bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurocognitive screening tools in HIV/AIDS: comparative performance among patients exposed to antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Skinner S , Adewale AJ , DeBlock L , Gill MJ , Power C
Published: January 2009

Objective

The aim of the study was to compare the performance of several bedside neuropsychological tools for detection of HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) in antiretroviral drug‐exposed persons.

Methods

We analysed the relative performance of the HIV Dementia Scale (HDS), International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) and the Mini‐Mental Status Exam (MMSE) together with neuropsychological tests (Symbol‐Digit, Grooved Pegboard and Trail Making) in HIV‐1‐seronegative subjects (HIV−; n=13) and in HIV‐1‐seropositive subjects with HAND (HIV+HAND; n=13) and other neurological disorders (HIV+OND; n=20).

Results

Established neuropsychological tests consistently showed significantly poorer performance by HIV+HAND subjects compared with the other two groups. Similarly, the mean HDS and IHDS scores were lower in the HIV+HAND group compared with the other two groups (P<0.005) while the mean MMSE score did not show significant differences between the HIV+HAND and HIV+OND groups. Receiver operator characteristics curves generated from these data using predefined cut‐off scores revealed that the HDS, IHDS and MMSE displayed corresponding area under the curve values of 0.82, 0.74 and 0.48, respectively (P<0.006).

Conclusions

The present findings indicate that the MMSE is a weak tool for diagnosing HAND in this group of patients but the HDS and IHDS demonstrate better efficiencies, although cut‐off values for the HDS require reassessment in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy.
Correction of facial lipoatrophy using autologous fat transplants in HIV‐infected adolescents
Authors: Dollfus C , Blanche S , Trocme N , Funck‐Brentano I , Bonnet F , Levan P
Published: January 2009

Objectives

Antiretroviral therapy has dramatically improved the survival of HIV‐infected children. Nevertheless, side effects comparable to those found in adults have been encountered, such as facial lipoatrophy, which can have a negative impact on the self‐esteem of otherwise healthy adolescents. Cosmetic surgical procedures in adolescents raise psychological issues which need to be specifically addressed and which have never been previously reported in this population. We evaluated the patient satisfaction, safety and cosmetic results of HIV‐infected adolescents who experienced autologous fat transplants for the correction of facial lipoatrophy.

Methods

We report the results of plastic surgery using autologous fat transplants (Coleman's Lipostructure™) in six HIV‐infected adolescents with facial lipoatrophy: three boys and three girls, aged 14–19 years.

Results

The quantity of reinjected fat on each side of the face varied from 5 to 12 mL within a single procedure. All the patients reported being satisfied or very satisfied with the cosmetic results and reported a positive impact on their daily life.

Conclusions

With well‐trained surgeons and carefully selected indications, corrective surgery of facial lipoatrophy in HIV‐infected adolescents can provide immediate and long‐lasting benefits in terms of physical appearance and psychological wellbeing, and should be considered as a component of comprehensive care.
Communication As a Technique in Treating Disturbed Children
Authors: Drysdale B. E. Dockar
Published: January 2009

The word communication is used in a very special sense to describe a technique exployed in a certain kind of treatment of deeply disturbed children, in a residential setting.

Communication with is distinguished from interpretation to a child, because while interpretation brings latent content to the surface, communication, while concerned with latent content, is carried out in terms of manifest content.

Such communication can be established between a child and the therapist. It is most likely to appear following the formation of a primary bond.

It is practical for one therapist to maintain several such lines of communication at the same time. This is therefore an emotionally economic technique.

The fact that the therapist can respond to the child at once, in context, and with feeling, provides just the kind of adaption to needs that a very disturbed child needs at a certain stage of treatment.

The therapist can continue to maintain such a contact without too much strain—each child having his own highly individual life‐line which he will be inclined to hold very firmly.

Mistakes—inevitable in every kind of treatment—are not disastrous once contact is established. Before this point is no communication in the special sense, and after this point the child will correct mistakes.

Mothers and certain gifted people have such means of making contact with the inner world of young children; such intuitive skill tends to be lost as the child grows up and inside and outside becomes more firmly established.

The therapist, like the mother, must be able to tolerate the eventual loss of the life‐line when it is no longer needed. Some children will have a whole system of communication, others may have moments of contact which are just as important.

Story‐tellers and dreamers have been making communicaitons since the beginning of history. We are often concerned with the interpretation of these myths of poems, or whatever we choose to call them. Perhaps there are times when we should simply respond to them as communications.

