bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing Local Mixed Economies of Care
Authors: Charlesworth J , Clarke J , Cochrane A
Published: October 2006

It is widely agreed that there has been a move within the United Kingdom away from one welfare state as traditionally understood towards a mixed economy of welfare, in which public, private, voluntary, and not-for-profit sectors are expected to work together. How the new mixed economy is expected to work is less clear. In this paper we focus on two crucial aspects of the change with respect to care services—in emergent local mixed economies of care—with the help of case studies drawn from Buckinghamshire and Birmingham. We stress the need to recognise the role of local differences in the construction and interpretation of mixed economies of care, so that there is not just one, but may be many (locally distinctive) mixed economies. And we emphasise the need to take into account the rise of managerialism as a means of dealing with problems of coordination within local mixed economies, particularly because of the way in which it may undermine alternative forms of coordination and control.
Look after the Pounds and the People Will Look after Themselves: Social Reproduction, Regulation, and Social Exclusion in Western Europe
Authors: Lee R
Published: October 2006

In considering the nature of and route to a desired end point of transition, regulationist models may overlook or internalise the reproduction of labour. Against the background of growing and chronic unemployment in western Europe, an argument is made for the exogeneity of the social reproduction of labour. The conclusion makes a case for a return to considerations of moral, or the reconstruction of civil, economic geographies.
Duration Dependence in Migration Behaviour: Cumulative Inertia versus Stochastic Change
Authors: Gordon I R , Molho I
Published: October 2006

In this paper a new theoretical framework and supporting empirical evidence on the relationship between movement probabilities and length of stay are presented. Individuals' evaluations of the relative value of alternative locations are assumed to evolve stochastically, with a possible tendency either to cumulative inertia or to cumulative stress. In general this yields a nonmonotonic duration function, with probabilities of movement starting at zero, rising and then falling—a pattern consistent with either cumulative tendency, or neither. A version of the model fitted to data on household movement intentions, from the UK General Household Survey, confirms the hypothesised form of this function and indicates a dominance of cumulative stress over cumulative inertia.
A Stated Choice Model of Sequential Mode and Destination Choice Behaviour for Shopping Trips
Authors: Timmermans H J P
Published: October 2006

Stated preference and choice models currently used in urban planning are focused on predicting single choices. In this paper the intention is to extend these modelling approaches to the case of sequential choice behaviour. Design strategies and model specifications that allow one to predict sequential choice are discussed. The approach is illustrated in a study of sequential mode and destination choice behaviour for shopping trips. The research findings suggest that the proposed approach may be a valuable extension of currently available stated preference and choice methods to analyse more complex forms of decisionmaking.
Challenge and Change: Shoprite and the Restructuring of Grocery Retailing in Scotland
Authors: Sparks L
Published: October 2006

Commentators have made much of the end of the so-called ‘golden age’ of grocery retailing. The debate has focused on the approach of grocery superstore saturation and the influx of new competitive forms such as discount stores and warehouse clubs. As with any market challenge and change, there are corporate and spatial aspects and consequences of sector restructuring. In this paper attention is focused on the introduction of Shoprite into Scotland, and the consequent sector restructuring is examined from a variety of standpoints and scales.
Justification and Optimisation of Radiological Exposure: A Case Study of British Responses to European Obligations
Authors: Miller C E
Published: October 2006

Judicial reviews of two ministerial decisions, alleged by environmental pressure groups to have been in default of international obligations on radiological protection, are examined. Although both challenges were unsuccessful, they nevertheless exposed differences between UK pragmatism and the more prescriptive approach favoured by EURATOM. It is argued that the consolidation of the European environmental programme in the Maastricht Treaty offers further opportunities for nongovernmental organisations to exploit such differences.
Subverting Cartography: The Situationists and Maps of the City
Authors: Pinder D
Published: October 2006

It is increasingly recognised that cartography is a contested practice, embedded within particular sets of power relations, and that maps are bound up with the production and reproduction of social life. The author begins by emphasising the importance of these issues for considering how the city has been mapped and represented through cartographic schemes, and draws on debates around the power and politics of mapping, and contentions that maps are ‘preeminently a language of power, not of protest’. However, it is argued that maps and mapping have not been entirely the preserve of the powerful, and the main part of the paper is devoted to examining some specific challenges to ‘official’ cartographies of the city. The author focuses on the radical art and political group, the Situationist International, and its avant-garde predecessors of the Lettrist International, who sought to appropriate urban maps and cartographic discourses and to develop a new form of ‘psychogeographical mapping’ during the 1950s and 1960s. The paper provides an account of their subversions, and an assessment of how their concerns might inform contemporary discussions on cartography and the mapping of urban space.
Land-Use Planning, Land Supply, and House Prices
Authors: Monk S , Pearce B J , Whitehead C M E
Published: October 2006

