bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
World Forestry: Chinese Forestry and Forestry Education: An Overview
Authors: Ehrenreich John H.
Published: April 2024

Much reforestation has been accomplished in the People's Republic of China since 1956, and additional programs have recently been instituted. Forestry practices are considerably behind the times, however, and the nation's effort to modernize them is handicapped by lack of well-trained scientists and educators.
Wilderness Costs in New England
Authors: Guldin Richard W.
Published: April 2024

This paper proposes a theoretically complete direct social cost-accounting framework for use in considering wilderness designation proposals. It is an alternative to the incomplete analysis Congress has used in the past. When the method was applied oh four wildernesses in Vermont and New Hampshire, it showed that costs for fiscal year 1977 were substantially higher than the estimates Congress had before designation in 1975.
Productivity of a Managed Woodland in the Central States
Authors: Bramble W. C. , Fix W. L.
Published: April 2024

A 38.3-acre uneven-aged Indiana woodland of mixed hardwoods has been managed by a selection method of silviculture over three periods totaling 18 years. Objectives of management, which have been met, included (1) production of a continued periodic income from timber sales (2) progress toward a balanced stand structure, (3) maintenance of a favorable wildlife habitat, and (4) retention of visual attractiveness. Net annual growth increased, averaging 306 board feet (Doyle) per acre for the 18-year period. The volume per acre increased from 8,700 board feet in 1960 to 11,000 in 1978, and 3,200 board feet were removed in harvest cuttings.
World Forestry: Wood Biomass as an Energy Sources in Finland
Authors: Jaatinen Esko L.
Published: April 2024

Finnish forests annually produce a considerable amount of low-quality wood for which there has been no demand as an industrial raw material. Now an increasing part of this biomass reserve is becoming economically competitive with light and heavy fuel oil.
World Forestry: Wood Energy in Sweden
Authors: Fege Anne S.
Published: April 2024

Because of rising costs of imported oil and public support for eliminating nuclear energy. Sweden's use of wood for energy seems certain to increase from its 8-percent share of energy consumed in 1977. Since 21 percent of the value of the country's exports comes from wood products, competition from energy uses may affect the forest industry and the national economy. Sweden has established a biomass research program with emphasis on forest energy (residues) and energy forests.
Hybrid Poplar Plantations in the Lake States--A Financial Analysis
Authors: Ferguson Karen D. , Rose Dietmar W. , Lothner David C. , Zavitkovski J.
Published: April 2024

Hybrid poplar plantations in the Lake States may be a low-cost alternative to conventional sources of wood fiber for industrial users in some areas, but in most areas at this time they are high-risk, low-return investments. On the basis of our specific assumptions and 1979 prices, the return on investment of nonirrigated plantations is projected to be 8 percent. Irrigated plantations have a slightly negative rate of return. Rates differ little between short (5 to 10 years) and long (15 years) rotations. Investment performance measures are most sensitive to estimates of product sale value, yields, irrigation costs, and harvesting costs. The economic feasibility of various intensive production systems would be enhanced if irrigation costs could be reduced and if much higher prices could be obtained for wood fiber. Price increases would, however, tend to sustain the greater economic attractiveness of nonirrigated systems. The detailed sensitivity analyses carried out in the study will permit periodic reevaluation of the economic attractiveness of intensive culture systems as better information becomes available and as significant changes in prices and costs occur.
Uneven-Aged Stand Structure and Growth of Rocky Mountain Aspen
Authors: Betters David R. , Woods Ruth F.
Published: April 2024

In the Rocky Mountains, many stands of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) are uneven aged. This age structure leads to suppression of the intolerant understory. In plots in northwestern Colorado, d.b.h. and height of suppressed trees ranged from 22 to 24 percent and 25 to 28 percent, respectively, less than for dominant and codominant trees. The percentage of suppressed trees that were rotten was in some cases more than double that of the overstory.
Women in SAF--Survey Results and Analyses
Authors: McManus Karen R. , Jones J. Greg
Published: April 2024

A 1979 nationwide sample survey of members of the Society of American Foresters (SAF) found few differences between male and female foresters with regard to education, salaries, career aspirations, geographic locations, employment sectors, or job satisfaction. A higher percentage of females, however, were unemployed. Those who were employed supervised fewer employees and indicated more job discrimination than males. Female respondents were more likely to be single or married with no children.
Present and Future Capital Investment in Timber Harvesting
Authors: Stuart William B. , Oderwald Richard G.
Published: April 2024

A questionnaire mailed to most U.S. dealers in logging equipment indicated that total sales of new and used harvesting machinery have been rising in recent years and now are well above $1 billion annually. Hauling equipment, which usually is not purchased from specialized dealers, adds considerably to the total. In 1979, the outlay for logging machinery and trucks combined was an estimated $1.5 billion.
In Response to "RPA/NFMA--Time to Punt"
Authors: Giltmier James W.
Published: April 2024

