bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social influence on 5-year survival in a longitudinal chemotherapy ward co-presence network
Authors: Lienert Jeffrey , Marcum Christopher Steven , Finney John , Reed-Tsochas Felix , Koehly Laura
Published: July 2018

Chemotherapy is often administered in openly designed hospital wards, where the possibilityof patient–patient social influence on health exists. Previous research found that socialrelationships influence cancer patient’s health; however, we have yet to understand socialinfluence among patients receiving chemotherapy in the hospital. We investigate the influenceof co-presence in a chemotherapy ward. We use data on 4,691 cancer patients undergoingchemotherapy in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom who average 59.8 years of age, and 44% areMale. We construct a network of patients where edges exist when patients are co-presentin the ward, weighted by both patients’ time in the ward. Social influence is based on totalweighted co-presence with focal patients’ immediate neighbors, considering neighbors’ 5-yearmortality. Generalized estimating equations evaluated the effect of neighbors’ 5-year mortalityon focal patient’s 5-year mortality. Each 1,000-unit increase in weighted co-presence with apatient who dies within 5 years increases a patient’s mortality odds by 42% (β = 0.357,CI:0.204,0.510). Each 1,000-unit increase in co-presence with a patient surviving 5 yearsreduces a patient’s odds of dying by 30% (β = −0.344, CI:−0.538,0.149). Our results suggestthat social influence occurs in chemotherapy wards, and thus may need to be considered inchemotherapy delivery.
Contesting Market Rationality: Discursive Struggles over Prison Privatization
Authors: Burkhardt Brett C
Published: July 2018

Market rationality suffuses many areas of modern criminal justice. Prison privatization is one area in which market rationality is particularly salient. This paper presents a case study of how market rationality was deployed in public discourse on prison privatization. It answers four questions: (1) Who shaped public discourse on prison privatization?, (2) How frequently were market-rational themes invoked in the public discourse?, (3) Who employed (and who avoided) market-rational themes in the discourse?, and (4) Why did rates of market-rational discourse change over time? To answer these questions, the paper analyzes public discourse in four major American newspapers from 1985 to 2008. It employs a series of descriptive statistics and regression analyses, as well as an underutilized method--formal decomposition analysis. The research contributes to historical knowledge of the development of prison privatization; methodological techniques for analyzing textual data; and theoretical understanding of how public actors engage in discursive struggles over the meaning of criminal justice policies.
Gender trouble beyond the LGB and T: Gender Image and Experiences of Marginalization on Campus
Authors: Dockendorff Kari J. , Geist Claudia
Published: July 2018

Early in 2017, all Obama era guidance on trans* and non-binary students in K-12 and higher education settings was removed from the Department of Education, which gave the authority back to individual school districts and institutions to decide if and how they want to accommodate their trans* and non-binary students (Department of Education, 2016). In conjunction with amicus briefs filed by the Department of Justice seemingly supporting LGBT+ discrimination by employers or businesses, LGBTQ+ students may feel even more vulnerable in the college environment. But, to assume that homophobia or transphobia is felt only by those who identify under the LGBTQ+ umbrella, is to misunderstand the fluidity and complexity of gender and sexuality. Because gender is a material aspect of their college experience for all students. College admissions forms typically only ask for the students' sex assigned at birth, and sexuality is typically not asked on admissions' forms. Facilities on campus including bathrooms, changing facilities, campus housing, and athletics are commonly segregated by sex (Beemyn, 2005). Rules that police what genders are allowed in certain spaces do not just impact trans* and non-binary people; however, the extent to which anti-LGBTQ+ sentiment has had negative repercussions for heterosexual and cisgender students, is unknown and understudied.Our goal for this study is twofold. First, we want to explore levels of gender marginalization on college campuses and then, we want to better understand who is at risk of feeling marginalized. In addition to conventional measures of sex, gender and sexual identities we explore novel, scaled measures of how students see themselves, and how they think others see them, with respect to masculinity, femininity, and androgyny.
Rethinking Patent Law's Presumption of Validity
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

