bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empowerment-Oriented Management, Mission Motivation, and Performance
Authors: Honig Dan
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces the theory undergirding this book’s thesis. It first defines mission points and mission-motivated action by agents. It presents the differences between empowerment-oriented management and compliance-oriented management approaches, which draw on McGregor’s Theory X and Y management styles. Based on psychology’s Self-Determination Theory, empowerment-oriented management seeks to build autonomy, competence, and connection. The chapter introduces two reform pathways associated with these approaches, termed Route C and Route E respectively. It defines extrinsic and intrinsic motivators, particularly defining mission motivation. It introduces the two factors that determine whether an agency is better suited for compliance-oriented or empowerment-oriented management—namely, monitorability and the mission motivation of its workforce. It describes how the two approaches are not necessarily in conflict. It summarizes the key theoretic claims of Part I.
Attracting (and Keeping) the Mission-Motivated
Authors: Honig Dan
Published: June 2024

This chapter argues that empowerment-oriented management can help attract and retain mission-motivated employees. It first presents empirical evidence that the public sector generally attracts more mission-motivated employees than does the private sector, in both developed and developing countries. Mission-driven employees also tend to be motivated by their purpose, rather than money. However, higher compensation can help attract them to the public sector by signaling respect. Examining fast-stream civil service programs in Liberia and Ghana, the chapter describes how recruiting mission-driven employees can fruitfully improve an organization’s performance. However, it also looks to Detroit Child Protective Services to describe a “dark side” to mission motivation: the mission-driven are more likely to leave organizations that prevent them from serving their mission. Empowerment-oriented management is often the key to attracting and retaining Mission Driven Bureaucrats.
Alarmist
Authors: Guenther Genevieve
Published: June 2024

“Alarmist” examines the accusation that climate communicators are alarmists, and argues that climate alarm is a reasonable response to the impacts of global warming. The chapter maps out the dynamics between the climate community’s disparate ideological groups, from climate deniers to lukewarmers, to techno-optimists, to the alarmed, to doomers. It shows that climate scientists are attacked by both climate deniers and doomers. It narrates the recent history of climate alarm in American climate politics culminating in the passage of the Inflation Reduction Act. It examines the latest climate science to demonstrate that climate alarm is warranted. It argues that being willing to embrace alarm is a form of courage. Finally, it proposes that climate communicators should seek to both alarm larger numbers of American voters and inspire them to engage in civil disobedience demanding that the US federal government enact policy that will help phase out fossil fuels.
Growth
Authors: Guenther Genevieve
Published: June 2024

“Growth” examines the widespread belief that economic growth will continue despite ongoing global warming. The chapter identifies Robert Solow’s neoclassical growth theory as the origin of this belief. It traces the evolution of Solow’s theory into a dogma that technology can substitute for natural resources and eliminate the costs of environmental externalities. It notes that Solowian economics relies on the false assumption that arable land can be perpetually extracted from forests. It shows that many economists currently use unjustified assumptions about adaptation to adjust their models of the effect of climate change on growth. It proposes that adaptation in agriculture may be extremely challenging, perhaps impossible, implying that climate change is making arable land more scarce. It argues that agriculture is the foundation of economic growth, and it recommends discarding the myth that the economy and nature are separate spheres.
Resilience
Authors: Guenther Genevieve
Published: June 2024

“Resilience” argues that the term “resilience” misrepresents the challenges of adaptation and obscures a clear understanding that halting global heating will require a full systems transformation. The chapter shows that fossil-fuel interests can appropriate the concept of climate resilience and still support expanding fossil-fuel production and consumption. It insists that climate politics leading to systems transformation must be centered on anti-racism and climate justice or else it will not achieve its goals. It avocates for a cross-class and multi-racial climate politics. It offers readers recommendations on how to transform themselves into climate activists and describes the personal value of doing so.
Introduction
Authors: Weissman Myrna M. , Mootz Jennifer J.
Published: June 2024

A brief history of the initiation and development of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is presented. The impetus for the initiation of IPT was to develop a psychotherapy manual for a planned clinical trial of medication in a climate when there were few to no manuals. The positive initial clinical trials led to a growing database of efficacy studies in the United States and other high-income countries. The positive results of a trial in Uganda led to a flourishing of use in diverse cultures across the globe, including low- and middle-income countries and humanitarian settings. Efforts to expand availability of IPT through digital methods to deal with the high prevalence and global burden of psychiatric disorders have increased.
International Society of Interpersonal Psychotherapy (ISIPT)
Authors: Markowitz John C.
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on the International Society of Interpersonal Psychotherapy (ISIPT). It features the workings and benefits of the ISIPT as a growing organization. Since its 2015 reorganization, the ISIPT remains a multidisciplinary, noncommercial, international organization committed to the advancement of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) through scientific research, training, and dissemination. Despite its therapist and patient friendliness and its proven efficacy for psychiatric conditions, IPT remains underutilized as a treatment. The chapter then looks into the important initiatives of the ISIPT, which include the advocacy for patients and psychotherapy, the promotion of IPT and ISIPT membership, and the promotion of IPT research.
International Society of Interpersonal Psychotherapy Certification Program
Authors: Stulberg Cindy Goodman , Flynn Heather A.
Published: June 2024