There are clearly significant social benefits to land-use planning, but there may also be significant private and social costs which need to be taken into account. In this paper we explore the relationship between land-use planning, the supply of housing land, and the supply and price of housing. It is based on two pieces of empirical research. In the first study, an investigation was conducted of the extent to which land supply, and particularly the operation of the planning system, had affected house prices in Britain during the 1980s, and how far planning had placed a constraint on land supply or simply reorganised that supply. In the follow-up study a single planning area was looked at to examine the extent to which increased land allocations in one area can compensate for constraints on land supply in another. We conclude that the planning system imposes significant costs, which include the exacerbation of price increases in periods of economic growth, but without being able to generate higher housing output during recession. In addition the planning system tends to foster a narrower range of housing types and densities than would be expected in its absence, and so restricts the choice available to consumers.
Understanding Attraction: Cooperation and Human Intentionality as Determinants of Spatial Interaction and Corporate Location
Authors: Malmberg B
Published: October 2006

In this paper it is argued that identification and analysis of spatial patterns have an important role to play in the development of materialist social theory. Spatial forms reveal material conditions that govern social processes and, therefore, provide keys to the understanding of how societies work. Two examples are provided. First, it is argued that gravity patterns in spatial interaction are an outcome of human intentionality but that they also show how human actions are controlled by material conditions. Second, it is shown how the spatial structure of multiplant firms reflects the need for cooperation and control in capitalist production.
International Engineering Services 1982–92
Authors: Warf B
Published: October 2006

Engineering services are important venues for international flows of capital and specialized forms of knowledge, and are extensively traded internationally. In this paper the geography of global supply and demand for engineering services for the years 1982–92 is examined. First, trends in six major world market areas are highlighted. The US, by far the world's largest provider, generated more than $3 billion in foreign engineering sales in 1992. Second, I examine the domestic employment impacts of US engineering sales abroad using input—output analysis. Third, I explore the theoretical implications of the relatively few linkages to manufacturing that engineering, like other services, exhibits. As a subtext, I attempt to forge linkages between the literatures on global trade in services and world systems theory.
Projecting Interregional Migration Balances within a Multiregional Cohort—Component Framework
Authors: Werschler T , Nault F
Published: October 2006

An examination of the projection output derived from fixed-rate and variable-rate interregional migration assumptions reveals the difficulty with which an acceptable range of migration scenarios is developed for use in Canadian population projections. The development of acceptable migration assumptions is limited by the choice of projection methodology, the requirements of projections within the present context, and the demographic characteristics of Canada's regions. In order to overcome these limitations, a technique for controlling projected interregional migration balances within a cohort—component framework is proposed. This approach improves the utility of the interregional projection methodology and meets all the requirements for population projections in the present context.
Income, Self-Selection, and Return and Onward Interprovincial Migration in Canada
Authors: Newbold K B
Published: October 2006

Estimated returns to migration based on comparison of individual migrants may be biased owing to self-selection in the migration process. Using data derived from the 1986 Canadian census, I will study the effects of expected wage differentials in determining the return or onward migration decision of nonnative adults aged 20 to 64 years. Evidence was found that return migrations were in the ‘right’ direction, as they are observed to respond to provincial economic variables (that is, average employment growth and income levels) in a rational manner. After accounting for self-selectivity, I found that results indicate that return migrants (individuals migrating back to their province of birth) are negatively selected, and experience lower income levels, following the return migration, than onward migrants would have, had they chosen the return migration option. This drop in expected wages decreases the propensity associated with making a return migration. Despite this drop in income, the large proportion selecting the return migration option suggests the importance of the province of birth in the mental map of nonnative migrants.
‘Fast Money’: Financial Exclusion in the Mexican Economic Adjustment Model
Authors: Christopherson S , Hovey R
Published: October 2006

