bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Body weight and body size measurement of five Indonesian local chicken
Authors: Mustofa F , Fathoni A , Sari A P Z N L , Sasongko H , Maharani D
Published: June 2021

Phenotypic characteristics are essential in creature hereditary asset protection and improvement. Phenotypic characteristics of 152 female and 52 male Indonesian Chicken gathered from five populations (Kedu, Gaga, Merawang, Nunukan, and Pelung) were collected. The quantitative traits data, including body weight (BW) and body size measurement, consists of 11 variables, such as beak length (BL1), wattle length (WL1), breast width (BWI), breast circumference (BC), wing length (WL2), breast length (BL2), femur length (FL), tibia length (TL), shank length (SL), shank diameter (SD), and third finger length (TFL) were measured and analyzed using analysis of variance to test the effect of different breed populations. As a result, the male and female Pelung chicken has a higher value in all characteristics, except for WL1 in female Pelung, compared to other breeds. For the BL1 and TL traits, both male and female Kedu chicken has the lowest value. All observed quantitative variables were higher in male compare to female chickens. In conclusion, Indonesian local chicken phenotypic differences provide the potential for future genetic improvement within the breed populations and could be used for designing breeding programs and selection.
Visceral organ weight of broiler chicken fed different level protein and protease enzyme supplementation diet
Authors: Nastain F S , Mahardhika B P , Ridla M , Mutia R
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of protein and protease enzyme supplementation on the visceral organ weight of broiler chickens. A total of 24 day-old Lohmann broiler chicks were taken from 120 chickens which have been reared previously since the day old chicks. The experiments were conducted in 2x2 factorial design, with two treatments and three replication, to determine the effects of adding protease enzyme (0 HUT/kg and 12500 HUT/kg) and different crude protein levels (19.5% and 22%) on the visceral organ weight (liver, gall bladder, pancreas, and heart). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with the Duncan multiple range test. Results showed that all the treatments whether protein levels or enzyme addition did not affect significantly the organs weight. Further, there was no significant interaction between protein levels and enzyme addition in all organs weight except the pancreas weight has shown a significant interaction (P<0.01) between the protein levels and enzyme addition. Although the levels of the crude protein could influence the broiler performance as well as the visceral organs weight, protease addition has alleviated the negative effects of protein reduction on the visceral organ weight. Therefore, in conclusion, protease addition can be used safely with low protein levels without any adverse effects on the visceral organ weight of broiler chickens.
The role and utilization of feed in supporting UPSUS SIWAB in East Aceh District
Authors: Yusriani Y , Rahmah F F , Wahyuni R , Sabri M , Dagong M I A , Bakrie B
Published: June 2021

Supporting the SIWAB program, especially in East Aceh, requires a guarantee of adequate feed availability, for that, information on aspects of regional potential is needed, so that the location chosen for development efforts is a potential area. The research objective was to determine the potential of natural resources in terms of the availability of forage for the development of ruminant farms. Research and data collection were carried out in East Aceh District in 2017. The method used research analysis is descriptive. The data needed is in the form of potential natural resources seen from the availability of forage. The variables observed included: (1) ruminant livestock population data, (2) food crop production data, (3) livestock groups, (4) the number of livestock officers. The largest population of cattle is in Peudawa Sub district with 17,683 AU (Animal Unit) the production of by-products of food plants is 713.44 tons / year and feed needs of 20,158.25 tons/year. The largest population of buffalo is in Bireun Bayeum Sub district, amounting to 3,062.40 AU, production of food crop by-products worth 904.73 DDM tons / year and feed needs 3,491.14 DDM tons/ year. It was concluded that the insufficient need for by-products of food crops could be surplus in other districts by using the by-products of plantation, horticulture and agro-industrial crops to support the SIWAB program in East Aceh District.
The use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented coconut dregs with the addition of sodium selenite as a source of selenium in broiler diets
Authors: Hatta U , Adjis A , Sarjuni S , Sundu B
Published: June 2021

Fermentation has been practised in feed technology to bioconvert the inorganic minerals to organic compounds. A study was done to determine the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented coconut dregs with the addition of selenium on growth performance, feed digestibility and the intestinal response of broiler chickens. The study used 112-day old unsexed broiler chicks for 6 weeks. The broilers were fed with 4 different experimental diets. The diets were basal diet (T1), basal diet plus 0.5% coconut dregs (T2), basal diet plus 0.5% of 5 days fermented coconut dregs (T3) and basal diet plus 0.5% of 7 days fermented coconut dregs (T4). The broilers were fed ad libitum and tap water was offered at all times. The broiler chicks were vaccinated against New Castle Diseases on the fourth day. Feeders and drinkers were placed inside the pen. The feeders, drinkers, pens and surroundings were cleaned whenever necessary. A completely randomized design was used in this study with four different treatment diets, four replicate cages of 7 birds each. The data found in this study was analyzed using an analysis of variance. A Tukey test was applied once a significant effect was detected in the analysis of variance. Results of the study indicate that body weight gain and dry matter digestibility increased when the birds were fed the diets T3 and T4. The relative gizzard weight of birds fed the T3 and T4 was lighter than the birds fed the T1 and T2. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass percentage and relative intestine weight were not affected by the experimental diets. In conclusion, feeding the birds with diets supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae-fermented coconut dregs with additional selenium improved feed quality and broiler performance.
Performance of elephant grass BioGrass as in vitro breeding result in the highland of Bogor Regency, West Java, Indonesia
Authors: Husni A , Hanifah V W , Syahnurotin A , Kosmiatin M
Published: June 2021

