bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antagonistic Potential of Ascorbic Acid and SiO2 Against Fusarium oxysporium, the Causative of Damping–off Disease in Melon Seedlings
Authors: Abdulsatar Ebtehal S. , Ibade Khalid W.
Published: July 2024

The results of the isolate detection of the fungus causing melon damping–off disease caused by the fungus (Fusarium spp.), revealed that all isolates were pathogenic. Isolate HF4 (with the highest infection percentage) had a pathogenicity in PDA media, exhibiting an infection percentage of 93% in the laboratory and 93.3% in the pots compared to the control treatment with no pathogen. The results of the antagonistic potential experiment against the pathogenic fungus F. oxysporium showed inhibition of fungal growth. The normal ascorbic acid at the concentration of 3000 mg.L-1 and ascorbic acid nanoparticles at the concentration of 1500 mg.L-1 achieved an inhibition percentage of 94.4% and 72.2%, respectively. Normal silicon dioxide (SiO2), at the concentration of 600 mg L-1, and silicon dioxide nanoparticles, at the concentration of 300 mg.L-1 inhibited the fungus by 30% and 29%, respectively. At the same time, the fungicide Beltanol showed 100% inhibition at a concentration of 1ml L-1.
Morphological Diagnosis of Heterodera avenae in Iraq and Their Pathogenicity on Three Wheat Varieties
Authors: Aldarraji Mohammed H. , Alwaily Dhia S.
Published: July 2024

Wheat is one of the dominant crops in many countries being used by human and livestock. Cereal Cyst nematodes one of very important pest that reduce yield up to 50% worldwide. In this study, the survey was conducted across seven Governorate the Heterodera type appeared in three of them (Misan, Baghdad, Al-Najaf) chosen based from their wide area of small grain production and geographical position in 2020. Cyst were identified by morphological methods. Species identification has been validated by molecular method. As a result of the study, that the wheat variety Buhooth 22 was less affected by the infection and the infection rate was 40% and a significant difference was recorded between it and the other two varieties, Ibaa 99 and Rashid. The infection rate was high and reached 53.3 and 60% respectively. This is first study in Iraq in terms of morphometric nematode identification in case of Cyst nematodes. These results can be of signifigance for improving strategies to control Cereal Cyst nematode affecting wheat production in Iraq.
Detection of Seed – Borne Fungal Pathogens Associated with Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Seeds and Their Bio-Control Under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Abdullah Ali A. , Al-Tarjuman Janan K. , Saeed Al-Mamary Haitham A.
Published: July 2024

A total of 185 fungal isolates were acquired and identified, with these isolates originating from two distinct varieties of barley seeds, there were 67 isolates obtained from seeds of the initial Aswad Mosul cultivar and 118 isolates from seeds of the white Nur cultivar harvested during the 2022-2023 season., the fungus Rhizopus spp. was the most frequently in barley seeds with rate (37.8%) followed by Aspergillus terrus and Aspergillus niger at rate (18.3%), (13,5%) frequently while Rhizoctonia spp. and Alternaria sp. reached (9.1%), (8.6%) Consecutively, Phoma, Helminthosporium and Fusarium graminearum get (1.6%), Penicillium spp. (3.7%), Drechslera spp., Stemphylium spp., Pleosporaceae sp. get (1.08%) and A. flavus achieved the lowest rate (0.5%). In the initial assessment of pathogenicity using radish seeds, it was observed that only two isolates exhibited a high level of pathogenicity. The germination rate in their treatments ranged from 50-70%, whereas the control treatments displayed a significantly higher germination rate of 97%., the isolate of Fusarium graminearum gave the highest rate of decrease in seed germination (50%) followed by Rhizctonia spp. reached 40% in laboratory. The antagonistic activity assessed in vitro using the dual culture technique, Trichoderma. viride showed statistically significant inhibition which reach scale 1. The morphological identification confirmed by using polymerase chain reaction assay of ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 are parts of the internal transcribed spacer of the rDNA, the results of the nitrogenous base sequence within the BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Research Tool) platform for the amplification products of ITS1-ITS4 showed the classification of tested fungal isolate isolate represented the fungus. F. graminearum.
Repellent and Attractant Effect of the Nettle Plant Urtica dioica on the Larvae of the Greater Wax Moth Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Mahmoud Saja Ayser , Sayed Ghani Mohammed Yousuf
Published: July 2024

The results of the study on the repellent and attractant effect of the nettle plant Urtica dioica on the larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella showed a variation in the average percentage of repellency and attraction of the insect larvae. The results of the statistical analysis confirmed that all treatments had a repellent effect on the third and fifth generation larvae of the greater wax moth, but at different rates. The percentage increased gradually with increasing concentration. The alcoholic extract was distinguished by giving the highest percentage of repellency and the lowest percentage of attraction, and the balance values were negative, which confirms that the alcoholic extract was repellent for the third generation larvae with an average of (86.67, 13.33, and -73.33%), respectively, and for the fifth generation larvae with an average of (96.67, 3.33, and -93.34%), respectively. The results of the study also showed that the aqueous extract of the nettle plant also had a good repellent effect on the third and fifth generation larvae and did not differ significantly from the alcoholic extract in the average percentages of repellency and attraction and the balance values, which were negative. The average for the third generation larvae was (80.00, 20.00, and -60%), respectively, and for the fifth generation larvae it was (93.33, 6.67, and -86.66%), respectively. On the other hand, the dry powder of the nettle plant gave lower percentages of repellency and attraction and balance values than the alcoholic and aqueous extracts, but the results were satisfactory. The dry powder was repellent for the third and fifth generation larvae with an average of (76.67 and 80.00%), respectively.
Effect of Foliar Application with Calcium, Arginine and Glycine on Vegetable and Flowering Traits of Chili Pepper Grown in Plastic House
Authors: Salman Alnussairawi Adnan Ghazi , Ali Alnadawy Hussain Sabah
Published: July 2024

