bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Hafslo Lake and the Solvorn Valley (Norway)
Authors: Monckton Horace Woollaston
Published: October 2009

T
he
district dealt with in the present communication is situated in the North Bergenhus Amt, in Western Norway. It lies north of the main part of the Sogne Fjord and west of its innermost branch, the Lyster Fjord. An account of the locality, under the heading ‘Lysterfjorden og Hafslo’ will be found in the admirable paper by Dr. Reusch entitled ‘Nogle Bidrag til Forstaaelsen af hvorledes Norges dale og fjelde er blevne til’ which is provided with a summary in English.

A geological map of Southern Norway by Dr. K. O. Björlykke will be found in his work ‘Det centrale Norges Fjeldbygning;’ and another geological map, on a larger scale, which takes in the present district, has been published by Dr. Reusch. The map which I give (fig. 1, p. 20) is merely a sketch-map, founded on the Topographical Map of Norway, Sheet 29 B (Sogndal), with the geology sketched in from the above-mentioned geological maps.

If we look at Dr. Björlykke's map, we shall see a great mass of igneous rock marked at the head of the Sogne Fjord with a diagonal boundary running north-east and south-west. Along this boundary there is a narrow belt of Silurian and associated strata, dividing the igneous rock from a vast area of Archæan gneiss, etc., which extends outwards from it to the western coast. On the Archæan area is a great plateau covered with perpetual snow, Jostedalsbræen, associated with many smaller snow-covered plateaux; and they have also a north-eastern and south-western trend,
The Trilobite Fauna of the Comley Breccia-Bed (Shropshire)
Authors: Cobbold Edgar Sterling
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

I
n
a report to the Dundee Meeting of the British Association (1912) upon the excavations made in the Cambrian rocks at Comley during 1911, I called attention to a
Paradoxides
fauna, which appears to be new to the district, and is found in the matrix of a remarkable breccia near Comley Brook.

The objects of the present paper are:—

(1)

To figure the trilobites of this breccia-bed, and to describe those species which appear to be new;

(2)

To discuss the palæontological horizon in the Cambrian System which they indicate; and

(3)

To consider some inferences that may be drawn from the occurrence of this fauna in its present position among the rocks of Comley.

II. Recapitulation of Previous Observations

In order to make clear the special significance of the fossiliferous Breccia-Bed, it is necessary to recapitulate some of the observations already published.

In the section of the Quarry Ridge, the
Groomii
Fauna is found in the matrix of a conglomeratic grit which rests upon the Lower Cambrian limestones that yield the
Protolenus-Callavia
Fauna.

A similar conglomeratic grit is found at Robin's Tump with some of the same fossils; but in this case it rests, with visible unconformity, on bedded green sandstones, which are regarded as lower in the Cambrian sequence than the
Protolenus-Callavia
Limestones.

The conglomeratic nature of the grit is easily recognized, for the matrix consists largely of rounded quartz-grains with a liberal sprinkling of glauconite,
Notes on the Discovery of Fossiliferous Old Red Sandstone Rocks in a Boring at Southall, near Ealing
Authors: Proctor Ernest
Published: October 2009

Introduction

I
n
1911 my attention was called to a boring at the works of Messrs. Otto Monsted & Co. at Southall. The work was carried out by Messrs. Isler & Co., and I wish to express my indebtedness to the firms in question for the facilities granted for the examination of cores, and for permission to publish my conclusions thereon. The examination of the rocks was carried out in the Geological Laboratories of the Imperial College of Science & Technology, and the determination of the bulk of the fish-remains was made by Dr. A. Smith Woodward, who has added an appendix on them to this paper. I am also indebted to Dr. D. H. Scott and to Mr. A. J. Maslen for examining certain problematical fossils, which are probably of vegetable origin.

Southall is on the Great Western Railway, about midway between Paddington and Windsor. The position of Messrs. Otto Monsted & Co.'s factory is about 100 yards south of Southall Station (G.W.R.). The purpose of the well was to obtain water from the Lower Greensand, which had been struck and yielded copious supplies of water at Slough, 9 or 10 miles farther west. As will be seen, the well was a failure from this point of view, as the boring passed from the Gault directly into Palæozoic rocks. But to the geologist the result is of considerable interest, because of the new light thrown by it on the age of the Palæozoic rocks of the London area.

Particular references
Note on the Fish-remains from the Upper Devonian [at Southall]
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: October 2009

T
he
red sandy clay contains abundant fragments of the bony dermal armour of fishes, but most of these are too small for determination. When examined with an ordinary lens, a few smooth granular pieces appear to resemble the tubercles of
Thelodus
; but in section under the microscope all the specimens distinctly exhibit bone-cells occur between parallel laminæ, not arranged in haversian systems, the bony tissue being thus of the primitive type described by Pander as isopedin. A few fragments are larger than the others, and among these, as already recognized by Mr. Proctor, there are characteristic remains of
Holoptychius
and
Bothriolepis
.