In criticizing the Resources Planning Act (RPA) and the National Forest Management Act, Behan (Journal of Forestry 79:802--05) errs in thinking that repeal would reduce litigation over use of national forestlands. He errs again in holding that major controversies can be solved largely by local land managers. On the contrary, the legislation is beneficial. The planning it mandates, though costly, is helping national forest personnel to improve their management, and the data generated will increasingly provide a rational basis for deciding issues.
Environmental Analysis: A Ranger District's Approach to NEPA
Authors: Musser Lloyd A. , Morse Eric , Sassaman Robert W.
Published: April 2024

Two timesaving refinements to the USDA Forest Service's basic NEPA guidelines have been developed by staff of the Bear Springs Ranger District, Mount Hood National Forest, Oregon. The staff's approach to environmental evaluation combines a formal decision-making process and a threshold-of-concern technique to formulate and analyze management alternatives.
Landowner Interest in Forestry Assistance Programs in East Texas
Authors: Hickman Clifford A. , Gehlhausen Randy J.
Published: April 2024

Nonindustrial private forest owners in east Texas were sampled and asked to indicate their interest in each of ten assistance programs. Most popular were proposals for requiring loggers to post a performance bond and providing management assistance aimed at nontimber as well as timber products. Least popular were proposals for forming cooperatives and initiating long-term leases. Well-educated business and professional people, who had above average incomes and lived in urban areas away from their properties, were found to be most interested in forestry assistance.
Simulating Optimum Inventory of Harvested Wood
Authors: Galbraith J. E. , Meng C. H.
Published: April 2024

Computer simulation indicates the optimum level of wood inventory in a mill blockpile is primarily a function of the distribution of supply and demand and of the control decisions available. Costs, such as interest on investment, have little effect.
Appraising National Forest Timber Values: A Concept Reexamined
Authors: Wiener Alfred A.
Published: April 2024

Standards for appraising national forest stumpage developed early in the century by Austin Cary, W.B. Greeley, and James W. Girard were critically examined and explained by Julian E. Rothery some four decades ago in three significant articles. Rothery described the standard Forest Service methods, including the investment method, the overturn method, and a transaction evidence method. He suggested that several methods be tried before making the final selection based on the appraiser's judgment. He also suggested how to reconcile differences (in a stable market) between lump-sum sales and pay-as-cut sales, using a discount factor to equate the latter with the former. Since Rothery's solutions did not anticipate nonstable markets, some modification would seem necessary in the light of current inflation, by developing a "lump-sum equivalent" through the use of an inflation factor to set off against the discount factor.
Urban Forestry in the Sunshine State
Authors: Harrell James B. , Gornicki Philip P.
Published: April 2024

The Florida Division of Forestry has, since 1971, developed an urban forestry program in the South. Florida counties and municipalities, in cooperation with the Division, sponsor forestry programs that currently employ 19 urban foresters. Enlightened environmental legislation, rapid growth of cities and a subtropical climate have created innovative forest management.
Wilderness Visitor Management: Diversity and Agency Policies
Authors: Fish C. Ben , Bury Richard L.
Published: April 2024

Since its inception in 1964, the National Wilderness Preservation System has been managed without formal coordination among its three major agencies--the Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the National Park Service and Fish and Wildlife Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior. Because of the different missions and guiding philosophies of these agencies, management guidelines for wilderness also vary. Regulation of visitor activities within wilderness units well illustrates this diversity. In 1978, a nationwide survey of all units within the Wilderness System revealed very substantial differences among agencies in their regulation of visitor activities. By subordinating management styles to agency goals, each agency has emphasized some of the Wilderness Act's objectives and deemphasized others. This current diversity provides a desirable range of opportunities for activities appropriate to wilderness use, but coordination of agency efforts seems desirable and would enhance efforts for attainment of all Wilderness System objectives.
World Forestry: Scandinavian Area: Timely Forestry Example for the United States?
Authors: Roget Einar L. , Thornton Philip L.
Published: April 2024

An intensive three-week study of private forestry in Norway, Sweden, and Finland identified some effective legislative, policy, and operational approaches that may merit consideration in American forestry.
Recreation Use Lotteries: Outcomes and Preferences
Authors: McCool Stephen F. , Utter Jack
Published: April 2024

Analysis of a lottery administered for rationing recreational uses of the Middle Fork of the Salmon River indicated that a substantial minority of rejectees was still able to use the river, primarily by joining acquaintances who were successful in the lottery. Participants, including those who were rejected, rated the lottery above such alternatives as rationing on the basis of whitewater skill or knowledge, giving priority to first-time users, or requiring advance reservations.
Tree Improvement in Western Conifers: Economic Aspects
Authors: Ledig F. Thomas , Porterfield Richard L.
Published: April 2024

