bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TYK2‐Inhibition: Potenzial bei der Behandlung chronisch‐entzündlicher Immunerkrankungen
Authors: Ghoreschi Kamran , Augustin Matthias , Baraliakos Xenofon , Krönke Gerhard , Schneider Matthias , Schreiber Stefan , Schulze‐Koops Hendrik , Zeißig Sebastian , Thaçi Diamant
Published: October 2021

In den letzten Jahrzehnten sind immunvermittelte chronisch‐entzündliche Krankheiten zu führenden Ursachen für Morbidität und Mortalität in westlichen Ländern geworden. Obwohl zahlreiche Faktoren als ursächlich für diese Erkrankungen vermutet werden, ist eine vereinende Ätiologie nach wie vor unbekannt.

Diese Übersicht fasst den aktuellen Stand der wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse und unseres Verständnisses zur Rolle von Nicht‐Rezeptor‐Tyrosinkinasen zusammen und befasst sich dabei insbesondere mit der Rolle der Januskinase TYK2 bei Autoimmun‐ und immunvermittelten Erkrankungen sowie mit den klinischen Auswirkungen ihrer Hemmung.

Eine Gruppe von Fachleuten auf diesem Gebiet hat die wissenschaftliche Evidenz und die molekularen Überlegungen zur TYK2‐Inhibierung und ihrer klinischen Anwendung erörtert. Unser Review dieses Treffens soll einen umfassenden Überblick über das klinische Profil der TYK2‐Hemmung vermitteln. Dabei wird auch ihr Potenzial bei der zielgerichteten pharmakologischen Therapie chronischer Autoimmun‐ und immunvermittelter Erkrankungen mit besonderem Fokus auf entzündliche Erkrankungen der Haut betrachtet.
Status quo und Perspektiven der Hautkliniken in Deutschland: Versorgungsspektren und Personalsituation
Authors: Augustin Matthias , Girbig Gefion , Hertl Michael , Elsner Peter , Welzel Julia , Honak Laura , Hischke Sandra , Biedermann Tilo
Published: October 2021

Hintergrund

Die stationäre Versorgung in Deutschland ist seit Einführung des DRG‐gestützten Entgeltsystems einem Wandel unterworfen. Über wichtige Differenzierungsfaktoren wie das Versorgungsspektrum und die personelle Situation in den Hautkliniken lagen bislang keine Publikationen vor.

Methoden

Versorgungswissenschaftliche Analyse der 115 Hautkliniken im Oktober 2019 mittels eines strukturierten Erhebungsbogens.

Ergebnisse

Das Versorgungsspektrum umfasste durchschnittlich zu 31,0 % allgemeine Dermatologie, 33,6 % operative Dermatologie, 15,6 % Onkologie und 10,1 % Allergologie. Die Kliniken wiesen durchschnittlich 14 Vollzeitstellen und 3 Teilzeitstellen auf (Universitätskliniken: 23/5, nicht universitäre Kliniken: 9/2). Der mittlere Frauenanteil der Ärzteteams betrug: Weiterbildungsärztinnen 73,3 %, Oberärztinnen 53,0 %, Direktorinnen 20,0 %. Die Bewerbersituation der Ober‐ und Fachärzte wurde überwiegend als schlecht, die der Assistenzärzte als vornehmlich gut bewertet. Schlechtere Bewerbersituationen lagen in den nicht universitären Kliniken sowie in ländlichen Räumen vor. Die Zufriedenheit der ärztlichen Direktoren mit den aktuellen Rahmenbedingungen der stationären Versorgung zeigte unabhängig von Universitätsklinik und nicht universitärer Klinik eine variable Einschätzung. Die Gefährdung der stationären Versorgung wurde jedoch überwiegend als niedrig eingeschätzt (71,6 %).

Schlussfolgerungen

Die Gesamtsituation der stationären dermatologischen Versorgung ist als überwiegend gut einzuordnen. Auch weisen die Hautkliniken weit überwiegend eine große Versorgungsbreite hinsichtlich der Vielfalt an Indikationen auf. Die teilweise als unzureichend bewerteten Rahmenbedingungen erfordern weitergehende Maßnahmen.
Structures and performance characteristics of dermatology hospitals in Germany. Current status and long‐term development
Authors: Girbig Gefion , Biedermann Tilo , Hertl Michael , Elsner Peter , Welzel Julia , Hischke Sandra , Honak Laura , Augustin Matthias
Published: October 2021

Background

The objective of the study was to characterize the performance of German dermatology hospitals.

Methods

A structured survey questionnaire was sent out to all dermatology hospitals in October 2019 as part of a cross‐sectional analysis based on health care research.

Results

Of the 115 hospitals, 95 (82.6 %) responded, including 34 (35.8 %) university hospitals (UC) and 61 (64.2 %) non‐university hospitals (NUC), of which 78 % were urban (43 % UC, 57 % NUC) and 22 % rural (10 % UC, 90 % NUC). The dermatology departments comprised an average of 45 inpatient and 11 day‐care beds (UC: 52/13, NUC: 40/9). An average of 2,302 inpatients were cared for in 2018 (UC: 2,874, NUC: 1,983), and the case mix index was 0.76 (UC: 0.74, NUC: 0.77, overall range: 0.40–0.96). Mean length of stay was 5.5 days for UC, relevantly lower than 2013 (5.9 days) and 2011 (7.1 days) data, and also significantly lower for NUC at 5.9 (2018) versus 5.1 days (2013).