Low productivity of ruminants is mainly caused by the limited availability of high-quality forages as a result of reducing the area for pasture due to land conversion, lack of particular forage plantation, absence of forage breeder to control the quality, high rate of calf mortality, and low quality of forage varieties in the current period. Therefore, it is a necessity to generate a new superior variety of forages that are easily planted, adaptable to dry land, have high productivity, and high yielded. BioGrass as forage is a prospective strain of high yielding elephant grass varieties as a result of in vitro breeding that has high productivity and quality. This research aimed to determine the productivity and quality of BioGrass in the highland of Bogor Regency, West Java compared to local elephant grass and odot grass. The results showed that the speed of growth of bio grass cuttings buds was not significantly different from the speed at which local elephant grass buds and odot appeared. The bud colour of the leaf petals appeared reddish in bio grass while the local elephant grass and odot were green. The number of tillers and local elephant grass was 3-5 tillers while the number of odot tillers was 5-7 tillers. The fresh weight of bio grass and odot was 40 kg resulted from without fertilizing urea treatment and 60 kg with fertilizing urea treatment. Meanwhile, the fresh weight of local elephant grass was 60 and 90 kg, respectively based on urea treatments. Proximate analysis showed that the highest crude protein content (CP) of the BioGrass was 17.95% with the NDF and ADF value of 61.79 and 37.27%. Whereas CP of local elephant grass was 15.38% with NDF/ADF value of 63.15 and 39.01%, and CP of odot grass was 16.30 with NDF/ADF value of 33.64%.
Influence of various organic wastes on growth performance and nutrient composition of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens): A meta-analysis
Authors: Fitriana E L , Laconi E B , Jayanegara A
Published: June 2021

Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae (Hermetia illucens) is a potential protein source in animal feed. The development and nutrient composition of BSF larvae depend on its substrate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various organic wastes as substrates on growth performance and nutrient composition of BSF larvae across various studies by employing a meta-analysis method. A database was developed by integrating data from 47 studies that derived from 13 articles. The articles were derived from several electronic databases such as Science Direct and Google Scholar. Organic substrates were categorized into four groups, i.e., food waste, animal feed, faeces, and other substrates (those which could not be included into the previous three groups). These groups were statistically analyzed by using analysis of variance and continued with the Duncan multiple range test to compare among different group means. The results showed that food waste and animal feed substrates had higher percentage of waste reduction index and conversion rate as compared to those of faeces and other substrates (P<0.05). Animal feed substrate had higher prepupal yield mass of BSF larvae than that of food waste substrate (P<0.05). In regard to nutrient composition of the BSF larvae, both crude protein and ether extract of the insect species were not influenced by the different substrates and revealed relatively similar values. In conclusion, a more nutritious substrate leads to a faster growth and a higher mass yield of BSF larvae, but it does not alter nutrient composition of the insect.
Effect of combining autoclave and ammoniation on nutritional value and in vitro digestibility of rice straw
Authors: Muthia D , Laconi E B , Ridla M , Jayanegara A , Ridwan R , Fidriyanto R , Abdelbagi M , Ramdani H
Published: June 2021

The use of rice straw for ruminant livestock has been restricted by the high fiber and low digestibility. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional value and in vitro digestibility of rice straw processed by combining autoclave and ammoniation. The combination was performed to produce rice straw, which was able to digest by the rumen microorganism. The autoclave was conducted at 150°C, 1.2 atm, 60 minutes, whereas ammoniation used 3% urea. The study used a completely randomized design with four treatments i.e., untreated rice straw (A), rice straw + 3% urea (B), rice straw + autoclave (C), and rice straw + 3% urea + ensiling (D). Results revealed that urea addition increased (P<0.05) protein content of rice straw compared to the non-added urea. The pH of all sample treatments over 48 hours of in vitro analyses showed no significant difference, which means it with suit condition for the microorganism in the rumen (6.76– 6.82). The combination of rice straw + urea (B) showed higher (P<0.05) gas production in 24 and 48 hours in comparison to other treatments as well as increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, combining autoclave and ammoniation enhances the nutritional value and in vitro digestibility of rice straw.
Milk production and chemical composition of crossbred Friesian Holstein fed diet containing protected soybean groats as feed supplement
Authors: Pramono A , Rizqi M I A , Cahyadi M , Hadi R F
Published: June 2021

