disease. This article defines anorexia nervosa, explains physical and psychological problems resulting from the disease and emphasizes the role health professionals have in the prevention and early recognition of anorexia nervosa in the adolescent.
Nonverbal Teaching Behavior and the Health Educator
Authors: Fetter M. Patricia
Published: October 2009

The role of the health educator is rapidly changing. With this change comes the need to analyze the teaching techniques used by the health educator to disseminate health information. There is very little research to date in health education dealing with the issue of teacher‐learner interaction. Because of the unique issues raised in this domain, research designs used in other areas of education do not meet the specific needs of health education.

The study was designed initially to determine if nonverbal teaching behavior of health educators would be different if they were exposed to a systematic self‐analysis process. Utilizing health educators in 28 secondary schools in central New York State, the subjects were videotaped and their behavior analyzed with a self‐analysis instrument.

The results of the study showed a need for written and oral feedback if health educators are to become aware of their teaching behavior. Ongoing self‐analysis, too, appeared essential in changing teaching behavior as did the use of videotaping. Duplicate studies in this area are essential in determining whether teacher behavior can be altered in a positive direction.
Physical and Behavioral Aspects of Middle Ear Disease in School Children
Authors: McDermott John C.
Published: October 2009

Middle ear disease is today's primary aural health problem in school‐age children. Until recently, pediatric health researchers were aware only of the medical consequences that middle ear disease had on children. Except in a few cases of chronic otitis media, the effects of middle ear disease were considered transitory. However, current research on middle ear disease suggests permanent changes in hearing sensitivity, reduced development of the auditory neural network and developmental delays in speech, language and cognitive skills dependent on hearing. This article presents a review of recent studies on the physical and behavioral aspects of middle ear disease and its sequelae in school children.
Current Status of Statewide School Health Education Programs in Michigan
Authors: DuShaw Martha L. , Hansen Stella
Published: October 2009

This study surveyed all Michigan public school principals regarding the current status of comprehensive school health education being provided in Michigan public schools. A 32‐item survey was developed, pretested, revised and mailed to all public school principals in Michigan. Followup letters were sent to nonrespondents. A phone survey was conducted to nonrespondent principals after the cut‐off date to verify survey responses. All data was analyzed by elementary, junior high school and high school population. The areas of professional preparation, inservice education, application and utilization of the Essential Performance Objectives for Health Education in Michigan, the content and time allotted for health education, and the lack of a well‐developed organizational structure for health education have been articulated as deficit areas in the current status of comprehensive school health education. This survey provided much information for future consideration by educators, public and private health organizations, and other individuals and groups interested in school health in Michigan.
Ethical Theories for Promoting Health Through Behavioral Change
Authors: O'Connell Janelle K. , Price James H.
Published: October 2009

The various philosophical orientations for changing people's unhealthy behaviors are examined. The ethical theories of natural law, utilitarianism, paternalism and distributive justice are reviewed in relation to changing people's behaviors. Finally, the health educators' role in behavior change is examined and it is recommended that heatlh educators may need to limit the conditions in which they intervene into the lives of others.
Focus on the School‐Aged Child in Family Intervention
Authors: Hinman Lesley M.
Published: October 2009

A practice situation in school nursing involving a school‐aged child and his family is described from assessment of the problem to evaluation of care using several guides. The Roy Adaptation Model serves as a theoretical framework as the nurse applies principles of holistic health and utilizes the Family Assessment and Intervention Identifier. Considerable emphasis is placed on specific measures used to meet the behavioral indices set up by the Family Assessment Tool. Principles of the Roy Adaptation Model and holistic health are described in relation to the intervention for this family to illustrate how a conceptual framework can guide practice while allowing incorporation of related theories.
Linking Health Screening To Health Education Learning Modules for Elementary School Students: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Feuerstein Paula , Galli Nicholas
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this study was to develop and assess an elementary health education curriculum based upon health screening procedures. A modular format was used which enables students to progress at a self‐determined pace. Mastery of subject matter is insured, since progression to other modules is based upon satisfactory completion of preceding packets.

A total of 60 fourth grade students from two classes were selected by a block randomization process to participate in the study. An experimental and control group were designated and pre‐tested. The experimental group was subjected to the prototype curriculum, while the control group was exposed to the traditional health screening program routinely implemented in the district. Upon completion of their respective units, both groups were post‐tested to assess gains in achievement.

