bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuronal Responses to Object Images in the Macaque Inferotemporal Cortex at Different Stimulus Discrimination Levels
Authors: Suzuki Wataru , Matsumoto Kenji , Tanaka Keiji
Published: October 2006

We can discriminate visual objects at multiple levels, from coarse categorization to individual identification. It is not known how the brain adapts to the varying levels of discrimination required in different behavioral contexts. In the present study, we investigated whether the stimulus selectivity of neuronal responses in the monkey inferotemporal cortex, which is the final unimodal stage in the ventral visual pathway, changes with the varying levels of discrimination required for different task conditions. Responses of each inferotemporal cell to the same set of nine object images were examined in two different task conditions. The task alternated between coarse and fine discriminations in the first experiment, and the rule alternated between categorization and individual object identification in the second experiment. Despite these changes in the task requirements and the resulting differences in the monkeys' behavior, we found that the responses of inferotemporal cells were largely unchanged in both experiments. Our results suggest that representation of object images in the inferotemporal cortex is stable and rather insensitive to these kinds of shifts in behavioral context. Neuronal adaptations to behavioral context may occur downstream of the inferotemporal cortex.
Different Mechanisms Exist for the Plasticity of Glutamate Reuptake during Early Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) and Late LTP
Authors: Pita-Almenar Juan D. , Collado Maria Sol , Colbert Costa M. , Eskin Arnold
Published: October 2006

Regulation of glutamate reuptake occurs along with several forms of synaptic plasticity. These associations led to the hypothesis that regulation of glutamate uptake is a general component of plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. We tested this hypothesis by determining whether glutamate uptake is regulated during both the early phases (E-LTP) and late phases (L-LTP) of long-term potentiation (LTP). We found that glutamate uptake was rapidly increased within minutes after induction of LTP and that the increase in glutamate uptake persisted for at least 3 h in CA1 of the hippocampus. NMDA receptor activation and Na+-dependent high-affinity glutamate transporters were responsible for the regulation of glutamate uptake during all phases of LTP. However, different mechanisms appear to be responsible for the increase in glutamate uptake during E-LTP and L-LTP. The increase in glutamate uptake observed during E-LTP did not require new protein synthesis, was mediated by PKC but not cAMP, and as previously shown was attributable to EAAC1 (excitatory amino acid carrier-1), a neuronal glutamate transporter. On the other hand, the increase in glutamate uptake during L-LTP required new protein synthesis and was mediated by the cAMP–PKA (protein kinase A) pathway, and it involved a different glutamate transporter, GLT1a (glutamate transporter subtype 1a). The switch in mechanisms regulating glutamate uptake between E-LTP and L-LTP paralleled the differences in the mechanisms responsible for the induction of E-LTP and L-LTP. Moreover, the differences in signaling pathways and transporters involved in regulating glutamate uptake during E-LTP and L-LTP indicate that different functions and/or sites may exist for the changes in glutamate uptake during E-LTP and L-LTP.
Ubiquitous and Temperature-Dependent Neural Plasticity in Hibernators
Authors: von der Ohe Christina G. , Darian-Smith Corinna , Garner Craig C. , Heller H. Craig
Published: October 2006

Hibernating mammals are remarkable for surviving near-freezing brain temperatures and near cessation of neural activity for a week or more at a time. This extreme physiological state is associated with dendritic and synaptic changes in hippocampal neurons. Here, we investigate whether these changes are a ubiquitous phenomenon throughout the brain that is driven by temperature. We iontophoretically injected Lucifer yellow into several types of neurons in fixed slices from hibernating ground squirrels. We analyzed neuronal microstructure from animals at several stages of torpor at two different ambient temperatures, and during the summer. We show that neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and spines from several cell types in hibernating ground squirrels retract on entry into torpor, change little over the course of several days, and then regrow during the 2 h return to euthermia. Similar structural changes take place in neurons from the hippocampus, cortex, and thalamus, suggesting a global phenomenon. Investigation of neural microstructure from groups of animals hibernating at different ambient temperatures revealed that there is a linear relationship between neural retraction and minimum body temperature. Despite significant temperature-dependent differences in extent of retraction during torpor, recovery reaches the same final values of cell body area, dendritic arbor complexity, and spine density. This study demonstrates large-scale and seemingly ubiquitous neural plasticity in the ground squirrel brain during torpor. It also defines a temperature-driven model of dramatic neural plasticity, which provides a unique opportunity to explore mechanisms of large-scale regrowth in adult mammals, and the effects of remodeling on learning and memory.
Chemokine Fractalkine/CX3CL1 Negatively Modulates Active Glutamatergic Synapses in Rat Hippocampal Neurons
Authors: Ragozzino Davide , Di Angelantonio Silvia , Trettel Flavia , Bertollini Cristina , Maggi Laura , Gross Cornelius , Charo Israel F. , Limatola Cristina , Eusebi Fabrizio
Published: October 2006

