bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of a Carvacrol Treatment on Post-Harvest Ripening Quality and Cell Wall Metabolism in the Kiwifruit
Authors: Luo Donglan , Wang Xiaogang , Mi Tingting , Chen Jianye , Ba Liangjie , Cao Sen
Published: January 2025

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of carvacrol on the postharvest storage quality and cell wall metabolism of the ’Guichang’ kiwifruit. For this purpose, the ’Guichang’ kiwifruit is selected as the test material and treated with 0.03 mg/mL of a carvacrol solution for dipping. The storage quality and cell wall metabolism of the fruit are then evaluated under ambient conditions (20 ± 1 °C). The results indicate that treatment with carvacrol effectively reduces the postharvest respiration rate and weight loss in the kiwifruit, while preserving the levels of vitamin C (VC), soluble protein, total phenols, flavonoids, soluble solids, solid–acid ratio, and soluble pectin. Additionally, it delays the decline in the starch content and mitigates the increase in soluble sugars. Furthermore, carvacrol significantly decreases amylase activity and inhibits the elevation of polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methylesterase (PME), β-galactosidase (β-Gal), and cellulase (Cx) activity. Consequently, this treatment effectively maintains fruit firmness as well as protopectin (PP) and cellulose content at elevated levels. A correlation analysis shows that firmness is highly and negatively correlated with the cell wall degrading enzymes PG, PME, β-Gal, Cx, and α-L-Af, with R values of −0.88, −0.83, −0.98, −0.94, and −0.93, respectively. The negative correlation values for the control group are all lower than 0. In conclusion, treatment with carvacrol effectively preserves a high level of postharvest ripening quality in the kiwifruit, attenuates the metabolic processes of the cell wall, and delays fruit softening and senescence.
Aroma Analysis of Table Grape Berries Based on Electronic Nose Detection
Authors: Niu Shengyang , Liu Xuewei , Lin Meiling , Fan Xiucai , Zhang Ying , Sun Lei , Liu Chonghuai , Jiang Jianfu
Published: January 2025

In this study, the aroma of 182 table grapes was detected using a PEN3.5 electronic nose in order to explore the aroma components of table grape berries and provide a reference for aroma evaluation and quality improvements. Table grape varieties from the Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences were used as research materials. All of them were harvested in fruit trees over 10 years old from August to October 2023, which provided a reference for aroma evaluation and quality improvement of the table grapes. Radar analysis, correlation analysis, principal component (PCA) analysis, cluster analysis, and difference analysis were used to study these aroma substances. The results show that the sensor contribution rate from high to low is W5S (nitrogen oxides), W2S (alcohols and some aromatic compounds), W1S (alkanes), and W2W (sensor contribution rate from high to low). Cluster analysis can distinguish the varieties of table grapes a with common aroma content, and the varieties with a higher content are in the second category (II). PCA showed that the contribution rate of the first and second principal components of the three main sensors was 97.6% and 2.3%, respectively, and the total contribution value was 99.9%. The contribution rates of the first and second principal components of the three aromatic sensors are 79.5% and 15.9%, respectively, and the total contribution value is 95.4%. The results showed that there were significant differences in the content and composition of aroma substances in different grape varieties. Eight special germplasm with strong aroma (organic compounds of nitrogen oxides, alcohols, alkanes and sulfur) were selected: ‘Spabang’, ‘Neijingxiang’, ‘Zaotian Muscat’, ‘Jinmeigui’, ‘Zhengguo 6’, ‘Muscat Angel’, ‘Zizao’, and ‘Qiumi’. This study confirmed that electronic nose technology can effectively distinguish different varieties of table grapes. This study not only provides a scientific basis for the variety selection for the table grape processing industry, but it can also be used for male or female grape hybridization, which provides valuable data resources for table grape breeding.
Exploring Feed Digestibility and Broiler Performance in Response to Dietary Supplementation of Chlorella vulgaris
Authors: Van Nerom Sofie , Buyse Kobe , Van Immerseel Filip , Robbens Johan , Delezie Evelyne
Published: January 2025

