bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deterministic Current‐Induced Perpendicular Switching in Epitaxial Co/Pt Layers without an External Field
Authors: Ryu Jeongchun , Avci Can Onur , Song Moojune , Huang Mantao , Thompson Ryan , Yang Jiseok , Ko San , Karube Shutaro , Tezuka Nobuki , Kohda Makoto , Kim Kab‐Jin , Beach Geoffrey S. D. , Nitta Junsaku
Published: July 2023

Current‐induced spin‐orbit torques (SOTs) have emerged as a powerful tool to control magnetic elements and non‐uniform magnetic textures such as domain walls and skyrmions. SOT‐induced switching of perpendicular magnetization generally requires an external field to break the rotational symmetry of the spin‐orbit effective fields responsible for the deterministic reversal. The proposed mechanisms to eliminate this requirement often rely on complex multilayer structures that necessitate laborious optimization in the material and spin transport properties, making them less attractive for applications. Herein, current‐induced, external field‐free switching of an epitaxial MgO/Pt/Co trilayer with an extremely large perpendicular anisotropy in excess of 3 Tesla is reported. It is found that switching occurs due to the interplay of strong SOTs, local anisotropy fluctuations, and the Dzyaloshinkii‐Moriya interaction inherent to this epitaxial system. Given that these layers constitute the base stack of a magnetic tunnel junction, this switching mechanism offers the most technologically viable path toward devices such as field‐free SOT‐based magnetic random‐access memories.
Calamitic Blatter Radicals for Large‐Area Solution‐Coated Resistive Memories
Authors: Hou Yan , Chen Hanjiao , Lian Wenru , Li Huaqing , Hu Xiaoguang , Liu Xuying
Published: July 2023

Radical molecules exhibit fast redox kinetics, are widely explored for data processing and energy storage. However, the insulating aliphatic matrix isolates the radical units, thus resulting in a weak charge transporting ability. Herein, calamitic Blatter radicals (CBR) with highly conductive [1]benzothieno[3,2‐b]benzothiophene (BTBT) as the conjugated backbone are designed and synthesized. It is found that bistable redox character associated with large conjugated backbone allows these Blatter radical derivatives to be switched with ON/OFF ratio reaching 106 and retention time exceeding 104 s in solution processed devices. In addition, these radicals are unveiled to perform tunable, multi‐mode field‐responsive resistance behaviors, including write‐once‐read‐many (WORM), FLASH, and dynamic random access memory (DRAM), by molecular engineering strategy. This finding provides fundamental understanding for charge transferring dynamics and redox‐switching mechanism of radical molecules with respect to electronic applications.
Smart Nanozymes for Cancer Therapy: The Next Frontier in Oncology
Authors: P. N. Navya , Mehla Sunil , Begum Amrin , Chaturvedi Harit K. , Ojha Ruchika , Hartinger Christian , Plebanski Magdalena , Bhargava Suresh K.
Published: July 2023

Nanomaterials that mimic the catalytic activity of natural enzymes in the complex biological environment of the human body are called nanozymes. Recently, nanozyme systems have been reported with diagnostic, imaging, and/or therapeutic capabilities. Smart nanozymes strategically exploit the tumor microenvironment (TME) by the in situ generation of reactive species or by the modulation of the TME itself to result in effective cancer therapy. This topical review focuses on such smart nanozymes for cancer diagnosis, and therapy modalities with enhanced therapeutic effects. The dominant factors that guide the rational design and synthesis of nanozymes for cancer therapy include an understanding of the dynamic TME, structure‐activity relationships, surface chemistry for imparting selectivity, and site‐specific therapy, and stimulus‐responsive modulation of nanozyme activity. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the subject including the diverse catalytic mechanisms of different types of nanozyme systems, an overview of the TME, cancer diagnosis, and synergistic cancer therapies. The strategic application of nanozymes in cancer treatment can well be a game changer in future oncology. Moreover, recent developments may pave the way for the deployment of nanozyme therapy into other complex healthcare challenges, such as genetic diseases, immune disorders, and ageing.
A Molecular Switch‐Integrated Nanoplatform Enables Photo‐Unlocked Antibacterial Drug Delivery for Synergistic Abscess Therapy
Authors: Yan Yunxiang , Liu Yong , Li Juanjuan , Li Ye , Wu Haoheng , Li Hong , Ma Xiang , Tang Yanqiong , Tong Yuan , Yi Kexian , Liang Quanfeng , Liu Zhu
Published: July 2023

Drug delivery systems (DDSs) capable of sequential multistage drug release are urgently needed for antibacterial applications. Herein, a molecular switch‐integrated, photo‐responsive nanoplatform is reported based on hollow mesoporous silica nanospheres (HMSN) loaded with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), vancomycin (Van), and hemin (HAVH) for bacteria elimination and abscess therapy. Upon near‐infrared (NIR) light irradiation, the molecular switch, hemin, can effuse from the mesopores of HMSN, triggering the release of pre‐loaded Ag+ and Van, which enables photothermal‐modulated drug release and synergistic photothermal‐chemo therapy (PTT‐CHT). The HAVH_NIR irreversibly disrupts the bacterial cell membrane, facilitating the penetration of Ag+ and Van. It is found that these compounds restrain the transcription and translation of ribosomes and lead to rapid bacterial death. Furthermore, hemin can effectively inhibit excessive inflammatory responses associated with the treatment, promoting accelerated wound healing in a murine abscess model. This work presents a new strategy for antibacterial drug delivery with high controllability and extendibility, which may benefit the development of smart multifunctional nanomedicine for diseases not limited to bacterial infections.
Dual‐Interface Modulation with Covalent Organic Framework Enables Efficient and Durable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Guo Junjun , Meng Genping , Zhang Xuliang , Huang Hehe , Shi Junwei , Wang Baodui , Hu Xiaotian , Yuan Jianyu , Ma Wanli
Published: July 2023

