bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WATER QUALITY SIMULATION AND PUBLIC LAW 92–500 Case Study: Southwestern Illinois1
Authors: Schultz Nancy U. , Wilmarth Albert
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Section 208 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 has provided the Southwestern Illinois Metropolitan and Regional Planning Commission (SIMAPC) with a unique opportunity for comprehensive planning of the region's water quality. SIMAPC initiated the 208 study by researching available technology for the analysis of point and nonpoint sources of pollution and establishing criteria by which to judge the various technniques. This led to SIMAPC'S choice of continuous simulation of stream and reservoir water quality as the most appropriate analytical tool for their needs. A continuous simulation model was calibrated and verified on three basins in the SIMPAC region. It was then used to produce load source analysis, pollution event frequency analysis, and pollution event duration analysis for ten pollutants under existing stream conditions and then under alternative future conditions. These results enabled the weighting of pollutant sources, analysis of the effectiveness of control measures, and quantitative analysis of the marginal benefit of each alternative.
PLANNING DIFFUSE POLLUTION CONTROL: AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK1
Authors: Schneider Robert R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Determination of an optimal nonpoint pollution control strategy demands information relating to (1) costs of pollutant reduction, (2) transport of pollutants, (3) water quality impact of pollutants, and (4) the economic impact of water quality changes. This paper briefly reviews the literature in each of these areas and suggests an analytical framework useful in the development of an optimal nonpoint pollutant control strategy.
OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT AND DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS1
Authors: Cenedese Antonio , Mele Paolo
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A possible methodology is developed to deal with the problem of designing complex pipeline systems, when they are subject to different rates of demand, and when a hypothesis of the flow distribution in different branches is not allowed. The mathematical algorithm used in linear programming. The problem, which is not linear, is dealt with by means of an iterative method; that is, by starting with a possible solution and inserting at each iteration the solution found in the preceding iteration. By taking as variables of the problem the piezometric heads of the ends for each branch of the network, the piezometric gradients and flows, and by thus considering the diameter as a derived variable, it is possible to isolate the nonlinearity in the cost function of the network. The latter is linearized each time close to the solution found in the preceding iteration.
VARIATION OF DRAINAGE DENSITY IN A SMALL BRITISH COLUMBIA WATERSHED1
Authors: Roberts Michael C. , Archibold O. W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Short‐term fluctuations in stream length were monitored in a small watershed located 10 kilometers east of Vancouver, British Columbia. Variation in discharge was reflected in a log‐normal relationship with expansion and contraction of the stream net. The analysis of the variation of drainage density data using the individual hydrograph revealed a hysteresis effect. The stream net (as measured by drainage density) expanded more rapidly on the rising limb than it contracted on the recessional limb.
RESEARCH INTO THE EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE, LEA VALLEY, LONDON ENGLAND1
Authors: Edworthy K. J. , Stott D. A. , Wilkinson W. B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Large‐scale groundwater abstraction from the Cretaceous Chalk/Lower Tertiary Basal Sands aquifer system of the London Basin in the last 150 years has developed storage of more than 1000 Mm3. Limited operational recharge was undertaken in the 1950's encouraging further detailed study of the wider possibilities. Following a comprehensive hydrogeological reappraisal, an economic and engineering study and pilot‐scale experiments, the Lea Valley has been shown to have the greatest potential for recharge. Artificial recharge into the Chalk at a rate of 9000 m3/d appears possible, through acidised 900 mm diameter boreholes. An understanding of the degree of interconnection between the Chalk and Basal Sands and of the causes of changes in quality of recharged water during storage was shown to be of particular importance to the successful operation of any recharge scheme using this system. A two‐layer numerical groundwater model of the 800 km2 area and a surface/groundwater simulation model have been used to assist with the design of the 84,000 m3/d prototype scheme, and will also help in assessing its efficiency. The models will ultimately be used to manage the operation of the first stage development, now coming into use.
FACTUAL INPUTS FOR ALLOCATION DECISIONS CONCERNING SCARCE WATER RESOURCES1
Authors: Icerman L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Factual inputs which may be useful for completing first‐order assessments to aid decision‐making on the allocation of scarce water resources are compiled. Water needs of major manufacturing industry groups and of minerals industries show wide variations in several measures of water use intensity. The chemicals and allied products and primary metals industries dominate the total water intake and consumptive water use by manufacturing industries. Consumptive use per employee for the petroleum and coal products industry group is nearly 2.5 times higher than that for any other industry group. Estimates of the water requirements per unit energy output for energy‐processing systems vary by as much as an order of magnitude. Agricultural water use is larger than that of any other industry but water use for irrigation is not expected to increase significantly by the year 2020. In California, the production of crop calories and proteins per unit of irrigation water applied may vary by more than an order of magnitude. Crops which offer larger monetary returns per acre are irrigated most frequently.
