bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recycling of bismuth oxides
Authors:   JSC ", Korolev Alexey ,   Uralelektromed",   , Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Sverdlovsk region, Russian Federation, Sergeichenko Sergey ,   JSC "Uralelektromed", Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Sverdlovsk region, Russian Federation, Timofeev Konstantin ,   UMMC Technical University, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Sverdlovsk region, Russian Federation, Maltsev Gennagy ,   JSC "Uralelektromed", Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Sverdlovsk region, Russian Federation, Voinkov Roman ,   JSC "Uralelektromed", Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Sverdlovsk region, Russian Federation
Published: September 2021

Introduction. The paper is devoted to the creation of an environmentally safe, technologically efficient and cost-effective high-performance integrated scheme for the recycling of lead-containing industrial products and waste, in particular, bismuth oxides and drosses formed during the melting of copper-electrolyte sludge, with the production of commodity monoelement products. To solve the problem, a combined technology is used, which is based on hydrometallurgical operations that allow separating chemical elements with similar properties with high extraction into finished products. The aim of the work is to study and develop fundamental approaches and rational integrated technologies for recycling bismuth drosses and oxides-industrial products of refining rough lead, using reducing melts of raw materials and bismuth-enriched sludge, electrolysis of bismuth lead to obtain rough bismuth containing ≥ 90 % Bi with its direct extraction of ≥ 70 %. Methods and approaches: melting at a temperature of 1,100…1,150 oC a charge of optimal composition containing bismuth oxides, sodium carbonate, silicon dioxide and carbon. Novelty: a decrease in the content of noble metals and accompanying chalcogenes in secondary copper-containing raw materials with an increase in the amount of impurity elements. Results and discussion: joint melting (1,100…1,150 °C) of bismuth oxides, sodium carbonate, silicon dioxide and carbon, taken in the mass ratio 100 : (15‒66) : (11‒25) : (5‒7), allows to transfer 89.0 – 93.6 % of bismuth and 99.5 ‒ 99.7 % of lead from the initial oxides to bismuth lead containing ~7 % Bi and ~80 % Pb. The main phase of the Pb-Bi alloy is elemental lead. The increased flux consumption leads to an increase in the amount of recycled silicate slags that are poor in target metals, into which it passes,%: 1.4 Bi; 2 Pb; 47 Zn; 23 Sb; 33 Sn. Main slag phases are following: Na2CaSiO4, Na4Mg2Si3O10, MgO, Pb, ZnS, PbS. The practical relevance is determined by the optimal mode of reducing melting of bismuth oxides (100 %) to obtain lead bismuth, %: 66 Na2CO3, 25 SiO2, 5 C; the process temperature is 1,150 ° C. The presence of impurities makes it necessary to introduce reagent treatment of lead bismuth into the technological scheme for recycling bismuth oxides. Decontamination and alkaline softening will make it possible to obtain a Pb-Bi alloy suitable for pyroelectrometallurgical recycling.
The study on the automated storage and retrieval system dependability
Authors: Lewczuk Konrad
Published: September 2021

Automated storage systems have become the basis of warehouse logistics. The article presents a discussion on the reliability and dependability of Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (ASRS), which are perceived as solutions with high technical reliability. Still, their role in the dependability of the entire warehouse system is to be discussed. The concepts of reliability and dependability in logistics systems like ASRS are defined, and a literature review in this area is presented. On this basis, the factors influencing the dependability of ASRS are discussed in a way not present in the discussion on this topic so far. Then, the ASRS simulation model (based on FlexSim simulation software) is presented. The model tests the influence of ASRS configuration and assigned resources on the dependability of the warehouse as a master system. The summary includes observations on defining the reliability and dependability of ASRS.
INERTIAL-CIRCULATING PRINCIPLE OF SWIMMING AND FLIGHT OF HYDRO- AND AEROBIONTS. PART 2
Authors: Shekhovtsov A. V.
Published: September 2021

