bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Density-Independent Population Growth
Authors: Fogarty Michael J. , Collie Jeremy S.
Published: September 2020

Population growth rate depends on the difference between birth and death rates. The simplest population models assume that these rates are constant and do not depend on population size or density. Nor do they consider the size or age of the individuals in the population. These models predict exponential growth or decline depending on the balance between birth and death rates. Aquatic organisms of different life stages and ages typically have different survival rates and produce different numbers of offspring; therefore, depending on the objectives of the analysis, it may be necessary to structure population models by age, size, or life-history stage to capture this essential feature. Population models are typically cast in either continuous time using differential equations or in discrete time using difference equations. The former may be more appropriate in ‘constant’ environments while the latter may be better suited for application in seasonal environments.
Density-Dependent Population Growth
Authors: Fogarty Michael J. , Collie Jeremy S.
Published: September 2020

The observation that no population can grow indefinitely and that most populations persist on ecological timescales implies that mechanisms of population regulation exist. Feedback mechanisms include competition for limited resources, cannibalism, and predation rates that vary with density. Density dependence occurs when per capita birth or death rates depend on population density. Density dependence is compensatory when the population growth rate decreases with population density and depensatory when it increases. The logistic model incorporates density dependence as a simple linear function. A population exhibiting logistic growth will reach a stable population size. Non-linear density-dependent terms can give rise to multiple equilibria. With discrete time models or time delays in density-dependent regulation, the approach to equilibrium may not be smooth—complex dynamical behavior is possible. Density-dependent feedback processes can compensate, up to a point, for natural and anthropogenic disturbances; beyond this point a population will collapse.
‘You Always Had One Foot in the Camp’
Authors: Whatmore-Thomson Helen J.
Published: September 2020

The first chapter introduces the case studies of Neuengamme, Natzweiler-Struthof, and Vught in their respective wartime contexts of Germany, Alsace, and the Netherlands. It traces through the ways in which the outside world remained connected to the camps in each of the three locations. It highlights how camps were accommodated in host localities via administrative and economic processes, how they offered employment and trading opportunities, how the violence that was perpetrated was visible and audible in local spaces beyond the perimeters of the camp, and how local inhabitants tried to help prisoners. The chapter discusses the different motivational forces for civilians becoming involved and highlights the importance of situational factors. It concludes by examining the (unusually collective) ‘help actions’ which were coordinated by a pro-active number of individuals at Vught on behalf of prisoners.
Camps after Camps
Authors: Whatmore-Thomson Helen J.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 2 examines what happened to the Nazi camps in the immediate aftermath of the war. It narrates the transition from KZ to internment camp at each location in the context of cleansing responses to Nazism and transitional justice. It demonstrates how local populations responded to the renewed camp presence and the new inmates in their midst, and outlines the extent of official municipal involvement. It addresses the earliest forms of KZ memorialization, in particular the ways and means by which local communities were involved in enacting and debating commemoration, both of their own accord and in conjunction with other actors (namely survivors and the state). It details the swift consummation of Vught’s Fusilladeplaats as an official KZ monument and highlights local fraternity with prisoners as a key aspect of early post-war KZ commemoration (in formerly occupied nations). The chapter finally examines the significance of the actual KZ sites in terms of heritage and tourism.
Methodological preliminaries
Authors: Attardo Salvatore
Published: September 2020

The chapter begins by defining the fundamental distinction between competence and performance and introduces various methodological approaches used in the linguistics of humor, with a focus on the principle of commutation. The problem of identifying humor is then addressed, including a review of traditional “markers’ of humor (i.e., laughter). A triangulation method incorporating several markers and semantic analysis is proposed to replace it. In particular the inadequacy of using laughter is investigated by reviewing non-mirthful laughter. Finally the idea of keying, from ethnomethodology is used to explain how a situation may be seen as humorous or not, depending on its keying.
Conclusion
Authors: Attardo Salvatore
Published: September 2020

The conclusion wraps up the multiple arguments in the body of the book by arguing that humor studies needs a complex theory, in the sense of complexity theory and a trans-disciplinary approach that takes input from all relevant disciplines to explain humor.
The Book Trade in Aberdeen, Glasgow, and the Smaller Burghs to 1785
Authors: Fox Adam
Published: September 2020

Chapter 4 looks at the development of the book trade in Aberdeen, Glasgow, and the smaller burghs of Scotland during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It traces the succession of town printers in Aberdeen and Glasgow and their production of slight and ephemeral works aimed at the widest audience. It explores the role of chapmen in carrying almanacs, ballads, and small books into the rural areas of Scotland and demonstrates the ways in which a national print network was expanding across the Lowlands. By the end of this period, presses were being established in towns across the country, taking the production of cheaply printed literature ever closer to its audience.
Handbills and Placards
Authors: Fox Adam
Published: September 2020

