bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Beauveria bassiana for Control of Oebalus pugnax (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Rice
Authors: Patel Dilipkumar T. , Fuxa James R. , Stout Michael J.
Published: September 2017

Isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin were tested for biological control of rice stink bug, Oebalus pugnax (F.), in the laboratory, in small-plot field experiments compared with conventional insecticides, and in a large-plot experiment to determine the spread and persistence of the fungus. Isolate RSB was found in a naturally- infected O. pugnax in a rice field near Crowley, LA, and isolates LRC28 and LRC21 were obtained for their relatively good growth at high temperatures. The soil-derived isolate LRC28 was more virulent to O. pugnax adults than isolate RSB in a laboratory experiment. The fungal isolates, applied at 5.0–5.7 × 1012 conidia/ha, did not differ from one another in reducing insect numbers or in infecting rice stink bugs in the small-plot experiments, although isolates LRC28 and RSB, but not LRC21, occasionally differed from the control. The overall impact of B. bassiana was moderate on O. pugnax nymphs and minimal on adults in the small-plot experiments. A single application of B. bassiana reduced rice stink bug nymphs on six of nine sampling dates and adults on two of nine sampling dates from 2–10 d after application in the three small-plot experiments, and prevalence of the fungus was higher in the B. bassiana treatment than in controls for nymphs on four dates versus none for adults. A single application of chemical insecticide reduced total rice stink bug numbers more than B. bassiana for at least 7 d in small-plot experiments, whereas a double application was more effective than B. bassiana for 10 d against nymphs. Beauveria bassiana was nearly as effective as a single application of chemical insecticide in suppressing rice stink bug numbers 7–8 d after application. Mixtures of B. bassiana and chemical insecticide provided better control of rice stink bug than a single application of either material alone. Fungal epizootics lasted 17–22 d after application, and a low level of fungus recycling occurred in all of the field experiments. In an experiment to monitor spread, B. bassiana moved rapidly after its application, probably because of host transport. However, disease prevalence did not differ with distance from the treated plot. Disease prevalence was significantly greater in O. pugnax and Lygus spp. than in orthopterans. High temperatures probably were the major factor limiting B. bassiana epizootics in the current research. Thus, B. bassiana has potential for integrated management programs of O. pugnax in rice, because it was moderately effective against nymphs and had an additive effect with insecticides.
Survival and Mortality of Immature Mordellids (Coleoptera: Mordellidae) Inducing Stem-galls on the Japanese Mugwort
Authors: Yamazaki Kazuo , Shiyake Shigehiko , Sugiura Shinji
Published: September 2017

Mordellid galls were collected from stems of Japanese mugwort, Artemisia indica var. maximowiczii (Nakai) H. Hara, in early spring at three riverbeds in the Kinki district, central Japan, and reared in the laboratory. Adults of two mordellids, Mordellistena brevilineata Nomura (96.2% of the total number of individuals) and M. fuscosuturalis Nomura (3.8%), emerged from the galls. The galls were simple fusiform swellings in the stems. We could not distinguish the 2 species by gall morphology. Mortality of the immatures mostly could not be determined, but parasitoids (Eupelmus sp., Entedon sp., and braconids, etc.) accounted for about 25% of the total mortality observed. Survival of immatures tended to be higher and the concomitant parasitism lower in thicker rather than thinner galls, and the galls became thick when they were formed in larger diameter stems. Oviposition and larval establishment in thick stems appeared to be advantageous for the completion of development and avoidance of parasitoid attack.
A Method for Monitoring Seasonal Activity of Pecan Phylloxera, Phylloxera devastatrix Pergande, with Observations on Emergence in Louisiana and Oklahoma
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Mulder Phillip G. , Austin John
Published: September 2017

A study was initiated to develop a method to monitor seasonal emergence of pecan phylloxera, Phylloxera devastatrix Pergande, in Louisiana and Oklahoma. The method used 2.54 cm wide strips of white cloth tape coated with a narrow bead of Tangle-Trap ® that was applied to smooth-barked limbs on the trees. The method proved effective in capturing emerging P. devastatrix. Observations made on emergence indicated an infestation period in both states of about 45–50 d. Emergence started and peaked about 12–14 d earlier in Louisiana than in Oklahoma. In Louisiana, significant differences occurred in the number of P. devastatrix captured by year and tree, and no significant differences were observed in the number captured on a specific cultivar. In Oklahoma, significant differences were observed in the number of P. devastatrix captured across cultivars and between years. No significant differences were observed in the number captured by specific trees. In both states fewer P. devastatrix were captured in 2001 than in 2000.
Durum Spring Wheat Susceptibility to Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)
Authors: Goosey H.B. , Lenssen A.W. , Johnson G.D. , Blodgett S.L. , Carlson G. R. , Kephart K.D.
Published: September 2017

The wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton, is the primary arthropod pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum Thell, in the Northern Great Plains. Yet, information is unavailable on wheat stem sawfly infestation potential of currently grown spring durum cultivars. Field trials were conducted in 1998 and 1999 to determine wheat stem sawfly susceptibility of 13 spring durum cultivars and one hard red spring wheat. Preharvest infestations ranged from 2–55%. Postharvest larval infestations of stubble ranged from 1–9.5%. Three durum cultivars ‘Lloyd’, ‘Plenty’, and ‘Sceptre’ appear to offer potential, as a rotational crop, for management of wheat stem sawfly.
Utility of Morphological and Molecular Techniques for Determination of Paternity in Two Subspecies of Diabrotica undecimpunctata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Oyediran Isaac O. , Clark Thomas L. , Skoda Steve R. , Heinrichs Elvis A. , Foster John E.
Published: September 2017

