bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Female Genital Mutilation
Authors: Proudman Charlotte
Published: June 2022

Female genital mutilation (FGM) has garnered significant media, political, and legal attention in the UK. Despite criminalising the practice in 1985, FGM continues undetected and often underground. This book provides a unique insight into survivors’ attitudes towards FGM as well as the criminalisation of a culturally embedded practice. Some of the narratives might be deeply uncomfortable, as women sympathise and even uphold the practice, whilst others viscerally describe the trauma and pain that they endured. Digging deeper into efforts to eliminate FGM, professionals at the coalface of the end FGM movement provide their views on whether the practice can ever be eradicated. This book explores the key themes that emerged from the well-publicised criminal trials in the UK and the barriers that prevent the law from working effectively. One of the obstacles that is examined further is the legal double standard in criminalising FGM whilst permitting female genital cosmetic surgery, which incites hostility and anger amongst FGM-performing communities. Whilst ending FGM is imperative, this book reflects on the unintended consequences that stem from punitive efforts to criminalise a practice performed by often Black, migrant communities. Women describe their experiences of racism and Islamophobia in a context of police surveillance and hyperbolic media narratives. To encourage the abandonment of FGM, this book shows that the law needs to be accompanied by education initiatives at a grassroot level.
Designed for Failure? Advocating Equality against Adversity in Hungary and Poland
Authors: Nagy Beáta , Lisowska Ewa , Rumińska-Zimny Ewa
Published: June 2022

This chapter tells a contrasting tale about the promotion of corporate equality in an adversary political climate. While Poland and Hungary have both experienced conservative backlash in recent years through the rise to power of populist right-wing political parties, Poland has made greater progress toward corporate gender equality than Hungary. In Poland, since 2010, soft state regulation, as well as business self-regulation, has created weak incentives for speeding up efforts toward reaching gender balance on corporate boards. In Hungary, piecemeal initiatives have not been supported by any state action. This chapter demonstrates that the mixed approach in Poland has brought better results than self-regulation alone did in Hungary. The share of women on boards among the largest listed companies has doubled in Poland, while it has stagnated in Hungary. Nevertheless, neither Poland nor Hungary have experienced any substantive degree of gender transformation in the corporate world. Still, the differentiated outcomes of the two countries suggest that substantial progress is enhanced through state support in conservative contexts regarding gender norms.
Mobilizing for Quotas Against All Odds
Authors: Ahrens Petra , Scheele Alexandra
Published: June 2022

Corporate equality in Germany is still far out of reach with only 33.9% women on supervisory boards and 9.6% on executive boards in 2019. Until 2010, women’s share of supervisory boards was below 15%, and it only increased considerably after the adoption of the Equal Participation of Women and Men in Leadership Positions in the Private and Public Sectors Act in 2015. Highly contentious, the policy process leading to the introduction of corporate gender quotas took almost twenty years. As the chapter asserts, the road to quota adoption and the practice of policy in action has been a slow incremental process that has yet to empower women or to achieve transformative outcomes.
What Works and Why? The Politics of Corporate Gender Equality by the Numbers
Authors: Isabelle Engeli , Mazur Amy G.
Published: June 2022

This chapter applies a comparative lens to the politics of corporate board equality policy in action through a focus on the specific mix and ambition of the policy tools and their outcomes with regards to the numerical success of the policy—the increase of women on corporate boards. The argument is made that numerical progress can only be made through combining mandates and recommendations through a trade-off between regulatory ambition, scope, and coerciveness. In the first part of this chapter, the politics of regulating equality on corporate boards are assessed for the four types of regulatory trajectories and their outputs. The next part identifies three common trends found across all of the fifteen country cases in the politics of policy implementation regardless of regulatory approach or regional placement of a given country. In the third part, the focus is on the policy mix for successful numerical outcomes. In the conclusion the four major findings of the comparative analysis about what works and why are presented for success by the numbers.
The Global Lab
Authors: Fejerskov Adam
Published: June 2022

The Global Lab maps out the political, institutional, and ethical coordinates of a new experimental movement operating across the Global South. It tells the story of how a group of organizations, foundations, and corporations are increasingly using developing countries, local communities, and refugee camps as live laboratories to experiment with untested technologies, biometric humanitarian solutions, new drugs, and radical methodologies for social change. The book asks where and how this movement works, laying bare the human, ethical, philosophical, and political consequences of its practices. The Global Lab takes the reader through Silicon Valley, Africa, and Asia to understand the tangible and transformative implications of experimentation, following a set of main protagonists, from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to experimental economists known as the randomistas, to humanitarian organizations and pharmaceutical companies. Deeply entrenched in contemporary experimental practice, these actors form a movement inspired by core logics emanating out of Silicon Valley about the need for fast-paced radical change and societal disruption, technological innovation as progress, and the privatization and commercialization of the human mind and body. Ultimately, the book examines the inequality of experimentation that is found in the erection of imaginary walls between us and them, and the imagined universal and often unquestioned value of scientific and technological progress in the name of development.
The Silicon Valley Way
Authors: Fejerskov Adam
Published: June 2022