For the case of modeling in the nonlinear ideal formulation of oscillations of an infinitely thin profile of the wing-propulsion, three components of the thrust force coefficient were distinguished - inertial, circulating, and vortex. The contribution to the traction force of each of the obtained components is investigated and the mechanisms of wing traction force formation at different types of oscillations are explained. It is revealed that the inertial-circulating principle underlies the work of the wing-propulsion. The inductive effect of the vortex trail on the traction force is small and negative.
Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Involving the Mandible – A Rare Case Report
Authors: Alamoudi Abrar , Selvam Niranzena Panneer , Kashtwari Deeba , Ruprecht Axel , Hansen Matthew
Published: September 2021

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is an uncommon, aseptic, autoinflammatory condition characterized by multifocal bone lesions with pain, swelling, and frequent exacerbations and remissions. It is noteworthy that these lesions occur without any identifiable etiology or microbiologic finding. The clavicle and metaphyses of the long bones are often involved whereas involvement of the mandible is considered rare. It is usually diagnosed by exclusion of other diseases. As it shares most of its features with the more commonly occurring infective osteomyelitis, patients are often unnecessarily subjected to prolonged courses of antibiotics, serial radiation exposures, and repeated bone biopsies.

We present a case of CRMO involving the mandible. Our primary objective is to demonstrate the clinical features of this uncommon disorder, highlighting the radiographic appearance. Familiarity with this condition among radiologists greatly increases the likelihood for early diagnosis and formulating an appropriate treatment plan.
Spanish and Portuguese Parental Acceptance of Behavior Management Techniques in Pediatric Dentistry
Authors: Guinot Francisco , Virolés Mercè , Lluch Clàudia , Costa Ana Luisa , Veloso Ana
Published: September 2021

Aim. To compare acceptance of behavior management techniques used in pediatric dentistry by Spanish and Portuguese parents. Study design. cross-sectional study.

A survey of 8 behavior management techniques used in pediatric dentistry was administered to parents whose children were being treated at the Universitat Internacional de Cataluña (Barcelona, Spain) or at the Universidade de Coimbra (Portugal). The techniques evaluated were: tell–show–do (TSD), nitrous oxide sedation, passive restraint using a papoose board, voice control, hand-over-mouth, oral premedication, active restraint and general anaesthesia. The questionnaire also included information on parents’ sex, number and sex of children receiving treatment, parents’ previous dental experience (positive or negative), children’s previous dental experience (positive or negative), and the socioeconomic status of the families. Results. TSD and voice control were rated the most acceptable techniques in both Spain and Portugal, whereas the least accepted techniques in both countries were active and passive restraint. There were no significant differences in the acceptance of each of the techniques, in relation to parents’ sex or their previous dental experience, children’s sex or age, children’s previous dental experience, or families’ socioeconomic status. Conclusion. TSD was the most widely accepted behavior-management technique by Spanish and Portuguese parents, even with the passage of time. Both groups of parents had a low opinion of active and passive restraint techniques.
Empirical earthquake probabilities from observed recurrence intervals
Authors: Savage J. C.
Published: September 2021

The probability p that a given fault segment will rupture within a specified time T following the preceding rupture is evaluated empirically from a sample of observed recurrence intervals for that fault segment. All that is assumed is that the probability of rupture within the specified time interval is the same for all rupture cycles on that segment. Suppose that m of the n observed recurrence intervals correspond to cycles in which rupture occurred within the interval T following the preceding earthquake. The probability density that rupture in the current cycle will also fall within the interval T following the most recent earthquake is then given by the beta distribution P(p|m, n) = {(n + 1)!/[m!(n − m!]}pm(1 − p)n−m. The best estimate of the desired probability pis 〈p〉 = (m + 1)/(n + 2), and a measure of the breadth of the distribution is the standard deviation σ = [〈p〉 (1 − 〈p〉)/(n + 3)]1/2. Because it is unlikely that the number n of observed recurrence intervals will be much greater than 10, the probability generally will not be defined more closely than ±0.2. Moreover, increasing n decreases the uncertainty only very slowly.
Characterization of global seismograms using an automatic-picking algorithm
Authors: Earle Paul S. , Shearer Peter M.
Published: September 2021

