bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance effect on the TEG system for waste heat recovery in automobiles using ZnO and SiO2 nanofluid coolants
Authors: Karana Dhruv Raj , Sahoo Rashmi Rekha
Published: October 2018

Enhancement in heat transfer of the cold side is vital to amplify the performance of a thermoelectric generator (TEG). With enriched thermophysical properties of nanofluids, significant improvement in heat transfer process can be obtained. The current study concerns the performance comparison of an automobile waste heat recovery system with EG‐water (EG‐W) mixture, ZnO, and SiO2 nanofluid as coolants for the TEG system. The effects on performance parameters, that is, circuit voltage, conversion efficiency, and output power with exhaust inlet temperature, the total area of TEG, Reynolds number, and particle concentration of nanofluids for the TEG system have been investigated. A detailed performance analysis revealed an increase in voltage, power output, and conversion efficiency of the TEG system with SiO
2 nanofluid, followed by ZnO and EG‐W coolants. The electric power and conversion efficiency for SiO
2 nanofluid at an exhaust inlet temperature of 500K were enhanced by 11.80% and 11.39% respectively, in comparison with EG‐W coolants. Moreover, the model speculates that an optimal total area of TEGs exists for the maximum power output of the system. With SiO
2 nanofluid as a coolant, the total area of TEGs can be diminished by up to 34% as compared with EG‐W, which brings significant convenience for the placement of TEGs and reduces the cost of the TEG system.
DIAGNOSTIC USE OF CRITTENDEN'S ATTACHMENT MEASURES IN FAMILY COURT IS NOT BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT
Authors: Van Ijzendoorn Marinus H. , Bakermans Jacob J.W. , Steele Miriam , Granqvist Pehr
Published: October 2018

We express serious doubt and cautioning regarding Spieker and Crittenden's (2010) claim that attachment measures associated with the dynamic‐maturational model of attachment and adaptation (DMM; Crittenden, 2016) can be used for court decision‐making. We demonstrate, using Crittenden's and coworkers’ (e.g., Spieker & Crittenden, 2010) own data, that such measures have (a) insufficient reliability for use in individual diagnosis and (b) cannot retrodict maltreatment with sufficient sensitivity or specificity for court use. Just as atypical forms of attachment are sometimes observed among children reared adequately, typical (secure or mildly insecure) forms of attachment are sometimes observed among maltreated children and among children of caregivers struggling with psychopathology or socioeconomic adversity. The stakes are high, so it is imperative that court decisions accord with the rule of law. Certainty beyond a reasonable doubt is required, and DMM measures do not meet that requirement.
Organized Sport Participation From Childhood to Adolescence Is Associated With Bone Mass in Young Adults From the Raine Study
Authors: McVeigh Joanne A , Howie Erin K , Zhu Kun , Walsh John P , Straker Leon
Published: October 2018

There is a critical need for longitudinal cohort studies to consider the association of the cumulative exposure of physical activity during childhood and adolescence and bone mass. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between organized sports trajectories (that capture distinct and potentially meaningful patterns over critical developmental periods) and bone mass at age 20 years. Participation in organized sport was recorded by parental report at ages 5, 8, 10, 14, and 17 years in 984 offspring (48% female) of a pregnancy cohort (Raine Study). Latent class analysis identified three trajectory classes in each sex. In females, these were “consistent sport participators” (48%), “dropouts” (34%), and “non-participators” (18%); in males, “consistent sport participators” (55%), “dropouts” (37%), and “sport joiners” (8%). Whole-body bone mineral content (BMC) at age 20 years was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). At age 20 years, after adjustment for covariates measured at age 20 years, including height, lean mass, physical activity, calcium intake, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, alcohol, and smoking, males who were “consistent sport participators” had significantly greater whole-body and leg BMC than those who dropped out of sport (p < 0.001), whereas males who joined sports had significantly greater leg BMC than those who dropped out of sport (p = 0.002). Females in the “consistent sport participator” trajectory had significantly greater leg BMC than those who dropped out (all p = 0.004). Participation in organized sport during childhood and adolescence is associated with bone mass at age 20 years. Because attainment of optimal peak bone mass in young adulthood is protective against osteoporosis in later life, this may have long-term skeletal benefits. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Biotinylated fluorescent probe for the specific and quantitative determination of blood glucose
Authors: Lee Fang‐Hong , Chew Chee Ying , Hwu Jih Ru , Tan Kui‐Thong
Published: October 2018

The quantitative detection of biomarkers in protein‐rich samples using fluorescent probes is usually hampered by nonspecific fluorescence as a result of nonspecific probe–protein interactions. In this paper, we report a biotinylated fluorescent probe that is encapsulated in avidin protein, which can generate very specific fluorescence in blood serum by blocking out nonspecific dye–protein interactions. This approach was applied successfully to quantify glucose concentrations in blood serum.
Protein imbalance in the development of skeletal muscle wasting in tumour‐bearing mice
Authors: Brown Jacob L. , Lee David E. , Rosa‐Caldwell Megan E. , Brown Lemuel A. , Perry Richard A. , Haynie Wesley S. , Huseman Kendra , Sataranatarajan Kavithalakshmi , Van Remmen Holly , Washington Tyrone A. , Wiggs Michael P. , Greene Nicholas P.
Published: October 2018

Background

Cancer cachexia occurs in approximately 80% of cancer patients and is a key contributor to cancer‐related death. The mechanisms controlling development of tumour‐induced muscle wasting are not fully elucidated. Specifically, the progression and development of cancer cachexia are underexplored. Therefore, we examined skeletal muscle protein turnover throughout the development of cancer cachexia in tumour‐bearing mice.

