bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prospective simultaneous quantification of human cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell reconstitution in young recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants
Authors: Lilleri Daniele , Gerna Giuseppe , Fornara Chiara , Lozza Laura , Maccario Rita , Locatelli Franco
Published: April 2006

We investigated immune reconstitution against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in 57 hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, aged 1 to 24 years, through a novel method combining T-cell stimulation by HCMV-infected autologous dendritic cells with simultaneous cytometric quantification of HCMV-specific, IFNγ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Lymphoproliferative response (LPR) to HCMV antigens was also determined. Patients were stratified into 2 groups according to HCMV serostatus, comprising 39 HCMV-seropositive (R+) and 18 HCMV-seronegative (R–) patients who received a transplant from a sero-positive donor. Recovery of both HCMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell immunity occurred in all 39 R+ patients within 6 months and in 6 (33%) of 18 R– patients within 12 months. In R+ patients, the median numbers of HCMV-specific CD8+ and CD4+T cells were significantly higher than those of healthy controls, starting from days +60 and +180, respectively. In R– patients, the median numbers of HCMV-specific T cells were consistently lower than in R+ patients. LPR was delayed compared with reconstitution of IFNγ-producing T cells. Patients with delayed specific immune reconstitution experienced recurrent episodes of HCMV infection. HCMV seropositivity of young HSCT recipients is the major factor responsible for HCMV-specific immune reconstitution, irrespective of donor serostatus, and measurement of HCMV-specific T cells appears useful for correct management of HCMV infection.
Activating NOTCH1 mutations predict favorable early treatment response and long-term outcome in childhood precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Breit Stephen , Stanulla Martin , Flohr Thomas , Schrappe Martin , Ludwig Wolf-Dieter , Tolle Gabriele , Happich Margit , Muckenthaler Martina U. , Kulozik Andreas E.
Published: April 2006

Activating mutations of the transmembrane receptor NOTCH1 are common in precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). We systematically analyzed the impact of activating NOTCH1 mutations on early treatment response and long-term outcome in 157 patients with T-ALL of the pediatric ALL–Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster (BFM) 2000 study. We confirm previous results that NOTCH1 mutations occur in more than 50% of T-ALL in children. In 82 patients (82/157; 52.2%), activating NOTCH1 mutations were identified either in the heterodimerization (55/82; 67.1%), in the PEST (13/82; 15.9%), or in both domains (14/82; 17.0%). The presence of NOTCH1 mutations was significantly correlated with a good prednisone response and favorable minimal residual disease (MRD) kinetics, which was independent from sex, age, white blood cell count, and T-cell immunophenotype at the time of diagnosis. Furthermore, activating NOTCH1 mutations specified a large subgroup of patients with an excellent prognosis. These findings indicate that in the context of the ALL-BFM 2000 treatment strategy, NOTCH1 mutations predict a more rapid early treatment response and a favorable long-term outcome in children with T-ALL.
Identifying Bioethics Learning Needs: A Survey of Canadian Emergency Medicine Residents
Authors: Pauls Merril A. , Ackroyd‐Stolarz Stacy
Published: April 2006

Objectives:
Emergency medicine (EM) postgraduate training programs must prepare residents for the ethical challenges of clinical practice. Bioethics curricula have been developed for EM residents, but they are based on expert opinion rather than resident learning needs. Educational interventions based on identified learning needs are more effective at changing practice than interventions that are not. The goal of this study was to identify the bioethics learning needs of Canadian EM residents.

Methods:
A survey‐based needs assessment of Canadian EM residents was performed between July 2000 and June 2001. Residents were asked to identify their learning needs by rating bioethics topics and by relating their clinical experiences. Physicians and nurses who work with residents were surveyed in a similar manner and also asked to identify the residents' bioethics learning needs.

Results:
A total of 129 EM residents (77% of eligible residents), 94 physicians, and 87 nurses responded. Residents, physicians, and nurses all identified issues in end‐of‐life care as the greatest bioethics learning needs of the residents. Other areas identified as learning needs included negotiating consent, capacity assessment, truth telling, and breaking bad news. A learning need identified by nurses, but not residents, was the manner in which residents interact with patients and colleagues.

Conclusions:
This needs assessment provides valuable information about the ethical challenges EM residents encounter and the ethical issues they believe they have not been prepared to face. This information should be used to direct and shape ethics education interventions for EM residents.
Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein-1a Transactivates 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase/Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphatase Gene Promoter
Authors: Metón Isidoro , Egea Miriam , Anemaet Ida G. , Fernández Felipe , Baanante Isabel V.
Published: April 2006

6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (PFKFB) catalyzes the synthesis and degradation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, a key modulator of glycolysis-gluconeogenesis. To gain insight into the molecular mechanism behind hormonal and nutritional regulation of PFKFB expression, we have cloned and characterized the proximal promoter region of the liver isoform of PFKFB (PFKFB1) from gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Transient transfection of HepG2 cells with deleted gene promoter constructs and electrophoretic mobility shift assays allowed us to identify a sterol regulatory element (SRE) to which SRE binding protein-1a (SREBP-1a) binds and transactivates PFKFB1 gene transcription. Mutating the SRE box abolished SREBP-1a binding and transactivation. The in vivo binding of SREBP-1a to the SRE box in the S. aurata PFKFB1 promoter was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. There is a great deal of evidence for a postprandial rise of PFKB1 mRNA levels in fish and rats. Consistently, starved-to-fed transition and treatment with glucose or insulin increased SREBP-1 immunodetectable levels, SREBP-1 association to PFKFB1 promoter, and PFKFB1 mRNA levels in the piscine liver. Our findings demonstrate involvement of SREBP-1a in the transcriptional activation of PFKFB1, and we conclude that SREBP-1a may exert a key role mediating postprandial activation of PFKFB1 transcription.
Endocrine-Disrupting Organotin Compounds Are Potent Inducers of Adipogenesis in Vertebrates
Authors: Grün Felix , Watanabe Hajime , Zamanian Zamaneh , Maeda Lauren , Arima Kayo , Cubacha Ryan , Gardiner David M. , Kanno Jun , Iguchi Taisen , Blumberg Bruce
Published: April 2006

