bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preoperative Calcium or Vitamin D Supplement in Thyroidectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Jullamusi Witsanu , Ratanaprasert Narin , Pongsapich Warut , Kasemsuk Navarat
Published: October 2024

Objectives

The objective of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to assess the role of preoperative calcium and vitamin D supplementation in patients who underwent total thyroidectomy.

Data Sources

The search for randomized controlled trials was performed in the OVID Medline and Embase databases.

Review Methods

The last search was made on September 16, 2024. Three independent reviewers evaluated full‐text articles from relevant reports based on eligibility criteria. The quality of the included studies was assessed by two reviewers according to the ROB 2 tool.

Results

This systematic review and meta‐analysis considered 13 studies with 1504 participants. There were positive results in treatment outcomes including the mean postoperative calcium level (MD, 0.30 mg/dL: 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.44); the 48 h of postoperative hypocalcemia (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.62); the postoperative symptomatic hypocalcemia (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.62); the IV calcium supplementation (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.58); and length of hospital stays (MD, −0.29; 95% CI, −0.51 to −0.07) as compared to the control group. Readmission rates showed no significant differences between the groups (OR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.01 to 3.08).

Conclusions

Preoperative calcium and vitamin D supplementation in patients who underwent total thyroidectomy results in reduction of postoperative symptomatic hypocalcemia. The finding is critical because it offers a feasible and effective solution that could improve patient care while potentially reducing the burden of numerous blood tests during the postoperative period.

Registration

This systematic review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (registration number CRD42021278859).

Level of Evidence

Level 1 Laryngoscope, 2024
Bias‐Induced Gradient Bandgap of Bulk Perovskite Boosting Built‐In Electric Fields for High‐Performance Self‐Powered Photodetectors
Authors: Miao Yuchen , Sheng Li , Wu Jun , Qi Xiaorong , Yang Liu , Yang Cheng , Wang Xu , Zheng Fei , Shafique Shareen , Zhao Feiyu , Hu Ziyang
Published: October 2024

Self‐powered photodetectors (PDs) have gained significant attention in recent years due to their ability to operate without external power. Strengthening the built‐in electric field (Ebi) of these devices is crucial for efficient carrier separation and transport. However, the disordered energy level arrangement within mixed halide perovskites (MHP) often conflicts with the energy levels constructed by the external interface, weakening the Ebi and thus affecting the performance of self‐powered PDs. In this study, a bias‐induced gradient bandgap of bulk MHP is proposed for high‐performance self‐powered photodetectors. The vector superposition of the bias‐induced gradient bandgap with the interface electric field significantly boosts the Ebi of the device, providing a powerful driving force for the separation and transport of photogenerated carriers. The obtained device exhibits exceptional performance, including an ultra‐fast response time of 1.14/1.75 µs, a large specific detectivity of 7.27 × 1012 cm Hz1/2 W−1, an ultra‐high responsivity of 0.49 A W−1, and an external quantum efficiency of 93.5% at 0 V bias. Furthermore, this strategy is also demonstrated in lateral structure photodetector. This work offers valuable guidance for achieving high‐performance MHP‐based self‐powered PDs through bias‐induced gradient bandgap optimization.
BH, tech collaboration aims to transform telehealth, online group therapy
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: October 2024

A behavioral health organization and a provider of virtual classrooms and online solutions have collaborated to offer patients evidence‐based mental health and addiction treatment through an interactive and online option. Officials, who announced the partnership in September, said the effort delivers personalized individual and group treatment plans in a secure, compliant and engaging online space.
Provider reaches Latino community by being ‘culturally humble’
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: October 2024

Staff members at North Carolina's largest provider of mental health services for the Latino community, El Futuro, realize the care they deliver can't be cookie‐cutter. What the rest of the field might label as “evidence‐based” will likely fall short for a population that has had little role in designing or testing what have become the conventional treatment strategies.
Ohio programs support recovery, students seeking BH careers
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: October 2024

Responding to the growing demand for mental health care services by strengthening the pipeline of behavioral health professionals and creating job opportunities for people in recovery from a mental health or substance use disorder, Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine has recently announced two programs to serve both needs.
A genetic assessment of natural barriers for isolating a proposed Greenback Cutthroat Trout reintroduction area
Authors: Stack Taylor , Fairchild Matthew P. , Geiger Rachel , Oyler-McCance Sara J. , Fike Jennifer A. , Kennedy Christopher M. , Winkelman Dana L. , Kanno Yoichiro
Published: October 2024

Objective

Native inland trout conservation efforts rely on physical barriers to exclude nonnative salmonids from target habitats. We used genetic techniques to evaluate a series of natural waterfalls for their potential to serve as barriers to prevent nonnative salmonids from entering a proposed reintroduction area for federally threatened Greenback Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus virginalis stomias.

