bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge Commercialization Framework: factors affecting developing countries
Authors:   Laval University, Zarea Hadi , Esmaeelzadeh Iman ,   Islamic Azad University, Sadat Jafariyeh Haniyeh ,   University of Tehran, Buitek Elvira ,   University of International Business in Kazakhstan, Aliei Maryam ,   Payame noor University
Published: February 2022

Amid economic pressure and inclination for independent financing, universities tend to commercialize knowledge, a growing trend emerging as an entry gate for the privatization of scientific advancements and the development and transfer of technology from universities. Numerous studies have been conducted on the commercialization of knowledge. This article aims to integrate previous studies and develop a comprehensive model out of the factors cited in those studies. Therefore, 57 relevant articles were analyzed to identify the indices of knowledge commercialization within the framework of a systematic review literature guideline. In addition to guideline validate criteria, three university professors were interviewed for conceptual model include the subjects (contextual, individual, organizational, institutional, and environmental), and components.
Science and Technology Parks: Missions, Functions and Roles in high-tech Firms operating in emerging countries
Authors:   Shahid Beheshti University, Sadegh Khayatian Mohammad
Published: February 2022

Given the vital role of Science and Technology (S&T) Parks in SME development, this article aims to study function, missions and roles of these parks in developing Iranian SMEs. For those entrepreneurs and SMEs focused on commercializing science, these parks provide essential information and advice, as well as proper equipment and services to set the ground for growth and development and an effective and independent presence in today’s competitive market. In the first phase, literature reviewed and the functions of S&T Parks in previous research extracted. Then, the extracted missions were distributed among the experts in the form of Delphi questionnaire. Finally, after three rounds of Delphi questionnaire, the missions were finalized and the functions of each mission were operationally described based on the opinions of experts.
Impact of inter-organizational and extraorganizational factors on the policies of Science and Technology Parks in emerging economies
Authors:   Islamic Azad University, Esmaeelzadeh Iman , Karimi Tararani Mahboobeh ,   Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tayebi Amin ,   Iran University of Science and Technology, Kordbacheh Roudhend Farinaz ,   Islamic Azad University
Published: February 2022

This article aims to study policymaking resulting from the impact of intra- and extra-organizational factors of science and technology parks (S&T parks). This article is classified as applied in terms of objective and quantitative in terms of data gathering. The population comprises senior managers of companies established in the five selected S&T parks, totaling 493. Applying the stratified random sampling method and the Cochran formula, the sample size was determined at 216. The validity of the questionnaire’s content was endorsed by professors, experts and pundits. The Cronbach’s alpha of the questionnaire was extracted to be higher than endorsed levels in all dimensions, which shows the reliability of the research. Results show that intra-organizational factors (organizational, networking, legal and fiscal), with the intervention of extra-organizational factors (institutional, cultural and contextual, capital and location), lead to development of six S&T park policymaking categories (policymaking for culture and motivation, policymaking for creation of incentives, policymaking for development of capacity and capability, policymaking for infrastructure, policymaking for attracting investment, policymaking for creating business opportunities).
Educação sexual na percepção de pais e adolescentes: uma revisão sistemática
Authors: Danzmann Pâmela Schultz , Vestena Liliane Tomazi , Pinto da Silva Ana Claudia , Reis Peixoto Maristela Jaqueline
Published: February 2022

INTRODUÇÃO: A adolescência é um período marcado por mudanças biopsicossociais, nas quais as relações com os pares ganham muita importância e a sexualidade apresenta-se de forma evidente. OBJETIVO: Compreender por meio da revisão de produção científica como são transmitidas as informações sobre educação sexual para os adolescentes em diferentes contextos, conforme a percepção dos cuidadores parentais e dos próprios adolescentes. MÉTODO: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, na qual a busca dos artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados, Lilacs, Scielo, Directory of Open Access Journals, e Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde, entre os anos de 2016 a 2020. Foram verificados por meio da revisão nos relatos dos pais e adolescentes o que entendem sobre educação sexual. CONCLUSÃO: Compreendeu-se que os adolescentes buscam por essas informações principalmente com os membros da família, mesmo que algumas orientações sejam transmitidas com pouca clareza, em segundo apareceu o cenário escolar, na sequência os meios tecnológicos, os amigos e os profissionais da saúde.
Güçlendirme yapılan binalarda görsel konfor değişiminin saptanması ve iyileştirilmesi için bir yöntem: eğitim binası-derslik örneği
Authors: ATMACA Ahmet Bircan , ZOROĞLU ÇAĞLAR Fatma , ÜNVER Rengin , ZORER GEDİK Gülay
Published: February 2022

Işık, ses, ısı vb. fizik ortam öğelerine yönelik konfor koşullarının, hacimlerin işlevi ve kullanıcı özellikleri bağlamında, gereği gibi düzenlenmesinin kullanıcı performansı, sağlığı ve mekândaki enerji tüketiminin azaltılması gibi konularda olumlu katkı sağladığı bilinen bir gerçektir. Söz konusu düzenlemeler, gerek yeni yapılacak yapıların tasarımı gerekse mevcut yapıların yenileme çalışmaları sırasında gerçekleştirilmelidir. Mevcut yapılardaki yenileme işlemlerinden biri de, depremde hasar gören taşıyıcı sisteminin güçlendirilerek, binanın tekrar hizmete kazandırılmasıdır. Çalışmanın amacı, depremde hasar gören ve taşıyıcı sistemi güçlendirilerek yenilenen yapılarda, görsel konfor değişiminin saptanması ve iyileştirilmesi için bir yöntem önerisi oluşturulması ve bu yöntem doğrultusunda taşıyıcı sistemi güçlendirilen bir binanın kimi mekânlarındaki görsel konfor koşullarındaki değişimin belirlenmesi, iyileştirme önerilerinin yapılması olarak özetlenebilir.