The United States Patent and Trademark Office is tasked with the job ofreading patent applications and determining which ones qualify for patentprotection. It is a Herculean task, and the Patent Office pursues itsubject to enormous informational and budgetary constraints. Nonetheless,under current law, courts are bound to defer to the Patent Office'sdecisions regarding patent validity. In this Article, we argue for reform.Deference to previous decision-makers is appropriate in instances wherethose previous decisions have a high likelihood of accuracy, and the patentsystem should endeavor to create processes that fit this mold. But grantingsignificant deference to the initial process of patent review isindefensible and counter-productive. Patents should be vulnerable tochallenge until and unless they are significantly evaluated in aninformation-rich environment. At that point, they will have earned andtherefore should be accorded a presumption of validity. Such an approachwould better serve the patent's systems long-run incentive goals, and itwould give patent applicants better incentives to file for genuineinventions but leave their more obvious and incremental accomplishmentsoutside the patent system's purview. Here, we therefore suggest thecreation of a two-tier system of patent validity, with patents that aresubject to intensive scrutiny accorded a strong presumption of validity,while untested patents are left to be evaluated more fully in court.
“Journal of the History of Economic Thought Preprints - The Contribution of Robert Torrens to Ricardo’s Theory of Natural Wage”
Authors: Rosell Olivier
Published: July 2018

This paper reconsiders the anteriority of Torrens’ theory of natural wage to that of Ricardo. Ricardo was influenced by Torrens’ thinking when writing the chapter on “Wages” of the Principles. For many historians of economic thought, this influence is limited to Torrens’ focus on the sociocultural aspect of necessity goods, which determine the natural price of labor. While this interpretation is consistent with that of Ricardo, we argue that the anteriority of Torrens to Ricardo more generally focuses on the method used by the latter to justify the indexation of money wages on the money price of subsistence goods. Finally, this paper shows that the tribute paid to Torrens by Ricardo paradoxically explains the misunderstanding of his theory by posterity.
Empirical Evidence on the Validity of Litigated Patents
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

We have studied all final patent validity decisions issued by the federalcourts between 1989 and 1996 reported in United States Patents Quarterly.We test this dataset to determine a number of facts of interest to scholarsand patent litigators, including the rate at which patents are held valid,the subject matter of the patents litigated, the rate at which judges andjuries hold patents valid, the most common grounds for invalidity, howvalidity decisions fare on appeal, and numerous other hypotheses.
Social and labor integration of people with intellectual disabilities using mobile technologies.
Authors: Urra Miguel
Published: July 2018

Personal autonomy is a key factor leading to both social and labor integration. People with intellectual disabilities have to cope repeatedly with situations where they have limited autonomy. This leads to difficulties to independently perform both tasks of daily life and of the workplace.This article makes an evaluation of how mobile technologies (phones, tablets and PDAs) can help to improve personal independence of people with cognitive limitations. Also presents two projects carried out jointly by the ‘Instituto de Biomecánica Valencia’ (IBV) and the ‘Asociación FEAPS para el empleo’ (AFEM), in which specific software has been developed in order to facilitate the adaptation to the workplace of this collective.
Population Access to Waste Collection Services :Urban vs Rural Areas in Romania
Authors: MIHAI Florin Constantin
Published: July 2018

This paper aims a comparative analysis at county level concerning urban andrural population access to sanitation services in the context of EUaccession. Partially coverage of population to such services contributes toillegal dumping of waste generated and uncollected.Furthermore, wastemanagement facilities are inappropriate, particularly in small cities orrural areas. Comparative analysis of urban vs. rural population served bywaste collection services using thematic cartography highlights, on the onehand, the existing disparities within a county and on the other handreflects the regional disparities across Romania.The demographic,socioeconomic and geographic differentiations between urban and rural areasamplify these gaps that prevent from the implementation of an effectivewaste management system at national scale.Thematic maps highlights thaturban population is not fully covered by sanitation services while in ruralareas less than half of population has access to these services.Also,insome counties, vulnerability to illegal dumping is high in both rural andurban areas.
Mending Students’ Speaking Deficiencies in Moroccan EFL Classes
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Hannaoui Assya El
Published: July 2018

This paper presents an attempt to help students enhance their speaking skills in Moroccan English as a foreign language (EFL) classes. It was observed that students in Moroccan high schools are generally not able to speak their minds out freely and imaginatively in English. This paper studies the causes for students’ weak speaking skills in the English language and suggests solutions to mend the situation. An observation of the teaching and learning practices took place in a sample Moroccan high school and interviews as well as questionnaires were administered for the aim of tracing the obstacles students face in their learning process as well as their preferences that they wish to have applied in the speaking sessions. Several speaking activities were tested and proved effective in encouraging students to speak English in class and defeat their shyness and reluctance to express their opinions. These activities are provided in this paper for teachers to use starting from common core classes passing by 1st year Baccalaureate( Bac )and ending with 2nd year Bac (common core being the first year of high school in Morocco and so on) and include watching films and conducting projects in the framework of a cooperative learning. They outline a project of forming good speakers of English in Morocco and maybe elsewhere in the Arab world.
Les effets imprévus de la diplomatie américaine dans le cadre du congrès pour la liberté de la culture
Authors: Perdrisat Simon
Published: July 2018

