bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting Soil Organic Carbon at Field Scale Using a National Soil Spectral Library
Authors: Peng Yi , Knadel Maria , Gislum René , Deng Fan , Norgaard Trine , de Jonge Lis Wollesen , Moldrup Per , Greve Mogens Humlekrog
Published: July 2013

Visible and near infrared diffuse reflectance (vis-NIR) spectroscopy is a low-cost, efficient and accurate soil analysis technique and is thus becoming increasingly popular. Soil spectral libraries are commonly constructed as the basis for estimating soil texture and properties. In this study, partial least squares regression was used to develop models to predict the soil organic carbon (SOC) content of 35 soil samples from one field using (i) the Danish soil spectral library (2688 samples), (ii) a spiked spectral library (a combination of 30 samples selected from the local area and the spectral library, 2718 samples) and (iii) three sub-sets selected from the spectral library. In an attempt to improve prediction accuracy, sub-sets of the soil spectral library were made using three different sample selection methods: those geographically closest (84 samples), those with the same landscape and parent material (96 samples) and those with the most alike spectra to spectra from the field investigation (100 samples). These sub-sets were used to develop three calibration models and in predictions of SOC content. The results showed that the geographically closest model, which used the fewest number of samples, gave the lowest root mean square error of prediction ( RMSEP) of 0.19% and the highest ratio of performance to deviation ( RPD) of 3.7, followed by the spiked library, same parent material, the spectral library and the most alike spectra. The spiked library model also gave a low RMSEP value of 0.19% and high RPD value of 3.7% and performed markedly better than the model without spiking, despite using 30 samples for library spiking. The accuracy of the model developed using a sub-set from a spectral library was highly dependent on geographical location, soil parent material and landscape.
Why tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance is common in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors
Authors: Tomasetti Cristian , Demetri George D , Parmigiani Giovanni
Published: July 2013

Background:Most patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) develop drug resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) within two years of starting therapy, whereas most chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients in chronic phase still exhibit disease control after a decade on therapy. This article aims to explain this divergence in long term outcomes.

Methods and results:By combining clinical and experimental observations with mathematical formulas we estimate that, in advanced GIST, the genetic changes responsible for resistance are generally already present at disease detection.

Conclusion:This result has relevant clinical implications by providing support for the exploration of combination therapies.
Phylogenetic study of Diploschistes (lichen–forming Ascomycota: Ostropales: Graphidaceae), based on morphological, chemical, and molecular data
Authors: Fernández-Brime Samantha , Llimona Xavier , Lutzoni François , Gaya Ester
Published: July 2013

The genus Diploschistes includes crustose lichen–forming fungi with a carbonized proper excipulum with lateral paraphyses, and a chemistry dominated by orcinol depsides. However, the taxon D. ocellatus lacks these excipular characters and has β–orcinol depsidones, raising doubts about its inclusion within this genus. Using a two–locus dataset (mtSSU, nuLSU), our phylogenetic analyses confirm the classification of D. ocellatus within Diploschistes. Three different groups have been recognized within this genus, based on ascomatal morphology: Actinostomus (perithecioid), Scruposus (urceolate), and Ocel latus (lecanoroid). These groups have been widely used in monographic studies and keys, but their taxonomic value has not been confirmed yet. Here we inferred phylogenetic relationships within Diploschistes, with a special emphasis on the D. scruposus complex, using a combined dataset consisting of morphological, chemical, nrITS, and mtSSU data in order to determine if these species groups and phenotypically based species delimitations were monophyletic. Based on our results, a new subgeneric treatment for Diploschistes is proposed, and the taxonomic value of fruiting body types is confirmed. The clade corresponding to D. ocellatus consists of two well–supported subclades, one of them grouping specimens without ascomata, having only pycnidia. It is also remarkable that the clade containing specimens of D. diacapsis subsp. neutrophilus appears distantly related to the clade containing all other accessions of D. diacapsis. Our analysis revealed that for some taxa, such as D. scruposus and D. interpediens, molecular variability did not correlate with either morphological or chemical diversity.
A plea to restore Petagna's authorship for the genus Sansevieria, nom. cons. (Liliaceae)
Authors: Menale Bruno , De Luca Paolo , Del Guacchio Emanuele
Published: July 2013

