bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Much Ado about Mutton
Authors: Woods Rebecca J. H.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the fraught attempts to acclimatize Spanish merino sheep in Britain in the early nineteenth century. Proponents of the merino were motivated by the commercial value of merino wool, which is and was exceptionally fine, but the debate over the merino’s place in Britain ultimately came down to its flesh. The breed’s opponents argued that merino mutton was inferior to that of British breeds like the New Leicester, and further that the fineness of merino wool was dependent upon Spain’s climate and environment. The long and acrimonious controversy which attended the merino’s attempted naturalization in Great Britain revealed the degree to which competing understandings of the relative influence of climate or environment and anthropogenic selection in sheep-breeding unsettled the very category of breed itself. Ultimately, attempts to acclimatize merino sheep in Britain failed, as its wool (although finer than that of “native” British breeds) grew coarser under Britain’s damper climate, and its leaner carcass offended the proud palates of British diners.
Native Colonials
Authors: Woods Rebecca J. H.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 4 turns to colonial New Zealand where questions about the relationship of type to place played out on an imperial scale. As the global price of wool plummeted in the 1860s, pastoralists in New Zealand reconfigured their predominantly merino flocks to serve a new refrigerated trade between Great Britain and her Australasian colonies. Where New Zealand breeders had predominantly focused on wool production, with the advent of refrigerated shipping in the early 1880s, they began to breed for meat as well as wool. Colonial producers throughout Australasia discovered that British diners preferred the meat of British breeds: merino mutton from the colonies did not find a ready market in London. To satisfy the contradictory demands of colonial climate and topography, which varied from Britain’s, and metropolitan demand, New Zealand breeders constructed novel colonial breeds, like the Corriedale, forged out of a cross between British longwool stock and merino sheep. They touted these types as “native” colonial breeds, thereby adding another layer of complexity to the concept, and making a rhetorical claim as settlers of a distant land only recently wrested from the indigenous Maori people.
Virtus in Livy
Authors: Balmaceda Catalina
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 discusses how the categories set up in his preface – vita et mores – played a key role throughout the narrative of the history of Rome in his Ab Urbe Condita. The numerous uses of virtus in relation to martial bravery in Livy’s accounts of the wars, the link between virtus and the history of the gradual acquisition of libertas by the Roman people, and the ways in which virtus is put at risk are addressed here to explain Livy’s interpretation of the concept. Parallels and references to Augustus’ virtus-language or virtus-image are given to place Livy within the broader picture of his time.
Conclusion
Authors: Balmaceda Catalina
Published: May 2018

The conclusion emphasizes how the historians discussed throughout the book responded intellectually to one another and established a sort of dialogue among themselves. The investigation of the development of Roman historiography in an integrated manner aims at a more vital and comprehensive approach to Roman cultural and intellectual history
Going to the Doctor
Authors: Gillick Muriel R.
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes paradigmatic office visits for an older patient. These visits are short, driven by the concern with physicians to perform well on quality indicators and on the demands of electronic medical records. They seldom address issues such as falls, memory loss, or incontinence and they rarely incorporate features of a geriatric assessment.
The Transformation of the American Hospital, 1965–2015
Authors: Gillick Muriel R.
Published: May 2018

Over the last fifty years, the hospital has been technologized, corporatized, and bureaucratized due to demographic, political, economic, and scientific developments. The demographic shift has led to the greying of the population, with an associated increase in chronic disease, resulting in hospitalized patients becoming sicker and more complex. Legislative changes such as the introduction of Medicare led to a surge in the number of hospitalizations of older individuals; the subsequent move to prospective payment led to shorter hospital stays—and increased reliance on the skilled nursing facility. A change in the economic climate produced consolidation, with the resulting growth of hospital chains and hospital systems. Scientific advances, fuelled in many cases by generous research grants from the National Institutes of Health, led to new, non-invasive imaging techniques such as computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Advances in biology and epidemiology led to new approaches to the hospital’s management of diseases as disparate as heart attacks and cancer.
Going to Rehab
Authors: Gillick Muriel R.
Published: May 2018

A stay in the skilled nursing facility (SNF) is now common among frail old people after hospitalization. The SNF offers round the clock nursing care and ready access to physical therapy, but tends to have minimal physician care and little emphasis on advance care planning. It is sometimes used inappropriately as a site for terminal care in lieu of home hospice.
Now and Then
Authors: Gillick Muriel R.
Published: May 2018

The Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF) is largely a creation of Medicare: the institution of prospective payment for hospital care in 1983 led to early discharge of patients from the hospital. For frail, old people who were not ready to go home so quickly, the SNF evolved as an intermediate site of care. Social trends and scientific developments also affected the development of the SNF over the past fifty years. Changes in family structure as well as unprecedented geographic mobility weakened the ability of families to take care of older people after a hospital stay. The growth of mega-corporations and of mergers and acquisitions led to the development of SNF chains. In medical science, the development of hip and knee joint replacement surgery, along with the aging of the population, led to the rise in popularity of these procedures, with a concomitant need for post-surgical rehabilitation. The development of the intensive care unit and advances in anaesthesia resulted in a steady rise in the age of patients undergoing complex surgery, further stimulating the need for skilled nursing facility care.
Selling White Supremacy in the United States
Authors: Grant Nicholas
Published: May 2018