An experiment was conducted to determine the paternity of F1 progeny using morphological and molecular methods in Diabrotica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) subspecies: Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, also known as spotted cucumber beetle, and D. undecimpunctata undecimpunctata Mannerheim, also known as western cucumber spotted beetle. Results from crosses that involved the females of D. u. howardi and the males of D. u. undecimpunctata had all F1 progeny with phenotypes as the male parent. Similarly, in all the crosses that involved the females of D. u. undecimpunctata and the males of the D. u. howardi, all the F1 progeny had phenotypes as the male parent. DNA from females and males were amplified using two primers to confirm the paternity of F1 progeny. The study on the inheritance of body color in these two subspecies appeared to be governed by one dominant gene (monogenic), and it is the male that determines the body color of progeny in both subspecies.
Host Association in Chrysis fulgida L. and Description of Its Prepupa (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)
Authors: Tormos Josè , Asís Josep D. , Polidori Carlo , Boesi Roberto
Published: September 2017

In a study on the host association of the cuckoo wasp, Chrysis fulgida L., at two nesting sites in Northern Italy, it was observed emerging from nests of the mason wasp, Symmorphus crassicornis (Panzer). Although other species of eumenine wasps nested in the same area, none of them was attacked by this parasitoid. Parasitism rate per nest ranged from 0% to 66.3%, 45.8% on average. The number of parasitized cells did not decrease either with the thickness of the nest closing plug or with the length of vestibular cell. No differences in the number of cells per nest or in the length of vestibular cell were found when comparing parasitized and unparasitized nests, suggesting that the wasps probably did not abandon their parasitized nest and that the cuckoo wasp larva was not detected. A review of the host associations of the species of Chrysis of the ignita group suggests that mason wasps are the preferred hosts and that cavity-nesters are more frequently attacked than soil- or mud-nesters. The prepupa of C. fulgida is described, illustrated, and compared with the described mature larvae of Chrysididae. The postdefecating larva of this species exhibits the autapomorphy that defines the genus Chrysis: “normally developed galeae.” The most salient character shown by the mature larva of this species lies in the maxillary palpus, which has 6 sensilla at apex. This character state allows this prepupa to be differentiated from the previously described mature larvae of the genus.
Seasonal Occurrence and Management of Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) in Leafy Greens Prior to Harvest
Authors: Riley David G.
Published: September 2017

Hard-bodied orthopteran adults, in particular Acrididae, are an important source of insect contaminants in mechanically harvested leafy greens, Brassica spp. Because contaminants are usually detected after greens are fully processed, rejection of these value-added loads can be economically severe. A survey was conducted to determine the level of orthopteran species occurring in and around leafy greens fields prior to mechanical harvesting. This survey demonstrated that the vast majority of individual Orthoptera occurred around the edges of the field prior to harvest. In the second year of the survey, growers were already applying Sevin XLR™ (Aventis CropScience, Research Trangle Park, NC) insecticide to grassy border areas in order to prevent acridid adults from moving into the field before harvest. The main taxonomic groups in Orthoptera found in this survey included Orchelimum sp. (Tettigonidae) (68.8%), Melanoplinae (Acrididae) (18.5%), other Acrididae (5.4%), Schistocerca americana (Drury) (Acrididae) (3.4%), Dissosteira Carolina (Linnaeus) (Acrididae) (2.4%), and other Tettigonidae (1.6%). Insecticide treatment of border areas prior to harvest provided a 94% reduction in Acrididae in the field prior to harvest.
Specificity of Ukrainian Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner Strains for Agricultural Pests of the Southeastern United States
Authors: Isakova Iryna A. , Isakov Yegor B. , Rymar Svetlana E. , Kordium Vitalii A. , Fuxa James R.
Published: September 2017

Insecticidal proteins naturally produced by Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) present an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional chemicals used for the pest control. We identified crylA, crylB, and cry1C genes encoding the toxic proteins in 13 Bt strains isolated in Ukraine and then determined the toxicity of these strains against lepidopteran and coleopteran pests from the southeastern U.S. Five of the Bt strains were highly toxic to two lepidopteran pests: three against the soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens Walker), and two others against the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni Hübner). None of the strains had more than moderate toxicity against the tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens F.), the sugarcane borer (Diatraea saccharalis F.), or fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith). Cry1 toxins from three Bt strains were solubilized and trypsinized for bioassay against the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman) and sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius Summers). Toxicity of all three strains was higher or comparable to that of the commercial Bt product Foil® (ECOGEN Inc., Langhorne, PA) containing Cry3 toxin specific for coleopterans. Two of the Ukrainian Bt strains containing Cry1B toxins were toxic to both lepidopteran and coleopteran pests. This study thus revealed new Bt strains toxic to lepidopteran and coleopteran pests from the southeastern U.S. indicating specific target pests for a broad spectrum of Cry1 toxins, including natural and trypsin-activated forms of CrylB proteins.
Greenhouse Pesticide Mixtures for Control of Silverleaf Whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and Twospotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Cloyd Raymond A. , Galle Cindy L. , Keith Stephen R.
Published: September 2017

