bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circumscription ofMarsdenia (Asclepiadaceae: Marsdenieae), with a revision of the genus in Australia and Papuasia*
Authors: Forster PI
Published: April 2005

The genus Marsdenia R.Br. is circumscribed utilising data from taxonomic history and morphology. and its relationship to other genera in the Marsdenieae is discussed. Genera that have usually been or commonly regarded as distinct. i.e. Gymnenla R.Br., Leichardtia R.Br., Bidaria (Endl.) Decne. and Thozetia F . Muell . ex Benth., are discussed and considered congeneric with Marsdenia. A revision of the Australian and Papuasian (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands) taxa of Marsdenia is presented and 78 species (one with two subspecies) and one putative interspecific hybrid are recognised. Forty-six taxa are accepted as new, namely Marsdenia ambuntiensis, M. archboldiana, M. argillicola, M . arfakensis, M. Belensis, bilobata, bliriensis, M. Brassii, M. Brevis, M. Brunnea, M. carrii, M. connivens, M. cremea, M. destituta, M. dischidioides, M. divisicola, M. egregia, M. jlavida, M. globosa, M. grandis, M. graniticola, M. hamata, M. kebarensis, M. lacicola, M. longipedicellata, M. millariae, M. mira, M. paludicola, M. papillosa, M. parva, M. poioensis, M. primulina, M. pumila, M. quadrata, M. rara, M. spathulata, M. straminea, M. subglobosa, M. torsiva, M. trilobata, M. tumida, M. urniflora, M. variabilis, M. venusta, M. viridiflora subsp. tropica and M. volcanica. A new name, M. angustata, is provided to replace Bidaria erecta F.Muell. New combinations made are M. brevifolia (Gymnema brevifolium Benth.), M. geminata (Gymnema geminata R.Br.), M. micradenia (Gymnema micradenium Benth.), M. muelleri (Gymnema muelleri Benth.), M. pleiadenia (Gymnema pleiadenia F.Muell.), M. rivularis (Gymnema rivular Schltr.), M. suborbicularis (Gymnema suborbiculare KSchum.), M. tricholepis (Gymnema tricholepis Schltr.) and M. trinewis (Gymnema triverve R.Br.). Lectotypes are chosen for a number of names. A putative hybrid is recorded between M. viridiflora subsp. viridiflora and M. microlepis. Separate keys to the Australian and Papuasian species of Marsdenia are given. Separate keys to the Australian and Papuasian genera of Asclepiadaceae are given.* Christensen research Institute Contribution No . 114.
Patterns of morphological variation within Acacia suaveolens (Mimosaceae)
Authors: Morrison DA , Rupp AJ
Published: April 2005

Acacia suaveolens shows a considerable degree of morphological variability throughout its range in eastern Australia. Multivariate morphometric analyses of data from 375 herbarium specimens suggest that there are five polythetically distinct forms within this species. The morphological boundaries between these forms are somewhat arbitrary but are closely related to a number of environmental variables. Discrimination between these forms is possible only on the basis of a combination of attributes. In all cases, the distinctions between the forms are maintained in offspring plants grown under controlled environmental conditions, indicating that these morphological differences are genetically fixed. These forms are taxonomically treated as new subspecies. Apart from the typical form (subsp. suaveolens), which is widespread, the following morphological forms have been identified: a form with narrower phyllodes, restricted to the Holocene sand dunes in the Myall Lakes region (subsp. myallensis D. Morrison & A.J. Rupp); a form with wider phyllodes and longer pulvinus, and longer and thicker seeds, occurring in areas with an altitude above 300 m (subsp. montana D. Morrison & A.J. Rupp); a form with wider phyllodes, more flower heads per raceme, thicker seeds, and a small rootstock, restricted to the Grampians region (subsp. grampianensis D. Morrison & A.J. Rupp); and a form with shorter phyllodes, shorter internodes, shorter fruits, thicker seeds and a prostrate habit, occurring on windswept coastal headlands (subsp. prostrata D. Morrison & A.J. Rupp).
Eocene plant fossils from the Lefroy and Cowan paleodrainages, Western Australia
Authors: Carpenter RJ , Pole M
Published: April 2005

Forty-two dispersed cuticle taxa are described from late Middle Eocene drill core samples in the Lefroy and Cowan paleodrainages (Kambalda–Norseman region), Western Australia. They are preserved in fluvial-marginal marine sediments of the Pidinga and Werillup Formations. Thirty-four distinct cuticle taxa occur in the richest sample including Cupressaceae, Araucariaceae (Agathis), Podocarpaceae (Dacrycarpus, Acmopyle, Dacrydium), Cunoniaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Casuarinaceae (Gymnostoma), Nothofagus subgenus Lophozonia and tribes Embothrieae, Macadamieae and Banksieae of the Proteaceae. The presence of at least 12 taxa of Proteaceae provides further support for palynological evidence of a rich proteaceous component in Eocene Western Australian assemblages.
Sapindaceae and the biogeography of eastern Australia
Authors: Turner H
Published: April 2005

