bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new hybrid algorithm integrating genetic algorithm with Tabu search to solve imbalanced k‐coverage problem in directional sensor networks
Authors: Mahmoudi Babak , Motameni Homayun , Mohamadi Hosein
Published: May 2023

The target coverage problem is considered as one of the major issues in directional sensor networks (DSNs), which is caused by the nature of these networks, including their limited angle of view. Due to the fault tolerance characteristic of some coverage applications, the target coverage is required to be performed using multiple sensors. This challenge is discussed in the literature under the title of k‐coverage problem. Under certain conditions, the number of sensors may suffer some changes due to various factors such as power depletion of the sensors, sensors' malfunctioning, and harshness of the environment. This can result in unavailability of adequate sensors for providing k‐coverage for all targets. The network suffering from such problem is referred to as under‐provisioned network. This paper was aimed at studying such networks by adopting the network conditions to the real environments. To solve this problem, the present paper proposes a hybrid model integrating the genetic algorithm (GA) and Tabu search (TS). The proposed algorithm generally aimed to identify a subset of sensors with appropriate working directions in order to provide a balanced coverage for all the targets available in the network. In order to evaluate the performance of the algorithm several experiments were conducted and the results have been compared with greedy and learning automat‐abased algorithms. . The results of the experiments show the superiority of the algorithm.
A taxonomy of short‐term solar power forecasting: Classifications focused on climatic conditions and input data
Authors: Bazionis Ioannis K. , Kousounadis‐Knousen Markos A. , Georgilakis Pavlos S. , Shirazi Elham , Soudris Dimitrios , Catthoor Francky
Published: May 2023

A review of the state‐of‐the‐art in short‐term Solar Power Forecasting (SPF) methodologies is presented in this paper. Over the last few years, developing and improving solar forecasting models has been the main focus of researchers, considering the need to efficiently increase their forecasting accuracy. Forecasting models aim to be used as an efficient tool to help with the stability and control of energy systems and electricity markets. Intending to further comprehend the factors affecting the quality of SPF models, this paper focuses on short‐term solar forecasting methodologies since they pose a crucial role in the daily operation and scheduling of power systems, since they focus on forecasting horizons typically ranging from 1 h to 1 day. The reviewed works are classified according to the climatic conditions, technical characteristics, and the forecasting errors of the different methodologies, providing readers with information over various different cases of SPF. Considering the need to improve the SPF efficiency, such classifications allow for important comparative conclusions to be drawn, depending on the location of each case and the meteorological data available. Future directions in the field of short‐term solar power forecasting are proposed considering the increasing development of SPF models’ architecture and their field of focus.
Diagnostik von Motilitätsstörungen des Ösophagus – Bedeutung der neuen Chicago-Klassifikation v4.0
Authors: Müller Michaela , Denzer Ulrike W. , Kreuser Nicole , Thieme René , Hoffmeister Albrecht , Feisthammel Juergen , Niebisch Stefan , Gockel Ines
Published: May 2023

Ösophagusmotilitätsstörungen sind Erkrankungen, bei denen es aufgrund einer Veränderung der neuromuskulären Strukturen zu Fehlfunktionen des Schluckakts kommt. Das Leitsymptom ist daher die Dysphagie für feste und/oder flüssige Speisen, häufig begleitet von Symptomen wie Thoraxschmerz, Regurgitation, Sodbrennen und Gewichtsverlust. Die Ösophagusmanometrie ist der Goldstandard in der Diagnostik. Endoskopie und Radiologie dienen dem Ausschluss entzündlicher oder maligner Veränderungen.

Durch die Einführung der hochauflösenden Ösophagusmanometrie (HRM) hat sich die Diagnostik der Ösophagusmotilitätsstörungen verbessert und mit der Chicago-Klassifikation zu einer neuen Einteilung geführt, die im letzten Jahrzehnt mehrfach modifiziert wurde, zuletzt 2021 mit der Chicago-Klassifikation v4.0. Verglichen mit der Vorversion v3.0 finden sich einige wichtige Änderungen, die anhand der im klinischen Alltag wichtigsten Ösophagusmotilitätsstörungen vorgestellt werden.
Mixed Methods-Studien in der Versorgungsforschung: Anforderungen,
Herausforderungen und die Frage der Integration – ein Diskussionspapier
aus der Perspektive qualitativ Forschender
Authors: von Kutzleben Milena , Baumgart Verena , Fink Astrid , Harst Lorenz , Wicking Nele , Tsarouha Elena , Pohontsch Nadine Janis , Schunk Michaela
Published: May 2023

Mit diesem Diskussionspapier greift die Kleingruppe Mixed Methods der AG
Qualitative Methoden im Deutschen Netzwerk Versorgungsforschung e. V. (DNVF) das
Thema dreier voran-gegangener Diskussionspapiere zum Stellenwert und den
Potenzialen qualitativer Forschungsmethoden für die Versorgungsforschung
auf. Mixed Methods sind in der Versorgungsforschung zunehmend verbreitet und
gefordert. Allerdings ergeben sich auch Konfliktfelder in der Planung und
Durchführung von Mixed Methods-Studien, die in diesem Papier aus
Perspektive der qualitativen Forschung thematisiert werden. Besondere
Aufmerksamkeit erhält der Aspekt der Integration als grundlegende
Signatur der Mixed Methods-Forschung. Mit diesem Diskussionspapier
möchten wir einen gleichermaßen kritischen wie konstruktiven
Austausch darüber anregen, was eine qualitativ hochwertige, von
Methodenvielfalt geprägte Versorgungsforschung ausmacht und unter
welchen Rahmenbedingungen diese gelingen kann.
Gesundheitskompetenz von Personen mit ex-sowjetischem und
türkischem Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland
Authors: Klinger Julia , Berens Eva-Maria , Carol Sarah , Schaeffer Doris
Published: May 2023

Ziel Über die Gesundheitskompetenz von Menschen mit
Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland liegen bislang kaum Daten vor. Ziel des
Artikels ist es daher, die Gesundheitskompetenz dieser
Bevölkerungsgruppe – speziell von Menschen mit
türkischem und ex-sowjetischem Migrationshintergrund – genauer
zu analysieren.

