bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ozone Fading of Disperse Blue 3 on Nylon 6 Fibers. The Influence of Physical Fiber Properties
Authors: Heuvel H.M. , Huisman R. , Schmidt H.M.
Published: March 2007

Based on the diffusion concept of the dyestuff molecule, a model is presented to account for the influence of the physical properties of nylon 6 fibers on the ozone-fading phenomenon. To develop the model, a special series of fibers was made using widely different cross sectional shapes and texturing conditions. The fibers were dyed in a bath containing Disperse Blue 3 as the ozone-fading sensitive dyestuff. In order to study situations closely related to practice, we confined our selves to carpet yarn like types of fiber, both before and after steam heat-setting. Fitting of a mathematical model, relating structural parameters to ozone fading, showed that the molecular porosity of the structure and the specific area of the surface are the main factors involved. The contribution of the orientation did not turn out to be significant in our model.

Another series, containing yarns from a considerable variety of bulking processes and producers, was analyzed in the same way to check the applicability of the model Although a rather good fit was found for most samples, some dis crepancies remained. Suggestions are given for the interpretation of these deviations.
Studies on the Shrink-Resist Treatment of Wool with Potassium Permanganate
Authors: Kantouch A. , Bendak A. , Sadek M.
Published: March 2007

A detailed investigation of the shrink-resist effect imparted to wool by potassium permanganate solution is described. The KMnO4 consumed by the wool increased with time, temperature, and concentration of the treating bath. The addi tion of a relatively small amount of sodium chloride in the range of 10 g/l. to the KMnO4 treatment bath incrased to some extent the KMnO4 consumed by the wool. The acidic KMnO4 treatment imparted better shrink resist properties to the wool, as well as less yellowing when compared with an alkaline treatment. The treatment produced some bleach ing effects to wool that makes it possible to use milder bleaching conditions subsequently without effecting the level of whiteness.

Amino acids cystine, tyrosine, and tryptophan were greatly affected by the KMnO4 treatment. This observation may be compared with the changes associated with chlorinated or H2O2 treated wool. Nitrogen and sulfur contents decreased with increased extent of KMnO4 treatment. Alkali and urea bisulfite solubilities of the treated wool increased and were favored by increase in pH, temperature, and concentration of the KMnO4 solution.

Tensile strength and elongation of the treated wool were decreased slightly by the KMnO4 treatment.

The affinity of treated wool to dyeing increased, and brighter colors were imparted to dyed wool in the case of pale and medium shades as compared to untreated wool. No change in the color of the treated wool after suitable KMnO4 treat ment was observed.
Enhanced DP Finishing of Cotton with Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea and a Metal Acrylate-Type Monomer
Authors: Rowland Stanley P. , Mason John S.
Published: March 2007

Simultaneous finishing of cotton with dimethyloldihydroxy ethyleneurea (DMDHEU) and a polymerizable zinc monomer is described. Durable press performance plus above normal retentions of strength and abrasion resistance resulted from combinations of DMDHEU with zinc salts of acry lic, methacrylic. and itaconic acids. Improvements in release of oily soil ranged from small to large, compared to conventional durable press cotton fabrics. Antibactorial per formance of the zinc-containing cotton was superior to that of cotton crosslinked with DMDHEU. Hydrophilic char acteristics showed diverse changes; moisture regain and water of imbibition increased but rates of drop absorbency and wicking decreased. The nature of the finish is discussed.
Hydrophilicity of Textile Fibers
Authors: Madan G.L. , Dave A.M. , Das T.K. , Sarma T.S.
Published: March 2007

Hydrophilicity of textile fibers has been assessed using the rate of water ascent in a vertical strip and the amount of water absorbed by the substrate. It has been found that the hydrophilicity decreases in the order: untreated cotton > cotton treated with crosslinking agent > cotton treated with crosslinking agent and softener > nylon > polyester-cotton blend > polyester.
Dyeing of Modified Polypropylene—Cationic Dyes on Brominated Polypropylene
Authors: Shah C.D. , Jain D.K.
Published: March 2007

Polypropylene fiber was photobrominated by the action of bromine under specific conditions. With bromination, the moisture content of the fiber increased, but there was no effect on the fiber's mechanical properties and a marked affinity was created in the fiber for cationic dyes from an alkaline medium. Eight different cationic dyes were used on the brominated product under different dyebath pH conditions. Dyeings tended to show that the mechanism of application of cationic dyes on brominated polypropylene was a reactive type, i.e., through the formation of a covalent bond between the fiber and the dye.

