bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Gamma-Irradiated Recycled Low-Density Polyethylene on the High- and Low-Temperature Properties of Bitumen
Authors: Ahmedzade Perviz , Fainleib Alexander , Günay Taylan , Starostenko Olga , Kovalinska Tetyana
Published: July 2013

This paper describes polymer modification of bitumen with gamma-irradiated recycled (γ-LDPER) low-density polyethylene. The recycled low-density polyethylene (LDPER) was obtained from greenhouse films exposed to sunlight at least one year. The surface of theLDPERwas treated by gamma beam irradiation that provided formation of free radicals and some functional groups that may contribute to the creation of strong chemical bonds between polymer modifier and bitumen. Five different samples of bitumen/γ-LDPERcompositions with the modifier content, wt. %: 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9, were prepared. The effects of theγ-LDPERon original and aged bitumen were investigated by means of morphological, chemical, and physical testing program, including FTIR spectroscopy, conventional tests, rotational viscosity (RV), dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and bending beam rheometer (BBR) tests. Superior performing asphalt pavements (Superpave) specifications were used to analyze mechanical test results as well as to determine the performance grades (PG) of the binders. Optimum usage of theγ-LDPERas modifier in bitumen were suggested after testing program. The results reveal the stiffening effect of theγ-LDPERon bitumen that provide enhanced temperature susceptibility and also promise better performance grades (PG) withγ-LDPERpolymer modification.
Strategic Cognitive Sequencing: A Computational Cognitive Neuroscience Approach
Authors: Herd Seth A. , Krueger Kai A. , Kriete Trenton E. , Huang Tsung-Ren , Hazy Thomas E. , O'Reilly Randall C.
Published: July 2013

We address strategic cognitive sequencing, the “outer loop” of human cognition: how the brain decides what cognitive process to apply at a given moment to solve complex, multistep cognitive tasks. We argue that this topic has been neglected relative to its importance for systematic reasons but that recent work on how individual brain systems accomplish their computations has set the stage for productively addressing how brain regions coordinate over time to accomplish our most impressive thinking. We present four preliminary neural network models. The first addresses how the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and basal ganglia (BG) cooperate to perform trial-and-error learning of short sequences; the next, how several areas of PFC learn to make predictions of likely reward, and how this contributes to the BG making decisions at the level of strategies. The third models address how PFC, BG, parietal cortex, and hippocampus can work together to memorize sequences of cognitive actions from instruction (or “self-instruction”). The last shows how a constraint satisfaction process can find useful plans. The PFC maintains current and goal states and associates from both of these to find a “bridging” state, an abstract plan. We discuss how these processes could work together to produce strategic cognitive sequencing and discuss future directions in this area.
Selected Health Status Measures of Children from US Immigrant Families
Authors: Yu Stella M. , Lin Sue C. , Adirim Terry
Published: July 2013

Using the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health (N= 91,532), we studied the relationship between the joint effects of immigrant family type (foreign-born children, US-born children/one foreign-born parent, US-born children/both foreign-born parents, and US-born children/US-born parents) and race/ethnicity on various health measures (parent-reported physical and dental health, obesity/overweight, breast-feeding, school absence, injury, and chronic condition). We used weighted logistic regression to examine the independent effects of the 12-level joint variable on various health status measures while controlling for confounding factors. Overall, nearly one-third of families with both foreign-born parents were poor, and one-quarter of the parents in these households did not complete high school. Compared with non-Hispanic White US-born children, multivariable analyses indicate that all Hispanic children have higher odds of obesity, poor physical and dental health, with Hispanic foreign-born children 7 times as likely to report poor/fair physical health. Most children of immigrant parents were more likely to have been breast-fed and less likely to miss school more than 11 days. Child age and household poverty status were independently associated with most of the health status measures. Combined race/ethnicity and immigrant family type categories have heterogeneous associations with each health outcome measure examined. Culturally competent interventions and policies should be developed to serve these expanding communities.
Splice Loss of Graded-Index Fibers: Accurate Semianalytical Descriptions Using Nelder-Mead Nonlinear Unconstrained Optimization with Three-Parameter Fundamental Modal Field
Authors: Roy Choudhury Raja , Roy Choudhury Arundhati , Kanti Ghose Mrinal
Published: July 2013

A faster and accurate semianalytical formulation with a robust optimization solution for estimating the splice loss of graded-index fibers has been proposed. The semianalytical optimization of modal parameters has been carried out by Nelder-Mead method of nonlinear unconstrained minimization suitable for functions which are uncertain, noisy, or even discontinuous. Instead of normally used Gaussian function, as the trial field for the fundamental mode of graded-index optical fiber a novel sinc function with exponentially and R-3/2 (R is the normalized radius of the optical fiber) decaying trailing edge has been used. Due to inclusion of three parameters in the optimization of fundamental modal solution and application of an efficient optimization technique with simple analytical expressions for various modal parameters, the results are found to be accurate and computationally easier to find than the standard numerical method solution.
Conservation Laws for a Generalized Coupled Korteweg-de Vries System
Authors: Nkwanazana Daniel Mpho , Muatjetjeja Ben , Khalique Chaudry Masood
Published: July 2013

