bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theroy of Mind in Non-Verbal Apes: conceptual issues and the critical experiments
Authors: Whiten Andrew
Published: November 2010

It is now over twenty years since Premack and Woodruff (1978) posed the question, ‘Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?’—‘by which we meant’, explained Premack (1988) in a later reappraisal, ‘does the ape do what humans do: attribute states of mind to the other one, and use these states to predict and explain the behaviour of the other one? For example, does the ape wonder, while looking quizzically at another individual, What does he reallywant?What does hebelieve?What are hisintentions?'
Ayer's Attack on Metaphysics
Authors: MacKinnon D. M.
Published: November 2010

In an article contributed to Mind in 1934, the young A. J. Ayer declared war on metaphysics, claiming that his destruction of the metaphysicians' arguments rested on the establishment of the sheerly non-sensical character of their statements. Their errors were syntactical; the combination of symbols in the sentences with which they expressed their propositions violated fundamental principles of significance.
Probability and the Evidence of our Senses
Authors: Mellor D. H.
Published: November 2010

Our knowledge of the world comes to us, one way or another, through our senses. I know there's a table here, because I see it, and that there's traffic outside, because I hear it. And similarly for our other senses. I know when it's cold, because I feel it; when there's sugar in my tea, because I taste it; smoke in the air, because I smell it; and so on.
The Importance of ‘If’
Authors: Watling John
Published: November 2010

Every week of term, on Wednesday afternoons, during most of his years at University College, Ayer held a seminar. Strangely, he makes no mention of that seminar in his autobiography, although it was a more serious and productive affair than his Monday evening seminar, which he does mention. At the Wednesday seminar, conditionals were often the subject for discussion. They are intriguing things in themselves but the attention they received must have been due, in large part, to their central role in Ayer's philosophy. Ayer was a phenomenalist, but he did not go so far as that prince of phenomenalists, George Berkeley, and assert that the things around us in space, chairs and tables, trees and rocks and lakes, the sun, moon and stars, were sensations, sensations of various kinds. Ayer's view was more that of John Stuart Mill, that these things were permanent possibilities of sensation. To assert the existence of a lake was to assert that if certain characteristic sensations occurred, then certain other characteristic sensations would follow. In that way, conditionals played a central role in Ayer's phenomenalism. That phenomenalism, however, needed to agree with an even more central element of his thought, the positivism he derived, perhaps from the philosophy of the Vienna Circle, perhaps from David Hume. According to that positivism, experience sets limits to understanding. If we can experience nothing but the presence or absence of sensations, then propositions concerning the presence or absence of sensations are all we can understand. Now a conditional concerning sensations does not imply the presence of sensations and, although it does imply the absence of sensations, it implies more besides. What Ayer's phenomenalism required, his positivism could not allow.
An Interview with A. J. Ayer
Authors: Honderich Ted
Published: November 2010

Ted Honderich: Professor Ayer, you wrote Language, Truth and Logic when you were only twenty-four, in 1935, and achieved fame by way of it. Tell us a bit about the writing.

A. J. Ayer: After I'd taken my Schools at Oxford—I read Greats—my tutor Gilbert Ryle suggested that I go away for a couple of terms. I had already been appointed Lecturer at Christ Church, and I wanted to go to Cambridge to study under Wittgenstein, but Gilbert said no, don't do that. We've got a lot of people going to Cambridge and we've a vague idea of what Wittgenstein is up to, but I believe something very interesting is happening in Vienna, under Moritz Schlick. Why don't you go to Vienna?

I'd just got married for the first time, and I thought Vienna would be a nice place to go to for a honeymoon. At this point I didn't speak much German, but I thought I'd pick up some, which I did, and so I went and worked with the Vienna Circle. I couldn't really take much part in their debates, but I understood what was going on and came back very enthusiastic about what they were doing. They were extremely empiricist, very anti-metaphysical, anti-religious, and this suited my cast of mind very much. I immediately started lecturing at Oxford on—I think it was Russell, Wittgenstein and Quine. Russell was at that time almost a forbidden subject at Oxford, and Wittgenstein and Quine were people who'd not been heard of.
Emotion, Psychosemantics, and Embodied Appraisals
Authors: Prinz Jesse
Published: November 2010

There seem to be two kinds of emotion the rists in the world. Some work very hard to show that emotions are essentially cognitive states. Others resist this suggestion and insist that emotions are noncognitive. The debate has appeared in many forms in philosophy and psychology. It never seems to go away. The reason for this is simple. Emotions have properties that push in both directions, properties that make them seem quite smart and properties that make them seem quite dumb. They exemplify the base impulses of our animal nature while simultaneously branching out into the most human and humane reaches of our mental repertoires. Depending on where one looks, emotions can emerge as our simplest instincts or our subtlest achievements. This double nature makes emotions captivating, but also confounding. Researchers find themselves picking one side at the expense of the other, or packaging seemingly disparate components into unstable unions. I will defend a more integrative approach. For a more thorough treatment, see Prinz (forthcoming).
VI. Emotional Feelings and Intentionalism
Authors: Hatzimoysis Anthony
Published: November 2010

