bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scaling, similarity, and the fourth paradigm for hydrology
Authors: Peters-Lidard Christa D. , Clark Martyn , Samaniego Luis , Verhoest Niko E. C. , van Emmerik Tim , Uijlenhoet Remko , Achieng Kevin , Franz Trenton E. , Woods Ross
Published: July 2017

Abstract. In this synthesis paper addressing hydrologic scaling and similarity, we posit that roadblocks in the search for universal laws of hydrology are hindered by our focus on computational simulation (the third paradigm) and assert that it is time for hydrology to embrace a fourth paradigm of data-intensive science. Advances in information-based hydrologic science, coupled with an explosion of hydrologic data and advances in parameter estimation and modeling, have laid the foundation for a data-driven framework for scrutinizing hydrological scaling and similarity hypotheses. We summarize important scaling and similarity concepts (hypotheses) that require testing; describe a mutual information framework for testing these hypotheses; describe boundary condition, state, flux, and parameter data requirements across scales to support testing these hypotheses; and discuss some challenges to overcome while pursuing the fourth hydrological paradigm. We call upon the hydrologic sciences community to develop a focused effort towards adopting the fourth paradigm and apply this to outstanding challenges in scaling and similarity.
Review Article: A comparison of flood and earthquake vulnerability assessment indicators
Authors: de Ruiter Marleen C. , Ward Philip J. , Daniell James E. , Aerts Jeroen C. J. H.
Published: July 2017

Abstract. In a cross-disciplinary study, we carried out an extensive literature review to increase understanding of vulnerability indicators used in the disciplines of earthquake- and flood vulnerability assessments. We provide insights into potential improvements in both fields by identifying and comparing quantitative vulnerability indicators grouped into physical and social categories. Next, a selection of index- and curve-based vulnerability models that use these indicators are described, comparing several characteristics such as temporal and spatial aspects. Earthquake vulnerability methods traditionally have a strong focus on object-based physical attributes used in vulnerability curve-based models, while flood vulnerability studies focus more on indicators applied to aggregated land-use classes in curve-based models. In assessing the differences and similarities between indicators used in earthquake and flood vulnerability models, we only include models that separately assess either of the two hazard types. Flood vulnerability studies could be improved using approaches from earthquake studies, such as developing object-based physical vulnerability curve assessments and incorporating time-of-the-day-based building occupation patterns. Likewise, earthquake assessments could learn from flood studies by refining their selection of social vulnerability indicators. Based on the lessons obtained in this study, we recommend future studies for exploring risk assessment methodologies across different hazard types.
Pre-seismic Thermal Anomalies from Satellite Observations: A
Review
Authors: Jiao Zhong-Hu , Zhao Jing , Shan Xinjian
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Detecting thermal anomalies prior to strong earthquakes is a key in understanding and forecasting earthquake activities because of its recognition of thermal radiation-related phenomena in seismic preparation phases. Data from satellite observations serve as a powerful tool in monitoring earthquake preparation areas at a global scale and in a nearly real-time manner. Over the past several decades, many new different data sources have been utilized in this field, and progressive anomaly detection approaches have been developed. This paper dedicatedly reviews the progress and development of pre-seismic thermal anomaly detection technology in this decade. First, precursor parameters, including parameters from the top of the atmosphere, in the atmosphere, and on the Earth’s surface, are discussed. Second, different anomaly detection methods, which are used to extract thermal anomalous signals that probably indicate future seismic events, are presented. Finally, certain critical problems with the current research are highlighted, and new developing trends and perspectives for future work are discussed. The development of Earth observation satellites and anomaly detection algorithms can enrich available information sources, provide advanced tools for multilevel earthquake monitoring and improve short- and medium-term forecasting, which should play a large and growing role in pre-seismic thermal anomaly research.
Regularization destriping of remote sensing imagery
Authors: Basnayake Ranil , Bollt Erik , Tufillaro Nicholas , Sun Jie , Gierach Michelle
Published: July 2017

Abstract. We illustrate the utility of variational destriping for ocean color images from both multispectral and hyperspectral sensors. In particular, we examine data from a filter spectrometer, the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the Suomi National Polar Partnership (NPP) orbiter, and an airborne grating spectrometer, the Jet Population Laboratory's (JPL) hyperspectral Portable Remote Imaging Spectrometer (PRISM) sensor. We solve the destriping problem using a variational regularization method by giving weights spatially to preserve the other features of the image during the destriping process. The target functional penalizes the neighborhood of stripes (strictly, directionally uniform features) while promoting data fidelity, and the functional is minimized by solving the Euler–Lagrange equations with an explicit finite-difference scheme. We show the accuracy of our method from a benchmark data set which represents the sea surface temperature off the coast of Oregon, USA. Technical details, such as how to impose continuity across data gaps using inpainting, are also described.
Practical Utopias: America as Techno-Fix Nation
Authors: Segal Howard P.
Published: July 2017

