bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Congenital Malformations of the Cricoid Cartilage: Upper Airway Obstruction and Treatment Strategy
Authors: Gombert Edwige , Gorostidi Francois , Sandu Kishore
Published: March 2023

Objectives

To review treatment and outcomes in patients with congenital cricoid cartilage malformation.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of patients with diagnosis of congenital cricoid malformation (CCM) treated in a single tertiary pediatric referral center between 1985 and 2022. Patients were grouped according to the morphology of the cricoid cartilage that was diagnosed during endoscopy. We reviewed the treatment strategy(s), decannulation rate, complications, and functional outcomes.

Results

Twenty‐nine patients were grouped into four morphological subtypes of cricoid cartilage: 10 patients had a hypoplastic cricoid, eight had an elliptic shape, five had severe anterior thickening, and six an accentuated V‐shape posterior cricoid plate. Twenty‐four patients underwent surgery, and five were closely followed up without surgical treatment. Eight patients had a tracheostomy prior to surgery, and the majority had a hypoplastic cricoid. Most patients (20 out of 24) required additional procedures postoperatively to achieve an age‐appropriate airway. Thirteen patients needed endoscopic dilatation(s) and granulation tissue removal; four needed more aggressive treatment, and three patients required revision open surgery. Decannulation was achieved after a median of 4.5 months in all previously tracheostomized patients. Endoscopy at the last follow‐up showed an age‐appropriate airway in 27 patients; 20 patients had normal oral feeding, and 11 patients had a normal voice.

Conclusion

Endoscopy is important to diagnose CCM and most of the time patients would need only watchful waiting. In this report, surgery was required for patients who continued to remain symptomatic and had a compromised airway. The type of surgery depends on the type of cricoid malformation and the grade of stenosis.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 133:3185–3191, 2023
Crop residue return and nitrogen fertilizer reduction alleviate soil acidification in China's croplands
Authors: Zuo Wengang , Yi Siqiang , Gu Binxian , Zhou Yuxi , Qin Tianyang , Li Yunlong , Shan Yuhua , Gu Chuanhui , Bai Yanchao
Published: March 2023

Accurate knowledge of the soil pH in China's croplands is essential to control soil acidification and improve soil quality and sustainability of agricultural systems. Here, this study analyzed the soil pH in China's croplands and its change based on a comprehensive investigation of 8.9 million soil samples from 2534 counties. We show that China's croplands were mainly composed of weakly acidic soils (34.9%) and alkaline soils (35.3%), and the mean soil pH (0–20 cm) was 6.74–6.83 in 2010 at the national scale. Weakened acidification was observed in China's cropland soils with 0.11 units during 1980–2010. Soil acidification occurred mainly in southern, eastern, and northeastern provinces, especially in Liaoning, Hainan, Jilin, and Heilongjiang. The changes in soil pH in China's croplands during 1980–2010 were driven by initial soil pH, mean annual precipitation, crop biomass removal, and nitrogen fertilizer input, with the latter two explaining 20.9% of the total variation. Given this, four scenarios with different crop residue and nitrogen fertilizer inputs were designed to assess soil pH changes in China's croplands during 2020–2050. The results show that soil acidification will continue under existing agricultural production practices. Increasing crop residue input and reducing nitrogen fertilizer input can effectively alleviate soil acidification and even increase soil pH over the next 30 years. We also proposed targeted fertilization and crop residue returning strategies to further alleviate soil acidification in different provinces by considering current agricultural management practices.
Decoupling and partitioning the effect of climate and afforestation on long‐term vegetation greening in China since the 1990s
Authors: Li Peng , Tiantian Chen , Yuxi Wang , Qiang Wang
Published: March 2023

Vegetation is an essential component of the Earth's surface system, and is a clear indicator to global climate changes. Understanding the long‐term characteristics of vegetation variations and their relationship to climate and human activities is important for regional sustainable development and ecological construction. In this study the ensemble empirical mode decomposition, the breaks for additive seasonal and trend algorithm and trend analysis were applied to obtain the spatiotemporal characteristics of the long‐term interannual normalized difference vegetation index in China. Partial least squares‐structural equation modeling and geographically weighted regression were used to separate the effects of climate and human activities on vegetation greening and achieve the partitioning of these driving forces. The results suggested that vegetation growth in China experienced an abrupt change in 1995, there was obvious vegetation ‘browning’ during 1990–1995, and noticeable vegetation recovery from 1996 to 2018 (slope = 0.129/yr, p = 0.009). Spatially, vegetation ‘greening’ was occurred in central and southern China, reflecting the positive effect of ecological restoration projects on vegetation growth. Climate was a directly main driving force for vegetation greening in China. It played a positive role in South China, but had a negative effect in Northwest China. Improving socio‐economic conditions had a slightly negative impact on vegetation greening, while afforestation played a direct and obvious role in promoting vegetation growth, especially in Northwest China. Furthermore, afforestation and socio‐economic conditions would also indirectly affect vegetation growth by directly influencing the local microclimate, and the indirect effect of them on vegetation growth was far greater than its direct impact in some cases; therefore, research attention should be paid to the indirect effects of these driving forces on vegetation growth. There was obvious spatial heterogeneity in the effects of different forces on vegetation greening in China, and the dominant driving force of vegetation change in each geographical region also differed.
Changes in soil and litter properties differentially influence soil nematode communities across three successional stages in two contrasting forests
Authors: Wang Mengmeng , Yu Binbin , Shen Zhifeng , Zhao Lina , Zhang Jie , Cui Yang , Fan Zongji , Zu Weizhong , Dai Guanhua , Zhang Weixin , Fu Shenglei , Shao Yuanhu
Published: March 2023

