bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Price Beliefs in Consumer Search
Authors: Jindal Pranav , Aribarg Anocha
Published: December 2020

A consumer’s decision to engage in search depends on the beliefs the consumer has about an unknown product characteristic (e.g., price). Because beliefs are rarely observed, researchers typically assume that consumers have rational expectations or update beliefs consistent with Bayesian updating. These assumptions are restrictive and do not enable the researcher or the retailer to price discriminate among consumers on the basis of heterogeneity in beliefs. The authors use Monte Carlo experiments to show how these assumptions affect estimates of search cost. Next, they design an incentive-aligned online study in which participants search over the price of a homogeneous good, and the authors elicit distributions of price beliefs before and after each search. Drawing on data collected from a nationally representative panel, they find substantial heterogeneity in prior price beliefs, such that participants update their beliefs in response to search outcomes but deviate from Bayesian updating in that they underreact to new information. Importantly, the authors show that (1) assuming Bayesian updating does not significantly bias search cost estimates at the aggregate level if the researcher accounts for heterogeneous prior beliefs, (2) eliciting heterogeneity in prior expected prices is much more important than eliciting heterogeneity in prior price uncertainty, and (3) a retailer can increase profits through third-degree price discrimination by recognizing the heterogeneity in prior beliefs.
Innovations in concepts and measurement for the study of peace and conflict
Authors: Fariss Christopher J , Lo James
Published: December 2020

The observation, measurement, and analysis of violent and contentious processes are essential parts of the scientific study of peace and conflict. However, concepts such as the level of repression, the number of individuals killed during a civil war, or the perception of members of an out-group, are often by definition difficult to observe directly. This is because governments, non-state groups, NGOs, international organizations, monitoring organizations, and other actors are not incentivized to make information about their actions systematically observable to analysts. In this context, latent variable models can play a valuable role by aggregating various behavioral indicators and signals together to help measure latent concepts of interest that would not otherwise be directly observable. Each of the articles in this special issue uses some form of a latent variable model or related measurement model to bring together observable pieces of information and estimate a set of values for the underlying theoretical concept of interest. Each of the articles pays special attention to the processes that make the observation of peace and conflict processes so challenging. As we highlight throughout this introductory article, the unifying framework we present in this special issue is validation. Though the substantive content of each of the articles in this special issue varies, they represent the diversity of substantive interests that span the study of peace and conflict, broadly conceived. Overall, we hope that the special issue becomes a standard reference for scholars interested in developing and validating new measurement models for the study of peace and conflict.
Remote Learning in School Bands During the COVID-19 Shutdown
Authors: Hash Phillip M.
Published: December 2020

The global pandemic caused by the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in spring 2020 resulted in schools moving to remote learning (RL) models for the remainder of the academic year. The purpose of this study was to examine the practices, experiences, and perspectives of elementary and secondary school band directors in relation to RL during this period. Directors ( N = 462) responded to survey questions related to several aspects of RL, including (a) technologies and materials, (b) activities and assessments, (c) student participation, (d) the challenges of teaching remotely, and (e) the extent to which experiences varied among participants in low-poverty versus high-poverty schools and at the elementary/middle school level versus high school level. I also examined (f) the conditions and practices of programs that experienced both high and consistent levels of student participation. Data indicated that the COVID-19 shutdown created many challenges for directors, particularly in schools with higher poverty levels and/or in rural locations. However, RL also created opportunities for instrumental teachers to incorporate into curricula (a) a wider range of technology; (b) more of a focus on individual musicianship; (c) lessons in music theory, history, and culture; and to a lesser extent, (d) student creativity through composition and arranging.
“A shameful and uncivilized spectacle”: Taxibuses, students, and the conflicted road to deregulation in Pinochet’s Chile, 1975–1978
Authors: Chastain Andra B.
Published: December 2020

As the military regime of Augusto Pinochet deregulated urban transportation in the late 1970s, controversy flared over a popular mode of urban transit called a taxibus, a small bus with a higher fare than a full-sized bus. This article utilizes newspaper sources to examine the struggles that played out between the taxibus industry, the government, and passengers in the midst of shifting policies. It focuses in particular on controversies surrounding students and youth on taxibuses. The article argues that taxibuses became an object of contention because they occupied an ambiguous space in terms of social class, they displayed the military government’s struggle to provide sufficient transportation and, finally, because bus owners, drivers, and passengers resisted deregulation during this period. This study contributes to our understanding of urban transit in the Global South by shifting attention to small-scale bus entrepreneurs, who occupied an important market in Latin American cities.
Country Music Education for Diverse and Inclusive Music Classrooms
Authors: Bates Vincent C. , Gossett Jason B. , Stimeling Travis
Published: December 2020