Methods

Genetic samples were collected from nonnative Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis at 11 sampling reaches above and below natural waterfalls (height: ~1–3 m under base flow conditions) along a 33-km segment of Colorado's upper Cache la Poudre River near the outflow of the proposed reintroduction area. To evaluate whether upstream movement of Brook Trout is restricted by any of these waterfalls, we characterized longitudinal trends in genetic diversity along the river corridor and examined patterns of genetic differentiation and population structure in relation to waterfall locations using a panel of microsatellites.

Result

We found no evidence that the waterfalls served as complete movement barriers for nonnative Brook Trout based on genetic clustering analyses, estimates of population differentiation, and longitudinal genetic patterns. Our multilocus assessment did not identify alleles restricted to downstream reaches, and the river segment was genetically homogenized.

Conclusion

Our evaluation suggests that the existing waterfalls do not fully prevent upstream movement by nonnative Brook Trout, and thus barrier modification would be needed to establish an isolated Greenback Cutthroat Trout population in the proposed wilderness area.
Influence of stream temperature and human disturbance on prespawn mortality of Chinook Salmon in the Willamette River basin
Authors: Carey Katherine C. , Kent Michael , Schreck Carl B. , Couch Claire E. , Whitman Luke , Peterson James T.
Published: October 2024

Objective

Premature mortality of adult female Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha is a major barrier to population recovery. The Willamette River basin, Oregon, typifies the problems that are faced by fishery managers in the Pacific Northwest (USA). Adult salmon are trapped and transported upstream of dams to access historical spawning grounds, but annual rates of prespawn mortality (PSM) are high (often >40%) and may limit the recovery of natural populations. The purpose of this study was to identify potential factors related to PSM of female Chinook Salmon that are outplanted above dams and incorporate them into a modeling framework to facilitate adaptive management of outplanting operations.

Methods

We evaluated PSM in Fall Creek of the Willamette River basin prior to transport facility improvements in summer and fall of 2010–2017 and postimprovement during 2020–2021. We estimated PSM and conducted exploratory analyses to identify possible nontransport sources of stress that may contribute to the observed high PSM rates. Candidate factors included long-term elevated temperature exposure, elevated temperature exposure below the trap, total number of outplanted fish, and monthly human disturbance of outplanted fish. We then developed and fit three models, each representing a hypothesis of a factor influencing PSM, incorporated them into a single alternative decision model, and conducted sensitivity analyses.

Result

Prespawn mortality averaged 0.66 (ranging from 0.37 to 0.94) over the study period. According to the simulation results, the top two management actions were to exclude human activities—swimming and fishing—from Fall Creek in July and August.

Conclusion

Expected PSM rates were predicted to be 0.38 when human activity was excluded in July and 0.37 for August. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the most influential decision model component was the choice of the alternative model.
Handling effects on dispersal of PIT-tagged Flannelmouth Sucker
Authors: Bonjour Sophia M. , Gido Keith B. , McKinstry Mark C.
Published: October 2024

Objective

Handling and tagging migrating fish might alter their behavior, limiting inference from mark–recapture studies. Posthandling flight of tributary spawning Flannelmouth Sucker Catostomus latipinnis was previously identified in Coal Creek in the upper Colorado River basin. Our objective was to determine if similar issues were present at McElmo Creek in the San Juan River basin.

Methods

We compared emigration timing of Flannelmouth Sucker that had been handled and tagged with passive integrated transponder tags during their tributary spawning run to individuals tagged in previous years and detected both entering and exiting the tributary. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine intrinsic and extrinsic factors contributing to exit timing.

Result

Sex and tagging year were associated with emigration timing, but handling did not result in posthandling flight from McElmo Creek. Females exited the tributary ~3 days before males, and larger fish emigrated earlier than smaller adults.

Conclusion

Differences in capture technique and timing, available spawning habitat, and fish motivation across river systems may contribute to differences in posthandling emigration of tributary spawning Flannelmouth Sucker.
Constraint Realization‐Based Hamel Field Integrator for Geometrically Exact Planar Euler–Bernoulli Beam Dynamics
Authors: Wang Benliang , Shi Donghua , Yi Zhonggui
Published: October 2024

In this article, we first introduce a Hamel field integrator designed for a geometrically exact Euler–Bernoulli beam with infinite‐dimensional holonomic constraints, constructed using a Lagrange multiplier. This method addresses the complexities introduced by constraints, but the additional multiplier introduces a new degree of freedom and hence results in a system with mixed‐type partial differential equations. To address this issue, we further propose a constraint realization method based on perturbation theory for infinite‐dimensional mechanical systems within the framework of Hamel's formalism. This method circumvents the use of additional Lagrange multiplier, significantly reducing the computational complexity of modeling problems. Building on this, we construct a perturbed Hamel field integrator optimized for parallel computing and incorporate artificial viscosity to accelerate constraint convergence. While applicable to three dimensions, our method is demonstrated in a simplified context using planar Euler–Bernoulli beam examples to illustrate the effectiveness of the unified mathematical framework.
Real‐world predictors of severe psychological distress during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Japan: Insights from a large‐scale internet‐based cohort study
Authors: Tokumitsu Keita , Sugawara Norio , Tabuchi Takahiro , Yasui‐Furukori Norio
Published: October 2024

Aim

The COVID‐19 pandemic has had negative physical and psychological impacts worldwide. However, there has been a lack of real‐world evidence concerning the predictors of severe psychological distress (SPD) among the general population in Japan during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to examine predictors of SPD during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

We investigated the predictors of new‐onset SPD in the general Japanese population using data from a large‐scale internet‐based cohort study.

