bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Landscape Genetic Approaches to Understanding Movement and Gene Flow in Cities
Authors: Munshi-South Jason , Richardson Jonathan L.
Published: June 2020

Cities are home to a continuum of species that range from those specially adapted to exploit urban habitats, to others passing through as transient dispersers. Urbanization often has a profound impact on the movement and gene flow of these species. Compared to natural landscapes, urban environments are complex matrices of roads, buildings, bare soil, slopes, green space, and subterranean infrastructure. Urban neighbourhoods also vary greatly in their socioeconomic and cultural characteristics. This heterogeneity can lead to complex movement patterns in wildlife that are difficult or impossible to characterize using direct tracking methods. Population genetic analyses provide powerful approaches to evaluate spatial patterns of genetic variation and even signatures of adaptive evolution across the genome. When analysed with landscape, environmental, and socioeconomic data, genetic approaches may also identify which features of urban habitats impede or facilitate gene flow. These landscape genetic approaches, when paired with high-resolution sampling and replicated studies across multiple cities, identify dynamic processes that underpin wildlife movement in cities. This chapter reviews the use of spatially explicit genetic approaches in understanding urban wildlife movement, and highlights the many insights gained from rodents in particular as models for urban landscape genetics.
The Evolutionary Ecology of Mutualisms in Urban Landscapes
Authors: Irwin Rebecca E. , Youngsteadt Elsa , Warren Paige S. , Bronstein Judith L.
Published: June 2020

Mutualisms are critically important in maintaining the biodiversity and functioning of ecosystems. Mutualisms include a diverse array of interactions that result in reciprocal positive effects for both partners, including plant–pollinator, plant–seed disperser, and plant–rhizobia interactions. There is growing recognition that global environmental change can affect the ecological outcomes of mutualisms, but less attention has been paid to how urbanization in particular affects their evolution. This chapter builds from an ecological perspective and considers how urban landscapes may affect the evolutionary ecology of mutualism. It reviews the adaptive evolutionary processes that could affect mutualism in urban landscapes. It then surveys transportation, protection, and nutritional mutualisms to assess how urbanization may affect these mutualistic interactions in an evolutionary framework. The survey described in the chapter highlights a dearth of empirical and theoretical investigations on urban mutualisms from an evolutionary perspective despite potentially strong changes in selection pressures in urban areas. The chapter ends by outlining research directions to further the study of the evolutionary ecology of mutualisms in urban landscapes.
Terrestrial Locomotor Evolution in Urban Environments
Authors: Winchell Kristin M. , Battles Andrew C. , Moore Talia Y.
Published: June 2020

The structural habitat of terrestrial urban environments can differ drastically from environments less impacted by human activities. Whether or not urban species use anthropogenic structures, they are subject to novel selection pressures to effectively locomote. Urban environments are distinctly more open than non-urban habitats, they offer few refuges, and habitat space is patchy with clustered perches. Animals must either change their behaviour to use only natural substrates or contend with manufactured substrates. Arboreal species are particularly impacted because the anthropogenic structures with which they interact, even if infrequently, differ from trees in structural, material, and surface properties. The chapter explores potential adaptive responses to the spatial structure and properties of climbing substrates in urban environments relevant to terrestrial and climbing locomotion. For each, the authors first discuss differences between urban and non-urban terrestrial habitats relevant to locomotion. They then discuss how these differences influence behaviour and locomotor demands, providing a mechanism through which natural selection shapes morphology. Lastly, they discuss the morphological traits most likely to be impacted by these altered demands and predict how natural selection may affect these traits in urban environments based on biomechanical principles. As there have been very few studies investigating urban morphological adaptation related to locomotion, the chapter draws on trait–environment relationships in natural environments. The discussion provides a starting point for developing rigorous hypotheses about functionally relevant trait shifts in urban environments and future directions for investigating locomotor adaptations in urban species.
Prestige and Disdain
Authors: Allon Niv
Published: June 2020