Conclusions

German dermatology hospitals continue to have a high volume of inpatient care, with a comparison of the last six years again showing a compression with shorter length of stay and higher occupancy density. Dermatological hospitals represent an essential pillar of dermatological care.
Strukturen und Leistungsmerkmale der Hautkliniken in Deutschland: Aktuelle Bestandsaufnahme und Langzeitverlauf
Authors: Girbig Gefion , Biedermann Tilo , Hertl Michael , Elsner Peter , Welzel Julia , Hischke Sandra , Honak Laura , Augustin Matthias
Published: October 2021

Hintergrund

Zielsetzung der Studie war die Charakterisierung der Leistungsdaten der deutschen Hautkliniken.

Methoden

Im Zuge einer versorgungswissenschaftlichen Querschnittsanalyse wurde im Oktober 2019 ein strukturierter Erhebungsbogen an alle Hautkliniken ausgesendet.

Ergebnisse

Von den 115 Kliniken antworteten 95 (82,6 %), davon 34 (35,8 %) Universitätskliniken (UK) und 61 (64,2 %) nicht universitäre Kliniken (NUK), davon 78 % aus dem städtischen (43 % UK, 57 % NUK) und 22 % aus dem ländlichen Raum (10 % UK, 90 % NUK). Die dermatologischen Abteilungen umfassten durchschnittlich 45 stationäre und 11 teilstationäre Betten (UK: 52/13, NUK: 40/9). Versorgt wurden 2018 durchschnittlich 2302 stationäre Patienten (UK: 2874, NUK: 1983), der Case‐Mix‐Index lag bei 0,76 (UK: 0,74, NUK: 0,77, gesamter Bereich: 0,40–0,96). Die mittlere Liegedauer lag bei den UK mit 5,5 Tagen relevant unter den Daten von 2013 (5,9 Tage) und 2011 (7,1 Tage), bei den NUK mit 5,9 (2018) versus 5,1 Tagen (2013) ebenfalls signifikant niedriger.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die deutschen Hautkliniken weisen nach wie vor ein hohes Aufkommen an stationärer Versorgungsleistung auf, bei dem sich im Vergleich der letzten sechs Jahre nochmals eine Verdichtung mit kürzerer Liegedauer und höherer Belegungsdichte zeigte. Hautkliniken stellen eine essenzielle Säule der dermatologischen Versorgung dar.
Inpatient care for skin diseases in Germany: multi‐source analysis on the current and future health care needs
Authors: Augustin Matthias , Girbig Gefion , Kis Anne , Bechara Falk G. , Hertl Michael , Hischke Sandra , Kaufmann Roland , Löffler Harald , Müller Cornelia S. L. , Simon Jan‐Christoph , Strömer Klaus , Welzel Julia , Wetzig Tino , Elsner Peter , Augustin Jobst , Löser Christoph , Biedermann Tilo
Published: October 2021

Background

In Germany, skin diseases are mainly treated in the 115 dermatological hospitals.

Methods

Health care and health economic analysis of dermatological inpatient care and prediction of future care needs based on primary and secondary data.

Results

Outpatient and inpatient care for dermatologic treatment indications is predominantly provided by dermatology specialists. Inpatient treatment was provided for 833,491 cases in 2018, corresponding to 4.21 % of all inpatient cases (19,808,687). Most common treatment cases were: epithelial skin cancer (total 87,386, of which dermatology clinics 52,608), followed by melanoma (23,917/17,774), psoriasis (19,291/13,352), erysipelas (73,337/11,260), other dermatitis (12,671/10,842), atopic dermatitis (AD) (11,421/9,734), and herpes zoster (26,249/9,652). With an average length of stay of 5.69 days, dermatology hospitals were in the bottom third. The proportion of inpatient indications cared for in dermatology hospitals was highest for prurigo (95.2 %), pemphigus (94.9 %), parapsoriasis (94.6 %), pemphigoid (90.3 %), eczema other than AD (85.6 %), and AD (85.2 %).

While the total number of inpatient treatment cases in Germany has increased by an average of 17.5 % between 2000 and 2018, this is the case for 26.6 % of skin diseases and over 150 % for individual ones. The projection of current to future inpatient care suggests a continued high demand for inpatient care by dermatology hospitals.

Conclusion

Inpatient dermatological care will continue to be an indispensable component of qualified, socially necessary care in Germany.
Stationäre Versorgung von Hautkrankheiten in Deutschland: Multi‐Source‐Analyse zum aktuellen und zukünftigen Bedarf
Authors: Augustin Matthias , Girbig Gefion , Kis Anne , Bechara Falk G. , Hertl Michael , Hischke Sandra , Kaufmann Roland , Löffler Harald , Müller Cornelia SL , Simon Jan‐Christoph , Strömer Klaus , Welzel Julia , Wetzig Tino , Elsner Peter , Augustin Jobst , Löser Christoph , Biedermann Tilo
Published: October 2021

Hintergrund

Hautkrankheiten werden in Deutschland stationär vorwiegend in den 115 Hautkliniken versorgt.

Methoden

Versorgungswissenschaftliche und gesundheitsökonomische Analyse der dermatologischen stationären Versorgung und Prädiktion des zukünftigen Versorgungsbedarfes auf der Basis von Primär‐ und Sekundärdaten.