Of the eight cationic dyes, seven possessed poor to moderate lightfastness; only Methylene Blue (CI Basic Blue 9) gave very good lightfastness. In all the eight dyeings, fastness to washing, bleach, sea water, and soda boil were good. All the eight dyeings were aftertreated with iodine which increased lightfastness. Of the eight dyes, three produced photodegrading action on the fiber and five afforded photoprotection. Meth ylene Blue gave very good photoprotective action to the brominated polypropyl ene fiber.
Fine Structural Features of Swollen and Stretched Normal Viscose Rayon Filaments
Authors: Iyer K.R. Krishna , Sreenivasan S. , Aravindanath S. , Patil N.B. , Sundaram V.
Published: March 2007

X-ray orientation factor, crystallinity, crystallite dimensions and birefringence were determined on commercially available normal rayon filaments before and after treat ment. The filaments were swelled in sodium hydroxide (21% W/W), stretched to levels up to 55% over the initial length, and the alkali was neutralized with acetic acid (5-10%) while the filaments were still under tension. Considerable improvement in lateral and longitudinal order resulted from stretch, as evidenced by higher values of fine structural characteristics.
Using Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Melt Spinning Simulation for Process Optimization
Authors: Shenoy A.V. , Nadkarni V.M.
Published: March 2007

Plant data on melt spinning of poly(ethylene terephthalate) from industrial and pilot scale operations were used to compute the spinline stress σL at the glass transition temperature by using a constant tension model. The spinline stress is uniquely related to the orientation of the as-spun filaments, as measured by birefringence, within the parametric space of relevance to the industrial operations. The use of this correlation and the simulation package for stress computation for spinning process optimization is illustrated with a case study. The case study indicates that it may be feasible to improve spinning productivity without affecting fiberline processibility only by ap propriate changes in the melt spinning parameters, and no hardware changes may be necessary for the exercise.
Draw Texturing of Cationic Dyeable Polyester Yarn
Authors: Pal S.K. , Gandhi R.S. , Kothari V.K.
Published: March 2007

We have studied the effect of texturing parameters such as draw ratio, ratio of disc surface speed to yarn surface speed (D/Y), first heater temperature, and heating contact time on various properties, including tensile strength, crimp characteristics, tight spots, and broken filaments. Dye uptake in terms of K/S and critical dissolution time are examined as a function of draw ratio and heater temperature. Cationic dyeable polyester (CDPET) is compared to normal polyester with respect to texturing behavior, and properties of the resultant yarns are reported.
Influence of Machine Variables on Two-Strand Yarn Spinning Geometry
Authors: Menghe Miao  , Zhijie Cai  , Yichen Zhang
Published: March 2007

Strand convergence angle and strand twist above the convergence point constitute the primary yarn formation condition in two-strand yarn spinning. In order to assess the strand convergence angle and strand twist during spinning, dual-coloured multi filament yarns were fed directly from the front rollers of a ring frame run in a wide range of conditions. A photographic procedure was used to investigate the two-strand yarn spinning geometry and the influences of main machine variables, the spinning tension, the ply yarn twist, and the strand space at the front roller nip.
Moisture Sorption Mechanism of Aromatic Polyamide Fibers: Diffusion of Moisture in Poly (p-phenylene Terephthalamide) Fibers 1
Authors: Fukuda Mitsuhiro , Kawai Hiromichi
Published: March 2007

Diffusion of moisture into three kinds of Kevlar fibers—regular Kevlar, Kevlar 49, and Kevlar 149—was observed using a gravimetric method that varied vapor pressure at 25.0°C. The apparent diffusion coefficients for sorption and desorption, which were small, on the order of 10-12 cm2 / s, were found by fitting the calculated curves to the observed curves at the initial stage of the process using a Fickian model of a homogeneous cylinder. At intermediate and later stages of the sorption process, however, the observed results deviated from the calculated ones in two contrasting ways; i.e., the observed results were larger than the calculated ones for regular Kevlar and Kevlar 49 and vice versa for Kevlar 149. These results suggest a difference in the sorption mechanism, possibly due to the skin-core morphology, which is distinct for regular Kevlar and Kevlar 49 but indistinct for Kevlar 149. Referring to the skin-core mor phology with ( Dcore/ Dskin) > 1, the sorption curve was further analyzed using a coaxial cylinder model with dual components that varied (Dcore/Dskin) from 1.5 to 7 but fixed the outer and inner radius ratio ( R 2 / R1) at 1.2. The calculated results agree, in geheral, with the observed results for regular Kevlar and Kevlar 49 over the whole range of the sorption process. The Dcore values depended much more on vapor pressure than the Dskin values. In contrast, the observed results for Kevlar 149 could be accounted for if we applied the coaxial cylinder model with dual components, assuming ( Dcore/ Dskin ) < 1. The significance of the skin-core morphology as well as the interstitial and interfibrillar microvoids upon the sorption rate was discussed.
Catalytic Activity of the Cu (II)-Wool Complex on the Oxidation of Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Fukatsu Kazuhiko , Adachi Rumiko , Kimura Yumi
Published: March 2007

We have studied the catalytic action of the Cu( II )-wool complex in the oxidation of L-ascorbic acid and D-isoascorbic acid; the oxidation reaction is accelerated at higher pH. This catalyst shows a so-called Michaelis-Menten saturation behavior. The Mi chaelis constants ( Km ) and the reaction rate constants of the Cu ( II )-wool complex/ substrate complex were obtained from Lineweaver-Burk plots. The catalyst reveals slight stereoselectivity in the oxidation of L-ascorbic acid and D-isoascorbic acid.
Comparative Analysis of Frictional Resistance of Wool Yarns
Authors: Zurek W. , Frydrych I.
Published: March 2007