This study assessed if tank mixing several commercially-available insecticides and miticides, in 2- and 3-way combinations, affects control of the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring, and the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, under greenhouse conditions. Pesticides evaluated were acetamiprid, bifenazate, buprofezin, and chlorfenapyr with each applied at the label rate. Salvia × superba Stapf was artificially infested with silverleaf whiteflies, and African marigold, Tagetes erecta L., was infested with twospotted spider mites. Once infested, the plants were sprayed with the designated pesticide treatments. Plants were evaluated 7 and 14 d after treatment. Efficacy was based on percent mortality of silverleaf whitefly and twospotted spider mite nymphs per plant. The 2- and 3-way pesticide mixtures exhibited no antagonistic activity, based on percent mortality values of silverleaf whitefly nymphs 14 d after treatment, with most mixtures resulting in >75% mortality. Similarly, none of the pesticide mixtures appeared to be antagonistic in regards to controlling twospotted spider mite nymphs with ≥90% mortality 7 d after treatment for 4 of the mixtures, and 100% nymphal mortality for all the mixtures 14 d after treatment. Results from this study suggest that greenhouse producers may tank mix the evaluated pesticides without negatively affecting the control of either silverleaf whitefly or twospotted spider mite during crop production.
Rubidium Marking to Detect Dispersal of Pest and Predator from Corn into Sorghum and Cotton in Georgia
Authors: Tillman P. G. , Prasifka J. R. , Heinz K. M.
Published: September 2017

This field study evaluated marking both the pest [Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)] and its predator [Orius insidiosus (Say)] with rubidium chloride (RbCI) in corn to detect dispersal of these insects from this crop into sorghum and cotton. Sorghum and cotton were planted in small plots at the interface, or common boundary, of a commercial corn and cotton field. The cotton field adjacent to these interface plots was divided into cotton field plots. Foliar solutions of RbCI were applied to corn at field site 1 when the ears were infested with 4th through 6th instars of H. zea and at site 2 when corn silks were infested with eggs and 1st instars of H. zea and nymphs and adults of O. insidiosus. Insects were collected at various times after RbCI application from the sorghum interface plots, cotton interface plots, and cotton field plots. Both H. zea eggs and O. insidiosus females were successfully marked in corn treated with RbCI, and marking success for both insects ranged from 15–33%. Data on rubidium-marked insects indicated that H. zea females from the generation feeding on rubidium-treated corn dispersed into sorghum interface plots at both treated sites and into cotton interface plots at one site and that O. insidiosus females dispersed from corn into sorghum interface plots and cotton field plots at one site.
Response of the Brown Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) to the Aggregation Pheromone, Methyl (2E,4Z)-Decadienoate
Authors: Leskey T. C. , Hogmire H. W.
Published: September 2017

Field-based experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of the abundant brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), to commercially available pheromone lures containing methyl (2E,4Z)-decadienoate deployed in association with yellow pyramid traps. Euschistus servus aggregated over a zone of at least 3.14 m2 based on significantly greater numbers located on mullein plants located 1 m from baited traps compared with plants at 5 and 10 m. At this distance, ~96% of all adults located on mullein plants were not subsequently captured by baited traps. However, the presence of mullein plants near baited traps did not significantly reduce baited trap captures. Even if mullein plants were not present, baited trap captures remained statistically identical. Based on all adults captured in baited traps and located on surrounding mullein plants, 50% of all individuals that entered plots were captured in traps.
Behavioral Response by Hylobius pales, Pachylobius picivorus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Xylotrechus sagittatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to Trap Visual and Olfactory Cues and an Estimate of Trap Efficiency
Authors: Mizell Russell F. , Martin Frank G. , Tedders W. Louis
Published: September 2017

A modified Tilles trap and the pyramidal Tedders trap alone or in combination with 2-way pitfall traps were used in north Florida to determine trap capture efficiency and the roles of visual and olfactory cues in the behavior of 2 species of root-feeding weevils, Hylobius pales (Herbst) and Pachylobius picivorus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and a cerambycid, Xylotrechus sagittatus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). The 3 species responded strongly to olfactory cues provided by a 5:1 ratio of ethanol and turpentine. Visual cues followed olfactory cues in the host finding and selection hierarchy and were important in the trap response of H. pales and X. sagittatus, but less important for P. picivorus. The Tedders trap captured 18% of the total of the P. picivorus, >70% of the H. pales and >80% of the X. sagittatus. Response to odor and visual cues was more directed toward the point source in H. pales when compared with P. picivorus. More than 80% of P. picivorus landed some distance away from the trap and moved toward it. In contrast, less than 30% of H. pales landed away from or failed to enter the Tedders trap. The numbers of X. sagittatus trapped were greater in traps that were elevated off the ground. Response to the modified Tilles trap confirmed and supported the findings in the other trap configurations. Use of this methodology has potential for monitoring populations of these beetles and determining the behavior and biology of other insect species.
Evaluation of Corn Hybrids Expressing CrylF (Herculex® I Insect Protection) Against Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Southern United States
Authors: Siebert Melissa Willrich , Tindall Kelly V. , Leonard B. Rogers , Van Duyn John W. , Babcock Jonathan M.
Published: September 2017

