bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Versehentliche Fütterung von Legehennen-Elterntier-Herden mit dem Kokzidiostatikum Nicarbazin
Authors: Rosenthal Friedrich , Koch Felicitas , Spolders Markus , Pieper Robert
Published: February 2021

Nach versehentlicher Verfütterung eines mit dem Kokzidiostatikum Nicarbazin kontaminierten Mischfutters in einem Legehennen-Elterntier-Betrieb (Lohmann Brown Classic) zeigten die Tiere wenige Stunden später ausgeprägte klinische Symptome. Die Mortalitätsrate stieg innerhalb von 5 Tagen an, während im gleichen Zeitraum die Legeleistung und Schlupfrate der in diesem Zeitraum gelegten Eier deutlich abnahm. Eine Entfärbung der Eierschalen war bereits ab dem ersten Tag zu beobachten. Es wurde ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Verfütterung von Nicarbazin und den beobachteten Symptomen vermutet. Studien deuten darauf hin, dass Nicarbazin die Aktivität des Enzyms Aminolävulinsäuresynthase Typ 1 (ALAS 1) vermindert. In der Schalendrüse des Huhns ist es für die Synthese von Protoporphyrin IX, dem Hauptbestandteil der Schalenfarbe brauner Eier zuständig. Eine erhöhte Körpertemperatur, induziert durch die Wirkung von Nicarbazin, und ein damit einsetzendes Ungleichgewicht im Säure-Basen-Haushalt erklärt möglicherweise die festgestellten Leistungseinbußen und erhöhte Mortalität. Der Fall verdeutlicht, dass bei einer versehentlichen Verfütterung von Nicarbazin an Nicht-Zieltierarten Legehennen bzw. deren Elterntiere akut schwere klinische Symptome auftreten können. Die Fallbeschreibung betont die notwendige Sorgfalt in der Verwendung von Futtermittelzusatzstoffen bzw. Vormischungen für bestimmte (Nicht-)Zieltierarten. Die Beschreibung der klinischen Symptome kann helfen, betreuende Tierärzte hierfür zu sensibilisieren.
Back to the roots – Rationale Aromatherapie mit pflanzlichen Ölen und Wässern
Authors: Thoonsen Yvonne
Published: February 2021

Ätherische Öle können, mit Verstand und Wissen angewendet, eine große Bereicherung für die tägliche Praxis darstellen. Für jedes Tier, für jedes Lebensstadium und für jedes Organsystem wie auch die Psyche stellen sie einen kostbaren Schatz zur Erweiterung des Behandlungsspektrums und zur Ergänzung klassisch schulmedizinischer Therapien dar. Rechtlich gibt es einiges zu beachten. Bei entsprechender Sachkunde stellen aber auch die bestehenden Gesetze kein Anwendungshindernis dar.
Okuläre Thelaziose bei einem Hund in Deutschland – ein autochthoner Fall?
Authors: Kregel-Weber Myra K. , Delling Cora , Dyachenko Viktor , Lüttgenau Herbert
Published: February 2021

Thelazia callipaeda, ein von Phortica spp. (Fruchtfliegen) übertragener Nematode, verursacht bei Hunden, Katzen, Hasenartigen und Menschen eine milde bis schwere Konjunktivitis und Keratitis. Er war aufgrund seines Vorkommens lange Zeit als orientalischer Augenwurm bekannt, ist aber inzwischen in vielen süd- und osteuropäischen Ländern endemisch und breitet sich zunehmend in Europa aus. Bei einer aufgrund von therapieresistenter Konjunktivitis überwiesenen Hündin wurden bei der ophthalmologischen Untersuchung 3 adulte Augenwürmer im Konjunktivalsack und auf der bulbären Seite der Nickhaut des linken Auges gefunden. Diese ließen sich mittels morphologischer Merkmale und molekulargenetischer Techniken als T. callipaeda identifizieren und stellten die Ursache für unilateralen Blepharospasmus, hyperämische Konjunktiven und Epiphora dar. Die Therapie erfolgte durch Absammeln der Würmer und Applikation von Moxidectin/Imidacloprid als Spot-on-Präparat (Advocate®, Bayer). Sämtliche klinischen Symptome verschwanden innerhalb 1 Woche nach Therapiebeginn. In Deutschland ist die okuläre Thelaziose immer noch eine selten auftretende Erkrankung. Bei den meisten Patienten handelt es sich um Hunde und Katzen, die entweder aus dem Ausland importiert wurden oder sich auf Auslandsreisen infiziert haben. Die hier vorgestellte Hündin wurde dagegen in Deutschland geboren und hatte außer 1 Woche Auslandsaufenthalt in den Niederlanden, 15 Monate vor Beginn der Symptome, Deutschland nie verlassen. Aufgrund der Präpatenz von T. callipaeda handelt es sich daher höchstwahrscheinlich um eine autochthone Infektion.
Vereinfachte aktive Nachbehandlung nach Extensor-indicis auf Extensor-pollicis-longus-Sehnentransfer mit Seit-zu-Seit-Naht
Authors: Boucke Philipp Christian , Cordier Tim , Häfeli Mathias , Schibli Silvia
Published: February 2021

Hintergrund Die Ruptur der Extensor-pollicis-longus-Sehne wird in der Regel durch einen Transfer der Extensor-indicis-Sehne unter Verwendung einer Pulvertaft-Naht versorgt. In der Literatur besteht Uneinigkeit über die anschließende Nachbehandlung. Die Seit-zu-Seit-Sehnennaht weist eine höhere Reißfestigkeit als die Pulvertaft-Naht auf und bietet deshalb die Grundlage für eine aktive Nachbehandlung. Wir stellen ein neues aktives Nachbehandlungsschema vor, welches durch eine einfache Durchführbarkeit und verkürzte Dauer die Behandlung für Patient und Therapeut erleichtert.