This chapter covers the certification program within the International Society of Interpersonal Psychotherapy (ISIPT). Support for certification from members centered on the need for ISIPT to create processes and support for high-quality dissemination of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) globally. Moreover, the organization saw other psychotherapy models offering certification that contributed to the dissemination of those models. In addition to determining a mission for the certification committee, a set of guiding principles was developed to support training effectiveness, dissemination, and ongoing IPT trainer development. The chapter then expounds on the process of the IPT training, which is a broad, international effort to disseminate IPT around the world.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy and Interpersonal Counseling
Authors: Mikkonen Kasperi , Mondolin Viivi , Laitala Susan , Saarni Samuli I. , Saarni Suoma E.
Published: June 2024

This chapter tackles the digital training tools in Finland, especially those that revolve around interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) and interpersonal counseling (IPC). The only plausible way to answer the high demand for evidence-based practices in mental health is to apply digital tools in all parts of the process. According to the literature, digital training is seen as a solution for increasing flexibility and training volumes without compromising the learning outcomes. The first-line therapies initiative is a comprehensive program for providing early, evidence-based practices for mental health to all according to need. The chapter explains that first-line therapies' digital learning environment will allow us to train numerous IPT and IPC clinicians.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy Training in Graduate and Residency Programs in the United States
Authors: Flores Luis E. , Bonfils Kelsey A. , Bledsoe Sarah E. , Novick Danielle M.
Published: June 2024

This chapter explains the extent of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) training in graduate and residency programs in the United States. It explains the evidence supporting the efficacy of IPT for treating a variety of disorders across populations and age groups. Thus, IPT is designated as an evidence-based treatment (EBT) while being part of prominent clinical practice guidelines. The National Psychotherapy Training Survey (NPTS-I) found that didactic training and clinical supervision in IPT were widely offered across training programs in the United States. The chapter mentions the preliminary findings of NPTS-II, suggesting that didactic training and clinical supervision in IPT continue to be offered at most training programs in the United States.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy Group in Senegal
Authors: Ziadeh Salaheddine , Bernard Charlotte , Ndiaye Ibrahima , Seydi Moussa
Published: June 2024

This chapter covers an interpersonal psychotherapy group (IPT-G) in Senegal. It explains that depression is the most common psychiatric disorder in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and is highly prevalent among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Thus, IPT adaptation centered on treatment modality, protocol, language, and training, while context and population informed the choice of modality and protocol. Challenges to IPT-G implementation were primarily organizational in nature and nonspecific to the intervention itself. The chapter examines the IPT-G feasibility and acceptability study that laid the groundwork for future work in Senegal before mentioning its possible future of upscaling service delivery and systemic screening at health facilities to help with case identification.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy in Finland
Authors: Law Roslyn , Ranta Klaus
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the extent of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in Finland. It provides an overview of the key concepts surrounding interpersonal counseling (IPC), IPT for adolescents (IPT-A), and IPC for adolescents (IPC-A). Implementation of IPT-A and IPC-A has been markedly different from the implementation of IPT for adults in Finland due to the systemic differences in the structure of service and the sharp increase in demand for treatment for adolescents. The chapter considers the plans for IPT in Finland, including collaborating with academic colleagues to address economic planning. It then elaborates on a case example from group supervision for novice IPC-A school counselors.
Guided Self-Help Interpersonal Psychotherapy in the United Kingdom
Authors: Law Roslyn
Published: June 2024

This chapter addresses guided self-help interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in the United Kingdom. The first self-help style guide to be published was Mastering Depression Through Interpersonal Psychotherapy — Patient Workbook and the accompanying Mastering Depression Through Interpersonal Psychotherapy: Monitoring Forms (Treatments That Work). This short workbook and the monitoring forms provide psychoeducation about depression and IPT and prime the reader to consider questions they may be asked if they engage in IPT with a trained therapist. Meanwhile, Defeating Depression: How to Use the People in Your Life to Open the Door to Recovery provides a complete guide to IPT that could be used either independently or with a therapist. When IPT for adolescents (IPT-A) with depression was added to the Children and Young People’s IAPT (CYP IAPT) in England, Defeating Teenage Depression—Getting There Together” was published. The most recent IPT self-help book is Feeling Better: Beat Depression and Improve Your Relationships with Interpersonal Psychotherapy. One central challenge of writing a self-help book for IPT is that the approach is interpersonal and not intended to be used in isolation. The chapter then considers how IPT clinicians use self-help materials.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy in Iran
Authors: Alhosaini Niloofar Rafiei , Rezaei-Jamalouei Hasan
Published: June 2024