Tomb owners, who may be assumed to be literate, hardly ever show themselves reading or writing in their tombs. The second chapter critically examines the two main prevailing answers in the Egyptological literature and offers a different angle to the problem. It collects the few men who did choose to portray themselves associated with reading and writing, and explores their emphasis on literacy in relation to group boundaries and self-representation. The chapter focuses in its analysis on the emphasis on images of literacy among individuals who, like Haremhab, were engaged with the military in their career.
Deadline and Whereabouts
Authors: De Romanis Federico
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on the time and place of the execution of the recto text of the Muziris papyrus, which is a loan contract signed by a single borrower and a single lender. In the extant column of the recto text, the borrower promises to transport a cargo, first with a camel caravan from the Red Sea to Coptos, then on a ship from Coptos to the customs warehouse of the quarter-tax in Alexandria, where he will put the cargo under the lender’s control. The evidence for ancient maritime loans consists of only a few contracts or texts which somehow summarize their terms. The agreements show differences that are sometimes merely formulaic, sometimes consequential. Despite this variety, however, they show a common feature: they never specify the deadline for the loan repayment with an a priori calendric date. In fact, the elusiveness of the repayment deadline—or, to be more accurate, the dependence of the deadline on the date of the ship’s return—has been a typical characteristic, throughout antiquity, of ‘two-way’ maritime loan contracts.
Adverbial resumptive particles and Verb Second
Authors: Meklenborg Christine
Published: June 2020

All modern Verb Second languages have some sort of resumptive strategy where a fronted element is followed by a resumptive element, pushing the finite verb to third position. This chapter investigates adverbial resumption in a cross-linguistic and diachronic perspective. A fundamental difference is made between specialized and generalized resumptive particles, The chapter shows that there is a resumptive cline which represents an implicational hierarchy. While all the languages that have been investigated accept a resumptive element after a fronted adverbial clause, only some accept resumption after a fronted generalized adverb. This cline seems to be representative also for the diachronic development of the resumptive structure.
Verb Second declaratives, assertion, and disjunction revisited
Authors: Gärtner Hans-Martin , Michaelis Jens
Published: June 2020

This chapter revisits previous work (Gärtner and Michaelis 2010), which discusses the prospects of theories that derive the distribution of V2-declaratives from their affinity with assertive illocutionary force (potential). It reiterates the challenge disjunctive coordination of V2-declaratives poses to commitment-based contruals of assertion. Likewise, it restates the take on this challenge in earlier work which ‘weakens assertion’ to proposition-level intersection with the common ground. Against the backdrop of this proposal, two recent approaches to the ‘disjunction challenge’ are analysed: (i) a feature-transfer mechanism proposed by Julien (2015), which exempts V2-disjuncts from being directly asserted; (ii) a discourse model developed by Antomo (2016), which discards assertion and, instead, requires the content of V2-declaratives to be relevant to the current question(s) under discussion. The chapter shows that both these approaches run up against serious obstacles, compositionality in the former case, the hard to control flexibility of question-answer relations in context in the latter (among other things). It goes on to conclude that the ‘disjunction challenge’ to accounts of the distribution of V2-declaratives still stands.
Relaxed Verb Second in Classical Portuguese
Authors: Galves Charlotte
Published: June 2020

Based on the quantitative and qualitative study of 11 syntactically parsed texts (485,767 words) from the Tycho Brahe Parsed Corpus of Historical Portuguese, this chapter argues that Classical Portuguese, i.e. the language instantiated in texts written in Portugal by authors born in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, is a V2 language of the kind that Wolfe calls ‘relaxed V2 languages’. These are languages in which V1 and V3 sentences coexist with V2 patterns. To account for the sentential patterns observed and their interpretation, a new cartographic analysis of the left periphery is proposed. The existence of sentences in which quantified objects precede fronted subjects suggests that there are two distinct positions in the CP layer to which preverbal phrases can move. The higher one is the familiar Focus category. It is argued that the lower one is neuter with respect to the topic/focus dichotomy and merely encodes a contrast feature. Other constituents can be adjoined at the higher portion of the left periphery where they are interpreted as topics or frames. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the importance of textually diversified corpora as the basis of historical syntactic studies.
The role of variation of verb placement in the input
Authors: Sanfelici Emanuela , Trabandt Corinna , Schulz Petra
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on the acquisition of verb placement in German relative clauses (RCs). Under specific licensing conditions RCs allow for variation in word order: The finite verb can surface either in final or in second position; instances of the latter position are referred to as iV2 structures. To address the question of how children deal with this alternation in the Primary Linguistic Data, a picture-supported delayed-imitation task was developed requiring the repetition of iV2 structures and verb-final RCs, and 23 monolingual German-speaking children aged 3;0 to 3;9 and 21 adults were tested. Children repeated significantly more V-final than iV2 structures correctly and exhibited a robust preference for verb-final RCs over iV2 structures, changing verb placement from V2 to verb-final significantly more often than from verb-final to V2. Adults repeated both verb-final RCs and iV2 structures target-like. It is argued that in the case of variation in the primary linguistic data children opt for the underspecified value that stands in a superset relationship with the other variant. It is proposed that children’s preference for verb-final verb placement, i.e. the superset value, results from the interplay between two factors: (a) an economy-based learning strategy and (b) an early underspecified COMP domain.
The EU Home and Home-Host Dilemma
Authors: Singh Dalvinder
Published: June 2020