Results

We included 16 489 study participants (age range = 16–81, mean age = 52.7, percentage of male = 50%) in the analysis. Over the course of 1 year from baseline, the estimated proportion of participants who experienced SPD was 5.2% with inverse probability weighting. The predictors of SPD included younger age, being never married, being unemployed, having a higher education background, scoring higher on the Fear of Coronavirus‐19 Scale, experiencing more adverse childhood experiences, reporting poorer subjective health status, and COVID‐19 with oxygen therapy. Our internet‐based survey of the Japanese population may have selection bias, limiting the generalizability to other countries and cultures.

Conclusion

This study revealed that being afflicted with COVID‐19 requiring oxygen therapy is the most significant predictor of SPD. In addition, we found that vulnerability to social isolation, such as never being unmarried, anxiety toward COVID‐19, and susceptibility to stress, are predictors of the emergence of SPD. Therefore, the implementation of online support systems and ensuring access to accurate information may protect against SPD during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Japan.
A Consistent and Well‐Balanced Hybrid Weighted Essentially Non‐Oscillatory Scheme for Shallow Water Equations on Unstructured Meshes
Authors: Qian Cunxin , Lu Changna , Liu Liyu
Published: October 2024

In this article, a type of high‐order consistent and well‐balanced hybrid weighted essentially non‐oscillatory (WENO) scheme is proposed for shallow water equations with flat or non‐flat bottom on unstructured triangular meshes. The hybrid scheme presents a new consistent discretization format on the flux and the source term with the goal of obtaining a hybridization of the high‐order WENO scheme and linear scheme. According to the modified multi‐resolution analysis approach, we can select the more robust and accurate WENO reconstruction in the vicinity of discontinuities, and the less expensive linear reconstruction in the smooth regions. As a result, the suggested hybrid WENO scheme can acquire the capacity of saving the computing time cost while maintaining the excellent numerical features of the original WENO scheme. Eventually, some extensive and classical two‐dimensional numerical examples, including a tidal bore of an estuary with an irregular computation area are provided to validate the performance of this hybrid WENO scheme on triangular meshes in terms of accuracy order, exact conservation property, shock‐capturing, good resolution, and computational efficiency.
Cost‐Effectiveness of Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation for Pediatric Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Down Syndrome Patients
Authors: Nowlen Frances , Scheffler Patrick
Published: October 2024

Objective

To examine the cost‐effectiveness of hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS) implantation at an early age in simulated pediatric cohorts with Down Syndrome (DS) and severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Study Design

Cost‐utility analysis.

Setting

Hypothetical cohort.

Methods

A Markov model simulated 3 pediatric cohorts with DS and OSA beginning at age 4 years until 21 years. Cohorts received HGNS implants in early childhood, late childhood, or adulthood at age 4, 13 (current FDA‐approved age), or 18 years, respectively. Input model parameters were obtained from the literature and our institution. Outcomes were measured with an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER), measured in dollars per quality‐adjusted life‐year (QALY). Deterministic 1‐way sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of parameter uncertainty.

Results

Results (total costs; total QALYs) across the time horizon were determined for each cohort: early implantation ($83,300.35; 15.79), late ($48,319.09; 14.98), and adult ($38,721.07; 14.55). ICERs were $48,892.47 per QALY for early vs late implantation, $43,471.15 per QALY for early vs adult implantation, and $30,959.58 per QALY for late vs adult implantation. All ICERs were below a willingness‐to‐pay threshold of $50,000 per QALY. Varying the discount rate and utility expectedly varied the ICERs and cost‐effectiveness. Threshold analysis showed early implantation to be cost‐effective for a HGNS implantation cost up to $62,230 compared to late implantation.

Conclusion

The current study suggests HGNS is a cost‐effective treatment strategy for pediatric patients with DS and severe OSA. Our findings also suggest cost‐effectiveness at ages younger than 13, the current age of FDA approval.
The Effects of Metformin on Cisplatin‐Induced Ototoxicity in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Nader Marc‐Elie , Choi Jonathan , Hernandez Mike , Hutcheson Katherine , Myers Taylor , Jivani Shirin , Pratihar Rajarshi , Fernandez Katharine , Phan Jack , You Chelsea , Gidley Paul W.
Published: October 2024

Objective

Ototoxicity is an important side effect of cisplatin. Recent animal and in vitro studies suggest metformin may protect hearing, though human studies are lacking. We report the first retrospective clinical study exploring the effects of metformin on cisplatin‐induced ototoxicity.

Study Design

Retrospective case‐control.

Setting

Tertiary‐care center.

