bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Survival and Freedom From Reintervention After Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Kirmani Bilal H. , Holmes Michael V. , Muir Andrew D.
Published: October 2016

Background:

The long-term outcomes of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are the subject of speculation. Our institution has >15 years of experience performing CABG both off-pump (OPCAB) and on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Our null hypothesis was that there would be no difference in a long-term composite of death and revascularisation between the 2 methods.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective cohort study of all isolated CABG at our institution from 2001 to 2015. We used an intention-to-treat analysis, performing risk adjustment with adjustment for and matching to propensity score. In total, 13 226 patients had CABG: 5882 had OPCAB and 7344 had CPB, with a median follow-up of 6.2 years.

Results:

Of the 5882 OPCAB, 76 (1.3%) converted to CPB. One-, 5-, and 10-year survivals in each group were similar (OPCAB vs CPB: 96.7%, 87.9%, 72.1% vs 96.2%, 87.4%, 72.8%). No difference was found in long-term survival (adjusted hazards ratio [HR] 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.94–1.11 for OPCAB vs CPB;
P
=0.56) or freedom from death and reintervention (HR 0.98; 95% CI: 0.92–1.06 for OPCAB vs CPB;
P
=0.23). Patients receiving OPCAB had higher EuroSCOREs (median [quartiles]: 2.81 [1.53–5.57] vs 2.73 [1.51–5.22];
P
=0.01), fewer grafts (mean±SD: 3.0±0.9 vs 3.3±0.9;
P
<0.001), but more total arterial grafting (45.9% vs 8.4%;
P
<0.001). OPCAB also had more trainee first operators (15.3% vs 12.5%), lower cardiac enzyme rise, shorter length of stay, and fewer complications (such as myocardial infarction).

Conclusions:

OPCAB is associated with similar long-term outcomes to CABG performed on CPB in our institution. Our low conversion rate to CPB, while training junior surgeons, demonstrates that OPCAB can be taught safely. The number of grafts performed between the 2 approaches is clinically comparable, if statistically different, and appears to provide equal benefits to survival and freedom from reintervention as on-pump CABG.
Management of Systemic Right Ventricular Failure in Patients With Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries
Authors: Filippov Aleksei A. , del Nido Pedro J. , Vasilyev Nikolay V.
Published: October 2016

In recent decades, significant progress has been made in the diagnosis and management of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (ccTGA). Nevertheless, gradual dysfunction and failure of the right ventricle (RV) in the systemic circulation remain the main contributors to mortality and disability for patients with ccTGA, especially after adolescence. Anatomic repair of ccTGA effectively resolves the problem of failure of the systemic RV and has good early and midterm results. However, this strategy is applicable primarily in infants and children up to their teens and has associated risks and limitations, and new challenges can arise in the late postoperative period. Patients with ccTGA manifesting progressive systemic RV dysfunction beyond adolescence represent the major challenge. Several palliative options such as cardiac resynchronization therapy, tricuspid valve repair or replacement, pulmonary artery banding, and implantation of an assist device into the systemic RV can be used to improve functional status and to delay the progression of ventricular dysfunction in patients who are not suitable for anatomic correction of ccTGA. For adult patients with severe systemic RV failure, heart transplantation currently remains the only long-term lifesaving procedure, although donor organ availability remains one of the most limiting factors in this type of therapy. This review focuses on current surgical and medical strategies and interventional options for the prevention and management of systemic RV failure in adults and children with ccTGA.
Current Therapy for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Related Single Ventricle Lesions
Authors: Ohye Richard G. , Schranz Dietmar , D’Udekem Yves
Published: October 2016

Universally fatal only 4 decades ago, the progress in the 3-stage palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome and related single right ventricular lesions has drastically improved the outlook for these patients. Although the stage II operation (hemi-Fontan or bidirectional Glenn) and stage III Fontan procedure have evolved into relatively low-risk operations, the stage I Norwood procedure remains one of the highest-risk and costliest common operations performed in congenital heart surgery. Yet, despite this fact, experienced centers now report hospital survivals of >90% for the Norwood procedure. This traditional 3-stage surgical palliation has seen several innovations in the past decade aimed at improving outcomes, particularly for the Norwood procedure. One significant change is a renewed interest in the right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery shunt as the source of pulmonary blood flow, rather than the modified Blalock-Taussig shunt for the Norwood. The multi-institutional Single Ventricle Reconstruction trial randomly assigned 555 patients to one or the other shunt, and these subjects continue to be followed closely as they now approach 10 years postrandomization. In addition to modifications to the Norwood procedure, the hybrid procedure, a combined catheter-based and surgical approach, avoids the Norwood procedure in the newborn period entirely. The initial hybrid procedure is then followed by a comprehensive stage II, which combines components of both the Norwood and the traditional stage II, and later completion of the Fontan. Proponents of this approach hope to improve not only short-term survival, but also potentially longer-term outcomes, such as neurodevelopment, as well. Regardless of the approach, traditional surgical staged palliation or the hybrid procedure, survivals have vastly improved, and large numbers of these patients are surviving not only through their Fontan in early childhood, but also into adolescence and young adulthood. As this population grows, it becomes increasingly important to understand the longer-term outcomes of these Fontan patients, not only in terms of survival, but also in terms of the burden of disease, neurodevelopmental outcomes, psychosocial development, and quality of life.
Aortic Cross-Sectional Area/Height Ratio and Outcomes in Patients With a Trileaflet Aortic Valve and a Dilated Aorta
Authors: Masri Ahmad , Kalahasti Vidyasagar , Svensson Lars G. , Roselli Eric E. , Johnston Douglas , Hammer Donald , Schoenhagen Paul , Griffin Brian P. , Desai Milind Y.
Published: October 2016