La diplomatie culturelle peut avoir des conséquences inattendues. Ce travail s'intéresse ici aux circulations des idées et aux divergences entre l'Europe et les USA dans le cadre du Congrès pour la liberté de la culture. Ce congrès est considéré aujourd’hui par un historien de la CIA comme une des opérations de la guerre froide les plus audacieuses et efficace.
From copper to steel: Police militarization at the end of the 20th century.
Authors: Baumgart Zach
Published: July 2018

WORKING PAPER. ABSTRACT: By 2016, ongoing police shootings of unarmed black men had increased public awareness of policing processes; chief among those was militarization. Prior researchers explored this relatively new process, but very few had systematically analyzed it. In this paper, I conceptualize, operationalize, and describe police militarization across the United States. I transformed publicly available data, the Law Enforcement and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) dataset, into a panel of over 4,000 police departments over an eighteen-year period. I then constructed an index based on each of three dimensions of militarization: (1) increased stock of military equipment; (2) increased usage of paramilitary tactics; and (3) increased focus on military-style policing. I explain the indicators within each sub dimension, and describe their unique trend across time. Using both this Absolute LEMAS Militarization Index (ALMI) and a summary analysis of each indicator, I describe militarization between 1990 and 2007 using hierarchical linear modeling. Among key findings are three trends. First, I provide nationally representative evidence of an increasing trend in police militarization across most departments, despite statistical controls. I also found that larger departments were both more militarized and militarized faster over time than smaller departments. Finally, I found that diverse departments (either proportionately more women or more black officers) militarized at a slower rate over the period. This paper provides the theoretical and methodological basis for follow-up analyses of processes affecting militarization, including variations in crime control, organizational characteristics and racial dynamics.
Where are the market devices? Exploring the links between regulation, markets, and technology at the Securities and Exchange Commission, 1935-2010
Authors: Pardo Guerra Juan Pablo
Published: July 2018

Why did financial regulators neglect oversight of rapid technological change in markets, despite the increasingly transformative power of technology? In this paper, I turn to this puzzling omission as an opportunity to consider the conjoined histories of technology, governance, and regulatory imaginaries in finance. For this, I leverage the concept of market ontologies (Lie 1997) as a way of addressing the semantic and cultural constellations that shape attitudes about, and the governance of, the economic world. To understand the relative neglect of technology as an object of regulation, I study the content, constraints, and possibilities implied by the market ontologies of American financial regulators between c. 1930 and 2012. In identifying these loose and nebulous constellations of understanding, I link my exploration of ontologies to their uses in computer science, where they are operationalized as representations of discourse within particular domains that outline meaning as formed by how concepts are classified into larger, interrelated sets (Poli et al 2010). This computational characterization inspires my methods and allows tracing the ontological evolution of the Securities and Exchange Commission’s understanding of technology in relation to markets over much of the twentieth century. To regulate markets, agents must first conceptualize these entities to render them concrete objects for governance. Studying regulators’ market ontologies is thus an opportunity to understand what type of objects they think need governing and which might be glossed over.
Takedown in Two Worlds: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Urban Jennifer , Karaganis Joe , Schofield Brianna L.
Published: July 2018

In its nearly two decades of existence, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act’s “notice and takedown” process has become both a source of controversy and a primary means of addressing online copyright disputes. Yet there is little empirical research into the use of notice and takedown or its effectiveness. Because it depends on the private communications and actions of copyright holders, online service providers, and targets, notice and takedown operates largely within a difficult-to-study “black box.” This article contributes to the literature with an empirical look at two sets of takedown notices. It digests findings from two quantitative studies of takedown notices in the Lumen database, reported fully in the three-study report, Notice and Takedown in Everyday Practice (available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2755628), and peer-reviewed here. The first study, of notices sent to Google Web Search, shows a heavy reliance by large rightsholders on automated infringement detection and notification, and tends to support their assertions that they focus their enforcement resources on large-scale infringement. At the same time, 31% of these notices raised questions related to their accuracy and statutory compliance. The second study provides a snapshot of takedown as used by one set of smaller notice senders — individuals and small businesses sending to Google Image Search. In this study, notices were more likely to target social media sites, blogs, and personal websites, and 70% of the notices raised questions. While both studies revealed surprisingly high percentages of notices of questionable validity, the questions raised tended to differ. The automated notices in the first study predominantly exhibited issues identifying the works in question, while the notices sent by smaller rightsholders in the second study predominantly exhibited issues with the underlying claim. Accordingly, while notice sending appears to need improvement, there is no “one-size-fits-all” approach. Both “worlds” of notice sending need to be accommodated. We therefore suggest a set of voluntary best practices, educational efforts, and modest legal reforms directed to the different issues we observed.
Formative Evaluation on Course Structure and Credits at English Language Teaching Curriculum
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Sukirman  , Ahmad Djuwairiah , Mardiana
Published: July 2018

