bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geographic Information Systems: Tools for Displaying In-Library Use Data
Authors: Mandel Lauren H.
Published: February 2013

In-library use data is crucial for modern libraries to understand the full spectrum of patron use, including patron self-service activities, circulation, and reference statistics. Rather than using tables and charts to display use data, a geographic information system (GIS) facilitates a more visually appealing graphical display of the data in the form of a map. GISs have been used by library and information science (LIS) researchers and practitioners to create maps that display analyses of service area populations and demographics, facilities space management issues, spatial distribution of in-library use of materials, planned branch consolidations, and so on. The “seating sweeps” method allows researchers and librarians to collect in-library use data regarding where patrons are locating themselves within the library and what they are doing at those locations, such as sitting and reading, studying in a group, or socializing. This paper proposes a GIS as a tool to visually display in-library use data collected via “seating sweeps” of a library. By using a GIS to store, manage, and display the data, researchers and librarians can create visually appealing maps that show areas of heavy use and evidence of the use and value of the library for a community. Example maps are included to facilitate the reader’s understanding of the possibilities afforded by using GISs in LIS research.
Editorial: No More Silver Bullets, Please
Authors: Truitt Marc
Published: February 2013

Editorial: No More Silver Bullets, Please
Reducing Psychological Resistance to Digital Repositories
Authors: Quinn Brian
Published: February 2013

The potential value of digital repositories is dependent on the cooperation of scholars to deposit their work. Although many researchers have been resistant to submitting their work, the literature on digital repositories contains very little research on the psychology of resistance. This article looks at the psychological literature on resistance and explores what its implications might be for reducing the resistance of scholars to submitting their work to digital repositories. Psychologists have devised many potentially useful strategies for reducing resistance that might be used to address the problem; this article examines these strategies and how they might be applied.
President’s Message: BTOP, Broadband, E-Rate, and LITA
Authors: Starr Karen J.
Published: February 2013

President’s Message: BTOP, Broadband, E-Rate, and LITA
Editorial: The Space in Between, or, Why ITAL Matters
Authors: Truitt Marc
Published: February 2013

Editorial: The Space in Between, or, Why ITAL Matters
Editorial Board Thoughts: System Requirements
Authors: Farnel Sharon
Published: February 2013

Editorial Board Thoughts: System Requirements
Generating Collaborative Systems for Digital Libraries: a Model-Driven Approach
Authors: Malizia Alessio , Bottoni Paolo , Levialdi S.
Published: February 2013

The design and development of a digital library involves different stakeholders, such as: information architects, librarians, and domain experts, who need to agree on a common language to describe, discuss, and negotiate the services the library has to offer. To this end, high-level, language-neutral models have to be devised. Metamodeling techniques favor the definition of domainspecific visual languages through which stakeholders can share their views and directly manipulate representations of the domain entities. This paper describes CRADLE (Cooperative-Relational Approach to Digital Library Environments), a metamodel-based framework and visual language for the definition of notions and services related to the development of digital libraries. A collection of tools allows the automatic generation of several services, defined with the CRADLE visual language, and of the graphical user interfaces providing access to them for the final user. The effectiveness of the approach is illustrated by presenting digital libraries generated with CRADLE, while the CRADLE environment has been evaluated by using the cognitive dimensions framework.
The Middle Mile: The Role of the Public Library in Ensuring Access to Broadband
Authors: Visser Marijke , Ball Mary Alice
Published: February 2013

This paper discusses the role of the public library in ensuring access to the broadband communication that is so critical in today’s knowledge-based society. It examines the culture of information in 2010, and then asks what it means if individuals are online or not. The paper also explores current issues surrounding telecommunications and policy, and finally seeks to understand the role of the library in this highly technological, perpetually connected world.
Bridging the Gap: Self-Directed Staff Technology Training
Authors: Quinney Kayla L. , Smith Sara D. , Galbraith Quinn
Published: February 2013

Undergraduates, as members of the Millennial Generation, are proficient in Web 2.0 technology and expect to apply these technologies to their coursework—including scholarly research. To remain relevant, academic libraries need to provide the technology that student patrons expect, and academic librarians need to learn and use these technologies themselves. Because leaders at the Harold B. Lee Library of Brigham Young University (HBLL) perceived a gap in technology use between students and their staff and faculty, they developed and implemented the Technology Challenge, a self-directed technology training program that rewarded employees for exploring technology daily. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Technology Challenge through an analysis of results of surveys given to participants before and after the Technology Challenge was implemented. The program will also be evaluated in terms of the adult learning theories of andragogy and selfdirected learning. HBLL found that a self-directed approach fosters technology skills that librarians need to best serve students. In addition, it promotes lifelong learning habits to keep abreast of emerging technologies. This paper offers some insights and methods that could be applied in other libraries, the most valuable of which is the use of self-directed and andragogical training methods to help academic libraries better integrate modern technologies.
Next-Generation Library Catalogs and the Problem of Slow Response Time
Authors: Brown-Sica Margaret , Beall Jeffrey , McHale Nina
Published: February 2013

