bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stylistic Change in Early Modern Spanish Poetry Through Network Analysis (with an Especial Focus on Fernando de Herrera’s Role)
Authors: Hernández-Lorenzo Laura
Published: April 2022

Early Modern Spanish literature, also known as Golden Age Spanish literature, is a well-established period in the History of Spanish literary tradition, covering from the beginning of the sixteenth century to the end of the seventeenth century, from Renaissance to Baroque works. In the case of poetry, the stylistic change from one aesthetic to the other has been examined from a historical point of view, with some scholars considering a transitional group of poets between both stylistic movements, and many pointing to the writer Fernando de Herrera (1534–1597) as a bridge between the Renaissance style of Garcilaso de la Vega (1501–1536) and the Baroque of Luis de Góngora (1561–1627). This paper examines the stylistic change from Renaissance to Baroque in Spanish poetry and Herrera’s place on it from a quantitative, computational point of view, applying a methodology which combines Stylometry and Network Analysis to a big corpus of poems and authors writing in this period. The resulting stylometric network for Renaissance and Baroque poetry proves there is a computationally measurable chronological evolution in the texts of this period, as well as a change of style from Renaissance to Baroque, and supports the existence of a transitional group of poets between these two literary movements, one of which is Fernando de Herrera.
Stability and change in the public’s policy agenda: a punctuated equilibrium approach
Authors: Yildirim Tevfik Murat
Published: April 2022

Much research within the punctuated equilibrium framework demonstrated that policy agendas are invariably punctuated, due in part to cognitive and institutional frictions that constitute barriers to change in attention. While the bulk of past scholarship explored the extent to which institutional friction varies by organizational design, little scholarly attention has been devoted to the empirical examination of the cognitive aspect of disproportionate information processing. In an attempt to close this gap, I utilize a newly available dataset that codes nearly a million Americans’ responses to the ‘most important problem’ question from 1939 to 2015 to analyze the distribution of annual changes in the policy priorities of the American public. Drawing on the punctuated equilibrium theory literature, I argue and show that punctuations in the public’s policy priorities are more severe and frequent than those in institutional agendas. These results emphasize the need for a more subtle treatment of disproportionate information processing within the public, calling for relaxing the implicit assumption that cognitive friction is constant within organizations and across issues.
Combining exploratory learning with structured practice educational technologies to foster both conceptual and procedural fractions knowledge
Authors: Mavrikis Manolis , Rummel Nikol , Wiedmann Michael , Loibl Katharina , Holmes Wayne
Published: April 2022

Educational technologies in mathematics typically focus on fostering either procedural knowledge by means of structured tasks or, less often, conceptual knowledge by means of exploratory tasks. However, both types of knowledge are needed for complete domain knowledge that persists over time and supports subsequent learning. We investigated in two quasi-experimental studies whether a combination of an exploratory learning environment, providing exploratory tasks, and an intelligent tutoring system, providing structured tasks, fosters procedural and conceptual knowledge more than the intelligent tutoring system alone. Participants were 121 students from the UK (aged 8–10 years old) and 151 students from Germany (aged 10–12 years old) who were studying equivalent fractions. Results confirmed that students learning with a combination of exploratory and structured tasks gained more conceptual knowledge and equal procedural knowledge compared to students learning with structured tasks only. This supports the use of different but complementary educational technologies, interleaving exploratory and structured tasks, to achieve a “combination effect” that fosters robust fractions knowledge.
Complete three-dimensional coseismic displacements due to the 2021 Maduo earthquake in Qinghai Province, China from Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 SAR images
Authors: Liu Jihong , Hu Jun , Li Zhiwei , Ma Zhangfeng , Wu Lixin , Jiang Weiping , Feng Guangcai , Zhu Jianjun
Published: April 2022

On 22nd May 2021 (local time), an earthquake ofMs7.4 struck Maduo county in Qinghai Province, China. This was the largest earthquake in China since the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. In this study, ascending/descending Sentinel-1 and advanced land observation satellite-2 (ALOS-2) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images were used to derive the three-dimensional (3-D) coseismic displacements of this earthquake. We used the differential interferometric SAR (InSAR, DInSAR), pixel offset-tracking (POT), multiple aperture InSAR (MAI), and burst overlap interferometry (BOI) methods to derive the displacement observations along the line-of-sight (LOS) and azimuth directions. To accurately mitigate the effect of ionospheric delay on the ALOS-2 DInSAR observations, a polynomial fitting method was proposed to optimize range-spectrum-split-derived ionospheric phases. In addition, the 3-D displacement field was obtained by a strain model and variance component estimation (SM-VCE) method based on the high-quality SAR displacement observations. Results indicated that a left-lateral fault slip with the largest horizontal displacement of up to 2.4 m dominated this earthquake, and the small-magnitude vertical displacement with an alternating uplift/subsidence pattern along the fault trace was more concentrated in the near-fault regions. Comparison with the global navigation satellite system data indicated that the SM-VCE method can significantly improve the accuracy of the displacements compared to the classical weighted least squares method, and the incorporation of the BOI displacements can substantially benefit the accuracy of north-south displacement. In addition to the displacements, three coseismic strain invariants calculated based on the strain model parameters were also investigated. It was found that the eastern and western parts of the faults suffered more significant strains compared with the epicenter region.
“CRISPR for Disabilities: How to Self-Regulate” or Something?
Authors: Courtright-Lim Amanda
Published: April 2022

