bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and characterization of solution cast MWNTs/PEI nanocomposites
Authors: Shao Lu , Bai Yong‐Ping , Huang Xu , Meng Ling‐Hui , Ma Jun
Published: April 2009

Under mild conditions with the aid of ultrasonic, multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) have been functionalized by mixed acid treatment which was proved by FTIR and XPS. According to SEM, acid treatment on MWNTs decreased the thickness of the membrane. However, no devastating damage and fracture happened on MWNTs after acid treatment under mild conditions. Precipitation observation illustrated that the enhanced solubility of MWNTs in water, ethanol, and dimethylformaide (DMF). Further, MWNTs/polyetherimide (PEI) nanocomposite films have been prepared by the simple solution casting method. The dispersion of MWNTs in polyetherimide (PEI) matrix was observed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) which illustrated the improved dispersion for acid treated MWNTs in PEI. The adding of MWNTs in PEI decreased the dispersive component of surface energy and increased the polar component of surface energy, which resulted in the decrement of film surface energy. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the glass transition temperature of PEI increased by about 4°C after the introduction of MWNTs. This improvement was related to the better affinity between MWNTs and PEI matrix, which also resulted in the improvement of mechanical strength in MWNTs/PEI nanocomposites. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Fine disperse dyeable polypropylene fiber from polypropylene/polystyrene nano‐ceria blends
Authors: Yu Chengbing , Jiang Chong , Chen Long , Chen Yanmo
Published: April 2009

The blend of polypropylene (PP) and atactic polystyrene (PS) hybrid with nano‐ceria (CeO2) was prepared for fine dyeable fiber. Nano‐CeO2 modified with stearic acid was in situ added to PS by radical suspension polymerization. The dispersion of hy‐PS with nano‐CeO2 in the PP crystals was investigated. The rheological behavior of the blend was similar to that of PP under the testing conditions, and the blend had stable spinning and drawing processability. The fine modified PP filaments were processed from the blend and had practical mechanical properties. The dyeability of the knitting fabrics from these filaments was studied. The increased amorphous content and the interface between PP and hy‐PS allowed the dye to penetrate the fiber, and the modified PP fiber had strong affinity to dye because of the complexation between cerium and dye. These effects resulted in improving K/S value and color fastness to soaping. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis, characterization, and thermal stability of PMMA/SiO2/TiO2 tertiary nanocomposites via non‐hydrolytic sol–gel method
Authors: Kuan Hsu‐Chiang , Chiu Shao‐Lung , Chen Chia‐Hsun , Kuan Chen‐Feng , Chiang Chin‐Lung
Published: April 2009

In this study, we use PMMA, tetraethoxysilane and titanium ethoxide to prepare tertiary nanocomposites via non‐hydrolytic sol–gel method. Boron trifluoride monoethylamine was used as catalyst. Silica and titanium dioxide are incorporated into nanocomposites to improve the thermal stability. Thermogravimetric analysis was used for rapid evaluation of the thermal stability of different materials. The integral procedural decomposition temperature has been correlated the volatile parts of polymeric materials and used for estimating the inherent thermal stability of polymeric materials. The thermal stability of hybrids increased with the contents of inorganic components. The inorganic components can improve the thermal stability of PMMA copolymer. Two methods have been used to study the degradation of hybrid during thermal analysis. These investigated methods are Kissenger', Ozawa's methods to classify the thermal stability of nanocomposites. The activation energies of hybrids were higher than that of the copolymer. From the results, silica and titania will enhance the thermal stability of PMMA. We use the solubility test to check the network structure of nanocomposites. The results show the residues of composites after extraction increase with the increasing of inorganic contents. We can conclude that the composites possess network structure. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Fluorescent‐tagged no phosphate and nitrogen free calcium phosphate scale inhibitor for cooling water systems
Authors: Du Kun , Zhou Yuming , Wang Liuqian , Wang Yingying
Published: April 2009

Allyloxy polyethoxy ether (APEO) and chloracetic acid were used to prepare allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate (APEC). 8‐hydroxy‐1,3,6‐pyrenetrisulfonic acid trisodium salt was reacted with allyl chloride to produce fluorescent monomer 8‐allyloxy‐1,3,6‐pyrene trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (AP). APEC and AP were copolymerized with maleic anhydride (MA) to synthesize AP tagged no phosphate and nitrogen free calcium phosphate inhibitor MA‐APEC‐AP. Structures of AP, APEO, APEC, and MA‐APEC‐AP were carried out by FTIR and 1H‐NMR. Different MA : APEC mole ratios were employed for the manufacture of MA‐APEC‐AP to study the effect of mole ratio on performance of MA‐APEC‐AP. Relationship between MA‐APEC‐AP's fluorescent intensity and its dosage was studied. MA‐APEC‐AP's calcium phosphate inhibition was compared with the down to date calcium phosphate inhibitor (MA)‐ammonium allylpolyethoxy sulphate (APES). The results indicate that capability of MA‐APEC‐AP is heavily depended on the mole ratio of MA : APEC. Correlation coefficient r of MA‐APEC‐AP's fluorescent intensity and its dosage is 0.9983, and detection limit of MA‐APEC‐AP is 2.03 mg L−1. MA‐APEC‐AP can be used to accurately measure polymer consumption on line besides providing excellent calcium phosphate inhibition. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of imine‐coupled polyphenols containing carbazole units
Authors: Kaya İsmet , Koyuncu Sermet
Published: April 2009

