bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Don’t Bite The Pac That Feeds You
Authors: Jackson David J. , Engel Steven T.
Published: April 2003

Previous research has found evidence that in high-profile cases, political action committees (PACs) sometimes punish members of Congress for voting in opposition to the PACs’ interests. This finding contradicts the conventional understanding of campaign contributions as an inducement or reward for voting record or access to a member of Congress. To understand better the dimensions of the punishment strategy, we test whether corporate PACs engage in punishment by examining the pattern of contributions of finance and insurance PACs in the wake of the House vote on granting permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) with China in May 2000. Using ordinary least squares regression models, we find support for a punishment strategy of finance and insurance PACs as a result of a no vote on PNTR. The magnitude of the punishment is highest for those members of the House who have the strongest relationship with the PAC.
Do Public Evaluations Of Congress Matter?
Authors: Mcdermott Monika L. , Jones David R.
Published: April 2003

Although recent research has made great strides in explaining the causes of public approval or disapproval of Congress, there has been little evidence that evaluations of Congress have had any demonstrable effects on the political system. In fact, the literature suggests that individual members are largely insulated from public judgments of Congress. In contrast, we show that attitudes toward congressional performance affect outcomes in congressional elections. Specifically, voters hold the congressional majority party responsible for Congress’s performance, punishing House candidates from this party when they disapprove of Congress and rewarding them when they approve, regardless of incumbent status. These findings carry implications both for the behavior of those in Congress, where majority party members would benefit from acting in ways that boost the public image of Congress, and for strategic politicians hoping to attain office, who should take congressional approval into account when deciding whether to challenge an incumbent from a particular party.
The Sources Of Public Confidence In State Courts
Authors: Wenzel James P. , Bowler Shaun , Lanoue David J.
Published: April 2003

Although much is known about public attitudes toward the U.S. Supreme Court, there is very little information about how citizens feel about courts in their own communities. This article hypothesizes that attitudes toward local courts are based primarily on four factors: (a) the actual experiences people have with these courts, (b) the methods by which local judges are selected, (c) the role of the mass media, and (d) various demographic factors. The authors find strong evidence that personal experience matters: Criminal jurors are more supportive of local courts, whereas defendants and those who have participated on either side of a civil case are not. Judicial selection methods, on the other hand, have no effect on citizens’ attitudes, except among some educated citizens. Finally, no media effects are apparent.
Another Road to Evaluating Knowledge Assets
Authors: Smith Michael E.
Published: April 2003

Human Resource Development (HRD) practitioners can earn a fresh endorsement from new methods of assessing the value of knowledge assets in companies they serve. Successful HRD practice depends on decisions made by managers who focus on proven financial performance. The economic theory that supports HRD practice is concerned with the value added to companies through personnel training and development and organization development. Accounting and economics professionals are suggesting new approaches to measuring and reporting the value of intellectual capital in for-profit companies. These methods provide ways to measure HRD’s contribution to the firm at the organization level. This article describes new methods of measuring the value of intellectual capital and recommends improvements in the valuation of intellectual capital.
Origins and Historical Influences on Human Resource Development: A Global Perspective
Authors: Alagaraja Meera , Dooley Larry M.
Published: April 2003

A comprehensive review of literature on the origins and historical influences on human resource development reveals that much of its development is attributed to Western (predominantly U.S.) thought and perspectives. This study is an effort to begin exploring significant contributions from a global perspective—including those that are primarily non-Western. To do so, this article identifies and examines key non-Western contributions to the field of human resource development. There is an ever-growing pool of foundational knowledge in the human resource development field. However, it appears only a modest body of literature has been written on historical influences from non-Western perspectives to the field. It is the premise of this article that inclusiveness of other cultural contributions will facilitate a greater understanding of human resource development’s development as a relatively new body of knowledge. This article is a reflective study outlining the history of human development of both Western and non-Western perspectives.
The Legal Framework of Human Resource Development: Overview, Mandates, Strictures, and Financial Implications
Authors: Clardy Alan
Published: April 2003

The legal framework governing human resource development in organizations can be as important as other human resources laws, but it is seldom fully reviewed. Factors defining this framework are presented, followed by a model for identifying the domains of HRD for which laws and regulations can apply. Legal mandates for training, particularly in the areas of drugs, safety, and for certain occupational training, are examined. Rules governing apprenticeship programs are reviewed in this context, too. The features of intellectual property law, ethics, and privacy as they relate to the practice of human resource development are presented. Tax laws and regulations also impact human resource development; those rules are reviewed. Laws covering employee compensation are then examined. Finally, the regulations that govern training in employee benefits are discussed.
Beyond Two Decades of Motivation: A Review of the Research and Practice in Instructional Design and Human Performance Technology
Authors: Hardré Patricia L.
Published: April 2003

