bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Determinants of the Cardiometabolic Improvements of Dietary Flavanols Identified by an Integrative Analysis of Nutrigenomic Data from a Systematic Review of Animal Studies
Authors: Monfoulet Laurent‐Emmanuel , Ruskovska Tatjana , Ajdžanović Vladimir , Havlik Jaroslav , Vauzour David , Bayram Banu , Krga Irena , Corral‐Jara Karla‐Fabiola , Kistanova Elena , Abadjieva Desislava , Massaro Marika , Scoditti Egeria , Deligiannidou Eirini , Kontogiorgis Christos , Arola‐Arnal Anna , van Schothorst Evert M. , Morand Christine , Milenkovic Dragan
Published: May 2021

Scope: Flavanols are important polyphenols of the human diet with extensive demonstrations of their beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health. They contribute to preserve health acting on a large range of cellular processes. The underlying mechanisms of action of flavanols are not fully understood but involve a nutrigenomic regulation.

Methods and Results: To further capture how the intake of dietary flavanols results in the modulation of gene expression, nutrigenomics data in response to dietary flavanols obtained from animal models of cardiometabolic diseases have been collected and submitted to a bioinformatics analysis. This systematic analysis shows that dietary flavanols modulate a large range of genes mainly involved in endocrine function, fatty acid metabolism, and inflammation. Several regulators of the gene expression have been predicted and include transcription factors, miRNAs and epigenetic factors.

Conclusion: This review highlights the complex and multilevel action of dietary flavanols contributing to their strong potential to preserve cardiometabolic health. The identification of the potential molecular mediators and of the flavanol metabolites driving the nutrigenomic response in the target organs is still a pending question which the answer will contribute to optimize the beneficial health effects of dietary bioactives.
Hydroxymethylfurfural as an Intermediate of Cellulose Carbonization
Authors: Nomura Takashi , Minami Eiji , Kawamoto Haruo
Published: May 2021

Invited for this month's cover is the group of Haruo Kawamoto at Kyoto University (Japan). The cover picture shows the carbonization pathway of cellulose via 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural as an important intermediate. Thermochemical conversion is one of the promising technologies to convert cellulose, which is the main component of lignocellulosic biomass, into biofuels and biochemicals. Understanding the molecular mechanism of thermal degradation of cellulose is important for developing efficient conversion techniques by controlling the reaction. Read the full text of their Full Paper at 10.1002/open.202000314.
Differences in characteristics of children with cancer who receive standard versus concurrent hospice care
Authors: Svynarenko Radion , Mack Jennifer W. , Lindley Lisa C.
Published: May 2021

Background

The provision of Section 2302 of the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) allowed pediatric patients who are enrolled in Medicaid to receive hospice care concurrently with curative treatment (i.e., concurrent hospice care). Because it is a relatively new model of care and very little is known about the characteristics of children with cancer who receive it, the purpose of the current study was to compare demographic, health, and community characteristics of children who received standard hospice care versus concurrent hospice care.

Procedure

This study was a retrospective, comparison study with national Medicaid files provided by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). The sample included 1685 pediatric patients under the age of 20 who were diagnosed with cancer, were enrolled in hospice between 2011 and 2013, and received standard hospice care (n = 1008) or concurrent hospice care (n = 655).

Results

Children of non‐Hispanic White race with multiple complex chronic conditions, mental/behavioral health problems technology dependence, and brain and orbital tumors were more likely to be enrolled in concurrent care than in standard hospice care. The proportion of children enrolled in concurrent care versus standard hospice care was larger in rural areas, low‐income communities, and in the Southern states.

Conclusions

The enhanced uptake of concurrent care by traditionally underserved populations is promising. Concurrent hospice care, which allows for continued medical treatment and hospice care, could enhance access to hospice within these populations by offering a more blended model of care.
Tribological performance of self‐lubricating polyurethane elastomer compounding with the modified ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene
Authors: Xu Bo , Yin Bifeng , Li Qianzhu , Kuang Xin , Jia Hekun
Published: May 2021

Ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) powder was modified by surface treatment technology, then its wettability, dispersibility, mechanical, and tribological properties in polyurethane elastomer were studied. The testing results showed that after surface treatment, UHMWPE powder could infiltrate and disperse evenly in polyurethane, and build micro cross‐link with the contact surface of polymer substrate, which is conducive to enhancing the internal stress of polymer and improving the mechanical properties. With a small amount of modified UHMWPE being added into the casting polyurethane (CPU) elastomer, the right‐angled tearing strength increases and the abrasion loss decreases. Moreover, the elastomer surface self‐lubricating performance of CPU compounding with modified UHMWPE is enhanced: compared with the neat CPU sample, the average friction coefficient of the CPU samples with 5%, 10%, and 15% of modified UHMWPE is reduced by 46.3%, 41.5%, and 39.0%, respectively, and the surface wear resistance is improved; under the high‐load working condition, the CPU elastomer with 5% of modified UHMWPE has the optimal tribological performance.
Pyrrolidino[2,1–a]phthalazino[60]fullerenes: A New Family of Fullerene Derivatives for Photovoltaic Applications
Authors: Mumyatov Alexander V. , Chernyak Alexander V. , Elnaggar Mohamed M. , Kuznetsov Petr M. , Shestakov Alexander F. , Troshin Pavel A.
Published: May 2021