A new device for measuring yarn-on-yarn frictional forces is presented. Six kinds of worsted plied yams are measured for frictional forces in two arrangements—per— pendicular and skew. Four methods of experimental data analysis are applied: Euler's equation, Howell's equation, and two methods in which the cohesion forces are taken into account. The equations characterizing the yam-on-yam frictional process and considering the cohesion forces in two boundary cases are derived. Results obtained using different methods are discussed.
Surface Characteristics of Wool and Poly ( ethylene Terephthalate) Fabrics and Film Treated with Low-Temperature Plasma Under Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Wakida Tomiji , Tokino Seiji , Shouhua Niu  , Kawamura Haruo , Sato Yukihiro , Lee Muncheul , Uchiyama Hiroshi , Inagaki Hideo
Published: March 2007

Wool and poly ( ethylene terephthalate) fabrics and film were treated with low-tem perature plasmas of helium/argon or acetone/argon under atmospheric pressure for 10 to 180 seconds. Although argon itself cannot independently generate a plasma under atmospheric pressure by applying high frequency voltage, it is easily generated by adding a small quantity of helium or acetone to argon gas. Wettability of the fabrics and surface tension of the film increased considerably with the treatment within 30 seconds. ESCA analysis was used to elucidate the surface chemical composition of fibers treated with atmospheric low-temperature plasma. Relative O1 s intensity in creased considerably and oxygen was incorporated in the form of —CO— and —COO— on the fiber surface. From these results, it appears that low-temperature plasma by atmospheric pressure discharge is effective for modifying the polymer surface, as it acts in the same fashion as low-temperature plasma by glow discharge.
Using Optical Ray Tracing to Explain the Reduced Dye Yield of Microdenier Yarns
Authors: Kobsa H. , Rubin B. , Shearer S.M. , Schulz E.M.
Published: March 2007

An optical ray trace luster prediction computer model is used to explain the reduced dye yield of microdenier yarns. Results from the model demonstrate that the reduced dye yield is a necessary consequence of the reduced path length of light inside the filaments. Data are shown for the predicted brightness of a set of standard denier per filament and microdenier PET ( Micromattique ) yarns.
Roll Wraps in Ring Spinning
Authors: Shiffler Donald A.
Published: March 2007

Top and bottom roll wraps can be a significant cost factor in ring spinning. A method of quickly characterizing the wrapping propensity of a given fiber/spinning frame system has been developed. Traditional percent roll wrap information can be calculated, and cost optimized, from the roll wrap frequency obtained in this manner.
Roll Wraps in Ring Spinning
Authors: Shiffler Donald A.
Published: March 2007

Top roll wraps can be a major cost factor in ring spinning. The effect of fiber and spinning frame variables on wrap frequency was determined for 100% polyester and for cotton blend yarns.
Description and Measurement of Carpet Appearance
Authors: Wood Errol J.
Published: March 2007

A review is presented of the WRONZ approach for measuring carpet appearance using digital image analysis. The emphasis in this paper is on practical aspects, and it highlights recent research findings, particularly the benefits of high-pass filtering. Var ious parameters that are considered to be necessary to fully characterize the textural properties of new and worn carpets are defined, illustrated, and discussed. Texture parameters include tuft definition, pile lightness, texture coarseness, directionality, coherence, tuft-size uniformity, and bright-spot density. The relative importance of these parameters in describing initial carpet texture and the changes in texture caused by wear depends on the kind of carpet being measured. Potential applications of the technology to quality control in carpet manufacture are now being explored with the cooperation of a local mill.
Crystal Size and Minimum Enthalpy of Various Races of Silk Fibers
Authors: Krishne Urs R. Gopal , Subramanya G. , Somashekar R.
Published: March 2007

Wide angle x-ray diffraction studies of silk fibers from various races of silkworms were made to evaluate the crystal size and lattice disortion parameters, since these determine the properties of silk fibers. Also, minimum enthalpy for the formation of these fibers was estimated and compared for the various races. Crystal size in the univoltine race along the [ 210 ] direction is smaller, even though the univoltine fibers are thick compared to those from multivoltine races.
Effect of Ethyl Xanthogenate on Sorption of an Acid Dye on Polyester Fibers Part II: Kinetics and Thermodynamics
Authors: Espinosa-Jimenez M. , Cano-Suarez A.
Published: March 2007

Data are presented on the kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption of Sirius red 4B on untreated polyester fibers along with the uptake of the same acid dye on polyester fibers treated with constant amounts of potassium ethyl xanthogenate at different temperatures. Temperature increases of the system decrease the adsorption of Sirius red 4B on untreated polyester, but increase uptake on polyester treated with ethyl xanthogenate. Sorption equilibria; specific rate constants, diffusion coefficients, acti vation energy, standard affinity, enthalpy and entropy of reaction have been determined in these processes. The results show that adsorption of Sirius red 4B on untreated polyester in the temperature interval tested probably takes place by means of H-bonds between the phenolic hydroxyl groups of the dye and the carboxyl end-group of the polyester. Also, on the basis of these compounds' molecular structures, the results suggest that dye uptake by treated polyester probably takes place by means of a nu cleophilic attack of the negatively charged-S- group of the ethyl xanthogenate ion taken up by the fiber on the carbonyl group of Sirius red 4B.
Inferring Travel Motivation from Travelers' Experiences
Authors: Pearce Philip L. , Caltabiano Marie L.
Published: March 2007