Methodik Deutschlandweit wurden im Sommer 2020 525 Personen mit
ex-sowjetischem und 512 Personen mit türkischem Migrationshintergrund ab
18 Jahren auf Deutsch, Russisch oder Türkisch interviewt. Die Erhebung
der Gesundheitskompetenz erfolgte mittels des international entwickelten
Instruments HLS19-Q47. Stratifiziert nach Migrationsgruppe wurde die
Gesundheitskompetenz unter Berücksichtigung demographischer und
sozioökonomischer, sprachlicher und migrationsspezifischer Variablen
bivariat und multivariat untersucht.

Ergebnisse Insgesamt verfügt rund die Hälfte der Befragten
über eine geringe Gesundheitskompetenz, wobei sich die beiden
Migrationsgruppen nicht unterscheiden. Bei beiden gehen ein niedriges
Bildungsniveau, sozioökonomische Benachteiligung, eingeschränkte
deutschsprachige literale Fähigkeiten, ein höheres Alter,
mehrfache chronische Erkrankung und eigene Migrationserfahrung mit einer
geringen Gesundheitskompetenz einher. In den multivariaten Analysen bleiben
Zusammenhänge zwischen Gesundheitskompetenz und literalen
Fähigkeiten, Sozialstatus, finanzieller Deprivation und dem Vorliegen
von einer chronischen Krankheit bestehen; adjustiert bleibt kein bedeutsamer
Unterschied nach Migrationsgeneration.

Schlussfolgerung Ein erheblicher Teil an Personen mit türkischem
und ex-sowjetischem Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland hat Schwierigkeiten im
Umgang mit Gesundheitsinformationen. Verglichen mit vorliegenden Studien ist
ihre Gesund-heitskompetenz aber nicht geringer als bei Menschen ohne
Migrationshintergrund. Personen mit Migrationshintergrund sind demzufolge nicht
pauschal als vulnerabel für geringe Gesundheitskompetenz zu betrachten.
Vor allem sozioökonomisch benachteiligte Teilgruppen haben
häufiger eine geringe Gesundheitskompetenz. Interventionen sollten daher
vor allem diese Teilgruppen adressieren und dabei zielgruppenspezifische und
lebensweltliche Besonderheiten berücksichtigen. Darüber hinaus
bestehen für Menschen mit geringen literalen Fähigkeiten und
Deutschkenntnissen größere Schwierigkeiten, die
Gesundheitsinformationen zu verarbeiten. Dies verdeutlicht den Bedarf an
mehrsprachiger Information, aber auch an multimedialen Materialen in einfacher
Sprache. Zudem sind strukturelle Maßnahmen für ein
gesundheitskompetentes Gesundheitssystem notwendig, um die gesundheitliche
Ungleichheit zu verringern.
Hygienisches Grundwissen im ehrenamtlichen
Katastrophenschutz  –Am Beispiel des Deutschen Roten Kreuzes im
Rhein-Erft-Kreis
Authors: Wiese Christoph , Wiesmüller Gerhard A.
Published: May 2023

Hauptamtliche Mitarbeiter*innen im Rettungsdienst sind in ihren
Einsätzen einem Infektionsrisiko ausgesetzt. Da ehrenamtliche
Einsatzkräfte des deutschen Katastrophenschutzes (KatS) häufig
in gleichen Tätigkeitsfeldern aktiv sind, liegt es nahe, dass sie bei
ihren Einsätzen einem ähnlichen Infektionsrisiko ausgesetzt
sind. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Hygienestatus der zwei
Einsatzeinheiten (EE) des Deutschen Roten Kreuzes (DRK) im Rhein-Erft-Kreis
(REK) betrachtet. Mittels Fragebogen wurden die 66 ehrenamtlich Mitarbeitenden
der Einsatzeinheiten „NRW BM 05“ und „NRW BM 02“
analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Wissen der Einsatzkräfte im
Allgemeinen als gut bezeichnet werden kann. Es gibt Defizite in der Kenntnis
spezieller Erkrankungen und einiger multiresistenter Erreger. Das empfundene
Risiko variiert sehr stark und ist häufig über 5 auf einer Skala
von 1–10, wobei „1“ für gar kein und
„10“ für ein hohes empfundenes Risiko steht. Somit ist
eine gewisse „Sorge“ vorhanden, eine Infektion im Einsatz zu
erhalten. Dieser Zustand sollte in Zukunft mit angepassten Schulungen optimiert
werden.
Motivationsgründe und Vorstellungen über eine
zukünftige Beteiligung älterer Menschen im Forschungs- und
Entwicklungsprozess von Gesundheitstechnologien – eine Mixed
Methods-Studie
Authors: Pauls Alexander , Bauer Jürgen M. , Diekmann Rebecca , Fudickar Sebastian , Hein Andreas , Hellmers Sandra , Lau Sandra , Meyer Jochen , von Holdt Kai , Koppelin Frauke
Published: May 2023

Hintergrund Obwohl für ältere Menschen digitale
Ansätze in der Prävention ein hohes Potenzial haben, und
vermehrt zum Einsatz kommen, bestehen bis heute noch Ungleichheiten im Zugang
und bei der Nutzung. Eine Ursache könnte in der unzureichenden
Berücksichtigung der zukünftigen Nutzer*innen in der
Technikentwicklung liegen, die häufig sehr spät und mit
unpassenden Methoden einbezogen werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Analyse der
Teilnahmemotivation und Vorstellungen über eine zukünftige
Beteiligung im Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprozess von Gesundheitstechnologien
für ältere Menschen.

