bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antitranspirant Increases Alsol Effectiveness as Chemical Aid for Harvesting Olive1
Authors: El-Tamzini Mohamed I. , Shaladan Mohamed S. , Niazi Zaegham M.
Published: October 2022

Folicote (FC) antitranspirant at 2.5 or 5% alone had no effect on olive fruit removal force (FRF) and fruit drop of olive (olea europeal L.). Alsol at 2000 and 3000 ppm decreased FRF by 47 and 57%, and resulted in 55 and 66% fruit drop, respectively, when sprayed alone. However, when FC was mixed with alsol, significantly lower FRF and higher fruit drop resulted. Mixtures of 3000 ppm alsol plus 2.5% FC had effects similar to those of 2000 ppm alsol plus 5% FC. Mixing FC with alsol increased the effectiveness of alsol under relatively unfavorable weather conditions, compared to alsol alone.
Calcium Reduces Defoliation Induced by 2-Chloroethyl-Tris-(2-Methoxyethoxy) Silane in Olive1
Authors: El-Tamzini Mohamed I. , Niazi Zaegham M. , Shaladan Mohamed S.
Published: October 2022

2-Chloroethyl-tris-(2-methoxyethoxy) silane (alsol) at 2000 and 3000 ppm sprayed on ‘Anduri’ olive trees (Olea europaea L.) increased fruit drop but resulted in excessive defoliation. Calcium (0.4%) applied as calcium acetate reduced defoliation induced by alsol (2000 ppm and higher). However, calcium should be applied at least 2 weeks before alsol application to avoid a marked reduction in fruit harvest. Alsol concentrations higher than 2000 ppm increased defoliation with little or no additional fruit drop. Calcium acetate was more effective in controlling defoliation than calcium citrate. Calcium did not reduce defoliation when alsol concentration was higher than 2500 ppm.
Growth of Mechanically Planted Nectarines Planted at Various Depths1
Authors: Lyons C. G. , Yoder K. S. , Byers R. E.
Published: October 2022

High-budded trees of nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] that were mechanically planted with the bud union as a depth guide resulted in poorer growth when compared to those planted with the crown roots within 5 cm of the surface. Deeper-planted trees had smaller leaves and less total increase in trunk cross-sectional area, and were more susceptible to the formation of air pockets around their bases.
Shoot Length and Previous Fruiting Affect Subsequent Growth and Nut Production of ‘Moneymaker’ Pecan1
Authors: Malstrom Howard L. , McMeans Jack L.
Published: October 2022

Growth and flower and nut production were monitored in shoots of mature ‘Moneymaker’ pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch] trees for 3 years in Georgia. Highest yield per tree was found when 60% of the shoots were in a 7- to 18-cm range. Low production was due to a failure to produce pistillate flowers. Longer shoots consistently produced more flowers and retained more nuts. Shoots growing from 1-year-old wood that was previously vegetative produced 26% more flowers at bloom and 32% more nuts at harvest than those growing on former fruiting twigs. Nuts per cluster increased stepwise with shoot length. Long shoots that fruited had a markedly decreased production the following year compared to those which were vegetative. It is proposed that the combined stresses of increased cluster size and minimal leaf area per shoot increase above 30 cm length reduced reserves necessary for flower differentiation the following year.
A Comparison of Four Methods of Pecan Orchard Establishment1
Authors: Thompson T. E. , Hunter R. E. , Madden G. D. , Brown E. J.
Published: October 2022

The effect of 4 methods of orchard establishment of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch] on early production was determined: 1) by planting seed in place, 2) by transplanting 1-year-old seedlings, 3) by transplanting 3-year-old seedlings, and 4) by transplanting trees budded with ‘Wichita’ scions. Treatments 1, 2, and 3 were budded in the field at the end of the third growing season with ‘Wichita’. Both yield and trunk measurements indicated that treatment differences decreased over 10 years. Yield estimates indicate that treatment 4 would yield about 340-560 kg/ha more during the first 10 years than any of the other treatments. The first 3 treatments differed little in tree development and yield.
New Fungicides for the Postharvest Control of Stem-end-rot in Texas Grapefruit1
Authors: Burger David W. , Davis R. M.
Published: October 2022

Fruit of ‘Ruby Red’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) were treated postharvest with sodium-o-phenylphenate (SOPP), benomyl, imazalil, and etaconazole and stored under ambient conditions or were treated with SOPP, imazalil, and etaconazole and stored at 12°C. Imazalil and etaconazole were as effective as benomyl under ambient conditions and were more effective than SOPP under refrigerated conditions; 85% of the stem-end-rot was caused by Phomopsis citri (Fawc).
Influence of Developing Shoots on Flowering Potential of Dormant Buds of Actinidia chinensis1
Authors: Grant Joseph A. , Ryugo K.
Published: October 2022

Buds along dormant canes of kiwi (Actinidia chinensis Planch. cv. Hayward) vines are potentially 100% reproductive. Flowering potential declines sharply at budbreak under the influence of actively growing shoots.
Oregon 11 Early Parthenocarpic Tomato Breeding Line1
Authors: Baggett James R. , Frazier W. A.
Published: October 2022

Oregon 11 is an extremely early tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) of small to medium size that has a strong tendency for parthenocarpic fruit set under cool summer conditions. Oregon 11 flowers early and sets fruit under the cool conditions encountered in western Oregon. It was released for breeding purposes and trial in home gardens, where it may be useful in providing ripe fruit before larger, higher quality cultivars begin to ripen.
‘Geneva Early’ Apple1
Authors: Way R. D. , Livermore K. G. , Aldwinckle H. S.
Published: October 2022

