bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Key to Five Species of Pacific Salmon (Genus Oncorhynchus) Based on Scale Characters
Authors: Bilton H. T. , Jenkinson D. W. , Shepard M. P.
Published: April 2011

A key based on differences in scale structure was derived to separate the five North American species of Pacific salmon. For maturing individuals the key was effective in identifying precisely to species 100% of the sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka), over 95% of the pinks (O. gorbuscha), over 90% of the chums (O. keta) and of the chinooks (O. tshawytscha), and between 14 and 67% of the coho (O. kisutch) examined. In all but a few of the remaining cases (in which the exact species could not be identified), the specimens were designated correctly as being one of two or three species. Only a few misclassifications (20 of the 3035 individuals examined) occurred. For sockeye the power of separation of the key for fish with only one ocean annulus was about the same as that for the matures but its ability to identify precisely chums and chinooks was lower.
Illumination, Vision, and Schooling of Astyanax mexicanus (Fillipi)
Authors: John Kenneth R.
Published: April 2011

The schooling behavior of both light- and dark-adapted Astyanax mexicanus (Fillipi) was observed under sudden changes in illumination in the range 10−7 to 100 ft-c at different times in the diel cycle. In darkness the fish were dispersed, swam slowly, and showed no signs of mutual recognition of one another. There was no simple relationship between the schooling response and the illumination, but in general the frequency, size, and durability of schools were proportional to the illumination. Schooling was maximal above 10−1 ft-c and approached zero at 10−6 ft-c. The schooling at any level of illumination varied with the testing procedures. The lowest responses were obtained with a gradual reduction of illumination in the evening. At illumination below 10−2 ft-c maximal schooling was obtained from dark-adapted fish. From 10−2 ft-c upward, it was obtained from light-adapted fish. The schooling rate (number of fish in a school) reached 100% for a few seconds at 10−3 ft-c and for longer periods at higher illumination, but was never sustained at the 100% level throughout any 4-min period. Schooling was generally enhanced by any sudden change in illumination but was never sustained at a high rate under monotonous conditions. The decline with monotony was equated with reduction of the fright situation. The decline with reduced illumination was attributed to the reduction of visual acuity and visibility, and occurred at a greater rate among faster-swimming fish. Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill), swimming very slowly, exhibited high schooling rates at 10−5 ft-c. Earlier work showed that the retina of Astyanax in continuous darkness undergoes a rhythmic diel shift. The behavior showed that this retinal shift is not the classical transformation from scotopic to photopic vision. Dark-adapted during the day, the fish demonstrated rapid visual perception under sudden illumination at any value from 10−6 to 10−0.69 ft-c. Dark-adapted fish at night exhibited increasingly longer light-shock reactions with sudden illumination above 10−2 ft-c. According to schooling responses the cone threshold was about 10−3 ft-c, and the rod threshold about 10−6 ft-c. The mesopic range extended from about 10−3 to 10−2 ft-c.
Characteristics and Nutritional Value of Various Fish Protein Concentrates
Authors: Power H. E.
Published: April 2011

Excellent quality fish protein concentrate can be prepared from a variety of raw materials. In this study, the use of whole cod, headed, eviscerated cod, cod trimmings, cod press cake and whole herring was studied as a source of raw material for the production of fish protein concentrate. The process previously described by Power for use with cod fillets was satisfactory for use with all material studied with the exception of herring. Final fat contents were between 0.018–0.056%. For use with herring a modification to the process was required to increase the efficiency of the second extraction. The second extraction, which used a 70:30 isopropanol + water mixture was changed to 99% isopropanol. With this modification a final fat content of 0.17% was achieved. The corrected Protein Efficiency Ratio values for all fish protein concentrates, with the exception of those produced from cod trimming press cake, were higher than that for casein. Lysine values, determined microbiologically were between 9.1 and 15.03% of the protein. The available lysine values were between 6.1 and 10.4% of the protein.
Rate of Development of Eggs of Rock Sole (Lepidopsetta bilineata Ayres)
Authors: Forrester C. R.
Published: April 2011

not available
Lobster (Homarus americanus) Tolerance for Tris Buffer, Sodium Fluoride, and Sea Water Extracts of Various Woods
Authors: Stewart James E. , Cornick John W.
Published: April 2011

not available
A New Species of Calocaris (Crustacea: Decapoda, Thalassinidea) from the Northwest Atlantic
Authors: Squires H. J.
Published: April 2011

A new species of the decapod crustacean family Axiidae, Calocaris templemani, from the northwest Atlantic, is described and compared with the closely related species, Calocaris macandreae, from the east Atlantic.
Carbonyl Compounds in Salted Cod.: I. Thin-Layer Chromatography of Aliphatic Monocarbonyl 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazones
Authors: Yurkowski M.
Published: April 2011

