bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sound localization after transection of the commissure of Probst in the albino rat
Authors: Ito M. , van Adel B. , Kelly J. B.
Published: December 2017

1. The ability of rats to localize sounds in space was determined before and after cutting of the commissure of Probst. The commissure of Probst was transected at its midline decussation with a microknife inserted into the brain according to stereotaxic coordinates. Six animals were tested after extensive lesions that destroyed all of the commissure of Probst fibers. An additional animal was tested after a smaller lesion that destroyed most of the commissure of Probst but left some fibers intact. Three control animals were tested before and after surgical intervention that did not involve the commissure of Probst. 2. The animals were tested in a semicircular apparatus with loudspeakers located on the right or left of midline. They were trained to make a response toward the left or right in the direction of the active loudspeaker. Correct reponses were rewarded by delivery of a small quantity of water from spouts located at +30 and -30 degrees azimuth. Tests of sound localization were conducted with a single broadband noise burst, 45 ms in duration, presented at the beginning of each trial. The position of the active loudspeakers was varied from trial to trial and performance at different speaker angles was calculated to determine psychometric curves. Minimum audible angles were estimated by interpolation from a performance level of 75% correct. 3. After postoperative testing was completed, the effectiveness of the lesions was confirmed by cell counts to determine the extent of retrograde degeneration in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL). These data showed that most of the contralaterally projecting neurons in DNLL underwent retrograde degeneration and the number of neurons was reduced by 60-65%. Ninety to 95% of the contralaterally projecting neurons in the DNLL disappeared within 7 wk after transection of the commissure of Probst. 4. The condition of damaged commissural fibers was further confirmed by tract tracing methods. A unilateral Fluoro-Gold injection was made into the inferior colliculus and the auditory brain stem was examined for retrograde label. No labeled neurons were seen in the contralateral DNLL in cases with complete transection of the commissure of Probst. In addition, the distribution of Fluoro-Gold labeling in other brain stem auditory structures was similar to that seen in normal animals. This result confirmed that the transection of the commissure of Probst was successful and that projections to other auditory structures remained intact. 5. Transection of the commissure of Probst produced marked deficits in midline sound localization. Although sound localization was still possible, there was a degradation in the ability of rats to localize sounds in the horizontal plane. The mean minimum audible angle was elevated 22.1 degrees after destruction of the commissure of Probst compared with a shift of only 2.0 degrees in control animals.
Ca2+ Ion Permeability Properties of (R,S)α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) Receptors in Isolated Interneurons From the Olfactory Bulb of the Rat
Authors: Jardemark Kent , Nilsson Michael , Muyderman Håkan , Jacobson Ingemar
Published: December 2017

Jardemark, Kent, Michael Nilsson, Håkan Muyderman, and Ingemar Jacobson. Ca2+ ion permeability properties of (R,S)α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptors in isolated interneurons from the olfactory bulb of the rat. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 702–708, 1997. The aim of the study was to investigate the divalent cation permeability of native α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) receptors expressed in interneurons of the olfactory bulb. Kainic acid (KA) was used as agonist to activate AMPA-receptor-mediated currents, which were recorded with the use of the patch-clamp technique. In interneurons acutely isolated from the olfactory bulb, the current responses to KA showed linear/outwardly rectifying current-voltage ( I-V) relationships with a positive average reversal potential of +7 mV in normal external medium (1 mM Ca2+, 1 mM Mg2+). Raising the external Ca2+ concentration to 10 mM suppressed the amplitude, whereas omission of Ca2+ enhanced the amplitude of the current. Spectral analysis of the increase in current variance produced by KA indicated that the decreased amplitude observed in 10 mM Ca2+ was accompanied by a reduction in the apparent single-channel conductance. Raising the concentration of Mg2+ from 1 to 10 mM had a weak depressant effect on the KA-evoked current amplitude. No shift in the reversal potential was observed when the concentration of Ca2+ or Mg2+ was changed from 1 to 10 mM. Increasing the external medium concentration of Ca2+ to 60 mM not only further depressed the amplitudes of the KA-evoked currents but also gave a pronounced leftward shift in the average reversal potential to −32 ± 9 (SE) mV ( N = 7). For neurons in primary culture, current responses to KA also showed linear/outwardly rectifying I-V relationships with a positive average reversal potential in normal external medium. Substituting N-methylglucamine for Na+ and increasing the Ca2+ concentration to 10 mM gave a leftward shift in the average reversal potential from +9 ± 3 mV to −47 ± 4 mV ( N = 11) and caused a marked reduction in the amplitude of the KA-evoked currents at negative potentials. The permeability properties of the studied AMPA receptors were well predicted by the Eyring rate model (symmetrical, 2 barriers, 1 site). The model gave a pCa2+/pK+ permeability ratio of 0.06 for acutely isolated interneurons and 0.14 for interneurons in primary culture. The constant field theory, which failed to successfully reproduce all the experimental data, gave corresponding low permeability ratios of 0.18 and 0.40 for acutely isolated cells and cells in primary culture, respectively. Thus it is concluded that interneurons in the olfactory bulb mainly express AMPA receptors with low permeability to Ca2+ ions.
Differential Ethanol Sensitivity of Subpopulations of GABAA Synapses Onto Rat Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons
Authors: Weiner J. L. , Gu C. , Dunwiddie T. V.
Published: December 2017

