bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Financial turning points and transitions for people with multiple sclerosis: Towards sustainable employment outcomes
Authors: Vickers Margaret H
Published: July 2012

People with disability experience significant levels of economic disadvantage potentially resulting in their poverty, social exclusion and dependence on welfare. Low labour participation rates are a large contributor to such economic and social exclusion. This study was conducted in Australia where 45% of people with disability are living at or below the poverty line. Within this context, this article first defines and examines the constructs of Financial Turning Points and Financial Transitions experienced by people with disability, an area not previously examined in the literature. Then, a collective case study is presented portraying the experiences of Financial Turning Points and Financial Transitions for people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Concluding remarks are directed towards the need to critically re-evaluate ways of thinking about work to enable people with disability to remain productive participants in employment, to better facilitate of their financial futures.
Negativismo mediático y campaña electoral en las Elecciones Generales de 2008
Authors: Rodríguez Castromil Antón
Published: July 2012

Este trabajo pretende entender el modo de actuar de la prensa dereferencia española en el contexto de unas elecciones muy concretas:Las Elecciones Generales de 2008. Para ello, hemos analizado lacobertura de parte de la prensa de referencia (El País, El Mundo yAbc) para comprobar si la selección de temas (agenda setting) y suencuadre (framing) tuvo una intención política y estratégica, ademásde meramente informativa. La prensa dispone, por lo menos, de dosopciones en el contexto de unas elecciones: presentar a sus lectoresuna cobertura más bien neutral o, por el contrario, teñirla de un claropartidismo. Nuestros datos indican que ha sido esta última la opciónmayoritaria, tomando, además, la vía del ataque al adversario.
Sensory and Instrumental Consistency of Processed Cheeses
Authors: Silva Rita C. S. N. , Minim Valéria P. R. , Vidigal Márcia C. R. T. , Silva Alexandre N. , Simiqueli Andréa A. , Minim Luís A.
Published: July 2012

The objective of this study was to evaluate the instrumental and sensory texture of seven cheeses, as well as correlate sensory measurements of texture with mechanical properties. The cheeses were composed of different types of basic mass (casein and whey proteins) and emulsifying salts. Instrumental analysis of texture was performed using the universal mechanical testing machine (Instron) for determining the properties of firmness, elasticity, adhesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and cohesiveness. Data was analyzed using the principal component analysis and clustering analysis. Sensory texture was evaluated by a group of semi-trained assessors according to the ranking-difference test for texture of the products. The results were analyzed by the Friedman test; while sensory and instrumental texture measurements were correlated by the Spearman correlation coefficient. With regard to sensory and instrumental texture of the cheeses, the formation of three groups was observed: a first group consisting of cheeses with intermediate texture, another consisting of softer products and a third group formed of more consistent cheeses. Texture differences of the cheeses were determined by their protein and emulsifying agent composition. Sensory consistency presented a significant correlation (|rs| > 0.90 and p < 0.01) with the properties of mechanical: firmness, adhesiveness, chewiness and elasticity. On the other hand, the sensory texture measurement is not correlated with the instrumental measurements of gumminess and cohesiveness, indicating that they do not reflect the human perception of cheese texture.
Evaluation of the logistic model for GAC performance in water treatment
Authors: Li Zhiwei , Buchberger Steven G. , Clark Robert M. , Yang Y. Jeffrey , Swertfeger Jeff
Published: July 2012

Full‐scale field measurement and rapid small‐scale column test data from the Greater Cincinnati (Ohio) Water Works (GCWW) were used to calibrate and investigate the application of the logistic model for simulating breakthrough of total organic carbon (TOC) in granular activated carbon (GAC) contactors. The logistic model parameters were estimated using a nonlinear regression algorithm. The calibrated logistic model was validated using data from multiple GAC contactors operating in parallel at the GCWW Richard Miller Treatment Plant. This facility has experienced large seasonal variations in flow rate and TOC influent concentration. Proper estimation of logistic model parameters depends on the run‐time length of the GAC breakthrough data set. A critical minimum runtime threshold must be achieved to produce reliable parameter estimates. A properly calibrated logistic model provides an effective tool for accurately simulating the blended TOC concentrations in the GAC contactor effluent at a municipal drinking water treatment plant.
Effect of storage tank material and maintenance on household water quality
Authors: Schafer Cynthia A. , Mihelcic James R.
Published: July 2012

