bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Early Warning System in Preventing Human Trafficking: Border (In) Security and Challenges for Indonesia
Authors: Azizurrahman Sy. Hasyim , Ismawati Sri , Siagian Parulian , Had Abunawas , Tahir Muhammad , Alkadri Sy. Muhammad Ridho Rizki Maulufi
Published: January 2024

This article aims to find out how the early warning system is constructed in detecting human trafficking. This research discusses human trafficking in Indonesia, where most of the victims were trafficked to neighboring countries in the border area. One of the unsolved problem exist today is human trafficking in frontier areas; hence, there are three major factors causing the number of human trafficking in Indonesia is in high level according to data from the International Organization for Migration. This article is using empirical legal research method. The results show that the construction of an early warning system can be formed by studying the methods or modes used by the perpetrators in committing the crime of human trafficking. However, for this concept to succeed, good synchronization is needed between filters that include potential victims, agencies or institutions that can represent administrative functions, and officers at border area guard posts.
Penerapan Metode Show and Tell untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berbicara Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia pada Siswa Kelas IV SDN Jemur Tahun Ajaran 2022/2023
Authors: Ningsih Nur Widia , Rokhmaniyah Rokhmaniyah , Susiani Tri Saptuti
Published: January 2024

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan penerapan metode show and tell, meningkatkan keterampilan berbicara bahasa Indonesia, dan mendeskripsikan kendala dan solusi penerapan metode show and tell. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) kolaboratif yang dilaksanakan dalam tiga siklus. Subjek penelitian adalah guru dan siswa kelas IV SDN Jemur yang berjumlah 22 siswa dengan 11 siswa laki-laki dan 11 siswa perempuan. Data yang dianalisis berupa data kualitatif dan data kuantitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara, tes, dan kajian dokumen. Validitas data menggunakan triangulasi sumber dan teknik. Analisis data dilaksanakan melalui reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penilaian keterampilan berbicara bahasa Indonesia pada siklus I sebesar 63,64%, siklus II sebesar 79,55%, dan siklus III sebesar 86,36%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan metode show and tell dapat meningkatkan keterampilan berbicara. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah meningkatnya keterampilan berbicara melalui penerapan metode show and tell mata pelajaran bahasa Indonesia pada siswa kelas IV SDN Jemur tahun ajaran 2022/2023.

 
Nilai-nilai Pendidikan Karakter dalam Tradisi Lokal Solo
Authors: Rosanawati I Made Ratih , Marmoah Sri , Nurhasanah Farida , Wicaksana Muhlis Fajar
Published: January 2024