This study aims to describe the appropriateness of the real condition of the course structure and credits on the 2010 Curriculum at English Education Department at Alauddin State Islamic University of Makassar (called UIN Alauddin Makassar) compared to the ideal conditions. The significance of this study is being primary data in developing the existing curriculum at the department. It adapts Stake's Countenance Model as the design evaluation. The data collected in this study are quantitative and qualitative data. The findings show that the appropriateness level between the objective conditions and actuality standard/objective intensity on curriculum design components with overall subcomponents on the course structure is categorized as moderate. In this case, some of the subcomponents still require limited amendment or revision in accordance with the instructions of National Education Standards Agency (called BSNP). Then, the appropriateness level of the learning burden between the objective conditions and actuality standard/objective intensity on the overall components is categorized as low. It indicates that the learning burden management through Semester Credit System still requires major changes or revisions in accordance with the instructions of National Education Standards Agency. Furthermore, the students and lecturers have relatively different attitude in viewing at the course structure and learning burden based on the curriculum. In this case, the students point out that the course structure and learning burden are less eligibility to be maintained with score 42.86%; whereas the lecturer point out the two components are totally not eligibility to be maintained with score 9.25%.
Trajectories of Poverty and Economic Hardship among American Families Supporting a Child with a Neurodisability
Authors: Rothwell David W. , Gariépy Geneviève , Elgar Frank J. , Lach Lucyna
Published: July 2018

Caring for a child with a neurodisability (ND) impacts the financial decisions, relationships, and well-being of family members. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), we tracked families from 5 years before child with ND birth until the child reached 20 years of age and used latent growth curve modeling to estimate different trajectories for risk of two indicators: poverty and economic hardship. In bivariate terms, families raising a child with ND had higher risks of poverty and economic hardship across time. Five latent growth trajectories were identified for each indicator. After controlling for family and caregiver characteristics that preceded the birth of the child with an ND, families raising a child with a ND were more likely to experience persistent economic hardship. However, raising a child with a ND was not associated with a unique poverty risk, suggesting that families already in poverty are more likely to remain poor if they have a child with a ND. The study establishes descriptive evidence for how having a child with a ND relates to changes in family economic conditions. The importance of social and economic conditions that precede the child’s birth lend support for a social causation framework of health inequalities.
The Audit of Venus
Authors: Gerber Alison
Published: July 2018

Gerber, Alison. 2014. “The Audit of Venus.” Berkeley Journal of Sociology 58(1):6–13.
«Friends have all things in common»: property, publishing, and politics
Authors: Pievatolo Maria Chiara
Published: July 2018

At the beginnings of Western philosophy, Plato meditated on understanding media. He was so lucky to live before the "great division" between humanities and natural science and to witness the first media revolution, the transition from orality to literacy. The age of print and of books manufactures made us to forget that communication concerns above all authors. Now, however, the internet makes it possible to publish our writings without giving them away: humanities scholars could emerge from nonage and take back all what they delegated to the publishers and their market concern, from which they usually earn very little. Why should they do it? To answer to such a question, this text introduces an ancient platonic argument from the Phaedrus to propose a modern, and political, suggestion.
Honolulu Rail Transit: International Lessons from Barcelona in Linking Urban Form, Design, and Transportation
Authors: Boeing Geoff
Published: July 2018

The city of Honolulu, Hawaii is currently planning and developing a new rail transit system. While Honolulu has supportive density and topography for rail transit, questions remain about its ability to effectively integrate urban design and accessibility across the system. Every transit trip begins and ends with a walking trip from origins and to destinations: transportation planning must account for pedestrian safety, comfort, and access. Ildefons Cerdà’s 19th century utopian plan for Barcelona’s Eixample district produced a renowned, livable urban form. The Eixample, with its well-integrated rail transit, serves as a model of urban design, land use, transportation planning, and pedestrian-scaled streets working in synergy to produce accessibility. This study discusses the urban form of Honolulu and the history and planning of its new rail transit system. Then it reviews the history of Cerdà’s plan for the Eixample and discusses its urban form and performance today. Finally it draws several lessons from Barcelona’s urban design, accessibility, and rail transit planning and critically discusses their applicability to policy and design in Honolulu. This discussion is situated within wider debates around livable cities and social justice as it contributes several form and design lessons to the livability and accessibility literature while identifying potential concerns with privatization and displacement.
Voting contagion: Modeling and analysis of a century of U.S. presidential elections
Authors: Braha Dan , de Aguiar Marcus A. M.
Published: July 2018