Understanding the linkages between aboveground and belowground ecosystems is important for explaining the variation in soil organisms with plant communities on a spatiotemporal scale. Here, soil nematode communities were investigated across three successional stages (early, mid, and late) in two contrasting forests at low and high latitudes in China. We found that forest succession affected the relative abundance of some nematode trophic groups, whereas it did not alter the total nematode abundance in the two forests. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis showed that nematode community composition changed significantly from the early and mid‐stages to the late stage. The mantel analysis showed that total soil P at low latitude and litter C:N ratio at high latitude were more closely related to the variation in nematode community during forest succession, respectively. Total nematode diversity increased marginally with forest succession at low latitude, but first increased and then decreased with forest succession at high latitude. Interestingly, total nematode diversity was related to plant‐feeding nematode diversity during forest succession in both the forests. In addition, structural equation models showed that the diversity of different nematode trophic groups was directly affected by forest succession and indirectly affected by the quantity of soil resources and the quality of soil and litter. More importantly, forest succession drives total nematode diversity by directly affecting plant‐feeding nematode diversity. Collectively, forest succession alters the diversity and increases the dissimilarity of soil nematode communities. However, changes in soil and litter properties during forest succession at different latitudes differentially influence nematode communities.
Biochemical composition, bioactivity, processing, and food applications of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus): A review
Authors: Bepary Rejaul Hoque , Roy Arnab , Pathak Khanin , Deka Sankar Chandra
Published: March 2023

The winged bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) D.C., is called the four‐angled bean or Goa bean, which is an underutilized, non‐conventional, and multipurpose tropical legume cultivated in Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea. The objective of this article was to reveal a comprehensive view on the nutritional properties, biochemical compositions, health benefits, processing, and food applications of winged beans. The average moisture, carbohydrate, protein, fat, crude fiber, and ash content of 138 genotypes of winged bean seeds were found as 9.09 ± 1.73%, 26.81 ± 6.88%, 34.98 ± 4.63%, 18.01 ± 2.27%, 10.24 ± 5.49%, and 4.16 ± 0.41%, respectively. Leaves of winged beans are good sources of vitamins such as vitamin C (14.5–128 mg/100 g), thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin A (5240–20,800 IU), and vitamin E. The seed of winged beans is rich in calcium, iron, phosphorus, zinc, and copper. The anti‐nutritional factors, namely, trypsin inhibitor, chymotrypsin inhibitor, phytic acid, saponin, tannin, oxalate, and flatulence saccharides of winged bean, were reported to be in the range of 40–99.5 TIU/mg of protein, 86.4–109.6 CIU/mg of protein, 4.09%–9.96%, 0.6%, 0.77%–0.97%, 0.5%, and 0.04%–0.18%, respectively. This bean can prevent diabetes, cancer, and asthma, boost immunity, and promote women's and men's reproductive health. Winged are transformed into consumable form by processing methods such as soaking, cooking, sprouting, fermentation, roasting, and so forth. This bean is processed into traditional products (curries, soup, pickles, etc.) and contemporary products (milk, tofu, tempeh, etc.). Future research should focus on promoting its utilization as an alternative to soybeans toward meeting global food and nutritional security.
The proximal self: Why material objects are particularly relevant for consumers' self‐definition
Authors: Scharfenberger Philipp , Wentzel Daniel , Warlop Luk , Riegler Verena
Published: March 2023

Previous research has extensively investigated the relationships that consumers create and maintain with their possessions. However, little is known about why material objects (compared to immaterial ones) may be particularly relevant for consumers' self‐definition. In this research, we argue that being physically close to objects helps consumers to feel psychologically close to the more abstract meaning of these objects. Four experimental studies provide converging support for this reasoning. Specifically, these studies indicate that being proximal to an object reduces the psychological distance to the object's meaning and enhances the benefits that consumers associate with the object. Moreover, the effect of bodily proximity on perceived benefits is moderated by separation anxiety, such that consumers that are highly anxious about being separated from the object's meaning derive higher benefits from being proximal to it. The findings contribute to research on the extended self and highlight the potential importance of physical proximity as a motivational driver of consumer behavior.
Partially observable corporate social responsibility: The limits of differentiation
Authors: Calveras Aleix , Sákovics József
Published: March 2023

We investigate investment incentives in credence corporate social responsibility under different market structures. In duopoly, for high enough investment transparency (IT), exactly one firm invests in the clean technology: They differentiate their products. If the firms merge, with high enough IT and product traceability, the monopolist also invests in (only) one plant, but the necessary IT for investment is higher. Without product traceability, whenever the monopolist invests, it is in both plants, but the IT required for investment is even higher. We conclude that “green” competition policy must be nuanced, taking into account (or regulating) both transparency and traceability.
Ulam type stability for Caputo–Hadamard fractional functional stochastic differential equations with delay
Authors: Rhaima Mohamed
Published: March 2023

