bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of college life satisfaction and adaptability on competencies
Authors:   Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction, Kim Joungmin , Song Youngsun
Published: September 2024

Objectives The purpose of this study is to find out how satisfaction and adaptability to university life affect the core competencies of a university.
Methods To achieve this, data from 831 respondents who answered both satisfaction and adaptation surveys were collected at S University between May and August 2023. These data were compiled, merged, and converted into panel data. Using SPSS 25 and STATA 16.0, correlation analysis, validity and reliability tests, univariate analysis, multivariate tests, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis were conducted.
Results Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was applied. As a result of the study, the factors affecting empathy were derived as ‘learning support,’ ‘liberal arts,’ and ‘extra-curricular’ among the satisfaction variables of college life. ‘Student guidance’ was identified as the main factor for Creative Convergence, and ‘student guidance’ and ‘culture’ were identified as the main factors for glocal communication. As a result of examining the impact of adaptation to college life on core competencies, among the variables, ‘confidence in major career path,’ ‘emotional stability,’ ‘positive learning attitude,’ ‘academic confidence,’ ‘trust in professors’, and ‘satisfaction with professor relationship’ This was found to be statistically significant. Among these, ‘positive learning attitude’ was the highest, followed by ‘academic confidence’ as the variable that significantly impacted university core competencies.
Conclusions After conversion, These research results provided implications on the role of universities in responding to a rapidly changing future society and what is needed for future planning.
Analysis of Educational Needs to Support Major Adjustment of University Students in Convergence Major Based on Track System: Focused on the H University's second major
Authors:   Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction, Jang Jiyoung , Na Jiyoung , Kim Dongjoo
Published: September 2024

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the major adjustment and educational needs of students in convergence majors, and to suggest directions for the operation of educational programs aimed at major adjustment.
Methods This study surveyed 83 students in convergence majors at H-University in Seoul, focusing on their major satisfaction, major adjustment, and educational needs for their major. For data analysis, the mean and standard deviation were calculated using the SPSS 22.0 statistical program. In addition, an independent sample t-test and univariate analysis of variance were conducted to confirm differences between groups.
Results The results showed that, first, the students in convergence majors were generally satisfied with their major. second, major adjustment to the major track was high, satisfaction with course selection and goal orientation was high, but career decision confidence and support from the academic environment was relatively low. Third, in terms of extra-curricular requirements for adapting to the second major, students would like to have one to two hours of lectures, practical workshops and mentoring during the semester from industry or professional lecturers directly related to the second major.
Conclusions The study will contribute to establishing a foundation for improving both curricular and extracurricular offerings for convergence major students.
The Mediating Effect of Teacher Efficiency in the relationship between Self-Resilience of Childcare Teachers and Teacher-Child Interaction
Authors:   Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction, Lee Hee-young , Lee Jin-hee
Published: September 2024

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating role of teacher efficacy in the relationship between self-resilience of childcare teachers and teacher-child interaction.
Methods To this end, a survey was conducted on 258 childcare teachers working at daycare centers in J area. For the collected data, frequency and percentage, mean and standard deviation were calculated using the SPSS 24.0 statistical program, and correlation analysis and mediating analysis were performed.
Results First, as a result of analyzing the correlation between self-resilience, teacher efficacy, and teacher-child interaction of childcare teachers, it was found that there was a significant positive correlation between each variable. Second, as a result of verifying the mediating effect of teacher efficacy in the relationship between self-resilience of childcare teachers and teacher-infant interaction, it was found to play a partial mediating role.
Conclusions In this study, it was confirmed that teacher efficacy had a partial mediating effect in the relationship between self-resilience of childcare teachers and teacher-child interaction. Based on the research results, interest in teacher efficacy and measures to improve the quality of teacher-child interaction were discussed as mediating factors linking self-resilience and teacher-child interaction.
Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Bauhinia variegata and Commiphora mukul in Regulating Thyroid Stimulating Hormone in Hypothyroidism Induced Albino Wistar Rats
Authors: Singha Mahua Bhaumik , Sarma Tikendrajit , Lahakar Mangala
Published: September 2024

The present clinical interventions used for the management of the hypothyroidism are still associated with various side effects. In order to avoid this, the aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the effect of Bauhinia variegata and Commiphora mukul in regulating serum thyroid stimulating hormone levels in rats. Ethanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata (non-woody aerial parts) and Commiphora mukul(gum resin) was prepared via hot solvent extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the ethanolic extract of Bauhinia variegates linn has all the phytoconstituents except phytosterol, fixed oil and fats. The Commiphora mukul gum resin extract showed the presence of all phytoconstituents except alkaloids, fixed oil and mucilage.The oral toxicity studies showed no abnormalities at the maximum tolerated dose level of 2000 mg/kg body weight. Methimazole were used to induce hypothyroidism in the rats. The animals were treated with different individual and combined dosages (100, 200 and 400 of two plant extracts. Serum TSH level analysis showed that a combination of high dose (400mg /kg body weight) of Bauhinia variegate and Commiphora mukul gum resin extracts showed a significant effect in lowering  serum TSH levels raised due to hypothyroidism. To conclude, a combined extract of plants could be a potential therapeutic alternative for the management of hypothyroidism.
Keywords: Bauhinia variegate Linn., Commiphora mukul, Hypothyroidism, Thyroid stimulating hormones, Methimazole.
Phytochemical and in-vitro antioxidant activity of Careya arborea Roxb. leaves successive extracts
Authors: Wadje Shailaja D , Wankhede Balaji G , Mali Madhav R
Published: September 2024