Research concerning travel motivation has frequently assumed that tourists are both able and willing to articulate their travel needs. The present study adopts a different point of view by arguing that indirect inferences about travel motivation from tourists' actual experiences may provide fresh insights. Using nearly 400 travel episodes and employing a five-fold classification of travel motivation based on Maslow's analysis of needs, a wide range of travel experiences were accommodated successfully in the coding scheme. Results indicated that positive and negative tourist experiences were not the inverse of one another but highlighted different need structures. Further, it was demonstrated that there is a "motivational career in travel," with more experienced travelers reporting experiences containing more higher order needs. Female travelers also recorded slightly more self-actualization needs than men. It is argued that the tourist motivational literature could be well-served by this kind of indirect motivational coding scheme.
Search Behavior of International Vacationers: Travel-Specific Lifiestyle and Sociodemographic Variables
Authors: Schul Patrick , Crompton John L.
Published: March 2007

The primary objectives of this exploratory study were to determine the relative ability of a limited number of travel-specific psychographic statements and sociodemographic variables to (1) predict and explain external search behavior of a sample of international vacationers and (2) discriminate between respondents exemplifying active and passive external search behavior. The findings suggest that search behavior is better explained by travel-specific psychographics than by demographics.
The Tourism Demonstration Effect in the Caribbean
Authors: Mcelroy Jerome L. , De Albuquerque Klaus
Published: March 2007

According to academic critics, the benefits of Caribbean tourism are severely vitiated by the socioeconomic dysfunctions associated with the tourism demonstration effect-the rapid local assimilation of expensive North American consumption patterns stimulated by the presence of relatively large numbers of tourists. This notion, however, lacks empirical validation. This study examines the simple relationship between tourism intensity and local spending patterns using a small cross-section of nine countries. The findings indicate that tourism may influence host consumption behavior, but that tourism's impact is considerably weaker than and not easily distinguished from the more encompassing influences associated with societal modernization. The repeated claims of tourism's alleged demonstration effects must be viewed with caution and a research agenda, suggested here, would more carefully measure demonstration and help disentangle tourism's impact from nontourist influences.
Evaluating Management Effectiveness In Community-Run Festivals
Authors: Getz Donald , Frisby Wendy
Published: March 2007

The nature and effectiveness of voluntary management in community-run festivals is explored. A systematic framework was developed to evaluate effectiveness and was tested on a sample of community-run festivals. Conclusions include suggested guidelines for improving the effectiveness of festivals as tourist attractions and hypotheses regarding the meaning and measurement of management effectiveness in these settings.
The Development An.d Organization Of Travel services In China
Authors: Choy Dexter J.L. , Yao Yue Can
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the recent growth in travel to China. It also analyzes the develop ment of Chinese travel organizations, including the evolution of a national tourism administration for the country, and examines the effects of changing government policies in decentralizing the management of travel services. The negative effects of decentraliza tion include confusion created by the proliferation of travel organizations, increased dif ficulty in coordinating tourism planning and development for the country as a whole, and emergence of negative social impacts upon Chinese personnel. In the face of declining growth in visitor arrivals, the positive effects of decentralization are not as evident. Thus, the efforts toward rapid tourism development seem to have been accomplished with the trade-off of inadequate planning and negative social impacts.
Tourism - The World's Peace Industry
Authors: D'Amore Louis
Published: March 2007

The city of Vancouver, B. C., will be host to the First Global Conference: Tourism — A Vital Force For Peace in October 23-2 7, 1988. The aim ofthe conference is to search out, explore, discuss, and propose new initiatives through which the diverse sectors of the world's tourism industry can facilitate and contribute further to the goal of "Global Peace through Tourism. "

Tourism, along with its obvious international economic impact transcends governmental boundaries by bringing peoples of the world closer together through the understanding of different cultures, environments and heritage. It is potentially one of the most important vehicles for promating understanding, trust, and goodwill among peoples of the world.

Delegates to the conference will be senior executives from both the public and private sectors of tourism as well as related fields such as parks, heritage, culture, arts, recreation, the full range ofexchangeprograms, community development, urban design, and environment.

The Vancouver conference is the result of a resolution unanimously endorsed by the Tourism Industry Association of Canada (TIA C) in support ofthe United Nations declara tion of 1986 as the "International Year of Peace. " The conference theme builds on the philosophy and principles expressed in the 1980 Manila Declaration ofthe World Tourism Organization. The Declaration challenged the industry with a concept of tourism that emphasizes its social, cultural, economic, educational and political values.