Sansevieria Thunb. (1794) and Sanseverinia Petagna (1787) are generally regarded as separate generic names, and the former has been conserved over the latter (see App. III of the Vienna Code). However, it is determined that the two are not separate generic names but that Thunberg's Sansevieria is a misspelling of Petagna's Sanseverinia. Nonetheless, Thunberg's spelling is to be retained as required by Art. 14.8 of the Melbourne Code. However, the authorship of Sansevieria should be re–attributed to Petagna.
Legume phylogeny and classification in the 21st century: Progress, prospects and lessons for other species–rich clades
Authors:   The Legume Phylogeny Working Group, Bruneau Anne , Doyle Jeff J. , Herendeen Patrick , Hughes Colin , Kenicer Greg , Lewis Gwilym , Mackinder Barbara , Pennington R. Toby , Sanderson Michael J. , Wojciechowski Martin F. , Boatwright Stephen , Brown Gillian , Cardoso Domingos , Crisp Michael , Egan Ashley , Fortunato Renée H. , Hawkins Julie , Kajita Tadashi , Klitgaard Bente , Koenen Erik , Lavin Matt , Luckow Melissa , Marazzi Brigitte , McMahon Michelle M. , Miller Joseph T. , Murphy Daniel J. , Ohashi Hiroyoshi , de Queiroz Luciano P. , Rico Lourdes , Särkinen Tiina , Schrire Brian , Simon Marcelo F. , Souza Elvia R. , Steele Kelly , Torke Benjamin M. , Wieringa Jan J. , van Wyk Ben-Erik
Published: July 2013

The Leguminosae, the third–largest angiosperm family, has a global distribution and high ecological and economic impor
tance. We examine how the legume systematic research community might join forces to produce a comprehensive phylogenetic estimate for the ca. 751 genera and ca. 19,500 species of legumes and then translate it into a phylogeny–based classification. We review the current state of knowledge of legume phylogeny and highlight where problems lie, for example in taxon sampling and phylogenetic resolution. We review approaches from bioinformatics and next–generation sequencing, which can facilitate the production of better phylogenetic estimates. Finally, we examine how morphology can be incorporated into legume phylogeny to address issues in comparative biology and classification. Our goal is to stimulate the research needed to improve our knowledge of legume phylogeny and evolution; the approaches that we discuss may also be relevant to other species–rich angiosperm clades.
Usnea dasopoga, a name to be reinstated for U. filipendula, and its orthography
Authors:   Linda in Arcadia
Published: July 2013

The correct spelling of the name for the lichen often known as Usnea “dasypoga” is shown to be Usnea dasopoga. Usnea filipendula is treated as a synonym of Usnea dasopoga.
Radiation of theHypochaeris apargioidescomplex (Asteraceae: Cichorieae) of southern South America
Authors: López-Sepúlveda Patricio , Tremetsberger Karin , Ortiz María Ángeles , Baeza Carlos M. , Peñailillo Patricio , Stuessy Tod F.
Published: July 2013

Radiation into different environments is a common evolutionary phenomenon in plants. This process has been extensively documented in oceanic islands and to a lesser extent in continental areas. The genusHypochaeris(Asteraceae: Cichorieae) contains 41 species in South America that have evolved during the past one million years. Dispersal of propagules to new regions followed by speciation at the diploid level into different ecological zones has resulted in radiated groups. One such group, theH. apargioidescomplex, consists of four closely related species,H. apargioides,H. gayana,H. spathulata, andH. thrincioides, all of which are distributed in central‐south Chile and adjacent Argentina. Morphometric and molecular (AFLP) data were used to help reveal processes involved in the evolution of the complex. A total of 54 populations were sampled: 34 were analyzed morphometrically and 45 were examined for genetic variation and divergence using AFLP methodology. Mor‐ phometric analysis shows that two species,H. gayanaandH. spathulata, are clearly separated phenotypically from the others, but thatH. apargioidesandH. thrincioidesare more similar to each other. The principal environmental conditions influencing morphology and distribution of species in theH. apargioidescomplex appear to be salinity and elevation inH. spathulataandH. gayana, respectively, and climate inH. apargioidesandH. thrincioides. The overall pattern in the evolution of the complex is one of subtle morphological divergence in response to environmental selection, perhaps reflecting initial stages of adaptive radiation. The low level of molecular divergence among species also suggests rapid speciation.
Third world list of cetrarioid lichens: A databased tool for documentation of nomenclatural data—lessons learned
Authors: Saag Andres , Randlane Tiina , Saag Lauri , Thell Arne , Ahti Teuvo
Published: July 2013

The third version of the world list of cetrarioid lichens contains 572 names representing 149 accepted species. It is presented in a new, electronical form, based on a FileMaker‐powered database, allowing users to view data in different sets and to perform searches. Type information is added for most of the names, and new information regarding the phylogenetic status of accepted taxa is introduced. Five global taxonomic databases (Catalogue of Life, Encyclopedia of Life, Index Fungorum, LIAS, MycoBank) are compared by scanning the availability of mainly nomenclatural data of 30 selected cetrarioid names (10 accepted names, 10 homotypic and 10 heterotypic synonyms); the significance of digital web resources is discussed.
Toward a new circumscription of the twinsorus‐fern genus Diplazium (Athyriaceae): A molecular phylogeny with morphological implications and infrageneric taxonomy
Authors: Wei Ran , Schneider Harald , Zhang Xian-Chun
Published: July 2013