This paper addresses the existence of stability results for Ulam–Hyers (UHS) and Ulam–Hyers–Rassias (UHRS) in the setting of Caputo–Hadamard fractional functional stochastic differential equations with delay (FFSDEwD). We first prove existence and uniqueness using Banach fixed point theorem coupled with standard stochastic analysis techniques. Then, we deal with UHS and UHRS results of Caputo–Hadamard FFSDEwD through an application of Gronwall inequality. Our theoretical findings are corroborated with two numerical examples.
Validation of the Basel Extent of Rationing of Nursing Care for Nursing Homes and Home Care, a Swedish version
Authors: Andersson Ingrid , Bååth Carina , Nilsson Jan , Eklund Anna Josse
Published: March 2023

Aim

The aim of the study was to translate, adapt and validate the instrument Basel Extent of Rationing of Nursing Care for Nursing Homes and Home Care for use in the Swedish community health care context.

Design

A cross‐sectional study. Data were collected from October 2019 to January 2020, and the questionnaire was sent to Registered Nurses, Enrolled Nurses and assistant nurses.

Methods

The study was performed in four phases: (1) translation, (2) adaptation of the Basel Extent of Rationing of Nursing Care for Nursing Homes and Home Care to the Swedish context, (3) content validity testing, and (4) evaluation of psychometric properties. The collected data resulted in 611 responses. Explorative factor analysis was performed to explore the interrelationship, and Cronbach's alpha was used to evaluate the internal consistency.

Results

Explorative factor analysis presented six factors/subscales: (1) fundamental care, (2) timely needed‐based care, (3) dignity and support, (4) ensuring respectful treatment, (5) social activities, and (6) documentation, planning and reporting. The Cronbach's alpha for the components showed values between 0.7 and 0.9.

Conclusion

The analyses indicate an instrument to be usable for Enrolled Nurses and nurse assistants in community health care. Additional tests, can contribute to refining the content of the items and further test reliability and validity of the instrument.

No patient or public contribution

As this is a study of translation and validation of the instrument Basel Extent of Rationing of Nursing Care for Nursing Homes and Home Care.
Positive end‐expiratory pressure and postoperative complications in patients with obesity: a review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Choi Jae Y. , Al‐Saedy Miriam A. , Carlson Brian
Published: March 2023

Objective

In patients with obesity, use of positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) > 5 cm H2O (centimeters of water) has been shown to prevent intraoperative atelectasis. This study compares the rate of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) associated with PEEP > 5 cm H2O and PEEP ≤ 5 cm H2O in patients with obesity who underwent surgery under general anesthesia with mechanical ventilation.

Methods

This study searched Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) using the terms “PEEP,” “anesthesia,” and “ventilation.” Cochrane ReviewManager (RevMan) version 5 was used for data analysis. The primary outcome was a composite of PPCs, including atelectasis, pneumonia, pneumothorax, and acute respiratory failure.

Results

The initial search identified 903 titles and abstracts, and 4 randomized controlled trials were included for analysis. We included a total of 2116 participants from four randomized controlled trials that compared PEEP ≤ 5 cm H2O with PEEP > 5 cm H2O in adult patients with obesity. There was no statistically significant difference in PPCs between the PEEP ≤ 5 cm H2O and PEEP > 5 cm H2O groups (risk ratio = 2.21, 95% CI: 0.41‐11.83; p = 0.35). However, a significant heterogeneity was found within included studies (I2 = 53%).

Conclusions

It is unclear whether PEEP > 5 cm H2O improves the postoperative clinical outcome in patients with obesity, which is in contrast to previously established evidence that it reduces atelectasis in patients with obesity.
Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with weight‐loss attempts and perception of overweight independent of BMI: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Pesonen Emilia , Nurkkala Marjukka , Niemelä Maisa , Morin‐Papunen Laure , Tapanainen Juha S. , Jämsä Timo , Korpelainen Raija , Ollila Meri‐Maija , Piltonen Terhi T.
Published: March 2023

Objective

Up to 70% of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have pre‐obesity or obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether women with PCOS have more weight‐loss attempts than women without PCOS, regardless of BMI. Moreover, women's weight perceptions in relation to previous weight‐loss attempts were evaluated.

Methods

A population‐based birth cohort study included women with (n = 278) and without PCOS (control individuals, n = 1560) who were examined at ages 31 and 46 years with questionnaires and clinical examinations.

Results

Women with PCOS had more weight‐loss attempts compared with control individuals at age 31 (47% vs. 34%, p < 0.001) and 46 years (63% vs. 47%, p < 0.001). At age 46 years, PCOS was associated with multiple weight‐loss attempts in the adjusted model (odds ratio: 1.43 [95% CI: 1.00‐2.03], p = 0.05). The perception of having overweight was more prevalent in those with PCOS, even among participants with normal weight, at age 31 (PCOS 47% vs. control 34%, p = 0.014) and 46 years (PCOS 60% vs. control 39%, p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Women with PCOS were more likely to have experienced multiple weight‐loss attempts and a perception of having overweight compared with control individuals, regardless of obesity status.
Elektronik auf Lichtfrequenzen
Authors: Boolakee Tobias , Hommelhoff Peter
Published: March 2023

