bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of the elementary steps of organic hydride chemistry determined in acetonitrile and their applications
Authors: Shen Guang-Bin , Qian Bao-Chen , Fu Yan-Hua , Zhu Xiao-Qing
Published: September 2022

This review focuses on the thermodynamics of the elementary step of 421 organic hydrides and unsaturated compounds releasing or accepting hydride or hydrogen determined in acetonitrile as well as their potential applications.
Automated stopped-flow library synthesis for rapid optimisation and machine learning directed experimentation
Authors: Avila Claudio , Cassani Carlo , Kogej Thierry , Mazuela Javier , Sarda Sunil , Clayton Adam D. , Kossenjans Michael , Green Clive P. , Bourne Richard A.
Published: September 2022

Combining experimental stopped flow automation with machine learning strategies can deliver optimised conditions and enhanced predictions, enabling more efficient design, make, test and analysis (DMTA) cycles.
Palladium-catalyzed intramolecular Heck dearomative gem-difluorovinylation of indoles
Authors: Wang Gang , Li Wenqi , Liu Tianxiang , Zhang Yonghong , Wang Bin , Xue Fei , Jin Weiwei , Ma Caiyan , Xia Yu , Liu Chenjiang
Published: September 2022

Dearomative gem-difluorovinylation was reported for the first time and provided a new way to construct complex organofluorine compounds rapidly.
A cooperative adsorbent for the switch-like capture of carbon dioxide from crude natural gas
Authors: Siegelman Rebecca L. , Thompson Joshua A. , Mason Jarad A. , McDonald Thomas M. , Long Jeffrey R.
Published: September 2022

Diamine-appended metal–organic frameworks can be optimized as adsorbents for pressure-swing purification of crude natural gas. A cooperative CO2 binding mechanism enables high CO2 swing capacities and enhanced performance under humid conditions.
Isomeric dibenzooctazethrene diradicals for high-performance air-stable organic field-effect transistors
Authors: Zong Chaoyang , Yang Shuyuan , Sun Yajing , Zhang Lifeng , Hu Jinlian , Hu Wenping , Li Rongjin , Sun Zhe
Published: September 2022

Realizing both high-performance and air-stability is key to advancing singlet-diradical-based semiconductors to practical applications and realizing their material potential associated with their open-shell nature.
Access to dialkylated allylic stereogenic centers by Ni-catalysed enantioselective hydrovinylation of unactivated alkenes
Authors: Zhang Jian-Xin , Yang Peng-Fei , Shu Wei
Published: September 2022

Herein, a general protocol to construct tertiary allylic stereogenic centers with two alkyl substituents enabled by Ni-catalysed regio- and enantioselective hydrovinylation of unactivated aliphatic alkenes with vinyl halides has been developed.
A review on global energy use patterns in major crop production systems
Authors: Kargwal Raveena , Yadvika  , Kumar Anil , Garg Mukesh Kumar , Chanakaewsomboon Issara
Published: September 2022

This study presents the energy assessment of 49 different crops in various countries. Energy utilization in diversified crop operations has been discussed.
SPHERE adaptive optics performance for faint targets
Authors: Jones M. I. , Milli J. , Blanchard I. , Wahhaj Z. , De Rosa R. J. , Romero C. , Ihanec N.
Published: September 2022

Context. High-contrast imaging is a powerful technique for detecting and characterizing planetary companions at orbital separations ≳100 mas from their parent stars.

Aims. We aim to study the limiting magnitude of the VLT/SPHERE adaptive optics (AO) system and the corresponding instrument performance for faint targets (G ≥ 11.0 mag).

Methods. We computed the coronagraphic H-band raw contrast and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the non-coronagraphic point spread function (PSF), for a total of 111 different stars observed between 2016 and 2022 with IRDIS. For this, we processed a large number of individual frames that were obtained under different atmospheric conditions. We then compared the resulting raw contrast and the PSF shape as a function of the visible wave front sensor (WFS) instant flux, which scales with the G-band stellar magnitude. We repeated this analysis for the top 10% (TCAT10) and top 30% (TCAT38) best turbulence conditions on Cerro Paranal.

Results. We found a strong decrease in the coronagraphic contrast for stars fainter than G ∼ 12.5 mag, even under the best atmospheric conditions. In this regime, the AO correction is dominated by the read-out noise of the WFS detector. In particular we found roughly a factor of 10 decrease in the raw contrast ratio between stars with G ∼ 12.5 and G ∼ 14.0 mag. Similarly, we observed a sharp increase in the FWHM of the non-coronagraphic PSF beyond G ∼ 12.5 mag, and a corresponding decrease in the strehl ratio from ∼0.5 to ∼0.2 for the faintest stars. The decrease in the contrast ratio and PSF sharpness is slightly more pronounced for TCAT38 than for TCAT18.
Marble quarries in Delos Island (Greece): a geological characterization
Authors: Vettor Tommy , Sautter Violaine , Jolivet Laurent , Moretti Jean-Charles , Pont Sylvain
Published: September 2022

