bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
African Women and Commerce in the Atlantic World
Authors: Oliveira Vanessa S.
Published: December 2023

Women have been active players in the history of the Atlantic world from early times to the present. They have contributed to the economic and social fabric of Atlantic societies as food producers, mothers, healers, queens, and merchants, just to mention a few roles. Despite their importance, women were not part of the mainstream narrative neither in the early days of African history nor in the history of other geographic areas in the Atlantic world. The first wave of Africanist scholars in the 1960s were more interested in recovering the stories of great kingdoms and states and their leaders, who were, for the most part, men. It was not until the late 1970s that Africanist scholars incorporated women as a category of analysis with the publication of collections and monographs dedicated to their contribution to African societies. Women merchants commonly known as donas, signares, nharas, and senoras were among those who benefited from the new approach. Since then, scholars have explored the trajectories of women merchants and petty traders in places such as the Gold Coast, Luanda, Benguela, Saint-Louis, Gorée, Freetown, Lagos, Bissau, and Cacheu. This growing scholarship has shown that women participated actively in the trade in foodstuffs, manufactured goods, and captives, as well in tropical commodities. African women’s ability to trade crossed the Atlantic Ocean, where they and their descendants continued to control the retail trade in port cities in Brazil, the southern United States, and in the West Indies.
The Rubber Economy in the Ecuadorian Amazon
Authors: Ford Matthew
Published: December 2023

The demand for rubber in the global north had severe impacts on Amazonia—its extractive origin—and irreparably transformed the economic and social landscape. Although the scholarly literature on rubber’s impact on Amazonian Peru, Bolivia, and Colombia is rich, the historiography on Ecuadorian Amazonia (known locally as the Oriente) remains underdeveloped. Yet the rubber economy had lasting impacts on the Oriente and shaped how the Liberal state interacted with its eastern frontier. The chains of debt, credit, rubber, and people integrated the Oriente into an expansive economic circuit—with its local hub in Iquitos—that cut deep scars into the region and ultimately undercut state-building efforts.

Caucheros used a coercive system of debt peonage to gain control over the indigenous population, leaving frontier civil authorities with limited access to a labor force that was necessary for state building. In the larger context of Liberal export-oriented development—whereby state capacity in formerly isolated regions was often strengthened by integration into the global economy—the rubber economy in the Oriente stands out for having the opposite effect.
Effects of ontogeny and oiling on the thermal function of southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) fur
Authors: Riordan Kate , Thometz Nicole M , Batac Francesca I , Nicholson Teri E , Liwanag Heather E M
Published: December 2023

During the evolution of most marine mammals, fur as an insulator has been replaced with more buoyant, energy storing and streamlining blubber. By contrast, the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) relies on insulation from its dense, air-trapping pelage, which differs morphologically between natal and adult stages. In this study, we investigated the ontogenetic changes in thermal function of southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) pelts in air, in water, and when saturated with crude oil. Pelt thermal conductivity, thickness, and thermal resistance were measured for six age classes: neonate (<1 month), small pup (1–2 months), large pup (3–5 months), juvenile (6 months–1 year), subadult (1–3 years), and adult (4–9 years). Thermal conductivity was significantly higher for pelts in air than in water, with oiled pelts exhibiting the highest values (P < 0.001). Oiled pelts had the lowest thermal resistance, which suggests that regardless of age, all sea otters are vulnerable to the effects of oiling (P < 0.001). To scale up our laboratory findings, we used a volume-specific geometric model of conductive heat transfer for a simplified sea otter body, representing all tested age classes and treatments. Neonates, small pups, and large pups are more vulnerable to the effects of oiling compared with older age classes (P < 0.0001) due to a higher surface area-to-volume ratio. These results are consistent with the known thermal conductance values for adult sea otter pelts, yet this is the first time such thermal differences have been demonstrated in young otters. Overall, body size and age play a more important role in the thermal abilities of sea otters than previously thought.
Extensive thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm as initial presentation in Takayasu arteritis: case series and literature review
Authors: Jena Anupam , Mishra Subasis , Padhee Binayananda , Jena Surya Kant , Ghosh Nelson , Padhan Prasanta , Rout Nikunja Kishore , Sahoo Panchanan
Published: December 2023

Background

Aortic aneurysm as a presenting feature in Takayasu’s arteritis is very rare. Here, we report three cases of extensive thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm in Takayasu’s arteritis as initial presentation.

Case summary

All three cases were males and presented with complaints of abdominal pain and refractory hypertension. The diagnosis was made from the finding of thickened and calcified aortic wall, stenosis of visceral arteries, and age < 40 years at diagnosis. Case 1 was a 34 years male with aortic aneurysm extending from left subclavian artery to infrarenal aorta. He underwent endovascular repair of aneurysm by sandwich chimney technique in view of impending aneurysm rupture. Case 2, a 37 years male had aortic aneurysm from descending thoracic aorta (D4 vertebral body) to infrarenal aorta (L4 level). While being evaluated for repair, he had sudden death probably due to ruptured aneurysm. Case three, a 40 years male had aortic aneurysm extending from left subclavian artery to aortic bifurcation and stenosis of visceral arteries. He did not consent for repair and died one year later due to chronic kidney disease and related complications.

