bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Care-giving to grandchildren and elderly parents: role conflict or family solidarity?
Authors: ŽELEZNÁ LADA
Published: December 2016

Intergenerational help and care among members of the family belong to the most important dimensions of contemporary welfare regimes. Recent research has indicated that a major part of caring responsibilities is placed on the middle-aged generation. The ‘pivot generation’ is expected to provide help to their adult children and grandchildren as well as to their ageing parents. It has been hypothesised that people helping their parents are discouraged from looking after their grandchildren because they experience lack of energy and time. Using data from the four waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), this paper analyses the effect of providing help to ageing parents on the likelihood and intensity of looking after grandchildren. It takes a four-generation perspective: grandchildren, children, parents and grandparents. The results show that the support of parents is not associated with less-frequent and less-intense care of grandchildren. On the contrary, a positive association between caring responsibilities has been observed. The highest tendency to care for grandchildren has been found for people regularly helping their parents. This effect holds after controlling for grandparents’ characteristics and country effects. It is suggested that caring responsibilities tend to accumulate rather than compete with one another and therefore could represent a potential risk of overburden for those who have a general tendency to care.
Attention allocation to facial expressions of emotion among persons with Williams and Down syndromes
Authors: Goldman Karen J. , Shulman Cory , Bar-Haim Yair , Abend Rany , Burack Jacob A.
Published: December 2016

Individuals with Williams syndrome and those with Down syndrome are both characterized by heightened social interest, although the manifestation is not always similar. Using a dot-probe task, we examined one possible source of difference: allocation of attention to facial expressions of emotion. Thirteen individuals with Williams syndrome (mean age = 19.2 years, range = 10–28.6), 20 with Down syndrome (mean age = 18.8 years, range = 12.1–26.3), and 19 typically developing children participated. The groups were matched for mental age (mean = 5.8 years). None of the groups displayed a bias to angry faces. The participants with Williams syndrome showed a selective bias toward happy faces, whereas the participants with Down syndrome behaved similarly to the typically developing participants with no such bias. Homogeneity in the direction of bias was markedly highest in the Williams syndrome group whose bias appeared to result from enhanced attention capture. They appeared to rapidly and selectively allocate attention toward positive facial expressions. The complexity of social approach behavior and the need to explore other aspects of cognition that may be implicated in this behavior in both syndromes is discussed.
NONCONGLOMERABILITY FOR COUNTABLY ADDITIVE MEASURES THAT ARE NOT κ-ADDITIVE
Authors: SCHERVISH MARK J. , SEIDENFELD TEDDY , KADANE JOSEPH B.
Published: December 2016

Let κ be an uncountable cardinal. Using the theory of conditional probability associated with de Finetti (1974) and Dubins (1975), subject to several structural assumptions for creating sufficiently many measurable sets, and assuming that κ is not a weakly inaccessible cardinal, we show that each probability that is not κ-additive has conditional probabilities that fail to be conglomerable in a partition of cardinality no greater than κ. This generalizes a result of Schervish, Seidenfeld, & Kadane (1984), which established that each finite but not countably additive probability has conditional probabilities that fail to be conglomerable in some countable partition.
Trivalent f-elements in human saliva: a comprehensive speciation study by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy and thermodynamic calculations
Authors: Barkleit Astrid , Wilke Claudia , Heller Anne , Stumpf Thorsten , Ikeda-Ohno Atsushi
Published: December 2016

Inorganic anions (carbonate and phosphate) and the enzyme α-amylase are the major binding partners for Eu(iii) and Cm(iii) in human saliva.
A novel 3-D photoluminescent cuprous chloride polymer based on bifunctional imidazolate/tetrazolate bridges
Authors: Tang Qiuling , Zhou Jian , Almeida Paz Filipe A. , Fu Lianshe , Xiao Hong , Zhou Qi , Li Ju
Published: December 2016

The interconnection of rare [Cu2Cl]+cations and multidentate 1-tetrazole-4-imidazole-benzene bridging ligands gives a novel 3-D cuprous chloride polymer with a bimodalfsc-3,5-Cmce-2 topological type (L−ligand and Cu+ion: orange and blue).
S,N-Containing Co-MOF derived Co9S8@S,N-doped carbon materials as efficient oxygen electrocatalysts and supercapacitor electrode materials
Authors: Liu Shengwen , Tong Mingyu , Liu Guoqiang , Zhang Xian , Wang Zhaoming , Wang Guozhong , Cai Weiping , Zhang Haimin , Zhao Huijun
Published: December 2016

Co9S8@S,N-doped carbon materials derived from S,N-containing Co-MOFs exhibited superior performance as bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts and supercapacitor electrode materials.
Exfoliated clay nanosheets as an efficient additive for improving the electrode functionality of graphene-based nanocomposites
Authors: Adpakpang Kanyaporn , Oh Seung Mi , Park Boyeon , Hwang Seong-Ju
Published: December 2016