One elongate ovoid scale nearly 3 cm. in lengtn (Pl. X, fig. 1) shows in impression the typical external ornament of
Holoptychius
. The longitudinal ridges are large and few, thick and rounded as in
H. nobilissimus
, not so thin and sharp as in
H. flemingi
. They are rarely bifurcated and intercalated, and none are subdivided into tubercles. Their arrangement corresponds closely with that of the ridges on some ventral caudal scales in the type-specimen of
H. nobilissimus
from Clashbennie (Perthshire). Part of the inner face of the same scale is preserved, exhibiting a peculiar pitted and reticulated structure, which is seen again on the inner face of a second scale of smaller size and more nearly circular shape (Pl. X, fig. 2). It may also be added that two or three fragments in microscope-sections of the rock display the curious chevron-pattern formed by the constituent laminæ, which has already
II. Description of the Human Skull and Mandible and the Associated Mammalian Remains. [A. S. W.]
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith , Dawson C.
Published: October 2009

The Human Skull and Mandible.

T
he
human remains comprise the greater part of a brain-case and one remus of the mandible, with lower molars 1 and 2. All the bones are normal, with no traces of disease, and they have not been distored during mineralization.

Of the brain-case there are four pieces (reconstructed from nine fragments) sufficiently well preserved to exhibit the shape and natural relations of the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal bones, and to justify the reconstruction of some other elements by inference. These bones are particularly noteworthy for their thickness, and for the depth of the branching grooves which are impressed on their cerebral face by the meningeal vessels. The thickening is due to the great development of the finely cancellated diploe, the outer and inner tables of the bone being everywhere comparatively thin. The thickest point is at the internal occipital protuberance, where the measurement is 20 millimetres. A thickness of 11 or 12 mm. is attained at the postero-lateral angle of the left perietal and at the horizontal ridges of the occipital; while a thickness of 10 mm. is observable along the greater part of the fractures of the parietals and frontals. Compared with the corresponding portion on the opposite side, the postero-lateral region of the right parietal is rather thin, its thickness at the lambdoid suture being 8 to 9 mm. It is interesting to add that the average thickness of modern European skulls varies between 5 and 6 mm.; while that of the
Preliminary Report on the Cranial Cast [of the Piltdown Skull]
Authors: Smith Grafton Elliot
Published: October 2009

T
he
observations recorded in these notes were made upon the cranial cast which was submitted to me for examination by Dr. Smith Woodward, under whose direction the remains of the cranium were fitted together and the cast obtained from it.

The accompanying sketch (fig. 11) represents the left norma lateralis, and will explain better than a description the extent of missing cranial wall. The greater part of the right parietal bone and a considerable part of the occipital were found, and it was possible to fit them into position. Thus the form and proportions of the whole brain can be estimated.

The sharply-cut meningeal grooves upon the bones have produced upon the cast the whole pattern of the middle meningeal veins and arteries with great distinctness. The diagram shows the arrangement upon the left side: upon the right it conforms to Giuffrida-Ruggeri's Typus 1.

Unfortunately, there are only very slight indications of the arrangement of the furrows upon the surface of the cerebral hemisphere. Nevertheless many of them can be detected, if not by sight, by passing the finger over the surface and locating the depressions by touch. These features are represented (with considerable exaggerations so far as depth of shading is concerned) in the diagram (fig. 11) on the preceding page.

At first sight, the brain presents a considerable resemblance to the well-known Palæolithic brain-casts, and especially to those obtained from the Gibraltar and La Quina remains, which are supposed to be women's. Like these casts this one is
The Derived Cephalopoda of the Holderness Drift
Authors: Thompson Charles
Published: October 2009

F
or
a long time it has been common knowledge among geologists that the Drift of Holderness, and of the Yorkshire coast generally, yields specimens of Jurassic cephalopoda, and at one time these specimens were assiduously collected.

Early in the last century, Phillips, in his classic ‘Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire’ stated that fully three-fourths of the then known species of the fossils of the Lias could be found in the ‘Diluvium.’ Again, Simpson and J. F. Blake, in their respective writings, mention certain fossils as being more abundant in the Drift of Holderness than in the known exposures of the Lias.

Since those authors wrote, the remanié fossils have been ignored until recently. There are now, however, two large collections of ammonites from the Boulder-Clay cliffs themselves, and also from the beach-stones derived presumably from the same clay. The one has been made by Mr. William Morfitt of Atwick, the other by myself and my colleague, Mr. A. H. Denham, of Hymers College, Hull.

These two collections, along with other smaller ones, show that Phillips almost certainly understated the proportion of known forms obtainable from the Drift. It is more probable that practically every species of the multiform Liassic ammonites known from Yorkshire exposures has also been found, or can be found, in the Drift.

Beside this stands the important fact that in the clay itself and in the beach-stones there have now been found many fossil cephalopods which, so far, have never been obtained, or at least recorded
On a Mass of Anhydrite in the Magnesian Limestone at Hartlepool, and on the Permian of South-Eastern Durham
Authors: Trechmann Charles Taylor
Published: October 2009

T
he
exposures of Magnesian Limestone in the area under discussion in the present communication are indicated on the 1-inch Geological Survey [Drift] Map, Sheet 103 N.E. (New Series, Sheet 27), with the exception of the fine continuous sections of Castle-Eden, Hardwick, and Hesleden Denes: these are only indicated in part, and seem to have been overlooked by the surveyors. No attempt is made to distinguish the divisions of the Magnesian Limestone. Otherwise I know of no paper dealing with the district as a whole, though scattered references to the exposures of the coast-section and Castle-Eden Dene occur in various publications.