Discussion

Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm is a very rare manifestation in Takayasu’s arteritis; more common in males. Endovascular repair is challenging but feasible. Long-term monitoring and repeat intervention may be needed due to young age of patients and disease progression.
Imitation as Flattery: The UK’s Trade Continuity Agreements and the EU’s Normative Foreign Policy
Authors: Larik Joris
Published: December 2023

This article analyses the United Kingdom’s (UK) ‘trade continuity programme’. The promise that, once outside the European Union (EU), the UK would strike new, lucrative trade deals continues to be an important part of the Brexiteers’ narrative. What the UK was compelled to do first, however, was to conclude ‘roll-over’ agreements to replace the trade agreements already made by the EU. This article posits that, contrary to expectations, the UK’s continuity programme should be regarded as a success – for both the UK and the EU. In most cases, the UK managed to replicate to a very large extent the terms originally granted to the EU, despite being a smaller market and despite challenging circumstances. From the EU’s perspective, the UK’s continuity programme can be regarded as a case of successful norm internalization and export. This first chapter of post-Brexit UK trade policy shows that even a country that has left the EU still legally commits itself and its partners to the EU’s norms and values. Hence, the EU should welcome the UK’s imitation as a shared normative basis to expand cooperation with its former member state in a challenging geopolitical environment.
Graded Sum Formula for ~ A1-Soergel Calculus and the Nil-Blob Algebra
Authors: Hernández Caro Marcelo , Ryom-Hansen Steen
Published: December 2023

We study the representation theory of the Soergel calculus algebra $ {{ \tilde {A}_w^{{\mathbb {C}}}}}:= \mbox {End}_{ {{\mathcal {D}}}_{(W,S)}} (\underline {w}) $ over $ {\mathbb {C}}$ in type $ \tilde {A}_1$. We generalize the recent isomorphism between the nil-blob algebra $ {{\mathbb {N}\mathbb {B}}_n}$ and a diagrammatically defined subalgebra $ {A}_w^{{\mathbb {C}}}$ of ${{ \tilde {A}_w^{{\mathbb {C}}}}}$ to deal with the two-parameter blob algebra. Under this generalization, the two parameters correspond to the two simple roots for $ \tilde {A}_1$. Using this, together with calculations involving the Jones-Wenzl idempotents for the Temperley-Lieb subalgebra of $ {{\mathbb {N}\mathbb {B}}_n}$, we obtain a concrete diagonalization of the matrix of the bilinear form on the cell module $ \Delta _w(v) $ for $ {{ \tilde {A}_w^{{\mathbb {C}}}}} $. The entries of the diagonalized matrices turn out to be products of roots for $ \tilde {A}_1$. We use this to study Jantzen-type filtrations of $ \Delta _w(v) $ for $ {{ \tilde {A}_w^{{\mathbb {C}}}}}$. We show that, at an enriched Grothendieck group level, the corresponding sum formula has terms $ \Delta _w(s_{\alpha }v)[ l(s_{\alpha }v)- l(v)] $, where $ [ \cdot ] $ denotes grading shift.
The Iowa Health Data Resource (IHDR): an innovative framework for transforming the clinical health data ecosystem
Authors: Davis Heath A , Santillan Donna A , Ortman Chris E , Hoberg Asher A , Hetrick Joseph P , McBrearty Charles W , Zeng Erliang , Vaughan Sarrazin Mary S , Dunn Lopez Karen , Chapman Cole G , Carnahan Ryan M , Michaelson Jacob J , Knosp Boyd M
Published: December 2023

Importance

This manuscript will be of interest to most Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) as they retool for the increasing emphasis on translational science from translational research. This effort is an extension of the EDW4R work that most CTSAs have done to deploy infrastructure and tools for researchers to access clinical data.

Objectives

The Iowa Health Data Resource (IHDR) is a strategic investment made by the University of Iowa to improve access to real-world health data. The goals of IHDR are to improve the speed of translational health research, to boost interdisciplinary collaboration, and to improve literacy about health data. The first objective toward this larger goal was to address gaps in data access, data literacy, lack of computational environments for processing Personal Health Information (PHI) and the lack of processes and expertise for creating transformative datasets.

Methods

A three-pronged approach was taken to address the objective. The approach involves integration of an intercollegiate team of non-informatics faculty and staff, a data enclave for secure patient data analyses, and novel comprehensive datasets.

Results

To date, all five of the health science colleges (dentistry, medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and public health) have had at least one staff and one faculty member complete the two-month experiential learning curriculum. Over the first two years of this project, nine cohorts totaling 36 data liaisons have been trained, including 18 faculty and 18 staff. IHDR data enclave eliminated the need to duplicate computational infrastructure inside the hospital firewall which reduced infrastructure, hardware and human resource costs while leveraging the existing expertise embedded in the university research computing team. The creation of a process to develop and implement transformative datasets has resulted in the creation of seven domain specific datasets to date.