Research on the restructuring of financial markets in advanced industrial countries has focused primarily on the consequences of changing regulation and of concentration of capital and control. At an international geographic scale, these processes have produced strong financial centers and new outposts for capital transactions. They have also resulted in the reworking of domestic capital markets with significant consequences for the location of economic activities and access to financial services. In Mexico the financial infrastructure is ‘thin’ both with respect to the variety of institutions and in space. As a consequence of privatization and state innovation, a financial infrastructure is developing with important implications for access to capital by different segments of the economy and regions. This new financial infrastructure has a distinctly bimodal character. We describe the development of the Mexican financial infrastructure after financial market restructuring and speculate on the consequences for economic development, including its spatial dimension.
Urban Land Policy in Zimbabwe
Authors: Rakodi C
Published: October 2006

Related to the functions of the central state and local state, a range of interventions in the urban land-development process may be pursued. Typically, policies and practices related to land are devised at different times for different purposes and are administered by different agencies. Rarely are the relationships between them, their implementation, and their overall impact considered systematically, especially for developing countries. In this paper I evaluate urban land policy in Zimbabwe. I consider tenure, land-use planning and development control, taxation, and direct public sector intervention in the land market. Particular attention is given to the local administrative context and to the relationship between central and local government as portrayed in the paths of land delivery for private developers, municipalities, and central government. The overall conclusion is that Zimbabwe's urban land administration system works effectively. However, it is formal and complex, which is restricting its ability to play an appropriate role in catering for rapid urban growth and the needs of low-income residents.
Preliminary Evidence for a Theory of the Fractal City
Authors: Batty M , Xie Y
Published: October 2006

In this paper, we argue that the geometry of urban residential development is fractal. Both the degree to which space is filled and the rate at which it is filled follow scaling laws which imply invariance of function, and self-similarity of urban form across scale. These characteristics are captured in population density functions based on inverse power laws whose parameters are fractal dimensions. First we outline the relevant elements of the theory in terms of scaling relations and then we introduce two methods for estimating fractal dimension based on varying the size of cities and the scale at which their form is detected. Exact and statistical estimation techniques are applied to each method respectively generating dimensions which measure the extent and the rate of space filling. These methods are then applied to residential development patterns in six industrial cities in the northeastern United States, with an innovative data source from the TIGER/Line files. The results support the theory of the fractal city outlined in books by Batty and Longley and Frankhauser, but with the clear conclusion that different scale and estimation techniques generate different types of fractal dimension.
Competitive Dynamics in Hierarchically Organized Markets: Spatial Duopoly and Demand Asymmetries
Authors: Plummer P
Published: October 2006

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the impact of corporate organizational structure on the configuration of prices, outputs, and profits in spatially extensive markets. In previous research I examined the general and analytical conditions defining both the existence and stability of an equilibrium in hierarchically organized spatial markets dominated by oligopolistic corporations that distribute a commodity directly to consumers through their retail franchises. Here I examine the disequilibrium dynamics resulting from this model. A bilevel decisionmaking process is hypothesized in which corporations vary their delivered prices in response to changes in urban market demand and in which franchises vary their retail prices in response both to changes in the cost of the commodity from their parent corporation and to the pricing strategies pursued by their competitors. The complexity of interactions operating between the two levels of the model and the presence of asymmetrical demand conditions facing duopolistic corporations suggests that it is unlikely that an overall spatial price equilibrium can actually be reached by such disequilibrium price-adjustment strategies.
The Phylogenetic Moment—A New Diversity Measure, with Procedures for Measurement and Optimisation
Authors: Horn M E T , Faith D P , Walker P A
Published: October 2006

The measurement of diversity in biological systems is an increasingly important requirement in environmental planning at regional, national, and even international levels. Phylogenetic diversity indicates the biological variety present in a set of species by reference to the phylogenetic relationships amongst the species. A new diversity measure is proposed which for a given group indicates how well a given set of extant taxa represent the group as a whole. The new measure is called the phylogenetic moment, and is related to the p-median definition of locational efficiency in location—allocation analysis.

