bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A unified bijective method for maps: application to two classes with boundaries
Authors: Bernardi Olivier , Fusy Eric
Published: August 2021

Based on a construction of the first author, we present a general bijection between certain decorated plane trees and certain orientations of planar maps with no counterclockwise circuit. Many natural classes of maps (e.g. Eulerian maps, simple triangulations,...) are in bijection with a subset of these orientations, and our construction restricts in a simple way on the subset. This gives a general bijective strategy for classes of maps. As a non-trivial application of our method we give the first bijective proofs for counting (rooted) simple triangulations and quadrangulations with a boundary of arbitrary size, recovering enumeration results found by Brown using Tutte's recursive method.

En nous appuyant sur une construction du premier auteur, nous donnons une bijection générale entre certains arbres décorés et certaines orientations de cartes planaires sans cycle direct. De nombreuses classes de cartes (par exemple les eulériennes, les triangulations) sont en bijection avec un sous-ensemble de ces orientations, et notre construction se spécialise de manière simple sur le sous-ensemble. Cela donne un cadre bijectif général pour traiter les familles de cartes. Comme application non-triviale de notre méthode nous donnons les premières preuves bijectives pour l'énumération des triangulations et quadrangulations simples (enracinées) ayant un bord de taille arbitraire, et retrouvons ainsi des formules de comptage trouvées par Brown en utilisant la méthode récursive de Tutte.
Bijective evaluation of the connection coefficients of the double coset algebra
Authors: Morales Alejandro H. , Vassilieva Ekaterina A.
Published: August 2021

This paper is devoted to the evaluation of the generating series of the connection coefficients of the double cosets of the hyperoctahedral group. Hanlon, Stanley, Stembridge (1992) showed that this series, indexed by a partition $ν$, gives the spectral distribution of some random matrices that are of interest in random matrix theory. We provide an explicit evaluation of this series when $ν =(n)$ in terms of monomial symmetric functions. Our development relies on an interpretation of the connection coefficients in terms of locally orientable hypermaps and a new bijective construction between partitioned locally orientable hypermaps and some permuted forests.

Cet article est dédié à l'évaluation des séries génératrices des coefficients de connexion des classes doubles (cosets) du groupe hyperoctaédral. Hanlon, Stanley, Stembridge (1992) ont montré que ces séries indexées par une partition $ν$ donnent la distribution spectrale de certaines matrices aléatoires jouant un rôle important dans la théorie des matrices aléatoires. Nous fournissons une évaluation explicite de ces séries dans le cas $ν =(n)$ en termes de monômes symétriques. Notre développement est fondé sur une interprétation des coefficients de connexion en termes d'hypercartes localement orientables et sur une nouvelle bijection entre les hypercartes localement orientables partitionnées et certaines forêts permutées.
Asymptotic distribution of entry times in a cellular automaton with annihilating particles
Authors: Kůrka Petr , Formenti Enrico , Dennunzio Alberto
Published: August 2021

This work considers a cellular automaton (CA) with two particles: a stationary particle $1$ and left-going one $\overline{1}$. When a $\overline{1}$ encounters a $1$, both particles annihilate. We derive asymptotic distribution of appearence of particles at a given site when the CA is initialized with the Bernoulli measure with the probabilities of both particles equal to $1/2$.
On Bernoulli Sums and Bernstein Polynomials
Authors: Cichoń Jacek , Gołębiewski Zbigniew
Published: August 2021

In the paper we discuss a technology based on Bernstein polynomials of asymptotic analysis of a class of binomial sums that arise in information theory. Our method gives a quick derivation of required sums and can be generalized to multinomial distributions. As an example we derive a formula for the entropy of multinomial distributions. Our method simplifies previous work of Jacquet, Szpankowski and Flajolet from 1999.
Locally Restricted Compositions IV. Nearly Free Large Parts and Gap-Freeness
Authors: Bender Edward , Canfield Rodney , Gao Zhicheng
Published: August 2021

We define the notion of $t$-free for locally restricted compositions, which means roughly that if such a composition contains a part $c_i$ and nearby parts are at least $t$ smaller, then $c_i$ can be replaced by any larger part. Two well-known examples are Carlitz and alternating compositions. We show that large parts have asymptotically geometric distributions. This leads to asymptotically independent Poisson variables for numbers of various large parts. Based on this we obtain asymptotic formulas for the probability of being gap free and for the expected values of the largest part and number distinct parts, all accurate to $o(1)$.
Data Streams as Random Permutations: the Distinct Element Problem
Authors: Helmi Ahmed , Lumbroso Jérémie , Martínez Conrado , Viola Alfredo
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we show that data streams can sometimes usefully be studied as random permutations. This simple observation allows a wealth of classical and recent results from combinatorics to be recycled, with minimal effort, as estimators for various statistics over data streams. We illustrate this by introducing RECORDINALITY, an algorithm which estimates the number of distinct elements in a stream by counting the number of $k$-records occurring in it. The algorithm has a score of interesting properties, such as providing a random sample of the set underlying the stream. To the best of our knowledge, a modified version of RECORDINALITY is the first cardinality estimation algorithm which, in the random-order model, uses neither sampling nor hashing.
Asymptotical behaviour of roots of infinite Coxeter groups I
Authors: Hohlweg Christophe , Labbé Jean-Philippe , Ripoll Vivien
Published: August 2021

