bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Rests on What? The Proof-Theoretic Analysis of Mathematics
Authors: Feferman Solomon
Published: November 2023

Whenever a subject is organized systematically for expository or foundational purposes (or both), one must deal with the question: What rests on what? The way in which this is answered in the case of mathematics depends on whether one is considering it informally or formally, that is, from the point of view of the mathematician or the logician, respectively. The latter usually deals with the question in terms of what specifically follows from what in a given logical/axiomatic setup. Proof theory provides technical notions and results which-when successful-serve to give a more global kind of answer to this question, in terms of reduction of one such system to another; moreover, these results provide a technical bridge from mathematics to philosophy. The purpose of this chapter is to give a picture of what is accomplished in these various respects by reductive proof theory. My own approach to that subject is outlined in section 1, along with a brief comparison with a more standard account. This is then followed in section 2 by a description of some technical results that illustrate the general approach. The chapter concludes in section 3 with a discussion of how reductive proof theory mediates between mathematics and philosophy. A more technical and comprehensive exposition of the material in sections 1 and 2 has previously been given in Feferman (1988).
Weyl Vindicated: Das Kontinuum Seventy Years Later
Authors: Feferman Solomon
Published: November 2023

In his book Das Kontinuum (1918), Hermann Weyl initiated a program for the arithmetical foundation of mathematics. This was overshadowed by Hilbert’s program for finitist foundations via formal consistency proofs and Brouwer’s program for the “intuitionistic” constructive redevelopment of mathematics, both of which eventually met serious problems. Modern logical work has made it possible to give considerable substance to Weyl’s program, showing it to be surprisingly viable for scientifically applicable mathematics.
Why a little bit goes a long way: Logical foundations of scientifically applicable mathematics
Authors: Feferman Solomon
Published: November 2023

Here we consider answers of an underlying character to these questions, that is, from the point of view of the foundations of mathematics.1 In this respect, both Quine and Putnam were led to accept set-theoretical notions and principles to some significant extent or other. However, neither one relied on any detailed examination of just what is needed for scientifically applicable mathematics in arriving at their positions. Nor did they seem to consider whether any of the alternative foundational schemes actively developed during this century-namely, those of predicativism, constructivism, and finitism-ought to be preferred on philosophical grounds, particularly when natural science is given such primacy. On the face of it, scientific realism is at odds with the strong form of platonic realism required to justify set theory through its assumption of the independent existence of abstract entities (such as sets of sets of sets ... of unbounded infinite cardinality). The failure to consider other foundational approaches no doubt stems from the common impression that-whatever their philosophical merits these schemes are simply inadequate to meet the needs of everyday mathematics by being too restrictive and too foreign to practice. This impression needs to be corrected: there has been considerable logical work in recent years which has established in some detail the unexpected mathematical reach of each of these programs. Moreover, one result of the work in question is that surprisingly meager (in the proof-theoretical sense) predicatively justified systems suffice for the direct formalization of almost all, if not all, scientifically applicable mathematics.
The Unfinished Universe
Authors: Young Louise B
Published: November 2023

From the dawn of humankind, men and women have looked at change--as wrought by weather, the seasons, and, most strikingly, the inexorable advance of time--as something essentially to be feared. And partially from this fear the great religions and mythologies have arisen, systems which gave meaning to the ever-changing world, and, quite often, immortality to ourselves. By the late nineteenth century, the quest for ultimate meanings became largely the province of science, and today, change still figures (on the surface, at least) as a malevolent force: most of the cosmological theories formulated in recent years predict the ultimate extinction of the world by universal entropy. Bringing together the evidence and insights of biology and physics, of astronomy and cosmology, Louise Young offers a profoundly original and stirring vision of order, form, change, and the creative forces in the universe. Opposing the long-held beliefs of many scientists that the universe is running down and will eventually collapse upon itself, Young eloquently argues that the tendency toward increasing entropy is merely one aspect of a single process that is creating more complex, highly organized, and more efficient forms of matter all the time, and at every level--from the microscopic to the stellar. In vivid, compelling prose, Louise Young--an award-winning writer on science and a former physicist--takes us on an unforgettable tour of the world around us, showing how even the most ordinary aspects of life and the universe display a strangely beautiful symmetry. She clearly demonstrates that creation was not simply some big-bang eons ago, but rather is an ongoing process, one in which we are both witnesses and participants. Illustrating her findings with many remarkable photographs and fascinating examples ranging from geology to animal behavior, and from oceanography to genetics, Young gracefully canvasses the themes of growth, change creativity, and the mystery of the universe in a book that is as much poetry as it is science. Based on solid scientific knowledge, yet informed by a refreshingly philosophical sensibility, The Unfinished Universe is a book that will inspire anyone who has ever questioned their place and purpose in a world filled with uncertainty and change.
University Reform and Medical Education at the University of Heidelberg, 1815-1830
Authors: Tuchman Arleen Marcia
Published: November 2023

