bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of the inactivation of polyphenol oxidase and formation of reducing sugars in sugarcane juice during Ohmic and conventional heating
Authors: Saxena Juhi , Makroo Hilal Ahmad , Bhattacharya Suvendu , Srivastava Brijesh
Published: December 2017

Enzymatic browning and jaggery formation are the major issues that limit the applications of thermal treatment to sugarcane juice. Kinetics of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) inactivation and formation of reducing sugar (RS) during conventional heating (CH) and Ohmic heating (OH) of sugarcane juice were investigated. The CH treatment was varied from 60 to 90 °C for 300–1,200 s and OH treatment from 24 to 48 V/cm electric field strength (EFS) for 15–75 s at 80 ± 1 °C. PPO inactivation kinetics followed the nth‐order (n = 1.6) for CH while the two‐fraction model was suitable during OH treatment. The inactivation constant k showed a reciprocal quadratic dependency on EFS and temperature. The D‐value for CH varied between 2,635 and 359 s, and for OH, it was between 42 and 96 s for labile and between 0.007 and 0.30 s for stable PPO fractions. The temperature sensitivity (ZT) of PPO was 32.6 °C for CH system; the electric field sensitivities for OH treatment for labile (ZV,L) and stable (ZV,S) fractions of PPO were 69.8 and 15.6 V/cm, respectively. The calculated temperature coefficient (Q10,T) was 2.12, and its analogous electric field coefficients (Q8,V) for labile and stable PPO fractions were 1.28 and 3.00, respectively. The RS formation was low in the range of temperature used during CH treatment but followed the second‐order kinetics during OH system, while the formation rate followed the quadratic dependence.

Practical applications

Sugarcane juice is one of the natural refreshing summer drinks in several tropical countries. The processing of sugarcane juice by Ohmic heating (OH) may be a pragmatic alternative method to preserve the fresh juice. The use of Ohmic heating can reduce the treatment temperature of the juice leading to improved quality attributes in the finished product. The inactivations of polyphenol oxidase and sugar inversion due to processing treatments is the two important criteria in such products.
Differentiating Research, Quality Improvement, and Case Studies to Ethically Incorporate Pregnant Women
Authors: Phillippi Julia C. , Hartmann Katherine E.
Published: December 2017

Pregnant women have been called therapeutic orphans because data supporting common interventions, medications, health teaching, and models of care are meager. The generation of quality evidence benefits from proactive approaches that ensure ethical standards are met to protect participants. The purpose of this article is to differentiate among health care, quality improvement, and research and to discuss ethical involvement of women who are pregnant and potentially childbearing in these initiatives. Health care is provided to protect and improve individual health. Quality improvement aims to enhance delivery of care for all those receiving care in particular settings. Research, whether retrospective or prospective, is designed to contribute to generalizable knowledge. This review includes vignettes to distinguish between research, quality improvement, and case study dissemination and to highlight the value of publication of information with applicability beyond a single site. As a community, perinatal care providers will be able to contribute more evidence to guide care if they err on the side of seeking institutional review board approval for activities that examine the care and outcomes of pregnant women and the fetus. Traditional research activities, including clinical trials, remain crucial. However, to fill gaps in knowledge, we must expedite our ability to report informative cases, examine clinical data, share lessons learned during quality improvement campaigns, and publish and disseminate these findings. Accelerating improvements in care demands expansion of the evidence base.
Sympathetic Symbols, Social Movements, and School Desegregation
Authors: Martinez‐Cola Marisela
Published: December 2017

An important theoretical contribution to the study of social movements involving legal mobilization is framing theory. Framing encourages an analysis of the parties involved and the tools used to make meaning of their cause. A scholarly gap emerges, however, when considering the race, gender, and class of the litigants and the social challenges they face. In this article, the author blends framing theory with controlling‐images theory to provide a conceptual tool of ‘the sympathetic symbol’ to analyse the effects of race, gender, and class. Next, the author introduces the legal and social histories of two school desegregation cases involving Chinese‐American and Mexican‐American plaintiffs, identifying the relevant controlling images germane to each case. Finally, the author questions whether a sympathetic symbol is necessary to counter the raced, gendered, and classed stereotypes that threaten the struggle for equality and suggests future directions for research.
Genetic diversity and evolutionary history of four closely related Aquilegia species revealed by 10 nuclear gene fragments
Authors: Huang Lei , Geng Fang‐Dong , Fan Jing‐Jing , Xue Cheng , Zhang Xiao‐Yan , Kang Ju‐Qing , Zhang Jian‐Qiang , Ren Yi
Published: December 2017

