bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the reusability and interoperability of artificial neural networks with DEVS modeling and simulation
Authors: Adelani David Ifeoluwa , Traoré Mamadou Kaba
Published: December 2015

Artificial neural networks (ANNs), a branch of artificial intelligence, has become a very interesting domain since the eighties when back-propagation (BP) learning algorithm for multilayer feed-forward architecture was introduced to solve nonlinear problems. It is used extensively to solve complex nonalgorithmic problems such as prediction, pattern recognition and clustering. However, in the context of a holistic study, there may be a need to integrate ANN with other models developed in various paradigms to solve a problem. In this paper, we suggest discrete event system specification (DEVS) be used as a model of computation (MoC) to make ANN models interoperable with other models (since all discrete event models can be expressed in DEVS, and continuous models can be approximated by DEVS). By combining ANN and DEVS, we can model the complex configuration of ANNs and express its internal workings. Therefore, we are extending the DEVS-based ANN proposed by Toma et al. [A new DEVS-based generic artficial neural network modeling approach, The 23rd European Modeling and Simulation Symp. (Simulation in Industry), Rome, Italy, 2011] for comparing multiple configuration parameters and learning algorithms and also to do prediction. The DEVS models are described using the high level language for system specification (HiLLS), [Maïga et al., A new approach to modeling dynamic structure systems, The 29th European Modeling and Simulation Symp. (Simulation in Industry), Leicester, United Kingdom, 2015] a graphical modeling language for clarity. The developed platform is a tool to transform ANN models into DEVS computational models, making them more reusable and more interoperable in the context of larger multi-perspective modeling and simulation (MAS).
An exponential expanding meshes sequence and finite difference method adopted for two-dimensional elliptic equations
Authors: Jha Navnit , Kumar Neelesh
Published: December 2015

We demonstrate a new nonuniform mesh finite difference method to obtain accurate solutions for the elliptic partial differential equations in two dimensions with nonlinear first-order partial derivative terms. The method will be based on a geometric grid network area and included among the most stable differencing scheme in which the nine-point spatial finite differences are implemented, thus arriving at a compact formulation. In general, a third order of accuracy has been achieved and a fourth-order truncation error in the solution values will follow as a particular case. The efficiency of using geometric mesh ratio parameter has been shown with the help of illustrations. The convergence of the scheme has been established using the matrix analysis, and irreducibility is proved with the help of strongly connected characteristics of the iteration matrix. The difference scheme has been applied to test convection diffusion equation, steady state Burger’s equation, ocean model and a semi-linear elliptic equation. The computational results confirm the theoretical order and accuracy of the method.
Mass Transfer Enhancement by a Single Emulsion Droplet
Authors: Yoon Sungho , Kang Yong Tae
Published: December 2015

The mass transfer enhancement (MTE) by a single emulsion droplet subjected to a Poiseuille flow is studied by using h-adaptive finite element approximation. The Navier–Stokes equations with the surface tension force at a droplet–fluid phase for the fluid flows are considered. The mass transfer is modeled by convection–diffusion equation. The interface capturing method with a conservative level set approach is employed to track the interface of a droplet. This is also incorporated with a mesh adaptivity for increasing the resolution in vicinity of the interface of the droplet. We numerically investigate the effect of hydrodynamic interactions of the droplet with the fluid on the mass transfer in varying physical parameters of the fluid flows and the suspended droplet in order to find the optimum conditions to invoke the enhanced MTE. It is found that Pe is an important factor to enhance the mass transfer transported by the convective current with diffusion. It is also found that Ca is an important factor for MTE considering disturbances and deformability of the droplet during the mass transfer process. It is found that the MTE decreases with increasing Ca in a high concentration region ([Formula: see text]) while MTE does not depend much on Ca in a low concentration region ([Formula: see text]).
Selective X-Sensitive Analysis Guided by Impact Pre-Analysis
Authors: Oh Hakjoo , Lee Wonchan , Heo Kihong , Yang Hongseok , Yi Kwangkeun
Published: December 2015

We present a method for selectively applying context-sensitivity during interprocedural program analysis. Our method applies context-sensitivity only when and where doing so is likely to improve the precision that matters for resolving given queries. The idea is to use a pre-analysis to estimate the impact of context-sensitivity on the main analysis’s precision, and to use this information to find out when and where the main analysis should turn on or off its context-sensitivity. We formalize this approach and prove that the analysis always benefits from the pre-analysis--guided context-sensitivity. We implemented this selective method for an existing industrial-strength interval analyzer for full C. The method reduced the number of (false) alarms by 24.4% while increasing the analysis cost by 27.8% on average.