This study investigated water quality of household water storage tanks in Tiquipaya, Bolivia. Tank age has little effect on water quality. Storage tanks cleaned three or more times per year had statistically less Escherichia coli and turbidity than tanks cleaned less frequently (p = 0.10 and p = 0.06, respectively). There was a statistically significant difference between E. coli counts in tanks cleaned three or more times per year compared with storage tanks cleaned less than once per year (p = 0.01). Polyethylene tanks had statistically higher E. coli counts than fiber cement and fiberglass tanks (p = 0.10 and p = 0.17, respectively). Water temperatures reached their highest levels (34°C) in a black polyethylene tank and temperatures of 20 and 23°C in fiberglass and fiber cement tanks, respectively. Statistically significant increases in total coliforms and E. coli associated with an increase in temperature and a loss of chlorine residual were documented as water traveled from the treatment plant, through the distribution system, and into household cisterns and storage tanks (p values ranged from 0.02 to 0.05).
Lower Extremity Reconstruction Using Vastus Lateralis Myocutaneous Flap versus Anterolateral Thigh Fasciocutaneous Flap
Authors: Lee Min Jae , Yun In Sik , Rah Dong Kyun , Lee Won Jai
Published: July 2012

Background The anterolateral thigh (ALT) perforator flap has become a popular option for treating soft tissue defects of lower extremity reconstruction and can be combined with a segment of the vastus lateralis muscle. We present a comparison of the use of the ALT fasciocutaneous (ALT-FC) and myocutaneous flaps.

Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients in whom free-tissue transfer was performed between 2005 and 2011 for the reconstruction of lower extremity soft-tissue defects. Twenty-four patients were divided into two groups: reconstruction using an ALT-FC flap (12 cases) and reconstruction using a vastus lateralis myocutaneous (VL-MC) flap (12 cases). Postoperative complications, functional results, cosmetic results, and donor-site morbidities were studied.

Results Complete flap survival was 100% in both groups. A flap complication was noted in one case (marginal dehiscence) of the ALT-FC group, and no complications were noted in the VL-MC group. In both groups, one case of partial skin graft loss occurred at the donor site, and debulking surgeries were needed for two cases. There were no significant differences in the mean scores for either functional or cosmetic outcomes in either group.

Conclusions The VL-MC flap is able to fill occasional dead space and has comparable survival rates to ALT-FC with minimal donor-site morbidity. Additionally, the VL-MC flap is easily elevated without myocutaneous perforator injury.
L’autre Poulin
Authors: Lamontagne André
Published: July 2012

Cet article propose une synthèse descriptive de la réception de Jacques Poulin au Canada anglais entre 1973 et 1989. S’ils font l’objet d’un consensus critique des plus favorables au Québec, les romans de Jacques Poulin connaissent un accueil beaucoup plus mitigé au sein de l’institution littéraire anglo-canadienne en dépit de leur diffusion en traduction. Notre étude révèle des écarts entre les deux principales communautés linguistiques et interprétatives du Canada tant sur le plan des jugements évaluatifs que sur celui de l’interprétation des oeuvres. À l’exception de certains commentaires positifs, la critique anglophone semble résister au style minimaliste de Poulin, à son univers thématique et à ses filiations littéraires anglo-saxonnes. Serait-ce que le plus américain des écrivains québécois ne rencontre pas l’horizon d’attente des lecteurs anglo-canadiens ? Le fait que ces lecteurs se soient penchés presque exclusivement sur les oeuvres en traduction anglaise est-il déterminant ? Tout se passe comme si une grande partie de la critique anglo-canadienne avait de la difficulté à reconnaître l’altérité de l’oeuvre romanesque de Jacques Poulin, du moins l’altérité qu’elle attend de la littérature québécoise et qui motive son intérêt pour cette dernière.
La fin de l’histoire (naturelle) : Les particules élémentaires de Michel Houellebecq
Authors: Dahan-Gaida Laurence
Published: July 2012

Dans Les particules élémentaires, Michel Houellebecq imagine une nouvelle humanité, délivrée de l’individualisme grâce à une mutation biologique qui a su exploiter les paradoxes de la physique quantique : la thèse de la non-séparabilité quantique en particulier est mobilisée pour promouvoir une nouvelle ontologie et l’image de nouveaux rapports entre les hommes. Dans cet article, les savoirs issus de la biologie moléculaire et de la physique quantique sont analysés en tant qu’instruments d’une refonte ontologique qui a pour corollaire une nouvelle conception de l’évolution : en effet, le basculement vers la post-humanité, qui marque l’entrée dans la post-histoire, met également fin à l’ « histoire naturelle » à laquelle se substitue une histoire « méta-naturelle ».
Nag Hammadi : repenser les notions et catégories usuelles
Authors: Pasquier Anne
Published: July 2012

Cet article explore la question de la dérivation textuelle, ce que depuis Gérard Genette on appelle l’hypertextualité, et aborde sous cet angle des écrits de la Bibliothèque copte de Nag Hammadi. Composés au début de l’ère chrétienne, ceux-ci posent des problèmes particuliers : ils sont anciens, anonymes et sans prétention littéraire affichée. Il est possible de mettre en lumière diverses modalités de dérivation entre eux ainsi que les liens qui les unissent aux hypotextes dont ils dérivent. Il ne s’agit pas de suggérer de nouvelles catégories, ni d’essayer de faire entrer strictement les oeuvres anciennes dans des catégories connues, mais plutôt de montrer le travail qu’opèrent ces écrits sur leurs sources afin de mieux les comprendre. En ce sens, l’intertextualité, et toute forme de transtextualité, est intéressante dans la mesure où elle met l’accent sur l’intégration et l’interprétation des matériaux traditionnels plutôt que de s’en tenir exclusivement à la critique des sources. On peut en conclure que c’est en fonction de la relation spécifique entre l’hypertexte et son hypotexte que la signification doit être envisagée, et non en fonction de l’hypertexte seul.
Réseau, lettre et édition critique : pour une anthropologie littéraire
Authors: Brunet Manon
Published: July 2012