Several analytical techniques for the new measure are described: an evaluation procedure, an heuristic optimisation procedure designed to select a representationally efficient set of taxa, and an exact algorithm for the special case where only one taxon is to be selected. The authors describe the application of the procedures in conservation planning for Australian bat fauna, and report the results of performance tests on a variety of other data sets. Because of their efficient performance and modest storage requirements, the procedures are well suited to the analysis of large taxonomic trees.
A Stroke of the Chancellor's Pen: The Social and Regional Impact of the Conservatives' 1988 Higher Rate Tax Cuts
Authors: Hamnett C
Published: October 2006

The geography of income and taxation is an important but underresearched subject. Given the uneven geography of incomes, changes in tax regimes are likely to have an uneven regional impact. The author examines the social and spatial impact of the Conservative government's 1988 higher rate income tax cuts in Britain. It is shown that, in addition to their highly regressive social impact, the 1988 tax cuts favoured the South East where the concentration of high income earners is most marked. This had a significant impact on the late 1980s consumption and housing market boom in the South East.
A Multilevel Model of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in England and Wales
Authors: Langford I H , Bentham G
Published: October 2006

It has previously been shown that there is a significant association between mortality from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and rates of long-term migration between local authority districts in England and Wales. This evidence supports the theory that exposure to infections, mediated by population mixing, may be an important factor in many cases of SIDS. In this paper, multilevel modelling is used to examine the variability in SIDS deaths at different geographical scales, namely district, county, and regional levels. Given the population-mixing hypothesis, it is possible that high levels of population mixing in one district will have an effect on the spread of infections in an adjacent district, and the rates for individual districts will not be spatially independent of each other. Factors such as climate varying at regional scale may also be important. A log—linear multilevel model is developed to examine these issues, and the discussion focuses on the methodological issues raised by the analysis such as appropriate multilevel structure, methods of estimation, dispersion of residuals, and significance of parameter estimates.
Towards a Property Market Paradigm of Urban Change
Authors: D'Arcy É , Keogh G
Published: October 2006

Conventional treatments of urban change almost uniformly ignore the role of land and property markets as essential mediators of such change. The urban built environment is assumed to be a passive adapter to structural change. However, given the complexity of property market process—in particular the disparate nature of market actors, decision rules, and institutions, the immutable characteristics of property, and the obvious constraints imposed by the existing built environment—simple adaptive adjustment is unlikely to take place. These factors can themselves be expected to play an important part in shaping urban growth and development outcomes. In response to these concerns, we propose a property market paradigm of urban change and examine its relevance in the context of six major European urban regions. The results suggest that this approach can provide a more holistic understanding of contemporary urban change than that offered by conventional analysis.
Software for Qualitative Research: 1. Prospectus and Overview
Authors: Crang M A , Hudson A C , Reimer S M , Hinchliffe S J
Published: October 2006

In recent years there has been growing interest in the use of computers within qualitative geography. In this paper we review the types of software packages that have been adopted and outline some of their distinctive features. We discuss the intellectual and institutional reasons for the interest in the software and highlight the ways in which such reasons have shaped the use made of these packages. We argue that only a contextual account of how packages are adopted, adapted, and used can explain the situation in geography. Furthermore we suggest that the archaeologies underlying the packages—their theoretical presuppositions—are remarkably homogeneous and need to be clearly understood before deciding how the packages might be used. We outline how some of these presuppositions have affected the ways in which the packages have been used, and develop—from our own experiences—some points about informal networks of adoption and institutional contexts. The point of this is to suggest the minimal role played by formal software guides and manuals in choosing whether and how to use a package. The paper outlines the current ‘state of play’ and raises issues of future use to be addressed in a second paper on this theme. Our intention is neither to sell a particular package, nor to say “to do X, use package Y”, because such recommendations are often misleading. Rather, our aim is to provoke discussion about the use of software packages in qualitative geography.
The Kuznets Curve for the Environment and Economic Growth: Examining the Evidence
Authors: Ekins P
Published: October 2006

Recent research has examined the relationship between certain indicators of environmental quality and income, concluding on the basis of econometric estimation that in some cases an inverted-U relationship, which has been called an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), exists between these variables. There has been speculation on the implications of this for economic and environmental policy. In this paper I examine this research as a whole and find that unequivocal evidence for an EKC relationship is very scant; that there are important indicators which show a monotonically increasing relationship; that even where there may be an EKC relationship, most of the world's population is still on the section of the curve that is increasing, so that growth in income on the basis of this relationship would result in considerable further environmental damage; and that reviews of overall environmental quality even in the richest countries show that it is still declining. I conclude that from the point of view of environmental sustainability the income—environment relationship is still very problematic and that determined environmental policy will be required if future income growth is to be compatible with sustainable development.
Strategic Behavior and Development Sequences in Producer Service Businesses
Authors: Beyers W B , Lindahl D P
Published: October 2006

