bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Defining Moments in the British-Irish Relationship
Authors: Coakley John , Todd Jennifer
Published: February 2020

This chapter traces the history of the relationship between the two communities in Northern Ireland and the tension between the British and Irish governments within which it was traditionally embedded. It documents the process of incremental—and sometimes radical—societal change that has transformed the nature of the conflict, as the overwhelmingly dominant position of the unionist community has been replaced by a more evenly balanced relationship. Associated with this has been the evolution of institutional machinery designed to facilitate conflict resolution and the emergence of effective channels of communication between British and Irish elites. The chapter describes the manner in which the testimonies of these elites were collected as part of research on the process of negotiation of peace in Northern Ireland. It assesses the value of elite interviews and witness seminars as significant source material for social science research.
The Sunningdale Agreement, 1973
Authors: Coakley John , Todd Jennifer
Published: February 2020

In an early ambitious attempt to resolve the Northern Ireland conflict in 1973–4, there emerged two key proposals that would radically change the form of Northern Ireland political institutions: power-sharing (rather than majority rule), and institutionalized links with the Republic of Ireland (rather than a ‘hard’ border). This chapter, centred on a witness seminar where several of those involved recorded their memories and interpretations, explores the thinking of officials—especially on the Irish side—as it evolved in the early 1970s. It also documents their changing views as they attempted to reach new new modes of accommodation with their British counterparts. It examines the process by which an innovative package was agreed in Sunningdale, England, in December 1973, and follows the challenging process of implementation of this package. This initiative was ultimately unsuccessful, as the new institutions collapsed in the face of determined unionist opposition in May 1974.
The Downing Street Declaration and Framework Documents, 1993–1995
Authors: Coakley John , Todd Jennifer
Published: February 2020

The Downing Street Declaration of 1993 and the Framework Documents of 1995 mark a new direction in British–Irish policy. After the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985, the Irish government had gained a formal voice in the internal affairs of Northern Ireland, but the IRA campaign continued. At the end of the 1980s, a new initiative was launched: an effort to persuade Sinn Féin and the IRA to move to a purely political path. Spearheaded by nationalist leader John Hume, this took the form of successive redrafting of a statement drawn up initially by Hume following his discussions with Gerry Adams. In the resulting Downing Street Declaration of 1993, the two governments agreed to facilitate Irish unity should this be the wish of a majority in Northern Ireland. This was followed—after several months—by an IRA and then a loyalist ceasefire, and it was amplified by the Framework Documents of 1995, which outline a constitutional blueprint for a future settlement. In the witness seminar used to provide an insight into this process, British and Irish officials recalled in detail the painful redrafting and consultation processes that led ultimately to agreement between the governments and acceptance by the parties.
The Good Friday Agreement, 1998: Implementation
Authors: Coakley John , Todd Jennifer
Published: February 2020

Although the Good Friday Agreement dates from April 1998, its implementation was beset by crises over the formation of an executive, decommissioning of paramilitary arms, and policing reform. It was not until December 1999 that the institutions for which it made provision came into being. Even after that, the Assembly and executive continued to be subject to destabilizing pressures, and ultimately collapsed in 2002. It was only following the St Andrews Agreement of 2006 (which made some minor changes to the provisions agreed in 1998) that the Democratic Unionist Party agreed to restoration of the power-sharing executive and a new and more stable phase of power-sharing government ensued. The witness seminar that is at the core of this chapter discusses the role of civil servants in this process, focussing on the reorganization of government departments, the creation of North–South bodies, and the everyday mechanisms of government in the highly sensitive political context which followed the Good Friday Agreement, where delays in decommissioning and demilitarization and reform of policing were threatening political progress. Two additional interviews describe governmental thinking and strategies to resolve the outstanding issues move to a restoration of the institutions in the run-up to the St Andrews Agreement.
Conclusion
Authors: Ortino Federico
Published: February 2020

This section highlights the present study’s key findings. First, from the very beginning, protections afforded to foreign investments by modern investment treaties have been exceptionally broad, including guarantees vis-à-vis the host State’s (a) breach of investment contracts and regulatory change; (b) substantial deprivation of the value of the foreign investment; and (c) unreasonable conduct. Second, while a growing number of investment tribunals as well as new investment treaties have started to rein in such broad protections, the evolution of key investment treaty provisions has been (and in many ways still is) marred by inconsistency and uncertainty. Lastly, while there appears to be a growing preference in arbitral practice (as well as treaty practice) for reasonableness-based guarantees, there is still no clarity with regard to the specific reasonableness test that should be employed in order to review the lawfulness of the host State conduct under an investment treaty.
Multinational Military Operations and the Geographical Scope of the Laws of Armed Conflict in Non-International Armed Conflict
Authors: Schöberl Katja
Published: February 2020

