bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perfil químico e atividades antioxidante e antifúngica do óleo essencial da flor de Cochlospermum regium (Mart. ex Schrank.) –Pilg. (Bixaceae)
Authors: Menezes Filho Antonio Carlos Pereira de , Sousa Wendel Cruvinel de , Christofoli Marcela , Castro Carlos Frederico de Souza
Published: August 2020

The Cerradodomain has numerous plant species that naturally produce essential oils, that are include in one of several classes of secondary metabolites. The objective of this study was to characterize the chemical composition and to evaluate the antioxidant and antifungal activities of the essential oil from Cochlospermum regiumflowers. The flowers from C. regiumwere collected in an area of Cerrado, in Rio Verde/GO, Brazil. To extract the essential oil, 100 g of flowers were used, and then they were subjected to hydrodistillation in Clevenger-type apparatus, and the essential oil yield, determined in percentage. Then, the essential oil was analyzed for composition by gas chromatography with coupled mass spectrometry GC-MS, and determined as to the antioxidant potential in reducing DPPH and, as antifungal by agar diffusion in the isolate from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatograph associated with mass spectrometry CG-MS and its antioxidant potential was evaluated by the free radical sequestration technique DPPH. The average yield of essential oil was 0.10%. 32 compounds were identified, in especially majority caryophyllene E 9.76%, γ-muurolene 16.69% and bicyclogermacrene 39.82%. The antioxidant activity showed 100% reduction in the DPPH radical, for concentrations between 50 to 2 mg mL-1, and reductions of 85.77 to 13.18% (IC50) for concentrations 1 to 0.031 mg mL-1of the essential oil. It is concluded that the essential oil from C. regiumshowed low yield, however, it contains many hydrocarbon and oxygenated sesquiterpenes compounds, presenting itself as an exceptional natural antioxidant and antifungal agent in the fight against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Thus, the essential oil of theflowers from C. regiumpresents itself as strong candidate for new research that can be applied in the areas from health, agricultural and foods.
Kants „moralisch-bestimmter Monotheismus“ – eine an der „wahren Aufklärung“ orientierte Kritik an Lessings Ringparabel?
Authors: Langthaler R.
Published: August 2020

Numerous passages in the context of Kant’s philosophy of religion show without doubt his acquaintance with Lessing. But apart from the obvious affinity and agreement between Kant and Lessing with regard to many substantial questions, serious differences cannot be overlooked; the frequently diagnosed closeness and widely suspected “harmony” between the two is probably also the primary reason why important factual differences and controversial aspects have so far usually been neglected or ignored in research, although they still continue to raise problems and controversies in the context of the Enlightenment and the philosophy of religion. Although Lessing and Kant are both committed to the ideas of the Enlightenment and also appear as “related in essence”, above all with regard to religio-philosophical questions, Kant’s “moral determined monotheism” also contains an obvious criticism of Lessing’s religio-philosophical doctrines. This is also obvious in Kant’s — direct and indirect — confrontation with the “Ring Parable” in Lessing’s drama Nathan the Wise. The criticism that becomes apparent there concerns above all the question of “principles” left unclarified by Lessing, the “equal rank” of the monotheistic religions which he claimed, and the asserted “competition of religions.” I investigate some of the main points of this criticism.
Immanuel Kant – Racist and Colonialist?
Authors: Chaly V. A.
Published: August 2020

A murder of an Afro-American detainee by a policeman at the end of May 2020 caused a public outrage in the United States, which led to a campaign against the monuments to historical figures whose reputation, according to the protesters, was marred by racism. Some German publicists, impressed by the campaign, initiated an analogous search for racists among the national thinkers and politicians of the past. Suddenly Kant emerged as a ‘scapegoat’. This statement is an attempt to assess such reactions from the perspective of Russia’s experience.
Gravity models in international trade analysis: testing the country similarity theory 50 years
Authors: Smirnov I.S.
Published: August 2020

The article assessed the potential use of gravity models to test the impact of various socio-geographical factors on international and inter-regional trade. The potential of gravitational modeling was estimated based on testing the theory of Linder’s Country similarity theory on recent trade data. This theory was one of the key theories of international trade in the post-war period. The classical gravity model of international trade can be used to test the change in the importance of the country similarity factor over a certain time period. The gravity model will demonstrate more significant results compared to its classical version (excluding the country similarity factor) in the case of a positive effect of the similarity factor on the volume of bilateral trade between countries. The analysis of recent trade data allowed us to assess the extent of change in the country similarity factor over the past 70 years. This period was accompanied by high growth in international trade, as well as the involvement of developing countries in the international division of labor. Vigorous market competition for the production of industrial goods led to the fact that manufacturers were forced to cut costs by moving their main production capacities to developing countries, which significantly differ from them in their level of economic development. The country similarity factor has lost its significance in this new system of international trade relations. As a result, at present the country similarity factor is not a key factor explaining the volume of trade relations between different countries.
Labor markets of urban agglomerations in Russia
Authors: Antonov E.V.
Published: August 2020