Progress is made from pre‐integration to integration. (For example: Jane, who had been a frozen delinquent, read the fairy‐tale in which, in order to gain a soul, a fairy must sacrifice her immortality, and in recounting this story Jane said “You know, this is what has happened to me.” Because she now knew of a to‐morrow and a yesterday she knew also that she was born and would die—she had lost the “immortality” of the psychopath who lived entirely in “today”)

Interpretation seems to belong to transference and probably regression towards disintegration; communication belongs to a primary bond and progress towards first integration.
Toward Eliminating the Jericho Road: Privatisation, Responsibility and Delinquency
Authors: Walter J. A.
Published: January 2009

Criminologists studying the causes of juvenile crime, and the more modern brand of sociologist studying the process of becoming deviant, rarely invoke the concepts of responsibility and irresponsibility. This is in marked contrast to philosophers, lawyers, politicians and laymen debating what to do about juvenile crime, for whom the question of whether or not the young offender is responsible is crucial. Social scientists tend to feel that to enter the debate is to abandon their scientific neutrality, and so they steer clear of it. But in so doing, they considerably reduce the relevance of their researches to the policy debate about juvenile crime, and it is left to laymen to assume or decide for themselves what are the implications of criminological and sociological researches for the responsibility or lack of it of the young offender; frequently they assume that any social scientific explanation renders the actor not responsible for his actions (a logically curious deduction, but one which social scientists by their silence do little to assuage).
The Imprisonment of Maintenance Defaulters
Authors: Freeman M. D. A. , Lyon Christina M.
Published: January 2009

Over 3,000 men are imprisoned each year for maintenance default. At any one time there are on average about 300 men in prison for this reason. It costs the State over one and a quarter million pounds a year to keep these men in prison. Yet, despite concern with overcrowding, no initiative is being taken to remove the sanction of imprisonment. This article surveys available evidence on who is imprisoned and argues the case for abolition. In particular the inappropriateness of using criminal sanctions to enforce family obligations is stressed. The case for imprisonment is usually grounded in deterrence. This argument is considered critically.
The Control Unit Regime: Law and Order in Prison
Authors: Birkinshaw Patrick
Published: January 2009

This article describes the events leading to the introduction of the control unit in Wakefield Prison in 1974, and the way the unit operated. The control unit was recently the subject of litigation in the High Court, when a former inmate of the unit, Michael Sidney Williams, sued the Home Office for false imprisonment, claiming exemplary damages for oppressive and arbitrary governmental action and a declaration that the Home Office had no power to set up the unit. The article examines the decision and some of the possible implications for the future relationship between courts of law and prison administration.
Young Offenders: I. Law, Order and the Child‐Care System
Authors: Morris Allison , Giller Henri
Published: January 2009

The Government's White Paper Young Offendersaims to alter radically the provisions of the criminal justice system for children and young people. This article looks at the emergence of the White Paper against the policy and practice of the 1969 Children and Young Persons Act and assesses the likely outcome of its proposals. Overall, the Government's programme will enable a considerable toughening of intervention in the lives of children and facilitates the convergence of law and order and the child‐care system.
Industrial Relations in the Prison Service1
Authors: King Roy D.
Published: January 2009

In this abbreviated version of an address to the Howard League three models of management‐staff relations in the prison service are reviewed: a military model, a professional model and a wage‐labour model. It is suggested that the military model can no longer apply, and that attempts to introduce a professional model failed. Unless major changes to the service can be achieved, that would allow a new professional model to be introduced, it is argued that the wage‐labour model is here to stay.
Social Enquiry Reports and Sentencing
Authors: Roberts Jenny , Roberts Colin
Published: January 2009

This article describes an analysis of the provision of social enquiry reports, the various sentencing outcomes in magistrates' courts and differences in the level of resources in 34 probation areas. It demonstrates that the level of report provision is strongly associated with the use of probation service administered disposals (i.e. probation and community service orders) but has little effect on the use of custodial disposals. The second part reviews the reasons for the apparent absence of influence in reports on the use of custodial sentences and the ways in which probation officers might enhance their impact on sentences via the preparation of reports, especially in relation to the use of tariff sentences.
The Prison System: Prospects for Change
Authors: King Roy D. , Morgan Rod
Published: January 2009

In this paper the authors review developments within the prison service since the publication of the May Report in 1979. They do so from the standpoint of their own evidence to the May Committee because, it is argued, no alternative view of the future of the prison system has been systematically developed. It is suggested that in spite of the abandonment of serious attempts to control the size of the prison population, the massive extension of the prison building programme, and the continuing uncertainty surrounding industrial relations, there are some small signs of change which could, eventually, produce real reforms in the prison system.
League Leader
Authors: HATTERSLEY Hon. ROY
Published: January 2009

A column of individual comments on current issues contributed by the Director of the Howard League, by members of the Council of the League, or by the Editors of the Howard Journal.
Non‐Custodial Penal Sanctions in England and Wales: A New Utopia?
Authors: Morgan Neil
Published: January 2009