A reaction of phthalaldehyde with tosylhydrazide and alcohols, used as solvents, is serendipitously discovered, resulting in the formation of the corresponding phthalazinium salts. The obtained salts represent convenient precursors for the generation of azomethine ylides and readily functionalize the fullerene C60 upon treatment with a base to produce a new family of fullerene derivatives bearing pyrrolidino[2,1–a]phthalazine moiety on the fullerene cage. The revealed reaction provides a convenient synthetic route for the preparation of a broad variety of fullerene derivatives incorporating the substituents stemming from readily accessible alcohols. The obtained fullerene derivatives are investigated as electron‐transport materials in p–i–n perovskite solar cells and delivered encouraging power conversion efficiencies of >14%. The ease of the preparation and tunability of optoelectronic properties of pyrrolidino[2,1–a]phthalazino[60]fullerenes make them highly promising materials for organic electronics and photovoltaics.
Can permanganate oxidizable carbon predict soil function responses to soil organic matter management?
Authors: Lucas Shawn , Weil Ray
Published: May 2021

We evaluatedpermanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC) as a rapid test for identifying soils where improved organic matter management could improve soil function. At three sites, pairs of fields with similar soils but contrasting management history (cropped vs. sod) were studied. Fields historically in sod had higher initial total organic C (TOC) and POXC than historically cropped fields. Two cover crop treatments (rye and no cover) were applied within fields. We examined responses to rye treatment within management history for water stable aggregates (WSA), mineralizable C (Cmin), mineralizable nitrogen (Nmin), and Year 2 POXC. Rye treatment had significant positive effects on Cmin, Nmin, WSA, and Year 2 POXC. Across all sites, historically cropped fields had significantly greater responses to rye in Nmin, WSA, and Year 2 POXC. Every parameter showed a significantly greater response to rye in historically cropped fields within at least one site. Significant responses were negatively correlated to initial TOC and initial POXC, indicating greater responses where initial soil C tested lower. Initial TOC and POXC were similarly related to responses, but the POXC method is rapid and simple, requires less expensive equipment, and can be carried out in the field, making it a practical alternative, or complement, to TOC in soil health assessment. Use of POXC could facilitate identification of soils where improved soil organic matter management could sequester soil C and improve soil functioning.
Secretome Signature of Cardiopoietic Cells Echoed in Rescued infarcted Heart Proteome
Authors: Arrell D. Kent , Crespo-Diaz Ruben J. , Yamada Satsuki , Jeon Ryounghoon , Garmany Armin , Park Sungjo , Adolf Jeffrey P. , Livia Christopher , Hillestad Matthew L. , Bartunek Jozef , Behfar Atta , Terzic Andre
Published: May 2021

Stem cell paracrine activity is implicated in cardiac repair. Linkage between secretome functionality and therapeutic outcome was here interrogated by systems analytics of biobanked human cardiopoietic cells, a regenerative biologic in advanced clinical trials. Protein chip array identified 155 proteins differentially secreted by cardiopoietic cells with clinical benefit, expanded into a 520 node network, collectively revealing inherent vasculogenic properties along with cardiac and smooth muscle differentiation and development. Next generation RNA sequencing, refined by pathway analysis, pinpointed miR-146 dependent regulation upstream of the decoded secretome. Intracellular and extracellular integration unmasked commonality across cardio-vasculogenic processes. Mirroring the secretome pattern, infarcted hearts benefiting from cardiopoietic cell therapy restored the disease proteome engaging cardiovascular system functions. The cardiopoietic cell secretome thus confers a therapeutic molecular imprint on recipient hearts, with response informed by predictive systems profiling.
Recent Advances and Perspectives on the Polymer Electrolytes for Sodium/Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yin Hang , Han Chengjun , Liu Qirong , Wu Fayu , Zhang Fan , Tang Yongbing
Published: May 2021

Owing to the low cost of sodium/potassium resources and similar electrochemical properties of Na+/K+ to Li+, sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) are regarded as promising alternatives to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) in large‐scale energy storage field. However, traditional organic liquid electrolytes bestow SIBs/KIBs with serious safety concerns. In contrast, quasi‐/solid‐phase electrolytes including polymer electrolytes (PEs) and inorganic solid electrolytes (ISEs) show great superiority of high safety. However, the poor processibility and relatively low ionic conductivity of Na+ and K+ ions limit the further practical applications of ISEs. PEs combine some merits of both liquid‐phase electrolytes and ISEs, and present great potentials in next‐generation energy storage systems. Considerable efforts have been devoted to improving their overall properties. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of an in‐depth and comprehensive review to get insights into mechanisms and corresponding design strategies of PEs. Herein, the advantages of different electrolytes, particularly PEs are first minutely reviewed, and the mechanism of PEs for Na+/K+ ion transfer is summarized. Then, representative researches and recent progresses of SIBs/KIBs based on PEs are presented. Finally, some suggestions and perspectives are put forward to provide some possible directions for the follow‐up researches.
Graphene's Role in Emerging Trends of Capacitive Energy Storage
Authors: Wang Chenxiang , Muni Mit , Strauss Volker , Borenstein Arie , Chang Xueying , Huang Ailun , Qu Sheng , Sung Kimberly , Gilham Tera , Kaner Richard B.
Published: May 2021

