bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary splenic anaplastic variant of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a case report
Authors: Ismail Sawsan , Ali Filip , Ajamieh Hussein , Kanaan Samir , Issa Rana , Daoud Ali , Alshehabi Zuheir
Published: May 2021

Background

Primary splenic lymphoma represents a rare entity that constitutes less than 1% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and less than 2% of all lymphomas. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common histological subtype of primary splenic lymphomas. DLBCL encompasses a heterogeneous entity with distinct morphological variants. The anaplastic variant of DLBCL was first defined in the 2017 World Health Organization classification as a rare histological subtype that constitutes less than 3.4% of DLBCL cases.

Case presentation

A 65-year-old Syrian man presented to our hospital with constant dull localized left upper quadrant abdominal pain for about 20 days accompanied by general weakness, loss of appetite, and rapid weight loss. Clinical examination revealed isolated splenomegaly and left upper abdominal tenderness. Following physical, laboratory, and radiologic examinations, the patient underwent splenectomy. Interestingly, pathological and immunohistochemical examinations of the resected spleen confirmed the diagnosis of a primary anaplastic variant of DLBCL.

Conclusions

Herein, we aimed to present an unusual combination of a rare splenic neoplasm and a unique lymphoma subtype. Furthermore, we aimed to highlight the difficulties in differential diagnosis and the importance of histological and immunohistochemical examinations with clinical correlation.
Nanopattern surface improves cultured human myotube maturation
Authors: Brunetti Jessica , Koenig Stéphane , Monnier Arthur , Frieden Maud
Published: May 2021

Background

In vitro maturation of human primary myoblasts using 2D culture remains a challenging process and leads to immature fibers with poor internal organization and function. This would however represent a valuable system to study muscle physiology or pathophysiology from patient myoblasts, at a single-cell level.

Methods

Human primary myoblasts were cultured on 800-nm wide striated surface between two layers of Matrigel, and in a media supplemented with an inhibitor of TGFβ receptor. Gene expression, immunofluorescence, and Ca2+ measurements upon electrical stimulations were performed at various time points during maturation to assess the organization and function of the myotubes.

Results

We show that after 10 days in culture, myotubes display numerous functional acetylcholine receptor clusters and express the adult isoforms of myosin heavy chain and dihydropyridine receptor. In addition, the myotubes are internally well organized with striations of α-actinin and STIM1, and occasionally ryanodine receptor 1. We also demonstrate that the myotubes present robust Ca2+ responses to repetitive electrical stimulations.

Conclusion

The present method describes a fast and efficient system to obtain well matured and functional myotubes in 2D culture allowing thorough analysis of single-cell Ca2+ signals.
National genotype prevalence and age distribution of human papillomavirus from infection to cervical cancer in Japanese women: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol
Authors: Palmer Matthew , Katanoda Kota , Saito Eiko , Martellucci Cecilia Acuti , Ostuki Shiori , Nomura Shuhei , Ota Erika , Brotherton Julia M. L. , Hocking Jane
Published: May 2021

Background

Despite prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination being a safe, effective and cost-effective public health intervention for the prevention of cervical cancer, the HPV vaccine is not actively recommended or promoted by the Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare in Japan. With already very low levels of cervical screening below 30%, and vaccination levels that are below levels that award any population effect at 0.3% of the eligible population, cervical cancer mortality is higher than other similar high-income countries at 4.4/100,000 (2900) deaths per year in 2015. There is limited population-based or nationally representative data for HPV genotype distribution in Japan, thus making an assessment of the burden of vaccine-preventable cervical cancer difficult. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to determine the HPV genotype prevalence and age distribution of HPV infection in women with a cytological or histological diagnosis of normal through cervical cancer in Japan. We anticipate this information will guide and enhance programme interventions to reduce vaccine-preventable cervical cancer mortality in Japan.

Methods

PubMed, Embase and the Japan Medical Abstract Society Database will be searched from the date of establishment to March 2021 to identify original research articles that report the prevalence of HPV genotypes in Japanese women with normal cervical cytology, low grade, high grade and cancerous cervical lesions. No exclusion criteria relating to language or publication date will be applied. The quality of the studies will be assessed using the Joanna Briggs checklist for prevalence studies. Randomised control trials, cohort studies, cross-sectional and prevalence studies will be considered eligible. Study findings will be combined using a traditional random-effects or fixed-effects meta-analysis to summarise pooled prevalence and 95% confidence intervals depending on heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression will be used to investigate heterogeneity, and sensitivity analyses will be conducted to assess the robustness of the findings.

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review protocol that includes both Japanese and English peer-reviewed articles for the determination of genotype-specific HPV prevalence in cytological or histological confirmed normal cervical specimens, low- and high-grade intraepithelial lesions and cervical cancers by age in Japan. We anticipate this information will guide and enhance programme interventions to reduce vaccine-preventable cervical cancer mortality in Japan.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO CRD42018117596
Diet, obesity, and the gut microbiome as determinants modulating metabolic outcomes in a non-human primate model
Authors: Newman Tiffany M. , Shively Carol A. , Register Thomas C. , Appt Susan E. , Yadav Hariom , Colwell Rita R. , Fanelli Brian , Dadlani Manoj , Graubics Karlis , Nguyen Uyen Thao , Ramamoorthy Sivapriya , Uberseder Beth , Clear Kenysha Y. J. , Wilson Adam S. , Reeves Kimberly D. , Chappell Mark C. , Tooze Janet A. , Cook Katherine L.
Published: May 2021

Background

The objective of this study was to increase understanding of the complex interactions between diet, obesity, and the gut microbiome of adult female non-human primates (NHPs). Subjects consumed either a Western (n=15) or Mediterranean (n=14) diet designed to represent human dietary patterns for 31 months. Body composition was determined using CT, fecal samples were collected, and shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed. Gut microbiome results were grouped by diet and adiposity.