The chapter delivers a detailed analysis of the geographical scope of application of the laws of armed conflict in non-international armed conflict. Particular attention is devoted to the challenges raised by multinational military operations. It addresses both the internal geographical scope (i.e. the applicability of IHL within a country to which multinational military operations may be deployed) and the external geographical scope (i.e. the applicability of IHL outside the territory of a state involved in armed conflict). The chapter thus discusses, for example, whether the laws of armed conflict are also applicable within the territories of (troop) contributing states and of states serving as an operational basis.
The Temporal Scope of the Laws of Armed Conflict in Multinational Military Operations
Authors: Schaller Christian
Published: February 2020

The chapter explores the temporal scope of the law of armed conflict in multinational military operations. In particular, it is discussed under which conditions armed conflicts begin and terminate as a matter of international humanitarian law (IHL). Asymmetric conflict structures, fluctuating levels of violence, and the involvement of a multitude of state and non-state actors who enter and leave the battlefield at different stages during the hostilities make it especially difficult to determine the end of an armed conflict. Often, periods of intense fighting alternate with periods of relative calm. It is therefore argued that two requirements should be satisfied before an armed conflict within the meaning of IHL ought to be considered over: the situation must fall below a certain qualitative threshold separating the armed conflict from the post-conflict phase; and the threshold must be crossed with a degree of stability and permanence.
The Legal Interoperability of the Laws of Armed Conflict
Authors: Newton Michael
Published: February 2020

The chapter considers some of the pragmatic aspects of engaging in multinational military operations in relation to cooperation among the various participating states. These aspects include differing treaty obligations, diverging interpretations of shared norms, or different command structures. Coalition partners deployed to pursue such larger goals must manage operational friction in order to achieve the necessary cohesion. State practice demonstrates discrepancies between partners over what international law obligations apply to forces in the field, which in turn produces disagreements about the conditions those duties entail. At the same time, the modern law of armed conflict provides a sort of centripetal force providing essential cohesion to modern multinational coalitions. It provides normative regularity constraining the class of persons against whom violence may be lawfully applied.
An Exercise in Defragmentation
Authors: von Arnauld Andreas
Published: February 2020

The chapter deals with the Grand Chamber judgment in Hassan v UK. With this judgment, which focused on the multinational forces operating in Iraq under unified command in 2003, the European Court of Human Rights has presented a landmark decision with flaws. While eventually unconvincing in its approach to derogations from Convention obligations under Article 15 ECHR, the Court has boldly freed itself of the constraints of the overly abstract and largely unworkable lex specialis standard and—as far as Europe is concerned—has paved the way to consolidate its role as the main driver of further substantive convergence. The author presents a rigorous analysis of the Hassan case and on this basis shows whether and how the Grand Chamber’s findings will influence the global debate regarding the interplay of IHRL and LOAC in the future.
European Partners in Multinational Military Operations—Extended Legal Restraints
Authors: Altwicker Tilmann
Published: February 2020

The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has developed a rights-based conception of precautions that has implications both for law enforcement and military operations alike. In the military context, the rights-based conception bears some resemblance with the IHL concept of precautions in and against the effects of attacks. The ECtHR’s builds its conception of precautions on a wide interpretation of the right to life contained in Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). In human rights doctrine, precautions in attack can be addressed as positive obligations relating to organization and procedure, precautions against the effects of attack can be classified as positive obligations to protect. In contrast to its IHL counterpart, the rights-based conception of precautions does not only entail operational obligations, but also legislative obligations. A rights-based conception of precautions can be of particular value especially with regard to precautions against the effects of attacks in non-international armed conflict. The ECtHR is, however, well-advised to develop its rights-based conception of precautions in close alignment with its IHL counterpart.
UN Security Council Resolutions as a Legal Framework for Multinational Military Operations
Authors: Hesse Pia
Published: February 2020

The chapter examines UN Security Council resolutions as a legal framework for multinational military operations. The author argues that obligations that derive from Security Council mandates may put constraints on how force is used. However, she also underlines that the Security Council sometimes even takes decisions that deviate from IHL rules. Whereas in very few instances concerns were raised that the Security Council authorized military enforcement action that allowed going beyond what is permitted under IHL, most Council resolutions deviating from IHL have a narrowing rather than a broadening effect. Against the background that the national transformation acts that implement Security Council enforcement measures could be challenged before domestic courts, questions arise whether the safeguards included in relation to these concrete provisions are adequate to accommodate potential infringements of rights of individuals affected by the implementation act.
Multinational Military Operations at Sea
Authors: Petrig Anna
Published: February 2020