Methodik Es wurden quantitative und qualitative Daten aus einer Bedarfs-
und zwei Evaluationsstudien ausgewertet. Die quantitativen Daten wurden
deskriptiv und die qualitativen Daten inhaltsanalytisch mit
deduktiver-induktiver Kategorienbildung analysiert.

Ergebnisse Das Alter der 103 Teilnehmenden (50 weiblich) lag im Median bei
75 Jahren (64–90), die überwiegend im Umgang mit Technologien
interessiert und in der Studienteilnahme erfahren waren. Es wurden neun
Kategorien für die Teilnahmemotivation abgeleitet. Die häufigste
Motivation war die Förderung und Unterstützung der eigenen
Gesundheit. Sowohl am Anfang des Forschungsprozesses als auch an dessen Ende
konnten sich die Befragten eine Beteiligung vorstellen. In der
Technikentwicklung wurden unterschiedliche Vorstellungen, aber ein allgemeines
Interesse geäußert. Es wurden vor allem Methoden favorisiert,
die einen Austausch in der Gruppe ermöglichen.

Schlussfolgerungen Es konnten Unterschiede in der Teilnahmemotivation und
bei den Vorstellungen über eine Beteiligung herausgearbeitet werden. Die
Ergebnisse geben wichtige Hinweise aus der Sicht älterer Menschen und
ergänzen den bestehenden Forschungsstand.
Entwicklung eines Sozialstrukturindex zur Ermittlung des
soziostrukturellen Versorgungsbedarfs in der ambulanten medizinischen Versorgung
in Brandenburg
Authors: Böckmann Robert , Jaehn Philipp , Bergholz Andreas , Spallek Jacob , Rapp Michael A. , Holmberg Christine
Published: May 2023

Einleitung Trotz wachsender Arztzahlen in der ambulanten medizinischen
Versorgung ist die Diskussion um die Bedarfsplanung weiter aktiv, unter anderem
weil auch die neue Bedarfsplanungsrichtlinie auf die Quote Arzt pro Einwohner
setzt, als diese ursprüngliche und als unzulänglich kritisierte
Berechnungsgrundlage konsequent in Frage zu stellen. Die vorliegende Arbeit
versucht vor diesem Hintergrund für Brandenburg anhand eines Index den
latenten Versorgungsbedarf zu schätzen, die Versorgungssituation
abzubilden und im Anschluss die Hypothese zu überprüfen, ob sich
ÄrztInnen systematisch eher in soziostrukturell privilegierten Regionen
niederlassen und somit eine lokale Ungleichverteilung existiert, die in der
bisherigen Bedarfsplanung unerkannt bleibt.

Methoden Zunächst wurden alle kleinräumig
verfügbaren Daten mit potenziellem Einfluss auf den Versorgungsbedarf
aus der INKAR-Datenbank aggregiert und mittels Hauptkomponentenanalyse
untersucht. Der extrahierte Faktor wurde dann zusammen mit den Praxisstandorten
der ÄrztInnen der hausärztlichen und allgemeinen
fachärztlichen Versorgung auf Karten abgetragen. Zuletzt wurden mittels
linearer Regression die Anzahl der Ärzte pro Mittelbereich mit der
Verteilung des Index ins Verhältnis gesetzt, um relative
Ungleichverteilungen zugunsten der soziostrukturell privilegierten Regionen
aufzudecken.

Ergebnisse Die Hauptkomponentenanalyse ergab eine
Ein-Faktor-Lösung, der extrahierte Faktor wurde nach seinen
Bestandteilen Sozialstrukturindex genannt. Die grafische Darstellung ergab ein
starkes Zentralitätsgefälle. Die Regressionen der Anzahl der
Praxisstandorte nach Indexverteilung ergab keine signifikanten Unterschiede
zwischen Gemeindeverbänden mit hohen versus niedrigen Indexwerten.

Schlussfolgerung Die Erweiterung der Betrachtung des Versorgungsbedarfs um
soziostrukturelle Faktoren erweist sich als nützlich und
bestätigt die Probleme in der ambulanten Versorgung insbesondere in
ruralen Gebieten. Dort kumuliert die dünne Besiedlung oft mit
soziostruktureller Benachteiligung und schlechten Erreichbarkeiten. Eine
relative Unterversorgung solcher Gebiete im Sinne der Präferenz von
Praxisstandorten für privilegierte Gebiete kann hier allerdings nicht
festgestellt werden.
Establishing Core Symptoms of Acute Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Withdrawal: Results from an International Survey of Online Peer-Support Communities
Authors: Shapiro Bryan , Kramer Eric , Khoury Dina , Preda Adrian
Published: May 2023

Background Serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) antidepressants are commonly associated with withdrawal reactions. The Discontinuation Emergent Signs and Symptoms (DESS) checklist has been considered the gold standard research and screening tool for SRI withdrawal but has several limitations, including its length, lack of specificity, and omission of baseline symptom and symptom severity scores, making it impractical for use in clinical or research settings. We investigated the prevalence and severity of common SRI withdrawal symptoms to determine whether a very small subset of symptoms can capture most occurrences of SRI withdrawal.

Methods We surveyed 344 members of online peer-support communities aged 18–65, reporting withdrawal symptoms after chronic SRI treatment. The severity of nine common withdrawal symptoms was evaluated at baseline and during the withdrawal period.

Results Dizziness, brain zaps, irritability/agitation, and anxiety/nervousness demonstrated the largest increase in severity during withdrawal relative to baseline. Nearly all (97.7%) of the 344 subjects and all (100%) 153 subjects with relatively low baseline symptom scores (total<5) reported a worsening of one of these four symptoms. The presence of a baseline anxiety disorder did not affect rates of withdrawal-emergent anxiety/nervousness.

