bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterned Optogenetic Modulation of Neurovascular and Metabolic Signals
Authors: Richner Thomas J , Baumgartner Ryan , Brodnick Sarah K , Azimipour Mehdi , Krugner-Higby Lisa A , Eliceiri Kevin W , Williams Justin C , Pashaie Ramin
Published: November 2014

The hemodynamic and metabolic response of the cortex depends spatially and temporally on the activity of multiple cell types. Optogenetics enables specific cell types to be modulated with high temporal precision and is therefore an emerging method for studying neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling. Going beyond temporal investigations, we developed a microprojection system to apply spatial photostimulus patterns in vivo. We monitored vascular and metabolic fluorescence signals after photostimulation in Thy1-channelrhodopsin-2 mice. Cerebral arteries increased in diameter rapidly after photostimulation, while nearby veins showed a slower smaller response. The amplitude of the arterial response was depended on the area of cortex stimulated. The fluorescence signal emitted at 450/100 nm and excited with ultraviolet is indicative of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, an endogenous fluorescent enzyme involved in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. This fluorescence signal decreased quickly and transiently after optogenetic stimulation, suggesting that glucose metabolism is tightly locked to optogenetic stimulation. To verify optogenetic stimulation of the cortex, we used a transparent substrate microelectrode array to map cortical potentials resulting from optogenetic stimulation. Spatial optogenetic stimulation is a new tool for studying neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling.
Linking the Population Pharmacokinetics of Tenofovir and Its Metabolites With Its Cellular Uptake and Metabolism
Authors: Madrasi K , Burns R N , Hendrix C W , Fossler M J , Chaturvedula A
Published: November 2014

Empirical pharmacokinetic models are used to explain the pharmacokinetics of the antiviral drug tenofovir (TFV) and its metabolite TFV diphosphate (TFV‐DP) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These empirical models lack the ability to explain differences between the disposition of TFV‐DP in HIV‐infected patients vs. healthy individuals. Such differences may lie in the mechanisms of TFV transport and phosphorylation. Therefore, we developed an exploratory model based on mechanistic mass transport principles and enzyme kinetics to examine the uptake and phosphorylation kinetics of TFV. TFV‐DP median Cmax from the model was 38.5 fmol/106 cells, which is bracketed by two reported healthy volunteer studies (38 and 51 fmol/106 cells). The model presented provides a foundation for exploration of TFV uptake and phosphorylation kinetics for various routes of TFV administration and can be updated as more is known on actual mechanisms of cellular transport of TFV.

CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2014) 3, e147; doi:10.1038/psp.2014.46; published online 12 November 2014
A rapid response “Turn-On” fluorescent probe for nitroreductase detection and its application in hypoxic tumor cell imaging
Authors: Xu Jian , Sun Shaobo , Li Qian , Yue Ying , Li Yingdong , Shao Shijun
Published: November 2014

A novel “Turn-On” fluorescent probe, quaternarized 4-pyridinyl-substituted BODIPY dye by incorporating a 5-nitrofuran moiety, was developed and applied for imaging the hypoxic status of tumor cells by the indirect detection of nitroreductase.
Achieving exceptionally high luminescence quantum efficiency by immobilizing an AIE molecular chromophore into a metal–organic framework
Authors: Hu Zhichao , Huang Guangxi , Lustig William P. , Wang Fangming , Wang Hao , Teat Simon J. , Banerjee Debasis , Zhang Deqing , Li Jing
Published: November 2014

We build a new rare-earth-free blue-excitable phosphor, which emits yellow light with high quantum yield. Coating a blue LED with this phosphor generates white light with high luminous efficacy.
Photoinduced heterodisulfide metathesis for reagent-free synthesis of polymer nanoparticles
Authors: Li Longyu , Song Cunfeng , Jennings Matthew , Thayumanavan S.
Published: November 2014

Reagent-free synthetic methods are of great interest because of their simplicity and implications in green chemistry.
Nickel complexes of a binucleating ligand derived from an SCS pincer
Authors: Peterson Sonja M. , Helm Monte L. , Appel Aaron M.
Published: November 2014

A new heterobimetallic complex contains NiII in an SCS pincer and lithium in an ether loop, bridged by bromide.
Reactivity of a trinuclear ruthenium complex involving C–H activation and insertion of alkene
Authors: Ma Zhihong , Fan Dong , Li Suzhen , Han Zhangang , Li Xiaoyan , Zheng Xuezhong , Lin Jin
Published: November 2014

Synthesis, structure and reactivity of a pyridyl-substituted indenyl trinuclear ruthenium complex were researched.
Post-synthesis DNA modifications using a trans-cyclooctene click handle
Authors: Wang Ke , Wang Danzhu , Ji Kaili , Chen Weixuan , Zheng Yueqin , Dai Chaofeng , Wang Binghe
Published: November 2014

Efficient enzymatic DNA incorporation oftrans-cyclooctene thymidine triphosphate (TCO-TTP) is reported. The general handle oftrans-cyclooctene can undergo a rapid bioorthogonal cycloaddition with tetrazine, which is suitable for further DNA labeling work.
γ-Cyclodextrin modulates the chemical reactivity by multiple complexation
Authors: Fernández-Rosas J. , Pessêgo M. , Cepeda-Plaza M. , Basilio N. , Parajó M. , Rodríguez-Dafonte P. , García-Río L.
Published: November 2014