The successive extracts of Careya arborea Roxb leaves, a traditional medicinal plant used in India. It possessed a significant amount of total phenolic and flavonoid contents with potent antioxidant activities in scavenging DPPH, ABTS radicals, and good total antioxidant capacity. On the other hand, the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts showed the highest inhibition of DPPH, ABTS radicals and phosphomolybdate assay. This study verified that the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts have strong antioxidant activities which might be due to high level of phenolics and flavonoids. Thus results confirm its traditional claims can be used as a source of potential antioxidant.
Keywords: Careya arborea Roxb, successive, leaves, antioxidant.
Preparation of solid dispersions of glibenclamide for in-vitro dissolution enhancement
Authors: Mir Khalid Bashir , Khan Nisar Ahmad
Published: September 2024

The purpose of this study was to prepare solid dispersions (SD) of Glibenclamide (GLB) and evaluate them for in-vitro drug release enhancement. Glibenclamide is a second generation sulfonylurea antidiabetic drug used to control blood glucose in type 2 diabetic patients, but poor-water solubility is responsible for its low oral bioavailability which has severely restricted it in the clinical application for diabetic control. Therefore, to increase the aqueous solubility and thereby,  in-vitro dissolution of glibenclamide, solid dispersions were prepared with poloxamer-188in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2; 1:4 & 1:6 by solvent evaporation method in ethanol after conducting preliminary screening for the selection of best carrier and ratio for the development of solid dispersion of glibenclamide . Among the prepared SD formulations, GLB-SD4 (1:6 Drug: Carrier ratio) showed highest enhancement in solubility and in-vitro dissolution rate in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). In-vitro drug release profiles revealed that the drug release (%) of glibenclamide from GLB-SD4 was achieved 6-fold higher than pure drug after 180 mins. It is worth noting that GLB-SD4 provided the highest solubility and in-vitro dissolution rate compared to rest of the SD formulations, pure glibenclamide, market formulation and physical mixtures of glibenclamide in the same medium (Phosphate Buffer pH 6.8) as per the following manner: GLB-SD4 > GLB-PM4 > GLB-MF>Pure GLB. This may be due to more reduction in particle size at molecular level, enhanced wetting properties and better solubilization of P-188 and use of ethanol. The hydrogen bonding interactions between the drug and carrier in the final solid dispersion formulation (GLB-SD4) was detected by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. These results demonstrated that the carrier (P-188) proved effective in improving the solubility of a poorly soluble glibenclamide, thereby endorsing the application of solid dispersion technology for the enhancement of solubility and thereby, in-vitro dissolution rate of glibenclamide.
Keywords: Glibenclamide, Solid dispersion, Solubility, In-vitro dissolution, Fourier Transform Infrared.
Surgical and non-surgical management of Dushtavrana: A review
Authors: Oza Bharat Kailash
Published: September 2024

Vrana (ulcer) is one of the common pathological conditions affecting large number of word wide population from many years. Vrana means discontinuity to the skin due to the some exogenous or endogenous factors including cuts or wound. Ayurveda mentioned that if Vrana not treated properly at initial stage then it turned to non-healing ulcer means Dushtavrana. Vitiation of Doshas & Rakta as a consequence of injury involve in pathogenesis of Dushtavrana. Therefore Doshas & Rakta pacifying approaches recommended to stops pathological progression of Dushtavrana. Considering this fact ayurveda literature also suggested various approaches for the management of Dushtavrana like; herbal drugs, traditional ayurveda formulation, surgical interventions and Shodhna chikitsa, etc. The approaches for the management of Dushtavrana aims decrease production of discharge, relief in granulation, pain and burning sensation due to the antibacterial, anti inflammatory, Vranashodhak and Vranaropak properties of therapy. Present article summarized some important surgical and non-surgical approaches for the management of Dushtavrana in aview to explore this area for future research perspectives.
Keywords: Ayurveda, Vrana, Ulcer, Dushtavrana, Surgery.
Preliminary evaluation of melatonin in the kindling model of epilepsy
Authors: Mishra Ashish , Gupta Jeetendra Kumar , Jain Nilesh , Mistry Sunil
Published: September 2024

