bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
African‐American Girls’ Dietary Intake while Watching Television
Authors: Matheson Donna M. , Wang Yun , Klesges Lisa M. , Beech Bettina M. , Kraemer Helena C. , Robinson Thomas N.
Published: April 2008

Objective: Television viewing has been associated with childhood obesity, although the mechanisms that link television viewing to higher BMI have not been established. Therefore, our objectives, in this report, were to describe the amount and types of foods that African‐American girls consume while watching television and to examine the associations between African‐American girls’ BMI and the food they consume while watching television.

Research Methods and Procedures: Data were collected from 210 8‐ to 10‐year‐old African‐American girls at four field centers by trained and certified nutritionists. Two nonconsecutive 24‐hour dietary recalls were collected from each girl. For each eating episode reported, the girls were asked if they had been watching television while eating. Height and weight were collected using standard methods and used to calculate BMI.

Results: The data were analyzed separately by field center. The proportion of average daily energy intake that the girls consumed while watching television ranged from 26.9% to 35.0%. At all field centers, 40% to 50% of evening meals were consumed while watching television. None of the Spearman correlations between girls’ BMI and the amount and type of foods consumed while watching television or at other times during the day were statistically significant (p > 0.05).

Discussion: This research revealed that a significant proportion of African‐American girls’ daily energy intake is consumed while watching television. Interventions that target reductions in food consumption while watching television or reducing television viewing may be effective strategies to decrease children's energy intakes. These results support a need for research to test the efficacy of these approaches.
Covariability in Diet and Physical Activity in African‐American Girls
Authors: Thompson Deborah , Jago Russell , Baranowski Tom , Watson Kathy , Zakeri Issa , Cullen Karen W. , Story Mary , Sherwood Nancy E. , Pruitt Leslie A. , Matheson Donna M.
Published: April 2008

Objective: Our goal was to examine 12‐week covariability in diet and physical activity changes among 8‐ to 10‐year‐old African‐American girls and if these changes predicted percent change in BMI.

Research Methods and Procedures: Covariability among percent changes [(post − pre)/pre × 100] in nutrients, food groups, and physical activity was assessed among 127 8‐ to 10‐year‐old African‐American girls. Pearson correlation and hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed.

Results: Percent change in percentage kilocalories from carbohydrate was negatively correlated with percent change in both percentage kilocalories from fat (r = −0.85; p ≤ 0.01) and protein (r = −0.51; p ≤ 0.01). No statistically significant relationships were observed in percent changes among food group variables. Negative relationships were observed between percent changes in fruit/100% juice and percentage kilocalories from fat (r = −0.20; p ≤ 0.05) and between percent changes in minutes of moderate‐to‐vigorous and sedentary activity (r = −0.60; p ≤ 0.01). No significant associations were observed between percent change in moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity and diet variables or percent change in BMI or waist circumference and percent change in diet or physical activity.

Discussion: No relationships were observed between percent changes in physical activity and dietary variables. Percent change in diet and/or physical activity did not predict percent change in BMI. This may have been due to the small sample size, the small changes in diet or physical activity, the short duration of the intervention, or because data from different interventions were combined. Understanding these relationships could have significant implications for addressing the obesity epidemic.
Relationship between Physical Activity and Diet among African‐American Girls
Authors: Jago Russell , Baranowski Tom , Yoo Sunmi , Cullen Karen W. , Zakeri Issa , Watson Kathy , Himes John H. , Pratt Charlotte , Sun Wanjie , Pruitt Leslie A. , Matheson Donna M.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To examine the cross‐sectional relationships between physical activity and dietary behaviors among 8‐ to 10‐year‐old African‐American girls.

Research Methods and Procedures: Two hundred ten 8‐ to 10‐year‐old African‐American girls from four field centers participated. Computer Science and Applications (CSA) activity monitors were worn for 3 days. CSA data were expressed as mean CSA counts per minute, mean minutes of moderate to vigorous activity per day, and mean metabolic equivalents (METS) per minute. Two nonconsecutive 24‐hour dietary recalls were analyzed for kilocalories; percent kilocalories from fat; daily servings of fruit, 100% fruit juice, and vegetables; sweetened beverages; and water consumption. Height and weight were measured, and information on household income, material possessions, and participant age were obtained.

Results: All three expressions of physical activity were significantly negatively associated with percentage calories from fat (r = −0.147 to −0.177, p < 0.01), and mean METS per minute were significantly positively associated with percentage calories from carbohydrate (r = 0.149, p < 0.05) after controlling for household income, material possessions, field center, and total caloric intake. Income was inversely associated with percentage calories from fat.

