bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Have we heard the last? Oil, environmental insecurity, and the impact of the amnesty programme on the Niger Delta resistance movement
Authors: Agbiboa Daniel
                      Egiegba
Published: September 2013

The paper draws on the theories of relative deprivation (RD) and Edward Azar's protracted social conflicts (PSC) to explain how the twin woes of oil and environmental insecurity are implicated in the Niger Delta conflict. The paper presents a new empirical angle on the existing Niger Delta narrative by assessing the impact of the 2009 amnesty programme on resistance movements in the oil-rich region, while focusing on the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND). The paper argues that the amnesty programme stops short of addressing underlying issues that continue to nurture sustained grievances in the Niger Delta.

[Avons-nous entendu la dernière? Pétrole, insécurité environnementale et impact du programme d'amnistie du Mouvement de résistance du delta du Niger.] Ce document s'appuie sur la théorie de la privation relative et celle des conflits sociaux prolongés d'Edward Azar pour expliquer comment la double malédiction du pétrole et de l'insécurité environnementale est impliquée dans le conflit du delta du Niger. L'article présente un nouveau point de vue empirique sur l'histoire actuelle du delta du Niger en évaluant l'impact du programme d'amnistie des mouvements de résistance de 2009 dans cette région riche en pétrole, tout en se concentrant sur le Mouvement pour l’émancipation du delta du Niger. L'article affirme que le programme d'amnistie n'aborde pas les problèmes sous-jacents qui continuent d'alimenter les conflits dans le delta du Niger.

Mots-clés : Delta du Niger ; Programme Amnesty ; insécurité environnementale ; MEND
The legacies of Thomas Sankara: a revolutionary experience in retrospect
Authors: Harsch Ernest
Published: September 2013

A quarter century after the 15 October 1987 assassination of Thomas Sankara in a military coup, the late president of Burkina Faso remains a near-mythical hero for many young people in his country and across Africa. They idealise the image of a committed, self-sacrificing rebel, who during four years as leader of a small, impoverished Sahelian nation sought to improve the lives of ordinary people while at the same time projecting the country onto the international arena. Why has popular interest in Sankara persisted for so long, despite the collapse of his short-lived revolutionary venture? How is it that each anniversary of his death draws hundreds, if not thousands, to commemorations at his gravesite? This article offers some retrospective reflections and re-examines those features of Sankara's revolutionary era that still resonate with many citizens today, as well as those that have been left behind.

[Héritage de Thomas Sankara ; retour sur une expérience révolutionnaire.] Un quart de siècle après l'assassinat de Thomas Sankara le 15 octobre 1987 lors d'un coup d’état militaire, cet ancien président du Burkina Faso demeure un héro quasi mythique pour de nombreux jeunes dans son pays et à travers l'Afrique. Ils idéalisent l'image d'un rebelle engagé, plein d'abnégation, qui a cherché, pendant quatre ans à la tête d'une petite nation sahélienne pauvre, à améliorer le sort de gens ordinaires tout en projetant le pays sur la scène internationale. Pourquoi l'intérêt populaire pour Sankara a-t-il perduré si longtemps, malgré l’échec de son entreprise révolutionnaire de courte durée? Comment se fait-il que chaque anniversaire de sa mort amène des centaines, voire des milliers de personnes à venir sur sa tombe en commémoration. Cet article offre des réflexions rétrospectives et réexamine les caractéristiques de l’ère révolutionnaire de Sankara qui fait toujours sens pour de nombreux citoyens, comme pour les laissés pour compte.

Mots-clés : Sankara ; Burkina Faso ; révolution ; mobilisation ; développement
Survival and Condition of Cold-Banked Juvenile Walleyes
Authors: Harder Thomas M , Gotsch Gordon G , Summerfelt Robert C
Published: September 2013

Over their broad latitudinal distribution in nature, Walleye Sander vitreus have adapted to survive long winters in ice-covered lakes and for more than 5 months when water temperatures are less than required for growth (10°C). Thus, our hypothesis is that hatchery-reared fall-fingerling Walleyes may be maintained in hatchery confinement at low temperature for relatively long intervals with minimal requirement for feed and maintenance, i.e., cold banked (CB). Little information has been published, however, on survival and condition of CB fish to judge its merits. In this study, survival and condition of three cohorts (N = 1,538) of feed-trained juvenile Walleyes (181–192 mm total length, 47–58 g) are described after overwintering for 125–153 d in indoor culture tanks that were supplied with lake water of ambient winter temperature and pelleted feed. The mean for survival of three tanks of CB fish in each cohort was 85.8, 91.7, and 98.6% at corresponding mean water temperatures of 7.6, 8.3, and 6.8°C, where the lowest temperature ranged from 3.3°C to 4°C. The difference in mean length, weight, and condition from start to finish was small and statistically significant in only 1 of 3 years. Accelerated growth was observed in recaptured CB Walleyes 2 and 3 years after they were stocked into an 8-ha lake. The findings of this study suggest that cold banking can be used to hold Walleyes overwinter for subsequent spring stocking, with minimum loss of stock, or for holding back stock in a commercial facility for grow out.
Endurance athletes' coping function use during competitive suffering episodes
Authors: Evans Michael Blair , Hoar Sharleen D. , Gebotys Robert J. , Marchesin Courtney A.
Published: September 2013