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah 1) untuk mendeskripsikan tentang bentuk tradisi lokal yang dianut oleh masyarakat Kota Solo, 2) untuk mendeskripsikan karakter apa sajakah yang ada di dalam tradisi lokal yang dianut oleh masyarakat Kota Solo, dan 3) untuk menganalisis relevansi kajian tradisi lokal dengan upaya peningkatan kesadaran sejarah bagi generasi muda di Kota Solo. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif, sehingga dalam menjawab rumusan masalah harus dilakukan melalui pengkajian secara teoretik maupun empirik. Kajian teoretik menggunakan studi pustaka dan literatur yang relevan, data yang diperoleh di lapangan, disertai dengan tehnik trianggulasi data. Nilai kearifan tradisi lokal memegang fungsi penting bagi pembentukan karakter pada generasi muda, bisa memunculkan sikap yang menjunjung tinggi nilai serta kearifan lokal. Nilai kearifan lokal berpotensi dapat menyadarkan generasi muda akan pentingnya meningkatkan kesadaran sejarah demi terwujudnya persatuan dan kesatuan karena sadar akan perannya bagi Bangsa Indonesia. Pembentukan jati diri nasional dapat didasari oleh pendidikan yang didasarkan pada "genius lokal" atau kearifan lokal. Kearifan lokal adalah sumber budaya suatu negara
Deepening Understanding of Specific Issues through Structured Academic Controversy: A Perspective of Cooperative Learning
Authors: Purnomo Ryan , Fitriyah Nur Nafisatul , Suprapti Suprapti , Al Haromainy Muhammad Muharrom
Published: January 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperkenalkan dan menekankan pemanfaatan kontroversi akademik terstruktur sebagai model teknik pembelajaran kooperatif bagi mahasiswa universitas. Meskipun pentingnya berpikir kritis dan pembelajaran kooperatif dalam pendidikan tinggi semakin meningkat, kurangnya teknik yang efektif menghambat perkembangan keterampilan penting ini. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menunjukkan efektivitas kontroversi akademik terstruktur dalam meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis dan mempromosikan pembelajaran kolaboratif di kalangan mahasiswa universitas yang mempelajari bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing (EFL). Melalui tinjauan komprehensif terhadap literatur yang ada dan studi kasus, penelitian ini menyoroti implementasi sukses kontroversi akademik terstruktur dalam beragam pengaturan kelas EFL, menampilkan adaptabilitas dan efektivitasnya dalam memfasilitasi pembelajaran kooperatif dan keterampilan berpikir kritis di antara mahasiswa.Temuan menunjukkan peningkatan yang signifikan dalam kemampuan mahasiswa untuk menganalisis secara kritis isu-isu kompleks, mengembangkan pandangan yang nuansat, dan berinteraksi secara konstruktif dengan sudut pandang yang berlawanan, mengindikasikan potensi kontroversi akademik terstruktur dalam menciptakan lingkungan pembelajaran yang kokoh. Sebagai kesimpulan, integrasi sistematis kontroversi akademik terstruktur dalam lingkungan pembelajaran EFL dapat secara signifikan berkontribusi pada pengembangan keterampilan berpikir kritis dan mempromosikan suasana pendidikan yang kolaboratif dan intelektual yang merangsang.
Analisis Interaksi Sosial Peserta Didik dalam Pembelajaran di Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Putri Tyas Fitria , Santa Santa , Mirawati Mira
Published: January 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan interaksi sosial peserta didik dalam proses pembelajaran. Penelitian ini dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif naratif dengan subjek penelitian yaitu peserta didik kelas V SDN Bangka 3 Kota Bogor Semester Genap tahun pelajaran 2022/2023. Prosedur pengumpulan data dan perekaman data dilaksanakan melalui observasi, angket, wawancara, studi dokumentasi. Teknik analisa data dilakukan dengan tahap reduksi data, penyajian data, dan verifikasi (penarikan kesimpulan). Peneliti menggunakan uji kreabilitas, transferabilitas, dependabilitas, dan konfirmabilitas untuk memperoleh keabsahan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya interaksi sosial dalam proses pembelajaran peserta didik khususnya kelas V, bahwa peserta didik memiliki interaksi sosial yang baik seperti peserta didik menyapa dan sering membantu teman jika kesulitan belajar, hal itu diperkuat dengan adanya angket 80%. Hal tersebut dibuktikan dengan hasil wawancara bahwa peserta didik jarang berinteraksi dengan teman lain dan divalidasikan dengan studi dokumentasi bahwa peserta didik mendapatkan nilai 92. Maka, peserta didik memiliki interaksi sosial baik saat proses pembelajaran
Multi-method Approach for Qualitative Research: Literature Review with NVivo 12 PRo Mapping
Authors: Abidin Helmi , Mukhlis Imam , Zagladi Arief Noviarakhman
Published: January 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi berbagai penelitian kualitatif sebagai metode yang dipilih. Penelitian menerapkan metode kajian studi literatur, yang diperoleh dari meta data di website Scopus dengan kata kunci "qualitative research" dan "software". Kedua kata kunci diterapkan pada kriteria literatur meliputi rentang tahun 2018-2023, kategori artikel penelitian dan berbahasa Inggris. Hasil telaah pada 26 artikel meliputi perolehan data, program komputer yang digunakan, dan bagaimana tren penelitian kualitatif berdasarkan tahun dan software yang digunakan. Data pada penelitian kualitatif dapat diperoleh melalui Rekaman video, Pertanyaan terbuka, Forum online, Dokumentasi, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), Literatur atau meta data, Observasi, dan Wawancara. Berdasarkan program komputer yang digunakan dalam menganalisis data secara kualitatif, diperoleh hasil meliputi Vosviewer, R-Project Program, NVivo, Leximancer, MAXQDA, QDA MINER LITE v 2.0.2, Geographic Information System (GIS), webQDA, CAQDAS, Gephi, dan ATLAS.ti
Investigating students’ perception of the importance of calculus: a cross-discipline comparison to inform module development
Authors: Bailey Joseph D , Claridge Jessica , Partner Alexander
Published: January 2024

This study compares perceptions of calculus across disciplines in university education.  As highlighted by Rasmussen et al. (2014) further work is needed to understand the “relationship between calculus and the client disciplines of engineering, physics, biology, and chemistry”, with calculus courses often designed from the perspective of Mathematicians.  Here, we aim to give insight of when it is appropriate to group such disciplines together for taught calculus modules in Higher Education (HE).This short study assesses how students perceive the importance of calculus across disciplines including Mathematics, Electronic Engineering, Economics and Business.Specifically, we consider the following:  1)         Are there differences in how students from different disciplines perceive the importance of studying calculus? 2)         Do students view the field of calculus as: something to be learned to pass their course; something to be fully understood; or a tool for future study/career? Whilst this small study cannot answer these important, open questions, overall it does reveal that students in Mathematics and Economics have similar perceptions about calculus, whereas, Business students viewed calculus significantly differently to the other disciplines.  Therefore, these results give some initial indications of appropriate groupings for cross teaching calculus, and importantly give an area of focus for which further research should develop, regarding how these grouping would affect attainment, pass rates and other phenomena noted in HE calculus modules
The new normal: What does maths and stats support and teaching look like post pandemic?
Authors: Pawley Susan , Neate Andrew
Published: January 2024