Discussion: Physical activity and dietary fat consumption were inversely related among African‐American girls. Efforts to prevent obesity in preadolescent African‐American girls should focus on increasing physical activity and lowering dietary fat consumption.
Biology of Eating Behavior in Obesity
Authors: Schwartz Gary J.
Published: April 2008

Understanding normal and dysfunctional energy regulation and body weight regulation requires neural evaluation of the signals involved in the control of food intake within a meal, as well as signals related to the availability of stored fuels. Work from our laboratory has focused on peripheral and central nervous system studies of behavior and physiology designed to improve our understanding of the role of gut—brain communication in the control of food intake and energy homeostasis. Gastrointestinal administration of nutrients reduces subsequent meal size, suggesting a potent role for peripheral nutrient sensing in the negative feedback control of ingestion. Vagal afferent nerves supply gastrointestinal sites stimulated during food intake, and these nerves are responsive to mechanical and nutrient chemical properties of ingested food. In addition, the presence of nutrients in these gastrointestinal sites stimulates the release of peptides that affect energy intake. These gut peptides also modulate the activity of peripheral gastrointestinal sensory nerves in ways that may contribute to their effects on food intake. In the central nervous system, adiposity hormones and their downstream mediators have been shown to work at both hindbrain and forebrain sites to affect food intake and metabolism. Importantly, recent data has shown that adiposity hormones acting in the brain increase the behavioral and neural potency of feeding inhibitory gastrointestinal stimuli. These data support the suggestion that insensitivity to adiposity hormones in obesity may be characterized by alterations in their ability to modulate the neural processing of food signals important in determining how much food is consumed during a meal.
Carbohydrates and Increases in Obesity: Does the Type of Carbohydrate Make a Difference?
Authors: Wylie‐Rosett Judith , Segal‐Isaacson CJ , Segal‐Isaacson Adam
Published: April 2008

With the prevalence of obesity increasing in the U.S. and elsewhere, the place of carbohydrates in the diet has recently been under closer examination. This has led to the development of methods for analyzing the effects of dietary carbohydrate. Primary among these methods is the glycemic index, a measure of a food's effect on blood glucose levels, which was initially designed as a method for determining suitable carbohydrates for people with diabetes. However, the glycemic index does not address other metabolic issues related to excess sugar consumption. Prominent among these issues is the use of low glycemic index sweeteners, particularly fructose, which is increasingly present in processed food. Fructose is associated with increased adiposity, which may result from its effects on hormones associated with satiety. Other methods of determining “good” carbohydrates have also been developed. The common theme among them is increased nonstarchy vegetables and higher‐fiber legumes.
The High Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Mexican Children
Authors: Del Río‐Navarro Blanca E. , Velázquez‐Monroy Oscar , Sánchez‐Castillo Claudia P. , Lara‐Esqueda Agustín , Berber Arturo , Fanghänel Guillermo , Violante Rafael , Tapia‐Conyer Roberto , James W. Philip T. ,   The Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENSA) 2000 Working Group
Published: April 2008

Objective: To establish the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Mexican children 10 to 17 years of age according to the percentiles from both the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF).

Research Methods and Procedures: Heights and weights were measured in children from nationally representative, randomly chosen households in the Mexican National Health Survey 2000. The study population consisted of 7862 boys and 8947 girls, 10 to 17 years of age. Measurements used were the percentage of children in the corresponding BMI categories for overweight and obesity specified by the CDC and the IOTF BMI percentiles.

Results: The children were short, with mean Z scores for height by age varying from − 0.62 ± 1.26 to −1.12 ± 1.06 in boys and from −0.45 ± 1.25 to −1.19 ± 1.12 in girls. CDC‐based overweight prevalences varied by age from 10.8% to 16.1% in boys and 14.3% to 19.1% in girls, with obesity prevalences from 9.2% to 14.7% in boys and 6.8% to 10.6% in girls; these prevalences did not relate to stunting. IOTF‐based excess weight prevalences were similar, with higher overweight rates (boys, 15.4% to 18.8%; girls, 18.4% to 22.3%) but lower obesity rates (boys, 6.1% to 9%; girls, 5.9% to 8.2%).

Discussion: Mexican children have one‐half the overweight/obesity prevalences of U.S. Mexican‐American children; however, there are higher rates in Northern Mexico, which is closer to the U.S. These escalating rates of excess weight demand new prevention, as well as management, policies.
Influence of Methylphenidate on Eating in Obese Men
Authors: Leddy John J. , Epstein Leonard H. , Jaroni Jodie L. , Roemmich James N. , Paluch Rocco A. , Goldfield Gary S. , Lerman Caryn
Published: April 2008

Objective: Rapid synaptic dopamine transport or reduced brain dopamine receptor signaling may influence energy intake. Methylphenidate, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, increases brain synaptic dopamine and produces anorexia, suggesting that it may reduce energy intake. We investigated the effects of two doses of short‐acting methylphenidate on energy intake over one meal in obese adult males.

Research Methods and Procedures: Nine obese males (>85th BMI percentile) ingested a placebo or a moderate dose (0.5 mg/kg) or a high dose (1.0 mg/kg) of methylphenidate in a within‐subject double‐blind acute laboratory study. One hour after ingestion, pizza consumption was measured in a naturalistic laboratory setting.

Results: Participants reduced energy intake by 23% for the moderate dose vs. the placebo (p< 0.02), but there was no significant difference for the high dose vs. the moderate dose (p> 0.05). Participants consumed 34% fewer kilocalories after ingesting the lowest effective dose of methylphenidate compared with placebo (725.7 ± 404.5 vs.1095 ± 271.1 kcal,p< 0.01). Seven of nine subjects responded to the moderate dose. The increase in perceived drug effect above placebo was correlated with the reduction in energy intake for both the moderate (r= −0.85,p= 0.004) and the high (r= −0.75p= 0.021) doses. Hunger scores were not different across drug doses or placebo before drug administration.

