bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time, Money and the Gender Order: Work Orientations and Working‐Time Preferences in Britain
Authors: Fagan Colette
Published: March 2003

In the context of economic restructuring and the reorganization of working time, the question of working‐time preferences is emerging as an important component of both academic and policy debates. Much of the debate about preferences is based upon conjuncture or inadequate indicators, often drawing oppositional models of gender differences in preferences which neglect the similarities between the sexes. This article starts by developing a framework for interpreting preference formation and change, with particular emphasis on the societal institutional system and existing national working‐time regime in which individuals' behaviour and preferences are located. This framework is then applied to highlight the particular features of the national working‐time regime and associated ‘gender order’ in Britain, followed by an analysis of gender similarities and differences in work orientations and working‐time preferences in this country. The results show that work orientations and working‐time preferences are related to labour market circumstances for both sexes. Similarity between women and men in the influences of workplace variables coexists with a gender‐differentiated effect of household circumstances on the types of work schedules preferred; childcare and domestic responsibilities figure more largely in women's accounts of their preferences than in men's. For both, however, the most popular reform would be increased time sovereignty in the organization of their work schedules.
Advancing Gender Equality: The Role of Women‐Only Trade Union Education
Authors: Greene Anne‐Marie , Kirton Gill
Published: March 2003

The need to improve the level of membership and the number of women activists has been a central feature of overall ‘renewal’ strategies of many British trade unions. Within this, equality education has been a key part of policy‐making. This research draws on detailed case studies of two trade unions and focuses on their women‐only education courses. We suggest that a greater understanding of the contribution of different types of trade union education to the advance of equality is a key factor in the ability of unions to maintain a central role at workplace level, within the context of an increasingly diverse labour market.
Money Metric, Consumer Surplus and Welfare Measurement
Authors: Hillinger Claude
Published: March 2003

The paper provides a rigorous derivation of the `welfare triangle approximation' (WTA), which is at the centre of cost-benefit analysis. The result is generalized by showing that the WTA is one of two dual expressions, one of which approximates the change in real consumption, the other the change in the cost of living. The result is based on a correction of a proof attempted by Hicks. Many other derivations are also given, each based on a different definition of the theoretical functions to be approximated. The final result is the following: each of the empirical variations corresponds to a range of theoretical variations. The edges of the range are theoretical Laspeyres and Paasche variations which are approximated linearly; the interior region of the range is approximated quadratically; the centre of the range is replicated exactly by the empirical measures.
Economic Development, Trade and Wages
Authors: Jones Ronald W. , Marjit Sugata
Published: March 2003

We present models that allow the use of unskilled and skilled labor as well as capital and land. Thus agriculture, important in developing countries, can be included as well as two types of labor and a single (or two) type(s) of physical capital. The models are related to the simple 3x2 specific factors structure by means of what is called the linear neighborhood structure, wherein no activity uses more than two factors, and the two types of labor work in separated sectors, using in common a type of physical capital. We discuss how wage rate changes are related when endowments change, when agriculture becomes traded and prices rise, and when unskilled labor becomes educated and joins the ranks of skilled workers.
‘Was nemlich mehr sei, das Ganze oder das Einzelne’: Hölderlin’s Hyperion as an Unresolved Crisis
Authors: Lyon John B.
Published: March 2003

Hyperion enacts Hölderlin’s philosophical crisis of the late 1790s over how to constitute a differentiated unity, a totality which simultaneously allows for particularity. The final version of the novel manifests Hölderlin’s struggle to discover whether the particular or the whole is more significant in this endeavour; it does not represent the completed development and accompanying attainment of wholeness by the narrator‐poet intimated in earlier versions, but instead demonstrates the pursuit of this philosophical question to its painfully negative conclusion. In the course of the novel the narrator tests several resolutions to this problem but rejects each in turn. He leaves the reader in a crisis similar to Hölderlin’s, facing only negative options — neither particular, nor whole — without a positive alternative. Hyperion ultimately represents a failed effort to establish the primacy of the particular in relation to the whole, a failure that forces Hölderlin to choose between the whole and the particular. Hölderlin neither makes this choice nor resolves this crisis in the novel. He fails to provide the reader with a sense of closure to this crisis, and in so doing he anticipates the similarly unsettling philosophical and poetic ventures into particularity that characterise his later career.
Heyse and Storm on the Slippery Slope: Two Differing Approaches to Euthanasia
Authors: Burns Barbara
Published: March 2003

