bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduction of Linear Systems of ODEs with Optimal Replacement Variables
Authors: Solomonoff Alex , Don Wai Sun
Published: September 2010

In this exploratory study, we present a new method of approximating a large system of ODEs by one with fewer equations, while attempting to preserve the essential dynamics of a reduced set of variables of interest. The method has the following key elements: (i) put a (simple, ad-hoc) probability distribution on the phase space of the ODE; (ii) assert that a small set of replacement variables are to be unknown linear combinations of the not-of-interest variables, and let the variables of the reduced system consist of the variables-of-interest together with the replacement variables; (iii) find the linear combinations that minimize the difference between the dynamics of the original system and the reduced system. We describe this approach in detail for linear systems of ODEs. Numerical techniques and issues for carrying out the required minimization are presented. Examples of systems of linear ODEs and variable-coefficient linear PDEs are used to demonstrate the method. We show that the resulting approximate reduced system of ODEs gives good approximations to the original system. Finally, some directions for further work are outlined.
Avoiding Extinction: Equal Treatment of the Present and the Future
Authors: Chichilnisky Graciela
Published: September 2010

Equal treatment for the present and the future was required in two axioms introduced in the articles by Chichilnisky of the years 1996 and 1997. These articles provide a characterization of the decision criterion that satisfies the axioms and shows that the two axioms are equivalent to physical limits in the long-run future. The author proves that maximizing discounted utility with a long-run survival constraint is equivalent to maximizing a criterion that treats equally the present and the future. The equal treatment axioms are therefore the essence of sustainable development. The “weight”λgiven to the long-run future is here identified with the marginal utility of the environmental asset along a path that narrowly misses extinction. An existence theorem is also provided for optimizing according to the welfare criterion that treats equally the present and the future. The author shows that no prior welfare criteria satisfy the axioms for sustainable development introduced in her article of the year 1996.
Globalisation as a ‘Good Times’ Phenomenon: A Search-Based Explanation
Authors: Edwards T. Huw
Published: September 2010

Globalisation is associated with long periods of sustained economic growth and credit expansion, whereas major recessions tend to lead to falling trade and protectionism. The sensitivity of trade to global economic conditions is not simply driven by policy: rather, in a model of costly search, firms who are engaged in a searching process are very sensitive to changing economic circumstances. In turn, this causes protectionism to be partly endogenous, since optimal noncooperative tariffs can be high during periods when the sensitive, searching firms have exited the market.
Observations of elevated formaldehyde over a forest canopy suggest missing sources from rapid oxidation of arboreal hydrocarbons
Authors: Choi W. , Faloona I. C. , Bouvier-Brown N. C. , McKay M. , Goldstein A. H. , Mao J. , Brune W. H. , LaFranchi B. W. , Cohen R. C. , Wolfe G. M. , Thornton J. A. , Sonnenfroh D. M. , Millet D. B.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. To better understand the processing of biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) in the pine forests of the US Sierra Nevada, we measured HCHO at Blodgett Research Station using Quantum Cascade Laser Spectroscopy (QCLS) during the Biosphere Effects on Aerosols and Photochemistry Experiment (BEARPEX) of late summer 2007. Four days of the experiment exhibited particularly copious HCHO, with midday peaks between 15–20 ppbv, while the other days developed delayed maxima between 8–14 ppbv in the early evening. From the expansive photochemical data set, we attempt to explain the observed HCHO concentrations by quantifying the various known photochemical production and loss terms in its chemical budget. Overall, known chemistry predicts a factor of 3–5 times less HCHO than observed. By examining diurnal patterns of the various budget terms we conclude that, during the high HCHO period, local, highly reactive oxidation chemistry produces an abundance of formaldehyde at the site. The results support the hypothesis of previous work at Blodgett Forest suggesting that large quantities of oxidation products, observed directly above the ponderosa pine canopy, are evidence of profuse emissions of very reactive volatile organic compounds (VR-VOCs) from the forest. However, on the majority of days, under generally cooler and more moist conditions, lower levels of HCHO develop primarily influenced by the influx of precursors transported into the region along with the Sacramento plume.
Effects of ship wakes on ocean brightness and radiative forcing over ocean
Authors: Gatebe C. K. , Poudyal R. , Wilcox E. , Wang J.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Changes in surface albedo represent one of the main forcing agents that can counteract, to some extent, the positive forcing from increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. Here, we quantify the changes in ocean surface albedo from ship wakes and provide an estimate of radiative forcing over the global oceans. Our analysis is based on airborne radiation measurements over the Pacific Ocean near the California coast, where we determined that a ship wake increases reflected sunlight by more than 100% in some cases. Based on registered ships of 100 000 gross tonnage (GT), and assuming a global distribution of 30 000 ships, we estimated the global radiative forcing of ship wakes to be −0.003 Wm−2, which is comparable to the forcing of aircraft contrails, but not anticipated in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2007 assessment report. From these results, we conclude that the climate impacts associated with ships will become more significant with growing ship traffic.
Technical Note: Automatic river network generation for a physically-based river catchment model
Authors: Birkinshaw S. J.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. SHETRAN is a physically-based distributed modelling system that gives detailed simulations in time and space of water flow and sediment and solute transport in river catchments. Standard algorithms for the automatic generation of river channel networks from digital elevation data are impossible to apply in SHETRAN and other similar models because the river channels are assumed to run along the edges of grid cells. In this work a new algorithm for the automatic generation of a river channel network in SHETRAN is described and its use in an example catchment demonstrated.
In Their Own Words: Displaced Children's Educational Recovery Needs After Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Peek Lori , Richardson Krista
Published: September 2010

Objectives:Children may experience psychological, physical, and educational vulnerability as the result of a disaster. Of these 3 vulnerability types, educational vulnerability has received the most limited scholarly attention. The 2 primary objectives of this research are to describe what forms of educational support displaced children said that they needed after Hurricane Katrina and to identify who or what facilitated children's educational recovery.

