bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Residue Analysis of Benzobicyclon in Soil and Sediment Samples by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Sun Qianqian , Wang Yihu , Tian Chunxia , Gui Wenjun , Guo Yirong , Zhu Guonian
Published: September 2016

A reliable and rapid method was developed to determine benzobicyclon residue in different soil and sediment samples. After extraction via a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method, samples were purified by SPE cleanup with HLB cartridges. Quantitative determination was performed by ultra-HPLC (UPLC)-tandem MS (MS/MS) in electrospray positive ionization and multiple reaction monitoring modes. When samples were fortified at concentrations of 5, 50, and 500 µg/L, recoveries of 80.2 to 114.5% were obtained, with the repeatability (intraday RSDr) and reproducibility (interday RSDR) <14.1 and <21.4%, respectively. The instrumental LODs and LOQs for matrix-matched standards and the method LOQs for sample test were 0.19–1.34 μg/L, 0.64–4.48 μg/L, and 0.32–2.24 μg/kg, respectively. The linear range was 5–1000 μg/L (R2 > 0.99). The established UPLC-MS/MS method was applied in the detection of benzobicyclon in real soil samples, which were collected during the supervised field trial. Results showed that the maximum concentration of benzobicyclon in the soil was 4.87 mg/kg and its degradation half-life (t0.5) was 6.7 days. Generally, the proposed method could be an effective tool for controlling and monitoring the risks posed by benzobicyclon to human health and environmental safety.
Inference of gene regulation functions from dynamic transcriptome data
Authors: Hillenbrand Patrick , Maier Kerstin C , Cramer Patrick , Gerland Ulrich
Published: September 2016

To quantify gene regulation, a function is required that relates transcription factor binding to DNA (input) to the rate of mRNA synthesis from a target gene (output). Such a ‘gene regulation function’ (GRF) generally cannot be measured because the experimental titration of inputs and simultaneous readout of outputs is difficult. Here we show that GRFs may instead be inferred from natural changes in cellular gene expression, as exemplified for the cell cycle in the yeast S. cerevisiae. We develop this inference approach based on a time series of mRNA synthesis rates from a synchronized population of cells observed over three cell cycles. We first estimate the functional form of how input transcription factors determine mRNA output and then derive GRFs for target genes in the CLB2 gene cluster that are expressed during G2/M phase. Systematic analysis of additional GRFs suggests a network architecture that rationalizes transcriptional cell cycle oscillations. We find that a transcription factor network alone can produce oscillations in mRNA expression, but that additional input from cyclin oscillations is required to arrive at the native behaviour of the cell cycle oscillator.
Effects of (Bi1/2,Na1/2)TiO3 on the electrical properties of BiFeO3-based thin films
Authors: Choi Jin Hong , Yoshimura Takeshi , Fujimura Norifumi
Published: September 2016

(100)-oriented (1 − x)BiFeO3–x(Bi1/2,Na1/2)TiO3 (BF–BNT) thin films with x = 0.05 were grown on LaNiO3/Si substrate by co-sputter method. It was found that BF–BNT films show better ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties than the BiFeO3 films deposited under the same condition, especially at the deposition temperature of 450 °C. The addition of small amount of BNT (x = 0.05) to BF films increases the dielectric constant to 480. The BF–BNT film piezoelectric coefficient (d
33(AFM)) of the BF–BNT film deposited at 450 °C is ∼100 pm/V, which is comparable to the best value of BF-based films with substitutions of other perovskite or rare-earth elements.
Electro-optic effect and photoelastic effect of feroelectric relaxors
Authors: Takeda Kotaro , Hoshina Takuya , Takeda Hiroaki , Tsurumi Takaaki
Published: September 2016

To understand the origin of the electro-optic effect (EO-effect) of ferroelectric relaxors, the relationships among the quadratic EO-coefficient, photoelastic coefficient, and electron density were elucidated. The quadratic EO-coefficient is given by the product of the photoelastic and electrostrictive coefficients. Materials consisting of heavy elements normally exhibit high refractive indices and large photoelastic effects, indicating that the photoelastic coefficient increases with electron density of materials. The photoelastic coefficient was calculated as a function of the electron density of materials. The equations derived in this study were experimentally confirmed using lanthanum-added lead–zirconate–titanate (PLZT) transparent ceramics. It was found that the origin of the EO-effect in ferroelectric relaxors was the photoelastic effect coupled with electric-field-induced strain via the piezoelectric and electrostrictive effects.
Synthesis of niobium pentoxide nanoparticles in single-flow supercritical water
Authors: Fuchigami Teruaki , Kakimoto Ken-ichi
Published: September 2016

The development of a new synthesis method is still required for very fine oxide nanoparticles. In this study, a single-flow supercritical fluid system has been developed for the synthesis of highly crystalline nanosized oxide particles. Niobium oxide particles were synthesized by single-flow supercritical water treatment, batch-type supercritical water treatment and subcritical water treatment. Niobium pentoxide nanoparticles synthesized by single-flow supercritical water treatment at 673 K, 24.5 MPa, and 15 ml min−1 flow rate had a pseudohexagonal structure. The morphology of the nanoparticle was a rod, and it has a smaller particle size and larger crystallite size than those of the oxide particles synthesized by the other methods, because the particle growth and the decomposition of surfactant were rapidly suppressed in the single-flow supercritical water treatment. The nanosized niobium pentoxide is useful as a catalyst in harsh environments and as a precursor powder of lead-free piezoelectric materials.
Off-centering of rare-earth ion in (Ba,R)(Ti,Mg)O3 (R = Gd, Dy)
Authors: Takeda Shoichi , Yasuda Satoshi , Moriyoshi Chikako , Kuroiwa Yoshihiro , Honda Atsushi , Inoue Noriyuki , Higai Shin’ichi , Ando Akira
Published: September 2016