Response time as defined for this study is the time that it takes for all files that constitute a single webpage to travel across the Internet from a Web server to the end user’s browser. In this study, the authors tested response times on queries for identical items in five different library catalogs, one of them a next-generation (NextGen) catalog. The authors also discuss acceptable response time and how it may affect the discovery process. They suggest that librarians and vendors should develop standards for acceptable response time and use it in the product selection and development processes.
Aux racines de la « bonne sociologie »
Authors: Boudon Raymond
Published: February 2013

Les travaux sociologiques considérés comme majeurs suivent trois règles communes à toutes les disciplines scientifiques. Elles sont à la racine du paradigme sociologique qui s’installe aujourd’hui sous l’étiquette de la sociologie analytique. Ces règles sont cruciales s’agissant de tous les sujets d’intérêt pour le sociologue. On le suggérera à l’exemple de l’explication que proposent des travaux sociologiques classiques et modernes des croyances collectives représentationnelles et normatives, de leur changement dans le temps et de leurs différences d’une société à l’autre.
Human APOBEC3G‐mediated hypermutation is associated with antiretroviral therapy failure in HIV‐1 subtype C‐infected individuals
Authors: Neogi Ujjwal , Shet Anita , Sahoo Pravat Nalini , Bontell Irene , Ekstrand Maria L , Banerjea Akhil C , Sonnerborg Anders
Published: February 2013

Introduction

Human APOBEC3G/F (hA3G/F) restricts retroviral replication through G‐to‐A hypermutations, which can generate drug‐resistant progenies in vitro. The clinical relevance is still inconclusive. To bridge this gap, we aim to study the role of these hypermutations in evolution of drug resistance; we characterised hA3G/F‐mediated hypermutations in the RT region of the pol gene of patients with or without antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Methods

In 88 HIV‐1‐positive individuals, drug resistance genotyping was carried out in plasma virus and provirus by population sequencing. Hypermutations were determined by three different approaches using Hypermut 2.0 software, cluster analysis and APOBEC3G‐mediated defectives indices. Clinical and demographic characteristics of these individuals were studied in relation to these hypermutations.

Results

hA3G/F‐mediated hypermutated sequences in proviral DNA, but not in plasma virus, were identified in 11.4% (10/88) subjects. Proviral hypermutations were observed more frequently in patients with ART failure than in ART‐naïve individuals (p=0.03). In therapy failure patients, proviral hypermutation were associated with greater intra‐compartmental genetic diversity (p<0.001). In therapy‐naïve individuals, hypermutated proviral DNA with M184I and M230I mutations due to the editing of hA3G, had stop codons in the open reading frames and the same mutations were absent in the plasma virus. Only a limited concordance was found between the drug resistance mutations in plasma RNA and proviral DNA.

Conclusions

hA3G lethal hypermutation was significantly associated with ART failure in Indian HIV‐1 subtype C patients. It is unlikely that viral variants, which exhibit hypermutated sequences and M184I and/or M230I, will mature and expand in vivo.
From the chairman of NOR
Authors: Sara Ole K.
Published: February 2013

Nordic Council for Reindeer Research (NOR) was officially established 29th October 1980. It  will be an institution of cooperation. This will be achieved through coperation only.
Development of temperature regulation in newborn reindeer
Authors: Hissa R. , Saarela S. , Nieminen M.
Published: February 2013

Development of temperature regulation was investigated by determining the ability of newborn reindeer calves (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) to maintain a normal body temperature when exposed to an incrementially decreasing ambient temperature. Newborn calves (1 day old) can maintain their body temperature even at -15 °C. They can increase their metabolic rate five- to sixfold. Heat production is primarily stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. The response to exogenous administration of noradrenaline and propranolol was investigated.

Poronvasan låmmonsååtelyn syntymånjålkeinen kehittyminen.

Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Vastasyntyneiden poronvasojen kylmansietoa ja lammonsaatelya tutkittiin toukokuussa 1981 Inarin Kaamasessa Paliskuntain yhdistyksen koetarhassa. Tutkittavat vasat olivat 1-10 vuorokauden ikaisia. Vasa asetettiin jååhdytettåvaån mittauskammioon. Sen aineenvaihdunta, lampotilat niin ihon eri kohdista kuin perasuolesta, lihasvarina ja sydanfrekvenssi rekisteroitiin jatkuvasti. Tulosten mukaan nayttåa siltå kuin 1 vuorokauden ikaiselle vasalle -15 °C olisi ehdoton alaraja låmpotilan sååtelyssa. Se kykeni kohottamaan hapenkulutusta talloin 5-kertaisesti. Lihasvarinan merkitys on vahainen verrattuna kemialliseen låmmontuottoon kylmassa. Tama voitiin osoittaa injisoimalla vasaan sympaattisen hermoston valittajaainetta noradrenaliinia.

Temperaturreguleringens utvikling hos nyfødte reinkalver.

Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Temperaturreguleringens utvikling er studert ved å bestemme nyfødte reinkalvers evne til å opprettholde normal kroppstemperatur under påvirkning av gradvis synkende omgivelsestemperatur. Nyfødte kalver (1 døgn gamle) kan opprettholde sin kroppstemperatur selv ved -15 °C. De kan øke sin omsetningshastighet fem til seks ganger. I starten er varmeproduksjonen stimulert av det sympatiske nervesystem. Virkningen av tilført noradrenalin og propranolol ble studert og skjelving synes å spille bare en mindre rolle umiddelbart etter fødselen.
On the anatomy and topography of the pancreas and the pancreatic duct in reindeer {Rangifer tarandus tarandus L)
Authors: Nikander Sven
Published: February 2013

The complex development of the pancreas accounts for the differences in its morphology among various animal species. According to the present study, the anatomy of the pancreas in the reindeer is quite similar to that in small ruminants. It consists of two lobes, the left one (tail) extending in a ventrodorsal direction is in contact with the rumen, spleen, and the left adrenal gland. The right lobe (head) lies within the curve of the duodenum. Ducts analogous to the ductus pancreaticus major (Wirsungi) and minor (Santorini) join in a common pancreatic duct (ductus pancreaticus) which opens into the common bile duct (ductus hepaticus communis).

Haiman ja haimakäytävän anatomia ja topografia porolla.

Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Haiman kehittyminen on monimutkaista, mikä aiheuttaa sen, että haiman rakenne vaihtelee eri eläinlajeilla. Tämän tutkimuksen mukaan haiman rakenne porolla on hyvin samanlainen kuin pienillä märehtijöillä. Haimassa on kaksi lohkoa. Vasen lohko (häntä) on ventrodorsaalisessa suunnassa ja koskettaa pöt-siä, pernaa ja vasenta lisämunuaista. Oikea lohko (pää) sijaitsee pohjukaissuolen mutkassa. Ductus pancreaticus majoria (Wirsungi) ja minoria (Santorini) vastaavat haimakäytävät yhtyvät muodostaen ductus pancreaticuk-sen, joka avautuu yhteiseen sappikäytävään (ductus hepaticus communis).

Pankreas och ductus pancreaticus anatomi och topografi hos ren.

Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag: Pankreas ontogenes är invecklad, detta medför morfologiska variationer hos de olika djurarterna. Enligt denna undersokning påminner pankreas anatomi hos renen om de små idisslarnas. Pankreas består av två lober. Den vänstra loben (svansen) stracker sig i ventrodorsal riktning och gränsar till våmmen, mjälten och den vänstra binjuren. Den högra loben (huvudet) år i en slinga av tolvfingertarmen. Analoga gångar till ducuts pancreaticus major (Wirsungi) och minor (Santorini) förenas till ductus pancreaticus som mynnar ut i gallgången (ductus hepaticus communis).
Digestive studies with a feed developed for realimentation of starving reindeer
Authors: Sletten Harald , Hove Knut
Published: February 2013

The properties of three different feeds were compared when offered to reindeer calves as single feeds after a starvation period of the 48 h. The feeds were lichen and two pelleted commercial reindeer feeds, RF-71 and RF-80. The two latter differed in concentration of readily digestible carbohydrates (high in RF-71) and in the inclusion of seaweed meal in RF-80. Seven calves were offered the three diets in a latin square design. Measurements involved feed intake and rumen concentrations of volatile fatty acids, ammonia and pH during a five day period after the end of the starvation period. Feeding RF-80 gave rise to higher feed intakes and more rapid normalisation of rumen VFA and ammonia concentration than the other pelleted feed. Rumen pH reached a minimum of 5.4 in animals fed RF-71, while the average minimum pH during the observation period was 6.1-6.2 when RF-80 was given. Inappetance for 1-2 days after refeeding occurred only with RF-71. RF-80 has now replaced RF-71 as the commercial reindeer feed in Norway.

Fordøyelsesforsøk med et for utviklet til overgangsforing av sveltende rein.

Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: En har sammenlignet egenskapene til tre forskjellige fortyper gitt til reinkalver som eneste for etter en sveltperiode på 48 timer. Fortypene var reinlav og to pelletterte, kommersielle reinfor: RF-71 og RF-80. De siste to adskilte seg fra hverandre i konsentrasjonen av lettfordøyelige karbohydrater (høyest i RF-71) og i innblanding av tangmel i RF-80. Syv reinkalver ble gitt de tre dietter i «latin square» forsøksmønster. Målingene omfattet: forinntak, konsentrasjon i vominnhold av flyktige fettsyrer (VFA) og ammonium samt verdier av pfi gjennom en fem-dagers periode etter avsluttet sveltperiode. Foring med RF-80 økte forinntaket og forårsaket en raskere normalisering av VFA- og ammoniumkonsentrasjonene enn foring med RF-71. pfi nådde et minimum på 5,4 hos dyr som fikk RF-71, mens gjennomsnittlig verdi av pH gjennom observasjonsperioden var 6,1-6,2 når det ble gitt RF-80. Apetittløshet i 1-2 dager etter gjenopptatt foring inntraff bare ved bruk av RF-71. RF-80 har nå erstattet RF-71 som kommersielt for til rein i Norge.
Safety, efficacy, and tissues residues of ivermectin in reindeer
Authors: Dieterich Robert A. , Craigmill Arthur L.
Published: February 2013

