bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marc B. Shapiro. The Limits of Orthodox Theology: Maimonides' Thirteen Principles Reappraised. The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 221 pp.
Authors: Rothstein Gidon
Published: September 2005

Marc Shapiro puts an explicit contemporary context on this remarkable collection of sources that disagreed with one part or other of Maimonides' Thirteen Principles—the beliefs Maimonides asserted were absolutely necessary to be considered a believing Jew and to attain the World to Come. By showing the extent to which past authors disagreed with those Principles, Shapiro seeks to debunk assertions by contemporary writers that place those Principles at the core of Orthodox belief.
Pinchas Giller. Reading the Zohar: The Sacred Text of the Kabbalah. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. xviii, 246 pp.
Authors: Verman Mark
Published: September 2005

Pinchas Giller is one of the finest contemporary scholars of the zoharic corpus. His current study, Reading the Zohar, constitutes an excellent sequel to his earlier book, The Enlightened Will Shine. The Zohar certainly warrants the kind of thoughtful and serious reflection that Giller devotes to it, insofar as the Zohar is a massive, complex corpus consisting of some two dozen distinct strata. In Enlightened, Giller examined major themes in Tikkunei Zohar and Raעayaء Mehemnaء. Although these are rich and interesting compositions, chronologically they are among the latest and were undoubtedly written by someone other than whoever was responsible for the foundational writings of the Zohar. In Reading the Zohar, Giller is primarily concerned with three seminal aspects of the zoharic corpus: Sabaءde-mishpatim, cosmogonic descriptions that are preserved in various strata, and the four interconnected עIdrot texts. On its own, an analysis of such disparate and challenging sources would be an admirable undertaking. What makes Giller's study even more ambitious is that he also examines how these particular works were studied and interpreted. In particular, Giller is interested in how the kabbalists of Safed, most notably R. Moses Cordovero and R. Isaac Luria, incorporated these zoharic texts into their distinctive theosophical systems.
Marc B. Shapiro. Between the Yeshiva World and Modern Orthodoxy: The Life and Works of Rabbi Jehiel Jacob Weinberg, 1884–1966. London: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 1999. 283 pp.
Authors: Greenberg Gershon
Published: September 2005

Jehiel Jacob Weinberg was, and remains, one of the outstanding figures of Modern Orthodoxy, along with David Zvi Hoffmann, Isaac Herzog, and Joseph B. Soloveitchik. Shapiro's exemplary biography marks the onset of a new stage in biographical scholarship about leading Orthodox personalities, moving beyond the hagiographies (which brought the figures to attention while affirming the Orthodox community) and the pioneer studies of Aharon Sorasky and Aharon Rakeffet-Rothkoff, and is a mandate for Judaic scholars to study the other greats (including the Hofets Hayim, Hayim Hirschensohn, Meir Shapiro of Lublin, Nathan Birnbaum, Hayim Ozer Grodzensky and Jakob Rosenheim). This book tells us what it takes to be a pathfinder in the world of twentieth-century Orthodox Judaism: the courage to carry a Hegelian-like dialectic about religious options to conclusion in a world of societal turmoil and historical trauma. As Weinberg moved from Slobodka to Pilwishki (Lithuania), to Giessen, Berlin, and then through the Warsaw ghetto, detention camp in Wülzburg, and finally to Montreux, he existentialized the struggle between the isolated talmudic culture of Eastern Europe and the Talmud cum secular culture of the West and its synthetic conclusion.
Ronald Schechter. Obstinate Hebrews: Representations of Jews in France, 1715–1815. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2003. viii, 331 pp.
Authors: Arkush Allan
Published: September 2005

This book searchingly reexamines and sheds much new light on subjects that might already seem to have received more than enough scholarly attention. Ronald Schechter succeeds in offering an intriguing new account of the attitude of the thinkers of the French Enlightenment, some of their heirs, and some of their enemies toward the Jews. He also presents a challenging, if less than fully convincing, interpretation of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century French Jews' response to what was being said about them and what was happening to them.
Michael Gluzman. The Politics of Canonicity: Lines of Resistance in Modernist Hebrew Poetry. Contraversions: Jews and Other Differences. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. xiv, 250 pp.
Authors: Goodblatt Chanita
Published: September 2005