Results

Diet was the main contributor to gut microbiome bacterial diversity. Adiposity within each diet was associated with subtle shifts in the proportional abundance of several taxa. Mediterranean diet-fed NHPs with lower body fat had a greater proportion of Lactobacillus animalis than their higher body fat counterparts. Higher body fat Western diet-fed NHPs had more Ruminococcus champaneliensis and less Bacteroides uniformis than their low body fat counterparts. Western diet-fed NHPs had significantly higher levels of Prevotella copri than Mediterranean diet NHPs. Western diet-fed subjects were stratified by P. copri abundance (P. copriHIGH versus P. copriLOW), which was not associated with adiposity. Overall, Western diet-fed animals in the P. copriHIGH group showed greater proportional abundance of B. ovatus, B. faecis, P. stercorea, P. brevis, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii than those in the Western P. copriLOW group. Western diet P. copriLOW subjects had a greater proportion of Eubacterium siraeum. E. siraeum negatively correlated with P. copri proportional abundance regardless of dietary consumption. In the Western diet group, Shannon diversity was significantly higher in P. copriLOW when compared to P. copriHIGH subjects. Furthermore, gut E. siraeum abundance positively correlated with HDL plasma cholesterol indicating that those in the P. copriLOW population may represent a more metabolically healthy population. Untargeted metabolomics on urine and plasma from Western diet-fed P. copriHIGH and P. copriLOW subjects suggest early kidney dysfunction in Western diet-fed P. copriHIGH subjects.

Conclusions

In summary, the data indicate diet to be the major influencer of gut bacterial diversity. However, diet and adiposity must be considered together when analyzing changes in abundance of specific bacterial taxa. Interestingly, P. copri appears to mediate metabolic dysfunction in Western diet-fed NHPs.
The precision of epidemiological investigation of COVID-19 transmission in Shanghai, China
Authors: Shi Ying , Jiang Hong-Lin , Yang Mei-Xia , Dong Lin-Juan , Chen Yue , Zhou Yi-Biao , Jiang Qing-Wu
Published: May 2021

Background

Shanghai had a local outbreak of COVID-19 from January 21 to 24. Timely and precise strategies were taken to prevent further spread of the disease. We discussed and shared the experience of COVID-19 containment in Shanghai.

Process

The first two patients worked at two hospitals but no staff from the two hospitals were infected. The suspected case and his two close contacts were confirmed to be infected within 12 h. The testing rate of individuals was low. The scope of screening was minimized to two related districts and the close contact tracing was completed within 12 h, which were precise and cost-effective.

Conclusions

Active monitoring, precise epidemiological investigation and timely nucleic acid testing help discover new cases, minimize the scope of screening, and interrupt the transmission.

Graphic abstract
Comparison of different methods for post-therapeutic dosimetry in [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 radioligand therapy
Authors: Rosar Florian , Schön Niklas , Bohnenberger Hendrik , Bartholomä Mark , Stemler Tobias , Maus Stephan , Khreish Fadi , Ezziddin Samer , Schaefer-Schuler Andrea
Published: May 2021

Background

Dosimetry is of high importance for optimization of patient-individual PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy (PSMA-RLT). The aim of our study was to evaluate and compare the feasibility of different approaches of image-based absorbed dose estimation in terms of accuracy and effort in clinical routine.

Methods

Whole-body planar images and SPECT/CT images were acquired from 24 patients and 65 cycles at 24h, 48h, and ≥96h after administration of a mean activity of 6.4 GBq [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 (range 3–10.9 GBq). Dosimetry was performed by use of the following approaches: 2D planar-based dosimetry, 3D SPECT/CT-based dosimetry, and hybrid dosimetry combining 2D and 3D data. Absorbed doses were calculated according to IDAC 2.1 for the kidneys, the liver, the salivary glands, and bone metastases.

Results

Mean absorbed doses estimated by 3D dosimetry (the reference method) were 0.54 ± 0.28 Gy/GBq for the kidneys, 0.10 ± 0.05 Gy/GBq for the liver, 0.81 ± 0.34 Gy/GBq for the parotid gland, 0.72 ± 0.39 Gy/GBq for the submandibular gland, and 1.68 ± 1.32 Gy/GBq for bone metastases. Absorbed doses of normal organs estimated by hybrid dosimetry showed small, non-significant differences (median up to 4.0%) to the results of 3D dosimetry. Using 2D dosimetry, in contrast, significant differences (median up to 10.9%) were observed. Regarding bone metastases, small, but significant differences (median up to 7.0%) of absorbed dose were found for both, 2D dosimetry and hybrid dosimetry. Bland-Altman analysis revealed high agreement between hybrid dosimetry and 3D dosimetry for normal organs and bone metastases, but substantial differences between 2D dosimetry and 3D dosimetry.