The development of the CRISPR gene editing technique has been hyped as a technique that could fundamentally change scientific research and its clinical application. Unrecognized is the fact that it joins other technologies that have tried and failed under the same discourse of scientific hype. These technologies, like gene therapy and stem cell research, have moved quickly passed basic research into clinical application with dire consequences. Before hastily moving to clinical applications, it is necessary to consider basic research and determine how CRISPR/Cas systems should be applied. In the case of single gene diseases, that application is expected to have positive impacts, but as we shift to more complex diseases, the impact could be unintentionally negative. In the context of common disabilities, the level of genetic complexity may render this technology useless but potentially toxic, aggravating a social discourse that devalues those with disabilities. This paper intends to define the issues related to disability that are associated with using the CRIPSR/Cas system in basic research. It also aims to provide a decision tree to help determine whether the technology should be utilized or if alternative approaches beyond scientific research could lead to a better use of limited funding resources.
Dunefield transgression and the lost fishing settlement of La Barrosa de Doñana
Authors: Muñoz-Reinoso José Carlos
Published: April 2022

Considering its etymological meaning, the aim of this work was to identify the location of La Barrosa, a lost fishing settlement located on the dynamic coast of Doñana, and to relate the origin of the name (barrosa = muddy), and the causes of its disappearance to its geomorphological landscape context, tracing its recent evolution over time. Historical documentation and cartography about the coast of Doñana have been analysed to find records on La Barrosa and contrasted with the geomorphological information available for the area. The results have shown that La Barrosa went from being a shallow pond on the coast during the fifteenth century, which mud was used in pottery, to a fishing settlement on the coastline (first quarter of the seventeenth century), to finally disappear in the second half of the seventeenth century. Due to its location, close to the anchorage of the Doñana coastal spit barrier, its origin could be related to the mouth of an old marsh channel that drained the ancient marshland, or to an outflow to the sea from the ancient Santa Olalla lagoon. Its disappearance under transgressive dunes seems to be related to two pulses of dune building that took place around 1560 and 1661. This study shows that the use of toponymy, historical sources, and geomorphological knowledge must be considered in the interpretation of recent geomorphological landscape changes to broaden our understanding of the dynamic of coastal environments.
A Mega-Analysis of the Effects of Feedback on the Quality of Simulated Child Sexual Abuse Interviews with Avatars
Authors: Pompedda Francesco , Zhang Yikang , Haginoya Shumpei , Santtila Pekka
Published: April 2022

The present study aimed to test the effectiveness of giving feedback on simulated avatar interview training (Avatar Training) across different experiments and participant groups and to explore the effect of professional training and parenting experience by conducting a mega-analysis of previous studies. A total of 2,208 interviews containing 39,950 recommended and 36,622 non-recommended questions from 394 participants including European and Japanese students, psychologists, and police officers from nine studies were included in the mega-analysis. Experimental conditions were dummy-coded, and all dependent variables were coded in the same way as in the previously published studies. Professional experience and parenting experience were coded as dichotomous variables and used in moderation analyses. Linear mixed effects analyses demonstrated robust effects of feedback on increasing recommended questions and decreasing non-recommended questions, improving quality of details elicited from the avatar, and reaching a correct conclusion regarding the suspected abuse. Round-wise comparisons in the interviews involving feedback showed a continued increase of recommended questions and a continued decrease of non-recommended questions. Those with (vs. without) professional and parenting experience improved faster in the feedback group. These findings provide strong support for the efficacy of Avatar Training.
Computing and Social Welfare
Authors: Clemons Eric K. , Waran Ravi V. , Hermes Sebastian , Schreieck Maximilian , Krcmar Helmut
Published: April 2022

Social Welfare Computing is an emerging discipline that seeks to direct technology to cause minimum societal disruption, and in particular seeks to minimize the harm caused directly by technology itself. This is markedly different from the better-understood uses of technology to create value or to address existing social needs. Innovative technologies that are widely adopted created significant value for their users; otherwise, they would not be widely adopted. Often the companies that create them obtain new sources of wealth and power, which inevitably lead to new forms of abuse of power and new forms of societal disruption. Societal disruption in turn requires social adaptation, including new regulations to influence the behavior of firms and to define and to protect the rights of individuals in the changed society. The governance of online business models is complex because regulators must meet the conflicting objectives of different segments of society, and because regulators must avoid imposing restrictions that stifle innovation. Social Welfare Computing seeks to guide social adaptation, combining insights from disciplines as varied as anthropology, business strategy, economics, strategic planning, and law.
Design Knowledge for Deep-Learning-Enabled Image-Based Decision Support Systems
Authors: Landwehr Julius Peter , Kühl Niklas , Walk Jannis , Gnädig Mario
Published: April 2022

