bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inference of magnetic field strength and density from damped transverse coronal waves
Authors: Arregui I. , Montes-Solís M. , Asensio Ramos A.
Published: March 2019

A classic application of coronal seismology uses transverse oscillations of waveguides to obtain estimates of the magnetic field strength. The procedure requires information on the density of the structures. Often it ignores the damping of the oscillations. We computed marginal posteriors for parameters such as the waveguide density, the density contrast, the transverse inhomogeneity length scale, and the magnetic field strength under the assumption that the oscillations can be modelled as standing magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) kink modes damped by resonant absorption. Our results show that the magnetic field strength can be properly inferred, even if the densities inside and outside the structure are largely unknown. Incorporating observational estimates of plasma density further constrains the obtained posteriors. The amount of information that is included a priori for the density and the density contrast influences their corresponding posteriors, but very little the inferred magnetic field strength. The decision to include or leave out the information on the damping and the damping timescales has a minimal impact on the obtained magnetic field strength. In contrast to the classic method, which provides numerical estimates with error bars or possible ranges of variation for the magnetic field strength, Bayesian methods offer the full distribution of plausibility over the considered range of possible values. The methods applied to available datasets of observed transverse loop oscillations can be extended to prominence fine structures or chromospheric spicules, and implemented to propagating waves in addition to standing oscillations.
The habitability of stagnant-lid Earths around dwarf stars
Authors: Godolt Mareike , Tosi Nicola , Stracke Barbara , Grenfell John Lee , Ruedas Thomas , Spohn Tilman , Rauer Heike
Published: March 2019

Context. The habitability of a planet depends on various factors, such as the delivery of water during its formation, the co-evolution of the interior and the atmosphere, and the stellar irradiation which changes in time.

Aims. Since an unknown number of rocky extrasolar planets may operate in a one-plate convective regime, i.e. without plate tectonics, our aim is to understand the conditions under which planets in such a stagnant-lid regime may support habitable surface conditions. Understanding the interaction of the planetary interior and outgassing of volatiles in combination with the evolution of the host star is crucial to determining the potential habitability. M-dwarf stars in particular possess a high-luminosity pre-main sequence phase that endangers the habitability of planets around them via water loss. We therefore explore the potential of secondary outgassing from the planetary interior to rebuild a water reservoir allowing for habitability at a later stage.

Methods. We compute the boundaries of the habitable zone around M-, K-, G-, and F-dwarf stars using a 1D cloud-free radiative-convective climate model accounting for the outgassing history of CO2 and H2O from an interior evolution and outgassing model for different interior compositions and stellar luminosity evolutions.

Results. The outer edge of the habitable zone strongly depends on the amount of CO2 outgassed from the interior, while the inner edge is mainly determined via the stellar irradiation, as soon as a sufficiently large water reservoir has been outgassed. A build-up of a secondary surface and atmospheric water reservoir for planets around M-dwarf stars is possible even after severe water loss during the high-luminosity pre-main sequence phase as long as some water has been retained within the mantle. For small mantle water reservoirs, between 62 and 125 ppm, a time delay in outgassing from the interior permits such a secondary water reservoir build-up especially for early and mid-M dwarfs because their pre-main sequence lifetimes are shorter than the outgassing timescale.

Conclusions. We show that Earth-like stagnant-lid planets allow for habitable surface conditions within a continuous habitable zone that is dependent on interior composition. Secondary outgassing from the interior may allow for habitability of planets around M-dwarf stars after severe water loss during the high-luminosity pre-main sequence phase by rebuilding a surface water reservoir.
Potential magnetic field calculator for solar physics applications using staggered grids
Authors: Boocock Callum M. , Tsiklauri David
Published: March 2019

A program has been designed to generate accurately a potential magnetic field on a staggered grid by extrapolating the magnetic field normal to the photospheric surface. The code first calculates a magnetic potential using the Green’s function method and then uses a finite differencing scheme to calculate the magnetic field from the potential. A new finite differencing formula was derived which accounts for grid staggering; it is shown that this formula gives a numerical approximation that is closest to the real potential field. It is also shown that extending the region over which normal photospheric field is specified can improve the accuracy of the potential field produced. The program is a FORTRAN 90 code that can be used to generate potential magnetic field inputs for Lare3d and other MHD solvers that use a staggered grid for magnetic field components. The program can be parallelised to run quickly over multiple computing cores. The code and supporting description are provided in the appendices.
Two cold belts in the debris disk around the G-type star NZ Lupi
Authors: Boccaletti A. , Thébault P. , Pawellek N. , Lagrange A.-M. , Galicher R. , Desidera S. , Milli J. , Kral Q. , Bonnefoy M. , Augereau J.-C. , Maire A. L. , Henning T. , Beust H. , Rodet L. , Avenhaus H. , Bhowmik T. , Bonavita M. , Chauvin G. , Cheetham A. , Cudel M. , Feldt M. , Gratton R. , Hagelberg J. , Janin-Potiron P. , Langlois M. , Menard F. , Mesa D. , Meyer M. , Peretti S. , Perrot C. , Schmidt T. , Sissa E. , Vigan A. , Rickman E. , Magnard Y. , Maurel D. , Moeller-Nilsson O. , Perret D. , Sauvage J.-F.
Published: March 2019

Context. Planetary systems hold the imprint of the formation and of the evolution of planets especially at young ages, and in particular at the stage when the gas has dissipated leaving mostly secondary dust grains. The dynamical perturbation of planets in the dust distribution can be revealed with high-contrast imaging in a variety of structures.