Multinational military operations have extended to the sea. These operations mirror the changing maritime security landscape wherein transnational crime has become one of the most prominent security threats. With this, the traditional war-related role of navies has slowly but steadily been supplanted by a new function: policing the sea. This new role is more often than not carried out by navies working together, either as naval coalitions or as highly integrated naval forces of regional organizations. This chapter describes the ‘legal pluriverse’ in which such multinational military operations at sea take place. It first asserts that such operations are not ‘warfare lite’, but rather determined by peace time law. It then proceeds to take stock of the rules authorizing multinational forces and contributing states to enforce the law at sea. In a last step, the legal bases imposing strictures on the exercise of these enforcement powers are carved out. The chapter concludes that the legal framework governing enforcement jurisdiction at sea is arguably the epitome of a ‘legal pluriverse’, yet the powers are more clearly defined than the strictures attaching to their exercise.
Receiving States, Sending States, and the Impact of Their Domestic Laws
Authors: Sari Aurel
Published: February 2020

The chapter explores the exercise of jurisdiction in the context of multinational military operations from the perspective of states that send their forces abroad and states that receive them within their territory. Sending states and receiving states may both claim to be competent under international law to regulate the conduct of military contingents in certain matters, based on the territorial principle and the organic jurisdiction principle, respectively. This overlap of competence may lead sending states and receiving states to exercise their authority in relation to the same subject matter. A number of principles, legal regimes, and instruments are available in international law to resolve the problems that this concurrent exercise of jurisdiction presents. The chapter reviews three of these: the reserved domain of domestic jurisdiction, the law of state and functional immunity, and status of forces agreements.
Legal Challenges in Multinational Military Operations
Authors: Katze Jochen , Kashgar Maral
Published: February 2020

In multinational military operations, diverging domestic law and political issues are often dealt with by national caveats by the troop-contributing nations. The chapter analyses the pertinent NATO doctrine and practice concerning caveats and the legal challenges caused by conflicting legal cultures and constitutional arrangements. The authors explain the legal framework for such caveats, show how important they are for securing compliance with troop-contributing states’ domestic law, analyse recent court practice, explain how such caveats have impeded multinational military operations by limiting the flexibility of the multinational commander in deploying the forces, and argue for more harmonization in regard to the applicable legal regimes of such operations.
Asymmetric Actors in Asymmetric Conflicts
Authors: Frau Robert
Published: February 2020

The chapter provides an analysis of the various dimensions and implications of asymmetry in armed conflicts. Multinational military operations are typically—albeit not necessarily—made up of states with significant military capabilities, and they often operate in asymmetric contexts. Against this backdrop, the author differentiates between legal, factual, and methodological asymmetries. On this basis, he identifies areas in which asymmetric conflict structures pose significant problems in the context of multinational military operations. In doing so and in view of actors such as the Islamic State that deliberately disrespect even the most fundamental rules of IHL, the author also explores the limits of such approaches. Nevertheless, he argues that for a multinational military, there is a strong strategic (policy) incentive to adhere to and implement all feasible precautions and human rights law.
Telling Tales with the Body
Authors: Macintosh Fiona , McConnell Justine
Published: February 2020

Telling tales with the body was generally despised as a ‘lowbrow’ art form in the ballet world of the twentieth century—and there are still many practitioners and dance scholars who share this view. For most of the twentieth century, storytelling was not deemed to be something to which classical ballet should aspire. From the perspective of the new millennium, however, things look rather different. Stories are no longer eschewed by choreographers; indeed, it may well be possible to detect what one might term a ‘narrative’ turn in the classical ballet repertoire, where the ancient Greek and Roman epics are often providing the subject matter for these works. Chapter 4 explores the reasons behind twentieth-century ballet’s resistance to narrative and seeks to offer some thoughts on this early twenty-first-century narrative re-turn. This narrative eschewal in ballet matters because it has had profound repercussions beyond the world of dance, not least in the world of theatrical performance, where plotless dance is regularly invoked as a model for postdramatic theatre.
Furniture
Authors: Watson Nicola J.
Published: February 2020

Chapter 4 looks at how objects have been assembled into narratives of the scene of writing, conventionally composed in microcosm of the author’s chair, desk, pen, ink, and paper as witness to the act of writing. It explores what we have invested in the scene of writing, how it bears on the construction of the figure of the author, and how chairs, desks, and desk furniture come to be conceived, valued, represented, and staged as the ‘home’ of writing. It investigates (amongst other important instances) the long-standing celebrity of Shakespeare’s chairs and Jane Austen’s desks as a prehistory to the more recent display of Daphne du Maurier’s desk at Jamaica Inn in Cornwall.
Exit through the gift shop
Authors: Watson Nicola J.
Published: February 2020