Conclusion Nearly all surveyed subjects reported worsening either of dizziness, brain zaps, irritability/agitation, or anxiety/nervousness in acute withdrawal. A screening test incorporating these four core symptoms may be sufficiently sensitive to rule out SRI withdrawal and may be valuable in clinical and research settings. Incorporating withdrawal symptom severity may further enhance specificity.
Endoscopic vacuum therapy for anastomotic leakage after upper gastrointestinal surgery
Authors: Pattynama Lisanne M. D. , Pouw Roos E. , Henegouwen Mark I. van Berge , Daams Freek , Gisbertz Suzanne S. , Bergman Jacques J. G. H. M. , Eshuis Wietse J.
Published: May 2023

Background Recently, endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) was introduced as treatment for anastomotic leakage after upper gastrointestinal (GI) surgery. The aim of this study was to describe the initial experience with EVT for anastomotic leakage after upper GI surgery in a tertiary referral center.

Methods Patients treated with EVT for anastomotic leakage after upper GI surgery were included retrospectively (January 2018–June 2021) and prospectively (June 2021–October 2021). The primary end point was the EVT success rate. Secondary end points included mortality and adverse events.

Results 38 patients were included (31 men; mean age 66 years): 27 had undergone an esophagectomy with gastric conduit reconstruction and 11 a total gastrectomy with esophagojejunal anastomosis. EVT was successful in 28 patients (74 %, 95 %CI 57 %–87 %). In 10 patients, EVT failed: deceased owing to radiation pneumonitis (n = 1), EVT-associated complications (n = 2), and defect closure not achieved (n = 7). Mean duration of successful EVT was 33 days, with a median of six EVT-related endoscopies. Median hospital stay was 45 days.

Conclusion This initial experience with EVT for anastomotic leakage after upper GI surgery demonstrated a success rate of 74 %. EVT is a promising therapy that could prevent further major surgery. More experience with the technique and its indications will likely improve success rates in the future.
Effectiveness of water pressure method in colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection by novice endoscopists
Authors: Masunaga Teppei , Kato Motohiko , Sasaki Motoki , Iwata Kentaro , Miyazaki Kurato , Kubosawa Yoko , Mizutani Mari , Takatori Yusaku , Matsuura Noriko , Nakayama Atsushi , Takabayashi Kaoru , Yahagi Naohisa
Published: May 2023

Background and study aims Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) remains challenging for novice endoscopists. Not only the underwater conditions but also active use of water pressure with the water pressure method (WPM) can help widen the submucosal layer. This study aimed to clarify the usefulness of WPM in colorectal ESD, especially for novice endoscopists.

Methods This study was ex vivo and enrolled three novices. Each endoscopist performed conventional ESD (C-ESD) and ESD with WPM (WPM-ESD) 10 times on an excised bovine rectum. The treatment outcomes were compared between the two groups.

Results Median procedure time was significantly shorter in the
WPM-ESD group than in the C-ESD group (54 minutes, interquartile range [IQR] 42–67 vs. 45
minutes, IQR 34–55, P = 0.035). Although no significant difference
in the activation time of electrical surgical unit (ESU) during the procedure was noted, the
interval time during the procedure at which the ESU was not activated was significantly
shorter in the WPM-ESD group (52 minutes, IQR 40–65 vs. 42 minutes, IQR 32–52, P = 0.030) than in the C-ESD group. Moreover, the time required for the
endoscope to enter the submucosa was significantly shorter in the WPM-ESD group than in the
C-ESD group (8.0 minutes, IQR 6.0–10 vs. 5.0 minutes, IQR 3.0–6.0, P < 0.001).

Conclusions The present study reveals that the WPM method significantly shortens the procedure times for novices in colorectal ESD, especially the interval time, which refers to the time spent creating the field of view, and the time required for the endoscope to enter the submucosa.
Organocatalyzed Regioselective α,γ-Difunctionalization of Deconjugated Butenolides: Synthesis of Butyrolactone–Butyrolactam Hybrid Molecules
Authors: Baidya Mahiuddin , Mondal Swati Lekha , Patra Koushik , Yadav Rahul
Published: May 2023

A highly regioselective α,γ-difunctionalization of deconjugated butenolides that allows access to hybrid molecular frameworks composed of unsaturated butyrolactone and butyrolactam motifs is reported. The reaction is catalyzed by inexpensive quinidine, and products are isolated in high yields as a single diastereomer. The γ-selective monofunctionalization was also accomplished through substrate modification.
Synthesis of the A-Ring of Goniodomin A via Radical Cyclization with Vinyl Sulfoxide
Authors: Zakarian Armen , Saito Tatsuo , Masuzawa Yuto , Yajima Arata
Published: May 2023

A short synthesis of the A-Ring of Goniodomin A was developed via radical cyclization using vinyl sulfoxide. We found that optically inactive sulfoxides are applicable to the cyclization and Pummerer rearrangement with high stereoselectivity.
Who do we trust and how do we cope with COVID-19? A mixed-methods sequential exploratory approach to understanding supportive messages across 35 cultures
Authors: Au Algae K. Y. , Ng Jacky C. K. , Wu Wesley C. H. , Chen Sylvia Xiaohua
Published: May 2023