Methods

We reviewed all diabetic patients treated with cisplatin who were enrolled in an auditory monitoring program between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2018. Patients were grouped according to their use of metformin at the time of chemotherapy. Demographics, oncologic diagnosis and treatment, and prior noise exposure were recorded. Audiometric thresholds were compared before and after chemotherapy. The primary outcome measure was a change in hearing as defined by the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). Secondary measures of ototoxicity included changes in hearing using the American Speech‐Language‐Hearing Association (ASHA) and TUNE criteria.

Results

Seventy‐two diabetic patients met the inclusion criteria. Forty‐six patients had taken metformin while on chemotherapy and 26 had not. The proportion of hearing loss as defined by both, CTCAE and ASHA criteria, was more than double in the metformin group relative to the nonmetformin group (CTCAE: 54.4% vs 19.2%, P = .004; ASHA: 62.2% vs 28.0%, P = .003). None of the potential covariates believed to be confounders were significantly associated with the outcome of multivariable analysis.

Conclusion

Contrary to expectations from preclinical data, metformin did not reduce the incidence of hearing loss in patients receiving cisplatin and may, in fact, be associated with an increased risk.
Efficient Cleavage of pUC19 DNA by Tetraaminonaphthols
Authors: Kost Catharina , Scheffer Ute , Kalden Elisabeth , Göbel Michael Wilhelm
Published: October 2024

In an attempt to create models of phosphodiesterases, we previously investigated bis(guanidinium) naphthols. Such metal‐free anion receptors cleaved aryl phosphates and also plasmid DNA. Observed reaction rates, however, could not compete with those of highly reactive metal complexes. In the present study, we have replaced the guanidines by ethylene diamine side chains which accelerates the plasmid cleavage by compound 13 significantly (1 mM 13: t1/2=22 h). Further gains in reactivity are achieved by azo coupling of the naphthol unit. The electron accepting azo group decreases the pKa of the hydroxy group. It can also serve as a dye label and a handle for attaching DNA binding moieties. The resulting azo naphthol 17 not only nicks (1 mM 17: t1/2~1 h) but also linearizes pUC19 DNA. Although the high reactivity of 17 seems to result in part from aggregation, in the presence of EDTA azo naphthol 17 obeys first order kinetics (1 mM 17: t1/2=4.8 h), reacts four times faster than naphthol 13 and surpasses by far the former bis(guanidinium) naphthols 4 and 5.
Multicancer Early Detection Tests: A State‐of‐the‐Art Review for Otolaryngologists
Authors: Kennedy Elena , Durm Greg , Farlow Janice L.
Published: October 2024

Objective

To provide a review of the science and applicability of current multi‐cancer early detection (MCED) tests for otolaryngologists.

Data Sources

PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov, company websites.

Review Methods

Using PRISMA methodology, primary literature regarding MCED tests was queried from April 26 to May 12, 2024 using MCED search terms. Ongoing clinical trials incorporating MCED screens were identified via the National Institutes of Health clinicaltrials.gov website. Company websites for available or upcoming MCED tests were reviewed.

Conclusion

Long‐term robust data regarding the performance characteristics, effects on clinical outcomes, and cost‐utility of MCED tests for head and neck cancer are currently lacking. Otolaryngologists should be aware of the implications of MCED tests as these assays become more widely used.

Implications for Practice

Although not FDA‐approved or covered by insurances at the time of writing of this manuscript, MCED testing is rapidly gaining interest, and patients with positive tests are presenting to otolaryngologists for evaluation. While MCED technologies hold great promise for early detection of disease and potential reduction of morbidity and mortality, more study is needed about their utility for head and neck cancer and optimal diagnostic workflows.
The impact of U.S. economic sanctions on corporate innovation and fraud
Authors: Bazrafshan Ameneh
Published: October 2024

Economic sanctions have increasingly become a pivotal tool in modern foreign policy, especially in the context of U.S. international strategy. Despite their growing significance, there is a notable lack of empirical research on how these sanctions affect corporate behavior. This study aims to explore the impact of U.S. economic sanctions on innovation and fraudulent activities within Iranian firms subjected to these measures. Utilizing a difference‐in‐differences approach, the findings reveal a weak and negative relationship between sanctions and innovation, while no significant link is found between sanctions and fraudulent activities. Notably, the study uncovers a substantial divergence in companies' responses to sanctions based on their innovation background. Companies with a strong innovation background experience a significant increase in innovation efforts and a corresponding decline in fraudulent behavior upon facing sanctions. In contrast, companies lacking an established innovation background exhibit a reduction in innovation and, in turn, an escalation in fraudulent practices in response to sanctions. These findings remain robust across various sensitivity analyses. This research contributes to the expanding body of empirical literature on sanction outcomes by highlighting the profound impact of innovation background on the responsible and ethical decisions made by sanctioned companies.
A facile method for carbon nanotube/carbon fiber‐reinforced polylactic acid composites
Authors: Cao Jiandong , Gao Yan , Li Guohao , He Bohui , Ren Shangyuan , Bai Yongxiao , Wang Fushan
Published: October 2024