We examined the effects of the chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1) on EPSCs evoked by electrical stimulation of Schaffer collaterals in patch-clamped CA1 pyramidal neurons from rat hippocampal slices. Acute application of CX3CL1 caused a sustained reduction of EPSC amplitude, with partial recovery after washout. CX3CL1-induced EPSC depression is postsynaptic in nature, because paired-pulse ratio was maintained, amplitude distribution of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents shifted to lower values, and whole-cell current responses to AMPA were reversibly inhibited. EPSC depression by CX3CL1 is mediated by CX3CL1 receptor (CX3CR1), because CX3CL1 was unable to influence EPSC amplitude in CA1 pyramidal neurons from CX3CR1 knock-out mice. CX3CL1-induced depression of both EPSC and AMPA current was not observed in the absence of afferent fiber stimulation or AMPA receptor activation, respectively, indicating the requirement of sustained receptor activity for its development. Findings obtained from hippocampal slices, cultured hippocampal neurons, and transfected human embryonic kidney cells indicate that a Ca2+-, cAMP-, and phosphatase-dependent process is likely to modulate CX3CL1 effects because of the following: (1) CX3CL1-induced depression was antagonized by intracellular BAPTA, 8Br-cAMP, phosphatase inhibitors, and pertussis toxin (PTX); (2) CX3CL1 inhibited forskolin-induced cAMP formation sensitive to PTX; and (3) CX3CL1 inhibited forskolin-induced Ser845 GluR1 phosphorylation, which was sensitive to PTX and dependent on Ca2+and phosphatase activity. Together, these findings indicate that CX3CL1 negatively modulates AMPA receptor function at active glutamatergic synapses through cell-signaling pathways by influencing the balance between kinase and phosphatase activity.
Vocabulary: Questions from the classroom
Authors: BLACHOWICZ CAMILLE L.Z. , FISHER PETER J.L. , OGLE DONNA , WATTS‐TAFFE SUSAN
Published: October 2006

The authors review important research in vocabulary teaching and learning, and then address questions teachers have about vocabulary instruction.
Microbial counts and pesticide concentrations in drinking water after alum flocculation of channel feed water at the household level, in Vinh Long Province, Vietnam
Authors: Wrigley Tim
Published: October 2006

Low technology water supply, treatment and sanitation techniques were reviewed in a Vietnamese village in the Mekong River Delta as part of an AusAID Project to reduce poverty and to improve the overall living standards and health in the Cuu Long (Mekong) delta for 500,000 rural poor.

It was found that dosing of canal water in 200-l ceramic jars with alum, PAC or PAC followed by hypochlorite provides a high level of treatment for drinking water at the household level in a rural village setting in the Mekong River delta.

Seventy per cent (7 in total) of the 24 samples collected showed that Escherichia coli levels per 100 ml in the jars after treatment showed a ‘no risk’ profile (0 E. coli 100 ml-1) i.e. the water would be considered to be of very good quality for drinking according to World Health Organization Guidelines for Rural Drinking Water Supply. This included the eight samples that were dosed with hypochlorite. The remaining 30% of samples (seven in total) ranged from 14 to 47 E. coli 100 ml-1 which is considered an intermediate risk (10‒100 E. coli 100 ml-1) according to WHO guidelines. All control water samples (eight in total) were high or very high risk (>100 E. coli 100 ml-1).

Pesticide concentrations generally were low and met Vietnamese drinking water quality criteria.
Microbial risk assessment of local handling and use of human faeces
Authors: Schönning Caroline , Westrell Therese , Axel Stenström Thor , Arnbjerg-Nielsen Karsten , Bernt Hasling Arne , Høibye Linda , Carlsen Anders
Published: October 2006

Dry urine-diverting toilets may be used in order to collect excreta for the utilisation of nutrients. A quantitative microbial risk assessment was conducted in order to evaluate the risks of transmission of infectious disease related to the local use of faeces as a fertiliser. The human exposures evaluated included accidental ingestion of small amounts of faeces, or a mixture of faeces and soil, while emptying the storage container and applying the material in the garden, during recreational stays to the garden, and during gardening. A range of pathogens representing various groups of microorganisms was considered. Results showed that 12-months' storage before use was sufficient for the inactivation of most pathogens to acceptable levels. When working or spending time in the garden the annual risk of infection by Ascaris was still slightly above 10-4 in these scenarios, although the incidence rate for Ascaris is very low in the population in question. Measures to further reduce the hygienic risks include longer storage, or treatment, of the faeces. The results can easily be extended to other regions with different incidence rates.
Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in the Nakdong River and their removal during water treatment
Authors: Lee Shun-Hwa , Lee Chul-Hee , Kim Yun-Hee , Do Ju-Hee , Kim Seung-Hyun
Published: October 2006