Techno-fixes are short-term, avowedly practical proposed solutions to hitherto unsolvable social, economic, and social problems. They bypass traditional obstacles such as poverty, overpopulation, and religious beliefs to transform communities, countries, and regions. They reflect an almost blind faith in the power of technology as panacea. This article puts America's commitment to techno-fixes even today in historical and contemporary perspective. Techno-fixes are not uniquely American, but America has since its colonial origins exemplified techno-fixes more than any other nation. However, the term itself dates only to the 1960s. The article cites examples of techno-fixes and examines the continuing belief in techno-fixes amid the at best partial success of some of those examples and the utter failure of others. Yet, like all serious utopias, all of those techno-fixes are invaluable in illuminating the times and contexts in which they were formulated and promoted.
The 1917 Russian Revolution and Eastern Orthodox Christian Utopianism
Authors: Prosic Tamara
Published: July 2017

This article attempts to open an alternative perspective in thinking about the role Eastern Orthodox Christianity played in the 1917 Russian revolution by challenging the prevailing paradigm that it was a conservative cultural element resisting social change. Weber claimed that Calvinism managed to turn a particular conception of the world into a corresponding practical norm that aided the development of capitalism. This article proposes a similar thesis regarding the Russian revolution, but utilizing as its theoretical framework Gramsci's ideas on cultural hegemony and Bloch's view about the role of utopian thinking. It argues that Orthodox Christianity was the source of hegemonic cultural values and as such was the familiar semantic background against which the majority of Russians interpreted, accepted, and fought for the socialist ideals of the revolution. In constructing its argument the article provides a critique and a corrective of Gramsci's understanding of cultural hegemony in Russia, analyzes the Orthodox idea of podvig as an enduring perpetual push from the immanent and the imminent of the historical toward the transcendent and the eternal of the utopian divine, and finally, discusses the implications of podvig's theological connotations as a cultural value and a “subjective force” in sustaining the revolutionary efforts.
Queer Afrofuturism: Utopia, Sexuality, and Desire in Samuel Delany's “Aye, and Gomorrah”
Authors: Colmon Clayton D.
Published: July 2017

This article examines the multiple “queer” identities readers encounter in Samuel Delany's “Aye, and Gomorrah” through an afrofuturist lens. In the short story, Delany presents contrasting depictions of sexuality and desire in queer spaces. This article argues that the short story positions queer utopia, sexuality, and desire within a sublimated discourse of race. The story's portrayal of social deviants such as gay voyeurs, fetishistic “frelks,” and desexed “spacers” introduces contemporary readers to early developments in queer afrofuturism—especially its relationship to queer utopian community and posthuman desire.
Use Balanced Scorecard (BSC) Perspectives in the Service Sector: A Case Study on the Jordanian Private Universities
Authors: Al- Bawab Atef Aqeel
Published: July 2017

This study aimed to identify on how to use Balanced Scorecard (BSC) perspectives in the service sector in general and in the Jordanian private universities in particular. The study was designed questionnaire to achieve the study objective, the questionnaire was distributed to(48), has recovered from (42) identify the rate of recovery was (87.5%), and after analyzing the data and test hypothesis using analysis methods through the program (SPSS) we found many of the results was the most important: There is using of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) perspectives in the Jordanian private universities partially, The researcher recommends that The universities hve to use all the perspectives of Balanced Scorecard (BSC) in the work as well as follow-up students after graduation in order to give the Promotional League. and The university has to work feedback about the services provided to the students.
Visual comparison of two data sets: Do people use the means and the variability?
Authors: Kramer Robin S. S. , Telfer Caitlin G. R. , Towler Alice
Published: July 2017

In our everyday lives, we are required to make decisions based upon our statistical intuitions. Often, these involve the comparison of two groups, such as luxury versus family cars and their suitability. Research has shown that the mean difference affects judgements where two sets of data are compared, but the variability of the data has only a minor influence, if any at all. However, prior research has tended to present raw data as simple lists of values. Here, we investigated whether displaying data visually, in the form of parallel dot plots, would lead viewers to incorporate variability information. In Experiment 1, we asked a large sample of people to compare two fictional groups (children who drank ‘Brain Juice’ versus water) in a one-shot design, where only a single comparison was made. Our results confirmed that only the mean difference between the groups predicted subsequent judgements of how much they differed, in line with previous work using lists of numbers. In Experiment 2, we asked each participant to make multiple comparisons, with both the mean difference and the pooled standard deviation varying across data sets they were shown. Here, we found that both sources of information were correctly incorporated when making responses. Taken together, we suggest that increasing the salience of variability information, through manipulating this factor across items seen, encourages viewers to consider this in their judgements. Such findings may have useful applications for best practices when teaching difficult concepts like sampling variation.
A drift diffusion model account of the semantic congruity effect in a classification paradigm
Authors: Pirrone Angelo , Marshall James A. R. , Stafford Tom
Published: July 2017