Dual‐interface modulation including buried interface as well as the top surface has recently been proven to be crucial for obtaining high photovoltaic performance in lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, for the first time, the strategy of using functional covalent organic frameworks (COFs), namely HS‐COFs for dual‐interface modulation, is reported to further understand its intrinsic mechanisms in optimizing the bottom and top surfaces. Specifically, the buried HS‐COFs layer can enhance the resistance against ultraviolet radiation, and more importantly, release the tensile strain, which is beneficial for enhancing device stability and improving the order of perovskite crystal growth. Furthermore, the detailed characterization results reveal that the HS‐COFs on the top surface can effectively passivate the surface defects and suppress non‐radiation recombination, as well as optimize the crystallization and growth of the perovskite film. Benefiting from the synergistic effects, the dual‐interface modified devices deliver champion efficiencies of 24.26% and 21.30% for 0.0725 cm2 and 1 cm2‐sized devices, respectively. Moreover, they retain 88% and 84% of their initial efficiencies after aging for 2000 h under the ambient conditions (25 °C, relative humidity: 35–45%) and a nitrogen atmosphere with heating at 65 °C, respectively.
Implantable, Biodegradable, and Wireless Triboelectric Devices for Cancer Therapy through Disrupting Microtubule and Actins Dynamics
Authors: Yao Shuncheng , Wang Shaobo , Zheng Minjia , Wang Zhuo , Liu Zhirong , Wang Zhong Lin , Li Linlin
Published: July 2023

Electric‐field‐based stimulation is emerging as a new cancer therapeutic modality through interfering with cell mitosis. To address its limitations of complicated wire connections, bulky devices, and coarse spatial resolution, an improved and alternative method is proposed for wirelessly delivering electrical stimulation into tumor tissues through designing an implantable, biodegradable, and wirelessly controlled therapeutic triboelectric nanogenerator (ET‐TENG). With the excitation of ultrasound (US) to the ET‐TENG, the implanted ET‐TENG can generate an alternating current voltage and concurrently release the loaded anti‐mitotic drugs into tumor tissues, which synergistically disrupts the assembly of microtubules and filament actins, induces cell cycle arrest, and finally enhances cell death. With the assistance of US, the device can be completely degraded after the therapy, getting free of a secondary surgical extraction. The device can not only work around those unresectable tumors, but also provides a new application of wireless electric field in cancer therapy.
Adsorbate Formation/Removal and Plasma‐Induced Evolution of Defects in Graphitic Materials
Authors: Eichhorn Anna L. , Hoffer Marvin , Bitsch Katharina , Dietz Christian
Published: July 2023

The preparation of adsorbate‐free graphene with well‐defined layer numbers is a current challenge in materials and surface science and required to fabricate graphene‐based nanodevices, such as used in nanoelectromechanical systems. One strategy to tailor the layer number is oxygen‐plasma treatment of few‐layer graphene/graphite flakes. However, when graphitic materials are stored in air under ambient conditions, it is almost inevitable that adsorbates deposit on their surfaces. When precisely removing individual graphene layers from graphitic flakes by oxygen‐plasma treatment, the amount and type of adsorbates strongly affect the required plasma‐treatment process and duration. To examine the removal/etching mechanism involved in removing such layers, few‐layer graphene/graphite flakes, with areas of different layer numbers, are stored in ambient air and stepwise exposed to oxygen plasma in a shielded configuration. The flakes are then successively analyzed by multifrequency atomic force microscopy together with Raman spectroscopy, focusing on etching rate, and adsorbate and defect evolution. Combined in‐plane and out‐of‐plane tip–adsorbate–substrate interaction analysis facilitates discrimination of different types of adsorbates (water, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and linear alkanes) and their formation with time. The results demonstrate the potential regarding the development of an efficient method for cleaning of graphitic surfaces and ablation of individual graphene layers.
Cold Plasma Jet Coupled Nanosecond Laser Ablation Scheme For Plasmonic Nanostructured Surfaces
Authors: Khan Taj Muhammad , Aslam Nazim , Iqbal Amjad , Abbasi Shahab Ahmed , Ali Dilawar
Published: July 2023

This paper describes a study where an argon cold plasma jet, generated by a dielectric‐barrier discharge (DBD), is combined with nanosecond laser ablation (248 nm, 25 ns, 10 Hz) to deposit silver particle aerosols onto the substrate at atmospheric pressure. The deposition of the particle is examined using various microscopy techniques and absorption spectroscopy for the plasma jet produced by operating DBD in the normal and reversed mode. Plasma facilitated the deposition process by delivering the particle to the substrate and significantly influenced its morphology depending on the jet interaction, length, and substrate position. In both cases, the particles are clustered; however, there is less deposit for the plasma ignited in the reverse mode. The theoretical analysis of the deposition process is performed using ANSYS software and evaluated in terms of plasma‐induced flow velocity. This study infers that the hybrid plasma‐laser deposition scheme considered is attractive for material processing and deposition, especially overextended substrate distances, and for altering the properties of the deposited particles for practical utilization in surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy, solar cells, and catalysis.
On‐Demand Inkjet Printed Hydrophilic Coatings for Flow Control in 3D‐Printed Microfluidic Devices Embedded with Organic Electrochemical Transistors
Authors: Makhinia Anatolii , Azizian Pooya , Beni Valerio , Casals‐Terré Jasmina , Cabot Joan M. , Andersson Ersman Peter
Published: July 2023