This study evaluated the feed digestibility of diets including autotrophic Chlorella (C.) vulgaris in 252 male broilers (Ross 308), comparing unprocessed biomass (trial 1) and pulsed electric field (PEF) processed biomass (trial 2) at inclusion levels up to 20%. In trial 2, performance and meat color were also evaluated. Each trial included seven treatments (0%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (%w/w on dry matter (DM)) C. vulgaris) with six replicates (three birds per replicate) per treatment. Data were analyzed using linear, quadratic, and broken-line models. Control feeds without microalgae inclusion achieved a crude protein digestibility of 82.04 ± 1.42% (trial 1) and 81.63 ± 1.90% (trial 2), while feed with 20% non-processed microalgae inclusion only had a protein digestibility of 66.96 ± 1.16% (trial 1) and feed with PEF processed microalgae at 20% had a protein digestibility of 72.75 ± 0.34% (trial 2). In general, increasing inclusion levels of C. vulgaris impaired nutrient digestibility, significantly reducing crude protein, crude fat, gross energy, and crude ash digestibility (p < 0.001). Broken-line models identified critical inclusion thresholds beyond which digestibility declined significantly, i.e., at 10% for crude protein, 12.53% for crude fat, and 9.26% for gross energy in unprocessed microalgae feeds (trial 1). For PEF-processed microalgae, only a broken line fit was obtained for gross energy, with a breakpoint at 5% (trial 2). Furthermore, a significant linear decrease in body weight (BW) (p < 0.001), average daily gain (ADG) (p < 0.001), average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p = 0.006), and relative and absolute breast filet weight was observed as microalgae inclusion level increased (trial 2). Color parameters also changed significantly with increasing microalgae inclusion level: L* showed a significant linear decrease (p = 0.029), b* and a* showed a significant linear increase (p < 0.001) (trial 2). This research advances the exploration of sustainable protein alternatives, highlighting the potential of microalgae in broiler feed and the benefits of processing methods such as PEF to enhance nutrient utilization.
Sustainable Nutritional Strategies for Gut Health in Weaned Pigs: The Role of Reduced Dietary Crude Protein, Organic Acids and Butyrate Production
Authors: Connolly Kathryn Ruth , Sweeney Torres , O’Doherty John V.
Published: January 2025

Weaning in piglets presents significant physiological and immunological challenges, including gut dysbiosis and increased susceptibility to post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD). Abrupt dietary, environmental, and social changes during this period disrupt the intestinal barrier and microbiota, often necessitating antimicrobial use. Sustainable dietary strategies are critical to addressing these issues while reducing reliance on antimicrobials. Reducing dietary crude protein mitigates the availability of undigested proteins for pathogenic bacteria, lowering harmful by-products like ammonia and branched-chain fatty acids, which exacerbate dysbiosis. Organic acid supplementation improves gastric acidification, nutrient absorption, and microbial balance, while also serving as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional grain preservation methods. Increasing intestinal butyrate, a key short-chain fatty acid with anti-inflammatory and gut-protective properties, is particularly promising. Butyrate strengthens intestinal barrier integrity by upregulating tight junction proteins, reduces inflammation by modulating cytokine responses, and promotes anaerobic microbial stability. Exogenous butyrate supplementation via salts provides immediate benefits, while endogenous stimulation through prebiotics (e.g., resistant starch) and probiotics promotes sustained butyrate production. These interventions selectively enhance butyrate-producing bacteria such as Roseburia and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, further stabilising the gut microbiota. Integrating these strategies can enhance gut integrity, microbial resilience, and immune responses in weaned piglets. Their combination offers a sustainable, antimicrobial-free approach to improving health and productivity in modern pig production systems.
Lameness Is Not an Excuse Anymore
Authors: Holzhauer Menno
Published: January 2025

It is an honor for me to serve as Guest Editor for this Special Issue of Animals: “Foot and Claw Health in Dairy Cows” [...]
The Effect of Broussonetia papyrifera Silage on the Growth Performance, Blood Physiological Parameters, Serum Biochemical Parameters, Immune Response, Antioxidant Capacity, and Rumen Bacteria of Kazakh Lamb
Authors: Zheng Xiaokai , Wang Yixiang , Li Shuangming , Sun Yingchao , Hou Guoqing , Huang Rongzheng , Zhang Fanfan
Published: January 2025

Numerous studies have demonstrated that Broussonetia papyrifera is an unconventional feed resource with significant developmental potential. This research aimed to explore the effects of Broussonetia papyrifera silage on the growth performance, blood parameters, immunity, antioxidation, cytokine levels, and rumen bacterial composition of Kazakh lamb. Forty healthy male Kazakh lambs, aged 5 months and weighing 30.12 ± 1.14 kg, were randomly divided into control and experimental groups, each consisting of four replicates (five lambs per replicate). The control group was fed a basal diet, while the experimental group received a diet supplemented with 20% Broussonetia papyrifera silage (dry matter basis). Following a 10-day pre-feeding period, a 60-day formal experiment was conducted. The results indicated no significant difference in growth performance between the experimental and control groups. However, compared to the control group, the use of Broussonetia papyrifera silage significantly reduced (p < 0.05) neutrophil, lymphocyte, and eosinophil counts, as well as creatinine levels in the blood. Furthermore, Broussonetia papyrifera silage (p < 0.01) enhanced total serum antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin G, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8, and decreased malondialdehyde and interleukin-4 levels. Additionally, the use of Broussonetia papyrifera silage increased the diversity and richness of the rumen bacterial community, notably enhancing the relative abundance of Firmicutes such as Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group. In conclusion, feeding Kazakh lamb with Broussonetia papyrifera silage (20% DM) did not adversely affect their growth performance but improved their immunity and antioxidant capacity and enhanced the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria in the rumen, thereby promoting animal health.
Effect of Periplaneta americana Residue Feed on Immunity, Antioxidant Capacity, and Transcriptome in Chickens: A Study on Sanhuang Chickens
Authors: Zhao Yongfei , Zhao Tianzhang , Zi Shunyi , Ou Guoyu , Li Huiying
Published: January 2025