This chapter explores how key ideas, beliefs, and epistemologies of the experimental movement are inspired by contemporary Silicon Valley startup culture. Increasingly, the dominant and transformative ideas that shape our societies today do not emanate from Washington, Brussels, or Beijing. Instead, they are greatly informed by key Silicon Valley actors including the ‘frightful five’ of Google, Amazon, Apple, Microsoft, and Facebook. While politics failed to transform humanity, as the saying goes, the dream is that computers just might. More than a geographical space, Silicon Valley is affiliated with a set of core ideologies and beliefs about society, progress, knowledge, and human life, giving way to at least five key notions: urgency, experimentation and failure, radical change, commercialization, and individualization. Despite their obvious differences, the diverse organizations, foundations, and corporations explored in the book are bound together and greatly shaped by these. The chapter explores these different notions, showing how the book’s different actors are shaped by them in their discourses and actions.
Noninvasive ventilation of air transported infants with respiratory distress in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Roy Shelden D , Alnaji Fuad , Reddy Deepti N , Barrowman Nick J , Sheffield Holden A
Published: June 2022

Objectives

Since 2016, use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) in Nunavut for air transport in select patients has become common practice. This study examines the outcomes of patients transferred by air from the Qikiqtaaluk Region during air transport. We examined intubation rates, adverse events during transfer, and respiratory parameters at departure and upon arrival.

Methods

This was a retrospective review from September 2016 to December 2019 including patients under 2 years of age transferred by air on nCPAP from the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut.

Results

Data were collected for 40 transfers involving 34 unique patients. Six transfers were from remote communities in Nunavut to Iqaluit, and 33 transfers were from Iqaluit to CHEO. The primary outcome measure was whether the patient required intubation during transport, or urgent intubation upon arrival to CHEO. The median nCPAP setting during transport was 6 cm H2O (5–7 cm H2O) and at arrival to CHEO was 6 cm H2O (6–7 cm H2O). Six of the 33 (18.2%) patients required intubation during their hospital stay and five (15.2%) in a controlled ICU setting. There were no discernible adverse events that occurred during transport for 28 patients (84.5%). Four patients (12.1%) required a brief period of bag-mask ventilation and one patient had an episode of bradycardia.

Conclusions

nCPAP on air transport is a safe and useful method for providing ventilatory support to infants and young children with respiratory distress.
Food quality impacts on reproductive traits, development and fatty acid composition of the freshwater calanoid copepod Eudiaptomus sp.
Authors: Titocci Jessica , Fink Patrick
Published: June 2022

The nutritional quality of phytoplankton is essential for the fitness of herbivorous zooplankton and for efficient carbon fluxes in pelagic ecosystems. In freshwater lakes, cladocerans and calanoid copepods are the main pelagic herbivores in terms of both numbers and grazing impact. However, most studies focused on the easily cultivable cladocerans, while only few studies addressed the impact of the diet on freshwater calanoid copepods due to their more complex life cycle. We here supplied five different phytoplankton diets to the freshwater calanoid copepod Eudiaptomus sp. to investigate their dietary quality for the copepods’ fitness traits over the copepod’s entire life cycle. While all tested diets supported comparable reproductive success in adults, egg production, hatching success and survival rate differed markedly between diets. In the offspring generation, diet affected developmental and reproductive periods, size at first reproduction and clutch size. Eudiaptomus body fatty acid composition only partially reflected their diet, indicating that the copepods are able to selectively accumulate and interconvert certain essential fatty acids. This capability may allow them to cope with nutritional deficiencies and may thus be interpreted as an ecological adaptation strategy to the fluctuating environmental conditions and resource availabilities in freshwater plankton.
Perceived movement of nonrigid motion patterns
Authors: Koerfer Krischan , Lappe Markus
Published: June 2022

Nonrigid materials such as liquids or smoke deform over time. Little is known about the visual perception of nonrigid motion other than that many motion cues associated with rigid motion perception are not reliable for nonrigid motion. Nonrigid motion patterns lack clear borders and their movement can be inconsistent with the motion of their parts. We developed a novel stimulus that creates a nonrigid vortex motion pattern in a random dot distribution and decouples the movement of the vortex from the first-order motion of the dots. We presented three moving vortices that entailed consecutively fewer motion cues, eliminating occlusion, motion borders, and velocity field gradients in the process. Subjects were well able to report the end position and travel path in all cases, showing that nonrigid motion is perceived through an analysis of the temporal evolution of visual motion patterns and does not require borders or speed differences. Adding a coherent global motion did not hamper perception, but adding local noise did, indicating that the visual system uses mid-level features that are on a local scale. We also found that participants judged the movement of the nonrigid motion patterns slower than a rigid control, revealing that speed perception was based on a combination of motion of the parts and movement of the pattern. We propose that the visual system uses the temporal evolution of a motion pattern for the perception of nonrigid motion and suggest a plausible mechanism based on the curl of the motion field.
Sporadic, late-onset, and multistage diseases
Authors: Webster Anthony J , Clarke Robert
Published: June 2022

