bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time‐dependent localization of high‐ and low‐sulfated keratan sulfates in the song nuclei of developing zebra finches
Authors: Fujimoto Hisataka , Ohgomori Tomohiro , Abe Kentaro , Uchimura Kenji , Kadomatsu Kenji , Jinno Shozo
Published: September 2015

Keratan sulfate proteoglycans (KSPGs) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) consist of a protein core with covalently attached glycosaminoglycan side chain. Although CSPGs are known to regulate the end of the critical period, the role of KSPGs in brain development remains unclear. Young male zebra finches memorise song templates during development. The brain regions that are responsible for song learning, known as song nuclei, are recognized as a suitable model for the study of brain development. To understand the potential role of KSPGs, here we examined the localization of KSs with different degrees of sulfation in the brain of developing male zebra finches. Exclusively in the song nuclei, an increase in expression of 5‐D‐4‐positive (5‐D‐4+) high‐sulfated KS started after hatching, and reached a plateau at the end of the sensory period, during which the young bird listens to and memorises the song of an adult tutor. By contrast, weak and ubiquitous expression of BCD‐4+ low‐sulfated KS remained unchanged until the end of the sensory period, and first increased in the song nuclei at the end of the sensorimotor period, during which the young bird produces plastic songs. Immunoblot analysis showed that phosphacan was a common core protein of 5‐D‐4+ KS and BCD‐4+ KS. Finally, we confirmed that the sulfotransferase responsible for the synthesis of high‐sulfated KS was exclusively localised in the song nuclei. Our observations suggest that time‐dependent localization of KSPGs with different sulfation patterns in the song nuclei may underlie song learning in developing male zebra finches.
Optogenetic stimulation of astrocytes in the posterior hypothalamus increases sleep at night in C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Pelluru Dheeraj , Konadhode Roda Rani , Bhat Narayan R. , Shiromani Priyattam J.
Published: September 2015

A distributed network of neurons regulates wake, non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and REM sleep. However, there are also glia in the brain, and there is growing evidence that neurons and astroglia communicate intimately to regulate behaviour. To identify the effect of optogenetic stimulation of astrocytes on sleep, the promoter for the astrocyte‐specific cytoskeletal protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was used to direct the expression of channelrhodopsin‐2 (ChR2) and the linked reporter gene, enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP), in astrocytes. rAAV‐GFAP‐ChR2 (H134R)‐EYFP or rAAV‐GFAP‐EYFP was microinjected (750 nL) into the posterior hypothalamus (bilateral) of mice. Three weeks later baseline sleep was recorded (0 Hz) and 24 h later optogenetic stimulation applied during the first 6 h of the lights‐off period. Mice with ChR2 were given 5, 10 or 30 Hz stimulation for 6 h (10‐ms pulses; 1 mW; 1 min on 4 min off). At least 36 h elapsed between the stimulation periods (5, 10, 30 Hz) and although 0 Hz was always first, the order of the other three stimulation rates was randomised. In mice with ChR2 (n = 7), 10 Hz, but not 5 or 30 Hz stimulation increased both NREM and REM sleep during the 6‐h period of stimulation. Delta power did not increase. In control mice (no ChR2; n = 5), 10 Hz stimulation had no effect. This study demonstrates that direct stimulation of astrocytes powerfully induces sleep during the active phase of the sleep–wake cycle and underlines the inclusion of astrocytes in network models of sleep–wake regulation.
Characterization of diffusivity‐based oxygen transport in Arctic organic soil
Authors: Chamindu Deepagoda T. K. K. , Elberling B.
Published: September 2015

Arctic terrestrial ecosystems are characterized by large deposits of near‐surface soil organic carbon in poorly drained areas. Recent changes in Arctic regions such as warming and changes in water balance have adverse effects on the dynamics of near‐surface oxygen, leading to a potential increase in oxidation of near‐surface carbon and emission ofCO2. This study investigated oxygen diffusivity characteristics, in both gaseous and liquid phases, in the upper 10 cm of an organic soil profile from a peatland in Disko, West Greenland (69°N). Two commonly used methods for calculating diffusivity of gaseous‐phase oxygen were applied and discussed to select the most appropriate method for highly porous media, for example peat soil. We measured diffusivity of gaseous‐phase oxygen with a one‐chamber diffusion set‐up in soil at different air contents (mimicking draining), and described it numerically with a previously developed parametric diffusivity model. We obtained precise measurements of liquid‐phase oxygen diffusivity along a depth profile (0–2 cm) in water‐saturated peat soil with a diffusivity microsensor coupled to a micromanipulator. The results show that the choice of an appropriate diffusivity model is critical for predicting oxygen diffusivity in organic soil and that diffusivity in mineral soil is not representative for organic soil. Furthermore, the importance of the non‐linear functionality between water saturation and diffusivity is demonstrated. This highlights the importance of measuring and modelling oxygen diffusivity rather than relying on measurements of observed water content in future studies ofCO2andCH4dynamics in Arctic soil systems subject to climate changes.
The Functions of Reflection in High‐Stakes Assessment of World Language Teacher Candidates
Authors: Troyan Francis J. , Kaplan Carolyn Shemwell
Published: September 2015

