bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Parthenon Frieze Terracottas
Authors: Smith A. H.
Published: May 2006

The terracotta relief, of which an illustration is given below, is one of the series of fragments with reproductions of the Parthenon frieze which have of late years attracted considerable attention.

The present fragment was bought by me in Rome, in February 1894, of a small antiquity-dealer in the Via Tor di Nona. The vendor vowed that it had been found in the bed of the Tiber, in the course of the works in connexion with the Ponte S. Angelo, but no doubt his statement merely indicates that the bed of the Tiber is for the moment the fashionable provenience. The terracotta is 10¼ inches high, and it is obvious that it contains a part of the design of the slab at the west end of the north side of the Parthenon frieze. The original marble is in the British Museum.

Hitherto, three similar fragments have been identified, viz.: (1) Priest and boy with peplos, at Copenhagen; (2) Upper part of Athene, in the Louvre, (3) Lower part of Athene and figure of Hephaestos in the Museo Kircheriano at Rome. All the fragments are published by Dr. Waldstein in his Essays on the Art of Pheidias.
Andromeda
Authors: Petersen E.
Published: May 2006

The romantic tale of the beautiful princess Andromeda, and how Perseus freed her from the dragon, has been treated by two of the great tragedians, Sophocles and Euripides. Here, if anywhere, Sophocles is thrown into the shade by his rival, so much so that the most important elements of Sophocles' version have been given to the drama of Euripides. Therefore if we wish to restore to Sophocles what justly belongs to him, we must first define as clearly as possible what belongs to Euripides. For although a great deal has been written about this brilliant achievement of Euripides, yet conclusions that seemed settled are constantly being called in question or denied, while questionable or erroneous views are once more put forward as correct. Only after the genuine remains of Euripides' play have been separated out can we hope to form any conception of the Andromeda of Sophocles, or to give any reasoned answer to the question which is the earlier, Euripides' play, which was performed with the Helena in 412 B.C., or Sophocles' play, the date of the first performance of which has not come down to us. The poetry of Euripides was Latinised by Ennius, but the fragments of the Latin tragedy do not give substantial help towards the reconstruction of the Greek one.
Some ‘Late Minoan’ Vases found in Greece
Authors: Bosanquet R. C.
Published: May 2006

The progress of excavations in Crete has made it possible to distinguish with some degree of certainty the native from the imported objects found on Mycenaean sites in Greece. The purpose of this paper is to make known some fine examples of ‘Late Minoan’ art found at Vaphio in Laconia, Phylakopi in Melos, and Mycenae itself, and to show on what grounds they are to be regarded as of Cretan workmanship.
The Text of the Homeric Hymns: II
Authors: Allen Thomas W.
Published: May 2006

In the first part of this dissertation an account was given of the MSS. which contain the Homeric Hymns, their families ascertained and an approximation made towards the character and ages of their archetypes. Our next step is to compare these four archetypes, m x y and p, among themselves, with the view of discovering if, and how, they are related to each other, and what is the intrinsic value of their respective traditions. To do this I examine the readings of each archetype in detail, judging each variant in its turn and comparing it with such examples as I can produce that illustrate its particular case. I endeavour to assign each variant to the category of correct original, independent variation, pure corruption, half-intentional correction, and intentional interpolation. Upon the totals of these different classes given by each archetype depends its character and value. It will be seen that I am a disbeliever in the a priori method of dealing with MS. tradition, the method which selects, whether on good or bad grounds, one family as the source of pure tradition and rejects the rest as doctored and vicious, calls their good readings corrections, and their additions interpolations. I see rather in the divergence of families the working of accident, incalculable and not to be formalized.
Two Early Greek Vases from Malta
Authors: Peet T. E.
Published: May 2006

The objects shown in Figs. 1 and 2 were all found in a ‘Phoenician’ rock-tomb in a field to the south of Rabato, Malta. ‘The tomb with vaulted ceiling was cut in the side of a hill. It contained cinerary urns with burnt bones, but no signs of bodies interred. Under a clay cup (Fig. lb), a gold medallion was found, on which the winged orb displayed over the half-moon, flanked by two serpents, is gracefully figured in a kind of filigree work. The medallion has a diameter of 25 mm. and weighs 6·3 grms. A similar medallion was found at Carthage (Douïmes) in 1895 and described by Delattre. With this medallion’ (i.e. with the Maltese) ‘a pair of silver bangles and fragments of two rings were found. Fragments of a small Greek vase were also discovered with the débris.’ (Fig. 2.)
Thoinarmostria
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: May 2006

In my commentary upon an inscription discovered near the village of Remoustapha in south-western Messenia, and published in the J.H.S. xxv. (1905), pp. 49 foll., I discussed the occurrences of the title θοιναρμόστρια, of which I gave what I then believed to be a complete list. Subsequently, however, a new inscription containing the term has been discovered and published, while a second still awaits publication, and I have recently noticed that I had overlooked an important text of Messene in which the word is twice found (G.D.I. 4650). I therefore take this opportunity of correcting my error and of supplementing my note, especially as the articles on the θοιναρμόστρια in the Real-Encyclopädie of Pauly-Kroll and in Roscher's Lexikon have not yet appeared. Thanks to the kindness of Professor W. Kolbe of Rostock, the editor of the Laconian and Messenian section of the Inscriptiones Graecae, I am enabled to give references to the numbers which the inscriptions will bear in the Corpus, this volume of which is now in the press and will, it is hoped, be published before the close of the current year. For the aid thus received and for the permission to refer to the still unpublished text I.G. v. 1. 592 I here tender to Dr. Kolbe my sincere thanks.
Notes on the Sequence and Distribution of the Fabrics called Proto-Corinthian
Authors: Lorimer H. L.
Published: May 2006