The isolated outcrops of Upper Magnesian Limestone with their associated anhydrite-mass, on which the two towns of Hartlepool and West Hartlepool are built, are bounded on the west and north-west by a valley filled with Glacial and superficial débris, probably connected with the watershed of the pre-Glacial Tees Valley. The nearest outcrops of Magnesian Limestone occur nearly 2 miles away to the west, and nearly 3 miles away to the north-west along the coast.

The area is bounded on the south-east by the fault, everywhere hidden and therefore largely problematical, which brings the Red Beds down against the Magnesian Limestone, and is marked on the Survey maps as extending in a straight line from West Hartlepool to a point south of Darlington. The levels of the limestone in borings north and south of this fault at West Hartlepool show a difference of about 700 feet, and so the southward throw
The Fossil Flora of the Cleveland District of Yorkshire: I.—The Flora of the Marske Quarry
Authors: Thomas Hugh Hamshaw
Published: October 2009

T
he
fossil flora of the Jurassic rocks of the Yorkshire coast has been investigated by many workers. At the beginning of last century a considerable number of the common plants were described by Brongniart and Phillips, and during the succeeding years excellent collections were made by such enthusiastic workers as Bean, Leckenby, and the two Williamsons. The close and critical study of these plants was, however, never accomplished until Prof. Seward's critical work in the British Museum Catalogue appeared. This put the subject for the first time on a firm basis, and has very much simplified subsequent investigations.

The earlier collectors confined their attention almost entirely to the accessible exposures of the Estuarine Series between Whitby and Filey, though some specimens are recorded from the neighbourhood of Runswick. In comparatively recent years, however, it has been found that the Lower Estuarine Beds in the Cleveland district were very fossiliferous, and large collections have been made by enthusiastic local geologists. As a result, several interesting forms were discovered in this district which were unknown farther south, and a systematic and critical examination of the whole flora was deemed advisable.

The present work is the result of a re-examination of the specimens collected by the Rev. G. J. Lane, F.G.S., and Mr. T. W. Saunders, F.G.S., who have succeeded in obtaining a large number of fossils from the Marske and Upleatham quarries on Upleatham Hill. They kindly sent the most important specimens in their collections to me, for examination at Cambridge. I
On the Fossil Flora of the Pembrokeshire Portion of the South Wales Coalfield
Authors: Goode Reginald H.
Published: October 2009

T
his
paper records the results of a study of the fossil plants which I have collected from the Pembrokeshire Coalfield during the last two years; of these the best specimens are now in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.

I have confined my attention principally to the excellent coast-sections between Tenby and Ragwen Point, where the coalfield is eaten into by the sea along Carmarthen Bay; and those on the eastern side of St. Bride's Bay, from Talbenny on the south to Newgale on the north. I have also collected from various colliery-‘tips’ between Nolton and Newgale, and have worked much of the sections where the Eastern Cleddau, the Western Cleddau, and the Daucleddau eat into the coalfield south-east of Haverfordwest. These river-sections proved, however, to be very disappointing, with the exception of that in the neighbourhood of Picton Point, and in one or two other localities.

I wish here to record my indebtedness to Dr. E. A. Newell Arber, without whose aid this work would not have been undertaken. It was at his suggestion that I first proceeded to Pembrokeshire, with the view of studying the fossil flora of this portion of the South Wales Coalfield. He has supervised the identification of the plants, particularly affording me much help in the determination of difficult species, and has given me his advice throughout, for which I return my sincere thanks.

I also gratefully acknowledge the help which I have received from various officers of H.M. Geological Survey, who have freely given me
The Loch Awe Syncline (Argyllshire)
Authors: Bailey Edward Battersby
Published: October 2009

T
he
district described in the present paper forms portion of the low-coastal region of Argyllshire, and presents few physical difficulties to the investigator. There are, however, other difficulties, resulting from the fact that igneous and sedimentary schists occur together here in about equal proportions, and have been alike subjected to a system of small-scale isoclinal folding; moreover, though lavas are well represented, fully half the igneous schists are sills, and so are of little use for stratigraphical purposes.

Under the circumstances, it is not surprising that progress has been slow. Macculloch, writing in 1819 [1, p. 292\, did himself less than justice, for he seems to have decided against the igneous origin of any of the schists of the region, erecting his Chloritic Formation to include the whole assemblage. In regard to structural matters he was more fortunate, for he gave a clear account of the lie of the rocks in the southern part of the district, where he located [l, pp. 288-89\. In nature, of course, the line is rather vague, being more correctly designated as a narrow belt, where both bedding and cleavage are often extremely steep or vertical. This belt runs from the eastern shores of Loch Sween, north-north-eastwards through the southern end of Loch Awe. For some miles to the south-east of its course the prevalent dip of both bedding and cleavage is towards the north-west, and
vice versá
. There is also a tendency for the angles of inclination to be higher near the central belt
On Two Deep Borings at Calvert Station (North Buckinghamshire) and on the Palæozoic Floor north of the Thames
Authors: Davies Arthur Morley , Pringle John
Published: October 2009

