bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in Duration of Stay of Mental Hospital Patients Suffering from Functional Psychoses During the Past 20 Years
Authors: Harris Arthur , Norris Vera
Published: August 2008

We have reported a follow-up study of patients first admitted to London County Council Mental Hospitals in 1930 (Harris and Lubin, 1952, Harris and Norris, in press). The present paper deals with a group of similar patients, i.e., psychotics from whom epileptics, known organic cases, ascertained mental defectives, those over the age of 40 and those who had been admitted to a mental hospital previously were excluded, who were transferred to mental hospitals from St. Francis Observation Ward during the period May 1940 to May 1942. The main differences between this group and the 1930 one were: (a) The Mental Treatment Act of 1930 had come into operation and many were admitted to mental hospitals as voluntary patients; (b) modern physical methods of treatment were in use; (c) in most cases the history was known.
Schizophrenia: A New Approach. II. Result of a Year's Research
Authors: Hoffer Abram , Osmond Humphrey , Smythies John
Published: August 2008

About one year ago, with the encouragement of the Editor-in-Chief, a short paper appeared in this Journal entitled “Schizophrenia; A New Approach” (18). In this paper it was noted that mescaline and adrenaline have a similar biochemical structure. It was suggested that one of the aetiological agents in schizophrenia might be a substance or substances lying between these two; with the psychological properties of mescaline but effective in concentrations nearer those of adrenaline. Dr. Harley Mason elaborated this suggestion from the biochemical standpoint. For convenience these hypothetical substances were called, collectively, M substance. If M substance occurred in the body, it would account for the group of illnesses usually referred to as schizophrenia better than any hypothesis so far advanced. It has been the good fortune of the co-authors of that first paper (J. R. S. and H. O.) to be able to join forces with the third author of this paper (A. H.) to test the hypothsis. It is with the efforts of the last year that this paper is concerned.
Intense Ultrasound—A New Tool for Neurological Research
Authors: Fry William J.
Published: August 2008

A focused beam of ultrasound can be used to produce selective accurately localized lesions in central nervous systems which are quantitatively reproducible from one animal to another.
The Indications for Psycho-Analysis
Authors: Glover Edward
Published: August 2008

If the standards of psychotherapy approximated to those in vogue in the field of organic medicine a lecture on the indications for psycho-analysis would be a comparatively brief and possibly tedious affair. Since, however, there is no uniform diagnosis of mental disorders, no exact account of the rationale of psycho-analytic treatment and no assented list of the modifications of treatment required in different forms of disorder, it is obvious that before we can usefully discuss indications for psycho-analysis or in other words the scope of psychoanalytic treatment we must arrive at a certain amount of agreement regarding the diagnosis and prognosis of mental disorders and the nature of psychoanalytic therapy.
Scientific Psychopathology and Religious Issues
Authors: Zilboorg Gregory
Published: August 2008

During the last few years it has become more and more apparent that there exists a considerable impatience and even intolerance between traditional religious thought, and certain assertions on the part of social sciences and psychology, which have become influenced by psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis, as is generally known, was born out of psychopathology and both sociology and psychopathology joined hands recently to make friends with one another and with anthropology. The result of all this is the almost emphatic claim that psychopathology and social sciences have become scientific disciplines—or that they have become more influenced by the scientific method than by philosophy. To a certain extent this claim is justified; yet and almost in spite of this there is a far cry between the modern meaning of the term anthropology and the meaning which anthropologia had originally. Instead of being the science of man, it has become more the science of human institutions and social relationships; it has fallen under the heavy weight of statistical averages, which are still mistakenly accepted as the best entering wedge into the field of true (scientific!) knowledge.
The Therapeutic Value of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Mental Illness
Authors: Sandison R. A. , Spencer A. M. , Whitelaw J. D. A.
Published: August 2008

D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD 25) was first prepared in 1938 by Stoll and Hofmann. It is the synthetic amide of d-lysergic acid with a secondary amine, diethylamine and belongs to the ergonovine group of ergot alkaloids all of which have lysergic acid as a base. After its ingestion in minute doses, it induces psychic states in which the subject becomes aware of repressed memories and other unconscious material in a setting of clear consciousness. This preliminary paper describes the results obtained from the use of the drug in 36 psychoneurotic patients over a period of one year. We consider that the drug will find a significant place in the treatment of the psychoneuroses and allied mental illnesses.
The Fractionation of Urinary Neutral 17-Ketosteroids from Chronic Male Schizophrenics
Authors: Reiss M. , Stitch S. R.
Published: August 2008