Endurance athletes who realise that they are falling short of important personal goals during competition are expected to experience competitive suffering. As a negative affective state with implications for performance and personal experiences, it is important to understand how endurance athletes cope with competitive suffering. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate differences in athletes' momentary coping function use over time during a competitive suffering episode. Twenty‐six runners (mean age: 35.8 years) completed a 5‐km running time trial that evoked an experience of competitive suffering using false failure‐oriented feedback. Momentary assessments of goal attainment feelings and coping function use were completed immediately following the running time trial using video‐mediated recall. Pooled time series analysis was used to predict coping function use across several points in time (i.e. earlier and later stages of a competitive suffering episode) and at different ratings of goal attainment feelings. Analyses revealed that negative feelings about goal attainment moderately predicted problem‐focused coping use, and strongly predicted emotion‐focused coping use. Although it was not predicted by goal attainment feelings, avoidance coping use was decreased over time throughout suffering episodes. Overall, this study supports propositions that the coping process is continually adapted to competitive demands and identifies the roles of distinct coping functions within the total coping effort.
Mzt1/Tam4, a fission yeast MOZART1 homologue, is an essential component of the γ-tubulin complex and directly interacts with GCP3Alp6
Authors: Dhani Deepsharan K. , Goult Benjamin T. , George Gifty M. , Rogerson Daniel T. , Bitton Danny A. , Miller Crispin J. , Schwabe John W. R. , Tanaka Kayoko
Published: September 2013

In humans, MOZART1 plays an essential role in mitotic spindle formation as a component of the γ-tubulin ring complex. We report that the fission yeast homologue of MOZART1, Mzt1/Tam4, is located at microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) and coimmunoprecipitates with γ-tubulin Gtb1 from cell extracts. We show that mzt1/tam4 is an essential gene in fission yeast, encoding a 64–amino acid peptide, depletion of which leads to aberrant microtubule structure, including malformed mitotic spindles and impaired interphase microtubule array. Mzt1/Tam4 depletion also causes cytokinesis defects, suggesting a role of the γ-tubulin complex in the regulation of cytokinesis. Yeast two-hybrid analysis shows that Mzt1/Tam4 forms a complex with Alp6, a fission yeast homologue of γ-tubulin complex protein 3 (GCP3). Biophysical methods demonstrate that there is a direct interaction between recombinant Mzt1/Tam4 and the N-terminal region of GCP3Alp6. Together our results suggest that Mzt1/Tam4 contributes to the MTOC function through regulation of GCP3Alp6.
Mammalian target of rapamycin and Rictor control neutrophil chemotaxis by regulating Rac/Cdc42 activity and the actin cytoskeleton
Authors: He Yuan , Li Dong , Cook Sara L. , Yoon Mee-Sup , Kapoor Ashish , Rao Christopher V. , Kenis Paul J. A. , Chen Jie , Wang Fei
Published: September 2013

Chemotaxis allows neutrophils to seek out sites of infection and inflammation. The asymmetric accumulation of filamentous actin (F-actin) at the leading edge provides the driving force for protrusion and is essential for the development and maintenance of neutrophil polarity. The mechanism that governs actin cytoskeleton dynamics and assembly in neutrophils has been extensively explored and is still not fully understood. By using neutrophil-like HL-60 cells, we describe a pivotal role for Rictor, a component of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), in regulating assembly of the actin cytoskeleton during neutrophil chemotaxis. Depletion of mTOR and Rictor, but not Raptor, impairs actin polymerization, leading-edge establishment, and directional migration in neutrophils stimulated with chemoattractants. Of interest, depletion of mSin1, an integral component of mTORC2, causes no detectable defects in neutrophil polarity and chemotaxis. In addition, experiments with chemical inhibition and kinase-dead mutants indicate that mTOR kinase activity and AKT phosphorylation are dispensable for chemotaxis. Instead, our results suggest that the small Rho GTPases Rac and Cdc42 serve as downstream effectors of Rictor to regulate actin assembly and organization in neutrophils. Together our findings reveal an mTORC2- and mTOR kinase–independent function and mechanism of Rictor in the regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis.
Implementing a science-based system for preventing overfishing and guiding sustainable fisheries in the United States
Authors: Methot R. D. , Tromble G. R. , Lambert D. M. , Greene K. E.
Published: September 2013

Methot, R. D., Tromble, G. R., Lambert, D. M., and Greene, K. E. 2014. Implementing a science-based system for preventing overfishing and guiding sustainable fisheries in the United States. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 183–194. Fisheries management in the United States is primarily governed by the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, first enacted in 1976. Overarching principles are that fishing mortality rates should not jeopardize the capacity of a stock to produce maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and that overfished stocks (i.e. biomass is too low) should be rebuilt to the level that will support MSY. The science-based system for achieving sustainable fisheries is implemented, in part, through setting annual catch limits (ACLs) that cannot exceed the acceptable biological catch that is recommended by Scientific and Statistical Committees using methods that account for scientific uncertainty. Accountability measures (AMs) are management measures to prevent ACLs from being exceeded or correct any overages that occur. Implementation in 2012 of ACLs and AMs in all Federal fisheries was a historical achievement in the United States; one that will help rebuild stocks and ensure sustainable fisheries into the future. Some remaining challenges include: determining appropriate catch levels and management approaches for stocks with incomplete data; assessing more stocks, more frequently; addressing differences between managing stocks as a complex vs. managing individual stocks in a multistock fishery; and incorporating social and economic factors in determining the appropriate response to uncertainty.
Scavenging on trawled seabeds can modify trophic size structure of bottom-dwelling fish
Authors: Shephard Samuel , Minto Cóilín , Zölck Melanie , Jennings Simon , Brophy Deirdre , Reid David
Published: September 2013