Belirtilen hedef doğrultusunda, önce öneri yönteme uygun olarak mevcut bir eğitim binasının tipik olduğu varsayılan dersliklerindeki, yapının güçlendirme öncesi ve sonrasındaki aydınlatma koşulları (doğal, yapay, bütünleşik) incelenmiş ve ilgili standartlar bağlamında değerlendirilmiş ardından kimi iyileştirme tasarımları yapılmıştır. Değerlendirme bulguları, incelenen yapıda güçlendirme öncesi aydınlatma koşulları daha olumlu olmasına karşın, her iki durumda da standartlardaki ölçütleri sağlama açısından, genelde yeterli olmadığını ortaya koymuş olup, gerekli koşulları sağlayacak yeni tasarımlar yapılmıştır. Böylece, çalışmada önerilen yöntem ve derslikler özelinde kullanılan inceleme yöntemleri ve öneriler, güçlendirme yapılan binalardaki mekânlarda görsel konfor için uygun koşullarının oluşmasına, enerji etkinliğinin sağlanmasına katkıda bulunacaktır.
Katmanlı üretim teknolojilerinin yapılarda uygulanabilirliğine yönelik çok ölçütlü karar verme modeli
Authors: EZEL ÇIRPI Meltem , SEV Ayşin
Published: February 2022

Birçok endüstrilerde yıllardır kullanılan fakat inşaat endüstrisinde yeni sayılan katmanlı üretim tekniği ile daha kısa sürede daha az maliyetli, daha hızlı, daha kaliteli, daha güvenli, daha esnek, yüksek düzeyde bitmişlik oranına sahip, en az hata ile üretilen konutların yapılması mümkün olmaktadır. Son 10 yıldır yapı alanında giderek yaygınlaşan katmanlı üretim teknolojileri ile günümüzde neredeyse kullanıma hazır yapılar yapılmaktadır. Bir hafta kadar kısa sürede üretilen ofisler, bir günde üretilen konutlar, bir-iki saatte üretilen kanalizasyonlar, çevreci duvarlar, banklar vb. gibi birçok proje yapılmıştır. Bu kapsamda literatür araştırması sonucunda yapı alanında katmanlı üretim kullanımı ve özellikleri üzerinden ölçütler ortaya koyulmuştur. Belirlenen ölçütlere göre hazırlanan değerlendirme formlarının doldurularak bulanık DEMATEL yöntemi ile analiz edilmesi sonucunda karar destek sistemi önerilmiştir. Belirlenen örneklem ile önerilen karar destek sistemindeki ölçütlerin ağırlıklarına göre önem sıraları ortaya koyularak, avantajlı ya da dezavantajlı olan ölçüt ya da ölçütler bulunmuştur. Önerilen karar destek sistemi, bu üretim sistemini kullanmak isteyen yüklenici, tasarımcı, uygulamacıların inşa edilecek yapıdaki önceliklerine göre bir sıralama yapması sağlanarak, bu üretim sistemi ile belirlenen projenin yapılıp yapılmaması konusunda karar verilmesine yardımcı olacaktır.
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Authors: States United
Published: February 2022

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Effects of effort praise on struggling Filipino ESL readers’ motivation and mindset
Authors: Calingasan King Arman Alonzo , Plata Sterling Miranda
Published: February 2022

Previous research on praising students to improve their motivation and their mindset had mixed results. This inconsistency was the impetus for this paper. The present study employed a mixed-method experimental design to examine the effects of effort praise on reading motivation and mindset of 60 Filipino seventh-grade students who were categorized as frustration-level readers. They studied English as a second language (ESL) where they were expected to comprehend various texts with appropriate reading styles based on the Grade 7 curriculum guide of the Department of Education in the Philippines. Using the Implicit Theory Scale (Dweck et al., 1995), the study found that effort praise led students in the positive rule group to endorse a growth mindset, while the students in the inverse rule group adopted a fixed mindset after receiving effort praise. Moreover, although it may increase reading motivation, the positive effect of effort praise on struggling ESL readers with fixed and growth mindsets may be short-term. This paper concludes with a schematic diagram to illustrate and explain how effort praise affects the mindset and the motivation of struggling ESL adolescents in reading. It also provides practical recommendations to improve reading teachers’ practice of giving positive feedback, specifically effort praise.
Issues in reading comprehension: A case of an Indonesian bilingual dyslexic student
Authors: Kirana Angkita Wasito
Published: February 2022

