bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Memory in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Murdock Bennet B
Published: November 2023

Now that the nature of elementary particles and the basic framework of the genetic code have been worked out, the last, largely unexplored, scientific frontier is the nature of the human mind. Cognitive psychology is only one player in this game, but being a cognitive psychologist myself, I would like to think it takes a leading role. In general, cognitive psychologists are experimental psychologists whose domain of study is the higher mental processes-attention, perception, problem solving, thinking, and reasoning.
The Future of Psychology
Authors: Gregory Richard L
Published: November 2023

There is only one way to predict the future-reflect on the past. What we see from looking back is very much dictated by our personal interests and philosophies; but as these can be made explicit, we can compare and share expectations, and fears and hopes, for predicting and planning futures.
Entropy and the Magic Flute
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

Harold Morowitz has long been regarded highly both as an eminent scientist and as an accomplished science writer. The essays in The Wine of Life, his first collection, were hailed by C.P. Snow as “some of the wisest, wittiest and best informed that I have read,” and Carl Sagan called them “a delight to read.” In later volumes such as Mayonnaise and the Origin of Life and The Thermodynamics of Pizza, he has established a reputation for a wide-ranging intellect, an ability to see unexpected connections and draw striking parallels, and a talent for communicating scientific ideas with optimism and wit. Kirkus Reviews praised Mayonnaise as “wonderfully diverting and very wise.” Nature wrote of Thermodynamics, “his chocolate-coated nuggets of science will continue to entertain and do surreptitious good.” With Entropy and the Magic Flute, Morowitz once again offers an appealing mix of brief reflections on everything from litmus paper to the hippopotamus to the sociology of Palo Alto coffee shops. Many of these pieces are appreciations of scientists that Morowitz holds in high regard. In the title piece, for instance, Morowitz tells of his pilgrimage to the grave of Ludwig Boltzmann, buried in the same cemetery—Vienna’s Central Cemetery—as Beethoven, Schubert, and Brahms. He also writes of J. Willard Gibbs (“thought by many to be the greatest scientist yet produced by the United States”), Jean Perrin (author of Les Atomes, a now-forgotten classic that convinced virtually everyone in science of the validity of the atomic hypothesis), Einstein, Newton (on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of his Principia, a date that passed virtually unnoticed except by Morowitz), Murray Gell-Mann, and Aristotle. Of Aristotle, Morowitz observes that “most people whose information comes from academic philosophy fail to appreciate that—among his many fields of expertise—first and foremost, Aristotle was a biologist.” Indeed, fully a third of Aristotle’s writings are on the life sciences, almost all of which has been left out of standard editions of his work. Many other pieces focus on health issues—such as America’s obsession with cheese toppings, the addiction to smoking of otherwise intelligent people, questionable obstetric practices—and several touch upon ethics, whistle-blowing, and scientific research. There is also a fascinating piece on the American Type Culture Collection, a zoo or warehouse for microbes that houses some 11,800 strains of bacteria, and over 3,000 specimens of protozoa, algae, plasmids, and oncogenes. Here then are over forty light, graceful essays in which one of our wisest experimental biologists comments on issues of science, technology, society, philosophy, and the arts.
Entrophy And The Magic Flute
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

In The Dying Light of a gray December afternoon my wife and I stood before the tombstone of the family Boltzmann in the Vienna Central Cemetery. At the center was a carved stone bust of the eminent nineteenth-century physicist Ludwig Boltzmann. On the left was the name of his wife, and on the right were the names of their three sons, the youngest of whom had died at Smolensk during World War II. Inscribed in stone above the bust was the formula S = k log W. The symbol S represents entropy, k has become known as Boltzmann’s constant, and W is the number of possible molecular configurations corresponding to a given observed state of a physical system. It is the formula that launched the science of statistical mechanics.
The Perversion Of J. Willard Gibbs
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

It Was A Quiet Saturday Afternoon I was browsing the library looking for help with a mathematical difficulty I was having in representing the rotation of molecules and their optical isomers. I chanced on a copy of Vector Analysis by J. Willard Gibbs and was suddenly relieved. First, I had learned my vector theory from Leigh Page, who had overlapped with Gibbs at Yale and taught with Gibbsian notation, which was therefore familiar to me. Second, I had the feeling that the authoritative and farseeing Gibbs would have included the material I was looking for.
Tricentennial
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

One Afternoon In Late November of last year I was reading for amusement the Preface of Treatise on Analytical Dynamics by L. A. Pars. This elegant compendium of classical dynamics begins, not surprisingly, with a recognition of Newton’s Principia, noting that the first edition appeared in 1687. I was struck by the realization that it was the 300th anniversary of one of the greatest publications of all time, and yet the year had passed with, to my knowledge, no remembrances or festivities. The anniversary seemed totally unmarked, at least in the spheres in which I travel. It was hard to imagine. I toasted Sir Isaac with a glass of wine at dinner that night and resolved to mount some more fitting commemoration of the event, however belatedly.
Jesus, Moses, Aristotle, And Laboratory Animals
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