In his epilogue to The Politics of Canonicity, Michael Gluzman has aptly delineated the parameters of this book, by writing that it “originates from the American debate on canon formation and cultural wars that predominated academic discourse during my years at University of California, Berkeley” (p. 181). This statement firmly sets its author within a critical context that auspiciously brings a wider literary discourse, such as that sustained by Chana Kronfeld and Hannan Hever, into the realm of modern Hebrew poetry. In particular, The Politics of Canonicity is identified by its publication in the series entitled Contraversions: Jews and Other Differences, which has a primary interest in the ongoing redefinition of Jewish identity and culture, specifically involving issues of gender, modernity, and politics. The Politics of Canonicity is effectively divided into two parts. In the first, comprising Chapters 1 and 2, Gluzman provides the intellectual and historical context for the interwoven formation of national identity and the literary canon in modern Hebrew literature. In particular, in Chapter 1 he relates the story of the 1896–1897 debate between Ahad Ha'am and Mikha Yosef Berdichevsky, arguing that it produced a dominant and regulative paradigm of Hebrew literature that integrates the private and public, the aesthetic and the national. In the second chapter, Gluzman discusses the way in which Hebrew modernism created a counterpoint to international modernism's glorification of exile. He discusses a full range of premodernist and modernist Hebrew poets—Shaul Tchernichovsky, Avigdor Hameiri, Avraham Shlonsky, Noach Stern, and Leah Goldberg—in order to underline their resistance to “the idea of exile as a literary privilege or as an inherently Jewish vocation” (p. 37), a resistance which Gluzman determines as calling into question “the critical tendency to read modernist practices as essentially antinationalist” (p. 37).
Elliot Dorff. Love Your Neighbor and Yourself: A Jewish Approach to Modern Personal Ethics. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2003. xvii, 366 pp.
Authors: Haas Peter J.
Published: September 2005

The subtitle tells it all: the book is not about bioethics, business ethics or communal ethics, but about the kind of ethics one should establish for one's personal life. Starting with issues of privacy, the book moves us through sexual ethics, relationships within families, forgiveness, and finally, hope. Although traditional Jewish sources are mined for their insights, in the end, this is one person's notion about what Jewish ethics can (and should) say about issues of personal ethics. Dorff acknowledges this right in his preface, “throughout the book, I present what I take to be an authentic reading and application of the Jewish tradition but surely not the only one. I therefore take care to use judgment [emphasis in the original] in assessing how the tradition should be best applied to modern circumstance, by providing arguments from the tradition and from modern sources and circumstance to justify [emphasis in the original] my reading of the tradition and arguing against alternative readings” (p. xii). In short, the book is not descriptive of the Jewish tradition but prescriptive, laying out how one should think about these issues as a modern American Jew who wants to think “Jewishly.”
Steven Nadler. Spinoza's Heresy: Immortality and the Jewish Mind. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 236 pp.
Authors: Klein Julie R.
Published: September 2005

On July 27, 1656, the Jewish community of Amsterdam expelled Baruch de Espinoza. As Josef Kaplan's work has shown, the community used ḥerem as a standard disciplinary instrument, usually on a temporary basis. In Spinoza's case, however, the Amsterdammers issued a fierce and permanent denunciation on grounds of “abominable heresies” and “monstrous deeds.” Speaking for the community, the rabbis “excommunicate, expel, curse and damn” him with formidable intensity. In addition to forbidding contact with Spinoza himself, the ḥerem concludes with a prohibition against reading “any treatise composed or written by him.” What were these heresies and deeds, and why was the ḥerem so harsh? Only twenty-three years of age, Spinoza had not yet, so far as we know, begun to write the philosophical works—the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (1670) and the Ethica (1677), the former published anonymously, the latter only posthumously—that would to make him notorious well beyond the domain of the Portuguese Jews. Looking at the later texts, it is not difficult to imagine the cause of the outrage: Spinoza denies creation and divine providence, individual or personal immortality (together with the doctrine of eternal reward and punishment), and the truth of the Torah. But what exactly was Spinoza doing in the mid-1650s, and why were his ideas and actions so offensive to the community?
Marvin Perry and Frederick M. Schweitzer. Anti-Semitism. Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2002. x, 309 pp.
Authors: Levy Richard S.
Published: September 2005

What seemed just barely possible when Léon Poliakov undertook to write a complete history of anti-Semitism in the mid-1970s would strike most serious historians as the height of folly today. The torrent of specialized studies of the subject in the past quarter-century, covering every period, culture, and continent, may have rendered such a project all but impossible. Even before Poliakov completed his fourth volume, Jacob Katz had wisely decided to confine his classic, From Prejudice to Destruction (1980), to Europe, 1700–1933. Yet there is a need for general treatments of the topic, if only to keep it from disappearing into the forest of ever-narrowing monographs and to help non-specialists make sense of a problem that shows no sign of going away.
Jody Myers. Seeking Zion: Modernity and Messianic Activism in the Writings of Tsevi Hirsch Kalischer. Oxford: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2003. xiv, 256 pp.
Authors: Saposnik Arieh
Published: September 2005

The religious thought of Rabbi Tsevi Hirsch Kalischer seems a promising starting point for a study of messianism in the Jewish encounter with modernity. Kalischer himself stood at the vortex of dramatic changes that were transforming Jewish life in the mid-nineteenth century. He lived on the seam line between Eastern and Western European Jewries, at a crucial historical juncture that witnessed political upheaval, the rise of nationalism, the crisis of enlightenment thought. His lifetime spanned the period of great hopes for Jewish emancipation and early disenchantment with it. Religiously and philosophically, Kalischer was in some sense both a remnant of an increasingly challenged traditional society and a harbinger of modern Jewish politics. In his thought, Kalischer embodied the pivotal role which messianic impulses played in the transformations of Jewish life in the nineteenth-century encounter with modernity.
Ehud Luz. Wrestling with an Angel: Power, Morality and Jewish Identity, trans. Michael Swirsky. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003. 350 pp.
Authors: Biale David
Published: September 2005