Discussion: Methylphenidate reduced energy intake of a highly palatable food over one meal by one‐third in obese adult males. Dopamine transport inhibition may be an effective component of a comprehensive treatment for obesity.
A Weight Reduction Program Preserves Fat‐Free Mass but Not Metabolic Rate in Obese Adolescents
Authors: Lazzer Stefano , Boirie Yves , Montaurier Christophe , Vernet Jean , Meyer Martine , Vermorel Michel
Published: April 2008

Objective: To determine the effects of a multidisciplinary weight reduction program on body composition and energy expenditure (EE) in severely obese adolescents.

Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐six severely obese adolescents, 12 to 16 years old [mean BMI: 33.9 kg/m2; 41.5% fat mass (FM)] followed a 9‐month weight reduction program including moderate energy restriction and progressive endurance and resistance training. Body composition was assessed by DXA, basal metabolic rate by indirect calorimetry, and EE by whole‐body indirect calorimetry with the same activity program over 36‐hour periods before starting and 9 months after the weight reduction period.

Results: Adolescents gained (least‐square mean ± SE) 2.9 ± 0.2 cm in height, lost 16.9 ± 1.3 kg body weight (BW), 15.2 ± 0.9 kg FM, and 1.8 ± 0.5 kg fat‐free mass (FFM) (p < 0.001). Basal metabolic rate, sleeping, sedentary, and daily EE were 8% to 14% lower 9 months after starting (p < 0.001) and still 6% to 12% lower after adjustment for FFM (p < 0.05). Energy cost of walking decreased by 22% (p < 0.001). The reduction in heart rate during sleep and sedentary activities (−10 to −13 beats/min), and walking (−20 to −25 beats/min) (p < 0.001) resulted from both the decrease in BW and physical training.

Discussion: A weight reduction program combining moderate energy restriction and physical training in severely obese adolescents resulted in great BW and FM losses and improvement of cardiovascular fitness but did not prevent the decline in EE even after adjustment for FFM.
Weight‐Bearing Physical Activity among Girls and Mothers: Relationships to Girls’ Weight Status
Authors: Fulkerson Jayne A. , French Simone A. , Story Mary , Hannan Peter J. , Neumark‐Sztainer Dianne , Himes John H.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To assess weight‐bearing physical activity (WBPA) barriers, benefits, self‐efficacy, social influence, and behaviors [WBPA and physical activity (PA)] among girls and their mothers according to girls’ weight status (nonoverweight vs. overweight).

Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 9‐ to 11‐year‐old girls (n = 295) and their mothers who participated in the baseline assessment of a nutrition and PA intervention trial. Girls’ and mothers’ WBPA attitudes and mothers’ WBPA behaviors were self‐reported on questionnaires. Girls’ WBPA and total PA behaviors were self‐reported using a structured interview (Physical Activity Checklist Interview). Stature and weight were measured by standardized anthropometrics. Overweight status was based on BMI.

Results: Compared with nonoverweight girls, overweight girls were significantly more likely to report barriers to WBPA participation and perceive social influence from family and friends to do more WBPA. They were also significantly less likely to report self‐efficacy regarding WBPA and to believe that they did enough WBPA. Compared with mothers of nonoverweight girls, mothers of overweight girls were significantly more likely to report that it is difficult to persuade their daughters to do more WBPA and significantly less likely to report that WBPA was fun for their daughters. Girls’ overweight status was not associated with girls’ reports of minutes spent per week in PA or WBPA.

Discussion: The present study's findings of lower WBPA self‐efficacy, lack of enjoyment of WBPA, and higher perceived social influence to do WBPA among overweight girls suggest that efforts are needed to promote physical competencies and positive perceptions of PA among overweight girls.
Weight Cycling and the Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes among Adult Women in the United States
Authors: Field Alison E. , Manson JoAnn E. , Laird Nan , Williamson David F. , Willett Walter C. , Colditz Graham A.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To assess the role of weight cycling independent of BMI and weight change in predicting the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Research Methods and Procedures: A six‐year follow‐up of 46, 634 young and middle‐aged women in the Nurses’ Health Study II was conducted. Women who had intentionally lost ≥20 lbs at least three times between 1989 and 1993 were classified as severe weight cyclers. Women who had intentionally lost ≥10 lbs at least three times were classified as mild weight cyclers. The outcome was physician‐diagnosed type 2 diabetes.

Results: Between 1989 and 1993, ∼20% of the women were mild weight cyclers, and 1.6% were severe weight cyclers. BMI in 1993 was positively associated with weight‐cycling status (p < 0.001). During 6 years of follow‐up (1993 to 1999), 418 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were documented. BMI in 1993 had a strong association with the risk of developing diabetes. Compared with women with a BMI between 17 and 22 kg/m2, those with a BMI between 25 and 29.9 kg/m2 were approximately seven times more likely to develop diabetes, and those with a BMI ≥35 kg/m2 were 63 times more likely to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. After adjustment for BMI, neither mild (relative risk = 1.11, 95% confidence interval, 0.89 to 1.37) nor severe (relative risk = 1.39, 95% confidence interval, 0.90 to 2.13) weight cycling predicted risk of diabetes.

Discussion: Weight cycling was strongly associated with BMI, but it was not independently predictive of developing type 2 diabetes.
Improvement of Insulin Resistance and Early Atherosclerosis in Patients after Gastric Banding
Authors: Hanusch‐Enserer Ursula , Cauza Edmund , Spak Marita , Endler Georg , Dunky Attila , Tura Andrea , Wagner Oswald , Rosen Harald R. , Pacini Giovanni , Prager Rudolf
Published: April 2008

Objective: To evaluate the effect of massive weight loss on insulin sensitivity, soluble adhesion molecules, and markers of the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS).