Chapter 6 examines the handbills that were passed around on the streets and the notices that were posted up in Scottish communities during the early modern period. In particular, it looks at government proclamations and civic ordinances, topical publications and newssheets, elegiac poetry and satirical squibs, commercial advertisements and playbills, together with other ephemeral items printed on a single sheet. It indicates the ways in which public places in Scotland would have been filled with a variety of flyers and posters that made up the textual environment of everyday life. The fragile nature of such material has ensured its limited survival and made its contemporary significance easy to overlook, but it made a fundamental contribution to the cultural ambience of the urban Lowlands in these centuries.
Mazarin’s Fall
Authors: Parrott David
Published: September 2020

The chapter examines the crisis of authority that had emerged in early 1650 between cardinal Mazarin and Condé, and provides a character assessment of the two protagonists. Mazarin’s decision to resolve the crisis by arresting and imprisoning Condé, his brother, and his brother-in-law generated a variety of damaging consequences, including military operations conducted against the royal armies by Turenne, while opposition progressively focused hostility on Mazarin and his style of government. During a crucial few weeks in January 1651, open condemnation of the cardinal, above all by the Parlement of Paris, undermined the remnants of Mazarin’s power and forced him to release the princes. Despite Mazarin’s hopes for a rapprochement with Condé, he was expelled from France and ultimately settled in exile at Brühl in the territory of the Archbishop-Elector of Cologne. The rest of the chapter explores Mazarin’s inability, both practical and psychological, to accept the permanence of his exile, and his attempts to exert maximum pressure, through correspondence and allies at court, on Anne of Austria, the queen mother, to recall him to France. The chapter concludes with the comprehensive failure of this policy when, on the eve of Louis XIII’s thirteenth birthday and the declaration of his official majority, the regency government promulgated an edict reiterating Mazarin’s criminal behaviour and his banishment in perpetuity (6 September 1651).
Transactional Politics and the Cankered Decade
Authors: Parrott David
Published: September 2020

The conclusion explores the most fundamental development of the civil war: the need for both Condé and Mazarin to acquire and maintain military/political parties. It shows how the flaws in Condé’s personality undermined his efforts to create and maintain a militarized following, above all once he moved to the frontiers and thence into exile in the Spanish Netherlands. Mazarin’s attempts to create and maintain factional alliances led to an inflation of rewards that was self-defeating both in corroding the loyalty of established parties whose status was being debased by the newly and richly rewarded, and in creating a political culture in which aggressive assertiveness, non-cooperation, and overt calculation of interest were perceived as the best route to secure individual advantage. The conclusion argues further that this culture of overtly self-interested assertion—transactional politics—continued to predominate in the years after 1652. In part this reflected the persisting climate of tension, uncertainty, and instability that characterized these years, so different from the triumphalism of the first part of Mazarin’s ministry. In part it also reflected the example given by Mazarin and his fellow ministers, who set the pattern for cynical self-advancement, and adjusted their expectations of probity, good service, and loyalty from their subordinates accordingly. It was a cankered decade; one of the achievements of Louis XIV and his ministers on assuming power following Mazarin’s death in 1661 was to re-establish a language of disinterested service and loyalty to the crown, a language which had become incompatible with government by first minister.
Korean and the Korean dialects
Authors: Sohn Ho-Min
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents a structural overview of contemporary Korean. Following a brief introduction to the speakers, writing systems, and previous scholarship, the main body surveys the following six areas. Historical connections cover the Korean-Japanese and Korean-Altaic hypotheses, dialectal situation, and standardization, and contacts with Chinese, Japanese, and English. The phonology presents the phoneme inventory, a set of rules mapping morphophonemic to phonetic representations, and suprasegmental features. The morphology discusses lexical classification, inflection, and derivation. The syntax covers the word order, noun and verb phrases, main and satellite clauses, causative / passive constructions, and serial (converb) and auxiliary constructions. The lexicon discusses the layers of native terms, Sino-Korean words, and loanwords. Finally, the dialectal variation describes the formation and characteristics of seven dialectal zones and sociopolitical dialectal division between the two Koreas.
Even and the Northern Tungusic languages
Authors: Pakendorf Brigitte , Aralova Natalia
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides a concise structural overview of the three Northern Tungusic languages spoken in the Russian Federation, namely Even, Evenki, and Negidal. Even and Evenki are spoken by people who traditionally were fully nomadic hunters and reindeer herders, whereas Negidal is spoken by a small group who were traditionally semi-sedentary fishers and hunters. Typical features of these languages are root-based vowel harmony, large case systems, an extensive system of verbal inflection and derivation, and the widespread use of nonfinite verb forms in subordination. The three languages discussed here share large numbers of cognate forms, but also have notable individual features, such as the indefinite accusative case found in Evenki and Negidal, the refactive verb derivation that Negidal shares with other Tungusic languages of the Amur region, or the use of evaluative morphology to express (in)definiteness in Even.
The Northwestern Turkic (Kipchak) languages
Authors: Csató Éva Á. , Johanson Lars
Published: September 2020