Multiple recognition by cooperative/competitive mechanisms to form a 1 : 1 : 1 inclusion complex plays a crucial role in determining the chemical reactivity in the γ-CD cavity.
Effects of UV radiation on aquatic ecosystems and interactions with other environmental factors
Authors: Häder Donat-P. , Williamson Craig E. , Wängberg Sten-Åke , Rautio Milla , Rose Kevin C. , Gao Kunshan , Helbling E. Walter , Sinha Rajeshwar P. , Worrest Robert
Published: November 2014

Interactions between climate change and UV radiation are having strong effects on aquatic ecosystems due to feedback between temperature, UV radiation, and greenhouse gas concentration. Higher air temperatures and incoming solar radiation are increasing the surface water temperatures of lakes and oceans, with many large lakes warming at twice the rate of regional air temperatures. Warmer oceans are changing habitats and the species composition of many marine ecosystems. For some, such as corals, the temperatures may become too high. Temperature differences between surface and deep waters are becoming greater. This increase in thermal stratification makes the surface layers shallower and leads to stronger barriers to upward mixing of nutrients necessary for photosynthesis. This also results in exposure to higher levels of UV radiation of surface-dwelling organisms. In polar and alpine regions decreases in the duration and amount of snow and ice cover on lakes and oceans are also increasing exposure to UV radiation. In contrast, in lakes and coastal oceans the concentration and colour of UV-absorbing dissolved organic matter (DOM) from terrestrial ecosystems is increasing with greater runoff from higher precipitation and more frequent extreme storms. DOM thus creates a refuge from UV radiation that can enable UV-sensitive species to become established. At the same time, decreased UV radiation in such surface waters reduces the capacity of solar UV radiation to inactivate viruses and other pathogens and parasites, and increases the difficulty and price of purifying drinking water for municipal supplies. Solar UV radiation breaks down the DOM, making it more available for microbial processing, resulting in the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In addition to screening solar irradiance, DOM, when sunlit in surface water, can lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increases in carbon dioxide are in turn acidifying the oceans and inhibiting the ability of many marine organisms to form UV-absorbing exoskeletons. Many aquatic organisms use adaptive strategies to mitigate the effects of solar UV-B radiation (280-315 nm), including vertical migration, crust formation, synthesis of UV-absorbing substances, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic quenching of ROS. Whether or not genetic adaptation to changes in the abiotic factors plays a role in mitigating stress and damage has not been determined. This assessment addresses how our knowledge of the interactive effects of UV radiation and climate change factors on aquatic ecosystems has advanced in the past four years.
Investigations on structural and optical properties of ZnO and ZnO:Co nanoparticles under dense electronic excitations
Authors: Kumar Shiv , Asokan Kandasami , Singh Ranjan Kumar , Chatterjee Sandip , Kanjilal Dinakar , Ghosh Anup Kumar
Published: November 2014

Pristine and irradiated Raman and PL spectra of pure and Co-doped ZnO nanocrystals.
Nitrogen-doped graphene oxide/cupric oxide as an anode material for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Pan Yue , Ye Ke , Cao Dianxue , Li Yiju , Dong Yuanyuan , Niu Tengteng , Zeng Weijia , Wang Guiling
Published: November 2014

A nitrogen-doped graphene oxide/copper oxide nanocomposite is prepared through a modified Hummers method followed by heat treatment.
Correction: Facile fabrication and photoelectrochemical properties of a one axis-oriented NiO thin film with a (111) dominant facet
Authors: Kim Chang Woo , Son Young Seok , Pawar Amol Uttam , Kang Myung Jong , Zheng Jin You , Sharma Vivek , Mohanty Paritosh , Kang Young Soo
Published: November 2014

Correction for ‘Facile fabrication and photoelectrochemical properties of a one axis-oriented NiO thin film with a (111) dominant facet’ by Chang Woo Kim et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2, 19867–19872.
Epithelial MUC1 promotes cell migration, reduces apoptosis and affects levels of mucosal modulators during acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)-induced gastropathy
Authors: Banerjee Debashish , Fernandez Harvey Robert , Patil Pradeep Bhatu , Premaratne Pushpa , Quiding-Järbrink Marianne , Lindén Sara Katarina
Published: November 2014

MUC1 is a transmembrane mucin highly expressed in the stomach. Although extensive research has uncovered many of its roles in cancer, knowledge about the functions of MUC1 in normal tissues is limited. In the present study, we showed that acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; aspirin) up-regulated MUC1/Muc1 expression in the gastric mucosa of humans and wild-type (WT) mice. ASA induced mucosal injury in all mice to a similar extent; however, WT animals and those chimaeras with Muc1 on the epithelia recovered faster than Muc1-knockout (KO) mice and chimaeras carrying Muc1 on haemopoietic but not epithelial cells. MUC1 enhanced proliferation and migration of the human gastric cell line MKN-7 and increased resistance to apoptosis. The repeated treatment regime used caused a reduction in cyclo-oxygenase-1 (Cox-1) expression, though WT animals returned faster towards pre-treatment levels and had increased Cox-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor levels during recovery. Thus we found that epithelial Muc1 is more important for the healing process than haemopoietic Muc1 and Muc1/MUC1 facilitates wound healing by enhancing cell migration and proliferation, protecting against apoptosis and mediating expression of mucosal modulators. Thus MUC1 plays essential roles during wound healing and development of treatment modalities targeting enhanced expression of MUC1 may be beneficial to treat mucosal wounds.
Teaching Active Listening Skills to Pre-Service Speech-Language Pathologists: A First Step in Supporting Collaboration With Parents of Young Children Who Require AAC
Authors: Thistle Jennifer J. , McNaughton David
Published: November 2014

