bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity of mature oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system
Authors: Weng Chao , Groh Adam M.R. , Yaqubi Moein , Cui Qiao-Ling , Stratton Jo Anne , Moore G. R. Wayne , Antel Jack P.
Published: June 2024

Mature oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths that are crucial for the insulation of axons and efficient signal transmission in the central nervous system. Recent evidence has challenged the classical view of the functionally static mature oligodendrocyte and revealed a gamut of dynamic functions such as the ability to modulate neuronal circuitry and provide metabolic support to axons. Despite the recognition of potential heterogeneity in mature oligodendrocyte function, a comprehensive summary of mature oligodendrocyte diversity is lacking. We delve into early 20th-century studies by Robertson and Río-Hortega that laid the foundation for the modern identification of regional and morphological heterogeneity in mature oligodendrocytes. Indeed, recent morphologic and functional studies call into question the long-assumed homogeneity of mature oligodendrocyte function through the identification of distinct subtypes with varying myelination preferences. Furthermore, modern molecular investigations, employing techniques such as single cell/nucleus RNA sequencing, consistently unveil at least six mature oligodendrocyte subpopulations in the human central nervous system that are highly transcriptomically diverse and vary with central nervous system region. Age and disease related mature oligodendrocyte variation denotes the impact of pathological conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and psychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, caution is warranted when subclassifying mature oligodendrocytes because of the simplification needed to make conclusions about cell identity from temporally confined investigations. Future studies leveraging advanced techniques like spatial transcriptomics and single-cell proteomics promise a more nuanced understanding of mature oligodendrocyte heterogeneity. Such research avenues that precisely evaluate mature oligodendrocyte heterogeneity with care to understand the mitigating influence of species, sex, central nervous system region, age, and disease, hold promise for the development of therapeutic interventions targeting varied central nervous system pathology.
Pharmacological intervention for chronic phase of spinal cord injury
Authors: Tohda Chihiro
Published: June 2024

Spinal cord injury is an intractable traumatic injury. The most common hurdles faced during spinal cord injury are failure of axonal regrowth and reconnection to target sites. These also tend to be the most challenging issues in spinal cord injury. As spinal cord injury progresses to the chronic phase, lost motor and sensory functions are not recovered. Several reasons may be attributed to the failure of recovery from chronic spinal cord injury. These include factors that inhibit axonal growth such as activated astrocytes, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, myelin-associated proteins, inflammatory microglia, and fibroblasts that accumulate at lesion sites. Skeletal muscle atrophy due to denervation is another chronic and detrimental spinal cord injury–specific condition. Although several intervention strategies based on multiple outlooks have been attempted for treating spinal cord injury, few approaches have been successful. To treat chronic spinal cord injury, neural cells or tissue substitutes may need to be supplied in the cavity area to enable possible axonal growth. Additionally, stimulating axonal growth activity by extrinsic factors is extremely important and essential for maintaining the remaining host neurons and transplanted neurons. This review focuses on pharmacotherapeutic approaches using small compounds and proteins to enable axonal growth in chronic spinal cord injury. This review presents some of these candidates that have shown promising outcomes in basic research (in vivo animal studies) and clinical trials: AA-NgR(310)ecto-Fc (AXER-204), fasudil, phosphatase and tensin homolog protein antagonist peptide 4, chondroitinase ABC, intracellular sigma peptide, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, matrine, acteoside, pyrvate kinase M2, diosgenin, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and fampridine-sustained release. Although the current situation suggests that drug-based therapies to recover function in chronic spinal cord injury are limited, potential candidates have been identified through basic research, and these candidates may be subjects of clinical studies in the future. Moreover, cocktail therapy comprising drugs with varied underlying mechanisms may be effective in treating the refractory status of chronic spinal cord injury.
Suprachoroidal triamcinolone for alexandrite laser-induced macular burn
Authors: Marashi Ameen , Baba Marwa , Paracha Quratulain
Published: June 2024

Two days after treatment for unwanted facial hair by alexandrite laser, a young female presented with decreased vision in the right eye. During the procedure, she was not wearing protective eye goggles. Ocular examination showed a round whitish lesion at the foveal region with visual acuity of 20/400. The left eye was unremarkable. She was treated immediately with a suprachoroidal injection of triamcinolone acetonide delivered with a custom-made needle. This resulted in the improvement of visual acuity and restoration of foveal anatomy over 1-year period.
Nocardia keratitis: A clinical diagnosis with successful outcome
Authors: Srujana Dubbaka , Shankar Sandeep , Anand Kavita Bala , Agrawal Mohini , Singhal Aanchal , Kumar Ashok , Kochhar Divya
Published: June 2024