The genus Aquilegia is emerging as the new model system for plant development, ecology, and evolution studies. Previous research showed that pollinator shift might drive the diversification of North American Aquilegia species, and natural selection on the length of petal nectar spur might play a crucial role. In this genus, A. ecalcarata Maxim. is the only taxon that has lost nectar spurs. Previous phylogenetic results indicated that A. ecalcarata, A. yabeana Kitag., A. oxysepala var. kansuensis Bruhl., and A. rockii Munz comprised a monophyletic group. However, their pattern of genetic diversity remains unknown. In addition, little is known about the evolutionary relationship among the four species on the population level. We carried out a population genetics study with 21 representative populations based on 10 single‐copy nuclear gene fragments and found that: (i) A. yabeana conserved the highest genetic diversity (both πsil and θsil) and A. oxysepala var. kansuensis had the lowest level; (ii) A. ecalcarata split into two groups, with one population clustered with A. rockii and the other five populations clustered with A. oxysepala var. kansuensis; and (iii) the allele frequency spectrum showed an excess of low frequency alleles in all four species, implying that they may undergo the mutation‐drift equilibrium. Our findings provide the first investigation of genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships in A. yabeana, A. oxysepala var. kansuensis, A. rockii, and A. ecalcarata. They lay the foundation for future evolutionary studies, such as speciation mediated by pollinators.
Effects of incorporating nonmodified sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) flour on wheat pasta functional characteristics
Authors: Saleh Mohammed , Lee Youngseung , Obeidat Hayat
Published: December 2017

The effects of substituting wheat flour using fractions of blanched or nonblanched sweet potato flour on produced pasta functional characteristics were investigated. The use of sweet potato flour to replace fractions of wheat flour, regardless of blanching treatment, resulted in significant (p < .05) increase in water holding capacity (WHC), cooked pasta water uptake and solid leaching out and freeze‐thaw stability of produced pasta. For instance, treatment containing 40% of nonblanched sweet potato flour and held at 55C resulted in 27% point increase in WHC compared to the control. Sweet potato flour was also contributed to the decrease in treatments pasting viscosities and in cooked pasta hardness. Cooked pasta hardness was significantly (p < .05) decreased from 255.6 N to 187.5, and 152.6 N when using 15% blanched and 40% nonblanched sweet potato flour replacements, respectively. Flow behavior index of wheat flour treatments containing fractions of sweet potato flour were fitted in a shear thinning model. Quality indices of pasta made using fractions of sweet potato were equivalent to or sometimes superior to that of the control sample. Results indicated the possible enhancement of pasta nutritional quality including firmness, cooking loss, and water uptake without impairing consumer acceptability.

Practical applications

The use of sweet potato flour in pasta would enhance the nutritional and physicochemical properties of developed pasta and pasta products. Furthermore, since sweet potato is not cultivated most of the year; sweet potato flour pasta would be better utilized in food processing and is expected to enhance sweet potato consumption year around.
Localized shock‐induced melting of sandstone at low shock pressures (<17.5 GPa): An experimental study
Authors: Ebert Matthias , Kowitz Astrid , Schmitt Ralf Thomas , Reimold Wolf Uwe , Mansfeld Ulrich , Langenhorst Falko
Published: December 2017

Shock‐induced recovery experiments were performed to investigate melt formation in porous sandstones in the low shock pressure regime between 2.5 and 17.5 GPa. The sandstone shocked at 2.5 and 5 GPa is characterized by pore closure, fracturing of quartz (Qtz), and compression and deformation of phyllosilicates; no melting was observed. At higher pressures, five different types of melts were generated around pores and alongside fractures in the sandstone. Melting of kaolinite (Kln), illite (Ill), and muscovite (Ms) starts at 7.5, 12, and 15 GPa, respectively. The larger the amount of water in these minerals (Kln ~14 wt%, Ill ~6–10 wt%, and Ms ~4 wt% H2O), the higher the shock compressibility and the lower the shock pressure required to induce melting. Vesicles in the almost dry silicate glasses attest to the loss of structural water during the short shock duration of the experiment. The compositions of the phyllosilicate‐based glasses are identical to the composition of the parental minerals or their mixtures. Thus, this study has demonstrated that phyllosilicates in shocked sandstone undergo congruent melting during shock loading. In experiments at 10 GPa and higher, iron melt from the driver plate was injected into the phyllosilicate melts. During this process, Fe is partitioned from the metal droplets into the surrounding silicate melts, which induced unmixing of silicate melts with different chemical properties (liquid immiscibility). At pressures between 7.5 and 15 GPa, a pure SiO2 glass was formed, which is located as short and thin bands within Qtz grains. These bands were shown to contain tiny crystals of experimentally generated stishovite.
Geologic constraints on the origin of red organic‐rich material on Ceres
Authors: Pieters C. M. , Nathues A. , Thangjam G. , Hoffmann M. , Platz T. , de Sanctis M. C. , Ammannito E. , Tosi F. , Zambon F. , Pasckert J. H. , Hiesinger H. , Schröder S. E. , Jaumann R. , Matz K.‐D. , Castillo‐Rogez J. C. , Ruesch O. , McFadden L. A. , P. O'Brien D. , Sykes M. , Raymond C. A. , Russell C. T.
Published: December 2017

The geologic context of red organic‐rich materials (ROR) found across an elongated 200 km region on Ceres is evaluated with spectral information from the multispectral framing camera (FC) and the visible and near‐infrared mapping spectrometer (VIR) of Dawn. Discrete areas of ROR materials are found to be associated with small fresh craters less than a few hundred meters in diameter. Regions with the highest concentration of discrete ROR areas exhibit a weaker diffuse background of ROR materials. The observed pattern could be consistent with a field of secondary impacts, but no appropriate primary crater has been found. Both endogenic and exogenic sources are being considered for these distinctive organic materials.
Historic preservation, the state and nationalism in Britain
Authors: Swenson Astrid
Published: December 2017