The mechanical strength of polylactic acid (PLA) can be improved by carbon fiber (CF) compositing to expand its application in tissue engineering scaffolds. However, the mechanical strength of CF‐reinforced polylactic acid (CFRPLA) composites is compromised due to weak interfacial interaction resulting from the chemically inert surface of CF. In the article, carbon nanotube (CNT) with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) as a coupling agent was covered on CF to improve the chemical activity and roughness of the surface of CF, and then the as‐prepared CF‐PCNT were further incorporated into PLA via melt compounding. The yield strength, modulus, and thermal conductivity of PLA/CF‐PCNT were 14.09%, 7.65%, and 5.24% higher than those of PLA/CF, respectively, and the volume resistivity was 99.74% lower at a 10 wt% loading. The enhancement for the mechanical properties of PLA/CF‐PCNT composites could be ascribed to the mechanical locking, hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds between CF and matrix through the interface modulation of CNT and PDDA. This facile and non‐destructive method offers a novel strategy for the modification of CF fillers.

Highlights

CF was modified by PDDA and CNT through a facile and non‐destructive method.

The active functional groups and roughness on the surface of CF were increased.

The surfaces of CFs were characterized by FT‐IR, Raman spectra, XPS and SEM.

The interface was improved by mechanical locking, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.

The mechanical strength, electrical and thermal conductivity of composites were improved.
Wear performance of antibacterial dental composite with Salvadora persica extract and hydroxyapatite as fillers
Authors: Chaaben Rihem , Ayedi Ayman , Elleuch Khaled
Published: October 2024

The characterization of S. persica (Salvadora persica) extract, which involved evaluating its antibacterial activity, demonstrated the extract's strong efficacy. Additionally, incorporating it into PMMA/HA showcased the composite's good antibacterial activity. The objective of this work is to evaluate how the incorporation of S. persica extract affects the wear resistance of the dental composite PMMA/HA, considering the critical importance of wear resistance in dental applications. The wear response of this biocomposite was tested against an Alumina ball using a pin‐on‐disc tribometer. Initially, the hydroxyapatite (HA) micro particles demonstrate a remarkable influence on wear behavior when incorporated at an optimal percentage (10%wt). This optimal inclusion rate not only significantly increases the wear rate but also instigates a shift in the wear mechanism, favoring abrasive wear while minimizing adhesive wear comparing to PMMA. The addition of the extract nanoparticles to the composite PMMA/HA decreases the wear rate except the composite containing 10 wt% of each filler. Additionally, it introduces adhesive wear, in addition to the existing fatigue and abrasion wear. Thus, the composite PMMA/HA could accommodate up to 10 wt% of the S. persica extract as the optimal percentage that provides antibacterial activity to this biocomposite without exhibiting a deterioration in wear performance.

Highlights

The evaluation of the effect of incorporating S. persica extract, which provides antibacterial activity, on the wear resistance of the PMMA/HA dental composite generally demonstrates a reduction in this property.

The addition of S. persica extract introduces adhesive wear in addition to the fatigue and abrasion wear already present in the PMMA/HA composite.

The composite PMMA/HA can accommodate up to 10 wt% of S. persica extract without compromising its wear performance.
ECLIPSES: Early initiation of sodium glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors for cardiovascular protection in patients with type 2 diabetes following acute coronary syndrome and subsequent coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Authors: Makortoff Lena , Then Karen L. , Dutchak Melissa , Lin Meng , Youngson Erik , Harten Cheryl
Published: October 2024

Introduction

There is a paucity of data evaluating early initiation of sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in patients with diabetes following acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG).

Objectives

To describe the efficacy and safety of SGLT2i initiated early after CABG in patients with type 2 diabetes who experienced ACS.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) who experienced ACS and subsequent CABG with follow up at 3 and 12 months. Patients who filled a SGLT2i prescription within 14 days of discharge were allocated to the SGLT2i group and those who did not were included in the no SGLT2i group. The primary efficacy end point was first occurrence of a 4‐point Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event (MACE), and the primary safety end point was a composite of hypoglycemia, hypotension, diabetic ketoacidosis, acute kidney injury, and urinary tract infection. Secondary end points included a comparative analysis of the primary outcome, 30‐day readmission rates, and subgroup analyses of key populations.

Results

A total of 1629 patients were included: 226 received a SGLT2i within 14 days of discharge and 1403 did not. At 12 months, 8.9% and 15.3% of patients experienced MACE in the SGLT2i and no SGLT2i groups, respectively (adjusted Hazard Ratio [aHR] 0.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.41–1.04). The primary safety outcome occurred in 12.0% of the SGLT2i group and 19.1% of the no SGLT2i group at 12 months (aHR 0.68, 95% CI 0.45–1.01).