Background:

In patients with a dilated proximal ascending aorta and trileaflet aortic valve, we aimed to assess (1) factors independently associated with increased long-term mortality and (2) the incremental prognostic utility of indexing aortic root to patient height.

Methods:

We studied consecutive patients with a dilated aortic root (≥4 cm) that underwent echocardiography and gated contrast-enhanced thoracic aortic computed tomography or magnetic resonance angiography between 2003 and 2007. A ratio of aortic root area over height was calculated (cm
2
/m) on tomography, and a cutoff of 10 cm
2
/m was chosen as abnormal, on the basis of previous reports. All-cause death was recorded.

Results:

The cohort comprised 771 patients (63 years [interquartile range, 53–71], 87% men, 85% hypertension, 51% hyperlipidemia, 56% smokers). Inherited aortopathies, moderate to severe aortic regurgitation, and severe aortic stenosis were seen in 7%, 18%, and 2%, whereas 91% and 54% were on β-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, respectively. Aortic root area/height ratio was ≥10 cm
2
/m in 24%. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons score and right ventricular systolic pressure were 3.3±3 and 31±7 mm Hg, respectively. At 7.8 years (interquartile range, 6.6–8.9), 280 (36%) patients underwent aortic surgery (76% within 1 year) and 130 (17%) died (1% in-hospital postoperative mortality). A lower proportion of patients in the surgical (versus nonsurgical) group died (13% versus 19%,
P
<0.01). On multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis, aortic root area/height ratio (hazard ratio, 4.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.69–6.231) was associated with death, whereas aortic surgery (hazard ratio, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.27–0.81) was associated with improved survival (both
P
<0.01). For longer-term mortality, the addition of aortic root area/height ratio ≥10 cm
2
/m to a clinical model (Society of Thoracic Surgeons score, inherited aortopathies, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, medications, aortic regurgitation, and right ventricular systolic pressure), increased the c-statistic from 0.57 (95% CI, 0.35–0.77) to 0.65 (95% CI, 0.52–0.73) and net reclassification index from 0.17 (95% CI, 0.02–0.31) to 0.23 (95% CI, 0.04–0.34), both
P
<0.01. Of the 327 patients with aortic root diameter between 4.5 and 5.5 cm, 44% had an abnormal aortic root area/height ratio, of which 78% died.

Conclusions:

In patients with dilated aortic root and trileaflet aortic valve, a ratio of aortic root area to height provides independent and improved stratification for prediction of death.
Serum Total 25‐OH Vitamin D Adds Little Prognostic Value in Patients Undergoing Coronary Catheterization
Authors: Gerling Michael E. , James Matthew T. , Wilton Stephen B. , Naugler Christopher , Southern Danielle A. , Galbraith P. Diane , Knudtson Merril , de Koning Lawrence
Published: October 2016

Background

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease; however, it is unclear whether vitamin D status should be considered in clinical risk assessments of patients with cardiovascular disease.

Methods and Results

This study included 2975 patients who had their first serum total 25‐hydroxy vitamin D (25‐OH vitamin D) measurement before their first coronary catheterization in Alberta, Canada. Cox regression was used to examine associations between 25‐
OH
vitamin D and mortality risk after adjusting for demographic and clinical risk factors. Interactions were tested using multiplicative terms, and prognostic value was assessed using measures of model discrimination, fit, calibration and net reclassification improvement. There were 401 deaths over a median of 5.8 years of follow‐up. Serum total 25‐
OH
vitamin D was inversely associated with mortality after adjusting for demographic and clinical risk factors, which was largely driven by excess risk in the bottom quintile (hazard ratio 1.84 for bottom versus top quintile, 95% CI 1.36–2.50,
P
for trend <0.001). Associations were weaker in the presence of several competing risk factors (e.g., advanced age;
P
for interactions <0.05). Adding 25‐
OH
vitamin D to a model containing demographic and clinical risk factors yielded similar discrimination, model fit, and calibration and only modest improvements in risk reclassification (net reclassification improvement 1.9% for deaths, 2.3% for survivors).