Let $W$ be an infinite Coxeter group, and $\Phi$ be the root system constructed from its geometric representation. We study the set $E$ of limit points of "normalized'' roots (representing the directions of the roots). We show that $E$ is contained in the isotropic cone $Q$ of the bilinear form associated to $W$, and illustrate this property with numerous examples and pictures in rank $3$ and $4$. We also define a natural geometric action of $W$ on $E$, for which $E$ is stable. Then we exhibit a countable subset $E_2$ of $E$, formed by limit points for the dihedral reflection subgroups of $W$; we explain how $E_2$ can be built from the intersection with $Q$ of the lines passing through two roots, and we establish that $E_2$ is dense in $E$.

Soit $W$ un groupe de Coxeter infini, et $\Phi$ le système de racines construit à partir de sa représentation géométrique. Nous étudions l'ensemble $E$ des points d'accumulation des racines "normalisées'' (représentant les directions des racines). Nous montrons que $E$ est inclus dans le cône isotrope $Q$ de la forme bilinéaire associée à $W$, et nous illustrons cette propriété à l'aide de nombreux exemples et images en rang $3$ et $4$. Nous définissons une action géométrique naturelle de $W$ sur $E$, pour laquelle $E$ est stable. Puis nous présentons un sous-ensemble dénombrable $E_2$ de $E$, constitué des points d'accumulation associés aux sous-groupes de réflexion diédraux de $W$ ; nous expliquons comment $E$ peut être construit à partir des points d'intersection de $Q$ avec les droites passant par deux racines, et nous montrons que $E_2$ est dense dans $E$.
Track Layouts of Graphs
Authors: Dujmović Vida , Pór Attila , Wood David R.
Published: August 2021

A \emph(k,t)-track layout of a graph G consists of a (proper) vertex t-colouring of G, a total order of each vertex colour class, and a (non-proper) edge k-colouring such that between each pair of colour classes no two monochromatic edges cross. This structure has recently arisen in the study of three-dimensional graph drawings. This paper presents the beginnings of a theory of track layouts. First we determine the maximum number of edges in a (k,t)-track layout, and show how to colour the edges given fixed linear orderings of the vertex colour classes. We then describe methods for the manipulation of track layouts. For example, we show how to decrease the number of edge colours in a track layout at the expense of increasing the number of tracks, and vice versa. We then study the relationship between track layouts and other models of graph layout, namely stack and queue layouts, and geometric thickness. One of our principle results is that the queue-number and track-number of a graph are tied, in the sense that one is bounded by a function of the other. As corollaries we prove that acyclic chromatic number is bounded by both queue-number and stack-number. Finally we consider track layouts of planar graphs. While it is an open problem whether planar graphs have bounded track-number, we prove bounds on the track-number of outerplanar graphs, and give the best known lower bound on the track-number of planar graphs.\
An upper bound for the chromatic number of line graphs
Authors: King Andrew D. , Reed Bruce A. , Vetta Adrian R.
Published: August 2021

It was conjectured by Reed [reed98conjecture] that for any graph $G$, the graph's chromatic number $χ (G)$ is bounded above by $\lceil Δ (G) +1 + ω (G) / 2\rceil$ , where $Δ (G)$ and $ω (G)$ are the maximum degree and clique number of $G$, respectively. In this paper we prove that this bound holds if $G$ is the line graph of a multigraph. The proof yields a polynomial time algorithm that takes a line graph $G$ and produces a colouring that achieves our bound.
Improper colouring of (random) unit disk graphs
Authors: Kang Ross J. , Müller Tobias , Sereni Jean-Sébastien
Published: August 2021

For any graph $G$, the $k$-improper chromatic number $χ ^k(G)$ is the smallest number of colours used in a colouring of $G$ such that each colour class induces a subgraph of maximum degree $k$. We investigate the ratio of the $k$-improper chromatic number to the clique number for unit disk graphs and random unit disk graphs to extend results of [McRe99, McD03] (where they considered only proper colouring).
Directed One-Trees
Authors: Evans William , Safari Mohammad Ali
Published: August 2021

We identify the class of directed one-trees and prove the so-called min-max theorem for them. As a consequence, we establish the equality of directed tree-width and a new measure, $d$-width, on this class of graphs. In addition, we prove a property of all directed one-trees and use this property to create an $O(n^2)$ recognition algorithm and an $O(n^2)$ algorithm for solving the Hamiltonian cycle problem on directed one-trees.
HyperLogLog: the analysis of a near-optimal cardinality estimation algorithm
Authors: Flajolet Philippe , Fusy Éric , Gandouet Olivier , Meunier Frédéric
Published: August 2021