With the ever-increasing societal dependence on electricity, one of the critical tasks in power supply is maintaining the power line infrastructure. In the process of making informed, cost-effective, and timely decisions, maintenance engineers must rely on human-created, heterogeneous, structured, and also largely unstructured information. The maturing research on vision-based power line inspection driven by advancements in deep learning offers first possibilities to move towards more holistic, automated, and safe decision-making. However, (current) research focuses solely on the extraction of information rather than its implementation in decision-making processes. The paper addresses this shortcoming by designing, instantiating, and evaluating a holistic deep-learning-enabled image-based decision support system artifact for power line maintenance at a German distribution system operator in southern Germany. Following the design science research paradigm, two main components of the artifact are designed: A deep-learning-based model component responsible for automatic fault detection of power line parts as well as a user-oriented interface responsible for presenting the captured information in a way that enables more informed decisions. As a basis for both components, preliminary design requirements are derived from literature and the application field. Drawing on justificatory knowledge from deep learning as well as decision support systems, tentative design principles are derived. Based on these design principles, a prototype of the artifact is implemented that allows for rigorous evaluation of the design knowledge in multiple evaluation episodes, covering different angles. Through a technical experiment the technical novelty of the artifact’s capability to capture selected faults (regarding insulators and safety pins) in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-captured image data (model component) is validated. Subsequent interviews, surveys, and workshops in a natural environment confirm the usefulness of the model as well as the user interface component. The evaluation provides evidence that (1) the image processing approach manages to address the gap of power line component inspection and (2) that the proposed holistic design knowledge for image-based decision support systems enables more informed decision-making. The paper therefore contributes to research and practice in three ways. First, the technical feasibility to detect certain maintenance-intensive parts of power lines with the help of unique UAV image data is shown. Second, the distribution system operators’ specific problem is solved by supporting decisions in maintenance with the proposed image-based decision support system. Third, precise design knowledge for image-based decision support systems is formulated that can inform future system designs of a similar nature.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs About Colorectal Cancer Screening in Puerto Rico
Authors: Colón-López Vivian , Valencia-Torres Ileska M. , Ríos Elsa I. , Llavona Josheili , Vélez-Álamo Camille , Fernández María E.
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this study was to describe the psychosocial factors influencing participation in colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) among Puerto Rican men and women. We conducted seven focus groups in metropolitan and rural areas of Puerto Rico (PR) with men and women (using gender specific groups) aged 50 to 80 years (n = 51) who were non-adherent to CRC guidelines. The focus group guide included questions related to colorectal cancer (CRC) and CRC screening knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs. We analyzed data using a modified grounded theory approach to identify emergent themes. Focus groups revealed seven major themes that represented barriers to CRCS: (1) lack of CRC knowledge, (2) lack of knowledge about colorectal cancer screening tests as well as the required preparation, (3) embarrassment, (4) low perceived benefit of CRCS and sense of fatalism, (5) transportation (mostly among participants in rural areas), (6) lack of time, and (7) financial burden. All participants understood the benefits of CRCS once the procedure was explained. Additionally, participants reported a lack of provider recommendation for CRCS. In this group of Puerto Rican participants who were non-adherent to CRCS, there were misconceptions about CRC, screening tests available, and preparation and testing procedures. Participants’ low levels of knowledge and negative attitudes concerning CRCS and low reported provider recommendation were important deterrents to screening. These findings suggest the need for educational efforts to increase knowledge and attitudes about CRCS and improved patient-provider communication to reduce missed opportunities to recommend.
Contribution of cauliflower residues to N nutrition of subsequent lettuce crops grown in rotation in an Italian Alpine environment
Authors: Tempesta Marco , Pennisi Giuseppina , Gianquinto Giorgio , Hauser Markus , Tagliavini Massimo
Published: April 2022

