bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extinction accounting and accountability: Empirical evidence from the west European tissue industry
Authors: Corvino Antonio , Bianchi Martini Silvio , Doni Federica
Published: March 2021

Recently, human activities are more and more invasive with respect to biodiversity. Several studies highlighted the key role played by accountants in contributing to the development of tools able to support company in assessing, reporting, and disseminating, as well as accomplishing, the preservation of natural species and ecosystems (King and Atkins, 2016). Corporate reporting of environmental information might increase the credibility of forest certifications, given that some scholars argued that certified forests are not often run, in a sustainable way. Moreover, certifications sometimes cover harmful forest practices (Elad, 2014) and do not ensure a good quality of environmental reporting and performance. The research question therefore intends to explore how extinction accounting and accountability (EAA) is able to reflect ex post the company's business strategy and, at the same time, influence ex ante its formulation by easing the prevention of deforestation risk and addressing the issue of credibility through specific actions. In more detail, the “Emancipatory Framework for Extinction Accounting and Accountability” (EFEAA) (Atkins and Maroun, 2018) was tested using content and interpretative analyses based on the reports inherent to top four companies working in West Europe in the tissue industry, where the preservation of forest heritage is a “compulsory route” for assuring the business sustainability, in terms of both raw material renewal and brand reputation. The findings highlighted the first attempt to carry out a qualitative research over the management of forest issues. In our study, companies tend to report advantages arising from the use of forest, but this kind of disclosure is too generic without providing evidence over the ecosystem services forests produce. Moreover, firm size affects the quantity and the quality of disclosure. At last, managerial implications and future research avenues are outlined and discussed.
Machine learning for the prediction of bone metastasis in patients with newly diagnosed thyroid cancer
Authors: Liu Wen‐Cai , Li Zhi‐Qiang , Luo Zhi‐Wen , Liao Wei‐Jie , Liu Zhi‐Li , Liu Jia‐Ming
Published: March 2021

Objectives

This study aimed to establish a machine learning prediction model that can be used to predict bone metastasis (BM) in patients with newly diagnosed thyroid cancer (TC).

Methods

Demographic and clinicopathologic variables of TC patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 2010 to 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. On this basis, we developed a random forest (RF) algorithm model based on machine‐learning. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy score, recall rate, and specificity are used to evaluate and compare the prediction performance of the RF model and the other model.

Results

A total of 17,138 patients were included in the study, with 166 (0.97%) developed bone metastases. Grade, T stage, histology, race, sex, age, and N stage were the important prediction features of BM. The RF model has better predictive performance than the other model (AUC: 0.917, accuracy: 0.904, recall rate: 0.833, and specificity: 0.905).

Conclusions

The RF model constructed in this study could accurately predict bone metastases in TC patients, which may provide clinicians with more personalized clinical decision‐making recommendations. Machine learning technology has the potential to improve the development of BM prediction models in TC patients.
Sudden sensorineural hearing loss in COVID‐19: A case report and literature review
Authors: Beckers Eline , Chouvel Pascale , Cassetto Valérie , Mustin Vincent
Published: March 2021

We encourage SARS‐CoV‐2 polymerase chain reaction in the diagnostic workup of patients currently presenting with sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
Innovative methods to test and monitor the preload in mechanical fasteners
Authors: Reiterer Michael
Published: March 2021

The paper presents currently applied methods to test and monitor the preload level in mechanical fasteners and evaluates them with respect to the quality of the gained measuring results. Both, visual inspection methods and electronic state‐of‐the‐art measurement techniques are presented. This contribution introduces recently developed and patented innovative methods to test and monitor the preload level in mechanical fasteners. The methods developed include a smart mechanical fastener with pressure indicator and a smart electronic measuring screw nut. The smart mechanical fastener has no electronic features and is able to display the loss of preload through a red dot that occurs on the upper end of the fastener. The smart measuring screw nut is an electronic fastening element, that records the current value of preload in a time‐discrete or permanent manner. In order to investigate the suitability for daily use and long‐term stability of the novel methods to test and monitor the preload in mechanical fasteners, laboratory experiments and in‐situ tests were executed. The gained results are presented and discussed.
Effect of acetone and methanol environment on the electrical properties of Fe doped hydroxyapatite
Authors: Singh Brajendra , Singh Priyanka , Siddiqui Saiqua , Rajput Parasmani , Gupta Mukul
Published: March 2021

We report huge change in impedance of Fe doped hydroxyapatite Ca9.9Fe0.1(PO4)6(OH)2 in presence of methanol and acetone environment while parent hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 shows only nominal change. Parent and Fe doped hydroxyapatite Ca1−xFex(PO4)6(OH)2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) samples were prepared by wet chemical method. All the samples are found in single phase using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and they are crystallized in hexagonal structure. Fe K‐edge X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra show the presence of mixed‐valence states (Fe2+ and Fe3+) in Ca9.9Fe0.1(PO4)6(OH)2 sample while Fe is present in Fe3+ valence state in Ca9.7Fe0.3(PO4)6(OH)2 sample. Fe doped composition Ca9.9Fe0.1(PO4)6(OH)2 has shown the change in impedance (response) ~80% in presence of 50 ppm methanol concentration and ~238% for 500 ppm methanol concentration. Ca9.9Fe0.1(PO4)6(OH)2 has shown ~92% response for 50 ppm acetone concentration and ~537% response for 500 ppm acetone concentration. Analysis of response (change in impedance) using Freundlich adsorption isotherm equation has shown the physical and chemical type of adsorption for methanol while only physical adsorption for acetone is found in Ca9.9Fe0.1(PO4)6(OH)2.
Transmission characteristics of electromagnetic waves in a semicircular plasma filament layer generated by a femtosecond laser
Authors: Pak In‐Ho , Kim Yong‐Ho , Oh Chung‐Hyok , Kim Jun , Han Su‐Il , Jon Guang‐Hi , Han Kye‐Hyon , Kim Hyon‐Chol
Published: March 2021