Multistage disease processes are often characterized by a linear relationship between the log of incidence rates and the log of age. Examples include sequences of somatic mutations, that can cause cancer, and have recently been linked with a range of non-malignant diseases. Using a Weibull distribution to model diseases that occur through an ordered sequence of stages, and another model where stages can occur in any order, we characterized the age-related onset of disease in UK Biobank data. Despite their different underlying assumptions, both models accurately described the incidence of over 450 diseases, demonstrating that multistage disease processes cannot be inferred from this data alone. The parametric models provided unique insights into age-related disease, that conventional studies of relative risks cannot. The rate at which disease risk increases with age was used to distinguish between “sporadic” diseases, with an initially low and slowly increasing risk, and “late-onset” diseases whose negligible risk when young rapidly increases with age. “Relative aging rates” were introduced to quantify how risk factors modify age-related risk, finding the effective age-at-risk of sporadic diseases is strongly modified by common risk factors. Relative aging rates are ideal for risk-stratification, allowing the identification of ages with equivalent-risk in groups with different exposures. Most importantly, our results suggest that a substantial burden of sporadic diseases can be substantially delayed or avoided by early lifestyle interventions.
Accuracy of power Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis and monitoring of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies
Authors: Conticini Edoardo , Falsetti Paolo , Grazzini Silvia , Baldi Caterina , D’Alessandro Roberto , Al Khayyat Suhel Gabriele , Biasi Giovanni , Bellisai Francesca , Bardelli Marco , Gentileschi Stefano , Garcia-Gonzalez Estrella , Volpi Nila , Barbagli Stefano , Fabbroni Marta , d’Alessandro Miriana , Bargagli Elena , Cantarini Luca , Frediani Bruno
Published: June 2022

Objectives

No clear-cut guidelines exist for the use of imaging procedures for the diagnosis of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM). The aim of the present study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of power Doppler ultrasonography (PDUS) score in IIM patients compared with a control group and its usefulness during follow-up.

Methods

All patients evaluated in the Vasculitis and Myositis Clinic, Rheumatology Unit, University of Siena were prospectively collected. All patients underwent US examination of both thighs in axial and longitudinal scans, which were also performed twice (T1) or three times (T2).

Results

Forty-five patients with IIM (median [interquartile range] age 55 [45–66] years; 35 female) were enrolled. Receiver operating characteristic curves distinguished patients and controls based on ∑power Doppler (PD), ∑oedema, ∑atrophy and CRP. The best cut-off value for ∑PD was 0.5, ∑oedema 1.5, ∑atrophy 0.5 and CRP 0.22 mg/dl. In a logistic regression analysis, the variables that most influenced diagnosis of IIM were ∑PD and ∑oedema (P = 0.017 and P = 0.013, respectively). ∑Oedema was lower at T1 (P = 0.0108) and T2 (P = 0.0012) than at T0. Likewise, ∑PD was lower at T1 (P = 0.0294) and T2 (P = 0.0420) than at T0. Physician global assessment was lower at T1 (P = 0.0349) and T2 (P = 0.0035) than at baseline.

Conclusion

Our findings show that PDUS is a reliable diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis between inflammatory and non-inflammatory myopathies. Moreover, PDUS can be employed also during the follow-up of patients with IIM. A reduction in disease activity, measured by physician global assessment, led to a concomitant decrease in both oedema and PD, which was directly correlated with their rate of change. This underlines the close link between clinical assessment and PDUS findings, not only at diagnosis but also during monitoring.
Upregulated expression of FFAR2 and SOC3 genes is associated with gout
Authors: Orji Oliver C , López-Domínguez Maria B , Sandoval-Plata Gabriela , Guetta-Baranes Tamar , Valdes Ana M , Doherty Michael , Morgan Kevin , Abhishek Abhishek
Published: June 2022

Objective

To examine the expression of Free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) and Suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) genes in asymptomatic hyperuricaemia (AH), AH with MSU crystal deposition, inter-critical gout and gout flare.

Methods

Study participants (n = 120) comprised 34 people with serum urate (SU) <360 μmol/l, 69 with AH ± MSU crystal deposition and 17 with a gout flare. Sixteen of the 17 patients with a gout flare attended a second visit 6–12 weeks later. Gene expression levels were assessed using RT-qPCR and results computed as fold changes (FC) after normalization to the reference gene.

Results

FFAR2 was significantly upregulated during gout flares (FC = 2.9) compared with normal SU, AH, and AH + MSU crystal deposition (FC = 1.1, P < 0.0001 for each comparison). FFAR2 was also significantly upregulated during inter-critical gout (FC = 1.8) compared with normal SU, AH and AH + MSU (FC = 1.1, P < 0.001 for each comparison). SOCS3 was significantly upregulated during gout flares (FC = 3.4) compared with normal SU, AH, and AH + MSU crystal deposition (FC = 1.1, 1.1 and 1.2, respectively, P < 0.0001 for each comparison). SOCS3 was also upregulated during inter-critical gout (FC = 2.1) compared with normal SU (P = 0.02) and AH (P = 0.006) (FC = 1.1 and 1.2, respectively). FFAR2 expression was upregulated during gout flare compared with inter-critical gout and SOCS3 expression showed negative correlation with flare duration (r = –0.49, P < 0.05).