This paper discusses contemporary developments in penal policy and practice in the light of Professor Stanley Cohen's “Punitive City” concept. It is shown that there is little evidence of a “transformation” in either ideology or practice away from custodial modes of control. Short custodial sentences have much support and, as Cohen suggested, supposed “alternatives” often do not displace custody. For the foreseeable future it is likely that non‐custodial controls will be relatively cost‐effective, rather simple and overtly punitive or reparative in aim: it is highly improbable that they will as Professor Cohen suggests, be oriented towards a “social‐work rationale” of “treatment”.
U.K./U.S.A. — Contrasts in Criminology: A Personal View1
Authors: Wilkins Leslie T.
Published: January 2009

Abstract: The United States frequently anticipates social problems which later appear in the United Kingdom, and the similarities between the two democracies often conceal significant differences. This is so in the case of the procedures of the criminal justice system. The independent Supreme Court, the Constitution and Bill of Rights, and the ‘class action’ procedures are not available here. The author considers the ways in which trends in the two countries have moved and the impact of these on research, and research implementation strategies in the United Kingdom. Criminology in the U.K. is diagnosed as suffering from a ‘chill’. However, there are methods whereby light can be thrown upon almost any topic, and the criminologist in the United Kingdom must accept the challenge and be more innovative.
The Criminal Courts in Scotland Under Pressure1
Authors: Fraser Q.C. Peter
Published: January 2009

Abstract: The steady increase in crime places very real strains upon the administration of justice in our courts today — the trend for increasing crime statistics over the last 40 years confirms this. Despite expansions in the courts, decisions are being taken not to prosecute cases which in former days would have been prosecuted. However it is in the public interest that justice should not be long delayed. Steps taken to relieve this pressure are multifaceted: increased number of warning cases, new pre‐trial procedures to reduce length of trials, studies in alternatives to prosecution. But the future is not pessimistic — the essential framework is fair and sound.
Drinking Drivers: The Limits to Deterrence
Authors: Riley David
Published: January 2009

Abstract: Both the 1982 and 1984 British Crime Surveys included questions about drinking and driving. These findings have been used to show that ‐for a significant minority of drivers ‐manipulating drink‐driving laws and their enforcement probably represents an ineffective crime control strategy. The deterrent impact of legal sanctions is likely to be blunted by drivers'failure to recognise that they are committing an offence, by their failure to regard the offence in a serious light or by their limited understanding of the severity of legal penalties. Moreover, the difficulties of sustaining reductions in drink‐driving in response to perceived increases in enforcement suggest that a broader‐based approach to the problem posed by drinking drivers needs to be identified. The final section of the paper puts forward a number of initiatives which could have some long‐term effect on the incidence of offending.
The Mission Transformed: Professionalisation of Probation Between the Wars
Authors: McWilliams William
Published: January 2009

Abstract: This paper explores the early stages of the transition of the English probation system from a service devoted to the mission of saving souls through divine grace to one dedicated to the scientific diagnosis of offenders. A crucial element in that transition was the rise of notions of professionalism between the wars, and the article traces that rise with especial reference to the social enquiry report as a key exemplar of probation practice.
Community Service: Areas of Concern and Suggestions for Change
Authors: Vass Antony A.
Published: January 2009

Abstract: The community service order has been in operation for over a decade. In the course of time the order has seen considerable praise and success. But there have been problems too. In this brief paper, the author summarises the major problems that have been identified in the period and calls for afresh review of the purpose and content of community service. He then selects what he regards to be the most pressing issues that need to be addressed by administrators and policymakers and suggests what possible changes could be introduced to improve matters further.
The Television Licence: Prosecution and Poor Households1
Authors: WALL DAVID , BRADSHAW JONATHAN
Published: January 2009

Abstract: The B.B.C. is facing a fiscal crisis ‐ its revenue will no longer increase without further rises in the licence fee. The government is reluctant to raise the licence fee for political reasons and because of anxiety over its impact on low income households. There is evidence of growing resistance towards paving the licence fee. One of the major reasons suggested for non‐payment is that poor households simply cannot afford to pay the lump sum required.

The Peacock Committee are considering other methods of raising revenue for the B.B.C. The Public Accounts Committee have called for more efficient detection methods and higher penalties. But these solutions will cost money and hurt poor households most. One way of avoiding prosecuting poor evaders and ensuring that the licence is paid, is to introduce a system of licence‐direct similar to that pioneered by the fuel boards.
Behaviour in Police‐Public Encounters
Authors: SOUTHGATE PETER
Published: January 2009

Abstract: This paper draws on data from a recent study of encounters between uniformed police officers and members of the public, designed to throw more light on the nature of behaviour in such encounters, and to provide material for the development of police training in human skills. It examines how participants behave towards each other and whether this reflects the behaviour of the other party, the nature of the encounter and the role of the citizen involved. The great majority of contacts are shown to be routine and mundane affairs, with dissatisfaction, rudeness or conflict being quite rare. A variety of issues is raised bearing upon policy, training and future research.
New Strategies in the Politics of Law and Order
Authors: MORISON JOHN
Published: January 2009