Investigations carried out in the past into the steroid hormone excretion rate of mental patients have been limited to the quantitative determination of the total compounds. Assay of neutral 17-ketosteroids in particular, has revealed no significant difference in the excretion rates of schizophrenics from that of normal controls (Leth Pedersen, 1947; Lingjaerde and Lierasylet, 1949et al). Pincus (1943) has studied the diurnal excretion pattern of 17-ketosteroids in normal persons; a different pattern was shown to occur in some schizophrenics (Reiss, Hemphill, Gordon and Cook, 1949). Some schizophrenic patients also show considerably greater fluctuations in the 24-hour excretion rate than normal persons (Reisset al., 1949), these fluctuations disappearing after successful treatment of the patients (Reiss, 1952). An increased percentage of excreted 3 β-hydroxy-17-ketosteroids has recently been reported (Mittelman, Romanoff, Pincus and Hoagland, 1952) in schizophrenics compared with normal people, the total ketosteroid excretion rate being found similar in both groups. Increased β-ketosteroid excretion rate was also seen by Reiss, Hemphill, Gordon and Cook (1949), during depressive phases in a state of manic depressive psychosis.
Carbon Dioxide Therapy of the Neuroses
Authors: Clark D. H.
Published: August 2008

Since Meduna published his monograph on carbon dioxide therapy of nervous disorders (Meduna, 1950) the method has been widely employed. This paper discusses the results obtained by the strict application of the methods described by Meduna to 42 psychoneurotic out-patients at the Maudsley Hospital, and the bearing these results have on his claim that it is an effective and safe method of treating psychoneurosis, such as could be applied by practitioners with little psychiatric experience.
Differential Cerebral Electrostimulation
Authors: Montagu J. D.
Published: August 2008

Cerebral electrostimulation of subconvulsive intensity causes a pronounced increase in the concentration of adrenaline-like substances in the blood (Weil-Malherbe and Bone, 1952b). This effect is presumed to be due to a central action of the current, since these investigators were unable to demonstrate any rise when both electrodes were placed on the same side of the head. The current which was used in these experiments consisted of brief rectangular impulses with a repetition rate of 100 pulses per second (Montagu, 1953). Recently, while experimenting with shorter pulses at correspondingly higher repetition rates, the author observed that the motor response diminished as the frequency was raised, the peak and average current levels remaining constant. This effect, which appeared to be due to the progressive abbreviation of the pulses to the point at which they ceased to be effective motor stimuli, suggested that these conditions might be advantageous in electrostimulation therapy, provided that the autonomic effects were not equally impaired. Firstly, however, it was necessary to determine whether the diminution in the motor effects at the higher frequencies was part of a generalized reduction in the efficiency of cerebral stimulation or whether there was a differential response. Accordingly, with the assistance of Dr. Weil-Malherbe, the blood adrenaline level has been studied in relation to the different conditions of stimulation. The results of this investigation are contained in the present report.
Nicotinic Acid Modified Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Psychosis
Authors: Agnew N. , Hoffer A.
Published: August 2008

Theoretical models ranging from neurological to analytical have been introduced in the hope of providing new insights into psychopathology. The flesh and blood model is of more recent origin in this field. The experimental or model psychosis results from giving “normals” drugs which bring about a psychotic-like experience for a few hours. As is the case with theoretical models, the flesh and blood models are not accurate representations of the naturally occurring psychosis. In fact, the variability manifest in most naturally occurring psychoses makes the existence of an accurate model impossible. A model, whether carefully planned and developed or accidentally discovered, is useful to the extent that it assists us in better understanding the naturally occurring process it approximates. It is useful if it enables us to set up and test hypotheses which contribute additional knowledge about disease aetiology, mechanisms, or treatment. The model psychosis to be studied in this paper is that produced by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).
The Differential Effect of Cortisone and of A.C.T.H. On Mood
Authors: Fleminger J. J.
Published: August 2008

It is evident from many reports published in the last four years that psychological changes can occur during the treatment of physical illness by Cortisone and corticotrophin (A.C.T.H.). There is no doubt, too, that similar mental symptoms have been occasioned by giving either of these agents in therapeutic doses. It is perhaps for this reason that most writers have not distinguished between them in this respect. Thus, the mild mood changes that often occur, and the relatively rare psychotic reactions are usually spoken of as complications of A.C.T.H. or Cortisone therapy. This implies that, in the individual case, these substances would be equivalent in their influence on the mental state; yet there are grounds for suspecting otherwise. The aetiology of these psychological reactions remains obscure, so that any evidence which serves to differentiate the psychiatric side-effects of the two drugs would be of interest.
Modified Leptazol Convulsive Therapy
Authors: Berrington W. P. , Goldin S.
Published: August 2008

The use of chemically induced convulsive therapy introduced by Von Meduna in 1934 was followed by the introduction of electric convulsive therapy by Cerletti and Bini in 1937. The latter method is now of almost universal use. The main reasons for the change over were the elimination of the unpleasant aura experienced in connection with the leptazol fit and the fact that body accidents were said to be less frequent with E.C.T. There does not appear to be any evidence of greater therapeutic efficiency with E.C.T. Bini and Bazzi (1949) in summarizing statistics covering twelve thousand cases, found no difference in the remission rates in the two therapies. Dedichen (1946) indicated that the value of the two therapies in depressions was similar and Ross (1946) found this also for cases of acute excitements.
Psychiatric Types: A Q-Technique Study of 200 Patients
Authors: Monro A. B.
Published: August 2008