Patienten und Methoden Zwischen 07/2016 und 08/2017 führten wir 10 Extensor-indicis-Transfers unter Verwendung der Seit-zu-Seit-Naht durch und behandelten die Patienten mit unserem neu entwickelten aktiven Behandlungsschema nach. Verlaufskontrollen fanden nach 2,4 und 8 Wochen statt. Bestimmt wurden jeweils der Bewegungsumfang des Daumens, Pinch- und Greifkraft sowie subjektive Befunde wie Schmerzen und allgemeine Zufriedenheit.

Ergebnisse Bei allen Patienten erholte sich der Bewegungsumfang des Daumens mit einer Retropulsion über die Palmarebene vollständig bereits nach 4 Wochen. Die Pinchkraft lag 4 Wochen postoperativ im Median bei 89 % und die Greifkraft bei 74 % der Gegenseite. Das aktive Nachbehandlungsprotokoll zeigte eine hohe Patientenzufriedenheit. Alle Patienten wurden ein Jahr postoperativ telefonisch kontaktiert. Im untersuchten Zeitraum kam es nicht zu einer sekundären Ruptur oder relevanten Verlängerung der Sehnennaht.

Schlussfolgerung Das vorgestellte aktive Nachbehandlungsprotokoll nach Extensor-indicis-Transfer unter Verwendung der Seit-zu-Seit-Naht hat sich in unserer Klinik zum Standardverfahren entwickelt, da es sicher und für den Patienten und die Therapeuten mit deutlich weniger Aufwand verbunden ist.
Wenn Gretchen fragt – Verursacht Sitzen Rückenschmerzen?
Authors: Schomacher Jochen
Published: February 2021

Sie scheint simpel und ist doch bis heute nicht eindeutig zu beantworten: die Gretchenfrage, ob Sitzen zu Rückenschmerzen führt. Ja, sagen die einen mit Bezug auf Rückenschule und Erfahrungswerte. Nein, sagen die anderen, da wissenschaftliche Beweise dafür fehlen. Ein Blick auf den aktuellen Stand der Wissenschaft.
Der verlorene Schmetterling – Biomechanische Auswirkungen einer Achillessehnenruptur
Authors: Ulrich Markus
Published: February 2021

Rupturiert die Achillessehne, zeigt sich das deutlich im Gangbild. Vor allem der Abstoßvorgang ist beeinträchtigt. Eine Kraftmessplatte hilft, objektiv zu entscheiden, wann der Patient das Kraftdefizit in der Wade so weit überwunden hat, dass er in Alltag und Sport zurückkehren kann.
Unterschätztes Handlungsfeld – Physiotherapeuten als Experten für Bewegung bei psychischen Erkrankungen
Authors: Stickdorn Isabelle , Grafe Marion
Published: February 2021

Nach wie vor wird oft unterschätzt, wie bedeutend körperliche Aktivität bei psychischen Erkrankungen ist. Dabei ist die Evidenzlage eindeutig: Bewegung hilft, sowohl psychische als auch physische Symptome zu verbessern. Physiotherapeuten sollten als Bewegungsexperten in diesem Handlungsfeld eine zentrale Rolle übernehmen.
Aktiv werden – Physiotherapie bei Lipödem
Authors: Zähringer Thomas
Published: February 2021

Derzeit prüft das Bundesministerium für Gesundheit in einer Studie die Wirksamkeit einer Fettabsaugung im Vergleich zur Komplexen Physikalischen Entstauungstherapie bei Lipödem. Obwohl Lipödeme häufig mit einer begleitenden Adipositas einhergehen, gerät ein sport- und aktivitätsbezogener Therapieansatz in Vergessenheit.
Fall für Drei Ausgegipst
Authors: Müller Sebastian , Fuchs Alfons , Szilvas Conny
Published: February 2021

Die heute vierjährige Mia kommt mit einem beidseitigen Klumpfuß zur Welt. Nur mithilfe regelmäßiger Gipsserien lassen sich ihre Fehl-stellungen korrigieren. Für die interdisziplinäre Betreuung des Mädchens sorgen seit ihrer Geburt eine Physiotherapeutin, ein Kinderorthopäde und ein Orthopädietechnikermeister.
Dreijähriges Kind mit Osteoid-Osteom am Daumen: diagnostische und therapeutische Herausforderung
Authors: Piza-Katzer Hildegunde , Mandici Sandra , Mailänder Lisa
Published: February 2021

Ein 3-jähriges Mädchen erlebte eine 15 Monate andauernde Odyssee, ehe durch eine radikale Operation eines Osteoid-Osteoms am Daumenendglied rechts Schmerzfreiheit erreicht werden konnte. Das Osteoid-Osteom ist ein gutartiger Knochentumor, zählt zu den Tumor-like Lesions, kommt an der Hand sehr selten vor und ist in der uns zur Verfügung stehenden Literatur noch nie bei einem Kleinkind beschrieben worden. In einer der ersten Röntgenuntersuchungen wurde in den Weichteilen des rechten Daumens ein Fremdkörper gefunden und somit ein Trauma als Schmerzursache angenommen.

Zahlreiche v. a. röntgenologische Untersuchungen, unterschiedliche Diagnosen und Therapien sowie der gesteigerte Schmerzmittelbedarf wurden zusammengefasst. Der monatelang ruhig gestellte Daumen wurde erst nach dem letzten chirurgischen Eingriff langsam wieder im täglichen Leben eingesetzt.