This study was conducted in preparation of a pending Cryptosporidium regulation in Korea. The study had two main objectives: 1) to examine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in the Nakdong River; and 2) to evaluate their removal during water treatment. Occurrence of Giardia cysts was also examined. Average (arithmetic mean) numbers of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts at the treatment intake site were 2.6 l-1 and 4.8 l-1, respectively. Generally, the number of Giardia cysts was higher than that of Cryptosporidium oocysts at more sites, but the difference was minimal. Comparison of tributaries indicated that livestock wastes were more serious pollutants than sewage in terms of protozoa contamination. In general, fewer oocysts and cysts were detected during winter. No correlation was found for such water quality parameters as T-N, T-P, TOC, DO, pH and temperature with the numbers of oocysts and cysts except for suspended solids, which showed the highest correlation (R2=0.55). Removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts was evaluated using a Cryptosporidium tracer, which has similar characteristics to Cryptosporidium oocysts. The tracer removal depended on turbidity removal. Coagulation followed by sedimentation resulted in 1.2‒1.5 log removal of the tracer under optimal conditions. Filtration resulted in 1.3‒1.5 log removal of the tracer. These treatability experiments showed that traditional water treatment processes could achieve 2.5‒3.0 log removal of the oocysts.
Evaluation of conditioning responses of thermophilic-mesophilic anaerobically and mesophilic aerobically digested biosolids using rheological properties
Authors: Ayol A. , Filibeli A. , Dentel S.K.
Published: October 2006

One of the most crucial processes in biosolids management is stabilisation, which is typically accomplished using either anaerobic or aerobic digestion processes. Although there are many advantages to both of these methods – such as reduction of volatile organic matter, pathogen content, and offensive odours – one common disadvantage is that digested biosolids exhibit poor dewaterability characteristics. The deterioration in dewaterability of digested biosolids leads to increases in polymer requirements, connoting higher conditioning costs. Many studies have examined this phenomenon based on conventional filterability tests such as capillary suction time and specific resistance to filtration. However, these test methods are limited in their ability to predict full-scale dewatering behaviour (particularly in centrifugation), and do not regard handling properties as being important for sludge transport. For this purpose, new rheometric methods may assist in predicting sludge behaviour, potentially allowing optimisation of stabilisation and conditioning processes relative to the desired sludge properties. This paper investigates the possible utility of these methods. Classical methods for characterising biosolids, such as filtration tests, are compared with yield stress values and other rheological properties as determined using the steady-shear rate sweep test. The rheological behaviours are compared for different sludge types, including raw and polymer conditioned thermophilic anaerobically, mesophilic anaerobically, and mesophilic aerobically digested biosolids. The paper demonstrates the determination of specific energy values associated with breakdown of the flocculated matrix. Robust modelling approaches are employed to optimise the conditioning of the digested samples, and to shed light on commonly used rheological models such as Bingham, Herschel-Bulkley, and Ostwald equations.
Maximising biogas in anaerobic digestion by using engine waste heat for thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment of sludge
Authors: Pickworth B. , Adams J. , Panter K. , Solheim O.E.
Published: October 2006

Dublin's Ringsend WWTP was designed to serve a population of approximately 1.2 million p.e. with a sludge production of 37,000 dry tonnes per year after upgrading to full secondary treatment. Several technical solutions were put forward as part of a design, build, finance and operate (DBFO) competition, with the chosen solution being a proposal by Black and Veatch for a combination of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology and anaerobic digestion with Cambi thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment (THP). The THP plant was built by Cambi and handed over to B&V in 2002. The plant is now operated by Celtic Anglian Water. In September 2004 a test was carried out on the mass and energy balance of the plant following 2 years of operation and is detailed in this paper.

