bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Awareness, acceptance and practice of plastic ban legislation among residents of an urban area in Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu: a cross sectional study
Authors: P. Sujitha , N. B. Swetha , S. Gopalakrishnan
Published: December 2019

Background: Convenience of plastic use pays a high price by negatively affecting health and environment. As nationwide ban on use of plastic carry bags failed, statewide ban was imposed in Tamil Nadu from 1st January 2019. This study was planned with the objective of determining the awareness, acceptance and practice of plastic ban legislation among residents in urban population in Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu.Methods: This community based cross sectional study was carried out with a sample size of 250 using systematic random sampling method. Data was collected using structured questionnaire and further analysis was done with SPSS Version 25 Software.Results: About 94% respondents were aware of legislation and 76% had a positive attitude towards the ban. About 52% participants continued using plastic bags despite the ban. Common source of knowledge about the ban was mass media (42%). About 80% were aware of the negative effects of plastic use and 70% were aware that plastics are non-bio-degradable. Statistically significant association was found between various socio demographic factors with the use of plastic bags. Alternate eco-friendly bags usage was found among 48% of respondents.Conclusions: Good awareness level about the ill effects of plastic use and its ban was observed but the level of implementation in their daily life was poor. Even after the preparatory period of six months given to get accustomed to eco-friendly alternatives, the use of plastic bags still remains rampant. IEC activities need to be intensified to bring about changes in the attitude and practice of plastic use.
Assessment of quality of life of geriatric population in Nawabganj, Unnao
Authors: Raazi Jamil , Rahman Ayesha K.
Published: December 2019

Background: The quality of life (QOL) among geriatrics is a neglected issue especially in developing countries including India. It is a broad-ranging concept affected in a complex way by the individual's physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships, and their relationships to the environment. The study was done to assess the QOL and morbidity patterns of people aging 60 or above in urban Nawabganj, Unnao and to correlate the QOL with various sociodemographic factors.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 220 elderly subjects in urban field practice area of Saraswati Medical College, Unnao from February to April 2018. The data on QOL was assessed by World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF (WHOQOL-BREF). The socio-demographic characteristics and morbidity conditions were recorded by using structured questionnaire. The independent sample t test was used to compare the mean scores.Results: A total of 220 subjects participated in the study. Majority (64.09%, 141) were in the 60-69 years’ age-group. Around 40% of the total was males and 64.54% (142) were literate. About 2/3 of them 62.72%, (138) lived with their partners and 66.81% (147) lived in nuclear families. The most common morbidity was musculoskeletal problems (44.54%) followed by hypertension (36.81%) and diabetes (28.63%). The independent t-test showed that QOL was significantly low among those in illiterate, those living in nuclear families and those living separate, widow/widower and divorced.Conclusions: The quality of life score of geriatric population was found to be average with the lowest score in social relationships.
Assessment of immunization status of 12 to 23 months old children in rural Patna
Authors: Rahman Ayesha K. , Raazi Jamil
Published: December 2019

Background: For immunization to be effective in decreasing the cases of vaccine preventable diseases and deaths, every child needs to be fully immunized. The present study was conducted with an objective to assess the immunization status and vaccination coverage of 12-23 months old children in the rural areas of Patna district.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in the rural areas of Patna. The study was conducted using 30 cluster technique. The proforma designed by UNICEF was used as a study tool.Results: The vaccination coverage for bacille calmette guerin, pentavalent 1, 2 and 3 and measles were respectively 93.63%, 98.18%, 90%, 84.54% and 76.36%. The proportions of fully immunized children were 80.90%, partially immunized 19.10% and no unimmunized children. The dropout rate was 9.7% for BCG-DPT3, 14.56% for BCG-Measles and 13.83% for DPT1-DPT3.Conclusions: Although the vaccination coverage shows higher coverage but the dropout rates are still more than acceptable standards.
A study on the effectiveness of educational intervention regarding first aid management of selected medical emergencies among adolescents at a school in Kolkata
Authors: Das Kuroram , Pal Arkaprovo , Dasgupta Aparajita , Bandyopadhyay Lina , Paul Bobby , Mandal Shamita , Podder Debayan , Mandal Moumita
Published: December 2019

Background: Preventable medical emergencies and accidents accounts for a major share of mortality worldwide. First-aid is the provision of initial, on spot management for an illness or injury, meted out by a trained person, who is not an expert, till professional medical assistance is available. School children have often been projected as a potentially promising agent for radically revolutionizing the health scenario of our society, if properly mentored. The aim of study was to assess the changes in knowledge and attitude of adolescent school children towards first-aid management, after appropriate educational intervention.Methods: It was a school based quasi-experimental study conducted among 201 adolescent children. Baseline knowledge and attitude about first-aid management of selected medical emergencies were assessed using pre-designed, pre-tested questionnaire. Then, educational intervention was administered in the form of lectures and demonstrations. Post-interventional evaluation was done using the same questionnaire, after two weeks of intervention. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 16.0.Results: Health professionals (29.2%) and teachers (26.1%) were the primary source of knowledge. Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks test was carried out to determine effect of intervention on knowledge and attitude scores of the students. There was a statistically significant increase in knowledge (Z=-10.982, p<0.001) with large effect size (r=0.54) and an increase in attitude, though not statistically significant (Z=-1.949, p=0.05) with small effect size (r=0.09).Conclusions: There is a need for a uniform, interactive module including hands on activities and periodic mock drills to be incorporated as a separate entity to encourage participation.
Uma cosmologia em Nietzsche
Authors: Henriques David Neto Alvaro
Published: December 2019