The paper discusses the relationship between the state, historic buildings preservation and nationalism in Britain from the nineteenth century to the present. It argues against the idea that, because of comparatively continuous nation and state formation, state preservation in Britain until the mid twentieth was exceptionally weak. By suggesting a broader understanding of ‘the state’, the paper shows the variety of ways in which institutions within the state were, and remain, involved. Through spotlights on major turning points in the administrative framework, it further argues that nationalism has been more often mobilized to foster state preservation than the other way round and suggests to place nationalism alongside other motive forces to understand the rise and transformation of state involvement in preservation.
Preservation between empire, nation and nationalisms: the problem of history and heritage in India
Authors: Sengupta Indra
Published: December 2017

This article looks at the problematic questions of heritage and history in a postcolonial nation‐state such as India. It looks at the colonial past of the preservation of historical buildings and relates this to the postcolonial history of the use of heritage and history for both nation‐building and also to assert the claims and counterclaims of postcolonial identity politics. The article shows how the state and its bureaucracy historically acquired the right to be the custodian of culture, history and heritage, and it also argues that the state nevertheless was and remains circumscribed by subnational and communitarian claims to heritage and the past.
International regulation of historic buildings and nationalism: the role of UNESCO
Authors: Casini Lorenzo
Published: December 2017

This article focuses on the (ambiguous) relationships between nationalism and international regulation of historic buildings, namely, the activity of UNESCO in this field. It studies two different forms of UNESCO intervention: the creation of a list of world heritage sites of outstanding universal value, which includes several historic cities and buildings; and UNESCO Recommendations aimed at protecting historic urban landscape. The article shows that UNESCO seems to favour both political and cultural forms of nationalism and can significantly affect the nationalistic use of historic buildings and, more broadly, affect on the very idea of Nation and nationalism.
Trends in aquaculture sciences: from now to use of nanotechnology for disease control
Authors: Luis Angélica Irasema Sibaja , Campos Estefânia Vangelie Ramos , de Oliveira Jhones Luiz , Fraceto Leonardo Fernandes
Published: December 2017

Aquaculture is increasingly important in global food production. Consequently, the control of diseases in aquaculture is essential, due to the potential environmental impacts, notably in terms of the states of health of freshwater bodies and the oceans. In this study, we review the possible uses of different management systems, highlighting essential oils and novel nanotechnological strategies, for the control of diseases in aquaculture.
The Impact of Activity-Based Oral Expression Course on Speech Self-Efficacy of Students
Authors: Altunkaya Hatice
Published: December 2017

The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of the activity-based oral expression course on the speech self-efficacy of psychological counseling and guidance students. The study group included 80 freshmen students in the Psychological Counseling and Guidance Department in the Faculty of Education of a university located in western Turkey. Quantitative data were collected with the "Speech Self-Efficacy Scale" developed by Katranci and Melanlioglu (2013). Qualitative data were obtained with the descriptive and content analysis of student views. It was found that the difference between the group averages obtained with the paired group t-test that was conducted on the measurement variable of the mean student speech self-efficacy scores was statistically significant (t (158) = -3.335; p = 0.001 <0.05). The posttest speech self-efficacy scores (x̄ = 96.025) were higher than the pretest speech self-efficacy scores (x̄ = 89.213). Based on the qualitative research the results of the present research demonstrated that students considered the activity-based oral expression course beneficial for all sources of self-efficacy beliefs, including direct experiences, indirect experiences, verbal persuasion and emotional state.
On discrete time infinite horizon optimal growth problem
Authors: Ulus Ayşegül Yıldız
Published: December 2017

Optimal growth problem is an important optimization problem in the theory of economic dynamics. This paper provides an overview of the main approaches used in the existing literature in solving infinite horizon discrete time optimal growth problem and includes very recent developments.
A beginner's guide to gene editing
Authors: Harrison Patrick T. , Hart Stephen
Published: December 2017

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?

This review summarizes the development of gene editing from early proof‐of‐concept studies in the 1980s to contemporary programmable and RNA‐guided nucleases, which enable rapid and precise alteration of DNA sequences of almost any living cell.

What advances does it highlight?

With an average of one clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) Cas9 paper published every 4 h in 2017, this review cannot highlight all new developments, but a number of key improvements, including increases in efficiency, a range of new options to reduce off‐target effects and plans for CRISPR to enter clinical trials in 2018, are discussed.