Conclusion

The combination of people, process, and technology facilitates collaboration and interdisciplinary research in a secure environment using curated data sets. While other organizations have implemented individual components to address EDW4R operational demands, the IHDR combines multiple resources into a novel, comprehensive ecosystem IHDR enables scientists to use analysis tools with electronic patient data to accelerate time to science.
Transmission of Xanthomonas albilineans by the spittlebug, Mahanarva fimbriolata (Hemiptera: Cercopidae), in Brazil: first report of an insect vector for the causal agent of sugarcane leaf scald
Authors: Bini Andressa Peres , Serra Marina Carnaz Duarte , Pastore Izadora Farina , Brondi Carolina Veluci , Camargo Luis Eduardo Aranha , Monteiro-Vitorello Claudia Barros , van Sluys Marie-Anne , Rossi Guilherme Duarte , Creste Silvana
Published: December 2023

Leaf scald is a destructive sugarcane disease caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas albilineans (Ashby) Dowson. This pathogen presents the gene cluster SPI-1 T3SS, a conserved feature in pathogens vectored by animals. In this study, the competence of Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål), a spittlebug commonly found in sugarcane fields in Brazil, was evaluated for the transmission of X. albilineans. Artificial probing assays were conducted to investigate the ability of M. fimbriolata adults to acquire X. albilineans from artificial diets containing the pathogen with subsequent inoculation of X. albilineans into pathogen-free diets. Plant probing assays with M. fimbriolata adults were conducted to evaluate the acquisition of X. albilineans from diseased source plants and subsequent inoculation of healthy recipient sugarcane plants. The presence of X. albilineans DNA in saliva/diet mixtures of the artificial probing assays and both insects and plants of the plant probing assays were checked using TaqMan assays. The artificial probing assays showed that M. fimbriolata adults were able to acquire and inoculate X. albilineans in diets. Plant probing assays confirmed the competence of M. fimbriolata to transmit X. albilineans to sugarcane. Over the entire experiment, 42% of the insects had acquired the pathogen and successful inoculation of the pathogen occurred in 18% of the recipient-susceptible sugarcane plants at 72 or 96 h of inoculation access period. Assays evidenced the vector competence of M. fimbriolata for transmission of X. albilineans, opening new pathways for investigating the biology and the economic impacts of the interaction between X. albilineans and M. fimbriolata.
In situ TEM studies on hydrogen-related issues: hydrogen storage, hydrogen embrittlement, fuel cells and electrolysis
Authors: Matsuda Junko
Published: December 2023

Hydrogen is attracting attention as an energy carrier for realizing a low-carbon society, because it can directly convert the energy obtained from chemical reactions into electrical energy without carbon dioxide emissions. This paper presents in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations related to hydrogen storage in metal and metal hydrides, hydrogen embrittlement of metallic materials used for storing and transporting hydrogen in containers and pipes, and fuel cells and water electrolysis using metal catalysts and oxides as electrode materials. All of these processes are important for practical applications of hydrogen. Numerous in situ TEM studies have revealed the microscopic structural changes when hydrogen reacts with the materials, when hydrogen is solidly dissolved in the materials and during the operation of the material. This review is expected to facilitate further development of TEM operando observations of hydrogen-related materials.
Boiled watchdogs? The declining professional autonomy of precarious millennial generation journalists
Authors: Čehovin Zajc Jožica , Lukan Tinca
Published: December 2023

Professional autonomy, the latitude practitioners have in carrying out their occupational duties, is essential to journalism. This study, which examines how precariously employed journalists of the millennial generation in Slovenia perceive their professional roles, how professional autonomy plays out in practice, and how they advocate for better working conditions over time, draws on in-depth interviews conducted in 2017 and 2021. The findings reveal that journalists initially viewed their role as context-specific watchdogs helping the weak. However, journalists faced challenges to their autonomy that limited their ability to translate this role into practice. Most journalists did not consider it worthwhile to unite collectively to improve working conditions, leading to a gradual deterioration of professional autonomy. We propose the term ‘boiled watchdogs’ likening their situation to a frog slowly boiling over time. This article contributes to the international literature on precarity and professionalism in journalism in a post-socialist context.
Large biloma as the initial presentation of gallbladder perforation: a case report and literature review
Authors: Limani Nimetula , Misimi Shqipe , Nikolovski Andrej
Published: December 2023

Biloma is an encapsulated intra or extra-hepatic collection of bile after biliary tree trauma. Post-procedural and traumatic biliary damage are the most common etiologic causes. Gallbladder perforation due to acute cholecystitis rarely presents with biloma occurrence. We present a case of large extrahepatic biloma formation as a consequence of a perforated gallbladder.
Surgical treatment of Hahn–Steinthal fracture using Herbert screws
Authors: Saadi Yassine , Neqrachi Alae , Boufettal Moncif , Bassir Rida-Allah , Kharmaz Mohamed , Berrada Mohamed Saleh
Published: December 2023