Existing models and methods of instructional design and performance improvement offer promise for enhancement in nearly every area of human resource development. However, they fall short of potential in addressing human motivation in ways that enable workplace performers and their organizations to thrive. This article reviews dominant models for instructional design and human performance technology currently in use, and compares their treatment of motivation in light of recent research in human motivation. The review illustrates an implementation gap between what research demonstrates about human motivation and what current instructional design models make available for use in workplace learning and development. It further underscores the need for a new, integrative, systemic model of motivation to aid in designing instruction by implementing recent research principles in workplace contexts. It calls for a new model of motivation for instructional design that is current, comprehensive, integrative, and flexible to meet the demands of new paradigm human resource development.
Insights into Seeing and Grasping: Distinguishing the Neural Correlates of Perception and Action
Authors: Lebedev Mikhail A. , Wise Steven P.
Published: April 2003

Vision contributes to both perception and visuomotor control, and it has been suggested that many higher brain structures specialize in one or the other function. An alternative view, presented here, is that most higher brain areas participate in both visuomotor and perceptual functions. In the anterior frontal cortex, for example, the activity of one population of neurons reflects perceptual reports about a visual stimulus, whereas the activity of an intermingled population reflects movements aimed at the same stimulus. Similarly, posterior parietal and inferior temporal areas appear to function in both visual perception and visuomotor control. Visuomotor signals in higher order cortical areas could contribute to the perception of one’s own action. They also might reflect the existence of two systems for visual information processing: one stressing accuracy for the control of movement and the other generating hypotheses about the world.
Psychodynamic Treatment of a Case of Grief Superimposed on Melancholia
Authors: Bishop John , Lane Robert C.
Published: April 2003

In this case study, a chronically depressed, middle-aged woman is widowed, exacerbating her depression and anxiety. The case is treated from a psychodynamic perspective, with the classical psychoanalytic conceptualization of complicated mourning and melancholia accounting for the patient's symptom profile. Therapy itself involves the extensive provision of empathy and attunement as well as exploration of feelings in the transference and countertransference. Deeply entrenched and refractory symptoms justify the provision of 2 years of psychotherapy, which allowed the patient the time to uncover unacceptable emotions, learn about how she disowned them, and reintegrate them so as to strengthen ego functioning. The process of self-understanding and reexperiencing in the transference enabled the patient to regain energy and enjoyment in her activities and set her on the path to resuming former functioning.
It's a Dirty Job
Authors: Ehrenreich Jill T. , Boggs Koren M. , Seif Tory A. , Strother Darren M. , Gross Alan M.
Published: April 2003

This case study details limitations encountered while providing indirect and direct clinical services to children in applied settings through a behavioral mental health consultation model. Specifically, the case of AB, a 13-year-old male residing at a foster care facility, who demonstrates oppositional and defiant behavior problems and symptoms of both retentive encopresis and posttraumatic stress, is presented to illustrate potential pitfalls faced by a consultant providing multiple forms of intervention in applied settings. Although the provision of supportive, individual psychotherapy is reviewed, an emphasis is placed on the difficulties of implementing a behavior modification plan to treat AB's encopresis at his residential foster care facility. The challenges associated with providing individual psychotherapy to AB while serving as the behavioral consultant at his residence are highlighted. Finally, recommendations are presented regarding how mental health consultants can work with applied service agencies to promote effective therapeutic interventions within frameworks established by those agencies.
The Application of Social Skills Training in the Treatment of a Child With Asperger's Disorder
Authors: Cragar Dona E. , Horvath Leah S.
Published: April 2003

Asperger's disorder was officially recognized by the American Psychological Association in 1994 with the inclusion of this disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Consequently, it is not surprising that little research has been conducted on appropriate and effective treatments for this unique population. Treatments typically employed with children with Asperger's have been designed for children with autism. However, these populations do not have the same presenting problems, and thus it is necessary for treatments to be designed and empirically tested for children with Asperger's specifically. This case study describes the application of a social skills program to the treatment of a 10-year-old boy with Asperger's. Presenting problems, history, and assessment of the client are reviewed, the treatment program is explained, and the results of the treatment in both the short and long term are described. Finally, an evaluation of the treatment, implications for treatment, and recommendations for practitioners are included.
The Diagnosis and Cognitive-Behavioral Management of Kleine-Levin Syndrome
Authors: Kulas Joseph F. , Dumas Jean E. , Dollison Douglas M.
Published: April 2003

Kleine-Levin syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by alternating periods of exceedingly prolonged sleep and disordered waking and normal sleep and alert waking. Wakeful periods during an episode are usually marked by social withdrawal and accompanied by a variety of maladaptive behaviors, including hallucinations, delusions, sexual disinhibition, severe anxiety, depression, memory impairment, and increased appetite. Due to the rarity and complexity of the disorder, Kleine-Levin can be easily misdiagnosed. This article reports the case of an 11-year-old male who was referred to an outpatient psychology clinic. The study may assist practitioners in more accurately diagnosing the disorder and describes a cognitive-behavioral intervention that may be useful in the management of Kleine-Levin syndrome.
Treating Pseudoseizures and Related Behaviors in an Adult Male with an Intractable Seizure Disorder
Authors: Powell Shawn , Hagen Kenneth , Korn Thomas
Published: April 2003