Nocardia keratitis is mostly seen in patients with alcoholism, malnutrition, or HIV. Its chronic waxing-and-waning course makes it difficult to diagnose. A 53-year-old male presented with pain and redness in his right eye for the past 3 weeks. The cornea had paracentral ulcer with stromal infiltrates and multiple satellite lesions giving wreath-like appearance suggestive of Nocardia. After corneal scraping, fortified amikacin, moxifloxacin, and cycloplegics were started. Gram stain revealed filamentous, branching Gram-positive bacteria and acid-fast on Ziehl–Neelsen stain confirming our clinical diagnosis. Ulcer completely resolved over 6 weeks. Thus, a high index of clinical suspicion which was further backed by microbiological confirmation aided in expedient management ensuring a successful outcome.
To determine the role of transcutaneous retrobulbar amphotericin B in COVID-19-related rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis
Authors: Kaur Rajwinder , Sehgal Akriti , Gupta Priyanka , Budhiraja Grace , Sharma Vandana , Aggarwal Anupriya
Published: June 2024

PURPOSE:

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of transcutaneous retrobulbar amphotericin B (TRAMB) injection in COVID-19-related rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

This prospective interventional case series included 7 eyes of 7 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 ROCM presenting from May to September 2021 at a tertiary care center in North India. Active or recovered cases of COVID-19 with clinical features suggestive of ROCM and early orbital involvement were included. Following functional endoscopic sinus surgery, patients were given TRAMB 3.5 mg/ml in single ocular quadrant depending upon the muscle involved on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Patients were followed up for a period of 12 weeks.

RESULTS:

All patients were diabetic and COVID-19 reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction positive. The mean age of patients was 48.4 years ± 11 years, out of which 5 patients were male and 2 were female. The left eye was involved in 57.14% of cases whereas 42.85% of cases had right eye involvement. Presenting complaints were drooping of the upper lid (57.14%; n = 4), proptosis (28.57%; n = 2), facial pain and swelling (85.71%; n = 6), and nasal block (57.14%; n = 4). Stagewise distribution was 3a in four patients (57.14%), 3b in two patients (28.57%), and 4a in one patient. TRAMB injections (median – 3) were given, and improvement was seen in all patients in terms of ocular movements, ptosis, proptosis, and muscle enhancement on MRI scan. Three patients had an increase in intraocular pressure and inflammation which settled within a week with favorable anatomical and functional outcomes.

CONCLUSION:

Transcutaneous retrobulbar amphotericin B should be considered an adjunctive treatment modality for ROCM patients with limited orbital disease to preserve ocular function.
Role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on change in macular volume postcataract surgery in diabetic eyes: A retrospective comparative study
Authors: Anoop L. , Viswanath B. N. , Shashidhar S. , Bypareddy Ravi , Hithashree R. H. , Surabhi S.
Published: June 2024

CONTEXT:

Diabetic eyes suffer from variety of complications including macular edema. Cataract surgery is the most commonly done procedure throughout the world and majority would be diabetics. As pseudophakic-cystoid macular edema (CME) is a known complication following cataract surgery, our study concentrated on finding the role of prophylactic topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on change in total macular volume (TMV) postcataract surgery in diabetic eyes.

AIMS:

To evaluate the role of NSAIDs on change in TMV postcataract surgery in diabetic eyes.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN:

Retrospective comparative study.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS:

Data were collected from the medical records department of our institute constituting diabetics undergoing cataract surgery from June-2021 to February-2022. Eighty diabetic eyes were divided into two groups: one group were given topical nepafenac drops and another who were not given. Demographic details, diabetic retinopathy stage, preoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT), and postoperative day (POD) 7, day 28, and 3 months OCT were collected. Statistical analysis was done to compare the change in TMV between both the groups.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED:

Student’s t-test and Chi-squared/Fisher’s exact test were employed to find statistically significant differences between the two groups using SPSS-22.0 software.

RESULTS:

In our study, the mean age in the group with nepafenac was 60.93 ± 5.86 years and 31 (77.5%) had moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and in the group without nepafenac, the mean age was 58.53 ± 7.41 years and 30 (75%) had moderate NPDR. Majority of the individuals in the study group were known diabetic for 2–5 years. Change in TMV at POD 3 months among two groups was not statistically significant; P = 0.758 (P < 0.05-significant).

CONCLUSIONS:

Our study concluded that topical-NSAIDs played no role in postoperative period following cataract surgery with respect to change in TMV in diabetic eyes. Thus, prophylactic usage of topical-NSAIDs can be a burden on patient as it has no role in prevention of pseudophakic-CME in those with the duration of diabetes mellitus <5 years and with mild-to-moderate NPDR.
Orbital malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: A case report and review
Authors: Rizvi Syed Wajahat Ali , Rizvi Syed Ali Raza , Qadri Shagufta , Khalid Saifullah , Siddiqui Mohammed Azfar , Khan Adeeb Alam , Akhter Afeefa
Published: June 2024