Diplazium and allied segregates (Allantodia, Callipteris, Monomelangium) represent highly diverse genera belonging to the lady‐fern family Athyriaceae. Because of the morphological diversity and lack of molecular phylogenetic analyses of this group of ferns, generic circumscription and infrageneric relationships within it are poorly understood. In the present study, the phylogenetic relationships of these genera were investigated using a comprehensive taxonomic sampling including 89 species representing all formerly accepted segregates. For each species, we sampled over 6000 DNA nucleotides of up to seven plastid genomic regions: atpA, atpB, matK, rbcL, rps4, rps4‐trnS IGS, and trnL intron plus trnL‐trnF IGS. Phylogenetic analyses including maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods congruently resolved Allantodia, Callipteris and Monomelangium nested within Diplazium; therefore a large genus concept of Diplazium is accepted to keep this group of ferns monophyletic and to avoid paraphyletic or polyphyletic taxa. Four well‐supported clades and eight robust subclades were found in the phylogenetic topology. Reconstruction of the evolutionary pattern of morphological characters, such as dissections of leaves, petiole/rachis scales, and shapes of sori, recovered some character combinations of systematic value for infrageneric classification. In light of morphological characters and our molecular phylogeny, a re‐defined Diplazium and an infrageneric classification are proposed.
An Exploratory Analysis of Terrorism Prevention and Response Preparedness Efforts in Municipal Police Departments in the United States: Which Agencies Participate in Terrorism Prevention and Why?
Authors: Randol Blake M.
Published: July 2013

In the post 9/11 era of homeland security in the United States, American local law enforcement agencies are expected to play an integral role in terrorism prevention and response. Literature suggests that local police agencies are more likely to engage in terrorism response activities than prevention activities because: (1) policymakers place greater emphasis on response, and (2) the prevention component of homeland security is incompatible with traditional policing functions. Missing from the literature is an explanation of why some agencies engage in terrorism prevention activities whereas others do not. To address this research question and other issues concerning terrorism prevention efforts, this study evaluates data from the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics' 2003 Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics Survey. Results show that agencies engaged in terrorism prevention activities were more likely to invest in a few areas of terrorism response preparedness, but they were not more likely to be engaged in terrorism response planning activities. Findings from the structural equation model (SEM) reveal that high levels of violent crime are a strong correlate of agency activities in terrorism prevention activities.
Soul as Structure in Plato’s Phaedo
Authors: Young Douglas
Published: July 2013

In Plato’s Phaedo, the soul is mereologically simple; in the Republic, it is tripartite. The arguments in the Phaedo against the harmonia theory of the soul seem to undercut the psychology of the Republic. Commentators have long been puzzled by this apparent inconsistency. I argue that conceiving of a harmonia as a structure dispels persisting confusions about the theory and why Plato rejects it.
Cannabis use, addiction risk and functional impairment in youth seeking treatment for primary mood or anxiety concerns
Authors: Osuch Elizabeth , Vingilis Evelyn , Ross Erin , Forster Christeen , Summerhurst Carolyn
Published: July 2013

Cannabis use is common in youth and there is evidence that the co-occurrence of cannabis use (and other substance use) with mental illnesses predicts poorer outcomes, including suicide. The main purposes of this study were to: (i) identify rates of cannabis use and substance use disorder risk, and (ii) predictors for cannabis use among youth seeking help for mood and/or anxiety concerns in a sample population prescreened to exclude primary substance use disorders; and (iii) to determine if there was an association between cannabis use and functional impairment in this sample. We investigated substance use risk as well as hypothesized predictors of cannabis use and functional impairment including demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, trait coping style, age of onset of several risk behaviors, current use of common addictive substances, level of functional impairment, and current psychiatric symptom severity. Results showed that approximately half of the participants were at moderate to high risk for a substance use disorder, and just over 4% appeared to have a primary substance use disorder. They also suggested an association between cannabis use and gender (male), age of first cannabis use, recent cigarette use, and functional impairment. Independently, functional impairment was predicted by inattentive coping style, depression severity, and total cannabis use score. These results confirm a high risk for addictive disorders and an association between cannabis use and functional impairment in this sample. These results support the need for substance use treatment programs to optimize care wherever youth with primary mood and/or anxiety concerns are seen.
Angular modulation of single-molecule fluorescence by gold nanoparticles on DNA origami templates
Authors: Möller Friederike M. , Holzmeister Phil , Sen Tapasi , Acuna Guillermo P. , Tinnefeld Philip
Published: July 2013

We study the angular fluorescence intensity modulation of a single dye positioned near a spherical gold nanoparticle, induced by rotation of linearly polarized excitation light. Accurate positioning and alignment of nanoparticle and fluorophore with respect to each other and the incoming electric field is achieved by a three-dimensional, self-assembled DNA origami. An intensity map is obtained for a fixed distance and two different nanoparticle diameters, revealing polarization-dependent enhancement and quenching of fluorescence intensity in good agreement to numerical simulations.
The Inter-rater Reliability of the Functional Movement Screen Within an Athletic Population Using Untrained Raters
Authors: Leeder Jade. E , Horsley Ian G. , Herrington Lee C
Published: July 2013