The complexity of a reading process often becomes an obstacle for students with dyslexia, particularly those studying in bilingual schools. To date, few studies discuss the Indonesian-English bilingual dyslexic student’s reading processes when they encounter reading texts in both languages they are acquiring. This study aimed to investigate the tendency of a dyslexic student’s reading comprehension in reading texts in the Indonesian and English language. This was done by comparing the reading comprehension of a second-grade Indonesian dyslexic participant (age=9) and four control participants. Two sets of reading instruments, written in the Indonesian language. The keywords used in each language were taken from participants’ textbooks. There were two types of sentences in the reading instrument; highly contextual sentences and sentences which is in accordance with participants’ background knowledge. After reading each sentence, they were asked to answer comprehension questions about each keyword. The scoring was based on their answer accuracy. The results were analyzed based on the reading comprehension theories proposed by Kintsch and Rawson (2005). The results showed that the two groups used different strategies to comprehend the text but the dyslexic participant's reading performance was lower than the control participants' performance in both languages. The results suggested that the dyslexic participant’s reliance on his background knowledge and lack of ability in retrieving appropriate keywords were the sources of his poor reading performance. Practices to improve skills in retrieving background knowledge and utilizing working memory span are suggested.
Photovoice: Young children online English language learning, parents’ voices and its implication to educational policy and provision
Authors: Nugroho Kurniawan Yudhi , Sakhiyya Zulfa
Published: February 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant changes to the education sector. The shift from classroom-based conventional learning to virtual mode means that the study from home policy appears to place responsibilities of students learning on parents. By focusing on primary level education, we explored parents’ voices and aspirations in assisting their children in taking online English language classes. As most of the parents have been overwhelmed, we offer some insights regarding how to mitigate the problems. Using photovoice, fifteen parents whose children were learning English language in primary schools were invited to take the photographs from the online English language learning (OELL) program and discussed the photographs. We used Photovoice in the project to capture parents’ concerns over the program and their relationship with the pandemic. Thematic analysis was used as a tool to generate important themes from the photovoice data. While appreciating the program, our respondents highlighted the obstacles and concerns over the online English learning through their photographs. In this article, we demonstrated, that photovoice not only offered a space to explore parents’ experiences in engaging in their children’s OELL program, but also served as a space for parents’ aspirations in disrupting and influencing educational programs and reforms.
Establishing a COVID-19 lemmatized word list for journalists and ESP learners
Authors: Saed Hadeel A , Hussein Riyad F. , Haider Ahmad S , Al-Salman Saleh , Odeh Iyad M.
Published: February 2022

The aim of this research is two-fold; first, to explore the most frequent COVID-19 inspired words in medical news reporting contexts, and second, to classify them into different categories. This paper adopts a corpus-based approach to build a lemmatized academic word list (AWL) inspired by the COVID-19 pandemic. Factiva was used to retrieve the pandemic-related articles published in News Rx from January 1 - October 31, 2020. A total number of 18,249,093-word corpus was compiled. The corpus linguistic software program Wordsmith (WS-6) (Scott, 2012) was used to generate a word list based on the complied corpus. Subsequent to compiling, lemmatizing, and analyzing the AWL, six categories were identified, namely, acronyms and abbreviation, diseases, COVID-19, biology, medicine, and scientific disciplines, all of which are of essential use for media workers, ESP learners of journalism, medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and allied health sciences. Building such a discipline-specific glossary will be of special pedagogical value for health journalists, textbook writers and curriculum designers, instructors, and ESP learners in the health sciences field. One of the major contributions of this research is establishing lemmas of a large set of AWL. This set can be utilized by news media workers, health communication specialists, and ESP learners. Lemmatization will ensure rapid dissemination of the word list and its integration in the linguistic system through derivation and other word-formation processes.
Mindfulness as the Fundamental Element in Developing Effective Communication Between Late Adolescents and Parents
Authors: Tampubolon Merryana Kurnia , Yusuf Syamsu , Dahlan Tina Hayati
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this article is to explain the fundamental element that helps develop effective communication between parents and late adolescents. While undergoing academic activities in higher education, late adolescents often experience various academic stresses. To deal with these, late adolescents need to communicate with their parents as their closest relatives. This way, they can get positive support to be more motivated and responsible in academic activities. Late adolescents - parents good communication may also reduce learning burnout and depression. However, the types of communication that occurred are not as expected. It does not provide the right solutions, and it makes late adolescents feel judged, unrespected and even causes conflicts. Therefore, parents and adolescents need to know the fundamental element to develop effective communication between them. Through literature review as the preliminary research conducted to determine what elements can develop effective communication, findings showed that mindfulness is the fundamental element in developing effective communication between parents and their late adolescents who are experiencing academic stress in higher education.
Testing a Model for Cognitive Fatigue in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors:   , Erani Fareshte R. , Medaglia John D
Published: February 2022

Up to 95% of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience fatigue. The cognitive component of fatigue is generally reported as the most distressing aspect of patients' fatigue, limiting their ability to sustain concentration and endure mental tasks. Investigators have recently begun to show that effort and reward are related to cognitive fatigue in MS, but the processes and dynamics linking effort and reward to cognitive fatigue need to be more precisely defined. To better characterize the processes behind cognitive fatigue, this study draws from cognitive neuroscience that proposes an effort-reward imbalance is central to cognitive fatigue. This behavioral study tests the effort-reward imbalance on subjective and objective cognitive fatigue in 40 individuals with MS and 40 healthy controls. Subjective fatigue was measured by self-report measures and objective fatigue was measured as response time, accuracy, and changepoint on a switching task that consisted of high and low effort and reward conditions. Results demonstrate a relationship between subjective and objective cognitive fatigue. Findings also suggest that effort has an effect on both subjective and objective fatigue, while reward has an effect on objective fatigue alone. Contrary to the effort-reward imbalance, this initial study did not demonstrate that effort and reward depend on each other to elicit cognitive fatigue. Results showed, however, that the MS group reported higher subjective fatigue and exhibited more objective fatigue in effortful conditions compared to the control group. In conclusion, high demand and low rewards each have an effect on objective fatigue. Findings warrant continued investigation of the additive role of effort and reward on cognitive fatigue.
Aprendizaje por refuerzo con búsqueda de políticas: simulación y aplicación a un sistema electromecánico
Authors: Pastor José Manuel , Díaz Henry , Armesto Leopoldo , Sala Antonio
Published: February 2022