‘Geneva Early’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is a red, early ripening apple introduced from the Geneva apple breeding program.
‘Royalty’ Purple Raspberry1
Authors: Sanford John C. , Ourecky Donald K.
Published: October 2022

‘Royalty’ is a new purple raspberry cultivar with the high fruit quality of the red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and the vigor and large fruit size associated with the purple raspberry (R. idaeus × R. occidentalis L). The cultivar is hardy and has wide adaptation and good yield potential. It has immunity to Amphorophora agathonica Hottes, the aphid vector of the raspberry mosaic virus complex, and resistance to Aphis rubicola Oestland, the aphid vector of raspberry leaf curl. It also shows resistance to Byturus rubi Barber, the raspberry fruit worm.
Clubroot-resistant Cabbage Breeding Lines Oregon 100, 123, 140, and 1421
Authors: Baggett J. R.
Published: October 2022

Clubroot-resistant cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata group) inbred breeding lines Oregon 100, 123, 140, and 142 have been released by the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. They were developed at Corvallis, Ore., in field plots with established infestations of Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor., the causal organism of clubroot. The lines have shown useful field resistance to clubroot in British Columbia and northwestern Washington. These lines have good horticultural characteristics, especially short cores and high solidity, and most combinations among them produce F1 hybrids of excellent type. Some F1 hybrid combinations are of acceptable size and quality for sauerkraut use. One or more of these lines may be usable as commercial clubroot-resistant cultivars for market or home garden.
‘Ohio CR-6’ Tomato1
Authors: Scott J. W. , Farley James D.
Published: October 2022

‘Ohio CR-6’ is a pink-fruited, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) hybrid adapted to greenhouse culture with resistance to Fusarium crown and root rot (Fusarium oxys-porum f. sp. lycopersici radieus). It was released by the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center in Aug. 1982.
Heliconias: A Promising New Cut Flower Crop1
Authors: Broschat Timothy K. , Donselman Henry
Published: October 2022

The genus Heliconia (Heliconiaceae) consists of about 150 species of tropical herbaceous plants having banana-like foliage and ranging in height from 30 cm to 6 m. Some species have attractive reddish or multicolored foliage, making them useful tropical landscape plants.
Design and Evaluation of the Auto-tutorial for a Greenhouse Crop Production Course1
Authors: Brzezinski Diana , Seeley John G.
Published: October 2022

Principles of greenhouse plant culture are an important component of the college-level study of commercial crop production. The ever-increasing information from research has expanded the amount of knowledge to be taught. Thus, development of more efficient and effective methods of teaching is necessary to increase educational productivity. For example, change from a “lecture-slide-discussion” method to an “auto-tutorial supplement” method in a greenhouse crop production course may increase the course content and number of crops studied, and provide more time for discussion of production concepts and plant growth principles. Slide sets reviewed individually by students can supplement assignments in textbooks and illustrate more phases of crop production.
Foreword
Authors: Lipton Werner J.
Published: October 2022

The symposium “The Medfly in California: The Threat, Defense Strategies, and Public Policy” was held on June 22, 1982, at the University of California, Santa Barbara, in conjunction with the annual meeting of the Western Region of ASHS and of the AAAS-Pacific Division. The symposium was arranged to facilitate communication between members of diverse professional backgrounds about a tremendous potential danger to the horticultural industry of California and to provide as factual a record as possible about the events of 1981 and 1982 and their background. In addition to the topics covered herein, “Environmental and Public Health Concerns” was also discussed but is not included in this compilation. However, the potential health hazards involved in eradicating and in not eradicating the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) are alluded to in some of the other contributions.
The Medfly in California: The Threat
Authors: Dowell Robert V.
Published: October 2022

The Mediterranean Fruit Fly (medfly) (Fig. 1), Ceratitis capitata (Wied.), is an exotic pest of fruits and berries which has invaded the continental United States on 11 occasions since 1929 (Table 1). Each invasion has triggered an eradication program conducted by state and federal regulatory personnel. Until recently, there was little discussion of this “knee-jerk” eradication response, despite its almost complete reliance on the use of pesticide sprays (Table 1). This changed with the 1980 infestation found in Santa Clara county. The eradication program proposed to aerially treat 1495 square miles (3827 km2) of a heavily populated area with malathion. The resulting media coverage, combined with an environmentally aware community, resulted in an extensive public debate about the proposed eradication program. There were questions raised about the safety of the pesticides to be used, the cost effectiveness of the program, whether the program was possible or needed, and whether public safety had been considered at all. State and federal regulatory officials went forward with their plans for aerial sprays in July 1981, despite considerable initial public opposition. Due in part to an exhaustive environmental monitoring effort (10), in part to a thorough coordination with local medical societies, and in part to an extensive public information program, much of this opposition became muted, and the spraying was generally accepted.
The Medfly in California: Methods of Attack
Authors: Leroy Williamson D.
Published: October 2022

A familiar cliché that the best defense is a good offense is apropos of our vigilance against invasion by the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Certainly, forming the first and most valuable action lines are the extensive detection systems around our continental borders, the national customs and quarantine procedures, and public information/education programs. When the insect penetrates these barriers, then correct assessment of the necessary restraints to the flow of commerce, coupled with accurate choice of weaponry, are the remaining requirements. Thus, we can separate the attack methodology or strategy into 4 distinct categories: detection, evaluation, prevention, and suppression.
Fruit Thinning of Pecan with Ethephon1
Authors: Wood B. W.
Published: October 2022