Aims. SPHERE, the high-contrast imaging device installed at the VLT, was designed to search for young giant planets in long period, but is also able to resolve fine details of planetary systems at the scale of astronomical units in the scattered-light regime. As a young and nearby star, NZ Lup was observed in the course of the SPHERE survey. A debris disk had been formerly identified with HST/NICMOS.

Methods. We observed this system in the near-infrared with the camera in narrow and broad band filters and with the integral field spectrograph. High contrasts are achieved by the mean of pupil tracking combined with angular differential imaging algorithms.

Results. The high angular resolution provided by SPHERE allows us to reveal a new feature in the disk which is interpreted as a superimposition of two belts of planetesimals located at stellocentric distances of ~85 and ~115 au, and with a mutual inclination of about 5°. Despite the very high inclination of the disk with respect to the line of sight, we conclude that the presence of a gap, that is, a void in the dust distribution between the belts, is likely.

Conclusions. We discuss the implication of the existence of two belts and their relative inclination with respect to the presence of planets.
Relaxation and simulation of a barotropic three-phase flow model
Authors: Boukili Hamza , Hérard Jean-Marc
Published: March 2019

We focus here on a three-phase flow model in order to represent complex flows involving liquid metal droplets, liquid water, and its vapour. The governing equations and its main properties are given, and focus is given on the pressure–velocity relaxation process on the one hand, and on the structure of solutions of the one-dimensional Riemann problem associated with pure convective effects. A fractional step method that computes successively the convective part and the relaxation effects is used to obtain approximate solutions on unstructured meshes. Details of algorithms are provided, and it is shown that the numerical method preserves positive values of statistical fractions and partial masses. Verification and validation test cases are presented, and some perspectives are eventually drawn.
Evolution of cancer cell populations under cytotoxic therapy and treatment optimisation: insight from a phenotype-structured model
Authors: Almeida Luís , Bagnerini Patrizia , Fabrini Giulia , Hughes Barry D. , Lorenzi Tommaso
Published: March 2019

We consider a phenotype-structured model of evolutionary dynamics in a population of cancer cells exposed to the action of a cytotoxic drug. The model consists of a nonlocal parabolic equation governing the evolution of the cell population density function. We develop a novel method for constructing exact solutions to the model equation, which allows for a systematic investigation of the way in which the size and the phenotypic composition of the cell population change in response to variations of the drug dose and other evolutionary parameters. Moreover, we address numerical optimal control for a calibrated version of the model based on biological data from the existing literature, in order to identify the drug delivery schedule that makes it possible to minimise either the population size at the end of the treatment or the average population size during the course of treatment. The results obtained challenge the notion that traditional high-dose therapy represents a “one-fits-all solution” in anticancer therapy by showing that the continuous administration of a relatively low dose of the cytotoxic drug performs more closely to i.e. the optimal dosing regimen to minimise the average size of the cancer cell population during the course of treatment.
A saturation property for the spectral-Galerkin approximation of a Dirichlet problem in a square
Authors: Canuto Claudio , Nochetto Ricardo H. , Stevenson Rob P. , Verani Marco
Published: March 2019

Both practice and analysis of p-FEMs and adaptive hp-FEMs raise the question what increment in the current polynomial degree p guarantees a p-independent reduction of the Galerkin error. We answer this question for the p-FEM in the simplified context of homogeneous Dirichlet problems for the Poisson equation in the two dimensional unit square with polynomial data of degree p. We show that an increment proportional to p yields a p-robust error reduction and provide computational evidence that a constant increment does not.
Classe 2 ou classe 3 molaire : comment établir une occlusion fonctionnelle ?
Authors: Orthlieb J.-D. , Manière-Ezvan A.
Published: March 2019

Le traitement orthodontique visant l’établissement d’une classe 2 ou d’une classe 3 thérapeutique peut être une solution économe aboutissant à une situation fonctionnelle satisfaisante moyennant quelques ajustements mineurs mais nécessaires.

Il est absolument indispensable de bien comprendre la différence entre classe 2 totale et classe 2 partielle, ou classe 3 totale ou partielle. La classe partielle est à corriger, alors qu’il faut de très bonnes raisons pour corriger la classe 2 totale, ou la classe 3, et finir en classe 1, jamais en relation cuspide-cuspide (classe partielle). En classe 2 totale ou en classe 3 totale thérapeutiques, il est possible d’obtenir un calage satisfaisant moyennant des aménagements mineurs de position (inclinaison, rotation) ou de forme (soustraction, addition). Ces corrections nécessitent un examen attentif des moulages, parfois une simulation par set-up/wax-up.
Influence de l’avulsion de prémolaires d’indication orthodontiques sur l’évolution des troisièmes molaires : une revue systématique de littérature
Authors: Fau V. , Brezulier D. , Sorel O.
Published: March 2019

Introduction : Le pronostic de l’éruption des troisièmes molaires est un élément pouvant influencer la décision lorsque l’indication de l’avulsion de prémolaires est discutée dans un plan de traitement orthodontique. L’objectif de cette revue systématique de la littérature est d’évaluer l’influence que peuvent avoir ces avulsions sur l’évolution des troisièmes molaires maxillaires et mandibulaires.