A remarkable enhancement of the LIB electrode activity of graphene-based nanocomposites can be achievedviathe incorporation of clay nanosheets.
Evaluation and Eligibility for Speech-Language Services in Schools
Authors: Ireland Marie , Conrad Barbara J.
Published: December 2016

It is critically important that speech-language pathologists understand the difference between educational identification of a speech-language impairment under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and the procedures used for a clinical determination of speech or language impairment. The authors review variations in terminology, federal and state regulations, and state, local, and professional guidance. Federal evaluation requirements and examples of differing state requirements are provided along with evidence-based recommendations for comprehensive assessment of students.
Engaging Your Growth Mindset for a Successful School Year
Authors: Zurawski Lyndsey , Mancini Nicole
Published: December 2016

This manuscript will focus on the value of a growth mindset, the belief that our abilities are not static, rather, those abilities can be developed upon and improved while utilizing hard work, dedication, and effort. In this article, we describe the value of a growth mindset for speech-language pathologists in schools who support language and literacy skills of students with disabilities and strive to increase academic success in the general education classroom. Speech-language pathologists in a school-based setting can use the principles of growth mindset, putting in into practice for themselves and to foster growth mindset within their students. We present recommendations and examples of implementing a growth mindset during the school year. Additionally, resources are provided for further understanding of growth mindset and the research behind growth mindset principles.
Telepractice Training for Early Intervention with Children who are Deaf/Hard-of-Hearing
Authors: Blaiser Kristina M. , Behl Diane
Published: December 2016

Telepractice is an increasingly popular service delivery model for serving individuals with communication disorders, particularly infants and toddlers who are Deaf/Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) served under Part C Early Intervention programs (Behl, Houston, & Stredler-Brown, 2012). Recent studies have demonstrated that telepractice is effective for providing children who are DHH and their families with access to high quality early intervention services (Behl et al., 2016; Blaiser, Behl, Callow-Heusser, & White, 2013). While telepractice has grown in popularity, there continues to be a lack of formalized training opportunities to help providers become more familiar with telepractice (Behl & Kahn, 2015). This paper outlines online training courses for providers, families, and administrators of programs for children who are DHH. Recommendations for follow up training and staff support are included.
Participation Systems, Prepositions and Deep Structure Case as Decoding Devices for Modern Hebrew
Authors: Tobin Yishai
Published: December 2016

Specific aspects of deep structure case grammar (Fillmore 1968, 1969) as well as participation systems (Cohen 1975) and an analysis of modern Hebrew case (Cole 1976) are simplified, adapted, and synthesized- into an applied linguistic decoding model which could have practical application in the field of foreign language teaching in general, and reading comprehension in particular. Specific problems intermediate and advanced English-speaking students may have reading Hebrew texts, the concept of pedagogical versus theoretical grammars, and the need for an individualized reading program for intermediate and advanced foreign language students are also discussed.
The ICS-Model for the Automatic Disambiguation of Homography demonstrated for the Determiner “der” in German
Authors: Boot M.
Published: December 2016

In this paper a system will be described that enables the design of a series of computer programs ("modules") for the automatic treatment of homography.By homography we mean the ambiguity between the graphic representation of word forms belonging to different syntactic classes.By automatic treatment of homography we mean assigning the correct syntactic class to homographs with the help of an algorithm.Homography is a problem connected with written text only.In our opinion it is not a linguistic problem,but a problem of information processing using linguistic and extralinguistic signs.

As linguistic signs the syntactic rules of the so-called surface structure are used.They are used from two different points of view:the string properties are used to shape the algorithm; the constituent structure is used to find out which branch is to be taken in the algorithm.Thus the design of the system is more or less comparable with Winograd's model for semantic information processing or Salkoff's String Grammar (Salkoff,1973).

However,we are not developing a model for parsing structures.The paper is devoted to homography because the systems developed in the past neglected this kind oflinguistic information processing.

On the other hand the output of homography solving programs forms useful input for a variety of sciences studying aspects of languages use.Not only purely linguistic studies could use text input free from homography,but also literary,sociological and even legal text studies or question answering systems using data bases (Berry-Rogghe,1978; Kragelöh;

Lockemann) needsuchinput.A more detailed description will be given of a concrete problem:the definition of the information that should be computed to disambiguate the homography of the German determiner.We developed a linear bounded automaton,because this proved to be the most efficient way to solve,the problem of homography.
Do Children Infer Underlying Structures?
Authors: Lee D.A.
Published: December 2016

Aitchison 1976 and others have argued that children acquire the syntax of their native language by 'learning surface patterns and how to manipulate them', rather than by inferring a level of underlying structure in the general sense of transformational grammar. This paper seeks to refute Aitchison's position by attempting to show that the arguments on which the conclusion is based are unsound. The original evidence (progressive aspect, full and truncated passives and WH-questions) is re-examined and some additional data adduced to support the view that children do indeed approach language expecting to find an underlying level (or levels) of structure.
Inference of Grammatical time from Lexical Versus Morphological Cues in the Visual Processing of French Sentences by Native and Foreign Readers
Authors: Staalen T. van Wesemael-van , Heuven V.J. van
Published: December 2016

The relative contributions of lexical time expressions and time information in verb endings was established for three groups of readers : a control group (C) of native French readers, an experimental group of Dutch learners of French having received instruction emphasising French verb morphology (Emorph), and a similar group trained to recognize time adverbials instead (Eadv).

