bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Legitimacy
Authors: Zaum Dominik
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the importance of legitimacy for international organizations (IOs), and their efforts to legitimate themselves vis-à-vis different audiences. It advances three main arguments. First, it argues that in most IOs the most important actors engaging in legitimation efforts are not the supranational bureaucracies, but member states. Second, legitimacy and legitimation serve a range of purposes for these states, beyond achieving greater compliance with their decisions. Instead, legitimacy is frequently sought to exclude outsiders from the functional or territorial domains affected by an international organization's authority, or to maintain external material and political support for existing arrangements. Third, one of the most prominent legitimation efforts, institutional reforms, often prioritizes form over function. IOs engaged in what the development economist Matt Andrews has called ‘isomorphic mimicry’, where reforms are not aimed at changing the underlying political structures and dynamics, but at signalling to important and powerful audiences to encourage their continued material and political support.
Accountability
Authors: Koenig-Archibugi Mathias
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the issue of accountability in relation to international organizations (IOs). The research questions deserving most intense theoretical and empirical attention are, first, who should be accountable to whom and, second, to what extent they actually are. It outlines some approaches to answering these questions; highlights the most promising one; and sketches the contours of a possible solution to a major problem that plagues that approach. The chapter shows that the selection and design of IOs plays a special role in overall assessments of accountability. The most persuasive answer to the first question remains some version of the principle that everyone who is affected by a political decision should be able to influence that decision. Even under conditions of global interconnectedness, this does not mean that everyone should have a say on any decisions taken anywhere else: decision-makers should be accountable to specific constituencies in proportion to the power they wield over those constituencies.
Transparency
Authors: Tallberg Jonas
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the issues of transparency and openness in relation to international organizations (IOs). It begins by introducing and exemplifying the three most prominent theoretical approaches in the study of transparency and openness: rational choice institutionalism, sociological institutionalism or constructivism, and normative democratic theory. It then shows how existing scholarship has explored transparency and openness empirically in three domains: the sources, patterns, and consequences of transparency. It argues, first, that research on transparency and openness has largely developed in response to real-world developments in global governance. As IOs have undergone a revolution in transparency and openness, scholars have sought to understand the origins of this transformation and its implications. Second, multiple theoretical approaches to the study of transparency and openness have evolved in parallel. A particular feature of the evolving theoretical agenda is the exploration of transparency and openness through both positive and normative perspectives. Third, the empirical study is comparatively stronger in uncovering the sources of growing transparency and openness, than in systematically assessing their effects. Fourth, this is a field that has witnessed a methodological development from extensive reliance on qualitative case studies to quantitative large-n research.
Surgical Management of Anterolateral and Posteromedial Incisural Tentorial Meningioma
Authors: Talacchi Andrea , Biroli Antonio , Medaglia Stefano , Locatelli Francesca , Meglio Mario
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND

Tentorial meningiomas are a broad and consistent category of tumors but their definition is still unclear and their classification uncertain.

OBJECTIVE

To report the clinical and surgical characteristics of tentorial hiatus meningiomas based on a revised classification of tentorial meningiomas.

METHODS

We reviewed the records of 14 patients who had undergone microsurgical removal of incisural tentorial meningioma. Two tumor subgroups, anterolateral (AL) and posteromedial (PM), were distinguished according to their site of attachment: the middle third and the posterior third of the tentorial free margin, respectively. Clinical presentation, radiological findings, surgical approaches, extent of resection, and outcome were compared.

RESULTS

The 2 subgroups differed by tumor size (larger in PM), incidence of the direction of growth (infratentorial in PM), and hydrocephalus (only in PM), as well as by some clinical aspects. Surgical approach depended on tumor location: lateral (pterional, subtemporal, and retromastoid) for AL lesions; medial (occipital or supracerebellar infratentorial) for PM lesions. Total removal (Simpson grade I-II) was performed in 64% of cases and complications occurred in 14%. Stereotactic radiosurgery was performed in cases of incomplete resection. At a mean follow-up of 104.5 mo, clinical improvement with low recurrence (9%) was achieved.

