bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Structure of the Juvenile Prison
Authors: NURSE ANNE M.
Published: March 2007

Crime and adolescent fatherhood are generally discussed as separate social problems, with little attention paid to the fact that they increasingly intersect. In this article, the author discusses the structure of the juvenile prison and its effect on the relationship between inmates and their children. Placing prison structure into a historical and social context, the author examines its effects on father/child relations. This includes an analysis of the gendered nature of the institution, its patriarchal/punitive structure, and its high-stress environment. For the analysis, the author draws from observations at three California youth prisons, survey data from 181 parolee-fathers, and in-depth interview data from a subset of 20 of the survey respondents.
Barriers and Bridges to Positive Cross-Ethnic Relations
Authors: HAMM JILL V.
Published: March 2007

African American and White parents who expressed interest in their youth's cross-ethnic peer relations discussed barriers that contributed to cross-ethnic avoidance and their efforts to bridge those barriers in their youth. African American parents routinely used discussion, efforts to create positive contact situations, modeling, and explicit statements in response to their perception that cross-ethnic relations were stymied by discrimination and a lack of grounding in African American culture. White parents relied primarily on the school and inaction to overcome barriers of an ethnically homogeneous social context, socioeconomic status differences, and a lack of understanding of African American culture. Parents' socialization efforts appeared to occur in response to parents' position as members of cultural and numerical majority versus minority groups and were further responsive to formal and informal practices of the school and peer group influences.
Rural Youth and Risk Society
Authors: KRITZINGER ANDRIENETTA
Published: March 2007

Research on deciduous fruit farms in South Africa has consistently identified low levels of mobility among farm workers. The daughters of farm workers who do manage to find employment in urban centers often return to the farm, whereas others never leave the farm. Based on focus group interviews conducted with 32 girls between the ages of 15 and 17 years, the article explores teenage girls' views and experiences of farm life and their expectations of the future. In examining their expectations and assessing their life chances, the concepts of risk society, late or reflexive modernity, and the individualization thesis put forward by Beck and Giddens are utilized. Teenage girls appear to reject farm life and foresee a future far removed from their working-class background. In assessing their life chances, the article suggests that social divisions and structural location continue to play a critical role in the distribution of risk within contemporary South African society.
Family Context and Adolescents' Fertility Expectations
Authors: TRENT KATHERINE
Published: March 2007

Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience of Youth are used to examine and contrast the effects of family context and individual characteristics on adolescents' expectations about adolescent fertility, nonmarital childbearing, family size, and childlessness. The findings indicate that family structure has modest but specific effects on adolescents' fertility expectations. Living with mothers only increases expectations for nonmarital childbearing, and living with fathers (without biological mother) lowers the total number of children expected. Larger subsize raises expectations for nonmarital childbearing and family size. Poverty raises expectations for adolescent childbearing but does not affect other fertility expectations. Adolescent women are less likely than men to expect nonmarital childbearing, and overall, expect fewer children. Blacks are more likely than Whites to expect adolescent and nonmarital fertility and Hispanics are significantly less likely than non-Hispanic Whites to expect childlessness.
“I'll Tell You What School should Do for Us”
Authors: EISIKOVITS RIVKA A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the perspectives of a group of 16- to 18-year-old immigrants from the former U.S.S.R. on their educational experience in an Israeli high school. Its findings can contribute to the provision of better quality education to these youths, who are undergoing cross-cultural transition at a critical stage in their lives. Although this study is based on fieldwork conducted in an Israeli context, it is hoped that the insights gained will be useful to educators working with immigrant youths of similar cultural backgrounds in other receiving societies as well.
Are We Forgetting about Gay Male Adolescents in Aids-Related Research and Prevention?
Authors: SUSSMAN TODD , DUFFY MAUREEN
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the need for more research-derived data on the sexual practices of gay males, 13 to 19 years old, and subsequent fact-based preventive interventions because the number of AIDS cases among this group is rapidly increasing both in the United States and worldwide. The authors provide a comprehensive overview of unsafe sexual behaviors and review the literature on gay male adolescents' perceptions regarding safer sex. They also include suggested questionnaire items and discuss implications for counselors and educators.
Youth Cultures and Consumption in Eastern and Western Europe
Authors: WALLACE CLAIRE , KOVACHEVA SIJKA
Published: March 2007

Whereas in the past, youth cultures were analyzed in terms of their relationship to divisions such as social class, the tendency now is to see youth as submerged in general consumer culture and to analyze this in terms of cultural codes and symbols. In this article, the authors argue that there are important differences in the way in which young people are situated in relation to consumer culture and that this differs according to the different state systems that have existed in different parts of Europe and the new lines of stratification that are emerging. The former Communist regimes along with their recent transformations are particularly interesting in this respect. Through an analysis of the development and significance of youth cultures and subcultures in Eastern and Western Europe, the article argues that such cultures are important in forging generational consciousness and defining generations.
The Self-Transformations of African American Achievers
Authors: HEMMINGS ANNETTE
Published: March 2007