The transmission characteristics of electromagnetic (EM) waves in a semicircular plasma filament layer generated by a femtosecond laser were studied in a wide frequency band including radar waves. We have focussed on the influence of plasma parameters and filament arrangement based on the diffraction and superposition theory of EM waves on the transmittance. A numerical simulation model using the current density convolution finite‐difference time‐domain method was constructed in a semicircular multilayer filament structure, and the transmission characteristics of spherical EM waves were examined. The simulation results showed that in this semicircular structure, the transmittance was periodically changed at a frequency interval corresponding to the thickness of the filament channel. This phenomenon was more pronounced as the number of the filament layers increased. In the lower band (<30 GHz), there was little change in the transmittance according to layer‐to‐layer distance, but in the higher band (>30 GHz), it changed irregularly. On the contrary, for the electron number density, it changed regularly in the lower frequency and hardly changed in the higher frequency. When the number of layers was 3 or more, the transmittance became 0 at the centre of the channel, and a discontinuous interference pattern appeared more clearly as the frequency increased.
Within‐subject weight variability in bulimia nervosa: Correlates and consequences
Authors: Chen Joanna Y. , Singh Simar , Lowe Michael R.
Published: March 2021

Objective

The oscillations between binge eating, purging, and dieting in bulimia nervosa (BN) may produce substantial within‐subject weight variability. Although weight variability has been predictive of eating‐ and weight‐related variables in community samples, it has not been empirically examined in eating disorders. The current study examined cross‐sectional and prospective associations between weight variability and BN pathology.

Method

Four weights were collected over an average of 42.02 days, and weight variability was calculated as the root mean square error around each individual's weight trajectory regression line. Linear regressions were performed to examine the association between weight variability and eating disorder psychopathology, cross‐sectionally at baseline and prospectively at 6‐month follow‐up, adjusting for baseline BMI.

Results

Weight variability was cross‐sectionally associated with eating pathology, but these relationships became non‐significant after adjusting for BMI. However, at 6‐month follow‐up, greater baseline weight variability predicted increases in body dissatisfaction, shape and weight concerns, and global eating pathology, even after adjusting for baseline BMI.

Discussion

These findings demonstrate, for the first time, that within‐subject weight variability predicts greater eating disorder pathology over time in BN. The results add to evidence that weight history variables contribute to BN psychopathology above and beyond well‐documented psychological dysfunction in BN.
One year improvement of exercise capacity in patients with mechanical circulatory support as bridge to transplantation
Authors: Felix Susanne E.A. , Oerlemans Martinus I.F. , Ramjankhan Faiz Z. , Muller Steven A. , Kirkels Hans H. , van Laake Linda W. , Suyker Willem J.L. , Asselbergs Folkert W. , de Jonge Nicolaas
Published: March 2021

Aims

Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) results in substantial improvement of prognosis and functional capacity. Currently, duration of MCS as a bridge to transplantation (BTT) is often prolonged due to shortage of donor hearts. Because long‐term results of exercise capacity after MCS are largely unknown, we studied serial cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPETs) during the first year after MCS implantation.

Methods and results

Cardiopulmonary exercise tests at 6 and 12 months after MCS implantation in BTT patients were retrospectively analysed, including clinical factors related to exercise capacity. A total of 105 MCS patients (67% male, 50 ± 12 years) underwent serial CPET at 6 and 12 months after implantation. Power (105 ± 35 to 114 ± 40 W; P ≤ 0.001) and peak VO2 per kilogram (pVO2/kg) improved significantly (16.5 ± 5.0 to 17.2 ± 5.5 mL/kg/min (P = 0.008)). Improvement in pVO2 between 6 and 12 months after LVAD implantation was not related to heart failure aetiology or haemodynamic severity prior to MCS. We identified maximal heart rate at exercise as an important factor for pVO2. Younger age and lower BMI were related to further improvement. At 12 months, 25 (24%) patients had a normal exercise capacity (Weber classification A, pVO2 > 20 mL/kg/min).

Conclusions

Exercise capacity (power and pVO2) increased significantly between 6 and 12 months after MCS independent of Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) profile or heart failure aetiology. Heart rate at exercise importantly relates to exercise capacity. This long‐term improvement in exercise capacity is important information for the growing group of long‐term MCS patients as this is critical for the quality of life of patients.
Diagnostic and prognostic implications of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction scoring systems
Authors: Parcha Vibhu , Malla Gargya , Kalra Rajat , Patel Nirav , Sanders‐van Wijk Sandra , Pandey Ambarish , Shah Sanjiv J. , Arora Garima , Arora Pankaj
Published: March 2021

Aims

We sought to compare the generalizability and prognostic implications of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) scores (HFA‐PEFF and H2FPEF score) in Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT) and Phosphodiesterase‐5 Inhibition to Improve Clinical Status and Exercise Capacity in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (RELAX) trial participants and matched controls from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Community (ARIC) study.