Methods:This article draws on data gathered through participant observation and interviews with 40 African American children between the ages of 7 and 18 years who relocated to Colorado with their families after Hurricane Katrina.

Results:In the first year following Hurricane Katrina, more than 75% of the children in the sample experienced a decline in grades. In subsequent years, the children reported greater satisfaction with their schools in Colorado and their overall educational experience. The children identified their teachers, peers, and educational institutions as playing the most significant role in their recovery.

Conclusion:Through offering a child-centric perspective, this study expands prior research on postdisaster educational recovery.

(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:S63-S70)
Olefins, Higher
Authors: Lappin G. R. , Nemec L. H. , Sauer J. D. , Wagner J. D.
Published: September 2010

Higher olefins are versatile chemical intermediates for any number of important industrial and consumer products. These uses can be characterized by carbon number and by chemical structure. The even numbered carbon alpha olefins (C4‐C30) are especially useful. There are six commercial processes that oligomerize ethylene to alpha olefins. Four of these produce a wide distribution of linear alpha olefins.The most important commercial processes are: the two‐step Ziegler stoichiometric process (INEOS); the one‐step Ziegler process (Chevron‐Phillips (CP) Chemicals; the Shell higher olefins process (SHOP), and the Idemitsu process. Other processes are discussed. The main hazard associated with these olefins is their low flash point. The principal uses of these olefins are as comonomer in polyethylene production, in the production of poly(alpha‐olefins), in production of plasticizer alcohols, in oil field drilling fluids, and in the preparation of detergent alcohols.
Self‐Assembly of Hyperbranched Polymers and Its Biomedical Applications
Authors: Zhou Yongfeng , Huang Wei , Liu Jinyao , Zhu Xinyuan , Yan Deyue
Published: September 2010

Hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) are highly branched macromolecules with a three‐dimensional dendritic architecture. Due to their unique topological structure and interesting physical/chemical properties, HBPs have attracted wide attention from both academia and industry. In this paper, the recent developments in HBP self‐assembly and their biomedical applications have been comprehensively reviewed. Many delicate supramolecular structures from zero‐dimension (0D) to three‐dimension (3D), such as micelles, fibers, tubes, vesicles, membranes, large compound vesicles and physical gels, have been prepared through the solution or interfacial self‐assembly of amphiphilic HBPs. In addition, these supramolecular structures have shown promising applications in the biomedical areas including drug delivery, protein purification/detection/delivery, gene transfection, antibacterial/antifouling materials and cytomimetic chemistry. Such developments promote the interdiscipline researches among surpramolecular chemistry, biomedical chemistry, nano­technology and functional materials.
Current status of pediatric umbilical cord blood transplantation in Korea: A multicenter retrospective analysis of 236 cases
Authors: Yoo Keon Hee , Lee Soo Hyun , Sung Ki Woong , Koo Hong Hoe , Chung Nak Gyun , Cho Bin , Kim Hack Ki , Kang Hyoung Jin , Shin Hee Young , Ahn Hyo Seop , Baek Hee Jo , Han Dong Kyun , Kook Hoon , Hwang Tai Ju , Kim Sun Young , Lee Young Ho , Hah Jeong Ok , Im Ho Joon , Seo Jong Jin , Park Sang Kyu , Jung Hyun Joo , Park Jun Eun , Lim Yeon Jung , Park Seong Shik , Lim Young Tak , Yoo Eun Sun , Ryu Kyung Ha , Park Hyeon Jin , Park Byung Kiu
Published: September 2010

We report the outcome of 236 pediatric umbilical cord blood transplantations (UCBT) performed in Korea. Given that the sources of the grafts were mostly unrelated donors (n = 226; 95.8%), only the results of unrelated UCBT were included for all statistics. The most frequent primary disease was acute leukemia (n = 167). In total, 91.7% of recipients were seropositive for cytomegalovirus (CMV). The median doses of nucleated cells and CD34+ cells were 4.84 × 107/kg and 2.00 × 105/kg, respectively. The median times to neutrophil (>0.5 × 109/L) and platelet recovery (>20 × 109/L) were 18 and 45 days, respectively. Grade 2–4 acute graft‐versus‐host‐disease (GVHD) and chronic GVHD developed in 41.1 and 36.1% of cases, respectively. Forty‐five patients developed CMV disease. The 5‐year overall and event‐free survival were 47.5 and 36.9%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that adverse factors for survival of the whole cohort were total body irradiation‐based conditioning (P = 0.007), salvage transplant (P = 0.001), failure to achieve early complete chimerism (P < 0.0005), and CMV disease (P = 0.001). The outcomes of the single‐ and double‐unit UCBT (n = 64) were similar, while double‐unit recipients were heavier (P < 0.0005) and older (P < 0.0005). We conclude that double‐unit UCBT is a reasonable option for older or heavier children and that the thorough surveillance of CMV infection and the development of an effective CMV therapeutic strategy may be especially important for Korean children, whose CMV seroprevalence exceeds 90%. Am. J. Hematol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphometrics and pattern of growth in wild sifakas (Propithecus edwardsi) at ranomafana national park, madagascar
Authors: King Stephen J. , Morelli Toni Lyn , Arrigo‐Nelson Summer , Ratelolahy Félix J. , Godfrey Laurie R. , Wyatt Jeffrey , Tecot Stacey , Jernvall Jukka , Wright Patricia C.
Published: September 2010