This extended abstract describes and analyses a near-optimal probabilistic algorithm, HYPERLOGLOG, dedicated to estimating the number of \emphdistinct elements (the cardinality) of very large data ensembles. Using an auxiliary memory of m units (typically, "short bytes''), HYPERLOGLOG performs a single pass over the data and produces an estimate of the cardinality such that the relative accuracy (the standard error) is typically about $1.04/\sqrt{m}$. This improves on the best previously known cardinality estimator, LOGLOG, whose accuracy can be matched by consuming only 64% of the original memory. For instance, the new algorithm makes it possible to estimate cardinalities well beyond $10^9$ with a typical accuracy of 2% while using a memory of only 1.5 kilobytes. The algorithm parallelizes optimally and adapts to the sliding window model.
Degree distribution in random planar graphs
Authors: Drmota Michael , Gimenez Omer , Noy Marc
Published: August 2021

We prove that for each $k \geq 0$, the probability that a root vertex in a random planar graph has degree $k$ tends to a computable constant $d_k$, and moreover that $\sum_k d_k =1$. The proof uses the tools developed by Gimènez and Noy in their solution to the problem of the asymptotic enumeration of planar graphs, and is based on a detailed analysis of the generating functions involved in counting planar graphs. However, in order to keep track of the degree of the root, new technical difficulties arise. We obtain explicit, although quite involved expressions, for the coefficients in the singular expansions of interest, which allow us to use transfer theorems in order to get an explicit expression for the probability generating function $p(w)=\sum_k d_k w^k$. From the explicit expression for $p(w)$ we can compute the $d_k$ to any degree of accuracy, and derive asymptotic estimates for large values of $k$.
Classification of bijections between 321- and 132-avoiding permutations
Authors: Claesson Anders , Kitaev Sergey
Published: August 2021

It is well-known, and was first established by Knuth in 1969, that the number of 321-avoiding permutations is equal to that of 132-avoiding permutations. In the literature one can find many subsequent bijective proofs confirming this fact. It turns out that some of the published bijections can easily be obtained from others. In this paper we describe all bijections we were able to find in the literature and we show how they are related to each other (via "trivial'' bijections). Thus, we give a comprehensive survey and a systematic analysis of these bijections. We also analyze how many permutation statistics (from a fixed, but large, set of statistics) each of the known bijections preserves, obtaining substantial extensions of known results. We also give a recursive description of the algorithmic bijection given by Richards in 1988 (combined with a bijection by Knuth from 1969). This bijection is equivalent to the celebrated bijection of Simion and Schmidt (1985), as well as to the bijection given by Krattenthaler in 2001, and it respects 11 statistics (the largest number of statistics any of the bijections respect).
Minimal Factorizations of Permutations into Star Transpositions
Authors: Irving J. , Rattan A.
Published: August 2021

We give a compact expression for the number of factorizations of any permutation into a minimal number of transpositions of the form $(1 i)$. Our result generalizes earlier work of Pak ($\textit{Reduced decompositions of permutations in terms of star transpositions, generalized catalan numbers and k-ary trees}$, Discrete Math. $\textbf{204}$:329―335, 1999) in which substantial restrictions were placed on the permutation being factored.

Nous présentons une expression compacte pour le nombre de factorisations minimales d'une permutation arbitraire de transposition de la forme $(1 i)$. Ce résultat généralise le travail passé de Pak ($\textit{Reduced decompositions of permutations in terms of star transpositions, generalized catalan numbers and k-ary trees}$, Discrete Math. $\textbf{204}$:329―335, 1999) dans lequel des restrictions substantielles sont imposées sur la permutation étant factorisée.
A perimeter enumeration of column-convex polyominoes
Authors: Feretić Svjetlan
Published: August 2021

Combinatorics

This work is concerned with the perimeter enumeration of column-convex polyominoes. We consider both the rectangular lattice and the hexagonal lattice. For the rectangular lattice, two formulas for the generating function (gf) already exist and, to all appearances, neither of them admits of a further simplification. We first rederive those two formulas (so as to make the paper self-contained), and then we enrich the rectangular lattice gf with some additional variables. That done, we make a change of variables, which (practically) produces the hexagonal lattice gf. This latter gf was first found by Lin and Wu in 1990. However, our present formula, in addition to having a simpler form, also allows a substantially easier Taylor series expansion. As to the methods, our one is descended from algebraic languages, whereas Lin and Wu used the Temperley methodology.
Bounded-degree graphs have arbitrarily large queue-number
Authors: Wood David R.
Published: August 2021

Graphs and Algorithms

It is proved that there exist graphs of bounded degree with arbitrarily large queue-number. In particular, for all \Delta ≥ 3 and for all sufﬁciently large n, there is a simple \Delta-regular n-vertex graph with queue-number at least c√\Delta_n^{1/2-1/\Delta} for some absolute constant c.
Independent sets in (P₆, diamond)-free graphs
Authors: Mosca Raffaele
Published: August 2021

Graphs and Algorithms

We prove that on the class of (P6,diamond)-free graphs the Maximum-Weight Independent Set problem and the Minimum-Weight Independent Dominating Set problem can be solved in polynomial time.
On the Book Thickness of k-Trees
Authors: Dujmović Vida , Wood David R.
Published: August 2021

