bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A preliminary search for anthocyanin‐β‐D‐glucosidase activity in non‐Saccharomyces wine yeasts
Authors: Manzanares Paloma , Rojas Virginia , Genovés Salvador , Vallés Salvador
Published: March 2003

β‐D‐glucosidase activity in 53 yeast strains belonging to the genera Candida, Dekkera, Hanseniaspora, Metschnikowia, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Schizosaccharomyces and Zygosaccharomyces, mainly isolated from grapes and wines, has been detected on the basis of its hydrolytic activity on 4‐methylumbelliferyl‐β‐D‐glucoside (MUG) and ρ‐nitrophenyl‐β‐D‐glucoside (pNPG). Only yeast species belonging to the genera Dekkera, Rhodotorula and Schizosaccharomyces did not produce the enzyme. The nine yeast strains demonstrating greatest β‐D‐glucosidase activity on pNPG at pH 3.5 in the presence of 10% (v/v) ethanol belong to the genera Candida, Hanseniaspora and Pichia and exhibited mainly cell wall bound activity. Anthocyanin‐β‐D‐glucosidase activity was checked using an anthocyanin extract by following loss of absorbance at 520 nm. Whilst the nine yeast strains studied degraded the anthocyanin extract, H’spora osmophila 11207 and P. anomala 10590 were selected as the best producers of β‐D‐glucosidase with the lowest decolorizing activity.
Thermal degradation kinetics of thiamine in periwinkle based formulated low acidity foods
Authors: Ariahu Charles C. , Ogunsua Augustine O.
Published: March 2003

The kinetics of the thermal degradation of thiamine in periwinkle‐in‐brine (PIB), periwinkle‐in‐sauce (PIS) and periwinkle‐in‐egusi soup (PES) were investigated in the temperature range 104–121.1 °C (5–40 min). Thiamine degradation could be modeled as a first order rate reaction with the rates being higher in the brine than the formulated food systems. The temperature dependence of the rates of destruction gave highly significant correlations when analyzed by the thermal resistance, Arrhenius and absolute reaction rate methods. Ea‐values ranged from 107.2 kJ mol–1 in PES to 111.5 KJ mol–1 in PIB. The ΔH# and ΔS# values ranged from 103.9 kJ mol–1 and 52.4 J deg–1 mol–1 respectively in PES to 108.3 kJ mol–1 and –40.5 J deg–1 mol–1 respectively in PIB while the z‐values were 26.3, 25.5 and 25.3 °C for PES, PIS and PIB respectively.
High pressure unfolding of ovalbumin
Authors: Smith Drummond , Galazka Vanda B. , Wellner Nicholas , Sumner Ian G.
Published: March 2003

Summary The effects of high pressure processing of ovalbumin have been investigated. After treatment with pressures in excess of 400 MPa at pH 6.5, circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy showed limited irreversible changes in secondary structure. Fluorescence and derivative spectroscopy as well as fluorescence‐quenching experiments indicated greater solvent exposure of aromatic residues in pressure‐treated protein. Pressure treatment also caused enhanced binding of anilino‐1‐naphthalene‐8‐sulphonic acid (ANS). The pressure necessary to cause these changes was lower at low pH. These data indicate a pressure‐induced molten‐globule formation. The pressurized protein may be structurally similar to forms of the protein found at acid pH or as intermediates in protein folding.
Partial characterization of collagen from purple sea urchin (Anthocidaris crassispina) test
Authors: Nagai Takeshi , Suzuki Nobutaka
Published: March 2003

Summary As part of a study to establish an effective use of underutilized resources, purple sea urchin test collagen was prepared by limited pepsin digestion and characterized. This collagen consisted of two α chains and has a chain composition of (α1)2α2 heterotrimer. The primary structure of the purple sea urchin collagen is different from that of a mammalian such as porcine. Sea urchin collagen has a denaturation temperature of 28 °C which is about 9 °C lower than that of the porcine skin collagen. The yield of collagen was about 35% on the basis of lyophilized dry weight. As the purple sea urchin has the potential as an alternative source of collagen for use in various fields such as foods, medicine, and cosmetics, it is necessary to improve the denaturation temperature of the sea urchin.
Structural changes and shrinkage of potato during frying
Authors: Costa Rui M. , Oliveira Fernanda A. R. , Boutcheva Gergana
Published: March 2003

Summary Light microscopy was used to study changes in cell size, blister formation and crust evolution during potato frying. Frying experiments with both French fries and crisps of different thickness (1–5 mm) were performed at temperatures of 140 and 180 °C. Thickness, volume and density changes were also measured. The formation of crust in French fries starts after the potato surface reached approximately 103 °C, and then the crust thickness increased linearly with the square root of frying time, this increase being faster at 180 °C. The potato volume decreased during frying, although in the late stages the volume may increase because of oil uptake and cell separation caused by entrapped water vapour. Shrinkage was adequately described by the Weibull model with a residual value, with shrinkage rate increasing with temperature and decreasing with potato thickness. The residual volume was not affected by temperature (65% for French fries and 59–30 for crisps, depending on thickness). Volume appeared to decrease mainly as the result of water loss, except for very low water content, and thus potato density changes were very small.
Effect of infrared heating on the properties of legume seeds*
Authors: Fasina Oladiran , Tyler Bob , Pickard Mark , Zheng Guo‐Hua , Wang Ning
Published: March 2003

