bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flow Field of a Model Gas Turbine Swirl Burner
Authors: Chong Cheng Tung , Hochgreb Simone
Published: December 2012

The flow field of a lab-scale model gas turbine swirl burner was characterised using particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) at atmospheric condition. The swirl burner consists of an axial swirler, a twin-fluid atomizer and a quartz tube as combustor wall. The main non-reacting swirling air flow without spray was compared to swirl flow with spray under unconfined and enclosed conditions. The introduction of liquid fuel spray changes the flow field of the main swirling air flow at the burner outlet where the radial velocity components are enhanced. Under reacting conditions, the enclosure generates a corner recirculation zone that intensifies the strength of the radial velocity. Comparison of the flow fields with a spray flame using diesel and palm biodiesel shows very similar flow fields. The flow field data can be used as validation target for swirl flame modelling.
Effect of Steam on Syngas Production in New-Designed Dual-Bed Gasifier
Authors: Pakavechkul Sukrit , Kuchonthara Prapan , Butnark Suchada
Published: December 2012

In this research, the effect of steam on synthetic fuel production from sawdust in new-designed dual-bed gasification was studied. The dual-bed gasification reactor composed of bubbling/fast fluidized bed combustor and fixed bed gasifier (pyrolysis included) was designed to produce syngas (CO + H2 + CO2 and CH4). The results showed that syngas produced by the dual-bed gasifier with higher steam/carbon ratio also had higher H2 content. In theory, the various reactions expected to occur in the gasification process were boudouard, water-gas and water-gas shift, methanation and steam reforming. Since the operating temperature was only 500-600°C that the steam reformation of methane was desperately to occur due to its endothermic, then CH4 formation still were found. Producer gas from the new gasifier had relatively high quality in terms of heating value per a unit volume compared to other conventional gasifiers. This can be used directly as good gaseous fuel. However, the product gas was not likely served as precursor in chemical industries due to its still low H2/CO ratio and high CH4 concentration.
Investigation of Recombination Process of P3HT: PCBM Organic Solar Cell
Authors: Chiew E.K. , Yahaya Muhammad , Othman A.P.
Published: December 2012

We applied an effective medium model for a computational study and investigated a recombination mechanism in a P3HT:PCBM bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells where the main assumption is the p-n nanostructure is treated as one single effective semiconductor layer, and parameters in this configuration are fed into a standard solar cell device simulator, called a Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS). Using SCAPS, the electrical performances of organic solar cells and the intensity-dependent current density -voltage (J-V) were simulated and compared with the actual experimental result. The results show that they are in good agreement with each other and monomolecular recombination mechanism is the dominant mechanism in the BHJ organic solar cells.
Energetic Based Organic Fluid Selection for a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Organic Rankine Cycle Combined System
Authors: Tuo Han Fei
Published: December 2012

In this study, energetic based fluid selection for a solid oxide fuel cell-organic rankine combined power system is investigated. 9 dry organic fluids with varied critical temperatures are chosen and their corresponding ORC cycle performances are evaluated at different turbine inlet temperatures and exhaust gas temperature (waste heat source) from the upper cycle. It is found that actual ORC cycle efficiency for each fluid strongly depends on the waste heat recovery performance of the heat recovery vapor generator. Exhaust gas temperature determines the optimal fluid which yields the highest efficiency.
Effective Hybrid Optimization Algorithm for Power Oscillation Damping
Authors: Eslami Mahdiyeh , Shareef Hussain , Mohamed Azah , Khajehzadeh Mohammad
Published: December 2012

In this paper, a hybrid optimization method, GA-SQP, is presented in which the genetic algorithm (GA) is a stochastic method is combined with the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method, which is a deterministic method. The power system stabilizers parameters tuning problem is converted to an optimization problem which is solved by hybrid GA-SQP optimization algorithm. The New England 10-unit 39-bus standard power system, under various operation conditions, is employed to illustrate the performance of the proposed method. The results are very encouraging and suggest that the hybrid GA-SQP algorithm is very efficient in damping improvement of the power system.
Degradation of Poly(methyl methacrylate) over Zeolites in a Batch Reactor
Authors: Sakkosit Sirichai , Damronglerd Somsak , Ngamcharussrivichai Chawalit
Published: December 2012

Thermal degradation is an attractive way to eliminate poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) waste to which high temperatures are applied in the absence of oxygen. However, the process is not selective, resulting in a complex composition of products. Catalytic degradation over zeolites provides an effective route to selectively convert PMMA into desired products at lower temperatures, since zeolites have high acidity and shape-selectivity. In this work, the degradation of PMMA over various zeolites, including ZSM-5, BETA and USY, has been investigated in a batch reactor as a feasibility study to recover methyl methacrylate (MMA) as well as other valuable chemicals. The results showed that PMMA can be completely degraded at 300 oC and MMA was recovered as light oil. With increasing the degradation time, PMMA was converted over zeolites into more gaseous and light oil products, while the thermal degradation gave higher portion of heavy oil. From GC-MS analysis of light oil, MMA was found as the main product, co-existing with methyl 2-methyl propionate and methyl 2-methyl butyrate both of which can be used as synthetic fragrance.
Investigation for Optimum Structure of CdS:O/CdTe Solar Cell from Numerical Analysis
Authors: Islam M.A. , Hossain Shrarafat , Amin Nowshad , Aliyu M. Mannir , Sulaiman Yusuf , Sopian Kamaruzzaman
Published: December 2012