Nearly every important excavation carried out in recent years on Greek soil has added to our knowledge of the proto-Corinthian fabric. Thera and Sparta have appeared as importers of the ware in its earliest days; Delphi, the Argive Heraion, and Aegina have illuminated its later stages, with the result that many fresh varieties are now included under this general heading. The provisional publication by Professor Gabrici of valuable material from Cuma has enriched our knowledge of the style in its early phases. None the less, the magnificent tomb-series of Syracuse and other Sicilian sites still afford the best, indeed, the only evidence other than that of style by which to establish the sequence and duration of the fabrics which pass under this name. Hence, though the Sicilian material affords but a partial view, it will be given the chief place in the following discussion, supplementary evidence being sought from other sources.
A Vase Fragment from Naukratis
Authors: Lorimer H. L.
Published: May 2006

The two vase fragments reproduced in the accompanying illustration were among those brought by Mr. Hogarth from Naukratis in 1903, and are now in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. The subject is painted in black silhouette, no other colour occurring in the fragment of the scene which remains: incised lines are used, not only for the inner markings, but for a great part of the outlines. Immediately below the design are two bands of purple: below these again the vase, which was of considerable size, was covered with black paint. The execution is careless, the paint of the design being very unevenly applied.
Modern Greek in Asia Minor
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: May 2006

This paper is the result of some six weeks' local study of the dialects of the Greek-speaking villages of Cappadocia and of the village of Silli near Konia in the summer of 1909. The account below of the more important books shows that a good deal has already been written on the subject, but the material is very scattered and incomplete, and does not do more than suggest a great many unanswered questions, nor does it touch more than a few of the villages. Besides giving an account of the dialects, I have therefore tried to smooth the way for future workers by collecting and setting in order this already published material.
Modern Greek in Asia Minor (continued)
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: May 2006

§ 39.—In contrast with the Silli dialect spoken in one place only, we have here to do with a dialect in use in many villages, in each of which it varies slightly. I leave out of account the dialect of Sinasos. As recorded by Archelaos it differs, or rather, since the purified language has made great strides in Sinasos, it differed widely from that of the Poutak Ovasi villages, chiefly however in being less corrupt, no doubt owing to long contact with Constantinople and the outer world. Mr. Archelaos assured me that the idiom now spoken at Tshalela and Potamia closely resembles this old Sinasos dialect. Of Arabison also I can say nothing; it is said to be a recent colony with a dialect like that of Misti. It would be of great interest to examine these northern villages, including Anakou and Silata, and with them the Lazic colonies north of the Halys, keeping especially in view the points of contact between Pontic and North Cappadocian, such as the tendency to distinguish between animate and inanimate objects in the declension of nouns, which is a mark of Pontic and is increasingly prominent in the Cappadocian dialects as one passes from the southern to the northern villages, the use at Sinasos of the Pontic κί as a negative by the side of δέν, the dropping of unaccented i and u and the preservation of the old possessive pronouns.
Archaeology in Greece (1909–1910)
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: May 2006

Since the last of these reports was written, two new excavations of great promise have been begun, Cyrene and Sardes, both by American archaeologists, and the work of the British School at Sparta has been brought to a close. The most interesting new discoveries are perhaps those from Crete: the Late Minoan I cemetery found by Mr. Seager at Gournia and the tomb-chapel and great Early Minoan rock-cut cistern from Knossos.

The activities of the Greek Archaeological Society have been very numerous. Dr. Brueckner has continued his work at the Dipylon cemetery locating the enclosure of the Τριτοπατρεῖς Dr. Stais has published his excavation of the Sanctuary of the Nymphs at Phaleron, Dr. Sotiriades has worked at Chaironeia and Dr. Arvanitopoullos has carried forward his work at Pagasai, which led two years ago to the discovery of so many painted grave stelai. This year, the lower part of the stele with the picture of a woman dying in childbirth has been found.
The Modern Carnival in Thrace and the Cult of Dionysus
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: May 2006

My attention was called recently to an account by G. M. Vizyenos of a Carnival festival celebrated in the district about Viza (ancient Βιζύη) in Thrace so remarkable that it seemed worth while to verify the author's account by a personal visit. This I was able to do at the Carnival of 1906, and the account below has been drawn up from my notes, supplemented by this article, from which I quote everything of value.