The workshop “The new normal: What does maths and stats support and teaching look like post pandemic?” took place on the 1st of December 2022 and discussed the changes to mathematics and statistics support since the lifting of restrictions after the pandemic. The event consisted of five short talks where presenters explored the changes that had occurred to mathematics and statistics support at their institutions and concluded with a discussion on how to effectively combine online and face-to-face support and how to increase engagement in all forms of support. This report summarises the talks and discussion, concluding with some thoughts on the changes still required and how we can support each other.
The links between plant volatiles and host plant specialization of herbivores
Authors: Lin Po-An , Chan Wei-Ping , Cai Liming , Dankowicz Even , Gilbert Kadeem , Pierce Naomi , Felton Gary
Published: January 2024

Host plant specialization of Lepidoptera has been a primary research focus in the field of coevolution and ecological specialization. However, factors associated with diet breadth evolution remain unclear despite decades of research. Here, we demonstrate that host plant specialization is linked to herbivore diurnality and timing of plant volatile emission. We show that diurnal lepidopterans tend to be host plant specialists, whereas nocturnal moths tend to be relative generalists. We also show that plants release higher quantity and diversity of volatiles during the day than at night. Given that plant volatiles are important chemical cues for host searching in herbivores, lower scotophase volatile emission is likely one of the ecological constraints of diet specialization. Morphological differences of antennae between species of different diet breadth and diel activity also indirectly support this prediction. Our findings underscore the links between plant volatiles and herbivore behavior in the evolution of host plant specialization and propose the Salient Aroma Hypothesis highlighting the role of chemical cues on host specialization of herbivores.
Straw Mulching and Plant Spacing Enhance Yield and Some Quality Traits of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Varieties
Authors: Ezaddin Neven Azad , Salih Rabar Fatah
Published: January 2024

Background
Intensive research globally requested on climate change and increase the risk of drought. Organic mulch applications may be right way of agricultural management strategy for right now. This experiment conducted by using wheat straw mulch (M0 as control and M1 = 4.2 t. ha-1), two plant spacing of (S1 = 25cm and S2 = 35cm) with three varieties Lachata, Coker 310 and Stoneville 213, that symbolled by (V1, V2 and V3), which were for determining its impact on yield, yield components and some quality parameters in two locations of Erbil Governorate.
Results
Thereby, the results showed that maximum number of bolls. plant-1, lint index and ginning out turn were by Lachata variety. As well as, maximum number of seeds. boll-1 and earliness index were (27.06 and 82.36%) by Coker 310. Mulching increased number of bolls. plant-1, boll weight, number of seeds. boll-1, and seed cotton yield as compared to no mulch treatment at both locations. There more, the interaction of factors in which V1S1M1 and V2S2M0 recorded the highest and lowest number of bolls. plant-1 which were (37.3 and 17.1), and seed cotton yield were (5900.0 and 2222.2 kg. ha-1), respectively at Grdarasha location. However, in fiber quality parameters such as longer staple length and single fiber length noted in mulched plots as compared to no mulch.
Conclusion
Therefore, the use of wheat straw mulch has an impact on cotton yield and quality.
Sustainable longwall partial filling mining strategies and optimal design of paste filling process
Authors: Zhou Yongqiang , Wang Changxiang , Liao Changlong , Wang Jianhang , Zhang Baoliang
Published: January 2024

Different methods of longwall full mining partial filling have been extensively studied to meet the special mining requirements of pressure coal resources and residual coal resources. The research aims to reduce production costs, ensure safe and efficient production of filling mining. Three longwall partial filling mining technologies are proposed: room-pillar filling mining, parallel strip filling mining, and vertical strip filling mining. Numerical simulation and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model are utilized to analyze the effects of these methods. The results demonstrate that vertical strip filling mining exhibits the smallest surface deformation and the most regular displacement distribution. Additionally, an AHP model is employed to determine the index weights for safety, economic factors, stress, displacement, and filling cost. A hierarchical structure is established with safety and economic mining as the target layer, and stress, displacement, and economic factors as the criterion layer. The vertical strip filling mining method was calculated as the 1comprehensive optimal scheme. In practical operations, the filling technology and filling material performance play crucial roles in determining the filling effect. The study includes the optimization analysis of the filling technology, focusing on the composition of the coal gangue paste filling system and the optimization of the system components. Additionally, the study investigates the optimization analysis of filling materials, particularly the performance optimization methods. Experimental results demonstrate that optimizing the filling materials can improve the performance of the filling paste, enhancing both early-stage and long-term compressive strength. This research can provide valuable insights into the optimal design of longwall partial filling mining methods.
Greek Proverbs: Computational Spatial Attribution
Authors: Pavlopoulos John , Louridas Panos
Published: January 2024