Diese Publikation soll das seltene Auftreten dieses Tumors bei einem Kleinkind sowie die Wichtigkeit einer interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit (ggf. unter Einbeziehung digitaler Medien) hervorheben – zum Wohle der Patienten und zur Einsparung von Ressourcen.
Besonderheiten und Herausforderungen bei der Behandlung pathologisch
Glücksspielender, die bevorzugt an Sportwetten
teilnehmen
Authors: Premper Volker , Sobottka Bernd
Published: February 2021

In den letzten Jahren haben sich die Möglichkeiten, Sportwetten zu
betreiben, in Deutschland erheblich ausgeweitet und diversifiziert.
Korrespondierend dazu ist zu erwarten, dass die Anzahl der Menschen, die
Probleme durch Sportwetten aufweisen, steigen wird. Vor diesem Hintergrund
wird im vorliegenden Beitrag beschrieben, welche besonderen
Herausforderungen die Behandlung pathologisch Glücksspielender mit
sich bringt, die bevorzugt an Sportwetten teilnehmen. Dies geschieht vor dem
Hintergrund der klinischen Behandlungserfahrung und der Berichte von
Patienten und Patientinnen aus der MEDIAN Klinik Schweriner See. In dem
Beobachtungszeitraum von 2008 bis 2017 stieg unter den Betreffenden, die
sich wegen Glücksspielen in Behandlung begaben, der Anteil
derjenigen, die ausschließlich oder zu einem erheblichen Anteil
Online-Sportwetten praktizierten, von 3,4 auf 13,2%. Die
Charakteristika von Patienten und Patientinnen mit exzessivem Sportwetten
werden herausgearbeitet. Darauf aufbauend wird aufgezeigt, welche besonderen
Herausforderungen und Spezifika sich daraus für die Behandlung
ergeben. Dies geschieht exemplarisch anhand der Therapiebausteine des in der
MEDIAN Klinik Schweriner See praktizierten Behandlungsprogramms. Es zeigt
sich, dass die subjektive Überzeugung, das Wettgeschehen beherrschen
und kontrollieren zu können, besonders hartnäckig ist. Durch
die Verbindung von Sportbegeisterung und Wettanreiz wird zudem ein besonders
intensives und langanhaltendes positives Spannungsgefühl erreicht.
In der Therapie muss insbesondere auf die Verwobenheit der Auslöser
für das Sportwettverlangen mit alltäglichen
Lebensvollzügen geachtet werden. Wegen der sensorischen Nähe
von digitalem Wettverhalten via PC oder Smartphone zum Online-Banking sind
hier im Rahmen des therapeutischen Geldmanagements spezifische Strategien zu
entwickeln.
Prevention and Management of Thrombosis in BCR/ABL-Negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Authors: Falanga Anna , Marchetti Marina , Schieppati Francesca
Published: February 2021

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal disorders of the hematopoietic stem cell. Classical BCR/ABL-negative MPNs include polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Thrombotic events are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. Pathogenesis of blood clotting activation involves various abnormalities of platelets, erythrocytes, and leukocytes, as well as dysfunctions of endothelial cells. Patients with MPN can be stratified in “high risk” or “low risk” of thrombosis according to established risk factors. ET and PV clinical management is highly dependent on the patient's thrombotic risk, and a risk-oriented management strategy to treat these diseases is strongly recommended. In this review, we give an overview of risk factors, pathogenesis, and thrombosis prevention and treatment in MPN.
Uroperitoneum beim Fohlen – eine Literaturübersicht
Authors: Bernick André , Nieth Jennifer , Wehrend Axel
Published: February 2021

Das Uroperitoneum ist eine typische Erkrankung des neugeborenen Fohlens. Durch einen kongenitalen oder erworbenen Defekt im Harntrakt kommt es zur Ansammlung von Urin in der Bauchhöhle. Männliche Tiere sind öfter betroffen als weibliche. Am häufigsten entwickelt sich ein Uroperitoneum durch eine Zusammenhangstrennung in der dorsalen Harnblasenwand. Die Harnblase ist in 73,1 %, der Urachus in 21,6 % und die Ureteren in 5,2 % der Fälle betroffen. Erkrankte Fohlen zeigen meist 2–5 Tage post natum typische klinische Symptome wie reduziertes Allgemeinbefinden, umfangsvermehrtes Abdomen, milde Koliksymptome und unphysiologisches Harnabsatzverhalten. Die sonografische Untersuchung in Verbindung mit der Abdominozentese gilt als Goldstandard der Diagnostik. Typische labordiagnostische Befunde sind Azotämie, metabolische Azidose und Elektrolytabweichungen, insbesondere Hyperkaliämie, Hyponatriämie und Hypochloridämie. Die chirurgische Versorgung des Defekts stellt die einzige adäquate Behandlung dar. Vor dem chirurgischen Eingriff sollten stets die metabolische Entgleisung und die Verschiebungen im Elektrolythaushalt korrigiert werden, da vor allem die Hyperkaliämie das Komplikationspotenzial der Anästhesie erhöht. Bei guter perioperativer Stabilisierung und einem Defekt an der Blase oder am Urachus ist die Prognose gut. Insgesamt werden 63,6 % der betroffenen Fohlen geheilt. Zu den häufigsten Komplikationen gehören Rezidive durch Nahtdehiszenz oder einen inkompletten Verschluss der Defekte.
Diagnostische Wertigkeit von Kotkulturen bei Hunden mit chronischer Diarrhö
Authors: Betz Daniela Simon
Published: February 2021

Werner M, Suchodolski JS, Lidbury JA et al. Diagnostic value of fecal cultures in dogs with chronic diarrhea. J Vet Int Med 2020; doi: 10.1111/jvim.15982