Based upon a mixed-methods follow-up exploratory model, we examined the link between trust and coping during the early outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic at the society level. Qualitative data were collected from the supportive messages written by 10,072 community adults across 35 societies. Trust and coping were used as the two pre-defined themes in the conceptual content analysis. Five subthemes emerged from the theme trust, depicting five distinct trusted targets: God, a larger us, country/government, science/healthcare, and the affected. Six subthemes emerged from the theme coping, depicting six distinct coping strategies: interpersonal/social coping, religious/spiritual coping, acceptance, blame, wishful thinking, and strength-based coping. A follow-up quantitative investigation also showed that four society-level factors (viz., individualism, cultural tightness, globalization, and severity of pandemic) had differential effects on people’s trusted targets and ways of coping with the pandemic. Our study made both methodological and practical contributions to cross-cultural research on COVID-19 by using a mixed-methods approach in a multinational study and demonstrating the importance of making meaningful virtual connection during a time of physical distancing.
Content validity of the Constructivist Learning in Higher Education Settings (CLHES) scale in the context of the flipped classroom in higher education
Authors: Alqahtani Turki Mesfer , Yusop Farrah Dina , Halili Siti Hajar
Published: May 2023

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the flipped classroom (FC) approach has been a prominent teaching and learning strategy. Despite its popularity, few studies have been undertaken to effectively measure student learning experiences in an FC learning environment. The purpose of this study is to assess the content validity of the Constructivist Learning in Higher Education Settings (CLHES) scale, which is used to measure student learning experiences in a flipped classroom (FC) in the Saudi Arabian higher education environment. The content validity of the eight-dimension scale was examined using the three-tier methodology, including the content validity ratio (CVR) technique, based on the evaluations of selected experts in the field and factor analysis methodology. The results showed that 31 of the 32 items were accepted, with only one item being denied. The findings suggested that this instrument has a strong potential for usage as a valid scale to evaluate the quality of FC teaching and learning among higher education students.
Design and construction of a compact, high-repetition-rate ultrafast electron diffraction instrument
Authors: Freelon Byron , Rohwer Timm , Zong Alfred , Kogar Anshul , Zhou Hengyun , Wong Liang Jie , Ergeçen Emre , Gedik Nuh
Published: May 2023

We present the design and performance of a compact ultrafast electron diffraction instrument. The diffractometer provides a means of examining time-resolved ultrafast dynamical properties of solids. The system’s utilization is discussed in terms of instrument parameters and diffraction data from selected condensed matter samples. The difractometer’s performance is highlighted in terms of detection sensitivity, instrumental temporal resolution, and the electron beam transverse coherence length. Following specific details of the construction, we present a practical discussion of parameters such as repetition rate and provide advice on general construction approaches for laboratory-based, keV ultrafast electron diffractometers. In addition, design guidance for constructing a compact electron gun source that is well-suited for studying diffraction from hard condensed matter is given. A unique data acquisition scheme, utilizing high laser repetition rates, is presented.
Hashing for secure optical information compression in a heterogeneous convolutional neural network
Authors: Solyanik-Gorgone Maria , Kang Haoyan , Nouri Behrouz Movahhed , Dalir Hamed , Sorger Volker J.
Published: May 2023

In recent years, heterogeneous machine learning accelerators have become of significant interest to science, engineering, and industry. At the same time, the looming post-quantum encryption era instigates the demand for increased data security. From a hardware processing point of view, electronic computing hardware is challenged by electronic capacitive interconnect delay and associated energy consumption. In heterogeneous systems, such as electronic–photonic accelerators, parasitic domain crossings limit throughput and speed. With analog optical accelerators exhibiting a strong potential for high throughput (up to petaoperations per second) and operation efficiency, their ability to perform machine learning classification tasks on encrypted data has not been broadly recognized. This work is a significant step in that direction. Here, we present an optical hashing and compression scheme that is inspired by SWIFFT, a post-quantum hashing family of algorithms. High degree optical hardware-to-algorithm homomorphism allows one to optimally harvest the potential of free-space data processing: innate parallelism, low latency tensor by-element multiplication, and zero-energy Fourier transformation operations. The algorithm can provide several orders of magnitude increase in processing speed as compared to optical machine learning accelerators with non-compressed input. This is achieved by replacing slow, high-resolution CMOS cameras with ultra-fast and signal-triggered CMOS detector arrays. Additionally, information acquired in this way will require much lower transmission throughput, less in silico processing power, storage, and will be pre-hashed, facilitating optical information security. This concept has the potential to allow heterogeneous convolutional Fourier classifiers to approach the performance of their fully electronic counterparts and enables data classification on hashed data.
Hot electron relaxation in Type-II quantum wells
Authors: Wang Hua , Borunda Mario F. , Mullen Kieran J.
Published: May 2023

A photovoltaic device fabricated with conventional zincblende materials can use the Type-II quantum well structure, which spatially separates electrons and holes, to reduce their recombination rate. In order to obtain higher power conversion efficiency, it is desirable to preserve more energetic carriers by engineering a phonon “bottleneck,” a mismatch between the gaps in the well and barrier phonon structure. Such a mismatch leads to poor phonon transport and therefore prevents energy from leaving the system in the form of heat. In this paper, we perform a superlattice phonon calculation to verify the “bottleneck” effect and build on this a model to predict the steady state of the hot electrons under photoexcitation. We describe the electrons and phonons with a coupled Boltzmann equation system and numerically integrate it to get the steady state. We find that inhibited phonon relaxation does lead to a more out-of-equilibrium electron distribution and discuss how this might be enhanced. We examine the different behaviors obtained for various combinations of recombination and relaxation rates and their experimental signatures.
An improved synthetic signal injection routine for the Haloscope At Yale Sensitive To Axion Cold dark matter (HAYSTAC)
Authors: Zhu Yuqi , Jewell M. J. , Laffan Claire , Bai Xiran , Ghosh Sumita , Graham Eleanor , Cahn S. B. , Maruyama Reina H. , Lamoreaux S. K.
Published: May 2023