The process enables digestion at very high dry solids feed and low hydraulic retention time. The plant was built with three digesters of 4,250 m3 each and is fed with hydrolysed sludge at 11% DS. There are four no. 1 MW Jenbacher engines operating mainly on biogas. Each pair of engines is fitted with a waste heat boiler with a capacity of one tonne steam per hour. These boilers have sufficient capacity to provide 80% of the steam required for the THP, which in turn provides all the heat for the subsequent digestion in the form of hydrolysed feed. There are two main biogas boilers for top up steam and other uses of the biogas including thermal oxidation of concentrated odours.
Dedicated land disposal of wastewater sludge in South Africa: leaching of trace elements and nutrients
Authors: Herselman J.E. , Steyn C.E. , Snyman H.G.
Published: October 2006

Most of the wastewater treatment facilities in South Africa (80%) dispose of their sewage sludge on dedicated land disposal (DLD) sites. The impact of this practice on the environment is believed to be negative, but very little research has been carried out to determine the extent of the damage to the soil and water resources. Forty wastewater treatment facilities using DLD, with different soil properties, application techniques, metal concentrations and period of sludge application, were studied. Soil and groundwater samples were collected at each of the selected facilities. Three extraction methods (aqua regia, NH4EDTA and NH4NO3) were used and samples were analysed for total N, P and K, pH, organic carbon and their metal content (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb). Some degree of leaching of the heavy metals (especially Co and Ni) occurred at some of the sampling sites and the average depth of leaching was 100–200 mm. Deeper than 300 mm, the metal concentrations in most soil samples reached background concentrations. Seven of the nine groundwater samples that could be obtained had high NO3 concentrations (>6 mg L−1). Statistical analyses of the data indicate no significant differences between sludge type (wet or dry) and leaching, or age of the disposal sites and leaching. Taking into account the age of the disposal sites, the frequency of sludge application and the metal load of the sludge, the depth of leaching is surprisingly shallow in most soils, in spite of the low soil pH(H2O) and clay content.
Thin Lead Sheets in the Decorative Features in Pavia Charterhouse
Authors: Colombo Chiara , Realini Marco , Sansonetti Antonio , Rampazzi Laura , Casadio Francesca
Published: October 2006

The facade of the church of the Pavia Charterhouse, built at the end of the 15th century, shows outstanding decorative features made of different stone materials, such as marbles, breccias and sandstones. Magnificent ornamental elements are made of thin lead sheets, and some marble slabs are inlaid with them. Metal elements are shaped in complex geometric and phytomorphic design, to form a Greek fret in black contrasting with the white Carrara marble. Lead pins were fixed to the back of the thin lead sheets with the aim of attaching the metal elements to the marble; in so doing the pins and the lead sheets constitute a single piece of metal. In some areas, lead elements have been lost, and they have been substituted with a black plaster, matching the colour of the metal. To the authors' knowledge, this kind of decorative technique is rare, and confirms the refinement of Renaissance Lombard architecture. This work reports on the results of an extensive survey of the white, orange and yellowish layers, which are present on the external surface of the lead. The thin lead sheets have been characterized and their state of conservation has been studied with the aid of Optical Microscopy, SEM‐EDS, FTIR and Raman analyses. Lead sulphate, lead carbonates and oxides have been identified as decay products.
Identification of Genotoxic Compounds in the Airborne Particulate Matter Endowed by Small Aerodynamic Diameter in the City of Catania (Italy)
Authors: Motta Salvatore , Librando Vito , Minniti Zelica , Federico Concetta , Saccone Salvatore
Published: October 2006

Airborne particulate matter (PM) is one of the most important polluting factors in the atmosphere containing solid particles generated during the combustion processes. PM, due to the particle size, is easily inhaled and constitutes a potential hazard for the human health. We previously documented, using in vitro cell culture systems, cytogenetic damages caused by exposure to a non‐fractionated PM in two different areas from the city of Catania (Sicily, Italy). In the present work, the PM was fractionated in six different sub‐fractions, and the relative extractable organic matters (EOM) were analyzed in order to quantify the presence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PHAs), a well known class of genotoxic agents. More than 70% of the total EOM was found in the PM with aerodynamic diameters less than 3.5 μm (PM3.5), and about 60% of the total EOM was detected between PM0.14 and PM1.2. Also the large amount of all the analyzed PAHs were found between the PM0.14 and PM1.2. The obtained data indicates that the genotoxic effect previously shown on mammalian cells (Chinese hamster epithelial liver cells) should be due, in the large part, to the PM with smaller particle size, namely less than PM1.2.
Classification and Technology of Byzantine Mosaic Glass
Authors: Vandini Mariangela , Fiori Cesare , Cametti Rachele
Published: October 2006