The semantic congruity effect refers to the facilitation of judgements (i) when the direction of the comparison of two items coincides with the relative position of the items along the dimension comparison or (ii) when the relative size of a standard and a target stimulus coincides. For example, people are faster in judging 'which is bigger?' for two large items, than judging 'which is smaller?' for two large items (selection paradigm). Also, people are faster in judging a target stimulus as smaller when compared to a small standard, than when compared to a large standard, and vice versa (classification paradigm). We use the Drift Diffusion Model (DDM) to explain the time course of a semantic congruity effect in a classification paradigm. Formal modelling of semantic congruity allows the time course of the decision process to be described, using an established model of decision making. Moreover, although there have been attempts to explain the semantic congruity effect within evidence accumulation models, two possible accounts for the congruity effect have been proposed but their specific predictions have not been compared directly, using a model that could quantitatively account for both; a shift in the starting point of evidence accumulation or a change in the rate at which evidence is accumulated. With our computational investigation we provide evidence for the latter, while controlling for other possible explanations such as a variation in non-decision time or boundary separation, that have not been taken into account in the explanation of this phenomenon.
L’organisation des terres autochtones de la vallée du Saint-Laurent sous le Régime britannique
Authors: BOUCHARD ISABELLE
Published: July 2017

La concession de censives dans les terres du Sault-Saint-Louis et de Saint-François, octroyées pour l’usufruit des Iroquois de Kahnawake et des Abénaquis d’Odanak, intègre de facto ces terres dans le régime seigneurial, malgré l’ambiguïté de leur statut foncier. Son langage administratif et juridique est alors utilisé pour définir et administrer ces terres, qui sont divisées entre « domaine » et « mouvance » après la Conquête. Dans l’espace que les Autochtones se réservent pour leur propre usage (le « domaine »), des tensions se développent entre le caractère communal de ces terres et l’appropriation individuelle de parcelles de terre, dont les mutations sont enregistrées dans des greffes de notaires. Certains membres de la communauté remettent en effet en cause la légitimité des prérogatives des chefs concernant la gestion des terres et des ressources, reposant sur leur caractère communal de ces terres. Le développement d’une forme de « propriété privée » dans les terres concédées pour les Autochtones pose également la question des influences légales régissant le patrimoine foncier dans les terres « domaniales » des Iroquois et des Abénaquis.
Brought To You by the Letters C, R, T, and C: Sesame Street and Canadian Nationalism
Authors: Hayday Matthew
Published: July 2017

The wildly popular educational program Sesame Street arrived in Canada during a key transitional period for Canadian broadcasting policy in the early 1970s. An American-made program, it was threatened with cancellation by stations seeking to meet their Canadian content (CanCon) quotas with the least possible financial cost. A heated debate that included public protests and lobbying ensued, involving the Canadian Radio-Television Commission (CRTC), the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the media, parliamentarians, parents and even children. Each group advanced their particular interests regarding the issue of Canadianizing television. Ultimately, the CBC provided a compromise solution with the Canadianization of Sesame Street, whereby a portion of the program’s segments would be replaced by Canadian-made material that aimed to provide messages about Canada for young children. This tumultuous debate and its ultimate solution reveal the ambivalent attitudes held by Canadians, private broadcasters, and even the CBC about both the CRTC’s Canadianization policies and the quantitative approaches used to meet its objectives. It also demonstrates the roles that activist groups and more established interests such as broadcasters have played in shaping Canadian broadcasting policy.
“Eighth Wonder of the World:” The Cariboo Wagon Road as British Columbia’s First Megaproject
Authors: LEONARD FRANK
Published: July 2017

Interpretations of the creation and operation of the Cariboo Wagon Road, constructed during the 1860s to the gold fields in the northern interior of colonial British Columbia, range from a marvelous, essential conduit to a costly, superfluous thoroughfare. In our age of cost overruns, it is appropriate to begin a process of addressing cost-effectiveness in evaluating the colony’s largest infrastructure project. After clarifying the structure’s name and extent, this paper collates the relevant British Columbia colonial accounts to establish a global government first cost of the project and compares this expenditure with the cost of goldfield roads in California and Victoria colony, Australia. It then engages with the theory and practice of megaproject analysis in two ways. First, if offers a brief comparison of select primary sources concerning the Cariboo Wagon Road with some of the very different documents that support studies of major projects in the post-war period. It then deploys elements from the growing planning literature concerning megaprojects that allow analysis within the very constraints of the colonial sources. Such an endeavour illuminates some of the shortcomings and gaps in nineteenth-century calculations and understandings of the financial viability of the project.
Noncentrosomal microtubules regulate autophagosome transport through CAMSAP2‐EB1 cross‐talk
Authors: Wei Jieli , Xu Honglin , Meng Wenxiang
Published: July 2017