This chapter describes interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in Iran. IPT effectively treats major depressive disorder (MDD) and is well matched with Iranian culture, where interpersonal relations are important and people consider themselves part of a family and a community before they see themselves as individuals. Indeed, Iranian culture values relationships, especially family ties. To understand the extent of the dissemination of IPT across Iran and learn of adaptations made for the Iranian cultural context, the authors conducted searches in 6 bibliographical databases (Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, Sivilica, Irandoc, and Adineh book) by searching “interpersonal psychotherapy” in Persian. These studies show that adaptations of IPT retained its basic structure. However, it may be unacceptable to directly ask about some subjects and issues in questionnaires. Areas to assess carefully relate to sexual relationships, having a friend of the opposite sex, and substance/alcohol misuse or addiction. The chapter then looks at a case example before reflecting on the future of IPT in Iran.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy in Australia
Authors: Reay Rebecca E.
Published: June 2024

This chapter highlights interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in Australia. IPT emphasizes the central role of interpersonal and social relationships within which mental health problems develop and are maintained. This paradigm shift spurred clinician interest in training, supervision, and certification in IPT. However, Australia is a large country and access to training and supervision opportunities has been challenging. Fortunately, training opportunities have expanded, partly due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with greater access to online training and accreditation bodies, such as the International Society of Interpersonal Psychotherapy (ISIPT) and the IPT Institute in the United States. The chapter then looks at the extension of IPT with depressed adolescents (IPT-A) aged 12–18 years to include young adults, which is consistent with modern Australian youth mental health service models, which cater to individuals aged 12–25. It also considers group IPT for perinatal mental health and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Finally, it examines how the Australian government introduced the “Better Access” to mental health care scheme in 2006.
Interpersonal Counseling for Internally Displaced Women in Bogotá, Colombia
Authors: Espinel Zelde , Shultz James M. , Verdeli Helen
Published: June 2024

This chapter evaluates interpersonal counseling (IPC) for internally displaced women in Bogotá, Colombia. No other nation throughout the Americas has experienced internal displacement on a scale comparable to Colombia. Colombian internally displaced persons (IDPs) have a high prevalence of trauma exposure and correspondingly high rates of common mental disorders (CMDs), especially among women. The chapter then looks at a feasibility and acceptability pilot study to examine the potential efficacy of an evidence-based, stepped-care intervention adapted for depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for IDP women residing in Bogotá. The study was named OSITA (meaning “little teddy bear” in Spanish), an acronym for Outreach, Screening, and Intervention for TraumA. Feedback from IPC trainees and participants confirmed that the 4 therapeutic foci of IPC were highly relevant to the target population. Analyses of symptom changes in the sample of completers with baseline, last session, and follow-up data points revealed significant decreases over time in depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptom levels from baseline to last IPC session and further significant decreases in depression from last IPC session to follow-up.
A Culturally Grounded Interpersonal Psychotherapy With American Indians/Alaska Natives
Authors: Heart Maria Yellow Horse Brave , Chase Josephine , Elkins Jennifer , Martin Jennifer
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIANs) that face pervasive trauma exposure, collective histories of communal suffering, and elevated risk for depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It emphasizes how AIAN health, well-being, and service utilization should be understood within the context of historical trauma (HT), which is the cumulative emotional and psychological wounding across generations. It also talks about historical trauma responses (HTRs), such as depression, psychic numbing, self-destructive behavior, and identification with the dead, that have been observed among massively traumatized populations. The chapter explains that the historical trauma and unresolved grief intervention (HTUG) is a short-term, culturally grounded intervention for grief resolution and trauma mastery. It highlights the combination of HTUG with group interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), which is effective for treating depression and PTSD in diverse non-AIAN groups.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy With Hispanic/Latinx Individuals
Authors: Patel Sapana R. , Mufson Laura , Lewis-Fernández Roberto
Published: June 2024

This chapter talks about Hispanics/Latinx individuals who experience disparities in care, including underutilization of mental health services involving both entry and retention in care. It analyzes evidence on cultural fit and clinical effectiveness of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) based on experience implementing IPT with Hispanic/Latinx adults and adolescents in New York City. It also looks at research that suggests that Hispanic/Latinx individuals tend to value their ability to function, contribute to society, and engage in interpersonal relationships beyond symptom remission. The chapter explores how typical Hispanic/Latinx emphasis on interpersonal relatedness in social interactions makes IPT a well-suited treatment modality. It refers to IPT emphasis on maintaining a personal and emotionally expressive clinical relationship is congruent with typical Hispanic/Latinx value of personalismo.
Brief Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT-B) for Perinatal Depression
Authors: Swartz Holly A. , Curran Mary , Grote (deceased Nancy K.
Published: June 2024