An automatic phase picker is useful for quickly identifying and timing phase arrivals in large seismic data bases. We have developed an automatic phase picker that is sensitive to small changes in amplitude and applied it to over 7 yr of global data distributed by the National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC). Our phase-picking algorithm is based on a short-term-average to long-term-average ratio (STA/LTA) taken along an envelope function generated from the seismogram. The algorithm returns arrival times and corresponding pick qualities. The procedure requires few input parameters and is easily adapted to various types of data. We produce global travel-time plots from both high-frequency (20- or 40-Hz sample rate) and low-frequency (1-Hz sample rate) data. These plots clearly image the predominant high- and low-frequency phases in the NEIC data base. Picks made from the long-period seismograms are less precise, but they reveal far more phase arrivals than the short-period picks. A number of phases resulting from reflections and phase conversions at upper mantle discontinuities can be identified in the low-frequency picks; however, a search of the short-period picks for upper mantle discontinuity phases, between P and PP and prior to P′P′, has so far been unsuccessful. In the long-period S and SS picks, we observe a discrepancy in SV and SH travel times, a possible result of upper mantle anisotropy. To check the accuracy and consistency of our algorithm, we present comparisons between hand-picked times and automatic-picked times for identical seismograms. Travel-time residuals from the short-period automatic picks and data reported to the International Seismological Centre (ISC) picks exhibit a comparable amount of scatter. Histograms of the ISC residuals and automatic-pick residuals are similar in shape and width for P and PcP. These observations suggest that human picking errors are not a major contributor to the scatter observed in ISC travel times, although direct comparisons between ISC reported picks and automatic picks on particular seismograms occasionally identify operator mispicks.
Regional bias in estimates of earthquake MS due to surface-wave path effects
Authors: Abercrombie Rachel E.
Published: September 2021

Continental earthquakes have long been known to have anomalously high surface-wave magnitudes relative to their seismic moments. A recent global study of shallow earthquakes by Ekström and Dziewonski (1988) confirmed this and found other regional, systematic anomalies in the MS-M0 relationship. It is important to determine the source of these anomalies in order to understand the controls on earthquake-source radiation and to obtain accurate estimates of historical seismic strain rates. In this study the magnitudes of 82 earthquakes from eight different tectonic regions are recalculated using a simple surface-wave path correction to determine whether path effects are responsible for the observed anomalies. The magnitudes of continental earthquakes are reduced by an average of 0.2 magnitude units, an improvement in fit to the global average significant at the 98% level. Surface-wave path effects are clearly responsible for the high MS observed in continental areas. There is a small decrease in scatter in the other areas, but lateral refraction of the surface waves at plate boundaries prevents the simple correction from having a significant effect. There is no evidence in the observed anomalies, however, for any dependence of earthquake-source type on tectonic setting. It is clear that to obtain reliable, unbiased estimates of regional seismic strain rate and hazard, a local moment-magnitude relationship should be preferred to a global one.
Co-seismic displacements of the 1992 landers earthquake sequence
Authors: Hudnut K. W. , Bock Y. , Cline M. , Fang P. , Feng Y. , Freymueller J. , Ge X. , Gross W. K. , Jackson D. , Kim M. , King N. E. , Langbein J. , Larsen S. C. , Lisowski M. , Shen Z.-K. , Svarc J. , Zhang J.
Published: September 2021

We present co-seismic displacement vectors derived from Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of 92 stations in southern California. These GPS results are combined with five well-determined GPS displacement vectors from continuously tracking stations of the Permanent GPS Geodetic Array, as well as line-length changes from USGS Geodolite and two-color laser trilateration observations, to determine a self-consistent set of geodetic data for the earthquake. These combined displacements are modeled by an elastic dislocation representation of the primary fault rupture planes. On average, the model residuals are about twice the estimated measurement errors.
Seismic radiation from circular cracks growing at variable rupture velocity
Authors: Sato Tamao
Published: September 2021