This chapter deals with the Northwestern (Kipchak) branch of the Turkic language family. Examples taken from this branch of Turkic illustrate phonological, morphological, and syntactic features typical of Turkic languages. Reference is also made to special developments leading to the emergence of non-typical features in some Northwestern languages. Special emphasis is given to the description of the southern Kipchak language, Kazakh, in the middle of the Turkic-speaking world and to the moribund western Kipchak language, Lithuanian Karaim, on its northwestern periphery. Moreover, the typical Turkic features are compared to the 20 core structures (CS) in Transeurasian languages evaluated in Robbeets (2017h and this Oxford Guide).
Complex constructions in the Transeurasian languages
Authors: Malchukov Andrej , Czerwinski Patryk
Published: September 2020

The chapter deals with complex constructions in the Transeurasian languages, including complement, relative, and adverbial clauses, as well as paratactic constructions. The dominant strategy of expressing subordinate clauses across the Transeurasian language families is the “deranking” strategy relying on nonfinite forms such as participles and converbs, which are discussed in considerable detail. Given the vast domain, the chapter focuses on convergent tendencies across the Transeurasian languages, resulting from either typological similarities, areal convergence, or possibly shared “drift,” indicative of a remote genealogical relation, as has been suggested in the literature. Accounting for and distinguishing among these different factors presents a considerable challenge for Transeurasian studies. In this chapter one case of convergent behavior in the domain of internally headed relative clauses is presented in detail, and the conclusion reached that both independent developments and language contact are responsible for the convergencies in this domain.
The Names of the Muses
Authors: Vergados Athanassios
Published: September 2020

The chapter explores Hesiod’s presentation and etymology of the Muses’ names in the proem of the Theogony. The catalogue of the Muses’ names at vv. 77–9 is prepared by the preceding narrative that repeats words and word-parts cognate with these names. This implicit etymological network has a bearing on questions of poetic authority, especially since it allows Hesiod to contrast his account of the Muses’ number and names from other traditional versions reflected in textual and artistic sources. Finally, the chapter considers the implicit etymological explanation of the narrator’s name Ἡσίοδος‎ in the Theogony proem, through which he conveys the homology of his and the Muses’ task and exerts influence on the contents and organization of the Muses’ song.
What Happened after Eusebius? Chronicles and Narrative Identities in the Fourth Century
Authors: Nuffelen Peter Van
Published: September 2020

The chronicle of Eusebius, published in 325AD, was the subject of a wide range of responses by scholars of the fourth century. If a few simply adopted his framework, others sought to reintroduce the ideas of Julius Africanus and Hippolytus, whose chronicles Eusebius had brushed aside. The chapter shows that, notwithstanding a strong concern with getting Biblical chronology right, fourth-century chronography was not a merely intellectual activity in support of Biblical exegesis. Chronographic arguments were also marshalled in the exchanges with other faiths and Christian groups. In addition, by seeking to link the astronomical cycle to historical events, chronography also contributed to making Christianity the natural religion, in that its history and its cycle of feasts came to be aligned with the rhythm of nature.
Constructing Identity in the Tomb
Authors: Jensen Robin M.
Published: September 2020

Surviving examples of early Christian visual art found in a funerary context (e.g., catacomb paintings and sarcophagus reliefs) reflect elements of their owners’ beliefs about death and the afterlife. Their decorative programmes also reveal aspects of the deceased’s social status, profession, or character—or at least about how they or their survivors wished them to be represented. Insofar as these Christian burial monuments display motifs both like and unlike those of their non-Christian neighbours, it is possible to examine the ways Christians adapted a pre-existing iconographic vocabulary. This chapter examines instances of Christian appropriation and reconceptualization of conventional tomb décor. It also identifies patterns or artistic devices that shaped a distinctive Christian visual rhetoric and memorializing practice.
Renunciation and Ascetic Identity in the Liber ad Renatum of Asterius Ansedunensis
Authors: Tamas Hajnalka
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the rhetoric of strict renunciation advanced by Asterius Ansedunensis in his Liber ad Renatum monachum in the context of late antique ascetic identities. Asterius employed the ascetic exegesis/translation of certain Scriptural terms and passages to advocate the holistic renunciation of interpersonal relations as a prerequisite for ascetic life. Starting from Genesis 2:18, Asterius maintained, in a peculiar twist on the creation and fall narratives in Genesis 2–4, that God created Adam to be an ascetic. Conversely, the premises of sin were sown when the first woman privileged her relationship with Adam over the commandments of God. Asterius thus extended the traditional ascetic exegesis of Genesis 4:1 (sexual renunciation) to include all interpersonal relations, since sinfulness flows from human relational conduct. Two conclusions emerge from this exposé: asceticism is the natural state of the human being; and the only legitimate way to retrieve the Adamic state is heremitism.
Beginnings
Authors: Louth Charlie
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on the early work up to Mir zur Feier (1899). Rilke’s beginnings were virtuosic but with a few exceptions fairly empty. This is the common view, and fundamentally it reflects the truth, but the picture has been distorted by the fact that Rilke did not collect or publish some of his most distinctive early work, especially the love poems written to Lou Andreas-Salomé (Dir zur Feier) and the so-called Christus-Visionen. By looking at these works more closely than is usually the case, this chapter also sheds a different light on some of the better known, but lesser works such as Mir zur Feier. Rilke’s poetics as they are expressed in his lecture Moderne Lyrik (1898) are also important here, together with his relationship to symbolism and decadence and the self-conscious attempt to make the difficulty and fragility of beginning into a poetically productive preoccupation.
Rilke’s Requiems
Authors: Louth Charlie
Published: September 2020