Microfluidic surface chemistry can enable control of capillary‐driven flow without the need for bulky external instrumentation. A novel pondered nonhomogeneous coating defines regions with different wetting properties on the microchannel walls. It changes the curvature of the liquid–air meniscus at various channel cross‐sections and consequently leads to different capillary pressures, which is favorable in the strive toward automatic flow control. This is accomplished by the deposition of hydrophilic coatings on the surface of multilevel 3D‐printed (3DP) microfluidic devices via inkjet printing, thereby retaining the surface hydrophilicity for at least 6 months of storage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of capillary flow control in 3DP microfluidics enabled by inkjet printing. The method is used to create “stop” and “delay” valves to enable preprogrammed capillary flow for sequential release of fluids. To demonstrate further utilization in point‐of‐care sensing applications, screen printed organic electrochemical transistors are integrated within the microfluidic chips to sense, sequentially and independently from external actions, chloride anions in the (1–100) × 10−3 m range. The results present a cost‐effective fabrication method of compact, yet comprehensive, all‐printed sensing platforms that allow fast ion detection (<60 s), including the capability of automatic delivery of multiple test solutions.
Colloidal Silver Nanoparticle Plasmonic Arrays for Versatile Lasing Architectures via Template‐Assisted Self‐Assembly
Authors: Conti Ylli , Passarelli Nicolas , Mendoza-Carreño Jose , Scarabelli Leonardo , Mihi Agustin
Published: July 2023

The characteristic narrow spectral features of surface lattice resonances emerge as great candidates for the rational design of optical nanocavities targeting enhanced light‐matter interaction, ultrasensitive detection, or efficient light‐energy conversion. Traditional fabrication of metal arrays involves thermal evaporation and annealing steps, limiting scalability and adaptability. In contrast, template‐assisted self‐assembly provides a high‐throughput all‐around approach for implementing colloidal plasmonic metasurfaces on a variety of different materials. Here, the use of pre‐synthesized silver nanoparticles is designed and tested for the construction of versatile lasing architectures. Plasmonic arrays are prepared directly on top of the gain media (a photoresist thin film doped with Rhodamine B), creating optical nanocavities with quality factors as high as 85. The proposed architecture circumvents the need for an index‐matching superstrate to promote the generation of collective resonances, leaving the plasmonic surface accessible for post‐assembly modification. Additionally, the angular dispersion of the metasurfaces is used to modify the angle of the lasing emission, achieving both normal and off‐normal lasing upon modification of the lattice parameter of the array. The results demonstrate how state‐of‐the‐art colloidal self‐assembly techniques offer a scalable and versatile alternative for the fabrication of plasmonic and photonic devices targeting advanced and non‐linear optical phenomena.
Battery Charge Curve Prediction via Feature Extraction and Supervised Machine Learning
Authors: Su Laisuo , Zhang Shuyan , McGaughey Alan J. H. , Reeja‐Jayan B. , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: July 2023

Real‐time onboard state monitoring and estimation of a battery over its lifetime is indispensable for the safe and durable operation of battery‐powered devices. In this study, a methodology to predict the entire constant‐current cycling curve with limited input information that can be collected in a short period of time is developed. A total of 10 066 charge curves of LiNiO2‐based batteries at a constant C‐rate are collected. With the combination of a feature extraction step and a multiple linear regression step, the method can accurately predict an entire battery charge curve with an error of < 2% using only 10% of the charge curve as the input information. The method is further validated across other battery chemistries (LiCoO2‐based) using open‐access datasets. The prediction error of the charge curves for the LiCoO2‐based battery is around 2% with only 5% of the charge curve as the input information, indicating the generalization of the developed methodology for predicting battery cycling curves. The developed method paves the way for fast onboard health status monitoring and estimation for batteries during practical applications.
The predictive value of computerized tomography‐assessed sarcopenia for complicated appendicitis in geriatric patients
Authors: Yildirim Ali Cihat , Atlanoğlu Şahinde , Gedik Mehmet Ali , Zeren Sezgin , Ekici Mehmet Fatih
Published: July 2023

Objective

Geriatric patients have more complicated appendicitis, which leads to higher morbidity and mortality rates. Sarcopenia has been shown to have a negative impact on patients undergoing surgery. This study aims to reveal the predictive value of computerized tomography‐assessed (CT‐assessed) sarcopenia for complicated appendicitis in geriatric patients.

Methods

One‐hundred fifty‐four patients’ with acute appendicitis age, gender, co‐morbidities, appendicitis status, and body mass index (BMI) values were analyzed. The skeletal muscle index (SMI) and related measurements were evaluated.

Results

Fifty‐two percent of the patients had complicated, and 48% had uncomplicated appendicitis. There was a statistically significant difference between uncomplicated and complicated cases regarding BMI, SMI, and muscle area values (P < 0.05). The cutoff point by Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve analysis was conducted for SMI and showed 71% sensitivity and 52% specificity (P = 0.042). Multivariate analysis has shown that comorbidities are significantly more associated with complicated appendicitis than sarcopenia.

