bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
D
esulfoprunum
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: September 2019

De.sul.fo.pru'num. L. pref.
de
‐ off, from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur, L. neut. n.
prunum
plum; N.L. neut. n.
Desulfoprunum
a plum‐shaped sulfate‐reducing bacterium.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobulbia / Desulfobulbales / Desulfocapsaceae / Desulfoprunum

Oval‐shaped cells, 0.8–1.0 µm × 3–5 µm. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Gram‐stain‐negative. Nonmotile. Strictly anaerobic, having a respiratory type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotroph, using short‐chain fatty acids, other organic acids, alcohols, and benzoate as carbon sources and electron donors. Electron donors are completely oxidized to CO
2
. Autotrophic growth on H
2
plus CO
2
and formate might be possible. Sulfate and thiosulfate serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. DMSO is also used as an electron acceptor. Mesophilic. Optimal temperature for growth, 30°C. Neutrophilic. The optimal pH for growth is 7.3. Best growth in freshwater medium; the optimal concentration of NaCl for growth is between 0.1 and 1.0 g l
−1
. Media containing a reductant are necessary for cultivation. The major menaquinone is MK‐5 (V‐H
2
). The genus currently accommodates a single species
Desulfoprunum benzoelyticum
. The type strain of the genus was isolated from sewage sludge of the municipal wastewater plant in Konstanz, Germany.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 52.3 (LC).

Type species
:
Desulfoprunum benzoelyticum
Junghare and Schink 2015, 82
VP
.
F
usicatenibacter
Authors: Takada Toshihiko , Kurakawa Takashi , Tsuji Hirokazu , Nomoto Koji
Published: September 2019

Fu.si.ca.te.ni.bac'ter. L. masc. n.
fusus
a spindle; L. fem. n.
catena
chain; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Fusicatenibacter
a spindle‐shaped chain rod.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Lachnospirales / Lachnospiraceae / Fusicatenibacter

Gram‐stain‐positive, strictly anaerobic, nonmotile, non‐spore‐forming, and spindle‐shaped rods arranged in pairs and short chains. Cells range in size from 1.5 to 15 µm in length and 0.5 to 1.0 µm in width. Produce lactate, formate, acetate and succinate as fermentation end products from glucose. Chemotaxonomic properties include lysine as the cell‐wall diamino acid and C
16
:0
, C
18
:1
ω7
c
DMA, and C
16
:0
DMA as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipid profile consists of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, and two aminoglycolipids. The
G
+
C
content of the genomic DNA is 46.9–47.2 mol% (HPLC). Members of the class
Clostridia
, order
Lachnospirales
, family
Lachnospiraceae
. Known habitat is human intestine.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 46.9–47.2 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans
Takada, Kurakawa, Tsuji, and Nomoto 2013, 3695
VP
.
F
alcatimonas
Authors: Ueki Atsuko , Kaku Nobuo , Ueki Katsuji
Published: September 2019

Fal.ca.ti.mo'nas L. adj.
falcatus
sickle or crescent shaped; Gr. fem. n.
monas
a unit; N.L. fem. n.
Falcatimonas
a sickle‐shaped unit.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Lachnospiraceae / Falcatimonas

Obligately anaerobic and chemoorganotrophic. Gram‐stain‐negative curved rods. Motile. Asaccharolytic and grows well in PY medium. Major fermentation products from peptone and amino acids include acetate, butyrate, and branched‐chain fatty acids. Catalase‐negative. Major cellular fatty acids are compounds related to iso‐C
15
:0
(fatty acid, dimethylacetal, or aldehyde). The cell wall contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic amino acid of peptidoglycan. The genus belongs to the family
Lachnospiraceae
in the order
Clostridiales
.

The type strain of the type species was isolated from a methanogenic reactor of livestock wastewater. Almost identical sequences of 16S rRNA gene were detected from wastewater and anaerobic sludge of different countries, suggesting that members of the bacterial group are geographically dispersed and participate in anaerobic degradation of compounds derived from protein.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 38.8 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Falcatimonas natans
Watanabe, Kaku, Ueki and Ueki 2016, 4642
VP
.
Upconverting Nanorockers for Intracellular Viscosity Measurements During Chemotherapy
Authors: Rodríguez‐Sevilla Paloma , Sanz‐Rodríguez Francisco , Peláez Raúl P. , Delgado‐Buscalioni Rafael , Liang Liangliang , Liu Xiaogang , Jaque Daniel
Published: September 2019

Chemicals capable of producing structural and chemical changes on cells are used to treat diseases (e.g., cancer). Further development and optimization of chemotherapies require thorough knowledge of the effect of the chemical on the cellular structure and dynamics. This involves studying, in a noninvasive way, the properties of individual cells after drug administration. Intracellular viscosity is affected by chemical treatments and it can be reliably used to monitor chemotherapies at the cellular level. Here, cancer cell monitoring during chemotherapeutic treatments is demonstrated using intracellular allocated upconverting nanorockers. A simple analysis of the polarized visible emission of a single particle provides a real‐time readout of its rocking dynamics that are directly correlated to the cytoplasmic viscosity. Numerical simulations and immunodetection are used to correlate the measured intracellular viscosity alterations to the changes produced in the cytoskeleton of cancer cells by anticancer drugs (colchicine and Taxol). This study evidences the possibility of monitoring cellular properties under an external chemical stimulus for the study and development of new treatments. Moreover, it provides the biomedical community with new tools to study intracellular dynamics and cell functioning.
Microfluidic Fabrication of Capsule Sensor Platform with Double‐Shell Structure
Authors: Lee Tae Yong , Lee Sangmin , Kim Yeong Hwa , Kim Dong Jae , Amstad Esther , Lee Chang‐Soo , Kim Shin‐Hyun
Published: September 2019