We construct conservation laws for a generalized coupled KdV system, which is a third-order system of nonlinear partial differential equations. We employ Noether's approach to derive the conservation laws. Since the system does not have a Lagrangian, we make use of the transformationu=Ux,v=Vxand convert the system to a fourth-order system inU,V. This new system has a Lagrangian, and so the Noether approach can now be used to obtain conservation laws. Finally, the conservation laws are expressed in theu,vvariables, and they constitute the conservation laws for the third-order generalized coupled KdV system. Some local and infinitely many nonlocal conserved quantities are found.
Interleukin-33 Drives Activation of Alveolar Macrophages and Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Asthma
Authors: Bunting Melissa M. , Shadie Alexander M. , Flesher Rylie P. , Nikiforova Valentina , Garthwaite Linda , Tedla Nicodemus , Herbert Cristan , Kumar Rakesh K.
Published: July 2013

We investigated the role of interleukin-33 (IL-33) in airway inflammation in an experimental model of an acute exacerbation of chronic asthma, which reproduces many of the features of the human disease. Systemically sensitized female BALB/c mice were challenged with a low mass concentration of aerosolized ovalbumin for 4 weeks to induce chronic asthmatic inflammation and then received a single moderate-level challenge to trigger acute airway inflammation simulating an asthmatic exacerbation. The inflammatory response and expression of cytokines and activation markers by alveolar macrophages (AM) were assessed, as was the effect of pretreatment with a neutralizing antibody to IL-33. Compared to chronically challenged mice, AM from an acute exacerbation exhibited significantly enhanced expression of markers of alternative activation, together with enhanced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and of cell surface proteins associated with antigen presentation. In parallel, there was markedly increased expression of both mRNA and immunoreactivity for IL-33 in the airways. Neutralization of IL-33 significantly decreased both airway inflammation and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines by AM. Collectively, these data indicate that in this model of an acute exacerbation of chronic asthma, IL-33 drives activation of AM and has an important role in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation.
Effect of NaCl on Heat Resistance, Antibiotic Susceptibility, and Caco-2 Cell Invasion ofSalmonella
Authors: Yoon Hyunjoo , Park Beom-Young , Oh Mi-Hwa , Choi Kyoung-Hee , Yoon Yohan
Published: July 2013

This study evaluated the effects of NaCl on heat resistance, antibiotic susceptibility, and Caco-2 cell invasion ofSalmonella.Salmonella typhimuriumNCCP10812 andSalmonella enteritidisNCCP12243 were exposed to 0, 2, and 4% NaCl and to sequential increase of NaCl concentrations from 0 to 4% NaCl for 24 h at 35°C. The strains were then investigated for heat resistance (60°C), antibiotic susceptibility to eight antibiotics, and Caco-2 cell invasion efficiency.S. typhimuriumNCCP10812 showed increased thermal resistance (P<0.05) after exposure to single NaCl concentrations. A sequential increase of NaCl concentration decreased (P<0.05) the antibiotic sensitivities ofS. typhimuriumNCCP10812 to chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and oxytetracycline. NaCl exposure also increased (P<0.05) Caco-2 cell invasion efficiency ofS. enteritidisNCCP12243. These results indicate that NaCl in food may cause increased thermal resistance, cell invasion efficiency, and antibiotic resistance ofSalmonella.
One‐Step Fabrication of Hierarchically Structured Silicon Surfaces and Modification of Their Morphologies Using Sacrificial Layers
Authors: Cho Seong J. , Seok Se Yeong , Kim Jin Young , Lim Geunbae , Lim Hoon
Published: July 2013

Fabrication of one‐dimensional nanostructures is a key issue for optical devices, fluidic devices, and solar cells because of their unique functionalities such as antireflection and superhydrophobicity. Here, we report a novel one‐step process to fabricate patternable hierarchical structures consisting of microstructures and one‐dimensional nanostructures using a sacrificial layer. The layer plays a role as not only a micromask for producing microstructures but also as a nanomask for nanostructures according to the etching time. Using this method, we fabricated patterned hierarchical structures, with the ability to control the shape and density of the nanostructure. The various architectures provided unique functionalities. For example, our sacrificial‐layer etching method allowed nanostructures denser than what would be attainable with conventional processes to form. The dense nanostructure resulted in a very low reflectance of the silicon surface (less than 1%). The nanostructured surface and hierarchically structured surface also exhibited excellent antiwetting properties, with a high contact angle (>165°) and low sliding angle (<1°). We believe that our fabrication approach will provide new insight into functional surfaces, such as those used for antiwetting and antireflection surface applications.
Particle Production in Strong Electromagnetic Fields in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
Authors: Tuchin Kirill
Published: July 2013