Graphs and Algorithms

Every k-tree has book thickness at most k + 1, and this bound is best possible for all k \textgreater= 3. Vandenbussche et al. [SIAM J. Discrete Math., 2009] proved that every k-tree that has a smooth degree-3 tree decomposition with width k has book thickness at most k. We prove this result is best possible for k \textgreater= 4, by constructing a k-tree with book thickness k + 1 that has a smooth degree-4 tree decomposition with width k. This solves an open problem of Vandenbussche et al.
On quadratic threshold CSPs
Authors: Austrin Per , Benabbas Siavosh , Magen Avner
Published: August 2021

Discrete Algorithms

A predicate P: {-1, 1}k →{0, 1} can be associated with a constraint satisfaction problem Max CSP(P). P is called ''approximation resistant'' if Max CSP(P) cannot be approximated better than the approximation obtained by choosing a random assignment, and ''approximable'' otherwise. This classification of predicates has proved to be an important and challenging open problem. Motivated by a recent result of Austrin and Mossel (Computational Complexity, 2009), we consider a natural subclass of predicates defined by signs of quadratic polynomials, including the special case of predicates defined by signs of linear forms, and supply algorithms to approximate them as follows. In the quadratic case we prove that every symmetric predicate is approximable. We introduce a new rounding algorithm for the standard semidefinite programming relaxation of Max CSP(P) for any predicate P: {-1, 1}k →{0, 1} and analyze its approximation ratio. Our rounding scheme operates by first manipulating the optimal SDP solution so that all the vectors are nearly perpendicular and then applying a form of hyperplane rounding to obtain an integral solution. The advantage of this method is that we are able to analyze the behaviour of a set of k rounded variables together as opposed to just a pair of rounded variables in most previous methods. In the linear case we prove that a predicate called ''Monarchy'' is approximable. This predicate is not amenable to our algorithm for the quadratic case, nor to other LP/SDP-based approaches we are aware of.
Minimal factorizations of a cycle: a multivariate generating function
Authors: Biane Philippe , Josuat-Vergès Matthieu
Published: August 2021

It is known that the number of minimal factorizations of the long cycle in the symmetric group into a product of k cycles of given lengths has a very simple formula: it is nk−1 where n is the rank of the underlying symmetric group and k is the number of factors. In particular, this is nn−2 for transposition factorizations. The goal of this work is to prove a multivariate generalization of this result. As a byproduct, we get a multivariate analog of Postnikov's hook length formula for trees, and a refined enumeration of final chains of noncrossing partitions.
A generic method for the enumeration of various classes of directed polycubes
Authors: Champarnaud Jean-Marc , Dubernard Jean-Philippe , Jeanne Hadrien
Published: August 2021

Combinatorics

Following the track of polyominoes, in particular the column-by-column construction of Temperley and its interpretation in terms of functional equations due to Bousquet-Mélou, we introduce a generic method for the enumeration of classes of directed polycubes the strata of which satisfy some property P. This method is applied to the enumeration of two new families of polycubes, the s-directed polycubes and the vertically-convex s-directed polycubes, with respect to width and volume. The case of non-directed polycubes is also studied and it is shown that the generic method can be applied in this case too. Finally the general case of d-dimensional polycubes, with d≥4, is investigated, and the generic method is extended in order to handle the enumeration of classes of directed d-polycubes.
List circular backbone colouring
Authors: Havet Frederic , King Andrew D.
Published: August 2021

A natural generalization of graph colouring involves taking colours from a metric space and insisting that the endpoints of an edge receive colours separated by a minimum distance dictated by properties of the edge. In the q-backbone colouring problem, these minimum distances are either q or 1, depending on whether or not the edge is in the backbone. In this paper we consider the list version of this problem, with particular focus on colours in ℤp - this problem is closely related to the problem of circular choosability. We first prove that the list circular q-backbone chromatic number of a graph is bounded by a function of the list chromatic number. We then consider the more general problem in which each edge is assigned an individual distance between its endpoints, and provide bounds using the Combinatorial Nullstellensatz. Through this result and through structural approaches, we achieve good bounds when both the graph and the backbone belong to restricted families of graphs.
Qualitative Virtual Team Research as Training Method in a Postgraduate Program in Administration
Authors: Matitz Queila , Fernandes Camilla , Contani Andre , Zanoni Beatriz , Budach Rafael , Radael Weber , Santos Joyce , Frohlich Samantha , Carvalho Ana
Published: August 2021

This study is a retrospective review of methodological strategies employed during a virtual team-based training qualitative study about the emergent process of adapting to remote education among students and professors from a Master Management Program. The aim of this study was to test the technique of collaborative research as an educational and training strategy for Ph.D. students of management who are inexperienced in qualitative inductive research carried out in a virtual environment. A professor and eight Ph.D. students formed the research team and applied a qualitative inductive approach. As a result, 18 methodological steps emerged, which required just over one hundred hours of work. We describe advantages and challenges faced during the process, including greater credibility and validity for the results, technical and interactional difficulties of the virtual research environment, and difficulty reaching consensus in the data analysis stage. The findings also highlight the importance of coordination, active participation, and continuous assessment as Ph.D. educational and teaching strategies. Qualitative Virtual Team Research has proved to be a potential training tool for beginning researchers. We also contribute to the body of research on Ph.D. education and teaching by detailing the procedures used to coordinate the project and clarifying details regarding the strategies used to reach consensus in data analysis development.
ACCELERATION OF ELECTRON BUNCHES USING PERIODIC DIELECTRIC STRUCTURES WITH AND WITHOUT COATING
Authors: Vasyliev A.V. , Bolshov A.O. , Galaydych K.V. , Povrozin A.I. , Sotnikov G.V.
Published: August 2021