Chapter 9 turns its attention from museum objects and spaces to museum visitors, tracing the history of how readers have behaved at writer’s houses and how they have interacted with objects, spaces, and each other. It thus completes the book’s trajectory from the author’s body to that of the reader. It outlines and details nineteenth-century tourist sentimental practices and experiments at sites associated with Petrarch, Rousseau, and Shakespeare. It looks at what tourists brought with them, what they left behind, and what they took away with them. It concludes by describing the writer’s house museum as not so much the scene of writing as the scene of (disavowed) reading.
The Problem of the Human Sciences
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen
Published: February 2020

In the nineteenth century there arose claims to scientific standing that were highly contested, and provoked a new kind of metascientific enquiry. The accreditation and ranking of disciplines were rationalized in terms of the internal structure of science, but they were predominantly extra-scientific in origin, and were more than anything else an elaborate exercise in legitimation. The issues centred on accounts of human behaviour that had traditionally been the preserve of religious and metaphysical teaching. These included ethics, where efforts were now afoot to put it on a scientific standing, as well as areas that had the character of a loose combination of moral, political, and economic views which could now be claimed to have been put on a scientific footing. The dispute between Whewell and Mill on the scientific standing of the new disciplines became transformed into a philosophical project of understanding the nature of science.
Conclusion
Authors: Mendelman Lisa
Published: February 2020

The Conclusion takes up the conspicuous absence of life after marriage in the prior chapters by examining Edith Wharton’s late novel The Gods Arrive (1932), other interwar writing about marriage and maternity, and more recent media that likewise deals with these stumbling blocks for modern ideals of female independence. The Gods Arrive is both a catalog of modern love—divorce, trial marriage, companionate marriage, free love, single motherhood—and a saga of failed female authorship that enumerates how new liberties differently disempower women and preserve expectations of their affective labor, while further excluding them from alternative forms of production. The chapter concludes by exploring the endurance of modern sentimentalism in late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century writing by female authors, and argues that ironic sentimentalism continues to afford women artists a formal and structural logic for expressing the double binds of modern femininity.
On the Digression in the Theaetetus
Authors: Menn Stephen
Published: February 2020

I examine the function and argument of the Digression (172c–177c) in Plato’s Theaetetus. The Digression refutes the ‘semi-Protagorean’ thesis that justice and piety and sensible qualities are perceiver-relative but that we can objectively calculate ‘being and benefit’; or rather, refutes the conjunction of this thesis with the claim that the semi-Protagorean orator or legislative advisor is wise and happy. Avoiding question-begging arguments from Forms, a providential cosmos, or the tripartite soul, Plato argues that objective measurement, even if its object is a value-free universe, has normative implications: by revealing the errors of scale underlying the polis’ conventional values, it makes it impossible for the philosopher to live happily if he assimilates himself to the polis. I offer explanations of Plato’s adaptation of Pindar in his description of the philosopher’s flight through the cosmos to ‘geometrize’ and ‘astronomize,’ and of Plato’s critique of those who claim descent from Heracles.
Virtue and Goals of Actions in Aristotle’s Ethical Treatises
Authors: Lorenz Hendrik
Published: February 2020

The present paper focuses on Aristotle’s claim in the Eudemian Ethics that the virtues of character are ‘states to do with decision’, by which he means that they are somehow responsible for decisions. In the paper’s first two sections, I explicate the way in which he thinks the character-virtues contribute to the correctness of the virtuous person’s decisions. In two subsequent sections, I articulate two philosophical objections to the picture that will have emerged. I defend Aristotle against the first objection. In articulating the second objection, I rely on texts from the Nicomachean Ethics and the De motu animalium that John Cooper’s work on Aristotle’s moral psychology has greatly illuminated. I argue that the second objection cannot be answered in a satisfactory way, and that it identifies a philosophical weakness in the moral psychology of the Eudemian Ethics, namely that it operates with an overly restrictive conception of practical reason.
Practical Nous in the Nicomachean Ethics
Authors: Morison Benjamin
Published: February 2020

The paper presses an analogy between Aristotle’s conception of practical reasoning and theoretical reasoning. It argues that theoretical reasoning has two optimal cognitive states associated with it, episteme and (theoretical) nous, and that practical reasoning has two counterpart states, phronēsis and (practical) nous. Theoretical nous is an expertise which enables those who have it to understand principles as principles, i.e. among other things, to know how to use them to derive other truths in their domain. It is a cognitively demanding state, which only experts have. Aristotelian practical nous is structurally similar to theoretical nous in that it requires the agent not only to know certain everyday truths, but also to know how and when to use them in deliberative reasoning. It is also a cognitively demanding notion, and only moral experts will have it.
Cynicism
Authors: Wildberg Christian
Published: February 2020