Summary Five legume seeds (kidney beans, green peas, black beans, lentil and pinto beans) were heated by infrared to a surface temperature of 140 °C. The changes in chemical composition, physical, mechanical and functional properties of the processed seeds were measured and compared to those of the raw seeds. Significant changes in the properties of the seeds in terms of increased volume, lower rupture point and toughness, higher water uptake and higher leaching losses (when the seeds were soaked in water) were obtained. The changes in the physical and mechanical properties were attributed to possible cracking of the seed. Even though trypsin inhibitor activity was reduced, infrared heating did not significantly affect the starch and protein components of the seeds. The functional characteristics of flour from the infrared‐heated seeds were superior to those of flour from untreated seeds.
Biogenic amines during ripening in ‘Semicotto Caprino’ cheese: role of enterococci
Authors: Galgano Fernanda , Suzzi Giovanna , Favati Fabio , Caruso Marisa , Martuscelli Maria , Gardini Fausto , Salzano Giovanni
Published: March 2003

Semicotto Caprino is a traditional goats' cheese manufactured in the Basilicata region (Southern Italy). Four experimental lots of cheeses were produced from separate batches of milk. All the biogenic amines monitored increased during ripening, the most abundant at each ripening time being putrescine, followed by tryptamine and tyramine. Histamine was not detected at 15 days, but it reached 104 mg kg‐1 cheese at the end of ripening (60 days). A good correlation between free amino acids and total biogenic amines production was found. Strains of enterococci were isolated from all batches of goats' cheese and characterized for amine production and proteolytic activity. HPLC analysis showed that the isolates produced 2‐phenylethylamine, tryptamine, cadaverine, spermidine and, sometimes, spermine. The high amine‐positive strains were also highly proteolytic. In the growth medium with a mixture of amino acid precursors added, the tested isolates produced more amines, even if at different levels.
Simultaneous heat and mass transfer between air and soybean seeds in a concurrent moving bed
Authors: Barrozo Marcos A. S. , Souza Ana M. , Costa Sônia M. , Murata Valéria V.
Published: March 2003

The aim of this work was to study the simultaneous heat and mass transfer between air and soybean seeds in concurrent moving bed dryers. The stationary behaviour of the process was described by the mass and energy equations applied to both fluid and particulate phases, assuming uniform velocity of the seeds and flat velocity profile of the air. The results of the fluid‐dynamic study confirmed that the velocity of the seeds and air inlet profiles were essentially uniform. The experimental data and simulated values of the temperature of the fluid and temperature and moisture of the seeds were in good agreement.
Development of predictive models for end‐use quality of spring wheats through canonical analysis
Authors: Butt Masood S. , Anjum Faqir M. , Van Zuilichem Dick J. , Shaheen Mumtaz
Published: March 2003

For 30 spring wheat cultivars, the bread‐loaf volume, the total bread‐baking scores and the total chapati scores were considered as dependent variables, and 16 other quality attributes were regarded as independent variables. A stepwise regression indicated acid‐soluble glutenin, globulin, gliadin, and Mixograph development time contributed negatively to the bread‐loaf volume and the total bread‐baking scores, whereas dough development time, measured by farinograph readings, and particle size index contributed positively to both these attributes. However, 0.05 M NaOH soluble glutenin, acid soluble glutenin, globulin, albumin, fat and test weight positively affected the total chapati scores while the Farinograph readings (dough development time), ash, moisture and falling number had a negative affect. The canonical correlations were computed between the two groups of variables. The first group comprised dependent variables (bread‐loaf volume, bread scores and chapati scores) and the second comprised 21 independent variables. The highest observed value of coefficient of determination for white flour protein was 0.8912 indicating that 89.12% of the variation in white flour protein can be explained by all other variables in the second set. However, 24.36 and 24.60% of variation in bread‐loaf volume and total bread scores respectively can be explained by all other variables in the first set. The squared multiple regression of each variable in the first set with all the variables in the second set indicated that 57.13% variation in total chapati scores was explained by the variable in the second set, whereas 50.74% of the variation in the bread‐loaf volume and 34% of the variation in total bread scores was explained by the variables included in the second set. The results of the canonical correlation revealed high correlation between the end use quality characteristics and other physico‐chemical, rheological and protein components of wheat cultivars.
Artificial neural network for the prediction of temperature, moisture and fat contents in meatballs during deep‐fat frying
Authors: Mittal G. S. , Zhang J.
Published: March 2003

An artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to predict heat and mass transfer during deep‐fat frying of meatballs. Frying time, radius of meatball, fat diffusivity, moisture diffusivity, heat transfer coefficient, fat conductivity, initial moisture content, thermal diffusivity, initial meatball temperature and oil temperature were all input variables. Temperature at meatball geometrical centre (T0), average temperature of meatball (Tave), average fat content of meatball (mf,ave), and average moisture content of meatball (mave) were outputs. The data used to train and verify the ANN were obtained from validated mathematical models. Trained ANN predicted T0, Tave, mf,ave and mave with 0.54, 0.14, 0.03 and 0.10% mean relative errors, respectively.
Food ethics: a decision making tool for the food industry?
Authors: Early Ralph
Published: March 2003

The modern food industry is able to exercise great power and influence over society. It acts as an agent of social change and, consequently, functions as a form of moral agent. Although the industry as a whole may be thought of as `the' moral agent, the moral and ethical standing of the industry is a reflection of the moral and ethical values of the executives who lead the businesses that constitute the industry. With increasing competitiveness in the food marketplace, the use of developments in science and technology to create new food products, and the distancing of consumers from practical involvement with food, other than eating, many issues arise which must be managed sensitively if the food industry's conduct and place in society is to be seen as morally acceptable and ethically supportable. These issues are issues of food ethics. Some issues in food ethics are considered and food ethics is proposed as a tool for decision making within the food industry, for the benefit of people and society, and the food industry itself.
Improved use of oxygen scavengers to stabilize the colour of retail‐ready meat cuts stored in modified atmospheres
Authors: Tewari Gaurav , Jeremiah Lester E. , Jayas Digvir S. , Holley Richard A.
Published: March 2003

A series of three experiments were conducted to develop a retail packaging system suitable for use in centralized meat processing and packaging operations using modified atmosphere master packaging (MAP) of display‐ready beef and pork cuts. It was shown that oxygen (O2) scavengers were needed inside retail trays, lidded or over‐wrapped trays could be used with equal success but inclusion of a grid inside the retail tray was not required. It was established that a minimum of eight O2 scavengers with an O2 absorption rate high enough to achieve an O2 half‐life of 0.6–0.7 h in the pack atmosphere were needed where the O2 concentration could otherwise remain ≤500 ppm at any time during storage. Composite results from these experiments clearly showed that the best performance resulted from use of hard plastic retail trays containing eight O2 scavengers, with high O2 absorption rate, when placed underneath an absorbent pad and over‐wrapped with an O2 permeable film. Small holes in two corners of the O2 permeable film to permit free exchange of atmospheres within the retail packages facilitated O2 reduction during MAP storage.
Classification of simple and complex sugar adulterants in honey by mid‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Sivakesava Sakhamuri , Irudayaraj Joseph
Published: March 2003

Adulteration of honey with sugars is the most crucial quality assurance concern to the honey industry. The application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as a screening tool for the determination of the type of sugar adulterant in honey was investigated. Spectra of honey adulterated with simple and complex sugars were recorded in the mid‐infrared range using the attenuated total reflectance accessory of a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Adulterants considered were sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose) and invert sugars (cane invert and beet invert). Predictive models were developed to classify the adulterated honey samples using discriminant analysis. Spectral data were compressed using principal component analysis and partial least‐square methods. Linear discriminant analysis was used to discriminate the type of adulterant in three different honey varieties. An optimum classification of 100% was achieved for honey samples adulterated with glucose, fructose, sucrose and beet and cane invert sugars. Results demonstrated that discriminant analysis of the spectra of adulterated honey samples could be used for rapid detection of adulteration in honey.
Methods for the detection of beef and pork in foods using real‐time polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Laube I. , Spiegelberg A. , Butschke A. , Zagon J. , Schauzu M. , Kroh L. , Broll H.
Published: March 2003

Summary Two TaqMan™‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) systems have been developed which permit the detection of even minute amounts of beef and pork in processed foods. In these methods cattle‐specific primers amplified a fragment from the phosphodiesterase gene having a length of 104 base pairs (bp), and the swine‐specific primers amplified a fragment from the ryanodin gene having a length of 108 bp. Beyond this, a third TaqMan™‐PCR system, developed on the basis of the detection of the myostatin gene, permits a reliable exclusion of false‐negative results by detecting meat from a variety of mammals or poultry in the material to be tested.
Clarification of date juice
Authors: Al‐Farsi Mohamed A.
Published: March 2003