Traces of extraction in Delian marble quarries attest their exploitation during Antiquity. A preliminary non-destructive provenance study confirmed the presence of indigenous marble in Delos constructions. In contrast, Delos marble quarries have not been geochemically described so far. Therefore, a detailed (1/5000 scale) geological mapping and cross-sections were performed in the four Delian marble quarries in order to better determine their dimension and to estimate the volume of extracted marble. The surface of the quarries was revised into up to six times larger areas, increasing the extracted volume estimations. Quarries were sampled and studied with mineralo-petrographic (optical and electronic microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction) and isotopic (δ13C and δ18O) characterization. Three categories were observed, i.e., a coarse whitish to bluish marble, a fine yellowish dolomitic marble and marble with giant white and blue calcite crystals. The Maximum Grain Size associated with oxygen and carbon isotopic ratios showed a good potential to distinguish Delian marbles from most of the main Mediterranean marbles used during Antiquity. However, geochemical elemental analyses such as trace elements analysis could supplement Delian marble characterization which will benefit future provenance studies.
Enterprises’ decision-making under government green subsidy and information asymmetry
Authors: Song Haohao , Wang Ying
Published: September 2022

Environmental issues have gradually become the focus of public attention. With the increase of consumers’ awareness in environmental protection, the green development of supply chain has become the mainstream trend in the foreseeable future. At this point, government subsidy in research and development becomes a non-negligible external factor in the greening of the supply chain. In order to explore the influencing mechanism of government subsidy on the supply chain under different decision situations, this paper initially constructs a model with a leading manufacturer and a subsequent retailer and then explores the optimal decisions under centralized and decentralized decision-making. Furthermore, we simulate and validate the effects of government subsidy policies on the decisions of supply chain participants. The results show that government subsidy has a positive influence on green technology improvements in the supply chain, but the incomplete utilization of government subsidy funds under information asymmetry may significantly reduce the efficiency of policy. Under information asymmetry, the actual revenues of participants will be larger than the profits in information symmetry only when the percentage of misappropriation is relatively low. Additionally, information asymmetry will lead to a decline in social welfare and is more pronounced under centralized decision-making. Finally, we provide managerial and practical insights for the enterprise managers’ decisions.
Some new results on the k-tuple domination number of graphs
Authors: Martinez Abel Cabrera
Published: September 2022

Let k ≥ 1 be an integer and G be a graph of minimum degree δ(G) ≥ k − 1. A set D ⊆ V(G) is said to be a k-tuple dominating set of G if |N[v] ∩ D| ≥ k for every vertex v ∈ V(G), where N[v] represents the closed neighbourhood of vertex v. The minimum cardinality among all k-tuple dominating sets is the k-tuple domination number of G. In this paper, we continue with the study of this classical domination parameter in graphs. In particular, we provide some relationships that exist between the k-tuple domination number and other classical parameters, like the multiple domination parameters, the independence number, the diameter, the order and the maximum degree. Also, we show some classes of graphs for which these relationships are achieved.
Do workers benefit from economic upgrading in the Pearl River Delta, China?
Authors: Wang Xu , Chan Chris King-Chi , Yang Linchuan
Published: September 2022

Economic upgrading (EU) is being undertaken in China to address numerous problems. However, its social consequences have not received considerable attention. This study selects the Pearl River Delta, where EU is prominent, to examine whether and how workers have benefited from EU process. The data used are from the 2012 and 2014 China Labor-force Dynamic Survey and self-conducted interviews, both of which cover measurable standards and enabling rights of workers. Based on the results of direct comparison and linear/logistic regression, this study argues that EU has a positive effect on social upgrading (SU) because state intervention and regulation play a shaping role in balancing the EU and SU. China’s state has achieved a good balance among its roles of facilitation, regulation, and distribution. Compared to SU on enabling rights, SU on measurable standards is likely to occur because measurable standards are easily quantified and observed and thus are at the center of workers’ occupational conditions at this stage. The state is inclined to pay more attention to measurable standards than enabling rights. The mechanism through which local states interfere with different aspects of SU considerably varies. Local states adopt flexible governance to strike the right balance between EU and SU.
Testing the printability of 3D inks
Authors: Piccone Ashley
Published: September 2022

Different volume percentages of solid wax beads to liquid resin change the rheology behind direct ink write printing.
In vitro skeletal muscle models for type 2 diabetes
Authors: Sheng Christina Y. , Son Young Hoon , Jang Jeongin , Park Sung-Jin
Published: September 2022

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally elevated blood sugar, poses a growing social, economic, and medical burden worldwide. The skeletal muscle is the largest metabolic organ responsible for glucose homeostasis in the body, and its inability to properly uptake sugar often precedes type 2 diabetes. Although exercise is known to have preventative and therapeutic effects on type 2 diabetes, the underlying mechanism of these beneficial effects is largely unknown. Animal studies have been conducted to better understand the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and the positive effects of exercise on type 2 diabetes. However, the complexity of in vivo systems and the inability of animal models to fully capture human type 2 diabetes genetics and pathophysiology are two major limitations in these animal studies. Fortunately, in vitro models capable of recapitulating human genetics and physiology provide promising avenues to overcome these obstacles. This review summarizes current in vitro type 2 diabetes models with focuses on the skeletal muscle, interorgan crosstalk, and exercise. We discuss diabetes, its pathophysiology, common in vitro type 2 diabetes skeletal muscle models, interorgan crosstalk type 2 diabetes models, exercise benefits on type 2 diabetes, and in vitro type 2 diabetes models with exercise.
Forage crops: a repository of functional trait diversity for current and future climate adaptation
Authors: I Indu , Mehta Brijesh Kumar , Shashikumara P. , Gupta Gaurendra , Dikshit Nilamani , Chand Subhash , Yadav Praveen Kumar , Ahmed Shahid , Singhal Rajesh Kumar
Published: September 2022