Despite its rich heritage and enduring popularity, country music has historically been marginalized in American music education, usually in favor of more “high-brow” musical practices. This article explores potential explanations for this imbalance within the context of a general overview of cultural and social considerations and implications related to this important American art form. Finally, we outline practical steps that music teachers can take toward more inclusive and diverse approaches to music teaching and learning to include country music critically and as appropriate to meet students’ needs and interests. These steps include applications within current approaches to band, orchestra, choir, general music, songwriting, and guitar.
Rethinking the Elementary “Canon”: Ideas, Inspirations, and Innovations from Hip-Hop
Authors: Kruse Adam J. , Gallo Donna J.
Published: December 2020

This article offers perspectives on disrupting the typical elementary school “canon” through providing considerations and pedagogical orientations for including hip-hop. Three issues of critical importance in elementary music education are addressed: decentering Whiteness in elementary music, understanding hip-hop in relation to culturally responsive teaching, and establishing new pathways for musical creativity through hip-hop. Engaging with hip-hop both as a genre and the product of a culture offers music educators opportunities to meaningfully reconsider their practices.
Patients’ Dying Process From the Point of View of Family and Hospice Team: A Qualitative Exploration of Family Member and Hospice Team Experiences With Hospice in Korea
Authors: Han Sooyoun K. , Eo Yugyeong
Published: December 2020

The aims of this study is to analyze the experiences of family members and hospice teams regarding hospice care in Korea where culture and institution for well-dying is in the early stage. The study was conducted through in-depth interviews based on the grounded theory method. The participants were 12 individuals, 5 family members and 7 individuals from the hospice team. 133 concepts, 34 subcategories, and 11 categories were derived. The core phenomenon was “maintaining balance by becoming a ballast in the journey toward death”. From the analysis of paradigm model, this phenomenon was caused to the medical-centered hospice service, the negative social and cultural context of death. It was strategically responded to the scope and contents of the interventions by the hospice team. Systematic, policy, and implementation plans that could improve the quality of hospice care were discussed.
Training and Incorporating Students in SARS-CoV-2 Case Investigations and Contact Tracing
Authors: Pogreba Brown Kristen , Austhof Erika , Rosa Hernández Ayeisha M. , McFadden Caitlyn , Boyd Kylie , Sharma Jayati , Battaglia Sarah , Shilen Alexandra , Heslin Kelly M.
Published: December 2020

Objectives

In June 2020, Arizona had the fastest-growing number of cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide. As part of the growing public health response, the University of Arizona Student Aid for Field Epidemiology Response (SAFER) team was able to modify and increase case investigation efforts to assist local health departments. We outline the recommended logistical and management steps to include students in a public health response of this scope.

Methods

From April 1 through September 1, 2020, the SAFER team identified key components of a successful student team response: volunteer training, management that allows more senior students to manage newer students, adoption of case-management software, and use of an online survey platform for students to conduct interviews consistently and allow for data quality control and management.

Results

From April 1 through September 1, 2020, SAFER worked with 3 local health departments to complete 1910 COVID-19 case investigations through a virtual call center. A total of 233 volunteers and 46 hourly student workers and staff members were involved. As of September 2020, students were completing >150 interviews per week, including contact-tracing efforts.

Practice Implications

Developing relationships between applied public health and academic programs can relieve the burden of low-risk, high-volume case investigations at local and state health departments. Furthermore, by establishing a virtual call center, health sciences faculty and students can volunteer remotely during a pandemic with no additional risk of infection.
Weight as a Measure for the Net Nutritional Transition From Bound to Free Labor: A Difference-in-Decompositions Approach
Authors: Carson Scott Alan
Published: December 2020

A population’s weight conditioned on height reflects its current net nutrition and demonstrates health variation during economic development. This study builds on the use of weight as a measure for current net nutrition and uses a difference-in-decompositions technique as it relates to institutional change to illustrate how Black and White current net nutrition varied with the transition to free-labor. Adult Black age-related weight gain was greater with the transition to free-labor yet was not as large as the adult White age-related weight gain. Agricultural worker’s current net nutrition was better than workers in other occupations, but was worse-off with the transition to free labor. Birth place within the United States had the greatest effect with across and within-group weight changes and the transition to free-labor. Within-group weight variation was greater than across-group variation.
Modeling and simulation of autonomous quadrotor systems and their onboard sensors
Authors: Micklisch Christian , Hilliard Nathan , ElAarag Hala
Published: December 2020