Sufficient nutrient availability in the early period of lactation is needed to improve and to optimize milk production and composition of dairy cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate milk production and chemical composition of crossbred Friesian Holstein fed by diet containing protected soybean groats as feed supplement. Soybean groat was protected by 1% formaldehyde. It was supplemented to three groups of treatment consisted of basal diet (P1), basal diet supplemented by 2% protected soybean groat (P2), and basal diet supplemented with 4% protected soybean groats (P3). A total of 15 lactating dairy cows (crossbred Friesian Holstein) were used in this study. They were equally grouped into three different treatments. Milk samples were measured using milk scan and they were statistically analyzed using the R programing. Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) was also applied to distinguish among treatments. The results showed that supplementation of protected soybean groats significantly affected fat and protein contents. Cows treated by diet supplemented with 4% protected soybean groat was found containing highest milk fat percentage. In addition, protected soybean groat supplementation in the diet statistically increased milk proteins. Lactose in the milk was not affected by treatment. In conclusion, supplementation of protected soybean groat in the crossbred Friesian Holstein diet improved milk chemical quality.
Effect of fiber source on growth performance and gastrointestinal tract in broiler chickens
Authors: Nursiam I , Ridla M , Hermana W , Nahrowi
Published: June 2021

This experiment was conducted to assess the effect of the addition of a fiber source on growth performance and gastrointestinal tract in 7–28 day broiler chicken. In total, of 1600 mixed-sex Cobb 500 chicks aged 7 days were assigned to 4 treatments composed of 4 replicates with 100 birds per replicate. The 4 treatments were: control diet (T1), control diet + 0.6% commercial fiber source 1 (T2), control diet + 1% commercial fiber source 2 (T3), control diet + 2% rice hulls (T4). The addition of fiber did not affect on growth performance, relative weight, and digestive length of broiler chickens aged 7 to 28 days. In summary, adding some fiber at a moderate level as insoluble fiber not any negative impact on growth performance and gastrointestinal development, and can be a strategy to reduce feed cost in broiler farming.
Broiler performance with the utilization of various levels of fermented peanut shells meal
Authors: Armayanti A K , Jamilah J , Kurniawan M E , Danial D
Published: June 2021

Feed was the biggest cost in the process of raising livestock, so needed efforts to reduce these costs. One of the ways was by utilizing agricultural waste. Agricultural waste in the form of peanut shells is sometimes underestimated by the community because its benefits are not yet known. Several attempts to increase the nutritional value of peanut shells were by fermentation. This study used EM-4 probiotic to ferment peanut shell meal so that it could increase the nutritional value, it was expected that it could also improve the performance of broilers and reduce the fat level in the meat. This study aimed to know the effect of feeding fermented peanut shell meal on broiler performance. This study was designed using a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and six replications, each unit consisting of six broilers. Feed treatment are P0 (basal ration (without peanut shells)), P1 (basal ration + 5% peanut shell meal fermentation), P2 (basal ration + 10% peanut shell meal fermentation) and P3 (basal ration + 15% peanut shell meal fermentation). The results showed that the use of fermented peanut shell meal at various levels did not show a significant effect (P>0.05) on feed consumption but showed a significant effect (P<0.05) on body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Concluded that the use of fermented peanut shell meal as much as 5% could improve the performance of broilers.
Production and quality of forage alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) with organic and inorganic fertilization
Authors: Ananda S , Lukiwati D R , Purbajanti E D
Published: June 2021

The effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on the quality of forage alfalfa (Medicago sativa L). The material used are alfalfa seed, land used for the research are area of 324 m2, KCl and urea fertilizer as basic fertilizer, P fertilizer as a treatment is SP 36, BP and organic fertilizers. Organic fertilizer derived from cow and goat manure, with each dose of 35 tons/ha. The research design is a randomized block design with 9 treatments and 3 replications as follows: P0: control (without P fertilizer, without organic fertilizer), P1: Manure A (cow), P2: Manure B (goat), P3: Manure ‘plus’ A, P4: Manure ‘plus’ B, P5: Manure A + BP, P6: Manure B + BP, P7: Manure A + SP-36, P8: Manure B + SP-36. The observed parameters were forage dry matter production, crude protein content and crude fiber content. The data was analysed by analysis of variance, followed by Duncan test. The results showed that manure ‘plus’ produce higher dry matter production than manure and manure A/B + SP 36 in the second cutting. Manure A/B + SP 36 fertilizer produce equal crude protein and crude fiber content to manure ‘plus’ both in the first defoliation and second defoliation.
Colour and chemical characteristics of patty burger added with red fruit paste (Pandanus conoideus Lamk)
Authors: Tharukliling S , Radiati L E , Thohari I , Susilo A
Published: June 2021