Though it is widely recognized that the producer services are among the fastest growing industries in advanced economies, there is little research documenting development experiences of establishments within these industries. In this paper we address this topic by illustrating types of strategic behaviors exhibited by producer service firms and the effectiveness of these behaviors, developing a taxonomy of firm segments, and relating types of strategic behavior to this taxonomy. The paper is based on results from 444 in-depth interviews. Key variables addressed in the analysis are drawn from the industrial sociology and business strategy literature and include organizational structure, age, dynamics of client and geographic markets, and changes in services supplied.
Advanced Telematics for Travel Decisions: A Quantitative Analysis of the Stopwatch Project in Southampton
Authors: Ouwersloot H , Nijkamp P , Pepping G
Published: October 2006

The effect of telematics technology on public transport use is analyzed on the basis of a theoretical model. Two possible mechanisms (reduction of uncertainty and a better choice of bus options, based on a general cost-minimization assumption) that may stimulate bus use are distinguished. The model is empirically tested by using microdata from the Southampton Stopwatch telematics project, which were collected both before and after the introduction of this telematics information service. The estimation of the model leads to interesting findings in explaining (anticipated) increases in bus use, for both the before and the after survey. It is shown that uncertainty reduction is the more important effect of the new system. Differences in the before and after data are found concerning the increase in bus use, but the explanatory model proves consistent over the two samples.
The Current State of Knowledge in International Business in Producer Services
Authors: Bagchi-Sen S , Sen J
Published: October 2006

In this paper the authors review recent research on the characteristics and operations of service multinationals. To provide an understanding of the determinants of internationalization, entry modes, and strategies of product and market diversification, examples are taken from producer service firms with specific emphasis upon accounting and advertising services. The competitive advantage of service multinationals in the United States and Western Europe is at the core of most discussion; however, the competitive strategies of the Japanese advertising firms vis-à-vis their Western counterparts are discussed to highlight interorganizational differences. This paper is organized into five sections: the definition of services and the determinants of growth in producer services in the industrially advanced nations; theoretical explanations of international investments in services; empirical research on the determinants of internationalization, entry mode, and business strategies of service firms; industry-specific examples of competitiveness in accounting and advertising; and implications for future research.
Expected Distributions in the Intervening Opportunities Model
Authors: Shvetsov V I , Dubov Yu A
Published: October 2006

Two modifications of the intervening opportunities model, accounting for the ‘long lines effect’ are proposed. The first modification deals with the instant reaction of customers at long queues and incorporates the statistical dependence of their behaviour. In the second model customer behaviour is determined by past data, which make their behaviour statistically independent. The concept of self-consistent distribution is introduced, its existence is investigated, and properties of self-consistent distributions are described.
In Search of the New Social Economy: Collaborative Relations between Users and Producers of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies
Authors: Gertler M S , DiGiovanna S
Published: October 2006

Geographers and other social scientists have paid considerable attention recently to what has been characterized as the increasingly social character of economic activity. Of particular interest has been the rise of more collaborative relations among firms and the formation of territorial production networks predicated upon joint product development and manufacturing, trust-based buyer—supplier interaction, and the freer exchange of proprietary information. Much of the empirical evidence for such claims comes from a relatively small number of regional case studies of particular industries which have enjoyed a high degree of economic success in recent years. At issue, however, is the extent to which such collaborative activity has diffused to other industries and other regions, especially the more mature industrial regions. Furthermore, even in cases where collaborative relationships have been documented, much debate remains over their effectiveness and the kinds of benefits arising from such activity, especially in North America. Previous research on the adoption and implementation of advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) in Ontario indicates that strong collaboration between AMT producers (largely outside the region) and AMT users is relatively rare. In this paper this work is deepened and extended by an examination of the frequency of collaboration, the forms such collaboration takes, and the factors which seem to be critical in determining whether or not firms will collaborate with one another. Evaluating the results of a survey analysis of AMT users, follow-up interviews both with users and with producers, and a comparison with the AMT sector in Germany, the authors conclude that the apparent scarcity of collaborative activity in the Ontario AMT industry is closely related to the physical and organizational distance between suppliers and customers, and also arises from the high degree of foreign ownership of AMT users in Ontario. They conclude that, despite the well-recognized rise of global economic players, nationality of ownership and geography still matter.
Marginalization, Information, and Infection: Risk Behavior Correlation in Ghettoized Sociogeographic Networks and the Spread of Disease to Majority Populations
Authors: Wallace R , Flisher A J , Fullilove R
Published: October 2006