La búsqueda de políticas (Policy Search) es un subcampo en el aprendizaje por refuerzo altamente extendido en el ámbito de la automática, ya que sus técnicas permiten trabajar con espacios de estados y acción de orden elevado. Este trabajo se centra en los algoritmos existentes de búsqueda de políticas con modelo-libre basados en métodos por gradiente, aplicándolos tanto en sistemas simulados lineales sencillos como a un sistema electromecánico real formado por un péndulo de 1DoF. El propósito de este estudio es analizar comparativamente sus principales características así como ventajas frente a otros, a la hora de ser aplicados en sistemas más complejos.
Common morphologic type of anemia among pregnant teenagers in Western Uganda
Authors: Hassan Sadiq Mohamoud , Byonanuwe Simon , Fajardo Yarine , Okello Maxwell , Almenares Ubarnell , Kajabwangu Rogers
Published: February 2022

Background: Anemia remains a serious health burden all over the world, more so among pregnant women. A lot of morbidity and mortality has been attributed to anemia in pregnancy. The problem is even much bigger among special groups of pregnant women such as the teenagers. The common morphologic type of this obstetric complication however remains a mystery among several populations across the world.

Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study for three months; between August 2021 and October 2021. A total of 288 pregnant teenagers aged between 13 and 19 years attending antenatal care at Hoima Regional Referral Hospital (HRRH) in western Uganda were consecutively enrolled. Short interviewer-administered questionnaires and laboratory report forms were used to obtain data. Descriptive statistics using SPSS version 23 was applied to present the data.   

Results: 75 (26%) out of the 288 pregnant teenagers had anemia. Majority 40 (53.3%) had microcytic anemia, followed by normocytic anemia 25 (33.3%) while 10 (13.3%) had macrocytic anemia.

Conclusions: Microcytic anemia remains the most common morphological type affecting pregnant teenagers at HRRH, western Uganda.
Screening of V617F mutation in JAK2 gene with acute myeloid leukemia in the Saudi population
Authors: Farasani Abdullah
Published: February 2022

Progress in pathogenesis and therapy of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is presently accelerating. The Janus kinase 2 gene (JAK2) mutations are rare in de novo AML. The gene codes for the tyrosine kinase that has a significant role in the signal transduction in hematopoietic cells. The aim of this study was to induce V617F mutation in the JAK2 gene in the AML patients diagnosed in the Saudi population. In this case-control study, 100 AML patients and 100 healthy controls were recruited. Genotyping was performed with polymerase chain reaction followed with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The mean age of the AML patients and healthy controls was found to be almost similar (p=0.60). In this study, 15% of VF mutation was documented in the AML cases and none of the mutations were documented either in FF mutation in AML cases or VF and FF mutations in the healthy control subjects. VF mutations [VF vs VV; OR-18.79; (95%CIs: 2.442–144.6) and p=0.0001; F vs V; OR-87.76; (95% CIs: 11.76–654.7) and p<0.0001] were found to be significantly associated when compared between AML cases and healthy controls. In conclusion, the V617F mutation showed the positive association in the AML patients diagnosed in the Saudi population.
Immunomodulatory effects of berberine on Staphylococcus aureus-induced septic arthritis through down-regulation of Th17 and Treg signaling pathways
Authors: Asila Ailijiang , Liu Jie , Liu Jing , Li Leijiang , Liao Jun
Published: February 2022

Objectives: The preseaant study was aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of berberine on Staphylococcus aureus-induced septic arthritis through the downstream signaling mechanism of Th17 and Treg, in the control and prevention of disease progression of Staphylococcus aureus induced septic arthritis of blood, spleen and synovial joints. Methods: The study was conducted in mice induced with septic arthritis by S. aureus for 15 days. The infected mice were treated with berberine (50 or 100 or 200 mg/Kg) to evaluate the effects on the isolated cells of Th17 and Treg from synovial joints, blood and spleen against the septic arthritic induced mice followed by JNK, RANKL and NF-κB expressions in the lysates of Th17 and Tregs isolated cells. The evaluation of serum IL-21 and TGF-β levels was also conducted after 15 days post-infection in Th17 and Treg population. Results: Our findings showed that berberine exerted excellent inhibitory effects on the S. aureus (AS-789) strain for inducing sepsis-induced arthritis. The results from the S. aureus testing revealed that at concentrations below 640 μg/mL, the strain was more resistant to berberine, as it had an increased rate of growth. The assessment of S. aureus induced septic arthritis (joint swelling and arthritis index) substantial reduction in the joint swelling and arthritis index (p<0.01) in the berberine-treated groups. The percentage of Th17 cells with CD4 and RORγt; Treg cells with CD4, CD25 and FOXp3 in the synovial joints, blood and spleen was substantially declined in the drug-treated groups (p<0.01) as compared to the S. aureus infected mice. The TGF-β and IL-21 serum levels determinations in S. aureus induced septic arthritis revealed a substantial decrease in serum TGF-β levels (p<0.01) in drug-treated groups compared to the infected animals. The post hoc test revealed a substantial decrease in JNK, NF-κB and RANKL expressions in the lysates of Th17 and Treg isolated cells in the drug-treated animals (p<0.01) when compared to the S. aureus-infected cluster. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that a possible strategy for combating disease severity with berberine treatment in Staphylococcus aureus induced septic arthritis in mice, which targets the Th17 and Treg cells have driven the NF-κB/JNK-RANKL axis.
Caribbean Indigenous Experiences of Erasure: Movement, Memory and Knowing
Authors: Neeganagwedgin Erica
Published: February 2022