The German university system changed markedly during the nineteenth century. Apart from such exceptions as G6ttingen and Halle, eighteenth century universities were corporate structures, relatively free of state control and, for the most part, financially independent. Although they received some support from their respective governments, most of their income came from privately owned property and private endowments. Moreover, the emphasis on scientific and medical research that so characterized the nineteenth-century university had little counterpart in these earlier institutions. The latter fulfilled, rather, a predominantly pedagogical function, preparing students for entry into one of the professions through an education that focused on the classical works and classical languages. The student’s possession of this knowledge marked him as a scholar (Gelehrter) and thus qualified him to become a lawyer, physician, clergyman, or civil servant. In this setting, the professor’s primary function was to teach an already existing body of knowledge. Specialized research and the production of new knowledge were considered inappropriate for the university setting. Instead, the professor’s scholarly pursuits centered on the publication of comprehensive textbooks and works of an encyclopedic nature, and he was rewarded for this work.1
Revolution, Reaction, and the Politics of Education
Authors: Tuchman Arleen Marcia
Published: November 2023

In the first decade following the Revolution of 1848 Baden spent a larger percentage of its budget (1. 9%) in support of the natural sciences than any other German land, with the exception of Bavaria (2.2%). It invested more than twice as much as Prussia (0.8%) and one and a half times as much as Saxony (1.2%). When looked at in terms of money spent per individual in the population, the statistics are even more remarkable. Here Baden far exceeded all others, spending the equivalent of .42DM per person in com parison with .26DM in Bavaria, .18DM in Saxony, and only .15DM in Prussia.
The Battle for an Experimental Physiologist
Authors: Tuchman Arleen Marcia
Published: November 2023

When the University of Heidelberg created a separate chair for experimental physiology in 1858, it did so in response to a decade-long battle for the establishment of this discipline. The decentralized structure of the German university system may have fostered the relatively rapid establishment of the experimental sciences throughout Germany (as compared to other European countries), but the decision, as I have been arguing, to invest heavily in these subjects was based in part on a broader “ideology of the practical” that rated highly the exact method of the experimental sciences as a tool for teaching a critical approach to problem solving. In addition, other concerns, peculiar to physiology, contributed to the establishment of this discipline. For one, methodological changes, foremost the development of sophisticated instrumental techniques, encouraged specialization, making it increasingly difficult for one individual to assume responsibility for all the life sciences. In Heidelberg, as elsewhere, this generated discussions on the advisability of expanding the medical faculty and creating a new position for a physiologist. One of the strongest advocates of this expansion was Henle, who, by mid-century, was defining himself more and more as an anatomist and actively campaigning for the appointment of a physiologist who could take over his classes in physiology and teach the experimental method to students. In his efforts he received strong support from members of both the state health commission and the local medical society, who fought for the appointment of an experimental physiologist as part of their greater plans to reform educational and licensing requirements in the state.
The Poetics Of Fascism
Authors: Morrison Paul
Published: November 2023

Morrison examines the legacy of the modernist poetics of Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot, as it relates to current theoretical orthodoxies, and traces its influence on the current crisis in post-structural literary theory. Morrison reads the politics of post-structural theory in relation to the socio-cultural arguments espoused in the poetry and prose by Pound and Eliot, and reveals a continuity between that theory and high modernism’s tendency towards fascism. Without reducing the political implications of poetry to mere caricature and without slighting the force and fact of literary mediation, Morrison has produced a book that will reshape the discussion of the social dimension of modernism. He concludes with a provocative analysis of deconstruction and the work of Paul de Man, and makes a case for a new post-structural theory that can accommodate history.
The Spectralization of the Other in The Mysteries Of Udolpho
Authors: Castle Terry
Published: November 2023

When it is not treated as a joke, Ann Radcliffe’s The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) is primarily re membered today for its most striking formal device-the much-maligned “explained supernatural.” Scott, we may recall, was one of the first to blame Radcliffe for supplying anticlimatic “rational” explanations for the various eerie and uncanny events in her novels, and in Lives of Eminent Novelists (1824) chastized her for not “boldly avowing the use of supernatural machinery” in her greatest fiction. Jane Austen’s satiric depredations in Northanger Abbey are even better known. But modern critics have been similarly put out-that is, when they have bothered to write about Radcliffe at all. “A stupid convention,” says Montague Summers of her admittedly intrusive rationalizations. “The vice of her method,” writes another.
Socratic Religion
Authors: Brickhouse Thomas C , Smith Nicholas D
Published: November 2023