Dietary and xenobiotic compounds can disrupt endocrine signaling, particularly of steroid receptors and sexual differentiation. Evidence is also mounting that implicates environmental agents in the growing epidemic of obesity. Despite a long-standing interest in such compounds, their identity has remained elusive. Here we show that the persistent and ubiquitous environmental contaminant, tributyltin chloride (TBT), induces the differentiation of adipocytes in vitro and increases adipose mass in vivo. TBT is a dual, nanomolar affinity ligand for both the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). TBT promotes adipogenesis in the murine 3T3-L1 cell model and perturbs key regulators of adipogenesis and lipogenic pathways in vivo. Moreover, in utero exposure to TBT leads to strikingly elevated lipid accumulation in adipose depots, liver, and testis of neonate mice and results in increased epididymal adipose mass in adults. In the amphibian Xenopus laevis, ectopic adipocytes form in and around gonadal tissues after organotin, RXR, or PPARγ ligand exposure. TBT represents, to our knowledge, the first example of an environmental endocrine disrupter that promotes adipogenesis through RXR and PPARγ activation. Developmental or chronic lifetime exposure to organotins may therefore act as a chemical stressor for obesity and related disorders.
Inclusion of Substituted Ferrocenes and Aromatic Compounds into MoS2 Layers as New Intercalation Compounds
Authors: Tagaya Hideyuki , Hashimoto Tohru , Karasu Masa , Izumi Taeko , Chiba Koji
Published: April 2006

Non electron donors were intercalated into MoS2 layers by a method of exfoliation followed by its restacking. Interlayer spacings of substituted ferrocene intercalates indicate the formation of a bilayer of guest molecules, whereas, aromatic compounds are included with an orientation of the ring plane perpendicular to the host layers.
A Novel Approach to Bicyclic Alkaloids Using a Tandem Diastereoselective Acyliminocyclization and Retro Diels–Alder Reaction Sequence. Synthesis of (+)-Indolizidine and (+)-Laburnine
Authors: Arai Yoshitsugu , Kontani Tohru , Koizumi Toru
Published: April 2006

A new approach to a diastereoselective cationic cyclization by stereocontrol due to the bicyclo[2.2.1]heptene moiety in a chiral γ-hydroxy lactam is described. The diastereoselective reaction followed by Diels–Alder cycloreversion has been successfully applied to a chiral synthesis of (+)-indolizidine and (+)-laburnine (=trachelanthamidine).
Aza-analogs of Stilbene with a Dipolar Character. (E)-1-Alkyl-[2-(azolyl-2-idene)etylidene]dihydropyridines and (E)-2-[2-(1-Alkyl-3-pyridinium)vinyl]azolate Inner Salts
Authors: Alcalde Ermitas , Roca Tomás , Fayet Jean Pierre , Vertut Marie Claire
Published: April 2006

The first synthesis and characterization of several examples of the title compounds is described. Their physicochemical properties are discussed on the basis of the 1H NMR data and the large experimental dipole moments 11.66 to 13.0 Debye. Furthermore, all the experimental results for (E)-1-alkyl-[2-(azolyl-2-idene)-etylidene]-dihydropyridines (A↔B) favour the dipolar structure (B).
A New Synthesis of ε-Form Nickel Phthalocyanine by Using DBU at Low Temperature
Authors: Enokida Toshio , Hirohashi Ryo
Published: April 2006

A new crystal named ε-form nickel phthalocyanine(NiPc), has been synthesized from NiCl2 and phthalonitrile by using 1,8-diaza-bicyclo(5,4,0)undecene-7(DBU) in 2-butoxyethanol at 100 °C. The X-ray powder diffraction pattern of ε-NiPc was distinguishable from other polymorphs. The IR and electronic absorption spectra suggest that this ε-NiPc forms a new crystal phase of an intermediate atate.
New Molecular Superconductor, β-[(CH3)4N][Pd(dmit)2]2
Authors: Kobayashi Akiko , Kobayashi Hayao , Miyamoto Akihito , Kato Reizo , Clark R A , Underhill A E
Published: April 2006

High-pressure resistivity studies on [(CH3)4N][Pd(dmit)2]2 have revealed the system to be a new molecular superconductor. The superconducting transition has been observed above 6 kbar. The mid-point transition temperature T is 6.2 K at 6.5 kbar. The crystal has the structure almost isomorphous to the high-pressure superconductor, [(CH3)4N][Ni(dmit)2]2.
Highly Diastereoselective Michael Addition Reactions of Lithium Enolates to Ethyl 3-Trifluoromethylacrylate
Authors: Yamazaki Takashi , Haga Jiro , Kitazume Tomoya , Nakamura Shinichiro
Published: April 2006

Michael addition reactions of lithium enolates derived from ketones, esters, and amides to ethyl 3-trifluoromethylacrylate were found to proceed smoothly in moderate to excellent chemical yields as well as with a high degree of diastereoselectivity at the newly formed carbon–carbon bond.
Regioselective Monofluorination of Hydrofluorocarbons by the Use of Cobalt Trifluoride
Authors: Sekiya Akira , Kurosawa Shigeru , Yamada Toshiro
Published: April 2006