Technological breakthroughs in energy storage are being driven by the development of next‐generation supercapacitors with favorable features besides high‐power density and cycling stability. In this innovation, graphene and its derived materials play an active role. Here, the research status of graphene supercapacitors is analyzed. Recent progress is outlined in graphene assembly, exfoliation, and processing techniques. In addition, electrochemical and electrical attributes that are increasingly valued in next‐generation supercapacitors are highlighted along with a summary of the latest research addressing chemical modification of graphene and its derivatives for future supercapacitors. The challenges and solutions discussed in the review hopefully will shed light on the commercialization of graphene and a broader genre of 2D materials in energy storage applications.
Electrochemical Generation and Use in Organic Synthesis of C‐, O‐, and N‐Centered Radicals
Authors: Chicas‐Baños Diego Francisco , Frontana‐Uribe Bernardo A.
Published: May 2021

During the last decade several research groups have been developing electrochemical procedures to access highly functionalized organic molecules. Among the most exciting advances, the possibility of using free radical chemistry has attracted the attention of the most important synthetic groups. Nowadays, electrochemical strategies based on these species with a synthetic purpose are published continuously in scientific journals, increasing the alternatives for the synthetic organic chemistry laboratories. Free radicals can be obtained in organic electrochemical reactions; thus, this review reassembles the last decade's (2010–2020) efforts of the electrosynthetic community to generate and take advantage of the C‐, O‐, and N‐centered radicals’ reactivity. The electrochemical reactions that occur, as well as the proposed mechanism, are discussed, trying to give clear information about the used conditions and reactivity of these reactive intermediate species.
Identifying factors associated with the issuance of coronavirus‐related stay‐at‐home orders in the Middle East and North Africa Region
Authors: Murray Gregg R. , Jilani‐Hyler Nadia
Published: May 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has not spared the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region. MENA is one of the most politically, socially, and economically heterogeneous regions in the world, a characteristic reflected in its governments' responses to COVID‐19. About two‐thirds of these governments issued coronavirus‐related stay‐at‐home orders (SAHOs), one of the most effective tools public health officials have for slowing the spread of infectious diseases. While SAHOs are very effective in terms of countering infectious diseases, they are extremely disruptive in nonhealth domains. The objective of this study is to identify reliable factors related to health care policy making that shaped the decisions of MENA governments to issue a SAHO or not in response to COVID‐19. The results identify specific political, social, and medical factors that played important roles and provide a look at early government responses to a global health crisis in a heterogeneous region of the world.
Counting Possible Configurations
Authors: Krifka Manfred
Published: May 2021

It is often assumed that a requirement for counting objects is that they do not overlap. However, this condition can be violated. The paper deals, specifically, with counting objects that consist of parts, that is, with configurations. One example is outfit as a configuration of articles of clothing; notice that one article of clothing may be part of different outfits. The article develops an analysis of such configurational entities as individual concepts. It investigates the interaction of noun phrases based on such nouns with modal operators and in collective and cumulative interpretations.
Linguistic Relativity and Flexibility of Mental Representations: Color Terms in a Frame Based Analysis
Authors: Berio Leda
Published: May 2021

This paper connects the issue of the influence of language on conceptual representations, known as Linguistic Relativity, with some issues pertaining to concepts’ structure and retrieval. In what follows, I present a model of the relation between linguistic information and perceptual information in concepts using frames as a format of mental representation, and argue that this model not only accommodates the empirical evidence presented by the linguistic relativity debate, but also sheds some light on unanswered questions regarding conceptual representations’ structure. A fundamental assumption is that mental representations can be conceptualised as complex functional structures whose components can be dynamically and flexibly recruited depending on the tasks at hand; the components include linguistic and non-linguistic elements. This kind of model allows for the representation of the interaction between linguistic and perceptual information and accounts for the variable influence that color labels have on non-linguistic tasks. The paper provides some example of strategy shifting and flexible recruitment of linguistic information available in the literature and explains them using frames.
The Hidden Epidemic: The Harvard Medical Practice Study
Authors: Leape Lucian L.
Published: May 2021

Malpractice! The word strikes terror in doctors’ hearts—and with good reason. All doctors are at risk of being sued when things go wrong, and most doctors are in fact sued at some time in their career, whether or not they did anything wrong. For some high-risk specialties, including neurosurgery, vascular surgery, and cardiology, the percentage sued is very high, and multiple suits are not uncommon. For all doctors, the cost of malpractice insurance is substantial.
Setting Standards: The National Quality Forum
Authors: Leape Lucian L.
Published: May 2021