In response to the call for improving teacher candidates' familiarity with the assessment tasks and format of the edTPA (Hildebrandt & Swanson, 2014), this single case study investigated the reflective writing development of Jena, a K–12 Spanish teacher candidate, and her evolution in a pedagogy that focused on the development of writing two reflective genres: personal private reflection (PPR) and critical academic reflection (CAR). Findings from functional linguistic analysis provide insights into the impact of explicit instruction in the organizational and linguistic features of CAR and clearly differentiate it in function and purpose from PPR. The linguistic analysis is supported by qualitative data regarding Jena's writing development and her performance on the edTPA. Data suggest that further research could investigate the positioning of PPR as a resource for developing CAR in ways that value the contribution of each type of writing in supporting the development of teacher candidates as individuals and as professionals.
Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Sgouras Dionyssios N. , Trang Tran Thi Huyen , Yamaoka Yoshio
Published: September 2015

Three decades have passed since Warren and Marshall described the successful isolation and culture of Helicobacter pylori, the Gram‐negative bacterium that colonizes the stomach of half the human population worldwide. Although it is documented that H. pylori infection is implicated in a range of disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract, as well as associated organs, many aspects relating to host colonization, successful persistence, and the pathophysiological mechanisms of this bacteria still remain controversial and are constantly being explored. Unceasing efforts to decipher the pathophysiology of H. pylori infection have illuminated the crucially important contribution of multifarious bacterial factors for H. pylori pathogenesis, in particular the cag pathogenicity island (PAI), the effector protein CagA, and the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA. In addition, recent studies have provided insight into the importance of the gastrointestinal microbiota on the cumulative pathophysiology associated with H. pylori infection. This review focuses on the key findings of publications related to the pathogenesis of H. pylori infection published during the last year, with an emphasis on factors affecting colonization efficiency, cagPAI, CagA, VacA, and gastrointestinal microbiota.
Gastric Microbiota
Authors: Ianiro Gianluca , Molina‐Infante Javier , Gasbarrini Antonio
Published: September 2015

After the discovery of Helicobacter pylori in 1983, the stomach was no longer considered a sterile environment. In 2015, evolving data shows that H. pylori is not the only inhabitant of the gastric mucosa. Using culture‐independent methods of analysis, a non‐H. pylori microbial community has been recently observed in the human stomach, the so‐called human gastric microbiota, along with H. pylori itself. Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that although H. pylori may be the most relevant, it is not the only local bacterial culprit leading to gastric diseases. Further studies are warranted to offer a better picture of the role and functions of gastric microbiota and to identify the best therapeutic modulators of gut microbiota for the management of gastric diseases.
Regulatory T‐cell development and function are impaired in mice lacking membrane expression of full length intercellular adhesion molecule‐1
Authors: Gottrand Gaëlle , Courau Tristan , Thomas‐Vaslin Véronique , Prevel Nicolas , Vazquez Thomas , Ruocco Maria Grazia , Lambrecht Benedicte , Bellier Bertrand , Colombo Bruno M. , Klatzmann David
Published: September 2015

To further investigate the contribution of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) to adaptive immune responses, we analysed T‐cell development and function in mice lacking full‐length ICAM‐1 (ICAM‐1tm1Jcgr). Compared with wild‐type (ICAM‐1WT) mice, ICAM‐1tm1Jcgr mice have impaired thymocyte development. Proportions and numbers of double negative, double positive, mature CD4+ and CD8+ thymocytes, as well as of regulatory T (Treg) cells were also significantly decreased. In the periphery, ICAM‐1tm1Jcgr mice had significantly decreased proportions and numbers of naive and activated/memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as of Treg cells, in lymph nodes but not in the spleen. In vitro activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from ICAM‐1tm1Jcgr mice with anti‐CD3 antibodies and antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) resulted in a significantly weaker proliferation, whereas proliferation induced with anti‐CD3 and anti‐CD28 antibody‐coated beads was normal. In vivo immunization of ICAM‐1tm1Jcgr mice resulted in normal generation of specific effector and memory immune responses that protect against a viral challenge. However, contrary to ICAM‐1WT mice, immunization‐induced specific effectors could not eradicate immunogen‐expressing tumours. Treg cells from ICAM‐1tm1Jcgr mice have abnormal activation and proliferation induced by anti‐CD3 antibody and APCs, and have markedly decreased suppressive activity in vitro. In contrast to ICAM‐1WT mice, they were unable to control experimentally induced colitis in vivo. Hence, our results further highlight the pleiotropic role of ICAM‐1 in T‐cell‐dependent immune responses, with a major role in Treg cell development and suppressive function.
Changes in preschool children's OHRQoL after treatment of dental caries: responsiveness of the B‐ECOHIS
Authors: Abanto Jenny , Paiva Saul Martins , Sheiham Aubrey , Tsakos Georgios , Mendes Fausto Medeiros , Cordeschi Thais , Vidigal Evelyn Alvarez , Bönecker Marcelo
Published: September 2015

Background

Oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) measures should be tested for responsiveness to change if they are to be used as outcomes in randomized clinical trials.

Aim

To assess the responsiveness of the Brazilian ECOHIS (B‐ECOHIS) to dental treatment of dental caries.