Summary This study was initiated to utilize a variety of low quality dates (Qish‐Habash) so that high quality syrup could be produced by modifying the clarification process of the date juice. Five different clarification treatments were used: (1) filtration, (2) hot liming and filtration, (3) cold liming and filtration, (4) powder‐activated carbon and filtration, and (5) granular‐activated carbon and filtration. The sugar content, total soluble solids, total ash, pH, colour and purity were analysed to determine the clarification effects. The clarified juices produced by these treatments were evaporated under constant conditions to produce date syrup. Filtration, and activated carbon and filtration were the most successful treatments for the clarification of the date juice. Filtration gave the highest improvement in syrup purity (97.7%), due to the reduction of total ash by 19.5% and colour by 44.6%. Activated carbon removed the juice colour to give the lowest amount (60% in powder form and 57% in granular form), as well as reducing total ash, which led to an improved syrup purity, 92.2% in powder form and 91.4% in granular form. Liming clarification had undesirable effects, by increasing the total ash (15% in hot and 17% in cold lime), and increasing the colouring matter produced by decomposition.
Pre‐ and post‐treatment levels of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in pre‐school children
Authors: Twetman S. , Fritzon B. , Jensen B. , Hallberg U. , StÅhl B.
Published: March 2003

Summary.
Objectives. To examine the effect of operative and restorative treatment of dental caries on the levels of caries associated microorganisms in saliva and to relate alterations to the type and extent of treatment.

Design. Longitudinal.

Setting. Paediatric Dentistry Department at a central hospital in Sweden.

Subjects and methods. One hundred and eight pre‐school children with severe dental caries scheduled for treatment under general anaesthesia. Chair‐side tests were used to estimate the levels of salivary mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and buffer capacity before the surgery and at recall appointments 1 and 6 months after treatment. Caries were assessed according to WHO guidelines and the number of extracted teeth and filled surfaces during surgery were recorded.

Results. The results demonstrate that the post‐treatment levels of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli were significantly reduced (P < 0·001) compared to pretreatment levels. Lactobacilli levels were more dramatically reduced than mutans streptococci. The reduction of mutans streptococci was positively correlated to the number of extracted teeth (P < 0·01), but not to the number of restored or ground surfaces. Lactobacilli reduction was not significantly related to the type of treatment.

Conclusion. The findings suggest that extensive operative and restorative dental care effectively reduces the levels of caries associated with microorganisms during a period of at least 6 months.
Relationship between premature loss of primary teeth and the development of temporomandibular disorders in children
Authors: Farsi N.M.A. , Alamoudi N.
Published: March 2003

Aim. This study evaluated the prevalence of signs of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in children with and without premature loss of primary teeth.

Sample. Fifty‐eight children, aged 4–6 years, with missing primary molars, were compared with 58 age‐ and sex‐matched control children with complete primary dentitions.

Method. All the children underwent an examination that consisted of palpation and assessment of the joints and associated muscles for tenderness and joint sounds. Maximum vertical opening and deviation during jaw opening were also recorded. Children with any single anomalous finding were designated positive for TMD signs.

Results. There were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of single or collective TMD signs between the two groups.

Conclusion. The results of this study show that premature loss of primary teeth, uncomplicated by other factors, does not appear to be an aetiological factor for TMD development.
Oral manifestations and dental status in paediatric HIV infection
Authors: Ramos‐Gomez F.J. , Petru A. , Hilton J.F. , Canchola A.J. , Wara D. , Greenspan J.S.
Published: March 2003

Objective. To describe the incidence and prevalence of oral manifestations of HIV infection in a population of perinatally infected children.

Design. Retrospective and prospective study of a cohort of perinatally HIV‐infected children.

Setting. Community hospital and community‐based paediatric clinic.

Sample and methods. Forty perinatally HIV‐infected children with a median age of 12 months were eligible and selected for the study, which included a medical chart review from birth and prospective follow‐up. Each child was examined quarterly for oral manifestations, tooth eruption, and for 27 children, caries and periodontal status.

Results. The incidence of pseudomembranous candidiasis was 43% (95% CI, 27–58%) within 6 months of birth. Oral candidiasis (defined as pseudomembranous or erythematous) was positively associated with low CD4 counts and the occurrence of plaque. Children with low CD4 counts were also found to have fewer teeth than children with high CD4 counts, after adjusting for age.

Conclusions. Oral manifestations are common in paediatric HIV infection and are possible predictors of HIV disease progression. Primary care of HIV‐infected children should include periodic oral examinations to monitor their HIV disease progression and to alleviate symptoms associated with oral opportunistic infections.
Long‐term prognosis of crown‐fractured permanent incisors. The effect of stage of root development and associated luxation injury
Authors: Robertson A. , Andreasen F.M. , Andreasen J.O. , Norén J.G.
Published: March 2003

Objectives. The aim of the present study was to investigate pulp healing responses following crown fracture with and without pulp exposure as well as with and without associated luxation injury and in relation to stage of root development.