This paper attempts to compose a cosmology starting from Nietzsche’s thought. In order to so, it is essential to deal with two kinds of “grandnesses” that serve to constitute an idea of world: the forces and the time. For the composition of the framework of a cosmology supported by the thought of the German philosopher, it is fundamental to analyze, firstly, the notions of relational forces – will to power – and the eternal return. After that, a space of conversation between the mentioned philosophical descriptions and some speculations generated by the modern quantum physics will be proposed, especially those derived from the string theory. It is not expected, with this theoretical conversation, the defense of some “scientific firmness” crossed in the thought of Nietzsche, or the argument that the philosopher advanced conclusions that collaborated with this branch of physics. In fact, the points of convergence – if any – among the descriptions are nearest to an attempt of narrating a “reading” of the world: “our own reading”.
Religious conflict and regional autonomy in church establishment and Islamic clothing in West Pasaman and Dharmasraya West Sumatera
Authors: Burhanuddin Nunu , Nurdin Ahmad Ali , Helmy Muhammad Irfan
Published: December 2019

This paper analyses how religious minorities in West Pasaman and Dharmasraya have been disturbed by the implementation of regional autonomy policies. By examining the church establishment and Islamic clothing enactment in the region as case studies, the paper shows that the conflicts between Muslims and Christians were caused by the discriminatory regional regulations against minority groups. This study uses an ethnographic approach, consisting of interviews and extensive observational research in the research site to collect the data. The article argues that the implementation of local government policies such as the very strict requirement to establish church and Islamic clothing regulations for students have negative impacts on the harmonious relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims in the region. Thus, local government officers should take into consideration minority and majority-group relationships in creating regional religious regulations. Penelitian ini menganalisa bagaimana kaum minoritas agama di Pasaman Barat dan Dharmasraya terusik dengan implementasi kebijakan otonomi daerah. Dengan mengkaji aturan pendirian gereja dan busana Islami sebagai kasusnya, artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa konflik yang terjadi antara Muslim dan Kristen di daerah tersebut disebabkan karena regulasi otonomi daerah yang bersipat diskriminatif bagi kalangan kaum minoritas. Studi ini menggunakan metode etnografi dengan menggunakan wawancara dan observasi yang ekstensif di lokasi penelitian sebagai teknik pengumpulan data. Peneliti berargumen bahwa penerapan kebijakan pemerintahan lokal seperti ketatnya persyaratan membangun rumah ibadah (gereja) dan aturan kewajiban memakai busana Islam bagi pelajar mempunyai implikasi negatif terhadap hubungan antara Muslim dan non-Muslim di daerah tersebut. Karenanya, pemerintah daerah harus berhati hati dan mempertimbangkan hubungan kelompok minoritas-mayoritas dalam membuat aturan daerah yang berhubungan dengan agama.
Fikih Informasi : Muhammadiyah’s Perspective on Guidance in Using Social Media
Authors: Fauzi Niki Alma Febriana , Ayub Ayub
Published: December 2019

This paper examines a recent product of Muhammadiyah’s collective ijtihad, namely Fikih Informasi (fiqh of information).  Fikih Informasi is one of the outcomes of the 30th National Meeting of Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid (Muhammadiyah’s Council of Religious Affairs). Fikih Informasi represents Muhammadiyah’s attempt to provide guidance for its members and the Muslim community at large, on a usage  of  social media whch is based on Islamic teachings. The term fikih  is an Indonesian word adapted from Arabic word fiqh and Majelis Tarjih’s understanding of the term does not entirely resemble the classical concept of fiqh as understood by majority of Muslim jurists. For this reason, in the first instance  this article will explore Majelis Tarjih’s conception of the word fikih then will proceed to examine its application in the context of social media usage. During this process, the paper will argue that Majelis Tarjih employs the term fikih in its literal and Qur’anic meaning rather than using it in its technical sense. As a result, instead of merely referring fikih as the body of legal provisions which it represents, Majelis Tarjih presents fikih as a comprehensive guidance tool, consisting of three level of hierarchically structured norms. As a consquence, Fikih Informasi is not only contains “dos and donts” but also the philosophical principles and sets of values to which users of social media should adhere. In these contexts, this paper critically discusses the limitations of Fikih Informasi, both in its framework and as well as in its content.
Minority Muslims and freedom of religion: Learning from Australian Muslims’ Experiences
Authors: Arifin Syamsul , Bachtiar Hasnan , Fuad Ahmad Nur , Tongat Tongat , Wahyudi Wahyudi
Published: December 2019

This paper aims to examine the position of ummah while Muslims are living as minority in Australia. This paper argues that Australia as a secular and multicultural state has supported the development of ummah. There are some reasons to deal with this argument: first, the state consistently protects, respects and fulfils the right to the freedom of religion of all citizens because it ratified some international human rights documents; second, the state administrators have shown their professionalism in their daily life activity in terms of implementing the state law enforcement; third, although there are minor cases of religious discrimination that have been imposed by a minority group of fundamentalist Christian, they can be mitigated through the larger involvements of Muslims in the process of social development such as organising interreligious dialogues, discussions on religious tolerance, which significantly has been conditioned by the societal context of multiculturalism in Australia; fourth, a Muslim intellectual in Australia is totally pro-human rights.
Kuraklık Riski Altındaki Havzalarda Gölet Haznelerinin Tasarımı: Seyhan Havzasında Bir Uygulama
Authors: KESKİNER Ali Demir , ÇETİN Mahmut , ŞİMŞEK Mehmet , AKIN Sabri
Published: December 2019