An earlier version appeared in Business Quarterly published by School of Business Administration, the University of Western Ontario, Canada, Ontario, Canada.
Multiple Multinational Tourism Positioning Using Correspondence Analysis
Authors: Calantone Roger J. , Di Benedetto C. Anthony , Hakam Ali , Bojanic David C.
Published: March 2007

Multinational tourism research involves analysis of multiple origins, multiple tourist destinations, and multiple attributes for destination selection . For example, tourist perceptions of a destination may vary across countries of origin. This can have important implications for which countries to target with tourism promotion, or which of the destination's attributes should be stressed in the promotion. Correspondence analysis is a technique which can handle problems of this complexity where other multiattribute analytical methods cannot. This technique is applied to empirical tourist perception data on Singapore and other Pacific Rim countries. A discussion of how the Singapore Tourist Promotion Board can use the resulting output to improve Singapore's positioning in the tourism market is presented.
Reversing The United States' Declining Competitiveness In The Marketing Of International Tourism: A Perspective On Future Policy
Authors: Ahmed Zafar U. , Krohn Franklin B.
Published: March 2007

Insufficient attention to problems associated with the competitiveness in marketing international tourism has eroded the capacity of the United States to be a more competitive international tourist destination. This article offers a vision of what the U.S. must do to build on its formidable tourism strengths, including concrete first steps to control an uncertain future in the arena of international tourism to move the U.S. toward sustained competitiveness at home and abroad.
The 1991 Travel Outlook
Authors: Goeldner C.R.
Published: March 2007

This report briefly summarizes the 1991 Travel Outlook Forum held in Pittsburgh, Pennslylvania, on October 16, 1990. Copies of the "1991 Outlook for Travel and Tourism" are available from the U.S. Travel Data Center, Two Lafayette Centre, 1133 21st Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. 20036 for $125. 00.
Assessing The Tourism Benefits Of An Open Access Sports Tournament: The 1989 B.C. Winter Games
Authors: Murphy Peter E. , Carmichael Barbara A.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a data-gathering methodology designed to be used with open- access hallmark events to defect the tourism spending associated with such events. The methodology includes a triangulation estimate of spectator numbers, which when com bined with participant numbers and the respective expenditure records provides an overall estimate of tourist direct spending. The methodology is tested on a regional sports tournament and reveals that even a relatively small-scale hallmark event can generate considerable tourist expenditure.
A Non-Technical Perspective on Data Collection Methodologies For Travel Surveys: A Discussion Paper
Authors: Rogers Judy
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the appropriateness of methodologies for certain kinds of travel research. Constraints of telephone interviews are explored and research alternatives are examined.
Segmenting Visitors To A Destination Region Based On The Volume Of Their Expenditures
Authors: Spotts Daniel M. , Mahoney Edward M.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the viability of targeting heavy spenders (as distinguishedfrom heavy users) in regional travel marketing. A sample ofsummertravel parties, contacted in a three-county region in Michigan's UpperPeninsula, was divided into light, medium, and heavy spenders based on each party's total expenditures in the region. Although only 33% of the parties were classified as heavy spenders, the expenditures ofthis segment accounted for 78% of the expenditures of the sample as a whole. Heavy spenders were distinguishable from the othersegments on the basis oftheirlargerparty sizes, longer length of stay, greater involvement with recreation, andgreaterpropensity to use information disseminated by the region's travel industry. Findings suggest how the region's appeal to heavy spenders could be maximized and how its existing market ofheavy spenders could be encouraged to stay longer and return in thefuture. However, few insights emerged on how potential heavy- spenders who have never visited the region could be reached.
Bias Due To Group Size I n Visitor Surveys
Authors: Latham John
Published: March 2007

This article highlights the need for awareness of bias due to group size and proposes means of minimizing its effect. Three mathematical models are presented for measuring the effect of bias, and sampling techniques, commonly used in visitor surveys, are examined for possible bias.
Comparative Tourism Development in Asia and the Pacific
Authors: Mak James , White Kenneth
Published: March 2007

International totcrism in the Asia-Pacific region has grown rapidly since the 1960s, primarily because of increased intraregional travel among Asia-Pacific residents. This article compares tourism development among major Asia-Pacifrc countries, focusing especially on countries as receivers of tourists and tourism receipts and as gerterators of tourist travel. Countries examined include Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, China, Korea, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, and New Zealand, as well as island microstates in the Pacific. The study concludes that tourism development in the Asia-Pacific region will depend on continued economic growth and the willingness of governments to open their countries to foreigners and to allow their own nationals to travel freely abroad.
Cognitive Distance: A Neglected lssue in Travel Behavior
Authors: Walmsley D.J. , Jenkins J.M.
Published: March 2007

An appreciation of distance is important in all studies of travel behavior. However, the impressions of distance that travelers hold in their minds are often very different from real distance. Such "cognitive distance" tends to be overlooked in travel research. A study of tourist impressions of distance on the east coast of Australia shows that such distance is overestimated relative to reality. It also suggests that the distance cognition of tourists differs from that of permanent residents and that the process of distance cognition is influenced by a range of factors.
North American Ecotourism Markets
Authors: Nvight Paniela A.
Published: March 2007

