bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defending the indefensible: Obama’s rhetoric in the aftermath of the torture report
Authors: Hatzisavvidou Sophia
Published: June 2015

This article offers an analysis of Obama’s response to the publication of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) torture report. Using rhetoric as its mode of inquiry, the article demonstrates how Obama employed epideictic discourse to define and redefine national ethos, to reconstruct and restore acts and actors and to avoid deliberation about further investigation and prosecution. The article discusses the political implications of epideictic rhetoric, the genre of speech considered the least pertinent to political life, and proposes that epideictic rhetoric can be an effective tool for political actors. Obama, the article argues, by using epideictic rhetoric shifted topic from a political issue, the accountability of members of the executive branch and the CIA, to an ethical issue, ‘who Americans are’. Despite avoiding political rhetoric, Obama’s epideictic affirmed torture as policy choice and left the possibility open for the use of similar practices in the future.
Rewetting of drained boreal spruce swamp forests results in rapid recovery of Sphagnum production
Authors: Maanavilja Liisa , Kangas Laura , Mehtätalo Lauri , Tuittila Eeva‐Stiina
Published: June 2015

Peatland rewetting aims to restore biomass accumulation from peat‐forming plants for climate change mitigation, biotope conservation and water purification purposes. Boreal spruce swamp forests in Europe have suffered heavily from drainage for forestry and are now a focus of restoration efforts.

We measured Sphagnum height and biomass increment by allowing Sphagnum to grow through mesh nets located in nine undrained, nine drained and 18 rewetted boreal spruce swamp forests.

At the moss patch level, rewetting led to a recovery of Sphagnum growth: height increment and biomass increment at the rewetted sites (5·9 ± 0·7 cm year−1 and 147 ± 15 g m−2 year−1, mean ± SE) were similar to increment at the undrained sites (4·9 ± 0·5 cm year−1 and 128 ± 12 g m−2 year−1), while remnant patches of Sphagnum at the drained sites showed smaller increment (2·8 ± 0·8 cm year−1 and 76 ± 19 g m−2 year−1). Sphagnum in the ditches at the drained sites showed similar increment as the moss at the undrained and rewetted sites, while ditches at the rewetted sites had the greatest increment (8·7 ± 0·7 cm year−1 and 183 ± 16 g m−2 year−1). A higher water‐table increased Sphagnum growth, and Sphagnum riparium grew more rapidly than the other species.

At the ecosystem level, where information on moss cover was utilized, rewetting had increased Sphagnum production to values close to the undrained sites. At the drained sites, biomass production was 8 ± 17 g (mean ± SE) m−2 year−1, at the rewetted sites 42 ± 15 g m−2 year−1 and at the undrained sites 66 ± 12 g m−2 year−1. Sphagnum cover was the most important variable that determined Sphagnum production in the ecosystem.

Synthesis and applications. Drained spruce swamp forests appear to be a suitable target for restoration as they respond readily to rather inexpensive rewetting. The result points out that even in boreal conditions, restoration results can be achieved in a time‐scale of years rather than decades. At the ecosystem level, rewetting had resulted in a biomass gain of 34 g m−2 year−1 when compared to drained sites.
Clinical applications of next‐generation sequencing‐based gene panel in patients with muscular dystrophy: Korean experience
Authors: Seong M.‐W. , Cho A. , Park H.W. , Seo S.H. , Lim B.C. , Seol D. , Cho S.I. , Park S.S. , Chae J.H.
Published: June 2015

Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of disorders. Here, we performed targeted sequencing of 18 limb‐girdle MD (LGMD)‐related genes in 35 patients who were highly suspected of having MD. We identified one or more pathogenic variants in 23 of 35 patients (65.7%), and a genetic diagnosis was performed in 20 patients (57.1%). LGMD2B was the most common LGMD type, followed by LGMD1B, LGMD2A, and LGMD2G. Among the three major LGMD types in this group, LGMD1B was correlated with the lowest creatine kinase (CK) levels and the earliest onset, whereas LGMD2B was correlated with the highest CK levels and the latest onset. Thus, next‐generation sequencing‐based gene panels can be a helpful tool for the diagnosis of MDs, particularly in young children and those displaying atypical symptoms.
The greenhouse gas balance of European grasslands
Authors: Chang Jinfeng , Ciais Philippe , Viovy Nicolas , Vuichard Nicolas , Sultan Benjamin , Soussana Jean‐François
Published: June 2015

The greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of European grasslands (EU‐28 plus Norway and Switzerland), including CO2, CH4 and N2O, is estimated using the new process‐based biogeochemical model ORCHIDEE‐GM over the period 1961–2010. The model includes the following: (1) a mechanistic representation of the spatial distribution of management practice; (2) management intensity, going from intensively to extensively managed; (3) gridded simulation of the carbon balance at ecosystem and farm scale; and (4) gridded simulation of N2O and CH4 emissions by fertilized grassland soils and livestock. The external drivers of the model are changing animal numbers, nitrogen fertilization and deposition, land‐use change, and variable CO2 and climate. The carbon balance of European grassland (NBP) is estimated to be a net sink of 15 ± 7 g C m−2 year−1 during 1961–2010, equivalent to a 50‐year continental cumulative soil carbon sequestration of 1.0 ± 0.4 Pg C. At the farm scale, which includes both ecosystem CO2 fluxes and CO2 emissions from the digestion of harvested forage, the net C balance is roughly halved, down to a small sink, or nearly neutral flux of 8 g C m−2 year−1. Adding CH4 and N2O emissions to net ecosystem exchange to define the ecosystem‐scale GHG balance, we found that grasslands remain a net GHG sink of 19 ± 10 g C‐CO2 equiv. m−2 year−1, because the CO2 sink offsets N2O and grazing animal CH4 emissions. However, when considering the farm scale, the GHG balance (NGB) becomes a net GHG source of −50 g C‐CO2 equiv. m−2 year−1. ORCHIDEE‐GM simulated an increase in European grassland NBP during the last five decades. This enhanced NBP reflects the combination of a positive trend of net primary production due to CO2, climate and nitrogen fertilization and the diminishing requirement for grass forage due to the Europe‐wide reduction in livestock numbers.
Influence of Performance Enhancement and Administrative Tasks on Coaches’ Stress and Intentions to Continue
Authors: Rodgers Wendy M. , Knight Camilla J. , Selzler Anne-Marie , Reade Ian L. , Ryan Gregory F.
Published: June 2015

The purposes of this study were to, (a) assess motivational experiences of performance enhancement tasks (PET) and administrative tasks (AT), and; (b) examine the relationships of emergent motivational experiences of each task type to coaches’ perceived stress and intentions to continue coaching. In total, 572 coaches completed an online survey, which assessed autonomy, competence, relatedness, and other characteristics of PET and AT, intentions to continue coaching, and perceived stress. Two separate exploratory factor analyses (EFA) were conducted, one for AT and one for PET. This was followed up with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and SEM to examine relationships between emerging factors and stress and intentions. The factors generated for PET reflected ideas of autonomy, time conflict, and satisfaction, and for AT also included competence, effort, and job requirements. The resulting experiences of AT and PET appear to have different influences on stress and intentions, suggesting their distinction will be important in future work examining coach retention.
Initiation of Trades on the Chinese Stock Market
Authors: Zheng Xinwei
Published: June 2015

The flow of orders from buyers and sellers, relative to past returns and stock characteristics, was examined in the Chinese stock market. Order imbalance (the gap between buyer- and seller-initiated trades) was found to be negatively related to long term returns. Turn of the calendar year trading provided strong indications of tax-motivated trading as well as support for the flight-to-quality hypothesis, which suggests selling in response to perceived increases in market risk.
ІНФОРМАЦІЙНІ КОМУНІКАТОРИ В МЕДИЦИНІ
Authors: Mintser O. P. , Romanov V. О. , Zozulya I. S. , Halelyuka I. B.
Published: June 2015

Analysis of possible interrelated directions of communicators in emergency and family medicine development and application was performed. According to the first direction the information communicators are intended for supporting alternative communication with people, loosed temporarily or permanently possibility to speak. According to the second direction proposed communicators have databases included detailed information about types of diseases and traumas, and by results of analysis of injured person symptoms or feelings the software subsystem generates some variants of possible diseases or traumas diagnosis.
ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ СТАНІВ І ЕФЕКТУ ПРИ ДОПОМІЖНИХ РЕПРОДУКТИВНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЯХ НА ОСНОВІ БАГАТОРІВНЕВИХ ОНТОЛОГІЙ
Authors: Denysenko S. V.
Published: June 2015

The problem of prediction on the basis ontological knowledge representation of assisted reproductive technologies is considered. A number of levels medical care for patients with infertility problems is identified. At each level the set of surviving in the memory elements of information given on it with a binary relation induced by associative links between the various elements, bijectively is assigned oriented connected graph G.

Forecasting is ensured by using a decision rule oriented on the computation of projected state indicator. It is calculated by comparing the transition probabilities of the initial states available to patient, in prospective with probability of transition from other states in the same analyzed element graph. Demonstrated possibility practical implementation of the suggested approach. The forecasting accuracy for the first period accumulation of data completely persuasive and is (88,2 ±4) % is shown.
СИСТЕМА ПІДТРИМКИ ПРИЙНЯТТЯ РІШЕНЬ ПРИ ПРОВЕДЕННІ ВІТРЕКТОМІ У ХВОРИХ НА ДІАБЕТИЧНУ ПРОЛІФЕРАТИВНУ РЕТИНОПАТІЮ
Authors: Ruban А. M.
Published: June 2015

The article presents the some approaches to create a system support of making decision during miniinvasive diabetic vitrectomy in patients with diabetic proliferative retinopathy, promotes objective assessment of individual risk-management for patient and allows optimize ophthalmological care for them. This was a retrospective study of 145 patients (145 eyes) who underwent combined sutureless vitrectomy for the complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The study and analysis of the clinical characteristics (N-145) and 60 kinds of complications have selected 33 factors, characterizing the general condition of the patient, ophthalmic status which have been integrated into the risk map. Prediction of surgical intervention was determined by the amount of points. Total risk was studied in three samples of “training” (145 patients), «control» (50 patients) and the “examination” (30 cases). Based on 225 observations determined the dependence of an adverse operation of points of risk and identified 4 risk levels: low risk (first stage), the likelihood of an adverse outcome is less than 0.05; average risk is the likelihood of an adverse outcome is 0.05-0.4; high risk-the probability of an adverse up 0.41-0.9 and extreme risks, the likelihood of an adverse outcome is greater than 0.9.
ДИСТАНЦІЙНЕ НАВЧАННЯ У МЕРЕЖІ WEB 3.0
Authors: Petryk S. M.
Published: June 2015