Red fruit is a Papua endemic plant which is rich in bioactive components such as carotene, tocopherol and fatty acids. Red fruit paste (RFP) is a waste from the process of making red fruit oil which is processed using wet rendering and still rich of bioactive component. This study aims to determine the effect of adding red fruit paste on the colour and chemical characteristics beef patties. The colour beef patty observed based formulated by different level of red fruit paste (PandanusconoideusLamk) at 0, 5, 10 and 15% to replace fat animal. The addition of up to 15% red fruit paste to beef patty formulation showed the higher L* (brightness) value and the lower value was the control patty. All red fruit paste-based beef patty enhance colour a* (redness). Higherlevelpaste will made patty became more redness. The addition red fruit paste in 5% had higher b* (yellowness) value, on theotherhandparameter of chemical characteristic of beef patty was compared with patty control treatment and patty with 15% level RFP was the best colour result. The data took before and after cooked. The protein content before and after cooking had a higher value by control treatment but for the value of fat, carbohydrate, water, ash and carotene content in the patty with 15% RFP the value was higher than the control both before and after cooking.
Liquid smoke characteristic from coconut shell and rice husk
Authors: Andy  , Malaka R , Purwanti S , Ali H M , Aulyani T L
Published: June 2021

Liquid smoke is the condensation result of wood pyrolysis. It contains lots of compounds formed by the constituent pyrolysis process such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Lignin can be used to produce organic acids, phenols, carbonyl that become the compound of natural antibiotics, antioxidants, antibiotics, disinfectants, or as biopesticides and food preservation. Those compounds have different proportions such as type, wood moisture and pyrolysis temperature. This research uses a completely random design with three repetitions. The treatments were liquid smoke raw materials source: P0 = coconut shell, P1 = rice husk and P2 = coconut shell + rice husk (50:50). The parameters measured include pH, yield (%), total acid (%), polyphenols (%) and flavonoids (ppm). The result of this research on the production of liquid smoke that is produced by various raw materials shows: Various raw materials influence the performance of pyrolysis equipment, liquid smoke chemical and physical qualities. Based on this research, Liquid smoke from coconut shell has a percentage yield of 3.23% polyphenol 1.14%, total acid 0.54% and flavonoid 1.06 ppm. Liquid smoke from coconut shell and Liquid smoke maker very potential to be developed and produce, also partiularly to reach a higher temperature.
Gastrointestinal development of male and female domestic canary (Serinus canaria) in the starter and grower periods
Authors: Setiyono E , Atang  , Raharjo P , Haryanto T
Published: June 2021

The nutritional requirements of domestic canary (Serinus canaria) for life is determined by one of the roles of gastrointestinal organs. Thus, the evaluation of the development of canary gastrointestinal organs of males and females needs to know. The research method used was an observational survey with purposive sampling. The study used forty-eight canaries divided into two groups (twenty-four males and twenty-four females). Each group was taken a sample of six birds discontinue every month for four months. One-way ANOVA analyzed data at 95% confidence level. An Independent t-Test was used to see differences in gastrointestinal development between the two groups. A correlation test was used to determine the relationship between body weight with the development of gastrointestinal. The results showed that proventricular weight, ventricular weight, liver weight, small intestine weight, jejunum length, and ilium length for the two groups were significantly different between data collection times (P<0.05). The development of proventriculus, ventriculus, liver, small intestine, duodenum was significantly different (P<0.05) between the two groups. The growth in body weight correlates with the development of all gastrointestinal organs. Thus, it is concluded that the weight and size of the gastrointestinal organs increases with canaries age and gastrointestinal development differs between male and female groups.
Plantaricin characteristics for teat dipping in milking cow treatment
Authors: Wahyuningtyas A N , Arief I I , Taufik E
Published: June 2021

Fresh milk is perishable food, especially due to the microbial activity in it. Milk that contains lots of water and nutrients is indeed suitable for growth. Milking process allows the milk contamination from bacteria and impurities. Bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) has been known to display antimicrobial properties against some Gram-positive and negative bacteria. Therefore, bacteriocins can be used as biopreservative on both raw and processed foods. Lactobacillus plantarum is a bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacterium known as plantaricin. Plantaricin IIA-1A5 has been previously isolated from Indonesian BAL of L. plantarum IIA-1A5. Because of this reason in this research, the characteristics are highlighted plantaricin IIA-1A5 in fresh cow’s milk as antibacterial in the milking process. Lactoscan is used to analyze fat, Solid Non Fat (SNF), and protein in fresh milk. The results showed that the lactoscan results and microbiological characteristics of fresh milk have met SNI 3141.1 2011.
Potential of animal leather as a strategic commodity for the livestock industry: A review
Authors: Said M I
Published: June 2021

Indonesia is one of the countries rich in germplasm in the form of livestock. Livestock products can be in the form of meat, milk and eggs as well as by-products such as leather. Animal leathers are one of the by-products of livestock produced from a livestock slaughtering industry. Animal leathers have the potential as raw material for non-oil and gas export products. Until now, livestock by-product in the form of leather has been processed and utilized by many people in Indonesia. Utilization is carried out in the form of food and non-food products. The use of food and non-food products has been developed commercially by the community, both in the form of small, micro, medium and large scale industries. Animal leathers are one of the livestock by products that have the highest economic value compared to the others. This is because animal leather is one of the export products. Until now, the exported animal leathers are still in the form of non-food products, while some derivatives of leather products in the form of food products are still imported. The potential of livestock leathers as one of the strategic commodities of the livestock industry needs to be maximally developed. Improving the quality of animal leathers needs to be done in an effort to increase the source of foreign exchange.
Coconut (Cocos nucifera) and Salak (Salacca zalacca) polysaccharides in the diets of Escherichia coli-challenged broilers
Authors: Mozin S , Hatta U , Gobel M , Toana N M , Hafsah  , Sundu B
Published: June 2021