Imine coupled phenolic monomers containing carbazole unit were synthesized in four steps. The monomers were polymerized via oxidative polycondensation by air as oxidant in an aqueous alkaline medium at 50°C. The structures of compounds were confirmed by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared, and 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR techniques. The conductivity measurements of these polymers were made by the four‐point probe technique and iodine was used as doping agent. The highest occupied molecular orbital, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, and electrochemical and optical band gap values were calculated by the results of the UV–vis and the cyclic voltammetry measurement, respectively. The number‐average molecular weight, weight‐average molecular weight, and polydispersity index values were determined by the size exclusion chromatography technique. Also, thermal behavior of these polymers was determined by thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis measurements in a N2 atmosphere between 20 and 1000°C. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Efficacy of waterborne polyurethane to prevent the enzymatic attack on paper‐based materials
Authors: Boileau Celine , Pessanha Sofia , Tardif Chantal , Castro Kepa , Proietti Noemi , Capitani Donatella , Vicini Silvia , Madariaga Juan Manuel , Carvalho Maria Luisa , Princi Elisabetta
Published: April 2009

The chemical and biological deterioration of paper‐based materials is mainly due to the degradation of its main component, the cellulose. However, paper also contains small amounts of organic and inorganic additives which might influence its biodegradability.

To protect the paper‐based materials against various degradative agents, coating treatments with polymeric materials might be developed. In this study, the protective effect of commercial waterborne polyurethanes (WPU) against an enzymatic attack was investigated.

Uncoated and coated samples with WPU of newsprint were subjected to degradation by enzymatic complexes (cellulosomes) produced by Clostridium cellulolyticum for different incubation times and then characterized using several analytical techniques (energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, Raman and infrared spectroscopy) with the aim to assess if waterborne polyurethanes can be used in paper conservation, looking at their efficacy against the biodegradation induced by enzymes.

The selected waterborne polyurethanes showed a high effectiveness in the protection of paper‐based materials when they were submitted to the enzymatic attack. Indeed, their presence delayed the destruction of the cellulose matrix and the release of both soluble sugars and paper additives. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis, characterization, and kinetic of thermal degradation of oligo‐2‐[(4‐bromophenylimino)methyl]phenol and oligomer‐metal complexes
Authors: Kaya İsmet , Solguntekin Ahmet
Published: April 2009

Oligo‐2‐[(4‐bromophenylimino)methyl]phenol (OBPIMP) was synthesized from the oxidative polycondensation reaction of 2‐[(4‐bromophenylimino)methyl]phenol (BPIMP) with air and NaOCl oxidants in an aqueous alkaline medium between 50 and 90°C. The yield of OBPIMP was found to be 67 and 88% for air and NaOCl oxidants, respectively. Their structures were confirmed by elemental and spectral such as IR, ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer (UV–vis), 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR analyses. The characterization was made by TG‐DTA, size exclusion chromatography, and solubility tests. The resulting complexes were characterized by electronic and IR spectral measurements, elemental analysis, AAS, and thermal studies. According to TG analyses, the weight losses of OBPIMP, and oligomer‐metal complexes with Co+2, Ni+2, and Cu+2 ions were found to be 93.04%, 59.80%, 74.23%, and 59.30%, respectively, at 1000°C. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of these compounds investigated by Coats‐Redfern, MacCallum‐Tanner, and van Krevelen methods. The values of the apparent activation energies of thermal decomposition (Ea), the reaction order (n), preexponential factor (A), the entropy change (ΔS*), enthalpy change (ΔH*), and free energy change (ΔG*) obtained by earlier‐mentioned methods were all good in agreement with each other. It was found that the thermal stabilities of the complexes follow the order Cu(II) > Co(II) > Ni(II). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and properties of dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐EVA/epoxy blends
Authors: Jiang Xueliang , Hu Kai , Zhou Aijun
Published: April 2009

A method concerning with the simultaneous reinforcing and toughening of polypropylene (PP) was reported. Dynamical cure of the epoxy resin with 2‐ethylene‐4‐methane‐imidazole (EMI‐2,4) was successfully applied in the PP/maleic anhydride‐grafted ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (MAH‐g‐EVA), and the obtained blends named as dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐EVA/epoxy blends. The stiffness and toughness of the blends are in a good balance, and the smaller size of epoxy particle in the PP/MAH‐g‐EVA/epoxy blends shows that MAH‐g‐EVA was also used as a compatibilizer. The structure of the dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐EVA/epoxy blends is the embedding of the epoxy particles by the MAH‐g‐EVA. The cured epoxy particles as organic filler increases the stiffness of the PP/MAH‐g‐EVA blends, and the improvement in the toughness is attributed to the embedded structure. The tensile strength and flexural modulus of the blends increase with increasing the epoxy resin content, and the impact strength reaches a maximum of 258 J/m at the epoxy resin content of 10 wt %. DSC analysis shows that the epoxy particles in the dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐EVA/epoxy blends could have contained embedded MAH‐g‐EVA, decreasing the nucleating effect of the epoxy resin. Thermogravimetric results show the addition of epoxy resin could improve the thermal stability of PP, the dynamically cured PP/MAH‐g‐EVA/epoxy stability compared with the pure PP.