The Caribbean world has experienced a centuries-long process of European expansion into their territories. This article outlines the dramatic impact and disruption due to colonization and imperialism, and the ways in which these interlocking systems have shaped contemporary Taino understandings. It examines what it means to remem- ber our Taino ancestors, their histories that persist and are embedded in the fabric and landscape of everyday Caribbean memories, their culture, and their lifeways that permeate many Caribbean names, places, and lands. This paper examines memory discourse and knowledge as ways and enactments of embodied Taino presence and contemporary life.
Skład macerałowy i dojrzałość rozproszonej materii organicznej w wybranych wydzieleniach litostratygraficznych jednostki dukielskiej
Authors:   Instytut Nafty i Gazu – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Ziemianin Konrad , Spunda Karol ,   Instytut Nafty i Gazu – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Published: February 2022

Analizy mikroskopowe materii organicznej mają kluczowe znaczenie w analizie systemów naftowych i poszukiwaniach złóż węglowodorów. Informacje o składzie macerałowym oraz stopniu zaawansowania przemian termicznych są nieodzowne w typowaniu perspektywicznych rejonów poszukiwawczych, modelowaniu procesów generacji oraz we wszelkiego typu aspektach geologicznych, w których skały macierzyste pełnią priorytetową rolę. Przeanalizowano skład macerałowy i dojrzałość rozproszonej materii organicznej w wybranych wydzieleniach litostratygraficznych jednostki dukielskiej. Materiał badawczy stanowiło 50 próbek, pobranych z 23 odsłonięć. Próbki pochodziły z warstw inoceramowych, hieroglifowych, menilitowych i krośnieńskich oraz z łupków pstrych i warstw z Majdanu. Zasadnicza część badań obejmowała obserwacje mikroskopowe w świetle odbitym i UV, a także pomiary refleksyjności witrynitu. W celu pełniejszej interpretacji, w przypadku części próbek wykonano pirolizę Rock-Eval. Skład materii organicznej pod kątem jakościowym wydaje się zbliżony – najczęściej obserwuje się zarówno macerały z grupy witrynitu, jak i liptynitu i inertynitu. Ewentualne różnice uwypuklają się w proporcjach pomiędzy udziałem macerałów z tych grup. W obrębie grupy witrynitu wyróżniono większe fragmenty kolotelinitu (>10 µm) oraz mniejsze witrodetrynitu (<10 µm). Grupa macerałów liptynitu zdominowana jest przez alginit, rzadziej natomiast obserwuje się bituminit, liptodetrynit, sporynit i kutynit. Macerały z grupy inertynitu to najczęściej pokruszone fragmenty semifuzynitu oraz fuzynitu oraz drobniejszy inertodetrynit. Dodatkowo w pojedynczych próbkach obecne są stałe bituminy, czasem mogące wykazywać zjawisko fluorescencji. Udział materii organicznej (parametr TOC) jest bardzo zróżnicowany – od <1% do 9%. Ze względu na zasobność w materię organiczną przebadane skały podzielono na skały o niskim (łupki pstre, warstwy z Majdanu, warstwy hieroglifowe), średnim (warstwy inoceramowe), wysokim (warstwy menilitowe) i zmiennym (warstwy krośnieńskie) TOC. Przebadane próbki wykazują również zróżnicowanie w proporcjach grup macerałów, charakteryzując się zarówno dominacją materiału witrynitowo-inertynitowego (warstwy inoceramowe i warstwy z Majdanu), jak też materiału witrynitowego (warstwy hieroglifowe), a także liptynitowego lub witrynitowo-liptynitowego (warstwy menilitowe). Przebadana materia organiczna znajduje się na różnym stopniu przeobrażeń termicznych – od fazy niedojrzałej po późne „okno ropne”. Wydaje się, że w ujęciu regionalnym stopień dojrzałości rośnie w kierunku południowym i południowo-wschodnim.
Siarka organiczna i pirytowa: metody wydzielania i oceny ilościowej. Wpływ zawartości siarki organicznej na energię aktywacji kerogenu
Authors:   Instytut Nafty i Gazu – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Wencel Kinga
Published: February 2022