Perhaps no subject is more actual than the relationship of Zionism and the State of Israel to the exercise of military power. Ehud Luz's passionate cri de coeur appears, at first glance, to cover much the same ground as Anita Shapira's earlier Land and Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881–1948: both books analyze comprehensively the way Zionist thinkers, writers, and activists struggled with the moral limitations on the use of force and violence in the acquisition of Jewish sovereignty. But Shapira's focus is more on political history, while Luz treats primarily writers and rabbis, ranging from the ultra-Orthodox pacifist Aharon Shmuel Tamares, the Labor Zionist poet Natan Alterman, the messianic Zionist Zvi Yehuda Kook, and the secular apocalyptic Uri Zvi Greenberg. Where Shapira ends her story with what she describes as the emergence of a new Israeli mentality in the wake of the 1948 war, Luz brings the debates up to virtually the present day. Shapira leaves readers—perhaps unwittingly—with the impression that the values of havlagah (self-restraint) which characterized Labor Zionism in the 1930s were largely replaced by a more ruthless ethos of retaliation: after 1948, Labor Zionism came to adopt the position of its Revisionist archrival. Yet, as Luz demonstrates, the debates of the prewar period continued, if in a new key, in the half-century after Israeli sovereignty.
Seth Farber. An Orthodox Dreamer: Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik and Boston's Maimonides School. Waltham, MA; Hanover, NH: University Press of New England for Brandeis University Press, 2004. xvii, 201 pp.
Authors: Sokol Moshe
Published: September 2005

Perhaps the best way to evaluate a book is from the perspective of its stated objectives. Are they clearly stated, and worth pursuing? Has the author met the objectives he set for him/herself?
Der ‘Berliner Antisemitismusstreit' 1879–1881. Eine Kontroverse um die Zugehörigkeit der deutschen Juden zur Nation. Ed. Karsten Krieger. Munich: Saur, 2003. 2 vols., 903 pp.
Authors: Wiedebach Hartwig
Published: September 2005

“The Jews are our misfortune.” This was the final conclusion of the eminent historian Heinrich von Treitschke—should it prove impossible to slow down the “flock of ambitious young men hawking trousers” who were penetrating into Germany “year and year . . . over the eastern border.” “Experience taught,” von Treitschke averred that these Polish Jews were alien to the “Germanic soul.” He had nothing against Jews, “baptized and otherwise,” such as Felix Mendelssohn, Gabriel Riesser, and others, all of them “fine specimens of the German man in the best sense of the term.” But then there were all the others, etc. These are sentences taken from Treitschke's November 1879 essay “Unsere Aussichten,” subsequently triggering the debate that has been known since Walter Boehlich's first edition of source materials as the “Berlin Anti-Semitism Dispute.”
Hasia R. Diner and Beryl Leiff Benderly. Her Works Praise Her: A History of Jewish Women in America from Colonial Times to the Present. New York: Basic Books, 2002. xvii, 462 pp.
Authors: Ashton Dianne
Published: September 2005

This valuable book is more than a long overdue corrective to the extant one-volume histories of American Jewry whose narratives pivot upon a familiar list of male names. Diner and Benderly offer us all the events and themes of American Jewish social history that we expect to find, but we see them through the actions, motivations, and experiences of women. And because women's experiences often have been entirely different from those of men, we learn more about the topic than can be available in the previous one-volume accounts. Although this book was written for a general audience, it reminds this reader of the more scholarly U.S. History as Women's History (1995) for the new understandings it brings to familiar material.
Lloyd P. Gartner. History of the Jews in Modern Times. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. xi, 468 pp.
Authors: Seltzer Robert M.
Published: September 2005

Lloyd Gartner has written an excellent survey for the serious student and a fine tour d'horizon for the professional historian, delineating long-range historical developments concisely and lucidly, providing apt, fresh illustrations throughout the narrative, and efficiently unpacking terminology and nomenclature that would be obscure to the general reader. His book supersedes previous overviews of modern Jewish history.
Azariah de' Rossi. The Light of the Eyes. Translated with introduction and annotations by Joanna Weinberg. Yale Judaica Series. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. xlix, 802 pp.
Authors: Segal Lester A.
Published: September 2005

The central dimension of Azariah de' Rossi's complex and diverse treatise, Meءor עeinayim, is undoubtedly what Joanna Weinberg describes as “his real contribution to critical scholarship” (p. xxix), and this is especially evident in his innovative chapters on Philo, rabbinic aggadah and Jewish chronology. De' Rossi's studies are compounded by ponderous Hebrew prose replete with citations, proof-texts, references, and allusions. Nevertheless, Weinberg skillfully makes this classic manageable in English. Her abundant notes clarify the classical Jewish texts he addressed and the innumerable Jewish and non-Jewish sources from antiquity to the sixteenth century integral to his scholarly endeavor. The translation is also complemented by a comprehensive index of sources.
Michael E. Staub. Torn at the Roots. The Crisis of Jewish
Liberalism in Postwar America. New York: Columbia University
Press, 2002. 386 pp.
Authors: Lederhendler Eli
Published: September 2005