Methods

Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) was injected into the hind flank of C57BL6/J mice at 8 weeks age with tumour allowed to develop for 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks and compared with PBS injected control. Muscle size was measured by cross‐sectional area analysis of haematoxylin and eosin stained tibialis anterior muscle. 2H2O was used to assess protein synthesis throughout the development of cancer cachexia. Immunoblot and RT‐qPCR were used to measure regulators of protein turnover. TUNEL staining was utilized to measure apoptotic nuclei. LLC conditioned media (LCM) treatment of C2C12 myotubes was used to analyse cancer cachexia in vitro.

Results

Muscle cross‐sectional area decreased ~40% 4 weeks following tumour implantation. Myogenic signalling was suppressed in tumour‐bearing mice as soon as 1 week following tumour implantation, including lower mRNA contents of Pax7, MyoD, CyclinD1, and Myogenin, when compared with control animals. AchRδ and AchRε mRNA contents were down‐regulated by ~50% 3 weeks following tumour implantation. Mixed fractional synthesis rate protein synthesis was ~40% lower in 4 week tumour‐bearing mice when compared with PBS controls. Protein ubiquitination was elevated by ~50% 4 weeks after tumour implantation. Moreover, there was an increase in autophagy machinery after 4 weeks of tumour growth. Finally, ERK and p38 MAPK phosphorylations were fourfold and threefold greater than control muscle 4 weeks following tumour implantation, respectively. Inhibition of p38 MAPK, but not ERK MAPK, in vitro partially rescued LCM‐induced loss of myotube diameter.

Conclusions

Our findings work towards understanding the pathophysiological signalling in skeletal muscle in the initial development of cancer cachexia. Shortly following the onset of the tumour‐bearing state alterations in myogenic regulatory factors are apparent, suggesting early onset alterations in the capacity for myogenic induction. Cancer cachexia presents with a combination of a loss of protein synthesis and increased markers of protein breakdown, specifically in the ubiquitin‐proteasome system. Also, p38 MAPK may be a potential therapeutic target to combat cancer cachexia via a p38‐FOX01‐atrogene‐ubiquitin‐proteasome mechanism.
Feasibility and Diagnostic Performance of Voxelwise Computed Diffusion‐Weighted Imaging in Breast Cancer
Authors: Zhou Jiejie , Chen Endong , Xu Huazhi , Ye Qiong , Li Jiance , Ye Shuxin , Cheng Qinyuan , Zhao Liang , Su Min‐ying , Wang Meihao
Published: October 2018

Background

Conventional diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) with high b‐values may improve lesion conspicuity, but with a low signal intensity and thus a low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). The voxelwise computed DWI (vcDWI) may generate high‐quality images with a strong lesion signal and low background.

Purpose

To evaluate the feasibility and diagnostic performance of vcDWI.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

In all, 67 patients with 72 lesions, 33 malignant and 39 benign.

Field Strength/Sequence

3T, including T2/T1, DWI with two b‐values, and dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI).

Assessment

Computed DWI (cDWI) with high b‐values of 1500, 2000, 2500 s/mm2 (cDWI1500, cDWI2000, cDWI2500) and vcDWI were generated from measured DWI (mDWI). The mDWI, cDWIs and vcDWI were evaluated by three readers independently to determine lesion conspicuity, background signal suppression, overall image quality using 1–5 rating scales, as well as to give BI‐RADS scores. The mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value for each lesion was measured.

Statistical Tests

Agreement among the three readers was evaluated by the intraclass correlation coefficient. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to compare the diagnostic performance based on reading of mDWI, cDWIs, vcDWI, and the measured ADC values.

Results

vcDWI provided the best lesion conspicuity compared with mDWI and cDWIs (P < 0.005). For overall image quality, vcDWI was significantly better than cDWI (P < 0.005), but not significantly better compared with mDWI for two readers (P = 0.037 and P = 0.013) and significantly worse for the third reader (P < 0.005). Background signal suppression was the best on cDWI2500, and better on vcDWI than on mDWI, cDWI1500, and cDWI2000. The AUC value for differential diagnosis was 0.868 for mDWI, 0.862 for cDWI1500, 0.781 for cDWI2000, 0.704 for cDWI2500, 0.946 for vcDWI, 0.704 for ADC value, and 0.961 for DCE‐MRI.

Data Conclusion

vcDWI was implemented without increasing scanning time, and it provided excellent lesion conspicuity for detection of breast lesions and assisted in differentiating malignant from benign breast lesions.

Level of Evidence: 4

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018.
Intravoxel Incoherent Motion and Arterial Spin Labeling MRI Analysis of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction in Rats
Authors: Hu Genwen , Yang Zhong , Liang Wen , Lai Caiyong , Mei Yingjie , Li Yufa , Xu Jianmin , Luo Liangping , Quan Xianyue
Published: October 2018

Background

Renal fibrosis is a common consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is the mechanism by which various forms of CKD progress to endstage renal failure. Accurate assessment of renal fibrosis is important for treatment.