The research is devoted to the current state of the labor market of the largest urban agglomerations in Russia. Based on the belt model of agglomeration (consisting of 3 elements), we consider the indicator of official (formal employment) jobs and the level of wages, as well as their differences with distance from the center. To do this, we use data from the Federal tax service’s tax reports that most fully characterize the state of the labor market and cover a full range of businesses and organizations. On the basis of the balance method (the ratio of supply and demand for labor), the existing disparities in the levels of security and the level of remuneration, an assessment of all agglomerations on the relative and absolute potential for the development of labor migration was carried out. It is shown that there is a strong differentiation of the structure of the labor market in Russian agglomerations. The situation in the metropolis in most is much better than on its periphery, but the possible cases of combination of various indicators up to the inversion where the centre of the agglomeration is inferior to his surroundings and rich in jobs and level of remuneration. Based on a combination of these indicators, 12 agglomerations groups are identified for which the need for a differentiated policy is justified, which is discussed in more detail on the example of 4 polar groups. In conclusion, the author substantiates the need to improve the legal framework for managing the development of the labor market in agglomerations, which does not meet the challenges and needs posed by the current situation.
Effective risk communication as a factor in managing protests attitudes in a local community
Authors: Krishtal M. I. , Shchekoturov A. V.
Published: August 2020

Contemporary research into the perception of environmental risks suffers from poor knowledge of risk communication in the local community and of how different ways of risk communication affect protest attitudes. This study aims to clarify communication strategies and practices used by members of local communities as a protest response to environmental threats. The work builds on the cultural theory developed by Douglas, Dake, Bremen, and others. This theory distinguishes between several cultural types (hierarchism, individualism, communitarianism, and egalitarianism), which differ in how environmental risks are perceived and what forms risk communication takes. The study investigates the case of the village of Nivenskoe in Russia’s Kaliningrad region where residents opposed the development of a potassium salt deposit. It is concluded that egalitarians and communitarians are more likely than hierarchists and individualists to participate in protests when a serious environmental threat arises. Respondents of all cultural types tend to trust information coming from their close social network, public figures, and environmentalists whereas people of business are trusted the least.
Impact of external migration on changes in the Swedish religious landscape
Authors: Agafoshin M. M , Gorokhov S. A.
Published: August 2020

For most of its history, Sweden has been a country dominated by the Lutheran Church, having the status of the official state religion. Starting in mid-to-late 20th century, mass immigration to Europe had a considerable impact on the confessional structure of Sweden’s population. The growing number of refugees from the Balkan Peninsula, the Middle East, and Africa has turned Sweden into a multi-religious state. Sweden has become one of the leaders among the EU countries as far as the growth rates of adherents of Islam are concerned. Immigrants are exposed to adaptation difficulties causing their social, cultural and geographical isolation and making relatively isolated migrant communities emerge. This study aims at finding correlation between the changes in the confessional structure of Swedish population (as a result of the growing number of non-Christians) and the geographical structure of migrant flows into the country. This novel study addresses the mosaic structure of the Swedish religious landscape taking into account the cyclical dynamics of replacement of Protestantism by Islam. The methods we created make it possible to identify further trends in the Sweden’s religious landscape. This study adds to results of the complex sociological and demographic studies of the confessional structure of the Swedish population.
The theory of peripheral capitalism: on the applicability of the Latin American model to the Baltic States. An attempt at an inter-disciplinary analysis
Authors: Maksimtsev I. A. , Mezhevich N. M. , Sirota N. P.
Published: August 2020

The relevance of this study of post-Soviet transition lies in the focus on the technically theoretical problems that are nevertheless the key to understanding regional development processes in the East of the Baltic Sea. The research aims to verify the theory of peripheral capitalism as applied to the Baltic States. The first theoretical objective is to draw a distinction between the ideas of modernisation and transformation in a regional context. The second objective is to adjust the theory of peripheral capitalism to smaller states. To study the features of the transformation of economic and political systems in the Baltics, this article conducts comparative analysis. Systemic analysis and the principles of theoretical and empirical analysis are used as well. Building on this work, the study identifies the deficiencies of the theoretical and methodological potential of transition studies. These include claims that the theoretical and methodological potential of transition as applied to post-Socialist and post-Soviet Europe has been completely fulfilled. Geographical differences between Latin America and the Baltic States are so obvious that they eclipse economic similarities between the processes and development models characteristic of the two regions of the world. An analysis of current developments in Latin America makes it possible to forecast the economic and, to a degree, political consequences of the trends that are just emerging in the Baltics. This article seeks to prove the above thesis.
Continuous professional development and student support in an open and distance e-learning institution: a case study
Authors: Modise Mphoentle Puleng
Published: August 2020