This is a uniquely informed and informative work
on the vicissitudes of the radical Jewish left in America, post-1945,
and the losing battle it has waged against more conservative impulses
within American Jewry. It is also notably uninformative
about the liberalism of American Jews that ostensibly forms the focal
point of its discussion. It ably documents a variety of topics: the
persistent intra-Jewish strife over political dissent, the overfree
use by both sides of Holocaust rhetoric, the penchant for Jewish
political discourse to indulge in citing so-called
“prophetic” and “Talmudic” models to
legitimize or delegitimize controversial contemporary positions, and
the recent demise of an organized, active Jewish left wing. In
contrast, the author displays little interest, if any, in survey data
on Jewish opinion, and he is similarly unconcerned with comparing
Jews and other ethnic or religious groups or otherwise
contextualizing the phenomena he discusses in general American
political terms. The result is a book that possesses many merits save
one: it is not a well-rounded or convincing treatment of postwar
American Jewish liberalism.
remodelling the regulation of postmodern innovation in medicine
Authors: price david
Published: September 2005

‘therapy’ is a legal concept of considerable import, traditionally juxtaposed with, but separate from, research and also, to some degree, marking the boundaries of legitimate medical intervention. the recent case of simms highlighted these issues, in addition to which novel clinical interventions were the subject of specific recommendations in the bristol royal infirmary inquiry report. this article subjects the notion of therapy to analytical scrutiny and considers the extent of proper clinician discretion to innovate and, albeit much more superficially, how medicine should itself evolve. it advocates a new, more (patient) protective model which should generate confidence in the ethical character of contemporary innovatory practices.
sociological implications arising from world bank projects and their impact on sub-saharan indigenous peoples
Authors: bantekas ilias
Published: September 2005

the world bank has in place a set of guidelines for assessing the impact of bank-funded projects on indigenous peoples and requires investors to produce detailed reports and ensure for the provision of adequate compensation. the tendency is to preserve sub-saharan indigenous social structures without inquiring whether a particular indigenous group finds itself oppressed within such structures and wants to escape from them. the bank’s compensation policy should strive to remedy social imbalances if that is the wish of indigenous societies.
Intensification of the oxygen minimum zone in the northeast Pacific off Vancouver Island during the last deglaciation: Ventilation and/or export production?
Authors: McKay J. L. , Pedersen T. F. , Southon J.
Published: October 2005

The oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) off Vancouver Island was more oxygen depleted relative to modern conditions during the Allerød (∼13.5 to 12.6 calendar kyr) and again from ∼11 to 10 kyr. The timing of OMZ intensification is similar to that seen throughout the North Pacific, although the onset appears to have been delayed by ∼1500 years off Vancouver Island. Radiocarbon dating of coeval benthic and planktonic foraminifera shows that between 16.0 and 12.6 kyr the age contrast between surface and intermediate waters (920 m depth) off Vancouver Island was similar to, or slightly less than, that today. There is no evidence of an increased age difference (i.e., decreased ventilation) during the deglaciation, particularly during the Allerød. However, sedimentary marine organic carbon concentration and mass accumulation rate increased substantially in the Allerød, suggesting that increased organic matter export was the principal cause of late Pleistocene OMZ intensification off Vancouver Island.
Source and propagation characteristics of kilometric continuum observed with multiple satellites
Authors: Hashimoto K. , Anderson R. R. , Green J. L. , Matsumoto H.
Published: September 2005

Kilometric continuum radiation is the high‐frequency extension of escaping continuum emissions in the frequency range from 100 to 800 kHz. It was first identified with the Geotail Plasma Wave Instrument (PWI) and has been observed with various satellites. Previous results from the IMAGE Radio Plasma Imager and extreme ultraviolet experiments show that kilometric continuum is generated at the plasmapause, in or near the magnetic equator, within a notch region. In this study, data from the CRRES PWI have also identified other new sources of kilometric continuum from equatorial density irregularities inside the plasmasphere as well as at the plasmapause. An example of CRRES observations reveals that kilometric continuum can be radiated into a wide‐beam emission contrary to the beaming theory. IMAGE and Geotail simultaneous kilometric continuum observations measure a very broad emission cone of up to about ±30°.
Electron acceleration in downward auroral field‐aligned currents
Authors: Cran‐McGreehin Alexandra P. , Wright Andrew N.
Published: September 2005

The auroral downward field‐aligned current is mainly carried by electrons accelerated up from the ionosphere into the magnetosphere along magnetic field lines. Current densities are typically of the order of a few μ Am−2, and the associated electrons are accelerated to energies of several hundred eV up to a few keV. This downward current has been modeled by Temerin and Carlson (1998) using an electron fluid. This paper extends that model by describing the electron populations via distribution functions and modeling all of the F region. We assume a given ion density profile, and invoke quasi‐neutrality to solve for the potential along the field line. Several important locations and quantities emerge from this model: the ionospheric trapping point, below which the ionospheric population is trapped by an ambipolar electric field; the location of maximum E∥, of the order of a few mVm−1, which lies earthward of the B/n peak; the acceleration region, located around the B/n peak, which normally extends between altitudes of 500 and 3000 km; and the total potential increase along the field line, of the order of a few hundred V up to several kV. The B/n peak is found to be the central factor determining the altitude and magnitude of the accelerating potential required. Indeed, the total potential drop is found to depend solely on the equilibrium properties in the immediate vicinity of the B/n peak.
Assimilation of moored velocity data in a model of coastal wind‐driven circulation off Oregon: Multivariate capabilities
Authors: Kurapov Alexander L. , Allen J. S. , Egbert G. D. , Miller R. N. , Kosro P. M. , Levine M. D. , Boyd T. , Barth J. A.
Published: September 2005