Palm polysaccharides were believed to contain mannose monosaccharides that are beneficial as an antibiotic replacer for poultry. This experiment was conducted to study the effect of coconut and salak polysaccharides on growth performance, excreta dry matter, digestibility, and bursa of Fabricius weight of E. coli challenged broilers. A total of 140-day old unsexed broiler Cobb chicks were used as experimental birds for 4 weeks. During the first week, the chicks were allocated in five brooder pens and transferred into 20 pens on day 8. The broiler chicks were offered 5 different experimental rations. The rations were control basal diet (T1), basal diet added with antibiotic avilamycin (T2), basal diet added with commercial yeast oligosaccharides (T3), basal added with coconut polysaccharides (T4), and basal diet added with Salak (snake fruit) polysaccharides (T5). To protect the birds from New Castle diseases, vaccination was done on day 3. On day 14, the birds were challenged against E. coli for three consecutive days. Plastic feeders and drinkers were put in the pen. The experiment used a completely randomized design with five different rations, four replicate pens of 7 birds each. The data were subjected to the analysis of variance. Any significant differences detected in the variance analysis were then tested with the least significant difference test. Results indicated that after challenged with E. coli, birds fed the basal diet had lower body weight gain, mortality, excreta dry matter, and carcass percentage, but higher in FCR and bursa of Fabricius weight than the birds fed T2, T3, T4, and T5 diets. Feed intake of the E. coli challenged broilers were lower than those of broilers fed the T3 diet. Feed digestibility was not affected by the treatment diets. In conclusion, the addition of feed additives either antibiotic or palm polysaccharides could enhance the growth performance, carcass percentage, and excreta dry matter of the E. coli challenged broilers.
The weight and hatchability of quail egg viewed from the weight, index, and surface area of the egg
Authors: Kostaman T , Sopiyana S
Published: June 2021

The research objective was to determine the weight and hatchability of quail eggs which were influenced by the weight, index, and surface area of the eggs. Quail eggs were obtained from Slamet Quail Farm, Sukabumi. The experimental design used was CRD. The treatments consisted of 3 categories, namely light egg weight (≤11.20 g), medium (11.21–13.06 g), and heavy (≥13.07 g); oval egg shape index (≤74.72), normal (74.73–84.04), and round (≥84.05); and the surface area of eggs is narrow (≤89.22 cm2), medium (89.23–95.88 cm2), and large (≥95.89 cm2). The data obtained were analyzed with GLM SPSS 22. If it shows a significant difference, then proceed with the Duncan test. The analysis showed that egg weight had an effect on the weight and hatchability (P<0.05), while the egg index had no effect on the weight and hatchability (P>0.05). While the large surface area affects the weight and hatchability (P<0.05), while the narrow and medium surface area does not affect the weight and hatchability (P>0.05). It can be concluded that the weight and hatchability of quail eggs are influenced by egg weight and large surface area, but not by egg index and narrow and medium surface area.
Reproductive performance and fertility index of Etawah-crossbred goats based on several parities at goat breeding station-Singosari, Malang, Indonesia
Authors: Suyadi S , Wahjuningsih S , Septian W A , Furqon A , Putri R F , Nugraha C D
Published: June 2021

This research aimed to analyze the reproductive efficiency of Etawah-crossbred (PE) goats. Data were collected through a survey method. The research materials were 228 first-parity (P1), 226 second-parity (P2), 147 third-parity (P3), and 73 fourth-parity (P4) heads acquired in 2011–2017. We then observed the service per conception (S/C), days open (DO), conception rate (CR), kidding interval (KI), litter size, birth weight, and fertility index (FI). The obtained data were analyzed with compare means procedure (one-way ANOVA) by using SPSS version 20 and then Least Significant Difference to determine any significant differences. The CR was computed by chi-square test. Results showed that the PE parities significantly affect (P<0.05) the S/C, DO, CR, litter size, and birth weight, but not the KI (P>0.05). The FI was significant on P3 (63.75). Therefore, the reproductive performance of PE goats on several parities based on S/C, DO, CR, litter size, and birth weight was favorable, and P3 had the best reproductive traits according to the FI value.
Movement patterns of sperms at different bull breeds using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA)
Authors: Raafi M , Yusuf M , Toleng A L , Diansyah A M , Surahman  , Sahiruddin
Published: June 2021