Socrates was tried, convicted, and condemned to death on the charge that he was impious. The three specifications of this charge were that he did not believe in the gods the state believed in, he invented new divinities, and he corrupted the youth. Until recently, scholars have typically regarded these charges as masking the real motivations behind the prosecution, motivations of a political—and not a religious—nature. As we saw in chapter 5, few have felt any need to look carefully at the charges themselves and ask what could have motivated the prosecution to suppose that Socrates was guilty of religious offenses; for few have been convinced that anyone really believed that Socrates was guilty of religious offenses.
Language and Time
Authors: Smith Quentin
Published: November 2023

This book offers a defence of the tensed theory of time, a critique of the New Theory of Reference, and an argument that simultaneity is absolute. Although Smith rejects ordinary language philosophy, he shows how it is possible to argue from the nature of language to the nature of reality. Specifically, he argues that semantic properties of tensed sentences are best explained by the hypothesis that they ascribe to events temporal properties of futurity, presentness, or pastness and do not merely ascribe relations of earlier than or simultaneity. He criticizes the New Theory of Reference, which holds that “now” refers directly to a time and does not ascribe the property of presentness. Smith does not adopt the old or Fregean theory of reference but develops a third alternative, based on his detailed theory of de re and de dicto propositions and a theory of cognitive significance. He concludes the book with a lengthy critique of Einstein’s theory of time. Smith offers a positive argument for absolute simultaneity based on his theory that all propositions exist in time. He shows how Einstein’s relativist temporal concepts are reducible to a conjunction of absolutist temporal concepts and relativist nontemporal concepts of the observable behavior of light rays, rigid bodies, and the like.
Introduction to the Palms
Authors: Henderson Andrew
Published: November 2023

The palm family, Palmae or Arecaceae, has recently been the subject of a magnificent generic monograph (Uhl & Dransfield, 1987). These authors recognize 200 genera worldwide. This number fluctuates somewhat, not only because of new discoveries, but also because of the nebulous concept of the genus. In the present work, several genera recognized by Uhl and Dransfield are placed in synonymy (Catoblastusis included in Wettinia,and Maximilianai, Orbignya,and Scheeleain Attalea).About 67 genera occur in the New World (for comparison, there are 15 in Africa, 20 in Madagascar, and 97 in the Asian and Pacific tropics). All the New World genera are endemic to the region except for Elaeis,with one species in West Africa and one in tropical America, and Raphia,with one species in tropical America and numerous species in West Africa. The number of species in the New World is not known, but the available estimates are generally too high. Glassman (1965) estimated 1439 species, and Moore (1973) estimated 1147; in contrast, Henderson and co-workers (in preparation) estimate fewer than 550. The reason for this reduction, as discussed in the following, is not only changing and broadening species concepts, but greatly increased numbers of collections available for study.
The ldeality of Space
Authors: Van Cleve James
Published: November 2023

The sentence above expresses the gist of the “argument from geometry” for Kant’s transcendental idealism. It also expresses the gist of the Copernican Revolution in his philosophy. It thus expresses one of Kant’s deepest philosophical insights—or errors, if one takes a less favorable view of it.
Experience and Objects
Authors: Van Cleve James
Published: November 2023

The heart of the Critique of Pure Reason is the Transcendental Deduction of the Categories, Kant’s attempt to show that the concepts of substance and causation and the other a priori concepts on his list of twelve are exemplified in the world we experience, or, as he puts it, are “objectively valid.” In the course of the Deduction he also argues for another conclusion that has been of much interest to contemporary philosophers, namely, that the validity of the categories enables our representations to be parlayed into knowledge of objects distinct from ourselves. This additional thesis has led many to hope that the Transcendental Deduction may furnish us with (or at least make an important contribution toward) a refutation of skepticism about the external world.
Causation and the Second Analogy
Authors: Van Cleve James
Published: November 2023

The Second Analogy of Experience is the principle that every event has a cause or, as Kant also puts it, “everything that happens, that is, begins to be, presupposes something upon which it follows according to a rule” (A189). It was Hume’s doubting of this principle that aroused Kant from his dogmatic slumber, and it is Kant’s attempt to prove the principle that constitutes the core of his reply to Hume. There have been many attempts to reconstruct and defend Kant’s proof, but in my opinion none of them is successful.1 In this chapter I offer a critique of the best such reconstruction known to me-that of Lewis White Beck in his “Six Short Pieces on the Second Analogy of Experience.”
Kant and Contemporary lrrealism
Authors: Van Cleve James
Published: November 2023

As noted in section E of chapter 1, contemporary irrealism is not typically a variety of idealism. It is more often a theory that insists on a necessary connection between truth and evidence, which need not be the same thing as requiring a necessary connection between reality and minds. Two leading irrealists whose views fit this characterization are Hilary Putnam and Michael Dummett. Roughly, Dummett holds that nothing can be true unless there is adequate evidence for it, while Putnam holds that anything for which there is ideally adequate evidence is true. (Putnam also seems to espouse a doctrine of mind-dependence, as I show below.
Law as an Interpretive Community: The Case of Stanley Fish
Authors: Patterson Dennis
Published: November 2023

