bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of the titf2/foxe1 gene product is consistent with an important role in the development of foregut endoderm, palate, and hair
Authors: Dathan Nina , Parlato Rosanna , Rosica Annamaria , De Felice Mario , Di Lauro Roberto
Published: October 2002

Titf2/foxe1 is a forkhead domain‐containing gene expressed in the foregut, in the thyroid, and in the cranial ectoderm of the developing mouse. Titf2 null mice exhibit cleft palate and either a sublingual or completely absent thyroid gland. In humans, mutations of the gene encoding for thyroid transcription factor‐2 (TTF‐2) result in the Bamforth syndrome, characterized by thyroid agenesis, cleft palate, spiky hair, and choanal atresia. Here, we report a detailed expression pattern of TTF‐2 protein during mouse embryogenesis and show its presence in structures where it has not been described yet. At embryonic day (E) 10.5, TTF‐2 is expressed in Rathke's pouch, in thyroid, and in the epithelium of the pharyngeal wall and arches, whereas it is absent in the epithelium of the pharyngeal pouches. According to this expression, at E13.5, TTF‐2 is present in endoderm derivatives, such as tongue, palate, epiglottis, pharynx, and oesophagus. Later in embryogenesis, we detect TTF‐2 in the choanae and whiskers. This pattern of expression helps to define the complex phenotype displayed by human patients. Finally, we show that TTF‐2 is a phosphorylated protein. These results help to characterize the domains of TTF‐2 expression, from early embryogenesis throughout organogenesis, providing more detail on the potential role of TTF‐2 in the development of endoderm and ectoderm derived structures. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dyslexia: nature and nurture
Authors: Olson Richard K.
Published: October 2002

This paper explores the balance of genetic and environmental influences on dyslexia in generally supportive educational environments. Evidence from family studies suggests and research with identical and fraternal twins confirms the presence of strong genetic influences on dyslexia, though the way dyslexia is defined influences the degree of genetic influence. The behavioural genetic evidence is supported with molecular genetic evidence from DNA analyses suggesting regions on several different chromosomes where genes related to dyslexia are likely to be found. The behavioural and molecular genetic analyses are also applied to different component word reading skills (orthographic coding and phonological decoding) as well as to related language skills (phoneme awareness) to better understand the genetic and cognitive pathways to dyslexia. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research on energy expenditure in individuals with eating disorders: A review
Authors: de Zwaan Martina , Aslam Zaheer , Mitchell James E.
Published: October 2002

Objective

This study reviews the published research on energy expenditure in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED).

Method

Individual studies are reviewed and their results summarized.

Results

The most consistent finding is a reduction in resting energy expenditure (REE) in patients with AN, which increases with increased energy intake and body weight. Data regarding BN are inconsistent. Three available studies in subjects with BED have not found evidence of changes in energy expenditure corrected for lean body mass compared with obese non‐binge eaters.

Discussion

The ability to measure REE reliably and cost‐effectively may aid in the refeeding of patients with AN in whom REE is reduced. Changes in individuals with BN and BED have yet to be consistently identified. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 127–134, 2002.
Blind estimation of modulation schemes according to noise powers in the presence of carrier frequency offset
Authors: Umebayashi Kenta , Kohno Ryuji
Published: October 2002

A method for identifying modulation schemes is a vital elemental technology of adaptive software‐defined radio that switches its software in response to the environment and the application objective. The problems faced in conventional modulation scheme estimation are synchronization and robustness in a fading environment. In this paper, we address the problem of the degradation in the accuracy of modulation scheme estimation due to the presence of carrier offsets and the fluctuations in the carrier‐to‐noise power ratio (CNR). The former is addressed by implementing offset cancellation that uses the temporal phase difference information in one symbol. The latter is addressed by using the estimates found by a blind noise power estimation algorithm to implement modulation scheme estimation that exhibits excellent estimation accuracy even with a fluctuating CNR. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(12): 76–88, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10001
Improvement of sound deterioration using filter‐and‐sum array for near sound field
Authors: Kobayashi Kazunori , Kiyohara Kenji , Furuya Ken'ichi , Kaneda Yutaka
Published: October 2002

Use of a microphone array has been attempted in sound acquisition systems for telecommunication systems. A typical method is the delay‐and‐sum array. This method improves the SN ratio by orienting a sharp beam toward the speaker. Its effect has been widely demonstrated. However, if there are deviations in the location of the speaker and the focal point of the array, the frequency characteristics of the output are degraded. In this paper, in order to resolve this problem of deterioration in the output frequency characteristics, an optimum design method for a filter‐and‐sum array in the near sound field is proposed. This method can be used for the near sound field and does not require increasing the number of microphones. Hence, the method is useful for communications conferencing. In a computer simulation and a real sound field experiment, improvement of the characteristic degradation of the array output is confirmed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(12): 29–37, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10009
A visualization of nonlinear elasticity property of tissues by ultrasound
Authors: Nitta Naotaka , Shiina Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2002