This chapter, like Chapter 1, deliberately disrupts the chronological order, taking together Rilke’s four requiems: ‘Requiem’ from the Buch der Bilder (written 1900), the two famous poems published as Requiem (written 1908), and ‘Requiem auf den Tod eines Knaben’ (1915). At about the half-way point, this is a place to think about Rilke’s work synchronically as well as diachronically, to focus on a particular theme and a particular form, and to look back as well as forward. It also provides a counterpoint to the chapters on the Duineser Elegien (mourning-poems, but not for anyone’s death) and on the Sonette an Orpheus (written ‘as a memorial’ for a young acquaintance).
The Interim I: 1907–1914
Authors: Louth Charlie
Published: September 2020

This is the first of two chapters looking in detail at the fascinating but uncollected and often unpublished verse Rilke wrote between finishing Malte (and slightly before) and completing the Duineser Elegien. This chapter takes us up to the First World War and to the poem ‘Wendung’. Rilke himself tended to disregard this work because it seemed incidental to his main intention of writing the Elegies, and until recently most critics have followed him. The prime aim is to draw attention to a number of important poems, some of which still disturb the general view of Rilke that stems from his better-known works (poems such as ‘Der Geist Ariel’ or the Gedichte an die Nacht). It provides readings of these, and also deals with translations from the period, especially of Shakespeare’s third sonnet, of Leopardi’s ‘L’Infinito’ and of some of Mallarmé’s sonnets. There emerges a glimpse of an alternative Rilke, of the poets he might have become had he not fixed his sights so resolutely on the Duineser Elegien.
The Interim II: 1914–1922
Authors: Louth Charlie
Published: September 2020

This chapter continues the examination of Rilke’s ‘interim’ work with a focus on his responses to German literature, which he began to read in a more systematic fashion at this time, moving away from the French tradition which he had virtually made himself part of in Paris. Although the First World War stifled Rilke’s writing, he remained committed to a poetics of experimentation. The chapter looks in detail at his relationship with the poetry of Hölderlin, which was edited fully for the first time in these years and, within the context of the war, goes on to deal with the ‘phallic’ ‘Sieben Gedichte’ and other poems including ‘Der Tod’, ‘An die Musik’ and ‘Laß dir, daß Kindheit war…’ ending with ‘Solang du Selbstgeworfnes fängst…’ as a prelude to the Duineser Elegien.
Explaining Imagination
Authors: Langland-Hassan Peter
Published: September 2020

Imagination will remain a mystery—we will not be able to explain imagination—until we can break it into simpler parts that are more easily understood. Explaining Imagination is a guidebook for doing just that, where the simpler parts are other familiar mental states like beliefs, desires, judgments, decisions, and intentions. In different combinations and contexts, these states constitute cases of imagining. This reductive approach to imagination is at direct odds with the current orthodoxy, which sees imagination as an irreducible, sui generis mental state or process—one that influences our judgments, beliefs, desires, and so on, without being constituted by them. Explaining Imagination looks closely at the main contexts where imagination is thought to be at work and argues that, in each case, the capacity is best explained by appeal to a person’s beliefs, judgments, desires, intentions, or decisions. The proper conclusion is not that there are no imaginings after all, but that these other states simply constitute the relevant cases of imagining. Contexts explored in depth include: hypothetical and counterfactual reasoning, engaging in pretense, appreciating fictions, and generating creative works. The special role of mental imagery within states like beliefs, desires, and judgments is explained in a way that is compatible with reducing imagination to more basic folk psychological states. A significant upshot is that, in order to create an artificial mind with an imagination, we need only give it these more ordinary mental states.
Imagistic Imagining Part I
Authors: Langland-Hassan Peter
Published: September 2020