Like Ronald Dworkin, Stanley Fish has exhibited consistent attention to a single theme. Above all else, Fish is committed to the proposition that meaning lies with the reader and not with the text. Fish’s thought contains a counterpart to Dworkin’s relational thesis. For Fish, the truth of propositions of law depends on the interpretive assumptions of the reader. When this idea is translated into a jurisprudential theory, it engenders interesting and surprising consequences. Instead of the law being something about which one can make objective judgments, the truth of a legal judgment is a function of the interpretive assumptions of the reader of the text (e.g., a judge). Thus, on Fish’s account, the truth of a proposition of law is a function of the interpretive assumptions of the various readers of the legal text. Objectivity, then, means having the same interpretive assumptions as those in agreement with one’s preferred interpretation of the legal text.
Dialect, Register, And Genre: Working Assumptions About Conventionalization
Authors: Ferguson Charles A
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I attempt to make explicit a number of working assumptions about conventionalization that seem to be implicit in sociolinguistic research touching on dialect variation, register variation, genre identification, and verbal interaction. In doing so I hope also to clarify some of the basic concepts of sociolinguistic research for students of human language phenomena. In recent years researchers and theorists operating from a number of different perspectives have come to make use of such terms as dialect, register, genre, and conversation in ways that sometimes cause confusion. The sociolinguistic perspective has, of course, no monopoly on correctness or truth or insight into the human condition. Also, conceptual confusion may sometimes signal the emergence of new and useful ways of thinking. Nevertheless, I am inclined to think that clarification of this one perspective may be of help in reducing some of the unnecessary and unhelpful confusion that appears in cross disciplinary studies dealing with conventionalization in language.

Of the various fundamental and mysterious processes involved in the use of human language, one of the most fundamental and most mysterious is the process of conventionalization, that is, the process by which members of a community some how come to share the sound-meaning pairings that constitute their means of verbal communication, in spite of the fact that no two speakers speak exactly the same way and the shared language keeps changing. Human language, although based on a species-specific innate ability to develop and use this special form of communication, is nevertheless largely a matter of convention, that is, an implicit contract among a community of users of a language variety that certain expressions will mean certain things when used in certain combinations under certain social conditions.
A Corpus-Based Analysis Of Register Variation In Korean
Authors: Kim Yong-Jin , Biber Douglas
Published: November 2023

There have been numerous linguistic comparisons of speech and writing. Earlier studies often assumed a dichotomy between the two modes, while more recent studies have shown that there is considerable variation within each mode and considerable overlap in the linguistic characteristics of many spoken and written registers. However, few studies have analyzed the patterns of register variation in non Western languages.

The present study helps to fill this gap by investigating the linguistic variation among spoken and written registers in contemporary Korean. We adopt the multidimensional approach to identify underlying dimensions of variation in Korean, and we analyze the relations among registers along these dimensions, with special reference to the spoken and written modes.

This study is the first attempt at a macroscopic discourse analysis of Korean; previous analyses of Korean have been microscopic. While a macroscopic approach seeks to define the overall parameters of variation among registers, a microscopic approach focuses on the discourse functions of individual linguistic features in particular registers. For example, Hwang (1981) discusses aspects of discourse structure in written narratives such as folktales and fiction; Lukoff (1986) studies tense variation in written narratives; Lee and Thompson (1987) study the variable deletion of accusative markers in spoken· dialogues and narratives; Choi (1988) investigates textual coherence features in English and Korean argumentative essays; and Lee (1989) analyzes referential choices in conversations and personal letters. Microscopic and macroscopic analyses have complementary strengths.
The Scorpion’s Clock
Authors: Fleissner Günther , Fleissner Gerta
Published: November 2023

An animal’s circadian timing system synchronizes its biological functions and behavior with daily fluctuations of important factors in its external environment (reviewed by Aschoff, 1981). As a familiar example, the circadian clock in nocturnal animals, sends them to sleep around dawn and arouses them again around dusk. In principle, a circadian timing system would be composed of four elements as illustrated in fig. 5.1: (1) an oscillator, with a period of about 1 day, (2) a Zeitgeber, or synchronization input for phase adjustment of the oscillator, (3) output machinery for effecting biological functions, and (4) coupling pathways between these components.
Molecular Approaches to Biogeography
Authors: Yamashita Tsunemi , Fet Victor
Published: November 2023

Over the past several decades, the most powerful tools for taxonomic and biogeographic studies of organismal diversity have included morphological and molecular means of analysis. This evolution in methodology has significantly improved our understanding of the genetic variability and taxonomic relationships of modern scorpions and promises to reveal aspects of their biogeographic history and factors controlling speciation within the group. In this chapter we summarize how morphological (phenotypic). All ozyme (protein).
Fractals In Molecular Biophysics
Authors: Dewey T Gregory
Published: November 2023