We summarize morphometric data collected over a period of 22 years from a natural population of rainforest sifakas (Propithecus edwardsi) at Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar, and we use those data to document patterns of growth and development. Individually identified, known‐age sifakas were successfully captured, measured, and released. We found that body segment lengths increased faster during growth than did body mass, with individuals attaining adult lengths earlier than adult mass. Females can begin reproducing before they are fully grown, but this may not be common. With the exception of hand length, we found no significant sex difference in any adult metric including body mass, chest, and limb circumferences, body segment lengths, and canine tooth height; however, body masses of individual females fluctuated more, independently of pregnancy, than did those of males. We found considerable interannual fluctuation in body mass with single individuals differing more within the same season in different years than from season to season in the same year. Such body mass fluctuation may be a consequence of eastern Madagascar's variable and unpredictable environment in which rainfall during any selected month varies from year to year. Am. J. Primatol. 73:155–172, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of gastro‐intestinal parasites and commensals as an index of population and ecosystem health: the case of sympatric western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and guinea baboons (Papio hamadryas papio) at Fongoli, Senegal
Authors: Howells Michaela E. , Pruetz Jill , Gillespie Thomas R.
Published: September 2010

The exponential decline of great apes over the past 50 years has resulted in an urgent need for data to inform population viability assessment and conservation strategies. Health monitoring of remaining ape populations is an important component of this process. In support of this effort, we examined endoparasitic and commensal prevalence and richness as proxies of population health for western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and sympatric guinea baboons (Papio hamadryas papio) at Fongoli, Senegal, a site dominated by woodland‐savanna at the northwestern extent of chimpanzees' geographic range. The small population size and extreme environmental pressures experienced by Fongoli chimpanzees make them particularly sensitive to the potential impact of pathogens. One hundred thirty‐two chimpanzee and seventeen baboon fecal samples were processed using sodium nitrate floatation and fecal sedimentation to isolate helminth eggs, larvae, and protozoal cysts. Six nematodes (Physaloptera sp., Ascaris sp., Stronglyloides fuelleborni, Trichuris sp., an unidentified hookworm, and an unidentified larvated nematode), one cestode (Bertiella sp.), and five protozoans (Iodamoeba buetschlii, Entamoeba coli, Troglodytella abrassarti, Troglocorys cava, and an unidentified ciliate) were detected in chimpanzee fecal samples. Four nematodes (Necator sp., S. fuelleborni, Trichuris sp., and an unidentified hookworm sp.), two trematodes (Shistosoma mansoni and an unidentified fluke), and six protozoans (Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, E. coli, Chilomastix mesnili, Balantidium coli, T. abrassarti, and T. cava) were detected in baboon fecal samples. The low prevalence of pathogenic parasite species and high prevalence of symbiotic protozoa in Fongoli chimpanzees are indicative of good overall population health. However, the high prevalence of pathogenic parasites in baboons, who may serve as transport hosts, highlight the need for ongoing pathogen surveillance of the Fongoli chimpanzee population and point to the need for further research into the epidemiology and cross‐species transmission ecology of zoonotic pathogens at this site. Am. J. Primatol. 73:173–179, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The first chimpanzee sanctuary in Japan: an attempt to care for the “surplus” of biomedical research
Authors: Morimura Naruki , Idani Gen'ichi , Matsuzawa Tetsuro
Published: September 2010

This article specifically examines several aspects of the human–captive chimpanzee bond and the effort to create the first chimpanzee sanctuary in Japan. We discuss our ethical responsibility for captive chimpanzees that have been used in biomedical research. On April 1, 2007, the Chimpanzee Sanctuary Uto (CSU) was established as the first sanctuary for retired laboratory chimpanzees in Japan. This initiative was the result of the continuous efforts by members of Support for African/Asian Great Apes (SAGA), and the Great Ape Information Network to provide a solution to the large chimpanzee colony held in biomedical facilities. However, the cessation of invasive biomedical studies using chimpanzees has created a new set of challenges because Japan lacks registration and laws banning invasive ape experiments and lacks a national policy for the life‐long care of retired laboratory chimpanzees. Therefore, CSU has initiated a relocation program in which 79 retired laboratory chimpanzees will be sent to domestic zoos and receive life‐long care. By the end of 2009, the number of chimpanzees living at CSU had decreased from 79 to 59 individuals. A nationwide network of care facilities and CSU to provide life‐long care of retired laboratory chimpanzees is growing across Japan. This will result in humane treatment of these research animals. Am. J. Primatol. 73:226–232, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Change of fish fauna in ponds after eradication of invasive piscivorous largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, in north‐eastern Japan
Authors: Tsunoda Hiroshi , Mitsuo Yoshito , Ohira Mitsuru , Doi Makie , Senga Yutaro
Published: September 2010

The change in fish fauna was monitored in ponds within irrigation systems in Iwate prefecture, north‐eastern Japan to evaluate the effectiveness of eradicating the invasive piscivorous largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides.

Eleven study ponds were categorized into three pond groups: bass‐dwelling (n=3), bass‐eradicated (n=3) and non‐invaded ponds (n=5).

Species richness and diversity, which temporally decreased in bass‐dwelling ponds, increased in bass‐eradicated ponds. Furthermore, in bass‐eradicated ponds, the mean numbers of topmouth minnow and freshwater goby were gradually restored, but in bass‐dwelling ponds the numbers decreased and both species eventually disappeared.

Although the eradication of piscivorous invaders is helpful for restoring fish species diversity in ponds, its effectiveness varies among species, and other alien fish such as the rose bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus) often invade and proliferate in the bass‐eradicated ponds.