This chapter traces South African foreign policy responses to the civil rights movement in the United States. It explores how the National Party engaged with the racial politics of the Cold War in an attempt legitimize apartheid to an increasingly sceptical global audience. The National Party did not shy away from challenging negative portrayals of apartheid. In the United States, South African diplomatic officials mounted a systematic propaganda campaign to correct “misconceptions” and present the apartheid system in a positive light. Equating black protest with communist subversion, South African diplomats engaged in a deliberate and sustained effort to defend apartheid in the United States.
Conclusion
Authors: Grant Nicholas
Published: May 2018

This concluding chapter argues that African Americans were part of a broad and multifaceted effort to isolate South Africa in the global political arena. By repeatedly attempting to offer direct support to African liberation movements and calling for America to renounce its political and economic ties with the National Party, their actions made life difficult for white politicians in ways that that would continue to inform the global anti-apartheid movement beyond the Sharpeville massacre of 1960. This argument is not meant to downplay the disruptive influence that anticommunism had on black protest. Rather, it is designed to shift the focus onto the ways in which black activists, with different political visions, responded to state power. Finally, given the broad response of African Americans to the anti-apartheid movement, this concluding chapter suggests that we might need to move towards a more expansive definition of black internationalism – one that accounts for the anticolonial political agenda and transnational solidarities forges by both African American leftists and liberals.
Beneath the Bible Belt
Authors: Hayes John
Published: May 2018

This chapter sets the stage by suggesting the presence of a hidden regional religious culture beneath the familiar “Bible Belt”. It explains why Southern historians and religious studies scholars haven’t seen this culture, then introduces it with two ripe anecdotes, from Lloyd Chandler and Vera Hall. The chapter also explains why the category of “folk religion” is appropriate for analyzing this culture.
The Making of the Poor South
Authors: Hayes John
Published: May 2018

This chapter establishes the economic and cultural context in which folk Christianity was forged. Despite the optimism of its proponents, the New South emerged as a society with severe and widespread poverty, and the dominant religious culture fortified an emergent middle class but gave little consolation to those trapped beneath it. In this circumscribed world, in spaces of their own that often did not look like churches, with impoverished preachers who had no formal training, through oral and imitative networks of wide scope, the poor crafted a distinct Christianity of their own. In this “hard, hard religion” they developed an alternative vision of the world that infused their everyday lives with transcendent meaning—vital cultural space in which they became more than mere victims of their socioeconomic circumstances.
Sacramental Expressions
Authors: Hayes John
Published: May 2018

This chapter looks closely at a related group of practices and beliefs: grave decoration, Christmas lore, folk sermons, baptism, and praying spots. It traces the New South practice of decorating graves with household objects to African cultural practices, and New South Christmas lore (and related lore) to legends circulating in modernizing England. Connecting these with other practices and oral forms common among folk Christians, it shows that they all display a strong sacramental impulse—the longing to manifest the sacred in tangible, material ways. While the dominant religious culture wrought a “disenchantment” of the world, the cultural work of folk Christians envisioned an enchanted world where seemingly ordinary, mundane things were transformed and infused with sacred meaning.
The Ethics of Neighborliness
Authors: Hayes John
Published: May 2018

Beginning with a close analysis of the life and musical oeuvre of “Blind” Willie Johnson, this chapter explores the ethical vision of folk Christianity. It argues that folk Christians confronted the potential downward spiral they faced (a “culture of poverty”) with an ethic of non-retaliatory, self-giving “neighborliness.” This ethic was expressed in indirect ways, in song and proverb, and a crucial part of the ethic was to name tangible destructive forces as personified evil. Middle-class observers either did not see this ethic, or looked with condescension at what they regarded as primitive superstition. Regardless, the folk ethic not only transformed the lives of the poor, but also articulated its own critique of the dominant Mammonism of the New South.
The Legend of the Black Mecca
Authors: Hobson Maurice J.
Published: May 2018