Methods are described for the separation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of normal aliphatic monocarbonyl compounds by thin-layer chromatography. Magnesia-cellulose thin-layer plates are used to separate mixtures of these compounds into classes (n-alkanals, n-alkan-2-ones, n-alk-2-enals, and n-alka-2,4-dienal). Propylene glycol- and petrolatum-impregnated silica gel plates were also used to separate each class into homologues. The former impregnant resolved the compounds with less than seven carbons and the latter with more than six carbons. Two-dimensional separation was accomplished by resolving a mixture of these compounds into classes on magnesia-cellulose in the first dimension and the classes into homologues on either petrolatumor propylene glycol-impregnated silica gel plates in the second dimension.
Current Observations in Fury and Hecla Strait
Authors: Barber F. G.
Published: April 2011

not available
Northern Range Extensions for Four Species of Rockfish (Sebastodes goodei, S. helvomaculatus, S. rubrivinctus, and S. zacentrus) in the North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Westrheim S. J.
Published: April 2011

not available
Ancient Canadian East-Coast Oyster and Quahaug Shells
Authors: Medcof J. C. , Clarke Jr. Arthur H. , Erskine John S.
Published: April 2011

not available
Manganese Deposits on Shells of Eastern Mud Snails, Nassarius obsoletus, in Bideford River, Prince Edward Island
Authors: Thomas M. L. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
A Juvenile Six-Gilled Shark (Hexanchus corinus) from the San Juan Islands, Washington
Authors: Miller Bruce , Greenfield David W.
Published: April 2011

not available
Movements of Hatchery-Reared Lake Trout in Lake Superior
Authors: Pycha Richard L. , Dryer William R. , King George R.
Published: April 2011

The history of stocking of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in the Great Lakes is reviewed.The study of movements is based on capture of 24,275 fin-clipped lake trout taken in experimental gill nets and trawls and commercial gill nets.Yearling lake trout planted from shore dispersed to 15-fath (27-m) depths in [Formula: see text]. Most fish remained within 2 miles (3.2 km) of the planting site 2 months, but within 4 months some fish had moved as much as 17 miles (27 km). The highest abundance of planted lake trout was in areas 2–4 miles (3.2–6.4 km) from the planting site even 3 years after release. Distance moved and size of fish were not correlated.Dispersal of lake trout begins at planting and probably continues until the fish are mature. Most movement was eastward in southern Lake Superior and followed the counterclockwise surface currents. Movement is most rapid in areas of strong currents and slowest in areas of weak currents or eddies. Movement to areas west of the Keweenaw Peninsula was insignificant from plantings in Keweenaw Bay and nil from other plantings farther east. Lake trout planted in the eastern third of the lake dispersed more randomly than those planted farther west. Few fish moved farther offshore than the 50-fath (91-m) contour. Lake trout planted in Canadian waters made insignificant contributions to populations in US waters.
Predation on Lobsters (Homarus americanus) by Anonyx sp. (Crustacea, Amphipoda)
Authors: Scarratt D. J.
Published: April 2011

not available
A New Ronquil, Bathymaster leurolepis, from the Aleutian Islands
Authors: McPhail J. D.
Published: April 2011

A new fish of the family Bathymasteridae, Bathymaster leurolepis, is described from the Aleutian Islands. The new species is closely related to B. caeruleofasciatus, with which it has been confused. Bathymaster leurolepis and B. caeruleofasciatus broadly overlap in geographic range, but apparently differ in depth distribution. The geographic range of B. leurolepis is from northern Japan to the Gulf of Alaska.
Blood Clotting Time of the Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua
Authors: Macnab H. C. , Ronald K.
Published: April 2011

not available
Phytoplankton Pigment Nomographs
Authors: Stephens K.
Published: April 2011

not available
The Effect of Physical Conditioning on the Metabolism of Lactate, Phosphate, and Glucose in Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri
Authors: Hammond Brian R. , Hickman Jr. Cleveland P.
Published: April 2011

Physiological effects of physical conditioning to water current were studied on three groups of [Formula: see text]-year-old rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, acclimated to 4 C. Group one (control) was raised in still water. Groups two and three were conditioned to water velocities of 20 cm/sec and 40 cm/sec, respectively, for 16 days before sampling. Muscle and plasma samples were collected before exercise and four times during subjection to 15 min of forced swimming at 53.4 cm/sec and eight times during a 24-hr recovery period. Conditioning significantly delayed the point of fatigue during forced exercise: the unconditioned fish were fatigued after about 5 min swimming, group two after about 10 min swimming, and group three at about 15 min.Physically conditioned trout showed significantly higher muscle and plasma lactate levels when fatigued, and more rapid removal of lactate from muscle and plasma during recovery from fatigue, than unconditioned trout. Exercise resulted in parallel oscillating concentration fluctuations of tissue phosphate and significant increases in concentrations of plasma phosphate in both conditioned and unconditioned fish. Plasma glucose showed no significant change during exercise but rose slightly during the recovery of all groups.
Free-Swimming Copepod Nauplii of Narragansett Bay with a Key to Their Identification
Authors: Faber Daniel J.
Published: April 2011

Zooplankton surface samples were taken with a number 12 silk bolting cloth net towed by a Clark-Bumpus quantitative plankton sampler in Narragansett Bay for 12 months. The samples were collected twice weekly, except during December, January, and February, at night at one position in the West Passage of Narragansett Bay. Ten calanoid, three cyclopoid, and one harpacticoid species of free-swimming copepod nauplii were collected from July 1957 through June 1958. The structure and arrangement of elements of the caudal armatures of these copepod nauplii showed certain differences which were utilized to develop a key.
First Records of the Twoline Eelpout, Bothrocara brunneum, Greenland Halibut, Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, and Shortbelly Rockfish, Sebastodes jordani, in British Columbia Waters
Authors: Westrheim S. J. , Pletcher F. T.
Published: April 2011

not available
Protein Nutritive Quality of Commercial Fish Meals as Assessed by Biological and Chemical Methods
Authors: March B. E. , Biely Jacob , Goudie C. , Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