The numerical studies of high acceleration gradients obtaining for the dielectric laser accelerators (DLA) based on-chip structures with one-sided laser excitation at a wavelength of 800 nm are presented. The electron flight heights of 200 and 400 nm over a structure are presented. The influence of the geometric parameters of the structures on the acceleration gradients was also investigated. A study of changes in the acceleration gradients of structures, when applying a gold coating on these types of structures, has been carried out.
ENERGY LOSSES OF A POINT MAGNETIC DIPOLE DUE TO INTERACTION WITH A MAGNETIZED PLASMA CYLINDER
Authors: Averkov Yu.O. , Prokopenko Yu.V. , Shmat’ko A.A. , Yakovenko V.M.
Published: August 2021

In this work, the excitation problem of bulk-surface helicons by a point magnetic dipole moving in a vacuum parallel to the element of magnetized solid-state plasma cylinder is theoretically studied. The external magnetic field is directed parallel to the cylinder axis. The problem is solved in the magnetostatic approximation. It is shown that hybrid modes of the magnetic type with large values of the azimuthal mode index and one field variation along the radius are most efficiently excited at nonrelativistic velocities of magnetic dipole.
IMPACT OF CORONA DISCHARGE ON SERRATIA MARCESCENS AND PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE INACTIVATION
Authors: Nedybaliuk O.A. , Kot N.S. , Kharina A.V. , Fedirchyk I.I.
Published: August 2021

This work investigates the influence of corona discharge working in different treatment modes on the Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas syringae bacteria cultures. The current-voltage characteristics of the discharge were measured in the 4…50 μA current range. The typical current and voltage oscillograms of corona discharge were measured when the pin’s point was near the water surface. Several treatment modes were discovered, which allowed to destroy or decrease the quantity of Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas syringae bacteria by several orders of magnitude using 0.3 W corona discharge. The absorption spectra of the distilled water treated by the corona discharge were measured.
MODIFICATION AND ALLOYING EFFECTS IN EUROFER STEEL UNDER POWERFUL PULSED PLASMA IMPACTS
Authors: Byrka O.V. , Herashchenko S.S. , Makhlai V.A. , Aksenov N.N. , Garkusha I.E. , Marchenko H.K. , Chunadra А.G. , Sereda К.N. , Malykhin S.V. , Surovitskiy S.V.
Published: August 2021

Experimental studies of surface modification of Eurofer samples have been performed with a quasi-stationary plasma accelerator QSPA Kh-50. The heat load on the surface was near the tungsten melting threshold (i.e. about 0.6 MJ/m2). The plasma streams exposures result in modification of steel-based materials and formation of cellular submicron structures in re-solidified layers. Phase characterized by body-centered cubic lattice appeared due to recrystallization of affected material.
Ab initio study of mechanical, phonon and electronic Properties of cubic zinc-blende structure of ZnO
Authors: Chibueze TC
Published: August 2021

The search for functional materials in opto-electronic devices is a major aspect of material research in contemporary times and a meta-stable structure of ZnO has been proposed as one such relevant materials. Herein the elastic constants, lattice dynamical and electronic properties of the cubic zinc-blende ZnO (ZB-ZnO) were studied at ambient pressure using the density functional theory method within the generalized gradient approximation. The result shows that ZB-ZnO is mechanically and dynamically stable, ductile and a direct band gap semiconductor and is very promising for opto-electronic applications. The results are in fair agreement with the available data in the literature.
Activities of Pancreatic Enzymes and Anthropometric Indices in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Attending Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi, South Eastern, Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Human Biochemistry, Ezeugwunne Ifeoma Priscilla ,   College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria.
Published: August 2021

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes, having high blood glucose, reduced insulin secretion and / or inadequate glucagon secretion. The study is to assess the activities of pancreatic enzymes and anthropometric indices. 81 participants comprised 38 diabetic and 43 control were randomly recruited. Informed, oral and written consent was obtained from the participants. Ethical approval was obtained.6mls of fasting blood samples were collected. Plasma glucose; amylase and lipase activities were analyzed using standard laboratory methods. Body mass index (BMI) of participant was determined from height and weight. The results showed significantly increased plasma glucose level in the diabetic participants than in control at p=0.000 and in male diabetics than in female diabetics at p=0.048 in each case. But the activities of lipase, amylase, the mean age and BMI level were the same in both diabetic and control groups at p>0.05 respectively. BMI level, lipase and amylase activities were the same in both genders (p>0.05). Stronger positive correlation exist between Weight Vs BMI (r=0.834; p=0.000), followed by Lipase Vs Amylase (r=0.767; p=0.000), least between Age Vs BMI (r=0.353; p=0.022) but weaker negative associations exist between Height Vs BMI (r=-0.490; p=0.001) and Weight Vs FBS (r=-0.325; p=0.036) in the diabetic subjects. The significant higher level of blood glucose; stronger positive correlation between Lipase and Amylase; Weight and BMI may likely revealed pancreatic exocrine function abnormality in diabetes mellitus type 2.
Exploring the determinants of delayed diagnosis of breast cancer in the female population of Punjab (Pakistan)
Authors: Farooqi Samina , Kausar Samina , Bibi Kalsoom , Aziz Zunaira , Rehmat Tahira
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective: To explore the factors contributing to late diagnosis of breast cancer in female population of Punjab, Pakistan.