Imaging of tissue elasticity is promising as a technique for visualizing tissue variations such as tumors from the point of view of hardness. Evaluation of the elasticity has hitherto been carried out mainly in the range in which the stress and strain generated within the tissue under infinitesimal deformation are related linearly. Under a finite deformation, such a linear relationship does not hold but a nonlinear phenomenon (strain hardening) takes place, in which Young's modulus increases with the strain. Since such nonlinearity is a property characteristic of the tissue, this paper deals with this nonlinearity and discusses a method of visualizing it and obtaining new information for tissue diagnosis. As a basic study, an experiment is carried out using a phantom containing the gizzard and liver of a fowl. The rate of increase of Young's modulus due to substantial deformation is visualized as a nonlinear parameter. It is found that gelatin and liver, with similar values of Young's modulus, cannot be distinguished by the conventional Young's modulus image but can be distinguished by visualizing the incrementation rate of each Young's modulus. Hence, the nonlinear elastic parameter can be effective for tissue discrimination. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(12): 9–18, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley. com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10024
Steady‐state errors of an α‐β‐γ filter for radar tracking
Authors: Kosuge Yoshio , Ito Masayoshi , Okada Takamitsu , Mano Seiji
Published: October 2002

Radar tracking filters estimate the true values for a target's motion, such as position and speed, using observed values for the target's position. An α‐β filter is a tracking filter for one‐dimensional space using a constant‐velocity linear motion model, and an α‐β‐γ filter is a tracking filter for one‐dimensional space using a uniformly accelerated motion model. Calculation formulas for the steady‐state variance for a target in constant‐velocity linear motion when sufficient time has passed since the initial value calculations have been reported for α‐β filters. However, for α‐β‐γ filters, although computational formulas for the steady‐state variance for a target in uniformly accelerated motion when there is a drive noise indicating vagueness in the motion model derived from the principles of a Kalman filter have been reported, a calculation formula for the steady‐state variance for a target in constant‐velocity linear motion has not been reported. In this paper the authors present a calculation formula for the steady‐state variance for a target in constant‐velocity linear motion for an α‐β‐γ filter. In addition, the authors show the conditions for the gains α, β, and γ for an α‐β‐γ filter that are necessary to have the variance be positive and meaningful. Furthermore, the authors show that this condition is identical to the condition for which the α‐β‐γ filter is stable. Finally, the authors demonstrate that the calculation formula for the variance in the error for an α‐β‐γ filter is an extension of the calculation formula for an α‐β filter. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(12): 65–79, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1129
Dilation and reduction processing in finite topological spaces and its application to inspection of printed boards
Authors: Liu Gang , Kitazawa Mayumi , Eguchi Masayoshi , Fuwa Yasushi , Nakamura Yatsuka
Published: October 2002

Dilation/reduction processing of binary images has been considered using only certain restricted kinds of neighborhood, such as 5‐ and 9‐neighborhoods. This study intends to overcome the limits of processing in conventional dilation and reduction, and investigates the mathematical properties of dilation and reduction by various neighborhood shapes. Furthermore, the dilation of discrete figures composed of straight lines (digital rectilinear figure) is considered, and a method of dilation reduction by which a digital rectilinear figure can be dilated as far as possible with the same line width (thickness) is proposed. Then, the method is applied to sampled images of a printed circuit board to detect defects, and its effectiveness is demonstrated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(12): 89–100, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1131
In situ observation of the initial adsorption process of layer‐by‐layer sequential adsorbed polyelectrolyte film using an AFM
Authors: Yamada Takeshi , Shiratori Seimei
Published: October 2002

In this study, we demonstrate the first observation results of the initial adsorption processes of polyelectrolytes to the substrate in solution by in situ observation using an AFM. The adsorption form of polyelectrolytes was changed by solution pH. It was found that the surface structure was controlled by adsorbing time of polyelectrolytes and strongly affected by both the previously formed under layer and the solution pH. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(2): 1–7, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10016
Error correction for phase detection by recursive algorithm real time DFT
Authors: Funaki Tsuyoshi , Matsuura Kenji , Tanaka Shunsuke
Published: October 2002

Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) can calculate the phase and amplitude of the AC waveform directly from the sampled data. However, high performance microprocessor is inevitable to implement DFT into real time system, especially when conventional calculation algorithm is applied to high frequency sampling. Applying recursive algorithm to the DFT can drastically reduce the calculation amount. This paper studies about the phase detection error of DFT when recursive algorithm is applied. The proposed error correction method makes it possible to guarantee the correctness of detected phase, which is equivalent to the conventional DFT calculation algorithm. Also, this paper proposes the reset scheme of numerical error accumulation, which is unavoidable for the recursive algorithm applied DFT. The proposed method can guarantee high accuracy with minimum increment of calculation amount. The qualitative correctness estimated from the theoretical equations is confirmed through quantitative study by digital simulation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(1): 8–17, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10036
A detection method of differences of polarization angles between three‐component signals
Authors: Nagano Koji
Published: October 2002

I describe a new method of detecting differences of polarization angles, azimuth and elevation angle, between two three‐component signals. The differences of polarization angles are calculated directly from nine cross‐correlations between two three‐component signals. I compare the performance of this method to a conventional method based on a polarization filter, which uses Principal Component Analysis, in a computer simulation. When data length is shorter than a period of a sinusoidal signal, which is used as a signal in the simulation, the new method shows both less dispersion and less bias of errors than the polarization filter does. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(1): 45–53, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10044
A novel strategy for a high‐power utility interactive inverter with a series active filter
Authors: Saito Makoto , Shimizu Toshihisa
Published: October 2002

High‐power utility interactive inverters used for large‐capacity energy storage systems are composed of multiple connected inverters, in order to realize high efficiency and high performance of the harmonic elimination characteristic simultaneously. Some disadvantages of multiple connected inverters, such as harmonic current flowing from an inverter unit to the other one, and increase of the number of inverter units, cannot be overcome easily.

This paper presents a novel strategy for a high‐power utility interactive inverter, which is composed of a large power with low‐switching‐frequency PWM inverter (high‐power PWM inverter), an LC passive filter, and a series active filter (series AF). Because harmonic components contained in the utility line current are absorbed by the series AF, the switching frequency of the PWM inverter can be selected to about 1 kHz. In addition because the power capacity and the output voltage of the series AF can be suppressed lower than 10% of the power capacity and the output voltage of PWM inverter, low‐voltage and high‐speed power devices can be applied to the series AF. Consequently, high power, high efficiency, and high harmonics elimination performance can be realized without increasing the number of inverter units. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(2): 57–66, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10048
An over‐current withstanding design of superconducting power cables
Authors: Ishigohka Takeshi , Kurahashi Kiyoshi
Published: October 2002

In a design of HTS power cables, the over‐current withstanding design is very important. In a conventional case, when one of the 2‐circuit power cables failed, the other cable should transport the previous total power continuously. If we adopt this idea also in case of superconducting power cables, the rating current should be decided carefully. In this paper, the authors show a fundamental idea for a short‐time withstanding over‐current design of HTS power cables. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(2): 34–40, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10051
Field test of a 70‐MW‐class superconducting generator in the mode of a synchronous condenser
Authors: Imai Yoshihiro , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Kanamori Yasuo , Kusafuka Hiroshi , Shibuya Masatoyo , Nagamura Hidehiro , Miyaike Kiyoshi , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Nishijima Kenichi
Published: October 2002

In order to study the basic performance of the superconducting generator in an actual electric power system, a quick response excitation‐type generator was connected to the 77‐kV commercial power grid of Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. In the test, the model machine was operated as a rotary condenser supplying about leading 40 M Var to the electric power system. In the tests, the model machine operated stably. The results show that the superconducting generator has effects for stabilizing voltage fluctuations of electric power systems and also for reducing shunt reactor. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(2): 17–24, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10053
A novel analytical approach for a vector‐controlled, adjustable‐speed synchronous machine
Authors: Chin Tung‐Hai , Nakano Motomu , Zeng Guang
Published: October 2002

A novel approach for operation analysis of a vector control synchronous machine has been described. To draw the vector diagram under adjustable speed operation, the concept of normalized voltage has been introduced. It is to divide the voltage value by angular frequency of the machine, then the voltage vectors, which contain angular frequency immanently, will not change their length under adjustable speed operation, and the vector diagram will keep its size unchanged for the whole speed range. Also, reactance drop locus and its accompanying yardstick circle for determining current phase angle, in corresponding to the variation of the given armature current vector, were deduced. Then, the operation of the machine for the whole adjustable speed range can be represented in single diagram. As the accompanying matters, the methods for calculating the operating characteristics of maximum torque control and 100% power factor control were shown. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(2): 48–56, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10058
The role of the European Parliament in forest environment issues
Authors: Hasanagas Nikolaos D. , Shoesmith Robert
Published: October 2002