AD, a 42-year-old male diagnosed with an intractable seizure disorder, profound mental retardation, and numerous medical diagnoses, manifested pseudoseizures and related behaviors. To reduce the frequency of these behaviors, treatment procedures were developed and implemented. In conjunction with direct care staff members, target behaviors were identified and defined: pseudoseizures, falling, and sliding from chair. The behavioral treatment applied combined antecedent control and a progressive intervention approach using verbal cueing, visually checking, tactile attention, and edible reinforcement. Data collection occurred over an 18-month period. Results show an increase in the number of days occurring without charted behaviors within consecutive 28-day reporting periods. Data collection consisted of 7,068 observations of AD's behaviors. This allowed correlations to be conducted with significant correlations existing between pseudoseizures and falling ( r = .59) and chair sliding and positive observations ( r = —.63). t tests were computed resulting in significant differences between AD's target behaviors and pseudoseizures.
A Case Study of Occupationally Focused Brief Dynamic Therapy Using Mann's Model of Central Conflict
Authors: Anderson Michael A.
Published: April 2003

For most people who work, social and occupational competence is inherent to a sense of well-being and support. When occupational competence is questioned by themselves or others, patients may present to clinicians with complaints of dysfunction in the work setting. For these patients, addressing work issues with immediacy and brevity may quickly resolve difficulties, preventing further escalation. Mann's model of time-limited brief psychodynamic therapy may prove to be a useful tool in addressing these issues. The author reviews the current literature regarding occupational dysfunction combined with literature supporting the usefulness of Mann's model of time-limited brief dynamic psychotherapy. A case is discussed demonstrating the integration of Mann's model into a current occupational theme, elucidating the central conflict as it pertains to the occupational setting.
Providing Care in the End of Life
Authors: Ayalon Liat
Published: April 2003

As modern technology advances, people live longer and are more likely to face death later in life from chronic or degenerative diseases. The location of death has also changed, resulting in more people dying in impersonal settings. The final months in the life of George, a terminally ill 89-year-old Caucasian male are discussed from four perspectives: existential approach, the stage model of death and dying, the reinforcement model, and an integrated model. Therapeutic interventions, aimed toward assisting George in dealing with his medical condition and existential issues, consisted of the following three major components: family therapy, religiosity, and preparation for death. Ethical and therapeutic considerations related to issues of death and dying are addressed.
A Serial Rapist Treated With Behavioral and Cognitive Techniques and Followed for 12 Years
Authors: Maletzky Barry M.
Published: April 2003

This article describes a serial rapist treated in a sexual abuse clinic, then followed for 12 years. Following a discussion of the patient’s offending and personal history, an account is presented of the assessment and treatment techniques employed with such dangerous offenders. Because community safety is an issue in such treatment, a variety of methods were utilized to ensure safety both during and after treatment. While this patient appeared to benefit from treatment and apparently remained offense-free during follow-up, it cannot be assumed that all such cases can be treated with such facility. Indeed, while pedophiles and exhibitionists have been successfully treated using similar techniques, the treatment of rapists remains controversial and results are not as sanguine as this case would indicate. Treatment outcome data for all sexual offenders, and for rapists in particular, are presented throughout the discussion.
Dermal Changes in the Lower Leg Skin of Patients With Venous Hypertension
Authors: Herrick Sarah E. , Treharne Linda J. , deGiorgio-Miller Alex M.
Published: April 2003

Patients with chronic venous disease may develop characteristic changes in the skin of the lower limb known as lipodermatosclerosis (LDS). The affected skin becomes indurated and pigmented and often ulcerates. The degree of induration associated with LDS correlates directly with ulcer formation and leads to a subsequent delayed rate of healing. However, there is limited information regarding the cellular and molecular events that lead from venous dysfunction to LDS development. This article reviews the current knowledge of the clinical progression of chronic venous disease, summarizing the histological findings from these authors’ laboratory and other studies on LDS, and offers possible mechanisms to explain the fibrotic changes associated with this condition.
Optical Pedobarography for Assessing Neuropathic Feet in Diabetic Patients—A Review
Authors: Patil K. Mothiram , Charanya G. , Prabhu K. Gopalakrishna
Published: April 2003