L’édition critique est beaucoup plus qu’une technique d’histoire littéraire. Comme n’importe quel travail effectué à la source, elle exige une réflexion épistémologique et méthodologique, afin de pouvoir accéder et donner accès à une connaissance de l’objet littéraire qui soit la plus complète. Or, on peut imaginer une édition critique de lettres qui chercherait à comprendre le processus de création littéraire dans son mouvement même en dépassant les genèses textuelles et biographiques. Les lettres croisées analysées en réseau permettraient de fonder une anthropologie littéraire exempte du déterminisme et des présupposés axiomatiques figés de l’histoire littéraire traditionnelle.
Processus d’acculturation et problèmes de traduction : le théâtre de Wole Soyinka
Authors: Saint-André Utudjian Éliane
Published: July 2012

Processus d'acculturation et problèmes de traduction : le théâtre de WoIe Soyinka — Cette étude traite des déterminations linguistiques et culturelles que fait peser une culture-source peu familière sur la traduction en français du théâtre de langue anglaise de l'auteur nigérian WoIe Soyinka, prix Nobel de littérature (1986). L'ethnie yoruba fournit à ces pièces une langue polytonale, une civilisation enracinée dans le sacré et un théâtre ambulant opératique. Les influences occidentales se reconnaissent à l'utilisation de l'anglais standard par les personnages membres de l'élite cultivée, de mots-clés révélateurs d'idéologies par les personnages représentatifs et de modèles littéraires occidentaux. La composante anglo-nigériane, synthèse plus ou moins cohérente, mais toujours très riche, de toutes les influences, se distingue par l'emploi de l'anglais pidgin, d'un anglais nigérianisé et d'un style heurté, parfois hermétique, exprimant la souffrance et la rébellion. Les trois composantes de ce théâtre (indissociables dans la réalité) exigent du traducteur des techniques variées, une culture étendue et une grande sensibilité poétique. Il revient au traducteur francophone de trouver des équivalents français susceptibles de rendre des faits de civilisation africains, issus de processus d'acculturation complexes.
Translating the Commune: Cultural Politics and the Historical Specificity of the Anarchist Text
Authors: Bruce Donald
Published: July 2012

Translating the Commune: Cultural Politics and the Historical Specificity of the Anarachist Text — This essay deals with three interrelated matters: the first is the role of discourse analysis and the conscious theorization of discourse typologies in translation methodologies; the second is the absence of any complete English translation of Jules Vallès's autobiographical/historical trilogy, Jacques Vingtras, comprised of L'Enfant (1879), Le Bachelier (1881), and L'insurgé (1885); and the third is the analysis of specific discursive characteristics which establish the formal and functional identity of the Discourse of the Commune. Though widely published in popular and scholarly editions in France, Vallès's novels have not been included in the lycée corpus through an act of conscious cultural exclusion. This has contributed to the exclusion of Vallès abroad and to the absence of translations of the trilogy. In order to remedy this situation the translator must be aware of the specific socio-political context surrounding these novels as well as the particular formal characteristics which make up the discourse from which these texts emerge. Radical decentralisation, narrative fragmentation, multiple enunciative positions, neologisms, a structure based on an unresolved binary dialectic, interdiscursive mixing and semantic ambiguity are common characteristics of the discourse of the Commune as they are transposed metaphorically from the anarchistic theoretical discourse of P.-J. Proudhon to the Vallès texts: these specific factors coupled with a cultural politics of exclusion have long marginalized the trilogy in various curricula and, in addition, led to its exclusion from non-francophone cultures both in the original French and in translation.
La traduction de l’essai littéraire : « How It Strikes a Contemporary » de Virginia Woolf en français
Authors: Everett Jane
Published: July 2012