For more than a century, the city of Atlanta has been associated with black achievement in education, business, politics, media, and music, earning it the nickname “the black Mecca.” Atlanta’s long tradition of black education dates back to Reconstruction, and produced an elite that flourished in spite of Jim Crow, rose to leadership during the civil rights movement, and then took power in the 1970s by building a coalition between white progressives, business interests, and black Atlantans. But as Maurice Hobson demonstrates, Atlanta’s political leadership--from the election of Maynard Jackson, Atlanta’s first black mayor, through the city’s hosting of the 1996 Olympic Games--has consistently mishandled the black poor. Drawn from vivid primary sources and unnerving oral histories of working-class city-dwellers and hip hop artists from Atlanta’s underbelly, Hobson argues that Atlanta’s political leadership has governed by bargaining with white business interests to the detriment ordinary black Atlantans.
In telling this history through the prism of the Black New South and Atlanta politics, policy, and pop culture, Hobson portrays a striking schism between the black political elite and poor city-dwellers, complicating the long-held view of Atlanta as a Mecca for black people.
Introduction
Authors: Hobson Maurice J.
Published: May 2018

On September 18, 1990, the International Olympic Committee selected Atlanta, Georgia, as the host city for the XXVI Centennial Olympiad (1996). A product of the visionary leadership of black mayors Maynard Holbrook Jackson Jr. and Andrew Jackson Young, this achievement signaled a Kairos moment for the southern city. Only twenty-five years before, Atlanta had reeled from urban rebellions as poor black citizens took to the streets to air their grievances over police brutality and poor living conditions. Just a few years later, Maynard Jackson had ascended to the mayor’s office, drawing from an unprecedented coalition of black Atlantans and the city’s white progressive voters. If a cross-racial grassroots coalition had been responsible for electing Jackson in 1973, the Olympic victory came thanks to a coalition of elites—cooperation between the black city government and the white business elite, especially Coca-Cola and Delta Airlines, was instrumental to securing the Games. The city’s boosters, the Atlanta Convention Bureau, and different trade and tourist administrations could now claim that Atlanta had outgrown its status as regional capital of the South, transcending the region and history. After decades of reinvention, it was “Hotlanta,” the Deep South’s newest and most modern world-class and international city. Yet the fruits of this success were not, and have never been, shared equitably. As much as Atlanta had changed, the same poor blacks who had taken to the streets in the urban uprisings of the 1960s had benefited little during the decades that followed....
The Bravado of the Black Mecca and Blackness Abroad
Authors: Hobson Maurice J.
Published: May 2018

Chapter Four focuses on Atlanta’s rise as a global black city and the idea of black global citizenship through foreign and domestic policies as seen through U.S. Presidents, from John F. Kennedy to Jimmy Carter. When Andrew Young was elected as the city’s second black mayor during the 1980s, he inherited numerous social ills and a pernicious financial crisis.
When President Ronald Reagan cut federal funding to American cities, Young found it necessary to fund and expand the city through foreign investments and neo-liberal forms of urban renewal and gentrification. Most of Atlanta’s black community saw a business-minded and globetrotting mayor promoting purported progress and the black Mecca image. Yet, Young had no plan to deal with issues pertinent to the poor as mayor and his “citizen of the world” persona was not a good look for Atlanta’s working class and poor black communities, as it seemed that he did not embody their interests. Young used his savior-faire and political influence to refashion a city worthy of hosting the 1988 Democratic National Convention and the Centennial Olympiad. The Democratic National Convention served as the dress rehearsal for the Centennial Olympiad and from this event it was clear that Atlanta was indeed a new city with the black Mecca image at its center, worthy of hosting events on the world’s stage. However, Atlanta’s overwhelmingly poor and black citizens did not share this vision of their city nor were they at the center of the commercial branding of the America South. The significance of this is that once again, the issue of class within the black community presents itself as more divisive than cohesive.
Speaking to the Spirit of the Games
Authors: Hobson Maurice J.
Published: May 2018

Chapter Five focuses on the calculated and concerted steps taken by Atlanta’s white business elite and black city government to bid for the Centennial Olympic Games. A diverse cohort of private interests generated the necessary funds to give Atlanta a competitive bid for the Games was formed. This cohort included officers of Atlanta’s fortune 500 companies comprising of the Coca-Cola Company and Delta Airlines, Atlanta businessman Billy Payne, and politicians Mayors Maynard Jackson and Andrew Young. Once awarded the Centennial Games, two movements of paramount importance commenced, representing what the author calls the “olympification” of Atlanta. “Olympification” connotes the policies where urban renewal and gentrification were implemented to get Atlanta ready for the Games. The first of these movements, a joint effort between the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) and the Atlanta Organizing Committee (AOC) worked to prepare the city for the Games is of extreme importance. The second movement, the Atlanta Project, gave way to social change in Atlanta waging war against poverty within the city. Started by the former U.S. president, humanitarian and Georgia native Jimmy Carter, this project had good intentions. But in the end, it did very little for Atlanta’s poor, thus further excluding them from the popular image of Atlanta as black Mecca.
The Sound of the Fury
Authors: Hobson Maurice J.
Published: May 2018