The use of optical pedobarography is presented in this article. The limitations of the analytical methods using peak pressures as a parameter for assessment of foot at risk of plantar ulcers are indicated. A new method, which takes into consideration the actual plantar pressure distribution using the power ratio PR (the ratio of high-frequency power to the total power in the walking foot pressure image distribution) and relates it to 3 levels of sensation loss is described. PR is able to detect early loss of foot sensation characterized by a loss of sensation level of 4.5 gm. The methods available in the literature for management of foot ulcers by proper footwear design, and their limitations, are discussed. A new method of individualized footwear based on matching the softness of the footwear insole with the softness of normal foot sole soft tissue (having durometer reading of 20° Shore) and optimum insole thickness (12 mm) is helpful in the prevention of plantar ulcers.
Models to Study Ischemia in Chronic Wounds
Authors: Schäffer Michael , Witte Maria , Becker Horst-Dieter
Published: April 2003

Wound healing is a complex immune response designed to achieve tissue repair following injury. Imbalance of stimulating and inhibiting factors cause failure of healing. Ischemia is a major cause of wound repair dysregulation and may be limb and life threatening. Investigating ischemic wound healing using animal models minimizes the complex accompanying factors that are usually present in humans, such as age or diabetes. This paper presents a limited review on normal physiological healing and on models that are used to study compromised healing under ischemic conditions.
Prevalence of Mixed Infections in the Diabetic Pedal Wound: A Perspective Based on a National Audit
Authors: Smith Stacey R. , Reed James F.
Published: April 2003

Foot infections can have disastrous consequences in the life of a diabetic. The treatment of the pedal wound demands a great deal of resources. This retrospective study was formulated to determine the incidence of polymicrobial infections. The National Hospital Discharge Survey was used to gather data regarding cultures from diabetic foot infections. Codes from surgery were used because intraoperative cultures are the most reliable. It was observed that Staphylococcus Aureus is the most frequently responsible inciting organism; regarding polymicrobial infections, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus were the most common combination found. Incidence of anaerobes and gram negatives was low. This information tells a clinician that very broad-spectrum antibiotics would most commonly not be necessary, putting the impetus on the doctors to clinically assess a wound and prescribe the most appropriate antibiotic selection.
Maggot Debridement Therapy for Chronic Wounds
Authors: Church J. C. T. , Courtenay M.
Published: April 2003

This article presents a general overview of maggot debridement therapy, as used in the management of chronic infected wounds. Much has been written about this treatment method, both historically and in the past decade. Current clinical practice is discussed and clinical and laboratory research are reviewed, with attention to the inherent challenges of such research. The nature of microbial and fungal bio-film formation in chronic wounds is considered, although little is yet known of the extent and characterization of this phenomenon. The prospects for the future are addressed. These include the need for globally acceptable criteria for clinical outcomes and guidelines for “best practice,” together with the pressing need for appropriately structured randomized controlled studies.
Maggot Therapy for Foot and Leg Wounds
Authors: Sherman Ronald A.
Published: April 2003

Maggot debridement therapy has been used for more than 70 years to treat nonhealing soft tissue wounds. Blowfly larvae are used to debride, disinfect, and promote healing of chronic wounds. The use of maggot therapy is on the rise, owing to recognized limitations in our current medical and surgical wound care options. Anecdotal evidence of maggot therapy efficacy is plentiful, but large prospective comparative clinical trials are desperately needed. Until data from such studies become available, treatment criteria and safety data must be derived from retrospective studies, case series, and other published accounts. Based on these limited sources of data, treatment guidelines are proposed for the safe and effective use of maggots for treating problematic foot and leg wounds.
From Polynesian Healers to Health Food Stores: Changing Perspectives of Morinda citrifolia(Rubiaceae)
Authors: McClatchey Will
Published: April 2003

Morinda citrifoliaL (noni) is one of the most important traditional Polynesian medicinal plants. Remedies from isolated Polynesian cultures, such as that of Rotuma, illustrate traditional indications that focus upon leaves, roots, bark, and green fruit, primarily for topical ailments. Anecdotally collected Hawaiian remedies that employ noni fruit illustrate changing usage patterns with shifts in recent times to preparation of juice made of ripe or decaying fruit. Ralph M. Heinicke promoted a wide range of claims about noni, and these seem to have fueled much of the current commercial interest in the plant. Recent studies of the proliferation of commercial products have shown that noni product manufacturers are promoting a range of therapeutic claims. These claims are based upon traditional Polynesian uses, Heinicke’s ideas, and fragments of recent scientific studies including the activity of noni in the treatment of cancer. A review is provided of recent studies of potential anticancer activity of noni fruit. While noni’s anticancer potential is still being explored, it continues to be widely used by Polynesians and non-Polynesians alike for both traditional and newly hypothesized indications.
Fighting for Life: A Qualitative Analysis of the Process of Psychotherapy-Assisted Self-Help in Patients With Metastatic Cancer
Authors: Cunningham Alastair J. , Phillips Catherine , Stephen Joanne , Edmonds Claire
Published: April 2003

This exploratory study is an attempt to define psychological attributes related to longer survival in patients with meta-static cancers. Previous published analyses have been limited in two ways. First, they have almost always been carried out on patients not receiving therapy; we have followed people receiving a year of group therapy, on the assumption that if mental qualities are to affect cancer progression, substantial mental change would be needed to alter the established balance between the cancer cells and host regulatory mechanisms. Second, the methods typically used to characterize patients’ psychology have been self-report inventories, and many decades of research with such methods have largely failed to produce a consensus on what mental qualities, if any, promote survival. By contrast, we have used qualitative methods, allowing a much more in-depth analysis of the patients, without preliminary assumptions as to what would be important.