The use of the selective method is not limited to context-sensitivity. We demonstrate this generality by following the same principle and developing a selective relational analysis and a selective flow-sensitive analysis. Our experiments show that the method cost-effectively improves the precision in the these analyses as well.
Molecular characterization of the intestinal microbiota in patients with and without abdominal bloating
Authors: Ringel-Kulka Tamar , Benson Andrew K. , Carroll Ian M. , Kim Jaehyoung , Legge Ryan M. , Ringel Yehuda
Published: December 2015

Recent studies have demonstrated differences in the intestinal microbiota between patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and healthy controls (HC), suggesting a role for the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBS. Alterations in the microbiota have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of abdominal bloating, a commonly reported symptom in IBS. We investigated the relationship between the intestinal microbiota, abdominal bloating, and altered bowel patterns in a cohort of patients with IBS and HC. The 16S rRNA gene from fresh fecal samples was amplified and pyrosequenced by using Roche-454 Titanium chemistry. A Core Measurable Microbiome (CMM) was generated for Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) detected in >75% of all samples and compositional features of CMM were compared between groups by Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). IBS differentiated from HC by LDA using continuous variation in the species/OTUs or the CMM genera. When subcategorized based on bloating symptoms and bowel characteristics, the same subjects were also well differentiated from one another and from HC. ANOVA analysis showed quantitative species/OTU differences between the subgroups including IBS with and without bloating, and subtypes based on bowel characteristics. The clear LDA differentiation and the significant microbial taxa differences between the groups imply a significant association of the microbiota with bloating symptoms and bowel characteristics in IBS. These changes in the microbiota may serve as a biomarker for IBS and its clinical subtypes and suggest a role for the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of the main symptoms of the disorder.
Therapeutic potential of an orally effective small molecule inhibitor of plasminogen activator inhibitor for asthma
Authors: Liu Rui-Ming , Eldridge Stephanie , Watanabe Nobuo , Deshane Jessy , Kuo Hui-Chien , Jiang Chunsun , Wang Yong , Liu Gang , Schwiebert Lisa , Miyata Toshio , Thannickal Victor J.
Published: December 2015

Asthma is one of the most common respiratory diseases. Although progress has been made in our understanding of airway pathology and many drugs are available to relieve asthma symptoms, there is no cure for chronic asthma. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), a primary inhibitor of tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators, has pleiotropic functions besides suppression of fibrinolysis. In this study, we show that administration of TM5275, an orally effective small-molecule PAI-1 inhibitor, 25 days after ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization-challenge, significantly ameliorated airway hyperresponsiveness in an OVA-induced chronic asthma model. Furthermore, we show that TM5275 administration significantly attenuated OVA-induced infiltration of inflammatory cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes), the increase in the levels of OVA-specific IgE and Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-5), the production of mucin in the airways, and airway subepithelial fibrosis. Together, the results suggest that the PAI-1 inhibitor TM5275 may have therapeutic potential for asthma through suppressing eosinophilic allergic response and ameliorating airway remodeling.
The Glt1 glutamate receptor mediates the establishment and perpetuation of chronic visceral pain in an animal model of stress-induced bladder hyperalgesia
Authors: Ackerman A. Lenore , Jellison Forrest C. , Lee Una J. , Bradesi Sylvie , Rodríguez Larissa V.
Published: December 2015

Psychological stress exacerbates interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a lower urinary tract pain disorder characterized by increased urinary frequency and bladder pain. Glutamate (Glu) is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter modulating nociceptive networks. Glt1, an astrocytic transporter responsible for Glu clearance, is critical in pain signaling termination. We sought to examine the role of Glt1 in stress-induced bladder hyperalgesia and urinary frequency. In a model of stress-induced bladder hyperalgesia with high construct validity to human IC/BPS, female Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were subjected to 10-day water avoidance stress (WAS). Referred hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia were assessed after WAS with von Frey filaments. After behavioral testing, we assessed Glt1 expression in the spinal cord by immunoblotting. We also examined the influence of dihydrokainate (DHK) and ceftriaxone (CTX), which downregulate and upregulate Glt1, respectively, on pain development. Rats exposed to WAS demonstrated increased voiding frequency, increased colonic motility, anxiety-like behaviors, and enhanced visceral hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia. This behavioral phenotype correlated with decreases in spinal Glt1 expression. Exogenous Glt1 downregulation by DHK resulted in hyperalgesia similar to that following WAS. Exogenous Glt1 upregulation via intraperitoneal CTX injection inhibited the development of and reversed preexisting pain and voiding dysfunction induced by WAS. Repeated psychological stress results in voiding dysfunction and hyperalgesia that correlate with altered central nervous system glutamate processing. Manipulation of Glu handling altered the allodynia developing after psychological stress, implicating Glu neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of bladder hyperalgesia in the WAS model of IC/BPS.
Current injection and receptor-mediated excitation produce similar maximal firing rates in hypoglossal motoneurons
Authors: Wakefield Hilary E. , Fregosi Ralph F. , Fuglevand Andrew J.
Published: December 2015