Chapter six focuses on Mayor Maynard Jackson’s creation of the City of Atlanta’s Bureau of Cultural Affairs, the first institution within city government dedicated to the support of artists, their creative expressions and arts organizations. The goal of the Bureau was to make all forms of art—established and experimental—more accessible to Atlanta’s citizens. The Bureau empowered a multitude of artists and arts organizations through city funded grants and broke new ground in stabling a niche for black musical genres such as jazz and classical music as well as alternative films. This set the stage for Atlanta to boom in terms of black popular culture, as Jackson’s black political power yielded an expressive arm, a black arts movement unique to Atlanta, making it ripe for popular culture to be spewed and accessed critically.
“Dirty South” rap music evolved out of this black arts movement, and opened black Atlanta to social commentary from a new generation of artists that lived in the underbelly trampled over by Atlanta’s pursuit of a global commercial center. This counter-narrative and demonstration, gave a southern perspective of popular culture spewed and assessed critically in the city. It was grounded in Hip-hop and centered on this particular sector of youth culture, the meanings and significance of a recently self-defined southern–style of rap and Hip-hop culture and was established and promoted by Organized Noize’s OutKast and Goodie Mob, rap groups hailing from Atlanta’s Southwest side. Their music imbibed an aesthetic that was particular to the South in general and Atlanta in particular but was consumed by markets nationwide. In this music, artists call out Atlanta’s black politicians and their governing practices. Using popular culture from Atlanta provides a useful scope through which to view the lingering tensions and trends that were particular to Atlanta as a result of the “Olympification” of the city.
Exit and Solidarity
Authors: Kirkpatrick Jennet
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines several narratives written by American slaves who escaped captivity prior to the Civil War. It argues that the accounts of former and fugitive slaves are animated by a particular notion of leaving, one that is at odds with the orthodox notion of exit and its emphasis on individual autonomy. Narrators use their own flights from slavery to expose the continued suffering of the enslaved. In this way, narrators deflect attention from themselves and their personal experiences and focus it on the plight of their people. Their accounts reveal an abiding connection with Those they left and serve to illuminate the hardship, misery, and injustice of their lives. Read in this way, these narratives suggest a conception of exit that is linked to suffering, solidarity, and communal concerns. This is particularly clear in Harriet Jacobs’s account, which gives insight into the ways that gender and race can influence the act of leaving and how it is conceptualized.
Nebraska
Authors: Malavasic Alice Elizabeth
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the discovery of the South Pass through the Rocky Mountains and its impact on western expansion. It also looks at the growing sectional divisions over slavery’s expansion, the congressional debate over the route for the first transcontinental railroad, and Stephen Douglas’ efforts to organize the Nebraska territory. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the political feud between Missouri’s two senators, David Rice Atchison and Thomas Hart Benton, and its impact on the future organization of Nebraska.
The Power to Repeal
Authors: Malavasic Alice Elizabeth
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines how the F Street Mess managed the floor debate and passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill in the United States Senate. The chapter pays particular attention to Douglas and the Mess’ institutional control and procedural knowledge versus the opposition’s lack thereof.
Epilogue
Authors: Malavasic Alice Elizabeth
Published: May 2018

The epilogue looks are the roles played by Atchison, Hunter, and Mason during the Civil War and their post war lives. Only Hunter endeavoured to return to public life after the war but was unsuccessful.
He Had a Uniform and Authority
Authors: Patiño Jimmy
Published: May 2018

Chapter 2 explores the process in which some Chicano Movement activists in San Diego began to identify immigration as central to their struggles for self-determination and Mexican immigrants as part of their broadening notions of Chicano/a community. Furthermore, it highlights how this process beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s was greatly influenced by different forms of violence emanating from the U.S. Border Patrol, Customs’ agents and local law enforcement in the San Diego Border region. By focusing on the perspective of undocumented and Mexican-American women who spoke out against Border Patrol and Custom Agent’s perpetration of sexual violence, unauthorized strip searches and other cases of harassment and brutality the chapter outlines how race, legal status and gender organized both border policing activities and Chicano Movement activist’s formulations of a transnational, “Raza Sí, Migra No” identity and politics.
Who’s the Illegal Alien, Pilgrim?
Authors: Patiño Jimmy
Published: May 2018

Proceeding from the ideas held within a well-known poster art by Chicana artist and activism Yolanda Lopez, chapter 7 explores how the CCR rose to international prominence by criticizing President Jimmy Carter’s 1977 proposal to further militarize the border (alongside a limited amnesty) while calling attention to an announcement by the infamous Ku Klux Klan who planned on implementing a Border Watch Program to assist the Border Patrol in apprehending migrants. Focusing on the years 1977 to 1979, this struggle revealed that the nationalization of the immigration issue led to a widening notion of Chicano/Mexicano transnational community from beyond the borderlands in relation to other Latino communities throughout the country and beyond the context of the U.S. to further engagement with Mexico and Mexican civil society.
Abolishment of the INS/Border Patrol
Authors: Patiño Jimmy
Published: May 2018