When AHRQ assumed the responsibility from the Quality Interagency Coordination Task Force (QuIC) report, Doing What Counts for Patient Safety, to develop practice changes to reduce harm from medical errors, it faced two problems: there were few proven safe practices, and there was a dearth of standards by which to evaluate them. A standard setter was needed.
Enforcing Standards: The Joint Commission
Authors: Leape Lucian L.
Published: May 2021

On March 30, 1981, Ronald Reagan, president of the USA, was shot in an assassination attempt. During his lifesaving surgery at the George Washington Hospital, the nation was riveted by the clear and calm account of its progress by the hospital’s physician spokesman, Dennis O’Leary. Five years later, O’Leary became the head of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals.
Partners in Progress: Patient Safety in the UK
Authors: Leape Lucian L.
Published: May 2021

In 1997, Britons were shocked by a report from the General Medical Council (GMC) of a series of deaths from bungled surgery at the Bristol Royal Infirmary. In response to parents’ complaints, the GMC had launched an investigation into the high mortality of cardiac surgery of children at the Infirmary. It found that of 53 children who were operated on, 29 had died and 4 suffered severe brain damage. Three surgeons were found guilty of serious professional misconduct, and two were stricken from the medical register [1].
Spreading the Word: The Salzburg Seminar
Authors: Leape Lucian L.
Published: May 2021

Salzburg! The name conjures up images of the annual world-famous Salzburg Festival and The Sound of Music, with its magnificent castle and the glorious singing of Julie Andrews. The birthplace of the divine Mozart.
Sleepy Doctors: Work Hours and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education
Authors: Leape Lucian L.
Published: May 2021

On March 5, 1984, Bennington College freshman Libby Zion died at New York Hospital. She had been admitted the night before with vague symptoms and strange jerking motions. After consulting with her family physician, the residents on call gave her intravenous solutions for possible dehydration and prescribed meperidine to control her jerking motions. They then left to take care of other patients. Luise Weinstein, the first-year resident, was responsible for 40 other patients. No sleep for her.
A Conspiracy of Silence: Disclosure, Apology, and Restitution
Authors: Leape Lucian L.
Published: May 2021

When patients are harmed by their treatment, they want three things from their doctor: they want the doctor to tell them what happened, say they are sorry, and tell them what will be done to keep it from happening to someone else. “What happened” is an acknowledgment that something went wrong, followed by an explanation of why it happened, and some guidance on what the future holds. If they have additional medical expenses or a disability, they also want compensation. Sadly, none of this happens most of the time [1].
Who Can I Trust? Ensuring Physician Competence
Authors: Leape Lucian L.
Published: May 2021

Gwyneth Vives, a scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, suffered a complication and bled to death 3 hours after giving birth to a healthy boy in 2001. It was 4 days before Christmas. Vives suffered a vaginal tear and other lacerations during the delivery that caused profuse bleeding. Her obstetrician, Pamela Johnson, was sued for failure to order a blood transfusion for Vives as well as abandonment since she had turned over repair of the vaginal tear to a midwife. Two other patients also sued Johnson. Jean Challacombe alleged that Johnson tore her bowel and uterus while doing a dilation and curettage the same day Vives died. Tanya Lewis accused Johnson of doing an unnecessary hysterectomy.
Now the Hard Part: Creating a Culture of Safety
Authors: Leape Lucian L.
Published: May 2021

In 2020, the coronavirus pandemic killed 1,800,000 people, 346,000 of them Americans. In that same year, if recent estimates are correct, about the same number died as a result of medical errors, all despite the enormous effort of the past 20 years to eliminate preventable harm, an effort that has involved people at all levels: policy makers, government agencies, oversight bodies, quality improvement organizations, major health-care systems, and thousands of providers and caregivers on the frontline.
Second order transport coefficients of nonconformal fluids from compactified Dp-branes
Authors: Wu Chao , Wang Yanqi
Published: May 2021

Abstract

All the 7 dynamical second order transport coefficients of the nonconformal fluids that correspond to Dp-branes with one or more world-volume directions compactified are derived via fluid/gravity correspondence. The conditions considered in this paper include D4-brane with 1, 2 or 3 compact directions, D3-brane with 1 or 2 compact directions, as well as D2-brane with 1 direction compactified. The derived second order transport coefficients satisfy the Haack-Yarom, Romatschke and Kleinert-Probst relations.
Critical lumpy black holes in AdSp×Sq
Authors: Cardona Biel , Figueras Pau
Published: May 2021

Abstract

In this paper we study lumpy black holes with AdSp × Sqasymptotics, where the isometry group coming from the sphere factor is broken down to SO(q). Depending on the values ofpandq, these are solutions to a certain Supergravity theory with a particular gauge field. We have considered the values (p, q) = (5,5) and (p, q) = (4,7), corresponding to type IIB supergravity in ten dimensions and eleven-dimensional supergravity respectively. These theories presumably contain an infinite spectrum of families of lumpy black holes, labeled by a harmonic numberℓ, whose endpoints in solution space merge with another type of black holes with different horizon topology. We have numerically constructed the first four families of lumpy solutions, corresponding toℓ= 1,2+,2−and 3. We show that the geometry of the horizon near the merger is well-described by a cone over a triple product of spheres, thus extending Kol’s local model to the present asymptotics. Interestingly, the presence of non-trivial fluxes in the internal sphere implies that the cone is no longer Ricci flat. This conical manifold accounts for the geometry and the behavior of the physical quantities of the solutions sufficiently close to the critical point. Additionally, we show that the vacuum expectation values of the dual scalar operators approach their critical values with a power law whose exponents are dictated by the local cone geometry in the bulk.
Exact summation of leading logs around $$ T\overline{T} $$ deformation of O(N + 1)-symmetric 2D QFTs
Authors: Linzen Jonas , Polyakov Maxim V. , Semenov-Tian-Shansky Kirill M. , Sokolova Nika S.
Published: May 2021