Abstract: Crime prevention has rapidly emerged as an important new trend in the law and order debate. Crime prevention programmes now appear on the agendas of all the major political parties and some perceive this issue as being the key to the law and order question, and so of central concern to the very success of these political parties. The issue is complex enough to allow each of the parties to take up a differing perspective on both that the problem is' and ‘how it should be solved’. For example, the Conservative party ‐ by latching on to more traditional modes of viewing crime prevention ‐ can maintain their hold on the law and order issue. However, of major interest is just how the other two major parties ‐ the Labour Party and the S. D.P./Liberal Alliance ‐ have attempted to grasp the issue from the Conservatives. In this paper I examine these strategies; looking to how successful each of them have been so far, and how the opposing parties have attempted to refute the positions into which these strategies have cast them. The importance of this paper is that it brings to light developing issues in current political thinking on law and order: it points out how, by developing these political strategies, each of the parties has somehow ‘missed the point’ which current criminology can offer them.
Structures of Judicial Racism in Australia
Authors: THORPE DAVID
Published: January 2009

Abstract:This paper describes the scale of Aboriginal over‐representation in Australian criminal justice systems. It explains this in terms of Australian history and contemporary social structures, specifically the Eurocentric criminal justice system. The paper then goes on to describe and discuss recent measures introduced at both Federal and state levels which have been designed to counteract some of the negative effects of the system on Aboriginals. The paper concludes with an analysis of the issues which are raised by the plight of Aboriginals and parallel situations in other countries which have ethnic minority populations who are unduly affected by rapid social and economic change.
A Defence of Sexual Liberty for All Age Groups
Authors: BRONGERSMA EDWARD
Published: January 2009

Abstract: This paper discusses the concept of an age of consent for sexual relationships, suggesting that some such contacts between adults and children are not harmful and should, therefore, not be punished.
The Police Complaints Procedure A Consumer View
Authors: BROWN DAVID
Published: January 2009

Abstract: Satisfying the complainant has increasingly been stressed as an important aim of the police complaints procedure and this is implicit in the provisions contained in Part IX of the Police and Criminal Evidence (PACE) Act 1984. This aim can only effectively be achieved if complainants have some appreciation of the new procedures and if these match the complainant's priorities. On the basis of a survey of complainants carried out prior to the introduction of the PACE provisions, this article suggests that the average complainant can be expected to have only a limited understanding of the new system. It also argues that, while some complainants will obtain more satisfaction than before (principally through the informal resolution of complaints), others will continue to be discontented for several reasons. They may object to the continued role of the police in investigating complaints, fail to achieve their objectives in complaining, or be critical of the time the procedure takes. The article concludes that there are a number of steps which may be taken to reduce dissatisfaction: these include better publicity and advice about the procedure, making more use of complaints to identify patterns of malpractice with a view to prevention, and providing better feedback to complainants.
Motorcycle Theft, Helmet Legislation and Displacement
Authors: MAYHEW PAT , CLARKE RONALD V. , ELLIOTT DAVID
Published: January 2009

Abstract: Most current theory, which treats crime as an expression of psychological or social malaise, would hold that displacement of offending undermines the value of measures to reduce opportunities for crime. However, a drop of more than 60% in motorcycle thefts in the Federal Republic of Germany, brought about by the introduction in 1980 of fines for failing to wear a crash helmet, was not followed by increases in thefts of cars or bicycles. This may have been because bike or car thefts do not offer a similar combination of costs and benefits for the offender as opportunistic thefts of motorcycles. More generally, it appears that a ‘rational choice’ perspective on crime is likely to result in more fruitful analysis of displacement.
Prisoners' Rights Submerged in Semantics
Authors: TREACY VIVIANE
Published: January 2009

Abstract: The case of R v. Board of Visitors of the Maze Prison, ex parte Hone and McCartan raised an important issue for prisoners and their advisers. This was whether prisoners accused of committing criminal offences while inside prison are entitled to be legally represented at the hearing of their case before a Board of Visistors. The House of Lords held that prisoners have no right to legal representation at such hearings and blurred the issue by confusing ‘criminal’ and ‘disciplinary’ cases. Their decision appears to put the Common Law into conflict with the European Convention on Human Rights and certainly raises issues which will require clarification by the European Court of Human Rights.
An Ecological Analysis of Crime in Early Victorian England
Authors: MAXIM PAUL S.
Published: January 2009