During the past decades, epilepsy syndrome has been depicted across India as well as worldwide and this leads to increasing mortality and morbidity rate. Researchers are trying to investigate the responsible causes and risk factors for seizure occurrence. Epilepsy is a chronic disorder which is derived from a Latin word ‘sacire’ meaning ‘convulsive attack’ and is expressed as a paroxysmal experience appointed to atypical, unnecessary or concurrent neuronal bustle in the brain. The treatment of epilepsy involves the use of anti-epileptic drugs i.e. Sodium valproate, phenytoin, carbamazepine. Despite being treated with the available anti-convulsant drugs, this disease is still prevalent worldwide. So, as an adjuvant treatment melatonin exhibit an anti-epileptic activity in several animal models of epilepsy. However, its anti-epileptic potential has yet to be evaluated in Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced model of epilepsy through kindling phenomenon. Rats were injected with a dose of (35-55 mg/kg) of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) up to twenty days in alternate days. Observed the convulsive behavior of rats for thirty minutes immediately after PTZ injection.  The entire treatment schedule includes the administration of melatonin (75 mg/kg) one hour prior to the PTZ administration. Sodium valproate was used as standard drug for this kindling model of epilepsy.
Keywords: Pentylenetetrazole, Melatonin, Sodium valproate, Gamma-amino butyric acid
A Comprehensive Review on Plant derived Natural products for Diabetes and its complication as nephropathy
Authors: Jain Pankaj G. , Nayse Priti G. , Patil Dipali J. , Surana Sanjay J.
Published: September 2024

Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most severe microangiopathies of diabetes taking heavy toll on human lives. Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by the accumulation of extracelluar matrix protein leading to irreversible decline in renal function and end stage renal disease. Incomplete knowledge about molecular mechanism underlying nephropathy limit the use of modern medicines to treat this clinical entity. Moreover, current standard of therapy for diabetic nephropathy mainly focus on reduction in hyperglycemia and hypertension. These therapies have limited effect on delaying nephropathy progression. A pressing need for novel therapies initiated studies targeting various molecular pathways involved in nephropathic changes. Herbal medicines with beneficial phytochemicals are reported to delay the progression of nephropathic changes in diabetes in various experimental studies. This review try to summarize various phytoconstituents proved to be effective in management of diabetic nephropathy. The goal is to identify promising phytoconstituents that can be translated into beneficial therapeutic options.
Keywords: Diabetic complications, Medicinal plants, Phytoconstituents, Oxidative stress.
Formulation and evaluation of Vasaka granules for asthma
Authors: Bangar Mayuri S , Balsaraf Chetana D , Dhamdhere Sampada K , Patel Salim G , Jadhav S. L , Gaikwad D. D.
Published: September 2024

Asthma is a chronic disease of bronchi which usually requires continuous medical care. Approaches for drug formulation that easy to administer especially for chronic diseases can form valuable therapy.Azathodavasica is a plant believed to have several therapeutic effects including antiasthmatic properties.It is the leaves,which are of great importance for asthma. Azathodavasicaneesbelonging to family Acanthaceae, it is found mainly in India It is also called as vasaka. vasaka herb is used for treating cold cough and asthma. It is a well-knownayurvedic medicine for expectorant and helps to ease out the phlegm.Vasaka leaves contain quinazoline alkaloids such as vasicinone, vasicine, vasicinol, vasicol granules can be used for the treatment of asthma as they offer advantages such as faster disintegration and dissolution as compare to tablet capsules.1
Keywords: vasicinone, vasicine, vasicol, Acanthaceae, Azathoda.
Application value of drainage technique in biological patch
Authors: Liu Yan , Zuo1 Yanbo , Jin Xiaoshi
Published: September 2024

Objective The reliability and necessity of the drainage technique were discussed by comparing the application of drainage technique in the clinical application of acellular matrix material biological mesh. Method Forty-three patients with inguinal hernia were divided into two groups, all of whom were treated with Biodesign Surgisis（SIS） biological mesh for inguinal hernia repair. Twenty-one patients in the experimental group were treated with drainage technology, while 22 patients in the control group were not treated with drainage technology. The postoperative indicators and complications such as seroma, postoperative infection and chronic pain in the two groups were statistically analyzed. Result After statistical observation and comparison, there was a significant difference in postoperative seroma between patients with and without drainage devices (P<0.05).There was no significant difference in postoperative indicators, postoperative infection, postoperative chronic pain, postoperative foreign body sensation, postoperative recurrence, etc. (P>0.05).Conclusion The application of drainage device can reduce the occurrence of adverse events of seroma after the repair of inguinal hernia with acellular matrix material biological mesh.
Keywords: biological patch; Seroma; Tension-free herniorrhaphy; The drainage device
Evaluation of Ayurvedic formulation for Pharmacognostic parameters, Phytochemical screening, and acute toxicity
Authors: Singh Hansraj , Indoria Manish Dev , Saxena Gaurav , Kumar Nitin , Kumari Nutan
Published: September 2024

In this age, there is an urgent need to meticulously examine the present indisputable conclusion on traditional herbal medicines, which are used for a favourable outcome for various maladies. Therefore the current investigation aimed to formulate traditional Ayurvedic medicine  Amrtabhallataka Ghrta. (ABG) and evaluate it for pharmacognostic, phytochemistry and acute toxicity on Wistar rats. The organoleptic and microscopical features of Semecarpus anacardium were studied. Further, Bhallantaka nut was evaluated for phytochemical constituents. After the Shodhana process, Amrtabhallataka Ghrita was prepared. Further Ghrita was analysed for its organoleptic, physicochemical features and screened its acute toxicity in Wistar rats. The progress in analytical methodologies could serve as a specific basis for examination in herbal drug technology, thereby, aid the Ayurvedic industry to lay down quality standards and parameters, for the establishment of therapeutic efficacy, safety and purity of herbal drugs.
Keywords: Semecarpus anacardium, Ghrita Standardization, Herbal ghee, Ayurvedic medicine Acute Toxicity
PEGylated liposome containing sildenafil for the treatment of hypertension
Authors: Sharma Jaiprakash , Paliwal Sarvesh , Sharma Swapnil , Dave Vivek
Published: September 2024