This chapter looks at the relationship between the home and host when it comes to resolution of banks. Specifically, it analyses the responsibilities of each when it comes to branches and subsidiaries. This essentially leads to two potential outcomes: group resolution and entity level resolution. The resolution colleges play an important part in informing resolution decisions. However, a significant level of discretion exists and the home resolution authority can play a role that influences the way information is shared. The chapter then explores the role of the ECB and the Single Resolution Board (SRB) in forming the decision of whether a bank is failing or likely to fail. It specifically considers the ability to intervene in the restructuring of banks inside resolution.
Decentralized Judicial Review
Authors: Zglinski Jan
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores the practice of decentralized judicial review and its implications for the European Court of Justice’s relationship with Member State courts. The division of judicial powers in the EU is assessed with a focus on justification and proportionality review. Drawing on the data from the case law survey, the analysis sheds light on the role allocation between European and national judges in free movement disputes. It investigates to what extent the distinctions between law/fact and interpretation/application capture their respective functions. The findings show that the power of Member State courts has grown significantly over time, with the Court of Justice delegating an ever greater number of decisions to the domestic judiciaries. As a result of this, EU free movement law is being increasingly shaped at the national level.
Discovering Passive Virtues
Authors: Zglinski Jan
Published: June 2020

This chapter provides a normative evaluation of the use of deference in free movement law. It pursues the question as to whether the European Court of Justice's increasing withdrawal from exercising substantive scrutiny over national laws is a welcome or worrying trend. The issue touches upon some fundamental questions of EU constitutional law. Since the Treaty of Maastricht, the EU has embraced a number of conflicting constitutional goals. They concern the place of democratic governance, the question of federalism, and the uniformity of European law. The margin of appreciation and decentralized judicial review stand in the crossfire of these developments, which makes delineating an appropriate scope for the two doctrines challenging. The chapter proposes a solution based on the ideas of representation and expertise, which reconciles the fundamental constitutional commitments of the EU with insights from comparative institutional analysis.
Political Accountability: Unsteady Parliamentary Involvement
Authors: Moser Carolyn
Published: June 2020

This chapter takes a look at political accountability for EU peacebuilding activities carried out under the CSDP. It starts with some reflections on parliamentary scrutiny in the domaine réservé, a policy field where parliamentary activity has traditionally been low, but becomes increasingly salient given the growing scope and impact of international policy-making. The chapter then develops a discussion of the fairly limited oversight role of national parliaments regarding EU security and defence. General patterns of parliamentary involvement and particular features of scrutiny related to EU peacebuilding activities are assessed. Afterwards, a thorough analysis of law and practice highlights the enhanced significance of the European Parliament as political forum in the CFSP/CSDP context through a range of formal and informal vehicles which, however, only marginally contribute to parliamentary scrutiny of civilian missions. Lastly, this chapter ascertains the hurdles to interparliamentary cooperation and, in its final section, underscores the significance of effective supranational parliamentary scrutiny of peacebuilding activities in the edifice of Europeanized intergovernmentalism.
The Authority of the Administration
Authors: McLean Janet
Published: June 2020

The authority claims of the administration have undergone radical change with consequences for the shape and content of administrative law. In the seventeenth century, authority was claimed in office, as a means to limit the imposition of the King’s will and to secure the independence of officials, especially the judges. In the eighteenth century, virtue, property, and independence became the basis for office, and the common law sought to enhance such authority through notions of public trust. After the nineteenth-century transition to more centralised and bureaucratic hierarchy, democracy became the new source of authority for the administration, reinforced by the ultra vires doctrine. In each era, the authority claims of the administration have been reflected in the frameworks for judicial supervision. In this way the common law has simultaneously constituted and controlled authority. In the present day we are in the process of rethinking whence administrators derive their legitimate authority and the theoretical foundations of judicial review. Beginning with the authority claims of the administration and framing a juridical response which reflects and tests such claims would be a good place to start.
Public Law Cases and the Common Law
Authors: Young Alison L
Published: June 2020

This chapter argues that, despite the weaknesses of common law reasoning, case law still plays an important role in UK public law. It also explains how weaknesses in common law reasoning are resolved either through developing taxonomies which apply in a rule-like manner, or through moving towards reasoning from first principles. An argument could be made that, at an abstract level, public law is more suited to reasoning from first principles rather than adopting a taxonomical approach. However, this is a weak argument. A stronger argument recognises that specific aspects of public law lend themselves to either a taxonomical or a principled approach, depending on the relative importance of certainty and accuracy; formal and substantive equality and the relative importance of the rule-maker and the rule-applier.
Proceduralism and Automation
Authors: Harlow Carol , Rawlings Richard
Published: June 2020