We have investigated the far-field body waves emitted by a circular fault growing at variable rupture velocity. The slip motion on the fault is constructed by assuming that the self-similar slip distribution holds at every successive instant of rupture formation for a circular crack. The present method permits us to evaluate not only the high-frequency but also the low-frequency radiation. It is also possible to handle both abrupt and continuous change in rupture velocity. The resultant expression for the radiation does not involve an integral. It is expressed in a closed form that contains information about the isochrone properties of the two extreme points having the minimum and maximum distances from the observer. Because of its simplicity and high computational speed, the present method provides us with a basic tool for simulating the radiation from seismic sources with a multitude of irregular rupture growth. The property of acceleration pulse radiated by continuous change in rupture velocity has been investigated. The time duration of the velocity change is assumed to be short but to take a finite time. The shape of the rupture front that is effective in radiating the high-frequency radiation is presumed to be semicircular. The acceleration pulse demonstrates a directivity with respect to both the pulse width and amplitude. The pulse width is, on average, given by the duration of the velocity change, and it is modulated by the directivity factor, which depends on the rupture velocity averaged over the change in rupture velocity. The pulse width radiated toward the growth direction of the semi-circular rupture front is shorter than that radiated toward the opposite side. The spectral amplitude of the acceleration pulse depends linearly on the strain, the radius of the rupture front at which the rupture velocity starts to change, the magnitude of the change in rupture velocity, and the generalized radiation pattern coefficient. The directivity of the radiation pattern coefficient is stronger than that for the case of an abrupt change in rupture velocity. In the case where the rupture stops completely, the radiation pattern coefficient is simply controlled by the magnitude of the change in rupture velocity. If we deal with a partial drop of the rupture velocity, however, we must consider the average rupture velocity as well to fully describe the radiation pattern. A procedure is presented for retrieving the model parameters from acceleration pulse data. The present results with regard to the acceleration pulse do not require the coherent movement of the rupture front over the entire circle. The results are applicable to more general cases where the rupture front moves coherently over a certain restricted segment, though the range of the segment has to become wider as the duration of the change in rupture velocity increases.
Characteristics of long-period microtremors and their applicability in exploration of deep sedimentary layers
Authors: Yamanaka Hiroaki , Takemura Masayuki , Ishida Hiroshi , Niwa Masanori
Published: September 2021

Applicability of long-period microtremors in inferring subsurface structure is examined using measurements of microtremors in the northwestern part of the Kanto Plain in Japan. Short-term continuous measurements of long-period microtremors at both sediment and basement sites were taken. A spectral peak at a period of 4 to 5 sec is stable with time, while peaks at periods less than 2 sec are time variant, suggesting a variation of microtremor sources. However, it was found that the spectral ratio between vertical and horizontal microtremors (ellipticity) at each site is stable with time. Good agreement was found between ellipticities of microtremors at the sediment site and those computed for Rayleigh waves in which the structure of the sediments beneath the site was taken into account. We also found that the ellipticities of Rayleigh waves in earthquake ground motions were consistent with those of the microtremors. These comparisons provide strong evidence that long-period microtremors in the area studied consist mainly of Rayleigh waves. The ellipticity of microtremors was investigated by observing microtremors at temporary observation sites in the Kanto Plain where the sediment thickness varied from 0 to 1 km. The subsurface structures were deduced by trial-and-error fitting of observed ellipticities with theoretical ellipticities that were calculated assuming Rayleigh waves. These results show that ellipticity of long-period microtremors is effective for deducing structure from microtremor data at a single site.
Errors in hypocenter location: Picking, model, and magnitude dependence
Authors: Billings S. D. , Sambridge M. S. , Kennett B. L. N.
Published: September 2021

The location procedures of seismic events are influenced by two major classes of errors, the error in picking individual seismic phases and modeling error due to the departure of the real Earth from the reference model used in the location. Both classes of error influence the estimate of location and it is difficult to separate them.

The role of picking errors can be assessed by a nonlinear analysis using a Monte Carlo procedure. Arrivals times are perturbed with random numbers drawn from a normal distribution, and the event is relocated using these perturbed arrival times. By repeating the procedure many times, a cluster of locations is obtained, which can be used to investigate the effects of picking errors on the hypocenter. This analysis is insensitive to velocity-model errors as these are fixed for a given combination of stations and phases. Some care must be exercised when analysing multidimensional distributions in two-dimensional slices because of a projection effect.