Issues Such As the use of animals in research do not arise as isolated abstractions, as many “animal rights” advocates would have us believe, but are embedded in a cultural framework that goes back over 25 centuries. For contemporary American and European society, the moral structure of that framework has two principal foundations: the Judeo-Christian religious development and the rationalist-humanist school, which has its roots in Greek culture, particularly in the thinking of A1istotle and the Athenian Academy. While animal experimentation per se was not an issue in the classical world, contemporary attitudes on related issues established the basic approaches.
The Fromagification Of America
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

I Was Sitting in a favorite Fairfax, Va., bistro perusing the menu when I noticed that of the eight varieties of sandwiches and seven varieties of gourmet burgers offered, only four-a mere 27%were prepared and served without a cheese covering or cheese melt. Deployed by the chef were Wisconsin cheddar, mozzarella, Monterey Jack, and Swiss. Even the all-American steak sandwich was “topped with grilled onions and melted mozzarella cheese.”
Mammals I Have Known
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

I Have A Newfound Respect for the hippopotamus. Having previously seen animals of this species only in zoos, I thought of them as ungainly, slovenly overeaters waddling slowly through life and surviving because they were too large and thick-skinned for any predator. But walking along the Mara and Tsavo rivers in Kenya and watching these creatures in their native habitats gives one a different perspective. They spend their days mostly submerged to help regulate temperature and their nights grazing in the woods and grasslands near the river. The sound of hippos snorting within earshot of one’s tent at night is, I assure you, a genuine communion with nature.
Expertise
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

AFTER HAVING BEEN AN ACADEMIC for more years than I care to recount, I suppose I have come to have a love-hate relationship with the professoriat. A few things have emerged in recent months that have shaken me up.

It began in the Persian Gulf crisis, leading up to and culminating with Operation Desert Storm. During most of this period, there was little hard news and a great desire for more information on the part of many Americans. The radio and television networks responded with around-the-clock coverage (except on Saturday morning, when the usual inane cartoons took precedence). In the absence of facts to report and with long hours to fill, the tendency is to turn to expert opinion, and that is what the media did.

But who were the experts? There was really a shortage of genuine specialists, and those with sufficient facts were often involved in classified projects. But even in that case, expertise is a fuzzy concept when factual information is in such short supply and good theory virtually nonexistent. The media turned to the universities, and I sensed that some stations were willing to accept as a Middle East expert a social science professor who had smoked a Camel cigarette, sung “The Sheik of Araby,” or seen Bob Hope and Bing Crosby in The Road to Morocco. Similarly, a military expert was often an academic who had risen above the rank of sergeant or gone deer hunting with an automatic rifle. Fifteen minutes of fame was being proffered, and few could answer with the truth: “I really have nothing of value to say at this time.”
Literati
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

I HAVE FOR SOME YEARS NOW been an advocate of the optimistic view that lurking in our archives and libraries are insights, propositions, and generalizations that are hidden in the sheer mass of material. In the biological domain, there has been a growing movement to get publications on-line electronically, in order to use computerized methods of retrieval and analysis to search for hidden meaning. Other fields of study are using computer tools in similar ways.

Sometimes the insights come more traditionally, when one is browsing and grazing in the library. I used to say “browsing” and leave it at that until I came across the ecological distinction that browsing refers to eating leaves and shoots-that is, above ground level-whereas grazing refers to eating grasses. Since the books I seek are, for some curious reason, all too often on the lowest library shelf, I have had to add grazing to browsing to describe library foraging. Thus, I am often found by students in the undignified position of sitting on the floor in the stacks, thumbing through books from the bottom shelf. In addition, random-access material comes in a great variety of ways through the mail, hand carried, by fax, and by electronic mail.
What Is Life? Now Is The Time To Find Out
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

RECENT EXCITEMENT ABOUT sequencing the human genome has generated interesting possibilities for understanding general biology. The raison d’etre of sequencing is to understand the biochemical behavior of an organism. The sequence of DNA base pairs must be indexed to the full structural and functional repertoire of the cells being studied. The time is now at hand to undertake a total analysis, not for something so complex as a human being, but for the smallest and simplest autonomous, selfreplicating organisms. The hope is that basic principles will be most easily seen in the simplest system, in much the same way that early twentieth-century physicists chose hydrogen as the simplest system exhibiting the features of atomic spectra.