Historians of philosophy (such as Hegel, Hadot, Cooper, among others) tend to marginalize the ancient Cynics as philosophically uninteresting, and moreover as irrelevant for a proper understanding of the sense in which philosophy in antiquity used to be a way of life. To be sure, the Cynics lived very distinctive and unconventional lives, but whatever it was that they were doing, it cannot have been—so the historians claim—a conduct rooted in philosophical reason and argument. This paper first musters the grounds typically given for this kind of deflationary view and then proceeds to examine the sparse but nevertheless suggestive evidence about ancient Cynicism that the (predominantly Stoic) doxographical tradition handed down to us. In the end, it comes to a conclusion that is diametrically opposed to the prevailing opinion of the cynics as inconsequential non-philosophers.
Rethinking Sino-Japanese Alienation
Authors: Buzan Barry , Goh Evelyn
Published: February 2020

Bitterly contested memories of war, colonization and empire among Japan, China, and Korea have increasingly threatened regional order and security over the three decades since the 1980s. In Sino-Japanese relations, identity, territory, and power pull together in a particularly lethal direction, generating dangerous tensions in both geopolitical and memory rivalries. Buzan and Goh explore a new approach to dealing with this history problem, first, by constructing a more balanced and global view of their shared history, and second, by sketching out the possibilities for a great power bargain in Northeast Asia. The book first puts Northeast Asia’s history since 1840 into both a world historical and a systematic normative context, exposing the parochial nature of the history debate in relation to what is a bigger shared story. It then explores the conditions under which China and Japan have been able to reach strategic bargains in the course of their long historical relationship, and uses this to sketch out the main modes of agreement that might underpin a new contemporary great power bargain between them in four future scenarios for the region. The frameworks adopted here consciously blend historical contextualization; enduring concerns with wealth, power, and interest; and the complex relationship between Northeast Asian states’ evolving encounters with each other and with global international society.
China and Japan
Authors: Buzan Barry , Goh Evelyn
Published: February 2020

Chapter 1 explores how deeply connected, and in many ways similar, China and Japan are. Part of this involves their shared cultural roots, but a world historical perspective on Northeast Asia also shows how Japan and China have often followed similar trajectories, albeit sometimes at different times, in their attempts to come to terms with their regions, modernity, and the Western-dominated global power structure. Their similarity makes their mutual alienation something of a puzzle, not least because there are other, potentially more constructive ways of seeing the relationship between the two than that embodied in the history problem perspective. There are opportunities as well as problems in the shared histories of China and Japan. If the relationship between China and Japan is in some important ways defined by the narcissism of small differences, then the key to changing it is to change the historical perspectives that support such a view.
The Binomial Model
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

The binomial model is introduced. We discuss the concept of pricing by no arbitrage and derive pricing formulas for financial derivatives within the binomial model, and the market is shown to be complete. The concept of a martingale measure is introduced and related to the pricing formulas.
A More General One Period Model
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

In this chapter we study a general one period model living on a finite sample space. The concepts of no arbitrage and completeness are introduced, as well as the concept of a martingale measure. We then prove the First Fundamental Theorem, stating that absence of arbitrage is equivalent to the existence of an equivalent martingale measure. We also prove the Second Fundamental Theorem which says that the market is complete if and only if the martingale measure is unique. Using this theory, we derive pricing and hedging formulas for financial derivatives.
Stochastic Differential Equations
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

In this chapter we introduce stochastic differential equations (SDEs) and discuss existence and uniqueness questions. The geometric and linear equations are studied in some detail and their most important properties are derived. We then discuss the connection between SDEs and partial differential equations (PDEs). In particular we prove the Feynman–Kač representation theorem which provides the solution to a parabolic PDE in terms of an expected value connected to a certain SDE. We also discuss and derive the Kolmogorov forward and backward equations.
Parity Relations and Delta Hedging
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

We derive the put–call parity formula and extend this to more general parity relations. We then discuss risk management and introduce the various risk measures known as “the greeks”. In particular we study delta and gamma hedging.
The Martingale Approach to Arbitrage Theory
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

In this chapter the theoretical level is substantially increased, and we discuss in detail the deep connection between financial pricing theory and martingale theory. The first main result of the chapter is the First Fundamental Theorem which says that the market is free of arbitrage if and only if there exists an equivalent martingale measure. We provide a guided tour through the Delbaen–Schachemayer proof and we then apply the theory to derive a general risk neutral pricing formula for an arbitrary financial derivative. We also discuss the Second Fundamental Theorem which says that the market is complete if and only if the martingale measure is unique. We define the stochastic discount factor and use it to provide an alternative form of the pricing formula. Finally, we provide a summary for the reader who wishes to go lighter on the (rather advanced) theory.
Black–Scholes from a Martingale Point of View
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

In this chapter we return to the Black–Scholes model. This model was discussed in Chapter 7, using the classical delta hedging approach but we now analyze the model in much more detail by using the martingale approach. We prove that the model is free of arbitrage and complete, we find the unique martingale measure, and we easily rederive the pricing formula from Chapter 7.
Bonds and Interest Rates
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

