bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory effects of fucoidan on ICAM‐1 expression induced by inflammatory cytokine p53‐independent pathway in SH‐SY‐5Y
Authors: Kang Nam‐Sung , Jang Ki‐Hyo , Kim Mi‐Hyun , Lim Jung Dae , Kang Se‐Chan , Sohn Eun‐Hwa
Published: June 2021

Fucoidans that are high‐molecular‐weight sulfated polysaccharides extracted from brown seaweeds have been known to have various biological activities. It is well known that the upregulation of adhesion molecules on endothelial cell surface is involved in inflammation responses, so we examined the effect of fucoidan on ICAM‐1 expression induced by inflammatory cytokines, fnTNF‐α combined with IFN‐γ in SH‐SY‐5Y cells. Both NO production and ICAM‐1 expression which were induced by inflammatory cytokines were decreased by treatment of fucoidan in SH‐SY‐5Y. We detected ICAM‐1 expression in same condition which was using p53 mutant SH‐SY‐5Y cells to investigate mechanisms involved in down regulation of ICAM‐1 expression. Because ICAM‐1 expression induced by inflammatory cytokines was not detected in p53 mutant SH‐SY‐5Y, we postulated p53 gene is necessary for induction of ICAM‐1 expression. But, decreasing effects of fucoidan on ICAM‐1 expression induced by inflammatory cytokinesfnin SH‐SY‐5Y did not compare with decrease of p53 expression in dose‐dependent manners. From these results, we suggested that ICAM‐1 expression induced by inflammatory cytokines is decreased through p53 independent pathway by treatment of fucoidan in SH‐SY‐5Y. (This work was supported by grant No. RTI05‐01‐02 from the Regional Technology Innovation Program of the Ministry of Knowledge Economy(MKE))
The effects of a variable dose vegetable feeding on plasma carotenoids in overweight post menopausal women
Authors: Crane Tracy E , West Julie , Kroggel Mark , Hartz Vern , Kubota Chieri , Thomson Cynthia
Published: June 2021

Significant debate exists regarding the optimal amount of vegetable consumption required to reduce chronic disease risk. Intervention trials evaluating biological activity of vegetables at various doses are limited. A 3‐dose, cross‐over feeding trial is underway to test the hypothesis that vegetable intake is associated in a dose‐dependent manner with increased plasma carotenoids and subsequently reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in overweight post‐menopausal women. Subjects were assigned in random order to 2,5 or 10 servings of fresh, greenhouse‐grown vegetables daily for 3‐week intervals with 4‐week washouts between feedings. All 48 enrolled subjects (mean age 58.8, BMI 33.08) completed the trial. A significant dose‐response for plasma carotenoids has been observed with mean plasma total carotenoids increasing from 91.14 mg/dL to 115.56 mg/dL with 2 servings vegetables, from 83.97 mg/dL to 156.14 mg/dL with 5 servings of vegetables and from 77.85 mg/dL to 240.90 mg/dL with 10 servings of vegetables (difference btw 2 and 5 svgs, p=0.000; difference btw 5 and 10 svgs, p=0.000). Whether these significant increases in carotenoids by dose are associated with subsequent improvements in oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers remains to be evaluated.
Suppression of CC chemokine production and HMVEC chemotaxis by green tea extract
Authors: Ahmed Salahuddin , Marotte Hubert , Ruth Jeffrey H , Campbell Phillip L , Lesch Charles , Koch Alisa E
Published: June 2021

In the present study, we tested the efficacy of polyphenol‐containing green tea extract (GTE) in regulating CC chemokine production in human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fibroblasts and rat adjuvant‐induced arthritis (AIA), and human microvascular endothelial cell (HMVEC) chemotaxis. Pre‐incubation of RA synovial fibroblasts with GTE (2.5–40 μg/ml) inhibited interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β)‐induced monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1/CCL‐2 and Regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)/CCL5 production with an IC50 values of ~16.4 and ~7.5 μg/ml, respectively. Interestingly, GTE pre‐incubation significantly inhibited RANTES/CCL5‐induced HMVEC chemotaxis in a dose‐dependent manner. GTE administration (200 mg/kg/day p.o.) for 10 days markedly ameliorated AIA in rats as reflected by a decrease in articular index and ankle circumference in the GTE‐treated group by ~28% and ~38%, respectively, when compared to the PBS group. Suppression of arthritis was accompanied by a decrease in joint MCP‐1/CCL2 level and serum RANTES/CCL5 level. Inhibition of CC chemokine production and chemotaxis by GTE may be one potential mechanism to limit the overall inflammation and joint destruction in RA.
High fat feeding impairs select features of M1 polarization in CD11c+ adipose tissue macrophages
Authors: Bennett Grace , Shaul Merav E. , Strissel Katherine J. , Defuria Jason , Greenberg Andrew S. , Obin Martin S.
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Toll‐Like Receptor (TLR) activation by saturated fatty acids and endotoxin is proposed to polarize recruited CD11c expressing adipose tissue macrophages (ATMΦ) toward the pro‐inflammatory (M1) state. This activation exacerbates adipose tissue (AT) inflammation as well as the metabolic and cardiovascular complications of obesity. Our objective was to assess M1/M2 activation of ATMΦ in high fat‐fed (obese) mice.

Methods

Gene expression (GE) of TLR2/4 and the M1 hallmark, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was measured by QPCR in ATMΦs isolated by FACS from perigonadal AT of male C57BL/6j mice fed either a high fat diet (HFD, 60%/54% total energy from fat/lard) or low fat diet (LFD, 10%/4% energy from fat/lard) for 8 or 12 weeks.