Conclusion

FFAR2 upregulation is associated with gout and may trigger gout flares. SOCS3 may have a role in amelioration of gout flares.
Meta-analysis of the effects of monensin on performance of beef replacement heifers and beef cows
Authors: Gadberry Shane , Beck Paul , Moore Mikayla , White Frank , Linneen Sara , Lalman David
Published: June 2022

Although performance benefits of monensin have been extensively studied in finishing cattle, growing cattle, and dairy cows, considerably less published work is available evaluating response to monensin supplementation in cow-calf production systems. This meta-analysis investigated the impacts of monensin on performance of beef cows and developing replacement heifers. The replacement heifer analysis was conducted using data from 18 different peer-reviewed publications and experiment station reports. The mature cow analysis included 21 different publications and experiment station reports. The metaphor package (version 2.4-0; Viechtbauer, 2010) for R (version 4.0.3; www.r-project.org) was used to determine the overall effect size of monensin compared to a negative control. Each study’s n, means, and SEM or P value was used to calculate the mean difference and estimate of within study variance for responses of interest. In replacement heifers, monensin treatment increased (P < 0.01); average daily gain (+0.03 ± 0.008 kg/d), feed efficiency (+0.013 ± 0.008 gain:feed), and percentage cycling before the breeding season (+15.9 ± 5.13%); while decreasing (P < 0.01): dry matter intake (0.293 ± 0.081 kg), and age at puberty (-8.9 ± 1.48 d). Six studies reporting ad libitum forage intake for mature cows showed decreased (P = 0.008) DMI by 0.85 ± 0.32 kg/d. Six studies reported milk yield and revealed an increase (P = 0.01) of 0.39 ± 0.15 kg/d when cows were supplemented with monensin. Monensin supplementation resulted in a reduction (P = 0.02) in days to first estrus by 18 ± 8.2 d and percentage of cows exhibiting estrus prior to the breeding season was increased by 19 ± 8% (P = 0.03). There were no differences in artificial insemination pregnancy nor total pregnancy for either the heifer or mature cow data sets. This analysis indicates potential for use of monensin in heifer development and beef cow production systems. Further research is needed to elucidate the effects on reproductive efficiency, DMI, milk production, weight, and body composition change.
The Use of Tranexamic Acid in Hip Fracture Surgery—A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Agius Christabel , Cole Elaine , Mifsud Mary Grace , Vasireddy Aswinkumar
Published: June 2022

Objectives:

To analyze the effect of intravenous tranexamic acid (TXA) on blood transfusion requirements in adult patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. Secondary aim was to evaluate the safety by assessing thromboembolic events.

Data Sources:

Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, PubMed, and Embase were searched for randomized controlled trials published in English from 2010.

Study Selection:

Studies eligible for inclusion were randomized controlled trials that analyzed the use of intravenous TXA on blood transfusion requirement in hip fracture surgery.

Data Extraction:

Titles and abstracts were screened and assessed for eligibility by 2 independent reviewers. Quality and risk of bias was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach and the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB2).

Data Synthesis:

Meta-analysis with random and fixed effect models was performed. Risk ratio (RR) was calculated for dichotomous outcomes and estimated with a 95% confidence interval (CI). For continuous data, the risk difference (RD) was estimated with a 95% CI.

Results:

A total of 13 trials involving 1194 patients were included. Pooled results showed that patients in the TXA group had significantly lower transfusion requirements (RR 0.50, 95%CI 0.30–0.84, P = 0.009). Similar findings were observed in the subcohort of patients with transfusion threshold of Hb < 8g/dL, (RR 0.42, 95%CI 0.31–0.56, P < 0.0001). This risk reduction was not observed in the subcohort of patients with transfusion threshold of Hb 8.1–10g/dL who received TXA (RR 0.77, 95%CI 0.51–1.18, P = 0.23) and no statistically significant differences were found for total thromboembolic events (RR 0.01, 95%CI -0.02–0.04, P = 0.47).

Conclusion:

This meta-analysis demonstrated that intravenous TXA reduced blood transfusion rates and did not increase the risk of thromboembolic events.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
New wrinkles in hypertension management 2022
Authors: Carey Robert M. , Whelton Paul K.
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review

High blood pressure (BP) is the world's leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and death. This review highlights findings during the past 18 months that apply to the management of high BP in adults in the context of the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (AHA) BP guideline.

Recent findings

A comprehensive meta-analysis of clinical trials that employed a novel statistical method identified a substantially linear relationship between dietary sodium intake and BP, strongly supporting the AHA daily dietary sodium intake recommendation of less than 1500 mg/day but suggesting that any reduction in sodium intake is likely to be beneficial. Among adults with hypertension, use of a salt substitute (containing reduced sodium and enhanced potassium) led to striking reductions in CVD outcomes. Young adults with stage 1 hypertension and a low 10-year atherosclerotic CVD risk score should be started on a 6-month course of vigorous lifestyle modification; if their BP treatment goal is not achieved, a first-line antihypertensive agent should be added to the lifestyle modification intervention. In patients with stage 4 renal disease, the thiazide-like diuretic chlorthalidone (as add-on therapy) lowered BP markedly compared with placebo. Nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) represent a new class of MRA that has been shown to lower BP and provide significant CVD protection. In Chinese adults aged 60–80 years at baseline, intensive BP control with a SBP target of 110–129 compared with 130–149 mmHg reduced CVD events with minimal side effects.

