bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of early rearing conditions on problem‐solving skill in captive male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Morimura Naruki , Mori Yusuke
Published: March 2010

Early rearing conditions of captive chimpanzees characterize behavioral differences in tool use, response to novelty, and sexual and maternal competence later in life. Restricted rearing conditions during early life hinder the acquisition and execution of such behaviors, which characterize the daily life of animals. This study examined whether rearing conditions affect adult male chimpanzees' behavior skills used for solving a problem with acquired locomotion behavior. Subjects were 13 male residents of the Chimpanzee Sanctuary Uto: 5 wild‐born and 8 captive‐born. A pretest assessed bed building and tool use abilities to verify behavioral differences between wild‐ and captive‐born subjects, as earlier reports have described. Second, a banana‐access test was conducted to investigate the problem‐solving ability of climbing a bamboo pillar for accessing a banana, which might be the most efficient food access strategy for this setting. The test was repeated in a social setting. Results show that wild‐born subjects were better able than captive‐born subjects to use the provided materials for bed building and tool use. Results of the banana‐access test show that wild‐born subjects more frequently used a bamboo pillar for obtaining a banana with an efficient strategy than captive‐born subjects did. Of the eight captive‐born subjects, six avoided the bamboo pillars to get a banana and instead used, sometimes in a roundabout way, an iron pillar or fence. Results consistently underscored the adaptive and sophisticated skills of wild‐born male chimpanzees in problem‐solving tasks. The rearing conditions affected both the behavior acquisition and the execution of behaviors that had already been acquired. Am. J. Primatol. 72:626–633, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hidden nonassociative structure in supersymmetric quantum mechanics
Authors: Dzhunushaliev V.
Published: March 2010

It is shown that the Hamilton equations in supersymmetric quantum mechanics can be presented in nonassociative form, where the Hamiltonian is decomposed into two nonassociative factors.
Ruthenium(II) complexes incorporating tridentate Schiff base ligands: synthesis, spectroscopic, redox, catalytic and biological properties
Authors: Sathya N. , Raja G. , Padma Priya N. , Jayabalakrishnan C.
Published: March 2010

A series of new diamagnetic ruthenium(II) complexes of the type [RuCl(CO)(B)(L)] (where B = PPh3, AsPh3 or Py; L = monobasic tridentate Schiff base ligands derived from o‐aminophenol or o‐aminothiophenol with ethylacetoacetate or ethylbenzoylacetate) have been synthesized and these complexes were characterized by physico‐chemical and spectroscopic methods. Cyclic voltammograms of all the complexes show quasi‐reversible oxidation in the range 0.24–1.05 V and the quasi‐reversible reduction in the range − 0.14 to − 0.51 V. The observed redox potentials show little variation with respect to the replacement of triphenyl phosphine/arsine by pyridine. The complexes were tested as catalysts in the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols using molecular oxygen at room temperature and also in CC coupling reactions. Further, the antibacterial properties of the free ligands and their metal complexes were evaluated against certain bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Purification–chemical structure–electrical property relationship in gold nanoparticle liquids
Authors: MacCuspie Robert I. , Elsen Andrea M. , Diamanti Steve J. , Patton Steve T. , Altfeder Igor , Jacobs J. David , Voevodin Andrey A. , Vaia Richard A.
Published: March 2010

Macroscopic assemblies of nanoparticles with fluid like characteristics, i.e. nanoparticle liquids (NPLs), are a new class of materials that exhibit unique properties compared with dispersions of nanoparticles in a molecularly distinct matrix phase. By focusing on reaction ratios, techniques to maximize concentration of reactants and quantification of chemical content during washing steps, a high degree of control over the purity of NPLs was maintained while allowing for easy scalability in batch sizes and synthesis throughput. A range of tertiary amines and quaternary ammoniums were used to successfully synthesize Au NPLs from a range of Au nanoparticles with nominal diameters from 6 to 20 nm and initially stabilized with either citrate or dodecanethiol. Stable Au NPLs after purification exhibited a sub‐equivalence ratio of canopy to ligand molecules within the corona. This small canopy density most likely arose from the incommensurate areal density of anionic charge within the ligand shell relative to the larger size of the cationic canopy molecule, resulting in a population of cation–anion pairs too weakly bound to be retained in the initial assembly of the canopy post‐purification. Finally, increasing either the volume fraction or molecular weight of the canopy was found to increase exponentially the electrical resistance of the bulk NPLs. Removal of excess canopy molecules created a conductive Au NPL that improved hot‐current switching durability by at least two orders of magnitude beyond prior reports. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Antimycobacterial Activity of Azetidine‐, Quinazoline‐, and Triazolo‐thiadiazole‐containing Pyrazines
Authors: Bonde Chandrakant G. , Peepliwal Ashok , Gaikwad Naresh J.
Published: March 2010