The effects of spraying chili peppers with different concentrations of calcium (0, 500, and 1000 mg L-1) and the amino acids arginine and glycine (0, 100, and 200 mg L-1) on their vegetative growth and flowering traits were studied in a field experiment that took place during the 2022–2023 agricultural season at the Research Station of the at College of Agriculture / University of Diyala. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and analyzed using SAS. Dunkin’s multinomial test was used to evaluate the average attributes at a probability threshold of 0.05. Here is what the results revealed: At a rate of 1000 mg L-1, calcium spraying produced superior results in terms of plant height, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, fruit setting percentage, and nitrogen, potassium, and calcium percetage in the leaves. The number of flowers (102.89 total) and the percentage of fruit that set were both improved by spraying with a calcium concentration of 500 mg L-1. There was an improvement in both the quantity of leaves and the nitrogen % when arginine was sprayed at a dosage of 200 mg L-1. At 100 mg L-1, glycine was the most effective in increasing flowering time, but at 200 mg L-1, it outperformed at the same concentration in terms of plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content, fruit setting %, and leaf calcium and potassium percentages.
Response of Seedlings of Three Cultivars of Mandarin to Spraying and Addition of Nano-Fertilizer
Authors: Fadhil Ayad Hasan , Ali Balaket Raad Taha Muhammad
Published: July 2024

The effect of spraying with nano-fertilizer at three levels (0, 2, 3) gm/liter and ground application was studied in the lathhouse of Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University / Al-Musayyib Technical College in Babylon province from March to December 2023. Nanofertilizer at 0, 0.5, and 1 g/anvil on three mandarin seedlings. A factorial experiment using the randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates and three seedlings per unit was conducted. The experiment had 27 treatments randomly divided among 243 one-year-old seedlings. A Genstat ANOVA table was used to analyse these results. The least significant difference L.S.D. at 0.05 was used to compare treatments. The key findings are: Seedling height and average leaf area were best in the Clementine cultivar (96.36 cm, 1715.4 cm2 seedling-1). Leaf nitrogen and potassium were 2.61% and 1.48%, respectively. Spraying shoots with 3 g.L-1 nano-fertilizer increased seedling height, average leaf area, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium at the highest rate. The addition of nano-fertilizer significantly affected vegetative growth and leaf mineral content. Adding 1 g.pot-1 increased seedling height, average leaf area, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium the most. The double interaction between the Clementine cultivar and spraying with nano-fertilizer at 3 g.L-1 (A2B3) increased seedling height, average leaf area, nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus percentage. The double interaction between the Clementine cultivar and nano-fertilizer with a concentration of 1 g.pot-1 (A2C3) significantly increased nitrogen, seedling growth rate, phosphorus, and potassium. Spraying nano-fertilizer at 3 g.L-1 and 1 g.plot-1 (B3C3) significantly enhanced seedling height, average leaf area, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The triple interaction between study factors increased characteristics, with A2B3C3 excelling in seedling height, average leaf area, and nitrogen.
Effect of Salt Stress on Growth and Yield of Plants: A Review
Authors: Al-Janabia A. M. I. , Al-Dulaimy Ahmed F. Z. , Sekhi Y. S. , Almohammedi Omar H. M. , Al-Taey Duraid K. A.
Published: July 2024