Methods and results

Based on the respective scores, the study participants from the TOPCAT (N = 356), RELAX (N = 216), and ARIC (N = 379) studies were categorized as having a low, intermediate, or high likelihood of HFpEF. Age, sex, and race matched controls free of cardiovascular disease who had unexplained dyspnoea were used to evaluate the diagnostic performance. The prognostic value of scores was assessed using multivariable‐adjusted Cox regression analyses. The median HFA‐PEFF scores in the TOPCAT, RELAX, and ARIC studies were 5.0 [interquartile range (IQR): 5.0–6.0], 4.0 (IQR: 2.0–4.0), and 3.0 (IQR: 2.0–4.0), respectively. The median H2FPEF scores in the three studies were 5.5 (IQR: 4.0–7.0), 6.0 (IQR: 4.0–7.0), and 3.0 (IQR: 2.0–5.0), respectively. A low HFA‐PEFF and H2FPEF score can rule out HFpEF with high sensitivity (99.5% and 99.6%, respectively) and negative predictive value (95.7% and 98.3%, respectively). A high HFA‐PEFF and H2FPEF score can rule‐in HFpEF with good specificity (82.8% and 95.6%, respectively) and positive predictive value (79.9% and 90.4%, respectively). Among TOPCAT participants, the hazard for adverse cardiovascular events per point increase in HFA‐PEFF and H2FPEF score was 1.26 (95% confidence interval: 0.98–1.63) and 1.01 (95% confidence interval: 0.88–1.15), respectively. A higher H2FPEF score was associated with lower peak oxygen intake in RELAX trial participants (adjusted P = 0.01).

Conclusions

The HFA‐PEFF and the H2FPEF scores are reliable diagnostic tools for HFpEF. The prognostic utility of HFpEF scores requires further validation in larger rigorously phenotyped populations.
Application of Electron‐Rich Covalent Organic Frameworks COF‐JLU25 for Photocatalytic Aerobic Oxidative Hydroxylation of Arylboronic Acids to Phenols
Authors: Xiao Guangjun , Li Wenqian , Chen Tao , Hu Wei‐Bo , Yang Hui , Liu Yahu A. , Wen Ke
Published: March 2021

Visible‐light‐driven organic reactions are environmentally friendly green chemical transformations among which photosynthetic oxidative hydroxylation of arylboronic acids to phenols has attracted increasing research interest during the very recent years. Given the efficiency and reusability of heterogeneous catalysts, COF‐JLU25, an electron‐rich COF‐based photocatalyst constructed by integrating electron‐donating blocks 1,3,6,8‐tetrakis(4‐aminophenyl)pyrene (PyTA) and 4‐[4‐(4‐formylmethyl)‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenyl] benzaldehyde (TpDA), was selected as a photocatalyst for the oxidative hydroxylation of arylboronic acids. In our studies, COF‐JLU25 demonstrated excellent photocatalytic activity with high efficiency, robust reusability, and low catalyst loading, showcasing an application potential of previously underexplored COF‐based photocatalyst composed solely of electron‐rich units.
Transcriptional network analysis identifies key elements governing the recombinant protein production provoked reprogramming of carbon and energy metabolism in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)
Authors: Li Zhaopeng , Geffers Robert , Jain Garima , Klawonn Frank , Kökpinar Öznur , Nimtz Manfred , Schmidt‐Heck Wolfgang , Rinas Ursula
Published: March 2021

The impact of recombinant protein production on carbon and energy metabolism in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) was studied through transcriptome and proteome analysis of cells induced in carbon‐limited fed‐batch cultures during either fast or slow growth. Production of human basic fibroblast growth factor (pET expression system, T7 promoter) during fast growth leads to a macroscopically observable response classifiable into two consecutive steps: i. apparently unperturbed growth and respiration with concomitant formation of pyruvate and acetate followed by ii. inhibition of growth, respiratory activity and glucose uptake. Down‐regulation of genes involved in sugar and acetate uptake, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and respiratory energy generation started already during apparently unperturbed growth with the exceptions of up‐regulated genes encoding the less energy efficient NADH dehydrogenase and terminal oxidases. A transcription factor target gene network analysis revealed that observed changes are mainly attributable to the vanishing influence of the transcription factor CRP‐cAMP but also to a strong down‐regulation of AcrA‐P repressed genes. Moreover, down‐regulation of MalT activated and up‐regulation of PdhR repressed genes contribute among others to the reorganization of the transcriptome. The main drivers were identified as accumulating metabolites, for example, pyruvate, which affect transcription factor activity. The resulting restructured proteome leads to reduced glucose uptake, TCA cycle, and respiratory capacities this way decreasing catabolic carbon breakdown and metabolite accumulation. At slow growth, the production provoked transcriptome rearrangements are more subtle not leading to a macroscopically evident response. In summary, the transcriptomic response towards recombinant gene expression mimics a carbon or nutrient up‐shift response aiming to match catabolic carbon processing with compromised anabolic capacities of induced cells. It is not the reason for growth inhibition and the metabolic burden but the cellular attempt to attenuate the “toxic effect” of recombinant gene expression by reducing carbon catabolism.
Preparation and characterization of the Al‐Ga‐In‐Sn‐KCl composites for hydrogen generation
Authors: Sheng Peng , Zhang Songli , Guan Chuang , Qian Wei , Gao Xu , Wang Yanqi
Published: March 2021