The National Forest System's tree improvement program for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws) in the Pacific Southwest and the "progressive tree improvement program" for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) in the Pacific Northwest appear capable of returning at least an 8-percent real rate of return on investment if short rotations are used or if tree improvement is accompanied by thinnings. A break-even, cost-benefit analysis indicated that interest rate and real-price increases in stumpage are the major determinants of profitability. The effect of program design was also investigated. The larger the area over which the breeding effort is applied, the greater the profitability, although large breeding zones increase the biological risk of nonadaptation to local conditions and of loss of the local genetic resource. The financial effect of increasing orchard seed yield was small unless the planting program could be expanded. In other words, financial gain would be slight if the increase in seed yield merely reduced the required acreage of seed orchard and associated costs.
Forest Tree Improvement in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Kellison Robert C. , Dinus Ronald J. , Fins Lauren , Ching Kim K. , Krugman Stanley L. , Winieski John A.
Published: April 2024

In the late summer of 1981, a six-member team of forest geneticists reviewed forest genetics and tree improvement in the People's Republic of China. We found an understanding of the value of forest genetics and a willingness to support genetics programs. We found that most impressive progress has been made in a short time. We also found that several areas of the programs should be strengthened. Our more important observations were that (1) introduction of certain species should be continued but in a more orderly and designed manner than heretofore, (2) some direction should be given to the numerous selection programs, (3) there is a need for improved coordination between the reforestation staffs and tree improvement workers, and (4) both short-term and long-term program needs must be included. Opportunities abound for joint and cooperative efforts that would be of direct value to the United States. Of highest priority are future exchanges of biological material including selected seed sources of pines, spruces, firs, and fast-growing hardwoods such as white elm (Ulmus pumila) and the empress tree (Paulownia spp.) The review identified at least 150 seed sources of an array of species that should be tested to meet unique needs in the United States.
Woodkey: An Interactive Program for Teaching the Identification of Common U.S. Woods
Authors: Mize Carl W. , Winistorfer Paul M.
Published: April 2024

An interactive computer program helps students identify the wood of 67 common tree species and learn how to use wood-identification keys.
World Forestry: Forestry in Chile
Authors: Husch B.
Published: April 2024

From dependence on its native forests. Chile has moved rapidly to reliance on timber from industrial plantations of exotics, chiefly Pinus radiata. In 1980 total consumption of wood by industries was 10.7 million cubic meters, of which 4.6 million went to sawmills and 3.1 to pulp and paper plants. Log exports, which began a few years ago, accounted for 1 million cubic meters. A subsidy encourages tree planting, and other recent laws regulate cutting of native stands. There are three forestry schools and one technician school. Technical assistance under the United Nations Development Programme has fostered rapid growth of forestry and wood products industries.
Damage by Laminated Root Rot in Two Succeeding Stands of Douglas-Fir
Authors: Tkacz Borys M. , Hansen Everett M.
Published: April 2024

Damage to a 60-year-old Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] stand from laminated root rot caused by Phellinus (Pona) weirfi (Murr.) Gilbertson is less than that in the preceding 300-year-old stand on the same site, but is predicted to surpass that amount if left to a comparable age. Estimates based on area of the stand affected allowed comparisons of damage distribution between generations. Most root rot in the current stand is centered around stumps from the previous stand; root rot openings in the previous stand often support healthy trees in the current generation. The disease has spread in the current stand beyond the rooting area of the old inoculum sources. The area of potential inoculum facing a third generation on the site is already equal to that left by the first generation. Immediate regeneration of Douglas-fir on laminated root rot sites perpetuates and perhaps increases the disease in subsequent rotations.
From Public Land to Nonindustrial Private Forest: A Minnesota Case Study
Authors: Ellefson Paul V. , Palm Sally L. , Lothner David C.
Published: April 2024

Minnesota statute calls for return of 2.9 million acres of tax-forfeited land to private ownership. Most is forested. Over 600,000 acres were sold between 1964 and 1974. One county, Itasca, disposed of 130,000 acres in 18 years beginning in 1960. Of this amount, 25 percent ended up as nonindustrial private forests (NIPFs). Study indicated that the owners resembled other NIPF owners around the nation. Their objectives were primarily for other purposes than timber growing. They did not manage their land aggressively, had little knowledge of public service programs in forestry, and tended to sell their tracts frequently. Average tenure was 8.5 years; some tracts had six or more owners in the 18 years. These findings raise questions about society's interest in transferring forestland from public to private ownership.
World Forestry: Computer Conferencing Speeds International Communications
Authors: Space James C. , Wood Geoff B.
Published: April 2024

Telenet, a U.S. commercial communications network with many access points overseas, offers rapid and economical exchange of information through "electronic mail." It proved highly satisfactory in trials between points in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand.
Debris Avalanches in Eastern Upland Forests
Authors: Eschner A. R. , Patric J. H.
Published: April 2024

During exceptionally heavy rains, debris avalanches may occur anywhere in forested mountains of the eastern United States. Examples from New Hampshire to North Carolina indicate that they are most probable when 5 or more inches of rain fall in a 24-hour period on steep (25-40°) slopes where soils are less than 36 inches deep. Risk increases with amount of summer rain and decreases with decreasing slope. As a practical matter, little can be done to prevent debris avalanching. That such disturbances may contribute large amounts of stream sediment should be considered in dealing with nonpoint stream pollution. Millions of loads were carried down at one grand avalanche into the Ammonoosuc, when a grand waterspout broke upon the mountain in the fall of the year 1836. Rocks and trees of the largest dimension presented no obstacle to its course (Hill 1839).
Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreaks in Rocky Mountain Lodgepole Pine Forests
Authors: Berryman A. A.
Published: April 2024