Conclusion

Hybrid dosimetry provides high accuracy in estimation of absorbed dose in comparison to 3D dosimetry for all important organs and is therefore feasible for use in individualized PSMA-RLT.
A comparison of food portion size estimation methods among 11–12 year olds: 3D food models vs an online tool using food portion photos (Intake24)
Authors: Bradley Jennifer , Rowland Maisie K. , Matthews John N. S. , Adamson Ashley J. , Spence Suzanne
Published: May 2021

Background

Technology has advanced bringing new cost-effective methods to measure food intake. The aim of the study was to compare food and drink portion estimates from a traditional portion estimation method using 3D food models with portion estimates using an online dietary recall tool, Intake24.

Methods

11-12 year old children were recruited from secondary schools in Newcastle upon Tyne. Each pupil completed a two-day food diary followed by an interview during which pupils estimated food portion sizes using a range of 3D food models. They also completed Intake24 for the same 2 days. Bland Altman analyses were used to compare mean intake for each method.

Results

Seventy pupils completed both portion estimation methods. There was good agreement in food weight estimations between the two methods (geometric mean ratio 1.00), with limits of agreement ranging from minus 35% to plus 53%. Intake24 provided estimates of energy intake that were 1% lower on average than estimates of energy intake using the food models. Mean intakes of all macro and micronutrients using Intake24 were within 6% of the food model estimates.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that there was little difference in portion estimations from the two methods, allowing comparisons to be made between Intake24 data and food diary data collected from same age pupils using 3D food models in previous years.
Accelerated transcranial magnetic stimulation (aTMS) to treat depression with treatment switching: study protocol of a pilot, randomized, delayed-start trial
Authors: Tan Xiao Wei , Abdin Edimansyah , Tor Phern Chern
Published: May 2021

Background

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a technique for stimulating brain activity using a transient magnetic field to induce an electrical current in the brain producing depolarization of focal groups of brain cells. TMS is a protocol approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in routine clinical practice as a treatment for depression. A major limitation of rTMS is the large amount of time taken for a standard protocol (38 min a day for 20–30 working days). The optimal type and duration of TMS are still uncertain, as is the optimal strategy for continuing or changing the type of rTMS if there is a poor initial response.

Objectives

The trial aims to assess whether a 1-week compressed course of left dorsolateral prefrontal (L DLPFC) 5 Hz accelerated rTMS (aTMS) treatment is as effective as an established 4-week course of non-accelerated rTMS and if additional 5 Hz L DLPFC aTMS treatments will be efficacious in non-responders as compared to 1 Hz right DLPFC aTMS treatment.

Methods

A randomized, single-blind, delayed-start trial was planned to commence in Jan 2020. A total of 60 patients will be enrolled from the Institute of Mental Health Singapore within a 2-year period and randomized into the early or delayed-start phase of the trial. The primary outcome of the trial is the improvement of Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating scale at the end of the active treatment phase.

Discussion

If this study protocol proves to be effective, the findings of this trial will be updated to the College of Psychiatrists, Academy of Medicine Singapore, as well as published in a peer-reviewed journal to enhance local and international TMS treatment guidelines.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov ID:NCT03941106
Quantitative characterization of siliceous contents of different origins by use of logging analysis
Authors: Wang Jianguo , Gu Daihong , Guo Wei , Zhang Haijie , Yang Daoyong
Published: May 2021

We have developed a new and pragmatic technique to quantitatively characterize the silica content of shale of various origins. By comparing the genesis of silica in shale (i.e., biogenic origin, terrigenous origin, and clay transformation), the corresponding silica content per unit volume is determined as a function of the total silica content, each of which is determined from core samples. Subsequently, we have developed a new inverse framework and successfully applied it to quantify different types of silica in the Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale in the Zhaotong area. The biogenic silica content per unit volume is found to be up to 5.61 wt%–5.67 wt%, accounting for 12.8–14.5 times of abiogenic silica, which is approximately 0.39 wt%–0.44 wt%, indicating that biogenic silica contributes more to the total silica than that of abiogenic silica in the bottom of the Longmaxi Formation. Using well-logging data, the biogenic silica content is found to follow the same pattern as the total silica content in the vertical direction. Such an identified pattern together with the silica content leads to more accurate determination of porosity and more appropriate placement of a horizontal well with multistage fractures in a shale gas reservoir.
Petrophysical and geomechanical characterization of the Late Cretaceous limestone reservoirs from the Southeastern Constantine Basin, Algeria
Authors: Baouche Rafik , Sen Souvik , Ganguli Shib Sankar , Boutaleb Khadidja
Published: May 2021