This chapter highlights depression during pregnancy, which is linked to low birth weight and prematurity, especially for socioeconomically disadvantaged women in the United States. It talks about maternal postpartum depression, which has potential lasting, adverse effects on maternal, infant, and child well-being. It details the adaptation of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) to meet the needs of depressed women of childbearing age that requires systematic attention to practical and psychological barriers to care. The chapter describes Brief IPT (IPT-B), which offers the dual advantages of rapid relief from suffering and reduced practical barriers for overwhelmed populations. It mentions how the IPT-B therapist can move quickly to explore potential avenues to help patients re-engage in positive interpersonally focused activities.
Telephone Interpersonal Psychotherapy Delivered by Nurses for Postpartum Depression
Authors: Grigoriadis Sophie , Dennis Cindy-Lee , Ravitz Paula
Published: June 2024

This chapter recounts a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that evaluated interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) for postpartum depression (PPD) delivered over the telephone by nurses. It considers telephone delivery as an underutilized format that has demonstrated depression treatment efficacy. It also looks at telephone IPT studies that have shown promising results, such as an RCT on the delivery and adaptation of IPT by nonspecialist health workers over the telephone. The chapter describes nurse-delivered telephone-IPT as an effective treatment for diverse urban and rural postpartum women with clinical depression. It points out how nurse-delivered telephone-IPT improved PPD, anxiety, and partner relationship quality at 12 weeks’ postrandomization.
Swing Theory
Authors: Benadon Fernando
Published: June 2024

At its most elementary level, swing relates the duration of a long note to that of an adjacent short note, with the pair comprising a beat such as a quarter-note. This chapter extends that view to combinations of more than two notes spanning intervals including but not limited to one beat. The basic method involves the standard practice of calculating durational ratios as a way of gauging rhythmic relationships. The chapter begins with a look at swing in melodies and drum patterns, and then inducts specific swing ratios—especially 1.22—into the standard collection of note values. The chapter’s last section introduces swing in three- and four-onset patterns.
The Good Cartesian
Authors: Nadler Steven
Published: June 2024

This volume is a biographical and philosophical study of Louis de La Forge (1632–1666) and his contributions to the fortunes of Cartesianism in the seventeenth century. La Forge was instrumental in making Descartes’s philosophy the dominant philosophical paradigm of the period. He contributed illustrations and a commentary to the 1664 edition of Descartes’s Traité de l’homme; and then, in 1666, he published his own account of the human mind and its relation to the body on Cartesian principles, the Traité de l’esprit de l’homme. La Forge’s most innovative and influential philosophical contribution consists in his doctrine of occasionalism, which accords God a substantial, if not unique, causal role in the world.
Introduction
Authors: Nadler Steven
Published: June 2024

In this introduction to the book, I review the background to La Forge’s philosophical contributions to the fortunes of Cartesian philosophy and provide some historical context for the analysis of his works. Louis de La Forge was one of the great unsung heroes of seventeenth-century Cartesianism. He did much to further the Cartesian cause by commenting on, illustrating, updating Descartes’s Treatise on Man, and then completed the Cartesian project with his own Treatise on the Human Mind. In this introduction to the book, I review the background to La Forge’s philosophical contributions to the fortunes of Cartesian philosophy and provide some historical context for the analysis of his works. This includes the status of Cartesianism in the mid-seventeenth century, both its partisans and its opponents.
Louis de La Forge
Authors: Nadler Steven
Published: June 2024

This mainly biographical chapter introduces La Forge, with a focus on his family background, his upbringing and education under the Jesuits in La Flèche, his medical career in Saumur, and his exposure to Cartesian philosophy. It also reviews the historical, political, and religious contexts of La Forge’s life. Among other topics it covers the religious and intellectual milieu of Saumur, La Forge’s possible relations with Cartesians in Paris and examines what may have been his first acquaintance with the “new philosophy.”
The Union of Mind and Body
Authors: Nadler Steven
Published: June 2024

In the Cartesian scheme of things, mind (thinking substance) and body (extended substance) are radically distinct and mutually exclusive substances. The challenge, then, is to explain how two such different substances can unite in a human being, especially since local contact is not possible for an unextended substance. This chapter examines some ambiguities in Descartes’s approach to this problem, and then La Forge’s more precise and clear solution.
Introduction
Authors: Campbell Lyle
Published: June 2024