The purpose of this study was to prepare PEGylated liposomes containing sildenafil for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. PEGylated liposomes were prepared by thin film hydration method by varying the concentration of lipids. The prepared liposomes were characterized for the particle size, PDI, zeta potential, % entrapment efficiency and in-vitro release study. The optimized formulation exhibits a particle size of 104.27±1.4 nm, PDI of 0.449±0.02, zeta potential of -42.9±0.7 along with the maximum encapsulation of drug i.e. 87.30±2.6. Optimized formulation showed % cumulative drug release of 85.38±0.26 in 48 hr.  From the study it can be concluded that the PEGylated liposomes containing sildenafil for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension provides a sustained release of drug and further studies are required to confirm their efficacy at clinical level.
Keywords: Sildenafil; PEGylated liposomes; Pulmonary arterial hypertension; % entrapment efficiency
Evaluation of serum Manganese and Zinc in non-cancerous thyroid disorders in Khartoum State-Sudan
Authors: Saeed Abdelwahab Abdien , Ataitalla Hoyam Abdalla , Elmukashfi Salman Taha Ahmed
Published: September 2024

Background: The thyroid gland is responsible for the production of two hormones. Those are regulating body metabolism, neurologic development, and numerous other body functions. So this study aimed to determine the level of serum Zinc and Manganese in Sudanese patient with non-cancerous thyroid disorders in Khartoum state.
Material and Methods: This study was designed as case control, which includes 100 blood samples, a 60 from these samples were collected from patient with non-cancerous thyroid disorders and 40 samples were collected from health individual as control group. A total of 60 blood samples from the patients the males is 32 sample 53% and females is 28 sample 47%. Carried out in different Hospital in Khartoum state and the sample is collected by using sterile disposable syringes and separated by centrifuge, during period from March to June 2018. And the serum levels of zinc and manganese determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (OPERATOR’S MANUAL January 2003 VER 3.94 C), and the obtained results were analyzed by SPSS.
Results: The study showed that there was significant different because the mean of serum Zn was 0.285 in test group and 0.720 in control group with p.value of 0.001 in serum level of Zn and Mn in patient compared to control subject, significant decrease in the serum levels of Zn and increase in Mn. Mean of Mn in test group was 0.428 and 0.406 control group with p.value of 0.006. Also the study showed the age, gender of the patient and duration of the disease have no effect on the serum level of Zn and Mn.
Conclusion: This study conclude that the serum level of Zn is decrease and Mn is increase in patients with non-cancerous thyroid disorders and the age, gender of the patient and duration of the disease have no effect on the serum level of Zn and Mn.
Keywords: Thyroid disorders, Zinc, Manganese, Sudanese
Free Radical Pharmacology and its role in various diseases
Authors: Gupta Priya , Jyoti RB , Gupta Saibya
Published: September 2024

Free Radicals are molecules with an unpaired electron and are important intermediates in natural processes. Free radicals are very unstable and react quickly with other compounds, and try to capture the needed electron to gain stability. Once the process is started, it can cascade, and finally results in the disruption of a living cell. Generally, harmful effects of reactive oxygen species on the cell are most often like damage of DNA, oxidations of polydesaturated fatty acids in lipids, oxidations of amino acids in proteins, oxidatively inactivate specific enzymes by oxidation of co-factors. Free radicals cause many human diseases like cancer Alzheimer’s disease, cardiac reperfusion abnormalities, kidney disease, fibrosis, etc. The free radicals formed in our body are combated by antioxidants that safely interact with free radicals and terminate the chain reaction before vital molecules are damaged. Excessive exercise has been found to increase the free radical level in the body and causes intense damage to the Regular physical exercise enhances the antioxidant defense system and protects against exercise induced free radical damage.
Keywords: Radicals, Free Radicals, Reactive oxygen species, Anti-oxidant, Redox signaling.
Evaluation of antiasthmatic activity of Caesalpinia bonducella [L.] Roxb. seed
Authors: Khandagale Prakash Devidas , Puri Abhijeet V.
Published: September 2024

Objective: The study was planned to investigate the antiasthmatic activity of C. bonducella seeds by means of various in-vitro and in-vivo animal models.
Methods: In the present study, petroleum ether and ethanolic extracts of C. bonducella seeds were evaluated for preliminary phytochemical screening and antiasthmatic activity in-vitro.
Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening has revealed the presence of steroids, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. Ethanolic extract of C. bonducella seeds exhibited antihistaminic activity at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg, it inhibited clonidine-induced catalepsy but not haloperidol-induced catalepsy. Ethanolic extract significantly inhibited increased leukocyte besides eosinophil count due to milk allergen moreover showed maximum protection against mast cell degranulation by clonidine. The results of guinea pig ileum indicated that the compound 2-methyl, 1-hexadecanol isolated from ethanolic extract significantly relaxed the ileum muscle strips that were pre-contracted.
Conclusion: The present study concludes that the antiasthmatic activity of ethanolic extract C. bonducella seeds may be due to 2-methyl, 1-hexadecanol. Hence, a detailed study needs to be conducted to isolate phytoconstituents responsible for antiasthmatic activity accordingly their clinical efficacy in the treatment of related diseases.
Keywords: C. bonducella, Phytochemical Screening, Antiasthmatic activity
Ophthalmic pH Sensitive In-Situ Gel: A Review
Authors: Garge Lajri Vasant , Saudagar Ravindranath
Published: September 2024