Ultrakurze und intensive Laserimpulse ermöglichen es, Elektronen in Festkörpern auf der Attosekunden‐Zeitskala zu lenken. In Graphen‐Gold‐Strukturen lassen sich dabei lichtfeldinduzierte Ströme unterscheiden, die aus der Anregung von realen oder virtuellen Ladungsträgern resultieren. Mithilfe der zeitlichen Symmetrie der genauen Laser‐Wellenform lassen sich die zwei Arten von Ladungsträgern individuell ansprechen. Das hat es uns ermöglicht, ein potenziell lichtschnelles logisches Gatter zu realisieren.
Learning to make a difference for chILD: Value creation through network collaboration and team science
Authors: McKnight Lauren , Schultz André , Vidic Nada , Palmer Elizabeth E. , Jaffe Adam
Published: March 2023

Addressing the recognized challenges and inequalities in providing high quality healthcare for rare diseases such as children's interstitial lung disease (chILD) requires collaboration across institutional, geographical, discipline, and system boundaries. The Children's Interstitial Lung Disease Respiratory Network of Australia and New Zealand (chILDRANZ) is an example of a clinical network that brings together multidisciplinary health professionals for collaboration, peer learning, and advocacy with the goal of improving the diagnosis and management of this group of rare and ultra‐rare conditions. This narrative review explores the multifaceted benefits arising from social learning spaces within rare disease clinical networks by applying the value creation framework. The operation of the chILDRANZ network is used as an example across the framework to highlight how value is generated, realized, and transferred within such collaborative clinical and research networks. The community of practice formed in the chILDRANZ multidisciplinary meetings provides a strong example of social learning that engages with the uncertainty inherent in rare disease diagnosis and management and pays attention to generate new knowledge and best practice to make a difference for children and families living with chILD. This review underscores international calls for further investment in, and support of, collaborative clinical networks and virtual centers of excellence for rare disease.
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for development and applications of a virtual celiac disease population using felodipine as a model drug
Authors: Salem Farzaneh , Nimavardi Ali , Mudunuru Jennypher , Tompson Debra , Bloomer Jackie , Turner David B. , Taskar Kunal S.
Published: March 2023

In celiac disease (CeD), gastrointestinal CYP3A4 abundance and morphology is affected by the severity of disease. Therefore, exposure to CYP3A4 substrates and extent of drug interactions is altered. A physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) population for different severities of CeD was developed. Gastrointestinal physiology parameters, such as luminal pH, transit times, morphology, P‐gp, and CYP3A4 expression were included in development of the CeD population. Data on physiological difference between healthy and CeD subjects were incorporated into the model as the ratio of celiac to healthy. A PBPK model was developed and verified for felodipine extended‐release tablet in healthy volunteers (HVs) and then utilized to verify the CeD populations. Plasma concentration‐time profile and PK parameters were predicted and compared against those observed in both groups. Sensitivity analysis was carried out on key system parameters in CeD to understand their impact on drug exposure. For felodipine, the predicted mean concentration‐time profiles and 5th and 95th percentile intervals captured the observed profile and variability in the HV and CeD populations. Predicted and observed clearance was 56.9 versus 56.1 (L/h) in HVs. Predicted versus observed mean ± SD area under the curve for extended release felodipine in different severities of CeD were values of 14.5 ± 9.6 versus 14.4 ± 2.1, 14.6 ± 9.0 versus 17.2 ± 2.8, and 28.1 ± 13.5 versus 25.7 ± 5.0 (ng.h/mL), respectively. Accounting for physiology differences in a CeD population accurately predicted the PK of felodipine. The developed CeD population can be applied for determining the drug concentration of CYP3A substrates in the gut as well as for systemic levels, and for application in drug–drug interaction studies.
Improved model reference‐based adaptive nonlinear dynamic inversion for fault‐tolerant flight control
Authors: Li Yu , Liu Xiaoxiong , Ming Ruichen , Li Kecheng , Zhang Weiguo
Published: March 2023

Due to lack of robustness, Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion (NDI) control cannot resist the influence of disturbances. In this paper, an adaptive fault‐tolerant control method, called Improved Model Reference‐based Adaptive NDI (IMR‐ANDI), is proposed and applied to develop a fault‐tolerant flight controller to improve robustness to faults and disturbances. To improve the estimation accuracy, this paper also modified the piecewise‐constant adaptation, which improves the accuracy of adaptive estimation without increasing the sampling frequency. Moreover, a low‐pass filter is introduced to the control law creatively to weaken the disturbance of high‐frequency dynamics to the adaptation, which balances the dynamic performance and robustness as well as prevents the system oscillation. Finally, a fault‐tolerant flight controller is developed based on the IMR‐ANDI and verified under the actuator fault and center of gravity variations. All simulation and hardware‐in‐the‐loop experiment results conform to the theoretical analysis, indicating that the developed IMR‐ANDI fault‐tolerant controller is robust to faults and disturbances and can achieve expected control performance.
Anti‐HER2 scFv‐nCytc‐Modified Lipid‐Encapsulated Oxygen Nanobubbles Prepared with Bulk Nanobubble Water for Inducing Apoptosis and Improving Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Tian Jilai , Wan Shixiao , Tian Jing , Liu Liming , Xia Jintao , Hu Yunfeng , Yang Zhen , Zhao Huanhuan , Wang Haixiang , Guo Yichen , Guo Jun
Published: March 2023