In this paper, various factors that affect the solar cell performances are investigated with emphasis given to the window layer (CdS:O) thickness, operating temperature and light intensity as well as the effect of front contact and BSF layers. Various parameters of solar cells such as quantum efficiency, series and shunt resistance associated with the front contact and BSF materials have been investigated also. Two materials ZnO and SnO2 were used as front contact and two materials Sb2Te3 and ZnTe were used as BSF layers to investigate their effects on ultra-thin cell performances. The results have shown that the BSF layers have no unfavourable effect on cell stability with temperature increase as the cell temperature coefficients with these BSF layers were 0.1% (ZnTe) to 0.3% (Sb2Te3). However, the results of the comparisons demonstrate that the best option is Sb2Te3 as BSF material, which exhibits lowest series resistance and behaves as an excellent minority carrier mirror whereas ZnTe showed unexpected series resistance problems because of the adverse heterojunction with CdTe.
Biogas, its Use in North East India
Authors: Jahan R.
Published: December 2012

The non conventional energy has derived mainly from the biomass which is utilized towards the sector of rural economy. The North-East India has consumed in from firewood cow dung and crop residues are used for gas production and it can replace much other energy oil from biogas production. The economic analysis of biogas plants has showed that the installation of biogas is economically very important. This paper throws light on the techniques of biogas production and its use in North-East India.
Supercharger of Engine without Time Delay
Authors: Torkamandi Shahed , Asadi Farhad , Payganeh Gholamhasan
Published: December 2012

Since the invention of the internal combustion engines, Automotive engineers are finding ways to increase engine power that one way is supercharger. It was developed to assist internal combustion engines in improving performance and power of the engine, But these plans have deficiency as Intercoolers and Turbo Lag and etc.but this new designed system to cause launching a diaphragm pump by use of the linear motion in suspension system then compressed air is stored in tank and by using the directional control valve 3/4 with the states of off-sport 1and sport 2 we can increase engine power. The results of torque ,BSFC(Brake specific fuel consumption) and indicator diagrams(p-v) show increased horsepower And the advantages of this plan are that we don’t have turbo lag for the sudden acceleration and also due to the air tank for supplying mass flow-rate the vehicle can cross the shallow water and submerged.
Increase of Fatigue on Piston and Connecting Rod in Using Supercharger
Authors: Torkamandi Shahed , Asadi Farhad , Payganeh Gholamhasan
Published: December 2012

This research deals with analysis the fatique and the failure of piston engine using FEA.The objective of this research is to develop the geometry of piston engine using solidwork software and to investigate the maximum stress using stress analysis techniques to predict the failure of piston and connecting rod and identify the critical locations of the components of EF7 engine with supercharger and without supercharger. The finite element model of the components was analyzed the static stress with linear material model . first we discuss the amount of increased pressure in cylinder by supercharger and turbocharger then the influence of the inlet air pressure on the naturall aspirated engine which the main parts of its engine are not reinforced is taken account,then the result is showed the stress is increased by quantity of 273 MPA on piston and connecting rod which make the increase of fatigue on pistons and connecting rod and decrease in its period of working.The results can also significantly reduce the cost to produce the piston,and improve product reliability and improve the fatique strength and durability.
A Vacuum Booster Model for Brake Pedal Feeling Analysis
Authors: Guan Hsin , Hao Wei Tuo , Zhan Jun
Published: December 2012

The feeling of the brake pedal is one of the most important factors for the driver confidence during brake. Vacuum booster plays a significant role on the brake pedal feeling analysis. The traditional characteristic model cannot satisfy our objective, so a model based on the structure is needed. This paper presents a model based on the structure defined as 3 springs, 2 valves, 1 reaction washer and dynamic air flows, gives out the detailed condition to judge for the states of vacuum booster which can give more details to the brake pedal feeling. After simulation, the conclusion that the model is proper for pedal feeling can be drawn.
Thrust Force Studies in Drilling of Medium Density Fiberboard Panels
Authors: Valarmathi T.N. , Palanikumar K. , Sekar S.
Published: December 2012