This article deals with the potential influence of European parliamentarism on environmental policy in forested areas. It is addressed as much to policy analysts and parliamentary theorists as to those most directly involved therein, for example international lobbyists and policy‐makers. The relative powers of the European Parliament, Council of Ministers and Commission and assorted interest groups (forestry and environmental activists) will be considered through the analysis of documents and expert interviews. The gradual extension of the European Parliament's power (co‐operation and co‐decision procedures) in combination with the parliamentary functions (control, legislation, election, articulation and communication) will be described where relevant to forest environment policy, in particular to competition, harmonization, internal markets, industry, research, land use, energy and development. The optimal lobbying terrains and prospects of environmental interest groups are also examined and the potential influence of the European Parliament on the implementation of such policy is explored. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Discrimination of a low‐status outgroup: the role of ingroup threat
Authors: Cadinu Mara , Reggiori Cinzia
Published: October 2002

In the present study it was predicted that a threat to the ingroup by a high‐status outgroup would lead its members to increase the level of derogation of a lower‐status outgroup. Two experimental groups of psychologists were informed about the opinions (positive or negative) allegedly held by medical doctors regarding clinical psychologists whereas participants in the control condition did not receive any feedback. Later, all participants were asked to judge psychologists, social workers (low‐status outgroup), and medical doctors along professional and personality dimensions. As predicted, compared to participants in the positive feedback and in the control conditions, negative feedback participants increased derogation toward social workers but not toward medical doctors along the professional traits relevant to the feedback. Results are interpreted in the context of Downward Comparison Theory (Wills, 1981). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of geomorphology citations in the last quarter of the 20th century
Authors: Dorn Ronald I.
Published: October 2002

Three hundred and twenty‐eight geomorphology articles published in the last quarter of the 20th century were cited 20 or more times in Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) indices, as of 15 May 2001. At the close of the 20th century, well‐cited geomorphology is highly multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary with the most dominant fields being in biological, civil engineering, earth science, geography, geological, and soils disciplines. The very strong English‐language bias of well‐cited journal articles creates a geographical bias in study site selection, which may in turn bias geomorphic theory. Water‐based research (fluvial processes and landforms, riparian, drainage basin) dominates well‐cited papers, with the ‘hottest’ subfield in the 1990s being riparian research with a biological emphasis. Over 90 journals publish well‐cited papers, but Earth Surface Processes and Landforms hosts the largest number of well‐cited papers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallelization of a vorticity formulation for the analysis of incompressible viscous fluid flows
Authors: Brown Mary J. , Ingber Marc S.
Published: October 2002

A parallel computer implementation of a vorticity formulation for the analysis of incompressible viscous fluid flow problems is presented. The vorticity formulation involves a three‐step process, two kinematic steps followed by a kinetic step. The first kinematic step determines vortex sheet strengths along the boundary of the domain from a Galerkin implementation of the generalized Helmholtz decomposition. The vortex sheet strengths are related to the vorticity flux boundary conditions. The second kinematic step determines the interior velocity field from the regular form of the generalized Helmholtz decomposition. The third kinetic step solves the vorticity equation using a Galerkin finite element method with boundary conditions determined in the first step and velocities determined in the second step. The accuracy of the numerical algorithm is demonstrated through the driven‐cavity problem and the 2‐D cylinder in a free‐stream problem, which represent both internal and external flows. Each of the three steps requires a unique parallelization effort, which are evaluated in terms of parallel efficiency. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional evidence from microcell‐mediated chromosome transfer of myeloid leukemia suppressor genes on human chromosomes 7 and 11
Authors: Wilding Jennifer , Meijne Emmy , Haines Jackie , Moody John , Edwards Alan , Newbold Robert F. , Parris Chris , Cox Roger , Silver Andrew
Published: October 2002

The long arm of human chromosome 7 between 7q22 and 7q36 has been identified as a region harboring one or more tumor‐suppressor genes (TSGs) inactivated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Additional TSGs mapping to other chromosomes may well be involved in the etiology of this disease. For example, experiments using a mouse model system have indicated the possible presence of an AML TSG at 11p11–12. Microcell‐mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT) has been used to introduce human chromosomes 7 and 11 into a murine myeloid leukemia cell line. A proportion of MMCT hybrid clones containing either whole chromosome 7 or fragments of chromosome 11 showed a significant delay in leukemogenic onset when injected into syngeneic mice. Screening of hybrid clones did not associate any human microsatellite markers with decreased leukemogenic potential in vivo. However, preliminary evidence was obtained of allelic loss at chromosomal regions homologous with human 7q22 in murine F1 hybrid AMLs. Our data provide functional evidence of AML‐associated TSGs localized to human chromosomes 7 and 11 in support of previously published studies on cytogenetic and allelic losses associated with AML development. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Silencing of the PTEN tumor‐suppressor gene in anaplastic thyroid cancer
Authors: Frisk Tony , Foukakis Theodoris , Dwight Trisha , Lundberg Jonas , Höög Anders , Wallin Göran , Eng Charis , Zedenius Jan , Larsson Catharina
Published: October 2002