This study investigated the effects of Periplaneta americana residue (PAR) on the immune function, antioxidant capacity, and transcriptome of Sanhuang chickens. Six hundred 30-day-old Sanhuang chickens were divided into six groups with diets of varying PAR replacement of soybean meal from 0 to 100% in increments of 20%. Samples were taken on day 100. The results indicated that PAR did not significantly affect growth performance (p > 0.05). PAR significantly elevated the levels of IL-1β, IL-2, TNF-α, IgA, IgG, and IgM in both the serum and spleen (p < 0.05). Moreover, it markedly increased the GSH-Px, T-AOC, SOD, and CAT levels in the serum and liver (p < 0.05) and reached optimal levels of immune factors and antioxidant indicators at diet 2. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that substituting PAR for soybean meal downregulated genes associated with immune diseases and infectious disease pathways. Substituting soybean meal with PAR enhanced the resistance of Sanhuang chickens to pathogenic factors and oxidative stress, with no impact on growth performance. The optimal improvement was observed with diet 2.
Prominent Naturally Derived Oxidative-Stress-Targeting Drugs and Their Applications in Cancer Treatment
Authors: Lee Eunsun , Yang Dongki , Hong Jeong Hee
Published: January 2025

The relationship between oxidative stress and cancer has been extensively studied and highlighted, along with its role in various aspects of angiogenesis. The modulation of oxidative levels and the adaptive mechanisms of oxidative stress in cancer systems are attractive research themes for developing anti-cancer strategies. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in various pathophysiological processes and play crucial roles in DNA damage and angiogenesis. Although cancer cells have developed various adaptive defense mechanisms against oxidative stress, excessive ROS production has been proposed as an anti-cancer strategy to induce cellular apoptosis. In particular, natural-source-based antioxidants have been identified as effective against cancers, and various delivery platforms have been developed to enhance their efficacy. In this review, we highlighted the anti-cancer components (plumbagin, quercetin, resveratrol, curcumin, xanthatin, carvacrol, telmisartan, and sulforaphane) that modulate ROS levels and the recent targeting platforms used to increase the application of anti-cancer drugs and the developed delivery platforms with diverse mechanisms of action. Further, we summarized the actual doses used and the effects of these drug candidates in various cancer systems. Overall, this review provides beneficial research themes for expanding cancer-targeting fields and addressing limited applications in diverse cancer types.
Field Test and Numerical Simulation Study of Bearing Characteristics of Combined Post-Grouted Piles for Railway Bridges
Authors: Zhang Runze , Guo Zilong , Gong Weiming , Wan Zhihui
Published: January 2025

Utilizing the results of static load tests using the self-balancing method on two large-diameter bored piles from the Huaiyang Left Line Special Bridge Project of the Lianyungang–Zhenjiang Railway, this study aims to investigate the effect of combined tip-and-side post-grouting on the bearing characteristics of post-grouted piles in railway bridges. The difference in bearing performance between individual piles before and after grouting was evaluated using a comparative analysis. The results show that the bearing capacity of the pile foundations is greatly increased by combined tip-and-side post-grouting. In particular, following grouting, a single pile’s maximum bearing capacity rises from 32.99% to 38.42%. The combined post-grouting produces a compressed grout that enhances the mechanical characteristics of the pile–soil contact, resulting in a significant increase in side resistance all the way along the pile. The combined post-grouting also optimizes the performance of the tip resistance, resulting in a more rapid response as the pile tip displacement increases. Additionally, the combined post-grouting modifies the pile shaft’s load transfer mechanism by increasing the tip resistance’s contribution to the pile foundation’s ultimate bearing capacity and moving the bearing’s center of gravity closer to the pile end.
Surface Plasmon Mediated Angular and Wavelength Tunable Retroreflectors Using Parallel-Superimposed Surface Relief Bi-Gratings
Authors: Dollar Maxwell , Bdour Yazan , Rochon Paul , Sabat Ribal Georges
Published: January 2025

This study presents the design and fabrication of light retroreflectors utilizing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in parallel-superimposed bi-grating structures. The bi-gratings were inscribed onto a thin azobenzene molecular glass film via photolithography and subsequently coated with a thin gold layer to support SPR. The two superimposed gratings operate in tandem, with one grating coupling incident light into the SPR mode and the other coupling it back out toward the light source, thereby achieving retroreflection. Monochromatic retroreflection is demonstrated for a target wavelength (785 nm) at angles from 5° to 10°, while multi-wavelength retroreflection is achieved for red, orange, and green wavelengths at corresponding angles. The findings highlight the potential of these bi-gratings for applications in optical sensing, communication, and advanced photonic systems, where compact, tunable, and angularly responsive designs are essential.
Reversible Spectral Speech Watermarking with Variable Embedding Locations Against Spectrum-Based Attacks
Authors: Huang Xuping , Ito Akinori
Published: January 2025