Emotions are Janus-faced: their focus may switch from how a person is feeling deep inside her, to the busy world of actions, words, or gestures whose perception currently affects her. The intimate relation between the ‘inside’ and the ‘outside’ seems to call for a redrawing of the traditional distinction of mental states between those that can look out to the world, and those that are, supposedly, irredeemably blind.
XII. Narrative and Perspective; Values and Appropriate Emotions
Authors: Goldie Peter
Published: November 2010

To the realists.—You sober people who feel well armed against passion and fantasies and would like to turn your emptiness into a matter of pride and ornament: you call yourselves realists and hint that the world really is the way it appears to you. As if reality stood unveiled before you only, and you yourselves were perhaps the best part of it … But in your unveiled state are not even you still very passionate and dark creatures compared to fish, and still far too similar to an artist in love? And what is ‘reality’ for an artist in love? You are still burdened with those estimates of things that have their origin in the passions and loves of former centuries. Your sobriety still contains a secret and inextinguishable drunkenness. Your love of ‘reality’, for example-—oh, that is a primeval ‘love’ … Subtract the phantasm and every human contribution from it, my sober friends! If you can! If you can forget your descent, your past, your training—all of your humanity and animality. (F. Nietzsche,The Gay Science, Book Two, extract from Section 57)
Self-knowledge, Normativity, and Construction
Authors: Tanney Julia
Published: November 2010

He tried to look into her face, to find out what she thought, but she was smelling the lilac and the lilies of the valley and did not know herself what she was thinking—what she ought to say or do.

Oblomov

Much of modern and contemporary philosophy of mind in the ‘analytic’ tradition has presupposed, since Descartes, what might be called a realist view about the mind and the mental. According to this view there are independently existing, determinate items (states, events, dispositions or relations) that are the truth-conferrers of our ascriptions of mental predicates. The view is also a cognitivist one insofar as it holds that when we correctly ascribe such a predicate to an individual the correctness consists in the discovery of a determinate fact of the matter about the state the individual is in—a state which is somehow cognized by the ascriber. Disputes have arisen about the nature of the truth-conferrers (e.g., whether they are physical or not) and about the status and the nature of the individual's own authority about the state he is in. A dissenting position in philosophy of mind would have to be handled carefully. It would, most importantly, need to allow for the objectivity of ascriptions of mental predicates at least insofar as it made sense to reject some and accept others on appropriate grounds. Perhaps such a position in the philosophy of mind can be likened in at least one way to what David Wiggins has characterized as a doctrine of ‘cognitive underdetermination’ about moral or practical judgments.
Particular Thoughts & Singular Thought
Authors: Martin M. G. F.
Published: November 2010

A long-standing theme in discussion of perception and thought has been that our primary cognitive contact with individual objects and events in the world derives from our perceptual contact with them. When I look at a duck in front of me, I am not merely presented with the fact that there is at least one duck in the area, rather I seem to be presented withthisthing (as one might put it from my perspective) in front of me, which looks to me to be a duck. Furthermore, such a perception would seem to put me in a position not merely to make the existential judgment that there is some duck or other present, but rather to make a singular, demonstrative judgment, that that is a duck. My grounds for an existential judgment in this case derives from my apprehension of the demonstrative thought and not vice versa.
Ambiguity and Belief
Authors: Williams S. G.
Published: November 2010

This paper is concerned with the notion of ambiguity—or what I shall refer to more generally as homonymy—and its bearing upon various familiar puzzles about intensional contexts. It would hardly of course be a novel claim that the unravelling of such puzzles may well involve recourse to something like ambiguity. After all, Frege, who bequeathed to us one of the most enduring of the puzzles, proposed as part of his solution an analysis of intensional contexts according to which all expressions change their sense when embedded in such contexts. (Indeed they change their sense with each embedding.) And many contemporary philosophers who have discussed the puzzles, while not perhaps endorsing Frege's own somewhat extreme view, nevertheless take ambiguities in the contained sentences to be the key to the puzzles. In this paper, however, I wish to follow those who take the crucial source of homonymy, at least in the most difficult of the puzzles, to lie primarily not in the embedded sentences, but rather in the intensional verbs that embed them. I begin with a brief examination of certain aspects of ambiguity and homonymy.
Basic Logical Knowledge
Authors: Hale Bob
Published: November 2010

At least some of us, at least some of the time—when not in the grip of radical sceptical doubt—are inclined to believe that we know, for example, that if we infer a conclusion from two true premises, one a conditional whose consequent is that conclusion and the other the antecedent of that conditional, then our conclusion must be true, or that we know similar things about other simple patterns of inference. If we do indeed have knowledge of this sort, it is what I mean bylogicalknowledge. Logical knowledge is, roughly speaking, knowledgeaboutlogic—such as knowledge that a certain principle of inference necessarily preserves truth, or that every proposition of a certain form must be true—and so is not the same thing as knowledge that is gained byusinglogic, i.e.inferentialknowledge. That is not to say, of course, that logical knowledge can't be inferential. On the contrary, it is barely open to question that—if there is any logical knowledge at all—there is a lot of inferential logical knowledge. For example, if we know that the introduction and elimination principles for the conditional are truth-preserving, we can surely get to know, by inference, that the principle of hypothetical syllogism (i.e. transitivity of the conditional) is so too, not to mention other, less obvious and more recondite, examples of putative logical knowledge.
Frege's Target
Authors: Travis Charles
Published: November 2010

‘Hostility to psychologism’, John McDowell writes, 'is not hostility to the psychological. ‘Psychologism’ is an accusation. But it may be either of several.