Genome editing enables precise changes to be made in the genome of living cells. The technique was originally developed in the 1980s but largely limited to use in mice. The discovery that a targeted double‐stranded break at a unique site in the genome, close to the site to be changed, could substantially increase the efficiency of editing raised the possibility of using the technique in a broader range of animal models and, potentially, human cells. But the challenge was to identify reagents that could create targeted breaks at a unique genomic location with minimal off‐target effects. In 2005, the demonstration that programmable zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) could perform this task led to a number of proof‐of‐concept studies, but a limitation was the ease with which effective ZFNs could be produced. In 2009, the development of TAL effector nucleases (TALENs) increased the specificity of gene editing and the ease of design and production. However, it was not until 2013 and the development of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) Cas9/guide RNA that gene editing became a research tool that any laboratory could use.
[Ca2+]i modulation of cAMP‐stimulated ciliary beat frequency via PDE1 in airway ciliary cells of mice
Authors: Kogiso Haruka , Hosogi Shigekuni , Ikeuchi Yukiko , Tanaka Saori , Inui Toshio , Marunaka Yoshinori , Nakahari Takashi
Published: December 2017

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

The ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of the airway is controlled by [Ca2+]i. However, the effects of a reduction in [Ca2+]i on CBF are still controversial (an increase, a decrease or no change).

What is the main finding and its importance?

This study demonstrated that [Ca2+]i directly regulates CBF (direct action) and also indirectly regulates CBF via cAMP accumulation controlled by Ca2+‐dependent PDE1 activity (indirect action). The final CBF is determined by the balance of direct and indirect actions. PDE1 plays crucial roles in the regulation of airway CBF.

[Ca2+]i plays crucial roles in the regulation of ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and ciliary bend angle (CBA) of airway cilia. Moreover, Ca2+‐dependent PDE1A existing in the CBF‐regulating metabolon of cilia modifies the CBF by regulating the cAMP accumulation. This study demonstrated that the CBF is regulated by a direct and an indirect action of [Ca2+]i; the direct action changes CBF mediated via [Ca2+]i, and the indirect action changes CBF mediated via cAMP, the accumulation of which is controlled by PDE1 activity. Upon reducing [Ca2+]i to various levels, the direct action decreases CBF and the indirect action increases CBF. The final CBF is determined by the extent of cAMP accumulation, which is determined by the amount of inhibition of PDE1 activity, dependent on a reduction in [Ca2+]i; a slight decrease induced by a nominally Ca2+‐free solution (no cAMP accumulation via PDE1) decreases CBF, and an extreme decrease induced by 50 μm BAPTA‐AM increases CBF via cAMP accumulation by inhibiting PDE1 in a similar manner to a PDE1 inhibitor (8MmIBMX). The increase in CBA in response to a reduction in [Ca2+]i is smaller than the increase in CBF, because no PDE1A exists in the CBA‐regulating metabolon. On the contrary, an increase in [Ca2+]i induced by ionomycin, which decreases cAMP accumulation by PDE1A activation, caused a slower procaterol‐stimulated increase in CBF than that decreased by a Ca2+‐free solution. A decrease in [Ca2+]i stimulates cAMP accumulation, whereas an increase in [Ca2+]i inhibits cAMP accumulation in airway ciliary cells. Thus, changes in [Ca2+]i modulate CBF and CBA via cAMP accumulation by controlling the activity of PDE1.
Autonomous Uncertainty Quantification for Discontinuous Models Using Multivariate Padé Approximations
Authors: Ahlfeld Richard , Montomoli Francesco , Carnevale Mauro , Salvadori Simone
Published: December 2017

Problems in turbomachinery computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are often characterized by nonlinear and discontinuous responses. Ensuring the reliability of uncertainty quantification (UQ) codes in such conditions, in an autonomous way, is challenging. In this work, we suggest a new approach that combines three state-of-the-art methods: multivariate Padé approximations, optimal quadrature subsampling (OQS), and statistical learning. Its main component is the generalized least-squares multivariate Padé–Legendre (PL) approximation. PL approximations are globally fitted rational functions that can accurately describe discontinuous nonlinear behavior. They need fewer model evaluations than local or adaptive methods and do not cause the Gibbs phenomenon like continuous polynomial chaos methods. A series of modifications of the Padé algorithm allows us to apply it to arbitrary input points instead of optimal quadrature locations. This property is particularly useful for industrial applications, where a database of CFD runs is already available, but not in optimal parameter locations. One drawback of the PL approximation is that it is nontrivial to ensure reliability. To improve stability, we suggest to couple it with OQS. Our reasoning is that least-squares errors, caused by an ill-conditioned design matrix, are the main source of error. Finally, we use statistical learning methods to check smoothness and convergence. The resulting method is shown to efficiently and correctly fit thousands of partly discontinuous response surfaces for an industrial film cooling and shock interaction problem using only nine CFD simulations.
Deep-ultraviolet light source with a carbon nanotube cold-cathode electron beam
Authors: Yoo Sung Tae , Hong Ji Hwan , Kang Jung Su , Park Kyu Chang
Published: December 2017

Deep-ultraviolet (UV) light is widely used in many industries including medicine because it has sufficient energy to kill viruses and bacteria. However, deep UV with a wavelength of 254 nm can damage human cells, so it is necessary to develop a deep-UV light source with a shorter wavelength to minimize the damage to human cells while still killing viruses. The authors used a carbon nanotube-based cold-cathode electron beam (C-beam) and wide-bandgap anode to fabricate a deep-UV light source with an emission wavelength below 250 nm. The anode was fabricated by annealing ZnO ink on a Si wafer; deep UV with a wavelength of 247 nm and full width at half maximum of 23 nm was obtained. In the case of C-beam irradiation of an anode fabricated on a quartz substrate, deep UV with wavelengths of 208, 226, and 244 nm was generated through excitation with a beam energy of 7 kV and beam currents of 0.3 and 0.5 mA.
How Fast Is a Horizontal Squat Jump?
Authors: Samozino Pierre , Rivière Jean Romain , Rossi Jérémy , Morin Jean-Benoit , Jimenez-Reyes Pedro
Published: December 2017