‘Schley’ pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch] fruit were selectively thinned within one week after treatment with (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) without causing leaf abscission. A concentration range of 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 ppm caused progressive and selective fruit thinning ranging from 25 to 75%, depending upon concentration and fruit age. Fruit treated when at 4-mm diameter (June 15) were more heavily thinned at the same rate than fruit at 12-mm diameter (July 15). Leaf abscission occurred at rates of 300 ppm or greater on each treatment date. Ethephon levels had no effect on return bloom or fruit set.
Production of Fruiting Grapevines for Pot Culture1
Authors: Janick Jules
Published: October 2022

‘Aurore’ grapevines (Vitis X sp.) were propagated by softwood cuttings on May 1 and 15, June 22, and July 20, 1981 and field-planted that year on June 9 and 25, July 20, and Aug. 12, respectively. Plants were harvested in late fall, over-wintered bare root in 5°C common storage, planted in pots, and forced in an 18° minimum night temperature greenhouse at 2-week intervals from Jan. 29 to March 12, 1982. Forced plants produced from cuttings planted in the field in June flowered and produced attractive fruit clusters but July- and August-planted cuttings produced few or no inflorescences.
Field Inoculation of Sweet Corn with the Head Smut Pathogen (Sphacelotheca reiliana)1
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Koepsell P. A.
Published: October 2022

Methods of field inoculation of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) with Sphacelotheca reiliana (Kühn) Clinton for head smut resistance tests were evaluated. Application of a mixture of teliospores and slightly dampened vermiculite with the seed by means of a V-belt planter was the best method tested and resulted in a 95% disease incidence in the most susceptible cultivar. Application of this mixture by hand in individual planting holes resulted in greater disease incidence but required much more labor and inoculum.
The Effect of Bacterial Spot on Yield and Quality of Fresh Market Tomatoes1
Authors: Pohronezny Ken , Volin R. B.
Published: October 2022

Fruit yield and quality were determined in field plots of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill.) inoculated with Xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria (Doidge) Dye at the 3-4 true leaf stage (early inoculation), or 10 days after first fruit set (late inoculation), and in uninoculated control plots. Early inoculation reduced yields, especially of large-sized fruit. In one of 2 experiments, yield of large-sized fruit was also reduced by late inoculation. Bacterial spot on fruit was responsible for some marketable yield loss in both experiments. Sunscald was significantly increased in early inoculation plots in one of the experiments. No disease effects on crop maturity or total number of fruit harvested were found. Yield losses were more severe than could be accounted for by lost and diseased foliage alone.
Root Morphological Characteristics of Field-grown Tomatoes1
Authors: Stoffella Peter J.
Published: October 2022

Total root biomass of 23 field-grown cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was partitioned into basal-root and taproot components during Fall 1980 and Spring 1981. Weights of basal roots (originating within the lower one cm of the hypocotyl and one cm of the upper taproot) differed among cultivars during both seasons. For each cultivar, basal roots contributed the largest proportion of the total root biomass. No difference in taproot weights occurred among cultivars. Adventitious roots were minimal and were not measured. ‘Market Hybrid 58’ and ‘Casino Royale’ had larger total and basal root weights than ‘Burgis’, ‘Florida 1A’, and ‘Florida IB’ during both seasons. Stem diameter was significantly correlated with total and basal root weights. Results suggest that root morphological differences among tomato cultivars are restricted to basal roots.
Quality of Tomatoes Harvested from Plants Receiving Chronic Exposures to Sulfur Dioxide1
Authors: Lotstein R. J. , Davis D. D. , Pell E. J.
Published: October 2022

Potted plants of ‘Merit’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown from seed to maturity in controlled-environment chambers and exposed to charcoal-filtered air or 288-314 μgm-3 (0.11-0.12 ppm) SO2 during weeks 1-5, 6-10, or 1-10 beginning about one week after transplanting. Red ripe fruit harvested from plants exposed to SO2 exhibited a slight but significant decrease in ascorbic acid expressed on a dry-weight basis. SO2 induced significantly greater levels of foliar sulfur, but did not increase sulfur content of the fruit. Exposure of plants to SO2 did not affect fruit yield or quality factors including soluble solids, total solids, or ascorbic acid on fresh-weight basis. A multiple regression model revealed low but significant R2 values, indicating a weak and indirect, yet significant, association between plant sulfur content and fruit ascorbic acid.
A Comparison of Normal Seeds and Pseudoembryos Produced in Parthenocarpic Fruit of ‘Severianin’ Tomato1
Authors: Lin Steve , Splittstoesser Walter E. , George William L.
Published: October 2022

Pseudoembryos, produced from endothelial proliferation, were found in parthenocarpic fruits of ‘Severianin’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)· The pseudoembryos did not increase in size after 12 days after anthesis and no endosperm or embryo occurred. At maturity, pseudoembryos became yellow-white in color and had developed a seed coat and thickened radial walls which appeared like hairs. Parthenocarpic fruits had complete locular development, similar to seeded fruits.
An Exotherm Sensor for Measuring the Cold Hardiness of Deep-supercooled Flower Buds by Differential Thermal Analysis1
Authors: Andrews P. K. , Proebsting E. L. , Campbell G. S.
Published: October 2022