Metal nanoparticles are frequently employed for the colorimetric detection of specific target molecules using an aggregation‐induced shift of the localized surface plasmon resonance. However, metal nanoparticles dispersed in bulk solutions are prone to be contaminated by adhesive molecules and the dispersions tend to be diluted by sample fluids, restricting direct application to unpurified pristine samples. Here, a versatile capsule sensor platform is proposed that can encompass a variety of different types of nanoparticle‐based sensors. The capsule sensors are microfluidically prepared to obtain close control over their dimensions and composition. Their aqueous cores that are loaded with sensing materials are surrounded by an ultrathin inner oil shell and an outer hydrogel shell. The hydrogel shell prevents the diffusion of large adhesive molecules into the core, thereby preventing contamination of the sensing materials. The oil shell is selectively permeable such that it further improves the sensor selectivity. Importantly, these shells confine the sensing materials and prevent them from being diluted, securing a consistent optical property. Moreover, the capsule‐based sensors display a higher sensitivity than bulk dispersions because a smaller amount of sensing materials is used. The power of nanoparticle‐loaded capsule sensors is demonstrated using lysine‐coated gold nanoparticles to detect mercury ions.
Development of an In Situ Cancer Vaccine via Combinational Radiation and Bacterial‐Membrane‐Coated Nanoparticles
Authors: Patel Ravi B. , Ye Mingzhou , Carlson Peter M. , Jaquish Abigail , Zangl Luke , Ma Ben , Wang Yuyuan , Arthur Ian , Xie Ruosen , Brown Ryan J. , Wang Xing , Sriramaneni Raghava , Kim KyungMann , Gong Shaoqin , Morris Zachary S.
Published: September 2019

Neoantigens induced by random mutations and specific to an individual's cancer are the most important tumor antigens recognized by T cells. Among immunologically “cold” tumors, limited recognition of tumor neoantigens results in the absence of a de novo antitumor immune response. These “cold” tumors present a clinical challenge as they are poorly responsive to most immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Radiation therapy (RT) can enhance immune recognition of “cold” tumors, resulting in a more diversified antitumor T‐cell response, yet RT alone rarely results in a systemic antitumor immune response. Therefore, a multifunctional bacterial membrane‐coated nanoparticle (BNP) composed of an immune activating PC7A/CpG polyplex core coated with bacterial membrane and imide groups to enhance antigen retrieval is developed. This BNP can capture cancer neoantigens following RT, enhance their uptake in dendritic cells (DCs), and facilitate their cross presentation to stimulate an antitumor T‐cell response. In mice bearing syngeneic melanoma or neuroblastoma, treatment with BNP+RT results in activation of DCs and effector T cells, marked tumor regression, and tumor‐specific antitumor immune memory. This BNP facilitates in situ immune recognition of a radiated tumor, enabling a novel personalized approach to cancer immunotherapy using off‐the‐shelf therapeutics.
Compositional Control in 2D Perovskites with Alternating Cations in the Interlayer Space for Photovoltaics with Efficiency over 18%
Authors: Luo Tao , Zhang Yalan , Xu Zhuo , Niu Tianqi , Wen Jialun , Lu Jing , Jin Shengye , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) , Zhao Kui
Published: September 2019

2D perovskites stabilized by alternating cations in the interlayer space (ACI) represent a very new entry as highly efficient semiconductors for solar cells approaching 15% power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, further improvements will require understanding of the nature of the films, e.g., the thickness distribution and charge‐transfer characteristics of ACI quantum wells (QWs), which are currently unknown. Here, efficient control of the film quality of ACI 2D perovskite (GA)(MA)nPbnI3n+1 (〈n〉 = 3) QWs via incorporation of methylammonium chloride as an additive is demonstrated. The morphological and optoelectronic characterizations unambiguously demonstrate that the additive enables a larger grain size, a smoother surface, and a gradient distribution of QW thickness, which lead to enhanced photocurrent transport/extraction through efficient charge transfer between low‐n and high‐n QWs and suppressed nonradiative charge recombination. Therefore, the additive‐treated ACI perovskite film delivers a champion PCE of 18.48%, far higher than the pristine one (15.79%) due to significant improvements in open‐circuit voltage and fill factor. This PCE also stands as the highest value for all reported 2D perovskite solar cells based on the ACI, Ruddlesden–Popper, and Dion–Jacobson families. These findings establish the fundamental guidelines for the compositional control of 2D perovskites for efficient photovoltaics.
NIR‐II‐Excited Intravital Two‐Photon Microscopy Distinguishes Deep Cerebral and Tumor Vasculatures with an Ultrabright NIR‐I AIE Luminogen
Authors: Wang Shaowei , Liu Jie , Goh Chi Ching , Ng Lai Guan , Liu Bin
Published: September 2019