To guarantee the reliability and integrity of audio, data have been focused on as an essential topic as the fast development of generative AI. Significant progress in machine learning and speech synthesis has increased the potential for audio tampering. In this paper, we focus on the digital watermarking method as a promising method to safeguard the authenticity of audio evidence. Due to the integrity of the original data with probative importance, the algorithm requires reversibility, imperceptibility, and reliability. To meet the requirements, we propose a reversible digital watermarking approach that embeds feature data concentrating in high-frequency intDCT coefficients after transforming data from the time domain into the frequency domain. We explored the appropriate hiding locations against spectrum-based attacks with novel proposed methodologies for spectral expansion for embedding. However, the drawback of fixed expansion is that the stego signal is prone to being detected by a spectral analysis. Therefore, this paper proposes two other new expansion methodologies that embed the data into variable locations—random expansion and adaptive expansion with distortion estimation for embedding—which effectively conceal the watermark’s presence while maintaining high perceptual quality with an average segSNR better than 21.363 dB and average MOS value better than 4.085. Our experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed method in both sound quality preservation and log-likelihood value, indicating the absolute discontinuity of the spectrogram after embedding is proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed reversible spectral expansion watermarking algorithm. The result of EER indicated that the adaptive hiding performed best against attacks by spectral analysis.
Spatial Downscaling of Daily Temperature Minima Using Machine Learning Methods and Application to Frost Forecasting in Two Alpine Valleys
Authors: Bhakare Sudheer , Matiu Michael , Crespi Alice , Zardi Dino
Published: January 2025

This study examines the performance of three machine learning models—namely, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Random Forest (RF), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)—for spatial downscaling of seasonal forecasts of daily minimum temperature from 12 km to 250 m horizontal resolution. Downscaling is carried out with a one-month lead time, with analysis split into short-term (1 to 8 days) and extended (9 to 28 days) forecast periods, allowing a detailed assessment of the performance of models over time. Results suggest that CNN outperforms ANN and RF, achieving lower Root Mean Square Error (ranging from 2.04 °C to 2.66 °C) and Mean Absolute Error (1.59 °C to 2.03 °C) along with higher correlation (0.75 to 0.88) and reduced bias (−0.38 °C to −0.68) across all seasons, for the short term. The CNN model also exhibits superior performance in frost prediction, with the highest F1 score (0.78) and lowest False Discovery Rate (0.30) in predicting frost events, particularly in early spring for the short-term forecast period over 2010–2018. However, errors increase in transitional months, like April, and in the extended forecast period, confirming the intrinsic challenges inherent to predicting frost events in these months. Despite the decreased skills for extended forecast periods, results suggest that the CNN model’s effectiveness for spatial downscaling of minimum temperature and frost forecasting over complex terrain provides a valuable tool for frost risk management.
Deep Learning for Predicting Spheroid Viability: Novel Convolutional Neural Network Model for Automating Quality Control for Three-Dimensional Bioprinting
Authors: Sheikh Zyva A. , Clarke Oliver , Mir Amatullah , Hibino Narutoshi
Published: January 2025

Spheroids serve as the building blocks for three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted tissue patches. When larger than 500 μm, the desired size for 3D bioprinting, they tend to have a hypoxic core with necrotic cells. Therefore, it is critical to assess the viability of spheroids in order to ensure the successful fabrication of high-viability patches. However, current viability assays are time-consuming, labor-intensive, require specialized training, or are subject to human bias. In this study, we build a convolutional neural network (CNN) model to efficiently and accurately predict spheroid viability, using a phase-contrast image of a spheroid as its input. A comprehensive dataset of mouse mesenchymal stem cell (mMSC) spheroids of varying sizes with corresponding viability percentages, which was obtained through CCK-8 assays, was established and used to train and validate the model. The model was trained to automatically classify spheroids into one of four distinct categories based on their predicted viability: 0–20%, 20–40%, 40–70%, and 70–100%. The model achieved an average accuracy of 92%, with a consistent loss below 0.2. This deep-learning model offers a non-invasive, efficient, and accurate method to streamline the assessment of spheroid quality, thereby accelerating the development of bioengineered cardiac tissue patches for cardiovascular disease therapies.
Metagenomic Insights into Pigeon Gut Microbiota Characteristics and Antibiotic-Resistant Genes
Authors: Dai Wei , Zhu Haicong , Chen Junhong , Chen Hui , Dai Dingzhen , Wu Jian
Published: January 2025

