bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stress From Daily Hassles in Couples: Its Effects on Intradyadic Stress, Relationship Satisfaction, and Physical and Psychological Well‐Being
Authors: Falconier Mariana K. , Nussbeck Fridtjof , Bodenmann Guy , Schneider Hulka , Bradbury Thomas
Published: May 2014

According to the systemic‐transactional stress model (STM; G. Bodenmann, European Review of Applied Psychology, 1997; 47: 137), extradyadic stress from daily hassles can have a negative impact on the individual psychological and physical health and the couple's relationship. This study is the first one to test theSTMpropositions in a model that includes both partners’ individual and relational outcomes simultaneously. The model also includes actor and partner effects as well as the interdependence between partners’ processes. Cross‐sectional, self‐report data were collected from 110 community couples in Switzerland. Consistent withSTMpredictions, results from the path model analysis indicate that for actor effects extradyadic stress from daily hassles relates directly to lower psychological (increase in anxiety symptoms) and physical well‐being and only indirectly to lower relationship satisfaction through increased intradyadic stress from relationship problems and also through more depressive symptomatology in men. The female extradyadic stress and intradyadic stress had partner effects on the male intradyadic stress and the male relationship satisfaction, respectively. Limitations as well as research and clinical implications for marriage and family therapists are discussed.
Multiple‐Family Group Intervention for Incarcerated Male Adolescents Who Sexually Offend and Their Families: Change in Maladaptive Emotion Regulation Predicts Adaptive Change in Adolescent Behaviors
Authors: Keiley Margaret K. , Zaremba‐Morgan Ali , Datubo‐Brown Christiana , Pyle Raven , Cox Milira
Published: May 2014

The multiple‐family group intervention is an effective, yet affordable, 8‐week treatment that is conducted in a juvenile correctional institution in Alabama with adolescents who sexually offend and their families. Data from 115 incarcerated male adolescents and their male and female caregivers collected at pre‐, post‐, and 1‐year follow‐up were used to determine that problem behaviors (internalizing, externalizing) decreased over pre‐ and posttest and the significant decreases in maladaptive emotion regulation predicted those changes. Adolescent‐reported anxiety over abandonment and attachment dependence on parents increased significantly; these changes were predicted by decreases in maladaptive emotion regulation. Linear growth models were also fit over the 3 time points and indicate decreases in adolescent problem behavior and maladaptive emotion regulation.
Profitability Goals, Control Goals, and the R&D Investment Decisions of Family and Nonfamily Firms
Authors: Kotlar Josip , Fang Hanqing , De Massis Alfredo , Frattini Federico
Published: May 2014

Research and development (R&D) investments can help build sustainable competitive advantages and improve firm performance. Nevertheless, managers also acknowledge the difficulties associated with managing R&D and the low chances of success of innovation programs. For this reason, researchers have long been interested in understanding how managers make R&D investment decisions. Research grounded in the behavioral theory of the firm suggests that a primary driver of R&D investment decisions is profitability: when profitability goals have not been met, managers are more likely to initiate a problemistic search through increasing R&D investments. While emphasizing profitability goals and their relationship with R&D investments, prior research largely downplays the role of goals beyond profitability that exist in a significant number of firms (family firms) that are owned and managed by family members whose primary concern is preserving their control over the organization. Research indicates that these family‐centered noneconomic goals lead family managers to minimize R&D investments and that the coexistence of multiple goals produces highly variable R&D investment behavior. Yet, how family‐centered goals for control and profitability enter decision‐making in family firms is not fully understood. In this study, we propose that family managers form distinctive reference points that capture supplier bargaining power and are used to evaluate the degree of external obstruction to their managerial control. The empirical analysis of panel data on 431 private Spanish manufacturing firms observed over the period 2000–2006 shows that the importance of profitability and control goals follows a sequential logic in family firms, such that family firms react more strongly to increasing supplier bargaining power when their profitability reference points have been reached. This study extends current understanding of the distinctive organizational processes engendered by family management in business organizations leading to new research opportunities at the intersection of the innovation management and family business literatures.
Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its major metabolite after intramuscular administration in piglets
Authors: Vullo C. , Kim T.‐W. , Meligrana M. , Marini C. , Giorgi M.
Published: May 2014

Tramadol (T) is a centrally acting atypical opioid used for treatment of dogs. Piglets might experience pain following castration, tooth clipping and tail docking and experimental procedures. The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics ofTand its active metaboliteM1 in male piglets after a single intramuscular injection. Six healthy male piglets were administeredT(5 mg/kg) intramuscularly. Blood was sampled at scheduled time intervals and drug plasma concentrations evaluated by a validatedHPLCmethod.Tplasma concentration was quantitatively detectable from 0.083 to 8 h. M1 was quantified over a shorter time period (0.083–6 h) with aTmaxat 0.821 h. The study demonstrated that piglets produce a larger amount ofM1 compared with dogs, horses and goats. The human minimum effective concentration ofM1 (40 ng/mL) was exceeded for over 3 h in piglets. If it is assumed to also apply to piglets, it could be speculated that the drug efficacy might exert its action over 3 h or longer. This assumption has to be confirmed by further specific pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies.
Direct and Indirect Influences of Parental Background on Children's Earnings: a Comparison across Countries and Genders
Authors: Raitano Michele , Vona Francesco
Published: May 2014