The re‐emergence of tuberculosis (TB) as a global health problem over the past few decades, accompanied by the rise of drug‐resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, emphasizes the need for the discovery of new therapeutic drugs against this disease. The emerging serious problem both in terms of TB control and clinical management prompted us to synthesize a novel series of N‐[2‐(substituted aryl)‐3‐chloro‐4‐oxoazetidin‐1‐yl]‐2‐(pyrazin‐2‐yloxy)acetamide, 6‐(substituted aryl)‐3‐[(pyrazin‐2‐yloxy)methyl][1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazole, and N‐[6‐({2‐[(pyrazin‐2‐yloxy)acetyl] hydrazino}sulfonyl)‐2‐methyl‐4‐oxo‐1,4‐dihydroquinazolin‐3(2H)yl]‐substituted aryl sulfonamides. The compounds were synthesized using the appropriate synthetic route. All synthesized compounds were assayed in vitro for antimycobacterial activity against the H37 Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for the test compounds as well as for the reference standards. The compound which exhibited good antimycobacterial activity contains the substituents fluorine and methoxy. These electron‐withdrawing or ‐donating substituents amend the lipophilicity of the test compounds which, in turn, alter the permeability across the bacterial cell membrane. Compounds 28, 37, and 43 showed good antimycobacterial activity while compound 51 showed a promising antimycobacterial activity.
A human dissection training program at Indiana University School of Medicine‐Northwest
Authors: Talarico Ernest F.
Published: March 2010

As human cadavers are widely used in basic sciences, medical education, and other training and research venues, there is a real need for experts trained in anatomy and dissection. This article describes a program that gives individuals interested in clinical and basic sciences practical experience working with cadavers. Participants are selected through an open application process and attend sessions focused on anatomical terminology, gross anatomy and radiography, and some of the educational applications of human cadavers. Dissection skills are honed during an intensive, two‐day cadaver dissection and orthopedic workshop. Participants communicate the knowledge they gain through table‐side discussions, reflect upon the experience during a memorial service, and submit written program evaluations. Additionally, the dissection and preparation of cadaveric materials accomplished in this course are used in the medical school gross anatomy course during the next academic year. From 2004 through 2008, the annual number of applicants increased from 40 to 167, and the number of participants increased from 25 to 43 per year. Program participants have represented diverse ethnic, educational, and professional backgrounds. Feedback from participants has been remarkably positive, including comments on the large amount of learning that takes place during the sessions, the positive impact the program has had on career choice, and the desire for program expansion. This program, which could be replicated at other institutions, teaches anatomy, prepares cadaveric prosections for teaching and training others, and encourages participants to pursue careers in anatomical and biomedical sciences. Anat Sci Educ 3: 77–82, 2010. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
Historische Wissenschaftsforschung, heute. Überlegungen zu einer Geschichte der Wissensgesellschaft
Authors: Reinhardt Carsten
Published: March 2010

Historical Science Studies Today. Thoughts about a History of the Knowledge Society. The article explores theoretical and historiographical approaches in the field of historical science studies, while focusing on the history of the knowledge society. It argues that a straightforward transfer of the concept of knowledge society into the past has to be pursued with care, favorably with an extraction of some analytical key concepts. This extraction is termed ‘decontextualization’ while a second approach, ‘contextualization’, is applied to the study of the knowledge society in its own time, namely the second half of the twentieth century. The latter approach needs to be combined with a history of science studies, especially a history of the concepts explaining and constituting the knowledge society itself. Furthermore, it is proposed to study the operative concepts of innovation and regulation in order to analyze the coupling processes of science, economy, technology, and government.
Radioembolization with yttrium microspheres for neuroendocrine tumour liver metastases
Authors: Cao C Q , Yan T D , Bester L , Liauw W , Morris D L
Published: March 2010

Background

90Y microsphere radioembolization is performed by injecting the microspheres through a hepatic artery catheter placed percutaneously via the femoral or brachial artery. This study assessed the efficacy of 90Y microsphere therapy for patients with unresectable neuroendocrine tumour liver metastases (NETLMs). Potential prognostic factors were analysed for their impact on overall survival.

Methods

A prospectively collected database for patients with NETLMs treated by 90Y microspheres in two centres from 2003 to 2008 was examined retrospectively. Serial radiographic evidence was collected during follow-up to assess response.

Results

Fifty-eight patients were included, 51 of whom had evaluable disease at most recent follow-up. Six patients achieved a complete response, 14 a partial response, 14 had stable disease and 17 had disease progression. Overall survival rates at 1, 2 and 3 years were 86, 58 and 47 per cent respectively; median survival was 36 (range 1–61) months. Extent of tumour involvement, radiographic response to treatment, extrahepatic disease and tumour grade were significant prognostic factors for overall survival.

Conclusion

90Y microsphere radioembolization achieved a radiographic response in a significant proportion of patients with NETLMs.
Randomized controlled trial of preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment in major abdominal surgery
Authors: Mathur S , Plank L D , McCall J L , Shapkov P , McIlroy K , Gillanders L K , Merrie A E H , Torrie J J , Pugh F , Koea J B , Bissett I P , Parry B R
Published: March 2010

Background

Major surgery is associated with postoperative insulin resistance which is attenuated by preoperative carbohydrate (CHO) treatment. The effect of this treatment on clinical outcome after major abdominal surgery has not been assessed in a double-blind randomized trial.

Methods

Patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery or liver resection were randomized to oral CHO or placebo drinks to be taken on the evening before surgery and 2 h before induction of anaesthesia. Primary outcomes were postoperative length of hospital stay and fatigue measured by visual analogue scale.