The relationship of attitude imagining to imagistic imagining is explored in depth. Formal characterizations are given of each. A nuanced definition of ‘mental imagery’ is developed as a means to better-defining I-imagining. Competing attempts to define A-imagining in terms of a certain “direction of fit” are criticized, as are attempts to distinguish “mere supposition” from A-imagining. It is then argued that A-imagining and I-imagining pick out overlapping but distinct sets of mental phenomena. Some A-imginings are I-imaginings, and some I-imaginings are A-imaginings. But neither is a sub-set of the other. Several strains of resistance to that conclusion are considered and rejected. Currie & Ravenscroft’s (2002) notion of “recreative imagining” is closely analyzed with the conclusion that it does not pick out a third theoretically important class of imaginings.
Pretense Part II
Authors: Langland-Hassan Peter
Published: September 2020

The question of the psychological states typically relied upon to carry out a pretense is explored. The influential idea that pretenders must “quarantine” or “decouple” certain representations from others is queried and critiqued. An alternative approach to the psychology of pretense is developed that does not require quarantining, and which is consistent with pretenses being driven entirely by beliefs and desires. A number of different pretenses are provided as examples. While some pretenses involve use of beliefs in conditionals, many pretenses can proceed with the use of ordinary non-conditional beliefs and desires. A number of objections to the approach are considered and rebutted, including the claim that the dissociations seen in people with autism spectrum disorder favor belief in sui generis imaginings.
Satires on Domestic Subjects
Authors: Hale Meredith McNeill
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines five satires on the subject of domestic politics. Orange-Amsterdam opposition dominated Dutch politics for much of the seventeenth century and the States Party faction, led by the republican-leaning Amsterdam regents, was driven by two primary concerns: the interruption to trade, particularly with France, caused by William III’s invasion of England and subsequent military exploits; and the curbing of William’s dynastic ambition, which was seen as a direct threat to Holland’s supremacy within the United Provinces. All of De Hooghe’s satires under consideration here are Orangist in viewpoint and accuse Amsterdam of colluding with France in order to maintain lucrative trade alliances and marginalize William III politically. The function of De Hooghe’s satires is the primary focus of this discussion and, to this end, the critical role played by factionalism in Dutch politics of this period will be considered. It will be argued that De Hooghe’s domestic satires were intended for a specific segment of Holland’s governing elite, those in the ‘middle party’ who did not align themselves fully with either the States Party or the Orangist ends of the political spectrum. The chapter concludes that pragmatic considerations were a critical impetus for the domestic satires: for Orangists, the fact that William III needed the financial support of Amsterdam for his military campaigns; and, for the Amsterdam regents, as is articulated in an anonymous anti-Williamite satire, the fear of William III’s monarchical ambitions and the opportunity to consolidate their power in the absence of the Stadhouder-King.
The Logic of Mercy
Authors: Rendle Matthew
Published: September 2020

Chapter 5 explores why many sentences from revolutionary tribunals were suspended, why there were frequent national amnesties, and why some offenders were released early—termed as ‘mercy’ by the Bolsheviks. These activities all emphasized the flexibility of law. Bolshevik legal theorists argued that, if the danger posed by the crime changed, then so should the sentence, and there was no point incarcerating people who could be safely rehabilitated into society. But there were also other logical reasons, from reinforcing the image of the justice system as independent and the state as humane to relieving pressure on overcrowded courts and prisons, to targeting social groups whose support or service was needed. This chapter focuses on cassation, amnesties, and early release to examine how the Bolsheviks utilized mercy. It also explores the dialogue on justice that emerged in appeals, and the strategies of appellants, and how their ‘involuntary complicity’ in revolutionary justice may have reinforced its legitimacy and, in turn, the authority of the state.
Phonetic Causes of Sound Change
Authors: Recasens Daniel
Published: September 2020

The present study sheds light on the phonetic causes of sound change and the intermediate stages of the diachronic pathways by studying the palatalization and assibilation of velar stops (referred to commonly as ‘velar softening’, as exemplified by the replacement of Latin /ˈkɛntʊ/ by Tuscan Italian [ˈtʃɛnto] ‘one hundred’), and of labial stops and labiodental fricatives (also known as’ labial softening’, as in the case of the dialectal variant [ˈtʃatɾə] of /ˈpjatɾə/ ‘stone’ in Romanian dialects). To a lesser extent, it also deals with the palatalization and affrication of dentoalveolar stops. The book supports an articulation-based account of those sound-change processes, and holds that, for the most part, the corresponding affricate and fricative outcomes have been issued from intermediate (alveolo)palatal-stop realizations differing in closure fronting degree. Special attention is given to the one-to-many relationship between the input and output consonantal realizations, to the acoustic cues which contribute to the implementation of these sound changes, and to those positional and contextual conditions in which those changes are prone to operate most feasibly. Different sources of evidence are taken into consideration: descriptive data from, for example, Bantu studies and linguistic atlases of Romanian dialects in the case of labial softening; articulatory and acoustic data for velar and (alveolo)palatal stops and front lingual affricates; perceptual results from phoneme identification tests. The universal character of the claims being made derives from the fact that the dialectal material, and to some extent the experimental material as well, belong to a wide range of languages from not only Europe but also all the other continents.
Velar softening
Authors: Recasens Daniel
Published: September 2020