Purpose

To measure longitudinal changes of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) and arterial spin labeling (ASL) before and after reversible unilateral ureteral obstruction in an animal model.

Study Type

Self‐controlled animal study.

Animal Model

Surgical obstruction of the ureters was performed and then removed after 5 days. Rats were scanned on Days 0, 1, 3, and 5 after creating the obstruction and on Days 4, 7, and 12 after releasing the obstruction.

Field Strength/Sequence

3.0T/IVIM/ASL.

Assessment

The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), pure molecular diffusion (D), perfusion fraction (f), pseudodiffusion (D*), and renal blood flow (RBF) obtained from the ASL were measured.

Statistical Tests

Using SPSS v. 20.0 software, P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The data from each timepoint were compared using one‐way analysis of variance and correlation analysis was applied to various parameters.

Results

The postobstruction kidneys showed renal tubule swelling and increased collagen fiber content. Renal tubule swelling was relieved after reversing the obstruction, but Masson staining and cell density analysis revealed progressive changes that were primarily localized to the medulla. In general, ADC, D, f, D*, and RBF decreased with time during the 5 days of obstruction, and increased after release of the obstruction. ADC positively correlated with D, f, D*, and RBF (r = 0.415, r = 0.634, r = 0.465 r = 0.586, P < 0.001, respectively) in the cortex in this study. Also, ADC showed a positive correlation with D, f, and D* (r = 0.724, r = 0.749, r = 0.151, P < 0.001, respectively) in the medulla.

Data Conclusion

Kidney perfusion was the major factor affecting ADC. Functional imaging may be useful for following progression of CKD.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:288–296.
Sensorial, antioxidant and antimicrobial evaluation of vinegars from surpluses of physalis (Physalis pubescens L.) and red pitahaya (Hylocereus monacanthus)
Authors: Fernandes Annayara C F , de Souza Angélica C , Ramos Cintia L , Pereira Aline A , Schwan Rosane F , Dias Disney R
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND

To reduce postharvest losses, substandard fruit and agricultural surpluses can productively be used as raw material for vinegar production. The present study aimed to prepare vinegars from surpluses of physalis (Physalis pubescens L.) and red pitahaya (Hylocereus monacanthus) and then evaluate their sensorial characteristics, antimicrobial activities, total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant capacity by the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzo thiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) methods.

RESULTS

Two vinegars were produced by submerged fermentation using physalis and red pitahaya fruits surpluses. Physalis and red pitahaya vinegars had 47 and 45 g L−1 acetic acid, respectively, and both vinegars contained approximately 1 g L−1 ethanol. Both vinegars displayed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis. The TPC of physalis and red pitahaya vinegar was 0.5638 and 0.3656 g L−1 g gallic acid L−1 for physalis and red pitahaya, respectively. A similar antioxidant activity was detected in both the wines and vinegars.

The sensorial analysis revealed that the consumers ‘like moderately’ each vinegar, and citric aroma was noted in the physalis vinegar.

CONCLUSION

In the present study, vinegars with sensorial characteristics approved by consumers were developed using fruit surpluses, adding value through a new product making use of a simple methodology that is both inexpensive and demonstrates a good yield. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Pathologic fractures of the distal femur: Current concepts and treatment options
Authors: Willeumier Julie J. , van der Wal C. W. P. Gerco , Schoones Jan W. , van der Wal Robert J. , Dijkstra P. D. Sander
Published: October 2018

Pathologic fractures of the distal femur caused by bone metastases are not as common as those in the proximal femur but provide great difficulty to adequately treat. This systematic review shows that insufficient literature exists to draw clinically relevant conclusions for essential questions, such as “what factors indicate an endoprosthetic reconstruction for distal femur pathologic fractures?” Due to paucity of literature in the systematic review, a current concepts review (including treatment flowchart), based on instructional reviews and experience, was also performed.
The value of a cross‐discipline team‐based approach for resection of renal cell carcinoma with IVC tumor thrombus: A report of a large, contemporary, single‐institution experience
Authors: Master Viraj A. , Ethun Cecilia G. , Kooby David A. , Staley Charles A. , Maithel Shishir K.
Published: October 2018

Introduction

We report the evolution of the largest, contemporary, single‐institution experience with this complex procedure to highlight the value of a cross‐discipline, team‐based approach.

Methods

Patients from a prospectively maintained database who underwent resection of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with inferior vena cava (IVC) tumor thrombus from 2005 to 2016 at a single‐institution were included for analysis.

Results

Of 140 patients, 102 (73%) had tumor thrombus below the level of the hepatic vein confluence, and 96 (69%) were performed for curative‐intent, while 43 (31%) were cytoreductive procedures for clinical trial consideration. Median overall survival (OS) of the entire cohort was 43.8 months (5‐year OS:43%), and 73.6 months (5‐year OS:59%) for those without metastatic disease. Fifty‐one patients underwent resection from 2005 to 2010 and 89 from 2011 to 2016. All procedures since 2011 were performed by the same cross‐discipline dedicated team of two surgeons, composed of a surgical and urological oncologist. When comparing the two time‐periods, the team‐approach after 2011 had shorter operative‐times (5.3 vs 6.7 hours; P = 0.009), decreased ICU‐utilization (25% vs 72%;
P < 0.001), and decreased ICU length‐of‐stay (0.4 vs 2.2 days;
P = 0.001). This group also trended towards less blood loss (1.2 vs 1.8 L), shorter average hospital length‐of‐stay (10 vs 11 days), and decreased 90‐day mortality (6% vs 10%).