Climate change and global warming are the foremost anthropogenically accelerated catastrophes that are already causing world-wide challenges, but threaten to thwart global food, environmental and nutritional security in the future. Climate change affects ecosystem services and interactions between biotic and abiotic factors. The most drastic consequences have been observed in the agricultural and livestock sector, with diminished production and productivity potential. Agriculture and allied sectors contribute markedly to the production of greenhouse gases; however, integrated management practices can be used to curtail greenhouse gas emissions and its adverse impacts. Forage crops and their wild relatives maintain biodiversity and ecosystem services and minimise the drastic effects of climate change. Forage crops adapted to harsh environments have certain unique features such as perenniality, deep root system, high resource-use efficiency (light, nutrients and water), and low production of methane and N2O, making them suitable for future use under climate change. This review highlights the prominent features of various cultivated and rangeland forage crops that may be crucial to understanding impacts of climate change. We discuss the wild relatives of forage crops, which are often adapted for multiple stresses, and highlight their mechanisms for adaptation under climate change. We consider the advanced breeding and biotechnological tools useful for developing climate-smart forage crops. This review provides novel insight into forage crops and their wild relatives in terms of their exploitation in future stress breeding programmes and paths for developing climate-resilient crops.
Numerical study of stripping and stray particles for the one-RF-driver NBI negative ion source prototype of CFETR
Authors: Song Fei , Zou Guiqing , Li Dong , Zuo Chen , Chen Peng , Chen Dezhi , Lei Guangjiu
Published: September 2022

The prototype for a negative hydrogen ion source for neutral beam injection of China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor is being developed at the Southwest Institute of Physics. To study the physics of negative ion beam transport and to optimize the design of the source, the stripping loss and the stray particles’ impacts on the one-RF-driver prototype are analyzed. Collision simulation, including both the beam-gas collisions and the particle-grid collisions, is carried out basing on the results of gas flow evaluation and particle tracing. The stripping loss, the distribution of stray particles and the heat loads are calculated, comparing two configurations of grounded grid (GG) (multiaperture or multislot). At the source filling pressure of 0.3 Pa and the vessel pressure 0.05 Pa, the extraction voltage being 8 kV and the acceleration voltage 200 kV and the extraction grid (EG) magnet peak of ±45 mT, the stripping loss of the 200 A m−2 H− beam can be reduced from 25% to 20% by changing GG from multiapertures to multislots. The H− proportion in the total current at 40 mm after GG, however, shows smaller change than the reduction of the stripping loss possibly because the multislot GG’s larger transparency increases the chance for the stray particles to pass through GG. The total heat load on EG in the two cases with different GG configurations are both around 66 kW, while the GG heat load is reduced from 45 kW for multiapertures to 17 kW for multislots. The study provides good comprehension of the transport process and useful guidance for practical operations.
Electron power absorption in capacitively coupled neon–oxygen plasmas: a comparison of experimental and computational results
Authors: Derzsi A , Hartmann P , Vass M , Horváth B , Gyulai M , Korolov I , Schulze J , Donkó Z
Published: September 2022

Phase resolved optical emission spectroscopy (PROES) measurements combined with 1d3v particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collisions (PIC/MCC) simulations are used to study the electron power absorption and excitation/ionization dynamics in capacitively coupled plasmas (CCPs) in mixtures of neon and oxygen gases. The study is performed for a geometrically symmetric CCP reactor with a gap length of 2.5 cm at a driving frequency of 10 MHz and a peak-to-peak voltage of 350 V. The pressure of the gas mixture is varied between 15 Pa and 500 Pa, while the neon/oxygen concentration is tuned between 10% and 90%. For all discharge conditions, the spatio-temporal distributions of the electron-impact excitation rate from the Ne ground state into the Ne 2p53p0 state measured by PROES and obtained from PIC/MCC simulations show good qualitative agreement. Based on the emission/excitation patterns, multiple operation regimes are identified. Localized bright emission features at the bulk boundaries, caused by local maxima in the electronegativity are found at high pressures and high O2 concentrations. The relative contributions of the ambipolar and the Ohmic electron power absorption are found to vary strongly with the discharge parameters: the Ohmic power absorption is enhanced by both the high collisionality at high pressures and the high electronegativity at low pressures. In the wide parameter regime covered in this study, the PROES measurements are found to accurately represent the ionization dynamics, i.e. the discharge operation mode. This work represents also a successful experimental validation of the discharge model developed for neon–oxygen CCPs.
Symmetry-enforced electronic nodal straight lines in CsNb3SBr7
Authors: Yuan Qiulin , Wang Zhenwei , Wang Zhengxuan , Shi Xianbiao , Wang Guangtao
Published: September 2022