Faced with emerging technologies and a diversity of students entering higher education in South Africa, lecturers must continuously equip themselves with the necessary skills to teach and support today’s learners effectively. This article reports on the lessons learnt and experiences of academics at an open distance learning (ODL) institution who participated for the first time in the fully online teaching and learning programme at an international institution, through a partnership aimed at developing academic capacity in ODL. The author suggests that academics cannot impart and transfer to learners skills they themselves do not possess, and makes recommendations for striving towards an effective student support system through continuous professional development in distance education and e-learning. The study revealed that the participants appreciated the support they received and valued the skills acquired in the programme. They also indicated that they were planning to use the new skills to enhance their own teaching.  The study followed a case study methodology and made use of a range of data collection methods and tools that are in line with qualitative studies.Keywords: continuous professional development (CPD), distance education, e-learning, student support, open and distance e-learning (ODeL), transactional distance, community of inquiry (CoI)
Status of the data sharing policies of scholarly journals published in Brazil, France, and Korea and listed in both the 2018 Scimago Journal and Country Ranking and the Web of Science
Authors: Jeong Geum Hee
Published: August 2020

Purpose: The present study analyzed the current status of the data sharing policies of journals published in Brazil, France, and Korea that were listed in the 2018 Scimago Journal and Country Ranking and Web of Science Core Collection.Methods: Web of Science journals were selected from the 2018 Scimago Journal and Country Ranking. The homepages of all target journals were searched for the presence of statements on data sharing policies, including clinical trial data sharing policies, the level of the policies, and actual statements of data availability in articles.Results: Out of 565 journals from these three countries, 118 (20.9%) had an optional data sharing policy, and one had a mandatory data sharing policy. Harvard Dataverse was the repository of one journal. The number of journals that had adopted a data sharing policy was 11 (6.7%) for Brazil, 64 (27.6%) for France, and 44 (25.9%) for Korea. One journal from Brazil and 20 journals from Korea had adopted clinical trial data sharing policies in accordance with the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Statements of data sharing were found in articles from two journals.Conclusion: Journals from France and Korea adopted data sharing policies more actively than those from Brazil. However, the actual implementation of these policies through descriptions of data availability in articles remains rare. In many journals that appear to have data sharing policies, those policies may just reflect a standard description by the publisher, especially in France. Actual data sharing was not found to be frequent.
Influence of the top 10 journal publishers listed in Journal Citation Reports based on six indicators
Authors: Kim Sang-Jun , Park Kay Sook
Published: August 2020

Purpose: : An accurate evaluation of the influence of the largest publishers in world journal publishing is a starting point for negotiating journal subscriptions and an important issue for research libraries. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of the largest publishers based on Journal Citation Reports (JCR) indicators.Methods: From JCR 2014 to 2018 data, a unique journal list by publisher was created in Excel. The top 10 publishers were selected and evaluated in terms of the average share of six JCR indicators including the impact factor, Eigenfactor score, and article influence score, along with the number of journals, articles, and citations.Results: The top three publishers accounted for about 50% of the JCR indicators, the top five for 60%, and the top 10 for 70%. Therefore, the concentration of the top three publishers, with a share exceeding 50% for five indicators, was more intensive than has been reported in previous studies. For the top 10 publishers, not only the number of journals and articles, but also citations and the impact factor, which reflect the practical use of journals, were increasing.Conclusion: These evaluation results will be important to research libraries and librarians in deciding upon journal subscriptions using publisher information, to journal publishers trying to list their journals in JCR, and to consortium operators to negotiate strategically. Using the unique journal list created in this research process, various follow-up studies are possible. However, it is also urgent to build a standardized world journal list with accurate information.
Analysis of consultations by the Committee for Publication Ethics of the Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors
Authors: Kim You Sun , Han Dong Soo
Published: August 2020

This study aimed to analyze the inquiries on research and publication ethics submitted to the Committee for Publication Ethics of the Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. A total of 80 inquiries were initiated over the course of 3 years, from April 2017 to March 2020. Based on a categorization of these inquiries, four common topics are discussed in detail. We present specific cases derived from actual situations, and the steps taken in processing these inquiries. The number of inquiries by topic was as follows: duplicate publications (12), secondary publications (11), authorship disputes (11), informed consent (6), proceedings (5), copyright (5), institutional review board approval (5), plagiarism (4), corrections (4), and others (17). Cases of duplicate publication and authorship disputes can be treated according to the flow chart of the Committee on Publication Ethics of the United Kingdom. Secondary publications may be permitted if the readers or audiences are different and both journals’ editors grant permission. Editors should be cautious about publishing cases without informed consent, even in the absence of identifiable photos, because patients or their families may be able to identify the cases. An adequate awareness of ethical considerations relevant to publication can help reduce the number of instances of research and publication ethics misconduct.
Le vice de l’alcool et les discours antialcooliques au tournant du XXe siècle québécois*
Authors: Robert Caroline
Published: August 2020

Le développement de nouvelles théories sociales et médicales au tournant du XXe siècle a permis de reformuler les discours sur l’alcoolisme. Ce présent article se penche sur l’intégration de ces nouveaux savoirs par les groupes de tempérance québécois, entre 1870 et 1921. Plus qu’un manque de volonté, la consommation abusive d’alcool devient le marqueur d’une défaillance sociale menaçant l’avenir de la nation. Les figures du pauvre, de la mauvaise mère et de la famille dysfonctionnelle sont présentées comme les principales manifestations de ce désordre qu’entraîne l’intempérance.
Les « jeunes », les « amazones », les « célestes » : les figures de la panique morale sur les drogues à Montréal dans le journal La Patrie, entre 1921 et 1923*
Authors: Grenier Amélie
Published: August 2020