The psychologism McDowell is master of detecting is, as he sometimes puts it, a form of scientism. It is a priori psychology where, at best, only substantive empirical psychology would do. It often represents itself as describing the way any thinker (or any empirical, or language-using one) must be; as describing requirements on being a thinker at all. But it misses viable alternatives. It is just speculation as to how we are.
Materialism and the First Person
Authors: Madell Geoffrey
Published: November 2010

Here are some sentences from Fred Dretske's book Naturalising the Mind:

For a materialist there are no facts that are accessible to only one person … If the subjective life of another being, what it is like to be that creature, seems inaccessible, this must be because we fail to understand what we are talking about when we talk about its subjective states. If S feels some way, and its feeling some way is a material state, how can it be impossible for us to know how S feels? Though each of us has direct information about our own experiences, there is no privileged access. If you know where to look, you can get the same information I have about the character of my experiences. This is a result of thinking about the mind in naturalistic terms. Subjectivity becomes part of the objective order. For materialists, this is as it should be.
Human Minds
Authors: Papineau David
Published: November 2010

Humans are part of the animal kingdom, but their minds differ from those of other animals. They are capable of many things that lie beyond the intellectual powers ofthe rest of the animal realm. In this paper, I want to ask what makes human minds distinctive. What accounts for the special powers that set humans aside from other animals?
Non-Personal Minds
Authors: Clark Stephen R. L.
Published: November 2010

Persons are creatures with a range of personal capacities. Most known to us are also people, though nothing in observation or biological theory demands that all and only people are persons, nor even that persons, any more than people, constitute a natural kind. My aim is to consider whatnon-personalminds are like. Darwin's Earthworms are sensitive, passionate and, in their degree, intelligent. They may even construct maps, embedded in the world they perceive around them, so as to be able to construct their tunnels. Other creatures may be able to perceive that world as also accessible tootherminds, and structure it by locality and temporal relation, without having many personal qualities. Non-personal mind, on both modern materialist and Plotinian grounds, may be the more usual, and the less deluded, sort of mind.
Personal Agency
Authors: Lowe E. J.
Published: November 2010

Why does the problem of free will seem so intractable? I surmise that in large measure it does so because the free will debate, at least in its modern form, is conducted in terms of a mistaken approach to causality in general. At the heart of this approach is the assumption that all causation is fundamentally event causation. Of course, it is well-known that some philosophers of action want to invoke in addition an irreducible notion of agent causation, applicable only in the sphere of intelligent agency. But such a view is generally dismissed as incompatible with the naturalism that has now become orthodoxy amongst mainstream analytical philosophers of mind. What I want to argue is that substances, not events, are the primary relata of causal relations and that agent causation should properly be conceived of as a species of substance causation. I shall try to show that by thus reconceiving the nature of causation and of agency, the problem of free will can be made more tractable. I shall also argue for a contention that may seem even less plausible at first sight, namely, that such a view of agency is perfectly compatible with a volitionist theory of action.
Mind and Illusion
Authors: Jackson Frank
Published: November 2010

Much of the contemporary debate in the philosophy of mind is concerned with the clash between certain strongly held intuitions and what science tells us about the mind and its relation to the world. What science tells us about the mind points strongly towards some version or other of physicalism. The intuitions, in one way or another, suggest that there is something seriously incomplete about any purely physical story about the mind.
Testate Amoebae Examined by Confocal and Two-Photon Microscopy: Implications for Taxonomy and Ecophysiology
Authors: Burdíková Zuzana , Čapek Martin , Ostašov Pavel , Machač Jiří , Pelc Radek , Mitchell Edward A.D. , Kubínová Lucie
Published: November 2010

Testate amoebae (TA) are a group of free-living protozoa, important in ecology and paleoecology. Testate amoebae taxonomy is mainly based on the morphological features of the shell, as examined by means of light microscopy or (environmental) scanning electron microscopy (SEM/ESEM). We explored the potential applications of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), two photon excitation microscopy (TPEM), phase contrast, differential interference contrast (DIC Nomarski), and polarization microscopy to visualize TA shells and inner structures of living cells, which is not possible by SEM or environmental SEM. Images captured by CLSM and TPEM were utilized to create three-dimensional (3D) visualizations and to evaluate biovolume inside the shell by stereological methods, to assess the function of TA in ecosystems. This approach broadens the understanding of TA cell and shell morphology, and inner structures including organelles and endosymbionts, with potential implications in taxonomy and ecophysiology.
Quantitative Analysis of Particle Distributions by Comparison with Simulations
Authors: Vongehr Sascha , Tang Shaochun , Meng Xiangkang
Published: November 2010