Psychiatry is handicapped in the task of evaluating new methods of treatment because it has had to tackle the problems presented by early and mild cases without modern psychometric methods. There is clearly something wrong when the spontaneous remission rate in schizophrenia can be reported by the New York State Hospitals as 59 per cent. (1944) at a time when the equivalent figure in Kent (Monro, 1950) was 24 per cent. The practical impact of this failure to define terms is that the majority of articles describing the results of new treatments lose most of their force. This happens most obviously when the cases considered are presented simply in diagnostic categories, for example, as x schizophrenics or y hysterics. The trouble can be lessened by giving more clinical detail, but seldom can enough diagnostic and prognostic information be given to enable the reader to arrive at a proper evaluation of the issues presented. New descriptive techniques are therefore an urgent practical necessity, as well as being theoretically desirable.
Biochemical Changes Following Electroshock
Authors: Astrup Poul , Gøtzsche Henning , Ibsen Bjørn , Munkvad Ib
Published: August 2008

Experiments with animals have shown that electrostimulation of brain tissue is followed by a number of biochemical changes in the brain. The information obtainable is limited since there are only comparitively few reports about investigations in this field (4).
Investigations into Glutamic Acid Metabolism in Schizophrenics
Authors: Astrup Poul , G⊘tzsche Henning , And Bj⊘rn Ibsen , Munkvad Ib
Published: August 2008

Earlier investigations (3, 4) have shown an abnormal glutamic acid metabolism in schizophrenic patients.

These changes are, briefly, low glutamic acid level (and high glutamine level) especially in acute cases. Glutamic acid concentrations below 1.2 milli grams per 100 ml. venous blood were ascertained in most of these patients.
The Hyperventilation Syndrome
Authors: Ames Frances
Published: August 2008

The hyperventilation syndrome is the name given to a distinctive group of symptoms and signs which are caused by an increase in the depth and rate of breathing. This abnormal breathing is nearly always the result of emotional stress.
Adrenochrome As the Cause of Schizophrenia: Investigation of Some Deductions from this Hypothesis
Authors: Lea A. J.
Published: August 2008

Osmond and Smythies (1952) have given reasons for reviving the view originally put forward by Bleuler (1950) that schizophrenia is essentially a disorder of metabolism, and have suggested that some substance chemically related to mescaline might be the causative agent. Hoffer, Osmond and Smythies (1954) have begun an investigation of this hypothesis and have found that adrenochrome, an oxidation product of adrenaline which is probably a normal intermediate metabolite, has active hallucinogenic properties. These authors do not regard adrenochrome as being unquestionably the toxic agent in schizophrenia, but suggest that it or some closely related substance, having the indole ring and derived from adrenaline, is involved. They also advance the opinion that the metabolic fault consists of an overproduction of adrenochrome or similar substances. Such a view necessarily implies either overproduction of adrenaline or a blocking of one or more of the paths of adrenaline detoxification in the body which do not lead through adrenochrome. As adrenaline is derived from tyrosine the hypothesis is essentially one of abnormal tyrosine metabolism. From this hypothesis certain deductions can be made.
Electrical Treatment of Anxiety States
Authors: Montagu J. D. , Davies L. S.
Published: August 2008

During the past five years a number of reports have acclaimed Subconvulsive Electrostimulation as a therapeutic measure for the relief of states of anxiety and tension. In general, these accounts have proved unconvincing, since the authors have seldom provided either controls or even details of their results. The report of Hargrove, Bennett and Ford (1953) has been the only exception to both of these criticisms—and the only adverse account. The present investigation was therefore conducted as a “blind” trial in order to provide an unbiassed evaluation of the subject. The series comprised 100 patients, half of whom received the electrical treatment while the other half were subjected to a control procedure. Objective evidence was furnished by psychometric tests. An autonomic test of reputed prognostic significance, and a follow-up study, were also included.
Psychoses of Childbearing
Authors: Tetlow C.
Published: August 2008

It is natural to assume that because a psychosis occurs during the process of childbearing the two events are therefore necessarily associated, but the evidence is conflicting and the relationship between them has not been established with certainty. In fact no immediate dramatic cause has yet been demonstrated that would account for such mental breakdowns, and it would be surprising if it had, for the great majority of psychoses not related to maternity show no simple sequence of cause and effect.

Yet it would be wrong to dismiss without further examination an occasion so important in the life of the mother as childbirth as of no aetiological consequence. In the types of psychosis under consideration the clinical onset had often been a sudden and disturbing event, just at that particular time in the patient's life when she was confronted with the responsibility of motherhood. Further examination of the patient's history however often revealed previous evidence of emotional disturbance, or of instability in other members of her family.
A Behavioural Rating Scale for Mental Patients
Authors: Shatin L. , Freed E. X.
Published: August 2008

In connection with a demonstration programme of comprehensive psychiatric care for hospitalized schizophrenic patients, it was necessary to develop a rapid and effective method for rating patients' ward adjustment and social behaviour. The scale, entitled the Albany Behavioural Rating Scale (ABRS), and its validation, are described in this report. The nature of the problem required that the scale be readable, easily completed and scored, and suitable for use by nursing and rehabilitation personnel (OT, CT, Music Therapist, etc.). Further requirements included adequate scoring reliability and validity, as well as amenability to quantification.