The association between parental occupation and children's earnings in eight EU countries is compared using the European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU‐SILC) data set, analysing: (i) residual background correlations (RBCs) on earnings, controlling for children's education and occupation, and (ii) patterns by gender, controlling for selection into employment. Findings on cross‐country differences confirm well‐known differences in intergenerational income inequality. RBCs are statistically significant irrespective of gender in the UK, Spain and Italy, for men in France and Ireland, for women in Denmark and not significant in Germany and Finland. Not controlling for selection delivers downward biased estimates of RBCs, highlighting the effect of family background on employability.
The Leishmania donovani chaperone cyclophilin 40 is essential for intracellular infection independent of its stage‐specific phosphorylation status
Authors: Yau Wai‐Lok , Pescher Pascale , MacDonald Andrea , Hem Sonia , Zander Dorothea , Retzlaff Silke , Blisnick Thierry , Rotureau Brice , Rosenqvist Heidi , Wiese Martin , Bastin Philippe , Clos Joachim , Späth Gerald F.
Published: May 2014

During its life cycle, the protozoan pathogen Leishmania donovani is exposed to contrasting environments inside insect vector and vertebrate host, to which the parasite must adapt for extra‐ and intracellular survival. Combining null mutant analysis with phosphorylation site‐specific mutagenesis and functional complementation we genetically tested the requirement of the L. donovani chaperone cyclophilin 40 (LdCyP40) for infection. Targeted replacement of LdCyP40 had no effect on parasite viability, axenic amastigote differentiation, and resistance to various forms of environmental stress in culture, suggesting important functional redundancy to other parasite chaperones. However, ultrastructural analyses and video microscopy of cyp40−/− promastigotes uncovered important defects in cell shape, organization of the subpellicular tubulin network and motility at stationary growth phase. More importantly, cyp40−/− parasites were unable to establish intracellular infection in murine macrophages and were eliminated during the first 24 h post infection. Surprisingly, cyp40−/− infectivity was restored in complemented parasites expressing a CyP40 mutant of the unique S274 phosphorylation site. Together our data reveal non‐redundant CyP40 functions in parasite cytoskeletal remodelling relevant for the development of infectious parasites in vitro independent of its phosphorylation status, and provide a framework for the genetic analysis of Leishmania‐specific phosphorylation sites and their role in regulating parasite protein function.
A broad spectrum high‐SPF photostable sunscreen with a high UVA‐PF can protect against cellular damage at high UV exposure doses
Authors: Cole Curtis , Appa Yohini , Ou‐Yang Hao
Published: May 2014

Background

Advances in sunscreen technologies have yielded broad spectrum sunscreens at high‐sun protection factor (SPF) and ultraviolet A protection factor (UVA‐PF) levels that are photostable and powerful in protecting skin from erythema. Questions arise whether these sunscreens protect proportionally against cellular skin damage caused by high ultraviolet exposures.

Objective

The objective of this study is to evaluate if high‐SPF sunscreen can protect skin at a cellular level under UV exposure doses [> 50 minimal erythema dose (MED)] similarly to the SPF value.

Methods

Sunburn cells, Langerhans cells, thymine dimers, protein 53 (p53), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1 and MMP‐9 endpoints were evaluated in biopsies from 12 subjects following four treatments: unprotected exposed to 0, 1 and 3 MED and sunscreen (SPF 55) protected exposed to 55 MED of UV radiation.

Results

All the markers showed significantly more damage for the 3 MED‐untreated sites when compared with non‐irradiated control, and majority of the markers showed marked damage following unprotected 1 MED exposure. After 55 MEDs, sunscreen‐protected sites showed significantly less p53 and MMP‐9 (keratinocyte) staining than the 1 MED‐exposed unprotected sites, while all the other biomarkers in sunscreen protected sites showed no statistical differences from 1 MED‐exposed unprotected sites.

Conclusions

A high‐SPF photostable sunscreen with high UVA‐PF can provide proportionately high protection against multiple cellular damage markers.
Genetic structure of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense in different regions from Brazil
Authors: Costa S. N. , Bragança C. A. D. , Ribeiro L. R. , Amorim E. P. , Oliveira S. A. S. , Dita M. A. , Laranjeira F. F. , Haddad F.
Published: May 2014

Panama disease, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), is ranked among the most destructive diseases of banana. The use of resistant varieties is the most desirable and effective control measure. Information on the pathogen population structure is essential, as durability of the resistance and effective cultivar deployment are strongly linked to this structure. In this study, 214 Foc isolates from different banana producing states in three regions of Brazil (northeastern, southeastern and southern) were analysed. Initially, nine microsatellite markers (SSR) were tested, which revealed 52 distinct haplotypes distributed in the different geographical regions and cultivars. While amova analysis showed that 68·01% of the total variation occurred within states, correlation between genetic and geographical distances was only found in the southern region. Results indicated that isolates from different states comprise a single population, which is predominantly clonal. When isolates representing different haplotypes were inoculated in four banana cultivars, differences in severity were found, with the high severity values being caused by isolates from haplotypes H7, H31 and H41. The diversity found here points to the need for additional studies, as this characteristic may be related to Foc's evolutionary potential and possibly to its ability to overcome the resistance from breeding programme‐generated cultivars. This is the most comprehensive study on population biology of Foc in Brazil.
The Contribution of Maternal Birth Cohort to Term Small for Gestational Age in the United States 1989–2010: an Age, Period, and Cohort Analysis
Authors: Margerison‐Zilko Claire
Published: May 2014

Background

After decades of steady increase, mean birthweight in the US declined throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, a trend not fully explained by changes in length of gestation, medical practice, demographics, or maternal behaviours. We hypothesised that secular changes in health or social factors across women's life courses may have contributed to this unexplained trend and examined maternal birth cohort as a proxy measure of life‐course determinants of fetal growth in the US.