Proverbs carry wisdom transferred orally from generation to generation. Based on the place they were recorded, this study introduces a publicly-available and machine-actionable dataset of more than one hundred thousand Greek proverbs. Using linguistic distance as our lens, we quantified the spatial distribution of widespread proverbs. By focusing on the least widespread proverbs, we benchmarked geographical attribution, using text classification and regression (text geocoding). Our results show that this is a challenging task for which specific locations can be attributed more successfully compared to others. The potential of our resource and benchmark is showcased by two novel applications. First, we extracted terms moving the regression prediction toward the four cardinal directions. Second, we leveraged conformal prediction to attribute 3,676 unregistered proverbs with statistically rigorous predictions of areas each such proverb was possibly registered in.
Manufacture of tunnel-shaped sheet metal parts with improved accuracy using novel toolpath strategies for single point incremental forming
Authors: Behera Amar Kumar , Lagodziuk Filip
Published: January 2024

Single point incremental forming is a novel sheet metal forming process that crafts 3D shapes out of sheet metal using layerwise deformation of the metallic sheet with a simple tool, which is typically cylindrical with a hemispherical ball-end. In this work, a combination of intelligent clamping and toolpath strategies were used to manufacture tunnel-shaped parts using aluminum alloy, AA1050AH14. The toolpath strategies helped improve on the low forming limits for failure typically associated with the manufacture of such shapes. A new method for compensating the inaccuracies in the parts caused by springback and other plastic deformations associated with the process using predicted 2D sectional views was also tested. The predicted sectional views were generated using training sets from the scanned geometries consisting of large datasets of point clouds. The training sets helped generate multivariate regression equations which were then used to create the predicted sections. The predicted sections were interpolated to create compensated geometries which then enabled part manufacture with improvement in accuracy. The result from this new strategy was compared with improvements observed in 3D compensation followed by adaptive pocketing and contouring toolpath strategies.
Novel approach in static shift correction for magnetotellurics data using 2D electrical resistivity imaging
Authors: Rahman Nazrin , muztaza Nordiana Mohd , Rosli Najmiah , Jia Teoh Ying , Saad Rosli , Rosli Farid Najmi , Md Mohd Firdaus , Seong Goh Khean , Saad Muhamad Safid , Tating Frederick Francis , Adewumi Taiwo , Anda Sabrian Tri
Published: January 2024

Magnetotellurics (MT) method utilizes lightning activities and solar wind interactions as electromagnetic sources in measuring resistivity distribution to great depths. Static shift is a common problem in MT where actual MT data is shifted higher or lower in logarithmic scale but maintains the same apparent resistivity (ρA) curve. Currently, MT static shift is corrected using vertical electrical sounding (VES) and transient electromagnetic (TEM) data, which give ρA data in 1D that does not depicts subsurface materials precisely. In contrast, 2D electrical resistivity imaging (2D ERI) provides data in lateral and vertical directions; therefore, better images the ground with higher sensitivity to inhomogeneity. Additionally, true resistivity (ρT) obtained after inversion provides a better representation of the Earth than ρA. Therefore, this study develops a new static shift correction using 2D ERI ρT data. 2D ERI lines were conducted across MT stations to obtain the best resistivity model and extract ρA and ρT values beneath MT stations as two data groups for static shift correction. Resistivity data from 2D ERI was employed to constrained MT phase inversion to obtain the actual MT response for every MT station. Resistivity curve from MT survey was then shifted to the actual response to achieve its true resistivity level. The results obtained from ρA and ρT shifts yielded RMS values of < 11.3 and < 6.9 respectively. The lower RMS values indicates that the ρT shifts is more effective in removing static shift effect. Qualitatively, model without static shift correction yielded illogical resistivity values while the other models were acceptable. This showcases that the performance of novel MT static shift correction using ρT surpasses conventional method and is reliable for future usage.
Efficient palladium-catalyzed electrocarboxylation enables late-stage carbon isotope labelling
Authors: Skrydstrup Troels , Batista Gabriel , Ebenbauer Ruth , Bergare Jonas , Neumann Karoline , Hopmann Kathrin Helen , Elmore Charles , Rosas@Hernández Alonso , Day Craig
Published: January 2024

Carbon isotope labelling of bioactive molecules is a critical step for accessing the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of new drug entities. Aryl carboxylic acids represent an important class of structural motifs commonly found in many pharmaceutically active molecules and are ideal target structures for the installation of a radioactive tag employing isotopically labelled CO2. However, direct isotope incorporation via the reported catalytic reductive carboxylation (CRC) of aryl electrophiles relies on excess CO2, which is incompatible with carbon-14 isotope incorporation. Furthermore, the application of some CRC reactions for late-stage carboxylation is limited because of the low tolerance of molecular complexity by the catalytic systems. Herein, we report the development of a practical and affordable electrochemical CRC setup based on palladium catalysis. This approach enables the use of near-stoichiometric 14CO2 generated from the primary carbon-14 source Ba14CO3, facilitating late-stage and single-step carbon-14 labelling of pharmaceuticals and representative precursors. Further studies provide more details in the mechanistic understanding of this process, allowing CRC to be performed in solvents alternative to DMF. The proposed isotope-labelling protocol holds significant promise for immediate impact on drug development programmes.
Observational study of the effect of preoperative consumption of different doses of carbohydrates before spinal surgery
Authors: Qiu Chengru , Li Ao , Li Jia , Chang Jie , Ma Siqi , Zhang Xi
Published: January 2024