Sentences containing time of action cues in either or both verb morphology or in a time adverbial were presented to the subjects, who had to decide as fast and as accurately as possible, whether the time of action expressed was past, present, or future.

Results indicated superior performance when both information sources were present in the stimulus; when one of the information sources was withheld the results differed across the groups of subjects.

For the C-group morphological and adverbial information supplied equally useful cues, for the E-groups the cue value depended critically on the instruction program followed : for the Emorph-group verb morphology was the superior cue, for the Eadv-group the time expressions.

When in teaching French reading comprehension to foreign learners time pressure forces a choice between either teaching verb morphology or time expressions, we can now argue that there is no intrinsic superiority of one solution over the other. However, reasons of teaching economy seem to suggest that emphasing lexical time information would lead to the same level of performance faster.
Language Teachers Should Rush in Where Good Translators Fear to Tread
Authors: Tobin Yishai
Published: December 2016

In this paper we will support the basic Saussurian view that every language is an individual and independent system which is exploited in a unique, creative and specific way by speakers of that language, in order to communicate what may be termed as 'language-specific' messages, which may very well be 'untranslatable' from one language to another. Examples from Modern Hebrew will be provided on the word-formation, word, structure and discourse levels of language to illustrate that the process of translation may not necessarily be an automatic 'mapping' of LI linguistic forms and structures to their most accurate, equivalent and fluent L2 counterparts in order to convey the same (or as similar as possible) communicative messages. We will contend that this 'untranslatability' existing between languages, which may be systematically discovered through theoretical linguistic and stylistic analyses, should be applied to teaching foreign language students the unique system of the language they are studying.
Some applied and theoretical perspectives on a jigsaw reading exercise
Authors: CROOKALL David , WATSON Rod
Published: December 2016

This paper might have been subtitled : "prolegomenon to an exploration of meaning interpretation in the textuallymediated, activity-oriented, L2 jigsaw paradigm".

An original jigsaw reading activity for foreign language learners is described; the exercise is made up from young people's L1 books. This forms a basis for a discussion on a wide range of issues which may be raised concerning two interdépendant aspects : the practical considerations of its use in the classroom and the more theoretical implications of the jigsaw reading technique for foreign language learning.

The issues include : the rationale and nature of jigsaw reading; ethnomethodological and applied linguistics perspectives on reading and on jigsaw reading; the pedagogic use of text; the type of language used in the exercise described and its congruence with theories of language acquisition and of reading activity in a foreign language.
On the Acquisition of Verb Morphology in Dutch Speaking Children
Authors: Van Besien F. , Moerman-Coetsier L.
Published: December 2016

The article discusses the results of a longitudinal study with 72 children who were subjected to a morphology test at the start of their first year of elementary school (age 6-7 years) and were retested with the same test one year later. The test consists of pictures and stimulus sentences to be completed by either a preterite or a past participle. The results show that, although the number of correct responses increases significantly from the first to the second year, verb morphology has not yet been fully acquired at the age of 8. The incorrect responses show that over-generalization of regular forms is not the only strategy followed by the children. Finally, a developmental chart for the acquisition of Dutch preterite and past participle is presented.
Right Hemisphere Processing and Foreign Language Aptitude
Authors: Schneiderman Eta , Wesche Marjorie B.
Published: December 2016

In this paper we attempt to link three research areas in the field of second language acquisition : cerebral lateralization for language, language aptitude, and success in inductive versus deductive approaches to language teaching. Based on findings from these three areas, we argue that right as well as left hemisphere type processing may play a role in language acquisition at any age. Furthermore, individuals vary in their ability to use the characteristic processing modes of the two hemispheres and these individual differences may partially underly differences in performance on language aptitude measures as well as success in different language teaching approaches. A study of English-speaking adults is reported. The study tests the hypothesis that different components of language aptitude, as measured by subtests II and IV of the Modern Language Aptitude Test (Carroll and Sapon 1959) may represent functions which are differentially lateralized. Specifically, subtest II, Phonetic Coding, is hypothesized to require at least some right hemisphere processing, whereas subtest IV, Words in Sentences, is hypothesized to rely more on left hemisphere processing. MLAT subtest scores are correlated with scores on an English dichotic listening test. Evidence is found to support the hypothesis that right hemisphere linked abilities may underly some aspects of language aptitude. These findings are discussed in the light of other studies relating MLAT scores and hemisphere preference to success in deductive versus inductive second language courses.
Static and Dynamic Discourse Structure; an Analysis within the Framework of Communication Linguistics
Authors: Young Lynne
Published: December 2016