The biogeographic relations within eastern Australia and of this region to surrounding areas in New Guinea, West Malesia and the western Pacific are analysed using eight monophyletic groups of Sapindaceae. The results show that areas within eastern Australia are related (Cape York (Atherton Plateau + South East Queensland)), confirming similar results obtained by revious authors. The relationship between eastern Australia and surrounding areas is shown to be complex, involving both vicariance and dispersal events. There are at least two patterns connecting Australia to the West Pacific: an old vicariance (or dispersal) pattern involving the eastern end of the Inner Melanesian Arc and a more recent dispersal pattern via New Guinea involving the Outer Melanesian Arc. West Malesia is also probably connected to eastern Australia by numerous dispersal events via New Guinea. At least two patterns relate eastern Australia to New Guinea: an old vicariance pattern and a younger dispersal pattern from New Guinea back to Australia. These results are compared briefly with those obtained in earlier studies.
Geographic variation in ant defence of a widespread Australian euphorb
Authors: MacKay DA , Whalen MA
Published: April 2005

Consequences of ant visitation to plants with extra-floral nectaries (EFNs) in the endemic Australian genus Adriana (Euphorbiaceae) were studied at two locations near Broome, WA and Toowoomba in south-eastern Queensland. At both localities, the prevailing weather conditions were very dry during the study, and ant and herbivore densities were low. The ant and herbivore faunas on adrianas differed between the Western Australian and Queensland sites. At Broome, sap-sucking insects were the most common herbivores seen on plants. Densities of these insects tended to increase when ants were experimentally excluded. At the Queensland study sites, leaf-chewing beetles were the most common herbivores. Although numbers of these insects did not increase significantly when ants were experimentally excluded from treatment branches, behavioural assays showed that the presence or absence of ants could significantly affect the beetles' residence time on plants. Attendance by an assemblage of several ant species apparently provides adrianas with a defence that can function in seasonally dry conditions, that acts primarily to protect young and developing tissues and that acts against a variety of insect herbivores.
RAPD variation in populations of Cardamine lilacina (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Nolan MF , Skotnicki ML , Gibbs AJ
Published: April 2005

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of DNA samples clearly distinguished between Cardantine hirsuta L. and two variants of Cardamine lilacina Hook. found in Australia. Cardarnine hirsuta, a recent immigrant, was less variable than C. lilacina, robust alpine snow-patch variant (C. lilacina-RASPV), which is an endemic plant that grows in three distinct regions in the Kosciusko alpine area and C. lilacina, intermedia variant (C. lilacina-IV), which is an endemic plant that is widespread in the same area. Comparison of RAPDs showed that, in the populations of C. lilacina-RASPV, some plants found near each other were closely related, but there was no detectable largerscale population structure. It is most likely that the present populations of C. lilacina-RASPV are relics of a single larger heterogeneous population. Cardarnine lilacina-RASPV is the only known natural host of turnip yellow mosaic tymovirus in Australia. Although in this study RAPD analysis did not indicate whether the host plant variation is influencing the variability of populations of this virus it did provide an understanding of the genetic relationships in these populations of C. lilacina.
Leptospermum jingera (Myrtaceae–Leptospermoideae): a new species from north-eastern Victoria
Authors: Lyne AM , Crisp MD
Published: April 2005

Leptospennurn jingera, a new species from the Brumby Point area of the snowfields natural region of north-eastern Victoria, is described and illustrated. It is a highly restricted endemic most closely related to L. nainadgiensis Lyne.
Fungi and associated tree diseases in Melville Island, Northern Territory, Australia
Authors: Yuan Zi-Qing
Published: April 2005

A survey of fungal species occuil-ing on plants in Acacia and Eucalyptus seed production areas (SPAS) established at Yapilika, Melville Island, Northern Territory, as well as in the surrounding native vegetation was conducted. A total of 21 fungal species representing 18 genera of Ascomycotina (63.6%) and Deuteromycotina (36.4%) was collected. Among them, 10 species are newly recorded from Australia, Cryptovalsa cf. protracta, Dinemasporiuriz strigosum, Eutypella scoparia, Hypoxylon rubigineo-areolaturn, Leptosphaeria sp., Pestalotiopsis ncaciae, P. neglecta, Pseudocercospora sp., Rhytidhysteron rufuluin and Valsaria insitiva, and seven species are proposed as new: Botryosphaeria appendiculata, Coleophonza eucalypti, Hyponectria grevilleae, H. syzygii, Pseudocercospora erythrophlei, Stomiopeltis acaciae and Trichonectria syzygii. Most fungi collected in the survey are foliar pathogens. Leaf diseases of Acacia spp. and Eucalyptus pellita were commonly found in SPAs during the investigation. Most stem fungi were saprophytes. Only one, B. appendiculata, was found to be associated with dieback of Eucalyptus pellita. It is a potential stem canker pathogen of tropical eucalypts. Descriptions and illustrations for each new species and new Australian records are given.
Late-onset motoneuron disease caused by a functionally modified AMPA receptor subunit
Authors: Kuner Rohini , Groom Anthony J. , Bresink Iris , Kornau Hans-Christian , Stefovska Vanya , Müller Gerald , Hartmann Bettina , Tschauner Karsten , Waibel Stefan , Ludolph Albert C. , Ikonomidou Chrysanthy , Seeburg Peter H. , Turski Lechoslaw
Published: April 2005

