bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpersonal Strategies: Investigating Interlanguage Corpora
Authors: Flowerdew Lynne
Published: March 2007

Findings from corpus-based research are increasingly being exploited for the creation of teaching materials. Although such studies provide valuable insights into language use, they are mostly based on 'expert' corpora and therefore cannot tell us about what is not known by students. In order for materials to address students' deficiencies fully, insights gleaned from interlanguage corpora could usefully be used to complement those from 'expert' corpora for course design.

Several valuable studies on interpersonal strategies in scientific discourse have been undertaken and the area of pragmatic failure is also well documented in the literature on contrastive rhetoric. However, it would also be useful to examine these strategies from a learner corpus-based perspective. This paper outlines the findings from an error analysis of interpersonal strategies of a 200,000-word sub-section of the HKUST Learner Corpus. These findings not only provide useful insights into students' deficiencies in this area but have also been used to shape and refine classroom materials.
Learners' Needs, Attitudes and Motivation Towards the Self-Access Mode of Language Learning
Authors: Detaramani Champa , Shuk Im Chan Irene
Published: March 2007

The self-access approach to language learning requires learners to be responsible, diligent, and motivated. However, very little research has been done in this field. Thus, the aims of this study are to ascertain the needs of the learners and to investigate their attitudes and motivation towards this mode of learning. A questionnaire was administered to collect the data from 585 learners and in-depth interviews were conducted with 5% of the sample.

Statistical analyses suggest that the learners consider the major roles of self-access centres are to help them learn English independently and equip them for their studies and future careers. They prefer multi-media materials and facilities which focus on speaking, listening and English for the work place. The analysis and the qualitative data from the interviews show that learners have strong extrinsic motivation to improve their English, yet they seem to be reluctant to use the self-access mode of language learning. It is also found that learners who are keen on using the self-access centre have a stronger desire to improve their English, have higher intrinsic motivation and more positive attitudes towards learning English.
La place des musulmans dans le multiculturalisme laïc en Grande-Bretagne
Authors: MODOOD Tariq
Published: March 2007

The political assertiveness of Muslims in Britain is creating difficulties for secular multiculturalism. While black and related ethno-racial identities are intrinsic to the rainbow coalition of identity politics, this coalition is deeply unhappy with Muslim consciousness. While for some this rejection is specific to Islam, for many the ostensible reason is that it is a religious identity, and therefore has no place in the public sphere. Yet in this the advocates of difference politics are reverting to a public/private distinction that they have spent two or three decades demolishing. The emergence of Muslim politcal agency has, then, thrown British multiculturalism into theoretical and practical disarray. This is worrying because on any objective reading there cannot be a race relations settlement in Britain without the Muslims, as nearly half of all non-whites are Muslims.
Laïcité et gestion de la diversité religieuse à l'école publique en France
Authors: MASSIGNON Bérengère
Published: March 2007

The author explores the legal framework and practical measures adopted in French state secondary schools in four examples of religious expression (school chaplaincy, dietary requirements, absenteeism for religious reasons and the wearing of religious symbols). The exclusion of religion from schools in France, advocated by some teachers, is neither legal nor realistic. However, even if dispensations or special treatment are granted to pupils, this does not imply a positive and complete recognition of the place of religion in state schools. Religious affiliation is taken into account on a case-by-case basis, sometimes arbitrary, that conceals an implicit hierarchy of religions, whereas the Law of Separation of 1905 was intended to guarantee equality among religions, without consideration of their numerical, historical or symbolic importance.
Devising a Study on Religion and the Latina Experience
Authors: PEÑA Milagros
Published: March 2007

The author looks at Latina women in the United States and their contributions to the mosaic of religious social patterns. The underlying assumption here is that Latinas/os, like other ethnic groups, have made their mark shaping religious practices. The article builds on notions that gender, ethnic, and race foci in our research expand our knowledge of the nuances in the mosaic of religious practice. The sociology of religion would be left behind if it did not challenge the restrictive ways the field has looked at religious practice and expression. What methodological approaches and what questions we ask are important to enriching research on religion in the United States and elsewhere. Here the author suggests that both questionnaire and focus group interviewing are particularly useful in studying a multiethnic and multilingual community, because the two-pronged approach brings out the complexity of religious beliefs and practice.
Rôles, Attentes et Conflits: la Religion et les Eglises Dans les Sociétés en Transition
Authors: ZRINŠČAK Siniša
Published: March 2007

Drawing on data from the European Values Study (EVS) 1999, the author gives a brief overview of religions in post-communist societies and Croatia's place among them. He shows that for some societies religion is still crucial for their overall functioning. In order to understand this role, which is only partially visible on the level of empirical data, and to point out some difficulties in the sociological approach to it, the author discusses two themes: religion and war, and religion and transition. Although the recent war on the territory of the former Yugoslavia was not a religious one, the Churches played a key role both at the symbolic level of maintenance of separate national identities, and on the level of complex social processes. The contradictory and uncertain nature of transition processes additionally complicated the role of religion in society and partly prevented its accommodation to new social circumstances. These elements can all be seen in the different roles that religion has to play, contradictory expectations of the public towards the Church and sharp social conflicts that divide society.
The image of the priest in the eyes of parishioners in three rural parishes
Authors: Piwowarski Wladyslaw
Published: March 2007