Ocular Drug Delivery has been a major challenging and interesting field for the pharmaceutical scientist due to unique anatomy and physiology of eye. The eye suffers from various problems like glaucoma, dry eye syndrome, keratitis, endopthalmitis, trachoma and conjunctivitis. To achieve the effective ocular therapy within the eye. An adequate amount of active ingredients must be delivered and maintained at the site of action. The conventional therapy exhibits the poor bioavailability due to the rapid precorneal drug loss. There are some static and dynamic barriers which also affect the bioavailability of drug. There are considerable efforts which are directed towards newer drug system for ocular administration to overcome the drawbacks of conventional therapy. The use of in situ overcomes the problems when drop instilled into the eye it undergoes sol-gel transition and transition form in cul-de-sac. This review involves in-situ gel system which includes thermally triggered system, pH triggered system and ion cross linking system. It involves detailed method of preparation and evaluation parameters of pH triggered system.
Keywords: Ocular Drug Delivery, in-situ gel, pH sensitive, temperature sensitive, ion sensitive.
The Development and validation of few UV Spectrophotometric methods for the determination of Apremilast in bulk form and pharmaceutical dosage form
Authors: Mondal Sumanta , Paidipati Sowmya , Potlapally Sneha , Vanapalli Goutham Kumar
Published: September 2024

Apremilast is an analog of thalidomide and used as a medication for the treatment of certain type of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. It is pale yellow to white colour powder which is non-hygroscopic and practically insoluble in water and buffer solutions of wide pH range, but is soluble is lipophilic solvents like acetone , acetonitrile , butanone , dichloromethane and tetrahydrofuran. Validation study was performed to develop novel, simple, precise, sensitive and accurate UV spectrophotometric method w for the estimation of Apremilast. Double beam UV-VIS spectrophotometer (UV-1800, Shimadzu, Japan) with a pair of 10mm path length matched quartz cells were used for the study. Method A(methanol), Method B(ethanol), Method C(DMSO), Method D( acetonitrile) were developed foe estimation of Apremilast by zero-order and first-order derivative. Linearity was carried out in the concentration range of 0.2-1.0µg/ml and correlation coefficients were found to be 0.999. The relative standard deviation was found to be <2%. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.120µg/ml and 0.7810µg/ml respectively. Hence, the methods were validated according to ICH to guidelines and can be adopted for the routine analysis of Apremilast in pure and table dosage form.
Keywords: Apremilast, UV visible spectrophotometer, zero-order, first-order derivative, ICH guidelines.
Formulation and evaluation of floating microspheres of lovastatin using Eudragit-E and ethyl cellulose by solvent evaporation method
Authors: Purohit Kapil Kumar , Garud Navneet
Published: September 2024

Hollow multі-unіt mіcrospheres were prepared by a solvent dіffusіon technіque іn emulsіon wіth a drug and an acrylіc polymer. These were dіssolved іn a mіxture of ethanol-dіchloromethane and poured іnto an aqueous solutіon of PVA wіth stіrrіng to form emulsіon droplets. The rate of drug release іn mіcro balloons was controlled by changіng the ratіo of polymer to drug. The mіcroballoons were floatіng іn vіtro for 12-24 hours when submerged іn aqueous medіa. Radіographіc studіes showed that mіcroballons admіnіstered orally to humans were dіspersed іn the upper part of the stomach and were held there for 3 hours agaіnst perіstaltіc movement. Floating Microspheres of Lovastatin were formed by Solvent Evaporation method .The formulas LV7 of Lovastatin Floating Microspheres shows a very good drug release profiles and shown better sustained action till the end of last hour (24th hrs). It will improve patient compliance and increase in bioavailability which give better approach to treat hypertensive condition and the antihyperlipidemic action of Lovastatin lower the long term complications of Hypertension and reduce the risk of heart failure, CHF, Myocardial Infarction and also vascular damage in blood vessels and kidney.
Keywords: Lovastatin, Floating microspheres, Drug Entrapment, In-vitro drug release.
A review on polymers in natural or modified form used in sustained release tablet
Authors: Kumari Satish , Puri Anchal , Dev Dhruv , Prasad DN , Monika ,
Published: September 2024