Conclusions

Pre‐catheterization, serum total 25‐
OH
vitamin D was inversely associated with mortality risk after adjusting for established demographic and clinical risk factors. This association was attenuated by several competing risk factors. Overall, 25‐
OH
vitamin D added little prognostic value over established risk factors; therefore, its measurement is not warranted in patients undergoing coronary catheterization.
“Land to the Tiller”. On the Neglected Agrarian Component of the Macedonian Revolutionary Movement, 1893–1912
Authors: Kostopoulos Tasos
Published: October 2016

The aim of this article is to question and revise the dominant assumption that dissociates the revolutionary activities in late Ottoman Macedonia from the agrarian question that remained open throughout that period. Through the cross-checking of various Greek, Bulgarian, Macedonian and western primary sources, emanating from both the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization and its adversaries, the latter’s promise of a radical land reform (and the beginnings of its de facto implementation) emerge as the main motive behind the mass mobilization of Christian peasants that transformed an initial nucleus of urban-based middle-class activists into a popular parallel state within a state, openly defying Ottoman sovereignty over the area.
El, Yahweh, and Elohim: The Evolution of God in Israel and its Theological Implications
Authors: Anderson James S.
Published: October 2016

It is often taken for granted today that the differing terms for God in the Hebrew Bible function as synonyms, although, originally, not all terminology used for God referred to the same deity. This article provides an overview of the terms El, Yahweh, and Elohim, which are all equated today, and a hypothetical reconstruction of when these terms came to prominence in Ancient Israel. After plotting and considering the contribution of each term to the development of monotheism in Israel, which ultimately laid the foundation for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, the following analysis considers some of the ensuing implications for communities of faith today when relating to their differing faith traditions.
The Bible as a Document of the Church: A Personal View
Authors: Nicol George G.
Published: October 2016

Following some general remarks on recent significant trends in biblical studies, I note that these will exacerbate the gulf between church and academy with respect to biblical interpretation. A brief introduction to the official documents of the Church of Scotland shows that they provide little indication of how the Bible should be interpreted as a document of the church. In view of the ideological nature of many of the biblical texts an argument against too ready recourse to theological interpretation is outlined.
Oil and Terrorism
Authors: Lee Chia-yi
Published: October 2016

Is there an association between oil and terrorism? If so, how are they linked to each other? While there are literature and anecdotes about oil money financing terrorism, this article identifies three mechanisms through which oil is linked to terrorism: funding, targeting, and motivating. Oil-producing countries are prone to terrorism because they are important targets of terrorists who may attack oil facilities to cause greater impact and to harm powerful countries’ overseas interests and also because oil often generates grievances or greed among local people who may in turn engage in terrorist activities. Using data on terrorist incidents and oil income, this article finds a strong, positive relationship between oil and terrorism. To test the mechanisms, this article uses both large- N and small- N data analyses, and the findings suggest that while all three mechanisms appear to explain the oil–terrorism linkage, the targeting and motivating mechanisms are more likely than the funding mechanism. Oil-producing countries have a higher tendency to sponsor terrorism, but no direct evidence indicates oil money flowing to terrorists except for money from kidnapping or extorting oil workers.
Untraining educational researchers
Authors: St. Pierre Elizabeth Adams
Published: October 2016

The author argues that educational research curriculum that repeats formalized, scientized, pre-existing, methods-driven social science research methodologies stifle the present and future of educational research. Because such methodologies are too often disconnected from their onto-epistemological commitments, she argues for a reconnection with forms of inquiry offered by the humanities in an attempt to revitalize inquiry.
The grant game as training ground for tractability? An Australian Early Career Researcher’s story
Authors: Petersen Eva B
Published: October 2016

The future of education research is linked to what early career researchers in Education are doing and learning to do now. This paper presents a narrative of one early career researcher who works and lives in Australia. She tells the story about how she came to research and to an academic life, about what her doctoral work and education taught her and how now, as an academic in an on-going position, she feels needs to unlearn many of those values and practices in order to succeed particularly in the so-called ‘grant game’. The narrative format, though, is intended to invite and encourage other readings.
Estimation of a disease model based on a discrete time Markov model using secondary data with transitions based on multi-dimensional tables
Authors: Barhak Jacob
Published: October 2016

The progression of a disease may be affected by many risk factors, such as gender, age, and current disease state. Such information is collected and made publically available by published clinical studies, yet combining this information into a disease model remains a challenge. This paper extends the previously published maximum likelihood estimation technique to estimate model parameters from indirect secondary data. Such information is available in the scientific literature so the modeler can access more data when estimating model parameters. The extension to the estimation procedure allows model transitions that depend on different sets of covariates for which secondary data are available. This extension uses a Markov model with transition probabilities stored in multi-dimensional tables accessed by covariate values. The paper uses a set of cases, including a case of cardiovascular disease in diabetes. The cases demonstrate the proposed method with various model variations. To help cope with model multiplicity, a selection method is demonstrated for picking a preferred model according to likelihood and structure criteria.
School Choice to Lower Secondary Schools and Mechanisms of Segregation in Urban Finland
Authors: Kosunen Sonja , Bernelius Venla , Seppänen Piia , Porkka Miina
Published: October 2016

