bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A formal approach to automatically analyse extra‐functional properties in mobile applications
Authors: Rosario Espada Ana , del Mar Gallardo Maria , Salmerón Alberto , Panizo Laura , Merino Pedro
Published: June 2019

This paper presents an integrated approach for testing mobile applications (apps) against a set of extra‐functional properties to be used by app developers. The approach starts with the (manual or automatic) extraction of the interaction model, that is, a formal model of the potential user interactions with the app. The model is constructed to allow a model checking tool to exhaustively extract the so‐called app user flows, that is, the sequences of user actions, that constitute the test cases. In the final step, the app user flows are executed on the app running on real devices. The resulting execution traces are enriched with different measures and verified against a set of extra‐functional properties of interest. The approach has been adapted to analyse several applications running at the same time with several devices supporting the applications. This paper presents the definition and formalization of both the modelling language for the interaction model and the specification language to represent the extra‐functional properties. It also describes a methodology for automatically extracting the model. Finally, it presents an implementation focused on Android apps, which is integrated in the TRIANGLE testing framework, and the evaluation of the approach. © 2019 The Authors. Software Testing, Verification & Reliability Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Wandering among Dehnhardt's gums: The cold case of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) and other nomenclatural notes on Eucalyptus
Authors: Del Guacchio Emanuele , Bean Anthony Russell , Sibilio Giancarlo , De Luca Adriana , De Castro Olga , Caputo Paolo
Published: June 2019

In this contribution, we treat all the names in the genus Eucalyptus published by F. Dehnhardt, including the much‐discussed E. camaldulensis. Current opinion would suggest that Dehnhardt applied this name to a plant different from that to which the name has commonly been applied. Hence, E. camaldulensis was conserved with a conserved type. Despite this, we show that Dehnhardt's original description clearly applies to the modern delimitation of E. camaldulensis subsp. camaldulensis and that conservation of the name was not necessary. Two names are neotypified on the basis of material preserved in NAP and W: E. gigantea, and E. procera. These two names are confirmed to be synonyms of other currently accepted names. Eucalyptus pulchella (of which E. linearis is a synonym) is also neotypified. A second‐step lectotypification is provided for E. globulus.
Performance and wake of a Savonius vertical‐axis wind turbine under different incoming conditions
Authors: Aliferis Alexander D. , Jessen Marius Stette , Bracchi Tania , Hearst R. Jason
Published: June 2019

In this study, the performance, drag, and horizontal midplane wake characteristics of a vertical‐axis Savonius wind turbine are investigated experimentally. The turbine is drag driven and has a helical configuration, with the top rotated 180° relative to the bottom. Both performance and wake measurements were conducted in four different inflow conditions, using Reynolds numbers of ReD≈1.6×105 and ReD≈2.7×105 and turbulence intensities of 0.6% and 5.7%. The efficiency of the turbine was found to be highly dependent on the Reynolds number of the incoming flow. In the high Reynolds number flow case, the efficiency was shown to be considerably higher, compared with the lower Reynolds number case. Increasing the incoming turbulence intensity was found to mitigate the Reynolds number effects. The drag of the turbine was shown to be independent of the turbine's rotational speed over the range tested, and it was slightly lower when the inflow turbulence was increased. The wake was captured for the described inflow conditions in both optimal and suboptimal operating conditions by varying the rotational speed of the turbine. The wake was found to be asymmetrical and deflected to the side where the blade moves opposite to the wind. The largest region of high turbulent kinetic energy was on the side where the blade is moving in the same direction as the wind. Based on the findings from the wake measurements, some recommendations on where to place supplementary turbines are made.
Financial Stability and Housing Markets in Large Cities: What Role for Macroprudential Policy?
Authors: Lo Duca Marco , Nicoletti-Altimari Sergio
Published: June 2019

In recent years, house prices in large cities increased sharply in many euro area countries and around the world. A role for macroprudential policy in addressing vulnerabilities can be motivated by the systemic importance of large cities (e.g. in terms of contribution to real estate activity, concentration of bank exposures and share of urban population), at least in some countries, and by the important spillover effects of house price dynamics to the rest of the country. Nevertheless, a number of factors suggest limits to the effectiveness of macroprudential policy in addressing vulnerabilities in large cities. These factors include data gaps, interactions with other policy domains, global factors and foreign investors, and limited effectiveness of some instruments due to potential leakages. Despite these limitations, macroprudential policy can still play a role by adopting communication strategies to raise awareness on risks and by taking measures to prevent disruptions in the financial system when credit risk materialise. The latter policy objective can be met by using capital measures, improving lending standards and limiting bank exposures to geographical areas or specific borrowers.
A Tale of Two Cities: Is Overvaluation a Capital Issue?
Authors: Muellbauer John
Published: June 2019