Wide‐angle x‐ray diffraction analysis shows that the dynamical cure and compatibilization do not disturb the crystalline structure of PP in the blends. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Thermal decomposition behavior of carbon‐nanotube‐reinforced poly(ethylene 2,6‐naphthalate) nanocomposites
Authors: Kim Jun Young , Park Hawe Soo , Kim Seong Hun
Published: April 2009

Polymer nanocomposites based on poly (ethylene 2,6‐naphthalate) (PEN) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared by direct melt blending with a twin‐screw extruder. Dynamic thermogravimetric analysis was conducted on the PEN/CNT nanocomposites to clarify the effect of CNTs on the thermal decomposition behavior of the polymer nanocomposites. The thermal decomposition kinetics of the PEN/CNT nanocomposites was strongly dependent on the CNT content, the heating rate, and the gas atmosphere. On the basis of the thermal decomposition kinetic analysis, the variation of the activation energy for thermal decomposition revealed that a very small quantity of CNTs substantially improved the thermal stability and thermal decomposition of the PEN/CNT nanocomposites. Morphological observations demonstrated the formation of interconnected or network‐like structures of CNTs in the PEN matrix. The unique character of the CNTs introduced into the PEN matrix, such as the physical barrier effect of CNTs during thermal decomposition and the formation of interconnected or network‐like structures of CNTs, resulted in the enhancement of the thermal stability of the PEN/CNT nanocomposites. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Cellulose/syndiotactic polypropylene composites: Effects of maleated polypropylene as a compatibilizer and silanized cellulose on the morphology and tensile properties
Authors: Nakatani Hisayuki , Hashimoto Kazuya , Miyazaki Kensuke , Terano Minoru
Published: April 2009

To improve the interaction between syndiotactic polypropylene (SPP) and fibrous cellulose (FC), the effects of the addition of maleated polypropylene (MAPP) and FC surface modification with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) on SPP/FC composites were studied with respect to the morphology and the tensile properties. The addition of MAPP brought about an improvement in the interfacial adhesion between SPP and FC according to scanning electron microscopy observations and tensile testing. This improvement was, however, less effective than the improvement in the interfacial adhesion between isotactic polypropylene (IPP) and FC. SPP and MAPP partially or microscopically phase‐separated because of the IPP‐like polymer chain structure of MAPP. With respect to the compatibility between SPP and FC, FC surface modification with APTES was more suitable. The increase in Young's modulus was remarkable in the SPP/silanized FC composite with APTES. The tensile strength of the SPP/silanized FC composite with APTES was, however, considerably lower than that of the SPP/FC/MAPP composite. These results suggest that interfacial improvement between SPP and FC requires a compatibilizer or a surface modifier with a suitable primary structure. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Properties of different chitosan/low‐density polyethylene antibacterial plastics
Authors: Zhang Hui Zhen , He Zhi Cai , Liu Gui Hua , Qiao Yun Zhou
Published: April 2009

A series of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) antibacterial functional plastics were prepared by mechanical blending with commercial chitosan (CS), self‐made water‐soluble chitosan (W‐CS), and microchitosan as antibacterial agents. The effects of the antibacterial agent content on the elongation at break of the obtained plastics were tested, and the bacteriostatic effects against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Proteus species were investigated. The results indicate that the elongation at break of LDPE with antibacterial agent decreased and had a slower decline when the mass ratio of CS to LDPE was greater than 0.5 : 100. The LDPE‐based plastics showed different antibacterial activities against the three experimental strains, and plastics with W‐CS exhibited the best antibacterial activity against B. subtilis. However, the antibacterial content had little effect on the antibacterial ratio. Moreover, 6‐week soil burial tests indicated that the addition of CS caused a decrease in the resistance of LDPE to microbiological deterioration in a natural environment. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Lentivirus‐Mediated Small Interfering RNA Targeting VEGF‐C Inhibited Tumor Lymphangiogenesis and Growth in Breast Carcinoma
Authors: Guo Baoliang , Zhang Yafang , Luo Guoqing , Li Lichun , Zhang Jianguo
Published: April 2009