We explore the interconnections of pupil admission and school choice with the socioeconomic composition of schools in the city of Espoo, Finland. We analyze pupil enrollment from residential areas, and compare the schools’ expected and actual socioeconomic profiles using GIS software (MapInfo). Social-diversification mechanisms within urban comprehensive schooling emerged: Distinctive choices of language and selective classes are made predominantly by pupils from residential blocks with higher socioeconomic profiles. The role of urban segregation in school choice seems to be stronger than predicted. As mechanisms of educational distinction accompanied with grouping policies, choice leads to socioeconomic segregation across and within schools.
Academic and Psychosocial Outcomes of a Physical Activity Program With Fourth Graders: Variations Among Schools in Six Urban School Districts
Authors: Somers Cheryl L. , Centeio Erin E. , Kulik Noel , Garn Alex , Martin Jeffrey , Shen Bo , Fahlman Mariane , McCaughtry Nathan A.
Published: October 2016

The purpose was to examine academic achievement, school attachment, and peer acceptance before and after a comprehensive school-based physical activity program (CSPAP) with 378 children in 12 fourth-grade classrooms across six schools in primarily low-socioeconomic status (SES) districts of a large Midwestern metropolitan area. Both personal and normative rate of academic achievement improvement metrics were used. Overall, all students showed personal math and reading growth. However, effects varied by types of achievement indicator and comparison group, revealing noteworthy school-level demographic and implementation characteristics that are inextricably intertwined with program effectiveness and student growth. Implications, especially for minimizing generalizations, are significant.
Local Liaisons: Roles, Challenges, and Training in Serving Children and Youth Experiencing Homelessness
Authors: Havlik Stacey A. , Schultheis Kara , Schneider Kaitlyn , Neason Erin
Published: October 2016

Through engaging in interviews with 10 local educational agency liaisons, this study provides insight into their roles, challenges, and training in serving children and youth experiencing homelessness. Using thematic analysis to analyze transcripts, common themes were uncovered. The findings highlight the liaisons’ challenges related to identification and academic barriers, as well as provide deeper insight into their preparation. Furthermore, the results suggest that liaisons are dedicated to their roles and are committed to building partnerships to serve students.
A Critical Race Case Analysis of Black Undergraduate Student Success at an Urban University
Authors: Harper Shaun R. , Smith Edward J. , Davis Charles H. F.
Published: October 2016

Presented in this article is a case study of Black students’ enrollment, persistence, and graduation at Cityville University, an urban commuter institution. We combine quantitative data from the University’s Office of Institutional Research and the U.S. Department of Education with qualitative insights gathered in interviews with students, faculty, and administrators. We then use tenets, theses, and propositions from Critical Race Theory to analyze structural problems that undermine persistence and degree completion, sense of belonging, and academic achievement for Cityville’s Black undergraduates.
Critical Race Theory and the Whiteness of Teacher Education
Authors: Sleeter Christine E.
Published: October 2016

This article uses three tenets of critical race theory to critique the common pattern of teacher education focusing on preparing predominantly White cohorts of teacher candidates for racially and ethnically diverse students. The tenet of interest convergence asks how White interests are served through incremental steps. The tenet of color blindness prompts asking how structures that seem neutral, such as teacher testing, reinforce Whiteness and White interests. The tenet of experiential knowledge prompts asking whose voices are being heard. The article argues that much about teacher education can be changed, offering suggestions that derive from these tenets.
A Review of Physical Education Teacher Resilience in Schools of Poverty Through the Lens of Occupational Teacher Socialization
Authors: Ellison Douglas W. , Woods Amelia Mays
Published: October 2016

The increase in teacher attrition has been substantial in U.S. public schools over the past three decades. The impact this trend has on student learning is pronounced, especially in high-poverty schools. Minimal research has focused on the resilient teachers who stay in these settings and the personal, professional, and biographical influences that guide that decision. This review of literature, guided by resilience theory, occupational socialization of physical education teachers, and research on poverty, attempts to demonstrate the importance of recruiting, training, and retaining resilient physical education teachers in high-poverty schools.
Counting the Experiences and Beliefs of Secondary Teachers Striving to Teach Mathematics for Social Justice in Urban Schools
Authors: Raygoza Mary Candace
Published: October 2016

This article contributes a deeper understanding of teachers’ experiences with and beliefs about teaching mathematics for social justice in urban schools. In-depth, phenomenological interviews were conducted with a national sample of 15 secondary mathematics teachers from eight cities across the United States. Findings identify five overarching commitments of social justice mathematics teachers, the barriers they face, and what they envision for the future of urban mathematics education. Drawing on critical pedagogical theory, this study uncovers how social justice mathematics teachers have on-the-ground experiences and perspectives that can help us build upon Freire’s notion of education for liberation.
Two‐Year Neurodevelopment and Growth Outcomes for Preterm Neonates Who Received Low‐Dose Intravenous Soybean Oil
Authors: Ong Margaret L. , Purdy Isabell B. , Levit Orly L. , Robinson Daniel T. , Grogan Tristan , Flores Martiniano , Calkins Kara L.
Published: October 2016