Empirical evidence on what drives house prices, such as income changes, extrapolative expectations and differences in supply elasticities, is important. In many countries, house price movements in major cities such as the capital are more extreme and often seem to lead the rest of the country. This chapter therefore proposes a framework for analysing prices at a regional level, with an application to London illustrating its leading role and the ripple effect in other UK regions. As is also shown for Paris, capital cities are more sensitive to interest rates and credit conditions, and international investors can play an important role (perhaps leading to affordability problems for local residents). After the crisis, debt-to-income ratios have risen strongly which, together with the higher interest rate sensitivity of housing in cities, may impede the normalisation of interest rates.
The Macroeconomic Implications of Housing Supply Restrictions
Authors: Glaeser Edward L.
Published: June 2019

Housing supply restrictions, including historic preservation policies, minimum lot sizes and height limitations, are typically approached with static Pigouvian tools, but these policies also have dynamic implications. Restricted supply will typically make quantities, which determine construction employment, less volatile, and prices, which determine financial stability, more volatile. A prominent exception occurs when supply-unconstrained areas build so much during a boom that construction halts during the bust, and in that case, elastic supply can be associated with both price volatility and a limited ability to use credit instruments to boost employment during a bust. As institutions with counter-cyclical missions grapple with housing policies, they must recognize that housing regulation interacts with monetary policy, and that reforming housing policy may have implications for the business cycle.
Lepton flavor violation and neutrino masses from A5 and CP in the non-universal MSSM
Authors: López-Ibáñez M. L. , Melis Aurora , Meloni Davide , Vives Oscar
Published: June 2019

Abstract

We analyze the phenomenological consequences of embedding a flavor symmetry based on the groups A
5 and CP in a supersymmetric framework. We concentrate on the leptonic sector, where two different residual symmetries are assumed to be conserved at leading order for charged and neutral leptons. All possible realizations to generate neutrino masses at tree level are investigated. Sizable flavor violating effects in the charged lepton sector are unavoidable due to the non-universality of soft-breaking terms determined by the symmetry. We derive testable predictions for the neutrino spectrum, lepton mixing and flavor changing processes with non-trivial relations among observables.
Line of fixed points in a bosonic tensor model
Authors: Benedetti Dario , Gurau Razvan , Harribey Sabine
Published: June 2019

Abstract

We consider the O(N)3 tensor model of Klebanov and Tarnopolsky [1] in d < 4 with a free covariance modified to fit the infrared conformal scaling. We study the renormalization group flow of the model using a Wilsonian approach valid in any d (notably we do not require d = 4 − ϵ with small ϵ). At large N, the tetrahedral coupling has a finite flow, hence it becomes a free parameter. The remaining flow can be parameterized by two couplings which do not mix. We show that, at leading order in 1/N but non perturbatively in the couplings, the beta functions stop at quadratic order in the pillow and double-trace couplings. We find four fixed points which depend parametrically on the tetrahedral coupling. For purely imaginary values of the latter we identify a real and infrared attractive fixed point. We remark that an imaginary tetrahedral coupling is in fact natural from the onset as the tetrahedral invariant does not have any positivity property, and moreover in the large-N limit the beta functions depend on the square of the tetrahedral coupling, thus they remain real, as long as the other couplings stay real.
On the determination of leptonic CP violation and neutrino mass ordering in presence of non-standard interactions: present status
Authors: Esteban Ivan , Gonzalez-Garcia M. C. , Maltoni Michele
Published: June 2019

Abstract

We perform a global analysis of neutrino data in the framework of three massive neutrinos with non-standard neutrino interactions which affect their evolution in the matter background. We focus on the effect of NSI in the present observables sensitive to leptonic CP violation and to the mass ordering. We consider complex neutral current neutrino interactions with quarks whose lepton-flavor structure is independent of the quark type. We quantify the status of the “hints” for CP violation, the mass-ordering and non-maximality of θ
23 in these scenarios. We also present a parametrization-invariant formalism for leptonic CP violation in presence of a generalized matter potential induced by NSI.
Effect of typhaneoside on ventricular remodeling and regulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway
Authors: Zhang X. , Yang K. , Zhang H. , Dong W. , Peng W. , Zhao Y.
Published: June 2019

Background

This study aimed to investigate the effect of typhaneoside on ventricular remodeling and regulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR autophagy transduction pathway in rats with heart failure after myocardial infarction.

Methods

The effects of typhaneoside on the general condition of rats were observed in vivo using a rat model of heart failure after myocardial infarction had been established. The expression of serum N‑terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), matrix lysin 2 (ST2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), and MMP-9 was detected via ELISA. A hypoxia/reoxygenation model was established to analyze the number and morphology of autophagosomes in vitro by transmission electron microscopy. Light chain 3 (LC3) variations were detected by immunofluorescence. Western blotting was used to assess LC3-II/LC3-I and p62 expression as well as p‑Akt/Akt, p‑mTOR/mTOR ratios.

Results

Compared with the sham group, the general condition scores of the rats in the model group decreased significantly, while the expression of serum NT-proBNP, ST2, IL-6, TNF-α, MMP-2, and MMP-9 increased. The number of autophagosomes in the drug-containing serum group was significantly reduced and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I was significantly decreased. The expression of P62 protein was increased, and the ratios of p‑Akt/Akt and p‑mTOR/mTOR were significantly increased.