Matériel et méthode : La revue a été entreprise à partir des bases de données Pubmed et Web of Sciences afin d’identifier les études de meilleure qualité disponibles comparant l’évolution des troisièmes molaires entre un groupe avec extractions de prémolaires et un groupe avec traitement sans extraction.

Résultats : Onze études de cohortes comparatives rétrospectives répondaient à l’ensemble des critères d’inclusion. Les 5 études comparant le taux d’éruption des troisièmes molaires retrouvaient des résultats significativement supérieurs dans le groupe avec extractions. Les 5 études comparant l’évolution de l’espace rétro-molaire retrouvaient des résultats significativement supérieurs dans le groupe avec extractions. Enfin, concernant le redressement de l’axe de la troisième molaire au cours du traitement, seules 2 études retrouvaient des différences significatives entre les 2 groupes, à chaque fois en faveur du groupe avec extractions.

Conclusion : La littérature actuelle sur le sujet étudié repose sur des études rétrospectives de qualité moyenne. L’avulsion des prémolaires améliore significativement les chances d’éruption des troisièmes molaires mais le niveau de preuve des études de cohortes comparatives rétrospectives est faible. Des études prospectives avec des protocoles standardisés et des méthodologies plus détaillées sont requises pour obtenir des niveaux de preuve supérieurs.
Retailer’s decision selection with dual supply uncertainties under different reliability levels of serving the market
Authors: Liu Zhibing , Xu Geni , Zhou Chi , Chen Huiru
Published: March 2019

The main reason why supply uncertainty reduces supply chain performance is that it is difficult to estimate whether uncertain supply matches demand. Seldom do papers study retailers’ decision-selection problems according to the reliability of uncertain supply in satisfying demand. This paper considers the optimal decision selection of a retailer working with a main supplier facing supply uncertainty and a backup supplier whose yield is infinite or uncertain. The retailer can enforce demand management by adjusting prices, seeking the backup supplier to make up for the lack of products or mixing the two decisions. We provide the definition called the reliability level of serving the market (RLSM) to characterize the reliability of uncertain supply in satisfying market demand. Under different RLSMs, the participants maximize their profits based on a confidence level in three scenarios: benchmark, infinite backup supply and uncertain backup supply. Whether the main supplier determines the wholesale price or not, we find that in the benchmark, the retailer orders from the main supplier if the RLSM is low; otherwise, the retailer gives up purchasing the product. In the latter two scenarios, our results show that the particular order strategy chosen by the retailer depends on the values of the RLSM and that the retailer’s order quantity follows threshold rules. It is interesting that for different RLSMs, the retailer chooses either a price adjustment strategy, a backup supply strategy or neither of them but does not choose the mixed one, which is counterintuitive. We also derive the particular scenario that is good for the retailer by comparing the results in the three scenarios. Finally, a proper RLSM is suggested for the retailer to balance the reliability of serving the market and her profit.
Posttraumatic Bilateral Basal Ganglia Infarct in Pediatric Age—Clinical and Therapeutic Management: A Rare Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Varshney Tarun , Sharma Vinod , Sharma Achal
Published: March 2019

Ischemic stroke of basal ganglia after head trauma is rare in children younger than 18 months and accounts for less than 2% of all ischemic strokes in childhood. The clinical history of these lesions is particularly favorable because they are usually small and facial-brachial-crural hemiparesis is typical of this pathology that regresses over a period of time. The most effective therapeutic approach appears to be a conservative one, although the best treatment regimen is still not well defined. It is necessary to exclude conditions such as heart disease, coagulopathies, and acute traumatic arterial dissections. The authors present a rare case of bilateral basal ganglia infarct in an 18-month-old child following head trauma managed conservatively with good recovery.
Update on Imaging of Spinal Fixation Hardware
Authors: Winegar Blair , Kay Matthew , Chadaz Tyson , Taljanovic Mihra , Hood Kenneth , Hunter Tim
Published: March 2019

This article discusses instrumented spinal surgeries, the radiologic assessment of spinal fixation hardware, and the potential complications of spinal hardware. Radiography is the standard for the postoperative assessment of spinal hardware. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging play a valuable role in the detection of hardware and postsurgical-related complications such as infection, pseudarthrosis, and malpositioned instrumentation. Familiarity with the normal imaging appearance of implanted spinal hardware along with the expected progression of normal postoperative osseous arthrodesis enables recognition of potential complications and helps facilitate appropriate clinical management.
Surgical Approach of Cauda Equina Syndrome Secondary to L5 Lumbar Solitary Bone Plasmocytoma with Partial Resection and Lumbopelvic Fixation
Authors: Muñoz-Montoya Juan , Vargas-Valdez Maria , Perez-Cataño Carlos , Ramirez-Ferrer Esteban , Arrieta-Maria Victor
Published: March 2019