To investigate the off-centering behavior of rare-earth ions that were partially substituted for A site ions in ABO3-type crystals, accurate crystal structure analyses of (Ba,R)(Ti,Mg)O3 (R = Gd, Dy) were performed by high-energy synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction analysis and the maximum entropy method (MEM)/Rietveld method. The R ions were observed at the six equivalent off-center sites in the 〈100〉 directions from the corner of a unit cell in the cubic phase. In the tetragonal phase, the R ions occupied one off-center site along the [001] direction. The R off-centering can be attributed to the covalent nature of the bond between the R and O ions in (Ba,R)(Ti,Mg)O3 crystals.
Analysis of Organizational Vulnerability using Social Network Analysis and Attack Graph
Authors: Kanchanapokin Supachai , Boonkrong Sirapat
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this paper is to develop an approach to analyze organizational vulnerability caused by its employees. The proposed approach is adapted from general attack graph analysis approach and social network analysis approach. The attack graph, which is relationship graph in this proposed approach, is created from organization’s email logs and virus reports. The relationship graph is analyzed using shortest path analysis to discover all possible attack paths start from risky employees to target employee, and then grouped by path length for further actions based on security policy. The proposed approach was tested using datasets that are limited to only one month with assumption that weight on all edges are equal. This paper suggested further study to improve accuracy of the proposed approach using other mathematical methods such as shortest path analysis with weight or Markov Chains. The proposed approach could also be used by security audit in risk assessment process.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of insecticide trunk injections for control ofLatoia lepida(Cramer) in the sweet olive treeOsmanthus fragrans
Authors: Huang Jun , Zhang Juan , Li Yan , Li Jun , Shi Xiao-Hua
Published: September 2016

The screening of suitable insecticides is a key factor in successfully applying trunk injection technology to ornamental plants. In this study, six chemical pesticides were selected and injected into the trunks ofOsmanthus fragransto control the nettle caterpillar,Latoia lepida(Lepidoptera: Limacodidae), using a no-pressure injection system. The absorption rate of the insecticides, the leaf loss due to insect damage, and the mortality and frass amount ofL. lepidalarvae were evaluated after 77 and 429 days. The results showed that 4% imidacloprid + carbosulfan and 21% abamectin + imidacloprid + omethoate had the fastest conductivity and were completely absorbed into the trunkswithin14 days; however, the efficiencies of these insecticides in controllingL. lepidawere extremely low. Additionally, the treatment 10% emamectin benzoate + clothianidin and 2.5% emamectin benzoate was almost completely absorbed within 30 days and exhibited a longer duration of insecticide efficiency (>80% mortality) in the upper and lower leaves of the canopy. Treatment with these insecticides also resulted in significantly lower leaf loss and frass amounts. We conclude that emamectin benzoate and emamectin benzoate + clothianidin have a rapid uptake intoO. fragrans, and are effective as insecticides over long durations. Hence, they may be a suitable control option forL. lepidainO. fragransplants.
Intraoperative Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Angiography for Diagnosis of Nonocclusive Mesenteric Ischemia: A Case Report
Authors: Takeda Makoto , Hiramatsu Yoshihiro , Unnno Naoki , Takahashi Yoshiaki , Kikuchi Hirotoshi , Yamamoto Naoto , Ohta Manabu , Kamiya Kinji , Sakaguchi Takanori , Baba Satoshi , Konno Hiroyuki
Published: September 2016

Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI) has a very poor prognosis. It is often difficult to determine the extent to which the necrotic intestine should be resected. We herein report a case in which indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence angiography was found to be a useful method for diagnosis of NOMI and determination of the extent to which the necrotic intestinal tissue should be resected. A 65-year-old man underwent a second-look operation followed by surgical repair of strangulation of the ileum. A noncontinuous segmental ischemic lesion was detected in the remnant small intestine and cecum. Whether necrotic changes had occurred in the small intestine was difficult to discern. Thus, intraoperative ICG fluorescence angiography was performed with a near-infrared camera system to visualize the blood flow in the intestines and mesentery. ICG fluorescence angiography revealed insufficient blood flow in some parts of the intestine. Based on these findings, ileocecal resection and enterectomy were carried out. Histopathologic examination revealed necrotic changes in all layers of the resected specimens, but no thrombi in the associated blood vessels. The patient received a diagnosis of NOMI based on the findings of intraoperative ICG fluorescence angiography and subsequent histopathologic examination. Intraoperative ICG angiography appears to have the potential to be one of the convenient and useful modalities for the diagnosis and treatment of NOMI.
Inhibition of soluble guanylyl cyclase by small molecules targeting the catalytic domain
Authors: Vijayaraghavan Jagamya , Kramp Kristopher , Harris Michael E. , van den Akker Focco
Published: September 2016

Soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) plays a crucial role in cyclic nucleotide signaling that regulates numerous important physiological processes. To identify new sGC inhibitors that may prevent the formation of the active catalytic domain conformation, we carried out an in silico docking screen targeting a ‘backside pocket’ of the inactive sGC catalytic domain structure. Compounds 1 and 2 were discovered to inhibit sGC even at high/saturating nitric oxide concentrations. Both compounds also inhibit the BAY 58‐2667‐activated sGC as well as BAY 41‐2272‐stimulated sGC activity. Additional biochemical analyses showed that compound 2 also inhibits the isolated catalytic domain, thus demonstrating functional binding to this domain. Both compounds have micromolar affinity for sGC and are potential leads to develop more potent sGC inhibitors.
Direct observations of the Antarctic Slope Current transport at 113°E
Authors: Peña‐Molino B. , McCartney M. S. , Rintoul S. R.
Published: September 2016

The Antarctic Slope Current (ASC), defined here as the region of westward flow along the continental slope off Antarctica, forms the southern limb of the subpolar gyres. It regulates the exchange of water across the shelf break and provides a path for interbasin westward transport. Despite its significance, the ASC remains largely unobserved around most of the Antarctic continent. Here we present direct velocity observations from a 17 month current meter moored array deployed across the continental slope between the 1000 and the 4200 m isobaths, in the southeastern Indian Ocean near 113°E. The observed time‐mean flow consists of a surface‐intensified jet associated with the Antarctic Slope Front (ASF) and a broader bottom‐intensified westward flow that extends out to approximately the 4000 m isobath and is strongest along the upper slope. The time‐mean transport of the ASC is −29.2 Sv. Fluctuations in the transport are large, typically exceeding the mean by a factor of 2. They are mainly due to changes in the northward extent of the current over the lower slope. However, seasonal changes in the wind also drive variations in the transport of the ASF and the flow in the upper slope. Both mean and variability are largely barotropic, thus invisible to traditional geostrophic methods.
Anthropogenic sources stimulate resonance of a natural rock bridge
Authors: Moore Jeffrey R. , Thorne Michael S. , Koper Keith D. , Wood John R. , Goddard Kyler , Burlacu Relu , Doyle Sarah , Stanfield Erik , White Benjamin
Published: September 2016

The natural modes of vibration of bedrock landforms, as well as the sources and effects of stimulated resonance remain poorly understood. Here we show that seismic energy created by an induced earthquake and an artificial reservoir has spectral content coincident with the natural modes of vibration of a prominent rock bridge. We measured the resonant frequencies of Rainbow Bridge, Utah using data from two broadband seismometers placed on the span, and identified eight distinct vibrational modes between 1 and 6 Hz. A distant, induced earthquake produced local ground motion rich in 1 Hz energy, stimulating a 20 dB increase in measured power at the bridge's fundamental mode. Moreover, we establish that wave action on Lake Powell, an artificial reservoir, generates microseismic energy with peak power ~1 Hz, also exciting resonance of Rainbow Bridge. These anthropogenic sources represent relatively new energy input for the bridge with unknown consequences for structural fatigue.
The shallow elastic structure of the lunar crust: New insights from seismic wavefield gradient analysis
Authors: Sollberger David , Schmelzbach Cedric , Robertsson Johan O. A. , Greenhalgh Stewart A. , Nakamura Yosio , Khan Amir
Published: September 2016

Enigmatic lunar seismograms recorded during the Apollo 17 mission in 1972 have so far precluded the identification of shear‐wave arrivals and hence the construction of a comprehensive elastic model of the shallow lunar subsurface. Here, for the first time, we extract shear‐wave information from the Apollo active seismic data using a novel waveform analysis technique based on spatial seismic wavefield gradients. The star‐like recording geometry of the active seismic experiment lends itself surprisingly well to compute spatial wavefield gradients and rotational ground motion as a function of time. These observables, which are new to seismic exploration in general, allowed us to identify shear waves in the complex lunar seismograms, and to derive a new model of seismic compressional and shear‐wave velocities in the shallow lunar crust, critical to understand its lithology and constitution, and its impact on other geophysical investigations of the Moon's deep interior.
Electron densities in the ionosphere of Mars: A comparison of MARSIS and radio occultation measurements
Authors: Vogt Marissa F. , Withers Paul , Fallows Kathryn , Flynn Casey L. , Andrews David J. , Duru Firdevs , Morgan David D.
Published: September 2016

Radio occultation electron densities measurements from the Mariner 9 and Viking spacecraft, which orbited Mars in the 1970s, have recently become available in a digital format. These data are highly complementary to the radio occultation electron density profiles from Mars Global Surveyor, which were restricted in solar zenith angle and altitude. We have compiled data from the Mariner 9, Viking, and Mars Global Surveyor radio occultation experiments for comparison to electron density measurements made by Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS), the topside radar sounder on Mars Express, and MARSIS‐based empirical density models. We find that the electron densities measured by radio occultation are in generally good agreement with the MARSIS data and model, especially near the altitude of the peak electron density but that the MARSIS data and model display a larger plasma scale height than the radio occultation profiles at altitudes between the peak density and 200 km. Consequently, the MARSIS‐measured and model electron densities are consistently larger than radio occultation densities at altitudes ~200–300 km. Finally, we have analyzed transitions in the topside ionosphere, at the boundary between the photochemically controlled and transport‐controlled regions, and identified the average transition altitude, or altitude at which a change in scale height occurs. The average transition altitude is ~200 km in the Mariner 9 and Viking radio occultation profiles and in profiles of the median MARSIS radar sounding electron densities.
Enhanced turbulence driven by mesoscale motions and flow‐topography interaction in the Denmark Strait Overflow plume
Authors: Schaffer Janin , Kanzow Torsten , Jochumsen Kerstin , Lackschewitz Klas , Tippenhauer Sandra , Zhurbas Victor M. , Quadfasel Detlef
Published: September 2016