Medium density fiberboard (MDF) is an engineered wood generally used in wooden industries. Drilling is the most frequently used machining operation in the assembly of furniture working. During drilling cutting forces are developed. These cutting forces are affecting the surface qualities and also causes delamination damage. The cutting conditions and the process parameters play an important role in controlling the cutting forces. The objective of this work is to study the influence of cutting parameters such as spindle speed, feed rate and point angle to reduce the cutting forces developed during drilling. Drilling tests are conducted using Taguchi design of experiments. The mathematical model is developed using response surface methodology (RSM) to evaluate the influence of spindle speed, feed rate and point angle on thrust force. It is seen that high spindle speed with low feed rate combination gives better results in drilling of MDF panels.
Experimental Investigation on Prediction of Hole Quality Characteristics of Aluminum Matrix Composite (AMC225xe)
Authors: Shanmugasundaram Sureshkumar Manickam , Damodhiran Lakshmanan , Angamuthu Murugarajan
Published: December 2012

Wide spread applications of composite materials have been significantly growing in aerospace, naval, space, and automotive industries. Drilling of such materials is a challenging task because of differential machining properties and checking the quality of hole is significantly a great attention. In this paper, experimental investigation on prediction of hole quality characteristics of aluminum matrix composite (AMC225xe) during drilling process. The influence of process parameters such as speed, feed rate and coolant flow rate on the surface finish and circularity were investigated during the experimentation. The experiments were conducted according to the Taguchi’s L9 array design using process parameters. The quality of the hole characteristics were measured using roughness tester and CMM. Regression analysis has been carried out for prediction of hole quality characteristics from the experimentation. It is observed that the predicted results are good correlation with measured values. Also, the results indicate that the feed rate is the most influencing parameter for drilling of AMC225xe.
Analyzing Process Capability of Drilling on Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester (GFRP) Composites with Taguchi Loss Function
Authors: Soren Haradhan , Panja Subhash Chandra , Hansda Sunil , Banerjee Simul
Published: December 2012

The delamination is a major problem associated with the drilling of chopped glass fiber reinforced polyester (GFRP) composites. It reduces the structural integrity of the material, results in poor assembly tolerance and has the potential for long term performance deterioration. Thus it is important to evaluate the process capability of drilling on this material. It will thereby reveal the spectrum of delamination to be accepted from the view point of process capability for a chosen range of material thickness, drill diameter, speed and feed rate combinations. In the present analysis, therefore, Taguchi loss function is derived for the particular process based on the experimental data. Process capability index is then evaluated. The range of delamination factor is determined based on the consideration that process capability index should be one or more. The results are presented.
Mode I Fracture Toughness of Banana Fiber and Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Santhanam V. , Chandrasekaran M. , Venkateshwaran N. , Elayaperumal A.
Published: December 2012

Although fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) have until now been largely applied to various fields of engineering, these materials have also been used in many technical applications, especially where high strength and stiffness are required, but with low component weight. Among various natural fibers, banana fiber is of particular interest in that its composites have high tensile strength, high tensile modulus, and low elongation at break beside its low cost and eases of availability. In this study, banana fiber and glass fiber reinforced polyester Resin composites were prepared using hand lay up technique . Experiments are conducted to compare and to find the effect of fiber volume fraction on mode I fracture toughness of both composites.
Effect of Fiber Volume Fraction on Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Al2O3f/Al-Si Composites
Authors: Cui Jian Jun , Li Bing Chao , Zhang Guo Hua , Zhang Jian Xin , Wei Zuo Shan , Feng Zeng Jian , Cai Wei
Published: December 2012

The tensile and low cycle fatigue tests were carried out on alumina short fibers reinforced Al-Si piston alloy composites (Al-Si MMCs). Three Al-Si MMCs reinforced with 10, 17 and 25 vol.% of alumina short fibers were prepared to investigate the effects of volume fraction on tensile and low cycle fatigue properties at room temperature (RT) and 350°C. The results showed that the tensile strength decreased with the increasing of volume fraction of fibers at RT and was slight different at 350°C. Among the three MMCs, the 17%-MMCs showed highest stress level under the low cycle fatigue tests. The fatigue cracks were usually initiated from the clustered and large size fibers near the surface of specimen, propagated along the fiber/matrix interface at RT and grew rapidly by means of broken the fibers at 350°C.
Surgical Slave with a Novel Method for Force Sensing and Trocar Friction Reduction
Authors: Schwalb W. , Shirinzadeh Bijan , Smith J.
Published: December 2012

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has had a major impact on modern day surgery, and has become the standard for various procedures. MIS however suffers from various impediments, and as a result, has seen robotic surgery gain rapid popularity. It is yet to be seen whether robotic surgery will cause another major paradigm shift, as these systems still require large costs, take up too much space, have an unclear cost benefit, and provide little or no force feedback. This paper presents a slave design for MIS, and a brief literature review on design requirements is given. A novel tool design for force/torque sensing is discussed, which uses an overcoat method to reduce measurement corruption at the trocar, and uses a single external 6-DOF f/t sensor.
LPV Based Robust Gain – Scheduling Control for Transient Mode of Morphing UAV
Authors: Ma Song Hui , Shao Peng Yuan , Wu Cheng Fu
Published: December 2012