Shephard, S., Minto, C., Zölck, M., Jennings, S., Brophy, D., and Reid, D. 2014. Scavenging on trawled seabeds can modify trophic size structure of bottom-dwelling fish. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 398–405. Disturbance by towed bottom-fishing gears often kills larger sensitive benthos, leading to changes in the abundance, size, and species composition of benthic communities. Short-term availability of trawl-damaged prey, and longer-term shifts in benthic prey community composition, both have the potential to affect feeding opportunities and realized dietary preferences of bottom-feeding (benthivorous) fish. To investigate these effects of bottom-fishing activity (by otter trawls, beam trawls, and dredges) on the feeding of benthivorous fish, we compared the trophic level at body size and diets of four species in areas of the Celtic Sea subject to low, intermediate, and high fishing activity. Trophic level was estimated using nitrogen stable isotope analysis, and fishing activity was quantified with vessel monitoring system (VMS) data. For whiting (Merlangius merlangus) of all sizes, trophic level was slightly lower in areas of higher fishing activity. After accounting for the results of the diet analysis, we concluded that this reflected increased scavenging of benthic invertebrates in more intensively fished areas. For megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis), the rate of increase in trophic level with size was lower with increasing fishing activity, implying that megrim may also substitute fish with lower-trophic invertebrates that can be scavenged in more intensively fished areas. For plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and lemon sole (Microstomus kitt), no significant effects of fishing activity on trophic level were detected. We conclude that differences in the intensity of fishing activity with towed bottom gears had small but variable effects of the trophic size structure of the four species, and that this primarily reflected scavenging rather than diet changes following longer-term shifts in composition of the prey community.
A model study of the large-scale transport of fish eggs in the Kattegat in relation to egg density
Authors: Pacariz Selma , Björk Göran , Jonsson Patrik , Börjesson Patrik , Svedäng Henrik
Published: September 2013

Pacariz, S., Björk, G., Jonsson, P., Börjesson, P., and Svedäng, H. 2014. A model study of the large-scale transport of fish eggs in the Kattegat in relation to egg density. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 345–355. A process-oriented model, with high vertical resolution, has been used to investigate variation in the transport of fish eggs and early larvae in relation to egg density. The main focus is on gadoid eggs from the spawning grounds in the southern Kattegat. Additionally, transport from the neighbouring areas, the central Kattegat and Öresund, is presented. The model results clearly indicate that transport is dependent on the egg density; lighter eggs are transported northwards whereas heavier eggs are to a larger extent retained or transported southwards. This study suggests that optimum densities in order to promote retention in the southern Kattegat are in the range of 1023–1026 kg m−3. Observations from 2005 and 2006 of the vertical distribution of gadoid eggs combined with hydrographical data indicated high concentrations of eggs at the upper part of the pycnocline at densities of 1017–1022 kg m−3. Combining the observations and modelling results on amount of dispersal and retention, suggests that gadoid eggs are mainly retained in the southern Kattegat (although shifted from maximum retention density) and simultaneously dispersed northwards. Even though the results of the study are described in the context of gadoid eggs, the results are applicable for other marine species with pelagic stages and buoyant particles within the tested density range.
ICES advisory framework 1977–2012: from Fmax to precautionary approach and beyond
Authors: Lassen Hans , Kelly Ciaran , Sissenwine Michael
Published: September 2013

Lassen, H., Kelly, C., and Sissenwine, M. 2014. ICES advisory framework 1977–2012: from Fmax to precautionary approach and beyond. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 166–172. The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) provides fishery advice in the context of international agreements and addressing the policy and legal needs of ICES Member Countries. This advice is often formulated for an annual total allowable catch based on decisions made by the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC) during the first half of the 1970s. Although this early advice was initially focused on the best usage of the growth potential of the fish stocks, the collapse of important pelagic stocks in the late 1960s and the early 1970s suggested that the biological advice should include serious considerations of the spawning–stock biomass (SSB). ICES responded with a new advisory framework in 1976. Over the next 30 years, the advisory framework evolved, with increasing emphasis placed on ensuring SSB to avoid impairing recruitment. The Plan of Implementation of the 2002 UN World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) calls for the restoration and maintenance of fish stocks to levels than can produce the fisheries that provide maximum sustainable yield (MSY). In 2009, ICES revised its advisory framework now formulated as a harvest control rule aimed at achieving MSY.
A linear distribution of orbits in compact planetary systems?
Authors: Migaszewski Cezary , Goździewski Krzysztof , Słonina Mariusz
Published: September 2013