Ethnographic case studies of three African American student achievers attending desegregated urban high schools are analyzed in terms of theories in the new cultural pluralism in educational anthropology. The achievers are described as they sought to transform their “multiple selves” as Black persons, as women and men, and as members of social classes in transition between the “multiple worlds” of their families, schooling, and peers. They accomplished their self-transformations through the use of contrasting strategies of self-negation, self-fragmentation, and self-synthesis that were adapted in response to conflicting cultural expectations. This investigation offers crucial insights into the nature and consequences of the identity work of African American youths in urban educational contexts.
The Social Constitution of Action
Authors: Greenwood John D.
Published: March 2007

It is argued in this article that human actions may be said to be socially constituted : as being behavior that is constituted as human action by social relations and by participant agent and collective representations of behavior. In contrast to recent social constructionist accounts, it is argued that the social constitution of action does not pose any threat to the objectivity of classification or explanation in social psychological science. It does mark some significant ontological differences between natural and social psychological phenomena that have implications for the university and generality, but not the adequacy, of explanations of socially constituted human actions.
Natural Science, Social Science, and Democratic Practice
Authors: Stauch Marvin
Published: March 2007

This article examines some of the contributions to the contemporary debate over the question of whether there is an important distinction to be made between the natural and the human sciences. In particular, the article looks at the arguments that Charles Taylor has put forward for the recognition of a radical discontinuity between these forms of science and then examines Richard Rorty's objections to Taylor's distinction and argues that Rorty misunderstands the reasons for this distinction and thereby misses the political implications of failing to make such a distinction. In this regard, some arguments made by Anthony Giddens and John O'Neill, respectively, around Alfred Schutz's "postulate of adequacy" are used to show how the social sciences must be conceived so as to avoid consequences inimical to the reproduction and maintenance of participatory, democratic institutions. Additionally, the article uses O'Neill's argument that the Schutzian conceptualization of interpretive sciences can be critical in a way that Giddens and Jürgen Habermas require, while including a translation and accountability principle, to demonstrate how we ought to respect participatory, democratic forms.
Philosophical Premises of Functional Anthropology
Authors: Brozi Krzysztof J.
Published: March 2007

The philosophical roots of Malinowski's functionalism are in the academic circles of Krakow, where three figures seem to have exerted a particularly strong influence: Pawlicki, Straszewski, and Heinrich. The predominant trend in philosophy at that time was empiriocriticism, as developed by Mach and Avenarius. Also important were F. A. Lange's interpretation of Marburg neo-Kantianism. It should be noted that the historical philosophy field was extremely broad and diverse. Functionalism, a philosophically open concept, cannot be subordinated to any one philosophical system, although the "openness" of functionalism is not absolute but complemented by its "closedness" to certain other philosophies. Praxism pervades functionalist theory and even creates its foundation. Malinowski approach is entirely scientific, but functionalism is never just empirical. Malinowski realized that pure experience is as impossible as pure reasoning.
If Pornography Is the Theory, Is Inequality the Practice?
Authors: McCormack Thelma
Published: March 2007

This article critically examines the 1992 decision by the Supreme Court of Canada on pornography (Butler v. the Queen). The decision, like the LEAF (Legal Education Action Fund), argues that the dehumanizing and degrading images of women in pornography undermine the achievement of gender equality and reinforce existing inequality. Section 15 of Canada's Charter of Rights and Freedoms takes precedence over Section 2(b) freedom of expression. More immediately, Section 163(8) of the Criminal Code of Canada remains the primary instrument for dealing with pornography. These arguments fail to distinguish between degradation and devaluation; they offer no evidence of a connection between pornography and its effects on gender stratification, nor do they feel obliged to offer such evidence despite the extensive literature on inequality by the social science community. Citing the Sears-Roebuck case on gender discrimination, the author demonstrates that the enemy of gender equality is the stereotype of the idealized traditional woman, not the one-dimensional lust-driven nymphomaniac of pornography. Her opposite is not the "stud" of pornography who is in a constant state of tumescence but "economic man" who sublimates his sexual passion in sports, cars, politics, and money. Censorship, it is suggested, infantilizes women and contributes to their dependency. The article comments on the doctrine of "balancing" rights and on the meaning of "equality" within a feminist context. The larger questions of a trend toward the legalization of cultural issues and the role of the judiciary (weak in European democracies but strong in the American tradition) are raised.
Styles of Rationality
Authors: Wettersten John
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the following: (i) The acceptability of diverse styles of rationality suggests replacing concern for uniqueness with that for coordination, (ii) Popper's lowering of the standard of rationality increases its scope insufficiently, (iii) Bartley's making the standard comprehensive increases its scope excessively, (iv) the pluralist view of rationality as partial (i.e., of Jarvie and Agassi) is better, but its ranking of all rationality eliminates choice of styles, (v) styles diversify the standards of rationality, (viii) rationality is not merely a matter of style, (vi) (vii) diversity raises new, interesting problems, allowing diversity permits reconciling differences better than does the absent unique standard, and (ix) cultural heritage and rationality are complementary.
Back to Darwin and Popper
Authors: De Freitas Renan Springer
Published: March 2007