Abstract: The two decades from 1830 to 1850 saw major growth in the collection and analysis of official crime statistics in England and Wales. Much of that data was collected in an attempt to understand the growing social problems engendered by a burgeoning industrial society. Unfortunately, many of the theoretical problems and policy issues the early Victorians attempted to address could not be answered due to the lack of appropriate statistical tools. This study reexamines a major data set first published by Fletcher in the late 1840s on factors influencing regional variations in crime rates throughout England. Using standard regression analysis, it is evident that the conclusions to be drawn from the data are quite different from those proposed by Fletcher in his own analysis. It is also concluded that these and similar data of the period offer a wealth of information which might be valuable to contemporary criminologists.
Probation Practice and an End to Punishment
Authors: McWILLIAMS WILLIAM , PEASE KEN
Published: January 2009

On prudential and moral grounds, it is argued, the rehabilitation of offenders should be restored as the central philosophical ideal of the probation service. The paper discusses how and why this might be done, and suggests how it might modify current probation practice and its regulation.
Variations in Police Cautioning Policy and Practice in England and Wales
Authors: EVANS ROGER , WILKINSON CHRISTINE
Published: January 2009

Abstract: The research described in this article was commissioned by the Home Office Research and Planning Unit. It was designed to assess the impact of new guidelines on police cautioning, issued to chief constables in the form of Home Office Circular 14/1985, and to provide a more general review of police cautioning in England and Wales. Inter‐ and intra‐force variations in cautioning rates, policy and practice are described and some suggestions made about how a more uniform approach to cautioning might be achieved.
Drug Injecting and Syringe Sharing in Custody and in the Community: An Exploratory Survey of HIV Risk Behaviour
Authors: DOLAN KATE A. , DONOGHOE MARTIN C. , STIMSON GERRY V.
Published: January 2009

Abstract: In an exploratory study of HIV risk behaviour and custodial experiences, 183 injecting drug users were interviewed in twelve cities in England, Scotland and Wales. Custodial experience was common (79% in custody at some time), recent (58% in custody since 1987), and sentences were short (for 64% the most recent period of custody lasted one month or less). Injecting during last period in custody was reported by 23%, and 75% of those who injected in custody reported that they had shred needles and syringes. Sexual activity in custody was reported by 6% of the custodial sample. HIV positivity was self‐reported by 12% of the custodial sample. Of the custodial group, those who were HIV positive were more like& than the HIV negative group to report injecting and syringe‐sharing in custody. Outside custody fin the community) many (46%) had shared syringes during the previous four weeks, 83% had sexual partners during the previous three months, and 50% of these had sexual partners who did not themselves inject drugs. The findings indicate the potential for HIV infection to occur within custodial settings.
Judicial Guidelines for Pretrial Release: Research and Policy Developments in the United States
Authors: JONES PETER R. , GOLDKAMP JOHN S.
Published: January 2009

Abstract: Despite the many differences in the criminal justice systems of Britain and the United States, both countries face common problems in the field of pretrial decision‐making. The bail decision is a difficult, possibly high‐risk, decision that occurs in a very short period of time with little reliable information. Bail information schemes recently tested in Britain suggest that policy‐makers recognise the need to classify cases on something other than mere intuition. Recent bail reform in the United States has been built on this premise and has progressed to the point of developing empirically derived, voluntary judicial guidelines for pretrial release. This work has implications for pretrial decision‐making in general and the bail information schemes in particular. Accordingly, this paper presents the major findings of more than a decade's work on the development, implementation and evaluation of bail guidelines. In particular, it emphasises the value of a guidelines approach to pretrial decision‐making and serves to dispel the popular notion that guidelines are simply an informational tool founded on the belief that ‘more is better’.
Parole and its Problems: A Canadian‐English Comparison
Authors: POLVI NATALIE , PEASE KEN
Published: January 2009

Abstract: The parole system of England and Wales is contrasted with that of Canada. Recent reviews of the system have taken place in both countries. There is agreement between the reviewing bodies on the centrality of risk assessment to parole. In the Canadian case, this concern extends to the development and maintenance of statistical predictors to make the system consonant with its stated purpose. Despite the existence of an excellent statistical basis for similar developments in England, the possibilities are all but unmentioned by the review there, and are neglected by the system as it operates. It is held that the Canadian system is developing a dynamic for achieving its stated goals, while the English system is failing to do so.
The Victim in Court Project at the Crown Court at Wood Greens1
Authors: ROCK PAUL
Published: January 2009

Abstract: In January 1990, Victim Support, the National Organisation of Victims Support Schemes, inaugurated a programme of demonstration projects to assist prosecution witnesses attending seven Crown Courts in England and Wales. The article focusses on the special experiences and position of prosecution witnesses at one such Crown Court, the initial phases of the ‘victim in court project’ established there, and emerging patterns of interaction between witnesses and the project's volunteers. The chief role of volunteers was to diminish the isolation encountered by witnesses as they waited to appear in court.
Caring Professionals or Street‐Level Bureaucrats? The Case of Probation Officers' Work With Prisoners
Authors: WILLIAMS BRIAN
Published: January 2009