Conclusion

Resection of RCC with IVC tumor thrombus yields long‐term survival. A dedicated, cross‐discipline, and team‐based approach optimizes patient outcomes and may improve value of care by reducing utilization of expensive hospital resources.
Pulmonary metastasectomy of colorectal cancer origin: Evaluating process and outcomes
Authors: Kumar Naveena A.N. , Verma Kamlesh , Shinde Rajesh S. , Kammar Praveen , Dusane Rohit , Desouza Ashwin , Ostwal Vikas , Patil Prachi , Engineer Reena , Karimundackal George , Pramesh C. S. , Saklani Avanish
Published: October 2018

Background

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of change in policy of computed tomography (CT) scan of the thorax in staging and follow‐up of colorectal cancer (CRC). Another objective was to review the outcomes following pulmonary metastasectomies (Pmets) and to determine the prognostic factors affecting outcomes.

Methods

This is a retrospective analysis from a prospective cohort database of patients, who underwent Pmet for CRC origin from August 2004 to February 2016. The outcome measures were number of Pmets per year, overall survival (OS), disease‐free survival (DFS), and prognostic factors affecting survival.

Results

Of 71 patients, 38% (n = 27) underwent Pmet before 2013 and 62% (
n = 44) had surgery after 2013. The 2‐year DFS after Pmet was 49.3% and estimated 5‐year OS was 51.4% at a median follow‐up of 28 months. There was a significant increase in number of Pmets/year (
P = 0.0015), increased detection of synchronous pulmonary metastasis (PM) (
P = 0.005), increased diagnosis of extra‐pulmonary metastases (EPM) (
P = 0.005), and improved OS (
P = 0.026) after introduction of CT scan as staging tool. Site of primary tumor (colon) (
P = 0.045), primary nodal stage (
P = 0.009), and the presence of EPM (
P = 0.01) were independent important prognostic factors affecting survival.

Conclusion

The CT scan of thorax as a baseline tool for staging and follow‐up in CRC increases referral for pulmonary metastasectomy. Surgery achieves excellent prognosis and long‐term survival outcomes in CRC with isolated PM and carefully selected patients with solitary liver metastasis.
Using Systematic Review and Evidence Banking to Increase Uptake and Use of Aquatic Science in Decision‐Making
Authors: Bennett Micah G. , Lee Sylvia S. , Schofield Kate A. , Ridley Caroline , Norton Susan B. , Webb J. Angus , Nichols Susan J. , Ogden Ralph , Collins Alexandra
Published: October 2018

To support sound decision‐making in environmental management, we need rigorous, defensible, and transparent synthesis of scientific evidence. The Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography and associated aquatic science societies are leaders in applying science to decision‐making, and yet many environmental decisions are still at risk of having to be made without a comprehensive, well‐synthesized evidence base to support them. In this article, we discuss two synergistic approaches that can help science inform decision‐making: systematic review and evidence banking. Our aim is to promote the use of these approaches, and to enlist support and action from you, the aquatic science community. We propose that you can improve the use and uptake of science in decision‐making by making your research more compatible with synthesis efforts by: considering risk of bias when designing your study and reporting results; reporting all relevant contextual information; analyzing your data using standard effect size approaches; and publishing your raw data. Awareness of how primary research feeds into informing policies can help you broaden the impact of your research, making it more directly relevant to decision‐making and more likely to contribute to the protection of aquatic ecosystems.
Endoscopic Management of Benign Biliary Strictures After Liver Transplantation
Authors: Larghi Alberto , Tringali Andrea , Rimbaş Mihai , Barbaro Federico , Perri Vincenzo , Rizzatti Gianenrico , Gasbarrini Antonio , Costamagna Guido
Published: October 2018

Biliary strictures represent some of the most frequent complications encountered after orthotopic liver transplantation. They comprise an array of biliary abnormalities with variations in anatomical location, clinical presentation, and different pathogenesis. Magnetic resonance cholangiography represents the most accurate noninvasive imaging test that can provide detailed imaging of the whole biliary system—below and above the anastomosis. It is of particular value in those harboring complex hilar or intrahepatic strictures, offering a detailed roadmap for planning therapeutic procedures. Endoscopic therapy of biliary strictures usually requires biliary sphincterotomy plus balloon dilation and stent placement. However, endoscopic management of nonanastomotic biliary strictures is much more complex and challenging as compared with anastomotic biliary strictures. The present article is a narrative review presenting the results of endoscopic treatment of biliary strictures occurring after liver transplantation, describing the different strategies based on the nature of the stricture and summarizing their outcomes.
Symmetric functions for fast image retrieval with persistent homology
Authors: Angeli Alessia , Ferri Massimo , Tomba Ivan
Published: October 2018