Purpose

This study examined the effect of instruction in an active listening strategy on the communication skills of pre-service speech-language pathologists (SLPs).

Method

Twenty-three pre-service SLPs in their 2nd year of graduate study received a brief strategy instruction in active listening skills. Participants were videotaped during a simulated parent meeting before and after the strategy instruction. Simulated parent meetings addressed issues that parents of children who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) may face. Social validity measures were gathered from the participants and from parents of children who use AAC.

Results

Pre- and postinstruction use of the active listening strategy was scored and compared using a Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, with statistically significant results. Postinstruction scores were significantly higher than preinstruction scores, providing evidence of the effectiveness of the instruction. Furthermore, participants and parents of children who use AAC described the postinstruction interactions more positively than the preinstruction interactions, suggesting that the pre-service SLPs benefited from the instruction.

Conclusion

The current study provides evidence of the effectiveness of strategy instruction in active listening skills that may be incorporated into SLP preparation programs.
Consequences of Co-Occurring Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder on Children's Language Impairments
Authors: Redmond Sean M. , Ash Andrea C. , Hogan Tiffany P.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

Co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and communication disorders represent a frequently encountered challenge for school-based practitioners. The purpose of the present study was to examine in more detail the clinical phenomenology of co-occurring ADHD and language impairments (LIs).

Method

Measures of nonword repetition, sentence recall, and tense marking were collected from 57 seven- to nine-year-old children. The performances of children with ADHD+LI status were compared with those of children with specific language impairment (SLI) and children with typical development (TD).

Results

ADHD status had no independent detrimental impact on the affected children's LIs (SLI = ADHD+LI < TD). A modest positive correlation was found between the severity of children's ADHD symptoms and their sentence recall performance, suggesting a tendency for affected children who had higher levels of ADHD symptoms to perform better than those children with lower levels.

Conclusion

These outcomes are difficult to reconcile with attention-deficit/information-processing accounts of the core deficits associated with SLI. Potential protective mechanisms associated with ADHD status are discussed.
Tackling OpenFlow power hog in core networks with KeyFlow
Authors: Saldaña Cercós S. , Oliveira R.E. , Vitoi R. , Martinello M. , Ribeiro M.R.N. , Manolova Fagertun A. , Tafur Monroy I.
Published: November 2014

A comprehensive data plane power consumption analysis of an OpenFlow 1.0 switch broken down into its design modules is presented, and KeyFlow as an alternative solution is proposed, since it eliminates a flow table lookup by reducing 53.7% of the overall power consumption.
Universal relaxation characteristic of interface trap under FN and NBTI stress in pMOSFET device
Authors: Choi Seongwook , Park Sooyoung , Baek Chang‐Ki , Park Young June
Published: November 2014

The generation and recovery of the interface trap under the Fowler Nordheim (FN) stress in pMOSFETs are measured under various temperatures by extracting the subthreshold swing, and are compared with negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) measurements. The relaxation of the interface trap density is especially analysed in the framework of a universal relaxation characteristic which is proposed to explain the NBTI relaxation phase. It has been found that the same form of the universal characteristic from NBTI can be applied to the FN relaxation phase as well. This finding provides an insight into the continuously raised hypothesis that the underlying mechanisms of NBTI and FN stress are similar.
High dynamic range adaptation for ROI tracking based on reconfigurable concurrent dual‐sensing
Authors: Fernández‐Berni J. , Carmona‐Galán R. , del Río R. , Rodríguez‐Vázquez Á.
Published: November 2014

A single‐exposure technique to extend the dynamic range of vision sensors is presented. It is particularly suitable for vision algorithms requiring region‐of‐interest (ROI) tracking under varying illumination conditions. The operation is supported by two intertwined photo‐diodes at pixel level and two digital registers at the periphery of the pixel matrix. These registers divide the focal plane into independent regions within which automatic concurrent adjustment of the integration time takes place for each frame. At pixel level, one of the photodiodes senses the pixel value itself, whereas the other, in collaboration with its counterparts in every prescribed ROI, senses the mean illumination of that specific ROI. An additional circuitry interconnecting both photodiodes asynchronously determines the integration period for each ROI according to its mean illumination. The experimental results for a quarter video graphics array prototype CMOS vision sensor are reported.
Incident angular dependence of surface plasmon polariton modes for thermal imaging
Authors: Yoon Sujin , Hwang Jeongwoo , Kim Jong Su , Kim Jun Oh , Kang Sang‐Woo , Jang Woo‐Yong , Noyola Michael , Urbas Augustine , Ku Zahyun , Lee Sang Jun
Published: November 2014