Various chemical characteristics of fish meals pertaining to the protein and lipid components were determined and their relation to different biological estimates of protein quality were studied. The results demonstrated the practical importance of selecting appropriate biological assays in order to avoid underestimating or overestimating protein quality. Pepsin digestibility of the crude protein remaining in the meals after chloroform–methanol extraction was significantly correlated with biological estimates of protein quality. Meals of initially high supplementary protein value declined in value to a greater extent than did meals of lower quality. The level of available lysine present in the meals declined with storage but biological tests indicated that a combination of several amino acids rather than any single amino acid was limiting to supplementary protein value.
Seasonal Occurrence and Abundance of Free-Swimming Copepod Nauplii in Narragansett Bay
Authors: Faber Daniel J.
Published: April 2011

Night, surface zooplankton samples at one position in the West Passage of Narragansett Bay yielded 10 calanoid, three cyclopoid, and one harpacticoid species of free-swimming copepod nauplii. The seasonal abundance of all species of nauplii combined during the 12 months of study showed significant peaks in spring and mid summer. The holoplankters were grouped into four seasonal categories: summer–fall, winter–spring, spring, and year-round; the meroplankters were put in another category. The first two groups dominated the collections. The seasonal occurrence and relative abundance of the individual species of nauplii is shown for the period of study. Included is a short synopsis of the geographical distribution of the adults along the east coast of North America as recorded in the literature.
In Vitro Cultivation of Cells of the Oyster, Crassostrea virginica
Authors: Li M. F. , Stewart James E. , Drinnan R. E.
Published: April 2011

Cardiac tissue cells from oysters (Crassostrea virginica), cultured in a salt-enriched medium, apparently required a higher salt concentration for initiation of cell proliferation than that used for mammalian tissue cultures. The presence of human serum and bovine amniotic fluid enhanced the cell proliferation. Evidence of amitosis was observed in the cultured cells.
Sexual Maturity and Spawning of the American Plaice, Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabricius), from Newfoundland and Grand Bank Areas
Authors: Pitt T. K.
Published: April 2011

The peak spawning period of American plaice was the first part of April for Flemish Cap and ranged from the end of April for the Grand Bank and surrounding areas to the first part of June for Labrador–Northeast Newfoundland Shelf. Average bottom temperatures during spawning ranged from about 3.5 C for Flemish Cap and the deep spawning areas to the north, to about −1.3 C for St. Mary's Bay and the northern half of the Grand Bank. For the Southeast Grand Bank, Southwest Grand Bank, and St. Pierre Bank average spawning temperatures were 1.1, 2.8, and 2.7 C, respectively.There was evidence that some older, larger fish spawned first and also that plaice in deep water spawned later than those from shallower depths. At the latter depths light was a possible factor.According to samples from St. Mary's Bay the development of the sex products for spring spawning was apparently controlled by water temperatures during the previous fall and late summer.Fifty per cent of the females from Flemish Cap were mature at 7.8 years, the bottom temperature being almost constant at 3.5 C. For other areas the number of years ranged from 12.2 for the Southwest Grand Bank, with prevalent temperatures 0–3, to 15.2 C for St. Mary's Bay where temperatures were −1 to 1.0 C. For males the range was from 5.3 years for the Southeast Grand Bank to 7.5 years for St. Pierre Bank, no data being available for Flemish Cap.
Change in Size-Class Structure of Populations of Kodiak Island Commercial Male King Crabs Due to Fishing
Authors: Nickerson Richard B. , Ossiander Frank J. , Powell Guy C.
Published: April 2011

Intensive exploitation of commercial king crab populations at the south end of Kodiak Island has caused a reduction of individual crab size and, as the resource continues to be utilized at a high level, the recruits may eventually constitute the bulk of the harvest.Carapace length distributions of 3359 males obtained on August 10–11, 1963, from three fishing areas with different rates of utilization indicated that the size-class structure for the Sitkinak Island and Wide Bay areas were similar, but different from that of the Alitak Bay area.Comparison of length–frequency data collected from Alitak Bay in 1954 and 1963–64 indicated that larger size-classes have been cropped and are no longer abundant.
Biological Characteristics of a Herring Population on the South Coast of Newfoundland
Authors: Humphreys R. D.
Published: April 2011

A study of herring was undertaken at the onset of a period of increased exploitation. Catches were examined for length and age composition, growth rates, length–weight relationship, sex, maturity, and fatness.Mean length (33.0 cm) and mean age (8.2 years) were smaller than recorded from earlier investigations, but growth rates have not changed appreciably. Winter-caught herring are of poor quality ranging in fat content between 2.3 and 7.7% of their wet weights.An increase in the proportion of herring with immature gonads as the season progresses and a complete gradation of otolith types from spring-spawned to fall-spawned types suggests: (1) exploitation of fish that previously did not enter the fishery until later in the season, and (2) a spawning season that extends over the spring, summer, and autumn months.
Mechanism of Gaseous Exophthalmia in the Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua L.
Authors: Dehadrai Padmakar V.
Published: April 2011