The present report describes the results of a detailed qualitative analysis of data collected from 22 participants over a year of weekly group therapy. Using grounded methods, categories were derived from the extensive verbal data (comprising patients’ written homework and therapists’ notes), and linked in a model of change. By applying ratings to some of these categories, and combining these ratings, we derived a quantitative estimate of patients’“involvement in self-help.” Rankings on degree of involvement corresponded quite closely with the quality of patients’ experience and with their survival duration.

There was a great range in degree of involvement, and various subgroupings could be discerned. Nine of the participants were classed as “highly involved,” meaning that they devoted regular daily time, often several hours, to such self-help strategies as relaxation, mental imaging, meditation, cognitive monitoring and journalling. All but 1 of these patients enjoyed a good quality of life and lived at least 2 years. Two of them have remained in complete remission for 7 years. At the other end of the scale, 8 patients showed little application to the work, being either unconvinced that it would help them or hampered by psychological problems such as low self-esteem. None of these was rated as having a good quality of life, and only 1 lived more than 2 years, although, as a group, their medicalprognoses were no more unfavorable at the onset of therapy than for the “high involvement” group. The different subgroups and aspects of the model are illustrated by representative quotations.
Spiritual Correlates of Functional Well-Being in Women With Breast Cancer
Authors: Levine Ellen G. , Targ Elisabeth
Published: April 2003

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States and constitutes a major source of medicaland psychological morbidity. The psychosocial sequelae, while not always severe, can last up to a year after diagnosis. This may be a time when spiritual and social resources become important. It is known that practical and emotional support during treatment for breast cancer benefits the patient’s mood and quality of life, but it is unclear as to how spirituality and spiritual well-being may benefit the patient. This study examined this question by exploring the relationships between spirituality, spiritual well-being, physical well-being, functional well-being, mood, and adjustment style in a sample of 191 women recently diagnosed with breast cancer or who had metastatic cancer. The women were asked to complete questionnaires pertaining to the above topics at enrollment to a group intervention study. Measures of spirituality, spiritual well-being, physical well-being, functional well-being, mood, and adjustment style taken at the same point in time were then correlated with each other. There were more significant correlations of spirituality and spiritual well-being with functional well-being than physical well-being, but items pertaining to meaning and peace tended to correlate significantly with physical well-being. Spirituality also correlated significantly with several coping styles, but not avoidance as has been previously suggested. Regression analyses were also performed to find the best combination of variables to predict physical and functional well-being. A combination of social well-being and several questions pertaining to peacefulness accounted for 18% of the variance in physical well-being. However, a combination of social well-being and the spiritual scales accounted for 46% of the variance in functional well-being. When the spiritual scales were examined alone, they accounted for 40% of the variance in functional well-being. The results of this study confirm the importance of spirituality and spiritual well-being in both physical and functional well-being. Asking patients about the role of spirituality in their lives may be a useful marker to predict patient’s ability to cope with stress in their lives and of their quality of life.
Principles for Applying Traditional Chinese Medicine to Cases of Cancer
Authors: Wicke Roger W. , Cheung C. S.
Published: April 2003

Traditional Chinese herbology uses a system of categorizing clusters of symptoms and signs to differentially assess the presence or absence of syndromes for which effective herbal formulas and methods are known. This system can be useful in detecting and counteracting some of the severe systemic and metabolic imbalances that commonly occur in cases of cancer. Basic theory and terminology is outlined, with comparisons between the empirical concepts of Chinese herbology and their approximate physiological correlates.
Cancer Therapy With Tetrathiomolybdate: Antiangiogenesis by Lowering Body Copper—A Review
Authors: Brewer George J. , Merajver Sofia D.
Published: April 2003