Elias JE. The inter-rater reliability of the functional movement screen within an athletic population using untrained raters. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2591–2599, 2016—The functional movement screen (FMS) is a commonly used screening tool designed to identify restrictions to movement patterns and increased injury risk using 7 predesigned tests. The purpose of this study was to analyze the inter-rater reliability of scoring of the FMS using a group of “untrained” subjects. Additionally, the study also examined if clinical experience level had any effect on reliability. Twenty fully qualified Physiotherapists working at the English Institute of Sport, with elite athletes, volunteered to participate in the study. The group comprised both level 2 and level 3 physiotherapists based on clinical experience levels. Five elite athletes, free from injury, were recruited and videoed completing 6 of the 7 FMS tests using a 3 camera system. The videos were scored by each Physiotherapist using the standardized scoring sheet, as developed by Cook et al. Each practitioner marked each athlete completing the 6 tests. The total scores were calculated for each athlete (maximum score of 18). The inter-rater reliability of the test was shown to be high, intraclass coefficient 0.906. An independent t test showed no significant differences between the level 2 and level 3 practitioners in the total scores (p = 0.502). The results of the test indicate that the FMS is a reliable screening tool when used by untrained practitioners in determining faulty movement patterns and that clinical experience level does not affect the reliability, therefore it may be a useful tool in the screening of athletic populations.
Combined Pulmonary Hypertension and Renal Thrombotic Microangiopathy in Cobalamin C Deficiency
Authors: Kömhoff Martin , Roofthooft Marcus T. , Westra Dineke , Teertstra Thea K. , Losito Attilio , van de Kar Nicole C.A.J. , Berger Rolf M.F.
Published: July 2013

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and renal thrombotic microangiopathy (rTMA) are rare diseases in childhood, frequently leading to death and end-stage renal disease, respectively. Their combined occurrence has been reported anecdotally. We investigated the clinical, biochemical, and genetic aspects of 5 children with the rare combination of PAH and rTMA. Onset of disease ranged from 1.5 to 14 years of age. The 2 youngest patients presented with concomitant pulmonary and renal disease; in the older patients, PAH was preceded by rTMA from age 2.5 to 7 years. Three patients presenting at ≤3 years of age died of right ventricular failure secondary to progressive PAH. In 2 patients, cobalamin C (cblC) deficiency was diagnosed postmortem. Three patients were treated with hydroxocobalamin; 1 died 2 weeks after diagnosis, 1 patient exhibited progressive pulmonary vasculopathy, and 1 patient is currently in stable condition. cblC deficiency was diagnosed biochemically 2 days to 18 years after initial presentation. Genetic analysis confirmed mutations in MMACHC in all patients; 4 patients were compound heterozygous, with all having base-pair substitutions (G>A or G>T) at nucleotide 276 in addition to frame-shift mutations. One patient had homozygous nonsense mutations of MMACHC. We established cblC deficiency as the denominator in the rare combination of PAH and rTMA in these children. Early recognition of cblC deficiency and vigorous treatment with hydroxocobalamin may beneficially affect the course of this devastating disease.
Firearm Possession Among Adolescents Presenting to an Urban Emergency Department for Assault
Authors: Carter Patrick M. , Walton Maureen A. , Newton Manya F. , Clery Michael , Whiteside Lauren K. , Zimmerman Marc A. , Cunningham Rebecca M.
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Firearm violence is a leading cause of death among youth. The objectives of this study were (1) determine firearm possession rates and associated correlates among youth seeking care for assault in an emergency department (ED); (2) understand differences in risk factors for youth with firearm possession; and (3) identify firearm possession characteristics in this population: type, reason for possession, and source of firearms.

METHODS:

Youth (14 to 24 years old) presenting to a Level 1 ED with assault were administered a computerized screening survey. Validated instruments were administered, measuring demographics, firearm rates and characteristics, attitudes toward aggression, substance use, and previous violence history.

RESULTS:

Among 689 assault-injured youth, 23% reported firearm possession in the past 6 months. Only 17% of those reporting firearm possession obtained the gun from a legal source; 22% reported ownership of highly lethal automatic/semiautomatic weapons and 37.1% reported having a firearm for protection. Logistic regression analysis identified significant correlates of firearm possession, including male gender, higher socioeconomic status, illicit drug use, recent serious fight, and retaliatory attitudes.