The solitary bone plasmacytoma is an uncommon cause of chronic lumbar pain. It belongs to a tumor group of plasmatic cells that usually disturbs the axial skeleton and can progress to multiple myeloma. The treatment of choice is radiotherapy; however, surgical management can also be done. Regardless of the no reliable data and little evidence, it is clear that the intervention is based on the classification systems of Enneking and Weinstein–Boriani–Biagini. This article will show a 66-year-old female patient with lumbar pain of 1 month with B symptoms. A solitary bone plasmacytoma diagnosis was made with pathology confirmation. A surgical procedure with improvement of symptoms was achieved, with 2 years of follow-up without relapse.
Simultaneous Cervical and Lumbar Spine Surgery: Retrospective Analysis of 45 Cases
Authors: Aiwale Amit , Patel Pankajkumar , Paspala Syed , Murthy T.
Published: March 2019

Background The term ‘tandem spinal stenosis’ (TSS) was first introduced by Dagi et al to describe concurrent symptomatic cervical and lumbar spinal stenosis. A typical clinical picture includes intermittent neurogenic claudication, myelopathy, and polyradiculopathy in both the upper and lower extremities. The incidence of TSS ranges from 0.12 to 28%.

Methods We studied patients who presented with tandem canal stenosis and operated cervicolumbar decompression with or without fusion procedures by two separate neurosurgical teams simultaneously from June 2015 to 2017 with follow-up period of minimum 6 months.

Results We had 30 (66.66%) male and 15 (33.33%) female patients who underwent simultaneous cervical and lumbar spine surgeries. The average age was 57.8 years (male) and 53.9 years (female). Cervical canal stenosis was graded as per magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) morphological grades of stenosis by Kang et al and lumbar grading, was done as per Schizas et al grading system. The mean duration of complaints in cervical and lumbar compression was 29.54 ± 44.99 months and 30.55 ± 38.11 months, respectively. The mean preoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score of was 10.46 ± 1.39, whereas the postoperative mean JOA score was 11.93 ± 1.28, and mean preoperative (38.59 ± 16.52) and postoperative (29.22 ± 9.38) Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0001).

Conclusion Patients with TSS are elderly and have associated comorbidities, still simultaneous cervical and lumbar surgery is feasible with the good outcome if you have two neurosurgical teams operating simultaneously and having good other super specialty teams’ support. It can be timesaving and cost effective for patients. Also, it avoids patients from undergoing exposure to two separate surgical and anesthetic stress.
Radiologic Evaluation of Lower Leg, Ankle, and Foot Fracture Fixation Hardware
Authors: Mar Winnie , Schilling J. , Lomasney Laurie , Chen Eric , Taljanovic Mihra , Lowe Jason
Published: March 2019

Radiologists should be familiar with basic principles of fracture fixation and the normal imaging appearances of implant constructs and their complications. The surgeon's selection of external fixation, intramedullary nail fixation, open reduction and internal fixation, or some combination depends on patient factors, fracture configuration, injury to the soft tissue envelope, and surgeon experience. Complications including loss of fixation with resultant malalignment, nonunion, infection, and posttraumatic osteoarthritis present additional challenges for the surgeon as well as the radiologist. This article reviews the rationale behind fracture fixation in fractures of the lower leg, ankle, and foot. Examples of postoperative complications are also reviewed.
An openEHR Approach to Detailed Clinical Model Development: Tobacco Smoking Summary Archetype as a Case Study
Authors: Wei Ping-Cheng , Atalag Koray , Day Karen
Published: March 2019

Background Data modeling for electronic health records (EHRs) is complex, requiring technological and cognitive sophistication. The openEHR approach leverages the tacit knowledge of domain experts made explicit in a model development process aiming at interoperability and data reuse.

Objective The purpose of our research was to explore the process that enabled the aggregation of the tacit knowledge of domain experts in an explicit form using the Clinical Knowledge Manager (CKM) platform and associated assets. The Tobacco Smoking Summary archetype is used to illustrate this.

Methods Three methods were used to triangulate findings: (1) observation of CKM discussions by crowdsourced domain experts in two reviews, (2) observation of editor discussions and decision-making, and (3) interviews with eight domain experts. CKM discussions were analyzed for content and editor discussions for decision-making, and interviews were thematically analyzed to explore in depth the explication of tacit knowledge.

Results The Detailed Clinical Model (DCM) process consists of a set of reviews by domain experts, with each review followed by editorial discussions and decision-making until an agreement is reached among reviewers and editors that the DCM is publishable. Interviews revealed three themes: (1) data interoperability and reusability, (2) accurate capture of patient data, and (3) challenges of sharing tacit knowledge.

Discussion The openEHR approach to developing an open standard revealed a complex set of conditions for a successful interoperable archetype, such as leadership, maximal dataset, crowdsourced domain expertise and tacit knowledge made explicit, editorial vision, and model-driven software. Aggregated tacit knowledge that is explicated into a DCM enables the ability to collect accurate data and plan for the future.