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the orbit is an exceedingly rare entity. These tumors exhibit locally aggressive behavior, recurrences, distant metastasis, and poor response to existing treatment protocols. Orbital nerve sheath tumors are often associated with neurofibromatosis 1, and malignant transformation of neurofibroma into malignant nerve sheath tumor has also been seen. The recommended treatment for localized disease is radical or wide surgical excision to achieve negative margins followed by chemoradiation. For extensive disease, chemotherapy and radiotherapy can be utilized to stabilize the disease. Due to poor response and outcomes with current regimens, the focus has been shifted to approaches utilizing molecular targets and immunological agents. Despite all the advancements, the outcomes still remain discouraging for moderate- to high-grade lesions and thus necessitate studies to design promising treatment modalities.
Efficacy and safety of large-scale use of vancomycin injection in infusion bottle during vitreoretinal procedures
Authors: Boral Subhendu Kumar , Agarwal Deepak , Das Arnab , Chakraborty Debdulal , Mandal Santanu , Sinha Tushar Kanti
Published: June 2024

PURPOSE:

The purpose of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of large-scale use of vancomycin injection in an infusion bottle during vitreoretinal procedures.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

This was a retrospective evaluation of all vitreoretinal procedures done in the last 70 months, where intraoperatively vancomycin injection (0.2 mg/mL) was used in an infusion bottle prophylactically as standard care. Vitreoretinal procedures were categorized as major (duration >30 min), minor (duration <30 min), and silicone oil removal. Postoperatively, a detailed ocular examination was done to rule out hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis (HORV) or signs of postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis.

RESULTS:

Over the last 70 months, a total of 31,720 vitreoretinal procedures were performed, which included 24,371 major vitreoretinal procedures, 1401 minor vitreoretinal procedures, and 5948 silicone oil removal cases. None of these cases developed HORV or bacterial endophthalmitis.

CONCLUSION:

Vancomycin (0.2 mg/mL) in infusion fluid during vitreoretinal procedures is safe and can be advocated as a prophylactic measure against postvitrectomy bacterial infections.
Study of safety and efficacy of sub-Tenon and subconjunctival anesthesia in manual small-incision cataract surgery for hard-grade cataracts
Authors: Joshi Rajesh Subhash , Goel Pranshu , Doble Pallavi
Published: June 2024

PURPOSE:

The purpose was to study the safety and efficacy of sub-Tenon and subconjunctival anesthesia in manual small-incision cataract surgery (MSICS) in patients with hard-grade cataracts.

STUDY DESIGN:

The design of the study was a prospective, observational, and randomized control study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

A total of 196 eyes, including 98 eyes in the subconjunctival anesthesia group (group A) and 98 eyes in the sub-Tenon anesthesia group (Group B), undergoing MSICS were enrolled in the study. A single surgeon performed all the surgeries. Intraoperative and postoperative pain scores, patient comfort, surgeon’s satisfaction, and intraoperative complications were examined.

RESULTS:

The mean age of patients in Group A was 66.64 ± 9.95 years and that of patients in Group B was 64.52 ± 9.46. No statistically significant difference was noted in the intraoperative (P = 0.54) and postoperative pain (P = 0.66) scores between the two groups. There was no pain (0 score) in 30% of patients in Group A and 35% of patients in Group B intraoperatively. The average surgical time (P = 0.66) and surgeon’s comfort (P = 0.34) were not statistically significant. The mean corneal haze was 0.054 ± 0.12 in group A and 0.065 ± 0.22 in group B (P = 0.45). Two patients in group A required supplemental anesthesia. There were no surgical complications that could compromise visual outcomes. No patients in either group showed alterations in vital parameters or required intravenous sedation.

CONCLUSION:

Both techniques of anesthesia are safe and effective for performing MSICS in hard-grade cataracts. However, it is prudent to choose a technique according to the surgeon’s requirements.
Biotin–Thiamin–Responsive Basal Ganglia Disease: A Case Report in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Habiba Umme , Fatema Kanij , Islam Kazi A. , Nigar Ishrat Z. , Akhter Masuma , Nazifa Samia , Sumon Mahazur A.
Published: June 2024

Biotin–thiamin–responsive basal ganglia disease or biotin–thiamin–responsive encephalopathy type 2 is a rare treatable autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder of the brain caused by mutations in the SLC19A3 gene manifested as early onset progressive encephalopathy that leads to severe disability, ataxia, dystonia, seizures, and death. Early molecular diagnosis and treatment with a lifelong supplementation of high doses of biotin and thiamin improves disease outcome and life expectancy of these patients. We are presenting a 2-year-old girl with subacute dystonia, dysphagia, and ataxia who was diagnosed as a case of biotin-thiamin-responsive basal ganglia disease and showed significant improvement after early initiation of treatment. This case report aimed to show the importance of early diagnosis and treatment initiation based on a high index of suspicion regarding history, neurological signs, and consistent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings.
Laparoscopic right radical hemicolectomy: Central vascular ligation and complete mesocolon excision vs D3 lymphadenectomy - How I do it?
Authors: Yadav Kaushal
Published: June 2024