Up to 75% of nitrogen (N) taken up during cauliflowers production is allocated to leaves, which are left as crop residues after harvest. The inclusion of cauliflower, cultivated alone or intercropped with legumes, in rotation schemes, is a promising tool to optimize N availability to subsequent crops. This original study assessed, for the first time in South Tyrol, Italy, the effect of removal or soil incorporation of cauliflower and clover residues on the growth and N uptake of subsequent lettuce. In 2015, cauliflower was sole-cropped or intercropped with clover, under different N regimes (N0, N1, N2, N3 = 0, 75, 150, 300 kg N ha−1). Cauliflower and clover residues were either removed or incorporated in the soil in 2016. The effects of the residual fertility left by the N fertilizer, the two cropping systems, and the crop residues were assessed on the yield and N uptake of two subsequent lettuce crops. Isotopic15N-labeled cauliflower residues were additionally used to quantify the N contribution of cauliflower residues to lettuce growth. During the first lettuce crop, residues incorporation was the only factor increasing lettuce yields (+41%) and N uptake (+58%). The residual effect of N1 and N2 rates increased the lettuce N uptake when clover residues were incorporated. During the second lettuce crop, residues incorporation increased lettuce yields (+26%) and N uptake (+44%). On average, 64% and 35% of the lettuce N amounts, in the first and second cycles, respectively, derived from cauliflower residues, and accounted for 38% of the total N contained in cauliflower residues (214 kg N ha−1). Results from this experiment, uncommon for the examined species, demonstrate that incorporation of cauliflower and clover residues provides an excellent source of N for lettuce. Incorporating residues of the preceding cauliflower crop, alone or intercropped with clover, before establishing the lettuce crop, substantially reduce the N fertilization needs of subsequent lettuce crops.
Infrastructure and the Politics of African State Agency: Shaping the Belt and Road Initiative in East Africa
Authors: Chiyemura Frangton , Gambino Elisa , Zajontz Tim
Published: April 2022

Infrastructure development has experienced a political renaissance in Africa and is again at the centre of national, regional, and continental development agendas. At the same time, China has been identified by African policy-makers as a particularly suitable strategic partner. As infrastructure has become a main pillar of Sino-African cooperation, there has been growing analytical interest in the role of African actors in shaping the terms and conditions and, by extension, the implementation of infrastructure projects with Chinese participation. This follows a more general African “agency turn” in China–Africa studies, which has shifted the research focus onto the myriad ways in which African state and non-state actors shape the continent's engagements with China. This article is situated within this growing body of literature and explores different forms of African state agency in the context of Tanzania's planned Bagamoyo port, Ethiopia's Adama wind farms, and Kenya’s Lamu port. We posit a non-reductionist and social-relational ontology of the (African) state which sees the state as a multifaceted and multi-scalar institutional ensemble. We show that the extent and forms of state agency exerted are inherently interrelated with and, thus, highly contingent upon concrete institutional, economic, political, and bureaucratic contexts in which African state actors are firmly embedded. In doing so, we make the case for a context-sensitive analysis of various spheres of state agency in particular conjunctures of Sino-African engagement.
Role of thermophoresis on unsteady/steady mixed convective flow in a vertical channel having convective boundary conditions
Authors: Jha Basant Kumar , Sani Hadiza Nass
Published: April 2022

A numerical as well as analytical investigation is performed to study time dependent/steady state mixed convection flow in a vertical channel in presence of thermophoresis having convective boundary conditions. The main objective of this paper is to present exact solutions for steady state mathematical model under relevant boundary conditions and numerical solutions for time dependent situation under relevant initial and boundary conditions. The impact of various controlling parameters such as dimensionless time $$t$$
t
, Schmidt number $$Sc$$

Sc

, Biot numbers $$Bi_{1}$$

B

i
1

and $$Bi_{2}$$

B

i
2

, buoyancy ratio $$b$$
b
and thermophoretic coefficient $$k$$
k
have on the flow patterns is discussed. Graphical results show that the effect of increasing two or more of the parameters simultaneously with high mixed convection parameter changes the flow from bi-directional to unidirectional. Also, the occurrence of a flow reversal depends on buoyancy and dimensional time. Furthermore, there exists a convergence of Sherwood number values at the cold plate when thermophoretic values are high.

Article Highlights

When buoyancy dominates the flow, a decrease of reverse flow at the cold plate is observed as thermophoresis approaches its peak.

If Schmidt number increases simultaneously with time, a wider region across the channel where concentration of particles is zero is observed.

When thermophoretic values are low, an increment in time reduces Sherwood numbers. Sherwood number values are observed to converge at the cold plate when thermophoretic values are high. These findings have implications in the developments of thermophoretic cells used in biochemical and medical researches because Sherwood numbers imply negative concentration fluxes at boundaries.
Revalidation of the Mentoring Competency Assessment to evaluate skills of research mentors: The MCA-21
Authors: Hyun So Hee , Rogers Jenna G. , House Stephanie C. , Sorkness Christine A. , Pfund Christine
Published: April 2022

Introduction:

The Mentoring Competency Assessment (MCA) is an example of a validated instrument for measuring mentor skills for postsecondary Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine research. The purpose of this study was to revalidate the MCA scale using a larger, more diverse population since the original MCA was validated on a small sample of predominantly senior white male faculty.

Methods:

The MCA was completed by 1626 mentors from a survey data set of 1759 respondents who participated in eight or more hours of face-to-face Entering Mentoring-based training between 2010 and 2019. We conducted principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation to investigate the internal structure of the MCA and Hatcher’s criteria were applied. After a team of mentoring experts independently interpreted the PCA results and reached a consensus on the interpretations of the components, factor analysis and internal consistency reliability analysis were applied to assess the construct validity and the reliability.

Results:

While the 26-item MCA instrument was originally validated with six subscales, through the factor and reliability analyses, all the parameter estimates for each item of seven components of 24-item MCA were significant and had relatively high internal consistency; the alpha coefficient for the components ranged from 0.77 to 0.86.