Robust Gain-Scheduling control based on Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) system is researched in theory and applied to transient mode control of a morphing wing UAV (MUAV). H∞ output feedback control method is extended to the LPV system via parameterized LMIs. In application, LPV model of MUAV is established using the Jacobian linearization method, based on which an LPV controller is designed using the proposed method to control the attitudes of transient mode in morphing process, the problem of high frequency dynamics is found and solved by a robust pole constraint method. Monte-Carlo simulation is performed for 30 times, by which satisfactory performance and robustness of the LPV controller is revealed.
Temperature Effect on the Sensitivity of a Highly Sensitive Micro-Machined Displacement Sensor
Authors: Mukherjee Tania , Bhattacharyya Tarun K.
Published: December 2012

In this paper, a comparative study of temperature effect which introduces a thermionic current under a high applied electric field, on three different modes of field emission current, such as Tunneling current, Fowler-Nordheim current and Field emission current in between these two regions has been done. Moreover, an idea of micromechanical displacement sensor with high sensitivity, operating in Fowler-Nordheim current mode, has been proposed. The displacement sensitivity of proposed sensor in Fowler-Nordheim current domain is about 10-9 m/A. The displacement sensitivity has been shifted from its expected value due to thermal effect (at 700K temperature) at about 1010V/m applied electric field across tip gap.
Optimization of Electro-Discharge Diamond Surface Grinding Process Parameters with Multiple Performance Characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V Using Grey-Taguchi Approach
Authors: Modi Manoj , Agarwal G.
Published: December 2012

The present paper reports the optimization of process parameters in hybrid machining process (Electro-Discharge Diamond Surface Grinding) of Ti-6Al-4V with multiple performance characteristics using the combination of Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and Taguchi approach. The various input process parameters in this work are wheel speed (RPM), duty factor, current (ampere) and pulse on-time (µs). In this research work nine experiments have been conducted according to the Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array on in-house-designed & fabricated EDDSG set-up. The machining parameters wheel speed (S), duty factor (DF), current (I) and pulse on-time (Ton) are optimized with consideration of multiple performance characteristics such as material removal rate (MRR) and average surface roughness (Ra). The confirmation experimental results show that combined Grey-Taguchi approach enhances the machining performance in EDDSG of Ti-6Al-4V.
Circumferential and Spiral Waves in Piezoelectric Cylinders
Authors: Muhammad Ibrahim , Bai Hao
Published: December 2012

Study of the guided waves in piezoelectric cylinders based on a semi-analytical finite element method is presented. In the study, the dispersion equation was formulated as a generalized eigenvalue problem by treating mechanical displacements and electric potential with one dimensional quadratic finite element model through the thickness of the cylinder. Here the general eigenvalue problem is depended on three parameters, namely, the frequency, the axial wave number and the circumferential wave. A non-integer circumferential wave is introduced here for studying the guided spiral wave. A wave spectrum surface is generated to incorporate the guided spiral waves. Cylinders having different geometry and electric boundary conditions are studied but only the results for a thin cylinder with closed electric boundary conditions are presented.
Real-Time Pollution Monitoring Model of Convection Heating Surfaces Based on Coal Online Soft Sensing
Authors: Zeng De Liang , Guan Zhao Liang , Peng Can , Zhang Man
Published: December 2012

This paper presents a real-time pollution monitoring model of convection heating surfaces based on coal online soft sensing, This model reality the optimization calculation of clean factor and get the information of coal moisture, ash content and ultimate only according to the existing measuring points and data in the Distributed Control System (DCS) of thermal power plants, no need to use additional equipment. Used this technique in 1000MW power units and the result shows that, the computational accuracy of clean factor has greatly improved, which will correct the boiler blowing operation.
Soda Casket Inspection System by Computer Vision
Authors: Orachon Teerapong , Intani Pattana
Published: December 2012

Referred to the problem a manufacturer always faces that bottles in a casket are missing, caused by the bottles leaning down. Checking the parceling by human causes high risk from the explosion of the lean-down bottles. So this article presents how computer vision is applied to the inspection system. The system used a low-price webcam and image processing method to identify the defection. The process begins with adjusting HSV up before working on edge detection to reduce density of data. Then cross correlation as template matching to define the bottles and check the number of soda bottles. This system can identify 84% of completely loaded casket and 100% of the missing loaded casket.
Influence of the Contact Thickness on Electrical Performance of Staggered and Planer p-Channel Organic Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Kumar Brijesh , Kaushik B.K. , Negi Y.S.
Published: December 2012