The production of hydrogen through the aluminum‐water reaction has received increasing attention in recent years. In this study, a series of Al‐Ga‐In‐Sn‐KCl composites were prepared by mechanical ball milling for hydrogen generation. The effects of composite composition and preparation process on hydrogen generation are studied. It is determined that the optimal ball milling time for the Al‐6Ga‐2In‐1Sn‐1KCl, Al‐5Ga‐2In‐1Sn‐2KCl, and Al‐4Ga‐2In‐1Sn‐3KCl composites to reach their maximum hydrogen yield is 4, 7, and 9 hours, respectively. In particular, the 7 hours milled Al‐5Ga‐2In‐1Sn‐2KCl composite exhibits the best hydrogen generation properties among all composites, achieving a hydrogen yield of 1127 mL g−1 in pure water at 25°C. The microstructure characterization results show that the intermetallic compound In3Sn is formed in these three composites, and the three composites exhibit different morphologies due to their different compositions and different milling times. The effect of initial water temperature is also studied, and the best milled Al‐6Ga‐2In‐1Sn‐1KCl and Al‐5Ga‐2In‐1Sn‐2KCl composites are completely hydrolyzed as the water temperature rises to 60°C. Due to their good hydrogen production capacity, these composites are expected to become an energy source for real‐time hydrogen supply.
The Co‐mutational Spectrum Determines the Therapeutic Response in Murine FGFR2 Fusion‐Driven Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Kendre Gajanan , Marhenke Silke , Lorz Georgina , Becker Diana , Reineke‐Plaaß Tanja , Poth Tanja , Murugesan Karthikeyan , Kühnel Florian , Woller Norman , Wirtz Ralph M. , Pich Andreas , Marquardt Jens U. , Saborowski Michael , Vogel Arndt , Saborowski Anna
Published: March 2021

Background and Aims

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second most common primary liver cancer and a highly lethal malignancy. Chemotherapeutic options are limited, but a considerable subset of patients harbors genetic lesions for which targeted agents exist. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) fusions belong to the most frequent and therapeutically relevant alterations in ICC, and the first FGFR inhibitor was recently approved for the treatment of patients with progressed, fusion‐positive ICC. Response rates of up to 35% indicate that FGFR‐targeted therapies are beneficial in many but not all patients. Thus far, no established biomarkers exist that predict resistance or response to FGFR‐targeted therapies in patients with ICC.

Approach and Results

In this study, we use an autochthonous murine model of ICC to demonstrate that FGFR2 fusions are potent drivers of malignant transformation. Furthermore, we provide preclinical evidence that the co‐mutational spectrum acts not only as an accelerator of tumor development, but also modifies the response to targeted FGFR inhibitors. Using pharmacologic approaches and RNA‐interference technology, we delineate that Kirsten rat sarcoma oncogene (KRAS)–activated mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling causes primary resistance to FGFR inhibitors in FGFR2 fusion–positive ICC. The translational relevance is supported by the observation that a subset of human FGFR2 fusion patients exhibits transcriptome profiles reminiscent of KRAS mutant ICC. Moreover, we demonstrate that combination therapy has the potential to overcome primary resistance and to sensitize tumors to FGFR inhibition.

Conclusions

Our work highlights the importance of the co‐mutational spectrum as a significant modifier of response in tumors that harbor potent oncogenic drivers. A better understanding of the genetic underpinnings of resistance will be pivotal to improve biomarker‐guided patient selection and to design clinically relevant combination strategies.
Nephrostomy catheter entering the right renal vein during an exchange procedure: A case report and literature review
Authors: Akatsuka Jun , Suzuki Yasutomo , Endo Yuki , Yanagi Masato , Matsuzawa Ichiro , Hamasaki Tsutomu , Kimura Go , Kondo Yukihiro
Published: March 2021

Introduction

We encountered an extremely rare case of a nephrostomy catheter entering the right renal vein during an exchange procedure.

Case presentation

An 80‐year‐old man underwent radical cystectomy. Urinary diversion was achieved through right percutaneous nephrostomy. After the 15th nephrostomy catheter exchange, the patient bled heavily from the catheter. We clamped the catheter immediately, and the patient became hemodynamically stable. Emergency angiography showed the nephrostomy catheter entering the renal vein from outside the renal pelvis. Under fluoroscopy, we pulled the catheter until its tip was located in the previous penetration site of the renal pelvic wall and inserted the catheter over the guidewire into the renal pelvis.