Weiner, J. L., C. Gu, and T. V. Dunwiddie. Differential ethanol sensitivity of subpopulations of GABAA synapses onto rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1306–1312, 1997. The actions of ethanol on γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons remain controversial. Recent studies have reported that intoxicating concentrations of ethanol (10–100 mM) can potentiate, inhibit, or have no effect on GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic responses in this brain region. The essential determinants of ethanol sensitivity have not been defined; however, GABAA receptor subunit composition, as well as posttranslational modifications of these receptors, have been suggested as important factors in conferring ethanol sensitivity to the GABAA receptor complex. Multiple types of GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic responses have been described within individual hippocampal CA1 neurons. These responses have been shown to differ in some of their physiological and pharmacological properties. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that some of the disparate findings concerning the effects of ethanol may have resulted from differences in the ethanol sensitivity of GABAA receptor-mediated synapses on single CA1 pyramidal cells. Electrical stimulation adjacent to the stratum pyramidale (proximal) and within the stratum lacunosum-moleculare (distal) activated nonoverlapping populations of GABAA receptors on rat hippocampal CA1 neurons. Proximal inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) decayed with a single time constant and were significantly potentiated by ethanol at all concentrations tested (40, 80, and 160 mM). Distal IPSCs had slower decay rates that were often described better by the sum of two exponentials and were significantly less sensitive to ethanol at all concentrations tested. Three other allosteric modulators of GABAA receptor function with well-defined GABAA receptor subunit requirements, pentobarbital, flunitrazepam, and zolpidem, potentiated proximal and distal GABAA IPSCs to the same extent. These results demonstrate that the ethanol sensitivity of GABAA receptors can differ, not only between brain regions but within single neurons. These findings offer a possible explanation for the conflicting results of previous studies on ethanol modulation of GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons.
Chemoreceptors in the Kidney
Authors: Recordati G
Published: December 2017

The response of the mammalian kidney to changes in the composition of the urine seems to be mediated by intrarenal chemoreceptors. Two distinct populations of chemoreceptors have been identified in the rat kidney. One type responds to ischemia but not to changes in perfusion pressure;the other type is spontaneously active and is sensitive to the composition and concentration of intrarenal fluid. The author suggests that renal chemoreceptors may play a role in the development of experimental hypertension.
Does Availability of Inorganic Phosphate Regulate Cellular Oxidative Metabolism?
Authors: Brazy PC , Mandel LJ
Published: December 2017

Cells require inorganic phosphate for formation of ATP and a variety of other metabolic and transport functions. Studies of renal tubules indicate that availability of phosphate does regulate rates of oxidative metabolism and solute transport, that intracellular metabolic processes compete for inorganic phosphate, and that transepithelial phosphate transport provides inorganic phosphate for use within the cell.
Sodium Chloride Secretion in Rectal Gland of Dogfish, Squalus acanthias
Authors: Greger R. , Schlatter E. , Gögelein H.
Published: December 2017

The rectal gland of the dogfish is specialized for the secretion of sodium chloride. The secretion is controlled by peptide hormones such as, for example, vasointestinal peptide. The mechanism of sodium chloride secretion is apparently similar to that present in mammalian epithelia such as the colon and trachea. This essay discusses the basic principle of sodium chloride secretion in the rectal gland and the mechanism of its hormonal control.
Can Learning and Memory Be Understood?
Authors: Byrne JH
Published: December 2017

Progress in unraveling the mysteries of the mind has been slow, but recent work indicates that a complete mechanistic understanding of at least simple forms of learning will soon be in hand. For example, it is becoming evident that associative learning is due to changes in existing neural circuits and that the acquisition of a learned behavior is due to the activation of second messenger systems in nerve cells.
Can Obesity Be Controlled?
Authors: Flint DJ , Futter CE , Peaker M
Published: December 2017

Antibodies to fat cell membranes have major effects on fat depots and body composition. In rats the use of such antibodies has resulted in a 30% reduction in body fat content. The success of this novel approach has major implications for the meat industry and may lead to a new approach to the control of human obesity.
Fluid Absorption in the Kidney Proximal Tubule
Authors: Schafer JA
Published: December 2017

Fluid absorption in the proximal tubule can be driven by a small osmotic difference between the luminal and interstitial fluids because this leaky epithelium has a high water permeability. The osmotic difference is produced by solute absorption, which tends to dilute the luminal fluid and concentrate the interstitial fluid. However, important questions remain unanswered regarding the pathway for water flow and the role of hemodynamic and humoral factors.
Disturbed Ion Gradients in Brain Anoxia
Authors: Hansen AJ
Published: December 2017

Anoxia profundly affects brain function. If the blood flow is interrupted for a few minutes, the interstitial fluid shows a dramatic increase of potassium and lowering of sodium, chloride, and calcium concentrations, which lead to arrest of nerve conduction and synaptic transmission. These changes, however, cannot explain that consciousness is lost within seconds. This may be caused by activation of potassium conductance in nerve cell membranes.
How to Stabilize the Pulmonary Alveoli: Surfactant or Fibers?
Authors: Weibel ER , Bachofen H
Published: December 2017