This article analyzes the existing methods of identification information in the semantic web, outlines the main problems of its implementation and researches the use of Semantic Web as the part of distance learning. Proposed alternative variant of identification and relationship construction of information and acquired knowledge based on the developed method “spectrum of knowledge”
ПРО ЗАГАЛЬНЕ ВПОРЯДКУВАННЯ МЕДИКО-БІОЛОГІЧНИХ ЗНАНЬ. СТВОРЕННЯ ОНТОЛОГІЇ
Authors: Mintser O. P. , Babintseva L. Yu.
Published: June 2015

The questions of generalization of the concepts of ontology for biomedical research are considered. It is emphasized that the pace of implementation ontotehnology remain slow. Therefore, to ensure their widespread implementation is proposed to build ontosystems using three basic principles: support for modularity, collaboration, versioning and permissions system; OSE language work on ontologies; the internal representation of the ontology.
ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ЛОКАЛЬНОГО ІНДИВІДУАЛЬНОГО ПРОТОКОЛУ ХІРУРГІЧНОГО ЛІКУВАННЯ ХВОРИХ НА ПРОЛІФЕРАТИВНУ ДІАБЕТИЧНУ РЕТИНОПАТІЮ
Authors: Ruban A. M.
Published: June 2015

he article propose a new system support of making decision during vitrectomy in patients with diabetic proliferative retinopathy, according by objective assessment of individual risk-management. The article presents some comparative results (anatomical and functional results, rate of complications) between two groups: with new and standard approaches.
КОРЕКЦІЯ ПОТЕНЦІЙНО МОДИФІКОВАНИХ ФАКТОРІВ РИЗИКУ ПРИ ЛІКУВАННІ МЕТОДОМ ГЕМОДІАЛІЗУ: СТАНДАРТИ ЛІКУВАННЯ І ІНДИВІДУАЛЬНІ ДІАЛІЗНІ ПРОГРАМИ
Authors: Kuchma I. L.
Published: June 2015

In the effect prognosis of dialysis a possible adjustment of the modified potential death risk factors of patients who are on renal replacement therapy by hemodialysis techniques are discussed. The conclusions about the possibility of modern dialysis techniques to effectively influence on arterial hypertension of patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5 - D and the need for further study in order to develop treatment standards using mathematical models for individualised dialysis programs.
ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ АПАРАТНО-ПРОГРАМНИХ КОМПЛЕКСІВ У РЕАБІЛІТАЦІЇ ХВОРИХ ІЗ ВЕРТЕБРОГЕННИМИ ЗАХВОРЮВАННЯМИ
Authors: Panchenko O. A. , Radchenko S. M. , Antonov V. H. , Zarubaiko A. V.
Published: June 2015

The modern aspects of the rehabilitation of patients with pathology of musculoskeletal system with use hardware-software biofeedback complexes are considered. The results of the use of the rehabilitation programs with the application of kinesiotherapy for patients with vertebrogenic pathology are analyzed. A conclusion about efficiency of complexes of this class is done and their more wide use is recommended.
A resampling test for principal component analysis of genotype-by-environment interaction
Authors: Forkman Johannes
Published: June 2015

In crop science, genotype-by-environment interaction is often explored using the “genotype main effects and genotype-by-environment interaction effects” (GGE) model. Using this model, a singular value decomposition is performed on the matrix of residuals from a fit of a linear model with main effects of environments. Provided that errors are independent, normally distributed and homoscedastic, the significance of the multiplicative terms of the GGE model can be tested using resampling methods. The GGE method is closely related to principal component analysis (PCA). The present paper describes i) the GGE model, ii) the simple parametric bootstrap method for testing multiplicative genotype-by-environment interaction terms, and iii) how this resampling method can also be used for testing principal components in PCA.
The movement of cultural property across the customs border of the States party to the Eurasian economic Union: legal basis regulation
Authors: Мартыненко Игорь , Martynenko Igor
Published: June 2015

In connection with the creation of a January 1, 2015 the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEC) was necessary to study characteristics of movement of cultural property across the customs border of the inter-state association. In the proposed article deals with the criminalization of smuggling of cultural property, which is set in the legislation of the five countries participating in this association. In this comparison of these problems are considered for the first time.
International legal axiomatics of Kant: history and modernity
Authors: Поздняков Виктор , Pozdnyakov Viktor
Published: June 2015

The article discusses the problems of international legal philosophy of Kant in its historical and methodological significance for modern analysis of international relations. The author pays attention to the formulation of Kant problems of war and peace as a central issue of international law. International legal concept Kant considered by the author in terms of the basic principles of solution to the problem of war and peace. Particular attention is paid to reflect this perspective in the marxist and liberal traditions.
The Macedonian Question in the Light of the Documents of the Serbian Diplomacy 1903–1914
Authors: Dymarski Mirosław
Published: June 2015