Velocity strength training requires exercise modalities that allow athletes to reach very high movement velocity, which is limited during vertical movements involving body weight. Purpose: To quantify the mechanical outputs developed during horizontal squat jumps (HSJs), notably the movement velocity, in comparison with vertical squat jumps (SJs) with and without loads. Methods: Thirteen healthy male athletes performed SJs without additional loads (SJ0) and with a load of ∼60% of body mass (SJ60), and during HSJs performed lying on a roller device with (assisted HSJ [AHSJ]) and without (HSJ) rubber-band assistance. Instantaneous lower-limb extension velocity, force, and power output were measured and averaged over the push-off phase. Results: The force was significantly higher during SJ60 than during SJ0, which was higher than during HSJ and AHSJ. Extension velocity was significantly different across all conditions, with 0.86 (0.07), 1.29 (0.10), 1.59 (0.19), and 1.83 (0.19) m·s−1 for SJ60, SJ0, HSJ, and AHSJ conditions, respectively. Differences in force and velocity values between SJ0 and the other conditions were large to extremely large. Differences were observed in power values only between SJ60 and SJ0, SJ60 and AHSJ, and SJ0 and HSJ. Conclusions: HSJ modalities allow athletes to reach very to extremely largely greater lower-limb extension velocities (HSJ +24.0% [16%], AHSJ +42.8% [17.4%]) compared to those achieved during SJ0. HSJ and AHSJ modalities are inexpensive and practical modalities to train limb-extension velocity capabilities, that is, the ability of the neuromuscular system to produce force at high contraction velocities.
Physiological and Physical Responses According to the Game Surface in a Soccer Simulation Protocol
Authors: López-Fernández Jorge , Sánchez-Sánchez Javier , García-Unanue Jorge , Felipe José Luis , Colino Enrique , Gallardo Leonor
Published: December 2017

Purpose: Recent studies have shown that soccer players’ responses are similar on natural grass (NG) and artificial turf (AT), but they did not control the mechanical properties of these surfaces. This work aimed to analyze the influence of the game surface on amateur soccer players’ physical and physiological responses using a soccer simulation protocol. Methods: A total of 16 amateur players performed 3 bouts of the soccer simulation protocol on AT, and, on another day, 3 bouts on NG. The mechanical properties of both surfaces were recorded. The order of surfaces was randomly established for each participant. Physiological responses of players were assessed before and after the 6-repeated-sprints test existing at the midpoint of each bout. Fatigue (% best; % diff) and general variables (total time; best time, mean time; maximum speed) for both the repeated sprint test (RST) and the agility tests (nonlinear actions at maximum speed) incorporated into the soccer simulation protocol were also analyzed. Results: The 2 surfaces displayed different mechanical properties. Physical responses were found similar for both surfaces (P > .05) before and after the RST. There were no surface differences in sprint times or fatigue variables for the RST (P > .05). The agility test was faster on AT than on NG in bout 1 (average speed [+1.17 km/h;P = .037]; agility test cut time [−0.31 s; P = .027] and best time [−0.52 s; P = .042]). Conclusions: The differences in the mechanical properties of the 2 surfaces are not sufficient to cause differences in the physiological and physical responses of soccer players, although they may affect turns and cuts.
“Shall We Dance?” Older Adults’ Perspectives on the Feasibility of a Dance Intervention for Cognitive Function
Authors: Thøgersen-Ntoumani Cecilie , Papathomas Anthony , Foster Jonathan , Quested Eleanor , Ntoumanis Nikos
Published: December 2017

We explored perceptions of social dance as a possible intervention to improve cognitive function in older adults with subjective memory complaints. A total of 30 participants (19 females; mean age = 72.6 years;SD = 8.2) took part in the study. This included 21 participants who had self-reported subjective memory complaints and nine spouses who noticed spousal memory loss. Semistructured interviews were conducted, and a thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Three main themes were constructed: (a) dance seen as a means ofpromoting social interaction; (b) chronic illness as a barrier and facilitatorto participation; and (c) social dance representingnostalgic connections to the past. Overall, the participants were positive about the potential attractiveness of social dance to improve cognitive and social functioning and other aspects of health. In future research, it is important to examine the feasibility of a social dance intervention among older adults with subjective memory complaints.
Dietary and Physical Activity Outcomes Determine Energy Balance in U.S. Adults Aged 50–74 Years
Authors: Patterson Mindy , Wang Wanyi , Ortiz Alexis
Published: December 2017