The geminal-difluoro hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) were fluorinated by the use of cobalt trifluoride (CoF3). Regioselective monofluorination of geminal-difluoro compound was achieved on methylene position neighboring gem-difluoromethylene group, and trifluoro compounds were obtained in good yields under mild conditions.
Electroreductive Coupling of Aromatic Imines with Electrophiles in the Presence of Chlorotrimethylsilane
Authors: Shono Tatsuya , Kise Naoki , Kunimi Nobutaka , Nomura Ryoji
Published: April 2006

Electroreduction of aromatic imines in the presence of electrophiles gave the corresponding inter- and intramolecular coupling products when the reaction was carried out with the use of chlorotrimethylsilane (CTMS) as the trapping agent of an anion intermediate.
Isolation and X-Ray Structure of trans-3,5-Bis(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)-1,2,3,5-dithiadiphospholane 3,5-Disulfide
Authors: Toyota Kozo , Ishikawa Yasuhisa , Yoshifuji Masaaki , Okada Kengo , Hosomi Keiji , Hirotsu Ken
Published: April 2006

A phosphorus-containing novel heterocyclic compound, trans-3,5-bis(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)-1,2,3,5-dithiadiphospholane 3,5-disulfide (trans-1), was isolated in the reaction of 1,3-bis(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)-1,3-diphosphaallene with sulfur and the structure of trans-1 was confirmed by the X-ray crystallography. Desulfurization of trans-1 afforded the corresponding trans-1,2,4-thiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfide.
Syntheses of Novel Optically Active Bicyclic Lactams from an Acidic Saccharide
Authors: Hashimoto Kazuhiko , Mori Ken-ichi , Okada Masahiko
Published: April 2006

New optically active lactams having a bicyclo[3.2.1]octene or -octane skeleton were synthesized from d-glucuronic acid. The key step is an intramolecular cyclization of N-(p-methoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-d-glucuronamide with simultaneous elimination of acetic acid molecules.
Effects of Solvents in Deep Desulfurization of Benzothiophene and Dibenzothiophene
Authors: Kabe Toshiaki , Ishihara Atsushi , Nomura Masatoshi , Itoh Tetsuro , Qi Pingyen
Published: April 2006

Solvent effects on hydrodesulfurization of benzothiophene (BT) and dibenzothiophene (DBT) catalyzed by Co–Mo/Al2O3 were investigated under deep desulfurization conditions by using Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L–H) rate law. Solvents affected heats of adsorption of thiophenes rather than activation energy of HDS. Activation energies of HDS and heats of adsorption of thiophenes and solvents were estimated from the kinetic data.
Highly Efficient Chromatographic Optical Resolution of fac-Tris(β-alaninato)cobalt(III) with an Optically Active ob3 Isomer of Tris(trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)cobalt(III) Cation Adsorbed on a Cation-Exchange Resin
Authors: Mizuta Tsutomu , Uchiyama Atsushi , Ueda Kazumasa , Miyoshi Katsuhiko , Yoneda Hayami
Published: April 2006

An extraordinarily high separation factor, amounting approximately to 7, was attained in the title system, where only the Λ enantiomer is strongly associated with the Δ-ob3 isomer on the resin. The efficiency is explained in terms of the linearity of the triple hydrogen-bonds formed between the three lone-pairs of fac-[Co(β-ala)3] and the three N-H groups of the Δ-ob3-[Co{(+)-chxn}3]3+.
Novel Fluorometric Sensing of Ammonium Ions by Pyrene Functionalized Homotrioxacalix[3]arenes
Authors: Takeshita Michinori , Shinkai Seiji
Published: April 2006

Pyrene functionalized homotrioxacalix[3]arenes selectively recognize primary ammonium ions detected by an intramolecular excimer fluorescence change of partial cone conformer. This is a novel sensing system for primary ammonium ions.
Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding within Cyclometalated Palladium(II) Complex Containing l(−)-1-Phenylethylamine Ligand
Authors: Yoneda Akio , Hakushi Tadao , Newkome George R , Morimoto Yukio , Yasuoka Noritake
Published: April 2006

Tow novel C-metalated Pd(II) complexes containing diethylmalonate pendants have been prepared. A single crystal X-ray structure analysis of C26H30N2O5Pd reveals that two molecules are adjoined and exactly oriented face to face due to intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds. The structural evidence was also observed in solution from the 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Stereoselective Synthesis of (E) and (Z)-Vinylsilane by the Addition Reaction of Organometallic Reagent to Silyl-substituted Fischer-type Carbene Complex
Authors: Iwasawa Nobuharu , Saitou Masatoshi
Published: April 2006

The addition reaction of organolithium or Grignard reagents to pentacarbonyl[methoxy(methyldiphenylsilyl)carbene]molybdenum is examined, and either (E)- or (Z)-vinylsilanes are obtained with high selectivities depending on the reaction conditions.
High-Yielding Catalytic Synthesis of Glycosyl Azides from Peracylated Sugars
Authors: Matsubara Koki , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: April 2006

In the presence of a catalyst generated from SnCl4 and AgClO4, or Yb(OTf)3 various glycosyl azides are synthesized in high yields with complete stereoselectivities from peracylated sugars and trimethylsilyl azide by choosing a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane or nitromethane.
Promotion of the Oxidation of Nitric Oxide and Hydrocarbon by the Thermal Decomposition of Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN) at Night
Authors: Iwamoto Issei , Tanihara Hitoshi , Kawahara Masaaki , Otsuka Soichi , Sakamoto Kazuhiko
Published: April 2006

The decomposition of PAN in the presence of nitric oxide and propene in the air was investigated at 30 °C under dark conditions. The number of nitric oxide molecules oxidized per each PAN molecule decomposed varied from 3.7 to above 5 with increase of the ratio of initial concentration of propene to that of nitric oxide.
Unique Temperature Dependence of Acetic Acid Formation in CO2 Hydrogenation on Ag-promoted Rh/SiO2 Catalyst
Authors: Ikehara Noriyuki , Hara Kouji , Satsuma Atsushi , Hattori Tadashi , Murakami Yuichi
Published: April 2006