Chapter 8 analyzes Chicano/Mexicano processes of asserting independent solutions to the immigration crisis by convening the space for grassroots organizers from throughout the U.S. to participate in a radically democratic practice of decision making. On April 11, 1981 the CCR reconvened a number of the 1,000 grassroots activists who had participated in the National Chicano Immigration Conference the year before to hear the voices of several survivors of migra brutality and remember those that did not survive the abuse of militarized immigration policy. The chapter argues that through the tribunal the CCR demonstrated an alternative practice of belonging, challenging the legitimacy of immigration policy by calling for its abolition. Furthermore the National Chicano Immigration Conference, held in 1980, was a process in which activists, community members and advocates collectively constructed solutions to the immigration crisis from the perspective of the transnational Chicano/Mexicano/Latino community.
Conclusion
Authors: Patiño Jimmy
Published: May 2018

The Conclusion is a brief analysis of how the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) both conceded to and fragmented the Chicano/Mexicano immigrant rights mobilizations facilitated in part by the CCR. Signed by a Republican, it was the first mass amnesty act revealing the influence of the human rights components of Chicano/Mexicano organizing that activists in San Diego had taken part in formulating beginning in the late 1960s. Yet the act also marginalized the abolitionist position of the movement, giving concessions by providing amnesty to a subsection of undocumented migrants, while further militarizing the U.S.-Mexico border. The chapter concludes with an analysis of two divergent responses by Chicano/Mexicano activists o the new law: those who invested their energies in politicizing and assisting undocumented migrants who qualified for the amnesty provisions of IRCA by working with immigration state mechanisms and other activists who continued to criticize the “carrot and stick” immigration policies and maintain the call to abolish immigration state apparatuses.
American Tropics
Authors: Raby Megan
Published: May 2018

Biodiversity has been a key concept in international conservation since the 1980s, yet historians have paid little attention to its origins. Uncovering its roots in tropical fieldwork and the southward expansion of U.S. empire at the turn of the twentieth century, Megan Raby details how ecologists took advantage of growing U.S. landholdings in the circum-Caribbean by establishing permanent field stations for long-term, basic tropical research. From these outposts of U.S. science, a growing community of American "tropical biologists" developed both the key scientific concepts and the values embedded in the modern discourse of biodiversity. Considering U.S. biological fieldwork from the era of the Spanish-American War through the anticolonial movements of the 1960s and 1970s, this study combines the history of science, environmental history, and the history of U.S.–Caribbean and Latin American relations. In doing so, Raby sheds new light on the origins of contemporary scientific and environmentalist thought and brings to the forefront a surprisingly neglected history of twentieth-century U.S. science and empire.
An American Tropical Laboratory
Authors: Raby Megan
Published: May 2018

During the lead-up to the Spanish-American War, U.S. botanists looked with envy at the progress of European scientists, who had access to tropical colonies. They pushed for the creation of their own “American tropical laboratory.” Chapter 1 traces the origins of the U.S. tropical laboratory movement; the resulting rental of the station at Cinchona, Jamaica; and the first decade of research there by members of the founding generation of U.S. ecologists. This history reveals their range of motivations for engaging in tropical research, from the 1890s through the outbreak of World War I and the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914. The study of tropical organisms—with their diversity of forms and adaptations so foreign to those familiar with temperate flora and fauna—seemed to offer a path to a truly general understanding of living things. At the same time, U.S. botanists saw tropical research as the key to a place on the international scientific stage. U.S. botanists did not wait for state­sponsored colonial science. Driven by a distinct set of intellectual, cultural, and professional concerns, they were ready to filibuster for science to acquire an outpost for research in the Caribbean.
Making Biology Tropical
Authors: Raby Megan
Published: May 2018

Early efforts to create institutions for ecological research in the tropics were far more difficult to sustain financially than stations with agricultural goals. In the 1910s and 1920s, rival zoologists Thomas Barbour and William Beebe each drew on their wealth, corporate and political connections, and larger­than­life personalities to transform the landscape of basic tropical research. While differing in their spatial practices and relative emphases on taxonomy or ecology, both men argued that the study of life in the tropics was fundamental to a broad understanding of biology. Barbour argued that “tropical biology” was essential to solving the United States’ growing practical problems in tropical agriculture and medicine. Chapter 2 examines the stations they developed—Beebe in British Guiana, Barbour at Soledad, Cuba, and Barro Colorado Island (BCI) in the Panama Canal Zone—and how they leveraged U.S. economic interests in the tropics to further basic science.
Raising Government Children
Authors: Rymph Catherine E.
Published: May 2018