The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate the influence of situational factors on codal selections. Also suggested is a model for the analysis of spoken and written discourse. The paper begins with a brief description of the framework for the analysis of a university lecture. It then illustrates two different ways of describing the structure of discourse. Situational and codal features of the static structure are discussed first; these are followed by a phasal analysis of the dynamic structure. The paper concludes with a brief look at some pedagogical implications of the approach to discourse analysis.
Relaxions Between fl Grammaticality Judgments and fl Production
Authors: Greidanus Tine , van der Linden Elisabeth
Published: December 2016

Teacher training institutes in the Netherlands submit to their students tests of grammaticality judgments concerning FL sentences, in order to prepare them for their future task. Comparison of the results of these tests with results of FL production tests of the same students suggested that the former task was more difficult than the latter. The purposes of this study were to examine two questions : (1) Is production of FL grammatical structures different from, that is, more difficult than giving a judgment of grammatical acceptability concerning the same structures? (2) How do students proceed when judging the grammaticality of a given FL sentence? To this end, an experiment was designed. 30 French syntactic structures were selected which often give rise to errors. These structures were incorporated in a grammaticality judgment test and a production test. The tests were administered to matched groups of Dutch students of French of the level mentioned. The hypothesis was that the two tasks were of a different degree of difficulty. The results did not confirm this hypothesis : although differences were found between the three conditions explored (judgment of a correct sentence, of an incorrect one, and production), these differences were not significant.

The grammatically judgment test was also administered to two groups of French subjects in order to compare their behaviour to that of the Dutch group. The French subjects were found to behave more homogeneously than the Dutch ones.

The results of the pilot study suggest that the two tasks are not essentially different.
The Role Of L1 Influence On the Learning Of a Target Language In a Non Target Language Environment
Authors: Hsia Sophie
Published: December 2016

In recent studies on the acquisition of a second or foreign language in a non target language environment, environmental factors such as lack of native peer input, a formal language learning situation and pressure on the learner to produce the required target language structures have been considered to have attributed to a high incidence of L1 induced or interlingual errors.

In order to investigate this problem, I collected spontaneous speech samples from some eighty francophone students enrolled at the Faculté de Sciences Economiques and the Ecole de Solvay who were learning English at the Institut de Phonétique at the Université Libre de Bruxelles. The data represented two levels of learning, the first degree level when students entered the course and the third degree level which marked the end of the course. My hypothesis was that given a difference in emphasis within the TL syllabus from that of TL forms (communicative English) to that of TL content (business English) and given also that the same methodological approach was adopted with native teacher input and optimal corrective feedback, students might progress beyond Ll-induced to somewhere approximating TL rule formation.

The error samples were broken down into categories representing syntax, word order, morphology, semantic concepts and lexis. They were examined and compared across levels for examples of interlingual (Ll-induced) and organisational (non Ll-induced) errors.

An anamysis of the data indicated a decrease in interlingual errors but an increase in organisa-tional errors at the third degree level, suggesting the existence of a continuum that accommodates possibilities of fossilization due to lack of native peer input. My data also suggested the role of L1 in its influence on the formation of semantic concepts in TL and in organising, comparing and hypothesizing lexical domains in the two languages.
Varieties of Today’s English
Authors: El-Sayed Ali M.
Published: December 2016

Today’s English refers to a state or states of the English language as used by its speakers. There are many varieties of English spoken throughout the world. Today’s English is a term that does not describe a single regional or national variety of English, but a language that extends beyond the national borders of native speakers to include second and foreign language speakers. Recent research focuses on the state of the language, the diversity of its users, the contexts of its use, and the effects on the communities using it.

It has been the practice of those in authority in the Ministries of Education and universities in the Arab World in general and the Arabian Gulf in particular to hire many native speakers of English to teach English in schools and universities. The assumption was that natives with native speakers’ accent are more effective teachers than teachers of English whose native language is Arabic.