We propose the quaternary-compounds CsNb3SBr7 is a nodal-straight-line semimetal candidate based on the first-principles calculations and symmetry analyses. There are a pair of nodal straight lines locate in the k

z
= 0 plane of Brillouin zone, which is protected by the crystal symmetry. The topological properties of nodal-straight-line state are characterized by the nontrivial Berry phase and Berry curvature. On the (001) surface of CsNb3SBr7, Fermi arcs form the belt-like surface state, connecting the nodal straight lines with opposite chirality. Furthermore, the Hofstadter’s butterfly and optical conductivity are investigated using a slab sample. These results not only reveal the symmetric protection mechanism of nodal straight lines, but also pave a way for exploring the electronic and optical properties of CsNb3SBr7 in further condensed matter physics experiments.
CMB lensing from Planck PR4 maps
Authors: Carron Julien , Mirmelstein Mark , Lewis Antony
Published: September 2022

We reconstruct the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) lensing potential on the latest Planck CMB PR4 (NPIPE) maps, which include slightly more data than the 2018 PR3 release, and implement quadratic estimators using more optimal filtering. We increase the reconstruction signal to noise by almost 20%, constraining the amplitude of the CMB-marginalized lensing power spectrum in units of thePlanck 2018 best-fit to 1.004 ± 0.024 (68% limits), which is the tightest constraint on the CMB lensing power spectrum to date. For a base ΛCDM cosmology we findσ8Ωm0.25= 0.599 ± 0.016 from CMB lensing alone in combination with weak priors and element abundance observations. Combination with baryon acoustic oscillation data gives tight 68% constraints on individual ΛCDM parametersσm= 0.814 ± 0.016,H0= 68.1+1.0-1.1 km s-1Mpc-1, Ωm= 0.313+0.014-0.016.Planck polarized maps alone now constrain the lensing power to 7%.
Massless minimal quantum scalar field with an asymmetric self interaction in de Sitter spacetime
Authors: Bhattacharya Sourav
Published: September 2022

Massless minimally coupled quantum scalar field with an asymmetric self interaction, V(ϕ) = λϕ
4/4! + βϕ
3/3! (with λ > 0) is considered in the (3+1)-dimensional inflationary de Sitter spacetime. This potential is bounded from below irrespective of the sign of β. Earlier computations mostly considered the quartic part. Our chief motivation behind this study is to assess the vacuum expectation values of V(ϕ) and ϕ, both of which can be negative, and hence may lead to some screening of the inflationary cosmological constant value. First using the in-in formalism, the renormalised quantum correction to the cubic potential appearing in the energy-momentum tensor is computed at two loop, which is the leading order in this case. The quantum correction to the kinetic term at two loop are subleading compared to the above result at late cosmological times. Next, using some of these results we compute the renormalised vacuum expectation value of ϕ, by computing the tadpoles at 𝒪(β) and 𝒪(λβ). Due to the appearance of the de Sitter isometry breaking logarithms, the tadpoles cannot be completely renormalised away in this case, unlike the flat spacetime. All these results, as expected, show secularly growing logarithms at late cosmological times. We next use a recently proposed renormalisation group inspired formalism to resum perturbative secular effects, to compute a non-perturbative 〈ϕ〉 at late cosmological times. 〈ϕ〉 turns out to be approximately one order of magnitude less compared to the position of the classical minima ϕ = -3β/λ of V(ϕ). Estimation on the possible screening of the inflationary cosmological constant due to this 〈ϕ〉 is also presented.
Production and backreaction of massive fermions during axion inflation with non-Abelian gauge fields
Authors: Adshead Peter , Liu Aike , Lozanov Kaloian D.
Published: September 2022

We study the production and backreaction of massive vector-like fermions in the background of a classical SU(2) gauge field during axion-driven inflation. We demonstrate all ultraviolet divergences due to the interactions with the fermions can be absorbed by renormalization of the axion wavefunction and the gauge coupling. The effects of the fermion-axion interaction vanish in the massless limit as required by symmetry. For very massive fermions, contact interactions are induced between the axion, the gauge field and the gravitational field. In this massive limit, we find the usual axion-gauge field interactions are induced, however, in addition we observe the appearance of axion self-interactions, as well as kinetic braiding of the axion with the Einstein tensor. These new axion derivative interactions present intriguing opportunities for model building and phenomenology.
Single-event-transient effect in nanotube tunnel field-effect transistor with bias-induced electron–hole bilayer
Authors: Wang Xue-Ke , Sun Ya-Bin , Liu Zi-Yu , Liu Yun , Li Xiao-Jin , Shi Yan-Ling
Published: September 2022