Research Methods and Procedures: Eighteen morbidly obese patients underwent gastric banding and were evaluated before and 6 and 12 months after surgery. Total insulin secretion, hepatic insulin extraction, and insulin sensitivity were analyzed by oral glucose‐tolerance test model analysis. In addition, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1, E‐selectin, leptin, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, plasminogen activating factor‐1 (PAI‐1), and tissue plasminogen activator were measured.

Results: BMI dropped from 45.22 ± 5.62 to 36.99 ± 4.34 kg/m2 after 6 months and 33.72 ± 5.55 kg/m2 after 12 months (both p < 0.0001). This intervention resulted in a significant reduction of blood pressure (p < 0.00001), triglycerides (p < 0.01), fasting blood glucose (p = 0.03), basal insulin (p < 0.001), and basal C‐peptide (p = 0.008) levels. Total insulin secretion decreased (p < 0.05), whereas hepatic insulin extraction (p < 0.05) and oral glucose insulin sensitivity index (p < 0.0001) increased compared with baseline. Leptin (p < 0.0001) and E‐selectin levels decreased significantly after 6 and 12 months (p = 0.05), whereas significantly lower levels of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 and PAI‐1 were only seen after 6 months. Subclinical inflammation, measured by high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, was lowered to normal ranges. No changes were observed in vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 and tissue plasminogen activator levels.

Discussion: Although gastric banding ameliorates several features of the IRS, including 29.05% improvement in insulin sensitivity and blood pressure and reduction of soluble adhesion molecules and PAI‐1, considerable weight loss did not normalize all components of the IRS in morbidly obese patients.
State‐Level Estimates of Annual Medical Expenditures Attributable to Obesity*
Authors: Finkelstein Eric A. , Fiebelkorn Ian C. , Wang Guijing
Published: April 2008

Objective: To provide state‐level estimates of total, Medicare, and Medicaid obesity‐attributable medical expenditures.

Research Methods and Procedures: We developed an econometric model that predicts medical expenditures. We used this model and state‐representative data to quantify obesity‐attributable medical expenditures.

Results: Annual U.S. obesity‐attributable medical expenditures are estimated at $75 billion in 2003 dollars, and approximately one‐half of these expenditures are financed by Medicare and Medicaid. State‐level estimates range from $87 million (Wyoming) to $7.7 billion (California). Obesity‐attributable Medicare estimates range from $15 million (Wyoming) to $1.7 billion (California), and Medicaid estimates range from $23 million (Wyoming) to $3.5 billion (New York).

Discussion: These estimates of obesity‐attributable medical expenditures present the best available information concerning the economic impact of obesity at the state level. Policy makers should consider these estimates, along with other factors, in determining how best to allocate scarce public health resources. However, because they are associated with large SE, these estimates should not be used to make comparisons across states or among payers within states.
Effect of Internet Support on the Long‐Term Maintenance of Weight Loss
Authors: Harvey‐Berino Jean , Pintauro Stephen , Buzzell Paul , Gold Elizabeth Casey
Published: April 2008

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of an Internet weight maintenance program.

Research Methods and Procedures: Two hundred fifty‐five healthy overweight and obese adults (mean ± SD BMI, 31.8 ± 4.1 kg/m2) men (18%; mean ± SD age, 45.8 ± 8.9 yrs) participated in a 6‐month behavioral weight control program conducted over interactive television. Treatment was followed by a 12‐month weight maintenance program with three conditions: frequent in‐person support (F‐IPS), minimal in‐person support (M‐IPS) and internet support (IS). Main outcome measures included body weight, program adherence, and social influence components.

Results: There were no significant differences among the groups in weight loss (mean ± SD) from baseline to 18 months (7.6 ± 7.3 kg vs. 5.5 ± 8.9 kg vs. 5.1 ± 6.5 kg, p = 0.23 for the IS, M‐IPS, and F‐IPS, respectively).

Discussion: Participants assigned to an internet‐based weight maintenance program sustained comparable weight loss over 18 months compared with individuals who continued to meet face‐to‐face. Therefore, the internet appears to be a viable medium for promoting long‐term weight maintenance.
Natriuretic Peptide Clearance Receptor Alleles and Susceptibility to Abdominal Adiposity
Authors: Sarzani Riccardo , Strazzullo Pasquale , Salvi Fabio , Iacone Roberto , Pietrucci Francesca , Siani Alfonso , Barba Gianvincenzo , Gerardi Maria Clara , Dessì‐Fulgheri Paolo , Rappelli Alessandro
Published: April 2008

Objective: To test the association of the C(−55)A polymorphism of the natriuretic peptide clearance receptor (NPRC) with blood pressure (BP), overweight/obesity, and body fat distribution in a large male adult population.

Research Methods and Procedures: The study population was from a cross‐sectional and follow‐up study of 787 untreated male participants in the 1994 to 1995 follow‐up examination of the Olivetti Heart Study in Naples (356 of whom were examined previously in 1975). BP and anthropometric measures were taken, and biochemical assays were performed. The NPRC gene polymorphism C(−55)A was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction and HgaI digestion.