SOCIAL OVERHEAD CAPITAL COSTS OF IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN WASHINGTON STATE1
Authors: Whittlesey Norman K. , Gibbs Kenneth C. , Butcher Walter R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Increased irrigation as a means of achieving economic development can impose significant social costs on the state or region of growth. The growth in population induced by additional irrigation will require new roads, water and sewage facilities, schools, fire and police protection, etc. Also the increased energy demands due to irrigation and growth in economic activity must be met. Capital investments required to service these needs of new development can become very large. This study attempts to measure such social overhead costs or irrigation development for some specific irrigation project areas of Eastern Washington. It is shown that investment costs in overhead items can reach $2,000 per acre irrigated or $70,000 per job created. Alternatively, the annual costs can equal $180 per acre or $6,700 per worker. These costs must be paid locally through increased taxes, utility rates, or costs for services.
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE HSINTIEN RIVER IN TAIWAN1
Authors: Lohani B. N. , Thanh N. C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The objective of cost effectiveness has led to the use of mathematical decision models to implement the best water quality control program in a river from the various alternatives available at a time. The paper presents the water quality control program in the Hsintien River in Taiwan by the use of probabilistic programming technique.
PARTIAL AREA RESPONSE ON SMALL SEMIARID WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Lane L. J. , Diskin M. H. , Wallace D. E. , Dixon R. M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Significant errors in estimating surface runoff and erosion rates are possible if a watershed is assumed to contribute runoff uniformly over the entire area, when actually only a portion of the entire area may be contributing. Generation of overland flow on portions of small semiarid watersheds was analyzed by three methods: an average loss rate procedure, a lumped‐linear model, and a distributed‐nonlinear model. These methods suggested that, on the average, 45, 60, and 50% of the drainage area was contributing runoff at the watershed outlet. Infiltrometer data support the partial area concept and indicate that the low infiltration zones are the runoff source areas as simulated with the distributed‐nonlinear model.
HYDRAULIC FRICTION LOSS IN SMALL DIAMETER PLASTIC PIPELINES1
Authors: Hughes Trevor C. , Jeppson Roland W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Although estimation of hydraulic friction loss in pipelines is one of the most frequent routine computations made by water supply engineers, almost no post‐construction analysis of the accuracy of these calculations exists in the literature. This paper reports the field measured friction losses in three one‐mile sections of small diameter pvc pipe which had been in service for 10 years. Hazen‐Williams and Darcy‐Weisbach equations are examined to provide a framework for comparing Hazen‐Williams coefficients recommended by pipe manufacturers to those obtained by the field measurements. The conclusion is that the CHW factor of 150 recommended by most pvc pipe manufacturers is too high for the diameter‐velocity combinations encountered in rural dead‐end small diameter lines. The measured coefficients averaged 133 which is close to that predicted by superimposing Hazen Williams coefficients on the Moody diagram from which the friction factor for the Darcy‐Weisbach equation is obtained.
A CODED ALGORITHM FOR CAPACITY EXPANSION OF A WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM1
Authors: O'Laoghaire D. T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper describes a mathematical model, an algorithm and a computer program that were specially developed to study the problem of a water quality management system undergoing a rapidly increasing environmental stress. The model output will determine the locations, sizes and the timing of construction of new treatment plants plus an overall treatment plant operating policy so that environmental standards are maintained at a minimum cost. The model, as formulated, is a 0‐1 mixed integer programming problem which is solved by decomposing it into a capital budgeting problem (solved by Little's branch and bound algorithm) and an operational policy problem (solved by linear programming). The coded algorithm (in FORTRAN 10) has been tested with a semi‐realistic example.
LAKE QUALITY DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS1
Authors: Reckhow Kenneth
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Despite the fact that lake phosphorus loading criteria have proven to be valuable tools in lake management, they are generally subjective in nature or incomplete in form. In order to address these shortcomings, the oxic‐anoxic transition point was selected as an objective quality criterion and discriminant analysis was used to construct a lake classification function. This function is dependent upon lake phosphorus loading, mean depth, and overflow rate. The value of the function may be expressed as a probability of classification (as either oxic or anoxic). When used in prediction, inclusion of the input error permits the estimation of the change in classification probability as input uncertainty is reduced. Further, the form of the discriminant function suggests that the annual volumetric loading is a more informative term for the expression of phosphorus loading than is the annual areal loading.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR AMBIENT STREAM QUALITY MONITORING1
Authors: Lettenmaler Dennis P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Existing ambient water quality monitoring programs have resulted in data which are often unsuitable for assessment of water quality trends. A primary concern in designing a stream quality monitoring network is the selection of a temporal sampling strategy. It is extremely important that data for trend assessment be collected uniformly in time. Greatly superior trend detection power results for such a strategy as compared to stratified sampling strategies. In general, it is desirable that sampling frequencies be at least monthly but not greater than biweekly; higher sampling frequencies usually result in little additional information. An upper limit on trend detectability exists such that for both five and ten year base periods it is often impossible to detect trends in time series where the ratio of the trend magnitude to time series standard deviation is less than about 0.5. For the same record lengths trends in records with trend to standard deviation ratios greater than about one can usually be detected with very high power when a uniform sampling strategy is followed.