Results

M1 markers (IL‐1β, IL‐12) were upregulated and M2 markers (CD206, CD163, IL‐10) were downregulated in CD11c+ ATMΦs from HFD mice, indicating M1 polarization. Surprisingly, TLR4 GE was reduced by 50% in CD11c+ ATMΦs at weeks 8 and 12 (p<0.05), and TLR2 GE was reduced 2–3 fold at week 12 (p= 0.001). iNOS GE was reduced >5‐fold at weeks 8 and 12 (p≤0.01). These data suggest that chronic HFD selectively impairs important aspects of innate immunity. How and where (bone marrow? circulation?) these effects of HFD on ATMΦs are initially manifest, their impact on metabolism and the role of specific fatty acids in this process remain to be elucidated.

Grant Funding Source: NIH DK074979, NIH T32 HL069772‐07, Takeda Pharmaceuticals and USDA‐ARS # 5819507707
Expression of FoxP3 in Tregs cells from obese clinically healthy subjects
Authors: Gomez Francisco Enrique , Valencia‐Barragan Karla Ivet , Saldana Reyna , Furuzawa‐Carballeda Janette , Kaufer‐Horwitz Martha
Published: June 2021

Obesity is characterized by a low‐grade systemic inflammation due to increased levels of inflammatory proteins. FOXP3 code for a nuclear transcription factor in regulatory T cells (Tregs), which provide the “off” signal to maintain immune homeostasis and control inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of FoxP3 (mRNA and protein) in Tregs from obese clinically healthy patients to compare them with non‐obese controls.

Methods

We studied 18 (10♀,8♂) obese (O) patients (BMI 40±2, 31±9y) who had no other disease (diabetes, hypertension) or taking antinflammatory drugs. Control (C) group consisted of 46 (39♀,7♂) healthy non‐obese (BMI 21±1, 25±5y) volunteers. Serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, TNFa, IL‐1, IL‐6 and IL‐8 were determined by standard methods. Levels of FoxP3 mRNA by RT‐PCR, and CD4+FoxP3+ Tregs by flow cytometry.

Results

An inflammatory milleau (high levels of leptin, TNFa and IL‐6, and low of adiponectin) was present in the serum of O subjects. IL‐1 and IL‐8 were not different (table). Despite a 25% increase in FoxP3 mRNA in O, %Tregs (CD4+FoxP3+) were very low compared to C.

Results in the groups (×±sd) (*p≤0.02)

Control
Obese

Leptin (pg/mL)
1129 ± 890
5293 ± 2482*

Adiponectin (ng/mL)
4768 ± 1840
3367 ± 1196*

TNFa (pg/mL)
5.5 ± 2.1
6.8 ± 2.0*

IL‐1 (pg/mL)
0.9 ± 0.4
0.8 ± 0.5

IL‐6 (pg/mL)
4.7 ± 0.5
8.4 ± 4.5*

IL‐8 (pg/mL)
3.3 ± 2.6
3.6 ± 0.9

FoxP3 mRNA
1.00
1.25

%Tregs (CD4+FoxP3+)
6.7
5.1

Conclusion

Increased transcription of FOXP3 (mRNA) does not result in normal values in Tregs in O subjects. This may partially explain their inflammatory status. (Partially supported by Conacyt‐Mexico).
Exposure of activated alveolar macrophages to brominated flame retardants augments the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in vitro
Authors: Hennigar Stephen R , Ronan Anne M , Myers Jay L , Tagliaferro Anthony R
Published: June 2021

Several environmental pollutants have been shown to have adverse effects on immune function that may result in respiratory conditions. In addition to diet, inhalation of dust is a major route of exposure of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) however; the impact of PBDEs on the immune response is unclear. The objective of this in vitro study was to determine the impact of physiological levels of PBDEs on the release of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine, TNFα, by activated alveolar macrophages. Porcine alveolar macrophages were seeded in three 24‐well plates in RPMI growth media supplemented with 10% porcine serum and incubated for 24‐hours (5% CO2, 37°C). After 24‐hours, the cells were activated by inoculation with PMA (0.01 mg/ml) and ionomycin (0.05 mg/ml) in 1% DMSO. In addition to the activating stimulus, three different concentrations of the PBDE mixture DE‐71 in MeOH were introduced to the wells (500 ng/mL DE‐71, 0.02% MeOH; 1000 ng/mL DE‐71, 0.04% MeOH; 2000 ng/mL DE‐71, 0.08% MeOH) (n = 9 per treatment). After 6‐hour incubation, conditioned media was removed, centrifuged, and stored at −80°C until analysis of TNFα via ELISA. Compared to controls, cells exposed to PMA and 1000 and 2000 ng/mL of PBDEs released 33 and 28% more TNFα, respectively (p < 0.05). As increased TNFα may indicate an increase in inflammation, findings suggest that chronic exposure to airborne PBDEs may be a cause of chronic respiratory inflammation.

UNH Experimental Station Project H495.

Grant Funding Source: UNH Experimental Station Project H495
Dietary milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) provides protection against gastrointestinal stress in mice treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Authors: Snow Dallin , Ward Robert E , Olsen Aaron , Jimenez‐Flores Rafael , Hintze Korry Joseph
Published: June 2021

Inflammation is known to decrease gut barrier integrity. MFGM is a protein‐lipid complex containing phospholipids and membrane glycoproteins that may increase gut barrier properties. We sought to determine if MFGM enhances gut barrier integrity and decreases inflammation in LPS challenged mice. Mice were randomly assigned to one of two diets differing only in fat source: control diet (AIN‐76A, corn‐oil fat source) and AIN‐76A diet (equal amount of MFGM and anhydrous milk fat as the fat source). Mice were fed diets for 5 weeks then injected with saline control or LPS (10 mg/kg BW) and gavaged with dextran‐fluorescein (D‐FITC) to assess gut barrier integrity. Serum samples were assayed for D‐FITC 24 h after gavage, and a panel of 16 cytokine concentrations was measured to determine inflammatory response. Gut permeability was 45% less in LPS challenged mice fed MFGM diet compared to mice fed control diets (P < 0.05). LPS injection did not increase gut permeability compared to saline injection in mice fed MFGM diets. Conversely, LPS injection of mice fed control diets significantly increased gut permeability compared to saline injected cohorts (P < 0.05). LPS injected mice fed MFGM diets had lower serum levels of IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐17, MCP‐1, IFNγ, and TNFα; compared to LPS injected mice fed control diets (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that MFGM inhibits the inflammatory response and protects against LPS induced gut permeability.