The frothlike structure of the lung is supported by very little tissue. To ensure patency of the peripheral air spaces requires particular properties of both the fibrous skeleton and the alveolar surface film. The mechanical problem of how surface and tissue forces interact to maintain a large internal lung surface is of great importance for understanding the performance of the lung as a gas exchanger.
Elimination of Functional Synapses During Development of the Nervous System
Authors: Mariani J , Delhaye-Bochaud N
Published: December 2017

Prevailing views of how axonal projections and synapses are formed during development have changed during the last 2 decades. In many structures abundant collaterals and redundant synapses are first formed, then supernumerary axonal branches are withdrawn, and most synaptic contacts are eliminated. These phenomena involve competition between axon terminals, trophic feedback between pre- and postsynaptic partners, and modulation by factors such as functional activity.
How Are Macromolecules Transported Across the Capillary Wall?
Authors: Rippe B , Haraldsson B
Published: December 2017

It is generally believed that macromolecules penetrate the capillary wall via mobile plasmalemmal vesicles (transcytosis). However, recent evidence suggests that filtration across rare capillary leaks is the main exchange process for large solutes. Furthermore, diffusion of albumin and other small negatively charged proteins via interendothelial clefts seems to be severely restricted by negative charges of the cleft wall, thus retaining albumin in the circulatory system.
The Microcirculation in Hypertension: Which Are the Resistance Vessels?
Authors: Prewitt RL , Stacy LD , Zenpei O
Published: December 2017

Hypertensive subjects show microvascular changes that include structural decreases in the arteriolar lumen, increases in wall-to-lumen ratio, and decreases in the number of arterioles. In experimental renal hypertension, arteriolar vasoconstriction is first increased and then diminishes as structural elevations in vascular resistance develop. The small arteries may contribute significantly to the elevated vascular resistance. Whether these changes have a primary or secondary role in hypertension is still open to question.
Multiple Hormonal Control of Kidney Tubular Functions
Authors: Doucet A
Published: December 2017

The need to understand the transport mechanisms of the kidney has led to increasingly detailed procedures. The complexity of membrane transport systems and hormone receptors has become known in greater and greater detail, and the next step will be to assemble the puzzle and return to an evaluation of renal function in the whole, intact organism.
Receptors, Hummingbirds, and Refrigerators
Authors: Funder John W.
Published: December 2017

Over the past 10 years the formal distinction between endocrinology and neuroscience has inexorably been breaking down. This is entirely appropriate, given that the nervous system and horrnones are the twu principal communication systems within the body. However, despite recently discovered parallels, there are important and very basic differences. Given the similarities in terms of signals, not surprisingly the outstanding differences between the two systems are in the receptors to which signals bind.
Control of Upper Airway Muscles
Authors: Sant'Ambrogio G , Mathew OP
Published: December 2017

The upper airway serves several functions for both the alimentary and respiratory systems. Whereas some of the functions are mutually exclusive, others can be performed simulatneously, generally with some reciprocal interference. Compromising and establishing priorities are the main features of upper muscle control.
Direct Assessment of Glomerular Arteriole Reactivity
Authors: Edwards RM
Published: December 2017

The glomerular arterioles play an important role in the regulation of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. The need to understand how glomerular arteriole resistance is regulated has led to the development of new techniques to directly study these important segments of the renal microvasculature in vitro and in situ.
Control of Calcium Influx in Cells Without Action Potentials
Authors: Gallacher DV
Published: December 2017

A common effect of neurotransmitters and hormones that stimulate the metabolism of inositol lipids is the ability to increase the permeability of membranes to Ca2+. This effect occurs at surface membranes by the influx of Ca2+ from extracellular to intracellular fluid and at internal membranes by release of Ca2+ sequestered in intracellular organelles. Recent evidence suggests that it is the inositol polyphosphate products of lipid metabolism that regulate Ca2+ fluxes across both internal and cell surface membranes.
Regulation of Acetylcholine Receptor Biosynthesis During Motor Endplate Morphogenesis
Authors: Laufer R , Fontaine B , Klarsfeld A , Cartaud J , Changeux J-P
Published: December 2017

Tools from recombinant DNA technology are now available to analyse the mechanisms that regulate the expression of synaptic proteins during synapse formation and stabilization. This review focuses on the expression of the acetylcholine receptor, an essential and well-characterized component of the motor endplate.
Is Phospholipid Degradation a Critical Event in Ischemia-and Reperfusion-Induced Damage?
Authors: van der Vusse GJ , van Bilsen M , Reneman RS
Published: December 2017

Loss of phospholipids, either by enhanced hydrolysis or by impaired resynthesis, has been proposed as the cause of ischemia- and reperfusion-induced ruptures in the sarcolemma. Alternatively, if fracture of the sacrolemma were caused by physical forces, enhanced phospholipid degradation would be the epiphenomenon reflecting autolysis of irreversibly damaged cells.
Uses of Radiation-Induced Paramagnetic Centers in Bone
Authors: Ostrowski K , Dziedzic-Goclawska A
Published: December 2017