CONCLUSION

Reallocation of tentorial edge meningiomas is the premise to compare treatment and further improve the approach case-by-case. In spite of their deep site, good outcomes can be achieved in both AL and PM tentorial meningiomas. Also of note is the indolent behavior of residual tumor.
Biology as Destiny or as Freedom? On Reflexivity, Collectivity, and the Realization of Human PotentialStephen Reicher
Authors: Reicher Stephen D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter adopts a broad perspective on the issue of social identity and the human essence. It first considers the unique capacity of reflexivity not only as a likely element of the human essence but one that “creates rather than limits our possibilities.” It then examines how the concept of human essence can be used to perpetuate social inequality; the idea that biology is destiny versus the idea that biology is freedom; the ways in which group alignment feeds into collective self-realization; and how members of a social group with shared social identity become aligned at the level of cognition and co-action. It also explores agency, ideology, and relationships in relation to human essence. The chapter suggests that there are alternative and more liberatory notions of human essence, ones that focus on human potential rather than human limitations, and shows how this potential is realized in the collective.
Electoral Systems and Women’s Representation
Authors: Krook Mona Lena
Published: November 2017

Comparative research highlights electoral systems as an important variable explaining cross-national variations in women’s political representation worldwide. This chapter summarizes key patterns in women’s representation globally. It maps existing research on gender and electoral systems, focusing on the role of electoral formulas, district and party magnitude, and ballot structure in shaping women’s opportunities to be elected. It then identifies three areas within the gender literature that have foregrounded elements of electoral systems to generate new insights into central dynamics of political life. The chapter concludes with a discussion of emerging areas of research related to gender, electoral systems, and political representation.
Electoral Systems in Context
Authors: Allen Nathan
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the evolution of the Indonesian electoral system and its effects on political outcomes. Although Indonesia has repeatedly chosen to conduct elections using proportional representation, electoral rules have changed considerably over time. The chapter traces two trajectories of reform in the post-Suharto era: one restricting opportunities for small parties and the other restricting the power of party leadership. Efforts to shape party system outcomes using electoral rules have succeeded in some areas, particularly in preventing the formation of regional partisan cleavages. Yet the proliferation of political parties in the face of reforms meant to consolidate the party system underline the limits of institutional design.
The Bible and Mormonism
Authors: Holland David
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the key dialectical tensions in the Latter-day Saints’ distinctive brand of biblicism. The Bible fundamentally shapes both the forms and the substance of the Mormon experience, but it also functions as one sacred text among others. The extra-biblical scriptures of Mormonism seek to strengthen the Bible’s revelatory claims even as their presence denies it the singular status it enjoys in most other Christian cultures. Where many other modern Christian movements sought to downplay the Bible’s particularism in favor of its universalism, the Latter-day Saint approach to the Bible has sought doggedly and often painfully to hold onto both.
Nineteenth-Century American Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: November 2017

Nineteenth-century interpretation reflected traditional Protestant devotion to scripture and hermeneutical conventions from American experience, especially the democratic empowerment of ordinary people and a republican resentment of intellectual aristocracy. In the antebellum era, interpretations flowed from long-standing Protestant convictions adjusted to republican common sense. Contention over the Bible and slavery generated the sharpest differences. After false starts from Tom Paine in the 1790s and a few New Englanders in the 1840s, modern biblical criticism affected interpretations from the 1870s. In the postbellum era, some Protestants adopted a more liberal understanding of scripture because of the earlier standoffs over slavery. Groups previously marginalized (Catholics, Jews, skeptics, women, African Americans) also became more visible.
The Bible and Creationism
Authors: Trollinger Susan L. , Trollinger William Vance
Published: November 2017

Biblical creationism emerged in the late nineteenth century among conservative Protestants who were unable to square a plain, commonsensical, “literal” reading of the Bible with Charles Darwin’s theory of organic evolution. As this chapter details, over time a variety of increasingly literal “creationisms” have emerged. For the first century after Origin of Species (1859), old Earth creationism—which accepted mainstream geology—held sway. But with the 1961 publication of The Genesis Flood—Noah’s flood explains the geological strata—young Earth creationism took center stage. Waiting in the wings, however, is a geocentric creationism that rejects mainstream biology, geology, and cosmology.
Learning in Chains and What We Can Learn From It
Authors: Knott Anne Marie
Published: November 2017

Chains would be interesting if only because their share of GDP is three times that of manufacturing. However, what makes them valuable for management scholars is that they are “learning lab rats”: Each chain has a large number of essentially identical operating units. In addition, chains have two levels of learning: within units and across units. Comparisons within and across units allow us to better isolate factors driving heterogeneity in learning rates. Review of such studies suggests three factors drive differences in learning rates: properties of new practices (design maturity, extent of codification), properties of the operating units (knowledge of practices/implementation, incentives to adopt them), and fit between the practices and the operating unit (extent to which they enhance performance). These insights suggest a number of means to increase learning (even outside chains): better design of practices, more complete codification/training of those practices, and novel organizational designs.
Identifying Critical Genes, Neurotransmitters, and Circuits for Social Behavior in Invertebrates
Authors: Certel Sarah
Published: November 2017