Results: In the whole study population, there was no difference in BP, BMI, and biochemical tests among genotypes. Considering an A(−55) recessive model of inheritance, the AA subjects had lower BMI and waist circumference and lower prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal adiposity as compared with the CC+CA subjects. On reviewing the characteristics of the subgroup previously examined in 1975, the AA subjects had already lower BMI, and their 20‐year rate of overweight and obesity was lower than the CC+CA subjects; no difference was observed in the rate of hypertension.

Discussion: Male subjects carrying the A(−55)A NPRC genotype had a significantly lower prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal adiposity. They also had a lower 20‐year rate of overweight compared with CC+CA individuals. These findings from a large unselected and untreated male population are in keeping with the recent evidence of a powerful lipolytic and lipomobilizing activity of natriuretic peptides.
BMI and Metabolic Disorders in South Korean Adults: 1998 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey
Authors: Kim Younghee , Suh Youn Kyoung , Choi Haymie
Published: April 2008

Objective: The prevalence of overweight, obesity, and metabolic disorders and their relationship with BMI were studied in South Korean adults. The appropriate BMI categories for overweight and obesity for Koreans were evaluated.

Research Methods and Procedures: The 1998 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was the first such survey, to our knowledge, conducted on a cross‐sectional and nationally representative population. The survey provided data on body weight; height; fasting serum glucose; triacylglycerol; total, low‐density lipoprotein, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; blood pressure; and various other questions that were incorporated into this study. A total of 39, 060 persons over the age of 1 year from 12, 283 households participated in the Health and Nutrition Interview Survey. Of these, 10, 876 people over the age of 10 years old participated in the Health Examination. We analyzed data from 7962 adults over the age of 20 years old.

Results: The overweight (BMI, ≥25.0 to <30.0) and obesity (BMI, ≥30) rates were low among Korean adults: 23.4% and 1.7% in men and 24.9% and 3.2% in women, respectively. However, the prevalences of diabetes, hypertension, and abnormal concentrations of serum triacylglycerol and total, low‐density lipoprotein, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were high at 10.5%, 27.1%, 29.0%, 34.5%, 28.4%, and 37.4%, respectively. These disorders were age dependent, and, in general, there was a strong linear relationship between BMI and the disorders. The relative risk of disorders doubled at a BMI of 23.0 to 24.0 and tripled at a BMI of 26.0, compared with a baseline BMI of 18.5 to 22.0.

Discussion: High rates of diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were noted in middle‐aged and elderly Koreans even at relatively low BMI. It might be appropriate to lower the BMI classification from the current ≥25.0 for overweight and ≥30.0 for obesity for this group of Koreans.
VNTR Polymorphism of the Insulin Gene and Childhood Overweight in a General Population
Authors: Heude Barbara , Dubois Séverine , Charles Marie‐Aline , Deweirder Marianne , Dina Christian , Borys Jean‐Michel , Ducimetière Pierre , Froguel Philippe ,   Fleurbaix Laventie Ville Santé Study Group
Published: April 2008

Objective: The VNTR polymorphism 5′ of the insulin gene has been related to obesity in a previous study on children with early onset of severe obesity. Our purpose was to analyze the association between this polymorphism and adiposity variability in an unselected population of children and adolescents in northern France.

Research Methods and Procedures: In 293 nuclear families from the Fleurbaix Laventie Ville Santé study, we genotyped the INS VNTR polymorphism in 431 children and adolescents (8 to 18 years of age) and their parents. Overweight was defined according to the international definition in both children and adults. A transmission disequilibrium test in families with an overweight offspring was performed. The prevalence of overweight was compared according to genotype. The effect of the genotype on BMI and waist circumference was tested with a linear regression model, adjusting for age, gender, and Tanner stage.

Results: There was an undertransmission of class III alleles from heterozygous parents to their overweight offspring (p < 0.002). Overweight was associated with class I alleles in children and adolescents (12% I/I, I/III vs. 3% III/III; p < 0.08). Those with a class III/III genotype had a 1 kg/m2 lower mean BMI (p = 0.04) and 3 cm lower waist circumference (p = 0.02) than those bearing one or two class I alleles. No association of adiposity or obesity with class I alleles was found in parents.

Discussion: INS VNTR polymorphism seems to contribute to differences in adiposity level in the general population of children and adolescents.
Hyperadiponectinemia in Newborns: Relationship with Leptin Levels and Birth Weight
Authors: Pardo Inês M.C.G. , Geloneze Bruno , Tambascia Marcos A. , Barros‐Filho Antonio A.
Published: April 2008

Objective: Adiponectin is the only adipose‐specific hormone that, despite its exclusive production by adipose tissue, is reduced in obesity and is inversely correlated with leptin levels in adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adiponectin concentration in umbilical cord blood at different gestational ages and to investigate its possible associations with leptin levels and birth weight.

Research Methods and Procedures: Umbilical cord blood was obtained from 132 newborns (male = 65, female = 67, gestational age: 35 to 42 weeks). The anthropometric variables of the newborns studied were birth weight, birth length, body weight/body length, and ponderal index. Adiponectin, insulin, and leptin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay methods.

Results: Adiponectin levels in males were not different from those in females (24.10 ± 0.81 vs. 25.62 ± 0.84 μg/mL, p = 0.280). Adiponectin concentrations were positively correlated with birth weight (p < 0.05), birth length (p < 0.05), body weight/body length (p < 0.05), gestational age (p < 0.01), and leptin levels (p < 0.01).