Social influence plays an important role in human behavior and decisions. Sources of influence can be divided as external, which are independent of social context, or as originating from peers, such as family and friends. An important question is how to disentangle the social contagion by peers from external influences. While a variety of experimental and observational studies provided insight into this problem, identifying the extent of contagion based on large-scale observational data with an unknown network structure remains largely unexplored. By bridging the gap between the large-scale complex systems perspective of collective human dynamics and the detailed approach of social sciences, we present a parsimonious model of social influence, and apply it to a central topic in political science--elections and voting behavior. We provide an analytical expression of the county vote-share distribution, which is in excellent agreement with almost a century of observed U.S. presidential election data. Analyzing the social influence topography over this period reveals an abrupt phase transition from low to high levels of social contagion, and robust differences among regions. These results suggest that social contagion effects are becoming more instrumental in shaping large-scale collective political behavior, with implications on democratic electoral processes and policies.
English Phraseology: Cognitive, Symbolic and Terminological Aspects (Based on Idioms with Colour Adjectives Black/White/Red)
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Zerkina Natalya N. , Lomakina Yekaterina A. , Kozhushkova Natalja V.
Published: July 2018

The authors focus on idioms as means of categorization of the world and means of keeping temporal and spatial cultural-historical data transmission. Special attention is given to the symbolic meaning of idiom components. Aspects of English phraseology are analyzed by emphasizing phraseological antonymy as an important linguistic universal that is pointed out as binary structures playing an important role in cognition by participating in cognitive and structural processes. The analysis considers explicit and implicit representation of the concept of ‘white’, its semiotic and symbolic meanings and its psychical effect on a human being. The article focuses on the process of phrase-forming as a language phenomenon and an efficient means of term-formation in the English language. The authors discusses possibility of using and reproducing idioms with the phraseological model adjective + noun and forecasts further term-formation according to the phraseological model. The article is aimed at showing interaction of linguistic and extra linguistic aspects within an idiom, as a linguistic unit, and the way the linguistic aspects transform into extra linguistic ones and vice versa.
Prescribing Institutions Without Ideal Theory
Authors: Wiens David
Published: July 2018

It is conventional wisdom among political philosophers that ideal principles of justice must guide our attempts to design institutions to avert actual injustice. Call this the ideal guidance approach. I argue that this view is misguided— ideal principles of justice are not appropriate "guiding principles" that actual institutions must aim to realize, even if only approximately. Fortunately, the conventional wisdom is also avoidable. In this paper, I develop an alternative approach to institutional design, which I call institutional failure analysis. The basic intuition of this approach is that our moral assessment of institutional proposals is most effective when we proceed from a detailed understanding of the causal processes generating problematic social outcomes. Failure analysis takes the institutional primary design task to be obviating or averting institutional failures. Consequently, failure analysis enables theorists to prescribe more effective solutions to actual injustice because its focuses on understanding the injustice, rather than specifying an ideal of justice.
Online rationality: Reason-giving in virtual discussions
Authors: Mendonça Ricardo Fabrino , Amaral Ernesto F. L.
Published: July 2018

Title in Portuguese: Racionalidade online: provimento de razões em discussões virtuaisAbstract: The aim of this article is to discuss the idea of rationality in online debates. Taking a deliberative approach, this article analyzes 2,375 comments about LGBT rights across four different platforms: Facebook, Youtube, News Portals, and Votenaweb (which was specifically designed as a platform for discussions about bills proposed in the Brazilian National Congress). Using reason-giving as a dependent variable, the article tests five hypotheses: (H1) the number of posts presenting arguments for their positions is directly related to the platform on which these comments were posted; (H2) the chances that a post will present arguments is greater when the forum is balanced; (H3) the chances that a post will present arguments is greater when reciprocity is more frequent; (H4) the chances that a post will present arguments is smaller when the level of disrespect is greater; and (H5) the chances that a post will present arguments diminish when the comments are written by anonymous participants. The results show the importance of the nature of the platform and the salience of respect in inducing reason-giving.Resumo: Este artigo se propõe a discutir a ideia de racionalidade que está no coração das abordagens deliberacionistas de democracia. Essa discussão embasa a realização de um estudo empírico focado em um banco de dados com 2.375 comentários sobre direitos LGBT em quatro arenas online: Youtube, Facebook, comentários de notícias e Votenaweb. O objetivo é discutir os principais fatores a influenciar no incremento do provimento de razões por postagens nessas arenas. Na análise, testamos cinco hipóteses: (H1) A chance de postagens apresentarem justificativas depende da plataforma em que se encontram essas postagens; (H2) A chance de postagens apresentarem justificativas é maior em debates em que há equilíbrio entre as posições defendidas; (H3) A chance de postagens apresentarem justificativas tende a ser maior quando há mais reciprocidade; (H4) A chance de postagens apresentarem justificativas é menor se o nível de desrespeito é maior; e (H5) A chance de postagens apresentarem justificativas é menor em mensagens enviadas por anônimos. Os resultados indicam que, entre as variáveis testadas, a "plataforma" e a "presença de respeito" são as mais importantes para induzir o provimento de justificativas.
We the (Christian) People: Christianity and American Identity from 1996 to 2014
Authors: Whitehead Andrew L , Scheitle Christopher
Published: July 2018