Background: In some studies, the dose of intravenous soybean oil (SO) has been associated with a decreased incidence of intestinal failure–associated liver disease. The effect of lipid sparing on neurodevelopment (ND) and growth remains unknown. This study investigated the impact of SO dose on ND and growth over the first 2 years of age in preterm neonates. Materials and Methods: This is a single‐site prospective follow‐up study. Neonates with a gestational age ≤29 weeks were randomized to low‐dose (LOW) or standard‐dose (CON) SO. Bayley Scales of Infant Development III and anthropometric measurements were collected at approximately 6, 12, and 24 months corrected gestational age. Results: Subjects were premature, with a mean (±SD) gestational age of 28 ± 1 and 27 ± 1 weeks (P = .3) for LOW and CON, respectively. Thirty subjects completed follow‐up (LOW = 15, CON = 15). There were no differences for ND and growth outcomes when LOW was compared with CON, with the exception of a higher 12‐month follow‐up cognitive scaled score in the LOW group (P = .02). Conclusion: A reduced SO dose did not adversely affect ND or growth in this cohort of preterm neonates. However, larger studies are needed to determine the long‐term safety of SO dose reduction before this strategy can be adopted.
Assessing Gifted Students’ Beliefs About Intelligence With a Psychometrically Defensible Scale
Authors: Park Sunhee , Callahan Carolyn M. , Ryoo Ji Hoon
Published: October 2016

The psychometric qualities of the six- and eight-item implicit theories of intelligence scales that Dweck suggested were compared using a confirmatory factor analysis with data from 239 gifted students (100 students in Grades 5–7, 139 students in Grades 8–11). The results indicate that the six-item scale fits the data better than the eight-item scale. The factor reliabilities of data from the six-item scale were .853 for the entity theory and .878 for the incremental theory. We found evidence for measurement invariance across age and gender using measurement and structural invariance tests. Using the scale to investigate the beliefs about intelligence of gifted students and the association between their beliefs about intelligence and goal orientations, we found that the higher the incremental theory held by gifted students, the higher the learning goals they tend to pursue. Older students had a greater tendency to hold an entity theory than younger students.
Bare Strength: representing veterans of the desert wars in US media
Authors: Pitchford-Hyde Jenna
Published: October 2016

Until recently injured veterans of the Afghanistan War (2001–present) and the Iraq War (2003–2011) were significantly absent in US media. However, veterans are becoming increasing visible in mainstream US media. This article suggests that the initial reluctance to represent injured veterans stemmed from the deep-rooted governmental and military need to reinforce the ideology of a masculinised US identity. American masculinity relies on the preservation of the hyper-masculine ‘all American hero’, hence the previous invisibility of injured or ‘damaged’ veterans in the media. However, the new wave of veteran images which is rapidly coming to the fore in US media indicates a shift in public perceptions of veterans. The central focus of the article is the recent increase in the visibility of veterans in US media, with veteran Noah Galloway featuring on prime time television show Dancing with the Stars, and photographer Michael Stokes’ photobook and online projects Bare Strength and Always Loyal featuring injured veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars. While increasing the visibility of veterans in the media is commendable, Dancing with the Stars’ and Stokes’ representations present their own difficulties in terms of the narratives used by each to depict the veterans. Through a close textual analysis, this article examines how representations of injured veterans in US media have been transformed, explores the reasons for this shift and identifies the potential problems with the more recent depictions.
The Microbiome
Authors: Silbergeld Ellen K.
Published: October 2016

The microbiome is increasingly recognized as a critical component in human development, health, and disease. Its relevance to toxicology and pharmacology involves challenges to current concepts related to absorption, metabolism, gene:environment, and pathways of response. Framing testable hypotheses for experimental and epidemiological studies will require attention to study designs, biosampling, data analysis, and attention to confounders.
Is It Adverse, Nonadverse, Adaptive, or Artifact?
Authors: Pandiri Arun R. , Kerlin Roy L. , Mann Peter C. , Everds Nancy E. , Sharma Alok K. , Myers L. Peyton , Steinbach Thomas J.
Published: October 2016

One of the principal challenges facing a toxicologic pathologist is to determine and differentiate a true adverse effect from a nonadverse or an adaptive response. Recent publications from the Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) and the European STP provide guidance for determining and communicating adversity in nonclinical toxicology studies. In order to provide a forum to inform and engage in a discussion on this important topic, a continuing education (CE) course was held during the 2016 STP Annual meeting in San Diego, CA. The lectures at this course provided guidance on determining and communicating adversity using case studies involving both clinical pathology and anatomic pathology. In addition, one talk also focused on data quality, study design, and interpretation of artifacts that could hinder the determination of adversity. The CE course ended with a talk on understanding adversity in preclinical studies and engaging the regulatory agencies in the decision-making process. This manuscript is designed to provide brief summaries of all the talks in this well-received CE course.
The Need for Speed: Traffic Regulation and the Violent Fabric of Karachi
Authors: Gayer Laurent
Published: October 2016