Microtubules (MTs) play essential roles in many steps of autophagy, an important degradation pathway in the maintenance of cellular homoeostasis. In many cells, MT networks are comprised of centrosomal MTs and noncentrosomal MTs. However, it is unknown whether noncentrosomal MTs and its binding proteins are involved in autophagy. Here, we show in HeLa cells that calmodulin‐regulated spectrin‐associated protein 2 (CAMSAP2), a noncentrosomal MT minus‐end stabilizing protein, regulates retrograde transport of autophagosomes through MT dynamics. CAMSAP2 cooperates with EB1 to regulate end‐binding protein 1 (EB1) behaviour at MT plus ends, MT growth directions and autophagosome transport. An association between CAMSAP2 and EB1 in the cytosol may modulate EB1 binding to MT plus ends. Collectively, our data indicate that noncentrosomal MTs regulate autophagy through a cross‐talk between CAMSAP2 and EB1.
Process‐based interpretation of conceptual hydrological model performance using a multinational catchment set
Authors: Poncelet Carine , Merz Ralf , Merz Bruno , Parajka Juraj , Oudin Ludovic , Andréassian Vazken , Perrin Charles
Published: July 2017

Most of previous assessments of hydrologic model performance are fragmented, based on small number of catchments, different methods or time periods and do not link the results to landscape or climate characteristics. This study uses large‐sample hydrology to identify major catchment controls on daily runoff simulations. It is based on a conceptual lumped hydrological model (GR6J), a collection of 29 catchment characteristics, a multinational set of 1103 catchments located in Austria, France, and Germany and four runoff model efficiency criteria. Two analyses are conducted to assess how features and criteria are linked: (i) a one‐dimensional analysis based on the Kruskal‐Wallis test and (ii) a multidimensional analysis based on regression trees and investigating the interplay between features. The catchment features most affecting model performance are the flashiness of precipitation and streamflow (computed as the ratio of absolute day‐to‐day fluctuations by the total amount in a year), the seasonality of evaporation, the catchment area, and the catchment aridity. Nonflashy, nonseasonal, large, and nonarid catchments show the best performance for all the tested criteria. We argue that this higher performance is due to fewer nonlinear responses (higher correlation between precipitation and streamflow) and lower input and output variability for such catchments. Finally, we show that, compared to national sets, multinational sets increase results transferability because they explore a wider range of hydroclimatic conditions.
Hydrologic impacts of changes in climate and glacier extent in the Gulf of Alaska watershed
Authors: Beamer J. P. , Hill D. F. , McGrath D. , Arendt A. , Kienholz C.
Published: July 2017

High‐resolution regional‐scale hydrologic models were used to quantify the response of late 21st century runoff from the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) watershed to changes in regional climate and glacier extent. NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis data were combined with five Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 general circulation models (GCMs) for two representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios (4.5 and 8.5) to develop meteorological forcing for the period 2070–2099. A hypsographic model was used to estimate future glacier extent given assumed equilibrium line altitude (ELA) increases of 200 and 400 m. GCM predictions show an increase in annual precipitation of 12% for RCP 4.5 and 21% for RCP 8.5, and an increase in annual temperature of 2.5°C for RCP 4.5 and 4.3°C for RCP 8.5, averaged across the GOA. Scenarios with perturbed climate and glaciers predict annual GOA‐wide runoff to increase by 9% for RCP4.5/ELA200 case and 14% for the RCP8.5/ELA400 case. The glacier runoff decreased by 14% for RCP4.5/ELA200 and by 34% for the RCP8.5/ELA400 case. Intermodel variability in annual runoff was found to be approximately twice the variability in precipitation input. Additionally, there are significant changes in runoff partitioning and increases in snowpack runoff are dominated by increases in rain‐on‐snow events. We present results aggregated across the entire GOA and also for individual watersheds to illustrate the range in hydrologic regime changes and explore the sensitivities of these results by independently perturbing only climate forcings and only glacier cover.
Links between clay transformation and earthquakes along the Costa Rican subduction margin
Authors: Lauer Rachel M. , Saffer Demian M. , Harris Robert N.
Published: July 2017

We investigate the depth distribution of smectite clay transformation and its along‐strike variability at the Middle America Trench offshore Costa Rica. We take advantage of recent well‐constrained thermal models that refine our understanding of the margin's thermal structure and which capture significant along‐strike variability. Using these thermal models, together with sediment compositions defined by drilling, we compute the distribution of smectite transformation and associated fluid production. We show that the hypocenters of large (M > 6.9) well‐located megathrust earthquakes lie consistently downdip of peak fluid production. We suggest that silica cementation associated with smectite transformation promotes lithification and slip‐weakening behavior that, in combination with declining fluid pressures, facilitate the initiation of unstable slip. The earthquake ruptures extend updip into the region of peak reaction, possibly due to excess pore pressures that facilitate their propagation. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that smectite transformation contributes to the onset of stick‐slip behavior and acts as an important control on earthquake nucleation and propagation.
Intense oceanic uptake of oxygen during 2014–2015 winter convection in the Labrador Sea
Authors: Koelling Jannes , Wallace Douglas W. R. , Send Uwe , Karstensen Johannes
Published: July 2017