Gadus morhua L. in captivity of ten develop unilateral or bilateral exophthalmia, characterized by the accumulation of gas bubbles in the eye.Rete mirabile-like organization of capillaries in the choroid "gland" in association with the glandular pseudobranch, which is a rich source of carbonic anhydrase in fishes, are involved in gas secretion in the eye of cod. Intraperitoneal injections of Diamox and pseudobranchectomy prevented exopthalmia in the fish.Presence of glycogen and carbonic anhydrase in the choroid gland in relation to gas secretion in the eye suggests a parallel with the process of gas secretion in the teleostean swimbladder.Gas secretion in the eye of cod resulting in exopthalmia would seem to be a malfunctioning of the choroid gland-pseudobranch complex in the fish triggered by unknown stimuli.
Temperature of Maximum Density of Fresh Water and its Effect on Circulation in Great Bear Lake
Authors: Johnson L.
Published: April 2011

Theoretical aspects of the influence of the temperature of maximum density of water on the circulation of deep cold lakes are applied to the temperature structure of Great Bear Lake. In general good agreement between observation and theory is found. In most years summer circulation does not extend below a depth of 225 m as stability at lower levels is sufficient to prevent it. In cold years with slow heating, circulation extends to the bottom (450 m). In winter the lower half of the lake is isothermal at the temperature of maximum stability (3.53 C) of the bottom water. This is explained on the basis of the slope of the line of maximum density being double that of the slope of the line of maximum stability. When the water at a depth of 225 m is cooled to 3.53 C the point of maximum temperature in the profile at this depth is removed so that isothermy develops in the lower half of the lake.
Incidental Records on Behaviour of Eels in Lake Ainslie, Nova Scotia
Authors: Medcof J. C.
Published: April 2011

not available
Seasonal and Diel Changes in Food of Adult Kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Nicola Lake, British Columbia
Authors: Northcote T. G. , Lorz H. W.
Published: April 2011

not available
Times of Annulus Formation on Scales of Sockeye, Pink, and Chum Salmon in the Gulf of Alaska
Authors: Bilton H. T. , Ludwig S. A. M.
Published: April 2011

On scales of pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), chum (O. keta), and possibly sockeye (O. nerka) salmon caught by Canadian research vessels throughout the Gulf of Alaska at various times of the year, the annual ring began to form sometime between early November and January. Many of the sockeye and pink salmon had completed the annulus sometime in December or January, whereas the chum salmon completed their's later, in February or March. For both sockeye and chum salmon, scales of younger fish tended to commence new growth at an earlier date than did those of older fish.
Experimental Determination of Food Consumption of pike, Esox lucius, for Growth and Maintenance
Authors: Johnson L.
Published: April 2011

Under laboratory conditions simulating those in the field, there were seasonal changes in both growth and in maintenance requirements of pike (Esox lucius), which were to some extent independent of temperature. The peak maintenance requirement of about 45 mg of minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) per gram of pike occurred in late June, followed by a decline through August and September until a fairly steady state of about 25 mg/g was reached in October. Maintenance continued at this level until April when there was a gradual rise to the June peak. The maintenance coefficient was 1.385 g per gram per annum, and there was no apparent decrease with size. Growth also reached a peak in June then declined through the rest of the summer and fall until it ceased in midwinter. Growth resumed in March, the rate gradually increasing until the June peak was reached. After maintenance requirements have been met, 1 g food produces.437 g pike when feeding is ad libitum. The maximum value of the coefficient of utilization is.485, at a level of feeding below that of maximum intake. The efficiency of utilization at the maintenance level is.476. Comparing the results with those reported for other species shows that pike have relatively low maintenance requirements and relatively high values for the conversion of food to pike substance.
Colour Variant of Bocaccio (Sebastodes paucispinis) in British Columbia Waters
Authors: Davenport D.
Published: April 2011

not available
A Preliminary Communication on the Biological Activity of 1α-Hydroxycorticosterone Isolated from Cartilaginous Fish
Authors: Idler D. R. , Freeman H. C. , Truscott B.
Published: April 2011

not available
Predation on Living Fishes on Longline in Baffin Bay by the Amphipod Eurythenes gryllus (Lichtenstein), and a New Distribution Record
Authors: Templeman Wilfred
Published: April 2011

not available
The Urinary and Genital Systems of Trout
Authors: Henderson Nancy E.
Published: April 2011

not available
Introduction of Mysis relicta Lovén into Kalamalka and Pinaus Lakes, British Columbia
Authors: Stringer G. E.
Published: April 2011

not available
Bioluminescence in Two Species of Pelagic Amphipods
Authors: Bowman Thomas E.
Published: April 2011

not available
Effects of Forest Spraying with DDT on Aquatic Insects of Salmon Streams in New Brunswick
Authors: Ide F. P.
Published: April 2011

Sampling of emerging aquatic insects by cage-traps on a 24-hr basis showed the effects on the stream fauna of spraying forests with DDT at [Formula: see text] in June. Except for a few individuals that presumably emerged from unaffected pupae and nymphs, there was an interval of several weeks after spraying when no emergence occurred. From about the middle of August, however, large populations of very small insects, mainly chironomids, emerged in the spray year. The year after spraying, as compared with the spray year, there was an increased variety including some larger species.In following years there was further recovery by increase in larger forms through reproduction from residual small populations. The caddisflies recovered more slowly than other groups. After a single application of spray the fauna had practically recovered qualitatively in 2 or 3 years in some groups but usually not for 4 years or more in caddisflies. With a further similar spray applied within 3 years a reduction occurred equal in severity to that of the original spraying.From the standpoint of feeding of the young salmon, significant facts are: (a) the severe reduction in the bottom fauna of larvae and nymphs of all sizes in the first weeks after spraying; (b) the large populations of small larvae, mainly chironomids, developing in late summer of the spray year and so available to fry; (c) increasing numbers of larger insects the year after spraying and subsequent years.
Effects on Aquatic Insects of Forest Spraying with Phosphamidon in New Brunswick
Authors: Grant C. D.
Published: April 2011