Ergebnisse

Die ambulante und stationäre Versorgung der dermatologischen Behandlungsindikationen wird überwiegend durch Fachärzte für Dermatologie getragen. Stationär wurden 2018 833 491 Fälle behandelt, entsprechend 4,21 % aller stationären Fälle (19 808 687). Häufigste Behandlungsfälle waren: epithelialer Hautkrebs (gesamt 87 386, davon dermatologische Kliniken 52 608), gefolgt von Melanom (23 917/17 774), Psoriasis (19 291/13 352), Erysipel (73 337/11 260), sonstige Dermatitis (12 671/10 842), atopisches Ekzem (11 421/9734) und Herpes zoster (26 249/9652). Mit einer durchschnittlichen Verweildauer von 5,69 Tagen befanden sich die dermatologischen Kliniken im unteren Drittel. Der Anteil der in Hautkliniken versorgten stationären Indikationen war am höchsten bei Prurigo (95,2 %), Pemphigus (94,9 %), Parapsoriasis (94,6 %), Pemphigoid (90,3 %), Dermatitiden (85,6 %) und atopischem Ekzem (85,2 %).

Während die Gesamtzahl der stationären Behandlungsfälle in Deutschland zwischen 2000 und 2018 um durchschnittlich 17,5 % gestiegen ist, ist dies bei Hautkrankheiten zu 26,6 % der Fall, bei einzelnen zu über 150 %. Die Projektion der heutigen auf die zukünftige stationäre Versorgung lässt einen weiterhin hohen Bedarf an stationärer Versorgung durch die Hautkliniken erwarten.

Schlussfolgerung

Die stationäre dermatologische Versorgung ist auch zukünftig ein unerlässlicher Bestandteil der qualifizierten, sozialrechtlich notwendigen Versorgung in Deutschland.
Rapid assessment of the biodiversity impacts of the 2019–2020 Australian megafires to guide urgent management intervention and recovery and lessons for other regions
Authors: Legge Sarah , Woinarski John C. Z. , Scheele Ben C. , Garnett Stephen T. , Lintermans Mark , Nimmo Dale G. , Whiterod Nick S. , Southwell Darren M. , Ehmke Glenn , Buchan Anne , Gray Jenny , Metcalfe Dan J. , Page Manda , Rumpff Libby , van Leeuwen Stephen , Williams Dick , Ahyong Shane T. , Chapple David G. , Cowan Mitch , Hossain Md Anwar , Kennard Mark , Macdonald Stewart , Moore Harry , Marsh Jessica , McCormack Robert B. , Michael Damian , Mitchell Nicola , Newell David , Raadik Tarmo A. , Tingley Reid
Published: October 2021

Aim

The incidence of major fires is increasing globally, creating extraordinary challenges for governments, managers and conservation scientists. In 2019–2020, Australia experienced precedent‐setting fires that burned over several months, affecting seven states and territories and causing massive biodiversity loss. Whilst the fires were still burning, the Australian Government convened a biodiversity Expert Panel to guide its bushfire response. A pressing need was to target emergency investment and management to reduce the chance of extinctions and maximise the chances of longer‐term recovery. We describe the approach taken to rapidly prioritise fire‐affected animal species. We use the experience to consider the organisational and data requirements for evidence‐based responses to future ecological disasters.

Location

Forested biomes of subtropical and temperate Australia, with lessons for other regions.

Methods

We developed assessment frameworks to screen fire‐affected species based on their pre‐fire conservation status, the proportion of their distribution overlapping with fires, and their behavioural/ecological traits relating to fire vulnerability. Using formal and informal networks of scientists, government and non‐government staff and managers, we collated expert input and data from multiple sources, undertook the analyses, and completed the assessments in 3 weeks for vertebrates and 8 weeks for invertebrates.

Results

The assessments prioritised 92 vertebrate and 213 invertebrate species for urgent management response; another 147 invertebrate species were placed on a watchlist requiring further information.

Conclusions

The priority species lists helped focus government and non‐government investment, management and research effort, and communication to the public. Using multiple expert networks allowed the assessments to be completed rapidly using the best information available. However, the assessments highlighted substantial gaps in data availability and access, deficiencies in statutory threatened species listings, and the need for capacity‐building across the conservation science and management sectors. We outline a flexible template for using evidence effectively in emergency responses for future ecological disasters.
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita: a 28‐year retrospective study
Authors: Wahlig Brian , Poppino Kiley , Jo Chan‐Hee , Rathjen Karl
Published: October 2021

Aim

To identify all patients with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita presenting to a specialized pediatric orthopedic institution over a 28‐year period; classify them into three groups (general arthrogryposis not otherwise specified [NOS], amyoplasia, or distal arthrogryposis); report the frequency of various musculoskeletal features; and determine the rate of operative treatment.

Method

Patients with arthrogryposis under the age of 18 years who presented between 1990 and 2017 were included. Patients were placed into one of three groups based on clinical features and family history when available. Age of presentation, joint involvement, and utilization of surgical treatment were recorded.

Results

There were 417 patients in total (184 females, 233 males); 235 patients (56.4%) had general arthrogryposis NOS, 107 (25.7%) had amyoplasia, and 75 (18.0%) had distal arthrogryposis. Patients with amyoplasia presented at a younger age (median 4mo) than those with general arthrogryposis NOS (median 1y 3mo, p=0.005), and had a lower rate of spine involvement than patients with general arthrogryposis NOS (p=0.004) and distal arthrogryposis (p=0.023). The average number of surgeries across all patients was 1.9 (SD 2.2).