In this chapter, we argue that administrative procedure has become a central organising concept for administrative law. Our first theme is the steady proceduralisation of public administration experienced in recent years, in the framework of a relationship between courts and administration which we present as a two-way, non-hierarchical process. We look first at internal drivers to proceduralisation emanating from administration, notably the managerial reforms of the 1980s and the rise of regulation as a standard governance technique. We then turn to the contemporary case law of judicial review, focussing on the judicial response to, and stimulus for, administrative proceduralism. Our second theme is the idea of procedures as a repository for values and of values as an important, though often subliminal, driver of administrative procedure. We look at the potential for exchange as well as dissonance between public administration and administrative law. Our third theme concerns challenges to administrative law from the technological revolution currently under way. The impact of automation on public administration was at first rather modest; today, however, technology is taking great leaps forward—from computerisation to artificial intelligence and beyond. The innovations have so far been welcomed as beneficial—faster and more consistent administration, swifter and less costly courts and tribunals. It is time to recognise that we are facing a paradigm change, in which key values and procedures of administrative law, such as transparency, accountability, individuation, and due process, will need to be supported and sustained.
The Foundations of the Duty to Give Reasons and a Normative Reconstruction
Authors: Mendes Joana
Published: June 2020

Despite operating in highly constrained legal environments, executive actors may act in a constitutive capacity. This observation prompts a critical assessment of the role of procedural principles in EU administrative law. As norms of conduct deployed by executive bodies during the process of implementing norms, procedural principles may have legal dimensions that, while constitutionally relevant, may not come to the fore in judicial review. The chapter develops this argument with regard to the multifaceted character of the duty to give reasons. It argues that the duty to give reasons ought to ensure the constitutional embeddedness of the constitutive action of EU executive bodies. Such role is consistent both with the original relevance of the duty to give reasons to the law of integration (in the context of the European Coal and Steel Community) and with the current EU constitutional framework. The latter justifies reinstituting the original constitutional function of the duty to give reasons, irrespective of its current scope in the context of judicial review.
Six Dimensions of Public Law
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: June 2020

This chapter draws on the six dimensions of public law covered in the book: theory, institutions and accountability, constitutions and rights, process and procedure, legislation, and case law. It links discussion of these dimensions, by considering how they have been affected by Brexit. The chapter is not concerned with the contending arguments for leaving or remaining in the European Union. The focus is on the way in which Brexit has ‘pressure-tested’ the public law regime in the United Kingdom and the European Union. The six dimensions of public law that are discussed in the preceding chapters form the architectural frame through which the impact of Brexit on the public law regimes is assessed in both the United Kingdom and the European Union.
The Seal of Polycrates
Authors: Platt Verity
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores Kittler’s claim that media provide models and metaphors for the senses, as well as ‘gadgets’ for conceptualizing the soul. Drawing on the role of the seal-ring (daktylios), in Greek philosophical models of sense perception, memory, and knowledge acquisition, together with examples of classical intaglios, it explores how practices of sealing were fundamental to the ‘cultural techniques’ (Kulturtechniken) through which Greek society reflected upon its own practices of transmission and communication. As ‘indexical’ devices, seals anticipate the later development of printing, sound recording, photography, and film, offering a prehistory of analogue technologies that operate by means of the stamp, imprint, or trace. These themes are explored in relation to Herodotus’ tale of the seal of Polycrates, which is read as a Kittlerian ‘discourse on discourse channel conditions’ in which the materiality, facture, and instrumentality of the tyrant’s ring invite reflection upon the text’s formation of its own systems of inscription and communication. The episode’s later reappearance in Posidippus’ ekphrastic Lithika demonstrates how, in operating as an interface for the transmission of data between different media, the seal and its impression also constituted antiquity’s archetypal intermedial device across the ‘discourse networks’ of the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods.
Metaphysics and the Mathematical Diagram
Authors: Kennedy Duncan F.
Published: June 2020