Glass‐making is a very sophisticated skill and the contribution given by the chemical analyses of glass materials is fundamental for the classification of glass types and for identifying compositional groups according to consistent characteristics that can be associated with chronological and geographical differentiations. The chemical composition of glasses is particularly complex: to a few basic constituents many components were added, either derived from impurities in the raw materials or intentionally incorporated into the glass mix. The field of study concerning the chemical composition and the technology of Byzantine mosaic production has not been dealt with in a systematic manner and certainly not exhaustively from the view point of classification according to the reconstruction of chronological and geographical development. Nevertheless, it is of great interest because it is probable that during the Byzantine period the production of mosaic glass was greater than for any other type of glass. We propose a methodology for classifying Byzantine mosaic glasses on the basis of simple statistical treatment of the chemical composition data. Compositional data relative to basic and accessory constituents together with colorants were analysed and elaborated through binary diagrams. Byzantine glasses are also compared to glasses of different epoch and provenance.
Chemical and Physical Analysis for the Improvement of the Dry Mounting Method for Fragile Documents
Authors: Zappalà Antonio , Gorassini Andrea , de Stefani Caroline , Calvini Paolo
Published: October 2006

Paper lamination is a widely used method to consolidate fragile documents. Previous studies have presented a new method of lamination that allows the consolidation of documents before undertaking aqueous treatments. In this method a thin Japanese paper coated with an acrylic resin is applied on the fragile document by means of a heated press. In this work we optimised the preparation of the lamination sheets as well as the working procedures, and we were able to establish that our laboratory‐made specimens are chemically stable, easily reversible and permeable to aqueous solutions. The latest property is of particular importance, since it allows a subsequent aqueous deacidification even for fragile documents. The laminated paper documents were further analysed by means of colorimetry and FTIRspectroscopy before and after accelerated ageing as well as by determination of the alkali reserve left on the coated paper, in order to compare our lamination method with other commercially available lamination sheets.
Risks of human limb deficiency anomalies associated with 29 SNPs of genes involved in homocysteine metabolism, coagulation, cell–cell interactions, inflammatory response, and blood pressure regulation
Authors: Carmichael Suzan L. , Shaw Gary M. , Iovannisci David M. , Yang Wei , Finnell Richard H. , Cheng Suzanne , Lammer Edward J.
Published: October 2006

This study explored risks of limb deficiency anomalies associated with 29 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes involved in homocysteine metabolism, coagulation, cell–cell interaction, inflammatory response, and blood pressure regulation. The authors genotyped 96 cases and 437 non‐malformed controls from a California population‐based case‐control study (1987–1988 birth cohort). Increased risk of limb anomaly was observed for three SNPs: heterozygosity for F5 Arg506Gln, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.5 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0, 6.5); heterozygosity for TNF (−376)G > A, OR 2.1 (0.7, 6.2); and homozygosity for NPPA 2238T > C, OR 4.0 (1.1, 15.4). We hypothesized that effects of variant genotypes in the presence of maternal smoking, and/or in the absence of supplement intake, may exceed effects of any of these factors alone. In particular, findings for polymorphisms in SERPINE1, ITGA2, SELE, TNF, LTA, NPPA, GNB3, and ADRB2 supported the hypotheses, both for smoking and for supplement intake. These results suggest involvement of genetic variation of biologically relevant candidate genes, and gene–environment interaction, for some limb anomalies whose pathogenesis may be related to altered vascular tone or integrity. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fukutin gene mutations cause dilated cardiomyopathy with minimal muscle weakness
Authors: Murakami Terumi , Hayashi Yukiko K. , Noguchi Satoru , Ogawa Megumu , Nonaka Ikuya , Tanabe Yuzo , Ogino Mieko , Takada Fumio , Eriguchi Makoto , Kotooka Norihiko , Campbell Kevin P. , Osawa Makiko , Nishino Ichizo
Published: October 2006

Objective

The fukutin gene (FKTN) is the causative gene for Fukuyama‐type congenital muscular dystrophy, characterized by rather homogeneous clinical features of severe muscle wasting and hypotonia from early infancy with mental retardation. In contrast with the severe dystrophic involvement of skeletal muscle, cardiac insufficiency is quite rare. Fukuyama‐type congenital muscular dystrophy is one of the disorders associated with glycosylation defects of α‐dystroglycan, an indispensable molecule for intra‐extra cell membrane linkage.

Methods

Protein and functional analyses of α‐dystroglycan and mutation screening of FKTN and other associated genes were performed.

Results

Surprisingly, we identified six patients in four families showing dilated cardiomyopathy with no or minimal limb girdle muscle involvement and normal intelligence, associated with a compound heterozygous FKTN mutation. One patient died by rapid progressive dilated cardiomyopathy at 12 years old, and the other patient received cardiac implantation at 18 years old. Skeletal muscles from the patients showed minimal dystrophic features but have altered glycosylation of α‐dystroglycan and reduced laminin binding ability. One cardiac muscle that underwent biopsy showed altered glycosylation of α‐dystroglycan similar to that observed in a Fukuyama‐type congenital muscular dystrophy patient.