To ensure successful restoration of native biota and avoid undesirable results, it is necessary to plan and implement continuous monitoring and adaptive management after eradication of alien predators. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Panel and multivariate methods for tests of trend equivalence in climate data series
Authors: McKitrick Ross , McIntyre Stephen , Herman Chad
Published: September 2010

We explain panel and multivariate regressions for comparing trends in climate data sets. They impose minimal restrictions on the covariance matrix and can embed multiple linear comparisons, which is a convenience in applied work. We present applications comparing post‐1979 modeled and observed temperature trends in the tropical lower‐ and mid‐troposphere. Results are sensitive to the sample length. In data spanning 1979–1999, observed trends are not significantly different from zero or from model projections. In data spanning 1979–2009, the observed trends are significant in some cases but tend to differ significantly from modeled trends. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
A comparison of the climate impacts of geoengineering by stratospheric SO2 injection and by brightening of marine stratocumulus cloud
Authors: Jones Andy , Haywood Jim , Boucher Olivier
Published: September 2010

We examine the climate impact of geoengineering via two different methods, namely, stratospheric SO2 injection and increasing reflectivity of marine stratocumulus clouds. Although both methods appear capable, in principle, of counteracting the global mean warming due to increases in greenhouse gas concentrations, significant changes in regional climate still result. The extent of this regional climate change appears linked to the location and degree of inhomogeneity of the radiative flux perturbations produced by each geoengineering method. © Crown Copyright 2010. Published with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland
Parametrization of area cloud fraction
Authors: Boutle I. A. , Morcrette C. J.
Published: September 2010

Comparisons of radiosonde data to model profiles show that the relative coarseness of the vertical grid can lead to poorly resolved changes in thermodynamic properties. This can lead to the model underestimating cloud cover. A parametrization for area cloud fraction, compatible with a prognostic cloud scheme, is developed and tested. The parametrization is then implemented in a general circulation model and used to produce a weather forecast and a climate simulation. The simulated cloud cover is improved in both models, whilst feedbacks within the climate model lead to an improvement in the surface temperature, particularly in the Northern‐Hemisphere winter. © Crown Copyright 2010. Published with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland
Correspondence
Authors: Miserez M , Grass G , Weiss C , Stützer H , Sauerland S , Neugebauer E A M
Published: September 2010

The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
ACETYLFERROCENE SALICYLHYDRAZONE CHELATES WITH LANTHANIDE
Authors: Zhong‐Lin Lu , Xiao‐Li Wu , Yong‐Min Liang , Qing‐Bao Song , Yong‐Xiang Ma
Published: September 2010

Two types of complexes of acetylferrocene salicylhydrazone (H2L) with some lanthanide metals have been prepared: Na(LnL2) □ nH2O (1) (Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Dy and Yb); Ln(HL)2CI. nH2O (2) (Ln = Pr, Nd, Eu, Ho and Er). The complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductivities, IR, NMR, UV and thermal analyses. It is shown that H2L coordinates to the metal ion in bidentate or tridentate form and in enolic or keto form.
SYNTHESIS OF SOME TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES DERIVED FROM (1‐CARBONYLMETHYL‐1H‐BENZOTRIAZOLE)‐4‐(α‐NAPHTHYL)‐3‐THIOSEMICARBAZIDE
Authors: Yulan Zhang , Hui Wu , Shaozu Wu , Pengfei Xu
Published: September 2010

Complexes of type (ML □ XH2O)n, where M = Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), L = (1‐Carbonylmethyl‐1H‐benzotriazole)‐1‐(α‐naphtyyl)‐3‐thiosemicarbazide (NBTSH2), n = degree of polymerization, have been synthesised and characterized by elemental analyses, thermal analyses, IR, and 1H NMR spectrum of ligand.

Infrared spectra show that the tetradentate ligand coordinates through the enolic oxygen, thioenolic sulphur and the nitrogen of C = N groups. The metal ion is the bridging unit between the donor sites of the ligand, and the polymeric chain grows through consecutive ligand‐metal linkages.
SYNTHESIS OF 4‐METHYL‐1‐(DIETHOXYPHOSPHINYL)‐8‐ETHYLENEDIOXY‐4(E)‐NONENE: A KEY INTERMEDIATE IN THE SYNTHESIS OF ANTITUMOR CEMBRANE‐TYPE DITERPENOIDS
Authors: Yue Xiangjun , Li Yulin
Published: September 2010

Synthesis of 4‐methyl‐1‐(diethoxyphosphinyl)‐8‐ethylenedioxy‐4(E)‐nonene, a key intermediate in the synthesis of antitumor cembrane‐type diterpenoids isolated from soft corals is first described in 54.5% overall yield from E‐geranyl acetone through seven steps.
SYNTHESIS OF ATISINE
Authors: Banerjee Ajoy Kumar
Published: September 2010

Synthetic studies on atisine have been developed during thirty years. The present review deals only with several works concerning the total synthesis of atisine.
LE 2‐HYDROXYMETHYLBENZIMIDAZOLE PRECURSEUR DE SYNTHESE DE NOUVEAUX SYSTEMES HETEROCYCLIQUES
Authors: Essassi E. M. , Fifani J. , Hamamsi I.
Published: September 2010

The easy synthesis of 2‐hydroxymethylbenzimidazole, leads us to use this compound in the preparation of new heterocyclic systems.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CATHODIC PEAK POTENTIALS AND THEORETICALLY CALCULATED LUMO ENERGIES OF SOME 2‐PHENYL BENZOXAZOLE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Güllü M. , Yalçin I. , Şener E. , Türker L. , Çelebi N. , Akbulut U.
Published: September 2010

Cathodic peak potentials (Ep,c) of twentyseven microbiologically active 2‐phenyl‐benzoxazole derivatives containing both electron withdrawing and electron donating groups on benzoxazole kernel and on phenyl moiety were measured by cyclic voltammetry in acetonitrile. The Ep,c values were in the range of ‐2.8 V to ‐3.10 V except for those compounds which contained ‐NO2 substituent at position‐5. Those benzoxazole derivatives possessing a NO2 group all had substantially lower reduction peak potentials, ranging from ‐1.60 to ‐1.80 V versus Ag/Ag+. The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies of these molecules were calculated by adopting the Hückel molecular orbital (HMO) approach. A linear relationship was found to be existing between the measured Ep,c values and the calculated LUMO energies.
DETERMINATION OF Ru(III) IN REFINED ORES BY FLOW INJECTION ‐Kinetic Methods
Authors: Xingguo Chen , Haiping Gong , Rong Yang , Zhide Hu
Published: September 2010