Die mikrobiologische Kotuntersuchung wird bei Hunden mit chronischer Diarrhö häufig durchgeführt, doch ist ihre diagnostische Wertigkeit bisher nicht zufriedenstellend charakterisiert. In der Studie wurden die Resultate der Kotkulturen von 3 Laboren mit Ermittlung der interinstitutionellen Variabilität verglichen und die Ergebnisse dem mittels PCR ermittelten Dysbioseindex gegenübergestellt.
Comparison of Biomechanical Results about the Effect of Three Surgery Methods in Decompression of Lunate Bone
Authors: Namazi Hamid , Ghaedi Ebrahim , Karimi Mohammad T.
Published: February 2021

Objective Kienbock's disease is an unusual disorder caused by osteonecrosis and the collapse of lunate bone which leads to pain and a chronic decrease in wrist function. The treatments in this disease aim to relieve pain and maintain wrist function and movement. Various surgical procedures have been recommended for the subjects with Kienbock's disease; however, the main question posed here is which of the selected procedures are more successful in relief of the pressure applied on lunate.

Methods and Materials Computed tomography (CT) scan images of a normal subject were used to create a three-dimensional model of the wrist joint. The effects of several surgical procedures, including radial shortening, capitate shortening, and a combination of both radial and capitate shortening, on the joint contact force of the wrist bones were investigated.

Results The pressure applied to the lunate bone in articulation with radius, scaphoid, capitate, hamate, and triquetrum varied between 19.7 and 45.4 MPa. The Von Mises stress, maximum principal stress, and minimum principal stress decreased in the model with a combination of radius and capitate shortening.

Conclusion It can be concluded from the results of this study that the combinations of radius and capitate shortening seem to be an effective procedure to decrease joint pressure, if the combined surgery could not be done, shortening of radius or capitate would be recommended.

Level of Evidence This is a Level III study.
Pullback attractors for p-Laplacian equations with delays
Authors: Zhu Kaixuan , Xie Yongqin , Zhou Feng , Zhou Qiyuan
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we consider the p-Laplacian equations with hereditary effects and the nonlinear term f satisfying the polynomial growth of arbitrary order q − 1 (q ≥ 2). We analyze the well-posedness of solutions and establish the existence of the (CL2(Ω),CL2(Ω)) and (CL2(Ω),CLq(Ω))-pullback attractors by applying the idea of the bi-spaces and the asymptotic a priori estimate method.
Dynamical systems analysis as an additional tool to inform treatment outcomes: The case study of a quantitative systems pharmacology model of immuno-oncology
Authors: Balti Aymen , Zugaj Didier , Fenneteau Frédérique , Tremblay Pierre-Olivier , Nekka Fahima
Published: February 2021

Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) proved to be a powerful tool to elucidate the underlying pathophysiological complexity that is intensified by the biological variability and overlapped by the level of sophistication of drug dosing regimens. Therapies combining immunotherapy with more traditional therapeutic approaches, including chemotherapy and radiation, are increasingly being used. These combinations are purposed to amplify the immune response against the tumor cells and modulate the suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In order to get the best performance from these combinatorial approaches and derive rational regimen strategies, a better understanding of the interaction of the tumor with the host immune system is needed. The objective of the current work is to provide new insights into the dynamics of immune-mediated TME and immune-oncology treatment. As a case study, we will use a recent QSP model by Kosinsky et al. [J. Immunother. Cancer 6, 17 (2018)] that aimed to reproduce the dynamics of interaction between tumor and immune system upon administration of radiation therapy and immunotherapy. Adopting a dynamical systems approach, we here investigate the qualitative behavior of the representative components of this QSP model around its key parameters. The ability of T cells to infiltrate tumor tissue, originally identified as responsible for individual therapeutic inter-variability [Y. Kosinsky et al., J. Immunother. Cancer 6, 17 (2018)], is shown here to be a saddle-node bifurcation point for which the dynamical system oscillates between two states: tumor-free or maximum tumor volume. By performing a bifurcation analysis of the physiological system, we identified equilibrium points and assessed their nature. We then used the traditional concept of basin of attraction to assess the performance of therapy. We showed that considering the therapy as input to the dynamical system translates into the changes of the trajectory shapes of the solutions when approaching equilibrium points and thus providing information on the issue of therapy.
Laboratory quick near edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy in the soft x-ray range with 100 Hz frame rate using CMOS technology
Authors: Jonas Adrian , Staeck Steffen , Kanngießer Birgit , Stiel Holger , Mantouvalou Ioanna
Published: February 2021

In laboratory based x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy, the slow readout speed of conventional CCD cameras can prolong the measuring times by multiple orders of magnitude. Using pulsed sources, e.g., laser-based x-ray sources, the pulse repetition rate often exceeds the frame rate of the CCD camera. We report the use of a scientific CMOS (sCMOS) camera for XAFS spectroscopy with a laser-produced plasma source facilitating measurements at 100 Hz. With this technological improvement, a new class of experiments becomes possible, starting from the time consuming analysis of samples with small absorption to pump-probe investigations. Furthermore, laboratory quick soft x-ray absorption fine structure (QXAFS) measurements with 10 ms time resolution are rendered feasible. We present the characterization of the sCMOS camera concerning noise characteristics and a comparison to conventional CCD camera performance. The feasibility of time resolved QXAFS measurements is shown by analyzing the statistical uncertainty of single shot spectra. Finally, XAFS spectroscopy on a complex sandwich structure with minute amounts of NiO exemplifies the additional merits of fast detectors.
Design of a calorimeter for near-field heat transfer measurements and thermal scanning probe microscopy
Authors: Bijster R. J. F. , van Keulen F.
Published: February 2021