Siarka organiczna odgrywa ogromną rolę w procesach diagenezy substancji organicznej, wpływając na tempo jej termicznych przemian. Oszacowanie ilości siarki organicznej w kerogenie pozwala na lepsze zrozumienie mechanizmów generacji węglowodorów. Standardowe metody izolacji kerogenu przy użyciu kwasów HCl/HF usuwają większość minerałów i często pozostawiają znaczne ilości pirytu, który stanowi przeszkodę w określeniu składu pierwiastkowego kerogenu i rozkładu grup funkcyjnych. Głównym zagadnieniem pracy było oszacowanie ilości siarki organicznej i pirytowej w kerogenie w sposób niepowodujący istotnych przemian w próbce wyjściowej. W celu usunięcia siarki pirytowej w wybranych próbkach zastosowano metody tradycyjne zakładające wykorzystanie kwasu azotowego oraz metodę redukcji kwaśnym roztworem chlorku chromu(II) (ang. chromium reducible sulphur, CRS), przeprowadzaną w inertnej atmosferze w specjalnie skonstruowanej komorze rękawicowej. Siarkę pirytową ekstrahowaną HNO3 i utlenianą do siarczanów oznaczano wagowo w formie strąconej jako BaSO4 lub za pomocą miareczkowania redoksometrycznego roztworem K2Cr2O7 jako siarkę związaną z żelazem. Zastosowanie kwaśnego roztworu CrCl2 powoduje wydzielenie H2S, który jest wprowadzany do roztworu Zn(CH3COO)2, gdzie siarka wytrąca się w postaci ZnS, a następnie jej ilość jest oznaczana jodometrycznie za pomocą Na2S2O3. Porównano wykorzystane metody pod kątem ich praktycznego zastosowania, powtarzalności wyników oraz wpływu na analizowaną próbkę. Analiza elementarna badanego materiału przed usunięciem i po usunięciu siarki pirytowej oraz obliczenie stosunków atomowych H/C, O/C, N/C, S/C wykazały przemiany zachodzące w substancji organicznej po zastosowaniu metod utleniających. W przeciwieństwie do metod tradycyjnych użycie roztworu CrCl2 nie powoduje takich przemian, co pozwala na dalsze analizy wymagające uprzedniego usunięcia pirytu z kerogenu. Podjęto próbę korelacji ilości siarki organicznej z energią aktywacji kerogenu wyznaczoną na aparacie Rock-Eval. Zauważono wpływ trawienia próbki kwasami na określanie energii aktywacji kerogenu, której wartość wzrasta wraz z użyciem próbek poddanych kolejnym etapom preparatyki, obejmującym izolację kerogenu i usunięcie siarki pirytowej.
Overview of metabolomic markers used for diagnosing cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Astafyeva O. V. , Zharkova Z. V. , Yasenyavskaya A. L. , Nikitina I. B. , Goretova I. V. , Fedoseev I. V. , Bashkina O. A. , Samotrueva M. A.
Published: February 2022

At present, metabolomics is an intensively developing approach to the specific diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Metabolic analysis allows the study of complete metabolomic profiles and their deviations resulting from changes, for example, gene and RNA expression, protein activity, or environmental factors. Analysis of the metabolomic blood profile helps in solving a large number of scientific and clinical problems, one of which is the search for markers of diseases, in particular, cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Aim of the study was to investigate metabolomic markers used for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases on the basis of literature data. 

Material and methods. The literature data was analyzed for key words: cardiovascular diseases, metabolomics, metabolic profile, metabolomic markers in da- tabases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CyberLeninka, PatentDB, Science Direct Open Access, eLibrary. 

Results. Analysis of literature data and patent search confirms the high importance of metabolomic markers in the diagnosis of CVD. In the patent literature, BNP/NT-proBNP is most common used as a metabolic marker of CVD (11.27 %). The use of CRP (8.99 %) and troponin (8.49 %) is also common. PICP (0.02 %), sVCAM-1 (0.09 %), stimulating growth factor ST-2 (0.12 %) and thrombomodulin (0.12 %) as metabolic markers of CVD. 

Conclusions. Against the backdrop of analytical methods, metabolomics is the most important diagnostic area. At the same time, it should be noted that by combining the results of the analysis of metabolic studies with others, for example, genomic and proteomic, one can get a complete picture of the pathogenesis of diseases, assess the risk of complications, and also determine the effectiveness of the treatment.
Sztuka „dyplomacji” i jej znaczenie w wewnętrznym życiu publicznym czasów stanisławowskich – o klientelizmie i nieprzypadkowych karierach myśli kilka
Authors: Rolnik Dariusz
Published: February 2022

No doubt the art of “diplomacy” as a skill or talent was beneficial to those who pursued a career path in the period of King Stanisław’s reign. This property or capability made it easier for those who enjoyed it to make a career and it also made it easier for them to keep afloat in the public life. Such skills enabled a given person to stand out. However, the examples which are presented demonstrate the possibilities of the advancement of poor noblemen. In the period of King Stanisław’s reign advancement was determined by aptitude and talent. Even though connections and background were important factors, their significance diminished gradually but discernibly. However, this change did not entirely entail a change of the thinking about the state. The new criteria of the making of elites were not always associated with ideological questions. In many cases a senator who was created, now not owing to his connections or background but owing to his talent, aptitude and the eponymous “diplomatic talent”, thought in particularistic terms. Unfortunately, he did not always take into account the interests of the entire Rzeczpospolita. However, let us admit that he strove to combine his interests with the demands of the land in which he operated.
Kasztelan krakowski Jerzy ks. Zbaraski wobec zagrożenia granic Rzeczypospolitej ze strony Siedmiogrodu
Authors: Anusik Zbigniew
Published: February 2022