L'auteur s'efforce de montrer quel est le rôle du curé à l'intérieur des trois paroisses rurales retenues pour son enquête. Il essaye dans ce but d'anal yser le contenu de la mentalité des paroissiens et s'interroge sur la manière dont ceux-ci voient et jugent l'autorité et l'action de leurs curés. L'enquête a été distribuée individuellement à 50 % des familles catho liques de ces paroisses. L'auteur a obtenu 173 réponses, ce qui représente 36,4% de l'ensemble des familles catholiques appartenant aux paroisses où s'est déroulé l'enquête.

Ce questionnaire, qui comptait 23 questions, peut se répartir en trois grandes parties:

— La première a pour but de sonder l'authenticité de la foi de l'échan tillon interrogé et son attitude vis-à-vis de ses prêtres. Elle le fait par le biais de questions de ce style: le prêtre est-il nécessaire dans les relations avec Dieu? (96,5 % de réponses affirmatives); dans sa vie privée, le prêtre est-il un homme comme les autres? (51,4 % de 'oui'); y a-t-il un lien entre les reproches adressés aux prêtres et ceux qu'on adresse à l'Eglise? (pour 98,3% les deux ne sont pas liés); à la question de savoir si les paroissiens souhaiteraient avoir un prêtre dans la famille, 34,5 % répondent affirmativement pour des motivations religieuses et 31,5% répondent dans le même sens, mais pour des motifs de prestige. — Dans la seconde partie de son questionnaire, l'auteur essaye de mesurer l'autorité et le prestige du prêtre (estime dans 90,2% des cas, mais pas nécessairement pour des motivations religieuses). Il analyse ensuite la position matérielle du prêtre et constate que, contrairement à la situation d'avant-guerre, le clergé disparaît en tant que couche sociale privilégiée; sa fonction socio-culturelle diminue, spécialement parmi les jeunes, tandis que sa fonction religieuse se spécifie.

— Dans la troisième partie, il étudie l'action pastorale du prêtre et sa personnalité: à 90,7 %, la population est satisfaite des relations qu'elle entretient avec son clergé, mais critique de manière assez nette sa vie personnelle (± 30%).

Sur base de l'analyse de ce matériel, l'auteur tente d'élaborer une typologie des paroissiens; il distingue 4 types parmi ceux-ci:

1°) les catholiques dont la foi s'exprime de manière populaire et traditionnelle,

2°) les catholiques dont le comportement révèle une religion partielle ment approfondie,

3°) ceux qui affichent une certaine indifférence religieuse,

4°) les catholiques pour qui cette indifférence religieuse est totale.
Inheritance Practices on a Catholic Island: Youngest-Son Inheritance (Ultimogeniture) on Kuroshima, Nagasaki Prefecture
Authors: Naito Kanji
Published: March 2007

L'ile de Kuroshima compte 90 % de catholiques et les coutumes con cernant l'héritage sont en opposition avec celles du reste de la population japonaise, et cela malgré le code civil. La population ne dépasse pas 2.000 habitants : 7 hameaux sont catholiques et 1 bouddhiste. La re- cherche a porté sur 3 d'entre eux : 2 catholiques et 1 bouddhiste, à titre de comparaison.

En fait, parmi les catholiques on note qu'une faible majorité seule ment prône l'héritage du fils cadet, tandis que chez les bouddhistes une forte majorité pratique l'héritage du fils aîné.

Plusieurs explications ont été données à ce phénomène de l'ultimo géniture, fort lié à la charge de parents arrivés à un âge avancé. On a parlé de la pauvreté, du type d'agriculture, des migrations de travail. L'Auteur estime que dans le cas étudié, cela s'explique comme un mé canisme réduisant les tensions dans la famille.

L'Auteur se demande si le fait que la population soit catholique cons titue une variable explicative. Une étude effectuée sur une autre ile semble indiquer que trois facteurs pourraient jouer : l'attitude vis-à-vis de la limitation des naissances, l'égalité religieuse de tous les enfants et l'importance d'avoir un fils, si possible l'aîné, prêtre. L'Auteur estime que cela n'est pas vérifié. Il ne nie pas une certaine influence religieuse, mais celle-ci n'est pas exclusive. Il faudrait plutôt trouver une explica tion dans le fait que le groupe catholique n'a jamais accepté complète ment le système familial japonais. Des compléments historiques sont donnés en conclusion.
Les effets de la mobilité spatiale sur les communautés chrétiennes du centre du Tokyo
Authors: Inouye Aiko
Published: March 2007

The problem which was studied was that of the influence of population mobility on church attendence in the centre of Tōkyō. As a result of changing residence, the members of the Protestant churches are drawn from all over the city. The author has selected twelve of these churches and compiled demographical data, together with information obtained from the church registers, about their members.