Popper's thesis that the growth of knowledge lies in the emergence of problems out of criticism and takes place in an autonomous world of products of the human mind (his so-called world-3) raises two questions: (1) Why does criticism lead to new problems, and (2) Why can only a limited number of tentative solutions arise at a given time? I propose the following answer: Criticism entails an overlooked evolutionary world-3 mechanism, namely, the migration of piece meal conceptual schemes from one research tradition to another. Popper by passed the questions above because he relied very heavily on the selective power of criticism.
Rhetoric, Science, and Philosophy
Authors: O'NEILL John
Published: March 2007

Recent rhetorical critiques of philosophy and science assume a contrast between rational argument and rhetoric that is inherited from an antirhetorical tradition in philosophy. This article rejects that assumption. Rhetoric is compatible with reasoned discourse in a strong sense originally outlined by Aristotle. Rhetorical analysis reveals the inadequacy of purely demonstrative accounts of rational argument and cognitive accounts of the conditions for rational assent to propo sitions. Social studies of the rhetoric of science, and in particular of credibility claims, need not fall into the forms of relativism and global antirealism with which they have become associated.
Multiple Imputation for Missing Data
Authors: ALLISON PAUL D.
Published: March 2007

Two algorithms for producing multiple imputations for missing data are evaluated with simulated data. Software using a propensity score classifier with the approximate Bayesian bootstrap produces badly biased estimates of regression coefficients when data on predictor variables are missing at random or missing completely at random. On the other hand, a regression-based method employing the data augmentation algorithm produces estimates with little or no bias.
Attitudes toward Interview Mode and Comparability of Reporting Sexual Behavior by Personal Interview and Audio Computer-assisted Self-interviewing
Authors: HEWITT MARIA
Published: March 2007

Respondents' attitudes toward audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (audio-CASI) relative to personal interviewing and comparability of reporting of the number of sex partners in the past year were assessed using the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used. Few women indicated that the personal interview, relative to audio-CASI, provided more honest answers or greater comfort. However, minority group members, especially Hispanics, were more likely to prefer personal interviews. Most women (83.4 percent) provided consistent reports of number of sex partners on the two modes, 12.6 percent reported more sex partners with audio-CASI, and 4.0 percent reported more partners in the personal interview. Hispanic women and women of “other” race/ethnicity were significantly more likely to have decreased reporting of sex partners with audio-CASI. Further methodologic research is needed on mode effects among minority populations. Reporting errors associated with the data collection technology could obscure important findings.
On the Measurement of Occupation in Social Surveys
Authors: Featherman David L. , Hauser Robert M.
Published: March 2007

Students of social inequality and stratification, especially those outside the discipline of sociology, frequently underestimate the quality of information on employment and occupation which can be elicited in social surveys. A brief overview of the current technology of occupation classification and scaling is offered in the hope of encouraging researchers to adopt more or less standard conventions which would render their work more reliable, valid, and comparable.
Estimating an Equation With Multiplicative and Additive Terms, With an Application To Analysis of Wage Differentials Between Men and Women in 1960
Authors: Stolzenberg Ross M.
Published: March 2007

Several available models of causation which embody "interactions" among some but not all independent variables are compared. Equations of the form
A Comparison of Log-Linear and Regression Models for Systems of Dichotomous Variables
Authors: Knoke David
Published: March 2007

The relative abilities of dummy variable regression and log-linear models to locate significant relationships in systems of dichotomous variables are compared. On logical grounds log-linear models are superior to regression since the data more readily meet the assumptions of the former. Two illustrative examples suggest that the methods converge in their findings when the range in proportions of the dependent dichotomy is between .25 and. 75, but may differ on which effects are significant when proportions are more extreme. Substantive differences under the two methods are likely to be small, however.
Analyzing the Instrumental Use of Relations in the Context of Social Structure
Authors: Nan Lin  , Dayton Paul W. , Greenwald Peter
Published: March 2007