La traduction de l'essai littéraire: « How It Strikes a Contemporary » de Virginia Woolf en français — Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude préliminaire des enjeux et des problèmes implicites dans la traduction de l'essai littéraire. L'auteure commence par relever les principales caractéristiques du genre telles que les définissent des chercheurs oeuvrant dans les domaines de la rhétorique et de l'analyse du discours social (Angenot, Paquette, Snyder, Terrasse). Dans le but d'identifier les dimensions de l'essai qui seraient les plus aptes à être modifiées de façon significative au cours du processus de traduction, l'auteure propose une étude de cas, où sont confrontés l'essai « How It Strikes a Contemporary » (1925), de Virginia Woolf, et sa traduction française, par Rose Celli, « Ce qui frappe un contemporain » (1962). Cette étude tendrait à indiquer que la traduction modifie le rapport de Woolf à son texte et au « corpus culturel » (Paquette) dont le texte fait partie. Le processus de traduction affaiblit ainsi la spécificité de l'essai en tant qu'essai, si l'on admet, avec Paquette, que l'essai a une fonction de « totalisation ». La modification en question est essentiellement le résultat de l'insertion, par le biais de certains choix stylistiques et lexicaux, du message de surface de l'essai dans un contexte de référence totalement absent de l'original, de sorte que le message sous-jacent, qui est plus subversif, se trouve complètement occulté. On peut donc considérer la traduction de Rose Celli comme une « réécriture » (Lefevere) de l'original qui en change la fonction, faisant d'un discours de type « primaire », un discours de type « secondaire » (Even-Zohar).
La littérature canadienne‑anglaise pour la jeunnesse en traduction québécoise : analyse discursive de la politique éditoriale et de la réception critique des « Deux Solitudes/Jeunesse » (1980-1992)
Authors: le Brun Claire
Published: July 2012

La Littérature canadienne-anglaise pour la jeunesse en traduction québécoise: analyse discursive de la politique éditoriale et de la réception critique des « Deux Solitudes/Jeunesse » (1980-1992). La collection « Les Deux Solitudes/Jeunesse », publiée aux éditions Pierre Tisseyre à Montréal, est un cas exemplaire de traduction de littérature canadienne-anglaise pour la jeunesse en français, puisque c'est la seule qui se donne pour objectif de faire connaître au Québec les « oeuvres marquantes » du Canada anglais. L'étude fait l'historique de la collection (1980-1992) et analyse le discours justificatif et les choix éditoriaux. Le contenu discursif des textes traduits est comparé à celui des textes publiés en français au Québec durant la même période. La dernière partie examine la réception critique de la collection dans les revues spécialisées: la reconnaissance ou non du statut de traduction du texte, les paramètres d'évaluation utilisés par les critiques. La conclusion met l'accent sur une évolution, dans les choix de traduction comme dans la réception critique, du discours de la différence vers un discours de la communauté d'expérience des jeunes. Cette tendance assimilatrice est particulièrement perceptible dans la traduction des renvois intertextuels et des références culturelles, dont l'analyse est esquissée et qui sera poursuivie dans un autre cadre.
Der Proceβ in Yiddish, or The Importance of being Humorous
Authors: Bruce Iris
Published: July 2012

Der Proceß in Yiddish, or the Importance of being Humorous — The article argues for a "humorous" Franz Kafka rather than a kajkaesque one and criticizes the "Kafka myth" which cristallized after WWII and emphasized foremost Kafka's existential anguish. Even before the war Max Brod as well as Walter Benjamin recognized the humorous dimension in Kafka's texts, much of which lies in word plays and gesture; otherwise, the humour in Kafka was largely ignored, especially after WWII. The focus in this article is on English, German and Yiddish cultural contexts and ideologies which have determined different readings/ translations of Kafka's texts. In particular, the article compares the pre-war English translation of Der Proceß by Edwin and Willa Muir, which contributes to the "Kafka myth," with a post-war Yiddish translation by Melech Ravitch, which highlights the novel's humorous qualities. Not only does the Yiddish translation place Kafka's novel within a culturally specific literary genre and suggest an alternate "Jewish" reading of the text; by drawing on both the English translation and the German original, Ravitch also "corrects" the anguish laden "Kafka myth" and constitutes a challenge to the rather humourless genre of the kafkaesque so widespread still in contemporary English and German speaking cultures.
Altered States: Translation and Minority Languages
Authors: Cronin Michael
Published: July 2012

Altered States: Translation and Minority Languages — The linguistic complexity of Europe is often ignored in political accounts of its translation practice. In particular, the historical experience and contemporary fate of European minority languages are overlooked in assessing the translation strategies available to speakers of minority languages. The problem partly results from a failure to think creatively about definitions of minority languages in a translation context. This context includes the dimension of new technologies which may lead to a new reclassification of languages in Europe and elsewhere. The role of translation in the case of one European minority language, Irish Gaelic, is considered in terms of the dilemmas faced by lesser used languages. Translation is both welcomed and feared. The options available to translators in minority languages differ crucially from those on offer to translators in majority languages. These differences need to be reflected in the theoretical discourse on translation in minority languages but this is not often the case. Furthermore, translation studies as a discipline rarely reflects on its own majority language bias, embedded in the structures of the disciplinary dissemination of knowledge. Minority languages are not only essential to a diversity that sustains the fragile ecosystem of human culture but they also raise questions that lie at the heart of translation studies as an area of intellectual inquiry.
Think-Aloud Protocol Analysis in Translation Studies
Authors: Kussmaul Paul , Tirkkonen-Condit Sonja
Published: July 2012