In this chapter the reader is introduced to the basic concepts of interest rate theory. Starting with a market for zero coupon bonds we define the relevant interest rates such as the short rate, the spot rates, and the forward rates. There is an in-depth study of the relations between the dynamics of these rates, and we also discuss some more applied topics as fixed coupon bonds, floating rate bonds, yields, duration, and convexity.
Optimal Consumption and Investment
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

In this chapter we apply the general theory from Chapter 25 to the study of optimal consumption and investment problems. We solve the Merton problem and we derive the Merton mutual fund theorems.
The Martingale Approach to Optimal Investment
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

For the special case of optimal consumption/investment problems, there is an alternative to dynamic programming. The alternative is based on market completeness and martingale methods. This approach is sometimes much easier to apply than dynamic programming and we derive the necessary theory in some detail. The theory is then applied to several concrete problems which are solved in detail.
The Esscher Transform and the Minimal Martingale Measure
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

In this chapter we present two ways to choose a unique martingale measure in an incomplete market. The first way is to use an extended version of the Esscher transform, which implies that we restrict the class of martingale measures. The second way is to use the minimal martingale measure, that is, the measure which minimizes the norm of the associated Girsanov kernel. We exemplify the two methods and discuss the economic significance.
Equilibrium Theory: A Simple Production Model
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

This is the first of several chapters dealing with the dynamic equilibrium theory. As an instructive first example we study a simple Cox–Ingersoll–Ross type of production model. The equilibrium concept is given a precise formulation and we derive the equilibrium short rate as well as the equilibrium stochastic discount factor. We also study the associated optimization problem for a central planner and prove that this is equivalent to the equilibrium problem.
Endowment Equilibrium: Unit Net Supply
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

We now move on to study dynamic equilibrium within the framework of a unit net supply endowment model. This model is studied in detail, beginning with the simplest scalar model and ending with a multifactor non-Markovian vector model. We use the martingale approach from Chapter 27 to analyze the model and we derive explicit formulas for the equilibrium stochastic discount factor and the equilibrium short rate.
Coleridge's Contemplative Philosophy
Authors: Cheyne Peter
Published: February 2020

‘PHILOSOPHY, or the doctrine and discipline of ideas’ as S. T. Coleridge understood it, is the theme of this book. It considers the most vital and mature vein of Coleridge’s prose writings to be ‘the contemplation of ideas objectively, as existing powers’. A theory of ideas emerges in critical engagement with thinkers including Plato, Plotinus, Böhme, Kant, and Schelling. A commitment to the transcendence of reason, central to what Coleridge calls ‘the spiritual platonic old England’, distinguishes him from his German contemporaries. This book pursues a theory of contemplation that draws from Coleridge’s theories of imagination and the ‘Ideas of Reason’ in his published texts and extensively from his thoughts as they developed throughout published works, fragments, letters, and notebooks. He posited a hierarchy of cognition from basic sense intuition to the apprehension of scientific, ethical, and theological ideas. The structure of the book follows this thesis, beginning with sense data, moving upwards into aesthetic experience, imagination, and reason, with final chapters on formal logic and poetry that constellate the contemplation of ideas. Coleridge’s Contemplative Philosophy is not just a work of history of philosophy; it addresses a figure whose thinking is of continuing interest, arguing that contemplation of ideas and values has consequences for everyday morality and aesthetics, as well as metaphysics. The book also illuminates Coleridge’s prose by analysis of his poetry, notably the ‘Limbo’ sequence. The volume will be of interest to philosophers, intellectual historians, scholars of religion, and of literature.
The ‘Sense’ of Knowledge
Authors: Cheyne Peter
Published: February 2020

Part I of this book acquaints the reader with Coleridge’s sense of reason through his theories of sense and imagination. Chapter 1 pursues the intuitive aspect, for Coleridge, in thinking and knowing, as the sensuous nature of knowledge. Section 1.1 examines the intellectual drive—the metaphysical nisus—in terms of the physical senses and the chase which drove him to an ideal sense of contemplation as Sabbaths to epistemic and philosophical labour. Section 1.2 traces Coleridge’s legacy in culture, philosophy, and religion through the nineteenth century, especially in Britain and the United States, before following his reception in twentieth-century philosophy. The chapter then argues that a standard interpretation of Coleridge has remained elusive for four reasons: his aim to transform readers; his wide reading being difficult for scholars to assimilate; the sheer breadth—over fifty separate books—of his writings; and his complex relation with German idealism. Section 1.3 outlines Coleridge’s organicism and holistic anti-reductionism, and his concomitant opposition to extremes in materialism and empiricism, as he strove to overcome alienation.
The Art of Poetic Life-Writing
Authors: Cheyne Peter
Published: February 2020