CONCLUSIONS:

ED assault-injured youth had high rates of firearm possession (23.1%), most of which were not obtained from legal sources. Youth with firearm possession were more likely to have been in a recent serious fight, and to endorse aggressive attitudes that increase their risk for retaliatory violence. Future prevention efforts should focus on minimizing illegal firearm access among high-risk youth, nonviolent alternatives to retaliatory violence, and substance use prevention.
The Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAP)-g-poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-g-collagen Polymer for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
Authors: Bhuiyan Didarul , Jablonsky Michael J. , Middleton John , Tannenbaum Rina
Published: July 2013

Bone grafts, commonly performed to augment bone regeneration from autologous or alleogeneic sources, carry an enormous cost, estimated at upwards of 21 billion dollars per year. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) bio-ceramic has been widely used in clinic as a bone graft substitute material due to its biocompatibility and the similarity of its structure and composition to bone mineral. However, its applications are limited due to its lack of strength and toughness. Researchers have attempted to overcome these issues by combining HAP bio-ceramics into resorbable polymers to improve their mechanical properties. However, poor bonding between the HAP and the polymer caused separation at the polymer-filler interface. To overcome this, short chains of polymers were grafted directly from the hydroxyl groups on the surface of nanocrystalline HAP. Collagens, being the most abundant proteins in the body, and having suitable properties such as biodegradability, bioabsorbability with low antigenicity, high affinity to water, and the ability to interact with cells through integrin recognition, makes them a very promising candidate for the modification of the polymer surface. In this study, a novel method of synthesizing nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAP)-g-poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-g-collagen polymer was introduced. The synthesis process was carried out in several steps. First, poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) polymer was directly grafted onto the hydroxyl group of the surface of n-HAP particles by ring-opening polymerization, and subsequently coupled with succinic anhydride. In order to activate the co-polymer for collagen attachment, the carboxyl end group obtained from succinic anhydride was reacted with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as the cross-linking agent. Finally, the activated co-polymer was attached to calf skin collagen type I, in hydrochloric acid/phosphate buffer solution and the precipitated co-polymer with attached collagen was isolated. The synthesis was monitored by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopies and the products after each step were characterized by thermal analysis (TGA and DSC). These composite materials will be tested as potential scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.
Inducible nitric oxide releasing poly-(ethylene glycol)-fibrinogen adhesive hydrogels for tissue regeneration
Authors: Brunette Margaret , Holmes Hal , Lancina Michael G. , He Weilue , Lee Bruce P. , Frost Megan C. , Rajachar Rupak M.
Published: July 2013

Nitric oxide (NO) release can promote healthy tissue regeneration. A PEG-fibrinogen adhesive hydrogel that would allow for inducible NO release was created with mechanical properties that could be tailored to specific applications and tissue types. PEG (4-arm)-fibrinogen hydrogels of varying ratios were derivatized with S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D, L-penicillamine (SNAP)-thiolactone to create an active NO donor material. Controlled release from gels was established using light as the activating source, although temperature, pH, and external mechanical loading are also means to induce active NO release. Gels with varying ratios of fibrinogen to PEG were made, derivatized, and tested. Gels below a ratio of 1.5:1 (fibrinogen:PEG) did not gel, while at ratio of 1.5:1 gelation occurs and NO release can be induced. Interestingly, the release from 1.5:1 gels was significantly lower compared to 2:1 and 3:1 gel formulations. Rheometric data show that lower ratio gels are more elastic than viscous. Derivatized gels exhibited linear elastic moduli, behaving more like other more synthetic hydrogels. Swelling data indicates that as the ratio of fibrinogen to PEG increases the swelling ratio decreases, likely due to the hydrophobic nature of the NO donor. Cells remain viable on both derivatized and non-derivatized gels.
A Population Study of the Culicoides Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Urban, Rural, and Forested Sites in a Cerrado Area of Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Silva F S , Carvalho LPC
Published: July 2013

Culicoides biting midges are medically important haematophagous flies that transmit diseases to animals and humans. This work deals with the basic ecology of Culicoides populations in northeastern Brazil. Adult biting midge populations in and around urban and rural communities were sampled monthly from September 2007 to October 2008 with light traps. In total, 10,803 Culicoides midges representing 17 species were collected. The most frequently collected species were Culicoides paucienfuscatus (83%), Culicoides leopoldoi (12%), Culicoides insignis (2%), and Culicoides paraensis (1%). Trap catches and species diversity were highest in chicken shelters at both urban and rural sites, followed by pigsties. The Culicoides fauna is composed chiefly of species broadly distributed in the Neotropics. Domestic animals are important factors for attracting and maintaining biting midge populations in peridomiciliary areas, especially C. paucienfuscatus. Further work is needed to better understand abiotic and biotic factors affecting Culicoides populations of northeastern Brazil.
A Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of the GenusDohrniphora(Diptera: Phoridae)
Authors: Hash John M , Brown Brian V , Smith Paul T , Kanao Taisuke
Published: July 2013

The genus Dohrniphora Dahl 1898 (Diptera: Phoridae) is an extremely diverse assemblage of species that exhibit fascinating larval lifestyles, including, scavenging, fungivory, kleptoparasitism, predation, and parasitism. Moreover, some species are known to exhibit interesting associations with social insects. Here we report on the first in-depth molecular phylogenetic study of the genus Dohrniphora based on 2,327 bp of DNA sequence data from portions of the nuclear CAD (rudimentary) and mitochondrial ND1, CO1, and 16S rDNA genes. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analysis each recovered Dohrniphora as a monophyletic group. Within Dohrniphora, the New World species were paraphyletic with respect to the Old World clade. We also provide evidence that members of the termite-parasitizing genus Dicranopteron Schmitz 1931 are simply highly specialized members of Dohrniphora and revive the species status of Dohrniphora obscuriventris Borgmeier 1925. Finally, biogeography and hind femoral morphology are examined in a phylogenetic context.
Sense Organs on the Antennal Flagellum of Leptoglossus zonatus (Heteroptera: Coreidae)
Authors: Gonzaga—Segura Jesús , Valdéz-Carrasco Jorge , Castrejón-Gómez Víctor R
Published: July 2013