As a domain of political intervention, speed is a meeting ground for projects of domination and tactics of emancipation, for logics of exclusion coexisting with various forms of collisions, intersections and amalgamations. Instead of reducing the ‘need for speed’ to a linear and unequivocal process, this article makes the case for thinking about speed as an arena of conflict, subject to brutal accelerations but also to at least momentary decelerations. Taking the example of Karachi, where road accidents and larger controversies around transport played a prominent role in the violent postcolonial transformations of the city, it argues that from these collisions emerged a form of political power premised on the regulation of traffic flows. It concludes that moving-power always exceeds the initial intentions of those setting it in motion as it simultaneously builds on and disrupts the forces that give every city its vitality, that is, on the vitalism of speed.
The theoretical foundations of entrepreneurship education: How co-citations are shaping the field
Authors: Loi Michela , Castriotta Manuel , Di Guardo Maria Chiara
Published: October 2016

This article develops a co-citation analysis covering the period 1991–2014 outlining the collective logic of authors conducting studies of entrepreneurship education. The core themes, major contributions and topological features characterising their relationships are identified. The findings indicate that the field has a polycentric structure with five core themes of which entrepreneurial intentions emerges as the most influential while the entrepreneurial learning and evaluation themes have emerged in recent years. These two core themes appear to foster changes within the current structure with the introduction of new theoretical inputs and the formation of new theoretical hubs. We argue that future research should attempt to organise focal themes into a theoretical framework that allows a comprehensive picture of entrepreneurship education.
The promise of entrepreneurship education: Reconceptualizing the individual–opportunity nexus as a conceptual framework for entrepreneurship education
Authors: Thrane Claus , Blenker Per , Korsgaard Steffen , Neergaard Helle
Published: October 2016

This article develops a conceptual framework for entrepreneurship education based on a reconceptualization of the individual–opportunity nexus as presented by Shane and Venkataraman. In order to achieve this objective, we reinterpret both the basic assumptions pertaining to the individual and the ontological and epistemological nature of entrepreneurial opportunities. On this basis, we build a six-step teaching model, which operationalizes a series of entrepreneurial learning elements. These include (1) identity work, (2) disclosing disharmonies, (3) qualifying disharmonies into general anomalies, (4) constructing innovative solutions, (5) prototyping and (6) business modelling. Finally, we discuss the implications of the reconceptualized framework in terms of the research questions governing the field of entrepreneurship education, for the practice of entrepreneurship education and for policy to promote entrepreneurship education.
In quest of legitimacy: The theoretical and methodological foundations of entrepreneurship education research
Authors: Fayolle Alain , Verzat Caroline , Wapshott Robert
Published: October 2016

This editorial discusses contemporary entrepreneurship education research and identifies the manner in which the three articles comprising this special issue contribute to advancing the theoretical and methodological foundations of the field. In so doing we seek to describe how and why entrepreneurship education research may struggle for legitimacy along with the complexities of working in this field. This special issue raises questions about entrepreneurship education research and, through the featured articles provides some responses. This special issue itself, however, is presented as part of an ongoing discussion about the nature and role of entrepreneurship education more widely and is intended to provoke further critical engagement and stimulate theoretical and methodological development.
Placing intracerebral probes to optimise detection of delayed cerebral ischemia and allow for the prediction of patient outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage
Authors: Tholance Yannick , Barcelos Gleicy K , Perret-Liaudet Armand , Omar Edris , Carrillon Romain , Grousson Sébastien , Lieutaud Thomas , Dailler Frédéric , Marinesco Stéphane
Published: October 2016

Cerebral microdialysis could be useful to detect delayed cerebral ischemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage patients. The optimal location of the probes, however, remains controversial. Here, we determined the vascular territories with the highest infarct risk in relation to aneurysm location to define probe implantation guidelines. These guidelines were retrospectively validated by studying the likelihood of probe to fall in a secondary infarct area, and by analysing their influence to predict patient outcome. The vascular territories with highest risk of infarction were the anterior cerebral arteries for anterior communicating artery aneurysms and the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery for internal carotid artery, posterior communicating artery and middle cerebral artery aneurysms. When cerebral microdialysis probes had been implanted in these territories, 79% were located within an infarcted area versus 54% when they were implanted in other territories. Delayed cerebral ischemia was detected only when the probe was located within a brain area later affected by secondary infarction, which could justify the use of implantation guidelines. Moreover, individual patient outcomes could be predicted when probes were placed in the brain territories as suggested by this study. Thus, a precise probe placement algorithm can improve delayed cerebral ischemia detection sensitivity and allow for a better prediction concerning patient outcome.
The temporalization of critique and the open riddle of history
Authors: Cordero Rodrigo
Published: October 2016