Think-Aloud Protocol Analysis in Translation Studies: This paper reports on think-aloud protocol (TAP) research in Finland and Germany. It discusses some methodological issues: choice of subjects, TAPs in a language-learning and in a professional context, monologue and dialogue protocols, the use of models provided by psycholinguistics. Two types of processes - successful and less successful ones - are distinguished and specified as to the subjects' comprehension and reverbalisation processes, their focus of attention, decision-making, monitoring, flexibility, creative thinking and attitude toward the task. Some tentative results of the research going on in Germany and Finland are presented. The results are expected to serve as hypotheses for the teaching of translation.
La réception de l’essai sur la traduction dans le domaine français
Authors: Nouss Alexis
Published: July 2012

La réception de l'essai sur la traduction dans le domaine français — Cette recension critique rend compte d'une dizaine de titres ayant traité de l'essai sur la traduction de Walter Benjamin afin d'en présenter les grandes lignes de la réception dans le domaine français. L'auteur y montre comment, sauf exceptions, l'essai est souvent lu de manière partiale, restrictive ou coupé du reste de l'oeuvre.
Diplomacy Beyond Language: François Guizot and Translation
Authors: Moyal Gabriel Louis
Published: July 2012

Diplomacy Beyond Language: François Guizot and Translation — Neglecting to mention translation, ignoring the need or even the presence of translation is common practice in non-literary French writing in the first half of the nineteenth century. Still, in the case of François Guizot (1787-1874) such neglect seems to have a more deliberate motivation. Before becoming prime minister of France or ambassador to England, Guizot had translated several important English texts into French. His later marginalization of linguistic difference appears more rooted in his ideological perspective on history. Guizot's writings on French and English history and on the evolution of language seem to indicate that, for him, in the long run of history, translation would become obsolete. Nations, like languages, appear, from his point of view, to be drifting towards an ultimate unity, to flow irresistibly towards a Utopian equality wherein differences — political or linguistic — will ultimately be dissolved.
When the Same Isn’t Similar: Herménégilde Chiasson in English
Authors: Nichols Glen
Published: July 2012

Out of Herménégilde Chiasson’s many French publications, only seven are available in English translation. While these translations are very conservative and consistent in their attempt to transcribe “accurately” the source texts, a closer study reveals the fallacy of this approach in terms of understanding either the texts or their implications for the reading of cultures. Other than generally minor errors or compromises, the translations are “faithful” to the sources, textually, but this is hardly significant or sufficient, other than in reinforcing clichés about Canadian binary nationalism. However, the participation in different literary systems, their paratextual presentations, the particular selectivity of these works over others in Chiasson’s corpus, and the traditional critical reactions all point to the construction of a very different, more passive and “universalized” Acadian author in English. A “multipolar” approach, borrowed from Comparative Literature and Translation Studies, means these differences can be revealed, explained, and understood. Even though the results may not suit a comfortable view of Canadian society, the resistance to the erasure of difference is an important role for our disciplines in training better readers, who are more open to difference and multiplicity in cultural production.
Les relations littéraires au-delà des oppositions binaires : national et international, traduit et non traduit
Authors: Meylaerts Reine
Published: July 2012

À partir de l’exemple belge, le présent article propose une typologie des relations littéraires (traductionnelles et autres) dans les cultures multilingues où les littératures se partagent un espace commun et entretiennent des relations hiérarchiques complexes et dynamiques. En principe, les cultures multilingues peuvent constituer un réservoir de relations littéraires protéiformes et illimitées entre les diverses littératures. En pratique, l’articulation concrète des relations littéraires est tributaire de l’institutionnalisation divergente des langues et des littératures à l’intérieur d’une culture multilingue, comme une ville, une région ou une nation. Une telle perspective socio-institutionnelle permet d’appréhender quels types de relations sont susceptibles de se réaliser à l’intérieur d’un continuum de possibilités quasi illimitées. Elles brouillent partiellement les distinctions univoques entre littératures « source » et « cible » et obligent la traductologie à redéfinir certains de ses concepts clés. Si la traductologie veut se profiler comme le comparatisme du XXIe siècle, elle devra donc faire face à ces nouveaux défis.
Contactors for Chemical Separation
Authors: van Swaaij W. P. M. , Versteeg G. F.
Published: July 2012

In the chemical process industry, separation of mixtures into streams of high purity compounds is frequently necessary. Mixtures may originate from feedstock impurities, incomplete conversion of the reactants, and/or occurrence of undesirable side reactions. Feedstocks for the process industry are often complex mixtures such as mineral oil, coal, petroleum distillates, or vegetable fats. It is often desirable to separate the components of these mixtures prior to use. For the separation of mixtures a large number of processes and techniques have been developed. These are divided into two classes. The first is composed of separations based on differences in physiochemical properties, eg, boiling point in the case of distillation, and diffusivity in some membrane applications. The second class of separation is achieved by means of a selective chemical reaction. Examples include removal of acidic gases, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen. This article discusses the second class with emphasis on contactor selection.