Chapter 1, Introduction, explains the issues and difficulties with the names and naming practices involving the Indigenous languages of the Americas, and it explains the terminology used in linguistic classification. One section explains the loss of diversity and the endangered status of the languages. Other sections provide an overview of the history of the field, of the origins of the American Indian languages, and of methods used to determine language families. The concluding section explains the conventions and notations used in the book.
Middle American Languages (Mexico and Central America)
Authors: Campbell Lyle
Published: June 2024

Chapter 3, Middle American languages (Mexico and Central America), is about the history and classification of the Indigenous languages of Mexico and Central America, sometimes called “Middle America.” This includes Middle America’s fifteen language families, four of which are language isolates. Middle America is home to some 200 known Indigenous languages, 180 of which still are spoken. Special attention is given to the Mesoamerican Linguistics Area, a particularly important region within Middle America. The chapter spells out implications of the languages’ history, classification, and distribution for the prehistory of various pre-Colombian cultures of Mesoamerica.
Unclassified and Spurious Languages
Authors: Campbell Lyle
Published: June 2024

Chapter 5, Unclassified and Spurious Languages, surveys the unclassified and spurious languages, providing new information on several and giving additional perspective on others. The unclassified (actually unclassifiable) languages are those so poorly attested that it is impossible to classify them. For some of them nothing is known, for others only a tiny handful of words were ever written down. There are literally hundreds of cases of unclassified languages in the Americas. The spurious languages include the hoaxes and fakes and other non-existent things misidentified as languages. There are a surprising number of these, as well.
Linguistic Areas of the Americas
Authors: Campbell Lyle
Published: June 2024

Chapter 7, Linguistic Areas of the Americas, surveys the linguistic areas of the Americas. The defining characteristic of a linguistic area, also called a Sprachbund or diffusion area, is the sharing of structural traits among languages of a particular geographical area, where these shared features are normally assumed to be the result of language contact, diffused across languages. A sizable number of linguistic areas have been proposed in the Americas. Some are fairly well established, such as the Northwest Coast and Mesoamerica linguistics areas; some are just preliminary hypotheses in need of much further investigation.
Contact Languages
Authors: Campbell Lyle
Published: June 2024

Chapter 8, Contact Languages, is dedicated to the Indigenous contact languages of the Americas. They include pidgins of indigenous origin, mixed languages, and Indigenous languages used as lingua francas. Pidgins are traditionally seen as minimal contact languages, used to facilitate trade, though it is not the native language of any of the interacting groups. There are (or were) many more pidgins involving Indigenous languages of the Americas than generally recognized. Several Indigenous languages were used as lingua francas, for communication among speakers of different languages, far more than generally understood. A mixed language is one that has different source languages for different components of its grammar but has no single ancestor. There are few true mixed languages in the world, but several of them are from the Americas.
Loanwords and Other New Words in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas
Authors: Campbell Lyle
Published: June 2024

Chapter 9, Loanwords and Other New Words in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, is about the many loanwords of various kinds have been identified in various Native American languages and about ways new words are created in these languages. Various themes involving loanwords in these languages are discussed. They include calques; Wanderwörter—loanwords that are found widely diffused in a number of languages but where the original donor language is usually unknown, loanwords from Indigenous languages into European languages, loanwords from European languages into Indigenous American languages, avoidance of tabu and multilingual obscenity, languages that are reticence toward borrowing, and linguistic acculturation and neologisms that rely on native resources.
Introduction
Authors: Blackwill Robert D. , Fontaine Richard
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces the Pivot to Asia as announced by the Obama administration and explores why the strategic reorientation was necessary. The authors explain that Washington’s failure to respond adequately to the rise of Chinese power represents one of the most consequential post–World War II foreign policy mistakes. The chapter then outlines the structure of the book, provides the historical context for the Pivot to Asia, and poses a series of questions that the book aims to answer. It presents the strategic challenges that the United States faces and concludes that the long-term US-China competition demands a renewed Pivot to Asia.
Please Stay
Authors: Blackwill Robert D. , Fontaine Richard
Published: June 2024