Efficacy of two insect-resistant corn hybrids expressing the Cry1 F insecticidal crystal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai Berliner (transformation event TC1507) was evaluated against fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), in three southern U.S. locations. Larval susceptibility was evaluated on CrylF and nonBt field corn, Zea mays L., plants (V3–V12 and R1–R2 stages) in field plots and laboratory studies. Leaf-feeding injury was significantly less and plant height was significantly greater for hybrids containing Cry1 F as compared with nonBt corn hybrids when exposed to natural or artificial fall armyworm infestations. In addition, larval mortality was significantly greater on CrylF corn hybrids compared with that on nonBt hybrids. These results demonstrate that corn hybrids containing CrylF represent an effective plant incorporated insecticidal protein management option for fall armyworm. In environments where fall armyworm may exceed damage thresholds and have to be carefully managed with foliar sprays, utilization of CrylF corn hybrids will allow growers flexibility in planting and an efficient means for managing infestations.
Ammonia Formulations and Capture of Anastrepha Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Thomas Donald B. , Epsky Nancy D. , Serra Colmar A. , Hall David G. , Kendra Paul E. , Heath Robert R.
Published: September 2017

Fruit flies in the genus Anastrepha, especially the reproductive age females, are attracted to protein baits. Synthetic lures based on the principal components of protein degradation, especially ammonia along with acetic acid, were tested against 3 of the most economically important species. The results varied among the species, perhaps in part because of the different environmental conditions where these pests are prevalent. In Mexico and Florida, A. ludens and A. suspensa , respectively, were caught in higher numbers by traps baited with synthetic lures containing ammonium acetate and putrescine. But, in the Dominican Republic where A. obliqua is the dominant pest, traps with whole aqueous protein baits outperformed the synthetic blends. Ideally, a single attractant formulation could be deployed by a regional crop protection program for detection of an array of pest fruit flies. Our results suggest that the optimal blend may vary among species and from one region to another.
Effects of Several Newer Insecticides and Kaolin on Oviposition and Adult Mortality in Western Cherry Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Yee Wee L.
Published: September 2017

Effects of newer insecticides and kaolin-based particle film (Surround® WP Crop Protectant) on oviposition and mortality in the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, were determined. In a no-choice experiment, azinphos-methyl sprayed on cherries reduced oviposition by 98.5% compared with the control, whereas spinosad bait, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam reduced it by 74.4% to 91.8% and indoxacarb reduced it by 61.7%. Despite reducing oviposition to similar levels, imidacloprid did not cause as much mortality as spinosad bait, spinosad, or thiamethoxam. Imidacloprid reduced oviposition more than indoxacarb, even though the two caused similar mortality. In a choice experiment, there were no differences in oviposition in untreated and insecticide-treated cherries, except fewer eggs were laid in spinosad-bait treated than untreated cherries. In a no-choice experiment using kaolin, flies laid up to 36 times more eggs in control than treated cherries. In a choice experiment, flies laid 10 times more eggs in untreated than kaolin-treated cherries. Results show oviposition by R. indifferens can be reduced to similar levels by materials with significantly different toxicities, and that none except spinosad bait is an oviposition deterrent. The high levels of oviposition reduction indicate these insecticides (except indoxacarb) can protect fruit from mature flies, but more work is needed to modify or improve them so that they can reduce oviposition as much as azinphosmethyl. In residential trees where none of these insecticides is desirable, kaolin may be useful in reducing oviposition and preventing buildup of R. indifferens populations.
Populations of Stink Bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and their Natural Enemies in Peanuts
Authors: Tillman Glynn
Published: September 2017

The objective of this on-farm study was to determine if peanuts harbor populations of stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and their natural enemies in Georgia. Eight species of phytophagous stink bugs were found in peanuts over the 5-yr study. The predominant stink bug species were Nezara viridula (L.), Euschistus servus (Say), Euschistus quadrator (Rolston), and Oebalus pugnax pugnax (F.). The remaining 4 species, Acrosternum hilare (Say), Euschistus tristigmus (Say), Euschistus ictericus (L.), and Thyanta custator accerra McAtee, were found in relatively low numbers. All developmental stages of N. viridula, E. servus, E. quadrator, A. hilare, and O. p. pugnax were collected at various times in the study indicating that these 5 species of stink bugs were developing on this crop. Seasonal abundance of N. viridula and E. servus nymphs and adults provided further support that these 2 species of stink bugs developed on peanuts. At least 1 generation of N. viridula and E. servus occurred in peanuts each year, and generally some of the adults that developed on peanuts oviposited on peanuts producing another generation of nymphs in this crop. Because only adults of T. c. accerra, E. tristigmus, and E. ictericus were found in peanuts, these 3 stink bug species probably were not developing on this crop. Adult stink bugs were parasitized by the tachinid parasitoids Trichopoda pennipes (F.) and Cylindromyia spp. Stink bug eggs were parasitized by the scelionids, Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston), Trissolcus thyantae Ashmead, Trissolcus brochymenae (Ashmead), Telenomus podisi Ashmead, and Gryon obesum Masner, and an unknown encyrtid species. Geocoris punctipes (Say), Geocoris uliginosus (Say), Orius insidiosus (Say), Podisus maculiventris (Say), and Oxyopes salticus Hentz preyed on stink bugs in peanuts. Peanuts harbor populations of stink bugs and their natural enemies, and thus the role peanuts play in landscape ecology of stink bugs needs to be ascertained to better understand how to manage stink bug populations in landscapes in which peanuts are associated with other crops.
Evaluation and Molecular Characterization of Beauveria bassiana for the Control of the Glassy-winged Sharpshooter (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in California
Authors: Dara Surendra K. , McGuire Michael R. , Ulloa Mauricio , Kaya Harry K.
Published: September 2017

The glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata (Say), is an important pest on grapes, citrus, almonds and other commercial crops in California as it is a vector of Xylella fastidiosa Wells, a bacterium that causes Pierce's disease in grapes, citrus variegated chlorosis, almond leaf scorch and other plant diseases. Various entomopathogenic fungi isolated from natural infections of H. coagulata, its habitats and other insect hosts were evaluated against this insect vector. Based on these studies, 3 isolates of the hyphomycetous fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, were selected for further evaluation. Two of these were California isolates, one each from the three-cornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say), and soil from H. coagulata habitat, and the third was a Texas isolate from natural infections of H. coagulata. All three were similar in their virulence to H. coagulata under laboratory conditions. The genetic relatedness of the B. bassiana isolates also was compared using single sequence repeat (SSR) markers which showed genetic diversity of this species based on the source of the isolate. Some isolates were 4× more infectious than others demonstrating that virulence of B. bassiana is not necessarily associated with their genetic relatedness.
A Method for Measuring the Surface Features of the Firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) Compound Eye
Authors: Marshad H. Al , Corless A. , Copeland J. , Moiseff A.
Published: September 2017

An inexpensive miniature stage goniometer compatible with a conventional optical microscope was developed to study the size and distribution of ommatidia facets across the compound eye of fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). The goniometer device was used to take sequential overlapping images of the hemispherical surface along longitudinal great-circle arcs of each eye of Photinus carolinus firefly and Photuris sp. males and females. Images covering the entire eye required 7 great circle scans at increments of 26° rotation. Using the multiple images, we minimized distortions associated with imaging a spherical surface in 2 dimensions and measured surface features with an error of <1.5%. A polar plot provided a consistent display format to relate facet area with location on the surface of the eye. We tested the functionality of the goniometer on a small number of male and female fireflies. It enabled us to make accurate measurements of surface features and address whether there is sexual dimorphism in firefly eyes. Within our limited sample, our results indicated that male eyes were larger than female eyes. In both firefly species the difference between the two sexes in the eye surface area was found statistically significant (P< 0.0001, unpaired t-tests). Male and female eyes also exhibited regional variation in facet area. We hypothesize that the sexual dimorphism and regional variation of firefly eye reflect functional and behavioral capabilities.
A Modified F1 Screening Method for Detecting Resistance Gene Alleles to Bt Cotton in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Zhu Yu Cheng , Liu Fengyi , Xu Zhiping , Chang Juhua , Abel Craig A. , Shen Jinliang
Published: September 2017

Large-scale cultivation of Bt cotton places high selection pressure on target insects and, consequently, may prompt resistance evolution in pest populations. To better monitor Bt-resistance allele frequency in field populations, a modification of the F1 screen was developed to screen F1 progeny derived from single pair mating between field-collected males and laboratory resistant females (designated as F1 screen). This method was used to survey a field population of Heliocoverpa armigera (Hübner) for resistance alleles at the same loci in the resistant strain. After treatment of the F1 progeny derived from more than 260 single pair mating lines with Bt cotton, there was no clear separation of resistant genotypes from susceptible genotypes based on survival rates which demonstrated a linear distribution within a certain range. We further analyzed larval growth data of the F1 progeny and found a correlation between larval body weight and survival rate. The maximum correlation was obtained when F1 larval body weight reached ≥0.7 mg. To avoid underestimation, body weight ≥0.6 mg was used to initially separate potential positive lines (resistant genotype). After that, a corrected survival rate of >21.3% (the minimal theoretical rate of >25% for F0 males to carry sr and rr genotypes) was used as the criterion to examine F2 progeny derived from single sib-mating of F1 adults and to verify whether the potential positive lines carried resistant alleles.
Influence of Soil Type and Rainfall on Pupal Survival and Adult Emergence of the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Southern Florida
Authors: Sims Steven R.
Published: September 2017

Soil and rainfall influences on pupal survival and adult emergence of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), were studied in subtropical Florida. Increasing amounts of simulated rainfall, from 0–8 cm, significantly reduced adult emergence, whereas the effect of soil type (limestone and marl) was not significant in a greenhouse test. A field study evaluated the influence of soil type under natural conditions of temperature and rainfall over a 14-month period. Experiment date, soil type, and the date x soil interaction significantly affected adult emergence. Adult emergence was significantly greater in marl soil than limestone soil on 5 of 8 dates. These data indicate that soil type and environmental factors, such as precipitation and temperature, are likely involved in affecting pupal survival and adult emergence of the fall armyworm in southern Florida.
Additional Records of the Distribution and Occurrence of Carabid Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Turkey
Authors: Avgin Sakine Serap , Özdikmen Hüseyin
Published: September 2017