Interpretation

FKTN mutations could cause much wider spectrum of clinical features than previously perceived, including familial dilated cardiomyopathy and mildest limb girdle muscular dystrophy. Ann Neurol 2006
Photo‐ and Redox‐Active Dendritic Molecules with Soft, Layered Nanostructures
Authors: Kikuzawa Yoshihiro , Nagata Toshi , Tahara Tahei , Ishii Kunihiko
Published: October 2006

Molecules with one photoactive group (porphyrin) and multiple redox‐active groups (ferrocenes) are described. The molecules are based on dendritic frameworks, with the ferrocenyl groups attached at the “internal” positions and the porphyrin attached at the focal point, leading to a characteristic layer architecture. Molecules of up to the third generation were synthesized and examined. The results of 1H NMR spectroscopy and fluorescence quenching indicated that the ferrocenyl groups at the second layer approach the core porphyrin most closely, which is consistent with the results of molecular‐dynamics simulations. The electrochemistry of the molecules was also examined in detail, and a new formula is proposed for the analysis of multiple‐electron transfer in these “redox‐pool” molecules.
Removal of Toxic Metal‐Ion Pollutants from Water by Using Chemically Modified Carbon Powders
Authors: Xiao Lei , Wildgoose Gregory G. , Crossley Alison , Knight Robert , Jones John H. , Compton Richard G.
Published: October 2006

The thermodynamics of and the kinetic parameters controlling the sequestration of the toxic heavy‐metal ion CdII from aqueous media by using a novel material consisting of glassy carbon microspheres (10–20 μm in diameter) chemically modified with L‐cysteine methyl ester are presented. In an effort to reduce the cost and increase the efficiency of toxic‐metal‐ion removal, this modification strategy was expanded to attach L‐cysteine methyl chemically ester to less‐expensive graphite powders (2–20 μm in diameter), and the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the sequestration of CdII, CuII, and AsIII toxic metal ions are presented. It was found that the use of chemically modified graphite powder greatly increased both the rate and the amount of metal ions removed from aqueous media. This work has important potential applications to filtration of drinking water and environmental remediation.
The muscular Dystrophy Surveillance Tracking and Research Network (MD STARnet): Surveillance methodology
Authors: Miller Lisa A. , Romitti Paul A. , Cunniff Christopher , Druschel Charlotte , Mathews Katherine D. , Meaney F. John , Matthews Dennis , Kantamneni Jiji , Feng Zhen‐Fang , Zemblidge Nancy , Miller Timothy M. , Andrews Jennifer , Fox Deborah , Ciafaloni Emma , Pandya Shree , Montgomery April , Kenneson Aileen
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND: This report focuses on the common protocol developed by the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance Tracking and Research Network (MD STARnet) for population‐based surveillance of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DBMD) among 4 states (Arizona, Colorado, Iowa, and New York).METHODS: The network sites have developed a case definition and surveillance protocol along with software applications for medical record abstraction, clinical review, and pooled data. Neuromuscular specialists at each site review the pooled data to determine if a case meets the case criteria. Sources of potential cases of DBMD include neuromuscular specialty clinics, service sites for children with special healthcare needs, and hospital discharge databases. Each site also adheres to a common information assurance protocol. RESULTS: A population‐based surveillance system for DBMD was created and implemented in participating states. CONCLUSIONS: The development and implementation of the population‐based system will allow for the collection of information that is intended to provide a greater understanding of DBMD prevalence and health outcomes. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐inferiority of New Procedure to Standard Procedure in Stratified Matched‐Pair Design
Authors: Nam Jun‐mo
Published: October 2006