Employing a variation of the Small World technique for tracing social relations in the context of a larger social structure, the instrumental uses of social relations are examined in terms of the prestige and types of relations characteristic of participants m the search process. The results show that successful chains tend to involve participants of higher occupational prestige as the chains progress before "dipping" down toward the target prestige level at the last link. Also, the successful chains tend to utilize weak and infrequent social relations rather than strong and frequent social relations.
Household Migration Plans
Authors: Russell Lillian M. , Rives Norfleet W.
Published: March 2007

Migration is the principal component of demographic change in most states and local areas. Consequently, the methods used to estimate and project migration deserve special attention. Conventional estimation and projection procedures focus on individual movement and the number of moves that have already oc curred. Recent research on migrant behavior strongly suggests, however, that the appropriate unit of analysis in the migration decision is the household, not the individual, and that greater attention should be devoted to the study of intentions to migrate, rather than to the fact of migration. This paper presents a multivariate probit model of migrant behavior focusing on household migration plans. Probit analysis permits a more rigorous specification of the relation of demographic, economic, and social factors to the individual migration decision. Empirical findings are presented for an application of the model to a 1976 survey of 3,610 metropolitan Delaware households. Problems and procedures are also discussed surrounding the construction of probit models incorporating aggregate informa tion, an approach to model building considered potentially useful for planning and policy research.
Decomposing Chi-Square
Authors: Iversen Gudmund R.
Published: March 2007

According to the statistical properties of the chi-square distribution, a variable which is distributed according to the chi-square distribution with p degrees of freedom can be written as the sum ofp chi-square variables, each with one degree of freedom. This means that a contingency table which gives rise to a chi-square with p degrees of freedom can be decomposed into as many as p smaller tables. The magnitudes of the chi-squares for these smaller tables will often give a better understanding of the relationship between the two variables than was possible to obtain from the overall chi-square for the original table. This paper gives explicit rules for how to decompose a table into smaller tables, and the rules are illustrated with an example from a content analysis of value orientations in different maga zines.
Analysis of Complex Sample Survey Data
Authors: LEE EUN SUL , FORTHOFER RONALD N. , LORIMOR RONALD J.
Published: March 2007

Social survey data are often collected using complex sample designs that include unequal selection probabilities, stratification, and clustering; and this departure from simple random sampling assumptions requires special methods for variance estimation and inferential analysis. This article reviews the issues and techniques for analysis of complex survey data; and the application of special techniques is illustrated, based on various complex survey data. Discussion centers on methodological and some practical issues in data analysis and the need for proper analysis of complex survey data.
Formalizing the Social Expert's Knowledge
Authors: CARLEY KATHLEEN
Published: March 2007

Certain types of data, for example, texts and free-form interviews, tend to lend themselves to being analyzed in a qualitative fashion because they are hard to interpret and hence code. The ability to analyze and code such data often requires one to have an in-depth knowledge of the sociocultural environment related to this protocol, to be, in effect, a social expert. Social expertise involves both knowing more than the novice about the sociocultural environment, and knowing the level of consensus among members of the sociocultural environment to each piece of information. Knowing the level of consensus allows the social expert to make explicit the information that is implicit in the verbal protocol. It is often prohibitively expensive, and sometimes not even possible, to provide novice coders with the extensive training necessary to interpret and code such verbal data as would an expert on that sociocultural environment. By integrating theories of the nature of knowledge, social expertise, and coding it is possible to develop a cognitive foundation on which an expert system for coding verbal protocols can be built. In this article a two-stage computer-assisted procedure for coding verbal data is presented. This procedure minimizes the amount of training needed by novices by utilizing the expert's knowledge of social knowledge to improve the novices's coding of the verbal data. In stage 1 the novice uses CODEF, a computer-assisted procedure for coding verbal data on a particular topic as a knowledge base. In stage 2 the knowledge base is processed by an expert system, SKI. This expert system has as its knowledge base social knowledge and as its inference engine a cognitive model of the way the social expert uses this knowledge. SKI uses the expert's knowledge of social knowledge to explicate implicit information in the protocol and thereby diagnose and correct errors of explication in the novices coding of the protocol. By employing SKI it is possible to increase the level of reliability and replicability in the coded data without having the expert code each verbal protocol and without spending extensive time training the novice. This research is indicative of the way expert systems and the findings in artificial intelligence can be used in the social sciences.
The Analysis of Social Science Data with Missing Values
Authors: LITTLE RODERICK J. A. , RUBIN DONALD B.
Published: March 2007