Conclusions

Herein, we report an extremely rare case of a nephrostomy catheter inserted into the right renal vein during an exchange procedure. Inserting a nephrostomy catheter in the appropriate position and performing exchange under imaging guidance techniques could help clinicians avoid severe complications.
Artificial neural network‐based quantitative structure–activity relationships model and molecular docking for virtual screening of novel potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Authors: Zerroug Enfale , Belaidi Salah , Chtita Samir
Published: March 2021

The deficit in cholinergic neurotransmission is the main incentives for the development of new therapeutic drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we employed cheminformatics tools to explore new molecules that can serve as effective therapeutic agents against AD. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were applied in a quantitative structure anti‐acetylcholinesterase (AChE)‐activity relationship study on a series of AChE inhibitors (AChEIs). The best computational neural network had an [5‐10‐12‐1] architecture, with a low value of mean squared error (MSE = 0.06) and a high value of R2 (0.96). All validations showed that the ANN model can be used quite satisfactorily for the screening of a new series of molecules having anti‐AChE activity. The virtual screening based on the molecular similarity method and applicability domain of ANN‐quantitative structure–activity relationships allowed the discovery of novel anti‐AChE candidates with improved activity. Docking simulation carried out on these novel AChEIs has identified eight best hits with a higher binding affinity toward their target (4EY7). These eight stable complexes were in good agreement with the biological activity and they have an inhibition profile at a similar rate as the reference drug donepezil. The results showed that these compounds were strongly bound up with the AChE enzyme active site with the optimal conformations.
Methodological improvements to a Procedure for Rapidly Establishing Steady‐State Behavior
Authors: Klapes Bryan , Ginalis Christine L. , McDowell J. J
Published: March 2021

We performed three experiments to improve the quality and retention of data obtained from a Procedure for Rapidly Establishing Steady‐State Behavior (PRESS‐B; Klapes et al., 2020). In Experiment 1, 120 participants worked on nine concurrent random‐interval random‐interval (conc RI RI) schedules and were assigned to four conditions of varying changeover delay (COD) length. The 0.5‐s COD condition group exhibited the fewest instances of exclusive reinforcer acquisition. Importantly, this group did not differ in generalized matching law (GML) fit quality from the other groups. In Experiment 2, 60 participants worked on nine conc RI RI schedules with a wider range of scheduled reinforcement rate ratios than was used in Experiment 1. Participants showed dramatic reductions in exclusive reinforcer acquisition. Experiment 3 entailed a replication of Experiment 2 wherein blackout periods were implemented between the schedule presentations and each schedule remained in operation until at least one reinforcer was acquired on each alternative. GML fit quality was slightly more consistent in Experiment 3 than in the previous experiments. Thus, these results suggest that future PRESS‐B studies should implement a shorter COD, a wider and richer scheduled reinforcement rate ratio range, and brief blackouts between schedule presentations for optimal data quality and retention.
Outcomes from a multimodal, at‐scale community‐based HIV counselling and testing programme in twelve high HIV burden districts in South Africa
Authors: Medina‐Marino Andrew , Daniels Joseph , Bezuidenhout Dana , Peters Remco , Farirai Thato , Slabbert Jean , Guloba Geoffrey , Johnson Suzanne , Bekker Linda‐Gail , Nkhwashu Nkhensani
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Facility‐based HIV testing services (HTS) have been less acceptable and accessible by adolescents, men and key populations in South Africa. Community‐based HIV counselling and testing (CBCT) modalities, including mobile unit and home‐based testing, have been proposed to decrease barriers to HIV testing uptake. CBCT modalities and approaches may be differentially acceptable to men and women based on age. Implementation of multimodal CBCT services may improve HIV testing rates among adolescents and men, and support the roll‐out of prevention services.

Methods

A cross‐sectional analysis was conducted using aggregate, routine programmatic data collected from 1 October 2015 through 31 March 2017 from a multimodal, at‐scale CBCT programme implemented in 12 high‐burden districts throughout South Africa. Data collection tools were aligned to reporting standards for the National Department of Health and donor requirements. HIV testing rates (i.e. number of tests performed per 100,000 population using South African census data) and testing proportions by modality were stratified by sex, age groups and heath districts. Descriptive statistics were performed using STATA 13.0.

Results

Overall, 944,487 tests were performed during the 1.5‐year testing period reported. More tests were conducted among females than males (53.6% vs. 46.4%). Overall, 8206 tests per 100,000 population (95% CI: 8190.2 to 8221.9) were performed; female‐to‐male (F:M) testing ratio was 1.11. Testing rates were highest among young women age 20 to 24 years (16,328.4; 95% CI: 16,237.9 to 16,419.1) and adolescent girls aged 15 to 19 years (12,817.0; 95% CI: 12,727.9 to 12,906.6). Home‐based testing accounted for 61.3% of HIV tests, followed by near‐home mobile unit testing (30.2%) and workplace mobile unit testing (4.7%). More women received HTS via home‐based testing (F:M ratio = 1.29), whereas more men accessed work‐place mobile testing (M:F ratio = 1.35). No sex differential was observed among those accessing near‐home mobile testing (F:M ratio = 0.98).

