bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modern times
Authors: Grattan Patrick
Published: May 2022

Decline of the English share of world production of hops from 30% to 1% in 20th century. The reasons for this decline explained, including the centralised management of English markets. England remained a leader in hop breeding, but fell behind in drying mechanisation. Brewers, notably Guinness and Whitbread invested in hop farming and drying. Hop picking was mechanised and the September visits of city hop pickers ended. Hop kilns became integrated modern industrial units. By the 21st century only a handful of traditional brick kilns remained in use. Redundant oast have been saved from demolition by widespread conversion into dwellings, especially in South East England
The Page is Printed
Authors: Smith Carrie
Published: May 2022

Does it matter when and where a poem was written? Or on what kind of paper? How do the author’s ideas about inspiration or how a poem should be written precondition the moment of putting pen to paper? This monograph explores these questions in offering the first full-length study of Ted Hughes’s poetic process. Hughes’s extensive archives held in the UK and US form the basis of the book’s unique exploration of his writing process. It analyses Hughes’s techniques throughout his career, arguing that his self-conscious experimentation with the processes by which he wrote profoundly affected both the style and subject matter of his work. The book considers Hughes’s changing ideas about how poetry ‘ought’ to be written, discussing how these affect his creative process. It presents a fresh exploration of Hughes’s major collections across the span of his career to build a detailed illustration of how his writing methods altered. The book thus restores the materiality of paper and ink to Hughes’s poems, reading their histories, the stories they tell of their composition, and of the intellectual and creative environments in which they were gestated, born and matured. In the process, it offers a template for new approaches in authorship studies, reframing one of the twentieth century’s most iconic literary figures through the unseen histories of his creative process.
Sounds of Palestine
Authors: Harrison Olivia C.
Published: May 2022

For the past fifty years, pro-Palestinian activists have sought to make the Palestinian question audible in France, from the comités Palestine of the early 1970s to migrant rights activists today. And yet these vocal forms of solidarity with Palestine have barely registered in public discourse. This chapter reads Ari Folman’s animated documentary, Waltz with Bashir, as an allegory for the inability to decipher the sounds of Palestine in France, before analyzing two sets of texts that stage the question of representation in sound: Jean-Luc Godard and Anne-Marie Miéville’s documentary film, Ici et ailleurs, and Jean Genet’s Palestinian writings. The chapter focuses on three distinct acoustic forms: voice in Waltz with Bashir; volume in Ici et ailleurs; and silence in Genet’s “Quatre heures à Shatila” and Un captif amoureux. Careful attention to the use of sound in these texts, the author argues, enables a powerful critique of the twin pitfalls of representation in sound: ethical paralysis, and representation as substitution.
Are Mountaineers Romantics? The Art of Viewing and Climbing in Nineteenth-Century France
Authors: Schut Pierre-Olaf
Published: May 2022

Pierre-Olaf Schut analyses representations of mountain climbing in 18th- and 19th-century French literature, and how they influence both the development of mountaineering and written depictions of this activity. Although scholars examining the history of mountaineering often use Romanticism to explain the early attraction of mountains, few have provided in-depth studies of texts written by prominent French-speaking writers on this subject. Schut carries out such a study, reassembling representations of high mountains as they were described by French and Swiss Romantic writers at the end of the 18th century and throughout the 19th century. The first body of texts he addresses includes selections by Romantic writers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Alexandre Dumas and Victor Hugo. Through their novels and travel stories—most notably in Chamonix, at the foot of Mont-Blanc—he analyses the image of the mountains that they constructed and conveyed to their readers. Subsequently, to show the reception of this Romantic viewpoint and illustrate its influence on the development of physical practices and mountaineering in particular, Schut identifies such representations of mountains in the writing of mountaineers, turning to articles written by them for the French Alpine Club magazine, which has been published since 1874.
‘Tennis Killed Me’: Sport as Failed Ritual in the Works of Prosper Mérimée
Authors: Cropper Corry
Published: May 2022

Corry Cropper focuses on the 19th-century author Prosper Mérimée (1803-1870), whose works employ sport as a symbol and ultimately as a means of questioning conventional wisdom and middle-class ideologies. While Mérimée is best-known as the author of Carmen, he wrote numerous short stories, several plays, a number of travel narratives, one novel, and several academic historical works. Even if Mérimée was not athletic himself, nearly all his characters share a passion for sports or games. Cropper shows that from trictrac to paume (a precursor of tennis), cards to hunting, sports and games hold a prominent place in Mérimée’s fiction, and appear at key moments in his works. He argues that they stand as a residue of ancient cultures, and that Mérimée endows these activities with a violent symbolism that often escapes the understanding of those who play them; sports and games further serve to introduce chance, disorder, and the supernatural into his narratives. Whereas Mérimée’s writing frequently references the past—the vestiges of ancient cultures permeate his work—Cropper argues that his use of sports and games stands out as subversive and surprising due to his representation of these practices as an integral part of modernity.
Henri Desgrange, Cycling, and Modern Masculinities
Authors: Wines Rebecca
Published: May 2022