In so far as velar softening is a two-stage process involving velar palatalization and velar assibilation, it is claimed that these two sound-change mechanisms ought to be analysed separately. A distinction is made between front velar stop productions, and the (alveolo)palatal stop outcome of gestural blending between velar stops and front vocalic realizations. The chapter also presents and evaluates two general models of velar softening, i.e., the articulation-based model proposed by the Neogrammarians and the acoustic equivalence model proposed by Ohala and colleagues. Several arguments in support of the former model are presented, which are based on articulatory evidence and on experimental findings reported in earlier acoustico-perceptual studies.
Velar assibilation
Authors: Recasens Daniel
Published: September 2020

Lingual affricates differing in place of articulation, i.e., mostly [tʃ] but also [ts] and other affricates, may emerge naturally from the (alveolo)palatal stop outcome of velar palatalization. This is strongly suggested by the co-occurrence of (alveolo)palatal stops and one of the lingual affricates in specific dialectal domains, and by the existence of languages where velar softening has yielded either [tʃ] ot [ts] but not both, presumably owing to dialect-dependent differences in base of articulation. Specific spectral, duration, and intensity characteristics render the (alveolo)palatal stop burst comparable to the frication noise of a front lingual affricate, and the affrication process is likely to operate in those positional, contextual, and prosodic conditions which favour the presence of one or more of these acoustic properties. The affinity between the assibilation of velars and dentoalveolars is also subject to investigation.
Conclusion
Authors: Recasens Daniel
Published: September 2020

The Discussion chapter summarizes the main findings of the book regarding those contextual, positional, and prosodic conditions which trigger velar and labial softening, and the acoustic cues which are responsible for the integration of (alveolo)palatal stops as affricates differing in place of articulation. The arguments in support of an articulation-based interpretation of these sound changes are also summarized and evaluated. The chapter also addresses some phonological issues, namely, why (alveolo)palatal stops are phonetically but not phonologically frequent, and the extent to which their realization is conditioned by the number of dorsal-stop phonemes in the language.
Theology and the Anthropology of Christian Life
Authors: Robbins Joel
Published: September 2020

Both sociocultural anthropology and theology have made fundamental contributions to our understanding of human experience and the place of humanity in the world. But can these two disciplines, despite the radical differences that separate them, work together to transform their thinking on these topics? This book argues that they can. To make this point, the author draws on key theological discussions of such matters as atonement, eschatology, interruption, passivity, and judgement to rethink important anthropological debates about such topics as ethical life, radical change, the ways people live in time, agency, gift giving, and the nature of humanity. The result is both a reconsideration of important aspects of anthropological theory through theological categories and a series of careful readings of influential theologians such as Moltmann, Pannenberg, Jüngel, and Dalferth from the vantage point of rich ethnographic materials concerning the lives of Christians from around the world. In conclusion, the author draws on contemporary discussions of secularism to interrogate the secular foundations of anthropology and suggests that the differences between anthropology and theology in regard to this topic can provide a foundation rather than obstacle to their dialogue. Written as a work of interdisciplinary anthropological theorizing, this book also provides theologians an introduction to some of the most important ground covered by the burgeoning field of the anthropology of Christianity while guiding anthropologists into some major areas of theological discussion.
Narrative and Lyric Levels in Catullus
Authors: Trimble Gail
Published: September 2020

This chapter revisits the challenges of thinking about narrative metalepsis in lyric contexts by considering the diverse corpus of Catullus. Catullus’ most obviously narrative poem—poem 64—offers rich possibilities for metaleptic readings, and the chapter particularly investigates the ways in which the boundary between the poem’s outer narrative and its inset, ostensibly ecphrastic story is navigated by two powerfully subjective presences, the narrator and Ariadne, by such means as apostrophe and mise en abyme. Yet Catullus is typically classified as a lyric poet, and the chapter also examines poems that fuse the narrative and lyric modes, looking at potentially hymnic addresses to divinities across the corpus, and the tension in poem 68 between, on the one hand, the tendency to establish a whole series of nested narrative levels through ring composition and simile, and, on the other, the pull of the lyric mode towards a unified poetic ‘present’. There is a particular emphasis on the interaction among speech acts in the first, second and third person. Catullus himself appears in all three ‘persons’ as a character in the corpus, but is also a Roman author in whose real existence we believe, and the chapter concludes by returning against this background to Genette’s concern that metalepsis prompts us to ask whether we may belong to some narrative—as Catullus indeed does.
The Camera-I
Authors: Anderson David
Published: September 2020