Discussion: These findings indicate that adiponectin is present in umbilical cord blood after 35 to 42 weeks of gestation, with higher levels than those usually found in adults, no gender differences, and a positive correlation with birth weight and leptin. These results suggest that not only could neonatal hyperadiponectinemia be associated with the increase of adiponectin production by fetal adipose tissue but also with a possible reduction in an unknown mechanism related to the suppression of adiponectin observed in adults.
Regulation of Lipolysis and Lipoprotein Lipase after Weight Loss in Obese, Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Berman Dora M. , Nicklas Barbara J. , Ryan Alice S. , Rogus Ellen M. , Dennis Karen E. , Goldberg Andrew P.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To test the hypothesis that the greater β‐adrenoceptor (β‐AR)‐stimulated lipolysis and sensitivity (half‐maximal lipolytic response) in abdominal (ABD) adipocytes, greater gluteal (GLT) adipose tissue‐lipoprotein lipase (AT‐LPL) activity, and dyslipidemia associated with obesity in older women are modifiable by weight loss (WL) and are not due to menopause or aging.

Research Methods and Procedures: The metabolic effects of 6 months of hypocaloric diet and low‐intensity walking WL program on the regional regulation of in vitro lipolysis and AT‐LPL activity in subcutaneous ABD and GLT adipocytes were measured in 34 obese (48.7 ± 0.7% body fat, mean ± SE) postmenopausal (59 ± 1 years) white women.

Results: The lipolytic responsiveness to the β‐AR agonist isoproterenol and basal lipolysis in the presence of 1 U/mL adenosine deaminase‐uninhibited (lipolysis) were greater (p < 0.01) in ABD than GLT adipocytes before and after WL, but there were no regional differences in postreceptor (dibutyryl 3′, 5′‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate)‐stimulated lipolysis. β‐AR sensitivity was greater in ABD than GLT adipocytes before (p < 0.01) but not after WL. Regional AT‐LPL did not change after WL, but the change in the activity of ABD (but not GLT) AT‐LPL correlated with the baseline adenosine deaminase‐uninhibited lipolysis (r = 0.38, p = 0.03). There were no relationships between the declines in plasma triglyceride or increases in high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol associated with WL and the changes in regional fat cell metabolism.

Discussion: Thus, despite improving lipoprotein lipid profiles in obese, postmenopausal women, WL does not affect the regulation of regional fat metabolism, and a greater tonic inhibition of basal lipolysis by endogenous adenosine may increase the activity of AT‐LPL after WL and predispose older women to develop ABD adiposity.
Use of Portion‐Controlled Entrees Enhances Weight Loss in Women
Authors: Hannum Sandra M. , Carson LeaAnn , Evans Ellen M. , Canene Kirstie A. , Petr E. Lauren , Bui Linh , Erdman John W.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To determine the efficacy of a weight‐loss diet using packaged portion‐controlled entrees compared with a self‐selected diet based on the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Guide Pyramid (FGP) (United States Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, Washington, DC; 1996).

Research Methods and Procedures: Sixty healthy women (BMI 26 to 40 kg/m2; 24 to 60 years old) were randomized into two intervention groups for an 8‐week parallel arm study. The portion‐controlled group consumed two frozen entrees daily, plus additional food servings from the FGP. The self‐selected diet group consumed a recommended number of servings from the FGP. Diets were designed to be the same in composition (55% carbohydrate, 25% protein, 20% fat) and energy level (1365 kcal). Each group met weekly to monitor compliance and take measures. Outcomes included weight, body composition by DXA, hip and waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood lipids, glucose, insulin, and C‐reactive protein. Significant differences were assessed using repeated measures ANOVA.

Results: The portion‐controlled group (n = 26) experienced greater decreases in weight (5.6 ± 2.2 kg or 6.5% vs. 3.6 ± 2.5 kg or 4.2%), fat mass (3.6 ± 1.8 vs. 2.3 ± 1.4 kg), total cholesterol (24.4 ± 21.5 mg/dL or 12.4% vs. 13.0 ± 13.9 mg/dL or 6.7%), and fasting insulin (−1.8 ± 3.7 vs.+0.3 ± 3.8 μU/mL) than the self‐selected diet group (n = 27) (p < 0.05).

Discussion: Consumption of portion‐controlled entrees resulted in greater losses of weight and fat, thereby reducing cardiovascular disease risk. Accurate portion control is an important factor in weight loss success, and use of packaged entrees is an effective method of achieving this.
A Genome Scan among Nigerians Linking Resting Energy Expenditure to Chromosome 16
Authors: Wu Xiaodong , Luke Amy , Cooper Richard S. , Zhu Xiaofeng , Kan Donghui , Tayo Bamidele O. , Adeyemo Adebowale
Published: April 2008