Persistence diagrams, combining geometry and topology for an effective shape description used in pattern recognition, have already proven to be an effective tool for shape representation with respect to a certain filtering function. Comparing the persistence diagram of a query with those of a database allows automatic classification or retrieval, but unfortunately, the standard method for comparing persistence diagrams, the bottleneck distance, has a high computational cost. A possible algebraic solution to this problem is to switch to comparisons between the complex polynomials whose roots are the cornerpoints of the persistence diagrams. This strategy allows to reduce the computational cost in a significant way, thereby making persistent homology based applications suitable for large‐scale databases. The definition of new distances in the polynomial framework poses some interesting problems, both of theoretical and practical nature. In this paper, these questions have been addressed by considering possible transformations of the half‐plane where the persistence diagrams lie onto the complex plane, and by considering a certain re‐normalisation the symmetric functions associated with the polynomial roots of the resulting transformed polynomial. The encouraging numerical results, obtained in a dermatology application test, suggest that the proposed method may even improve the achievements obtained by the standard methods using persistence diagrams and the bottleneck distance.
Validation of Dried Blood Spot Cards to Determine Apple Phenolic Metabolites in Human Blood and Plasma After an Acute Intake of Red‐Fleshed Apple Snack
Authors: Yuste Silvia , Macià Alba , Ludwig Iziar A. , Romero María‐Paz , Fernández‐Castillejo Sara , Catalán Úrsula , Motilva María‐José , Rubió Laura
Published: October 2018

Scope

The application of dried blood spot (DBS) cards for the study in human blood of dietary polyphenol bioavailability has been poorly studied.

Methods and results

An analytical method based on blood sampling with DBS cards combined with LC–MS/MS has been developed and validated. To test the method validation, the phenolic metabolites are determined in human blood and plasma obtained after an acute intake of a red‐fleshed apple snack in ten volunteers. Capillary blood by finger prick is compared to venous blood by venipuncture and whole blood is also compared to their corresponding venous plasma samples. Moreover, the venous plasma results using DBS cards are compared to those obtained by microElution solid phase extraction (µSPE). The main phenolic metabolites detected in blood and plasma samples are phloretin glucuronide, dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid sulphate, (methyl) catechol sulphate, catechol glucuronide, and hydroxyphenyl‐γ‐valerolactone glucuronide. No significant differences are observed between capillary blood, venous blood, and plasma samples using DBS, and neither between plasma samples analyzed by DBS or µSPE.

Conclusions

Finger‐prick blood sampling based on DBS appears to be a suitable alternative to the classic invasive venipuncture for the determination of circulating phenolic metabolites in nutritional postprandial studies.
A low‐profile broadband circular polarization filtering antenna
Authors: Wei Zichun , Zhai Huiqing , Ma Shaobo , Yang Dong , Xue Kun
Published: October 2018

A low‐profile circular polarization filtering antenna with broadband is introduced in this research. The effect of filtering can be achieved by using multi‐layer coupled radiation structure. The bandwidth of the antenna can be expanded by changing the feed line to the gradual deformation structure. Manufacturing and testing of the antenna, the impedance bandwidth (VSWR < 1.5) can reach 28.96% (3.16‐4.23GHz) and the 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth is 16.7% (3.18‐3.76GHz), meanwhile, the maximum simulated gain is 7.5 dBi, outside the working band, the gain of the antenna can be reduced 20 dBi compared by the maximum. The height of the antenna is 5.535 mm, 0.064λ at the center frequency of 3.5 GHz. After investigation and analysis, the antenna can be a good candidate for the 5G anti‐interference wireless and satellite base station communication system.
Multiregion segmentation of bladder cancer structures in MRI with progressive dilated convolutional networks
Authors: Dolz Jose , Xu Xiaopan , Rony Jérôme , Yuan Jing , Liu Yang , Granger Eric , Desrosiers Christian , Zhang Xi , Ben Ayed Ismail , Lu Hongbing
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Precise segmentation of bladder walls and tumor regions is an essential step toward noninvasive identification of tumor stage and grade, which is critical for treatment decision and prognosis of patients with bladder cancer (BC). However, the automatic delineation of bladder walls and tumor in magnetic resonance images (MRI) is a challenging task, due to important bladder shape variations, strong intensity inhomogeneity in urine, and very high variability across the population, particularly on tumors’ appearance. To tackle these issues, we propose to leverage the representation capacity of deep fully convolutional neural networks.

Methods

The proposed network includes dilated convolutions to increase the receptive field without incurring extra cost or degrading its performance. Furthermore, we introduce progressive dilations in each convolutional block, thereby enabling extensive receptive fields without the need for large dilation rates. The proposed network is evaluated on 3.0T T2‐weighted MRI scans from 60 pathologically confirmed patients with BC.

Results

Experiments show the proposed model to achieve a higher level of accuracy than state‐of‐the‐art methods, with a mean Dice similarity coefficient of 0.98, 0.84, and 0.69 for inner wall, outer wall, and tumor region segmentation, respectively. These results represent a strong agreement with reference contours and an increase in performance compared to existing methods. In addition, inference times are less than a second for a whole three‐dimensional (3D) volume, which is between two and three orders of magnitude faster than related state‐of‐the‐art methods for this application.