No harmful effects on aquatic insects were detected in two New Brunswick streams after forest spraying with phosphamidon [Formula: see text] in 1962 and 1963. Comparison of one pre-spray and two post-spray series of bottom samples showed no reduction in number of orders (and families in the case of Diptera) and no abnormal decline in the number of individuals. In numbers and variety of insects emerging daily into stream cages and of insects drifting onto vertical screens in the streams, no changes were attributable to phosphamidon.
Differences in Performance of Naturally and Artificially Propagated Sockeye Salmon Migrant Fry, as Measured with Swimming and Predation Tests
Authors: Bams R. A.
Published: April 2011

Two methods of performance testing were developed to measure differences in stamina in four groups of sockeye migrant fry, all of the Lakelse Lake (Skeena River, B.C.) stock. The four groups differed only in methods of incubation: one group was naturally propagated, the other three artificially. The results of the swimming performance tests and the vulnerability to predation tests agree closely, and analysis shows that the key factor responsible for differences in performance is size of the fish. Ranked in decreasing order of performance these four groups rate as follows: naturally propagated fish, fish incubated in gravel from time of hatching, fish incubated in gravel only for the last few weeks as premigrants, and fish that spent their entire incubation period without gravel in hatchery baskets. Independent of size is the influence of condition (K-factor) of the fish, optimum performance occurring at the time of almost complete yolk absorption. Of the two methods the swimming performance test was found to be more sensitive and is recommended as a tool for comparative "quality testing" of fish stocks.
Composition and Nutritive Value of Meals From Alewife, Sheepshead, Maria, and Tullibee
Authors: March B. E. , Biely J. , Bligh E. G. , Lantz A. W.
Published: April 2011

The composition and nutritive value of meals manufactured from four species of freshwater fish, alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), sheepshead (Aplodinotus grunniens), maria (Lota lota), and tullibee (Coregonus artedii), were determined and compared with meals of marine origin (herring and white fish). The meals from freshwater fish contained 62–68% protein, 7–13% fat, and 14–20% ash. Sodium, potassium, and magnesium levels were lower than in the marine fish meals but iron and copper were higher. Riboflavin, pantothenic acid, niacin, and cobalamin were present in lesser amounts in freshwater fish meals than in herring meal but at similar or higher levels than in white fish meal. There were no consistent differences between the amino acid compositions of the freshwater fish and the marine fish meals. Biological tests with chicks indicated that the freshwater fish meals were similar in supplementary protein value to marine fish meals. The pepsin digestibility values for proteins were 95.5–97.7% which compare favourably with the values for marine fish meals. Metabolizable energy values ranged from 2630 to 3680 Kcal/kg dry weight.
Echinoidea of Oregon
Authors: McCauley James E. , Carey Jr. Andrew G.
Published: April 2011

Ten species of echinoids are known to occur off Oregon. Three distinct bathymetric groups are recognized: Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, S. franciscanus, and Dendraster excentricus occur in shallow waters from intertidal down to about 65 m; S. echinoides occurs on the outer continental shelf, and Brisaster latifrons and Allocentrotus fragilis occur on the outer shelf and upper slope at depths of about 70–840 m; and Aëropsis fulva, Sperosoma giganteum, Urechinus loveni, and Ceratophysa rosea are found in deep water from depths of 2090 to 3000 m. Bathymetric ranges are extended for six species and geographic ranges are extended for five species.
A Kill of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) Involving the Acanthocephalan Echinorhynchus lateralis
Authors: Pippy J. H. C. , Sandeman I. M.
Published: April 2011

not available
Nucleotide Degradation, Monitored by Thin-Layer Chromatography, and Associated Postmortem Changes in Relaxed Cod Muscle
Authors: Fraser Doris I. , Dingle J. R. , Hines J. A. , Nowlan Sandra C. , Dyer W. J.
Published: April 2011

not available
Phytoplankton Dynamics in an Arctic Lake
Authors: Kalff Jacob
Published: April 2011

Primary production measurements (C14) and phytoplankton counts were made in an arctic lake between June and September 1963. Annual carbon fixation was estimated at 8.5 g/m2 (4.0 g/m3), of which approximately 22% occurred under the ice. Phytoplankton numbers varied between 2.4 and 24.1 × 106 cells/liter. The proportion of small nannoplankton (≤ 10 μ) fluctuated between 51.0 and 100% and averaged 84.5%. Few of the organisms were larger than 20 μ. The highest numbers of phytoplankton were found near the lake bottom when between 1.20 and 1.75 m of ice covered the lake. Some evidence is provided suggesting that the organisms near the bottom lived heterotrophically when the lake was ice-covered. Insufficient light rather than nutrient deficiencies appears to have limited autotrophic carbon fixation under the ice.
Sexual Dwarfism in Cribrilina annulata (Cribrilinidae-Bryozoa)
Authors: Powell N. A.
Published: April 2011