The influence of contact thickness on electrical performance of bottom gate Organic Field Effect Transistor (BG-OFET) with staggered and planer structures is studied in this paper. Two dimensional device simulation is performed with identical dimensions for both devices which show a good agreement between simulated and measured results. Contact thickness is varied from 0nm to 20nm for planer and staggered structures. The electrical characteristics are strongly affected by the contact thickness variation. With increasing contact thickness, the threshold voltage shifts from negative to positive. The simulation results indicate that saturation current value of staggered structure is higher than that of planer. Although the current does not increase in staggered structure due to its increasing contact thickness, while the current in planer structure increases up to three times. However, current in planer is still below the current in staggered structure. The extracted field effect mobility and current on-off ratio at 20nm electrode thickness for staggered structure is 0.67 cm2/V.s and 108, respectively. It has been observed that the field effect mobility, threshold voltage, sub-threshold slope, transconductance and current on-off ratio can be modified by varying contact thickness. Analysis of the results clearly demonstrates the significance of controlling the contact thickness in planer and staggered OFETs. It even offers a way to control OFETs parameters.
Shear Ram Height Investigation for Gold Wire Bond Shear Test
Authors: Sauli Z. , Retnasamy V. , Shapri A.H.M. , Taniselass S. , Ong T.S.
Published: December 2012

This paper presents the simulation of gold wire bond shear test. The stress and strain response of the gold ball bond during wire bond shear was examined. The simulation was done using a A 3D non-linear finite element model. The effects of the shear ram height on the stress and strain response of the gold ball bond were investigated. The results of the simulation confirms that shear ram height has a significant effect on the von mises stress and equivalent strain response of the gold ball bond during wire bond shear test.
Design of Terahertz Quantum Dot Cascade Laser Using Raman Amplification Process
Authors: Abbasian Karim , Hayati Leili , Rostami Ali
Published: December 2012

As we know, quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are currently the most advanced electrically pumped semiconductor lasers, which emit radiation due to intersubband optical transitions in semiconductor superlattices. Also, quantum cascade laser is one of the best alternatives for reaching the terahertz frequency by semiconductor structures. In this paper, in order to engineer the QCL, effects of Raman inversion as an optical nonlinearity process in active region (QD Hetero structures) of the THz laser has been investigated by using Launda-type three-level system. This would allow suppression of thermally activated optical phonons scattering processes. At the first, the three level QD is designed, where we have considered three Al0.48In0.52As/Ga0.47In0.47As QDs in z direction with the layer sequence of 4/1.5/4/3.5/4 in nanometers. Then, by rate equations in steady-state condition, the laser gain has been calculated.
Function Model of MES Oriented to Mechanical Blanking Workshop
Authors: Wang Jin Ye , Yue Yan Fang , Wang Jian Lou , Xin Zhi Bo , Yao Xue Min
Published: December 2012

Manufacturing Execution System (MES) is one of the crucial technologies that realizing the information integration for the enterprise, and its function modeling is the base of MES design and implementation. Basis on the analysis of the business process in mechanical blanking workshop and the functional requirements of MES system, the IDEF0 method was adopted to construct the function model of MES system oriented to mechanical blanking workshop, and a detailed description of the function modules and their relationship was given, which laid the foundation for the software development of the MES system.
Fan Speed Control on Heat Detector Technique Using Zigbex Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Kassim Murizah , Sulaiman Norakmar Arbain , Yang Razali Mohd Sukri
Published: December 2012

this paper presented the study on fan speed control on heat detector technique using Zigbex wireless Sensor Network. The updated wireless application technology called Zigbex wireless sensor network (WSN) is used to simulate the system to control automatically the fan speed. The wireless sensor network will be based on the temperature warmth which reaches at a circumstances heat. This system could be used for the road tunnel fan control system. In wired road tunnel fan control, the system requires high cost installation fees for proper wiring for a large scale implementation. The used of Zigbex WSN platform is to substitute wired sensors and actuators. Measurement level of temperature that used to control the right amount of power could be supplied to the tunnel fan. A NesC program of TinyOS was used where two levels of output is controlled which are for 100%, and 50% duty cycle of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal. Observation of the sensor node that can detect the change in temperature has also been highlighted in this study. Results obtained from the study indicated that Zigbex Wireless Sensor Network is a successful technique for controlling the fan speed on heat
Direct Synthesis Controller Identification
Authors: Tufa Lemma Dendena
Published: December 2012

Direct synthesis controller design approach has serious limitations when it is applied to plant models that have more complex models and models involving time delays. In such cases the design becomes more cumbersome and the time delay appears in the denominator making it difficult to realize. In order to get simple realizable controllers approximations of plant model and time delays are done. This leads to controllers with non-optimal parameters. In this paper, a new approach for designing the controller by combining direct synthesis approach and system identification is presented. The controller is identified from the plant model and the desired closed-loop without the need for approximating the plant model and the time delay and ensures that the controller parameters are optimal.
Optimal Voltage Control for Single-Phase Inverter with Resonant LC Filter via Type-2 ILQ Servo-Control by 2nd-Order Polynomial
Authors: Aumted Sidshchadhaa , Kanda Shuta , Takami Hiroshi , Tatsuno Shoji
Published: December 2012

In this paper, we propose an optimal voltage control for single-phase inverter with resonant LC filter via type-2 ILQ servo-control by 2nd-order polynomial. The improved ILQ control enables to follow the time-variant sinusoidal reference-voltage without phase delay. The excellent voltage control is achieved through the suppression of resonant output voltage.
Influence of Steel Fiber on Thermal Stability and Thermal Conductivity in a Semi Metallic Disc Brake Pad Formulation
Authors: Thiyagarajan V. , Kani Kalaichelvan
Published: December 2012