The article considers two different nineteenth‐century literary approaches to the subject of mercy killing. Paul Heyse and Theodor Storm were friends whose concurrent treatments of the theme of euthanasia in the late 1880s brought them temporarily into conflict with one another. Heyse’s Auf Tod und Leben and Die schwerste Pflicht and Storm’s Ein Bekenntnis represent interesting early attempts to address in literary form a difficult moral issue before many of the arguments in the modern debate over voluntary euthanasia had been fully articulated. The three works are examined in order to ascertain what they reveal about the contrasting world views of the two writers, and to focus attention on the questions they raise relating to the hardening of the moral climate in Germany and the Nazi ‘euthanasia’ programme which was to come.
The Gestapo and the German Political Exiles in Britain during the 1930s: The Case of Hans Wesemann — and Others
Authors: Brinson Charmian
Published: March 2003

This paper considers some of the ways in which foreign propaganda and espionage were organised by the National Socialists and the methods employed by the Gestapo abroad against their opponents. In particular, it looks at the workings of the Gestapo in Britain as illustrated by the case of Hans Wesemann, who managed to infiltrate both Socialist exile and progressive British circles in order to report back to Germany on the anti‐Nazi activities he observed there. Wesemann’s espionage career culminated in the abduction of the journalist Berthold Jacob, an incident that was linked in British press and parliament to the mysterious death in London of two refugees involved in investigating Wesemann’s nefarious exploits. These events and their wider ramifications are examined here, as are the British and German official reactions to them.
Überwacht und ausgebürgert: Klaus Mann und Erika Mann in den Akten des Dritten Reiches
Authors: Stephan Alexander
Published: March 2003

Nahezu allen Schriftstellern, Künstlern und Intellektuellen, die nach 1933 ins Exil gehen mußten, wurde über kurz oder lang von den Nationalsozialisten die deutsche Staatsbürgerschaft aberkannt — darunter auch Klaus und Erika Mann. Was bislang wenig bekannt war, ist, daß Behörden des Dritten Reiches wie die Gestapo, die Außen‐, Innen‐ und Propagandaministerien, Diplomaten wie Ernst Freiherr von Weizsäcker und selbst reisende Geschäftsleute die ‘undeutschen’ Aktivitäten der Exilanten im Ausland über Jahre hinweg beobachteten und überwachten. So gingen in die Akten der Geschwister Mann aus Holland, Frankreich und der Schweiz, aus Moskau, Stockholm und San Francisco Berichte ein über Aufführungen von Erika Manns Kabarett ‘Die Pfeffermühle’, die publizistische Tätigkeit von ‘Klaus Thomasson Mann’ und Differenzen zwischen Thomas Mann und seinen Kindern. Benutzt wurden diese Dossiers, die, mit wenigen Ausnahmen, von einer frühen und intensiven Übernahme des Nazijargons und der Naziideologie durch Beamte des deutschen Reiches zeugen, zu mehreren Zwecken: um die von der Gestapo eingeleiteten Ausbürgerungsverfahren zu legalisieren; um das Dritte Reich gegen die ‘zersetzende’ Exilliteratur abzuschotten; und um die Tätigkeit der Exilanten durch Denunziationen bei der internationalen Presse und Interventionen bei ausländischen Regierungsstellen zu behindern.
Kurt Hiller — A ‘Stänkerer’ in Exile 1934–1955
Authors: Ritchie J.M.
Published: March 2003

One of the most prominent literary and political figures of the Weimar Republic, Kurt Hiller was associated at an early age with many –isms (Expressionism, Activism) and many groups, journals and publications — Der Neue Club (many of whose members would end up in exile in England), Die Aktion, Das Neopathetische Cabarett, Der Kondor, the Ziel‐Bucher and the Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft. As a homosexual, Jew, political agitator, pacifist and anti‐fascist, Hiller was arrested early in 1933 by the Nazis and brutally treated. After release from concentration camp he made his way into exile, first to Czechoslovakia and then to England, where he remained until 1955. After internment in that country Hiller continued to be the trouble‐maker he had always been. An anti‐Communist as well as an anti‐Nazi, he refused to associate with front organisations such as the Free German League of Culture and instead set up his own splinter groups, GUDA (Gruppe Unabhängiger Deutscher Autoren) and FDS (Freiheitsbund Deutscher Sozialisten). After the war a series of books by him —Köpfe und Tröpfe, Rote Ritter, Ratioaktiv, Leben gegen die Zeit— reminded his lost readers of his brilliant prose. When he then eventually returned to Germany in the heady days of the revolutionary students’ movement he enjoyed a brief period of fame once more. Since then his fame has faded and the man Der Spiegel described as ‘the most significant hot‐head of the radical Left’ has once again become a forgotten figure, his career destroyed by some twenty years of exile.
Nationalism and the Reception of Jacob Grimm's Deutsche Grammatik by English‐Speaking Audiences
Authors: Marggraf Turley Richard
Published: March 2003