The Denmark Strait Overflow (DSO) contributes roughly half to the total volume transport of the Nordic overflows. The overflow increases its volume by entraining ambient water as it descends into the subpolar North Atlantic, feeding into the deep branch of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. In June 2012, a multiplatform experiment was carried out in the DSO plume on the continental slope off Greenland (180 km downstream of the sill in Denmark Strait), to observe the variability associated with the entrainment of ambient waters into the DSO plume. In this study, we report on two high‐dissipation events captured by an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) by horizontal profiling in the interfacial layer between the DSO plume and the ambient water. Strong dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy of O(
) W kg−1 was associated with enhanced small‐scale temperature variance at wavelengths between 0.05 and 500 m as deduced from a fast‐response thermistor. Isotherm displacement slope spectra reveal a wave number‐dependence characteristic of turbulence in the inertial‐convective subrange (
) at wavelengths between 0.14 and 100 m. The first event captured by the AUV was transient, and occurred near the edge of a bottom‐intensified energetic eddy. Our observations imply that both horizontal advection of warm water and vertical mixing of it into the plume are eddy‐driven and go hand in hand in entraining ambient water into the DSO plume. The second event was found to be a stationary feature on the upstream side of a topographic elevation located in the plume pathway. Flow‐topography interaction is suggested to drive the intense mixing at this site.
Measurement and modeling of oil slick transport
Authors: Jones Cathleen E. , Dagestad Knut‐Frode , Breivik Øyvind , Holt Benjamin , Röhrs Johannes , Christensen Kai Håkon , Espeseth Martine , Brekke Camilla , Skrunes Stine
Published: September 2016

Transport characteristics of oil slicks are reported from a controlled release experiment conducted in the North Sea in June 2015, during which mineral oil emulsions of different volumetric oil fractions and a look‐alike biogenic oil were released and allowed to develop naturally. The experiment used the Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) to track slick location, size, and shape for ∼8 h following release. Wind conditions during the exercise were at the high end of the range considered suitable for radar‐based slick detection, but the slicks were easily detectable in all images acquired by the low noise, L‐band imaging radar. The measurements are used to constrain the entrainment length and representative droplet radii for oil elements in simulations generated using the OpenOil advanced oil drift model. Simultaneously released drifters provide near‐surface current estimates for the single biogenic release and one emulsion release, and are used to test model sensitivity to upper ocean currents and mixing. Results of the modeling reveal a distinct difference between the transport of the biogenic oil and the mineral oil emulsion, in particular in the vertical direction, with faster and deeper entrainment of significantly smaller droplets of the biogenic oil. The difference in depth profiles for the two types of oils is substantial, with most of the biogenic oil residing below depths of 10 m, compared to the majority of the emulsion remaining above 10 m depth. This difference was key to fitting the observed evolution of the two different types of slicks.
Potential predictability sources of the 2012 U.S. drought in observations and a regional model ensemble
Authors: PaiMazumder Debasish , Done James M.
Published: September 2016

The 2012 drought was the most severe and extensive summertime U.S. drought in half a century with substantial economic loss and impacts on food security and commodity prices. A unique aspect of the 2012 drought was its rapid onset and intensification over the Southern Rockies, extending to the Great Plains during late spring and early summer, and the absence of known precursor large‐scale patterns. Drought prediction therefore remains a major challenge. This study evaluates relationships among snow, soil moisture, and precipitation to identify sources of potential predictability of the 2012 summer drought using observations and a Weather Research and Forecasting model multiphysics ensemble experiment. Although underestimated in intensity, the drought signal is robust to the way atmospheric physical processes are represented in the model. For the Southern Rockies, soil moisture exhibits stronger persistence than precipitation in observations and the ensemble experiment. Correlations between winter/spring snowmelt and concurrent and following season soil moisture, and between soil moisture and concurrent and following season precipitation, in both observations and the model ensemble, suggest potential predictability beyond 1 and 2 month lead‐time reside in the land surface conditions for apparent flash droughts such as the 2012 drought.
Behavior of dissolved radiocesium in river water in a forested watershed in Fukushima Prefecture
Authors: Tsuji H. , Nishikiori T. , Yasutaka T. , Watanabe M. , Ito S. , Hayashi S.
Published: September 2016