C
alvert
Station is situated on the main line of the Great Central Railway, 49 miles by rail from London (Marylebone Station) by way of Aylesbury, and about 11 miles north-west of the latter town. ‘Calvert’ is not the name of any village or hamlet, but the station was so named in memory of a former distinguished resident in the neighbourhood, General Sir Harry Calvert. It will not be found, therefore, on any map issued prior to the opening of the railway; and, for the benefit of any observers who may seek to locate the borings about to be described upon the only published geological map of the district (the original 1-inch sheet, 45 S.E.), it may be stated that the station lies in the south-eastern angle of the
T
-shaped road-junction, about an eighth of an inch north of the second ‘n’ in ‘Charndon Lodge.’ The road—really a green lane—which forms the stem of the
T
constitutes the boundary between the parishes of Charndon on the west and Steeple Claydon on the east. One of the borings is in the former parish, one in the latter.

Shortly after the opening of the railway in 1898, the late Mr. Itter, of Peterborough, opened a branch of his brickworks on the Charndon side of the green lane, and very extensive excavations have been made in the shaly clays of the
ornatum
zone. In 1905 a boring for water (hereinafter referred to as the Western Boring) was made in the brickfield; but only salt
The Volcanic Rocks of the Forfarshire Coast and the Associated Sediments
Authors: Jowett Albert
Published: October 2009

T
he
earliest description of the volcanic rocks of Lower Old Red Sandstone age, which are so admirably exposed on the coast of Forfarshire, we owe to the Rev. John Fleming, whose observations were in a remarkable degree unprejudiced by the theories prevalent at the time when he wrote.

A fuller account of the rocks as they appear in the field is given by Sir Archibald Geikie in his ‘Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain;’ but no attempt has been made, up to the present, to describe the rocks of this locality as they appear under the microscope, although similar rocks in adjoining areas have been so dealt with.

The Geological Survey 1-inch maps clearly indicate the occurrence of a great anticline, a continuation of the Ochil Axis, which runs in a general east-north-easterly direction, passing out to sea near Montrose, where exposures of the oldest lavas may be seen. On following the coast southwards from Montrose, one meets with higher beds in the volcanic series; these extend as far as the Lunan-Bay sands, beyond which a newer and higher series of lavas forms the promontory that juts out eastwards on the south side of the Bay. These lavas are succeeded by sandstones, all dipping consistently south-eastwards.

Broadly speaking, therefore, the field-relations of these rocks are quite simple. When, however, we descend to detail, the petrological similarity of the different lava-flows, their lenticular character, as, also the lenticular character of the conglomerates and sandstones which are found among them, make it very
The Geology of Bardsey Island
Authors: Matley Charles Alfred
Published: October 2009

B
ardsey
, an island a mile and three-quarters long, and covering approximately an area of 500 acres, is the westernmost fragment of North Wales, and lies about 2 miles from the promontory of the Lleyn (Western Carnarvonshire), from which it is separated by Bardsey Sound. Its Welsh name, Ynys Enlli, or the Island of the Current, has reference to the strong tides that sweep between its shore and the mainland.

Mynydd Enlli, the dominant topographical feature of Bardsey, lies in the north-east of the island, and forms a bold ridge running nearly due north and south. It rises precipitously above the eastern line of sea-cliffs to a height of 548 feet O.D., and descends more gradually on its western side to about 100 feet O.D., where it passes into cultivated drift-covered ground. At the harbour of Henllwyn, the larger and northern part of the island in which this ‘mountain’ is situated is connected by an isthmus, at its narrowest some 35 yards wide, with the smaller southern portion, which consists of a rather flat tract having an elevation of about 50 to 60 feet O.D.; on this portion the lighthouse is built. The southern extremity has been so much dissected by sea-erosion, that the strip of slates between the heads of the opposing inlets of Ogof Lladron and Ogof Diban is only 40 feet wide.

Geologically, Bardsey has long been recognized as forming the isolated extremity of the 18-mile-long strip of ancient rocks that borders the western coast of the Lleyn
VII. The Post-Glacial Raised Beach (?)
Authors: Flett John Smith
Published: October 2009

The isthmus between Porth Solfach and Henllwyn forms the lowest part of the island, with a level about 18 to 20 feet above Ordnance datum. The low cliffs on each side are excavated in boulder-clay, on which lies at several places a shingle resembling a thin beach-deposit. I also found sand containing marine shells in one of the fields about here. It seems not unlikely, therefore, that we have at this spot a relic of the post-Glacial 25-foot beach so well-known on the east coast of Ireland; but the evidence is, to my mind, not strong, and I should like to have confirmatory evidence of a similar beach on the neighbouring mainland of North Wales before definitely adopting this explanation. One would expect, for instance, that when the sea was at raised-beach level the scour of the tides between the two islands into which Bardsey would have been divided would have swept out the boulder-clay. One has also to consider the possibility that the shingle and sand may in recent times have been cast over the isthmus during storms, or even that the shingle may have been spread artificially along shore cart-tracks now cut into by coast-erosion.