Bulk nanobubbles fascinate scientists because of their stability over long periods of time and their ability to carry gases, leading to numerous potential applications. Considering the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and the advantages of bulk nanobubbles, lipid‐encapsulated oxygen nanobubbles are prepared from free bulk oxygen nanobubbles in this study. The obtained carrier is then modified with a protein fused with the single‐chain antibody of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (anti‐HER2 scFv) and tandem‐repeat cytochrome c (anti‐HER2 scFv‐nCytc) to enhance tumor targeting and induce tumor apoptosis. Copper phthalocyanine is used as the photosensitizer to demonstrate how the oxygen in the nanobubbles affects the efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT). The combination of anti‐HER2 scFv‐nCytc and PDT synergistically improves the therapeutic effect and alleviates hypoxia in tumors in vivo while causing little inflammatory response. Based on the findings, bulk nanobubble water shows promise in the targeted delivery of oxygen and can be combined with antibody therapy to enhance the efficiency of PDT.
Toward Precision Deposition of Conductive Charge‐Transfer Complex Crystals Using Nanoelectrochemistry
Authors: Kilani Mohamed , Ahmed Mostak , Mayyas Mohannad , Wang Yifang , Kalantar‐Zadeh Kourosh , Mao Guangzhao
Published: March 2023

The lack of understanding for precise synthesis and assembly of nano‐entities remains a major challenge for nanofabrication. Electrocrystallization of a charge‐transfer complex (CTC), tetrathiafulvalene bromide (TTF)Br, is studied on micro/nanoelectrodes for precision deposition of functional materials. The study reveals new insights into the entire CTC electrocrystallization process from the initial nanocluster nucleation to the final elongated crystals with hollow ends grown from the working electrode to the neighboring receiving electrode. On microelectrodes, the number of nucleation sites is reduced to one by lowering the applied overpotential or precursor concentration. Certain current–time transients exhibit significant induction periods prior to stable nucleus growth. The induction regime contains small fluctuating current spikes consistent with stochastic formation of precritical nanoclusters with lifetimes of 0.1–30 s and sizes of 20–160 nm. Electrochemical analyses further reveal rate, size distribution, and formation/dissipation dynamics of the nanoclusters. Crystal growth of (TTF)Br is further studied on triangular nanoelectrode patterns with thickness of 5–500 nm, which shows a mass‐transfer‐controlled process applicable for precision deposition of functional (TTF)Br crystals. This study, for the first time, establishes CTC nanoelectrochemistry as a platform technology for precise deposition of conductive crystal assemblies spanning the source and drain electrode for sensing applications.
Construction of Localized High‐Concentration PF6− Region for Suppressing NCM622 Cathode Failure at High Voltage
Authors: Qi Shihan , Tang Xi , He Jian , Liu Jiandong , Ma Jianmin
Published: March 2023

High‐voltage Li||LiNi0.6Co0.6Mn0.2O2 (NCM622) batteries have obtained great interest owing to their high energy density. However, some obstacles hinder their practical applications, e.g., the structural failure of NCM622 and corrosion of the Al current collector, which lead to limited cycling life. Herein, an electrolyte additive strategy is proposed for constructing localized high‐concentration PF6− zone near the cathode to form an efficient cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) for protecting NCM622 and preventing Al current collector from the corrosion. Potassium 1,1,2,2,3,3‐hexafluoropropane‐1,3‐disulfonimide is used as the additive to regulate the sheath structure of Li+ solvation to force PF6− anions away from the solvated Li+. During the charge process, the nonsolvated PF6− anions gather on NCM622 surface to form a localized high‐concentration PF6− zone to facilitate the formation of F‐rich CEI on NCM622 for protecting its structural stability and Al current collector.
Financial dependence and exports: Entrants or incumbents?
Authors: Lee Kwan Yong
Published: March 2023

Using firm‐level customs data from 51 countries at different levels of development, we explore differential impacts of access to finance on incumbent and new exporters. Consistent with the literature, firms in sectors more dependent on external finance have higher exports based in financially more developed countries. This effect, however, occurs entirely through entrants, with no effect found for incumbents. The trade response of entrants works primarily through the extensive margin (number of exporters) rather than the intensive margin (average size). We further find access to external finance affects exporter entry rates while it does not affect exporter exit rates.
Interpretable and explainable machine learning: A methods‐centric overview with concrete examples
Authors: Marcinkevičs Ričards , Vogt Julia E.
Published: March 2023

Interpretability and explainability are crucial for machine learning (ML) and statistical applications in medicine, economics, law, and natural sciences and form an essential principle for ML model design and development. Although interpretability and explainability have escaped a precise and universal definition, many models and techniques motivated by these properties have been developed over the last 30 years, with the focus currently shifting toward deep learning. We will consider concrete examples of state‐of‐the‐art, including specially tailored rule‐based, sparse, and additive classification models, interpretable representation learning, and methods for explaining black‐box models post hoc. The discussion will emphasize the need for and relevance of interpretability and explainability, the divide between them, and the inductive biases behind the presented “zoo” of interpretable models and explanation methods.