Germline mutations in the tumor‐suppressor gene PTEN (MMAC1, TEP1) are found in Cowden syndrome, which predisposes to hamartomas, breast cancer, trichilemmomas, and thyroid tumors of follicular epithelium. PTEN has also been found to be somatically deleted, mutated, and/or silenced in various sporadically occurring cancers such as glioblastoma, breast cancer, kidney cancer, malignant melanoma, and endometrial cancer. Loss or reduction of PTEN protein expression as well as inappropriate subcellular compartmentalization is seen in non‐medullary thyroid cancers. However, although allelic loss of the PTEN locus in 10q23.3 is frequently seen, this is not coupled with mutations in the PTEN gene. To approach further the frequency and mechanism behind PTEN silencing, we screened a panel of 87 sporadic thyroid tumors for PTEN mRNA expression, including 14 anaplastic carcinomas, 37 follicular carcinomas, 21 atypical adenomas, and 15 ordinary adenomas. Complete loss of PTEN mRNA expression was evident in six of the tumors, including four anaplastic carcinomas, one widely invasive carcinoma, and one ordinary adenoma. The transcriptional silencing of PTEN was significantly associated with the anaplastic subtype, suggesting that PTEN is involved in the carcinogenesis of highly malignant or late‐stage thyroid cancers, whereas this particular mechanism appears to be of minor importance in differentiated follicular thyroid tumors. No association was observed between the expression, loss of heterozygosity, and mutation status in the 33 cases in which these parameters were compared. This indicates that PTEN silencing is a result of a wide variety of epigenetic and/or structural silencing mechanisms rather than a consequence of structural biallelic inactivation of the classical type. Furthermore, the high rate of alterations in the 10q23 region might indicate the presence of an as‐yet unknown tumor‐suppressor gene with an important role in the development of thyroid tumors. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new allele of Gli3 and a new mutation, circletail (Crc), resulting from a single transgenic experiment
Authors: Rachel Rivka A. , Wellington Sandra J. , Warburton Dorothy , Mason Carol A. , Beermann Friedrich
Published: October 2002

Summary: While generating transgenic lines, transgene‐linked mutations can occur, which are caused by an insertional mutation at a given locus. More rarely, mutations unlinked to the transgene insertion site are observed. In the process of generating a mouse overexpressing the enzyme tyrosinase, we have obtained one transgenic line that appears to carry a semidominant insertional mutation at the Gli3 (extra toes) locus, characterized by polydactyly and skeletal malformations. Additionally, the transgenic line contained a second mutation, Crc (circletail), which appears to be unlinked to the transgene insertion site. Heterozygous Crc mice are incompletely penetrant for a circled‐tail phenotype, while all homozygous Crc/Crc mice die at birth of a severe neural tube defect (craniorachischisis). Anatomical evidence from a Crc/Crc; Gli3/+ fetus indicates that these two genes may interact. genesis 33:55–61, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic screen for modifiers of the rough eye phenotype resulting from overexpression of the notch antagonist hairless in drosophila
Authors: Schreiber Simone L. , Preiss Anette , Nagel Anja C. , Wech Irmgard , Maier Dieter
Published: October 2002

Summary: Hairless was identified as antagonist in the Notch signaling pathway based on genetic interactions. Molecularly, Hairless inhibits Notch target gene activation by directly binding to the Notch signal transducer Su(H). Additional functional domains apart from the Su(H) binding domain, however, suggest additional roles for the Hairless protein. To further our understanding of Hairless functions, we have performed a genetic screen for modifiers of a rough eye phenotype caused by overexpression of Hairless during eye development. A number of enhancers were identified that comprise mutations in components of Notch‐ and EGFR‐signaling pathways, some unknown genes and the gene rugose. Mutant alleles of rugose display manifold genetic interactions with mutants in Notch and EGFR signaling pathway components. Accordingly, the rugose eye phenotype is rescued by Hairless and enhanced by Delta. Molecularly, interactions might occur at the protein level because rugose appears not to be a direct transcriptional target of Notch. genesis 33:141–152, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cre‐mediated recombination in rhombic lip derivatives
Authors: Fünfschilling Ursula , Reichardt Louis F.
Published: October 2002