The maximum firing rates of motoneurons (MNs), activated in response to synaptic drive, appear to be much lower than that elicited by current injection. It could be that the decrease in input resistance associated with increased synaptic activity (but not current injection) might blunt overall changes in membrane depolarization and thereby limit spike-frequency output. To test this idea, we recorded, in the same cells, maximal firing responses to current injection and to synaptic activation. We prepared 300 μm medullary slices in neonatal rats that contained hypoglossal MNs and used whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology to record their maximum firing rates in response to triangular-ramp current injections and to glutamate receptor-mediated excitation. Brief pressure pulses of high-concentration glutamate led to significant depolarization, high firing rates, and temporary cessation of spiking due to spike inactivation. In the same cells, we applied current clamp protocols that approximated the time course of membrane potential change associated with glutamate application and with peak current levels large enough to cause spike inactivation. Means (SD) of maximum firing rates obtained in response to glutamate application were nearly identical to those obtained in response to ramp current injection [glutamate 47.1 ± 12.0 impulses (imp)/s, current injection 47.5 ± 11.2 imp/s], even though input resistance was 40% less during glutamate application compared with current injection. Therefore, these data suggest that the reduction in input resistance associated with receptor-mediated excitation does not, by itself, limit the maximal firing rate responses in MNs.
Vitamin D: Metabolism, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Pleiotropic Effects
Authors: Christakos Sylvia , Dhawan Puneet , Verstuyf Annemieke , Verlinden Lieve , Carmeliet Geert
Published: December 2015

1,25-Dihydroxvitamin D3[1,25(OH)2D3] is the hormonally active form of vitamin D. The genomic mechanism of 1,25(OH)2D3action involves the direct binding of the 1,25(OH)2D3activated vitamin D receptor/retinoic X receptor (VDR/RXR) heterodimeric complex to specific DNA sequences. Numerous VDR co-regulatory proteins have been identified, and genome-wide studies have shown that the actions of 1,25(OH)2D3involve regulation of gene activity at a range of locations many kilobases from the transcription start site. The structure of the liganded VDR/RXR complex was recently characterized using cryoelectron microscopy, X-ray scattering, and hydrogen deuterium exchange. These recent technological advances will result in a more complete understanding of VDR coactivator interactions, thus facilitating cell and gene specific clinical applications. Although the identification of mechanisms mediating VDR-regulated transcription has been one focus of recent research in the field, other topics of fundamental importance include the identification and functional significance of proteins involved in the metabolism of vitamin D. CYP2R1 has been identified as the most important 25-hydroxylase, and a critical role for CYP24A1 in humans was noted in studies showing that inactivating mutations in CYP24A1 are a probable cause of idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia. In addition, studies using knockout and transgenic mice have provided new insight on the physiological role of vitamin D in classical target tissues as well as evidence of extraskeletal effects of 1,25(OH)2D3including inhibition of cancer progression, effects on the cardiovascular system, and immunomodulatory effects in certain autoimmune diseases. Some of the mechanistic findings in mouse models have also been observed in humans. The identification of similar pathways in humans could lead to the development of new therapies to prevent and treat disease.
High-Sensitivity Troponin I and Rhythm Outcome after Electrical Cardioversion for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Horjen Anja Wiedswang , Ulimoen Sara Reinvik , Seljeflot Ingebjørg , Smith Pål , Arnesen Harald , Norseth Jon , Tveit Arnljot
Published: December 2015

Objectives: We hypothesised that high-sensitivity troponin I (hs-TnI) might predict long-term rhythm outcome after cardioversion for persistent atrial fibrillation (AF), and that maintenance of sinus rhythm and/or treatment with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker candesartan would reduce hs-TnI levels. Methods: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 171 patients referred for electrical cardioversion for AF were randomised to receive candesartan or placebo for 3-6 weeks before cardioversion and for 6 months after electrical cardioversion. Blood samples for analysis of hs-TnI (Abbott Diagnostics) were available in 129 patients at baseline and in 60 successfully cardioverted patients at study end. Results: Hs-TnI was detectable in all subjects, with a median value of 5.3 ng/l (25th percentile 3.7, 75th percentile 7.2). hs-TnI at baseline was not predictive of rhythm outcome 6 months after electrical cardioversion for persistent AF. Treatment with candesartan did not influence the levels of hs-TnI. hs-TnI was unchanged from baseline to study end in patients who maintained sinus rhythm [4.9 (3.7, 7.0) and 5.0 (4.0, 6.4) ng/l, respectively; p = 0.699). Conclusions: hs-TnI did not predict AF recurrence after cardioversion. hs-TnI levels were unchanged in patients maintaining sinus rhythm for 6 months after electrical cardioversion. hs-TnI levels were not influenced by treatment with candesartan.
Cronobacter sakazakii DNA Detection in Cerebrospinal Fluid of a Patient with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Mimic Syndrome
Authors: Piombo Marianna , Chiarello Daniela , Corbetto Marzia , Di Pino Giovanni , Dicuonzo Giordano , Angeletti Silvia , Riva Elisabetta , De Florio Lucia , Capone Fioravante , Di Lazzaro Vincenzo
Published: December 2015

A 45-year-old male noticed progressive weakness of the right lower limb with gait disturbance. Over the following months, motor deficits worsened, spreading to the right upper limb. Electromyography showed active denervation in the upper and lower limb muscles. A diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) was made. About 2 years after symptom onset, gradual improvement occurred. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis performed about 3 years after the beginning of symptoms identified Cronobacter sakazakii. Since no other possible causes were identified, we suggest that an almost completely reversible ALS-like syndrome had been triggered by Cronobacter infection in our immunocompetent patient.
Heterologous Synapsis and Crossover Suppression in Heterozygotes for a Pericentric Inversion in the Zebra Finch
Authors: del Priore Lucía , Pigozzi María I.
Published: December 2015