Why should an Arab student learn, for instance RP and not any other variety? The writer advocates the practice of hiring a greater percentage of Arabic speaking teachers to teach English in Arab schools and universities. Hiring a particular native speaker of English to teach English to Arab students forces those students to listen and be exposed to a particular variety instead of an international variety that is intelligible and international enough to be accepted by every one. Besides, listening and speaking to a Britisher more an American are not of great importance to Arab students. What is more important are the two skills of reading and writing since they are the only two channels through which western science and technology could be transferred to Arabs. Because of the nature of Arab students’ motivation, the writer advocates the use of more suitable cultural materials.
Tentative de Systématisation en Lexicographie Bilingue Malgre les Limites de la Sémantique
Authors: Messelaar P.A.
Published: December 2016

Ce sont la délimitation et la structure interne de l’article lexicographie du dictionnaire général bilingue qui retiendront ci-dessous notre attention. Cela englobe les points suivants: polysémie et ho-monymie, catégories lexicale et grammaticale, succession des sens, des traductions et de ce qu’on a l’habitude d’appeler les ‘exemples’. Le dernier point constitue le sujet principal de cet article: nous examinerons les solutions apportées par d’autres lexicographes et en proposerons une nous-même.
The Multiple-Choice Cloze Test as a General Language Proficiency Test
Authors: Jochems Wim , Montens Frans
Published: December 2016

This article presents axsd discusses a number of empirical findings conœroing the validity of multiple-choice cloze tests as tests of general language proficiency. Foreign students of Dutch at Delft University of Technology were given both a series of separate proficiency tests in nstemng, speaking, reading, writing and text comprehension, and a series of multiple-choice cloze tests. Scores on the multiple-choice cloze tests were found to correlate significantly with each of the proficiency tests. In addition, scores made on the multiple-choice cloze tests appeared to form a solid basis for predictions of the total scores for listening, speaking, reading and writing taken together. Finally, a close structural similarity was found to exist between curves of average scores on successive multiple-choice cloze tests and the presupposed growth of vocabulary during the language learning process. Together, these findings tend to show that multiple-choice cloze tests constitute a valid instrument for measuring general language proficiency.
Code-Switching or Borrowing? English Elements in the Dutch of Dutch-American Immigrants
Authors: Schatz Henriette F.
Published: December 2016

Scholarly publications about Dutch immigrant speech are practically non-existent -- excepting the work of Clyne (1967, 1972, 1985, 1987). This applies particularly to Dutch speakers who immigrated in the 19th and the early 20th Century. A 75-hour corpus of language data from Dutch immigrants to the United States is currently being investigated systematically at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences' Institute for Dialectology. The general purpose of the project is to gain more insight in the nature of Dutch language and dialect maintenance or loss and of English influence on the language of these Dutch immigrants. This paper will focus specifically on English lexical elements in the speech of the first-generation immigrants (appr. 12,000 English elements in the Dutch of 97 speakers).

First a diagnostic set of characteristics for code-switching, borrowing and nonce borrowing will be presented, based in part on discussions in the recent literature on other-language lexical elements in speech in contact situations and in part on a thorough review of the Dutch-American data. These characteristics do not only concern the formal linguistic level, but also the discourse, processing and extralin-guistic levels. They form the basis of a systematic classification of the various types of English elements found in the data. Next, a number of problem cases will be discussed -- with examples -- which defy easy classification in one of the three categories of other-language elements. Finally, an attempt will be made to formulate a more generalized model for the analysis of other-language lexical elements, consisting of a diagnostic and an analytic layer. The diagnostic layer assigns an element to one of the three categories of other-language elements. The analytic layer is specifically concerned with the analysis of code-switching, comprising not only a categorization of formal linguistic phenomena, but also a categorization of functional sociolinguistic factors determining the use of switched elements. Given the variety of linguistic as well as extralinguistic aspects which apparently determine the use of switched elements, it seems unlikely that one single set of constraints could be refined enough to fully account for linguistic as well as extralinguistic aspects of code-switching. Therefore, a case will be made for the establishment of more than one set of constraining factors on the use of switched elements. Instead of limiting constraints on code-switching to the formal linguistic -- in particular the syntactic -- level, separate constraining factors for the discourse, processing, functional, and motivational level might be formulated, in order to gain full insight in the process of code-switching.
English in the Business World
Authors: Callut Jean-Paul
Published: December 2016

This abstract constitutes a summary of the research carried out by the author in the framework of his doctoral dissertation.

Jean-Paul CALLUT lectures at the ICHEC (a business college in Brussels) and inspects English courses at secondary education level in the Brussels area.
Linguistic Awareness and second Language Learning
Authors: Masny Diana
Published: December 2016

The present paper is an attempt to gain a better understanding of the role of linguistic awareness in second language learning by studying the relationship between linguistic awareness and significant aspects of formal language learning : the learner, the classroom, and the curriculum. Accordingly, this paper examines the contribution of linguistic awareness to second language development and aims to show that classroom intervention in heightening linguistic awareness can be beneficial to the learner in the process of acquiring a second language. In addition, arguments are presented to point out that linguistic awareness can play a vital role within the framework of communicative language teaching. Finally, individual differences in language and language-related behaviour are examined in relationship to individual variation in linguistic awareness.