Prince Jerzy Zbaraski (1574–1631) was one of the most outstanding Polish politicians of the first half of 17th century. Since 1620 he held the prestigious office of castellan of Kraków. He was a recognized leader of the opposition in the second half of the reign of Sigismund III. Living permanently in Kraków, he carefully observed the actions of Bethlen Gábor, ruling in Transylvania, whom he considered as a faithful vasal of the Turkish Sultan. Zbaraski’s attitude to the Bethlen was ambivalent. On the one hand, the prince considered the ruler of Transylvania as a dangerous neighbor of the Commonwealth and warned the Polish king against him. On the other hand, he saw him as a potential ally against his own monarch. However, Bethlen’s efforts to obtain the Polish crown made the castellan of Kraków, dreaming of the Polish throne himself, perceive this neighbor with increasing reluctance. The article attempts to trace the attitude of prince Jerzy Zbaraski to the ruler of Transylvania in the years 1619–1629. The starting point for these considerations is the battle of Humienne (Hommonai) fought on November 23, 1619 (Jerzy Zbaraski was a resolute opponent of sending Polish troops to Transylvania). The final chord is the unexpected death of Bethlen Gábor, who died on November 15, 1629.
Misja Jana Zawadzkiego na dwory Europy Północnej w 1633 roku a geneza polityki zagranicznej Władysława IV Wazy
Authors: Szymańska Marta
Published: February 2022

The main purpose of this article is to present the role of the diplomatic mission of Jan Zawadzki to the North European courts in 1633 and the role it played in shaping and implementing the foreign policy plans of Wladyslaw IV. In relation to the literature on the subject so far, an innovative approach to the subject of this mission is to transfer the perspective of research from Zawadzki’s stay at individual courts, in favor of a comprehensive analysis of his mission. Research conducted in this way shows that the king already had a very complexed vision of his actions on the European arena at the time of taking the throne of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, as evidenced by the mission of Jan Zawadzki.
Oświecenie raz jeszcze
Authors: Link-Lenczowski Andrzej K.
Published: February 2022

The Author is trying to explain the “English” or “British” background of the Enlightenment by showing two main elements of the first shape of Pre-Enlightenment attitudes in the 17th century. Most important were the tracts of the Calvinists and radical nonconformists (Puritans). They stressed importance of the human-free will and experiment in opposition to the God’s intervention in the history of the mankind.
Kongres pokojowy w Szystowie (1790–1791) na łamach prasy warszawskiej
Authors: Karkocha Małgorzata
Published: February 2022

In the article, the Author outlined the course of the Austrian-Turkish peace negotiations in Sistova based on information published in the Polish-language Warsaw press. The talks, started in December 1790, were helding with the participation of representatives of the Triple Alliance of Loo (1788): Prussia, Great Britain and the Netherlands. As a result, Austria made peace with the Ottoman Empire (4 VIII 1791) on the basis of the territorial “status quo”, which terminated lasting since 1788 war between both countries. A separate convention stipulated that the emperor would retain Old Orşova with the adjacent district and a small area of Croatia till the Una river, with the Cettin and Drežnik fortresses. All in all, supplementing the press reports with findings of the literature on the subject, the Author managed to obtain a relatively complete and not yet fully studied in Polish historical literature image of the issue indicated in the title.
Rebelia Johna Friesa (1799–1800)
Authors: Daszyńska Jolanta A.
Published: February 2022

Fries’ Rebellion of 1799 was an uprising, in opposition to a direct federal property tax. It was an armed tax revolt led by John Fries. In July 1798, the Federalist-controlled U.S. Congress, voted a direct tax on all real property, including buildings, land and slaves. This tax widespread the national resentment against the “Allien and Sedition Acts”, which infuriated the German farmers of Bucks, Northampton, and Montgomery counties in Pennsylvania. Several hundred farmers took up arms. At Bethlehem, Pa. Fries and his men forced a group of tax resisters who had been imprisoned under the custody of the federal marshal. In response, President Adams called out a force of federal troops of militia, who marched into the rebellious counties and began making wholesale arrests of the insurgents. John Fries was captured and subsequently tried twice, convicted of treason and sentenced to hang. He was pardoned by Adams who declared a general amnesty for all those who had been involved in the rebellion.
Censorship in Libraries: A Retrospective Study of Banned and Challenged Books
Authors: Aucoin Jessica
Published: February 2022

This study surveyed the ALA’s Top 100 Most Banned and Challenged Books lists from the past 30 years to see if there was a change in the themes and age groups of the books that are being challenged or banned.
Role of Mining Bees (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) in Pollination Ecology in India: A Review
Authors: Raina Rifat Hussain , Pathak Purnima , Saddam Babu , Parrey Aejaz H.
Published: February 2022