Grimm ‘arrived’ in Britain in the 1830s, more than a decade after his pioneering insights into the nature of language first appeared in the Deutsche Grammatik. This essay offers a comprehensive survey of Grimm's British reception to determine why, and in what ways, the German grammarian's theories permeated British‐speaking consciousness at this particular historical juncture. It is especially concerned to relate Grimm to a fundamental shift that occurred in popular and scholarly perceptions of language in Britain in the 1830s and early 1840s, when the status of English changed from that of poor cousin to Latin and Greek, to equal sibling with the classical tongues. The nationalistic uses and misuses of Grimm in this process of revision will be drawn into sharp focus.
‘Philomela's Revenge’: Challenges to Rape in Recent Writing in German
Authors: Linklater Beth
Published: March 2003

This article uses Ovid's Philomela myth to trace ideas of resistance to rape within six recent German texts; Libuše Moníková's Eine Schädigung, Christoph Hein's Der fremde Freund, Annett Gröschner's Maria im Schnee, Stefan Schütz's Schnitters Mall, Regine Nössler's Strafe Muss Sein and Karen Duve's Regenroman. The myth offers three forms of resistance. Firstly, Philomela weaves a garment for her sister recounting the story of her violation. This act raises the notion of storytelling as a form of challenge in itself. If the weaving is seen as female art it also questions what role art can play in opposing violence. Secondly, Philomela and Procne serve the rapist his own son for dinner. Here the women adopt the traditionally masculine form of violent resistance, subverting the simplistic dichotomy of powerful man/powerless woman characteristic of patriarchal societies. Thirdly, all three characters are changed into birds. Philomela, tongueless, becomes a nightingale, an ironic metamorphosis which again suggests the importance of music and art in retelling rape stories, but also goes further, offering the possibility of changing oneself, the adoption of a different and fictional persona in order to cope with the violence perpetrated upon the real body. Within this framework, the article seeks to analyse the differing and fascinating ways in which all six modern texts develop the subversive potential inherent in the classical myth.
Moral Interest and Religious Truth: On the Relationship between Morality and Religion in Novalis
Authors: Weder Christine
Published: March 2003

Whereas it is obvious and well‐known that the relationship between morality and religion plays an important role in Enlightenment discourse, it has not yet been properly recognised that this is equally true for the view of some early Romantics such as Friedrich von Hardenberg. An investigation against the Kantian background shows the moral‐religious relationship, as established by Novalis, to be an implicit reaction to the problems which are contained in the ‘Moraltheologie’ of the Enlightenment period. Kant, largely sharing a neological approach, tends to reduce religion to morality and even to instrumentalise the former for the sake of the latter. Hardenberg responds to the difficulties implied in this conception by liberating religion from any reduction and instrumentalisation, but, remarkably, not at the expense of his moral concern, and while retaining an intimate relation between religion and morality. Novalis's view can be explained by referring to his notion of indirect pursuit of goals, through which it is also related to his Early Romantic concept of art.
Learning from Uncle Sam? Exploring U.S. Influences on British Crime Control Policy
Authors: Jones Trevor , Newburn Tim
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the idea of “policy transfer” in the arena of crime control. More specifically, it examines the influence of the United States on recent criminal justice and penal policy developments in Britain. Three policy areas are discussed: privatized corrections, “zero‐tolerance” policing, and “three‐strikes” sentencing. Changes in these areas are widely perceived as being strongly influenced by developments in the U.S., although there has yet to be a systematic empirical study of how and why these policy developments occurred. Drawing on a review of literature, this paper examines the plausibility of the idea of policy transfer and highlights distinct routes through which policy transfer may occur between jurisdictions. It uses Bennett's (1991) model of “policy convergence” as a framework for exploring how “emulation,”“elite‐networking,”“harmonization,” and “penetration” might have been relevant to policy changes in these areas. Finally, the paper considers how the concept of policy transfer in criminal justice and penal policy might be further examined empirically.
Democratization and Environmental Policy–Making in Korea
Authors: Lim Joon Hyoung , Tang Shui–Yan
Published: March 2003

Democratization in Korea since 1987 has led to the gradual establishment of a diverse set of institutional arrangements—competitive electoral systems, local autonomy, freedom of the press, and freedom of association—that facilitate the articulation of diffuse environmental interests in policy–making processes. Yet, as illustrated by the cases of the Youngwol Dam project and the Wichon Industrial Complex, the policy–making system is still unsettled by numerous environmental protests and by difficulties in resolving distributional conflicts among different groups and communities. To resolve these difficulties, Korea needs to overcome some adverse legacies from its authoritarian era and to develop multiple channels and mechanisms for citizen participation in policy–making and for conflict resolution among different groups and communities. The experience of Korea illustrates the complex dynamics between democratization and environmental policy–making.
Democratizing the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank: Governance and Accountability
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E.
Published: March 2003