Conclusion The process based on the CKM platform enables domain experts and stakeholders to be heard and to contribute to mutually designed standards that align local protocols and agendas to international interoperability requirements.
Advanced Practice Professionals and an Outpatient Clinic: Improving Longitudinal Care in an Interventional Radiology Practice
Authors: Crum Elizabeth , Varma Manish
Published: March 2019

The field of interventional radiology (IR) has made tremendous advances in both scope and practice since its inception in the early 1960s. With these advances, it has solidified itself as a valuable subspecialty to the medical community and, most importantly, to the patients who receive IR care. Expanding clinical services to improve care in both the pre- and postprocedural setting is a logical step in IR maturation. The use of advanced practice professionals, in the form of physician assistants and nurse practitioners, can add value in both quality of the patient experience and exposure to other subspecialties. Furthermore, a dedicated outpatient clinic provides a centralized site to evaluate patients and communicate with referring services. These additions can be a challenging value proposition, particularly when working in a combined diagnostic radiology and IR practice, but given the benefits, these are well worth the time and monetary investments.
An Overview of Primary Dementias as Clinicopathological Entities
Authors: Salardini Arash
Published: March 2019

Dementia is a state of cognitive dysfunction which leads to functional decline. It is a syndrome caused by several medical and neurological causes, but most cases of dementia are due to “primary dementias.” Primary dementias are neurological diseases whose manifestations are predominantly cognitive. Most primary dementias are caused by neurodegenerative proteinopathies where an accumulation of misfolded proteins leads to neuronal loss, neuroinflammation and glial reaction. Each proteinopathy is characterized by the type of protein implicated in its pathophysiology. Neurodegenerative dementias include the most prevalent cause of dementia—Alzheimer's disease—as well as Lewy body dementia, Parkinson's disease dementia, frontotemporal dementias, and prion diseases. Vascular dementia, especially small vessel disease, though not a neurodegenerative condition, is often grouped together with primary dementias. Each type of proteinopathy, characterized by the location and nature of misfolded protein accumulation, may correspond to a particular clinical phenotype. The correspondence between pathologies and clinical phenotypes is not exclusive, and there is a large degree of overlap. Although in the research setting the clinicopathological construct is on the wane, in the clinic it is the most practical way of approaching primary dementias. In this article, we introduce the clinicopathological construct, the understanding of which will form the basis of the other articles in this volume.
A new global well-posedness for the damped Boussinesq equations
Authors: Zhang Nengqiu
Published: March 2019

In this paper, we obtain global well-posedness for the d dimensional damped Boussinesq equations by assuming some new conditions. This means that the temperature may be large enough, provided that ϵ is a small enough constant.
Indirect rule redux: the political economy of diamond mining and its relation to the Ebola outbreak in Kono District, Sierra Leone
Authors: Frankfurter Raphael , Kardas-Nelson Mara , Benton Adia , Barrie Mohamed Bailor , Dibba Yusupha , Farmer Paul , Richardson Eugene T.
Published: March 2019

This article explores the relationship between the 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak and the political economy of diamond mining in Kono District, Sierra Leone. The authors argue that foreign companies have recycled colonial strategies of indirect rule to facilitate the illicit flow of resources out of Sierra Leone. Drawing on field research conducted during the outbreak and in its aftermath, they show how this ‘indirect rule redux’ undermines democratic governance and the development of revenue-generation institutions. Finally, they consider the linkages between indirect rule and the Ebola outbreak, vis-à-vis the consequences of the region’s intentionally underdeveloped health care infrastructure and the scaffolding of outbreak containment onto the paramount chieftaincy system.
Impact of data analysis methods for maximal fat oxidation estimation during exercise in sedentary adults
Authors: Amaro‐Gahete Francisco J. , Sanchez‐Delgado Guillermo , Alcantara Juan M.A. , Martinez‐Tellez Borja , Acosta Francisco M. , Helge Jørn W. , Ruiz Jonatan R.
Published: March 2019

The maximal fat oxidation (MFO), and the exercise intensity that elicits MFO (Fatmax), are considered excellent markers of fat metabolism during exercise. Besides individual's biological characteristics (e.g. fed state, physical fitness level, sex, or age), data selection and analysis can affect MFO and Fatmax estimations, yet the effect is unknown. We investigated (i) the impact of using a pre‐defined time interval on MFO and Fatmax estimation, and (ii) the impact of applying 2 different data analysis approaches (measured‐values vs. polynomial‐curve) on MFO and Fatmax estimations in sedentary adults. A total of 151 (97 women) sedentary adults aged 29.2 ± 13.2 years old participated in the study. We assessed MFO and Fatmax through a walking graded exercise test using indirect calorimetry. We pre‐defined 13 different time intervals for data analysis, and the estimation of MFO and Fatmax were performed through the measured‐values and the polynomial‐curve data analysis approaches. There were significant differences in MFO across pre‐defined time intervals methods (P < 0.001) applying measured‐values data analysis approach, while no statistical differences were observed when using polynomial‐curve data analysis approach (P = 0.077). There were no differences in Fatmax across pre‐defined time intervals independently of the data analysis approach (P ≥ 0.7). We observed significant differences in MFO between measured‐values and the polynomial‐curve data analysis approaches across the time intervals methods selected (all P ≤ 0.05), and no differences were observed in Fatmax (all P ≥ 0.2). In conclusion, our results revealed that there are no differences in MFO and Fatmax across different time intervals methods selected using the polynomial‐curve data analysis approach. We observed significant differences in MFO between measured‐values vs. polynomial‐curve data analysis approaches in all the study time intervals, whereas no differences were detected in Fatmax. Therefore, the use of polynomial‐curve data analysis approach allows to compare MFO and Fatmax using different time intervals in sedentary adults.
Child Neglect in Namibia: Emerging Themes and Future Directions
Authors: Sharley Victoria , Ananias Janetta , Rees Alyson , Leonard Emmerita
Published: March 2019