In the authors' previous work, the effect of a plasmonic metal hole array (MHA) as integrated on the infrared (IR) photodetector was demonstrated and its performance particularly at a normal incidence was analysed. However, in IR imaging, the associated optics or lens focuses and collimates the light to the detector, which in turn causes the incident light to bend with various angles. Since the MHA is integrated on top of the detector, it is critical to investigate its sensitivity against the angle of incidence and how it impacts the overall sensing capability. The splitting of the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) resonances due to MHA is reported here, since the incident angle varies. In the experiment, the SPP structure has been fabricated by a two‐dimensional (2D) square array of subwavelength circular holes penetrating the gold film. The transmission spectra of the SPP structure in a mid‐IR range have been measured for various incident angles. An interesting phenomenon is observed here, that is, the first‐ and second‐order bimodal plasmonic spectra split into three or more peaks as the incident angle increases. Consistency in the experimental results with the simulation is found.
Improved successive multiuser detection initial ranging algorithm with interference cancellation for orthogonal frequency division multiple access systems
Authors: Xia Yujie , Ren Guangliang , Zhang Huining
Published: November 2014

An improved successive multiuser detection (SMUD) initial ranging (IR) algorithm with interference cancellation is presented for orthogonal frequency division multiple access systems followed by IEEE 802.16 m standard. The proposed method detects all the valid paths of IR subscriber stations, selects the path with the maximum signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio, and estimates the parameters of the path by least‐square method. The estimated parameters are further processed by the parallel interference cancellation processing to improve their accuracy, and then the signal of the selected valid path is removed from the received signal in the successive interference cancellation (SIC) process. The proposed scheme can efficiently improve the parameter estimation accuracy of the selected valid path and reduce the residual multiple access interference in the SIC process. Simulation results show that the proposed method has a much better performance than the SMUD algorithm.
Deriving a surrogate safety measure for freeway incidents based on predicted end‐of‐queue properties
Authors: Chou Chih‐Sheng , Nichols Andrew P.
Published: November 2014

Incidents can significantly impact freeway operations and deteriorate mobility and safety. This study quantified their safety impacts through inspecting queue properties. Specifically, the end‐of‐queue (EOQ), where severe rear‐end collisions commonly occur, is employed for safety assessment based on vehicles’ trajectories. Since detector data is typically available, this study applied such data for EOQ identification, as opposed to vehicle trajectories that are difficult to collect and process. Three measures related to queue duration, impact area and vehicle number exposed to the EOQ are presented as surrogates. To understand the applicability of these measures, a systematic set of incident scenarios is replicated with VISSIM. Quantitative results are used to estimate regression models, and significant variables are identified. The proposed methods can be used to evaluate safety impact of traffic incident management programs such as freeway service patrol, as well as to determine optimal plans for prearranged incidents such as pothole repair.
Enhancing transport data collection through social media sources: methods, challenges and opportunities for textual data
Authors: Grant‐Muller Susan M. , Gal‐Tzur Ayelet , Minkov Einat , Nocera Silvio , Kuflik Tsvi , Shoor Itay
Published: November 2014

Social media data now enriches and supplements information flow in various sectors of society. The question addressed here is whether social media can act as a credible information source of sufficient quality to meet the needs of transport planners, operators, policy makers and the travelling public. A typology of primary transport data needs, current and new data sources is initially established, following which this study focuses on social media textual data in particular. Three sub‐questions are investigated: the potential to use social media data alongside existing transport data, the technical challenges in extracting transport‐relevant information from social media and the wider barriers to the uptake of this data. Following an overview of the text mining process to extract relevant information from the corpus, a review of the challenges this approach holds for the transport sector is given. These include ontologies, sentiment analysis, location names and measuring accuracy. Finally, institutional issues in the greater use of social media are highlighted, concluding that social media information has not yet been fully explored. The contribution of this study is in scoping the technical challenges in mining social media data within the transport context, laying the foundation for further research in this field.
Numerical analysis of scattering from cylindrical structures coated by layers having inhomogeneity in both radial and azimuthal directions
Authors: Abdolali Ali , Kiani Mohamad , Salary Mohammad Mahdi
Published: November 2014

In this study, the problem of electromagnetic scattering from cylindrical structures with multi‐layered coating having inhomogeneity in both radial and azimuthal directions is investigated. The core of the structure may be perfect electric conductor, perfect magnetic conductor, perfect electromagnetic conductor, impedance surface, dielectric or metamaterial. The previous investigations have been restricted to a special case, for example, coatings with only radial inhomogeneity, normal incidence etc. Moreover, in these investigations only single layer coatings are considered and the analysis is based on modelling inhomogeneous coating by homogeneous layers. However, in this study, for the first time, electromagnetic scattering from cylindrical structures coated by multilayered inhomogeneous coating is considered in the most general case for any arbitrary number of layers, incident angle and polarisation. The analysis is based on finite difference method which is a common method in solving engineering electromagnetic problems and the inhomogeneous coating is not approximated by homogeneous layers. The validity of the proposed method is verified through some comprehensive examples. Comparing the results of the proposed method with exact solutions and the results obtained from other commonly used methods in the literature, it is confirmed that the method is simple, fast, accurate and valid for all inhomogeneous layers with continuous electromagnetic profiles.
Long‐range Loran‐C ground‐wave propagation prediction based on adaptive moving window finite‐difference time‐domain method with compute unified device architecture parallel computing techniques
Authors: Zhou Lili , Mu Zhonglin , Pu Yurong , Xi Xiaoli
Published: November 2014