This article examines the use of invertebrates to investigate the genetic and physiological mechanisms that regulate social behavior. A central goal in behavioral neuroscience is to understand how genes encode behavior and how environmental factors influence the expression of these relevant genes. In pursuit of this goal, many scientists who study behavior use a combined ecological, molecular, genomic, and physiological approach. This article discusses the distinct strengths of an approach, species, or finding in the context of two related but unique social behaviors: aggregation and aggression. It considers the genes that control aggregation and aggression by drawing on insights from C. elegans and Drosophila, respectively. It also describes the neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and receptors that regulate aggregation and aggression.
Dewey, Pragmatism, Technology
Authors: Hickman Larry A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines John Dewey’s account of technology as it relates to some of the central components of his version of pragmatism. His proposals are contrasted with representative twentieth-century views, including those of mid-century positivists, Martin Heidegger, Jacques Ellul, and Frankfurt School critical theorists, including Jürgen Habermas. His work is then located within the context of important vectors in twenty-first century philosophy of technology, including the work of Don Ihde, Peter-Paul Verbeek, Andrew Feenberg, Bruno Latour, and Andrew Pickering. His pragmatic view of technology is presented as radical in the sense that it is applicable beyond what are commonly regarded as the technosciences, even for example to logic and religion. It comprises a set of proposals for a continuing reconstruction of culture by means of systematic, regulated inquiry.
Plants Before Animals?
Authors: Ouzman Sven , Veth Peter , Myers Cecilia , Heaney Pauline , Kenneally Kevin
Published: November 2017

The multiple Aboriginal rock art traditions of Australia’s Kimberley contain primary evidence of commensal human–plant relationships that we term ‘ecoscaping’. Produced over tens of thousands of years, Kimberley rock art contains up to 25% of sites with plant depictions in some of its earliest traditions, which date to at least 16,000 years ago. A finite range of food and medicinal plants are depicted (yams, tubers, fruits, as well as paint-soaked grasses pressed onto rock walls) in structured iconographic and landscape contexts. Very few gatherer-hunter rock arts globally offer such plentiful, detailed, and archaeologically and palaeoenvironmentally contextualized evidence of plants in both daily life and symbolic thought. We suggest that this rock art is evidence of an entangled landscape that combines geography, hydrology, biological vitality, and anthropological dynamics—an ‘ecoscaping’ that differs from more deterministic formulations such as ‘domiculture’. Kimberley plant rock art is best understood as a key artefact and practice in how people managed the often extreme environmental and concomitant social change the Kimberley has experienced.
Characterizing Rock Art Pigments
Authors: Chalmin Emilie , Huntley Jillian
Published: November 2017

The materials used to make rock art contain important evidence about the cultural practices of the people who created it: their technologies, movements, and social interactions. The number of studies of archaeological pigments in the recent literature demonstrates how fruitful such enquiries can be. In this chapter, the authors discuss the physicochemical characterization of rock art pigments, outline the history of research in this area, differentiate key concepts and terminology, and describe principal methods. They conclude with illustrative case studies from France, South Africa, and Australia to demonstrate the kinds of archaeological information that can be preserved in rock art pigments.
Cultural and Intellectual Property Rights in Rock Art
Authors: Gray Stephen
Published: November 2017

Questions of legal and cultural rights over rock art are particularly compelling given the very different significance the art holds for Indigenous people compared to that recognized by a more general public. In the past, conflicts have arisen between the interests of the Indigenous people and those of the nation state, or of non-Indigenous mining or tourism ventures. This chapter examines the legal rights that Indigenous people have to rock art sites on their land, as well as legal issues arising over the ownership and reproduction of rock art. It examines intellectual property law, including copyright, trade marks, and breach of confidence laws, as well as cultural heritage protection laws. Finally, it considers some of the broader cultural and ethical issues raised by non-Indigenous use of rock art imagery.
Introduction
Authors: David Bruno , McNiven Ian J.
Published: November 2017

This Introduction to The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Rock Art highlights a number of conceptual themes and issues that go to the heart of rock art research. Rock art research in the early twenty-first century is daunting in its complexity and scope due largely to major technological advances in digital recording and chronometric dating, the increasing employment of sophisticated methods and theories harnessed not just from archaeology and anthropology but also from a wide array of disciplines, and greater awareness of Indigenous voices, ethical responsibilities, and political sensitivities of working collaboratively with Indigenous communities. As archaeological and anthropological approaches to rock art mutually inform each other’s research agendas, new methodological and theoretical ways of approaching, conceptualising, and historicising rock art symbolism, biography, authorship, gender, sexuality, spiritualism, agency, and relationality continue to develop to shape future research agendas.
Fertility Issues and Policy in Developing Countries
Authors: Pörtner Claus C.
Published: November 2017