Soil salinity is a major abiotic stressor, severely restricting plant growth and yield. It negatively impacts every stage, from seed germination and seedling development to flowering and fruit formation, consequently lowering both quantity and quality of produce. The reasons for this may be due to the fact that salinity affects photosynthesis enzymes, chlorophyll, carotenoids, changes in water potential, leaf swelling pressure, and others. Accordingly, plants were classified into salt-sensitive (Glycophytes) and salt-tolerant (Haplophytes) this depends on its ability to grow in different salt concentrations. High concentrations of salinity in the soil contribute to reducing the osmotic stress of the soil solution and cause water stress for plants. It also causes toxicity as a result of increased concentrations of some elements, such as sodium, as it is not easily isolated within the vacuoles. Also, the reaction between salt and nutrients causes a nutritional imbalance. Adaptation to salt stress includes many processes, including an increase in ABA content, accumulation of solutes such as amino acids and sugars, protective proteins such as (PRD) disease-related proteins, increased antioxidants, and suppression of energy expenditure pathways. These solutes that accumulate under salt stress may be involved in removing ROS. Non-structural carbohydrates also accumulate, such as (sucrose, hexose, and sugar alcohols). These sugars act in a protective role as they contribute to maintaining the stability of the membrane. One of the important amino acids that increases during salt stress is proline, which plays the role of protecting the integrity of the membrane. Plasma and energy production.
Role of Bio-Fertilization on the Soil pH, Available NPK on Soil and Petioles of Leaves of Yong Vines (Vitis vinifera L.) cvs. Thompson Seedless and Olivetti Noier
Authors: Alimam Zeena N. M. A. , Al-A’areji Jassim M. A.
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted in the grape vineyard of Department of Horticulture and landscape design/College of Agriculture and Forestry/University of Mosul on Thompson Seedless and Olivette noir grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) at three years old, by using Split-plot in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three factors, three replications and two vines for each experimental unit, First factor was grape cultivars (Thompson Seedless and Olivette noir), second factor was inoculation with Bacillus
subtilis bacteria with three levels(0, 20 and 40 g vine-1) third factor was Trichoderma
harzianum fungi with three levels (0, 20 and 40 g vine-1) too, in addition to control treatment (without inoculation), as the inoculation with the bacterial and fungus was carried out once on a season according to the treatments in 18 March. To study the effect of each factor separately and the interactions between factors. These fertilizers were used to improving the soil status and the concentrations of NPK in the leaves petioles. The obtained results indicated that application of 40g vine-1 of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum individually or interaction with each other caused a significant decrease in the soil pH and increased the available concentrations of NPK in the soil and leaves petioles.
Digitalis purpurea L. Propagated in Vitro with Various Hormones
Authors: Abdulraheem Zaynab Hammed , Noori Ali Mohammed , Husni Huda S. , Aziz Lateef Mohammed Abdul , Alsaffar Marwa Fadhil
Published: July 2024

The research was conducted in 2024 at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture, University of Kirkuk, IRAQ, plant cell and tissue culture laboratory. The seeds of digitalis plants, which were procured from the Spanish firm Semill Asfitto, were utilized in an investigation into the impact of gibberellic acid (GA3) and cytokine (BA) on increased vegetative growth characteristics and moist and dry weight, as well as to ascertain the most effective concentration of these substances. In accordance with a completely randomized design (CRD), ten replications of factorial experiments were utilized to conduct the experiments. The initial step was to sterilize the seeds, which were doused in 10% (v/v) sodium hypochlorate solution for five minutes prior to being planted in Mursch and Skoog (MS) medium devoid of growth regulators. Following the germination of the seeds and the cutting of the seedlings, the nodes were extracted for utilization in the multiplication experiments. A range of benzyl adenine (BA) concentrations (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg.L-1) and gibberellic acid (GA3) concentrations (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg.L-1) were utilized. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the optimal concentration for multiplication is not 2.0 mg L-1 of BA, as the mean number of branches reached 2.40. The mean quantity of leaves produced per plant part-1 was 7.22. plant section 1. The concentration of gibberellic acid (GA3) that produced the best results for multiplication was 3.0 mg.
Impact of Foliar Application with Amino Alexin and a Mixture of Marvel Fertilizer with Growth Regulator (Floratone) in Physio-Biochemical Parameters of Bitter Orange Saplings (Citrus aurantium L.)
Authors: Hashem Abbas Hadi , Abdulkadhim Sabaa Jawad
Published: July 2024

This experiment was implemented during 202l -2022 season as a factoria1 experiment (4×3) relying on (R.C.B.D.). Two factors were tested in this experiment: first factor is: Foliar application at 4 levels: (0, l, 2, 3) ml L-1 from a mixture of MARVEL fertilizer with plant growth regulator (FLORATONE (6 g L-1). Second factor is Foliar application at three levels of Amino Alexin fertilizer (0, l.5, 3) ml L-1. Results were summarized that foliar application for a combination of (MARVEL + FLORATONE) at (3 m1 L-1) had a positive impact in physio-Biochemical Parameters (leaf area, chlorophyll, carbohydrates, N, P) that recorded (42.24 cm2, 24.93 Spad, 33.43, 1.36%, 0.57%) respectively. Concentration (2 m1 L-1 (caused a noticeable increase in (K, Fe, Mn) that recorded(1.48%, 167.2 mg g-1, 36.98 mg g-1) On the relay by analogy with control. Amino Alexin (3 m1 L-1) had a positive impact in physio-Biochemical Parameters (leaf area, chlorophyll, carbohydrates, N, P, K, C/N ratio, Fe, Mn) witch recorded (41.71, 26.42, 34.65, 1.40, 0.60, 1.53, 24.67, 164.2, 34.95) respectively compared to control. Double interaction effect between the two factors was significant in all physio-Biochemical Parameters compared to control.
Effect of Bio-Fertilization on Vegetative Growth of Yong Vines (Vitis vinifera L.) Thompson Seedless and Olivetti Noier cultivars
Authors: Alimam Zeena N. M. A. , Al-A’ areji Jassim M. A.
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted in the grape vineyard of Department of Horticulture and landscape design/College of Agriculture and Forestry/University of Mosul on Thompson Seedless and Olivette noir grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) at three years old, by using Split-plot in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three factors, three replications and two vines for each experimental unit, First factor was grape cultivars (Thompson Seedless and Olivette noir), second factor was inoculation with Bacillus
subtilis bacteria with three levels (0, 20 and 40 g vine-1) third factor was Trichoderma
harzianum fungi with three levels (0, 20 and 40 g vine-1) too, in addition to control treatment (without inoculation), as the inoculation with the bacterial and fungus was carried out once on a season according to the treatments in 18 March. To study the effect of each factor separately and the interactions between factors. These fertilizers were used to improving the vegetative growth. The obtained results indicated that application of 40g vine-1 of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum on Thompson Seedless and Olivette noir cultivars individually or interaction with each other caused a significant increase in the branches length, leaf area, leaves area of vine, total carbohydrate in the leaves and dry weight of leaves, while application of 20 g vine-1 of Bacillus subtilis + 40 g vine-1 of Trichoderma
harzianum of Olivette noir grape cultivar gave the highest value for the total chlorophyll content in leaves.
Multiplication and Rooting Shoot Tips of Bougainvillea spectabilis Plant In vitro
Authors: Al-Shaker Noora Nawaf , Kassab Bashy Bashar Z.
Published: July 2024