Safety, efficacy, and tissue residues of ivermectin, a broad spectrum parasiticide, were determined in Alaskan reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Reindeer treated at 5 times and 10 times the standard dose of 200 mcg/kg had no detectable physical or behavioral reactions to ivermectin injected subcutaneously in the mid-cervical area. Ivermectin eliminated essentially 100% of reindeer warble larvae (Hypoderma (Oedemagena) tarandi). Tissue levels of ivermectin in back fat, injection site, muscle, liver, and kidney collected 3, 10, 17, and 24 days post injection were determined. All tissues levels rapidly declined and were approaching low unmea-surable amounts at the end of the 24 day test period. Ivermectin is a safe effective parasiticide that has been used successfully to threat thousands of reindeer in Alaska.
Seasonal concentrations of cesium-137 in rumen content, skeletal muscles and feces of caribou from the Porcupine herd: lichen ingestion rates and implications for human consumption
Authors: Allaye-Chan A. C. , White R. G. , Holleman D. F. , Russell D. E.
Published: February 2013

The Porcupine caribou herd was monitored for cesium-137 during 1987 to address human health concerns over potential meat contamination by radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident, and to determine lichen intake rates based on body burdens of radiocesium. A total of 36 caribou were collected from northwestern Alaska and the Yukon Territories in March, June, September, and November. Mean radiocesium concentrations in skeletal muscle peaked in March at 133 Bq/kg fresh weight. This value should not prove hazardous to human health. Radiocesium concentrations in skeletal muscle (wet weight) ranged from approximately 22 to 50% of radiocesium concentrations in rumen contents (dry weight), and from approximately 15 to 37% of radiocesium concentrations in feces (dry weight). Radioactivity in feces was significantly correlated with radioactivity in rumen contents. Computer simulations relating lichen intake rates to radiocesium body burdens are presented for 3 scenarios: (1) when seasonal intakes were adjusted to provide the optimum fit between simulated and observed radiocesium body burdens (2) when seasonal intakes were based on empirical data, and (3) when seasonal intakes were adjusted to yield a "conventional" radiocesium curve of a slow fall build-up prior to a late winter plateau.
Seasonal variation of cesium 134 and cesium 137 in semidomestic reindeer in Norway after the Chernobyl accident
Authors: Eikelmann I.M. H. , Bye K. , Sletten H. D.
Published: February 2013

The Chernobyl accident had a great impact on the semidomestic reindeer husbandry in central Norway. Seasonal differences in habitat and diet resulted in large variations in observed radiocesium concentrations in reindeer after the Chernobyl accident. In three areas with high values of cesium-134 and cesium-137 in lichens, the main feed for reindeer in winter, reindeer were sampled every second month to monitor the seasonal variation and the decrease rate of the radioactivity. The results are based on measurements of cesium-134 and cesium-137 content in meat and blood and by whole-body monitoring of live animals. In 1987 the increase of radiocesium content in reindeer in Vågå were 4x from August to January. The mean reductions in radiocesium content from the winter 1986/87 to the winter 1987/88 were 32%, 50% and 43% in the areas of Vågå, Østre-Namdal and Lom respectively.
Modelling of radiocesium transfer in the lichen-reindeer/caribou-wolf food chain
Authors: Holleman D. F. , White R. G. , Allaye-Chan A. C.
Published: February 2013

The environmental contaminate radiocesium (cesium-137) has been shown to be of value as a marker in food selection and intake studies. Its greatest potential value as a food marker is in the subarctic/arctic regions, particularly in the lichen to reindeer/caribou to wolf food chain. A kinetic model describing the movement of radiocesium through the food chain has been developed using the SAAM computer program and is presented here. The program has been written so that the various paramenters affecting the transfer of radiocesium in the food chain can be altered more realistically to describe the system being modeled. The values of the parameters as given in this example are realistic for interior Alaska, however caution should be exercised in the application of the present results to regions that may be vastly different from the Alaskan interior without first evaluating the parameters and assumptions of the model.
Radiocesium metabolism in reindeer
Authors: Jones Bernt-E. V. , Eriksson Olof , Nordkvist Magnus
Published: February 2013

Abstract: Early in the era of atmospheric nuclear weapon tests, the reindeer was found to be an interesting animal concerning the transfer of environmental radioactive contaminants to man via the production of contaminated reindeer meat. The reason for the high transfer factors for some radionuclides is the feeding habits of the reindeer with a substantial intake of lichens, especially in the wintertime. One effect of the seasonal changes in feeding is also a considerable cyclic, seasonal variation in radiocesium content of soft tissues. The effective half-life of radiocesium was determined to about 30 days in an experiment where a herd of reindeer was moved form a high (>20 kBq/m2137Cs) to a low (<3 kBq/m2 137Cs) contamination area. The fractional transfer of 137Cs, during natural grazing, was determined to about 0.65 d/kg during wintertime on the low- contamination area and about 0.30 d/kg in summertime grazing in a more contaminated area. The radiation dose received by reindeers in Sweden after the Chernobyl accident was calculated to <200 mSv/a. The dose rate would be highest during the later part of winter but would not exceed 1 mSv/d.
Radiocesium in lichens and reindeer after the Chernobyl accident
Authors: Rissanen K. , Rahola T.
Published: February 2013