Much has been said about the failing policies of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). In this essay, I attempt to explain why the IMF has pursued policies that in many cases not only failed to promote the stated objectives of enhancing growth and stability, but were probably counterproductive and even flew in the face of a considerable body of theoretical and empirical work that suggested these poilcies would be counterproductive. I argue that the root of the problem lies in the IMF's system of governance. Thereafter, I discuss how the World Bank managed to reform its agenda in order to fulfill its goals of poverty reduction more successfully, and what lessons this reform holds for the IMF. I conclude by proposing needed reforms for the IMF that might mitigate some of the problems it has encountered in the past.1
Solid Waste Recycling Behavior of Industrial‐Commercial ‐Institutional Establishments
Authors: MACLAREN VIRGINIA W. , YU CHANG‐CHING
Published: March 2003

This paper develops a model of the relationship between the solid waste recycling activities of industrial‐commercial‐institutional (ICI) firms and two sets of explanatory variables: characteristics of the firm and characteristics of the waste materials. The model is tested for six types of waste material (paper, paperboard, plastic, glass, wood, and metal) using logistic regression analysis and drawing on waste quantity and composition data collected from a sample of over 400 ICI firms in metropolitan Toronto. The percentage of firms recycling materials ranged from a high of 46 percent for paperboard to a low of 8 percent for plastics. In all of the models tested, quantity of waste material produced was found to be a significant explanatory variable in determining whether a firm will recycle that material. Other variables which were found to be significant in explaining recycling of some, but not all, material types were floor space of the firm, and type of economic activity. Despite theoretical support for its inclusion, employment was not found to be significant in any of the models.
Higher Education Participation in Northern Ireland
Authors: Cormack Robert , Gallagher Anthony , Osborne Robert
Published: March 2003

Higher education participation in Northern Ireland is higher than England and Wales and second only to Scotland. This paper charts the progress of participation and examines its social characteristics. Uniquely within the UK, approximately one‐third of Northern Ireland entrants come from working class backgrounds. Catholic and female participation has also increased significantly but the participation of mature entrants is lower than in the rest of the UK. High participation levels have been achieved, however, by large numbers of entrants leaving to study in Scotland and England. There is a significant undersupply of higher education places in Northern Ireland when compared with either Scotland or Wales. With the costs of higher education being increasingly borne by individual students and their families there is already evidence that more students would prefer to remain in Northern Ireland to study. Increasing pressure on places is driving up A‐level entry requirements and many students are forced to leave Northern Ireland to study or not to study in higher education. These developments threaten the advances made by particular social groups. Lifting the MASN cap in Northern Ireland is a significant policy objective.
Dearing is Dead – Blunkett is Born? The Future Funding of Higher Education
Authors: Wagner Leslie
Published: March 2003

The Dearing Report’s most substantial and rigorous piece of work on funding has been rendered irrelevant by the government’s decision to adopt a different approach which Dearing had not considered. Much time, effort and money could have been saved if the government had made its objectives clear before the Report was finalised rather than on the day it was published.

Yet the Dearing chapters on funding are not wasted because they provide the case for a student contribution to tuition costs on the grounds of equity. These arguments are examined and supported in the paper. The Report is criticised for missing the opportunity to argue for credit‐based funding in relation to both the public and student contributions.

The reasons for the government preferring its particular mix of means‐tested fee and loan instead of means‐tested maintenance grant are explained in terms of its political objectives. The effect of the government’s proposals is that no student or parent pays more now for higher education than under existing arrangements. The extra private costs are incurred by graduates in repaying their additional loans out of their future income.

Finally, the misplaced emphasis on dealing with the full‐time student funding problem led the Committee to give insufficient attention to other students. The adoption of a genuine lifelong learning model of higher education might have generated more relevant proposals not only on funding but elsewhere.
Managing in Higher Education: The ‘Wicked Issues’
Authors: Watson David
Published: March 2003

Using the concept of ‘wicked’ or ‘slushy’ issues in social policy, the author presents a taxonomy of such problems faced by managers in universities and colleges. Groups of problems include: those shared with all large and complex enterprises; those affecting the public services with special force; and those peculiar to higher education. He concludes with some reflections on management reactions to such problems.
Net Gains or Net Pains? Business Students' Use of the Internet
Authors: Selwyn Neil , Marriott Neil , Marriott Pru
Published: March 2003

Within the wider drive in higher education to promote students' use of information and communications technology (ICT) it is assumed that the Internet will be a key application. Popular conceptions of a ‘wired’ generation of students at ease with on‐line learning persist through official literature and the media. From this basis, the present paper takes an empirical perspective in students' use of the Internet, via focus group interviews with 77 students in two UK universities, and explores the factors underlying their use (and non‐use) of the Internet in university. Four crucial themes were identified, namely: (i) the ways in which students were introduced to using the Internet; (ii) operational problems encountered when using the Internet as an information resource; (iii) treatment of information retrieved from the Internet; (iv) the social element of learning in on‐line environments. These factors are examined in detail and discussed in relation to the future presentation and organisation of students' Internet use in university settings.
Lifelong Debt: Rates of Return to Mature Study
Authors: Egerton Muriel , Parry Gareth
Published: March 2003