Conclusion

Geriatric patients with lower BMI, decreased muscle area, and CT‐detected sarcopenia have an increased risk of complicated appendicitis. Comorbidities are also important risk factors. Surgeons should be aware of factors leading to complicated appendicitis, which may cause higher morbidity and mortality rates in elderly patients.
Contamination of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA on personal protective equipment and environmental surfaces in nonpatient entry area of a Fangcang shelter hospital
Authors: Chen Xue‐E , Zhao ChenHao , Luo YeTao , Tang Tang , Chen Wei
Published: July 2023

Objectives

To determine the extent of contamination of personal protective equipment (PPE) and surfaces by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) in the nonpatient entry area of a Fangcang shelter hospital, the medical staff accommodation area, and the staff transport bus.

Methods

We collected 816 samples from the nonpatient entry area and floors in a Fangcang shelter hospital, medical staff accommodation area, and scheduled bus, and the five major types of PPE used from April 13 to May 18, 2022. SARS‐CoV‐2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) was detected by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Overall, 22.2% of PPE samples were positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA. Boot covers and gowns were the most contaminated types of PPE. The positive PPE contamination rate of staff collecting respiratory specimens was significantly higher than that of the general–treatment staff group (35.8% vs. 12.2%) and cleaner group (35.8% vs. 26.4%), p < 0.01. In total, 27 of 265 (10.2%) environmental surface samples were positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA. The contamination‐positive rates were 26.8% (22/82), 5.4% (4/74), and 0.9% (1/109) for contaminated, potentially contaminated, and clean zones, respectively. SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA was frequently detected on objects such as mobile phones, tables, computer keyboards and mice, and door handles.

Conclusions

SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA was widely distributed on high‐touch surfaces and on PPE in the contaminated zone of the Fangcang shelter hospital, implying a potentially high infection risk for healthcare workers. Our findings emphasize the need to ensure adequate environmental cleaning, improve hand hygiene, and reduce the risk of infection. Additionally, prevention of self‐contamination during PPE donning and doffing is complex and needs more research.
Are you congested? A comparison of definitions between otolaryngologists and their patients
Authors: Fischer Jakob L. , Tolisano Anthony M. , Navarro Alvaro I. , Trinh Lily , Abuzeid Waleed M. , Humphreys Ian M. , Akbar Nadeem A. , Shah Sharan , Schneider John S. , Riley Charles A. , McCoul Edward D.
Published: July 2023

Objective

To assess for differences of intended meaning in the description of congestion‐related symptoms among otolaryngology patients and clinicians.

Materials and Methods

Between June 2020 and October 2022, a questionnaire consisting of 16 common descriptors of congestion‐related symptoms within four domains (obstructive‐related, pressure‐related, mucus‐related, and other symptoms) was completed by patients and otolaryngologists at five tertiary otolaryngology practices. The primary outcome was to assess differences in patient and clinician perceptions of congestion‐related symptoms. Differences based on geographic location was a secondary outcome.

Results

A total of 349 patients and 40 otolaryngologists participated. Patients selected a median of 6.8 (standard deviation [SD] 3.0) terms compared with 4.0 (SD 1.6) terms for otolaryngologists (p < 0.001). Otolaryngologists were more likely to select obstruction‐related symptoms (difference 6.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.8%, 8.9%). Patients were more likely to describe congestion using pressure‐related (−43.7%; −58.9%, −28.5%), mucus‐related (−43.5%; −59.3%, −27.8%), and other symptoms (−44.2; −51.3%, −37.1%) compared with otolaryngologists. There were no significant differences identified based on geographic location with regard to symptom domains on multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

There are differences between otolaryngologists and their patients in the interpretation of the symptoms of congestion. Clinicians tended to have a narrower interpretation of congestion that was limited to the obstruction‐related symptom domain, while patients defined congestion more broadly. This has important counseling and communication implications for the clinician.
Sleep disorders in Lewy body dementia: Mechanisms, clinical relevance, and unanswered questions
Authors: Townsend Leigh T. J. , Anderson Kirstie N. , Boeve Bradley F. , McKeith Ian , Taylor John‐Paul
Published: July 2023

In Lewy body dementia (LBD), disturbances of sleep and/or arousal including insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder, obstructive sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome are common. These disorders can each exert a significant negative impact on both patient and caregiver quality of life; however, their etiology is poorly understood. Little guidance is available for assessing and managing sleep disorders in LBD, and they remain under‐diagnosed and under‐treated. This review aims to (1) describe the specific sleep disorders which occur in LBD, considering their putative or potential mechanisms; (2) describe the history and diagnostic process for these disorders in LBD; and (3) summarize current evidence for their management in LBD and consider some of the ongoing and unanswered questions in this field and future research directions.
Serum NfL and GFAP are associated with incident dementia and dementia mortality in older adults: The cardiovascular health study
Authors: Cronjé Héléne T. , Liu Xiaojuan , Odden Michelle C. , Moseholm Kristine F. , Seshadri Sudha , Satizabal Claudia L. , Lopez Oscar L. , Bis Joshua C. , Djoussé Luc , Fohner Alison E. , Psaty Bruce M. , Tracy Russell P. , Longstreth W. T , Jensen Majken K. , Mukamal Kenneth J.
Published: July 2023

INTRODUCTION

Circulating neurofilament light chain (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) have been independently associated with dementia risk. Their additive association, and their associations with dementia‐specific mortality, have not been investigated.