Bull plays an important role in the implementation of artificial insemination (AI), especially as a producer of spermatozoa. The movement pattern of sperms itself determines bull fertility. This is very important for the process of capacitation in the female reproductive tracks. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the characteristics of the motility of frozen semen at various breeds of bulls. This study was conducted in May 2020, at the Processing Semen Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University. This study was designed with 6 breeds of different bulls and 3 straws for replications. The results of the study were analyzed statistically using the one-way ANOVA. The results showed that the LIN and WOB values of frozen semen of Bali had significantly higher (P<0.05) than the other breeds. Likewise, STR values in Bali sperms had significantly higher (P<0.05) than Simmental, FH, Angus, and Brahman. VAP, VCL, VSL, and ALH values in Simmental had significantly higher (P<0.05) than the other breeds. The parameter distance achieved by Simmental sperms; DAP had significantly higher (P<0.05) in comparison to Bali and FH. Simmental had DCL highest value, and significantly (P<0.05) higher than Bali, FH, Angus, and Brahman. While Simmental had a significantly higher DSL value (P<0.05) than those Bali and FH.
Pregnancy rate of Artificial Insemination in beef cows after estrous synchronization at different region
Authors: Nirwana A U A , Toleng A L , Yusuf M
Published: June 2021

This study aimed to determine the pregnancy rate of artificial insemination (AI) in beef cows after estrous synchronization using prostaglandin (PGF2a). A total of 398 beef cows were used in the present study; 183 in Bantaeng (BT) region and 215 beef cows in Bulukumba (BK) region, respectively. Out of 398 beef cows, 201 were randomly subjected to estrous synchronization in both regions and inseminated after estrus was detected, and the remaining 197 beef cows were inseminated after natural estrus. The data were compared using the Chi-square test. The results of this study showed that the overall pregnancy rate with and without estrous synchronization was 52.8%; consisted of 58.7% and 46.7% of pregnancy rate with and without estrous synchronization, respectively. The pregnancy rate of AI in beef cows after synchronized the estrus in BT was significantly (P<0.05) lower than in BK (51.0% vs. 66.3%), but did not show significantly different for the pregnancy rate in beef cows without estrous synchronization. In the BK region, the pregnancy rate of the cows synchronized the estrus was significantly (P <0.05) higher than without estrous synchronization but did not in BT region. It can be concluded that there was a tendency that beef cows synchronized the estrus had a higher 12.0% pregnancy rate than without estrous synchronization.
Characteristics of libido and testosterone concentrations of Bali polled and horned Bulls
Authors: Hasbi H , Prahesti K I , Sonjaya H , Baco S , Wildayanti W , Gustina S
Published: June 2021

Bali cattle as one of Indonesia’s native cattle have horns basically, both male and female. However, in its development, Bali cattle without horns have been found and known as polled. Bali polled is cattle whose horns do not grow naturally. The objective of this study was to determine the characteristics of libido and the concentration of testosterone in Bali polled and horned bulls. The samples were 8 individuals (4 polled and 4 horned) with an age between 3-8 years. Libido characteristics were measured by recording the time the bull first fondled the cow until ejaculate and analyzing the testosterone concentration using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The collected data were analyzed by an independent sample T-Test. The results of this study indicated that the time required for a polled bull from fondling the female to ejaculation was longer (P<0.05) compared to horned (7.45±2.51 vs 2.42±0.60 minutes). While the testosterone concentration was not significantly different (P>0.05) 6.94±2.43 ng/mL vs 3.74±1.34 ng/mL although showed a higher tendency for the horned bull at 3.2 ng/mL. In conclusion, the polled bull took a longer time from fondling the female to ejaculation compared to horned, while the concentration of the hormone testosterone was equal. However, libido characteristics have a positive correlation with the testosterone concentration with a correlation coefficient of 0.805.
Chemical characteristics of fermented broiler feather concentrate using different methods
Authors: Hamri  , Said M I , Hatta W , Yuliati F N
Published: June 2021

In Indonesia, broiler feather waste is one of the most highly productive wastes. The utilization of broiler feather waste as raw material for feather concentrate has not been widely studied. Feather waste contains keratin protein. This protein is stable and difficult to digest. Therefore, we need a method to produce hair concentrate products that have nutritional value that can be utilized by other livestock. It is hoped that the use of bacteria in the fermentation process of broiler feathers will provide a solution. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the characteristics of broiler concentrate fermented using different methods. A total of four methods of the fermentation process were applied, M-A = Broiler Feather + Bacillus subtilis FNCC 0060, M-B = Broiler Feather + Autoclave + Bacillus subtilis FNCC 0060, M-C = Broiler Feather + 5%NaOH +Bacillus subtilis FNCC 0060, M-D = Broiler Feather + Autoclave + 5%NaOH + Bacillus subtilis FNCC 0060.Bacillus subtilis FNCC 0060 isolates were propagated for preparation for fermentation. The study was designed using a completely randomized design with a unidirectional pattern of 4 treatments and 3 replications. The results showed that the application of different fermentation methods using Bacillus subtilis bacteria only had a different effect on the parameters of fat content, while protein and crude fiber levels did not have a significant effect. The application of the M-C fermentation process treatment is a treatment with better results than the other treatments.
The analysis of BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) contents in the water of around laying chicken farm
Authors: Abdullahi A B , Siregar A R , Pakiding W , Mahyuddin
Published: June 2021