Gölet hazne tasarımlarında, olasılıklı havza su
verimleri kullanılmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında, kuraklığa eğilimli havzalarda
gölet hazne tasarımlarında kullanılacak uygun olasılık düzeyinin belirlenmesi
amaçlanmıştır. Meteoroloji gözlem istasyonlarının yıllık toplam yağış serilerine, frekans analizi uygulanmıştır. İstasyonların
%50, %80 ve %90 olasılıklı beklenen yağışları ve Normalin Yüzdesi İndeksi kuraklık sınıflarına karşılık
gelen eşik yağış değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Bu değerler, CBS ortamında Ordinary Cokriging yöntemi ile haritalanarak
M. Turc yöntemine göre yüzey
akış haritaları oluşturulmuştur. Yüzey akışların, hipsometrik eğrileri
çizilmiştir. %80 ve %90 olasılıkla
beklenen akımların hipsometrik eğrileri “Hafif“
ve “Orta Şiddette” kuraklık sınıfına
karşılık gelen eşik yağış akımlarını, %50 olasılıklı akımlar ise “Normal ve Üzeri-Risk Yok” kuraklık sınıfı
eşik üstü akımları temsil etmiştir. Kuraklığa eğilimli Seyhan Havzasında gölet hazne
tasarımlarında, %50 olasılıklı havza su verimlerinin kullanılması uygun
bulunmamıştır. Maliyetleri azaltmak için, %80 veya %90 olasılıklı yüzey
akışların kullanılması önerilmiştir.
Mekanistik-Ampirik ve Geleneksel Beton Yol Tasarım Yöntemlerinin Karşılaştırılması: Afyon-Emirdağ Deneme Kesimi
Authors: ŞENGÜN Emin , ÖZTÜRK Hande İşık , YAMAN İsmail Özgür
Published: December 2019

Türkiye’nin Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü bünyesindeki ilk beton yol uygulaması
olan Afyon-Emirdağ kesimi derzli donatısız beton kaplama olarak Belçika Katalog
yöntemine göre tasarlanmıştır. Bu tasarım, hem geleneksel Amerikan Devlet
Karayolu ve Taşımacılık İdareleri Birliği ampirik tasarım yöntemi (AASHTO 93);
hem de mekanistik-ampirik (M-E) üstyapı tasarım yöntemi ile yeniden analiz
edilerek, mevcut yol üzerinden aralıklarla ölçülen düzgünsüzlük (IRI) değerleri
ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Saha ölçümleri ile M-E analizleri sonucu tahmin edilen
IRI değerlerinin birbirine oldukça yakın olduğu tespit edilmiştir. M-E
analizleri sonucunda mevcut yolun servis sürecinde düzgünsüzlük ve faylanma
performans kriterlerine göre sınır değerleri aşacağı, ancak enine çatlak
yönünden sınır değerler içinde kalacağı öngörülmüştür.
Experimental Investigation of Scour Hole Characteristics for Different Shapes of Piers Caused by Flood Hydrograph Succeeding Steady Flow
Authors: TÜRKBEN Aslı , GÜNEY Mehmet Şükrü
Published: December 2019

In this study, the scour depth and dimensions of the scour hole around different shaped piers for the cases of hydrographs succeeding steady flow were studied experimentally. The experiments were carried out by using circular, square, rectangular, lenticular and rectangular with trapezoidal nose to compare the various scour hole geometries at the same flow conditions. Numerous experiments were conducted in a rectangular flume (18.6 m long, 0.80 m wide and 0.75 m deep) with different triangular shaped hydrographs. The flume bed of 26 cm thickness consists of uniform graded material with D50 =1.68 mm. The experiments were carried out in clear water conditions. The temporal variations of the equilibrium scour depths in front of the pier and the scour hole dimensions were recorded by two different cameras. The equilibrium scour depths at lateral sides and downstream of the piers were also measured. Regression analysis was performed in order to derive empirical relations to predict temporal variations of the scour depth in the case of unsteady flow. The shape factor values were also investigated based on the experimental findings and the obtained values were compared to those available in literature. The performance of the obtained empirical relation for circular pier was tested by using limited experimental data available in the literature. The smallest scour hole was observed for the rectangular with trapezoidal noses pier. The increase in the scour hole dimensions for other cross-sections was in the following order: rectangular with circular noses, circular, square and rectangular piers.
Evrensel Taban Varsayımı Üzerine Gözlemler
Authors: ÖZGEN Murat
Published: December 2019

Evrensel Taban
Varsayımı tüm dillerin temelde aynı dizilişe sahip olduğunu öne süren bir
varsayımdır. Bu varsayım, temelde değiştirgene dayalı sözcük dizilişi
görünümlerinden arındığı için yetinmeci olduğu kadar alanyazında sık sık
tartışılan da bir konudur. Bu varsayım üzerindeki kutuplaşma, evrensel tabanın
temelde hangi dizilişle başladığı konusundaki incelemeleri ve deneysel
gözlemleri arttırmıştır. Kutbun bir tarafında, Kayne (1994, 2010) Çizgisel Örtüşme Belitini (Linear
Correspondence Axiom) önermiş ve tüm NE (=OV) dizilişlerinin aslında EN (=VO)
dizilişinden sola doğru taşımalarla türetildiğini belirtmiştir. Diğer kutupta
ise, Haider (1997, 2000, 2013), Barbiers (2000) ile Fukui ve Takano (1998,
2000) gibi araştırıcılar NE-tabanlı bir diziliş önermiş ve bu dizilişin EN’yi
türetmek için yalnızca eylemi taşıması gerektiğinden daha basit bir diziliş
olduğunu savunmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı ‘EN temel diziliştir’ savına ilişkin
temel sayıltıları Türkçe üzerinden tartışıp savları yeniden değerlendirmektir.
Saltbiçim İşlemleri ve Taban Biçimleme
Authors: KUNDURACI Aysun
Published: December 2019