He has divided the members according to how far they are living from their church, and then compared the monthly attendence of different groups. The younger groups tended to be living near the church, the age group 24 to 40 were more dispersed but the older age group again tended to live close by, and in fact formed the majority group in the centre. This appeared to have an influence on the stability of the congregations, as is seen in the fact that in spite of forming only 14.3% of the members those living close by were the most active. Regular attendence not only fell according to distance, but the proportion of women also declined and in the most distant group, men formed the majority ; the overall monthly attendence as a percentage per area working outwards from the centre were as follows : 68.6, 60.4, 54.4, 37.1, 26.9, and 0.0.
La participation catholique dans le mouvement du renouveau charismatique
Authors: Thompson John R.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports a pilot study of " Catholic Pentecostals," or as they are now more commonly known, " Catholic Charismatics." The study is based on participant observation and interviews among Catholics from 3 prayer groups in Southern California. The study was completed in June, 1972. It forms the basis of continuing research for a dissertation. Catholic participation in the Charismatic Renewal is considered as a renewal movement in relation to the Catholic Church. The analysis seeks to discover tendencies experienced by Catholic charismatics with respect to participation in the Catholic Church, and the ways in which these tendencies are compatible or incompatible with aspects of the Catholic Church. To analyze tendencies experienced by Catholic charismatics, a typology developed by Ernst Troeltsch is employed. Socio logists are familiar with the church-sect typology associated with Trocltsch. Few are familiar with a third type elaborated by Troeltsch: mysticism. It is this third type, mysticism. that this writer has found fruitful in analyzing aspects of Catholic participation in the Charismatic Renewal.

The outlook of a " typical " Catholic charismatic is des cribed, with the intention and hope that : first, important aspects of a participant's experience are accurately and contextually represented: and, secondly, essential features of participants outlook are shown to correspond to the mystical type.

Finally, a comparison is made of aspects of participants' outlook (mystical type) in relation to the Catholic Church (church-type : sacraments, hierarchy). The points of com parison are : 1) relationship between sacramental baptism and " baptism in the Spirit;" 2) Eucharist ; 3) basis of authority. Such a comparison will make more explicit aspects of the relationship between Catholic participation in the Charismatic Renewal and membership in the Catholic Church.
Orthodoxy and Economy : A Dialogue with Alfred Müller - Armack
Authors: Papaderos Alexander
Published: March 2007

L'auteur entreprend un « dialogue » avec le professeur allemand Alfred Müller-Armack sur la base de l'étude de ce dernier Zur Religionssoziologie de europäischen Ostens. Alfred Müller est le premier a avoir essayé de soumettre l'Eglise Orthodoxe européenne au contrôle de l'expérience acquise par la sociologie de la religion au cours des recherches effectuées au sujet de congrégations occidentales.

Le présent dialogue se limite au problème des relations entre Orthodoxie et économie, et spécialement dans le territoire hellenique durant la période byzantine et post-byzantine.

La présente analyse confirme l'idée fondamentale d'A. Müller selon laquelle dans la vie byzantine, le dogme et en général les pouvoirs qui découlent « des grands systèmes métaphysiques » influencent d'une façon décisive les processus sociaux et avec eux, la formation de différents « styles éco nomiques ». Cependant, l'étude des problèmes particuliers montre que certaines idées de Müller sont très générales et ont comme point de départ l'image de l'Orthodoxie répandue en Occident. Cette image se révêle incomplète et même parfois erronée lorsqu'elle est confrontée avec les données objectives. L'Auteur montre le caractère incomplet de l'opinion générale ment admise (et en particulier par Müller) selon laquelle l'Orthodoxie, tournée avec insistance vers les valeurs méta physiques, se révélerait non seulement indifférente au dé roulement des affaires terrestres mais cultiverait parmi les fidèles une mentalité ne favorisant pas la production éco nomique. Malgré l'existence d'une telle tendance, il y a beaucoup de données confirmant une attitude beaucoup plus positive des orthodoxes envers les réalités terrestres.
Conversion and Cognition
Authors: Taylor Bryan
Published: March 2007

La conversion constitue un domaine de recherche fort négligé en sociologie des religions. Les travaux les plus im portants dans ce domaine ont eu tendance à limiter sub stantiellement le sujet et, par là, à restreindre les possibilités méthodologiques de son approche.
Mythe et action sociale en Allemagne
Authors: Bosi Alessandro
Published: March 2007

Certain episodes in the history of the German workers' movement illustrate the part that mythical type of thought still plays in it. The same is true for the « Movement for Popular Broadcasting » through which the author of this article shows the internalization of the mythical aspect of technology by the progressist and revolutionary movements at the time of the Weimar republic. In the face of left-wing Messianic optimism which was caught up in controversy over Marxist orthodoxy, the National-Socialist movement was able to present itself as the most important political expounder of the social demands likely to restore the nation's spiritual unity jeopardized by Modernism and the parliamentary government system of industrial society. The stand that National-Soci alism had taken, was that of the opponents of « Zivilisation », who by their Naturistic and Theosophical view of society, had since the 19th century deeply influenced wide areas of German society.
Une interprétation des représentations occidentales de l'Islam
Authors: Turner Bryan S.
Published: March 2007