Objective
To investigate the effects of two carbohydrate doses administered 2 hours prior to spinal surgery on the perioperative period of patients, aiming to add evidence to help optimize enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS).
Methods
One hundred patients undergoing spinal surgery were divided into a 200 ml carbohydrate group (group A) and a 400 ml carbohydrate group (group B), with 50 patients in each group, according to the random number method. Patients in both groups consumed the carbohydrates (maltodextrin fructose drink) 2 hours before surgery. The gastric antral cross-sectional area (CSA) of the patients was recorded using gastric ultrasound at different time points. Gastric volume (GV), gastric emptying rate, and the proportion of patients with gastric emptying were calculated. Postoperative hunger, thirst, and anxiety scores were recorded on a visual analog scale (VAS). Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and length of stay (LOS) were recorded.
Results
The mean CSA and GV of both groups had returned to baseline at T4, with no significant difference from Tm (P > 0.05). Group B exhibited a lower gastric emptying rate than group A during period A1 (P < 0.05), while it was faster in group B during periods A2, A3, and A4 (P < 0.05). At T4, almost all patients had gastric emptying, the emptying rates of group A and group B being 92% and 88%, respectively. When comparing the blood glucose values before drinking (Tm) vs. after the operation (T5), there were no differences in either group (P > 0.05). The hunger and thirst scores of patients in group B were significantly lower than those in group A (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in anxiety score, incidence of nausea and vomiting or length of stay (P > 0.05).
Conclusion
Oral carbohydrate drinks of 400 ml or 200 ml administered 2 hours prior to spinal surgery are safe for patients and can be incorporated into ERAS protocols to minimize postoperative complications and facilitate patient recovery. The larger 400 ml carbohydrate dose brings no increased risk of aspiration and effectively alleviates patient discomfort such as hunger and thirst.
The space 3D analogue of the Euler–Darboux equation with strong degeneracy
Authors: Dolgopolov Mikhail , Elisov Maksim , Rodionova Irina
Published: January 2024

On the set Ω, which is a prism bounded by the planes y=x, y=0, x=h, z=0, z=h (h>0), a space 3D analogue of the Euler–Darboux–Poisson equation is considered with two parameters taking values 1) α=1, 0 < β < 1; 2) α=1, 1 < β < 2; 3) α=1, −1 < β < 0. The singularity plane of the coefficients of the equation z = x − y divides the set Ω into two subregions, in which for each of the three cases: a) a general solution to this equation is constructed; b) problems with boundary conditions on the plane z = x − y were formulated and solved (modified Cauchy problems); c) on the set Ω, a boundary value problem was solved with data on adjacent faces of the prism and matching conditions on the internal plane z = x − y.
The molecular architecture of Lactobacillus S-Layer: Assembly and attachment to teichoic acids
Authors: Sagmeister Theo , Gubensäk Nina , Buhlheller Christoph , Grininger Christoph , Eder Markus , Ðordić Anđela , Millán Claudia , Medina Ana , Sánchez-Murcia Pedro , Berni Francesca , Hynönen Ulla , Vejzović Djenana , Damisch Elisabeth , Kulminskaya Natalia , Petrowitsch Lukas , Oberer Monika , Palva Airi , Malanović Nermina , Codée Jeroen , Keller Walter , Usón Isabel , Pavkov-Keller Tea
Published: January 2024

S-layers are crystalline arrays found on bacterial and archaeal cells. Lactobacillus is a diverse family of bacteria known especially for potential gut health benefits. This study focuses on the S-layer proteins from Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus amylovorus common in the mammalian gut. Atomic resolution structures of Lactobacillus S-layer proteins SlpA and SlpX exhibit domain swapping and the obtained assembly model of the main S-layer protein SlpA aligns well with prior electron microscopy and mutagenesis data. The S-layer's pore size suggests a protective role, with charged areas aiding adhesion. A highly similar domain organization and interaction networks is observed across the Lactobacillus genus. Interaction studies revealed conserved binding areas specific for attachment to teichoic acids. The structure of the SlpA S-layer and the suggested incorporation of SlpX, as well as its interaction with teichoic acids lays the foundation for deciphering its role in immune responses and for developing effective treatments for a variety of infectious and bacteria-mediated inflammation processes, opening new opportunities for targeted engineering of the S-layer or lactobacilli bacteria in general.
Amino acid NCA polymerization: A century of misconceptions.
Authors: Kanazawa Hitoshi
Published: January 2024