The main goal of this paper is to offer a reading of Reinhart Koselleck’s work as an ally of critical theory. My contention is that, despite customary accusations of Koselleck being an anti-Enlightenment historian detrimental to social criticism and emancipatory politics, his investigations on the semantic fabric of modern society may actually expand our resources for the critique of domination. In order to make this argument plausible, I reconstruct some antinomies that are at the basis of Koselleck’s work (state/society, language/reality, experience/expectation) and discuss their critical potential. This analysis shows that, rather than a rejection of the spirit of critique, Koselleck contributes to the temporalization of the practice of critique as such: namely, a clarification of the contradictions and potentials of a reflexive practice imbued in the struggle between the need to comprehend the world as it is and the right to experiment with other forms of life.
The Effects of Clickers With Different Teaching Strategies
Authors: Liu Cui , Chen Sufen , Chi Chi , Chien Kuei-Pin , Liu Yuzhen , Chou Te-Lien
Published: October 2016

The aim of this review was to analyze the effects of instance response systems or clickers on students’ learning in different teaching strategies. A total of 128 empirical studies were reviewed; 80% of the studies were conducted in the context of lectures or collaborative learning. Further analysis of the studies using a quasi-experimental design revealed that clicker usage in traditional lectures may enhance students’ attention and participation. However, it is not more effective than low-technology methods such as hand raising or response cards in terms of learning performance. Clickers combined with collaborative peer-aided learning have shown positive results with large effect sizes. Furthermore, incorporating clickers into innovative teaching strategies appears to be promising. Finally, the use of clickers to promote high-order thinking is discussed.
Action research healthcare
Authors: Bradbury Hilary , Lifvergren Svante
Published: October 2016

We discuss action research healthcare as a transformative approach that continuously innovates in healthcare, attending to the “quadruple” aim. This article is shaped around a decade of evidence in Sweden. At the heart of healthcare action research is the endeavour to “learn by doing” with the participation of key stakeholders, including the patient. Experience suggests that an action research approach is particularly relevant when treating patients with chronic diseases and complex care needs. This inclusion is itself a social learning process and is key to realizing the improved outcomes. Insights from objective quantitative studies are balanced with personal and inter-subjective dialogue that aligns different parts of a system in a movement towards improvement. Close-up non-defensive self-inquiry in the company of colleagues, with trust dynamics building over time, may be a key point of leverage for such systemic improvement activities.
Designated specialized units
Authors: Orosz Zsofia , Porteous Amy , Donskov Melissa , Luciani Tracy , Walker Peter
Published: October 2016

Ontario has eight designated Specialized Units (SUs) located in Long-Term Care (LTC) homes. Each unit serves a well-defined group of residents whose needs go beyond what regular LTC homes can offer but do not require the complexity and range of care provided in hospitals. An applied qualitative research project looked at the realities of designated SUs, explored their role in health system capacity planning, and created a tool kit to help stakeholders navigate the designation process. Results outline the benefits and challenges experienced by the existing SUs that provide care to clients with severe responsive behaviours or dialysis needs and the units’ potential to address current and future healthcare system gaps. More systematic data collection, robust evaluations, and cost-benefit analyses are needed to fully understand how effectively and efficiently the SUs fulfill the outcomes desired by residents and their families, as well as how they contribute to health system efficiencies.
De Novo TUBB2A Variant Presenting With Anterior Temporal Pachygyria
Authors: Rodan Lance H. , El Achkar Christelle Moufawad , Berry Gerard T. , Poduri Annapurna , Prabhu Sanjay P. , Yang Edward , Anselm Irina
Published: October 2016

TUBB2A is a gene that has recently been reported in association with structural brain abnormalities. Only 3 cases have been reported to date with disparate brain morphologic abnormalities, although all patients have presented with developmental delay and infantile-onset epilepsy. We report a fourth patient with a de novo variant in TUBB2A that is predicted to be pathogenic, presenting with developmental delay, spastic diplegia, exaggerated startle, and anterior temporal pachygyria in the absence of epilepsy. This report serves to further delineate the phenotype of the TUBB2A-related disorders. Focal anterior temporal pachygyria may facilitate recognition of additional cases of this tubulinopathy.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Criminal Propensity Among Intimate Partner Violence Offenders
Authors: Hilton N. Zoe , Ham Elke , Green Michelle M.
Published: October 2016

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), defined as exposure to abuse and adverse household events, are prevalent among certain offenders including those who commit intimate partner violence (IPV). However, it is not clear how ACEs relate to criminal propensity among IPV offenders, who have been shown to exhibit less antisociality and institutional violence than other offenders. We compared 99 male offenders with a current or previous offense of IPV with 233 non-IPV violent offenders and 103 nonviolent offenders undergoing institutional forensic assessment. This convenience sample allowed for use of extensive psychosocial records as well as study of institutional violence. IPV offenders had the highest mean ACE score and more extensive criminal propensity on some measures (violent and nonviolent criminal history and psychopathy) than both other groups. ACEs were associated with most measures of criminal propensity in the whole sample but with only one (actuarial risk of violent recidivism) in the subsample of IPV offenders. Finding that ACEs are prevalent among IPV offenders even in this sample with extensive mental illness demonstrates the robustness of this phenomenon. IPV offenders, though, are similar to other violent offenders in this respect, and there is insufficient evidence that ACEs represent a criminogenic need among IPV offenders specifically. Further research could draw from the batterer typology literature and attend to IPV offenders’ broader criminal careers.
The Effect of Cost Sharing on an Employee Weight Loss Program: A Randomized Trial
Authors: John Leslie K. , Troxel Andrea B. , Yancy William S. , Friedman Joelle , Zhu Jingsan , Yang Lin , Galvin Robert , Miller-Kovach Karen , Halpern Scott D. , Loewenstein George , Volpp Kevin
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

To test the effects of employer subsidies on employee enrollment, attendance, and weight loss in a nationally available weight management program.