No significant (p < .01) pre‐test differences existed between each group of students. While both groups made gains in health knowledge on post‐test scores, the experimental group scored significantly (p < .01) higher than the control group. It appears the prototype curriculum is a more effective approach in teaching health than the traditional approach at this grade level. The authors suggest that this study be replicated on a larger scale and include the entire complement of modules.
The Health Belief Model
Authors: Herold Edward S.
Published: October 2009

The objective of this paper is to go beyond the general statement that the Health Belief Model be applied to family planning research. It will show specifically how the major concepts of the model can be applied to family planning in general, and in particular to the use or non‐use of contraception among sexually active young females. The paper also responds to criticism of the use of the Health Belief Model in family planning.
Decision Making And Health Education
Authors: Duryea Elias J.
Published: October 2009

A philosophical position is proposed that assesses the significance of the present emphasis focused on health decision making. A review of the theoretical perspectives on the decision‐making process is outlined. A position statement is offered that clarifies the function and role of decision making within the field of Health Education. A rationale is provided that proposes health decision making efforts be limited to those health areas where definitive epidemiologic evidence is available linking a health behavior (i.e., smoking) to a major health problem (i.e., lung cancer). Recommendations for the future direction of investigations in this area arc presented in the form of research questions.
Awareness, Knowledge and Perceived Risk for Toxic Shock Syndrome in Relation to Health Behavior
Authors: Riggs Richard S. , Noland Melody Powers
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship of awareness, knowledge and perceived risk for toxic shock syndrome (TSS) in relation to health behavior. Female college students at a large urban university responded to an 18‐item multiple choice questionnaire. The data obtained revealed a high awareness among the 306 subjects who participated in the study, yet many of these women lacked essential knowledge about TSS. Perceived knowledge and perceived risk for developing TSS were significantly related to: (1) menstrual product used before an awareness of TSS; (2) menstrual product presently used; and (3) changing menstrual products due to a concern for TSS. Actual knowledge was also found to be related to the subjects' changing menstrual products due to a concern for TSS. Twenty‐one percent of the subjects in this study actually did change their health behavior due to a concern for TSS.
Historical Trends in the Use of Television in Health Education
Authors: Kill Bette , King Linda Sue
Published: October 2009

Although health education is a relatively new professional discipline, health educators have actively utilized television for informational and persuasive purposes since its inception as a public mass medium. Informational messages have been developed for classroom and public television, while persuasive messages have been developed for commercial television. With the current health education emphasis on developing and maintaining behaviors conducive to health, the school health educator can blend both informational and persuasive methods to create a more dynamic classroom teaching environment.
Progress and Focus of the National Childhood Immunization Campaign
Authors: Paskert Catherine J.
Published: October 2009

In response to the alarming incidence of vaccine preventable childhood diseases in the late 1960s and early 1970s a nationwide campaign to improve and maintain immunization levels for selected diseases was instituted in 1977 by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Another program with the goal of eliminating indigenous measles by 1982 was announced the following year.

As a result of efforts in federal, state and local quarters, an overall immunization level of 90% has been reached among the school‐age population for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, measles, mumps and rubella. Although more newborns and preschool children have been vaccinated, there is a need to better protect these youngsters. With the measles case rate at an all‐time low and transmission within the country drastically limited, the goal to eliminate native measles in the near future may be achievable.

After nearly six years of concerted activity, immunization levels have improved so that attention has shifted to the development and implementation of a system to permanently maintain these high levels. Continuing support from the public and private sectors is vital if the campaign is to succeed.
Weight Reduction and Maintenance for Overweight, Mentally Retarded Students, Ages 9–17
Authors: Nelson Evelyn C. , Catchings Mildred W. , Pendleton Thelma B.
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this study was to determine if overweight, mentally retarded students could safely lose weight and maintain their individual losses through a given time period (6 months). Minor changes in nutrition, and a simple activity program planned by school professionals was used. The program was implemented by school personnel and parents.
Values Clarification As A Technique For Family Planning Education
Authors: Toohey Jack V. , Valenzuela Gloria J.
Published: October 2009

A Spanish language family planning education program utilizing the dynamics of values clarification has been designed and implemented in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico.

The design of the program features three basic personality identification activities to help individuals identify other dimensions of adult life expression than child rearing. In addition, a series of simple and precise scenarios specifically related to family planning are presented. Each scenario is accompanied by a set of valuing questions that direct the learner to respond to the scenario.

The activity booklet is entitled, “Clarificacion De Valores En La Planificacion Familar.” The booklet requires the learner to make responses to the learning materials. Responses are then used as a basis for inferring that people are comprehending and above all personalizing knowledge about themselves and their culture and family planning.

The program is cross cultural and can be used in Spanish speaking communities in the U.S. Its English language form can be used with English speaking target populations.