This research was supported in part by a grant from the Quebec Ministry of Education (F.C.A.R. 86-AR-0274).
The Role of Cognitive and Hemispheric Processing Styles in L2 Learning
Authors: Alptekin Cem
Published: December 2016

L2 learners fall into two major categories in terms of their cognitive styles. The first group comprises the relatively analytical individuals, who are said to be predominantly field independent. The second group, on the other hand, embodies the relatively holistic persons, who are said to be chiefly field dependent. L2 learners are further classified in terms of their hemispheric processing styles. Some learners are left-hemisphere dominant while others are right-hemisphere dominant. The former are thought to be more efficient with analytic processing in which the left hemisphere specializes. By contrast, the latter are described as more efficient with holistic processing in which the right hemisphere specializes. After reviewing the available evidence for the associations between cognitive and hemispheric processing styles, the paper discusses the educational implications of L2 learners' differences with respect to cognitive and hemispheric dimensions.
A Quantitative Framework for Phonology
Authors: Bourdeau Marc , Dagenais Louise , Santerre Laurent
Published: December 2016

Various parameters pertaining to selection and sequencing patterns are defined on phonological chains broadly transcribed. We apply some multivariate schemes with these parameters to produce quantitative frames for the phonological study of part of the Sankoff-Cedergren corpus of Montreal French, containing more than half a million phonological units. The frames bring a quantitative description for the notion of phonological plane with its paradigmatic and syntagmatic axes. We generalize the procedure to describe more precisely sequencing patterns of the phonological chain with various planes and spaces. We also show that there is a quantitative interpretation, in terms of our variables, for the usual but imprecise distinction between the registers of Montreal French. The same methodology can be used for the similar planes defined in the upper language hierarchy, and for a new quantitative description of perturbed languages based on the direct observation of spontaneous language chains.
Whose Standard, Which Model? Towards the Definition of a Standard Nigerian Spoken English for Teaching, Learning and Testing in Nigerian Schools
Authors: Awonusi V.O.
Published: December 2016

The adoption of RP as a model of teaching in non-native speaker English societies such as Nigeria seems to have come to say. However, the accent of English that emerged in Nigeria, over the years, (to some linguists) is anything but RP (although some hold the view that there are a few RP speakers in Nigeria). We are, therefore, forced to ask the question: What is RP?; or better still: what are its defining characteristics, particularly in relation to non-native varieties of English? Consequently, were are motivated to search for, and identify alternative local (standard) accents for teaching purposes. This paper attempts to identify the Nigerian standard accent of English that is appropriate for adoption as a model for teaching English pronunciation. It examines the problems associated with the identification of a standard form in the light of variables such as international intelligibility local acceptability, a real and social variation, in native and non-native speaker communities alike. On the basis of socio-linguistic realities it recommends an accent for teaching, learning and testing in Nigerian schools.
Evaluation of an ESP Program
Authors: Akyel Ayse
Published: December 2016

According to recent arguments, a learning - centered ESP program should take into consideration both the learning needs - what the learner needs to do in order to learn and target needs - what the learner needs to do in the target situation. (Bowers 1980, Hutchinson and Waters 1984, 1987, McDonough 1984.) Hence in line with these arguments, the evaluation of a learning centered ESP program should include both learner assessment (testing) and teacher and learner responses to the program (course evaluation). This paper will present an evaluation of learner and teacher responses to an ESP course designed for a group of in-service Turkish policemen and an analysis of Pre and Post-tests administered both to target learners (experimental group) and control group learners.
Error Elimination and Error Fossilisation
Authors: Lennon Paul
Published: December 2016

This paper reports a longitudinal study of an advanced learner over a six months' stay in England under conditions of initial exposure to the L2 community.

Fifteen interviews of an unstructured nature were conducted over the period, and these serve as a data base.

Performance was analysed in five areas where the subject made frequent error in order to assess to what extent errors were eliminated and to what extent there might be evidence for the onset of fossilisation.
COBUILD, BNC, LET, LCL, Marzano and the others Forging an instrument for vocabulary learning/teaching from word frequency counts, word clusters and other types of vocabulary lists
Authors: Goethals Michaël
Published: December 2016

The present article wants to discuss advantages and limitations of word frequency counts for foreign language teaching and ways of putting them to good use. It will do so along a review of the Leuven English Teaching Vocabulary-list (the LET-list), (shortly also of) the author-ware A.D.A.M. & E.V.E. (Automated Document Analysis and Manipulation and Extensible Variety of Exercises) and the courseware CTP (Comprehension Training Package), and in a detailed presentation of the current E.E.T.-project in our department, the Extended English Teaching Vocabulary-List. The whole discussion circles around a sensible and responsible use and manipulation of an amount of objective data, combined with (inter-) subjective choices, into an instrument that allows teacher and learner to manage vocabulary learning from authentic text materials systematically and reliably.
Corrosion protection behaviour of silica–titania hybrid coatings embedded with silica nanoparticles
Authors: Lakshmi R. V. , Aruna S. T.
Published: December 2016