This chapter analyzes the European reaction to the Pivot announcement during the 2010s and beyond. It finds that the United States did not pivot from Europe to Asia, but that European governments and publics feared that it either had or would do so in the future. The authors observe that, as China continues to maintain its quasi-neutral position toward the Russian invasion, European views of the PRC have deteriorated significantly. Transatlantic differences nevertheless persist over China and Asia policy as Europe remains more willing than Washington to maintain China as an economic and diplomatic collaborator. The chapter also details how the Ukraine war has unified Europe and exposed Moscow’s military weakness which, in turn, has rendered the proposed Pivot a more manageable task.
We Don’t Want to Choose
Authors: Blackwill Robert D. , Fontaine Richard
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores Indo-Pacific perspectives on the Pivot. Increased Chinese assertiveness has prompted increased demand among Asian allies and partners for American engagement in the region. China’s economic dominance has, however, also incentivized Indo-Pacific states to seek a balance in their relations with both Washington and Beijing. Amid this dynamic, the balance of power in Asia gradually tilted in China’s favor over the 2010s, and the United States largely failed to increase regional military, economic, and diplomatic engagement. These missteps have weakened Asian confidence in American leadership, competence, and staying power.
Pivoting from Offense to Defense
Authors: Blackwill Robert D. , Fontaine Richard
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores the economic aspect of the Pivot and America’s broader approach to China. Asia’s economic dynamism spurred US efforts to access the region’s markets, labor force, and capital long before the Pivot’s accountment. China’s rapid economic growth, in particular, focused US attention on the region. Washington initially crafted an ambitious economic policy in Asia, including the Trans-Pacific Partnership—a trade deal which would have encompassed 40% of the global economy, but which eventually collapsed because of domestic opposition. Efforts to break down barriers and link economies have given way to a more defensive approach aimed at limiting the national security risk generated by economic interdependence.
Inventing Hispanic Opera: Opera as Epithalamium
Authors: Stein Louise K.
Published: June 2024

Two exceptional fully-sung operas on amorous Ovidian stories were produced by Gaspar de Haro y Guzmán, Marquis de Heliche, for dynastic celebrations at the royal court in Madrid. La púrpura de la rosa and Celos aun del aire matan, poetry by Pedro Calderón de la Barca and music by Juan Hidalgo de Polanco, commemorated the Peace of the Pyrenees and the marriage of the Infanta María Teresa with Louis XIV. The chapter summarizes Heliche’s rise to power and positions at court, arguing that his personal characteristics, temperament, and appreciation for and expertise with erotic art conditioned his productions. He produced musical theater and opera as epithalamia at a time of crisis for the Spanish monarchy (due to the lack of royal succession). The fully-sung operas on erotic stories were performed by casts of very young actress-singers and designed to educate and stimulate the newly arrived and barely nubile Queen Mariana de Austria (married to the aged Philip IV). Heliche’s productions established conventions of Hispanic musical theater that responded to the sexual habits of the aristocracy, concepts of masculine dignity, and isolation of women at the royal court. The music of Hidalgo’s extant score (Celos aun del aire matan) is the focus of analysis.
Introduction
Authors: Jaspers Jürgen
Published: June 2024

This introductory chapter explains that many teachers are caught between a rock and a hard place because they need to live up to conflicting demands. Policymakers expect them to restrain pupils’ linguistic diversity in the name of emancipation and social mobility, while researchers of language-in-education for the same reasons emphasize how important it is that they let this diversity flourish. Both groups consequently prioritize paradigmatic behavior, in both positive and negative guise, and are less interested in teachers’ daily navigation of conflicting demands and dilemmas. This leaves much ordinary, regular teacher behavior unaccounted for, while it stimulates a discussion of teachers’ work through the discourses of celebration or denunciation. The chapter argues that this context provides good reasons for attending to and explaining ambivalent teacher behavior, and it gives an overview of how this will be done in subsequent chapters.
Heroes, villains, and other teachers
Authors: Jaspers Jürgen
Published: June 2024

While policymakers and researchers disagree over which type of language pupils urgently need to succeed, this chapter argues that they both assume that schools are the principal vehicle for socioeconomic change and that language is the grease for the wheels of that vehicle. The chapter draws on sociological research to suggest there is reasonable doubt as to whether schools can actually play the role that is ascribed to them. It also discusses sociolinguistic findings to question the conviction that a multilingual education leads to improved learning and well-being. This does not diminish the pertinence of advocating for a multilingual education. But the chapter insists that there are limitations to a strategy that presents linguistic diversity as a turbo on the educational motor, not least because it obscures a pervasive and chronic aspect of teaching—that is, its inconsistency.
Multilingual openings
Authors: Jaspers Jürgen
Published: June 2024

This chapter shows that teachers at Dutch-medium schools in Brussels acknowledged, used, and invited pupils’ primary languages in class, while on other occasions they disallowed them. It will argue that this inconsistency can be explained as resulting from teachers’ variable pedagogical focus. Noncurricular varieties were addressed as trouble when teachers focused on linguistic form and accuracy, but these varieties could be acceptable when teachers focused on meaning exchange, comprehension issues, and procedural matters. The argument will be that this pedagogical focus interacted with the competing values of school- versus pupil-centered education in society at large. While this variable focus only allowed for a limited recognition of languages other than Dutch, the chapter spotlights one exceptional teacher who abundantly recognized pupils’ primary varieties in improvisational fashion, although this did not diminish his continued devotion to monolingualism.
Brawls in Taiwan, in Ukraine, and around the World
Authors: Batto Nathan F. , Beaulieu Emily
Published: June 2024