Modelling long‐range Loran‐C signal propagation numerically is challenging because of its extremely high computational cost. Other analytical/semi‐analytical methods are not accurate enough because of unavoidable approximations. In this study, the authors put forward a solution using the adaptive moving window finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method to compute unified device architecture parallel computing techniques. The moving velocity of the window is dependent upon the wave speed adaptively. To achieve the adaptive moving window technique, the original Loran‐C signal is truncated first. A further method employed to extract the electric field amplitude and phase is proposed. The electric field amplitude and phase data of each mesh in the computational space are synchronously obtained from the spatial domain as the FDTD updates, without additional storage cost and post processing in the time domain. With all these efforts, a 400 km propagation path was simulated successfully within 22 min. Measurement results between Jinxian and Shangrao in Jiangxi Province, China were taken to validate the numerical approach.
Ambient RF energy harvesting trial in domestic settings
Authors: Mimis Konstantinos , Gibbins David , Dumanli Sema , Watkins Gavin Tomas
Published: November 2014

This study investigates the feasibility of ambient radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting for powering low‐power electronic devices, in domestic environments. An RF spectrum survey was carried out in a variety of locations around the city of Bristol, UK between 500 MHz and 6 GHz. Locations are limited to indoor residential environments, and as a comparison an office. The measurement setup consists of an omnidirectional, broadband, discone antenna and a handheld spectrum analyser. On the basis of the measured power consumption of a number of low‐power electronic devices and the analysed results, the required harvesting time to power each device is calculated. The results show that in order to harvest enough energy to power‐up a small calculator (2 μW) for 1 s, an antenna array covering 1.7–2.5 GHz with effective area of 1 m2 requires on average about 10 min of harvesting.
Impact of core losses on parameter identification of three‐phase induction machines
Authors: Chatterjee Debashis
Published: November 2014

Accurate knowledge about the machine parameters is of utmost importance for high performance speed control of induction machines. Out of all the various machine parameters, the stator and the rotor resistances are strongly dependent on the machine temperature, which is difficult to predict without any appropriate sensor mounted inside the machine. Online identification of these parameters requires correct knowledge about the machine magnetic parameters, which are the magnetising and leakage inductances. Moreover, estimation of the resistive parameters is affected by core loss in the machine. The magnetic parameters are almost unaffected by core losses and can be accurately calculated offline at different operating flux levels with known input variables and resistive parameters. A ‘variable flux current limit test’ is proposed to determine the parameters at various input frequencies and operating fluxes. The proposed identification method can be implemented with the same hardware available for normal operation of the drive. Various simulations and experiments performed on practical machines validate the proposed concept.
Beveled Osteotomies in Lateral Orbitotomy Using a Customized Rotating Bone Saw for Orbital Neoplasms
Authors: Santiago Maria Donna Damo , Tuano ProsperoMaria
Published: November 2014

This study aims to develop a novel method of beveled osteotomy for lateral orbitotomy using a customized 21-mm stainless steel rotating saw in lateral orbitotomy and to evaluate the outcome of a novel beveled osteotomy in lateral orbitotomy. This article presents a case series (19 orbits from 18 patients) of lateral orbitotomies for excision biopsy of orbital neoplasms, over a 10-year period (from September 2001 to October 2011). It is a retrospective observational study. The surgeries were performed under the primary service of one surgeon (M. D. D. S.), the author of this study. All patients were treated via beveled osteotomies in lateral orbitotomy using a stainless steel, 21 mm diameter, customized rotating bone saw. Preoperative and postoperative measurements were tabulated and statistically analyzed. The case series demonstrated that beveled osteotomies in lateral orbitotomy using a stainless steel, 21 mm diameter, customized rotating bone saw was technically possible and provided access to lateral subperiorbital, peripheral, and central surgical spaces. The exposure was ample for excision biopsy of all neoplasms in this study. No patient needed the use of miniplate hardware in repositioning the lateral orbital wall nor complained of a palpable deformity of the lateral orbital wall. The wound healing was rapid, with minimal tissue distortion or scars. There were two patients who developed skin burns, but neither required a cosmetic surgery to correct scarring from the burn. It was concluded that the modified technique of beveled osteotomies in lateral orbitotomy provides excellent access to the lateral subperiorbital, peripheral and central surgical spaces. The exposure was adequate for excision biopsy of all neoplasms in this study. The technique promotes osseous union without the use of miniplate hardware. The use of a stainless steel 21 mm diameter customized rotating bone saw facilitated the successful outcome of the beveled technique.
Electrostatic acceleration of helicon plasma using a cusped magnetic field
Authors: Harada S. , Baba T. , Uchigashima A. , Yokota S. , Iwakawa A. , Sasoh A. , Yamazaki T. , Shimizu H.
Published: November 2014