Rebecca Wines considers two texts by Henri Desgrange, founder of the Tour de France: his 1894 novel La tête et les jambes and his 1903 announcement of the departure of the first Tour in the newspaper L’Auto. Wines’s close readings deepen previous research into class, gender, and the French nation by focusing on detailed elements of the model masculinities that Desgrange’s writing presented to his fellow citizens through his literary constructions of racers. The attributes of Desgrange’s templates depend heavily on the social position of both the person and the bicycle, and these complex constructions of masculinity are further bound up with cultural concerns about hygiene, modernization, and the health of the individual and national body. An assessment of the genders displayed in these works reveals (at least) two models of masculinity within the morphology of the French cycle racer: one in his novel, and the other in his writing about the Tour. Desgrange thereby alludes to his ideas of how cycling might help shape an improved national image and identity by carefully forming young Frenchmen into specific models of lower- or middle-class masculinities.
Dominique Braga’s Literary Stride
Authors: Bauer Thomas
Published: May 2022

Cynthia Laborde investigates the representation of sports in children’s literature, especially in the stories about le Petit Nicolas and his friends, published as a series of books from 1960 to 1965 by author René Goscinny and illustrator Jean-Jacques Sempé. Her analysis focuses both on gender roles and on differences between adults’ and children’s views of athletic activities, using Barthes’ Mythologies and Of Sports and Men as reference points, and situating the stories within the social and cultural context of post-World War II France. She suggests that during this period—when urbanization produced rapid and dramatic changes in French society, as traditional communities were dismantled with families relocating to city centres in search of employment—sports provided a means of establishing a sense of community for children and adults alike. Sports also reflected and reinforced binary gender roles, and Laborde shows how Nicholas learns these gender performances through his parents’ actions and assertions about sports. She argues that the representation of sports throughout the Le Petit Nicolas series is characterized by a tension between two views: that of adults, for whom sports are a serious endeavour; and that of children, who do not distinguish between the game and real life.
Communism, Bio-Fiction, and the Olympics in Jean Echenoz’s Courir
Authors: Curto Roxanna
Published: May 2022

Thomas Bauer looks at the architecture of Braga’s novel 5 000 (1924) in order to understand the work’s contribution to literary style, narrative framework, and its relationship to other avant-garde novels. As Bauer relates, during the summer of 1924 and the Olympic Games in Paris, and one month to the day before the much-hyped 5,000-meter race final, a young writer of Brazilian origin, Dominique Braga, published a sports novel called 5 000 with Gallimard. As a result of his topic and the originality of his poetics, Braga received a great deal of press coverage, and his novel was an unanticipated success. Sports and literary critics were unanimous in their praise, and many columnists wrote about it between June and November 1924. For instance, Ramón Fernández, a literary critic of the Nouvelle revue française, found its analysis to be of the highest order, such as its account of a runner’s foot movement, and the formation of ‘gauging’ or movement of the eyes up towards the ears. As Bauer shows, contrary to other novels that have eventually sunk into oblivion, 5 000 is still very much alive in recent memory.
‘The Gaze Always Finds Zidane’: Aesthetics and Overdetermination in Toussaint, Delbée, and Gordon and Parreno
Authors: Healey Luke
Published: May 2022

Luke Healey writes that within the globalized image economy that circulates around soccer in the 21st century, a number of individuals are singularly visible; one of these is the former French national captain Zidane. As a highly prominent and successful working-class French Maghrebian from the banlieue of Marseille, Zidane occupies a delicate position within French cultural discourse, and his importance with regard to France’s sporting, colonial and cultural history has occasioned appearances in numerous artistic depictions. This essay focuses in particular on Douglas Gordon and Philippe Parreno’s film, Zidane, un portrait du 21e siècle; Jean-Philippe Toussaint’s short literary essay, La Mélancolie de Zidane; and Anne Delbée’s novella, La 107e Minute. In addition, it considers Adel Abdessemed’s monumental bronze sculpture Coup de Tête. Each of these projects, Healey argues, attempts to negotiate the skeins of discourse that accompany ‘Zizou’ wherever he goes, in order to offer a perspective of their subject that differs substantially from the on-dit. In presenting this argument, Healey engages with Pierre Bourdieu’s conception of the aesthetic regime of high culture advanced in La Distinction, thus illustrating the diverse ways in which these four works enact this rejection in terms of cultural politics.
Corporeal Conceptions: Body Politics, French Republicanism, and Sport in Banlieue Literature
Authors: Smith Marshall L.
Published: May 2022

Marshall Smith considers the racially ‘marked body’ and how it is constantly shaped and reconfigured to suit its location and interactions with other bodies, often reduced to corporeality in the Fanonian sense. Given Michel Foucault’s conception of the body as a site of power, Smith proposes to address sports culture’s racialized assumptions about ‘“black” or “marked” dominance.’ He argues that the perceived ‘advantage’ of being black has provoked xenophobic reactions in some native French (‘Français de souche’), given their negative view of the political and cultural phenomenon of multicultural sports. Through a discourse analysis of Thomté Ryam’s Banlieue noire, Rachid Djaïdani’s Viscéral and Mabrouck Rachedi’s Le poids d’une âme, Smith unveils the problematic elements of French Republicanism with regard to ‘markedness’ and how sports act as a metaphor that ‘veils’ the realities of ‘French others’ who are metaphorically stripped down to what Giorgio Agamben refers to as ‘bare life’ or the denial of citizenship. In addition, he demonstrates how the same marked body that is denied disembodiment can constitute a site of protest in the quest for subjectivity in the post-colonial space of contemporary France.
Scorsese and Horror Cinema
Authors: Daniel Rob
Published: May 2022