Hahn–Steinthal fractures are rare and often neglected. Their initial management should be early, given the relatively high complication rate. We report eight cases of type I capitellum fractures treated by Herbert screw fixation. Between 2019 and 2022, we selected eight patients (six men and two women) with a mean age of 25 years (18–40 years). The mean follow-up was 2 years (1–3 years). Clinical results were assessed using the Mayo Clinic Elbow Performance Score (MEPS). The mean arc of mobilitý was 135° (105°–150°) for flexion/extension and 161° (150°–175°) for pronosupination. The mean MEPS was 90.6 points, with seven excellent results and one good result. The aim of this study was to highlight the good results of Herbert screw fixation technique in the management of Hahn–Steinthal fractures.
Successful management of primary sarcoma of the breast with complete pathological response: a case report
Authors: Arafat Hasan , Abulaban-Awar Ola , Fatayer Mohammad , Abufara Marwan
Published: December 2023

Primary sarcomas of the breast are extremely rare and heterogenous malignancies; they should be differentiated from phyllodes tumors. They are characterized by their high rate of recurrence, rapid growth and aggressive coarse. We present a case of a 41-year-old Palestinian female who presented with a recurrent breast mass. Biopsy showed primary sarcoma and imaging confirmed metastasis to axillary lymph nodes. The patient received six cycles of ifosfamide–adriamycin protocol resulting in complete pathological response. She underwent left sided modified radical mastectomy followed by radiation and six more cycles of the same protocol as adjuvant. Primary breast sarcomas are rare neoplasms that require multidisciplinary discussion to guide treatment. The approach to these tumors is chemotherapy followed by surgical resection when operable, in addition to local control via radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy.
Three Years of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in a European Region: A Population-Based Longitudinal Assessment in Madrid Between 2020 and 2022
Authors: Berenguer Juan , Calvo-Alcántara María J , Alvaro-Meca Alejandro , Estévez José C , Basanta Miguel , Ruiz Sergio , Matáix Ángel L , Bienzóbas César , Cosano Lourdes , Silva Aura P , Salas Pilar , Gullón Pedro , Franco Manuel , Arribas José R , Molero José M , Hernán Miguel A
Published: December 2023

Background

Our objective was to assess the health impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during 2020–2022 in the Madrid region.

Methods

We included all individuals registered in the Madrid Health System Registry as of 31 December 2019, and followed them until 31 December 2022. Using a unique personal identifier, we linked the databases of primary care, hospitals, pharmacies, certified laboratories performing diagnostic tests, vaccines, and mortality.

Results

Of 6 833 423 individuals, 21.4% had a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis, and 1.5% had a COVID-19 hospitalization (primary diagnosis). Thirty-day mortality was 1.6% for confirmed COVID-19 (from 11.4% in first semester 2020 to 0.4% in first semester 2022). Thirty-day mortality was 10.8% for COVID-19 hospitalizations (from 14.0% in first semester 2020 to 6.0% in second semester 2022). There were 24 073 deaths within 30 days of a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis. Advanced age, male sex, higher socioeconomic deprivation, and comorbidities were associated with higher mortality.

Conclusions

By linking administrative and clinical databases, we characterized the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic in Madrid over 3 years. Our analysis proposes a high-level framework for comparisons of the burden of COVID-19 across areas worldwide.
Scale-up of Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment in Prisons Is Both Cost-effective and Key to Hepatitis C Virus Elimination
Authors: Shih Sophy T F , Stone Jack , Martin Natasha K , Hajarizadeh Behzad , Cunningham Evan B , Kwon Jisoo A , McGrath Colette , Grant Luke , Grebely Jason , Dore Gregory J , Lloyd Andrew R , Vickerman Peter , Chambers Georgina M
Published: December 2023

Background

The Surveillance and Treatment of Prisoners With Hepatitis C (SToP-C) study demonstrated that scaling up of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment reduced hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of scaling up HCV treatment in statewide prison services incorporating long-term outcomes across custodial and community settings.

Methods

A dynamic model of incarceration and HCV transmission among people who inject drugs (PWID) in New South Wales, Australia, was extended to include former PWID and those with long-term HCV progression. Using Australian costing data, we estimated the cost-effectiveness of scaling up HCV treatment in prisons by 44% (as achieved by the SToP-C study) for 10 years (2021–2030) before reducing to baseline levels, compared to a status quo scenario. The mean incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was estimated by comparing the differences in costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) between the scale-up and status quo scenarios over 40 years (2021–2060) discounted at 5% per annum. Univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed.

Results

Scaling up HCV treatment in the statewide prison service is projected to be cost-effective with a mean ICER of A$12 968/QALY gained. The base-case scenario gains 275 QALYs over 40 years at a net incremental cost of A$3.6 million. Excluding DAA pharmaceutical costs, the mean ICER is reduced to A$6 054/QALY. At the willingness-to-pay threshold of A$50 000/QALY, 100% of simulations are cost-effective at various discount rates, time horizons, and changes of treatment levels in prison and community.