Religious identity, and specifically Christian identity, has long been a dominant symbolic boundary marker for inclusion into American society. But how has the salience of this boundary marker changed in recent years and in comparison to other boundary markers? Using multiple waves of the General Social Survey (1996, 2004, and 2014), we investigate temporal variation in the use of religion and other markers in constructing symbolic boundaries around American identity. First, we find that the Christian symbolic boundary both increased from 1996 to 2004 and declined from 2004 to 2014. Second, this pattern was not unique; in addition to the Christian symbolic boundary, Americans used a variety of both civic and ascriptive boundary markers in order to define American identity. However, our analysis also demonstrates that in 2004 the Christian symbolic boundary was significantly linked to national identity in a unique way while the other boundary markers were not. These results suggest that period effects and cultural events can influence the salience of religion in creating national symbolic boundaries. We discuss each of these findings, their relationship to the study of symbolic boundaries and American identity, and their societal implications.
Changing shareholding pattern in companies established prior to liberalization and the impact
Authors: pimpale vinita
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTChanging shareholding pattern in companies established prior to liberalization and the impact.Prior to 1991, the Indian economy was averse to policies that diluted the government’s control over the companies established in the country. A closed economy of sorts, the Indian economy perceptibly faced the pressure of global forces as well as internal turbulence's resulting in negativeeconomic indicators. As a result of the same, the government yielded to the situation and began the process of liberalization. The 1980s saw the advent of these policies through the delicensing of certain key industries which was then followed by the introduction of the New Economic Policywhich laid down the framework of liberalization as a formal reform in the economy in 1991.Clusters of business groups in India formed around ethnic, religious and social communities, for example, the Marwaris of Rajasthan formed businesses in Bengal and elsewhere; the Gujaratis in the West, the Chettiars in the South, etc. There is a vast diversity in the Indian economy,comprising of listed as well as unlisted, regional as well as foreign, private as well as public companies. The indigenous entrepreneurs in the Indian markets have now become veterans in their respective industries. Over the years, from government monopolies to family owned businessstructures to the emergence of corporations’, the shareholding patterns in the Indian industrial fora have transitioned through various stages.This research study tracks the movements in the shareholding patterns of Indian Companies spanning over a period from the 1980s up to 2015 to examine the impact of liberalization as an economic policy. The key objectives of this study are:1. To describe the evolution of India’s listed companies’ shareholding structure.2. To study the evolution of India’s industrial structure at the firm level as a result ofthe reforms.3. To analyze the industrial composition by ownership before and after reforms.This study offers a captivating kaleidoscope of shareholding trends across the companies in the different industries over the years. This study is organized as follows:Section 1: Overview of evolution in Company incorporations in India pre and postliberalization.Section 2: Description of trends in Industrial Structure in Non-Government Companies’incorporations and the corresponding sectorial contributions to the GDP.Section 3: Study of various ownership patterns in Indian Companies and the trends therein.Section 4: Analysis of shareholding structures in listed companies (SENSEX.)Section 5: Study of impact of foreign investments in the Indian Corporate Sector.Section 6: Brief comparison of the shareholding patterns of business organizations as well as liberalization policies among the BRIC nations.The last unit of the study sets out the findings, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations on the subject.
50th Anniversary of Barrington Moore's Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
Authors: de Leon Cedric
Published: July 2018

Abstract. This is my discussion at the 2016 ASA annual meeting of papers by Theda Skocpol, Elisabeth Clemens, and Dylan Riley on the 50th anniversary of Moore's Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. I argue that we need to stop individuating from Moore as the young do with their elders and strike out with the critical questions that are the bequest not of Social Origins, but of the demands that the world places upon us.Cedric de LeonChair and Associate Professor of SociologyProvidence CollegePersonal website: https://providence.academia.edu/CedricdeLeontwitter: @Prof_deLeonBooks by Cedric de Leon:The Origins of Right to Work (Cornell, 2015)http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100649710Available locally at Books on the Square: http://www.booksq.com/book/9780801453083
Mass Mobilization and the Durability of New Democracies
Authors: Kadivar Mohammad Ali
Published: July 2018