Patient material and methods. The long‐term prognosis was examined for 455 permanent teeth with crown fractures, 352 (246 with associated luxation injury) without pulpal involvement and 103 (69 with associated luxation injury) with pulp exposures. Initial treatment for all patients was provided by on‐call oral surgeons at the emergency service, University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen. In fractures without pulpal involvement, dentin was covered by a hard‐setting calcium hydroxide cement (Dycal®), marginal enamel acid‐etched (phosphoric acid gel), then covered with a temporary crown and bridge material. In the case of pulp exposure, pulp capping or partial pulpotomy was performed. Thereafter treatment was identical to the first group. Patients were then referred to their own dentist for resin composite restoration.

Results. Patients were monitored for normal pulp healing or healing complications for up to 17 years after injury (x = 2·3 years, range 0·2–17·0 years, SD + 2·7). Pulp healing was registered and classified into pulp survival with no radiographic change (PS), pulp canal obliteration (PCO) and pulp necrosis (PN). Healing was related to the following clinical factors: stage of root development at the time of injury, associated damage to the periodontium at time of injury (luxation) and time interval from injury until initial treatment. Crown fractures with or without pulp exposure and no concomitant luxation injury showed PS in 99%, PCO in 1% and PN in 0%. Crown fractures with concomitant luxation showed PS in 70%, PCO in 5% and PN in 25%. An associated damage to the periodontal ligament significantly increased the likelihood of pulp necrosis from 0% to 28% (P < 0·001) in teeth with only enamel and dentin exposure and from 0% to 14% (P < 0·001) in teeth with pulp exposure.

Conclusions. In the case of concomitant luxation injuries, the stage of root development played an important role in the risk of pulp necrosis after crown fracture. However, the primary factor related to pulp healing events after crown fracture appears to be compromised pulp circulation due to concomitant luxation injuries.
Dental caries in schoolchildren of an Estonian and a Danish municipality
Authors: Dragheim E. , Petersen P.E. , Kalo I. , Saag M.
Published: March 2003

Objectives. The objectives of the study were to describe the prevalence rate and the severity of dental caries in Estonian schoolchildren aged 7 and 12 and to compare the findings with those of Danish children.

Design. Cross‐sectional surveys in Estonia and Denmark, clinical oral examinations of children in 1997.

Samples and methods. In Estonia, 195 children aged 7 and 215 children of age 12 were selected in the municipality of Tartu in schools identified for oral health promotion projects. In Denmark, the study included 637 7‐year‐olds and 642 12‐year‐olds living in the municipality of Horsens and served by the Public Dental Health Service for children. All children in the two countries were examined by calibrated dentists for dental caries according to the Recording System for the Danish Public Dental Health Service.

Results. At age 7, 83·8% of Estonian children had dental caries (7·7 dmfs) against 62·1% of Danish children (5·3 dmfs). At age 12, the mean caries experience was 2·1 DMFS in Estonia against 1·3 DMFS of the Danish children. Most of the caries indices were due to the high d/D components and approximal caries was prominent. In the study area in Estonia, the content of fluoride in drinking water was optimal (0·8–1·5 p.p.m.) whereas the level of fluoride was low in the Danish municipality (0·2 p.p.m.).

Conclusion. In the Baltic states, the oral health systems are in transition. For the continuous improvement of oral health in childrens’ reorientation of services should consider implementation of community‐based oral health promotion and the schools provide an excellent setting for preventive oral care.
Oral mucosal lichen planus in children
Authors: Alam F. , Hamburger J.
Published: March 2003

Although lichen planus is a relatively common mucocutaneous disorder in adults, it has only rarely been described in children. Moreover, even less data has been published regarding mucosal lesions in children. Six case reports of childhood oral lichen planus are presented and the available literature reviewed. It is believed that this paper documents the largest series of cases of childhood oral mucosal lichen planus to be reported in the literature to date. Lichen planus should be considered in the differential diagnosis of oral mucosal white patches in children, particularly those of Asian origin.
The management of supernumerary teeth in childhood ‐ a retrospective study of practice in Bristol Dental Hospital, England and Westmead Dental Hospital, Sydney, Australia
Authors: Patchett C.L. , Crawford P.J.M. , Cameron A.C. , Stephens C.D.
Published: March 2003

This study compared the treatment provided for patients with supernumerary teeth in Bristol Dental Hospital with those in Westmead Dental Hospital, Sydney, Australia. The records of 63 children referred for removal of a supernumerary tooth in Bristol and 96 children in Westmead were examined, involving a total of 215 supernumerary teeth. Differences in the treatment provided for these patients were found not only between the two centres but also within one centre. There appeared to be no standardised route by which these patients were seen and therefore no standardised pattern of treatment. Contact with all UK Dental Schools indicated that no formal treatment protocol existed for the treatment of children with supernumerary teeth.