Conclusions:

Five items from the MCA have been dropped, leaving a condensed 21 item scale (MCA-21) which loads onto six competencies, and should now be used to effectively measure mentoring skills. We provide recommendations for furthering the scale development and validation of common measures.
A Region-Wide All-Hazard Training Program for Prehospital Mass Casualty Incident Management: A Real-World Case Study
Authors: Carenzo Luca , Ingrassia Pier Luigi , Foti Francesco , Albergoni Enzo , Colombo Davide , Sechi Giuseppe Maria , Zoli Alberto , Sironi Stefano
Published: April 2022

Objective:

We report the development, implementation, and results of a sustainable region-wide mass-casualty management prehospital training program implemented by the Regione Lombardia emergency medical services (EMS) agency AREU in Italy.

Methods:

The educational program learning objectives are: (1) command and control, communications, and resource management; (2) mass casualty triage and the START triage protocol; (3) on-scene management; (4) Regione Lombardia and AREU Mass Casualty standard operating procedures; and (5) inter-agency communications and relations. For each course edition data on participants’ summative assessment, participants’ feedback and costs were collected.

Results:

Between June 26, 2013, and December 31, 2020, a total of 84 editions of the provider training event were delivered, training an overall 1329 prehospital providers; 1239 (93%) passed the summative assessment and were qualified as being operationally “ready.” Regarding participant feedback, the overall program was rated 4.4 ± 0.7 out of 5. The overall cost of running the provider program during the study period was €321 510 (circa US $382 000). The average cost per edition was €3828 and €242 per participant.

Conclusions:

We have described a simple yet interactive simulation and blended-learning approach, which has yielded good pass rates, good participant satisfaction, and contained costs to systematically train emergency medical service personnel.
Epidemiological Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Preventive Measures of Occupational Injuries Among Commercial Couriers in China Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Shi Xiuquan , Qi Miao , Hu Xiuli , Qi Guojia , Yuan Ping
Published: April 2022

In this study, we focus on the significant upward trend of occupational accidental traffic injuries in commercial couriers during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This review comments on the characteristics of occupational accidental injuries of commercial couriers in China and then discusses the reasons of the high incidence rate and associated risk factors. Various potential protective measures were also explored to prevent and control the occupational injuries in this vulnerable worker group.
Can We Persuade Those Who Hesitate to Get the COVID-19 Vaccine?
Authors: Gamsizkan Zerrin
Published: April 2022

Objective:

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine studies are continuing in many centers. However, the public’s preference for vaccination against COVID-19 is not clear. This study aims to determine the knowledge level of people about vaccines developed against the COVID-19 and their preferences for vaccination.

Methods:

Participants’ knowledge of COVID-19 vaccines was evaluated with a questionnaire. Participants were selected by a stratified method using age, gender, education, and occupation group.

Results:

The study includes 1508 participants with a mean age of 38.97 ± 14.50 (min = 18, max = 82); 24.7% (n = 373) of the participants stated that they wanted to be vaccinated, 34.5% (n = 521) did not want to be vaccinated, and 40.7% (n = 614) stated that they were undecided about vaccination; 39.11% (n = 444) of the participants stated that they were afraid of the vaccine’s side effects, and 19.55% (n = 222) thought that the vaccines produced were used for malicious purposes and hesitated to vaccinate; 7.57% (n = 86) of the participants stated that they thought the vaccines were rushed too much and not yet reassuring.

Conclusions:

The study results show that individuals are hesitant and unwilling to get the COVID-19 vaccine. Persuasion interventions and information are necessary, as the rate of those who accept vaccination is very low.
Utilization of Alternate Care Sites During the COVID-19 Surge and Mass Care: California, 2020–2021
Authors: Christensen Kate , Metzner Mitch , Lovett-Floom LeAnne , Lindsay Carol , Meghoo Colin A. , Staats Kathy , Devereaux Asha , Noste Erin , Backer Howard
Published: April 2022

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused critical hospital bed and staffing shortages in parts of California for most of 2020 and 2021. Alternate Care Sites (ACS) were established in several regions to alleviate the hospital patient surge and to maximize staffed bed capacity. Over 1900 patients were successfully provided medical care (with physician, nursing, respiratory therapy, oxygen, and pharmacy services) in relatively austere settings. This paper examines the challenges faced at these ACS facilities and how adaptations were incorporated according to the changing dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic to successfully manage higher acuity patients. ACS facilities were 1 approach to California’s surge of COVID-19 patients, despite limited medical supplies and staffing.
HALO CleanSpace PAPR evaluation: Communication, respiratory protection, and usability
Authors: Ng Irene , Lee Keat , Kave Benjamin , Kluger Michael , Paynter Camille , Segal Reny , Krieser Roni Benjamin , Mezzavia Paul Mario , Hung Shan , Chen Yinwei , Sindoni Teresa , Williams Daryl Lindsay
Published: April 2022

Objective:

To evaluate a relatively new half–face-piece powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) device called the HALO (CleanSpace). We assessed its communication performance, its degree of respiratory protection, and its usability and comfort level.