The low temperature exotherms of deep-supercooled flower buds have been found to be associated with freezing injury of the primordia. Differential thermal analysis of small buds with copper-constantan thermocouples often results in insufficient sensitivity, making it difficult to distinguish exotherms from background interference. The signal produced by the exotherm was significantly increased by utilizing a heat flux plate made from a thermoelectric module and thermal conducting paste. Differences in exotherms between nodes with one bud and with 2 buds could be detected with the thermoelectric module. More exotherms were detected from a given number of flower buds with the thermoelectric module than with thermocouples.
Reaction of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Cultivars to Two Species of Root Knot Nematodes1
Authors: McSorley R. , Marlatt R. B.
Published: October 2022

The responses of 13 cultivars of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. to Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood and of 12 cultivars of H. rosa-sinensis to M. incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood were determined in 2 greenhouse inoculation experiments. ‘Pride of Hankins’ was highly susceptible to M. javanica, ‘Philipino’ was highly susceptible to M. incognita, and several other cultivars showed moderate levels of galling from the latter species. The cultivars which were least susceptible to both nematode species were ‘President’, ‘Florida Sunset’, ‘Old Gold’, ‘Go-Go Girls’, ‘Anderson Crepe’, and ‘Delight’.
Stimulation of Rooting in Rhododendrons by Increasing Natural Daylength with Low Intensity Lighting1
Authors: French C. J.
Published: October 2022

The effect of increasing natural daylength on rooting was investigated in 4 cultivars and 1 species of rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.). Stem cuttings received an additional 8 hours light (2000 to 0400 HR) from low-intensity, incandescent lamps. Adventitious root formation was promoted by increased daylength in R. catawbiense (Michaux) and ‘Sonata’, ‘Unique’, and ‘Mrs. G. W. Leak’ rhododendron. Supplementary lighting had no effect on ‘Pink Bountiful’. There was no clear relationship between effects of supplementary light on bud/shoot development and rooting. Stimulation of rooting was observed at low air temperatures, indicating that expression of photoperiodic effects is not necessarily dependent on high ambient temperature. Low-intensity supplementary lighting offers a practical method to improve rooting of rhododendrons on a commercial scale.
Developing Wildflower Sods1
Authors: Airhart Douglas L. , Falls Kathleen M. , Hosmer Trina
Published: October 2022

Wildflower sods were made with 3 different commercial peat-lite mixes and a cheesecloth netting as a root binder with seeding rates 1-20 × field rates. Rates of 1 ×, 5 × and 10 × were required, depending on species. Sod formation of Asclepias tuberosa L., Cichorium intybus L., and Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. was unsatisfactory, but Achillea Millefolium L., Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. ‘Ox-eye’ and ‘Alaska’, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench., Gaillardia aristata Pursh., Hesperis matronalis L., Oenothera Lamarckiana L., Ratibida columnaris Raf., and Rudbeckia hirta L. produced good sods and good rooting when field-transplanted.
Freezing Resistance and Cold Acclimation in Turfgrasses1
Authors: Rajashekar C. , Tao Dali , Li P. H.
Published: October 2022

The freezing resistance of leaf, crown, and root tissues was determined for nonhardened and cold-hardened cultivars of perennial rye (Lolium perenne L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and red and chewings fescues (Festuca rubra L. and F. rubra var. commutata Gaud.). The nonhardened leaf and crown tissues of all the cultivars studied survived temperatures below –9.8°C. After acclimating at 5° under short days for 6 weeks or longer, the maximum increase in hardiness was in ‘Wintergreen’ (chewings fescue) which survived –27°. The cold-acclimation behavior of ‘Wintergreen’ was studied at acclimating temperatures of 0° and 5°. Both the leaf and crown tissues had at least 2 stages of acclimation, in which an acclimating temperature of 5° was conducive to the initial stage, followed by a lower acclimating temperature (0°) for the second stage.
Effect of Water Stress on in Vitro Heat Tolerance of Turfgrass Leaves1
Authors: Becwar M. R. , Wallner S. J. , Butler J. D.
Published: October 2022

Seedlings of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), and weeping alkaligrass [Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl.] were exposed to water stress prior to measuring heat tolerance of leaf blade segments. Heat tolerance was determined using an electrolyte leakage assay. Water stress pretreatments did not increase in vitro heat tolerance of turfgrass leaves.
Morphological Responses of Cynodon and Stenotaphrum to Chilling Temperatures as Affected by Gibberellic Acid1
Authors: Karnok Keith J. , Beard James B.
Published: October 2022

The morphological progression of low-temperature discoloration as affected by gibberellic acid (GA3) applied exogenously was determined for ‘Ormond’ (chill-tolerant) and ‘Tee Dee’ (chill-sensitive) bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] and ‘Floratam’ (chill-tolerant) and ‘Texas Common’ (chill-sensitive) St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt) Kuntze] while exposed to chilling temperatures of 7°C (day)/5° (night) for 14 days. Visible symptoms on all cultivars occurred first and progressed most rapidly on horizontal leaf blades and stems which were directly exposed to light. Leaf blades and stems deep in the canopy or shaded by other plant parts were the last to show injury. Bleaching and/or the formation of a purple pigmentation occurred in the leaf blades and stems of both bermudagrass cultivars within 3 days of chilling stress. The symptoms occurred first and proceeded more rapidly on ‘Tee Dee’. Both St. Augustinegrass cultivars showed visual symptoms after 5 or more days of chilling stress. Wilting was followed immediately by the development of water-soaked lesions and finally by total necrosis. The application of GA3 at 62.5 g ha-1 stimulated shoot growth of both chill-stressed bermudagrass cultivars and almost completely prevented development of a purple pigmentation in the leaf blades and stems. GA3 did not stimulate shoot growth, and it increased the rapidity and severity of the chilling-injury symptom development on the blades and stems of both St. Augustinegrass cultivars, indicating a possible toxicity effect at the rate used.
Thatch Accumulation in Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivars and Blends1
Authors: Shearman R. C. , Bruneau A. H. , Kinbacher E. J. , Riordan T. P.
Published: October 2022