Grant Funding Source: Dairy Management Incorporated
scFOS and GOS individually and in combination affect fecal microbial ecology, fermentative end‐products but not immune characteristics of healthy adult cats
Authors: Kanakupt Krasae , Vester Boler Brittany M. , Dunsford Bart R. , Fahey George C.
Published: June 2021

Short‐chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are non‐digestible oligosaccharides that result in a prebiotic effect in select animals; however, the cat has not been well studied in this regard. This experiment evaluated scFOS and GOS supplementation on fecal microbial ecology, fermentative end‐products, and immune characteristics of cats. Eight healthy adult cats were fed diets containing no prebiotic, 0.5% scFOS, 0.5% GOS, or 0.5% scFOS + 0.5% GOS (FOS+GOS) in a 4×4 Latin square design. Cats fed FOS‐, GOS‐ and FOS+GOS‐supplemented diets had greater (P<0.05) fecal bifidobacteria populations. Fecal pH was lower (P<0.05) in cats fed FOS+GOS‐supplemented diets compared to controls. Butyrate (P=0.05) and valerate (P<0.05) were greater when cats consumed the FOS+GOS diet. Acetate (P=0.10) tended to be greater when cats were fed the FOS+GOS diet. Total SCFA (P=0.08) and total BCFA (P=0.07) tended to be greater when cats consumed the FOS+GOS treatment. Fecal protein catabolites including ammonia, 4‐methylphenol, indole, and biogenic amines did not differ among treatments, nor did blood lymphocytes, neutrophils, or total white blood cell counts, or fecal dry matter and fecal output. Low level supplementation of FOS, GOS and the combination of scFOS and GOS exert positive effects on select indices of gut health of cats.
Identification of whole blood gene differences between cats with osteoarthritis compared to healthy geriatric cats
Authors: Frantz Nolan , Hahn Kevin , Macleay Jen , Al‐Murrani Sam
Published: June 2021

A study was conducted to determine whole blood gene differences in 33 healthy geriatric cats (initial weight, 4.4 ± 1.06 kg, age, 11.3 ± 2.14 years) with no radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease (DJD) or lameness history compared with 32 cats (initial weight, 4.2 ± 1.27 kg, age, 12.1 ± 2.98 years) with varying degrees of radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease and a history of lameness. All cats were fed a maintenance control food for 28 days prior to sample collection. Whole blood samples were drawn into PAXgene blood RNA tubes. Upon initial analysis of the microarray data, few genomic differences were detected in the 13 cats with hip dysplasia compared to healthy geriatric cats. However, osteoarthritic cats had many significant gene differences compared to the healthy geriatric cats and thus were used as the sample population for further analysis. Probes for RT‐PCR (74 in total) were selected based on data from the current study and gene expression studies we previously conducted on GeneChips. There was approximately a 70% confirmation rate between the RT‐PCR data and the GeneChip data. Of the 74 probes originally tested 8 showed differential expression at levels that are significant (p=< 0.05) between cats that are positively identified as osteoarthritic (n = 19) and non‐arthritic cats (n = 28). Six out of the eight probes were in agreement with the GeneChip data. The six genes included CD79a, ANXA1, ODC1, INDO, STXBP2 and MMP8. All six significant genes were down‐regulated in arthritic cats.
Reduced bone mass in obese young rats through PPARγ suppression of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling and direct action of free fatty acids (NEFA)
Authors: Chen Jin‐Ran , Lazarenko Oxana P , Shankar Kartik , Badger Thomas M , Ronis Martin J
Published: June 2021

The relationship of obesity to skeletal development is unclear. We utilized total enteral nutrition to feed high and low fat diets (HFD and LFD) to rats for 4 wks to produce obesity. Weight gain was matched but fat mass, serum leptin and NEFA were increased by HFD (P<0.05). HFD lowered total bone mineral content and density (P<0.05) accompanied by decreased serum osteocalcin and increases in resorption marker RatLaps. Increased bone marrow adiposity and adipogenic genes PPARγ and AP2, and suppressed osteoblastogenic genes osteocalcin and Runx2 were observed in the HFD group which exhibited down‐regulation of β‐catenin protein, but up‐regulation of PPARγ expression in bone (P<0.05). Reciprocal regulation of β‐catenin and PPARγ was observed in mesenchymal ST2 cells exposed to serum from HFD rats or treated with an artificial NEFA mixture. Transfection with PPARγ suppressed β‐catenin signaling. These data suggest NEFA directly stimulates bone marrow adipogenesis while suppressing bone formation. These effects of HFD may impair attainment of peak bone mass and increase risk of osteoporosis later in life. USDA CRIS‐6251‐51000‐007‐03S.
A synthetic fiber affects early calcium metabolism and inulin‐based fibers affect bone biomechanical properties in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Legette LeeCole L , Martin Berdine R , Campbell Jessica K , Weaver Connie M
Published: June 2021

Age‐related deficiencies in calcium metabolism play a role in the development of osteoporosis. Recent evidence indicates that various dietary fibers may enhance calcium absorption and attenuate post‐menopausal bone loss. A 4‐ wk feeding study was conducted in 5 mo. old ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague Dawley rats to assess the effect of various dietary fibers on calcium metabolism and bone health parameters. There were 6 treatment groups (n=16/group): SHAM Control, OVX Control, OVX rats receiving daily estradiol injections, and OVX rats receiving an AIN 93M diet supplement with either an inulin based fiber (Synergy® or Frutafit®) or a synthetic fiber (Polydextrose) at 5%. Calcium metabolic balance was performed after early exposure (3 d) to dietary treatments. Rats receiving polydextrose had significantly higher net calcium absorption efficiency than all control groups and a trend (p≤0.10) for higher calcium absorption when compared to inulin‐based fibers. Rats consuming Synergy® and Frutafit®, as well as rats receiving daily E2 injections, had similar femoral breaking strength as SHAM control and higher than OVX Control and OVX rats on Polydextrose.