Methods

We used the age, period, and cohort (APC) intrinsic estimator (IE) approach to estimate the contribution of maternal birth cohort (independent of maternal age and period of birth) to small for gestational age (SGA), overall and among term births, in the US from 1989 to 2010. We conducted analyses separately among foreign‐ and US‐born Hispanic, non‐Hispanic black (NHB), and non‐Hispanic white mothers.

Results

We found evidence of a U‐shaped relationship between maternal birth cohort and SGA among NHB women only. After accounting for maternal age and period of birth, risk of SGA among NHB women born in 1950 was 21.1% and decreased to 15.9% in 1970. However, NHB women born after 1970 experienced increasing risk (19.6% by the 1986 birth cohort).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that NHB women born after 1970 have experienced increasing risk of SGA. Declining risk of SGA across NHB maternal birth cohorts from 1950 to 1970, however, suggests the potential to reverse this trend. Results illustrate the need for research on health and social risk factors for SGA across the pre‐pregnancy life course.
A miss is as good as a mile? Processing of near and full outcomes in a gambling paradigm
Authors: Ulrich Natalie , Hewig Johannes
Published: May 2014

Studies investigating the feedback‐related negativity (FRN) and the P300 following near misses, full misses, and wins have yielded inconsistent results. Furthermore, the P300 results were likely confounded by an oddball effect due to the probabilities of the different outcomes. We introduced a fourth outcome (narrow win), which allows for balanced outcome probabilities and thus rules out potential oddball effects. We measured the FRN and P300 as well as subjective ratings while participants were gambling on a wheel of fortune. The FRN was larger following misses compared to wins and larger following near compared to full outcomes. For the P300, we observed a larger positivity following wins compared to misses and full compared to near outcomes. These findings further corroborate that near and full outcomes are processed as distinct events even though they result in the same monetary outcomes.
Prevention strategies for cytomegalovirus disease and long‐term outcomes in the high‐risk transplant patient (D+/R−): experience from the RESITRA‐REIPI cohort
Authors: Meije Y. , Fortún J. , Len Ó. , Aguado J.M. , Moreno A. , Cisneros J.M. , Gurguí M. , Carratalà J. , Muñoz P. , Montejo M. , Blanes M. , Bou G. , Pérez J.L. , Torre‐Cisneros J. , Ramos A. , Pahissa A. , Gavaldà J. ,   Spanish Network for Research on Infection in Transplantation (RESITRA) and the Spanish Network for Research on Infectious Diseases (REIPI)
Published: May 2014

Background

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐negative recipients of a graft from a CMV‐positive donor (D+/R−) are at high risk of CMV disease. Current preventive strategies include universal prophylaxis (UP) and preemptive therapy (PT). However, the best strategy to prevent CMV disease and achieve better long‐term outcomes remains a matter of debate.

Methods

We analyzed the incidence of CMV disease and long‐term outcomes including graft dysfunction and patient mortality at 5 years after transplantation with both preventive strategies. High‐risk (D+/R−) kidney and liver transplant recipients from the RESITRA cohort were included.

Results

Of 2410 kidney or liver transplant patients, 195 (8.3%) were D+/R−. The final cohort included 58 liver and 102 kidney recipients. UP was given in 92 patients and 68 received PT; 10.9% and 36.8% developed CMV disease, respectively (P < 0.01). The independent risk factors for CMV disease were PT strategy (hazard ratio [HR], 3.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6–6.9), kidney transplantation (HR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.4–9.9), and cyclosporine immunosuppression (HR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.2–4.7). PT strategy was also a risk factor for CMV disease in both liver transplantation (HR, 11.0; 95% CI, 1.2–98.7) and kidney transplantation (HR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3–6.0), independently. The development of CMV replication during the first 2 years after transplantation was a risk factor for graft dysfunction at 5 years after transplantation (odds ratio, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.3–9.0). Nevertheless, no significant differences were seen in either graft dysfunction or mortality between the 2 strategies.