Ionizing radiation induces stable paramagnetic centers in the crystalline lattice of bone hydroxyapatite. These can be measured by electron-spin resonance spectrometry and can serve as biological markers for evaluation of crystallinity of bone mineral, quantitation of the rebuilding process of radiation-sterilized bone grafts, and estimation of doses of ionizing radiation.
How Do Dendrites Process Neural Information?
Authors: Gogan P , Tyc-Dumont S
Published: December 2017

The concept of neuronal computing has been evolving toward the idea that the three-dimensional form of dendritic arborization determines the computational abilities of the neuron. The architectural complexity of every single neuron in the brain is probably as important as connectivity for the performance of a neural network.
Serotonin and Amplification Mechanisms in Platelet Reactions
Authors: De Clerck FFP
Published: December 2017

Platelets react to aggregate or adhere with different intensities depending on the nature of the challenge. Amplification between, rather than individual potencies of, agonists determines their importance during hemostasis or thrombus formation. Such amplification explains why serotonin is an important vector in platelet-vessel wall interactions.
Hormonal Responses to Acute and Chronic Exercise
Authors: Bove AA
Published: December 2017

Catecholamines are essential hormones for exercise. Metabolism and secretion of catecholamines may be altered by exercise training. Vasoregulation may also be affected by neuropeptides (VIP, SP) and endorphins. Hormonal adaptations to exercise may be useful in developing strategies for treating vascular disease.
Differentiation of Blood-Brain Barrier Endothelium
Authors: Risau W
Published: December 2017

The vasculature of the brain is derived extraneurally. The endothelium of these capillaries acts as blood-brain barrier, with a high electrical resistance and specific carrier systems. These specialized properties depend on brain cells, particularly astrocytes.
The Ascorbate Redox Potential of Tissues: A Determinant or Indicator of Disease?
Authors: Rose RC
Published: December 2017

Ascorbic acid is becoming recognized as an important antioxidant in biology. Do errors in maintenance of the ascorbic acid/dehydro-L-ascorbic acid profile predispose to disease?
New Perspectives in the Research of Pineal Gland
Authors: Villanua MA , Agrasal C , Esquifino AI
Published: December 2017

The pineal gland is considered to be an important neuroendocrine organ. Besides its effect on reproduction, the pineal gland can also regulate other endocrine and nonendocrine functions. More recently, it has been discovered to be involved in lipid metabolism and immune system regulation.
Ionic Currents in the Human Myocardium
Authors: Coraboeuf E , Escande D
Published: December 2017

Recent measurements by patch-clamp techniques of membrane currents from enzymatically isolated human cardiac cells have shown the existence in human atrial membranes of seven different types of ionic channels. Such studies open new perspectives for human cardiac pharmacology and physiopathology.
Do Calcium-Activated Chloride Channels Control Renin Secretion?
Authors: Kurtz A
Published: December 2017

The rate of renin secretion from renal juxtaglomerular epithelioid cells appears to be inversely correlated to intracellular Ca activity. Such a dependency of renin secretion on Ca activity could be controlled by Ca-activated Cl channels that may be involved in the volume control of juxtaglomerular cells.
The Subretrofacial Nucleus: Its Pivotal Role in Cardiovascular Regulation
Authors: Dampney R
Published: December 2017

The subretrofacial nucleus is a compact group of cells within the rostral ventrolateral medulla that regulates the sympathetic outflow to the cardiovascular system. This nucleus has distinctive histochemical and receptor-binding properties and is a major site of convergence of inputs arising from peripheral receptors as well as higher brain centres.
Autonomic Nervous System and Brachial Artery Diameter in Normotensive and Hypertensive Patients
Authors: London GM , Laurent S , Safar ME
Published: December 2017

Studies using pulsed-Doppler velocimetry reveal that in the absence of changes in blood pressure and heart rate, the human brachial artery dilates on raising the legs from the supine position. The dilatation cannot be explained exclusively by the increase in blood flow and probably involves a reflex from stimulation of cardiopulmonary receptors.
ATP-Regulated K+ Channels and Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Rorsman P , Berggren P-O , Bokvist K , Efendic S
Published: December 2017

Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic Beta-cells is dependent on closure of ATP-regulated K+ channels. These channels are selectively blocked by hypoglycaemic sulfonylureas, compounds used in treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). This suggests that NIDDM may result from defective K+-channel regulation.
The Activation of Motor Units in Coordinated Arm Movements in Humans
Authors: Gielen CCAM , von der Gon JJD
Published: December 2017

The motoneuron pool of muscles consists of several subpopulations, each of which receives a different but homogenous activation during isometric and reflex-induced contractions. Studies on the dynamics of motor unit activation of skeletal muscle reveal important characteristics that are not reflected in electromyograms.
Cholecystokinin: A Key Integrator of Nutrient Assimilation
Authors: Lewis LD , Williams JA
Published: December 2017

Cholecystokinin regulates numerous gastrointestinal functions including pancreatic enzyme and fluid secretion and gastric emptying. Pleiotropic actions of cholecystokinin result in coordination of several aspects of ingestion, digestion, absorption, and metabolism. Integration of nutrient assimilation through regulation of these functions is an important physiological role of cholecystokinin.
Physiological Aspects of Noninvasive Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring
Authors: Pickering TG
Published: December 2017