Chapter 4 argues that Coleridge’s ‘primary imagination’ is based on Kant’s theory of a ‘necessary imagination’ that synthesizes thought and feeling in constructing experience. In this way, it is vital to what the author calls autobiography concrète, or the art of poetic life-writing. Section 4.2 proposes an ontological capacity to augment Coleridge’s philosophy, removing some problems in his concept of a ‘sensorium of the Spirit’. Section 4.3 then develops Coleridge’s primary–secondary imagination distinction into the author’s view of art as a secondary creativity, an ad vita poiesis, whose creations persist beyond the living culture, as distinct from primary creativity, the in vivo poiesis of everyday aesthetics. Here, the symbolic meaning in lives and communities is made; though, like a vital organ, it cannot easily survive beyond the living culture.
The Divided Line: Lower and Higher
Authors: Cheyne Peter
Published: February 2020

Chapter 7 begins, in Section 7.1 (i), by demonstrating how Coleridge’s modified Platonism draws on Plotinus to theorize how imagination provides aesthetic access to ideas. The chapter then outlines, in Section 7.1 (ii), Plato’s epistemology and ontology in the context of Coleridgean concerns. Like Plato, Coleridge divided lower and higher powers, while also arguing that the divide can be crossed without being negated. Coleridge recasts key Platonic notions, retaining phantasía as fancy in the lower mind, and elevating imagination to a role above the divide, as the intermediary, or Plotinian ‘border’ (methórion), between the sensible and the intelligible. Section 7.2 examines the movement from eikasía to pístis, Plato’s lower powers. This movement is equivalent to the Coleridgean transition from sense and fancy to the lower understanding. Section 7.3 then focuses on the Platonic transition in the higher mind to nóēsis, examining the influence of Plato, often read through a Plotinian lens, on Coleridge’s theory of noetic contemplation.
The Coleridgean Idea
Authors: Cheyne Peter
Published: February 2020

Chapter 8 situates Coleridge’s thought on transcendent ideas and their historical actualization. After contrasting the Coleridgean idea with what Locke and Hume meant by that word, it is further situated with reference to Heraclitus, Plato, Plotinus, Bacon, Schelling, Hegel, and Mill. It draws on an argument that Coleridge’s theory develops from Bacon’s inductive method for discovering both laws of nature through experiment and natural law through custom and judicial precedent (common law). The chapter argues that Coleridge thus upholds the reality of ‘Forms’ in science, and of rights in ethics and politics. It further argues that his later political thought is inherently more progressive than is generally admitted. The chapter then clarifies how Coleridge’s account of ideas in history differs from Schelling’s and Hegel’s respective theories by maintaining the transcendence of ideas above the immanence of their evolving historical actualizations.
Developing Polarity: Trichotomy, Tetractys, and Pentad
Authors: Cheyne Peter
Published: February 2020

Chapter 9 addresses noetic contemplation through Coleridge’s higher logic, or rather ‘Noetic’, of the ‘tetrad’, relating absolutes (the Trinity, reality, being, the good, etc.), and his pentad, relating non-absolutes (human institutions, natural powers, and phenomena). Section 9.1 argues that these forms ‘tautegorically’ represent Coleridge’s metaphysics and compares these forms to C. S. Peirce’s ‘abductive’ logic. Section 9.2 discusses Coleridge’s historical sources, mainly Schelling and other Naturphilosophen. Section 9.3 argues that Coleridge crucially differs from Schelling here with a divergent conception of the indifference-point, or Coleridgean mesothesis, and its relation to the Absolute. Section 9.4 illuminates Coleridge’s neglected distinction between his tetracti, which are always and entirely noetic, constellating absolutes (ideas or powers), and his pentads, which are either noetic, containing an absolute term, or logical, constellating only non-absolutes. Section 9.5 pauses for transitional remarks before the pentads are interpreted in Chapter 10 with respect to the humane value of contemplation and the realization of ideas.
“Thy Mangl’d Empire”
Authors: Christie Nancy
Published: February 2020

By analyzing the protests of merchants against the Stamp Act and other taxes, this chapter revises previous interpretations which have argued that there was no political agitation in Quebec similar to the Patriot opposition in the Thirteen Colonies. It also explores the emergence of classical republican modes of political discourse within the weekly newspapers and the censorship of radical Whig discourse throughout the American Revolution, demonstrating how political commentary thus became increasingly anti-American and more loyalist in tenor. It also compares the divergent strategies to maintain the allegiance of the French Canadian majority and the indigenous allies by the British government and Governors Carleton and Haldimand during the American Revolution, to show the emergence within official governmental circles of greater condemnation of the French Canadian majority who were represented as proto-rebels.
The Making of Britannicus Canadensis
Authors: Christie Nancy
Published: February 2020