Energy requirements at rest account for 50% to 75% of total energy expenditure. Interindividual variation in resting energy expenditure (REE) has been studied for potential links to obesity and hypertension. REE is a modestly heritable trait, and yet virtually nothing is known about the genetic factors that might influence the familial patterns. The objectives of this study were to identify the genomic regions showing genetic linkage to REE variation in a Nigerian population. For linkage analysis across the genome, three hundred seventy‐seven microsatellite markers were typed on DNA from 995 individuals in 153 families. A genome scan was performed using a multipoint variance component method. Heritability of REE was 0.30 after adjustment for body size. The strongest linkage signal was detected on chromosome 16 (16q22.3) with a likelihood of odds of 2.96 (p = 0.08). Linkage evidence (likelihood of odds > 1) was detected on another three chromosomal regions, namely 2q12.1, 8q21.2, and 15p11.2.
Effects of Two Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers on Body Fat Mass in Overweight Humans
Authors: Malpuech‐Brugère Corinne , Verboeket‐van de Venne Wilhelmine P.H.G. , Mensink Ronald P. , Arnal Marie‐Agnès , Morio Béatrice , Brandolini Marion , Saebo Asgeir , Lassel Taous S. , Chardigny Jean Michel , Sébédio Jean Louis , Beaufrère Bernard
Published: April 2008

Objective: To examine the effects of two different conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers at two different intakes on body composition in overweight humans.

Research Methods and Procedures: Eighty‐one middle‐aged, overweight, healthy men and women participated in this bicentric, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, randomized study. For 6 weeks (run‐in period), all subjects consumed daily a drinkable dairy product containing 3 g of high oleic acid sunflower oil. Volunteers were then randomized over five groups receiving daily either 3 g of high oleic acid sunflower oil, 1.5 g of cis‐9, trans‐11 (c9t11) CLA, 3 g of c9t11 CLA, 1.5 g of trans‐10, cis‐12 (t10c12) CLA, or 3 g of t10c12 CLA administrated as triacylglycerol in a drinkable dairy product for 18 weeks. Percentage body fat mass and fat and lean body mass were assessed at the end of the run‐in and experimental periods by DXA. Dietary intake was also recorded.

Results: Body fat mass changes averaged 0.1 ± 0.9 kg (mean ± SD) in the placebo group and −0.3 ± 1.4, −0.8 ± 2.1, 0.0 ± 2.3, and −0.9 ± 1.7 kg in the 1.5‐g c9t11, 3‐g c9t11, 1.5‐g t10c12, and 3‐g t10c12 groups, respectively. Changes among the groups were not significantly different (p = 0.444). Also, lean body mass and dietary intake were not significantly different among the treatments.

Discussion: A daily consumption of a drinkable dairy product containing up to 3 g of CLA isomers for 18 weeks had no statistically significant effect on body composition in overweight, middle‐aged men and women.
Medium‐Chain Fatty Acids Attenuate Agonist‐Stimulated Lipolysis, Mimicking the Effects of Starvation
Authors: Lei Tianguang , Xie Weisheng , Han Jianrong , Corkey Barbara E. , Hamilton James A. , Guo Wen
Published: April 2008

Objective: To test the hypothesis that incorporation of medium‐chain fatty acids (FAs) into adipocyte triglycerides alters intracellular lipolysis.

Research Methods and Procedures: 3T3‐L1 adipocytes were pretreated with octanoate for various incubation periods. After the removal of exogenous FAs, cells were incubated with different lipolytic agonists. To determine the effects on lipolysis, we measured the following: the release of glycerol and FAs, lipase activity, protein levels of hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL), and perilipin A; translocation of HSL; phosphorylation of perilipin A; and levels of cellular adenosine triphosphate, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and H2O2. To compare the effects of starvation with those caused by octanoate pretreatment, we measured glycerol release and H2O2generation in rat adipocytes of starved donors.

Results: Pretreatment of adipocytes with octanoate in vitro increased basal lipolysis but decreased the cellular response for agonists. The same effects were seen in starvation in vivo. Preincubation with octanoate for 48 hours did not affect basal lipase activity, HSL, and perilipin protein levels, but it reduced agonist‐stimulated perilipin phosphorylation and HSL translocation toward fat droplets. This was associated with a reduction in basal cellular adenosine triphosphate levels and agonist‐stimulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate generation. Starvation and octanoate pretreatment both increased intracellular H2O2concentrations, which might also contribute to the inhibition on agonist‐stimulated lipolysis.

Discussion: Pretreatment with octanoate seems to induce changes in adipocyte lipolysis in a pattern mimicking the effects of starvation. Such changes could contribute, in part, to weight loss in animals and humans associated with dietary medium‐chain FAs.
Bone and Gastric Bypass Surgery: Effects of Dietary Calcium and Vitamin D
Authors: Goode Lisa R. , Brolin Robert E. , Chowdhury Hasina A. , Shapses Sue A.
Published: April 2008

Objective:To examine bone mass and metabolism in women who had previously undergone Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and determine the effect of supplementation with calcium (Ca) and vitamin D.

Research Methods and Procedures: Bone mineral density and bone mineral content (BMC) were examined in 44 RYGB women (≥3 years post‐surgery; 31% weight loss; BMI, 34 kg/m2) and compared with age‐ and weight‐matched control (CNT) women (n = 65). In a separate analysis, RYGB women who presented with low bone mass (n = 13) were supplemented to a total 1.2 g Ca/d and 8 μg vitamin D/d over 6 months and compared with an unsupplemented CNT group (n = 13). Bone mass and turnover and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D were measured.

Results:Bone mass did not differ between premenopausal RYGB and CNT women (42 ± 5 years), whereas postmenopausal RYGB women (55 ± 7 years) had higher bone mineral density and BMC at the lumbar spine and lower BMC at the femoral neck. Before and after dietary supplementation, bone mass was similar, and serum PTH and markers of bone resorption were higher (p < 0.001) in RYGB compared with CNT women and did not change significantly after supplementation.