In colon cancer surgery, ensuring the complete removal of the primary tumor and draining lymph nodes is crucial. Lymphatic drainage in the colon follows the vascular supply, typically progressing from pericolic to paraaortic lymph nodes. While NCCN guidelines recommend the removal of 10-12 lymph nodes for adequate oncological resection, achieving complete oncological resection involves more than just meeting these numerical targets. Various techniques have been developed and studied over time to attain optimal oncological outcomes. A key technique central to this goal is identifying the ileocolic vessels at their origin from the superior mesenteric vessels. Complete excision of the visceral and parietal mesocolon ensures the intact removal of the specimen, while D3 lymphadenectomy targets all draining regional lymph nodes. Although these principles emphasize different aspects, they ultimately converge to achieve the same goal of complete oncological resection. This article aims to simplify the surgical steps that align with the principle of central vascular ligation and mesocolon mobilization while ensuring adequate D3 dissection.
Metabolic disorders and hepatitis: Insights from a Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Liang Ling-Bo , Liu Xiang-Ping , Mao Ting-Rui , Su Qiao-Li
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

Hepatitis is a systemic disease that often results in various comorbidities. Meta-bolic disorders, the most common comorbidities in clinical practice, were selected for this study.

AIM

To investigate the causal relationship between comorbidities and hepatitis trea-tment outcomes.

METHODS

A total of 23583378 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 1248743 cases and related summaries of genome-wide association studies were obtained from online public databases. A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was performed to investigate causality between exposure [type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), hyperlipidemia, and hypertension] and outcome (chronic hepatitis B or C in-fections).

RESULTS

The data supported the causal relationship between comorbidities and hepatitis infections, which will affect the severity of hepatitis progression and will also provide a reference for clinical researchers. All three exposures showed a link with progression of both hepatitis B (T2D, P = 0.851; hyperlipidemia, P = 0.596; and hypertension, P = 0.346) and hepatitis C (T2D, P = 0.298; hyperlipidemia, P = 0.141; and hypertension, P = 0.035).

CONCLUSION

The results of MR support a possible causal relationship between different ex-posures (T2D, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension) and chronic hepatitis progression; however, the potential mechanisms still need to be elucidated.
Methods to Evaluate Impact Characteristics of Seat Back Mounted IFE Monitors
Authors:   Aircraft Seat Committee
Published: June 2024

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines means to assess the effect of changes to seat back mounted IFE monitors on blunt trauma to the head and post-impact sharp edges. The assessment methods described may be used for evaluation of changes to seat back monitor delethalization (blunt trauma and post-test sharp edges) and head injury criterion (HIC) attributes (refer to ARP6448, Appendix A, Item 4). Application is focused on type A-T (transport airplane) certified seat installations.
Sexual and Reproductive Health Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviours of in-School Adolescents in Benin City, Nigeria
Authors: Isara A.R , Nwaogwugwu J.C
Published: June 2024

Knowledge of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and access to accurate information on it among adolescents remains a major challenge in Nigeria. This study assessed the SRH knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of in-school adolescents in Benin City, Nigeria. This cross-sectional study was carried out among 630 adolescents in Benin City. The respondents were selected using multi staged sampling technique. An adapted interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS version 25.0 software. The mean age of the adolescents comprising 328 (52.1%) females and 302 (47.9%) males was 14.9 ± 1.3 years. Although 561 (89.0%) adolescents were aware of SRH, only 107 (19.1%) had good knowledge of it. Most of them 587 (93.2%) demonstrated positive attitude towards SRH. Thirty-nine (6.2%) were sexually active with 30 (76.9%) having their sexual debut before the age of 15 years, 14 (35.9%) had more than one sexual partner while only 13 (39.4%) consistently used condom during sexual intercourse. Seventeen (43.6%) had experienced vaginal/penile discharge, 6 (15.4%) had been tested for STIs, 25 (64.1%) had received treatment for STIs with home treatment 16 (64.0%) being the predominant choice. This study revealed that the overall knowledge of SRH among in-school adolescents in Benin City was poor, but most of them displayed a positive towards SRH. Although only few of the adolescents were sexually active, the prevalence of risky sexual behaviour was high among them and they also exhibit poor SRH seeking behaviour.
Relationship Between Nutritional Status and Cognition of School-Aged Children
Authors: Akanbi J , Fadupin G.T
Published: June 2024

A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 384 pupils aged 5-12 years selected from 3 public primary schools using a multi-stage sampling technique. Information on cognitive performance was collected using Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices. Food Frequency Questionnaire and 24-hour dietary recall were used to obtain dietary information while anthropometric data were sourced using weighing scales and height meters. The mean age of the respondents was 9.0 ± 1.8 years. The mean weight and height were 23.4±4.6kg and 1.25±0.1m respectively. 1.6% of the respondents had normal height-for-age (>1 SD), 92.7% were moderately stunted (-2 to -3 SD) and 5.7% were severely stunted (<-3SD). The Standard Progressive Matrices showed that primary 5 and primary 4 pupils had the highest and lowest mean cognition score of 24.5 and 19.4 respectively. Positive correlation was observed between weight of pupils and intake of Carbohydrate (0.228), Protein (0.142), Fiber (0.157), Folate (0.232), Iron (0.254) and Zinc (0.125). Similarly, a significant correlation was also observed between vitamin A intake and Set B cognition scores. Height-for-age and BMI-for-age did not have a significant effect on cognition as shown in the study. However, the correlation coefficient of (r=0.108; p<0.005) reveals that there is a weak but significant relationship between weight and Total Cognition Score (TCS). These findings suggest that Weight-for-height is a better anthropometric index for assessing the relationship between nutritional status and cognition among school-aged children. Also, consumption of vitamin A-rich foods should be encouraged for cognitive development in the school age
A Community Study of the Risk Factors and Perceived Susceptibility to Kidney Disease Risk in Lagos State, Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Akokuwebe M.E , Idemudia E.S
Published: June 2024