Cet article se penche sur la représentation des consommateurs de drogues montréalais véhiculée dans le journal La Patrie, entre 1921 et 1923, au moment où la métropole vit un épisode de panique morale. Il sera démontré que le discours sur les dangers associés à l’usage récréatif des drogues reflète les préoccupations sociales et morales propres à l’espace montréalais. En ce sens, cette analyse nuance l’importance du racisme envers les Sino-Canadiens comme moteur de la répression des usagers non médicaux de drogues. Les réformateurs moraux de la métropole sont plutôt préoccupés par la consommation domestique, soit celle des jeunes et des femmes blanches canadienne, comme en témoigne le discours de panique du quotidien.
Reflexivity and Objectivity
Authors: Dumas Louise
Published: August 2020

By focusing on Helmut Käutner’s In Those Days/Stories of a Car (In jenen Tagen, 1947) this article analyses the role of the car as a cinematic object. The automobile is the narrator of Käutner’s film: by giving voice to an object to discuss the Third Reich, Käutner raises – as it is often the case in the ‘rubble films’ – the question of objectivity when dealing with the recent past. At the same time, through the motif of the automobile, which Käutner uses a reflection of and on cinema, the director questions the role that the filmic medium can or should play in postwar Germany.
Screen-Camera-Cars
Authors: Campanini Sonia
Published: August 2020

Self-driving cars have long been depicted in cinematic narratives, across genres from science fiction films to fantasy films. In some cases, a self-driving car is personified as one of the main characters. This article examines cinematic representations and imaginaries in order to understand the development of the self-driving technology and its integration in contemporary societies, drawing on examples such as The Love Bug, Knight Rider, Minority Report and I, Robot. Conceptually and methodologically, the article combines close readings of films with technological concerns and theoretical considerations, in an attempt to grasp the entanglement of cinematographic imaginaries, audiovisual technologies, artificial intelligence and human interactions that characterise the introduction of self-driving cars in contemporary societies. The human–AI machine interaction is considered both on technological and theoretical levels. Issues of automation, agency and disengagement are traced in cinematic representations and tackled, calling into question the concepts of socio-technical assemblage.
Trichloroethylene and trichloroethanol induce skin sensitization with focal hepatic necrosis in guinea pigs
Authors: Zhao Na , Song Xiangrong , Naito Hisao , Li Hongling , Huang Yongshun , Liu Lili , Lu Fengrong , Cai Tingfeng , Ito Yuki , Kamijima Michihiro , Huang Hanlin , Nakajima Tamie , Wang Hailan
Published: August 2020

Objectives

Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) induces trichloroethylene hypersensitivity syndrome (TCEHS), which causes hypersensitivity dermatitis and hepatitis. However, whether TCE itself or its two metabolites, trichloroethanol (TCEOH) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA), are involved in TCEHS remains unclear. Therefore, in this study we explored the allergens causing TCEHS and characterized TCEHS-related liver injury in guinea pigs.

Method

The guinea pig maximization test was performed using TCE, TCEOH, and TCA as candidate allergens. Skin inflammation was scored, and liver function and histopathological changes were evaluated by biochemical tests and hematoxylin and eosin staining, respectively.

Results

The sensitization rates for TCE, TCEOH, and TCA were 90.0%, 50.0%, and 0.0%, respectively. In the TCE and TCEOH experimental groups, the skin showed varying degrees of erythema with eosinophil granulocyte infiltration in the dermis. Additionally, serum alanine aminotransferase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase levels increased significantly, and histological analysis revealed focal hepatocellular necrosis with inflammatory cell infiltration in the liver.

Conclusions

TCE is the main cause of allergy and TCEOH is a secondary factor for allergy in guinea pigs. TCE and TCEOH can cause immune-mediated skin sensitization complicated by focal hepatic necrosis.
miRNA profiling of primate cervicovaginal lavage and extracellular vesicles reveals miR‐186‐5p as a potential antiretroviral factor in macrophages
Authors: Zhao Zezhou , Muth Dillon C. , Mulka Kathleen , Liao Zhaohao , Powell Bonita H. , Hancock Grace V. , Metcalf Pate Kelly A. , Witwer Kenneth W.
Published: August 2020