Conclusions

Concurrent implementation of multiple, targeted CBCT modalities can reduce sex disparities in HIV testing in South Africa. Given the acceptability and accessibility of these CBCT services to adolescent girls and young women, evident from their high testing rates, leveraging community‐based services delivery platforms to increase access to HIV prevention services, including pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), should be considered.
Impact of gender on patients hospitalized for SARS‐COV‐2 infection: A prospective observational study
Authors: Giacomelli Andrea , De Falco Teresa , Oreni Letizia , Pedroli Alice , Ridolfo Anna Lisa , Calabrò Elisa , Carrozzo Giorgia , Bonazzetti Cecilia , Antinori Spinello , Brucato Antonio
Published: March 2021

Biological sex could affect the natural history of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. We enrolled all COVID‐19 patients admitted to two COVID‐19 hospitals in Milan in a prospective observational study. The primary outcome was death during the study period and the secondary outcome was critical disease at hospital admission. The association(s) between clinically relevant, noncollinear variables, and the primary outcome was assessed with uni‐ and multivariable Logistic regression models. A total of 520 patients were hospitalized of whom 349 (67%) were males with a median age 61 (interquartile range: 50–72). A higher proportion of males presented critically ill when compared to females (30.1% vs. 18.7%, p < .046). Death occurred in 86 (24.6%) males and 27 (15.8%) females (p = .024). In multivariable analysis age (per 10 years more) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.83 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 1.42–2.35], p < .0001), obesity (AOR: 2.17 [95% CI: 1.10–4.31], p = .026), critical disease at hospital admission (AOR 6.34 [95% CI: 3.50–11.48], p < .0001) were independently associated to higher odds of death whereas gender was not. In conclusion, a higher proportion of males presented critically ill at hospital admission. Age, critical disease at hospital admission, obesity, anemia, D‐dimer, estimated glomerular filtration rate, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase predicted death in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients.
Both living and dead Faecalibacterium prausnitzii alleviate house dust mite‐induced allergic asthma through the modulation of gut microbiota and short‐chain fatty acid production
Authors: Hu Wenbing , Lu Wenwei , Li Lingzhi , Zhang Hao , Lee Yuan‐kun , Chen Wei , Zhao Jianxin
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND

Asthma is increasingly prevalent worldwide, and novel strategies to prevent or treat this disease are needed. Probiotic intervention has recently been reported to be effective for asthma prevention. Here, we explored the effects of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii on the development of allergic airway inflammation in a murine model of house dust mite (HDM)‐induced allergic asthma.

RESULTS

Supplementation with living and dead F. prausnitzii blocked eosinophil, neutrophil, lymphocyte and macrophage influx and alleviated the pathological changes. Moreover, both living and dead F. prausnitzii administration decreased the levels of interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13 and immunoglobulin G1, elevated regulatory T cell (Tregs) ratio, improved microbial dysbiosis and enhanced short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. Network correlation analysis revealed that the immune indicators were strongly associated with SCFA production. Based on the linear discriminant analysis effect size, Turicibacter was found to be the core genus related to HDM‐induced asthma. Living F. prausnitzii treatment enriched Faecalibaculum, Dubosiella and Streptococcus, while dead F. prausnitzii treatment increased Muribaculaceae and Parabacteroides. Interestingly, both living and dead F. prausnitzii administration enriched Lachnoclostridium and normalized the pathways involving carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, which might be related to SCFA production.

CONCLUSION

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii exerts an anti‐asthmatic effect partly by gut microbiota modulation and SCFA production, suggesting its potential as a probiotic agent for allergic asthma prevention. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Near‐infrared stimulation of the auditory nerve: A decade of progress toward an optical cochlear implant
Authors: Littlefield Philip D. , Richter Claus‐Peter
Published: March 2021

Objectives

We provide an appraisal of recent research on stimulation of the auditory system with light. In particular, we discuss direct infrared stimulation and ongoing controversies regarding the feasibility of this modality. We also discuss advancements and barriers to the development of an optical cochlear implant.

Methods

This is a review article that covers relevant animal studies.

Results

The auditory system has been stimulated with infrared light, and in a much more spatially selective manner than with electrical stimulation. However, there are experiments from other labs that have not been able to reproduce these results. This has resulted in an ongoing controversy regarding the feasibility of infrared stimulation, and the reasons for these experimental differences still require explanation. The neural response characteristics also appear to be much different than with electrical stimulation. The electrical stimulation paradigms used for modern cochlear implants do not apply well to optical stimulation and new coding strategies are under development. Stimulation with infrared light brings the risk of heat accumulation in the tissue at high pulse repetition rates, so optimal pulse shapes and combined optical/electrical stimulation are being investigated to mitigate this. Optogenetics is another promising technique, which makes neurons more sensitive to light stimulation by inserting light sensitive ion channels via viral vectors. Challenges of optogenetics include the expression of light sensitive channels in sufficient density in the target neurons, and the risk of damaging neurons by the expression of a foreign protein.

Conclusion

Optical stimulation of the nervous system is a promising new field, and there has been progress toward the development of a cochlear implant that takes advantage of the benefits of optical stimulation. There are barriers, and controversies, but so far none that seem intractable.