I review the origin and properties of electromagnetic fields produced in heavy-ion collisions. The field strength immediately after a collision is proportional to the collision energy and reaches ~mπ2at RHIC and ~10mπ2at LHC. I demonstrate by explicit analytical calculation that after dropping by about one-two orders of magnitude during the first fm/c of plasma expansion, it freezes out and lasts for as long as quark-gluon plasma lives as a consequence of finite electrical conductivity of the plasma. Magnetic field breaks spherical symmetry in the direction perpendicular to the reaction plane, and therefore all kinetic coefficients are anisotropic. I examine viscosity of QGP and show that magnetic field induces azimuthal anisotropy on plasma flow even in spherically symmetric geometry. Very strong electromagnetic field has an important impact on particle production. I discuss the problem of energy loss and polarization of fast fermions due to synchrotron radiation, consider photon decay induced by magnetic field, elucidateJ/ψdissociation via Lorentz ionization mechanism, and examine electromagnetic radiation by plasma. I conclude thatallprocesses in QGP are affected by strong electromagnetic field and call for experimental investigation.
Novel 4-Arm Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Block-Poly(Anhydride-Esters) Amphiphilic Copolymer Micelles Loading Curcumin: Preparation, Characterization, and In Vitro Evaluation
Authors: Lv Li , Shen Yuanyuan , Li Min , Xu Xiaofen , Li Mingna , Guo Shengrong , Huang Shengtang
Published: July 2013

A novel 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(anhydride-esters) amphiphilic copolymer (4-arm PEG-b-PAE) was synthesized by esterization of 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(anhydride-esters) which was obtained by melt polycondensation ofα-,ω-acetic anhydride terminated poly(L-lactic acid). The obtained 4-arm PEG-b-PAE was characterized by1H-NMR and gel permeation chromatography. The critical micelle concentration of 4-arm PEG-b-PAE was 2.38 μg/mL. The curcumin-loaded 4-arm PEG-b-PAE micelles were prepared by a solid dispersion method and the drug loading content and encapsulation efficiency of the micelles were 7.0% and 85.2%, respectively. The curcumin-loaded micelles were spherical with a hydrodynamic diameter of 151.9 nm. Curcumin was encapsulated within 4-arm PEG-b-PAE micelles amorphously and released from the micelles, faster in pH 5.0 than pH 7.4, presenting one biphasic drug release pattern with rapid release at the initial stage and slow release later. The hemolysis rate of the curcumin-loaded 4-arm PEG-b-PAE micelles was 3.18%, which was below 5%. The IC50value of the curcumin-loaded micelles against Hela cells was 10.21 μg/mL, lower than the one of free curcumin (25.90 μg/mL). The cellular uptake of the curcumin-loaded micelles in Hela cell increased in a time-dependent manner. The curcumin-loaded micelles could induce G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of Hela cells.
Prediction and Treatment of Difficult Cases in Colorectal Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection
Authors: Inada Yutaka , Yoshida Naohisa , Kugai Munehiro , Kamada Kazuhiro , Katada Kazuhiro , Uchiyama Kazuhiko , Handa Osamu , Takagi Tomohisa , Konishi Hideyuki , Yagi Nobuaki , Naito Yuji , Wakabayashi Naoki , Yanagisawa Akio , Itoh Yoshito
Published: July 2013

Purpose. The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of difficult cases and the learning curve in colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD).Methods. We studied 518 colorectal tumors treated by ESD. Patients were divided into 2 groups such as the difficult ESD group and non-difficult ESD group in view of procedure time and procedure speed, respectively. The clinical features in each group were analyzed, and we also examined cases with severe fibrosis. Furthermore, we divided all cases into 5 periods according to experience of ESDs and investigated the rates of difficult and perforation cases.Results. In view of both procedure time and procedure speed, there were significant differences about mean tumor size, rates of severe fibrosis and perforation, and en bloc resection rate between the two groups. Severe fibrosis was detected in protruding tumors >40 mm in diameter. With respect to the learning curve, the rate of difficult and perforation cases decreased significantly in the late periods compared to the first period.Conclusions. Large tumor size, high rates of severe fibrosis and perforation, and low rate of en bloc resection are related with difficult ESD cases. The increasing of experiences can decrease the rate of difficult cases and perforation.
Human Calmodulin-Like Protein CALML3: A Novel Marker for Normal Oral Squamous Mucosa That Is Downregulated in Malignant Transformation
Authors: Brooks Michael D. , Bennett Richard D. , Weaver Amy L. , Sebo Thomas J. , Eckert Steven E. , Strehler Emanuel E. , Carr Alan B.
Published: July 2013

Oral cancer is often diagnosed only at advanced stages due to a lack of reliable disease markers. The purpose of this study was to determine if the epithelial-specific human calmodulin-like protein (CALML3) could be used as marker for the various phases of oral tumor progression. Immunohistochemical analysis using an affinity-purified CALML3 antibody was performed on biopsy-confirmed oral tissue samples representing these phases. A total of 90 tissue specimens were derived from 52 patients. Each specimen was analyzed in the superficial and basal mucosal cell layers for overall staining and staining of cellular subcompartments. CALML3 was strongly expressed in benign oral mucosal cells with downregulation of expression as squamous cells progress to invasive carcinoma. Based on the Cochran-Armitage test for trend, expression in the nucleus and at the cytoplasmic membrane significantly decreased with increasing disease severity. Chi-square test showed that benign tissue specimens had significantly more expression compared to dysplasia/CIS and invasive specimens. Dysplasia/CIS tissue had significantly more expression than invasive tissue. We conclude that CALML3 is expressed in benign oral mucosal cells with a statistically significant trend in downregulation as tumorigenesis occurs. CALML3 may thus be a sensitive new marker for oral cancer screening.
Bioactivity of Nonedible Parts ofPunica granatumL.: A Potential Source of Functional Ingredients
Authors: Rummun Nawraj , Somanah Jhoti , Ramsaha Srishti , Bahorun Theeshan , Neergheen-Bhujun Vidushi S.
Published: July 2013