A new anticopper drug, tetrathiomolybdate (TM), developed for Wilson’s disease, is a very promising antiangiogenic agent. Copper levels lowered into an antiangiogenic window by TM have shown efficacy against cancer in a variety of animal models as well as in patients. The only significant toxicity so far results from over treatment and excessive bone marrow depletion of copper. The resulting anemia and/or leukopenia is easily treatable by dose reduction or drug holiday. The underlying concept for TM efficacy as an anticancer agent is that when the body’s copper status is in the window, cellular copper needs are met and toxicity is avoided. Copper status is relatively easily monitored by following serum ceruloplasmin, a copper-containing protein secreted by the liver at a rate dependent upon the amount of copper in the liver available to incorporate into the protein. The authors speculate that the copper level is a primitive angiogenesis and growth-signaling regulator that has been retained throughout evolution.
Exploratory Studies of Qigong Therapy for Cancer in China
Authors: Chen Kevin , Yeung Raphael
Published: April 2003

The authors reviewed more than 50 studies of qigong therapy for cancer in China, in 3 categories: clinical studies on cancer patients, in vitro studies on laboratory-prepared cancer cells, and in vivo studies on cancer-infected animals. Most of the clinical studies involved observation of cancer patients’ self-practice of qigong. Although no double-blind clinical trials were found among patient studies, many had a control. The qigong groups showed more improvement or had a better survival rate than conventional methods alone. In vitro studies report the inhibitory effect of qi emission on cancer growth, and in vivo studies find that qigong-treated groups have significantly reduced tumor growth or longer survival among cancer-infected animals. However, there is much room for improvement in these studies, and some require replication to verify the findings. Qigong therapy is an area that is often neglected by mainstream medicine and research, but our review strongly suggests that qigong deserves further study as a supplement to conventional cancer treatment.
A Case Study: Prescriptive Exercise Intervention After Bilateral Mastectomies
Authors: Carter Susan D. , Drum Scott N. , Hayward Reid , Schneider Carole M.
Published: April 2003

Exercise for cancer patients is gaining support. In the current case study, a female breast cancer patient was diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of 29 years; she underwent a left modified radical mastectomy. She developed cancer again in the opposite breast at the age of 57 years and had a right modified radical mastectomy. After the second mastectomy (the right breast), the patient received chemotherapy and radiation. Following her cancer treatments, she participated in an exercise intervention for 6 months at the University of Northern Colorado's Rocky Mountain Cancer Rehabilitation Institute. A 6-month reassessment showed that she increased her muscular strength and cardiovascular function in addition to attenuating her cancer-related fatigue and depression. It is recommended that health professionals work together to ensure that a collaborative effort is undertaken to increase functional work capacity that will significantly improve patients' quality of life.
Healing the Mind/Body Split: Bringing the Patient Back Into Oncology
Authors: Greer Steven
Published: April 2003

The effect on oncology of the doctrine of Cartesian dualism is examined. It is argued that (1) this doctrine continues to exert a baneful (though unacknowledged) influence on the practice of oncology, (2) Descartes's doctrine of a mind/ body split is mistaken, and (3) mind and body (brain) are inextricably interwoven. A biopsychosocial model of disease is advocated. The role of psychooncology in healing the mind/ body split by focusing research attention on the patient is outlined.
Atanasio Pérez Alamillo: The Plight of a Priest, Rebel, and Lover Before the Mexican Inquisition in the 1790s
Authors: Koeninger Frieda
Published: April 2003

In the political atmosphere of hysteria against the French Revolution, the Mexican Inquisition accused a parish priest of seditious acts. An examination of the documents shows that there were political, social, and personal factors that affected the situation. The priest dared to discuss Enlightenment ideas and repeat gossip about the queen. The Inquisition wished to affirm its jurisdiction over the case. The accusers felt intellectually intimidated by the priest and resented his relationship with his mistress.
Rapid Rural Appraisal: Teaching Undergraduates Field Research in Rural México
Authors: Jarrett Charles W. , Lucas David M.
Published: April 2003

Principles of ethnographic research, rural sociology, and interpersonal communication formed the basis of a collaborative study between Mexican and/or Hispanic and U.S. undergraduates. Students from both cultures learned to apply principles of qualitative research under the direction of faculty from the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey and Ohio University. Rapid rural appraisal, a methodology appropriate for multidisciplinary research, was used to assess the attitudes of a rural population relative to socioeconomic and political issues. Undergraduates learned principles of field research within the context of a practical and informative pedagogical exercise.
Frequent Buyer Club Participation Patterns for African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans
Authors: Clark A. Bruce
Published: April 2003

Based on (a) racial prejudice, (b) lack of steppingstone jobs, (c) welfare programs, (d) low education levels, and (e) inferior trade skills, some feel America's leading minority groups will never become full-fledged, mainstream retail participants. This study, however, found that Asian and Hispanic immigrants assimilate as they move from cities. On the contrary, post-civil rights movement African Americans and Native Americans display greater mainstream retail participation levels as they move from rural plantation and reservation areas into cities.
Paulo Freire's Liberatory Education and the Problem of Service Learning
Authors: Johnson-Hunter Paige , Risku Michael T.
Published: April 2003