Historically, science has strived to reduced complex problems to its simplest components, but more recently, it has recognized the merit of studying complex phenomena in situ. Fractal geometry is one such appealing approach, and this book discusses their application to complex problems in molecular biophysics. It provides a detailed, unified treatment of fractal aspects of protein and structure dynamics, fractal reaction kinetics in biochemical systems, sequence correlations in DNA and proteins, and descriptors of chaos in enzymatic systems. In an area that has been slow to acknowledge the use of fractals, this is an important addition to the literature, offering a glimpse of the wealth of possible applications. application to complex problems
What Are Fractals?
Authors: Dewey T Gregory
Published: November 2023

River basins are fractal. So is the vasculation of the cornea. A lightning bolt shows a certain hierarchical jaggedness characteristic of fractals. Fractals are self-similar or scale-invariant objects. Regardless of the magnification with respect to a given variable, the structure remains statistically invariant. Often the fractal nature of such macroscopic phenomena, especially growth processes, is readily visualized. It is not so easy to visualize the fractality of a microscopic object such as a protein or a biomembrane. Temporal processes can also exhibit fractal time behavior. These too are not always easily visualized.
A Global Perspective on the Problem of Hell
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L
Published: November 2023

To this point this book has approached the problem of hell from the provincial perspective of Christianity. As pointed out in the Introduction, I followed this procedure to take advantage of the history of dialogue on the problem within that tradition, whereas a procedure that attempted to address the problem from a more global perspective would have had no such history on which to draw. It is time, however, to step back from the particular claims of Christianity to take a broader view of the problem of hell, to see what general religious commitments give rise to the problem and what possible solutions are available to a religious perspective once the problem arises. Our investigation has shown that the religious commitments that generate the problem of hell are quite minimal. The problem of hell arises once one affirms a traditional conception of Godomnipotent, omniscient, perfectly good, and the creator of the universe-together with a religious outlook that has an eschatological component with afterlife significance. The problem of hell is thus independent of the differences between various religious outlooks on issues such as the possibility of reincarnation, the mechanism of salvation or enlightenment, the truth of monotheism, and a variety of other religious controversies. The problem of hell arises at a level of religious commitment more basic than many of these controversial issues and, as such, is a problem best thought of as independent of any particular religion.
The Dialect of Modernism
Authors: North Michael
Published: November 2023

The second volume in Oxford’s new Race and American Culture series, The Dialect of Modernism uncovers the crucial role of racial masquerade and linguistic imitation in the emergence of literary modernism. Rebelling against the standard language, and literature written in it, modernists, such as Joseph Conrad, Gertrude Stein, T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and William Carlos Williams reimagined themselves as racial aliens and mimicked the strategies of dialect speakers in their work. In doing so, they made possible the most radical representational strategies of modern literature, which emerged from their attack on the privilege of standard language. At the same time, however, another movement, identified with Harlem, was struggling to free itself from the very dialect the modernists appropriated, at least as it had been rendered by two generations of white dialect writers. For writers such as Claude McKay, Jean Toomer, and Zora Neale Hurston, this dialect became a barrier as rigid as the standard language itself. Thus, the two modern movements, which arrived simultaneously in 1922, were linked and divided by their different stakes in the same language. In The Dialect of Modernism, Michael North shows, through biographical and historical investigation, and through careful readings of major literary works, that however different they were, the two movements are inextricably connected, and thus, cannot be considered in isolation. Each was marked, for good and bad, by the other.
Against the Standard: Linguistic Imitation, Racial Masquerade, and the Modernist Rebellion
Authors: North Michael
Published: November 2023

In the preface to Pygmalion George Bernard Shaw reassures his readers, some of whom might be daunted by the dazzling success of Eliza Doolittle, that she is but an example of the “many thousands of men and women who have sloughed off their native dialects and acquired a new tongue.” Sounding a bit like Dale Carnegie, who began his self-help empire at about this time, Shaw promises those who follow Eliza a world of social harmony based on proper phonetics, a world in which words cannot be mispronounced, in which men and women will no longer be divided by differences of speech. “It’s filling up the deepest gulf that separates class from class and soul from soul,” as Henry Higgins crows in the play itself.1 The American musical My Fair Lady expands on Shaw’s expansiveness by staging Eliza’s final elocution lesson as a triumphant tango: when “the rine in Spine” finally becomes “the rain in Spain,” the three principals drop all decorum and dance.
Two Strangers in the American Language: William Carlos Williams and Jean Toomer
Authors: North Michael
Published: November 2023