Bu çalışma Türkçede ayrıklık (separationism, Beard, 1995: anlam ve biçimin ayrı
düzlemselliği) ve ayrıklığın Türkçe gibi bitişimli dillerdeki önemi üzerinedir.
Çalışma, anlam içermeyen saltbiçimsel
(morphomic, Aronoff, 1994) türetimleri incelemektedir. Örneğin okuyucu sözcüğü, kök biçimin (oku-) anlamı ve amaçlanan çıktı anlam
‘okuyucu: okuma eylemini yapan’ dışında bir anlam içermese de, yapı, amaçlanan
anlamla etkileşen -CI eklenmesinden
önce bir biçim daha içermektedir: -I eklenmesi
ile okuyu-. Bu gibi oluşumlarda anlam
güdüsüz biçimsel işlemler devrededir, güdü yalnızca ulamsal ve biçimseldir.
Yukarıda okuyucu’dan önce elde edilen
okuyu- gibi türevlerdeki -I eklenmesi, alanyazınında fark edilmeyerek,
sonrasındaki -CI, -lI gibi eklerle birlikte algılanmıştır:
*-ICI gibi. Oysaki, -I gibi özerk eklenmeler, biçimyapısı
açısından önemlidir: (i) Anlam-biçim ayrıklığını, (ii) bağımlı ön/arabiçimleri
ve (iii) biçimyapısının taban koşullarını ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Saltbiçimsel
işlemler, ayrıca, kimi bilişsel dilbilim modellerinin (örn. van Langendonck, 2007) biçimsel dilbilim
modellerini eleştirirken değindiği görüntüsellik ilkesine de açıkça aykırıdır;
dilin yapısının dünya kavramlarına bağımlı olmadığı,  kendine özgü olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Sadness Metaphors and Metonymies in Turkish Body Part Idioms
Authors: BAŞ Melike , BÜYÜKKANTARCIOĞLU Nalan
Published: December 2019

This study examines the conceptualizations of
the negative emotion sadness in Turkish body part idioms. More specifically, it
addresses two main problems: (i) distribution of the body part terms used in idioms to
express sadness, and (ii) conceptual metaphors and metonymies underlying the
body part idioms that express sadness. The
data of the study includes the idioms, which contain body part terminologies
and communicate sadness. Conceptual metaphors and metonymies were identified
following Barcelona (1997) and Kövecses (2000). The findings reveal that the body parts heart (yürek, kalp) and
liver/lung (ciğer) are more productive in Turkish for the conceptualization of
sadness. Among the conceptual mappings identified, physical damage is the most typical one with the highest
number of linguistic items. Turkish data provide insights on the
cultural-cognitive model of sadness, as well as on the embodied nature of
emotions.
A Comparative Study of Low-Level Laser Therapy and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation as an Adjunct to Pharmaceutical Therapy for Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Mansourian Arash , Pourshahidi Sara , Sadrzadeh-Afshar Maryam-Sadat , Ebrahimi Hooman
Published: December 2019

Objectives: Myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS) is the most common form of temporomandibular disorders. Because of the multifactorial nature of the problem, its management usually involves several treatment modalities to maximize their synergistic effects. This randomized clinical trial aimed to assess the efficacy of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) as an adjunct to pharmaceutical therapy for treatment of MPDS.
Materials and Methods: This clinical trial evaluated 108 MPDS patients. First, the initial pain intensity of patients was determined using a visual analogue scale (VAS). The first phase of the study included education, awareness, self-care, behavior and relaxation therapy. After 1 month, the pain score was measured again using VAS. Patients who acquired a pain score >1 were divided into three groups of LLLT with diode (GAAlAr) laser with 0.2 W power, TENS, and control, using block randomization. All groups received 10 mg fluoxetine once daily, 0.25 mg clonazepam once daily and 10 mg baclofen three times a day. ANOVA was used to compare the recovery rate of the three groups.
Results: Pain in the trapezius muscle and pain on mouth opening resolved faster in the laser + medication group. The recovery rate was faster in the mean muscle pain, general pain reported by patients, pain in the masseter and pterygoid muscles and pain and limitation in lateral movements in both laser + medication and TENS groups.
Conclusion: Combination of LLLT and TENS with medication accelerated pain relief and resolved movement restrictions in MPDS patients.
(IRCT registration number: IRCT201411113144N4)
Microshear Bond Strength of Different Adhesive Systems to Dentin
Authors: Valizadeh Sara , Moradi Aida , Mirazei Mansooreh , Amiri Hooman , Kharazifard Mohammad Javad
Published: December 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the microshear bond strength (µSBS) of various adhesive systems to dentin.
Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, 60 sound human third molars were divided into four groups. Dentin discs were prepared of middle-third dentin measuring 4 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness. Dentin surfaces were bonded with one of the four types of adhesives: (A) Single Bond (3M ESPE), Scotchbond Universal (3M ESPE) in etch and rinse (B) and self-etch (C) modes and (D) Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray Noritake Dental). After the application of adhesive systems according to the manufacturers’ instructions, composite cylinders (Vit-l-escence) were bonded to dentin surfaces. The μSBS test was performed using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α=0.05).
Results: The µSBS was the highest in self-etch Scotchbond Universal (15.8±6.08 MPa) followed by Clearfil SE Bond (15.24±4.6 MPa), etch and rinse Scotchbond Universal (11.68±4.07MPa) and Single Bond (11.24±3.74 MPa). A significant difference was only found between Single Bond and etch and rinse Scotchbond Universal groups (P=0.04).
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, application of Scotchbond Universal in self-etch mode provides a reliable bond to dentin.
Apical Transportation of Mesiobuccal Canals of Maxillary Molars Following Root Canal Preparation with Two Rotary Systems and Hand Files: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomographic Assessment
Authors: Sarraf Pegah , Kiomarsi Nazanin , Haj Taheri Farrokh , Moghaddamzade Behrang , Dibaji Fatemeh , Kharazifard Mohammad Javad
Published: December 2019