Level of evidence

NA (animal studies and basic research).
On the preservation of functions with exponential growth by modified Ismail–May operators
Authors: Mishra Nav Shakti , Deo Naokant
Published: March 2021

In this study, our aim is to provide a modification of the so‐called Ismail–May operators that preserve exponential functions
. In support of this, we begin by estimating the convergence rate of the operators in terms of usual and exponential modulus of continuity. We also provide a global approximation and a quantitative Voronovskaya result. Moreover, to validate the modification, we exhibit some graphical representations using Mathematica software to compare the original operator and its modification. We conclude that the modified operators not only preserve exponential functions but also provide faster rate of convergence for A > 0.
Genome‐wide profiling of miRNAs during seed development reveals their functional relevance in seed size/weight determination in chickpea
Authors: Khemka Niraj , Singh Rajkumar Mohan , Garg Rohini , Jain Mukesh
Published: March 2021

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non‐coding small RNAs that regulate gene expression at transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels. The role of miRNAs in seed development and seed size/weight determination is poorly understood in legumes. In this study, we profiled miRNAs at seven successive stages of seed development in a small‐seeded and a large‐seeded chickpea cultivar via small RNA sequencing. In total, 113 known and 243 novel miRNAs were identified. Gene ontology analysis revealed the enrichment of seed/reproductive/post‐embryonic development and signaling pathways processes among the miRNA target genes. A large fraction of the target genes exhibited antagonistic correlation with miRNA expression. The sets of co‐expressed miRNAs showing differential expression between the two cultivars were recognized. Known transcription factor (TF) encoding genes involved in seed size/weight determination, including SPL, GRF, MYB, ARF, HAIKU1, SHB1, KLUH/CYP78A5, and E2Fb along with novel genes were found to be targeted by the predicted miRNAs. Differential expression analysis revealed higher transcript levels of members of SPL and REVOLUTA TF families and lower expression of their corresponding miRNAs in the large‐seeded cultivar. At least 19 miRNAs known to be involved in seed development or differentially expressed between small‐seeded and large‐seeded cultivars at late‐embryogenesis and/or mid‐maturation stages were located within known quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with seed size/weight determination. Moreover, 41 target genes of these miRNAs were also located within these QTLs. Altogether, we revealed important roles of miRNAs in seed development and identified candidate miRNAs and their target genes that have functional relevance in determining seed size/weight in chickpea.
Interjecting the geographies of skills into international skilled migration research: Political economy and ethics for a renewed research agenda
Authors: Raghuram Parvati
Published: March 2021

There is now a large literature on skilled migration, which uses multiple definitions, concepts, theories and understandings of skilled migrants. However, this research has not adequately considered the geographies of skills—the spatial and temporal relations through which skills get meaning, are accrued and claimed and their outcomes and how these shape and are shaped by skilled mobilities and migration. This paper explores sites and networks as two interrelated elements of a geography of skills in order to highlight how they have prescribed, produced, prevailed and precluded who attains the skills to migrate. The paper goes on to outline how and why the geographies of skills and skilled migration matter in contemporary knowledge capitalism and the ethical issues they raise for a renewed research agenda on skilled migration. Crucially, it suggests that the spatio‐temporal configurations of skills raise not only empirical and analytical questions but also normative ones about the politics and ethics of skilling.
The catalytic effects of H2O, basic and acidic catalysts on the gas‐phase hydrolysis mechanism of carbonyl fluoride (CF2O)
Authors: Lu Yousong , Zhang Tianlei , Lily Makroni , Wang Weina , Liu Fengyi , Wang Wenliang
Published: March 2021

The carbonyl fluoride (CF2O) is one of the significant atmospheric molecules, and its hydrolysis reaction has been considered the most potential removal process in the earth's troposphere. In this article, the hydrolysis reaction of CF2O assisted by H2O, basic (NH3 and CH3NHCH3), and acidic (H2SO4, HCOOH, and CF3COOH) catalysts have theoretically investigated using quantum chemical methods. These catalysts significantly decrease the hydrolysis reaction of barrier height by 20.4–28.8 kcal mol−1. Here two H‐transfer mechanisms have been identified in these catalyzed hydrolytic reactions as asynchronous collaborative caused by base molecules and the synchronous collaborative led by H2O and acid molecules. In addition, the rate coefficient and relative rate of all catalytic reactions have calculated using conventional transition state theory (TST) over a temperature range of 280–320 K. The results show that H2SO4 has the best catalytic effect without considering the concentration of catalyst molecules in the atmosphere. On the contrary, a high concentration of HCOOH (10 ppbv) is dominant in the catalytic reaction when considered the concentrations of catalyst molecules. In this work, it was identified that the catalytic efficiencies of H2O, acid and base molecules upon addition reaction between CF2O and H2O is not only related to their catalytic mechanisms but also depending upon their concentrations in the atmosphere.
Printed Stretchable Liquid Metal Electrode Arrays for In Vivo Neural Recording
Authors: Dong Ruihua , Wang Lulu , Hang Chen , Chen Zhen , Liu Xiaoyan , Zhong Leni , Qi Jie , Huang Yuqing , Liu Shaoqin , Wang Liping , Lu Yi , Jiang Xingyu
Published: March 2021

The adoption of neural interfacing into neurological diagnosis is severely hampered by the complex, costly, and error‐prone manufacturing methods, requiring new fabrication processes and materials for flexible neural interfacing. Here a strategy for fabricating highly stretchable neural electrode arrays based on screen printing of liquid metal conductors onto polydimethylsiloxane substrates is presented. The screen‐printed electrode arrays show a resolution of 50 µm, which is ideally applicable to neural interfaces. The integration of liquid metal–polymer conductor enables the neural electrode arrays to retain stable electrical properties and compliant mechanical performance under a significant (≈108%) strain. Taking advantage of its high biocompatibility, liquid metal electrode arrays exhibit excellent performance for neurite growth and long‐term implantation. The stretchable electrode arrays can spontaneously conformally come in touch with the brain surface, and high‐throughput electrocorticogram signals are recorded. Based on stretchable electrode arrays, real‐time monitoring of epileptiform activities can be provided at different states of seizure. The method reported here offers a new fabrication strategy to manufacture stretchable neural electrodes, with additional potential utility in diagnostic brain–machine interfaces.
Hybridized Radial and Edge Coupled 3D Plasmon Modes in Self‐Assembled Graphene Nanocylinders
Authors: Dai Chunhui , Agarwal Kriti , Bechtel Hans A. , Liu Chao , Joung Daeha , Nemilentsau Andrei , Su Qun , Low Tony , Koester Steven J. , Cho Jeong‐Hyun
Published: March 2021