Simulators are valuable tools to evaluate autonomous systems and methods of their control in a cost-effective and safe fashion. There are several implementations of simulators for autonomous systems in the literature. However, they provide limited capabilities in terms of the simulation of specific autonomous methods, for example control, flight, or sensor dynamics. In this paper, we present our design of a simulator for an environment that handles multiple quadrotors with their own set of sensors. We simulate three main sensors to get spatial and environmental information: an Inertial Measurement System that contains a three-axis gyroscope and an accelerometer; a pressure sensor; and ultrasonic sensors. To provide a realistic environment, we implement the thrust force, hub force, total torque, rolling moments, and equations of motion. We provide several attitude controllers, altitude controllers, obstacle detection methods, positioning methods, and flocking methods. We then present a comparison of their performance and behavior. Until the writing of this paper, there were no other simulators that provide this number of various autonomous methods. Moreover, the object-oriented design of our simulator makes it easy to support the addition of any other controller or method. Our simulator provides a comprehensive testbed for current and future methods for autonomous quadrotors.
Embodiment and somatic modes of attention in the evangelical care model in drug rehabilitation centers (Tijuana, Mexico)
Authors: Odgers-Ortiz Olga , Csordas Thomas , Bojorquez-Chapela Ietza , Olivas-Hernandez Olga
Published: December 2020

This article identifies how beliefs, practices, and religious communities converge in the structuring of the evangelical drug rehabilitation model (ERM). Based on a qualitative study, we propose that the ERM shapes the ways of interpreting emotions and sensations based on a beliefs system that conceives the body as a battle field between good and evil. Sensations produced through ritual experience and symptomatic manifestations relative to withdrawal syndrome constitute key points of the culturally shaped somatic modes of attention (SMA) that are produced and transmitted within the evangelical rehabilitation centers (ERCs). This procedure grounds in prayer, cathartic emotive rituality, belief in forgiveness and God’s calling; in testimony; and in the community of believers. We conclude that religious practices and beliefs constitute essential tools of the ERM and can be efficacious for users who are engaged in a spiritual quest.
Mothering through and in Violence: Discourses of the ‘Good Mother’
Authors: Maher JaneMaree , Fitz-Gibbon Kate , Meyer Silke , Roberts Steven , Pfitzner Naomi
Published: December 2020

Domestic and family violence research recognises mothering is impacted by and implicated in abusive relationships and increasingly attends to the negative impacts of domestic and family violence on children, whether or not they are direct targets of perpetrator abuse. Contemporary research also situates the undermining of the mother/child relationship as common in abusive relationships. Bringing together data from two projects – one investigating the experiences of women with disability, and one focused on women experiencing family violence from their adolescent children – we examine a further way in which mothering is impacted by family violence. While there were distinct challenges for each group of mothers, we argue that adaptable and damaging discourses of the ‘good mother’ impact mothers in situations of domestic and family violence. We argue that unchallenged accounts of ‘good’ mothers as fully responsible for their children animate persistent discourses of mother-blame. These discourses should be understood as a gendered driver of domestic and family violence.
A Mixed-method Analysis of Community-Engaged Theatre Illuminates Black Women’s Experiences of Racism and Addresses Healthcare Inequities by Targeting Provider Bias
Authors: Wasmuth Sally , Pritchard Kevin , Milton Cierra , Smith Emily
Published: December 2020

Theatre has been a powerful means of eliciting social change. This paper describes methods and outcomes of a theatre project to reduce healthcare inequities experienced by Black women. We conducted narrative interviews with a convenience sample of Black women and conducted thematic analysis of interview transcripts to learn about their experiences of healthcare and to inform development of a professional theatrical production. To assess the impact of the performance on the audience, we used a single post-test concurrent mixed-methods design using a self-created Likert-type survey that included space for open-ended responses. Ten Black women completed narrative interviews. Thematic analysis revealed 5 main themes: being ignored, being accused, being talked-down to, fearing harm, and being hurt. Narratives were used to create a script that centered on these themes, and that was professionally produced and performed. Audience members (n = 113, 25% healthcare providers) produced a mean total post-test score of 19.28 (agree/strongly agree) on a 25-point survey with 2 items scoring in the 2 to 3 range (disagree/not sure). Thematic analysis data revealed the extent to which Black women experienced discrimination in multiple settings. Quantitative survey data suggested audience members conceptually understood and were aware of inequity, but open-ended responses revealed this information was new for some, and prior knowledge for others. The audience reported planning to change personal behaviors that may contribute to inequity. Participants were unsure if they had contributed to inequity in the past. The performance stimulated conversation about implicit bias and discrimination and encouraged audience members to examine their contributions to the problem. Future pre-post studies are needed to better assess the impact of the performance. Theatre has the potential to illuminate the extent and nature of discrimination in healthcare and society, and to foster conversations that allow audience members to consider their own potential contributions to discrimination.
Book review: Vasanth Kannabiran, Taken at the Flood: A Memoir of a Political Life
Authors: Patel Vibhuti
Published: December 2020

Vasanth Kannabiran, Taken at the Flood: A Memoir of a Political Life. Delhi: Women Unlimited, 2020, vi + pp., 174, ₹375, ISBN 978-93-85606-26-7 (Paperback).
When real life conditions do not follow textbook diagnosis: A diagnostic challenge from a neuropsychiatric clinic
Authors: Razafsha Mahdi , Buch Karen A , Vitolo Ottavio V , Chemali Zeina N
Published: December 2020