We have characterized the petrophysical and geomechanical properties of the Late Cretaceous Turonian and Cenomanian carbonate reservoirs from the southeast Constantine Basin, northern Algeria. In general, Turonian carbonates exhibit a wide range of porosities (2%–15%) and permeabilities (0.001–10 mD), whereas the Cenomanian reservoir appears to be very tight (<6% porosity and <0.1 mD permeability). Based on their storage and hydraulic flow characteristics, these carbonates were classified into two distinct reservoir rock types (RRT): RRT-I is hosted by nano- to microporosities that displays poor reservoir qualities compared to the RRT-II, consisting of mesoporous Turonian intervals (>10% porosity and 0.5–10 mD permeability). The reservoir pore-pressure gradient is interpreted to be a little above the hydrostatic (0.51 psi/ft), whereas the minimum horizontal stress ([Formula: see text]) has a 0.72 psi/ft gradient. In situ stress analysis establishes a dominant strike-slip tectonic stress field in the basin. Shale intercalations associated with the carbonate facies are characterized by comparatively high failure pressure that can lead to wellbore failures, which may be avoided considering the recommended minimum drilling mud weight as obtained from the rock failure criterion. Extensive wellbore breakouts (C-quality) were observed in the acoustic image logs recorded in the studied reservoir intervals, inferring a mean maximum horizontal stress azimuth of 350°N. We recommend that deviated wells in the direction of the interpreted [Formula: see text] orientation (approximately east–west) using hydraulic fracturing can be useful to attain optimum wellbore stability and effective permeability enhancement. Our findings have significant implications for enhanced production within the tight carbonate reservoirs situated in a strike-slip domain.
International medical graduates: challenges and solutions in psychiatry
Authors: Pemberton Max , Gnanapragasam Sam Nishanth , Bhugra Dinesh
Published: May 2021

International medical graduates provide a valuable service to the healthcare of their adopted countries. However, there remain a significant number of challenges in their adjustment and acculturation in the post-migration phase. We believe that the cultural capital these doctors bring with them can act as a support as well as a challenge. They are likely to face subtle and not-so-subtle, covert and overt discrimination at a number of levels. In this brief report, we highlight some of the issues faced by them and some potential solutions.
Neural cell adhesion molecule is required for ventricular conduction system development
Authors: Delgado Camila , Bu Lei , Zhang Jie , Liu Fang-Yu , Sall Joseph , Liang Feng-Xia , Furley Andrew J. , Fishman Glenn I.
Published: May 2021

The most distal portion of the ventricular conduction system (VCS) contains cardiac Purkinje cells (PCs), which are essential for synchronous activation of the ventricular myocardium. Contactin-2 (CNTN2), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules (IgSF-CAMs), was previously identified as a marker of the VCS. Through differential transcriptional profiling, we discovered two additional highly enriched IgSF-CAMs in the VCS: NCAM-1 and ALCAM. Immunofluorescence staining showed dynamic expression patterns for each IgSF-CAM during embryonic and early postnatal stages, but ultimately all three proteins became highly enriched in mature PCs. Mice deficient in NCAM-1, but not CNTN2 or ALCAM, exhibited defects in PC gene expression and VCS patterning, as well as cardiac conduction disease. Moreover, using ST8sia2 and ST8sia4 knockout mice, we show that inhibition of post-translational modification of NCAM-1 by polysialic acid leads to disrupted trafficking of sarcolemmal intercalated disc proteins to junctional membranes and abnormal expansion of the extracellular space between apposing PCs. Taken together, our data provide insights into the complex developmental biology of the ventricular conduction system.
Development and validation of an MRI-based radiomics nomogram for distinguishing Warthin’s tumour from pleomorphic adenomas of the parotid gland
Authors: Zheng Ying-mei , Chen Jiao , Xu Qi , Zhao Wen-hui , Wang Xin-feng , Yuan Ming-gang , Liu Zong-jing , Wu Zeng-jie , Dong Cheng
Published: May 2021

Objective：

Preoperative differentiation between parotid Warthin’s tumor (WT) and pleomorphic adenoma (PMA) is crucial for treatment decisions. The purpose of this study was to establish and validate an MRI-based radiomics nomogram for preoperative differentiation between WT and PMA.

Methods and materials:

A total of 127 patients with histological diagnosis of WT or PMA from two clinical centres were enrolled in training set (n = 75; WT = 34, PMA = 41) and external test set (n = 52; WT = 24, PMA = 28). Radiomics features were extracted from axial T1WI and fs-T2WI images. A radiomics signature was constructed, and a radiomics score (Rad-score) was calculated. A clinical factors model was built using demographics and MRI findings. A radiomics nomogram combining the independent clinical factors and Rad-score was constructed. The receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to assess the performance levels of the nomogram, radiomics signature and clinical model.

Results:

The radiomics nomogram incorporating the age and radiomics signature showed favourable predictive value for differentiating parotid WT from PMA, with AUCs of 0.953 and 0.918 for the training set and test set, respectively.

Conclusions:

The MRI-based radiomics nomogram had good performance in distinguishing parotid WT from PMA, which could optimize clinical decision-making.
Zarządzanie ryzykiem i zarządzanie kryzysowe w kontekście upadku legendarnego biura podróży Thomas Cook
Authors: Siwik Natalia
Published: May 2021

Upadek najstarszego biura podróży Thomas Cook rozszedł się szerokim echem na całym świecie. Chociaż od tego wydarzenia minął rok, kwestia ta wciąż wydaje się aktualna, a przyczyny upadku firmy dalej są dyskutowane. Obok czynników finansowych, pogodowych i społecznych wymienia się brak przygotowania biura i niewłaściwe zarządzanie. Celem rozdziału jest przybliżenie błędów firmy Thomas Cook oraz podkreślenie ważności relacji, więzi, zarządzania kryzysowego i zarządzania ryzykiem. W pracy wykorzystano kwerendę literatury oraz analizę netograficzną, a wyniki badań wskazały na bezpośredni powód upadku biura, czyli jego stagnację i powierzchowne więzi bez zabezpieczenia w zarządzaniu. W ramach wniosków podkreślono ważne składowe postępowania w zarządzaniu i relacjach biura podróży, co może się okazać podstawą przyszłych badań.
Wpływ pandemii ­COVID-19 na zmiany w wielkości ruchu pasażerskiego transportu lotniczego w Polsce i na świecie
Authors: Wawoczny Magdalena
Published: May 2021