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating disorder of the central nervous system in middle and old age that leads to progressive loss of spinal motoneurons. Transgenic mice overexpressing mutated human Cu
2+
/Zn
2+
superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) reproduce clinical features of the familial form of ALS. However, changes in SOD1 activity do not correlate with severity of motor decline in sporadic cases, indicating that targets unrelated to superoxide metabolism contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. We show here that transgenic expression in mice of GluR-B(N)-containing
l
-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionate (AMPA) receptors with increased Ca
2+
permeability leads to late-onset degeneration of neurons in the spinal cord and decline of motor functions. Neuronal death progresses over the entire lifespan but manifests clinically in late adulthood, resembling the course of a slow neurodegenerative disorder. Additional transgenic expression of mutated human SOD1 accelerates disease progression, aggravates the severity of motor decline, and decreases survival. These observations link persistently elevated Ca
2+
influx through AMPA channels with progressive motor decline and late-onset degeneration of spinal motoneurons, indicating that functionally altered AMPA channels may be causally related to pathogenesis of sporadic ALS in humans.
A population-epigenetic model to infer site-specific methylation rates from double-stranded DNA methylation patterns
Authors: Genereux Diane P. , Miner Brooks E. , Bergstrom Carl T. , Laird Charles D.
Published: April 2005

Cytosine methylation is an epigenetic mechanism in eukaryotes that is often associated with stable transcriptional silencing, such as in X-chromosome inactivation and genomic imprinting. Aberrant methylation patterns occur in several inherited human diseases and in many cancers. To understand how methylated and unmethylated states of cytosine residues are transmitted during DNA replication, we develop a population-epigenetic model of DNA methylation dynamics. The model is informed by our observation thatde novomethylation can occur on the daughter strand while leaving the opposing cytosine unmethylated, as revealed by the patterns of methylation on the two complementary strands of individual DNA molecules. Under our model, we can infer site-specific rates of both maintenance andde novomethylation, values that determine the fidelity of methylation inheritance, from double-stranded methylation data. This approach can be used for populations of cells obtained from individuals without the need for cell culture. We use our method to infer cytosine methylation rates at several sites within the promoter of the human geneFMR1.
In vitro effects of four tropical plants on the activity and development of the parasitic nematode, Trichostrongylus colubriformis
Authors: Hounzangbe-Adote S. , Fouraste I. , Moutairou K. , Hoste H.
Published: April 2005

The in vitro effects of extracts of four tropical plants (Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, Newbouldia laevis, Morinda lucida and Carica papaya) on the egg, infective larvae and adult worms of Trichostrongylus colubriformis were screened for potential anthelmintic properties. Significant effects were observed with the four plants on T. colubriformis but they differed depending on the stage of the parasite. Extracts of each plant induced a dose-dependent inhibition of egg hatching. Using a larval inhibition migration test, the effects on the infective larvae were also detected with the four plant extracts. In contrast, for adult worms, the effects were statistically significant only for N. laevis and C. papaya. No significant activity was shown for M. lucida and Z. zanthoxyloides. These in vitro results suggest the presence of some anthelmintic properties associated with these four plants, which are traditionally used by small farmers in western Africa. These effects need to be studied under in vivo conditions.
Endoparasites of the blue whiting, Micromesistius poutassou from north-west Spain
Authors: Fernández M. , Aznar F.J. , Montero F.E. , Raga J.A.
Published: April 2005

The communities of metazoan endoparasites of blue whiting, Micromesistius poutassou, in waters of north-west Spain were analysed and a geographical comparison made with other localities. Four hundred blue whiting collected in July 1999 and September 2000 were examined for parasites, excluding the head and gills. Six species were found: Anisakis simplex s.l. (L3), A. physeteris (L3), Hysterothylacium aduncum (L2 and L3), Stephanostomum lophii (metacercaria), S. pristis (adult), and Prosorhynchus crucibulum (metacercaria). The latter is a new host record, and A. physeteris is reported for the first time in blue whiting from the north-east Atlantic. Host gender was not a significant predictor of abundance of any helminth species, and host length was only weakly and positively related to the abundance of A. simplex. Infracommunities were species-poor, with 56% of fish harbouring only one parasite species, and 92% up to two species. Infracommunities were strongly dominated by A. simplex (389 fish) or S. lophii (6 fish). Fish length or gender, and the year of capture, did not affect species richness nor the degree of dominance. There were no significant pair-wise associations between species. Infracommunities were basically composed of several allogenic parasites with different life histories that converge in the blue whiting through the local food web. The parasite fauna of blue whiting in the study area was poor and distinctive compared with that of other localities in the north-east North Atlantic. These peculiarities might primarily be related to the composition of the local community of definitive hosts, although there might also be some influence of the geographical distribution of parasites.
Iron, copper and fetal development
Authors: Gambling Lorraine , McArdle Harry J.
Published: April 2005