Recent research provides a new perspective on the causes of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreaks in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas var. latifolia Engelm.) forests of the Rocky Mountains. The most explosive outbreaks seem to originate in stands of low current vigor but having a high percentage of trees with thick phloem. Because large beetle populations can overcome the resistance of relatively vigorous trees, once an outbreak has started in a particular locality it often spreads over vast areas. On this interpretation of outbreak causation, methods for anticipating where and when outbreaks will occur have been developed to help the manager set priorities for stand treatment. Treatments can also be tested on computer models of stand growth linked to beetle population models. In general, silviculture aimed at maintaining tree vigor seems to offer the most promise for preventing outbreaks.
Rural Fire Protection in Texas
Authors: Ebarb Patrick A. , Reeves Hershel C.
Published: April 2024

Many rural areas in Texas are without any organized fire protection. Volunteer fire departments are being assisted with training and equipment, within the bounds of available funds and manpower, under federal and state legislation. Through 1981, 563 surplus military vehicles and commercial ¾-ton trucks were equipped with water tanks and pumps for use by volunteer departments.
Kentucky's Hardwood Resource
Authors: Stringer Jeffrey W. , Powell Douglas S.
Published: April 2024

Old-growth forests that once covered the state almost entirely were destroyed by land clearing that began in the mid-eighteenth century and by heavy logging after the Civil War. Strip-mining after World War II damaged many sites. With the decline in harvesting intensity and the increase of sound strip mine reclamation, the forests are slowly yet steadily recovering. Today forests occupy about half of the land area in the state, the distribution being concentrated in the mountainous eastern portion. Hardwoods dominate overwhelmingly among many species growing on a diversity of sites. Oaks and hickories are the most important timber species. They are discriminated against by partial cutting--essentially high-grading--that favors development of shade-tolerant species like American beech and sugar maple. Volume growth is good, with growing stock accruing 2.5 times as fast as it is being removed. Improved management and utilization would markedly increase the hardwood resource and the volume and quality of timber that could be drawn from it.
Reducing Conifer Seed Predation by Use of Alternative Foods
Authors: Sullivan Thomas P. , Sullivan Druscilla S.
Published: April 2024

By suppyling alternative foods, damage to seed by rodents and birds was greatly reduced in seeding trials with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) in British Columbia, Canada. Although the trials did not demonstrate that a stand of seedlings will actually be obtained, the technique appears to warrant further study as a way to improve the reliability of direct seeding.
Michigan's Forest Cultivation Program: An Example of Intensive Management on Public Lands
Authors: Vodak Mark C. , Rudolph Victor J. , Olson Jeff T.
Published: April 2024

Michigan's Forest Cultivation Program is an example of intensive forestry on state-owned lands. From 1973 through 1979, the administration and investment decision processes of the program were evaluated, economic criteria used to establish investment priorities, and changes instituted. Major accomplishments during those years included 51,170 acres of timber stand improvement in northern hardwoods, 2,931 acres of other timber stand improvement, 19,575 acres of jack pine regenerated, 6,795 acres of aspen regenerated, and 7,035 acres of red and white pine release. Projected average internal rates of return were highest for red and white pine release (11.1 percent) and northern hardwoods timber stand improvement (8.4 percent).
More on Stocking Guides
Authors: Leak William B.
Published: April 2024

Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) can possibly be grown at lower densities than suggested in the author's earlier article (W. B. Leak, J. For. 79: 661-664), but the question should be regarded as still open.
Rural Development and Land-Use Planning: A Forestry Perspective
Authors: Lapping Mark B.
Published: April 2024

Land-use planning in rural areas has often treated forests as special problems. Tax laws, timber practice laws, planning regulations, and now statewide forestry planning have done little to integrate the forestland into the total planning process. Rural resistance to regulation and planning suggests a need to adapt city-born planning techniques and procedures to the informal institutions of rural areas.
Maine's Land-Use Regulation Commission
Authors: Pidot Jeffrey R.
Published: April 2024

Maine's ten-year-old Land-Use Regulation Commission plans and zones one-half of the state, mostly lands owned by forest industry. Under a comprehensive plan that guides decisions on permits for development, lands are classified into three major zones: protection (28 percent of the jurisdiction), development (2 percent), and management (70 percent) zones. Forestry activities are allowed on most of the lands. Issues in administration of the system include landowner acceptance, enforcement, salvage of budworm-threatened trees in protected zones, and increasingly intensive harvest of timber.
International Paper Company: Industry as a Land-Use Planner
Authors: Rosenthal John C. , Don Robert T.
Published: April 2024