Punica granatumL. has a long standing culinary and medicinal traditional use in Mauritius. This prompted a comparative study to determine the bioefficacy of the flower, peel, leaf, stem, and seed extracts of the MauritianP. granatum. The flower and peel extracts resulting from organic solvent extraction exhibited strong antioxidant activities which correlated with the high levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins. The peel extract had the most potent scavenging capacity reflected by high Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity value ( μmol/g air dry weight), very low IC50values for hypochlorous acid ( mg air dry weight/mL), and hydroxyl radicals scavenging ( mg air dry weight/mL). Peel extracts also significantly inhibitedS. mutans(),S. mitis(), andL. acidophilus() growth compared to ciprofloxacin. The flower extract exhibited high ferric reducing, nitric oxide scavenging, and iron (II) ions chelation and significantly inhibited microsomal lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, it showed a dose-dependent inhibition of xanthine oxidase with an IC50value of  mg air dry weight/mL. This study showed that nonedible parts of cultivated pomegranates, that are generally discarded, are bioactive in multiassay systems thereby suggesting their potential use as natural prophylactics and in food applications.
A Review of the Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Raphani Semen
Authors: Sham Tung-Ting , Yuen Ailsa Chui-Ying , Ng Yam-Fung , Chan Chi-On , Mok Daniel Kam-Wah , Chan Shun-Wan
Published: July 2013

The dried ripe seed ofRaphanus sativusL., commonly known as radish seed (or Raphani Semen), is used as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat constipation, chronic tracheitis, and hypertension. The major active compounds in Raphani Semen are alkaloids, glucosinolates, brassinosteroids, and flavonoids. Fatty acids are its main nutritional contents. Raphani Semen has been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, constipation, and cough. So far, there is no report about the adverse/toxic effects of this herb on humans. However, Raphani Semen processed by roasting was reported to exhibit some adverse effects on mice. Additionally, erucic acid, the main fatty acid in Raphani Semen, was shown to enhance the toxicity of doxorubicin. Thus, Raphani Semen has a potential risk of causing toxicity and drug interaction. In summary, Raphani Semen is a valuable TCM herb with multiple pharmacological effects. More studies on Raphani Semen could help better understand its pharmacological mechanisms so as to provide clear scientific evidence to explain its traditional uses, to identify its therapeutic potential on other diseases, and to understand its possible harmful effects.
Joint Involvement in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome: An Ultrasound “Target Area Approach to Arthritis”
Authors: Amezcua-Guerra Luis M. , Hofmann Fritz , Vargas Angelica , Rodriguez-Henriquez Pedro , Solano Carla , Hernández-Díaz Cristina , Castillo-Martinez Diana , Ventura-Ríos Lucio , Gutiérrez Marwin , Pineda Carlos
Published: July 2013

Objective. To characterize the ultrasound (US) pattern of joint involvement in primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS).Methods. Seventeen patients with pSS, 18 with secondary Sjögren’s syndrome (sSS), and 17 healthy controls underwent US examinations of various articular regions. Synovitis (synovial hypertrophy/joint effusion), power Doppler (PD) signals, and erosions were assessed.Results. In patients with pSS, synovitis was found in the metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP, 76%), wrists (76%), and knees (76%), while the proximal interphalangeal joints, elbows, and ankles were mostly unscathed. Intra-articular PD signals were occasionally detected in wrists (12%), elbows (6%), and knees (6%). Erosions were evident in the wrists of three (18%) patients with pSS, one of these also having anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies. While US synovitis does not discriminate between sSS and pSS, demonstration of bone erosions in the 2nd MCP joints showed 28.8% sensitivity and 100% specificity for diagnosing sSS; in comparison, these figures were 72.2 and 94.1% for circulating anti-CCP antibodies.Conclusions. In pSS, the pattern of joint involvement by US is polyarticular, bilateral, and symmetrical. Synovitis is the US sign most commonly found in patients with pSS, especially in MCP joints, wrists, and knees, and bone erosions also may occur.
On Collective Properties of Dense QCD Matter
Authors: Dremin Igor , Kirakosyan Martin , Leonidov Andrei
Published: July 2013

A short review of the two recently analyzed collective effects in dense non-Abelian matter, the photon and dilepton production in nonequilibrium glasma and polarization properties of turbulent Abelian and non-Abelian plasmas, is given.
Identification of Cognitive Distraction Using Physiological Features for Adaptive Driving Safety Supporting System
Authors: Kawanaka Haruki , Miyaji Masahiro , Bhuiyan Md. Shoaib , Oguri Koji
Published: July 2013

It was identified that traffic accidents relate closely to the driver’s mental and physical states immediately before the accident by our questionnaire survey. Distraction is one of the key human factors involved in traffic accidents. We reproduced driver’s cognitive distraction on a driving simulator by means of imposing cognitive loads such as doing arithmetic and having conversation while driving. Visual features such as test subjects’ gaze direction, pupil diameter, and head orientation, together with heart rate from ECG, were used in this study to detect the cognitive distraction. We improved detection accuracy obtained from earlier studies by using the AdaBoost. This paper also suggests a multiclass identification using Error-Correcting Output Coding, which can identify the degree of cognitive load. Finally, we verified the effectiveness of the multiclass identification by conducting a series of experiments. All these aimed at developing a constituent technology of a driver monitoring system that is expected to create adaptive driving safety supporting system to lower the number of traffic accidents.
Hyperpolarization-Activated Current, , in Mathematical Models of Rabbit Sinoatrial Node Pacemaker Cells
Authors: Verkerk Arie O. , Wilders Ronald
Published: July 2013