In the early 20th century Macedonia became the focus of the political activity of the Balkan states, interested in partitioning this Turkish territory. From the Serbian perspective, Bulgaria emerged as the main rival of Serbia, its aspirations to the Macedonian territory rooted in Bulgarian national mythology. Hence the Bulgarian government’s actions and activities were closely watched by Serbian diplomats. They viewed Bulgarian politics as a complex, ambiguous game. The Bulgarians simultaneously made preparations for a war with Turkey and tried to keep the appearances of friendly relations with Turkey and Bulgaria’s neighbors: Serbia and Greece. Initially, Bulgaria intended to incorporate the whole of Macedonia but soon realized its own weakness and the determination of its neighbors. Thus, the Bulgarian prime minister made an offer to Serbia, proposing an alliance and participation in the partition of Macedonia of whose territory Bulgaria would get a bigger share. Serbia did not want to accept this offer but at the same time it was afraid of the hostile reaction of Austro‑Hungary to its own aspirations, involving even Austro‑Hungary entering into some secret alliance with Bulgaria. Consequently, Serbian politicians decided to seek a compromise. An analysis of Serbian diplomatic documents has shown that from 1911 a slow process continued of Bulgaria and Serbia coming to the conclusion that a consent concerning the future of Macedonia had to be reached but there was no agreement as how to divide up the Macedonian territory between the two sides. Arguments continued on how to define the Serbian and Bulgarian zones, the demarcation line, etc. Each side formulated its boundary conditions and there was little progress in negotiations. In the end, the prospective Serbian and Bulgarian zones were defined and also the so‑called “disputed territory” whose status would be decided through arbitration by the Tsar of Russia. However, Bulgaria and Serbia remained deeply distrustful of one another and the course of the first Balkan War in 1912 would soon demonstrate that Bulgaria, Serbia, and also Greece had each an intention to incorporate the largest possible part of Macedonian territory with no regard for any earlier treaties.
The Principles of Asnom and the Constitutional Historic Legacy for the "Framework" Republic of Macedonia
Authors: Jančeva Ljubica
Published: June 2015

The Republic of Macedonia is a state of highest democratic standards as reflected in the provisions of its constitution and laws concerning relations between various ethnic, religious and cultural communities. The multiethnic, multicultural and pluralistic nature of the Republic of Macedonia is visible and implemented in all spheres of social life. The human rights declaration adopted at the first sitting of the ASNOM1 is the basic document which defines the multiethnic nature of the just country established, much like the constitutional provisions of the DFM/LRM/SRM2 (1946, 1963 and 1974 respectively), as well as the 1991 constitution of the independent and sovereign Republic of Macedonia, where the Republic of Macedonia was defined asa nation (Macedonian) state with extensive rights granted to ethnic, national and religious minorities. Representatives of ethnic communities sitting in the parliament of the Republic of Macedonia, particularly Albanians, demanded that they be granted the status of the other equal nation. Dissatisfaction escalated and in 2001, i.e. a decade after the Republic of Macedonia had become independent, took a military form, and the conflict resolution was going towards the federalisation of the country. In 2001, a framework (Ohrid) agreement was signed brokered by international partners. Along with the accord, the notion of a nation state was abandoned and consequently also practising majority democracy, a model characteristic of states that are ethnically homogenous. The country was redefined as pluralist, multiethnic and multicultural; as a result instead of majority democracy a “division‑of‑power model” (in practice the term “participatory democracy” is used) was applied, characteristic of multiethnic communities, as prevention against interethnic confrontation.
The linguistic duality in the Macedonian vernacular language (1900–1941)
Authors: Kisielinovski Stojan
Published: June 2015

Through the processes of migration and colonization, historical determinism in Macedonia had a significant impact on the role and development of the Macedonian folk language. As the status of the Macedonian language was changing, the phenomenon of linguistic dualism appeared within it, which developed in specific and various ways in Aegean, Vardar and Pirin Macedonia.
The Political and Historical Myths and Their Role in the Ideological Struggles Over the Republic of Macedonia at the Beginning of the 20th Century
Authors: Rekść Magdalena
Published: June 2015

The Republic of Macedonia, especially at the turn of the the 20th century, is an excellent example of the ethnic manipulation phenomena which can be understood as a tendentious attempt of proving that a given area is inhabited by a large number of people belonging to a certain ethic group or nationality in order to justify one’s territorial demands. A number of such attempts was conducted in many different ways over the years. Nevertheless, the main idea of this work is to look for arguments found in history or rather to look on the tendentiously rewritten history, to be precise, which was supposed to suit current political programmes. Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians but also, in a lesser extent, Romanians, Turks, Albanians and Montenegrins tried to prove their rights to the Macedonian lands by propagating, among other things, national and political myths. Sometimes, the search for justification of the territorial demands in the freely interpreted history could be described as a grotesque process. People were willing to accept such implausible stories as a truth, because a myth is not something to discuss but rather something to believe in. One has to remember that in that time history was treated freely, as a set of stories that could be freely modified in accordance with actual needs. The scientific value and the act of reaching towards the truth was considerably less important than a skilful shaping of a given story. The intellectuals of Romanticism emphasised that history has a certain mission to fulfil, that is has to guard the national interest.
The Outbreak of the Albanian‑Macedonian Armed Conflict in 2001 – the Economic Situation
Authors: Stawowy-Kawka Irena
Published: June 2015