Tablet is a solid dosage form which is used to deliver the drug to the body to make pharmacological action. The oral dosage form should disperse into small particles to deliver active ingredients in the body, the disperse time of the dosage form depends on the ingredients which are used in the tablet. To make the tablet disintegrate slow usually sustained release agents are used. The sustained release tablets helps in maintaining the drug concentration in the body for the higher time. In this review article various polymers of natural origin and their modified forms are studied, which can be used in the sustained release tablet. In this review article the polymers studied were, Psyllium husk, HPMC K100M, Cellulose polymers, Cellulose ether polymers, Xanthan gum, Guar gum, Eudragit RLPO, Eudragit RSPO, Eudragit RL 100, Eudragit RS 100, Kollidone SR and Carnauba wax. Now a day the sustained release tablets are used more than the conventional tablets because of the patient incompliance. The main part of the sustained release tablets are the polymers. In the study it was found that the modified forms of natural polymers works better than in their natural form. In the study it was found that the hydrophilic polymers also work better like Xanthan gum and Guar gum, they are effecting and non-toxic in nature. The cellulose derivatives were studied and it was found that Substituted cellulose-methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose works better in the combination form.
Keywords: Sustained release, Xanthan gum, Guar gum, Eudragit, Kollidone, HPMC
Agni Dushti and Associated Diseases: An Ayurveda Perspective
Authors: Tiwari Ashish , Khatik Rohit , Kanungo Neeraj , Kanungo Viajayata
Published: September 2024

The medical system of India Ayurveda encompasses traditional knowledge about diseases and their management, in this regards Ayurveda science mentioned different theories and principles related to healthy living. Furthermore Ayurveda emphasized various concept related to normal or abnormal physiological functioning of body and Agni is one of such concept. The digestive & metabolic activities of body govern through the Agni which not only perform digestion and assimilation of food but also contributes greatly towards the growth and development of body. The normal functioning of Agni provides Bala, Ayu, Swasthyam, Ojha, Utsaha, Teja and Prabha thus help to maintain good physical and mental status. On the other hand improper functioning of Agni leads Agni Dusthi which is the major causative factor for many digestive and metabolic ailments. The Agni Dusthi and diseases associated with disturbed functioning of Agni increasing day by day due to the unwholesome consumption of dietary materials. Considering this aspect present article summarized some clinical manifestation of Agni Dusthi.
Keywords: Ayurveda, Agni, Agni Dusthi, Digestion.
Emerging Novel Drug Delivery System for Control Release of Curcumin through Sodium Alginate/Poly(ethylene glycol) Semi IPN Microbeads-Intercalated with Kaolin Nanoclay
Authors: Sreekanth Reddy O. , Subha M.C.S , Jithendra T. , Madhavi C. , Chowdoji Rao K.
Published: September 2024

The aim of the present work is fabrication of Curcumin encapsulated microbeads from Sodium Alginate/Polyethylene Glycol/Kaolin using glutaraldehyde as crosslinker by simple ionotropic gelation technique. The developed microbeads were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to confirm the formation of microbeads. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction studies have confirmed uniform molecular dispersion of CUR in the microbeads. Encapsulation efficiency of CUR in microbeads was ranged from 40 to 49%. Dynamic swelling studies and in vitro release kinetics were performed in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.4) and simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) at 37 oC. The results suggest that both swelling studies and cumulative release studies were depend on pH of the test medium, which might be suitable for intestinal drug delivery. The in vitro release data were analysed by using Korsmeyer peppas equation to compute the diffusion exponent (n); the results suggest that it followed non-Fickian diffusion.
Keywords: Sodium Alginate, Polyethylene Glycol, Kaolin, Microbeads, Drug delivery
An exhaustive overview of floating drug delivery system
Authors: Mukherjee Lucky , Chandra Srikanta , Mukherjee Bijayan , Bhowmick Mithun
Published: September 2024

The purpose of writing this review is to narrowing down on floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) and to compile the current literature with special focus on the principal mechanism of floatation to ameliorate gastric retention. The current amelioration of FDDS including the physiological and formulation variables affecting gastric retention approaches to design single unit and multiple unit floating systems, and a plethora and formulation aspects are covered in detail. This review also summarizes the in vitro technique and in vivo studies to evaluate the performance and application of floating systems and applications of these systems. These systems are useful to several plights encountered during the amelioration of a pharmaceutical dosage form.
Keywords:  FDDS: Floating Drug Delivery System, ND: Narrowing down, PD: Pharmaceutical dosage
Cancer Cell Metabolism: A Review
Authors: Bordoloi Rajashree , Bhuyan Shuvam , Das Abhijit
Published: September 2024

It has been known for decades that cancer cells exhibit enhanced rates of Glucose uptake and glycolysis. Rapidly growing Tumor cells display remarkably different metabolic autonomy from the tissues which they are derived. Tumor cells alter their metabolism to support growth and proliferation. In this study, we have re-examined the metabolism in tumor cells and have made an attempt to bring together the major contributions made to this topic till date. This review in particular highlights the altered metabolism in the high energy demanding tumour cells, genetic changes that alter tumour cell metabolism and the role of metabolic microenvironments that may promote malignant progression.
Keywords: Crabtree, Warburg, Metabolic microenvironments, Hypoxia, pH,
Protective effects of some Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) grade food preservatives against experimentally induced renal dysfunction
Authors: Dassarma Barsha , Samanta Saptadip , Nandi Dilip K , Gangopadhyay Somnath
Published: September 2024