Interpretation

Pediatric patients with amyoplasia present to orthopedic care earlier and are less likely to have spine involvement than other forms of arthrogryposis. Multiple surgeries are common among all patients with arthrogryposis.
Value of 3D right ventricular function over 2D assessment in acute pulmonary embolism
Authors: Moceri Pamela , Duchateau Nicolas , Sartre Benjamin , Baudouy Delphine , Squara Fabien , Sermesant Maxime , Ferrari Emile
Published: October 2021

Background

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common life‐threatening disease, with mortality related to right ventricular (RV) dysfunction.

Aims

To investigate the value of 3D global and regional RV strain in patients with acute PE and at 1 month, as compared to a control population.

Methods and results

We conducted a longitudinal case‐control prospective study, including 24 consecutive intermediate‐risk PE patients. All patients underwent 2D and 3D transthoracic echocardiography within 12 hours of PE diagnosis and 1 month after hospital discharge. A control group was recruited, consisting of healthy volunteers matched on age and sex with PE patients. 3D RV echocardiographic sequences were analyzed by commercial RV‐specific software and output meshes were post‐processed to extract regional deformation. 3D echocardiographic 1‐month follow‐up was available in 18 patients. During acute PE, area strain was substantially altered in the RV free wall and within the trabecular septum. PE patients initially had RV dysfunction as assessed by 2D and 3D parameters. At follow‐up, 2D parameters were restored compared to the control group, contrary to 3D RV area and circumferential strains. The McConnell's sign was identified in 83% of patients and was associated with reduced apical and global RV area strain.

Conclusions

Our 3D RV strain study demonstrates an incomplete recovery of 3D strain parameters 1 month after an episode of intermediate‐risk acute PE despite restored 2D parameters. Further studies are required to assess the prognostic role and implications of this residual RV strain impairment after PE.
Large paradoxical embolus through a patent foramen ovale following arteriovenous graft thrombectomy
Authors: Allam Chadi , Kadri Zeina , Azar Rabih
Published: October 2021

An 86‐year‐old man with end‐stage renal disease on hemodialysis with an arteriovenous fistula in his left upper extremity presented to his hemodialysis session with thrombosis of his arteriovenous fistula. The patient underwent surgical thrombectomy. The patient later showed evidence of peripheral embolization and livedo reticularis. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiograms revealed a large thrombus (5 × 2 cm) in the right atrium prolapsing to the left atrium via a patent foramen ovale and another thrombus adherent to the apical wall of the right ventricle. The thrombus in the left atrium was intermittently crossing the mitral valve and entering the left ventricle.
Proximity and abundance of mother trees affects recruitment patterns in a long‐term tropical forest restoration study
Authors: Zahawi Rakan A. , Werden Leland K. , San‐José Miriam , Rosales Juan Abel , Flores Jeffry , Holl Karen D.
Published: October 2021

Remnant trees and forest fragments in agricultural landscapes can be important sources of propagules to facilitate forest recovery. However, many studies simply quantify forest cover in the surrounding landscape as a percentage, with little attention given to species composition, and subsequently fail to detect an effect on recruitment patterns. We assessed the relative importance of the spatial distribution and life‐history traits of 77 tree species on recruitment patterns at a landscape scale in a well‐replicated long‐term restoration study in southern Costa Rica. We censused and mapped potential mother trees in a 100‐m buffer surrounding eight replicate restoration plots and quantified respective tree recruits within each plot. We assessed how mother tree abundance, species life‐history characteristics (seed size, dispersal mode), tree size (DBH, height) and distance to restoration plot affected recruitment at coarse (plot: 50 × 50 m) and fine (quadrat: 3 × 3 m) spatial scales. The presence of a mother tree within 100 m of a restoration plot resulted in a 10‐fold increase in potential mean recruitment. Mother tree abundance was also an important driver of recruit density, and particularly so for large‐seeded (≥ 5 mm) zoochorous species with a fivefold increase in recruit density across the observed mother tree abundance range. An interaction between mother tree abundance and proximity demonstrated that the effect of mother tree abundance on recruit density was important but waned with increasing distance from restoration plots. At the fine spatial scale, proximity was uniformly important; height and DBH of the closest potential mother tree also affected recruit abundance but responses differed by seed size. Results highlight the importance of remnant vegetation composition to the recovery of adjacent degraded habitats, underscoring the outsized role nearby remnant forest and isolated trees can play for the persistence of localized biodiversity.
Between unfreedoms: The role of caste in decisions to repatriate among indentured workers
Authors: Hui Neha , Kambhampati Uma S.
Published: October 2021

Indian indentured labour migration followed slavery in providing cheap labour to British plantation colonies. To make this migration characteristically distinct from slavery, the workers were offered a subsidized trip back at the end of the indenture period. However, despite this guaranteed and subsidized return passage, only about a third of the workers returned to India. In this article, we consider the role of caste in the decision to return home using data from ship registers for more than 16 000 Indian indentured workers in British Guiana between 1872 and 1911. Our results indicate that individuals from very low castes were significantly less likely to return home in comparison to other caste groups. We argue that this was because while caste hierarchy played a very significant role in every aspect of the workers’ lives back in India, their lives in the plantation economies did not allow the reproduction of caste hierarchies. Low caste workers who stayed on in British Guiana were therefore able to escape the unfreedom of caste. This trend is not robust for other caste groups. While the association of higher caste groups and return is positive and significant, the significance disappears when we include economic conditions.
Introspective acquaintance: An integration account
Authors: Giustina Anna
Published: October 2021