Various rating scales have been described in the psychiatric literature, but these did not meet our needs. Some were too cumbersome and time-consuming. Others required individual psychiatric interview. Frequently they demanded high literacy of the rater. Certain scales are indeed useful for special purposes, as for example the MSRPP (Lorr, 1953) which can be employed with confidence as an aid to psychiatric classification. Lucero and Meyer (1951) have discussed the requirements of an adequate rating scale.
Rostral Leucotomy: a Report on 240 Cases Personally Followed Up After ½ to 5 Years
Authors: Pippard John
Published: August 2008

Cortical undercutting, as an alternative to standard leucotomy and to the major operation of topectomy, was devised by three surgeons independently. Scoville (1949) published his preliminary results soon after McKissock had begun to do rostral leucotomies. Both have continued to use this type of operation (Scovilleet al., 1951; Scoville, 1954) but Ferey (1950), the third to develop a similar technique, was disappointed with the results and soon abandoned it (Ferey, 1953). McKissock (1951) reported the initial impressions of the results in 100 cases and by the end of 1952 had operated on 240 cases. During 1953–54, 1½ to 5 years after operation, I followed up these patients, visiting 175 of them in their homes, and 35 in hospital. Personal follow up was refused or for some reason impracticable in 17 cases, including 4 whose case notes had been destroyed; 13 others had died before the survey was made.

Partridge (1950) reported a follow up study of 300 cases operated on by the same surgeon by his “standard” technique (McKissock, 1943); he had the advantage, which I had not, of being able to see his patients before operation. I have had to work retrospectively, and the case notes available, whilst often excellent, had usually not been made with the idea that they would be needed for follow-up purposes. I have not, therefore, thought it right to draw more than broad conclusions from this study.
The Value and Limitations of Chlorpromazine in the Treatment of Anxiety States
Authors: Rees W. Linford , Lambert Carl
Published: August 2008

Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Largactil) introduced by Laborit (1952) has aroused considerable interest on account of its varied pharmacodynamic actions and clinical reports drawing attention to its possible use in anaesthesia, general medicine and psychiatry.

Chemically related to certain antihistamine drugs, it has little antihistaminic activity itself but has diverse effects on the nervous system. It is a neural depressant with central and peripheral action, vagolytic and sympatholytic properties. (Chauchard, 1952; Courvoisier, 1953; Sigwald and Boutier, 1953; Staehelin and Kielholz, 1953; Lehrman and Hanrahan, 1954; Anton-Stephens, 1954; Winkelman, 1954; Garmany, 1954; and Elkes and Elkes, 1954.)

Enthusiastic claims have been made regarding the therapeutic value of chlorpromazine in a wide variety of psychiatric disorders; many of these have failed to carry conviction, as most of the reports are based on mixed groups with an insufficient number of patients in each diagnostic category to justify definite conclusions and also because controlled procedures were rarely used.

We therefore decided to confine our investigation to one type of psychiatric disorder and chose anxiety states, since the reported pharmacodynamic actions of the drug suggested that it might be of value in the treatment of states of anxiety and tension. The total group studied consists of 150 patients all of whom are treated as out-patients.
Affective Disorder Arising in the Senium II. Physical Disability As an Aetiological Factor
Authors: Roth Martin , Kay D. W. K.
Published: August 2008

In previous papers (Roth and Morrissey, 1952; Roth, 1955) evidence for the importance of affective psychosis in old age was presented. It was shown further that in some half of those admitted after the age of 60 no attacks had occurred before this age, and that no new aetiological factor such as cerebral degeneration was associated with these cases of late onset (Kay, Roth and Hopkins, 1955). The problem is to elucidate why it is that defences against illness effective throughout most of these patients' lives prove inadequate in old age. Now in the study just referred to, a tendency for physical illness to be commoner in patients having their first attack after 60 was noted. A more detailed analysis of the incidence of physical illness in the two groups has therefore been carried out in order to investigate its possible aetiological role in old age affective disorder.
A Clinical Trial of Reserpine in the Treatment of Anxiety
Authors: Ferguson R. S.
Published: August 2008

One has to admit that the treatment of the mentally ill by psychological methods only leaves something to be desired, for even in the neuroses the long term results of psychotherapy are at times disappointing. Shorter methods of treatment, more economical of time and surer of outcome are constantly sought and, of course, there remains the very considerable problem of how to treat the not over-intelligent neurotic who can never hope to achieve profound self knowledge or insight.
The Placebo Response
Authors: Tibbetts R. W. , Hawkings J. R.
Published: August 2008