The research was conducted at the plant tissue culture laboratory of the Mosul University Horticulture and Forestry. Bougainvillaea spectabilis shoot tips were cultured on MS medium supplemented with varying concentrations of Kin, TDZ, and BA (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg L-1) BA, (0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 mg L-1) Kin, or (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 mg L-1) TDZ. After conducting in vitro cultures of shoots produced on full MS salt strength. The data indicates that (Kin) has a positive impact on multiplication when compared to other cytokines. After eight weeks, the media containing 2.0 mg L-1 (Kin) produced the highest number of shoots, which was 4.2 shoot explant-1. On the other hand, the highest shoots number was 2.2, 1.8 shoot explant-1 from culture shoots on MS medium supply with 0.5, 0.3 mg L-1 (BA and TDZ, respectively). Shoots produced in vitro have good effects when cultured on half strength MS media in comparison to full strength MS media and treatment that was rich in 3.0 mg L-1 (IBA) at half strength MS gave the highest percentage rooting, roots number, and longest root, which was 50%, 2.0 root explant-1, and 2.4 cm respectively after six weeks from planting. After that, the rooted plantlets of Bougainvillea spectabilis were transferred to the acclimatization, and finally, they were transplanted into the acclimatization medium.
Factorial Mating system Analysis for Several Lines and Their Hybrids in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Rahman Sabri Zahraa Abdul , Altaweel Mohammed Subhi , Dawod Al-Zubaidy Khalid Mohammed
Published: July 2024

For the factorial hybridization procedure, ten pure maize lines were used as parents: DR-F-53, MA-F-53, H-4, DKC-F-59, IK-58, and ZP-595 for the males, and POL-F-6, SYM-F-53, MY-F-53, and SYN-F-54 for the females. Using a randomized full block design with three replications, seeds of both pure lines and hybrids were planted in the fields of the College of Agriculture and Forestry throughout the fall season of 2022. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of general and particular combining ability, genetic factors, and heterosis. All attributes examined had a statistically significant mean square of male and female parents and their interaction at the 1% probability level. Number of days to tasseling and silking qualities had general to specific combining ability components larger than one, and all traits tested had additive and dominant genetic variances values that were significantly different from zero. The average degree of dominance was larger than one for all characteristics, and the broad sense heredity % was high across the board. On the other hand, the number of days tasseling and silking attributes had narrow sense heritability that was high. The specific combining effect results demonstrated that the hybrid MY-F-53 × H-4 had a significant desired effect for all traits, while the general combining ability effects demonstrated that the parental lines H-4, IK-58, and ZP-595, as well as the maternal line SYN-F-54, had desirable effects for all traits. The hybrid IK-58 x SYN-F-54 outperformed the other parents in terms of heterosis, which is defined as the departure of F1 from the better parent, in terms of number of days to tasseling and silking, number of grains per ear, and grain production per plant.
Critical Period for Weed Competition in Sesame under Iraqi Irrigated Areas
Authors: Aadi Omar N. , Almarie Ahmed A.
Published: July 2024

To determine the Critical Period for Weed Competition in Sesame crop and predict the total yield losses by weed competition, a field experiment was conducted during season 2023 using three sesame varieties which were Wadaa, Rafidain, and Had by making the field free of weeds by hand for periods of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 weeks beginning from crop emergence. Then, allowed weeds to grow after these periods until the end of the growing season. Results of the study determined this period by making the field free of weeds for three weeks after emergence depending on acceptable yield losses of 10-12% in comparison to the yield of sesame plants served by weedy-free free throughout the growing season. Sesame yield Losses resulting from weed competition all over the growing season ranged from 66.42 to 95.95% for the three cultivated varieties. Accordingly, this study recommends that weed control must continue from cultivation until three weeks after emergence and not delay it for this period by using mechanical control methods or by using specialist herbicides, which are still effective against weeds until this period to avoid unacceptable loss of the economic yield.
Effect of Seed Stimulation Treatments with Hydrogen Peroxide and Sowing Dates on Growth Traits of Sorghum Cultivars
Authors: Saudi A. H. , Al-Hilfy I. H. H. , Al-Rawi A. S. M. , Al-Abodi H. M. K. , Mahdi A. M. , Salman Kh. A.
Published: July 2024