The modeling error due to the influence of lateral heterogeneity in the Earth is examined by comparing the locations of the same event using different combinations of phases and network geometries, which reinforces the need to use arrivals other than P for accurate depth resolution. The sensitivity of P arrivals to changes in depth are swamped by model errors, and inclusion of depth-sensitive phases such as pP is highly recommended. The effect of picking errors on location is found to be much smaller than the mislocation caused by neglecting lateral heterogeneity when only P arrivals are used. Consequently, the Monte Carlo analysis, which is primarily aimed at picking errors only, is most appropriate when multiple phases have been used to more accurately constrain the hypocenter, especially for the depth component.

Altering the type of phase data used in the location plays a similar role in changing the network geometry, in that both are mechanisms that influence the nature of the constraint on the hypocenter. By relocating events with network geometries corresponding to the different magnitudes, it is found that the location of the event can be affected significantly by the magnitude, and when using robust statistics to describe earthquake residuals, the mislocation can occur in a systematic manner. The effect is marked in regions with significant lateral variations in seismic velocities. For example, low-magnitude events in the Flores Sea are found to be dragged toward Australia as a result of the fast paths to Australian stations relative to the iasp91 reference velocity model.
On the correlation of observed Gutenberg-Richter'sbvalue and Omori'spvalue for aftershocks
Authors: Wang Jeen-Hwa
Published: September 2021

The correlation of Gutenberg-Richter's b value and Omori's p value is studied based on the data of p versus b values for several tens of worldwide earthquakes. Although the distribution of data points is dispersive, a negative correlation between the two parameters can still be recognized. The slope value of the regression line is about -0.58.
Ground-motion relations for eastern North America
Authors: Atkinson Gail M. , Boore David M.
Published: September 2021

Predictive relations are developed for ground motions from eastern North American earthquakes of 4.0 ≦ M ≦ 7.25 at distances of 10 ≦ R ≦ 500 km. The predicted parameters are response spectra at frequencies of 0.5 to 20 Hz, and peak ground acceleration and velocity. The predictions are derived from an empirically based stochastic ground-motion model. The relations differ from previous work in the improved empirical definition of input parameters and empirical validation of results. The relations are in demonstrable agreement with ground motions from earthquakes of M 4 to 5. There are insufficient data to adequately judge the relations at larger magnitudes, although they are consistent with data from the Saguenay (M 5.8) and Nahanni (M 6.8) earthquakes. The underlying model parameters are constrained by empirical data for events as large as M 6.8.
A method for direct computation of the differential seismogram with respect to the velocity change in a layered elastic solid
Authors: Zeng Yuehua , Anderson John G.
Published: September 2021

We derived a method to compute the differential seismogram directly in a layered elastic half-space. This method first computes a differential field caused by the velocity change in the layer and then multiplies it with the original elastic wave field. This product acts like a source, and the seismogram caused by this source term is the differential seismogram. The differential waves are propagated directly to the receiver in frequency/wavenumber domain using the generalized reflection and transmission coefficient method. In comparison with the typical finite-difference approach to compute a complete set of differential seismograms at one station in an N-layered earth model, our method not only saves about N/2 folds of computation time but also leads to a more accurate solution. Thus, it provides an efficient and direct procedure to compute the differential seismogram for a complete waveform fitting in a layered elastic earth model.
Experimental study of site effects in the Fort-de-France area (Martinique island)
Authors: Gagnepain-Beyneix J. , Lépine J. C. , Nercessian A. , Hirn A.
Published: September 2021

We used weak-motion recordings of regional events to quantify the site effects in the Fort-de-France (Martinique) area in the frequency band 1 to 25 Hz. The studied area extends over three distinct geological units: the Morne-Pitault volcanic massif (15 to 11 M.A.), the Carbet volcanic massif (4 to 2 M.A.), and the Lamentin alluvial plain (quaternary age). The topography being complex, 31 sites were selected in order to get a representative sampling of the various topographical and geological configurations. The large number of studied sites also allowed us to define a reference site whose selection was not obvious. Large broadband amplifications are observed in the Lamentin plain instead of the expected peak resonances. More surprising, such resonance is observed around 2 to 3 Hz on several sites of the volcanic Vauclain-Pitault chain, though no sedimentary layer is present. On the other hand, in the inner Fort-de-France where significant effects were expected because of the very complex topography, no large amplication is observed except for at one site. Clear three-dimensional (3D) effects are also observed at some stations. Though not very well documented, the low-frequency behavior deduced from teleseismic observations seems rather different, illustrating the difficulty in finding a convenient reference site in such a volcanic area.
Modeling of source rupture characteristics for the Saguenay earthquake of November 1988
Authors: Haddon R. A. W.
Published: September 2021