In the zebra finch, 2 alternative morphs regarding centromere position were described for chromosome 6. This polymorphism was interpreted to be the result of a pericentric inversion, but other causes of the centromere repositioning were not ruled out. We used immunofluorescence localization to examine the distribution of MLH1 foci on synaptonemal complexes to test the prediction that pericentric inversions cause synaptic irregularities and/or crossover suppression in heterozygotes. We found complete suppression of crossing over in the region involved in the rearrangement in male and female heterozygotes. In contrast, the same region showed high levels of crossing over in homozygotes for the acrocentric form of this chromosome. No inversion loops or synaptic irregularities were detected along bivalent 6 in heterozygotes suggesting that heterologous pairing is achieved during zygotene or early pachytene. Altogether these findings strongly indicate that the polymorphic chromosome 6 originated by a pericentric inversion. Since inversions are common rearrangements in karyotypic evolution in birds, it seems likely that early heterologous pairing could help to fix these rearrangements, preventing crossing overs in heterozygotes and their deleterious effects on fertility.
Eplerenone in the Treatment of Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy
Authors: Kapoor Kapil G. , Wagner Alan L.
Published: December 2015

Overactivation of mineralocorticoid receptor pathways has been implicated in the pathophysiology of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). Recently, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists such as eplerenone have demonstrated success in treating subretinal fluid in CSCR. This case demonstrates a patient who was initially presumed to have subretinal fluid secondary to CSCR and was started on a trial of oral eplerenone. It quickly became evident that her subretinal fluid was secondary to a peripapillary polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy network, but she demonstrated a significant improvement with oral eplerenone. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of eplerenone use to treat polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy.
Reduction of Nodular Growth Pattern of Metastatic Uveal Melanoma after Radioembolization of Hepatic Metastases
Authors: Halenda Kevin M. , Kudchadkar Ragini R. , Lawson David H. , Kies Darren D. , Zhelnin Kristen E. , Krasinskas Alyssa M. , Grossniklaus Hans E.
Published: December 2015

Aim: The aim of this study was to report a case of metastatic uveal melanoma in which radioembolized nodular liver metastases decreased in size while infiltrative sinusoidal metastases progressed, leading to jaundice without obstruction of the biliary ducts. Methods: The relevant clinical features, imaging, and histopathologic findings of this case are reviewed. Results: A 61-year-old Caucasian male with a history of uveal melanoma of the left eye status post plaque brachytherapy developed numerous liver metastases. After progression on systemic therapies, he underwent palliative radioembolization. Despite some radiographic improvement in the liver metastases, he developed hyperbilirubinemia without biliary tract obstruction or signs of liver failure. A biopsy of radiographically normal liver demonstrated extensive sinusoidal infiltration with melanoma. Conclusions: Distinct angiographic and histopathologic growth patterns of metastatic uveal melanoma differ in their amenability to radioembolization. Sinusoidal infiltration may lead to hyperbilirubinemia in the absence of overt obstruction or liver failure.
Unilateral Direct Carotid Cavernous Fistula Causing Bilateral Ocular Manifestation
Authors: Demartini Jr. Zeferino , Liebert Fernando , Gatto Luana Antunes Maranha , Jung Thiago Simiano , Rocha Jr. Carlos , Santos Alex Marques Borges , Koppe Gelson Luis
Published: December 2015

Unilateral carotid cavernous fistula presents with ipsilateral ocular findings. Bilateral presentation is only seen in bilateral fistulas, usually associated with indirect (dural) carotid cavernous fistulas. Direct carotid cavernous fistulas are an abnormal communication between the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. They typically begin with a traumatic disruption in the artery wall into the cavernous sinus, presenting with a classic triad of unilateral pulsatile exophthalmos, cranial bruit and episcleral venous engorgement. We report the case of a 38-year-old male with traumatic right carotid cavernous sinus fistula and bilateral ocular presentation successfully treated by interventional neuroradiology.
Intertexual musical composition as an alternative to the XXI century avant-garde
Authors: Escudeiro Daniel
Published: December 2015

Esse artigo busca compreender a composição musical intertextual como uma alternativa viável na música contemporânea. Segundo essa perspectiva são utilizados alguns pressupostos de composição e análise musical que servem de base para o estudo da intertextualidade. As falas dos autores-atores complementam o estudo e a discussão. Concluímos que a possibilidade de apropriação de materiais e técnicas diversos é extremamente pertinente na estética intertextual. Para alguns autores essa atitude musical composicional ocorre tanto na literatura quanto na música e se aproxima de uma abordagem pós-moderna. Entende-se também que esse complexo multifacetado, em resumo, é o que caracteriza a produção atual.
Music education in adulthood: introdutory aspects
Authors: Dias Adriana Moraes dos Santos
Published: December 2015