Three flow injection‐kinetic methods have been developed for the determination of trace amount of ruthenium, based on its catalytic effect on the m‐ sulfo‐ chlorophosphonazo (I)‐KIO4(RI), 2‐[(5‐Bromo‐2 ‐pyridyl)azo]‐ 5‐ diethylaminophenol (II)‐KIO4(RII), and azocarmine B (III)‐KIO4(RIII) reactions, respectively. The reactions are followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the decrease in the absorbance at 551 nm, 500 nm and 532 nm, respectively. The sampling frequency of the RI, RII and RIII being 86 h–1, 48 h–1 and 40 h–1, the calibration curves have linear ranges between 2.00 × 10–7and 1.40 × 10–6 mol/L, 2.00 × 10–7 and 3.20 × 10–6 mol/L and 2.00 × 10–7 and 2.00 × 10–6 mol/L, with detection limits of 1.00 × 10–7 mol/L, 1.20 × 10–7 mol/L and 1.00 × 10–7 mol/L, respectively. The proposed methods were applied to the determination of trace amount of ruthenium in refined ores with satisfactory results.
ETUDE DE LA SYNTHESE DU DIMETHYLTETRAMETHYLENETRATHIAFULVALENE (DMCTTF): PREPARATION DE SES COMPLEXES AVEC DES ACCEPTEURS DU TYPE [M(dmit)2](M = Ni; Pd; Pt)
Authors: Fabre J. M. , Amouroux J. , Garreau B. , Legros J. P.
Published: September 2010

The Wittig‐Horner type synthesis of the unsymmetrically substituted tetrathiafulvalene: dimethyltetramethylene‐tetrathiafulvalene (DMCTTF) has been studied in detail allowing us to improve the yield of this donor in comparison with the results obtained so far in the literature.

Three DMCTTF[M(dmit)2]y complexes have been prepared by the well known galvanostatic‐electrocrystallization technique (M = Ni, Pd, Pt).

Their room‐temperature conductivity has been measured indicating a quite high value (0,75 S/cm) for the salt involving palladium (M = Pd).
Synthesis of Conjugated Dienes from Propene or other Alkenes by the Ene‐type Reaction of Thionium Ions
Authors: Schmitz Carole , Harvey Jeremy N. , Viehe Heinz G.
Published: September 2010

The known ene‐type addition of thionium ions to alkenes has now been applied to the synthesis of homoallylic sulfides, from thionium ions RHCS+ Ar (R = alkyl, Ar = 4‐chlorophenyl) and propene or other unactivated alkenes. Oxidation and thermal dehydrosulfenylation then lead to conjugated dienes. Because the reaction conditions are compatible with many functional groups, this method is simple and useful.
DECONTAMINATION DOUCE DE TOXIQUES ORGANOPHOSPHORES ET SOUFRES PAR QUELQUES DERIVES DE L'EAU OXYGENEE
Authors: Lion Claude , Hedayatullah Mir , Charvy Claude , Vincent StÉPhane , Briand Sylvette , Boileau Jacques , Delmas GÉRard , Magnaud Gilbert , Desgranges Michel , Sentenac‐Roumanou Henri
Published: September 2010

Some complexed stable hydrogen peroxides (percarbonates, perhydrol, DABCO,2 H2O2) have been studied in the destruction of paraoxon (O,O‐diethyl paranitrophenylphosphate) and PhCH2CH2SCH2CH2CI. The reaction goes to completion in a short time specially in the presence of long chain tetraalkyl ammonium salts. With other peroxides (alkyl or arylhydroperoxides, bis‐trimethylsilyl‐ or bis‐triethylgermylperoxides) the reaction is slower.
CRYOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF THE GIANT MAGNESIUM CLUSTERS IN AMINE MEDIA
Authors: Kondakov Sergei E. , Smirnov Vladimir V.
Published: September 2010

Size dependence of ultrafine magnesium particles (giant clusters) in cryochemical synthesis on various types of tertiary amine was found. New way for controlled production of various particles by means of organic components under the same synthetic conditions was discovered.
ELECTRONIC AND VIBRATIONAL POLARIZABILITIES OF BUCKMINSTERFULLERENE
Authors: Perpète Eric A. , André Jean‐Marie , Champagne BenoǏT , Senet Patrick , Lambin Philippe , Lucas Amand A.
Published: September 2010

The static average electronic and vibrational contributions to the electric dipole polarizability of buckminsterfullerene are computed. The Finite Field Self Consistent Field method and scaling laws are used to evaluate the electronic contribution whereas the vibrational contribution is determined by using the harmonic oscillator approximation and an empirical force constant model. With the 3‐21G split‐valence atomic basis set, the computed electronic and vibrational contributions are 574.7 and 8.2 atomic units, respectively.

The effect of the bond length alternation on the electronic polarizability is shown to be very weak. Noticing that the polarizability of buckminsterfullerene is close to that of ten benzene molecules, the buckminsterfullerene molecule can be seen as an entity formed by aromatic hexagons placed side by side where the electron delocalization all over the system is weak. The vibrational contribution to the static polarizability is found in good agreement with experimental measurements deduced from high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy spectra whereas infrared spectra provide much smaller values.
BIOELECTROCATALYTICAL DETERMINATION OF SOME HEAVY METALS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF THE IMMOBILIZED ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE
Authors: Stoytcheva Margarita
Published: September 2010