Pregnancy is a period of rapid growth and cell differentiation for both the mother and fetus. Consequently, it is a period when both are vulnerable to changes in dietary supply, especially of those nutrients that are marginal under normal circumstances. In developed countries this vulnerability applies mainly to micronutrients. Even now, Fe deficiency is a common disorder, especially in pregnancy. Similarly, Cu intake in the UK population is rarely above adequate levels, which is a matter of some concern, both in terms of public health and possible clinical consequences. In early studies it was shown that lambs born to mothers on Cu-deficient pastures develop ‘swayback,’ with neurological and muscular symptoms that cannot be reversed by postnatal supplementation. More recently, rat studies have shown that responses such as the ‘startle’ response are lost in offspring of Cu-deficient mothers. Data have shown that prenatal Fe deficiency results in increased postnatal blood pressure, even though the offspring have normal dietary Fe levels from birth. These observations emphasise the importance of Fe and Cu in growth and development. In the present review the importance of these metals and the consequences, both short term and long term, of deficiency will be discussed and some possible mechanisms whereby these effects may be generated will be considered.
The molecular basis of copper and iron interactions
Authors: Sharp Paul
Published: April 2005

The intimate relationship between Fe and Cu in human nutrition has been recognised for many years. The best-characterised link is provided by caeruloplasmin, a multiCu-binding protein that acts as a serum ferrioxidase and is essential for the mobilisation of Fe from storage tissues. Decreased Cu status has been shown to reduce holo-caeruloplasmin production and impair ferrioxidase activity, leading, in a number of cases, to decreased tissue Fe release and the generation of anaemia that is responsive to dietary supplementation with Cu but not Fe. Dietary Fe absorption also requires the presence of a multiCu ferrioxidase. Hephaestin, a caeruloplasmin homologue, works in concert with the IREG1 transporter to permit Fe efflux from enterocytes for loading onto transferrin. The essential role of hephaestin in this process has been recognised from studies in the sex-linked anaemic (sla) mouse, in which Fe efflux is markedly impaired as a result of a mutation in the hephaestin gene that results in a truncated and non-functional version of the protein. There is emerging evidence that a number of other components of the intestinal Fe transport pathway are also Cu sensitive. Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), the Fe transporter located at the apical membrane of enterocytes, is also a physiologically-relevant Cu transporter, suggesting that these two metals may compete with each other for uptake into the duodenal enterocytes. Furthermore, expression of both DMT1 and the basolateral Fe-efflux transporter IREG1 can be regulated by Cu, suggesting that the Fe–Cu relationship may be more complex than first thought.
Dietary antioxidants and environmental stress
Authors: Kelly Frank J.
Published: April 2005

Air is one of our most important natural resources; however, it is also in the front line for receiving environmental pollution. Air quality decreased markedly following the industrial revolution, but it was not until the great London Smog in 1952 that air quality made it onto the political agenda. The introduction of the Clean Air Act in 1956 led to dramatic decreases in black smoke and SO2concentrations over the next two decades, as domestic and industrial coal-burning activities ceased. However, as these improvements progressed, a new threat to public health was being released into the air in ever-increasing quantities. Rapid motorisation of society from the 1960s onwards has led to the increased release of atmospheric pollutants such as tiny particles (particulate matter of &10 μm in aerodynamic diameter) and oxides of N, and the generation of the secondary pollutant O3. These primary and secondary traffic-related pollutants have all proved to be major risks factors to public health. Recently, oxidative stress has been identified as a unifying feature underlying the toxic actions of these pollutants. Fortunately, the surface of the lung is covered with a thin layer of fluid containing a range of antioxidants that appear to provide the first line of defence against oxidant pollutants. As diet is the only source of antioxidant micronutrients, a plausible link now exists between the sensitivity to air pollution and the quality of the food eaten. However, many questions remain unanswered in relation to inter-individual sensitivity to ambient air pollution, and extent to which this sensitivity is modified by airway antioxidant defences.
Micronutrients and cancer
Authors: Johnson I. T.
Published: April 2005

Adverse dietary factors account for approximately 30% of all cancers. Overconsumption of energy is undoubtedly one of the major risk factors, but dietary composition is also very important. In particular, a low consumption of fruits and vegetables appears to double the risk of carcinomas of the lung and alimentary tract. Epidemiological studies suggest that high plasma levels of Se, carotenoids and ascorbic acid are protective against cancer. However, intervention studies with antioxidant nutrients have given mixed results, and it has not been established that the benefits of a high intake of fruits and vegetables are invariably related to the prevention of oxidative DNA damage. Folic acid supplementation appears to protect against colo-rectal neoplasia, probably by preventing mutations associated with the repair of uracil mis-incorporation. However, there are indications from animal studies that exposure to high levels of folic acid at certain stages of development may lead to epigenetic effects that are, as yet, poorly understood. There seems little doubt that micronutrients contribute to the protective effects of plant foods against cancers of the lung and alimentary tract, but it has not been established that these benefits can be achieved using supplements.
Public health aspects of food fortification: a question of balance
Authors: Fletcher Reginald J. , Bell Ian P. , Lambert Janet P.
Published: April 2005