Kidney disease (KD) is one of the major public health threats with rising incidence and prevalence rates. Knowledge and perceived risk increase the perception of being susceptible, leading to the adoption of behavioural modifications. The objective was to evaluate the knowledge of KD risk factors and perceived susceptibility as well as predictors of KD risk in Lagos State, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Lagos State, Southwestern Nigeria. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to draw information from 1171 male and female residents aged ≥ 18 years on socio-demography, knowledge and perceived susceptibility to KD risk. Percentages, frequencies, Chi-square, binary and multinomial logistic regression models were used, with a significance of p<0.05. A total of 1,061 participants, with a mean age of 33.8±11.5 years and male-female ratio of 1.2:1, completed the instrument. Only 78.6% had good knowledge of KD risk factors, while 63.0% had perceived low susceptibility to KD risk. The common self-reported risk factors were high salt intake (91.28%) and herbal concoction (82.21%). High blood pressure (17.51%), high blood sugar (17.96%) and family history of KD (7.92%) were also self-reported. The independent predictors of KD risk were herbal concoction [Odds ratio (OR) =3.43, Confidence Interval (CI) =1.88‒6.27] and frequent use of pain killers [OR=2.06, CI=1.24‒3.39]. Knowledge of KD risk factors was quite high but perceived susceptibility to KD risk was low. There is a need for continuous sensitization, educational health interventions and screening for early detection.
Evaluating effects of punishment on victims of crime in Nakuru County, Kenya
Authors: Kipkoskey Cheserem Salim Kelvin , Muhindi Solomon
Published: June 2024

The research project purposed to evaluate effects of imprisonment, fines and community sentence on the victims of crime in Nakuru County, Kenya. This would provide improved understanding of these consequences of punishment and their attendant benefits to victims of crime. The survey utilised stratified random sampling to acquire data from 390 respondents through interviews and questionnaires. Obtained data was analysed descriptively and presented via percentages, figures and tables. Ensuing findings evince that victims of crime are conspicuously left out in the administration of justice and that their plight goes unattended. Imprisonment was most popular and considered more effective over fine and community sentence but none of the three criminal punishments comprehensively encapsulates the welfare of the victims. The study concludes that victims ought to be included in the punishment of offenders and that such punishment benefits them.
Evaluation of the impact of counterfeit goods on economic security in Nairobi County, Kenya
Authors: Aden Dube Abdi , Muhindi Solomon
Published: June 2024

The present study explored the multifaceted impact of counterfeit goods on economic security. The independent variable is security and dependent variable was counterfeit goods consequences. Counterfeit goods, driven by globalization and digital technology, have become a pervasive global challenge. The study adopted a mixed method methodology with a focus on both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The population constituted of 300 participants and the sampling techniques included probabilistic and non-probabilistic method. The sample included 171 participants driven by Yamane 1967 formula. The instrument for data collection included questionnaires and interview schedules. Data was analyzed by the use of SPSS 24 version and descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the study. Findings of the study is adjudged to contribute to security checks and interventions posed by counterfeit good. This included both economic, health and environmental perspectives of security as articulated by Buzan. The findings underscore the urgent need for interventions to address the environmental challenges associated with counterfeit trade in the region. In conclusion, the study highlights the multifaceted impact of counterfeit goods, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive strategies to mitigate these challenges. Strengthening legal frameworks and enforcement mechanisms, fostering international collaboration, and raising consumer awareness are recommended to combat counterfeit trade effectively. Additionally, promoting sustainable manufacturing practices and implementing ecofriendly materials can help minimize the environmental footprint of counterfeit production. Overall, addressing the environmental security implications of counterfeit goods is crucial for safeguarding the ecological integrity of Nairobi County and promoting sustainable development in the region.
Parental aggressive behaviour and the preference of juvenile delinquency among students in Thika West Sub- County, Kiambu County, Kenya
Authors: Wangui Mwangi Sarah , Gilbert Maroko Mokua
Published: June 2024