A review of how horror cinema influenced Scorsese’s filmmaking from his early shorts up to Goodfellas, his film before Cape Fear. Using Scorsese’s 11 favourite horror movies as a foundation, the chapter identifies recurring motifs in his filmography that also routinely appear in horror films, including guilt, sexual dread and violence, religious dread, and retribution and damnation. Formalist investigation of how Scorsese depicts these themes in films with the language of horror cinema, including frequent use of infernal imagery and locations. In this regard, the impact of Dante’s Divine Comedy on Scorsese also forms a basis for analysis. Plus, an exploration of the influence of horror filmmakers such as Mario Bava, and the shadow that Hitchcock’s Psycho casts over Scorsese’s movies, including Raging Bull and Goodfellas.
Troubled Waters – Sexual Politics in Cape Fear
Authors: Daniel Rob
Published: May 2022

This chapter analyses Cape Fear’s sexual politics, and misogyny accusations directed at the film at time of release and since. Overview of the cultural debate around political correctness, and high-profile rape cases when Cape Fear was released. A review of female representation in Martin Scorsese’s cinema, and how this is used to comment upon male weakness or toxic machismo. A discussion of whether this relegation of a female point of view constitutes misogyny. Review of Scorsese’s Catholicism on his approach to female characters. A comparison review of female representation in The Silence of the Lambs, also released in 1991. How the depiction of sexual violence in the film avoids unintended titillation or identification with Robert De Niro’s antagonist, along with a review of the filmmaking practices used that would now be deemed unacceptable. Finally, how sexual politics have altered depictions of sexual violence since Cape Fear’s release.
‘Does Our Subject Still Wear Pink Socks?’ – Possession’s Legacy
Authors: Taylor Alison
Published: May 2022

Chapter five reflects on the place of Possession forty years after its release, considering the film’s reappreciation, resonance with new audiences, and influence on contemporary filmmakers. While poorly received upon its debut, Possession now has a cult following. In recent years, loving restorations and limited editions have helped to re-contextualise the film as a valuable piece of auteur cinema history, and cult cinema podcasts and retrospectives on Żuławski’s career have also been crucial to bringing Possession to the attention of new audiences. Notably, the film has also gained a substantial feminist following, with many women seeing in Anna a cathartic rebellion against the expectations of enculturated gender roles. Finally, chapter five considers the role Possession has played as a forerunner to the new norm of transgressive art-horror on the festival circuit and its influence on several contemporary filmmakers including Amat Escalante, Julia Ducournau, Buddy Giovinazzo and Gaspar Noé.
Borders/Bodies: Space, Surface, Touch and Desire
Authors: Robertson Kate
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores the intersections between screen, surface, touch, gaze and desire. Trouble Every Day narratively and formally interrogates the idea of the boundary, including spatial constructions like windows, the fragile division between public and private spaces and the skin as a corporeal frontier. Drawing from a range of theories, including phenomenology, haptic images and abjection, this chapter includes formal analysis of the film, including sound design. It also considers its creation of images and sensations through the lens of art history, drawing comparison to the Baroque and the Rococo.
Within The Woods
Authors: Haynes Lloyd
Published: May 2022

Chapter One provides the background to the principal players: writer/director/co-producer Sam Raimi, co-producer Rob Tapert and actor/co-producer Bruce Campbell. The trio began making a series of short Super 8 films, mostly comedies, before embarking on an altogether different project, WITHIN THE WOODS, a horror tale involving demonic possession. Some of the scariest and most commercially successful horror movies of the 1970s had been made by young, relatively inexperienced filmmakers like themselves; George Romero’s NIGHT OF THE LIVING DEAD (1968) is considered in some detail as it set the standard for gruesome, low-budget horror in the decade to follow. WITHIN THE WOODS references both Sumerian religion and the work of H.P. Lovecraft, and its makers decided to use the film as an advertisement which they hoped would stimulate enough interest to provide financing for a feature length film.
Introduction: Re-Animating Re-Animator
Authors: Falvey Eddie
Published: May 2022

This introduction examines Re-Animator’s absence from the general discussion of American horror of its era. It considers how other films have been discursively positioned as more notable and explores why Re-Animator, despite its qualities, has been sidelined. It explains that the film in fact explicates a variety of important elements - independence, gore aesthetics, humour, cult audiences - that were pertinent to the changing industrial landscape of American horror and that will form the backbone of the book.
“I Gave Him Life!” Re-Animator , Stuart Gordon and the Birth of a New Lovecraftian Cycle
Authors: Falvey Eddie
Published: May 2022