Conclusion

Early initiation of SGLT2i use was not associated with a reduction in MACE in patients with T2DM who experienced ACS and underwent subsequent CABG surgery. However, no apparent safety concerns were identified. Adequately powered trials are required to confirm this finding.
Informing the risk assessment related to lactation and drug exposure: A physiologically based pharmacokinetic lactation model for pregabalin
Authors: Humerickhouse Cameron , Pressly Michelle , Lin Zhoumeng , Guinn Daphne , Samuels Sherbet , Pfuma Fletcher Elimika , Schmidt Stephan
Published: October 2024

Breastfeeding is important in childhood development, and medications are often necessary for lactating individuals, yet information on the potential risk of infant drug exposure through human milk is limited. Establishing a lactation modeling framework can advance our understanding of this topic and potentiate clinical decision making. We expanded the modeling framework previously developed for sotalol using pregabalin as a second prototypical probe compound with similar absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) properties. Adult oral models were developed in PK‐Sim® and used to build a lactation model in MoBi® to simulate drug transfer into human milk. The adult model was applied to breastfeeding pediatrics (ages 1 to 23 months) and subsequently integrated with the lactation model to simulate infant drug exposure according to age, size, and breastfeeding frequency. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model simulations captured the data used for verification both in adults and pediatrics. Lactation simulations captured observed milk and plasma data corresponding to doses of 150 mg administered twice daily to lactating individuals, and estimated a relative infant dose (RID) of approximately 7% of the maternal dose. The infant drug exposure simulations showed peak plasma concentrations of 0.44 μg/mL occurring within the first 2 weeks of life, followed by gradual decline with age after week four. The modeling framework performs well for this second prototypical drug and warrants expansion to other drugs for further validation. PBPK modeling and simulation approaches together with clinical lactation data could ultimately help inform infant drug exposure risk assessments to guide clinical decision making.
A learning theory‐based exploratory analysis of teacher professional development interventions for formative assessment
Authors: de Vries J. A. , Visscher A. J. , Schildkamp K.
Published: October 2024

There is substantial evidence in cognitive psychology for the effectiveness of learning theory‐based principles, such as activating prior knowledge or retrieval practice, for learning. In this exploratory study, we analysed to what degree such learning theory‐based principles are applied in teacher professional development (TPD) interventions for formative assessment and how, and whether differences in the use of these principles between TPD interventions explain differences in the effectiveness of such interventions. We found that the impact of TPD interventions for formative assessment on student achievement was evaluated rigorously in very few studies, with only five in our sample. Our results also showed that most learning theory‐based principles were applied only to a very limited degree, and not deliberately. Both findings imply that no patterns relating the application of learning theory‐based principles and intervention effectiveness were discernible. However, given the general evidence for the principles, there is probably much to gain by applying the learning theory‐based principles when developing TPD interventions for formative assessment.

Context and implications

Rationale for this study

Studies in cognitive psychology have resulted in clear principles to promote learning. It is unknown whether these have been used to improve teacher professional development (for formative assessment).

Why the new findings matter

The limited use of learning theory‐based principles in TPD development is remarkable, as there is strong evidence that these principles are effective.

Implications for researchers

Only 5 of 44 evaluated studies adhered to high standards for randomised controlled trials set by Cheung and Slavin (2016) and What Works Clearinghouse (2020), meaning that we ultimately have very little reliable data on the effectiveness of TPD interventions for formative assessment. If we want to know what influences improvement in teacher skills when conducting TPD interventions, then better interventions and evaluations are needed.

The learning theory‐based principles themselves are the result of thorough research, and it is therefore worthwhile to further investigate how the learning theory‐based principles can be used to improve TPD interventions for formative assessment.
Soil landscapes of the United States (SOLUS): Developing predictive soil property maps of the conterminous United States using hybrid training sets
Authors: Nauman Travis W. , Kienast‐Brown Suzann , Roecker Stephen M. , Brungard Colby , White David , Philippe Jessica , Thompson James A.
Published: October 2024

Detailed soil property maps are increasingly important for land management decisions and environmental modeling. The US Soil Survey is investing in production of the Soil Landscapes of the United States (SOLUS), a new set of national predictive soil property maps. This paper documents initial 100‐m resolution maps of 20 soil properties that include various textural fractions, physical parameters, chemical parameters, carbon, and depth to restrictions. Many of these properties have not been previously mapped at this resolution. A hybrid training strategy helped increase training data by roughly 10‐fold over previous similar studies by combining commonly used laboratory data with underutilized field descriptions tied to soil survey map unit component property estimates (to help represent within polygon variability) as well as randomly selected soil survey map unit weighted average property estimates. Relative prediction intervals were used to help select which training data sources improved model performance. Conventional and spatial cross‐validation strategies yielded generally strong coefficients of determination between 0.5 and 0.7, but with substantial variability and outliers among the various properties, types of training data, and depths. Internal review of the maps highlighted both strengths and weaknesses of the maps, but most of the critical comments were in areas with high model uncertainty that can be used to guide future improvements. Generally, previously glaciated areas and complex large alluvial basins were harder to model. The new SOLUS 100‐m maps will be updated in the future to address identified issues and feedback as users interact with the data.
Working for Jessica or Michael? Implications of gender stereotypes for job application intentions at technology startups
Authors: Tonoyan Vartuhi , Strohmeyer Robert , Jennings Jennifer
Published: October 2024