Dissolved radiocesium concentrations in river water in a high‐dose‐rate forest watershed in Fukushima Prefecture were investigated under base flow and storm flow conditions. Under base flow conditions, dissolved 137Cs concentrations in water (Bq/L) were relatively high in summer, and these levels were higher than particulate 137Cs concentrations (Bq/L). Under storm flow, particulate 137Cs concentration became dominant as the suspended solid concentration increased. Throughout the monitoring period, dissolved 137Cs concentrations in water (Bq/L) were higher under storm flow than base flow conditions and were positively correlated with runoff intensity. Factors influencing changes in dissolved 137Cs concentrations were investigated by measuring the 137Cs concentration of suspended solid (Bq/kg) and dissolved 137Cs of unsaturated soil water, throughfall, and rainfall, together with other main solute concentrations. The 137Cs concentration per unit weight of suspended solids in river water was not strongly correlated with runoff intensity. Additionally, dissolved 137Cs concentrations of soil water, groundwater, and rainfall were not detected, while higher dissolved 137Cs concentrations were detected in throughfall than river water. K+ concentrations were higher under storm flow than base flow, and dissolved organic carbon increased toward the peak flow rate. These findings suggested that one main factor influencing generation of dissolved 137Cs in the river water was leaching from organic material in flooded areas. However, further investigation is needed to clarify the dominant source of dissolved 137Cs in river water.
Large‐eddy simulation of subtropical cloud‐topped boundary layers: 1. A forcing framework with closed surface energy balance
Authors: Tan Zhihong , Schneider Tapio , Teixeira João , Pressel Kyle G.
Published: September 2016

Large‐eddy simulation (LES) of clouds has the potential to resolve a central question in climate dynamics, namely, how subtropical marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds respond to global warming. However, large‐scale processes need to be prescribed or represented parameterically in the limited‐area LES domains. It is important that the representation of large‐scale processes satisfies constraints such as a closed energy balance in a manner that is realizable under climate change. For example, LES with fixed sea surface temperatures usually do not close the surface energy balance, potentially leading to spurious surface fluxes and cloud responses to climate change. Here a framework of forcing LES of subtropical MBL clouds is presented that enforces a closed surface energy balance by coupling atmospheric LES to an ocean mixed layer with a sea surface temperature (SST) that depends on radiative fluxes and sensible and latent heat fluxes at the surface. A variety of subtropical MBL cloud regimes (stratocumulus, cumulus, and stratocumulus over cumulus) are simulated successfully within this framework. However, unlike in conventional frameworks with fixed SST, feedbacks between cloud cover and SST arise, which can lead to sudden transitions between cloud regimes (e.g., stratocumulus to cumulus) as forcing parameters are varied. The simulations validate this framework for studies of MBL clouds and establish its usefulness for studies of how the clouds respond to climate change.
Moisture‐radiative cooling instability
Authors: Beucler Tom , Cronin Timothy W.
Published: September 2016

Radiative‐convective equilibrium (RCE)—the statistical equilibrium state of the atmosphere where convection and radiation interact in the absence of lateral transport—is widely used as a basic‐state model of the tropical atmosphere. The possibility that RCE may be unstable to development of large‐scale circulation has been raised by recent modeling, theoretical, and observational studies, and could have profound consequences for our understanding of tropical meteorology and climate. Here, we study the interaction between moisture and radiative cooling as a contributor to instability of RCE. We focus on whether the total atmospheric radiative cooling decreases with column water vapor; this condition, which we call moisture‐radiative cooling instability (MRCI), provides the potential for unstable growth of moist or dry perturbations. Analytic solutions to the gray‐gas radiative transfer equations show that MRCI is satisfied when the total column optical depth—linked to column water vapor—exceeds a critical threshold. Both the threshold and the growth rate of the instability depend strongly on the shape of the water vapor perturbation. Calculations with a realistic radiative transfer model confirm the existence of MRCI for typical tropical values of column water vapor, but show even stronger dependence on the vertical structure of water vapor perturbation. Finally, we analyze the sensitivity of atmospheric radiative cooling to variability in column water vapor in observed tropical soundings. We find that clear‐sky MRCI is satisfied across a range of locations and seasons in the real tropical atmosphere, with a partial growth rate of ∼1 month.
Does Working Memory Mediate the Link Between Dispositional Optimism and Depressive Symptoms?
Authors: Alloway Tracy Packiam , Horton John C.
Published: September 2016

The aim of this study was to explore the interplay between working memory (WM), dispositional optimism, and depressive symptoms in participants across a wide age band (16–79 years) in a nonclinical sample using a computer‐based interface. We administered tests of visuospatial WM (processing and recall), dispositional optimism (optimism and pessimism), and self‐reported depression. There were two main findings: 1) both optimism and pessimism were independent predictors of a self‐rated depression score; 2) WM recall scores predicted both optimism and pessimism. The findings suggest the following pattern: according to the negativity bias, a pessimistic outlook presents as a strong stimulus for attentional allocation, which results in depression. However, a strong WM can counter this pattern, as individuals can allocate attention to the weaker stimulus, which is an optimistic outlook. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Biaryls via Ligand‐Free Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions: A Review of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalytic Developments
Authors: Hussain Ibrar , Capricho Jaworski , Yawer Mirza A.
Published: September 2016

This review describes the recent developments in the field of Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction, in particular with regard to ligand‐free catalysis. The catalysts outlined here allow convenient and green synthetic pathways specifically for the construction of C–C bonds. They enable the synthesis of biaryls by the coupling arylboronic acids with aryl halides. The literature reporting ligand‐free synthesis of biaryls from 2010 to May 2015 has been reviewed.