In 1962, there began an intensive study of the pleuropneumonia-like organisms, called PPLO, which were then (as now) believed to be the tiniest organisms capable of growth and replication outside a host cell. Almost three decades of further study have focused attention on one genus of the group, Mycoplasma, which includes cells as small as 0.3 pm in diameter and genomes that consist of loops of double-stranded DNA about 800,000 base pairs in length. Some of these cells contain only a billion atoms yet fulfill all our criteria for living organisms. They thus serve as ideal models for probing life at the most reduced level.
Parenting in Transition
Authors: Coltrane Scott
Published: November 2023

While shopping for groceries a short time ago, I ran into Terry, a bright and vibrant attorney friend I hadn’t seen in several years. As we stood in front of the produce bins, Terry used car keys to entertain a fidgety two year old and described the difficulties of balancing family and career: “I’ll bet you can’t imagine me as the domestic type, but things have changed since we had Megan. Now all I want to do is stay home and take care of her, and everyone at the office is questioning my commitment to the firm.”
The Promised Land
Authors: Taylor William R
Published: November 2023

Shall it be said in after-times that the descendants of the noble Cavaliers and gentlemen, who conquered and reclaimed this country, had become so degenerate as to suffer this great inheritance to pass from us? Oh, never let it be said! Gird on your armor, Virginians, and follow me at least to the mountain’s brow! Take one glance over those hitherto impregnable barriers, the great Appalachee, and I will show you a finer country than that promised land which Moses beheld, but never reached Shake off the lethargy which oppresses you, and go with me to this great, this boundless country-this future seat of empires.
Compassion
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C
Published: November 2023

If there is one criticism of medicine and physicians that is widespread among patients today and painful for physicians to hear, it is a perceived deficiency in compassion. This criticism is usually accompanied by a plea for physicians, nurses, all health professionals, and health care institutions to couple their use of medical knowledge and skill with a better perception of the predicament of illness in the persons they are attending. This call for compassion goes directly to the central concern of this book: the character of the physician. Compassion cannot be expressed neatly in a principle, rule, guideline, or description of a duty. It summates the whole of the character, virtues, and vices of physicians and nurses. Its components are many psychological, sociological, cultural, ethnic, and intellectual. But compassion is also a moral virtue in the classical sense in which we are using the term in this book-a habitual disposition, to act in a certain way, a way that facilitates and enriches the telos or purpose of whatever human acts we perform. In medicine, of course, the act in question is the act of healing, helping, and caring for someone who is ill. Compassion is the character trait that shapes the cognitive aspect of healing to fit the unique predicament of this patient.
Can the Medical Virtues Be Taught?
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C
Published: November 2023

In his celebrated but characteristically indecisive dialogue with Meno, Socrates posed the question that still worries the critics and even the friends of ethics: Can good character be taught? More specifically for the purposes of this book, Can the virtues essential to the formation of the good physician be taught, and, if so, How? To answer the question, as Socrates pointed out to Meno, we must know what virtue is and, then, by what method we should teach it. In this book, we have tried, with the post-Socratic insights provided by Aristotle, Aquinas, and other thinkers, to define virtue in general and then those individual virtues important to attaining the ends of medicine. We can now tum, with somewhat less assurance, to a qualified answer to Socrates’ question. Yes, we think the virtues essential to being a good physician can be taught-at least in part, and with some hope of success.
Toward a Comprehensive Philosophy for Medicine
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C
Published: November 2023

In this book we have examined one facet of the moral philosophy of medicine the place virtue theory occupies-and its relationship to principle- and duty-based theories. This is far from a complete rendition of the practical structure requisite for an integral or complete moral philosophy peculiar to medicine. Such a moral philosophy would require that the principles, duties, and virtues appropriate to right and good medical morality themselves be grounded in something more funda mental-in a theory of medicine or some theory of the moral order (its ontology, epistemology, and axiology) as they relate and are applied to a theory of medicine.
Machine: Authorizing an End
Authors: Dunn Francis M
Published: November 2023

The credits begin to roll, the curtain falls, or the curl of a koronis adorns the page, and we are reassured that the performance has ended or that the book is finished. But is such a gesture necessary? Or is a mere gesture sufficient? If the drama is complete, then surely the gesture is an empty one: formal but redundant confirmation that the action has been wrapped up in a satisfactory manner. However, if the action remains open, then the gesture is ironic, like Ionesco’s curtain or Estragon’s decision to go: not an agent of closure but an informer that betrays the work’s incompleteness. In either case we have, or seem to have, an opposition between form and content, between the “internal” completeness or incompleteness of the action and the “external” flourishes that advance or subvert this closure. This opposition shifts the question of closure from the outside to the inside, from the empty gestures of the stage to the “real” completeness of the plot or action that these gestures may or may not endorse. Once we turn our attention from the outside to the inside, and try to judge the completeness of the action, the question seems to have a simple answer: the deus ex machina, the god on the machine, enters at the end to tie up loose ends, resolve all problems, and guarantee that the action is complete. But in so doing, the deus formalizes the closure of the plot and turns this reassuring ending into yet another gesture. The opposition between inside and outside, meaning and gesture, collapses and renders closure deeply problematic.
Becoming Southern
Authors: Morris Christopher
Published: November 2023