New techniques of noninvasive ambulatory monitoring enable multiple readings of blood pressure to be taken while people go about normal daily activities and are helping to clarify sources of blood pressure variability in health and disease. These include changes in physical and mental activity, psychosocial factors, and endogenous hormonal changes.
Single-Channel Techniques Applied to Kidney Proximal Tubule Apical Membranes
Authors: Marom S , Winaver J , Dagan D
Published: December 2017

New electrophysiological methods, related to single-channel recording techniques that enable investigation of the molecular components participating in transport mechanisms, have been developed in the last decade. Applications of these methods to renal physiology indicate possible implications for present concepts of proximal reabsorption.
How Many Peptidic Hormones Can Derive From Blood Plasma Proteins?
Authors: Croxatto HR
Published: December 2017

Peptides having structures identical or related to some already known hormones have been obtained using pepsin as a hydrolytic agent acting at acid pH upon plasma substrates. The data suggest the existence of systems similar to renin-angiotensin for the generation of active peptides other than angiotensin or kinins.
Blind Axonal Endings and Plasticity in the Mammalian CNS
Authors: Snow PJ , Wilson P
Published: December 2017

Elucidation of axonal branches that lack synaptic boutons suggests need for revision of our basic concept of neuron morphology. In spinal cord, synapse-free axonal endings develop synapses if effective inputs are removed. These endings constitute a substrate that endows mammalian CNS with the potential for spatially limited alterations in connectivity.
The Influence of Obesity in Hypertension
Authors: Rocchini AP
Published: December 2017

Data are presented to suggest that obesity hypertension is primarily related to increased sodium retention and a concomitant increase in cardiac output. Evidence is also summarized suggesting sodium retention is due to combined effects of hyperinsulinemia, hyperaldosteronism, and/or increased sympathetic nervous system activity.
Facilitation of Oxygen Consumption by Lactic Acidosis During Exercise
Authors: Wasserman K , Hansen JE , Sue DY
Published: December 2017

Development of lactic acidosis is essential in performance of heavy work. H+, locally produced with lactate during inadequate O2 flow to tissues, raises capillary PO2 and facilitates O2 diffusion to mitochondria. This provides feedback control when there is imbalance between O2 requirement and supply.
Conduit Coronary Artery: Control by Autonomic Nervous System
Authors: Gerova M
Published: December 2017

Sympathetic stimulation induces a primary and secondary effect on smooth muscle of conduit coronary arteries. The former causes contraction, mediated by norepinephrine, and the latter, dilatation. The dilatation is due to endothelium-derived relaxing factor released as a consequence of the increased coronary blood flow.
Natriuretic Hormone: A Contribution to the Development of a Hypothesis
Authors: Lichardus B
Published: December 2017

For two decades before the discovery of atrial natriuretic peptide and the recent announcement of the isolation of endogenous ouabain, the experimental background for the hypothesis of the existence of a natriuretic hormone, mostly furnished by a few laboratories, kept this challenge alive.
Adenosine Receptors: Physiological Regulation and Biochemical Mechanisms
Authors: Stiles GL
Published: December 2017

Adenosine receptors (AR) mediate a wide range of physiological effects in the brain, heart, liver, platelet, and adipocyte. Recent technologies have permitted new insights into the detailed structure and regulation of both A1- and A2ARs, which are highlighted here.
Network Mechanisms in the Vertebrate Retina
Authors: Naka K-I , Sakai HM
Published: December 2017

The retina neuron network has evolved specialized, collective functions involving many interconnected neurons. Thus the manner in which retinal neurons organize visual information can only be understood in the context of their group dynamics. Brief descriptions of four typical examples of these network mechanisms are included.
Modification in Early Ontogenesis of the Stress Response of Adults
Authors: Naumenko EV
Published: December 2017

Stressors or changes of corticosteroid balance during an early period of individual development yield long-lasting modification of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system. These effects are mediated, at least partially, through the developing noradrenergic system of the brain. The type of modification depends on the stage of ontogenesis and on animal genotype.
A Personal View of Biomedical Research Integrity in the 90s
Authors: Friedman Paul J.
Published: December 2017

The integrity of scientists is being aggressively questioned. Incidents of misconduct have been so sensationalized that many scientific leaders have responded with equally unrealistic denial. This is a plea to regard the issue with perspective but to take positive steps to improve both awareness and quality of research ethics.
How the Motoneuron Regulates Acetylcholine Receptor Channel Function in Muscle
Authors: Brenner HR
Published: December 2017

Distribution and ion-conduction properties of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) in muscle change under neural control. The switch of AChR types at the synapse is regulated by neurotrophic signals. Muscle activity may support sufficient numbers of AChRs for synaptic transmission and downregulate them in nonsynaptic fiber segments.
The Opioid System in Circulatory Control
Authors: Liren A-L , Feuerstein G
Published: December 2017

Opioid peptides and multiple opioid receptors are found in brain cardiovascular nuclei, autonomic ganglia, the heart, and blood vessels, and opioids induce potent cardiovascular changes. The role of endogenous opioids in normal cardiovascular homeostasis is unclear;however, current data suggest opioid involvement in stress.
Modulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor by Reactive Oxygen Metabolites
Authors: Baud L , Fouqueray B , Philippe C , Affres H
Published: December 2017