Thermal conductivity and thermal stability plays a vital role on the performance of NAO brake pads . The Steel fiber a semi metallic composition is carried out in this paper to prepare the Non Asbestos Brake Pad. Steel fiber has good thermal stability and bulk density. So the optimization of steel fiber percentage for thermal behaviour is considered using TGA. The temperature rise during brake application will be between 150-4000 C and this zone of temperature is very critical to determine the fade characteristics during friction testing. Less weight loss between 150 – 400°C during TGA testing means that it is a better thermally stable product. Hence, three different friction composites were developed with same formulation varying the steel fiber content with the inert filler namely barites and designated as NA01, NA02 and NA03 respectively. After the fabrication of the friction composites, the TGA test revealed that the composite NA01 had minimum weight loss during 160 - 4500 C. The composites were then tested for Tribo performance using Constant speed testing machine following SAE J 661a standards. Thus we can correlate the thermal stability with the stability of friction based on minimum weight loss using TGA testing. Hence composite NA01 proved to be the best performer.On another aspect the NA01 has more rotor wear when compared to the other composition in that aspect of rotor wear NA03 is best.
Heat and Temperatures in Machining: Effects and Significance
Authors: Patil Rajesh , Kalamkar Vilas , Vasudevan Hari
Published: December 2012

Heat generated in machining is significant to study, as number of technical and economic problems has root into it. The high temperatures on cutting tool needs better understanding of contact processes at tool-chip ,tool-workpiece interfaces. The contact length at tool-chip interface is significant to study as it governs the heat moving to the tool as well as many tribological conditions like stresses, tool wear. Understanding of Tool-workpiece interface is significant as it affects the heat moving to workpiece, tool, chip as well as tool flank wear and major machined surface characteristics. Non-sliding type tool wear mechanisms which are highly sensitive to temperature changes are important to study. The latest trends of using High Speed Machining, Dry and Near Dry Machining, Finish hard turning results in more heat generation demanding significant understanding of effect of heat generated and temperatures.
Thermal and Fade Aspects of a Non Asbestos Semi Metallic Disc Brake Pad Formulation with Two Different Resins
Authors: Balaji M.A. Sai , Kani Kalaichelvan
Published: December 2012

The formulation of a brake pad requires the optimization of multiple performance criteria. To achieve a stable and adequate friction (µ), the brake pad materials should have low fade and higher recovery characteristics coupled with less wear and noise. Among the properties mentioned, resistance to fade is very difficult to achieve. The type and amount of resin in the friction material is very critical for structural integrity of the composites. The binder should not deteriorate under any diverse conditions. The thermal stability of friction materials and its capacity to bind its ingredients collectively under diverse conditions depend upon the quality and proportion of resin. The current work evaluates the fade and recovery behaviour of developed friction composites from two different resins which are traditional straight phenolic resin and the alkyl benzene modified phenolic resin. Two brake pads with these different resins were fabricated as per Industrial Standard. TGA is carried between 150 – 4000 C as this zone of temperature is very critical which accounts for the weight loss (Thermal degradation). Friction and wear studies were carried out on a friction coefficient test rig as per SAE J661a standard. The results showed that the fade and wear of the friction materials were closely related to the thermal decomposition of the binder resin and durability of the contact plateaus, which were produced by the compaction of wear debris around hard ingredients on the rubbing surface. It was clearly observed that the friction materials with modified resin showed significant reduction in fade %. Friction materials made with higher thermal stability showed resistance to fade. However wear didn’t show much noticeable changes.
An Experimental Study of Radiant Cooling for Buildings in a Tropical Climate
Authors: Prasertsak W. , Wongkee S. , Chaiwiwatworakul P. , Chirarattananon S.
Published: December 2012

This paper presents an experimental study of radiant cooling for building air-conditioning in a tropical climate. To prevent condensation of moisture on the cooling panel, the temperature of chilled water supplied to the panel was limited to 25°C. This led to the limitations of heat extraction capacity at the panel and its application to only space with low thermal load and low metabolic rate activity of people in the space. A simple calculation of radiative and convective heat exchange between the interior room surfaces and the room air was applied to determine the rate of heat extraction by the panels. The calculation results can match well with the measurement results. Using a comfort index of predicted mean vote (PMV), the results from experiments show that thermal comfort could be achieved with the application of radiant cooling.
Isotherm Adsorption Behavior and Drying Kinetics of Black Pepper
Authors: Sae-Khow A. , Tirawanichakul S. , Tirawanichakul Y.
Published: December 2012