Research Summary

We examine a critical yet underexplored aspect of human resource management in nascent technology ventures: employee recruitment. Applying theories of gender stereotyping, we contend that female‐led technology startups face greater obstacles in attracting job applicants than their male counterparts. Evidence from a randomized online experiment conducted in 2020/2021 with 777 US job seekers substantiates this barrier, indicating that the disparities are partly rooted in gender‐stereotypical perceptions of female technology entrepreneurs as less competent, agentic, and warm, which contribute to less favorable assessments of their ventures' economic potential and employee empowerment potential. Startups with gender‐diverse leadership teams appear to overcome these biases. Confirmatory evidence comes from a 2024 replication study with 455 US job seekers, underscoring the need to address gender biases in the technological ecosystem.

Managerial Summary

In the competitive landscape of technology startups, attracting talent is key. Our study reveals that startups with female leaders face gender biases during recruitment, with job candidates perceiving female technology entrepreneurs as less competent, agentic, and warm—and their startup ventures as less likely to have what it takes to grow and to empower employees. Analysis from a randomized online experiment involving 777 US job seekers in 2020/2021 and a follow‐up study with 455 US job seekers in 2024 confirm such biases. Crucially, a gender‐balanced leadership team significantly counters such biases, enhancing the venture's appeal to potential hires. These insights highlight the need for technology startups to promote gender diversity within their leadership to dismantle stereotypes and attract a broader talent pool.
Profiling Breast Tumor Heterogeneity and Identifying Breast Cancer Subtypes Through Tumor‐Associated Immune Cell Signatures and Immuno Nano Sensors
Authors: Ishwar Deeptha , Premachandran Srilakshmi , Das Sunit , Venkatakrishnan Krishnan , Tan Bo
Published: October 2024

Breast cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease with varying cellular, genetic, epigenetic, and molecular expressions. The detection of intratumor heterogeneity in breast cancer poses significant challenges due to its complex multifaceted characteristics, yet its identification is crucial for guiding effective treatment decisions and understanding the disease progression. Currently, there exists no method capable of capturing the full extent of breast tumor heterogeneity. In this study, the aim is to identify and characterize metabolic heterogeneity in breast tumors using immune cells and an ultrafast laser‐fabricated Immuno Nano Sensor. Combining spectral markers from both Natural Killer (NK) and T cells, a machine‐learning approach is implemented to distinguish cancer from healthy samples, identify primary versus metastatic tumors, and determine estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR) status at the single‐cell level. The platform successfully distinguished heterogeneous breast cancer samples from healthy individuals, achieving 97.8% sensitivity and 92.2% specificity, and accurately identified primary tumors from metastatic tumors. Characteristic spectral signatures allow for discrimination between ER/PR‐positive and negative tumors with 97.5% sensitivity. This study demonstrates the potential of immune cell‐based metabolic profiling in providing a comprehensive assessment of breast tumor heterogeneity and paving the way for minimally invasive liquid biopsy approaches in breast cancer diagnosis and management.
Parallelized Mechanical Stimulation of Neuronal Calcium Through Cell‐Internal Nanomagnetic Forces Provokes Lasting Shifts in the Network Activity State
Authors: Beck Connor L. , Kunze Anja
Published: October 2024

Neurons differentiate mechanical stimuli force and rate to elicit unique functional responses, driving the need for further tools to generate various mechanical stimuli. Here, cell‐internal nanomagnetic forces (iNMF) are introduced by manipulating internalized magnetic nanoparticles with an external magnetic field across cortical neuron networks in vitro. Under iNMF, cortical neurons exhibit calcium (Ca2+) influx, leading to modulation of activity observed through Ca2+ event rates. Inhibiting particle uptake or altering nanoparticle exposure time reduced the neuronal response to nanomagnetic forces, exposing the requirement of nanoparticle uptake to induce the Ca2+ response. In highly active cortical networks, iNMF robustly modulates synchronous network activity, which is lasting and repeatable. Using pharmacological blockers, it is shown that iNMF activates mechanosensitive ion channels to induce the Ca2+ influx. Then, in contrast to transient mechanically evoked neuronal activity, iNMF activates Ca2+‐activated potassium (KCa) channels to stabilize the neuronal membrane potential and induce network activity shifts. The findings reveal the potential of magnetic nanoparticle‐mediated mechanical stimulation to modulate neuronal circuit dynamics, providing insights into the biophysics of neuronal computation.
How the Spacer Influences the Stability of 2D Perovskites?
Authors: Gao Xinying , Wu Yilei , Zhang Yehui , Chen Xinyu , Song Zhilong , Zhang Tingbo , Fang Qianglong , Ji Qun , Ju Ming‐Gang , Wang Jinlan
Published: October 2024