This study identified which energy expenditure (EE) and dietary intake outcomes determine EE from doubly-labeled water (DLW) in U.S. older adults (n = 681; 45.9% male; mean age 63.2). A secondary data analysis using baseline data from The Interactive Diet and Activity Tracking in AARP (IDATA) study was conducted. Stepwise linear regressions identified predictor outcomes of EE from DLW within sexes. Outcomes included data from ActiGraph accelerometers, Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors (CHAMPS) self-report activity questionnaire, Automated Self-Administered 24-hour dietary recall, Dietary History Questionnaire II (DHQ II), and resting EE. Energy expenditure by ActiGraph in males predicted EE from DLW (R2 = 0.33,p < .001). EE from ActiGraph and total dietary fiber from DHQ II predicted EE from DLW in females (R2 = 0.44,p < .001). The CHAMPS closely matched EE from DLW when considering resting EE. These findings can be used to assess energy balance in a non-invasive manner in older adults.
Association of professional identity, gender, team understanding, anxiety and workplace learning alignment with burnout in junior doctors: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Monrouxe Lynn V , Bullock Alison , Tseng Hsu-Min , Wells Stephanie E
Published: December 2017

Objectives

To examine how burnout across medical student to junior doctor transition relates to: measures of professional identity, team understanding, anxiety, gender, age and workplace learning (assistantship) alignment to first post.

Design

A longitudinal 1-year cohort design. Two groups of final-year medical students: (1) those undertaking end-of-year assistantships aligned in location and specialty with their first post and (2) those undertaking assistantships non-aligned. An online questionnaire included: Professional Identity Scale, Team Understanding Scale, modified Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and modified Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. Data were collected on four occasions: (T1) prior to graduation; (T2) 1 month post-transition; (T3) 6 months post-transition and (T4) 10 months post-transition. Questionnaires were analysed individually and using linear mixed-effect models.

Setting

Medical schools and postgraduate training in one UK country.

Participants

All aligned assistantship (n=182) and non-aligned assistantship students (n=319) were contacted; n=281 (56%) responded: 68% (n=183) females, 73% (n=206) 22–30 years, 46% aligned (n=129). Completion rates: aligned 72% (93/129) and non-aligned 64% (98/152).

Results

Analyses of individual scales revealed that self-reported anxiety, professional identity and patient-related burnout were stable, while team understanding, personal and work-related burnout increased, all irrespective of alignment. Three linear mixed-effect models (personal, patient-related and work-related burnout as outcome measures; age and gender as confounding variables) found that males self-reported significantly lower personal, but higher patient-related burnout, than females. Age and team understanding had no effect. Anxiety was significantly positively related and professional identity was significantly negatively related to burnout. Participants experiencing non-aligned assistantships reported higher personal and work-related burnout over time.

Conclusions

Implications for practice include medical schools’ consideration of an end-of-year workplace alignment with first-post before graduation or an extended shadowing period immediately postgraduation. How best to support undergraduate students’ early professional identity development should be examined. Support systems should be in place across the transition for individuals with a predisposition for anxiety.
Overdiagnosis across medical disciplines: a scoping review
Authors: Jenniskens Kevin , de Groot Joris A H , Reitsma Johannes B , Moons Karel G M , Hooft Lotty , Naaktgeboren Christiana A
Published: December 2017

Objective

To provide insight into how and in what clinical fields overdiagnosis is studied and give directions for further applied and methodological research.

Design

Scoping review.

Data sources

Medline up to August 2017.

Study selection

All English studies on humans, in which overdiagnosis was discussed as a dominant theme.

Data extraction

Studies were assessed on clinical field, study aim (ie, methodological or non-methodological), article type (eg, primary study, review), the type and role of diagnostic test(s) studied and the context in which these studies discussed overdiagnosis.

Results

From 4896 studies, 1851 were included for analysis. Half of all studies on overdiagnosis were performed in the field of oncology (50%). Other prevalent clinical fields included mental disorders, infectious diseases and cardiovascular diseases accounting for 9%, 8% and 6% of studies, respectively. Overdiagnosis was addressed from a methodological perspective in 20% of studies. Primary studies were the most common article type (58%). The type of diagnostic tests most commonly studied were imaging tests (32%), although these were predominantly seen in oncology and cardiovascular disease (84%). Diagnostic tests were studied in a screening setting in 43% of all studies, but as high as 75% of all oncological studies. The context in which studies addressed overdiagnosis related most frequently to its estimation, accounting for 53%. Methodology on overdiagnosis estimation and definition provided a source for extensive discussion. Other contexts of discussion included definition of disease, overdiagnosis communication, trends in increasing disease prevalence, drivers and consequences of overdiagnosis, incidental findings and genomics.

Conclusions

Overdiagnosis is discussed across virtually all clinical fields and in different contexts. The variability in characteristics between studies and lack of consensus on overdiagnosis definition indicate the need for a uniform typology to improve coherence and comparability of studies on overdiagnosis.
Migraine and subsequent chronic kidney disease risk: a nationwide population-based cohort study
Authors: Weng Shuo-Chun , Wu Chia-Lin , Kor Chew-Teng , Chiu Ping-Fang , Wu Ming-Ju , Chang Chia-Chu , Tarng Der-Cherng
Published: December 2017

Objective

We compared the incidence and risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) between subjects with new-onset migraine and matched controls without migraine in this large-scale retrospective cohort study.