Lymph node metastasis is a major prognostic factor for patients with breast cancer. The activation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐C plays a key role in lymph node metastasis through promoting lymphangiogenesis. Thus, we attempted to elucidate whether small interfering RNAs (siRNA) targeting VEGF‐C could suppress lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in vivo. A lentivirus‐based VEGF‐C siRNA vector was infected into breast cancer cells and a xenograft model. The expression of VEGF‐C mRNA and protein were quantified by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (QRT‐PCR), immunohistochemistry, and western blot analysis. The effect of VEGF‐C siRNA on breast cancer cells was investigated by an invasion assay. Lymphangiogenesis was analyzed with anti‐LYVE‐1 and anti‐D2‐40 by immunohistochemical analysis. Lentivirus‐mediated VEGF‐C siRNA stably reduced VEGF‐C mRNA and protein expression. VEGF‐C siRNA inhibited the invasive ability of breast cancer cells in vitro. Five weeks after intratumoral injection, the tumor volume was significantly smaller in the VEGF‐C siRNA group than in the control scramble siRNA group in the MDA‐MB‐231 cell xenograft model. The numbers of LYVE‐1 and D2‐40 positive vessels per microscopic field were significantly decreased in the VEGF‐C siRNA group, which indicates that VEGF‐C siRNA inhibited lymphangiogenesis. Moreover, lymph node metastasis was significantly suppressed by VEGF‐C siRNA in vivo. In conclusion, these results indicate that lentivirus‐mediated VEGF‐C siRNA offers a new approach for therapeutic intervention to prevent tumor growth and lymphatic metastasis of breast cancer. Anat Rec, 292:633–639, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Histological and Immunohistochemical Analysis of Lymphoid Tissues of the Tasmanian Devil
Authors: Kreiss Alexandre , Obendorf David L. , Hemsley Susan , Canfield Paul J. , Woods Gregory M.
Published: April 2009

Tasmanian devil lymphoid tissues (thymus, spleen, and lymph node) from seven animals, including pouch young, juvenile, and adult devils, were investigated using histological and immunohistochemical techniques. Antibodies against the conserved intracytoplasmic portion of CD3 and CD79b (T‐ and B‐cell markers, respectively) and MHC II were used to label immune cells. The thymus from the juvenile devils and the pouch young had CD3+ cells that were primarily located in the medulla of the organ. The spleen consisted of red and white pulp areas with characteristic lymphoid follicles with CD79b+ and MHC II+ cells and nonfollicular T‐cell‐dominated periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths. Peripheral lymph nodes presented three distinct regions, outer cortex and medulla (both with primarily CD79b+ and MHC II+ cells) and paracortex (mainly CD3+ cells). Tissue architecture and distribution of the immune cells were similar to that seen in eutherian mammals and other marsupials, indicating that the Tasmanian devil has all the structural elements necessary for effective adaptive immunity. Anat Rec, 292:611–620, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vascular Microarchitecture of Murine Colitis‐Associated Lymphoid Angiogenesis
Authors: Turhan Aslihan , Lin Miao , Lee Grace S. , Miele Lino F. , Tsuda Akira , Konerding Moritz A. , Mentzer Steven J.
Published: April 2009

In permissive tissues, such as the gut and synovium, chronic inflammation can result in the ectopic development of anatomic structures that resemble lymph nodes. These inflammation‐induced structures, termed lymphoid neogenesis or tertiary lymphoid organs, may reflect differential stromal responsiveness to the process of lymphoid neogenesis. To investigate the structural reorganization of the microcirculation involved in colonic lymphoid neogenesis, we studied a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)‐induced colitis. Standard 2‐dimensional histology demonstrated both submucosal and intramucosal lymphoid structures in DSS‐induced colitis. A spatial frequency analysis of serial histologic sections suggested that most intramucosal lymphoid aggregates developed de novo. Intravital microscopy of intravascular tracers confirmed that the developing intramucosal aggregates were supplied by capillaries arising from the quasi‐polygonal mucosal plexus. Confocal optical sections and whole mount morphometry demonstrated capillary networks (185 ± 46 μm diameter) involving six to ten capillaries with a luminal diameter of 6.8 ± 1.1 μm. Microdissection and angiogenesis PCR array analysis demonstrated enhanced expression of multiple angiogenic genes including CCL2, CXCL2, CXCL5, Il‐1b, MMP9, and TNF within the mucosal plexus. Intravital microscopy of tracer particle flow velocities demonstrated a marked decrease in flow velocity from 808 ± 901 μm/sec within the feeding mucosal plexus to 491 ± 155 μm/sec within the capillary structures. We conclude that the development of ectopic lymphoid tissue requires significant structural remodeling of the stromal microcirculation. A feature of permissive tissues may be the capacity for lymphoid angiogenesis. Anat Rec, 292:621–632, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of Ba0.7Sr0.3Ru1−xMnxO3 Hexagonal Perovskites
Authors: Yin Congling , Li Guobao , Lin Jianhua , Attfield J. P.
Published: April 2009

Tuning perovskites! A dramatic structural control of magnetic properties is reported in Ba0.7Sr0.3Ru1−xMnxO3 hexagonal perovskites. These are spin‐glasses with freezing temperatures proportional to x in the 6H polytype up to x≈0.5, but show high temperature antiferromagnetism in 4H phases at high x.