On the basis of the process of the acetylthiocholine iodide hydrolysis, catalysed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and the obtaining of an electroactive product, an amperometric sensor is created. An electrochemically modified graphite electrode is used, with acetylcholinesterase covalently linked directly on its surface. It is demonstrated that it can be applied for the quantitative determination of some heavy metal ions ‐ Fe3+, Cd2+, Cu2+ and Mn2+ and for establishing their influence on the acetylcholinesterase activity.
AVANTAGES DES INDICES DE RETENTION CALCULES PAR INTERPOLATION SPLINE CUBIQUE EN CHROMATOGRAPHIE EN PHASE GAZEUSE A TEMPERATURE PROGRAMMEE
Authors: Ferchichi Loubna , Nouar Leila , Gheid Abd‐El‐Hak , Messadi Djelloul
Published: September 2010

Retention indices computed by cubic spline interpolation for some plasticizers have smaller standard deviations, and are more constant at different heating rates than the corresponding ones obtained in a classical manner. Furthermore, the retention indices determined by the spline model behave more linearly and are, in general, consistent with concept of significant temperature.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF (20R)‐11β,20‐DIHYDROXY‐20‐PHENYLPREGN‐4‐EN‐3‐ONE
Authors: Tinant B. , Declercq J. P. , Bjelakovic M. , Lorenc Lj. , Mihailovic Lj.
Published: September 2010

The Grignard reaction of 11β‐hydroxy‐3,3‐(ethylenedioxy)‐pregn‐5‐en‐20‐one (1) affords both epimers (20R) (2) and (20S) (3) of the hydroxy derivative. The configuration R at C20 is established for the predominant epimer by the determination of the X‐ray structure of the deketalized analog 4. C27H36O3, Mr = 408.58, orthorhombic, P212121, a = 30.009(11), b = 6.323(1), c = 12.182(9)Å, V = 2312(2)Å3 Z = 4, Dx = 1.17 g.cm−3, CuKα radiation (λ = 1.5418Å). The final R indice is 0.079 for 2058 observed reflections
AN;11,12‐DIHYDROXY‐13‐ISOPROPYL‐1,8,11,13‐PODOCARPATETRAENES
Authors: Hu Yun‐Jin , Tian Yuan , Yan Shi‐Qiang , Pan Xin‐Fu
Published: September 2010

A first expeditious total synthesis of (±)‐11,12‐dihydroxy‐13‐isopropyl‐1,8,11,13‐podocarpatetraenes by a stereoselective cycloalkylation route is described.
Synthesis of Isoxazolo[4,5‐D]Pyrimidinones, and their Isomerization into Oxazolo[4,5‐D]Pyrimidinones on Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis
Authors: Laurent Sophie , Barbieux‐Flammang Monique , Haverbeke Yves Van , Flammang Robert , Wentrup Curt
Published: September 2010

A series of new 3‐phenylisoxazolo[4,5‐d]pyrimidinones 5a‐d were prepared from 5‐aminoisoxazole‐4‐carboxylic acid esters. Upon flash‐vacuum pyrolysis, these heterocycles are isomerized into hitherto unreported 2‐phényloxazolo[4,5‐d] ‐pyrimidinones 8a‐d.
Two new Kalihinenes from the Marine SpongeAcanthella Cavernosa
Authors: Braekman J. C. , Daloze D. , Gregoire F. , Popov S. , van Soest R.
Published: September 2010

Kalihinene‐A [17] and kalihinene‐B [18] two new toxic isocyano diterpenes have been isolated from a Seychelles specimen of the marine spongeAcanthella cavernosa.Their structures were elucidated by interpretation of their spectral properties. The chemotaxonomic value of these secondary metabolites is discussed.
Photochemistry of Ruthenium(II)‐TRIS‐1,4,5,8‐Tetraazaphenanthrene with Mononucleotides: Role of Ligand Photosubstitution
Authors: Lecomte† J.‐P. , Kirsch‐De Mesmaeker A. , Kelly J. M.
Published: September 2010

The photochemistry of Ru‐tris‐(1,4,5,8‐tetraazaphenanthrene) (Ru(tap)32+) in the absence and in the presence of adenosine‐5′‐monophosphate (AMP) and guanosine‐5′‐monophosphate (GMP) has been studied by flash photolysis and by steady state illumination. Laser pulsed irradiation of Ru(tap)32+ in the presence of AMP produces, with a rather low yield, the transient reduced complex, Ru(tap)31+, by electron transfer from AMP to the excited complex. The flash photolysis of the same solution, after pre‐illumination, shows that a new photoactive compound absorbs at = 500 nm and its efficiency of production decreases at lower temperature and pH. Comparison with the photodechelation of Ru(tap)32+ in the absence of mononucleotide, and with the photoadduct formation between Ru(tap)32+ and GMP/AMP, leads to the conclusion that this photoactive species could correspond to [Ru(tap)2AMP, X]n+ formed by photosubstitution of a tap ligand in the presence of AMP.
Synthesis of Trans‐5‐Methylproline and its Influence on CIS‐Trans Isomerism in β‐Casomorphin‐5
Authors: Tourwé D. , van Betsbrugge J. , Verheyden P. , Hootelé C.
Published: September 2010

Starting from L‐proline, trans‐5‐methylproline has been prepared using electrochemical oxidation followed by methylcopper substitution. After incorporation of this amino acid into β‐casomorphin‐5 at the two and four position, an NMR study revealed only limited influence on the cis/trans ratio of the peptide bond. The opioid receptor affinities did not allow to confirm the requirement for a cis Tyr‐Pro peptide bond for biological activity.
Functionalized Hydantoins as Potential Antibiotics
Authors: Marchand‐Brynaert Jacqueline , Amadei Edith , Ghosez Leon
Published: September 2010

The 5‐acylamino‐3‐acetylhydantoin derivatives 8 were designed as potential antibiotics mimicking lactivicin 1. The racemic compounds 19a‐c, prepared in six steps from 5‐oxohydantoin, were inactive onto bacterial tests.
Definitive Study of the Determination of Polybrominated Dibenzo‐P‐Dioxins and Polybrominated Dibenzofurans in Decabromodiphenyloxide and Tetrabromobisphenol‐A
Authors: Ranken Paul F. , Freiberg Miriam , Mazac Charles J. , Bauer Mark R. , Varcoe Frederick T. , Tondeur Yves
Published: September 2010