This article is the second of a two-part series. The first part, "North American Ecotourists: Market Profile and Trip Characteristics," appeared in the spring 1996 issue. This study shows that all North American ecotourism markets, both the more generally interested (consumers) and experienced ecotourists, enjoy multiple activities, including walk ing and hiking. Consumers prefer more passive activities and cultural experiences, while ecotourists are more active, and prefer modest, intimate-type accommodation. Principle motivations relate to setting. Motivations that discriminate ecotourists from other tourists are discllssed in terms of benefits sought.
Highlights of the 27th Annual TTRA Conference Las Vegas, June 16-19
Authors: Dipersio Cindy , Hayden Gin , Goeldner C.R.
Published: March 2007

The following paragraphs briefly summarize the 27th annual conference of the Travel and Tourism Research Association held in Las Vegas, Nevada. Conference registrants and TTRA members will automatically receive a copy of the conference proceedings when they are published. Other readers who wish to receive copies may order them from Lisa Carey, Host Communications, 546 East Main Street, Lexington, KY 40596-3071. The cost is $75.
Customer Satisfaction in the Tourist Industry
Authors: Danaher Peter J. , Arweiler Nicole
Published: March 2007

Although research in customer satisfaction and service quality has increased enormously in the past 10 years, little of this research has focused on the tourist industry. A survey instrument was developed that identified four primary components of a tourist's vacation: transportation, accommodation, outdoor activities, and attractions. Tourists were inter viewed at Auckland International Airport before leaving New Zealand. They rated their satisfaction with each of the four components and various subcomponents. Multiple regres sion results showed that satisfaction with accommodation, outdoor activities, and attrac tions has the strongest impact on overall satisfaction with the holiday, while only satisfac tion with outdoor activities affects the likelihood of recommending New Zealand as a vacation destination. Although there is not much difference in the satisfaction levels among tourists from different countries, there are major differences in the demographic profile of the tourists and the activities in which they participate during their stay.
Tourism and Development
Authors: Tooman L. Alex
Published: March 2007

A case study of tourism development in the Smoky Mountain gateway communities of Gatlinburg/Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, and Cherokee, North Carolina, since 1970 was undertaken to evaluate the industry's second- and third-order economic impacts. From a first-order, aggregate perspective the impacts appear beneficial, but from the resident popu lations' perspective the effects are more questionable. While total income and job growth occur, they correspond with other nonimproving social welfare indicators. Thus, tourism, as a tool for development, has limitations and needs to be managed to serve as a more beneficial agent of change.
Veiled constructions: Conflict, migration and modernity in eastern Sri Lanka
Authors: Thangarajah C.Y.
Published: March 2007

This article analyses transformations of rural gender relations and local patterns of religious consumption amongst female Muslim migrants from eastern Sri Lanka to the Middle East. Migration has led to reconfigurations of everyday practices within a unified and unifying pan-Islamic code of conduct. It is evident, however, that women are suc cessfully negotiating and recasting their roles by utilising those very same religious discourses and practices which attempt to regulate them. Migrant women in Sri Lanka use imported consumer goods and 'Arabi' practices as a means of empowering them selves. In this context, Islamic religious practices play an empowering and progressive role in migrant women's lives.
Seasonal migration, employer-worker interactions, and shifting ethnic identities in contemporary West Bengal
Authors: Rogaly Ben , Coppard Daniel , Rana Kumar , Rafique Abdur , Sengupta Amrita , Biswas Jhuma
Published: March 2007

This article tells of changing social and spatial identities in the countryside of con temporary West Bengal. It draws on a study of interactions between those seeking wage work in agriculture and the people trying to recruit them. We find a continuing and nested process of both self-identification and categorisation. Unconscious as well as conscious ethnic affinities are consolidated and changed. At the same time, identities are used instrumentally by workers to make the outcome of negotiations less demeaning, and by employers to bargain more effectivelyfor the workforce they need. The context is one of the emergence of capitalist production relations in agriculture, presided over by a coalition government led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist). The newly pros perous agriculture has been a source of wealth for capitalist employers, reinforcing constructions of difference in relation to the migrant workers they employ. At the same time, many employers are attracted by the prospects of urban,jobs and life-styles and invest in their children's education. Migrant workers show a similar ambivalence, being attracted by the potential earnings and consumption possibilities arising out of being employed in the West Bengal 'rice bowl', and simultaneously repelled by the dangers they associate with the place.
Cancer Ward Staff Group
Authors: Barber William H.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a case study illustrating organizational and system contingencies for introducing and maintaining a "support group "for oncology nursing staff in a large general hospital culture. Miller's criteria for long-run survivability of innovation in a work system are applied to a group structured like that described by Balint for training physicians in interpersonal relations.
The Design and Evolution of the Physician's Assistant
Authors: Schneller Eugene Stewart
Published: March 2007

Occupations which are designed as subordinate to the more powerful and prestigious professions have built-in limits to the degree to which they can acquire valued professional attributes. The physician's assistant (P.A.) occupation is an example. The general model of professional development cannot adequately deal with the evolutionary process of the P.A. A content analysis of the literature on the P.A. uncovered three periods in the P.A.'s development: Period I, characterized by the design and selling of an innovative role; Period II, characterized by the planning and establishment of the P.A.; and Period III, characterized by attempts to entrench the P.A. within the medical/paramedical hierarchy.
On Popular Power: The Organization of the Cuban State during the Period of Transition
Authors: Casal Lourdes
Published: March 2007