This chapter starts by considering Re-Animator as an adaptation of H.P. Lovecraft’s short story “Herbert West - Re-Animator”. From there, it examines why Lovecraft has proven popular for horror filmmakers and why many have often fallen short in capturing the writer’s cosmic horror. After exploring it as an adaptation, this chapter makes the case that Re-Animator marks the beginning of a new wave of Lovecraft adaptations, including several directed by Stuart Gordon that are each analysed: From Beyond, Castle Freak, Dagon, Dreams in the Witch House. The chapter argues that Gordon’s ongoing interest in Lovecraft recalls an earlier cycle of Edgar Allan Poe adaptations directed by Roger Corman, and likewise frames him as something of an auteur working within the horror B-movie tradition.
Irish Wit on the London Stage
Authors: Ó Gallchoir Clíona
Published: May 2022

In this chapter, I examine Elizabeth Griffith’s first stage success, The Platonic Wife (1765) through an aspect of the play that has been almost entirely overlooked: its contribution to the reimagining of the “Stage Irishman” in the character of the loyal Irish servant, Patrick. A comparison of the Larpent manuscript with the published version of the play indicates that post-production changes to the script, almost certainly made in order to address criticisms of its propriety, also resulted in a significant diminution of the role played by the Irish character in the action of the play. I argue further that Griffith’s concern with offering positive portrayals of her countrymen on the London stage can be related to the burgeoning Patriot sentiment in Ireland in the 1760s.
Deceptive Disabilities in Maria Edgeworth’s The Double Disguise (1786)
Authors: Lawrenson Sonja
Published: May 2022

Whereas the critics Mark Mossman and Marion Quirici delineate the ways in which Irish writing of the “long nineteenth century” generally conflates the physical health of the Irish subject with the health of the nation, this chapter argues that Maria Edgeworth’s The Double Disguise (1786) challenges any easy correlation between a physically disabled body and an impaired body politic. Tracing a subtle interplay between the text’s comic performance of disability and its recurrent allusions to the Irish Volunteer movement, it demonstrates how Edgeworth’s play disrupts the nascent rhetoric of disability upon which later Irish political discourse would ultimately rest. In doing so, it highlights the subversive potential of Edgeworth’s earliest writings.
Lady Gregory’s Grania (1912)
Authors: Godfrey Shirley-Anne
Published: May 2022

An entire mythology of theatre history, including some mythomania, surrounds both Lady Augusta Gregory and her play Grania (1912). This chapter looks at a range of these myths, examining the dramaturgical choices Gregory made in adapting the mythic story of Grania to the stage and critiquing the ways in which Gregory has been misogynistically “mummified” in Irish cultural memory. Critically, this chapter draws on archival research to discuss two professional performances of Grania in America that were performed during Gregory’s lifetime and with her approval – exploding the long-held myth that the play was never produced at the Abbey due to Gregory’s own concerns about its “sensitive” autobiographical resonances. This chapter argues that these myths relating to Lady Gregory and Grania emanate from largely unconscious gender-biased ideologies which have resulted in a static, inherited, and unexamined iconography and obscure the true range of Gregory’s impact on Irish theatre.
“You have let the play go to pieces”
Authors: Conway Thomas
Published: May 2022

Geraldine Cummins and Susanne R. Day’s collaboration on Fox and Geese (1917) throws up several critical questions that reflect an equivocal light on the Abbey Theatre’s relationship with women playwrights in its early years. Why did Cummins and Day submit the play under a male pseudonym when the Abbey Theatre had already successfully produced their play, Broken Faith, in 1913? What were the changes they made to its ending at the behest of St. John Ervine acting on behalf of the Abbey Theatre, and how did those changes secure its production? Why would the play become the final collaboration between these committed suffragists and close friends? While firm answers remain elusive, the experiences of Cummins and Day offer perspectives on whether the Abbey Theatre exerted hegemonic forces over women playwrights as early as its second decade of operation.
Coda – What the Woman Sees
Authors: Leeney Cathy
Published: May 2022

Looking and seeing are not the same thing. In theatre, reading the semiotics or signs of performance and understanding embodied presence are gendered processes. In this chapter, I consider how work by Irish-American playwright Susan Keating Glaspell plunges the spectator into an awareness of dissonance in gendered perception and in gendered scenography. Glaspell extends this immersion through her dramatisation of the desire of a woman to leave behind known patterns of life. Her work opens up for re-examination aspects of key plays by Irish-born writers such as Teresa Deevy, Dorothy Macardle, Marina Carr, and Anne Devlin, all of which question and overturn official and confining definitions of woman as passive, familial, theatrical object.
Introduction
Authors: Clare David , McDonagh Fiona , Nakase Justine
Published: May 2022

This introductory chapters examines the key contexts and themes of contemporary Irish women’s playwrighting. We discuss the 1992 “There Are No Irish Women Playwrights!” festival and the 2016 #WakingTheFeminists campaign as moments of resistance that bookend the chapters in this collection. We highlight the academic and artistic interventions of this period that worked to reclaim Irish women’s writing, and the increasingly intersectional approaches of both Irish women playwrights and the chapters in this volume.
Marie Jones’s Don’t Look Down (1992)
Authors: McDonagh Fiona
Published: May 2022