Observamos através da prática da educação musical nos conservatórios, escolas livres de música e aulas particulares de música na cidade de Ribeirão Preto, a crescente procura por aulas de instrumento musical por parte de iniciantes adultos. Sem desejo de profissionalização, os alunos adultos procuram o aprendizado de um instrumento musical pelas mais diversas razões: dar continuidade aos estudos interrompidos na infância, realizar um desejo antigo possível somente na fase adulta, buscar atividades que favoreçam sua qualidade de vida, fugir da correria exacerbada do dia-a-dia, gosto pela arte, entre outros motivos. Vários autores têm estudado sobre a iniciação musical na infância, no entanto, quando se trata sobre a aprendizagem musical na fase adulta, principalmente no Brasil, a quantidade de trabalhos ainda é reduzida. Esse artigo apresenta o projeto de Mestrado que tem por objetivo principal um estudo acerca dos processos de ensino e aprendizagem de música na fase adulta na atualidade, analisando os tipos de abordagens de professores que atuam no ensino de piano e para adultos iniciantes com a idade entre 24 a 59 anos, em aulas particulares, escolas de cursos livres de música e conservatórios de Ribeirão Preto. Além de revisão bibliográfica, observando assuntos relacionados à formação do professor de música e sua prática através de entrevistas relacionadas aos professores e alunos, que contribuirão para uma melhor reflexão do assunto, confrontamos a aplicação de diferentes metodologias de ensino e uma breve análise comparativa de métodos de iniciação pianística para adultos.
Uncoupling of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Perivascular Adipose Tissue of Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Authors: Xia Ning , Horke Sven , Habermeier Alice , Closs Ellen I. , Reifenberg Gisela , Gericke Adrian , Mikhed Yuliya , Münzel Thomas , Daiber Andreas , Förstermann Ulrich , Li Huige
Published: December 2015

Objective—

The present study was conducted to investigate the contribution of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) to vascular dysfunction in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity.

Approach and Results—

Obesity was induced in male C57BL/6J mice with a high-fat diet for 20 weeks, and vascular function was studied with myograph. In PVAT-free aortas isolated from obese mice, the endothelium-dependent, nitric oxide–mediated vasodilator response to acetylcholine remained normal. In contrast, a clear reduction in the vasodilator response to acetylcholine was observed in aortas from obese mice when PVAT was left in place. Adipocytes in PVAT were clearly positive in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) staining, and PVAT nitric oxide production was significantly reduced in obese mice. High-fat diet had no effect on eNOS expression but led to eNOS uncoupling, evidenced by diminished superoxide production in PVAT after eNOS inhibition. As mechanisms for eNOS uncoupling, arginase induction and
l
-arginine deficiency were observed in PVAT. Obesity-induced vascular dysfunction could be reversed by ex vivo
l
-arginine treatment and arginase inhibition.

Conclusions—

Diet-induced obesity leads to
l
-arginine deficiency and eNOS uncoupling in PVAT. The combination therapy with
l
-arginine and arginase inhibitors may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for obesity-induced vascular disease.
Serum Ferritin Relates to Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Offspring of Fathers With Higher Serum Ferritin Levels
Authors: Prats-Puig Anna , Moreno María , Carreras-Badosa Gemma , Bassols Judit , Ricart Wifredo , López-Bermejo Abel , Fernández-Real José Manuel
Published: December 2015

Objective—

Body iron status has been linked to atherosclerosis in adults. The purposes of our study were to determine (1) the association between circulating ferritin levels and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in a cohort of apparently healthy children and (2) the association between cIMT and parental ferritin levels.

Approach and Results—

Circulating ferritin levels (microparticle enzyme immunoassay), metabolic parameters, and cIMT (ultrasonography) were analyzed cross-sectionally in a cohort of 692 healthy white children with a mean age of 8±2 years (52% girls and 48% boys). In consecutive 123 children from the cross-sectional sample, the same serum assessments were also performed at baseline in their parents, and the cIMT was repeated after 3 years of follow-up in the children at a mean age of 11±2 years (53% girls and 47% boys). Weak but significant positive associations were evident between children’s circulating ferritin levels and cIMT (
r
=0.123;
P
=0.001) and with the change in cIMT 3 years later a tendency was also observed (
r
=0.185;
P
=0.048). In multiple regression analyses, circulating ferritin levels contributed independently to cIMT variance (β=0.090;
P
=0.026;
R
2
=10%) and cIMT change variance (β=0.216;
P
=0.019;
R
2
= 3.4%) after controlling for body mass index, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, age, sex, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. This association was, however, remarkably significant (β=0.509;
P
=0.001;
R
2
= 20.4%) in children whose fathers had ferritin levels above the median value (122.5 ng/mL).The latter association remained significant after correction for multiple testing. Maternal’s ferritin levels showed no interaction in this association.

Conclusions—

These results suggest a paternal-specific effect on cIMT partially reflected by father’s ferritin levels.
Identification of an Amino Acid Residue Critical for Plasma Membrane Localization of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter G1—Brief Report
Authors: Gu Hong-mei , Wang Faqi , Alabi Adekunle , Deng Shijun , Qin Shucun , Zhang Da-wei
Published: December 2015

Objective—

ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) mediates cholesterol efflux to lipidated lipoproteins. Conflicting data about cellular localization of ABCG1 and its effect on cholesterol efflux have been reported. Here, we investigated the underlying mechanisms for these different observations.