The December 1922 issue of Broom included a brief sketch that already seemed to justify its high hopes for a new art as American as skyscrapers and jazz. Aesthetically Jean Toomer’s “Seventh Street” was as original as anything Broom would publish, and its subject matter was immediate, timely, and American: “Seventh Street is a bastard of Prohibition and the War. A crude-boned, soft skinned wedge of nigger life breathing its loafer air, jazz songs and love, thrusting unconscious rhythms, black reddish blood into the white and whitewashed wood of Washington.” The same month this appeared, Waldo Frank took a whole book of such sketches to Horace Liveright, who had just published The Waste Land. A year and a day after he had agreed to publish that poem, Liveright accepted Toomer’s manuscript, which was entitled Cane.
Arguments for the Dilemmas Thesis
Authors: Gowans Christopher W
Published: November 2023

There is considerable controversy about the claim that there are moral conflicts in which wrongdoing is inescapable. For some it is obvious that wrongdoing may be inescapable, while for others it is equally obvious that this cannot be the case. Many may find themselves attracted to both positions. The fact of these conflicting intuitions is something that the method of reflective intuitionism ought to take into account. We ought to begin by accepting as significant input both the intuition that moral wrongdoing is sometimes inescapable and the intuition that it can never be inescapable. In the end we cannot conclude that both intuitions, taken in the same sense, are correct. Rather, we ought to aim for a consistent explanation of the fact that these conflicting intuitions are widely and deeply held. Such an explanation may take different forms. It may be said that one intuition is correct and that the other, though incorrect, is mistakenly held for reasons that the nature of morality, properly understood, makes intelligible and predictable. On this view, the conclusion is that one or the other intuition ought to be abandoned as untenable. Another approach would be to say that there is a sense of ‘moral wrongdoing’ such that it is sometimes inescapable and another sense such that it cannot be inescapable. On this view, the conclusion is that both intuitions, properly interpreted, should be retained.
Innocence Lost
Authors: Gowans Christopher W
Published: November 2023

My argument in the last three chapters has been that the responsibilities to per sons account provides a better explanation of inescapable moral distress than accounts rooted in either the utilitarian or the Kantian traditions. On the basis of this, along with considerations developed in Chapter 5, it is reasonable to accept the conclusion of the phenomenological argument that there is a sense in which moral wrongdoing is sometimes inescapable. The differences between my account and the theories of these influential traditions turn centrally on contrasting conceptions of valuing and relating to particular persons and associations of persons in our lives. Nothing could be more fundamental to the understanding of morality than these issues. For this reason, the full ramifications of the responsibilities to persons account, and the whole range of its differences with utilitarianism and Kantianism, go well beyond the questions pertaining to moral conflicts I have considered here. The holism of the method of reflective intuitionism pushes us towards an overall assessment of contrasting approaches apropos our moral intuitions, and hence urges evaluation of these further topics. But this evaluation is beyond the scope of my present concerns. I conclude with some brief and somewhat more speculative comments on three topics, each related to the remainders view, but only loosely related to one another. The last, the problem of dirty hands, has already received a good deal of attention.
Treatment and Prevention of Hypertension
Authors: Whelton Paul k. , He Jiang , Appel Lawrence J
Published: November 2023

Average blood pressure (BP) and the prevalence of hypertension (high BP or treatment with antihypertensive medications) both tend to rise progressively with increasing age. With the exception of relatively isolated societies, this is true in almost every population (Whelton 1985, 1994a). The pattern of age-related changes in systolic and di-astolic BP in residents of six economically developed countries is illustrated in Figure 7.1 (Italian National Research Council 1981; MacMahon 1984; National Center for Health Statistics 1986; Ueshima 1987; Appleyard 1989; Joffres 1992). Systolic BP tends to rise progressively until the eighth or ninth decade, while diastolic BP remains constant or declines after the fifth decade.
Aspirin
Authors: Buring Julie E , Hennekens Charles H
Published: November 2023

In the fifth century B.C., Hippocrates discovered that an extract of willow bark had analgesic properties. The pain-killing effect was the result of salicin, a naturally occurring chemical in willow bark, which is closely related to today’s synthetic aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid. It is only quite recently, however—over the past few decades—that attention has focused on the potential role of aspirin in reducing risks of occlusive vascular disease.