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The structures and properties of Ba0.7Sr0.3Ru1−xMnxO3 perovskites have been investigated in samples prepared at 1300 °C in air. Two polytypes are found, a 6H phase for 0.2≤x≤0.4 and a 4H type for 0.6≤x≤1. The cell parameters and volume vary linearly in both solid solution ranges. Spin‐freezing transitions up to 60 K are observed for the 6H samples, but the 4H materials show high temperature Néel transitions at 210 to 280 K.
Amide‐Based Glutathione Peroxidase Mimics: Effect of Secondary and Tertiary Amide Substituents on Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Bhabak Krishna P. , Mugesh Govindasamy
Published: April 2009

Sec or terts:A series ofsec‐ andtert‐amide substituted diselenides have been synthesised as synthetic mimics of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), characterized, and studied for their antioxidant activities using H2O2, Cum‐OOH, andtBuOOH as substrates and PhSH as thiol co‐substrate. The substitution at the free NH group of the amide moiety in the sec‐amide based diselenides is shown to enhance the GPx activity.

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A series of secondary and tertiary amide‐substituted diselenides were synthesized and studied for their GPx‐like antioxidant activities using H2O2, Cum‐OOH, andtBuOOH as substrates and PhSH as thiol co‐substrate. The effect of substitution at the free NH group of the amide moiety in thesec‐amide‐based diselenides on GPx activity was analyzed by detailed experimental and theoretical methods. It is observed that substitution at the free NH group significantly enhances the GPx‐like activities of thesec‐amide‐based diselenides, mainly by reducing the Se⋅⋅⋅O nonbonded interactions. The reduction in strength of the Se⋅⋅⋅O interaction upon introduction ofN,N‐dialkyl substituents not only prevents the undesired thiol exchange reactions, but also reduces the stability of selenenyl sulfide intermediates. This leads to a facile disproportionation of the selenenyl sulfide to the corresponding diselenide, which enhances the catalytic activity. The mechanistic investigations indicate that the reactivity of diselenides havingsec‐ ortert‐amide moieties with PhSH is extremely slow; indicating that the first step of the catalytic cycle involves the reaction between the diselenides and peroxide to produce the corresponding selenenic and seleninic acids.
Nanographene and Nanodiamond; New Members in the Nanocarbon Family
Authors: Enoki Toshiaki , Takai Kazuyuki , Osipov Vladimir , Baidakova Marina , Vul' Alexander
Published: April 2009

Join the family: Nanographene and nanodiamond are new members of nanocarbons, which consist of nano‐sized hexagonal and tetrahedral networks, respectively. In contrast to other members of the nanocarbon family, such as fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, the edge or surface in nanographene or nonodiamond plays an essential role in determining their electronic structure.

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Nanographene and nanodiamond are new members of nanocarbons, which consist of nano‐sized hexagonal and tetrahedral networks, respectively. The presence of edges and surfaces distinguishes nanographene and nanodiamond, respectively, from other nanocarbons owing to their structure dependent electronic features. Nanographene has an unconventional nonbonding π‐state (edge state) localized around its edge that is dependent on the edge geometry. The edge states, having localized spins, impart a nanographene‐based molecular magnetic character. The structure and electronic/magnetic properties of nanodiamond vary depending on how the surface carbon atoms are terminated. Nanodiamond, with a naked surface, is subjected to structural reconstruction at the expense of σ‐dangling bonds. The hydrogenation of the surface is expected to give an electron reservoir function. The incompletely hydrogenated surface is magnetic with surface‐induced spins.
Do not adjust coefficients in Shapley value regression
Authors: Grömping Ulrike , Landau Sabine
Published: April 2009

Shapley value regression consists of assessing relative importance and accordingly adjusting regression coefficients. It is argued that adjustment of coefficients is unnecessary and even misleading for practically relevant situations. Examples are given, and an alternative procedure is proposed for situations for which the coefficients are requested to have a certain sign. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the current Brazilian sugarcane industry and directing developments for maximum fossil fuel mitigation for the international petrochemical market
Authors: Brehmer Ben , Sanders Johan
Published: April 2009

The EU proposes that 5.75% of the transportation fuels market consist of biofuels by 2010 and the USA proposes that all gasoline be blended with 10% bioethanol by 2012. While these targets have not yet been reached, an aura of critique is emerging, arguing that biofuel mandates are not sustainable. One of the major ensuing topics surrounding biofuel sustainability is the food versus fuel debate in reference to first‐generation (or food‐based) technology. This article will reveal that for the specific case of sugarcane in Brazil, first‐generation bioethanol is more sustainable than expansion to include second‐generation (non‐food‐based) technology. Two life cycle assessments are conducted. First, a cradle‐to‐factory gate analysis with focus on fossil fuel reduction potential. Fertile land is consumed and occupied by all biomass crops; the biomass option with the highest mitigation potential per land can be considered the most sustainable and least intrusive to food production. Ethanol, on average, can mitigate 104GJ/ha/a, which is equivalent to 17 barrels of oil annually. This can increase to 353GJ/ha/a for the foreseeable best practice situations, higher than the second‐generation option. A first‐step chemical biorefinery producing ethylene achieves 509GJ/ha/a. Second, the BASF‐developed eco‐efficiency model, which links both environmental impacts and economic profitability in one, easy‐to‐interpret graph, is used as validation. Overall it is calculated that a best practice first‐generation ethanol and its later dehydration to ethylene are the most eco‐efficient options. The biobased economy deserves highly specific assessments. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The development of biocommodities and the role of North West European ports in biomass chains
Authors: Sanders Johan P. M. , Annevelink Bert , van der Hoeven Diederik
Published: April 2009