We report a linear ordering of orbits in a sample of multiple extrasolar planetary systems with super-Earth planets. We selected 20 cases, mostly discovered by the Kepler mission, hosting at least four planets within ∼0.5 au. The semimajor axis an of an nth planet in each system of this sample obeys a(n) = a1 + (n − 1) Δa, where a1 is the semimajor axis of the innermost orbit and Δa is a spacing between subsequent planets, which are specific for a particular system. For instance, the Kepler-33 system hosting five super-Earth planets exhibits the relative deviations between the observed and linearly predicted semimajor axes of only a few per cent. At least half of systems in the sample fulfil the linear law with a similar accuracy. We explain the linear distribution of semimajor axes as a natural implication of multiple chains of mean-motion resonances between subsequent planets, which emerge due to planet–disc interactions and convergent migration at early stages of their evolution.
A submillimetre-bright z ∼ 3 overdensity behind a z ∼ 1 supercluster revealed by SCUBA-2 and Herschel
Authors: Noble A. G. , Geach J. E. , van Engelen A. J. , Webb T. M. A. , Coppin K. E. K. , Delahaye A. , Gilbank D. G. , Gladders M. D. , Ivison R. J. , Omori Y. , Yee H. K. C.
Published: September 2013

We present a wide-field (30 arcmin diameter) 850 μm Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array-2 map of the spectacular three-component merging supercluster, RCS 231953+00, at z = 0.9. The brightest submillimetre galaxy (SMG) in the field (S850 ≈ 12 mJy) is within 30 arcsec of one of the cluster cores (RCS 2319–C), and is likely to be a more distant, lensed galaxy. Interestingly, the wider field around RCS 2319–C reveals a local overdensity of SMGs, exceeding the average source density by a factor of 4.5, with a <1 per cent chance of being found in a random field. Utilizing Herschel observations from the Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver, we find that three of these SMGs have similar submillimetre colours. We fit their observed 250–850 μm spectral energy distributions to estimate their redshift, yielding 2.5 < z < 3.5, and calculate prodigious star formation rates ranging from 500 to 2500 M⊙ yr−1. We speculate that these galaxies are either lensed SMGs, or signpost a physical structure at z ≈ 3: a ‘protocluster’ inhabited by young galaxies in a rapid phase of growth, destined to form the core of a massive galaxy cluster by z = 0.
Seedling Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum as Expressed Across Diverse Cruciferous Species
Authors: Uloth Margaret , You Ming Pei , Finnegan Patrick M. , Banga Surinder S. , Yi Huang , Barbetti Martin J.
Published: September 2013

Sclerotinia stem rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a serious disease of many cruciferous crops and frequently poses a threat to the sustainable and profitable production of these crops worldwide. Differences in seedling resistance to S. sclerotiorum across 46 diverse cruciferous genotypes from 12 different species were assessed by comparing the extent of pathogenesis on inoculated cotyledons under controlled conditions. Selections of Brassica carinata, B. incana, B. juncea, B. napus, and B. napus introgressed with B. carinata, B. nigra, B. oleracea, B. rapa var. rosularis, B. rapa var. chinensis, B. tournefortii, Raphanus raphanistrum, R. sativus, and Sinapis arvensis were tested. The average size of lesions on cotyledons 48 h post inoculation varied from 0.8 to 7.3 mm. The three most resistant genotypes with the smallest lesions were all from B. oleracea (viz., B. oleracea var. italica ‘Prophet’ and B. oleracea var. capitata ‘Burton’ and ‘Beverly Hills’). Representatives of R. raphanistrum, S. arvensis, B. juncea, and B. carinata were the most susceptible to S. sclerotiorum, with the largest lesions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of high levels of resistance to S. sclerotiorum in B. oleracea at the cotyledon stage and also the first report of the host cotyledon reactions against S. sclerotiorum for all tested species except B. napus and B. juncea. The mean lesion size for B. napus introgressed with B. carinata was 5.6 mm, which is midway between the lesion size for the two parent species B. napus (5.1 mm) and B. carinata (5.8 mm). Separate genetic control for cotyledon versus mature plant resistance was demonstrated by the lack of correlation between lesion size from S. sclerotiorum on the cotyledon with the severity of disease initiated by stem inoculation or natural processes in a previous field test. On the most resistant genotypes, B. oleracea var. italica Prophet and var. capitata Burton, growth of S. sclerotiorum on the cotyledon surface prior to penetration was severely impeded, production of appressoria inhibited, and both cytoplasm shrinkage and protoplast extrusion in S. sclerotiorum hyphae prevalent. This is the first report of such resistant mechanisms in B. oleracea. Genotypes with cotyledon resistance identified in this study will be of great value not only in furthering our understanding of resistance mechanisms across different cruciferous species but also could be exploited for developing commercial crucifer cultivars with high-level resistance against S. sclerotiorum.
Identification of Two Tobacco streak virus Capsid Protein Variants Associated With Leaf Mottle and Necrosis Symptoms on Astilbe
Authors: Fisher John R.
Published: September 2013

In this brief we report the identification of two Tobacco streak virus capsid protein sequence variants associated with leaf mottle and necrosis symptoms on Astilbe × arendsii (false spirea). To our knowledge this is the first confirmed report of TSV infecting Astilbe.

Accepted for publication 23 April 2013. Published 29 July 2013.
First Report of Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) in Tomato, Pepper, and Jimsonweed in Puerto Rico
Authors: Webster Craig G. , de Jensen Consuelo Estévez , Rivera-Vargas Lydia I. , Rodrigues Jose Carlos V. , Mercado Wanda , Frantz Galen , Mellinger H. Charles , Adkins Scott
Published: September 2013

To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of TCSV in Puerto Rico and the first report of TCSV infection of jimsonweed from any location. The identification of this solanaceous weed as a TCSV host has implications for its management in Puerto Rico, Caribbean, and Florida vegetable production.