Design

Population-based cohort study.

Setting

8880 subjects with migraine and 503 070 subjects without migraine were enrolled between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2013, all diagnosed to be without kidney disease. All the participants were registered in the National Health Insurance Research Database.

Participants

Finally, data from 7156 subjects with migraine and 7156 propensity-score-matched control subjects were analysed.

Primary outcome measure

We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate adjusted HRs for incident CKD; subgroup analyses were performed to assess the interactive effects of migraine with demographics, comorbidities and long-term medications.

Results

The incidence of CKD was higher in the migraine group than in the control group. The risk of developing CKD was significantly higher in subjects with migraine than without migraine (P=0.031). Subjects with migraine aged <65 years (age 40–64 (adjusted HR (aHR) 1.35; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.73); age <40 (aHR 1.55; 95% CI 1.02 to 2.36)), with ≥1 comorbid diseases (1–2 diseases (aHR 1.30; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.68); ≥3 diseases (aHR 1.45; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.07)), and not receiving anti-migraine agents (aHR 1.26; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.54) were at a higher risk of developing CKD compared with the control subjects. The interaction between migraine and comorbidities was not significant; age, male gender and long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were independent risk factors for CKD in subjects with migraine.

Conclusion

Migraine may be an independent risk factor for CKD. Young subjects with migraine, and those with comorbid conditions or without medical control, are likely to be at higher risk for CKD. Ageing, male sex and NSAIDs tend to have an association with CKD in subjects with migraine.
Increased supraspinatus tendon thickness following fatigue loading in rotator cuff tendinopathy: potential implications for exercise therapy
Authors: McCreesh Karen M , Purtill Helen , Donnelly Alan E , Lewis Jeremy S
Published: December 2017

Background/aim

Exercise imparts a load on tendon tissue that leads to changes in tendon properties. Studies suggest that loading immediately reduces tendon thickness, with a loss of this response in symptomatic tendinopathy. No studies investigating the response of tendon dimensions to load for the rotator cuff tendons exist. This study aimed to examine the short-term effect of loading on the thickness of the supraspinatus tendon and acromiohumeral distance those with and without rotator cuff tendinopathy.

Methods

Participants were 20 painfree controls, and 23 people with painful rotator cuff tendinopathy. Supraspinatus tendon thickness and acromiohumeral distance were measured using ultrasound scans before, and at three time points after loading (1, 6 and 24 hours). Loading involved isokinetic eccentric and concentric external rotation and abduction.

Results

There was a significant increase in supraspinatus tendon thickness in the pain group at 1 (7%, ∆=0.38, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.57) and 6 hours (11%, ∆=0.53, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.71), although only the 6 hours difference exceeded minimal detectable difference. In contrast, there was a small non-significant reduction in thickness in controls. The acromiohumeral distance reduced significantly in both groups at 1 hour (controls: ∆=0.64, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.90; pain: ∆=1.1, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.33), with a larger change from baseline in the pain group.

Conclusion

Those diagnosed with painful supraspinatus tendinopathy demonstrated increased thickening with delayed return to baseline following loading. Rehabilitation professionals may need to take into account the impact of loading to fatigue when planning rehabilitation programmes.
Clinical presentation, natural history, and cumulative death rates of 230 adults with primary cryptococcal meningitis in Zambian AIDS patients treated under local conditions
Authors: Mwaba P , Mwansa J , Chintu C , Pobee J , Scarborough M , Portsmouth S , Zumla A
Published: December 2017

SETTING

Inpatient medical wards, Department of Medicine, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.

OBJECTIVE

To define the natural history, clinical presentation, and management outcome of microbiologically confirmed cryptococcal meningitis in adult AIDS patients treated under local conditions where antifungal and antiretroviral therapies are not routinely available.

Design

A descriptive, longitudinal, observational study.

METHODS

All adult patients admitted to the medical wards of the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia with cerebrospinal fluid culture proved, primary cryptococcal meningitis, during a 12 month period were enrolled into the study. The following details were acquired: clinical features, HIV status, laboratory data, treatment accorded, and survival.

Results

A total of 230 patients with primary cryptococcal meningitis were studied (median age 32 years; range 15–65 years; 112 males, 118 females). Cryptococcal meningitis was the first AIDS defining illness in 210 (91%) patients. One hundred and thirty of the 230 (56%) patients had received treatment with fluconazole monotherapy and 100 (43%) patients received palliative care only without any antifungal therapy. A 100% case fatality rate was observed in both groups at follow up: by seven weeks in the untreated group and at six months in the fluconazole treated group. The cumulative median survival from time of diagnosis was 19 days (range 1–164 days) for the fluconazole treated group and 10 days (range 0–42 days) for the untreated group.