Conclusion

Typhaneoside regulates IL-6 and TNF-α as well as MMP-2 and MMP-9 in rats with heart failure after myocardial infarction. Typhaneoside can improve cardiac morphological structure and myocardial remodeling and enhance heart function. It may mediate autophagy inhibition in the cardiomyocyte anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) pathway through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR autophagy transduction pathway.
The brightness dimension as a marker of gender across cultures and age
Authors: Sebastián-Enesco Carla , Semin Gün R.
Published: June 2019

Universally, female skin color is lighter than male skin color, irrespective of geographical location. This difference is a distinctive and universal adaptive pattern that emerges after puberty. We address whether this sexual dimorphism is cognitively and culturally represented to ground gender. To this end, we examine a non-Western, non-industrialized population, namely the Wichí (Salta, Argentina) and a Western industrialized population (Spain). The two cultural populations included both adults and prepubescent children. Across two experiments, we utilized a novel task with children and adults who had to make a choice for a female (male) target person between two identical objects that differed only in terms of their brightness. The results in both experiments revealed that the children from the two cultural communities choose a lighter colored object for the female target and a darker version of the same object for the male target. This pattern held across cultures irrespective of the age of participants, except for the male Wichí participants. We discuss how sexual dimorphism in skin color contributes to a universal grounding of the gender category, and advance possible explanations as to why Wichi males did not consistently link gender and brightness.
Prebiotics: tools to manipulate the gut microbiome and metabolome
Authors: Enam Fatima , Mansell Thomas J
Published: June 2019

The human gut is an ecosystem comprising trillions of microbes interacting with the host. The composition of the microbiota and their interactions play roles in different biological processes and in the development of human diseases. Close relationships between dietary modifications, microbiota composition and health status have been established. This review focuses on prebiotics, or compounds which selectively encourage the growth of beneficial bacteria, their mechanisms of action and benefits to human hosts. We also review advances in synthesis technology for human milk oligosaccharides, part of one of the most well-characterized prebiotic–probiotic relationships. Current and future research in this area points to greater use of prebiotics as tools to manipulate the microbial and metabolic diversity of the gut for the benefit of human health.
A prototype mobile application for the Athens Numismatic Museum
Authors: Chasapis Pantelis , Mitropoulos Sarandis , Douligeris Christos
Published: June 2019

The continuous development of mobile platforms provides the opportunity to integrate and improve existing applications or to introduce new features to make life better. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of mobile platforms in civilization (museums) and present the design and the implementation of a mobile application that satisfies various design criteria. Through this application the visitor can navigate and tour virtually in the museum through a smartphone. In addition, features have been included in the application that make it easier for a user to visit the museum. First, we present the operating parameters and the aesthetic presentation of the application, which delimits usability and ease of access through the interfaces of a smartphone. Then we highlight the cloud features that were exploited in the application. Then, an extended evaluation of the mobile application is presented, that proves its high applicability and user acceptability.
Socioecological risk factors associated with teen pregnancy or birth for young men: A scoping review
Authors: Fasula Amy M. , Chia Victoria , Murray Colleen Crittenden , Brittain Anna , Tevendale Heather , Koumans Emilia H.
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Teen pregnancy prevention typically focuses on young women, overlooking the unique prevention needs of young men. Identifying factors associated with teen pregnancy for young men is essential to developing relevant and effective programming.

Methods

We conducted a scoping review of studies with findings on factors associated with pregnancies/birth specific to young men. We searched Scopus, OVID, and PubMed databases for peer‐reviewed articles published from 2000 to 2015. We reviewed 1750 articles for inclusion of studies conducted in the United States with a sample size greater than 200 that assessed the effect of factors on teen pregnancy/birth using multivariate, male‐specific analyses. Two coders abstracted 48 articles (having established 80% reliability with 10% of the articles). We grouped study variables into factors and used a matrix to summarize findings for each factor. During analysis, 29 articles were excluded for a final sample of 19 articles, each describing a separate study.

Results

Study settings included households, healthcare organizations, schools, neighborhoods, and correctional facilities. Factors showing associations with teen pregnancy/birth included: experiencing childhood abuse; engaging in serious or repeated delinquent behaviors; substance abuse; having a teen parent; serious family disruption; not living with either parent; and Hispanic ethnicity. No studies assessed knowledge and attitudes about contraceptive methods, or access and use of clinical services; and few assessed relationship factors (n = 4) or gender and power (n = 1).

Conclusions

Factors related to disadvantaged social contexts were associated with teen pregnancy/birth. Resilience‐based research may identify protective factors to support vulnerable families and youth.
Role of estradiol in mediation of etomidate‐caused seizure‐like activity in neonatal rats
Authors: Yang Chunyao , Li Changsheng , Sun Jing , Lu Xihua
Published: June 2019

Background

The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of estradiol in mediation of electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormality induced by etomidate in neonatal rats.