Abstract: Drawing upon recent consumer research, this article examines probation officers' work with prisoners in the light of the notion of ‘street‐level bureaucracy’, and finds that many of the policies and practices of the probation service seem designed to prevent a client‐centred, personal approach. In fact, there is some dissatisfaction with the bureaucratic nature of the service given by probation officers, and prisoners may be declining to become involved with the probation service because of this. Some modest changes in practice are suggested, in view of the recommendations of the Woolf Report and the likely changes resulting from it.
Drug Enforcement Strategies1
Authors: MURJI KARIM
Published: January 2009

Abstract: Four approaches to drug enforcement are appraised. Three of these are characterised as the conventional approaches which have been dominant through most of the past decade. The arguments for and the limitations of each are considered. It is argued that the shortcomings of these conventional approaches has led to renewed interest in enforcement aimed at the street or retail level of the market. Drawing on economic models of the drug market and the behaviour of drug buyers, the arguments for low level drug enforcement are described, and some problems with this approach indicated.
Stacking the Deck by Piling Up Sanctions: Is Intermediate Punishment Destined to Fail?1
Authors: BLOMBERG THOMAS , LUCKEN KAROL
Published: January 2009

Abstract:Intermediate punishment as referred to in the United States or intermediate sanctions as referred to in England ad Wales are emerging as major crime control refonn strategies despite the absence of empirical justification for these strategies. The essential goal underlying these strategies is to provide more proportionate and tough sentencing alternatives to prisons and nominal probation. This paper provides an assessment of several salient operational natures of a Florida intermediate punishment programme especially in relation to the programme's demonstrated tendency to file up sanctions' on participating offenders. Various sanctioning agent perceptions, associated decision making and programme outcomes are explored in relation to the ‘piling up of sanctions’ process. The paper concludes with a discussion of several policy implications raised by the reported findings for programmes in England and Wales and the United States.
Mode of Trial Decisions and Sentencing Differences between Courts
Authors: MOXON DAVID , HEDDERMAN CAROL
Published: January 2009

Abstract: About one in five of defendants charged with triable‐either‐way offences is dealt with at the Crown Court. Yet a majority of those committed to the Crown Court because magistrates decline jurisdiction receive sentences which magistrates could have imposed. Among those electing trial, most of those convicted ended up pleading guilty and the research showed that many will have received much more severe sentences as a result of going to the Crown Court. Substantial differences were found in the sentencing pattern of individual courts, but the biggest difference was between the higher and lower courts with many more, and longer, custodial sentences being imposed at the Crown Court for similar offences.
Gender Theory and Prison Sociology: Using Theories of Masculinities to Interpret the Sociology of Prisons for Men
Authors: NEWTON CAROLYN
Published: January 2009

Abstract: This article attempts to show that theories of masculinities bring a useful framework to the study of men in prison. Two main aspects of classic prison sociology are explored in terms of theories of masculinities. It is first suggested that the concept of solidarity and an unwritten code between prison inmates is similar to the male bonding described in other forms of fratriarchies, such as shopfloor cultures. It is then suggested that the hierarchies among men in prison described by prison sociologists are directly related to, and perhaps a function of, the power relations of hegemonic masculinity. This paper is not intended to offer a complete analysis of the application of theories of masculinities to prison sociology; rather, the intention is to suggest the potentials of the former to add to interpretions of the latter.
American Populism and the Death Penalty: Witnesses at an Execution1
Authors: BEDAU HUGO ADAM
Published: January 2009

Abstract: The currently popular status of the death penalty in the United States is examined in three respects: the eagerness of surviving family members to witness the execution of the murderer of their loved one, the controversy over whether executions ought to be shown ‘live’ on television, and the newly authorised used of victim‐impact statements in the sentencing phase of capital trials.
The Acceptability of Executing the Innocent
Authors: STINCHCOMBE ANDREW J.
Published: January 2009

Abstract: This article examines public attitudes towards capital punishment, with particular focus on the risks of executing innocent people, and the issue of whether such risks are justifiable. The article begins with an overview of the history of capital punishment in the United Kindgom and the recent miscarriages of justice. This is followed by a survey which samples current public views and compares the results with data from opinion polls. The key question to be answered is whether recent miscarriages of justice have altered people's views towards capital punishment, an area which is relatively under‐researched.
Corruption in Italy: An Attempt to Identify the Victims
Authors: RUGGIERO VINCENZO
Published: January 2009