Fertility in most developing countries has declined substantially and is in many places now close to replacement level. Despite the large reductions, there are still important outstanding questions when it comes to fertility in developing countries. This chapter examines four of those questions. First, why has Sub-Saharan Africa not seen reductions in fertility as large as other developing countries? Second, what factors determine the timing of fertility, especially for first births, and how is timing related to schooling and labor market outcomes? Third, what is the role of bargaining power when determining fertility? Finally, how do sex preferences affect fertility outcomes? In addition, I discuss the literature on the effectiveness of population policies on both fertility and outcomes such as health and schooling.
U.S. Foreign Policymaking and National Security
Authors: Murray Shoon , Tama Jordan
Published: November 2017

This chapter revisits the old paradox that the U.S. president is perhaps the most powerful person in the world and yet is constrained domestically by other political actors and a centuries-old constitutional framework. The chapter discusses key actors that shape American foreign policy, including the president, presidential advisers, the federal bureaucracy, Congress, the courts, interest groups, the media, and public opinion. Presidential candidates often call for major shifts in foreign policy, but once they are in office presidents are constrained by strategic and fiscal realities, the bureaucracy’s preference for continuity, America’s separation of powers system, rising partisanship, the fragmented media, and the openness of U.S. institutions to societal pressures. The result is that modern presidents struggle to build and maintain the domestic backing needed to carry out their foreign policy agenda.
A Financial Force to be Reckoned With?
Authors: Fotak Veljko , Gao Xuechen , Megginson William L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the 35 funds that meet the authors’ definition of SWFs, discusses their evolution from stabilization funds to SWFs and illustrates the differences and similarities between the various types of funds. The authors discuss the documented importance of SWF funding sources and survey the normative literature describing how SWFs should allocate funds. They then summarize the empirical literature studying how SWFs actually do allocate funds across asset classes, geographically, and across industries. An assessment of empirical studies examines the impact of SWF stock investments on target firm financial and operating performance, and finds universal support for a positive announcement period stock price increase. Finally, the authors point out the unresolved issues and possible extensions in SWF research, and assess how the massive decline in oil export revenues by major SWF sponsor nations such as Abu Dhabi, Russia, Kuwait, and Norway is likely to impact SWF investment levels in coming years.
Sovereign Wealth Funds and the Resource Curse
Authors: Frynas Jędrzej George
Published: November 2017

Historically, a key purpose of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) has been to help manage and minimize a range of negative economic and political consequences of natural resource wealth, often lumped together as the “resource curse.” This chapter asks to what extent SWFs—specifically “resource funds”—can mitigate the resource curse. It discusses the available empirical evidence for the effectiveness of resource funds as well as the relationship between societal governance and the effectiveness of resource funds. The available findings suggest that wider societal governance is of significantly greater importance for tackling the resource curse than the existence of a resource fund. Bad governance in a country prevents even the most transparent and robust resource funds from becoming an effective policy instrument. Conversely, resource funds can be successful in countries with effective societal institutions such as sound fiscal rules, good quality of government budget documentation, free civil society and independent media.
From Financialization to Vulture Developmentalism
Authors: Haberly Daniel
Published: November 2017

This chapter dissects the potential and limitations of South-North strategic sovereign wealth fund (SWF) investment as a tool for catalyzing technological upgrading in the developing world. After an overview of the problems posed by financialized, neoliberal globalization for conventional development policy tools, and how states are seeking to overcome these limitations through the use of strategic SWFs, there follows a model of the political-economic factors conditioning the ability of developing countries to use South-North strategic SWF investment to promote technology transfer in the reverse direction. This model describes the politics of SWF-led development in terms of not only the “double bottom line” of SWF-owning state political and financial interests, but also a second double-bottom line encompassing the political and financial interests of multiple host economy actors. A case study of Abu Dhabi shows how this has simultaneously enabled and constrained state attempts to use South-North strategic SWF-investment to accelerate domestic economic development.
Introducing Sovereign Wealth Funds
Authors: Cumming Douglas , Filatotchev Igor , Reinecke Juliane , Wood Geoffrey
Published: November 2017

Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) represent not only an increasingly prominent player in the alternative investor ecosystem, but also a novel mechanism through which governments may project their power, and serve geopolitical and strategic interests abroad. There is a body of existing literature that suggests that the directly observable political effects of SWF activity are very limited. However, the ability of national governments to dispense, withdraw or withhold capital represents an important dimension of soft power abroad, and there is considerable evidence that the indirect effects of SWF investments may have considerable wider political, social, and economic effects, as outlined in the various chapters in this book. The growing body of evidence on the consequences of SWF activities highlight the need to develop and extend existing theories of institutions and the state, and the role of alternative investors as transnational actors.
Sovereign Wealth and the Extraterritorial Manipulation of Corporate Conduct
Authors: Ghahramani Salar
Published: November 2017

Global legal harmonization is an aspect of transnational law whereby a family of norms is formed by a non-state legal order. Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs)—diverse in terms of their countries of origin, size, investment strategies, asset allocation tactics, and underlying purposes—contribute to the harmonization by setting and enforcing cross-border ethical norms and governance standards. This chaper examines aspects of SWFs as transnational lawmakers, a significant phenomenon for the global family of standards and a potential challenge for state-based legal orders. It examines SWF adoption of general legal principles and customs as advanced by a global civil society and through standardized contract forms and conduct codes; voluntary enactment of informal soft laws; and creation of norm-setting institutions. It concludes that SWFs are part of a diffused, multilevel, coordinated, political system that defies state-centric paradigms, contributing to the dynamism that defines transnational law while creating concerns related to legitimacy, democratic authority, and democratic deficit.
Sovereign Development Funds
Authors: Bruce-Clark Peter , Monk Ashby H.B
Published: November 2017

In a slowing global economy with diminished confidence in the long-term prospects of public financial markets, many institutional investors are looking for innovative, and often private, investment strategies to meet expected return targets. One source of potential inspiration has, perhaps surprisingly, come from the community of sovereign development funds. SDFs are strategic, government-sponsored investment organizations with dual objective functions: to deliver high financial performance, while fostering development. Despite expectations that this dual function inevitably leads to financial underperformance, certain SDFs have actually delivered consistently high investment returns, especially in private markets. As such, SDF strategies are increasingly being used as models for investment strategies among non-developmental investment organizations. This chapter explores the rise of SDFs, explains the differences between SDFs and SWFs, and substantiates variations in their models of governance and management. In doing so, its goal is to situate SDFs in the changing world of global financial markets and public policy.
Emotion
Authors: Rosfort René
Published: November 2017

Emotion plays a fundamental role in mental illness. A central part of understanding mental illness is to make sense of the fragile character of human emotional life. Emotion research has long been divided into a biological approach and cognitive approach, arguing that the nature of human emotions is to be found in either our specific human cognition or in our cross-species biology. In fact, although human emotions are indeed characterized by intentionality and cognitive structures, many human emotional phenomena, for example, our feelings and moods, are non-intentional and cognitively impenetrable. Phenomenological psychopathology can help to clarify this interplay without renouncing either the biology or the rationality of human emotions. It offers a phenomenology of human experience that allows us to make sense of how emotions feel combined with a hermeneutics of the existential significance of our emotions, that is, what they are and why we feel the way we do.
Intentionality
Authors: Krueger Joel
Published: November 2017

Intentionality comes from the Latin verb intendo meaning to aim, hold out, or stretch. In the context of phenomenology, it refers to consciousness’s ability to be of or about things—how consciousness can direct itself toward objects internal (images, memories, etc.) and external (things, relations, and events in the world). Phenomenologists argue that intentionality is a central feature of consciousness. This article discusses phenomenological approaches to intentionality. It consider intentionality’s mental, motor, and affective dimensions as developed within the phenomenological tradition. It also considers why phenomenologists think intentionality is integral to subjectivity, and how this qualitative orientation can help illuminate the lived experience of psychopathological conditions, some of which appear to involve subtle disturbances of intentionality.
Time
Authors: Leoni Federico
Published: November 2017

The idea of time plays a central role in modern philosophy. Modern philosophy doesn’t want to investigate Being, but a particular kind of Being, namely the Being of the subject which investigates Being. Then it identifies the subject with its capacity of thinking, perceiving, sensing, judging, and isolates the condition of this capacity in an operation of all further operations. Time is this transcendental operation. In other terms, time is synthesis, namely the capacity a subject has to be present to himself in order to be present to the world. This presence to presence which is time is the most profound structure of the subject, and when time becomes bodily synthesis, namely the operation of a living body which feels itself living, then psychopathological experience becomes the intermittence, the fragmentation, the impossibility of the body itself. An entire landscape of profoundly innovating readings of what we call madness becomes possible.
Populism
Authors: Mudde Cas
Published: November 2017