Conclusion

We showed that a CNN can yield precise segmentation of bladder walls and tumors in BC patients on MRI. The whole segmentation process is fully automatic and yields results similar to the reference standard, demonstrating the viability of deep learning models for the automatic multiregion segmentation of bladder cancer MRI images.
Expression of β‐NGF and high‐affinity NGF receptor (TrKA) in llama (Lama glama) male reproductive tract and spermatozoa
Authors: Sari Luciana M. , Zampini Renato , Argañaraz Martin E. , Carretero María I. , Fumuso Fernanda G. , Barraza Daniela E. , Ratto Marcelo , Apichela Silvana A.
Published: October 2018

β‐Nerve growth factor (β‐NGF) is a seminal plasma element, responsible for inducing ovulation in camelids. The main organ of β‐NGF production remains nondescript. The aims of this study were to (a) characterize gene expression and protein localization of β‐NGF and its main receptor tyrosine kinase receptor A (TrKA) in the llama male reproductive tract, and (b) determine whether the seminal β‐NGF interacts with ejaculated sperm by localizing β‐NGF and TrKA in epididymal, ejaculated, and acrosome‐reacted (AR) sperms and, additionally, by identifying β‐NGF presence in sperm‐adsorbed proteins (SAP). Both β‐NGF and TrkA transcripts are widely expressed along the male reproductive tract, with a higher expression level of β‐NGF at prostate (p < 0.05). β‐NGF immunolabeling was only positive for prostate, whereas TrKA label was present in epithelial and muscular cells of testis, prostate, bulbourethral glands, and epididymis. Using an immunofluorescent technique, β‐NGF was colocalized with TrKA in the middle piece of ejaculated and AR sperm. However, only TrKA was observed in epididymal sperm indicating that β‐NGF could have a seminal origin. This was also confirmed by the identification of four β‐NGF isoforms in SAP. This study extends the knowledge about the participation of β‐NGF/TrkA in llama reproduction, providing evidence that may have roles in the regulation of sperm physiology.
Preparation and properties of a poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel‐melamine formaldehyde foam composite
Authors: Liao Honghui , Liu Yuan , Wang Qi , Duan Wenfeng
Published: October 2018

In the present research, a novel gel‐foam composite was prepared by filling poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel into melamine formaldehyde (MF) foam. Aqueous PVA solution experienced cyclic freezing–thawing to form the hydrogel in the MF skeleton network. The structure and properties of the PVA/MF gel‐foam composite, including crystallization, morphology, viscoelasticity, water resistance, and mechanical properties, were systematically investigated and compared with neat PVA gel. MF shows good compatibility with PVA via hydrogen bonding interaction. Besides, it can serve as a nucleating agent to promote the crystallinity of PVA. Based on the network of MF skeleton and physical crystal net of PVA, an interpenetrating double network structure was constructed, thus resulting in the mechanical properties enhanced. Meanwhile, PVA/MF gel‐foam displayed better water‐resistance than neat PVA gel due to higher crystallization degree and the shield effect of MF skeleton. The improved properties made the material more suitable for a microorganism carrier applied in the biological treatment of wastewater. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Experimental study of particle migration in polymer processing
Authors: Colón Quintana José Luis , Heckner Tobias , Chrupala Achim , Pollock Jesse , Goris Sebastian , Osswald Tim
Published: October 2018

Extrusion and injection molding processes of filled polymers are widely used in industry due to their high strength‐to‐weight ratios and for their ability to manufacture a variety of geometries while improving the overall mechanical and thermal properties. However, filler migration and filler–matrix separation during processing are phenomena that are not fully understood. To gain an improved understanding of these phenomena, polypropylene samples with different glass bead concentrations were manufactured using extrusion, injection molding and a customized screwless extruder that was built in‐house. Computed tomography was performed on the samples to observe particle position and distribution after material solidification.

For all three processes, filler migration and filler–matrix separation was observed. In the extrusion and screwless extrusion processes, particles migrated towards the wall, contrary to current theories and believes. During the injection molding process, filler–matrix separation was manifested as bead‐free zones in the center region and the walls of the spiral mold at the entrance region of the spiral mold. These bead‐free zones were later filled at the far end of the spiral mold suggesting migration of particles along flow with almost no bead‐free zones at the end of the mold. Particle redistribution towards the wall and the center during flow could possibly have happened due to migration and fountain flow effects. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2165–2177, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Mechanical and Barrier Properties Enhancement in Film Extruded Bio‐Polyamides With Modified Nanoclay
Authors: Battegazzore Daniele , Sattin Angela , Maspoch Maria Lluisa , Frache Alberto
Published: October 2018

The plastics industry is increasingly oriented towards the use of bio‐based polymers replacing the fossil‐based ones. Bio‐based polyamides (PAs) in the film packaging application are not still used and need enhancement to overcome some drawbacks. In this scenario, fully (PA10.10) and partially (PA6.10) bio‐based PAs were extruded in a laboratory sheet‐casting machine. The materials used to obtain films were previously melt blended with modified clay in a twin‐screw extruder. The resulting films were morphologically investigated through the scanning electron microscope. The magnifications show agglomerated particles and the packed layers are preferentially aligned in the extrusion machine direction. X‐rays confirm that 5 wt% of clay content is difficult to exfoliate in such matrices. The crystallinity was studied by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry. The XRD results show coexisting α and γ phases in the PA6.10 while the presence of only γ in the PA10.10. The presence of clay platelets constrains the crystallites formation, especially in the more polar PA6.10, resulting in changes in the type and the amount of crystals. The mechanical analysis data showed that 5 wt% of clay induced significant improvement in Young's modulus (+68 and + 14%), a slight increase in the tensile yield stress (+21 and + 5%) and only a surprisingly small decrease in the deformation at break (−15 and −24%) for PA10.10 and PA6.10, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of clay gave the best oxygen barrier properties reaching a value of 1.8 ± 0.2 cm3 × mm/m2 × day × atm comparable to a commercial PA6 film used in the packaging field. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2617–2628, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Free vibration of size and temperature‐dependent carbon nanotube (CNT)‐reinforced composite nanoplates with CNT agglomeration
Authors: Daghigh Hamid , Daghigh Vahid
Published: October 2018