Approach and Results—

Confocal microscopy and biotinylation were used to assess cell surface localization of ABCG1. We found that mouse ABCG1 (mABCG1) used in one previous study has a substitution of Leu to Pro at position 550 (mG1-L550P). When the corresponding Leu at position 562 in human ABCG1 (hABCG1) was mutated to Pro (hG1-L562P), the mutant hABCG1, like mG1-L550P, mainly resided intracellularly, whereas wild-type mABCG1 and hABCG1 were localized on the plasma membrane. However, replacement of this Leu with Pro had no significant effect on mABCG1- and hABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux.

Conclusions—

Leu at position 550/562 in mABCG1/hABCG1 is critical for their plasma membrane localization but not for ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux. Our findings indicate that the substitution of Leu to Pro at position 550 in mABCG1 may contribute to the non–cell surface localization of mABCG1 observed in the previous study.
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α Is a Critical Downstream Mediator for Hypoxia-Induced Mitogenic Factor (FIZZ1/RELMα)–Induced Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Johns Roger A. , Takimoto Eiki , Meuchel Lucas W. , Elsaigh Esra , Zhang Ailan , Heller Nicola M. , Semenza Gregg L. , Yamaji-Kegan Kazuyo
Published: December 2015

Objective—

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by progressive elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance, right ventricular failure, and ultimately death. We have shown that in rodents, hypoxia-induced mitogenic factor (HIMF; also known as FIZZ1 or resistin-like molecule-β) causes PH by initiating lung vascular inflammation. We hypothesized that hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a critical downstream signal mediator of HIMF during PH development.

Approach and Results—

In this study, we compared the degree of HIMF-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling and PH development in wild-type (HIF-1α
+/+
) and HIF-1α heterozygous null (HIF-1α
+/−
) mice. HIMF-induced PH was significantly diminished in HIF-1α
+/−
mice and was accompanied by a dysregulated vascular endothelial growth factor-A–vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 pathway. HIF-1α was critical for bone marrow–derived cell migration and vascular tube formation in response to HIMF. Furthermore, HIMF and its human homolog, resistin-like molecule-β, significantly increased interleukin (IL)-6 in macrophages and lung resident cells through a mechanism dependent on HIF-1α and, at least to some extent, on nuclear factor κB.

Conclusions—

Our results suggest that HIF-1α is a critical downstream transcription factor for HIMF-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling and PH development. Importantly, both HIMF and human resistin-like molecule-β significantly increased IL-6 in lung resident cells and increased perivascular accumulation of IL-6–expressing macrophages in the lungs of mice. These data suggest that HIMF can induce HIF-1, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, and interleukin-6, which are critical mediators of both hypoxic inflammation and PH pathophysiology.
Quality of Life With Ivabradine in Patients With Angina Pectoris
Authors: Tendera Michal , Chassany Olivier , Ferrari Roberto , Ford Ian , Steg Philippe Gabriel , Tardif Jean-Claude , Fox Kim
Published: December 2015

Background—

To explore the effect of ivabradine on angina-related quality of life (QoL) in patients participating in the Study Assessing the Morbidity–Mortality Benefits of the
I
f
Inhibitor Ivabradine in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease (SIGNIFY) QoL substudy.

Methods and Results—

QoL was evaluated in a prespecified subgroup of SIGNIFY patients with angina (Canadian Cardiovascular Society class score, ≥2 at baseline) using the Seattle Angina Questionnaire and a generic visual analogue scale on health status. Data were available for 4187 patients (2084 ivabradine and 2103 placebo). There were improvements in QoL in both treatment groups. The primary outcome of change in physical limitation score at 12 months was 4.56 points for ivabradine versus 3.40 points for placebo (
E
, 0.96; 95% confidence interval, –0.14 to 2.05;
P
=0.085). The ivabradine−placebo difference in physical limitation score was significant at 6 months (
P
=0.048). At 12 months, the visual analogue scale and the other Seattle Angina Questionnaire dimensions were higher among ivabradine-treated patients, notably angina frequency (
P
<0.001) and disease perception (
P
=0.006). Patients with the worst QoL at baseline (ie, those in the lowest tertile of score) had the best improvement in QoL for 12 months, with improvements in physical limitation and a significant reduction in angina frequency (
P
=0.034). The effect on QoL was maintained over the study duration, and ivabradine patients had better scores on angina frequency at every visit to 36 months.

Conclusions—

Treatment with ivabradine did not affect the primary outcome of change in physical limitation score at 12 months. It did produce consistent improvements in other self-reported QoL parameters related to angina pectoris, notably in terms of angina frequency and disease perception.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.isrctn.com
. Unique identifier: ISRCTN61576291.
Improved Neurological Outcome With Mild Hypothermia in Surviving Patients With Massive Cerebral Hemispheric Infarction
Authors: Su Yingying , Fan Linlin , Zhang Yunzhou , Zhang Yan , Ye Hong , Gao Daiquan , Chen Weibi , Liu Gang
Published: December 2015

Background and Purpose—

We conducted this randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of therapeutic hypothermia on mortality and neurological outcome in patients with massive cerebral hemispheric infarction.

Methods—

Patients within 48 hours of symptom onset were randomized to either a hypothermia group or a control group. Patients in the hypothermia group were given standard medical treatment plus endovascular hypothermia with a target temperature of 33 or 34°C. Hypothermia was maintained for a minimum of 24 hours. Patients in the control group were given standard medical treatment only with a target temperature of normothermia. The primary end points were mortality and the modified Rankin Scale score at 6 months.