Analytical methodology has been developed for the isomer specific analysis of fifteen 2,3,7,8‐substituted polybrominated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and polybrominated dibenzofurans in decabromodiphenyloxide and tetrabromobisphenol‐A. The procedures, developed by the Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel, Triangle Laboratories, Incorporated, and Battelle, have been shown to afford accurate and precise measurements of the analytes in these matrices. Analysis of multiple DBDPO and TBBPA samples, collected at random, show that none of the analytes are present in concentrations at or above specified limits of quantitation.
The Temperature Dependence of the Intermolecular Excimer Formation: a Study of the Time‐Resolved Fluorescence by Global compartmental Analysis
Authors: Declercq D. , Vanoppen P. , Hermans E. , De Schryver F. C.
Published: September 2010

The excimer formation of 1‐pyrenylpentametyldisilane (P2) in isooctane is studied as a function of concentration and temperature. This contribution shows for the first time how the global compartmental analysis can be used to determine the temperature dependence of the excited state processes of an excimer forming species, i.e. the activation energy of excimer formation and excimer dissociation, the stabilisation enthalpy of the excimer (ΔH0) and the entropy change of the excimer formation. The activation energy of excimer formation is found to be larger than the activation energy for viscous flow.
Lewis Acid Mediated Reaction of Selenoacetals with Allylsilanes and Allylstannanes: Synthesis of Homoallylselenides
Authors: Hermans Bernard , Hevesi LÁSzlÓ
Published: September 2010

Selenoacetals react with allyltrimethylsilane in the presence of tin tetrachloride to produce homoallyl selenides in moderate to good yields. Aliphatic acetals react less efficiently than do aromatic ones, especially when steric factors can play a significant role. The use of allyl stannanes as nucleophiles is complicated by transmetallation side reactions with Lewis acids; in the case of tin tetrachloride this is the only observable transformation. However, non transmetallating Lewis acids such as BF3 OEt2, ZnCl2, AlCl3, etc., also allow the synthesis of homoallyl selenides from selenoacetals and allyl stannanes. The reaction of bis(methylseleno)phenylmethane with tributylcrotylstannane gave a diastereoisomeric mixture of homoallyl selenides where the syn isomer predominated (syn/anti = 70/30), whereas the reverse stereoselectivity was observed for the reaction of 1,1‐bis(methylseleno)‐2‐phenylpropane with allyltributylstannane.
Intramolecular Diels‐Alder Reaction of 8‐Trifluoromethyl‐1,3,8‐Nona‐Trienes: An Access to Angular Trifluoromethylated Hydrindenes
Authors: Zhu Gui‐Dong , Lancker Bart Van , Haver Dirk Van , De Clercq Pierre J.
Published: September 2010

The intramolecular Diels‐Alder reaction of 8‐trifluoromethyl‐1,3,8‐nonatrienes as a possible route toward angular trifluoromethylated hydrindenes is explored for the first time. As in the case of the parent 3‐methyl nonatrienes, the cycloaddition was found to give predominantly trans‐fused adducts.
Synthesis and Characterization of the CIS and TRANS Isomers of Ph3Sn‐CHCH‐C(OH)RR' Compounds and their GEM Analogs. Evidence for an Intramolecular HO→Sn interaction In the solid and Solution State
Authors: Kayser FranÇois , Biesemans Monique , Delmotte Ann , Hendrix Robert , Malschaert Patrick , Verbruggen Ingrid , Mahieu Bernard , Willem Rudolph , Gielen Marcel
Published: September 2010

The cis and trans isomers of compounds of the type Ph3Sn‐CHCH‐C(OH)RR' as well as their gem analogs were synthesized and characterized. Mössbauer spectroscopy enabled to assess the presence of weak intramolecular HO→Sn interactions in the cis and gem isomers in the solid state. In solution, the existence of such coordinations was evidenced by 13C and 119Sn Secondary Isotope Multiplet of Partially Labelled Entities (SIMPLE) NMR. We correlate the results of our NMR experiments with the reactivity of these compounds towards iodine.
Improved Enantioselectivity in the Inverse Electron Demand Diels‐Alder Cycloadditions of 3‐Carbomethoxy‐2‐Pyrone Catalysed by Chiral Ytterbium Complexes
Authors: Markó István E. , Evans Graham R. , Declercq Jean‐Paul , Feneau‐Dupont Janine , Tinant Bernard
Published: September 2010

When catalysed by the Kobayashi: Yb(OTf)3‐Binol complex, vinyl ethers and vinyl sulphides undergo highly enantioselective IEDDA reactions with 3‐carbomethoxy‐2‐pyrone.
X‐Ray Structures of CIS and TRANS Isomers of 1,2‐Dimethyl‐3‐Ethyl 2,3‐Dihydropyrrolo[1,2‐F]Phenanthridine‐1,2,3‐Tricarboxylate
Authors: Tinant B. , Declercq J. P. , Dostal J. , Potacek M.
Published: September 2010

The two title isomers were obtained in 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of the same ylide 2, with dimethyl fumarate and dimethyl maleate, respectively. Their stereochemistry was established by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The molecular geometries of the two isomers are compared.
Synthesis of BAPTA‐AM Analogues Capable of Enhancing the Vascular production of Prostacyclin
Authors: Heilporn S. , Broeders F. , Daloze D. , Braekman J. C. , Boeynaems J. M.
Published: September 2010