Methods for handling missing data in social science data sets are reviewed. Limitations of common practical approaches, including complete-case analysis, available-case analysis and imputation, are illustrated on a simple missing-data problem with one complete and one incomplete variable. Two more principled approaches, namely maximum likelihood under a model for the data and missing-data mechanism and multiple imputation, are applied to the bivariate problem. General properties of these methods are outlined, and applications to more complex missing-data problems are discussed. The EM algorithm, a convenient method for computing maximum likelihood estimates in missing-data problems, is described and applied to two common models, the multivariate normal model for continuous data and the multinomial model for discrete data. Multiple imputation under explicit or implicit models is recommended as a method that retains the advantages of imputation and overcomes its limitations.
Reducing Bias in Estimates of Linear Models by Remeasurement of a Random Subsample
Authors: ALLISON PAUL D. , HAUSER ROBERT M.
Published: March 2007

Measurement error in independent variables produces biased estimates of the coefficients in linear models. These biases can be reduced by obtaining repeated measurements of the variables and then estimating structural equation models with multiple indicators of latent variables. Remeasurement is usually costly, however, raising the question of whether the same benefits can be obtained by remeasuring only a fraction of the sample. Although this strategy has been tried previously, there were no appropriate statistical methods for combining the data in the remeasured subsample and the single measurement subsample. We demonstrate here how recently developed methods for incomplete data provide an attractive solution to this estimation problem. The methodology is illustrated by a reanalysis of Bielby, Hauser, and Featherman's (1977a) study of the OCG-II data.
The Reliability of Survey Attitude Measurement
Authors: ALWIN DUANE F. , KROSNICK JON A.
Published: March 2007

Several theoretical hypotheses are developed concerning the relation of question and respondent characteristics to the reliability of survey attitude measurement. To test these hypotheses, reliability is estimated for 96 survey attitude measures using data from five, 3-wave national reinterview surveys-three Michigan Election Panel Surveys and two reinterview studies conducted by the General Social Survey. As hypothesized, a number of attributes of questions are linked to estimated reliability. Attitude questions with more response options tended to have higher reliabilities, although there are some important exceptions. More extensive verbal labeling of numbered response options was found to be associated with higher reliability, but questions explicitly offering a “don't know” alternative were not found to be more reliable. Question characteristics were confounded to an unknown degree with topic differences of questions, which were significantly linked to reliability, leaving the influence of question characteristics on reliability somewhat ambiguous. Characteristics of respondents were also found to be related to levels of reliability. Older respondents and those with less schooling provided the least reliable attitude reports. These results are discussed within a general framework for the consideration of survey errors and their sources.
Adjusting for Overdispersion in an Analysis of Comparative Social Mobility
Authors: FITZMAURICE GARRETT M. , GOLDTHORPE JOHN H.
Published: March 2007

The authors discuss the problem of overdispersion in large-scale data sets and its potential impact on standard model selection strategies. Overdispersion is considered to be present when the data display more variability than is predicted by the assumed sampling model. In a recent cross-national analysis of social mobility, data were combined from nine national studies that employed somewhat different sampling schemes and related data collection procedures. Ignoring these features of the data is quite likely to introduce excess dispersion. Typically, the presence of overdispersion can be due to design effects, hidden clusters, or the absence of relevant explanatory variables in the model. When there is overdispersion, model selection based on the standard likelihood ratio test, the Akaike information criterion, or the Bayesian information criterion generally would be expected to perform poorly. A very simple adjustment to these model selection criteria, to account for overdispersion, is proposed.
Reconciling science with Islam in 19th century India
Authors: Irfan Habib S.
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the reconciliation of modern science with Islam in 19th century India. This is done through a comparative study of two well known intellectuals and reformers: Syed Ahmad Khan and Jamaluddin Afghani. Both believed that science had been central to early Islam from the 8th to the 13th or 14th centuries, but that the situation had since then reversed. While no attempt is made to go into the early period, it never theless provides an important backdrop. Syed Ahmad was a reconstructionist who tried to reinterpret the Quran to assimilate modern scientific knowledge. Afghani, on the other hand, was a pragmatist. Though he stood for the cultivation of modern sciences, he did not approve of the aping of the West. Afghani stayed in India for three years, and had serious differences with Syed Ahmad Khan on the modus operandi of reconciling science with Islam. He denounced the ulema for the strange divide they had created between Muslim science and European science. This discussion may have a bearing on current attempts to provide religion or ethnicity to modern science.
Merging 'different' sacred spaces: Enabling religious encounters through pragmatic utilisation of space?
Authors: Sinha Vineeta
Published: March 2007