The single event transient (SET) effect in nanotube tunneling field-effect transistor with bias-induced electron–hole bilayer (EHBNT-TFET) is investigated by 3-D TCAD simulation for the first time. The effects of linear energy transfer (LET), characteristic radius, strike angle, electrode bias and hit location on SET response are evaluated in detail. The simulation results show that the peak value of transient drain current is up to 0.08 mA for heavy ion irradiation with characteristic radius of 50 nm and LET of 10 MeV⋅cm2/mg, which is much higher than the on-state current of EHBNT-TFET. The SET response of EHBNT-TFET presents an obvious dependence on LET, strike angle, drain bias and hit location. As LET increases from 2 MeV⋅cm2/mg to 10 MeV⋅cm2/mg, the peak drain current increases monotonically from 0.015 mA to 0.08 mA. The strike angle has an greater impact on peak drain current especially for the smaller characteristic radius. The peak drain current and collected charge increase by 0.014 mA and 0.06 fC, respectively, as the drain bias increases from 0.1 V to 0.9 V. Whether from the horizontal or the vertical direction, the most sensitive hit location is related to w
t. The underlying physical mechanism is explored and discussed.
Double-GEM based thermal neutron detector prototype
Authors: Serra Filho L.A. , Felix dos Santos R. , de Souza G.G.A. , Paulino M.M.M. , Souza F.A. , Moralles M. , da Luz H.N. , Bregant M. , Munhoz M.G. , Lai C.-C. , Höglund C. , Svensson P.-O. , Robinson L. , Hall-Wilton R.
Published: September 2022

The Helium-3 shortage and the growing interest in neutron science constitute a driving factor in developing new neutron detection technologies. In this work, we report the development of a double-GEM detector prototype that uses a 10B4C layer as a neutron converter material. GEANT4 simulations were performed predicting an efficiency of (3.14 ± 0.10)%, agreeing within 2.7σ with the experimental and analytic detection efficiencies obtained by the detector when tested in a 41.8 meV thermal neutron beam.
The detector is position sensitive, equipped with a 256+256 strip readout connected to resistive chains, and achieves a spatial resolution better than 3 mm. The gain stability over time was also measured with a fluctuation of about 0.2% h-1 of the signal amplitude. A simple data acquisition with only 5 electronic channels is sufficient to operate this detector.
Alleviation of high light stress in shade-treated tea leaves by acclimation to light before shade removal
Authors: Morita Shigeto , Yanagisawa Hiroki , Kurisu Kana , Nagata Mitsuhiro , Takemoto Tetsuyuki , Masumura Takehiro , Sano Satoshi
Published: September 2022

Shade cultivation of tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.) is employed for the production of high-quality green tea which increases the content of chlorophylls and free amino acids, including theanine. However, shaded tea plants suffer from photooxidative stress caused by sudden exposure to high light (HL) when the shade is removed. In this study, we tried to acclimatize shaded tea plants to light prior to shade removal to alleviate HL-induced stress. Acclimated tea plants showed milder photoinhibition in response to HL exposure than the shaded plants without acclimation. Moreover, there were no large differences in the total chlorophylls and free amino acids (including theanine) content between acclimated and non-acclimated plants. These results indicate that acclimation of shaded tea plants can alleviate subsequent HL stress without causing large changes in the content of chemical components associated with tea quality.
Predictors of Time to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection in the National Basketball Association: A Retrospective Case-Control Study
Authors: Cuomo Raphael E , Li Zhuoran , Purushothaman Vidya , Basavapatna-Shankar Chenna , Nali Matthew , Mackey Tim K
Published: September 2022

A case-control study was conducted between 1 December 2021 and 31 January 2022 to identify factors, which increase risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among athletes in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Behavioral factors and stadium attendance significantly decreased time to COVID-19 infection, but local COVID-19 rates were not associated in a multivariable model.
Deep convolutional neural network-based automated segmentation and classification of teeth with orthodontic brackets on cone-beam computed-tomographic images: a validation study
Authors: Ayidh Alqahtani Khalid , Jacobs Reinhilde , Smolders Andreas , Van Gerven Adriaan , Willems Holger , Shujaat Sohaib , Shaheen Eman
Published: September 2022

Objective

Tooth segmentation and classification from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a prerequisite for diagnosis and treatment planning in the majority of digital dental workflows. However, an accurate and efficient segmentation of teeth in the presence of metal artefacts still remains a challenge. Therefore, the following study aimed to validate an automated deep convolutional neural network (CNN)-based tool for the segmentation and classification of teeth with orthodontic brackets on CBCT images.

Methods

A total of 215 CBCT scans (1780 teeth) were retrospectively collected, consisting of pre- and post-operative images of the patients who underwent combined orthodontic and orthognathic surgical treatment. All the scans were acquired with NewTom CBCT device. A complete dentition with orthodontic brackets and high-quality images were included. The dataset were randomly divided into three subsets with random allocation of all 32 tooth classes: training set (140 CBCT scans-400 teeth), validation set (35 CBCT scans-100 teeth), and test set (pre-operative: 25, post-operative: 15 = 40 CBCT scans-1280 teeth). A multiclass CNN-based tool was developed and its performance was assessed for automated segmentation and classification of teeth with brackets by comparison with a ground truth.

Results

The CNN model took 13.7 ± 1.2 s for the segmentation and classification of all the teeth on a single CBCT image. Overall, the segmentation performance was excellent with a high intersection over union (IoU) of 0.99. Anterior teeth showed a significantly lower IoU (P < 0.05) compared to premolar and molar teeth. The dice similarity coefficient score of anterior (0.99 ± 0.02) and premolar teeth (0.99 ± 0.10) in the pre-operative group was comparable to the post-operative group. The classification of teeth to the correct 32 classes had a high recall rate (99.9%) and precision (99%).