Background: Antibiotics were extensively used in the pigeon breeding industry previously to promote growth and prevent disease, leading to the spread of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) in gut microbes, which has become a major public health concern. Methods: A metagenomic analysis was performed to investigate the gut microbial communities and ARGs in young and older pigeons in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. Results: There were obviously distinct gut microbiota and functional compositions between young and older pigeons. Both Pseudomonadota and Uroviricota were dominant in young and older pigeons. Although sharing 24 gut microbiota phyla between young and older pigeons, Bacillota and Pseudomonadota were the dominant microbial phyla in them, respectively. Besides the shared metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biosynthesis of amino acids was the most abundant Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) function in young pigeons, while microbial metabolism in diverse environments was abundant in older pigeons. A total of 142 ARGs conferring multidrug resistance, tetracycline, and aminoglycoside resistance were identified; the most abundant gene in young pigeons was tetracycline-tetW, while in older pigeons, it was multidrug-acrB. Conclusions: Our findings revealed significant differences in the gut microbial communities and ARGs between young and older pigeons. This study enhances our understanding of pigeon gut microbiota and antibiotic resistomes, contributing to knowledge-based sustainable pigeon meat production.
A Retrospective Study in Trans Individuals Undergoing Gender Affirming Testosterone Treatment: Can Changes in Prolactin Counteract the Negative Effects on the Lipid Profile?
Authors: Steininger Jojo , Widmann Katalin , Kaufmann Ulrike , Hager Marlene , Marculescu Rodrig , Krysiak Robert , Ott Johannes
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) is known to influence the lipid profiles of trans men and transmasculine individuals. Recent data show that moderate prolactin (PRL) elevations might exert beneficial metabolic effects (“HomeoFIT-PRL model”). The aim of this study is to investigate changes in PRL levels and possible associations between PRL and lipid profiles in this population after a year of GAHT. Methods: In a retrospective cohort study, 97 participants, who received GAHT with testosterone, were included. Blood lipids, PRL, and sex steroid hormone levels were evaluated prior to and at 10–14 months after treatment started. Results: The difference in PRL levels between baseline and follow-up was significant (p = 0.007) with a median difference of +2.3 ng/mL. Concerning blood lipids, the decline in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) reached statistical significance (median 56 mg/dL versus 50 mg/dL; p < 0.001), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride levels increased (p = 0.023 and p = 0.045, respectively). Individuals with a PRL > 25 ng/mL at follow-up (n = 20, 20.6%) revealed increases in total cholesterol and LDL-C significantly less often. Overall, participants frequently displayed unfavorable changes in their lipid profile after 10–14 months of GAHT, as well as a slight but significant increase in PRL. About 20% of patients showed mild-to-moderate hyperprolactinemia (PRL > 25 ng/mL). However, such changes were associated with potentially beneficial dynamics in the lipid profile, at least for triglycerides. Conclusions: These findings seem in line with the HomeoFIT-PRL model suggesting that moderate elevations in PRL levels might exert beneficial metabolic effects. Increases in PRL after testosterone were common.
Vitamin D Deficiency as a Risk Factor for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Petrea Claudia Elena , Ghenciu Laura Andreea , Iacob Roxana , Stoicescu Emil Robert , Săndesc Dorel
Published: January 2025

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a significant microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), remains a major cause of vision loss worldwide. Vitamin D, recognized for its role in bone health, has also been implicated in various non-skeletal conditions, including DR. This systematic review analyzed data from 20 studies involving 22,408 participants to explore the relationship between vitamin D levels and DR. Studies were included based on strict eligibility criteria, ensuring they could distinctly classify participants into DR and non-DR groups and provide quantitative measurements of vitamin D levels. Of these, nine studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled analysis revealed a significant association between lower vitamin D levels and increased odds of DR, with a combined odds ratio (OR) of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.10–1.20) under the fixed-effects model and 1.17 (95% CI: 1.08–1.27) under the random-effects model. Mean serum vitamin D levels were lower in individuals with DR (18.11 ± 5.35 ng/mL) compared to those without DR (19.71 ± 7.44 ng/mL), with a progressive decline observed across DR severity stages. Subgroup analyses showed significantly lower levels of vitamin D in proliferative DR compared to non-proliferative stages. Heterogeneity (I2 = 89%) was noted, most probably due to geographic differences, varying methodologies for vitamin D measurement, and DR classification approaches. Secondary analyses indicated that vitamin D deficiency prevalence ranged from 27% to 95% in DR populations, highlighting its potential role in disease progression. This review highlights the need for longitudinal studies to better understand the causal relationship. The findings also call attention to a critical gap in the literature regarding the therapeutic role of vitamin D supplementation in preventing and managing DR. Addressing vitamin D deficiency as a modifiable risk factor in DM care may offer new avenues for reducing the burden of DR.
Lymph Node Adiposity and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
Authors: Rubino Jessica M. , Ring Natalie Yanzi , Patel Krishna , Xia Xiaoqing , MacKenzie Todd A. , diFlorio-Alexander Roberta M.
Published: January 2025

Objective: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously known as the most common chronic liver disease, is soon to be the leading indication for liver transplantation; however, the diagnosis may remain occult for decades. There is a need for biomarkers that identify patients at risk for MASLD and patients at risk for disease progression to optimize patient management and outcomes. Lymph node adiposity (LNA) is a novel marker of adiposity identified within axillary lymph nodes on screening mammography. Recent studies have demonstrated a correlation between LNA and cardiometabolic disease and cardiovascular disease risk. This study aimed to investigate the association between MASLD and LNA to evaluate the potential of mammographic LNA to serve as an imaging biomarker of MASLD. Methods: We identified women with pathology-proven MASLD who had a liver biopsy and a screening mammogram within 12 months of the liver biopsy. This resulted in a sample size of 161 women for final analysis that met the inclusion criteria. We evaluated lymph node adiposity through multiple measurements of the largest axillary lymph node visualized on mammography and correlated LNA with MASLD histology. Statistical analysis using univariable and multivariable logistic regression and odds ratios was performed using R version 4.1.0 (2021), the R Foundation for Statistical Computing Platform. Results: We found a significant association between MASLD and mammographic LNA, defined as lymph node (LN) length > 16 mm (p = 0.0004) that remained significant after adjusting for clinical factors, including body mass index (BMI). We additionally found a significant association between LNA and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), identified via liver biopsy (p = 0.0048). Conclusions: Mammographic lymph node adiposity may serve as a helpful imaging biomarker of MASLD in women who have an elevated risk for the development of MASH.
Blockchain-Based Privacy-Enhancing Federated Learning in Smart Healthcare: A Survey
Authors: Ngoupayou Limbepe Zounkaraneni , Gai Keke , Yu Jing
Published: January 2025