Accounts of geometry are caught between the demands of history and philosophy, and are difficult to reduce to either. In a profoundly influential move, Plato used geometrical proof as one means of bootstrapping his Theory of Forms and what came to be called metaphysics, and the emergence of ontological modes of thinking. This has led to a style of thinking still common today that gets called ‘mathematical Platonism’. By contrast, the sheer diversity of mathematical practices across cultures and time has been adduced to claim their historical contingency, which has recently prompted Ian Hacking to question why there is philosophy of mathematics at all. The different roles assigned to geometrical diagrams in these debates form the focus of this chapter, which analyses in detail the contrasting discussions of diagrams, and of the linearization and spatialization of thinking, by Plato (especially Meno and the Republic), by the cognitive historian Reviel Netz, the media theorist Sybille Krämer, and the anthropologist Tim Ingold.
Comparing Interpretations of States’ and Non-State Actors’ Obligations Toward Cultural Heritage in Armed Conflict and OccupationMilitary Manuals and the Law of War
Authors: Varner Elizabeth
Published: June 2020

The 1954 Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (1954 Hague Convention) remains the leading treaty on the treatment of cultural heritage during armed conflict and occupation. After several decades of relative dormancy, eleven States have joined the 1954 Hague Convention in the last decade, including two major military powers: the United States and the United Kingdom. In addition to the 1954 Hague Convention, a host of laws touch on the protection of cultural property in armed conflict, as well as those under customary international law. Nonetheless, there are disagreements in interpretations of States’ obligations toward cultural property during armed conflict stemming from a variety of factors. These factors can include: whether States are Parties to the instrument that conveys the obligation or if the obligation is one of customary international law, which itself is often contested; the individual State’s interpretation; interpretation by tribunals; and a plethora of other factors. Given these discrepancies in interpretation, a review of States’ military manuals is useful to see if they shed any light on the State’s interpretation of their obligations toward cultural property under the law of armed conflict (LOAC) and international obligations in LOAC more generally. This chapter will analyze and compare the military manuals of the United States and the United Kingdom to determine how they elucidate several key issues in the protection of cultural property during armed conflict, such as the definition of ‘cultural property’, requirements for ‘respect’, the doctrine of military necessity, and laws applicable in non-international armed conflicts.
Military Intervention, the UN Security Council, and the Role of UNESCOThe Case of Mali
Authors: Schorlemer Sabine von
Published: June 2020

Intentional destruction of cultural heritage by extremist non-State actors—be it by the Taliban in Afghanistan, the Islamic State (ISIS or ISIL) in Syria, Iraq, and Libya, or Boko Haram in Nigeria—is on the rise. Using the destruction of cultural heritage in Mali in 2012–13 as a case study, this chapter argues that the creation of the self-proclaimed independent State of ‘Azawad’ in Mali became a ‘test case’ for the United Nations’ will and capacity to prevent further destruction of world cultural heritage, and it also analyzes the legal foundation of the 2013 French military Operation Serval in Mali. It also discusses the responsibility to protect as applied to cultural heritage, evaluates the subsequent deployment of the United Nations MINUSMA, and evaluates the mandate given by UN Security Council Resolution 2100 (2013), the first in UN history that included comprehensive protection of cultural and historical sites as a task of a UN peacekeeping operation. Therefore, the chapter reviews critically not only the mandate of MINUSMA, but also its potential relevance concerning future culture-embedded UN peace missions, and also contributes to the debate of the usefulness of more ‘robust’ cultural protection action by the United Nations.
The Role of UNESCO in the Elaboration and Implementation of International Art, Cultural Property, and Heritage Law
Authors: Carducci Guido
Published: June 2020

This chapter analyzes the role of UNESCO in the elaboration and implementation of its international law instruments (conventions, recommendations, declarations) concerning artifacts, cultural property, and heritage. The elaboration of such instruments is not a simple matter. It requires, first, a clear decision from the majority of Member States that such elaboration is desirable; second, significant preparatory work from the UNESCO’s Secretariat to submit a first draft; third and throughout the elaboration of the instrument, negotiation of each of the draft text’s provisions among the numerous Member States’ legal and cultural property (or heritage) experts. Once the elaboration is completed and the General Conference of UNESCO adopts the instrument in its final version, UNESCO’s role then starts as to the implementation of its conventions by States Parties.
The UN Security Council, the Human Rights Council, and the Protection of Cultural HeritageA Matter of Peace and Security, Human Rights, or Both?
Authors: Hausler Kristin
Published: June 2020

The UN Security Council and the UN Human Rights Council have increasingly addressed the destruction of cultural heritage in recent years, reflecting an expanded focus on cultural heritage protection across the UN system. This chapter examines the approaches of these two bodies to cultural heritage destruction and explores how their approaches have mutually reinforced each other but also reflected their different mandates: international peace and security and international human rights, respectively. This chapter starts with an analysis of some of the key Human Rights Council resolutions on the matter, as well as the work of its special procedures, in particular the Special Rapporteur in the Field of Cultural Rights. It then looks at the resolutions of the Security Council both to assess the manner in which the Security Council has introduced cultural heritage destruction to the peace and security agenda and also to identify whether the Security Council has additionally addressed such destruction as a human rights violation. The chapter concludes with discussion of whether a human rights approach to cultural heritage destruction should be adopted more widely.
The Non-existence of the External World
Authors: Westerhoff Jan
Published: June 2020