Intravital fluorescence imaging of vasculature morphology and dynamics in the brain and in tumors with large penetration depth and high signal‐to‐background ratio (SBR) is highly desirable for the study and theranostics of vascular‐related diseases and cancers. Herein, a highly bright fluorophore (BTPETQ) with long‐wavelength absorption and aggregation‐induced near‐infrared (NIR) emission (maximum at ≈700 nm) is designed for intravital two‐photon fluorescence (2PF) imaging of a mouse brain and tumor vasculatures under NIR‐II light (1200 nm) excitation. BTPETQ dots fabricated via nanoprecipitation show uniform size of around 42 nm and a high quantum yield of 19 ± 1% in aqueous media. The 2PF imaging of the mouse brain vasculatures labeled by BTPETQ dots reveals a 3D blood vessel network with an ultradeep depth of 924 µm. In addition, BTPETQ dots show enhanced 2PF in tumor vasculatures due to their unique leaky structures, which facilitates the differentiation of normal blood vessels from tumor vessels with high SBR in deep tumor tissues. Moreover, the extravasation and accumulation of BTPETQ dots in deep tumor (more than 900 µm) is visualized under NIR‐II excitation. This study highlights the importance of developing NIR‐II light excitable efficient NIR fluorophores for in vivo deep tissue and high contrast tumor imaging.
Covalent Functionalized Boron Nitride Nanosheets as Efficient Lubricant Oil Additives
Authors: Wang Lixia , Han Weifang , Ge Chunhua , Zhang Rui , Bai Yufeng , Zhang XiangDong
Published: September 2019

Hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h‐BNNSs) are obtained by a chemical exfoliation method from bulk h‐BN powders. The surface of h‐BNNSs is functionalized with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS). Further, the amino functional groups on the surface of APTS‐modified h‐BNNSs (APTS‐BNNSs) are reacted with 4‐carboxyphenylboronic acid (CPBA) to obtain the covalently linked CPBA‐BNNSs. The morphology and structure of h‐BNNSs, APTS‐BNNSs, and CPBA‐BNNSs are comprehensively discussed. Of all the above four additives, the CPBA‐BNNSs can most outstandingly improve friction‐reducing and antiwear capacities of 150N base oil. The CPBA‐BNNSs possess excellent dispersion stability in base oil due to the phenylboronic acid groups on the surface of h‐BNNSs. Only 0.075 wt% CPBA‐BNNSs is added into the base oil, the coefficient of friction is decreased by 32.3%, and the wear scar diameter and mean wear volume of the rubbing surface are reduced by 42.9% and 88.4%. The analysis of the worn scar surface demonstrates that CPBA‐BNNSs can form a protective tribofilm containing boron and nitrogen elements on the rubbing surfaces, thereby decreasing the friction and protecting the surfaces from wear. Thus, the CPBA‐BNNSs may be recommended as a potential lubricant additive in practical applications.
Fe3O4/Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Electrodes from Tailored Thermal Expansion toward Flexible Solid‐State Asymmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: Li Lei , Jia Chao , Shao Ziqiang , Wang Jianquan , Wang Feijun , Wang Wenjun , Wang Haiyang , Zu Di , Wu Hui
Published: September 2019

Transition metal oxide and heteroatoms doped carbon are promising in high performance energy storage upon complete redox reaction. Herein, nanoparticle‐embedded carbon nanosheets are fabricated by a one‐pot tailored thermally expansion of viscous precursors. The obtained biomass carbon exhibits ideal surface area, crystal structures, and heteroatom doping. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of the constituent components, this composite electrode reaches a high potential window of 1.1 V and delivers a good specific capacitance of 522.7 F g−1 in aqueous electrolyte. After combining with a capacitive carbon nanotubes (CNTs) film cathode, the assembled flexible solid‐state supercapacitors deliver a high energy density of 18.1 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 125 W kg−1. Moreover, in cases of frequent bending and elevated temperature (up to 80 °C), the hybrid device maintains superior electrochemical attributes. This facile and scalable process, as well as their high reversible capacity, are promising for next‐generation energy‐storage devices.
Toward Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of Biologically Interesting Pyrazole Derivatives
Authors: Das Amrita , Ishitani Haruro , Kobayashi Shū
Published: September 2019

A two‐step continuous‐flow synthesis of substituted pyrazole derivatives has been developed via the formation of vinylidene keto esters as key intermediates. Heterogeneous Ni2+‐montmorillonite was found to be an efficient catalyst for orthoester condensation of 1,3‐dicarbonyls under flow conditions. The intermediate reacted with methylhydrazine to afford pyrazole derivatives, for which suitable selection of a solvent played a key role in achieving high yields and excellent regioselectivities of the desired products. An application of this protocol has been demonstrated by the synthesis of a key intermediate for biologically active pyrazoles such as Bixafen.

magnified image
Nontoxic KBBF Family Member Zn2BO3(OH): Balance between Beneficial Layered Structure and Layer Tendency
Authors: Wang Xuefei , Zhang Fangfang , Gao Le , Yang Zhihua , Pan Shilie
Published: September 2019

The conflict between beneficial layered structure for performances and layered growth habits in KBe2BO3F2 (KBBF) always restricts its practical applications. A beryllium‐free KBBF family member, Zn2BO3(OH), is explored to feature the same topological layer with KBBF by replacing [BeO3F]5− with [ZnO3(OH)]5− and excellent UV performances. It exhibits a second harmonic generation response of about 1.5 × KH2PO4 with the UV cutoff edge of 204 nm. The birefringence of Zn2BO3(OH) in the visible region is about 0.067, which is larger than those of commercial UV crystals LiB3O5, CsB3O5, and CsLiB6O10. Additionally, it has excellent thermal and water‐resistant stabilities. Owing to the removal of interlayer cations, Zn2BO3(OH) shows better growth habits than KBBF while achieving the balance between beneficial layered structure and layer tendency.
Flexible and Stretchable Self‐Powered Multi‐Sensors Based on the N‐Type Thermoelectric Response of Polyurethane/Nax(Ni‐ett)n Composites
Authors: Wan Kening , Taroni Prospero J , Liu Zilu , Liu Yi , Tu Ying , Santagiuliana Giovanni , Hsia I‐Chuan , Zhang Han , Fenwick Oliver , Krause Steffi , Baxendale Mark , Schroeder Bob C. , Bilotti Emiliano
Published: September 2019