Traditional western views of Muslims were a catalogue of prejudice in focusing on the alleged authoritarian and fatalistic character of Islam. In the western imagery, Muslims were sly, cruel and sensual, and this image was the product of cultural con flicts in which Islam was seen as a theological and political threat to Christianity. In more recent scholarship, it has been suggested that the negative image of Islam was the product of an Oriental discourse which survived for centuries, regardless of the inten tions of individual commentators on Islam. The idea that western attitudes were wholly negative and consistent is too simplistic. There were two distinct western views of Islam, namely a roman tic aristocratic version and a critical bourgeois image of the Orient. The aristocratic wing was generally sympathetic towards Islam, because it was hostile to the development of industrial capi talism in Europe. For such traditionalists, Islam represented an escape from a process of modernisation which they saw as des tructive of traditional values and institutions. By contrast, bour geois critics saw Islam as representative of precisely those institu tions and attitudes which they sought to destroy. In both cases, Islam as a construct was employed as a critical myth in the evalua tion of western society. The transformation of Islamic societies in the modern period has rendered both forms of imagery irrelevant in sociological terms, but their existence in the past makes it impossible to speak of one Oriental discourse. Social imagery is fractured by the cultural and class characteristics of the carriers of ideology and the traditional view of Islam in the West was bifur cated along class lines.
The Sociology of the Sociology of Religion Deficiences and Opportunities
Authors: Laeyendecker Leo
Published: March 2007

Le degré de développement d'une discipline ne dépend pas seulement de facteurs internes, mais également de facteurs exter nes. Ces dernières années, cette pensée a trouvé son expression dans une discipline relativement nouvelle: la sociologie des scien ces. L'analyse sociologique des sciences sociales est cependant en retard sur celle des sciences exactes et en ce qui concerne la socio logie des religions, elle vient à peine de naitre. Un dépouillement de cinq revues, parmi les plus importantes consacrées à la sociolo gie des religions, montre que quelques thème seulement y sont traités, et de façon fort succincte. Quelques questions serviront de point de départ pour démontrer l'importance d'une pareille analyse.
Religious Infighting and the Formation of a Dominant Catholic Regime in Southern Dutch Society
Authors: Bax Mart
Published: March 2007

Le traitement du facteur religieux a été relativement mal pris en charge dans beaucoup d'études sur les sociétés rurales euro péennes. Il est habituellement traite comme s'il n'etait guere plus qu'une variable dépendante de vastes processus tels que la moder nisation économique et I'intégration politique.
«Intégrisme Juif»? ou la norme impossible
Authors: Azria Régine
Published: March 2007

In the notion of integrism able to give a relevant account of the different religious currents in present-day Judaism?
La dévotion mariale aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles en Provence
Authors: Cousin Bernard
Published: March 2007

The article assesses recent research which sheds light on the devotion to the Virgin Mary in Provence during the Counter- Reformation, and was spread by religious orders, and taken up by the secular clergy and pious laymen grouped together into brothe rhoods, Provence, which is close to Italy and the papal enclaves, was the favourite area for the blossoming of the cult of the Virgin Mary, the mainspring of pious fervour in the second half of the seventeenth century. This is shown by the number and naming of the brotherhoods (of the Rosary, of penitents...), the changing of the paintings in churches and chapels, which, from retable to ex- voto, give the Virgin a privileged position, and the setting up of new chapels of pilgrimage dedicated to Mary who is regarded as the universal protector in contrast with the very specialized thera peutic saints. The success of the devotion to the Virgin Mary in Provence during the last century of the Ancien Régime, significantly affects the choices made at important passages in life: an increase passages in the number of baby girls christened Mary, the genera lization of invocations to the Virgin Mary in the testaments, which declines however in the second half of the eighteenth century. But the devotion to the Virgin Mary will prove one of the main sup ports for the Catholic come-back in the nineteenth century
Religion and Modernization in 19th Century Greece
Authors: Kokosalakis Nikos
Published: March 2007