Methods

One hundred parents of 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children completed the B‐ECOHIS prior to their children's treatment and 7–14 days after completion of treatment. The post‐treatment questionnaire also included a global transition judgment that assessed parent's perceptions of change in their children's oral health following treatment. Change scores, longitudinal construct validity, standardized effect sizes (ES) and standardized response mean (SRM) were calculated.

Results

Improvements in children's oral health after treatment were reflected in mean pre‐ and post‐treatment B‐ECOHIS scores. They declined considerably significantly from 17.4 to 1.6 (P < 0.0001), as did the individual domain scores (P < 0.0001). There were significant differences in the pre‐ and post‐treatment scores of children who reported little improvement (P < 0.0001) as well as in those who reported large improvements (P < 0.0001). The ES and SRM based on change scores mean for total scores and for categories of global transitions judgments were large.

Conclusions

Dental treatment resulted in significant improvement of the preschool children's OHRQoL. The B‐ECOHIS is responsive.
Oral health‐related quality of life in 6‐ to 12‐year‐old schoolchildren in Spain
Authors: Montero Javier , Rosel Eva , Barrios Rocío , López‐Valverde Antonio , Albaladejo Alberto , Bravo Manuel
Published: September 2015

Background

There is a lack of large epidemiological studies researching the major factors of the oral well‐being in schoolchildren.

Aims

To quantify the impact of the different clinical conditions related to caries and periodontal and dento‐facial anomalies on the quality of life captured by the Child‐OIDP.

Design

A standardized epidemiological study was conducted on 2041 Spanish schoolchildren, aged 6–12 years, to assess caries and periodontal and dento‐facial disease. Data on oral health‐related quality of life were collected using the Child‐OIDP. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the modulating factors in the perceived oral well‐being.

Results

The prevalence of impact in this sample was 45.7%, mostly for eating (24.3%) but also for smiling (16.2%); however, 72.5% of the subjects had at least one type of normative needs, mainly for periodontal treatment (52.3%), followed by caries (32.3%) and orthodontic treatments (20.6%). The main predictors of the impact on quality of life were perceived dental treatment needs, caries, and periodontal diseases. Also, some demographic (age and gender) and behavioural factors (consumption of sweets) modulated the impact on several domains. Moreover, subjects who rated their general health as good or very good reported a significantly better oral well‐being than their counterparts.

Conclusions

Pain and aesthetic‐related domains (i.e., problems when eating or smiling) are the major components of the oral health‐related quality of life perceived by Spanish schoolchildren. Perceived treatment needs as well as dental and periodontal status were the strongest predictors of oral well‐being.
Child oral health from the professional perspective – a global ICF‐CY survey
Authors: Faulks Denise , Molina Gustavo , Eschevins Caroline , Dougall Alison
Published: September 2015

Background

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Children and Youth version (ICF‐CY) (WHO) may serve as a tool for the application of holistic models of oral health.

Aim

The ICF‐CY Global Oral Health Survey explored international professional opinion regarding factors relating to child oral health, including social environment, functioning, activity, and participation.

Methods

Networking resulted in 514 professionals from 81 countries registering for a two‐round Delphi survey online. Participants were pooled into 18 groups according to six WHO world regions and three professional groups. In a randomized stratification process, eight from each pool (n = 144) completed the survey. The first round consisted of eight open‐ended questions. Open‐expression replies were analysed for meaningful concepts and linked using established rules to the ICF‐CY. In the second round, items were rated for their relevance to oral health (86% response rate).

Results

A total of 86 ICF‐CY items and 31 other factors were considered relevant to child oral health and function by at least 80% of professionals.

Conclusions

The ICF‐CY can describe the holistic experience of oral health in children from the professional perspective. The data from this study will contribute to the development of an ICF‐CY Core Set in Oral Health.
The Demographic Promise of Expanded Female Education: Trends in the Age at First Birth in Malawi
Authors: Grant Monica J.
Published: September 2015

The expansion of female education has been promoted as a way to postpone the age at first birth. In sub‐Saharan Africa, the first cohorts to benefit from policies that expanded access to education are now reaching adulthood and beginning childbearing. I investigate whether the expansion of education in Malawi, which implemented a free primary education policy in 1994 and subsequently expanded secondary schooling, has led to a later age at first birth and whether the education gradient in fertility timing has remained stable over time. Despite increases in female grade attainment over the past twenty years, the age at first birth has not changed. Using instrumental variables analysis, I find a significant negative association between grade attainment and age at first birth, suggesting that the deterioration of school quality and the shift in the age pattern of enrollment that accompanied educational expansion may have compromised the transformative potential of education.
Barriers to care and quality of primary care services in children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Jacob Eufemia , Childress Courtney , Nathanson Joana Duran
Published: September 2015

Aims

The aims of this study were: to (1) identify barriers to care in children with sickle cell disease; (2) examine the quality of primary care services received by these children and (3) examine the relationship between barriers to care and quality of primary care services in children with sickle cell disease.

Background

Effective management in children with sickle cell disease requires early access to a comprehensive range of preventive screenings, urgent care treatments for vaso‐occlusive pain crisis and ongoing prophylactic treatments.

Design

A cross‐sectional survey of parents of children with sickle cell disease was conducted between April–September 2011.

Methods

Parents of children with sickle cell disease completed the Barriers to Care Questionnaire and Parent's Perceptions of Primary Care.