We present the case of a 61-year-old retired catholic priest, who was adopted at a very young age, with psychiatric history of anxiety and depression presenting for evaluation of at least 4 year memory loss and word finding difficulties. Over the preceding couple of years his cognitive functions had rapidly declined. As a result, he became dependent on his elderly parents for most of his instrumental activities of daily living including administration of medication, financial management, and driving. He continues to be independent in his personal care. His presentation offered diagnostic challenges due to the interplay of anxiety and cognitive disorders involving both memory and language domains. In addition, he resisted to repeat formal neuropsychological evaluation. At the bedside, his poor effort on testing was often blamed on his severe anxiety confounding the clinical picture. Lack of knowledge of his family history and his childhood development, and unclear premorbid functioning complicated the diagnostic formulation. A differential diagnosis ranging from possible functional cognitive disorder to neurodevelopmental disorder and neurodegenerative disorders will be discussed.
Toward a “Post-Legalization” Criminology for Cannabis: A Brief Review and Suggested Agenda for Research Priorities
Authors: Fischer Benedikt , Daldegan-Bueno Dimitri , Reuter Peter
Published: December 2020

Cannabis control policies in a few countries have recently shifted from criminal prohibition-based regimes to legalization of use and supply. While cannabis’ newly emerging status of legality may suggest a coming “end” for criminology-based interest in the drug, these fundamental changes rather open a window to a new set of criminological research issues and questions, mostly focusing on cannabis use and related behaviors, and their relation to crime and justice. Based on a joint, personal record of several decades of criminological research on cannabis, we briefly review the rationale for five fundamental topics and issues of cannabis-related research associated with legalization. These include: 1) the deterrent effect of prohibition; 2) illicit production, markets and supply in a legalization regime; 3) use enforcement; 4) cannabis-impaired driving; 5) cannabis and crime. This constitutes an—albeit subjectively selective—“post-legalization” research agenda for a cannabis-focused criminology. Other possible areas of research focus or interest within fundamentally different paradigms of criminology (e.g., “critical criminology”) are identified and encouraged for development. Overall, the proposed research agenda for a post-legalization cannabis criminology should both contribute discipline-specific knowledge to improved cannabis-related public health and safety as well as allow for important debate and development in this evolving and important research field while entering a new (“post-legalization”) era.
Rackets and the Markets of Violence: A Case Study of Altavista, Medellín, Colombia
Authors: Alzate-Zuluaga Mary Luz , Jiménez-García Williams Gilberto
Published: December 2020

An analysis of violence using data from 2018 to 2019 in the village of Altavista in Medellín, Colombia, concludes that economic globalization and a crisis of the social state have led to an increase in inequality and structural violence. This phenomenon, culturally reinforced by the acceptance and normalization of these events, constitutes a window of opportunity for the entrenchment of violent entrepreneurship using extortive economic activities to accumulate capital, resulting in increased precarity for the inhabitants of the village.

Un análisis de la violencia en la aldea de Altavista en Medellín, Colombia, utilizando los datos de 2018 a 2019 concluye que la globalización económica y una crisis del estado social han dado lugar a un aumento en la desigualdad y la violencia estructural. Este fenómeno, culturalmente reforzado por la aceptación y normalización de dichos acontecimientos, constituye una ventana de oportunidad para el afianzamiento de una violenta cultura económica basada en la acumulación de capital a partir de la extorsión, lo cual exacerba la presencia de la precariedad en las vidas de los habitantes del pueblo.
State Violence, Capital Accumulation, and Globalization of Crime: The Case of Ayotzinapa
Authors: Frausto Obed , Castellanos Nayar López
Published: December 2020

The violence perpetrated against the students of the Ayotzinapa Rural Normal School by the Mexican state constitutes an extreme form of social control and capital accumulation. The forced disappearance of the 43 students can be explained in two dimensions, political and economic. The political explanation is that the state administers institutional repression and dispossession against peasant and indigenous communities to inhibit social protest. The economic explanation is that violence meted out by the state and criminal organizations is used to facilitate capital accumulation both by legal means, through the extraction of natural resources, the exploitation of cheap labor, and the establishment of favorable contracts for transnational corporations, and by illegal means, through drug and human trafficking, money laundering, extortion, and the expropriation of community lands.