In characterization of metal nanoparticle doped spherical composites, the two-dimensional nature of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images leads to ambiguities about the true location of the nanoparticles. Walking-in of simulated projections in comparison with actual TEM images leads to quantitative results such as location-dependent particle sizes and particle number density. This method takes advantage of the strength of fuzzy neural network computations via the human hunter-gatherer's visual system's evolved superiority while still allowing quantitative results by use of exact numerical simulations.
Epidemiology and horizontal transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)
Authors: Patterson A. R. , Opriessnig T.
Published: November 2010

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a small, non-enveloped, circular, single-stranded DNA virus of economic importance in the swine industry worldwide. Based on the sequence analyses of PCV2 strains, isolates can be divided into five subtypes (PCV2a–e). PCV2 is an ubiquitous virus based on serological and viremia data from countries worldwide. In addition, PCV2 DNA was discovered in archived samples prior to the first recognition of clinical disease. Recently, a worldwide shift in PCV2 subtype from PCV2a to PCV2b occurred. PCV2 DNA can be detected in fecal, nasal, oral and tonsillar swabs as well as in urine and feces from both naturally and experimentally infected pigs. PCV2 DNA can be detected early in the infectious process and persists for extended periods of time. The effectiveness of disinfectants for reducing PCV2in vitrois variable and PCV2 is very stable in the pig environment. Limited data exist on the horizontal transmission of PCV2. Direct transmission of PCV2 between experimentally or naturally infected animals and naïve animals has been documented and the incorporation of clinical or subclinically infected animals into a population represents a risk to the herd. Indirect transmission through the oral, aerosol or vaccine routes is likely a lesser risk for the transmission of PCV2 in most swine populations but may be worth evaluating in high heath herds. The objective of this review was to discuss data on the epidemiology and horizontal transmission of PCV2.
PROCAM-, FRAMINGHAM-, SCORE- and SMART-risk score for predicting cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with overt atherosclerosis
Authors: Uthoff  , Staub  , Socrates  , Meyerhans  , Bundi  , Schmid  , Frauchiger
Published: November 2010

Background: The predictive value of PROCAM, FRAMINGHAM, SCORE and SMART-score to estimate the cardiovascular risk in patients with overt atherosclerosis had never been assessed. Patients and methods: 96 consecutive patients with clinically evident atherosclerosis (coronary, cerebrovascular, peripheral artery and renovascular disease) were enrolled in this preliminary observational study. At baseline, medical history and blood chemistry were obtained. Sonographic measurement of the intima-media thickness (IMT) in the common carotid artery was performed and risk estimations according to the above listed risk scores were calculated. During a 6 year follow-up the occurrence of cardiovascular death, acute coronary syndrome and stroke was assessed. Results: Mean (± SD) risk-scores were 10.9 ± 2.5, range 6 - 17 (SMART); 18.9 ± 18.2 %; range 0.2 - 94.1 % (PROCAM); 21.4 ± 13.1 %, range 4 - 56 % (FRAMINGHAM); and 4.8 ± 3.9 %, range 0.4 - 15.3 % (SCORE). Mean IMT was 0.84 ± 0.14 mm, range 0.51 - 1.20 mm. All scores correlate significantly with each other (r > 0.321; p < 0.01), but only SMART-score correlated significantly with baseline IMT(r = 0.372; p < 0.001). Within the median follow-up of 73 months, a cardiovascular endpoint was observed in 36 (42 %) patients. The AUC (95 % confidence interval) for SMART-risk-score predicting a cardiovascular event was 0.67 (0.54 - 0.77; p < 0.02); for PROCAM 0.60 (0.47 - 0.73; p = n.s.); for FRAMINGHAM 0.56 (0.43 - 0.69; p = n.s.); and for SCORE 0.60 (0.46 - 0.73; p = n.s.). Cox regression analysis showed a relative risk for a cardiovascular event per additional SMART score point of 1.15 (95 % CI 1.01 - 1.30 p = 0.03). Conclusions: PROCAM-, FRAMINGHAM- and SCORE-risk score seem to be barely useful in a secondary prevention setting. In patients with overt atherosclerosis, the cardiovascular risk seems to be better assessed by means of the SMART score.
Trends des Substanzkonsums und substanzbezogener Störungen
Authors: Kraus Ludwig , Pabst Alexander , Piontek Daniela , Müller Stefanie
Published: November 2010