Mississippi represented the Old South and all that it stood for perhaps more than any other state. Christopher Morris takes a close look at one of those “typically” southern communities, Jefferson Davis's Warren County, the northern-most of the five old river counties located in the state’s southwestern corner. By exploring Warren County’s history Morris traces the evolution of Old South society from its pioneer origins to its end at the onset of the Civil War. This is a study of a society’s development, a snapshot of the people and their community in crisis and demonstrates the significance of change over time in the antebellum South.
Effects of Chemical Contaminants on Human Health
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B
Published: November 2023

The first indications that environmental chemicals could affect human health were associations between certain diseases and occupational exposures. It is now clear that chemicals in the ambient environment can also influence the health of the general population. This chapter presents a broad overview of the health effects of chemical contaminants in the environment. The emphasis is on general aspects of environmental toxicology and epidemiology. For consideration of the specific effects of individual chemical contaminants, the reader is referred to various books listed in the Appendix. Some of the chemicals cited in this chapter are of primary concern within the occupational environment. However, the effluents from industrial operations can also pose similar hazards to the general community. There have been numerous incidences of disease in neighborhoods downwind or downstream from certain industries.
Biologic and Statistical Concepts
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas
Published: November 2023

In addition to the issues of study design reviewed in Chapter 1, designing, conducting, and interpreting epidemiologic studies requires an understanding of the biologic processes involved in disease causation and of the statistical ways of measuring associations between risk factors and diseases. The first section of Chapter 2 contains a review of some basic biologic concepts relating to causation of disease. Although it is impossible to specify concepts that apply to all associations between risk factors and diseases, the intent of this brief review is to present some of the most important issues that should be considered by the epidemiologist when undertaking a study. Then, following a short section on criteria used to test causal hypotheses, the final sections of this chapter cover basic measures that are commonly used to describe disease frequency and to quantify associations between risk factors and diseases. The more complex analyses presented in subsequent chapters build upon the statistical concepts presented here.
Prospective Cohort Studies: Planning and Execution
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas
Published: November 2023

In a cohort study concerned with disease etiology, the investigator starts with a group of individuals apparently free of the disease(s) of interest. This group of individuals, or cohort, is divided into those exposed to a possible risk factor and those not exposed, and is then followed through time in order to determine the incidence rate (or mortality rate) among the exposed and the incidence rate (or mortality rate) among the unexposed. In a prospective cohort study, the investigator collects information on the expo sure status of the cohort members at the time the study begins, and identifies new cases of disease (or deaths) from that time forward. This contrasts with the retrospective cohort study, to be discussed in Chapter 5, in which exposure status is established from information recorded at some time in the past, and disease incidence (or mortality) is determined from then until the present.
Expletive Subjects and Quasi-Arguments
Authors: Vikner Sten
Published: November 2023

Chomsky (1981:325) makes a distinction between a quasi-argument and a non argument. Taking expletive subjects to be typical non-arguments, I will follow Hoekstra (1983) and Bennis (1986) and assume this difference to be that a quasi argument, like an argument, must be assigned a theta-role, whereas an expletive subject may never be assigned a theta-role.
Hieron and Aetna
Authors: Dougherty Carol
Published: November 2023

Just as a city’s founder lies buried in the middle of the agora, the colonial narrative occupies a central position in the development and production of a city’s emerging self-identity. For this reason, colonial tales will both reflect the circumstances that originally dictated a colony’s foundation and respond to new influences and civic concerns. In spite of the necessary flexibility and variation within individual colonial traditions as they develop over time, an overall narrative pattern emerges that describes the Greek colonial experience in the archaic period as a Delphically authorized response to civic crisis at home. Each of the first three stages in this colonial plot (crisis, Delphi, settlement) links up with a cultural metaphor that addresses the anxieties and conflicts inherent in overseas settlement. These metaphors describe colonization either as an act of purification (murder), interpretation (riddles), or civilization (marriage). Now that we have sketched out the “what” of colonial tales, their narrative pattern and metaphors, we must ask the next question-how are colonial traditions circulated? What are the poetic and cultural contexts suitable for telling the tale of a city’s colonial origins? Choral poetry, due in large part to its civic nature and its performance context, creates a particularly appropriate setting for staging the story of a city’s origins. Using Hieron of Syracuse’s colonization of Aetna and the art and literature that celebrate the foundation as a kind of “generic test laboratory,” this chapter will explore Greek tragedy and epinician poetry as two specific genres of choral poetry that accommodate colonial discourse within their own poetic arenas.
On Being An Active Health-Care Consumer
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B
Published: November 2023