Conclusions

The proposed CNN model outperformed other state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of accuracy and efficiency. It could act as a viable alternative for automatic segmentation and classification of teeth with brackets.

Clinical Significance

The proposed method could simplify the existing digital workflows of orthodontics, orthognathic surgery, restorative dentistry, and dental implantology by offering an accurate and efficient automated segmentation approach to clinicians, hence further enhancing the treatment predictability and outcomes.
Gender, Age of Migration, and Cognitive Life Expectancies Among Older Latinos: Evidence From the Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Garcia Marc A , Tarraf Wassim , Reyes Adriana M , Chiu Chi-Tsun
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Migration and gender are important factors that differentiate the Latino immigrant experience in the United States. We investigate the association between nativity status, age of migration, and cognitive life expectancies among a nationally representative sample of Latino adults aged 50 and older to explore whether age of migration and gender influence cognitive aging across the life course.

Methods

This study used data from the Health and Retirement Study (1998–2016) to estimate Sullivan-based life tables of cognitive life expectancies by nativity, age of migration, and gender for older Latino adults. Cognitive status was based on the Langa–Weir algorithm. We test for both within-group (i.e., nativity and age of migration) and gender differences to explore the overall burden of disease among this rapidly growing population.

Results

Foreign-born Latinos, regardless of age of migration or gender, spend a greater number of years after age 50 with cognitive impairment/no dementia than U.S.-born Latinos. However, the number of years spent with dementia varied by subgroup with midlife immigrant men and late-life immigrant men and women exhibiting a significant disadvantage relative to the U.S.-born. Furthermore, we document a gender disadvantage for all Latino women, regardless of immigrant status.

Discussion

The robust relationship between nativity, age of migration, and cognitive aging suggests that older foreign-born Latinos experiencing cognitive decline may place serious burdens on families. Future research should target the needs of different subgroups of older Latinos who are entering their last decades of life to develop culturally appropriate long-term care programs.
Eliezer Schweid’s Scholarly and Philosophical Exploration of Theological Responses to the Holocaust
Authors: Ackerman Ari
Published: September 2022

Eliezer Schweid, one of the most important contemporary scholars of Jewish thought, devoted two volumes to analyzing theological responses to the Holocaust. Wrestling until Daybreak (1990) covered a diverse range of non-Orthodox Jewish thinkers, and Between Destruction and Redemption (1994) examined ultra-Orthodox Holocaust theology. This article will examine how scholarship, philosophy, and theology are intertwined in these two volumes.
Individual-specific levels of CTG•CAG somatic instability are shared across multiple tissues in myotonic dystrophy type 1
Authors: Morales Fernando , Corrales Eyleen , Vásquez Melissa , Zhang Baili , Fernández Huberth , Alvarado Fernando , Cortés Sergio , Santamaría-Ulloa Carolina , Initiative-MMDBDI Marigold Myotonic Dystrophy Biomarkers Discovery , Krahe Ralf , Monckton Darren G
Published: September 2022

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 is a complex disease caused by a genetically unstable CTG repeat expansion in the 3′-untranslated region of the DMPK gene. Age-dependent, tissue-specific somatic instability has confounded genotype–phenotype associations, but growing evidence suggests that it also contributes directly toward disease progression. Using a well-characterized clinical cohort of DM1 patients from Costa Rica, we quantified somatic instability in blood, buccal cells, skin and skeletal muscle. Whilst skeletal muscle showed the largest expansions, modal allele lengths in skin were also very large and frequently exceeded 2000 CTG repeats. Similarly, the degree of somatic expansion in blood, muscle and skin were associated with each other. Notably, we found that the degree of somatic expansion in skin was highly predictive of that in skeletal muscle. More importantly, we established that individuals whose repeat expanded more rapidly than expected in one tissue (after correction for progenitor allele length and age) also expanded more rapidly than expected in other tissues. We also provide evidence suggesting that individuals in whom the repeat expanded more rapidly than expected in skeletal muscle have an earlier age at onset than expected (after correction for the progenitor allele length). Pyrosequencing analyses of the genomic DNA flanking the CTG repeat revealed that the degree of methylation in muscle was well predicted by the muscle modal allele length and age, but that neither methylation of the flanking DNA nor levels of DMPK sense and anti-sense transcripts could obviously explain individual- or tissue-specific patterns of somatic instability.
A genome for Cissus illustrates features underlying its evolutionary success in dry savannas
Authors: Xin Haiping , Wang Yi , Li Qingyun , Wan Tao , Hou Yujun , Liu Yuanshuang , Gichuki Duncan Kiragu , Zhou Huimin , Zhu Zhenfei , Xu Chen , Zhou Yadong , Liu Zhiming , Li Rongjun , Liu Bing , Lu Limin , Jiang Hongsheng , Zhang Jisen , Wan Junnan , Aryal Rishi , Hu Guangwan , Chen Zhiduan , Gituru Robert Wahiti , Liang Zhenchang , Wen Jun , Wang Qingfeng
Published: September 2022