METHODS

We associated serum NfL, GFAP, total tau ,and ubiquitin carboxyl‐terminal hydrolase‐L1, measured in 1712 dementia‐free adults, with 19‐year incident dementia and dementia‐specific mortality risk, and with 3‐year cognitive decline.

RESULTS

In adjusted models, being in the highest versus lowest tertile of NfL or GFAP associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.49 (1.20–1.84) and 1.38 (1.15–1.66) for incident dementia, and 2.87 (1.79–4.61) and 2.76 (1.73–4.40) for dementia‐specific mortality. Joint third versus first tertile exposure further increased risk; HR = 2.06 (1.60–2.67) and 9.22 (4.48–18.9). NfL was independently associated with accelerated cognitive decline.

DISCUSSION

Circulating NfL and GFAP may, independently and jointly, provide useful clinical insight regarding dementia risk and prognosis.
Iron‐Catalyzed Reductive Cross‐Coupling of Alkyl Electrophiles with Olefins
Authors: Tong Xiaoyu , Yang Ze‐Peng , Del Angel Aguilar Carlos E. , Fu Gregory C.
Published: July 2023

In terms of its abundance and its minimal toxicity, iron has advantages relative to other transition metals. Although alkyl–alkyl bond construction is central to organic synthesis, examples of iron‐catalyzed alkyl–alkyl couplings of alkyl electrophiles are relatively sparse. Herein we report an iron catalyst that achieves cross‐coupling reactions of alkyl electrophiles wherein olefins, in the presence of a hydrosilane, are used in place of alkylmetal reagents. Carbon–carbon bond formation proceeds at room temperature, and the method employs commercially available components (Fe(OAc)2, Xantphos, and Mg(OEt)2); interestingly, this set of reagents can be applied directly to a distinct hydrofunctionalization of olefins, hydroboration. Mechanistic studies are consistent with the generation of an alkyl radical from the alkyl electrophile, as well as with reversibility for elementary steps that precede carbon–carbon bond formation (olefin binding to iron and β‐migratory insertion).
Functional fibers from regenerated wood pulp cellulose and a natural‐based phytate with enhanced flame retardancy properties
Authors: Matos Filipe S. , Fateixa Sara , von Weymarn Niklas , Freire Carmen S. R. , Silvestre Armando J. D. , Vilela Carla
Published: July 2023

The manufacture of sustainable functional fibers with low environmental footprint and superior properties is a pressing research issue under the auspices of more sustainable industrial textile processes. In the present study, regenerated cellulose fibers (CellReg) with flame retardancy properties are manufactured by functionalizing regenerated wood pulp fibers (obtained through the dissolution of paper‐grade pulp in an ionic liquid followed by regeneration in water) with a natural derived phosphorus compound, namely phytic acid ammonium (PAA). The pale‐yellow modified fibers present a phosphorus content up to 1.80% and a uniform and smooth surface morphology. Furthermore, the functional cellulose fibers exhibit moderate antioxidant activity (ca. 18.4% of maximum radical scavenging), water contact angles below 92°, as well as good thermal‐oxidative stability up to 200°C. The flame‐retardant performance of the CellReg/PAA fibers was investigated by the vertical burning test, and as anticipated, the results show a higher flame retardancy with the increasing content of phosphorus, meaning that the fibers ceased to burn before flaming or glowing, even after several flame applications. The accomplished properties validate the potential of these functional fibers of regenerated wood pulp cellulose and PAA for application as textile fibers with flame retardancy properties.
Preparation and comparison of electrospunPEO/PTFEandPVA/PTFEnanofiber membranes for syringe filters
Authors: Akduman Cigdem
Published: July 2023

The fabrication of a high‐performance PTFE membrane remains challenging and still under interest. Electrospinning is one of the possible fabrication methods for PTFE membranes. But, due to the high solvent resistance and the high melt viscosity, PTFE emulsion should be blended with a carrier polymer solution and then it can be electrospinned. In this study, PTFE membranes were produced with four different ratios of PVA and PEO polymers as carrier and then sintered at 380°C, to left only PTFE nanofibers behind. Produced hydrophobic PTFE membranes' WCA values were between 120‐132° for PEO/PTFE nanofibers and 112‐124° for PVA/PTFE nanofibers. SEM images revealed that PEO/PTFE membranes preserved their fibrous structure better. After sintering, diameter of 7PEO/PTFE, 8PEO/PTFE, 9PEO/PTFE, and 10PEO/PTFE nanofibers were 612, 818, 822, and 923 nm, respectively. Only 30PVA/PTFE nanofibers showed some fiber structure after sintering with evenly distributed pores. PEO/PTFE membranes were thicker than commercial syringe filter membranes and PVA/PTFE membranes and was about 0.24 μm. Although mean pore size measurements of both PEO/PTFE and PVA/PTFE membranes were 0.90 and 1.07 μm, respectively and higher than commercial membranes, bacterial removal tests of PEO/PTFE membrane were promising and close to commercial syringe filter results with 1.3 3log CFU/mL.
The effect of novel advanced method on the properties of novolac hybrid nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nanotube and glass fiber
Authors: Kocaman Mücahit , Çuvalcı Hamdullah , Çanakçı Aykut
Published: July 2023