A generation ago, political scientist Samuel Huntington commented that “democratic regimes that last have seldom, if ever, been instituted by mass popular actors” (1984:212). This paper subjects this observation to empirical scrutiny using statistical analyses of new democracies over the past half-century and a case study. Contrary to Huntington’s suggestion, I argue that new democracies growing out of mass mobilization are more likely to survive than new democracies that were born amidst quiescence. Survival analysis of 112 young democracies in 80 different countries based on original data show that the longer the mobilization, the more likely the ensuing democracy is to survive. I use a case study of South Africa to investigate the mechanisms. I argue that sustained unarmed uprisings have generated the longest-lasting new democracies. These uprisings are forced to develop an organizational structure, which provides a leadership cadre for the new regime, forges links between the government and society, and strengthens checks on the power of the post-transition government.
Paradigma de desarrollo social y humano. Orígenes y pioneros.
Authors: Urra Miguel
Published: July 2018

Normalmente, se identifica el nacimiento del paradigma de desarrollo social y humano con el establecimiento del “Índice de Desarrollo Humano” de las Naciones Unidas en 1990 y con la obre de Max-Neef “El desarrollo a escala humana”, publicada en 1993. Es decir, se puede entender que el paradigma de desarrollo humano nace en la década de los noventa.Sin embargo, es importante reconocer los trabajos previos de Seers, Burnley, Naciones Unidas, la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, el Banco Mundial, Nerfin y Streeten, que prepararon el camino para que el paradigma del desarrollo social tuviera una base conceptual, filosófica, sociológica y política.------Normally, the birth of the paradigm of social and human development is identified with the establishment of the "Human Development Index" of the United Nations in 1990 and with the work of Max-Neef "Development on a human scale", published in 1993.However, it is important to recognize the previous works of Seers, Burnley, the United Nations, the International Labor Organization, the World Bank, Nerfin and Streeten, which paved the way for the paradigm of social development to have a conceptual, philosophical, sociological and political basis.
The Effect of Using Authentic Videos on Training Center and Community Service Students' Prosodic Competence and Motivation
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Al-Domi Ibrahim Mahmoud Bani
Published: July 2018

This study aims at investigating the effect of using authentic videos on training center and community service students' prosodic competence and motivation. Its sample consisted of 50 male students randomly chosen from Training Center and Community Service at King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, and assigned to experimental and control groups of 25 students per each. Its data were gathered within a two- month period using a pre-post-test design for equivalent groups. The researcher taught both groups deliberately using contrasting instructional approaches; the first were solely exposed to textbook content, excluding all visual aids throughout the process; whereas the second had authentic videos incorporated. As his work pressed ahead, these methodological techniques variably had a visible influence on the trainees' in-class interactivity, attentiveness, and keenness to grasp information. Accordingly, the findings show the experimental group's students bolstered their prosodic competence and motivation. To recap, the use of authentic videos in teaching and learning English has a positive effect on the said prosodic competence and motivation domains.
The Matthew Effect in Science Funding
Authors: Bol Thijs , de Vaan Mathijs , van de Rijt Arnout
Published: July 2018

A classic thesis is that scientific achievement exhibits a “Matthew effect”: Scientists who have previously been successful are more likely to succeed again, producing increasing distinction. We investigate to what extent the Matthew effect drives the allocation of research funds. To this end, we assembled a dataset containing all review scores and funding decisions of grant proposals submitted by recent PhDs in a €2 billion granting program. Analyses of review scores reveal that early funding success introduces a growing rift, with winners just above the funding threshold accumulating more than twice as much research funding (€180,000) during the following eight years as nonwinners just below it. We find no evidence that winners’ improved funding chances in subsequent competitions are due to achievements enabled by the preceding grant, which suggests that early funding itself is an asset for acquiring later funding. Surprisingly, however, the emergent funding gap is partly created by applicants, who, after failing to win one grant, apply for another grant less often.
An overview of cross-cultural music corpus studies
Authors: Savage Patrick E.
Published: July 2018