The hypothesized mechanism for aspirin’s benefit is its ability to decrease platelet aggregation and thereby reduce the risk of thrombotic vascular events. Platelets, plate let products, and thrombosis play key roles in the occurrence of acute occlusive vascular events, such as myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke. The disruption of platelet-and fibrin-rich atherosclerotic plaque may lead to aggressive platelet deposition and, ultimately, the formation of a thrombus, which can precipitate an acute clinical event. Findings from basic research demonstrate that, in platelets, small amounts of aspirin irreversibly acetylate the active site of cyclooxygenase, which is required for the production of thromboxane A2, a powerful promoter of aggregation (Moncada 1979). This effect is so pronounced that higher doses of aspirin appear to yield no additional benefit. It has, in fact, been hypothesized that far higher doses might even reverse this tendency, due to activation of vessel wall enzymes.
Introduction
Authors: Christman John
Published: November 2023

Property is the right of increase. To us this axiom shall be like the name of the beast in the Apocalypse, a name in which is hidden the complete explanation of the whole mystery of this beast. It was known that he who should solve the mystery of this name would obtain a knowledge of the whole prophecy, and would succeed in mastering the beast. … Starting from this eminently characteristic fact … we shall pursue the old serpent throughout his coils; we shall count the murderous entwinings of this frightful taenia, whose head, with its thousand suckers, is always hidden from the sword of its most violent enemies, though abandoning to them immense fragments of its body.
A Patch-Work Screen for the Ladies
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner
Published: November 2023

My Two former Volumes of NOVELS having met with a favourable Reception, (much beyond their Desert) encourages me to perform my Promise in pursuing The Sequel of GALESIAs Story. But I doubt my Reader will say, Why so long about it? And why a History reduc’d into Patches? especially since HISTORIES at Large are so Fashionable in this Age; viz. Robinson Crusoe, and Moll Flanders; Colonel Jack,4 and Sally Salisbury;5 with many other Heroes and Heroines? Why, truly, as to the First, I had lost my GALESIA, she being gone from St. Germains,6 and I retir’d into an obscure Corner of the World.
To His Royal Highness
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner
Published: November 2023

Forgive me sr that on this happy day On which all vertuous minds ought to be gay I here appear in non-conformity, Presenting you with a sad Calvary, Yet sad as it seems, no present I cou’d give, Wou’d more befit yr Highness to receive, It being loves purest representative.
A Philosopher's Way Back To The Faith
Authors: Alston William P
Published: November 2023

I must begin by confessing that I am quite unaccustomed to testifying, which is what I have let myself in for by agreeing to write this essay. Abstract reasoning is more my line. Therefore, I must ask you to bear with me if I sound like a fish out of water.
Not In Kansas Anymore
Authors: Jordan Jeff
Published: November 2023

Though I do not know how a family in Kansas becomes Southern Baptist, mine did. I was raised a Southern Baptist, and many of my earliest memories are of worship services at the Immanuel Baptist Church in Wichita. Being raised a Southern Baptist is perhaps not all that uncommon, since the Southern Baptist Convention is the largest Protestant denomination in the United States-currently some 1 5 million strong. (It is hard to say exactly how many Southern Baptists there are because, like McDonald’s, the number served increases rapidly.) In many ways, my story of faith and reason is also not all that uncommon. There are no great dramatic conversion experiences in my story, no episodes of apostasy, no period of finding my way back. My story of life and faith is much more a story of a
Love Of Learning Learning, Reality Of God
Authors: Adams Marilyn McCord
Published: November 2023

Two things have dominated my life from the beginning: a love of learning and a desire for God. In my earliest years, a vivid sense of the reality of God came with mother’s milk, with green grass and blue sky. The first home I can remember was my grandfather’s parsonage (my father was away in the army air force). In 1943, Grandpa had emerged from early retirement to take a small country parish in western Illinois. He was a preacher in the Disciples of Christ church, a branch of the Campbellite movement. In his generation and in those circles, fundamentalism would have been taken for granted, but his personal flair and pastoral effectiveness won him ecumenical respect even in those pre-Vatican II days, as he became fast friends with the Roman Catholic priest and all the other minis-
From Jerusalem To Athens
Authors: Leftow Brian
Published: November 2023

I am a philosopher because I am a Christian. To many intellectuals, this probably sounds like saying that I am a dog because I am a cat. Dogs hate cats, and otherwise polite philosophers have said to my face, with vigor, that “Christian philosopher” is a contradiction in terms. Cats are not fond of dogs, either. Christian friends have often reminded me that Luther called reason a whore. Well, reason is a whore. It will serve any master who can pay its price. But a whore was first to the empty tomb on the day of the Resurrection. Reason will serve God if given the chance; philosophy can be a work of Christian service. And Christian belief (I want to suggest) is far more a help than a hinderance to serious intellectual work.
When The Time Had Fully Come
Authors: Carr Spencer
Published: November 2023

This essay is a bit of an interloper in this volume, I am afraid. In the first place, I am not a professional philosopher. I am, as I like to say, a recovering philosopher, for although I did study and even teach philosophy for a while, for the last fifteen years I have been making an honest living as an editor in scholarly publishing.
Trios and Trilogies
Authors: Brater Enoch
Published: November 2023