In this paper, I develop a new version of the acquaintance view of the nature of introspection of phenomenal states. On the acquaintance view, when one introspects a current phenomenal state of one's, one bears to it the relation of introspective acquaintance. Extant versions of the acquaintance view neglect what I call thephenomenal modification problem. The problem, articulated by Franz Brentano in hisPsychology from an Empirical Standpoint, is that drawing introspective attention to one's current conscious experience may modify its phenomenology. Failing to take phenomenal modification into account affects the adequacy of extant versions of the acquaintance view. The purpose of this paper is to develop a better version, theintegration account, that meets the phenomenal modification challenge while preserving the merits of other versions.
Feeling at Home in the Clinic: Therapeutic Dwelling in an Addiction Rehabilitation Center in Tehran, Iran
Authors: Bastani Parsa
Published: October 2021

This article describes community life in a free residential rehabilitation center for women in Tehran, Iran. In a social context that stigmatizes drug use, especially by women, this rehabilitation center provides poor and homeless drug users a much‐needed opportunity to engage in recovery. I argue that the treatment team's emphasis on “therapeutic dwelling” had significant ramifications on the rehabilitation outcomes of their patients. I use the term “therapeutic dwelling” to refer to a patient's ability to form mutual relations of care and concern with others in therapeutic settings. A therapeutic culture that emphasizes dwelling can have multiple effects on the healing trajectories of patients. It can create a supportive community that extends the rehabilitation process while also further marginalizing patients who are unable to properly exhibit care toward others. Ultimately, this article highlights that dwelling should be approached as a malleable—rather than a purely positive—form of sociality that has the power to both exclude and welcome, to provide and withhold personal connection and intimacy
The interplay of environmental constraints and bioturbation on matground development along the marine depositional profile during the Ordovician Radiation
Authors: Bayet‐Goll Aram , Buatois Luis A. , Mángano Maria Gabriela , Daraei Mehdi
Published: October 2021

This study documents the distribution of matgrounds in a wide variety of environments recorded in the Ordovician Lashkerak and Ghelli Formations in the Alborz Mountains of northern Iran in order to evaluate controls on their distribution along the marine depositional profile. Detailed facies analysis allowed differentiating three groups of facies associations in the Lower to Upper Ordovician deposits of the Lashkerak formation: (i) estuarine system; (ii) wave‐dominated shoreface‐offshore complex; and (iii) mixed river‐ and wave‐influenced deltaic system. The Middle to Upper Ordovician deposits of the Ghelli formation are divided into two groups of facies associations: (i) tide‐influenced deltaic succession and (ii) deep‐water fan system. Microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) are present in deposits formed in the central estuarine basin (Lashkerak formation) and in proximal lobes and lobe fringes of deep–water turbidite fans (Ghelli formation). On the contrary, MISS are absent in deposits from the wave‐dominated shoreface‐offshore complex, river‐ and tide‐dominated deltas, and various subenvironments of the incised wave‐dominated estuary (i.e., bayhead delta and estuary mouth) and the deep‐marine turbidite fan system (i.e., turbidite channel, slope, and outer lobe). The lack of evidence of mat‐building microorganisms in the deltaic systems may have resulted from two factors: (1) high physico‐chemical stressors caused by river‐induced processes, and (2) increase in degree of sediment disturbance, biodiffusion, and bioirrigation by burrowing organisms. Formation of microbial mats in the wave‐dominated shoreface‐offshore complex was inhibited by the activity of an abundant and diverse infauna capable of reworking the sediment. Our analysis shows that the spatial distribution of microbial mats was controlled by an interplay of environmental factors and innovations in animal‐substrate interactions, mostly expressed by secular changes in bioturbation. This study supports the notion that the agronomic revolution was diachronic, with marginal‐marine and deep‐sea ecosystems lagging behind shallow‐marine settings.
Predicting the response of disease vectors to global change: The importance of allometric scaling
Authors: Nørgaard Louise S. , Álvarez‐Noriega Mariana , McGraw Elizabeth , White Craig R. , Marshall Dustin J.
Published: October 2021

The distribution of disease vectors such as mosquitoes is changing. Climate change, invasions and vector control strategies all alter the distribution and abundance of mosquitoes. When disease vectors undergo a range shift, so do disease burdens. Predicting such shifts is a priority to adequately prepare for disease control. Accurate predictions of distributional changes depend on how factors such as temperature and competition affect mosquito life‐history traits, particularly body size and reproduction. Direct estimates of both body size and reproduction in mosquitoes are logistically challenging and time‐consuming, so the field has long relied upon linear (isometric) conversions between wing length (a convenient proxy of size) and reproductive output. These linear transformations underlie most models projecting species' distributions and competitive interactions between native and invasive disease vectors. Using a series of meta‐analyses, we show that the relationship between wing length and fecundity are nonlinear (hyperallometric) for most mosquito species. We show that whilst most models ignore reproductive hyperallometry (with respect to wing length), doing so introduces systematic biases into estimates of population growth. In particular, failing to account for reproductive hyperallometry overestimates the effects of temperature and underestimates the effects of competition. Assuming isometry also increases the potential to misestimate the efficacy of vector control strategies by underestimating the contribution of larger females in population replenishment. Finally, failing to account for reproductive hyperallometry and variation in body size can lead to qualitative errors via the counter‐intuitive effects of Jensen's inequality. For example, if mean sizes decrease, but variance increases, then reproductive outputs may actually increase. We suggest that future disease vector models incorporate hyperallometric relationships to more accurately predict changes in mosquito distribution in response to global change.
The virtues of insularity: Pondering a new chapter in the historical geography of islands
Authors: Baldacchino Godfrey , Starc Nenad
Published: October 2021