Conclusion

Cryptococcal meningitis, under current treatment accorded at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, has a 100% mortality in young Zambian adults with AIDS. The current treatment accorded to Zambian adults with cryptococcal meningitis is inappropriate. An urgent need exists to improve strategies for the clinical management of AIDS patients in poor African countries. The wider ethical and operational issues of making available antifungals to African AIDS patients are discussed.
What is the prevalence of rheumatic disorders in general medical inpatients?
Authors: Hood C , Johnson J , Kelly C
Published: December 2017

It has been suggested that rheumatological disorders are underdiagnosed in patients with medical problems and that this might be rectified by incorporating a standard brief screening examination as part of the routine assessment of all patients admitted to hospital with medical conditions. Therefore the GALS screening examination was used to assess the prevalence of rheumatic disease in 100 patients admitted with acute medical problems and in a further 100 in the rehabilitative phase of their disease. The nature of locomotor dysfunction in all patients with a positive result was defined by an independent review and then sensitivity and specificity of the screening test was calculated for rheumatic disease in both populations.

The median age of the two populations were 63 and 78 years respectively, with more females in the rehabilitation group. The overall prevalence of a positive screening test was 53% in the acute and 94% in the chronic disease groups, although the false positive rate in the rehabilitation patients was 30% due to factors other than rheumatic disorders limiting locomotor function (mainly orthopaedic and neurological conditions). The diagnosis of a rheumatological disorder was made de novo in a significant minority (10%) of patients and was usually amenable to treatment. The commonest rheumatic disorder was osteoarthritis which accounted for 55% of all rheumatic disease, followed by inflammatory joint disease (16%), and osteoporosis (12%). In addition to osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone and polymyalgia rheumatica were found more frequently in those patients undergoing rehabilitation than in those admitted with an acute medical problem. A number of clinically important associations between medical and rheumatic disorders were found, such as stroke disease with shoulder capsulitis and heart failure with gout.

The sensitivity of the GALS screening test was extremely high (92% and 100%), while its specificity fell in the rehabilitation group from 83% to 17%. None the less, it is felt that this study indicates that the routine use of this test should be considered as part of the assessment of all hospitalised patients with medical problems, whether acute or chronic.
Constituent quarks and systematic errors in mid-rapidity charged multiplicity dNch/dη distributions
Authors: Tannenbaum M. J.
Published: December 2017

Centrality definition in A + A collisions at colliders such as RHIC and LHC suffers from a correlated systematic uncertainty caused by the efficiency of detecting a p + p collision ([Formula: see text] for PHENIX at RHIC). In A + A collisions where centrality is measured by the number of nucleon collisions, [Formula: see text], or the number of nucleon participants, [Formula: see text], or the number of constituent quark participants, [Formula: see text], the error in the efficiency of the primary interaction trigger (Beam–Beam Counters) for a p + p collision leads to a correlated systematic uncertainty in [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] which reduces binomially as the A + A collisions become more central. If this is not correctly accounted for in projections of A + A to p + p collisions, then mistaken conclusions can result. A recent example is presented in whether the mid-rapidity charged multiplicity per constituent quark participant [Formula: see text] in Au + Au at RHIC was the same as the value in p + p collisions.
Renormalization of Einstein gravity through a derivative-dependent field redefinition
Authors: Slovick Brian
Published: December 2017

This work explores an alternative solution to the problem of renormalizability in Einstein gravity. In the proposed approach, Einstein gravity is transformed into the renormalizable theory of four-derivative gravity by applying a local field redefinition containing an infinite number of higher derivatives. It is also shown that the current–current amplitude is invariant with the field redefinition, and thus the unitarity of Einstein gravity is preserved.
Finite-time synchronization of complex networks with non-identical nodes and impulsive disturbances
Authors: Zhang Wanli , Li Chuandong , He Xing , Li Hongfei
Published: December 2017

This paper investigates the finite-time synchronization of complex networks (CNs) with non-identical nodes and impulsive disturbances. By utilizing stability theories, new 1-norm-based analytical techniques and suitable comparison, systems, several sufficient conditions are obtained to realize the synchronization goal in finite time. State feedback controllers with and without the sign function are designed. Results show that the controllers with sign function can reduce the conservativeness of control gains and the controllers without sign function can overcome the chattering phenomenon. Numerical simulations are offered to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis.
Modulational instability and dynamics of implicit higher-order rogue wave solutions for the Kundu equation
Authors: Wen Xiao-Yong , Zhang Guoqiang
Published: December 2017

Under investigation in this paper is the Kundu equation, which may be used to describe the propagation process of ultrashort optical pulses in nonlinear optics. The modulational instability of the plane-wave for the possible reason of the formation of the rogue wave (RW) is studied for the system. Based on our proposed generalized perturbation [Formula: see text]-fold Darboux transformation (DT), some new higher-order implicit RW solutions in terms of determinants are obtained by means of the generalized perturbation [Formula: see text]-fold DT, when choosing different special parameters, these results will reduce to the RW solutions of the Kaup–Newell (KN) equation, Chen–Lee–Liu (CLL) equation and Gerjikov–Ivanov (GI) equation, respectively. The relevant wave structures are shown graphically, which display abundant interesting wave structures. The dynamical behaviors and propagation stability of the first-order and second-order RW solutions are discussed by using numerical simulations, the higher-order nonlinear terms for the Kundu equation have an impact on the propagation instability of the RW. The method can also be extended to find the higher-order RW or rational solutions of other integrable nonlinear equations.