La violencia perpetrada contra los estudiantes de la Escuela Normal Rural de Ayotzinapa por el Estado mexicano constituye una forma extrema de control social y acumulación de capital. La desaparición forzada de los 43 estudiantes puede explicarse en dos dimensiones: la política y la económica. La explicación política es la represión institucional de la protesta social, y la económica es la facilitación de la acumulación de capital tanto por medios legales (la extracción de recursos naturales, la explotación de mano de obra barata y contratos favorables para las empresas transnacionales) como ilegales (el tráfico de drogas y la trata de personas, el lavado de dinero, la extorsión y la expropiación de tierras comunitarias).
How Variations in Behavior and Phenotype Affect In-Group Stereotyping and Belonging Among African American Adolescents and Emerging Adults
Authors: Wilson Antoinette R.
Published: December 2020

The present study based on social identity theory and phenotypic bias models examined how variations in phenotype and behavior related to in-group belonging and stereotyping for African American adolescents and emerging adults. Although ethnic-racial typicality is often considered as either phenotypic or behavioral, little research has investigated the interaction of these two dimensions. Forty African American high school students ( Mage = 15.38, SD = 0.81) and 42 college students ( Mage = 19.55, SD = 1.35) watched animated clips of African American male characters varying in typicality. Participants rated the character’s stereotypical traits, academic potential, and likelihood of intraracial group belonging. Results showed that characters who were stereotypical in behavior were rated with higher averages of stereotypical traits, lower averages of counterstereotypical traits, and more likely to belong than were characters with less-typical behaviors. There was also an interaction between a character’s behavior and phenotype for judgments of academic potential among high school students, but not college students. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings for African American youth are discussed.
Reinterpreting the Chinese Revolution: The Balance between Radical and Moderate Approaches, 1937–1945
Authors: Liu Qingjun
Published: December 2020

The success of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) by the end of the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) has generally been credited to its moderate approach to mobilizing the local peasantry through appeals to anti-Japanese nationalism and programs of social justice. However, the evidence presented in this article demonstrates that during late 1939 and early 1940 in some counties of the Southwest Shanxi Base Area and other major North China base areas the CCP abandoned its moderate approach and promoted a radical and violent class struggle. Based on its experiences in 1939–1940, the CCP created a model for mobilization in early 1942 that balanced radical and moderate approaches, which was then gradually applied to all Communist base areas. This article argues that the CCP relied on a combination of two contrasting and complementary approaches—radical and moderate—both of which played an indispensable role in its success by 1945.
Resource Endowment, Rural Governance, and the “New Agriculture” in China
Authors: Cheng Yaoyao , Han Peikun
Published: December 2020

China’s “new agriculture,” characterized by a “capital-labor dual intensifying” pattern of production, is an effective way of linking small peasants with modern agriculture. Based on a field survey of several neighboring villages in Nijingzhen, Hebei, this article describes and compares each village’s level of agricultural development, and how the new agriculture differs within them. The analysis reveals that both soil texture and land layout affect the ability of villages to adopt new agricultural technologies that characterize the new agriculture. The current land layout is determined by the land division rules that are collectively made by villagers under village self-governance and deeply influenced by the effectiveness of rural governance. “Capable rural people,” family surname and clan structures, and the structure of peasant households, in addition to the choice to remain in the villages, interact with each other and affect the effectiveness of village governing authorities. In turn, the development of the new agriculture impacts the inflow and outflow of the rural labor force, and whether villagers remain in the village, which in turn affects rural governance and social stratification.
Entering the Workforce or Going to Graduate School: Themes in Psychology Alumni Decision Making
Authors: Strapp Chehalis M. , Bredimus Kyla , Wright Tashawna , Cochrane Rochelle , Fields Elizabeth
Published: December 2020

The goal of the current study was to explore how psychology majors decide whether to enter the workforce or attend graduate school. Thirty-two psychology alumni, including 22 women and 10 men ( Mage = 28.88 years, SD = 5.25) participated in semi-structured interviews about their ending time as an undergraduate and figuring out next steps. Using consensual qualitative research (CQR) themes emerged related to gaining experience, relationships, uncertainty, and self-knowledge. Alumni entering the workforce reflected on internship experiences, uncertainty, and finances, while alumni entering graduate school emphasized first-hand experiences, self-knowledge, goals, and location. Additional differences emerged for alumni identifying as first-generation students. Results highlight diverse factors influencing the decision to enter the workforce or attend graduate school.
Towards active buildings: Rating grid-servicing buildings
Authors: Fosas Daniel , Nikolaidou Elli , Roberts Matthew , Allen Stephen , Walker Ian , Coley David
Published: December 2020

In most industrialized countries, the buildings sector is the largest contributor to energy consumption and associated carbon emissions. These emissions can be reduced by a combination of energy efficiency and the use of building integrated renewables. Additionally, either singularly or as a group, buildings can provide energy network services by timing their use and production of energy. Such grid-aware or grid-responsive buildings have been termed Active Buildings. The recent UK Government investment of £36m in the Active Building Centre is a demonstration that such buildings are of considerable interest. One problem with the concept, however, is that there is no clear definition of Active Buildings, nor a building code to design or research against. Here we develop and test an initial novel code, called ABCode1. It is based on the need to encourage: (i) the minimisation of energy consumption; (ii) building-integrated generation; (iii) the provision of grid services; and (iv) the minimisation of embodied carbon. For grid services, we find that a lack of a precise, quantifiable measure, or definition, of such services means that for the time being, theoretical hours of autonomy of the building is the most reasonable proxy for these services within such a code.