In the discussion of the armed conflict in Macedonia the economic theory of civil war was used, presented by Paul Collier, Anke Hoeffler and Dominic Rohner. The authors of the theory based their assumptions on a “feasibility hypothesis”,that is the possibility of a rebellion, claiming that “where a rebellion is possible, it will take place”, with relevant economic factors in place. Once they were analysed, it became clear that they were very important in the case of Macedonia as the economic crisis offered some groups of Albanians reasons for expressing their dissatisfaction more radically as well as claims vis à vis the state authorities in Skopje, but also led to corruption, discontinuation of reforms, and illegal trade on a large scale.
Does today's service user influence mental health policy?
Authors: Yiannoullou Sarah
Published: June 2015

Sarah Yiannoullou, Managing Director of the National Survivor User Network (NSUN) outlines how NSUN ensures the service user voice is heard
Increasing diagnosis rates of dementias: Holy grail or poisoned chalice?
Authors: Johnson Colin , Bressington Daniel
Published: June 2015

The UK government has called for a sharp increase in dementia screening and diagnosis. While this has potential benefits, there are shortfalls in the evidence underpinning early diagnosis; in addition, some primary care practitioners are reluctant to give a diagnosis. Mental health nurses need to support people through the diagnostic process to facilitate enablement. Without substantially improved funding, increasing diagnosis rates may do more harm than good to individuals and their families, because care may be impersonal and inadequately funded.
Características nivoclimáticas del temporal otoñal de frío intenso y nieve de 14, 15 y 16 de noviembre de 2001. Causas y efectos en el municipio de Villena
Authors: Azorín Molina César
Published: June 2015

Aun siendo un fenómeno meteorológico poco asiduo, los episodios atmosféricos de frío intenso con precipitación de nieve en cotas bajas de las tierras del tramo alto del Vinalopó ocurren de forma cíclica en el decurso de los años, aunque no todos ellos adquieren rango y características nivoclimáticas similares. A tenor de ello, el presente estudio tiene el propósito de analizar exhaustivamente la copiosa nevada acaecida durante las jornadas otoñales de 15 y 16 de noviembre sobre el término villenense. Se exponen, en este artículo, causas atmosféricas y efectos del temporal de frío helador y nieve vivido, así como una caracterización acerca de los factores que participan en la precipitación de copiosas nevadas y el grado de ocurrencia de este hidrometeoro sólido. Los mecanismos de reajuste en el balance energético planetario operados se erigen como causa primera de las situaciones de frío y nieve que azotan periódicamente a la geografía del interior alicantino.
Uniform Metal-assisted Chemical Etching and the Stability of Catalysts
Authors: Li Liyi , Holmes Colin M. , Hah Jinho , Hildreth Owen J. , Wong Ching P.
Published: June 2015

Recently, metal-assisted chemical etching (MaCE) has been demonstrated as a promising technology in fabrication of uniform high-aspect-ratio (HAR) micro- and nanostructures on silicon substrates. In this work, MaCE experiments on 2 μm-wide line patterns were conducted using Au or Ag as catalysts. The performance of the two catalysts show sharp contrast. In MaCE with Au, a HAR trench was formed with uniform geometry and vertical sidewall. In MaCE with Ag, shallow and tapered etching profiles were observed, which resembled the results from isotropic etching. The sidewall tapering phenomena can be explained by the dissolution and re-deposition of the Ag catalyst in the etchant solution. The existence of Ag that was redeposited on the sidewall was further confirmed by energy dispersive spectrum. Also, etchant composition is found to play a profound role in influencing the etching profile by the Ag catalysts.
Magnetoresistance of Co/Cu multilayer thin films
Authors: Al Asad Md. Abdullah , Nahid Md. Ariful Islam , Rahman Md. Mizanur
Published: June 2015

Multilayer nanostructures of ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic/ferromagnetic (Co/Cu/Co) thin films have been investigated in this study. The magnetoresistance was estimated by varying the thickness of the nonmagnetic spacer layer and the top ferromagnetic layer. The magnetic field was applied parallel to the current, and the simulation was performed using Simulmag beta 2.0 software package. The spacer layer thickness varied from 0.4 to 2 nm, and the top (free) layer varied from 0.5 to 5 nm. It was observed that the magnetoresistance increases with the number of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) layers (e.g., multilayer GMR) up to a certain value of thickness of the spacer and free layer. The variation in the hysteresis loop was also noticed by changing the polar angle.
Two Decades of Molecular Marker‐Assisted Breeding for Resistance to Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome
Authors: Lightfoot David A.
Published: June 2015

Novel tools to improve resistance to sudden death syndrome (SDS) and the underlying Fusarium root rot (FRR) caused by Fusarium virguliforme (Aoki) have been developed for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Eighteen resistance loci have been identified and confirmed over the past two decades (named Rfs1 to Rfs18). To select the beneficial alleles of 8 to 10 loci per cross needed for optimal resistance is a difficult task for plant breeders. Resistance mechanisms to FRR provide only partial protection. Crops contend with many Fusaria, a group with a wide host range and flexible hemibiotrophic lifestyle. Full resistance is absent among the leguminacea, brassicacea, cucurbitacea, and solanacea. This review focuses on the use of plant genomics resources to aid breeding selection for resistance to SDS. The SDS is a combination of two diseases. The first includes rotted roots and toxin‐restricted root development. Resistances include variations in infection severity, infection frequency, and rot severity. The second is caused by toxins translocated from infected roots to the shoots. Leaf scorch, supra‐petiolar abscission, pod abortion and early plant maturity are consequences of many toxin to target interactions. Breeding for combined FRR and SDS resistance has begun using a set of exciting new tools for pathogen quantification in roots. Resistance genes were proven, including GmRLK18‐1 (Glyma_18_02680) Rfs2, and MIPs1a (EC 5.5.1.4) Rfs3. The new tools provide an opportunity for new breeding initiatives. This review aims to inform these new programs of the core discoveries from the past 20 yr, to incorporate best practices from old and new initiatives.
Phenotypic or Molecular Diversity Screening for Conservation of Genetic Resources? An Example from a Genebank Collection of the Temperate Forage Grass Timothy
Authors: Fjellheim Siri , Tanhuanpää Pirjo , Marum Petter , Manninen Outi , Rognli Odd Arne
Published: June 2015