A QUASI‐LINEAR SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED CELL MODEL FOR THE SURFACE RUNOFF SYSTEM1
Authors: Diskin M. H. , Simpson E. S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The paper presents a spatially distributed model consisting of cells that are interconnected in a pattern similar to the major drainage network of the watershed. Each cell receives as input the rainfall excess for the area represented by the cell as well as inflows from cells located upstream. Outflow from the cell is derived by routing the total input through the cell assuming it to be a linear reservoir during the storm. The time constant of the cells is however allowed to vary from storm to storm so that the model may be described as a quasi‐linear model. The model was tested with rainfall excess and direct surface runoff data available for a medium size watershed with satisfactory results. The time constant was found to be related to the rainfall excess of the storms studied, its value decreasing with the increase in the total rainfall excess.
IMPACTS OF RECREATION ON RIPARIAN SOILS AND VEGETATION1
Authors: Manning Robert E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The seemingly magnetic attraction of water resources for recreation has direct implications for proximate land resources which are needed to provide access and support facilities. This paper reviews and synthesizes the literature dealing with the impacts of recreation use on riparian soils and vegetation. Part one of the paper sets forth the major negative impacts of recreation use on soils and vegetation. A seven‐step soil impact cycle is identified, beginning with the scuffing away of leaf litter and other organic material and working through the soil erosion and sedimentation process. Four major kinds of impacts of recreation use on vegetation are then outlined, and the‘Vicious circle” relationship between impacts on soil and vegetation is demonstrated through a Soil/Vegetation Impact Diagram. Part two identifies several spatial and temporal patterns of environmental impact caused by recreation use. The node and linkage pattern of recreation use, campground and trail expansion, ground cover response and succession, rates of soil compaction, and resource response to various intensities of recreation use are important aspects. The final part of the paper deals with measuring environmental impacts caused by recreation use. Management implications of the research findings are considered throughout the paper.
A BIO ASSAY LABORATORY BOAT WITH COMPARISONS OF CENTRAL VS. BOAT LABORATORY BIOASSAY EVALUATIONS1
Authors: Scheier Arthur , Connell William , Gominger H. D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A laboratory boat designed to investigate toxic effects on site and its use as a bioassay tool in the study of a refinery effluent discharged into the Schuylkill River, a tributary of the Delaware River, is described. Three‐hundred thirty‐six‐hour continuous‐flow bioassay s exposing the bluegill sunfish, the channel catfish, the tadpole snail, the grass shrimp, and the sheephead minnow to concentrations of refinery effluent in Schuylkill, Delaware River, and Delaware Bay water, with and without the addition of sediment were performed. Results indicated that the toxicity (lethality) of fresh samples tested aboard the boat (refinery effluent, dilution water, sediment) were considerably higher (i.e., refinery effluent at full strength was 2.2X as lethal to the bluegill, 1.4X as lethal to the channel catfish, 1.5X as lethal to the sheep‐head minnow and 100X as lethal to the grass shrimp) than the same test material collected from the refinery outfall and brought to a central laboratory for testing. Chemical analysis and bioassay data is presented showing the effects of aging and irradiation upon the refinery effluent.
IRRIGATION PLANNING BASED ON WATER DEFICITS1
Authors: Rydzewski Janusz R. , Nairizi Saeed
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The deliberate underwatering of a larger land area, as practiced in Southern Asia, has provided impetus for a systematic investigation into the effects of designing projects for crop water deficits on Benefit‐Cost performance. The study began with the derivation, from published experimental results, of functions relating ultimate crop yield to the magnitude and timing of water deficits, i.e., of the productivity of irrigation water. To obtain the net benefit of the project, the relation between the harvested area and output and the on‐farm production costs was then suggested. The cost of supplying the irrigation water to the proposed area and of distributing and applying it to the field was determined, thus completing the Benefit‐Cost equation. A computer simulation model was then established to search for the irrigation project design capacity and area to maximize the net present value in the Benefit‐Cost analysis for the development proposed.
CURRENT USE OF WATER SURFACE ZONING FOR RECREATION1
Authors: Brown Tommy L. , Finegan Edward J. , Voiland Michael P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: As the many recreational uses of waterways have intensified, management agencies have increasingly turned to water surface zoning techniques to provide safe, equitable opportunities while also protecting aquatic habitats. Other publications have described the concept of water surface zoning; the study reported on was conducted to determine its current use nationwide. Depending on jurisdiction of the water surface in question and state legislation to zone water surfaces, nonfederal zoning regulations sometimes emanate directly from state government, and sometimes involve direct state and local government cooperation. Results of a national survey show that water surface zoning techniques employed by state and local governments in 1976–77 fall into five broad categories: restrictions on boat speed and horsepower, special use zoning, time zoining, protective space zoning, and limited density zoning. Examples of each are reported on in this paper.