Results

Parents of children with sickle cell disease (n = 38) reported health system barriers such as inability to contact doctors or clinics, extended wait times and inconvenient clinic hours. Some barriers were reported more frequently among children with concurrent sickle cell disease and asthma, compared with those children without a concurrent asthma condition. Parents who reported more barriers were least likely to perceive their care as accessible, comprehensive and coordinated.

Conclusions

Minimizing healthcare barriers may improve the quality of primary care services received by children with sickle cell disease and consequently prevent complications associated with sickle cell disease.

Implications for nursing practice

Nurses and other care providers need to identify healthcare barriers, so that access, coordination, comprehensiveness and overall quality of primary care services may be improved in children with sickle cell disease.
Designing the Supply Chain for Success at the Bottom of the Pyramid
Authors: Fawcett Stanley E. , Waller Matthew A.
Published: September 2015

The bottom of the pyramid—that is, the world's four billion consumers who live on $5 or less per day—is one of the last untapped markets for multinational companies (MNCs) to drive revenue and profit growth. However, most MNCs have found it difficult to make money “solving the pressing needs of low‐income communities.” We explore why the bottom of the pyramid has become a strategic focal point. We also identify and discuss fundamental differences and trade‐offs MNCs encounter in meeting the demands of the world's lowest‐income consumers. Drawing on the experience of exemplar case studies, we describe how MNCs can leverage resources to build the infrastructures needed to think differently about how to measure financial performance, design products differently to leverage both customization and standardization, and deliver differently to compensate for infrastructural deficiencies. Finally, given much of the product acceptance‐and‐profitability challenge falls under the purview of supply chain decision makers, we call for research in specific operational and relational domains to help companies design supply chain networks and processes for success at the bottom of the pyramid.
Anti‐irritant and anti‐inflammatory effects of glycerol and xylitol in sodium lauryl sulphate‐induced acute irritation
Authors: Szél E. , Polyánka H. , Szabó K. , Hartmann P. , Degovics D. , Balázs B. , Németh I.B. , Korponyai C. , Csányi E. , Kaszaki J. , Dikstein S. , Nagy K. , Kemény L. , Erős G.
Published: September 2015

Background

Glycerol is known to possess anti‐irritant and hydrating properties and previous studies suggested that xylitol may also have similar effects.

Objective

Our aim was to study whether different concentrations of these polyols restore skin barrier function and soothe inflammation in sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS)‐induced acute irritation.

Methods

The experiments were performed on male SKH‐1 hairless mice. The skin of the dorsal region was exposed to SLS (5%) for 3 h alone or together with 5% or 10% of glycerol respectively. Further two groups received xylitol solutions (8.26% and 16.52% respectively) using the same osmolarities, which were equivalent to those of the glycerol treatments. The control group was treated with purified water. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin hydration were determined. Microcirculatory parameters of inflammation were observed by means of intravital videomicroscopy (IVM). Furthermore, accumulation of neutrophil granulocytes and lymphocytes, the expression of inflammatory cytokines and SLS penetration were assessed, as well.

Results

Treatment with the 10% of glycerol and both concentrations of xylitol inhibited the SLS‐induced elevation of TEWL and moderated the irritant‐induced increase in dermal blood flow and in the number of leucocyte‐endothelial interactions. All concentrations of the applied polyols improved hydration and prevented the accumulation of lymphocytes near the treatment site. At the mRNA level, neither glycerol nor xylitol influenced the expression of interleukin‐1 alpha. However, expression of interleukin‐1 beta was significantly decreased by the 10% glycerol treatment, while expression of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha decreased upon the same treatment, as well as in response to xylitol. Higher polyol treatments decreased the SLS penetration to the deeper layers of the stratum corneum.

Conclusion

Both of the analysed polyols exert considerable anti‐irritant and anti‐inflammatory properties, but the effective concentration of xylitol is lower than that of glycerol.
Successful melanoma triage by a virtual lesion clinic (teledermatoscopy)
Authors: Congalton A.T. , Oakley A.M. , Rademaker M. , Bramley D. , Martin R.C.W.
Published: September 2015

Background

A Virtual Lesion Clinic (VLC) using teledermatoscopy was established to improve efficiency of the melanoma referral pathway.

Objectives

To assess diagnostic accuracy and to compare wait‐times and costs of VLC and conventional clinics.

Methods

Patients with suspected melanoma referred from primary care into a publicly funded health system attended local skin imaging centres, rather than hospital outpatient clinics. A teledermatologist assessed each lesion choosing specialist assessment/excision, General Practitioner (GP) follow‐up, to re‐image in 3 months, or self‐monitoring/no concern.

Results

613 skin lesions in 310 patients were evaluated over 12 months. Median time between receipt of referral and attendance at the VLC was 9 days compared to 26.5 days for standard outpatient assessment. Sixty‐six percent (404/613) of lesions were considered benign, and 12% (73/613) were suspicious for melanoma. Of 129 lesions excised, 98 were skin cancers including 48 histologically confirmed melanomas with one spitzoid tumour of unknown malignant potential (STUMP), i.e. one melanoma per 1.59 suspected lesions biopsied and one melanoma in every 12.8 referred to the service. There were 49 non‐melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). Teledermatoscopic diagnosis of melanomas was found to have a positive predictive value (PPV) of 63%. Compared to the conventional clinic, cost reductions from running the VLC for 1 year were in excess of NZ$364 000 (or NZ$1174/patient seen).