In her 1992 play for young audiences Don’t Look Down, Marie Jones explores the issues which affect the lives of young people with disabilities. Using masks, music, and movement, the play focuses on Zonkey, Nettle, and Sparrow, three young people who have been cast out of their community for lacking the requisite survival skills. Issues such as lack of agency, exclusion, and perceived (in)ability are explored, highlighting for a young audience who is deemed powerful and who is rendered powerless in our society. The area of disability and performance often raises questions around representation and social constructions of identity; consequently, the choices of a playwright can challenge or reinforce the dominate discourse of disability. This chapter explores Jones’s approach to the work and examines how she draws attention to the experiences of young people with disabilities, while subtly probing how society can hold inequalities in place.
Disordered States and Affective Economies in Stella Feehily’s
Authors: Wallace Clare
Published: May 2022

Stella Feehily gained recognition as a playwright in the early 2000s with work that offered ambivalent images of the altered conditions of life in Celtic Tiger Ireland. Her first full play, Duck (2003) and, to a lesser extent, O Go My Man (2006) have been discussed by various theatre scholars mostly with attention to the politics of gender within the Irish context. In this chapter, I explore the politics implicit in the play’s images of circulation. Reading O Go My Man as more than a mere satire of Irish middle-class sexual proclivities, I argue that Feehily’s work advances a suggestive image of, following Raymond Williams’s coinage, the “structures of feeling” that delineate selfhood in the neoliberal, globalized space of twenty-first century Ireland, a space increasingly similar to those of other privileged Western locations.
Living in a Rape Culture
Authors: Quigley Carole
Published: May 2022

Abbie Spallen’s Pumpgirl (2006) is a contemporary Irish play set just on the north side of the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. It focuses on the performance of gender norms, toxic masculinity, and sexual violence. The phrase “toxic masculinity” has become a buzzword in contemporary Irish and global feminist discourse and can be incorrectly used to berate men for their very existence. Such an application of the phrase is wholly damaging to people of all genders as it ultimately supports and maintains the hetero-normative patriarchal gender binary. The aim of this chapter is to redefine toxic masculinity as an undeniable force in contemporary society that ultimately serves to sustain a crisis of masculinity. This chapter uses the playas a lens to examine and forensically deconstruct toxic masculinities in contemporary Irish society.
Memory, History, and Forgetting in Anne Devlin’s The Forgotten (2009)
Authors: Price Graham
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers Anne Devlin’s radio play The Forgotten as an example of Ireland’s “theatre of memory”. The Forgotten’s relationship with earlier examples of memory theatre shall be analysed in terms of how this work is both a part of and also outside this major tradition of Irish dramatic literature. This piece of drama uses the symbiotically related characters Bee and The Forgotten to render physical conceptions of history, memory, and forgetting formulated by Paul Ricoeur and (as Devlin herself acknowledges in her essay about writing the play) Jacques Lacan. In that same essay, Devlin uses the fields of psychology and memory studies to also make a point about the amnesia concerning the history of female drama in Ireland. I therefore demonstrate that, in this powerful play of voices, Devlin effectively achieves the conflation of private, cultural, and historical forms of memory.
Rupture and Reconstruction
Authors: Soloveitchik Haym
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the developments that have occurred within the Modern Orthodox community. What had been a stringency in religious observance peculiar to the right in 1960, such as the augmented shi'urim (minimal requisite quantities), had become, in the 1990s, a widespread practice in Modern Orthodox circles, and, among their younger members, an axiomatic one. The phenomena were, indeed, most advanced among the haredim and were to be found there in a more intensive form; however, most of these developments swiftly manifested themselves among their co-religionists to their left. The chapter claims that what had changed radically was the very texture of religious life and the entire religious atmosphere. Put differently, the nature of contemporary spirituality had undergone a transformation. The chapter then looks at the new and controlling role that texts now play in contemporary religious life. As the halakhah is a sweepingly comprehensive regula of daily life, it constitutes a way of life. And a way of life is not learned but rather absorbed.
Coda
Authors: Mohite Ragini
Published: May 2022

This coda builds on the previous discussions of transnationalism in the works of Rabindranath Tagore and W.B. Yeats and situates them within contemporary discussions of world literature, recognizing the cultural value of literary awards, online archives, commemorative events, adaptations on stage, film, television and streaming platforms.
Pamela Colman Smith
Authors: Foley O'Connor Elizabeth
Published: May 2022