This article challenges educators of liberatory pedagogy to critically reflect on the reasoning behind their teaching methodologies and service learning requirements. Questions concerning the ethical, political, and personal goals of liberatory teachers are raised. The authors also challenge the assumption that liberatory pedagogy is appropriate for all oppressed people. The authors discuss liberatory pedagogy from a critical perspective and conclude that critical consciousness in classrooms may result from teachers using both liberatory and traditional methodologies.
Incarcerating Juveniles Into Adulthood
Authors: Singer Simon I.
Published: April 2003

One of the consequences of waiver legislation is the long-term imprisonment of juveniles. Little is known about juveniles subject to long-term incarceration and the legal decision making that creates the conditions and length of their imprisonment. Although there is an emerging body of research on the front end of waiver that draws on theories of sentencing, there is little research on postsentencing decisions. Research on the back end of waiver is needed to understand the effect of transferring juveniles to criminal court. Legal decision making at the back end of waiver can be understood in terms of the jurisdictional context of organizational knowledge. The effects of back-end waiver decisions also need to be understood with respect to the reaction of juvenile offenders to their long-term incarceration.
The Effects Of Adjudicating And Sentencing Juveniles As Adults
Authors: Redding Richard E.
Published: April 2003

Across the nation, serious and chronic juvenile offenders are increasingly being tried as adults in criminal court and incarcerated in adult correctional facilities. This trend raises important questions for policy makers. To what extent do trials in criminal courts and incarceration in adult prisons promote or inhibit community protection and the accountability and rehabilitation of juvenile offenders? This article discusses the legal consequences of adjudication in criminal court and offers a comprehensive review of research findings on the deterrent effects of transfer laws, conviction and sentencing patterns and recidivism rates in juvenile versus criminal courts, and conditions and programming in juvenile versus adult correctional facilities. The implications of these research findings for juvenile justice policies on adjudicating and sentencing juveniles as adults and directions for future research are discussed.
A Critique Of Waiver Research
Authors: Mears Daniel P.
Published: April 2003

Of the many recent changes in juvenile justice, none are more prominent than waiver laws designed to more easily transfer young offenders to adult courts. These laws create more options to punish youth as if they were adults, leading some to question the need for a separate juvenile justice system. As yet, however, we have little systematic empirical basis for assessing the effectiveness of these laws. To help develop the foundation for such an assessment, this article examines the leading intended and unintended impacts identified by researchers. It then discusses critical research gaps that must be addressed if we are to develop a balanced and empirically informed assessment of the effectiveness of waiver.
Adult Crime, Adult Time
Authors: Myers David L.
Published: April 2003

Contemporary concerns about youth violence and related legislative reforms have resulted in greater numbers of adolescent offenders being handled in the adult criminal justice system. Although some past research suggests that juveniles transferred to adult court often receive somewhat lenient treatment, more recent studies focusing on violent youthful offenders have found the adult system to be more punitive in nature. This study examined this issue for 557 violent youth from Pennsylvania, of which 138 were judicially waived to adult court. Statistical analyses revealed that in terms of punishment certainty, severity, and swiftness, juveniles transferred to adult court were treated more harshly than were those retained in juvenile court, whereas juvenile court processing occurred much more quickly. Corresponding policy implications are discussed.
Hard Choices Or Obvious Ones
Authors: Sanborn Joseph B.
Published: April 2003

This article examines the various ways in which youth that are charged with criminal behavior are excluded from the juvenile court process and are prosecuted instead in criminal court. The first objective of this work is to eliminate the confusion and misrepresentations concerning exclusion that have dominated the juvenile justice literature. Suggestions are offered as to how this material should be conceptualized and organized so as to avoid these problems. The second objective is to develop a rationale for exclusion that can serve as a foundation from which to develop sound exclusion policy. The strengths and weaknesses of the potential policy stands on exclusion are examined, and the article concludes with an explanation of the desirability of the selective exclusion of serious and chronic offenders from juvenile court.
Two-Dimensional Versus Three-Dimensional Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Endometrial Pathology:
Authors: Thomas Laura , Gifford Jami , Pope Jeff , Marks William M.
Published: April 2003

The objective of this prospective study was to compare 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) images of endometrial pathology in premenopausal and postmenopausal patients. The 3D sonographic images were evaluated with respect to the contour and texture of the endometrium, endometrial to myometrial interface, and visible pathology in the 3D coronal view. Nine female patients referred for routine pelvic ultrasound exams were scanned transvaginally in both 2D and 3D, and common endometrial pathology including polyps, fluid collections, submucosal fibroids, and hyperplasia were identified. Only 44.4% of the pathology identified by 2D was visualized by 3D.
The Public Life of the Fetal Sonogram and the Work of the Sonographer
Authors: Taylor Janelle S.
Published: April 2003