Cervicovaginal secretions, or their components collected, are referred to as cervicovaginal lavage (CVL). CVL constituents have utility as biomarkers and play protective roles in wound healing and against HIV‐1 infection. However, several components of cervicovaginal fluids are less well understood, such as extracellular RNAs and their carriers, for example, extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs comprise a wide array of double‐leaflet membrane extracellular particles and range in diameter from 30 nm to over one micron. The aim of this study was to determine whether differentially regulated CVL microRNAs (miRNAs) might influence retrovirus replication. To this end, we characterized EVs and miRNAs of primate CVL during the menstrual cycle and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of macaques. EVs were enriched by stepped ultracentrifugation, and miRNA profiles were assessed with a medium‐throughput stem‐loop/hydrolysis probe qPCR platform. Whereas hormone cycling was abnormal in infected subjects, EV concentration correlated with progesterone concentration in uninfected subjects. miRNAs were present predominantly in the EV‐depleted CVL supernatant. Only a small number of CVL miRNAs changed during the menstrual cycle or SIV infection, for example, miR‐186‐5p, which was depleted in retroviral infection. This miRNA inhibited HIV replication in infected macrophages in vitro. In silico target prediction and pathway enrichment analyses shed light on the probable functions of miR‐186‐5p in hindering HIV infections via immunoregulation, T‐cell regulation, disruption of viral pathways, etc. These results provide further evidence for the potential of EVs and small RNAs as biomarkers or effectors of disease processes in the reproductive tract.
MiR‐335‐5p inhibits the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by targeting MAP3K2
Authors: Wang Zhenxiao , Yuan Shuoqing , Cao Xiaoming , Huang Chaoping , Zhang Aobo , Lu Cheng , Liu Liangfa
Published: August 2020

Mounting evidence has indicated that aberrantly expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in tumorigenesis, including in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Previous studies have shown that miR‐335‐5p can serve as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene in cancer. However, the clinical importance and biological effects of miR‐335‐5p in HNSCC have not been determined. Here, we investigated the expression pattern, functional role, and mechanisms of miR‐335‐5p in HNSCC. We showed a decreased expression of miR‐335‐5p in HNSCC samples from the TCGA and GEO databases. Consistently, we detected a downregulation of miR‐335‐5p in HNSCC cell lines and patient tissues. The expression of miR‐335‐5p was inversely correlated with advanced clinical TNM stage and lymph node metastasis in HNSCC patients. miR‐335‐5p overexpression inhibited HNSCC cell proliferation and induced apoptosis, while miR‐335‐5p inhibition had the opposite effects. miR‐335‐5p overexpression suppressed tumor growth in mice. Bioinformatic analyses and functional assays identified MAP3K2 as a target of miR‐335‐5p, and we showed that miR‐335‐5p downregulated mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2 (MAP3K2) expression in HNSCC cells. We found an inverse association between MAP3K2 and miR‐335‐5p expression in 38 pairs of HNSCC tissues. Furthermore, the effect of miR‐335‐5p overexpression on growth and metastasis as well as cell apoptosis in HNSCC cells could be partially rescued by MAP3K2 expression. Collectively, our data show that miR‐335‐5p inhibits the development of HNSCC by regulating MAP3K2 expression. Thus, these findings offer novel insights into a potential therapeutic strategy for HNSCC patients.
Tracing enhances problem‐solving transfer, but without effects on intrinsic or extraneous cognitive load
Authors: Ginns Paul , Hu Fang‐Tzu , Bobis Janette
Published: August 2020

People can make pointing gestures and tracing actions with the index finger with little or no conscious effort. From the perspective of cognitive load theory, such “biologically primary” gestures and actions might help people learn “biologically secondary” concepts and skills requiring extended cognitive effort, such as reading, science, or mathematics. Studies on tracing or tracing and pointing have yielded mixed findings regarding hypothesized effects on intrinsic and extraneous cognitive load. The present study investigated whether computer‐based instructions to trace elements of worked examples on angle relationships would affect school students' (N = 106) self‐reports of intrinsic and extraneous cognitive load, as well as problem‐solving transfer test performance. The tracing effect on transfer posttests seen in prior studies was replicated, but cognitive load hypotheses were not supported. Implications for educational practice and future research are discussed.
Presence of administrators differentially impacts eyewitness discriminability for same‐ and other‐race identifications
Authors: Rothweiler Jesse N. , Goodwin Kerri A. , Kukucka Jeff
Published: August 2020

Best practice guidelines recommend that eyewitness lineup administrators be blind to a suspect's identity, but no research has investigated whether the mere presence of a lineup administrator impacts eyewitness identification decisions. Informed by social facilitation theory, we predicted that the presence of an audience would differentially impact identification accuracy for same‐ and other‐race identifications. Participants (N = 191) viewed same‐ and other‐race lineups either with an audience or alone. Although the presence of an audience did not directly impact identification accuracy, significant indirect effects indicated that the audience provoked evaluation apprehension which hindered other‐race identification accuracy and improved same‐race identification accuracy. We suggest that using double‐blind lineup procedures may not sufficiently protect eyewitness identification accuracy when making other‐race lineup decisions in the presence of others.
The psychology of confessions: A comparison of expert and lay opinions
Authors: Alceste Fabiana , J. Luke Timothy , D. Redlich Allison , Hellgren Johanna , D. Amrom Aria , M. Kassin Saul
Published: August 2020

Despite a body of confessions research that is generally accepted in the scientific community, courts often exclude experts on the ground that such testimony would not assist the jury, which can use its common sense. To examine whether laypeople know the contents of expert testimony on confessions, we asked 151 lay participants to indicate their beliefs about 30 confession‐related statements used in a recent survey of 87 confession experts (Kassin et al., American Psychologist, 2018, 73, 63–80). Participants agreed with experts on only 10 of the 30 propositions, suggesting that much of the psychology of confessions is not common knowledge and that expert testimony can assist the trier of fact.
Systematic Review of the Evolution of Health‐Economic Evaluation Models of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Zhao Ting , Ahmad Hasnat , de Graaff Barbara , Xia Qing , Winzenberg Tania , Aitken Dawn , Palmer Andrew J.
Published: August 2020

Objective

To comprehensively synthesize the evolution of health‐economic evaluation models (HEEMs) of all osteoarthritis (OA) interventions, including preventions, core treatments, adjunct nonpharmacologic interventions, pharmacologic interventions, and surgical treatments.