Cissus is the largest genus in Vitaceae and is mainly distributed in the tropics and subtropics. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), a photosynthetic adaptation to the occurrence of succulent leaves or stems, indicates that convergent evolution occurred in response to drought stress during species radiation. Here we provide the chromosomal level assembly of Cissus rotundifolia (an endemic species in Eastern Africa) and a genome-wide comparison with grape to understand genome divergence within an ancient eudicot family. Extensive transcriptome data were produced to illustrate the genetics underpinning C. rotundifolia’s ecological adaption to seasonal aridity. The modern karyotype and smaller genome of C. rotundifolia (n = 12, 350.69 Mb/1C), which lack further whole-genome duplication, were mainly derived from gross chromosomal rearrangements such as fusions and segmental duplications, and were sculpted by a very recent burst of retrotransposon activity. Bias in local gene amplification contributed to its remarkable functional divergence from grape, and the specific proliferated genes associated with abiotic and biotic responses (e.g. HSP-20, NBS-LRR) enabled C. rotundifolia to survive in a hostile environment. Reorganization of existing enzymes of CAM characterized as diurnal expression patterns of relevant genes further confer the ability to thrive in dry savannas.
An access and transfer right to data—from a competition law perspective
Authors: Lundqvist Björn
Published: September 2022

While business users face difficulties accessing and porting data on platforms, the Digital Markets Act has been hailed as the legislative tool enabling business users access and transfer the data they have generated on platforms controlled by gatekeepers. The tool provided by the Digital Markets Act is discussed in this article and the author argue that business users should have a more elaborated right to first access the data they produce on platforms and in ecosystems, and secondly transfer such data from platform to platform, cloud to cloud, thing to thing or in-house. A right to access and transfer data could have several benefits; it benefits dissemination of data, creativity and innovation in connected markets and it promotes competition between platforms, clouds and ecosystem providers. Creativity will be enhanced because necessary data—being the raw material for new innovations—will be more broadly disbursed. It will also benefit consumers having a disbursed and disseminated data commons for the development of ideas, innovations, and the exchange of knowledge.
Reference genome of the color polymorphic desert annual plant sandblossoms, Linanthus parryae
Authors: Anghel Ioana G , Jacobs Sarah J , Escalona Merly , Marimuthu Mohan P A , Fairbairn Colin W , Beraut Eric , Nguyen Oanh , Toffelmier Erin , Shaffer H Bradley , Zapata Felipe
Published: September 2022

Sandblossoms, Linanthus parryae is a widespread annual plant species found in washes and sandy open habitats across the Mojave Desert and Eastern Sierra Nevada of California. Studies in this species have played a central role in evolutionary biology, serving as the first test cases of the shifting balance theory of evolution, models of isolation by distance, and metrics to describe the genetic structure of natural populations. Despite the importance of L. parryae in the development of landscape genetics and phylogeography, there are no genomic resources available for the species. Through the California Conservation Genomics Project, we assembled the first genome in the genus Linanthus. Using PacBio HiFi long reads and Hi-C chromatin conformation capture, we assembled 123 scaffolds spanning 1.51 Gb of the 1.96 Gb estimated genome, with a contig N50 of 18.7 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 124.8 Mb. This assembly, with a BUSCO completeness score of 88.7%, will allow us to revisit foundational ideas central to our understanding of how evolutionary forces operate in a geographic landscape. In addition, it will be a new resource to uncover adaptations to arid environments in the fragile desert habitat threatened by urban and solar farm development, climate change, and off-road vehicles.
The SLIM1 transcription factor affects sugar signaling during sulfur deficiency in Arabidopsis
Authors: Wawrzyńska Anna , Piotrowska Justyna , Apodiakou Anastasia , Brückner Franziska , Hoefgen Rainer , Sirko Agnieszka
Published: September 2022

The homeostasis of major macronutrient metabolism needs to be tightly regulated, especially when the availability of one or more nutrients fluctuates in the environment. Both sulfur metabolism and glucose signaling are important processes throughout plant growth and development, as well as during stress responses. Still, very little is known about how these processes affect each other, although they are positively connected. Here, we showed in Arabidopsis that the crucial transcription factor of sulfur metabolism, SLIM1, is involved in glucose signaling during shortage of sulfur. The germination rate of the slim1_KO mutant was severely affected by high glucose and osmotic stress. The expression of SLIM1-dependent genes in sulfur deficiency appeared to be additionally induced by a high concentration of either mannitol or glucose, but also by sucrose, which is not only the source of glucose but another signaling molecule. Additionally, SLIM1 affects PAP1 expression during sulfur deficiency by directly binding to its promoter. The lack of PAP1 induction in such conditions leads to much lower anthocyanin production. Taken together, our results indicate that SLIM1 is involved in the glucose response by modulating sulfur metabolism and directly controlling PAP1 expression in Arabidopsis during sulfur deficiency stress.
Three tRNA nuclear exporters in S. cerevisiae: parallel pathways, preferences, and precision
Authors: Chatterjee Kunal , Marshall William A , Hopper Anita K
Published: September 2022