Today, Pamela Colman Smith is primarily remembered for designing the storied 1909 tarot deck that served as the model for T. S. Eliot’s Madame Sosostris and “her wicked pack of cards” in The Waste Land. For almost one hundred years it was known as the Rider-Waite deck, named for the mystic A. E. Waite, who is credited with conceiving the deck, and the London publisher, William Rider. This omission perfectly encapsulates Colman Smith’s gendered erasure from the cultural imagination, a type of misogyny that affected many women artists and writers at the turn of the twentieth century but, in her case, was also tinged with racism.
Colman Smith was much more than the graphic designer of the tarot deck. Active from the mid-1890s through the 1920s, Colman Smith had a burgeoning career as an American artist, writer, folklore performer, editor, publisher, stage designer, and suffrage activist. Colman Smith’s letters to friends, patrons, publishers, and gallery owners reveal an irrepressible spirit who was committed to rooting out all types of hypocrisy and prejudice, including classism, sexism, and racism, but who, nonetheless, capitalized on racial stereotypes through her Afro-Jamaican Anansi performances. Taken as a whole, Colman Smith’s prodigious body of work is particularly notable for its ability to take on, and often as quickly cast aside, a range of personas and identities.
The Unmaking of American Progress
Authors: Nemmers Adam
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores The Making of Americans in depth, beginning with its status as a national epic and encyclopaedic narrative. As I argue, Stein serves as both the author and a narrator-character in the novel, attempting to chronicle the immigrant’s journey of two American families across three generations. As an stylistic innovator, Stein utilizes several modernist techniques, among them repetition, recursion, and the continuous present very tense, by which she creates a novel that is at heart anti-plot, anti-narrative, and anti-progress. The essential tragedy of the Dehnings and Herslands indicates that Americans must abandon the heedless pursuit of material success and progress and reorient toward more “human and humane” values.
Introduction: Six Ways a Sunday
Authors: Gery John , Baumann Walter , McKnight David
Published: May 2022

Recent scholarship on Ezra Pound has brought more and more attention to his international reputation as a (if not the) ground-breaking modernist poet of the twentieth century – not not in his poetry, but in his critical thinking, practice and theory of translation, international correspondence, and cross-cultural collaborations, as well as in his transnational engagement in culture and the arts. This essay introduces fourteen new essays that offer new cross-cultural interpretations of Pound’s thinking and poetics, as well as new considerations of his critical reception globally. Although terms such as “cross-cultural,” “globalism,” “transnationalism,” and “internationalism” remain fluid in literary studies and often stir controversy, especially in debates about Pound’s role as a modernist, worldwide he has remained at the center of such discussions for the last century. The introduction argues how this collection, without attempting to be comprehensive, offers testimony to the truly cross-cultural reach of Pound’s contributions. His cross-culturalism encompasses not only the international scope of his subject matter, methods, translations from classical and modern languages, and editorial work, but also to the diverse historical, social, ideological, interdisciplinary, and theoretical contexts in which his works continue to offer insight and generate strong interest.
Pound’s Modern (Metrical) Education
Authors: Nadel Ira
Published: May 2022

Ira Nadel looks at the comparative literature milieu of Pound’s education at the University of Pennsylvania and Hamilton College in the first decade of the twentieth century. Pound believed that “only the classics can keep one free from the cant and vagueness found in [one’s] contemporaries.” He resolved that “to become modern was to absorb the ancients.” Nadel examines a number of Pound’s early poems (“Apparuit,” “Papyrus,” “Night Litany”), through quantity.” especially for their “metrical elements,” including quantitative Sapphic verse, classical musicality, “the classical reliance on allusion, citation and prosodic inventions,” fragments of lost Greek texts, and what Pound would later call “absolute rhythm,” in which a poem’s prosody “corresponds exactly to the emotion or shade of emotion to be expressed, often through quantity.” The implementation of classical meters, as T. S. Eliot would observe, would distinguish Pound’s modernist verse from the poetry in English of both the recent past and the present. From the start Pound’s verse would locate the contemporary in the distant past of other cultures.
The First Imagists
Authors: Pratt William
Published: May 2022

Thinking about the genesis of ”Imagism” in London before World War I, William Pratt also traces the origins of this dimension of Pound’s work to his student experience at Penn, especially in his early relationships with Hilda Doolittle (H.D.) and William Carlos Williams. Although Pound coined the term “Imagism,” and wrote its doctrine in London, Pratt locates its true beginnings in Pound’s early poem, “The Tree.” He further links the movement and its spirit historically to another Philadelphia document, Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence. Pratt concedes, “Pound’s short poem was no match for Jefferson’s historic document, but it was historic in its own way,” giving rise later to Imagism as a kind of Literary Declaration of Independence.” That movement would launch Modernism itself as a “broader movement that would incorporate the self-critical interior monologue and deeply pessimistic views of modern urban civilization.” Pound’s Imagism appealed to a variety of talented writers who did not live in Philadelphia or London. But his Philadelphia contemporaries, H.D., Williams and Marianne Moore, would, like Pound, attain international acclaim for shaping modernist poetry. Pratt concludes, “Everyone knows Philadelphia as America’s first political capital; it should also be known as one of America’s poetic capitals.”
“Cantos” or “Cantares”?
Authors: Patea Viorica
Published: May 2022

Viorica Patea’s essay opens with an account of José Vasquez Amaral’s long struggle translating Pound’s Cantos into Spanish and the argument he and Pound had about the correct equivalent in Spanish of the term, “canto.” Pound refused to accept that the Spanish “cantar” was appropriate for the parts in El Poema del Cid, but never after that. Still after their debate, Pound insisted on using “cantares” for both Rock-Drill and Thrones because it tallied with his idea of The Cantos as the “tale of the tribe.” Patea then swivels to another revealing dimension of Pound’s work in translation: contrasting controversies involving translations of Pound’s poetry under communism. Whereas the authorities in Communist Romania suppressed the Pound translations of Nicolas Steinhardt and prosecuted him, in Nicaragua the poet and staunch Marxist Ernesto Cardenal openly celebrated Pound as a master. Patea’s investigation reveals that, while Pound is often read (and repudiated) as a political writer, more persistently, he is admired not for his politics, but for how his poetry resists ideological limits altogether.
Ezra Pound and Caresse Crosby
Authors: Conover Anne
Published: May 2022