Forty-nine species/subspecies of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) were identified from specimens previously collected from several locations in Turkey. The identified specimens represented the subfamilies Carabinae (Tribe Carabini), Nebriinae (Tribe Notiophilini), Trechinae (Tribe Bembidiini), Pterostichinae (Tribes Agonini, Pterostichini, Zabrini), Harpalinae (Tribe Harpalini), Callistinae (Tribes Licinini, Callistini), Lebiinae (Tribe Lebiini), and Brachininae (Tribe Brachinini). The majority (n = 20) of species/subspecies represented the subfamily Harpalinae. All species/subspecies identified had been previously reported from Turkey; however, the reported distribution of each was expanded into additional provinces with this study. The majority of the new records were from Niğde (n = 24) and Ankara (n = 15). Other new records were from Aksaray (5), Nevşehir (3), Sinop (2), Samsun (2), Rize (2), Afyon (1), Konya (1), and Kayseri (1). These data add to our knowledge of carabid distribution in Turkey.
Development of the Cursorial Spider, Cheiracanthium inclusum (Araneae: Miturgidae), on Eggs of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Pfannenstiel R. S.
Published: September 2017

Development of the cursorial spider, Cheiracanthium inclusum (Hentz) (Araneae: Miturgidae), from emergence to maturity on a diet of eggs of the lepidopteran pest Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was characterized. Cheiracanthium inclusum developed to adulthood with no mortality while feeding on a diet solely of H. zea eggs and water. The number of instars to adulthood varied from 4–5 for males and from 4–6 for females, although most males (84.6%) and females (66.7%) required 5 instars. Males and females took a similar time to become adults (54.2 ± 4.0 and 53.9 ± 2.0 days, respectively). Egg consumption was similar between males and females for the first 4 instars, but differed for the 5th instar and for the total number of eggs consumed to reach adulthood (651.0 ± 40.3 and 866.5 ± 51.4 eggs for males and females, respectively). Individual consumption rates suggest the potential for high impact of C. inclusum individuals on pest populations. Development was faster and survival greater than in previous studies of C. inclusum development.
Black Tea and Lignin as Ultraviolet Protectants for the Beet Armyworm Nucleopolyhedrovirus
Authors: El Salamouny S. , Shapiro M. , Ling K. S. , Shepard B. M.
Published: September 2017

A major constraint to the use of baculoviruses for biocontrol of insects is their sensitivity to UV degradation. In this study, we evaluated black tea (Lipton®, London, UK) and lignin (Reax 85A™, MeadWestvaco, Charleston, SC) as potential UV protectants for beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) multiple-embedded nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV). The original activity remaining (OAR%) from SeMNPV upon exposure to various lengths of time (up to 5 h) to a source of UVA and UVB was evaluated in bioassays using beet armyworm third-stage larvae under laboratory conditions. Beet armyworm mortality was measured after larvae fed on artificial diet treated with SeMNPV. Mortality of beet armyworm due to SeMNPV, with no UV protectants added, was reduced to 23, 11.3 and 2.1% upon UV exposure for 15, 30 or 60 min, respectively. To investigate the mechanism of reduction in the efficacy of SeMNPV when exposed to UV was due to the degradation of full-length viral genomic DNA, a modified DNA isolation technique was developed to measure levels of the full length viral genomic DNA of SeMNPV through electrophoresis on an agarose gel. The efficacy of SeMNPV on beet armyworm was lost after 2 h of UV exposure, and the full-length genomic DNA also was degraded to levels that were not visible on agarose gel. However, both black tea and lignin provided nearly 100% UV protection for SeMNPV as measured in bioassays even after 5 h of UV irradiation. SeMNPV efficacy against beet armyworm in samples containing black tea or lignin resulted in no significant visual reduction of the full length viral genomic DNA. To investigate the mechanism of UV protection for SeMNPV from black tea and lignin, absorption spectra of both protectants were measured with a spectrophotometer. High rate of absorption in the UV range, especially at the range of UVB (280–320nm), was detected for both materials. The absorption rate was higher with lignin than with black tea. Whereas lignin was a good absorber for both UVB and UVA radiation, black tea was primarily an absorber of UVB. Therefore, both black tea and lignin are potential natural UV protectants in the formulation of baculovirus-based biopesticides.
Comparison of the Male and Female Genitalia of Mecidea major and M. minor (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae: Mecideini)
Authors: McPherson J. E. , Ahmad Imtiaz , Bundy C. Scott
Published: September 2017

The male genitalia, including the pygophore, parameres, and inflated aedeagus, and the female terminalia, are compared between Mecidea major Sailer and M. minor Ruckes (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). These structures are markedly different between these species, particularly the inflated aedeagus. In M. major, the penial lobes tof the aedeagus diverge in the basal 1/3, converge distally, with each lobe subquadrate apically. In M. minor, the penial lobes diverge midway to the apex, weakly converge distally, with each lobe rounded apically. We suggest the same 3 structures should be examined in the remaining 15 species of Mecidea to determine if the taxonomic status of each of these species is supported by the results.
Evaluation of Microbial Products for the Control of the Mushroom Phorid Fly, Megaselia halterata (Wood)
Authors: Erler Fedai , Polat Ersin , Demir Halil , Cetin Huseyin , Erdemir Tugba
Published: September 2017