In Company1 Beckett creates an impassioned biography in place of an imagined story, “by mere sound to plague one in need of silence.” A self-conscious and highly self-reflective literary biography such as this, however, no matter how circumspect and molested by time, is fated to be a camouflaged fiction, as the conscientious reader of Proust might be “quick” to acknowledge. As early as 1932 Beckett asserted that the past always appears “in monochrome,” poignant in the idealized way of a lost innocence remembered. The construct of memory is its own stylized figment, a fable as deceptive as any other, this one masquerading in lines that sound like truth: ‘‘The images it chooses are as arbitrary as those chosen by imagination, and are equally remote from reality.”2 And yet those bold and transgressive testimonies we read in Molloy and Enough, and Krapp’s “memorable equinox” that cannot be remembered, and that subversive act of confession captured forever on tape in Embers, and those haunting black-and-white frames crafted with televisual precision in Ghost Trio and ... but the clouds ... , and even those voices that, with such disarming poignancy, demand to be staged in That Time or Rockaby all like to say they rely on something more substantial than fiction, or worse still, ‘‘fancy.
Posthumous Voices and More Stirrings Still
Authors: Brater Enoch
Published: November 2023

“The writing is over,” Beckett said after completing Worstward Ho in 1983. He had simply and quite deliberately reconciled himself to not writing anything again. “Finally,” he told Charles Juliet, “one no longer knows who is speaking. The subject disappears completely. That’s where the crisis of identity ends.’’1 But three years later he responded to the predicament of Barney Rosset, whose latest business difficulties in New York had forced him to sell the Grove imprint and all of its stock to Ann Getty and Lord Weidenfeld in 1985.2 Thirteen months after the deal was struck, Rosset was fired, severing his last link to the celebrated avant-garde publishing house with which his name had long been associated. (When he bought the company in 1953, it had a short list of only three books: Melville’s The Confidence-Man, Selected Writings of the Ingenious Mrs. Aphra Behn, and The Poetry of Richard Crashaw.) Recognizing Rosset’s situation, Beckett sent him in early 1987 a two-page typescript, consisting of seven paragraphs, called merely “Fragment.” Dated “July 1986,” it was dedicated to Rosset, his American publisher; he promised to send another “third” if he could find a way to publish the initial installment separately. By the end of the year Beckett had sent two more modest pieces, the paragraphs that correspond to the second and third parts of what became known as Stirrings Still, a title suggested at the same time by the author himself.
Dire Comments on comment dire
Authors: Brater Enoch
Published: November 2023

“Call it Dichtungen,” Beckett told his German publisher, Siegfried Unseld, who was planning a new edition of his collected works. ‘‘No other language has such a word. “1 Firm, reliable, intricate, and watertight, the suprageneric title condenses into one German word the complete range of “poeticizations” that might be crafted into any manner of artistic writing. ‘‘The forms are many,’’ Malone noted long ago, ‘‘in which the unchanging seeks relief from its formlessness.” In the actual Dichtungen, however, Beckett was rarely so lucky as to have “Got it in one!”2 Though there is no use “indicting” words per se (they are, as Malone says, “no shoddier than what they peddle”), some of the adjectives used to describe them in Molloy, Malone Dies, and The Unnamable might be cause for considerable alarm, if not downright contempt: “wheedling,” “little,” “furious,” “monotonous,” “mad,” “hasty,” “indifferent,” or-worse still “in a word”-”blank.”3 Even the stirring words in a late trilogy like Stirrings Still might, in retrospect, stand in need of a complete overhaul when the purely imagined is revisited by the real.
Other Minds
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Over the past twenty-five years, Thomas Nagel has played a major role in the philosophico-biological debate on subjectivity and consciousness. This extensive collection of published essays and reviews offers Nagel's opinionated views on the philosophy of mind, epistemology, and political philosophy, as well as on fellow philosophers like Freud, Wittgenstein, Rawls, Dennet, Chomsky, Searle, Nozick, Dworkin, and MacIntyre.
Freud’s Permanent Revolution
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Great intellectual revolutionaries change the way we think. They pose new questions and devise new methods of answering them—and we cannot unlearn those forms of thought simply by discovering errors of reasoning on the part of their creators, unless we persuade ourselves that the thoughts are identical with the errors. There is something strange about recent debates over the evidence on which Freud based his theories. His influence is not like that of a physicist who claims to have discovered a previously unobserved particle by an experiment that others now think to be flawed. Whatever may be the future of psychoanalysis as a distinctive form of therapy, Freud’s influence seems to me no more likely to be expunged from modern consciousness than that of Hobbes, for example, or Descartes. Such thinkers have an effect much deeper than can be captured by a set of particular hypotheses, an effect that would not go away even if, in a wave of Europhobia, their writings should cease to be read.
Chomsky: Linguistics and Epistemology
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

There is some reason to believe that Chomsky’s views about the innate contribution to language acquisition have a bearing on epistemological issues: on disputes over the existence of a priori knowledge, for example. Certainly if he is right, grammar provides a striking example of strong innate constraints on the form of human thought, and a natural object of philosophical fascination.