Results

Sixty-nine and 73 patients were evaluated in the CHO and placebo groups respectively. The groups were well matched with respect to surgical procedure, epidural analgesia, laparoscopic procedures, fasting period before induction and duration of surgery. Postoperative changes in fatigue score from baseline did not differ between the groups. Median (range) hospital stay was 7 (2–35) days in the CHO group and 8 (2–92) days in the placebo group (P = 0·344). For patients not receiving epidural blockade or laparoscopic surgery (20 CHO, 19 placebo), values were 7 (3–11) and 9 (2–48) days respectively (P = 0·054).

Conclusion

Preoperative CHO treatment did not improve postoperative fatigue or length of hospital stay after major abdominal surgery. A benefit is not ruled out when epidural blockade or laparoscopic procedures are not used. Registration number: ACTRN012605000456651 (http://www.anzctr.org.au).
Randomized controlled trial of preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment in major abdominal surgery(Br J Surg 2010; 97: 485–494)
Authors: Lassen K , Lobo D N
Published: March 2010

Of uncertain value
A multi‐grained distributed implementation of the parallel Block Conjugate Gradient algorithm
Authors: Murli A. , D'Amore L. , Laccetti G. , Gregoretti F. , Oliva G.
Published: March 2010

The Block Conjugate Gradient algorithm (Block‐CG) was developed to solve sparse linear systems of equations that have multiple right‐hand sides. We have adapted it for use in heterogeneous, geographically distributed, parallel architectures. Once the main operations of the Block‐CG (Tasks) have been collected into smaller groups (subjobs), each subjob is matched by the middleware MJMS (MPI Jobs Management System) with a suitable resource selected among those which are available. Moreover, within each subjob, concurrency is introduced at two different levels and with two different granularities: the coarse‐grained parallelism to perform independent tasks and the fine‐grained parallelism within the execution of a task. We refer to this algorithm as to multi‐grained distributed implementation of the parallel Block‐CG. We compare the performance of a parallel implementation with the one of the distributed implementation running on a variety of Grid computing environments. The middleware MJMS—developed by some of the authors and built on top of Globus Toolkit and Condor‐G—was used for co‐allocation, synchronization, scheduling and resource selection. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interpersonal predictors of outcome following short‐term group therapy for complicated grief: a replication
Authors: Joyce Anthony S. , Ogrodniczuk John S. , Piper William E. , Sheptycki Amanda R.
Published: March 2010

The current study represented a replication of previous research, addressing measures of interpersonal relatedness as predictors of outcome for dynamically oriented, short‐term group (STG) psychotherapy for patients presenting with complicated grief. In an analysis of data from a comparative trial of two forms (interpretive, supportive) of STG therapy (n = 107), Ogrodniczuk, Piper, McCallum, Joyce and Rosie reported that three distinct indices of interpersonal relatedness—quality of object relations, current social functioning and attachment insecurity—each had significant relationships with measures of treatment outcome, with attachment insecurity emerging as the strongest predictor. The current study (n = 110) was based on data from a subsequent trial of the two therapy approaches that examined the effect of group composition on outcome, by Piper, Ogrodniczuk, Joyce, Weideman and Rosie. Predictor variables and outcome factors involved in the current analyses were similar or identical to those employed by Ogrodniczuk et al., and an identical analytic strategy was followed. Only the patient's attachment insecurity emerged as a strong predictor of psychotherapy outcome, providing a replication of the key finding from the previous study. The clinical implications and limitations of the results are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

• Complicated grief (CG) is a distinct syndrome that is associated with definite distress and problems in functioning; there are empirically supported treatments available for CG.

• Characteristics of the patient can influence the success of these treatments.

• In particular, the patient's capacity for interpersonal relatedness will help determine the quality of engagement in the therapy process and treatment outcome.

• Attachment insecurity is an important aspect of interpersonal relatedness and, based on replicated findings reported here, has a clear relationship with benefit from short‐term group therapy for CG.
Grafting CVD of Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) for Durable Scleral Lens Coatings
Authors: Sedransk Kyra L. , Tenhaeff Wyatt E. , Gleason Karen K.
Published: March 2010

Grafting (g)CVD from the monomer 1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (VP) and the Type II initiator benzophenone (BP) under 254 nm UV irradiation yields durable hydrophilic coatings on substrates of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) derivatives, desirable for scleral lens applications. The gCVD polymerization of the VP monomer is essentially complete, and little excess BP remains in the film. Process optimization, through single variable and two fractional factorial experiments, result in retention of >90% of the as‐deposited film thickness after rinsing. Increasing the initiator dosing time beyond 10 min, or the UV exposure time beyond 5 min, has little effect on the as‐deposited thickness, or percentage of film retained after rinsing. This suggests that UV irradiation rapidly transforms most of the BP absorbed on the surface to initiating radicals. Once sufficient initiator dosage and UV exposure have been achieved, the initial deposition thickness is controlled primarily by the total flux of monomer to the surface, which is consistent with previous studies. For all samples, thickness loss occurs primarily during the first 30 days of saline soak‐testing with no statistically significant loss (p > 0.25) during the next 90 days of soak testing. While the additional UV exposure time has a limited effect on initial film thickness, it does increase long term thickness retention, most likely by forming crosslinked and branched structures within the film. All samples tested retain sufficient gCVD coating thickness to impart improved hydrophilicity at the surface throughout the entire 120 day saline soak‐testing period. The fractional factorial experiments correlate improved hydrophilicity with an interaction between initiator dosage time and UV exposure time. Indeed, decreasing these two process variables in tandem provides the greatest reduction in contact angle. While the uncoated PMA displayed 92.3° ± 2.1° advancing and 86.7° ± 3.0° receding contact angles with water, the most hydrophilic gCVD coating lowers the advancing and receding contact angles to 39.5° ± 2.6° and 36.2° ± 1.6°, respectively.
Comparison of Coupling Methods for Linking Between Reactor and Feature Scales
Authors: Jilesen Jonathan , Lien Fue‐Sang
Published: March 2010