Methodology: Descriptive qualitative study with phenomenological approach was used. The study was carried out in University of Health Sciences, Lahore in collaboration with breast cancer clinics/departments of the Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore and Mayo Hospital Lahore. 15 Females diagnosed more than 4 months after appearance of symptoms of breast cancer were recruited using purposive sampling until saturation of data. Data collected through in depth semi structured face to face interviews was tape-recorded, transcribed and then analysed using thematic analysis framework method.

Results: Personal/psychological factors, Sociocultural and Health care system related factors were identified as main themes emerged from data. Lack of knowledge, religious believes, use of Alternative medicine, socioeconomic status cultural myths and poorly facilitated health care facility were the most influential determinants of delay among breast cancer patients.

Conclusion: Diagnosis delay is very significant health problem in women with breast cancer linked with multiple determinants. However, educating women for recognition of symptoms and reinforcement to pursue for earlier medical consultation will be helpful in reducing breast cancer diagnosis delay in the country.

Key terms: Breast Cancer, Metastasis, Delayed Diagnosis, Prognosis, Advance Stage.
Green and blue infrastucture to regulate thermal comfort in high density city planning. A case of Navi Mumbai, India
Authors:   School of Planning and Architecture Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, Ramamurthy Adinarayanane ,   India, Roy Anusha ,   School of Planning and Architecture Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh; India
Published: August 2021

Cities create an environment that is clearly distinct from their surrounding areas. Urban structures alter the surface energy budget, modify the vertical profile of various atmospheric properties, interact with both local and regional circulation, and introduce anthropogenic heat. As a result, the climate conditions in the urban environment significantly differ from their rural system. Sustainability in planning is a topic of high interest among urban planners, urbanist and policy makers yet lack of scientific knowledge in the field leads to low impact in evolving urban planning decisions. Urban climatic map, as a tool provides a visual and spatial information platform using Geographic Information System (GIS). Increase in vegetation and water surfaces, known as green and blue infrastructure (GBI), is of particular interest due to their multiple functionality and benefits for the urban environment, such as increasing urban biodiversity and improving air quality in case of urban vegetation. The urban climatic, environmental and planning parameters, as well as their impact, are considered to synthesize and comprehensively evaluate the physical urban environment with regard to thermal load and dynamic potential. The parameters considered to evaluate Thermal load include: Topography; Population Density; Land Surface Temperature; Air Temperature and Dynamic potential are: Normalized difference Built up Index; Normalized difference Vegetation Index; Normalized difference Water Index and Prevailing Wind of the study region. Study concludes with planning decisions to develop urban climatology-based map for GBI to enhance cooling effects and thereby undertaking measures to regulate thermal comfort in the city through green and blue infrastructure.
Presenting the Prospects for Ropeway Implementation as a Public Transport Mode, the Case of Moscow
Authors:   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Borisov Andrew
Published: August 2021

Modern technological advances in transport engineering and transport construction expand tools available to a transport planner: previously considered purely niche, “exotic” transit modes begin claiming to be full-fledged urban public transport varieties. One of those are aerial ropeways. The paper analyses international experience of this technology as a mass transit component used in urban environments. We suggest factors can influence decision making in favour of aerial cableways as a form of public transport. Within the proposed methodology, we identify pairs of adjacent districts where cableways could be sufficient as an element of an intermodal transit system.
Towards a New Paradigm in City Branding and Marketing
Authors:   Urban Planning Department, Alraouf Ali ,   Qatar
Published: August 2021

In rentier countries around the Gulf, a paradigm shift is certainly happening. Gulf States resorted to branding strategies which would secure a global recognition for their cities. The paper analyzes the effectiveness of tools used in Doha, the capital city of Qatar to create its own identity within the Gulf States and the rest of the Middle East. The analyzed tools will include City Uniqueness, Quality of Public Spaces, Signature Architecture, Events, Festivals, Cultural Tourism and Facilities. One of the main strategies used in Doha to articulate its brand is enhancing the ability of the city to host global Events, Festivals, and international sports. Competitions and cultural Carnivals. The research illustrates the use of Interesting Architecture, Cultural Facilities, Unique streets, Public parks, City natural and man-made Uniqueness as a City Marketing and Positive Branding Tools. The paper investigates crucial questions including the impact of the digital paradigm on the competitiveness of cities? How to regionally and globally market a city? What are the sustainable and resilient strategies for branding contemporary city? The paper also articulates a model for the case of Doha city banding and marketing which is based on a balanced approach. Such an approach would consider traditional assets including history and heritage. Also, it will include contemporary and innovative assets resulted from the last decade unprecedented investments in the sectors of education, research, culture and knowledge. Hence, the paper suggests a more holistic approach to city branding which would balance between social equity, economic prospertiy and ecological intergrity.
Smart signals in heterogeneous traffic conditions
Authors:   Xavier Centre for Urban Management and Governance, Bhubaneswar, Dubey Mayank ,   India
Published: August 2021