Wybuch pandemii ­COVID-19 spowodował ograniczenie przemieszczania się ludności na świecie, wskutek czego popyt na usługi transportowe gwałtownie spadł. Lotnictwo cechujące się dynamicznym rozwojem dziś ponosi duże straty, czego wyrazem jest kryzys tej branży. Celem rozdziału jest rozpoznanie wpływu pandemii na zmiany wielkości popytu na usługi lotnicze w Polsce i na świecie. Analiza literatury przedmiotu oraz danych wtórnych pozwoliła na zidentyfikowanie zmian wielkości ruchu pasażerskiego spowodowanych pandemią, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem rynku chińskiego jako benchmarkingu dla branży lotniczej.
Dlaczego konsumenci angażują się w przygotowanie usług w muzeach? Wstęp do badań
Authors: Kosiada-Sylburska Magdalena
Published: May 2021

Rynek doznań i kształtowanie pozytywnego doświadczenia konsumenta stają się coraz częściej przedmiotem zainteresowania muzeów. Referat prezentuje wyniki badania jakościowego w formie pogłębionego wywiadu strukturyzowanego z osobami biorącymi udział w warsztacie dotyczącym projektowania przestrzeni muzealnej. Wskazano na kluczowe, w ocenie respondentów, uwarunkowania niezbędne do budowania zaangażowania konsumentów. Analizie poddano również motywację konsumentów do podejmowania aktywności w tej dziedzinie. Badanie miało charakter wstępny i pozwoliło na wyciągnięcie wniosków oraz zarysowanie perspektyw badawczych do dalszych etapów badań w zakresie angażowania konsumentów w działalność instytucji kultury.
Konwenty fanów w Polsce jako przykład eventów
Authors: Słabosz Weronika
Published: May 2021

Konwenty fanów w Polsce odbywają się już od przeszło 50 lat. Przez cały ten czas rozwijały się, zachowując jednak formę kilkudniowego eventu, od małych rozmiarów do ogromnych wydarzeń, odbywających się w kompleksach targowo-wystawienniczych. Praca przedstawia konwenty organizowane w Polsce, klasyfikuje je jako przykład turystyki eventowej oraz porównuje założenia i cele tych spotkań z założeniami eventów według Getza (1998, 2008). Badania wśród uczestników przeprowadzono w formie ankiet i dotyczyły one uczestnictwa w konwentach. Uzyskano wynik wskazujący na występowanie korzyści innych niż te, które opisywał Getz: głównym celem konwentów nie jest korzyść majątkowa czy biznesowa, a społeczna (przynależność do grupy fanów, kontakty z innymi) i kulturalna.
Zmiany w organizacji podróży służbowych wywołane pandemią ­COVID-19 wśród pracowników krakowskich korporacji
Authors: Urbańczyk Adrian
Published: May 2021

W niniejszym rozdziale przedstawiono wyniki autorskich badań dotyczących zmian w organizacji podróży służbowych spowodowanych pandemią koronawirusa. Sondaż diagnostyczny przeprowadzony został za pomocą techniki CAWI na przełomie 2020 i 2021 r. Podmiotem badań byli pracownicy korporacji w Krakowie. Próba badawcza obejmowała 183 osoby. Wyniki pozwoliły stwierdzić, że istnieją zależności między strukturą zawodową respondentów a uczestnictwem w podróżach służbowych. Wykazano również, że obecne spotkania w formie online nie stanowią alternatywy dla wyjazdów biznesowych.
Knowledge and attitude of secondary school students in Nakaseke, Uganda towards HIV transmission and treatment
Authors: Nabisubi Patricia , Kanyerezi Stephen , Kebirungi Grace , Mboowa Gerald
Published: May 2021

Background: One of the major health concerns in Nakaseke district, Uganda is the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS. According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), as of March 2014, the prevalence rate of the disease in the district was estimated at about 8%, compared to the national average of 6.5%, making Nakaseke district have the sixth-highest prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS in the entire country. We set out to explore the knowledge and attitude of secondary school students in Nakaseke, Uganda on HIV transmission and treatment.

Methods: This was a cross sectional survey-based study with data collected during the month of February 2020. Data were analyzed using R programming language version 3.6.2.

Results: A total of 163 participants volunteered for the study, 53.37% males and 46.63% females with ages ranging from 12 – 20 years. Participants came from 5 senior classes (S1, S2, S3, S4 and S6). In total, 87.73% participants were aware of HIV/AIDS while 12.27% were not. The major source of information was through teachers/schools. 96.50% knew the mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS and 95.11% were conversant with HIV/AIDS prevention. 63.6% were aware of the terms DNA and genes whereas 36.36% were not.