Of the writer's good faith there is no doubt, and of almost all the points he mentions I had ocular confirmation. He was a native, not of Haghios Gheorghios, the village whose festival he describes, but of Viza itself, the chief place in the district, lying some two hours to the west. He left his native place while still a boy, and died at Athens in 1896, aged forty-two. The middle part of his life he spent in Germany, and he does not seem ever to have returned to Thrace. His account is therefore probably a description of the festival as it was in his youth some forty years ago, when modern conditions had affected the district even less than' at present. He calls it σαλό and makes as many classical comparisons as possible. All these I have omitted, and drawn upon him only for matters of fact.
Throwing the Diskos
Authors: Gardiner E. Norman
Published: May 2006

‘Then the son of Peleus took an unwrought metal mass which anciently the mighty Eetion was wont to hurl.’ This σόλος αὐτοχόωνος, which was at once the weight to be thrown and the prize in the Homeric competition, was apparently a mass of pig iron just as it came from the furnace; probably, as Mr. J. L. Myres suggests to me, ‘the contents of one of the old open-hearth furnaces of the Mediterranean world, the natural unit quantity for the purveyor and buyer of the metal, the classical analogy to which is the mass of iron (μύδρος σιδήρεος) which the Phocaeans threw into the sea before their voyage westwards.
Notes and Queries on Athenian Coinage and Finance
Authors: Woodward A. M.
Published: May 2006

The following notes and queries have been mainly suggested by Professor Percy Gardner's recent article on the Coinage of the Athenian Empire. They do not claim to do more than elucidate one or two small points with the aid of rather fuller use of epigraphical evidence than is to be found in his article, and at the same time raise other questions of secondary importance in the same connexion. If no solution is offered here to some of these queries I see no cause for regret, for it may be found convenient by others to have here collected references to such inscriptions as seem to deserve further investigation from the standpoint of the numismatist. The inscriptions here mentioned belong both to the 5th and 4th centuries and so are not confined within the chronological limits of the Athenian Empire.

In the first place it may be as well to distinguish roughly the classes of Attic inscriptions in which numismatic evidence is found, in particular that for the circulation of non-Athenian coins in the Athenian Empire. ‘Treasure-lists,’ which record the receipt and transmission of sacred objects of value by their successive boards of curators, frequently, especially in the fourth century, make mention of coins, giving their denomination and number.
The Structure of Herodotus, Book II
Authors: Petrie W. M. Flinders
Published: May 2006

It has long been recognised that the Egyptian history given by Herodotus is confused; but it is scarcely known that a single transposition will bring it into order. Before we assume that his information was wrong, we may at least consider how far it is likely that either the author or an early transcriber had made an accidental transposition of the rolls of manuscript.

From well known Egyptian history we can see that the correct order in Herodotus should be as follows:

—sect. 99, account of Egypt and Menes. Dynasty I.

124–136, the pyramid kings. Dynasty IV–VI.

100–123, 330 kings. Dynasty VI–XXV.

137- Sabacon. Dynasty XXV.

The inversion therefore is that 100–123 is interchanged with 124–136. This is the more likely as the catch words are the same.
Ὁ ἈΦ’ ἙΣΤΙΑΣ. Two Statues of a Boy Celebrating the Eleusinian Mysteries
Authors: Esdaile Katharine
Published: May 2006

When the great tunnel under the Quirinal was being constructed many fragments of statues and inscriptions came to light, most of which are at present stored in the Magazzino Archeologico. Among the finest is the statue of a boy (Pl. I. a) in the Fourth Room, found during the excavations of 1899–1900, and published in the Bullettino Comunale for 1901, Pl. X., where it is described as probably a Pasitelean imitation of the early Peloponnesian School of the fifth century B.C., unlike any known type, but suggestive on the one hand, from the myrtle wreath on the support, of an Eros or Thanatos, on the other, from its grave and serious aspect, of a camillus. M. Reinach in a note in vol. iii. of his Recueil des Statues Antiques p. 177) also regards it as archaistic; Dr. Amelung as a copy of a bronze original produced somewhat later than the Hestia Giustiniani.
Note on the Walls on Epipolae
Authors: Awdry H.
Published: May 2006

In reading again the narrative of the Sicilian Expedition lately heretical ideas have occurred to me as to the puzzling question of the walls on Epipolae, which I have thought it might be worth while with apologies to throw out for criticism. To show these pictorially, Professor Bury's Plan and my own perhaps crude views are here set side by side. In these latter there are many details of position upon which no stress is laid, the general idea only being indicated. I am not going to touch upon any alteration of text, but to deal solely with Thucydides as we have him, and with Thucydides only.
Mutasim's March through Cappadocia in A.D. 838
Authors: Bury J. B.
Published: May 2006

In the warfare between the Eastern Empire and the Caliphate in the ninth century, one of the most famous passages is the expedition of Mutasim, which was signalised by the siege and capture of Amorion, in A.D. 838. The best, in fact the only full, narrative of the campaign is preserved in the Chronicle of Tabari (A. H. 223). His account of the opening operations of the invading armies is beset with certain geographical difficulties which I propose to consider in this paper, with the help of material supplied in the writings of Professor Ramsay, and in the hope that he may be able to throw further light on the subject.