Statistical analysis of seven critical categories of the program indicated that the shifts in attitudes from pre‐to post‐values, whether positive or negative (desirable or undesirable), were not significant at the .05 level of confidence. It should, however, be noted that small shifts in the rate of natural increase, or rate of natural decrease for population growth can have a dramatic effect on population growth when multiplied by time.
Food Habits and Preferences of Vietnamese Children
Authors: Nguyen Thuy Thi , Do Tam Huu , Craig Winston J. , Zimmerman Grenith
Published: October 2009

In this study, information on food preferences and intake frequencies of 70 Vietnamese children was gathered by means of a questionnaire. The purpose was to compare the dietary habits of children who had been in the U.S. for more than one year with those of children arriving within the past year (1981). The results showed that children less than six years old who came to California more than one year ago consumed green leafy vegetables less frequently (p < 0.01) and vitamin supplements more frequently (p < 0.01) than those who came here recently. In the older groups (> 6yrs), those who have been resident in the U.S. for more than one year consumed peanut butter and sweets (ice cream, pies, milkshakes) more frequently than those who had just arrived (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Older children (age > 6 yrs) who had been in the U.S. longer preferred American foods more than those who had just come (p < 0.01). The majority of all children ate fruits as snacks. The consumption of rice, eggs, cheese, milk, meats and fruit juice was not significantly different in any of the four groups. This study also revealed a great need of nutrition education for the Vietnamese refugee mothers. Recommendations for planning nutrition education for this population are provided.
Intentional Teenage Pregnancies
Authors: Cohen Stuart Joseph
Published: October 2009

Recent evidence indicates that many teenagers, despite access to birth control information and services, are choosing not to utilize them, and, therefore, are becoming intentionally pregnant. Several studies have begun to provide reasons for this new dilemma and profiles of those teenagers who become intentionally pregnant. New strategies have to be developed by health care professionals to combat this problem. Some suggestions are presented.
Great Sensations: A Program to Encourage Heart Healthy Snacking by High School Students
Authors: Simons‐Morton Bruce G. , Coates Thomas J. , Saylor Keith E. , Sereghy Eva , Barofsky Ivan
Published: October 2009

The Great Sensations program consisted of three interrelated educational strategies — classroom instruction, parent outreach, and media campaign. These strategies were designed to teach inner‐city high school students about salt and high blood pressure, and to encourage them to eat more low‐salt snacks and fewer high‐salt snacks. Eight classes at the experimental school were randomly assigned to class instruction or parent outreach in a factoral design. All students in the experimental school were exposed to the media campaign. Students at a nearby high school served as the comparison group. All but a few of the 490 students at the two schools were black. Students who received the classroom instruction reported lower Salty Snack selection and higher Target Snack selection at posttest and eight‐week follow‐up. Students receiving media only reported lower Salty Snack selection at posttest but this condition returned to baseline by eight weeks. The control group reported little change in snack selection at posttest and eight weeks. After six months, program effects were no longer evident for either experimental group.
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia: Questions and Answers for School Personnel
Authors: Mallick M. Joan
Published: October 2009

By understanding the signs and symptoms of anorexia and bulimia, school personnel can play a vital role in the early detection and treatment measures necessary to successful treatment. This article answers questions most commonly asked about eating disorders by school personnel. It provides specific information about early detection measures, approaches to use when confronting the suspected student, and methods to facilitate entry into treatment.
A Nursing Care Plan for the Handicapped Student
Authors: Dunn Joan Dolce
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this paper is to encourage school nurses to document the nursing process when caring for the handicapped student. When the nursing process is properly documented, the result is the nursing care plan. This care plan identifies the diagnosed health needs and defines, in behavioral terms, the goals and interventions designed to meet those needs. A nursing care plan serves a three‐fold purpose: 1) It provides a framework to bring students to their maximum health potential; 2) It is applicable to the federally‐mandated Individualized Education Plan (IEP) because both are written with behavioral, student‐centered goals, and interventions; and 3) It demonstrates a clearly defined and essential role of the school nurse with the handicapped student. This paper presents the current concept of the nursing process and concludes with an example of the nursing care plan.
Health Needs of High School Students in Detroit
Authors: Giblin Paul T. , Poland Marilyn L.
Published: October 2009

This project identified the health care needs and information concerns of high school students who were potential patients for a new adolescent health clinic in Detroit. Questionnaires assessed current health problems, information needs, and factors affecting use of health services by 613 predominantly black, urban, high school students at a regional high school (n = 187, X̄ age = 16.8) and a neighborhood high school (n = 426, X̄ age = 15). Reported health problems included eating the proper foods, school problems, acne, depression, and headaches. Expressed health information needs included skin problems, drugs, gender, and birth control. Differences among school, age, and gender were noted. Subjects preferred continuity of provider care and receiving health information by private, direct, patient‐physician contact. The findings were used in staff training and in program planning for the adolescent health clinic for high‐risk youth.
Sexuality Education: A More Realistic View of its Effects
Authors: Kirby Douglas
Published: October 2009

Sexuality education has been proffered as a partial solution to a variety of adolescent sexual problems. Research demonstrates that programs increase knowledge, but have little direct impact on values and attitudes, actual sexual behavior, use of birth control, and teen‐age pregnancy. This article compares the effects of sexuality education programs with the results of other educational programs and discusses why sex education programs may increase knowledge, but may not effectively change behavior. Finally, good reasons to offer sexuality education are discussed.