After the Chernobyl accident the sampling and measuring program of the Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety was intensified both for surveillance and research purposes. The deposition pattern of radionuclides was more complicated than from the global fallout after the nuclear weapons tests. The radioactive deposition was very unevenly distributed in Lapland, as also in the rest of Finland. Fortunately, the amounts of deposition in Lapland were only about one-tenth of the corresponding amount of deposition in southern Finland. In 1986-87 the mean concentration of Cs-137 in lichens and in reindeer meat increased to about the same level as in 1972-73 or to about 30 per cent of the maximum levels found in 1964-65 after the nuclear weapons tests. The activity concentrations in reindeer tissues vary according to season. In winter, reindeer eat considerable amounts of lichens with high radiocesium concentrations. In summer, lichens are replaced by other forage such as leaves from trees, green plants, etc. The ratio of Cs-137 concentration in reindeer meat between summer and winter is about 0.2. The mean concentration of Cs-137 in meat for consumption from the slaughtering period 1986-87 was 720 Bq/kg fresh weight. After that time concentrations started decreasing since no new fallout was deposited.
Consequences of the Chernobyl accident for reindeer husbandry in Sweden
Authors: Åhman Gustaf , Åhman Birgitta , Rydberg Axel
Published: February 2013

Large parts of the reindeer hearding area in Sweden were contaminated with radioactive caesium from the Chernobyl fallout. During the first year after the accident no food with activity concentrations exceeding 300 Bq/kg was allowed to be sold in Sweden. This meant that about 75% of all reindeer meat produced in Sweden during the autumn and winter 1986/87 were rejected because of too high caesium activités. In May 1987 the maximum level for Cs-137 in reindeer, game and fresh-water fish was raised to 1500 Bq/kg. During the last two year, 1987/88 and 1988/89, about 25% of the slaughtered reindeer has had activities exceeding this limit. The effective long-time halflife or radiocaesium in reindeer after the nuclear weapon tests in the sixties was about 7 years. If this halflife is correct also for the Chernobyl fallout it will take about 35 years before most of the reinder in Sweden are below the current limit 1500 Bq/kg in the winter. However, by feeding the animals uncontaminated food for about two months, many reindeer can be saved for human consumption.
Climatic changes and caribou abundance in northern Québec over the last century
Authors: Crête Michel , Payette Serge
Published: February 2013

The temperature increase observed in the Northern hemisphere during the first half of this century was also detectable in Québec; it affected both summer and winter. In northern Québec, warmer summers stimulated growth and favored range expansion of trees and shurbs. Based on black spruce krummholz height and water level in lakes, the warmer period was also characterized by greater snowfall and deeper snow cover. This period of deep snow coincided with apparent caribou scarcity. Three hypotheses were explored to relate increased temperature with caribou decline: 1) destruction of winter habitat due to high frequency of forest fires, 2) increased energy cost to obtain forage in deep snow and 3) delayed melting of snow on calving grounds that shortened the time to raise calves. The combined effect of the 3 mechanism could explain caribou scarcity, particularly for the Rivière George herd whose calving ground becomes snow free in late June. Ways to test the third hypothesis are proposed.
The intrinsic rate of increase of reindeer and caribou populations in arctic environments
Authors: Heard D. C.
Published: February 2013

The intrinsic rate of increase of an animal population, rm, is specific to the environment in which it is measured. Previous estimates of maximum growth rates for reindeer and caribou Rangifer tarandus populations were based on introductions to islands with cool oceanic climates. The mean intrinsic rate of increase of 6 populations was 0.26 ranging from 0.21 on St Paul Island in the Bering Sea to 0.29 in the Barff herd on South Georgia. I calculated rm for two Rangifer populations introduced to arctic environments to determine the effect of environmental severity on the intrinsic rate of increase. Reindeer on the Belcher islands increased at rm= 0.28 and caribou on Southampton Island increased at rm = 0.23 (mean = 0.26). The lower primary productivity and longer duration of snow cover in arctic environments did not affect the intrinsic rate of increase.
Microbiology of digestion in the Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus)
Authors: Orpin Colin G. , Mathiesen Svein Disch
Published: February 2013

Microbiology of digestion in the Svalbard reindeer
Ice and mineral licks used by caribou in winter
Authors: Heard Douglas C. , Williams T. Mark
Published: February 2013

In winter, barren-ground caribou obtain minerals from ice and soil licks. Between December and April we have seen caribou cratering on the surface of frozen lakes and licking the ice. Ice samples from eight licks on four lakes contained concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, chloride and sulphate many times higher than in the surrounding unlicked ice or than would be expected in lake water. Soil licks being used in March and June had high concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium phosphorus and potassium. In winter caribou may be seeking supplements of all of the major mineral elements (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) at ice and soil licks because lichens, their staple winter diet, are low in minerals and may also reduce the absorption of some minerals.
The ship of the desert. The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), a domesticated animal species well adapted to extreme conditions of aridness and heat
Authors: Bornstein S.
Published: February 2013

The dromedary camel (Camel dromedarius) is extremely well adapted to life in hot and arid lands. In terms of physiological adaptation to heat and water deprivation it surpasses by far every other large animal of which data have been collected. None of the adaptive mechanisms to cope with the environmental stresses are unique to the Arabian camel, but the efficiency of its adaptation is superior. At high ambient temperatures the camels adapt to the scarcity of water by reducing their faecal, urinary and evaporative water losses. During dehydration, the kidneys reduce water losses both by decreasing the glomerual filtration rate and by increasing the tubular reabsorption of water. Also their ability of regulating their body temperature from 34.5-40.7 °C conserves a lot of water, when most needed.
Reindeer breathe less and save water in the cold
Authors: Nilssen Kjell J. , Rognmo Arne , Blix Arnoldus Schytte
Published: February 2013