In recent controlled trials, conducted by the authors (1956), we were interested to note the proportion of patients improving with the administration of placebos. A placebo is defined in the Shorter Oxford Dictionary (1944) as “A medicine given more to please than to benefit the patient”. It is presumed that, implicit in this definition, is the qualification that the doctor is aware of the relatively inert qualities of the substance, whilst the patient is not. There is, of course, a type of patient who derives considerable benefit mainly by virtue of the fact that he has been pleased. In spite of the discovery of increasing numbers of drugs with specific properties, the prescription of placebos is still common practice. Dunlop et al. (1952) analysed over 17,000 prescriptions of which about one-third were tonics, stomachics or sedatives; although barbiturates cannot strictly be called placebos, the spirit in which they are prescribed frequently puts them near to this category.
The Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Familial Dysautonomia (The Riley-Day Syndrome)
Authors: Forster William , Tyndel Milo
Published: August 2008

Familial dysautonomia, first described as a distinct entity in 1949 (Rileyet al., 1949), is considered to be a comparatively rare disease, only some 48 cases being so far recorded (Rileyet al., 1954). But as its features become more widely known it is likely to be increasingly recognized. It occurs in children of Jewish parentage, the majority of cases being reported from the U.S.A., with one from South America (Tyndel, 1955), and some from Montreal (Riley, 1955).

The constant symptomscomprise: defective lachrymation (“crying without tears”); symmetrical, blotchy erythema following emotional disturbances or eating; excessive sweating; sialorrhoea; emotional lability; poor motor coordination; relative indifference to pain; and hypo- or areflexia.Inconstant symptomsare: intermittent hypertension; periodic vomiting which may threaten life; liability to respiratory diseases; frequent unexplained bouts of pyrexia; attacks of apnoea during the first year of life; corneal ulceration; orthopaedic changes (scoliosis, pes cavus); and epileptiform convulsions (Riley, 1952).

The condition is familial, apparently being inherited as a simple recessive trait (Rileyet al., 1954), though an irregular dominant is a possibility (St. Martin, 1953).
Past and Present Trends in Child Psychiatry
Authors: Cameron Kenneth
Published: August 2008

While to no one can the present state of child psychiatry afford grounds for complacency, there is at this time an awareness of shortcomings, a lively sense of self-criticism and an urgency for advance in one direction or another that does give some grounds for optimism. I have thought it profitable at the present time to attempt to survey the scene.
The use of Lithium Salts in the Treatment of Manic States
Authors: Rice David
Published: August 2008

It is often said that the Disorders of Affect are the most commonly encountered psychoses and it is, of course, depressive illness which accounts for the large majority of such disorders; nevertheless Mania and Hypomania present as great a problem. As great because from the medical point of view treatment is less certain and less satisfactory, and socially because the manic, and even more the hypomanic, patient seems capable of doing more harm to his family and home by his ill-judged actions and schemes than almost any other person. He seems, too, to have a singular affinity and attraction for wasters, ne'er-do-wells and psychopaths who assist all too readily in the disposal of goods and money and encourage him in his grandiose and extravagant schemes.

For depressive illness we have, in Electro-Convulsant Therapy, a ready, useful and comparatively reliable, safe and effective therapeutic measure. The majority of patients accept such treatment quite readily and respond well to it. Where there is a history of chronic or recurrent illness, leucotomy (often in one of its modified forms) seems to offer a good hope with an excellent prognosis. Depressed patients, moreover, from the very nature of their illness, tend to accept treatment, even if they dislike it, often maybe from poorly concealed masochistic urges and as punishment for what they believe to be their guilt and unworthiness.

Manic and hypomanic patients, on the other hand, present a totally different problem. Firstly they rarely, if ever, complain themselves and consequently they resent being referred to the doctor. When they do come it is often unwillingly or merely to demonstrate their well-being; or maybe to show some invention, gadget or discovery they believe they have made. Secondly, such patients, even when they have been seen, are notoriously unreliable over treatment and will rarely accept it. In the majority of patients it is only when under some form of control (which for all practical purposes means certification) that treatment can be carried out satisfactorily.

In Mania (and Hypomania) as in depression, convulsion therapy—usually E.C.T.—proves satisfactory in many instances, but the problem of long-term prognosis is not affected and in the case of recurrent manic attacks leucotomy seems to have no benefits to offer and is in fact often liable to make things worse. Any effective method of treatment is therefore to be welcomed, and more especially so if there is any suggestion that it can be continued after the patient leaves hospital, on a maintenance or prophylactic basis.
Cultural Aspects of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale in Relation to British Mental Patients
Authors: Robertson J. P. S. , Batcheldor K. J.
Published: August 2008

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale is now rapidly replacing the Wechsler-Bellevue as the major battery used by British clinical psychologists to test intelligence or intellectual deterioration. The following investigation was conducted to ascertain divergences in British mental patients from the American order of difficulty of items in the Information, Vocabulary and Picture Completion Tests, where both obvious and subtle cultural factors are present. The equivalence of certain possible substitute items was also explored.
The Neurology of Schizophrenia
Authors: Parfitt D. N.
Published: August 2008