Biomass‐derived commodities will compete with commodities derived from fossil fuels in 20 years' time. This perspective will explore the economic conditions that will govern the development of, and the trade in these biocommodities. Markets for biocommodities will open up new revenues for both the agricultural and the chemical sector. We shall explore the importance of the biorefinery concept for the establishment of these new markets.

Biorefinery is the sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of marketable products and energy. Trade in biobased substances will be greatly enhance if standard ‘commodities’ are defined and produced in several places in the world.

Now we turn to the second question of this perspective: where will biocommodities be produced and where will they be used? The choice of where to process the biomass will depend on the type of biomass, transport distances, bulk density, decay rate, ease of handling, the type of process(ses), the presence of markets, the cost of labor, and logistical conditions.

Ports, both on the exporting side and on the importing side, will have a major influence on the formation of biomass chains. In export ports, crude or partially pre‐treated biomass will be collected and processed/ transformed into a biocommodity. Existing industries, such as feed production, can be combined with the production of biocommodities, The role of port areas and chemical industries in several biomass chains are shown. The combination of a major port and major application markets for biomass, such as feed industry, chemical industry, biofuels industry and power generation, will allow for the formation of a biomass hub.

The formation of a biomass hub will be a step‐by‐step process in which services and exchange markets are added to existing logistical and industrial structures. The port of Rotterdam has an excellent starting point to become a hub in international biomass trade and processing. In the near future, 5–15 years from now, international biomass trade will become standardized and biocommodities will be defined, partly on the basis of technologies still in development. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Biofuels and indirect land use change effects: the debate continues
Authors: Mathews John A. , Tan Hao
Published: April 2009

While debate on biofuels and bioenergy generally has sparked controversy over claimed greenhouse gas emissions benefits available with a switch to biomass, these claims have generally not taken into account indirect land use changes. Carbon emissions from land that is newly planted with biocrops, after land use changes such as deforestation, are certainly real – but efforts to measure them have been presented subject to severe qualifi cations. No such qualifications accompanied the paper by Searchinger et al. published in Science in February 2008, where the claim was made that a spike of ethanol consumption in the USA up to the year 2016 would divert corn grown in the USA and lead to new plantings of grain crops around the world to make up the shortfall, resulting in land use changes covering 10.8 million hectares and leading to the release of 3.8 billion tons of greenhouse gas emissions in terms of CO2 equivalent. These emissions, the paper argued, would more than offset any savings in emissions by growing biofuels in the first place; in fact they would create a ‘carbon debt’ that would take 160 years to repay. Such criticism would be devastating, if it were valid. The aim of this perspective is to probe the assumptions and models used in the Searchinger et al. paper, to evaluate their validity and plausibility, and contrast them with other approaches taken or available to be taken. It is argued that indirect land use change effects are too diffuse and subject to too many arbitrary assumptions to be useful for rule‐making, and that the use of direct and controllable measures, such as building statements of origin of biofuels into the contracts that regulate the sale of such commodities, would secure better results. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Indirect land use emissions in the life cycle of biofuels: regulations vs science
Authors: Liska Adam J , Perrin Richard K
Published: April 2009

Recent legislative mandates have been enacted at state and federal levels with the purpose of reducing life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation fuels. This legislation encourages the substitution of fossil fuels with ‘low‐carbon’ fuels. The burden is put on regulatory agencies to determine the GHG‐intensity of various fuels, and those agencies naturally look to science for guidance. Even though much progress has been made in determining the direct life cycle emissions from the production of biofuels, the science underpinning the estimation of potentially signifi cant emissions from indirect land use change (ILUC) is in its infancy. As legislation requires inclusion of ILUC emissions in the biofuel life cycle, regulators are in a quandary over accurate implementation. In this article, we review these circumstances and offer some suggestions for how to proceed with the science of indirect effects and regulation in the face of uncertain science. Besides investigating indirect deforestation and grassland conversion alone, a more comprehensive assessment of the total GHG emissions implications of substituting biofuels for petroleum needs to be completed before indirect effects can be accurately determined. This review fi nds that indirect emissions from livestock and military security are particularly important, and deserve further research. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Examining understanding, acceptance, and support for the biorefinery concept among EU policy‐makers
Authors: Peck Philip , Bennett Simon J , Bissett‐Amess Rachelle , Lenhart Jennifer , Mozaffarian Hamid
Published: April 2009