La thèse de cet article est que la spécificité de la société et de la culture contemporaine grecque ne peut pas se comprendre sans une analyse des relations entre la religion et la politique dans la Grèce du XIXe siècle. Le processus de modernisation de l'Eglise et de la société grecques au cours du XIXe siècle fut influencé de façon notoire par la culture religieuse, qui n 'était pas atteinte par les idées de la Réforme ni par celles du Siècle des Lumières. D'autres facteurs très importants eurent une influence sur les processus du changement social. Ce furent les idéologies du nationalisme grec et l'impact exercé par les forces politiques étrangères. L 'auteur dis cute ces processus en examinant d'abord la spécificité culturelle de l'Orthodoxie grecque, substantiellement différente du Catholicisme Romain et du Protestantisme. Ensuite, il explore le caractère ethnique de l'Orthodoxie grecque en étudiant le lien historique entre l'Hellénisme et l'Eglise Orthodoxie en tant que soutien de l'identité ethnique grecque avant l'indépendance, durant l'occupation Ottomane. L 'attitude plutôt négative de l'Eglise vis-d-vis des idées du Siècle des Lumières est discutée dans le contexte socio-culturel et politique de la société grecque au cours de la première moitié du XIXe siècle. La fusion de la culture religieuse et des aspirations nationales pour une Grèce plus grande, prévalentes dans la société grecque au cours de la seconde moitié du XlXe siècle, est mise en relation avec les problèmes auxquels se heurtent les procédés de modernisation de l'Eglise et de la Société de l'époque.
Les communautés religieuses au Liban
Authors: Salam Nawaf
Published: March 2007

On the eve of the Lebanese civil war, the dominant tendency among analysts was to underestimate the importance of the specificities of religious communities of this country. During the last decade an orientation quite the opposite has developed, considering the depth of rootedness and the irreductible character of their singularisms.
Cloisonnement communautaire et pratiques économiques
Authors: Maroun Ibrahim
Published: March 2007

The communal partitioning which presently affects Lebanon is the product of a long history of persecution of ethno-religious minorities in the Middle East. But, it has become more accentua ted since the outbreak of the war in 1975 with beleaguered displa cements of population regrouped in geo-confessionnal zones operated by the various foreign forces of occupation. As things stand presently, this partitioning does not fail to block action by trans-communal pressure groups (unions, parties,...) and, moreo ver, creates a situation opportune for interest' groups' (banks, major bussinessmen) controlling the centres of economic decision. These «socially irresponsible» interest' groups are thus safe from any socio-political constraint. To this situation there corresponds a real impoverishment of the Lebanese population, incapable of reacting due to their confinement in «confessional cages».
Jean-Paul II à Managua: l'échec de la reconquête d'un espace social hégémonique
Authors: Houtart Francois
Published: March 2007

This article analyses first the social context of the Roman Catholic Church in Nicaragua, which held a central position in the civilian society that existed prior to the Sandinist revolution of 1979. This is expressed by the concept of social space, defined for the religious institution by three considerations: the fact of existing as an institution; the possibility of giving a meaning that goes beyond a purely individual salvation and a participation in the collective organization of the civil society (schools, health institutions, development projects). In Nicaragua, the Church had a monopoly of meaning for the popular masses and exercised a major role in the institutions of the civil society. With the Sandinist revolution, which did not develop an antireligious policy, the Church lost a great deal of its traditional social space. The state played a major role in all those fields, which the ecclesiastical institution interpreted as aggression, when the "Church of the Poor" saw in this situation new opportunitiesforevangelization. The visit of the pope in 1983 came as an element of consolidation of the first position and strong condemnation of the second. However, it can be assessed as a failure, because the Church continued to lose its traditional social space and became more divided than ever. The pontifical visit became the symbol of unityfor a divided opposition, representing the interests of theformer ruling social classes; and a critical attitude towards the pope's visit prevailed among the popular classes.
Les pèlerinages dans l'Afrique traditionnelle
Authors: RIVIÈRE Claude
Published: March 2007

Strating with experiences originating in the main religions of salvation, one could tend to believe that pilgrimage is a constant factor within the anthropology of religions. However, such a belief is based more upon a particular inventory of the more or less `modern” times of the history of Europe and Asia than on a typical if not exhaustive knowledge of all religious traditions. There is a double question: does pilgrimage exist in the so-called archaic or traditional religions?; and is there everywhere a move to a sacred place, with performance of specific rites? The author produces some elements of an answer to both questions, based upon his knowledge of traditional Africa.

Although this knowledge is only fragmentary, and restricted to Guinea and Togo, it is nevertheless possible to define some stimulating guidelines on the topic of pilgrimage within the framework of a conception of the universe which differs both from the traditional Christian perspective and from the space representation developed from Euclidean geometry. In Africa, gods and goddesses are carried away by people to areas where myths and rites may vary considerably from one place or group to another. Religions have predominantly commemorating, initiating or healing functions. The question is whether such a concept gives birth to so-called “memory places” analogous to the pilgrimage places familiar to our societies, and if one of the main objectives of religion was to dominate wide geographical areas by pinpointing sanctuaries.
L'appartenance religieuse comme voie d'accès à la rationalité moderne: évolution des militants jacistes des années 1950-60
Authors: MORLET Joël
Published: March 2007

This article, resuming the issue of the JAC (Agricultural Catholic Youth) in France and the link between religious convictions and economic changes, deals this time with the building-up and evolution of the personality system. It brings to light three periods, distinguishing three different styles of generations of JAC militants, and focuses mainly on the second generation, i.e. that of 1945-61. For this period, the specific kind of generation is basically due to the fact that the JAC is the scene of a new transaction evolving between the rural society experiencing the rapid modernization of agriculture and the Church which would soon face the Vatican II Council. Thus, this article endeavours to describe how the religious mediation — both cultural and social — operated. Compared with the “non-jacists” and with the following period of the JAC, this generation appears to be most original, and this article is concerned with the evolution of the “jacists” of that period. Did the religious mediation keep on operating, and how?