Results—

There were 16 patients in the hypothermia group and 17 patients in the control group. At 6 months, 8 patients had died in the hypothermia group versus 7 patients in the control group (
P
=0.732). The main cause of death was fatal herniation caused by a pronounced rise in intracranial pressure. Seven patients (43.8%) had a modified Rankin Scale of 1 to 3 in the hypothermia group versus 4 patients (23.5%) in the control group (
P
=0.282). Additionally, of the survivors, patients in the hypothermia group achieved better neurological outcomes compared with those in the control group (7/8, 87.5% versus 4/10, 40.0%;
P
=0.066; odds ratio=10.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.9–121.4).

Conclusions—

Mild hypothermia seems to not reduce mortality in patients with massive cerebral hemispheric infarction but may improve the neurological outcome in survivors. An adequately powered multicenter randomized controlled trial seems warranted.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.chictr.org.cn
. Unique identifier: ChiCTR-TCS-12002680.
Timing Matters? Learning of Complex Spatiotemporal Sequences in Left-hemisphere Stroke Patients
Authors: Dovern Anna , Fink Gereon R. , Timpert David C. , Saliger Jochen , Karbe Hans , Weiss Peter H. , Koch Iring
Published: December 2015

During rehabilitation after stroke motor sequence learning is of particular importance because considerable effort is devoted to (re)acquiring lost motor skills. Previous studies suggest that implicit motor sequence learning is preserved in stroke patients but were restricted to the spatial dimension, although the timing of single action components is as important as their spatial order. As the left parietal cortex is known to play a critical role in implicit timing and spatiotemporal integration, in this study we applied an adapted version of the SRT task designed to assess both spatial (different stimulus locations) and temporal (different response–stimulus intervals) aspects of motor learning to 24 right-handed patients with a single left-hemisphere (LH) stroke and 24 age-matched healthy controls. Implicit retrieval of sequence knowledge was tested both at Day 1 and after 24 hr (Day 2). Additionally, voxel-based lesion symptom mapping was used to investigate the neurobiological substrates of the behavioral effects. Although LH stroke patients showed a combined spatiotemporal learning effect that was comparable to that observed in controls, LH stroke patients did not show learning effects for the learning probes in which only one type of sequence information was maintained whereas the other one was randomized. Particularly on Day 2, patients showed significantly smaller learning scores for these two learning probes than controls. Voxel-based lesion symptom mapping analyses revealed for all learning probes that diminished learning scores on Day 2 were associated with lesions of the striatum. This might be attributed to its role in motor chunking and offline consolidation as group differences occurred on Day 2 only. The current results suggest that LH stroke patients rely on multimodal information (here: temporal and spatial information) when retrieving motor sequence knowledge and are very sensitive to any disruption of the learnt sequence information as they seem to build very rigid chunks preventing them from forming independent spatial and temporal sequence representations.
The Speed of Serial Attention Shifts in Visual Search: Evidence from the N2pc Component
Authors: Grubert Anna , Eimer Martin
Published: December 2015

Finding target objects among distractors in visual search display is often assumed to be based on sequential movements of attention between different objects. However, the speed of such serial attention shifts is still under dispute. We employed a search task that encouraged the successive allocation of attention to two target objects in the same search display and measured N2pc components to determine how fast attention moved between these objects. Each display contained one digit in a known color (fixed-color target) and another digit whose color changed unpredictably across trials (variable-color target) together with two gray distractor digits. Participants' task was to find the fixed-color digit and compare its numerical value with that of the variable-color digit. N2pc components to fixed-color targets preceded N2pc components to variable-color digits, demonstrating that these two targets were indeed selected in a fixed serial order. The N2pc to variable-color digits emerged approximately 60 msec after the N2pc to fixed-color digits, which shows that attention can be reallocated very rapidly between different target objects in the visual field. When search display durations were increased, thereby relaxing the temporal demands on serial selection, the two N2pc components to fixed-color and variable-color targets were elicited within 90 msec of each other. Results demonstrate that sequential shifts of attention between different target locations can operate very rapidly at speeds that are in line with the assumptions of serial selection models of visual search.
Information Processing in the Mental Workspace Is Fundamentally Distributed
Authors: Schlegel Alexander , Alexander Prescott , Tse Peter U.
Published: December 2015

The brain is a complex, interconnected information processing network. In humans, this network supports a mental workspace that enables high-level abilities such as scientific and artistic creativity. Do the component processes underlying these abilities occur in discrete anatomical modules, or are they distributed widely throughout the brain? How does the flow of information within this network support specific cognitive functions? Current approaches have limited ability to answer such questions. Here, we report novel multivariate methods to analyze information flow within the mental workspace during visual imagery manipulation. We find that mental imagery entails distributed information flow and shared representations throughout the cortex. These findings challenge existing, anatomically modular models of the neural basis of higher-order mental functions, suggesting that such processes may occur at least in part at a fundamentally distributed level of organization. The novel methods we report may be useful in studying other similarly complex, high-level informational processes.
Visual Cortical Representation of Whole Words and Hemifield-split Word Parts
Authors: Strother Lars , Coros Alexandra M. , Vilis Tutis
Published: December 2015