Mining bees (Andrenidae) are solitary, ground-nesting, smaller to medium in size, mostly found in the temperate agroforestry and arid ecosystems. These bee’s builds their nest in soil mounds and burrows in the soil that’s why they are called mining bees. These bees are very efficient pollinator in agricultural crops, fruits, fodder, pulses and other economically important plants. Most of the pollinators including mining bees enhance agricultural productivity at a large commercial level and appear in the beginning of the spring season. Due to their hairy body, scopae, smoky wings, with short and spikey tongue and chewing-lapping type of mouthparts, these adaptive structures are very favourable for the pollination. Our review is based on the importance of mining bees and their role in pollination in different agroforestry ecosystem in India. Besides, the literature pertaining to their pollination mechanism and different activities performed by different species of mining bees has been placed in a single roof for further studies. Family Andrenidae is represented by single genus (Andrena) from India and distributed under 54 species. Very elaborate and comprehensive information about mining bees from the region is presented in this paper.
Heat Stress Responses in Small Ruminants under Arid and Semi-arid Regions of Western India: A Review
Authors: Bhateshwar V. , Rai D.C. , Datt M.
Published: February 2022

The main purpose of this review was to demonstrate the current state of the investigations on the responses of body weight, physiological and blood biochemical variables in the small ruminants (sheep and goats) reared in hot arid and semi-arid regions of western India. In recent years, scientific research has made it possible to measure how different breeds of sheep and goat respond to climatic influences and manage to be homoeothermic and adapt to various environmental conditions. The exposure of sheep and goats to heat stress leads to alterations in the physiological and biochemical profiles of blood and also affect the body weight, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, pulse rate, blood plasma properties, production, reproduction, milk quantity and its quality. There are some studies which prove that the central nervous system is susceptible to the deviations in body temperature and also that some cells are more agile in the cold than in heat. In summary, we mention that in different breeds, the rearing environment and its environmental variability can trigger the feed intake efficiency and utilization, body growth, physiological changes and biochemical changes in the blood which lead to heat increment in the body’s thermal balance.
Increasing Productivity of Lentil (Lens culinaris) using Improved Varieties under Alluvial Soil of Uttar Pradesh by Cluster Front Line Demonstrations
Authors: Singh Omkar , Singh Dharmendra Kumar , Singh Abhishek , Singh Rajendra Pratap , Pandey Sunita , Bajpai Ashish Kumar
Published: February 2022

Background: Pulses are one of the major crops in India and is better for income generation as well as nutritional security. Pulses are the dry edible seeds of pod plants and are high in protein and fibre and low in fat. Lentils are a pulse crops that is part of legume family. But the productivity of lentil is low in Ghazipur district due to unavailability of quality seed and unawareness of improved crop production technology. It is felt that there is shortage of quality seeds of newer varieties of pulses. Methods: The present study carried out by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, PG College Ghazipur through cluster front line demonstrations (CFLD) on lentil (Masoor) using improved varieties PL-8 and IPL-316 with seed rate @40 kg/ha. The 135 demonstration were conducted during Rabi season of the year 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2020-21 in three clusters of Devkali block of district Ghazipur. The soils condition was sandy loam in texture having low in pH with 6.2- 6.9, Organic carbon (0.39-0.4.3%) and available P2O5 (18-21 kg/ha) and medium in N and K content. Result: The technology of improved variety viz. PL-8 and IPL-316 increased the average productivity by 32.53%, 59.69% and 44.85% and increased the net return by Rs. 15,431.00, with an improved B:C ratio of 3.34 instead of 2.54, Rs. 24,572.00 with an improved B:C ratio of 3.58 instead of 2.42 and Rs. 20,585.00 with an improved B:C ratio of 3.93 instead of 2.97 than those of local check variety choti masoor during the three consecutive years respectively. Soil health and soil nitrogen was also improved along with better nodulation in the demonstration plots.
Análisis del uso de la nostalgia en el discurso publicitario de marcas peruanas del 2015 al 2019
Authors:   , Medina Rodríguez María de Fátima
Published: February 2022

En una sociedad de consumo tan dinámica como la de hoy, el marketing ya no funciona como herramienta, sino como una actividad obligatoria para toda marca. Cada día surgen estrategias y formas nuevas de aplicarlo para conectar con el consumidor. Actualmente, las decisiones de compra se ven más afectadas por facetas emocionales que antes. Por lo que la publicidad emocional se convierte en una de las herramientas más utilizadas en el rubro empresarial para construir relaciones a largo plazo. En este contexto, los distintos discursos publicitarios emocionales toman relevancia como factores de motivación de las decisiones de compra. En este sentido, el uso de la nostalgia como un discurso emocional alternativo que usa los recuerdos para generar significado y conexión toma protagonismo en los últimos años. La presente investigación analizará el uso de la nostalgia en el discurso publicitario de marcas peruanas entre el 2015 y el 2019. Sección obligatoria en la que el autor o los autores exponen en breves líneas lo esencial del trabajo.
Advances in understanding allelopathic interactions between weeds and crops
Authors:   Agroscope, Plant Production Systems, Herbology in Field Crops, Switzerland, Eroğlu Çağla Görkem , Gfeller Aurélie ,   Agroscope, Plant Production Systems, Herbology in Field Crops, Switzerland, Louw-Gaume Anna Elizabeth ,   Agroscope, Corporate Strategy, Switzerland, Wirth Judith ,   Agroscope, Plant Production Systems, Herbology in Field Crops, Switzerland
Published: February 2022

This chapter focuses on advances in understanding allelopathic interactions between weeds and crops. In the first part, we discuss allelopathy in crop-weed interactions while the second part focuses on practical aspects of allelopathy with reference to IWM. The first part includes a detailed discussion on research findings on buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) as our research group has studied its potential allelopathic properties during the last 10 years.