Study of certain social “trajectories” reveals a divergent evolution encompassing: the reproduction mode of the “jacist” habitus, through their involvement in the CMR (Christians in the Rural World); the conversion and revival of religious reading through their contesting the prevailing economic and social development; and other religious involvements in addition to the imposition of secular logics.
L'influence de la religiosité sur la transculturation à Cuba: une question pour les chercheurs
Authors: GUTIERREZ María Daisy FARINAS
Published: March 2007

Aboriginal religion has left hardly any traces in Cuba, except in certain practices of popular religion. The author takes archaeological discoveries and funerary objects of the Ciboneyes into account, indicating, notably, that ancestor worship existed there. She also describes the religiosity of the Tainos, who arrived on the island around the 8th century and whom the Spanish met at the time of the conquest. They hierarchized divinities, mixing together symbols of sun and moon, as well as earth, sea, manioc and disease. These peoples also adhered to a myth about the origin of humanity. The parallelism between West Indian (Antillais) myths and certain African myths has made for amalgams reproduced to this day. The Tainos, just like the Ciboneyes, used caves for drawing pictograms and for burial. African slaves continued these practices. The author establishes certain parallels with contemporary popular and spiritist cults.
L'affirmation des intérêts dans l'étude des faits religieux au Brésil
Authors: MARIZ Cecília LORETO
Published: March 2007

Religion did not attract the interest of many Brazilian sociologists until the 1970s. Before that, religion was regarded not only as decadent in modern society, but also as a source of alienation. As such, religion interested anthropologists more than sociologists. With the proliferation of liberation theology in Brazil, religion entered the public and political spheres as a progressive force and became an important problem to sociologists. This paper attempts to assess the situation of the Brazilian social scientific study of religion in the last 20 years. It will examine issues such as teaching, production of theses and dissertations, the creation of research centres, graduate programmes, and journals.
L'évolution des nouveaux mouvements religieux: quelques observations sur le cas de la Suisse
Authors: MAYER Jean-François
Published: March 2007

Based mainly upon the results of research conducted between 1987 and 1990 on new religious movements and alternative religiosity in Switzerland, this article - following some initial considerations about various possible levels for the analysis of changes in NRMs - first deals with the evolution of the alternative religious scene in Switzerland, which appears similar to the situation observed in neighbouring countries. No individual NRM has been able to gather a large number of members, but ever-increasing numbers of NRMs are to be found in the “religious market place” - including several which had not found their way to Switzerland before the 1980s. The second part of the article is a case study concerning some aspects of the evolution of Sukyo Mahikari (a new religion from Japan) in Switzerland. More specifically, it focuses on the evolution of the members themselves and analyses the way in which they come to integrate the values and practices of the group. It becomes clear that full acceptance of the ideology of the movement is a lenghty process. In conclusion, the article offers some considerations about the future. On the basis of changes during the past 20 years, an increasing number of movements might be expected, but none of them is likely to secure a prominent position in mainstream Swiss society.
Education, Social Integration and Minority-majority Group Intermarriage
Authors: O'Leary Richard , Finnäs Fjalar
Published: March 2007

This article challenges the well-established finding that persons with higher levels of education are more likely to marry outside their own ethnic group. The empirical research upon which that finding is based has been dominated by studies of groups of either immigrant or low socio-economic status. We revisit the question by examining census of population data on two minorities - Protestants in the Republic of Ireland and the Swedish-speaking Finns - which are indigenous, traditionally of high socio-economic status and have strong communal institutions. For this type of minority, we reject the hypothesis that persons with higher levels of education are more likely to form intermarriages. We explain our finding in terms of the association between level of education and social integration into the minority sub-culture. Our findings also provide insights into the process whereby after national independence the high socio-economic status of formerly politically dominant minorities is maintained.
Budgetary Management in Russian Households
Authors: Clarke Simon
Published: March 2007

This article reports the findings of a recent survey of Russian households ( N = 4023) which included questions on household budgetary management and financial decision-making. The findings are related to comparable British research on these questions. The budgetary practices of Russian households are shown to correspond to those typical of dual-earner Western households, but there is almost none of the variation according to socio-demographic characteristics of the household which has been found in British studies. In particular, there is no significant tendency for a higher degree of independence in budgeting or for men to have a larger say in higher income households or in those in which the woman defines herself as a housewife.
Comparison of Wrinkle-Resistant Finishes for Cotton
Authors: Cooke T.F. , Roth P.B. , Salsbury J.M. , Switlyk G. , van Loo W.J.
Published: March 2007