The purpose of the study is to determine the reason for the prevalence of juvenile delinquency as well as to establish the influence of parental aggressive behavior on juvenile delinquency. This study is based on attachment theory using ex post facto as research design. Queen of the Rosary Mixed Secondary School and Kimuchu Secondary with target population of 850 were the chosen locations of the study. Simple random sampling was used to pick the proportionate sample from each cluster. From each cluster 10% of the population was selected as sample size which is 85 students. For purposes of this study, a structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The study reveals a high prevalence of delinquent behavior among students, including property damage, theft, and violence. Mean scores and standard deviations indicate strong agreement among respondents about their involvement in such activities. Specific actions, such as damaging school and public property, stealing motor vehicles, and holding stolen goods, were reported consistently. Behaviors like running away from home, carrying hidden weapons, and attacking others showed significant agreement. Findings on parental aggressive behavior indicate frequent engagement in actions like threatening physical harm and yelling at children, with mean scores ranging from 2.1234 to 2.7890. The results highlight the critical need for targeted interventions to address both student delinquency and parental aggression, aiming to foster a safer and more supportive environment for children. Recommendations include behavioral intervention programs, parental education workshops, school-community partnerships, robust monitoring systems, and promoting positive extracurricular activities.
Influence of customer relationship management on organizational performance in Bura irrigation scheme, Tana River County, Kenya.
Authors: Hashim Ahmed Ismail , Muhindi Solomon
Published: June 2024

The study seeks to determine the influence of customer relationship management on organizational performance in Bura Irrigation Scheme, Tana River County, Kenya. The study adopts a mixed methodology and a descriptive research design was employed. A target population of 102 employees was utilized to determine a sample size of 93 respondents using a stratified random selection technique. Information was gathered through questionnaires. Both closed-ended and open-ended questions were included. Prior to being displayed as tables, the material acquired was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods in SPSS 21 version software. Findings revealed that customer relationship management played a pivotal role, with a deep understanding of customer requirements, effective use of feedback, customer involvement in decision-making, and prioritizing service excellence contributing to overall satisfaction. Conclusively, the study recommends continuous skill development, and ongoing board training to optimize organizational performance. Prioritizing customer satisfaction is recommended for fostering a conducive organizational culture at the Bura Irrigation Scheme.
Influence of institutional determinants on inclusive learning in public primary schools in Makadara Sub-County, Nairobi County.
Authors: Mukami Kamau Tabitha , Ouko Ong'ang'A H
Published: June 2024

Inclusive learning involves the reorganization of learning institutions to ensure that all learners receive appropriate education within local primary schools. This study aimed to investigate the teacher determinants influencing inclusive learning in public primary schools in Makadara Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya. The objectives were to establish the effect of teacher qualification, experience, workload and perception on inclusive learning. Guided by Rawls' Theory of Vygotsky's Learning Theory (1978), the study utilized a sample size of 351. Reliability of the instruments was judged using Pearson's product-moment correlation with a coefficient of 0.70, and credibility was assessed through peer debriefing, prolonged engagement, and audit trails. Data were processed using SPSS version 23, with quantitative data summarized using frequency tables,percentages, means, and standard deviations, and qualitative data presented through narrative analysis. Findings indicated that average and special needs children mixed well in inclusive classrooms, fostering inclusiveness. Respondents showed a readiness to understand and support children with special needs. Effective inclusive learning was found to require adequate teacher training, manageable class sizes, and balanced workloads. The study emphasized the importance of identifying, assessing, and placing special needs students, with multidisciplinary teams ensuring comprehensive evaluations. The study concluded that inclusive practices are enhanced through collaborative efforts, continuous teacher professional development, and prioritization of resources. Based on these findings, it is recommended that school’s continuous professional development forteachers on diverse learning needs and a multidisciplinary approach to the identification and placement of special needs students are essential. Schools should also prioritize resources and infrastructure to ensure equitable and accessible learning for all learners.
Influence of remuneration on organizational performance in co-operative banks in Kiambu, Kenya.
Authors: Brian Kasale , Mokono Abuga Isaac
Published: June 2024

This study investigates the influence of remuneration on organizational performance in cooperative banks in Kiambu County, Kenya. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research explores how compensation packages, salary reviews, and employee recognition impact performance. The study utilizes a descriptive research design with structured questionnaires to gather data from 94 participants. Findings indicate a significant correlation between competitive remuneration and enhanced organizational performance. The majority ofemployees are satisfied with salary increments and recognize the positive effects of frequent salary reviews on their motivation and job satisfaction. The study also highlights the importance of recognition and praise in boosting employee morale and engagement, contributing to overall organizational success. This research is grounded in Equity Theory, which posits that fair treatment in compensation leads to higher motivation and productivity. The conclusions drawn suggest that cooperative banks should implement equitable and competitive remuneration strategies, along with regular salary reviews and robust recognition programs, to enhance performance. The study provides valuable insights for policymakers andbank managers aiming to improve organizational effectiveness through strategic human resource practices.
In-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Annona muricata leaf extract mediated silver nanoparticles
Authors: Nwaehujor I.U. , Das A.M. , Olatunji G.
Published: June 2024