In the 1930s, buoyed by the potential of the New Deal, child welfare reformers hoped to formalize and modernize their methods, partly through professional casework but more importantly through the loving care of temporary, substitute families. Today, however, the foster care system is widely criticized for failing the children and families it is intended to help. How did a vision of dignified services become virtually synonymous with the breakup of poor families and a disparaged form of "welfare" that stigmatizes the women who provide it, the children who receive it, and their families? Tracing the evolution of the modern American foster care system from its inception in the 1930s through the 1970s, this book argues that deeply gendered, domestic ideals, implicit assumptions about the relative value of poor children, and the complex public/private nature of American welfare provision fueled the cultural resistance to funding maternal and parental care. What emerged was a system of public social provision that was actually subsidized by foster families themselves, most of whom were concentrated toward the socioeconomic lower half, much like the children they served. Analyzing the ideas, debates, and policies surrounding foster care and foster parents' relationship to public welfare, Rymph reveals the framework for the building of the foster care system and draws out its implications for today's child support networks.
Into the Family Life of Strangers
Authors: Rymph Catherine E.
Published: May 2018

This chapter surveys the origins of foster care in earlier methods for supporting dependent children dating back to the colonial period, including indenture, orphanages, “placing out” (also known as orphan trains), boarding out, and adoption. It attends to the racial and religious aspects of these systems and to the relationship between private and public systems of child welfare. The chapter also discusses the importance of the professionalization of the child welfare field in the early twentieth century, particularly the creation of the US Children’s Bureau and the Child Welfare League of America.
The Hard-to-Place Child
Authors: Rymph Catherine E.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the notion of the “hard-to-place child” and the post-war emergence of the idea that foster children were inherently damaged. This idea derived from the rise of “attachment theory” and the conventional wisdom that New Deal family security programs had effectively eliminated poverty as a reason for child placement, thereby meaning that those children still in need of foster care came from pathological families. The chapter looks at various qualities that made a child “hard-to-place,” including, age, disability, behavioural problems, and race. It looks specifically at the use of board rates as a strategy to recruit foster parents and at efforts to recruit African American foster homes to serve African American children.
Compensated Motherhood and the State
Authors: Rymph Catherine E.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the role of foster parents as workers, an idea rooted in the nineteenth century role of the “boarding mother.” Child Welfare professionals, foster parents, and the public struggled over the proper balance between paying adequate board to foster parents while ensuring that desire to nurture a child remained the paramount motivation. By the 1960s, foster parents began organizing themselves, culminating in the formation of the National Foster Parents Association in 1971.
Poverty, Punishment, and Public Assistance
Authors: Rymph Catherine E.
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores policy changes in the 1960s that for the first time allowed federal funds to be spent on board payments but which also made foster care a more punitive system, now firmly linked to public assistance, in which children of color were overrepresented. It looks particularly at the impact of the creation of Aid to Families with Dependent Children-Foster Care (AFDC-FC) in making foster care in this transition.
Epilogue
Authors: Smith Stephanie J.
Published: May 2018

The conclusion comes full circle to consider the multiple meanings of Diego Rivera’s return to Mexico’s Communist Party in 1954, as well as David Alfaro Siqueiros’s conflicted relationship with the PCM during his final years. The artists’ evolving relationships with Mexico’s Communist Party, and the pivotal role of the PCM in their lives, significantly impacted the issue of art within revolutionary transformation. Throughout his long careers, Rivera and Siqueiros both embraced the position that art played a key role in politics and politics in art, whether as members of the Party or as supporters. In the end, these two significant artists ended their careers much as they started: with a passion for creating art and a fascination with revolutionary change.
Our Boastings of Liberty and Equality Are Mere Mockeries
Authors: Asch Chris Myers , Musgrove George Derek
Published: May 2018

This chapter shows how, in the decades after the War of 1812, slavery and the slave trade in the city invited domestic and international criticism as the movement to abolish slavery focused its efforts on the District. As abolitionism became a national force in American politics in the 1830s, the national battle over slavery was waged in large part in and about the nation’s capital, and local abolitionists, black and white, actively challenged slavery within the city itself. Washington became the national battleground over slavery not only because it was the seat of government but also because of the city’s political impotence. Because Congress had veto power over any legislation passed by the city’s local council, national leaders could (and did) use Washington as a pawn in their political power struggles. Escalating political and racial tensions erupted in an 1835 race riot that concludes the chapter.
Slavery Must Die
Authors: Asch Chris Myers , Musgrove George Derek
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes the increasingly bold efforts by local abolitionists to challenge slavery and the slave trade in Washington, as well as the attempts by local white leaders to protect slavery and discourage black migration to the city. Washington served as a central stage in the growing national drama over slavery. Despite Congress’s attempt to squelch public debate with the “gag rule,” the question of slavery in the nation’s capital would not die. Frustrated abolitionists, unable to overcome what they called the “Slave Power,” went “underground” to help Washington-area slaves escape to freedom. As more and more enslaved people “absconded” (the term often used in advertisements for fugitives), city leaders struggled to preserve the peculiar institution by capturing and punishing runaways. With the nation tilting ominously toward civil war, slavery’s opponents and its defenders placed Washington on the front lines of the struggle over human bondage in America. The chapter culminates with the emancipation of D.C.’s 3,100 enslaved people in April 1862, more than eight months before the Emancipation Proclamation.
There Is a New Negro to Be Reckoned With
Authors: Asch Chris Myers , Musgrove George Derek
Published: May 2018