Genebanks around the world represent a large source of genetic variation in both wild and crop species and may prove invaluable in the future. However, much of this is uncharacterized and this hampers both management and utilization, specifically of wild species and minor crops. In this paper we study a large genebank collection of wild populations of the cool‐season forage grass timothy (Phleum pratense L.) to investigate different methods for characterization and their implications for conservation. Populations covering the entire geographic distribution range of timothy were analyzed for simple‐sequence repeats (SSRs), chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequence, and phenotypic variation in 14 morphological and phenological characters. The east–west distribution of two major cpDNA haplotypes indicates a classic postglacial expansion pattern, with most populations originating from two refugia. No signs of geographic structuring of SSR variation were evident, indicating a large inherent effective population size, possibly in combination with extensive gene flow. In contrast to the lack of geographic structuring of variation in neutral markers, phenotypic variation was clearly structured, indicating natural selection and local adaptation. This study demonstrate the importance of using multiple characterization systems—both molecular and phenotypic—for assessing diversity in genebank collections, specifically when it comes to evaluating adaptive potential.
Pore Tortuosity and Wettability as Main Characteristics of the Evolution of Hydraulic Properties of Organic Growing Media during Cultivation
Authors: Kerloch E. , Michel J.-C.
Published: June 2015

Irrigation in soilless culture is generally managed by taking into account the air‐filled porosity and water availability of the growing medium for plants, which are determined before culture from the water retention curve. However, many factors can affect the physical properties during the growth period and then lead to poor irrigation. This study aimed to analyze the combined effects of root development and irrigation management on the hydraulic properties of organic media and their consequences for water and air availability for the root system with time. A culture of Radrazz Rosa ×hybrida was performed with four different materials (peat, pine bark, coir, and wood fiber) during 6 mo in a greenhouse, with the most common irrigation management between −1 and −10 kPa. Root volume, total volume, air and water retention properties, saturated hydraulic conductivity, relative gas diffusivity, and wettability of each growing medium were measured at the beginning and the end of the experiment. The study showed different physical behaviors for the growing media in terms of air and water retention but mainly highlighted decreases in total volume, pore tortuosity, and wettability and an increase in gas diffusion as the common and most relevant parameters influencing their evolution with time.
Study on the Residual Current Protection Device Technology
Authors: Rongyan Guo , Honghui Zhang
Published: June 2015

As an important electrical safety protection device in low voltage distribution system, residual current protection
device is to protect the insulation line leakage fault; the electric shock of the people plays an important role in fault.
From the protection characteristics of residual current protective device to points, those can be divided into, residual current
protection device for residual pulsating direct current and residual dc, according to the residual sinusoidal alternating
current.
Country Risk Modeling in Indonesia: An Empirical Approach
Authors: Adnan Muhammad , Maemunah Sri , Ismiyanti Fitri , Purwono Rudi
Published: June 2015

This study is intended to analyze the influence of internal and external risk factors considered relevant influencing the country risk. We find result of long term VECM estimation indicating that the exchange rate, the interest rate of certificate of Bank Indonesia (SBI) for 6 months and the world economic growth have positive and significant influence to country risk. Inflation, Indonesia economic growth, the Fed, and MSCI ACWI IMI return have negative and significant influence to country risk. All hypotheses presented in this study are theoretically and statistically accepted, except that the hypothesis on inflation is rejected because it is in controversy with theory, although statistically it has significant influence to the country risk in Indonesia.

Meanwhile the estimated output of VECM in a short term, the exchange rate, the interest rate of SBI for 6 months and the world economic growth have positive and significant influence to country risk. The Fed and MSCI ACWI IMI return have negative and significant influence to country risk. The hypotheses testing accepted from the estimated VECM in short term are the exchange rate, the SBI interest rate in 6 months, the Fed, the world economic growth and the return of MSCI ACWI IMI.
Reassessment of the Hebrew Negative Interrogative Particle hlʾ
Authors: McAffee Matthew
Published: June 2015

The trend in recent scholarship on the Hebrew negative interrogative particle hlʾ has been to suggest two distinct, underlying etymologies. In addition to the traditional etymology of interrogative {h} + negative particle lōʾ, some scholars propose an asseverative particle *hallū, now lost in the Masoretic leveling of all forms to halōʾ. The following study reassesses this proposal, suggesting that the evidence for the new etymology is untenable.
Futures beyond ‘the West’? Autoimmunity in China’s harmonious world
Authors: NORDIN ASTRID H.M.
Published: June 2015

It has become fashionable among International Relations scholars to draw on the concept of ‘autoimmunity’, which some call ‘the ultimate horizon in which contemporary politics inscribes itself’. To these scholars, most of whom draw on the thought of Jacques Derrida, such logics open systems up to a future to come. At the same time, they tend to identify such logics with Europe, America, Western modernity, and/or democracy. Implied, and sometimes explicit, in their accounts is the denial of autoimmune logics at work outside such an imagined configuration.