The reactive oxygen species produced by the action of free radicals on molecular oxygen causes serious inflammation conditions. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which are commonly prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions are associated with side effects. Therefore, silver nanoparticles synthesized using Annona muricata leaf extract as a reducing agent was investigated for its in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials. Aqueous extract of Annona muricata leaf was used to prepare silver nanoparticles using AgNO3. The structure and surface morphology of the silver nanoparticles was characterized using UV-VIS spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersed X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. SEM images confirmed that the particles were spherical in shape. The EDX showed that silver was the most abundant element in the samples. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles showed low DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activities compared with the standard but its activity in scavenging hydrogen peroxide was high at 20 – 100 μg/mL. Also, the silver nanoparticles showed high anti-inflammatory activity on lypoxygenase inhibition, proteinase inhibition and red blood cell membrane stabilization. From the data obtained from the various analysis, it can be concluded that the silver nanoparticles synthesised with Annoma muriata leaf extract is efficient as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent which can serve as a suitable alternative to expensive products.
Seasonal variation and health risk assessment of selected pesticide residues in shallow groundwater water in Gokwe-Nemangwe, Zimbabwe
Authors: Makamure S. , Morodi T.J. , Mokoena M.M. , Mudau L.S.
Published: June 2024

While pesticides application has caused improved agricultural yields, their use has raised concerns of potential harm to the health of humankind. This study focused to assess seasonal variability of health risk linked with pesticide residues to humans through shallow groundwater. To assess water quality, samples were collected from shallow groundwater sources once in each of the rain and dry spells of 2020 and analyzed for five pesticide residues including amitraz, dimethoate, omethoate, endosulfan and endosulfan sulphate. Liquid chromatography tied with tandem mass spectrometry was used to assess residues of pesticides in water samples. Health risk evaluation was achieved using the Human Health Risk Assessment model for children and adults on the residues through ingestion. All the pesticide residues tested were detected in the shallow groundwater samples in both spells. Endosulfan had the greatest concentration, with an average concentration of 0.009 mg/L varying from 0.005 mg/L to 0.012 mg/L, in the wet season. Dimethoate and omethoate highest mean concentration was 0.007 mg/L in the wet period, which exceeded the maximum allowable limit advised by the World Health Organization. The least concentration level was 0.006 mg/L for amitraz and endosulfan sulphate. Dimethoate and omethoate contributed to non-carcinogenic risks for children in both the wet and the dry seasons, calculated at the level of 3.5 and 2.5 respectively. The same pesticide residues were also a risk to adults in the wet season with a similar HQ value of 1.17. Pesticide residues contamination of groundwater is imminent and results in human health risk via ingestion. There is a need therefore to assess health risks through well-planned preventive measures, including risk assessment, thorough monitoring, and regulating shallow groundwater wells.
Erectile Dysfunction in Men with Diabetes: Pathophysiology and Treatment Approaches
Authors: Ubhenin A. E. , Anura F. , Idris R. I. , Innih S. O.
Published: June 2024

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a prevalent condition with significant physiological and psychological implications for men, particularly those with diabetes. Therefore, this paper aims to conduct a systematic review to explore the multifaceted aspects of ED in men with diabetes, encompassing prevalence, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic methods, treatments, psychological interventions, and emerging therapies. Secondary data were gathered through a comprehensive literature search of reputable databases using relevant keywords from 1996 to 2020. The data obtained indicate that the global prevalence of ED increases with age, with substantial rates observed in older men. Cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes, hormonal imbalances, and psychological factors are identified as major contributors to ED development. The quality of life of men with ED is profoundly affected, leading to psychological distress and strained relationships. Future perspectives involve personalized treatments, nanotechnology, and innovative therapies. While promising, challenges in managing ED include stigma, underreporting, complex etiology, and limited access to specialized care. Comprehensive and individualized approaches are crucial to optimize treatment outcomes for men with ED, particularly those with diabetes.
Paraquat-Induced Acute Toxicity Response in Juvenile African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)
Authors: Jacob U. S. , Obot O. I. , Umoh E. M. , Akangbe O. A.
Published: June 2024

The extensive application of Paraquat in agricultural and non-agricultural sectors has led to severe physiological and environmental consequences. Hence, this paper was aimed at investigating the Paraquat-induced acute toxicity response for 98 hours in juvenile African catfish Clarias gariepinus using standard methods. The mean weight and mean total length of the fish were 60.67 ± 0.2 g, and 23.06 ± 0.2 cm. The fish were randomly distributed into a transparent plastic aquarium (22.6 x 18.5 cm). Paraquat was introduced at concentrations of 0.00, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0 mg/l into the aquaria with the corresponding percentage mortality for 0, 30, 40, 55, 75, and 100% respectively. The observed behavioral changes and mortality were time and concentration-dependent. Symptoms of toxicity exhibited by the fish include loss of equilibrium, startle responses, hyperactivity, abnormal swimming, hemorrhage, and general restlessness. The median lethal concentration (LC50) estimated by probit analysis was 1.017 mg-l. The physicochemical parameters of the aquaria were in the following range DO, 3.00 - 5.80 mgL-1, temperature, 19.75 - 21.90 oC, TDS 10.10 - 20.20 mgL-1, alkalinity 40.80 - 91.00 mgL-1, and pH, 6.7 - 8.04 respectively. The measured haematological parameters showed a concentration-depending pattern of alterations due to paraquat exposure. The highest haematological parameters such as TWBC, 124.50 ×109L-1, TRBC, 2.01 ×1012L-1, Tplt, 85.00 ×109L-1, and LYM, 84 % were recorded in 2.0 mgL-1 paraquat concentration. This result revealed the toxic effects of Paraquat on juvenile Clarias gariepinus. Hence, the need for its regulation in both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors.
Evaluating the Ameliorative Effect of Glycine on Cadmium-Induced Kidney Damage in Adult Wistar Rats
Authors: Obayuwana E. , Enoghase J. R.
Published: June 2024