Conclusions

The study supports the benefit of the UP strategy to prevent CMV disease in D+/R− liver or kidney transplant patients. The development of CMV replication during the first 2 years after transplantation was associated with graft dysfunction at 5 years after transplantation.
On the matter of forgetting and ‘memory returns’
Authors: Muzaini Hamzah
Published: May 2014

Much geographical attention is paid to issues of memory and its relationship to place. Yet, there has been less disciplinary interrogation of what goes on when one forgets. This paper argues that forgetting, as it involves active embodied, material and spatial practices of producing absences, is just as salient as its counterpart, and worthy of analysis on its own terms. Drawing on the personal experiences of individuals who went through the Second World War in Malaysia, this paper first examines individuals' strategies for obscuring if not obliterating memories that are personally traumatic and injurious to well‐being. The paper then shows how these memories can re‐emerge, frequently in an involuntary or unexpected fashion, despite attempts to render them passé. In doing so, the paper espouses forgetting as a ‘productive’ practice; yet such practice is frequently incomplete as materials limit – as well as support – explicit efforts to keep the past in the past. More broadly, it challenges the valorisation of ‘presence’ in human–landscape interactions to expose the ways ‘absence’ too is imbricated in the everyday milieu.
The second Austrian benchmark study for blood use in elective surgery: results and practice change
Authors: Gombotz Hans , Rehak Peter H. , Shander Aryeh , Hofmann Axel
Published: May 2014

Background

Five years after the first Austrian benchmark study demonstrated relatively high transfusion rate and an abundance of nonindicated transfusions in elective surgeries, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of the first benchmark study.

Study Design and Methods

Data from 3164 patients undergoing primary unilateral total hip replacement (THR), primary unilateral noncemented total knee replacement (TKR), or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery at 15 orthopedic and six cardiac centers were collected and compared with the first study.

Results

Transfusion rates decreased in THR (41% to 30%) and TKR (41% to 25%), but remained unchanged in CABG surgery (57% vs. 55%) compared with the first study. More than 80% of all transfusions involved at least 2 units of red blood cells (RBCs). Marked variations were observed in transfusion rates among the centers. The prevalence of anemia was three times higher in patients who received transfusions versus those who did not. However, preoperative anemia was left untreated in the majority of patients. A considerable intercenter variability of RBC loss ranging from 26% to 43% in THR, from 24% to 40% in TKR, and from 30% to 49% in CABG procedures was observed.

Conclusion

The second benchmark study demonstrates substantial intercenter variability and small but significant reductions in RBC transfusions and RBC loss. Even though the main independent predictors of transfusion were the relative lost RBC volume followed by the relative preoperative and the lowest relative postoperative hemoglobin, preoperative anemia was not adequately treated in many patients, underscoring the importance of patient blood management in these patients.
Complement inhibition significantly decreases red blood cell lysis in a rat model of acute intravascular hemolysis
Authors: Shah Tushar A. , Mauriello Clifford T. , Hair Pamela S. , Sharp Julia A. , Kumar Parvathi S. , Lattanzio Frank A. , Werner Alice L. , Whitley Pamela H. , Maes Lou Ann , Cunnion Kenji M. , Krishna Neel K.
Published: May 2014

Background

Prevention of acute hemolytic transfusion reactions is a worldwide concern. The objective of this study was to develop a simple rat model of complement‐mediated acute intravascular hemolysis.

Study Design and Methods

Human AB red blood cells (RBCs) were incubated with complement‐sufficient or complement‐deficient Wistar rat serum (WRS) in the presence and absence of human RBC antibody in vitro to elucidate the mechanism of hemolysis. To study the role of complement in acute intravascular hemolysis in vivo, Wistar rats were treated either with or without cobra venom factor (CVF) to deplete complement activity. Human AB RBCs were then injected into both groups of rats, followed by serial blood draws up to 2 hours. Venous blood clearance and lysis of transfused RBCs at each time point were measured by flow cytometry and spectrophotometry. RBC sequestration was determined in the liver, spleen, and kidney by immunohistochemistry.

Results

In vitro incubation of human RBCs with WRS demonstrated that RBC lysis was mediated via the classical complement pathway and that hemolysis was antibody dependent. Transfusion of human RBCs into rats showed significantly less hemolysis in the CVF group versus untreated group. RBC sequestration in the spleen and liver 2 hours posttransfusion were not quantitatively different between the two groups.

Conclusions

Given the much higher degree of similarity for rat and human complement compared to mice, this simple rat model is ideal for testing novel inhibitors of classical pathway activation for the prevention and treatment of acute intravascular hemolysis.
Rat islets are not rejected by anti‐islet antibodies in mice treated with costimulation blockade
Authors: Diab Randa A. H. , Hassan Moustapha , Tibell Annika , Holgersson Jan , Kumagai‐Braesch Makiko
Published: May 2014

Background

Costimulation blockade can prevent rejection of islet xenografts in naïve but not sensitized recipients. Donor‐specific antibodies (DSA) may partly explain this observation. The effect of DSA on rat islet xenograft survival in mice receiving costimulation blockade was investigated.

Methods

Naïve C57BL/6 mice with alloxan‐induced diabetes were transplanted under the left kidney capsule with 100 Lewis rat islets. Recipients were divided into three groups receiving: (i) isotype control antibodies (Abs); (ii) anti‐CD154 and CTLA4Ig; or (iii) anti‐CD154, CTLA4Ig, and anti‐LFA‐1 every second day, day 0–8. At the time of transplantation (Tx), half of the animals in each group received naïve mouse serum and half xenoimmune serum derived from mice previously transplanted with rat islets. Non‐fasting blood glucose levels and body weight were followed daily. Cured mice were examined by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance (IPGT) tests at 1 and 4 months after transplantation.