The implementation of a chemical reaction is rarely simple. Reactor selection, regeneration of intermediate products, and possible degradation of the various components must be considered. The selection or design of a contactor is also complicated, even when the a classical contactor is used. For new processes, the various steps in the chemical reaction must be identified, eg, mass transfer, diffusion and chemical reaction, reaction schemes or networks, by product formation, etc, must all be considered. This identification is often too expensive to follow in commercial development so only partial knowledge of the elementary process may be obtained before proceeding. When more detailed knowledge of the reaction is available, selection or design of a special contactor exclusively devoted to the duty of the chemical separation process is possible. This article gives details for separation processes involving gas‐liquid systems, gas‐solid systems, and slurry contactors
Carbon‐Based Interconnects for
RF
Nanoelectronics
Authors: Zhao Wen‐Sheng , Yin Wen‐Yan
Published: July 2012

In this article, circuit‐oriented modeling techniques for both carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene nanoribbon (GNR) interconnects will be introduced. Based on their circuit models, the transmission characteristics of single‐walled CNT (SWCNT), multiwalled CNT (MWCNT), and multilayered GNR (MLGNR) interconnects will be further shown theoretically. By taking the self‐heating effect (SHE) into account, temperature distribution along an SWCNT array and its transient thermal response will be demonstrated by solving a one‐dimensional heat conduction equation, together with its impact on the signal transmission characteristics examined. Then, theoretical analyses of both CNT‐ and graphene‐built very large‐scale integration interconnects will be presented. In particular, the concept of “almost‐carbon integration” will be proposed, where both CNT and graphene advantages are integrated effectively into future three‐dimensional integrated circuits.
Miniaturized Microwave Fractal Filters (M2F2)
Authors: Jarry Pierre , Beneat Jacques N.
Published: July 2012

The analysis and design of miniaturized fractal filters is presented in this article. It is shown that fractal resonators can be significantly smaller than conventional planar resonators for the same resonant frequency requirements. It is observed that when increasing the number of fractal iterations (typically 3), the size of the resonators decreases and the quality factor increases. The filter design method is based on the synthesis of an inline prototype with symmetrical or asymmetrical pseudo‐elliptic characteristics and coupling factor simulations using a commercial electromagnetic simulator. The fractal filters were designed using suspended substrate technology and fabricated in‐house and with the services of a regular printed circuit board company.
Artificial Transmission Lines
Authors: Martín Ferran , Bonache Jordi , Durán‐Sindreu Miguel , Naqui Jordi , Paredes Ferran , Zamora Gerard
Published: July 2012

In this article, the concept of artificial transmission lines is introduced. These structures are transmission lines loaded with reactive elements. Thanks to the presence of these reactive elements, the lines can be engineered, and microwave devices with compact size, with superior performance, or with novel functionalities (as compared with those based on conventional lines), can be designed and fabricated. The article is mainly focused on slow‐wave artificial transmission lines and metamaterial‐based transmission lines. The circuit models of the lines, useful for design purposes, and the main physical implementations are reported. Finally, some applications of these artificial lines are highlighted, including device miniaturization, spurious suppression, multiband and broadband components, filters and diplexers, antennas, and sensors.
Coupling Agents: Basics and Classifications
Authors: Shokoohi Shirin , Arefazar Ahmad
Published: July 2012

This chapter comprehensively reviews the fundamental aspects and requirements leading to the introduction of coupling agents to composite science and technology. Classification of several existing coupling agents is presented in detail, marking the specific related applications. Future trends have also been outlined regarding the super‐complex phenomena of adhesion.
Cyanate Ester ResinsAdapted from
Cyanate Ester Resins
, First Edition.
Authors: Kessler Michael R.
Published: July 2012

Cyanate ester resins are an important class of thermosetting polymers with high glass‐transition temperature, low outgassing, and low dielectric constant and loss. These resins are used in a variety of applications such as printed circuit boards, radomes, structural composites for space applications, and adhesives. This review describes how cyanate ester monomers are synthesized, how these monomers and oligomers are polymerized into cross‐linked polymer networks, and how the chemical structures of commercial cyanate esters influence the physical and thermomechanical properties of the polymer. Processing issues such as curing in the presence of moisture and blending with epoxies and bismaleimides are also discussed. Data from various analytical techniques, including differential scanning calorimetry, gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis are presented to elucidate the behavior of specific cyanate ester systems.
Flexible Composites
Authors: Luo Shen‐Yi
Published: July 2012