Simultaneous measurements of metabolic rate, respiratory minute volume, respiratory frequency, and oxygen extraction from the inspired air were obtained during treadmill exercise in Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) and Norwegian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). The experiments were carried out both in summer and winter at ambient temperatures and running speeds ranging from +12 to -30 °C and 3.7 to 9.0 knvh1, respectively. We found that respiratory minute volume was generally lower in summer than in winter for a similar ambient temperature, and also that respiratory minute volume was reduced at low ambient temperature both in summer and winter. The change in respiratory minute volume was inversely related to oxygen extraction, the latter being at its highest at the lowest ambient temperature and running speed in summer. Reduction of respiratory minute volume, and hence respiratory water loss, at low ambient temperature is likely to contribute significantly to the survival of these species, particularly in winter when the animals can only replace body water with snow at low temperature.
Management stress in reindeer
Authors: Rehbinder Claes
Published: February 2013

The general mechanism and biological effects of stress are dealt with. Investigations performed on semidomesticated reindeer concerning the stress response under different herding and management conditions are presented and discussed. The findings indicate that: Reindeer are susceptible to management stress and that their degree of tameness plays an important role in the development of stress lesions such as muscular and myocardial degeneration and abomasal haemorrhages, etc. The animals are not favoured by rests between events of stress exposure as the effects produced tend to be cumulative. Depletion of muscular glycogen stores, increased catabolism of muscular protein, muscular degeneration and increased blood-urea levels can not be excluded as a cause of an altered and bad taste of the meat, i.e. a bad meat quality. Thus prolonged and repeated manual handling and transportation of live animals should be avoided. The use of helicopters or other motor vehicles must be correlated to the tameness of the animals and to environmental conditions. Stress due to incorrect management methods may, by means of stress induced lesions, severly affect the productivity of reindeer.
Translocation techniques used to establish pen farmed Alaskan reindeer
Authors: Dieterich R. A.
Published: February 2013

Small herds of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) frequently have been needed to be established in fenced holding pens for research or commercial reasons in Alaska and other areas. Native ranges of reindeer in Alaska were not on road systems, and the diet of the native reindeer had to be changed when they were translocated to small pens. Economics of transportation and feeding played an important role in the feasibility of translocation. Gathering and holding of reindeer for shipment, transport methods, adjustment of free-ranging reindeer to confinement, and a new diet were primary considerations to insure survival. Minimal psychologic stress of short duration, thermoregulation, and physical comfort were extremely important in carrying out a successful translocation. Receiving facilities, feed, and personnel were equally important. A minimum of one month was required to adjust reindeer to confinement and diet change.
Reproductive investment by females in semi-domesticated reindeer
Authors: Kojola Ilpo , Eloranta Eija
Published: February 2013

This paper discusses maternal investment in a herd of semi-domesticated reindeer in Kaamanen, Finnish Lapland (69°N 27°E). Male-producing cows weighed 2% more at the previous conception then the female-producing cows did. The body weight of cow accounted for more of the variation of birth sex ratio than the age or the parity. The lightest cows (<C61 kg) produced a significant excess (62%) of female calves. Both the medium-sized and the largest cows gave birth to a slight, nonsignificant excess of males. In terms of weight change from one conception to the next, rearing a male to weaning was more expensive to cows than rearing a female. The frequency of reproductive failures did not, however, depend significantly upon the sex of the previous calf. The survival and growth of male and female calves related in an approximately similar fashion to maternal weight.
Reindeer in the USSR: problems of protection and rational use
Authors: Syroechkovski E. E.
Published: February 2013

There are approximately 2.2 million domestic and 1 million wild reindeer in the USSR today. It is unlikely that the number of domestic reindeer will increase further but there is a tendency for further growth in several large populations of wild reindeer. All middle-sized and small populations of wild reindeer need protection. During the whole initial period of penetration and adaptation of man to the north, the life of ancient inhabitants was closely linked to hunting wild reindeer. Neolithic relics of North Eurasia witness the wide distribution of a relatively monotonous Stone Age reindeer hunting culture. Domestication of reindeer began not less than a thousand years ago. Large-scale reindeer husbandry developed only 300-400 years ago and prospered for about 200 years. Social changes impeded its development after the 1950s, resulting in the restoration of wild riendeer herds.
Aquisiton and management of reindeer herd data
Authors: Clarke A. W. , Dieterich R. A.
Published: February 2013

Obtaining and maintaining accurate records of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) herd data has become a necessary tool for efficient herd management. A computerized record keeping and reporting system was developed due to the speed which which animals were seen at the seasonal handlings. Custom software was written using the dBASE III + data management package to handle the special needs of herd record keeping. The software was then compiled using the Clipper compiler. The resulting program and data were implemented in ramdisk on a Toshiba 3100 microcomputer. Data structures were carefully chosen to provide for recording of tag identification, sex, age, body weight, abnormalities, disease testing, and treatments for each deer. Additionally, fields were provided to maintain records of ongoing biologic experiments. A report generation program was written to provide a current herd status report to the herders.
Improvement of meat production capacity in reindeer farming
Authors: Petersson C. J. , Danell Ö. , Lenvik D.
Published: February 2013