A typical feature of sinoatrial (SA) node pacemaker cells is the presence of an ionic current that activates upon hyperpolarization. The role of this hyperpolarization-activated current, , which is also known as the “funny current” or “pacemaker current,” in the spontaneous pacemaker activity of SA nodal cells remains a matter of intense debate. Whereas some conclude that plays a fundamental role in the generation of pacemaker activity and its rate control, others conclude that the role of is limited to a modest contribution to rate control. The ongoing debate is often accompanied with arguments from computer simulations, either to support one's personal view or to invalidate that of the antagonist. In the present paper, we review the various mathematical descriptions of that have been used in computer simulations and compare their strikingly different characteristics with our experimental data. We identify caveats and propose a novel model for based on our experimental data.
Fungus Ball in Concha Bullosa: A Rare Case with Anosmia
Authors: Özkırıs Mahmut , Kapusuz Zeliha , Seçkın Selda , Saydam Levent
Published: July 2013

Concha bullosa is the pneumatization of the concha and is one of the most common variations of the sinonasal anatomy. The histopathological changes caused by the infections which arise from the impaired aeration of conchal cavity are frequently found. Fungus ball of the nasal cavity is an extremely rare, fungal infection with only three cases reported previously. In this paper, we present the fourth fungus ball case which developed within a concha bullosa and presented with anosmia.
A Local Region of Interest Imaging Method for Electrical Impedance Tomography with Internal Electrodes
Authors: Kwon Hyeuknam , McEwan Alistair L. , Oh Tong In , Farooq Adnan , Woo Eung Je , Seo Jin Keun
Published: July 2013

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a very attractive functional imaging method despite the low sensitivity and resolution. The use of internal electrodes with the conventional reconstruction algorithms was not enough to enhance image resolution and accuracy in the region of interest (ROI). We propose a local ROI imaging method with internal electrodes developed from careful analysis of the sensitivity matrix that is designed to reduce the sensitivity of the voxels outside the local region and optimize the sensitivity of the voxel inside the local region. We perform numerical simulations and physical measurements to demonstrate the localized EIT imaging method. In preliminary results with multiple objects we show the benefits of using an internal electrode and the improved resolution due to the local ROI image reconstruction method. The sensitivity is further increased by allowing the surface electrodes to be unevenly spaced with a higher density of surface electrodes near the ROI. Also, we analyse how much the image quality is improved using several performance parameters for comparison. While these have not yet been studied in depth, it convincingly shows an improvement in local sensitivity in images obtained with an internal electrode in comparison to a standard reconstruction method.
Role ofHLA,KIR,MICA, and Cytokines Genes in Leprosy
Authors: Jarduli Luciana Ribeiro , Sell Ana Maria , Reis Pâmela Guimarães , Sippert Emília Ângela , Ayo Christiane Maria , Mazini Priscila Saamara , Alves Hugo Vicentin , Teixeira Jorge Juarez Vieira , Visentainer Jeane Eliete Laguila
Published: July 2013

Many genes includingHLA,KIR, andMICAgenes, as well as polymorphisms in cytokines have been investigated for their role in infectious disease.HLAalleles may influence not only susceptibility or resistance to leprosy, but also the course of the disease. Some combinations ofHLAandKIRmay result in negative as well as positive interactions between NK cells and infected host cells withM. leprae, resulting in activation or inhibition of NK cells and, consequently, in death of bacillus. In addition, studies have demonstrated the influence ofMICAgenes in the pathogenesis of leprosy. Specifically, they may play a role in the interaction between NK cells and infected cells. Finally, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines have been influencing the clinical course of leprosy. Data from a wide variety of sources support the existence of genetic factors influencing the leprosy pathogenesis. These sources include twin studies, segregation analyses, family-based linkage and association studies, candidate gene association studies, and, most recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The purpose of this brief review was to highlight the importance of some immune response genes and their correlation with the clinical forms of leprosy, as well as their implications for disease resistance and susceptibility.
Elective Resection for Ongoing Diverticular Disease Significantly Improves Quality of Life
Authors: van de Wall Bryan J.M. , Draaisma Werner A. , van Iersel Jan J. , Consten Esther C.J. , Wiezer Marinus J. , Broeders Ivo A.M.J.
Published: July 2013