The objective of this research were to evaulate equilibrium moisture contents (EMC) of black pepper using the gravimetric-static method and to study the drying kinetics of pepper using 1-stage hot air (HA) drying, 1-stage infrared (IR) drying, 2-stages drying with microwave (MW) and IR and 2-stages drying with MW and HA including to the specific energy consumption determination. For the first objective, the five saturated salt solutions were used for providing equlibrate state between pepper and surrounding at temperature ranging of 40-65°C correlated to relative humidity ranging of 10-90%. The results showed that EMC value decreased with increasing temperature at constant relative humidity. To evaluate the EMC value, the experimental data was simulated by four conventional EMC models and the criteria of the best fiiting models were determined by the determination of coefficient (R2) and the root mean square error (RMSE) value. The results showed that the calculated value using the Modified Oswin model was the most suitable for describing the relationship among equilibrium moisture content, relative humidity and temperature. To study effect of drying condition on drying kinetics, the initial moisture content and final moisture content after drying of papper sample was in ranges of 300-400% dry-basis and 12-16% dry-basis, respectively. The experimetal data were simulsted using empirical drying models and the results showed that the drying temperature relatively affected to drying rate of pepper while the evolution of moisture transfer was in the drying falling ratefor all drying strategies. The 1-stage IR drying and 2-stages drying with MW and IR provided low specific energy consumption (SEC) (0.11-0.15 MJ/kg of water evaporated) compared to the other drying strategies (0.87-1.52 MJ/kg of water evaporated). Moreover, the SEC of pepper drying decreased with increasing of drying temperature.
Stress Conversion Coefficients of Loads Crucial to Well Bore Safety
Authors: Gao Bao Kui , Han Xuan Zhuo , Zhang Hong Qiang
Published: December 2012

During oil and gas development, high pressure, high temperature and non-uniform earth stress increase the complexity of stresses in well bore which is composed of casing, cement sheath and formation. In order to obtain well bore stresses in hostile conditions, a new model is established with cement sheath and formation are treated as different materials. To predict well bore stresses rapidly, stress conversion coefficients are obtained that may change loads into stresses at key points conveniently.
Design Concept and Application of Ecological Engineering Methods of Artificial Wetlands Embankments
Authors: Yu Ye , Lei Cao
Published: December 2012

Ecological Engineering methods are engineering methods that follow the laws of nature and accord with the natural environment. Based on the ecological laws of the land and water margins, this paper practice and apply the design concept and method of ecological engineering methods in the artificial wetland revetment design for the purpose of revetment conservation and appreciation.
Optimization of Synthesis Technology of Acetylferrocene by Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Yin Da Wei , Liang Gang Tao , Sun Xiao Ming , Liu Yu Ting
Published: December 2012

Acetylferrocene was synthesized by acetyl chloride and ferrocene as raw materials, dichloromethane as the solvent, and ZnO as catalyst. Response surface methodology based on three-level, three-variable central composite rotable design was used to evaluate the interactive effects of the ratio of acetyl chloride and ferrocene(2-4), the amount of ZnO(1.0-1.3mol), reaction time(30-60 min)on the percentage yield of acylferrocene. The optimal raw material ratio, amount catalyst, and reaction time was 3:1, 1.19mol, 40min. Under the optimum conditions, the actual experimental yield can reach 86.72%.
The Use of Satellite Images for Preliminary Investigation on Ancient Land Salt Pits in the Nam Kam River Basin, Thailand
Authors: Sirikaew Uba , Srikaew Preechanun , Kusakul Ananya
Published: December 2012

There are numerous water resource development projects in the Nam Kam River Basin of Nakhon Phanom province in the northeastern part of Thailand. The Nam Kam River Basin is one of the Greater Mekong’s tributaries and covers an area of approximately 3,440 square kilometers. The operation of the development projects situated along the basin must be in a manner that avoids salt solution diffusing into the nearby areas and protects the existing irrigation systems and reservoirs from large amounts of salt seepage. Since saline soil, salt crusts and ancient land salt pits have been found on the ground surface of the Nam Kam Basin, the purpose of this research is to investigate the saline areas by interpreting the satellite images. The interpreted satellite images were mapped and the results were validated against the actual field data. The salinity of soil and water was measured by the electrical conductivity meter and laboratory testing. The preliminary investigation of the study area showed two groups of the saline areas: saline soil spots and ancient land salt pits. Certain difficulties remained in the interpretation of the satellite images, such as the inability to classify the degree of salinity with accuracy and the outdated data in the areas with human involvement. The saline soil spots occupied by landowners are mostly improved for agriculture; on the contrary, the ancient land salt pits are operated only by a few villagers during the summer. Even though in summer 2012, the local office of Royal Irrigation Department flooded the ancient salt pits to protect them from salt farming, the villagers continue producing salt, thereby causing salinity to spread more widely. The study reveals that monitoring of salinity of the water and soil is necessary and is currently carried out jointly by academics, the local community, and agencies responsible for the irrigation projects in the study area.
System Information for Risk Evaluation in the Sustainable Enterprise
Authors: Izvercianu Monica , Ivascu Larisa
Published: December 2012