Ziel: Untersucht wurden Trends des Konsums sowie substanzbezogener Störungen von illegalen Drogen, Alkohol, Tabak und Medikamenten über einen Zeitraum von 15 Jahren (1995–2009). Methodik: Daten liefern sechs Erhebungswellen des Epidemiologischen Suchtsurveys (ESA), die zwischen 1995 und 2009 durchgeführt wurden. Alle Erhebungen erfolgten schriftlich bzw. in einem Mixed-Modus Design und erzielten Antwortraten zwischen 45 und 65 %. Ergebnisse: Die 12-Monats-Prävalenz von Cannabis lag im Jahr 2009 (5.2 %) nach einem Maximum im Jahr 2003 (6.9 %) auf einem niedrigeren Niveau. Die bis zum Jahr 2003 zu beobachtende Verschiebung des Alkoholkonsums (letzte 30 Tage) hin zu weniger riskanten Konsummustern setzte sich in den Erhebungen bis zum Jahr 2009 nicht fort. Dagegen wies die 30-Tage-Prävalenz des Rauchens einen konstanten Rückgang auf und lag 2009 bei 30.3 %. Eine negative Entwicklung zeigte sich im Gebrauch von Schmerzmitteln (letzte 30 Tage), der im Jahr 2009 einen deutlichen Zuwachs aufwies. In Bezug auf Cannabis- und Nikotinabhängigkeit sowie problematischen Alkohol- und Medikamentengebrauch ließen sich keine wesentlichen Veränderungen in den 12-Monats-Prävalenzwerten feststellen. Schlussfolgerungen: Über den gesamten Beobachtungszeitraum ging die höchste Belastung von legalen Drogen aus, gefolgt von Medikamenten und illegalen Drogen. Die weitere Beobachtung von Konsumtrends ist von großer gesundheitspolitischer Bedeutung.
Age, Period, and Cohort Effects on Time Trends in Alcohol Consumption in the German Adult Population
Authors: Pabst Alexander , Kraus Ludwig , Piontek Daniela , Mueller Stefanie
Published: November 2010

Aims: To estimate independent age, period, and cohort effects on time trends in alcohol volume and episodic heavy drinking in Germany. Method: Data from six waves of the German Epidemiological Survey of Substance Abuse (ESA) between 1995 and 2009 were used. The analytical sample comprised n = 34,542 individuals aged 18 to 64 years with at least one drinking occasion in the last 30 days. Alcohol volume was derived from beverage-specific quantity frequency questions. Episodic heavy drinking was specified as the number of days with five or more alcoholic drinks at a single occasion. Results: On average across age and cohort groups, alcohol consumption has considerably declined over the last 15 years. Cohort effects indicate a decline in alcohol volume from the 1940s to the 1970s birth cohort groups and a steep increase in younger cohorts. Moreover, cohorts born after 1980 were found to drink more often to intoxication than older cohorts. Age variations in trends were rather small compared to period and cohort effects. Conclusions: Despite the steady declining trend in alcohol consumption in the German general population, there is a tendency toward riskier drinking patterns among the youngest cohorts. This underlines the need for alcohol policy measures.
Changes in Exposure to Secondhand Smoke and Smoking Behavior
Authors: Müller Stefanie , Kraus Ludwig , Piontek Daniela , Pabst Alexander
Published: November 2010

Aims: This study examines exposure to secondhand smoke and smoking behavior in the German general population before and after the introduction of new smoke-free laws in 2007 and 2008. Methods: Data came from the 2006 and 2009 German Epidemiological Survey of Substance Abuse (ESA). A propensity-score-matched subsample of n = 7,412 subjects between 18 and 64 years was used for the analysis. We employed multinomial logistic regression to examine changes in exposure to secondhand smoke at work, during leisure time, and at home among nonsmokers between 2006 and 2009. Logistic and ordinary least square regression were used to address changes in cigarette smoking prevalence and number of cigarettes smoked among smokers. Results: Exposure to secondhand smoke at work and during leisure time was substantially reduced in 2009 compared to 2006. The number of cigarettes smoked decreased in the same time period. No changes were found for exposure to secondhand smoke at home and cigarette smoking prevalence. However, sensitivity analysis revealed a moderate stability of the results for exposure to secondhand smoke at home and number of cigarettes smoked. Conclusions: Results indicate that smoke-free laws constitute an important step forward in the protection of nonsmokers in Germany. However, our findings suggest that specific preventive measures are still needed to reduce cigarette smoking prevalence.
Making the Organization Fly
Authors: Peters Kim , Tevichapong Passagorn , Alexander Haslam S. , Postmes Tom
Published: November 2010

Recently, the service industry has seen a low-cost sector emerge alongside the traditional full-service sector. We explored whether these business models have different implications for employee cooperation, one factor that plays an important role in organizational functioning. Drawing on the social identity perspective, we argue that employees will identify less strongly with the lower-status, low-cost organizations, reducing their intrinsic motivation for such cooperation. We tested these relationships among employees in Thailand’s airline industry. In line with expectations, flight attendants working for low-cost airlines (N = 77) perceived their organizations to have lower status than those working for the full-service airlines (N = 77), and this was associated with reduced organizational identification. This in turn predicted lower levels of organizational citizenship behaviour and a stronger desire for organizational exit.
Speeding Personality Measures to Reduce Faking
Authors: Komar Shawn , Komar Jennifer A. , Robie Chet , Taggar Simon
Published: November 2010