Summary: To study the development of the cerebellum, we generated a transgenic mouse line Tg(mα6‐cre)B1LFR that expresses CRE recombinase under the GABAA receptor α6 subunit promoter. In this line, recombination of an R26R reporter allele occurred postnatally in granule cells of the cerebellum and dorsal cochlear nucleus, as well as in a subset of precerebellar nuclei in the brainstem. All neurons in which recombination occurred originated during embryogenesis from the rhombic lip. This might be explained by a very early specification event at the rhombic lip that primes cells derived from this structure to express the transgene during neuronal maturation. As no recombination occurred in the inferior olive, it may be derived from a distinct subset of precursors at the rhombic lip. No recombination occurred in any of the interneurons in the cerebellum (stellate cells, basket cells, and Golgi cells), consistent with the hypothesis that they are not derived from the same embryonic tissue as the granule cells. genesis 33:160–169, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
National survey to assess current practices in the diagnosis and management of young people with dementia
Authors: Cordery Rebecca , Harvey Richard , Frost Christopher , Rossor Martin
Published: October 2002

Background

The Royal College of Psychiatrists has recommended that old age psychiatrists may be best placed to take responsibility for service provision for younger people with dementia. There are concerns however, that if referral between specialists, particularly neurologists and old age psychiatrists, is incomplete, patients may be under investigated or inappropriately followed up.

Objectives

We have assessed the current level of referral between these specialists, how each investigates their patients and details of follow up care.

Method

We conducted a postal survey of all consultant neurologists and consultant old age psychiatrists in the UK with an overall response rate of 64%.

Results and Conclusions

The ideal of full collaboration between old age psychiatrists and neurologists is not achieved. Young patients may be under investigated if managed solely by an old age psychiatrist and may not receive adequate follow up services if managed solely by a neurologist. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does the presence of anxiety affect the validity of a screening test for depression in the elderly?
Authors: Sinoff Gary , Ore Liora , Zlotogorsky David , Tamir Ada
Published: October 2002

Introduction

Depression in the elderly is frequently detected by screening instruments and often accompanied by anxiety. We set out to study if anxiety will affect the ability to detect depression by a screening instrument.

Objective

To validate the short Zung depression rating scale in Israeli elderly and to study the affect of anxiety on its validity.

Design

The short Zung was validated against a psychiatric evaluation, in a geriatric inpatient and outpatient service. The overall validity was determined, as well as for subgroups of sufferers and non‐sufferers of anxiety.

Setting

An urban geriatric service in Israel.

Patients

150 medical inpatients and outpatients, aged 70 years and older.

Measures

Psychiatric evaluation of modified Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM‐IV as criterion standard for anxiety and depression and short Zung instrument for depression.

Results

By criterion validity, 60% suffered from depression. The overall validity of the short Zung was high (sensitivity 71.1%, specificity 88.3%, PPV 90.1%, NPV 67.1%). The validity for those not suffering from anxiety was good (sensitivity 71.1%, specificity 90.2%, PPV 84.4%, NPV 80.7%). In those with anxiety, sensitivity, specificty and PPV were high (71.2%, 77.8%, 94.9% respectively), although the specificity was less than in non‐suffers. However major difference was in the NPV rate being much lower (31.8%).

Conclusion

The short Zung, an easily administered instrument for detecting depression, is also valid in the Israeli elderly. However, anxiety limits the usefulness of this instrument in correctly ruling out depression. The clinician must be aware, therefore, that those suffering from anxiety may score negatively for depression on a screening instrument, such as the short Zung. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Care management, dementia care and specialist mental health services: an evaluation
Authors: Challis David , von Abendorff Richard , Brown Pamela , Chesterman John , Hughes Jane
Published: October 2002

Objective

To evaluate a model of intensive case management for people with dementia based in a community‐based mental health service for older people.

Method

Quasi‐experimental design. Individuals in one community team setting received case management and were compared with those in a similar team without such a service. Fortythree matched pairs were identified. Eligible older people and their carers were interviewed at uptake and again at 6 and 12 months.

Results

The impact of the scheme upon placement occurred in the second year at the end of which 51% of the experimental group remained at home compared with 33% of the comparison group. For the experimental group significant improvements in the social contacts of older people were noted; a decrease in the stress of their carers was observed, together with a reduction in their input to the care of the client; and there were significant improvements on ratings of overall need reduction, aspects of daily living and level of risk. Differences between the two groups based on service receipt showed higher costs for the experimental group.