This article examines the phenomenon of the 'merger' of places of worship on the island nation-state of Singapore, and raises sociological questions regarding the rationale for such sharing of space for emergent styles of religiosity. The ethnographic material comes from two such cases of merger. involving Hindu and Taoist religious traditions in Singapore. These data allow us to abstract broader issues of conceptual relevance to the understanding of religion under conditions of modernity. My argument is that the practical requirement of merger in a shared physical location creates a literal and sym bolic space, as well as a context for interaction between individuals, communities and ultimately modes of religiosity. This context is both constraining and liberating at the same time, but I do not see modernity as eroding or diminishing religiosity. Rather, one observes that the formal rational, instrumental logic also facilitates innovations, inven tiveness and creativity in the religious domain, producing a vastly altered religious landscape. This challenges and impels us to move beyond a reductionist choice between the secularising or the sacralising effects of modernist forces on religious practice.
The diaspora comes home: Disciplining desire in DDLJ
Authors: Uberoi Patricia
Published: March 2007

A significant new development in the field of Indian family and kinship, and one which has so far barely been addressed in the sociology of India, is the internationalisation of the middle-class family. This paper analyses two popular Hindi films of the mid-1990s, Dilwale dulhania le jayenge (DDLJ) and Pardes, that thematise the problems of transnational location in respect of courtship and marriage. The two films share a conservative agenda on the family, but differ in their assessment of the possibility of retaining Indian identity in diaspora. DDLJ proposes that Indian family values are portable assets, while Pardes suggests that the loss of cultural identity can be postponed but ultimately not avoided. These discrepant solutions mark out Indian popular cinema as an important site for engagement with the problems resulting from middle-class diaspora, and for articulation of Indian identity in a globalised world.
History and Theory in Ferguson's Essay On the History of Civil Society
Authors: Kettler David
Published: March 2007

as you have stated the Question, 'tis not about what was First, or Foremost; but what is Instant, and Now in being.... You go (if I may say so) upon Fact, and would prove that things actually are in such a state and condition, which if they really were, there would indeed by no dispute left. [ Shaftesbury, The Moralist]. As for the Performance itself, it is but an Essay. [ Edward Ward]
How to Understand Liberalism as Gardening
Authors: HEATH EUGENE
Published: March 2007

The attitude of the liberal towards society is like that of the gardener who tends a plant and, in order to create the conditions most favorable to its growth, must know as much as possible about its structure and the way it functions.
“His Majesty the Baby”
Authors: SCHWARTZ PETER HAMMOND
Published: March 2007

The child shall have things better than his parents: he shall not be subject to the necessities which they have recognized as dominating life. Illness, death, renunciation of enjoyment, restrictions on his own will, shall not touch him; the laws of nature, like those of society, are to be abrogated in his favor; he is really to be the center and heart of creation, “His Majesty the Baby,” as we once fancied ourselves to be.... At the weakest point of all in the narcissistic position, the immortality of the ego which is so relentlessly assailed by reality, security is achieved by fleeing to the child. Parental love, which is so touching and at bottom so childish, is nothing but parental narcissism born again....

Sigmund Freud, “On Narcissism”
The Skeptic's Burke
Authors: MOSHER MICHAEL A.
Published: March 2007

The world of contingency and political combination is much larger than we are apt to imagine.

Edmund Burke
Political Metaphysics
Authors: KORDELA A. KIARINA
Published: March 2007

In truth, however, value is here the active factor in a process, in which, while constantly assuming the form in turn of money and commodities, it at the same time changes in magnitude, differentiates itself by throwing off surplus-value from itself; the original value, in other words, expands spontaneously. For the movement... is its own movement... is automatic expansion... able to add value to itself... living off-springs...golden eggs...an independent substance....It differentiates itself as original value from itself as surplus value; as the father differentiates himself from himself qua the son, yet both are one and of one age: for only by the surplus value of £10 does the £100 originally advanced become capital, and so soon as this takes place, so soon as the son, and by the son, the father, is begotten, so soon does their difference vanish, and they again become one, £110.3.

Marx (1967, 1:171-73)

The future must no longer be determined by the past....Anticipation is imperative...in order to be more than herself...“impossible” subject, untenable in a real social framework....But secretly, silently, deep down inside, she grows and multiplies...she goes and passes into infinity....Heterogeneous, yes...she does not cling to herself; she is dispersible, prodigious, stunning, desirous and capable of others, of the other woman that she will be, of the other woman she isn't, of him, of you...she is everywhere, she exchanges...in the exchange that multiplies....She does not “know” what she's giving, she doesn't measure it...she finds not her sum but her differences....In one another we will never be lacking.

Cixous (1986, 309-20)

If God is dead, everything is permitted, then the conclusion imposing itself within the text of our experience is that the response to God is dead, is nothing is any longer permitted.

Lacan (1991, 139)

It is therefore absolutely impossible to control capitalism from the metalevel, because capitalism itself is deconstructive.