We consider the statistical testing for non‐inferiority of a new treatment compared with the standard one under matched‐pair setting in a stratified study or in several trials. A non‐inferiority test based on the efficient scores and a Mantel‐Haenszel (M‐H) like procedure with restricted maximum likelihood estimators (RMLEs) of nuisance parameters and their corresponding sample size formulae are presented. We evaluate the above tests and the M‐H type Wald test in level and power. The stratified score test is conservative and provides the best power. The M‐H like procedure with RMLEs gives an accurate level. However, the Wald test is anti‐conservative and we suggest caution when it is used. The unstratified score test is not biased but it is less powerful than the stratified score test when base‐line probabilities related to strata are not the same. This investigation shows that the stratified score test possesses optimum statistical properties in testing non‐inferiority. A common difference between two proportions across strata is the basic assumption of the stratified tests, we present appropriate tests to validate the assumption and related remarks. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Expanding the Crystal Chemistry of Actinyl Peroxides: Open Sheets of Uranyl Polyhedra in Na5 [(UO2)3(O2)4(OH)3] (H2O)13.
Authors: Kubatko Karrie‐Ann , Burns Peter C.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Crystal and Band Structures, and Optical Properties of a New Quaternary Metal Pnictidehalide: (Hg2Cd2As2Br)Br.
Authors: Zou Jian‐Ping , Guo Guo‐Cong , Chen Wen‐Tong , Liu Xi , Fu Ming‐Lai , Zhang Zhang‐Jing , Huang Jin‐Shun
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Polar Binary Zn/Cd‐Rich Intermetallics: Synthesis, Crystal and Electronic Structure of A(Zn/Cd)13 (A = Alkali/Alkaline Earth) and Cs1.34Zn16.
Authors: Wendorff Marco , Roehr Caroline
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Isothermal Section of the Phase Diagram of the Ternary System Y—Mg—Ni at 673 K in the Region 50—100 at% Ni.
Authors: Yao Qingrong , Zhou Huaiying , Wang Zhongmin
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Zn2SnO4 as Anode Materials for Li‐Ion Battery.
Authors: Rong A. , Gao X. P. , Li G. R. , Yan T. Y. , Zhu H. Y. , Qu J. Q. , Song D. Y.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Magnetically Motive Porous Sphere Composite and Its Excellent Properties for the Removal of Pollutants in Water by Adsorption and Desorption Cycles.
Authors: Sun Zhenhua , Wang Lifeng , Liu Pingping , Wang Shichao , Sun Bo , Jiang Dazhen , Xiao Feng‐Shou
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrogen Release from Mg(NH2)2—MgH2 Through Mechanochemical Reaction.
Authors: Hu Jianjiang , Wu Guotao , Liu Yongfeng , Xiong Zhitao , Chen Ping , Murata Kenji , Sakata Ko , Wolf Gerd
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
TlINAs2O7, RbInAs2O7, and (NH4)InAs2O7: Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Three Isotypic Microporous Diarsenates — Representatives of a Novel Structure Type.
Authors: Schwendtner Karolina
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chiral Phosphabarrelene Ligands: Synthesis and Evaluation in Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation.
Authors: Breit Bernhard , Fuchs Evelyn
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Improved Asymmetric SNAr Reaction of β‐Dicarbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by Quaternary Ammonium Salts Derived from Cinchona Alkaloids.
Authors: Kobbelgaard Sara , Bella Marco , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
DABCO Catalyzed Reaction of Various Nucleophiles with Activated Alkynes (I) Leading to the Formation of Alkenoic Acid Esters, e.g. (III)/(IV), 1,4‐Dioxane (XI), Morpholine (XIII), and Piperazinone Derivatives (XVII).
Authors: Fan Ming‐Jin , Li Gao‐Qiang , Liang Yong‐Min
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Rhodium‐Grafted Hydrotalcite as a Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for 1,4‐Addition of Organoboron Reagents to α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Fujita Noriaki , Motokura Ken , Mori Kohsuke , Mizugaki Tomoo , Ebitani Kohki , Jitsukawa Koichiro , Kaneda Kiyotomi
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of 3‐Substituted and 2,3‐Disubstituted‐4,4,4‐trifluoro‐2‐butenoic Acids—Perkin Condensation of Activated Aromatic Ketones.
Authors: Cserenyi Szabolcs , Felfoeldi Karoly , Forgo Peter , Palinko Istvan
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Expedient Immobilization of TEMPO by Copper‐Catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne [3 + 2]‐Cycloaddition onto Polystyrene Resin.
Authors: Gheorghe Alexandru , Matsuno Ai , Reiser Oliver
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Clean and Selective Oxidation of Aromatic Alcohols Using Silica‐Supported Jones′ Reagent in a Pressure‐Driven Flow Reactor.
Authors: Wiles Charlotte , Watts Paul , Haswell Stephen J.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Olefins Using Polysulfone‐Based Novel Microencapsulated Osmium Tetroxide.