Federated learning (FL) has emerged as an efficient machine learning (ML) method with crucial privacy protection features. It is adapted for training models in Internet of Things (IoT)-related domains, including smart healthcare systems (SHSs), where the introduction of IoT devices and technologies can arise various security and privacy concerns. However, as FL cannot solely address all privacy challenges, privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) and blockchain are often integrated to enhance privacy protection in FL frameworks within SHSs. The critical questions remain regarding how these technologies are integrated with FL and how they contribute to enhancing privacy protection in SHSs. This survey addresses these questions by investigating the recent advancements on the combination of FL with PETs and blockchain for privacy protection in smart healthcare. First, this survey emphasizes the critical integration of PETs into the FL context. Second, to address the challenge of integrating blockchain into FL, it examines three main technical dimensions such as blockchain-enabled model storage, blockchain-enabled aggregation, and blockchain-enabled gradient upload within FL frameworks. This survey further explores how these technologies collectively ensure the integrity and confidentiality of healthcare data, highlighting their significance in building a trustworthy SHS that safeguards sensitive patient information.
Real-Time Neuropsychological Testing for Hydrocephalus: Ultra-Fast Neuropsychological Testing During Infusion and Tap Test in Patients with Idiopathic Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus
Authors: Guarracino Ilaria , Fabbro Sara , Piccolo Daniele , D’Agostini Serena , Skrap Miran , Belgrado Enrico , Vindigni Marco , Tuniz Francesco , Tomasino Barbara
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Ventriculoperitoneal shunting is a validated procedure for the treatment of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. To select shunt-responsive patients, infusion and tap tests can be used. Only gait is evaluated after the procedure to establish a potential improvement. In this study, we present our Hydro-Real-Time Neuropsychological Testing protocol to assess the feasibility of performing an ultra-fast assessment of patients during the infusion and tap test. Methods: We tested 57 patients during the infusion and tap test to obtain real-time feedback on their cognitive status. Data were obtained immediately before the infusion phase (T0), when the pressure plateau was reached (T1), and immediately after cerebrospinal fluid subtraction (T2). Based on cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, 63.15% of the patients presented a resistance to outflow > 12 mmHg/mL/min, while 88% had a positive tap test response. Results: Compared to T0, cerebrospinal fluid removal significantly improved performance on tasks exploring executive functions (counting backward, p < 0.001; verbal fluency, p < 0.001). Patients were significantly faster at counting backward at T2 vs. T1 (p < 0.05) and at T2 vs. T0 (p < 0.001) and were significantly faster at counting forward at T2 vs. T1 (p < 0.005), suggesting an improvement in speed at T2. There was a significantly smaller index at T1 vs. T0 (p = 0.005) and at T2 vs. T0 (p < 0.001), suggesting a more marked improvement in patients’ executive abilities at T2 and a smaller improvement at T1. Regarding verbal fluency, patients were worse at T1 vs. T0 (p < 0.001) and at T2 vs. T0 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Patients’ performance can be monitored during the infusion and tap test as significant changes in executive functions are observable. In future, this protocol might help improve patients’ selection for surgery.
University STEM Students’ Perceived Challenges During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ding Yi , Wang Qian , Yao Yingying , Liu Yuwei , Wang Jiayi , Yu Qiong , Marrinan Emily
Published: January 2025

University students faced unprecedented challenges and stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic. STEM students experienced unique challenges because many had traditional lectures and hands-on learning in laboratories or field settings. This qualitative study aimed to explore STEM university students’ experiences and difficulties perceived during the pandemic. Secondary analyses of 2 waves of interviews among 12 participants yielded 12 themes across 4 categories that captured the essence of the STEM university student’s experiences: academic and practice, emotional influences, discrimination, and finance. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
The Effect of Cyber-Ostracism on Social Anxiety Among Undergraduates: The Mediating Effects of Rejection Sensitivity and Rumination
Authors: Shi Chun , Sun Peizhen , Shi Jiaru , Ye Haosheng , Tao Junyan
Published: January 2025