The rate of acetic acid formation in CO2 hydrogenation on Ag-Rh/SiO2 catalyst took two maxima at 463 K and 553 K. At 463 K, the rate was much faster than that of C2-oxygenates formation in CO hydrogenation. It was suggested that, at lower temperature, acetic acid is formed through the direct incorporation of adsorbed CO2.
Synthesis of C-Ribo-nucleosides Having Typical Aromatic Heterocycles as Base Moiety
Authors: Yokoyama Masataka , Toyoshima Akira , Akiba Takahiro , Togo Hideo
Published: April 2006

Some C-ribo-nucleosides having typical aromatic heterocycles as base moiety were synthesized from the stereoselective addition of lithium salt of aromatic heterocycles to the protected d-ribose followed by the stereospecific cyclization under Mitsunobu conditions.
Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Diethylzinc to Chalcones Using NiCl2-Chiral β-Diamine Complex as Catalyst
Authors: Asami Masatoshi , Usui Kenji , Higuchi Sohmei , Inoue Seiichi
Published: April 2006

A chiral catalyst prepared from nickel(II) chloride and chiral β-diamine, (S)-1-pentyl-2-anilinomethylpyrrolidine, was found to be effective for the enantioselective conjugate addition of diethylzinc to chalcones to afford corresponding β-substituted ketones in up to 89% ee.
Synthesis of the First Platinum Blue Complex with 2,2′-Bipyridine as the Amine Ligand and Its Aqueous Solution Behavior
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuko , Urata Hiroshi
Published: April 2006

Synthesis of the first platinum blue complex with 2,2′-bipyridine ligand, [Pt4(bpy)4(GI)4]5+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine; GI = glutarimidate) and its solution behavior are reported.
Hydrogen Formation during Wet Grinding of Alumina and Silicon Carbide
Authors: Suzuki Noboru , Sanada Mikio , Iimura Ken-ichi , Nozawa Takeshi , Utsugi Hiroshi , Kato Teiji
Published: April 2006

Alumina and silicon carbide powders were ground in water, butanol, benzene and hexane using planetary ball mill, and the gas phase inside the mill pot was analyzed by a gas chromatograph. The effect of liquid media on the grindability varied with the kind of feed powders, and the main product in the gas phase was hydrogen. The amount of it was in the order of benzene ≤ butanol < hexane for alumina and no gas product was detected for water. However, that for silicon carbide was considerable in water and in butanol, and was very small in benzene and in hexane. The mechanism of these mechanochemical reactions was discussed.
Novel Electrochemical Synthesis of CdS Films from Supersaturated Solutions
Authors: Minoura Hideki , Kajita Tsutomu , Yamaguchi Kouichi , Takahashi Yasutaka , Amalnerkar Dinesh P
Published: April 2006

A novel method, combining chemical and electrochemical processes and involving a principle of supersaturation of the solutions, has been offered for the deposition of CdS films. A wider choice of sulphur sources and versatility in film formation are the attractive features of this method.
Syntheses and Characterization of Phosphorinecopper(I) Halide Complexes
Authors: Shiotsuka Michito , Matsuda Yoshihisa
Published: April 2006

Halogeno(2-phenyl-3,4-dimethylphosphorine)copper(I) complexes were synthesized and characterized by 31P-, 13C-NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. It was revealed that the phosphorine coordinates to copper(I) ions as a monodentate ligand and undergoes π-back donation to stabilize Cu–P bonding.
Stepwise Syntheses of a Series of Thiolate-Bridged Diruthenium Complexes [Cp*RuBr(μ-SPri)2RuCp*X] (Cp* = η5-C5Me5; X = SPri, alkynyl, H) and [Cp*RuR(μ-SPri)2RuCp*H] (R = CH2Ph, CH2CH2Ph). Facile Dinuclear Reductive Elimination of PhCH3 from [Cp*Ru(CH2Ph)(μ-SPri)2RuCp*H]
Authors: Takahashi Akeo , Mizobe Yasushi , Hidai Masanobu
Published: April 2006

Diruthenium complex [Cp*Ru(μ-SPri)3RuCp*] (Cp* = η5-C5Me5) reacted with PhCH2Br to give [Cp*RuBr(μ-SPri)2RuCp*(SPri)] (3) and PhCH2CH2Ph. Treatment of 3 with HC≡CR (R = But, 4-MeC6H4) or H2 resulted in the formation of [Cp*RuBr(μ-SPri)2RuCp*(C≡CR)] (4) or [Cp*RuBr(μ-SPri)2RuCp*H] (5), respectively. Complex 5 was further converted into [Cp*RuR(μ-SPri)2RuCp*H] (6a: R = PhCH2; 6b: R = PhCH2CH2) by the reaction with RMgX (X = Cl, Br). In contrast to the inertness of 6b, 6a dissolved in benzene underwent dinuclear reductive elimination to give PhMe in high yield at room temperature, accompanied by the generation of [Cp*Ru(μ-SPri)2RuCp*].
Rotational Isomerization of trans-2-Styrylanthracene between (s)-trans and (s)-cis Rotamers in the Excited States. Investigation of Its Sterically Restricted Model Compounds
Authors: Karatsu Takashi , Yoshikawa Nobuko , Kitamura Akihide , Tokumaru Katsumi
Published: April 2006