The Caliph invaded Asia Minor with three armies. His objective was in the first instance Ancyra. His general, Afshin, in command of what we may call the Eastern army, crossed the Taurus by the pass of Hadath (Adata), and presumably his route was by Arabissos, Tzamandos, and Sebastea. The two divisions of the Western army, under the Caliph himself and Ashnas, started from Cilicia and crossed by the Cilician gates.
The Hellenistic Ruler-Cult and the Daemon
Authors: Tarn W. W.
Published: May 2006

My excuse for adding another item to the literature of the Hellenistic ruler-cult is that two new ideas have recently come into prominence. One is that the founder of the official ruler-cult was not Ptolemy II but Alexander; the other is that what was worshipped was not the ruler himself but his daemon. The former idea originated with Dr. P. Schnabel, and was derived by him from a new interpretation of theproskynesisscene at Bactra; he argued that Chares' account in Plutarch (Alexander54) showed that the proskynesis was made to a statue of Alexander standing on an altar (ἑστία) among the hearth-gods: whether Macedonians in the fourth centuryhadhearth-gods he did not consider, but quoted Roman analogies of a later time. This idea has been much criticised, and I know of no one but Professor L. R. Taylor who has accepted it; in particular, Professor Berve has made a strong case for preferring Arrian's version of theproskynesisscene. But, in fact, Schnabel's interpretation of Chares was killed dead at once by Dr. Th. Birt, though this has not been much noticed, perhaps because it only needed one sentence: Chares in the same passage makes Demetrius say to Alexanderοὖτος γάρ σε μόνος οὐ προσεκύνησεwhere the wordσεis conclusive that theproskynesiswas made to Alexander (and not to a statue on an altar).
A Constitutional Inscription from Cyrene
Authors: Cary M.
Published: May 2006

The inscription with which this article is concerned was first published by S. Ferri. It has been commented on by Ferri, by Wilamowitz, by Heichelheim, and by De Sanctis. The text reproduced below closely follows that of Ferri, but incorporates a few corrections suggested by Wilamowitz and accepted by De Sanctis.

The main content of the inscription is a series of constitutional regulations. By whom, for whom, and at what date were these issued? Ferri, observing a point of contact between the new constitution and that of the Arcadian Federation as described by Xenophon, and finding evidence in several passages of an overriding control by ‘Ptolemy,’ concludes that the document was drafted c. 250 B.C. by the Arcadian reformers Ecdemus and Demophanes, on behalf of the short-lived Κοινὸν τῶν Κυρηναίων of that period, and subsequently confirmed and amended by Ptoemy III Euergetes. In this opinion he has been followed by Beloch and De Sanctis. But he has been effectively criticised by Heichelheim, who points out (i) that the ‘Alexandrian minae’ mentioned in 11. 9–10 of the text went out of circulation under Ptolemy II Philadelphus and (ii) that the ‘Ptolemy’of our inscription, not being styled ‘king,’ can be none other than Ptolemy I Soter, who did not assume the royal title till 305–304 B.C.
The Central Part of the Eastern Frieze of the Parthenon
Authors: Lethaby W. R.
Published: May 2006

Amongst the drawings in the Elgin Collection at the British Museum are many from the sculptures of the Parthenon made by William Pars in 1765–6. Two of the drawings representing the long middle slab of the Eastern Frieze, and the slab next to it on the left, are exceptional in not being merely pencil drawings; these are tinted with the brush in sepia and are highly finished and wonderfully delicate. They are not signed, but it may be safely assumed that they are by Pars. Pars was sent out with the Chandler expedition, organised by the Society of Dilettanti in 1764, partly for the purpose of completing the work of Stuart and Revett in Athens from 1751 to 1753. Pars was engaged for several months in drawing the sculptures of the Parthenon. This work, according to Chandler, he executed ‘with diligence, fidelity and courage.’ Courage was needed, for he drew the frieze of the cella from the stone beam of the peristyle. He recorded all of it that was then on the building, together with some slabs which had been removed from their places. At a meeting of the Society of Dilettanti on December 2, 1766, ‘A great variety of Views and Drawings of Basso relievos of the Temple of Minerva at Athens, and others, were produced by Mr. Pars, which appear'd to the Committee to be done with Taste and Accurateness.’ The original tinted view of the east front of the Temple now hanging in the Elgin Gallery shows his powers of observation and minute record. In this view the metopes have their subjects really drawn in little spaces not much more than a quarter of an inch square.
The Aphrodite from Cyrene
Authors: Gardner Ernest A.
Published: May 2006

The sculptures recently discovered by the Italian excavators at Cyrene were described and discussed by Signor Bagnani at a general meeting of the Hellenic Society on 9th November, 1920. It is hoped that Signor Bagnani's paper, together with full illustrations of all the sculptures referred to, will appear in the next number of this Journal. Meanwhile our readers will probably be glad to have a reproduction of the Aphrodite, which is the finest of them, but is not yet so well-known or so accessible as it should be on its merits.

Most of the statues found at Cyrene decorated a kind of hall, which served as a gallery of sculpture. They are by no means homogeneous, though most of them clearly belong to the Hellenistic age. There is, therefore, little external evidence to guide us to the period or school to which any of them belongs; and we are left mainly to internal evidence, derived from a study of the statue itself.
Two notes on the Constitution of Athens
Authors: Gomme A. W.
Published: May 2006