Conclusions

Scaling up HCV testing and treatment in prisons is highly cost-effective and should be considered a priority in the national elimination strategy.

Clinical Trials Registration

NCT02064049.
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prophylaxis Use for Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia in the Non-HIV Population: A Retrospective Study in Québec, Canada
Authors: Quigley Nicholas , d’Amours Laurence , Gervais Philippe , Dion Geneviève
Published: December 2023

Background

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) remains a significant threat in immunocompromised cases. Recent data on epidemiology and risk factors for PJP in non-HIV cases are scarce, and guidelines on appropriate prophylaxis are lacking.

Methods

In this multicenter retrospective trial, all non-HIV adult cases admitted to hospitals in Québec City, Canada, between January 2011 and January 2021 with a diagnosis of PJP were assessed for eligibility.

Results

An overall 129 cases of PJP were included. More than two-thirds had an underlying hematologic disease or an autoimmune/inflammatory condition. Prior to diagnosis, 83.7% were taking corticosteroids, 71.3% immunosuppressive agents (alone or in combination with corticosteroids), and 62% both. A diagnosis of PJP was noted in 22 patients receiving corticosteroids for treatment <28 days. Two patients developed PJP while undergoing corticosteroid monotherapy at a mean daily prednisone-equivalent dose <20 mg/d; 4.7% of our cohort received a PJP prophylaxis. Current recommendations or accepted clinical practices for PJP prophylaxis would not have applied to 48.8% of our patients.

Conclusions

The use of corticosteroids—in monotherapy or in coadministration with other immunosuppressive agents—remains the principal risk factor for PJP in the non-HIV population. Current prophylaxis guidelines and accepted practices are insufficient to adequately prevent PJP and need to be broadened and updated.
Deuteronomy in the New Testament
Authors: Labahn Michael
Published: December 2023

The New Testament (NT) and its literary sources correspond to contemporary Judaism in the appreciation of the Deuteronomy. In nearly every NT writing, it is not only the explicit use of Deuteronomy in quotations that is important. Parallels between the Old and New Testaments show that Deuteronomy was mostly used next to the prophets, especially Isaiah, and the Psalms, shaped by the distinct understanding of Christ, worship of the one God, love for God and neighbor, the law as God’s life-enhancing will, and the figure of Moses and his liberation song. Moreover, NT’s use of Deuteronomy witnesses developments of the (Greek) text of Deuteronomy at that time, whereby influence of the NT on the text transmission of Septuagint is recognizable.
Modern Representations of the Wives of the Prophet Muḥammad
Authors: Khan Ruqayya Y.
Published: December 2023

The Wives of the Prophet Muḥammad (azwāj al-nabī), also known as the Mothers of the Believers (ummahāt al-mu’minīn), loom large in the traditional biography of Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh, and these female figures occupy an important role in the foundational phase of Islam. They also continued to hold importance for subsequent debates and polemics in early Islamic history, society and politics—even if through contested, refracted, and fragmented lenses. This chapter analyzes these women as Wives, and less as the Mothers of the Believers, since undoubtedly these two different sobriquets, though they refer to the same subset of women, entail different associations and modes of assessments. The chapter furthermore provides a review of relevant modern literature that discusses the Wives and exhumes in the process the various construals of the continuing significance of their lives in the modern period.
Muslim Women’s Religious and Social Activism in South Africa
Authors: Hoel Nina
Published: December 2023

The chapter examines the rich and composite terrain of Muslim women’s activism in South Africa. Presenting a selection of cases to illustrate topical research endeavors and central academic debates, the chapter considers theoretical issues and strategies prevalent in the South African context. The chapter presents three cases: (1) women in the mosque, (2) the struggle for Muslim personal law, and (3) queer Muslim lives in South Africa. Overall, the chapter argues that the analytical categories of experience and intersectionality, together with South African scholar Sa’diyya Shaikh’s useful concept of “tafsīr of praxis,” constitute central theoretical tenets that importantly mark Muslim women’s activism in South Africa.
Women’s Religious and Social Activism in South Asia
Authors: Shehabuddin Elora
Published: December 2023

This chapter focuses on different faith-based movements, that is, movements in which women’s identity as Muslim women, their personal piety, or their reliance on an Islamic framework to understand and seek to resolve a problem were paramount. It argues that although these different forms of activism have proven personally empowering to individual women or even small groups of women—for example, by enhancing their social networks and engagement, improving their access to religious texts, or allowing them to engage more deeply with their faith through adherence to strict dress codes and engagement in charitable deeds—in the end, these movements have not fought for women in an inclusive and progressive manner. Indeed, they have often supported policies and laws that discriminate against women, especially Muslim women who do not dress or pray like them.
Classical Exegeses on Key Qur’ānic Verses Concerning Women
Authors: Mubarak Hadia
Published: December 2023