Rotational isomerizm of (s)-cis and (s)-trans rotamers of trans-2-styrylanthracene was investigated by the comparison of the absorption, emission and transient absorption spectra with those of the model compounds. The (s)-cis isomer is more stable than the (s)-trans on the excited state and (s)-trans → (s)-cis one-way rotational isomerization takes place on the triplet state with an activation energy of 7.2 kcal mol−1.
Reactions of Neocarzinostatin Chromophore Analogues with Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Fujiwara Kenshu , Sakai Hiromi , Tanaka Toshiyuki , Hirama Masahiro
Published: April 2006

Cross-conjugated 5-methylene-3-heptene-1,6-diyne derivatives have been proved to be readily epoxidized by molecular oxygen.
Dynamic Stereochemistry of Di(3-methyl-1-azulenyl)phenylmethyl Cation. Flip of One Azulene Ring as the Threshold Rotation Mechanism
Authors: Ito Shunji , Morita Noboru , Asao Toyonobu
Published: April 2006

Dynamic stereochemistry of di(3-methyl-1-azulenyl)phenylmethyl hexafluorophosphate (5) was studied by temperature dependent 1H NMR spectra. The low temperature NMR indicated that the compound (5) exists in three propeller conformations (C1 and two C2 symmetry), and at higher temperature the spectra reflect rapid isomerization, which were interpreted by the flip mechanism of one azulene ring. The processes have activation energies of 53.8 and 45.2 kJ mol−1.
One-Pot Synthesis of α,γ-Dinucleoside 5′-Triphosphates, G5′pppG and A5′pppA, Using S,S′-Bis(4-chlorophenyl) phosphorodithioate
Authors: Fukuoka Koichiro , Suda Fuminori , Suzuki Ryo , Ishikawa Masahide , Hata Tsujiaki
Published: April 2006

S,S′-Bis(4-chlorophenyl) phosphorodithioate was useful for the synthesis of α,γ-dinucleoside 5′-triphosphates, G5′pppG and A5′pppA starting from the corresponding unprotected nucleoside 5′-phosphates under neutral conditions. G5′pppG was used for the synthesis of m7G5′pppG by means of the N7-methylation of one of two guanine moieties of G5′pppG.
Formation of Thiophene Oligomers and Polythiophene on a Roughened Gold Electrode Studied by Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering
Authors: Fujita Wataru , Teramae Norio , Haraguchi Hiroki
Published: April 2006

Thiophene adsorbed on a roughened gold electrode was studied in an aqueous solution at various potentials from 0 to 1.0 V vs. SCE by use of surface enhanced Raman scattering. It was found that thiophene oligomers and polythiophene were produced on the electrode surface at potential ranges of 0–0.6 V and 0.8–1.0 V, respectively. This potential range is significantly low compared to the potential used in the conventional electropolymerization of thiophene monomer (1.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl) in acetonitrile medium.
Lanthanoid-Catalyzed Aldehyde Dimerization and Its Application to Polyester Synthesis
Authors: Onozawa Shun-ya , Sakakura Toshiyasu , Tanaka Masato
Published: April 2006

A wide variety of aldehydes are efficiently dimerized to esters by a catalytic amount of (C5Me5)2LnCH(SiMe3)2 (Ln = Nd, La). The reaction is applicable to the synthesis of polyesters from dialdehydes. A stoichiometric reaction of the lanthanum complex with benzaldehyde indicates the intermediacy of alkoxo complexes in the catalysis.
Deposition of Electrically Conductive, Microwave Shielding, and IR-Detecting Inorganic Coatings on Polymer Films
Authors: Grozdanov Ivan
Published: April 2006

A simple, inexpensive and pollution free electroless chemical deposition technique was used to deposit thin coatings of inorganic electrically conductive materials (CuxS, x∼2, CuS and Cu2Se), microwave shielding materials (CuS and Cu2Se) and IR-detecting materials (PbS and PbSe) on transparent polyester films. The technique is based on hydrolytic decomposition of thiosulfate and selenosulfate complexes of the corresponding metals in aqueous media.
Synthesis and Copolymerization of a Mesogenic Acrylate Having 4-(2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidyl-4-oxy)phenyl Benzoate as a Precursor for Nitroxide-Containing Liquid-Crystalline Side-Chain Polymers
Authors: Morishima Yotaro , Fujita Junko , Ikeda Takahiro , Kamachi Mikiharu
Published: April 2006

A mesogenic acrylate monomer 4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl-4-oxy)phenyl 4′-(6-acryloyloxyhexyl)benzoate was synthesized and copolymerized with 4-cyclohexyloxyphenyl 4′-(6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy)benzoate. Oxidation of the copolymer yielded a nitroxide-containing liquid-crystalline side-chain polymer.
Sugar-facilitated Incorporation of a Heme Cofactor Bearing Phenylboronic Acid Groups into Apomyoglobin
Authors: Hamachi Itaru , Tajiri Yusuke , Murakami Hiroto , Shinkai Seiji
Published: April 2006

A semi-artificial myoglobin (Mb) with phenylboronic acid pendant groups was synthesized by the cofactor reconstitution method in the presence of sugars. A sugar with higher affinity for phenylboronic acids more efficiently facilitated the Mb reconstitution from a heme bearing two phenylboronic acid groups.
Effects of Adsorbed Bisulfate Ion, Adsorbed Hydrogen and Surface Structure on the Oxygen Reduction at Platinum Single Crystal Electrodes
Authors: Kita Hideaki , Gao Yunzhi , Ohnishi Koh-ichi
Published: April 2006

Oxygen reduction was studied on Pt(111), Pt(100) and Pt(110) electrodes in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 0.1 M HClO4 solutions. The specific adsorption of the bisulfate ion retarded the O2 reduction on Pt(111) and slightly on Pt(100). The adsorbed hydrogen atom did not take part in the O2 reduction. The O2 reduction was slow on Pt(110). Innertness of the respective electrodes in a potential range of 1.0–1.23 V was discussed in term of the specific adsorption of water molecule.
Synthesis and Properties of Azuleno[1,2-a]acenaphthylene and Dimethyl acenaphthyleno[1,2-d]heptalene-8,9-dicarboxylate
Authors: Kuroda Shigeyasu , Mouri Masaru , Hayashi Katsuki , Oda Mitsunori , Yamada (the late) Masaki , Shimao Ichiro , Osaki Hiroshi , Yasunami Masafumi
Published: April 2006