Flexible and stretchable electronic devices have a broad range of potential uses, from biomedicine, soft robotics, and health monitoring to the internet‐of‐things. Unfortunately, finding a robust and reliable power source remains challenging, particularly in off‐the‐grid and maintenance‐free applications. A sought‐after development overcome this challenge is the development of autonomous, self‐powered devices. A potential solution is reported exploiting a promising n‐type thermoelectric compound, poly nickel‐ethenetetrathiolates (Nax(Ni‐ett)n). Highly stretchable n‐type composite films are obtained by combining Nax(Ni‐ett)n with commercial polyurethane (Lycra). As high as 50 wt% Nax(Ni‐ett)n content composite film can withstand deformations of ≈500% and show conductivities of ≈10−2 S cm−1 and Seebeck coefficients of approx. −40 µV K−1. These novel materials can be easily synthesized on a large scale with continuous processes. When subjected to a small temperature difference (<20 °C), the films generate sufficient thermopower to be used for sensing strain (gauge factor ≈20) and visible light (sensitivity factor ≈36% (kW m−2)−1), independent of humidity (sensitivity factor ≈0.1 (%RH)−1). As a proof‐of‐concept, a wearable self‐powered sensor is demonstrated by using n‐type Nax(Ni‐ett)n/Lycra and PEDOT:PSS/Lycra elements, connected in series by hot pressing, without employing any metal connections, hence preserving good mechanical ductility and ease of processing.
Plasmon‐Enhanced InGaZnO Ultraviolet Photodetectors Tuned by Ferroelectric HfZrO
Authors: Liu Yu , Chen Wenjie , Zhao Linyuan , Guo Junxiong , Yang Chen , Wang Xiawa , Huang Wen , Ren Tian‐ling , Xu Jun
Published: September 2019

Indium–gallium–zinc oxide (IGZO) is widely used in liquid crystal panels, which are well suited for ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors due to a suitable bandgap and outstanding electrical properties. However, the poor performance for high dark current and low photoresponsivity limits practical applications of IGZO in UV photodetection. Here, a ferroelectric hafnium zirconium oxide (HfZrO) film is introduced to depress dark current and increase the sensitivity by strong ferroelectric‐localized field. Meanwhile, gold nanoparticles are used to enhance the photoresponsivity by localized surface plasmon resonance. With optimized designs, the photodetectors achieve a photoresponsivity of 714.6 A W–1, a dark current of 1.1 × 10−12 A, and a detectivity of 5.4 × 1012 Jones. Furthermore, the response time at rising and falling edge is as low as 40 and 10 ms, respectively. The performance of the photodetector is far beyond traditional IGZO UV photodetectors. This study establishes a new approach to produce ultraviolet photodetectors with high photoresponsivity, low dark current, high sensitivity, and fast response for further practical applications.
Hydrodynamics and local mass transfer characterization under gas–liquid–liquid slug flow in a rectangular microchannel
Authors: Liu Yanyan , Yue Jun , Xu Chao , Zhao Shuainan , Yao Chaoqun , Chen Guangwen
Published: September 2019

Gas–liquid–liquid three‐phase slug flow was generated in a glass microreactor with rectangular microchannel, where aqueous slugs were distinguished by relative positions to air bubbles and organic droplets. Oxygen from bubbles reacted with resazurin in slugs, leading to prominent color changes, which was used to quantify mass transfer performance. The development of slug length indicated a film flow through the corner between bubbles and the channel wall, where the aqueous phase was saturated with oxygen transferred from bubble body. This film flow results in the highest equivalent oxygen concentration within the slug led by a bubble and followed by a droplet. The three‐phase slug flow subregime with alternate bubble and droplet was found to benefit the overall mass transfer performance most. These results provide insights into a precise manipulation of gas–liquid–liquid slug flow in microreactors and the relevant mass transfer behavior thereof.
Innately Adaptive or Truly Autoimmune: Is There Something Unique About Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis?
Authors: Kessel Christoph , Hedrich Christian M. , Foell Dirk
Published: September 2019

Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a form of arthritis in childhood that is initially dominated by innate immunity–driven systemic inflammation and is thus considered a polygenic autoinflammatory disease. However, systemic JIA can progress toward an adaptive immunity–driven afebrile arthritis. Based on this observation of biphasic disease progression, a “window of opportunity” for optimal, individualized and target‐directed treatment has been proposed. This hypothesis requires testing, and in this review we summarize current evidence regarding molecular factors that may contribute to the progression from an initially predominantly autoinflammatory disease phenotype to autoimmune arthritis. We consider the involvement of innately adaptive γδ T cells and natural killer T cells that express γδ or αβ T cell receptors but cannot be classified as either purely innate or adaptive cells, versus classic B and T lymphocytes in this continuum. Finally, we discuss our understanding of how and why some primarily autoinflammatory conditions can progress toward autoimmune‐mediated disorders over the disease course while others do not and how this knowledge may be used to offer individualized treatment.
Investigation of early antibiotic use in pediatric patients with acute respiratory infections by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Van Toi Pham , Doan Khanh V. , Minh Ngo Ngọc Quang , Phuong Pham Nguyen , de Jong Menno D. , van Doorn H. Rogier , Pouplin Thomas
Published: September 2019