About 30 analogues of BAPTA‐AM, a potential antithrombotic agent, have been synthesized and tested for their effect on the production of prostacyclin. None of them was found to be a better enhancer of the production of prostacyclin by aortic endothelial cells than BAPTA‐AM itself. The enhancing effect can be produced by compounds unable to chelate Ca2+, thus confirming that it is not related to their buffering capacity for free Ca2+.
Ring Opening of Donor‐Substituted Furans by Dimethyl 2,3‐Dicyanofumarate
Authors: Huisgen Rolf , Mloston Grzegorz
Published: September 2010

Dimethyl 2,3‐dicyanofumarate and 2,3‐dicyanomaleate are equilibrated by 2‐methoxyfuran or 2‐p‐tolyloxyfuran in a fast initial reaction via a zwitterionic intermediate; the latter is likewise responsible for the ring‐opening of the heterocycle and the 5‐substitution of the donor‐furans. Products are the (Z)‐3‐cyclopropylacrylic esters 20‐22 as well as the furyl‐substituted succinic esters 16 and 17. The mechanistic implications are discussed.
Modelling of CF2HCl Consumption in H2/O2/Ar Flames
Authors: Richter H. , Vandooren J. , van Tiggelen P. J.
Published: September 2010

The aim of this work is the investigation of the relative contribution of reactions (1) CF2HCl + H → CF2H + HCl, (2) CF2HCl + O → CF2Cl + OH and (3) CF2HCl + OH → CF2Cl + H2O to the initial CF2HCl attack in lean, stoichiometric and rich H2/O2/Ar flames. The mole fraction profiles have been computed by means of the PREMIX code. Using the rate coefficient k1= 4.65 1014exp(‐7730/T) cm3mole−1s−1, k2= 6.62 1012exp(‐4228/T) cm3mole−1s−1and k3= 1.28 1012exp(‐1671/T) cm3mole−1s−1the contribution of reactions (1), (2) and (3) has been calculated by integration throughout the flame front. The results show an obvious dependence on the equivalence ratio. In rich and stoichiometric flames CF2HCl is consumed nearly exclusively by H‐radicals, while in the lean flame H contributes to 43%, O to 32% and OH to 25% of the CF2HCl disappearance rate. The computed results of the stoichiometric flame compare favourably with experiments.
Theoretical Investigation of Some Evidences of the Captodative Effect
Authors: Leroy G. , Dewispelaere J. P. , Benkadour H. , Riffi Temsamani D. , Wilante C.
Published: September 2010

In this paper, the stability and reactivity of some gem‐disubstituted closed‐shell and open‐shell systems are investigated using the unifying concept of thermodynamic stabilization energy. We deduce this quantity either from available experimental data or from enthalpies of formation obtained at various theoretical levels. The energies of open‐shell species, medium‐size closed‐shell systems and large diamagnetic compounds are respectively calculated at the CISD/6‐31 G(d,p), MP2 = FULL/6‐31 G(d,p) and HF/6‐31 G(d,p) levels.

It is found that captodative (cd) substitution significantly stabilizes carbon‐centred radicals and ethylenic compounds but generally destabilizes methane derivatives. Didative (dd) substitution most often stabilizes both the methyl radicals and their parent molecules. Finally most cc‐substituted species are destabilized. On the whole, the cdCH2 compounds do actually have the smallest C‐H bond strengths due to the joint action of the captodative and stereoelectronic effects. For this reason, they deserve to be named proradical. Consequently hydrogen transfer reactions are strongly favoured by captodative substitution which explains the selectivity induced by this substitution in dehydrodimerization reactions. Radical additions to alkenes are facilitated by dicaptor and captodative substitutions while donor groups have a relatively small influence on the thermochemistry of these reactions. In the absence of steric effects, didative and captodative olefines could probably give rise to radical polymerization.
Enantiopure Indolizidones and Pyrrolizidones from Maleic Imide
Authors: Dockner Michael , Meyer Thorsten , Nemes Peter , Otten Martina G. , Winterfeldt Ekkehard
Published: September 2010

The alkylated maleic imide adducts of type 3 have been shown to undergo highly regioselective selectride reductions. As with these compounds regioselectivity in further transformations including a thermal retro process translates directly into enantioselectivity, various cyclisation techniques were applied. The advanced cycloadducts obtained led to the enantiopure alkaloid precursors 9, 17, 20 and 25 in very high yield.
Aluminiumchloride‐Induced Additions of Formaldehyde to Alkenes
Authors: Metzger JüRgen O. , Biermann Ursula
Published: September 2010

The addition of formaldehyde to alkenes induced by AlCl3 is a simple route to alkylsubstituted tetrahydropyrans. Additions of two equivalents of formaldehyde to 1‐alkenes and 1,2‐dialkylsubstituted alkenes give 3‐alkyl‐4‐chlorotetrahydropyrans and 3,5‐dialkyl‐4‐chlorotetrahydropyrans, respectively. The products are obtained as a mixture of diastereomers. 2,5‐dialkyl‐4‐chlorotetrahydropyrans are obtained in AlCl3‐induced additions of one equivalent of formaldehyde to homoallylic alcohols. Reductive dechlorination gives the corresponding 3‐, 3,5‐ and 2,5‐alkylsubstituted tetrahydropyrans, respectively.
Derivatives of Triphenylphloroglucinol
Authors: Gaudig Tanja , Siegfried Hünig  , Peters Karl , Schnering Hans‐Georg Von
Published: September 2010

Since triphenylphloroglucinol (1) has been described with widely differing properties, the correct structure has been substantiated by X‐ray analysis. On oxidation of 1 the dimer 5 is formed irreversibly by coupling between two phenyl groups. All three OH groups in 1 were acylated by pivaloyl chloride/AlCl3 (→2). By methylation of 1 both the dimethoxy‐(3) and trimethoxy‐(4) derivatives are formed. On oxidation with K3[Fe(CN)6]/OH− phenol 3 yields the persistent radical 3rad, which was characterized by its ESR signal and isolated as the dimer 6. Hydroquinone reverts 6 back to 3.