Methods

Sprague‐Dawley rats were anesthetized using intraperitoneal etomidate for 2 h on postnatal days (P) 4, 5, or 6 and recorded electroencephalogram in two ways. First, pups were recorded EEG two and a half hours under etomidate anesthesia, in subgroups, estradiol receptor antagonist ICI182780 and estradiol synthase inhibitor formestane were given subcutaneously in male rats 15 min prior to etomidate. Second, pups were anesthetized with etomidate for 2 h on P4,5 or 6 and then recovered from anesthesia, EEG were recorded for one hour in two postnatal periods of P9‐P11 and P14‐P16. Subgroup rats that received bumetanide, NKCC1 inhibitor, to test the NKCC1‐GABAAR signaling effect on neonatal brain development, negative control groups and maternally separated for 2 h on P4, 5, or 6 were studied in 16 groups. Each group's n was = 8.

Results

Male pups showed more severe seizure‐like activities than female pups in P4‐P6 under etomidate anesthesia. Pups pretreated with ICI182780 and formestane showed a less abnormalities of EEG in male rats. Etomidate caused seizure‐like activity in P4‐P6 could extend to P9‐P11, but not seen in P14‐P16, Pretreated with bumetanide only alleviated abnormalities in male pups other than female in P9‐P11.

Conclusions

Estradiol involves in the NKCC1‐GABAAR mediated seizure‐like activity caused by etomidte in neonatal rats and these the abnormality lasts near two weeks.
Phenotypic variability in a series of four pediatric patients with Andersen-Tawil syndrome
Authors: Alrashed Norah A. , Al-Manea Waleed M. , Tulbah Sahar A. , Al-Hassnan Zuhair N.
Published: June 2019

Andersen-Tawil syndrome (ATS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by periodic paralysis, ventricular arrhythmia, and dysmorphic features. However, the classical features are not always seen in the syndrome; therefore, the diagnosis can be challenging. We describe our experience with ATS in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, by presenting a case series involving four patients in the pediatric cardiology clinic confirmed to have ATS. Despite the diversity in phenotypes and clinical course among the four cases, all patients had bidirectional ventricular tachycardia and were confirmed to have ATS by performing genetic testing. In this case series, we identified one novel and three previously described KCNJ2 mutations. We also confirmed the beneficial effect of AAI pacing in one of our patients, together with medical therapy with β-blockers and flecainide. In Saudi Arabia, there is a distinct genetic pool and a high incidence of inherited diseases. Raising awareness about these diseases is crucial, especially in a country such as Saudi Arabia, wherein consanguinity remains a significant factor leading to an increased incidence of inherited diseases. Furthermore, because of the limited information available regarding this rare syndrome, we believe that this case series would offer an opportunity to provide a better understanding of ATS in our local region and worldwide.
Debating International Keynesianism: The Sense of the Acceptable and the Neoliberal Turn at the OECD
Authors: Gayon Vincent
Published: June 2019

Published in 1977 by the OECD in a context of widespread stagflation, the McCracken report has become emblematic of the “neoliberal turn” in international economic cooperation. This study undermines this shared teleological interpretation by revisiting the sense of what was acceptable among the actors mobilized in its writing, and the structural uncertainty into which they were plunged by their attempt to anticipate the economic and political future. Rather than an uncontested victory of neoliberalism, the sociogenetics of this bureaucratic text uncover the coping strategies of the “international Keynesianism” inherited from Bretton Woods and the plausibility structures of this space situated at the confluence of the political, bureaucratic, and academic fields. The dynamic of production is analyzed as a situational logic through which the Secretariat of the OECD was exposed to polymorphic external rationales and resources that collided with and were measured against one another. The report form allowed for this confrontation of informational, bureaucratic, and political capital, in a way objectifying their differential value or exchange rate for the participants. The socially structured expectations of what was feasible, costly, or risky are traced throughout the collective process of composition based on four key moments: the commissioning of the report, the establishment of its framework, the constitution of the group, and the crystallization of the report. The article thus proposes another way of investigating the nature of “turns.”
Paths towards coalition defection: Democracies and withdrawal from the Iraq War
Authors: Mello Patrick A.
Published: June 2019

Despite widespread public opposition to the Iraq War, numerous democracies joined the US-led multinational force. However, while some stayed until the end of coalition operations, and several increased their deployments over time, others left unilaterally. How to explain this variation? While some studies suggest that democratic defection from security commitments is primarily motivated by electoral incentives or leadership change, scholars have not reached a consensus on this issue. To account for the complex interplay between causal factors, this article develops an integrative theoretical framework, using fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) on original data on the Iraq War involvement of 51 leaders from 29 democracies. The findings document the existence of multiple paths towards coalition defection. Among others, the results show that: (1) leadership change led to early withdrawal only when combined with leftist partisanship and the absence of upcoming elections; (2) casualties and coalition commitment played a larger role than previously assumed; and (3) coalition defection often occurred under the same leaders who had made the initial decision to deploy to Iraq, and who did not face elections when they made their withdrawal announcements.
Construction of reduced-order models for fluid flows using deep feedforward neural networks
Authors: Lui Hugo F. S. , Wolf William R.
Published: June 2019