Grant Funding Source: General Mills
The effect of calorie restriction and exercise on cell proliferation rates in female mice
Authors: Thompson Airlia , Bruss Matthew D
Published: June 2021

Calorie restriction (CR) inhibits tumor growth, which is associated with reduced cell proliferation in tumorigenic tissues. Exercise also slows tumor growth, however, the effect of exercise on cell proliferation has not been systematically investigated. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of voluntary wheel running (EX) and CR on cell proliferation in tumorigenic tissues. In this study, mice were randomized into four groups; ad libitum‐fed, sedentary (AL/SED), ad libitum‐fed, exercise (AL/EX), pair‐fed to AL/SED, exercise (PF/EX) or calorie restricted, sedentary (CR/SED). We found that cell proliferation was significantly lower in liver tissue, skin epidermis and splenic T‐cells in CR/SED as compared to AL/SED. In contrast, cell proliferation was not different in any of the tissues in either of the exercise groups compared to AL/SED, despite higher food intake and energy expenditure in AL/EX and lower body weight in PF/EX. In addition, serum IGF‐1 was significantly lower in CR/SED compared to AL/SED while there was no difference in either exercise group. We conclude that the effect of CR on cell proliferation in tumorigenic tissues cannot be mimicked by exercise despite its associated increase in energy expenditure and comparable reduction in body weight. These data have implications for understanding the mechanism by which CR and EX inhibit tumor growth and promote longevity.

Grant Funding Source: NIH
Television viewing at mealtime reduces satiety and increases food intake in peripubertal, but not postpubertal, girls
Authors: Patel Barkha P , Bellissimo Nick , Pencharz Paul B , Anderson G. Harvey
Published: June 2021

Television viewing (TVV) is associated with obesity in children, suggesting that TVV decreases activity and increases energy intake. However the effect of TVV on satiety and satiation in children has only recently been investigated. We reported that TVV at mealtime reduced satiety and increased food intake (FI) in 9 – 14 y old boys after a pre‐meal glucose drink (Bellissimo et al, 2007). Therefore, we examined the effect of TVV at mealtime and pubertal status on appetite and FI in girls (9 – 14 y) after a glucose drink. Following a randomized, counterbalanced design, 25 girls received equally sweetened drinks containing sucralose or glucose (1.0 g/kg body weight) in 250 mL of water 2 h after a standard breakfast. FI from an ad libitum pizza meal was measured 30 min later with or without TVV. Appetite was measured over the entire study. Glucose reduced FI more when the girls ate without vs. with TVV (24 vs. 10%, p < 0.001). However, there was an interaction with pubertal status. Glucose reduced FI by 21% in the peripubertal girls (n = 17) without TVV (p = 0.029), but not with TVV. Conversely, in the postpubertal girls (n = 8), glucose reduced FI (~ 30%, p < 0.001), with or without TVV. Appetite was not altered by drink or TVV, but was correlated with FI at 30 min (r = 0.34, p = 0.001). Thus, TVV at mealtime reduced physiological responses to the pre‐meal glucose drink and delayed satiation during the meal in peripubertal, but not postpubertal, girls.

Grant Funding Source: Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
Baseline plasma PTH but not calcium supplementation influence reduction in adiposity of obese children followed during 6 months
Authors: Donangelo Carmen Marino , Taam Walter , Bezerra Flávia Fioruci , Mendonça Laura
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with changes in body mass index (BMI) and adiposity of obese children (n=35; age 8.0 ± 1.8 y; dietary Ca ≈ 550 mg/d) followed during 6 mo. All children and families received nutrition and life‐style counseling. Some children (n=14) used a Ca supplement (500 mg Ca/d, as glycinate chelate). BMI and adiposity (% fat: total, TF; android, AF; gynoid, GF) determined by DXA were measured before and after treatment. Plasma iPTH, insulin resistance (IR), total cholesterol (CH) and LDL were measured at baseline. Information on physical activity (PA) and family environment (FE) was obtained. Statistical analysis was done by a General Linear Model with categorical and quantitative factors. Models had 47–61% R2 and P<0.03. PA and a cooperative FE were positive factors for reducing TF, AF and GF. LDL, IR, and CH were positive factors for reducing BMI, TF, and GF, respectively. Use of Ca supplement was a positive factor for reducing BMI but not adiposity. PTH was a negative factor for reducing BMI, and also TF, AF and GF. Our results suggest that adiposity in children is associated with the PTH‐vitD‐Ca homeostatic system. Financial support: CNPq, FAPERJ (Brazil)
Development of obesity in Ossabaw pigs fed diets high in saturated and n‐3 fatty acids
Authors: Faris Richard , Braucher Douglas , Walker‐Daniels Jennifer , Spurlock Michael
Published: June 2021