In order to examine the relationship between cyber-ostracism and social anxiety among undergraduates, as well as to investigate the mechanisms underlying the effects of cyber-ostracism, rejection sensitivity, and rumination on social anxiety, this study recruited 864 undergraduate students from Jiangsu and Guangdong Provinces in China using a cluster sampling method. The participants completed the Cyber-Ostracism Questionnaire, the Chinese version of the Interaction Anxiousness Scale, the Chinese version of the Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire, and the Chinese version of the Ruminative Responses Scale. Furthermore, the mediating effects were examined using the structural equation modeling (SEM) method. The results showed that (1) cyber-ostracism was positively related to social anxiety among undergraduates, and (2) rejection sensitivity and rumination played a chain mediating role in the relationship between cyber-ostracism and social anxiety.
Study on the Composite Performance of Sandwich Wall Panels with SGCCs
Authors: Jiang Huanzhi , Xie Libo , Chang Fengyuan , Cao Yu , Guo Zhengxing
Published: January 2025

This paper aims to explore the impact of different arrangements of new steel-glass FRP composite connectors (SGCCs) on the bending and composite performance of sandwich wall panels. Through monotonic loading bending tests on six full-size specimens, aspects such as their failure modes, load-deflection curves, load-strain relationships, slip between the thermal insulation layer and concrete, and composite action were analyzed. The results show that all sandwich wall panels experienced bending and ductile failure, and exhibit partial composite performance, with P4 having the best composite performance and P1 the worst. The degree of composite action is positively correlated with the flexural bearing capacity. The bending capacity mainly depends on the layout rather than the total number of SGCCs. Arranging connectors along the short side of the panel has a more significant impact, and the number of connectors at the panel’s ends has a greater influence on the composite performance. Except for P1, the theoretical value of the composite degree of the other sandwich wall panels exceeds 70%, and P4 reaches 85%. The theoretical calculations are in good agreement with the experimental results. This study provides theoretical and data support for the rational configuration of connectors in sandwich wall panels and is of great significance for building engineering applications. Meanwhile, suggestions for configuring connectors in actual engineering are also given.
Change Orders and Their Domino Effect: Insights from Public Construction Projects in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alsulami Badr T.
Published: January 2025

Public construction projects in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), particularly in the Makkah region, are important for the infrastructure and economic growth of the country. However, these projects often face challenges from change orders (COs), which lead to notable cost and schedule overruns. This study examines 32 public construction projects completed between 2010 and 2019 to analyze the impacts of COs on project performance. Results indicated that COs are associated with significant schedule overruns, ranging from 22% to 200%, and cost increases between 2.67% and 42.86%. Approximately 80.65% of the projects experienced cost overruns, with only one project adhering to its original budget. The ANOVA results revealed that differences in cost and schedule overruns based on project size, type, and managing department are not statistically significant. This highlighted that challenges posed by COs are consistent across different project categories and departments, showing systemic inefficiencies rather than project-specific issues. Variability in overruns within certain groups, such as departments, emphasizes the need for further exploration into localized practices and conditions. Finally, the study provides actionable recommendations to mitigate the adverse effects of COs, including standardized protocols for CO management, early stakeholder engagement during planning phases, adoption of advanced monitoring tools such as BIM, and the inclusion of contingency funds aligned with project complexity.
Graphene-Enhanced Piezoelectric Nanogenerators for Efficient Energy Harvesting
Authors: Sengupta Joydip , Hussain Chaudhery Mustansar
Published: January 2025