The poster describes the main activities in a joint Swedish-Norwegian research project. The ultimate purpose is to develope tools for individual production control and flock management in domestic reindeer production.
Organizing Committee, Acknowledgements; and Introduction
Authors: Rehbinder, Secretary General Claes
Published: February 2013

Information of organizers and secretary general.
Resistance to chemotherapy: What are the risks for the reindeer industry?
Authors: Waller P. J.
Published: February 2013

Although no drug resistance has been reported so far for parasites of reindeer, it would be unwise to assume that this situation will remain the same indefinitely. It is important to consider the principles of selection for resistance and plan ways of limiting these so that the emergence of resistance can be avoided.
The use of bentonite and zeolite as caesium-binders in feed to reindeer - experiences from Sweden
Authors: Åhman Birgitta
Published: February 2013

Feeding is used in Sweden to lower radiocaesium levels in reindeer before slaughter. In feeds used for this purpose, bentonite is added as a caesium-binder to prevent absorption of radiocaesium, since the animals usually have som access to contaminated pasture in their corrals. Bentonite is efficient as a caesium-binder but increases water consumption and excretion of urine. Zeolite has been used as a caesium-binder to reindeer in a few experiments. The effect, however, has been inferior to that of bentonite. It seems that zeolite, mixed in feeds, loose some of its effect as the feed is stored. The need of a caesium-binder is demonstrated by results from practical feeding of reindeer where radiocaesium levels have not decreased as expected when feed without bentonite has been used.
Palatability of two artificial feeds for reindeer
Authors: Rognmo Arne , Bye Karstein
Published: February 2013

Two groups of 15 reindeer were used to test the palatability of two artificial diets. None of the animals had experienced the diets before. Trials were carried out from April to mid May. Each group of animals was kept in a separate corral (600 sq. meters). Both groups were fed lichens for three days befort trials began. Then they were offered a concentrate feed (RF-80) or «Mill Waste Product» (MWP) ad libitum. Both groups ate little or nothing for the first three days of the trial and so lichens were mixed with the two experimental feeds. The mean voluntary food intake of the RF-80-group increased from 0.8 Kg/day/animal to 1.8 Kg/day/animal after three weeks. A mixed feed, RF-80/lichen, was only used the first day for animals in the RF-80 group. Reindeer refused to eat MWP for twelve days despite mixing it with lichens. They were then offered RF-80 ad lib. without a mixture of lichens. The mean voluntary intake of these animals increased from 1.3 Kg RF-80/day/animal on day 13 to 2.3 Kg/day/animal by day 26. Two calves in the MWP-group got diarrhoea after refeeding with RF-80.
Villreinens verden (Wild reindeer) by Eigil Reimers
Authors: Skjenneberg Sven
Published: February 2013

Eigil Reimers: «Villreinens verden». (Wild reindeer). H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), Oslo, 1989. 126pp. ISBN 82-03-15859. NOK 298,-. (In Norwegian)
6th Nordic Workshop on Reindeer Research, 8-10 October 1990, Tromsø, Norway.
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

The Sixth Nordic Reindeer Scientist's Meeting, organised by the Nordic Council for Reindeer Research, was held at Tromsø, Norway, 8-10 October, 1990. The principal themes of the meeting were ' Reindeer husbandry. Basis for resources and the man' and ' Meat quality'.
Data systems for improvement of reindeer production
Authors: Petersson C. J. , Lenvik D. , Nissen Ö.
Published: February 2013

This paper presents a calf selection program, a recording and a database system developed as a part of a joint Swedish - Norwegian development project where one of the main objectives is to improve identification, handling and production recording systems. The systems are used in a reindeer flock in the south parts of the reindeer area in Sweden. The additional marking system has been used in this flock since 1981 and procedures for identification of the mothers of the calves has been used since 1986.
An unusually rich occurence of globule leucocytes in the bileducts of a roedeer (Capreolus capreolus)
Authors: Rehbinder Claes , Westergren Eva
Published: February 2013

In the epithelium of affected bileducts was found a considerable number of globule leukocytes. The identification of the globule leucocytes was confirmed by the use of staining methods according to Rahko and Nikander and by electron microscopy. The globules of each individual cell were numerous and of varying size, electrondensity and shape.
Equipment for placing a sustained release bolus in the rumen of reindeer
Authors: Hove K. , Staaland H. , Pedersen Ø. , Ensby T. , Sæthre O.
Published: February 2013

A pair of pliers were developed to place sustained release boli with a diameter of 18-20 mm and a length of 50-60 mm safely into the rumen of reindeer. The pliers are connected to a flexible, plastic coated steel tube terminating in a bronze headpiece. Inside this tube a polyfilament, stainless steel wire connects the pliers to an attachment screw in the headpiece. Before treatment the bolus is screwed on to this screw. After the bolus has been guided through the pharynx and oesophagus into the rumen, it is released by squeezing the pair of pliers which then retracts the attachment screw and allows the bolus to drop off. Spring loading of the attachment screw ensures retraction of the screw into the headpiece if the bolus is lost during the operation. The equipment has been used for treatment of more than 1000 reindeer.