For the first time, antennal sensorial organs of Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Coreidae) are described through scanning electron microscopy. The antennae are formed by a scape, pedicel, and a flagellum that is composed of two flagellomeres and is the main bearer of sensorial organs. Five types of sensory structures were identified: Trichoid sensilla, basiconic sensilla, coeloconic sensilla, campaniform sensilla, and placoid sensilla. Trichoid sensilla were divided into five subtypes. The large striated trichoid sensilla have almost straight longitudinally striated cuticles and were present throughout the antenna. Flattened trichoid sensilla were variable-sized curved hairs distributed from the base of the scape to the distal end of the first flagellomere. Small striated trichoid sensilla were found mainly on the antenna distal flagellomeres. Smooth trichoid sensilla were located at the distal end of the scape and along the entire length of the pedicel, and are the least abundant type on the antenna. Small smooth trichoid sensilla were found precisely on the joints between the pedicel and scape. Based on size and shape, the basiconic sensilla were also divided into five subtypes (Bs1, Bs2, Bs3, Bs4, and Bs5). These all are rod-shaped. Coeloconic sensilla were found exclusively on the second flagellomere of the flagellum. Just one campaniform sensilla on each antenna was located on the second flagellomere of the flagellum. Finally, a group of 10 oval placoid organs were found at the scape base, in proximity to the joint connecting the antenna to the insect's head.
Thelytokous Parthenogenesis in the Ant Strumigenys hexamera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Masuko Keiichi
Published: July 2013

Strumigenys hexamera (Brown) is a terrestrial ant nesting exclusively in the soil and specialized in predation on diplurans and small-sized myriapods (symphyllans and centipedes). Its colony is monogynous and previous dissections of the queens had suggested that they were uninseminated, thus they could reproduce thelytokously. In the current study, first, the spermathecae of the queens (dealate gynes) from worker-containing colonies were examined histologically in details. All specimens examined had no spermatozoa in the spermatheca. Second, alate gynes were reared with workers in the laboratory and whether they lay eggs that produce female offspring was studied. In all of 10 culture replicates, new workers were produced from eggs those gynes had laid. No spermatozoa in their spermathecae and no ovary in the worker caste were confirmed histologically after rearing experiments. These results reveal that S. hexamera is thelytokous at least for a studied population in central Japan.
Seasonal Phenology of Pseudococcus maritimus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and Pheromone-Baited Trap Survey of Four Important Mealybug Species in Three Wine Grape Growing Regions of Oregon
Authors: Walton V M , Dalton D T , Daane K M , Kaiser C , Hilton R J
Published: July 2013

Grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is a pest of grape vines, Vitis vinifera (Vitales: Vitaceae) and a known vector of several strains of grapevine leafroll-associated virus. Seasonal increase and decline of Ps. maritimus populations on wine grapes is described in each of three important grape growing regions in Oregon using pheromonebaited traps and visual monitoring. Delta traps and genomic verification of collected sessile stages found that only Ps. maritimus is present in Oregon vineyards. Seasonal pheromone-baited trapping and visual surveys during 2010 and 2011 identified two population peaks for adult male flight and sessile developmental stages on vines in Southern Oregon and the Columbia Basin. Willamette Valley vineyards identified one peak male flight period using pheromone-baited traps but no sessile individuals were found in visual surveys. Seasonal developmental stages are described for Southern Oregon and the Columbia Basin. First instar stages generally were observed one month before peak male flight and were less abundant during peak flight. Adult females and late instar stages were found on vines at the peak of male flight. Pheromone monitoring identified the presence of mealybug populations in viticultural areas, even when intensive visual surveys were unable to do so.
Sensilla Density Corresponds to the Regions of the Horn Most Frequently Used During Combat in the Giant Rhinoceros Beetle Trypoxylus dichotomus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae)
Authors: McCullough Erin L , Zinna Robert A
Published: July 2013