tRNAs that are transcribed in the nucleus are exported to the cytoplasm to perform their iterative essential function in translation. However, the complex set of tRNA post-transcriptional processing and subcellular trafficking steps are not completely understood. In particular, proteins involved in tRNA nuclear export remain unknown since the canonical tRNA nuclear exportin, Los1/Exportin-t, is unessential in all tested organisms. We previously reported that budding yeast Mex67-Mtr2, a mRNA nuclear exporter, co-functions with Los1 in tRNA nuclear export. Here we employed in vivo co-purification of tRNAs with endogenously expressed nuclear exporters to document that Crm1 also is a bona fide tRNA nuclear exporter. We document that Los1, Mex67-Mtr2 and Crm1 possess individual tRNA preferences for forming nuclear export complexes with members of the 10 families of intron-containing pre-tRNAs. Remarkably, Mex67-Mtr2, but not Los1 or Crm1, is error-prone, delivering tRNAs to the cytoplasm prior to 5′ leader removal. tRNA retrograde nuclear import functions to monitor the aberrant leader-containing spliced tRNAs, returning them to the nucleus where they are degraded by 3′ to 5′ exonucleases. Overall, our work identifies a new tRNA nuclear exporter, uncovers exporter preferences for specific tRNA families, and documents contribution of tRNA nuclear import to tRNA quality control.
Hybridization kinetics of out-of-equilibrium mixtures of short RNA oligonucleotides
Authors: Todisco Marco , Szostak Jack W
Published: September 2022

Hybridization and strand displacement kinetics determine the evolution of the base paired configurations of mixtures of oligonucleotides over time. Although much attention has been focused on the thermodynamics of DNA and RNA base pairing in the scientific literature, much less work has been done on the time dependence of interactions involving multiple strands, especially in RNA. Here we provide a study of oligoribonucleotide interaction kinetics and show that it is possible to calculate the association, dissociation and strand displacement rates displayed by short oligonucleotides (5nt–12nt) that exhibit no expected secondary structure as simple functions of oligonucleotide length, CG content, ΔG of hybridization and ΔG of toehold binding. We then show that the resultant calculated kinetic parameters are consistent with the experimentally observed time dependent changes in concentrations of the different species present in mixtures of multiple competing RNA strands. We show that by changing the mixture composition, it is possible to create and tune kinetic traps that extend by orders of magnitude the typical sub-second hybridization timescale of two complementary oligonucleotides. We suggest that the slow equilibration of complex oligonucleotide mixtures may have facilitated the nonenzymatic replication of RNA during the origin of life.
Genomic and geographic diversification of a “great-speciator” (Rhipidura rufifrons)
Authors: Klicka Lukas B , Campillo Luke C , Manthey Joseph D , Andersen Michael J , Dumbacher John P , Filardi Christopher E , Joseph Leo , Uy J Albert C , Weidemann Douglas E , Moyle Robert G
Published: September 2022

The radiation of so-called “great speciators” represents a paradox among the myriad of avian radiations endemic to the southwest Pacific. In such radiations, lineages otherwise capable of dispersing across vast distances of open ocean differentiate rapidly and frequently across relatively short geographic barriers. Here, we evaluate the phylogeography of the Rufous Fantail (Rhipidura rufifrons). Although a presumed “great-speciator”, no formal investigations across its range have been performed. Moreover, delimitation of lineages within R. rufifrons, and the biogeographic implications of those relationships, remain unresolved. To investigate whether R. rufifrons represents a great speciator we identified thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms for 89 individuals, representing 19 described taxa. Analyses recovered 7 divergent lineages and evidence of gene flow between geographically isolated populations. We also found plumage differences to be a poor proxy for evolutionary relationships. Given the relatively recent divergence dates for the clade (1.35–2.31 mya), rapid phenotypic differentiation, and evidence for multiple independent lineages within the species complex, we determine that R. rufifrons possesses the characteristics of a great speciator.
Perioperative Coagulation Changes in Total Pancreatectomy and Islet Autotransplantation
Authors: Bergman Zachary R. , Robbins Alexandria J. , Alwan Fatima S. , Bellin Melena D. , Kirchner Varvara A. , Pruett Timothy L. , Mulier Kristine E. , Boucher Alex A. , Lusczek Elizabeth R. , Beilman Greg J.
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Thrombotic complications after total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) are common. However, the systemic changes to coagulation in the perioperative period have not been well studied. Our objective was to evaluate the derangements in coagulation in the perioperative period for this procedure.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study of patients undergoing elective TPIAT for chronic pancreatitis. Multiple methods of evaluating coagulation, including 2 viscoelastic assays and standard laboratory assays were obtained at defined intraoperative and postoperative intervals.

Results

Fifteen patients were enrolled. Laboratory values demonstrated initial intraoperative hypercoagulability before significant systemic anticoagulation after islet infusion with heparin. Hypercoagulability is again seen at postoperative days 3 and 7. Subgroup analysis did not identify any major coagulation parameters associated with portal vein thrombosis formation.

Conclusions

Apart from the immediate period after islet cell and heparin infusion, patients undergoing TPIAT are generally hypercoagulable leading to a high rate of thrombotic complications. Portal vein thrombosis development had minimal association with systemic derangements in coagulation as it is likely driven by localized inflammation at the time of islet cell infusion. This study may provide the groundwork for future studies to identify improvements in thrombotic complications.