Recent findings have advanced our knowledge of hypertension management, clarifying, amplifying and supporting the 2017 ACC/AHA BP guideline recommendations.
Work Ability and Analysis of Stress-Relevant Coping With Demands of Teachers—A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study in Germany and Ukraine
Authors: Thielmann Beatrice , Hoffmann Tatjana , Zavgorodnii Igor , Darius Sabine , Böckelmann Irina
Published: June 2022

Objective

The aim of this study was to identify strain factors and compare work ability and stress-relevant coping with demands for German and Ukrainian teachers.

Methods

Data from 147 German and 291 Ukraine teachers were examined. A professional history questionnaire, the Work Ability Index, and a questionnaire for the analysis of stress-relevant coping with demands (inability to recover subscale) were used. The differences among the age groups in the two countries were evaluated.

Results

German teachers reported more demands than Ukrainian teachers did. The Work Ability Index score indicates a moderate level of work ability for both groups of teachers. German teachers are more unable to recover than Ukrainian teachers are (P < 0.001), and older German teachers are significantly less able to recover than their Ukrainian counterparts are.

Conclusions

Health intervention and promotion are necessary, especially for older teachers.
Occupational Balance and Depressive Symptoms During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ramos Romualdo , Röschel Anna , Crevenna Richard , Jordakieva Galateja , Andrews Margaret Renn , Dür Mona , Stamm Tanja
Published: June 2022

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among daily activities (paid work, childcare, caregiving, voluntary work, sports, and social contact), occupational balance, and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

We analyzed data from the Austrian Corona Panel Project (four time points, 6-month period) using regression models with logarithmically transformed data and nonparametric repeated-measures tests (N = 871).

Results

Results showed higher depressive symptoms among women. Family caregivers (either parents or those caring for other relatives) were at the highest risk for occupational imbalance and depressive symptoms. Sports and social contact were initially associated with better outcomes, but the effects waned. There was a main effect for time point driven by the last wave (amidst the second lockdown), but no significant interaction effects between predictors and time point were found.

Conclusion

The results provide a nuanced depiction of the relationship between different daily activities and health-related outcomes during the pandemic, highlighting groups at risk.
Exploring the Health Impacts and Inequalities of the New Way of Working
Authors: Griffiths Melda Lois , Gray Benjamin J. , Kyle Richard G. , Song Jiao , Davies Alisha R.
Published: June 2022

Objective

The aim of the study is to provide insights into the working Welsh adult population’s perceptions of the health impacts of working from home (WFH), their ability to WFH, and their WFH preferences.

Methods

Data were collected from 615 working adults in Wales between November 2020 and January 2021 in a household survey.

Results

More than 45% of those able to WFH reported worsened mental well-being and loneliness. Working from home worsened the diets, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol use of those in poorer health. Approximately 50% were able to WFH, although individuals living in more deprived areas, in atypical employment or with precarious income, were less able to WFH. Nearly 60% wanted to WFH to some capacity.

Conclusions

The new way of working introduces new challenges to preserving workforce mental well-being, regulating health behaviors, and tackling inequalities. Hybrid models and targeted health support could make WFH healthier and more equitable.
Master's Prepared Clinical Nurse Leaders
Authors: Drake Emily E. , DeGennaro Gina , Kuhn Dillon
Published: June 2022

Background:

Because the Clinical Nurse Leader (CNL) role is relatively new, little is known about the success of CNL graduates. Our aim was to describe the career path of CNL graduates and to measure satisfaction 2 to 10 years after graduation.

Methods:

A cross-sectional survey design was used to assess career trajectory and self-reported satisfaction with work, life, and educational preparation in a sample of 109 CNL graduates from one university. Online data collection was used, resulting in participants from across the United States.

Results:

Respondents were primarily Direct Entry CNL graduates. The majority (95%) were still working full- or part-time in nursing. Most (over 90%) were satisfied or extremely satisfied with their decision to become a nurse. Life satisfaction was high: the Satisfaction with Life Scale mean score was 24.9 (SD = 5.67).

Conclusion:

These results help describe CNL career trajectories and provide useful suggestions for education and practice. This information can help build the business case for the CNL.
The Value of Intratumoral and Extratumoral Microvessel Density for the Tumor-dominated Area in the Endometrial Carcinoma
Authors: Kilinç Emine , Bahar Abdulkadir Yasir
Published: June 2022

Objective:

Microvessel density (MVD) measuring angiogenesis can influence clinicopathologic variables in endometrial carcinoma (EC). MVD is usually assessed in the densest vascular area the tumor, but the distinction between intratumoral and extratumoral MVD is not reported, and tumor-dominated area is not examined for MVD in the EC in the literature.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 151 cases with EC, which had hysterectomy from 2005 to 2020, were included. All histopathologic parameters were re-evaluated blindly. MVD was counted in the intratumoral (densest tumoral and vascular area) and extratumoral (periphery of the tumor, tumor invasion tip, densest tumoral, and vascular area) areas using immunohistochemical CD31 expression.