Methods

The literature was searched within health‐economic/biomedical databases. Data extracted included OA type, population characteristics, model setting/type/events, study perspective, and comparators; the reporting quality of the studies was also assessed. The review protocol was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42018092937).

Results

Eighty‐eight studies were included. Pharmacologic and surgical interventions were the focus in 51% and 44% of studies, respectively. Twenty‐four studies adopted a societal perspective (with increasing popularity after 2013), but most (63%) did not include indirect costs. Quality‐adjusted life years was the most popular outcome measure since 2008. Markov models were used by 62% of studies, with increasing popularity since 2008. Until 2010, most studies used short‐to‐medium time horizons; subsequently, a lifetime horizon became popular. A total of 86% of studies reported discount rates (predominantly between 3% and 5%). Studies published after 2002 had a better coverage of OA‐related adverse events (AEs). Reporting quality significantly improved after 2001.

Conclusion

OA HEEMs have evolved and improved substantially over time, with the focus shifting from short‐to‐medium‐term pharmacologic decision‐tree models to surgical‐focused lifetime Markov models. Indirect costs of OA are frequently not considered, despite using a societal perspective. There was a lack of reporting sensitivity of model outcome to input parameters, including discount rate, OA definition, and population parameters. While the coverage of OA‐related AEs has improved over time, it is still not comprehensive.
Physical and Psychosocial Burden of Psoriatic Arthritis: Longitudinal Data From a Population‐Based Study in Norway
Authors: Haugeberg Glenn , Lund Nilsen Tom Ivar , Kavanaugh Arthur , Thomsen Ruth Stoklund , Gulati Agnete Malm , Hoff Mari
Published: August 2020

Objective

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) can have a significant impact on health‐related quality of life (HRQoL). Data on the timing of changes in the HRQoL of patients with PsA are limited. The present study was undertaken to explore associations between sleep disturbance, fatigue, pain, anxiety, depression, general health status, and satisfaction with life before and after a diagnosis of PsA compared to the general population.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with PsA between the Nord‐Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT2 [1995–1997] and HUNT3 [2006–2008]) surveys were compared to the general population. The adjusted odds ratio (ORadj) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was estimated at both time points.

Results

Among 36,507 individuals participating in both the HUNT2 and HUNT3 surveys, 160 were diagnosed with PsA between the surveys. The prevalence of sleep disturbances and fatigue was higher in PsA patients after diagnosis compared to the general population (ORadj 2.24 [95% CI 1.55–3.25] and ORadj 1.94 [95% CI 1.27–2.98], respectively). The prevalence of pain and poor health status were higher in patients with PsA compared with the general population even before PsA was diagnosed (ORadj 2.81 [95% CI 1.96–4.02] and ORadj 3.08 [95% CI 2.19–4.35], respectively) and increased after diagnosis of PsA (ORadj 12.87 [95% CI 6.27–26.40] and ORadj 5.63 [95% CI 3.99–7.95], respectively). For anxiety, depression, and life satisfaction, patients who developed PsA were comparable to the general population both before and after the diagnosis of PsA.

Conclusion

Compared to the general population, PsA patients reported a higher prevalence of pain and poorer health status before diagnosis. Increased prevalence of sleep disturbances and fatigue in PsA patients was only found after the PsA diagnosis, and no differences between patients with PsA and the control group were found for anxiety and depression.
Variation in Treatment of Children Hospitalized With New‐Onset Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in the US
Authors: Peterson Rosemary G. , Xiao Rui , James Karen E. , Katcoff Hannah , Fisher Brian T. , Weiss Pamela F.
Published: August 2020

Objective

Increasing evidence supports the conclusion that early initiation of biologics may dramatically improve disease course and reduce glucocorticoid exposure for children with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The present study was undertaken to characterize variation in the use of first‐line biologic and glucocorticoid therapy and to identify drivers of variation in children hospitalized with new‐onset systemic JIA.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of children hospitalized with new‐onset systemic JIA from 2008 to 2019 utilizing a comparative pediatric database from 52 tertiary care children’s hospitals. Subjects and treatment receipt were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD‐9) and ICD‐10 discharge diagnosis codes, pharmacy billing data, and clinical transaction classification codes. Mixed‐effects logistic regression was used to identify patient‐ and hospital‐level factors associated with receipt of glucocorticoids and biologics.