Major urban corridors in Indian cities are carrying significantly high traffic leading to near saturated conditions for extended peak hours. As mixed landuse and major trip attracting/generating establishments are generally observed to be located along such corridors for better accessibility, significant side friction is also observed along these corridors. Among various measures to improve the throughput along such corridors, signalized intersections seem to be the most preferred intervention for intersection control. Although frequent occurrence of such traffic signals and non-coordinated signal phases have in turn made the whole situation more complex. To overcome this challenge, variations of smart signals are being proposed by technology and traffic enterprises globally. Generally, smart interventions in operation of signalised intersections require communication among vehicles and control system through various sensors and applications of Intelligent transport services (ITS). Smart signal operations require the sensors grouted in pavement or attached with camera to share the relevant data in real time basis with central command and control centre. With adaptive signal operations, it is attempted to schedule signal phases in such a way that green phase of every cycle generally experiences near saturated flow conditions. The smart cities mission (SCM) of India, covering around 100 cities also focuses upon improving the urban mobility through various measures including smart signals. Some of the popular proposals relating to smart operation of signalised intersection across shortlisted smart cities include adaptive and coordinated traffic signals. It is understood that traffic signal optimization is not a one-time action but rather a continuous process, as data archiving, data crunching, research and adaptations are indispensable for its success. As the geometry, location and setting of each intersection in every network is bound to be unique, the optimization process needs to consider the same. The literature and case study of Indian city Bhubaneswar (ranked first in nationwide smart city challenge) revealed that challenges specific to Indian driving conditions are major cause of worry for yielding stated benefits of smart signals. Factors like varying hierarchy and functions along major arterial corridors, fluctuating carriageway width and quality, considerable side friction within right of way, heterogeneity in vehicular mix, significant variation in peak hour directional flows leading to tidal flow, surrounding network characteristics and efficacy of optimisation techniques are responsible for limited rewards out of the whole process. The study reflects upon these challenges and concludes with recommendations to improve the performance of signalized intersections along corridors with heterogeneous traffic conditions.
Making TOD implementable in Indian cities. From Theory to Practice
Authors:   NIUA, Nair Jyoti Vijayan ,   India
Published: August 2021

India’s staggering economic growth in the past decade and the unpredecented rate of ubanisation call for solutions that go beyond the paradigm of traditional planning. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is widely acknowledged as the solution to sprawl, longer commute distances and carbon emissions– problems that are typical of rapidly urbanising economies. However, TOD has largely been a buzzword in Indian policy documents for over a decade, as the country still awaits its first fully implemented TOD project. This paper studies three key TOD proposals in the megacities of Delhi, Mumbai and Ahmedabad and aims to examine their approaches for want of an effective framework to evaluate the feasibility of TODs across the country
Spatial planning and design for food security. Building Positive Rural-urban Linkages
Authors:   S.P.A. New Delhi, Talluri Aishwarya ,   India
Published: August 2021

Food is vital for human survival. Food has had a significant impact on our built environment since the beginning of human life. The process of feeding oneself was most people’s primary job for the greater part of human history. Urban Migration moved people away from rural and natural landscapes on which they had been dependent for food and other amenities for centuries.1 Emergence of the cities leads to a new paradigm where the consumers get their food from rural hinterland where the main production of food products happens2 . In a globalized world with an unprecedented on-going process of urbanization, There is an ever reducing clarity between urban and rural, the paper argues that the category of the urban & rural as a spatial and morphological descriptor has to be reformulated, calling for refreshing, innovating and formulating the way in which urban and rural resource flows happen. India is projected to be more than 50% urban by 2050 (currently 29%). The next phase of economic and social development will be focused on urbanization of its rural areas. This 50 %, which will impact millions of people, will not come from cities, but from the growth of rural towns and small cities. Urbanization is accelerated through Government schemes such as JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission ) , PMAY (Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana), 100 smart cities challenge, Rurban Mission are formulated with developmental mindset. The current notions of ‘development’ are increasing travel distances, fuels consumption, food imports, deterioration of biodiversity, pollution, temperatures, cost of living. The enormity of the issue is realized when the cumulative effect of all cities is addressed. Urban biased development becomes an ignorant choice, causing the death of rural and deterioration of ecological assets. Most people live in places that are distant from production fields have been observed as an increasing trend. Physical separation of people from food production has resulted in a degree of indifference about where and how food is produced, making food a de-contextualized market product as said by Halweil, 20023 . The resulting Psychological separation of people from the food supply and the impacts this may have on long term sustainability of food systems. Methodology : . Sharing the learning about planning for food security through Field surveys, secondary and tertiary sources. Based on the study following parameters : 1. Regional system of water 2. Landforms 3. Soil type 4. Transportation networks 5. Historical evolution 6. Urban influences A case study of Delhi, India, as a site to study a scenario that can be an alternative development model for the peri-urban regions of the city. To use the understanding of spatial development and planning to formulate guidelines for sustainable development of a region that would foster food security.
Methods of Using Programmed Means to Organize Practical Training for Improving the Professional Skills of Future Teachers of Fine Arts
Authors: Samadovich Azimov Sanjar
Published: August 2021