Micronutrient malnutrition is widespread throughout the world, with important health and economic consequences. Tools to address this situation include food fortification, supplementation and dietary diversification, each having different and complementary roles. Fortification (mandatory and voluntary) has been practised over several decades in Western countries as well as in developing countries. Iodised salt was introduced in the USA in 1924 to reduce severe I deficiency. In 1938 voluntary enrichment of flours and breads with niacin and Fe was initiated to reduce the incidence of pellagra and Fe-deficiency anaemia respectively. Micronutrient intakes in European countries appear to be generally adequate for most nutrients. However, a number of population subgroups are at higher risk of suboptimal intakes (below the lower reference nutrient intake) for some micronutrients, e.g. folate, Fe, Zn and Ca in children, adolescents and young women. Dietary surveys indicate that fortified foods play a role in mitigating such risks for several important nutrients. The number of foods suited to fortification are considerably limited by several factors, including technological properties (notably moisture, pH and O2permeability), leading to unacceptable taste and appearance, as well as cost and consumer expectations. In countries in which voluntary fortification is widely practised micronutrient intakes are considerably below tolerable upper intake levels. Concerns about safety are addressed in relation to the potentially increased level or proportion of fortified foods (e.g. following potential EU legislation), for nutrients with relatively low tolerable upper intake levels and where the potential benefit and risks are in different subpopulations (e.g. folic acid). Recent models for assessing these issues are discussed.
Antimicrobial properties of plant secondary metabolites
Authors: Wallace R. John
Published: April 2005

Increasing awareness of hazards associated with the use of antibiotic and chemical feed additives has accelerated investigations into plants and their extracts as feed additives. The present review mainly discusses two classes of plant secondary compounds in this context, i.e. essential oils and saponins. The broader potential of plants and their extracts is illustrated by the progress of an EC Framework 5 project, ‘Rumen-up’. Dietary inclusion of a commercial blend of essential oils causes markedly decreased NH3production from amino acids in rumen fluid taken from sheep and cattle. This effect is mediated partly by the effects on hyper-NH3-producing bacteria and the protein- and starch-fermenting rumen bacterium,Ruminobacter amylophilus. Saponin-containing plants and their extracts suppress the bacteriolytic activity of rumen ciliate protozoa and thereby enhance total microbial protein flow from the rumen. The effects of some saponins are transient, because saponins are hydrolysed by bacteria to their corresponding sapogenin aglycones, which are much less toxic to protozoa. Saponins also have selective antibacterial effects that may prove useful in, for example, controlling starch digestion. The ‘Rumen-up’ project began with a targetted collection of European plants and their extracts, which partners have tested for their effects on rumen proteolysis, protozoa, methanogenesis and lactate production. A success rate of about 5% in terms of positive hits illustrates that plant secondary compounds, of which essential oils and saponins comprise a small proportion, have great potential as ‘natural’ manipulators of rumen fermentation to benefit the farmer and the environment in the future.
Duality for admissible locally analytic representations
Authors: Schneider Peter , Teitelbaum Jeremy
Published: April 2005

We study the problem of constructing a contragredient functor on the category of admissible locally analytic representations ofpp-adic analytic groupGG. A naive contragredient does not exist. As a best approximation, we construct an involutive “duality” functor from the bounded derived category of modules over the distribution algebra ofGGwith coadmissible cohomology to itself. on the subcategory corresponding to complexes of smooth representations, this functor induces the usual smooth contragredient (with a degree shift). Although we construct our functor in general we obtain its involutivity, for technical reasons, only in the case of locallyQp\mathbb {Q}_p-analytic groups.
Nuclear Import of the Stem–Loop Binding Protein and Localization during the Cell Cycle
Authors: Erkmann Judith A. , Wagner Eric J. , Dong Jian , Zhang Yanping , Kutay Ulrike , Marzluff William F.
Published: April 2005

A key factor involved in the processing of histone pre-mRNAs in the nucleus and translation of mature histone mRNAs in the cytoplasm is the stem–loop binding protein (SLBP). In this work, we have investigated SLBP nuclear transport and subcellular localization during the cell cycle. SLBP is predominantly nuclear under steady-state conditions and localizes to the cytoplasm during S phase when histone mRNAs accumulate. Consistently, SLBP mutants that are defective in histone mRNA binding remain nuclear. As assayed in heterokaryons, export of SLBP from the nucleus is dependent on histone mRNA binding, demonstrating that SLBP on its own does not possess any nuclear export signals. We find that SLBP interacts with the import receptors Impα/Impβ and Transportin-SR2. Moreover, complexes formed between SLBP and the two import receptors are disrupted by RanGTP. We have further shown that SLBP is imported by both receptors in vitro. Three sequences in SLBP required for Impα/Impβ binding were identified. Simultaneous mutation of all three sequences was necessary to abolish SLBP nuclear localization in vivo. In contrast, we were unable to identify an in vivo role for Transportin-SR2 in SLBP nuclear localization. Thus, only the Impα/Impβ pathway contributes to SLBP nuclear import in HeLa cells.
Bringing Public Opinion Back in
Authors: Sinnott Richard
Published: April 2005

Theories about European Community integration have passed through three phases. The first consisted of two ambitious initial formulations (transactionalism and neo‐functionalism) during the late 1950s and early 1960s. A short‐lived second phase, characterized by an intense revisionism, can be identified in the late 1960s. However, despite the theoretical progress made during this second phase, in which the importance of public opinion received a much greater recognition, integration theory suffered near‐fatal asphyxiation during the Euro‐stagnation of the 1970s. The current third phase is a revival of the first. This chapter considers these three phases, with brief digressions to deal with the related theories of disintegration and diversity. It then broadens the discussion to incorporate insights from the theory of international regimes and to review theoretical constructs used in previous empirical work on attitudes towards integration.
Economic Calculus or Familiarity Breeds Content?
Authors: Bosch Agusti , Newton Kenneth
Published: April 2005