Abstract: Criminological analysis of corruption is rare, perhaps because this type of offending is regarded as a victimless behaviour. The author analyses political corruption in Italy with a view to identifying the social damage caused by it. Aspects of victimisation are mainly found within the domain of civil and political rights. The author examines the erosion of these rights in the light of controversial definitions of democracy. Corruption and aspects of victimisation that corrupt exchange brings in its course are traced on the boundaries separating two different interpretations of democracy, that is, on the border between democracy and despotism.
Aggravation, Mitigation and the Gender of Probation Officers
Authors: Nash Mike
Published: January 2009

Abstract: There is a considerable amount of research on the differential processing and sentencing of women offenders in the criminal justice system. There is considerably less on the influence on women practitioners at all stages of the process. This article examines the assessment of crime seriousness by probation officers and in particular questions whether gender has an influence on that decision.
Mapping Probation Practice with Drug Using Offenders
Authors: Dorn Nicholas , Lee Maggy
Published: January 2009

Abstract: Research work was carried out in a probation service area, exploring probation practice with drug‐using offenders and looking at the service's response to an initiative undertaken on behalf of drug agencies. A questionnaire survey generated estimates of time probation officers spent in a working week on cases of offenders who were recognised as having a drug problem. As regards partnership between the probation service and drug agencies, there were enthusiasms and worries on both sides. It is concluded that current conceptualisation of and approaches towards drug‐related crime may render future collaborations no easier than what was observed here.
‘Tracking’ Sex Offenders
Authors: HEBENTON BILL , THOMAS TERRY
Published: January 2009

Abstract: This paper considers what legal and practice arrangements exist in England and Wales to monitor sex offenders following release from prison and comments on the limitations and implications of such ‘tracking’ in the community. Recent developments in the USA are also reviewed. The authors argue that ‘tracking’ should be seen in the wider context of the political economy of risk, which emphasises both the proactive ‘management’ of knowledge about offenders and the production of compensatory measures.
Unlocking the Gates: an Examination ofMSNBC Investigates – Lockup
Authors: CECIL DAWN K. , LEITNER JENNIFER L.
Published: January 2009

Abstract:Most people do not have first‐hand knowledge of the prison system; therefore, media images are critical in shaping their understanding of these institutions. While research has examined how prisons are depicted in film, less attention has been paid to images in other facets of the media. This study examined MSNBC Investigates – Lockup in order to determine how televised documentaries depict prisons. Findings indicate that this series presents tales of some of the most extreme institutions and the most violent inmates. By using violence as the main frame, this programme sends messages that support the United States' current use of imprisonment.
Foucault and political anthropology
Authors: Abélès Marc
Published: January 2009

French anthropologists gave Michel Foucault's works a very different, rather cool reception, from that of their North American counterparts, who turned Foucault into an essential reference. This difference deserves to be analysed because it is symptomatic of the differences in perspective between US and French anthropology. At a deeper level, it posits the question of the relations between philosophy and anthropology. In the case of US anthropology, Foucault's reflection on the relationships between power and knowledge influenced the critical thinking that developed at the end of the twentieth century. This article shows what impact Foucault's writings on power have had on recent developments in political anthropology: today, his concepts of governmentality and bio‐politics are having a remarkable impact and we find them applied in many empirical studies.
Identifying important areas for butterfly conservation  in Italy
Authors: Girardello M. , Griggio M. , Whittingham M. J. , Rushton S. P.
Published: January 2009

The current study combines the use of niche modelling with a site prioritization method to identify important areas for butterfly conservation in Italy. A novel machine learning method (bagging predictors) was used to predict the distribution of 232 species of butterflies across the Italian Peninsula. The results of the models were used to identify high‐value sites with a multispecies prioritization method called zonation. In order to identify important areas for species of conservation concern, we incorporated a species weighting scheme to zonation analyses. We also used the results of the zonation analyses to identify a series of management landscapes on the basis of the similarity in species composition among sites. The basic zonation showed that most important areas for butterfly conservation are located in the Alps, the Appennine, the Apulia region and in the island of Sardinia. The inclusion of a species weighting scheme in the zonation analyses revealed the importance of two new areas located in Southern Italy and emphasized the importance of the Alps for species of conservation concern. The landscape identification procedure selected a series of landscapes, which provide protection to a full range of species ranging from the Alps to Mediterranean areas. Our study shows that the areas selected in our analyses should be given high priority in future conservation plans and monitoring schemes.
Within‐individual discrimination on the Concealed Information Test using dynamic mixture modeling
Authors: Matsuda Izumi , Hirota Akihisa , Ogawa Tokihiro , Takasawa Noriyoshi , Shigemasu Kazuo
Published: January 2009