The real interest of the epoch of great leaps lies in the fact that the abundance of frag ments of the old, which sometimes accumulate more rapidly than the rudiments (not always immediately discernible) of the new, calls for the ability to discern what is most important in the line or chain of development. History knows moments when the most important thing for the success of the revolution is to heap up as large a quantity of the fragments as possible, i.e., to blow up as many of the old institutions as possible; mo ments arise when enough has been blown up and the next task is to perform the "pro saic" (for the petty-bourgeois revolutionary, the "boring") task of clearing away the fragments; and moments arise when the careful nursing of the rudiments of the new system, which are growing amidst the wreckage on a soil which as yet has been badly cleared of rubble, is the most important thing (Lenin, 1970:675).
"We Need a Government of Men and Women...!"
Authors: Randall Margaret
Published: March 2007

While the overthrow of capitalism based on private property removes the major obstacle to the elimination of the oppression of women, only struggle by women and men in every group at every level of society will secure and extend the advances made possible by socialism. The follow ing report of the Second National Congress of the Federación de Mujeres Cubanos (FMC) gives a glimpse of one process by which changes occur. It is important as "raw data" which we hope will stimulate deeper analysis of the meaning of women's liberation in its relationship to building so cialism. Such an analysis needs to investigate the process critically as well as sympathetically so that women in other movements can learn from its weaknesses as well as from its strengths.
Some Aspects of the Microcellular Urethane Material and Process
Authors: Dunleavy Raymond A.
Published: March 2007

The use of novel intermediates for the production of integral- skin microcellular urethane rubber has been explored in detail from the standpoints of polymer physical properties and process ability. Polymer/polyols and quasi-prepolymers were combined to yield extremely reactive, yet controllable, systems which are cured at room temperature and demoldable in less than 10 minutes. The ingredients are liquid at room temperature, shelf stable, and con tain no aromatic diamines, which are relatively expensive and can cause handling and discoloration problems. These novel urethane polymers possess physical properties which were heretofore ob tainable only with the use of aromatic diamine curing agents. Formu lation and process variables were explored to provide the technol ogy necessary for the practical utilization of the raw materials by microcellular urethane rubber parts producers. By proper manipu lation of formulation and processing conditions, rubbers suitable for a wide range of applications have been developed.
Electro-Chemical Treeing in Ethylene-Propylene Rubber Compounds
Authors: Bernstein B.S. , Srinivas N. , Hogan J.D. , Katz C.
Published: March 2007

A series of Ethylene-Propylene Diene (EPDM) compounds, designed to be transparent or translucent in nature, were formulated for the purpose of studying electro-chemical treeing, Systems were tested in sheet form for evaluation of physical properties and crosslinking behavior, and extruded under laboratory conditions over 14 AWG bare copper wire into thin wall mini-cables. Cables were then subjected to the Phelps Dodge Accelerated Treeing Test. All EPDM systems exhibited electro-chemical tree formation to some extent; trees originated at the site of contaminants and at the conductor. Treeing patterns observed are of similar appearance to those formed in Polyethylene and Crosslinked Polyethylene insulation. The nature of the EPDM systems, preparation techniques, physical prop erties and treeing effects are discussed. Results indicated that electro- chemical treeing is a phenomenon characteristic of both rubbery and semi crystalline polymeric materials.
The Measurement of Smoke From Rubbers and Plastics
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Murphy Regina M.
Published: March 2007

The smoke producing characteristics of various ma terials are discussed, with particular attention to rubbers and plas tics. The different methods of measuring smoke density are de scribed, and selected data are presented.
Polyether Based Thermoplastic Polyurethanes Effect of the Soft Segment Molecular Weight
Authors: Zdrahala R.J. , Hager S.L. , Gerkin R.M. , Critchfield F.E.
Published: March 2007

A series of polyether-based thermoplastic polyure thanes, varying in soft segment molecular weight and hard seg ment content was prepared and studied. Poly(oxypropylene- oxyethylene) diols of Mn of 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 were the soft segment polyols. The hard segment, 4,4'-diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI) extended with 1,4-butanediol (BDO), and also the soft segment content were varied from 20 to 80 weight percent. Physical-mechanical, thermal (DSC) and dynamic-mechanical property data are used to elucidate the mechanical and morphological behavior of these polymers. Two distinct phases are detected in most of the polymers. The Tg of the amorphous soft phase decreases with increasing polyether molecular weight and is relatively unaffected by soft segment content except at very low levels (≤ 30%). Hard segments appar ently separate into ordered structures which melt between 150 and 220°C. The melting points and the heats of fusion generally increase with hard segment content and soft segment Mn. Soft segment molecular weight also has a significant influence on the mechanical properties of the polymers. In general, the ambient flexural moduli and the dynamic moduli (E') increase with in creasing soft segment Mn and the modulus/temperature curve is flattened.
Effect of Temperature On Relative Flammability and Toxicity of Plastics
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Huttlinger Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