We present a numerical methodology for construction of reduced-order models (ROMs) of fluid flows through the combination of flow modal decomposition and regression analysis. Spectral proper orthogonal decomposition is applied to reduce the dimensionality of the model and, at the same time, filter the proper orthogonal decomposition temporal modes. The regression step is performed by a deep feedforward neural network (DNN), and the current framework is implemented in a context similar to the sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics algorithm. A discussion on the optimization of the DNN hyperparameters is provided for obtaining the best ROMs and an assessment of these models is presented for a canonical nonlinear oscillator and the compressible flow past a cylinder. Then the method is tested on the reconstruction of a turbulent flow computed by a large eddy simulation of a plunging airfoil under dynamic stall. The reduced-order model is able to capture the dynamics of the leading edge stall vortex and the subsequent trailing edge vortex. For the cases analysed, the numerical framework allows the prediction of the flow field beyond the training window using larger time increments than those employed by the full-order model. We also demonstrate the robustness of the current ROMs constructed via DNNs through a comparison with sparse regression. The DNN approach is able to learn transient features of the flow and presents more accurate and stable long-term predictions compared to sparse regression.
A new Changhsingian brachiopod fauna from the Xiala Formation at Tsochen in the central Lhasa Block and its paleogeographical implications
Authors: Xu Hai-peng , Zhang Yi-chun , Qiao Feng , Shen Shu-zhong
Published: June 2019

Permian faunal affinity in the Lhasa Block plays a critical role in reconstructing its paleogeographic evolution. Cisuralian and Guadalupian faunas have been described from the Lhasa Block, but very few Lopingian (late Permian) brachiopods have been reported so far. In this paper, a new diverse brachiopod fauna consisting of 17 species of 17 genera and an unidentifiable Orthotetoidea is described from the uppermost part of the Xiala Formation at the Aduogabu section in the central part of the Lhasa Block. The age of this fauna can be assigned to the Changhsingian (late Lopingian) as indicated by the associated foraminifersColaniella parva(Colani, 1924) andReichelina pulchraMiklukho-Maklay, 1954. Characteristic brachiopods includeSpinomarginifera chengyaoyenensisHuang, 1932,Haydenella wenganensis(Huang, 1932), andAraxathyriscf.dilatatusShen, He, and Zhu, 1992. They also generally suggest a Changhsingian age. Paleobiogeographically, this fauna is uniformly composed of typical Tethyan elements represented bySpinomarginiferaHuang, 1932 andHaydenellaReed, 1944, and some cosmopolitan elements, but no typical cold-water taxa of Gondwanan affinity. This is in contrast to the contemporaneous brachiopod faunas from the Tethys Himalayan region that are characterized by typical cold-water taxa of Gondwanan affinity, e.g.,Costiferina indica(Waagen, 1884),Retimarginifera xizangensisShen et al., 2000,Neospirifer(Quadrospina)tibetensisDing, 1962. Thus, it is strongly indicative that the Lhasa Block had drifted into a relatively warm-water regime during the Changhsingian. An analysis of the paleobiogeographic change of brachiopods in the Lhasa Block throughout the entire Permian further suggests that the Lhasa Block probably had rifted away from the northern peri-Gondwanan margin between the latest Cisuralian and middle Guadalupian, that is, the Neotethys Ocean had opened before middle Guadalupian.
State Regulation of Organized Crime: Politicians, Police, and Drug Trafficking in Argentina
Authors: Flom Hernán
Published: June 2019

In many developing countries with weak formal institutions, the protection of state actors is essential for organized criminal activities and illicit markets to emerge and thrive. This article examines the relationship between the state’s regulation of drug trafficking and its associated violence in highly fragmented markets. It argues that political competition influences coordination among the police, generating different types of regulatory regimes. Police with greater coordination implement protection rackets that curb violence; uncoordinated police carry out particularistic negotiations with drug traffickers that exacerbate criminal violence. This argument is illustrated with a subnational comparison of two Argentine provinces that experienced a similar drug market expansion with different patterns of violence. These cases show how corrupt states can obtain relative order in highly fragmented drug markets, and illustrate police influence in shaping the evolution of drug dealing in metropolitan areas.
Can Violent Protest Change Local Policy Support? Evidence from the Aftermath of the 1992 Los Angeles Riot
Authors: ENOS RYAN D. , KAUFMAN AARON R. , SANDS MELISSA L.
Published: June 2019