Discussion: Generally, the students in Nakaseke district, Uganda had a high level of awareness of HIV/AIDS. However, with regards to aspects such as the cause and modern prevention methods like taking prep and prevention of mother to child transmission were less known to them. Efforts to find a cure for HIV/AIDS are still in vain. Therefore, strong emphasis on up to date control and prevention methods should be implemented to fight the HIV/AIDS scourge.
Identifying ways to maximise cervical screening uptake: a qualitative study of GPs’ and practice nurses’ cervical cancer screening-related behaviours
Authors: O'Connor Mairead , McSherry Lisa A. , Dombrowski Stephan U. , Francis Jill J. , Martin Cara M. , O'Leary John J. , Sharp Linda
Published: May 2021

Background:  Cervical screening uptake is declining in several countries. Primary care practitioners could play a greater role in maximising uptake, but better understanding is needed of practitioners’ cervical screening-related behaviours. Among general practitioners (GPs) and practice nurses, we aimed to identify cervical screening-related clinical behaviours; clarify practitioners’ roles/responsibilities; and determine factors likely to influence clinical behaviours.

Methods: Telephone interviews were conducted with GPs and practice nurses in Ireland. Interview transcripts were analysed using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), a comprehensive psychological framework of factors influencing clinical behaviour.

Results: 14 GPs and 19 practice nurses participated. Key clinical behaviours identified were offering smears and encouraging women to attend for smears. Smeartaking responsibility was considered a predominantly female role. Of 12 possible theoretical domains, 11 were identified in relation to these behaviours. Those judged to be the most important were beliefs about capabilities; environmental context and resources; social influences; and behavioural regulation. Difficulties in obtaining smears from certain subgroups of women and inexperience of some GPs in smeartaking arose in relation to beliefs about capabilities. The need for public health education and reluctance of male practitioners to discuss cervical screening with female patients emerged in relation to social influences.  

Conclusions: We identified - for the first time - primary care practitioners’ cervical-screening related clinical behaviours, their perceived roles and responsibilities, and factors likely to influence behaviours. The results could inform initiatives to enable practitioners to encourage women to have smear tests which in turn, may help increase cervical screening uptake.
ДИАГНОСТИКА РАННЕГО РАКА ЖЕЛУДКА ВЗРОСЛОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ КРАСНОЯРСКОГО КРАЯ ПО КЛИНИКО-АНАМНЕСТИЧЕСКИМ И ЛАБОРАТОРНЫМ ДАННЫМ
Authors: Smirnova Olga V. , Moskalenko Olga L. , Tsukanov Vladislav V. , Kasparov Eduard V. , Sinyakov Alexander A. , Elmanova Nina G. , Ovcharenko Elizaveta S.
Published: May 2021

В РФ ежегодно регистрируется более 600 тысяч новых случаев рака, из них рак желудка составляет 7,3%. К сожалению, большинство  из них пока диагностируют на поздних стадиях. Это связано с тем, что жители страны недостаточно информированы о наличии бесплатных скрининговых программ.
Цель исследования – анализ клинико-анамнестических показателей и данных «ГастроПанели» среди взрослого населения Красноярского края для неинвазивной диагностики  гастрита и скрининга раннего рака желудка.
Материал и методы исследования. В работе приведены результаты комплексного клинико-лабораторного исследования практически здоровых добровольцев, пациентов с хроническим атрофическим гастритом и раком желудка I-II ст. Исследование проводилось с июня 2019 г. по сентябрь 2019 г., с разрешения локального этического комитета ФИЦ КНЦ СО РАН.  
Результаты исследования выявили, что больные в возрасте 45 лет и старше, страдающие от болей в эпигастральной области и диспепсии, имеющие в анамнезе болезни желудка, с признаками атрофии по результатам сывороточного пепсиногенового теста входят в группу риска развития раннего рака желудка. Данный подход позволит выявить значительную часть предраковых состояний среди населения для их дальнейшего тщательного обследования.
Reflecting upon reflection
Authors: Green Barrie
Published: May 2021

Barrie Green provides some thoughts on ‘Personal reflections on a 36-year career in mental health nursing’, by Danny Ho.
CPD article: Sedation and general anaesthesia of the portosystemic shunt patient
Authors: Tonge Mary Emily
Published: May 2021

Sedation and general anaesthesia may be required in animals with confirmed or suspected portosystemic shunt for a variety of reasons, not limited to shunt attenuation, such as diagnostic, routine or emergency procedures. Veterinary surgeons should understand normal hepatic functions and processes in order to appreciate the implications of portosystemic shunts associated specifically with sedation and anaesthesia. The pathophysiological and physiological variations, and their effects on anaesthesia and sedation, are discussed, as is management of the peri-anaesthetic period, drug choice for sedation or premedication, induction and maintenance of anaesthesia and analgesia. Patient monitoring and problem solving are also discussed, in relation to situations commonly encountered in portosystemic shunt patients during anaesthesia and sedation.
You know where you can stick that … or do you? Where to inject the deltoid and why
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: May 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has seen a huge increase in the number of intramuscular injections into the deltoid being administered. Alan Walker provides an overview of the anatomy of the deltoid and injection technique

Intramuscular injection into the deltoid muscle is the mainstay of current vaccination practice. The COVID-19 pandemic has seen a huge surge in the number of injections to be administered, and recruitment of vaccinators from more widely differing backgrounds than has been customary. Incorrect technique can cause injury, so this article summarises present knowledge of the at-risk structures, and proposes a method of injection that reduces hazards. It aims to improve the knowledge of vaccinators, and especially their trainers.
Patellar resurfacing during primary total knee replacement is associated with a lower risk of revision surgery
Authors: Hunt Linda P. , Matharu Gulraj S. , Blom Ashley W. , Howard Peter W. , Wilkinson J. Mark , Whitehouse Michael R.
Published: May 2021

Aims

Debate remains whether the patella should be resurfaced during total knee replacement (TKR). For non-resurfaced TKRs, we estimated what the revision rate would have been if the patella had been resurfaced, and examined the risk of re-revision following secondary patellar resurfacing.