In this study, we developed and validated two reliable high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods for the qualitative detection of six oral β‐lactams, which are commonly used in pediatric patients with acute respiratory infections (ARIs). Two distinct reverse‐phase chromatographic separations of six β‐lactams were obtained. Four β‐lactams (cefadroxil, cephalexin, cefaclor and cefixime) in urine were separated using a gradient program with a mobile phase consisting of K2HPO4 buffer (20 mm, pH 2.8) and acetonitrile on a LichroCART 250 × 4.6 mm, Purospher STAR C18 end‐capped (5 μm) column. Two remained β‐lactams (amoxicillin and cefuroxime) were analyzed using a gradient elution with the mobile phase containing K2HPO4 buffer (20 mm, pH 3.0) and acetonitrile on a LichroCart® Purospher Star C8 end‐capped column (5 μm, 125 × 4.6 mm). Good linearity within the range of 0.3–30 μg/ml for cefadroxil, cephalexin, cefaclor and cefixime, and 0.2–20 μg/ml for amoxicillin and cefuroxime, was attained. The precisions were <14%. The accuracies ranged from 85.87 to 102.8%. The two validated methods were then applied to determine these six antibiotics in 553 urine samples of pediatric patients with ARIs. As a result, 32.2% were positive with one or more of six tested β‐lactams. Cefixime was the most commonly detected agent, accounting for 9.8% of enrolled patients.
Characterization of a nontoxic pyomelanin pigment produced by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica
Authors: Ben Tahar Imen , Kus‐Liśkiewicz Małgorzata , Lara Yannick , Javaux Emmanuelle , Fickers Patrick
Published: September 2019

In this study, we report on the ability of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica W29 to produce an extracellular melanin‐like brown pigment at high yield (0.5 mg/ml) in culture medium supplemented with L‐tyrosine. This pigment has been characterized as pyomelanin and its synthesis was found to occur by the so‐called HGA‐melanin pathway. The purified pyomelanin was found embedded with antioxidant properties as it exhibited a radical scavenging activity toward 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with IC50 of 230 μg/ml. It was also characterized as noncytotoxic toward two mammalian cell lines, namely the mouse fibroblast NIH3T3 and human keratinocytes HaCaT. When blended with different commercial sunscreens, the purified pyomelanin increased significantly the sun protection factor (SPF) value, highlighting its potential utilization as UV‐filter in cosmetic preparations.
Mitomycin and 5‐fluorouracil for second‐line treatment of metastatic squamous cell carcinomas of the anal canal
Authors: Saint Angélique , Evesque Ludovic , Falk Alexander T. , Cavaglione Gérard , Montagne Lucile , Benezery Karen , Francois Eric
Published: September 2019

Background

Metastatic squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the anal canal are rare and there is no international consensus on their second‐line management. 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU) and mitomycin in combination with radiotherapy is the standard for locally advanced forms but its efficacy in metastatic stage has never been evaluated.

Patients and methods

We report a retrospective analysis of patients treated with 5‐FU and mitomycin from 2000 to 2017 in our institution for a metastatic SCC of the anal canal after failure of platinum‐based regimen. The main outcome was progression‐free survival (PFS) and the secondary outcomes were overall survival (OS), response rate, and toxicity.

Results

Nineteen patients, 15 women and four men, with a median age of 57 years were identified (range, 40‐79 years). Patients received a median of three cycles (1‐7) of mitomycin 5‐FU. A dose reduction was necessary in six patients (31.6%), one patient had to discontinue treatment following toxicity and no death was due to treatment toxicity was reported. An objective response was observed in five patients (26.4%, 95% CI 6.6‐46.2) including one complete response, six patients (31.6%, 95% CI 10.7‐52.5) showed tumor stabilization. Median PFS and OS were 3 months [95% CI 1‐5] and 7 months [95% CI 2.2‐11.8]. Responder had a median duration of response of 4 months [95% CI 1.8‐6.1] and one patient had 23 months duration of response. No significant difference was noted for PFS and OS for patients previously treated with mitomycin and 5‐FU at a local stage.

Conclusion

Mitomycin and 5‐FU regimen provides tumor control with acceptable tolerance. It is an option for patients with metastatic SCC of the anal canal after failure of platinum‐based chemotherapy. [Correction added on 9 October 2019, after first online publication: '5‐FU' was inadvertently removed from the Results and Conclusion and has now been added to the text.]
Chief strengthens community ties at campus named Florida's safest
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: September 2019

For a 20‐year police veteran whose experience includes work in a county sheriff's department and as a SWAT team leader, the opportunity to preside over a college department in the appropriately named community of Niceville, Florida, proved alluring for Chief Aaron Murray.
Design, Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Potential of Phthalimide‐Dithiocarbamate Hybrids as New Agents for Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Asadi Mehdi , Ebrahimi Mostafa , Mohammadi‐Khanaposhtani Maryam , Azizian Homa , Sepehri Saghi , Nadri Hamid , Biglar Mahmood , Amanlou Massoud , Larijani Bagher , Mirzazadeh Roghieh , Edraki Najmeh , Mahdavi Mohammad
Published: September 2019