Violent protests are dramatic political events, yet we know little about the effect of these events on political behavior. While scholars typically treat violent protests as deliberate acts undertaken in pursuit of specific goals, due to a lack of appropriate data and difficulty in causal identification, there is scant evidence of whether riots can actually increase support for these goals. Using geocoded data, we analyze measures of policy support before and after the 1992 Los Angeles riot—one of the most high-profile events of political violence in recent American history—that occurred just prior to an election. Contrary to some expectations from the academic literature and the popular press, we find that the riot caused a marked liberal shift in policy support at the polls. Investigating the sources of this shift, we find that it was likely the result of increased mobilization of both African American and white voters. Remarkably, this mobilization endures over a decade later.
An experimental community: the East India Company in London, 1600–1800
Authors: WINTERBOTTOM ANNA
Published: June 2019

The early East India Company (EIC) had a profound effect on London, filling the British capital with new things, ideas and people; altering its streets; and introducing exotic plants and animals. Company commodities – from saltpetre to tea to opium – were natural products and the EIC sought throughout the period to understand how to produce and control them. In doing so, the company amassed information, designed experiments and drew on the expertise of people in the settlements and of individuals and institutions in London. Frequent collaborators in London included the Royal Society and the Society of Apothecaries. Seeking success in the settlements and patronage in London, company servants amassed large amounts of data concerning natural objects and artificial practices. Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, company scholars and their supporters in London sought to counter critiques of the EIC by demonstrating the utility to the nation of the objects and ideas they brought home. The EIC transformed itself several times between 1600 and 1800. Nonetheless, throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, its knowledge culture was characterized by reliance on informal networks that linked the settlements with one another and with London.
Adherence to a healthy eating index from pre-school to school age and its associations with sociodemographic and early life factors
Authors: da Costa Marta Pinto , Durão Catarina , Lopes Carla , Vilela Sofia
Published: June 2019

Childhood is considered an important period for the development of healthy eating behaviours. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of early life factors and sociodemographic characteristics, including early diet quality, on diet quality at 7 years. The sample includes 5013 children evaluated at the ages of 4 and 7 years from the Portuguese birth cohort Generation XXI with complete information on FFQ. A healthy eating index was developed at both ages to assess adherence to the WHO’s dietary recommendations, including eight food groups. Consumption quartiles were obtained for each group at 4 years and assigned a score between 1 and 4. A higher score represents a higher adherence to a better diet (range: 8 to 32). The associations between early life factors and sociodemographic characteristics and the score of the healthy eating index at 7 years were evaluated through linear regression models. The healthy eating index had an average score of 21⋅4 ± 3⋅53 (range: 12 to 32) at 4 years and 20⋅3 ± 3⋅36 (range: 11 to 31) at 7 years. After adjustment for confounders, a positive association was found between the healthy eating index at 4 and 7 years (β = 0⋅384, 95 % CI 0⋅356, 0⋅441). Maternal years of education (β = 0⋅094, 95 % CI 0⋅071, 0⋅116) and dietary score (β = 0⋅182, 95 % CI 0⋅155, 0⋅209) were positively associated with increasing dietary quality from 4 to 7 years. A healthier diet at preschool age, higher maternal education and a healthier diet increase the likelihood of maintaining a high healthy eating index score at school age.
New insights into the association of mid-childhood macronutrient intake to pubertal development in adolescence using nutritional geometry
Authors: Cheng Hoi Lun , Raubenheimer David , Steinbeck Katharine , Baur Louise , Garnett Sarah
Published: June 2019

Nutritional geometry (NG) is a novel dietary analysis approach that considers nutrient balance, rather than single nutrient effects, on health and behaviour. Through NG, recent animal experiments have found that lifespan and reproduction are differentially altered by dietary macronutrient distribution. Epidemiological research using NG reports similar findings for human ageing. Yet, the relation of macronutrient balance to human reproduction, especially reproductive maturation, remains undefined. We studied the impact of childhood macronutrient intake on pubertal maturation, by applying NG to an Australian longitudinal adolescent dataset. Food records, collected at age 8 years from 142 pre-pubertal children (females, 92; males, 50), were analysed for absolute energy, percentage energy and energy-adjusted residuals from protein, carbohydrate and fat. Pubertal stage change (assessed at 8, 13 and 15 years) was modelled to obtain individual mathematical estimates of pubertal timing and tempo. Timing of menarche was recorded. The association of macronutrients to pubertal timing/tempo was assessed via NG, involving generalised additive models and heat maps to aid interpretation. Results showed lower dietary protein (relative to carbohydrate and fat) in girls consistently predicted earlier pubertal timing and menarche, and was related to faster pubertal tempo (allP< 0·05). No significant associations were identified in boys for both timing and tempo. Results suggest a role of non-protein macronutrients in facilitating female maturation; corroborating feeding and reproductive behaviour patterns observed in earlier NG studies of primates. Application of NG to other adolescent datasets is required to confirm the present findings. Such work would advance understanding of how nutrient balance shapes human development and health.
MENELAUS’ WOUND (AND LAVINIA'S BLUSH)
Authors: Oliensis Ellen
Published: June 2019