Populism is an essentially contested concept, given that scholars even contest the essence and usefulness of the concept, while a disturbingly high number of scholars use the concept without ever defining it. Though it is still far too early to speak of an emerging consensus, it is undoubtedly fair to say that the ideational approach to populism is the most broadly used in the field today. This chapter outlines the ideational approach to populism, presents the author's own ideological definition, discusses its key concepts (ideology, the people, the elite, and the general will), and highlights its main strengths—i.e. distinguishability, categorizability, travelability, and versatility—compared to other approaches.
Populism in East Asia
Authors: Hellmann Olli
Published: November 2017

Based on a strict interpretation of the ideological definition of populism, this chapter argues that populist politicians are a rare breed in the electoral democracies of Northeast and Southeast Asia. In fact, multiparty politics have only thrown up three true cases of populism in the past: Joseph Estrada in the Philippines, Thaksin Shinawatra in Thailand, and Prabowo Subianto in Indonesia. Through the analytical framework of discursive institutionalism, the chapter explains the general absence of populist politicians by highlighting the distinctiveness of East Asia as an ideological setting. Specifically, the ideational context that is East Asia does not provide broader frameworks that would allow politicians to draw a moral distinction between “the people” and “the elite” in ways that are meaningful to voters.
Populism in the United States
Authors: Lowndes Joseph
Published: November 2017

Populism in the United States has been the subject of continual argument. Depicted alternately as a politics of provincial agrarianism, participatory democracy, or market-oriented modernizers; it has been all these things. Populism in the US is typically aimed at wealthy elites, yet populists tend to prefer the language of popular sovereignty to class, blurring distinctions in a broad definition of the people. While populism has had various iterations in the United States, it can be roughly divided between left-wing and right-wing variants according to how each defines the principal foe of the people: for left populists it is economic elites; for right populists it is non-white others and by extension the state itself.
Populism and Its Causes
Authors: Hawkins Kirk , Read Madeleine , Pauwels Teun
Published: November 2017

Studies of populism increasingly theorize about its causes. Most arguments highlight the rational, material side of populist appeals or their connection to political identity. However, these arguments focus on regional varieties of populism, give little attention to the individual level of voter cognition, and overlook the role of populist ideas. In this chapter, we outline and critique these theories while offering a new approach. This theory builds on the ideational definition championed by other contributors to the Handbook, arguing that populism is a normative response to perceived crises of democratic legitimacy. Populist attitudes are not invented by politicians to fill a gap in the citizens’ psyche, but constitute a pre-existing set of beliefs that can be activated under certain contexts.
Populism and Foreign Policy
Authors: Verbeek Bertjan , Zaslove Andrej
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the impact of international politics on the rise of populist parties as well as the impact of populism on the foreign policy of the countries in which populist parties are present. It argues that the end of the Cold War, the advent of globalization, and the impact of regional organizations (e.g. the European Union) presented opportunity structures that facilitated the rise of populist parties. Similarly, the chapter argues that the effect of populist parties on their countries’ foreign policy is largely due to their attaching ideology. The chapter thus distinguishes between four types of populist parties, each attaching salience to different foreign policy issues: the populist radical right, the populist market liberal, the populist regionalist, and the populist left.
Populism and Political Parties
Authors: Roberts Kenneth M.
Published: November 2017