The relative flammability and toxicity of the off- gases from five plastics and wood were studied as a function of temperature. Relative flammability appeared to increase more rapidly with temperature than relative toxicity at temperatures from 300 to 600°C, and to increase less rapidly with temperature than relative toxicity at temperatures from 600 to 800°C, for the majority of the materials studied.
Strain Dependence of the Dynamic Properties of Filled Elastomers
Authors: Martin R.E. , Malguarnera S.C.
Published: March 2007

The dynamic properties of a filled elastomer are obtained over a broad frequency range. This extended frequency range is obtained by shifting the isotherms obtained over a limited frequency range. The response at a number of strain amplitudes from 0.5% to 14% is obtained. The material response is nonlinear at strains of 1% and larger. The strain dependent characterization in the context of a nonlinear theory of visco elasticity is marginally successful. The broad frequency range over which data is obtained permits a graphical approach to the characterization of the strain dependence.
Optimizing Properties of Filled Compounds
Authors: Theberge John E.
Published: March 2007

The reinforcement of plastics is an important method of improving their performance characteristics. Various aspects of optimizing the properties of filled compounds are discussed.
Use of Polycarbonate as a Reference Material
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Huttlinger Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

A specific lot of bisphenol A polycarbonate has been used for over five and a half years as the reference material for the dome chamber toxicity test method. The reproducibility of test results on this material indicates certain plastics may be useful as reference materials.
Swelling of Parylene C
Authors: Miller Edward , Leighton Edward
Published: March 2007

Equilibrium swelling of polychloro-p-xylylene vapor deposited film in selected solvents at 293 K (20 ° C) was used to estimate the cohesion pa rameters of the polymer. Swell data gave predicted cohesion values of 18 MPa1/2 for the dispersive cohesion parameter, 8 MPa1/2 for the polar cohesion parame ter, 0 MPa1/2 for the hydrogen bonding parameter, and 21 MPa1/2 for the total cohesion parameter of the polymer. A maximum swell of 3.1% was observed with O -dichlorobenzene as the solvent.
Utilization of HAF for Controlling the Release of Copper Ions and Enhancing the Properties of Vulcanizates
Authors: Helaly F.M.
Published: March 2007

High abrasion furnace black (HAF) was added to controlled release styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) formulations, in order to control the release rate of the bioactive material (CuSO4.H2O). The higher the amount of carbon black, the lower is the release rate of the bioactive material. The in vestigated formulations showed copper ions being leached according to the fol lowing order: Formulation No. 1 > 2 >> 3 ≥ 4 > 5 Increasing the amount of carbon black also improves the physicomechanical properties of the vulcanizate.
Novel Heat-Resistant Isocyanate- Based Polymers
Authors: Sendijarevic A. , Sendijarevic V. , Frisch K.C. , Vlajic M.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the preparation and properties of novel heat- resistant, isocyanate-based polymers. Poly(urethane-oxazolidones) (1/1 molar ratio) were prepared by reaction of NCO-terminated urethane prepolymers with polyepoxides. Poly(urethane-oxazolidone-isocyanurates) (3/3/1 molar ratio) were made by reaction of NCO-terminated urethane prepolymers with triglyci dyl isocyanurate. Poly(urethane-oxazolidone-isocyanurates) (3/3/2 molar ratio) were prepared by trimerization of equimolar mixtures of NCO-terminated urethane prepolymers and an NCO-terminated oxazolidone adduct. The poly(urethane-oxazolidone-isocyanurate) films exhibited very good stress-strain properties at room temperature (22°C), as well as at elevated temperature (150°C). The good thermal stability was also confirmed by TGA. These materials appear to be good candidates for heat-resistant elastomers, coatings, and adhesives. Poly(urethane-isocyanurates) (3/1 molar ratio) were also pre pared, and were compared with oxazolidone containing poly(urethane-iso cyanurates).
Drifting of Fluorocarbon-Elastomer Vulcanizates as a Function of Water Interaction
Authors: Struckmeyer H.F.
Published: March 2007

Postcured fluorocarbon-elastomer (FKM) vulcanizates show con siderable changes in their physical properties during storage. The degree of these changes is dependent upon the water content in the rubber matrix and is significantly influenced by the fillers being used; it is, however, unaffected by the vulcanizing system. The changes can be reversed by a repeated postcure, because the adsorbed water, again, evaporates quantitatively. Gravimetrical measurements demonstrate the functional dependence of the observed changes on the interaction between filler and water, which secondarily affects the in teraction between filler and polymer and finally leads to a change in the net work structure.
Ultrasonic Absorption and Dielectric Losses of Polychloroprene Rubber Filled Vulcanizate
Authors: Lawandy S.N. , Aziz A.W. , Tadros N.N.
Published: March 2007

The dielectric loss and the activation energy of polychloroprene rubber compounds were measured using precise dielectric and ultrasonic tech niques. The mixes used involve variation in the vulcanizing system concentra tion and the carbon black type and amount. The measurements were carried out at a wide range of frequency.