Currently there are two main methods used for coupling macroscopic reactor‐scale and microscopic feature‐scale models in multi‐scale CVD simulation. These methods differ in the plane selected for coupling. With one method, coupling occurs at a source plane offset from the deposition surface, while in the other method coupling occurs on the deposition surface itself. The two methods also have different feature‐scale modeling techniques associated with them. A Monte Carlo (MC) technique is used for the source plane‐coupling method, while a ballistic transport technique is used for the deposition surface‐coupling method. In this study a multi‐scale code with a ballistic feature‐scale model is modified so that both coupling methods can be applied, allowing for direct comparison of the two coupling methods.
The Growth of One‐Dimensional Single‐Crystalline AlN Nanostructures by HVPE and Their Field Emission Properties
Authors: Byeun Yun‐Ki , Telle Rainer , Jung Se‐Hyuk , Choi Sung‐Churl , Hwang Hak‐In
Published: March 2010

Single‐crystalline AlN nanostructures, such as thin films, nanoneedles, nanocolumns, and nanowires, depending on the controlled gas‐flow ratio, are synthesized by halide vapor‐phase epitaxy (HVPE). In comparison with a typical vapor/liquid/solid (VLS) mechanism for the growth of nanowires, well‐aligned AlN nanorod arrays with diameters below 20 nm are grown on a catalyst‐free Si substrate though a vapor/solid (VS) mechanism. Their structural and optical properties are measured by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and photoluminescence (PL). In particular, AlN nanorods exhibit an excellent field emission property with a low turn‐on field of 2.25 V µm−1. The field enhancement factor is estimated to be about 784 due to well‐aligned, needle‐shaped, AlN nanorods.
Sulfur‐ and Nitrogen‐Doped Titania Biomaterials via APCVD
Authors: Dunnill Charles W. , Aiken Zoie A. , Pratten Jonathan , Wilson Michael , Parkin Ivan P.
Published: March 2010

A comparison between two of the best performing photocatalysts in a series of nitrogen‐ and sulfur‐doped titania visible light photocatalysts prepared by atmospheric pressure (AP)CVD is made against a sample of pure undoped titania. This study compares the ability of the samples to photo‐oxidize stearic acid and kill Escherichia coli bacteria using white light sources commonly found in UK hospitals. It is shown that both nitrogen‐ and sulfur‐doped photocatalysts are bioactive with extraordinarily similar properties though the nitrogen‐doped samples are found to perform very slightly better than the sulfur‐doped samples. These materials are suggested for use as anti‐microbial surfaces in healthcare environments and as self‐cleaning glass.
H2InB5O10: A New Pentaborate Constructed from 2D Tetrahedrally Four‐Connected Borate Layers and InO6 Octahedra
Authors: Cong Rihong , Yang Tao , Li Hongmei , Liao Fuhui , Wang Yingxia , Lin Jianhua
Published: March 2010

H2InB5O10, a new hydrated indium pentaborate, was prepared by the boric acid flux method and characterized by IR, solid‐state 11B MAS NMR and 1H CRAMPS NMR spectroscopy. Its structure was determined by powder X‐ray diffraction and refined by Rietveld analysis. H2InB5O10 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2. The structure features a new 2D tetrahedrally four‐connected borate network constructed from a new pentaborate fundamental building block, B5O14. The 2D borate network is formed by two 63 borate layers linked by additional BO4 groups in a spiro‐5 mode and then combines with InO6 octahedra to give rise to the 3D structure of H2InB5O10. The strong hydrogen bonds that cross‐link oxygen atoms of additional BO4 groups between the borate layers help to stabilize the borate network.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Photoluminescence of Hierarchical Lead Tungstate Superstructures: Effects of Reaction Temperature and Surfactants
Authors: Guo Xiaohui , Yang Jianping , Deng Yonghui , Wei Hao , Zhao Dongyuan
Published: March 2010

Lead tungstate (PbWO4) crystals with unique hierarchical morphologies have been successfully synthesized in the presence of a triblock copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)‐poly(propylene oxide)‐poly(ethylene oxide) (EO70‐PO20‐EO70, P123) under mild hydrothermal conditions. When reaction temperature is changed from 140 to 180 and 220 °C, the as‐obtained PbWO4 samples can vary from flat tubular to rod‐shaped arrays and complex slabs with porous film texture on their surface. Meanwhile, by using polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), andhydroxycellulose with distinct functional groups as structure‐directing agents, PbWO4 samples such as polyhedrons and rods with porous groove texture, as well as tube‐shaped aggregate bundles, can be obtained. The optical properties of the as‐made PbWO4 samples with various morphologies were examined by photoluminescence (PL) and Raman spectroscopy. Results show that PL of the rod‐like arrays and microtube structures is redshifted relative to that of the complex slab sample. In general, the present synthesis route may be extended to prepare other inorganic nanomaterials with special functions.
Immobilization of Diphenylamine‐Linked Bis(oxazoline) Ligands and Their Application in the Asymmetric Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Indole Derivatives with Nitroalkenes
Authors: Liu Han , Du Da‐Ming
Published: March 2010