Whether an examinee has information about a crime is determined by the Concealed Information Test based on autonomic differences between the crime‐related item and other control items. Multivariate quantitative statistical methods have been proposed for this determination. However, these require specific databases of responses, which are problematic for field application. Alternative methods, using only an individual's data, are preferable, but traditionally such within‐individual approaches have limitations because of small data sample size. The present study proposes a new within‐individual judgment method, the hidden Markov discrimination method, in which time series‐data are modeled with dynamic mixture distributions. This method was applied to experimental data and showed sufficient potential in discriminating guilty from innocent examinees in a mock theft experiment compared with performance of previous methods.
Becoming Who We Are: A Theoretical Explanation of Gendered Social Structures and Social Networks that Shape Adolescent Interpersonal Aggression
Authors: Smith Paige Hall , White Jacquelyn W. , Moracco Kathryn E.
Published: January 2009

A conceptualization of gendered interpersonal aggression that is grounded in the social ecological framework is presented to explicate factors in adolescents' gendered environments that give rise to aggression and victimization. The focus is on gendered social structures and social networks. Our framework for prevention suggests that violence prevention requires that we move our culture from one that continually recreates gendered structures that reinforce power and authority as masculine and that confer opportunities and constraints in ways that favor men over women. It will require deliberate action to legitimize the feminine in our culture and develop laws and practices that abolish gender inequities.
Childhood Sexual Abuse, Culture, and Coping: A Qualitative Study of Latinas
Authors: Ligiéro Daniela P. , Fassinger Ruth , McCauley Moira , Moore Jessica , Lyytinen Nina
Published: January 2009

The purpose of this study was to articulate a model of how Latinas cope with childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and the ways in which personal and cultural variables influence their coping strategies. Nine women who identified as Latina and as survivors of CSA participated in an in-depth interview. The data were analyzed using a grounded theory methodology. Results suggested that participants' coping efforts were influenced by a variety of cultural factors and that they engaged in a wide range of coping behaviors, all of which served two main functions: (1) seeking relief from negative emotions and (2) protecting one's self from further abuse.
Metabolic syndrome, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatitis C virus: impact on disease progression and treatment response
Authors: Younossi Zobair M. , McCullough Arthur J.
Published: January 2009

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a spectrum of liver disease ranging from simple steatosis to non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis, is increasingly recognized as the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and is an important cause of liver‐related morbidity and mortality. It is among the most common forms of liver disease. NAFLD reflects abnormal partitioning of fat, such that fat deposition is increased in the liver, and provides a link between NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome, a constellation of metabolic disorders that can also be associated with visceral fat or central adiposity. Together, the features of the metabolic syndrome presage overt diabetes and increase cardiovascular risk. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) appears to exacerbate the metabolic syndrome by eliciting increased insulin resistance (IR) and promoting truncal obesity. Moreover, the concomitant presence of HCV and NAFLD is associated with an increased likelihood of diabetes, hypertension and/or hypertriglyceridaemia. Metabolic abnormalities have been shown to influence response to treatment such that the presence of IR or obesity reduces the likelihood of a sustained virological response (SVR); conversely, SVR has been demonstrated to ameliorate IR and improve β‐cell function. Clinically, these data suggest that attention must be paid not only to optimizing antiviral response but also to screening for and treatment of the various components of the metabolic syndrome.
Newcastle disease virus represses the activation of human hepatic stellate cells and reverses the development of hepatic fibrosis in mice
Authors: Li Ya‐Lin , Wu Jiao , Wei Ding , Zhang Da‐Wei , Feng Hao , Chen Zhi‐Nan , Bian Huijie
Published: January 2009

Background/Aims: Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the crucial factor responsible for liver fibrosis and involved in development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by interaction with tumour cells. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has the oncolytic characteristics of intrinsically selective replication in neoplasia cells and transformed cells. But, NDV replication in HSCs and effects on hepatic fibrosis have not been reported.

Methods: We detected the effect of conditioned medium (CM) from human HCC cells on the activation of human HSC line, LX‐2 by a 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The replication of NDV was evaluated in LX‐2 cells and primary‐cultured mouse HSCs by flow cytometry or by a fluorescence microscope. Indices for hepatic fibrosis were determined in HSCs and a hepatic fibrosis mouse model by gelatin zymography, RT‐PCR, Western blot and Sirius red staining after NDV infection. Colocalization of NDV virions and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) were detected by double immunofluorescence staining. Detection of apoptosis was carried out in liver tissues of NDV‐treated mice by the TdT‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labelling assay.

Results: Tumour‐CM and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) could promote the proliferation and activation of LX‐2 cells, indicated by the enhanced expression of α‐SMA, collagen I, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)‐1 and TGF‐β1. Activated HSCs facilitated the replication of NDV, thereby repressing the secretion of MMP, the expression of these indices for hepatic fibrosis and the expression of α‐SMA and collagen fibrils in hepatic fibrosis of the mouse induced by carbon tetrachloride.

Conclusions: HCC cells promote the activation of HSCs and NDV attenuates the activation and represses the hepatic fibrosis by selective replication in activated HSCs.