Background: Although the risks of elective resection for diverticular disease are well studied, studies on subjective improvement are scarce. This study aims to investigate subjective improvement. Methods: All patients who underwent elective resection for recurring or persisting complaints after an episode of diverticulitis were identified from an in-hospital database. Patients with at least 1 year of follow-up were sent visual analogue scales (VAS) to grade their quality of life (QoL) and the degree of discomfort caused by abdominal pain, abnormal defecation and fatigue before and after resection. Results: One hundred and five patients responded to the questionnaire (response rate 76.6%). The median follow-up was 33 (15-53) months. Elective resection improved general QoL (median VAS improvement 40) and reduced discomfort caused by abdominal pain (median VAS improvement 60) in up to 89.3 and 87.5% of patients, respectively. The effects of elective resection are less profound for discomfort caused by abnormal defecation (77.1%, median VAS improvement 33) and fatigue (75.2%, median VAS improvement 30). Conclusion: Elective resection of the sigmoid for persisting or recurring symptoms after an episode of diverticulitis improves general QoL and discomfort caused by abdominal pain, abnormal defecation and fatigue in the vast majority of patients.
Impact of Body Mass Index on Prognostically Relevant Breast Cancer Tumor Characteristics
Authors: Eichholzer Monika , Huang Dorothy J. , Modlasiak Alexandra , Schmid Seraina M. , Schötzau Andreas , Rohrmann Sabine , Güth Uwe
Published: July 2013

Background: This study analyzes the association of body mass index (BMI) and prognostically relevant breast cancer (BC) characteristics in a country that has been rather spared of the global obesity epidemic. Patients and Methods: Based on 20-year data (1999-2009, n = 1,414) of the prospective relational BC database of the University Hospital Basel, Switzerland, the associations between BMI, tumor size and stage, histological subtype, grading, hormonal receptor status, HER2 status and ‘triple-negative' status were evaluated. Multivariate analysis considered BMI and patient's age. Results: The association between increasing BMI and the above-mentioned variables were as follows (results described in each case: Beta-coefficient or odds ratio, 95% confidence interval, p value): tumor size, (1) entire cohort: 0.03 (0.01-0.05), p < 0.001, (2) tumor found by self-palpation: 0.05 (0.03-0.07), p < 0.001, (3) tumor found by radiological examination: 0.03 (0-0.07), p = 0.044; advanced TNM stage: 1.16 (1.02-1.31), p = 0.022; histological subtype: 1.04 (0.89-1.22), p = 0.602; unfavorable grading: 1.11 (1.00-1.25), p = 0.057; positive estrogen receptor status: 0.95 (0.83-1.09), p = 0.459; positive HER2 status: 0.92 (0.74-1.15), p = 0.467; presence of a ‘triple-negative' carcinoma: 1.19 (0.93-1.52), p = 0.165. Consideration of only postmenopausal BC patients (n = 1,063) did attenuate the results, but did not change the direction of the associations with BMI. Conclusion: BMI was positively associated with TNM stage, grading and tumor size for tumors that were found by self-detection, as well as for those lesions detected by radiological breast examinations.
Influence and Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Simvastatin on Prostatic Hyperplasia in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Zhang Xiangyu , Shen Fang , Dong Lini , Zhao Xiaokun , Qu Xiaobing
Published: July 2013

Objective: To explore the effects and mechanisms of simvastatin on prostate hyperplasia in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Methods: Thirty-six male SHRs were randomly divided into three groups: the 10 and the 20 mg/kg/d simvastatin group and the control group. After 6 weeks the ultra-microscopic prostate structures were observed. The serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and angiotensin II (Ang-II) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The endothelium-derived nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression was evaluated with immunohistochemistry. Results: Compared to the control group, the 20 mg/kg/d simvastatin group presented with lower absolute (p = 0.005) and relative prostate weight (p = 0.009). The basal cells and columnar cells presented with edema, condensed heterochromatin in interstitial fibroblast nuclei, widened nucleus gaps, and decreased mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in the 10 mg/kg/d simvastatin group, these changes were more pronounced in the 20 mg/kg/d simvastatin group. The IL-6 levels in the 10 and 20 mg/kg/d simvastatin groups were lower than those of the controls (p = 0.005 and p = 0.008). The IGF-1 levels of the 20 mg/kg/d simvastatin group were reduced compared to the control group (p = 0.016). Conclusions: Simvastatin can delay and inhibit prostatic hyperplasia and progression in SHR. These actions may be mediated through the suppression of inflammatory and growth factors.
Laparoscopic Varicocelectomy in Infertile Men: Does Age Matter?
Authors: El-Shazly M. , Eissa B.
Published: July 2013

Introduction: Varicocele affects up to 15% of men in the general population. In couples with subfertility, the prevalence of varicocele in male partners was about 12%. In certain countries like the Middle East and Arabian Gulf, it is not rare to find people in their 5th or 6th decades or even older, who are seeking infertility clinics wishing to achieve paternity. Objectives: What are the results of laparoscopic varicocelectomy in relatively older infertile men (>40 years) in comparison with young infertile men (<40 years)? Methods: It is a prospective observational study done in Farwaniya Hospital, Kuwait. Patients (83 cases) were categorized into two age groups: group I (55 patients) with age ranging from 25 to 40 years, and group II (28 patients) with age >40 years (range 41-53 years). Cases with clinically detectable varicocele only were included (grade II and III). Cases who underwent varicocelectomy for pain were excluded from the study as well as cases with previous abdominal surgeries. Cases with subclinical and mild varicocele (grade I) were also excluded from the study. The intra- and postoperative parameters as well as the improvement in semen quality were compared in both groups. Patients were seen after 3 and 6 months as outpatients. Cases were followed up for a mean period of 1 year (range from 6 to 22 months). Results: The intraoperative and postoperative parameters as well as the improvement in semen quality were compared in both groups. There was colonic adhesion to the posterior peritoneum covering internal spermatic veins in 3 cases in group I (3.6%) and in 5 cases in group II (17.8%). This required more dissection to retract the colon and to expose the internal spermatic veins. The mean operative duration for laparoscopic varicocelectomy was significantly longer in group II (75 vs. 45 min in group I). After 3 months, 26 cases (47.2%) of group I and 11 cases (39.2%) of group II had improvement in semen quality. After 6 months, there was improvement in semen quality in 32 cases (58.2%) in group I and in 15 cases in group II (53.5%). Conclusions: Laparoscopic varicocelectomy in relatively old men is sometimes more difficult technically with relatively longer operative duration. However, it can achieve improvement in semen quality comparable to relatively younger patients. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to draw a more relevant conclusion about the impact of age in the outcome of laparoscopic varicocelectomy.
Poststroke Knowledge and Symptom Awareness: A Global Issue for Secondary Stroke Prevention
Authors: Ellis Charles , Barley Jessica , Grubaugh Anouk
Published: July 2013