High rates of return to first degrees have been used to justify increased student financial contributions to higher education. However, no discrete study of rates of return to mature graduates has been carried out although mature graduates now form a significant proportion of the student population. The General Household Survey 1983–1992 was used to examine the earnings of mature graduates compared with those of matriculates. The GHS yielded 616 mature graduate men in full‐time work and 296 mature graduate women who were in full‐time employment. It was found that the rate of return to mature male graduates was just above one per cent. With recent added costs, new male mature graduates can be forecast to make a sizeable loss on their study. Rates of return to women mature graduates were higher, between five and six per cent, and, based on these figures, the recent increased cost of mature graduate study should be covered by increased earnings. However, these calculations are based on average earnings for the modal age cohort of mature graduates. Those who are older when they complete or earn below the average (a large percentage) will not recoup the costs of study.
The External Pressures on the Internal Governance of Universities
Authors: Salter Brian , Tapper Ted
Published: March 2003

Governance is a means for realising institutional goals and in an ideal world should enable the institution to respond to the demands of the political environment by regulating its internal affairs accordingly. In the case of universities, not only is that environment increasingly differentiated but so also is the ability of universities to access it. Changes in state funding arrangements, accountability mechanisms, the contribution of the private sector, and the public definition of university education have placed numerous and varied pressures on institutions. Yet there is a studied reluctance by institutions to accept that their ability to respond to these pressures is equally variable, that they should tailor their ambitions to their capacities, and that their internal governance should be adapted using the principle of fitness for purpose. In the main, this is because the dominant ideological themes of higher education do not support the idea of distinct university functions of equal status. Rather, they encourage the erroneous belief that all universities are homogeneous in their functions – or, at least, that all have the potential to be homogeneous.
Women, Academia and Identity: Constructions of Equal Opportunities in the ‘New Managerialism’– A Case of ‘Lipstick on the Gorilla’?
Authors: Saunderson Wendy
Published: March 2003

This paper has two distinct foci. The first is an introductory focus on the current position and problems of academic women working in UK universities (despite the valorization of Equal Opportunities (EO), and within the context and constraints of the ‘New Managerialism’). The second and main focus is on the personal impact of university work on the lives of academic women, towards exploring and uncovering how higher education’s institutional structures and processes impact upon academic women’s identity structures and processes. Idiographic analyses of a small number of case studies suggest that despite considerable recent gains, some academic women’s identities are compromised, challenged and made ‘vulnerable’ through feelings of being undervalued, overburdened and often the subjects of unequal treatment – more than 30 years after the Equal Pay Act and almost 30 years after the Sex Discrimination Act. The paper’s conclusions therefore warn that continued valorization of EO policy without its assimilation into the underlying core institutional culture will sanction the valediction of any tangible or effective progress in HE’s ability to produce more robust academic identities and more satisfying daily working lives for academic women. Insofar as such assimilation is not achieved, the policy, practice and rhetoric of equal opportunities and equal treatment in UK higher education will remain little more than ‘lipstick on the gorilla’.
Academia as a Profession and the Hierarchy of the Sexes: Paths out of Research in German Universities
Authors: Krais Beate
Published: March 2003

The careers of women in German higher education are really careers which lead out of academe: women disappear on the route to the top. In order to track processes and structures which lead to this ‘academic mortality of females’, this article views higher education as a social field with its own dynamic of development, differentiated according to subject cultures. At the centre of the exploration lie organisational structures, hierarchies, time allocation, customs, traditions, everyday practices and interaction in the scientific community. In order to gain insight into these, detailed interviews were carried out with aspiring academics, institute directors and professors, both at universities and at research institutes outside the orbit of universities; the use of time was studied, and ethnographic material was assembled, together with statistical data. This contribution focuses on the structural conditions of the academic career, on symbolic violence in direct interaction, on patterns of competitive behaviour in the scientific community and on the role of mentors.
Political and Religious Propaganda at the Court of Charles V: a Newly‐Identified Tract by Alfonso Valdés
Authors: Rummel Erika
Published: March 2003

An anonymous response on behalf of Charles V to statements made by Edward Lee, English ambassador to the imperial court (published in Exhibita quaedam per Eduardum Leum …, Antwerp, 1528), is ascribed to the imperial secretary Alfonso Valdés. There are verbal and contextual parallels between the anonymous response and Valdés's Diálogo de Mercurio y Carón. Both works, moreover, contain references to Erasmus, with whom Lee had engaged in a polemic over the text and interpretation of the new Testament. The exchange, therefore, transcends the political sphere, and pits Valdés, an admirer of Erasmian humanism, against Lee, a defender of the scholastic method.
Venezuela after the Caracazo: Forms of Protest in a Deinstitutionalized context
Authors: López‐Maya Margarita
Published: March 2003