This chapter focuses on the extent to which perceptions of economic self‐interest affect levels of public support for European Community integration, both at the macro‐level and the micro‐level. The macro‐level analysis examines the impact of variables such as net budgetary transfers between the EC and individual member states, each country's position in the international division of labour, as well as several indicators of economic development. At the micro‐level, the chapter analyses the influence of individual economic circumstances, perceptions, and expectations on public attitudes and orientations.
Development of Support: Diffusion or Demographic Replacement?
Authors: Wessels Bernhard
Published: April 2005

As the referendums in Denmark and France have amply demonstrated, the role of public opinion in the process of European Community integration is increasing in importance. But public opinion is not homogeneous; indeed, considerable variation is found between member countries. Moreover, there are also remarkable differences within countries, both over time and between groups or sectors in society. Examining these variations should provide insight into the dynamics of public support for the EC and possibly into future developments. This chapter examines factors which may give rise to differences in people's awareness of, and support for, the EC, such as demographic and social factors, general political orientations, degree of political involvement, and party affiliation. It starts from the assumption that whatever the causal processes or mechanisms, they operate in more or less the same way in each EC member country. It then takes into account cross‐national differences in attitude and in the array of factors which influence such attitudes. It argues that the generation of awareness and support for the EC is a diffusion process and not, as the research literature has tended to assume, a replacement process.
The View from Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Berglund Sten , Aarebrot Frank , Koralewicz Jadwiga
Published: April 2005

This chapter begins with a macro‐level analysis of post‐Cold War attitudes to European Community integration within the CEE countries, and examines the extent to which these attitudes reflect differences in character and pace of progress towards democratization. It then turns to micro‐level analysis of public opinion survey data for answers to three issues: the state of CEE public opinion about European integration in general and about EC membership in particular; the identity of groups favouring or opposing EC membership; the extent of nationalism and xenophobia in the CEE countries, and their likely impact on support for EC integration.
Conclusion: European Publics and the Legitimacy of Internationalized Governance
Authors: Everts Philip , Sinnott Richard
Published: April 2005

This chapter presents a balance sheet regarding the assessments of public support for internationalized governance presented in the preceding chapters. On the credit side, there is widespread and high‐level support for European Community integration, some evidence for the emergence of a sense of European identity, and some signs of willingness to transfer responsibilities in certain policy areas to the supranational level. On the debit side, there is evidence that support for EC integration has been declining since 1991, and that concern over a perceived ‘democratic deficit’ has been growing. Moreover, the assessment of public attitudes towards EC integration cannot be aggregated into a simple quotient, but needs to take account of the wide variations within the spectrum of public opinion within member countries, between various policy areas, and between publics of different countries.
Bond Price and Impulse Response Function for the Balduzzi, Das, Foresi and Sundaram (1996) Model
Authors: Grasselli Martino , Tebaldi Claudio
Published: April 2005

In this paper, we analyse the Affine Term Structure Model (ATSM) proposed by Balduzzi, Das, Foresi and Sundaram (BDFS, 1996) and provide the closed‐form expression of the bond price. In addition, we extend the notion of Impulse Response Function to the class of ATSM. We show that it is closely related to the duration measure, and we compute it explicitly in the BDFS model.
Integrated Risk Management with a Filtered Bootstrap Approach
Authors: Marsala Claudio , Pallotta Massimiliano , Zenti Raffaele
Published: April 2005

We present a multi‐period risk model to measure portfolio risk that integrates market risk, credit risk and, in a simplified way, liquidity risk. Thus, it overcomes the major limitation currently shared by many risk models that are unable to give a complete picture of all portfolio risks according to a single, coherent framework. The model is based on the Filtered Bootstrap approach; hence, it captures conditional heteroskedasticity, serial correlation and non‐normality in the risk factors, that is, most of the features of observed financial time series. Being a simulation risk model, it copes in a natural way with derivatives as it allows the full valuation of the probability density function of the contracts. In addition, it is a suitable and flexible way to generate future scenarios on medium‐term horizons, so this model is particularly appropriate for asset management companies.
Lessepsian migrant Fistularia commersonii from the Rhodes marine area
Authors: Corsini M. , Kondilatos G. , Economidis P. S.
Published: April 2005

The bluespotted cornetfish Fistularia commersonii which originates from the Red Sea, appeared in the marine area of Rhodes Island (south‐east Aegean Sea). This is a new record of the species based on 37 specimens caught during summer‐winter 2001. The species appears to be spreading rapidly west and easily becoming established in Mediterranean coastal habitats.
Occurrence of Dielectric 1:1:4 Compound in the Ternary System BaO—Ln2O3—TiO2 (Ln = La, Nd, and Sm): I, An Improved Coprecipitation Method for Preparing a Single‐Phase Powder of Ternary Compound in the BaO—La2O3—TiO2 System
Authors: Takahashi Junichi , Ikegami Takashi , Kageyama Keisuke
Published: April 2005