During the two and a half years from May, 1953, sixty-one cases of schizophrenia, none of whom had been leucotomized, were studied by me at St. Ann's, a 69-bedded subsidiary hospital of Holloway Sanatorium, Virginia Water, which has been available for the treatment of psychoneuroses since the end of 1946 and where at any one time a large majority of the patients are psychoneurotic. Except that patients are normally expected to be in by 10 p.m. it is as open as any hotel, there is no sex distinction in any of the sitting and games rooms, the dining room, the occupational therapy department and so on and where the ‘male side’ and the ‘female side’ meet the rooms may be occupied by men or women, so that men may have to pass women's rooms on the way to the toilets and vice versa. The hospital is mainly an ‘amenity bed’ one with charges of 2 to 4 guineas a week and although no policy of exclusion exists the bulk of patients are from ‘lower middle’ or ‘upper lower’ backgrounds. Treatment is based on careful history-taking and investigations of various kinds, with explanatory and supportive psychotherapy, but E.C.T. always with pentothal and scoline, modified insulin, modified narcosis and other physical treatments are available although they are strictly limited by the small nursing staff. Remembering that there are only three doctors, one of whom is partly taken up with administrative duties, both for in-patients and for a reasonably active out-patient service which includes the use of all the daytime hospital facilities, an exercise in simple arithmetic will make it clear that the forms of psychotherapy used are also strictly limited.
Deteriorated Psychotic Patients—Their Treatment and its Assessment
Authors: Baker A. A. , Thorpe J. G.
Published: August 2008

The problem of long-stay patients in mental hospitals is assuming increasing importance. At present, in most large mental hospitals the long-stay patients occupy 80 to 90 per cent. of the beds. The investigation by Freyhan (1955) suggested that although the new methods of treatment of the last 30 years have greatly increased the speed of recovery in the case with the good prognosis, they have not altered the outlook for the deteriorating case. This is in general confirmed by May (1956). Now these patients may have a yet longer stay because of the increased life span.
Influences of Reserpine on E.C.T.: Preliminary Observations
Authors: Ferguson R. S.
Published: August 2008

There have been some indications in recent literature (Naidoo, 1956) that reserpine influences the kind of fit that patients have with E.C.T. The first time this came to our notice was a few months ago when we noticed that a patient who was receiving 9 mg. of reserpine daily took an unduly long time to resume breathing after her fit. However, she also had Parkinsonism, and we were using succinyl choline and intravenous anaesthetic, so we thought that perhaps this was a Parkinsonian idiosyncratic response to reserpine and succinyl choline (Ferguson, 1956). Since then, in chronic psychotics who have been having quite large doses of the drug over a long period, we have been struck by the apparent delay in resuming respiration after E.C.T. given “straight”, i.e. without relaxants. There have been alarming reports of collapse, even death in one instance from America (Foster and Gayle, 1955).
The County Register of Houses for the Reception of “Lunatics”, 1798–1812
Authors: Hunter Richard A. , Macalpine D.P.M. Ida , Payne Leonard M.
Published: August 2008

The first Act of Parliament which authorized the detention of persons “who, by Lunacy, or otherwise, are furiously Mad, and dangerous to go Abroad” was passed in the twelfth year of the reign of Queen Anne (1714):

“Be it therefore Enacted … That it shall and may be Lawful for any Two or more of the Justices of the Peace of any County, Town or Place in England, Wales or Town of Berwick upon Tweed, where such Lunatick or Mad Person shall be found, by Warrant under their Hands and Seals, directed to the Constables, Church-wardens, and Overseers of the Poor of such Parish, Town or Place, or some of them, to cause such Person to be Apprehended, and kept safely Locked up, in such secure Place within the County where such Parish or Town shall lie, as such Justices shall, under their Hands and Seals, direct and appoint…”∗
The use of Some New Pharmacological Agents in Psychiatry
Authors: Leiberman D. M. , Vaughan G. F.
Published: August 2008

The last five years have seen the beginning of a remarkable new development in the pharmacological approach to psychiatry. Pharmacological treatment for mental disorder is not, of course, new; drugs like hellebore, opium, camphor, bromides, paraldehyde and the barbiturates cover a large part of the history of psychiatric therapy. Since 1951 a number of new drugs with the generic title of tranquillizers have been introduced, of which the two best known are chlorpromazine and reserpine. They have the characteristic effect of producing sedation without producing sleep.
Biochemical Studies in Electric Convulsive Therapy
Authors: Gour K. N. , Bhargava S. P.
Published: August 2008

For this purpose average normal values were studied in 40 normal cases, and 40 mental cases were selected from amongst those who were suffering from various mental disorders who were given electric convulsive therapy.
Night Vision and Psychiatric Disorders: A Review of Experimental Studies
Authors: Granger G. W.
Published: August 2008

In recent years a number of studies have been undertaken in which the “night vision” or dark-adaptation of psychiatric patients has been compared with that of normal subjects. These studies have their origin in a wartime observation that the incidence of “night-blindness” among neurotics was higher than among normal Service personnel. Evidence of functional disorders of vision is of interest from several points of view, psychiatric and ophthalmological as well as psychological and physiological. The aim of this article is to make a critical evaluation of the results so far obtained, determine what generalizations are possible and consider implications for further research.
Placebos and their Psychological Effects
Authors: Trouton Derrick S.
Published: August 2008