Protest has become in recent years one of the most visible features of everyday life in urban Venezuela. Since the middle eighties, but in particular after the Caracazo of 1989, the Caraqueños as well as residents of other cities of the country have had to adjust themselves to the hundreds of demonstrations that are held every year. In this article I shall present the most common forms of collective action over the last ten years, relating them to the process of deinstitutionalization that has developed during the decade. I shall discuss why extra‐institutional forms of collective action of a confrontational and violent nature have spread from marginal actors to organizations that in the past had at their disposal alternative channels for presenting their complaints and demands.
Undemocratic Democracy: Venezuela and the Distorting of History
Authors: Derham Michael
Published: March 2003

President Hugo Chávez has been the subject of much frenzied comment, as much at academic conferences as in the press. Criticism has been to a great degree personalised against his very visible public profile. The crisis of democracy in Venezuela has been widely ascribed to faults committed by the traditional parties since the early 1980s and reflected in the coterminous rise in crime and violence. Support for Chávez, or even objective comment, has been at a premium. This article looks at the crisis of democracy across a wider timescale and sees the ‘most stable democracy in Latin America’ to have been deeply flawed from the outset. It reflects an earlier propaganda campaign, similarly short on meaningful analysis, aimed at undermining the popularity of a previous unconventional leader of Venezuela, Marcos Pérez Jiménez. It is claimed that Venezuelans want to preserve democracy but are also ready to support military coups to oust corrupt or inefficient politicians. Is Chávez merely representative of transient anti‐party feeling or could the history of Venezuelan democracy have caused a more fundamental change in relationships between the mass of the people and their leader?
Searching for Civilian Supremacy: The Concertación Governments and the Military in Chile
Authors: Silva Patricio
Published: March 2003

This article explores the nature and evolution of government‐military relations in Chile since democratic restoration in 1990. Its highlights both the attempts by the Concertación governments to reinstate civilian control on the armed forces, as well as the mechanisms used by the military establishment to resist it. Special attention is given to two particular actors of the Chilean democratic transition who have played a critical role in the evolution of government‐military relations in the post‐authoritarian period: the civilian Right and the Judiciary. As this article aims to show, the strength of the Chilean right has constantly represented a formidable barrier for the Concertación governments in attempts to introduce the legal reforms required to re‐establish civilian supremacy over the military. Furthermore, legal decisions adopted by the Chilean judiciary on human rights‐related cases have also played a crucial role in the evolution of government‐military relations during the past decade.
Between universalism and particularism: the historical bases of Muslim communal, national, and global identities
Authors: Lapidus Ira M.
Published: March 2003

In recent decades there has been an extraordinary flourishing of transnational and global Islamic movements. Most of these are religious reform and missionary movements; some are political networks working to form Islamic states. Yet on closer examination we find that universalistic Islamic movements are almost always embedded in national state and parochial settings. Muslim, and national, ethnic, tribal and local identities blend together. This blending of universalistic and particularistic affiliations has deep‐rooted precedents in Islamic history. The original Muslim community of Medina represented a monotheistic vision encadred in a community of clans. The universal empire of the Caliphate gave rise to schools, brotherhoods, and sectarian communities. Sufi reform teachings of the late seventeenth to the twentieth century defined Islamo‐tribal movements. In the twentieth century universalistic Islamic reformism inspired nationalism and anti‐colonialism. The paper concludes with some comments on the mechanisms by which historical and cultural precedents are carried into modern times.
‘Intercourse in every direction’: America as global phenomenon
Authors: Hodson Joel
Published: March 2003

In news magazines and scholarly journals a wide‐ranging ‘globe‐talk’ has arisen since the 1970s in response to recent transformations in the world. Much of the discourse reflects a growing international concern about U.S. dominance of the world’s economy and cultural production. Understandably, the discourse is about agency. The United States has dominated global affairs since the Second World War and especially since the end of the Cold War ‐ militarily, economically, and culturally. It is sometimes forgotten, however, how much America is a product of the internationalizing processes it has come to symbolize. This essay argues that the United States is as much a product as an agent of globalization and that, if we accept the logic of globalization, the United States as a national culture is being undermined in much the same ways as other countries. The title of the paper is borrowed from the Communist Manifesto, an ironically prescient document that 150 years ago outlined the processes of globalization that characterize America’s global history and forecast the transformations we experience worldwide today.
Chains and networks, territories and scales: towards a relational framework for analysing the global economy
Authors: Dicken Peter , Kelly Philip F. , Olds Kris , Wai‐Chung Yeung Henry
Published: March 2003