The escalating exposure to heavy metals due to industrialization and anthropogenic activities has led to adverse health effects. Cadmium is one such heavy metal that can accumulate in biological organisms and disrupt cellular functions. Glycine, an amino acid and a neurotransmitter in the brain, has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which have been studied by some researchers. Hence the objectives of this paper was to evaluate the ameliorative effects of glycine on cadmium-induced kidney damage in adult Wistar rats using standard technique. There was significant decrease (P˂0.05) in body weight of rats treated with 10 mg/kg body weight of cadmium when compared to control. No significant change (P˃0.05) in serum Na+, K+ and Cr levels in both Cadmium and Glycine treated groups when compared to control. However, administration of Cadmium showed features of tubular necrosis, interstitial infiltration of inflammatory cells, vascular hypertrophy and interstitial congestion in treated rats which were reversed with treatment with Glycine. Focal tubular necrosis was seen in kidney of rat treated with Cadmium and 1000 mg/kg body weight of Glycine. This study demonstrates that Glycine at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight has an ameliorative and anti-oxidant effect against Cadmium-induced kidney damage in adult Wistar rats.
Kinetics and Equilibrium Assessment of Anticorrosion Efficiency of Palm Kernel Oil as Green inhibitor on Aluminium Sheet in Acidic Medium
Authors: Jibrin M. , Osuegba O. S. , Omotehinwa F. H.
Published: June 2024

Chemical industries are currently looking for environmentally friendly, reliable inhibitors to stop different metals or alloys from corroding in both acidic and basic media. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to assess the kinetic and equilibrium models of anticorrosion efficiency of palm kernel oil as green inhibitor on aluminium sheet in acidic medium using weight loss method at various concentrations of the oil (2-10 ml) and different time interval of 24 – 120 h. The oil was extracted using Soxhlet extraction method and   characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR). The result revealed maximum inhibition efficiency of approximately 96% at 6 ml concentration of the oil and at the time interval of 24 h. The FTIR analysis showed the presence of C=C-H, Ar-H bending out of plane, C-H bending in plane, C-O, N-O asymmetric stretch, C=C stretch, C=N stretch, and O-H functional groups at various peaks (wave numbers). The adsorption of the oil extract on the surface of the test coupon obeyed Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the kinetic study of the anticorrosion process obeyed pseudo first order kinetic model. However, based on the outcome of this study, palm kernel oil is considered as an excellent corrosion inhibitor and can be used as an alternative inhibitor to replace the non-biodegradable ones.
Evaluation of the effects of co-processed Manihot Esculenta starch on the tablet properties of directly compressed diclofenac and paracetamol formulations
Authors: Olubunmi Olayemi J , Diemuku Aghogho N. , Obidiro Onyinyechi P. , Eraga Sylvester O.
Published: June 2024

Advancements in tablet manufacture has increased the demand for versatile excipients with multifunctional applications. Co-processing is fast evolving into the tool for development of these excipients with unique functional properties. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of co-processed Manihot esculenta starch and povidone on tablet properties of diclofenac and paracetamol formulations. Starch extracted from Manihot esculenta tubers was modified either by pre-gelatinization or gelatinization and then co-processed by co-dispersion with povidone to yield EXP-A and EXP-B respectively. The developed excipients were assessed for their flow properties, moisture contents, swelling indices, hydration capacities and particle densities. The co-processed excipients and a physical mixture of the excipients were incorporated into diclofenac and paracetamol tablet formulations by direct compression. The tablets were evaluated for uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, disintegration time and in vitro drug release. Possible drug-excipient interaction was also investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Results showed that EXP-B possessed better flow properties, higher swelling index and hydration capacity and lower moisture content than EXP-A. All the tablets had uniform weights, tablet hardness was between 4.5 and 11 kp; tablets containing higher amounts of EXP-A or EXP-B had higher hardness. Friability was between 0.45 and 4.02 with tablets containing EXP-A having lower values than the other batches. Disintegration time was between 1.45 and 12.77 min with tablets containing unmodified starch in both formulations having the least values. Dissolution profile was similar for tablets containing co-processed excipients. Co-processing starch from Manihot esculenta tubers with povidone produced robust tablets which may be better suited for modified-release tablet formulations.