I watched a person who was very close to me suffer needlessly from cancer pain. The nurses refused to give the person the prescribed painkiller more than every five hours, even when the medication was effective for only one hour and eventually became totally ineffective. The nurses refused to call the doctor[They] were concerned about addiction. . . . How could anyone who is in the last stage of terminal cancer live long enough to become addicted? It is shocking to think that street addicts can get narcotics while innocent victims of cancer who are dying in pain are denied access to them because there are so many ignorant doctors and nurses in this crazy world.
Understanding The Weak Opioids
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B
Published: November 2023

When pain is moderate and can’t be controlled by the non-opioid (nonnarcotic) drugs, the next step is to use a weak opioid, of which codeine is the most well known. Like the strong opioids, these drugs typically cause constipation, which can be prevented with laxatives (such as senna [Senokot-S], Metamucil, Milk of Magnesia, Dulcolax, or suppositories), stool softeners (such as Colace), or enemas as needed (see Chapter 10). Nausea and vomiting are also sometimes a side effect, although these side effects usually last only a few days with consistent use of these medications. Although physical dependence (which means withdrawal symptoms would occur if the drug were stopped suddenly) and tolerance (which means that, as the body adapts to the dose, more is needed to achieve the same painrelieving effect) sometimes occur, they are usually not important problems when the weak opioids are used for pain. These drugs are not really ‘‘weak’‘; they are just considered weaker than the ‘‘strong’‘opioids (such as morphine) because their dosage is limited by the other compounds with which they are formulated, such as Tylenol or aspirin. Because the dosing guidelines and side effects are so different for the so-called ‘‘strong’‘opioids, a fuller discussion of their use will be explored in the next chapter.
Summer Versus Winter Limitation Of Populations: What Are The Issues And What Is The Evidence?
Authors: Sherry Thomas W , Holmes Richard T
Published: November 2023

Migratory passerine birds that breed in the temperate zone and winter at tropical latitudes comprise one of the grand spectacles of nature, in terms of their prodigious flying and navigating abilities, abundance of individuals, diversity of species traveling up to tens of thousands of kilometers annually, and the emotional impact of their seasonal song choruses. Beyond their esthetic value, these migratory birds consume vast quantities of insects and other arthropods, and perform other ecosystem functions, although the potential ecosystem and economic consequences of the migratory bird phenomenon remain virtually unstudied. The possibility that many of these migrant species may be declining due to global environmental problems is thus alarming (reviewed by Terborgh 1989, 1992, Askins et al. 1990, Finch 1991). Ultimately the most important foundation for the development of sound conservation strategies for these species is a sound scientific understanding of their ecology and evolution. Improved understanding of migrant birds, and of their recent population declines, requires intensive studies of diverse populations and the factors that limit them, including reproductive success, survivorship, habitat suit ability, and the effects of food resources and predator abundance. Moreover, because long-distance migrants typically spend only about 3-4 months in their temperate breeding areas (Keast 1980), studies of their population structure, demography, and habitat use must also take place in winter and along migratory routes.
Runaway Slaves
Authors: Schweninger John Hope , Franklin Loren
Published: November 2023

From John Hope Franklin, America's foremost African American historian, comes this groundbreaking analysis of slave resistance and escape. A sweeping panorama of plantation life before the Civil War, this book reveals that slaves frequently rebelled against their masters and ran away from their plantations whenever they could. For generations, important aspects about slave life on the plantations of the American South have remained shrouded. Historians thought, for instance, that slaves were generally pliant and resigned to their roles as human chattel, and that racial violence on the plantation was an aberration. In this precedent setting book, John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweninger demonstrate that, contrary to popular belief, significant numbers of slaves did in fact frequently rebel against their masters and struggled to attain their freedom. By surveying a wealth of documents, such as planters' records, petitions to county courts and state legislatures, and local newspapers, this book shows how slaves resisted, when, where, and how they escaped, where they fled to, how long they remained in hiding, and how they survived away from the plantation. Of equal importance, it examines the reactions of the white slaveholding class, revealing how they marshaled considerable effort to prevent runaways, meted out severe punishments, and established patrols to hunt down escaped slaves. Reflecting a lifetime of thought by our leading authority in African American history, this book provides the key to truly understanding the relationship between slaveholders and the runaways who challenged the system--illuminating as never before the true nature of the South's "most peculiar institution."
Whither Thou Goest
Authors: Schweninger John Hope , Franklin Loren
Published: November 2023