Results

In total, 534 children with new‐onset systemic JIA hospitalized during the study period met inclusion criteria. Twenty‐nine percent received biologics, and 58% received glucocorticoids. Biologic use increased over time (P < 0.001), methotrexate use decreased (P < 0.01), and glucocorticoid use remained unchanged. Biologics and glucocorticoid use varied significantly between hospitals. High annual hospital volume, intensive care unit stay, and later discharge year were significantly associated with biologic exposure. Medium‐high and high annual hospital volume were significantly associated with less glucocorticoid exposure.

Conclusion

Despite increasing evidence demonstrating improved outcomes with first‐line treatment with biologics, we found significant treatment variation across hospitals with many children not receiving biologics and a persistent high rate of glucocorticoid exposure. These results underscore the need for comparative efficacy studies and improved treatment standardization.
How Foot Progression Angle Affects Knee Adduction Moment and Angular Impulse in Patients With and Without Medial Knee Osteoarthritis: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Wang Sizhong , Mo Shiwei , Chung Raymond C. K. , Shull Peter B. , Ribeiro Daniel C. , Cheung Roy T. H.
Published: August 2020

Objective

To investigate effects of foot progression angle (FPA) modification on the first and second peaks of external knee adduction moment (EKAM) and knee adduction angular impulse (KAAI) in individuals with and without medial knee osteoarthritis (OA) during level walking.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus were searched from inception to February 2020 by 2 independent reviewers. Included studies compared FPA modification (toe‐in or toe‐out gait) interventions to lower EKAM and/or KAAI with natural walking. Studies were required to report the first or second peaks of EKAM or KAAI.

Results

Sixteen studies were included, and >85% of included patients were graded with Kellgren/Lawrence grade II–IV knee OA. Toe‐in gait reduced the first EKAM peak (standardized mean difference [SMD] –0.75 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) –1.05, –0.45]) and KAAI (SMD –0.46 [95% CI –0.86, –0.07]), while toe‐out gait reduced the second EKAM peak (SMD –1.04 [95% CI –1.34, –0.75]) in healthy individuals. For patients with knee OA, toe‐out gait reduced the second EKAM peak (SMD –0.53 [95% CI –0.75, –0.31]) and KAAI (SMD –0.26 [95% CI –0.49, –0.03]), while toe‐in gait did not affect both EKAM peaks and KAAI.

Conclusion

Discrepancy in biomechanical effects of FPA modification was demonstrated between individuals with and without medial knee OA. Compared with natural walking, both toe‐in and toe‐out gait may be more effective in lowering EKAM and KAAI in healthy individuals. Toe‐out gait may reduce EKAM and KAAI in patients with mild‐to‐severe knee OA. There is insufficient data from patients with early‐stage knee OA, indicating that future research is required.
Impact of Disease Activity on Physical Activity in Patients With Psoriatic Arthritis
Authors: Hernández‐Hernández María Vanesa , Sánchez‐Pérez Hiurma , Luna‐Gómez Cristina , Ferraz‐Amaro Iván , Díaz‐González Federico
Published: August 2020

Objective

The purpose of this study was to compare physical activity (PA) in a group of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) versus healthy controls and to determine whether the mobility of these patients is affected by disease activity.

Methods

A group of 52 patients with PsA and 53 controls were included in this case–control study. PA was assessed by accelerometry in both groups and additionally with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in patients with PsA. Multiple regression analysis was used to compare PA between groups and to determine the relationship between PA and PsA features, including disease activity, as assessed by the 28‐joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) and the Disease Activity Index for Psoriatic Arthritis (DAPSA) score. In a group of 36 patients, a test–retest study was carried out after 6 months.

Results

The time engaged in moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day, as evaluated by accelerometry, and adjusted by confounders, proved similar in patients with PsA and controls. In patients with PsA, disease activity was inversely related to PA as assessed either by IPAQ or accelerometry. When PA was compared in patients with PsA between the 2 visits, a significant difference in the amount of time doing MVPA was found (42 ± 33 versus 30 ± 22 minutes/day; P = 0.004). Interestingly, in the test–retest study, variations in disease activity over time based on DAPSA scores (r = –0.49, P = 0.002) and DAS28 using the C‐reactive protein level (r = –0.4, P = 0.017) were inversely correlated with changes in PA, as determined by accelerometry.

Conclusion

Patients with PsA show levels of PA like healthy controls. In patients with PsA, disease activity and PA are inversely correlated and the evaluation of PA by accelerometry is sensitive to changes in disease activity.
A nonlinear optimal control approach for the autonomous octorotor
Authors: Rigatos Gerasimos , Siano Pierluigi , Abbaszadeh Masoud , Monteriu Andrea
Published: August 2020