In this study, the effects of ball milling (BM) technique and carbon nanotube (CNT) content on the thermal and mechanical properties of hybrid reinforced composites were investigated. The composites were prepared using glass fiber (GF), novolac resin (No), and CNTs with different wt% (1, 2, and, 4). Various milling times were used to optimize the entanglement/agglomeration of CNTs in the polymer matrix and subsequently enhance the final thermal and mechanical properties. Through precise investigations, it was found that the nanocomposite with 2 wt% CNT reinforcement, subjected to 2 h of BM, exhibited remarkable enhancements in key properties. The tensile strength was significantly improved to 45.6 MPa, while the elastic modulus reached 3.419 GPa. Hardness was measured at 96 HRM, and thermal conductivity was enhanced to 0.463 W/mK. Moreover, this sample demonstrated a weight loss that was 43.65% lower compared to the sample reinforced with 1 wt% CNT and subjected to 1 h of BM. Overall, this study highlights the importance of optimizing the milling time and CNT content in the preparation of polymer nanocomposites, and it provides valuable insights for the development of advanced materials with superior performance in various applications.
Spawning habitat suitability maps for the conservation of the tri‐spine horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus in Tsuyazaki Cove, Fukuoka, Japan
Authors: Itaya Shinji , Koyama Akihiko , Shuuno Mari , Onikura Norio , Tai Akira , Yano Shinichiro
Published: July 2023

The suitable spawning habitat of Tachypleus tridentatus was estimated and mapped for the first time using scientific modelling in Tsuyazaki, Fukuoka, Japan. A total of 43 nests were found at five sites from 2018 to 2019. Of these 43 nests, the location information of nine nests at one of the sites was used as ‘Training data’ for constructing the models.

A series of procedures was employed to determine the relationship between the biological data and their physical parameters to estimate the suitable spawning habitat. First, the contribution rates of the physical parameters (beach elevation, slope and sediment) to nest locations were evaluated. Second, physical parameters that showed significant contribution rates were chosen to estimate suitable spawning habitats.

It was found that the beach elevation was the most significant parameter for estimating suitable spawning habitats. Mean high water neap to mean higher high water was estimated as suitable spawning habitat, and 74% of the nests were fitted in an area assessed as suitable. The result was consistent with previous studies.

The area of suitable spawning habitat was estimated to be only 476 m2 out of 1943 m2, comprising 24% of the sandy beach in the study site. Therefore, it was concluded that the conservation and restoration of spawning grounds is a high‐priority and urgent issue at the site.

It is proposed that scientific modelling of nest/egg occurrence and beach elevation can effectively determine suitable spawning habitats. Thus, it is possible to quickly establish the habitat most suitable for spawning in coastal environments and help plan conservation strategies for this globally endangered species.
How question type influences knowledge withholding in social Q&A community
Authors: Zhang Xing , Wang Durong , Tang Yuyao , Xiao Quan
Published: July 2023

Social question‐and‐answer (Q&A) communities are becoming increasingly important for knowledge acquisition. However, some users withhold knowledge, which can hinder the effectiveness of these platforms. Based on social exchange theory, the study investigates how different types of questions influence knowledge withholding, with question difficulty and user anonymity as boundary conditions. Two experiments were conducted to test hypotheses. Results indicate that informational questions are more likely to lead to knowledge withholding than conversational ones, as they elicit more fear of negative evaluation and fear of exploitation. The study also examines the interplay of question difficulty and user anonymity with question type. Overall, this study significantly extends the existing literature on counterproductive knowledge behavior by exploring the antecedents of knowledge withholding in social Q&A communities.
Predictors of pelvic pain in a general urology clinic population
Authors: Prillaman Grace , Zillioux Jacqueline , Beller Haerin , Yeaman Clinton , Rapp David
Published: July 2023

Objectives

To assess the prevalence and predictors of chronic pelvic pain in a general urology population presenting for evaluation of unrelated non‐painful complaints.

Generalized pelvic pain is estimated to afflict between 6% and 26% of women and is often multifactorial in aetiology. A paucity of prospective research exists to characterize chronic pelvic pain patterns and to understand related predictors.

Materials and Methods

This is a prospective, cross‐sectional survey‐based study of female patients presenting to a general urology clinic over a 10‐month period (7/2018–5/2019). Patients completed a 32‐item survey with questions pertaining to demographics, comorbidities and chronic pelvic pain characteristics. Comparison tests (chi‐squared, Fisher's exact) and stepwise multivariable logistic modelling were performed to assess for predictors of chronic pelvic pain.

Results

A total of 181 women completed the survey, with a mean age of 56 years. Overall, 75 (41%) women reported chronic pelvic pain. Those with chronic pelvic pain were younger compared to those without (52 vs 59 years, p = 0.001). Univariable logistic regression analysis identified BMI, depression, fibromyalgia, overactive bladder and any bowel symptoms as possible positive predictors of chronic pelvic pain. Final best‐fit multivariable model found overactive bladder, fibromyalgia and presence of bowel symptoms as independent positive predictors of chronic pelvic pain.