In the Japanese horned beetle, Trypoxylus dichotomus (L.), males have a long forked head horn that they use in fights with other males over access to sap sites that attract females. Because of the high risk of injury from these contests, males should assess the fighting potential of their rivals before escalating to direct combat. Indeed, male rhinoceros beetles only escalate to intense fighting when matched with equal-sized rivals. Males often tap their opponents with their head horn before and during fights, so it is likely that beetles assess the size of their competitors via sensory input from their horns. Here, we used scanning electron microscopy to examine the density and distribution of sensory hairs along the length of the males’ horn. To assess the potential functional significance of variation in hair density, we combined our microscopy observations with a behavioral analysis of how males use their horns during fights. We found a strong correlation between the density of sensory hairs and the regions of the horns that were used most during combat. The distal tips of the horns had the highest hair density, and were also the region of the horn most frequently in contact with an opponent. Given the shaft and socket morphology of these hairs, which is the characteristic morphology of mechanoreceptors, we expect that they provide mechanosensory input. Thus, although beetle horns are often described as dedicated weapons, our results suggest that the head horns of T. dichotomus also play an important sensory role.
Description of Synergus castaneus n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) Associated with an Unknown Gall on Castanea spp.(Fagaceae) in China
Authors: Bernardo Umberto , Gebiola Marco , Xiao Zhishu , Zhu Chao-Dong , Pujade-Villar Juli , Viggiani Gennaro
Published: July 2013

A species of the tribe Synergini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) was reared from a gall collected in China on Castanea mollissima Blume and Castanea seguinii Dode. The morphological features of this gall wasp indicate that it is an undescribed species belonging to the genus Synergus and is herein described as a new species, Synergus castaneus Pujade-Villar, Bernardo et Viggiani sp. nov. (Hymenoptera Cynipidae: Synergini). This is the first known instance of a species of Synergus emerging from Castanea galls (Fagaceae). Data on the diagnosis, distribution, and biology of the new species are given. Morphological features of this species are discussed and illustrated. No other known gall-inducing species emerged from the collected galls, whereas tens of specimens of parasitoids and adults of the inquiline micromoth Andrioplecta pulverula Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) did. 28S-D2 and COI sequences confirmed that S. castaneus is a distinct species belonging to the genus Synergus.
Waveform Library for Chinch Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Blissidae) : Characterization of Electrical Penetration Graph Waveforms at Multiple Input Impedances
Authors: Backus Elaine A , Rangasamy Murugesan , Stamm Mitchell , McAuslane Heather J , Cherry Ron
Published: July 2013

Electrical penetration graph (EPG) monitoring has been used extensively to elucidate mechanisms of resistance in plants to insect herbivores with piercing-sucking mouthparts. Characterization of waveforms produced by insects during stylet probing is essential to the application of this technology. In the studies described herein, a four-channel Backus and Bennett AC-DC monitor was used to characterize EPG waveforms produced by adults of two economically important chinch bug species: southern chinch bug, Blissus insuhris Barber, feeding on St. Augustinegrass, and western chinch bug, Blissus occiduus Barber, feeding on buffalograss. This is only the third time a heteropteran species has been recorded by using EPG; it is also the first recording of adult heteropterans, and the first of Blissidae. Probing of chinch bugs was recorded with either AC or DC applied voltage, no applied voltage, or voltage switched between AC and DC mid-recording, at input impedances ranging from 106 to 1010 Ω, plus 1013 Ω, to develop a waveform library. Waveforms exhibited by western and southern chinch bugs were similar, and both showed long periods of putative pathway and ingestion phases (typical of salivary sheath feeders) interspersed with shorter phases, termed transitional J wave and interruption. The J wave is suspected to be an Χ wave, that is, in EPG parlance, a stereotypical transition waveform that marks contact with a preferred ingestion tissue. The flexibility of using multiple input impedances with the AC-DC monitor was valuable for determining the electrical origin (resistance vs. electromotive force components) of the chinch bug waveforms. It was concluded that an input impedance of 107 Ω, with either DC or AC applied voltage, is optimal to detect all resistanceand electromotive force-component waveforms produced during chinch bug probing. Knowledge of electrical origins suggested hypothesized biological meanings of the waveforms, before time-intensive future correlation experiments by using histology, microscopy, and other techniques.
Biology and Host Specificity ofAnthonomus tenebrosus(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) : A Herbivore of Tropical Soda Apple
Authors: Diaz Rodrigo , Menocal Octavio , Montemayor Cecil , Overholt William A
Published: July 2013

Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum Dunal) is a major exotic weed in pastures and conservation areas in subtropical regions. Anthonomus tenebrosus Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was found feeding on the flowers of tropical soda apple in southern Brazil and was considered a potential biological control agent. The objectives of this study were to examine the life history and host specificity of A. tenebrosus. The development from egg to adult was measured at eight constant temperatures in growth chambers. The presence of reproductive diapause was measured by using a two-way factorial design with three temperatures (20, 22.5, and 25°C) and two photoperiods (14:10 and 10:14 [L:D] h). Temperature influenced the developmental time from egg to adult of A. tenebrosus, which ranged from 49.6 d at 16°C to 13.6 d at 28°C. The longevity of males ranged from 64 to 190 d, whereas females lived from 44 to 204 d. When exposed to 10:14 (L:D) h and 20°C, 35% of females entered reproductive diapause. The fundamental host range of A. tenebrosus—based on several life-history aspects, including adult longevity, oogenesis, and oviposition—and immature development of A. tenebrosus were studied. Under no-choice conditions, ≈80% of adults survived for 30 d on several Solanum melongena L. varieties, Solanum capsicoides, S. viarum, and Solanum carolinense L. A. tenebrosus completed development from egg to adult on a number of S. melongena varieties, the native plant S. carolinense, and the exotic plants S. capsicoides All, S. viarum, and Solanum tampicense Dunal. Under paired-choice conditions, adult feeding occurred on all species, whereas oviposition occurred only on S. viarum, S. capsicoides, and S. carolinense. Because of the nontarget attack to S. melongena and a native plant, A. tenebrosus should not be considered for release as a biological control agent of tropical soda apple in the United States.
Using economic instruments to develop effective management of invasive species: insights from a bioeconomic model
Authors: McDermott Shana M. , Irwin Rebecca E. , Taylor Brad W.
Published: July 2013