The opening chapter, ‘The Camera-I: Patrick Keiller’s Early Short Films and Essays’, reconstructs Keiller’s early career and his shift from architecture to film-making, reading the use of ‘subjective camera’ and the creation of ‘subjective townscape’ in his early experimental works as crucial to the developing sensibility of his later docu-narratives. Excavating a history of the ‘London Film-makers’ Co-op’ and examining Keiller’s early essays before looking at the short films Stonebridge Park (1981) and Norwood (1983), it explores the ‘atmosphere of unemployed reverie’ and paranoiac, noir methods that provided a footing for the later Robinson series. At the same time, it offers a view of the exciting world of political agitation and experimental film of 1960s London.
Crosses, Circles, and Madness
Authors: Anderson David
Published: September 2020

Sinclair’s creative misreading of ‘psychogeography’ as ‘psychotic geography’ is central to the sixth chapter, ‘Crosses, Circles, and Madness: Iain Sinclair’s Lights Out for the Territory, London Orbital, and Edge of the Orison’. This chapter centres on the self-conscious neuroticism of Sinclair’s later documentary narratives, showing how the idea of walking is ever more closely associated with madness and psychological instability. Exploring Sinclair’s cultivation of ‘secret’ histories and ‘obscenery’ in Lights Out for the Territory (1997) and London Orbital (2002), its examination of Edge of the Orison (2005) arcs back to John Barrell’s canonical study of landscape art and the poetry of John Clare, suggesting that Sinclair’s agonized attachment to the figure of Clare finds his work ‘haunted’ by nothing so much as itself, returning constantly to the same themes and territories in a perverse parody of the picturesque mode.
The Personal Model
Authors: Bui Ngoc Son
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on seven constitutional amendments in North Korea under Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un’s rule. The Suryong (supreme leaders) system informs and legitimizes the process and substance of constitutional change in North Korea, the experience characterized here as the personal model of socialist constitutional change. The change of Suryong normally induces constitutional change. The Constitution was, also, amended to incorporate Suryong’s new ideas and guidance. Procedurally, the constitutional amendments are formally approved by the legislature with a two-third majority vote, but amendment approval is effectively controlled by a Suryong. Substantively, constitutional change in North Korea improves the Suryong-Dominant Party-State System to facilitate the government’s role in improving the material wellbeing of living conditions. The need to improve the material wellbeing generates new ideas about socio-economic development, the institutional adjustment to facilitate effective management of the economy and the society at large, and empowering the citizens to some extent.
The Oxford Turkish Grammar
Authors: van Schaaik Gerjan
Published: September 2020

The point of departure of this book is the fundamental observation that actual conversations tend to consist of loosely connected, compact, and meaningful chunks built on a noun phrase, rather than fully fledged sentences. Therefore, after the treatment of elementary matters such as the Turkish alphabet and pronunciation in part I, the main points of part II are the structure of noun phrases and their function in nominal, existential, and verbal sentences, while part III presents their adjuncts and modifiers. The verbal system is extensively discussed in part IV, and in part V on sentence structure the grammatical phenomena presented so far are wrapped up. The first five parts of the book, taken together, provide for all-round operational knowledge of Turkish on a basic level. Part VI deals with the ways in which complex words are constructed, and constitutes a bridge to the advanced matter treated in parts VII and VIII. These latter parts deal with advanced topics such as relative clauses, subordination, embedded clauses, clausal complements, and the finer points of the verbal system. An important advantage of this book is its revealing new content: the section on syllable structure explains how loanwords adapt to Turkish; other topics include: the use of pronouns in invectives; verbal objects classified in terms of case marking; extensive treatment of the optative (highly relevant in day-to-day conversation); recursion and lexicalization in compounds; stacking of passives; the Başı-Bozuk and Focus-Locus constructions; relativization on possessive, dative, locative, and ablative objects, instrumentals and adverbial adjuncts; pseudo-relative clauses; typology of clausal complements; periphrastic constructions and double negation.
Spatial orientations
Authors: van Schaaik Gerjan
Published: September 2020

Whereas the dative and ablative case markers are primarily used in combination with verbs denoting movement to and from some object, the locative signifies that all movement is absent. This natural relation justifies a simultaneous discussion of these case forms in deictic pronouns. These markers play a crucial role in expressions based on the genitive-possessive construction applied to nouns denoting a space. Such constructions fulfil the same job as prepositional phrases in other languages. Interestingly, these space nouns are used as pure adjectives as well, and in the final sections two other peculiarities are illustrated. Besides a fully fledged genitive-possessive construction, for metaphorical usage there is a construct without the genitive, the possessive part of which has much in common with a postposition. Secondly, adverbial phrases based on nouns denoting some location have come into existence in a similar way.
Counting and quantities
Authors: van Schaaik Gerjan
Published: September 2020