Over the last decade, mushroom production has become one of the most actively developing fields of agriculture in Turkey. About 45% of the total mushroom production and >50% of the total compost production occurs in the Antalya-Korkuteli district (southwestern Turkey). Major insect pests of mushroom production are cecidomyiid, sciarid and phorid flies with Megaselia halterata (Wood) (Diptera: Phoridae) being the most common species in the district. In the present study, two commercial microbial products [a bacterial larvicide, Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis Berliner (Bti) commercially available as Gnatrol® (Valent USA Corp., Walnut Creek, CA), and an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) Wouts, Mracek, Gerdin & Bedding commercially available as Entonem® (Koppert Biological Systems, The Netherlands)] and spinosad, a biologically-derived insecticide that is commercially available as Laser® (Dow AgroSciences, Zionsville Road, IN), were evaluated for control of M. halterata in 3 successive mushroom-growing periods. These products were compared with a control treated with water and a conventional chemical insecticide control (chlorpyrifos-ethyl). Treatments were targeted at larvae as soil drenches; treatment efficacy was evaluated by assessing adult emergence and larval damage. Treatments with the microbial products had significantly lower numbers of emerging adults than those observed in water-treated control. There were no significant differences in adult emergence among the 3 microbial products and the chlorpyrifos-ethyl control over the 3 growing periods. Each of the microbial products reduced the incidence of fruit damage by the larvae and resulted in significantly lower damage rates when compared with the watertreated control. These results suggest that these microbial products can be used as alternatives to conventional chemicals in controlling M. halterata on mushroom.
Effects of Experience on Subsequent Feeding or Oviposition Preference in Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) and Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Wang Zheng-Yan , Mo Jian-Chu
Published: September 2017

Objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of larval experience on feeding preference of larvae and the effect of larval and pupal experience on oviposition preference of females in Musca domestica L. and Chrysomya megacephala F. Dietary experience from hatch to test significantly influenced feeding preference of the second-instar larvae in M. domestica (P < 0.01), but did not in C. megacephala. The larval dietary and pupal experience did not change the oviposition preference of C. megacephala, and experienced gravid females laid all of their eggs on pork muscle. Larval feeding regimen had no effect on oviposition preference of subsequent females in M. domestica. However, the pupal experience in M. domestica significantly influenced the oviposition preference of subsequent females, and M. domestica females from pupae matured on wheat bran laid significantly more eggs on wheat bran than those that matured on pork muscle, or filter paper whether pupae were washed or not (P < 0.01). These results demonstrated that host-selection behavior in M. domestica was shaped by preimaginal experience according to the chemical legacy hypothesis.
A Small-Bolt Method for Screening Tree Protectants Against Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Strom B. L. , Roton L. M.
Published: September 2017

A simple, small-bolt method was developed and refined for evaluating and screening treatments being considered as prophylactics against bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Using this method, 4 insecticide products (3 active ingredients) were evaluated against the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, intermittently during a period spanning 1 day to 9 months postapplication. Permethrin (Astro®) showed the best residual effectiveness as determined by the small-bolt assay, followed by bifenthrin (Onyx®) and carbaryl (Ferti-Lome® and Sevin XLR Plus®). Bifenthrin has been reported as effective in field tests with D. frontalis and carbaryl as ineffective, lending credence to the small-bolt method. Results with permethrin suggest that a more extensive evaluation may be warranted for this active ingredient. The method as developed provides a useful and efficient tool for Identifying preventive treat-ments that are unlikely to be effective against D. frontalis. Its use for screening ineffective products would limit expensive and time-consuming field evaluations to treatments that show significant promise. With additional refinement, the small-bolt assay may provide most of the benefits of more costly testing methods while offering sufficient flexibility for comparing prophylactic treatments that rely on different modes of action.
Distribution Records for Harpalinae (Coleoptera: Carabidae) With Two New Records in Turkey
Authors: Avgın Sakine Serap , Nodmar Owe
Published: September 2017

The geographic distribution of 120 species/subspecies representing 35 genera of the carabid subfamily Harpalinae (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Turkey was determined by examining and cataloging specimens collected in various areas of the country. Some of these species/subspecies are new records of distribution in several Turkish provinces. Calathus (Neocalathus) leptodactylus Putzeys, 1873 and Pterostichus (Argutor) leonisi Apfelbeck, 1904 are recorded for the first time as occurring in Turkey. Previously published records from Turkey, geographical distribution and chorotype information are provided for each species.
Modificação No Controle Do Lado Da Rede De Geradores Eólicos Baseados Em Pmsg Para Ampliar A Suportabilidade A Afundamentos De Tensão
Authors: Sales Barros Luciano , Mara Vital Barros Camila
Published: September 2017