Results

Donor‐specific antibodies were detected in immune serum‐injected recipients up to at least 96 h post‐Tx. Short term (≤96 h), there was no significant difference with regard to graft mass, infiltrating and apoptotic cells between groups of mice receiving naïve and immune sera. A moderate infiltration of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells was seen 96 h post‐Tx in mice given control Abs, whether or not they received immune or naïve mouse serum. Mice given costimulation blockade had well‐maintained endocrine tissue and very little cell infiltration. There was no significant difference in islet xenograft function and survival long term between groups receiving naïve and immune sera in combination with costimulation blockade. About half of the mice receiving costimulation blockade lost graft function within 110 days.

Conclusion

The presence at Tx of DSA does not appear to negatively influence early and late islet xenograft survival in mice receiving costimulation blockade.
Computational Studies of Two-Dimensional Rayleigh-Taylor Driven Mixing for a Tilted-Rig
Authors: Andrews Malcolm J. , Youngs David L. , Livescu Daniel , Wei Tie
Published: May 2014

A time-dependent, incompressible, turbulent mixing problem, referred here to as the “tilted-rig,” is defined, based results from an experiment that involved the introduction of a large-scale overturning motion, with a superposed localized Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) driven mixing. The problem serves to examine the development of RT turbulent mixing while being strained by a large-scale two-dimensional confined motion. Care is taken to define the problem in detail so others might use the definition, and the results, to help develop advanced models of buoyancy driven mixing in complex flows. Aside from a careful definition, the problem has been solved using two different implicit-large-Eddy-simulations (ILES) based codes, and with a direct numerical simulations (DNS) code. Two-dimensional and one-dimensional mix metrics are defined, and then used to examine the development of the mixing region, and the overall evolution of the flow. Comparison of simulations with experiment reveals that large-scale overturning can be well captured in all the simulations, similarly central mix widths, and spike/bubble sidewall penetrations are also in good agreement. A comparison between the different simulation methodologies, ILES and DNS, reveals an overall good agreement between mix metrics such as the amount of molecular mixing. The DNS simulations reveal a dependency on Reynolds number that merits further experimental work.
Large-Scale Psychological Differences Within China Explained by Rice Versus Wheat Agriculture
Authors: Talhelm T. , Zhang X. , Oishi S. , Shimin C. , Duan D. , Lan X. , Kitayama S.
Published: May 2014

Individualism Rules?

On a diverse and large set of cognitive tests, subjects in East Asian countries are more inclined to display collectivist choices, whereas subjects in the United States are more inclined to score as individualists.

Talhelm
et al.

(p.
603
; see the Perspective by

Henrich

) suggest that one historical source of influence was societal patterns of farming rice versus wheat, based on three cognitive measures of individualism and collectivism in 1000 subjects from rice- and wheat-growing regions in China.
Fermi Surface and Pseudogap Evolution in a Cuprate Superconductor
Authors: He Yang , Yin Yi , Zech M. , Soumyanarayanan Anjan , Yee Michael M. , Williams Tess , Boyer M. C. , Chatterjee Kamalesh , Wise W. D. , Zeljkovic I. , Kondo Takeshi , Takeuchi T. , Ikuta H. , Mistark Peter , Markiewicz Robert S. , Bansil Arun , Sachdev Subir , Hudson E. W. , Hoffman J. E.
Published: May 2014

Under the Dome

The superconducting transition temperature

T
c

of copper oxides has a dome-shaped dependence on chemical doping. Whether there is a quantum critical point (QCP) beneath the dome, and whether it is related to the enigmatic pseudogap, has been heavily debated. Two papers address this question in two different families of Bi-based cuprates. In (Bi,Pb)
2
(Sr,La)
2
CuO
6+δ
,

He
et al.

(p.
608
) found that the Fermi surface (FS) undergoes a topological change as doping is increased, which points to the existence of a QCP at a doping close to the maximum in

T
c

, seemingly uncorrelated with the pseudogap.

Fujita
et al.

(p.
612
) studied a range of dopings in Bi
2
Sr
2
CaCu
2
O
8+δ
to find an FS reconstruction simultaneous with the disappearance of both rotational and translational symmetry breaking, the latter of which has been associated with the pseudogap. These findings point to a concealed QCP.
Hippocampal Neurogenesis Regulates Forgetting During Adulthood and Infancy
Authors: Akers Katherine G. , Martinez-Canabal Alonso , Restivo Leonardo , Yiu Adelaide P. , De Cristofaro Antonietta , Hsiang Hwa-Lin (Liz) , Wheeler Anne L. , Guskjolen Axel , Niibori Yosuke , Shoji Hirotaka , Ohira Koji , Richards Blake A. , Miyakawa Tsuyoshi , Josselyn Sheena A. , Frankland Paul W.
Published: May 2014

Forget It!

When examining the relationship between the production of new neurons in the hippocampus and memory, studies have generally first manipulated hippocampal neurogenesis and afterward investigated memory formation and found that new neurons help to encode new memories. However, when investigating how similar manipulations of neurogenesis impact established hippocampus-dependent memories,

Akers
et al.