A diphenylamine‐linked bis(oxazoline) ligand with trans‐diphenyl substitution on the oxazoline rings has been immobilized onto one‐ to three‐generation Fréchet‐type dendrimers and a C3‐symmetric core structure. The catalytic activities and enantioselectivities of these new ligands were tested in the asymmetric Friedel–Crafts alkylation reactions of indole derivatives with nitroalkenes. The two types of immobilized ligands exhibited similar enantioselectivities and substrate compatibilities to the free ligand trans‐DPBO we reported previously. No dendrimer effect was observed in the kinetic investigation of the Fréchet‐type dendrimer‐immobilized ligands. The in situ recycling of the catalysts was also tested to illustrate the effect of reducing catalyst loading and the efficiency of our system.
New Fluorous Photoaffinity Labels (F‐PAL) and Their Application in V‐ATPase Inhibition Studies
Authors: Burkard Nadja , Bender Tobias , Westmeier Johannes , Nardmann Christin , Huss Markus , Wieczorek Helmut , Grond Stephanie , von Zezschwitz Paultheo
Published: March 2010

(Trifluoromethyl)diazirines are well established photoaffinity labels (PAL) used in biochemical investigations to create covalent ligand‐receptor bonds. Two new diazirinylbenzoic acids 8b,c with perfluorobutyl and perfluorooctyl chains (F‐PAL) were efficiently prepared from p‐bromobenzaldehyde and attached to the highly potent and specific V‐ATPase inhibitors 21‐deoxyconcanolide A (2) and bafilomycin A1 (5), deriving from the natural product pool from Streptomyces producer strains. The labelled derivatives 17 and 18 were efficiently purified by fluorous solid‐phase extraction. Functional biochemical assays with the V‐ATPase holoenzymes proofed strong inhibition activities. So far, radioactive isotopes or biotin‐tags have mainly been used for tracing compounds in photoaffinity studies. The C4F9‐ and C8F17‐fluorous tags aim to enable advantageous separation and identification of labelled peptide fragments by fluorous chromatography followed by MS analysis. Therefore, F‐PAL represents an innovative new concept for binding site determination and should significantly accelerate and simplify such biochemical investigations.
Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Friedel–Crafts Reactions
Authors: Terrasson Vincent , Marcia de Figueiredo Renata , Campagne Jean Marc
Published: March 2010

Aromatic substitution enables the synthesis of relevant and promising biological entities through the direct synthesis of a range of highly functionalized compounds. Thus, since its discovery and over more than one century, the Friedel–Crafts (F‐C) alkylation has been used for carrying out such a transformation. Despite its aptitude and viability for aromatic substitutions, it is quite surprisingly that catalytic and asymmetric versions of F‐C reactions have only been described in the mid‐1980s. In this microreview, we are planning to underscore the main and recent developments in organocatalyzed F‐C reactions which were published within the 2001–2009 timeframe.
Grecocyclines: New Angucyclines from Streptomyces sp. Acta 1362
Authors: Paululat Thomas , Kulik Andreas , Hausmann Heike , Karagouni Amalia D. , Zinecker Heidi , Imhoff Johannes F. , Fiedler Hans‐Peter
Published: March 2010

Two novel angucyclines were isolated from the streptomycete Acta 1362. The strain was of particular interest regarding the production of characteristic metabolites that were detected by HPLC–diode array profiling of the extracts. Grecocycline A and B were isolated and their structures were determined. Grecocycline A shows cytotoxic activity and grecocycline B inhibits protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Moreover, shunt product grecocyline C was isolated and its structure was determined.
Nylon Nanofibrous Biosensors for Glucose Determination
Authors: Scampicchio Matteo , Arecchi Alessandra , Bianco Andrea , Bulbarello Andrea , Bertarelli Chiara , Mannino Saverio
Published: March 2010

Nanofibrous membranes have been produced by electrospinning to develop first generation glucose biosensors. The direct immobilization of glucose oxidase onto the polyamide nanofibrous surfaces by drop coating revealed a simple and efficient method for the development of sensitive, stable, and reproducible electrochemical biosensors. The biosensor showed a linear response over the range 1–9×10−3 glucose (R2=0.9997) with a sensitivity of 1.11 μA/mM and a limit of detection of 2.5×10−6 M (S/N=3). The uncertainty of repeatability was 2% (RSD%, n=30). After one month of storage, the signal decreased of 35%. The recovery of glucose, evaluated in real samples of honey, was 98% (RSD%=1%, n=3).
Electrocatalytical Oxidation of Nitrite and Its Determination Based on Au@Fe3O4 Nanoparticles
Authors: Yu Chunmei , Guo Jianwei , Gu Haiying
Published: March 2010