Microwave cavity haloscopes are among the most sensitive direct detection experiments searching for dark matter axions via their coupling to photons. When the power of the expected microwave signal due to axion–photon conversion is on the order of 10−24 W, having the ability to validate the detector response and analysis procedure by injecting realistic synthetic axion signals becomes helpful. Here, we present a method based on frequency hopping spread spectrum for synthesizing axion signals in a microwave cavity haloscope experiment. It allows us to generate a narrow and asymmetric shape in frequency space that mimics an axion’s spectral distribution, which is derived from a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. In addition, we show that the synthetic axion’s power can be calibrated with reference to the system noise. Compared to the synthetic axion injection in the Haloscope At Yale Sensitive to Axion Cold dark matter (HAYSTAC) Phase I, we demonstrated synthetic signal injection with a more realistic line shape and calibrated power.
Calibrated transmission and reflection from a multi-qubit microwave package
Authors: Simbierowicz S. , Monarkha V. Y. , von Soosten M. , Andresen S. , Lake R. E.
Published: May 2023

We report calibrated microwave transmission and reflection measurements of a qubit sample holder at millikelvin temperatures. The methodology we present extends our previous work on one-port cryogenic short–open–load (SOL) calibration to a two-port SOLT measurement by implementing an unknown thru (T) standard. We report the resulting calibrated transmission and reflection at millikelvin temperatures through a printed circuit board that is installed into the sample holder. Finally, we consider a cascade of components at the end of a qubit drive line that includes (1) a cryogenic attenuator, (2) a coaxial cable, and (3) a qubit sample holder. Using experimentally determined parameters for return losses for all three components, we calculate the negligible state-preparation error in the frequency band of 5–7 GHz due to control pulse distortions arising from reflection at the coaxial launches. Taken together, our results highlight the utility of calibrated cryogenic scattering parameter measurements for the validation of qubit packaging and the wiring in its immediate vicinity.
Templated growth strategy for highly ordered topological ferroelectric quad-domain textures
Authors: Tian Guo , Yi Xin , Song Zhiqing , Yang Wenda , Xian Jianbiao , Jin Jun , Ning Shuai , Hou Zhipeng , Chen Deyang , Fan Zhen , Qin Minghui , Zhou Guofu , Dai Jiyan , Gao Xingsen , Liu Jun-Ming
Published: May 2023

Topological quad-domain textures in ferroelectric nanoislands have been considered as enablers for nanoelectric devices. However, the fabrication of ordered arrays of ferroelectric islands exhibiting this domain structure is a challenge. By using substrate patterning to create nucleation sites, highly ordered quad-domain ferroelectric polarization configurations were achieved in BiFeO3 nanoisland arrays. Reversible switching of the quad-domain between the center divergent state with highly conductive domain walls and the center convergent state with insulating domain walls can be realized, resulting in a resistance change with a large on/off ratio. This templated growth strategy enables the controllable fabrication of exotic topological domains and sheds light on their applications for configurable electronic devices.
GPU acceleration of local and semilocal density functional calculations in the SPARC electronic structure code
Authors: Sharma Abhiraj , Metere Alfredo , Suryanarayana Phanish , Erlandson Lucas , Chow Edmond , Pask John E.
Published: May 2023

We present a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)-accelerated version of the real-space SPARC electronic structure code for performing Kohn–Sham density functional theory calculations within the local density and generalized gradient approximations. In particular, we develop a modular math-kernel based implementation for NVIDIA architectures wherein the computationally expensive operations are carried out on the GPUs, with the remainder of the workload retained on the central processing units (CPUs). Using representative bulk and slab examples, we show that relative to CPU-only execution, GPUs enable speedups of up to 6× and 60× in node and core hours, respectively, bringing time to solution down to less than 30 s for a metallic system with over 14 000 electrons and enabling significant reductions in computational resources required for a given wall time.
Enhancement of thermoelectric performance in n-type Si90Ge10-based alloy by metallic Zn doping
Authors: Yu Jin , Nong Jian , Peng Ying , Lai Huajun , Li Fucong , Gao Jie , Liu Chengyan , Miao Lei
Published: May 2023

Silicon–germanium (SiGe) alloy has become one of the representative high-temperature thermoelectric (TE) materials due to its advantages of stability, non-toxicity, oxidation resistance, and high mechanical strength. However, the high thermal conductivity and expensive Ge greatly limit the enhancement of zT value and its application. In this paper, n-type Si90Ge10P2Znx nanocomposites were prepared by ball milling and spark plasma sintering. By adjusting the Zn content and sintering time, multiple phonon-scattering centers, such as Zn precipitates, nano-pores, and layered structures, have been introduced into the SiGe matrix. The thermal conductivity was significantly reduced to 2.59 W m−1 K−1 without deteriorate power factor (PF), thus leading to a high zT value of 1.23 at 873 K. At 323–873 K, the average zT value (zTavg) also reached 0.6, increased by approximately 25% in comparison to the reported value using the same ratio of Si90Ge10. Compared with the conventional radioisotope TE generator with Si80Ge20 composition, the zTavg value increased by nearly 30% with only half of Ge, giving strong impetus to the application of SiGe-based TE materials.
Josephson parametric circulator with same-frequency signal ports, 200 MHz bandwidth, and high dynamic range
Authors: Kwende Randy , White Theodore , Naaman Ofer
Published: May 2023

We demonstrate a 3-port Josephson parametric circulator matched to 50 Ω using second order Chebyshev networks. The device notably operates with two of its signal ports at the same frequency and uses only two out-of-phase pumps at a single frequency. As a consequence, when operated as an isolator, it does not require phase coherence between the pumps and the signal, thus simplifying the requirements for its integration into standard dispersive qubit readout setups. The device utilizes parametric couplers based on a balanced bridge of rf-superconducting quantum interference device arrays, which offer purely parametric coupling and high dynamic range. We characterize the device by measuring its full 3 × 3 S-matrix as a function of frequency and the relative phase between the two pumps. We find up to 15 dB nonreciprocity over a 200 MHz signal band, port match better than 10 dB, low insertion loss of 0.6 dB, and saturation power exceeding −80 dBm.
Peptidoglycan deacetylation controls type IV secretion and the intracellular survival of the bacterial pathogen
Legionella pneumophila
Authors: Boamah David , Gilmore Michael C. , Bourget Sarah , Ghosh Anushka , Hossain Mohammad J. , Vogel Joseph P. , Cava Felipe , O’Connor Tamara J.
Published: May 2023