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of imposing a time constraint on respondents completing the Big Five personality Inventory (John & Srivastava, 1999) based on a self-regulatory model of response distortion. A completely crossed 2 × 2 experimental design was used in which instructions (neutral standard instruction or a job applicant instruction) and speed (with or without a time limit) were manipulated. While speeding personality tests reduced socially desirable responding, consistent with resource allocation theory (Ackerman, 1986), this effect was only seen in low cognitive ability individuals. Speeding was not perceived negatively by participants. This study is the first to find any evidence of a possible influence of speed on impression management and suggests that manipulating time limits for completing personality measures in selection is not advised at the present time as it is likely to have the unintended effect of removing applicants with high cognitive ability from the applicant pool.
Is the Most Effective Team Leadership Shared?
Authors: Hoch Julia Elisabeth , Pearce Craig L. , Welzel Linda
Published: November 2010

In the present paper we examine the moderating effects of age diversity and team coordination on the relationship between shared leadership and team performance. Using a field sample of 96 individuals in 26 consulting project teams, team members assessed their team’s shared leadership and coordination. Six to eight weeks later, supervisors rated their teams’ performance. Results indicated that shared leadership predicted team performance and both age diversity and coordination moderated the impact of shared leadership on team performance. Thereby shared leadership was positively related to team performance when age diversity and coordination were low, whereas higher levels of age diversity and coordination appeared to compensate for lower levels of shared leadership effectiveness. In particular strong effects of shared leadership on team performance were evident when both age diversity and coordination were low, whereas shared leadership was not related to team performance when both age diversity and coordination were high.
A New Approach for Exploring Ice Sheets and Sub‐Ice Geology
Authors: Eisen Olaf , Hofstede Coen , Miller Heinrich , Kristoffersen Yngve , Blenkner Rick , Lambrecht Astrid , Mayer Christoph
Published: November 2010

Active seismic measurements were an important part of geophysical traverses on the Antarctic ice sheet as far back as the 1920s. These methods lost their leading role for ice thickness measurements to much faster ground‐based and airborne radar surveys because of the considerable logistical effort necessary for seismic data acquisition. However, new achievements with a vibrator source in active seismics (vibroseis for short) could open new prospects and foster future geological and glaciological surveys in Antarctica and Greenland and on ice caps and glaciers.
Bruce A. Warren (1937–2010)
Authors: Johnson Gregory C. , Toole John M. , Owens W. Brechner , Speer Kevin G. , LaCasce Joseph H.
Published: November 2010

AGU Fellow and 2004 Maurice Ewing medalist Bruce A. Warren died suddenly on 2 September 2010 at the age of 73 while vacationing in Provincetown, Mass. He was a renowned physical oceanographer who was primarily responsible for the discovery, analysis, and dynamical interpretation of multiple deep currents throughout the world ocean. His work significantly advanced the field in areas including the dynamics of ocean general circulation, large‐scale water property distributions, and the deep circulation of the world ocean. He was also a fellow of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) and was the society's 2010 Sverdrup Gold Medal recipient “for advancing our understanding of the general circulation of the ocean through observations and dynamical interpretation.”
Highlighting Progress on Biochar Research, Projects, and Technology: Third International Biochar Conference: IBI 2010; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 12–15 September 2010
Authors: Tomlinson Thayer
Published: November 2010

Biochar is a fine‐grained, highly porous charcoal that helps soils retain nutrients and water. It is made by heating biomass in the absence of oxygen to drive off volatile gases, leaving carbon and other nutrients behind. Biochar could provide long‐term natural terrestrial carbon sequestration while increasing soil fertility. Additionally, gases released during the production process, also called pyrolysis, could be used for heating and/or electricity generation. The latest biochar science, technology, and policies were presented recently at the 3rd International Biochar Conference: IBI 2010, in Brazil.
Science and Society Workshops at AGU Fall Meeting
Authors: Chell Kaitlin
Published: November 2010

Interested in the interface between science and society and in learning more about how good policy is informed by good science? At two luncheon workshops at this year's AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, you can learn how to better communicate your science and how to apply for fellowship opportunities either on Capitol Hill, in Washington, D.C., or with a major news media outlet.
Putting together rather than taking apart
Authors: Szabad János
Published: November 2010

The EMBO workshop on the ‘Systems Biology of Development’ was held between 16 and 20 August and brought together a multidisciplinary group of scientists to make use of systems approaches to understand how multicellular organisms and organs acquire their specific sizes and shapes.
H-InvDB: A Comprehensive Annotation Resource For Human Transcriptome
Authors: Murakami Katsuhiko , Imanishi Tadashi , Gojobori Takashi , Yamasaki Chisato , Takeda Jun-ichi , Habara Takuya , Ogawa Makoto , Noda Akiko , Sakate Ryuichi
Published: November 2010