Accepted for publication 25 June 2012. Published 12 August 2013.
Identification of Lily symptomless virus Infecting Lilium martagon ‘Pink Taurade’ in Ohio
Authors: Fisher John R.
Published: September 2013

The results presented here represent the first confirmed report of Lily symptomless virus (LSV) infecting Lilium spp. in Ohio.

Accepted for publication 21 June 2013. Published 14 August 2013.
Typhula Blight Severity as Influenced by the Number of Preventive Fungicide Applications and Snow Compaction
Authors: Blunt Tamla , Koski Tony , Tisserat Ned
Published: September 2013

Golf course superintendents at high elevations in Colorado have widely adopted a practice of making two or more applications of fungicides for Typhula snow mold control beginning up to a month before permanent snow cover in the belief that this provides better disease suppression than a single application of fungicides just prior to snow cover. Two fall applications of fungicides spaced approximately one month apart were compared to a single application just before snow cover for superiority in controlling Typhula blight. Of the nineteen paired comparisons from two golf courses over a 7-year period, there was only one case in which two applications of fungicides provided better Typhula blight control than a single application. In addition, Typhula blight severity was observed to be reduced in fairway areas where snow had been compacted by placement of Nordic ski tracks, and that this disease reduction in compacted areas was associated with below-freezing temperatures at the turfgrass surface that are inhibitory to Typhula growth.

Accepted for publication 5 June 2013. Published 21 August 2013.
The control of branching morphogenesis
Authors: Iber Dagmar , Menshykau Denis
Published: September 2013

Many organs of higher organisms are heavily branched structures and arise by an apparently similar process of branching morphogenesis. Yet the regulatory components and local interactions that have been identified differ greatly in these organs. It is an open question whether the regulatory processes work according to a common principle and how far physical and geometrical constraints determine the branching process. Here, we review the known regulatory factors and physical constraints in lung, kidney, pancreas, prostate, mammary gland and salivary gland branching morphogenesis, and describe the models that have been formulated to analyse their impacts.
Ubiquitination site preferences in anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) substrates
Authors: Min Mingwei , Mayor Ugo , Lindon Catherine
Published: September 2013

Ordered progression of mitosis requires precise control in abundance of mitotic regulators. The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase plays a key role by directing ubiquitin-mediated destruction of targets in a temporally and spatially defined manner. Specificity in APC/C targeting is conferred through recognition of substrate D-box and KEN degrons, while the specificity of ubiquitination sites, as another possible regulated dimension, has not yet been explored. Here, we present the first analysis of ubiquitination sites in the APC/C substrate ubiquitome. We show that KEN is a preferred ubiquitin acceptor in APC/C substrates and that acceptor sites are enriched in predicted disordered regions and flanked by serine residues. Our experimental data confirm a role for the KEN lysine as an ubiquitin acceptor contributing to substrate destruction during mitotic progression. Using Aurora A and Nek2 kinases as examples, we show that phosphorylation on the flanking serine residue could directly regulate ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of substrates. We propose a novel layer of regulation in substrate ubiquitination, via phosphorylation adjacent to the KEN motif, in APC/C-mediated targeting.
2-Amino-5-iodopyridinium bromide hemihydrate and 2-amino-5-iodopyridinium chloride monohydrate
Authors: Polson Matthew , Turnbull Mark M. , Wikaira Jan L.
Published: September 2013

The hydrobromide and hydrochloride salts of 2-amino-5-iodopyridine were prepared from aqueous solutions. The hydrobromide salt, C5H6IN2+·Br−·0.5H2O, crystallizes as a hemihydrate, and exhibits hydrogen bonding and π-stacking which stabilize the crystal structure. The hydrochloride salt, C5H6IN2+·Cl−·H2O·0.375HCl, crystallized as the hydrate and exhibits similar hydrogen bonding and π-stacking in the lattice. The most interesting feature of the hydrochloride salt is the presence of an additional fractional HCl molecule which introduces disorder in the location of the water molecule. The additional proton from the fractional HCl molecule is accounted for by the presence of a partial hydronium ion on one of the water sites.
Electrochemical properties of a cobalt(II) complex with sulfadiazine and 1,3-bis(pyridin-4-yl)propane
Authors: Zhao Ya-Yun , Zhao Xiu-Hua , Zhang Jie , Pan Jian-Guo , Li Xing
Published: September 2013

catena-Poly[[bis{4-[(pyrimidin-2-ylazanidyl)sulfonyl]aniline}cobalt(II)]-bis[μ-1,3-bis(pyridin-4-yl)propane]], [Co(C10H8N4O4S2)2(C13H14N2)]nor [Co(L)2(bpp)]n, crystallizes as a one-dimensional polymeric structure which is further stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The refined Flack parameter, −0.001 (10), indicates that the model represents the correct absolute structure. Investigation of the thermal stability shows that the complex is stable up to 543 K. The structure is of interest with respect to its electrochemical properties in the reduction reaction of H2O2to H2O.
The double-stranded ladder-like structure of poly[[bis(μ2-acetato-κ2O:O′)bis(acetato-κO)bis(μ-4,4′-bipyridine-κ2N:N′)dicopper(II)] 4-nitrophenol disolvate tetrahydrate]
Authors: Zamisa Sizwe J. , Ndungu Patrick , Omondi Bernard
Published: September 2013