This paper outlines how an understanding of the processes of building cognitive and sociopolitical legitimacy is relevant to the formation of a biorefining sector. First we describe a number of theoretical insights into challenges faced by emerging industries and how these can relate to the formation of a biorefining sector. Second, we present the conduct and results of an initial exploration of understanding, acceptance, and support for the biorefinery concept among a sample of actors in the EU policy community. General conclusions of this study are then provided in these two areas. Addressing theory versus evidence from the fi eld, it is found that many phenomena predicted by theory indeed appear in the empirical results and seem immediately relevant to the formative biorefining industry. Analysis of the perceptions of members of the policy community toward biorefinery‐related environmental, social, policy, reputational and policy issues reveals that there are a number of areas where prompt action from the political and scientifi c communities could yield signifi cant benefi ts. We conclude that theories enfolding the concepts of cognitive and sociopolitical legitimacy are relevant to discussions of biofuels, bioproducts and biorefining. Importantly, proponents of the biorefinery concept can draw upon a broad body of knowledge generated in both related and non‐related industries, to support their work reducing barriers to the emergence of commercial biorefineries. A key area in this regard will be improved communication of biorefinery contributions to sustainable development. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Erratum: Decision anomalies, experimenter assumptions, and participants' comprehension: Revaluating the uncertainty effect
Authors: Keren Gideon , Willemsen Martijn C.
Published: April 2009

The above article (DOI: 10.1002/bdm.628) was published online on 14 November 2008 inWiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). An error was subsequently identified:

Page 3, line 22: “certainty effect,” should read “uncertainty effect,”.
Effects of pulsed electromagnetic stimulation on patients undergoing hip revision prostheses: A randomized prospective double‐blind study
Authors: Dallari Dante , Fini Milena , Giavaresi Gianluca , Del Piccolo Nicolandrea , Stagni Cesare , Amendola Luca , Rani Nicola , Gnudi Saverio , Giardino Roberto
Published: April 2009

In this prospective, randomized, double‐blind study, the effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) was investigated in 30 subjects undergoing hip revision using the Wagner SL stem. The subjects were treated for 6 h/day up to 90 days after revision. Study end points were assessed clinically by the functional scale of Merle D'Aubigné and instrumentally by Dual‐Energy X‐ray Absorptiometry (DXA) at the Gruen zones. Subject improvement according to Merle D'Aubigné scale was higher (P < 0.05) in subjects undergoing active stimulation compared to placebo. In analyzing the DXA findings, we subtracted for each area the postoperative bone mineral density (BMD) values from those measured at 90 days and we considered all results above 3.5% as responders. There were no significant differences in the average BMD values at each Gruen zone between the two groups both postoperatively and at 90 days investigation. In Gruen zones 5 and 6, corresponding to the medial cortex, we observed six responders (40%) in both areas in the control group, while in the stimulated group we observed 14 (93%) and 10 (66%) responders, respectively (both P < 0.05). This study showed that PEMF treatment aids clinical recovery and bone stock restoration. Bioelectromagnetics 30:423–430, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex steroid receptors in skeletal differentiation and epithelial neoplasia: is tissue‐specific intervention possible?
Authors: Copland John A. , Sheffield‐Moore Melinda , Koldzic‐Zivanovic Nina , Gentry Sean , Lamprou George , Tzortzatou‐Stathopoulou Fotini , Zoumpourlis Vassilis , Urban Randall J. , Vlahopoulos Spiros A.
Published: April 2009

Sex steroids, through their receptors, have potent effects on the signal pathways involved in osteogenic or myogenic differentiation. However, a considerable segment of those signal pathways has a prominent role in epithelial neoplastic transformation. The capability to intervene locally has focused on specific ligands for the receptors. Nevertheless, many signals are mapped to interactions of steroid receptor motifs with heterologous regulatory proteins. Some of those proteins interact with the glucocorticoid receptor and other factors essential to cell fate. Interactions of steroid receptor domain motifs with heterologous proteins affect specific target pathways; consequently, manipulation of specified protein modules complexed with steroid receptors may be a next major step for enhancing molecular targeted therapeutics. In the future, intervention at specific sections of receptor primary sequence may prove therapeutically more efficient in targeting pathways of choice than ligand selectivity can be.
Use of treatment analysis following ambiguous functional analysis results
Authors: Carter Stacy L.
Published: April 2009

The present study used a treatment analysis following ambiguous functional analysis results to evaluate potential treatments to reduce the SIB of a 32‐year‐old male with profound mental retardation. In addition, effective treatments were determined for increasing compliance with increasingly more complex self‐care tasks. The results indicated that a positive reinforcement procedure with extinction was useful toward reducing SIB and increasing compliance during three increasingly more complex tasks. The usefulness of treatment analysis procedures following ambiguous functional analysis results are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bite size and texture assessments to prescribe treatment for severe food selectivity in autism
Authors: Sharp William G. , Jaquess David L.
Published: April 2009