Drug induced nephrotoxicity is the current concern of research due to its awful worldwide occurrences. Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) grade food preservatives e.g. butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), L-ascorbic acid (Vit.C) and gamma-tocopherol (Vit. E) exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties against severe oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of food preservatives on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced (230 mg/ kg b wt/ rat/day) nephritic damage in rats. Nephritic markers like serum urea, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine; antioxidant markers such as GSH, SOD, CAT, GPx, and lipid peroxidation end product, MDA were measured to establish anti-oxidant properties of said food preservatives and vitamins. The results had shown an elevated level of serum urea (387.30%), blood urea nitrogen (376%), serum creatinine (646.82%) and marked decreased activity of antioxidant markers like SOD (81.03%), CAT (72.24%), GSH (63.04%), GPx (50.34%) as well. CCl4 induced nephrotoxicity also caused 48.14% and 59.47% increase in sodium and potassium concentration. Histological studies also confirmed that antioxidant status in renal cells was restored as BHA, BHT, L-ascorbic acid, and gamma-tocopherol successfully ameliorated certain degenerative changes caused due to CCl4 intoxication. Therefore, it can be concluded that supplementation of certain food preservatives like BHA, BHT and like Vitamins L-ascorbic acid, gamma-tocopherol may be potentially beneficial to the community affected by severe renal dysfunction.  
Keywords: butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, L-ascorbic acid, gamma-tocopherol, CCl4 intoxication.
Synthesis, Characterization and Drug delivery of Verapamil Hydrochloride loaded Montmorillonite Nanocomposite Beads
Authors: Mallikarjuna B. , Sreekanth Reddy O. , Pallavi K , Subha M.C.S , Madhavi N.
Published: September 2024

In the present research programme, Verapamil Hydrochloride loaded Sodium Alginate/Polyethylene oxide/Montmorillonite nanocomposite beads were prepared by using gelation method.   Sodium alginate (SA) and  Poly ethylene oxide (PEO) with different ratios were blended with different weight ratios of MMT solution. The nanocomposite beads were characterized Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (X-RD). FTIR was used to understand the hydrogen bonding between SA, PEO, MMT and drug. The X-RD studies were performed to understand the crystalline nature of drug after encapsulation into the beads. SEM was used to study the surface morphology of nanocomposite beads. In vitro studies were carried out in buffer media by using UV-vis spectroscopy(λmax-263nm) at pH 7.4. The Controlled drug release studies were observed upto 12hrs.
Keywords: Sodium Alginate (SA), Poly ethylene oxide (PEO), Montmorillonite (MMT), Verapamil Hydrochloride (VPHCl), Nanocomposite beads  and Drug Delivery
Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Potential of Amaranthus Dubius Leaf on Rodent Models
Authors: Patel Brajesh , Chourasiya Anand
Published: September 2024

Amaranthus dubius is known for its various remedies against many ill conditions. Present study has been carried out to delayed type hypersensitivity reaction also stimulated by Amaranthus dubius significantly indicates that the extract could stimulate the haemopoetic system. The mechanism of action could be unfolded only after detailed investigations whereby the extract modulates the immune system however; the extract contains compounds which had immunomodulatory activity. CMI responses are critical to defence against infectious organisms, infection of foreign grafts, tumor immunity and delayed‐type hypersensitivity reactions. Therefore, increase in DTH reaction in rat in response to T cell dependent antigen revealed the stimulatory effect by pretreatment of levamisole on T cell. DTH is a part of the process of graft rejection, tumour immunity, and, most important, immunity to many intracellular infectious microorganisms, especially those causing chronic diseases.
Keywords: Amaranthus dubius, Immunomodulatory Potential, Antigen, Hypersensitivity
A new validated stability-indicating gradient RP-HPLC method for the determination of pemetrexed disodium and its process related substances
Authors: Hemchand S. , Babu R. Ravi Chandra , Annapurna Mukthinuthalapati Mathrusri
Published: September 2024

Pemetrexed disodium is used for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma and lung cancer. In the present study a simple stability indicating RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of Pemetrexed disodium. The process related substances such as Dimer-1 impurity, Dimer-2 impurity, N-Methyl Pemetrexed, Pemetrexed diethyl ester, Alanine derivative of Pemetrexed, DMF derivative of Pemetrexed, Acid intermediate, Oxidation impurity and D-isomer were separated on gradient mode and quantified. Forced degradation studies were performed to prove the specificity. Hypersil BDS C18 100 x 4.6mm, 3µm was used for the separation (at 27°C) with mobile phase mixture consisting of (0.02M sodium dihydrogen phosphate with 0.1% HCOOH and pH 3.8 with dilute sodium hydroxide): Acetonitrile (40:60 v/v) (pH 3.8) with a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. Methanol: water (1:1) was used as diluent and the eluted compounds were monitored at 240 nm. 0.5-1500 µg/mL with linear regression equation y = 20588x - 9294.1 (R2=0.9999). The degradation products observed during the forced degradation studies were well resolved from the drug peak and proving that the method is a stability-indicating method. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines.
Keywords: Pemetrexed disodium, RP-HPLC, gradient mode, Related substances, Stability indicating, Validation.
Putative Role of Moringa oleifera in Prophylaxis of Chemotherapy Induced Neuropathic Pain in Mice
Authors: Chandra Srikanta , Das Avik , Ray Tathagata , Mukherjee Lucky , Samanta Jyotirmay
Published: September 2024