This chapter offers descriptive information about brawls and provides context for the rest of the book. In this chapter, the authors attempt to balance the abstract definition of legislative brawling with a concrete description of actual parliamentary brawls. Taiwan and Ukraine are the centerpieces for this book, so the authors briefly sketch the political histories of these two countries, offer information on their current political institutions, and give an overview of parliamentary brawling in each. The chapter then moves outward to look at the rest of the world. It reviews research on parliamentary brawling by Gandrud (2016) and Schmoll and Ting (2023), research that has documented and attempted to explain the global scope of parliamentary brawling. After painting this bird’s-eye view of brawling around the world, the chapter zooms in for a much closer look, offering stories of actual brawls in several different countries.
Who Brawls
Authors: Batto Nathan F. , Beaulieu Emily
Published: June 2024

Which legislators are most likely to brawl? Both individual-level and contextual factors matter. In terms of individual-level factors, legislators who brawl should be those who will benefit most from employing the costly signal. Following from this logic, the authors anticipate that younger legislators and legislators without well-developed political careers and lower levels of seniority in the legislature will be more likely to brawl. In terms of contextual factors, electoral systems that encourage cultivation of personal votes should encourage individuals to brawl. Furthermore, individuals from the political opposition should be more likely to brawl, because the signal they can send in contexts of opposition disruption are unambiguous. Finally, individuals from large parties should be more likely to brawl since they simply have more fellow partisans from which they wish to distinguish themselves. Evidence from Ukraine and Taiwan supports these expectations.
The Audience for Brawls
Authors: Batto Nathan F. , Beaulieu Emily
Published: June 2024

This chapter addresses the question of the intended audience for the signals being communicated by individual legislators through brawling. The basic argument is that in strong party systems the intended audience for brawling is likely to be partisan—either party leadership or strong supporters in the electorate. In weak party systems, brawling legislators are often attempting to communicate with either elite sources of funding or small segments of the electorate likely to be receptive to more extreme political tactics. Offering empirical evidence for this part of the authors’ theory requires a certain amount of creativity, as most of the potential audiences for brawling are unlikely to readily identify as such. The authors draw on stories and interviews from a number of different countries, as well as previous survey research they have conducted in Taiwan in the context of an actual brawl.
A Fundamental Change in National Elections, 1952–2020
Authors: Aldrich John H. , Bae Suhyen , Sanders Bailey K.
Published: June 2024

This chapter shows just how sharply and dramatically presidential and congressional elections changed from the period before 1984 to afterward. Before 1984 incumbents were able to build their own district-level re-election coalitions, regardless of party. After 1984 that incumbency advantage declined to very low levels. Before 1984 presidential elections were almost always either very close or very one sided, switching back and forth nearly every four years. The last landslide election was 1984. Since then elections have generally been close, with a slow decline toward a 50–50 two-party division. In 1984 nearly half of congressional districts voted for a president of one party and a member of congress of the other party. Those split outcomes are increasingly rare. This leads to the question of what lies behind this very basic change in electoral democracy in America.
The Fundamentals
Authors: Aldrich John H. , Bae Suhyen , Sanders Bailey K.
Published: June 2024

National surveys on what fundamentals existed began in 1952; the ANES has taken the highest quality such surveys continuously since then. At this time voters were thought to be little interested in and informed about politics. Partisan identification was the single fundamental force in voting, essentially all voters knew little about congressional campaigns. TV and other new media enabled both presidential contenders and incumbent members of Congress to break through to the public. Elections were primarily partisan, leavened by the specific candidates contesting them. This began to change by 1984 as the fundamentals increased to include ideology, issues, race, and economic evaluations. This chapter reviews the theoretical and substantive understanding of these five fundamentals and how they were poised to become a much larger set of fundamental forces orienting the voter to elections. It also considers how much political substance these new forces added to partisanship and electoral choices generally.
The Fundamentals Sort and Polarize the Electorate
Authors: Aldrich John H. , Bae Suhyen , Sanders Bailey K.
Published: June 2024

The role of fundamentals has increased substantially over the last forty years because of increasing polarization, which has risen at both the elite and mass levels. This polarization appears to have begun at the elite level before showing up significantly among voters, and it differs at the two levels. The two congressional parties appear to be more homogenous internally but also increasingly extreme and thus more divided externally. The public as a whole is not becoming much more extreme on any of these fundamentals, but partisans are increasingly taking the same side on all of the fundamentals, a process known as sorting. They both tend to agree with their fellow partisans on most matters of political consequence and differ from their opposition on nearly everything. This chapter asks whether sorting has helped generate the increasingly negativity and even hostility partisans show to their opponents, whether in government or among the public.
Introduction
Authors: Anderson Edward T.G.
Published: June 2024