DISSOLVED OXYGEN MODEL OF A SHORT DETENTION TIME RESERVOIR WITH ANAEROBIC HYPOLIMNION1
Authors: Schnoor Jerald L. , Fruh E. Gus
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A vertical dissolved oxygen model was calibrated and verified using independent field data sets from 1972 and 1973 in Lake Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ), a short detention time reservoir with anaerobic hypolimnion. Ammonia, carbonaceous BOD, conductivity, and temperature were also simulated as state variables. The conductivity results provided a check on the mass balance and the method of entering the inflows to the reservoir model. Emphasis was placed on calculating the sinks of dissolved oxygen in the hypolimnion which could be useful in management decisions.
ELEMENTS OF A WATER QUALITY INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR THE STATE OF ILLINOIS1
Authors: Flemal Ronald C. , Wilkin Donovan C. , Ewing Ben B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A great deal of information can be derived from study of standard stream monitoring data, if these are properly ordered and organized. This information may then be used to make decisions about water quality management. Among critical information items are evaluation of performance to standards, determination of seasonality and time‐trends of water quality conditions, and estimation of the effects on water quality to be expected from load reductions or standards modifications. Additional information on the magnitude of individual pollution sources is also critical to water quality management. Each of these items can be derived within the water quality information system which is currently under development for the State of Illinois.
AN ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE LAND DEVELOPMENT AROUND LAKES1
Authors: Pickering Judith A. , Andrews Richard A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The objective of the study was to evaluate alternative land developments around New Hampshire lakes. Alternative development patterns, evaluated by their impacts on the lake area environment and area economy, included residential patterns, commercial patterns, and combinations of these two types. Phosphorus loading of the lake water was used as a proxy variable for changes in the lake water quality. Commercial developments yielded the highest revenues to the town and the local area. It also attracted the most lake users to the area as well as contributing the largest phosphorus loading in the lake waters. Residential developments, although contributing high revenues to the businessmen in the area, yielded less net income to the town. Phosphorus loading levels from residential developments were much lower than lake phosphorus loading by commercial developments.
A SIMPLIFIED STREAM MODEL OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE EFFECTS1
Authors: Chadderton Ronald A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Three methods of modeling acid mine drainage effects are discussed. A net alkalinity routing model is the simplest of these, but can be potentially misleading. It typically overestimates the effect of acid sources on pH by neglecting carbon dioxide transfer to the atmosphere. Inclusion of a simple carbon dioxide transfer function can substantially reduce errors in stream quality prediction. A plug flow reaeration equation, coupled with mass balancing at mixing points in a stream network provides modeling results comparable to those of more complex computerized solutions of chemical equilibrium equations. None of the models accounts for carbonate dissolution or oxidation and hydrolysis of ferrous iron.
CONFLICT IN FEDERAL WATER RESOURCE PLANNING1
Authors: Lord William B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Conflict occurs over technical judgments and value judgments in federal water resource planning. Cognitive conflict, value conflict, and interest conflict are common. Methods for resolving each of these three types of conflict have been developed. Resolution methods vary considerably by type of conflict, but most require explicit conflict definition and flexibility to choose freely from among available alternatives. Formal descriptions of the water resource planning process, which are based upon the rational‐analytic model of choice among alternatives in pursuit of stipulated objectives, are largely consistent with the use of most of these conflict resolution methods. The reality of federal water resource planning, which has been shaped as much or more by the distributive political process which it serves as by the rational‐analytic model, is not consistent with the use of most conflict resolution methods. Real objectives are hidden, the search for alternatives is sharply constrained by agency missions, and much flexibility is sacrificed to the necessity for strong early local commitment as a requirement for continued funding. When coupled with the normal tendency to avoid conflict for as long as possible, this results in foreclosure of most conflict resolution possibilities before conflicts are fully revealed.
PENN STATE URBAN RUNOFF MODEL TO PINPOINT FLOOD PEAK SOURCE LOCATION1
Authors: Aron Gert , David Joseph V. , Lakatos F. , Blair Dennis
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Penn State Urban Runoff Model, developed in 1976, is described in this paper. Aside from locating infiltration and detention basin operation in an unconventional manner, the model includes a peak flow presentation table which identifies watershed subareas chiefly responsible for the occurrence of flooding conditions at certain points in the watershed.

The results of a case study on an urban drainage basin in the Philadelphia area is discussed, and preferred sites for retention ponds are suggested.

The simplicity of the Penn State model is pointed out and computer run costs between 10 and 20 percent of the corresponding cards for HEC‐I and SWMM are cited.