Horizontal current measurements from an array of moored acoustic Doppler profilers are assimilated sequentially into a model of coastal wind‐driven circulation off Oregon during the upwelling season of May–August 2001. Model results are compared against independent moored and ship survey data to document a positive effect of velocity data assimilation (DA) on other oceanic variables of interest such as the sea surface height (SSH), temperature, potential density, surface salinity, and near‐bottom turbulence parameters. Significant improvement is achieved for the nearshore SSH even when data are assimilated from only two moorings at an alongshore distance of 50 km from the SSH verification site. At 45°N, in an area of simple shelf bathymetry with relatively small alongshore variations, the model (even without DA) provides a good description of the isopycnal structure on a cross‐shore section. At 44.2°N, over complicated bathymetry, velocity DA may improve the slope of isopycnals but at the same time not necessarily the density values themselves. Data assimilation based on a time‐invariant representation of the forecast error covariance may inhibit spatial variability on horizontal scales smaller than the assumed forecast error decorrelation scale. An experiment involving assimilation of both velocity and moored salinity measurements demonstrates that moored velocity DA improves transport of buoyant surface water. The level of improvement in the near‐bottom turbulent dissipation and bottom stress found with the DA model indicates that it is suitable for future studies of spatial and temporal variability in the bottom boundary layer off Oregon.
Interannual variability of temperature and salinity in shallow water: Long Island Sound, New York
Authors: Lee Younjoo J. , Lwiza Kamazima
Published: September 2005

Variabilities of temperature and salinity over Long Island Sound (LIS), New York, are examined using observations from 1991 to 2002. There is a strong seasonal variation in the temperature, and its interannual variability is characterized by a higher variance during winter than summer. The salinity exhibits regular seasonal patterns driven by freshwater input, but there is a long‐term change throughout LIS. Anomaly maps of temperature and salinity indicate strong longitudinal gradients increasing in the westward direction. Empirical orthogonal function analyses indicate that the first modes of temperature and salinity anomalies can explain 87% and 89% of the total variances, respectively. The first mode principle components of the temperature and salinity anomaly contain quasi‐biennial periodicities. The salinity anomaly also contains an additional signal at a decadal timescale. Seasonal variations in the temperature and salinity are primarily associated with heat flux and freshwater discharge. However, the surface heat flux anomaly only accounts for 17% of the total variance of the time rate change of the temperature anomaly, and the freshwater discharge anomaly explains 25% of the variance of the salinity anomaly. Contrary to traditional paradigm about estuaries, this result shows that forcings other than local processes control the interannual variabilities of the temperature and salinity in LIS, most probably through horizontal exchanges. Also, the significant correlation between the salinity anomaly and the Gulf Stream (GS) position suggests that the interannual variability of salinity in LIS is possibly connected to shelf slope water properties associated with changes in the GS position.
Ecological zonation of zooplankton in the COAST study region off central Oregon in June and August 2001 with consideration of retention mechanisms
Authors: Lamb Jesse , Peterson William
Published: September 2005

To determine the mechanisms that might explain retention and/or loss of plankton during the coastal upwelling season, one needs an understanding of the vertical migration behavior and ontogenetic changes in vertical distribution and data on direction and magnitude of currents at depths where the animals reside. In this paper we compare and contrast the cross‐shelf distributions of four copepod species, Calanus marshallae, Pseudocalanus mimus, Acartia longiremis, and Centropages abdomalis, and the euphausiid Euphausia pacifica, from sampling during the Coastal Ocean Advances in Shelf Transport (COAST) program. The COAST study region was off central Oregon (44°–45°N), ranged from the nearshore zone out to ∼1000 m isobath, and was a trapezoid 120 km in length and 40 km wide in the north by 100 km wide in the south. Plankton were sampled along three transects, in the north, middle, and southern portions of the study region. For the two most abundant copepods, C. marshallae and P. mimus, sampling with a Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environmental Sampling System showed that naupliar and early copepodite stages were found within the warm phytoplankton‐rich upper 20 m of the water column but that copepodite stages C3 through adult were found at progressively deeper strata in the water column. Similarly, euphausiid larvae were most abundant within the upper 20 m, whereas juveniles and adults lived deeper in the water column. Diel vertical migration was observed only in the older developmental stages. Because older stages occupy different strata than younger stages, there is cross‐shelf displacement of zooplankton.
Observations of preferential flow during a liquid release experiment in fractured welded tuffs
Authors: Salve Rohit
Published: September 2005