The introduction provides an overview of the book’s central topics and themes. It begins with five short “scenes” which illustrate the striking contemporary influence of Hindu nationalism globally--particularly through Narendra Modi’s BJP government--and the way in which the Indian diaspora appear to be sympathetic to this ideology and movement. The introduction then gives a short summary of the history of the Indian diaspora, to contextualize the book, noting its great diversity and some key features. The chapter’s second half brings in some of the book’s key arguments and identifies key literature. It explains that the book shows how Hindu nationalism in Britain (and elsewhere in the diaspora) has evolved in a complex, layered, and multidirectional relationship with organizations and ideologies in India, which has reshaped political and cultural identity and activism in both countries. In this sense, it provides new insights into our understandings of transnationalism, global networks, diasporic identity, cultural nationalism, and multiculturalism. While the Indian diaspora can be seen as an important aspect of the Hindu nationalist movement as a whole, the book also shows that Hindutva has grown into a significant, dynamic, syncretic, and vernacularized expression of diasporic Hindu identity.
Introduction
Authors: Arnold Lynnette
Published: June 2024

The Introduction lays out an approach for theorizing the complex entanglements of communication and care, bringing together linguistic anthropological understandings of language as a multifunctional form of social action and recent ethnographic theorizations of care practices from medical anthropology. It suggests that communication facilitates other care practices even as it enacts care. Moreover, as language carries out relational care work, it simultaneously makes meanings, signifying what counts as care, to whom. This communicative care framework emerged from a long-term multisited ethnography of communication in transnational Salvadoran families, and this chapter provides the historical and methodological context of the research. In transnational family life, communicative care often shores up gendered, generational, and political-economic inequities, even as it allows families to sustain convivencia (living-together) at a distance.
Making Family Care Political
Authors: Arnold Lynnette
Published: June 2024

Chapter 1 examines how public rhetoric about migration constitutes transnational family life as consequential for the nation. Over three decades, state discourses have consistently depicted transnational families in economic terms. Cross-border care simply consists of unidirectional transfers of money from migrants—portrayed as male breadwinners—to their dependent relatives. This imaginary of cross-border care relies on figures of personhood rooted in heteropatriarchal models of family life. Through these discourses, the Salvadoran state seeks to incorporate migrants and their remittances into nation-building projects aligned with structural adjustment policies. Dutiful family provision is thereby converted into relational neoliberal personhood, with transnational family care becoming the ground upon which the nation stands or falls. These dominant imaginaries powerfully shape the ways that families enact transnational care and the forms of resistance they engage.
Conclusion
Authors: Arnold Lynnette
Published: June 2024

The Conclusion synthesizes the insights that emerge from a communicative care perspective, suggesting their broad relevance by pointing out that language undergirds care in many contexts beyond transnational family life. In particular, the chapter draws attention to the materiality of language and its deep entanglements with global regimes of (im)mobility and political-economic structures. The discussion also highlights multifunctionality and temporality, suggesting that these two properties of language make it a particularly forceful tool for transformative work. The book concludes by calling readers to consider how they might take action to support the struggles of transnational families for a world in which ways of living-together are a matter of self-determination rather than exploitation.
I Have a Rich Wife
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

This chapter offers a chronicle of some early projects that failed or proved disappointing, including The River (an adaptation of the Rumer Godden novel, with Hal Prince on board as director); How Do You Do, I Love You, starring Phyllis Newman, with a book by Michael Stewart and orchestrations by Jonathan Tunick (“The first rock-and-roll musical,” Maltby claims); and Love Match, the story of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, which was bound for Broadway but closed out of town in Los Angeles. All three shows involved failed collaborations with directors and librettists but valuable learning experiences, as well as great songs that would later be recycled elsewhere. How Do You Do, I Love You included the showstopping song “One Step,” but it was written for a secondary character, and Newman disliked having to walk into someone else’s applause after the number.
Starting Here, Starting Now
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

This chapter takes a look at how Starting Here, Starting Now came together, thanks to Lynne Meadow’s brainstorming and guidance. The chapter describes how the songs, mostly resurrected from failed musicals, somehow combined to form a successful evening of musical theater which, in the process, became “the first bookless book musical.” The production starred Loni Ackerman, Margery Cohen, and George Lee Andrews, with musical director Robert Preston at the piano. Included is a chronicle of the creative process involved in assembling the show, including the composing of additional numbers deemed necessary to complete the evening, and brief analyses of several of the songs, such as “Travel,” “Crossword Puzzle,” and “I Don’t Believe It.” The cast album was produced by Jay David Saks, then a protégé at RCA Records of legendary record producer Thomas Z. Shepard, who had been a classmate of Shire’s at Yale.