This chapter begins with an investigation of the reasons for the presumed certainty of the existence of the external, mind-independent world around us, and considers a selection of arguments directed against the existence of such an external world. I begin by arguing that we do not need to postulate an external world in order to justify the illusion–reality distinction, or to explain the coherence, intersubjectivity, and efficacy of our perception. The second main part of the chapter focuses on the discussion of different theories of perception (naïve realism, disjunctivism, representationalism) and the ontologies they involve, arguing that ultimately a kind of brain-based representationalism (referred to as irrealism) works best as a theory of perception but that this, somewhat surprisingly, also undermines the justification of a mind-independent world of material objects.
Balancing Scenarios
Authors: Ausloos Jef
Published: June 2020

Having defined the mechanics of (GDPR) balancing in Chapter 5, this chapter explores three concrete balancing scenarios. The three scenarios are selected based on their prevalence in the information society services (ISS) context, and on the different types of entities they generally represent: (a) commercial interests, mainly relating to the ISS provider; (b) information freedoms, mainly relating to third parties such as users of the ISS provider; and (c) research and security interests, mainly representing a shared or common interest. It appears from a combined reading of the GDPR, policy documents, and CJEU case law that as a general rule, commercial interests cannot trump data subjects’ interests when exercising their right to erasure or to object. When these rights affect the information freedoms of third parties, the GDPR requires powerful ISS providers to take up their responsibility, but only insofar as they actually control the respective information processing operations. In order for research interests to be able to override data subject rights, it will generally have to be carried out in the public interest and severely hampered by anonymization. With regard to security interests, finally, the processing will have to be strictly necessary, effective, and proportionate. Overall, this chapter clearly demonstrates how fair balancing is an inherently open-ended legal exercise. The GDPR tries to provide some structure, inter alia by setting clear defaults in favour of different rights, freedoms or interests that might be particularly at risk in certain situations.
The Machinery of the Andrew of Caesarea Tradition
Authors: Allen Garrick V.
Published: June 2020

Although ubiquitous and informative, titles are not the only paratextual item that define Revelation’s manuscripts. An even more conspicuous force on the shape of Revelation’s interpretation and transmission is the commentary initially produced by the late sixth-/early seventh-century Archbishop of Cappadocian Caesarea, Andrew. This chapter maps the features of the late-antique Andrew of Caesarea commentary tradition, not only its explicit commentary, but also the prologue, kephalaia tables, epilogue, intertitles, and textual divisions. Different parts of the Andrew tradition appear in variegated ways in different manuscripts, but nearly half of all of Revelation’s Greek manuscripts maintain at least parts of the Andrew’s apparatus. Commentary manuscripts are a key part of the New Testament tradition that provide an array of information that informs reception-historical enquiry.
The Future of the Apocalypse and the Apocalypse of the Future: Conclusions and Prospects
Authors: Allen Garrick V.
Published: June 2020

This final chapter summarizes the findings of the volume, arguing that New Testament scholars ought to re-engage the manuscript tradition in new ways, that paratexts are valuable sources of information for a bevy of critical questions, and that there is much work to be done in this area. The chapter muses on the significance of these studies for the future of the book of Revelation and thinks about the book of Revelation of the future. This chapter informs a number of pressing concerns and contributes to a larger discourse in the humanities about the nature and function of editions, changing technology and critical praxis, and the mediated nature of all literary enterprises. It concludes by exploring possible areas for future research and contemplating the shape and functionalities of future editions of the New Testament.
The Moral Challenge of Radical Asymmetry
Authors: Renic Neil C.
Published: June 2020

This chapter summarizes the main contentions of the book. This begins with an examination of the enduring role of reciprocal risk in the nature of war, followed by its more specific role in the moral justifications for battlefield violence. The historical challenge of asymmetry will also be examined. The chapter will then outline the theoretical and empirical challenge of radically asymmetric violence. It argues that in both significance and implications, the moral tension generated by the UAV-exclusive violence of the United States is qualitatively distinct from previous episodes of asymmetry. The chapter concludes by exploring the potential of radical asymmetry to undermine essential restraints between warring parties.
Quantum Superposition and Entanglement
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail
Published: June 2020