This article is categorized under:

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Explainable AI

Technologies > Machine Learning

Commercial, Legal, and Ethical Issues > Social Considerations
Inquisitive Modal Logic: A Preview
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano
Published: March 2023

Throughout this book, we have emphasized different ways in which questions are relevant in logic. We saw that questions can be seen as names for types of information, and that by generalizing logic to questions we can capture logical relations holding between information types. We also saw that in the inquisitive setting, a more general account of certain logical operators emerges, which boils down to the classical one in the special case of statements, but which also covers the role of these operators in questions. Furthermore, we saw that questions may be used in inferences as placeholders for arbitrary information of a certain type, and that by reasoning with questions we can build formal proofs of the existence of certain logical dependencies (and of certain logical relations of answerhood and presupposition).
Embracing the Complexity and the Richness of Boreal Old-Growth Forests: A Further Step Toward Their Ecosystem Management
Authors: Martin Maxence , Shorohova Ekaterina , Fenton Nicole J.
Published: March 2023

Boreal old-growth forests are specific and often undervalued ecosystems, as they present few of the structural attributes that usually define old forests in the collective culture. Yet, these ecosystems are characterized by exceptional naturalness, integrity, complexity, resilience, as well as structural and functional diversity. They therefore serve as biodiversity hot spots and provide crucial ecosystem services. However, these forests are under significant threat from human activities, causing a rapid and large-scale reduction in their surface area and integrity. The multiple values associated with boreal old-growth forests should be therefore better acknowledged and understood to ensure the sustainable management of boreal landscapes.
Market Initiatives of Small-Scale Fisheries in the Mediterranean: Innovation in Support of Sustainable Blue Economy
Authors: Penca Jerneja , Said Alicia
Published: March 2023

The study of traditional marine stakeholders, such as small-scale fishers in the Mediterranean, represents a site of a changing seascape. This is characterized by impeding factors of the past but also a possibility for improved future trajectories. Small-scale fisheries (SSF) have played a crucial socio-economic role in the Mediterranean for decades, and they continue to comprise over 80% of the fishing fleets and provide direct and indirect economic contributions to coastal communities. Their contribution to blue economy has so far been described as low, but this is largely due to a narrow conception both of benefits to be drawn from the development of maritime sectors (which have focused strongly on economic growth) and types of innovation that are capable of supporting the transition to sustainability (which have overlooked social innovation). This chapter outlines the multi-scale contributions of the small-scale fisheries and presents innovative approaches of the sector towards the markets, both of which support the inclusion of SSF in the blue economy sector. The chapter focuses on key instances of recently developed initiatives by the SSF across the Mediterranean with impacts on the supply chain and the marketing of their products. We argue that these market interventions contribute to the ultimate governance objectives, and challenge the conception of SSF as a non-innovative sector. We propose that a richer engagement with the blue economy paradigm supports the perception of the SSF as a prospective sector, to match the promotion of aquaculture among others.
Ocean Acidification as a Governance Challenge in the Mediterranean Sea: Impacts from Aquaculture and Fisheries
Authors: Bednarsek Nina , Guilloux Bleuenn , Canu Donata Melaku , Galdies Charles , Guerra Roberta , Simoncelli Simona , Feely Richard A. , Pelletier Greg , Gašparović Blaženka , Godrijan Jelena , Malej Alenka , Solidoro Cosimo , Turk Valentina , Zunino Serena
Published: March 2023

Despite the progress in the international and regional governance efforts at the level of climate change, ocean acidification (OA) remains a global problem with profoundly negative environmental, social, and economical consequences. This requires extensive mitigation and adaptation effective strategies that are hindered by current shortcomings of governance. This multidisciplinary chapter investigates the risks of ocean acidification (OA) for aquaculture and fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea and its sub-basins and the role of regional adaptive governance to tackle the problem. The identified risks are based on the biological sensitivities of the most important aquaculture species and biogenic habitats and their exposure to the current and future predicted (2100) RCP 8.5 conditions. To link OA exposure and biological sensitivity, we produced spatially resolved and depth-related pH and aragonite saturation state exposure maps and overlaid these with the existing aquaculture industry in the coastal waters of the Mediterranean basin to demonstrate potential risk for the aquaculture in the future. We also identified fisheries’ vulnerability through the indirect effects of OA on highly sensitive biogenic habitats that serve as nursery and spawning areas, showing that some of the biogenic habitats are already affected locally under existing OA conditions and will be more severely impacted across the entire Mediterranean basin under 2100 scenarios. This provided a regional vulnerability assessment of OA hotspots, risks and gaps that created the baseline for discussing the importance of adaptive governance and recommendations for future OA mitigation/adaptation strategies. By understanding the risks under future OA scenarios and reinforcing the adaptability of the governance system at the science-policy interface, best informed, “situated” management response capability can be optimised to sustain ecosystem services.
The Diverse Legal and Regulatory Framework for Marine Sustainability Policy in the North Atlantic – Horrendograms as Tools to Assist Circumnavigating Through a Sea of Different Maritime Policies
Authors: Calado Helena , Vergílio Marta , Moniz Fabiana , Grimmel Henriette , Monwar Md. Mostafa , Papaioannou Eva A.
Published: March 2023