Conclusions

The VLC offered an efficient, accurate and cost effective way of processing suspected melanoma referrals to the public health system.
Two cases of uterine malignant lymphoma diagnosed by needle biopsy
Authors: Kasai Mari , Ichimura Tomoyuki , Murakami Makoto , Matsuda Makiko , Kawamura Naoki , Sumi Toshiyuki
Published: September 2015

The incidence of primary malignant lymphoma arising in the female genital tract is extremely rare and constitutes approximately 0.05% of malignant tumors. Uterine malignant lymphoma develops in the endometrial stroma, causing minimal necrosis. It is therefore difficult to diagnose malignant lymphoma, as it does not involve genital bleeding or epithelial defects. We have performed transcervical needle biopsies from deep in the myometrium, with the purpose of diagnosing uterine muscle layer lesions, such as leiomyosarcoma, but this is an unusual method. In this report, we suggest that transcervical needle biopsy is useful in the diagnosis of uterine malignant lymphoma.
Effect of vitamin D on clinical and biochemical parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome women: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Jia Xin‐Zhuan , Wang Yong‐Mei , Zhang Na , Guo Li‐Na , Zhen Xiu‐Li , Li Hui , Wei Lan
Published: September 2015

Aim

Using a meta‐analysis framework, we investigated the association between the serum level of vitamin D and the risk of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and further examined the therapeutic effect of vitamin D on the clinical features of PCOS.

Material and Methods

Multiple databases were searched to retrieve studies. We chose clinical studies that investigated the relation between the serum level of vitamin D and the risk of PCOS or the therapeutic effect of vitamin D on PCOS. The search results were screened according to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria to select high‐quality studies for inclusion. Statistical analyses were carried out using stata 12.0.

Results

Seventeen studies were eligible in this meta‐analysis. The levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and the quantitative insulin‐sensitivity check index in the PCOS group were remarkably lower than in the controls, whereas the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in the PCOS group was markedly higher than in the controls. No statistically significant difference was observed in serum parathyroid hormone levels between the two groups. The 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels were significantly elevated after PCOS patients received vitamin D3 treatment, but serum parathyroid hormone concentration, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and quantitative insulin‐sensitivity check index did not show any significant changes, indicating a lack of therapeutic response.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that the serum level of vitamin D is associated with the risk of PCOS, but the therapeutic effect of vitamin D on PCOS remains to be further explored.
Role of ‘angle of progression’ in prediction of delivery mode
Authors: Marsoosi Vajiheh , Pirjani Reihaneh , Mansouri Baharak , Eslamian Laleh , Jamal Ashraf , Heidari Reza , Rahimi‐Foroushani Abbas
Published: September 2015

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the ‘angle of progression’ (AOP) in the prediction of vaginal delivery.

Material and Methods

In this prospective study, we followed 70 singleton pregnant women. AOP was measured at admission time and also at the beginning of the second stage immediately after digital examination. Digital and ultrasound examiners were unaware of each other's results. The digital examiner decided on the delivery mode based on clinical assessment.

Results

Sixty‐five (92.9%) women had vaginal delivery. In the first stage of labor, the area under the curve was 87.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 77.9–97.1; P = 0.005) for the AOP and 85.5% (95%CI, 75.2–95.6; P = 0.009) for digital examination and in the second stage of labor, the area under the curve was 90.2% (95%CI, 81–99.3; P = 0.003) for the AOP and 94.9% (95%CI, 89.1–100; P = 0.001) for digital examination. An AOP of ≥113° at the second stage was associated with a 90.8% probability of vaginal delivery.

Conclusion

We found a significant relation between AOP and cervical dilatation during the first stage of labor. A larger angle at the beginning of the second stage was significantly associated with shorter time to delivery.
Color Stability of CAD/CAM Fabricated Inlays after Accelerated Artificial Aging
Authors: Karaokutan Isil , Yilmaz Savas Tuba , Aykent Filiz , Ozdere Eda
Published: September 2015

Purpose

To investigate the influence of accelerated artificial aging on the color stability of three different inlay restorations produced with a CAD/CAM system.

Materials and Methods

Thirty non‐carious human mandibular molar teeth were used. The teeth were embedded in autopolymerizing acrylic resin blocks. Standard Class I inlay cavities were prepared, and the teeth were randomly divided into three groups (n = 10) to fabricate inlay restorations: (1) a feldspathic‐ceramic group, (2) a resin nano‐ceramic group, and (3) a leucite glass‐ceramic group. Optical impressions were made with CEREC software, and the restorations were designed and then milled. The inlays were adhesively cemented with a dual‐polymerizing resin cement and left in distilled water at room temperature for 1 week. Color measurements were performed with a spectrophotometer before and after accelerated aging in a weathering machine with a total energy of 150 kJ/m2. Changes in color (∆E, ∆L, ∆a, ∆b, ∆C) were determined using the CIE L*a*b* system. The results were assessed using a one‐way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test (p = 0.05).

Results

The color changes of the materials ranged from 2.1 to 9.29. The highest color change was seen in the resin nano‐ceramic material. This change was not clinically acceptable (∆E > 5.5). No significant differences were found in the ∆L and ∆a values of the test groups.