Measurements of near‐surface oxygen (O2) concentrations and mixed layer depth from the K1 mooring in the central Labrador Sea are used to calculate the change in column‐integrated (0–1700 m) O2 content over the deep convection winter 2014/2015. During the mixed layer deepening period, November 2014 to April 2015, the oxygen content increased by 24.3 ± 3.4 mol m−2, 40% higher than previous results from winters with weaker convection. By estimating the contribution of respiration and lateral transport on the oxygen budget, the cumulative air‐sea gas exchange is derived. The O2 uptake of 29.1 ± 3.8 mol m−2, driven by persistent undersaturation (≥5%) and strong atmospheric forcing, is substantially higher than predicted by standard (nonbubble) gas exchange parameterizations, whereas most bubble‐resolving parameterizations predict higher uptake, comparable to our results. Generally large but varying mixed layer depths and strong heat and momentum fluxes make the Labrador Sea an ideal test bed for process studies aimed at improving gas exchange parameterizations.
Stronger influences of increased CO2 on subdaily precipitation extremes than at the daily scale
Authors: Zhang Wei , Villarini Gabriele , Scoccimarro Enrico , Vecchi Gabriel A.
Published: July 2017

Based on idealized experiments (preindustrial control experiment (PI) and 1% yr−1 increase (1%CO2) in atmospheric CO2) from 10 general circulation models produced under the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and using the fraction of attributable risk, we examine the CO2 effects on extreme precipitation at the subdaily and daily scales. We find that the increased CO2 concentration substantially increases the odds of the occurrence of subdaily precipitation extremes compared to the daily scale in most areas of the world, with the exception of some regions in the subtropics, likely in relation to the subsidence of the Hadley Cell. These results point to the large role that atmospheric CO2 plays in extreme precipitation under an idealized framework.
Southern Ocean mesocyclones and polar lows from manually tracked satellite mosaics
Authors: Verezemskaya Polina , Tilinina Natalia , Gulev Sergey , Renfrew Ian A. , Lazzara Matthew
Published: July 2017

A new reference data set of mesocyclone activity over the Southern Ocean has been developed from the manual analysis of high‐resolution infrared satellite mosaics for winter 2004. Of the total 1735 mesocyclones which were identified and analyzed, about three quarters were classified as being “polar lows” (i.e., intense systems; see Rasmussen and Turner, 2003). The data set includes mesocyclone track, size, associated cloud vortex type, and background synoptic conditions. Maxima in track density were observed over the Bellingshausen Sea and around East Antarctica and are highly correlated with cyclogenesis regions. A comparison against QuikSCAT and reanalyses wind characteristics shows that the reanalyses, while capturing mesocyclone events, tend to considerably underestimate their wind speed (by up to 10 m s−1). This mesocyclone data set is available as a reference for further analysis of mesocyclones and for the evaluation and development of cyclone‐tracking algorithms.
Time‐lapse full waveform inversion of vertical seismic profile data: Workflow and application to the CO2CRC Otway project
Authors: Egorov Anton , Pevzner Roman , Bóna Andrej , Glubokovskikh Stanislav , Puzyrev Vladimir , Tertyshnikov Konstantin , Gurevich Boris
Published: July 2017

Vertical seismic profile (VSP) is one of the technologies for monitoring hydrocarbon production and CO2 geosequestration. However, quantitative interpretation of time‐lapse VSP is challenging due to its irregular distribution of source‐receiver offsets. One way to overcome this challenge is to use full waveform inversion (FWI), which does not require regular offsets. We present a workflow of elastic FWI applied to offset vertical seismic profile data for the purpose of identification and estimation of time‐lapse changes introduced by injection of 15,000 t of CO2‐rich gas mixture at 1.5 km depth. Application of this workflow to both synthetic and field data shows that elastic FWI is able to detect and quantify the time‐lapse anomaly in P wave velocity with the magnitude of 100–150 m/s.
Postmillennium changes in stratospheric temperature consistently resolved by GPS radio occultation and AMSU observations
Authors: Khaykin S. M. , Funatsu B. M. , Hauchecorne A. , Godin‐Beekmann S. , Claud C. , Keckhut P. , Pazmino A. , Gleisner H. , Nielsen J. K. , Syndergaard S. , Lauritsen K. B.
Published: July 2017

Temperature changes in the lower and middle stratosphere during 2001–2016 are evaluated using measurements from GPS Radio Occultation (RO) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) aboard the Aqua satellite. After downsampling of GPS‐RO profiles according to the AMSU weighting functions, the spatially and seasonally resolved trends from the two data sets are in excellent agreement. The observations indicate that the middle stratosphere has cooled in the time period 2002–2016 at an average rate of −0.14 ± 0.12 to −0.36 ± 0.14 K/decade, while no significant change was found in the lower stratosphere. The meridionally and vertically resolved trends from high‐resolution GPS‐RO data exhibit a marked interhemispheric asymmetry and highlight a distinct boundary between tropospheric and stratospheric temperature change regimes matching the tropical thermal tropopause. The seasonal pattern of trend reveals significant opposite‐sign structures at high and low latitudes, providing indication of seasonally varying change in stratospheric circulation.
Environmental determinants of radiolarian assemblages in the western Pacific since the last deglaciation
Authors: Hernández‐Almeida I. , Cortese G. , Yu P.‐S. , Chen M.‐T. , Kucera M.
Published: July 2017