I. Solon's Currency Reform

The repetition of the article in τὴν…αὔξησιν without another substantive may on linguistic grounds be suspected. Some time ago Mr. Hill was tempted to suggest τήν τε τ.μ.κ.σ. αὔξησιν κ.τ.τ.ν. <μείωσιν> (Num. Chron. 1896–7, p. 285), but resisted the temptation to ‘such audacity’ because he held (very oddly) that Solon increased, not decreased, the weight and value of the drachma. Now that Mr. Seltman in his Athens: Its History and Coinage has made it clear that Solon reduced the drachma, and has pointed out that the reduction in the coinage and the raising of the market weights and measures went hand in hand (they were ‘part and parcel of the same emergency legislation. A man got more in weight for a lesser sum of money,’ p. 17 n. 1), we should adopt Hill's emendation, which is no very startling alteration of the MS. We thereby get a gain in lucidity, which we are justified in taking because the text as it stands is suspicious. Note that not only does Androtion's theory of Solon's reform (Plut. Sol. 15) support the view that the drachma was reduced and show that this view must have been known to Aristotle, but that Plutarch's language also suggests the emendation: τὴν ἅμα τούτῳ γενομένην τῶν τε μέτρων (<καὶ σταθμῶν>?) ἐπαύξησιν καὶ τοῦ νομίσματος τιμήν (though τιμήν itself is not the word one expects and is, I am sure, corrupt), τὸ νόμισμα is, of course, ‘the standard coin,’ in this case the didrachm.
Homer's Use of the Past
Authors: Lorimer H. L.
Published: May 2006

Of the sources of Homer in the literary sense we can know nothing. There is no antecedent, no contemporary literature extant; and no analysis of later works will yield anything that can be proved to represent a literary tradition earlier than Homer. Archaeology, however, which has made the origins of Hellenic culture in some degree intelligible, has at least furnished a solid stage and a veritable background for the action of the Iliad. How much did Homer know of the past? A systematic examination of the archaeological data which the poems offer suggests that he knew a great deal; knew it with a precision which cannot be explained away as fortuitous, and about so remote a past that we must postulate a stream of tradition traceable much further back than the siege of Troy. For the purposes of this paper Homer means the author of the Iliad in substantially its present form, whose floruit the present writer would not put earlier than the ninth century, and the term is used, without prejudice, for the author of the Odyssey also. Eratosthenes' date of 1184 for the fall of Troy is assumed less because it came to be accepted as the standard date in antiquity than because it fits so well into what we know of the history of the Mediterranean world at that time.
Ino-Leukothea
Authors: Farnell Lewis R.
Published: May 2006

The uncritical excesses of those theorists, chiefly German and some English following them blindly, who discerned ‘faded gods or goddesses’ in most of the leading figures of Greek mythology, has produced a reaction which may be equally uncritical. We ought not to believe in the original divinity of an Agamemnon, an Achilles, or a Diomed. Nevertheless, there is undoubtedly a small group of personages, who may be called hero-gods or heroine-goddesses, whose godhead is the primary fact and whose humanity is secondary. The usual mark of these is that their legend is hieratic wholly, that they have little or no secular character, not to say ‘epic’ or ‘heroic.’ Of these the most prominent and important is Ino-Leukothea; and the interpretation of her character and personality and the problem of her origin are among the difficult tasks of the historian of Greek religion. What has been written hitherto on her cult and legend cannot be regarded as satisfying.
Studies in the Text of the Nicomachean Ethics. I
Authors: Ashburner W.
Published: May 2006

Of the Nicomachean Ethics many manuscripts are in existence, thirteen in Paris, ten in Florence, six at Vienna, and so on. The smaller Italian libraries have many of them a manuscript each. Thus, there is one in the biblioteca arcivescovile of Udine, one in the biblioteca Classense at Ravenna, one in the biblioteca comunale of Perugia. These manuscripts are mostly of the fifteenth century, and their number is one of the many testimonies to the enthusiasm which the Nicomachean Ethics aroused among the scholars of the Renaissance. Unfortunately the text which they give is, as a rule, bad—full of sophistications and interpolations.
Two Vases in Harrow
Authors: Beazley J. D.
Published: May 2006

By the kindness of Mr. B. P. Lascelles, I am able to publish two red-figured vases in the Harrow School Museum. The drawings are by Mr. F. W. Lambert. I must also thank Miss G. M. A. Richter, Mr. L. D. Caskey and Dr. Waldhauer for permission to reproduce vases in New York, Boston and Petrograd.
Fire-Festivals in Ancient Greece
Authors: Nilsson Martin P.
Published: May 2006

Fire-festivals are widespread throughout the world. They occur in Europe to the present day. Bonfires are kindled at certain times of the year, especially in Lent and on St. John's Day. Sometimes the fire is kindled on a hill or a mountain-top, sometimes in the plain or in the village; often a figure with varying names is burnt, and in some countries living beasts were once burnt in the flames of the pyre.

The fire-festivals of ancient Greece have not attracted much attention among scholars. The custom is not very common, it varies considerably in details and has been appropriated by different deities in different localities, so that the identity of the rite has been obscured. The best known cases are from Central Greece. In the cult of Artemis Laphria at Patrae, formerly at Calydon, living beasts—birds, boars, stags, wolves, bears, and their young—were thrown into the flames of a great pyre. In the cult of the same goddess at Hyampolis in Phocis human images and other paraphernalia were laid on the pyre. On the top of Mount Cithaeron a pyre was built with great care, a wooden image, called Hera, was brought thither in grand procession from the town of Plataeae, and sometimes other images from other Boeotian towns were added. On the spot each town offered an ox to Zeus and a cow to Hera; these were filled with incense, and together with the images were burnt on the pyre. Private people also made their offerings. It seems that a similar festival at Tithorea in Phocis was transferred to Isis.
Military Operations on the North Front of Mount Taurus. IV.—The Campaigns of 319 and 320 B.C
Authors: Ramsay William Mitchell
Published: May 2006