To better understand preferential flow in fractured rock, we carried out an in situ field experiment in the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. This experiment involved the release of ~22 m3 of ponded water (at a pressure head of ~0.04 m) over a period of 7 months, directly onto a 12 m2 infiltration plot located on a fractured welded tuff surface. As water was released, changes in moisture content were monitored along horizontal boreholes located in the formation ~19‐22 m below. Distinct flow zones, varying in flow velocity, wetted cross‐sectional area, and extent of lateral movement, intercepted the monitoring boreholes. There was also evidence of water being diverted above the ceiling of a cavity in the immediate vicinity of the monitoring boreholes. Observations from this field experiment suggest that isolated conduits, each encompassing a large number of fractures, develop within the fractured rock formation to form preferential flow paths that persist if there is a continuous supply of water. In addition, in fractured welded tuffs the propensity for fracture‐matrix interactions is significantly greater than that suggested by existing conceptual models, in which flow occurs along a section of fracture surfaces. An overriding conclusion is that field investigations at spatial scales of tens of meters provide data critical to the fundamental understanding of flow in fractured rock.
Estimating sediment budgets at the interface between rivers and estuaries with application to the Sacramento‐San Joaquin River Delta
Authors: Wright Scott A. , Schoellhamer David H.
Published: September 2005

Where rivers encounter estuaries, a transition zone develops where riverine and tidal processes both affect sediment transport processes. One such transition zone is the Sacramento‐San Joaquin River Delta, a large, complex system where several rivers meet to form an estuary (San Francisco Bay). Herein we present the results of a detailed sediment budget for this river/estuary transitional system. The primary regional goal of the study was to measure sediment transport rates and pathways in the delta in support of ecosystem restoration efforts. In addition to achieving this regional goal, the study has produced general methods to collect, edit, and analyze (including error analysis) sediment transport data at the interface of rivers and estuaries. Estimating sediment budgets for these systems is difficult because of the mixed nature of riverine versus tidal transport processes, the different timescales of transport in fluvial and tidal environments, and the sheer complexity and size of systems such as the Sacramento‐San Joaquin River Delta. Sediment budgets also require error estimates in order to assess whether differences in inflows and outflows, which could be small compared to overall fluxes, are indeed distinguishable from zero. Over the 4 year period of this study, water years 1999‐2002, 6.6 ± 0.9 Mt of sediment entered the delta and 2.2 ± 0.7 Mt exited, resulting in 4.4 ± 1.1 Mt (67 ± 17%) of deposition. The estimated deposition rate corresponding to this mass of sediment compares favorably with measured inorganic sediment accumulation on vegetated wetlands in the delta.
Modeling the effects of gas phase CO2 intrusion on the biogeochemistry of variably saturated soils
Authors: Altevogt Andrew S. , Jaffe Peter R.
Published: September 2005

The transport of gas phase carbon dioxide through unsaturated soils has the potential to significantly alter the soil biogeochemistry. Leakage of CO2 from deep reservoirs, either naturally occurring or anthropogenically emplaced, may displace oxygen in the soil gas and hence radically alter the redox conditions of a soil. Furthermore, the formation of carbonic acid in the aqueous phase will alter the pH of the soil system. A two‐dimensional numerical model has been developed to explore the effects of gaseous CO2 leakage on the biogeochemistry of a variably saturated porous media. The model describes the sequential degradation of organic carbon by microorganisms using a series of terminal electron acceptors. Gas phase CO2 intrusion results in changes in redox conditions and pH of the soil water, both of which lead to alteration of the biogeochemistry of the soil. Alteration of the biogeochemical profile of a representative field site is explored with the numerical model.
Generation of energetic electrons at second harmonic cyclotron resonance in ionospheric HF heating experiments
Authors: Kuo S. P. , Rubinraut M.
Published: October 2005

The theory of electron acceleration by upper hybrid waves at second harmonic cyclotron resonance is presented. The results show that the meter‐scale upper hybrid waves can incorporate the finite Larmour radius effect to make a second harmonic cyclotron resonance interaction effective. The finite Larmour radius effect provides a positive feedback to the interaction, thus the energies of the accelerated electrons increase in time exponentially, rather than linearly as in the case of fundamental cyclotron resonance. Consequently, energetic electrons (having energies larger than 10.7 eV) can be generated even at very low upper hybrid wave intensities. The threshold field for parametric excitation of meter‐scale upper hybrid waves by O‐mode HF heating wave is shown to be very low. The theory can be a reasonable basis for explaining the enhancement of airglow at 777.4 nm observed in recent low‐heating‐power experiment at HAARP.
ENSO control on the south Asian monsoon through the length of the rainy season
Authors: Goswami B. N. , Xavier Prince K.
Published: September 2005