This article challenges that denial through arguing that the system of ‘harmony’, deployed in contemporary China, also works on an autoimmune logic. If autoimmunity opens up a system to the future, this is not only so for European democracy or its derivatives. Moreover, the expulsion of ‘non-Western’ others from accounts of autoimmunity undermines their rethinking of difference by falling back on an immunitary logic, denying China an open future. This exclusion is their condition of possibility. At the same time, this exclusion is what keeps open their promise of its future to come. Paradoxically, the exclusion of the ‘non-West’ is what keeps the idea of an autoimmune ‘Western’ or European democracy alive.
X-ray powder diffraction data for DCT (C12H12Cl2N6O4S2 • C6H15N)
Authors: Ma XiaoLi , Li ShanShan , Guo LiuQi , Wang Qing , Li Hui
Published: June 2015

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for DCT (C12H12Cl2N6O4S2 • C6H15N) are reported [a = 18.991(9) Å, b = 19.057(2) Å, c = 7.346(8) Å, α = β = γ = 90°, unit-cell volume V = 2659.05 Å3, Z = 4, and space-group P212121]. No detectable impurity was observed.
Voluntary Codes of Conduct for Multinational Corporations
Authors: Prakash Sethi S.
Published: June 2015

This issue of Business Ethics Quarterly offers a special forum incorporating a select group of papers that were presented at the First International Conference on “Voluntary Codes of Conduct for Multinational Corporations: Promises and Challenges,” held at the Zicklin School of Business, Baruch College, City University of New York, on May 12–15, 2004. The conference was organized by the International Center for Corporate Accountability (ICCA), Inc., and was co-sponsored by the Zicklin Center for Business Ethics Research of The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, and the World Bank’s World Bank Institute. Additional support was provided by a number of major corporations, academic institutions, and nongovernment organizations.
Microglial internalization and degradation of pathological tau is enhanced by an anti-tau monoclonal antibody
Authors: Luo Wenjie , Liu Wencheng , Hu Xiaoyan , Hanna Mary , Caravaca April , Paul Steven M.
Published: June 2015

Microglia have been shown to contribute to the clearance of brain amyloid β peptides (Aβ), the major component of amyloid plaques, in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, it is not known whether microglia play a similar role in the clearance of tau, the major component of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). We now report that murine microglia rapidly internalize and degrade hyperphosphorylated pathological tau isolated from AD brain tissue in a time-dependent manner in vitro. We further demonstrate that microglia readily degrade human tau species released from AD brain sections and eliminate NFTs from brain sections of P301S tauopathy mice. The anti-tau monoclonal antibody MC1 enhances microglia-mediated tau degradation in an Fc-dependent manner. Our data identify a potential role for microglia in the degradation and clearance of pathological tau species in brain and provide a mechanism explaining the potential therapeutic actions of passively administered anti-tau monoclonal antibodies.
Artificial light-harvesting arrays for solar energy conversion
Authors: Harriman Anthony
Published: June 2015

Following natures' blueprint, the concept of artificial light-harvesting antennae is discussed in terms of sophisticated molecular arrays displaying a tailored cascade of electronic energy transfer steps.
Low operating voltage and low bias stress in top-contact SnCl2Pc/CuPc heterostructure-based bilayer ambipolar organic field-effect transistors
Authors: Obaidulla Sk. Md. , Giri P. K.
Published: June 2015

A low operating voltage (∼10 V) top contact-bottom gate ambipolar organic field-effect transistor (OFET) is fabricated using vacuum-deposited small molecules, SnCl2Pc and CuPc. The ambipolar OFET exhibits balanced carrier mobility and low bias-stress (characteristics time constant ∼105 s) for both n-channel and p-channels.
Using Mobile Technology for Communication in the Educational Setting
Authors: O'Brien Meghan
Published: June 2015

This article is intended to emphasize the importance of using a feature-matching process when identifying mobile technology systems for students with complex communication needs. The reader will be able to apply features of the needs and abilities of the student to the features of a mobile tech system (commercially available system with application) to determine if it is a match for the student. Case studies are used to illustrate the feature matching process in the school setting.
A deterministic model of a research organization’s evolution and dynamics of performance
Authors: Goswami Prashant , Nishad Shiv Narayan , Selvaratnam Dhanya
Published: June 2015