In addition, a permanent incisor associated with a conical supernumerary tooth was twice as likely to erupt spontaneously as one associated with a supernumerary of tuberculate form. The location of the supernumerary tooth also influenced the likelihood of spontaneous eruption of the associated permanent incisor. There is a need for a prospective randomised controlled trial in the future in order to develop a formal treatment protocol for the management of patients with supernumerary teeth. A multi‐centre trial is under development.
Sequential development of multiple supernumerary teeth in the mandibular premolar region – a radiographic case report
Authors: Moore S. R. , Wilson D. F. , Kibble J.
Published: March 2003

Summary. This report presents a case of multiple supernumerary teeth developing in the mandibular premolar region in an Asian female patient. A series of radiographs taken over a 10‐year period, demonstrate the sequential development of these teeth during the patient’s early and middle teenage years. The importance of regular radiographic review and appropriate management for such cases is discussed.
A review of the pharmacological approach to the management of dental anxiety in children
Authors: Folayan M. O. , Faponle A. , Lamikanra A.
Published: March 2003

Summary. This paper aims to review the existing literature on the pharmacology of a number of sedative drugs used in the management of dental anxiety in the conscious child patient. Pharmacological agents may be used as a complement to behavioural techniques to assist in the management of anxiety in some paediatric dental patients. Their use may also be especially indicated in children with disabilities. These agents are usually sedative in action and do not, in themselves, eliminate anxiety but merely enhance patient acceptance by reducing arousal and modifying anticipation of danger. The agents used are varied and diverse and include nitrous oxide, benzodiazepines and narcotics. Nitrous oxide has proved to be of particular value but carries a degree of risk for the operating staff. Amongst the benzodiazepines, Midazolam has been used more frequently in recent years. It may be given by a variety of routes, including intra‐nasally. Dentists who employ sedative agents and techniques should be familiar with the pharmacology of the agents selected, be cognisant of the risks and benefits of the technique employed and be able to manage any adverse events that may arise through their use.
Severe gingival hyperplasia in a child with I‐cell disease
Authors: Lee W. , O'Donnell D.
Published: March 2003

Summary. I‐cell disease (mucolipidosis II) is a rare metabolic disorder resulting from the deficiency of a specific lysosomal enzyme, N‐acetylglucosamine‐1‐phosphotransferease. The disease presents as a mental and motor developmental delay with oral manifestations that include severe gingival hyperplasia usually seen before one year of age. The life expectancy of children with this condition is poor, with death usually occurring around the fifth year. A case report of a 3‐year‐old Pakistani male, with I‐cell disease, is presented. The chief dental concerns of the parents were his swollen gums and delayed tooth eruption. Supportive treatment only was initiated. Differential diagnosis for severe gingival overgrowth in young patients should take account of this rare metabolic disorder in addition to hereditary and idiopathic fibromatosis and drug associated gingival overgrowth.
Spousal separation and its impact on women's mental health: a study of Japanese corporate transfers
Authors: Yamashita Mineko
Published: March 2003

Marital separation in Japan usually occurs as a result of husbands’ occupational transfers There is an increasing number of married men who are transferred by their employers and who do not take their families, primarily in order to maintain educational continuity for the children An exploratory field study was conducted in which the question was posed How do women experience their lives while their husbands are transferred elsewhere in Japan? The grounded theory approach was used to answer the question, with a sample of 28 informants The analysis of interview data revealed a core variable of ‘maintaining harmony during separation’ which described the meaning of the informants’ life experiences The grounded theory was comprised of five major categories that described coping behaviours of wives while their husbands were transferred within the country and abroad on a long‐term basis Implications for mental health and family nursing are discussed, as well as the implications of the findings for social policy makers
Relatives' support groups in a special hospital: an evaluation study
Authors: McCann Gerard
Published: March 2003

A support group for the relatives and friends of patients at a special hospital in Merseyside, England, has been in operation for over 1 year A detailed evaluation of that group has been completed based on the minutes of each meeting and on a structured questionnaire sent out to each relative/friend involved The evaluation provides an illuminating account of the particular needs of this group, highlighting many of the concerns expressed by the Committee of Inquiry during the recent Public Inquiry at Ashworth Hospital The results of the evaluation are discussed in relation to work already completed on network support and mental health, as well as the recent work involving the relatives of patients in the community It provides a direction for future work and research within the special hospitals
Nurses' responses to patient anger: from disconnecting to connecting
Authors: Smith Martha E , Hart Geraldine
Published: March 2003

Caring for angry patients can be a threatening experience Grounded theory research was used to explore female nurses’ reactions and feelings as the recipients of patient anger The data were collected by interviewing nine female registered nurses in two hospitals in south‐western Nova Scotia The participants were asked to discuss their feelings and responses to an intense encounter with an angry patient Anger was defined as a multi‐dimensional concept with negative cogitations The concept of self‐efficacy emerged as the major area of concern for the participants The findings suggest that when the threat to self was high, nurses managed anger situations by disconnecting from the angry patient Low or controllable threats were generally managed by connecting with the angry patient
HIV and the boundaries of confidentiality
Authors: Allmark Peter
Published: March 2003