Graphene-based piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) have emerged as a promising technology for sustainable energy harvesting, offering significant potential in powering next-generation electronic devices. This review explores the integration of graphene, a highly conductive and mechanically robust two-dimensional (2D) material, with PENG to enhance their energy conversion efficiency. Graphene’s unique properties, including its exceptional electron mobility, high mechanical strength, and flexibility, allow for the development of nanogenerators with superior performance compared to conventional PENGs. When combined with piezoelectric materials, polymers, graphene serves as both an active layer and a charge transport medium, boosting the piezoelectric response and output power. The graphene-based PENGs can harvest mechanical energy from various sources, including vibrations, human motion, and ambient environmental forces, making them ideal for applications in wearable electronics, and low-power devices. This paper provides an overview of the fabrication techniques, material properties, and energy conversion mechanisms of graphene-based PENGs, and integration into real-world applications. The findings demonstrate that the incorporation of graphene enhances the performance of PENG, paving the way for future innovations in energy-harvesting technologies.
Role of NF2 Mutation in the Development of Eleven Different Cancers
Authors: Nouri Shervin Hosseingholi , Nitturi Vijay , Ledbetter Elizabeth , English Collin W. , Lau Sean , Klisch Tiemo J. , Patel Akash J.
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: With the rise in prevalence of diagnostic genetic techniques like RNA sequencing and whole exome sequencing (WES), as well as biological treatment regiments for cancer therapy, several genes have been implicated in carcinogenesis. This review aims to update our understanding of the Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) gene and its role in the pathogenesis of various cancers. Methods: A comprehensive search of five online databases yielded 43 studies that highlighted the effect of sporadic NF2 mutations on several cancers, including sporadic meningioma, ependymoma, schwannoma, mesothelioma, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate cancer, glioblastoma, thyroid cancer, and melanoma. Of note were key biological pathways implicated in cancer formation resulting from sporadic NF2 mutations. Results: NF2 gene mutations are implicated in over 11 different cancers, including several CNS tumors, soli-organ tumors, and skin cancer. NF2 acts as a driver mutation in some cancers, as a non-driver mutation in some cancers, and has simple associated mutations with other cancers. In terms of biological pathway involvement, 8 of the 11 cancers with NF2 mutations show evidence of Hippo signaling cascade involvement. Conclusions: Several cancers characterized by mutations in the NF2 gene have associations with the Hippo signaling pathway. However, future studies remain to be done to further elucidate the role of the Hippo signaling pathway in the carcinogenesis of human NF2-mutant tumors. The findings of this review provide insights into the role of NF2 mutations in cancers, Hippo signaling in NF2-mutant cancers, and current gaps in our knowledge regarding the two.
Exploring the Link Between Obligate Anaerobe-Related Dysbiosis and Prostate Cancer Development: A Pilot Study
Authors: Ladoukakis Efthymios , Oliver Tim , Wilks Mark , Lane Emily F. , Chinegwundoh Frank , Shaw Greg , Nedjai Belinda
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Several independent studies have associated prostate cancer (PCa) with specific groups of bacteria, most of them reporting the presence of anaerobic or microaerophilic species such as Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes). Such findings suggest a prostate cancer-related bacterial dysbiosis, in a manner similar to the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer. In an earlier exploratory study looking for such dysbiosis events, using a culturomics approach, we discovered that the presence of obligate anaerobes (OAs) along with C. acnes was associated with increased prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in 39 participants. Methods: Building on this, in this study, we analyzed 89 post-rectal examination urine samples, from men with prostate cancer attending the PROVENT trial, using 16S rDNA sequencing. Our investigation focused on the impact of six previously identified OA genera (Finegoldia, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Peptoniphilus_A, Peptostreptococcus, and Veillonella_A) on PSA levels. However, an additional data-driven approach was followed to uncover more taxa linked to increased PSA. Results: Our analysis revealed a statistically significant association between Peptostreptococcus and elevated PSA levels. Additionally, there were potential interactions between Prevotella and Fusobacterium. Interestingly, we also found that an aerobe, Ochrobactrum_A,was significantly linked to higher PSA levels. Conclusions: These findings suggest that OA-related dysbiosis may contribute to elevated PSA levels through prostate cell damage even before prostate cancer develops, possibly playing a role in chronic inflammation and the hypervascular changes seen in precancerous lesions. Future clinical trials with larger cohorts are needed to further evaluate the role of OA in prostate cancer development and progression.
High Field MRI in Parotid Gland Tumors: A Diagnostic Algorithm
Authors: Gaudino Chiara , Cassoni Andrea , Pisciotti Martina Lucia , Pucci Resi , Veneroso Chiara , Di Gioia Cira Rosaria Tiziana , De Felice Francesca , Pantano Patrizia , Valentini Valentino
Published: January 2025

Backgrounds: Imaging of parotid tumors is crucial for surgery planning, but it cannot distinguish malignant from benign lesions with absolute reliability. The aim of the study was to establish a diagnostic MRI algorithm to differentiate parotid tumors. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted including all patients with parotid tumors, who underwent 3T-MRI and surgery. Morphological characteristics and normalized T2 and late postcontrast T1 signal intensities (SI) were assessed. “Ghosting sign” on late postcontrast T1 sequence was defined as indistinguishability of the tumor except for a thin peripheral enhancement. Patients were divided according to histology and imaging data were compared. A diagnostic MRI algorithm was established. Results: Thirty-six patients were included. The combination of normalized late T1 postcontrast SI, normalized T2 SI and “ghosting sign” allowed for the distinguishing of malignant from benign parotid tumors with high sensitivity (100%), specificity (93%), positive predictive value (80%), negative predictive value, (100%) and accuracy (94%). Moreover, pleomorphic adenomas often showed a homogeneous T2 signal and a complete capsule (p < 0.01), Warthin tumors protein-rich cysts and calcifications (p < 0.005 and p < 0.05), and malignant tumors an inhomogeneous contrast enhancement (p < 0.01). Conclusions: High field MRI represents a promising tool in parotid tumors, allowing for an accurate differentiation of malignant and benign lesions.
Beyond the Horizon: Rethinking Prostate Cancer Treatment Through Innovation and Alternative Strategies
Authors: Bhoir Siddhant , De Benedetti Arrigo
Published: January 2025

For nearly a century, fundamental observations that prostate cancer (PCa) cells nearly always require AR stimulation for sustained proliferation have led to a unidirectional quest to abrogate such a pathway. Similarly focused have been efforts to understand AR-driven processes in the context of elevated expression of its target genes, and much less so on products that become overexpressed when AR signaling is suppressed. Treatment with ARSI results in an increased expression of the TLK1B splice variant via a ‘translational’ derepression driven by the compensatory mTOR activation and consequent activation of the TLK1 > NEK1 > ATR > Chk1 and NEK1 > YAP axes. In due course, this results first in a pro-survival quiescence and then adaptation to ADT and CRPC progression. This constitutes a novel liability for PCa that we have targeted for several years and novel approaches.