Mr. Fearnsides has recently recognized some features on the coast east of Criccieth, which suggest to him a post-Glacial rock-platform about 10 feet above tide-level. This level corresponds fairly well with that of the Bardsey platform, so that further work in the Lleyn may establish a post-Glacial raised beach in Bardsey beyond reasonable
On Jurassic Ammonites from Jebel Zaghuan (Tunisia)
Authors: Spath Leonard Frank
Published: October 2009

T
he
fossils described in the following pages were collected on a hurried excursion to the mountain of Zaghuan, the graceful, sharp-peaked summit of which is a prominent landmark that greets the eyes of travellers in the Regency of Tunis. Apart from being the most conspicuous mountain in the country—though inferior in absolute height to Jebel Chambi,-Zaghuan also forms the most important elevation of the Tunisian Atlas from a geological point of view, and the tectonic problems which it suggests are manifold and of exceeding interest. Without discussing these, it may suffice to mention that the late Dr. Pervinquière in 1903 summarized the existing geological knowledge of the mountain as follows:

‘Massive limestones of Liassic age form the principal mass of the mountain, whereas the Oxfordian and Tithonian play but a subordinate part in its constitution.’

As a matter of fact, the ‘Oxfordian’ fossils of Pervinquière characterize the zone of
Pelfoceras transversarium
, which corresponds approximately with what was at one time called in this country the zone of
Aspidoceras perarmatum
. On the other hand, he mentions Kimmeridgian forms, but includes them in the Tithonian.

A later work by the same author is devoted entirely to Tunisian cephalopods. Very few of the ammonites are of Jurassic age, however, and of these only about ten come from Jebel Zaghuan, none from the pre-Corallian deposits. Several other works on the geology of Tunis have been published since; but, so far as I am aware, no new facts regarding the mountain have come to light.
On the Age of the Suffolk Valleys; with Notes on the Buried Channels of Drift
Authors: Boswell Percy George Hamnall
Published: October 2009

T
he
main watershed of Suffolk follows generally the Chalk outcrop, but keeps rather to the east of it, running in a north-easterly direction from Haverhill, in the south-west of the county, to Diss, on the borders of Suffolk and Norfolk, where it turns north, or a little west of north, until it finishes at the Cromer ridge. It thus runs roughly parallel to the Chalk escarpment, changing in direction with it. This more easterly run of the watershed appears to be due to the covering of Glacial Drift upon the Chalk. The valley-system of Suffolk is, in consequence of this change of strike of the Chalk and change of direction of the main watershed, of a palmate or radiating form, the rivers which have carved the chief valleys, taken from north to south, being:—(1) The Waveney, flowing east-north-eastwards and entering the North Sea at Yarmouth; (2) the Alde, flowing generally east-south-eastwards to Aldeburgh, but only reaching the sea at Orford; (3) the Deben, flowing south-eastwards to the coast at Bawdsey; (4) the Gipping (with its estuary, the Orwell), also flowing south-eastwards; (5) the Brett, flowing southwards into the Stour estuary; and (6) the Upper Stour (as distinct from the Stour estuary), flowing southwards into the wide east-and-west estuary of the same name.

The Little Ouse, rising close against the source of the Waveney at Lopham Ford (where a small low bank of gravel forms the only present watershed), flows westwards, and forms part of the northern county boundary. At Thetford
On the Petrology of the Kalgoorlie Goldfield (Western Australia)
Authors: Thomson James Allan
Published: October 2009

T
he
goldfields of Western Australia may be conveniently considered as forming a series lying between two extreme types. At the one end are fields such as Southern Cross and Coolgardie, lying within the contact-aureoles of granitic intrusions: their rocks are intensely altered by contact, and consist of foliated hornblende and tremolite-talc-schists alternating with massive amphibolites which show complete mineralogical reconstitution; their auriferous deposits are often of phenomenal richness, but are sporadically distributed, and the effects of hydrothermal alteration on the walls of the veins are, in general, slight. Norseman may be cited as an example of a field lying partly within and partly without the aureole of a granite, the apophyses of which, nevertheless, play a considerable rôle, even in those parts that are unaffected by contact-alteration. Kanowna is composed of rocks showing no trace of contact-alteration, but it, too, is dominated by dykes of quartz-porphyry. At the other end lies Kalgoorlie, an area in which neither granites nor quartz-porphyries play any part. The rocks are mainly amphibolites and serpentines showing little structural metamorphism, but a distinct feature is the presence of albite-porphyry and porphyrite-dykes; the auriferous deposits are more regular in distribution than in the other fields, and the metasomatic alterations of the country-rock are very intense.

In this paper the rocks of Kalgoorlie, which I have had the opportunity of studying in the field, are described in detail, and, in addition, comparisons are made with similar rocks from other parts of the State, based on the study of
On an apparently Palæolithic Engraving on a Bone from Sherborne (Dorset)
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: October 2009

Thirty-seven years ago Prof. Boyd Dawkins described to the Society the incised figure of a horse on a piece of bone found with Palæolithic implements and remains of Pleistocene mammals in the Robin Hood Cave, Creswell Crags. Until the present time, this has remained the sole example of the pictorial art of Palæolithic Man met with in Britain. It is, therefore, of interest to record the discovery of a second specimen, which appears to date back to the same period, and is especially remarkable as being almost identical with the first, both in subject and in style.