Design and setting:

This simulation study was conducted at the simulation center of the Royal Melbourne Hospital.

Participants:

In total, 8 voluntary healthcare workers participated in the study: 4 women and 4 men comprising 3 nursing staff and 5 medical staff.

Methods:

We performed the modified rhyme test, outlined by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), for the communication assessment. We conducted quantitative fit test and simulated workplace protection factor studies to assess the degree of respiratory protection for participants at rest, during, and immediately after performing chest compression. We also invited the participants to complete a usability and comfort survey.

Results:

The HALO PAPR met the NIOSH minimum standard for speech intelligibility, which was significantly improved with the addition of wireless communication headsets. The HALO provided consistent and adequate level of respiratory protection at rest, during and after chest compression regardless of the device power mode. It was rated favorably for its usability and comfort. However, participants criticized doffing difficulty and perceived communication interference.

Conclusions:

The HALO device can be considered as an alternative to a filtering face-piece respirator. Thorough doffing training and mitigation planning to improve the device communication performance are recommended. Further research is required to examine its clinical outcomes and barriers that may potentially affect patient or healthcare worker safety.
Potential vorticity fronts and the late-time evolution of large-scale quasi-geostrophic flows
Authors: Burgess B.H. , Dritschel D.G.
Published: April 2022

The late-time behaviour of freely evolving quasi-geostrophic flows with initial characteristic length scale

$L_0$

larger than or equal to the deformation radius

$L_D$

,

$L_0/L_D \geq 1$

, is studied. At late time the flows are dominated by large multi-level vortices consisting of ascending terraces of well-mixed potential vorticity (PV), i.e. PV staircases. We examine how the number of mixed PV levels depends on the initial conditions, in particular

$L_0/L_D$

. For sufficiently large values of

$L_0/L_D \approx 5$

, a complete staircase with regular steps forms, but as

$L_0/L_D$

decreases, the staircase becomes more irregular, with fewer mixed levels and the appearance of a large step centred on zero PV, corresponding to large regions of near-zero PV separating the multi-level vortices. This occurs because weak PV features in the initial field with scales smaller than

$L_D$

undergo filamentation and are coarse-grained away or homogenised. For all values of

$L_0/L_D$

considered, inverse cascades of potential energy commence at sufficiently late times. The onset of these cascades, even when the flow is initialised well within the ‘asymptotic model’ (AM) regime, suggests that the AM regime is not self-consistent: when potential vorticity fronts are well-resolved, frontal dynamics eventually drive ongoing flow evolution.
Buying Sovereignty: German “Weltpolitik” and Private Enterprise, 1884–1914
Authors: Press Steven
Published: April 2022

Wilhelmine Germany's Weltpolitik is widely regarded as a precursor to World War I, as a reckless break from the Bismarckian past, and as a counterproductive form of German deviation from European norms. Yet, when one reexamines certain German overseas expansion schemes between 1897 and the early 1900s, a strong intellectual continuity emerges between the methods of Weltpolitik and wider views about colonial sovereignty. Like Bismarck and other European imperial powers in the late nineteenth century, the actors producing Weltpolitik sought to enlist private businessmen in colonial governance, as well as to parcel and transfer sovereignty as a commodity in places like the Caribbean island of St. John. Counterintuitively, this way of treating sovereignty was highly imitative and compliant with norms, both at home and abroad. It also represented an alternative, at least at times, to a more aggressive course in foreign policy.
Scientific Ghostwriting in the Amazon? The Role of Experts in the Lawsuit against Chevron in Ecuador
Authors: Kirsch Stuart
Published: April 2022

In 2011, lawyers for the Chevron Corporation filed a civil suit against an aqueous geochemist under federal racketeering and corruption laws. They claimed that the geochemist and her colleagues had ghostwritten significant portions of a report attributed to a court-appointed expert in Ecuador, although the accusation was subsequently withdrawn. The original case addressed the environmental impact of Chevron’s operations in lowland Ecuador, the subject of a $9 billion judgment against the oil company. This article treats legal transcripts and depositions as examples of life writing to examine the contribution of experts to environmental litigation. It adds to recent scholarship on the instability of scientific authorship by comparing different forms of ghostwriting. Whereas the pharmaceutical industry employs ghostwriters to conceal the potentially harmful consequences of its products, the scientists contributing to the case against Chevron sought to make the company’s environmental impacts visible. The company undermined confidence in the legal proceedings in Ecuador by criticizing the experts for the plaintiffs rather than their data, preventing people whose lives and livelihoods have been affected by oil contamination from collecting the judgment against Chevron. This corporate strategy may have a chilling effect on the willingness of environmental scientists and other expert witnesses to provide evidence against powerful corporations. There is a need for better accounting of scientific research undertaken in support of environmental litigation, especially given the high stakes of legal contests like this one, in which corporate fortunes, human lives, and the fate of the environment are contingent on their technical expertise.
Millenarianism in Puritan New England, 1630–1730: The Exceptional Case of Samuel Sewall and the Mexican Millennium
Authors: Cogley Richard W.
Published: April 2022