In the spring of 2023, researchers from the Agricultural Research Department of the Ministry of Agriculture in Abu Ghraib conducted a field experiment on their agricultural lands. Examining how different Sorghum cultivars’ growth properties were affected by hydrogen peroxide seed stimulation treatments and planting dates was the main objective of this research. A three-replica, three-factor Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used to arrange the experiment with split-plots. On 11/3/2023 and 25/3/2023, the primary plots were assigned for planting. Al-Khair, Buhooth - 70, and Rabih were the three white corn kinds that were planted in the secondary plots. In the tertiary experiments, a 9 ml l-1 concentration of hydrogen peroxide was used to stimulate the seeds. Two control groups, one priming the seedlings with just distilled water and the other with dried seeds, were also included. In terms of average growth qualities, the results demonstrated that sorghum seeds stimulated with distilled water produced the best outcomes. All growth attributes averaged out best on the 25/3/2023 planting date. Rabih cultivar outperformed the other varieties in traits of chlorophyll content, leaf area, and plant dry weight. The interaction of seeds stimulated with distilled water and planted on 25/3/2023 showed significant superiority in traits chlorophyll content, leaf area, and plant dry weight. Rabih seeds stimulated with distilled water give the highest averages for the all studied traits.
Genetic Analysis of Heterosis and some Genetic Parameters of Half Diallel Crosses in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Al-Jubouri Raeed M. A. , Mohammed Mohammed I. , Thaer Al-Mafarji Tariq Raad
Published: July 2024

Ten genotypes (Gimbson, Saganto, DK 6050, Agr-183, ZM47W, CML494, IK58, ZP505, ZP670 and ZP197) of maize crop were used in this study. They were introduced into half diallel crosses, and the parents and crosses were planted in an agricultural field in Kirkuk Governorate using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data were recorded for traits (number of ears plant-1, ears length, ear diameter, number of rows ear-1, number of kernels row-1, number of kernels ear-1, weight of 300 kernels, and plant yield). Analysis of variance showed that the mean squares of (genotypes), (parents), (crosses) and (parents vs crosses) were significant at the probability level (1%) for traits under study, which are all traits except for ears length, number of rows ear-1 traits did not reach the level of statistical significance. It is also noted that the degree of heritability in the broad and narrow sense of all traits was high but expected genetic Advance values for the studied traits were low in the traits (number of ears plant-1 and ears length), and medium in ear diameter, and high in traits (number of rows ear-1, number of kernels row-1, number of rows ear-1, weight of 300 kernels and plant yield). Showed heterosis compared as a mean parent as a percentage that superior crosses (1×8), (2×9), and (2×10) in seven traits: (number of ears plant-1, ears length, number of rows ear-1, number of kernels ear-1, number of kernels ear-1, weight of 300 kernels, and plant yield). Showed Heterobeltiosis compared as a Beter parent as a percentage for most hybrids and in all traits, as crosses excelled (7×10) in traits (ears length, number of rows ear-1, number of kernels row-1, number of kernels row-1, weight of 300 kernels and plant yield).
The Impact of Varying Concentrations of Bio and Organic Fertilisers, as Well as the Application of Neutral Nano-Fertilizer (N-P-K), on Maize Growth and Harvest
Authors: Abu Hamad Ammar Hadi Abbas , Hamza Mahdi Abdel , Hussain Abdul Karim
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was conducted in Babylon province / Al-Mussaib project during the 2023 agricultural season to study the effect of bio and organic fertilization and nano-fertilizer spraying stages on Maize. It was applied as a split-split plot experiment according to the R.C.B.D. complete randomized block design with three factors. The main plots included three different stages of spraying of balanced nano-fertilizer NPK (20:20:20) with a concentration of (2) g.L-1, sprayed on the vegetative parts of the plants after one month of planting the seeds. The sub-plots included four levels of organic matter (control treatment, cow waste 8 tons. ha-1, palm frond waste 8 tons. ha-1, cow waste mixture 4 tons. ha-1 + Palm frond waste 4 tons ha-1, the sub-sub-plots included four levels of biofertilizer with the control treatment, without biofertilization (control), fungal biofertilization (Mycorrhizae: Glomus mosseae), and bacterial biofertilization: which are A mixture of three types of bacteria: (Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus mucilaginosus, Pseudomonas fluorescens), a mixture of (fungal biofertilization + bacterial biofertilization). The results showed the excelled of the triple(A3B1C3) interaction of the combination consisting of (spraying stage (S8+S10) with the addition of 8 tons of cow waste ha-1 with the addition of the treatment (bacteria + fungus from the biofertilizer) significantly increased the vegetative growth and yield components traits and gave the highest average in Plant height (215.35 cm), Leaf area (6494.5cm2), Biological yield (18.843 tons.ha-1) and Harvest Index (52.98%). The study concluded that bio and organic fertilization, either alone or in combination, can stimulate microbial activity and increase the availability of nutrients in the soil, and that the use of bio and organic fertilizers + nano-fertilizers can be used as an alternative fertilizer to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers.
Response of Several Maize Cultivars to Potassium Fertilizer Levels
Authors: Abdulkareem Baraa M. , Aoad Sanaa Rashed , AL-Jabbar Salih Mustafa Abed , Abdulhamed Zeyad A. , Abood Nihad M.
Published: July 2024