Industry often acts as a land-use planner. Four cases of recent actions by International Paper Company illustrate diverse ways in which industrial decisions were accompanied by the firm's planning analyses and related benefits. Land-use planning by industry documents the company's effects on a community, complementing conventional public planning. It considers general community relations, changes in the labor force, housing, surplus corporate lands, and efficient management of company assets.
Satellite Technology: An Improved Means for Monitoring Forest Insect Defoliation
Authors: Dottavio C. Lisette , Williams Darrel L.
Published: April 2024

The Goddard Space Flight Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry, Division of Forest Pest Management, have demonstrated the operational utility of satellite data for large-scale assessments of defoliation by the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). Studies showed that satellite data can be used to delineate heavy defoliation accurately. Somewhat lower accuracies were documented for moderate defoliation and nondefoliated forests. These positive results led to the development of a procedure to facilitate the analysis of satellite data over large geographic areas within clearly defined political boundaries. The system is composed of a LANDSAT-derived data base for Pennsylvania and a series of computer programs for image analysis.
World Forestry: Forest Sector Investment Needs in Latin America
Authors: Gregersen Hans M. , McGaughey Stephen
Published: April 2024

At a 1982 conference sponsored by the Inter-American Development Bank, representatives from most Latin American countries met with officers of lending institutions to define financing needs and potentials in forestry. Projections of needed annual investments in forest industry and industrial forestry were $6.6 billion for the years 1981-1985, rising to $9.2 billion during 1996-2000. Potential investment in social and protection forestry was estimated at $2.6 to $4.2 billion for 1981-2000. Prerequisite to such rates of investment are the development of sufficient institutional capacity to plan major projects, and the development of mechanisms to encourage investment.
Reforestation Decisions on Harvested Southern Timberlands
Authors: Royer Jack P. , Kaiser H. Fred
Published: April 2024

Personal interviews with 759 nonindustrial private owners who had harvested timber in the South between 1971 and 1981 revealed that less than half of the land harvested was held by owners who took actions to assure adequate restocking with pine. A belief that sites would naturally regenerate to pine and apprehension about economic returns from forest investments were the two most important reasons for landowners' inaction.
Long-Range Projection of Forest Area Change: New Approaches are Needed
Authors: Alig Ralph J. , Adams Darius M. , Haynes Richard W.
Published: April 2024

Timberland acreage in the United States has been declining for several decades, yet the relative contribution of various determinants has not been quantitatively estimated. Projected trends in products markets are sensitive to future forest area assumptions, which affect relative financial returns from investments. Long-term land area change is thought to be determined largely by economic processes, and incorporating such factors into an explicit model for forest area change is needed to improve projections of natural resource supplies.
Landscaping to Reduce the Energy Used in Cooling Buildings
Authors: Parker John H.
Published: April 2024

Although much less energy is expended in the United States for space cooling than for space heating, this end use is significant in many areas of the country and is often the major factor in utility peak electrical demands during the warmer months. Vegetative landscaping can reduce the energy required to cool residences by providing shade and wind control and through microclimate cooling via evapo-transpiration. "Precision landscaping" design concepts can optimize the energy savings, particularly during utility peak demand periods. Energy analyses of an insulated mobile home show that landscaping can reduce cooling energy by more than 50 percent during warm summer days. Deciduous trees are particularly useful because they allow solar radiation to reach a building during the heating season.
Wind Damage around Clearcuts in the Ridge and Valley Province of Pennsylvania
Authors: DeWalle David R.
Published: April 2024

Wind damage in the predominantly mixed oak forest in the Ridge and Valley Province of Pennsylvania was surveyed in the proximity of 15 recent clearcuts. Of the 282 damaged trees surveyed, 81 percent were windthrown and 19 percent had broken boles. Damage primarily occurred along long, west-facing forest edges adjacent to the clearcuts. Damage was also high where large numbers of pine existed in the residual stand and in areas with poorly drained soil. From an economic viewpoint, however, wind damage does not seem to be serious in this province.
Clinal Genetic Growth Variation within Two Douglas-Fir Breeding Zones
Authors: Silen Roy R. , Mandel Nancy L.
Published: April 2024

Twelve- and ten-year results of progeny tests of 1,275 wind-pollinated families of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) are presented along with maps of clinal genetic variation within two breedings zones. Data originate from the two oldest progressive tree-improvement cooperatives, called Vernonia and Molalla. In both, the top 20 percent of the families were 7 percent taller and 15 to 22 percent greater in volume than the mean family. Division of the parent group at the outset into sets of 50 families at Vernonia and 25 families at Molalla revealed that set means differed with origin within the breeding zone. Scattergrams of all parents in each cooperative showed that a downward shift of 1,000 feet in parent elevation, or a 10-mile horizontal shift to the east or north, should provide 5 percent more family height growth. Thus, there was evidence of considerable clinal geographic variation within breeding zones. Isoheight patterns of clinal variation are complex and three-dimensional, conforming to major topographic features in each cooperative area.
Guide to Evaluating Forest Growth Projection Systems
Authors: Buchman Roland G. , Shifley Stephen R.
Published: April 2024