This chapter describe the pervasive system of segregation that relegated black Washingtonians to second-class citizenship in the 1910s and 1920s. Though never as rigid as many white Washingtonians might have hoped, segregation proved remarkably effective at undermining black progress and stifling black ambition in the early decades of the twentieth century. Democrat Woodrow Wilson institutionalized racial subordination within the federal government, a policy solidified during a decade of Republican control of Congress and the White House in the 1920s. Racial violence targeting D.C.’s black community, highly visible demonstrations of white power at the Lincoln Memorial and in Klan parades along Pennsylvania Avenue, and the spread of racial restrictive covenants all revealed the strength and resilience of white supremacy in the nation’s capital. And yet, despite the suffocating climate of segregation, black Washingtonians built self-sustaining neighborhoods and community institutions that affirmed black self-worth, cultivated black pride, and challenged the culture of white supremacy. Black self-assertion defended black dignity in a city that black residents claimed as their own.
There’s Gonna Be Flames, There’s Gonna Be Fighting, There’s Gonna Be Rebellion!
Authors: Asch Chris Myers , Musgrove George Derek
Published: May 2018

The chapter charts the decade between the April 1968 riots and Marion Barry’s victory in the 1978 mayoral election. The nation’s capital witnessed a remarkable political revolution during this unpredictable period of citizen-driven politics, cultural and political experimentation, and swift change. D.C. gained a measure of local power for the first time in nearly a century, and Washingtonians of all races – including a growing Hispanic community in the Adams Morgan/Mount Pleasant neighborhoods – pushed for self-determination, community control, and participatory democracy. The transformation was tumultuous, marked by devastating riots, surging crime, and middle-class flight from the city. Politics was often uncivil and chaotic as Washingtonians struggled to be heard in a clamorous era marked by attacks on authorities – Congress, the police, city planners, developers, and others. But for city residents unused to local political power – and particularly for black Washingtonians – it was a thrilling, hopeful time.
Relationships between milk protein polymorphisms and production traits in cattle: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ozdemir Memis , Kopuzlu Sinan , Topal Mehmet , Bilgin Omer Cevdet
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Many researchers who have studied the relationships between milk protein polymorphisms and some yield traits in dairy cattle have reported incompatible results. In this study, in order to examine the overall relationships between milk protein genes known as major genes (CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN3, and BLG) and some yield traits (daily milk yield, lactation milk yield, fat yield, fat content, protein yield, and protein content), a meta-analysis was performed using some genetic models reported in the results of previous studies on cattle. The results suggest that the relationships of major milk protein genes with other factors should be studied using the codominant genetic model in general. Relationships among some CSN3 genotypes and fat yield, fat content, and protein content, and relationships between some BLG genotypes and daily milk yield, fat content, protein yield, and protein content were significant (P<0.05). No significant (P>0.05) relationships were found between these genotypes and other milk production traits. In addition, no significant (P>0.05) relationships between the CSN1S1 and CSN2 genotypes with the milk production traits examined were observed.
An excitation mechanism for discrete chorus elements in the
magnetosphere
Authors: Bespalov Peter , Savina Olga
Published: May 2018

Abstract. A beam pulsed amplifier mechanism responsible for effective amplification of short VLF electromagnetic pulses is proposed. Effective amplification near the magnetic equator outside the plasmasphere is considered. A conditional growth rate of short electromagnetic pulses is calculated. Obtained results can explain some important features of the chorus emissions without hiss-like radiation background.
Bias correction of surface downwelling longwave and shortwave radiation for the EWEMBI dataset
Authors: Lange Stefan
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Many meteorological forcing datasets include bias-corrected surface
downwelling longwave and shortwave radiation (rlds and rsds). Methods used
for such bias corrections range from multi-year monthly mean value scaling to
quantile mapping at the daily timescale. An additional downscaling is
necessary if the data to be corrected have a higher spatial resolution than
the observational data used to determine the biases. This was the case when
EartH2Observe (Calton et al., 2016) rlds and rsds were bias-corrected
using more coarsely resolved Surface Radiation Budget
(Stackhouse Jr. et al., 2011) data for the production of the meteorological
forcing dataset EWEMBI (Lange, 2016). This article systematically
compares various parametric quantile mapping methods designed specifically
for this purpose, including those used for the production of EWEMBI rlds and
rsds. The methods vary in the timescale at which they operate, in their way
of accounting for physical upper radiation limits, and in their approach to
bridging the spatial resolution gap between E2OBS and SRB. It is shown how
temporal and spatial variability deflation related to bilinear interpolation
and other deterministic downscaling approaches can be overcome by downscaling
the target statistics of quantile mapping from the SRB to the E2OBS grid such
that the sub-SRB-grid-scale spatial variability present in the original E2OBS
data is retained. Cross validations at the
daily and monthly timescales reveal that it is worthwhile to take empirical
estimates of physical upper limits into account when adjusting either
radiation component and that, overall, bias correction at the daily timescale
is more effective than bias correction at the monthly timescale if sampling
errors are taken into account.
Job Satisfaction of Library Staff: A Study Based on University Libraries in Sri Lanka
Authors: Ranaweera R.A.A.S. , Li Si , Bodhinayake D.
Published: May 2018