The reaction of 4,4′-bipyridine with copper acetate in the presence of 4-nitrophenol led to the formation of the title compound, {[Cu(CH3COO)2(C10H8N2)]·C6H5NO3·2H2O}n. The complex forms a double-stranded ladder-like coordination polymer extending along thebaxis. The double-stranded polymers are separated by 4-nitrophenol and water solvent molecules. The two CuIIcentres of the centrosymmetric Cu2O2ladder rungs have square-pyramidal coordination environments, which are formed by two acetate O atoms and two 4,4′-bipyridine N atoms in the basal plane and another acetate O atom at the apex. The ladder-like double strands are separated from each other by one unit-cell length along thecaxis, and are connected by the water and 4-nitrophenol molecules through a series of O—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions and two unique intermolecular π–π interactions.
Aluminium(III) amidinates formed from reactions of `AlCl' with lithium amidinates
Authors: Mayo Dennis H. , Peng Yang , Zavalij Peter , Bowen Kit H. , Eichhorn Bryan W.
Published: September 2013

The disproportionation of AlCl(THF)n(THF is tetrahydrofuran) in the presence of lithium amidinate species gives aluminium(III) amidinate complexes with partial or full chloride substitution. Three aluminium amidinate complexes formed during the reaction between aluminium monochloride and lithium amidinates are presented. The homoleptic complex tris(N,N′-diisopropylbenzimidamido)aluminium(III), [Al(C13H19N2)3] or Al{PhC[N(i-Pr)]2}3, (I), crystallizes from the same solution as the heteroleptic complex chloridobis(N,N′-diisopropylbenzimidamido)aluminium(III), [Al(C13H19N2)2Cl] or Al{PhC[N(i-Pr)]2}2Cl, (II). Both have two crystallographically independent molecules per asymmetric unit (Z′ = 2) and (I) shows disorder in four of its N(i-Pr) groups. Changing the ligand substituent to the bulkier cyclohexyl allows the isolation of the partial THF solvate chloridobis(N,N′-dicyclohexylbenzimidamido)aluminium(III) tetrahydrofuran 0.675-solvate, [Al(C19H27N2)2Cl]·0.675C4H8O or Al[PhC(NCy)2]2Cl·0.675THF, (III). Despite having a twofold rotation axis running through its Al and Cl atoms, (III) has a similar molecular structure to that of (II).
Newrac-XP(O)(OC6H5)(NHC6H4-p-CH3) [X= N(CH3)(cyclo-C6H11) and NH(C3H5)] andrac-(C6H5CH2NH)P(O)(OC6H5)(NH-cyclo-C6H11) mixed-amide phosphinates
Authors: Pourayoubi Mehrdad , Karimi Ahmadabad Fatemeh , Eshtiagh-Hosseini Hossein , Kučeráková Monika , Eigner Václav , Dušek Michal
Published: September 2013

The mixed-amide phosphinates,rac-phenyl (N-methylcyclohexylamido)(p-tolylamido)phosphinate, C20H27N2O2P, (I), andrac-phenyl (allylamido)(p-tolylamido)phosphinate, C16H19N2O2P, (II), were synthesized from the racemic phosphorus–chlorine compound (R,S)-(Cl)P(O)(OC6H5)(NHC6H4-p-CH3). Furthermore, the phosphorus–chlorine compound ClP(O)(OC6H5)(NH-cyclo-C6H11) was synthesized for the first time and used for the synthesis ofrac-phenyl (benzylamido)(cyclohexylamido)phosphinate, C19H25N2O2P, (III). The strategies for the synthesis of racemic mixed-amide phosphinates are discussed. The P atom in each compound is in a distorted tetrahedral (N1)P(=O)(O)(N2) environment. In (I) and (II), thep-tolylamido substituent makes a longer P—N bond than those involving theN-methylcyclohexylamido and allylamido substituents. In (III), the differences between the P—N bond lengths involving the cyclohexylamido and benzylamido substituents are not significant. In all three structures, the phosphoryl O atom takes part with the N—H unit in hydrogen-bonding interactions,viz.an N—H...O=P hydrogen bond for (I) and (N—H)(N—H)...O=P hydrogen bonds for (II) and (III), building linear arrangements along [001] for (I) and along [010] for (III), and a ladder arrangement along [100] for (II).
Bis{μ-2,2′-[(butane-2,3-diylidene)bis(azanylylidene)]dibenzenethiolato}dizinc(II)–dimethyl sulfoxide–methanol (2/0.18/0.82)
Authors: Luck Rudy L. , Olds Travis A. , Zeller Matthias
Published: September 2013

The asymmetric unit in the crystal structure of the title compound, [Zn2(C16H14N2S2)2]2·0.18C2H6OS·0.82CH3OH, consists of two ordered bis{μ-2,2′-[(butane-2,3-diylidene)bis(azanylylidene)]dibenzenethiolato}dizinc(II) molecules and a disordered solvent combination at the same location which refined to 18.1 (7)% dimethyl sulfoxide and 81.9 (7)% methanol. The compound has a metallic cluster structure formed by the joining together of two zinc(II) complex molecules, forming a rhomboidal Zn2S2arrangement. This complex was previously suggested on the basis of nonstructural evidence to be a monomer [Jadamus, Fernando & Freiser (1964).J. Am. Chem. Soc.86, 3056–3059]. Each ZnIIatom is five-coordinated and exhibits distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry. The structure may be of interest with respect to zinc–thiolate bonds, the coordination chemistry of Schiff bases and the folding of proteins. The structure displays weak intermolecular C—H...S, C—H...O and C—H...N interactions, and contains a unique bonding arrangement of the ligands around the Zn2S2rhomboid.
Poly[diaqua[μ4-4-(isonicotinamido)phthalato]nickel(II)] displaying ansratopology
Authors: Chen Man-Sheng , Xu Jin-Sheng , Deng Yi-Fang , Zhang Chun-Hua
Published: September 2013