Conclusions

Color changes were observed in each evaluated material after accelerated aging. All CAD/CAM inlays became darker in appearance, more saturated, a little reddish, and more yellow.
Cortot's Berceuse
Authors: Leech‐Wilkinson Daniel
Published: September 2015

Alfred Cortot's 1920 recording of Chopin's Berceuse has some unusual properties – illustrated here in a discussion of the relationships among rubato, loudness, variation form and melody – which shed new light on the score and exemplify the pianist's ability to trigger embodied metaphor with unusual intensity. Comparisons with other recordings are made, and Jeffrey Kallberg's image of the Berceuse as a music box is considered in relation to the layout of the score and Cortot's performance. Drawing on the work of Antonio Cascelli, I compare Schenker's and Cortot's readings of melodic structure, which demonstrate the ecological validity of Cortot's construction. Some of the many respects in which analysis depends upon performance are discussed, as is the likelihood of very different performances in the future and the expectation that analysis will adapt itself to changing approaches to performance. The article is illustrated by Sonic Visualiser analyses presented as YouTube videos.
Association between CCDC132, FDX1 and TNFSF13 gene polymorphisms and the risk of IgA nephropathy
Authors: Niu Dan , Ren Yongchao , Xie Liyi , Sun Jiping , Lu Wanhong , Hao Yaning , Zhang Yali , Yin Aiping , Li Huixian , Lv Jia , Li Shengbin
Published: September 2015

Aim

Previous genome‐wide association studies have identified multiple susceptibility loci for IgA nephropathy (IgAN); however, validation of these findings is still needed.

Methods

We performed a case‐control study among 347 Chinese Han IgAN patients and 310 ethnicity‐matched controls. Twenty‐two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped and association analysis was performed.

Results

We found three alleles for IgAN in patients: the allele “C” of rs2188404 in the CCDC132 gene by recessive model (odds ratio (OR), 1.65; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.10–2.48; P = 0.014) and additive model (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.03–1.61; P = 0.024) analysis, respectively, the allele “A” of rs10488764 in FDX1 gene by additive model (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.00–1.61; P = 0.048) analysis, the allele “A” of rs3803800 in TNFSF13 gene by recessive model (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.16–3.62; P = 0.010) and additive model (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.06–1.72; P = 0.013) analysis, respectively. However, the associations between these SNPs and the risk of IgAN were not significant when adjusted for age and sex. Additionally, we found polymorphisms of rs2188404, rs10488764 and rs3803800 were correlated with urine protein (UPRO), human serum albumin (HSA), total cholesterol (TC) and Lee's pathological grades.

Conclusion

We did not find any positive association between these SNPs and the risk of IgAN after adjustment by age and sex, but did find a significant and strong correlation with relevant clinical pathological parameters. Our study may provide a new perspective to understanding the aetiology of IgAN.
Comparison of peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion techniques: Peritoneoscopic, radiological and laparoscopic : A single‐centre study
Authors: Sun Tina Y‐T , Voss David , Beechey Denise , Lam‐Po‐Tang Michael
Published: September 2015

Background

Our centre introduced peritoneoscopic insertion of peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter by nephrologists as a new method in August 2009 for its potential benefits.

Aim

The aim of this study was to compare perioperative complications and catheter survival of three techniques: peritoneoscopic, surgical and radiological techniques within a single dialysis centre.

Method

This study used retrospective analysis of all PD catheter inserted from 1 August 2009 to 31 July 2013 within Counties Manukau DHB, Auckland, New Zealand.

Results

During the study period, 293 PD catheters were inserted, 84 (29%) peritoneoscopic (P), 140 (48%) surgical (S) and 69 (23%) radiological (R). Total duration of follow‐up was 5848 catheter‐months, with median follow‐up of 17 months. There was no difference in perioperative exit‐site infections and overall early infections. There was however increased overall perioperative complications in P compared with R (HR 2.08; P < 0.05), predominantly from catheter removal within 60 days. Although there was no difference observed in first catheter 1‐year and overall survival between insertion techniques, there was poorer complication‐free survival comparing P to S (HR 1.82, P = 0.001) but not to R. Analyses of the latter cohort of P confirmed improvement in catheter survival compared with an earlier cohort and to other insertion techniques.

Conclusion

Peritoneoscopic PD catheter insertion is demonstrated to be a suitable alternative technique. As with any new procedure, ‘learning curve’ effects and development of operator expertise need to be taken into consideration.
PLA2R and membranous nephropathy: A 3 year prospective Australian study
Authors: Hill Prue A , McRae Jennifer L , Dwyer Karen M
Published: September 2015

Aim

The phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) is the major target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy (iMN). The aim of this prospective study was to determine the prevalence of anti‐PLA2R in iMN in an Australian cohort.

Methods

Serum anti‐PLA2R was measured using two techniques, an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a cell‐based indirect immunofluorescence test. Kidney biopsies were also examined for the presence of PLA2R using a polyclonal antibody. A group of 21 patients with iMN were compared with a group of 19 patients with secondary MN and other glomerular diseases.