For relatively simple activities such as counting, determining a ranking order, or distributing some quantity in equal portions, handling the numbers of Turkish is really straightforward. There are cardinal, ordinal, and distributive numbers. These numbers behave like nouns in that they can take a plural or possessive suffix, or a case marker and combinations of these. These properties find ample employment and thus receive due attention in a sizeable section. Next is a section that goes into the intricacies of quantification: absolute quantities are opposed to relative quantities, and many examples are given of adverbs indicating indefinite quantities, nouns functioning as containers, and measurement units. The treatment of numerical fractions forms the introduction to a section in which partitive constructions are discussed. This chapter is concluded by a section that explores several expressions for age.
Optative forms *
Authors: van Schaaik Gerjan
Published: September 2020

The optative (also referred to as subjunctive by some) plays a dominant role in day-to-day conversations and expresses desirability. There are forms for all six grammatical persons. For the first-person singular and plural there are affirmative forms and negative forms, and in combination with the question particle, the sum total is four forms per grammatical person. Typically, such declarative forms are used to state something that is judged as desirable by the speaker, but the questioned forms clearly serve as a proposal with an invitation to comment on it. For the second person (singular and plural) there are only affirmative and negated forms, but question forms are nonexistent. Although there is also an optative suffix for the third-person singular, its usage is limited mainly to adverbial doublets.
On plurality
Authors: van Schaaik Gerjan
Published: September 2020

Certain pronouns exhibit inherent plurality and a corollary of this property is that multiple subjects require agreement (or concord): the expression of plurality on the predicate. Hence it takes a personal marker agreeing in person and number with that subject. Similar phenomena play a role in postponed suffixation, that is, when the suffixes for person and number in a clause occur solely in the final clause of a sentence. A special problem is posed by the question of what exactly determines the position where the personal marker for the third person plural should be placed. It is shown that notions such as property attribution, class inclusion, and identification are the mechanisms which are the crucial factors in the placement of the plural marker.
Sentential complements
Authors: van Schaaik Gerjan
Published: September 2020

Not only transitive verbs can take a sentential complement. The lexical category of adjectives contains a limited number of items that can take a sentential complement. Also certain nouns, such as kinship terms, make sense only with some other notion in the background, and there are two ways in which this is expressed: by a genitive-possessive construction or by a nominal compound with a sentential complement. The third section shows that adjectives, nouns, and adverbs expressing an epistemic modality take their sentential complements in a similar way. An alternative is found in existential constructions with an infinitival complement in the dative. This pattern is common to predicates expressing a deontic modality as well. Postpositional sentential complements are treated in the final sections.
The Gibbs Phase Rule
Authors: Cantor Brian
Published: September 2020

Materials are made up of regions of space that are homogeneous in structure and properties, called phases. The number of different phases in a material depends on its temperature, pressure and composition, as given when the material is at equilibrium by the Gibbs phase rule. This was discovered by the American scientist J. Willard Gibbs during his ground-breaking investigations in the late 19th century into the thermodynamics of heterogeneous materials. This chapter explains the differences between solutions, mixtures and compounds; the use of phase diagrams to determine the structure of a material; and the way in which phase transformations can be used to change the structure of a material. Gibbs grew up in an academic family at Yale University in New Haven at the time of the American Civil War. He was the first person to receive an engineering doctorate in the United States, and he later became a fundamental theoretician of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics and vector fields.
Fick’s Laws
Authors: Cantor Brian
Published: September 2020

Atoms and molecules are not completely immobile within a solid material. They move by jumping into vacancies or interstitial sites in the crystal lattice. The laws describing their motion were discovered by Adolf Fick in the mid-19th century, modelled on analogous laws for the flow of heat (Fourier’s law) and electricity (Ohm’s law). According to Fick’s first law, the rate at which atoms move is proportional to the concentration gradient, with the diffusion coefficient defined as the constant of proportionality. Fick’s second law generalises the first law to a wide range of situations and is called the diffusion equation. This chapter examines a number of characteristic diffusion profiles; the difference between self, intrinsic, inter- and tracer diffusion coefficients; the Kirkendall effect and porosity formation when different components move at different speeds; and the Arrhenius temperature dependence of diffusion. Fick was a physiologist and derived his laws initially to describe the flow of blood through the heart. He made advances in anatomy, physiology and medicine, developing methods of monitoring blood pressure, muscular power, corneal pressure and glaucoma. He lived at the time of Bismarck’s post-Napoléonic unification of Germany and the associated flowering of German science, engineering, medicine and culture.
The Scheil Equation
Authors: Cantor Brian
Published: September 2020

Many materials are manufactured by solidification, either as a final product by casting, or as an intermediate ingot or bar. The Scheil equation describes the partitioning that takes place during solidification and the resulting spatial redistribution of solute, which makes it difficult to maintain a homogeneous material composition, and which leads to unwanted concentrations of harmful impurities. This chapter explains nucleation and growth processes during solidification, the resulting dendritic, faceted, equiaxed and columnar structures depending on thermal conditions and material type, coupled solidification of two-phase eutectic materials, and typical casting methods and associated structures and defects. Very little is known about Erich Scheil, who worked at the Max Planck Institute in Stuttgart in the mid-20th century.