A novel series of phthalimide‐dithiocarbamate hybrids was synthesized and evaluated for in vitro inhibitory potentials against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). The anti‐cholinesterase results indicated that among the synthesized compounds, the compounds 7g and 7h showed the most potent anti‐AChE and anti‐BuChE activities, respectively. Molecular docking and dynamic studies of the compounds 7g and 7h, respectively, in the active site of AChE and BuChE revealed that these compounds as well interacted with studied cholinesterases. These compounds also possessed drug‐like properties and were able to cross the BBB.
Bimetallic Cu−Zn Co‐Doped Porous N/C as Efficient Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Oxidation of 1,2‐Propanediol
Authors: Yang Li‐Ping , Mi Jian‐Li , Wang Hui‐Jie , Liang Jia‐Hao , Yang Xue‐Jing , Feng Yong‐Hai , Zhang Peng , Liu Lu
Published: September 2019

The development of non‐precious metal catalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is essential for widespread application of fuel cells. Herein, bimetallic Cu−Zn co‐doped porous N/C catalysts (Cu−Zn−N/C) with high N content were synthesized via a simple metal‐organic framework (MOF)‐derived method. The as‐prepared Cu−Zn−N/C catalyst presents superior catalytic activity toward ORR with an onset potential of 0.90 V, a half‐wave potential of 0.79 V, and a diffusion limiting current density of 5.82 mA cm−2. It is found that Cu exists in three forms: one exists in Cu particles, and the others exist in Cu single atoms (either in high valence or in zero valence) that embedded in the carbon substrate. The evaporation of Zn atoms during the pyrolysis induces the pore structure of the carbon matrix, making it possible to support for the zero valent Cu atoms. In addition, as an efficient Cu‐based catalyst for many applications, we show that the as‐prepared catalyst can selectively oxidize 1,2‐propanediol to lactic acid with 75.7 % selectivity at 82.8 % conversion.
Kinetic and Deactivation Differences Among Methanol, Dimethyl Ether and Chloromethane as Stock for Hydrocarbons
Authors: Valecillos José , Manzano Hegoi , Aguayo Andrés T. , Bilbao Javier , Castaño Pedro
Published: September 2019

The conversions into hydrocarbons of methanol, dimethyl ether and chloromethane (MTH, DTH and CTH, respectively) on a H‐ZSM‐5 zeolite catalyst were compared trough ab‐initio calculations and experiments, using a fixed‐bed reactor and in‐situ FTIR spectroscopy. The molecular modelling of the reaction was performed using force field calculations. The nature and location of retained species were assessed by a combination of techniques. The experimental results of activity, product distribution and deactivation match these of the molecular modelling as the three reactions proceed through the dual‐cycle mechanism. However, the initiation, evolution and degradation of hydrocarbon pool species are kinetically different depending on the reactant. The reactions are faster in the order DTH>MTH≫CTH whereas the rate at which coke forms and grows (linked with the rate of deactivation) is in the order CTH≫DTH>MTH.
Hærvejsbroen, New Bridge for the Ancient Road, Viborg – Denmark
Authors: Petersen Christian Riis , Ibsen Bjarne , Nissen Jonatan Stær
Published: September 2019

The ancient road, Hærvejen, runs through the old town of Viborg. A new bridge, Hærvejsbroen, will carry the ancient road across the railway line. The bridge is part of a larger project to connect the area south of the railway with a new gymnasium and the city north of the railway.

The bridges, ramp and stairs are all laid out as broken paths with varying widths that provide exciting perspectives all along the route. Rooms open and close along the alignment while the varied widths either amplify or expand perspectives. Midway the width of the bridge deck narrows in so that the perspective works in 3 dimensions.

The architecture of the bridge posed a challenge to the structural design. The total length of the three spans of the bridge is approx. 75 m. The bridge deck is paved with tiles and furnished with plants and benches for travellers' rest and enjoyment.

The superstructure is a closed steel box with a trapezoidal cross section. The superstructure is supported on pillars of reinforced concrete. For several reasons the structural system is made statically determinate by introduction of hinges. The hinges allowed for a rapid installation, minimized works on site and minimized required time of rail possession.
Norgesporten road bridge, the gateway to Norway
Authors: Mo Gaute , Overton Kathleen , Ibáñez Fernando
Published: September 2019

The Norgesporten bridge, in the town of Ørje in Norway, provides a landmark on arrival in Norway on the E18 Stockholm‐Oslo highway. The bridge was completed in 2017 for Staten vegvesen, the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA). The bridge, with two traffic lanes and a pedestrian/cycle path, carries local traffic over the E18. A 75m span cable stayed bridge with a curved steel deck and a 50m high, slender steel pylon asymmetrically located on the outer curve. There are 10 deck cables and five backstay cables connecting the pylon to a concrete counterweight foundation. All cables are ϕ60mm locked coil strand. The main architectural feature of the bridge is the slender, spindle‐shaped pylon, 1.9m maximum diameter, which is restrained in three directions by the cables that cross to create a complex shape and volume. The steel deck is a multi‐cell box girder, 2.1m deep, with cantilever ribs at 6m centres. The orthotropic top plate is stiffened longitudinally with trapezoidal sections. The bridge's complex geometry was analysed using both frame and shell FE models with SAP2000. A full 3D geometric model was used to develop the project drawings and as a basis for the Contractor's own 3D Tekla fabrication model. The bridge has been designed and fabricated in accordance with NPRA Handbooks N400, R410, and R762, with strict requirements for future inspection and maintenance and the box girder is fully accessible and includes dehumidifying plant. The pylon section is designed as inaccessible and airtight. The steel is painted with a duplex system for corrosion protection. The steel deck made up of 25 sections, and the pylon, in three parts, were fabricated in Riga, Latvia before transportation and site welding. During the fabrication process strict controls of the bridge geometry were carried out including partial trial assemblies of the completed sections.
Design and construction of the Hålogaland Bridge
Authors: Pihl Jesper
Published: September 2019

The opening of the Hålogaland Bridge December 2018 marked a milestone for modern suspension bridge design.