The purpose of this article is to assess the state of knowledge in terms of modeling and predicting the elastic behavior of flexible composites that exhibit a usable range of deformation much larger than those of conventional polymer‐based composites. Two groups of flexible composites based on the reinforcement type are reviewed: (i) The composites consist of straight unidirectional continuous fibers in an elastic matrix. The lamina is treated as a homogeneous orthotropic elastic continuum. Finite elasticity forms the basis of analyzing the nonlinear elastic behavior, including the effect of fiber reorientation. (ii) These composites are made up of an elastic matrix reinforced by textile‐like structures including fabric composites and soft biological tissues. Local nonhomogeneous deformation often occurs within the composite because of the internal architecture rearrangement of the reinforcements. One of the desired analysis approaches for these materials is to develop an equivalent continuum model representing the mechanical behavior through a unit cell. In such analysis, new parameters representing the internal architecture rearrangement under loading are usually introduced in the homogenized constitutive equations.
Lightning Protection
Authors: Accardo Domenico
Published: July 2012

Designers that adopt composite materials for the skin of aerospace structures must verify that their systems guarantee an equivalent level of protection against lightning strikes with respect to the ones that adopt traditional metallic skins. In particular, the design must ensure that lightning strikes do not cause critical damages to structures, systems, and payload. This section introduces the references for requirements and specifications of lightning protection issues involving aerospace systems. Moreover, the physics of the lightning is documented, that is, the way a strike can be generated. Also the analytical models of the lightning are reported considering all the significant terms involved. The effect of lightning strikes on the aerospace structures is discussed. They can be divided into two main categories, such as direct effects, that is, the ones that produce a direct physical damage on a vehicle, and indirect effects, that is, the ones produced by the currents induced by the magnetic fields of the strike that are determined in proximity of the skin of an aerospace platform. Finally, the methods adopted for protection of aerospace systems having skins made of composite materials against the effects of lightning strikes are presented, considering both conductive and nonconductive types of composite.
Ordered Polymer Fibers
Authors: Herrera‐Franco Pedro J. , Castillo‐Ortega María M.
Published: July 2012

It is well known that the mechanical and physical properties of a fiber depend on the chemical structure of the polymer from which it is made and on the method used to build up the polymer. It is also known that a fiber contains “ordered” regions known as
crystallites
which are separated by other “disordered”
amorphous regions
. High performance synthetic fibers have higher strengths and often higher elastic moduli than conventional textile fibers because of the manufacturing processes employed and also, in many cases, because of their molecular or atomic structures. In the case of some high performance fibers, their properties can attain almost the limits of what is physically possible so that very high moduli, even up to that of graphite, can be achieved. The mechanical properties of the fiber are known to substantially improve with a decrease in the fiber diameter. Hence, there is considerable interest in the development of advanced continuous fibers with nanoscale diameters. A number of processing techniques, such as melt spinning and electrospinning, that are used to prepare polymer nanofibers have witnessed considerable technological development in recent years. The most relevant studied parameters of the electrospinning process include solution viscosity, conductivity, applied voltage, spinneret tip‐to‐collector distance, and humidity. When the diameter of the spun polymer fiber materials decreases from micrometers to submicrometers or nanometers, there appear several outstanding characteristics such as a very large surface area to volume ratio (this ratio for a nanofiber can be as large as 10
3
times of that of a microfiber), flexibility in surface functionalities, and superior mechanical performance (e.g., stiffness and tensile strength) compared with any other known form of the material. The effect of the molecular weight on the fiber‐forming properties of fibers is very critical. For selected applications, it is desirable to control not only the fiber diameter but also the internal morphology. Porous fibers are of interest for applications such as filtration or the preparation of functional nanotubes by fiber templates.
PulformingAdapted from
Pulforming
, First Edition.
Authors: Goldsworthy W. B.
Published: July 2012

This article discusses the pulforming process, developed to provide a continuous production technique free of the constraints related to the pultrusion process. The pultrusion process infact is capable of producing an infinite variety of profile designs characterized by constant shape and constant volume. The pulformer is aimed to produce either straight or curved sections, with the possibility of changing both volume and shape. In the first part of the article, a pulformer design is described; in this case, the product is curved and has a changing cross‐sectional shape, but it presents a constant volume. In the second part, a straight pulforming machine that produces both changing shape and changing volume is presented.
Systemic Diagramming: An Approach to Decoding Urban Ecologies
Authors: Sengupta Ulysses , Iossifova Deljana
Published: July 2012

For many students, sustainability has become an obligatory add‐on for any project. Here Ulysses Sengupta and Deljana Iossifova explain how they have sought to address this in their teaching at the University of Nottingham through a ‘systemic diagramming’ approach. This provides essential tools for understanding how resource flows and environmental concerns are embedded in physical urban transformation, socioeconomic fault lines and underlying power relations.
Anthropocene Nights
Authors: Singleton Benedict
Published: July 2012

This dystopian, ‘anthropocene’ age shaped by human frailties calls for an extreme response. Benedict Singleton identifies a seam of experimental work by designers and artists that responds with full force, standing outside the more established liberal view of sustainability and locally attuned architecture.
Investing in the Ground: Reflections on Scarcity, Remediation and Obdurate Form
Authors: Spencer Douglas
Published: July 2012