Background: Stroke survivors are at a substantial risk of repeat stroke. Despite this, many stroke survivors continue their unhealthy prestroke lifestyles. Lack of knowledge related to stroke and stroke risk has been proposed as one contributor to the continuance of unhealthy lifestyles. A comprehensive literature currently exists related to knowledge of stroke and its risk factors and recognition of stroke symptoms in the general population, but less is known about these issues among stroke survivors who are at a higher risk for stroke. The purpose of this review was to examine stroke knowledge among stroke survivors. Methods: Data sources were MEDLINE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library, and the reference lists of published papers were searched to identify relevant studies. We extracted data related to stroke knowledge (general and risk factors) and symptom awareness from studies designed to examine stroke knowledge among stroke survivors. For the study design, we completed a systematic review of stroke knowledge (general information, stroke symptoms and risk factors) among stroke survivors. Standardized and nonstandardized measurements were taken of: (1) general stroke knowledge, i.e. cause, type (ischemic vs. hemorrhage), location, body parts affected and what action to take in the event of having a stroke, (2) stroke awareness (common warning signs and symptoms such as: weakness/numbness, confusion/difficulty speaking, difficulty seeing in one or both eyes, difficulty walking, headache of no known cause) and (3) knowledge or identification of common stroke risk factors (e.g. high blood pressure, high blood sugar,high cholesterol,obesityand smoking). Due to limited information on outcomes and the heterogeneity of the studies, a formal meta-analysis was not conducted. Instead, we completed a qualitative aggregation of study findings. Results: Data from 18 studies spanning 8 countries and including 8,147 participants met the inclusion criteria for this review. These studies offer evidence that many stroke survivors do not have a greater knowledge of stroke despite their having experienced such a life-changing event. Conclusions: Due to their limited knowledge, many stroke survivors may not engage in the required preventive behaviors for good health and reducing the risk of a stroke recurring. More specifically, stroke survivors may understand the cause of their stroke but not be able to identify many stroke symptoms or common stroke risk factors. Stroke education programs should be designed to improve stroke knowledge and facilitate the actions necessary for reducing stroke risk.
Surgical Treatment of Zenker's Diverticulum
Authors: Yuan Yong , Zhao Yong-Fan , Hu Yang , Chen Long-Qi
Published: July 2013

Background: Different surgical techniques have been indicated for the management of Zenker's diverticulum (ZD), including diverticulectomy, diverticulopexy, and diverticular inversion, with or without myotomy, and myotomy alone. More recently, minimally invasive techniques (such as the transoral endoscopic approach) have become increasingly reliable for this disorder. We therefore conducted this systematic review in order to gain a profound understanding of the current trend and evidence in surgical management of ZD. Methods: Medline and PubMed were searched to identify studies on surgical intervention of ZD published in English between January 1990 and March 2011. Results: We identified 6,915 patients from 93 studies evaluating the effect of the surgical intervention for ZD. No randomized controlled trials comparing one technique with another were identified. Conclusion: Diverticulectomy with myotomy has become the mainstream treatment option for ZD. In certain selected patients, endoscopic diverticulotomy may offer some advantages over open surgery, such as less trauma and a lower complication rate. It is important to individualize optimal therapy for each patient. More randomized controlled trials with long-term follow-up results are required to draw a valid conclusion on the best surgical intervention modality for ZD.
Full Mucosal Proctectomy Initiated below the Dentate Line May Prevent the Development of a Perianal Fistula after Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis for Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Araki Toshimitsu , Okita Yoshiki , Fujikawa Hiroyuki , Inoue Yasuhiro , Mohri Yasuhiko , Kusunoki Masato
Published: July 2013