This article initiates the conversation on the conceptualisation of child neglect in Namibia, reporting findings from a small study undertaken in 2017. The research is a collaboration between academics at the University of Namibia, Africa, University of Bristol and Cardiff University in the UK. The study is the first of its kind in Namibia, offering original knowledge about what constitutes neglect for children in the local context of child-rearing practice. Qualitative interviews with practitioners in schools and social-care organisations were undertaken in three of the fourteen political regions of Namibia. Interviews ascertained participants’ thoughts and understandings of child neglect at individual and community levels. Teenage pregnancy and substance misuse emerged as central to the conceptualisation of neglect within the local context, with a tension between Western and indigenous child-rearing practices. This article offers rich insights into the social construction of child neglect amongst indigenous communities in Namibia, identifying a need for knowledge gathering into broader aspects of child health and well-being within Namibia’s diverse indigenous peoples. The authors call for future co-produced research, which engages local communities and stakeholders in investigating this issue, to improve the health and well-being of Namibian children in congruence with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Hormonal control of seasonal color change in female spiny-footed lizards: an observational and experimental approach
Authors: Fresnillo Belén , Belliure Josabel , Gil Diego , Cuervo José J
Published: March 2019

Breeding coloration of females often signals aspects of their reproductive status, suggesting a link between color and sex steroid hormones. In this study, we examined the relationships between 2 sex steroid hormones (progesterone and β-estradiol) and reproductive coloration in female spiny-footed lizards Acanthodactylus erythrurus. We first explored natural variation in female plasma hormone levels and coloration during their reproductive cycle. β-estradiol was negatively related to brightness and positively related to red saturation, whereas progesterone was not significantly related to coloration. After identifying key relationships, plasma hormone concentrations were manipulated by creating 3 experimental female groups (β-estradiol-treated, progesterone-treated, and control), and the effects on coloration were monitored. β-estradiol-treated females, in which there was a rise in both β-estradiol and progesterone levels, lost their red coloration earlier than females in the other 2 experimental groups, whereas progesterone treatment had no significant effect on female coloration. Our results suggest that high levels of either β-estradiol alone or β-estradiol together with progesterone trigger the loss of red coloration in female spiny-footed lizards, and that progesterone alone does not affect coloration. We hypothesize that changes in female breeding color might be regulated by β-estradiol in species in which conspicuous coloration is displayed before ovulation, and by progesterone in species in which this color is displayed during gravidity.
Mucosal and Systemic Immune Profiles Differ During Early and Late Phases of the Disease in Patients With Active Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Mavroudis Georgios , Magnusson Maria K , Isaksson Stefan , Sundin Johanna , Simrén Magnus , Öhman Lena , Strid Hans
Published: March 2019

Background and Aims

Alterations in the immunopathogenesis in ulcerative colitis [UC] during the disease course have been proposed. We therefore aimed to determine mucosal and systemic immune profiles in individual patients at the time of diagnosis [early disease] and after 10 years [late disease].

Methods

Patients with UC provided serum and mucosal biopsies during a flare in early and in late disease. Serum samples were analysed using the Olink Proseek Inflammation panel. mRNA gene expression of biopsies was analysed using the Qiagen RT2 Profiler PCR Arrays Antibacterial response and T Helper Cell Differentiation.

Results

Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analyses [OPLS-DA] demonstrated that the profile of 15 serum proteins discriminated in early and late disease [R2 = 0.84, Q2 = 0.65] in 15 UC patients. Eight of these proteins were differently expressed between the groups [Q <0.05]. Further, OPLS-DA of the mRNA profiles in biopsies strongly discriminated early and late disease with high predictability [R2 = 0.96, Q2 = 0.89]; 42 genes were differently expressed at the two time points [Q <0.05]. Finally, principal component analysis showed that T helper [Th] 1- and Th2-related genes were associated with early disease and late disease, respectively, and hierarchical cluster analysis was able to cluster patients with early from late disease with only minor overlap.

Conclusions

Mucosal and systemic immune profiles differ between early and late disease in patients with active UC, with a transition from a Th1- to a Th2-driven disease in the intestine. Improved understanding of the variation in immunopathogenesis during the disease course in UC is important to guide individualised treatment decision making.
Timeliness of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnosis and Antiretroviral Treatment Initiation in the Era of Universal Testing and Treatment
Authors: Robertson McKaylee M , Braunstein Sarah L , Hoover Donald R , Li Sheng , Nash Denis
Published: March 2019

Background

We describe the timing of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis and antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiation after implementation of universal testing and treatment policies in New York City (NYC).