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Variation in Carbohydrates between Cancer and Normal Cell Membranes Revealed by Super‐Resolution Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Chen Junling , Liu Tianzhou , Gao Jing , Gao Lan , Zhou Lulu , Cai Mingjun , Shi Yan , Xiong Wenyong , Jiang Junguang , Tong Ti , Wang Hongda
Published: September 2016

Carbohydrate alterations on cell membranes are associated with various cancer processes, including tumorigenesis, malignant transformation, and tumor dissemination. However, variations in the distributions of cancer‐associated carbohydrates are unclear at the molecular level. Herein, direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy is used to reveal that seven major types of carbohydrates tended to form obvious clusters on cancer cell membranes compared with normal cell membranes (both cultured and primary cells), and most types of carbohydrates present a similar distributed characteristic on various cancer cells (e.g., HeLa and Os‐Rc‐2 cells). Significantly, sialic acid is found to distribute in larger‐sized clusters with a higher cluster coverage percentage on various cancer cells than normal cells. These findings on the aberrant distributions of cancer‐associated carbohydrates can potentially serve as novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets, as well as making a contribution to clarify how abnormal glycosylations of membrane glycoconjugates participate in tumorigenesis and metastasis.
Cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas: 2016 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management
Authors: Wilcox Ryan A.
Published: September 2016

Disease overview

Approximately one‐fourth of cutaneous lymphomas are B‐cell derived and are generally classified into three distinct subgroups: primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma (PCFCL), primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma (PCMZL), and primary cutaneous diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, leg type (PCDLBCL, LT).

Diagnosis

Diagnosis and disease classification is based on histologic review and immunohistochemical staining of an appropriate skin biopsy. Pathologic review and an appropriate staging evaluation are necessary to distinguish primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas from systemic B‐cell lymphomas with secondary skin involvement.

Risk‐stratification

Disease histology remains the most important prognostic determinant. Both PCFCL and PCMZL are indolent lymphomas that infrequently disseminate to extracutaneous sites and are associated with 5‐year survival rates that exceed 95%. In contrast, PCDLBCL, LT is an aggressive lymphoma with an inferior prognosis.

Risk‐adapted therapy

PCFCL and PCMZL patients with solitary or relatively few skin lesions may be affectively managed with local radiation therapy. While single‐agent rituximab may be employed for patients with more widespread skin involvement, multiagent chemotherapy is rarely appropriate. In contrast, management of patients with PCDLBCL, LT is comparable to the management of patients with systemic DLBCL. Am. J. Hematol. 91:1052–1055, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthese cyclischer Polymere durch Ringschluss‐Strategien
Authors: Josse Thomas , De Winter Julien , Gerbaux Pascal , Coulembier Olivier
Published: September 2016

Die Synthese cyclischer Makromoleküle war – vor allem bedingt durch die schwierige Verknüpfung der Kettenenden – schon immer eine anspruchsvolle Aufgabe in den Polymerwissenschaften. Beginnend mit den wegweisenden Arbeiten von Jacobson und Stockmayer wurden die Herstellungsmethoden für cyclische Polymere in den vergangenen zwanzig Jahren dank der Einführung kontrollierter Polymerisationsmechanismen und effizienter Kupplungsreaktionen in die organischen Chemie erheblich verbessert. Dieser Aufsatz bietet einen kritischen aktuellen Überblick und veranschaulicht die beträchtlichen Leistungen in den letzten Jahren, mit denen die Verfügbarkeit von Makrocyclen für Untersuchungen in Industrie und Forschung durch Ringschlussmethoden verbessert wurde. Einen Schwerpunkt bilden dabei die Herstellungsmethoden für Monocyclen, aus denen normalerweise wiederum kompliziertere Strukturen erhalten werden.
Asymmetrische Organokatalyse: α,β‐ungesättigte Acylammoniumsalze erweisen sich als immer nützlicher
Authors: Vellalath Sreekumar , Romo Daniel
Published: September 2016

Während Acylammoniumsalze gut untersucht sind, fanden chirale α,β‐ungesättigte Acylammoniumsalze deutlich weniger Beachtung. Zwar sind diese Intermediate geeignete Synthone, die ausgehend von gängigen ungesättigten Säuren und Säurechloriden leicht zugänglich sind und drei reaktive Zentren aufweisen, doch ist ihre Anwendung in der organischen Synthese wegen des Fehlens geeigneter chiraler Lewis‐Basen für ihre Herstellung eingeschränkt. In den vergangenen Jahren wurden neue Einsatzmöglichkeiten für chirale ungesättigte Acylammoniumsalzen entwickelt und somit die einzigartige Reaktivität dieser Intermediate aufgezeigt, was zur Entwicklung eines breitgefächerten Spektrums an katalytischen asymmetrischen Reaktionen, darunter auch Organokaskadenprozesse, führte. Dieser Kurzaufsatz beleuchtet das aktuelle und wachsende Interesse an diesen Intermediaten, das eine weitere Erforschung ihres ungenutzten Potenzials zur asymmetrischen Organokaskaden‐Katalyse auslösen könnte. Ein kursorischer Vergleich wird zu verwandten ungesättigten Iminium‐ und Acylazolium‐Intermediaten gezogen.
Triphenylboran‐katalysierte chemoselektive Reduktion von tertiären Amiden zu Aminen
Authors: Mukherjee Debabrata , Shirase Satoru , Mashima Kazushi , Okuda Jun
Published: September 2016