Anne Conover’s essay focuses on Pound’s working relationship with the publisher, progressive thinker, and benefactress, Caresse Crosby, and her attempt to engage Pound in her own ambitious publishing project, Crosby’s Continental Editions. In the 1920s, Crosby and her husband, Harry Crosby, had founded Black Sun Press, where they produced high end, letter-press limited editions of modernist writers, including James Joyce, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald and Pound. In the early 1930s, after her husband’s suicide, Crosby turned her attention to developing a trade paperback series, such as the Albatross and Tauchnitz Modern series. As Conover observes, “Crosby was again ahead of her time in anticipating the paperback boom.” Yet the Crosby-Pound correspondence demonstrates that, while he was uncompromising on the editorial front, Pound was equally as demanding that authors, particularly translators, be paid well, demonstrating his diehard cultural commitment, despite the economic realities of publishing. As the imprint lost money, Crosby abandoned the project. Yet she never wavered in her friendship with Pound and (later) with Mary de Rachewiltz. From Conover’s perspective, Pound emerges as a savvy, if idealistic critic of commercial ventures.
The Appraisement
Authors: Aleckson Sam
Published: May 2022

Williams sees his mother and sisters sold away from him during an “appraisal”
The Town of Springlake
Authors: Aleckson Sam
Published: May 2022

Williams’ family moves to Springlake and they are assisted by his employer. Neighbors teach them about pie and expectations for meals. Neighbors bring them food. Discussion of the snow and sketches of various neighobrs and acquaintences in Vermont
Wrong Impressions
Authors: Aleckson Sam
Published: May 2022

Williams analyses misunderstandings between Northerns and Southerns and points out the Northerners frequently think things are worse than they are for Black people in the South, and as an example he points out that the only time he encountered the “n word” was in Vermont, not South Carolina. He also shares his thoughts about divorce.
“There is a kind of revival you would dig taking place”
Authors: Cappucci Paul
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines William Carlos Williams’s influence on several of the younger American poets included in the “Beat” issue of the Black Mountain Review. It focuses specific attention on Williams’s personal connections to Allen Ginsberg, Robert Creeley, Gary Snyder, and Denise Levertov. By examining their correspondence, this chapter documents the significant ways that Williams encouraged and influenced their different poetic pursuits. It also considers the ways that Creeley’s selections for this final BMR issue reflect Williams’s vital role in a “revival,” as Ginsberg called it, occurring on the West Coast during the 1950s.
“Imaginatively, go trans-ves”
Authors: Keenaghan Eric
Published: May 2022

John Wieners embodied the intersection of the Beat Generation and the Black Mountain School, and he drew other arms of the New American Poetry into their orbit. Wieners’ editorship of the little magazine Measure between 1957 and 1962 marked the apogee of his early career and marked the dawn of a less divisive era in the American poetic counterculture. Measure emphasized the scene’s connections and common approaches to reinvigorating the artform, rather than internecine separations and poetic differences. Wieners’ magazine project exemplifies the Beat and Black Mountain poets’ shared formalist “impulse,” as Michael McClure once called their similar open form poetries. Moreover, his stewardship of the magazine and his own poetry highlighted that formal impulse’s especial ability to transform the embodied conditions of personhood and eroticism. Consequently, Wieners, a homosexual and gender-nonconforming person, exemplifies one avenue for the liberatory potential for queer poetries in this pre-Stonewall moment.
Robert Creeley, Bebop, and the Aesthetics of Alienation
Authors: Paton Fiona
Published: May 2022

Spontaneous modern jazz influenced Jack Kerouac’s writing, but the imprint of jazz on 1950s poetry extends far beyond Kerouac. Robert Creeley formalized a bebop aesthetic that established a basis for his poetry.
Investigation on Doppler Imaging and Chromospheric Activity of the Young Dwarf LQ Hya Based on High-resolution Spectroscopy
Authors: Luo Xiang , Gu Shenghong , Xiang Yue , Collier Cameron A. , Kim Kang-Min , Han Inwoo , Lee Byeong-Cheol
Published: May 2022

We have obtained four Doppler images of LQ Hya in 2005 November–December, 2006 November–December, 2008 November, and 2014 January–February using high-resolution spectra obtained at three different observing sites. All of the surface maps show that the spots of LQ Hya are in bimodal distribution, i.e., in polar/high-latitude and low-latitude regions. Its chromospheric activity indicators exhibit obvious rotational modulations that are correlated with the simultaneous light curves, except in 2008. The correspondence between the maximum value of chromospheric emission and the low-latitude spot of new reconstructed image is clear, which indicates that both of them are driven by homologous magnetic field. The variation of H
α
emission over a long time span suggests that the chromospheric plages may implicate a similar active cycle as photospheric spots.
Generating Stellar Obliquity in Systems with Broken Protoplanetary Disks
Authors: Epstein-Martin Marguerite , Becker Juliette , Batygin Konstantin
Published: May 2022