The number and complexity of forest growth projection systems may make the task of evaluating and comparing alternative systems seem overwhelming. Evaluations typically require the synthesis of many quantitative and qualitative factors. Managers can often benefit by separately considering the application environment, the performance, and the design of each candidate system. Although selection of evaluation criteria depends largely upon the application being considered, guidance is available from the many evaluation criteria in the literature.
Estimating Biomass and Nutrient Removal from a Northern Hardwood Harvest
Authors: Hornbeck James W. , Kropelin William K.
Published: April 2024

We compared actual removals of biomass and nutrients from a whole-tree harvest with estimates made from biomass equations and nutrient data in the literature. The estimated values from the literature were suitable for assessing impacts of nutrient removals, but they overestimated biomass removals by an average of 19 percent.
Cost-Effectiveness of the 1979 Forestry Incentives Program
Authors: Risbrudt Christopher D. , Kaiser H. Fred , Ellefson Paul V.
Published: April 2024

In 1979, the Forestry Incentives Program increased the productivity of nonindustrial private forests by encouraging landowners to manage more intensively than they otherwise would. The increase will amount to almost 1 3 billion cubic feet of timber over the first rotation. Investments by the federal government and landowners will return about 8.6 percent above inflation. Federal taxes these owners will pay on their additional timber income have a present value of over $2 for every dollar expended through the program.
World Forestry: Depletion of the Mauritanian Forest
Authors: Pellek Richard
Published: April 2024

All Mauritanian "forests" are confined to the floodplain of the Senegal River at the southern boundary of the country. During the last decade drought seriously depleted them, and the losses have not been made up by restocking. Unless large-scale reforestation is begun soon, the entire resource is threatened with accelerated exploitation by a rapidly increasing population.
Microcomputers: Their Potential for Foresters
Authors: Moser John W. , Hitchcock Harry C. , Rauscher H. Michael
Published: April 2024

A conference at Purdue University in 1982 surveyed the potential of microcomputers in forestry. Inventory and management have been among the early applications, and many programs are available--including some for pest management decisions and for evaluating cable logging systems. Microcomputers are highly useful for word processing and, with limitations, for statistical analyses. They have good capacity for data storage and retrieval, can produce maps, and can be used to communicate between computer installations. Program development has been haphazard, but the need for standards and for compatibility is being recognized.
Optimum Tree Size for Products Having a Maximum Scaling Diameter
Authors: Martin A. Jeff
Published: April 2024

Although most primary forest products have only minimum size requirements, some have a maximum limitation as well. For products with a maximum scaling diameter, it was found that optimum tree diameter at breast height (the diameter class with the most product volume per tree) could be easily predicted by using only the maximum scaling diameter and product length. A prediction equation and an optimum-d.b.h. table based on this equation are presented.
Catfaces on Lodgepole Pine--Fire Scars or Strip Kills by the Mountain Pine Beetle?
Authors: Mitchell R. G. , Martin R. E. , Stuart John
Published: April 2024

Basal scars on lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta, are common in central Oregon forests. Although foresters have generally called them fire scars, many result from old strip-attacks by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae--attacks that kill only one side of the stem. Strip-kill scars are usually wide at the bottom and narrow at the top, less than 4 m long, and on the north and east sides of the stem. Dating the scars showed that central Oregon suffered a beetle outbreak between 1920 and 1925 and another between 1900 and 1905. Observations of ring widths in stem sections show that a current outbreak and the previous one started when stand growth was very slow. The mountain pine beetle is apparently an important thinning agent that relieves competition in overstocked stands.
MCH Pheromone for Preventing Douglas-Fir Beetle Infestation in Windthrown Trees
Authors: McGregor Mark D. , Furniss Malcolm M. , Oaks Robert D. , Gibson Kenneth E. , Meyer Hubert E.
Published: April 2024

A granular controlled-release formulation (98 percent inert, 2 percent 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one) was applied May 11-13, 1982, at 4.48 kg/ha to 76.9 ha of uninfested windthrown Douglas-fir by helicopter with a modified aerial spreader of 1.13 m³ capacity. Granules measured on treated plots averaged 2.04-2.69 kg/ha, sufficient to reduce Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae) infestation 96.4 percent by late June. The same MCH treatment reduced spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) attacks by 55 percent in fewer, intermingled windthrown Engelmann spruce.
Productivity and Cost of Three Small Fuelwood Skidders
Authors: Huyler Neil K. , Koten Donald E. , Lea Richard V. , Quadro Anthony P.
Published: April 2024

Three small tractors--a Holder A-60, Pasquali 993, and Forest Ant--were tested for suitability in skidding fuelwood from a thinning in mixed northern hardwoods. At a 400-foot skidding distance, the Holder ranked the highest in production at 1.67 cords per scheduled hour; skidding cost averaged $12.67 per cord. Values for the Forest Ant were 0.86 cord per scheduled hour at $12.86 per cord; for the Pasquali they were 0.69 cord at $18.12 per cord.
Mapping Broad-Area Fire Potential from Digital Fuel, Terrain, and Weather Data
Authors: Burgan Robert E. , Shasby Mark B.
Published: April 2024