Results:

Large tumor size, deep myometrial invasion, high grade, nonendometrioid tumor type, cervix invasion, lymph node metastasis, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positivity, stage III to IV, substantial lymphovascular invasion, and overall survival had significant relations with intratumoral and extratumoral MVD (P<0.05). Age and lymphoplasmacytic inflammation showed marginal significance for extratumoral MVD. Extratumoral and intratumoral MVD had high (near-perfect) agreement (κ=0.870, P=0.001). Cervix invasion, stage III to IV, high grade, intratumoral, and extratumoral MVD were correlated with lower overall survival in the multivariate analyses.

Conclusion:

High MVD had an impact on the behavior and prognosis of EC and may be a potential indicator for antiangiogenic treatments for aggressive tumors. Although intratumoral and extratumoral MVD in the tumor-dominated area have mostly similar effects in our study, this situation can be cleared more by further investigations.
Universal HIV screening in the emergency department: an interrupted time series analysis
Authors: Ford James S. , Rouleau Sam , Voong Stephanie , Morgan Brittany , Toosi Kavian , Waldman Sarah , Meng Zichun , Chechi Tasleem , Tran Nam , May Larissa
Published: June 2022

We performed a calendar-matched, 12-month, before (November 27, 2017 to November 26, 2018) and after (November 27, 2018 to November 26, 2019) study, to assess the utility of an ED-based HIV screening program. There were 710 and 14,335 patients screened for HIV during the pre- and post-BPA periods, respectively, representing more than a 20-fold increase in HIV screening following BPA implementation. Total HIV positive tests increased 5-fold following BPA implementation.
Neurodevelopmental outcomes of HIV/antiretroviral drug perinatally exposed uninfected children aged 3–6 years
Authors: Fowler Mary Glenn , Hanrahan Colleen , Yende Nonhlanhla , Stranix-Chibanda Lynda , Chipato Tsungai , Maliwichi Limbika , Gadama Luis , Aizire Jim , Dadabhai Sufia , Chinula Lameck , Wambuzi-Owang Lillian , Owor Maxensia , Violari Avy , Nyati Mandisa , Hanley Sherika , Govender Vani , Brummel Sean , Taha Taha
Published: June 2022

Objective:

Given the roll out of maternal antiretroviral therapy (ART) for prevention-of-perinatal-HIV-transmission, increasing numbers of children are perinatally HIV/antiretroviral exposed but uninfected (CAHEU). Some studies suggest CAHEU may be at increased risk for neurodevelopmental (ND) deficits. We aimed to assess ND performance among preschool CAHEU.

Design:

This cross-sectional study assessed ND outcomes among 3–6-year-old CAHEU at entry into a multicountry cohort study.

Methods:

We used the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) and Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC-II) to assess ND status among 3–6-year-old CAHEU at entry into the PROMISE Ongoing Treatment Evaluation (PROMOTE) study conducted in Uganda, Malawi, Zimbabwe and South Africa. Statistical analyses (Stata 16.1) was used to generate group means for ND composite scores and subscale scores, compared to standardized test score means. We used multivariable analysis to adjust for known developmental risk factors including maternal clinical/socioeconomic variables, child sex, growth-for-age measurements, and country.

Results:

1647 children aged 3–6 years had baseline ND testing in PROMOTE; group-mean unadjusted Cognitive Composite scores on the MSEL were 85.8 (standard deviation [SD]: 18.2) and KABC-II were 79.5 (SD: 13.2). Composite score group-mean differences were noted by country, with South African and Zimbabwean children having higher scores. In KABC-II multivariable analyses, maternal age >40 years, lower education, male sex, and stunting were associated with lower composite scores.

Conclusions:

Among a large cohort of 3–6 year old CAHEU from eastern/southern Africa, group-mean composite ND scores averaged within the low-normal range; with differences noted by country, maternal clinical and socioeconomic factors.
Transaminitis prevalence among HIV-infected adults eligible for tuberculosis preventive therapy
Authors: Chaisson Lelia H. , Semitala Fred C. , Mwebe Sandra , Katende Jane , Asege Lucy , Nakaye Martha , Andama Alfred O. , Atuhumuza Elly , Kamya Moses , Cattamanchi Adithya , Yoon Christina
Published: June 2022

Objective:

To assess the prevalence of severe transaminitis precluding tuberculosis (TB) preventive therapy (TPT) initiation for people with HIV (PWH) in a high TB/HIV burden setting.

Design/methods:

We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort study of PWH with pre-antiretroviral therapy (ART) CD4+ counts 350 cells/μl or less undergoing systematic TB screening from two HIV clinics in Uganda. For this analysis, we excluded patients with culture-confirmed TB and patients without aspartate transaminase (AST) or alanine transaminase (ALT) levels measured within three months of enrollment. We compared the proportion of patients with any transaminitis (AST or ALT greater than one times the upper limit of normal ULN) and severe transaminitis (AST or ALT >3 times ULN) for patients screening negative for TB by symptoms and for those screening negative by C-reactive protein (CRP). We also assessed the proportion of patients with transaminitis by self-reported alcohol consumption.