We may be on the cusp of a renaissance in small island living. The slow but steady decline that characterised much of the industrial age seems to have been halted in some islands and in some countries – including Ireland and Croatia – and even reversed in some places (the Aran Islands). Using a broad sweep this exploratory article explains the broad historical phenomenon of small island youth outmigration, population decline or resettlement; and how this is being replaced with a newfound value in ‘splendid isolation’ that, however, boasts elements of connectivity (including access to the World Wide Web).
Effects of plant spacing on seed yield and seed quality in new Urochloa cultivars
Authors: Juntasin Weenaporn , Imura Yoshimi , Thaikua Sarayut , Poungkaew Rattikan , Kawamoto Yasuhiro
Published: October 2021

Urochloa (syn. Brachiaria) cultivars are widely used as forage for ruminants in tropical countries and also in Thailand. Two new Urochloa cultivars, OKI‐1 and Br‐203, have high forage yield and digestibility compared with other cultivated Urochloa grasses. Seed production is a fundamental requirement for widespread sowing, and it can be increased by optimizing agronomic practices, such as changing plant spacing. Two field trials were conducted in 2018–2020 at Lampang Animal Nutrition Research and Development Center, Northern Thailand, to determine the optimal plant spacing for seed production of these Urochloa cultivars. In both trials, four plant‐spacing regimes (50 × 100, 75 × 100, 100 × 100 and 125 × 100 cm) were used in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. In two consecutive harvests of both trials, plant spacing did not significantly affect seed yield and quality but affected tiller and inflorescence densities. Specifically, significant higher numbers of tillers and inflorescences were produced per unit area at the narrowest plant spacing (i.e., 50 × 100 cm). OKI‐1 and Br‐203 tended to have higher pure seed yields (PSY) at plant spacings of 100 × 100 (136.46 kg/ha) and 75 × 100 cm (79.59 kg/ha), respectively. Both cultivars showed similar trends in PSY, filled seed percentage and a thousand seed weight, which tended to be higher in the first‐year crops than the second‐year crops. This difference could be attributed to a reduction in available soil N resulting from a large amount of N utilization during vegetative growth, combined with inadequate and erratic rainfall. In addition to the recommended optimum plant spacing, sufficient fertilizer and suitable environmental factors could increase seed yield.
From “nobody's clapping for us” to “bad moms”: COVID‐19 and the circle of childcare in Canada
Authors: Smith Julia
Published: October 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of childcare to national economies in general and women's economic participation in particular, spurring renewed interest in childcare policy in many countries that have implemented lockdowns. This paper adopts a circle of care framework to analyzes how COVID‐19 has affected paid childcare, unpaid childcare and other paid work, and the relationship between these sectors. Analysis is grounded in the lived experiences of parents and childcare educators, documented through 16 semi‐structured interviews during the initial lockdown (March–June 2020) in British Columbia, Canada. Experiences from educators suggest their safety was not prioritized, and that their contributions were undervalued and went unrecognized. Mothers, who provided the majority of unpaid care, not only lost income due to care demands, but struggled to access necessities, with some reporting increased personal insecurity. Those attempting to work from home also experienced feelings of guilt and distress as they tried to manage the triple burden. Similarities of experiences across the circle of care suggest the COVID‐19 childcare policy response in BC Canada downloaded care responsibilities on to women without corresponding recognition or support, causing women to absorb the costs of care work, with potential long‐term negative effects on women's careers and well‐being, as well as on the resilience of the circle of care. Pandemic recovery and preparedness policies that aim to promote gender equality must consider all sectors of the circle of care and the relationships between them.
Wild bee visitors and their association with sown and unsown floral resources in reconstructed pollinator habitats within an agriculture landscape
Authors: Wen Ai , Elgersma Kenneth J. , Sherrard Mark E. , Jackson Laura L. , Meissen Justin , Myers Mark C.
Published: October 2021

In the Midwestern United States where the landscape has been largely converted from tallgrass prairie to row crops, thousands of private land parcels have been enrolled in federal pollinator habitat reconstruction programmes.

To examine the outcome of pollinator habitat reconstruction, we randomly selected 19 sites that were in the third growing season post restoration and surveyed plant, floral and wild bee richness and abundance. Floral sources were divided into three categories: species from the seed mix (sown), species from the soil seed bank or surrounding landscape (unsown), and species that were likely unintentionally sown (contamination).

Seventy‐two percent of captured bees were collected from sown flowers. The majority of oligolectic bees were Asteraceae specialists. Using linear regressions with bee abundance and richness as response variables and floral density and diversity as predictor variables, we showed that sown floral density was positively correlated with the total abundance and richness of bees collected from sown flowers, indicating that the selected pollinator friendly flowers provide support for wild bee communities. Conversely, total plant stem density or richness or the total floral density or richness was not significantly correlated with bee abundance or richness.