The study was conducted to investigate the response of four maize cultivars to potassium fertilization. The research was conducted in the center of Ramadi city, Anbar Governorate, in the fields of one of the farmers during the spring and autumn seasons of 2023. A factorial experiment was conducted according to randomized complete blocks design with four replicates. The potassium levels were (0, 100, 200) kg ha-1, and four cultivars (Rabi, Al-Maha, Baghdad, 5018). The results showed that the Al-Maha cultivar outperformed in grain yield (7.58 tons ha-1), highest weight of 300 grains (83.31 g in the spring season), and Baghdad cultivar for the autumn season at 8.90 tons ha-1, as well as highest number of grains per ear (789.4 grains). The potassium fertilizer level of 200 kg.ha-1achieved early female flowering (silking), highest plant height, leaf area, number of grains per ear, and grain yield in both seasons. There was a significant interaction between the cultivars and potassium fertilizer levels in all traits except for the weight of 300 grains.
Evaluation of the Performance of Single Cross Maize Hybrids and Their Parents in the Spring and Autumn Seasons
Authors: Kazem Kamal Ahmad , Abed Nadhum Y.
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was conducted using five pure lines of maize: 1= NADH 102, 2= NASA 2022, 3= NAEL 2022, 4= NA 9928 E, and 5= NADH 2006. In the first season of spring 2022, a half-diallel hybridization program was implemented to obtain (10) single cross hybrids. Then, the parents and single cross hybrids were planted in a comparative experiment in the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad / Jadriyah during the spring and autumn seasons of 2023 following a randomized complete block design with four replicates. To study the number of days to tasseling, plant height, leaf number, leaf area, row number, grain number per row, ear length, ear number, weight of 100 grains, and individual plant yield, the results of the study revealed significant differences among the genotypes. Parent 1 recorded the highest plant yield at 289.90 and 297.46 grams plant-1 for both seasons due to its superior weight of 100 grains (25.71 and 26.41 grams) for both seasons. Parent 3 did not differ significantly from parent 1, with a yield of 260.00 and 280.23 grams plant-1 for both seasons respectively, due to its superiority in the highest number of ear rows, grain per rows, and ear grains (18.16 and 18.25 rows ear-1, 30.75 and 32.08 grains row-1, and 559.1 and 585.1 grain ear-1) respectively for both seasons. Among the hybrids, the single cross hybrid (4×2) excelled with the highest plant yield at 427.64 and 450.44 grams plant-1 due to its superiority in plant height and weight of 100 grains (186.75 and 215.37 cm and 29.89 and 28.05 grams) respectively for both seasons. Similarly, the hybrid (5×1) did not differ significantly from hybrid (4×2) with a plant yield of 425.60 and 432.44 grams per plant respectively for both seasons, due to its early tasseling (56.00 and 46.00 days) respectively for both seasons. It also excelled in the number of grains ear-1 (547.2 and 581.4 grains ear-) respectively for both seasons. We propose studying single cross hybrid at different planting dates to demonstrate their ability to adapt to the Iraqi climate and to test them under stressful conditions such as drought.
The Effect of Selective Weed Herbicides on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its Main Weeds
Authors: Ali Al-Luhiby Jassim Khader , Ahmed Muhammad Ramadan
Published: July 2024

The experiment was conducted at the research station of the Field Crops Department of the College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, during the winter season 2022-2023, with the aim of knowing the effect of the concentrations of two herbicides, as well as the competitive ability of some bread wheat varieties. A completely randomized block design (split-factorial) was used. The experiment includes tow factors. The first is the. (herbicides) in main plot : Selective weed herbicides to combat the weeds accompanying the wheat crop. In addition to the first indoor treatment (Atlantis) to combat narrow and broad-leaved weeds, with three concentrations (480, 320, 160) g/ha + (480) milliliters of diffuser for every 400 liters/ha. Secondly (Topic) to combat the narrow-leaved weeds at a concentration of (600, 300, 900) liters/ha, ml per 400 liters/ha. In addition to the comparison treatment untreated (control), where it was sprayed with distilled water only. The second factor is the variety factor: three varieties of soft wheat crop, namely (Badriya, Gad and Bentlou). The results of the experiment showed the following: The Badriya variety recorded the lowest percentage of Weediness for the Weed density trait and the highest height in cm, reaching (113.38) plants/m2, (72.96)cm2 respectively. While the Bentlo variety was (3.20) tons/ha, while no significance was recorded in the leaf area and the number of grains in spike. It was observed that the treatment of the herbicide Atlantis at the recommended concentration was superior to the Weed density characteristic, the number of grains in spike, and the total grain yield, respectively, reaching (90.98) plants. /m2, (20.58) m2 (80.72) tons. E-1, while the comparison treatment for plant height and the recommended (Topic) for flag leaf area were (75.85) cm and (20.58) m2, respectively.
The Response of Several Sesame Cultivars to Foliar Spraying with Potassium on Yield and Quality
Authors: Shiaa Harith H. , Ajaj Hamed A. Q.
Published: July 2024