Although considerable progress has been made in the management and planning of the marine environment, important gaps still exist in streamlining policies across governance levels, maritime sectors, and between different countries. This can hinder effective Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) and prevent harmonious cross-sectoral cooperation, and importantly, cross-border or trans-boundary collaboration. These may in turn have serious implications for overall ocean governance and ultimately, marine sustainability. The North Atlantic presents an ideal case-study region for reviewing these issues: North Atlantic countries have different governance structures, and as such, different approaches to marine policy. Therefore, for an effective marine management, cross-sectoral and cross-border MSP in the region, there is a need to review marine and maritime policies in order to identify differences and commonalities among countries. This chapter reviews major policies for the marine environment in the North Atlantic and assesses where differences between countries exist and at which governance level they are being created. Key research questions include: (i) Are there significant differences in marine policy between North Atlantic countries? Moreover, are there any substantial geographical/political differences? (ii) Are there differences in implementation of key policies? Such an analysis requires a sound framework for comparison among countries. To that end, the use of “horrendograms”, a tool increasingly being used by the marine research and planning community to assess such issues, is adopted. Results indicate that key differences between countries are created primarily at a national level of marine governance. Although differences between countries exist, overall strategic targets are similar. For instance, whilst the political systems of certain North Atlantic countries may differ substantially, key objectives for major sectors, such as fisheries and conservation, are similar – even when such objectives are implemented at different levels. Findings from the study can enable targeted policy intervention and, as such, assist the development of future outlooks of ocean governance in the region. Results can also aid the development of future visions and scenarios for MSP in the Atlantic region.
Recapitulating Functional Heterogeneity in Electrophysiologically Active Tissues
Authors: Bloothooft Meye , Shuttleworth Joseph G , Neiman Gabriel , Goswami Ishan , Edwards Andrew G
Published: March 2023

Inter-cellular heterogeneity is central to the dynamic range and robustness of function in many tissues, particularly electrically excitable tissues. In pancreatic islet 𝛽-cells, inter-cellular heterogeneity underlies the range of insulin response to glucose. In human-induced-pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSCCMs), inter-cellular heterogeneity presents a key challenge for drug screening applications. In this study, we assess the ability to reconstruct inter-cellular heterogeneity in silico by applying a “population of models” (PoMs) framework, i.e. collections of computational cells created via Monte Carlo variation of model parameters. We define parameter variation based on experimentally observed heterogeneity in properties such as ion current conductances and enzymatic affinities. We then assess the accuracy of those reconstructions, based on the degree to which variation in PoM outputs (e.g. action potential duration) matches experimentally observed variation. We report that this “ground-up” approach underestimates functional heterogeneity in the hiPSC-CM population, but overestimates it in adult human cardiomyocytes. In contrast, the 𝛽-cell PoM captures three distinct and physiologically relevant subclasses of 𝛽-cell function. In the future, we expect PoM approaches like these willpermit incorporation of realistic cellular heterogeneity in detailed models of intact tissues, and thereby aid development of sophisticated tissue-engineered platforms for therapeutics.
Zwischenräume. Kommentierende Annotation und hermeneutische Bedeutungserschließung in digitalen Texten
Authors: Bauer Matthias , Viehhauser Gabriel , Zirker Angelika
Published: March 2023

Dieser Beitrag wendet sich dem Verhältnis von digital edierten Texten und erklärender Annotation zu. Im Kontext der digitalen Editorik spielen Annotationen insbesondere bei der grundlegenden Modellierung von Texten eine bestimmende Rolle, etwa bei der Auszeichnung der Texte mittels TEI. Der Fokus gilt jedoch nicht primär dieser viel diskutierten Einrichtung von Texten mit Hilfe von strukturierendem Markup, sondern einer bislang weit weniger in den Fokus der Diskussion gerückten Form der Annotation, die gleichwohl bereits eine klassische Komponente der editorischen Texterschließung darstellt: Erklärende Annotationen reichern den Text in der Form eines Kommentars an. Im digitalen Medium ist es möglich, durch gestufte Annotationen, wie sie im Projekt TEASys (Tübingen Explanatory Annotations System) entwickelt wurden, etwa implizite Wissensannahmen von Leser*innen offen zu legen sowie Worterklärungen in Abgrenzung von intertextuellen Verweisen und Kontextinformationen zu benennen.
Einführung
Authors: Winko Simone
Published: March 2023

Die Sektion I versammelt Beiträge unter zwei unterschiedlichen Leitfragen. Zum einen konzentriert sie sich auf den Gegenstandsbereich der Literaturwissenschaft, auf Literatur unter digitalen Bedingungen. Wie hat sich das Phänomen Literatur seit der Verbreitung digitaler Medien gewandelt und, dies interessiert hier vor allem, welche Folgen ergeben sich aus den Veränderungen für die literaturwissenschaftliche Erforschung von Literatur? Zum anderen untersucht sie Konsequenzen für die Disziplin als solche und fragt nach der Literaturwissenschaft unter digitalen Bedingungen.
Einführung
Authors: Stäcker Thomas
Published: March 2023