Cancer chemotherapy is associated with a plethora of morbidities among which neuropathic pain is a prevalent one. The pathology underpinning chemotherapy induced neuropathic pain can be multifarious, however, dearth of effective medication largely plagues the quality of life of such patients. A good rationale can be found behind focusing on herbal alternatives like extracts of Moringa oleifera for which anti-cancer potential has already been reported. Hence we have carried out a pilot study for evaluating the protective potential of the methanolic extract of the plant against paclitaxel induced neuropathic pain in mice. Our evaluation has been based on standard paradigms focusing on neuromotor, oxidative and histopathological assessments. We have found significant improvisation in groups treated with both pregabalin and extract, the amelioration being largely graded in nature. Hence our research has opened up the doors of a newer horizon of herbal alternatives available for chemotherapy induced neuropathic pain, however further look out into the domain is avidly awaited for.
Keywords: NP: Neuropathic Pain, CC: Cancer Chemotherapy, HA: Herbal Alternatives
Novel Strategy: Microsponges for Topical Drug Delivery
Authors: Monika , , Dua Jagdeep Singh , Prasad D.N. , Hans Mansi , Sharma Rajni , Kumari Satish
Published: September 2024

Microsponge delivery system is a unique and effective technology for the controlled release of topical agents. It is highly cross- linked porous, polymeric microspheres that can entrap wide range of active agents and in response to trigger or stimuli and release them onto the skin over a time. It consists of micro-porous beads, typically 5-300µm in diameter that acquire the flexibility to entrap a wide variety of active ingredients such as fragrances, sunscreens, emollients, anti-fungal, anti-infective, and anti-inflammatory agents etc., that are mostly used to prolong the topical administration of the drug . Recently it was investigated that microsponges also used for oral drug delivery system. The topical agent formulation with microsponge delivery system can be prepared in many different forms, such as cream, gel, or lotion. When the formulation is applied to the skin, the MDS releases its active ingredients on a time and in response to other stimuli (rubbing, temperature, pH etc.). They reduce side effects, enhance stability and modify drug release. Because of the size of the microsponges they cannot pass through the stratum corneum, so they remain on the skin surface and slowly releasing the active ingredients over a period. Slow rate of release from MDS reduce the irritancy associated with the topical agents. Slow and gradual release pattern of MDS prevents excessive build-up of the active agents in the epidermis and dermis. Therefore, these particles, remains on the surface of the skin and its fine lines delivering the active over prolonged time.                                                                     
Keywords: Microsponge Delivery System, Quasi- emulsion solvent diffusion.
In-Vitro anti-inflammatory activity of S. xanthocarpum and A. officinarum herb by Human red blood cell membrane stabilization method
Authors: Journal Chandra Shekhar Singh , Gupta Shailesh , Jain Alok Pal
Published: September 2024

Natural remedies are more acceptable in the belief that they are safer with fewer side effects than the synthetic ones. Herbal formulations have growing demand in the world market. Solanum xanthocarpum herb is highly used by the rural and tribal people in curing various disorders. The aim of the current investigation is evaluation of anti inflammatory activity of solanum xanthocarpum extract  and Alpinia officinarum. In-vitro anti-inflammatory study performed by percentage inhibition of Human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method. Four different concentration of extract 1mg/ml, 2 mg/ml, 4 mg/ml and 6 mg/ml were used for each extract. Among which ethanolic extract of S. xanthocarpum at concentration 6 mg/ml showed 50.1 % protection of HRBC in hypotonic solution and A. officinarum extract at concentration 6 mg/ml showed 56.89 while combination of extract (1:1 ratio) at concentration 6 mg/ml showed 67.89 % protection of HRBC in hypotonic solution. All the results were compared with standard indomethacin which showed 70.0 % protection at concentration 2.5 mg/ml
Keyword: Natural remedies, anti-inflammatory, Human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization, hypotonic solution.
Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Form
Authors: Dighe Nachiket S , Shinde Ganesh S , Magar Sagar. D. , Deodhe Ankita V.
Published: September 2024

An analytical method was developed for estimation of Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in drug product by using high performance liquid chromatography. The chromatographic separation was performed on column Cosmosil C18 (250mm x 4.6ID, Particle size: 5micron) using methanol: water (70:30 v/v) as mobile phase with flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. The detection was carried by using UV-300-M detector at 266 nm wavelength. The retention times of Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate were found to be 3.561 and 5.478 min respectively. Run time was observed as 5.54 min and 7.05 min respectively for Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate. Validation was performed as per ICH guidelines which include accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity, LOD, LOQ, ruggedness and robustness all of these were found within standard range as per ICH norms. Preparation of mobile phase is very simple & does not require lengthy procedure. Proposed method was found to be accurate and specific for routine quality control of pharmaceutical dosage form like bulk and tablet dosage form.
Keywords: Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, HPLC, Validation.