Business activities of laying chicken farm in Sidrap regency have been carried out for decades. This business is a hereditary business carried out by the local community. The number of chicken populations is also increasing as the demand for animal protein increases. This activity can lead to a decrease in water quality, thereby affecting the environmental sanitation system. Clean water is needed in meeting human needs to carry out all their activities. Based on this, an environmental test was carried out by analyzing the BOD and COD contents of water around laying chicken farms. This research aims to (1) determine the BOD and COD contents of water around the laying chicken farm, (2) comparing the BOD and COD contents of water around the laying chicken farm with the threshold value set by the government. This research was conducted in October - December 2018 in Sidenreng Rappang regency, South Sulawesi Indonesia. The method used in the water BOD content test is the Winkler method, while for water COD is the spectrophotometric method. The results show that the BOD contents of water around the laying chicken farm was 7.99 mg/L on average, and the water COD content was 18.47 mg/L. This research concluded that the BOD and COD contents of water around the laying chicken farm exceeds the threshold set by the government. The threshold for water BOD content is 2 mg/L while for water COD is 10 mg/L.
The effect of subjective norm on farmer behaviour in utilizing rice straw as feed in Barru district
Authors: Baba S , Yudu S , Nurlelah S
Published: June 2021

Farmer behaviour is influenced by their social environment. The research objective was to determine the effect of subjective norms on farmer behaviour in using rice straw as feed. The research was conducted from January to March 2020 in Tompo Village, Barru Sub District, Barru District, which is one of the centers for developing Balinese cattle. The survey was conducted with farmers who used rice straw as feed by trained enumerators. The total population was 275 people and the number of respondents was 73 respondents which were determined by the simple random sampling method. Data analysis used the F test and t test using multiple linear regression models with the dependent variable of farmer behaviour in utilizing rice straw with criteria namely behaviour in hay storage, behaviour in processing and the technique of using straw as feed. The independent variables consist of extension agents influences (X1), family influences (X2), group influences (X3) and neighbour influences (X4). The results showed farmer dominantly stored their straw in a non-permanent warehouse. The technique of giving it to livestock was mixing salt and used it in the dry season. Factors that influence farmer behaviour in utilizing rice straw as feed are family (P<0.01) and neighbour influence (P<0.05). The family plays an important role in providing labour to collect hay, and neighbours become a model for other farmers to use rice straw as feed. Extension workers and groups are not a role model for breeders to adopt the technology of utilizing rice straw as feed in Barru district.
Motivation and obstacles of cattle farmers on innovation adoption during Covid-19 pandemic in Agam regency, West Sumatera province
Authors: Ediset  , Anas A , Heriyanto E , Alianta A A
Published: June 2021

The research was conducted to investigate the motivation and the constraints of cattle farmers on innovations innovation during Covid-19 pandemic. It was conducted in Beef Cattle Development Central in Agam Regency, West Sumatera according to Regional Working Plan 2016. The research used survey method and observation with ninety-six cattle farmers in four districts (Ampek Angkek district, Baso district, Canduang district, and Tilatang Kamang district) as respondents which were determined by Slovin’s Formula. The results showed that motivation variables (profit, freedom of choice, wishful thinking and independency indicators) were significantly affected by farmers. In contrast, obstacle variables (cost, time availability, the complexity of innovation, and suitability of innovation on what farmers need) were not-significantly effect to farmers. Meaning that the farmers still in high motivation to adopt an innovation during Covid-19 pandemic. The obstacles of innovation adoption were in low level because the farmers still have the desire to level up their wealthiness even in Covid-19 pandemic.
White Midrib (WMR) vs Brown Midrib (BMR) sorghum: perspective of nutrient value for ruminant forage
Authors: Wahyono T , Indiratama W M , Sihono  , Human S
Published: June 2021

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) cultivars can be classified as white midrib (WMR) and brown midrib (BMR). The BMR cultivar is the most potentially to be used as ruminant forage. However, the WMR, as conventional sorghum, has fairly good nutrient characteristics as roughage. The objective of our study was to evaluate the nutrient composition, fiber characteristics and nutrient value predictions of stem, leaf and panicle of Numbu variety (WMR type) and G5 mutant lines (BMR type). Five replication of two cultivars made up a randomized block design during 115 days cultivation in South Jakarta. Nutrient composition, fiber compounds and nutrient value predictions of stem, leaf and panicle were measured. There was no difference on crude protein (CP) content on stem, leaf and panicle between Numbu and G5. Numbu, as WMR type, has higher stem and leaf acid detergent fiber (ADF) and cellulose content (p<0.05) than G5. This study also proved that, G5, as BMR sorghum, had lower stem acid detergent ligin (ADL) level (p<0.05) than WMR. In panicle part, G5 had higher non fiber carbohydrate (NFC) (p<0.01) than Numbu. The stem relative feed value (RFV) represented by G5 is 136.37 and include in premium class. Conversely, Numbu included in good class, with a value of 109.83. Nutrient value characteristics of each part of sorghum is expected to be used as reference in preparing the ingredients for rations based on sorghum forage.
Agricultural soil reclamation and restoration of soil organic matter and nutrients via application of organic, inorganic and bio fertilization (Mini review)
Authors: Imran  , Amanullah  , Hussain I , Ali I , Ullah S , Iqbal A , -Al Tawaha A R , Al-Tawaha A R , Thangadurai D , Sangeetha J , Rauf A , Saranraj P , Al Sultan W , AL-Taey D K A , Youssef R A , Sirajuddin S N
Published: June 2021