Western diets high in saturated fat have been implicated in the increasing rate of obesity within the U.S. Saturated fatty acids are of considerable interest because of their interaction with toll like receptors in adipose tissue and contribution to chronic low‐grade inflammation. In contrast, n‐3 fatty acids are generally viewed as being anti‐inflammatory. To determine the impact of supplement a western diet with n‐3 fatty acids, 26 Ossabaw pigs with an initial body weight of 47.4 kg were fed 3 diets: a restricted low fat control diet (LFC, 2750 kcal/kg), a high fat palm oil diet (HFP, 4000 kcal/kg), and a high fat palm oil with n‐3 supplement diet (HFPn3, 4000 kcal/kg). At 8 weeks there was no difference in body weight between the HFP and HFPn3 diets (77.6 vs. 79.4 kg), nor was there a difference in caloric intake. Fasted serum glucose and insulin concentrations were increased at 8 weeks in pigs feed both the HFP and HFPn3 relative to the LFC group. Additionally, fasted serum cholesterol was increased at 8 weeks by the high fat diets, but there was no difference between HFP and HFPn3 groups. Collectively, these data indicate that the n‐3 supplementation alone for 8 weeks in insufficient to attenuate obesity or the onset of insulin resistance cause by diets high in saturated fat. This project was supported by National Research Initiative Grant 2008–35200–04466 from the USDA National Institute for Food and Agriculture.

Grant Funding Source: USDA
High dietary calcium does not mediate the effects of dairy to reduce adiposity and improve glucose tolerance in high fat fed mice
Authors: Thomas Anthony Pelico , Dunn Tamara N. , Drayton Josephine B. , Adams Sean H.
Published: June 2021

Epidemiological studies and research in animal models support an inverse relationship between dietary Ca and dairy food consumption with adiposity. Proposed mechanisms of adiposity reduction by dairy include decreased digestibility of fats due to formation of indigestible Ca soaps and dietary Ca suppression of calcitriol that alters energy metabolism and thermogenesis. Bioactive components from dairy protein are thought to have additional synergistic effects. We compared the effects of a high Ca (HC) diet vs. HC with nonfat dry milk (NFDM) on obesity phenotypes, including adipose tissue inflammation. Adult male C57BL/6J mice fed an obesigenic, pro‐inflammatory high fat diet (45% kcal; HF) were assigned (n=30/group) to one of three macronutrient‐matched HF diets for 12 wks: control (0.5% Ca; CON), HC (1.5% Ca), or HC with NFDM. Surprisingly, body weight and fat were increased ~18% and ~19% in HC mice vs. CON (P<0.001); these parameters decreased ~13% and ~43% in NFDM mice (P<0.001). Feed efficiency was significantly increased ~10% in HC mice and reduced ~33% in NFDM mice vs. CON. NFDM mice had improved glucose tolerance compared to both CON (P<0.01) and HC mice (P<0.001). Markers of adipose inflammation are currently being analyzed. We conclude that anti‐obesity effects of dairy foods are not mediated by increased dietary Ca in high fat fed mice.

Grant Funding Source: National Dairy Council and ARS Project 5306–51530–016–00D
Effect of dietary restriction and n‐3PUFA supplementation on insulin resistance in obese adults
Authors: Tapsell Linda Clare , Batterham Marijka Jane , Charlton Karen Elizabeth
Published: June 2021

The type and amount of dietary fat, and in particular n‐3 PUFA, may influence insulin action. The aim of this study was to examine the effects on HOMA indices from increased n‐3 PUFA intakes at 3 and 6 months in a registered 12 month weight loss trial [ACTRN12608000425392]. The blinded RCT with 30 males and 88 females (aged 45+9.95yr; BMI 31.34+3.49kgm−2) compared a control diet (2MJ deficit, 30%fat + placebo) with two intervention groups (2MJ deficit, 30% fat emphasizing fish with placebo or supplement of 420mg EPA+ 210mg DHA). Differences between groups were assessed using repeated measures analysis of variance, where data was available at 0,3,6mo (n=73). A significant time effect was found for decreased HOMA‐R (inverse of %S) (P=0.001), with post hoc analysis showing a significant difference between 0–3mo (P=0.006) and 0–6mo (P=0.002). Values for the control group were higher than for the intervention groups but the effect was not significant at 3–6mo (P=1.000). No effect was seen for HOMA(%β) (N=72). Energy restriction appears to decrease insulin resistance in overweight adults in the first 3 mo, and there may be added benefits with food or supplemental n‐3 PUFA dietary enrichment.

Source of research support: Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Project Grant #514631 Tapsell, Batterham, Charlton.
Peruvian children who recover from early stunting and well‐nourished children demonstrate similar cognition
Authors: Crookston Benjamin T , Dearden Kirk A , Alder Stephen C , Merrill Ray M , Dickerson Ty T , Stanford Joseph B , Porucznik Christina A , Penny Mary E
Published: June 2021

Stunting typically occurs by age 2 and can have lifelong effects. However, some children demonstrate catch‐up growth. We hypothesize that catch‐up growth after 2 years of age yields long‐term cognitive benefits. Our objective was to determine whether children who experienced catch‐up growth had cognitive abilities similar to never‐stunted children. We used longitudinal data on 1674 Peruvian children from the Young Lives study. Anthropometric data were collected at 1 and 5 years of age (rounds 1 & 2). Using a cutoff HAZ of −2, we categorized subjects as never stunted, catch‐up, late incident, or persistently stunted. Cognitive outcomes (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Cognitive Development Assessment) from round 2 were compared for each stunting category. Factors associated with catch‐up growth included urban residence, pre‐school attendance and maternal education. Children who demonstrated catch‐up growth and children who were not stunted at either age had similar verbal (p=.6236) and quantitative (p=.6930) cognitive scores. Late incident and persistently stunted children scored significantly lower on both tests. Efforts to improve nutrition beyond 2 years of age benefit cognition.
Body mass index and mid upper arm circumference measurement at the HIV/AIDS clinic in Saint Peter's Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Nekatebeb Hana , Taffese Samson , Sherefa Zuber
Published: June 2021