The plant–pollinator network nestedness and modularity were positively correlated with the ratio of the unsown floral richness at each site, which suggests that the association between unsown flowers and wild bees can increase the long‐term stability of the plant‐pollinator network, even though the unsown species do not directly increase the bee abundance or richness.
Melanogenesis‐promoting effect of Cirsium japonicum flower extract in vitro and ex vivo
Authors: Kim Minkyung , Jeon Kyungeun , Shin Seoungwoo , Yoon Sohyun , Kim Hayeon , Kang Hee Young , Ryu Dehun , Park Deokhoon , Jung Eunsun
Published: October 2021

Objective

In this study, we examined the effect of C. japonicum flower extract (CFE) on melanogenesis and its mechanism in vitro and ex vivo.

Methods

The effect of CFE on melanogenesis was investigated with lightly (HEMn‐LP) and moderately (HEMn‐MP) pigmented normal human melanocytes, reconstituted three‐dimensional skin (3D skin) model and ex vivo human hair follicles. The melanogenesis‐inducing effect of CFE was evaluated using melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity assay. The amount and type of eumelanin and pheomelanin were analysed by using HPLC method. The mechanism involved in the effect of CFE on hyperpigmentation was explored by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) immunoassay and western blot analysis for tyrosinase, microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF) and phosphorylated CRE‐binding protein (pCREB) expression. The degree of pigmentation in 3D skin and L‐values were measured using a CR‐300 chroma meter. The amount of dissolved melanin was measured using a spectrophotometer. The content of melanin in the hair follicles was evaluated by Fontana Masson staining.

Results

C. japonicum flower extract significantly increased the melanin content and cellular tyrosinase activity in both HEMn‐LP and HEMn‐MP cells. The markers of pheomelanin and eumelanin in HEMn‐LP and HEMn‐MP were also increased by CFE. We observed that CFE treatment on melanocytes increased intracellular cAMP with inducing pCREB and up‐regulating the protein levels of TYR and MITF. Furthermore, CFE considerably increased the melanin content in a 3D skin model and ex vivo human hair follicles.

Conclusions

These results suggest that CFE exerts hyperpigmentation activity through cAMP signalling in human melanocytes that it can improve follicular depigmentation and vitiligo by stimulating the melanin synthesis.
Challenges of de‐implementing feeding tube auscultation: A qualitative study
Authors: Bourgault Annette M. , Upvall Michele J. , Nicastro Samantha , Powers Jan
Published: October 2021

Aim

This qualitative study explored de‐implementation of feeding tube auscultation practice in adult patients by critical care nurses.

Background

Despite years of evidence suggesting inaccuracy and harm, auscultation (air bolus method) continues to be used by the majority of critical care nurses to verify small‐bore feeding tube placement in adults.

Design

This descriptive qualitative study used thematic analysis with telephone interview data.

Methods

Fourteen critical care nurses from four stratified groups within the United States (by hospital type and auscultation practice) participated in telephone interviews.

Results

Two major themes of individual influence and organizational leadership emerged from the data. Categories identified key components required for auscultation de‐implementation.

Conclusions

Nurses feel obligated to follow hospital policies and expressed less accountability for their own practice. Organizational leadership involvement is recommended to facilitate de‐implementation of this tradition‐based, low‐value practice and mitigate harm events.
Stratification by obesity class, rather than age, can identify a higher percent of children at risk for non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic dysfunction
Authors: Radulescu Aurelia , Dugan Adam J. , Killian Mary , Attia Suzanna L. , Mouzaki Marialena , Fuchs George J. , Kohli Rohit , Bada Henrietta , Kern Philip A. , Softic Samir
Published: October 2021

Background

An increasing number of clinical practice guidelines recommend screening children with obesity for non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, there is limited evidence regarding what parameters should be used to initiate the screening.

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine whether obesity class rather than age group can identify a higher percent of children at risk of NAFLD as assessed by abnormal alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional study in a regional referral clinic for evaluation of obesity. Children were stratified by age group or by obesity class, and data obtained at first visit were analysed.

Results

Of the 784 children, 482 were ≥10, 209 were 6 to 9 and 93 were 2 to 5 years of age. Abnormal ALT was observed in 32.1%, 46.9% and 61.0% of children with class I, II or III obesity, respectively (p < 0.001), while the risk of abnormal ALT did not differ in very young (2–5), young (6–9), or children older than 10 years. A multivariable analysis showed that class II and class III obesity were associated with 2.1‐fold (1.27‐3.72) and 4‐fold (2.41‐6.96) greater odds of abnormal ALT compared with class I obesity. African‐American children had lower risk of abnormal ALT (0.27), whereas Hispanic children had higher risk (2.37). Obesity class was a better predictor of abnormal ALT than age, especially in girls. Furthermore, 66.7% of boys (p = 0.009) and 69% of girls (p < 0.001) with abnormal ALT exhibited additional signs of metabolic dysfunction.

Conclusion

Obesity class is more strongly associated with abnormal ALT than age.
Prediction of cardiovascular events in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia using baseline risk factors and coronary artery calcium scoring
Authors: Baggio Diva , Tan Sean , Porch Kylie , Shortt Jake , Ko Brian
Published: October 2021

A standardised method for cardiovascular risk stratification in chronic myeloid leukaemia patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors is lacking. We report an algorithm for risk stratification applicable to all patients commencing tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy based on age, prior cardiovascular disease and Framingham Risk Score, incorporating coronary artery calcium scoring in patients at intermediate Framingham Risk Score risk. Of 88 patients retrospectively studied, major adverse cardiovascular event rates in our study‐defined low‐, intermediate‐ and high‐risk categories were 0%, 10% and 19% respectively. Of nine patients down‐classified from intermediate to low risk on the basis of coronary artery calcium scoring, none went on to experience a major adverse cardiovascular event.
Rice–weed competition in response to nitrogen form under high and low transpirational demand
Authors: Vu Duy Hoang , Stuerz Sabine , Asch Folkard
Published: October 2021