Free vibration analysis of size‐dependent carbon nanotube‐reinforced composite (CNTRC) nanoplates, resting on the visco‐Pasternak foundation is studied. The Mori–Tanaka approach, considering carbon nanotube (CNT) agglomeration, is employed to derive the material properties of the composite nanoplates. The analysis is carried out for the uniform distribution (UD) and randomly oriented (RO) distribution of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) while the nanoplate and the foundation are considered to be temperature‐dependent. Using Hamilton's principle, the governing differential equations are derived based on the Eringen's nonlocal elasticity theory and sinusoidal shear deformation theory (SSDT). The natural frequency of the nanoplates is then obtained by the Navier's analytical solution. To verify the method presented, the results are compared with those in the literature. Detailed parametric studies are performed to discuss the influences of CNTs agglomeration, nonlocal parameter, temperature, foundation parameters, the volume fraction of CNTs, plate length‐to‐thickness, and aspect ratios on the free vibration of the CNTRC nanoplates. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:E1479–E1494, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Influence of the hybrid ratio and stacking sequence on mechanical and damping properties of hybrid composites
Authors: Wang Tingting , Song Bo , Qiao Kun , Ding Chen , Wang Li
Published: October 2018

A study on the correlation between the performances and configurations of plain weave composites reinforced by T300 carbon and aramid fibers is presented in this paper. Laminations with various hybrid ratios and stacking sequences were fabricated by vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM), and then tensile, flexural, interlaminar shear, and damping properties were investigated. The results indicate that the tensile modulus of hybrid composites is determined only by hybrid ratio, while tensile strength is also affected by stacking sequence at an identical hybrid ratio. The concentration of carbon fibers in the center of these configurations leads to a greater tensile strength. For flexural properties, obvious classification characteristics are observed in the load–displacement curves, and both flexural modulus and strength are determined by the stacking sequence. While the flexural properties of all configurations are insensitive to the hybrid ratio, a structure of “Carbon/Aramid” in the outer layer is shown to be detrimental to flexural strength. The study on the damping property shows that both hybrid ratio and stacking sequence have a great influence on the loss factors of these composites. The effect of hybrid interface in energy consumption cannot be ignored, as the interlaminar shear strength test demonstrates that the interface between carbon and aramid layers is superior to that of pure aramid layers. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2368–2380, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Prognosis for pregnancies with trisomy 16 confined to the placenta: A Danish cohort study
Authors: Grau Madsen Sandra , Uldbjerg Niels , Sunde Lone , Becher Naja ,   The Danish Fetal Medicine Study Group,   The Danish Clinical Genetics Study Group
Published: October 2018

Objective

To evaluate the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome when trisomy 16 confined to the placenta is diagnosed and to identify possible prognostic markers for adverse outcomes in these pregnancies.

Method

Registered cases (n = 49) of trisomy 16 diagnosed prenatally in Denmark from 1990 to 2013 were included.

Results

Twenty‐five of the pregnancies intended to be continued had confined placental trisomy 16 mosaicism (CPM16). Adverse pregnancy outcome was seen in 17 CPM16 pregnancies (68%), ranging from mild small for gestational age (SGA) to fetal malformations and intrauterine demise. For cases ascertained by combined first trimester screening, the median concentration of pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP‐A) was 0.17 MoM (IQR: 0.11 MoM). Adverse pregnancy outcome showed a trend toward an association with a high frequency of trisomic cells. Eight children (32%) were born at term with a normal birth weight and no malformations.

Conclusion

The risk of adverse pregnancy outcome in case of CPM16 is correlated to ascertainment by combined first trimester screening and tends to be associated with a high frequency of trisomic cells in the placenta. We recommend that variables including ascertainment, the frequency of trisomic cells, and the maternal serum concentration of PAPP‐A are taken into consideration when evaluating the prognosis in CPM16 while acknowledging that these factors are strongly correlated.
High‐pressure induced formation of isotactic polypropylene mesophase: Synergistic effect of pressure and pressurization rate
Authors: Huang Jingjing , Fu Xiaobo , Shao Chunguang , Ma Zhe , Wang Yaming , Liu Chuntai , Shen Changyu
Published: October 2018