Discussion: Postmenopausal RYGB women show evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism, elevated bone resorption, and patterns of bone loss (reduced femoral neck and higher lumbar spine) similar to other subjects with hyperparathyroidism. Although a modest increase in Ca or vitamin D does not suppress PTH or bone resorption, it is possible that greater dietary supplementation may be beneficial.
Normal Insulin Sensitivity in Lean Offspring of Obese Parents
Authors: Lazarin Mary A.C.T. , Bennini João R. , Pereira Carlos L.C. , Astiarraga Brenno D. , Ferrannini Ele , Muscelli Elza
Published: April 2008

Objective: Offspring of diabetic or hypertensive patients are insulin resistant at a prediabetic/prehypertensive stage. We tested the hypothesis that insulin action may be impaired in the offspring of obese nondiabetic parents.

Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐one lean offspring of nonobese subjects [(OL) 22 ± 3 years of age] were matched to 23 lean offspring of obese subjects (OOb) by gender distribution, age, BMI, and waist circumference. Anthropometry, oral glucose tolerance, in vivo insulin sensitivity [by a euglycemic insulin clamp (6 pmol/min per kilogramFFM; where FFM represents fat‐free mass)], and thermogenesis (by indirect calorimetry) were measured in each subject. The study subjects were from a population of 267 nuclear families (one offspring and both his/her parents) in which there was statistically significant (χ2 = 30.2, p = 0.001) concordance of BMI between parents and offspring.

Results: In comparing OOb with OL, no statistically significant difference or trend toward a difference was detected in fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, glucose and insulin responses to oral glucose, insulin sensitivity [metabolism value = 45 ± 12 (OOb) vs. 47 ± 17 μmol/min per kilogramFFM (OL)], insulin‐induced inhibition of protein and lipid oxidation, stimulation of glucose oxidation and nonoxidative glucose disposal, respiratory quotient, resting energy expenditure, and glucose‐induced thermogenesis.

Discussion: The metabolic similarity between lean offspring of obese parents and those of nonobese parents suggests that insulin resistance and its correlates are not co‐inherited with the predisposition to develop obesity.
Importance of Orexigenic Counter‐Regulation for Multiple Targeted Feeding Inhibition
Authors: Schusdziarra Volker , Zimmermann Jens P. , Schick Rafael R.
Published: April 2008

Objective: Central feeding regulation involves both anorectic and orexigenic pathways. This study examined whether targeting both systems could enhance feeding inhibition induced by anorectic neuropeptides.

Research Methods and Procedures: Experiments were carried out in 24‐hour fasted rats. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections were accomplished through stereotaxically implanted cannulae aimed at the lateral cerebral ventricle. Food intake of standard rat chow pellets was subsequently recorded for 2 hours.

Results: Blockade of orexigenic central opioids and neuropeptide Y (NPY) by ICV naloxone (25 μg) or the NPY receptor antagonist [d‐Trp32]NPY (NPY‐Ant; 10 μg) powerfully augmented the feeding suppression induced by ICV glucagon‐like peptide 1 (7‐36)‐amide (GLP‐1; 10 μg) or xenin‐25 (xenin; 15 μg) in 24‐hour fasted rats. Most importantly, in combination with naloxone or NPY‐Ant, even a low and ineffective dose of GLP‐1 (5 μg) caused a 40% reduction of food intake, which was augmented further when both antagonists were given in combination with GLP‐1. The combination of GLP‐1 (5 μg) and xenin (10 μg) at individually ineffective doses caused a 46% reduction of food intake, which was abolished at a 10‐fold lower dose. This ineffective dose, however, reduced food intake by 72% when administered in combination with naloxone and NPY‐Ant.

Discussion: Targeting up to four pathways of feeding regulation in the central nervous system by blockade of endogenous feeding stimuli and simultaneous administration of anorectic neuropeptides potentiated reduction of food intake. This raises a promising perspective for treatment of obesity.
Self‐Efficacy as a Predictor of Weight Change in African‐American Women
Authors: Martin Pamela D. , Dutton Gareth R. , Brantley Phillip J.
Published: April 2008

Objective: Although self‐efficacy has received increasing attention for its role in weight loss, there is less research examining this relationship in minority samples. The purpose of this study was to determine whether self‐efficacy for weight loss was predictive of weight change in a sample of African‐American women.

Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 106 overweight or obese, low‐income African‐American women participating in a weight management intervention that involved either personalized monthly sessions with their primary care physician or standard care. Weight and self‐efficacy for weight loss were assessed at baseline and at the end of the 6‐month treatment.

Results: For subjects in the personalized intervention, baseline self‐efficacy was predictive of subsequent weight change, such that higher levels of self‐efficacy before treatment were associated with less weight loss. In contrast, improvements in self‐efficacy during treatment were associated with greater weight loss for the personalized intervention group.

Discussion: Results suggest high self‐efficacy for weight loss before treatment may be detrimental to success, whereas treatments that improve participants’ self‐efficacy may result in greater weight loss. High pretreatment self‐efficacy may be indicative of overconfidence or lack of experience with the difficulties associated with weight loss efforts. Whereas replication is needed, our results suggest that self‐efficacy is an important variable to consider when implementing weight loss interventions.