This study compared body mass index (BMI) with MUAC for HIV/AIDS patients attending a clinic in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. All 157 HIV/AIDS patients attending the clinic for two weeks in June, 2008, were assessed using both BMI and MUAC. Measurements for MUAC and BMI were correlated (r: 0.62, p<0.001). However, BMI classified 79.6% of the study subjects as normal (≥18.5 kg/m2) while 90% were classified as normal (≥21 cm) by MUAC. Moreover, BMI identified 3.8% each of patients as moderately and severely malnourished while only 1.9% were classified as moderately malnourished by MUAC. No patient was classified as severely malnourished by MUAC. This shows that MUAC under classifies subjects as malnourished compared to BMI. Using MUAC alone might reduce targeting the truly malnourished cases which supposedly should receive nutritional care services. Thus, it is recommended that the current approach of using BMI for assessing nutritional status of HIV/AIDS patients be continued until the two approaches are properly validated in terms of outcomes and are perhaps adjusted for future use.
Beta‐hydroxy‐beta‐methylbutyrate (HMB) Decreases Body Fat in Middle Aged and Old Rats
Authors: Wilson Jacob Malachi , Lee Sang‐rok , Henning Paul , Ugrinowitsch Carlos , Grant Samuel , Park Young‐min , Masad Ihssan , Leonard Ken Paul , Zourdos Michael , Bakhshalian Neema , Panton Lynn , Kim Jeong‐su
Published: June 2021

Adipose and muscle mass increase in Fisher 344 (F344) rats through midlife and decline thereafter. HMB increases fat oxidation and activates anabolic pathways in myotubes. We determined the effect of HMB on adiposity and muscle wet weights in F344 rats. Twelve young (44 wks), 6 middle aged (60 wks), 10 old (86 wks), and 5 very old (102 wks) male F344 rats’ body compositions were assessed using dual X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) pre/post‐treatment. After DXA, 6 young, 6 middle aged, 5 old and very old rats were sacrificed for pre and post control muscle wet weights. Remaining young and old rats were given HMB (0.46 g/kg/d) for 16 wks. There was a group effect for body mass (BM) increasing (+23%) in the control, but not in the HMB group from 44–60 wks, while it maintained in the control, and declined (−20%) in the HMB group from 86–102 wks. There were declines in gastrocnemius, plantaris, and soleus weights normalized to BM from 60–102 wks. While HMB had no effects on the gastrocnemius, there were decreases in control planaris (−21%) and soleus (−15%) muscles, which maintained and increased (+12%), respectively, in the HMB group from 44–60 wks. Fat mass (g) increased in the middle aged control (+49%) but not in the HMB group. Fat mass declined (−56%) in the old HMB but not in the control. Our findings suggest HMB may produce a leaner phenotype in middle aged and older individuals. Future research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Grant Funding Source: College of Human Sciences Internal Grant
Waist circumference and the risk of hypertension and diabetes among Filipino women
Authors: Carba Delia , Bas Isabelita , Avila Josephine , Lee Nanette , Adair Linda S.
Published: June 2021

We examined waist circumference (WC) as a risk factor for having hypertension (HTN) only, diabetes (DM) only or both HTN and DM, and assessed whether the associations vary according to overweight status (OW=BMI>=25 kg/m2). We used data from 1,871 women (ages 35–68 yr) in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey in 2005. Mean WC was 81 cm, 42 % were OW; 21% had HTN only, 9% had DM only and 7% had both HTN and DM. OW status did not modify the association between WC and HTN only but was a significant modifier of the associations of WC with DM only, and with both DM and HTN (Likelihood Ratio test p<0.10). Stratified by OW status, multinomial logistic regression analyses adjusted for age and other potential confounders showed that, each cm increase in WC increased the odds of HTN only by 5% (OR (95%CI:) 1.05 (1.03–1.07)) for non‐OW women and 4% (1.04 (1.02–1.06)) for OW women. The odds of DM increased by 9% (1.09 (1.06–1.13)) and 3% (1.03 (1.00–1.07)) for non‐OW and OW women, respectively. For every cm increase in WC, the odds of having both HTN and DM increased by 16% (1.16 (1.11–1.22) among non‐OW women vs. 8% (1.08 (1.05–1.11)) for OW women. Maternal age and sodium intake showed positive associations with HTN in non‐OW women only. The risk associated with abdominal obesity is higher for having DM than HTN and varies by OW status. NIH 5 R01 HL085144‐03 and 1R01TW008288‐01.
Multiple micronutrient deficiencies in obese women in rural Mexico
Authors: García Olga Patricia , Ronquillo Dolores , Caamaño María del Carmen , Rosado Jorge Luis
Published: June 2021

The objective of this cross‐sectional study was to evaluate the nutritional status of micronutrients among obese women and its impact on BMI, central adiposity, body fat, blood pressure, lipids profile, glucose and C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentrations. Obese women aged 34 ± 6 years (n=143) from a rural community in Mexico were evaluated. Anthropometrical measurements included weight, height, and waist circumference. A fasting blood sample was taken for the analysis of glucose, lipids profile, CRP, vitamins A, D and E, iron and zinc. Body composition was determined by DEXA. The prevalence of vitamin D, vitamin E, and iron deficiencies were 22%, 68.7%, and 44.3%, respectively. No deficiencies were found for vitamin A or zinc. Vitamin E was positively associated with glucose (p<0.001, β=3.6±0.8), triglycerides (p<0.001, β=19.3±1.9), and LDL (p<0.05, β=2.3±1.1), and negatively associated with HDL (p<0.001, β=−2.4±0.7). Women with higher zinc concentrations had significantly lower LDL (p<0.05, β=−20±7.8) and significantly higher HDL (p<0.05, β=14.1±5.3) concentrations. No associations were found with obesity or between vitamin D, vitamin A and iron with any of the variables studied. In conclusion, obese women in this population have multiple micronutrient deficiencies; only poor zinc status was associated with higher concentration of lipids in blood.
Life expectancy of beagles
Authors: Yu Shiguang
Published: June 2021

Life expectancy of beagles was calculated from 303 beagles (162 female and 141 male) with known birth and death dates. Most of the dogs were either spayed or castrated during the first year of their life. Both natural death and euthanasia due to terminal illness were considered as a death event. These beagles received regular veterinary medical care during their life.