Authors: Reddy S. Malla , Srinivasulu M. , Reddy Y. Venkat , Narasimhulu M. , Yenkateswarlu Y.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Metal‐Complex Catalysis During the Reduction of Functional Groups by Sodium Borohydride in the Synthesis of Pyrrolidine Derivatives.
Authors: Martirosyan A. O. , Hovhanesyan V. E. , Gasparyan S. P. , Mamayan S. S. , Ghazaryan R. K. , Madakyan V. N.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phosphine Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Hydroamination of Alkenes under Thermal and Microwave‐Assisted Conditions.
Authors: Liu Xin‐Yuan , Li Cheng‐Hui , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct Preparation of Copper Organometallics Bearing an Aldehyde Function via an Iodine—Copper Exchange.
Authors: Yang Xiaoyin , Knochel Paul
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Indium(I)‐Mediated Double Addition of Aldehydes to 1,3‐Dienes.
Authors: Hirashita Tsunehisa , Kambe Shinya , Tsuji Hiromitsu , Araki Shuki
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Copper(II)‐Catalyzed O‐Phenylation of Tertiary Alcohols with Organobismuth(V) Reagents.
Authors: Ikegai Kazuhiro , Fukumoto Kentarou , Mukaiyama Teruaki Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Preparation of Highly Functionalized (Z)‐3‐Copper Enoates by an Iodine—Copper Exchange Reaction.
Authors: Yang Xiaoyin , Knochel Paul
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Radical‐Induced Cyclopentannulation of Henry (Nitroaldol)‐Derived Intermediates.
Authors: Luzzio Frederick A. , Ott Joel P. , Duveau Damien Y.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
3‐Cyclopropyl‐ and 3‐tert‐Butyl‐Substituted Propyne Iminium Salts as Dienophiles in Diels—Alder Reactions.
Authors: Gerster Holger , Espenlaub Sigrid , Maas Gerhard
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of α,α,α‐Trifluoromethylamines by the Copper‐Catalyzed Nucleophilic Addition of Diorganozinc Reagents to Imines.
Authors: Lauzon Caroline , Charette Andre B.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Formation of Benzylamines from Triazene Compounds via a 1,2‐Proton Shift.
Authors: Nishiwaki Keiji , Ogawa Takashi , Shigeta Kazumi , Takahashi Koichi , Matsuo Keizo
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Grignard Reagents in Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Law Man Chun , Wong Kwok‐Yin , Chan Tak Hang
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
High Asymmetric Induction Using a Diastereomeric Mixture of Axially Dissymmetric Ligands.
Authors: Omote Masaaki , Nishimura Yuji , Sato Kazuyuki , Ando Akira , Kumadaki Itsumaro
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Indium‐Mediated Synthesis of Homopropargylic Alcohols.
Authors: Hirayama Lacie C. , Dunham Kevin K. , Singaram Bakthan
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
First Rhodium/Phosphoramidite Complex‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Isomerization of Allylic Alcohols into Aldehydes.
Authors: Boeda Fabien , Mosset Paul , Crevisy Christophe
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
NaIO4‐Mediated Selective Oxidation of Alkylarenes and Benzylic Bromides/Alcohols to Carbonyl Derivatives Using Water as Solvent.
Authors: Shaikh Tanveer Mahammad Ali , Emmanuvel Lourdusamy , Sudalai Arumugam
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Addition of Titanium Ester Enolates to Aldimines Containing a Chiral α‐Methylbenzylamine Moiety: Synthesis of Chiral syn‐β‐Amino Esters.
Authors: Periasamy Mariappan , Suresh Surisetti , Ganesan Subramaniapillai Selva
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Cyanosilylation of Ketones Catalyzed by Mn(salen)/Ph3PO.
Authors: Kim Sung Soo , Lee Sang Hyuck , Kwak Ju Myung
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemistry of Difluorocarbene Adducts: Stereospecific Synthesis of Conjugated Fluoroolefins and 1,3‐Azabutadienes from gem‐Difluorocyclopropenyl Ketones.
Authors: Cheng Zhan‐Ling , Chen Qing‐Yun
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Naphthoquinone Derivatives.
Authors: Errante Giaccomo , La Motta Grazia , Lagana Catarina , Wittebolle Vierle , Sarciron Marie‐Elisabeth , Barret Roland
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regio‐ and Enantioselective Epoxidation of Dienes by a Chiral Dioxirane: Synthesis of Optically Active Vinyl cis‐Epoxides.
Authors: Burke Christopher P. , Shi Yian
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reaction of Two Different α‐Allenols in a Heterocyclization/Cross‐Coupling Sequence: Convenient Access to Functionalized Buta‐1,3‐dienyl Dihydrofurans.
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Martinez del Campo Teresa
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Water‐Promoted Iodocyclization of 2‐Allylphenols.
Authors: Fousteris Manolis , Chevrin Carole , Le Bras Jean , Muzart Jacques
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
2‐Aryl(pyrrolidin‐4‐yl)acetic Acids are Potent Agonists of Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) Receptors.
Authors: Yan Lin , et al. et al.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Acylimines of Methyl Trifluoropyruvate in Cyclocondensation with C,N‐Bisnucleophiles.
Authors: Sokolov V. B. , Aksinenko A. Yu. , Epishina T. A. , Goreva T. V. , Martynov I. V.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.