Peptidoglycan is a critical component of the bacteria cell envelope. Remodeling of the peptidoglycan is required for numerous essential cellular processes and has been linked to bacterial pathogenesis. Peptidoglycan deacetylases that remove the acetyl group of the
N
-acetylglucosamine (NAG) subunit protect bacterial pathogens from immune recognition and digestive enzymes secreted at the site of infection. However, the full extent of this modification on bacterial physiology and pathogenesis is not known. Here, we identify a polysaccharide deacetylase of the intracellular bacterial pathogen
Legionella pneumophila
and define a two-tiered role for this enzyme in
Legionella
pathogenesis. First, NAG deacetylation is important for the proper localization and function of the Type IVb secretion system, linking peptidoglycan editing to the modulation of host cellular processes through the action of secreted virulence factors. As a consequence, the
Legionella
vacuole mis-traffics along the endocytic pathway to the lysosome, preventing the formation of a replication permissive compartment. Second, within the lysosome, the inability to deacetylate the peptidoglycan renders the bacteria more sensitive to lysozyme-mediated degradation, resulting in increased bacterial death. Thus, the ability to deacetylate NAG is important for bacteria to persist within host cells and in turn,
Legionella
virulence. Collectively, these results expand the function of peptidoglycan deacetylases in bacteria, linking peptidoglycan editing, Type IV secretion, and the intracellular fate of a bacterial pathogen.
Exceptional enhancement of mechanical properties in high-entropy alloys via thermodynamically guided local chemical ordering
Authors: Dasari Sriswaroop , Sharma Abhishek , Jiang Chao , Gwalani Bharat , Lin Wei-Chih , Lo Kai-Chi , Gorsse Stéphane , Yeh An-Chou , Srinivasan Srivilliputhur G. , Banerjee Rajarshi
Published: May 2023

Understanding the local chemical ordering propensity in random solid solutions, and tailoring its strength, can guide the design and discovery of complex, paradigm-shifting multicomponent alloys. First, we present a simple thermodynamic framework, based solely on binary enthalpies of mixing, to select optimal alloying elements to control the nature and extent of chemical ordering in high-entropy alloys (HEAs). Next, we couple high-resolution electron microscopy, atom probe tomography, hybrid Monte-Carlo, special quasirandom structures, and density functional theory calculations to demonstrate how controlled additions of Al and Ti and subsequent annealing drive chemical ordering in nearly random equiatomic face-centered cubic CoFeNi solid solution. We establish that short-range ordered domains, the precursors of long-range ordered precipitates, inform mechanical properties. Specifically, a progressively increasing local order boosts the tensile yield strengths of the parent CoFeNi alloy by a factor of four while also substantially improving ductility, which breaks the so-called strength–ductility paradox. Finally, we validate the generality of our approach by predicting and demonstrating that controlled additions of Al, which has large negative enthalpies of mixing with the constituent elements of another nearly random body-centered cubic refractory NbTaTi HEA, also introduces chemical ordering and enhances mechanical properties.
Ecological barriers mediate spatiotemporal shifts of bird communities at a continental scale
Authors: Marjakangas Emma-Liina , Bosco Laura , Versluijs Martijn , Xu Yanjie , Santangeli Andrea , Holopainen Sari , Mäkeläinen Sanna , Herrando Sergi , Keller Verena , Voříšek Petr , Brotons Lluís , Johnston Alison , Princé Karine , Willis Stephen G. , Aghababyan Karen , Ajder Vitalie , Balmer Dawn E. , Bino Taulant , Boyla Kerem Ali , Chodkiewicz Tomasz , del Moral Juan Carlos , Mazal Vlatka Dumbović , Ferrarini Alessandro , Godinho Carlos , Gustin Marco , Kalyakin Mikhail , Knaus Peter , Kuzmenko Tatiana , Lindström Åke , Maxhuni Qenan , Molina Blas , Nagy Károly , Radišić Dimitrije , Rajkov Saša , Rajković Draženko Z. , Raudoniki Liutauras , Sjeničić Jovica , Stoychev Stoycho , Szép Tibor , Teufelbauer Norbert , Ursul Silvia , van Turnhout Chris A. M. , Velevski Metodija , Vikstrøm Thomas , Wilk Tomasz , Voltzit Olga , Øien Ingar Jostein , Sudfeldt Christoph , Gerlach Bettina , Shimmings Paul , Lehikoinen Aleksi
Published: May 2023

Species’ range shifts and local extinctions caused by climate change lead to community composition changes. At large spatial scales, ecological barriers, such as biome boundaries, coastlines, and elevation, can influence a community's ability to shift in response to climate change. Yet, ecological barriers are rarely considered in climate change studies, potentially hindering predictions of biodiversity shifts. We used data from two consecutive European breeding bird atlases to calculate the geographic distance and direction between communities in the 1980s and their compositional best match in the 2010s and modeled their response to barriers. The ecological barriers affected both the distance and direction of bird community composition shifts, with coastlines and elevation having the strongest influence. Our results underscore the relevance of combining ecological barriers and community shift projections for identifying the forces hindering community adjustments under global change. Notably, due to (macro)ecological barriers, communities are not able to track their climatic niches, which may lead to drastic changes, and potential losses, in community compositions in the future.
Phosphorylation of α-synuclein at T64 results in distinct oligomers and exerts toxicity in models of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Matsui Hideaki , Ito Shinji , Matsui Hideki , Ito Junko , Gabdulkhaev Ramil , Hirose Mika , Yamanaka Tomoyuki , Koyama Akihide , Kato Taisuke , Tanaka Maiko , Uemura Norihito , Matsui Noriko , Hirokawa Sachiko , Yoshihama Maki , Shimozawa Aki , Kubo Shin-ichiro , Iwasaki Kenji , Hasegawa Masato , Takahashi Ryosuke , Hirai Keisuke , Kakita Akiyoshi , Onodera Osamu
Published: May 2023