Information theory analysis suggests that observed frequency distributions and intercorrelations of risk—benefit behaviors as determined from administrative data sets and surveys should characterize the internal structure of community-scale social networks, particularly in the context of social disintegration. This perspective further suggests that a ‘code’ is created using behaviors and correlated sequences of behaviors to overcome the noise generated by the oppressive externalities and consequent internal feedbacks causing community disorganization. The often-observed and highly destructive clustering of violence, substance abuse, and unsafe sexual activity appears as a consequence of a fundamental canonical mechanism (described by the Shannon—McMillan theorem) which favors intercorrelated meaningful sequences of behavioral or other signals to maximize the rate of transmission of information under noisy conditions. Such intercorrelation, in addition to accelerating the spread of infection carried by risk behaviors within marginalized communities, may cause their fragmented networks to become highly efficient compound channels, acting as bridges for the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other pathogens or behavioral pathologies from inner core groups to embedding majority populations. Individually oriented prevention programs addressing risk behaviors in ghettoized populations will thus have limited impact—particularly as strategies for the containment of infection—without a parallel address of the external marginalizing stressors which structure and enhance the value of such behaviors as useful symbols for communication. Without the introduction of new, politically based behaviors as alternative symbols within ‘core group’ communities, control of HIV and other pathogens seems unlikely in the United States.
Tourism, Recreational, and Amenity Values in Land Allocation: An Analysis of Institutional Arrangements in the Postproductivist Era
Authors: Reed M G , Gill A M
Published: October 2006

In this paper, we examine the influence of institutional arrangements on the implementation of local land-use allocations which incorporate tourism, recreational, and amenity (TRA) values, using a case study from British Columbia, Canada. We frame this paper within a conceptualization of postproductivism and pose the question to what extent, and under what conditions, are new local stakeholders, new local agencies, and new local processes effective in allocating land uses which reflect TRA values? Three new land-use proposals which incorporate TRA values are examined to determine where key catalysts for implementation lie. We found that, unlike other research in rural areas of Britain, institutions in British Columbia that have conventionally regulated land use continue to exercise their considerable regulatory and discretionary powers. Though new stakeholders, agencies and processes at the local level have had an impact on planning, they have not been effective in reconfiguring the power structures for actual implementation of land reallocation. This lack of efficacy is attributed in part to the common property character of lands that support TRA values, the associated complexity of property rights regimes, and the large number of stakeholders involved. Furthermore, there is a lack of understanding by regulatory agencies of land resources as community resources, and these agencies continue to grant higher priority to the strategic considerations of higher levels of government rather than to local concerns.
Indian Environmentalism and the Question of the State: Problems and Prospects for Sustainable Development
Authors: Rangan H
Published: October 2006

The author focuses on the problems inherent in environmentalist critiques of the Indian state, and the inability of their authors to provide a useful analytical approach for reforming state institutions engaged in environmental regulation and natural-resource management. After a review of the arguments made by leading spokespersons of Indian environmentalism, the author provides an alternative framework for understanding the different forms of state intervention in natural-resource management in colonial and postcolonial India. Three factors that have shaped dominant policy phases and strategies of state institutions engaged in resource management are highlighted: major shifts in the political and economic processes that create pressures for state intervention; competing demands on state institutions that shape the ways in which intervention occurs; and conflicts, disputes, and negotiations that redefine the exercise of state control and the forms of resource management. In focusing on the interplay of these three factors, the author illustrates the continuities and major shifts in resource-management strategies adopted by state institutions in India. The inherent weaknesses (and reactionary populism) of Indian environmental debates are discussed, together with the inability of those involved to articulate strategies for moving towards sustainable urban and regional development within the recent policy phase of deregulation and market expansion in India.
Nonsecessionist Regionalism in India: The Uttarakhand Separate State Movement
Authors: Mawdsley E
Published: October 2006