It is an example of how technical knowhow is innovating the design of suspension bridges, in particular cable structure design. This paper will explain the overall design of the bridge with specific focus on the cable structure design including the main cables, anchorages, saddles and cable clamps.

Furthermore, the construction of the bridge will be briefly mentioned focusing on the challenges of constructing such a major landmark structure in the extreme environment more than 300km north of the Arctic Circle.
Vehicle‐Bridge‐Interaction in the Dynamic Calculation of Railway Bridges: Case Study and Dynamic Analysis for 75 Existing Simply Supported Bridge Structures of the Austrian Railway Network
Authors: Glatz Bernhard , Fink Josef
Published: September 2019

The dynamic calculation of railway bridges for high speed traffic has become a topic of great interest for engineers and researchers in recent decades. Certain velocities of a crossing train can lead to resonance phenomenons, either caused by consecutive axle loads or the critical velocity of one single load. In these cases, the bridge structure is exposed to excessive vibrations that lead to vertical accelerations and deflections. In order to avoid track irregularities and the risk of derailment as a possible consequence, the limits for vertical accelerations are prescribed in European and national standards.

The results of dynamic calculations depend on the level of detail of both, the bridge model and the vehicle model. This paper focuses on the influence of the vehicle model for 75 existing simply supported bridges (15 steel structures, 2 composite steel and concrete structures, 11 filler beam structures and 47 concrete slab structures) in the Austrian railway network. The commonly used Moving Load Model (train modelling as a series of moving loads) is compared to the more sophisticated Detailed Interaction Model (train modelling as a combination of masses, springs and dampers) of the Railjet train. The bridge structures are modelled as simply supported Bernoulli‐Euler beams. It is shown, which potential is hidden in the more complex and time intensive calculation with the Detailed Interaction Model compared to the Moving Load Model. Furthermore, the validity of the Additional Damping Method is analysed.
Problems and Innovative Solutions in Retrofitting and Enhancement of Existing and Historical Railway Steel Bridge
Authors: Mezzi Marco , Petrella Paolo , Cavacchioli Luca , Cefaliello Vincenzo , Nestovito Gianluca , Spirolazzi Gabriele
Published: September 2019

Many existing steel bridges of the railway network are significantly old, sometimes ancient and even historical. They continue to be in use for different reasons but require retrofitting works to be preserved or to be safely operational. The paper deals with two emblematic cases of such bridges. The first one is a historical iron bridge built in the last decades of 19th century. It consists of a slender parabolic grid arch having a span of about 150m sustaining a boxed beam having a total length of 266 m with a lower railroad deck and an upper roadway deck. The bridge is very amazing for both the aesthetical aspect and the engineering concept. The second bridge was rebuilt immediately after WW2 and represents a typology largely present along the Italian railways. It has three spans of simply supported steel truss beam, for a total length of 142 m. The paper illustrates the works able to increase the residual service life considering various options for the future use. The retrofitting strategy, the enhancement level, the constructive solutions, sometimes very innovative, are critically discussed with the aim of a generalization of the proposed scheme, paying some attention to the cost/effectiveness ratios.
Optimisation of Retrofitted Steel Bridge Girders Subjected to Fatigue Loading
Authors: Mirza Olivia , Fieck Syhra , Pathirana Sameera , Mashiri Fidelis
Published: September 2019

The RMS is responsible for the upkeep of more than 5600 bridges within NSW, with an estimated replacement cost of $15.35 billion (1). Of these bridges, it is estimated that 12% are approaching 70 years of service life and 50% are more than 40 years old (1, 2). As a result, a significant amount of bridges are structurally deficient, as they were never designed for the traffic loads or frequencies they are subjected to today (2). The increased weight and frequency of traffic has a serious impact on the fatigue life of steel bridges, and if appropriate retrofit methods are not implemented, then it inevitably becomes necessary to replace the bridge at great expense. This study examined the suitability of bolted retrofit plates to remediate and prevent fatigue fractures in the tension flange of bridge girders, focussing on the effects that the gap between the bolt and bolt hole has on the development of composite action. This was achieved by carrying out a parametric study on various bolt hole sizes and examining the effects on girder stiffness and ultimate load carrying capacity. It was found that bolt hole size has significant impact on how early in loading, composite action is initiated, and how much the girder needs to deflect before composite action is fully developed. The results showed that a bolt gap greater than 0.5mm could have significant impact on the overall performance of the girder, both in terms of serviceability and ultimate load carrying capacity.
Smooth Hysteretic Model of H‐shaped Steel Beams
Authors: Ohtani Yuka , Idota Hideki
Published: September 2019

Steel frame structures are generally designed with a beam‐collapse mechanism in mind. Beam members are important earthquake‐resistant elements that dominate the behavior of an entire structure during an earthquake. In order to improve the structural design of such beams, it is important to clarify their performance during cyclic loading, because beams are subjected to a cyclic bending moment under the influence of seismic forces. Hysteretic models have been proposed for each slenderness ratio of lateral buckling for H‐shaped steel beams with lateral buckling. However, this provides inconsistent results and a lack of continuity. Since lateral buckling is a continuous process, it is more reasonable to use a hysteretic model containing continuous parameters.