Hybrid sol-gel coatings prepared using organically modified silanes and corrosion inhibitors are used for the surface protection of metals and alloys. This paper focuses on the corrosion behaviour and compatibility of silica nanoparticles as nanocontainers in silica–titania hybrid system. The surface protection of the alloy is improved by using silica nanoparticles as nanocontainers for cerium (III) inhibitor. The hybrid coating system protected AA2024-T3 alloy effectively against corrosion when immersed in NaCl solution for prolonged hours. The barrier property of the sol-gel film was found to be reinforced due to the presence of cerium nitrate inhibitor in the silica nanoparticles.
The transcendent influence of spirituality on ethical action in organizations
Authors: McGhee Peter , Grant Patricia
Published: December 2016

In recent times, there has been a shift in the management literature toward embracing spirituality in the workplace. Much of this literature promulgates the idea that spiritual individuals are moral and therefore, valuable ethical assets to any organization. However, there is negligible research validating this claim. As part of a larger study, this research investigated how spirituality influenced ethical behavior in a variety of work contexts. This was based on a critical realist methodology, semi-structured interviews with 31 highly spiritual cases and a thematic analysis of 80 ethical incidents. It found participants’ spirituality was manifested through an awareness of others that guided and enabled them to act in authentically ethical ways that transcended organizational conditions. When participants reported doing this, they felt increased well-being; when they were unable to enact their spirituality, they suffered a variety of negative feelings. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of these findings.
Pharmacologic inhibition of Hsp90 to prevent GLT-1 degradation as an effective therapy for epilepsy
Authors: Sha Longze , Wang Xueqin , Li Jing , Shi Xinze , Wu Liwen , Shen Yan , Xu Qi
Published: December 2016

The glutamate transporter GLT-1 is critical for the maintenance of low interstitial glutamate concentrations. Loss of GLT-1 is commonly observed in neurological disorders, including temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Despite the hypothesis that targeting the mechanisms of GLT-1 deficiency may be a novel strategy for treating drug-resistant epilepsy, the underlying molecular cascade remains largely unknown. Here, we show that Hsp90β is up-regulated in reactive astrocytes of the epileptic hippocampus in patients with TLE and mouse models of epilepsy. Inhibition of Hsp90, but not Hsp70, increased GLT-1 levels. Mechanistically, Hsp90β recruits GLT-1 to the 20S proteasome, thereby promoting GLT-1 degradation. Hsp90 inhibitor prevents GLT-1 degradation by disrupting the association between Hsp90β and GLT-1. Using a model of TLE, we demonstrated that long-term systemic administration of 17AAG dramatically suppressed spontaneous recurrent seizures and ameliorated astrogliosis. Overall, these results suggest that up-regulation of GLT-1 by inhibiting Hsp90β in reactive astrocytes may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of epilepsy and excitotoxicity.
Exploring cells with targeted biosensors
Authors: Pendin Diana , Greotti Elisa , Lefkimmiatis Konstantinos , Pozzan Tullio
Published: December 2016

Cellular signaling networks are composed of multiple pathways, often interconnected, that form complex networks with great potential for cross-talk. Signal decoding depends on the nature of the message as well as its amplitude, temporal pattern, and spatial distribution. In addition, the existence of membrane-bound organelles, which are both targets and generators of messages, add further complexity to the system. The availability of sensors that can localize to specific compartments in live cells and monitor their targets with high spatial and temporal resolution is thus crucial for a better understanding of cell pathophysiology. For this reason, over the last four decades, a variety of strategies have been developed, not only to generate novel and more sensitive probes for ions, metabolites, and enzymatic activity, but also to selectively deliver these sensors to specific intracellular compartments. In this review, we summarize the principles that have been used to target organic or protein sensors to different cellular compartments and their application to cellular signaling.
Host Tissue Environment Directs Activities of an Epichloë Endophyte, While It Induces Systemic Hormone and Defense Responses in Its Native Perennial Ryegrass Host
Authors: Schmid Jan , Day Robert , Zhang Ningxin , Dupont Pierre-Yves , Cox Murray P. , Schardl Christopher L. , Minards Niki , Truglio Mauro , Moore Neil , Harris Daniel R. , Zhou Yanfei
Published: December 2016