Multilayer cantilever beams are used in the measurement of near-field radiative heat transfer. The materials and dimensions of the cantilever probe are chosen in order to improve system performance in terms of sensitivity and noise. This is done using an analytical model that describes the thermo-mechanical and mechanical behavior of the cantilever and its influences at the system level. In the design, the optical reflectance and the sensitivity of cantilever rotation to the heat input are maximized under constraints for thermal noise, temperature drift, and a lower bound for the spring constant. The analytical model is verified using finite element analysis, which shows that the effects of radiative losses to the environment are insignificant for design purposes, while the effects of ignoring three-dimensional heat flow introduces larger errors. Moreover, the finite element analysis shows that the designed probes are up to 41 times more sensitive than the often used commercial-of-the-shelf benchmark and have a four times lower thermal noise. Experimental validation of the designed probes shows good agreement with the theoretical values for sensitivity. However, the most sensitive designs were found to be susceptible to damage due to overheating and carbon contamination.
Curry–Yorke route to shearless attractors and coexistence of attractors in dissipative nontwist systems
Authors: Mugnaine Michele , Batista Antonio M. , Caldas Iberê L. , Szezech José D. , de Carvalho Ricardo Egydio , Viana Ricardo L.
Published: February 2021

The routes to chaos play an important role in predictions about the transitions from regular to irregular behavior in nonlinear dynamical systems, such as electrical oscillators, chemical reactions, biomedical rhythms, and nonlinear wave coupling. Of special interest are dissipative systems obtained by adding a dissipation term in a given Hamiltonian system. If the latter satisfies the so-called twist property, the corresponding dissipative version can be called a “dissipative twist system.” Transitions to chaos in these systems are well established; for instance, the Curry–Yorke route describes the transition from a quasiperiodic attractor on torus to chaos passing by a chaotic banded attractor. In this paper, we study the transitions from an attractor on torus to chaotic motion in dissipative nontwist systems. We choose the dissipative standard nontwist map, which is a non-conservative version of the standard nontwist map. In our simulations, we observe the same transition to chaos that happens in twist systems, known as a soft one, where the quasiperiodic attractor becomes wrinkled and then chaotic through the Curry–Yorke route. By the Lyapunov exponent, we study the nature of the orbits for a different set of parameters, and we observe that quasiperiodic motion and periodic and chaotic behavior are possible in the system. We observe that they can coexist in the phase space, implying in multistability. The different coexistence scenarios were studied by the basin entropy and by the boundary basin entropy.
High signal to noise absorption imaging of alkali atoms at moderate magnetic fields
Authors: Hans Maurus , Schmutte Finn , Viermann Celia , Liebster Nikolas , Sparn Marius , Oberthaler Markus K. , Strobel Helmut
Published: February 2021

We present an improved scheme for absorption imaging of alkali atoms at moderate magnetic fields, where the excited state is well in the Paschen–Back regime, but the ground state hyperfine manifold is not. It utilizes four atomic levels to obtain an approximately closed optical cycle. With the resulting absorption of the corresponding two laser frequencies, we extract the atomic column density of a 39K Bose–Einstein condensate. The scheme can be readily applied to all other alkali-like species.
Factors influencing the acceptability of HIV/AIDS voluntary counselling and testing: a quantitative study of 41336 female university students in China
Authors: Liang Haixu , Tang Kun , Cao Wenzhen , Guo Yueping , Jiao Yang , Zhu Wenyuan , Wang Yutong , Wang Haibin
Published: February 2021

This study shows that there is a huge gap between young females’ willingness and practice of accepting voluntary counselling and testing (VCT). Only 2.16% (894/41336) of the participants have had HIV/AIDS tests. The study identified age, education major, confidentiality, attitude, accuracy, self-assessment and expense as major factors associated with young female people’s acceptance of VCT in China. Therefore, in order to promote HIV VCT among young females, it is necessary for future programs to be sensitive to the targeted population’s needs.
A strengths-based analysis of social influences that enhance HIV testing among female sex workers in urban Indonesia
Authors: Whitford Kate , Mitchell Elke , Lazuardi Elan , Rowe Emily , Tasya Irma Anintya , Wirawan Dewa N. , Wisaksana Rudi , Subronto Yanri W. , Prameswari Hellen D. , Kaldor John M. , Bell Stephen
Published: February 2021

Background
HIV prevalence among female sex workers in Indonesia remains high and large proportions of female sex workers have never been tested for HIV. International research highlights the importance of community-led strategies to increase HIV testing in this population. Little qualitative research has been conducted to address these issues in Indonesia or other Asia-Pacific countries. This paper documents social influences that enhance HIV testing among female sex workers in urban Indonesia. Methods: This was an interpretive qualitative study in Yogyakarta, Denpasar and Bandung. In total, 57 female sex workers participated in 11 focus group discussions, and four participated in individual semi-structured interviews. Deductive and inductive thematic analysis techniques were used to identify narratives of strengths pertaining to uptake of HIV testing. Results: Participants described supportive relationships with peers, community-based organisations and ‘bosses’. Participants reported trusted networks with peers within which to share information about HIV testing and receive emotional support. Relationships with community outreach workers facilitated HIV testing through reminders, accompanied visits, and emotional/informational support. Community-based organisations worked with health services to facilitate mobile, community-based testing to overcome employment- and family-related constraints that inhibited women’s clinic attendance. ‘Bosses’ employed a variety of practices to encourage HIV testing among their workers. Conclusions: Relationships, practices and action in community- and workplace-based settings outside formal health service spaces enhanced HIV testing among female sex workers. Community- or workplace-based HIV testing with outreach support from health services, peer-led HIV testing within existing social and work-based networks, and working with bosses to implement HIV prevention strategies can address low HIV testing rates in this key population.
Human casualties are the dominant cost of human–wildlife conflict in India
Authors: Gulati Sumeet , Karanth Krithi K. , Le Nguyet Anh , Noack Frederik
Published: February 2021