The magnitude mb = 6.0 Saguenay earthquake of 25 November 1988 in Quebec, Canada, was one of the largest to have occurred in eastern North America during the past half-century. Recorded high-frequency ground motions exceeded anticipated values for an event of its size by a factor of 10 on both the regional network and strong-motion instruments. Two proposed explanations for the discrepancy are (1) that the source was a rare “high stress drop” event and (2) that it was an asymmetrical “fractional stress drop” rupture (involving only normal effective stresses). In this article, detailed fault-slip models are derived to fit characteristics of strong-motion displacement, velocity, and acceleration data. The results establish that the effective rupture stress was normal (less than 100 bars), that the fault rupture was highly asymmetrical with respect to the point of rupture initiation, and that the average slip time for points within the rupture area (approx. 0.2 sec) was considerably less than that associated with the standard Brune (1970) source spectral model. The rupture area developed in a number of episodes, each widening or lengthening the previously ruptured area, which may explain the short average slip time. The results indicate that the widely used assumption in hazard analyses that earthquake spectra are adequately represented by the standard Brune (1970) complete stress drop model may be seriously unreliable for prediction of strong ground motion in eastern North America.
Revised dislocation model of the 1986 Chalfant Valley earthquake, eastern California
Authors: Savage J. C. , Gross W. K.
Published: September 2021

A revised dislocation model is proposed to describe the 1986 Chalfant Valley rupture. Leveling data from surveys across the epicentral area are inconsistent with any appreciable dip-slip component in the oblique-slip model that we had proposed earlier. The revised model involves right-lateral slip on the northwest trending main rupture surface and left-lateral slip on the conjugate foreshock rupture surface.
Inversion of regional surface-wave spectra for source parameters of aftershocks from the 1992 Petrolia earthquake sequence
Authors: Tinker Mark Andrew , Beck Susan L.
Published: September 2021

Regional distance surface waves are used to study the source parameters for moderate-size aftershocks of the 25 April 1992 Petrolia earthquake sequence. The Cascadia subduction zone had been relatively seismically inactive until the onset of the mainshock (Ms = 7.1). This underthrusting event establishes that the southern end of the North America-Gorda plate boundary is seismogenic. It was followed by two separate and distinct large aftershocks (Ms = 6.6 for both) occurring at 07:41 and 11:41 on 26 April, as well as thousands of other small aftershocks. Many of the aftershocks following the second large aftershock had magnitudes in the range of 4.0 to 5.5. Using intermediate-period surface-wave spectra, we estimate focal mechanisms and depths for one foreshock and six of the larger aftershocks (Md = 4.0 to 5.5). These seven events can be separated into two groups based on temporal, spatial, and principal stress orientation characteristics. Within two days of the mainshock, four aftershocks (Md = 4 to 5) occurred within 4 hr of each other that were located offshore and along the Mendocino fault. These four aftershocks comprise one group. They are shallow, thrust events with northeast-trending P axes. We interpret these aftershocks to represent internal compression within the North American accretionary prism as a result of Gorda plate subduction. The other three events compose the second group. The shallow, strike-slip mechanism determined for the 8 March foreshock (Md = 5.3) may reflect the right-lateral strike-slip motion associated with the interaction between the northern terminus of the San Andreas fault system and the eastern terminus of the Mendocino fault. The 10 May aftershock (Md = 4.1), located on the coast and north of the Mendocino triple junction, has a thrust fault focal mechanism. This event is shallow and probably occurred within the accretionary wedge on an imbricate thrust. A normal fault focal mechanism is obtained for the 5 June aftershock (Md = 4.8), located offshore and just north of the Mendocino fault. This event exhibits a large component of normal motion, representing internal failure within a rebounding accretionary wedge. These two aftershocks and the foreshock have dissimilar locations in space and time, but they do share a north-northwest oriented P axis.
Nonstationary Poisson model for earthquake occurrences
Authors: Hong L.-L. , Guo S.-W.
Published: September 2021