Devido à crescente participação da energia eólica nas redes elétricas, códigos de rede de muitos países requerem que sistemas de conversão de energia eólica permaneçam conectados durante afundamentos de tensão, entregando potência e participando do controle dos níveis de tensão da rede. Para turbinas eólicas baseadas no gerador síncrono de ímã permanente, a estratégia mais utilizada para satisfazer esse procedimento é o controle das potências ativa e reativa entregues à rede em conjunto com o braking chopper, em que o controle de potência é do tipo proporcional-integral. Neste trabalho, propõe-se a utilização desta estratégia com uma modificação na malha de controle da potência ativa, visando a ampliação da suportabilidade a afundamentos de tensão. Testes da modificação proposta são realizados a partir da modelagem e simulação no Matlab/Simulink de um sistema de conversão de energia eólica conectado a um alimentador de distribuição.
Análise De Estruturas Inversoras Não Isoladas Monofásicas Para Geração Distribuída Fotovoltaica
Authors: Gutierrez Alves Marcos , Aureliano Gomes de Brito Moacyr , Alberto Canesin Carlos
Published: September 2017

Este artigo apresenta comparações entre estruturas monofásicas a duplo estágio não isoladas, para aplicações em geração distribuída fotovoltaica (GD-FV), em conexão à rede de distribuição em baixa tensão. Considerando aplicação para GD-FV observou-se vantagens significativas para conversores com características naturais de fonte de corrente para a entrada, fato que reduz a capacitância de desacoplamento do sistema FV. Resultados de simulação, análises qualitativas e resultados experimentais de umaaplicação são discutidos para confirmar a viabilidade da proposta. O protótipo desenvolvido é controlado digitalmente via DSC (Digital Signal Controller), incluindo o algoritmo de MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) P&O (Perturb and Observe) e está de acordo com a norma NBR-IEC 62116:2012, incluindo as proteções de ilhamento.
Desenvolvimento De Um Conversor CC-CC Boost-Forward Integrado Para Aplicações Com Elevado Ganho De Tensão
Authors: Cezar Giacomini Julian , Fernando Soardi Costa Pablo , Manuel Santos Spencer Andrade António , Schuch Luciano , Lúcio da Silva Martins Mário
Published: September 2017

Este artigo propõe uma topologia de conversor CC-CC integrado para aplicações que exigem elevado ganho de tensão. A topologia integra os conversores Boost e Forward com um único interruptor ativo. Como principais características da topologia proposta destacam-se: elevado ganho de tensão, reduzidos esforços de tensão nos semicondutores e a capacidade de operação com elevados valores de razão cíclica sem comprometer a desmagnetização do transformador. Uma análise da topologia e de suas etapas de operação é apresentada de modo a obter as equações de projeto. As vantagens do conversor proposto são evidenciadas a partir de uma comparação teórica com os conversores CC-CC Boost e Forward clássicos e com conversores integrados similares. Por fim, resultados experimentais demonstram o desempenho do conversor proposto.
Reflexões sobre a ação pedagógica no desenvolvimento da modelagem matemática
Authors: Mendonça Luzinete Oliveira , Lopes Celi Espasandin
Published: September 2017

Este trabalho buscou ampliar compreensões acerca da ação pedagógica em ambientes de aprendizagem na perspectiva de modelagem matemática. Para isso, realizou-se uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa. Tomaram-se, como objeto de análise, as ações e os diálogos realizados em um contexto específico de ensino e aprendizagem entre uma professora e seus alunos de uma turma de quinto ano de uma escola municipal. A pesquisa possibilitou observar que, no desenvolvimento da tarefa de modelagem, a intervenção pedagógica variou de acordo com as necessidades dos estudantes e os objetivos da atividade. Essa constatação leva à conclusão de que a mudança de atitude do docente no decorrer do processo é decorrente da natureza dinâmica da investigação na perspectiva da modelagem matemática, a qual exige diferentes graus de intervenções, de modo a contribuir para o desenvolvimento de conceitos, atitudes e raciocínios específicos, levando em conta a autonomia para a construção de conhecimentos pelos estudantes.
Representações na aprendizagem da derivada de uma função por alunos do ensino secundário
Authors: Viseu Floriano
Published: September 2017

Este estudo tem como objetivo averiguar o contributo das representações na aprendizagem da derivada de uma função de alunos do 11.º ano. Adotando uma abordagem qualitativa e interpretativa, recolheram-se os dados através das resoluções de tarefas realizadas pelos alunos. Os resultados apontam que, apesar da tendência para a representação algébrica, as representações numérica, tabelar e gráfica também foram usadas. A representação numérica e a algébrica foram usadas essencialmente para determinar a imagem de um dado objeto, em particular, no caso de extremos relativos. A representação gráfica foi utilizada no estudo comparativo da função com a sua função derivada ou sempre que os alunos pretendiam uma imagem global do comportamento da função. A representação tabelar foi usada essencialmente para estudar a monotonia e os extremos relativos de uma função, e, em alguns casos, na conversão entre a representação algébrica e gráfica.
Editorial
Authors: Fiorentini Dario , Dassie Bruno Alves
Published: September 2017

Este é o segundo número do volume 25 da revista Zetetiké, relativo ao ano de 2017. Publicamos oito (8) artigos que foram produzidos por 10 autores brasileiros e um de Portugal. Iniciamos com três artigos sobre história da educação matemática e seguimos com dois sobre representações, um sobre práticas de ensinar e aprender estatística em sala de aula na perspectiva da modelagem e, por fim, outros dois trabalhos sobre formação de professores que ensinam matemática.