Tumor necrosis factor is generated in inflammatory lesions of the glomerulus. Its release and binding are regulated by simultaneously generated reactive oxygen metabolites. The main consequence is a limitation of autocrine and paracrine action of tumor necrosis factor without any reduction of its systemic activity.
Cellular Mechanisms for Ventricular Fibrillation
Authors: Billmann GE
Published: December 2017

Alterations in cardiac autonomic control cause changes in cytosolic second messenger concentrations. This may represent the cellular mechanism for malignant arrhythmias. In particular, cytosolic calcium elevations can alter cardiac impulse generation (oscillatory afterdepolarization) and impulse conduction (nonuniform repolarization), which alone or in combination could trigger ventricular fibrillation.
Synapsins and Synaptic Transmission
Authors: Benfenati F , Valtorta F
Published: December 2017

The synapsins are a family of nerve terminal-specific phosphoproteins associated with the cytoplasmic side of synaptic vesicles that interact with various cytoskeletal proteins in a phosporylation-dependent fashion. They are implicated in the short-term regulation of neurotransmitter release and in the maturation of developing nerve terminals during synaptogenesis.
Sodium Channelopathies: Dramatic Diseases Caused
Authors: Hoffman EP , Spier SJ
Published: December 2017

Very recently, the first vertebrate genetic diseases caused by abnormal voltage-sensitive channels have been found in humans and horses: single amino acid changes within the 1,700-amino acid adult skeletal muscle sodium channel result in potassium-induced muscle paralysis or cold-induced muscle contraction.
The Action Potential in Mammalian Neurons: New Perspectives
Authors: Sacchi O , Belluzzi O
Published: December 2017

Fresh ideas suggested by the first numerical reconstruction of the action potential in a mammalian neuron are 1) role of the A-current and the starting membrane potential level, 2) fast kinetics of the pericellular K+ accumulation, and 3) spike-related Ca2+ movements.
Epithelial Secretion Driven by Anions Other Than Chloride
Authors: Cook DI , Young JA
Published: December 2017

Exocrine glands commonly secrete salt using Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporters to drive secondary active Cl- transport;this process is blocked by furosemide. However, secretion in some glands depends on furosemide-insensitive mechanisms. Some use a Na+-H+ exchanger to transport HCO3-;others may transport HCO3- and HPO24-.
Synchronisation of Bursting in Hypothalamic Oxytocin Neurones: Possible Coordinating Mechanisms
Authors: Wakerley JB , Ingram CD
Published: December 2017

Hypothalamic oxytocin neurones exhibit periodic synchronous bursting during suckling. This involves simultaneous excitation from an afferent pacemaker, coordinating mechanisms acting both within and between the magnocellular nuclei, and intrinsic properties of the oxytocin cells. Centrally released oxytocin facilitates bursting, acting both within the magnocellular nuclei and at limbic sites.
A Tangled Web: Young, Laplace, and the Surface Tension Law
Authors: Tenney S. Marsh
Published: December 2017

The nagging issue of priority complicated the important discovery by two great scientists. Their lives and the subsequent history of their work reveal amusing and sometimes unusual relationships.
Oxygen Sensing and the Electrophysiology of Arterial Chemoreceptor Cells
Authors: Lopez-Barneo J , Benot AR , Urena J
Published: December 2017

The carotid bodies sense reductions in arterial oxygen tension (PO2) and stimulate the respiratory center to induce hyperventilation. Lowering PO2, detected by O2-sensitive K+ channels, evokes a selective inhibition of the K+ current of glomus cells, with an increase of cellular excitability and cytosolic Ca2+.
Cholinergic Excitation of Smooth Muscle
Authors: Sims SM , Janssen LJ
Published: December 2017

Acetylcholine activates muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle to cause depolarization and contraction. Several mechanisms can contribute to depolarization, including activation of inward cation and Cl- currents, suppression of outward K+ currents, and augmentation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ current. Acetylcholine also releases Ca2+ from internal stores, directly contributing to contraction.
A Nonstochastic String Model of Sympathetic Neuromuscular Transmission
Authors: Stjarne L , Bao J-X , Gonon FG , Msghina M , Stjarne E
Published: December 2017

Several apparently contradictory findings in studies of the release of norepinephrine and ATP and the resulting neurogenic contraction call for a radical revision of the current model of sympathetic neuromuscular transmission at the single unit level, i.e., at the junction between the individual varicosity and smooth muscle cell.
Angiotensin II as a Renal Cytokine
Authors: Wolf Gunter , Neilson Eric G.
Published: December 2017

Components of the renin-angiotensin axis function in and around proximal tubules. Angiotensin II affects regulation of hemodynamics and tubular transport, as well as metabolic and hypertrophic actions. The intrarenal production of angiotensin II and its local pleiomorphic engagements suggest this peptide is a renal cytokine.
Vesicular or Quantal and Subquantal Transmitter Release
Authors: Vautrin J
Published: December 2017

When quantal synaptic transmission was discovered four decades ago, elementary transmitter releases initially were assigned to individual activity of presynaptic terminal units. Soon after an alternative hypothesis was proposed: elementary transmitter packets are preformed in specialized vesicles and released by exocytosis. Although the latter representation largely prevails, data are not conclusive.
Nitric oxide Synthase: From Molecular Biology to Cerebrovascular Physiology
Authors: Katusic ZS , Cosentino F
Published: December 2017