The article proposes a nonlinear optimal control approach for the model of the autonomous octorotor. This aerial drone has improved load transport capability due to being actuated by eight rotors. The dynamic model of the octorotor undergoes approximate linearization with the use of Taylor series expansion around a temporary operating point which is recomputed at each iteration of the control method. For the approximately linearized model an H‐infinity feedback controller is designed. The linearization procedure relies on the computation of the Jacobian matrices of the state‐space model of the octorotor. The proposed control method stands for the solution of the optimal control problem for the nonlinear and multivariable dynamics of this aerial drone, under model uncertainties, and external perturbations. For the computation of the controller's feedback gains an algebraic Riccati equation is solved at each time‐step of the control method. The new nonlinear optimal control approach achieves fast and accurate tracking for all state variables of the octorotor, under moderate variations of the control inputs. The stability properties of the control scheme are proven through Lyapunov analysis. It can be noted that: (1) the novelty/innovation of this research work is in presenting a novel and genuine nonlinear optimal control method for the octocopter's model, (2) the significance of the presented method is in achieving fast and accurate tracking of reference setpoints for the octocopter under moderate variations of the control inputs. By minimizing energy consumption by the actuators of the UAV its autonomy and operational capacity is improved, (3) the intellectual contribution of the article is in solving the nonlinear optimal control problem for the octocopter in an effective, yet computationally efficient manner.
Thermal Conductive 2D Boron Nitride for High‐Performance All‐Solid‐State Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Yin Xuesong , Wang Liu , Kim Yeongae , Ding Ning , Kong Junhua , Safanama Dorsasadat , Zheng Yun , Xu Jianwei , Repaka Durga Venkata Maheswar , Hippalgaonkar Kedar , Lee Seok Woo , Adams Stefan , Zheng Guangyuan Wesley
Published: August 2020

Polymer‐based solid‐state electrolytes are shown to be highly promising for realizing low‐cost, high‐capacity, and safe Li batteries. One major challenge for polymer solid‐state batteries is the relatively high operating temperature (60–80 °C), which means operating such batteries will require significant ramp up time due to heating. On the other hand, as polymer electrolytes are poor thermal conductors, thermal variation across the polymer electrolyte can lead to nonuniformity in ionic conductivity. This can be highly detrimental to lithium deposition and may result in dendrite formation. Here, a polyethylene oxide‐based electrolyte with improved thermal responses is developed by incorporating 2D boron nitride (BN) nanoflakes. The results show that the BN additive also enhances ionic and mechanical properties of the electrolyte. More uniform Li stripping/deposition and reversible cathode reactions are achieved, which in turn enable all‐solid‐state lithium–sulfur cells with superior performances.
Robot‐assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: Meticulous surgery minimizing postoperative complications
Authors: Hosoda Kei , Niihara Masahiro , Harada Hiroki , Yamashita Keishi , Hiki Naoki
Published: August 2020

Minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) has been reported to reduce postoperative complications especially pulmonary complications and have equivalent long‐term survival outcomes as compared to open esophagectomy. Robot‐assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy (RAMIE) using da Vinci surgical system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, USA) is rapidly gaining attention because it helps surgeons to perform meticulous surgical procedures. McKeown RAMIE has been preferably performed in East Asia where squamous cell carcinoma which lies in more proximal esophagus than adenocarcinoma is a predominant histological type of esophageal cancer. On the other hand, Ivor Lewis RAMIE has been preferably performed in the Western countries where adenocarcinoma including Barrett esophageal cancer is the most frequent histology. Average rates of postoperative complications have been reported to be lower in Ivor Lewis RAMIE than those in McKeown RAMIE. Ivor Lewis RAMIE may get more attention for thoracic esophageal cancer. The studies comparing RAMIE and MIE where recurrent nerve lymphadenectomy was thoroughly performed reported that the rate of recurrent nerve injury is lower in RAMIE than in MIE. Recurrent nerve injury leads to serious complications such as aspiration pneumonia. It seems highly probable that RAMIE is beneficial in performing recurrent nerve lymphadenectomy. Surgery for esophageal cancer will probably be more centralized in hospitals with surgical robots, which enable accurate lymph node dissection with less complications, leading to improved outcomes for patients with esophageal cancer. RAMIE might occupy an important position in surgery for esophageal cancer.
Paramagnetic Rim Lesions are Specific to Multiple Sclerosis: An International Multicenter 3T MRI Study
Authors: Maggi Pietro , Sati Pascal , Nair Govind , Cortese Irene C. M. , Jacobson Steven , Smith Bryan R. , Nath Avindra , Ohayon Joan , van Pesch Vincent , Perrotta Gaetano , Pot Caroline , Théaudin Marie , Martinelli Vittorio , Scotti Roberta , Wu Tianxia , Du Pasquier Renaud , Calabresi Peter A. , Filippi Massimo , Reich Daniel S. , Absinta Martina
Published: August 2020

In multiple sclerosis (MS), a subset of chronic active white matter lesions are identifiable on magnetic resonance imaging by their paramagnetic rims, and increasing evidence supports their association with severity of clinical disease. We studied their potential role in differential diagnosis, screening an international multicenter clinical research‐based sample of 438 individuals affected by different neurological conditions (MS, other inflammatory, infectious, and non‐inflammatory conditions). Paramagnetic rim lesions, rare in other neurological conditions (52% of MS vs 7% of non‐MS cases), yielded high specificity (93%) in differentiating MS from non‐MS. Future prospective multicenter studies should validate their role as a diagnostic biomarker. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:1034–1042