A promising electrochemical nitrite sensor was fabricated by immobilizing Au@Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the surface of L‐cysteine modified glassy carbon electrode, which was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The proposed sensor exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity toward nitrite oxidation. The kinetic parameters of the electrode reaction process were calculated, (1–α)nα was 0.38 and the heterogeneous electron transfer coefficient (k) was 0.13 cm s−1. The detection conditions such as supporting electrolyte and pH value were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the linear range for the determination of nitrite was 3.6×10−6 to 1.0×10−2 M with a detection limit of 8.2×10−7 M (S/N=3). Moreover, the as‐prepared electrode displayed good stability, repeatability and selectivity for promising practical applications.
Sensitive Determination of Water Insoluble Dyes Used as Marking of Commercial Petroleum Products Using High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection
Authors: Trindade Magno Aparecido Gonçalves , Zanoni Maria Valnice Boldrin , Matysik Frank‐Michael
Published: March 2010

This paper describes an analytical method using high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation coupled with electrochemical detection to detect three dyes, Solvent Blue 14 (SB‐14), Solvent Blue 35 (SB‐35) and Solvent Red 24 (SR‐24). The dyes were eluted and separated using a reversed‐phase column (C‐8) under isocratic elution with the mobile phase containing a mixture of acetonitrile/ammonium acetate (5.0 mmol L−1) at the ratio of 75 : 25 (v/v). Two sample pretreatment methods were tested and successfully applied to quantify SB14, SB‐35 and SR‐24 dyes in gasoline samples. The proposed method was simple, fast and suitable to detect and quantify marker dyes in gasoline sample at low concentration.
Highly Sensitive and Selective Determination of Dopamine Based on Graphite Nanosheet‐Nafion Composite Film Modified Electrode
Authors: Chen Siming , Yang Wensheng , Chen Xu
Published: March 2010

A graphite nanosheet (GNS)‐Nafion modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode was prepared and used for highly sensitive and selective determination of dopamine (DA). The GNS‐Nafion/GC electrode displayed excellent electrocatalytic activities towards DA and ascorbic acid (AA). The selective determination of DA was carried out successfully in the presence of AA by differential pulse voltammetry. High sensitivity (3.695 μA μM−1) and low detection limit (0.02 μM, S/N=3) for the DA detection were obtained. These good properties can be attributed to a large amount of edge plane defects presented on GNSs and the charge‐exclusion and concentration features of Nafion.
An L2‐stable approximation of the Navier–Stokes convection operator for low‐order non‐conforming finite elements
Authors: Ansanay‐Alex G. , Babik F. , Latché J. C. , Vola D.
Published: March 2010

We develop in this paper a discretization for the convection term in variable density unstationary Navier–Stokes equations, which applies to low‐order non‐conforming finite element approximations (the so‐called Crouzeix–Raviart or Rannacher–Turek elements). This discretization is built by a finite volume technique based on a dual mesh. It is shown to enjoy an L2 stability property, which may be seen as a discrete counterpart of the kinetic energy conservation identity. In addition, numerical experiments confirm the robustness and the accuracy of this approximation; in particular, in L2 norm, second‐order space convergence for the velocity and first‐order space convergence for the pressure are observed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive finite volume methods with well‐balanced Riemann solvers for modeling floods in rugged terrain: Application to the Malpasset dam‐break flood (France, 1959)
Authors: George D. L.
Published: March 2010

The simulation of advancing flood waves over rugged topography, by solving the shallow‐water equations with well‐balanced high‐resolution finite volume methods and block‐structured dynamic adaptive mesh refinement (AMR), is described and validated in this paper. The efficiency of block‐structured AMR makes large‐scale problems tractable, and allows the use of accurate and stable methods developed for solving general hyperbolic problems on quadrilateral grids. Features indicative of flooding in rugged terrain, such as advancing wet–dry fronts and non‐stationary steady states due to balanced source terms from variable topography, present unique challenges and require modifications such as special Riemann solvers. A well‐balanced Riemann solver for inundation and general (non‐stationary) flow over topography is tested in this context. The difficulties of modeling floods in rugged terrain, and the rationale for and efficacy of using AMR and well‐balanced methods, are presented. The algorithms are validated by simulating the Malpasset dam‐break flood (France, 1959), which has served as a benchmark problem previously. Historical field data, laboratory model data and other numerical simulation results (computed on static fitted meshes) are shown for comparison. The methods are implemented in GEOCLAW, a subset of the open‐source CLAWPACK software. All the software is freely available at www.clawpack.org. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How much are clinical fMRI reports influenced by standard postprocessing methods? An investigation of normalization and region of interest effects in the medial temporal lobe
Authors: Beisteiner Roland , Klinger Nicolaus , Höllinger Ilse , Rath Jakob , Gruber Susanne , Steinkellner Thomas , Foki Thomas , Geissler Alexander
Published: March 2010

Recent evidence has indicated that standard postprocessing methods such as template‐based region of interest (ROI) definition and normalization of individual brains to a standard template may influence final outcome of functional magnetic resonance imaging investigations. Here, we provide the first comprehensive investigation into whether ROI definition and normalization may also change the clinical interpretation of patient data. A series of medial temporal lobe epilepsy patients were investigated with a clinical memory paradigm and individually delineated as well as template‐based ROIs. Different metrics for activation quantification were applied. Results show that the application of template‐based ROIs can significantly change the clinical interpretation of individual patient data. This relates to sensitivity for brain activation and hemispheric dominance. We conclude that individual ROIs should be defined on nontransformed functional data and that use of more than one metric for activation quantification is beneficial. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Potential application of population models in the European ecological risk assessment of chemicals II: Review of models and their potential to address environmental protection aims
Authors: Galic Nika , Hommen Udo , Baveco JM (Hans) , van den Brink Paul J
Published: March 2010