Three distinct nitric oxide synthase genes are expressed in the cerebral arterial wall. Constitutive isoforms are localized in endothelium and perivascular nerves, whereas only inducible enzyme is present in smooth muscle cells, demonstrating the complex role of nitric oxide in regulation of cerebral arterial tone.
Increasing Importance of Integrative Physiology in the Era of Molecular Biology
Authors: Folkow Björn
Published: December 2017

All-out support of "the new biology" by research leadership, with the ensuing avalanche of molecular-cellular information, has if anything increased the importance of integrative physiological research. Putting all the bits together is crucial for real understanding of "who are we." Hence integrative physiology is truly "the biology of the future."
The Basis of Rapid Adaptation in Mechanoreceptors
Authors: French AS , Torkkeli PH
Published: December 2017

Mechanoreceptors often adapt rapidly and completely to a sustained mechanical stimulus. This adaptation is usually assumed to be caused by mechanical structures surrounding sensory endings, but old and new evidence from several preparations indicates that ionic processes in the cell membranes are primarily responsible for such complete adaptation.
Understanding Control of Exocytotic Secretion in Single Adenohypophysial Cells
Authors: Zorec Robert , Zupančič G. , Rupnik M. , Kocmur L. , Grilc S. , KordaŠ M.
Published: December 2017

Stimulus-secretion coupling at the cellular level is studied by measuring changes in membrane capacitance in a variety of secretory cells. Attempts to gain new insight into the control of exocytosis in adenohypophysial cells by the patch-clamp technique are briefly outlined.
Nitric Oxide inhibition in Hypertension
Authors: Lahera V , Khraibi AA
Published: December 2017

In normotensive rats, natriuresis and diuresis resulting from a pressor dose of nitric oxide (NO) inhibitors are primarily due to a pressure-natriuresis phenomenon. In the Okamoto spontaneously hypertensive rat, administration of the same dose of NO inhibitor does not increase blood pressure but produces exaggerated natriuresis and diuresis.
Epithelial Na Channels and Their Kin
Authors: Palmer LG
Published: December 2017

Epithelial Na channels help maintain Na homeostasis by controlling the rate of Na absorption by the kidney and other organs. Surprisingly, they show homology with genes involved in mechanical sensing and transduction. This suggests that epithelial Na channels and stretch-activated channels may be in the same family.
Corticosteroid Hormones: Endocrine Messengers in the Brain
Authors: Joels M , de Kloet ER
Published: December 2017

Adrenal corticosteroid hormones reach many organs including the brain where they exert persistent actions on neuronal excitability. Normally, steroid actions will maintain the integrity of neuronal networks, yet chronically decreased or enhanced corticosteroid levels can disrupt networks and enhance susceptibility to neurodegeneration.
Growth Hormone, Insulin, and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I: Revisiting the Food and Famine Theory
Authors: Hussain MA , Schmitz O , Froesch ER
Published: December 2017

In the so-called "food and famine theory," insulin and growth hormone play major roles in the regulation of substrate combustion during the postprandial period as well as in the fasting state. Insulin-like growth factor I supports the actions of both insulin and growth hormone.
Airway Axon Reflexes - Where Now?
Authors: Coleridge HM , Coleridge JCG
Published: December 2017

Evidence obtained largely in rodents suggests that axon reflexes exert a major influence on airway function and are important in lower airway disease. The evidence is often fragmentary, however, and axon reflexes and the factors that promote their operation merit further study in a wider range of animal species.
Cardiovascular Role of Parvocellular Neurons in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus
Authors: Badoer E
Published: December 2017

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus contains magnocellular and parvocellular neurons. Some parvocellular neurons project to the spinal cord and are likely to directly influence the sympathetic preganglionic motoneurons. Evidence is now accumulating to suggest that those neurons are important in the reflex responses induced by changes in blood volume.
Control of Vasopressin Release: An Old But Continuing Story
Authors: Share Leonard
Published: December 2017

Vasopressin, a nonapeptide, is synthesized in magnocellular neurons of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Its release is stimulated by increased osmohiity, sensed by osmoreceptors in the Iamina terminalis, and by reductions in blood volume and blood pressure, sensed by arterial baroreceptors and cardiac receptors. The role of cardiac receptors is controversial.
Hepatorenal and Hepatointestinal Reflexes in Sodium Homeostasis
Authors: Hosomi H , Morita H
Published: December 2017

Hepatorenal and hepatointestinal reflexes with receptors in the hepatoportal region transduce portal plasma Na+ concentration into hepatic afferent nerve activity and reflexively augment renal Na+ excretion and attenuate intestinal Na+ absorption before a measurable increase in systemic Na+ concentration. These reflexes contribute to Na+ homeostasis in a negative, "feedforward" fashion.
Intestinal Oligopeptide Transporter: From Hypothesis to Cloning
Authors: Adibi SA
Published: December 2017

Several decades ago it was hypothesized that there is an active intestinal oligopeptide transporter that allows large-scale absorption of dipeptides and tripeptides. After a period of uncertainty, this hypothesis was recently validated by the cloning of an intestinal oligopeptide transporter that appears to belong to a superfamily of proton-dependent transporters.
Harvey's Question and Borelli's Answer
Authors: Sant'Ambrogio Giuseppe , Bowman lnci , Forattini-Bolchini Roberta
Published: December 2017