In the title compound, [Ni(C14H8N2O5)(H2O)2]n, the NiIIcation is six-coordinate with a slightly distorted octahedral coordination geometry and the 4-(isonicotinamido)phthalate ligand links the NiIIcentres into a three-dimensional structure withsratopology. The structure is also stabilized by N—H...O hydrogen bonding between the uncoordinated amide groups of the ligand and extensive O—H...O hydrogen bonding between the two coordinated water molecules. The magnetic and thermal stability properties of the title compound are also discussed.
A trimethylsulfonium salt with a novel polymeric cadmate anion
Authors: Liu Ming-Liang
Published: September 2013

The title salt,catena-poly[trimethylsulfonium [μ2-chlorido-di-μ2-thiocyanato-cadmate(II)]] {(C3H9S)[CdCl(NCS)2]}n, consists of trimethylsulfonium cations sandwiched between layers of a two-dimensional polyanion. The CdIIcentre displays a distorted octahedral environment coordinated by two bridging Cl atoms, two thiocyanate N atoms and two thiocyanate S atoms. The thiocyanate groups adopt the μ-1,3-coordination mode and bridge the CdIIcentres into a one-dimensional zigzag chain extended along the [110] direction. The CdIIcentres of the zigzag chains are crosslinked by bridging Cl atoms, forming a two-dimensional polyanion. The two-dimensional anions are linked to layers of trimethylsulfonium cations by weak intermolecular C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, forming the three-dimensional structure.
A three-dimensional polymeric potassium complex of 5-sulfonobenzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid: poly[μ-aqua-aqua-μ9-(2,4-dicarboxy-5-sulfonatobenzoato)-dipotassium(I)]
Authors: Xiong Wei-Lu , Wang Yu-Ling , Liu Qing-Yan
Published: September 2013

The asymmetric unit in the structure of the title compound, [K2(C9H4O9S)(H2O)2]n, consists of two eight-coordinated KIcations, one 2,4-dicarboxy-5-sulfonatobenzoate dianion (H2SBTC2−), one bridging water molecule and one terminal coordinated water molecule. One KIcation is coordinated by three carboxylate O atoms and three sulfonate O atoms from four H2SBTC2−ligands and by two bridging water molecules. The second KIcation is coordinated by four sulfonate O atoms and three carboxylate O atoms from five H2SBTC2−ligands and by one terminal coordinated water molecule. The KIcations are linked by sulfonate groups to give a one-dimensional inorganic chain with cage-like K4(SO3)2repeat units. These one-dimensional chains are bridged by one of the carboxylic acid groups of the H2SBTC2−ligand to form a two-dimensional layer, and these layers are further linked by the remaining carboxylate groups and the benzene rings of the H2SBTC2−ligands to generate a three-dimensional framework. The compound displays a photoluminescent emission at 460 nm upon excitation at 358 nm. In addition, the thermal stability of the title compound has been studied.
EDITOR'S CHOICE: Saving the hihi under climate change: a case for assisted colonization
Authors: Chauvenet Aliénor L. M. , Ewen John G. , Armstrong Doug , Pettorelli Nathalie
Published: September 2013

Climate change is affecting the spatio‐temporal distribution of environmental conditions, forcing species to shift their range in response. Species not capable of dispersing naturally may benefit from conservation translocations. A key aspect of translocation planning is release site selection: under the 2012 IUCN guidelines for reintroductions and other conservation translocations, selected sites are expected to match the biotic and abiotic needs of the candidate species now and in the future.

Here we present a methodological framework to identify optimal translocation sites under climate change. Our method is the first to explicitly combine statistical and predictive population modelling to understand the relationship between climate, climate change and population dynamics, in order to perform robust habitat suitability analyses for conservation decision‐making.

We use the hihi Notiomystis cincta, a bird endemic to New Zealand, as a case study. We focus on the population of Tiritiri Matangi Island, which has been provided with ad libitum supplementary food since 1996. This offers the unique opportunity to study the direct impact of climate and future change in climatic conditions on a population free of confounding constraints.

Climate is found to drive hihi population dynamics, even though they are not limited by the availability of food. Thus, despite the current management of the species, climate change remains a major threat to its long‐term persistence. Moreover, under predicted climate change for the country, hihi suitable habitat will shift southward: the two current largest hihi populations will face unsuitable climatic conditions in the coming decades, and habitat that was not part of the species' historical range may become suitable.