Increased resilience of pasture grasses mediated by fungal Epichloë endophytes is crucial to pastoral industries. The underlying mechanisms are only partially understood and likely involve very different activities of the endophyte in different plant tissues and responses of the plant to these. We analyzed the transcriptomes of Epichloë festucae and its host, Lolium perenne, in host tissues of different function and developmental stages. The endophyte contributed approximately 10× more to the transcriptomes than to the biomass of infected tissues. Proliferating mycelium in growing host tissues highly expressed genes involved in hyphal growth. Nonproliferating mycelium in mature plant tissues, transcriptionally equally active, highly expressed genes involved in synthesizing antiherbivore compounds. Transcripts from the latter accounted for 4% of fungal transcripts. Endophyte infection systemically but moderately increased transcription of L. perenne genes with roles in hormone biosynthesis and perception as well as stress and pathogen resistance while reducing expression of genes involved in photosynthesis. There was a good correlation between transcriptome-based observations and physiological observations. Our data indicate that the fitness-enhancing effects of the endophyte are based both on its biosynthetic activities, predominantly in mature host tissues, and also on systemic alteration of the host’s hormonal responses and induction of stress response genes.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Investigation of nucleation processes during dynamic recrystallization of ice using cryo-EBSD
Authors: Chauve T. , Montagnat M. , Barou F. , Hidas K. , Tommasi A. , Mainprice D.
Published: December 2016

Nucleation mechanisms occurring during dynamic recrystallization play a crucial role in the evolution of microstructures and textures during high temperature deformation. In polycrystalline ice, the strong viscoplastic anisotropy induces high strain heterogeneities between grains which control the recrystallization mechanisms. Here, we study the nucleation mechanisms occurring during creep tests performed on polycrystalline columnar ice at high temperature and stress (
T
=−5°C;
σ
=0.5 MPa) by post-mortem analyses of deformation microstructures using cryogenic electron backscatter diffraction. The columnar geometry of the samples enables discrimination of the nuclei from the initial grains. Various nucleation mechanisms are deduced from the analysis of the nuclei relations with the dislocation sub-structures within grains and at grain boundaries. Tilt sub-grain boundaries and kink bands are the main structures responsible for development of polygonization and mosaic sub-structures. Nucleation by bulging at serrated grain boundaries is also an efficient nucleation mechanism near the grain boundaries where strain incompatibilities are high. Observation of nuclei with orientations not related to the ‘parent’ ones suggests the possibility of ‘spontaneous’ nucleation driven by the relaxation of the dislocation-related internal stress field. The complexity of the nucleation mechanisms observed here emphasizes the impact of stress and strain heterogeneities on dynamic recrystallization mechanisms.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Microdynamics of ice’.
The effect of rock particles and D
2
O replacement on the flow behaviour of ice
Authors: Middleton Ceri A. , Grindrod Peter M. , Sammonds Peter R.
Published: December 2016

Ice–rock mixtures are found in a range of natural terrestrial and planetary environments. To understand how flow processes occur in these environments, laboratory-derived properties can be extrapolated to natural conditions through flow laws. Here, deformation experiments have been carried out on polycrystalline samples of pure ice, ice–rock and D
2
O-ice–rock mixtures at temperatures of 263, 253 and 233 K, confining pressure of 0 and 48 MPa, rock fraction of 0–50 vol.% and strain-rates of 5 × 10
−7
to 5 × 10
−5
 s
−1
. Both the presence of rock particles and replacement of H
2
O by D
2
O increase bulk strength. Calculated flow law parameters for ice and H
2
O-ice–rock are similar to literature values at equivalent conditions, except for the value of the rock fraction exponent, here found to be 1. D
2
O samples are 1.8 times stronger than H
2
O samples, probably due to the higher mass of deuterons when compared with protons. A gradual transition between dislocation creep and grain-size-sensitive deformation at the lowest strain-rates in ice and ice–rock samples is suggested. These results demonstrate that flow laws can be found to describe ice–rock behaviour, and should be used in modelling of natural processes, but that further work is required to constrain parameters and mechanisms for the observed strength enhancement.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Microdynamics of ice’.
Linking scales in sea ice mechanics
Authors: Weiss Jérôme , Dansereau Véronique
Published: December 2016

Mechanics plays a key role in the evolution of the sea ice cover through its control on drift, on momentum and thermal energy exchanges between the polar oceans and the atmosphere along cracks and faults, and on ice thickness distribution through opening and ridging processes. At the local scale, a significant variability of the mechanical strength is associated with the microstructural heterogeneity of saline ice, however characterized by a small correlation length, below the ice thickness scale. Conversely, the sea ice mechanical fields (velocity, strain and stress) are characterized by long-ranged (more than 1000 km) and long-lasting (approx. few months) correlations. The associated space and time scaling laws are the signature of the brittle character of sea ice mechanics, with deformation resulting from a multi-scale accumulation of episodic fracturing and faulting events. To translate the short-range-correlated disorder on strength into long-range-correlated mechanical fields, several key ingredients are identified: long-ranged elastic interactions, slow driving conditions, a slow viscous-like relaxation of elastic stresses and a restoring/healing mechanism. These ingredients constrained the development of a new continuum mechanics modelling framework for the sea ice cover, called Maxwell–elasto-brittle. Idealized simulations without advection demonstrate that this rheological framework reproduces the main characteristics of sea ice mechanics, including anisotropy, spatial localization and intermittency, as well as the associated scaling laws.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Microdynamics of ice’.