A combination of Landsat spectral data and digital topography data was used to map National Fire Danger Rating (NFDR) fuel models .for a 400-square-mile area near Missoula, Montana. Six NFDR fuel models were mapped at a resolution of approximately one acre. The overall map accuracy was 73 percent. Final products included fuel model maps and overlays at various scales, and digital data bases for fuel models and topography. The data bases were used with the NFDR computer program to produce a series of energy release component maps depicting changes in fire potential during 1982. The effort has encouraged both the National Park Service and the Bureau of Land Management to begin constructing similar data bases for their lands.
Changing Perspectives on the Outlook for Timber in the United States
Authors: Adams Darius M. , Haynes Richard W.
Published: April 2024

Rates of population and economic growth and the intensity of private forest management are but three of a much broader array of conditions influencing the long-term outlook of the U.S. forest sector. Equally important sources of uncertainty are trends in interest rates, the species and product mix of forest products consumption, use of wood for energy, forest products exports, the cost of wood in Canada, rate of technical improvement in wood and fiber processing, and levels of national forest harvests. Simultaneous changes in only a few of these conditions can lead to future trends in the forest sector that differ significantly from traditional expectations of increasing forest resource scarcity in the United States.
Biomass and Cordwood Production of Red Maple Stands in Rhode Island
Authors: Braiewa Mark A. , Brown James H. , Gould Walter P.
Published: April 2024

Biomass and cordwood production were determined for two seed-origin and two sprout-origin even-aged red maple (Acer rubrum) stands. Mean annual biomass production for the seed-origin stands was 1,914 kg/ha for a 26-year-old stand and 3,218 kg/ha for a 55-year-old stand. For sprout stands, production was 3,318 kg/ha for a 32-year-old stand and 2,525 kg/ha for a 46-year-old stand, suggesting that an optimum rotation age occurs prior to age 46. The oldest seed-origin stand (age 55) had produced the most cord-wood (105.2 cords/ha). Production for the 46-year-old sprout stand was 50 cords/ha.
Exchange Rates Influence Softwood Lumber Trade
Authors: McCarl Bruce A. , Haynes Richard W.
Published: April 2024

Exchange rates influence the softwood lumber trade between the United States and its trading partners. Recent trends in exchange rates for the United States, Canada, and Japan are consistent with an increase in the Canadian share of the U.S. domestic market, a reduction in U.S. exports to Japan, and a relative shift toward a larger Canadian share in the Japanese markets.
Harvesting Causes Only Minor Changes in Physical Properties of an Upland Vermont Soil
Authors: Donnelly John R. , Shane John B. , Yawney Harry W.
Published: April 2024

Bulk density, oxygen, and temperature of a northern hardwood forest soil in Vermont were measured immediately before and for 2 years following harvesting using conventional clear-cut and whole-tree removal methods. Bulk density increased (P ≤0.10) as a result of harvesting, but there was no difference between the two harvest methods. Increases were relatively small, and essentially disappeared within 2 years. Soil oxygen was never significantly affected by treatment. Soils in uncut (control) plots were warmer in winter and cooler in summer than those of either harvest area, but these differences appear to be diminishing with establishment of vegetation cover on the harvested plots.
A Framework for Ecosystem Management in the Interior Columbia Basin
Authors: Haynes Richard W. , Graham Russell T. , Quigley Thomas M.
Published: April 2024

A framework was developed to set forth the relationship of science to management for the Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project. It incorporates a general planning model that has four iterative steps: monitoring, assessment, decisionmaking, and implementation. In this effort we recognized that people are part of ecosystems and that stewardship must resolve the challenge of how to meet multiple demands with finite resources. Science helps decisionmakers choose among options for dynamic systems, but the real challenge is determining whose values will influence land management.
Seven Suggestions for Revising ICBEMP
Authors: O'Laughlin Jay , Maynard Bob , Fitzgerald Steve , Arneson Arnie , Pittman Dan
Published: April 2024

Ecosystem management is a still-developing concept. The version developed for federal lands in the interior Columbia River basin region includes unreasonable assumptions and outcomes, according to SAF foresters in the region. One of ICBEMP's goals, maintaining ecosystem health and integrity, defies clear definition and quantification, and yet this overrides the goal of achieving sustainable and predictable outputs. The management alternative recommended by ICBEMP portends negative socioeconomic impacts for many communities. A less divisive approach is closer federal cooperation with states in using existing processes and standards to protect aquatic habitats.
The Right to Change Tribal Forest Management
Authors: Yazzie-Durglo Victoria
Published: April 2024

Traditional national forest management provided the model for Indian forest management up to the Tribal Self-Governance Act of 1994. Now, tribal sovereignty provides a new foundation for Native American forest management that offers the potential for integrating ecological and cultural values. Two tribes--the White Mountain Apache of Arizona and the Menominee of Wisconsin--are incorporating long-term forest practices while clarifying social and economic incentives.
Teaching across Cultures: A Model for International Education in the Natural Resources
Authors: Gillespie Andrew R. , Rawlins William K. , Mills Walter L. , Coppin Pol R. , Olsson Mats , Rosén Kaj , Fries Clas , Bäckström Per-Ove , Agestam Eric , Magnusson Tord
Published: April 2024