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the transportation of the mesiobuccal canal of maxillary molars following root canal preparation with HyFlex CM (HCM) and Edge Taper Platinum (ETP) rotary systems and stainless steel (SS) hand files using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was performed on 48 maxillary molars in three groups of 16. The teeth were mounted in acrylic blocks, and root canals were prepared using HCM in group 1 (up to #30/0.06), ETP in group 2 (up to F3/0.06), and SS hand files in group 3 (up to #30). CBCT scans were taken before and after root canal preparation. The amount of canal transportation was measured at 0, 3, 6, and 9mm from the apex. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests.
Results: The difference in canal transportation at 0 and 6mm from the apex was significant between the HCM and ETP groups (P=0.031 and 0.023) but none of the systems showed any significant difference with hand files at 0- and 6-mm levels (P=0.10, 0.56, 0.22, and 0.50), respectively. At 3mm from the apex, no significant difference was noted among the groups (P=0.30). At the 9-mm level, the amount of canal transportation was not significantly different between HCM and ETP (P=0.83) but they showed significant differences with hand files (P<0.001).
Conclusion: ETP and HCM caused less canal transportation at the curvature of the mesiobuccal canal of maxillary molars compared to hand files. ETP showed superior efficacy in root canal preparation compared to HCM.
Thickness of Buccal and Lingual Alveolar Bone Plates According to the Position of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars on Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Scans
Authors: Parhiz Seyed Alireza , Bakhtiary Pegah , Mosavat Farzaneh , Kharazifard Mohammad Javad
Published: December 2019

Objectives: This study sought to assess the thickness of buccal and lingual alveolar bone plates according to the position of impacted mandibular third molars on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans.
Materials and Methods: Eighty-four CBCT scans of impacted mandibular third molars were evaluated in this retrospective study. All images had been obtained by ProMax 3D CBCT system with the exposure settings of 78 kVp, 12 mA, 16 s time, 0.2 mm voxel size and 10 × 9 cm field of view. The impaction angle of teeth and the thickness of buccal and lingual cortical plates were determined on images by drawing lines in the anterior, middle, posterior, superior, central and inferior regions. Thickness of bone plates was analyzed according to the position of impacted molars relative to the buccal and lingual plates using the Student t-test and relative to the second molars using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test.
Results: In the buccolingual direction, the buccal plate thickness was maximum in lingual position followed by central position, and minimum in buccal position of the teeth. The lingual plate thickness was minimum in horizontal and distoangular positions and maximum in the mesioangular position of impacted teeth.
Conclusion: Risk of lingual plate preformation is higher in surgical removal of impacted third molars with distoangular and horizontal positions. Thus, further attention must be paid by the surgeons to such cases.
Comparison of Primary Mandibular First Molar Crown Dimensions with Stainless Steel Crowns in a Sample of Iranian Children
Authors: Shahrabi Mehdi , Heidari Alireza , Kamareh Sanaz
Published: December 2019

Objectives: Attempts to retain primary teeth have led to introduction of materials and techniques for their preservation such as stainless steel crowns (SSCs). Due to variations in tooth anatomy among different populations, this study compared the buccolingual (BL) to mesiodistal (MD) ratio of primary mandibular first molars with that of SSCs in an Iranian population.
Materials and Methods:  This cross sectional study was conducted on 96 primary mandibular first molars with intact cementoenamel junction, which had been extracted for severe caries. The MD and BL dimensions of the teeth and available maxillary and mandibular SSCs (3M) were measured. Two independent examiners measured the dimensions twice at two different time points using a digital caliper. Data were analyzed by one-sample t-test and McNemar's test via SPSS 21.0 software.
Results: Significant differences were observed in both BL and MD dimensions between teeth and both maxillary and mandibular SSCs (P<0.001). According to McNemar's test, the dimensions of 65.6% of teeth matched those of mandibular SSCs while the dimensions of 38.5% matched those of maxillary crowns. Dimensions of 3.1% of the teeth did not match any of the crowns and in 7.4%, both maxillary and mandibular SSCs were appropriate.
Conclusion: Comparing the variances of BL/MD ratio of teeth with SSCs revealed that the dimensions of two-thirds of the teeth matched those of mandibular SSCs, while the maxillary SSCs were appropriate for the remaining one-third. Significant differences were seen between the size of teeth and both maxillary and mandibular crowns.
Effect of Three Commonly Consumed Beverages on Surface Roughness of Polished and Glazed Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate Glass Ceramics
Authors: Firouz Farnaz , Vafaee Fariborz , Khamverdi Zahra , Khazaei Sara , Ghorbani Gholiabad Somayeh , Mohajeri Mahsa
Published: December 2019