RECREATION AT THE MC CLELLAN‐KERR ARKANSAS RIVER NAVIGATION SYSTEM1
Authors: Antle Lloyd G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Recreation has produced substantial employment, incomes, economic development, and migration impacts since completion of the McCle‐lan‐Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System. These impacts support the influence of navigation, hydropower, flood control, and channel stabilization outputs on regional development. The marked success is not without substantial costs in public resources, including manpower which are devoted to recreational management. Increasing the share of financial resources obtained from recreational users and transfer of management responsibilities to nonfederal agencies, including private concessionaires is recommended.
OPTIMIZATION OF DUAL‐MEDIA FILTER PERFORMANCE1
Authors: Thanh N. C. , Vigneswaran S. , Polprasert C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Rapid‐rate filter with sand or anthracite as filter media was studied at filtration rates of 4.5 and 9.0 m3/m2‐h. Different parameters were evaluated by adopting a proposed simplified model. A suitable combination of anthracite‐sand as filter media was given by using corresponding filter parameters of single‐medium filters and break‐even optimization technique.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL FACTORS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ALGAL GROWTH IN A NEW SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA RESERVOIR1
Authors: Elder John F. , Fuller Richard H. , Home Alexander J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Some physical and chemical characteristics of Lake Perris, a new southern California reservoir, were investigated with regard to their influence on phytoplankton biomass and community structure. The concentration of three major nutrients – nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron – was approximately equivalent to the demand ratio of fresh water plants. Large increases in iron and phosphorus concentrations in late summer due to releases from sediments, however, tended to shift the balance toward a nitrogen‐limited situation. Nitrogen limitation favored nitrogen‐fixing blue‐green algae, and after a decline of competing algae during the summer, the blue‐green population bloomed in September. Series of measurements taken over one‐day periods during summer stratification showed that some iron, phosphorus, and manganese from the hypolimnion could move upward, corresponding to diel shifts in the thermocline depth. Vertical transport of nutrients could thus occur long before complete lake mixing and could support summer/fall algal blooms.
LAND‐USE AND UPLAND WATER RESOURCES IN BRITAIN ‐ A STRATEGIC LOOK1
Authors: Calder I. R. , Newson M D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:Recent results from the Institute of Hydrology's hydrometeorological and hydrological studies on water use by forest and grassland confirm earlier predictions of a reduction in water yields following afforestation. This reduction is due primarily to the increased interception losses from forests. This paper shows how the water yield from uplands is related to the relative proportions of land under forest and hill farming, and estimates how water yields will change if a greater proportion of hill land is afforested.
AN ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCES CONSTRAINTS ON POWER PLANT SITING IN THE MID‐ATLANTIC STATES1
Authors: Hobbs Benjamin F. , Meier Peter M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Expansion of the electrical generation system in the Pennsylvania‐Jersey‐Maryland power pool will impact, and be constrained by, inland water availability. Future interpretations of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 regarding evaporative cooling towers for coastal power plants, offshore siting and energy centers, and the policies and public acceptability of low flow augmentation reservoirs are some of the issues examined in this paper using scenarios generated by the Brookhaven National Laboratory Regional Energy Facility Siting Model (REFS). REFS is a multicommodity, transshipment‐location linear programming model used here to allocate power plants among counties in a power pool under a minimization of cost objectives. The solutions are sensitive to the water resources assumptions in the model. For the year 2000, the amount of low flow augmentation allowed in the region's river basins and whether off‐shore siting becomes a reality are the two water resources related issues which most affect the scenarios. The results show that decisions regarding specific water problems can have region wide implications for water and nonwater related issues.
MANAGING THE RIPPLING STREAM: A MODEL OF DECISIONMAKING IN NATURAL RESOURCE ADMINISTRATION1
Authors: Doerksen Harvey R. , Lamb Berton L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This article addresses the conflict which exists within the water resources decisionmaking arena over the allocation of water for instream uses. The discussion reviews the literature on public administration regarding decisionmaking, and is based on research performed by the authors which synthesizes a model of decisionmaking. This model can be used as both a description of agency behavior, and as the basis for developing a prescription for strategy formulation.
DETERMINING THE ACCURACY OF COHERENT OPTICAL IDENTIFICATION OF DIATOMS1
Authors: Cairns John , Dickson K. L. , Pryfogle Peter , Almeida S. P. , Case S. K. , Fournier J. M. , Fujii H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The discriminating capability of a coherent optical processor in identifying diatom species was tested using 25 species selected by diatom taxonomists. A 25 × 25 matrix of auto‐ and cross‐correlations was used for this purpose. In no case did cross‐correlation signals approach the intensity of auto‐correlations indicating that false identifications were extremely improbable. Shape and height differences of the cross‐correlation signals can be attributed to variations in diatom shapes, sizes, and cell wall morphology.