Evidence suggests that Membraniporella corbicula O'Donoghue and O'Donoghue, 1923, described from Vancouver Island, belongs to Cribrilina annulata (Fabricius), a common northern marine cheilostome. The terminology as applied to female individuals in the Cheilostomata is defined here to include three principal types: ovicelled zooids, gonoecia, and gonozooids. The occurrence of dimorphic female zooids in C. annulata is documented, comprising ovicelled zooids as well as accessory dwarf zooids with ovicells (gonozooids). The gonozooids are usually recumbent on the frontal shields of the underlying autozooids and are budded off from frontal dietellae located on the proximal gymnocysts. It is suggested that the term "dietella," formerly restricted to a pore chamber marginally positioned near the base of the zooecial wall, be emended to include frontal and basal chambers as well. The presence of adventitious gonozooids in this species constitutes an important new addition to the range of polymorphism in the Cribrilinidae. No similar instance of dimorphic female individuals occurring simultaneously are recorded for the Cheilostomata. An increase in larval productivity may result from frontal budding of gonozooids.
Homing and Orientation of Cutthroat Trout (Salmo clarki) in Yellowstone Lake, with Special Reference to Olfaction and Vision
Authors: McCleave James D.
Published: April 2011

In-season homing was exhibited by mature cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) displaced from spawning tributaries to Yellowstone Lake during late May to early August 1964, 1965, and 1966. Of 1908 trout tagged and displaced from Clear and Cub creeks to three release points in the lake (1.55–7.95 km) and to the mouths of the streams, 614 (32.2%) homed, 119 (6.2%) strayed, and 28 (1.5%) were captured by anglers. Only slight differences in homing performance from various release points occurred, but there were differences among years and between streams. Adjusted mean homing times from the various release points ranged from 16 hr to 155 hr, with an inverse relation between homing times and the distance to the release point apparent in one year. Blockage of the olfactory or visual sense did not affect the per cent of trout homing or straying. However, visual clues did increase the speed of homing, since homing times for blinded trout were much longer than for olfactory-occluded, control (anesthetized only), or non-anesthetized trout. A compass-type orientation occurred which was apparently not in response to visual or olfactory stimuli. A general east-northeastward (Clear and Pelican Creek trout) or northward (Cub Creek trout) orientation was exhibited by blind, anosmic, control, and non-anesthetized trout that were float-tracked from an open-water point. Blind and anosmic trout oriented as well as control trout. The directions of orientation were not in the directions of the home-streams, and orientation was not at a constant angle to the current directions or the sun azimuths.
Hypoxanthine in Iced Freshwater Fish
Authors: Dugal L. C.
Published: April 2011

The formation of hypoxanthine in ordinary muscle was followed in 36 individual yellow walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and in 22 individual whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) stored in ice. At the time of death, the average hypoxanthine content was approximately the same for the two species (0.25 μmole/g); it increased gradually to 1.52 μmole/g in 22 days and to 2.54 μmole/g in 18 days in yellow walleye and in whitefish respectively. The average rate of formation in yellow walleye (0.06 μmole/g per day) was the same as in ordinary muscle of swordfish; the rate of formation in whitefish (0.13 μmole/g per day) was slightly higher than that of Atlantic salmon, but lower than that of haddock, petrale sole, and several other marine species. Large variation in rate of formation was noticed between individual yellow walleyes. The average hypoxanthine content of both yellow walleyes and whitefish taken as groups was found to be proportional to the number of days in storage. No difference in average rate of formation was noticed between whitefish fillets from opposite sides of the fish, nor between fresh and thawed fish. The hypoxanthine content appears to be suitable as an index of freshness for groups of fish, not of individual fish.
Orientation of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) During Early Marine Migration from Bella Coola River System
Authors: Healey M. C.
Published: April 2011

During May and June 1966, the migration of pink salmon fry from the Bella Coola River was studied in Burke Channel, British Columbia. The movement of pink fry down Burke Channel was saltatory. Short periods of active migration were interspersed with longer periods when the fry did not migrate and accumulated in bays. Fry were sampled from these accumulations and their ability to orient using celestial cues was examined. During the early morning, fry tended to prefer directions at right angles to their direction of migration, but at other times of the day preferred the direction of migration. The preference for the direction of migration was strongest at midday. Fry were better oriented on clear days than on cloudy days. These data indicate that fry may use celestial cues to find directions during their oceanic migrations.
Cuspidaria cowani, a New Septibranch Mollusc from the Northeastern Pacific
Authors: Bernard F.
Published: April 2011

not available
A Portable Recompression Chamber for Treatment of Victims of Diving Accidents
Authors: Quayle D. B. , Flury J. , Ackerman B. , Bernard F.
Published: April 2011

not available
Hematological Changes in Coho Salmon Fed a Folic Acid Deficient Diet
Authors: Smith Charlie E.
Published: April 2011

Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fed a diet deficient in folic acid for 24 weeks developed megaloblastic, normochromic macrocytic anemia. The anemia was further characterized by the presence of poikilocytic erythrocytes which were observed in stained preparations of peripheral blood. These abnormally shaped cells appear to be an important aid in the identification of folic acid deficiency. The anemia disappeared when the deficient fish were fed a recovery diet containing folic acid for 8 weeks.
Retinomotor Rhythms in the Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus
Authors: John Kenneth R. , Gring David M.
Published: April 2011