Implementation of water‐saving irrigation practices in lowland rice results in increased availability of nitrate (NO3−) in the soil and favours germination of upland weeds. Since plant species show a specific preference for either ammonium (NH4+) or NO3− as nitrogen (N) source, changes in both soil NO3− concentration and weed flora may affect the competition between rice and weeds. Further, the transpirational demand of the atmosphere might affect growth and competitiveness of lowland (wetland) and upland (dryland) weeds differently due to their adaptation to different ecological environments. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the effects of N source on growth, N uptake and competition between rice and common upland and lowland weeds under high and low vapour pressure deficit (VPD). Two rice (Oryza sativa) varieties (NU838 and KD18) differing in growth characteristics and two weed species (Echinochloa crus‐galli and Solanum nigrum) differing in their natural habitat were selected and grown hydroponically as monoculture or mixed culture at low or high VPD. N was supplied as 75%/25% or 25%/75% NH4+/NO3−. N uptake rates were measured in the first week, whereas dry matter (DM), N concentration in the plant, total N uptake and the activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase in the fresh leaves were determined two weeks after the onset of treatments. Independent of N source, both rice varieties and E. crus‐galli took up a larger share of NH4+, whereas S. nigrum took up a larger share of NO3−. N uptake of rice and E. crus‐galli was hardly affected by N source, whereas high NO3− led to significantly higher N uptake rates and total N uptake of S. nigrum. NU838 showed a higher competitiveness against weeds than KD18. In competition, high NO3− decreased the competitiveness of E. crus‐galli against NU838 but increased the competitiveness of S. nigrum against NU838. High VPD did not affect DM but increased N uptake of S. nigrum, leading to increased competitiveness of the weed at high transpirational demand. Competitiveness for N uptake appears to be an important trait as the relative N concentration in mixed plant communities was correlated with the activity of N‐assimilating enzymes and leaf growth, with a stronger response in rice than in weeds. Our results support the hypothesis that increased availability of NO3− in aerobic rice soils may be advantageous for the competitiveness of upland weeds, especially at high VPD, whereas it may be disadvantageous for common lowland weeds.
PaísDI: Feasibility and effectiveness of an advocacy program for adults with intellectual disability and their stakeholders' groups in Chile
Authors: Tenorio Marcela , Aparicio Andrés , Arango Paulina Sofía , Fernández Ana Karen , Fergusson Alfonso , Turull Jaime , Pizarro Ricardo
Published: October 2021

Background

People with intellectual disability in Chile face individual and collective barriers to social participation. Lack of knowledge about their rights and tools for effective self‐advocacy seem to be key elements that need to be improved to facilitate participation.

Method

We present PaísDI, a 16 h long manualised program created by self‐advocates in collaboration with an interdisciplinary team, with four modules: rights and intellectual disability, leadership in intellectual disability, effective communication and financial considerations of social projects. This quasi‐experimental study had 349 participants, divided in three groups: people with intellectual disability, relatives and professionals. Feasibility and effectiveness where measured.

Results

The program is shown to be viable and effective, especially in its impact on self‐perception for self‐advocacy activities.

Conclusion

The discussion highlights Chile's historic debt in creating policies that promote self‐determination, knowledge and the empowerment of people with intellectual disability, to bolster their participation as citizens.
Tracking migration of black‐headed buntings Emberiza melanocephala reveals the Iranian Plateau as an ecological barrier along the Indo‐European flyway
Authors: Ćiković Davor , Barišić Sanja , Hahn Steffen , Tutiš Vesna , Kralj Jelena , Briedis Martins
Published: October 2021

The black‐headed bunting is one of the few species that migrate along the Indo‐European flyway, and its migration routes and phenology are poorly understood. We provide the first individual‐based year‐round tracking study describing route choice and timing of black‐headed buntings migrating from a breeding site in Croatia to a 6000 km distant non‐breeding region in Maharashtra, central India. To evaluate landscapes important for the black‐headed bunting migration, we quantified land covers and climates along the migration corridor. Stopover areas during the post‐breeding migration were concentrated in four distinct regions: the Balkan Peninsula, central Anatolia, along with the Zagros mountain range and from the Indus river delta to the Kathiawar Peninsula. Post‐breeding migration routes followed the shortest path connecting breeding and non‐breeding sites, except for the initial detour from the breeding sites to the first stopovers at the Balkan Peninsula. The pre‐breeding migration routes occur along the Arabian Peninsula, about 1000 km south of the post‐breeding routes – creating a clockwise loop migration pattern. Post‐breeding migration lasted about two months, whereas pre‐breeding migration was almost two times shorter, conforming to energy‐ and time‐minimisation strategies, respectively. During the post‐breeding migration, birds seem to track ecological niches found on their breeding grounds. Post‐breeding stopover areas were rich in mosaic lands and were in warm and dry climates of Mediterranean character, while forests and bare areas, as well as arid and humid climates, were avoided. Based on distinctly scarce and widely dispersed stopovers and high travel speeds over the Iranian Plateau along with prolonged stopovers before and after the Plateau, we identified the Iranian Plateau as a major ecological barrier for buntings and likely for other species migrating along the Indo‐European flyway.