α-Synuclein accumulates in Lewy bodies, and this accumulation is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Previous studies have indicated a causal role of α-synuclein in the pathogenesis of PD. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of α-synuclein toxicity remain elusive. Here, we describe a novel phosphorylation site of α-synuclein at T64 and the detailed characteristics of this post-translational modification. T64 phosphorylation was enhanced in both PD models and human PD brains. T64D phosphomimetic mutation led to distinct oligomer formation, and the structure of the oligomer was similar to that of α-synuclein oligomer with A53T mutation. Such phosphomimetic mutation induced mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal disorder, and cell death in cells and neurodegeneration in vivo, indicating a pathogenic role of α-synuclein phosphorylation at T64 in PD.
Basis for high-affinity ethylene binding by the ethylene receptor ETR1 of Arabidopsis
Authors: Azhar Beenish J. , Abbas Safdar , Aman Sitwat , Yamburenko Maria V. , Chen Wei , Müller Lena , Uzun Buket , Jewell David A. , Dong Jian , Shakeel Samina N. , Groth Georg , Binder Brad M. , Grigoryan Gevorg , Schaller G. Eric
Published: May 2023

The gaseous hormone ethylene is perceived in plants by membrane-bound receptors, the best studied of these being ETR1 from Arabidopsis. Ethylene receptors can mediate a response to ethylene concentrations at less than one part per billion; however, the mechanistic basis for such high-affinity ligand binding has remained elusive. Here we identify an Asp residue within the ETR1 transmembrane domain that plays a critical role in ethylene binding. Site-directed mutation of the Asp to Asn results in a functional receptor that has a reduced affinity for ethylene, but still mediates ethylene responses in planta. The Asp residue is highly conserved among ethylene receptor-like proteins in plants and bacteria, but Asn variants exist, pointing to the physiological relevance of modulating ethylene-binding kinetics. Our results also support a bifunctional role for the Asp residue in forming a polar bridge to a conserved Lys residue in the receptor to mediate changes in signaling output. We propose a new structural model for the mechanism of ethylene binding and signal transduction, one with similarities to that found in a mammalian olfactory receptor.
Escalated police stops of Black men are linguistically and psychologically distinct in their earliest moments
Authors: Rho Eugenia H. , Harrington Maggie , Zhong Yuyang , Pryzant Reid , Camp Nicholas P. , Jurafsky Dan , Eberhardt Jennifer L.
Published: May 2023

Across the United States, police chiefs, city officials, and community leaders alike have highlighted the need to de-escalate police encounters with the public. This concern about escalation extends from encounters involving use of force to routine car stops, where Black drivers are disproportionately pulled over. Yet, despite the calls for action, we know little about the trajectory of police stops or how escalation unfolds. In study 1, we use methods from computational linguistics to analyze police body-worn camera footage from 577 stops of Black drivers. We find that stops with escalated outcomes (those ending in arrest, handcuffing, or a search) diverge from stops without these outcomes in their earliest moments—even in the first 45 words spoken by the officer. In stops that result in escalation, officers are more likely to issue commands as their opening words to the driver and less likely to tell drivers the reason why they are being stopped. In study 2, we expose Black males to audio clips of the same stops and find differences in how escalated stops are perceived: Participants report more negative emotion, appraise officers more negatively, worry about force being used, and predict worse outcomes after hearing only the officer’s initial words in escalated versus non-escalated stops. Our findings show that car stops that end in escalated outcomes sometimes begin in an escalated fashion, with adverse effects for Black male drivers and, in turn, police–community relations.
Tuft cells mediate commensal remodeling of the small intestinal antimicrobial landscape
Authors: Fung Connie , Fraser Lisa M. , Barrón Gabriel M. , Gologorsky Matthew B. , Atkinson Samantha N. , Gerrick Elias R. , Hayward Michael , Ziegelbauer Jennifer , Li Jessica A. , Nico Katherine F. , Tyner Miles D. W. , DeSchepper Leila B. , Pan Amy , Salzman Nita H. , Howitt Michael R.
Published: May 2023

Succinate produced by the commensal protist
Tritrichomonas musculis
(
T. mu
) stimulates chemosensory tuft cells, resulting in intestinal type 2 immunity. Tuft cells express the succinate receptor SUCNR1, yet this receptor does not mediate antihelminth immunity nor alter protist colonization. Here, we report that microbial-derived succinate increases Paneth cell numbers and profoundly alters the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) landscape in the small intestine. Succinate was sufficient to drive this epithelial remodeling, but not in mice lacking tuft cell chemosensory components required to detect this metabolite. Tuft cells respond to succinate by stimulating type 2 immunity, leading to interleukin-13-mediated epithelial and AMP expression changes. Moreover, type 2 immunity decreases the total number of mucosa-associated bacteria and alters the small intestinal microbiota composition. Finally, tuft cells can detect short-term bacterial dysbiosis that leads to a spike in luminal succinate levels and modulate AMP production in response. These findings demonstrate that a single metabolite produced by commensals can markedly shift the intestinal AMP profile and suggest that tuft cells utilize SUCNR1 and succinate sensing to modulate bacterial homeostasis.