Conclusions

Our study is one of the few studies that has prospectively analysed chronic pelvic pain and its predictors. The present study identified significant associations with overactive bladder, fibromyalgia and bowel symptoms. Further research is needed to better understand the aetiologies of chronic pelvic pain and the possible relationship with identified clinical predictors.
Identifiability impedes efficiency maximization: A third‐party perspective
Authors: Ritov Ilana , Garcia Stephen M.
Published: July 2023

This research explores the hypothesis that third‐party decision makers will be less likely to switch from a suboptimal default payoff to a more efficient alternative one when payoff receipts have been identified than when they have not, even when identification conveys no relevant information. While Studies 1 and 2 establish this identifiability effect by manipulating identifiability with real names (“S. Jones” / “R. Smith”) in realistic decision making vignettes, Studies 3 and 4 replicate the effect by manipulating identifiability with simple designations (“Participant A” / “Participant B”) in incentivized decision paradigms that involve real monetary payoffs. And while Studies 1 and 2 demonstrate the identifiability effect among third‐party decision makers choosing to switch from a default payoff to a more efficient alternative payoff, Study 3 instantiates the identifiability effect even when changing the status quo is mandatory. Finally, both Studies 3 and 4 probed for possible psychological mechanisms, finding that analytical processing mode, in particular, may play a role in these third‐party allocations.
Quality test of cannabidiol profiling in CBD oil products and evaluation of residual THC at high temperature based on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Takashina Shiori , Minamoto Kyosuke , Nunome Mari , Katehashi Hidenao , Katagi Munehiro , Inoue Koichi
Published: July 2023

Cannabidiol (CBD) oil products are available in Japan as cosmetics, fragrances, food and items. Herein, quality testing of cannabinoid profiling in CBD oil products and the evaluation of possible residual tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in these products using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was conducted. A simple, sensitive, and selective LC–MS/MS assay (electrospray positive ion mode) was employed for the simultaneous quantification of eight cannabinoids. This quantification with three different oil samples showed that accuracy rates ranged from 87.7 to 106.9% (RSD > 3.5%). Furthermore, the quantification limit of THC is 0.001 mg/g of CBD oil products for suitable levels lower than the regulatory value. Notably, this method was used to evaluate CBD oil products from the Japanese market. Additionally, we investigated the THC conversion in CBD oil products at a high temperature (70°C) which has a minor effect on CBD stability in oil products with additives. Herein, the developed LC–MS/MS assay is applied to monitor the quality of CBD, trace THC and other components in CBD oil products.
Mesenchymal stem cells paracrine proteins from three‐dimensional dynamic culture system promoted wound healing in third‐degree burn models
Authors: Wang Yingwei , Wu Jiaxin , Chen Jiamin , Lu Cheng , Liang Jinchao , Shan Yingyi , Liu Jie , Li Qi , Miao Liang , He Mu , Wang Xiaoying , Zhang Jianhua , Wu Zheng
Published: July 2023

Recovery of skin function remains a significant clinical challenge for deep burns owing to the severe scar formation and poor appendage regeneration, and stem cell therapy has shown great potential for injured tissue regeneration. Here, a cell‐free therapy system for deep burn skin was explored using mesenchymal stem cell paracrine proteins (MSC‐PP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) temperature‐sensitive hydrogels. A three‐dimensional (3D) dynamic culture system for MSCs' large‐scale expansion was established using a porous gelatin microcarrier crosslinked with hyaluronic acid (PGM‐HA), and the purified MSC‐PP from culture supernatant was characterized by mass spectrometric analysis. The results showed the 3D dynamic culture system regulated MSCs cell cycle, reduced apoptosis, and decreased lactic acid content, and the MSC‐PP produced in 3D group can promote cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion. The MSC‐PP + PEG system maintained stable release in 28 days of observation in vitro. The in vivo therapeutic efficacy was investigated in the rabbit's third‐degree burn model, and saline, PEG, MSC‐PP, and MSC‐PP + PEG treatments groups were set. The in vivo results showed that the MSC‐PP + PEG group significantly improved wound healing, inhibited scar formation, and facilitated skin appendage regeneration. In conclusion, the MSC‐PP + PEG sustained‐release system provides a potentially effective treatment for deep burn skin healing.
Low‐dose aspirin can inhibit exosomal release induced by radiotherapy in breast cancer and attenuate its inhibitory effect on NK cell proliferation
Authors: Wang Li , Hu Zaoxiu , Chen Ceshi , Chen Ting , Yao Zhihong , Li Wenhui , Yang Zuozhang
Published: July 2023

Background

Breast cancer (BC) seriously threatens women's health. Aspirin plays a key role in the treatment and prognosis of BC.

Objective

To explore the effect of low‐dose aspirin on BC radiotherapy through the mechanism of exosomes and natural killer (NK) cells.

Methods

BC cells were injected into the left chest wall to establish a BC model in nude mice. Tumor morphology and size were observed. Immunohistochemical staining for Ki‐67 was used to observe the proliferation of tumor cells. TUNEL was used to detect the apoptosis of cancer cells. Protein levels of exosomal biogenesis‐ and secretion‐related genes (Rab 11, Rab27a, Rab27b, CD63, and Alix) were detected by Western blot. Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis. Transwell assays were used to detect cell migration. A clonogenic assay was used to detect cell proliferation. Exosomes of BT549 and 4T1‐Luc cells were extracted and observed by electron microscopy. After the coculture of exosomes and NK cells, the activity of NK cells was detected by CCK‐8.

Results

The protein expression of genes related to exosomal genesis and secretion (Rab 11, Rab27a, Rab27b, CD63, and Alix) in BT549 and 4T1‐Luc cells was upregulated under radiotherapy treatment. Low doses of aspirin inhibited exosome release from BT549 and 4T1‐Luc cells and alleviated the inhibitory effect of BC cell exosomes on NK cell proliferation. In addition, knocking down Rab27a reduced the protein levels of exosome‐related and secretion‐related genes in BC cells, further enhancing the promotive effect of aspirin on NK cell proliferation, while overexpressing Rab27a had the opposite effect. Aspirin was combined at a radiotherapeutic dose of 10 Gy to enhance the radiotherapy sensitivity of radiotherapy‐tolerant BC cells (BT549R and 4T1‐LucR). Animal experiments have also verified that aspirin can promote the killing effect of radiotherapy on cancer cells and significantly inhibit tumor growth.