Results:

Among 313 participants [158 (50%) women, median age 34 years (IQR 27–40)], 75 (24%) had any transaminitis and six (2%) had severe transaminitis. Of 32 of 313 (10%) who screened negative for TB by symptoms, none had severe transaminitis. In contrast, six-times more PWH screened negative for TB by CRP (194 of 313; 62%), of whom only four (2.1%) had severe transaminitis. Differences in the proportion with any and severe transaminitis according to alcohol consumption were not statistically significant.

Conclusion:

Prevalence of severe transaminitis was low among PWH without culture-confirmed TB in this setting, and is therefore, unlikely to be a major barrier to scaling-up TPT.
Improvement of liver metabolic activity in people with advanced HIV after antiretroviral therapy initiation
Authors: Patel Reema , Manion Maura M. , Laidlaw Elizabeth , Wakim Paul , Wang Zeping , Anderson Megan , Galindo Frances , Rupert Adam , Lisco Andrea , Heller Theo , Sereti Irini , Hammoud Dima A.
Published: June 2022

Objective:

Evaluating hepatic metabolic changes in people with HIV (PWH) with advanced disease, before and after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, using [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET-computed tomography (PET/CT). FDG PET/CT noninvasively quantifies glucose metabolism in organs.

Design/methods:

Forty-eight viremic PWH (CD4+ cell counts <100 cells/μl) underwent FDG PET/CT at baseline and approximately 6 weeks after ART initiation (short-term). Twenty-seven PWH participants underwent follow-up scans 2 years after treatment (long-term). FDG PET/CT scans from 20 healthy controls were used for comparison. Liver FDG uptake was quantified from the PET/CT scans. Imaging findings as well as clinical, laboratory, and immune markers were compared longitudinally and cross-sectionally to healthy controls.

Results:

Liver FDG uptake was lower at baseline and short-term in PWH compared with controls (P < 0.0001). At the long-term scan, liver FDG uptake of PWH increased relative to baseline and short-term (P = 0.0083 and 0.0052) but remained lower than controls’ values (P = 0.004). Changes in FDG uptake correlated negatively with levels of glucagon, myeloperoxidase, sCD14, and MCP-1 and positively with markers of recovery (BMI, albumin, and CD4+ cell counts) (P < 0.01). In multivariable analyses of PWH values across timepoints, BMI and glucagon were the best set of predictors for liver FDG uptake (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion:

Using FDG PET/CT, we found decreased liver glucose metabolism in PWH that could reflect hepatocytes/lymphocytes/myeloid cell loss and metabolic dysfunction because of inflammation. Although long-term ART seems to reverse many hepatic abnormalities, residual liver injury may still exist within 2 years of treatment initiation, especially in PWH who present with low nadir CD4+ cell counts.
Psychology needs to get tired of winning
Authors: Haeffel Gerald J.
Published: June 2022

Psychological science is on an extraordinary winning streak. A review of the published literature shows that nearly all study hypotheses are supported. This means that either all the theories are correct, or the literature is biased towards positive findings. Results from large-scale replication projects and the prevalence of questionable research practices indicate the latter. This is a problem because science progresses from being wrong. For decades, there have been calls for better theories and the adoption of a strong inference approach to science. However, there is little reason to believe that psychological science is ready to change. Although recent developments like the open science movement have improved transparency and replicability, they have not addressed psychological science's method-oriented (rather than problem-oriented) mindset. Psychological science still does not embrace the scientific method of developing theories, conducting critical tests of those theories, detecting contradictory results, and revising (or disposing of) the theories accordingly. In this article, I review why psychologists must embrace being wrong and how the Registered Report format might be one strategy for stopping psychology's winning streak.
Unbiased estimation of the Hessian for partially observed diffusions
Authors: Chada Neil K. , Jasra Ajay , Yu Fangyuan
Published: June 2022

In this article, we consider the development of unbiased estimators of the Hessian, of the log-likelihood function with respect to parameters, for partially observed diffusion processes. These processes arise in numerous applications, where such diffusions require derivative information, either through the Jacobian or Hessian matrix. As time-discretizations of diffusions induce a bias, we provide an unbiased estimator of the Hessian. This is based on using Girsanov’s Theorem and randomization schemes developed through Mcleish (2011
Monte Carlo Methods Appl.
17
, 301–315 (
doi:10.1515/mcma.2011.013
)) and Rhee & Glynn (2016
Op. Res.
63
, 1026–1043). We demonstrate our developed estimator of the Hessian is unbiased, and one of finite variance. We numerically test and verify this by comparing the methodology here to that of a newly proposed particle filtering methodology. We test this on a range of diffusion models, which include different Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes and the Fitzhugh–Nagumo model, arising in neuroscience.
Ocean mover’s distance: using optimal transport for analysing oceanographic data
Authors: Hyun Sangwon , Mishra Aditya , Follett Christopher L. , Jonsson Bror , Kulk Gemma , Forget Gael , Racault Marie-Fanny , Jackson Thomas , Dutkiewicz Stephanie , Müller Christian L. , Bien Jacob
Published: June 2022