The past few decades have seen a rapid increase in the availability and use of large music corpora. However, most music corpus studies remain limited to Western music, limiting our ability to understand the diversity and unity of human music throughout the world. I argue for the potential of cross-cultural corpus studies to contribute to comparative musicological studies in domains including music classification, evolution, universals, and human history. I highlight and discuss a number of important cross-cultural corpora, including the Berlin Phonogramm-Archiv, CompMusic Project, Essen Folksong Collection, Cantometrics Project, Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Natural History of Song, and Deep History of Music projects. In the process, I discuss the pros and cons of music notation vs. recordings, automatic vs. manual analysis, regional vs. global analysis, and associated challenges regarding choosing appropriate analysis methods that can allow meaningful comparison across cultures. I argue for the need for bigger and better global music corpora and more emphasis on integration within and beyond academia, including to domains such as the music industry and cultural heritage organizations.
Chinese Adversative Bèi Passive and Its English Translations in Literary Texts
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , LIU Lester Zixian
Published: July 2018

This research aims at finding the commonalities and distinctive features of translating bèi (被) passive into English in the context of literary texts and investigating different approaches translators adopt. Twelve English translation in the Spring 2015 edition of Pathlight will be analyzed as a way to develop translation resources. The main approaches to translation are: (1) retaining the original passive sentences and/or passive construction, (2) changing to corresponding active sentences, (3) changing into active sentences with the same narrative perspective, and (4) paraphrasing the original passives. Translation of adversative bèi passive sentences is evaluated from the perspectives of semantic equivalence and aesthetic effect in order to investigate whether they effectively and successfully express the original adversative meaning and represent the original aesthetic effect. Reasons for ineffective and unsuccessful semantic equivalence are analyzed, that include translators failing to recognize the adversative expression of bèi passive, and not paying sufficient attention to preserving the original lexical terms which express the adversative connotation and present the literary effect and adversative resultative compounds in bèi passive.
An Autosegmental Analysis of Arabic Passive Participle of Triliteral Verbs
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Abushunar Majd S. , Mahadin Radwan S.
Published: July 2018

This study aims to analyze the passive participle in Standard Arabic within the framework of autosegmental phonology. It focuses on the pattern of non-derived, triliteral verbs /maCCu:C/. The sample of the study is collected from three sources Wehr (1994), Wright (1996), and Al-waSi:T Dictionary (2004). The study discusses strong, weak, geminated, and glottalized verbs using the X-skeleton of autosegmental phonology. It considers the imperfective stem as the basic form from which other forms are derived. The findings indicate that strong, geminated, and glottalized stems show regularity to the pattern /maCCu:C/. Nevertheless, irregularities from the general pattern are observed with weak verbs due to the unstable nature of glides in Standard Arabic. Also, the study shows that autosegmental phonology provides an adequate analysis for the passive participle.
Tracking down the gliter of gold in the Diplomatari de Santes Creus
Authors: Puy Arnald
Published: July 2018

A study of the kinship, social and proximity links of the individuals that used gold currency as their basis of accountancy in Catalonia between the 10th and 13th centuries AD.
Heterogeneous Fertility Behavior among Highly Educated Women in Japan: The Effect of Educational Assortative Mating on First and Second Childbirth Using Diagonal Reference Model
Authors: Uchikoshi Fumiya
Published: July 2018

Prior studies have argued that changes in nuptial behavior are the main contributors to the decline in fertility in Japan and educational gradients in fertility are negligible. Recently, however, changes in marital fertility have also contributed to the decline in fertility. While the influence of women's educational attainment on fertility has only been paid attention, since fertility involves two partners and so it is also possible to focus on the influence of the male partner’s social status. Moreover, not only can each partner’s socioeconomic status, but also their combining as a couple (assortative mating), influence fertility. In spite of theoretical significance to examine the relationship between educational assortative mating and fertility, scholars face a methodological problem in examining an interaction of two variables. In this study, applying diagonal reference model to event history analysis, I estimated the effect of educational assortative mating on having first and second childbirth in Japan. A series of analysis revealed that homogamy couples of the high educated are less likely to have their second child than other types of educational coupling.
The Visibility of the Translator: A Case Study of the Palestinian Translator
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Ahmed Mohammed El-Haj , Shabana Ghadeer Jamal
Published: July 2018

This study aims at investigating the impact of ideology on rendering highly sensitive news items with special examination of the visibility of the Palestinian translator. It shows how ideology controls speech and how the translator should use certain jargons in his translation as a weapon of resistance to refute the superiority implied in the occupier's discourse. The study also investigates whether Palestinian translators would counter ‘interpellation’ as a strategy of resistance through translation. For this purpose, 30 participants of translation students at the English Language department at IUG were tested. The test consisted of 10 sentences incorporating 12 highly sensitive terms. Another data collection method was a questionnaire administered to 11 male MA translation students. The questionnaire included 13 statements that tackle the issues of visibility, ideology, and neutrality in translation. The participants showed a highly emotive and ideological tendency in translating such terms. The researchers then ended up with some recommendations for researchers, translators, and syllabus designers.