The new specimen was found by two boys of Sherborne School, A. S. Cortesi and P. C. Grove, and was submitted to me by Mr. R. Elliot Steel, to whom I am indebted for the opportunity of making this communication. It was picked up, with fragments of calcspar and miscellaneous Inferior Oolite fossils, in an old heap of quarry-débris near the Bristol road, on the outskirts of Sherborne (Dorset); and there can be no doubt that it was originally obtained from one of the small dry valleys with steep sides which furrow the dip-slope of the Inferior Oolite north of the town. A careful consideration of all the circumstances suggests that it may have occurred in a in a rock-shelter, which was destroyed by quarrying : for the heap of d6bris which yielded the speCmen was most probably derived from a sheltered spot with a south-westen~ aspect, whieh would serve admil:nbly for human habitation
On the Occurrence of a Giant Dragon-Fly in the Radstock Coal Measures
Authors: Bolton Herbert
Published: October 2009

Some two years ago, Dr. E. A. Newell Arber drew my attention to a fragment of an insect-wing, lying upon a mass of shale which he had obtained from the Tyning waste-heap at Radstock Colliery (Somerset), and afterwards deposited in the Sedgwick Museum at Cambridge. Unfortunately, the precise horizon from which the shale came cannot be determined, because the waste-material from no fewer than five collieries is thrown upon the Tyning waste-heap, or Tyning Batch.

By the courtesy of Dr. Arber and the Sedgwick Museum authorities, I have been granted the loan of the specimen for the purposes of examination and description.

The fragment consists of the proximal portion only of a wing, and forms, I believe, not more than a third of the complete structure. The wing has also been broken along its length, and a portion of the middle lost. This is apparently caused by the shale splitting irregularly, the shaly surface being more than usually uneven. The anterior and posterior portions of the wing-fragment still retain their normal position relatively one to the other, a condition unlikely to happen if they had drifted separately to the place where they now are. This also bears out the supposition that the breakage is due to fracture of the shale, and that the missing middle part of the wing was upon the portion of shale that is broken away. The length of the wing-fragment along the anterior margin is 64 mm.; the length of the hinder margin is but 53
The Glacial Geology of East Lancashire
Authors: Jowett Albert
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The area dealt with in this paper comprises the western slopes of the Pennines from Boulsworth Hill to Blackstone Edge, together with the western offshoot from them, which separates the basin of the Ribble from that of the Mersey.

Although the treatment of the distribution of the Drift is regarded as the primary object of the paper, I also intend to examine the whole Glacial history of the district, in order that it may be viewed in relation to the larger problem of the glaciation of the Irish-Sea basin.

A brief outline of some of my conclusions was presented to the Southport meeting of the British Association in 1903.

II. The Glacial Deposits.

(
a
) General Appearance and Texture.

The chief characteristic of the Glacial deposits—or, as they are usually termed, the Drift—of this region is their variability. Lenticular beds of sand and gravel alternate with clay, which generally includes boulders of different sizes. Frequently, several of these varieties of Drift occur together in the same section. By far the greater number of exposures, especially in the uplands, are of Boulder Clay, which consists of rounded, smoothed, and scratched stones enclosed without orderly arrangement in a matrix of clay, generally with an admixture of more or less sand.

The texture of the Drift has had considerable influence upon the extent to which it has been altered by the action of the weather since its deposition. Tough blue clay, being impervious, weathers to yellow clay for only a little distance
On the Lithology and Composition of Durham Magnesian Limestones
Authors: Trechmann Charles Taylor
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The analyses of which a selection is here presented were commenced during an investigation of the Magnesian Limestones of the southern part of the Durham area. The results proved of sufficient interest to induce me to extend the enquiry over a considerable variety of rocks included in the whole Permian area of Durham.

The work was undertaken, primarily in order to obtain satisfactory and reliable information regarding the following questions :—

(1)

The quantity and nature of the insoluble residues in the rock;

(2)

The amount of iron, together with the traces of alumina and phosphoric acid accompanying it, and the state of oxidation of the former;

(3)

The dolomitic or non-dolomitic character of the various beds; and

(4)

The possibility of sulphates still remaining in the rock.

I was also desirous of gaining information, if possible, regarding the original condition of deposition of the formation, by analysis of those parts which had undergone little, or relatively little, subsequent alteration; and I also wished to ascertain to what extent those portions which have a calcareous composition might be regarded as the result of original conditions of deposition, of escape from secondary dolomitization, or of subsequent calcareous segregation.

The advisability of further analytical investigation was recently emphasized by some significant remarks, which Prof. E. J. Garwood and Mr. E. E. L. Dixon made during the discussion of a paper by Dr. D. Woolacott. Among the questions asked
On the Lower Jaw of an Anthropoid Ape (
Dryopithecus
) from the Upper Miocene of Lérida (Spain)
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: October 2009

Remains of the Anthropoid Apes are so rare among fossils, that every new specimen is worthy of special description and discussion. I therefore offer to the Society some account of the fourth known example of the mandible of
Dryopithecus fontani
, which has been kindly lent to me by Prof. Luis M. Vidal, of Barcelona. It was found by Señor José Colominas near Seo de Urgel, Province of Lérida (Spain), in a deposit usually ascribed to the Upper Miocene; and, as already observed by Prof. Vidal, the specimen is of unusual interest, on account of its occurrence in association with the
Hipparion
fauna. The jaws of the same species previously discovered in France, are from Middle Miocene formations; while the only traces of the great Apes of a later date hitherto found in Europe are a few teeth from the Bohnerz of Würtemberg and the well-known femur from the Sands of Eppelsheim (Hesse-Darmstadt).