Douglas Spencer develops David Harvey's notion of the ‘spatial fix’ in which material processes in the built environment and the ground itself are repeatedly used up for the purposes of capital investment. This can be to the detriment of the quality of the land itself, which is often abandoned after a period of time as polluted and unusable brownfield sites; while available resources are bled dry. It is a situation that has been worsened over the last few decades with the emphasis on entrepreneurial and intensive modes of urbanisation. Spencer indicates how this situation can be negated by landscape urbanism through critical interventions, such as those represented here in the work of the Architectural Association Landscape Urbanism (AALU) Masters programme in London and Groundlab, the practice associated with it.
Icelandic Initiatives
Authors: Mathiesen Arna
Published: July 2012

Iceland has come to epitomise the vicissitudes of the banking system, as it was catapulted from boom to bust in October 2008. During the burgeoning years of the 2000s, ambitious construction projects were implemented. As Arna Mathiesen explains, this has resulted in ‘a scarcity of means to finish the plans and maintain buildings, public spaces and infrastructure, and indeed to inhabit the spaces produced’.
Austeria: City of Minimum Consumption
Authors: Suryawinata Daliana , Maas Winy
Published: July 2012

If a new stringency with economic and material resources is to become a new way of life, how should austerity be recast as a positive force rather than a negative imposition? Daliana Suryawinata and Winy Maas look at definitions of austerity and describes the Austeria project at The Why Factory at Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) that looked at new models for combating excessive consumption, such as the ‘Zen road to affluence’.
The Collision of Scarcity and Expendability in Architectural Culture of the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Parnell Steve
Published: July 2012

Architecture as a practice assimilates contradictions. Nowhere is this more apparent than in approaches to materials and sustainability. New finishes, details and products are continually specified and often fetishised, while architects are at pains to show their minimal impact on the environment. Steve Parnell highlights an era in the pages of Architectural Design in the late 1960s and early 1970s that congregated these incongruities by simultaneously advocating low‐energy solutions and expendability, most notably the inflatable.
Estrogen receptor 1 promoter polymorphism and digit ratio in men
Authors: Vaillancourt Kathryn L. , Dinsdale Natalie L. , Hurd Peter L.
Published: July 2012

Objectives:

The 2D:4D digit ratio, the relative lengths of the index and ring fingers in humans, is a widely used proxy measure for prenatal testosterone exposure. Varying distributions of androgen and estrogen receptors on the second and fourth digits, both of which regulate digit development, appears to be the basis for this effect. Polymorphism in a tandem repeat in the gene coding for the estrogen receptor α (ESR1) in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) not only explains a significant amount of variation in digit ratio but also seems to explain the significant correlation between digit ratio and sexual behavior in these birds. Here, we investigate the effect of TA polymorphism in ESR1 on 2D:4D and aggressive behavior in men.

Methods:

We genotyped ESR1 polymorphism in samples collected for a previous study in which we had demonstrated an association between androgen receptor polymorphism and aggression, but not 2D:4D.

Results:

We found a significant effect of ESR1 TA repeat number on left hand 2D:4D ratio. More TA repeats were associated with higher, more feminized, digit ratios. We found no effect on right hand 2D:4D. We also found an effect of ESR1 polymorphism on aggressive behavior. Greater heterozygosity in TA(n) was associated with lower physical aggression.

Conclusions:

Our results suggest that a significant amount of left hand 2D:4D variation and aggressive behavior is due to this variation in ESR1, and that some of the correlation between digit ratio and social behavior is due to pleiotropic effects of ESR1 variation on the two traits. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lignocellulosic jute fiber as a bioadsorbent for the removal of azo dye from its aqueous solution: Batch and column studies
Authors: Roy Aparna , Chakraborty Sumit , Kundu Sarada Prasad , Adhikari Basudam , Majumder Subhasish Basu
Published: July 2012

The feasibility of the use of jute fiber for the adsorption of azo dye from an aqueous solution was evaluated with batch and fixed‐bed column studies. The batch studies illustrated that dye uptake was highly dependent on different process variables, namely, the pH, initial dye concentration of the solution, adsorbent dosage, contact time, ionic strength, and temperature. The exothermic and spontaneous nature of adsorption was revealed from thermodynamic study. The equilibrium adsorption data were highly consistent with the Langmuir isotherm and yielded an R2 value of 0.999. Kinetic studies divulged that the adsorption followed a pseudo‐second‐order model with regard to the intraparticle diffusion. In the column studies, the total amount of adsorbed dye and the adsorption capacity decreased with increasing flow rate and increased with increasing bed height and initial dye concentration. Also, the breakthrough time and exhaustion time increased with increasing bed depth but decreased with increasing flow rate and influent dye concentration. The column performances were predicted by the application of the bed‐depth service time model and Thomas model to the experimental data. The virgin and dye‐adsorbed jute fiber was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The investigation suggested that jute fiber could be applied as a promising low‐cost adsorbent for dye removal. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013