In a footnote in J.H.S. 1918, p. 144, I stated the view that the battle (319 B.C.) in which Antigonus defeated Alketas and the associated generals took place in the αὐλὼν which leads from the N.E. corner of the Limnai towards Pisidian Antioch, carrying the southern or Pisidian road across Asia Minor eastward. This important route, regarded as a highway from the west coast to the Cilician Gates, is a recent discovery, though parts of it have been often described and traversed. In J.H.S. 1920, p. 89 f., I have argued that it was the road by which Xerxes' great army marched from Kritalla to Kelainai.

There are two authorities on whom we depend for details of the battle of 319 B.C., Polyaenus Strat. 4, 6, 7 and Diodorus 18, 44; but both of these gather all their information from that excellent military writer Hieronymus of Cardia, the friend and historian of Eumenes. Polyaenus tells the story with soldierly brevity, relating only the chief military features: Diodorus diffusely and at great length; but so that we can recognise Hieronymus behind and beneath, and restore the full account as given by that writer.
Scopas in Chryse
Authors: Grace V. R.
Published: May 2006

Certain passages in Overbeck are generally supposed to refer to a statue by Scopas of Apollo Smintheus, an aspect of the god to which classical students were probably introduced in Strabo's time as they are to-day by the old priest's prayer in the first book of the Iliad. It seems at first a not very serious suggestion that one at least of these passages reads as though the mouse alone, not the statue, were the work of Scopas. But further investigation indicates that the ambiguity is a little more than apparent, indeed real enough to have sheltered a few scholars in their endeavour to escape the difficulties and confusion of reconciling the usual interpretation of the Strabo passage with coin types of Alexandria Troas, and with what can be surmised of Scopas's style.
Droop Cups and the Dating of Laconian Pottery
Authors: Droop J. P.
Published: May 2006

It has been thought desirable that, as I was perhaps mainly responsible for the dates originally suggested for the Laconian vase series and repeated in the final publication of the Orthia Sanctuary, I should give my view on Professor Ure's suggestion that these should be modified.

My view is that they must be modified to some extent, if Professor Ure's evidence is sound, which I have no reason to doubt, but much less than he appears to suggest. I do not think it is necessary to put the end of Laconian IV back from 500 B.C. to 560 B.C., but its beginning we must put back from 550 B.C. by about twenty years.

The dates originally suggested for Laconian IV (550–500 B.C.) and Laconian V (500–425 B.C.) are certainly contradicted by the date (560 B.C.) now assigned by Professor Ure to a grave at Rhitsona which contained one of the group of Attic cups that copy, as Professor Ure agrees with me in thinking, the form of stem usual in the Laconian V kylix.
Hellenistic Burials from Cyrenaica
Authors: Brown T. Burton
Published: May 2006

At Cyrene, during the summer of 1947, the Antiquities Department of the British Military Administration of Cyrenaica cleared fallen debris from some of the Hellenistic tombs to the northeast of the city, and near the line of the modern road to Apollonia. In the course of these operations some intact burials came to light.
Tombs at Tocra
Authors: Barnett R. D.
Published: May 2006

Tocra, the ancient Taucheira or Teucheira, in Cyrenaica was founded probably in the sixth century B.C. from Barce, to which it belonged in the time of Herodotus. Although it lies in what is now an easily accessible part of Cyrenaica, it has been very little visited by modern scholars. As is the case elsewhere in Cyrenaica, the outlines of the ancient city emerge distinctly from the ground even before excavation. The perfectly preserved circuit of the city walls goes back in origin perhaps to the fourth century B.C., but owes its present form to a reconstruction by Justinian after the defeat of the Vandals by Belisarius in A.D. 533. The stones for building the walls were taken from earlier buildings in the city, which thereby suffered much damage.
Zeus in the Prometheia
Authors: Knight W. F. J.
Published: May 2006

The controversy about Zeus in the Prometheus Vinctus started by the late Dr. L. R. Farnell (JHS liii, 40 ff.) is not settled. Answers are wanted to three sharp-sighted questions asked by Dr. R. H. Maiden (ibid. liv, 201). The first is whether any one has considered the relation of the Prometheus Vinctus to the Semitic (Babylonian) myth of the fall of man. Later Dr. Maiden writes: ‘In Genesis the myth is used as the vehicle of a mediation on the origin and nature of sin. … But what was the original form [of the myth] before it had undergone the moralising process? … It is not impossible that … the moral character of God was not beyond criticism … the idea of a deity hostile to mankind presented no difficulty to the Semitic mind.’ Thirdly, he questions the assumption made, in his answer to Dr. Farnell, by Mr. H. D. F. Kitto (ibid. liv, 14 ff.), that the High God must be all-powerful and immortal.