Although numerous instances of the surprising efficacy of placebos in a wide variety of conditions have been reported lately, little has yet been done towards providing an explanation of the occurrence of placebo reactions in terms of psychology. In what follows, the main findings concerning placebos will first be described, and then an attempt made to relate them to psychological theory. Even if this attempt is premature, it may succeed in showing the need for further work and in suggesting what directions this might take.
An Investigation, by Means of the Object Relations Test, Into Some of the Effects of Early Separation from the Mother on the Personal Relationships of Adolescent Delinquent Girls
Authors: O'Kelly Elizabeth
Published: August 2008

A group of adolescent girl thieves have been examined by means of the Object Relations Test, in an attempt to estimate some of the psychodynamic factors determining their thieving. These girls are all at an Approved School where psychiatric treatment is given. They are all of average or superior intelligence and from materially good homes and their delinquency has been considered to be neurotic in origin. The age range is from 15 to 19 years.
Megaloblastic Anaemia Occurring During Treatment of Epilepsy with Phenytoin Sodium, Primidone and Phenobarbitone
Authors: Benians Robin C. , Hunter Richard A.
Published: August 2008

It has now been established that megaloblastic anaemia may develop in patients receiving the anti-convulsant drugs phenytoin sodium (“Epanutin”) and primidone (“Mysoline”), given alone or in combination with phenobarbitone. Hobson et al. (1956) found 16 such cases described in the literature, and reported a case of their own in which megaloblastic anaemia developed in a patient addicted to a preparation (“Tuinal”) containing equal parts of amylobarbitone sodium (“Sodium amytal”) and quinalbarbitone sodium (“Seconal Sodium”), which are closely related chemically to primidone, sodium phenytoin and phenobarbitone. Characteristically the anaemia is not related to a deficiency of nor does it respond to treatment with vitamin B12, nor is there achlorhydria, thus distinguishing it from true Addisonian pernicious anaemia. The condition however responds promptly to the administration of folic acid by mouth.
Indole Excretion Patterns During Treatment with Reserpine
Authors: Forrest A. D.
Published: August 2008

Reserpine was first used extensively in psychiatric practice in the U.S.A. where many favourable reports on its use were published in 1954 and 1955. Subsequently a series of reports appeared in the U.K. These reports were more critical and sought to establish more precise indications for the use of the drug. It soon became apparent that the drug was of most value in schizophrenia and the organic hyperkinetic states. The value of reserpine in psychoneuroses is limited but that it is going to have a more than temporary place in the treatment of schizophrenia is suggested by the continued appearance of favourable reports. These last authors emphasize that not only is the drug an effective sedative but also that it does appear, in some places, to induce genuine remissions. The present difficulty is to predict which patients will respond in this way.
The use of Arfonad for the Alleviation of Cardio-Vascular Stress Following Electro-Convulsive Therapy
Authors: Tewfik G. I. , Wells B. G.
Published: August 2008

The safety of electro-convulsive therapy (E.C.T.) has been greatly increased since muscle relaxants were first introduced for this purpose. Short-acting relaxants such as suxamethonium and suxethonium reduce the usual strong tonic and clonic contractions to faint muscle twitchings, and fractures do not occur. Respiration can be maintained throughout by positive pressure inflation so that cyanosis and stertorous breathing are avoided. This may ensure that material from small pulmonary lesions is not disseminated to other areas. It is disappointing that the cardiovascular commotion is only slightly reduced, and deaths still occur, albeit rarely.
Aim and Method in Treatment: Twenty Years of British and American Psychiatry
Authors: Sargant William
Published: August 2008

This Address tonight will mostly concern psychiatric treatment, and it must be quite exceptional, I think, for those of us, still in our late forties, to have lived through such a revolution in treatment as we have seen in the last twenty years in this country. In this revolution I believe we have seen Great Britain emerge as one of the countries now leading the world in the skilled, humane and all-round treatment of her mentally ill patients. There is obviously still very much that needs to be done, yet we must try not to underestimate what has already been achieved recently in this country.
Modern Psychotherapy—150 Years Ago
Authors: Harms Ernest
Published: August 2008

Psychotherapy and what we understand by it today is commonly considered as entirely a product of the last fifty years of psychological and psychiatric development. The psychiatry of the past century is looked upon as a savage and uncultivated field which does not appear to warrant any attention. In a previously published paper I pointed out the strange contradictory development which the field of psychiatry has undergone during the past two hundred years, interchanging material-physicological periods with those primarily psychological. Each period has violently rejected the previous one and with it the total earlier development. This explains why the earlier development seems to be so completely forgotten. Only a few names are known which are pointed upon as forerunners, but no one has seriously attempted to go back over the last contradictory period into the preceding one with a similar basic attitude, for instance the psychologistical period of the first quarter of the past century. This should be of considerable interest to the psychological period we have been experiencing during the past decades.
6β-Hydroxy-3:5-Cyclopregnan-20-One in Mental States
Authors: Hardwick S. W. , Pearse J. J. , Petrow V.
Published: August 2008