Radiolarians are a very diverse microzooplanktonic group, often distributed in regionally restricted assemblages and responding to specific environmental factors. These properties of radiolarian assemblages make the group more conducive for the development and application of basin‐wide ecological models. Here we use a new surface sediment data set from the western Pacific to demonstrate that ecological patterns derived from basin‐wide open‐ocean data sets cannot be transferred on semirestricted marginal seas. The data set consists of 160 surface sediment samples from three tropical‐subtropical regions (East China Sea, South China Sea, and western Pacific), combining 54 new assemblage counts with taxonomically harmonized data from previous studies. Multivariate statistical analyses indicate that winter sea surface temperature at 10 m depth (SSTw) was the most significant environmental variable affecting the composition of radiolarian assemblages, allowing the development of an optimal calibration model (Locally Weighted‐Weighted Averaging regression inverse deshrinking,R2cv = 0.88, root‐mean‐square error of prediction = 1.6°C). The dominant effect of SSTw on radiolarian assemblage composition in the western Pacific is attributed to the East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM), which is particularly strong in the marginal seas. To test the applicability of the calibration model on fossil radiolarian assemblages from the marginal seas, the calibration model was applied to two downcore records from the Okinawa Trough, covering the last 18 ka. We observe that these assemblages find most appropriate analogs among modern samples from the marginal basins (East China Sea and South China Sea). Downcore temperature reconstructions at both sites show similarities to known regional SST reconstructions, providing proof of concept for the new radiolarian‐based SSTw calibration model.
Remote determination of the velocity index and mean streamwise velocity profiles
Authors: Johnson E. D. , Cowen E. A.
Published: July 2017

When determining volumetric discharge from surface measurements of currents in a river or open channel, the velocity index is typically used to convert surface velocities to depth‐averaged velocities. The velocity index is given by,
, where Ub is the depth‐averaged velocity and Usurf is the local surface velocity. The USGS (United States Geological Survey) standard value for this coefficient, k = 0.85, was determined from a series of laboratory experiments and has been widely used in the field and in laboratory measurements of volumetric discharge despite evidence that the velocity index is site‐specific. Numerous studies have documented that the velocity index varies with Reynolds number, flow depth, and relative bed roughness and with the presence of secondary flows. A remote method of determining depth‐averaged velocity and hence the velocity index is developed here. The technique leverages the findings of Johnson and Cowen (2017) and permits remote determination of the velocity power‐law exponent thereby, enabling remote prediction of the vertical structure of the mean streamwise velocity, the depth‐averaged velocity, and the velocity index.
Bringing the “social” into sociohydrology: Conservation policy support in the Central Great Plains of Kansas, USA
Authors: Sanderson Matthew R. , Bergtold Jason S. , Heier Stamm Jessica L. , Caldas Marcellus M. , Ramsey Steven M.
Published: July 2017

Identifying means of empirically modeling the human component of a coupled, human‐water system becomes critically important to further advances in sociohydrology. We develop a social‐psychological model of environmental decision making that addresses four key challenges of incorporating social science into integrated models. We use the model to explain preferences for three conservation policies designed to conserve and protect water resources and aquatic ecosystems in the Smoky Hill River Basin, a semiarid agricultural region in the Central U.S. Great Plains. Further, we compare the model's capacity to explain policy preferences among members of two groups in the River Basin: agricultural producers and members of nonfarming communities. We find that financial obligation is the strongest and most consistent explanation of support for conservation policies among members of both groups. We also find that policy support is grounded in cultural values—deeply held ideas about right and wrong. Environmental values are particularly important explanations of policy support. The constellations of values invoked to make decisions about policies, and the social‐psychological pathways linking values to policy support, can vary across policies and types of agents (farmers and nonfarmers). We discuss the implications of the results for future research in sociohydrology.
Modeling invasive alien plant species in river systems: Interaction with native ecosystem engineers and effects on hydro‐morphodynamic processes
Authors: van Oorschot M. , Kleinhans M. G. , Geerling G. W. , Egger G. , Leuven R. S. E. W. , Middelkoop H.
Published: July 2017