Lately M. Dmitri Merezhkovsky has compared the myth of Prometheus with Babylonian myths (The Secret of the West, translated by J. Cournos, London, 1933, 57 ff., citing Bab. Tab. B.M. VI. 5, Beros. Babyl. ap. Damascen. de prim. princ. 125, Cuneiform Texts, I. c). Similar comparisons had been made before, for example by the late Professor A. H. Sayce in 1884 (The Ancient Empires of the East, 157. Cf. my forthcoming remarks in TAPA, lxvii; and now E. O. Forrer, Mélanges Cumont, 686 ff.) In the Babylonian myths a god must be slain to create man.
Notes on Attic Inventories
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: May 2006

The new edition of the Attic temple-inventories of the fourth and third centuries B.C. (IG ii. 1370–1552, with the addenda in IG ii., pars. 2, pp. 797–810), which we owe to Dr. J. Kirchner, is a remarkable achievement, which evokes the admiration and the gratitude of all philologists and historians who have occasion to deal with these documents. Only those who know the stones themselves, all of them broken and many of them barely legible, can realise the labour, the patience, the minute observation, the careful study of the suggestions of previous workers in this field, which the editor has brought to his task. That some gaps remain unfilled and some problems defy solution is in the circumstances inevitable, and we shall best prove our appreciation of what has been accomplished by making some contribution, however slight, to the furtherance of the task. Such must be my apology for these lines.
The Representation of the Chimaera
Authors: Roes Anne
Published: May 2006

Of the children Echidna bore to Typhon the Chimaera was certainly the most illogical. She might even be considered as the very strangest among all the fantastical beings orientalising art in Greece liked to represent. For though she was called the goat, yet she stands before us as a lion, and the only thing there is of a goat about her is a head, that grows like a parasite out of the lion's back, and, in most cases, looks piteous rather than terrific. Even the later addition of a pair of forefeet cannot contribute to making her look formidable. We are told that she has a mighty weapon: the fiery flames she can eject from her mouth. Yet perched as she is, it is not easy for her to make use of this weapon; she will have to manœuvre very skilfully in order not to harm the lion, whose head will always come between her and the enemy they are confronting.
A Lekythos by the Achilles Painter
Authors: Beazley J. D.
Published: May 2006

The white lekythos reproduced in Fig. 1 and Pl. IV is not a recent find. A rough sketch of it, sent from Athens by Urlichs, was published by Emil Braun in Annali dell' Instituto for 1842, pl. L. The vase itself appeared in London at the Norfolk House sale in 1937 (sale catalogue no. 71), and was acquired by me shortly after. It is by the Achilles Painter, number 163 in my list of his works (ARV. p. 644), and belongs to his later middle period, between 440 and 430 B.C. Forty-two and a half centimetres high, it is one of his largest lekythoi, the same height as his well-known' lekythos, with a warrior and a seated woman, Athens 1818 (Riezler pl. 36, whence Pfuhl fig. 543: ARV. p. 643 no. 135). It has a false bottom, like a good many other white lekythoi, and the vent-hole made necessary by this construction is just visible in Fig. 1, on the left, half-way between the lower border and the base-fillet. The other false-bottomed lekythoi by the Achilles Painter have the hole in the same part of the vase. Figures and patterns are drawn in glaze-paint, thinned to brown and golden-brown. A few details are in matt colour, red and black, now much faded. In the middle is the monument, a tapering stele, with gable and acroteria, standing on two steps. Three sashes, in dull black, are tied round the stele. A chaplet, tied into a round, rests on the lower step and leans against the upper; another such chaplet, loose, passes round the foot of the stele and hangs down over the upper step. These objects are often represented both round the heads of revellers and at the tomb or in the basket of offerings brought to it, and other lekythoi by the Achilles Painter show the same arrangement of them as here.
A Byzantine Carol in Honour of St. Basil
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: May 2006

In Chapter II of his Folklore Studies, ancient and modern, Sir William Halliday gave a translation of a Byzantine carol in honour of St. Basil the Great, and with this a full discussion of the legend celebrated in the carol. This is a story of a contact between the emperor Julian the Apostate in his last campaign against Persia and St. Basil, and how Julian's death was brought about by the agency of St. Mercurius, a soldier who was martyred in the Decian persecutions. The legend is recorded in the life of St. Basil attributed to St. Amphilochius, Bishop of Iconium, and in this life it appears we may see the start of the whole story. The supposed author was a contemporary of St. Basil, but the document is rejected as apocryphal, and appears to be of the eighth or ninth century, a date which allows plenty of time for the accumulation of legend about a name so well known in Asia Minor as that of the great bishop of Caesarea. Sir William Halliday has translated the relevant passages: for convenience I here give a very brief summary of the parts of the story which most closely touch the carol.

The emperor Julian on his way to his campaign in Persia met Basil somewhere in the neighbourhood of Caesarea. Basil offered the emperor three loaves; angry at the smallness of the gift, the emperor sent him some hay in return; further angered by the fact that this gift gave the saint the right of pasturage on a certain meadow, he threatened on his return to destroy the city. Basil gathered his flock together, and they went to pray in the church of the Virgin on ‘Mount Didymus.’ The Virgin appeared, and called for the warrior Mercurius, who should go to Persia and slay Julian. Basil then went to the shrine of St. Mercurius, and found that the body was not there. This he announced to the people, and in seven days came the news of the death of Julian. Such very briefly is the legend as recorded in the Amphilochian life.
Greek and Latin Names in Russian Dress
Authors: Minns Ellis H.
Published: May 2006

The treatment of Greek and Latin names in modern languages differs with the language; it may be worth while to seek reasons for the difference, it may bring out something of the history of classical learning in each nation.