Recent advances in submillimeter observations of young circumstellar nebulae have opened an unprecedented window into the structure of protoplanetary disks that has revealed the surprising ubiquity of broken and misaligned disks. In this work, we demonstrate that such disks are capable of torquing the spin axis of their host star, representing a hitherto unexplored pathway by which stellar obliquities may be generated. The basis of this mechanism is a crossing of the stellar spin precession and inner disk regression frequencies, resulting in adiabatic excitation of the stellar obliquity. We derive analytical expressions for the characteristic frequencies of the inner disk and star as a function of the disk gap boundaries and place an approximate limit on the disk architectures for which frequency crossing and the resulting obliquity excitation are expected, thereby illustrating the efficacy of this model. Cumulatively, our results support the emerging consensus that significant spin–orbit misalignments are an expected outcome of planet formation.
A Tentative 114 minute Orbital Period Challenges the Ultracompact Nature of the X-Ray Binary 4U 1812–12
Authors: Armas Padilla Montserrat , Rodríguez-Gil Pablo , Muñoz-Darias Teo , Torres Manuel A. P. , Casares Jorge , Degenaar Nathalie , Dhillon Vik S. , Heinke Craig O. , Littlefair Stuart P. , Marsh Thomas R.
Published: May 2022

We present a detailed time-resolved photometric study of the ultracompact X-ray binary candidate 4U 1812–12. The multicolor light curves obtained with HiPERCAM on the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias show a ≃114 minute modulation similar to a superhump. Under this interpretation, this period should lie very close to the orbital period of the system. Contrary to what its other observational properties suggest (namely, persistent dim luminosity, low optical-to-X-ray flux ratio, and lack of hydrogen features in the optical spectrum), this implies that 4U 1812–12 is most likely not an ultracompact X-ray binary, which is usually defined as a system with an orbital period lower than 80 minutes. We discuss the nature of the system, showing that a scenario in which 4U 1812–12 is the progenitor of an ultracompact X-ray binary may reconcile all the observables.
Taxonomy of the weed species of the genus Echinochloa (Poaceae, Paniceae) in Southwestern Europe: Exploring the confused current state of affairs
Authors: Hoste Ivan , Verloove Filip
Published: May 2022

The taxonomy of Echinochloa, a predominantly tropical to warm-temperate genus of 40–50 species, including some of the world’s worst weeds, is still poorly understood. This is because some species, including the extremely widespread E. crus-galli, show a wide range of morphological, physiological and ecological variation, in part the result of a complex recent evolutionary history. Furthermore, there is often a dearth of clear distinguishing features among species. The same applies to the species established in Southwestern Europe, where unintentionally introduced populations have now established themselves as important weeds of crops, especially maize and rice. Taxonomic and nomenclatural confusion hampers progress in weed science. In this study, we give an identification key that covers the weedy taxa encountered in Southwestern Europe, followed by notes on taxonomy and nomenclature. Moreover, a lectotype is designated for Echinochloa frumentacea. It is argued that current confusion cannot be overcome without including populations of Eastern Asian origin in taxonomic studies and without the joint efforts of experts in the fields of weed science, morphology-based taxonomy, genomics and phylogenetics.
Food preference and nutrient composition of African cricketBrachytrupes membranaceus L. (Dury) in Cross River State, Nigeria
Authors: Okweche S.I. , Eyo K.I. , Effa E.B.
Published: May 2022

Food preference ofBrachytrupes membranaceus and proximate analysis of the nymphal and adult stages ofB. membranaceus was carried out in the Arboretum and laboratory of the University of Calabar. The nymphs ofB. membranaceus were sourced from the wild. Materials used as feeds includedAnarcadium occidentale leaf (AOL),Arachis hypogea leaves and nuts (AHL, AHN),Telfairia occidentalis leaves (TOL),Ipomoea batatas leaves and tubers (IBL, IBT), also mixtures of all the vegetables, broiler mash, and control. An insectarium made up of 20 block compartments covering an area of 15×15 m with a distance of 1 m block from each treatment was built in the University’s Arboretum. The treatments were arranged in a randomised complete block design with four replications. The nymphal stage ofB. membranaceus was later introduced to the insectarium and fed with different rations. Data were collected several days to full maturity and weight gain at three weekly intervals till maturity. The results showed thatB. membranaceus fed with vegetables and tubers recorded higher weight similar to those fed with broiler mash and mixtures. Proximate analysis ofB. membranaceus shows protein source (53.4 g), dry matter content, average ash content (6.0 g), percentage lipid or fat (15.7 g), average crude fibre (6.3 g), average carbohydrate (15.20 g), macro and microelements. The result also showed the following amino acids; lysine (40.0), histidine (21.5), arginine (48.5), aspartic acid (73), threonine (18) serine (35), glutamic acid (150), proline (19.0), glycine (45.5), alanine (30.5), cystine (15.7), valine (37.8), methionine (20.5), isoleucine (45.8), leucine (55.9), tyrosine (24.6), and phenylalanine (38.5). Farming ofB. membranaceus should be encouraged by poor resource farmers in Nigeria due to availability of their feed, its high protein contents and the presence of essential amino acid which is lacking in most in most Nigerian diets.