Design:

A randomized trial tested the impact of employer subsidy: 100%; 80%, 50%, and a hybrid 50% subsidy that could become a 100% subsidy by attaining attendance targets. Trial registration: NCT01756066.

Setting and Participants:

Twenty three thousand twenty-three employees of 2 US companies.

Measures:

The primary outcome was the percentage of employees who enrolled in the weight management program. We also tested whether the subsidies were associated with differential attendance and weight loss over 12 months, as might be predicted by the expectation that they attract employees with differing degrees of motivation.

Analysis and Results:

Enrollment differed significantly by subsidy level ( P < .0001). The 100% subsidy produced the highest enrollment (7.7%), significantly higher than each of the lower subsidies (vs 80% subsidy: 6.2%, P = .002; vs 50% subsidy: 3.9%, P < .0001; vs hybrid: 3.7%, P < .0001). Enrollment in the 80% subsidy group was significantly higher than both lower subsidy groups (vs 50% subsidy: 3.9%, P < .0001; vs hybrid: 3.7%, P < .0001). Among enrollees, there were no differences among the 4 groups in attendance or weight loss.

Conclusion:

This pragmatic trial, conducted in a real-world workplace setting, suggests that higher rates of employer subsidization help individuals to enroll in weight loss programs, without a decrement in program effectiveness. Future research could explore the cost-effectiveness of such subsidies or alternative designs.
A Rational and Manageable Value-Added Model for Teacher Preparation Programs
Authors: Brady Michael P. , Miller Katie , McCormick Jazarae , Heiser Lawrence A.
Published: October 2016

Educators struggle with “value-added” teacher evaluation models based on high-stakes student assessments. Despite validity and reliability threats, these models evaluate university-based teacher preparation programs (TPPs), and play a role in state and professional accreditation. This study reports a more rational value-added evaluation model linking student performance to teacher candidates’ lessons during Practicum and Student Teaching. Results indicate that K-12 students showed learning gains on these lessons, with mixed findings on comparisons of part-time to full-time internships, academic and functional lessons, and candidates’ grade point averages (GPAs). Results indicated that teacher candidates’ lessons are a viable value-added model (VAM) alternative for TPPs.
Might Only Theology Save Medicine? Some Ideas from Ramsey
Authors: Ranganathan Bharat
Published: October 2016

In The Anticipatory Corpse: Medicine, Power, and the Care of the Dying, Jeffrey Bishop argues that contemporary medicine has (among other things) reduced the patient from a ‘subject’ to an ‘object’. He extends this charge to all corners of contemporary medicine. But in his book’s concluding chapter, ‘Anticipating Life’, he turns toward a constructive proposal, asking, in closing, ‘[m]ight it not be that only theology can save medicine?’ Toward answering Bishop’s query, I turn to the thought of Paul Ramsey. Ramsey is helpful because, in thinking through and responding to contemporary moral dilemmas, he begins with his theological commitments and thereby may avoid the reductive tendencies that Bishop argues affect contemporary medicine. Specifically, Ramsey’s account of the ‘patient as person’, I will argue, delimits what the medical endeavor may do and might offer resources to help save medicine.
An effective approach to fabrication of antifouling ultrafiltration membrane based on zwitterionic polyimide
Authors: Liu Yang , Ai Yuping , Huo Pengfei , Huang Haitao , Gu Jiyou
Published: October 2016

In this study, a new kind of membrane material, an aromatic zwitterionic polyimide (PI) copolymer, was synthesized through a one-pot polymerization reaction by precise variation of the molar ratios of different monomers with specific groups. The zwitterionic PI ultrafiltration (UF) membrane was prepared through an immersion precipitation phase inversion method and thoroughly characterized by scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle measurement, protein adsorption measurement, and UF experiment. The zwitterionic PI membrane showed significantly improved hydrophilicity and permeability and stable antifouling property. The amount of bovine serum albumin adsorbed on the zwitterionic PI membrane was considerably lower compared with the reference PI membrane. According to the cycle UF experiment for protein solution, the zwitterionic PI membrane had a water flux recovery ratio of 86.7%, compared with only 61.1% for the reference PI membrane. Moreover, the irreversible fouling of the zwitterionic PI membrane was significantly decreased, suggesting superior antifouling property. This new approach to the preparation of a zwitterionic polymer seems promising for potential applications in separation membrane.