Significance

Successful conservation of our dwindling wildlife involves a reduction in human costs—including human casualties, crops, livestock, and other property—from interactions with wild species. We analyze survey data from households incurring wildlife damage in India to illustrate that the cost from human casualties overwhelms all other property losses. Our results imply the following: 1) Considering the cost of human casualties while estimating costs from wildlife conflict is essential. 2) Compensation for damage incurred from interactions with wildlife in India is insufficient. And 3) conservation policies and organizations should refocus (if they are not already doing so) their efforts on reducing human death and injuries from interactions with wildlife.
The extent of soil loss across the US Corn Belt
Authors: Thaler Evan A. , Larsen Isaac J. , Yu Qian
Published: February 2021

Significance

Conventional agricultural practices erode carbon-rich soils that are the foundation of agriculture. However, the magnitude of A-horizon soil loss across agricultural regions is poorly constrained, hindering the ability to assess soil degradation. Using a remote-sensing method for quantifying the absence of A-horizon soils and the relationship between soil loss and topography, we find that A-horizon soil has been eroded from roughly one-third of the midwestern US Corn Belt, whereas prior estimates indicated none of the Corn Belt region has lost A-horizon soils. The loss of A-horizon soil has removed 1.4 ± 0.5 Pg of carbon from hillslopes, reducing crop yields in the study area by ∼6% and resulting in $2.8 ± $0.9 billion in annual economic losses.
An ecologically motivated image dataset for deep learning yields better models of human vision
Authors: Mehrer Johannes , Spoerer Courtney J. , Jones Emer C. , Kriegeskorte Nikolaus , Kietzmann Tim C.
Published: February 2021

Significance

Inspired by core principles of information processing in the brain, deep neural networks (DNNs) have demonstrated remarkable success in computer vision applications. At the same time, networks trained on the task of object classification exhibit similarities to representations found in the primate visual system. This result is surprising because the datasets commonly used for training are designed to be engineering challenges. Here, we use linguistic corpus statistics and human concreteness ratings as guiding principles to design a resource that more closely mirrors categories that are relevant to humans. The result is ecoset, a collection of 1.5 million images from 565 basic-level categories. We show that ecoset-trained DNNs yield better models of human higher-level visual cortex and human behavior.
Climate control on terrestrial biospheric carbon turnover
Authors: Eglinton Timothy I. , Galy Valier V. , Hemingway Jordon D. , Feng Xiaojuan , Bao Hongyan , Blattmann Thomas M. , Dickens Angela F. , Gies Hannah , Giosan Liviu , Haghipour Negar , Hou Pengfei , Lupker Maarten , McIntyre Cameron P. , Montluçon Daniel B. , Peucker-Ehrenbrink Bernhard , Ponton Camilo , Schefuß Enno , Schwab Melissa S. , Voss Britta M. , Wacker Lukas , Wu Ying , Zhao Meixun
Published: February 2021

Significance

Terrestrial organic-carbon reservoirs (vegetation, soils) currently consume more than a third of anthropogenic carbon emitted to the atmosphere, but the response of this “terrestrial sink” to future climate change is widely debated. Rivers export organic carbon sourced over their watersheds, offering an opportunity to assess controls on land carbon cycling on broad spatial scales. Using radiocarbon ages of biomolecular tracer compounds exported by rivers, we show that temperature and precipitation exert primary controls on biospheric-carbon turnover within river basins. These findings reveal large-scale climate control on soil carbon stocks, and they provide a framework to quantify responses of terrestrial organic-carbon reservoirs to past and future change.
Optimizing the selection of fillers in police lineups
Authors: Colloff Melissa F. , Wilson Brent M. , Seale-Carlisle Travis M. , Wixted John T.
Published: February 2021

Significance

Eyewitness misidentifications have contributed to many wrongful convictions later overturned by DNA evidence. In response, many useful reforms have been introduced to protect the innocent. However, some police practices designed to protect the innocent also protect the guilty. We investigated a method for selecting fillers in a police lineup that protects the innocent while also making it easier to identify guilty suspects. Intuitively, fair lineups are created by choosing fillers who are similar in appearance to the suspect. However, we found that choosing fillers who match the description of the perpetrator but who are otherwise dissimilar to the suspect’s appearance yield fair lineups and enhance eyewitness identification performance. It does so by imperiling the guilty while protecting the innocent.
Early life adversity promotes resilience to opioid addiction-related phenotypes in male rats and sex-specific transcriptional changes
Authors: Ordoñes Sanchez Evelyn , Bavley Charlotte C. , Deutschmann Andre U. , Carpenter Rachel , Peterson Drew R. , Karbalaei Reza , Flowers James , Rogers Charleanne M. , Langrehr Miranda G. , Ardekani Cory S. , Famularo Sydney T. , Bongiovanni Angela R. , Knouse Melissa C. , Floresco Stan B. , Briand Lisa A. , Wimmer Mathieu E. , Bangasser Debra A.
Published: February 2021

Significance

Opioid use disorder is on the rise, as are efforts to understand vulnerability to misuse. However, understanding resilience to drug abuse is also critical to the development of novel treatments. Here we demonstrate that a brief postnatal exposure to a low-resource environment—using the limited bedding and nesting (LBN) manipulation—promoted resilience to addiction-related phenotypes in adult male rats. Specifically, LBN reduced impulsivity, morphine self-administration, and nucleus accumbens (NAc) glutamate transmission in males, effects not seen in females. By comparing the sexes, we found that changes in NAc gene transcription unique to LBN males may contribute to resilience. Importantly, these molecular changes reveal new targets that could guide the development of pharmacotherapies for opioid use disorder.
A genomic region associated with protection against severe COVID-19 is inherited from Neandertals
Authors: Zeberg Hugo , Pääbo Svante
Published: February 2021