Fetal sonograms have been taken up outside the clinical setting in U.S. popular culture and media, in ways that may impinge upon, and that have also emerged out of, the work of the sonographer. As members of an emerging technical profession composed primarily of women, sonographers have worked hard to develop and promote ultrasound and have debated whether their professional identity ought to rest exclusively on their technical “skill” or also on their (feminine) capacity for “caring.” Over time, the obstetrical exam has come to incorporate rituals of showing and telling and giving out pictures, that have allowed sonographers both to “sell” ultrasound and to respond to their pregnant patients in a caring manner. Ironically, however, these same elements have also set the stage for antiabortion advocates to use fetal sonograms in ways quite harmful to the interests not only of women but also of the sonographers who seek to treat them with both skill and care.
I'm Seeing Spots!
Authors: Webb Jennifer L.
Published: April 2003

Echogenic foci of the ovary are a common finding during pelvic sonography exams. Echogenic foci have been associated with benign conditions and have also been noted to occur in some malignant conditions. There is confusion when it comes to assuring that the process seen is benign. A review of the current literature demonstrates that the majority of cases with histological correlation involved benign processes, but a definitive analysis of sonographic characteristics has not yet been compiled.
The Fetal Gallbladder
Authors: Having Karen , Flamm Lynn , McAuliffe Deanna
Published: April 2003

In a study of 113 routine transabdominal fetal OB exams with estimated gestational age ranging from 14 to 38 weeks, the fetal gallbladder was identified in 93.8% of the examinations. Fetal gallbladder size, shape, and pathologies associated with nonvisualization are discussed.
Duplex Evaluation of the Postoperative Carotid
Authors: Dubovec Patricia A. , Tsouklaris Monique
Published: April 2003

Carotid ultrasound plays a primary role following carotid endarterectomy in the detection of postsurgical complications. Gray-scale, real-time imaging detects and quantifies tissue inter-faces and plaque morphology. Doppler spectral analysis provides quantitative and graphic dis-play of blood flow velocity and direction. Color flow imaging identifies areas of disturbed flow and can aid in detecting surface irregularities by the flow disturbances they create. Power Doppler is useful in detecting slow blood flow and characterizing plaque surface. During a carotid endarterectomy, the diseased intima and part of the diseased media are removed. Postoperative complications fall into the 3 following categories and vary with the postoperative time interval. Technical errors occurring within the first month are most often related to surgical problems, such as residual plaque, arterial clamp injury, or an intimal flap. Restenosis postoperatively within the first 3 years results from neointimal hyperplasia, which involves the smooth muscle and fibrous overgrowth of the tissue layer that replaces the intima after surgery. After 3 years, the material causing restenosis is more apt to resemble atherosclerotic plaque with abundant collagen, foam cells, and calcium deposits, and is commonly associated with the development of recurrent atherosclerosis.
Sonology Demonstrates Flow Reversal Within Internal Jugular Vein Secondary to Occluded Innominate Vein and Stenotic Hemodialysis Arteriovenous Fistula
Authors: Orin Patricia R.
Published: April 2003

This case illustrates a rare finding of flow reversal within the internal jugular vein associated with innominate occlusion and ipsilateral arteriovenous fistula. The patient was an adult male who presented with extreme pain and swelling of the left upper extremity and an ipsilateral nonfunctioning hemodialysis shunt. Doppler waveforms demonstrated turbulence and retrograde flow of the internal jugular vein (IJV). Sonography demonstrated complete occlusion of the left innominate vein. Angiography confirmed the IJV flow reversal and the full extent of the innominate vein clot. Angiography also showed bilateral indwelling innominate stents, as well as visualized the retrograde flow from the IJV crossing left to right via the transfer sinus and descending caudally to the right IJV. As demonstrated in this case, ultrasound works well in tandem with special procedures.
Transvaginal Sonographic Diagnosis of Unilateral Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy in Dichorionic Twins
Authors: Coldwell Courtney A.
Published: April 2003

This case study describes the transvaginal sonographic diagnosis of a unilateral tubal ectopic pregnancy in dichorionic twins. The separate but unruptured gestational sacs are located adjacent to each other in the right fallopian tube; one fetus shows fetal cardiac motion, whereas the second fetus shows demise. In this case, transvaginal sonography is essential in diagnosing an ectopic pregnancy. Transvaginal scans should be utilized in combination with transabdominal sonography to make accurate diagnoses.
Prenatal Sonography Finding of Fetal Lung Mass at 20 Weeks Gestation
Authors: Bennett Constance T.
Published: April 2003

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation is a pulmonary developmental anomaly arising from an overgrowth of the terminal respiratory bronchioles. In the vast majority of cases, this mass is almost always unilateral and involves a single lobe of the lung. This anomaly has a slightly higher incidence in male than in female fetuses. Accurate prenatal sonographic diagnosis of a fetal lung mass is paramount to establishing an appropriate surgical and obstetrical management plan as well as ensuring the patient’s choice of therapeutic options.