The electrostatic acceleration of helicon plasma is investigated using an electrostatic potential exerted between the ring anode at the helicon source exit and an off-axis hollow cathode in the downstream region. In the downstream region, the magnetic field for the helicon source, which is generated by a solenoid coil, is modified using permanent magnets and a yoke, forming an almost magnetic field-free region surrounded by an annular cusp field. Using a retarding potential analyzer, two primary ion energy peaks, where the lower peak corresponds to the space potential and the higher one to the ion beam, are detected in the field-free region. Using argon as the working gas with a helicon power of 1.5 kW and a mass flow rate of 0.21 mg/s, the ion beam energy is on the order of the applied acceleration voltage. In particular, with an acceleration voltage lower than 150 V, the ion beam energy even exceeds the applied acceleration voltage by an amount on the order of the electron thermal energy at the exit of the helicon plasma source. The ion beam energy profile strongly depends on the helicon power and the applied acceleration voltage. Since by this method the whole working gas from the helicon plasma source can, in principle, be accelerated, this device can be applied as a noble electrostatic thruster for space propulsion.
Kinetic density functional theory of freezing
Authors: Baskaran Arvind , Baskaran Aparna , Lowengrub John
Published: November 2014

A theory of freezing of a dense hard sphere gas is presented. Starting from a revised Enskog theory, hydrodynamic equations that account for non-local variations in the density but local variations in the flow field are derived using a modified Chapman Enskog procedure. These hydrodynamic equations, which retain structural correlations, are shown to be effectively a time dependent density functional theory. The ability of this theory to capture the solid liquid phase transition is established through analysis and numerical simulations.
CMOS time-to-digital converter based on a pulse-mixing scheme
Authors: Chen Chun-Chi , Hwang Chorng-Sii , Liu Keng-Chih , Chen Guan-Hong
Published: November 2014

This paper proposes a new pulse-mixing scheme utilizing both pulse-shrinking and pulse-stretching mechanisms to improve the performance of time-to-digital converters (TDCs). The temporal resolution of the conventional pulse-shrinking mechanism is determined by the size ratio between homogeneous and inhomogeneous elements. The proposed scheme which features double-stage operation derives its resolution according to the time difference between pulse-shrinking and pulse-stretching amounts. Thus, it can achieve greater immunity against temperature and ambient variations than that of the single-stage scheme. The circuit area also can be reduced by the proposed pulse-mixing scheme. In addition, this study proposes an improved cyclic delay line to eliminate the undesirable shift in the temporal resolution successfully. Therefore, the effective resolution can be controlled completely by the pulse-mixing unit to improve accuracy. The proposed TDC composed of only one cyclic delay line and one counter is fabricated in a TSMC CMOS 0.35-μm DPQM process. The chip core occupies an extremely small area of 0.02 mm2, which is the best among the related works. The experimental result shows that an effective resolution of around 53 ps within ±13% variation over a 0–100 °C temperature range is achieved. The power consumption is 90 μW at a sample rate of 1000 samples/s. In addition to the reduced area, the proposed TDC circuit achieves its resolution with less thermal-sensitivity and better fluctuations caused by process variations.
Laboratory detections of SiC2N and SiC3N by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy
Authors: Umeki Hiroya , Nakajima Masakazu , Endo Yasuki
Published: November 2014

Two silicon-bearing carbon chain radicals, SiC2N and SiC3N, were detected in the laboratory by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. Molecular constants including the hyperfine coupling constants have been determined for the two radicals in the ground electronic states. The SiC2N and SiC3N radicals have linear structures in the 2Π ground electronic states with inverted and regular fine structures, respectively, as are the cases for their isoelectronic radicals, SiC3H and SiC4H, indicating that the SiCnN radicals have similar electronic structures to the SiCn+1H radicals. The electronic structures of SiC2N and SiC3N in the ground states are discussed on the basis of the experimentally determined molecular constants.
Canonical functions, differential graded symplectic pairs in supergeometry, and Alexandrov-Kontsevich-Schwartz-Zaboronsky sigma models with boundaries
Authors: Ikeda Noriaki , Xu Xiaomeng
Published: November 2014

Consistent boundary conditions for Alexandrov-Kontsevich-Schwartz-Zaboronsky (AKSZ) sigma models and the corresponding boundary theories are analyzed. As their mathematical structures, we introduce a generalization of differential graded symplectic manifolds, called twisted QP manifolds, in terms of graded symplectic geometry, canonical functions, and QP pairs. We generalize the AKSZ construction of topological sigma models to sigma models with Wess-Zumino terms and show that all the twisted Poisson-like structures known in the literature can actually be naturally realized as boundary conditions for AKSZ sigma models.
Theoretical description of electronically excited vinylidene up to 10 eV: First high level ab initio study of singlet valence and Rydberg states
Authors: Boyé-Péronne Séverine , Gauyacq Dolores , Liévin Jacques
Published: November 2014