Die Sektion IV hatte zum Ziel, unter dem Thema der Schnittstelle, das etwa in der Medientheorie intensiver diskutiert wird, vor allem die Frage der Standardisierung, der Interaktion und die Beziehung der digitalen Literaturwissenschaft zur digitalen Sammlung, vor allem, aber nicht nur dem Archiv und der Bibliothek, als den Reservoiren,die die digitale Literaturwissenschaft mit Daten und Dokumenten versorgen, zu adressieren. Dies war der Einsicht geschuldet,dass Digitalität einhergeht mit neuen Suchmöglichkeiten, mit Prozessen der Aggregation, der Interaktion oder auch Vernetzung,die ihrerseits aber nur dann wirksam werden, wenn sie in die Modellierungs- und Präsentationsverfahren der eigenen Forschung einfließen. Die Forderung nach Schnittstellenkonformität hat somit auf den verschiedenen Ebenen Auswirkungen auf den Forschungs- und Publikationsprozess und sollte in ihrer Tragweite und Virulenz diskutiert werden.
Briefeditionen vernetzen
Authors: Dumont Stefan
Published: March 2023

Briefe gehören zu den wertvollsten Quellen für die literatur-, geschichts-, musik- und sprachwissenschaftliche Forschung. In ihnen werden ganz unterschiedliche Ereignisse, Erkenntnisse, Personen oder Publikationen aus der Lebens- und Arbeitswelt der Schreiber angesprochen und kommentiert. Allerdings ist die Masse der überlieferten Briefe so groß, dass selbst ediert vorliegende Korrespondenzen kaum überschaut werden können und daher nur begrenzt von der Wissenschaft ausgewertet werden. Dieses Problem will der Webservice correspSearch lösen, indem er Korrespondenzmetadaten aus gedruckten und digitalen Editionen aggregiert und projektübergreifend zur Recherche zur Verfügung stellt. Dabei greift correspSearch auf ein standardisiertes, TEI-XML-basiertes Austauschformat sowie IDs aus Normdateien zurück. Die Daten werden auch über eine API zum automatisierten und freien Abruf bereitgestellt, so dass ganz neue Vernetzungsmöglichkeiten entstehen.
Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick zum Forschungsstand und ordnet vor diesem Hintergrund die Entwicklung von correspSearch ein. Außerdem diskutiert er Herausforderungen und Chancen des digitalen Konzepts des Webservice.
Reassembling the Novel. The English Novel, 1789–1919
Authors: Riddell Allen , Betancourt Michael
Published: March 2023

An inclusive history of the novel during the long 19th century, one involving the demography of novels and novelists, has been widely discussed. A precondition for this kind of historical research is an exhaustive list of novels published during the period. The contribution of this paper are estimates of yearly rates of new novel production between 1837 and 1919 in the British Isles.
Nachbarschaften machen Stadt. Nachbarschaftsinitiativen und -vereine als Treiber der Quartiersentwicklung und Kooperationspartner*innen der raumbezogenen Sozialen Arbeit
Authors: Tappert Simone
Published: March 2023

Globale Nachrichten über Klimawandel, Finanzkrisen und Umwälzungen in verschiedenen Ländern und die zunehmende Ausprägung städtischer Phänomene wie Verdrängung und Segregation verunsichern die zivilgesellschaftliche Bevölkerung und führen zu Reaktionen entlang von Rückzug und Protest. In städtischen Räumen lässt sich eine zunehmende Selbstorganisation der Zivilgesellschaft in Form von Nachbarschaftsinitiativen und -vereinen konstatieren, die sich als Akteur*innen der Stadtentwicklung positionieren. Dabei entwickeln und treiben sie ihre eigenen Konzepte und Lösungsansätze für gesellschaftliche und stadtentwicklungspolitische Fragestellungen voran und fordern ihr Recht auf Mit- und Selbstbestimmung ein, unter gleichzeitiger Wahrung ihrer Autonomie und Unabhängigkeit. Die raumbezogene Soziale Arbeit ist über unterschiedliche Handlungsfelder in die Planung und Entwicklung von Quartieren eingewoben und muss sich in dieser Rekonstituierung einer local governance neu positionieren. Der Beitrag zeigt anhand einer qualitativen Studie in Berlin Kreuzberg auf, welche Potenziale sich durch einen kooperativen Handlungsansatz ergeben, wie dieser gestaltet werden kann, und welche Herausforderungen und Chancen sich daraus für die beteiligten Akteur*innen ergeben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der kooperative Ansatz eine hohe Reaktionsfähigkeit, Flexibilität und Pragmatismus, aber auch das Aufgeben eines Steuerungsanspruchs benötigt, sowie die Kompetenz, mit unterschiedlichen Rationalitäten und Logiken der vielfältigen Akteur*innen umzugehen. Dadurch können neue Perspektiven, innovative Praktiken und Veränderungen ermöglicht und gefördert werden.
Protection of Minors on Video Sharing Platforms
Authors: Specht-Riemenschneider Louisa , Marko Alina , Wette Sascha
Published: March 2023

Minors are increasingly exposed to harmful content and must be especially protected from incitement to hatred, violence and terrorism, in particular through misinformation, in their development phase. The principal provisions relevant to the protection of minors are set forth in the Interstate Treaty on the Protection of Minors in the Media (Jugendmedienschutz-Staatsvertrag; JMStV), the Protection of Minors Act (JuSchG), and the Network Enforcement Act (NetzDG). The chief point is for the platforms, as content intermediaries, to be held more responsible than they traditionally have been. This paper examines what measures are imposed on platforms under the JMStV, JuSchG, and NetzDG, as well as on how these may be structured going forward. In particular, the consequences for the protection of minors will be addressed.