Invasive alien plant species negatively impact native plant communities by out‐competing species or changing abiotic and biotic conditions in their introduced range. River systems are especially vulnerable to biological invasions, because waterways can function as invasion corridors. Understanding interactions of invasive and native species and their combined effects on river dynamics is essential for developing cost‐effective management strategies. However, numerical models for simulating long‐term effects of these processes are lacking. This paper investigates how an invasive alien plant species affects native riparian vegetation and hydro‐morphodynamics. A morphodynamic model has been coupled to a dynamic vegetation model that predicts establishment, growth and mortality of riparian trees. We introduced an invasive alien species with life‐history traits based on Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica), and investigated effects of low‐ and high propagule pressure on invasion speed, native vegetation and hydro‐morphodynamic processes. Results show that high propagule pressure leads to a decline in native species cover due to competition and the creation of unfavorable native colonization sites. With low propagule pressure the invader facilitates native seedling survival by creating favorable hydro‐morphodynamic conditions at colonization sites. With high invader abundance, water levels are raised and sediment transport is reduced during the growing season. In winter, when the above‐ground invader biomass is gone, results are reversed and the floodplain is more prone to erosion. Invasion effects thus depend on seasonal above‐ and below ground dynamic vegetation properties and persistence of the invader, on the characteristics of native species it replaces, and the combined interactions with hydro‐morphodynamics.
Restitution
Authors: Cares Alison C. , Haynes Stacy Hoskins
Published: July 2017

Restitution is a court‐ordered sanction requiring offenders to pay their victims for the victims' economic losses resulting from the crime. It provides offenders an opportunity to right their wrong by paying back their victim(s) and helps victims by reimbursing them monetarily and publicly recognizing that they were wronged. As such, it can be considered a restorative justice approach. Restitution is regularly imposed and amounts average several thousand dollars, but payment levels remain low, due largely to offenders' lack of means. Recently there has been significant concern that restitution, as part of the package of economic sanctions (monetary penalties comprised of restitution, fines, and costs and fees) offenders are ordered to pay upon conviction, is an undue financial burden that makes it difficult for offenders to complete criminal justice supervision and lead productive lives.
Re‐Education through Labor
Authors: Liu Liu
Published: July 2017

“Re‐education through labor,” a translation from Chinese
laodong jiaoyang
, abbreviated
laojiao
, was an administrative detention system in the People's Republic of China which was generally used to detain people for offenses such as petty theft, prostitution, drug use, as well as some minor crimes against the country. Residents in re‐education through labor institutions were “sentenced” without court hearings or legal procedures, but by administrative order. According to the regulations, the subjects of re‐education through labor were people who had undesirable behavior but did not commit serious crimes. However, similar to Chinese prisoners, residents in re‐education through labor institutions also needed to participate in organized labor activities and were subject to limited privileges and strict control. According to scholars, these two systems do not have any real differences since they all come under the umbrella of the same aim, which is
reforming residents through labor
.
Restorative Justice/Victim–Offender Mediation
Authors: Earwood Martha
Published: July 2017

Under the auspices of correctional reform, around the globe an ever‐growing and advancing ideology attempts to provide a meaningful response to the crime problem. This ideology is restorative justice. This entry is a review of the historical and intellectual roots of restorative justice from the perspective of prominent global leaders. It provides a meaningful context for understanding the potential of restorative justice as a viable option for correctional policy in the future.
W
illiams,
S
tanley “
T
ookie”
Authors: Giustina Jo‐Ann Della
Published: July 2017

Stanley Tookie Williams III, a leader and cofounder of the Crips street gang, was born in New Orleans, Louisiana on December 29, 1953 and executed on December 13, 2005 for the murder of four people in 1979. Prior to his execution, there had been an unsuccessful international campaign to save his life, based not on his claim of innocence, but on redemption due to his transformation while in prison. Williams had become a vocal anti‐violence activist and a dedicated mentor to inner‐city youth, writing nine books as an inspiration for young people to avoid joining gangs. California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger denied clemency because he found Williams irredeemable, stating that there can be no redemption without an apology and remorse. Williams's execution stimulated a national debate about the death penalty versus serving life in prison without the possibility of parole.
Hòa Lò Prison
Authors: Yiwei Xia
Published: July 2017

Known as the “Hanoi Hilton,” Ha Lò prison served as a special incarceration center for correctional operations. Located in Hanoi, Vietnam, the facility served as the main prison for so‐called “political criminals” during the French colonial era, and was later used as a prison for American POWs during the Vietnam War. Although the political aims of the prison during these two eras were different, the inmates were consistently treated in brutal and dehumanizing ways – as the name of the prison, “Ha Lò,” often translated as “Hell's hole,” suggests.
P
etersilia,
J
oan
Authors: Jenness Valerie
Published: July 2017

This entry reviews the work of Professor Joan Petersilia, an award‐winning and highly impactful applied criminologist with expertise in corrections and public policy. The focus is on the content and impact of her research on crime control in general and corrections in particular, as well as her standing in the field of criminology and among criminal justice practitioners.
Truth‐in‐Sentencing Laws
Authors: Morczek Amber L.
Published: July 2017