Confidentiality is an acknowledged duty of the nurse It has foundations in ethics and has some legal force There is also a more disingenuous reason for citing it as a duty that it helps a group attain professional status This may cause an over‐zealous attitude towards confidentiality in some professionals There are legal and ethical limits to confidentiality which can be seen clearly in cases which arise out of human immunodeficiency virus (HTV) Whilst these make it clear that there are limits, neither the law nor ethics can state precisely what those limits are Broad guidelines may be possible but in the end much will depend on the discretion and wisdom of the individual nurse This can be informed by discussion of cases and of the ethical underpinnings of confidentiality
Health meanings of Saudi women
Authors: Daly Elizabeth Ballas
Published: March 2003

Limited information exists concerning the health meanings of Saudi women The purposes of this study were to describe the meanings of health among a sample of 58 young Saudi women and to compare findings with other published reports of non‐Saudi women Responses to the question ‘what does being healthy mean to you?’ resulted in nine health categories Findings indicated that practising healthy ways, performance of roles, and harmony in life were more strongly emphasized than health categories of being productive, adaptation, and physical fitness Compared to western women, Saudi women did not report health meanings that could be categorized as body image, cognitive function, social involvement or positive self‐concept Study findings should challenge nursing practitioners, educators and students to reconsider assumptions underlying nursing interventions and to broaden their perspective of health that embraces cultural plurality in Saudi Arabia
Academic rigour in the lived experience of researchers using phenomenological methods in nursing in nursing
Authors: Rose Pat , Beeby Jayne , Parker David
Published: March 2003

In its quest for knowledge, nursing has relied heavily on the positivist approach to scientific enquiry Phenomenological enquiry identifies the essence of a phenomenon and accurately describes it through the lived experience Through consistency in the use of the methodology, and avoidance of method slurring, academic rigour can be maintained It is advocated that the phenomenological method is congruent with nursing ideals where humanistic knowledge is valued Nurses and phenomenologists share skills in observation, interviewing, interaction and interpersonal relationships in the appreciation of the individual's perception of an experience Through the development of professional practice, nurses thus gain the tools to assist them in phenomenological research It is suggested that, given appropriate attention to rigour, phenomenological methodology could become the basic instrument in the reform of nursing research as it moves from the positivist to the humanist paradigm
The nurse as mediator of pollution: the influence of the nursing role on the socialization of disease and illness
Authors: Yearley Carole
Published: March 2003

Nursing plays an influential role in the socialization of disease and illness, that is, how they become integrated within the social context of people living together in the community of human society Generally, it may be argued that physicians adopt the ideology that disease is fixed within a framework of a medical model, which frequently ignores how an individual feels when sick and what effects the sickness will have on an individual's perception of everyday life Nurses, on the other hand, adopt a more flexible approach in their care, which is based on recognizing that the body responds dynamically during the experience of sickness This paper sets out to explore why nursing has evolved with the concept of an illness model as opposed to a disease model, which so often underpins the approach adopted by physicians Traditionally, the care of the young, sick and infirm was delegated to women and set within the realms of domesticity Today, as in the past, many aspects of the nursing role involve polluting aspects that result from sickness These are skilfully, subtly and tacitly managed by nurses in order to protect themselves and create an environment of permission in which the sufferer's sickness is contained and managed Over the past couple of decades, innovations in nursing have recognized the effects of disease and illness on the individual within their own social context, and attempts have been made through the evolvement of the nursing process to focus on an individual's sickness as a lived‐body experience However, more recently, critics of the nursing process have claimed that, in essence, the nursing process has done nothing more than merely reproduce the original reductionalism that was previously encountered through a task‐allocation approach to nursing
Neglected conflicts in the discipline of nursing: perceptions of the importance and value of practical skill
Authors: Bjørk Ida Torunn
Published: March 2003

The patient's body has moved out of focus in nursing This has led to the diminishing importance of practical skill in the discipline of nursing Patients, however, consider these skills to be a vital part of good nursing care How can nursing as a practical discipline live with the long‐standing conflicts that these disparate views create? It is time that theoretical discourse within the discipline paid attention to the patient's perception of good nursing care, and that efforts are made to investigate how nurses in the clinical setting develop and consolidate the practical skills needed for the patients hygiene, comfort and medical treatment In this paper the conflicts are delineated and conditions relevant to their development are discussed
Management of conflict: do nurses/women handle it differently?
Authors: Valentine Patricia EB
Published: March 2003

Conflict management has been considered an essential aspect of organizational life Initially, conflict was to be avoided at all costs, but more recently conflict has been considered important for organizational development This paper uses a case study of conflict management of nurse educators as a basis for contrast with the conflict managing strategies of other women, staff nurses and nurse managers Other studies found that women and nurses tend to handle conflict using compromise and avoidance, with competition used the least often Nurse managers used compromise as their major strategy for handling conflict, while the staff nurses used avoidance Theories based on studies of women's socialization are posited to explain this phenomenon Several implications are discussed based on the premise that organizational studies of conflict management that explain men's behaviour do not necessarily explain women's (nurses') behaviour
Registered nurses’perceptions of gerontological continuing education needs in the United Kingdom and in the USA
Authors: Timms Janet , Ford Pauline
Published: March 2003