Practical application

Buildings have a special role in the transition to a sustainable energy infrastructure and a decarbonised society. They can become an active part of energy networks by leveraging strategies and technologies that are already available, but are not yet articulated in an integrated scheme that facilitates their uptake at scale. This work provides a review of the issues and opportunities, and introduces a practical framework aimed at helping designers and researchers study and deliver such buildings, and in particular the buildings that will form the exemplars in the first wave of Active Buildings.
Building Consensus about the Functional Vision Assessment Process: A Delphi Study
Authors: Kaiser Justin T. , Rosenblum L. Penny , Herzberg Tina S.
Published: December 2020

Introduction:

Within the field of visual impairment, there is no set of standards that guide teachers of students with visual impairments as they conduct, report, and share functional vision assessment (FVA) results with other educational team members, and university instructors vary in how they teach the assessment process to preservice teachers.

Methods:

In parallel, a group of teachers of students with visual impairments and a group of university instructors completed three rounds of a Delphi study. After providing background information in Round 1, they rated 84 statements about the FVA process. The level for consensus was set at 80%.

Results:

Of the 84 statements, consensus was reached for 45 statements regarding the level of importance by both groups. Participants rated 11 of 22 visual skills (e.g., near acuity, distance acuity) as extremely important to include in the FVA process.

Discussion:

There continues to be a need to build consensus on when FVAs should be conducted, what visual skills should be included when conducting them, what should be included in reports, and with whom assessment information should be shared. The importance of conducting such assessments for all students, including students under the age of 5 years and those with additional disabilities, needs to be recognized by the field of visual impairment.

Implications for practitioners:

University personnel need to work together to develop consistent curricula that focuses on the FVA process. Future studies that examine the FVA practices of individual teachers are necessary.
Treatment of Ectopic Earlobe in Microtia Reconstruction Using Delayed Postauricular Skin Flap
Authors: Ding Wei , Zhang Bo , Wu Zihan , Zhang Yang , Long Xiren , Xu Suqi , Li Gaofeng
Published: December 2020

Objective:

This article discusses a treatment technique for ectopic earlobe in microtia reconstruction using a delayed postauricular skin flap.

Methods:

From January 2015 to September 2018, microtia reconstruction using a delayed postauricular skin flap was performed on 10 patients with microtia. During the operation, the position of the affected-side earlobe was designed according to the position of the opposite side. The ectopic earlobe was corrected by performing asymmetric Z-plasty or using an irregular “Y-V” advancement skin flap. This allowed full use of the remnant tissue of the microtia-affected ear to form a soft, plump, and realistic earlobe.

Results:

After the earlobe displacement surgery, the blood supply of the earlobe was good, and the reconstructed earlobe survived well without ulceration in all 10 patients. All patients were followed up for 2 months to 2 years. During this time, the positions of the reconstructed ear and the healthy side were basically symmetrical, and the shape of the earlobe formed by the remnant ear was natural.

Conclusion:

The use of asymmetric Z-plasty or an irregular “Y-V” advancement skin flap for the treatment of ectopic earlobe in microtia reconstruction using a delayed postauricular skin flap is a safe and effective method.
Perioperative Intravenous Low-Dose Ketamine Infusion to Minimize Pain for Septorhinoplasty: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Study
Authors: Ates Irem , Aydin Muhammed Enes , Celik Erkan Cem , Gozeler Mustafa Sitki , Ahiskalioglu Ali
Published: December 2020

Objectives:

Studies investigating the effects of intravenous (IV) ketamine in pain management after septorhinoplasty is limited. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose IV infusion of ketamine on pain scores.

Methods:

This randomized, prospective, double-blind study was conducted with 48 patients who underwent septorhinoplasty. Intravenous ketamine bolus (0.5 mg/kg) was administered to the ketamine group (group K, n = 24) at anesthesia induction, and ketamine infusion was continued (0.25 mg/kg/h) during the surgery. In the control group (group C, n = 24), the same protocol was administered using saline instead of ketamine. Furthermore, 50-mg dexketoprofen trometamol was administered to both groups 30 minutes before the end of the surgery. Then it was repeated at the 12th and 24th hours postoperatively. Pain scores were evaluated with the visual analogue scale. Consumptions intraoperative of opioid and sevoflurane, rescue opioid requirement, patient satisfaction, and side effects were recorded.

Results:

Pain scores were significantly lower in group K at all postoperative periods ( P < .05). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of intraoperative sevoflurane and remifentanil consumptions ( P > .05). Rescue opioid analgesic requirements were significantly lower in group K than group C (0/24 vs 6/24, respectively; P  = .022). Side effects were similar between the groups ( P > .05).