A brief discussion is given on the mechanism by which wrinkle-resistant properties are imparted to cotton fabrics by the use of urea- and melamine-type resins. A summary of the chemistry of these products is given. The results of an extensive study of the application of urea, modified urea (ethylene urea), melamine. and modified melamine formaldehyde resins using ammonium, alkanolamine, and metallic inorganic salt ac celerators to cotton fabric are presented. The effect of variations in resin concentration, curing temperature, and time on the wrinkle recovery, tensile strength, tear strength, and discoloration of the treated fabric before and after washing is discussed. This work was designed and analyzed statistically to ensure an accurate and, authoritative presenta tion of the more important properties imparted to cotton fabrie for the systems studied. These data should enable a cotton fabric finisher to select the optimum resins and con ditions of application to obtain the wrinkle-resistant finish best suited for the specific fabric properties desired.
Electroanalysis with Controlled Cathode Potential of Metallic Copper Applied to Fabrics as Metallo-Organic Fungicides
Authors: Bubernak Joseph , Baskin A. David
Published: March 2007

A method is described for the electrolytic determination of copper in fabrics treated with organo-copper fungicides. The samples investigated contained fire retardants as metallic oxides, among which were those of antimony, calcium, zinc, and iron. Anti mony offers the greatest interference in the electrolytic determination of copper. This interference was eliminated by depositing the copper from ammonium tartrate solution with careful control of the cathode potential, using a laboratory potentiometer to measure the voltage. Data are presented showing that copper may be electroplated from am monium tartrate solutions, containing a six-fold greater concentration of antimony, with a cathode potential of — 0.60 volts. Standard deviations for analysis of these solutions were small (± 0.001 mg. Cu/ml.), giving an error term of 0.05% (standard dev. of the mean, σ/mean determination × 100). Results are also given for analyses of fabrics containing copper-8-quinolinolate and copper naphthenate singly or in mixture. Stand ard deviations computed for these analyses also were small. A rapid and safe method for digesting cloth samples with sulfuric and perchloric acids is described.
Vapor Phase Method for Preparation of Polyacrylonitrile Coated Cotton Yarn and Physical Properties of the Product
Authors: Haydel Chester H. , Janssen Hermann J. , Seal Jeuel F. , Vix Henry L. E. , Gastrock Edward A.
Published: March 2007

Acrylonitrile vapors were polymerized within and upon the individual fiber surfaces of scoured cotton yarns to yield coated products having new and interesting properties. The uniformity of the polyacrylonitrile coating is shown in electron micrographs of the fiber surfaces. Breaking strengths were increased appreciably, particularly when the process was applied to prestretched yarns. High frictional characteristics were ex hibited when one coated yarn was pulled against another. Excellent resistance to rot and flat abrasion was obtained in conjunction with a relatively minor improvement in resistance to acid degradation. No essential change in heat and weather resistance was noted. Resistance to flexing, however, was adversely affected by the presence of the polyacrylonitrile.

These polymer coated yarns can be prepared with essentially the same equipment and procedures as required for the vapor phase cyanoethylation of cotton ; the only exception is that a different catalyst is employed. This illustrates the utility of acrylonitrile for preparation of a variety of useful cotton products,
Concerning the Theory of Fatigue Failure in Textile Materials
Authors: Lyons W. James
Published: March 2007

A minor modification of the reaction rate theory of flow is proposed with the aim of accounting, in terms of molecular processes, for the observed dependence of dynamic properties, particularly fatigue, on the frequency of stressing. To this end a factor ϕ ( v). which is a function of the frequency v. is introduced into the expression for the rate of breakage of bonds in the macromolecules of textile materials. It is shown that with this reasonable assumption of a frequency factor there results a general expression which, like earlier expressions, is compatible with the known dependence of fatigue life on tem perature and stress under dynamic as well as dead loads. The present development goes further, permitting the derivation of a specific expression which is in accord with the ob served frequency dependence of the fatigue life of a textile material.
Mechanical Properties of Cotton Fibers and Their Response to Mercerization1
Authors: Rebenfeld L.
Published: March 2007

Fifty fibers from twelve widely different cottons were mercerized by a single fiber mercerization treatment at 0.1 g. tension. The changes in the fiber extensibility prop erties brought about by this treatment were related to the degree of fibrillar orientation as estimated by the initial Young's modulus of elasticity. Although the fiber strength was increased by this treatment, no relationship was found between the magnitude of this increase and the degree of orientation.

Three of the cottons were mercerized at several tension levels ranging from no tension to 1.0 g. tension. The changes in fiber mechanical properties due to mercerization were found to be highly dependent upon the tension exerted on the fiber during the treatment. A tension of 0.1-0.2 g. appears to be the proper restraining force to overcome the tendency of cotton fibers to shrink during mercerization.
A Pneumatic Method of Measuring Cotton Fiber Staple Length
Authors: Brown Hugh M.
Published: March 2007

A pneumatic device for measuring the mean and upper-half mean fiber lengths is described. Air is drawn through a cotton fiber beard (formed with two combs) placed over a narrow slit to form the fourth arm of a pneumatic Wheatstone bridge. It is shown that the unbalanced deflection of the "pneumatic galvanometer" across the bridge varies correctly with the number of fibers over it to enable measurement of the mean value from curves automatically drawn by the device.