The parent compound of azuleno[1,2-a]acenaphthylene (8) was synthesized, and its 1H NMR spectrum suggests no bond alternation in the azulene moiety. The cycloaddition of 8 with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate gave an acenaphthyleno[1,2-d]heptalene derivative.
A Catalytic Asymmetric Michael Reaction of Silyl Enol Ethers with α,β-Unsaturated Ketones Using a Chiral Titanium Oxide
Authors: Kobayashi Shu , Suda Shinji , Yamada Masaaki , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: April 2006

In the presence of a catalytic amount of [(R)-1,1′-bi-2-naphthalenediolato(2-)-O,O′]oxotitanium, silyl enol ethers of thioesters reacted with α,β-unsaturated ketones to afford the corresponding Michael adducts (1,5-dicarbonyl compounds) in high yields with moderate to high enantiomeric excesses.
Up Close and Political: THREE SHORT RUMINATIONS ON IDEOLOGY IN THE NATURE FILM
Authors: MACDONALD SCOTT
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Why is nature filmmaking generally absent from histories and theorizations of cinema, and why do films like March of the Penguins receive such grudging attention from serious critics? By exploring ideological dimensions of two formative influences (Jean Painlevé and the Disney True-Life Adventures), along with a recent National Geographic special on the Sonoran desert and the film Microcosmos, MacDonald demonstrates why nature film should be taken seriously.
Two Brothers
Authors: BOUSÉ DEREK
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT This review of Jean-Jacques Annaud's 2004 tale about a pair of tiger cubs in Southeast Asia details the film's formal and narrative similarities to the supposedly “non-fiction” wildlife films on nightly television. Despite working within the boundaries of formula (outlined here), Annaud's execution is nevertheless brilliant and moving.
9 Songs
Authors: WILLIAMS MELANIE
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT There's not much narrative complexity to Michael Winterbottom's 9 Songs. A couple meets, has lots of sex, goes to lots of concerts, and then splits up.However, the film's simple structure belies its provocative challenge to the boundaries of porn and mainstream cinema with sex scenes that are real, not faked.
Seeking Primitive Christianity in the Waldensian Valleys: Protestants, Mormons, Adventists and Jehovah's Witnesses in Italy
Authors: Homer Michael W.
Published: April 2006

During the nineteenth century, Protestant clergymen (Anglican, Presbyterian, and Baptist) as well as missionaries for new religious movements (Mormons, Seventh-day Adventists and Jehovah's Witnesses) believed that Waldensian claims to antiquity were important in their plans to spread the Reformation to Italy. The Waldensians, who could trace their historical roots to Valdes in 1174, developed an ancient origins thesis after their union with the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century. This thesis held that their community of believers had preserved the doctrines of the primitive church. The competing churches of the Reformation believed that the Waldensians were "destined to fulfill a most important mission in the Evangelization of Italy" and that they could demonstrate, through Waldensian history and practices, that their own claims and doctrines were the same as those taught by the primitive church. The new religious movements believed that Waldensians were the best prepared in Italy to accept their new revelations of the restored gospel. In fact, the initial Mormon, Seventh-day Adventist, and Jehovah's Witness converts in Italy were Waldensians. By the end of the century, however, Catholic, Protestant, and Waldensian scholars had debunked the thesis that Waldensians were proto-Protestants prior to Luther and Calvin.
Whose Nazareth Baptist Church?: Prophecy, Power, and Schism in South Africa
Authors: Tishken Joel E.
Published: April 2006

This article examines the succession of leadership within the Nazareth Baptist Church of South Africa, a prophetically grounded Afro-Christian Church. Over its near century of existence, the church has changed central leadership on three occasions. Successful claimants have all been male relatives of the founder, Isaiah Shembe, and have all demonstrated an ability to prophesy and heal. Each successful claimant has used the content of prophetic dreams and visions to bolster his candidacy. This article argues, however, that the source of those prophecies, and not merely the content, was a critical part of leadership decisions. This point is best seen in the second transition of leadership, a transition that was stormily contested between Londa Shembe and Amos Shembe. Amos Shembe was ultimately successful because he effectively convinced the membership that his candidacy was in accordance with the wishes of Isaiah. In contrast, Londa only received prophecies from the previous leader (his father) J. G. Shembe. The most successful claimants to central leadership have been, and will likely continue to be, those who most convincingly lay claim to the prophetic mantle of the founder, Isaiah Shembe.
Prolactin potentiates insulin-stimulated leptin expression and release from differentiated brown adipocytes
Authors: Viengchareun S , Bouzinba-Segard H , Laigneau J-P , Zennaro M-C , Kelly P A , Bado A , Lombès M , Binart N
Published: April 2006

The pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL) exerts pleiotropic effects, which are mediated by a membrane receptor (PRLR) present in numerous cell types including adipocytes. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) expresses uncoupling proteins (UCPs), involved in thermogenesis, but also secretes leptin, a key hormone involved in the control of body weight. To investigate PRL effects on BAT, we used the T37i brown adipose cell line, and demonstrated that PRLRs are expressed as a function of cell differentiation. Addition of PRL leads to activation of the JAK/STAT and MAP kinase signaling pathways, demonstrating that PRLRs are functional in these cells. Basal and catecholamine-induced UCP1 expression were not affected by PRL. However, PRL combined with insulin significantly increases leptin expression and release, indicating that PRL potentiates the stimulatory effect of insulin as revealed by the recruitment of insulin receptor substrates and the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. To explore the in vivo physiological relevance of PRL action in BAT, we showed that leptin content was significantly increased in BAT of PRLR-null mice compared with wild-type mice, highlighting the involvement of PRL in the leptin secretion process. This study provides the first evidence for a functional link between PRL and energy balance via a cross-talk between insulin and PRL signaling pathways in brown adipocytes.
Correlation of mRNA for oestrogen receptor beta splice variants ERβ1, ERβ2/ERβcx and ERβ5 with outcome in endocrine-treated breast cancer
Authors: Davies M P A , O’Neill P A , Innes H , Sibson D R , Prime W , Holcombe C , Foster C S
Published: April 2006

This study has been performed to test the hypothesis that different oestrogen receptor beta (ERβ) splice variants may be important determinants of clinical parameters, including outcome, in post-menopausal women with breast cancer receiving adjuvant endocrine treatment but no chemotherapy. Splice variants ERβ1, ERβ2 and ERβ5 have been analysed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR in a cohort of 105 patients with primary breast cancer. Clinical correlates included age, grade, size, nodal status, ERα, progesterone receptor, Ki67, relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Seventy per cent of cases were ERβ1 positive, 69% ERβ2 positive and 70% ERβ5 positive. Within the cohort, 47% were positive for all three variants while 10% were negative for all three. ERβ1 exhibited no discernible relationship with disease outcome. ERβ2 and ERβ5 expression was significantly associated with better RFS (P<0.005), and ERβ2 with better OS (P=0.0002). In multivariate analysis, ERβ2 (P=0.006), nodal status and the level of Ki67 expression were independent predictors for RFS while ERβ2 (P=0.0008) and Ki67 status were independent predictors for OS. In the ERα-positive cases, or in the subset of those receiving adjuvant tamoxifen, ERβ2 was significantly associated with good RFS (P<0.0005) and was the only independent marker of OS. We conclude that precise identification of splice variants of ERβ are more important assessors than is ERβ1 alone of the biological status of individual breast cancers, and hence in predicting their response to endocrine therapy.
A spatial interpolation method of granulometric properties of superficial sediments
Authors: Lepretre Alain , Chapalain Georges , Carpentier Patrice
Published: April 2006

The present paper deals with the estimate and the mapping of granulometric characteristics (i.e. grain-size distributions and statistical parameters) of superficial sediments. A spatial interpolation method based on use of a spherical factor analysis (SFA) and a kriging procedure is proposed. Applied to a set of data collected in the bay of Wissant (straits of Dover), this mixed SFA and kriging method proves to be much more efficient than a direct kriging method for reproducing the complex typology of a statistical parameter such as the median. Beyond cartographical uses, this new interpolation method should be helpful (1) to investigate the time-evolution of a sedimentary cover subject to a time-varying sampling plan and (2) to estimate granulometric characteristics, especially the grain-size distributions, at the grid points of a numerical model for hydrodynamics and multicomponents sediment transport.
The Hero in the Madhouse: The Post-Soviet Novel Confronts the Soviet Past
Authors: Brintlinger Angela
Published: April 2006

Using Viktor Pelevin's Chapaev and Pustota and Vladimir Makanin's Underground or a Hero of Our Time, Angela Brintlinger explores the way contemporary fiction portrays the post-Soviet intelligentsia and its search for identity in postmodern Russia. These authors juxtapose contemporary heroes with literary and historical heroes of the Russian and Soviet past in a struggle to come to terms with Soviet experience and the intelligentsia's relationship to Russian literature. Both Pelevin and Makanin use the chronotope of the madhouse to examine the idea of the hero in Russian literature and history. In making such deliberate use of the Russian past, from its literary heroes to the insidious institution of the mental asylum, both authors force their post-Soviet readers to confront die fact that the flow of history is as much about continuities as it is about change.
Introduction
Authors: Overmyer Daniel L.
Published: April 2006

The first part of this project was published in the February 1995 issue of this journal, with the title “Early Religious Traditions from the Neolithic through the Han (circa. 4000b.c.e.-220c.e.).” It included essays by Constance A. Cook, Donald Harper, David N. Keightley and Edward L. Shaughnessy. The introduction to Part I noted the rapid growth of studies of Chinese religious traditions and discussed some of the continuities between earlier and later practices and beliefs. It emphasized the importance of a knowledge of religious activities for our understanding of Chinese culture. Part II continues the story with surveys of recent studies of traditions that are still active today. As was the case for Part I, the present essays are focussed primarily on Western language studies, though some work by Chinese and Japanese scholars is also discussed. The reason for this focus is that this project is intended to introduce this broad field of study to nonspecialists in the West, taking into account recent materials published through 1994.
Confucianism
Authors: Taylor Rodney , Arbuckle Gary
Published: April 2006

Study of the confucian tradition is dominated by historical and philosophical approaches. Religion and spirituality have been neglected with a consistency that would be admirable if it had been used to better ends—one need only remember James Legge's comment on the amount of religious material contained in theRecords of Ritual(c. 4th–1st centuryb.c.), and then reflect on how little work has been done on this material since he published what remains the only English translation of theRecordssince the late 19th century. Because the accepted frame for the portrait of the Master and his disciples has long been defined in intellectual, or at most ethical, terms, anything that fell outside that frame has been left to gather dust in outer darkness. Confucius, his teachings, and his followers were characterized as agnostic; and once their religious beliefs had been defined as undefined, they could in good conscience be left unresearched.
A New Look at Old Southeast Asia
Authors: Reynolds Craig J.
Published: April 2006