Conclusion

Low doses of aspirin can inhibit the release of BC exosomes induced by radiotherapy and weaken their inhibition of NK cell proliferation, promoting radiotherapy resistance.
Overexpression of CD73 is associated with recurrence and poor prognosis of gingivobuccal oral cancer as revealed by transcriptome and deep immune profiling of paired tumor and margin tissues
Authors: Chatterjee Ankita , Chaudhary Amrita , Ghosh Arnab , Arun Pattatheyil , Mukherjee Geetashree , Arun Indu , Maitra Arindam , Biswas Nidhan , Majumder Partha P.
Published: July 2023

Background

For various cancers, differences in response to treatment and subsequent survival period have been reported to be associated with variation in immune contextures.

Aim

We sought to identify whether such association exists in respect of gingivobuccal oral cancer.

Materials and methods

We performed deep immune profiling of tumor and margin tissues collected from 46 treatment naïve, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) negative, patients. Each patient was followed for 24 months and prognosis (recurrence/death) noted. Key findings were validated by comparing with TCGA‐HNSC cohort data.

Results

About 28% of patients showed poor post‐treatment prognosis. These patients exhibited a high probability of recurrence even within 1 year and death within 2 years. There was restricted immune cell infiltration in tumor, but not in margin, among these patients. Reduced expression of eight immune‐related genes (IRGs) (NT5E, THRA, RBP1, TLR4, ITGA6, BMPR1B, ITGAV, SSTR1) in tumor strongly predicted better quality of prognosis, both in our patient cohort and in TCGA‐HNSC cohort. Tumors of patients with better prognosis were associated with (a) lower CD73+ cells with concomitant lower expression level of NT5E/CD73, (b) higher proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, NK cells, M1 macrophages, (c) higher %Granzyme+ cells, (d) higher TCR and BCR repertoire diversities. CD73 expression in tumor was associated with low CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, low immune repertoire diversity, and advanced cancer stage.

Discussion and conclusion

High infiltration of anti‐tumor immune cells in both tumors and margins results in good prognosis, while in patients with minimal infiltration in tumors in spite of high infiltration in margins results in poor prognosis. Targeted CD73 immune‐checkpoint inhibition may improve clinical outcome.
Misuse of tumor marker levels leads to an insufficient International Germ Cell Consensus Classification (IGCCCG) risk group assignment and impaired treatment
Authors: Majewski Matthäus , Paffenholz Pia , Ruf Christian , Che Yue , Seidel Christoph , Heinzelbecker Julia , Schmelz Hans‐Ulrich , Matthies Cord , Albers Peter , Bokemeyer Carsten , Heidenreich Axel , Pichler Martin , Nestler Tim ,   the GTCSG (German Testicular Cancer Study Group)
Published: July 2023

Background

Metastatic germ cell tumors of the testis (GCTs) are risk‐stratified according to the International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) classification system. This risk classification is based on anatomical risk factors as well as tumor marker levels of AFP, HCG, and LDH assessed pre‐chemotherapy after orchiectomy treatment. An incorrect classification is possible when pre‐orchiectomy marker levels are used, possibly resulting in over‐ or undertreatment of patients. The aim was to investigate the potential frequency and clinical relevance of incorrect risk stratification using pre‐orchiectomy tumor marker levels.

Methods

A multicenter registry analysis, including patients with metastasized nonseminomatous GCT (NSGCT), was conducted by investigators of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group (GTCSG). Based on the marker levels at different timepoints, IGCCCG risk groups were calculated. The agreement was tested using Cohen's kappa.

Results

A total of 672 of 1910 (35%) patients were diagnosed with metastatic NSGCTs, and 523 (78%) had sufficient data for 224 follow‐up data points. By using pre‐orchiectomy tumor marker levels, 106 patients (20%) would have been incorrectly classified. Seventy‐two patients (14%) were classified into a higher risk category, and 34 patients (7%) were classified into a lower risk category. Cohen's kappa was 0.69 (p < 0.001), showing a strong agreement between the use of both marker timepoints. The treatment of misclassified patients would have resulted in an overtreatment of 72 patients or undertreatment of 34 patients.

Conclusions

The use of pre‐orchiectomy tumor marker levels may lead to an incorrect risk classification and might subsequently lead to under‐ or overtreatment of patients.
CHAN: Skeleton based action recognition by multi‐level feature learning
Authors: Lu Jian , Gong Yinghao , Zhou Yanran , Ma Chengxian , Huang Tingting
Published: July 2023

Skeleton‐based action recognition has been continuously and intensively studied. However, dynamic 3D skeleton data are difficult to be popularized in practical applications due to the restricted data acquisition conditions. Although the action recognition method based on 2D pose information extracted from RGB video can effectively avoid the influence of complex background, it is susceptible to factors such as video jitter and joint overlap. To reduce the interference of the aforementioned factors, we use two‐dimensional skeletal joint coordinate modal information to represent the changes in human body posture. First, we use a target detector and pose estimation algorithm to obtain the joint coordinates of each frame sample from RGB video. Then the feature extraction network is combined to perform multi‐level feature learning to establish correspondence between actions and corresponding multi‐level features. Finally, the hierarchical attention mechanism is introduced to design the model named CHAN. By calculating the association between elements, the weight of the action classification is redistributed. Extensive experiments on three datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.