A nonstationary Poisson model describing the occurrences of clustering earthquakes is developed. This model, characterized by a U-shape mean-occurrence-rate function, simulates the decreasing, nearly constant, and increasing variations of the mean occurrence rates at the instants soon after the last event in the current cluster, in the waiting period between the current and the next clusters, and just before the next cluster, respectively. The parameters of such a U-shape function are determined empirically from the earthquake catalog. A simple example is presented to show the difference in the estimated mean occurrence rate and in the induced seismic risk between different Poisson occurrence models.
Signal-coil calibration of electromagnetic seismometers
Authors: Rodgers Peter W. , Martin Aaron J. , Robertson Michelle C. , Hsu Mark M. , Harris David B.
Published: September 2021

We show that electromagnetic (em) seismometers may be easily and accurately calibrated by removing a step of current from their signal coil, and simultaneously switching the signal coil to a recorder to capture the response. A theory is developed that obtains the damped generator constant, resonant frequency, and damping ratio from the output of a system identifier used to analyze the response. Only the seismometer mass (from the manufacturer) and the applied current (measured) need be known for a complete calibration. The coil and damping resistances are not required. The method is confirmed by comparing this signal-coil method with weight-lift and calibration-coil calibrations. For a GS-13 V seismometer, these results were within 1.3% of each other. The undamped generator constant computed from the damped generator constant obtained by the signal-coil method matched the generator constant given by the manufacturer to better than 1%. Calibration of nine new L-4C components resulted in undamped generator constants all within 3% of the values given by the manufacturer. The circuit used in the signal-coil method is shown and explained.
ModelingP-Rgconversions from isolated topographic features near the NORESS array
Authors: Clouser Robert H. , Langston Charles A.
Published: September 2021

Using the T-matrix, or extended boundary condition, method, we model seismic-wave scattering from earth models with one-dimensional (1D) isolated topographic features. The earth model is simple, but we are primarily interested in free surface interactions. Scattering phenomena encountered in this model would presumably also operate in more realistic two-dimensional (2D) models. This study is motivated by observations suggesting that surface topography generates coda waves, which are relatively large-amplitude arrivals following major seismic phases. For sinusoidal periodic surfaces, large-amplitude anomalies in the surface displacement spectrum correspond to P-to-Rayleigh (P-Rg), S-to-Rayleigh (S-Rg), and other mode conversions. For isolated topographic features, these conversions still exist. We modeled teleseismic P-Rg conversions from isolated hills in order to understand and confirm the origin of observed conversions near the NORESS array. Parameter studies indicate that P-Rg and critical P-P conversion amplitudes increase roughly-linearly with scatterer relief, but are insensitive to changes in teleseismic ray parameter. Forward-scattered Rg waves are always two to three times larger than backscattered Rg waves. Poor fits to the observed P-Rg amplitudes (relative to the incident P waves) suggest that more realistic and complicated structure effects must be included. For example, it is well known that P-wave amplitudes vary considerably across the NORSAR array due to subsurface structures.
On the distribution of distances between random points on a sphere
Authors: Lomnitz Cinna
Published: September 2021

The theoretical distribution of distances between random points on the surface of a sphere is derived. The result is a cosine-exponential distribution of distances. This result may be applied in seismology, in order to compare the actual distribution of distances between earthquakes with the expected distribution on the assumption of random occurrence. This provides a criterion for detecting triggering effects at epicentral distances of 2 to 17 fault lengths.
A local-magnitude scale for the western Great Basin-eastern Sierra Nevada from synthetic Wood-Anderson seismograms
Authors: Savage Martha Kane , Anderson John G.
Published: September 2021