As a way of opening this critique of historical writing on early Southeast Asia, I ask, What interest do today's historians have in studying early Southeast Asia? What are they looking for in the early past? An essay by F. R. Ankersmit, in which he talks about what the modern reader brings to evidence from the past, serves as a point of departure for my answer. Rather than labor at accumulating more and more evidence about the past, historians should reflect on the difference between our own mentality and that of an earlier period. The past acquires point and meaning “only through confrontation with the mentality of the later period in which the historian lives and writes.” The experience of confronting this mentality Ankersmit calls “the historical sensation,” “which is accompanied by the complete conviction of genuineness, truth” (Ankersmit 1989:146). “A phase in historiography has perhaps now begun,” he says, “in which meaning is more important than reconstruction and genesis.”
Narrating Lives: A Mughal Empress, A French Nabob, A Nationalist Muslim Intellectual
Authors: Metcalf Barbara D.
Published: April 2006

With some exaggeration, one could claim that these three biographies, despite their disparate subjects—a seventeenth-century aristocratic lady of the Mughal court, an eighteenth-century French adventurer, and a twentieth-century Muslim intellectual and political figure—all tell the same story. In each case, a figure is born (as it happens, outside the Indian subcontinent) in relatively humble circumstances and emerges as a singular figure in some combination of the political, economic, intellectual life of the day. Each account proceeds chronologically, with the life presented as an unfolding, linear story, the fruit of “developments” and “influences,” in which the protagonist independently takes action. These accounts fit, in short, the genre of biography or autobiography known to us Americans from Benjamin Franklin to Malcolm X, of rags to riches—and, typically, lessons to impart (Ohmann 1970). Each is an example of the canonical form of male biography and autobiography that emerged in Europe from the eighteenth century.
Away from Nanking Road: Small Stores and Neighborhood Life in Modern Shanghai
Authors: Lu Hanchao
Published: April 2006

As china's leading “treaty port” city, Shanghai has long been stereotyped as the prime bridgehead for foreign encroachment on China and as the most westernized city of the country (Tang and Shen 1989: introduction). Recent scholarship in the West still refers to Shanghai as “the other China,” “in China but not of it,” “a foreign city even in its own country” (Bergere 1981; Murphey 1992:346; Clifford 1991:9). In the first half of the twentieth century, was the influence of the West in Shanghai so strong that the city was alienated from the rest of China? Was Shanghai firmly in the grip of modernization, which in China was often associated with a tendency to change toward things Western? Or, alternatively, was Shanghai home to a strong and vibrant current of traditionalism, a traditionalism that can be equated with continuity or persistence of things indigenously Chinese? The answers to these questions can be very diverse, depending in large measure on the dimensions one chooses to examine. Most of our assumptions and judgments on this issue have been drawn from broad and sweeping political or economic perspectives with little attention paid to the everyday lives of ordinary people. How the common people continued to live their everyday lives is, I believe, most relevant to the question of the impact of modernity (or of the West) upon urban China.
Editor's Introduction
Authors: Buck David D.
Published: April 2006

One of my goals as editorhas been to develop cross-regional consideration in the pages of this journal of major issues drawing scholarly attention in both the social sciences and humanities. The most common approach for such projects is to bring groups of scholars together at a conference and then to publish a conference volume. Indeed,JAShas published groups of papers from such conferences, most recently the four articles on vernacular Muslim literature in Asia organized by John Bowen (JAS52.3 [August 1993]). In a variation on that approach, other academic journals, such asDaedalus, assemble groups of articles around a common theme. Many scholarly journals have some or even all of their issues organized around special topics.
Rethinking Modernization and Modernity in Japanese History: A Focus on State-Society Relations
Authors: Garon Sheldon
Published: April 2006

There was a time, not so long ago, when the primary fault line in American studies of Japan lay not between “Japan-bashers” and “Japanapologists,” but between those who presented the history of Japan in terms of an ongoing process of modernization and those who did not. During the 1970s, younger scholars of Japan attacked modernization theory with considerable passion (see Dower 1975), eliciting rather defensive responses from its practitioners. The 1980s saw the emergence of yet another, though somewhat smaller, generation of American scholars, which has been not so much anti-modernizationist as non-modernizationist. Like the critics of the 1970s, historians of this newest generation have dealt with conflict, social problems, and state repression, but most no longer believe it necessary to discuss the problems raised by modernization theory.
Russia's Perception of Her Relationship with the West
Authors: Raeff Marc
Published: April 2006

The old French adage comparaison n'est pas raison indicates that comparison (contrast, too, for that matter) is never made for its own sake but only to lead to some conclusion. That is why the habit of comparing, or contrasting, the history of one country with that of another (or several others) gives rise to such vexing problems and generates such intense passions—and in turn feeds on them. We are dealing here not only with a “scientific” problem, whose solution would be an acquired truth, but with the attitudes of the participants and spectators of historical events as well. Unlike the scholar who is supposed to search only for truth, social and political thinkers and litterateurs engage in comparative analysis and reasoning in order to indulge whatever lies closest to their hearts at a given moment. In his paper Mr. Roberts has concentrated on the problems facing the scholar-scientist. His scientific similes and epistemological caveats are therefore neither mere literary embellishments nor a challenge to C. P. Snow's dichotomized view of the contemporary intellectual but quite deliberate and telling evidence that his main preoccupation is to clarify the methodological issues involved. In this very essential and laudable enterprise he has cut away much of the underbrush that all too often obscures comparative analysis and politically (or culturally or religiously) motivated contrasts. But in so doing he has perhaps allowed himself to lose sight of the reasons that made the question of Russia's relationship to the West an issue of such momentous concern for generations of Russians as well as Europeans—and now for Americans too. By taking up the discussion from the questions of method which Mr. Roberts has elucidated so well, we may be able to come to grips with the problem of attitudes and clarify a bit more the nature of the specific comparative issue with which we are concerned.