THE EFFECT OF DATA INDEPENDENCE IN MODEL CALIBRATION AND MODEL TESTING1
Authors: Shrader Michael L. , McCuen Richard H. , Rawls Walter J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: With the increased use of models in hydrologic design, there is an immediate need for a comprehensive comparison of hydrologic models, especially those intended for use at ungaged locations (i.e., where measured data are either not available or inadequate for model calibration). But some past comparisons of hydrologic models have used the same data base for both calibration and testing of the different models or implied that the results of model calibration are indicative of the accuracy at ungaged locations. This practice was examined using both the regression equation approach to peak discharge estimation and a unit hydrograph model that was intended for use in urban areas. The results suggested that the lack of data independence in the calibration and testing of regression equations may lead to both biased results and misleading statements about prediction accuracy. Additionally, although split‐sample testing is recognized as desirable, the split‐samples should be selected using a systematic‐random sampling scheme, rather than random sampling, because random sampling with small samples may lead to a testing sample that is not representative of the population. A systematic‐random sampling technique should lead to more valid conclusions about model reliability. For models like a unit hydrograph model, which are more complex and for which calibration is a more involved process, data independence is not as critical because the data fitting error variation is not as dominant as the error variation due to the calibration process and the inability of the model structure to conform with data variability.
FLOOD HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT ON ALLUVIAL FANS1
Authors: Magura Lawrence M. , Wood Darrel E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Recognition of the flood hazard that exists on alluvial fans has seriously lagged behind the recognition of other more conventional flood hazards such as those associated with most rivers. This delay in recognition was due, until recently, to a general lack of economic investment and development in these areas and a concomitant lack of historical alluvial fan flood damage. Dramatic recent events, such as Tropical Storm Kathleen, emphasized to the Federal Insurance Administration (FIA) the need for developing an appropriate methodology to identify flood hazard areas on alluvial fans. This paper presents the methodology now employed by FIA as well as flood plain management considerations that could reduce future flood related damage to communities developing in these areas.
DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN INTRAGRAVEL WATER OF THREE TRIBUTARIES TO REDWOOD CREEK, HUMBOLDT COUNTY, CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Woods Paul F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: As part of a study of Redwood National Park in north‐western California, an investigation was conducted from June to November 1974 on intragravel dissolved oxygen and sediment in three tributaries to Redwood Creek, a major coastal stream that flows through Redwood National Park. Of concern was whether the intragravel environment of streams in logged and unlogged redwood‐forested drainage basins was different. The tributary in the unlogged drainage basin had lower percentages of fine streambed sediment than either of the tributaries in logged drainage basins. Concentration and percentage saturation of dissolved oxygen of intragravel water were highest in the stream in the unlogged drainage basin, intermediate in the stream in the patch‐cut drainage basin, and lowest in the stream in the clear‐cut drainage basin. The differences in intragravel dissolved‐oxygen conditions among the three tributaries are attributed chiefly to differences in their interchange of surface and intragravel water. The larger quantities of fine streambed sediment in the two streams in logged basins may have reduced the permeability of the streambeds and hence their capacity to interchange surface and intragravel water. However, differences in the lithology of the three tributary drainage basins examined may contribute to the differences in the percentage of fine sediments observed among the streams, even in the absence of logging.
STRATEGIES TO CONTROL NONPOINT SOURCE WATER POLLUTION1
Authors: Peirce J. Jeffrey
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Strategies for controlling nonpoint sources of water pollution are discussed in terms of three representative states and eighteen regional agencies. The programs in Virginia, New York, and Wisconsin are seen to exhibit control options which range from voluntary action to strict regulation. Four conclusions are drawn from the analysis. First, nonpoint sources of pollution are a major component of the overall water pollution problem in the three states. Second, technical controls are generally available to solve the problems. Third, existing controls programs are not necessarily technologically sound or cost effective. Finally, existing control programs are capable of instituting solutions to the problems if and only if specified actions take place within the respective states and regions in the future. Critical research needs are identified which will assist states and regions in developing cost effective programs to control nonpoint source pollution.
STRATIFICATION VARIABILITY IN THREE MORPHOMETRICALLY DIFFERENT LAKES UNDER IDENTICAL METEOROLOGICAL FORCING1
Authors: Ford Dennis E. , Stefan H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Synoptic water temperature measurements were taken in three temperate lakes located within 25 km of one another to study the effects of morphometry (and changes in weather) on seasonal and short‐term thermal stratification characteristics. Two of the lakes had nearly the same surface areas and two had nearly identical mean depths; all were exposed to identical weather conditions. The dominance of weather over morphometry on the water surface temperature response was illustrated by the synoptic measurements in two different years. Stratification structure was also found to be dominated by weather for sufficiently deep lakes. Surface area effects were most subtle but explainable as sheltering effects. The onset of stratification was not, as traditionally described, a simple, gradual response of a lake to the annual solar radiation cycle. Rather it depends on a series of alternating heating, cooling, and mixing cycles similar to annual and diel cycles but with a period of approximately five days. These were in direct response to the passage of major weather systems and displayed no apparent time lag. No comparable synoptic water temperature data set could be found in the literature.