During the summer of 2023, researchers from the College of Agriculture - University of Anbar’s Hamidhia Research Station studied four different sesame cultivars to determine how potassium applied foliarly affected their productivity and quality. A split-plot layout with three replicates was used to create the experiment, which followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The cultivars (Wada’a, Black Malaysian, Magnali 53, and Golmarmuros) were located in the sub-plot, whereas the main plots were assigned potassium values of 0, 2000, 4000, and 6000 mg L-1. Among the experimentally measured characteristics, the Magnali53 cultivar outperformed the others in the following areas: total seed yield (3.10 tons ha-1), oil percentage (50.13%), number of capsules per plant (301.5 capsules plant-1), number of seeds per capsule (68.96 seeds capsule-1), and total seed weight (3.23 g). On the other hand, the Black Malaysian cultivar exhibited the highest percentage of protein in its seeds (15.52%). On average, plants sprayed with 4000 mg L-1 produced the most capsules per plant, the most seeds per capsule, and a total seed yield of 3.09 tons ha-1. On the other hand, plants sprayed with 6000 mg L-1 produced the most oil percentage (50.25%) and protein percentage (17.83%). For the majority of the characteristics that were examined, the results showed that the cultivars and potassium content interacted significantly. By itself, the Magnali 53 cultivar at 4000 mg L-1 produced more capsules per plant, more seeds per capsule, and higher seed output. When combined with the same cultivar at 6000 mg L-1, it produced a higher proportion of oil and protein.
Effect of Sorghum Bicolor and Sunflower Residue Quantities on Growth and Yield of Wheat Triticum aestivum L. and Accompanied Weed
Authors: Muhammad Wathiq Hussein , Saleh Shaker Mahdi
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was carried out at the research station of the Field Crops Department - the College of Agriculture - Tikrit University during winter season 2022-2023 with an aim of studying the effect of the residues of some summer crops such as white corn and sunflower on the germination and growth of winter bushes growing with the wheat crop and the effect of this on the growth and yield of the wheat crop. The experiment was applied using a completely randomized block design RCBD, with three replicates and two factors, the first is the white corn residue, the sunflower residue, and weed killer, and the second is the amount of residue, which is without residue, adding 1.5 tons/Hectare Adding 3 tons/Hectare For both types, related traits were studied in the jungle it included (plant density, percentage of control, and dry weight of bush plants), wheat traits that included growth traits such as (plant height, leaf area, and total number of shoots), and also included yield traits and its components (number of ears and number of grains). With the spike and the weight of 1000 pills, the result) and the results were as follows: -Low plant density For the jungle When sunflower residues (3 tons) were added with white corn residues (3 tons), there was a significant decrease compared to the rest of the treatments. The percentage of control increased with combined treatment between the pesticide and sunflower residues, and the increase was highly significant. The leaf area of wheat plants increased significantly in the treatments in which the bush density decreased. All yield traits and components, except for the number of grains per ear, increased significantly in the treatments that contained both types of residues (sunflower + white corn) compared to the treatments that contained one type.
Anticancer Potential of moringa oleifera Lam: a Systematic Review
Authors: Dogara Abdulrahman Mahmoud , Kamil Al-Sultani Ahmad Thamer , Abdul Kadium Safa Mahdi , Mohammed Huda Amer , AL-Taey Duraid K. A. , Alsaffar Marwa Fadhil , Al-Musawi Zahraa J. M. , Hamad Saber W.
Published: July 2024

Moringa oleifera is highly esteemed as a therapeutic plant in the realm of traditional folk medicine. This plant has been demonstrated in numerous pharmacological tests to possess anticancer properties. Moringa oleifera, a versatile medicinal plant, has garnered significant academic focus and economic appeal due to its pharmacological attributes. The inefficiency of cancer treatment is mostly due to the resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy. Treatments for cancer are in greater demand. Finding novel compounds with the potential to treat various forms of cancer is therefore essential and indispensable. The review presented a contemporary analysis of the effectiveness of Moringa oliefera in the treatment of cancer. Research publications have been searched utilising the following platforms: Elsevier, Springer, Google Scholar, Taylor & Francis, Pub med, and Scopus. Research the plant species “Moringa oleifera” and its chemical composition, specifically focusing on its potential anticancer properties. The results of the anticancer test demonstrated that Moringa oliefera shown substantial potential as an anticancer agent against many cancer cell lines. The significance of the plant is emphasized in the quest for novel bioactive substances to investigate its therapeutic capabilities in the field of cancer treatment, with the aim of discovering and developing new drugs.
A novel of Study Effect of Herbicides and Nitrogen Rate on Yield and Components of the Barley Crop (Hordeum vulgare L.) in Iraq
Authors: Al-Jayashi Mahmood T. , Leiby Haider Rezaq , Fadel Hassan Abbas
Published: July 2024