H-Invitational Database (H-InvDB: "http://www.h-invitational.jp/":http://www.h-invitational.jp/) is a comprehensive annotation resource for human transcriptome. By extensive analyses of all human transcripts, we provide curated annotations of human genes, transcripts and proteins that include gene structures, alternative splicing isoforms, non-coding functional RNAs, protein functions, functional domains, sub-cellular localizations, metabolic pathways, protein 3D structure, genetic polymorphisms, relation with diseases, gene expression profiling, molecular evolutionary features, protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and gene families/groups. The latest release of H-InvDB (release 7.0) provides annotation for 296,912 human transcripts in 46,499 human gene clusters based on human full-length cDNAs, mRNAs and the reference human genome sequences (NCBI b37.1). H-InvDB consists of three main views, the Transcript view, the Locus view and the Protein view, and six sub-databases; G-integra, H-ANGEL, DiseaseInfo Viewer, Evola, PPI view and Gene Family/Group view. We also provide data mining tools such as “Navigation search”, an extended search system that enables complicated searches by combining 16 different search options ("http://www.h-invitational.jp/hinv/c-search/hinvNaviTop.jsp":http://www.h-invitational.jp/hinv/c-search/hinvNaviTop.jsp) and “H-InvDB Enrichment Analysis Tool (HEAT)”, a data mining tool for automatically identifying features specific to a given human gene set ("http://hinv.jp/HEAT/":http://hinv.jp/HEAT/).
The light-harvesting complexes of higher-plant Photosystem I: Lhca1/4 and Lhca2/3 form two red-emitting heterodimers
Authors: Wientjes Emilie , Croce Roberta
Published: November 2010

The outer antenna of higher-plant PSI (Photosystem I) is composed of four complexes [Lhc (light-harvesting complex) a1–Lhca4] belonging to the light-harvesting protein family. Difficulties in their purification have so far prevented the determination of their properties and most of the knowledge about Lhcas has been obtained from the study of the in vitro reconstituted antennas. In the present study we were able to purify the native complexes, showing that Lhca2/3 and Lhca1/4 form two functional heterodimers. Both dimers show red-fluorescence emission with maxima around 730 nm, as in the intact PSI complex. This indicates that the dimers are in their native state and that LHCI-680, which was previously assumed to be part of the PSI antenna, does not represent the native state of the system. The data show that the light-harvesting properties of the two dimers are functionally identical, concerning absorption, long-wavelength emission and fluorescence quantum yield, whereas they differ in their high-light response. Implications of the present study for the understanding of the energy transfer process in PSI are discussed. Finally, the comparison of the properties of the native dimers with those of the reconstituted complexes demonstrates that all of the major properties of the Lhcas are reproduced in the in vitro systems.
Probing the mechanisms of low immunogenicity of a lipocalin allergen, Bos d 2, in a mouse model
Authors: Immonen A. , Saarelainen S. , Rautiainen J. , Rytkönen‐Nissinen M. , Kinnunen T. , Mäntyjärvi R. , Virtanen T.
Published: November 2010

Background Bos d 2, a major bovine allergen of the lipocalin family, stimulates very weakly cow dust‐asthmatic subjects' peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the spleen cells of several inbred mouse strains immunized with the allergen.

Objective To identify the immune mechanisms accounting for the weak stimulatory capacity of Bos d 2.

Methods The spleen cell responses of BALB/c mice immunized with the allergen and with hen egg lysozyme and tetanus toxoid as control antigens were examined using several in vitro methods.

Results Analysis of the numbers of spleen cells in the antigen‐stimulated in vitro cultures with the vital dye 7‐amino‐actinomycin D showed that Bos d 2 induced a smaller expansion of cells in comparison with the control antigens. Increased cell death in vitro did not account for the weak response against Bos d 2. The number of spleen cells reacting against Bos d 2 also proved to be the lowest when they were analysed by labelling the stimulated cells with 5‐6‐carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester or by enumerating cytokine‐secreting cells by ELISPOT. Eliminating CD8+ cells in the in vitro culture did not enhance the response against Bos d 2. Bos d 2 was also the weakest of the antigens to stimulate the production of soluble cytokines. Adding IL‐2, IL‐4 or antibody against TGF‐β in the antigen‐stimulated spleen cell cultures enhanced the proliferative responses against all the antigens, whereas adding IL‐12 or antibody against IL‐4 or IL‐10 did not enhance the responses.