Despite sweeping generalizations about the classical exegetical tradition’s perspectives on women and gender, few scholarly works have closely engaged classical exegetical texts on women and gender. This chapter explores primary sources of premodern Qurʾānic exegesis (tafsīr) of four verses that are critical to conceptualizations of gendered identities, hierarchies, and roles in the Muslim tradition: Qur’ān 4:1 on the origin of human creation; Qur’ān 2:228 on the reciprocal rights of husbands and wives, including men’s “degree” over women; Qur’ān 4:34 on the consequences of women’s nushūz; and Qur’ān 4:128 on the consequences of men’s nushūz. By illustrating the pluralism that is inherent to the genre of tafsīr, this chapter argues for a more nuanced engagement with classical exegesis that disrupts binary views of this tradition as either patriarchal or egalitarian.
Status of Muslim Women in Modern Family and Personal Law
Authors: Siddiqui Sohaira
Published: December 2023

The reform of Islamic family law in Organization of Islamic Cooperation countries over the last century has been fraught with tension and division. Beginning in the colonial period, and influenced by the wholesale legislative changes in Muslim countries, a series of dichotomies frame legal and policy debates on Islamic family law: traditional versus modern, religious versus secular, state versus civil society, and tradition versus reform. Scholars have differed in the construction of a theoretical framework to analyze the changes over the last century largely due to the differing responses of various actors. Consistent among these debates is the desire for reform of Islamic family law. This chapter explores the theoretical debates on reform and connects it to legislative changes and civil society organizations. The contemporary case studies of Morocco and Malaysia are used as examples.
Women’s Religious and Social Activism in Turkey
Authors: Maritato Chiara
Published: December 2023

In the past three decades, the multifaceted relationship between Islamist activists and secular feminists has shaped women’s religious and social activism in Turkey. A fascinating literature has assessed the significance of these bridges and influences that have created forms of cooperation since the 1980s. Stemming from this scholarship, the chapter problematizes how the incorporation of Muslim women in the Turkish state bureaucracy has affected women’s religious and social activism. Drawing on extensive ethnographic research on women employed as religious officers at the Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet), it casts light on how Muslim women’s activism has been affected by the conservative gender regime which accompanied the current AKP’s authoritarian turn.
Women’s Religious and Social Activism in Egypt and North Africa
Authors: Allam Nermin
Published: December 2023

The chapter surveys some of the common themes that marked women’s social and religious activism and shaped its trajectory specifically in Egypt, and, more broadly, in North Africa. It highlights the nature of their early efforts, the shift in their activism, the overlap between secular and Islamic discourses in their intellectual grounding, and their international orientation and recent NGO-ization. It is particularly interested in analyzing how the literature approached and theorized these social and religious forms of participation and how the latter refashioned scholars’ thinking of agency and activism. Women’s engagement either in social welfare activities or Islamic inspired volunteerism, it argues, often blurred the dichotomy between the social, the political, and the religious, since it took place against complex backgrounds and grounded itself in overlapping discourses.
Women’s Religious and Social Activism in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Countries
Authors: Liloia Alainna
Published: December 2023

This chapter analyzes women’s religious and social activism in the Arab Gulf states, with attention to the varied ways Gulf women are negotiating religious, social, and political norms and expectations and redefining their societal roles. Specifically, it examines the myriad strategies deployed by women in the Gulf to renegotiate and resist gender norms, focusing on women’s religious and social activism in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Bahrain. Women’s resistance in the Arab Gulf has taken both direct and subtle forms, with some women defying legal and social boundaries to fight for increased political and social rights and others working through existing political and social structures to affect gradual social change. Situating Gulf women’s choices in the region’s contemporary sociopolitical context of rapid development and social change, this chapter highlights how Gulf women are skillfully (re)negotiating gender roles in their nations through political participation, religious engagement, and organized political and social media activism.
Muslim Women and Devotional Life
Authors: Ayubi Zahra , Abdoulkarim Iman
Published: December 2023

Muslim women’s devotional lives have been largely understood within two paradigms: women’s practices as alternatives to those of men and the historical and contemporary recovery of women’s religious learning and authority. This chapter engages with ontological questions posed and complicated by each paradigm. On one hand, the “women’s alternative practices” paradigm raises the question of whether women’s-only rituals are empowering or if the same gender hierarchy and women’s exclusion from public ritual life that necessitates the need for alternative religious practices is an acceptance of an inferior or subordinate ontological status as devotional beings. On the other hand, the “recovery” paradigm asks whether a relationship to the Divine unmediated by men or gender norms is made possible through access to religious education, egalitarian interpretations of Islamic texts, the need for additional theological, ethical, and philosophical materials within the Islamic religious tradition, or a combination of all.
Women’s Religious and Social Activism in Southeast Asia
Authors: van Doorn-Harder Nelly
Published: December 2023