Sixty Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivars and experimental lines and 24 bluegrass blends were investigated for thatching tendency. Cultivars and experimental lines differed in thatch accumulation during the course of this 5-year study. Increasing N level from 10 to 20 g N m-2 season -1 had no effect on thatch accumulation. Thatch accumulation in cultivars and experimental lines was correlated (r = 0.87) to verdure, indicating vigorous cultivars had greater thatching tendency. Thatching tendency of cultivars was correlated (r = 0.74) to their total cell-wall content expressed on a mg dm-2 basis. Accumulation of thatch in blends approximated the mean accumulation for cultivars growing in pure stands. These results indicate a potential for reducing thatch accumulation in Kentucky bluegrass lawns through blending of appropriate cultivars.
Plant Growth Response to Water Rationing in a Container Nursery
Authors: Fitzpatrick George
Published: October 2022

Small seedlings of Philodendron selloum Koch and Brassaia actinophylla Endl. and rooted cuttings of Ficus benjamina L. were planted in 15-cm-diameter containers, and grown outdoors for 6 months under 63% shade at 7 different irrigation rates. Each plant species’ estimated actual evapotranspiration rate was applied as a base rate and the remaining 6 rates were all fractions of the base rate, 3 of which were applied for the entire duration of the experiment and 3 of which were only applied during the middle 2 months of the 6-month growing period. Each species grew at reduced rates under water rationing, but the magnitude varied with species, amount of rationing, and duration of rationing. Reduced growth in F. benjamina during the 3 short-term rationing treatments was followed by accelerated growth after the rationing ceased, and final growth was comparable to those not subjected to rationing. This recovery phenomenon was not exhibited by either P. selloum or B. actinophylla; both species had reduced growth for more than 2 months after cessation of short-term water rationing.
Accumulation and Partitioning of Nitrogen and Dry Matter during the Growth of Chrysanthemum
Authors: Woodson William R. , Boodley James W.
Published: October 2022

Changes in dry weights, total N, nitrate N, and reduced N in the aboveground parts of Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat. ‘Gt.#4 Indianapolis White’ were determined at intervals from planting of rooted cuttings until inflorescence maturity. Plant dry matter accumulation rate (mg/day) increased in the combined aboveground tissues with each successive harvest, while N accumulation rate (mg N/day) peaked early in the plants’ growth and decreased after the 6th week of growth. Continued dry matter accumulation in the leaves during inflorescence development suggested that photosynthetic capacity was in excess of the inflorescences’ needs. In contrast, a loss of N from the vegetative portions, and primarily the stems plus petioles, indicated that newly absorbed N was inadequate to meet the demands of the developing inflorescence. The partitioning of N between NO3 and reduced N indicated that enzymatic reduction of NO3 did not limit the availability of reduced N during inflorescence development.
Influence of Propagation Method and Fertilizer Rate on Growth and Development of Liatris pycnostachya
Authors: Salac Sotero S. , Fitzgerald Jay B.
Published: October 2022

Field planting of corms of Liatris pycnostachya Michx. cv. Eureka produced superior plants for cut flower production than seeds, seedlings, or rooted stem cuttings. Corms with diameters of 2.4 to 7.9 cm produced the highest number of tall flowering stems. Transplanted seedlings produced larger corms with more buds than corms harvested from rooted stem cuttings or direct-seeded plants. Fertilizer (10N–8.6P–8.3K) applied at the rate of 3 kg/100 m2 was sufficient for producing superior quality flowering stems.
Growth Retardation Activity of Paclobutrazol on Chrysanthemum
Authors: McDaniel G. L.
Published: October 2022

Height of potted chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.) was effectively controlled by soil drench applications of paclobutrazol [ICI-PP-333 = (2RS, 3RS)-l-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-l,2,4-triazol-l-yl-pentan-3-ol]. While response to the chemical depended on normal flowering height of each cultivar, rates of 0.125–0.750 mg ai/15-cm pot were effective on the tall- and medium-height cultivars tested. Aqueous foliar sprays were ineffective in controlling plant height. Foliar sprays of paclobutrazol mixed in 15% ethanol caused significant height reduction of chrysanthemum. Foliar sprays were not as effective as soil drench applications for controlling growth.
Rooting of Leyland Cypress as Affected by Indolebutyric Acid and Boron Treatment
Authors: Dirr Michael A. , Frett John J.
Published: October 2022

Leyland cypress [× Cupressocyparis leylandii (A. B. Jacks.) M. L. Green] stem cuttings were collected in early March and treated with concentrated solutions of indolebutyric acid (IBA) or IBA plus boron. Nontreated cuttings rooted in low percentages producing one or 2 roots. IBA-treated cuttings rooted 90% with best rooting occurring at 0.8 and 1.6% levels. The 1.6 and 3.2% treatments resulted in foliar necrosis, and the cuttings continued to decline after transplanting. Boron had no positive effects on rooting. For best rooting a range of 0.3 to 0.8% IBA-concentrated dip is recommended.
Flowering and Fruiting of Chinese Jujubes in Florida
Authors: Lyrene P. M.
Published: October 2022