In this chapter, the notion of quantum superposition of states is introduced through the example of a polarized photon. This brings out the novel feature that the state of the system depends on how the experiment is set up. The paradoxical consequences of quantum superposition, such as a cat can be simultaneously dead and alive, are also discussed. This is the essence of the famous Schrödinger’s cat paradox. This description motivates another important consequence of quantum mechanical description of the multiple objects, namely, their ability to exist in an entangled state. The properties of the two objects can remain entangled no matter how far away they are from each other and thus have the ability to influence each other. After discussing these aspects of quantum mechanics, the application of quantum entanglement to novel phenomena of quantum teleportation and quantum swapping are presented.
Quantum Computing I
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail
Published: June 2020

A remarkable application of quantum mechanical concepts of coherent superposition and quantum entanglement is a quantum computer which can solve certain problems at speeds unbelievably faster than the conventional computer. In this chapter, the basic principles and the conditions for the implementation of the quantum computer are introduced and the limitations imposed by the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics and the inevitable decoherence phenomenon are discussed. Next the basic building blocks, the quantum logic gates, are introduced. These include the Hadamard, the CNOT, and the quantum phase gates. After these preliminaries, the implementation of the Deutsch algorithm, quantum teleportation, and quantum dense coding in terms of the quantum logic gates are discussed. It is also shown how the Bell states can be produced and measured using a sequence of quantum logic gates.
The Dynamics of the Hops Industry
Authors: Van Kerckhoven Sven , van Meerten Michelangelo , Wellman Casey
Published: June 2020

Today the hops industry seems to be enjoying rising popularity. After decades of consolidation in the beer industry, the recent craft beer movement has resulted in a higher demand for hops. Historically used to increase the preservation and shelf life of beers, hops are nowadays essential for the more diverse tastes of certain craft beers. On the supply side, hop farmers have increased their production in recent years in response to the higher interest in their products. However, specialization of hop farmers in hops that are in demand by the craft beer sector can lead to higher price fluctuations in more segmented markets, where hop consumers and hop producers are tied to each other by longer future contracts and sunk costs of investment in cultivated areas. This might create problems were craft beers to lose their appeal to consumers.
Brewing Industry Concentration and the Introduction of the Beer Excise in Australia and New Zealand in the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Stubbs Brett J.
Published: June 2020

In the Australian colonies and in New Zealand, British colonization was followed by the development of a flourishing brewing industry. Brewery numbers peaked in each colony in the late nineteenth century. The industry contracted subsequently to a small number of dominant cities, achieving high levels of concentration by the early twentieth century. One significant factor promoting concentration was the beer excise, introduced in each colony in the late nineteenth century. When six colonies combined in 1901 to create the Commonwealth of Australia, the federal government took responsibility for taxation of beer production, adopting a uniform excise rate and applying harsher administrative requirements that affected smaller breweries disproportionately. The operation of the beer excise in each of the Australian colonies (New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia, and Queensland) and in New Zealand, and the later uniform federal tax in Australia, are considered as factors promoting industry concentration.
Contract Brewing and Its Implications for the Beer Industry
Authors: Kerckhoven Sven Van , Meerten Michelangelo van , Wellman Casey
Published: June 2020

After years of consolidation in the industry, the beer industry has recently witnessed a wave of entries by small and medium-sized “craft” brewers. As brewing beer requires a significant investment in operational facilities, many small start-up breweries have resorted to contract brewing in their start-up phase. By collaborating with a contract brewer, who typically has already made the investment in larger brewing facilities, craft brewers can benefit from the economies of scale and scope realized at the contract brewer, and slowly assess whether the market demand for their beer would require the establishment of their own facilities. As such, contract brewers have greatly accommodated the recent rise of craft breweries. However, if the demand for craft beer saturates, the impact on contract brewers will be significant.
Sophocles,PhiloctetesandOedipus at Colonus
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: June 2020

Tragedy presents motion visually, but this is only part of one level of motion. Actual but unseen motion and metaphorical motion interact with stage motion in the rich mythology and language of tragedies. Tragic plots involve motion beyond the stage and are part of larger myths of motion; lyric and speech in Antigone and OT exhibit dense complexes of poetry, events, action. The tragic language of motion is elaborate; each of Sophocles’ plays has its specialities. Tragedy likes speed; but the Philoctetes and OC exploit laborious movement, fraught with long suffering. They survey through motion Philoctetes’ solitary disability and Oedipus’ old age with his daughter. The passages looked at include Philoctetes telling of his endeavours to get food, an attack on stage in which he falls down, the moral and dramatic intricacies of attempted joint motion with Neoptolemus, Antigone being carried off, the winds assailing old age, the failed journey of Oedipus’ son. They manifest: the difficult specifics of movement, graphic stage movement, interweaving of drama and metaphor, groups and individuals, near-authorial lyric, obstinate immorality. Motion in the plays ranges from imagined entry into heaven or the underworld to pain within the body and awkward sitting down. The chamber Philoctetes offers a vast breadth of motion; the fixed OC shows constant fluctuation.
Battlefields from Event to Heritage
Authors: Carman John , Carman Patricia
Published: June 2020