An improved coprecipitation method for incorporating three different cations quantitatively in a precursor was developed to prepare a single‐phase powder of a ternary compound in the system BaO—La2O3—TiO2. The preparation technique consisted of a preliminary introduction of a specified single component as a preformed binary compound powder. This was followed by the quantitative deposition of the remaining unlike cations as coprecipitated particles in a solution containing a suspension of the preformed compound powder. X‐ray fluorescence and electron microprobe analyses showed that the stoichiometric incorporation of the constituent cations was completed for the powder samples thus prepared. From a detailed examination of the phases produced in the composition‐controlled powders, it was evident that a ternary compound having the composition BaO · La2O3· 4TiO2 occurs in the present system, for which the X‐ray diffraction data were refined and indexed. In addition, the single‐phase 1:1:4 compound was found to be synthesized from different precursors through different formation processes.
Effect of Aluminum and Neodymium Admixtures on Devitrification of Silica Glasses
Authors: Ła̧czka Maria
Published: April 2005

This investigation concerned the devitrification kinetics (in the temperature range 1100° to 1500°C) of silica glasses doped with aluminum oxide (0.1 and 1.0 mol%), neodymium oxide (0.08 and 0.25 mol%), and with aluminum and neodymium oxides simultaneously, at their mutual molar ratio close to 4. The glasses were obtained by electric melting of quartz under vacuum and by the sol/gel method. On the basis of the obtained results, conclusions have been drawn concerning the mode in which the admixtures become incorporated into the silica glasses as well as the structural differences between the melted and sol/gel glasses.
Bulk Conductivity and Defect Chemistry of Acceptor‐Doped Strontium Titanate in the Quenched State
Authors: Waser Rainer
Published: April 2005

The grain bulk conductivity of acceptor‐doped SrTiO3 ceramics was investigated by the impedance analysis method after quenching from high‐temperature equilibria. The influence of the oxygen partial pressure during equilibration, PEqO2, is described in terms of a defect model for titanates. From a comparison between the experimental results and the predictions of this model, a predominant ionic conductivity is concluded for a wide PEqO2 range (approximately 10−11 to 105 Pa). The influence of the ionization energy of the acceptors and of possible defect association is discussed.
Hollow Silica Spheres of Controlled Size and Porosity by Sol—Gel Processing
Authors: Kim Kyekyoon (Kevin) , Jang Kam Yong , Upadhye Ravindra S.
Published: April 2005

A new technique particularly suitable for fabricating uniform, hollow silica spheres of controlled size and porosity is described. The technique, which combines sol—gel processing with a hollow‐drop generation technique, consists of producing a continuous stream of uniform, hollow drops of a tetraethyl orthosilicate solution and then converting the drops into a rigid form by exposing them to an ammoniated vapor gelation medium. The parameters controlling the properties of the resulting silica spheres are the detailed chemical makeup of the reactant solution and the gelation medium, and the dimensions and relative positions of the nozzles used for drop generation.
Heat Treatments as a Method of Protection for a Ceramic Fiber—Glass Matrix Composite
Authors: Wetherhold Robert C. , Zawada Larry P.
Published: April 2005

Thermal exposure in air has been shown to embrittle a ceramic fiber‐glass matrix composite by the infiltration of oxygen to the fiber‐matrix interface. Samples exposed at sufficiently high temperatures demonstrate less embrittlement and less strength loss than samples exposed at intermediate temperatures, because of a material flow which seals the surface. It is shown that the protection against embrittlement provided by a short, high‐temperature thermal treatment remains in force for materials subsequently exposed to intermediate temperatures under both loaded and unloaded conditions.
Solid‐Sample 11B Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Boron‐Doped β‐Silicon Carbide
Authors: O'Donnell Daniel J. , Cheung T. T. Peter , Schuette George F. , Sardashti Maziar
Published: April 2005

Solid‐sample magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were used to investigate the fate of boron used as a sintering aid for silicon carbide. The results of the NMR studies indicated that the boron penetrated the silicon carbide grain boundaries during sintering, and was incorporated in a tetrahedral form in the bulk, regardless of the gas used during the process. The NMR spectrum of a sample sintered under nitrogen indicated the formation of a trigonal form of boron as well. XPS identified this trigonal boron as boron nitride; however, no boron was detected by XPS in any form on the fracture surface of the silicon carbide sintered under argon, even though the NMR results confirmed the presence of tetrahedral boron in the bulk sample. The SEM results indicated that the fracture process for these materials was predominantly intergranular. This suggested that the boron in the silicon carbide sintered under argon penetrated the grains and left the grain boundaries depleted of boron.
Effect of Inclusions on Densification: I, Microstructural Development in an Al2O3 Matrix Containing a High Volume Fraction of ZrO2 Inclusions
Authors: Sudre Olivier , Lange Fred F.
Published: April 2005