To help meet the demand for graduates with international skills, Purdue University's Department of Forestry and Natural Resources has teamed with the Sveriges Lantbruks Universitet (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences) to offer a jointly taught, four-week summer course that brings together Swedish and American faculty and students. Alternately taught in the United States and Sweden, the course includes lectures on international resources issues, an extended field tour, team projects, leadership training, and communications practice.
Award-Winning Technology Transfer: Case Studies of Success
Authors: Wilkins Brenda L. , Kincaid Dan B.
Published: April 2024

The process of transferring new technology from the originator to the user is a challenge in today's information explosion. Messages may never reach their intended audience unless targeted appropriately and conveyed concisely. Examples of effective technology transfer are a publication titled Crop Tree Management in Eastern Hardwoods; the Wood In Transportation program that communicates modern timber bridge technology; GypsES, a computerized decision-support tool for pest management projects; and two video series produced by cooperative extension services.
The Forces of Change Driving Forestry Education
Authors: Tombaugh Larry W.
Published: April 2024

No discussion of forestry education today can ignore the large and powerful forces that are redefining all of higher education--forces that will reshape education in forestry, too. Leaders in academia need to develop strong partnerships with their counterparts in the private and public sector so that forestry schools and colleges can continue to teach the scientific and technical skills that future foresters will need to manage our increasingly valuable forest resources.
Functional Communities: A Tool for National Forest Planning
Authors: Jakes Pamela , Fish Thomas , Carr Deborah , Blahna Dale
Published: April 2024

Working with residents of northern Wisconsin, the authors found 15 functional communities in and around the Chequamegon and Nicolet National Forests. Functional communities are geographic areas in which people share perceptions of and relationships to forests and natural resources. Several issues were raised by residents in all communities, including concern about development, high property taxes, day-use fees, maintaining access to natural resources, and maintaining the health and productivity of forest ecosystems. Forest planners will need to address these concerns.
Sustainable Forestry, Swedish Style, for Europe's Greening Market
Authors: Hansen Eric , Fletcher Rick , McAlexander James
Published: April 2024

Worldwide, forestry is evolving as it reflects change in the way society values forests and forest products. Companies are reacting in a variety of ways. Stora, a large, integrated Swedish company, has implemented ecological landscape planning and begun to certify its ownership under the Forest Stewardship Council system. Actions like Stora's are important for professional foresters to follow as they provide insight into ways for improving the image of forestry and indicate how global competitive forces may develop.
Japanese Tree Improvement and Forest Genetics
Authors: McKeand Steve , Kurinobu Susumu
Published: April 2024

Scientific information on the management of forest genetic resources is one commodity that should be freely exchanged among nations. American foresters and breeders can learn much about the benefits and risks of clonal plantations from the Japanese, who have a long history of vegetative Propagation techniques and tree improvement programs despite the high cost of management and the reliance on imported wood. Conservation of genetic resources of indigenous forest species is also important in Japan, and excellent research in all forestry disciplines continues.
Balochistan's Ancient Junipers: Bringing Sustainable Management to Dry-Zone Forests
Authors: Ciesla William M. , Mohammed Ghulam , Buzdar A. Hafeez
Published: April 2024

The Ziarat forest in southwestern Pakistan is a fragile ecosystem. Forest health is poor because of harsh growing conditions and dwarf mistletoe infestations, and natural regeneration of the native juniper is sparse. Human use of the forest, especially fuelwood harvesting and grazing, has caused severe degradation. Yet because of its location, its advanced age, and the range of goods and services it provides, the Ziarat forest is a unique resource. The local people are aware of the tenuous condition of their forest, and attempts to manage this forest in a sustainable manner have begun.
Modeling Fire and Nutrient Flux in the Lake Tahoe Basin
Authors: Rowntree Rowan
Published: April 2024

Citizens need to understand how their ecosystem works and try to influence its behavior for the common good, but complexity, uncertainty, and cost discourage many communities. In the Lake Tahoe Basin, organizations and individuals are leveraging the community's high interest in lake clarity and fire danger to construct complex, dynamic models for adaptive management. Models show citizens how the ecosystem works so that they can make intelligent decisions about the desired future condition of their ecosystem and determine how the costs and benefits will be distributed.
Multiaged Systems in the Central and Southern Rockies
Authors: Long James N.
Published: April 2024

Silviculturists must be able to assess and control levels of growing stock for the specific structural objectives that arise from new social goals. In the central and southern Rockies, few if any forest types particularly lend themselves to classic uneven-aged selection system; instead, stand density index is used to implement a broad range of structural objectives, from even-aged to multi-aged. Using this index to manage stands is relatively simple and therefore constitutes a practical alternative for unconventional multiaged systems.