(p.
598
; see the Perspective by

Mongiat and Schinder

) uncovered a role for neurogenesis in memory clearance. Thus, the continuous addition of new neurons both degrades existing information stored in hippocampal circuits and simultaneously provides substrates for new learning.
Next Steps for Cosmology
Authors: Silk Joseph , Chluba Jens
Published: May 2014

Recent observations from Planck and BICEP2 reveal key signatures of the Big Bang—what are the next questions for CMB cosmology in space?
Rice, Psychology, and Innovation
Authors: Henrich Joseph
Published: May 2014

People in wheat-cultivating areas of China are more individualistic and analytical than those in rice-cultivating areas.

[Also see Research Article by

Talhelm
et al.

]
Host Controls of HIV Neutralizing Antibodies
Authors: Haynes Barton F. , Verkoczy Laurent
Published: May 2014

The unusual traits of broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV-1 are stimulating new strategies to induce their production through vaccination.
'Rejuvenation Factor' in Blood Turns Back the Clock in Old Mice
Authors: Kaiser Jocelyn
Published: May 2014

Three new studies found that giving old mice blood from young mice—or a factor found in young blood—improved the function of the aging animals' muscles and brains.
Epitope Mapping of the HSP83.1 Protein of Leishmania braziliensis Discloses Novel Targets for Immunodiagnosis of Tegumentary and Visceral Clinical Forms of Leishmaniasis
Authors: Menezes-Souza Daniel , Mendes Tiago Antônio de Oliveira , Gomes Matheus de Souza , Reis-Cunha João Luís , Nagem Ronaldo Alves Pinto , Carneiro Cláudia Martins , Coelho Eduardo Antônio Ferraz , Galvão Lúcia Maria da Cunha , Fujiwara Ricardo Toshio , Bartholomeu Daniella Castanheira
Published: May 2014

Gold standard serological diagnostic methods focus on antigens that elicit a strong humoral immune response that is specific to a certain pathogen. In this study, we used bioinformatics approaches to identify linear B-cell epitopes that are conserved amongLeishmaniaspecies but are divergent from the host speciesHomo sapiensandCanis familiarisand fromTrypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes Chagas disease, to select potential targets for the immunodiagnosis of leishmaniasis. Using these criteria, we selected heat shock protein 83.1 ofLeishmania braziliensisfor this study. We predicted three linear B-cell epitopes in its sequence. These peptides and the recombinant heat shock protein 83.1 (rHSP83.1) were tested in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) against serum samples from patients with tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and from dogs infected withLeishmania infantum(canine VL [CVL]). Our data show that rHSP83.1 is a promising target in the diagnosis of TL. We also identified specific epitopes derived from HSP83.1 that can be used in the diagnosis of human TL (peptide 3), both human and canine VL (peptides 1 and 3), and all TL, VL, and CVL clinical manifestations (peptide 3). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves confirmed the superior performance of rHSP83.1 and peptides 1 and 3 compared to that of the solubleL. braziliensisantigen and the reference test kit for the diagnosis of CVL in Brazil (EIE-LVC kit; Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz). Our study thus provides proof-of-principle evidence of the feasibility of using bioinformatics to identify novel targets for the immunodiagnosis of parasitic diseases using proteins that are highly conserved throughout evolution.
Multilaboratory Assessment of Threshold versus Fold-Change Algorithms for Minimizing Analytical Variability in Multiplexed Pneumococcal IgG Measurements
Authors: Daly Thomas M. , Pickering Jerry W. , Zhang Xiaochun , Prince Harry E. , Hill Harry R.
Published: May 2014

Pneumococcal vaccination is frequently used to assess a patient's humoral immune function. The comparison of pre- and postvaccination levels of antipneumococcal antibodies is widely held to be the gold standard for documenting a response. However, many of the published criteria for defining an adequate response are based on assays that are no longer widely available. We compared the clinical classification of patient response by multiplex pneumococcal assays currently performed at three large reference laboratories using a variety of published criteria for defining responses in adults. The classification of responders agreed for 79% of the patients when using a threshold-based algorithm compared to 57 to 96% of the patients when using various fold-change-based algorithms. The highest rate of discordance was seen when the most stringent criteria for response were used (4-fold increase postvaccination in 70% of serotypes). The discordant samples tended to show similar patterns of response across all three assays, with small variations in the final number of serotypes converting postvaccination. We conclude that the use of published cut points for documenting response to pneumococcal vaccination can be affected by interlaboratory differences in pneumococcal assays, particularly for algorithms that require large fold changes for a response to be documented. However, the overall patterns of response were similar in virtually all samples, regardless of the assay used.
Interleukin 1 (IL-1)- and IL-23-Mediated Expansion of Filarial Antigen-Specific Th17 and Th22 Cells in Filarial Lymphedema
Authors: Anuradha R. , George P. Jovvian , Chandrasekaran V. , Kumaran P. Paul , Nutman Thomas B. , Babu Subash
Published: May 2014