Quantitative descriptions of complex social systems hold promise for many applications such as understanding and quantifying group behaviour, organizational performance and inter-personal interactions. Since social systems are interacting and evolving systems, dynamical modelling of them enables the possibility to study time evolution under different scenarios in a quantitative and possibly predictive framework. There are, however, several challenges in developing such dynamical models, one of which is that unlike in physical systems, it is difficult to identify unambiguous, let alone unique, casual relations in social dynamics. A further major difficulty is in quantifying attributes like performance, personal choice and leadership. Here, we provide such a quantitative model of a sociological system, namely a research organization, with its performance as a dynamical variable. We use the model to study the evolution and sensitivity of the performance of a research organization under different conditions. The performance is measured as the sum of contributions from the individual members of the organization in terms of metrics, such as number of research publications. The individual performances are driven by various benchmarks, personal goals and other processes that respond to time-dependent internal and external factors. The factors that arise from institutional and individual aspects, like institutional average and national benchmark, are represented mathematically to describe the dynamics. The model demonstrates complex behaviour that a research institution can exhibit in response to internal as well as external factors. The model is applied to quantify the roles of various processes like initial selection criteria and leadership response in the institutional dynamics and the categories of performers. The novel feature in our formalism is a somewhat mechanistic, and deterministic, description of a research organization’s evolution over time. Our results demonstrate that a social system such as a research organization can be modelled as an initial and boundary value dynamical system. Unlike qualitative or static models, such a dynamical model allows us to chart institutional trajectories under different organizational conditions. This concept and the methodology can be extended to other social systems—such as electorates or a publicly funded organization—with appropriate dynamical variables.
ЕКСПЕРТНЕ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ У ВИЗНАЧЕННІ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ЛІКАРСЬКИХ ЗАСОБІВ
Authors: Babintseva L. Yu.
Published: June 2015

The article analyzes the use of the method “Delphi” to quantify the proximity of the original and the generic drug effect. It’s proposed the group corrective coefficients for approximation methods of expert drug action evaluation to therapeutic drug choice. There is underlined, that this task is particularly difficult, but very necessary for practical health care.
ІНФОРМАЦІЙНА СИСТЕМА РЕЄСТРУ ХВОРИХ НА МУКОВІСЦИДОЗ
Authors: Horovenko N. H. , Stetsyuk V. Z. , Ivanova T. P. , Savytskyi A. Y. , Luhovskyi Yu. O.
Published: June 2015

The complexity of organizational work on registration, maintenance of medical records of patients with cystic fibrosis and supervision for life is shown. This information system is promising because can store and process all the necessary information, make statistical reporting forms in accordance with European standards, it has a bilingual interface (Ukrainian, Russian), but if it necessary can be added the English or any other.
ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ САМОСТІЙНОЇ РОБОТИ СТУДЕНТА НАД КОМП’ЮТЕРНО- ГЕНЕРОВАНИМИ НАВЧАЛЬНИМИ ЗАВДАННЯМИ НА ОСНОВІ КОГНІТИВНИХ ПРОТОТИПІВ
Authors: Popov A. M. , Ryzhov O. A. , Vasylchuk N. H.
Published: June 2015

The paper analyzes the possibility of intensifying students’ independent work using computer-generated special type of exercises based on prototypes of cognitive structures. Three basic types of tasks (training exercises) that can be automatically generated for the student with the basic structure of cognitive prototype. The evaluation of the academic performance of students who perform independent work course “Parasitology” based on cognitive prototypes, and assess the effectiveness of this type of training exercises to enhance the success of the subject. Experimental results demonstrate the high quality of student perceptions of educational material in the form of MK and qualitatively higher (12 %) success rates in compiling module control the experimental group that performed in the preparation of independent work from the MK.
The evolution of the idea of the Eurasian Union
Authors: Стародубцев Григорий , Starodubtsyev Grigoriy
Published: June 2015

This article analyzes the views of Russian scientists abroad on the idea of Eurasian integration. The author describes the basic stages of formation of the Eurasian Economic Union in the late XX — early XXI century.
Features of the unification of private international law within the European Union
Authors: Муратова Ольга , Muratova Olga
Published: June 2015

The article covers the question of the features of the process of the unification in the sphere of private international law within the European Union. The stages of development of the regional international union from the Economic Community to the European Union are also followed up in the article. The author explores the methods and instruments of such unification, makes conclusions about the phase of the unification of concrete institutes of private international law in the European Union. Besides that the author broaches a question of the unification/harmonization of the European contract law.
The Real and Imagined Enemy in the Process of Shaping the Macedonian National Identity
Authors: Moroz-Grzelak Lilla
Published: June 2015

The article deals with the issues associated with creating thenotion of the enemy in the Macedonian territorial area underlining that image of the enemy was closely related to notion of potential threat. It was strengthened by the geopolitical situation after the year 1878, which led to the formation of the modern Macedonian national identity. On the basisof various textsbelonging tothe Macedonian cultural heritage (including G. Pulevski, K. Misirkov, S. Verković) we can recognize the transfer of the black legend of the Jesuits into the Macedonian territory. In the Macedonian literature at the turn of the 20th century, next to the existing real enemies (Turks, the Greek Church hierarchy (Phanariots)), also appeared an imaginary enemy, represented by the Jesuits. They became the model enemy who was the incarnation of evil fighting against the Orthodoxy and striving for control over the enslaved Slavs by the use of lies, treachery and falsehood. When creating this “enemy” the Macedonian literature used all the elements of the black legend of the Jesuits which existied earlier in Western Europe, and this contributed to the dissolution of the order in 1773. In the article it is noted that the Russian policy towards the Slavic peoples of the Balkans used concepts of the ethnic and religious unity in the Macedonian lands as opposed by the negative image of Catholicism and the “black legend” of the Jesuits, that was already successfully used in other circumstances.