The focus of this note is the simile attached to Menelaus’ wound in Iliad 4 and its Virgilian transformation in Aeneid 12. My goal is to flesh out and specify the sense of the Homeric simile; as the parentheses in my title suggest, I call upon Virgil chiefly as a fellow-interpreter. Since an important part of my argument is that the simile only takes on its full significance when considered in its narrative context, I begin by setting the scene.
THE SKIN OF A SWALLOW: APULEIUS,METAMORPHOSES6.26
Authors: Adkins Evelyn
Published: June 2019

In Book 6 of Apuleius’Metamorphoses, Lucius contemplates his possible death at the hands of the robbers. After one robber threatens to throw him off a cliff, he remarks to himself how easily such an act would kill him (Met.6.26):

‘uides istas rupinas proximas et praeacutas in his prominentes silices, quae te penetrantes antequam decideris membratim dissipabunt? nam et illa ipsa praeclara magia tua uultum laboresque tibi tantum asini, uerum corium non asini crassum, sed hirudinis tenue membranulum circumdedit. quin igitur masculum tandem sumis animum tuaeque saluti, dum licet, consulis?’

‘Do you see that ravine nearby and the sharp rocks jutting into it which will impale you before you hit the bottom and tear you limb from limb? For that wondrous magic of yours gave you only the appearance and hardships of an ass, but in truth it surrounded you not with the thick hide of an ass but with the thin little membrane of a leech. Why not, therefore, take up your manly spirit at last and seek your safety while you can?’

Lucius seems to contradict the description of his metamorphosis at 3.24:pili mei crassantur in setas, et cutis tenella duratur in corium, ‘my hair thickens into bristles and my thin skin hardens into hide’.Met. 6.26 suggests that Lucius’ metamorphosis may not be as complete as it initially seemed: his skin is not the thick hide of an ass but the delicate membrane of a leech. This passage is further complicated by a textual dispute: where all modern editions and most translations readhirudinis, ‘leech’, our earliest and best manuscripts havehirundinis, ‘swallow’. I propose that we should restore ‘swallow’ on the testimony of these manuscripts and because it better reflects Lucius’ initial desire for an avian rather than an asinine transformation. My examination of this passage will also highlight the liminal nature of Lucius’ metamorphosis. Despite his apparent physical transformation, he remains caught between the human and the animal worlds in both mind and body.
The Permian–Triassic boundary Lung Cam expanded section, Vietnam, as a high-resolution proxy for the GSSP at Meishan, China
Authors: Ellwood Brooks B. , Nestell Galina P. , Lan Luu Thi Phuong , Nestell Merlynd K. , Tomkin Jonathan H. , Ratcliffe Kenneth T. , Wang Wei-Hsung , Rowe Harry , Nguyen Thanh Dung , Nguyen Chien Thang , Dang Tran Huyen
Published: June 2019

The Lung Cam expanded stratigraphic succession in Vietnam is correlated herein to the Meishan D section in China, the GSSP for the Permian–Triassic boundary. The first appearance datum of the conodontHindeodus parvusat Meishan defines the Permian–Triassic boundary, and using published graphic correlation, the Permian–Triassic boundary level has been projected into the Lung Cam section. Using time-series analysis of magnetic susceptibility (χ) data, it is determined thatH. parvusarrived at Lung Cam ∼18 kyr before the Permian–Triassic boundary. Data indicate that the Lung Cam section is expanded by ∼90 % relative to the GSSP section at Meishan. Given the expanded Lung Cam section, it is possible to resolve the timing of significant events during the Permian–Triassic transition with high precision. These events include major stepped extinctions, beginning at ∼135 kyr and ending at ∼110 kyr below the Permian–Triassic boundary, with a duration of ∼25 kyr, followed by deposition of Lung Cam ash Bed + 13, which is equivalent to Siberian Traps volcanism is graphically correlated to a precession Time-series model, placing onset of this major volcanic event at ~242 kyr before the PTB. The Meishan Beds 25 and 26, at ∼100 kyr before the Permian–Triassic boundary. In addition, the elemental geochemical, carbon and oxygen isotope stratigraphy, and magnetostratigraphy susceptibility datasets from Lung Cam allow good correlation to other Permian–Triassic boundary succession. These datasets are helpful when the conodont biostratigraphy is poorly known in sections with problems such as lithofacies variability, or is undefined, owing possibly to lithofacies exclusions, anoxia or for other reasons. The Lung Pu Permian–Triassic boundary section, ∼45 km from Lung Cam, is used to test these problems.
Phonetic effects of morphology and context: Modeling the duration of word-final S in English with naïve discriminative learning
Authors: TOMASCHEK FABIAN , PLAG INGO , ERNESTUS MIRJAM , BAAYEN R. HARALD
Published: June 2019