The first quantitative description of the Rydberg and valence singlet electronic states of vinylidene lying in the 0–10 eV region is performed by using large scale ab initio calculations. A deep analysis of Rydberg-valence interactions has been achieved thanks to the comprehensive information contained in the accurate Multi-Reference Configuration Interaction wavefunctions and an original population analysis highlighting the respective role played by orbital and state mixing in such interactions. The present theoretical approach is thus adequate for dealing with larger than diatomic Rydberg systems. The nine lowest singlet valence states have been optimized. Among them, some are involved in strong Rydberg-valence interactions in the region of the Rydberg state equilibrium geometry. The Rydberg states of vinylidene present a great similarity with the acetylene isomer, concerning their quantum defects and Rydberg molecular orbital character. As in acetylene, strong s-d mixing is revealed in the n = 3 s-d supercomplex. Nevertheless, unlike in acetylene, the close-energy of the two vinylidene ionic cores 2A1 and 2B1 results into two overlapped Rydberg series. These Rydberg series exhibit local perturbations when an accidental degeneracy occurs between them and results in avoided crossings. In addition, some Δl = 1 (s-p and p-d) mixings arise for some Rydberg states and are rationalized in term of electrostatic interaction from the electric dipole moment of the ionic core. The strongest dipole moment of the 2B1 cationic state also stabilizes the lowest members of the n = 3 Rydberg series converging to this excited state, as compared to the adjacent series converging toward the 2A1 ionic ground state. The overall energies of vinylidene Rydberg states lie above their acetylene counterpart. Finally, predictions for optical transitions in singlet vinylidene are suggested for further experimental spectroscopic characterization of vinylidene.
Modeling viscoelastic networks in Stokes flow
Authors: Wróbel Jacek K. , Cortez Ricardo , Fauci Lisa
Published: November 2014

Filamentous networks and elastic polymers immersed in a viscous fluid are central to many processes in biology. Here, we present a model of a discrete viscoelastic network coupled to a Stokesian fluid. The network is built out of a collection of cross-linked nodes where each link is modeled by one or more simple viscoelastic elements. The method of regularized Stokeslets is used to couple network dynamics with a highly viscous fluid in three dimensions. We use computational rheometry tests to characterize the viscoelastic structures, such as computing their frequency-dependent loss and storage moduli. We find that when linkages between nodes are modeled by Maxwell elements, the qualitative behavior of these moduli reflects that of many biological viscoelastic structures.
A low-noise transimpedance amplifier for the detection of “Violin-Mode” resonances in advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory suspensions
Authors: Lockerbie N. A. , Tokmakov K. V.
Published: November 2014

This paper describes the design and performance of an extremely low-noise differential transimpedance amplifier, which takes its two inputs from separate photodiodes. The amplifier was planned to serve as the front-end electronics for a highly sensitive shadow-displacement sensing system, aimed at detecting very low-level “Violin-Mode” (VM) oscillations in 0.4 mm diameter by 600 mm long fused-silica suspension fibres. Four such highly tensioned fibres support the 40 kg test-masses/mirrors of the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory interferometers. This novel design of amplifier incorporates features which prevent “noise-gain peaking” arising from large area photodiode (and cable) capacitances, and which also usefully separate the DC and AC photocurrents coming from the photodiodes. In consequence, the differential amplifier was able to generate straightforwardly two DC outputs, one per photodiode, as well as a single high-gain output for monitoring the VM oscillations—this output being derived from the difference of the photodiodes’ two, naturally anti-phase, AC photocurrents. Following a displacement calibration, the amplifier's final VM signal output was found to have an AC displacement responsivity at 500 Hz of (9.43 ± 1.20) MV(rms) m−1(rms), and, therefore, a shot-noise limited sensitivity to such AC shadow- (i.e., fibre-) displacements of (69 ± 13) picometres/√Hz at this frequency, over a measuring span of ±0.1 mm.
Combined state-adding and state-deleting approaches to type III multi-step rationally extended potentials: Applications to ladder operators and superintegrability
Authors: Marquette Ian , Quesne Christiane
Published: November 2014

Type III multi-step rationally extended harmonic oscillator and radial harmonic oscillator potentials, characterized by a set of k integers m1, m2, ⋯, mk, such that m1 < m2 < ⋯ < mk with mi even (resp. odd) for i odd (resp. even), are considered. The state-adding and state-deleting approaches to these potentials in a supersymmetric quantum mechanical framework are combined to construct new ladder operators. The eigenstates of the Hamiltonians are shown to separate into mk + 1 infinite-dimensional unitary irreducible representations of the corresponding polynomial Heisenberg algebras. These ladder operators are then used to build a higher-order integral of motion for seven new infinite families of superintegrable two-dimensional systems separable in cartesian coordinates. The finite-dimensional unitary irreducible representations of the polynomial algebras of such systems are directly determined from the ladder operator action on the constituent one-dimensional Hamiltonian eigenstates and provide an algebraic derivation of the superintegrable systems whole spectrum including the level total degeneracies.
Enabling low-noise null-point scanning thermal microscopy by the optimization of scanning thermal microscope probe through a rigorous theory of quantitative measurement
Authors: Hwang Gwangseok , Chung Jaehun , Kwon Ohmyoung
Published: November 2014