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effect of three commonly consumed beverages on surface roughness of polished and glazed zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) glass ceramics.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 104 rectangular specimens were cut from Vita Suprinity blocks with 2 mm thickness. After ultrasonic cleaning and firing of the specimens, they were finished and polished in two groups. Specimens in the first group were polished using a 2-step polishing kit while the second group specimens were glazed and heated in a porcelain firing oven according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Baseline surface roughness was measured using a profilometer. Specimens in each group were then randomly divided into 4 subgroups (n=13) for immersion in artificial saliva (control group), cola, orange juice and black tea. Surface roughness was measured again and data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA.
Results: The highest and the lowest mean Ra were found in orange juice and saliva subgroups, respectively in both glazed and polished groups. The Ra values of both polished and glazed groups significantly increased after immersion in orange juice and cola (P<0.05). The polished surfaces showed insignificantly higher surface roughness compared with glazed surfaces (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Orange juice and cola significantly increased the surface roughness of both polished and glazed ZLS ceramics. Type of surface finishing (polishing versus glazing) had no significant effect on the surface roughness of specimens following immersion in different beverages.
Design and Development of Dentistry Ethical Codes: Proposed for National Implementation in Iran
Authors: Khorshidian Azam , Larijani Bagher , Ahmad-Akhoundi Mohammad Sadegh , Parsapour Alireza , Ebadi Abbas , Shojaei Amir Ahmad
Published: December 2019

Objectives: The dental profession has a special place of trust in the society, and dental clinicians must adhere to ethical standards in all dental procedures. Ethical conduct is one of the main expectations of individuals from this profession. The aim of this study was to design and develop dental ethical codes for national implementation in Iran.
Materials and Methods:  This qualitative study was performed using directed content analysis method and purposive sampling. Data were collected until saturation through 15 semi-structured face-to-face individual interviews and two expert panels with academic staffs from dental faculties in Tehran, Iran.
Results: Data were classified into five principles and 90 codes. The principles included consideration of patients’ interest as a priority, respect for human dignity and patient autonomy, confidentiality of patient information, the excellence of knowledge and skills, and building trust.
Conclusion: The ethical codes for Iranian dentists were drafted considering Islamic teachings and the prevailing culture. Some codes were exclusively developed for the cultural atmosphere of Iran especially on topics such as interaction with patients previously treated by other dentists. Some codes addressed the principles of consultation and continuing the therapeutic communication with such patients. Some items have not been considered in codes released by other associations, such as religious considerations in Islamic cover and alcohol consumption that were taken into consideration in this draft. These codes can serve as a guide for professional practice of dentists. It seems that these sets can help us reach the standardized code.
Oral Rehabilitation in Irradiated Patients: Implant- or Tooth-Supported Fixed Prosthesis? A Clinical Report
Authors: Allahyari Somayeh
Published: December 2019

Cranial radiotherapy has several side effects. One of the most important complications is radiation caries that endangers the treatment prognosis. In the literature, the use of crowns and bridges for irradiated patients has been suggested as a contraindication. In addition, due to the risk of osteoradionecrosis (ORN), there are doubts about tooth extraction and implant placement. Here, we present a treatment sequence and recalls for an irradiated young patient. For irradiated patients, it is recommended to replace teeth with implants when there is no possibility for supragingival prosthetic margin.
Microleakage of a Self-Adhesive Flowable Composite, a Self-Adhesive Fissure Sealant and a Conventional Fissure Sealant in Permanent Teeth with/without Saliva Contamination
Authors: Sadat Hosseinipour Zohre , Heidari Alireza , Shahrabi Mehdi , Poorzandpoush Kiana
Published: December 2019

Objectives: Application of fissure sealants is a practical method for prevention of occlusal pit and fissure caries. Microleakage is an important factor affecting the success of fissure sealant treatment. This study aimed to assess the microleakage of a self-adhesive flowable composite, a self-adhesive fissure sealant and a conventional fissure sealant in permanent teeth with/without saliva contamination.
Materials and Methods: This in vitro, experimental study evaluated 108 extracted human third molars, which were randomly divided into six groups (n=18) of control, Denu-Seal conventional fissure sealant applied on etched enamel with/without saliva contamination, Vertise Flow self-adhesive flowable composite applied on rinsed and dried enamel with/without saliva contamination and Prevent Seal self-adhesive fissure sealant applied on rinsed and dried enamel with/without saliva contamination. Microleakage was assessed using the dye penetration technique and subsequent observation of samples under a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey’s test.
Results: Microleakage of the conventional fissure sealant with/without saliva contamination was significantly lower than that of other groups (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Microleakage of the conventional fissure sealant is less than that of self-adhesive fissure sealant and self-adhesive composite, irrespective of saliva contamination.
The Burden of Cystic Echinococcosis in Kenya: A Review Article
Authors: Beigom KIA Eshrat , Felix OUMA Francan , Siteti MULAMBALAH Chrispinus , OKOTH Patrick Kirsteen
Published: December 2019

Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l), is a zoonotic parasitic disease with a worldwide distribution. Kenya is one of the high endemic countries of CE with the endemic areas in the country being under immense occupation of traditional pastoralists. Turkana area in Kenya, has in the past recorded the highest prevalence of CE in the world.
Methods: The keywords cystic echinococcosis; Prevalence; Diagnosis; Risk-factors; Kenya were searched on google scholar and PubMed and the important literature materials retrieved for further analysis.
Results: The most notable infection risk factor for this disease in the country is the close association between man, dogs, and livestock. Successful control of CE in Kenya requires application of innovative interventions achieved after the review of the disease situation in the country. With the emergence and advent of new diagnostic techniques, CE organ-specific infections and transmission pattern in Kenya differ from what is commonly reported in literature.
Conclusion: A better understanding of CE prevalence of different hosts, its transmission pattern and the pathogenicity might make it possible to set up more effective control programs in future.
Comparative Morphologic and Morphometric Study on the Developmental Aspects of In Vitro and In Vivo Reared Echino-coccus granulosus Sensu Stricto Using Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)/Nomarski and Phase Contrast Microscopy
Authors: SADJJADI Seyedeh Faezeh , MOTAMEDI Mina , MOHAMMADZADEH Tahereh , SADJJADI Seyed Mahmoud
Published: December 2019

Background: Echinococcus granulosus is a zoonotic parasite with worldwide distribution. The present study focused on comparative morphologic and morphometric observations on the developmental aspects of whole body, more special the reproductive structures of in vitro reared adult worms (RAW) and in vivo reared adult worms in definitive host (AWIDH) using differential interference contrast (DIC)/Nomarski, phase contrast and routine optical microscopy.
Methods: A total number of 10 in vitro and 10 in vivo reared adult worms of E. granulosus sensu stricto, G1 strain were selected. The worms were processed by Formaldehyde-Alcohol-Azocarmine-Lactophenol (FAAL). The details of morphological factors and reproductive structures of each worm including 25 biometrical parameters were studied by routine optical, phase contrast and Nomarski microscopy. The details of the samples were photographed, measured and analyzed. The fine structures of the parasite including the details of cirrus sac and developmental stages in different strobila were more obvious observing by Nomarski microscopy. 
Results: The morphometric characters in the RAW and AWIDH showed that length of immature proglottid, length of mature proglottid, length of suckers are larger in RAW than AWIDH worms with statistical difference. Characters in E. granulosus of RAW and AWIDH showed that total number of segments, number of mature segments and the total number of testes were greater in RAW than AWIDH worms; while only the number of mature segments was statistically different is two groups.
Conclusion: Application of DIC/Nomarski and phase contrast microscopy together with morphometric criteria are useful means for comparing the developmental aspects of in vitro and in vivo reared adults of E. granulosus.
Anti-Leishmanial and Immunomodulatory Effects of Epigallocat-echin 3-O-Gallate on Leishmania tropica: Apoptosis and Gene Expression Profiling
Authors: SADUQI Morteza , SHARIFI Iraj , BABAEI Zahra , KEYHANI Alireza , MOSTAFAVI Mahshid , HAKIMI PARIZI Maryam , GHASEMIAN Mahdiyeh , BAMOROVAT Mehdi , SHARIFI Fatemeh , AFLATOONIAN Mohammad Reza , SHARIFIFAR Fariba , GHASEMI NEJAD Pooya , KHOSRAVI Ahmad , SALARKIA Ehsan , VARMA Rajender S.
Published: December 2019

Background: Pentavalent antimonials such as meglumine antimoniate (MA, Glucantime), are the first-line treatment against leishmaniasis, but at present, they have basically lost their efficacy. This study was aimed to explore epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (EGCG), alone or in combination with MA against Leishmania tropica stages.
Methods: All experiments were carried out in triplicate using colorimetric assay, macrophage model, flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR. This experimental study was carried out in 2017 in Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Results: Promastigotes and amastigotes were more susceptible to EGCG than MA alone, but the effect was more profound when used in combination. EGCG exhibited high antioxidant level with a remarkable potential to induce apoptosis. Furthermore, the results showed that the level of gene expression pertaining to Th-1 was significantly up-regulated (P<0.001).
Conclusion: EGCG demonstrated a potent anti-leishmanial effect alone and more enhanced lethal activity in combination. The principal mode of action entails the stimulation of a synergistic response and up-regulation of the immunomodulatory role towards Th-1 response against L. tropica.
Investigation of Giardia intestinalis Genotypes among the Food Handlers of Qazvin, Iran
Authors: SHAHNAZI Mojtaba , NAGHIZADEH Farzaneh , HAJIALILO Elham , Ali ALIZADEH Safar , SARAEI Mehrzad , ALIPOUR Mahmood
Published: December 2019

Background: We aimed to investigate the genotypes of Giardia intestinalis among the food handlers in Qazvin, Iran.
Methods: Overall, 1530 stool specimens were collected from the food handlers who visited Shahid Bolandian Health Center, Qazvin, Iran during 2016. Specimens were evaluated by microscopic and concentration methods. Twenty specimens with appropriate number of giardia cysts were selected followed by DNA extraction. Determination of giardia genotypes was achieved through PCR and sequencing the glutamate dehydrogenase gene. The phylogenetic tree was drawn using the MEGA7 software. Finally, the data were analyzed statistically with a P-value<0.05 was considered as significant.
Results: Twenty stool samples (1.3%) were positive for Giardia cyst. All positive specimens were obtained from male participants with abdominal cramp being their most common symptoms. The mean age for infected individuals was 32 yr. Molecular characterization was successfully performed for 17 isolates and two genotypes A (AII, 65%) and B (BIII, 35%) were identified.
Conclusion: The most prevalent giardia genotypes among the food handlers in Qazvin were A (AII) and B (BIII) genotypes with A (AII) genotype as the dominant one in the region. Considering the direct association between the food handlers and public health as well as the impact of geographical and host conditions on dispersion and pathogenicity of various genotypes and their zoonotic aspects, further investigations are necessary.
Immune Responses Induced by pVAX/TgERK7 against Toxoplasma gondii Infection in BALB/c Mice
Authors: GUO Hai-Ting , LI Zhong-Yuan , WANG Jin-Lei , GENG Zhao-Yu , ZHU Xing-Quan
Published: December 2019