The microstructural changes produced by large (38 to 53 μm), single‐crystal ZrO2 inclusions (0, 0.09, 0.30 volume fractions, based on solid volume) within an Al2O3 powder matrix were detailed as a function of constrained densification. Composite powder compacts were produced by pressure filtration for conditions where the Al2O3 slurry was either flocced or dispersed. For both conditions, the ZrO2 inclusions constrained densification. Microstructural observations for all composites revealed (1) the presence of cracks with large opening displacements between inclusions and (2) large density variations within the matrix. The cracks were most frequent at high volume fraction of inclusions in composites produced from flocced slurries and apparently originated during specimen preparation. Their large opening displacment was a result of matrix densification. Fewer cracks were observed in composites produced from dispersed slurries. Instead, these microstructures were dominated by large variations in matrix density, viz., dense regions surrounding low‐density regions, not consitent with the initial packing density of the matrix powder. The denser regions were formed early in the densification schedule. The lower‐density regions eventually developed into regions containing large, elongated voids as the Al2O3 matrix grains became larger with heat‐treatment time. This pore enlargement process was shown to result from the disappearance of necks between originally sintered grains and appeared similar to the thermodynamic instability observed in thin films and constrained fibers.
Sintering of Ceria‐Doped Tetragonal Zirconia Crystallized in Organic Solvents, Water, and Air
Authors: Sato Tsugio , Dosaka Kenji , Yoshioka Toshiaki , Okuwaki Akitsugu , Torii Kazuo , Onodera Yoshiro
Published: April 2005

Amorphous CeO2–ZrO2 gels were prepared by coprecipitation in ammonia solutions. The onset of crystallization of the gels, from calcining in air, was 420°C, while 200° to 250°C in the presence of water and organic solvents such as methanol and ethanol. The sintering behaviors of CeO2–ZrO2 powders were sensitive to the crystallizing conditions, since hard agglomerates formed when the precipitated gels were crystallized by normal calcination in air, whereas soft agglomerates formed when they were crystallized in water or organic solvents. CeO2–ZrO2 powders crystallized in methanol and water at 250°C were sintered to full theoretical density at 1150° and 1400°C, respectively, whereas that crystallized by calcination in air at 450°C was sintered to only 95.2% of theoretical density, even at 1500°C.
Kinetics of Cation Redisribution in Ferrospinels
Authors: Sujata K. , Mason Thomas O.
Published: April 2005

In situ electrical resistivity measurements were employed to follow the kinetics of cation redistribution in ferrospinels, xFe3O4–(1 –x)MeFe2O4 (Me = Co, Mg, Mn, or Ni) or xFe3O4–FeMe2O4 (Me = Al) with x≥ 0.2. Relaxation temperatures (at 20°C/min heating rate) were established and kinetic parameters—activation energies and time constants—were determined for each cation. These parameters were insensitive to grain size, cation ratio, and oxygen nonstoichiometry. The mechanism was shown to be a local “homogeneous” point defect reaction in contrast to the “heterogeneous” nucleation and growth mechanism reported to take place in ferrispinels lacking Fe2+. Electron hopping between Fe2+ and Fe3+ in ferrospinels apparently screens the excess ionic charge associated with the diffusing species and enables homogeneous point defect reactions with lower attendant activation energies to take place.
Mixed Oxide Capacitor of CuO—BaTiO3 as a New Type CO2 Gas Sensor
Authors: Ishihara Tatsumi , Kometani Kazuhiro , Mizuhara Yukako , Takita Yusaku
Published: April 2005

An oxide capacitor consisting of BaTiO3 and an oxide is studied as a new type CO2 sensor based on capacitance change. Sensitivity to CO2, as well as the optimum operating temperature, was strongly dependent on the particular oxide mixed with BaTiO3. Among the elements investigated in this study, CuO–BaTiO3 exhibited the highest sensitivity to CO2. In particular, the CuO–BaTiO3 mixed oxide at the equimolar composition is highly sensitive to CO2. The optimum operating temperature and frequency for CuO–BaTiO3 are 729 K and 100 Hz, respectively, and the 80% response time to 2% CO2 is within 25 s. The equimolar mixture of CuO and BaTiO3 can measure the CO2 concentration from 100 to 60 000 ppm. Carbonation of oxide seems to play a key role for the detection of CO2 on these mixed oxide capacitors. The optimum operating temperature of these mixed oxide capacitors for CO2 detection, therefore, correlates with the decomposition temperature of the carbonate corresponding to the oxide mixed with BaTiO3. The capacitance increase of CuO–BaTiO3 upon exposure to CO2 seems to result from the elevated height of the potential barrier at the grain boundary between CuO and BaTiO3. Carbonation of CuO in the element seems to bring about the elevation in the height of the potential barrier.
Thermodynamic Calculations on the Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon Nitride and Silicon from Silane and Chlorinated Silanes
Authors: Kruis Frank Einar , Scarlett Brian , Bauer Robert A. , Schoonman Joop
Published: April 2005

After a discussion of the thermochemical values of the Si–H–Cl–N system which occur in the literature, CVD phase diagrams are presented which include contours of constant deposition efficiency. The temperature range considered is from 800 to 2600 K. A number of chlorinated silanes as well as silane can be used as a silicon source, while ammonia is used as the nitrogen source. The effects of pressure variation and dilution by nitrogen and hydrogen are also included. Some initial calculations concerning silicon diimide are made. The CVD phase diagrams are used to describe several mechanisms occurring during the formation of silicon nitride from the gas phase.