Reading requires the neural integration of visual word form information that is split between our retinal hemifields. We examined multiple visual cortical areas involved in this process by measuring fMRI responses while observers viewed words that changed or repeated in one or both hemifields. We were specifically interested in identifying brain areas that exhibit decreased fMRI responses as a result of repeated versus changing visual word form information in each visual hemifield. Our method yielded highly significant effects of word repetition in a previously reported visual word form area (VWFA) in occipitotemporal cortex, which represents hemifield-split words as whole units. We also identified a more posterior occipital word form area (OWFA), which represents word form information in the right and left hemifields independently and is thus both functionally and anatomically distinct from the VWFA. Both the VWFA and the OWFA were left-lateralized in our study and strikingly symmetric in anatomical location relative to known face-selective visual cortical areas in the right hemisphere. Our findings are consistent with the observation that category-selective visual areas come in pairs and support the view that neural mechanisms in left visual cortex—especially those that evolved to support the visual processing of faces—are developmentally malleable and become incorporated into a left-lateralized visual word form network that supports rapid word recognition and reading.
Forming taxon names from Greek words
Authors: Vlachos Evangelos
Published: December 2015

Ever since the times of Linnaeus, the use of Latinized Greek names for naming the present and past diversity of our planet has been a common practice. This contribution focuses on the use of Greek words in forming taxon names, as exemplified by names from chelonian literature. The current problems of the guidelines of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature about the successful transliteration and Latinization of Greek words are illustrated through various examples, and several improvements and changes in the system currently recommended by the Code are proposed.
What is an anonymous publication? Is the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature anonymous?

Authors: Dubois Alain
Published: December 2015

In the recent years, it has been debated whether the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature should be cited as ‘Anonymous’ or as having an ‘author’, i.e. the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. This question is addressed here, starting with the meaning of the term ‘anonymous’ in common language as well as in the Glossary of the Code: in both cases, it designates a work which does not contain, in its original edition, any information about the name(s) of the person(s) responsible for its authorship. A collective body like the Commission is not a person, and therefore not eligible as an ‘author’ in the sense of the Glossary of the Code. The Code is a text that provides Rules for the regulation of zoological nomenclature, and the format of bibliographic references in publications is not a matter of nomenclature but of editorial policy, and therefore out the scope of the Code. It is suggested that a flexible attitude be adopted. This question should be left at the discretion of authors and editors and the Code should not interfere with it. Several possible formats for the citation of the Code are presented. This paper also proposes a distinction between two categories of ‘anonymous’ works.
Oreocharis pilosopetiolata, a new species of Gesneriaceae from southeastern Guangdong, China
Authors: Yang Li-Hua , Zhou Ji-Gang , Xu Ping , Chen Zhi-Tao , Lu Yong-Hui , Kang Ming
Published: December 2015

Oreocharis pilosopetiolata, a new species of Gesneriaceae from southeastern Guangdong, China, is described and illustrated. This species resembles O. benthamii  var. benthamii, O. benthamii var. reticulata and O. xiangguiensis, but it differs from these species by its leaf and indumentum characters, which are discussed in this paper.
New species of the snake eels Echelus and Ophichthus (Anguilliformes: Ophichthidae) from Taiwan
Authors: McCOSKER JOHN E. , HO HSUAN-CHING
Published: December 2015

Three new species of ophichthid eels, subfamily Ophichthinae, are described and illustrated from specimens collected at fish markets in Taiwan. Included are: Echelus polyspondylus sp. nov., which is unique in its vertebral number (172–183), dorsal-fin origin (behind gill openings), and coloration (anal-fin membrane black posteriorly); Ophichthus bicolor sp. nov., which is unique in its mean vertebral formula (18-64-158), dorsal-fin origin (well behind gill openings), dentition (teeth large and conical), and contrasting coloration (tan dorsally, white ventrally); and O. shaoi sp. nov., which is unique in its mean vertebral formula (11-69-159), and prominent lip barbels. A key to Taiwanese species of Echelus and Ophichthus is provided.
Notes on the congrid eel genus Parabathymyrus from the western Pacific Ocean, with the description of a new species (Pisces: Anguilliformes: Congridae)
Authors: HO HSUAN-CHING , SMITH David G. , SHAO KWANG-TSAO
Published: December 2015

The congrid eel genus Parabathymyrus from the western Pacific Ocean is reviewed and three species are recognized: Parabathymyrus macrophthalmus from Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam and Australia, P. brachyrhynchus from Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Vanuatu and Solomon Islands, and a new species, P. philippinensis sp. nov., is described based on two specimens collected from the Philippines. These three species can be distinguished from each other by the number of total vertebrae (128–137 in P. macrophthalmus, 162–173 in P. brachyrhynchus and 140–141 in P. philippinensis sp. nov.), preanal vertebrae (39–46, 49–58, and 42), preanal lateral-line pores (36–44, 46–54, and 40–42), total lateral-line pores (121–131, 159–169, and 140–141) and supraorbital pores (4, 4 and 3).