Triphenylboran (BPh3) katalysierte die Reduktion tertiärer Amide mit Hydrosilanen zu Aminen unter milden Bedingungen in Gegenwart von Ketonen, Estern und Iminen bei hoher Chemoselektivität. N,N‐Dimethylacrylamid wurde unter Bildung des α‐Silylamids reduziert. Erste Studien zeigen, dass sich die Hydrosilylierung mit dem Katalysator BPh3 mechanistisch gegenüber der Hydrosilylierung mit dem stärker elektrophilen B(C6F5)3 unterscheidet.
A Convenient Late‐Stage Fluorination of Pyridylic C−H Bonds with N‐Fluorobenzenesulfonimide
Authors: Meanwell Michael , Nodwell Matthew B. , Martin Rainer E. , Britton Robert
Published: September 2016

Pyridine features prominently in pharmaceuticals and drug leads, and methods to selectively manipulate pyridine basicity or metabolic stability are highly sought after. A robust, metal‐free direct fluorination of unactivated pyridylic C−H bonds was developed. This convenient reaction shows high functional‐group tolerance and offers complimentary selectivity to existing C−H fluorination strategies. Importantly, this late‐stage pyridylic C−H fluorination provides opportunities to rationally modulate the basicity, lipophilicity, and metabolic stability of alkylpyridine drugs.
Biomimetic Nanofluidic Diode Composed of Dual Amphoteric Channels Maintains Rectification Direction over a Wide pH Range
Authors: Sui Xin , Zhang Zhen , Zhang Zhenyu , Wang Zhiwei , Li Chao , Yuan Hao , Gao Longcheng , Wen Liping , Fan Xia , Yang Lijun , Zhang Xinru , Jiang Lei
Published: September 2016

pH‐gated ion channels in cell membranes play important roles in the cell's physiological activities. Many artificial nanochannels have been fabricated to mimic the natural phenomenon of pH‐gated ion transport. However, these nanochannels show pH sensitivity only within certain pH ranges. Wide‐range pH sensitivity has not yet been achieved. Herein, for the first time, we provide a versatile strategy to increase the pH‐sensitive range by using dual amphoteric nanochannels. In particular, amphoteric polymeric nanochannels with carboxyl groups derived from a block copolymer (BCP) precursor and nanochannels with hydroxyl groups made from anodic alumina oxide (AAO) were used. Due to a synergistic effect, the hybrid nanochannels exhibit nanofluidic diode properties with single rectification direction over a wide pH range. The novel strategy presented here is a scalable, low‐cost, and robust alternative for the construction of large‐area membranes for nanofluidic applications, such as the separation of biomolecules.
Ultra‐Fast Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agents Using MOF–Nanofiber Kebabs
Authors: Zhao Junjie , Lee Dennis T. , Yaga Robert W. , Hall Morgan G. , Barton Heather F. , Woodward Ian R. , Oldham Christopher J. , Walls Howard J. , Peterson Gregory W. , Parsons Gregory N.
Published: September 2016

The threat associated with chemical warfare agents (CWAs) motivates the development of new materials to provide enhanced protection with a reduced burden. Metal–organic frame‐works (MOFs) have recently been shown as highly effective catalysts for detoxifying CWAs, but challenges still remain for integrating MOFs into functional filter media and/or protective garments. Herein, we report a series of MOF–nanofiber kebab structures for fast degradation of CWAs. We found TiO2 coatings deposited via atomic layer deposition (ALD) onto polyamide‐6 nanofibers enable the formation of conformal Zr‐based MOF thin films including UiO‐66, UiO‐66‐NH2, and UiO‐67. Cross‐sectional TEM images show that these MOF crystals nucleate and grow directly on and around the nanofibers, with strong attachment to the substrates. These MOF‐functionalized nanofibers exhibit excellent reactivity for detoxifying CWAs. The half‐lives of a CWA simulant compound and nerve agent soman (GD) are as short as 7.3 min and 2.3 min, respectively. These results therefore provide the earliest report of MOF–nanofiber textile composites capable of ultra‐fast degradation of CWAs.
Poly(iminoborane): Eine schwer fassbare Klasse von anorganischen Hauptgruppenpolymeren?
Authors: Ayhan Ozan , Eckert Thomas , Plamper Felix A. , Helten Holger
Published: September 2016

Der hohe Stellenwert anorganischer Hauptgruppenpolymere spiegelt sich wohl am deutlichsten in der wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung von Polysiloxanen (Siliconen) wider. Bororganische Materialien wie π‐konjugierte Organoboranpolymere oder BN‐dotierte polycyclische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe erregen derzeit große Aufmerksamkeit. Daher ist es verwunderlich, dass Poly(iminoborane) (PIBs), [BRNR′]n, die Stammverbindungen ungesättigter B‐N‐Polymere, die formal mit Polyacetylen isoelektronisch sind, bis heute noch nicht eindeutig charakterisiert worden waren. Hier stellen wir die Synthese und umfassende Charakterisierung eines linearen Oligo(iminoborans) vor, das aus einer Kette von durchschnittlich 12–14 BN‐Einheiten besteht. Durch unseren Syntheseansatz werden unerwünschte Nebenreaktionen, in denen Borazine gebildet werden, effektiv unterbunden. Unterstützende DFT‐ und TD‐DFT‐Rechnungen verschaffen einen tieferen Einblick in die Mikrostruktur und die elektronische Struktur des Oligomers.
Cyclic Polymers by Ring‐Closure Strategies
Authors: Josse Thomas , De Winter Julien , Gerbaux Pascal , Coulembier Olivier
Published: September 2016