A vast and continually expanding literature on economic globalization continues to generate a miasma of conflicting viewpoints and alternative discourses. This article argues that any understanding of the global economy must be sensitive to four considerations: (a) conceptual categories and labels carry with them the discursive power to shape material processes; (b) multiple scales of analysis must be incorporated in recognition of the contemporary ‘relativization of scale’; (c) no single institutional or organizational locus of analysis should be privileged; and (d) extrapolations from specific case studies and instances must be treated with caution, but this should not preclude the option of discussing the global economy, and power relations within it, as a structural whole. This paper advocates a network methodology as a potential framework to incorporate these concerns. Such a methodology requires us to identify actors in networks, their ongoing relations and the structural outcomes of these relations. Networks thus become the foundational unit of analysis for our understanding of the global economy, rather than individuals, firms or nation states. In presenting this argument we critically examine two examples of network methodology that have been used to provide frameworks for analysing the global economy: global commodity chains and actor‐network theory. We suggest that while they fall short of fulfilling the promise of a network methodology in some respects, they do provide indications of the utility of such a methodology as a basis for understanding the global economy.
Transnational women’s activism in Japan and Korea:the unresolved issue of military sexual slavery
Authors: Piper Nicola
Published: March 2003

This article is about the transnational links formed between the Korean and Japanese women‘s movements in their campaign on behalf of the victims of ‘military sexual slavery’ during the Second World War. There is a growing literature that examines such networks. Yet, a deeper understanding of the emergence and activities of transnational advocacy networks is needed, particularly in the context of political opportunity structures. Social scientists who have developed the concept of political opportunity structures have, however, not provided a gender‐specific analysis of these. Of particular interest is the exploration of the role played by gender in an international human rights discourse as a political opportunity structure for women’s groups in Korea and Japan. This article, thus, explores the ways in which the feminist movements in Korea and Japan have made use of transnational legal means in politicizing and popularizing the issue of ‘military sexual slavery’ at both regional and global scales.
Between the state and global civil society: non‐official experts and their network in the Asia‐Pacific, 1925–45
Authors: Akami Tomoko
Published: March 2003

This article stresses the need for a more rigorous scrutiny of the power structure in which an expert network produces its ‘expert knowledge’. It defines a pioneering multinational expert network in the Asia‐Pacific region in the interwar years as a prototype of an epistemic community, and examines how far it challenged the state‐centred and North Atlantic‐centred dominant structure of international politics, and became ‘global’. In this article I argue that this particular network largely reinforced the dominant structure. This meant that it remained inter‐national and colonial, and served the interests of the state/empire, neither becoming global nor advancing a universalist cause for the global civil society. The failure owes a lot to historical circumstances. Yet this case study also demonstrates that the structure in which the expert network produced specific knowledge is still dominant and that a constant scrutiny of the role of an expert network remains critical.
Constitutional Values and HIV/AIDS in the Workplace: Reflections on Hoffmann v South African Airways
Authors: Ngwena Charles
Published: March 2003

South Africa is experiencing an HIV/AIDS epidemic of enormous proportions. The workplace, like all the other sectors, is adversely affected. The tendency of a significant proportion of employers has been to discriminate against employees and job applicants living with HIV/AIDS through use of HIV testing to exclude those that are HIV‐positive. In the case of Hoffmann v South African Airways, the Constitutional Court was asked to determine the constitutionality of excluding a job applicant on account of an HIV‐positive status. The Court ruled in favour of the applicant and ordered instatement. Through an analysis of Hoffmann v South African Airways, the article examines how constitutional values are impacting on HIV/AIDS‐related ethics in the workplace.
Four Forward‐looking Guidance Points
Authors: Macklin Ruth
Published: March 2003

Four key guidance points in the UNAIDS guidance document, Ethical Considerations in HIV Preventive Vaccine Research, are compared with analogous statements in three other recently issued documents dealing with international research. Those documents are: the Declaration of Helsinki, as revised in 2000; the report of the U.S. National Bioethics Advisory Commission, issued in 2001; and a current (2001) draft revision of the 1993 CIOMS International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects. The four guidance points compared with statements on similar issues in the other three documents are Guidance Point 2, which deals with making available a safe and effective vaccine after trials are completed; the second half of Guidance Point 4, which requires that the desired outcome should potentially benefit the population from which research participants are drawn; Guidance Point 11, which discusses what should be provided to a control group in a vaccine trial; and Guidance Point 16, which addresses the care and treatment to be provided for trial participants who become infected with HIV during the trial. The analysis and comparison concludes that the UNAIDS guidance points are at least as ethically sound as analogous points in these other documents, and for the most part are ethically superior in providing greater benefits to research participants and to others. Nevertheless, they are subject to the criticism that they are too ‘aspirational’ and not sufficiently ‘pragmatic’.
Measuring Executive Functions in Childhood: Problems and Solutions?
Authors: Hughes Claire , Graham Andrew
Published: March 2003