Lymphatic filarial disease is known to be associated with elevated Th1 responses and normal or diminished Th2 responses to parasite-specific antigens. The roles of Th17 cells and the recently described Th22 cells have not been examined in detail in either filarial infection itself or in filarial disease (e.g., lymphedema and elephantiasis). To explore the roles of Th17 and Th22 cells and their subsets, we examined the frequencies of these cells in individuals with filarial lymphedema (chronic pathology [CP]), in clinically asymptomatic infected (INF) individuals, and in uninfected (UN) individualsex vivoand in response to parasite and nonparasite antigens. Those with disease (CP) had significantly expanded frequencies of Th17 and Th22 cells, compared with either INF or UN individuals, at baseline (ex vivo) and in response to parasite antigens. This antigen-driven expansion of Th17 and Th22 cells was dependent on interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-23, and, to lesser extent, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), as blockade of any of these cytokines resulted in significantly diminished frequencies of Th17 and Th22 cells. Our findings, therefore, suggest that filarial parasite-driven expansion of Th17 and Th22 cells is associated with the pathogenesis of filarial infections and disease.
Escherich and
Escherichia
Authors: Friedmann Herbert C.
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this essay is threefold: to give an outline of the life and the various achievements of Theodor Escherich, to provide a background to his discovery of what he called
Bacterium coli commune
(now
Escherichia coli
), and to indicate the enormous impact of studies with this organism, long before it became the cornerstone of research in bacteriology and in molecular biology.
Comparative Evaluation of 11 Commercialized Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Detecting Trypanosoma cruzi Antibodies in Serum Banks in Areas of Endemicity and Nonendemicity
Authors: Sánchez-Camargo Claudia L. , Albajar-Viñas Pedro , Wilkins Patricia P. , Nieto Javier , Leiby David A. , Paris Luc , Scollo Karenina , Flórez Carolina , Guzmán-Bracho Carmen , Luquetti Alejandro O. , Calvo Nidia , Tadokoro Kenji , Saez-Alquezar Amadeo , Palma Pedro Pablo , Martin Miguel , Flevaud Laurence
Published: May 2014

Chagas disease is one of the main public health issues in Latin America. Increasingly during the past few decades,
Trypanosoma cruzi
infection has been detected in North America, Europe, and the Western Pacific, mainly as a result of population movement. The limited availability of rapid serological diagnostic tests hinders rapid diagnosis and early treatment in areas of endemicity and nonendemicity. In collaboration with 11 national reference laboratories (NRLs) from different geographical areas, we evaluated the performances of commercialized serological rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) for
T. cruzi
infection. Eleven commercialized
T. cruzi
infection RDTs were evaluated on a total of 474 samples extensively tested with at least three different techniques for Chagas disease, maintained at controlled low temperatures, and stored in the serum banks of the 11 NRLs. We measured the sensitivity, specificity, and concordance of each RDT and provided an additional questionnaire to evaluate its ease of use. The selected RDTs in this study were performed under controlled laboratory conditions. Out of the 11 RDTs, we found 8 of them to be useful, with the cassette format favored over the strip. We did not observe significant differences in RDT performances in the different regions. Overall, the performance results were lower than those disclosed by the manufacturers. The results of this evaluation validate the possibility of using RDTs to diagnose Chagas disease, thereby decreasing the time to treatment at a primary health care facility for patients who are willing to be treated. Further studies should be conducted in the laboratory and in the field to confirm these data, expressly to evaluate reproducibility in resource-limited settings, or using whole blood in clinical settings in areas of endemicity and nonendemicity.
The Capnocytophaga canimorsus Isolate That Caused Sepsis in an Immunosufficient Man Was Transmitted by the Large Pine Weevil Hylobius abietis
Authors: Tuuminen Tamara , Viiri Heli , Vuorinen Sakari
Published: May 2014

The first vector-borneCapnocytophaga canimorsussepsis case is presented. An immunocompetent male who denied any contact with canines and who worked in a sawmill was bitten on his neck by a large pine weevil (Hylobius abietisL.; Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Bacteriological diagnosis was confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis.
RIOK3 Is an Adaptor Protein Required for IRF3-Mediated Antiviral Type I Interferon Production
Authors: Feng Jun , De Jesus Paul D. , Su Victoria , Han Stephanie , Gong Danyang , Wu Nicholas C. , Tian Yuan , Li Xudong , Wu Ting-Ting , Chanda Sumit K. , Sun Ren
Published: May 2014

Detection of cytosolic nucleic acids by pattern recognition receptors leads to the induction of type I interferons (IFNs) and elicits the innate immune response. We report here the identification of RIOK3 as a novel adaptor protein that is essential for the cytosolic nucleic acid-induced type I IFN production and for the antiviral response to gammaherpesvirus through two independent kinome-wide RNA interference screens. RIOK3 knockdown blocks both cytosolic double-stranded B-form DNA and double-stranded RNA-induced IRF3 activation and IFN-β production. In contrast, the overexpression of RIOK3 activates IRF3 and induces IFN-β. RIOK3 functions downstream of TBK1 and upstream of IRF3 activation. Furthermore, RIOK3 physically interacts with both IRF3 and TBK1 and is necessary for the interaction between TBK1 and IRF3. In addition, global transcriptome analysis shows that the expression of many gene involved antiviral responses is dependent on RIOK3. Thus, knockdown of RIOK3 inhibits cellular antiviral responses against both DNA and RNA viruses (herpesvirus and influenza A virus). Our data suggest that RIOK3 plays a critical role in the antiviral type I IFN pathway by bridging TBK1 and IRF3.