Background: Toxoplasma gondii can infect all the warm-blooded vertebrates and cause serious toxoplasmosis. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 7 in T. gondii (TgERK7) mediated the proliferation of this parasite may be a potential vaccine candidate. Thus, immune responses induced by TgERK7 were investigated in this study using a DNA vaccine strategy.
Methods: pVAX/TgERK7 plasmid was constructed and used to immunize BALB/c mice for three times with two-week intervals. The challenge and the investigation of humoral and cellular immune responses were performed at two weeks post the last immunization, and the survival times of the infected mice were daily recorded until all of them were dead.
Results: The innate immune response with higher concentrations of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL2 and IL12p70 in sera (P < 0.05), and the adaptive immune responses were evoked by the DNA immunizations, including specific antibody, lymphocyte proliferation, and the CD3e+CD4+ and CD3e+CD8a+ T cell-mediated response effects. Interestingly, no significant difference was detected in their survival times among all the experimental groups of mice that were challenged with GT1 tachyzoites or PRU cysts (P>0.05).
Conclusion: The successive immunizations with pVAX/TgERK7 can provoke the innate and adaptive immune responses of BALB/c mice, whereas the DNA vaccine-induced immunological efficacy is not sufficient for complete protection the host against T. gondii infection.
The Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths in Free-Ranging Canids of Mazandaran, Northern Iran
Authors: SIYADATPANAH Abolghasem , GHOLAMI Shirzad , DARYANI Ahmad , SARVI Shahabeddin , SHARIF Mehdi , SEGUEL Mauricio , BOUNDENGA Larson , AMOUEI Afsaneh , PAGHEH Abdol Sattar , RAHIMI Mohammad Taghi , HOSSEINI Seyed Abdollah , ANVARI Davood
Published: December 2019

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the current knowledge on the epidemiology of importance zoonotic parasitic diseases in free-ranging canids of Mazandaran, north of Iran.
Methods: Overall, 63 small intestinal samples of animals (20 stray dogs and 43 golden jackals) were collected from April 2017 to May 2018. The intestine contents were studied to detect and identify helminth infections. Additionally, 274 fecal samples (130 dogs, 35 fox, 90 golden jackal and 19 wolf) were examined by Sheather's flotation method for detection of Taenia eggs.
Results: Sixty (95.2%) animals were infected with at least one species of intestinal helminth. the intestinal helminths were found in dogs and golden jackals included: Dipylidium caninum (25.3%), Uncinaria stenocephala (52.3%), Ancylostoma caninum (41.2%), Mesocestoides spp. (33.3%) and Toxocara canis (14.2%). In fecal examination, 2.5% of samples contained Taenia eggs, and through a species-specific PCR, 1.09% of these samples were confirmed positive for Echinococcus granulosus.
Conclusion: There is a high prevalence and clear risks of zoonotic helminths in free-ranging carnivores in Mazandaran province, north of Iran. Therefore, understanding the epidemiology of zoonotic parasite infection is useful for health care access both domestic animals and humans health.
Accumulation of CD4 and CD8 T Cells in Placenta of Malaria Infected Mice Induces the Expression of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α) and Low Birth Weight (LBW) of the Fetus
Authors: RAHMAH Zainabur , WAHJU-SARDJONO Teguh , ENGGAR-FITRI Loeki , ULFIATI Adilah , UNGU Bougenvil , ZULHAIDAH-ARTHAMIN Maimun , NORAHMAWATI Eviana
Published: December 2019

Background: Placental malaria involves the sequestration of infected erythrocytes and infiltration of monocytes, helper T cells (CD4), cytotoxic T cells (CD8) as well as T-cell intracellular antigen-1 (TIA-1) in placental intervillous space. These may interferes the nutrient and oxygen transport, causing placental hypoxia and insufficiency that may affect the fetal growth. This study aimed to prove whether the infiltration of lymphocytes in placental malaria mice increases the expression of HIF-1α thus causes fetal Low Birth Weight (LBW).
Methods: Nine pregnant BALB/c mice that infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain on day 9 post mating were used as treatment group and 8 non infected pregnant mice were used as control group. The mice were sacrificed on day 18 post mating; then the fetus was weighed individually and the placentas were isolated separately. Expression of CD4, CD8 and HIF-1α were counted by immunohistochemistry using CD4 monoclonal Ab (Santa cruz, sc-59031 CD4) and CD 8 monoclonal Ab (NeoMarker RM-9116-S0) as well as anti-HIF-1α antibody (H1α67) ChIP Grade from Abcam.
Results: There was a higher expression of CD8, CD4 and HIF-1α in infected placenta compare to normal placenta. Analysis using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) showed expression CD8 and CD4 caused an increase expression of HIF-1α in placenta (t ≥1.96). Expression of HIF-1α caused low fetal weight (t ≥1.96).
Conclusion: In placental malaria, the expression of CD4 and CD8 induce placental hypoxia characterized by increased expression of HIF-1α that causes LBW.