What is—or makes a place—a ‘historic battlefield’? From one perspective the answer is a simple one—it is a place where large numbers of people came together in an organized manner to fight one another at some point in the past. But from another perspective it is far more difficult to identify. Quite why any such location is a place of battle—rather than any other kind of event—and why it is especially historic is more difficult to identify. This book sets out an answer to the question of what a historic battlefield is in the modern imagination, drawing upon examples from prehistory to the twentieth century. Considering battlefields through a series of different lenses, treating battles as events in the past and battlefields as places in the present, the book exposes the complexity of the concept of historic battlefield and how it forms part of a Western understanding of the world. Taking its lead from new developments in battlefield study—especially archaeological approaches—the book establishes a link to and a means by which these new approaches can contribute to more radical thinking about war and conflict, especially to Critical Military and Critical Security Studies. The book goes beyond the study of battles as separate and unique events to consider what they mean to us and why we need them to have particular characteristics. It will be of interest to archaeologists, historians, and students of modern war in all its forms.
Conclusion
Authors: Carman John , Carman Patricia
Published: June 2020

This chapter offers a review of the book as a whole and the contribution it makes to understanding historic battlefields as particular kinds of place. Here the aim of contributing to Critical Military and Strategic Studies is made clear by highlighting the benefits of taking a long-term approach to the investigation of sites of conflict. It looks at the battlefield as a particular kind of object that is the creation of perception, which challenges conventional readings. Reflecting on the preceding chapters, this concluding chapter discusses ideas about human security, the institutions involved in military conflict, warfare practices and processes, and approaches to space.
The Comparison of Animals
Authors: Callanan John J.
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses the historical context of Kant’s theory of animal minds. The continuity thesis is discussed. This is the claim that, whatever the variations in their mental lives, animal and human minds manifest no differences in kind but rather exhibit the same general type of mental capacities merely exercised with very different degrees of sophistication. Kant is an ardent denier of the continuity thesis in that he claims that human beings are different in kind from animals by virtue of our ability for self-conscious understanding and the opportunities for normative self-determination that this ability affords. The approaches of Montaigne, Descartes, and Bayle are outlined. It is claimed that the relevant cognitive achievement with which Kant was concerned was that of the comparison of representations with each other and the noting of similarity or difference. It is argued that Kant adopted an analogy strategy, which claims that animals possess a capacity for the comparison of representations that is only analogous to human beings’ representational capacity.
What Do Animals See? Intentionality, Objects, and Kantian Nonconceptualism
Authors: Golob Sacha
Published: June 2020

This chapter addresses three questions concerning Kant’s views on non-rational animals: do they intuit spatio-temporal particulars, do they perceive objects, and do they have intentional states? The aim here is to explore the relationship between these questions and to clarify certain pervasive ambiguities in how they have been understood. The chapter first disambiguates various non-equivalent notions of objecthood and intentionality: It then looks closely at several models of objectivity present in Kant’s work, and at recent discussions of representational and relational theories of intentionality. Ultimately it is argued that, given the relevant disambiguations, the answers to all three questions will likely be positive. These results both support what has become known as the nonconceptualist reading of Kant, and make clearer the price that the conceptualist must pay to sustain his or her position.
Kant on Evolution: A Re-evaluation
Authors: Cohen Alix
Published: June 2020

Kant’s remark about the impossibility of there ever being a Newton of a blade of grass has often been interpreted as a misguided pre-emptive strike against Darwin and evolutionary theories in general. This chapter aims to re-evaluate this claim in the context of Kant’s account of organic generation and argue that, contrary to what is usually thought, it does leave room for the possibility of evolution. To do so, I examine Kant’s theory of generation and draw its implications for biological heredity, species diversity, and the role played by environmental factors in organic development. On this basis, I suggest that, first, evolution is a possible albeit far-fetched hypothesis for Kant, and second, Darwin’s theory of natural selection would have turned a far-fetched possibility into a plausible candidate. As I go on to argue, however, despite its explanatory success, the Darwinian account would not have disposed of the need for teleology. This is why Darwin could never have been a Newton of a blade of grass.