Populism and party politics are often studied separately, yet neither can be understood in isolation from the other. Any explanation for the rise of populism must inevitably address the deficiencies of party-based modes of political representation for which populism claims to offer a corrective. Indeed, populism thrives where mainstream parties are in crisis, or at least where they exclude or ignore major currents of opinion in the body politic. The study of populism, therefore, must be situated in the larger domain of political representation, and it is necessarily intertwined with the study of party politics. To enhance this theoretical integration, this chapter begins with an analysis of the representational deficiencies that are conducive to the rise of populist challengers, giving special attention to the recent European and Latin American experiences. It then explores the construction of populist parties and their transformative effects on national party systems.
Populism in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Moffitt Benjamin
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides an overview of populism in Australia and New Zealand, and argues that “antipodean populism” should be understood as a distinct regional subtype of populism. Contending that populism in Australia and New Zealand is best conceptualized as a cultural-relational style, it traces the historical precedents of populism in each country and summarizes their key contemporary cases, including those of Pauline Hanson, Bob Katter, Clive Palmer, Jacqui Lambie, and Winston Peters. It then explains the institutional and political factors that have both helped and hindered populism in the region. Finally, it shows that antipodean populism mixes the general ethno-exclusivism and nativism of Western European populism with the more producerist and protectionist aspects of North American populism, although demonstrating that it is additionally informed by the important context of both Australia and New Zealand’s status as isolated settler colonial states and the fact that populism is relatively “mainstream” in the region.
Hope and Physical Health
Authors: Rasmussen Heather N. , O’Byrne Kristin Koetting , Vandamente Marcy , Cole Brian P.
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the research on hope and physical health. The various conceptualizations and measures of hope in the medical literature are addressed, although the research covered focuses on Snyder’s hope theory. The research on hope and health behaviors is presented, followed by a critical discussion of research on hope and specific areas of health outcomes, including pain, cancer, spinal cord injury, rehabilitation/injury, and chronic illness. Some of the mechanisms through which hope influences health are discussed, and the concepts of related health behaviors and health outcomes are explored. These health effects include coping and buffering against stress and depression. This chapter concludes with questions for future research.
The History of Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives on Hope
Authors: Callina Kristina , Snow Nancy , Murray Elise D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents ideas from philosophers and psychologists throughout history about why scholars should study hope and how it should be defined in the science of positive human development. It uses the relational developmental systems metatheory as a framework for these ideas. Drawing from historical and contemporary philosophy and psychology, several key ingredients necessary for hope are presented: positive future expectations, agency, and trust. The chapter presents evidence from historical and philosophical perspectives on hope, including perspectives from modern and contemporary philosophy, as well as perspectives from the more recent history of hope within the psychology. The chapter then looks beyond the most common conceptions of hope. Drawing on a range of sources, but especially nursing science studies of hope in terminally ill patients, it also suggests that people can have hope not only in the present for the future but also in the present for the present.
Hope and Anxiety
Authors: Arnau Randolph C.
Published: November 2017

This chapter compares and contrasts two current theories of hope, as operationalized by the Snyder Hope Scale and the Herth Hope Scale. The primary focus is on theoretical and empirical relationships between hope and anxiety. The differences between panic-related and anxious apprehension (general anxiety) as per Barlow’s model are described, and it is argued that hope has stronger theoretical links to general anxiety than to panic-related anxiety. Specifically, linkages between the goal pursuit feedback loops described by hope theory and Barlow’s anxious apprehension model are highlighted, illustrating how hope may be negatively related to anxious apprehension and how anxious apprehension may interfere with hope during pursuit of a goal. The current empirical literature relating hope to anxiety is critically reviewed, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Hope and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Long Laura J. , Gallagher Matthew W.
Published: November 2017

Traumatic events can have a debilitating effect on mental health, and may lead to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, most people can adjust after adversity, and some even experience posttraumatic growth (PTG). Hope theory suggests that hope provides a psychological resource that can help individuals to respond to trauma with resilience. This chapter explores the role of hope as a protective factor preventing the development of PTSD, the relationship between hope and coping in the context of PTSD, and how hope may facilitate PTG. It also discusses how hope may act as a common factor across psychotherapies for the treatment of PTSD. Future research directions include investigating hope as a mechanism of change in psychotherapy for PTSD and the degree to which hope can incrementally predict PTSD and PTG beyond related types of positive thinking.
Hope and Stress Resilience
Authors: Ong Anthony D. , Standiford Taylor , Deshpande Saarang
Published: November 2017

A sizeable literature has implicated hopelessness in the phenomenological experience of various mood disorders, vulnerability to psychopathology, and overall poor psychological functioning. By contrast, how hope contributes to resilience and well-being has been understudied. This systematic review integrates findings from cross-sectional, longitudinal, ambulatory, and experimental studies that investigate the impact of hope and well-being outcomes in both healthy and clinical populations. Although the literature is not without theoretical gaps and methodological inconsistencies, the pattern of findings suggests that aggregate or trait measures of hope provide the most consistent evidence of a direct association between hope and well-being in healthy and clinical populations. More limited empirical data exists on the protective effects of hope. The chapter concludes that more rigorous and theoretically informed research is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn about the possible beneficial impact of hope on well-being.
Attachment Processes and the Social/Developmental Bases of Hope
Authors: Shorey Hal , Bisgaier Steven , Thien Scott
Published: November 2017