Separate evaluations of bite size (amount of food on the spoon) and food texture were used to prescribe treatment changes in a feeding protocol for a 3‐year‐old male with autism and severe food selectivity. Each evaluation revealed distinct behavioral topographies, with an increase in disruptive behaviors associated with increased bite sizes and decreased swallowing and higher rates of gagging associated with higher textures. The results of each evaluation were used to successfully guide increases in volume and texture during therapeutic meals. Results highlight the importance of considering both aversion to food as well as oral motor skills when designing treatment for children with food selectivity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer aided self‐monitoring to increase academic production and reduce self‐injurious behavior in a child with autism
Authors: Soares Denise A. , Vannest Kimberly J. , Harrison Judith
Published: April 2009

Self‐monitoring to increase the on‐task behavior of students with learning disabilities has been the focus of numerous studies in the literature. This study examined the effectiveness of computer aided self‐monitoring of academic task completion to reduce self‐injurious behavior in a 13‐year‐old male student with autism. Using an ABAB design, data were collected over 22 sessions in a resource‐reading classroom. Visual and statistical analyses indicated that when self‐monitoring of activity completion was implemented, rates of completion increased and maladaptive behaviors such as self‐injurious behavior and tantruming decreased. Discussion follows for implications for self‐monitoring with students with autism. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of the overjustification effect across multiple contingency arrangements
Authors: Bright Candice N. , Penrod Becky
Published: April 2009

The overjustification effect suggests that external rewards may decrease intrinsically reinforced behaviors; however, this conclusion is often drawn from pre‐ and post‐assessment data. The majority of studies published in this area do not take repeated measures of behavior. In addition, previous research has not distinguished between the use of rewards and reinforcers by demonstrating a reinforcement effect; hence, it is possible that the occurrence of the overjustification effect varies depending on the nature of the stimuli that are used. This study extended previous research by evaluating whether the overjustification effect was relevant to the use of non‐reinforcing stimuli, reinforcers, or both. The effects of verbal praise were also evaluated in relation to the overjustification effect. Results indicated that behavior did not decrease below baseline levels following the contingent delivery of non‐reinforcing stimuli, reinforcers, or verbal praise. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Jump start exit criterion: Exploring a new model of service delivery for the treatment of childhood feeding problems
Authors: Pizzo Bianca , Williams Keith E. , Paul Candace , Riegel Katherine
Published: April 2009

While the literature on the assessment and treatment of childhood feeding disorders continues to grow, little research has focused on developing new forms of service delivery. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of a brief, intensive intervention for the treatment of food selectivity in three boys who had failed to progress in traditional outpatient treatment. The implications of this model of service delivery are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detecting changes in simulated events II: Using variations of momentary time‐sampling to measure changes in duration events
Authors: Carroll Regina A. , Rapp John T. , Colby‐Dirksen Amanda M. , Lindenberg Ally M.
Published: April 2009

The extent to which a greater proportion of small behavior changes could be detected with momentary time‐sampling (MTS) was evaluated by (a) combining various interval sizes of partial‐interval recording (PIR) with 20 s, 30 s, 1 min MTS and (b) using variable interval sizes of MTS that were based on means of 20 s and 1 min. For each targeted percentage, low, moderate, and high inter‐response times (IRTs) to event‐run ratios were compared with reversal designs to determine whether sensitivity increased with either variation of MTS. The results showed that (a) combinations of 30 s and 1 min MTS/PIR yielded increased sensitivity over MTS alone; however, the increased sensitivity was offset by an increased probability of generating false positives and (b) variable‐interval MTS produced comparable sensitivity to fixed‐interval MTS. Thus, none of the methods increased detection of small behavior changes (decreased false negatives) without also increasing false positives. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformational preferences and cis–trans isomerization of L‐3,4‐dehydroproline residue
Authors: Kang Young Kee , Park Hae Sook
Published: April 2009

The conformational study of N‐acetyl‐N′‐methylamide of L‐3,4‐dehydroproline (Ac‐Dhp‐NHMe, the Dhp dipeptide) is carried out using hybrid density functional methods with the self‐consistent reaction field method in the gas phase and in solution (chloroform and water). The incorporation of a double bond between Cβ and Cγ into the prolyl ring results in the puckering, backbone population, and barriers to prolyl cis–trans isomerization different from those of the Pro dipeptide. For local minima of the Dhp dipeptide in the gas phase and in water, the CβCγ bonds become shorter by ∼0.2 Å and the bond angles CαCβCγ and CβCγCδ are widened by ∼8° than those of the Pro dipeptide, and the puckering amplitude is computed to be 0.01–0.07 Å, indicating that the 3,4‐dehydroprolyl ring is quite less puckered. However, polyproline‐like conformations become preferred and the relative stability of the conformation tC with a C7 intramolecular hydrogen bond decreases as the solvent polarity increases, as found for the Pro dipeptide. The barriers to cis–trans isomerization of the Ac−Dhp peptide bond increase with the increase of solvent polarity and the isomerization is likely to proceed through the clockwise rotation in water, as found for the prolyl peptide bond. The hydrogen bond between the prolyl nitrogen and the following amide NH group seems to contribute in stabilizing the transition state structures. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 92: 387–398, 2009.

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