Significance

We show that a haplotype on chromosome 12, which is associated with a ∼22% reduction in relative risk of becoming severely ill with COVID-19 when infected by SARS-CoV-2, is inherited from Neandertals. This haplotype is present at substantial frequencies in all regions of the world outside Africa. The genomic region where this haplotype occurs encodes proteins that are important during infections with RNA viruses.
History entanglement entropy
Authors: Castellani Leonardo
Published: February 2021

A formalism is proposed to describe entangled quantum histories, and their entanglement entropy. We define a history vector, living in a tensor space with basis elements corresponding to the allowed histories, i.e. histories with nonvanishing amplitudes. The amplitudes are the components of the history vector, and contain the dynamical information. Probabilities of measurement sequences, and resulting collapse, are given by generalized Born rules: they are all expressed by means of projections and scalar products involving the history vector. Entangled history states are introduced, and a history density matrix is defined in terms of ensembles of history vectors. The corresponding history entropies (and history entanglement entropies for composite systems) are explicitly computed in two examples taken from quantum computation circuits.
New research based on the new high-order generalized uncertainty principle for Klein–Gordon equation
Authors: Zhao Z L , Hassanabadi H , Long Z W , Ran Q K , Wu H
Published: February 2021

A new high-order generalized uncertainty principle is proposed in this paper, which can modify the coordinate operator and the momentum operator simultaneously. Afterwards, the Klein–Gordon equation with linear scalar and vector potential is investigated in the context of new principle and whose corresponding exact analytical solutions are further derived. In addition, the above results are also verified in a pure algebraic fashion by using the property of shape invariance symmetry. Moreover, the influence of the minimum length parameter β on the energy spectrum of the Klein–Gordon equation is also discussed in detail in this article.
Ab initio study of the effects of helium on the mechanical properties of different erbium hydrides
Authors: Zhang Mingwen , Li Li , Zhao Zhezhen , Nie Jinlan , Zu Xiaotao , Deng Hongxiang
Published: February 2021

Although rare-earth metals have increasingly received attention for use in the storage and transportation of the tritium used in nuclear fusion reactions, they still face great challenges, such as the effect of helium on the mechanical properties of different erbium hydrides. In this work, first principles are used to study the mechanical properties (elastic constants, Young’s modulus, transverse shear modulus and bulk modulus) of different erbium hydrides exposed to helium. The Young’s modulus, the transverse shear modulus and the bulk modulus are given based on the elastic constants calculated according to first principles. It is found that the mechanical properties of all three erbium hydrides decrease in the presence of helium, and the decline of the mechanical properties of ErH3 is the most serious. To explain the reason for the decrease in the mechanical properties, the densities of the states of erbium hydrides are calculated. During the calculations, helium embrittlement is not found and the ductility of the erbium hydrides improves following the production of helium at the helium concentrations considered in this work.
Bioelectronic medicine for the autonomic nervous system: clinical applications and perspectives
Authors: Cracchiolo Marina , Ottaviani Matteo Maria , Panarese Alessandro , Strauss Ivo , Vallone Fabio , Mazzoni Alberto , Micera Silvestro
Published: February 2021

Bioelectronic medicine (BM) is an emerging new approach for developing novel neuromodulation therapies for pathologies that have been previously treated with pharmacological approaches. In this review, we will focus on the neuromodulation of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity with implantable devices, a field of BM that has already demonstrated the ability to treat a variety of conditions, from inflammation to metabolic and cognitive disorders. Recent discoveries about immune responses to ANS stimulation are the laying foundation for a new field holding great potential for medical advancement and therapies and involving an increasing number of research groups around the world, with funding from international public agencies and private investors. Here, we summarize the current achievements and future perspectives for clinical applications of neural decoding and stimulation of the ANS. First, we present the main clinical results achieved so far by different BM approaches and discuss the challenges encountered in fully exploiting the potential of neuromodulatory strategies. Then, we present current preclinical studies aimed at overcoming the present limitations by looking for optimal anatomical targets, developing novel neural interface technology, and conceiving more efficient signal processing strategies. Finally, we explore the prospects for translating these advancements into clinical practice.
Effect of pH and ionic strength of chitosan/casein and casein/chitosan multilayers on curcumin release
Authors: Grigorov A , Viraneva A , Marudova M , Yovcheva T
Published: February 2021

In the present paper the effect of pH and ionic strength on the immobilization and release of curcumin from chitosan and casein polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) was investigated. The investigated PEMs were deposited on polylactic acid (PDLA) substrates. The PLA substrates were charged in a corona discharge system, consisting of a corona electrode, a grounded plate electrode and a grid placed between them. The substrate was charged for 1 minute at room temperature. Positive or negative 5kV voltage was applied to the corona electrode and 1 kV voltage with the same polarity was applied to the grid. Chitosan solutions with different pH and ionic strength were prepared. Layer-by-Layer (LbL) deposition technique was used for the multilayer build-up. For the deposition process was ensured that the first deposited layer always possessed an opposite electric charge to that of the substrate. An investigation of the water uptake properties of the deposited PEM multilayers was carried out. Curcumin was immobilized in the resulting casein layers. The release of the immobilized curcumin from the multilayers in saline buffer was investigated and the effects of the different pH and ionic strengths of the chitosan solutions were determined.
A clustering of red wines based on physicochemical and optical properties
Authors: Minkova St , Pisanova E S , Nikolova Kr T
Published: February 2021