For seventeen cottons data are presented which compare the results of this method with those obtained with the Fibrograph.
A Comparison of Three Methods (Single and Double Rip) for the Determination of Tearing Strength of Fabrics
Authors: Turl L.H.
Published: March 2007

Three essentially similar methods for measuring the tearing strength of fabrics have been examined on a comparative basis. The experimental difficulties arising in the tear ing of certain fabrics have been studied with a series of fabrics exhibiting different tear ing characteristics. The study has confirmed the advantage claimed for the experi mental principle of the "wing-rip" method. The records of tearing force obtained by each method on an inertialess testing machine have been analyzed by the procedures stated in each of the three methods. It is shown that the essential differences among numerical values derived from the three methods are due primarily to differences in the analytical treatment of the data.

It is concluded that all three methods measure the same fabric property. A single new method, comprising a combination of the experimental and analytical procedures now required by different methods is recommended (1) to accommodate the tearing char acteristics of a wider range of fabrics. (2) as equally suitable for use with testing ma chines involving a high degree of mechanical inertia and others of the inertialess type, and (3) to yield a practical maximum of stability in the average values derived.
Access to Higher Education for Nontraditional Students and Minorities in a Technology-Focused Society
Authors: Ntiri Daphne W.
Published: March 2007

This article presents gains in enrollment data of women and minorities in higher education. The article argues that although access and opportunity have dramatically improved for women, particularly “reentry” or “nontraditional” learners, the same is not true for minorities, especially African Americans. Nontraditional African American women are showing a higher rate of participation than their male counterparts.
Class Acts
Authors: Asher Nina
Published: March 2007

This article examines how class, race, ethnicity, and identity interact at the macro and micro levels to reify the model minority stereotype of Asian American students. Specifically, data from a qualitative, interview study conducted in New York City with Indian American high school students (whose parents immigrated from India) reveal how messages from school and home shape professional and ethnic identities, pushing students toward careers promising financial security (for example, medicine) over those that may interest the students but be less financially viable (for example, teaching). Implications in terms of representation in school and society as well as teacher education are discussed.
Kid Society
Authors: Glassner Barry
Published: March 2007

Life on the school playgrounds: another subculture described.
Successful Protest Movements in School Districts
Authors: Puckett Myron
Published: March 2007

Minority protests are more difficult to maintain than to initiate. A Los Angeles case study.
School Adjustment, Drinking, and the Impact of Alcohol Education Programs
Authors: Burkett Steven R. , White Mervin
Published: March 2007

How effective are alcohol education programs? This answer is not as simple as the question, and not altogether encouraging.
University Urban Studies Centers
Authors: Hearn Robert W.
Published: March 2007

URBAN STUDIES: The triform nature of Urban Studies: A general consideration.
Model of Education for the 1980s
Authors: Brown Frank
Published: March 2007

Schools must be more tightly linked to community and pupils' homes. This must be done simply, efficiently, and in a nondiscriminatory manner.
Electoral Conflict
Authors: Adkison Judith A.
Published: March 2007

Current theories fail to explain the outcome of public dissatisfaction in this case.
Equalizing Teacher Salaries
Authors: Sills James H.
Published: March 2007

One solution to school segregation is the organization of a metropolitan school district—but the solution brings other problems.
The Best and Wisest Parent
Authors: Franzosa Susan Douglas
Published: March 2007

John Holt visualizes exemplary parents, exemplary children—and an excrable society.
The Comer Intervention Model and School Reform in Chicago
Authors: Payne Charles
Published: March 2007

An analysis of twopublic reform efforts: the Comer intervention by mutual cooperation and political mobilization in Chicago.
Themes of Uncommonly Successful Teachers of At-Risk Students
Authors: Peterson Kenneth D. , Bennet Betsy , Sherman Douglas F.
Published: March 2007

Successful teachers share some characteristics but differ in several ways.
Transforming the Idea into Action
Authors: Coyle Linda M. , Witcher Ann E.
Published: March 2007

The characteristics of "effective" schools can now be summarized
African-American Cultural Knowledge and Liberatory Education
Authors: Gordon Beverly M.
Published: March 2007

African-American scholars, although marginalized, can still disseminate liberatory education by using cultural knowledge as a form of discourse. It is argued that African-Americans, other people of color, and those committed to moving toward a democratic society, must counter Anglohegemony by continuing to employ liberatory and emancipatory pedagogy in schools and other learning institutions and situations. These actions pose a challenge to the cultural hegemony of American frames of reference, particularly as they pertain to the education of the polity. The author provides examples of lenses of "the other" and examines the implications of using these other lenses for educational liberatory efforts.