FINANCING FEDERAL WATER DEVELOPEMNT PROJECTS AND SHARING THE COSTS1
Authors: Wheeler Richard M. , Eisel Leo M. , Seinwill Gerald D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:The Federal Government's interest and involvement in water resource development in discussed in the context of project financing and cost sharing. After drawing a clear distinction between the two issues ‐ who puts up the money, and who repays over time ‐ the authors survey a number of Federal acts from which have evolved nearly 200 separate cost‐sharing rules. Selected cost sharing and financing issues discussed include consistency in policies, rehabilitation of urban water supply systems, multipurpose water quality projects, and ground water management. Two proposals for cost/finance sharing reform introduced in the 96th Congress are discussed in detail and their impacts compared with current policy. The joint venture approach (Administration proposal) results in an effective composite cost share which changes significantly but not drastically (from 19 to 35 percent non‐Federal share for a hypothetical project). The block grant approach (Domenici‐Moynihan proposal) would alter the regional distribution of Federal water developement funding from the South and West to the Northwest and North Central States.
EFFECTS OF A NORTH CENTRAL WASHINGTON WILDFIRE ON RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT PRODUCTION1
Authors: Helvey J. D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Runoff was measured from a 564‐ha catchment located on the Entiat Experimental Forest for nine years before a severe wild‐fire in 1970 destroyed the mixed conifer vegetation. Runoff records from the Chelan River (2 393 km2) were used as control data for determining changes in water yield during the seven years following the fire. The first post‐fire year was a period of transition in which the soil profile retained more water than in previous years and measured runoff was 8.9 cm greater than the predicted value based on pre‐fire conditions. Runoff from the burned catchment during subsequent years was much greater than measured values before the fire. Measured minus predicted runoff, based on the pre‐fire calibration equation, varied from 10.7 cm during the dry year of 1977 to 47.2 cm during the abnormally wet year of 1972. Flow duration curves indicated that runoff at each percent value after the fire was at least double the comparable pre‐fire value. Sediment production increased dramatically after the fire because of increased flow rates, increased overland flow caused by reduced infiltration capacity, and mass soil movement. Sediment yield is beginning to decrease as stream channels become stabilized and vegetation on upper slopes improves infiltration capacity.
EFFECTS OF WATER DRAWDOWN ON THE FAUNA IN SMALL COLD WATER RESERVOIRS1
Authors: McAfee Mary E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:Two small cold water reservoirs with stable water levels were compared with two reservoirs scheduled for complete drawdown to determine the effects of drawdown on invertebrate abundance and fish abundance and density. An extensive literature review supplemented the results with other applicable information. No conclusive evidence of effects of drawdown on invertebrates or fish was found. Characteristics of a reservoir and its drainage basin which obscure or lessen drawdown effects are discussed. Analysis and observation of drawdown procedures showed that duration and scheduling of draw‐down periods are important in determining whether drawdown will be harmful to fauna in a given reservoir.
RIDGE REGRESSION TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO LANDSAT INVESTIGATION OF WATER QUALITY IN LAKE OKEECHOBEE1
Authors: Shih S. F. , Gervin J. C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Landsat radiance values were processed at two different (single and double) levels of accuracy to estimate chlorophyll a, turbidity, and suspended sediment in Lake Okeechobee, Florida. Both ordinary least square and ridge regression analyses were used to establish a relationship between water quality parameters and Landsat radiance. Radiance measurements made at greater precision (double level) gave a better solution in this application. The ridge regression analysis for double level not only can reduce the total mean square error about 13–20 percent and confidence interval about 6–28 percent as compared to ordinary least square analysis, but it can also change the interpretation of analysis results.
DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF SECONDARY EFFLUENT IN DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA1
Authors: Singh Udai P. , Garcia‐Bengochea J. I. , Sprout C. Ross
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Data were obtained from drilling and testing of a test injection well for deep underground injection of waste water effluent from the proposed 50‐million‐gallon‐per‐day (mgd) South District Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant of the Miami‐Dade Water and Sewer Authority, Dade County, Florida. The drilling operation progressed in stages, each stage coverting the strata to be sealed off by the 48‐inch, 40‐inch, 30‐inch, and 20‐inch casings, respectively. Total depth of the well is 3,200 feet. The top of the saline, cavernous, dolomitic Boulder Zone was found at 2,790 feet below the surface and is separated from the Floridan aquifer above by approximately 1,100 feet of confining limestone layers. These confining layers were determined, by packer testing, to be very effective. The transmissivity of the Boulder Zone was estimated to be 14 × 106 gallons per day per foot (gpd/ft) from the data obtained from pump out tests. An 8,000‐gallon‐per‐minute (gpm) injection test was conducted to confirm well performance under operating conditions. Based on all of the data obtained, it was concluded that underground injection into the Boulder Zone of secondary waste water effluent from the proposed treatment plant is feasible, both hydraulically and environmentally. A monitoring system was proposed to provide a record of the effects of injection on the subsurface environment.
RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION WITH RANDOM DEPOSITS1
Authors: Phien Huynh Ngoc , Arbhabhirama Anat , Chenyapanich Pinit
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The accumulated volume of sediment in reservoris is investigated in this paper using a statistical method. Based on the fact that sediment load and river discharge are highly correlated, a relationship between them is established. With longer records of stream flows, this relationship will serve either as a data generation mechanism which produces a sediment S‐sequence having the same length as the river discharge Q‐sequence, or as a transformation of variables, by which the distribution of S is transferred from the distribution of Q. The mean and variance of the sediment volume accumulated in the design life of a reservoir are then derived, assuming the S‐ and Q‐sequences follow the log‐normal distribution. Finally, case studies are given for illustrating the proposed method.
REUSE OF POWER PLANT COOLING WATER FOR IRRIGATION1
Authors: Jury W. A. , Vaux H. J. , Stolzy L. H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Current water quality policies in California require disposal of saline blowdown waters from power plants in sealed evaporation ponds to avoid degradation of ground waters. This policy highlights the conflict between increased energy demands, increasing scarcity of water, and environmental priorities. Saline blowdown waters can be used for the irrigation of salt tolerant crops, albeit with some reduction in yields. The results of experiments intended to specify these yield reductions are reported. If such irrigation is carefully managed, the soil profile can be used to store residual salts and ground water degradation will be avoided, provided that irrigation ceases before the salts are leached to the ground water. An analysis of discharge below a carefully managed irrigation project shows that the downward movement of salts below the root zone is no worse than with conventional methods of disposal. Thus, irrigation reuse with blowdown water is shown to be a viable means of saline water disposal while maintaining existing standards of ground water quality protection. Further analysis demonstrates the economic feasibility of such irrigation reuse by showing that it is significantly less costly than the evaporation pond alternative.
A COMPARISON OF STATISTICAL TESTS ON THE EXTREME‐VALUE TYPE‐1 DISTRIBUTION1
Authors: Phien Huynh Ngoc , Arbhabhirama Anat
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The effects of the selections of plotting position formulae and class division schemes on goodness of fit tests are investigated for the extreme‐value type‐1 distribution using annual flood and annual maximum daily rainfall data. It was found that the plotting position formulae have a minor influence on the tests which involve their use, while the class division schemes may have a pronounced effect on the X2‐test. The study also recommended the maximum likelihood method for fitting purposes and a new test which is independent of the afore‐mentioned selections for judging the goodness of fit.
COVERING BOTTOM SEDIMENTS AS A LAKE RESTORATION TECHNIQUE1
Authors: Cooke G. Dennis
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Sediment covering to control macrophytes and sediment nutrient release is reviewed. It is concluded that fly ash application to control sediment phosphorus release presents more dangers to the lake than benefits and should not be used. Polyethylene sheeting has not had long term effectiveness due to macrophyte regrowth on its surface. PVC‐coated fiberglass screen is expensive but nontoxic and appears to give long term macrophyte control. Similar results may be obtained with spun‐bonded polypropylene. Sand, clay, and sheeting to retard nutrient release have received insufficient attention.
INFLUENCE OF VEGETATION, ROCK COVER, AND TRAMPLING ON INFILTRATION RATES AND SEDIMENT PRODUCTION1
Authors: Dadkhah Manouchehr , Gifford Gerald F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the impact of selected soil surface characteristics on infiltration rates and sediment production from interrill erosion from loam soil. Treatments were two different grass species (crested wheatgrass and intermediate wheatgrass), three levels of grass cover (30, 50, and 80 percent), four levels of rock cover (5, 10, 15, and 20 percent), and six levels of simulated trampling (10 to 60 percent of the respective plot area by 10 percent increments). Results indicated that plots with sod forming grass infiltrated only slightly more water than plots with bunchgrass, though the differences were significant.

Trampling reduced infiltration rates significantly. On uncompacted soil, infiltration rates increased as percentage of rock cover increased. Trampling gradually destroyed this relationship however. Rock cover did not significantly affect sediment production. The tradeoff between vegetal cover and rock cover was affected by simulated trampling. Once trampling disturbance reached 20 percent, no relationship between vegetal cover and rock cover existed. Trampling was the most important factor influencing infiltration rates, explaining 35 to 48 percent of the variation in infiltration rates. The most important factor influencing sediment production was grass cover, which explained 40 to 62 percent of the variations associated with sediment yield at various trampling percentages. Results strongly suggest that, for slopes and soils as used here, adequate watershed protection may be obtained by maintaining 50 percent protective ground cover. Additional validation studies are recommended.