Methods

A retrospective observational study of the National Joint Registry (NJR) was performed. All primary TKRs for osteoarthritis alone performed between 1 April 2003 and 31 December 2016 were eligible (n = 842,072). Patellar resurfacing during TKR was performed in 36% (n = 305,844). The primary outcome was all-cause revision surgery. Secondary outcomes were the number of excess all-cause revisions associated with using TKRs without (versus with) patellar resurfacing, and the risk of re-revision after secondary patellar resurfacing.

Results

The cumulative risk of all-cause revision at ten years was higher (p < 0.001) in primary TKRs without patellar resurfacing (3.54% (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.47 to 3.62)) compared to those with resurfacing (3.00% (95% CI 2.91 to 3.11)). Using flexible parametric survival modelling, we estimated one ‘excess’ revision per 189 cases performed where the patella was not resurfaced by ten years (equivalent to 2,842 excess revisions in our cohort). The risk of all-cause re-revision following secondary patellar resurfacing was 4.6 times higher than the risk of revision after primary TKR with patellar resurfacing (at five years from secondary patellar resurfacing, 8.8% vs 1.9%).

Conclusion

Performing TKR without patellar resurfacing was associated with an increased risk of revision. Secondary patellar resurfacing led to a high risk of re-revision. This represents a potential substantial healthcare burden that should be considered when forming treatment guidelines and commissioning services. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(5):864–871.
Morphological variants to predict outcome of avascular necrosis in developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Pollet Virginie , Bonsel Joshua , Ganzeboom Britt , Sakkers Ralph , Waarsing Erwin
Published: May 2021

Aims

The most important complication of treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head, which can result in proximal femoral growth disturbances leading to pain, dysfunction, and eventually to early onset osteoarthritis. In this study, we aimed to identify morphological variants in hip joint development that are predictive of a poor outcome.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed all patients who developed AVN after DDH treatment, either by closed and/or open reduction, at a single institution between 1984 and 2007 with a minimal follow-up of eight years. Standard pelvis radiographs obtained at ages one, two, three, five, and eight years, and at latest follow-up were retrieved. The Bucholz-Ogden classification was used to determine the type of AVN on all radiographs. Poor outcome was defined by Severin classification grade 3 or above on the latest follow-up radiographs and/or the need for secondary surgery. With statistical shape modelling, we identified the different shape variants of the hip at each age. Logistic regression analysis was used to associate the different modes or shape variants with poor outcome.

Results

In all, 135 patients with AVN were identified, with a minimum of eight years of follow-up. Mean age at time of surgery was 7.0 months (SD 0.45), and mean follow-up was 13.3 years (SD 3.7). Overall, 46% had AVN type 1 while 54% type 2 or higher. More than half of the patients (52.6%) had a poor outcome. We found 11 shape variants that were significantly associated with a poor outcome. These shape variants were predominantly linked to AVN type 2 or higher.

Conclusion

Specific morphological characteristics on pelvis radiographs of AVN hips were predictive for poor outcome, at a very young age. There was an overall stronger association to Bucholz-Ogden types 2-3-4 with the exception of two modes at age two and five years, linked to AVN type 1. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(5):999–1004.
Characteristics and classification of medial malleolar fractures
Authors: Liu Yijun , Lu Hao , Xu Hailin , Xie Wenyong , Chen Xiaokun , Fu Zhongguo , Zhang Dianying , Jiang Baoguo
Published: May 2021

Aims

The morphology of medial malleolar fracture is highly variable and difficult to characterize without 3D reconstruction. There is also no universally accepeted classification system. Thus, we aimed to characterize fracture patterns of the medial malleolus and propose a classification scheme based on 3D CT reconstruction.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 537 consecutive cases of ankle fractures involving the medial malleolus treated in our institution. 3D fracture maps were produced by superimposing all the fracture lines onto a standard template. We sliced fracture fragments and the standard template based on selected sagittal and coronal planes to create 2D fracture maps, where angles α and β were measured. Angles α and β were defined as the acute angles formed by the fracture line and the horizontal line on the selected planes.

Results

A total of 121 ankle fractures were included. We revealed several important fracture features, such as a high correlation between posterior collicular fractures and posteromedial fragments. Moreover, we generalized the fracture geometry into three recurrent patterns on the coronal view of 3D maps (transverse, vertical, and irregular) and five recurrent patterns on the lateral view (transverse, oblique, vertical, Y-shaped, and irregular). According to the fracture geometry on the coronal and lateral view of 3D maps, we subsequently categorized medial malleolar fractures into six types based on the recurrent patterns: anterior collicular fracture (27 type I, 22.3%), posterior collicular fracture (12 type II, 9.9%), concurrent fracture of anterior and posterior colliculus (16 type III, 13.2%), and supra-intercollicular groove fracture (66 type IV, 54.5%). Therewere three variants of type IV fractures: transverse (type IVa), vertical (type IVb), and comminuted fracture (type IVc). The angles α and β varied accordingly.