This paper presents an approach to risk assessment in the enterprise, helping its sustainable development. The important aspects of enterprise sustainability are: the importance of elevating goals, risk identification within the four responsibilities: technological, environmental, economic and social, integration of technological management through "technological resources" and Corporate Social Responsibility. The complexity of this paper is argued by the adopted procedure and by the multidisciplinary way of solving the theme and the estimated results (using modern means of information and communication technology and management). This research facilitates to development a complete solution for risk assessment. The developed logic diagram underlies the software implementation which was tested in a Romanian enterprise.
Geotemperature Evolution of the Ordovician Strata in the Tarim Basin and its Petroleum Geology Significance
Authors: Xiao Zong Lin , Hao Qing Qing , Shen Zhong Min
Published: December 2012

The Tarim basin is an important petroleum basin in China, which produces a large amount of oil and gas resources. This paper calculates the geotemperature of the middle-upper Ordovician basal boundary during the main geological periods using the one-dimensional steady-state heat conduction equation. The simulation result reveals that from the late Ordovician to the present, the Manjiaer sag in the Tabei depression retains the highest temperature in the Tarim basin, and its highest temperature reaches 400°C in the present, while other areas in the Tarim basin have undergone relatively low temperature. Only in the Manjiaer sag of the Tabei depression and the Yecheng and Tanggubasi sags in the Southwest depression, the temperature exceeds 250°C, reaching the condition of liquid oil cracking into gas. Geotemperature of the middle-upper Ordovician basal boundary in the Tahe oilfield of the Central uplift is lower than 250 °C. It is thus inferred that there are abundant oil resources in the Ordovician strata of the Tahe oilfield. This study may provide effective geotemperature data for the next petroleum exploration in the Tarim basin.
The Earth’s Free Spherical Oscillations of the Great Japan Earthquake
Authors: Wu Ye , Wan Yong Ge , Ding Liang
Published: December 2012

An M9.0 earthquake struck Japan on March 11, 2011 and the strong earthquake made continuous oscillation of the Earth. We first studied the Earth’s free oscillations using observations of VHZ channel of China Digital Seismic Network (CDSN). Since the frequency response of seismograph in CDSN suppresses the information of low frequency signal, we do not need to remove the solid tide in our data processing. We extracted 72 clear spherical modes of (0S0, 0S2 to 0S72) of the Earth’s free oscillation and 21 harmonic modes and they are consistent and nearly same with the frequencies of the modes of Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM). Spectral splitting phenomenon is observed obviously in 0S2, 0S3, 0S4 and 1S2 free oscillation modes.
Factors Influencing Household Electronic Waste Recycling Intention
Authors: Ho Sew Tiep , Tong David Yoon Kin , Ahmed Elsadig Musa , Lee Chee Teck
Published: December 2012

In Malaysia, it is prevalent among many householders on accumulation of end-of-life electronics items at home and many are unclear of its disposal directive, which are likely to be disposed as household wastes. An insight into understanding their e-waste management practices and key predictors in relation to e-waste recycling intention are essential as they will lay the foundation for future effective e-waste management. This paper reports a preliminary exploration of the construct of e-waste recycling intention among householders. The data was collected from 150 respondents in Malacca, Malaysia. The results from this study showed that all the six dimensions generated are reliable with high intercorrelation among the dimensions. This implies that the measures can be used for further data collection to validate the study.
Amphibious Urbanization as a Sustainable Flood Mitigation Strategy in South-East Asia
Authors: Mohamad Mohamad Ibrahim , Nekooie Mohammad Ali , Ismail Zulhilmi , Taherkhani Roohollah
Published: December 2012

Appling amphibious urbanization is a new smart and sustainable flood mitigation strategy for floodplain area in South-East Asia. The objective of this study is to evaluate the technological and environmental aspects of the amphibious house as a sustainable flood mitigation strategy in South-East Asia. The technological and environmental aspects are investigated under sustainability. The point load test and drag force estimation and interviews are conducted. Amphibious urbanization is completely aligned with the technological aspects of a safe living conditions during flood rush. This system identified as one of the green and most sustainable new strategies in South-East Asia.
Degradation of Methyl Orangle by Magnetic Metal Doped TiO2 Films in a Magnetic Field
Authors: Yang Hai Feng , Zhang Ping , Wen Feng , Cao Yang , Sun Dong
Published: December 2012

In order to find an effective way to degrade the effluent, the Cu/TiO2, La/TiO2, Cr/TiO2 films with unique 3-D network structures were prepared using Ti(OBu)4 by sol-gel method loaded on the gauzes. These films structures were characterized by means of XRD and SEM. The effects of doped TiO2 films and combination of magnetic field and doped TiO2 films on the degradation of methyl orange (MO) were studied. The results indicated that after combinating the magnetic field, the photocatalysis efficiency of doped TiO2 films have been improved,especially the influence on Cu/TiO2 film was more obvious than other films.When magnetic intensity was around 30mT ,the MO degradation ratio went up to 60% by using Cu/TiO2 films.But the influences of magnetic intensity on photocatalytic activities of doped TiO2 films had a maximum value which was 30mT.