Economic growth is recognized as an important factor associated with species invasions. Consequently, there is increasing need to develop solutions that combine economics and ecology to inform invasive species management. We developed a model combining economic, ecological, and sociological factors to assess the degree to which economic policies can be used to control invasive plants. Because invasive plants often spread across numerous properties, we explored whether property owners should manage invaders cooperatively as a group by incorporating the negative effects of invader spread in management decisions (collective management) or independently, whereby the negative effects of invasive plant spread are ignored (independent management). Our modeling approach used a dynamic optimization framework, and we applied the model to invader spread usingLinaria vulgaris. Model simulations allowed us to determine the optimal management strategy based on net benefits for a range of invader densities. We found that optimal management strategies varied as a function of initial plant densities. At low densities, net benefits were high for both collective and independent management to eradicate the invader, suggesting the importance of early detection and eradication. At moderate densities, collective management led to faster and more frequent invader eradication compared to independent management. When we used a financial penalty to ensure that independent properties were managed collectively, we found that the penalty would be most feasible when levied on a property's perimeter boundary to control spread among properties. At the highest densities, the optimal management strategy was “do nothing” because the economic costs of removal were too high relative to the benefits of removal. Spatial variation inL. vulgarisdensities resulted in different optimal management strategies for neighboring properties, making a formal economic policy to encourage invasive species removal critical. To accomplish the management and enforcement of these economic policies, we discuss modification of existing agencies and infrastructure. Finally, a sensitivity analysis revealed that lowering the economic cost of invader removal would strongly increase the probability of invader eradication. Taken together, our results provide quantitative insight into management decisions and economic policy instruments that can encourage invasive species removal across a social landscape.
Quantifying the balance between bycatch and predator or competitor release for nontarget species
Authors: Aalto Emilius A. , Baskett Marissa L.
Published: July 2013

If a species is bycatch in a fishery targeted at its competitor or predator, it experiences both direct anthropogenic mortality and indirect positive effects through species interactions. If the species involved interact strongly, the release from competition or predation can counteract or exceed the negative effects of bycatch. We used a set of two‐ and three‐species community modules to analyze the relative importance of species interactions when modeling the overall effect of harvest with bycatch on a nontarget species. To measure the trade‐off between direct mortality and indirect positive effects, we developed a “bycatch transition point” metric to determine, for different scenarios, what levels of bycatch shift overall harvest impact from positive to negative. Under strong direct competition with a targeted competitor, release from competition due to harvest leads to a net increase in abundance even under moderate levels of bycatch. For a three‐species model with a shared obligate predator, the release from apparent competition exceeds direct competitive release and outweighs the decrease from bycatch mortality under a wide range of parameters. Therefore, in communities where a shared predator forms a strong link between the target and nontarget species, the effects of indirect interactions on populations can be larger than those of direct interactions. The bycatch transition point metric can be used for tightly linked species to evaluate the relative strengths of positive indirect effects and negative anthropogenic impacts such as bycatch, habitat degradation, and introduction of invasive species.
The relationship between environmental advocacy, values, and science: a survey of ecological scientists' attitudes
Authors: Reiners Derek S. , Reiners William A. , Lockwood Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2013

This article reports the results of a survey of 1215 nonstudent Ecological Society of America (ESA) members. The results pertain to three series of questions designed to assess ecologists' engagement in various advocacy activities, as well as attitudes on the relationship between environmental advocacy, values, and science. We also analyzed the effects of age, gender, and employment categories on responses. While many findings are reported, we highlight six here. First, ecologists in our sample do not report particularly high levels of engagement in advocacy activities. Second, ecologists are not an ideologically unified group. Indeed, there are cases of significant disagreement among ecologists regarding advocacy, values, and science. Third, despite some disagreement, ecologists generally believe that values consistent with environmental advocacy are more consonant with ecological pursuits than values based on environmental skepticism. Fourth, compared to males, female ecologists tend to be more supportive of advocacy and less convinced that environmentally oriented values perturb the pursuit of science. Fifth, somewhat paradoxically, ecologists in higher age brackets indicate higher engagement in advocacy activities as well as a higher desire for scientific objectivity. Sixth, compared to ecologists in other employment categories, those in government prefer a greater separation between science and the influences of environmental advocacy and values.