The primary amine-initiated polymerization of amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) has long been thought to proceed by a living polymerization mechanism. In addition, NCA polymerization at low initiator concentrations is known to stop at a certain conversion. However, the formation of high molecular weight poly(amino acid)s with monodisperse-molecular-weight-distribution, which is essential for living polymerization, has not been reported for nearly 100 years. Several prominent researchers have proposed side reactions that interfere with polymerization to explain these results. Since molecular weight control by amine-initiated NCA polymerization is impossible in the presence of side reactions, new initiators have been investigated. However, I have successfully obtained poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) with high molecular weight and monodisperse-molecular-weight-distribution in the NCA polymerization initiated by common primary amines using high purity NCA and avoiding moisture, with good reproducibility. Polymer formation with a monodisperse-molecular-weight-distribution was confirmed by gel permeation chromatography, with sharp chromatograms corresponding to standard polymers. I found that the polymerization stops halfway because polymer aggregation occurs when the degree of polymerization reaches about 70-80. I would say that many NCA polymerization failures are caused by the lack of two techniques: inadequate NCA purification and failure to prevent moisture contamination in the system. This study sheds light on the reasons for previous undesirable results. I must say that there are no side reactions in NCA polymerization.
Prediction of multiscale lamina structure and high quality reservoirs in shale: A case study of the Lianggaoshan Formation in northeastern Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: youzhi wang , cui mao , xuefeng bai , xiaodong wang , zhiguo wang , Ce An
Published: January 2024

Shale has become an important reservoir and source rock for unconventional oil and gas development. The Lianggaoshan Formation in the Sichuan Basin comprises a set of shales located under a lacustrine rock layer, where alternating silt, mud, and carbonate laminae exist, demonstrating strong heterogeneity. Reservoir quality and oil-bearing potential aredetermined using shale lamina structures. Therefore, the accurate and precise identification of lamina structures plays an essential role in the successful exploration and development of shale oil. In this study, shales were classified into laminated, layered, and massive rocks based on the density of laminae. The meter-scale layers were identified using conventional logs, whereas µm-to-cm scales were identified through image logs and related slabs. The mineral composition of laminae was further revealed based on thin-section observation and quantitativeassessment of minerals usingQEMSCAN technology. High quartz and clay contents were found for the silt laminated type, high calcite and clay contents were observed for the carbonate laminated type, and varying clay and organic matter contents were found for the mud laminated type. Typical alternating band characteristics were observed in the image logs; The dark, orange, and light layers were identified as mud,, silt, and carbonate in the slabs, respectively. The relations between the types of lamina structures, nuclear magnetic resonance logs, and oil test data were also analyzed. The development of the layered type fundamentally influenced the quality of shale reservoirs, and the proportion of the layered type was strongly associated with the production capacity of shale oil. The layered rocks were better than the massive and laminated rocks in terms of reservoir quality and oil-bearing potential. The results of this study provide a basis for predicting multiscale lamina structures from log data, facilitating the exploration and development of shale oil not only in the Lianggaoshan Formation but also worldwide.
Investigating the effect of using Wii Fit on functional balance and elbow joint flexion in children with spastic unilateral cerebral palsy: an interventional study
Authors: Mohammadi Mahsa , Maleki Mahshad , Fatorehchy Saeid , Vahedi Mohsen
Published: January 2024

Background
Rehabilitation of CP population is often challenging for therapists due to insufficient motivation. The Wii Fit balance board can interest CP children to improve their imbalance symptoms.
Objectives
We aimd to assess the effectiveness of Wii Fit on the functional balance and range of motion of the elbow among children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy.
Method
We used visual analysis to determine the effect of Wii fit. Children's functional balance data was captured using the Pediatric Balance Scale(PBS). We calculated Percentage of Nonoverlapping Data for PBS scores And the timed up and go(TUG) to measure physical mobility and level of functional capacity. to know the exact effect size of the intervention on the TUG test results, the Hedges'g index was used.
Results
The Hedges'g index scores consistently above 0.8, showed a significant difference in PBS scores between the baseline and follow-up phases, as well as between the baseline and intervention phases. The TUG test results showed a significant difference between baseline and intervention phases, while between intervention and follow-up, lacked significance. Hedges'g index scores confirmed significant changes between baseline and intervention phases but only identified significant differences in TUG test scores for children No. 2, 5, and 7 when comparing intervention and follow-up phases. The results of changes in active and passive elbow flexion, respectively, showed intervention-related improvements that remained stable in the follow-up phase. Data overlap and Hedges'g index scores suggested consistent improvements between baseline and follow-up and baseline and intervention phases. In contrast, the intervention-to-follow-up phase comparison showed significance for selected children.
Conclusion
This study confirmed that "the Wii Balance Board" is effective on functional balance. However, the effects of the Wii balance board on the elbow range of motions require further studies.
Dietary self-management in university soccer players: are there differences by athletic performance?
Authors: Takahashi Ryunosuke , Fujii Takako
Published: January 2024