Conclusion:

We recommend the administration of low-dose ketamine infusion during septorhinoplasty surgery because it reduces the requirement for rescue opioid analgesia and postoperative pain scores.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Follow-Ups for Vertigo/Dizziness Outpatients
Authors: Ueda Keita , Ota Ichiro , Yamanaka Toshiaki , Kitahara Tadashi
Published: December 2020

Objectives:

In the present report, we aimed to investigate the impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on vertigo/dizziness outpatient cancellations in Japan.

Methods:

We examined 265 vertigo/dizziness outpatients at the ear, nose, and throat department of the Nara Medical University between March 01, 2020, and May 31, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. We also focused on 478 vertigo/dizziness outpatients between March 01, 2019, and May 31, 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic, to compare the number of cancellations between these 2 periods. The reasons for cancellation and noncancellation were investigated using telephone multiple-choice questionnaires (telMCQs), particularly for patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and Meniere’s disease (MD).

Results:

There were many cancellations for medical examinations during the 2020 study period. The total number of vertigo/dizziness outpatients decreased by 44.6% in the 2020 period compared to the same period in 2019. The percent reduction in clinic attendance from 2019 to 2020 (ie, [2019-2020]/2019) for patients with BPPV was higher than that for patients with MD. Compared to the other vertigo-associated conditions, patients with MD exhibited a lower percent reduction in clinic attendance. According to the results of the telMCQs, 75.0% of BPPV cases and 88.2% of MD cases cancelled their appointment and gave up visiting hospitals due to fear of COVID-19 infection, even if they had moderate to severe symptoms. On the contrary, 25.0% and 80.0% patients with BPPV and MD, respectively, did not cancel their appointment; they should not have visited the hospital but stayed at home because they had slight symptoms.

Conclusions:

These findings suggest that advanced forms should be prepared for medical care, such as remote medicine. These forms should not only be for the disease itself but also for the mental distress caused by persistent symptoms.
Spider Angioma of the Nasal Mucosa
Authors: Ralli Massimo , Candelori Francesca , Di Stadio Arianna , de Vincentiis Marco
Published: December 2020

Spider angioma is a benign vascular lesion reminiscent of a spider’s body characterized by peculiar dilatation of end vasculature. The lesion is characterized by a central spot and extensions which radiate outward like a spider’s body. Spider angiomas may appear as a solitary or multiple lesion that arises on the skin surface of the face, neck, chest, and arms; these lesions have been rarely observed in the sublingual mucosa and in the gut, and to date, they have never been reported in the nasal mucosa. In this article, we report a spider angioma of the nasal cavity found as an occasional finding during a narrow band imaging nasopharyngeal endoscopy in a 70-year-old male patient with hepatitis C virus-related liver cirrhosis and a history of total laryngectomy in 2013 due to laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The lesion was located in the mucosa of the pavement of the posterior portion of the left nostril; it was painless and asymptomatic.
A Step-By-Step Process for Selecting Technology Tools for Students With ADHD
Authors: Mosher Maggie A. , Carreon Adam C. , Sullivan Barbara J.
Published: December 2020

A nearly unlimited number of technology tools and applications exist to support students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, finding these tools, researching their effectiveness, observing their use, and evaluating their implementation can be a time consuming and daunting task if a technology professional is not available. Students with ADHD make up a large percentage of students with disabilities, but they often do not qualify for services that would facilitate evaluation for technology tools, leaving the responsibility of supporting them on the classroom teachers. In this article, the authors provide a streamlined process that includes the use of student-driven goals, online technology tool finders, and evaluation techniques. Using this process, teachers can include student and parent perspectives, determine appropriate tools from current technology, and evaluate the tool’s support based on progress toward selected goals.
A Systematic Review of the Outcome Measures Used to Evaluate Interprofessional Learning by Health Care Professional Students During Clinical Experiences
Authors: Guitar Nicole A. , Connelly Denise M.
Published: December 2020

Interprofessional education (IPE) occurs when members of more than one health or social care profession learn interactively together to improve interprofessional collaboration and health care delivery. Interprofessional experiences provide students with the skills and knowledge needed to work in a collaborative manner; however, there is no review on the outcome measures used to assess the effectiveness of IPE learning. The current systematic review examined the outcome measures used to assess interprofessional learning during student clinical experiences. An electronic search of databases retrieved trials of health professional students who completed an IPE intervention during a student clinical experience. Methodological quality of twenty-five studies meeting the inclusion criteria published between 1997 and 2018 was scored independently by two raters using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database and the Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research tool. The Interdisciplinary Education Perception Scale was used most frequently to assess interprofessional learning during a student clinical experience. This review provides a summary of outcome measures for educators to consider for evaluation of interprofessional activities during student clinical placements and serves to inform future conversations regarding the use and development of outcome measures to provide evidence for student achievement of IPE objectives and competencies.
Corneal Dystrophy in Dutch Belted Rabbits as a Possible Model of Thiel-Behnke Subtype of Epithelial-Stromal TGFβ-Induced Corneal Dystrophy
Authors: Schuh JoAnn C. L. , Holve Dana L. , Mundwiler Karen E.
Published: December 2020