The American Puritan layman Samuel Sewall (d. 1730) is perhaps best known as a diarist and as a repentant judge in the Salem witchcraft trials. But he was also the author of Phaenomena quaedam apocalyptica (first edition 1697), a work which argued that the New Jerusalem would arise in Mexico City. Sewall’s unusual millennial doctrine may seem undeserving of study, for no other American Puritan thought that the New Jerusalem would first appear in Mexico City or anywhere else in New Spain. Yet when properly contextualized, the Mexican millennium is worth investigating for two reasons. First, it accentuates what the American Puritan millenarian mainstream, best exemplified by John Cotton, Increase Mather, and Cotton Mather, believed about the coming kingdom. Second, the Mexican millennium, like the mainstream position, challenges the academic claim that American Puritan millenarians characteristically believed that they were destined to inaugurate the millennial kingdom in New England.
The role of education in child and adolescent marriage in rural lowland Nepal
Authors: Marphatia Akanksha A. , Saville Naomi M. , Manandhar Dharma S. , Cortina-Borja Mario , Wells Jonathan C. K. , Reid Alice M.
Published: April 2022

Marriage during childhood and adolescence adversely affects maternal and child health and well-being, making it a critical global health issue. Analysis of factors associated with women marrying ≥18 years has limited utility in societies where the norm is to marry substantially earlier. This paper investigated how much education Nepali women needed to delay marriage across the range of ages from 15 to ≥18 years. Data on 6,406 women aged 23-30 years were analysed from the Low Birth Weight South Asia Trial on the early-marrying and low-educated Maithili-speaking Madhesi population in Terai, Nepal. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed the associations of women’s education with marrying aged ≥15, ≥16, ≥17 and ≥18 years. Cox proportional hazards regression models quantified the hazard of marrying. Models adjusted for caste affiliation. Women married at median age of 15 years and three-quarters were uneducated. Women’s primary and lower-secondary education were weakly associated with delaying marriage, whether the cut-off to define early marriage was 15, 16, 17 or 18 years, with stronger associations for secondary education. Caste associations were weak. Overall, models explained relatively little of the variance in the likelihood of marriage at different ages. The joint effects of lower-secondary and higher caste affiliation and of secondary/higher education and mid and higher caste affiliation reduced the hazard of marrying. In early-marrying and low-educated societies, changing caste-based norms are unlikely to delay women’s marriage. Research on broader risk factors and norms that are more relevant for delaying marriage in these contexts is needed. Gradual increases in women’s median marriage age and increased secondary education may, over time, reduce child and adolescent marriage.
Objects in embodied sociolinguistics: Mind the door in research group meetings
Authors: Canagarajah Suresh , Minakova Valeriya
Published: April 2022

This article addresses recent calls in sociolinguistics to accommodate the agentive role of material objects in communicative interactions. The study explores how agency is shared between humans and objects, and how the latter may influence and shape the semiotic repertoires in a professional interaction. We adopt interactional sociolinguistics to analyze video recordings from the research group meetings (RGM) of a team of multinational microbiologists in a midwestern American university to demonstrate how the door plays an important role in the RGM genre of discourse. The door serves as a contextualization cue for the opening and composition of the interaction, indexes the participant identities, constructs the interactional space into an ‘ecological huddle’, and frames the ‘professional vision’ by bringing into salience the relevant semiotic resources, footing, participation frameworks, and ethos. (Objects, embodied sociolinguistics, interactional sociolinguistics, ecological huddle, research group meetings)*
Effect of two ‘progressively motile sperm–oocyte’ ratios on porcinein vitrofertilization and embryo development
Authors: Jochems Reina , Gaustad Ann Helen , Zak Louisa J. , Grindflek Eli , Zeremichael Teklu Tewoldebrhan , Oskam Irma C. , Myromslien Frøydis D. , Kommisrud Elisabeth , Krogenæs Anette K.
Published: April 2022

Sperm motility and viability of cryopreserved semen vary between boars and straws, which influences the outcomes ofin vitroembryo production (IVEP). However, progressive motility is usually not considered during IVEP. The aim of this study was to assess fertilization with a 500:1 and 250:1 ‘progressively motile sperm to oocyte’ ratio on IVEP outcomes using semen from three Duroc and three Landrace boars. Frozen–thawed sperm was centrifuged through a 45/90% Percoll® density gradient and sperm quality parameters were assessed.In vitromatured oocytes were fertilized at the two ratios, a portion was stained 10–12 h after start of fertilization to analyze fertilization and polyspermy, while the remaining zygotes were cultured up to day 7. The 500:1 ratio resulted in a higher fertilization and blastocyst yield on day 6 compared with the 250:1 ratio, but no effect of ratio was observed for polyspermy, cleavage rate or blastocyst cell number. Individual differences between boars were observed for fertilization, cleavage and blastocyst rates, but not for the other IVEP outcomes. In conclusion, a higher fertilization and blastocyst yield was obtained with the 500:1 ratio compared with the 250:1 ratio, while polyspermy level was consistent across ratios. Differences in IVEP outcomes were still observed between the individual boars although adjusted for progressive motility. Promising blastocyst yields and high total blastocyst cell counts were obtained with sperm from both breeds.
Punishment Reactions to Powerful Suspects
Authors: Fousiani Kyriaki , van Prooijen Jan-Willem
Published: April 2022