Karatani (1995, 71)
Race and the Misrepresentation of Victimization on Local Television News
Authors: DIXON TRAVIS L. , LINZ DANIEL
Published: March 2007

A content analysis of a random sample of television news aired in Los Angeles and Orange Counties was undertaken to assess representations of Whites, Blacks, and Latinos as crime victims. Intergroup comparisons (Black vs. White and Latino vs. White) revealed that Whites are more likely than African Americans and Latinos to be portrayed as victims of crime on television news. Interrole comparisons (perpetrator vs. victim) revealed that Blacks and Latinos are more likely to be portrayed as lawbreakers than as crime victims, whereas the reverse is true of Whites. Interreality comparisons (television news vs. crime reports) revealed that Whites are overrepresented, Latinos are underrepresented, and Blacks are neither overrepresented nor underrepresented as homicide victims on television news compared to crime reports. Conversely, African Americans are overrepresented, Latinos are underrepresented, and Caucasians are neither overrepresented nor underrepresented as perpetrators on television news. Whites appear to be overrepresented as victims, whereas Blacks are relegated to roles as perpetrators and Latinos are largely absent on television news. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Children's Reactions to a Television News Story
Authors: SMITH STACY L. , WILSON BARBARA J.
Published: March 2007

This experiment assesses children's reactions to particular features of television news. Children from two age groups (6- to 7-year-olds vs. 10- to 11-year-olds) viewed one of four versions of a news story about gang violence. The versions were created by varying the inclusion of video footage of the crime (footage vs. no footage) and proximity of the crime (local vs. nonlocal). Results revealed that proximity of the story had a significant impact on older children's responses but not those of younger children. In particular, older children were more likely to be frightened by and perceive themselves personally vulnerable to a story about local as opposed to a nonlocal crime. In contrast, the video footage unexpectedly decreased fear responses among children in both age groups. The findings are discussed in terms of developmental differences in children's processing of television news.
Restorying Reengineering
Authors: BOJE DAVID M. , ROSILE GRACE ANN , DENNEHY ROBERT , SUMMERS DEBRA J.
Published: March 2007

The authors deconstruct reengineering as an ideology inscribed in discourse of storytelling and metaphor used to justify the displacement of workers. The deconstruction unmasks reengineering as a false duality with bureaucracy, and in the end, just another reinvention of Adam Smith's division of labor. It is yet another chapter in the story of the displacement of labor by machines, especially computers, in the continuing industrial—now information—revolution. Reengineering's creator and principal salesperson, Michael Hammer, uses stories and metaphors of medicine, warfare, and revolution that script the fate of disposable workers. Disposable workers is restoried and sold as a way for American business to achieve profit, quality, and global competitiveness. The authors end by offering some postmodern alternatives.
PREDICTING FAVORITE TV PROGRAM GRATIFICATIONS FROM GENERAL ORIENTATIONS
Authors: STANFORD SERENA WADE
Published: March 2007

This article tests the relationships between general orientations to TV and gratifications received from favorite programs named by survey respondents. A telephone survey of 302 adults in Santa Clara County, California, found that orientations corresponding to gratifications received were powerful but not unique in predicting program gratifications in regression equations. Demographics were not systematically associated with either orientations or gratifications. But multiple repetitions of statements used to measure both orientations and gratifications presented response consistency as an alternative explanation for orientations' predictive power. Typologies based on comparative strengths of orientations accounted for this consistency and confirmed the predictive power of general orientations to TV as a medium. Involvement was added to the prediction equations but was related only to entertainment gratifications; the results suggest that involvement might be more appropriately considered a gratification than a predictor.
POPULAR MUSIC AND COMMUNICATION RESEARCH
Authors: CHAFFEE STEVEN H.
Published: March 2007

Popular music is perhaps the most international mode of communication, yet social research on this phenomenon remains strongly national in orientation. Recent research begins to point to issues at the levels of the individual and the subculture (especially youth), and to functions for social groups such as identification, integration, and expression. Market forces, driven by the demands of youth culture, create a tension between international flow of popular music and the concern over preservation of indigenous national musics. The sound, more than the words of music, provides subcultural ties and boundaries, and might be studied by both social scientists and humanists in ways that complement content-oriented research on politics.
Jazz as a Process of Organizational Innovation
Authors: BASTIEN DAVID T. , HOSTAGER TODD J.
Published: March 2007