In the present study, we develop a simple smooth hysteretic model that is valid for all lateral buckling slenderness ratios. We applied the that proposed hysteretic model for the reinforced concrete structure to H‐shaped steel beams. In the proposed hysteretic model, which involves an H‐shaped steel simple beam undergoing bending at one‐end, the behavior of the weakened area when the maximum loading capacity has been exceeded can be expressed using two parameters: the lateral buckling slenderness ratio and the standardized width thickness ratio. In addition, we also propose a hysteretic model that can be adapted for a uniformly distributed bending moment and an antisymmetric bending moment. We expect that simple smooth hysteretic model can be applied to a wide range of H‐shaped steel beams.
Oodi – Helsinki Central Library: Making the architectural vision a reality
Authors: de Neumann Simon
Published: September 2019

The Helsinki Central Library is a landmark project, delivered as part of the “Finland 100” programme to celebrate 100 years of the independence of Finland. ALA architects delivered the winning entry to the architectural competition held in 2013. In 2014 Ramboll Finland won the structural design contract for the project, taking the project from conceptual architectural design through to completion of construction in 2018.

The main structural system is fundamentally a steel frame solution designed to Eurocode. Two EXC4 classified, 109m span, tilted arches carry the two main floors and roof of the building. Post‐tensioned cables tie the bases of the arches to provide a tied‐arch structure. Other post‐tensioned cables in the floor system and concrete cores hold the tilting arches in position. Transverse trusses allow the cantilevering balcony to be delivered. 2400t of steel have been used to deliver the main frame structural solution.

With careful and considered design, fabrication and construction, high quality to good tolerances and stringent requirements have been successfully achieved.

An overview of the bridge‐like structural system that has been conceived and developed for the project shall be presented. Some of the challenges encountered and resolved in the design shall be discussed, as well as an overview of key decisions made to handle project delivery budget and timetable requirements.
Kistefos Museum: Transforming great architecture into buildable project
Authors: Tornsberg Niels , Møller‐Hansen Lars Olaf
Published: September 2019

Kistefos Museum is a museum bridge of about 80 meters in length spanning approximately 60 meters over a river situated inside a hilly forest in Norway. The museum is designed by BIG and Ramboll has, as the main advisor for the turnkey contractor, designed the steel structure which twists 90° over a length of 24 meters mid span.

During the design process, state‐of‐the‐art software has been used for the collaboration between the architect, the engineers and the contractors (Rhinoceros, Grasshopper and Tekla Structures). The Engineering part has included software for seismic analysis, vibrational analysis, and effects of composite floor structures (Robot Structural Analysis), plus software for designing steel connections (IDEA Statica).

The steel bridge itself has been an engineering challenge, but the erection of the bridge proved no less of a challenge, as it involved a big interim bridge to ensure the stability of the museum while the steel components and façades were mounted.
Understanding the buckling behavior of cold‐formed steel members with slotted web by using cFEM
Authors: Ádány Sándor
Published: September 2019

In this paper the buckling of lipped channel cold‐formed steel members with slotted web is discussed. These members typically have complicated buckling behaviour, since it is a combination of various types of buckling, such as lateral‐torsional buckling, distortional buckling, plate buckling, web crippling, or shear buckling. Though it is practically desirable to separate the various buckling types, this cannot easily be done without a specific numerical tool. Such a tool is the constrained finite element method, which is perhaps the only method at the moment which can separate the behaviour modes, and which can be applied to a wide range of thin‐walled problems including members with holes. Separation is primarily performed by geometrical criteria, but further separation is possible on the basis of the stress components. In this paper one beam problem is presented and discussed. Critical loads and corresponding buckled shapes are calculated by allowing various pure and combined deformation modes. The calculations prove the practical advantage of the constrained finite element method.
Towards a demountable composite slab floor system
Authors: Gritsenko Alina , Nijgh Martin Paul , Veljkovic Milan
Published: September 2019

Composite slab consisting of in‐situ casted reinforced concrete on profiled sheeting, which is connected to steel beams by shear connectors, is a common structural flooring system in office buildings and car parks. The headed welded studs are inexpensive and rather easy to use in‐situ because they can be welded to the steel beam through the metal sheeting. A permanent link is created between the composite slab and steel beams leading to rather time‐consuming and expensive deconstruction process.

Various types of bolted shear connections, recently investigated by various researchers in Europe, Australia, USA, provide a demountable alternative for the flooring system. This paper describes the experimental study using a bolted shear connector consisting of an embedded bolt/coupler and external bolt, originally developed for a prefabricated concrete deck.

A full‐scale composite beam was tested under working loads up to 6.25kN/m2 in a 4‐point bending. In addition to bolted shear connectors a timber joist is embedded in the composite slab over the web of the steel beam. After the first life cycle, the timber joist provides the cut edge of the slab. The experiment is used to model behaviour in the first life cycle. The composite slab was then cut, demounted, re‐assembled and tested again in the second life cycle. The load was applied up to 6.25kN/m2 and finally to the failure. Multiple arrangements of shear connectors were investigated to analyse performance of “a modified composite slab”.

Experience gained on the experiments of testing the composite beam in the first and the second life cycle is accompanied by FE analysis.