Abstract

We consider a general (beyond $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

) deformation of the 2D O(N + 1) σ-model by the irrelevant dimension-four operators. The theory deformed in this most general way is not integrable, and the S-matrix loses its factorization properties. We perform the all-order summation of the leading infrared logs for the 2 → 2 scattering amplitude and provide the exact result for the 2 → 2 S-matrix in the leading logarithmic approximation. These results can provide us with new insights into the properties of the theories deformed by irrelevant operators more general than the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

deformation.
Factorised 3d $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 orthosymplectic quivers
Authors: Akhond Mohammad , Carta Federico , Dwivedi Siddharth , Hayashi Hirotaka , Kim Sung-Soo , Yagi Futoshi
Published: May 2021

Abstract

We study the moduli space of 3d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 quiver gauge theories with unitary, orthogonal and symplectic gauge nodes, that fall into exceptional sequences. We find that both the Higgs and Coulomb branches of the moduli space factorise into decoupled sectors. Each decoupled sector is described by a single quiver gauge theory with only unitary gauge nodes. The orthosymplectic quivers serve as magnetic quivers for 5d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 superconformal field theories which can be engineered in type IIB string theories both with and without an O5 plane. We use this point of view to postulate the dual pairs of unitary and orthosymplectic quivers by deriving them as magnetic quivers of the 5d theory. We use this correspondence to conjecture exact highest weight generating functions for the Coulomb branch Hilbert series of the orthosymplectic quivers, and provide tests of these results by directly computing the Hilbert series for the orthosymplectic quivers in a series expansion.
Longitudinal structural and perfusion MRI enhanced by machine learning outperforms standalone modalities and radiological expertise in high-grade glioma surveillance
Authors: Siakallis Loizos , Sudre Carole H. , Mulholland Paul , Fersht Naomi , Rees Jeremy , Topff Laurens , Thust Steffi , Jager Rolf , Cardoso M. Jorge , Panovska-Griffiths Jasmina , Bisdas Sotirios
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Surveillance of patients with high-grade glioma (HGG) and identification of disease progression remain a major challenge in neurooncology. This study aimed to develop a support vector machine (SVM) classifier, employing combined longitudinal structural and perfusion MRI studies, to classify between stable disease, pseudoprogression and progressive disease (3-class problem).

Methods

Study participants were separated into two groups: group I (total cohort: 64 patients) with a single DSC time point and group II (19 patients) with longitudinal DSC time points (2-3). We retrospectively analysed 269 structural MRI and 92 dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion (DSC) MRI scans. The SVM classifier was trained using all available MRI studies for each group. Classification accuracy was assessed for different feature dataset and time point combinations and compared to radiologists’ classifications.

Results

SVM classification based on combined perfusion and structural features outperformed radiologists’ classification across all groups. For the identification of progressive disease, use of combined features and longitudinal DSC time points improved classification performance (lowest error rate 1.6%). Optimal performance was observed in group II (multiple time points) with SVM sensitivity/specificity/accuracy of 100/91.67/94.7% (first time point analysis) and 85.71/100/94.7% (longitudinal analysis), compared to 60/78/68% and 70/90/84.2% for the respective radiologist classifications. In group I (single time point), the SVM classifier also outperformed radiologists’ classifications with sensitivity/specificity/accuracy of 86.49/75.00/81.53% (SVM) compared to 75.7/68.9/73.84% (radiologists).

Conclusion

Our results indicate that utilisation of a machine learning (SVM) classifier based on analysis of longitudinal perfusion time points and combined structural and perfusion features significantly enhances classification outcome (pvalue= 0.0001).
Freshwater early life growth influences partial migration in populations of Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma malma)
Authors: Morrison Christie M. , Gallagher Colin P. , Tierney Keith B. , Howland Kimberly L.
Published: May 2021