Abstract. This study aimed to replicate the intuitive retributivism hypothesis, according to which people’s punitive sentiments are predominantly driven by retributive concerns. Contrary to prior research that focuses on how people punish offenders, this study investigated how people punish individuals suspected of immoralities. Moreover, we manipulated a suspect’s power level (high/low/undefined) and stated contrasting hypotheses (the “power corrupts” approach vs. the “power leniency” approach) regarding the impact of power on punishment motives. Finally, we investigated the mediating role of recidivism and guilt likelihood in these effects. The results replicated the intuitive retributivism hypothesis and revealed the robustness of this effect. Moreover, in line with the “power corrupts” approach, we found that the role of utilitarian (but not retributive or restorative) motives is stronger in the punishment of powerful suspects as opposed to powerless ones. Unexpectedly, neither guilt likelihood nor recidivism of a suspect mediated the effects of power on punishment motives.
Navigating Miocene Ocean Temperatures for Insights into the Future
Authors: Lawrence Kira , Coxall Helen , Sosdian Sindia , Steinthorsdottir Margret
Published: April 2022

A new temperature data portal will aid scientists in tracking and accessing paleoclimate data from the Miocene, a past warm climate interval and future climate analogue.
Thermal Regime of Slow and Ultraslow Spreading Ridges Controlled by Melt Supply and Modes of Emplacement
Authors: Chen Jie , Olive Jean‐Arthur , Cannat Mathilde
Published: April 2022

Melt supply at slow‐ultraslow spreading ridges is overall reduced and highly variable. Magma cooling and crystallization substantially shape the axial thermal regime by providing heat that is lost to the ocean through conduction and hydrothermal convection. Geological data suggest that melt is emplaced over a wide depth range, variably accessible to hydrothermal cooling, and that periods of higher and lower melt supply may alternate at a given location. Until now, numerical models focused on steady‐state thermal regimes controlled by either spreading rate or melt supply, falling short at slow‐ultraslow ridges. Here we present results from a 2‐D numerical thermal model that couples repeated melt injections and hydrothermal convection. We first constrain thermal regimes inferred from two ultraslow‐spreading endmembers in melt supply at the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR): a magmatically robust endmember at 50°28'E and a nearly amagmatic endmember at 64°30'E. We adjust parameters associated with melt supply (the melt injection frequency and the temperature of the host rocks upon melt emplacement) and hydrothermal circulation (the extent and permeability of the hydrothermal system). Our simulations predict that greater melt injection frequencies unsurprisingly produce hotter thermal regimes. However, at a given frequency, melt emplacement in cooler host rocks (e.g., <800°C) causes cooler thermal regimes with transient black smoker‐type hydrothermal circulation that extracts heat efficiently. Periodic waxing and waning magma supply, as proposed from geological data at the SWIR 50°28'E, induces an oscillatory thermal regime. Transience in the axial thermo‐mechanical state may be an integral part of lower‐crustal construction at magmatically robust sections of slow‐ultraslow ridges.
Impact of Soil Freezing‐Thawing Processes on August Rainfall Over Southern China
Authors: Xia Kun , Li Lijuan , Tang Yanli , Wang Bin
Published: April 2022

The impact of soil freezing‐thawing processes on August rainfall in Southern China (SC) during 1979–2008 and related physical mechanisms are investigated using the coupled land‐atmosphere model Grid‐Point Atmospheric Model version 2.0—Community Land Model version 2.0 (GAMIL2.0‐CLM2.0). The moisture‐budget analysis is employed to quantify the contributions of different factors to the change of precipitation in SC. The results indicate that the vertical moisture advection and its dynamic component play an essential role in the long‐term trends of August rainfall. The possible physical mechanism is that the model which includes the supercooled water simulates much higher soil/air temperature in August, especially in the north of 40°N, which is not only weakened the meridional thermal contrast but also induced an anomaly “north high–south low” circulation pattern in the middle and high latitude of Eurasia. Both resulted in the 200 hPa zonal winds weakening, and 850 hpa northerly wind southward moved. Meanwhile, a convergence anomaly cyclone is initiated in the lower troposphere over SC regions, accompanied by enhanced ascending and strong moisture flux convergence, which is beneficial to the increased precipitation. This study provides a new interpretation of the “southern flooding” during 1979–2008 from the point of frozen soil changing.