Background: Long-term functional results of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) with mucosal proctectomy (MP) for ulcerative colitis (UC) are satisfactory but may be compromised by perianal fistulae. Methods: We analyzed the effect of the level of MP (above or below the dentate line) on the risk of perianal fistulae in 151 patients undergoing IPAA for UC. Results: A postoperative perianal fistula occurred in 12 patients (10 with MP from the level above the dentate line and 2 below). Patients developing perianal fistulae after IPAA were significantly younger at IPAA (23 vs. 32 years, p = 0.015). Age <25 years at UC onset (hazard ratio, HR, 3.5, p = 0.041), age <30 years at IPAA (HR 4.3, p = 0.015) and MP above the dentate line (HR 4.7, p = 0.010) were significant risk factors for perianal fistulae after IPAA. Multivariate analysis showed that age <30 years at IPAA (HR 4.4, p = 0.018) and MP above the dentate line (HR 6.0, p = 0.012) were significant risk factors. Conclusion: IPAA with MP below the dentate line for UC might reduce the risk of postoperative perianal fistulae.
How Long Will I Be Blue? Prolonged Skin Staining Following Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Using Intradermal Patent Blue Dye
Authors: Gumus Metehan , Gumus Hatice , Jones Sue E , Jones Peter A , Sever Ali R , Weeks Jennifer
Published: July 2013

Background: Blue dye used for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in breast cancer patients may cause prolonged skin discoloration at the site of injection. The aim of this study was to assess the duration of such skin discoloration. Patients and Methods: 236 consecutive patients who had undergone breast conserving surgery and SLNB for breast cancer were reviewed prospectively from January 2007 to December 2009. Results: Of the 236 patients, 2 had undergone bilateral surgery, and 41 had been examined in consecutive yearly reviews. Blue discoloration remained visible at the injection site after 12, 24, and > 36 months in 36.5, 23.6, and 8.6% of the patients, respectively. Conclusion: The use of patent blue for identification of the sentinel lymph node in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery may result in prolonged discoloration of the skin at the injection site.
Prognostic Significance of K-ras Codon 12 Mutation in Patients with Resected Gallbladder Cancer
Authors: Kazmi Hasan Raza , Chandra Abhijit , Nigam Jaya , Noushif M. , Parmar Devendra , Gupta Vishal
Published: July 2013

Background: Point mutation of K-ras is associated with carcinogenesis and overall survival in various cancers. We investigated the mutational spectrum of K-ras codon 12 in resected normal and gallbladder cancer tissue samples in a Northern Indian population and correlated it with different clinicopathological parameters. Patients and Methods: Gallbladder tissues from normal (n = 24) and cancer patients (n = 39) were analyzed for K-ras codon 12 mutation by restriction fragment length polymorphism. Statistical analysis was carried out using the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the difference between survival curves was analyzed by the log-rank test. Results: The frequency of K-ras mutation was significantly higher (p = 0.001) in gallbladder cancer tissue samples (16/39) compared to normal samples (1/24). Patients with K-ras mutation had a significantly decreased overall survival (p = 0.003), particularly for stage II (p = 0.021) and III (p = 0.009) cancers. No significant correlation was observed with any of the other clinicopathological factors studied. Conclusions: Gallbladder cancer has a high frequency of K-ras codon 12 mutation with poorer outcomes in resected stage II and III disease. K-ras mutational analysis has important prognostic implications that need to be investigated further.
Why Asian Americans are Becoming Mainstream
Authors: Nee Victor , Holbrow Hilary
Published: July 2013

In contrast to earlier waves of immigration, the post–1965 Asian immigration to the United States has not spawned an exclusionist backlash among native whites. Rather, the new Asian immigrants and their children are rapidly gaining access to the American mainstream. Whether in integrated residential communities, in colleges and universities, or in mainstream workplaces, Asian Americans' presence is ever more the rule, not the exception. The success of so many Asian American immigrants suggests that race may not be as decisive a factor in shaping socioeconomic attainment as it was in the American past; civil rights reform has been incorporated in a more inclusive American mainstream. As a group in which those of legal status predominate, Asian Americans have enjoyed more open access to mainstream institutions, paving the way to their rapid assimilation.
Contemporary Immigrant Gateways in Historical Perspective
Authors: Singer Audrey
Published: July 2013

This article focuses on settlement trends of immigrants during the periods that bookend the twentieth century, both eras of mass migration. It compares settlement patterns in both periods, describing old and new gateways, the growth of the immigrant population, and geographic concentration and dispersion. Historically, immigrants have been highly concentrated in a few places. Between 1930 and 1990, more than half of all immigrants lived in just five metropolitan areas. Since then, the share of these few destinations has declined, as immigrants have made their way to new metro areas, particularly in the South and West. During the same period, immigrants began to choose the suburbs over cities, following the decentralization of jobs and the movement of opportunities to suburban areas. There are now more immigrants in U.S. suburban areas than cities.
Immigrants in New York City: Reaping the Benefits of Continuous Immigration
Authors: Waters Mary C. , Kasinitz Philip
Published: July 2013

Using New York City as an example, this essay examines how American cities that have a long and continuous history of absorbing immigrants develop welcoming institutions and policies for current immigrants and their children. Cities such as Chicago, San Francisco, and New York have been gateway cities for many previous waves of immigrants and continue to absorb new immigrants today. The ethnic conflicts and accommodations of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries continue to shape the context of reception of today's immigrants. In contrast to “new destinations,” which in recent years have often been centers of anti-immigrant sentiment and nativist local social policies, New York has generally adopted policies designed to include and accommodate new immigrants, as well as repurposing institutions that served earlier European immigrants and native-born African Americans and Puerto Ricans. The continuing significance of race in the city is counterbalanced in the lives of immigrants by a relative lack of nativism and an openness to incorporating immigrants.