Discussion

The benefits to older people and their carers confirms previous findings that the most effective case management interventions are those targeted on a highly specific client group. Issues which influence the cost‐effectiveness of intensive case management are discussed. The benefits of locating this service within a specialist mental health team are explored in the context of current initiatives to promote greater service integration between health and social services. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Previous stroke but not vascular risk factors are associated with depression in a cognitively impaired older Korean population
Authors: Kim Jae‐Min , Stewart Robert , Shin Il‐Seon , Yoon Jin‐Sang
Published: October 2002

Background

Depression is frequently associated with dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Cerebrovascular disease may be an important aetiological factor for depression in the context of cognitive impairment but has received little investigation in population‐based research.

Objectives

To investigate the association between vascular disease/risk and depression in an older Korean population with cognitive impairment.

Methods

The sample consisted of 341 persons, drawn from a community study in Kwangju, South Korea, all aged 65 or over and with scores of 24 or below on the Korean version of the Mini‐Mental State Examination. Depression (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression), vascular disease/risk (interview, examination and blood tests), and disablement were ascertained.

Results

Previous stroke was associated with depression (Odds Ratio 3.4, 95% Confidence Intervals 1.6–7.4). This association was weaker in the presence of more severe cognitive impairment and higher levels of dependency. No associations were found between depression and any other measures of vascular risk.

Conclusions

In the absence of previous stroke, a role of vascular disease/risk was not supported in the aetiology late‐life depression. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different activation dynamics in multiple neural systems during simulated driving
Authors: Calhoun Vince D. , Pekar James J. , McGinty Vince B. , Adali Tulay , Watson Todd D. , Pearlson Godfrey D.
Published: October 2002

Driving is a complex behavior that recruits multiple cognitive elements. We report on an imaging study of simulated driving that reveals multiple neural systems, each of which have different activation dynamics. The neural correlates of driving behavior are identified with fMRI and their modulation with speed is investigated. We decompose the activation into interpretable pieces using a novel, generally applicable approach, based upon independent component analysis. Some regions turn on or off, others exhibit a gradual decay, and yet others turn on transiently when starting or stopping driving. Signal in the anterior cingulate cortex, an area often associated with error monitoring and inhibition, decreases exponentially with a rate proportional to driving speed, whereas decreases in frontoparietal regions, implicated in vigilance, correlate with speed. Increases in cerebellar and occipital areas, presumably related to complex visuomotor integration, are activated during driving but not associated with driving speed. Hum. Brain Mapping 16:158–167, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correspondence of event‐related potential tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging during language processing
Authors: Vitacco Deborah , Brandeis Daniel , Pascual‐Marqui Roberto , Martin Ernst
Published: October 2002

Combining event‐related potentials (ERP) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) may provide sufficient temporal and spatial resolution to clarify the functional connectivity of neural processes, provided both methods represent the same neural networks. The current study investigates the statistical correspondence of ERP tomography and fMRI within the common activity volume and time range in a complex visual language task. The results demonstrate that both methods represent similar neural networks within the bilateral occipital gyrus, lingual gyrus, precuneus and middle frontal gyrus, and the left inferior and superior parietal lobe, middle and superior temporal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, superior frontal gyrus and precentral gyrus. The mean correspondence of both methods over subjects was significant. On an individual basis, only half of the subjects showed significantly corresponding activity patterns, suggesting that a one‐to‐one correspondence between individual fMRI activation patterns and ERP source tomographies integrated over microstates cannot be assumed in all cases. Hum. Brain Mapping 17:4–12, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heteroatoms and substituent effects: The importance of heteroatom hyperconjugation
Authors: King James F. , Li Manqing , Cheng Allan Z. , Dave Vinod
Published: October 2002

We have found that the specific rate of α‐sulfonyl carbanion formation in a β‐substituted sulfone shows a sizable dependence on the HCαCβX torsion angle. Defining kN = (kexch)X/(kexch)model (where the model has X = H or an alkyl group) we observed for a collection of β‐alkoxy sulfones (X = OR) acceptable agreement with the expression log kN = a + b cos2 θ (where a = 1.70 and b = 2.62). Extension to other β‐substituents (X = RS, R2N, and R3N+) yields the same pattern, with the last showing very large dependence of kN on the torsion angle (b = 6.3). These observations are ascribed to the presence (in addition to the inductive and field effects) of negative hyperconjugation responsible for accelerations of 1000‐fold and more, deriving from donation of the incipient negative charge on carbon into the σ*CX orbital in the transition state. These observations reflect, and at the same time underline, the importance of the low‐lying antibonding orbitals present in heteroatomic molecules. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:397–405, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10067
Synthesis of highly reactive organosulfur compounds
Authors: Okazaki Renji , Goto Kei
Published: October 2002