IMPORTANCE
The innate immune response, such as the production of type I interferons, acts as the first line of defense, limiting infectious pathogens directly and shaping the adaptive immune response. In this study, we identified RIOK3 as a novel regulator of the antiviral type I interferon pathway. Specifically, we found that RIOK3 physically interacts with TBK1 and IRF3 and bridges the functions between TBK1 and IRF3 in the activation of type I interferon pathway. The identification of a cellular kinase that plays a role the type I interferon pathway adds another level of complexity in the regulation of innate immunity and will have implications for developing novel strategies to combat viral infection.
Antibody-Mediated Enhancement of Parvovirus B19 Uptake into Endothelial Cells Mediated by a Receptor for Complement Factor C1q
Authors: von Kietzell Kristina , Pozzuto Tanja , Heilbronn Regine , Grössl Tobias , Fechner Henry , Weger Stefan
Published: May 2014

Despite its strong host tropism for erythroid progenitor cells, human parvovirus B19 (B19V) can also infect a variety of additional cell types. Acute and chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathies have been associated with a high prevalence of B19V DNA in endothelial cells of the myocardium. To elucidate the mechanisms of B19V uptake into endothelium, we first analyzed the surface expression of the well-characterized primary B19V receptor P antigen and the putative coreceptors α5β1integrins and Ku80 antigen on primary and permanent endothelial cells. The receptor expression pattern and also the primary attachment levels were similar to those in the UT7/Epo-S1 cell line regarded as functional for B19V entry, but internalization of the virus was strongly reduced. As an alternative B19V uptake mechanism in endothelial cells, we demonstrated antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), with up to a 4,000-fold increase in B19V uptake in the presence of B19V-specific human antibodies. ADE was mediated almost exclusively at the level of virus internalization, with efficient B19V translocation to the nucleus. In contrast to monocytes, where ADE of B19V has been described previously, enhancement does not rely on interaction of the virus-antibody complexes with Fc receptors (FcRs), but rather, involves an alternative mechanism mediated by the heat-sensitive complement factor C1q and its receptor, CD93. Our results suggest that ADE represents the predominant mechanism of endothelial B19V infection, and it is tempting to speculate that it may play a role in the pathogenicity of cardiac B19V infection.

IMPORTANCEBoth efficient entry and productive infection of human parvovirus B19 (B19V) seem to be limited to erythroid progenitor cells. However,in vivo, the viral DNA can also be detected in additional cell types, such as endothelial cells of the myocardium, where its presence has been associated with acute and chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathies. In this study, we demonstrated that uptake of B19V into endothelial cells most probably does not rely on the classical receptor-mediated route via the primary B19V receptor P antigen and coreceptors, such as α5β1integrins, but rather on antibody-dependent mechanisms. Since the strong antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of B19V entry requires the CD93 surface protein, it very likely involves bridging of the B19V-antibody complexes to this receptor by the complement factor C1q, leading to enhanced endocytosis of the virus.
Cytosolic PrP Can Participate in Prion-Mediated Toxicity
Authors: Thackray Alana M. , Zhang Chang , Arndt Tina , Bujdoso Raymond
Published: May 2014

Prion diseases are characterized by a conformational change in the normal host protein PrPC. While the majority of mature PrPC is tethered to the plasma membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, topological variants of this protein can arise during its biosynthesis. Here we have generated
Drosophila
transgenic for cytosolic ovine PrP in order to investigate its toxic potential in flies in the absence or presence of exogenous ovine prions. While cytosolic ovine PrP expressed in
Drosophila
was predominantly detergent insoluble and showed resistance to low concentrations of proteinase K, it was not overtly detrimental to the flies. However,
Drosophila
transgenic for cytosolic PrP expression exposed to classical or atypical scrapie prion inocula showed a faster decrease in locomotor activity than similar flies exposed to scrapie-free material. The susceptibility to classical scrapie inocula could be assessed in
Drosophila
transgenic for panneuronal expression of cytosolic PrP, whereas susceptibility to atypical scrapie required ubiquitous PrP expression. Significantly, the toxic phenotype induced by ovine scrapie in cytosolic PrP transgenic
Drosophila
was transmissible to recipient PrP transgenic flies. These data show that while cytosolic PrP expression does not adversely affect
Drosophila
, this topological PrP variant can participate in the generation of transmissible scrapie-induced toxicity. These observations also show that PrP transgenic
Drosophila
are susceptible to classical and atypical scrapie prion strains and highlight the utility of this invertebrate host as a model of mammalian prion disease.

IMPORTANCE
During prion diseases, the host protein PrPC converts into an abnormal conformer, PrPSc, a process coupled to the generation of transmissible prions and neurotoxicity. While PrPC is principally a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein, the role of topological variants, such as cytosolic PrP, in prion-mediated toxicity and prion formation is undefined. Here we generated
Drosophila
transgenic for cytosolic PrP expression in order to investigate its toxic potential in the absence or presence of exogenous prions. Cytosolic ovine PrP expressed in
Drosophila
was not overtly detrimental to the flies. However, cytosolic PrP transgenic
Drosophila
exposed to ovine scrapie showed a toxic phenotype absent from similar flies exposed to scrapie-free material. Significantly, the scrapie-induced toxic phenotype in cytosolic transgenic
Drosophila
was transmissible to recipient PrP transgenic flies. These data show that cytosolic PrP can participate in the generation of transmissible prion-induced toxicity and highlight the utility of
Drosophila
as a model of mammalian prion disease.