Current graphene‐based plasmonic devices are restricted to 2D patterns defined on planar substrates; thus, they suffer from spatially limited 2D plasmon fields. Here, 3D graphene forming freestanding nanocylinders realized by a plasma‐triggered self‐assembly process are introduced. The graphene‐based nanocylinders induce hybridized edge (in‐plane) and radial (out‐of‐plane) coupled 3D plasmon modes stemming from their curvature, resulting in a four orders of magnitude stronger field at the openings of the cylinders than in rectangular 2D graphene ribbons. For the characterization of the 3D plasmon modes, synchrotron nanospectroscopy measurements are performed, which provides the evidence of preservation of the hybridized 3D graphene plasmons in the high precision curved nanocylinders. The distinct 3D modes introduced in this paper, provide an insight into geometry‐dependent 3D coupled plasmon modes and their ability to achieve non‐surface‐limited (volumetric) field enhancements.
Effect of Ferrite Proportion and Precipitates on Dual‐Phase Corrosion of S32750 Super Duplex Stainless Steel with Different Annealing Temperatures
Authors: Shen Wei , Wang Fuming , Yang Zhanbing , Sun Lijuan , Li Yongliang , Jin Jinan
Published: March 2021

The effects of ferrite proportion and precipitates on the dual‐phase corrosion properties of S32750 super duplex stainless steel are investigated with different annealing temperatures. When the specimens are annealed at 900 and 950 °C, respectively, the dual‐phase microstructure changes due to the precipitation of σ phase. Meanwhile, the passivation behavior of the specimens weakens, and the pitting corrosion potential decreases. With the increase in annealing temperature, especially over 1150 °C, the ferrite content and the grain size increase significantly and the pitting resistance equivalent of the ferrite phase decreases. The optimal annealing temperature of the tested steel is 1050–1100 °C. Under this condition, the dual‐phase proportion is close to 1:1, no obvious secondary phase precipitates in the matrix, and both the ferrite and the austenite phases present excellent corrosion resistances.
On bounds for steady waves with negative vorticity
Authors: Lokharu Evgeniy
Published: March 2021

We prove that no two-dimensional Stokes and solitary waves exist when the vorticity function is negative and the Bernoulli constant is greater than a certain critical value given explicitly. In particular, we obtain an upper bound$$F \le \sqrt{2} + \epsilon $$F≤2+ϵfor the Froude number of solitary waves with a negative constant vorticity, sufficiently large in absolute value.
Data-driven assessment, contextualisation and implementation of 134 variables in the risk for type 2 diabetes: an analysis of Lifelines, a prospective cohort study in the Netherlands
Authors: van der Meer Thomas P. , Wolffenbuttel Bruce H. R. , Patel Chirag J.
Published: March 2021

Aims/hypothesis

We aimed to assess and contextualise 134 potential risk variables for the development of type 2 diabetes and to determine their applicability in risk prediction.

Methods

A total of 96,534 people without baseline diabetes (372,007 person-years) from the Dutch Lifelines cohort were included. We used a risk variable-wide association study (RV-WAS) design to independently screen and replicate risk variables for 5-year incidence of type 2 diabetes. For identified variables, we contextualised HRs, calculated correlations and assessed their robustness and unique contribution in different clinical contexts using bootstrapped and cross-validated lasso regression models. We evaluated the change in risk, or ‘HR trajectory’, when sequentially assigning variables to a model.

Results

We identified 63 risk variables, with novel associations for quality-of-life indicators and non-cardiovascular medications (i.e., proton-pump inhibitors, anti-asthmatics). For continuous variables, the increase of 1 SD of HbA1c, i.e., 3.39 mmol/mol (0.31%), was equivalent in risk to an increase of 0.53 mmol/l of glucose, 19.8 cm of waist circumference, 8.34 kg/m2of BMI, 0.67 mmol/l of HDL-cholesterol, and 0.14 mmol/l of uric acid. Other variables required an increase of >3 SD, which is not physiologically realistic or a rare occurrence in the population. Though moderately correlated, the inclusion of four variables satiated prediction models. Invasive variables, except for glucose and HbA1c, contributed little compared with non-invasive variables. Glucose, HbA1cand family history of diabetes explained a unique part of disease risk. Adding risk variables to a satiated model can impact the HRs of variables already in the model.

Conclusions

Many variables show weak or inconsistent associations with the development of type 2 diabetes, and only a handful can reliably explain disease risk. Newly discovered risk variables will yield little over established factors, and existing prediction models can be simplified. A systematic, data-driven approach to identify risk variables for the prediction of type 2 diabetes is necessary for the practice of precision medicine.

Graphical abstract