Populations of northern Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma malma) exhibit partial seaward migration, yet little is known about this phenomenon in Dolly Varden populations. Our study analyzed data from three different Dolly Varden populations in the western Canadian Arctic in order to determine if: (1) differences in size-at-first seaward migration exist between fish that migrate at early and late ages among populations inhabiting different river systems, and (2) annual growth influences anadromous or resident life history choice. Otolith strontium analysis and back-calculation were used to determine age- and size-at-first seaward migration, respectively. Differences in age- and size-at-first seaward migration were determined across river system and migration age. Back-calculated fish lengths were compared using a mixed effect model to determine how early growth influences migratory tactics (early or late aged smolt, or resident). Our results indicate that fish exhibiting faster early growth migrated in earlier years and at smaller sizes than slower growing fish, however size- and age-at first seaward migration varied by river system. Faster growing Dolly Varden tended to become either residents or early smolts, while slower growth was associated with smolting later in life. This is contrary to life history theory where the fastest growing fish in a population should mature as a resident. Our results indicate factors other than growth may be influencing life history ‘decisions’ in Dolly Varden. Future work on growth efficiencies and metabolic rates is needed to assess how they affect migratory behaviours.
Evaluating a calcium-aware kernel for CT CAC scoring with varying surrounding materials and heart rates: a dynamic phantom study
Authors: van der Werf Niels R. , Booij Ronald , Schmidt Bernhard , Flohr Thomas G. , Leiner Tim , de Groen Joël J. , Bos Daniël , Budde Ricardo P. J. , Willemink Martin J. , Greuter Marcel J. W.
Published: May 2021

Objectives

The purpose of this study was twofold. First, the influence of a novel calcium-aware (Ca-aware) computed tomography (CT) reconstruction technique on coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores surrounded by a variety of tissues was assessed. Second, the performance of the Ca-aware reconstruction technique on moving CAC was evaluated with a dynamic phantom.

Methods

An artificial coronary artery, containing two CAC of equal size and different densities (196 ± 3, 380 ± 2 mg hydroxyapatite cm−3), was moved in the center compartment of an anthropomorphic thorax phantom at different heart rates. The center compartment was filled with mixtures, which resembled fat, water, and soft tissue equivalent CT numbers. Raw data was acquired with a routine clinical CAC protocol, at 120 peak kilovolt (kVp). Subsequently, reduced tube voltage (100 kVp) and tin-filtration (150Sn kVp) acquisitions were performed. Raw data was reconstructed with a standard and a novel Ca-aware reconstruction technique. Agatston scores of all reconstructions were compared with the reference (120 kVp) and standard reconstruction technique, with relevant deviations defined as > 10%.

Results

For all heart rates, Agatston scores for CAC submerged in fat were comparable to the reference, for the reduced-kVp acquisition with Ca-aware reconstruction kernel. For water and soft tissue, medium-density Agatston scores were again comparable to the reference for all heart rates. Low-density Agatston scores showed relevant deviations, up to 15% and 23% for water and soft tissue, respectively.

Conclusion

CT CAC scoring with varying surrounding materials and heart rates is feasible at patient-specific tube voltages with the novel Ca-aware reconstruction technique.

Key Points

• A dedicated calcium-aware reconstruction kernel results in similar Agatston scores for CAC surrounded by fatty materials regardless of CAC density and heart rate.

• Application of a dedicated calcium-aware reconstruction kernel allows for radiation dose reduction.

• Mass scores determined with CT underestimated physical mass.
Periorbital injections of botulinum toxin a: a novel therapeutic option for convergence spasm in neuropsychiatric disorders
Authors: Hess Kristina , Schmitt Moritz , Wabbels Bettina
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Convergence spasm (CS, spasm of near reflex) is characterized by transient attacks of convergence, miosis and accommodation, often associated with functional neurological disorders. To date, no simple and efficient treatment option is available for CS. This study investigates whether periorbital botulinum toxin injections as used in essential blepharospasm are also a treatment option in these patients.

Methods

All patients with convergence spasm having been treated with periorbital BoNTA injections in the department of neuro-ophthalmology were identified. Data were extracted from patient files concerning details and subjective effectiveness of botulinum toxin injections and relation to psychiatric or neurological disorders. Patients reporting with a history of closed-head trauma or organic neurologic pathologies possibly causing CS were excluded. A telephone assessment with a standardized questionnaire was performed to evaluate mental health issues as a trigger, as well as the long-term effect and satisfaction with periorbital injections.

Results

Of 16 patients treated with periorbital botulinum toxin injections for convergence spasm, 9 patients reported depression and/or anxiety disorders ongoing or in the past. A median number of 3 injections (range 1–13) was administered with a variable effect (relief of symptoms) between no effect and effect of up to more than 12 weeks. A longitudinal follow-up revealed ongoing symptoms in five patients.

Conclusions

Periorbital botulinum toxin injections are less invasive than injections in the medial rectus muscle and can be a bridging therapeutic option in patients with CS. Mental health exploration is important due to psychiatric comorbidity.
The inside of me: interoceptive constraints on the concept of self in neuroscience and clinical psychology
Authors: Monti Alessandro , Porciello Giuseppina , Panasiti Maria Serena , Aglioti Salvatore Maria
Published: May 2021