Conclusion The results exclude several mechanisms of peripheral tolerance as an explanation for the poor immune response against Bos d 2, and suggest that the allergen is recognized by a low number of specific T cells. The weak immunogenicity of Bos d 2 may be related to its allergenicity.
Why are non‐sedating antihistamines non‐sedating?
Authors: Timmerman H.
Published: November 2010

In this paper several factors which may influence the potential of a certain antihistamine to cause CNS‐related side‐effects are discussed. It is shown by pharmacological studies that the H1 receptors occurring in CNS tissue or in peripheral organs do not differ with regard to their affinity for H1 blockers. There is also no other evidence for subtypes of the H1 receptor. The sedating properties are caused by H1 blockade. The level of brain penetration (passage of the blood–brain barrier) is not fully determined by the lipophilicity (log P) of an individual compound. Compounds with a low or a high lipophilicity (log P) do not penetrate. For compounds with a basic centre the log D should be applied, replacing the log P; the log D corrects for the level of ionization of such compounds, as neutral species only readily enter into the CNS. For compounds with an intermediate log P or log D a Δlog P is introduced; a Δlog P indicates a large hydrogen binding capacity. A strong hydrogen binding capacity means a strong (serum) protein binding and consequently a poor brain penetration. Also the role of the P‐glycoprotein as a transporter out of the CNS is introduced. Finally the influence of histamine on the permeability of the blood–brain barrier is discussed; it is shown that histamine increases the extravasation of, for example, albumin.
Development of T‐cell memory against inhalant allergens: risks for the future
Authors: Holt P. G.
Published: November 2010

Recent evidence suggests that the development of chronic allergic respiratory disease is a biphasic process. Phase 1 commonly occurs during early childhood and in many instances appears to be initiated in utero. This involves initial priming of the Th‐cell system against ubiquitous environmental allergens, and subsequent reshaping of these responses during infancy into Th1‐ or Th2‐polarized immunological memory. The second phase of the process comprises the repeated expression of Th2‐polarized allergen‐specific immunity at the level of the airway mucosa, producing cumulative damage to local tissue resulting ultimately in phenotypic changes including development of airways hyperreactivity. It is also clear that this second phase occurs in only a relatively small subset of subjects who develop long‐term Th2‐polarized allergen‐specific immunity, given that the majority of skin prick test positive subjects do not develop chronic airways disease. This suggests that an additional set of control mechanisms, which regulate the intensity/duration of local Th‐cell responses within airway mucosal tissues, may play an important role in the ultimate expression of chronic immunoinflammatory disease in the airways in ‘at risk’ atopic subjects.
Histamine and the antiallergic antihistamines: a history of their discoveries
Authors: Emanuel M. B.
Published: November 2010

The paper provides a historical overview of the discovery of both histamine and the H1antihistamines. The context of these discoveries is provided in relation to the development of medicinal chemistry during the 19th century. Background is provided on the history of discovery of mechanisms of anaphylaxis and allergy and the immunology of hypersensitivity at the end of the 19th and early 20th century. The discovery of histamine and the antihistamines is then discussed in relation to the development of pharmacological receptor theory culminating in the discovery of the first antihistamines in the 1930s and their widespread clinical introduction in the 1940s.
Molecular properties and signalling pathways of the histamine H1receptor
Authors: Smit M. J. , Hoffmann M. , Timmerman H. , Leurs R.
Published: November 2010

With cloning of the gene encoding the histamine H1receptor, a new area of histamine research has become reality. Finally, it seems feasible to study the target of the thera‐peutically important clans of antihistamine. Expression of the genes in mammalian cells allows detailed investigations of the various signal transduction routes of the histamine H1receptor. Moreover, using molecular biological techniques, it is now possible to investigate ligand receptor interaction at the molecular level. Studies with mutant H1receptors have shown that H1antagonists bind to a specific amino acid residues in TM3 and 5. It is expected that these new developments will provide much fundamental knowledge on the ligand interaction with the H1receptor.
New findings in pharmacological effects induced by antihistamines: from PET studies to knock‐out mice
Authors: Yanai K. , Okamura N. , Tagawa M. , Itoh M. , Watanabe T.
Published: November 2010

Antihistamines are efficacious drugs to be used for the symptomatic relief of allergic diseases. The safety issue of antihistamines is of central importance because of their widespread use in current medical practice. To better understand the pharmacological effects of antihistamines on the central nervous system (CNS), we used two kinds of new methods, positron emission tomography (PET) and gene targeting regarding on histamine H1receptors. The histamine H1receptor occupancy was examined in young male volunteers with[11C]‐doxepin (a potent H1antagonist) after the oral or intravenous administration of antihistamines. In other studies, the cognitive performance was also measured tachistoscopically before and after taking antihistamines. The mutant mice lacking H1receptors were used in the behavioural and neurochemical experiments to re‐evaluate the role of H1receptors. The H1‐receptor occupancy in the human frontal cortex caused by antihistamines is significantly correlated with the reported values of incidence of sleepiness in clinical trials, and the occupancy is well proportional to the impaired cognitive performance. The behavioural studies of the H1‐receptor knock‐out mice confirmed the role of H1receptors in arousal, the sleep–wake cycle, locomotion, nociception and aggressive behaviour. The pharmacological effects induced by H1antagonism were re‐evaluated by the PET and gene‐targetting. Although any serious effects could not be observed in mice by the destruction of the H1‐receptor gene, the cognitive performance was impaired in humans after taking first generation antihistamines in recommended doses.