Rachel O’connor, the mistress of Evergreen Plantation in West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana, felt deeply about her servants. In her correspondence she spoke fondly of her slaves, and it was clear that her affection was deep and sincere. But she could not completely divorce her feelings of good fortune from the economic gain that came with the birth of each new black baby. At the time of her death, 84 percent of her estate was human property. She wrote in 1830: I have sixteen little negro children a raising, the oldest of the sixteen a little turned of six years old, all very healthy children excepting my little favorite Isaac, he is subject to a cough but seldom sick enough to lay up, the poor little fellow is laying at my feet sound asleep. I wish I did not love him, as I do, but it is so, and I cannot help it.
Where to Go?
Authors: Schweninger John Hope , Franklin Loren
Published: November 2023

As part of the thomas bowman estate in Bullitt County, Kentucky, Jack (also known as John), a tanner by trade, was turned over to Bowman’s widow as part of her inheritance following her husband’s death. Previously, Jack had been permitted to visit his wife regularly, but when the widow moved to Louisville, the visitations ceased. In his early forties, it was a painful and difficult period, but then, a stroke of luck: H. H. Buffenmyer, a resident of Jefferson County who lived not far from the city, purchased Jack’s wife.
The Hunt
Authors: Schweninger John Hope , Franklin Loren
Published: November 2023

Slave Catcher James C. Knox, of East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, set out in July 1856 to capture Big Sandy, a slave owned by a local planter who had been hired out and had run away. A man of little means who owned no property, Knox had earned small amounts of extra cash on previous occasions hunting runaways. Borrowing a pack of hounds, he moved across the undulating countryside, along the dirt roads and into ravines, as his dogs lurched forward. An experienced hunter, Knox was confident that he could find Big Sandy, although he worried about how much resistance the black man might offer. He was confident that he could handle the situation, however, as he had on many previous occasions. He was equally confident that he would be able to collect a reward. He needed the money.
The Development of Sexual Preference
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

In our earlier discussion of the emergence of sexual identity (Chapter 3), we outlined a pattern of sexual development among bisexuals. We saw an initial confusion over feelings, attractions, and behaviors, and we saw how bisexuals resolved this confusion by finding and applying a label for their sexual identity. Not all bisexuals settled into an identity, however, and many felt continuing uncertainty about their sexual preference. In order to understand how a person comes to identify as bisexual instead of heterosexual or homosexual, we need to make comparisons between the groups. Do the early sexual feelings and experiences of bisexuals differ from those of heterosexuals and homosexuals? Is continuing uncertainty about sexual preference more common among bisexuals, or is it found among other groups as well? How stable is the bisexual identity when compared with the homosexual and heterosexual identities? Examining sexual development among heterosexuals and homosexuals as well as bisexuals provides a broader idea about what goes into the development of sexual preference.
The Emergence of AIDS
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

Quarantine and its moral equivalent, stigmatization, function to maintain a boundary we find essential to our psychological wellbeing. We feel the need to separate ourselves not only from sickness and death, but from the perils of what has been called the “spoiled identity”-the fall from grace, the contagion of dirt. AIDS patients attract fear and dislike precisely because of these forces. Our fright is enhanced by the marginality of their social position …They possess a profoundly ambiguous and inarticulate status-they have, to many minds, been left out of the patterning of society, and they are to blame.1
Changes in Sexuality
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

The emergence of AIDS in the United States had a profound effect on bisexuals. Not only were they lumped together with homosexuals as the original culprits in spreading the disease throughout the country, they were also seen as the main conduit of AIDS into an “innocent” heterosexual community. In addition, the bisexuals in our study had witnessed the AIDS-related deaths of lovers and many friends and were living in a city where AIDS warnings were constant.
Changes in Relationships
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

During our original round of interviews in 1983, we found that most of the bisexuals had a clear idea of the relationships they ideally wanted. The most common ideal was to have two primary relationships (one heterosexual and one homosexual). The second most commonly desired arrangement was one primary relationship (heterosexual) with a secondary (homosexual) partner. Some kind of group or communal arrangement, though not common, ranked third in preference. No matter what the arrangement, the underlying criterion was that these relationships had to be nonmonogamous. Did these ideals survive?
Thinking Strategically About Society and Health
Authors: Miller S M
Published: November 2023

This book has identified a number of social factors that influence health—factors such as race, gender, work, family community, culture, and the national economy. The authors trace the ways in which these factors affect health outcomes directly, indirectly, and in myriad combinations, and identify many facets of health that are shaped by social forces. They also point out important gaps in knowledge and observe that we are far from ready to fashion action plans with any certainty that they will be effective, not to mention politically and economically defensible.
Care and Moral Intuition
Authors: Kultgen John
Published: November 2023