In Italian and French the names, being really part of the language, have behaved much like other words and fall like them into the two classes, those which have changed their form in the mouths of the people in obedience to unconscious phonetic processes, and those which have been given convenient shape by the conscious action of the learned. Actually the distinction coincides almost exactly with the distinction between names made familiar by their Christian associations, and names occurring in profane history and literature. The literary names merely suffer simple changes, especially of termination, to bring them into line with the modern language. The Greek names are first Latinised and then if necessary assimilated. But if a historical person anticipates the name, e.g., of a saint, he may be treated familiarly. It is rather a shock to recognise in a Denys the tyrant of Syracuse, on the analogy perhaps of the Areopagite; St. Denis the first bishop of Paris has even lost, his y, but we keep it at St. Denys near Southampton.
The Ionian Agora
Authors: Wycherley R. E.
Published: May 2006

The agora, the nucleus of all Greek cities, was in the beginning simply a convenient open space, around which buildings were irregularly placed. With the growth of systematic planning in Ionia a new type was evolved, and henceforth the old-fashioned agora and the Ionian existed side by side. Several years ago F. J. Tritsch wrote an account of the old type of agora, taking Elis (Fig. 1) as the best example. Since then Athens has yielded richer and more interesting material. The new evidence clarifies and confirms the picture drawn by Tritsch, which may still be accepted as true in principle. One might, however, attempt a brief general account of the new or Ionian agora, which has not perhaps been given the place it deserves in the history of Hellenic architecture. Finally, since remarkable Hellenistic developments have been revealed in the Athenian agora, one is prompted to ask whether the influence of new ideas and methods produced modifications in the older type.
The Progress of Greek Epigraphy, 1939–1940
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: May 2006

It need hardly be emphasised that the survey of the past two years' work in the field of Greek epigraphy which I here offer can make no pretension to completeness. The interruption of communications consequent upon the war has robbed me of access to the majority of the relevant books and periodicals published on the Continent during the last months of 1939 and the whole of 1940. Nevertheless, in view of the amount and importance of the work noted in the following pages, I think it better to write my account, imperfect though it must needs be, in the accustomed form and at the usual time, rather than to hold back my material until the return of peace and the re-establishment of communications enable me to fill the serious gaps which remain. I hope that my next review will be written in conditions which will make it possible to complete this survey of 1939 and 1940 while at the same time summarising the publications of 1941 and 1942. Once again I ask all those scholars who have materially assisted my task by the gift of copies of their works to accept this assurance of my warmest gratitude.
Churches at Bosra and Samaria-Sebaste
Authors: Crowfoot J. W.
Published: May 2006

In his notice of the above paper in the last number of the JHS, p. 287, the reviewer makes one remark which is likely to pepetuate an old error. ‘ In 1909,’ he writes, ‘ Butler found the base of a composite pier ’ etc. What I wrote was that ’ there was no trace of any [such] pier and it is evident that he [Butler] made some mistake when he was working up his notes in America ’ (op. cit., p. 8). The point is crucial, and in a previous account of the church I published photographs to show that the pier never can have existed : see the Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement for January 1936, Plate II.
The Greek Calendar
Authors: Thomson George
Published: May 2006

The Greek calendar has not received as much attention from students of Greek religion as it deserves. The data have been collected by Bischoff. Nilsson has always appreciated its importance, and his contributions to the subject have laid a broad and solid foundation for further research. Both Farnell and Harrison neglected it, and Deubner's Attische Feste (1932) is less adequate in this respect than Mommsen's Feste der Stadt Athen (1898). The question of intercalation was raised in an acute form by Fotheringham, and has never been satisfactorily solved. Meanwhile progress has been made in the study of the Egyptian and Babylonian calendars, with results that have an important bearing on the Greek. This paper does not pretend to be exhaustive. It is merely a discussion of some of the wider issues that arose in the course of an attempt to solve a particular problem—the peculiar method adopted at Olympia for fixing the date of the Games.
A Greek Inscription from the Persian Gulf
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: May 2006

Towards the close of 1938 Professor Bernard Ashmole sent me a photograph, taken by Miss Freya Stark, of an inscription discovered by her on an island near the head of the Persian Gulf, and suggested that I should publish it in this Journal. This I do with the kind permission of Miss Stark, to whom I here express afresh my sincere thanks.
Archaeology in Greece, 1936–37
Authors: Young Gerard M.
Published: May 2006

Acknowledgements are due to all those who have kindly supplied information and photographs: particularly to Dr. Riemann, of the German Archaeological Institute, who generously gave me a copy of his forthcoming report in Archaeologischer Anzeiger, and allowed me to make free use of it; to Professor G. Oikonomos, the Director of the Greek Archaeological Department; to Professors Shear and Morgan, and others of the American School; to M. Paul Lemerle, the Secretary-General of the French School; to Drs. Hampe and Kübler of the German Institute; and to Dr. Säflund of the Swedish excavations. They are in no way responsible for errors in this account.

Athens and Attica

In August 1937 the National Museum received an acquisition of the first importance. It had been known for some time that a marble kouros had been dug up at Anavysos in Attica by a gang of tomb-robbers in 1932, and smuggled out of the country.