Humans are unique in their ability to think about themselves and carry a more or less clear notion of who they are in their mind. Here we review recent evidence suggesting that the birth, maintenance, and loss of the abstract concept of ‘self’ is deeply tied to interoception, the sense of internal physiological signals. Interoception influences multiple facets of the self-concept, cutting across its material, social, moral, and agentive components. Overall, we argue that interoception contributes to the stability of the self-concept over time, unifying its layers and constraining the degree to which it is susceptible to external influences. Hence, the core features of the self-concept are those that correlate more with inner bodily states. We discuss the implications that this may have for theories of embodied cognition as well as for the understanding of psychiatric disorders in which the concept of self appears fragmented or loose. Finally, we formulate some empirical predictions that could be tested in future studies to shed further light on this emerging field.
Assessment of sorafenib induced changes in tumor perfusion of uveal melanoma metastases with dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (DCE-US)
Authors: Wildner Dane , Heinzerling Lucie , Scheulen Max E. , Kaempgen Eckhart , Schuler Gerold , Strobel Deike , Janka Rolf , Neurath Markus F. , Sturm Joerg , Knieling Ferdinand
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (DCE-US) was used to monitor early response to sorafenib therapy in patients with liver metastases from uveal melanoma.

Methods

In total, 21 patients with liver metastases were recruited within a prospective trial and underwent daily sorafenib therapy. DCE-US of a target lesion was performed before initiation of treatment, on day 15 and 56. Two independent blinded investigators performed software analysis for DCE-US parameters and inter-observer-correlation was calculated. Response to treatment was evaluated on day 56. DCE-US parameters were correlated with clinical response and RECIST1.1 criteria.

Results

Inter-observer-correlation (r) of DCE-US parameters [time-to-peak (TTP), mean-transit-time (MTT), peak intensity (PI), regional blood volume (RBV), regional blood flow (RBF)] at baseline, day 15, and day 56 was highly significant (r-range 0.73–0.97, all p < 0.001). Out of 17 evaluable patients, 12 patients survived day 56 (clinical responders, cRE), whereas, five patients died before day 56 and were classified as non-responders (cNR). TTP values significantly increased in the cRE group 15 days after initiation of treatment for investigator 1 (p = 0.034) and at day 56 for both investigators (p = 0.028/0.028). MTT had increased significantly in the cRE group on day 56 (p = 0.037/0.022). In the cNR group changes for TTP and MTT remained insignificant. Thus, increase of the DCE-US parameters TTP and MTT are associated with response to treatment and prognosis.

Conclusion

An increase of TTP and MTT at frequent intervals could serve as a surrogate marker for early response evaluation to anti-angiogenic treatment of metastatic uveal melanoma.
Playing around the anaerobic threshold during COVID-19 pandemic: advantages and disadvantages of adding bouts of anaerobic work to aerobic activity in physical treatment of individuals with obesity
Authors: Salvadori Alberto , Fanari Paolo , Marzullo Paolo , Codecasa Franco , Tovaglieri Ilaria , Cornacchia Mauro , Terruzzi Ileana , Ferrulli Anna , Palmulli Patrizia , Brunani Amelia , Lanzi Stefano , Luzi Livio
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Obesity is a condition that generally limits work capacity and predisposes to a number of comorbidities and related diseases, the last being COVID-19 and its complications and sequelae. Physical exercise, together with diet, is a milestone in its management and rehabilitation, although there is still a debate on intensity and duration of training. Anaerobic threshold (AT) is a broad term often used either as ventilatory threshold or as lactate threshold, respectively, detected by respiratory ventilation and/or respiratory gases (VCO2and VO2), and by blood lactic acid.

Aims and methodology

This review outlines the role of AT and of the different variations of growth hormone and catecholamine, in subjects with obesity vs normal weight individuals below and beyond AT, during a progressive increase in exercise training. We present a re-evaluation of the effects of physical activity on body mass and metabolism of individuals with obesity in light of potential benefits and pitfalls during COVID-19 pandemic. Comparison of a training program at moderate-intensity exercise (< AT) with training performed at moderate intensity (< AT) plus a final bout of high-intensity (> AT) exercise at the end of the aerobic session will be discussed.

Results

Based on our data and considerations, a tailored strategy for individuals with obesity concerning the most appropriate intensity of training in the context of rehabilitation is proposed, with special regard to potential benefits of work program above AT.

Conclusion

Adding bouts of exercise above AT may improve lactic acid and H+disposal and improve growth hormone. Long-term aerobic exercise may improve leptin reduction. In this way, the propensity of subjects with obesity to encounter a serious prognosis of COVID-19 may be counteracted and the systemic and cardiorespiratory sequelae that may ensue after COVID-19, can be overcome. Individuals with serious comorbidities associated with obesity should avoid excessive exercise intensity.
A post-marketing observational study of ramucirumab in patients with gastric cancer in Japan
Authors: Chen Yucherng , Katayose Taeko , Nagaoka Soshi , Piao Yongzhe , Yamaguchi Kensei , Asou Hiroya
Published: May 2021

Background

This study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of ramucirumab monotherapy and combination therapy for advanced gastric cancer in the real-world setting.

Methods

This single-arm, prospective, multicenter, non-interventional, observational, post-marketing study was conducted in Japan from August 2015 to March 2019. Patients with unresectable advanced or recurrent gastric cancer and newly prescribed ramucirumab were followed for up to 12 months after first treatment. Data on adverse events and survival were collected via Electronic Data Capture.