This descriptive research was conducted to determine perceived gerontological continuing education needs and priorities in the United Kingdom The data collection questionnaire utilized was developed and previously implemented with gerontological registered nurses in the US Findings and similarities from both samples are discussed In the British study, a convenience sample of 123 gerontological registered nurses participated in the study In the US study, a statewide random sample of 152 gerontological nurses and a purposive sample of 10 nurse experts completed surveys by post All respondents were asked to rate either personal educational need or to rate the needs of nurses in general In both the US and UK a degree of need was indicated for every topic on the survey, with little concensus of the top priorities t‐Test analysis (P<0 05) revealed significant differences between general and personal perceptions for 75% of the topics in the UK study and 57% of the topics in the US study A noteworthy finding in both studies was the consistent perception that educational need was greater for nurses in general than for personal need The high level of identified need for educational preparation and the diverse perceptions regarding priorities, along with disparity in the personal versus general educational need, supports the need for future research to refine needs assessment strategies which may require a variety of strategies
Family training: supporting mothers and fathers in the transition to parenthood
Authors: Vehvilainen‐Julkunen Katri
Published: March 2003

This study discusses the views of mothers and fathers on family training and on how family training supports them in the transition to parenthood The data were collected in 1993, using a questionnaire submitted about 9 weeks after the birth of a child The same questions were asked of the 189 mothers and the 127 fathers who replied According to the results both mothers and fathers consider it essential that their views and expectations are given due attention in the planning of family training Specific issues that were thought to require priority attention in family training were the actual process of childbirth, themes related to parenthood, pain alleviation during labour, and abnormal childbirth Less importance was attached to the themes of sex, contraception and certain aspects of health education Both mothers and fathers agreed that they had had ample opportunity to talk with their group leaders and that there had been enough lectures By contrast, it was widely felt that there was not sufficient opportunity to talk with other group members It is suggested that efforts be continued to further develop family training schemes so that they offer not only more support to families but also better opportunities for open discussion
Informational needs of women with a recent diagnosis of breast cancer: development and initial testing of a tool
Authors: Galloway S. , Graydon J. , Harrison D. , Evans‐Boyden B. , Palmer‐Wickham S. , Burlein‐Hall S. , Bij L. Rich‐van der , West P. , Blair A.
Published: March 2003

This study developed and tested the Toronto Informational Needs Questionnaire‐Breast Cancer (TINQ‐BC), a questionnaire designed to identify the information which women with a recent diagnosis of breast cancer need to deal with their illness. The 73‐item questionnaire had content validity based on findings in the literature and opinions of expert oncology nurses. It was administered to 114 women with a recent diagnosis of breast cancer during chemotherapy (n=39), radiation therapy (n=40) or surgery (n=35). Item analysis determined that 51 items in five subscales should be retained in the questionnaire. The subscales, labeled Disease, Investigative Tests, Treatments, Physical, and Psychosocial had good internal consistency reliabilities with Cronbach's alphas of 0.81 to 0.93. Informational needs of women were high with mean scores over 200 in a possible range of 51‐255. Informational needs were greatest in either the Disease or Treatments subscales. Marital status, level of education, and level of income were not related to level of informational need. Younger women had a greater need for information than older women (r=‐0.35, P=0.003). The results suggest that information is important to help women with breast cancer manage their illness. Nurses should give women an opportunity to ask questions and be prepared to give accurate information.
Acting at a disaster site: experiences expressed by Swedish nurses
Authors: Suserud Björn‐Ove , Haljamäe Hengo
Published: March 2003

In a previous study the knowledge and views of nursing students on how they thought nurses, both in their professional role and as private persons, should act at a disaster site were evaluated. In the present study the practical functional role and experiences of nurses (n=16) in two major disaster situations (one ‘load and go’ and one ‘stay and play’ type of emergency situation) were assessed from personal interviews along a standardized questionnaire. Nurses more routinely involved in emergency care and nurses with no or limited previous practical experience of disaster nursing were included in the study. Leadership type actions, i.e. a systematic way of attempting to survey and to comprehend the situation What has happened, and how many injured there may be at the site of the accident, were reported by most of the experienced nurses, while inexperienced nurses were involved mainly in the immediate care of injured according to directions given by more experienced member of the emergency team. Readiness for action, reflected by having a feeling of being prepared for work at the disaster site, was experienced more often by nurses with considerable previous experience of disaster nursing than by nurses with limited experience. Negative experiences, such as feelings of being insufficient, of unreality, mental strain, and problems in understanding the organization, were commonly mentioned by the inexperienced nurses. The present study stresses the importance, for all types of nurses, of more systematic training in disaster nursing.