Worldwide, athletes have become increasingly concerned about becoming emaciated in recent years. Moreover, university athletes who continue to train at a high intensity are more likely to be undernourished due to intense nutrient depletion and frequent dietary deficiencies. We therefore investigated energy deficits through a dietary survey of athletes in order to determine whether their ability to self-manage food varied according to their athletic ability. Thirty-four participants who were members of a university soccer club were included in this study. To assess self-management ability based on athletic ability, athletes were divided into two groups: a high athletic ability group (group A) and a general athletic ability group (group B). We found that hemoglobin levels were 15.7 (SD 1.3) g/dl for group A and 15.5 (0.8) g/dl for group B, with no anemic subjects in either group. Group A had significantly higher serum ferritin levels than group B. A nutritional assessment showed that group A had significantly higher levels of energy, protein, carbohydrate, iron, vitamin B2, vitamin C, and dietary fiber than group B. When athletes' nutrient intake was compared to their nutritional intake goals, group A met more items than group B. In addition, a comparison of PFC rates (Protein: Fat: Carbohydrate as % of total energy) showed that group A was within the target amounts, whereas group B had a higher percentage of fat. These results suggest that group A was more capable of self-management of their diet than group B.
Nutritional status and growth performance of Fijian local chickens and their crosses with broilers under different production systems
Authors: Berukilukilu Lorenzo T. , Bakare Archibold G. , Iji Paul A. , Zindove Titus Jairus
Published: January 2024

The study compared nutrient content intake and growth performance of local chickens and local x broilers crossbreds under scavenging and indoor conventional systems. A total of 48 male and 48 female chickens for each of the two chicken types were allocated to four outdoor free-range pens and allowed to scavenge whilst being supplemented with sorghum plus kitchen waste and broilers growers from week 5 to week 13 of age. The same design was repeated on indoor pens with the chickens being fed the same diets without scavenging. The crops and gizzards contents from local chickens had the same crude protein and crude fat as their crosses with broilers under both systems (P > 0.05). The energy content of crop and gizzard contents from scavenging chickens was lower than that from chickens under indoor conventional system (P < 0.05). Chickens of the same type had high iron content in their crops and gizzards contents under scavenging system than the conventional system (P < 0.05). Local chickens and their crosses with broilers had higher growth rates under the scavenging system than the indoor production system (P < 0.05). Local chickens and their crosses with broilers had the same growth rates when fed the same diet (P > 0.05). Crossbreds between local chickens and broilers matches the scavenging abilities of the local chickens but have lower growth rates under scavenging systems.
The SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) era impact on incidence of sudden deaths due to Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) in States and Union Territories of India- A cross-sectional comparative study (2018-2022)
Authors: Kumar Piyush , Anupama Advocate
Published: January 2024

Background-COVID-19 pandemic increased the risk of CVD (cardiovascular disease). There is lack of comparative assessment on the incidence of sudden death due to MI during and before COVID-19. This study aimed to quantify this assessment. Another quest to start this study is that several studies have reported COVID-19 vaccine-associated myocarditis/cardiomyopathy.
Methods and results-This study was based on NCRB data from all states and UTs of India who died suddenly due to MI between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2022. 5 coastal states of India accounts for about 70 % of all MI cases related sudden death. The base year 2018 is having least whereas the last year 2022 is having the largest number of total new MI cases related mortality detected in one individual year. The largest and noteworthy percent change in sudden death due to MI in males is found in 2022 when it increased by 14.26% (is it due to delayed cardiomyopathy due to COVID-19 or its due to Vaccine? This will be a matter of research in coming era). This study revealed that there is 25.80 percent increase in total number of new MI cases related mortality in 2022 in comparison to pre-COVID-19 year of 2018. There is an overall increase of 11.24 percent in sudden death due to MI cases in males during the COVID-19 period. The Male-Sudden death due to Myocardial Infarction increased during COVID-19 year 2022 by 26.71 percent in comparison to 2018 pre- COVID-19 year.
Conclusion-Sudden death due to MI increased during COVID-19.
Aspiring to equity: virtual work experience for prospective medical students
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxi , Chan See Chai Carol , Antcliffe David , Murphy Kevin , Klaber Robert , Dick Elizabeth
Published: January 2024

Introduction
Work experience (WEx) is important for aspiring medical students to gain insights into healthcare, enhancing their confidence and understanding of medicine. Typically, those with greater social resources find securing WEx easier, creating a disparity for students from widening participation backgrounds. With the COVID-19 pandemic, traditional in-person WEx shifted to virtual platforms; however our knowledge of the effectiveness of these programmes at engaging students and increasing their confidence and insight into medicine is limited.
Methods
In 2022, the Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHT) in the United Kingdom initiated a comprehensive 5-day virtual WEx via Microsoft Teams, targeting students from all backgrounds but prioritising students from underrepresented groups. The curriculum was strategically organised into five core themes, each designed to provide insights and practical knowledge about various facets of the entry process into medical school and the medical profession. This digital approach facilitated simulated clinical experiences, reflective group interactions and direct dialogues with medical students and doctors through live sessions.
Results
The ICHT virtual WEx saw engagement from 500 participants nationwide, half of whom were from non-selective state schools. Post-programme evaluation demonstrated that confidence (non-selective school students p < 0.0001, selective school students p < 0.0001) and knowledge (non-selective school students p = 0.002, selective school students p < 0.0001) in the medical school application process both increased. Participants expressed appreciation for exposure to a broad range of professionals within the medical community, “near-peer” learning for insights into medical careers and the interactivity of the programme.
Conclusions
The success of the ICHT’s virtual WEx underscores its ability to help aspiring students understand what it is like to work in healthcare, and what is needed to apply to Medicine and to be a doctor. This programme has been usefully employed in a hybrid format post-pandemic. By improving access and equity for aspiring medical students including from underrepresented regions, this model has potential to widen participation.
Trend Change Analysis of postural balance in Parkinson`s disease discriminates between medication state
Authors: Wodarski Piotr , Jurkojć Jurkojć , Chmura Marta , Warmerdam Elke , Romijnders Robbin , Hobert Markus A. , Maetzler Walter , Cygoń Krzysztof , Hansen Clint
Published: January 2024