Eighteen cultivars of the Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) grown in Florida comprised 2 flowering types based on the time of day when the flowers open. Flowers on 10 cultivars open each day between 0700 and 1000 hr and on the other 8 between 1400 and 1700 hr. Despite ample opportunity for cross-pollination and intense activity by pollinating insects, some cultivars set little or no fruit. Cultivars that fruit heavily and reliably are parthenocarpic. Supplemental light in the fall prolongs flowering and fruiting and could substantially increase yields.
Increased Yield and Suppression of Shoot Growth and Mite Populations of ‘d’Anjou’ Pear Trees with Nitrogen and Paclobutrazol
Authors: Raese J. Thomas , Burts Everett C.
Published: October 2022

Bearing ‘d’Anjou’ pear trees (Pyrus communis L.) received 4 annual spring applications of urea or calcium nitrate at 113, 340, or 680 g actual N per tree commencing in 1979. In 1982, the high rate of N was associated with greater leaf nitrogen, shoot extension, fruit disorders, and green color of leaves, but less leaf injury from transpiration burn. High rate of urea, in combination with soil-applied paclobutrazol (PP333) at 20 g (ai) per tree in October 1980, was associated with increased fruit number, leaf nitrogen, and green color of leaves and with decreased shoot growth, fruit weight, and leaf injury from transpiration burn. Populations of eggs of two-spotted spider mites [Tetranychus urticae (Koch)] and adults of pear rust mites [Epitrimerus pyri (Nalpea)] were suppressed with PP333 at the low and high rates of urea, respectively.
An Evaluation of Harvest Indices for ‘Mcintosh’ Apples in Two Orchards
Authors: Douglas J. B.
Published: October 2022

Harvest indices were measured in 2 mature bearing orchards of ‘Mcintosh’ apple (Malus domestica, Borkh.) in 2 seasons. Full bloom dates differed between the 2 orchards by 4 days in one season and 7 days in the other. Heat-unit accumulation during the growing season differed between the 2 orchards by 27%. The onset of the accelerated rate of ethylene production (AREP) began 133 days past full bloom in both orchards. The first significant increase in skin anthocyanin occurred before the AREP in the higher elevation orchard and after the AREP in the lower elevation orchard. Changes in flesh firmness, soluble solids, acidity, and skin chlorophyll were not significantly different before and after the AREP. The optimum harvest dates, evaluated by poststorage analysis, were on the AREP in the higher elevation orchard and after the AREP in the lower elevation orchard.
A Comparison of Fruit from Spur and Standard ‘McIntosh’ at Harvest and after Controlled-atmosphere Storage
Authors: Meheriuk M. , Lane W. D.
Published: October 2022

Skin color, size, and controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage behavior of spur ‘McIntosh’ (Malus domestica cvs. Dewar, Macspur, Morspur, and Starkspur) and standard ‘McIntosh’ were evaluated over a 4-year period. ‘Starkspur’ had a slightly higher proportion of red skin color than did the other strains. Firmness at harvest was lower in ‘Dewar’ than in most strains and all spur strains were significantly softer than standard ‘McIntosh’ after 6 to 7 months of CA storage. No differences were found in acidity, but soluble solids after storage tended to be lower in the spur strains. Coreflush was lowest in ‘Macspur’ and highest in ‘Morspur’.
Influence of N, K, and Na Concentration on Growth and Leaf Element Content of ‘Tifblue’ Rabbiteye Blueberry
Authors: Spiers James M.
Published: October 2022

In a sand culture study, increasing N fertilizer levels (NH4–N) had no effect on stem number or leaf concentrations of K, Mg, or Zn in ‘Tifblue’ rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade). Leaf N concentration increased when N fertilizer was raised from 25 to 50 mg/liter N. Additional N fertilizer up to 100 mg N/liter did not raise percent N in leaves, but increased P and decreased Ca. Increased K levels raised leaf concentration of K but not those of other elements. High levels of Na resulted in increased N in leaves and reduced plant growth. Significant interactions indicate synergistic and/or antagonistic influences of fertilizer treatments on elemental leaf concentrations of N, P, and B.
Ethylene and Carbon Dioxide in Ripening Fruit of Averrhoa carambola
Authors: Oslund Clayton R. , Davenport Thomas L.
Published: October 2022

Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L. cv. Golden Star) was harvested in progressively advanced stages of ripeness. Ethylene and CO2 production were lower in ripening fruits than in green ones. In fully ripe fruit, higher levels of CO2 and ethylene were attributed to microbial activity or to tissue senescence. Dissolved solids steadily increased with ripening. The ethylene, CO2, and ripening patterns were typical of those for nonclimacteric fruit.
Albedo Characteristics of a Strawberry Planting
Authors: Proctor J. T. A. , Blackburn W. J.
Published: October 2022

Albedo of plantings of strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa Duch.) and bare soil is a major factor determining the amount of radiation absorbed and used by the crop in various energy exchanges. It varied diurnally and had a mean daily value of about 22% for 7 days in a one-month period during the major plant-growth and fruit-bearing periods. Exposing moist soil, or soil wetting, reduced albedo by about 20%; this reduction was greatest in the 700 to 1350 nm region. Spectral distribution of reflected radiation from strawberry leaves had broad peaks in the 700 to 1300 nm range and was greater than that from soil in the same range.
Sprout Control in Muscadine Grapes
Authors: Takeda F. , Drane V. , Saunders M. S.
Published: October 2022

Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in a concentration of 1.0% in 10% white latex paint applied to the trunk and crown of muscadine grapevines (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) at budbreak in the spring effectively inhibited sprout development and did not affect fruit development.
Inducing Macadamia Nut Drop with Ethephon
Authors: Kadman A. , Ben-Tal Y.
Published: October 2022

Sprays of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), applied at the beginning of the harvest season (usually January), resulted in more than 90% nut drop of ‘Beaumont’ macadamia nuts, without causing damage to foliage or next year’s crop.
Stock-scion Interaction and Tuber Dry Matter in Potato
Authors: Pisarczyk James M.
Published: October 2022

In reciprocal grafts of ‘Denali’ and ‘Norchip’ potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), tuber percentage of dry matter was significantly higher at harvest when ‘Denali’ was the stock. In field plantings of ‘Norchip’ and ‘Denali’, tubers from ‘Denali’ had higher percentage of dry matter than those from ‘Norchip’ at tuber initiation and remained higher until harvest.
A Plot Scale Extractor for Cucumber Seeds
Authors: Wehner Todd C. , Tolla Greg E. , Humphries Ervin G.
Published: October 2022

Details are provided for construction of an extractor to be used in recovering seed from cucumber fruit (Cucumis sativus L.). The extractor is best-suited for handling seed lots from areas of less than one hectare, but having more than 25 to 50 fruit. The machine handles about 100 fruit per minute and recovers 98% of the seed that would be extracted by hand.
‘Brightwell’ Rabbiteye Blueberry
Authors: Austin M. E. , Draper A. D.
Published: October 2022

‘Brightwell’ rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) is a new cultivar originating from the cooperative blueberry breeding program of the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It is productive, early ripening, and has medium-size fruit with excellent color, stem scar, firmness, and pleasant flavor. ‘Brightwell’ is intended for those areas of the southern United States where rabbiteye blueberries are successfully grown. This cultivar is named in honor of W.T. Brightwell who bred rabbiteye blueberries for over 30 years at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Ga. He is known for the many excellent cultivars that he and his cooperators originated.
Collecting Lettuce Germplasm in Turkey and Greece
Authors: Whitaker Thomas W. , Provvidenti R.
Published: October 2022

Production of commercial lettuce Lactuca sativa L. is plagued by a wide range of diseases and insects not yet controlled or only imperfectly controlled. These include the viral, virus-like, and mycoplasma diseases such as lettuce mosaic, cucumber mosaic, broad bean wilt, western yellows, big vein, and aster yellows; the fungal diseases—downy mildew and sclerotinia drop; and such insect pests as cabbage looper, beet army worm, white flies, and several species of aphids.
Human, Political, and Institutional Considerations in International Agricultural Development
Authors: Brady Nyle C.
Published: October 2022

The theme chosen for this Symposium was “Technical and Nontechnical Components of Agricultural Development.” “You can’t have one without the other,” as the old song puts it. Oddly enough, though, when analysts discuss “the resource base for agricultural production,” all too often they limit their entries to land, water, and energy and forget to include human resources. They neglect, with equal frequency, the political and institutional factors which condition the effectiveness of all these resources. Resource productivity is decisively affected in reality, of course, by the extent to which human minds, human organizational capabilities, and human determination can be mobilized for common ends.
Increased Embryo Viability of Early Ripening Peaches in Response to Daminozide, Maleic Hydrazide, and Thiourea
Authors: El-Agamy S. Z. , Sherman W. B.
Published: October 2022

Trees and fruit of 6 early ripening cultivars of peach and nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] were sprayed about 4 weeks prior to commercial harvest with either butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide), maleic hydrazide, or thiourea. The date of 50% drop of overripe fruit was retarded one to 4 days. Chemical treatments increased germination of in vitro embryo culture of ‘Fla. 3-1’ and ‘Flor-daking’ up to 27-32%. Seed germination from cracked pits of ‘Fla. 7-3N’, ‘Fla. 7-4N’, ‘Earligrande’, and ‘Fla. M6-6N’ generally increased up to 50%. The delayed fruit drop did not appear to account for all of the increase in germination. The results support an enhancement of embryo development in addition to that attributed to delayed fruit maturity.
Quality of Strawberries Packed in Different Consumer Units and Stored Under Simulated Air-Freight Shipping Conditions
Authors: Miller W. R. , Davis P. L. , Dow A. , Bongers A. J.
Published: October 2022

Strawberries, Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne cv. Tufts, were packaged in 3 different consumer units and evaluated following storage at simulated air-freight time/temperature conditions during shipment to Western Europe. Berries in a rigid plastic basket with solid plastic cover lost significantly less weight than those stored in mesh plastic baskets with and without covers. There were no significant differences in pulp firmness among the packaging treatments. For all treatments, there was less berry deterioration after storage for 48 hours than for 72 hours at both 1.1° and 4.4°C, but in all units a high percentage of berries developed serious expressions of bruising during storage.
Growth Inhibition from Guava Root Exudates
Authors: Brown R. L. , Tang C. S. , Nishimoto R. K.
Published: October 2022