Jazz is an art from that is inventive and social. It enables individual musicians to create new musical ideas in a collective context and, thereby, to achieve an inventive and integrated performance. Here we present a case study of the process through which four jazz musicians were able to coordinate an inventive performance without the benefit of a rehearsal or the use of sheet music. A videotape of the performance and participant observations provided the data for our analysis. We identify two levels of information—musical and social structures—that constrain invention and enable integration. We then adapt Poole's Multiple Sequence Model (1983) as a device for tracking cognitive and behavioral components of the jazz process in, and across, time. Our analysis highlights the crucial roles of shared information, communication, and attention in this process and identifies a basic strategy that enabled the musicians to invent and coordinate increasingly complex musical ideas. We conclude with implications of our findings for the study and management of organizational innovation in contexts beyond those of group jazz.
Implementation Characteristics of Organizational Innovations
Authors: ARD-BARTON DOROTHY LEON
Published: March 2007

Within an organization, individuals' innovation responses are highly influenced by the way that implementation is managed. However, managers operate within parameters set by the technology's implementation characteristics: its transferability, organizational complexity, and divisibility. These characteristics shape the tactics that successful managers use to implement an innovation: the manner in which users are involved, the way that sponsorship is managed, and the extent to which organizational change is managed in concert with technical change.
A Co-Citation Study of AIDS Research
Authors: SMALL HENRY , GREENLEE EDWIN
Published: March 2007

A co-citation analysis of research on acquired immune deficiency syndrome is presented, covering the years 1982 to 1987. Through the use of cluster strings and co-citation maps at various levels of aggregation, the development of the field is traced, including major findings and shifts in research emphasis. The implications of this case of a rapidly growing research area for the development of scientific fields in general are explored, in particular the relation of changes in the bibliometric structure to changes in scientific knowledge and understanding.
Involvement, Attention, and Perceptions of Message Relevance in the Response to Persuasive Appeals
Authors: ROSER CONNIE
Published: March 2007

Conflicting results in the involvement literature arise from differences in the definitions and operationalizations applied to the term. This study argues that the construct should be treated as encompassing a number of related concepts and should be broken into its component forms. Two of these components, attention and perceptions of message relevance, were manipulated in an experiment designed to assess the impact of a message on heart disease risk reduction. Results indicate that attention to the message had primarily cognitive effects, leading to greater message recall, whereas perceptions of relevance influenced attitudes and behavior.
Schematic Information Processing of Heavy Metal Lyrics
Authors: HANSEN CHRISTINE HALL , HANSEN RANALD D.
Published: March 2007

Schematic processing of heavy metal lyrics was tested by comparing subjects in two cognitive load conditions. Subjects were either provided with the written lyrics (low cognitive load) or not (high cognitive load) as they listened to heavy metal songs with four common themes: sex, suicide, violence, and occult. Schematic processing was evidenced by the pattern of results across three experiments: Low cognitive load subjects showed better recall, song comprehension, and extraction of detailed content than did high cognitive load subjects, but both groups extracted very similar kinds of theme-relevant content. The pattern of effects argued that although heavy metal lyrics are not processed deeply under novice listening conditions, information processing at the schematic level does occur. Having the lyrics available allowed deeper information processing of the song lyrics at the time they were heard but did not substantially alter the kinds of content listeners extracted. Attitudinal and behavioral implications for schematic processing of heavy metal songs were discussed.
The Differential Treatment Model
Authors: ANNIS HELEN M. , CHAN DAVID
Published: March 2007

The interaction of offender type by treatment program was examined within a randomized control group design involving the assignment of 100 adult offenders with alcohol and drug problems to an intensive eight-week group therapy program, and 50 to routine institutional care. Two types of adult offenders were empirically identified by a clustering procedure using eleven personality measures. Although neither group treatment nor offender-type had a significant main effect on three measures of recidivism at one year following release, there was evidence of a treatment by offender-type interaction on two of the recidivism measures. Offenders who were classified high in self-image showed greater improvement in the group therapy program (i.e., fewer reconvictions, and lower reconvicted offense severity), while offenders who were low in self-image did more poorly in group therapy than under institutional care. The results are discussed in terms of the need to develop differential treatment models in the design of correctional programming for adult offenders.
Crime and Architectural Style
Authors: BYNUM TIMOTHY S. , PURRI DAN M.
Published: March 2007

Historically, social scientists have argued that human behavior is, to a large degree, a response to environmental conditions. Recently, a group of criminologists have posited a direct relationship between certain environmental structures and reported crime rates. Studies exploring this area have pointed to the association between crme rates and highrise residences as support for their position. However, several serious weaknesses exist in this previous research. High-rise structures are generally either in high crime areas or are luxury apartments with guarded entrances. In addition, such research is generally based on official crime data. The present study investigates, through victimization techniques, the experiences of residents of several high- and low-rise structures in a traditionally low crime area: the college campus. In addition, measures of the respondent's sense of community were employed to address the self-policing hypothesis of the environmental design approach. Although causality cannot be inferred from the findings, a positive association was observed between high-rise areas and property crime rates. Furthermore, both of these variables were negatively associated with the respondents' sense of community.