The combination of theoretical and practical knowledge in the professional training of future teachers of fine arts, the importance of theoretical and practical exercises in the subject of Composition. The theoretical basis for improving the professional training of future teachers of fine arts is systematically analyzed in the article.

The didactic possibilities of further increasing the scientific motivation of students through the use of software means in the educational process were studied.

To form the virtual practical training in the teaching of the subject "Composition" in the direction of education 5110800-Fine Arts and Engineering Graphics in higher education, to develop the methodological recommendations for its use, are pedagogically based.

Methodology for developing a programmed, electronic educational-methodical complex on the subject of "Composition" which covers (introduction, normative documents, lectures, practical classes, self-study topics, presentations, animations, programmed control test, keywords and terms, used literature, information about the authors) is recommended.

Thoughts about the actual tasks of the development of the educational system in increasing the efficiency of the acquisition of the subject “Composition” are stated.
Las Competencias para la docencia en Matemáticas desde la perspectiva de la Didáctica Profesional
Authors: De Sousa Renata Teófilo , Azevedo Italândia Ferreira de , Cidrão Georgyana Gomes , Alves Francisco Régis Vieira
Published: August 2021

La Didáctica Profesional (DP) es una vertiente francesa que tiene como objetivo desarrollar el aprendizaje de adultos y la formación de competencias profesionales basadas en el análisis del puesto de trabajo. En base a esto, este trabajo tiene como objetivo plantear los conceptos de competencias profesionales marcados por el DP, dirigido al docente de matemáticas, a partir de una investigación realizada en Brasil. Para su realización se eligió la investigación bibliográfica por su característica de estudiar materiales ya elaborados y publicados. Así, se realizó un relevamiento de trabajos que abordaron la tríada – Didáctica profesional, competencia profesional y formación de profesores de Matemáticas –, para comprender la relación entre ellos y cómo se vincula el concepto de competencia al docente. Los resultados traen seis trabajos que exploran los temas mencionados en conjunto, siguiendo la misma propuesta de Didáctica Profesional. Finalmente, se concluye que esta es una discusión moderna en Brasil, que requiere mayor estudio y aportes de investigadores en el campo de la Educación Matemática.
INTENSIFICATION OF THE MELANOIDIN FORMATION REACTION IN THE PRODUCTION OF SWEET BOILED CANNED MILK
Authors: Sokolovskaya L. , Soroko O. , Miklukh I. , Bespalova E.
Published: August 2021

The article gives empirical grounding of reducing the melanoidins formation process duration at high-temperature processing of sweet canned milk due to the use of enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose. In sweet canned milk samples with hydrolyzed lactose there was a more intensive decrease in active acidity and an increase in oxidation-reduction potential and obviously a change in milk color within a short period of time by contrast to milk with not hydrolyzed lactose. Lactose disaccharide splitting to (38±2)% allows to reduce the duration of high-temperature processing average by 40% at

traditionally applied prossing temperature of (105±5) °C, and reduce the sucrose content in the finished product by 3–8%. The use of fructose in order to accelerate the process of cooking whole condensed milk is not rational.
INVESTIGATION OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL ADJUVANT INGREDIENTS INFLUENCE FROM THE PRODUCTION OF FERMENTED MILK DRINKS ON THE GROWTH OF THE LACTOBACILLUS DELBRUECKII SUBSP. LACTIS CULTURES
Authors: Ramanovich N. , Krauchanka N. , Vasylenko S. , Zhabanos N. , Furik N.
Published: August 2021

We analyzed the change in the active acidity of whole pasteurized milk during its fermentation by the bacteria Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis

at different temperatures. We have studied the effect of technological adjuvant ingredients (sucrose, carob gum) used for the production of fermented milk drinks on the acid-forming activity of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis, when added them in various concentrations to pasteurized whole milk.
INVESTIGATION OF PRODUCTION-VALUABLE AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF LEUCONOSTOCS FROM THE REPUBLICAN COLLECTION OF INDUSTRIAL STRAINS OF STARTER CULTURES AND THEIR BACTERIOPHAGES
Authors: Yudina Yu. , Vasylenko S. , Zhabanos N. , Furyk N.
Published: August 2021

We investigated the industrial important properties of leuconostocs that make them possible to use it in starter cultures for the dairy industry (fermented and gas-forming activities, resistance for NaCl, pH, sensitivity to bacteriophages, antagonistic

activity against coliform bacteria). We have

developed the nutritional medium for their cultivation with the justification of the carbohydrate component and identified cultivation temperature of microorganisms.