Sixty-nine samples of red wines, produced in different regions of Bulgaria, Chile and South Africa from the Merlot (42 samples) and Cabernet Sauvignon (27 samples) grape varieties are characterized by 13 physicochemical and optical properties. The physicochemical characteristics (antioxidant activity and anthocyanin content) have been obtained spectrophotometrically, while the antioxidant activity (AOA) has been measured by using both DPPH and ABTS methods. Based on a hierarchical cluster analysis with an average linkage algorithm, the studied wines from grape variety Merlot as well as the ones from grape variety Cabernet Sauvignon, according to their antioxidant activities (AOA ABTS and AOA DPPH) and anthocyanins content are grouped into three generalized groups. When integral fluorescence intensities at an excitation wavelength of 265 nm are added as a factor, for the wines from the grape variety Cabernet Sauvignon there is not any difference in their grouping, and for the ones from grape variety Merlot, the only difference is that one sample of wine passes to the first cluster. The results, obtained from the clustering procedure are presented graphically by dendrograms.
Fluorescence Spectra and Chemical Composition of High Oleic Sunflower Oils with Herbs Oil Additives
Authors: Gentscheva Galia , Pashev Aleksandar , Nikolova Krastena , Minkova Stefka
Published: February 2021

Fluorescence spectra and chemical composition of cold-pressed sunflower oleic oils with addition of oils from: 1) basil (Ocimum basilicum), 2) rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and 3) oregano (Origanum vulgare) were studied. The aim of the study is to compare chemical composition of cold pressed oil with and without addition of different plant oils. The concentrations of some elements (essential and toxic) in oil were determined by using Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave digestion. Infrared spectroscopic experiments (ATR and transmittance) and NMR spectrum were used to study the fatty acid profile of the analysed oils.
Soliton Scattering on Impurities with Modified Exchange Interactions in Anisotropic Ferromagnetic Chains
Authors: Primatarowa M T , Kamburova R S
Published: February 2021

The soliton propagation in an anisotropic ferromagnetic chain where the exchange interactions of an impurity spin with its neighbors are modified is investigated. We considered easy-axis anisotropy of the chain which leads to the formation of bright soliton solutions. The character of the soliton-impurity interaction is different when the exchange coupling of the spin is modified in the x,y-plane or in the z-direction. Our results show that the action of the defect depends on the soliton wave number in a complicated manner and for large velocities becomes significant. A comparison with the soliton dynamics in the presence of point defects is made.
Finite-size scaling and bulk critical behavior of a quantum spherical model with a long-range interaction: entropy, internal energy and specific heat
Authors: Nedev N P , Pisanova E S
Published: February 2021

The entropy, the internal energy and the specific heat of a d-dimensional quantum spherical model with a long-range interaction, the decreasing of which is controlled by a parameter σ (0 < σ ≤ 2), are studied close to its quantum critical point in the context of the finite-size scaling (FSS) theory for d = σ. The obtained specific heat critical exponent σ does not depend on σ and satisfies the quantum hyperscaling relation. Based on the derived FSS forms and asymptotes of the universal scaling functions of the considered quantities, the leading temperature dependencies of the entropy, the internal energy and the specific heat are obtained in both the renormalized classical and the quantum disordered regions of the phase diagram. It has been shown that when the temperature T → +0, the entropy and the specific heat in the renormalized classical region tend to zero as powers of T, while in the quantum disordered region they tend to zero exponentially.
Discrete dynamics of energy and momentum transfer
Authors: Georgiev M
Published: February 2021

In the present paper we introduce a hypothesis that represents the processes of energy and momentum transfer between interacting particles as a discrete over time. The discrete-time framework is grounded by a fundamental constant that give rise to unique quantum impulse equation and relations that the corresponding mechanical power, force and torque satisfy. In addition to the energy-frequency and momentum-wavelength relations, the theory generate power-frequency and force-wavelength analogs, respectively. Operator representations of the mechanical power, force and torque in the position space are discussed.
Preparation and optical characterization of Au – In films for plasmonic applications
Authors: Todorov R , Hristova-Vasileva T , Atanasova A , Katrova V , Milushev G
Published: February 2021

Thin Au-In films were prepared by thermal co-evaporation and studied by the means of energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry. The alloying tendency in the as-deposited thin films was analysed and the influence of the AuIn2 and Au7In3 compounds on the optical properties and the possibility for excitation of a plasmon resonance in the bimetallic condensates was analysed.
Optical properties of thin Ag - In films prepared by interdiffusion in bimetallic nanolayered stacks
Authors: Todorov R , Hristova-Vasileva T , Atanasova A , Katrova V , Strijkova V , Milushev G , Milanov E
Published: February 2021

The present work reports on the preparation, structural and optical properties of thin bimetallic films from the Ag-In system. Thin films with required compositions were prepared by annealing of Ag/In stacks. The chemical and phase composition, as well as the surface morphology of thin films were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy, respectively. The optical properties of the thin film coatings were characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The increase of the indium content increases the values of the imaginary part of the complex permittivity in the visible spectral region and decreases them in the ultraviolet spectral region. As a result, a shift of the plasmonic activity towards higher photon energies was achieved.
Structure and dielectric behaviour of glasses in the TeO2-BaO-V2O5 system
Authors: Tasheva T R , Slavov S S
Published: February 2021

The rapid development of telecommunication and information technology aims to design and investigate new functional materials. Glasses in the TeO2-BaO-V2O5 seems to be promising materials within this purpose. In this connection the structure and dielectric properties of the glasses have been studied. Small polaron hopping of V4+ to V5+ ion in the vanadate chains and the influence of BaO and TeO2 on the dielectric permittivity, dielectric losses and frequency depended conductivity of the glasses measured at room temperature in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 1 MHz have been discussed.