Theory and research support a developmental model of hope, wherein hope is formed in the context of secure attachment to supportive parents in childhood. This chapter reviews the literature and articulates the many biopsychosocial processes involved in instilling a secure attachment style and the hopeful cognitive processes that go with it. In so doing, it highlights the critical balance between exploratory and attachment systems, with the need for approach-oriented goal pursuits on the one side and having a secure base to retreat to on the other. It demonstrates how both functions (exploration and attachment/proximity-seeking) are needed for hope to flourish and highlights key elements needed for use in resiliency and intervention efforts as well as for research on developmental positive psychology.
Hope Theory
Authors: Snyder C.R. , Rand Kevin L. , Sigmon David R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides a conceptual introduction to and overview of Snyder’s hope theory. Hope is defined as “a positive motivational state that is based on an interactively derived sense of successful (a) agency (goal-directed energy) and (b) pathways (planning to meet goals)”. The interactions among the goals, agency, and pathways components of hope theory are identified as well as the role of emotions in hope theory and how hope motivates behavior in the face of obstacles. A brief overview of the two most widely used measures of hope (the trait hope scale and the state hope scale) is provided. The conceptual differences between hope theory and related positive psychology theories such as optimism and self-efficacy are identified. Finally, the role of hope in promoting positive functioning in academics, coping with stress, psychotherapy, and other life contexts is reviewed.
Hope, Self-Efficacy, and Optimism
Authors: Rand Kevin L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter reviews the conceptual similarities and differences among Snyder’s (1994) hope, Carver and Scheier’s optimism, and Bandura’s self-efficacy. Unlike optimism, hope is focused on beliefs about the self. Unlike self-efficacy, hope is a generalized belief and involves the determination to achieve one’s goals. This chapter also reviews the existing empirical literature, which shows that hope, optimism, and self-efficacy are structurally distinct and differentially related to important life outcomes, including psychological adjustment, coping, and goal-directed performance. The chapter concludes with a discussion of further research needed to clarify the causal relationships among hope, optimism, and self-efficacy and to differentiate hope from other positive psychology constructs.
Self-Determination and Hope
Authors: Wehmeyer Michael , Shogren Karrie A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the self-determination construct and examines relationships between self-determination and hope, with an emphasis on issues pertaining to the development of self-determination. Self-determination is a construct situated in theories of human agentic behavior and autonomous motivation. People who are self-determined self-regulate action to satisfy basic psychological needs and to act as causal agents in their lives. The self-determination and hope constructs share common theoretical foundations in goal-oriented action, and understanding research in self-determination will assist in understanding pathways thinking, particularly in hope theory. The chapter ends with a summary and a list of questions for readers to consider.
Hope Measurement
Authors: Rose Sage , Sieben Nicole
Published: November 2017

This chapter covers the multiple measures currently used to assess hope theory. Hope, as theorized by Snyder and colleagues, was originally determined to be a global construct measuring agency and pathways toward goal attainment. Using much of the original theory, hope research has expanded, resulting in multiple measures across different applications and domains. By exploring the context specificity, these scales have been shown to consistently predict outcomes across differing domains, supporting the reliability and validity of new hope measurement. It is anticipated that with more specific hope measurement, the more accurate hope assessment and intervention can become. Concepts covered in this chapter include academic hope, math hope, writing hope, work hope, children’s hope, employment hope, and state hope.
A Cultural Context Lens of Hope
Authors: Edwards Lisa M. , McClintock Jessica B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores hope theory, measurement (i.e., Children’s Hope Scale and Adult Dispositional Hope Scale), and research with regard to diverse racial and ethnic groups. Utilizing a cultural context lens, a case study of a Latina adolescent without documentation is used to illustrate how culture influences goals, obstacles, agency, and pathways. Research about the equivalence of hope across groups, including racial and ethnic groups within the United States as well as in other countries, is reviewed. The chapter concludes with a summary of findings regarding hope measurement and hope theory as they apply to various cultural groups and suggestions for future research in the field.
Church
Authors: DeVille Adam
Published: November 2017

The chapter traces developments in ecclesiology through the twentieth century, as the ecumenical movement unfolded, and raises questions about the relationship between the church and the communion of the Persons of the Trinity, and about the nature of the Church as eucharistic and sacramental. Further more practical questions about authority, primacy, and synodality (or conciliarity) are also examined in light of the work of multilateral ecumenical dialogues (especially within the World Council of Churches), and bilateral dialogues, particularly the Anglican–Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC) and the international Roman Catholic–Orthodox theological dialogue. Considerable progress has been made on all these questions, but new issues have recently arisen, and these are briefly treated, including questions of imperfect communion, of the ordination of women and of those in same-sex relationships, and questions of geographical scope relative to jurisdiction and canonical territory.