Some years ago we began to evaluate steroidal compounds in the treatment of mental states and now report some results obtained with 6β-hydroxy-3:5-cyclopregnan-20-one (I), the most promising of the compounds studied.
Alcohol, Alcoholism and Conditioning: A Review of the Literature and Some Theoretical Considerations
Authors: Franks Cyril M.
Published: August 2008

Alcoholism is a grave social, economic and psychiatric problem which has attracted the attention of countless research workers and theorists. From a survey of the recent literature two conclusions emerge. Firstly, that there is at present no general agreement as to the aetiology, dynamics and treatment of alcoholism (1). Secondly, that the inadequacies of the majority of the experiments reported are such that the findings are often difficult to interpret and highly limited in their value (2, 3). In many cases the conclusions do not follow from the data; in others they are impossible to evaluate because insufficient procedural details are given; other studies attempt to answer a large number of questions and answer none adequately; some findings are based upon extremely small or atypical samples while others are based upon experiments open to such obvious criticisms that serious consideration is unwarranted. Many of these studies are apparently the by-product of the busy clinician's experiences and consequently lacking in rigour of any description. Remarkably few are predictive in their techniques or based upon any clearly formulated and testable theory. It is hardly surprising that so many fail to satisfy the usual criteria of acceptable scientific research (4).
Differential Effects of Lysergic Acid and Sodium Amytal on Immediate Memory and Expressive Movement
Authors: Brengelmann J. C. , Laverty S. G. , Lewis D. J.
Published: August 2008

This investigation deals with relationships of sodium amytal and lysergic acid (LSD) to measures of immediate memory and expressive movement as a function of exposure time. Significant differences in learning and expressive movement had been obtained previously between neurotics and schizophrenics (3, 4). The extent of these differences posed the problem why memory disturbance, as in the test, is clinically not more obvious in schizophrenics than in neurotics. It was thought that accidentally favourable conditions had been used, either in difficulty of task or in exposure time, to produce the results. The decision was taken to vary the exposure time in a pilot experiment, using LSD in normals to represent schizophrenic-like symptoms.
Combined Chlorpromazine and Reserpine in the Treatment of Chronic Psychotics
Authors: Foote E. S.
Published: August 2008

In the past few years many papers have appeared both in Europe and the United States of America demonstrating the value of Chlorpromazine and Reserpine in the treatment of mental illness. In the United States of America Kinross-Wright (1954) has reported on Chlorpromazine in the treatment of schizophrenia and claimed very satisfactory results; in this country Lomas (1955) and his collaborators have in several papers confirmed these results. With regard to Reserpine in the United States of America Kline (1954) has used the drug extensively with good results; in Europe, hopeful reports by Foote (1955) and McGrath et al. (1956) confirmed the value of this drug in psychiatric practice.
Unilateral Electro-Convulsive Therapy
Authors: Lancaster Neville Peel , Steinert Reuben Ralph , Frost Isaac
Published: August 2008

Electro-convulsive therapy was first introduced by Cerletti and Bini in 1938, and has now become the principal physical method of therapy in psychiatry.
A Clinical Investigation of Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Fish F. J.
Published: August 2008

A detailed scheme of classification of schizophrenia has been produced by Professor K. Kleist and elaborated by Professor K. Leonhard (Kleist, 1943, 1949; Kleist et al., 1950, 1951; Kleist and Schwab, 1951; Leonhard, 1936, 1957; Schwab, 1949). The validity of this scheme has been established by other investigators (Schneider, 1955; Schulte-von der Stein, 1955). An English summary of the Kleist-Leonhard scheme has recently been published (Fish, 1957). In 1955 an attempt to classify the chronic schizophrenics in the Female Division of St. Nicholas Hospital, Gosforth, according to the Kleist-Leonhard scheme was begun. By means of reading the case notes, enquiring from the medical and nursing staff and short clinical interviews it was provisionally concluded that there were 243 chronic schizophrenics in the female division with an illness of more than 10 years' duration. These patients were investigated clinically, but by the time the author took up his present appointment only 107 cases had been seen. An attempt was made, however, to investigate approximately the same proportion of patients from each ward of the female division with the exception of the geriatric ward. This series seemed to be a fairly representative sample of the chronic female schizophrenics.
A Census of Psychiatric Cases in two Contrasting Communities
Authors: Carstairs G. M. , Brown G. W.
Published: August 2008

During recent years members of the Medical Research Council Pneumoconiosis Research Unit have carried out a number of studies of the prevalence and incidence of common diseases in two populations in South Wales and attempted to relate differences in morbidity to known differences in social and environmental factors (Cochrane and Miall, 1956). The communities studied are the Rhondda Fach, a mining valley with a population in 1951 of 19,722 (aged over 15 years) living in a contiguous series of eight small towns, and a number of parishes in the Vale of Glamorgan, approximately ten miles from the Rhondda Fach, in which the population of 4,621 (aged over 15 years) is spread over a relatively large agricultural area. These will be referred to as the Rhondda and the Vale. They were originally chosen to provide a complete mining community (in which the prevalence of diseases of the lungs in miners and ex-miners could be estimated) and a contrasting, predominantly rural, population respectively.