The application of conventional scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) is severely limited by three major problems: (i) distortion of the measured signal due to heat transfer through the air, (ii) the unknown and variable value of the tip-sample thermal contact resistance, and (iii) perturbation of the sample temperature due to the heat flux through the tip-sample thermal contact. Recently, we proposed null-point scanning thermal microscopy (NP SThM) as a way of overcoming these problems in principle by tracking the thermal equilibrium between the end of the SThM tip and the sample surface. However, in order to obtain high spatial resolution, which is the primary motivation for SThM, NP SThM requires an extremely sensitive SThM probe that can trace the vanishingly small heat flux through the tip-sample nano-thermal contact. Herein, we derive a relation between the spatial resolution and the design parameters of a SThM probe, optimize the thermal and electrical design, and develop a batch-fabrication process. We also quantitatively demonstrate significantly improved sensitivity, lower measurement noise, and higher spatial resolution of the fabricated SThM probes. By utilizing the exceptional performance of these fabricated probes, we show that NP SThM can be used to obtain a quantitative temperature profile with nanoscale resolution independent of the changing tip-sample thermal contact resistance and without perturbation of the sample temperature or distortion due to the heat transfer through the air.
Aggregation and network formation in self-assembly of protein (H3.1) by a coarse-grained Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Pandey R. B. , Farmer B. L.
Published: November 2014

Multi-scale aggregation to network formation of interacting proteins (H3.1) are examined by a knowledge-based coarse-grained Monte Carlo simulation as a function of temperature and the number of protein chains, i.e., the concentration of the protein. Self-assembly of corresponding homo-polymers of constitutive residues (Cys, Thr, and Glu) with extreme residue-residue interactions, i.e., attractive (Cys–Cys), neutral (Thr–Thr), and repulsive (Glu–Glu), are also studied for comparison with the native protein. Visual inspections show contrast and similarity in morphological evolutions of protein assembly, aggregation of small aggregates to a ramified network from low to high temperature with the aggregation of a Cys-polymer, and an entangled network of Glu and Thr polymers. Variations in mobility profiles of residues with the concentration of the protein suggest that the segmental characteristic of proteins is altered considerably by the self-assembly from that in its isolated state. The global motion of proteins and Cys polymer chains is enhanced by their interacting network at the low temperature where isolated chains remain quasi-static. Transition from globular to random coil transition, evidenced by the sharp variation in the radius of gyration, of an isolated protein is smeared due to self-assembly of interacting networks of many proteins. Scaling of the structure factor S(q) with the wave vector q provides estimates of effective dimension D of the mass distribution at multiple length scales in self-assembly. Crossover from solid aggregates (D ∼ 3) at low temperature to a ramified fibrous network (D ∼ 2) at high temperature is observed for the protein H3.1 and Cys polymers in contrast to little changes in mass distribution (D ∼ 1.6) of fibrous Glu- and Thr-chain configurations.
Observation of the exciton and Urbach band tail in low-temperature-grown GaAs using four-wave mixing spectroscopy
Authors: Webber D. , Yildirim M. , Hacquebard L. , March S. , Mathew R. , Gamouras A. , Liu X. , Dobrowolska M. , Furdyna J. K. , Hall K. C.
Published: November 2014

Four-wave mixing (FWM) spectroscopy reveals clear signatures associated with the exciton, free carrier inter-band transitions, and the Urbach band tail in low-temperature-grown GaAs, providing a direct measure of the effective band gap as well as insight into the influence of disorder on the electronic structure. The ability to detect (and resolve) these contributions, in contrast to linear spectroscopy, is due to an enhanced sensitivity of FWM to the optical joint density of states and to many-body effects. Our experiments demonstrate the power of FWM for studying the near-band-edge optical properties and coherent carrier dynamics in low-temperature-grown semiconductors.
Simulation and modeling of turbulence subjected to a period of axisymmetric contraction or expansion
Authors: Zusi Christopher J. , Perot J. Blair
Published: November 2014

The effect of axisymmetric contraction and expansion on isotropic turbulence and its subsequent decay are evaluated by way of direct numerical simulation. Low, moderate, and high rates of contraction and expansion are evaluated at a moderate Reynolds number using two different sets of initial conditions of isotropic turbulence. The initial turbulence is generated via mechanical mixing so that the large scales of the turbulence develop naturally. Length scales, decay rates, anisotropy, and two-point correlations are investigated both during and after the straining process, with the goal of quantifying how anisotropic turbulence behaves during return-to-isotropy.
Linear theory for the interaction of small-scale turbulence with overdriven detonations
Authors: Huete César , Sánchez Antonio L. , Williams Forman A.
Published: November 2014

To complement our previous analysis of interactions of large-scale turbulence with strong detonations, the corresponding theory of interactions of small-scale turbulence is presented here. Focusing most directly on the results of greatest interest, the ultimate long-time effects of high-frequency vortical and entropic disturbances on the burnt-gas flow, a normal-mode analysis is selected here, rather than the Laplace-transform approach. The interaction of the planar detonation with a monochromatic pattern of perturbations is addressed first, and then a Fourier superposition for two-dimensional and three-dimensional isotropic turbulent fields is employed to provide integral formulas for the amplification of the kinetic energy, enstrophy, and density fluctuations. Effects of the propagation Mach number and of the chemical heat release and the chemical reaction rate are identified, as well as the similarities and differences from the previous result for the thin-detonation (fast-reaction) limit.