Whereas current chemical risk assessment (RA) schemes within the European Union (EU) focus mainly on toxicity and bioaccumulation of chemicals in individual organisms, most protection goals aim at preserving populations of nontarget organisms rather than individuals. Ecological models are tools rarely recommended in official technical documents on RA of chemicals, but are widely used by researchers to assess risks to populations, communities and ecosystems. Their great advantage is the relatively straightforward integration of the sensitivity of species to chemicals, the mode of action and fate in the environment of toxicants, life-history traits of the species of concern, and landscape features. To promote the usage of ecological models in regulatory risk assessment, this study tries to establish whether existing, published ecological modeling studies have addressed or have the potential to address the protection aims and requirements of the chemical directives of the EU. We reviewed 148 publications, and evaluated and analyzed them in a database according to defined criteria. Published models were also classified in terms of 5 areas where their application would be most useful for chemical RA. All potential application areas are well represented in the published literature. Most models were developed to estimate population-level responses on the basis of individual effects, followed by recovery process assessment, both in individuals and at the level of metapopulations. We provide case studies for each of the proposed areas of ecological model application. The lack of clarity about protection goals in legislative documents made it impossible to establish a direct link between modeling studies and protection goals. Because most of the models reviewed here were not developed for regulatory risk assessment, there is great potential and a variety of ecological models in the published literature. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010;6:338–360. © 2010 SETAC
Reducing environmental impact of dairy cattle: A Czech case study
Authors: Havlikova Martina , Kroeze Carolien
Published: March 2010

We analyze options to reduce the future environmental impact of dairy cattle production, using an optimization model (DAIRY) applied to the Czech Republic. The DAIRY model can be used to calculate the overall environmental impact (OEI). We show that aquatic eutrophication and global warming are the 2 most important problems caused by dairy cattle. These problems are largely caused by nitrate leaching and emissions from animal housing. The DAIRY model indicates that the costs of reducing the OEI in 2020 by 20% are 12 MEuro. It is most cost effective to achieve this reduction by improving the efficiency of animal manure used as fertilizer. We tested the sensitivity of the model to assumptions about the following: 1) the relative importance of environmental problems as expressed in weighting factors, and 2) future cattle numbers and milk yield per milking cow. The first case indicates that disagreement on which problem is most urgent need not lead to disagreement about policies to be undertaken. Regardless of the weighting factors used, aquatic eutrophication and global warming are the most important problems. However, the overall costs of reducing the OEI differ with alternative sets of weighting factors, because the costs of emission reduction differ among pollutants. The second case shows that the DAIRY model results are more sensitive to changes in cattle numbers than to changes in milk yield. This study is the first integrated assessment of dairy cattle production for a Central European country and illustrates how systematic analyses may help to find optimal solutions. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010;6:367–377. © 2010 SETAC
Contractility modulates cell adhesion strengthening through focal adhesion kinase and assembly of vinculin‐containing focal adhesions
Authors: Dumbauld David W. , Shin Heungsoo , Gallant Nathan D. , Michael Kristin E. , Radhakrishna Harish , García Andrés J.
Published: March 2010

Actin–myosin contractility modulates focal adhesion assembly, stress fiber formation, and cell migration. We analyzed the contributions of contractility to fibroblast adhesion strengthening using a hydrodynamic adhesion assay and micropatterned substrates to control cell shape and adhesive area. Serum addition resulted in adhesion strengthening to levels 30–40% higher than serum‐free cultures. Inhibition of myosin light chain kinase or Rho‐kinase blocked phosphorylation of myosin light chain to similar extents and eliminated the serum‐induced enhancements in strengthening. Blebbistatin‐induced inhibition of myosin II reduced serum‐induced adhesion strength to similar levels as those obtained by blocking myosin light chain phosphorylation. Reductions in adhesion strengthening by inhibitors of contractility correlated with loss of vinculin and talin from focal adhesions without changes in integrin binding. In vinculin‐null cells, inhibition of contractility did not alter adhesive force, whereas controls displayed a 20% reduction in adhesion strength, indicating that the effects of contractility on adhesive force are vinculin‐dependent. Furthermore, in cells expressing FAK, inhibitors of contractility reduced serum‐induced adhesion strengthening as well as eliminated focal adhesion assembly. In contrast, in the absence of FAK, these inhibitors did not alter adhesion strength or focal adhesion assembly. These results indicate that contractility modulates adhesion strengthening via FAK‐dependent, vinculin‐containing focal adhesion assembly. J. Cell. Physiol. 223:746–756, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Curcumin stimulates glucose uptake through AMPK‐p38 MAPK pathways in L6 myotube cells
Authors: Kim Ji Hae , Park Ji Man , Kim Eung‐Kyun , Lee Jung Ok , Lee Soo Kyung , Jung Jin Hee , You Ga Young , Park Sun Hwa , Suh Pann‐Ghill , Kim Hyeon Soo
Published: March 2010