Library of a university considered as an important entity of a university and employees of the library have a key role to play in disseminating knowledge to the academic clientele in the university. This study conducted to comprehensively investigate the job satisfaction of employees as the main objective and followed by identifying the main factors and finally to provide suggestions to overcome the dissatisfaction level of jobs of staff serving in respective universities. Study sample comprised with 510 respondents representing all professional, para-professional and support staff categories working in 14 university libraries in Sri Lanka. Semi structured questionnaire with five point likert scale used to collect quantitative data for the study. The study findings indicates that university library employees were moderately satisfied with their jobs and in general and co-workers, salary and benefits, physical working condition, career development opportunities, work itself, appreciation and feedback identified as the main factors of job satisfaction. The present study recommend to take immediate measurements to enhance the level of job satisfaction among employees by enhancing a collaborative working atmosphere, provide more career development opportunities, establish a proper mechanism for provide appreciation and feedback to enrich the current level of job satisfaction of library staff.
The Circulation of Memory: Bahaettin Rahmi Bediz's Postcards of Crete 1897–1909
Authors: Ainsworth Rachel
Published: May 2018

This article discusses the postcard repertoire of Bahaettin Rahmi Bediz (1875–1951), a Cretan-Turkish photographer working in Candia, Crete. The article contends that Bahaettin's work as a local photographer should be examined through what Michèle Hannoosh calls a “Mediterranean context.” This approach evaluates early photographic practices and visual representations alongside the varied networks of political and cultural subjectivities within a rapidly shifting Mediterranean region during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. By analyzing Bahaettin's work through the lens of a Mediterranean context, one can read Bahaettin's affective voice within his images, as he documents radical political changes on the island.
1994: sus economías y deseconomías externas
Authors: Ibisate Francisco Javier
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 43, 1995: 9-36
El Salvador: reformas estructurales y lucha contra la pobreza
Authors: Sánchez Sonia Ivett
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 43, 1995: 37-59
Análisis de traslación de excedentes intersectoriales: implicaciones para la determinación de bases fiscales
Authors: Baires Jaime Antonio , Orellana Miriam Aleyda
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 43, 1995: 61-107
Globalización, tecnología y mal desarrollo
Authors: Rubio Fabián Roberto
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 43, 1995: 215-227
El modernismo hispanoamericano como modernidad estética
Authors: Roque-Baldovinos Ricardo
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 43, 1995: 229-248
El nuevo paquete económico
Authors: Editor El
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 44, 1995: 251-257
Guatemala: conflictos campesinos y desarrollo rural, 1993-1994
Authors: Castellanos Cambranes Julio
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 44, 1995: 349-367
El plan de desarrollo social
Authors: Editor El
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 45, 1995: 429-438
Tragedia y verdad de Antonio Gramsci
Authors: Fernández Buey Francisco
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 45, 1995: 547-560
O corpo do outro: O guerreiro gaulês nos comentários às guerras das Gálias de Júlio César.
Authors: Silva Priscilla Ylre Pereira da
Published: May 2018

Neste artigo, temos por finalidade analisar, num primeiro momento, a relação galo-romana no período do final da República e a importância das características e práticas corporais na elaboração da imagem do homem gaulês. Apoiando-nos principalmente nos relatos de Júlio César (100 – 44 a.C.) acerca de seus oito anos de campanha militar nas Gálias, compilados em seus Comentários Num segundo momento, enfatizaremos as características atribuídas aos guerreiros gauleses e as mudanças nas técnicas militares ao decorrer do crescimento do contato com o mundo grecorromano.
JUE, Jeffrey K. Heaven Upon Earth: Joseph Mede (1586-1638) and the Legacy of the Millenarianism. Netherlands: Springer, 2006. 281p.
Authors: Lima Verônica Calsoni
Published: May 2018

Resenha de:  JUE, Jeffrey K. Heaven Upon Earth: Joseph Mede (1586-1638) and the Legacy of the Millenarianism. Netherlands: Springer, 2006. 281p.
Literatura Beat: Expressão marginal no Século XX
Authors: Pleszczak Camila Maria Longo
Published: May 2018

Nota de Pesquisa: Literatura Beat: Expressão marginal no Século XX