Methods

Using NYC population-based HIV registry data for persons with HIV diagnosed from 2012 through 2015 and followed up through June 2017, we examined trends in the proportion with diagnosis soon after HIV infection (ie, with CD4 cell count ≥500/μL or with acute HIV infection) and used Kaplan-Meier plots and proportional hazards regression to examine the timing of ART initiation after diagnosis.

Results

Among 9987 NYC residents with HIV diagnosed from 2012 to 2015, diagnosis was early in 35%, and 87% started ART by June 2017. The annual proportion of persons with early diagnosis did not increase appreciably (35% in 2012 vs 37% in 2015; P = .08). By 6 months after diagnosis, 62%, 67%, 72% and 77% of persons with HIV diagnosed in 2012, 2013, 2014, or 2015, respectively, had started ART, with median (interquartile range) times to ART initiation of 3.34 (1.34–12.75), 2.62 (1.28–10.13), 2.16 (1.15–7.11), and 2.03 (1.11–5.61) months, respectively.

Conclusions

Although recommendations for ART initiation on diagnosis are increasingly being implemented, the findings of the current study suggest that immediate treatment initiation is not universal. Continued efforts are needed to expand and better target HIV testing to promote earlier diagnosis.
Plasmodium falciparum (Haemosporodia: Plasmodiidae) and O’nyong-nyong Virus Development in a Transgenic Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) Strain
Authors: Mumford John D , Long Carole A , Weaver Scott C , Miura Katzutoyo , Wang Eryu , Rotenberry Rachel , Dotson Ellen M , Benedict Mark Q
Published: March 2019

Transgenic Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes have been developed that confer sexual sterility on males that carry a transgene encoding a protein which cuts ribosomal DNA. A relevant risk concern with transgenic mosquitoes is that their capacity to transmit known pathogens could be greater than the unmodified form. In this study, the ability to develop two human pathogens in these transgenic mosquitoes carrying a homing endonuclease which is expressed in the testes was compared with its nontransgenic siblings. Infections were performed with Plasmodium falciparum (Welch) and o’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) and the results between the transgenic and nontransgenic sibling females were compared. There was no difference observed with ONNV isolate SG650 in intrathoracic infections or the 50% oral infectious dose measured at 14 d postinfection or in mean body titers. Some significant differences were observed for leg titers at the medium and highest doses for those individuals in which virus titer could be detected. No consistent difference was observed between the transgenic and nontransgenic comparator females in their ability to develop P. falciparum NF54 strain parasites. This particular transgene caused no significant effect in the ability of mosquitoes to become infected by these two pathogens in this genetic background. These results are discussed in the context of risk to human health if these transgenic individuals were present in the environment.
Insights into BRCA Cancer Predisposition from Integrated Germline and Somatic Analyses in 7632 Cancers
Authors: Yost Shawn , Ruark Elise , Alexandrov Ludmil B , Rahman Nazneen
Published: March 2019

Background

It is often assumed any cancer in a germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 (collectively termed BRCA) mutation carrier was caused by that mutation. It is also often assumed the occurrence of breast or ovarian cancer in an individual with a variant of uncertain significance (VUS) suggests the VUS is pathogenic. These assumptions have profound management implications for cancer patients and healthy individuals.

Methods

We compared the frequency of BRCA mutations, allele loss, and Signature 3 in 7632 individuals with 28 cancers and 1000 population controls. Because only increased frequency was the focus of the study, all statistical tests were one-sided.

Results

Individuals with breast or ovarian cancer had increased germline BRCA pathogenic mutation frequencies compared to controls (P = 1.0x10−10 and P = 1.4x10−34, respectively). There was no increase in other cancer types. Wild-type allele loss and Signature 3 were statistically significantly higher in breast and ovarian cancers with BRCA mutations compared with other cancers with BRCA mutations (P = 5.1x10−10 and P = 3.7x10−9) and cancers without BRCA mutations (P = 2.8x10−53 and P = 1.0x10−134). There was no difference between non-breast and non-ovarian cancers with BRCA mutations and cancers without BRCA mutations. Allele loss and Signature 3 were statistically significantly higher in breast and ovarian cancers in individuals with BRCA pathogenic mutations compared to those with VUS (P = 3.8x10−17 and P = 1.6x10−8) or benign variants (P = 1.2x10−28 and P = 2.2x10−10). There was no difference between individuals with BRCA VUS and those with benign variants.