Background
Maintaining static balance is relevant and common in everyday life and it depends on a correct intersegmental coordination. A change or reduction in postural capacity has been linked to increased risk of falls. People with Parkinson's disease (PD) experience motor symptoms affecting the maintenance of a stable posture. The aim of the study is to understand the intersegmental changes in postural sway and to apply a trend change analysis to uncover different movement strategies between PD patients and healthy adults.
Methods
In total, 61 healthy participants, 40 young (YO), 21 old participants (OP), and 29 PD patients (13 during medication on, PDoff; 23 during medication on, PDon) were included. Participants stood quietly for 10 seconds. Inertial sensors at the head, sternum, and lumbar region collected tri-axial accelerations. Classical postural parameters and the trend change analysis (TCA) was applied on inertial measurement unit data of the head, sternum, and pelvis between groups.
Objective
This study aims to explore the potential application of TCA for the assessment of postural stability using IMUs, and secondly, to employ this analysis within the context of neurological diseases, specifically Parkinson's disease.
Results
Comparison of sensors locations revealed significant differences between head, sternum and pelvis for almost all parameters and cohorts. When comparing PDon and PDoff, the TCA revealed differences that were not seen by any other parameter.
Conclusions
While all parameters could differentiate between sensor locations, no group differences could be uncovered except for the TCA that allowed to distinguish between the PD on/off. The potential of the TCA to assess disease progression, response to treatment or even the prodromal PD phase should be explored in future studies.
Trial registration:
The research procedure was approved by the ethical committee of the Medical Faculty of Kiel University (D438/18). The study is registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00022998).
Relationship of ultraviolet light exposure and cutaneous and systemic disease activity in youth with childhood-onset systemic lupus: Results from the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry
Authors: Tanner Tamara I. , Agalliu Ilir , Wahezi Dawn M. , Rubinstein Tamar , Investigators CARRA Registry
Published: January 2024

Objective
To investigate the association between sun exposure measured by ultraviolet light index (UVI) and seasonality with rash and systemic disease activity in youth with childhood-onset systemic lupus (cSLE) from the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) Registry.
Methods
We reviewed data on rash and disease activity from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) scores from cSLE CARRA Registry participants with visits between 2010 and 2019 and obtained UVI data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Our main exposures were UVI and season during the month of visit and one month prior to visit. We used mixed-effects logistic regression to examine an association between UVI/ season and rash / SLEDAI-2K score, adjusting for age, sex, race and income.
Results
Among 1222 participants, with a mean of 2.3 visits/participant, 437 visits (15%) had rash and 860 (30%) had SLEDAI-2K score ≥ 5. There were no associations between UVI during the month prior to visit, or the month of the visit and odds of rash or elevated systemic activity. However, fall season was associated with increased odds of rash (OR = 1.59, p = 0.04), but there not increased disease activity.
Conclusion
While we found no association between UVI and rash or UVI and disease activity, further studies directly measuring UVI may help further understand whether a relationship exists between sun exposure and SLE disease activity and whether this is an area that continues to require clinical attention.
Functional characterization of biodegradable films obtained from whole Paecilomyces variotii biomass
Authors: Martinez Ezequiel A. , Salvay Andres G. , Sanchez-Díaz Macarena R. , Ludemann Vanesa , Peltzer Mercedes A.
Published: January 2024

The indiscriminate use of petroleum-based polymers and plastics for single-use food packaging has led to serious environmental problems due the non-biodegradable characteristics. Thus, much attention has been focused on the research of new biobased and biodegradable materials. Yeast and fungal biomass are low-cost and abundant sources of biopolymers with highly promising properties for the development of biodegradable materials. This study aimed to select a preparation method to develop new biodegradable films using the whole biomass of Paecilomyces variotii subjected to successive physical treatments including ultrasonic homogenization (US) and heat treatment. Sterilization process had an important impact on the final filmogenic dispersion and mechanical properties of the films. Longer US treatments produced a reduction in the particle size and the application of an intermediate UT treatment contributed favorably to the breaking of agglomerates allowing the second US treatment to be more effective, achieving an ordered network with a more uniform distribution. Samples that were not filtrated after the sterilization process presented mechanical properties similar to plasticized materials. On the other hand, the filtration process after sterilization eliminated soluble and hydratable compounds, which produced a reduction in the hydration properties of the films.