Studies of regionalism in India have tended to concentrate on the secessionist struggles in Kashmir and Punjab, and on centre-State relations within the federal union. An issue which has received far less attention has been that of nonsecessionist regionalism—the various demands for the creation of new smaller States within India. The persistent tendency of the centre has been to view these movements as threatening and divisive and, therefore, with varying degrees of success, to resist and repress them. However, a number of commentators have suggested that smaller States are one way in which India's federal structure could become more equipoised, decentralised, and participatory. In this paper the author examines the recent mass movement for a separate State of Uttarakhand, an area which currently forms the Himalayan part of the State of Uttar Pradesh. Given the limitations of space, she concentrates on one aspect of the movement, namely how protestors have mobilised particular grammars and strategies of resistance in their struggle to persuade the central government (the final arbiter) that their demands for separation from Uttar Pradesh are justified and that the creation of Uttarakhand would benefit both the region and the country, economically, environmentally, and strategically.
Alternative-Use Valuation, Open Al Planning Consent, and the Development of Retail Parks
Authors: Guy C M
Published: October 2006

In this paper I will examine the recent surge in development interest and land values associated with retail park development in the United Kingdom. This surge is shown to have arisen from changes in retailing methods among leading nonfood retailers and in land-use planning regulations which have created concerns over scarcity of land for future off-centre development. The implications for both setup and exit sunk costs for retailers, and alternative-use values for their land holdings, are discussed. It is also suggested that off-centre retailing may be subject to rapid changes in the next few years as the potential for maximisation of value from existing retail parks is sought by developers and financial institutions.
Male Youth Activities and Metropolitan Context
Authors: Holloway S R
Published: October 2006

The research reported here examines the impact of metropolitan location on the activity choices of a sample of black and white male youths living in large metropolitan areas in the United States in 1980. The results of the analysis confirm that similar youths living in different metropolitan areas will make different activity choices. Furthermore, black male youths are found to be substantially more sensitive to metropolitan context than white male youths. The analysis also suggests that black and white disadvantaged youths respond differently to metropolitan context in terms of the trade-offs between activities. Disadvantaged black male youths are highly unlikely to be employed in all metropolitan areas and tend to trade-off staying in school with idleness, whereas disadvantaged white male youths tend to trade-off employment with idleness, depending on the metropolitan area they live in. This research confirms the importance of incorporating geographic context into our theoretical understanding of male youths' behavior. We must also, however, continue to address the implications of race as it shapes the context-dependent labor-market experiences of male youths.
Using the SARs to Add Policy Value to Household Projections
Authors: King D , Bolsdon D
Published: October 2006

Household projections are at the centre of the debate about future housing requirements in England. The Census of Population Sample of Anonymised Records offers actual and potential opportunities to ‘add value’ to traditional projections. This article gives examples of such added value, including testing definitional sensitivity of projection outcomes, assisting further detailed disaggregation of projected components, assisting the matching of household projections to dwelling supply, and offering scope to explore via data linkage the relationships between household projections and ‘backlog’ housing needs, affordability, dwelling size, and tenure. The last of these methodologies is examined more closely by using findings from a research project which explored the tenure implications of government household projections on rural areas.
The Nonutilisation of Human Capital in Regional Labour Markets across Europe
Authors: Elhorst J P
Published: October 2006

In this paper the author investigates the extent to which regional Europe exceeds its minimum level of nonemployment by estimating a stochastic frontier model. This surplus is called the ‘inefficiency of regional labour markets’—the degree to which potential labour-force resources among the nonparticipants could be further mobilised given the actual unemployment rate. Starting with 130 regions across eight member states of the European Union, two nonemployment frontier models are estimated, one for men and one for women, with annual data derived from Eurostat, 1983–89. It turns out that, on average, 1.9% of the male and 4.8% of the female working-age population could be further mobilised, and that, consequently, the actual unemployment rate is underestimated by 2.8% overall. In addition, a test has been performed as to whether the inefficiency estimates are related to participation, employment, or unemployment figures. It appears that unemployment figures in particular are extremely bad predictors.
Indicators of Deprivation in People and Places: Longitudinal Perspectives
Authors: Sloggett A , Joshi H
Published: October 2006

The Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study of England and Wales is used to describe the prevalence in individuals, over time, of a set of variables commonly used in the construction of indicators of area deprivation. These variables are: housing tenure, car access, low skill, and unemployment. Over three censuses between 1971 and 1991, these states appear neither completely permanent nor entirely random. The picture is one of changing fortunes; many individuals temporarily disadvantaged revolving around a core of those experiencing more long-term disadvantage. This is especially true of unemployment. Used in multivariate models to predict health and deprivation outcomes in 1991, the individual characteristics from both 1971 and 1981 have stronger predictive power than ward scores on deprivation indicators. The relation between spatial mobility and the health and social outcomes appears favourable only for young adults.
Nature's Place in the Technological Transformation of Agriculture: Some Reflections on the Recombinant BST Controversy in the USA
Authors: Buttel F H
Published: October 2006