Gender had no effect on median survival of beagles (male = 12.82 years; female = 12.87 years; p = 0.610). Therefore, combined data of both male and female beagles were used for the calculation of the life expectancy. The age specific median residual lifetime (age in years/median residual lifetime in years) was 0.5/12.8, 1.5/12.1, 2.5/11.1, 3.5/10.1, 4.5/9.1, 5.5/8.2, 6.5/7.2, 7.5/6.3, 8.5/5.4, 9.5/4.5, 10.5/3.7, 11.5/2.8, 12.5/2.1, 13.5/1.6, 14.5/1.2, and 15.5/0.6. Mortality increased dramatically in beagles after 9 years of age (95% CI: 8.7, 10.0 years). The results of this study suggest that earlier diagnostic or therapeutic intervention is warranted in beagles beginning at 9 years of age. This study was supported by Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc.
Flaxseed consumption lowers insulin, C‐reactive protein and fructosamine in adults with pre‐diabetes
Authors: Hutchins Andrea M , Brown Blakely D , Domitrovich Stephanie
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine whether eating modest amounts of flaxseed daily would improve glucose control, insulin levels, and markers of inflammation in overweight or obese men and postmenopausal women with pre‐diabetes. During 3 treatment periods (each 12 weeks long), 25 participants consumed 2 tablespoons (tbsp) ground flaxseed daily, 4 tbsp ground flaxseed daily or no flaxseed (control). Participants completed a 12‐hour fasted blood draw and a first void (morning) urine collection before and after each intervention.

Consuming 2 tbsp flaxseed significantly lowered insulin values compared to 4 tbsp flaxseed intervention or control. When participants consumed 4 tbsp of flaxseed, C‐reactive protein values significantly decreased compared to consuming 2 tbsp flaxseed or control. Participants with glucose values between 110–125 mg/dL on study entry had significantly lower fructosamine values consuming either 2 or 4 tbsp flaxseed compared to control.

In conclusion, consuming 4 tbsp flaxseed lowers inflammation in adults with pre‐diabetes and improves glycemic control in some individuals. Consuming 2 tbsp flaxseed lowers insulin values in adults with pre‐diabetes, indicating a decrease in insulin resistance. Consequently, daily flaxseed consumption can help adults with pre‐diabetes improve glucose control.

This study was funded by the American Diabetes Association, grant 7‐06‐RA‐61.
Effect of food form on postprandial plasma amino acid profiles in older adults
Authors: Conley Travis B , Apolzan John W , Leidy Heather J , Campbell Wayne W
Published: June 2021

Purpose and Methods

To assess the effect of food form on the postprandial (PP) plasma amino acid (AA) profile, 10 healthy older adults (5 men and 5 women, age 72 ± 2 y, BMI 26.0 ± 0.9 kg/m2) consumed energy and macronutrient matched test meals (~25% of subject's daily energy need; ~54% CHO, 21% Pro; 25% Fat) in beverage and solid form on separate days. Blood samples were taken during fasting (baseline) and throughout the 4‐hour PP period and plasma AA profiles (pmol/uL) were assessed using high performance liquid chromatography.

Results

The consumption of each test meal led to an increase in total, branched chain (BCAA), essential (EAA), and non‐essential (NEAA) AA contents over the 4‐h period (time effect; p<0.05). The beverage stimulated a greater increase in total, EAA and NEAA contents, but not BAA content, vs. the solid (effect of food form; p<0.05). The beverage elicited higher plasma AA levels starting at 15 min PP which was maintained for the rest of the 4‐h period. The beverage also resulted in a greater total plasma AA 4‐h area under the curve (p<0.05).

Conclusion

Older adults can achieve higher plasma amino acid contents when a protein‐containing food is ingested in beverage form. Future research to explore the utility of this higher amino acid substrate availability on anabolic processes is needed.

Support: NIH R01 AG021911, The Solae Company®, Purdue Ingest Behav Res Ctr and Bilsland Fellowship
Dietary protein quality influences the pattern of natural isotopic composition of nitrogen in rats
Authors: Poupin Nathalie , Fouillet Hélène , Mariotti François , Tomé Daniel , Huneau Jean‐François , Bos Cécile
Published: June 2021

The natural 15N enrichment (δ15N) in some specific tissues (blood, hair) has been shown to vary with diet quality. In this work, we investigated the influence of two dietary protein sources of different quality (milk and soy) on the δ15N values in various tissues. Male Wistar rats (n=18) were fed for 3 weeks experimental diets differing only in their protein source (soy or milk). δ15N values were determined in both protein and non‐protein fractions of blood and peripheral (muscle, kidney, skin) and splanchnic (liver, intestine) organs. Results were expressed as diet‐tissue discrimination (Δ15N = δ15Ntissue − δ15Ndiet). Regardless of the diet, the protein fraction of tissues was always enriched in 15N relative to the non‐protein fraction and relative to the diets (Δ15N>0). Δ15N of protein fractions differed among tissues and were also influenced by the protein source. They were indeed higher in rats fed with soy (vs. milk) diet, in all tissues but the intestine (see Fig.). We conclude that Δ15N is lower when dietary protein quality is higher. Furthermore, the amplitude of Δ15N differences between diets varied among tissues (being for instance 3‐fold higher in skin than in liver), indicating that the nature of the dietary protein source differentially impacts the metabolism of splanchnic and peripheral tissues. We propose that Δ15N is a sensitive marker of protein biological value and regional protein metabolism.