Synthesis and applications. Assisted colonization is increasingly being considered as an adaptation tool for species threatened by climate change. Justifying the use of this extreme conservation action, however, requires robust evidence that it is necessary and clear guidance on where to translocate individuals of threatened populations. We show how both requirements can be met using habitat suitability modelling if knowledge of the relationship between climate, climate change and the species' population dynamics is systematically used to guide the modelling process.
Host plant choice in the comma butterfly–larval choosiness may ameliorate effects of indiscriminate oviposition
Authors: Gamberale‐Stille Gabriella , Söderlind Lina , Janz Niklas , Nylin Sören
Published: September 2013

In most phytophagous insects, the larval diet strongly affects future fitness and in species that do not feed on plant parts as adults, larval diet is the main source of nitrogen. In many of these insect–host plant systems, the immature larvae are considered to be fully dependent on the choice of the mothers, who, in turn, possess a highly developed host recognition system. This circumstance allows for a potential mother–offspring conflict, resulting in the female maximizing her fecundity at the expense of larval performance on suboptimal hosts. In two experiments, we aimed to investigate this relationship in the polyphagous comma butterfly, Polygonia c‐album, by comparing the relative acceptance of low‐ and medium‐ranked hosts between females and neonate larvae both within individuals between life stages, and between mothers and their offspring. The study shows a variation between females in oviposition acceptance of low‐ranked hosts, and that the degree of acceptance in the mothers correlates with the probability of acceptance of the same host in the larvae. We also found a negative relationship between stages within individuals as there was a higher acceptance of lower ranked hosts in females who had abandoned said host as a larva. Notably, however, neonate larvae of the comma butterfly did not unconditionally accept to feed from the least favorable host species even when it was the only food source. Our results suggest the possibility that the disadvantages associated with a generalist oviposition strategy can be decreased by larval participation in host plant choice.
Is general anaesthesia for caesarean section associated with postpartum haemorrhage? Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: HEESEN MICHAEL , HOFMANN THOMAS , KLÖHR SVEN , ROSSAINT ROLF , VAN DE VELDE MARC , DEPREST JAN , STRAUBE SEBASTIAN
Published: September 2013

Background

Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) remains a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. The odds for PPH were about eight times higher following general anaesthesia compared with neuraxial anaesthesia in a recent retrospective study. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the effect of type of anaesthesia (general vs. neuraxial) on estimated blood loss and transfusion requirements after caesarean section.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed. The quality of eligible reports was assessed using the Oxford Quality Scale. Data were subjected to meta‐analysis using the random effects model.

Results

The search identified 18 articles including 12,330 parturients. Meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) found a significant difference in blood loss, favouring neuraxial anaesthesia (spinal and epidural) when comparing with general anaesthesia {weighted mean difference −106.11 ml [95% confidence interval (CI) −209.80, −2.42 ml], P = 0.04}. In further analyses, we found a significant difference after epidural compared with general anaesthesia but not after spinal compared with general anaesthesia. Based on RCTs, there was no significantly increased risk of blood transfusions with general anaesthesia. Analysis of non‐randomised studies found a significantly higher transfusion requirement after general anaesthesia (risk ratio 5.06, 95% CI 2.47–10.36, P < 0.00001). The incidence of hypotension and the amount of fluid given were higher in the neuraxial anaesthesia groups.

Conclusion

General anaesthesia is associated with a higher blood loss than neuraxial anaesthesia. However, based on high‐quality studies, the need for blood transfusion was not greater. The higher blood loss with general anaesthesia is therefore of uncertain clinical relevance.
Practitioner attitudes to clozapine initiation
Authors: Gee S. , Vergunst F. , Howes O. , Taylor D.
Published: September 2013

Objective

Clozapine is the most effective antipsychotic for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia. It is recommended as third‐line treatment for schizophrenia in national and local guidelines. Despite this, it is underutilised. This survey aimed to clarify barriers to prescribing and elucidate factors that may improve patient access to clozapine.

Method

A questionnaire was made available to all staff members at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust.

Results

In total, 144 clinical staff completed the questionnaire. The majority (81%) of respondents were ‘fairly’ or ‘very’ familiar with clozapine prescribing guidelines. Barriers to prescribing most commonly stated as being ‘very frequently’ a problem were patient concerns about tolerability of clozapine or patient refusal to adhere to blood test monitoring. Staff members also felt medical complications frequently prevented clozapine prescription. Dedicated staff or day hospital placements devoted to clozapine initiation were identified as factors most likely to increase prescribing of clozapine.

Conclusion

Professionals identified the dominant barriers to prescribing as being patient focussed – refusal of blood test monitoring or concerns about tolerability. Clinician fears about compliance or medical complications were also important. The development of out‐patient services specifically tasked with initiating clozapine may help to increase the frequency of prescribing of clozapine earlier in treatment than is currently seen.
Patch testing for allergic contact dermatitis to cigarettes: Smoked/unsmoked components and formaldehyde factors
Authors: Carew Benjamin , Muir Jim
Published: September 2013

A patient with hand dermatitis reported that switching her smoking hand resulted in reduced symptoms. When allergy to cigarettes is suspected the literature supports standard allergy testing as well as testing the individual components of cigarettes. Initial standard patch testing revealed an allergy to formaldehyde and the formaldehyde releasing agent, quaternium‐15. The patient did not react to her usual roll‐your‐own cigarette components but reacted to the smoked filter paper of a particular brand of cigarette she frequently borrowed from a friend. Possible explanations include either a variation of ingredients between cigarettes that alters the formaldehyde concentration or another unidentified allergen in the branded cigarette causing allergic contact dermatitis.
The Shifting Welfare State inHungary andLatvia
Authors: Matos Cristina
Published: September 2013

This article analyzes the evolution of the welfare system inHungary andLatvia since the early 1990s. We identify the main components of social protection and investigate whether they have shifted. We find evidence of significant changes, but not of a definite and major shift. Rather, we argue that various benefits have evolved differently. In general, reforms tend to recombine (rather than replace) specific components.