Being an integral effect of sub‐seasonal rain spells over the season, the seasonal mean south Asian monsoon (SAM) rainfall could be affected by change in the length of the rainy season (LRS). An objective definition of the duration of the SAM season has, however, been lacking. Here we show that the meridional gradient of tropospheric temperature (ΔTT) over the SAM region controls the LRS and defines the SAM season. It is further shown that ENSO induces decreased SAM rainfall by regulating the LRS. The atmospheric response to tropical sea surface temperature (SST) over the tropical Pacific during an evolving El Niño reduces ΔTT over the SAM region and shortens LRS by delaying the onset and advancing the withdrawal. The strong negative correlation between LRS and ENSO related SST has remained steady and provides basis for improved prediction of seasonal mean SAM rainfall variability.
Travel‐time magnetoseismology: Magnetospheric sounding by timing the tremors in space
Authors: Chi P. J. , Russell C. T.
Published: September 2005

This letter introduces the idea of timing the arrival of magnetic impulsive signals at different locations to infer the density distribution of magnetospheric plasma. Tamao's model of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wave propagation is used as the underlying principle of this method. The methodology is similar to timing the arrival of seismic signals to understand the Earth's interior. A test of this idea on a sudden impulse event shows that the results are in good agreement with an empirical plasma density model as well as with the density estimated independently by the field line resonance method.
An intercomparison of trends in surface air temperature analyses at the global, hemispheric, and grid‐box scale
Authors: Vose Russell S. , Wuertz David , Peterson Thomas C. , Jones P. D.
Published: September 2005

The IPCC Third Assessment Report noted that three major temperature analyses exhibited different warming rates over global land areas since 1976. This paper attempts to explain these trend discrepancies by quantifying the sensitivity of global, hemispheric, and grid‐box trends to both the spatial averaging technique and the underlying station network. The Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) analysis and the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) analysis have comparable trends when the same approach is used to compute the global time series, and since the mid‐1970s the rate of warming in both is as much as a third greater than in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) analysis. On the hemispheric scale, GHCN and CRU have similar trends regardless of the gridding approach, whereas GISS again has less warming in recent decades (particularly in the Southern Hemisphere). GHCN and CRU also exhibit reasonable agreement at the grid‐box level during the period 1976–2003.
Error estimates for assimilation of satellite sea surface temperature data in ocean climate models
Authors: Richman James G. , Miller Robert N. , Spitz Yvette H.
Published: September 2005

Estimating the errors in the data and model are critical aspects of data assimilation. In this paper we present a reduced state space optimal interpolation scheme to assimilate satellite remotely sensed sea surface temperature into a coarse resolution general circulation model of the North Pacific. Using statistical tests on the principal components of a multidecadal model simulation and the misfits between model simulation and the remotely sensed data, we are able to show that the model and data have a small number of independent degrees of freedom (approximately 30–40), which is much less than the dimension of the model or data. Taking the difference between the model‐data misfit and a fit to the model‐data misfit using the principal components of the model, we are able to estimate the model representation error. The techniques presented in this paper can be adapted for other models and data sources.
The relative roles of tropical and extratropical forcing on atmospheric variability
Authors: Sterl Andreas , Hazeleger Wilco
Published: September 2005

A fast atmospheric General Circulation Model is used to generate three ensembles of atmospheric circulation. While the first ensemble is forced by global sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, the forcing is confined to the tropics and extratropics, respectively, in the other two ensembles. The tropical SST anomalies have the largest impact on atmospheric variability. However, also the extratropical SST has a systematic effect on the atmosphere. In the Southern Hemisphere the extratropically forced signal reaches the strength of the tropically forced one on decadal time scales. The atmospheric response to global SST anomalies can be understood as a nearly linear superposition of the reactions to tropical and extratropical forcing, respectively, or, in a different view, as a superposition of a thermodynamic response to the global‐mean SST anomaly and a dynamic response to local SST anomalies, the most important being El Niño.
Improved inverse modeling for flow and transport in subsurface media: Combined parameter and state estimation
Authors: Vrugt Jasper A. , Robinson Bruce A. , Vesselinov Velimir V.
Published: September 2005

Current approaches for inverse modeling (IM) to estimate flow and transport properties in subsurface media implicitly assume that uncertainty in the input‐output representation of the model arises from uncertainty in the parameter estimates. However, uncertainties in the modeling procedure stem not only from uncertainties in the parameter estimates, but also from measurement errors, from incomplete knowledge of subsurface heterogeneity, and from model structural errors arising from the aggregation of spatially distributed real‐world processes in a mathematical model. In this paper we present an improved concept for IM of subsurface flow and transport. Studies using interwell reactive tracer test data demonstrate that this new method, called Simultaneous Optimization and Data Assimilation, results in parameter estimates and model prediction uncertainty bounds which more closely mimic the properties of the subsurface. Most important is the finding that explicit treatment of input, output and model structural errors during IM, significantly alters the optimal values of the model parameters.
Pacific ventilation of the Arctic Ocean's lower halocline by upwelling and diapycnal mixing over the continental margin
Authors: Woodgate Rebecca A. , Aagaard Knut , Swift James H. , Falkner Kelly K. , Smethie William M.
Published: September 2005