This study was Conducted in al-muthanna Province/Warka district (It is 25 km from the county seat), On a farm belonging to the Ministry of Agriculture/Agricultural extension department during the season(2019-2020), In order to study the effect of Herbicides and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield of barley crop. used four levels of nitrogen: 0, 100, 180 and 280. The second factor of the experiment was the Herbicides treatments, first treatment is used without Herbicide, The second treatment was 2.4.D, and the third treatment use a Topik Herbicide. The experiment was applied by using the R.C.B.D randomized complete block design according to the (splitting) plate arrangement and with three replications. Nitrogen levels were placed in the main panels and Herbicide in the secondary panels. The results are as follows: Herbicide significantly affected all studied traits, As it gave its highest average in the characteristic of ear length, it was 5.64 cm, The number of ears, the number of grains per ear, the average value of 1000 grain weight, and the grain yield, which gave averages of 292.21, 47.03, 34.98 and 2.23, respectively. As for fertilization treatments, they affected the characteristics of the experiment, as production increased by increasing nitrogen fertilization, as the fertilization treatment (N:280) recorded the highest averages in all the studied characteristics.
Comparison of the Effect of Four Types of Chemical Herbicides on the Growth Characteristics and Yield of Wheat and the Weeds That Grow with It
Authors: Suhail Al-Hashemi Amenah Talal Hameed , Abdulateef Al-Obaidi Mohammed Akram
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was carried out during the 2023-2024 agricultural season to study the effect of four different types of weeds herbicides, namely Prince Wheater, Axial, and Atlantes, on some growth traits and the yield of two varieties of wheat plants, namely the Wafiya variety and the Ozkan variety, as well as to study the effect of these herbicide s on the traits of weeds growing with wheat buds. In two different locations, the first in the Wana area and the second in Al-Abbasiya, an area on the outskirts of the city of Mosul. The field was prepared in both locations by carrying out the necessary agricultural operations, and the experiment was designed according to the RCBD design, where the field was divided into three sectors (each sector represents a replicate) and each sector was divided into 10 experimental units with an area of 6 cm2. The crop was planted on 11/30/2022 in lines. The distance between one line and another is 20 cm and between one sector and another 2 m. DAP fertilizer (N - P - K Diamonium Phosphate) recommended by the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture was added at the beginning of planting, and chemical herbicides were sprayed on 2/10/2023. The data were analyzed statistically using (Gen Stat) software and using Duncan’s multiple range test at the probability level (5%). The results showed the superiority of the wheater herbicide treatment with the Wafah variety in the second location in terms of bush density, which reached (1.66) plant.m-2. The treatment of the herbticide Prince with the Axial variety in the second location was superior by giving it the lowest dry mass of the weeds, amounting to (53.60) gm.m-2. As for the growth characteristics and yield of the wheat plant, treatment of herbicide Prince with the Wafaa variety was superior in the first location in the flag leaf area, which amounted to (35.34) cm2. The treatment of herbicide Axial with the Ozkan variety was superior in the second location in terms of chlorophyll content in the flag leaf, which reached (49.14) spad. While the treatment of the herbicide Prince with the Ozkan cultivar in the second location excelled in the values of the number of tillers and the number of ears, which amounted to (172.30)ear.m-2 and (154.70) ear.m-2, respectively. While the treatment with the herbicide axil excelled with the Wafiah variety in the first location and gave the lowest value for the grain yield, amounting to (384.60) gm.m-2.
The Effect of Different Planting Dates on some Physiological Growth Parameters and Green Fodder Yield for Seven Barley Varieties
Authors: Farhan Fadhel Akhlas Abd , Saleh Shaker Mahdi
Published: July 2024

This study was carried out in Salah al-Din Governorate / Al-Dour (25 km from the governorate center) in one of the farmers’ fields during the season (2022-2023) with the aim of studying the effect of planting dates (the first date is 15/9, the second date is 1/10, the third date is 15/10, the fourth date 1/11, the fifth date 15/11) and symbolized by symbols (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) and barley varieties (Arevat, Amal, Ebaa 99, Buraq, Shuaa, Rehan, Sameer) and symbolized by symbols(V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6, V7) in the growth characteristics and fodder productivity of the barley crop, and the experiment was applied using Complete randomized block design according to the arrangement of the split panels with three replicates, where dates were placed in the main panels and items in the secondary panels. The test results appeared Planting D5 was superior in number of branch, green fodder yield, and dry weight of stems with values reaching 540.089 branch. m2, 8.5481 tons ha-1, and 312.197 gm. m2 respectively, While D1 achieved the highest value for the crop growth rate, amounting to 0.001923 g m-2 day-1, while D4 gave the highest average weight of dry leaves, 274.7476 gm. m2., We did not obtain any significant differences between planting dates and the absolute growth rate of the crop. The varieties differed significantly, as the V7 variety succeeded in the desired direction for the characteristics of number of branch 451.938, absolute growth rate 0.0206 gm.day -1, green fodder yield 7.4150 tons ha-1, dry weight of leaves 298.498 gm. m2While the V5 variety excelled in terms of crop growth rate by 0.00241 g m-2 day-1, while in the dry weight of leaves, the V7 and V5 excelled with the highest averages of 326.356 and 319.262 gm. m2. As for the interactions, the combinations of D5*V7 achieved the highest values for the number of branches and the dry weight of the stems, with values reaching 582.53 branch. m2 and 353.6 gm. m2, As for the crop growth rate, the highest combination of interaction at date 1 and variety 5 was 0.004375 g m-2 day-1, In the absolute growth rate, the highest combination at the first D1 and V7 was 0.027443 gm.day -1, The combination of D5*V5 gave the highest average green fodder yield of 10.95 tons ha-1, While the overlap of date 4 with variety 7 achieved the highest dry weight of leaves, 309.47786 gm. m2.