Two‐dimensional lead halide perovskites (2D HPs) represent as an emerging class of materials given their tunable optoelectronic properties and long‐term stability in perovskite solar cells. However, the ever‐growing field of optoelectronic devices using 2D HPs requires fundamental understanding of the influence of the spacer on the physiochemical properties and stability of perovskites as well as establish which cation properties are closely related to suppress the halogen ion mobility. This study focuses on investigating the influence of organic spacers with intrinsic properties (e.g., rigidity and flexibility, special groups) and variations of material dimensions on the stability of halogen ions and inorganic frameworks in 2D HPs. It is found that the perovskite structure composed of rigidity molecules owns better stability of halogen ion and inorganic framework than that of flexible molecules. The stability of ions exhibits a negative correlation with the dimensions of perovskite. More importantly, a simple descriptor for measuring the stability of halogen ions in 2D HPs is constructed. By causal discovery algorithms with more physical and chemical significance, the Kappa shape index, number of rotatable bonds, and aromatic carbocycles in organic spacers are identified as causal and important features for the stability of halogen ions in 2D HPs.
G.O.O.S.E.: Introducing a novel five‐stage structured framework for the early phases of teaching and learning ultrasound
Authors: Pascoe Suean
Published: October 2024

The sonography profession faces a critical global workforce shortage, particularly pronounced in Australia, due to insufficient clinical training opportunities and an ageing workforce. The financial burden and increased scan times associated with training exacerbate this issue. Innovative approaches, such as intensive ultrasound courses and pair scanning protocols, have shown promise in addressing these challenges. The GOOSE framework (Get the window, Optimise the view, Optimise the image, Select the image, Explain the findings) offers a structured, step‐by‐step approach to practical sonography training. This framework deconstructs complex ultrasound skills into manageable tasks, optimises cognitive load management, and provides explicit guidance for novice learners. The GOOSE framework is designed to enhance the efficiency of teaching and learning by simplifying complex skills into clear, actionable steps, supported by checklists that guide both instructors and students through the training process. The GOOSE framework offers a systematisation of knowledge transfer that, combined with deliberate practice and structured feedback, ensures learners progressively build their skills with focused, goal‐directed activities. While this model is yet to be validated, initial implementations have shown promising results in improving trainee performance, reducing supervision workload, and standardising instructional methods. This article outlines the principles of the GOOSE framework, its development, and its application in a specialised training facility, proposing it as a standardised model to enhance practical ultrasound education and improve teaching and learning efficiency.
Critical systems thinking for managing complexity of food security
Authors: Hasyimi Valid , Putro Utomo Sarjono , Novani Santi , Hendriadi Agung
Published: October 2024

Reductionist approaches, conventionally used to address the complexities of food security, successfully addressed production challenges throughout the 20th century. However, this approach met its limitations when addressing broader issues encompassing socio‐economic and sustainability. Additionally, this approach tends to equip us with reactive methods rather than prescriptive, while decision‐makers today are encouraged to take anticipatory plans and act quickly in any situation. This paper tries to manage the complexity of food security using critical system thinking to assist decision‐makers in choosing a system approach relevant to the issue. It started by presenting the evolution of food security complexity by documenting significant historical milestones in the global journey of global food security. Furthermore, we associate the outcomes of each milestone, in this case, the World Food Conference/Summit, in shaping the direction of the global research theme. We also interview stakeholders from government, businesses and NGOs to identify the complexity of food practices based on their perspectives. Lastly, we categorize food security issues into six types of complexity by referring to Jackson. We show how system of systems methodology (SOSM) can enable us to frame the complexity of food security into relevant categories equipped with suggested methods, thereby enabling the allocation of resources and time more effectively and efficiently.
Investigating the Role of TiC Precipitation in Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of a Novel Ship Steel
Authors: Wen Pengyu , Jiao Zhenbo , Zhao Mingyang , Meng Fanyun , Wang Xiaohui , Teng Yingxue , He Yuenian , Guo Jing
Published: October 2024

This study examines the single‐pass thermal compression behavior of Ti‐bearing ship plate steel across a temperature range of 850–1150 °C and strain rates from 0.01 to 7 s−1, employing the Gleeble‐2000D thermomechanical simulator. It delves into the evolution of TiC precipitation and dynamic recrystallization (DRX), along with the austenite decomposition transformation during hot compression and subsequent cooling. Active dynamic recrystallization commences at deformation temperatures above 1050 °C, facilitated by the diminished pinning pressure of TiC carbides. This leads to the development of fine DRX austenite grains, influenced by an increase in strain rates and a decrease in temperature. Simultaneously, the fraction of TiC dispersions decreases as the deformation temperature increases, yet they maintain a consistent size of 5–10 nm. The refined particle size is attributed to their low interfacial energy with the austenite matrix, determined by the first principle to be 0.21 J m−2. Due to the severe deformation and numerous dispersions, specimens subjected to a thermal deformation regime at 850 °C and a strain rate of 7 s−1 present a peak in hardness, reaching a maximum of 324 HV. The Ti microalloying approach offers pivotal insights into improving the rollability and mechanical characteristics of ship plate steel.