The crystallization induced by high pressures up to 2 GPa was studied for isotactic polypropylene (iPP) using wide angle X‐ray diffraction, small angle X‐ray scattering, and atomic force microscopy methods. The iPP mesophase can be induced at 200°C by high pressures with fast pressurization rate. A pressure–pressurization rate kinetic phase diagram of mesophase and γ‐phase was established to systematically analyze the influences of pressure and pressurization rate on crystallization polymorphism. Under pressure not higher than 0.75 GPa, only γ‐phase is formed, even the pressurization rate reaches 5 × 103 MPa/s. With increasing pressure to 1.0 GPa, the mesophase is possible to be generated. As pressure further increases to 1.5 GPa and higher, the pure mesophase system can be obtained for pressurization rate above the critical values (about 10 MPa/s). Moreover, the structure of iPP mesophase obtained by rapid pressurization was analyzed and compared with that prepared by temperature quenching. Also interestingly, the pressure‐induced mesophase can transform into γ‐phase by annealing under pressure at 200°C, and the rate of this phase transition is slowed down with increasing annealing pressure. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:439–446, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Reactive Extrusion of Polyamide 6 Using a Novel Chain Extender
Authors: Tuna Basak , Benkreira Hadj
Published: October 2018

Polyamide 6 (PA6) is an important engineering thermoplastic, very widely used but prone to thermal degradation during extrusion at temperature not far from its melt temperature (220°C). Typically, and as measured in this study, PA6 extruded at temperature of 300°C shows a 40% decrease in tensile modulus compared with non‐extruded PA6. To rebuild PA6 molecular weight, the easiest and cheapest method is to use an appropriate chain extender. Many chain extenders have been used in the past but they are essentially suited to nucleophile induced degradation, targeting split PA6 chains carboxyl COOH and amine NH2 end groups. What have been lacking are effective chain extenders for thermally only induced degradation, i.e. for the practical cases where the PA6 is thoroughly dried before extrusion. For such a case, the degradation reaction mechanism dictates that the solution is to develop chain extenders that target the split PA6 chains amide CONH2 groups not the carboxyl COOH and amine NH2 end groups. As amide groups strongly react with anhydride functionalities, we test the effectiveness of a novel chain extender, Joncryl® ADR 3400, a styrene maleic anhydride copolymer with multiple, repeating anhydride functionality. Assessment of chain extension in this study is done as with previous work, using rheology, mechanical and thermal properties of PA6 extruded on its own and with the chain extender. The viscoelastic data conclusively show the efficacy of such chain extender with more than 10‐fold changes in the comparative values of the extruded sample storage modulus G’ and as much as an 85% increase in the tensile modulus. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:E25–E31, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Self‐assembly of amphiphilic ABA random triblock copolymers in water
Authors: Kozawa Susan K. , Matsumoto Kazuma , Suzuki Ayaka , Sawamoto Mitsuo , Terashima Takaya
Published: October 2018

Self‐assembly of amphiphilic ABA random triblock copolymers in water serves as a novel approach to create unique structure micelles connected with flexible linkages. The ABA triblock copolymers consist of amphiphilic random copolymers bearing hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) and hydrophobic dodecyl pendants as the A segments and a hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as the middle B segment. The A block is varied in dodecyl methacrylate content of 20%–50% and degree of polymerization (DP) of 100‐200. By controlling the composition and DP of the A block, various architectures can be tailor‐made as micelles in water: PEO‐linked double core unimer micelles, PEO‐looped unimer or dimer micelles, and multichain micelles. Those PEO‐linked or looped micelles further exhibit thermoresponsive solubility in water. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 313–321
Conjugated Carbazole‐Based Schiff Bases as Photoinitiators: From Facile Synthesis to Efficient Two‐Photon Polymerization
Authors: Li Zhiquan , Hu Peng , Zhu Junzhe , Gao Yajun , Xiong Xiang , Liu Ren
Published: October 2018

Exploration of simple and economical synthetic routes to construct active two‐photon initiators (2PIs) with long conjugation length is highly desirable to promote the development of two‐photon‐induced photopolymerization technology. In this article, several conjugated carbazole‐based derivatives containing N=C bonds as π bridges and electron donor/acceptor groups were prepared through one‐step Schiff base reaction. The structure–activity relationship was systematically investigated through calculations and experimental tests. The results showed that compared to the D‐π‐D‐π‐D molecules, the A‐π‐D‐π‐A molecules exhibited stronger charge transfer, which induce redshifted linear absorption and enhanced two‐photon absorption at 800 nm. The 2PIs displayed aggregation‐induced emission property and show potential for the fabrication of luminescent microdevices. In two‐photon‐induced microfabrication tests, the formulations containing novel 2PIs exhibited lower threshold energy than the widely used commercial photoinitiator Irgacure 369 and the two‐photon resists IP‐L is the brand name of the two‐photon resist from Nanoscribe, specially designed for nanoscribe's laser lithography systems. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2692–2700
Inner surface biofilm inactivation by atmospheric pressure helium porous plasma jet
Authors: Lu Peng , Ziuzina Dana , Cullen Patrick J. , Bourke Paula
Published: October 2018

We present a helium porous plasma jet based on gas diffuser, designed with the aim of decontaminating inner surfaces of contaminated structures, e.g., pipes. The porous plasma jet operates with three discharge modes in ambient air and inside a vessel. Its decontamination capacity is demonstrated by evaluating the inactivation efficacy of biofilm form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, adherent to inner surface of a glass vial. Plasma treatments for 5 min with filament mode and double region helium discharge mode reduced bacterial numbers by 2.4 and 2.5 Log10 CFU/ml. Plasma treatment with double region air‐like discharge mode was the most effective, reducing bacterial cells by 4.5 Log10 CFU/ml, which demonstrates porous plasma jet could provide an efficient approach for inner surface decontamination.