This chapter examines the growing political opposition among English-speaking political commentators against the Quebec Act of 1774 which protected French Canadian interests by preserving their right to practice their Catholic religion and use French civil law. It shows the way in which classical republican discourse diverged from that in the Thirteen Colonies and Britain: it absorbed Wilkite and radical Whig tenets into Country Whig principles, and these became increasingly inflected by a rabidly anti-Catholic and anti-French Canadian perspective as opposition writers sought to repeal and replace the Quebec Act. This chapter also traces the development of voluntary associations and clubs which functioned as an out-of-doors political opposition prior to the establishment of an assembly under the Canada Act of 1791, thereby elucidating the emergence of a public sphere which fostered a variety of local projects aimed at subverting French Canadian political rights, French law, and the seigneurial system.
Thinking Matter in Locke’s Proof of God’s Existence
Authors: Connolly Patrick J.
Published: February 2020

Commentators almost universally agree that Locke denies the possibility of thinking matter in Book IV Chapter 10 of the Essay. This article develops an alternative interpretation according to which Locke allows for the possibility that a system of matter could think (even prior to any act of superaddition on God’s part). In addition, it contends that this does not destroy Locke’s argument in the chapter, instead it helps to illuminate the nature of it. The article proceeds in two main stages. First, a distinction between two senses of ‘production’ is made to clarify Locke’s claim that matter cannot produce thought. Second, Locke’s claim that God could not be a system of randomly moving particles is interpreted as a claim about God’s wisdom and knowledge and not as a claim about thinking matter.
Backwards and Forwards with Tort Law
Authors: Gardner John
Published: February 2020

This chapter argues that there can be no successful type of objection to an economic analysis of tort law. Coleman’s attempts to make good such objections are the best we have, but still they fail. That is because legal economists can in principle account for any norm that can be accounted for. To show that their explanation fails we are always reduced in the end to arguing that they got their costings wrong, and once the argument gets to that point then the war is over. If we want to defeat the economic analysis of tort law in a less pyrrhic way, we have no alternative but to mount a different type of objection to it. We must establish that the economic analysis rests on a bad theory of value. This we do by exploring what really matters in life, for what really matters in life is also, by and large, what really matters in law.
Breach of Contract as a Special Case of Tort
Authors: Gardner John
Published: February 2020

This chapter discusses a way of distinguishing the law of torts from other parts of the law. It argues that the law of torts is a law of the following: civil recourse, for wrongs, in which primarily corrective justice is attempted, in a primarily reparative mode, in response to claims for unliquidated sums, and where the duties breached are non-contractual. The chapter also explains primacy of the law of contract over the law of torts, according to economists of private law. The best way to think of the law of contract is to think of it as augmenting, or supplementing, the law of torts. This does not entail that the best way to justify the law of contract is to justify it as an augmentation or supplementation of the law of torts. Possibly, as the economists think, the order of justification is the other way round.
Introduction
Authors: Swendsen Robert H.
Published: February 2020

The introduction gives the plan of the book and guides the reader to the main points. The book is divided into four parts: Part I provides a complete derivation of the entropy of the ideal gas, a system consisting of many particles, using only the concepts of classical physics. Part II develops the field of Thermodynamics, based on postulates (fundamental axioms) describing properties of the entropy. Part III deals with classical Statistical Mechanics, the general properties of a system consisting of many particles. Part IV, Quantum Statistical Mechanics, describes and explains in great detail the statistical properties of a quantum system.
Discrete Probability Theory
Authors: Swendsen Robert H.
Published: February 2020

The chapter presents an overview of various interpretations of probability. It introduces a ‘model probability,’ which assumes that all microscopic states that are essentially alike have the same probability in equilibrium. A justification for this fundamental assumption is provided. The basic definitions used in discrete probability theory are introduced, along with examples of their application. One such example, which illustrates how a random variable is derived from other random variables, demonstrates the use of the Kronecker delta function. The chapter further derives the binomial and multinomial distributions, which will be important in the following chapter on the configurational entropy, along with the useful approximation developed by Stirling and its variations. The Gaussian distribution is presented in detail, as it will be very important throughout the book.
The Classical Ideal Gas: Configurational Entropy
Authors: Swendsen Robert H.
Published: February 2020

This chapter derives the part of the entropy that is generated by the positions of particles, or the configurational entropy. The remaining part of the entropy, which is generated by the momenta of the particles, is derived in Chapter 6. While both derivations are unconventional, they are based directly on an 1877 paper by Boltzmann that discusses the exchange of energy between two or more systems. The dependence of the entropy on the number of particles is derived solely by assuming that the probability of a given particle being in a specified volume is proportional to that volume. No quantum mechanics is required for this derivation, and the result is valid for both distinguishable and indistinguishable particles.