Utstyr for nedføring av tabletter i vomma på rein.

Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Et nedleggingsutstyr for innføring av vomtabletter i vomma på rein blir beskrevet. Vomtablettene har en diameter på 18-20 mm og en lengde på 50-60 mm. Utstyret består av en tang som via en bøyelig, plastbelagt spiralwire er forbundet med et hodestykke i bronse. En polyfilament stålwire går inne i spiralwiren fra tangen til hodestykket hvor den ender i en festeskrue. For behandling skrues festeskruen inn i et hull i bakflaten av vomtabletten. Etter nedføring i vomma frigjøres tabletten ved at festeskruen med kraft fra tanga trekkes ut av tabletten. Fjærbelastning av festeskruen sikrer at skruen trekkes inn og beskyttes i hodestykket dersom tabletten mistes under behandling av urolige dyr. Det er behandlet ca 1000 rein med nedleggingsutstyret. En behandling med to tabletter tar 2-5 min. pr. dyr inkludert nedlegging og fiksering av dyret.

 
Status of the Galena Mountain caribou herd
Authors: Robinson Scott R.
Published: February 2013

A resident herd of caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) inhabits the Koyukuk River valley and Kokrines Hills, which are located on the north side of the Yukon River near the Alaskan villages of Galena and Ruby. Personnel from the Alaska Departement of Fish and Game, U.S. Bureau of land Management, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service studied this herd from October 1983 to January 1990. The highest caribou count was 258 in June 1987. The proportion of newborn calves observed during the May calving period ranged from 0 to 28% (mean=10%) whereas it ranged from 4 to 17% (mean=13%) in October. Caribou inhabited mostly coniferous forest from October through April and open habitat from May through September. Male caribou occupied fewer habitat types, travelled less distance, and remained at lower elevations than female caribou. Management concerns for this herd are discussed.
Predation and caribou populations
Authors: Seip Dale R.
Published: February 2013

Predation, especially wolf (Canis lupus) predation, limits many North American caribou (Rangifer tarandus) populations below the density that food resources could sustain. The impact of predation depends on the parameters for the functional and numerical response of the wolves, relative to the potential annual increment of the caribou population. Differences in predator-avoidance strategies largely explain the major differences in caribou densities that occur naturally in North America. Caribou migrations that spatially separate caribou from wolves allow relatively high densities of caribou to survive. Non-migratory caribou that live in areas where wolf populations are sustained by alternate prey can be eliminated by wolf predation.
Status of woodland caribou in western north America
Authors: Edmonds E. Janet
Published: February 2013

A review of current population size and trends of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in seven jurisdictions in western North America shows a wide range of situations. A total maximum population estimate of woodland caribou west of the Ontario/Manitoba border is 61 090. Of 44 herds or populations described in this review: 14 are stable; two are stable to slightly decreasing; four are decreasing; four are increasing; and 22 are of unknown status. Caribou are classified as a threatened species in Alberta and as an endangered species in Washington/Idaho. The decline of caribou in North America following settlement (Bergerud, 1974) has continued along the southern edge of woodland caribou distribution. Direct loss of habitat to logging, mines and dams continued throughout the I960s, 1970s and 1980s. The secondary effects of these habitat changes, (i.e. increased roads leading to increased hunting and poaching, and increased early succession habitat leading to increased alternate prey/predator densities) has led in some cases to the total loss or decreased size of local herds. Three ecotypes of woodland caribou are described and their relative distribution delineated. These ecotypes live under different environmental conditions and require different inventory and management approaches. Woodland caribou herds in northern B.C., Yukon and N.W.T. generally are of good numbers and viable (stable or increasing), and management primarily is directed at regulating human harvest and natural predation to prevent, herd declines. Land use activities such as logging or energy development are not extensive. Managers in southern caribou ranges stress the need for a better understanding of caribou population stability within mixed prey/predator regimes; how habitat changes (eg. through logging) affect these regimes; and how to develop effective land use guidelines for resource extraction that can sustian caribou populations and maintain resource industries. Caribou managers have suggested that herds may be priorized for research and management efforts. Unstable, remnant populations may be left to their own fate. The limited research dollars available and difficult management decisions should be applied to caribou herds that are apparently sustainable and provide the greatest potential for long-term viability.
Quantitative differentiation of types of feeding craters of Rangifer tarandus fennicus
Authors: Pruitt, Jr. William O.
Published: February 2013

During winter 1983-1984 in the Kainuu region of eastern Finland, based on 1363 api profiles, the Värriö Snow Index (VSI) modelled 3 different types of feeding craters dug by Rangifer tarandus fennicus. When mean log VSI of control sites = < ca. 1.4, the animals used suov'dnji (Lappish) or individual, single-use excavations; when mean log VSI of control sites = > 1.4 < ca. 2.1, the animals used fies'ki (Lappish) or cooperative excavations of the perimeter of a site; when mean log VSI of control sites = > ca. 2.6, the animals switched to using ciegar (Lappish) or linear extensions of a suov'dnji, excavated by a sequence of individuals^iegar-type feeding resulted in reduction of mean log VSI of feeding sites even though VSI of control sites increased. Ciegar-type feeding is interpreted as a successful behavioural adaptation to the Sub-Marginal Period.