In the course of discussing the topic of women’s activism, this chapter looks at the rights of Muslim women through the lens of universal human rights. Across Southeast Asia, Muslim women are active in the workplace and in public life in general. Although the issues that are at stake differ depending on the local situations, Muslims advocating for gender and women’s rights from Indonesia and Malaysia lead the debates and activism concerning the inequality of women based on interpretations of religious precepts on issues such as marital rape, polygyny, and child marriage. Connected by their emphasis on critical re-examination and reinterpretation of Islamic texts, these activists aim at developing an Islamic interpretive tradition that advocates for women’s basic human rights. Central to their methodologies is the exercise of women-centered ijtihād (independent reasoning) when reading and interpreting religious texts. Ultimately their goal is to participate in the construction of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and to create new models of Muslim feminism.
Muslim Women’s Religious and Social Activism in China
Authors: Jaschok Maria , Ke Man
Published: December 2023

This chapter analyzes and references topical aspects of changing life-worlds of Chinese Hui Muslim girls and women from a discursive context of salient voices in current international and, importantly, Chinese-language scholarship. Particular attention is paid to Hui Muslim communities in the borderland regions of northwest China, as they command most research interest and constitute the bulk of journal articles, book publications, and academic dissertations. The chapter points to the difficulty of framing such discussion in terms of the concept of “activism” in relation to Chinese state policies and state discourse of religious minorities as well as to positionalities of local researchers most prominently engaged in academic and applied investigation. Mostly female and Muslim born into the traditional Muslim communities of China’s borderland areas, researchers’ viewpoints are more often shaped by shared origin and empathy than by critical interpretation.
Muslim Women’s Religious and Social Activism in the United States
Authors: Hammer Juliane
Published: December 2023

This chapter presents a critical framework for considering the historical process, diversity, and politics of Muslim women’s activism in the United States. In the first part, it sketches the following four theoretical considerations: the relationship of Islam and feminism; the role of anti-Muslim hostility in shaping activism and scholarship about it; the relationship between scholarship and activism (or from a different angle, between practice and discourse); and the necessary consideration of women’s activism as not limited to “women’s issues.” In the second part, I offer a number of examples of organizations, movements, and individuals, including the Muslim Women’s League, Women in Islam, Karamah, the Peaceful Families Project, WISE, HEART Women and Girls, Sapelo Square, and the Muslim Anti-Racism Collaborative. This history-through-specific-examples allows for an analysis of the particularity of each example’s historical context and specificity, while still arguing for broader patterns and a sense of cohesion among them. Taken together, they form a more grounded and complex picture of the history of American Muslim women’s activism.
Spas and Seaside Resorts
Authors: Borsay Peter N.
Published: December 2023

Proximity to water—both springs and bodies of water such as lakes and streams, as well as the littoral—was a driving force behind the emergence of a broad range of resort destinations, of varying sizes, serving diverse markets. The health-giving properties attributed to water made the spa’s pedigree considerably older than that of the coastal resort, whose modern European incarnations emerged in Britain and on the continent in the eighteenth century. Thereafter the geography of the resort expanded, and its development was bound up with the growth of mass leisure, the emergence of new transport technologies and channels of distributing tourism products, and other dimensions of the sector’s growth, which implicated labor and leisure together. Resorts and spas were not merely sites of leisure and therapy, but also arenas in which status and sociability were performed. Throughout their history, promotional strategies were marked by efforts to harness a broad textual field to define places in a crowded and competitive destination marketplace, especially as the transnational character of the resort model tended in some respects toward the convergence of the identity of many places.
Tourism, Nations, and Nationalism
Authors: Zuelow Eric G. E.
Published: December 2023

Tourism invites people to experience difference. It celebrates the idea that there is only one Paris, one India, and one Grand Canyon to be consumed and pushes the idea that one is made better by doing so. National identity is defined by those differences. It invites people to imagine themselves as distinctive, with a unique culture, living in a unique landscape, and formed of a unique history. Nationalism, the political expression of national identity, politicizes those same differences. As a result, modern tourism and nationalism have been closely linked since each emerged in the second half of the eighteenth century, forming an often-symbiotic relationship. Their connection was never fixed, nor did tourism necessarily play precisely the same role in every context necessitating a careful accounting of their mutual evolution and the different forms that the relationship took in various places and times: liberal (state-building) nationalism, exclusive (ethnic) nationalism, and separatist nationalism.
The International Trade Order and Development
Authors: Perrone Nicolás M.
Published: December 2023

The importance of trade for international law and development discussions is hardly surprising; international trade is consistently represented as an effective strategy for development. However, assuming that trade and law can contribute to the Global South’s development requires accepting that they can contribute to the opposite: underdevelopment. This chapter argues that the most important laws for the capitalist industrialisation of Western countries were not those of private property, contracts, or free trade but those related to colonial long-distance trade. A central claim is that the international trade regime that emerged from Western industrialisation lacks a vocabulary to modify or change the international division of labour. In other words, countries may or may not succeed in developing economically, but international trade law does little to help them—when it is not an obstacle.
Images of the North
Authors: Brännström Leila , Gunneflo Markus
Published: December 2023