Results

Seventeen of 21 patients with iMN were positive for anti‐PLA2R on both ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence test, and 14 of these patients also had positive staining for PLA2R in the biopsy (tissue was unavailable in two patients). Three patients with iMN had positive staining in the biopsy only, and one patient was negative in both the serum and the biopsy. None of the patients with secondary MN or other glomerular diseases had anti‐PLA2R antibodies or PLA2R in the biopsy. There was wide inter‐individual variation in titre on ELISA, but serial levels within an individual patient enabled monitoring of disease, and a fall in titre correlated with clinical remission.

Conclusions

This is the first Australian series to examine the incidence of anti‐PLA2R in iMN. It is also unique in examining sera by two separate techniques in conjunction with tissue localization of PLA2R. We have shown 100% specificity of both serum anti‐PLA2R and glomerular PLA2R in iMN, with a sensitivity of 81.0%. When serum testing is combined with tissue localization of PLA2R, the sensitivity increases to 95.2%.
Optimal Temperature for Radiofrequency Ablation of Lumbar Medial Branches for Treatment of Facet‐Mediated Back Pain
Authors: Costandi Shrif , Garcia‐Jacques Mauricio , Dews Teresa , Kot Michael , Wong Kevin , Azer Gerges , Atalla Jasmyn , Looka Michael , Nasr Elie , Mekhail Nagy
Published: September 2015

Background

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the medial branch nerves that innervate the facet joints is a well‐established treatment modality; however, studies to determine the optimal radiofrequency ablation temperature are lacking. A wide range (70 to 90°C) has been used. This study aimed to compare outcomes with two set temperatures for the lumbar facet medial branch ablation, 90 and 80°C.

Methods

This retrospective study compared the degree of patient self‐reported functional improvement relief, postoperative opioid dose changes, as well as duration among lumbar facet medial branch (RFA) patients who had the procedures performed at 80 or 90°C.

Results

Patients who underwent the procedure at 90°C had 3.1 (95% CI 1.7, 6.5) times the odds (P = 0.0004) of reporting functional improvement of at least 50% when compared to those who underwent neurotomy at 80°C. For self‐reported functional improvement greater or equal to 75%, the results were sustained with an odds ratio of 2.8 (95% CI 1.2, 5.7) favoring those with 90°C temperature neurotomy (P = 0.002).

Conclusion

There seems to be significant functional improvement associated with temp of 90°C compared to 80°C, with no added risk of complications. Randomized controlled studies are warranted.
Designed nucleases for targeted genome editing
Authors: Lee Junwon , Chung Jae‐Hee , Kim Ho Min , Kim Dong‐Wook , Kim Hyongbum
Published: September 2015

Targeted genome‐editing technology using designed nucleases has been evolving rapidly, and its applications are widely expanding in research, medicine and biotechnology. Using this genome‐modifying technology, researchers can precisely and efficiently insert, remove or change specific sequences in various cultured cells, micro‐organisms, animals and plants. This genome editing is based on the generation of double‐strand breaks (DSBs), repair of which modifies the genome through nonhomologous end‐joining (NHEJ) or homology‐directed repair (HDR). In addition, designed nickase‐induced generation of single‐strand breaks can also lead to precise genome editing through HDR, albeit at relatively lower efficiencies than that induced by nucleases. Three kinds of designed nucleases have been used for targeted DSB formation: zinc‐finger nucleases, transcription activator‐like effector nucleases, and RNA‐guided engineered nucleases derived from the bacterial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)–Cas (CRISPR‐associated) system. A growing number of researchers are using genome‐editing technologies, which have become more accessible and affordable since the discovery and adaptation of CRISPR‐Cas9. Here, the repair mechanism and outcomes of DSBs are reviewed and the three types of designed nucleases are discussed with the hope that such understanding will facilitate applications to genome editing.
Durable engraftment and correction of hematological abnormalities in children with congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia following myeloablative umbilical cord blood transplantation
Authors: Mahadeo Kris M. , Tewari Priti , Parikh Suhag H. , Driscoll Timothy A. , Page Kristin , Martin Paul L. , Kurtzberg Joanne , Prasad Vinod K.
Published: September 2015

The use of HSCT is the only potentially curative treatment for CAMT, but access is limited by the availability of suitable donors. We report five consecutive patients with CAMT who received MAC and partially HLA‐mismatched, UCBT (unrelated, n = 4). Median times to neutrophil (>500/μL) and platelet (≥20 000 and ≥50 000/μL) engraftment were 19, 57, and 70 days, respectively. Acute GvHD, grade II, developed in one patient, who subsequently developed limited chronic GvHD. At median follow‐up of 14 yr, all patients are alive with sustained donor cell engraftment. To our knowledge, this is the largest single‐center series of UCBT for patients with this disease and suggests that UCBT is a successful curative option for patients with CAMT.
Convergence beyond flower morphology? Reproductive biology of hummingbird‐pollinated plants in the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Ferreira C. , Maruyama P. K. , Oliveira P. E.
Published: September 2015