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Body composition is associated with physical function and quality of life in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Tomayko Emily , Wu Pei‐Tzu , Chung Hae Ryong , Fernhall Bo , Evans Ellen , McAuley Edward , Wilund Kenneth
Published: June 2021

Low quality of life (QOL) and functional limitations are frequently reported in hemodialysis patients. Additionally, protein wasting or loss of lean mass occurs in up to 75% of cases and is associated with higher mortality. The relationship between body composition, physical functioning and QOL in dialysis patients is unclear; this study examines these relationships in 27 dialysis patients. Body composition was measured by dual x‐ray absorptiometery, muscle strength by dynamometer, physical functioning by shuttle walk, and QOL by validated questionnaires. Muscle extension and flexion were associated with whole body % fat (r=−0.787, p<0.05; and r=−0.830, p<0.05, respectively), leg % fat (r=−0.830, p<0.05; and r=−0.825, p<0.05) and lean mass (r=0.759, p<0.05; and r=0.773, p<0.05). Shuttle walk time was associated with leg % fat (r=−0.637, p<0.05) and lean mass (r=0.698, p<0.01). Leg % fat negatively correlated with reported function (r=−0.707, p=0.01), while lean mass showed a positive relationship (r=0.666, p<=0.05). Shuttle walk time correlated positively with QOL as assessed by total disability rating (r=0.476, p<0.05) and reported function (r=0.838, p<0.001) suggesting that physical functioning, as well as body composition, is associated with QOL in this population. These data highlight the need for therapies to prevent lean mass loss and improve QOL for dialysis patients.
Acculturation, socioeconomic indicators, and diet in US Chinese immigrant women
Authors: Tseng Marilyn
Published: June 2021

Dietary acculturation may contribute to increased disease risk in US Asian immigrants. Low acculturation is correlated with lower socioeconomic position (SEP), but few studies have examined independent effects of acculturation and SEP on diet in immigrants. We examined this issue in 401 healthy, premenopausal Chinese immigrant women recruited 11/05‐4/08 into a Philadelphia study of diet and breast cancer risk. Participants provided four days of dietary recalls and information on level of acculturation, measured using the General Ethnicity Questionnaire‐American (GEQ‐A), and on two SEP indicators (education, occupation). In mutually adjusted models, energy density, % energy from fat, and sugar and beef intake increased with higher GEQ‐A (acculturation) score and with one or both SEP indicators. Energy intake increased while fish and vegetable intake decreased with higher SEP, but not with higher GEQ‐A score. These findings suggest that acculturation and SEP are independently associated with diet in Chinese immigrants, and that higher SEP is associated with poorer diet, similar to what is observed in countries undergoing a nutrition transition. Health promotion efforts in immigrants should encourage retention of traditional eating patterns while also establishing healthy dietary norms for those in transition to greater economic resources with higher SEP.
Change in diet over time in US Chinese immigrant women
Authors: Tseng Marilyn
Published: June 2021

The assumption that US immigrants’ diets become more westernized over time has not been tested in longitudinal data. We examined dietary changes over time in a sample of healthy, premenopausal Chinese immigrant women recruited 11/05–4/08 into a Philadelphia study of diet and breast cancer risk. Participants provided four days of dietary recalls and sociodemographic and other information. In preliminary analyses including 183 women over an average followup of two years, mean energy intake increased by 95 kcals (p=0.005), energy density increased by 14% (p<0.0001), % energy from fat increased from 23.8% to 25.0% (p=0.04), cholesterol intake increased by 27 mg (p=0.01), and beef intake increased from an average of 1.0 to 1.8 servings per week (p=0.03). Level of education reported at baseline predicted change in energy intake: average energy intake increased by 160 kcal/day among women with less than 9 years of schooling but decreased by 129 kcal/day among women with at least some college education. Patterns were similar but not significant for energy density and intake of cholesterol and beef. These findings are the first, to our knowledge, to demonstrate deleterious changes in diet over time in a longitudinal sample of Chinese immigrants. Predictors of dietary change have yet to be identified but may be helpful in developing and targeting health promotion efforts.
Scope and Roadmap of Revision of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans
Authors: Choi Young‐Sun , Joung Hyojee , Yang Eunju
Published: June 2021

Korean Nutrition Society (KNS) has started evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) and set strategies for the revision of KDRIs in 2010, since KDRIs were established in 2005. Opinions for revision were obtained from a wide range of professionals. Total 55 questionnaires out of those distributed to 120 active KNS‐work‐participating professionals were returned and analyzed. Among them, 60% recommended that functional indicators, nutrient requirements by life stages, tolerable upper intake level (UL), applications, and food guide should be reviewed in the revision processes. And 64% proposed maintaining committee system for the next revision while allocating special age group subcommittee among nutrient subcommittees. Respondents suggested that priority should be given to developing roadmap, fund raising, and organizing professional network and KDRIs can be applicable in the area of labeling, nutrition education, research, mass service and food policies. Currently 54 professionals were recruited and allocated to 8 revision subcommittees, which are energy and macronutrients, fat‐soluble vitamins, water‐soluble vitamins, major minerals, trace elements, reference heights and weights, infants and maternal nutrition, and UL. Works on systematic evidence‐based reviews were conducted and selections of new evidences for revision were discussed by the revision committee. For each subcommittee round‐table discussion proceeded three to five times so far. Four times of general meeting, two symposiums and one workshop were carried out. The review committee is composed of another 34 professionals. Revision of KDRIs will be open for public hearing in May 2010 and officially released at the end of October 2010.