Yet we recall some occasions when we were grateful for unsolicited help and others when we shunted it aside only to rue our stubbornness. We grieve over the self-inflicted harm of friends and bitterly regret that we did not insist on helping. We are proud of occasions when we intervened, though it was not welcome or appreciated at the time. Therefore, we cannot honestly say that aid should be given to others only when they ask for it. Sometimes it should be urged on them.
The Evaluation of Parentalism
Authors: Kultgen John
Published: November 2023

On the inductive model suggested in Chapter 2, the ability to account for firm and widely shared intuitions is an important test for moral principles. A principle should explain why actions in core cases are right or wrong, decide hard cases, and explain why the hard cases are hard. Thus Dan Brock claims that his consequentialist principle of parentalism meets all of these conditions: it captures the core intuition behind the question, ‘When my conduct harms no one else, and I bear its full consequences, why is it anyone’s business but my own, and what gives anyone else a right to interfere?’ It settles hard cases-for example, the propriety of deterring persons from smoking cigarettes or entering an unwise marriage; and it makes clear why informed observers disagree on the cases.1
Varieties of Antiparentalism
Authors: Kultgen John
Published: November 2023

This whole discussion is animated by the vision of a caring society whose members are bound together by voluntary ties of mutual solicitude rather than the provisions of a contract or the categorical commands of an authoritative master. In the ideal caring society, people help one another because they want to, not because they are obliged to.
Feinberg’s Antiparentalism
Authors: Kultgen John
Published: November 2023

Feinberg’s discussion is part of a comprehensive study of the moral limits of criminal law. It is obvious that criminal parentalism is unjustified. Not only are the costs of criminalizing self-harmful actions excessive and benefits for the offender dubious, it seems inappropriate to stigmatize him as a criminal. How ever, the conceptual basis for this judgment is not so obvious, and generalization from it to condemn other forms of parentalism may be unwarranted.
Anxiety in the Victorian Advertisement: Evangelical Forms and Material Deliverers
Authors: Loeb Lori Anne
Published: November 2023

Throughout the nineteenth century change enveloped Victorian society. By the 1880s many consumers feared that progress might be short-lived. The Great Depression, the rise of socialism, trade-union activity, the proliferation of evolutionary theories, and increasing questions about belief, religion, and morality seemed to augur the precipitous decline of a great empire. Beatrice Webb wrote of "a growing uncasiness."1 Punch lampooned the popular fin-dc-sicclc mood.2 As consumer insecurities flourished and multiplied, late nineteenth-century advertisers recognized a commercial opportunity. With almost pernicious zeal, they offered a hedonistic solution-material deliverance from every care and heavenly rewards predicated on the transformativc experience of consumption.
Historical perspectives on cooperative behavior
Authors: Dugatkin Lee Alan
Published: November 2023

Evidence that great minds have been contemplating a question for millennia does not, in and of itself, make that subject interesting—but it certainly hints that it is. The introductory quotes by Aristotle, Hobbes, and Kant are meant to illustrate the long and illustrious history surrounding the study of cooperation. Cooperative behavior, in one form or another, has been an integral part of virtually all religions and has tickled the fancy of brilliant minds in philosophy, political science, economics, anthropology, psychology, and evolutionary biology throughout recorded history (and no doubt before this).
Theoretical perspectives on the evolution of cooperation
Authors: Dugatkin Lee Alan
Published: November 2023

As we saw in the opening chapter, evolutionary biologists and others have had a longstanding interest in cooperative behavior. Up to this point, however, the word “cooperate” has been tossed around rather loosely and no formal definition has yet been provided. This was partially intentional, as it seems difficult to provide such a definition in the context of (briefly) summarizing 2300 years of thought on what is in fact a broadly defined word, at least in everyday usage. In fact, even within the field of animal behavior and behavioral ecology, attempts to describe terms like cooperation and altruism sometimes produce almost oxymoronic phrases such as “self-interested refusal to be spiteful” (Grafen, 1984), “quasi-altruistic selfishness” (West-Eberhard, 1975) and “joint stock individualism” (Kropotkin, 1908; see Wilson and Dugatkin, 1992, for more on these terms and the semantic confusion surrounding them).
The Formal Conception of the Good
Authors: Philips Michael
Published: November 2023

According to universalists, morality is a kind of super code, and particular moralities are defensible to the extent that they resemble it. Chapters 1 and 2 argued against the most popular and plausible attempts to establish the existence of such a code and to describe its content. The failure of these efforts does not prove there is no such code, but it leaves us without a good reason to believe there is one. As we have seen, the rejection of the super code conception (the rejection of universalism) is not a rejection of objectivity in ethics. The fact that there is no such thing as universal morality is compatible with the existence of criteria for evaluating moralities. ESA offers such a criterion. So do rule utilitarianism and contractarianism.
The Indian “Problem”
Authors: Robinson Ray
Published: November 2023