The preparation of cyclic macromolecules has always represented a challenging task for polymer science, mainly because of difficulties in connecting chain extremities together. Initiated by the pioneering studies of Jacobson and Stockmayer, preparative pathways to cyclic polymers have been considerably improved within the last two decades thanks to the advent of both controlled polymerizations and efficient coupling reactions in organic chemistry. This Review aims to provide a critical up‐to‐date overview and illustrate the considerable efforts that have been made in the past few years to improve the availability of macrocycles for industrial and academic investigations through the use of the ring‐closure approach. Particular attention is paid to methods for the preparation of monocycles over more complex architectures, since the latter are usually derived from the former.
Sterically Congested 2,6‐Disubstituted Anilines from Direct C−N Bond Formation at an Iodine(III) Center
Authors: Lucchetti Nicola , Scalone Michelangelo , Fantasia Serena , Muñiz Kilian
Published: September 2016

2,6‐Disubstituted anilines are readily prepared from the direct reaction between amides and diaryliodonium salts. As demonstrated for 24 different examples, the reaction is of unusually broad scope with respect to the sterically congested arene and the nitrogen source, occurs without the requirement for any additional promoter, and proceeds through a direct reductive elimination at the iodine(III) center. The efficiency of the coupling procedure is further demonstrated within the short synthesis of a chemerin binding inhibitor.
Not Broken but Strengthened: Stories of Resilience by Persons with Acquired Physical Disability and Their Families
Authors: Schembri Lia Elaine , Abela Angela
Published: September 2016

This study seeks to understand the processes in families of resilient individuals with an acquired physical disability. Specifically, we were interested in getting to know more about the role of the family in the individuals’ resilience, and in turn, the impact on the family of the individuals’ disability and resilience. A multiple‐case narrative methodology with three families was adopted. In total 19 family members participated in the construction of three stories. This described how the families were transformed and how family members continually moved and energised one another in virtuous circles of support. Empathy and altruism were motivators for these virtuous circles whilst adequate amounts of support contained the experience of each family member. Identifying, strengthening, and building on these relational processes was found to be vital in enabling both the individuals affected by disability and their families to grow following their adversity.
Homogenous Boron‐doping in Self‐sensitized Carbon Nitride for Enhanced Visible‐light Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Gu Quan , Liu Jianni , Gao Ziwei , Xue Can
Published: September 2016

We report a solvothermal approach for the preparation of homogeneously B‐doped self‐sensitized carbon nitride (B‐SSCN) composed of a core of B‐doped carbon nitride microspheres and a covalently linked shell of s‐triazine oligomers. Compared to the undoped structure, the obtained B‐SSCN photocatalyst exhibits an enhanced visible‐light activity, excellent stability for photocatalytic hydrogen generation due to a reduced band‐gap, enhanced charge‐separation efficiency, and better surface reactivity of B‐SSCN. This work provides a new strategy to uniformly insert heteroatoms into the polymeric carbon nitride framework for the development of metal‐free photocatalysts towards efficient production of solar fuels.
Output Feedback Control of Surge and Rotating Stall in Axial Compressors
Authors: Sheng Hanlin , Huang Wei , Zhang Tianhong
Published: September 2016

Active control has been widely studied to expand the stable operating range of axial flow compressors in aero‐engines.In this paper, a nonlinear active state feedback controller is proposed first based on bifurcation analysis results of MG model.Then by taking pressure ratio as output parameter, a state observer is designed to estimate the compressor's flow coefficient. An output feedback controller is thus established by combining the observer with the state feedback controller.Finally, digital simulation shows that the proposed output feedback controller not only eliminates the hysteresis loop associated with rotating stall and emergence of surge, but also extends the stable operating range of axial flow compressors effectively.Furthermore, being flexible in using pressure transducer and throttle valve as sensor and actuator respectively, which have been equipped in common engines, the proposed controller has good applicability.
An ideal way of obtaining an optimal inspection permutation for a system with components connected in series
Authors: Chipoyera Honest Walter
Published: September 2016

The problem of an inspection permutation or inspection strategy (first discussed in a research paper in 1989 and reviewed in another research paper in 1991) is revisited. The problem deals with an N‐component system whose times to failure are independent but not identically distributed random variables. Each of the failure times follows an exponential distribution. The components in the system are connected in series such that the failure of at least one component entails the failure of the system. Upon system failure, the components are inspected one after another in a hierarchical way (called an inspection permutation) until the component causing the system to fail is identified. The inspection of each component is a process that takes a non‐negligible amount of time and is performed at a cost. Once the faulty component is identified, it is repaired at a cost, and the repair process takes some time. After the repair, the system is good as new and is put back in operation. The inspection permutation that results in the maximum long run average net income per unit of time (for the undiscounted case) or maximum total discounted net income per unit of time (for the discounted case) is called the optimal inspection permutation/strategy. A way of determining an optimal inspection permutation in an easier fashion, taking advantage of the improvements in computer software, is proffered. Mathematica is used to showcase how the method works with the aid of a numerical example. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.