Over the last several decades, the US criminal justice system has moved away from indeterminate sentences, under which offenders are condemned to an indefinite period of incarceration, offered “good time,” and subsequently paroled, often long before the conclusion of their maximum sentence. Beginning in the 1980s, federal and state legislatures began to adopt determinate sentences, whereby offenders are sentenced to a longer, more definite period of imprisonment. A relic of the “get tough” era of criminal justice policymaking, truth‐in‐sentencing laws specifically mandate that offenders serve a substantial portion of their sentence. This transition, along with the application of other types of determinate sentencing practice, marked a considerable change in punishment philosophy, sentence length, and prisoner release mechanisms.
Solitary Confinement
Authors: Mazar Laurel
Published: July 2017

Solitary confinement is characterized by depriving a person who is incarcerated access to phone calls, family visits, guards, other incarcerated persons, and prison privileges (television time, ability to go outside, and/or religious services). Solitary confinement typically takes place in a small, brightly lit cell with a slot in the door so correctional officers may slide in a meal tray. Correctional personnel argue that solitary confinement helps to protect those incarcerated, corrections officers, and day‐to‐day prison functioning from violent criminals. Human rights activists argue that solitary confinement is a violation of the Eighth Amendment right that protects citizens from cruel and unusual punishment. Activists contend solitary confinement causes undue hardship and mental health issues like psychosis, depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Similarly, human rights activists argue that solitary confinement has been used as a tool to segregate jailhouse doctors, lawyers, and civil rights activists, and that it disproportionately affects people of color.
Risk Management
Authors: Cliquennois Gaëtan
Published: July 2017

In the penal and prison sector, risk management mainly refers to actuarial risks concerning principally the likelihood of reoffending by the already convicted, as well as assignment and security issues in prison. The spreading of actuarial risk management in penal justice called “the new penology” or “actuarial justice” is considered as caused by the development of neoliberal societies and the decline of the welfare state. However, the new penology has raised some critics relating to its lack of historicity, its national perspective, and its macro perspective. Future perspectives could be oriented toward the role of international organizations and courts.
Riots in Prison
Authors: Bieler Sam
Published: July 2017

Prison riots are a high profile and destructive threat to the ability of corrections officials to maintain control over their facilities. While early theories of prison riots focused primarily on the social context and relationships in prisons affected by riots, more recent theories have focused on the role of prison leadership in preventing the development of conditions conducive to riots. The development of theories focusing on the role of prison management in preventing riots coincided with a significant decline in rioting in the late 1990s and early 2000s, which followed on the heels of significant episodes of correctional violence in the 1970s and 1980s. Contemporary correctional management seeks to mitigate the likelihood of riots by promoting organizational cohesion and consistency in response to correctional incidents and disturbances.
S
alem Witch Trials
Authors: Marion Nancy E.
Published: July 2017

In the spring of 1692, a group of young girls in Salem Village, Massachusetts, began to act bizarre and experience “fits” that were blamed on the devil. The girls accused several local women of practicing witchcraft and placing curses on them. Over the next few months, more than 200 people were accused of performing the Devil's magic and sent to prison before being tried for their alleged crimes. Following this, 20 colonists were executed; 19 people were hanged at Gallows Hill; and an elderly man was crushed to death by heavy stones. In the end, the colony officials admitted to wrongdoing and financially compensated the heirs of those executed for being a witch.
Prison Architecture
Authors: Hanink Peter A.
Published: July 2017

]p[Prison architecture has changed over time along with notions about the purpose of incarceration. These changes have influenced both the physical layout of the facility and the deployment of various penal technologies. Perhaps the most significant application of these changes has been the development of distinctive prison designs according to the perceived level of dangerousness of specific types of inmates. While prisons have, in some ways, changed dramatically over the centuries, they are also characterized by remarkable similarities in their physical layout and organizational structure.
Penitentiary System
Authors: Theerathitiwong Sitthana
Published: July 2017

A penitentiary, or prison, was historically used for the primary purpose of detaining individuals awaiting trial or the imposition of their sentences. After the decline of public executions in the eighteenth century, the purpose of prisons shifted to confining those convicted of crimes as a form of punishment. In recent decades, an increasing reliance on imprisonment to incapacitate offenders, coupled with harsh sentencing laws, has resulted in staggering rates of imprisonment. This mass incarceration phenomenon, which is most prevalent in the United States, has exaggerated further the already negative impacts of incarceration. These include the humanitarian effects on individuals and families, mental and physical health issues resulted from imprisonment, and socioeconomic impacts on communities. Owing to these negative consequences, alternative forms of punishment have been proposed to divert individuals away from the penitentiary system as much as possible.
Prison–Industrial Complex
Authors: Green Dari , Jackson Melinda R.
Published: July 2017

The term “prison–industrial complex” is used to describe a network of individuals, organizations, and social institutions involved with the incarceration of millions of Americans. This term began to be used in the 1970s as a consequence of several public policies, including the “war on drugs” and the “Three Strikes and You're Out” rule. The individuals, organizations, and social institutions involved in the prison–industrial complex include law enforcement officials, courts, and correctional facilities, but also include under‐resourced schools, private corporations, and state and local governments. The prison–industrial complex is a multibillion‐dollar industry that often harms instead of helps efforts to protect individual rights and to maintain public safety and order.