How is it that a seven-month fetus can continue to live in its mother's womb without breathing, while, if delivered at this time, it becomes absolutely dependent on its own respiration? (W. Harvey. Exercita tiones de Genera tione Animalium, 1651)
What Is New About the Structure of the Epithelial Na+ Channel ?
Authors: Canessa CM
Published: December 2017

The epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in the apical membrane of tight epithelium represents the first member of a new family of ion channels. The channel is formed by the association of three homologous subunits, a-, b-, and g-ENaC, that functionally complement to give full activity to the channel complex.
Chemosensitivity of Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglia Cells
Authors: Dray, A
Published: December 2017

Cultured dorsal root ganglia neurons provide an accessible and practical solution to the detailed quantita five examination of chemosensitive properties of small sensory neurons. However, the chemical environment in which cells are maintained is likely to influence the expression of cellular factors including membrane receptors and ion channels, thereby affecting chemosensitivity, excitability, and cellular neurochemistry.
Endothelin: The "Prime Suspect" in Kidney Disease
Authors: Brooks DP
Published: December 2017

Endothelin has a number of actions in the kidney, and there is growing evidence that whenever renal function is compromised, endothelin production as well as its binding to specific receptors is altered. Thus research on the role of endothelin in both renal function and dysfunction has provided some important information.
GABAC Receptors: A Novel Receptor Family with Unusual Pharmacology
Authors: Cherubini E , Strata F
Published: December 2017

GABAC-receptor channels constitute a novel class of structurally defined receptors that are composed by the recently discovered r-subunits. They conduct chloride ions, are insensitive to both bicuculline and baclofen, and are blocked by picrotoxin. They are present in the hippocampus during development and in the retina where they play a crucial role in regulating visual processing.
Endocytosis of Polypeptides in Rabbit Nasal Respiratory Mucosa
Authors: Cremaschi D , Porta C , Ghirardelli R
Published: December 2017

The nasal respiratory mucosa of the rabbit has a leaky epithelium actively transporting polypeptides by a specific transcytosis probably involved in sampling antigens. The transfer displays saturation kinetics and is abolished by metabolic inhibitors, actin filamet and microtubule disassemblers, inhibitors of vesicle fusion, and receptor recycling;it accepts polypeptide-covered but not uncovered nanoparticles.
Functional Changes Of Fetal Muscle Acetylcholine Receptor During Mouse Development
Authors: Grassi Francesca , Eusebi Fabrizio
Published: December 2017

In developing muscles in vivo and in vitro, the acetylcholine receptor γ-subunit exists in two splice variants, conferring different single-channel open durations (τop) to reconstituted receptors. In mouse muscles, τop changes around birth, possibly as receptors incorporate either variant of γ-subunit. This might be relevant to the concomitant maturation of muscle innervation.
Regulation of Cellular Growth by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-Mediated Growth Factor Expression
Authors: Veenstra Timothy D. , Pittelkow Mark R. , Kumar Rajiv
Published: December 2017

Although the primary function of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] is the regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, it also regulates the growth and differentiation of several different cell types. Recent work suggests that 1,25(OH)2D3 regulates cellular growth by altering the synthesis of growth factors and growth factor responses.
A Unique Role of NO in the Control of Blood Flow
Authors: Pohl Ulrich , de Wit Cor
Published: December 2017

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors induce significant vasoconstriction, suggesting an indispensable role of NO as a local vasodilator. This is due mainly to its effects on large arterioles that significantly control arterial conductance while scarcely being regulated by metabolites. NO’s role in adapting vascular conductance to flow is pronounced during (re)active hyperemia and autoregulation.
The Pattern of Sympathovagal Balance Explored in the Frequency Domain
Authors: Malliani Alberto
Published: December 2017

In most physiological conditions, sympathetic and vagal activities modulating heart period undergo a reciprocal regulation, leading to the concept of sympathovagal balance. This pattern can be indirectly quantified by computing the spectral powers of the oscillatory components corresponding to respiratory acts (high frequency) and to vasomotor waves (low frequency) present in heart rate variability.
Ca2+ Sparks in Cardiac Muscle: Is There Life Without Them?
Authors: Niggli Ernst
Published: December 2017

The discovery of elementary Ca2+ signaling events, the Ca2+ sparks, has profoundly changed our view of cardiac Ca2+ signaling and, in particular, excitationcontraction coupling. In addition, a partial disruption of cardiac Ca2+ signaling may be important in clinical cardiac conditions such as congestive heart failure. Understanding cardiac diseases on the cellular and molecular levels may provide a key to new pharmacological strategies in the near future.
Visceral Afferent Neurons: Role in Gastric Mucosal Protection
Authors: Holzer Peter , Pabst Maria A.
Published: December 2017

Gastric mucosal homeostasis requires rapid alarm of protective mechanisms in the face of pending injury. This article summarizes the evidence that spinal afferent neurons monitor insults to the gastric mucosa and activate local mechanisms of defense and repair through release of transmitter peptides from their endings in the stomach.