William Penn Adair Rogers was born on November 4, 1879, in a house located four miles northeast of Oologah, in the Cooweescoowee District of the Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory—in an area that later became part of the state of Oklahoma.
Civil War
Authors: Robinson Ray
Published: November 2023

Cherokees who had Robert’;s blood ancestry were known as “white Indi ans,” but this failed to enhance their relationship with the white community. When the removal to the west took place in 1836, Robert and his wife, Sallie Vann, the daughter of a prominent Cherokee family, joined John in the great migration.
Will Marries Betty
Authors: Robinson Ray
Published: November 2023

The panic had a numbing effect on business, in general, which meant smaller crowds were turning out to watch vaudevillians like Will. It was, naturally, more difficult to get good bookings. Upon his return to the United States in June, Will found the rocky road of vaudeville more precarious than ever. Even the bidding war between the Keith combine and a new chain, run by Marc Klaw and A. L. Erlanger, failed to help Will: He still struggled to make $300 a week, even as others benefited from the heated competition in the business.
Socially Constructing the Individual
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

It was often proclaimed in the late nineteenth century that the key to all biological problems must, in the last analysis, be traced to the cell. The discovery that all cells arise by division of preexisting cells, neatly embodied in Rudolf Virchow’s maxim “omnis cellula e cellula”; the extension and verification of this maxim in the demonstration that the vertebrate egg is a single cell; and the demonstrations of the 1870s and 1880s that the internal processes of cell division were fundamentally the same in both plants and animals-all magnified the importance of the cell as a universal unit of structure. Cell theory, inaugurated a new era in the history of physiology and pathology based on the belief that all the various functions of the body, in health and disease, were but outward expression of cell activities. It was through cell theory again that the way was opened for understanding the nature of embryonic development and the law of genetic continuity that lay at the basis of inheritance. It was frequently claimed that no other biological generalization, save only the theory of organic evolution, had brought so many apparently diverse phenomena under one common point of view or had accomplished more for the unification of knowledge.
Background
Authors: Sommer Alfred , West Keith P
Published: November 2023

Vitamin A deficiency is one of the oldest recorded medical conditions, long recognized for its striking and unique ocular manifestations. Nightblindness and its successful treatment with animal liver was known to the ancient Egyptians at least 3500 years ago, and is mentioned by Hippocrates. Corneal destruction resulting in permanent blindness was certainly recognized by eighteenth and nineteenth century phusicians, usually in association with severe systemic illnesses like meningitis, tuberculosis, typhoid, and severe protein energy malnutrition.
Dietary Intervention
Authors: Sommer Alfred , West Keith P
Published: November 2023

Vitamin A deficiency is fundamentally a nutritional disorder and thus appears to have an obvious, dietary solution: increase the intake of foods rich in “vitamin A” (preformed retinyl esters or provitamin A carotenoids) to a satisfactory level among those who are deficient. Finding effective dietary approaches to prevent vitamin A deficiency in most developing countries, however, is not straightforward, despite a generally sufficient supply of “vitamin A” in available foods. Where foods containing vitamin A are already available, affordable, and used by most households, the most vulnerable groups (low-income families, children) frequently do not consume adequate amounts. These populations would be expected to benefit from effective programs aimed at changing the dietary behavior (e.g., eating practices) of those in need.

Where vitamin A-rich foods are not locally available or affordable, one faces the greater challenge of both creating demand (for a better diet) and increasing the available, affordable supply. The latter goal has been approached by encouraging food production for personal consumption and creation of local micro-enterprises that increase availability at the marketplace.
Lexicon as a Key To History, Nation, and Society
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2023

Since many languages, especially European languages, have words denoting ‘native country’, the concepts embodied in these words may be assumed to transcend language boundaries. In fact, words that appear to match in this way often differ from one another in particularly telling ways, offering valuable insight into different national traditions and historical experiences. I will illustrate this general proposition by analyzing and comparing three key words of modern German and Polish: Heimat, vaterland, and ojczyzna. For comparison, I will also include a cursory discussion of the Russian word rodina.
Fourier Optics and the Role of Diffraction in Image Formation
Authors: Glaeser Robert M , Downing Kenneth , DeRosier David , Chiu Wah , Frank Joachim
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a brief review of the basic concepts of image formation, described from a wave-optical point of view. Chapter 2 has already given an outline of important concepts that emerge from x-ray crystallography. The concepts of x-ray crystallography contribute only one part of the foundations of electron crystallography, however. The mathematical understanding of image formation contributes a second part that is equally basic to the development of electron crystallography.