This chapter highlights the diversity of ideas developed and relationships formed during some crucial decades of the Cold War. In the 1960s and 1970s, Sweden embarked on a project of extending welfare capitalism into the post-colonial world. This small country in Europe’s northern periphery saw newly independent states as non-aligned partners in the Cold War. Sweden’s social democratic vision for itself and the Third World was also met with some interests by newly independent states developing their own understandings of democratic socialism. Such partnerships were however complicated by Sweden’s position as a rich industrialised country that had profited from colonialism and continued to support a system of free trade that benefited its own welfare state project while exploiting the Third World for profit. Support for political independence and a social democratic development domestically was one thing. Decolonisation at the level of the international economic order proved to be quite another.
Latin America in Law and Development
Authors: Alviar García Helena , Buchely Ibarra Lina
Published: December 2023

Latin American countries have experienced both right-and left-wing paths to development. The goal of this chapter is to broaden liberal- and neoliberal-centred narratives by analysing dependency-oriented approaches to economic development that have been influential in the region at diverse moments. The chapter analyses how gender was incorporated into these debates. It seeks to show the ways in which ideas about development have taken form in Latin America: framed by colonialism, geopolitics, and particular economic, social, and cultural characteristics. The chapter begins with the developmentalist ideals of the late 1950s, moves through the early 1970s and then through the neoliberal wave that swept the region from the 1980s through the early 2000s. The chapter ends with a description of contemporary dependency inspired initiatives and an analysis of how gender has been incorporated into notions of economic development.
International Law and Development
Authors: Sornarajah M.
Published: December 2023

Economic development is the key justification given for maintaining strong rules on the protection of foreign investment through international law. And yet differential standards between rich and poor states, and between capital-exporting and capital-importing states lie at the root of the international law on foreign investment. Foreign investment is an inherently territorial process ordinarily subject to the laws of the host state. Yet, for developing states, which were the traditional capital-receiving countries at the time the law was made, an international law was created which insulated the process of foreign investment from the local law. This law subjected foreign investment to external laws containing standards of treatment described as rules of customary international law, adjudicated by external arbitral tribunals. This process coincided with formal decolonisation and significantly undercut its aims.
‘Mtu Ni Afya’
Authors: Harrington John
Published: December 2023

The chapter identifies distinct phases in the relationship between health, development, and the state. At the heart of the account is the state, a key site for doing health and development. Health is an aim, an index, and a means of development. Development is a frame for representing the political and legal stakes of health needs and threats. The first phase moves from imperial health, through late colonial developmentalism and anti-colonial nationalism. The second attends to the rise and fall of state-led development in the 1970s and its implications for health. The third tracks the emergence of global health governance out of structural adjustment and the post-Washington Consensus. The chapter concludes by considering whether the coronavirus pandemic suggest a further reconfiguration of the relationship between health and development and the role of states in achieving them.
Practices of Indigenous International Law and Development
Authors: Jacobs Beverley , Hewitt Jeffery
Published: December 2023

Drawing on elements of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy as a case study, this chapter on Indigenous international law interrogates the widely held and long-standing premise that international law is the sole purview of Europe. This chapter contends European-centred international law arose out of Europe, for European-based legal systems—namely common and civil legal traditions, now practised in many countries beyond Europe, such as Canada. Indigenous international law, conversely, continues to be engaged with today by many Indigenous nations around the world, arose from Indigenous world views. The chapter also examines some of the ways in which Indigenous international laws continue today in spite of colonial disruption.
Global White Supremacy as/and Worldmaking
Authors: Modiri Joel
Published: December 2023

This chapter situates ‘race’ within the discourse of international law and development. Drawing on Black radical and anti-colonial political imaginaries, it puts forward a reading of development as an ‘essentially racialised concept’ continuous with the worldmaking imperial force of global white supremacy. The chapter seeks to place the interrelated formations of global white supremacy and development within the long history of European colonial expansion, slavery, conquest, capitalism, imperialism, and their contemporary legacies. It extends this by potting two stories of global white supremacy as worldmaking under the signs of ‘underdevelopment’ (from Rodney) and ‘intimacy’ (from Lowe). In this it offers a critical illustration of the centrality of race to the making of the present global order, and the imbrication of development (and liberalism) in colonial violence, racial domination, and an anti-Black civilisational episteme. The chapter ends with a reflection from the standpoint of ‘we-the-underdeveloped’ (from Wynter) in which underdevelopment is reframed as a problem that urges a thoroughgoing ‘epistemological transformation’ against the ‘white world’.
‘The Ocean We Want’
Authors: Dela Cruz Alex P.
Published: December 2023

The ongoing United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–30) promises to be a ‘once-in-a-lifetime’ opportunity for states to cooperate towards ‘The Science We Need for the Ocean We Want’ in accordance with the Law of the Sea Convention. The Decade aims to encourage national investment in ocean science as ‘the only possibility’ to transform ‘the ocean we have’ into ‘the ocean we want’. The desired shift gestures to a better ocean that is within reach if states spent more on it. This chapter situates the Ocean Decade within the longer history of institutional debates on the ocean and its place in development. It argues that the Ocean Decade is the latest restatement of the claim that better ocean science generates economic growth, a claim that has persisted in institutional accounts of development since the Second UN Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1960.