Recent research on the acoustic realization of affixes has revealed differences between phonologically homophonous affixes, e.g. the different kinds of final [s] and [z] in English (Plag, Homann & Kunter 2017, Zimmermann 2016a). Such results are unexpected and unaccounted for in widely accepted post-Bloomfieldian item-and-arrangement models (Hockett 1954), which separate lexical and post-lexical phonology, and in models which interpret phonetic effects as consequences of different prosodic structure. This paper demonstrates that the differences in duration of English final S as a function of the morphological function it expresses (non-morphemic, plural, third person singular, genitive, genitive plural, cliticizedhas, and cliticizedis) can be approximated by considering the support for these morphological functions from the words’ sublexical and collocational properties. We estimated this support using naïve discriminative learning and replicated previous results for English vowels (Tucker, Sims & Baayen 2019), indicating that segment duration is lengthened under higher functional certainty but shortened under functional uncertainty. We discuss the implications of these results, obtained with a wide learning network that eschews representations for morphemes and exponents, for models in theoretical morphology as well as for models of lexical processing.
Filial expectation among Chinese immigrants in the United States of America: a cohort comparison
Authors: Guo Man , Byram Elizabeth , Dong Xinqi
Published: June 2019

Relying on two unique data-sets on Chinese older immigrants (N = 3,157) and younger immigrants with ageing parents (N = 469) in Chicago, this study compared the level of filial expectation among the two groups and examined the predictors and mental health implications of having high filial expectation among each group. Results of t-tests, logistic regression and negative binominal analyses showed that, regardless of socio-demographic variables, acculturation, physical health and family relations, Chinese adult children had higher filial expectations on themselves than older immigrants’ filial expectation on the younger generation. Chinese older immigrants who had less education, lower levels of acculturation, poorer health and closer relationships with children reported higher filial expectation. In the cohort of younger immigrants, high filial expectation was associated with lower income, better health and closer relations with their parents. In addition, having high filial expectation was associated with lower levels of depression and anxiety among the older immigrants, but not among the younger cohort. The results indicated that, whereas Chinese older immigrants seemed to adapt their filial expectation in the new society, the younger cohort still strongly adhere to this traditional family norm. Maintaining strong filial expectation might be a protective factor for older immigrants’ mental health. Practice and policy implications of these findings are discussed in the paper.
How to Deal with the Inevitable: Generating Real-World Data and Using Real-World Evidence for HTA Purposes – From Theory to Action
Authors: Oortwijn Wija , Sampietro-Colom Laura , Trowman Rebecca
Published: June 2019

Objectives

Real-world evidence (RWE), derived from real-world data (RWD), is already used, to some extent, for health technology assessment (HTA) purposes. With the increased availability of RWD, there is potential for more widespread use but also challenges ensuring reliable RWE for HTA. Opportunities to overcome key challenges, identified at a scoping meeting, were discussed during the 2019 HTA international (HTAi) Global Policy Forum (GPF).

Methods

Reflection of discussions using Design Thinking (an interactive process aimed to solve complex problems) between seventy-three representatives from not-for-profit, for-profit organizations, and HTAi leadership. The discussions were informed by a background paper, and presentations from three invited keynote speakers and eleven GPF members.

Results

Several options were listed for addressing the identified key challenges: quality and acceptability, governance and accountability, transferability, and informing decision making. The GPF emphasized that the HTA community should first understand what questions could be answered with RWE. Additionally, more clarity on methods, standards, streamlining RWD collection, data sharing across jurisdictions, replication of RWD, and expert analysis were mentioned as important priorities.

Conclusions

The HTA community is currently standing at a cross-road as it is not yet fully equipped to address these key challenges. It is, therefore, time for action. The community should start aligning on what is the best source of evidence according to purpose and how the data should be collected to create reliable evidence. It should also initiate the development of actions and guidance to properly develop and manage RWD/RWE to inform decision making across the technology lifecycle.
Beyond first-degree heart block in the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever
Authors: Agnew Joshua , Wilson Nigel , Skinner Jonathan , Nicholson Ross
Published: June 2019

Objectives:

First-degree heart block is a minor manifestation of acute rheumatic fever. Second and third degree heart block and junctional rhythms occur less commonly. We report patients presenting with these latter three electrocardiographic abnormalities and investigate their diagnostic utility.

Design:

Patients admitted to our centre meeting the 2014 New Zealand Rheumatic Fever Guideline Diagnostic Criteria for rheumatic fever over a 5-year period from January 2010 to December 2014 were identified. Clinical, haematologic, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic records were reviewed. Electrocardiograms (ECG) were considered abnormal if there was second- or third-degree atrioventricular block or junctional rhythms. Comparative data from patients with advanced conduction abnormalities without a diagnosis of rheumatic fever during the same time period were reviewed.

Results:

A total of 201 patients met inclusion criteria for rheumatic fever. Of these, 17 (8.5%) had transient abnormalities of atrioventricular conduction, 5 (2.5%) with second or third-degree atrioventricular block, and 12 (6%) junctional rhythms. The remaining 173 (86%) patients had evidence of rheumatic valvulitis at presentation. Only one patient without rheumatic fever was found to have advanced conduction abnormalities over the study period, from a total of 3702 ECG.

Conclusions:

This large contemporary cohort of acute rheumatic fever shows that 8.5% of cases had either advanced atrioventricular block or junctional rhythms both highly suggestive of the diagnosis in our population.