The new specimen (Pl. XLIV) comprises the greater part of the left mandibular ramus and the lower half of the symphysis, with the three molars well preserved and the roots of the fourth premolar broken in the socket. The pattern of the molars and the steepness of the symphysis determine the generic position of the fossil; while the proportions of the bone and the characters of the molar teeth are so closely similar to those of the specimens of
D.fontani
from the type-locality, that (as already recognized by Prof. Vidal) it can only be referred to this species.
On the Relationship of the Vredefort Granite to the Witwatersrand System
Authors: Penny Frederick Willoughby
Published: October 2009

Introduction.

The Vredefort Granite has always been considered as a member of that ‘old granite’ group which throughout the Transvaal and the Orange Free State is found emerging from beneath the Witwatersrand Beds. Although mineralogical differences could be observed from area to area, this grouping together was a matter of convenience, dictated by their stratigraphical position.

The first attempt to indicate the extent of the granite outcrop with any pretence of accuracy was made by Dr. F. H. Hatch in his Geological Map of the Southern Transvaal, published in 1897. With regard to the encircling sedimentary rocks, it is clear from the stratigraphical and lithological evidence that they are of Witwatersrand age—the southern rim of the basin of Witwatersrand rocks, the northern rim of which crops out along the Rand.

Several geologists who have visited the Vredefort area appear to have been struck by indications pointing to the intrusive nature of the granite into the Witwatersrand Beds. Thus Dr. Molengraaff in 1903, arguing from the steep dip and overtilting of the surrounding strata, the occurrence in them of small enclosures of granite at some distance from the main outcrop, and the evidence of contact-metamorphism in the adjacent beds—particularly the production of corundum—proved it conclusively to his own satisfaction. But, in the following year, he was led to retract his views, on considering evidence collected in the meantime from other parts of the Transvaal as to the non-intrusive relationship of this ‘old granite’ group to the Witwatersrand System. To argue, however,
The Topaz-bearing Rocks of Gunong Bakau (Federated Malay States)
Authors: Scrivenor John Brooke
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

Igneous rocks with topaz as a constituent are well known, and it is unnecessary to give in detail the literature dealing with them. The best known are those in which the topaz is associated with cassiterite, and in such cases it is generally believed that the topaz has been formed by the tin-bearing media acting on felspar, converting part of the silicate of alumina into fluoride of alumina. The object of this paper, however, is to describe some clear sections in the Federated Malay States where two topaz-bearing rocks, both carrying cassiterite, are shown to have been intruded into porphyritic granite, and where the evidence is conclusive that both topaz and cassiterite are not alteration-products of previously formed minerals, but crystallized from the molten rock as topaz and cassiterite.

Gunong Bakau (‘Gunong’ is the Malay equivalent for mountain) is a mountain 4426 feet high, situated in the centre of the Main Range of the Peninsula, on the boundary between the two States, Selangor and Pahang. The name will not be found on any published map, but it will suffice to say that, in the sketch-map accompanying my paper on the ‘Geological History of the Malay Peninsula’, its position is near the source of the River Selangor, at the boundary of the State of that name.

The sketch-map accompanying the present paper (fig. 1, p. 364) gives some ideas of the surroundings of the mountain. On the west are the sources of the Rivers Kajang, Bakau, and Luit; on
Correlation of Dinantian and Avonian
Authors: Vaughan Arthur
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

In view of the restricted purpose of this paper, a lengthy historical account of early research in the Belgian Province is entirely out of place.

In regard to Belgium, Prof. Delépine's recent and exhaustive treatise—‘Recherches sur le Calcaire carbonifère de la Belgique’—contains an ample bibliography and gives details of classical research by Dorlodot and others.

In regard to the North of France, Dr. A. Carpentier's recent work—‘Contribution à l'Étude du Carbonifère du Nord de la France’—gives a very full account of the Avesnes area and of the classical work of Gosselet.

Lithological stratigraphy in Belgium.—Correlation within the Franco-Belgian Province has, in the main, proceeded upon lithological characters, and has resulted in as close an approximation as could be expected from so unsatisfactory a method.

Fossil stratigraphy in Belgium.—The palæontological method employed in Belgium to determine the age of a given fauna consisted in weighing it against the Tournaisian and Viséan faunas; the proportionate resemblance was considered to give the horizon.

Recent fossil stratigraphy in Britain.—It was the South-Western Province of Britain that first yielded a sequence of faunal zones applicable over a wide area.

At the outset, only the first-establishment of new forms, whether due to migration or to evolution, was relied upon for the purpose of drawing time-lines across the Avonian sequence. Phasal difficulties did not arise, on account of the general similarity of the whole South-Western Province in lithological as well as in faunal succession.