Convergent reproductive traits in non‐related plants may be the result of similar environmental conditions and/or specialised interactions with pollinators. Here, we documented the pollination and reproductive biology of Bionia coriacea (Fabaceae), Esterhazya splendida (Orobanchaceae) and Ananas ananassoides (Bromeliaceae) as case studies in the context of hummingbird pollination in Cerrado, the Neotropical savanna of Central South America. We combined our results with a survey of hummingbird pollination studies in the region to investigate the recently suggested association of hummingbird pollination and self‐compatibility. Plant species studied here differed in their specialisation for ornithophily, from more generalist A. ananassoides to somewhat specialist B. coriacea and E. splendida. This continuum of specialisation in floral traits also translated into floral visitor composition. Amazilia fimbriata was the most frequent pollinator for all species, and the differences in floral display and nectar energy availability among plant species affect hummingbirds' behaviour. Most of the hummingbird‐pollinated Cerrado plants (60.0%, n = 20), including those studied here, were self‐incompatible, in contrast to other biomes in the Neotropics. Association to more generalist, often territorial, hummingbirds, and resulting reduced pollen flow in open savanna areas may explain predominance of self‐incompatibility. But it is possible that mating system is more associated with the predominance of woody hummingbird plants in the Cerrado plant assemblage than to the pollination system itself.
The Impact of Local Economic Structure on Community Philanthropy
Authors: Paarlberg Laurie E. , Yoshioka Takayuki
Published: September 2015

This article explores how local economic structure directly and indirectly affects community philanthropy. Drawing on campaign data for local United Way (UW) affiliates at three points in time (1990, 2000, and 2010), the article tests the degree to which the relationship between economic structure and community philanthropy is mediated through local stocks of human resources and social capital. The results suggest that retail employment and industrial concentration negatively affect local UW campaigns, while nonlocal ownership positively affects UW campaign size. These measures of economic structure also indirectly influence local UW fund‐raising activities by affecting the levels of human resources and social capital. In the midst of global efforts to increase community‐based philanthropy, these findings have important policy implications for efforts to promote community solutions to social issues in changing economies.
Effect of Relaxin on Fertility Parameters of Frozen–Thawed Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Sperm
Authors: Elkhawagah AR , Longobardi V , Neglia G , Salzano A , Zullo G , Sosa GA , Campanile G , Gasparrini B
Published: September 2015

Contents

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of relaxin on fertility parameters of buffalo frozen/thawed sperm. Sperm were incubated in the absence of capacitating agents (negative control), with a known capacitating agent such as heparin (positive control) and with 50 and 100 ng/ml relaxin for 2 and 4 h. Sperm viability, motility, capacitation and the effect of relaxin on the fertilizing ability after heterologous IVF were evaluated. Although viability was not affected, relaxin increased (p < 0.05) sperm motility compared to the negative and positive controls both after 2 h (60.0 ± 2.0, 60.0 ± 3.1, 68.3 ± 1.7 and 69.4 ± 2.7, respectively, in negative control, positive control, 50 and 100 ng/ml relaxin) and 4 h (55.0 ± 2.5, 53.3 ± 3.0, 62.2 ± 3.0 and 65.0 ± 3.2, respectively, in negative control, positive control, 50 and 100 ng/ml relaxin) incubation. When sperm were incubated with both 100 ng/ml relaxin and heparin, a decrease (p < 0.01) of pattern A, that is low capacitation level, was observed compared to the negative control both after 2 h (54.4, 34.3 and 36.4%, respectively, in negative control, positive control and 100 ng/ml relaxin) and 4 h (51.9, 35.0 and 34.3%, respectively, in negative control, positive control and 100 ng/ml relaxin). Moreover, an increase (p < 0.01) of pattern EA, that is high capacitation level, was recorded with 100 ng/ml relaxin and heparin compared to the negative control both after 2 h (44.1, 59.3 and 57.7%, respectively, in negative control, positive control and 100 ng/ml relaxin) and after 4 h (43.0, 54.4 and 56.0%, respectively, in negative control, positive control and 100 ng/ml relaxin). Finally, relaxin increased (p < 0.01) cleavage rate compared to the negative control (57.1 ± 4.4, 72.5 ± 6.0, 71.4 ± 5.5 and 73.6 ± 2.9, respectively, in negative control, positive control, 50 and 100 ng/ml relaxin). In conclusion, relaxin has a beneficial effect on motility, capacitation and fertilizing ability of frozen–thawed buffalo sperm.
Flow processes and sedimentation in unidirectionally migrating deep‐water channels: From a three‐dimensional seismic perspective
Authors: Gong Chenglin , Wang Yingmin , Steel Ronald J. , Peakall Jeff , Zhao Xiaoming , Sun Qiliang
Published: September 2015

Three‐dimensional seismic data were used to infer how bottom currents control unidirectional channel migration. Bottom currents flowing towards the steep bank would deflect the upper part of sediment gravity flows at an orientation of 1° to 11° to the steep bank, yielding a helical flow circulation consisting of a faster near‐surface flow towards the steep bank and a slower basal return flow towards the gentle bank. This helical flow model is evidenced by the occurrence of bigger, muddier (suggested by low‐amplitude seismic reflections) lateral accretion deposits and gentle channel wall with downlap terminations on the gentle bank and by smaller, sandier (indicated by high‐amplitude seismic reflectors) channel fills and steep channel walls with truncation terminations on the steep bank. This helical flow circulation promotes asymmetrical depositional patterns with dipping accretion sets restricted to the gentle bank, which restricts the development of sinuosity and yields unidirectional channel migration. These results aid in obtaining a complete picture of flow processes and sedimentation in submarine channels.