Bluegills, Lepomis macrochirus, entrained to natural or artificial light–dark cycles, were confined to constant darkness for varying periods up to 42 hr at temperatures in the range 20–25 C. The retinomotor activities were determined from histological preparations. In the first night, the eyes became maximally dark-adapted within 1 or 2 hr. The pigment was contracted to a dense basal band, twin cones extended to the boundary of the pigment, and single cones extended into the pigment. After 2 or 3 hr in darkness, these components began a return toward their light-adapted positions, slowly for 5 or 6 hr, and then rapidly during the last 3 or 4 hr, and came to rest in an intermediate state of adaptation at subjective sunrise. In continuous darkness, the retina exhibited a rudimentary free-running rhythm, and there was some evidence of a 12-hr oscillation within the 24-hr period. The amplitudes of the rhythms ranged in decreasing order from twin cones to single cones to pigment and the extreme amplitudes occurred about 2 hr after sunset and at subjective sunrise. Single cones were always more extended than twin cones and only the rod-shaped particles, not the spheres, of pigment appeared to cycle. By the end of the experiment, the rhythms of cones were slightly damped and the rhythm of the pigment was greatly damped. Rods were not studied.
Distribution of Lobster Larvae (Homarus americanus) off Pictou, Nova Scotia
Authors: Scarratt D. J.
Published: April 2011

not available
Glucose Metabolism in the Caecum of the Marine Borer Bankia setacea
Authors: Liu D. , Townsley P. M.
Published: April 2011

The degradation of uniformly labelled glucose-C14 was followed in the caeca preparations of the marine wood borer Bankia setacea (Tryon). This digestive organ was found to contain large quantities of soluble protein. Various accumulating intermediates were isolated, indicating the presence of enzymes typical of the Embden–Meyerhof pathway, the pentose pathway, the citric acid cycle, and the non-triose pathway. The presence of wood in the caeca may be required for the synthesis of glutamic and aspartic acids within the caeca. Approximately 10% of the added glucose was found in an unidentified, unstable, electronegative compound called glucose-X. The function of this compound is unknown.
Changes in Free Amino Acids in Skeletal Muscle of Cod (Gadus morhua) Under Conditions Simulating Gillnet Fishing
Authors: Dambergs N. , Odense P. , Guilbault R.
Published: April 2011

The total amounts of free amino acids, comprising both the intracellular and plasmal pools, as well as the amino acids combined in small peptides were determined with an automatic amino acid analyser in muscular tissues of freshly killed cod and in cod suffocated in simulated gillnetting conditions. The total amount of the free amino acids in the musculature was 2.4% of the amino acids composing the proteins. More than 90% of the free amino acid pool was represented by histidine, taurine, glycine, alanine, lysine, and β-alanine. The amino acids that were not found in small peptides are taurine, alanine, threonine, lysine, tyrosine, cystine, and methionine. In the absence of flexion or handling of the suffocated fish there was no evidence of enzymatic processes up to 72 hr after death. There was a slight, continuous loss of the free amino acids from the intact body of the fish during the prerigor and rigor periods. No evidence of deaminase activity affecting the amino acids was detected. Histidine, with its methyl homologues, was the major free amino acid.
Observation of Inertial Oscillation in the Northwest Atlantic at 42°N
Authors: Lawrence D. J.
Published: April 2011

not available
Effects of the Insecticide Sevin on Survival and Growth of the Cockle Clam Clinocardium nuttalli
Authors: Butler Jerry A. , Millemann Raymond E. , Stewart Nelson E.
Published: April 2011

Experiments are reported on the effects of the insecticide Sevin and its hydrolytic product, 1-naphthol, on the survival, growth, and food consumption of larval and juvenile cockle clams (Clinocardium nuttalli). Clams were tested in standing sea water at a salinity of 25‰ and a temperature of 19 ± 2.0 C, and were fed cultures of the unicellular alga Monochryis lutheri. Algal cell concentrations ranged from 10,000 to 200,000 cells per ml of test solution. Toxicant concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 10.0 mg/liter.Larvae exposed to Sevin concentrations of 0.8 mg/liter were dead by day 7 of the test, and the growth of those exposed to 0.4 mg/liter was reduced by 15%. Sevin was less toxic than 1-naphthol to juvenile clams, the respective 96-hr TLm's (median tolerance limits) being 3.75 and 2.70 mg/liter. The growth of juvenile clams was reduced more by 1-naphthol than by Sevin. The food consumption of juvenile clams exposed to 1.6 mg/liter of Sevin was markedly reduced and their food conversion efficiency was impaired.Adult clams exposed to Sevin concentrated the toxicant in their tissues; maximum concentrations were reached after 12 hr of exposure. Clams exposed at 11 C concentrated more toxicant than those exposed at 20 C. Tissue concentrations of toxicant decreased sharply after the clams had been in clean sea water for 12 hr.
Use of EDTA Compounds for the Preservation of Haddock Fillets
Authors: Power H. E. , Sinclair R. , Savagaon K.
Published: April 2011