So soon as attempts were made, however, to apply the faunal
The Geology of the St. Tudwal's Peninsula (Carnarvonshire)
Authors: Nicholas Tressilian Charles
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

One of the most conspicuous features upon a map of Wales is the great south-western extension of Carnarvonshire, known as Lleyn. Owing partly to difficulty of access, and partly to its thick mantle of Glacial Drift, this large area has never received the attention that it deserves, and is still somewhat of a
terra incognita
to geologists. The igneous rocks alone have found an investigator worthy of their interest, and it is to the researches of Dr. Harker, as embodied in his classic work ‘The Bala Volcanic Series of Carnarvonshire,’ that we turn for the best account of the petrology and of the general structure of the region. The sedimentary rocks have not been so fortunate, and despite the excellent foundation provided by the work of H.M. Geological Survey, the information collected during the journeys of E. B. Tawney, and the promising beginning made in the Aberdaron district by Dr. C. A. Matley, the age and relations of the rocks over the greater part of the country are still very obscure. It is hoped that the following account of the results obtained during the investigation of a small portion of this great promontory will show how promising is the outlook for research.

Towards its extremity Lleyn expands southwards into two promontories, separated by the great bay of Hell's Mouth. The eastern and smaller of these is the St. Tudwal's Peninsula of the present paper. The area here described comprises all the peninsula situated south of the River Soch,
On a Raised Beach on the Southern Coast of Jersey
Authors: Dunlop Andrew
Published: October 2009

In June last Mr. Emile F. Guiton, a member of the Geological Section of the Société Jersiaise, drew my attention to a raised beach which had been exposed in the course of some building operations on the southern coast of the island.

It is on the east side of the ridge between Le Hocq and Pontac, and the section showing it runs from under the surface of the eastern slope about 25 feet westwards: here it is terminated by the rock, fine red granite, which makes a steep descent, and passes under the bed of pebbles. It is nearly at right angles to the main axis of the ridge, and faces northwards. The ridge here bends somewhat inwards, so that there was ground sloping to the north-east covering the beds before they were laid bare, and the underlying rock seems also to slope in the same direction.

The middle of the section shows the following succession of beds, from above downwards:—

Thickness in feet
inches.

1. Loam
about
4
2

2. Stiff btrnish red clay
about
1
0

3. Yellow clay, containing waterworn pebbles and angular blocks
about
3
4

4. Coarse btrn sand
about
3
6

5. Waterworn pebbles
about
4
6

At the western end of the
Further Observations on the Late Glacial, or Ponder's End, Stage of the Lea Valley
Authors: Warren Samuel Hazzledine
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The present paper is supplementary to that brought before this Society three years ago. The broader problems of correlation, and the general conclusions with regard to the climatic evidence furnished by these deposits, have been entered into in the previously published paper. At the present time, I have little modification of importance to suggest.

There are, however, additional sections which seem to deserve description. The geographical range of these deposits has now been extended to a distance of 6 1/2 miles along the course of the Lea, that is, roughly speaking, from Ponder's End to Stratford. In the opposite direction, at right angles to the course of the river, they have been traced for 2 1/4 miles, from Lower Edmonton to the Tottenham Marshes: that is, nearly across the whole range of the Low Terrace Drift. Thus the Arctic deposits are seen to be an integral part of the Low Terrace River-Drift, and not an accidental fragment of some earlier deposit. Doubtless, their range will be extended still farther as favourable sections are opened up.

The position of the various sites is indicated on the accompanying map (fig. 1, p. 166) as follows:—A, Pickett's Lock Pit, Ponder's End; B, the Angel Road pit; C, the Southgate District Council pit, with Arctic plant-beds; D, the eastern pit in Hedge Lane in the Low Terrace; E, the pit in the Middle Terrace on the south side of Hedge Lane; F, the approximate position of
The Pitchstones of Mull and their Genesis
Authors: Anderson Ernest Masson , Radley Ernest George
Published: October 2009

The first record of pitchstone in Mull seems to have been made by Jameson, who, referring to a locality on the north shore of Loch Scridain, writes: ‘I accidentally discovered a piece of black pitchstone porphyry, similar to that which is found in Glencloy, in the island of Arran.’

Macculloch also reports that it had been found ‘upon the southern shore’ of Mull by Greenough. From that time, although the tachylyte margins of certain dykes were recorded by various observers, pitchstones do not seem again to have been noticed until the detailed mapping of Mull was begun by the Geological Survey. Mr. Lightfoot first noted their association with ‘olivine-free dolerites,’ and also recorded sheath-and-core structure.

During the progress of the survey pitchstones have been shown to occur with extraordinary frequency in the Ross of Mull, in an area bounded on the east by Glen Leidle and Carsaig, and extending for several miles to the west. They are also found less abundantly outside this area. The area in question is occupied by plateau-basalts. It is outside the ‘region of complication’ which occupies the centre of the island, and the relation of the pitchstones to the various intrusions of that region is so far uncertain.

The pitchstones fall into two classes, which may be easily distinguished by the presence of the porphyric felspar. Those of the non-porphyritic class are by far the more numerous; they form the centres of sills and inclined sheets, the marginal parts of which are crystalline. In many