Application of novel bowl‐type and dendrimer‐type steric protection groups to the first synthesis of stable aromatic S‐nitrosothiols is described. These compounds showed remarkable thermal stability whereas they easily reacted with appropriate reagents. X‐ray crystallographic analysis established their structures, where the CSNO linkage adopts only the syn conformation. Synthesis of a stable sulfenic acid by taking advantage of the bowl‐type substituent is also delineated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:414–418, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10068
Chalcogenuranyl dications bearing unusual bonds and charges
Authors: Furukawa Naomichi , Sato Soichi
Published: October 2002

A sulfuranyl dication was first prepared from the corresponding tetravalent bis(2,2′‐biphenylylene)sulfurane via initial formation of the corresponding hexavalent‐persulfurane. The structure of this new dication was found to have a tetracoordinated form as determined by X‐ray crystallographic analysis as well as by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Similarly, selenurane and tellurane dication species were also detected by 1H, 13C, 77Se, and 125Te NMR spectroscopy. These chalcogenuranyl dications are the isoelectronic analogues of phosphonium salts and silanes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:406–413, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10089
Defects in G1‐S cell cycle control in head and neck cancer: A review
Authors: Michalides Rob J. A. M. , van de Brekel Michiel , Balm Fons
Published: October 2002

Tumors gradually develop as a result of a multistep acquisition of genetic alterations and ultimately emerge as selflsh, intruding and metastatic cells. The genetic defects associated with the process of tumor progression affect control of proliferation, programmed cell death, cell aging, angiogenesis, escape from immune control and metastasis. Fundamental cancer research over the last thirty years has revealed a multitude of genetic alterations which specify more or less separate steps in tumor development and which are collectively responsible for the process of tumor progression. The genes affected play in normal cells a crucial role in control over cell duplication and the interaction between cells, and between cells and their direct surrounding. This is illustrated on control during the G1/S phase of the cell cycle by its ultimate regulators: cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases. These proteins not only control the transition through the G1/S phase of the cell cycle, but also serve as mediators of the interaction between cells, and between cells and their surrounding. Defaults in the regulation of these proteins are associated with tumor progression, and, therefore, serve as targets for therapy. Defaults in those genes are found in various tumor types, although some of those prevail in particular tumor types. In this review emphasis is given to the defaults that occur in head and neck cancer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Palatal adhesion: The treatment of unilateral palatal paralysis after high vagus nerve injury
Authors: Netterville James L. , Fortune Scott , Stanziale Steve , Billante Cheryl R.
Published: October 2002

Background

Resection of skull base tumors commonly necessitates intraoperative sacrifice of lower cranial nerves at the level of the jugular foramen. Sequelae of unilateral vagus nerve loss include ipsilateral laryngeal paralysis, ipsilateral palatal and pharyngeal paralysis, and velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI) marked by hypernasal speech and nasopharyngeal reflux of liquids during swallowing.

Methods

Palatal adhesion (PA), a procedure whereby the unilaterally paralyzed palate is attached to the posterior pharyngeal wall, decreases the size of the velopharyngeal port and minimizes the symptoms. This study assessed the outcome of PA in 31 patients with VPI secondary to proximal vagus nerve injury.

Results

PA decreased postoperative nasality in 96% of patients. Nasopharyngeal reflux was significantly improved in 83%. Three patients (11%) had minor wound breakdown postoperatively, all of which healed completely with conservative management.

Conclusion

PA offers a favorable result with minimal concomitant morbidity and is recommended for patients with VPI secondary to unilateral proximal vagus nerve paralysis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 721–730, 2002
Computers in delivery of ergonomic technology for safety in the workplace: ErgoRisk©, an example
Authors: Kumar Shrawan
Published: October 2002

The computer is one of the essential tools in the delivery of ergonomic technology for achieving optimized safety at work. This article rationalizes the rightful place of computers in the hierarchy of ergonomics. Clearly, science and knowledge have the central place from which the technology flows. Harnessing discrete bits of technology into effective techniques lends us the ability to practice and apply ergonomic technology for safety. One of the most versatile and powerful media for application of these technologies is the computer. In an application sense, the computer acts as a funnel. Complex signals, involved functional relationship, and sophisticated processing using complex physiological, biomechanical, and cognitive models are systematically and accurately executed through the medium of the computer. Examples are presented to illustrate these arguments. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.