In this paper I focus on the interactions between technological transformation of agrofood systems and the construction of discursive linkages between rurality and nature. I draw on Giddens's notion of time–space distanciation to show how the spatial configuration of modern agrofood systems creates possibilities but also imposes limits on discourses about agriculture and nature. Using some observations from the bovine somatotropin (BST) experience, I demonstrate that prospective technological transformations significantly influence the struggle for ‘control of the natural’ among the diversity of actors in the dairy-products commodity chain. Proponents and opponents of BST aimed to occupy the discursive high ground of ‘the natural’ in making their appeals to farmers, consumers, and policymakers. As it became clearer in the late 1980s that BST would not prove to be the revolutionary biotechnology product that proponents had originally claimed, both proponents and opponents significantly altered the substance of their discursive claims about what constitutes the natural. This suggests that vocabularies of nature are a flexible modality for contesting the course of social change in agrofood systems. Actors in the BST controversy not only contested the natural status of artifacts and practices such as the use of BST technology, they did so with respect to the social institutions of agricultural research and agricultural policy as well. Some legacies of the struggle for control of the natural in US dairying and in agrofood systems in general are discussed.
‘Undercurrent Affairs’: Radical Environmentalism and Alternative News
Authors: Holloway J
Published: October 2006

This paper is set in the context of the increased prevalence of environmental direct action in the United Kingdom. After delimiting ‘radical’ enviromentalism, and briefly describing the impetus for this turn to direct action, I focus on the radical environmental movement's use of different media. Thus parallel to the increase in direct action has been the emergence of a variety of radical environmental news texts (in both video and print form). These texts carry different representations and cultural–political mappings of the rural and rurality. Three themes of such a depiction are described: the rural as ‘nature's refuge’, as a local space but potentially global in its consequence, and a space of a radical history of Englishness. In the second half of the paper I draw insight from actor–network theory to argue for a relational–materialist approach to the production and consumption of these texts. By taking this approach I describe a ‘moment’ wherein it becomes difficult and problematic to separate these two processes. The notion of chains of production–consumption is suggested in order to overcome this difficulty.
Learning and Learning Capability in the Fordist and Post-Fordist Age: An Integrative Framework
Authors: Jin D J , Stough R R
Published: October 2006

In this paper we use the concept of ‘learning capability’ to integrate several frameworks regarding the changing nature of industrial organization and international competition. In doing so, we emphasize the primacy of learning and learning capability in the post-Fordist world of international competition, with a focus on analyzing Fordist and post-Fordist forms of learning at various levels and their differing impact on the learning capability of firms in a regional context. First, we examine the organizational arrangements that promote individual and organizational learning within the firm, with special reference to the Japanese practices of lean and flexible production. Second, we introduce the concept of transactional learning to delineate various forms of Fordist and post-Fordist learning that occur in the marketplace. After reinterpreting Porter's (1990) diamond model as a market structure for transactional learning, we extend his work by emphasizing the role of interfirm networks in facilitating learning and learning capability. The focus of this analysis is on the importance of trust and reciprocity in maintaining effective information flow and cooperation within these networks. In doing so, we discuss differences in the social construction of trust and networks and their corresponding impact on dominant forms of learning and learning capability. We further introduce the concept of spatial learning for analyzing the role of industrial districts as learning agents. We conclude the paper with an examination of the concept of learning infrastructure as a general construct for policymaking regarding regional development and international competition in the post-Fordist age.
Accessibility, Network Efficiency, and Transport Infrastructure Planning
Authors: Gutiérrez J , Monzón A , Piñero J M
Published: October 2006

Most accessibility measures reported in the literature do not meet certain requirements of transport planners, as the results offered by these indicators are heavily influenced by the geographic location of the places. Peripheral locations invariably figure as being of low accessibility and consequently as possible receptors for new investments, even though they may already have a very good provision of transport infrastructure. In this paper an accessibility indicator is formulated that neutralizes the effect of geographic location. To this end, the customary notion of distance (length, time, or costs) is substituted by another which expresses the ease of access in terms of network efficiency. This indicator can be useful to assist decisions to invest in transport networks, as it is more sensitive than the potential model to the transport infrastructure needs of each individual region. It has been tested by application to the current Spanish Infrastructure Master Plan.