Pacific winter waters, a major source of nutrients and buoyancy to the Arctic Ocean, are thought to ventilate the Arctic's lower halocline either by injection (isopycnal or penetrative) of cold saline shelf waters, or by cooling and freshening Atlantic waters upwelled onto the shelf. Although ventilation at salinity (S) > 34 psu has previously been attributed to hypersaline polynya waters, temperature, salinity, nutrient and tracer data suggest instead that much of the western Arctic's lower halocline is in fact influenced by a diapycnal mixing of Pacific winter waters (with S ∼ 33.1 psu) and denser eastern Arctic halocline (Atlantic) waters, the mixing taking place possibly over the northern Chukchi shelf/slope. Estimates from observational data confirm that sufficient quantities of Atlantic water may be upwelled to mix with the inflowing Pacific waters, with volumes implying the halocline over the Chukchi Borderland region may be renewed on timescales of order a year.
Relation between the solar wind dynamic pressure at Voyager 2 and the energetic particle events at Voyager 1
Authors: Richardson J. D. , McDonald F. B. , Stone E. C. , Wang C. , Ashmall J.
Published: September 2005

Starting in 2001, Voyager 1 observed three events characterized by enhanced fluxes of energetic particles. These events suggest that Voyager 1 made a close approach to, or a crossing of, the termination shock. Although the plasma experiment on Voyager 1 is not providing useful data, plasma data from Voyager 2 may shed light on the plasma conditions at Voyager 1. Before the first particle event, Voyagers 1 and 2 see similar particle signatures. Voyager 2 pressure and energetic particle flux profiles have similar structure. The merged interaction regions (MIRs) observed at Voyager 2 have counterparts in the Voyager 1 data. We propagate solar wind data from Voyager 2 to Voyager 1 and show that at the predicted MIR arrival times, there is always a response in the Voyager 1 particle data. These effects vary, from an increase in particle flux to a rapid turnoff of the particle event. We discuss the observed energetic particle effects and how the MIRs produce them.
The 18O isotope exchange rate between firn air CO2 and the firn matrix at three Antarctic sites
Authors: Assonov S. S. , Brenninkmeijer C. A. M. , Jöckel P.
Published: September 2005

Having measured δ18O of firn air CO2 for three Antarctic sites (Dronning Maud Land, Dome Concordia, and Berkner Island), we established that at depth the δ18O(CO2) values are systematically shifted away from atmospheric values toward isotope equilibrium with H2O from precipitation (firn matrix). The δ18O(CO2) shifts increase with depth and thus with CO2 age. The equation of a first‐order reaction is used to describe and calculate CO2 oxygen isotope exchange rates. The calculated exchange rates clearly show a correlation with firn temperatures. Assuming that the same mechanism operates at different sites and at different temperatures, a pseudoactivation energy of 7.8 ± 0.8 kcal/mol is estimated. The occurrence of exchange means that firn is not chemically inert in that sense that some form of CO2 hydration takes place. Possible mechanisms of CO2 oxygen isotope exchange are discussed and liquid‐like layers on firn grains are the most likely interface where this exchange takes place. Other gases (e.g., COS) may likewise be sensitive to hydration or related reactions and this may reduce their integrity in firn. A formal translation of the reaction rates of CO2 oxygen isotope exchange in firn to a COS hydration rate appears to indicate COS preservation on the scale of tens of thousands of years. We suggest that the value of CO2 oxygen exchange rate in firn, expressed as half‐reaction time T, may be used as a new firn characteristic, giving a measure of hydration activity in firn, an indirect measure of firn metamorphism and be correlated with other firn processes near a pore close‐off‐depth. T values may possibly correlate with the process of He and Ne diffusion/expulsion during the close‐off of pores in firn, as well as the release of 14CO produced in situ in the firn matrix.
Recent outgassing from the lunar surface: The Lunar Prospector Alpha Particle Spectrometer
Authors: Lawson Stefanie L. , Feldman William C. , Lawrence David J. , Moore Kurt R. , Elphic Richard C. , Belian Richard D. , Maurice Sylvestre
Published: September 2005

The Lunar Prospector Alpha Particle Spectrometer (APS) was designed to detect characteristic‐energy alpha particles from the decay of Rn‐222, Po‐218, and Po‐210 and to therefore map sites of radon release on the lunar surface. These three nuclides are radioactive daughters from the decay of U‐238; hence the background level of alpha particle activity is a function of the lunar crustal uranium distribution. Radon reaches the lunar surface either at areas of high soil porosity or where fissures release the trapped gases in which radon is entrained. Once released, the radon spreads out by “bouncing” across the surface on ballistic trajectories in a random‐walk process. The half‐life of Rn‐222 allows the gas to spread out by several hundred kilometers before it decays (depositing approximately half of the Po‐218 recoil nuclides on the lunar surface) and allows the APS to detect gas release events up to several days after they occur. The long residence time of the Pb‐210 precursor to Po‐210 allows the mapping of gas vents which have been active over the last approximately 60 years. The APS found only a faint indication of Po‐218 alpha particles. However, the Rn‐222 alpha particle map shows that radon gas was emanating from the vicinity of craters Aristarchus and Kepler at the time of Lunar Prospector. The Po‐210 alpha particle distribution reveals a variability in time and space of lunar gas release events. Po‐210 and Rn‐222 detections are associated with both thorium enhancements and lunar pyroclastic deposits.