Studies of the effect of treatment of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) with solutions of sodium salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) have shown that a 1% solution of tetrasodium EDTA used as a dip can extend the storage life in ice (0 C) for 11 days over that of untreated controls. The texture of these fillets remained acceptable for the whole of their storage lives.Fillets treated with 0.5 and 0.75% tetrasodium EDTA had a storage life extension of 5 days and those treated with 1% disodium EDTA had a storage life of 6 days longer than the untreated control fillets. Fillets treated with 0.5 and 1.0% disodium calcium EDTA solution showed 0- and 1-day storage life extension respectively.Increase in trimethylamine (TMA) during storage was reduced by treatment with EDTA with the tetrasodium EDTA-treated fillets having the lowest rate of increase. Samples were rejected by the taste panel as spoiled with TMA values of between 3 and 9.5 mg TMA nitrogen (TMA-N) per 100 g.Although treatment of fillets with EDTA extended the storage life in ice and suppressed the increase in TMA, there was little or no effect on the growth of the bacterial population.
Triaenophorus nodulosus in Burbot, Lota lota, from Heming Lake, Manitoba
Authors: Lawler G. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
Some Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Arctic Fresh Waters In Alaska and Northwestern Canada
Authors: Kalff J.
Published: April 2011

Fifty-eight Arctic Alaskan lakes and rivers and two ponds as well as a few northwestern Arctic Canadian waters were analyzed for two or more physical or chemical characteristics. The waters sampled were nearly all of the bicarbonate type and ranged from very soft to hard. The Alaskan and mainland Canadian lakes contain levels of many ions similar to those of some low electrolyte lake waters previously reported for the north temperate zone. The characteristics measured, with the mean values for the Alaskan waters in brackets when 20 or more lakes or rivers were sampled, were: calcium (17.2 mg/liter), magnesium (2.1 mg/liter) total iron, total alkalinity (50.3 mg/liter), sulfate (4.9 mg/liter), chloride (3.8 mg/liter), nitrate, phosphate, electrical conductance (116 μmho), pH (7.7), and water color (24 Pt units). One of the ponds, analyzed for 18 trace metals, indicated relatively high concentrations of iron manganese, zinc, and copper. Correlation coefficients (r at P < 0.5) between various characteristics were: electrical conductance and total alkalinity, 0.98; electrical conductance and calcium, 0.97; electrical conductance and magnesium, 0.42; calcium and magnesium, 0.46; and pH and total alkalinity, 0.91. On the Coastal Plain of Arctic Alaska the total electrolyte content of lakes lying within 25–50 km from the Arctic Ocean was noticeably raised by chloride additions.
Clines in the Pupping Season of the Harbour Seal, Phoca vitulina
Authors: Bigg Michael A.
Published: April 2011

A review of literature and personal correspondence on the harbour seal suggests that large regional variations and clines occur in the timing of its pupping season. The pupping season, which generally lasts from [Formula: see text] to 2 months in any one area, extends from late January to October over the range of the species. Along the east coast of Asia, young tend to be born later as one goes northeastward. In North America, they tend to be born later going southeast from Alaska to Washington, earlier south from Washington to Mexico, and later north from New England to Baffin Island. Clines cannot be demonstrated for Europe. No reasons are apparent at this time to explain the regional variations or clines.
Diphyllobothriid Cestodes from the Hawaiian Monk Seal, Monachus schauinslandi Matschie, from Midway Atoll
Authors: Rausch Robert L.
Published: April 2011

Helminths found in a monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi Matschie) from Midway Atoll, Leeward Islands, included three species of the genus Diphyllobothrium Cobbold, 1858: D. elegans (Krabbe, 1865); D. hians (Diesing, 1850); and a third described as D. cameroni sp.nov. Diphyllobothrium cameroni is distinguished by the relative position of the uterine pore as well as by other morphological characteristics. The geographic distribution and occurrence of Diphyllobothrium species in pinnipeds are briefly discussed.
Études des trématodes récoltés par Howard A. Winter chez les poissons marins de l'Océan Pacifique du Mexique et des États Unis. II
Authors: Caballero y C. Eduardo , Caballero R. Guillermina
Published: April 2011

Two trematodes found in Pacific fishes caught off California are described. They are Otodistomum veliporum (Creplin, 1837) Stafford, 1904, a well-known parasite of elasmobranchs, and Opegaster cameroni n.sp. from Cottidae and Girellidae. Opegaster cameroni resembles the following species: O. minimus Tubangui, 1928; O. pristipomatis Yamaguti, 1934; and O. syngnathi Yamaguti, 1934, but it differs from them in the appearance and general arrangement of the organs.
Swimming Thrust of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Relation to Selectivity of Gillnets
Authors: Lander R. H.
Published: April 2011

A significant relationship between girth at the mesh mark and fork length indicates that long sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) have more swimming thrust than short ones. This tends to confirm a speculation of Regier and Robson (J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 23: 423–454, 1966). Preliminary conjecture relates the observation to the theory of mesh selectivity.
Blood Protein Polymorphism in Harp Seals off Eastern Canada
Authors: Nævdal Gunnar
Published: April 2011

Blood samples from 208 harp seals taken in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and 175 taken off the east coast of Newfoundland showed no significant difference in frequency distributions of the serum transferrins or in gene frequencies. The samples were collected in the pupping season and analyzed by zone electrophoresis.
Deep-Sea Line Fishing off British Columbia
Authors: Bourne Neil , Pope M. A.
Published: April 2011

Deepwater longline sets were made in 1830–2830 m off the British Columbia coast between 50°31′–54 32′ N and 129°00′–134°35′ W in 1965. A total of 85 individual fishes were caught, which included five species.