The International Committee for Classification of Corneal Dystrophies (IC3D) categorized corneal dystrophies in humans using anatomic, genotypic, and clinicopathologic phenotypic features. Relative to the IC3D classification, a review of the veterinary literature confirmed that corneal dystrophy is imprecisely applied to any corneal opacity and to multiple poorly characterized histologic abnormalities of the cornea in animals. True corneal dystrophy occurs in mice with targeted mutations and spontaneously in pet dogs and cats and in Dutch belted (DB) rabbits, but these instances lack complete phenotyping or genotyping. Corneal dystrophy in DB rabbits can be an important confounding finding in ocular toxicology studies but has only been described once. Therefore, the ophthalmology and pathology of corneal dystrophy in 13 DB rabbits were characterized to determine whether the findings were consistent with or a possible model of any corneal dystrophy subtypes in humans. Slit lamp and optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging were used to characterize corneal dystrophy over 4 months in young DB rabbits. The hyperechoic OCT changes correlated with light microscopic findings in the anterior stroma, consisting of highly disordered collagen fibers and enlarged keratocytes. Histochemical stains did not reveal abnormal deposits. Small clusters of 8 to 16 nm diameter curly fibers identified by transmission electron microscopy were consistent with Thiel-Behnke (TBCD) subtype of epithelial-stromal transforming growth factor β-induced dystrophies. Sporadic corneal dystrophy in DB rabbits appears to be a potential animal model of TBCD, but genotypic characterization will be required to confirm this categorization.
A Workflow for the Performance of the Differential Ovarian Follicle Count Using Deep Neuronal Networks
Authors: Carboni Eleonora , Marxfeld Heike , Tuoken Hanati , Klukas Christian , Eggers Till , Gröters Sibylle , van Ravenzwaay Bennard
Published: December 2020

In order to automate the counting of ovarian follicles required in multigeneration reproductive studies performed in the rat according to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines 443 and 416, the application of deep neural networks was tested. The manual evaluation of the differential ovarian follicle count is a tedious and time-consuming task that requires highly trained personnel. In this regard, deep learning outputs provide overlay pictures for a more detailed documentation, together with an increased reproducibility of the counts. To facilitate the planned good laboratory practice (GLP) validation a workflow was set up using MLFlow to make all steps from generating of scans, training of the neural network, uploading of study images to the neural network, generation and storage of the results in a compliant manner controllable and reproducible. PyTorch was used as main framework to build the Faster region-based convolutional neural network for the training. We compared the performances of different depths of ResNet models with specific regard to the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy of the models. In this paper, we describe all steps from data labeling, training of networks, and the performance metrics chosen to evaluate different network architectures. We also make recommendation on steps, which should be taken into consideration when GLP validation is aimed for.
Using Artificial Intelligence to Detect, Classify, and Objectively Score Severity of Rodent Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Tokarz Debra A. , Steinbach Thomas J. , Lokhande Avinash , Srivastava Gargi , Ugalmugle Rajesh , Co Caroll A. , Shockley Keith R. , Singletary Emily , Cesta Mark F. , Thomas Heath C. , Chen Vivian S. , Hobbie Kristen , Crabbs Torrie A.
Published: December 2020

Rodent progressive cardiomyopathy (PCM) encompasses a constellation of microscopic findings commonly seen as a spontaneous background change in rat and mouse hearts. Primary histologic features of PCM include varying degrees of cardiomyocyte degeneration/necrosis, mononuclear cell infiltration, and fibrosis. Mineralization can also occur. Cardiotoxicity may increase the incidence and severity of PCM, and toxicity-related morphologic changes can overlap with those of PCM. Consequently, sensitive and consistent detection and quantification of PCM features are needed to help differentiate spontaneous from test article-related findings. To address this, we developed a computer-assisted image analysis algorithm, facilitated by a fully convolutional network deep learning technique, to detect and quantify the microscopic features of PCM (degeneration/necrosis, fibrosis, mononuclear cell infiltration, mineralization) in rat heart histologic sections. The trained algorithm achieved high values for accuracy, intersection over union, and dice coefficient for each feature. Further, there was a strong positive correlation between the percentage area of the heart predicted to have PCM lesions by the algorithm and the median severity grade assigned by a panel of veterinary toxicologic pathologists following light microscopic evaluation. By providing objective and sensitive quantification of the microscopic features of PCM, deep learning algorithms could assist pathologists in discerning cardiotoxicity-associated changes.