Root exudates of guava (Psidium Guajava L. cv. Beaumont) grown in sand culture were collected on columns of XAD-4 resin attached to the nutrient solution circulation system of sand-cultured plants. The compounds were eluted from the resin columns with methanol and the eluates were concentrated. The root exudates were inhibitory to the radicle growth of both lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Anuenue) and bristly foxtail (Setaria verticillata L. Beauvois) and lettuce seed germination was inhibited. Fractionating the root exudates resulted in the neutral and acidic fractions being inhibitory, the basic fraction having no effect. Methanolic extracts of oven-dried guava roots were also inhibitory.
Relationships of Ethanol Production by Seeds of Different Types of Japanese Persimmons and Their Tannin Content
Authors: Sugiura Akira , Tomana Takashi
Published: October 2022

Ethanol production in the seeds and its accumulation in the flesh were compared among 47 Japanese persimmon cultivars (Diospyros kaki L.) in relation to their degree of astringency. Those which produce relatively high amounts of ethanol and accumulate it in the flesh, i.e. pollination-variant/nonastringent (PVNA) cultivars, lose astringency on the tree, while those producing less ethanol, i.e. pollination-variant/astringent (PVA) ones, remain astringent. Pollination-constant/nonastringent (PCNA) and pollination-constant/astringent (PCA) cultivars generally produced little ethanol in the seeds and accumulated small amounts or none in the flesh. Thus, 2 different mechanisms exist that are involved in the loss of astringency. One is associated with PVNA, PVA, and PCA types and is dependent upon the production and accumulation of ethanol and presumably acetaldehyde. The second is associated with PCNA types which apparently do not produce these volatile substances.
Factors Affecting Survival of “In Field”, Rooted Hardwood Peach Cuttings
Authors: Sen Seyit Mehmet , Couvillon G. A.
Published: October 2022

Unrooted hardwood cuttings of ‘Harvester’, ‘Redhaven’, and ‘Bicentennial’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] were planted directly in the field. Survival decreased with planting dates from November to January. Basal wounding increased survival of all cultivars. Survival of cultivars varied significantly.
Root and Shoot Growth of Field- and Container-grown Pecan Nursery Trees Five Years After Transplanting
Authors: Laiche A. J. , Kilby W. W. , Overcash J. P.
Published: October 2022

Field- and container-grown trees of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch] were evaluated 5 years after transplanting to the field. Tree survival was 100% with 2-year field-grown and 2-year and 1-year container-grown trees. Trunk height, caliper, and the number of roots were not significantly different for nursery-grown vs. container-grown trees, but roots of field-grown trees grew to a greater soil depth. Container-grown plants had circular and kinked roots, but growth of trees 5 years after transplanting were not affected adversely. Root pruning at transplanting did not influence trunk height and weight, root depth, number of roots, and root weight.
Effect of Growing Medium and Cultivar on the Container Culture of Pecan Seedling Rootstocks
Authors: Acock Mary C. , Overcash J. P.
Published: October 2022

Container-grown rootstocks of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch] partitioned more dry matter into the roots when grown in a 4 pinebark : 1 sand (v/v) medium than when grown in a 1 pinebark : 1 sand (v/v) mixture. Water retention, nutrient retention, and aeration porosity differences between the media did not explain the partitioning difference observed. Greater depth of taproot penetration was observed in the lighter (4 : 1) mixture. ‘Farley’ and ‘Yawn School’ seedlings were lower in total dry weights when grown in a 4 : 1 mixture compared with a 1 : 1 mixture. Leaf analyses showed no nutritional disorder. No method could be offered other than an empirical one for testing compatibility between growing medium and cultivar.
Cotyledon Detachment and Growth of Pecan Seedlings
Authors: Wetzstein Hazel Y. , Sparks Darrell , Lang Gregory A.
Published: October 2022

The cotyledons of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch] seed remain fleshy and turgid throughout an attachment period of several weeks after germination. The growth (dry weight) of the developing seedling was dependent on the cotyledons for the first 3 weeks of the 6–10 week attachment period.
Effect of Compensated-rate Seeding and Seed Protectants on Yield and Quality of a Shrunken-2 Sweet Corn Hybrid
Authors: Guzman V. L. , Wolf E. A. , Martin F. G.
Published: October 2022

Seeds of ‘Florida-Sweet’, a high-quality, fresh market, sh2 sweet corn (Zea mays L.), tend to have low germination and the seedlings are also more susceptible to root rot than standard sweet corn (su). Difolatan plus benomyl as seed protectants controlled the soil fungus complex and significantly improved yields without reducing ear quality. Compensated-rate seeding, or seeding adjusted according to germination percentage to give 54,000 plants/ha with seeds of 70% to 100% germination, produced no yield or quality reduction in most cases. However, regression analysis showed in 1 out of 3 tests a significant linear decrease between seed germination percentages and yields of U.S. Fancy ears.
Chlorflurenol Interrupts Ovule Development of Muskmelon
Authors: Snyder John C. , Carter Catherine , Knavel Dean E.
Published: October 2022

Application of 50 or 75 mg/liter chlorflurenol (methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxy-fluorine) to muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) 10 to 12 days prior to anthesis eliminated ovule development during later bud growth. The interruption of ovule development increased when chlorflurenol was applied 6-14 days prior to anthesis. Chlorflurenol did not interfere with pollination, pollen germination, or pollen tube growth.
Silver Nitrate Induction of Staminate Flowering in Hermaphroditic Pickling Cucumbers
Authors: Hunsperger M. H. , Helsel D. B. , Baker L. R.
Published: October 2022

Optimum conversion to staminate flowering in hermaphroditic lines of pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) was obtained with 3 to 4 applications of 200-400 mg/liter of silver nitrate (AgNO3) at 4-day intervals, with initial treatment at the first true leaf stage.