Curcumin has been shown to exert a variety of beneficial human health effects. However, mechanisms by which curcumin acts are poorly understood. In this study, we report that curcumin activated AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and increased glucose uptake in rat L6 myotubes. In addition, curcumin activated the mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)3/6‐p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in the downstream of the AMPK cascade. Moreover, inhibition of either AMPK or p38 MAPK resulted in blockage of curcumin‐induced glucose uptake. Furthermore, the administration of curcumin to mice increased AMPK phosphorylation in the skeletal muscles. Taken together, these results indicate that the beneficial health effect of curcumin can be explained by its ability to activate AMPK‐p38 MAPK pathways in skeletal muscles. J. Cell. Physiol. 223:771–778, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diclofenac removal from water by ozone and photolytic TiO2 catalysed processes
Authors: García‐Araya Juan F. , Beltrán Fernando J. , Aguinaco Almudena
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND: The aim of this work was to establish the efficiency of single ozonation at different pH levels (5, 7 and 9) and with different TiO2 photolytic oxidizing systems (O2/UV‐A/TiO2, O3/UV‐A/TiO2 or UV‐A/TiO2) for diclofenac removal from water, with especial emphasis on mineralization of the organic matter.

RESULTS: In the case of single ozonation processes, results show fast and practically complete elimination of diclofenac, with little differences in removal rates that depend on pH and buffering conditions. In contrast, total organic carbon (TOC) removal rates are slow and mineralization degree reaches 50% at best. As far as photocatalytic processes are concerned, diclofenac is completely removed from the aqueous solutions at high rates. However, unlike single ozonation processes, TOC removal can reach 80%.

CONCLUSION: In single ozonation processes, direct ozone reaction is mainly responsible for diclofenac elimination. Once diclofenac has disappeared, its by‐products are removed by reaction with hydroxyl radicals formed in the ozone decomposition and also from the reaction of diclofenac with ozone. In the photocatalytic processes hydroxyl radicals are responsible oxidant species of diclofenac removal as well as by‐products. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
[4+2] Cycloaddition of α,β‐unsaturated acid anhydrides to 2‐furylpiperidin‐4‐ones: The short route to annulated 8,10a‐epoxypyrido[2,1‐a]isoindoles
Authors: Zubkov Fedor I. , Airiyan Inga K. , Dzyubenko Anastasiya A. , Yudina Nataliya I. , Zaytsev Vladimir P. , Nikitina Eugeniya V. , Varlamov Alexey V. , Khrustalev Victor N. , Grudinin Dmitry G.
Published: March 2010

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A one‐step preparation procedure of 8,10a‐epoxypyrido[2,1‐a]isoindoles and their 7‐carboxylic derivatives is reported. The key synthetic step includes the intramolecular exo‐Diels–Alder reaction (IMDAF) of N‐furfurylacrylamide, produced in situ from 2‐furylpiperidin‐4‐ones and α,β‐unsaturated acid anhydrides. The synthesis of the title compounds can be performed under mild conditions with a high level of regio‐ and stereoselectivity. The same strategy has been successfully used for the synthesis of 9,11a‐epoxyimidazo[4′,5′:3,4]pyrido[2,1‐a]isoindole‐8‐carboxylic acid from maleic anhydride and the spinacine derivatives – 4‐(2‐furyl)‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydro‐3H‐imidazo[4,5‐c]pyridines. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Synthesis of new 1,2,3‐triazolo[1,5‐a]quinazolinones
Authors: Pokhodylo Nazariy T. , Matiychuk Vasyl S.
Published: March 2010

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Synthesis of novel 3‐substituted‐1,2,3‐triazolo[1,5‐a]quinazolinones in high yields was performed via anionic hetero‐domino reaction of appropriate substituted 2‐azidobenzoates prepared from isatines and acetonitriles activated by 1,3‐thiazole, 1,3‐benzothiazole, 1,3,4‐oxadiazole, and 1,2,4‐oxadiazole rings. It was shown that acetonitriles exhibited high reactivity and were convenient methylenic compounds for such reactions providing rapid structural variation. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
A green procedure for the synthesis of 1,8‐dioxodecahydroacridine derivatives under microwave irradiation in aqueous media without catalyst
Authors: Tang Zi‐Qiang , Chen Yan , Liu Chang‐Ning , Cai Ke‐Ying , Tu Shu‐Jiang
Published: March 2010

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A green procedure for the synthesis of 1,8‐dioxo‐decahydroacridine derivatives is developed under microwave irradiation without catalyst in water. This method provides several advantages such as excellent yields (86–96%), simple workup procedure, and environment friendliness. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Tandem Michael addition/imino‐nitrile cyclization synthesis of 2‐amino‐6‐(1‐aryl‐5‐methyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4yl)‐4‐phenylpyridine‐3‐carbonitrile
Authors: Dong Heng‐Shan , Wang Hui‐Cheng , Gao Zhong‐Lian , Li Rong‐Shan , Cui Fu‐Hong
Published: March 2010

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Several 2–amino‐6‐(1‐aryl‐5‐methyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)‐4‐phenylpyridine‐3‐carbonitrile have been synthesized by Tandem Michael addition/imino‐nitrile cyclization and the structures of these compounds were established by MS, IR, CHN, and 1H NMR spectral data. The crystal structure of 2‐amino‐6‐[1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐5‐methyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl]‐4‐phenylpyridine‐3‐carbonitrile was established by X‐ray diffraction. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).