Conclusions

These data show that non-breast and non-ovarian cancers in individuals with germline BRCA pathogenic mutations are often not causally related to the mutation and that BRCA VUS are highly unlikely to be pathogenic. These results should reduce inappropriate management of germline BRCA information.
Hyaluronate gel injection for rectum dose reduction in gynecologic high-dose-rate brachytherapy: initial Japanese experience
Authors: Kashihara Tairo , Murakami Naoya , Tselis Nikolaos , Kobayashi Kazuma , Tsuchida Keisuke , Shima Satoshi , Masui Koji , Yoshida Ken , Takahashi Kana , Inaba Koji , Umezawa Rei , Igaki Hiroshi , Ito Yoshinori , Kato Tomoyasu , Uno Takashi , Itami Jun
Published: March 2019

Perirectal hyaluronate gel injection (HGI) appears to be a promising technique for healthy tissue dose sparing in pelvic radiotherapy. In this analysis, we report our initial experience of HGI in gynecologic brachytherapy, focusing on its safety and effectiveness for dose reduction to the rectum. Between July 2013 and May 2014, 36 patients received HGI for primary/salvage gynecologic brachytherapy. Dosimetric effect analysis was based on pre- and post-HGI computed tomography dataset registration with corresponding dose–volume histogram evaluation. The maximum dose to the most exposed 0.1 cm3 (D0.1cm3) and 2.0 cm3 (D2.0cm3) were used as index values for rectum and bladder dose evaluation. The dose indexes for target volume (TV) coverage were TV D90/V100. In all cases, HGI was well tolerated, with no acute or late adverse events documented at a median follow-up of 220 days (range, 18–1046 days). Rectum D2.0cm3 and D0.1cm3 were significantly decreased by HGI (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively), with no significant impact on dosimetric parameters of bladder and TV coverage. Factors correlating negatively with the dosimetric effect of HGI were an increasing number of interstitial catheters (P = 0.003) as well as Lcranial100% (P = 0.014) and Lcranial80% (P = 0.001) [i.e. the length from the anal verge to the most cranial point at which the 100% and 80% isodose lines, respectively, crossed the rectum]. The concept of HGI for gynecologic brachytherapy is plausible, and our initial experience indicates it to be an effective technique for rectal dose reduction in radiotherapy of intrapelvic tumours.
An Automated Method for Direct Antiglobulin Testing and the Resulting Amount of Phototherapy Used at a Large Academic Medical Center
Authors: Fei Fei , Marques Marisa B , Staley Elizabeth M , Williams Lance A
Published: March 2019

Objective

To evaluate how clinical practice was affected by the change in direct antiglobulin testing (DAT) methodologies and subsequent stronger reported DAT results at our large academic medical center.

Method

We retrospectively reviewed DAT results of umbilical cord blood from infants with blood type A or B born to mothers with antibody-negative type O blood, based on records kept at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Hospital, a 1400-bed academic medical center.

Results

We randomly chose 50 neonates with positive DAT results who had been tested using the tube method and 50 whose testing had used the gel method. Although 86% of results with the tube method were positive microscopically, 52% and 40% of the DAT results with the gel method were 1+ and 2+ positive, respectively. Further, we observed an increase in the number of neonates treated with phototherapy who had been tested using the gel method.

Conclusion

We report that DATs performed using the gel method had increased DAT strength compared with tube testing, which led to increased use of phototherapy by our clinical colleagues.
International Law and Economic Development
Authors: Seppänen Samuli
Published: March 2019

A large body of scholarship has emerged to examine specific aspects of the relationship between international law and economic development (although comprehensive treatments of this question are somewhat rare). This scholarship covers a diverse array of academic projects and subfields of international law, including international development law, international economic law, and international human rights law. A typical research topic in this field concerns the potential contribution of international investment protections to a country’s economic development (see Law and Economic Development and International Trade). Some scholars have examined this question, and the more general impact of international law on economic development, through the methods of economic theory (see International Law and Economic Theory). Others have focused on the constraints of international law on domestic policymaking, highlighting the specific concerns of developing countries (see Historical and Third World Approaches to International Law). Yet others have examined development policies and objectives, including economic goals, through international human rights law (see Human Rights and Economic Development). The role of international law in economic development is also discussed in area studies, in particular, with regard to China and other East Asian countries. These countries are commonly seen to have developed economically in spite of their selective compliance with international norms (see Area Studies).
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
Authors: de Brouwer Anne-Marie
Published: March 2019

The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR, Tribunal, or Rwanda Tribunal) was set up in 1994 by UN Security Council Resolution 955 to deal with the suspects of the crimes that had taken place during the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda. As one of the pioneer tribunals in international criminal law—together with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and its predecessors at Nuremberg and Tokyo—it had to pave the way in almost all aspects in the field of international criminal justice. In terms of Substantive Law, the ICTR had to interpret the crimes over which it had jurisdiction, namely Genocide, Crimes against Humanity, and War Crimes, and link these crimes to the suspects under the different modes of liability that can be found in its Statute (see the section on Substantive Law). In terms of procedural law, the ICTR had to deal with issues such as arrest and transfer, investigation and case selection, state cooperation, trial and appeal, evidence, rights of the accused and of victims, and sentencing (see Procedural Law). Twenty-one years after having been set up, the ICTR completed all pending cases and closed its doors in December 2015, having issued its last appeal judgment in the Nyiramasuhuko, et al. (Butare) case on 14 December 2015. A total of seventy-three people had been prosecuted before the ICTR, many of whom were political and military leaders. A number of questions can be raised in the aftermath of the Tribunal: What did the ICTR achieve in the field of international criminal law, peace and reconciliation; what challenges did it come across; and what lessons can be learned from all of this (see, in particular, Contributions of the ICTR)? All the above themes and questions, and the literature that goes with them, are addressed in this article.