Food security is directly related to the ability of the land to support the population. Causes for land degradation are numerous and include the decline of soil fertility, development of acidity, salinization, alkalization, deterioration of soil structure, accelerated wind and water erosion, loss of organic matter and biodiversity. Thereafter, it is of critical importance to increase soil health and restore degraded soils in order to achieve sustainable development. Restoring the soil quality for crop production through the appropriate soil management and conservation techniques is important for all nations, primarily those at risk with respect to food security. Soil organic matter (SOM) plays a central role in maintaining soil functions and preventing soil degradation. Both organic matter and microorganism serve as a reservoir of plant nutrients. This study concluded that soil organic carbon and other mineral and nutrients restoration were noted with the soil modification and incorporation of various organic amendments. Plant residues and field biomass were promising for nutrients replenishment while biochar was the key component for the enrichment of soil organic carbon. Animal-based residues and manure application enhanced soil mineral and micronutrients concentration with the advantage of soil reclamation and restoration.
Use of mycorrhiza in organic farming
Authors: Tawaha A R M , Khanum S , Imran  , Amanullah  , Al Tawaha A R , Thangadurai D , Sangeetha J , Rauf A , Khalid S , Saranraj P , Safari Z S , Zahid N A , Qazizadah A Z , Sirajuddin S N
Published: June 2021

In this review we discussed the role of mycorrhiza in organic farming. How mycorrhizal association, will help to improve and encouraging the idea of organic farming. How mycorrhizal association help the plants to grow and yield better without applying of chemical fertilizers and following the conventional farming practices. We discussed how AMF help plant to uptake nutrients, releasing chemicals which help plants to grow proper, developing resistance against weeds, pest and other microbes.
Isolation and nitrogen fixing efficiency of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus associated with sugarcane: A review
Authors: Saranraj P , Jayaprakash A , Devi V D , Al-Tawaha A R M , Al-Tawaha A R
Published: June 2021

The present review was focused on the isolation and nitrogen-fixing efficiency of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus associated with sugarcane crop. Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus has a long-standing partnership with the bacterium Escherichia coli as an entophyte, which can efficiently fix atmospheric nitrogen. It plays a significant role and occurs in most sugarcane growing countries. It has been found to reside in the sugar cane root, stem, buds and leaves. Biological nitrogen fixation based farming systems would enhance agricultural production in the long term in both economically viable and socially acceptable way. This process not only replaces the most expensive fertilizer but also reduces considerably groundwater pollution with nitrates because biological nitrogen fixation was self-regulated. Convincing evidence has pointed out that biological nitrogen fixation requiring a relatively simple and low-cost technology, easy to execute and largely renewable sources of energy has a tremendous role to play in the immediate further of agriculture, especially in the developing and underdeveloped countries.
Effect on encapsulated liquid smoke in combination with formic acid on intestinal development and microbial counts in broiler
Authors: Widodo E , Pranibilan A A R , Ardilla Y N N , Natsir M H , Djunaidi I H
Published: June 2021

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of a combination between encapsulated coconut shell liquid smoke and formic acid on intestinal development and microflora population in the broiler. This study was carried out with 140 day old chicks (DOC) of strain Cobb allotted to 5 treatments and 4 replications, namely T0= basal feed added without addition of antibiotic, T1= basal feed added with 0.1% zinc bacitracin, T2=basal feed + 0.5% liquid smoke + 0.5% formic acid, T3=basal feed + 1% liquid smoke+0.5% formic acid, and T4=basal feed + 1.5% liquid smoke+0.5% formic acid. The variable of this research consists of length and weight of small intestine, pH and viscosity of ileal, and the total population of microorganism. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). If the data analyses have a significant effect continued with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that there was no significant differences (P>0.05) effect of treatment on intestinal development and characteristics, but it significantly increased (P<0.01) Lactobacillus and decreased Salmonella sp population. It can be concluded that the combination of encapsulated coconut shell liquid smoke 1.5 % with 0.5% formic acid in the broiler diet did not affect small intestinal development and characteristics, however improved the population of lactobacillus and decrease Salmonella sp. Based on the results might suggest that the combination of encapsulated liquid smoke and formic acid could be replaced the use of antibiotics in broiler feed.