Conclusion

Our findings yield insight into the characteristics and recurrent patterns of medial malleolar fractures. The proposed classification system is helpful in understanding injury mechanisms and guiding diagnosis, as well as surgical strategies. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(5):931–938.
Tourniquet use in lower limb trauma and fracture surgery
Authors: Farhan-Alanie Muhamed M. , Trompeter Alex J. , Wall Peter D. H. , Costa Matt L.
Published: May 2021

The use of tourniquets in lower limb trauma surgery to control bleeding and improve the surgical field is a long established practice. In this article, we review the evidence relating to harms and benefits of tourniquet use in lower limb fracture fixation surgery and report the results of a survey on current tourniquet practice among trauma surgeons in the UK.
The Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society
Authors: Axelrod Daniel , Trask Kelly , Buckley Richard E. , Johal Herman
Published: May 2021

Aims

This study reviews the past 30 years of research from the Canadian Orthopedic Trauma Society (COTS), to identify predictive factors that delay or accelerate the course of randomized controlled trials in orthopaedic trauma.

Methods

We conducted a methodological review of all papers published through the Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society or its affiliates. Data abstracted included: year of publication; journal of publication; study type; number of study sites; sample size; and achievement of sample size goals. Information about the study timelines was also collected, including: the date of study proposal to COTS; date recruitment began; date recruitment ended; and date of publication.

Results

In total, 22 studies have been published through the COTS working group, 13 of which are randomized controlled trials (RCTs). In total, 1,423 individual patients have been involved in COTS studies, a mean of 110 patients per trial (22 to 424). Each study was conducted across a mean of approximately six centres (1 to 11) and took nearly ten years (mean 119.9 months (59 to 188)) from presentation of concept to publication. The mean length of enrolment was 63 months (26 to 113) and the mean time from cessation of enrolment to publication 51 months (19 to 78). Regardless of sample size, the only factor associated with a decreased length of enrolment was a higher number of clinical sites (p = 0.041). Neither study sample size nor length of enrolment were associated with total time to publication.

Conclusion

Over the last three decades, COTS has developed a multinational strategy to produce high-quality evidence in the field of orthopaedic trauma through 13 multicentre RCTs. Future efficiencies can be realized by recruitment of more clinical sites, improving connectivity between the sites, and the promotion of national streamlined ethics processes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(5):898–901.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COWPEA BEANS AT DIFFERENT MOISTURE CONTENTS
Authors: Gomes Flávio Henrique Ferreira , Lopes Filho Luiz Cesar , Oliveira Daniel Emanuel Cabra de , Resende Osvaldo , Soares Frederico Antônio Loureiro , Dantas Leonardo Rodrigues
Published: May 2021

Cowpea production has gained considerable ground in Brazil. Cowpea grain undergo different types of pressure and may crack and break during processing and storage, thus, there is a need to classify the mechanical properties of the beans. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of the moisture content of cowpea beans on the maximum compressive force for fixed deformation and determine the proportional modulus of deformity under compression. The cowpea cultivars Novaera and Tumucumaque were evaluated at different moisture contents (0.12; 0.15; 0.18; 0.20; and 0.23 decimal d.b.). The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design for each moisture content and 10 deformation rates were applied (0.02; 0.04; 0.06; 0.08; 0.10; 0.12; 0.14; 0.16; 0.18; and 0.20 mm). The compression force was assessed using a universal testing machine and the proportional deformation modulus was determined. Following, hardness and elasticity of cowpea beans ??as a function of the moisture content were established. The compressive force required to deform cowpea beans decreases with increasing moisture content: between 2 and 105 N (Tumucumaque) and between 2 to 97 N (Novaera). The proportional deformation modulus of cowpea increased as the moisture content and deformation reduced, ranging from 4.9 x 107 to 31.9 x 107 Pa (Tumucumaque) and from 5.9 x 107 to 42 x 107 Pa (Novaera).
The Canadian Distinctiveness into the XXIst Century - La distinction canadienne au tournant du XXIe siecle
Authors: Gould Karen
Published: May 2021

In this collection of essays some of Canada's foremost writers and thinkers, including John Ralston Saul and Margaret Atwood, call for equilibrium among economics, culture, and technological change. While promoting the dynamism and change possible in Canadian society, they also call for a re-examination of Canada's past in order to chart its future.
Magneto-optically reorientation-induced image reconstruction in bulk nematic liquid crystals
Authors: Zhang Yongbin , Wang Zhaolu , Huang Nan , Liu Hongjun
Published: May 2021

We theoretically propose the magneto-optically reorientation-induced image reconstruction in bulk nematic liquid crystals (NLCs). The underlying signals are reinforced and recovered at the expense of scattering noise under reorientation-induced self-focusing nonlinearity. The intensity perturbation gain is derived and the numerical results are presented to show the response of NLC molecules to the diffusive images. The nonlinear image recovery is influenced by the input light intensity, the magnetic field direction, and the correlation length. The results suggest an alternative approach to detect noisy images and promote the application of NLCs in image processing.
Parametrically resonant surface plasmon polaritons
Authors: Fardad Shima , Lialys Justinas , Lialys Laurynas , Salandrino Alessandro
Published: May 2021

We present the theory of parametrically resonant surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). We show that a temporal modulation of the dielectric properties of the medium adjacent to a metallic surface can lead to efficient energy injection into the SPP modes supported at the interface. When the permittivity modulation is induced by a pump field exceeding a certain threshold intensity, such a field undergoes a reverse saturable absorption process. We introduce a time-domain formalism to account for pump saturation and depletion effects. Finally, we discuss the viability of these effects for optical limiting applications.