Results

Of 687 enrolled patients, 658 were eligible for analysis. Most patients received either ramucirumab monotherapy (123/658; 18.7%) or ramucirumab plus paclitaxel combination therapy (528/658; 80.2%). The majority of patients reported ≥ 1 adverse events in both the combination therapy (any grade, 479/528; 90.7%; ≥ Grade 3, 321/528; 60.8%) and monotherapy groups (any grade, 77/123; 62.6%; ≥ Grade 3, 42/123; 34.2%). The most common any grade adverse events were neutropenia (combination: 49.6%; monotherapy: 8.9%), fatigue (combination: 19.5%; monotherapy: 13.8%), and decreased appetite (combination: 18.2%; monotherapy: 10.6%). Grade 5 adverse events were reported in 4 patients, including metastases to meninges, pneumonia aspiration, death, and gastric perforation; of these, gastric perforation was deemed treatment-related. Median survival time was 5.7 months (95% confidence interval: 4.1–6.8 months) following monotherapy and 11.0 months (95% confidence interval: 9.8–12.2 months) following combination therapy.

Conclusions

This analysis adds to the limited data available on ramucirumab use in a real-world setting, demonstrating similar safety and effectiveness for ramucirumab in treating advanced gastric cancer in routine clinical practice in Japan to that of global clinical trials.
Bone morphogenetic protein 2-induced cellular chemotaxis drives tissue patterning during critical-sized bone defect healing: an in silico study
Authors: Borgiani Edoardo , Duda Georg N. , Willie Bettina M. , Checa Sara
Published: May 2021

Critical-sized bone defects are critical healing conditions that, if left untreated, often lead to non-unions. To reduce the risk, critical-sized bone defects are often treated with recombinant human BMP-2. Although enhanced bone tissue formation is observed when BMP-2 is administered locally to the defect, spatial and temporal distribution of callus tissue often differs from that found during regular bone healing or in defects treated differently. How this altered tissue patterning due to BMP-2 treatment is linked to mechano-biological principles at the cellular scale remains largely unknown. In this study, the mechano-biological regulation of BMP-2-treated critical-sized bone defect healing was investigated using a multiphysics multiscale in silico approach. Finite element and agent-based modeling techniques were combined to simulate healing within a critical-sized bone defect (5 mm) in a rat femur. Computer model predictions were compared to in vivo microCT data outcome of bone tissue patterning at 2, 4, and 6 weeks postoperation. In vivo, BMP-2 treatment led to complete healing through periosteal bone bridging already after 2 weeks postoperation. Computer model simulations showed that the BMP-2 specific tissue patterning can be explained by the migration of mesenchymal stromal cells to regions with a specific concentration of BMP-2 (chemotaxis). This study shows how computational modeling can help us to further understand the mechanisms behind treatment effects on compromised healing conditions as well as to optimize future treatment strategies.
Ageing- and dementia-friendly design: theory and evidence from cognitive psychology, neuropsychology and environmental psychology can contribute to design guidelines that minimise spatial disorientation
Authors: Wiener Jan M. , Pazzaglia Francesca
Published: May 2021

Many older people, both with and without dementia, eventually move from their familiar home environments into unfamiliar surroundings, such as sheltered housing or care homes. Age-related declines in wayfinding skills can make it difficult to learn to navigate in these new, unfamiliar environments. To facilitate the transition to their new accommodation, it is therefore important to develop retirement complexes and care homes specifically designed to reduce the wayfinding difficulties of older people and those with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Residential complexes that are designed to support spatial orientation and that compensate for impaired navigation abilities would make it easier for people with dementia to adapt to their new living environment. This would improve the independence, quality of life and well-being of residents, and reduce the caregivers’ workload. Based on these premises, this opinion paper considers how evidence from cognitive psychology, neuropsychology and environmental psychology can contribute to ageing- and dementia-friendly design with a view to minimising spatial disorientation. After an introduction of the cognitive mechanisms and processes involved in spatial navigation, and the changes that occur in typical and atypical ageing, research from the field of environmental psychology is considered, highlighting design factors likely to facilitate (or impair) indoor wayfinding in complex buildings. Finally, psychological theories and design knowledge are combined to suggest ageing- and dementia-friendly design guidelines that aim to minimise spatial disorientation by focusing on residual navigation skills.
Ranking kinematics for revising by contextual information
Authors: Sezgin Meliha , Kern-Isberner Gabriele , Beierle Christoph
Published: May 2021

Probability kinematics is a leading paradigm in probabilistic belief change. It is based on the idea that conditional beliefs should be independent from changes of their antecedents’ probabilities. In this paper, we propose a re-interpretation of this paradigm for Spohn’s ranking functions which we call Generalized Ranking Kinematics as a new principle for iterated belief revision of ranking functions by sets of conditional beliefs with respect to their specific subcontext. By taking into account semantical independencies, we can reduce the complexity of the revision task to local contexts. We show that global belief revision can be set up from revisions on the local contexts via a merging operator. Furthermore, we formalize a variant of the Ramsey-Test based on the idea of local contexts which connects conditional and propositional revision in a straightforward way. We extend the belief change methodology of c-revisions to strategic c-revisions which will serve as a proof of concept.