In this review we outline some of the current issues surrounding the measurement of executive function (EF) in children. Beginning with the theoretical background to the concept of EF we then review the difficulties in measuring EF in adult populations, and argue that these difficulties may, at least in part, be overcome when working with children, so that developmental studies of EF may provide special insights into the organisation of EF. Next, we review three research areas that have attracted considerable interest in childhood EF: (i) developmental disorders; (ii) new methodologies for investigating the normative development of EF (including three task batteries – CANTAB, TEA‐Ch and MARS); and (iii) the relationship between Theory of Mind (ToM) and EF. Finally, we consider what progress has been made so far in the fractionation of EF into component processes, and what remains to be done to achieve this important goal.
Strength, Toughness and Thermal Shock Resistance of Ancient Ceramics, and Their Influence On Technological Choice
Authors: Tite M. S. , Kilikoglou V. , Vekinis G.
Published: March 2003

The basic underlying theory for the strength, toughness and thermal shock resistance of brittle multiphase clay ceramics, together with the measurement procedures to determine these parameters, are first outlined. Published experimental data obtained for test bars containing different types of temper and fired to a range of temperatures are then compared both with theoretical predictions and between themselves. The results confirm that to produce pottery with high strength requires high firing temperatures and low temper concentrations. Conversely, to produce pottery with high toughness and thermal shock resistance requires low firing temperatures and high temper concentrations, with platy or fibrous temper being most effective. There is no convincing published evidence that strength and toughness requirements were a significant factor in determining the technological choices (clay type, temper type and concentration, and firing temperature) in the production of pottery used as containers for transport and storage. In contrast, the routine use of high temper concentrations and low firing temperatures in the production of cooking pots suggests that the requirement for high thermal shock resistance was a factor that at least influenced technological choice in this case. In addition, there is some evidence that limestone and shell were, on occasions, deliberately chosen as temper in cooking pots. The need to take into account the crucial role that the full range of environmental, technological, economic, social, political and ideological factors have in influencing technological choice is also emphasized. This review highlights the fact that our current understanding of the factors determining strength, toughness and thermal shock resistance of clay ceramics is still far from complete. Further systematic measurements of these parameters, together with the establishment of a systematic database of the range of technological choices associated with the production of cooking pots, are therefore to be encouraged.
Bone preservation and DNA amplification
Authors: Götherström A. , Collins M. J. , Angerbjörn A. , Lidén K.
Published: March 2003

The use of ancient DNA has increased during the past two decades in several scientific disciplines. However, the underlying mechanisms of DNA degradation in bone tissue are poorly understood. Here we address the importance of hydroxyapatite and collagen for DNA preservation in bone. We used two series of bones and teeth, one set of modern experimentally degraded bovid bones and one set of ancient horse bones/teeth. From these samples, we measured crystallinity, DNA presence and extracted collagen. The mtDNA fragments, parts of cytochrome b and the D–loop were amplified and sequenced. Our results show that presence of DNA was strongly related to the crystallinity in the hydroxyapatite and to the amount of collagen. This suggests that the hypothesis that hydroxyapatite has a crucial role in DNA preservation in calcified tissue is valid; and hydroxyapatite and collagen can be used to indicate whether DNA is present in the material. This is what would be expected if DNA is adsorbed to and stabilized by hydroxyapatite in calcified tissue, and collagen is part of the complex system that preserves DNA in bone tissue. Further, since collagen is the preferred material for radiocarbon dating, such bones may be a starting–point for a DNA analysis.
Seeing how it was?: childhood geographies and memories in home movies
Authors: Nicholson Heather Norris
Published: March 2003

Home movies provided valuable insights into childhood experiences during much of the twentieth century. Contrasting footage of children in rural and urban setting in Northern England between c.1937 and 1970, viewed through the cinematic gaze of two male amateur film‐makers underpins this discussion of childhood geographies in the past. Issues explored in the paper include the social construction of childhood, power relations and visual representation of children, and the role of home movie‐making in shaping memories and constituting ideas and ideologies about family and children.
Building a national capital in an age of globalization: the case of Berlin
Authors: Cochrane Allan , Passmore Adrian
Published: March 2003

Berlin is being remade as capital of a unified German nation state, just at the time when the role of nation states is being called into question by the claims of globalization, and the associated rise of global cities. The experience of Berlin suggests that it may be unhelpful to accept the world‐city agenda as a universal template. Instead, it is necessary to explore the ways in which different agencies, companies and authorities negotiate the world around them, seeking to insert the city into pre‐existing ideas and realities, as well as to influence and shape them, in what is best understood as a wider process of ‘worlding’.