Remote sensing observations from satellites and global biogeochemical models have combined to revolutionize the study of ocean biogeochemical cycling, but comparing the two data streams to each other and across time remains challenging due to the strong spatial-temporal structuring of the ocean. Here, we show that the Wasserstein distance provides a powerful metric for harnessing these structured datasets for better marine ecosystem and climate predictions. The Wasserstein distance complements commonly used point-wise difference methods such as the root-mean-squared error, by quantifying differences in terms of spatial displacement in addition to magnitude. As a test case, we consider chlorophyll (a key indicator of phytoplankton biomass) in the northeast Pacific Ocean, obtained from model simulations,
in situ
measurements, and satellite observations. We focus on two main applications: (i) comparing model predictions with satellite observations, and (ii) temporal evolution of chlorophyll both seasonally and over longer time frames. The Wasserstein distance successfully isolates temporal and depth variability and quantifies shifts in biogeochemical province boundaries. It also exposes relevant temporal trends in satellite chlorophyll consistent with climate change predictions. Our study shows that optimal transport vectors underlying the Wasserstein distance provide a novel visualization tool for testing models and better understanding temporal dynamics in the ocean.
Discovery of nonlinear dynamical systems using a Runge–Kutta inspired dictionary-based sparse regression approach
Authors: Goyal Pawan , Benner Peter
Published: June 2022

In this work, we blend machine learning and dictionary-based learning with numerical analysis tools to discover differential equations from noisy and sparsely sampled measurement data of time-dependent processes. We use the fact that given a dictionary containing large candidate nonlinear functions, dynamical models can often be described by a few appropriately chosen basis functions. As a result, we obtain parsimonious models that can be better interpreted by practitioners, and potentially generalize better beyond the sampling regime than black-box modelling. In this work, we integrate a numerical integration framework with dictionary learning that yields differential equations without requiring or approximating derivative information at any stage. Hence, it is utterly effective for corrupted and sparsely sampled data. We discuss its extension to governing equations, containing rational nonlinearities that typically appear in biological networks. Moreover, we generalized the method to governing equations subject to parameter variations and externally controlled inputs. We demonstrate the efficiency of the method to discover a number of diverse differential equations using noisy measurements, including a model describing neural dynamics, chaotic Lorenz model, Michaelis–Menten kinetics and a parameterized Hopf normal form.
Tailored acoustic metamaterials. Part II. Extremely thick-walled Helmholtz resonator arrays
Authors: Smith Michael J. A. , Abrahams I. David
Published: June 2022

We present a solution method which combines the technique of matched asymptotic expansions with the method of multipole expansions to determine the band structure of cylindrical Helmholtz resonator arrays in two dimensions. The resonator geometry is considered in the limit as the wall thickness becomes very large compared with the aperture width (theextremely thick-walledlimit). In this regime, the existing treatment in Part I (Smith & Abrahams, 2022 Tailored acoustic metamaterials. Part I. Thin- and thick-walled Helmholtz resonator arrays), with updated parameters, is found to return spurious spectral behaviour. We derive a regularized system which overcomes this issue and also derive compact asymptotic descriptions for the low-frequency dispersion equation in this setting. We find that the matched-asymptotic system is able to recover the first few bands over the entire Brillouin zone with ease, when suitably truncated. A homogenization treatment is outlined for describing the effective bulk modulus and effective density tensor of the resonator array for all wall thicknesses. We demonstrate thatextremely thick-walledresonators are able to achieve exceptionally low Helmholtz resonant frequencies, and present closed-form expressions for determining these explicitly. We anticipate that the analytical expressions and the formulation outlined here may prove useful in designing metamaterials for industrial and other applications.
A visual approach to the ultradiscrete KdV equation with non-integer site values
Authors: Gilson Claire R.
Published: June 2022

Simple visual approaches are used to examine the ultradiscrete KdV equation with arbitrary real values for the dependent variable. The number and sizes of the solitons in the system can be obtained straightforwardly using these visualizations. By identifying the initial soliton sizes and positions, the initial profile can be decomposed into its constituent parts, which can then be evolved separately, and then the evolved profile can be reconstructed.
Late Holocene anthropogenic landscape change in northwestern Europe impacted insect biodiversity as much as climate change did after the last Ice Age
Authors: Pilotto Francesca , Rojas Alexis , Buckland Philip I.
Published: June 2022

Since the last Ice Age (
ca
115 000–11 700 years ago), the geographical ranges of most plants and animals have shifted, expanded or contracted. Understanding the timing, geographical patterns and drivers of past changes in insect communities is essential for evaluating the biodiversity implications of future climate changes, yet our knowledge of long-term patterns is limited. We applied a network modelling approach to the recent fossil record of northwestern European beetles to investigate how their taxonomic and trait composition changed during the past 16 000 years. We found two major changes in beetle faunas 4000–3500 and 10 000–9500 years ago, coinciding with periods of human population growth in the Late Holocene and climate warming in the Early Holocene. Our results demonstrate that humans have affected insect biodiversity since at least the introduction of agropastoralism, with landscape-scale effects that can be observed at sites away from areas of direct human impact.