We have computed synthetic Wood-Anderson seismograms for over 1100 arrivals at 10 three-component, broadband digital stations in the UNR western Great Basin-eastern Sierra Nevada network. These represent all the available records from local earthquakes over magnitude 3.5 between 1990 and June of 1993, plus selected events of smaller magnitude. There were 77 events ranging in magnitude from 2.2 to 5.9, including four events over magnitude 5. The distances considered ranged from 15 to 600 km, with the best-represented range being from 30 to 450 km. We invert these measurements to determine distance and station corrections appropriate for a local-magnitude scale, constrained by Richter's original definition that an earthquake of ML = 3 will cause a 1-mm zero to peak deflection of the Wood-Anderson seismogram at 100 km from the epicenter. The results between 30 and 450 km were essentially independent of choice of curve-fitting parameters. In the 30- to 500-km distance region, the smooth distance-correction curves were very similar to that determined by Richter (1958), which is still used for southern California earthquakes. We propose to use Richter's distance-correction curve in reporting amplitude magnitudes from our digital network.
Source characteristics of the 17 January 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake from regional broadband modeling
Authors: Song Xi J. , Jones Laura E. , Helmberger Donald V.
Published: September 2021

Broadband regional records are modeled to determine source mechanism, seismic moment, fault dimension, and rupture directivity for the 17 January 1994 Northridge earthquake. Modeling is done using both theoretical Green's functions (tGf) and empirical Green's functions (eGf). From the theoretical modeling, we obtain a source mechanism with strike 128°, dip 33°, and rake 106° for the mainshock, using a source estimation algorithm by Zhao and Helmberger (1994). While the fault orientation seems resolvable from regional data, the moment estimation is less reliable due to inadequate synthetic waveform fits to the observed surface waves. This appears to be caused by the combination of propagational effects and fault complexities. Further investigation of the source characteristics is carried out with a new method of using eGf's. As an eGf, we select the 17 January 1994 17:56 GMT aftershock, which occurred near the onset of the mainshock and had a similar source mechanism. The source duration of the mainshock, as seen from the regional surface waves observed at various stations, is obtained by searching for the trapezodial far-field source-time function for each station that, when convolved with the aftershock data, best simulates the mainshock data. Stations to the north record shorter source durations than stations to the south. Modeling these with theoretical predictions of rupture on a square fault, we constrain the effective fault dimension to be 14 km with rupture along the direction of the average rake vector. A moment of (1.4 ± 0.9) × 1026 dyne-cm with a stress drop of ∼120 bars is obtained for the mainshock from our eGf study.
MicroearthquakeS-wave observations from 0 to 1 km in the Varian well at Parkfield, California
Authors: Jongmans Denis , Malin Peter E.
Published: September 2021

High-gain three-component seismometers from 0- to 1-km deep along the Varian A-1 well at Parkfield, California, were used to record the waveforms of nearby microearthquakes. Despite being in the thick Tertiary sediments of the Parkfield Syncline, the S-wave amplification at this site is only about a factor of 3. The spectral content and spectral ratios of S waves along the well show that the average Qs in the top 1 km at this site is 37, with the Qs in different subintervals varying between 8 and 65. Based on initial S-wave polarizations, a complex S-wave velocity structure must exist at and below the Varian site. This structure appears to include position-dependent anisotropy as well as steep lateral velocity gradients. At a depth of 1 km, S-wave splitting parallel and normal to the San Andreas fault zone is consistently observed. This splitting scales at roughly 0.01 sec/km. Subsequent to the split S waves, the particle motion seems to be controlled by event focal mechanism. Above 1 km, the upgoing S waves attenuate and change directions of polarization, with a new splitting rate of 0.1 sec/km. Uniquely, for some events on the San Andreas fault immediately below the Varian site, large, post-S-wave signals with normal dispersion are present. We propose that these phases are fault-zone guided waves channeled from the San Andreas fault to the Varian site along the Gold Hill fault.
The instrument responses of the SKM-3 system and the Designated Seismic Station Vault Seismic System
Authors: Nguyen Bao V.
Published: September 2021

We present the system transfer functions and responses due to inputs of impulses in ground displacement, velocity, acceleration, and acceleration integral of the two systems: the SKM-3 system of the former Soviet ESSN (Unified Seismic Observation System) and the Designated Seismic Station (DSS) Vault Seismic System (VSS) used by the United States for monitoring the Threshold Test Ban Treaty (TTBT) protocol at the in-country DSS sites of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

We show that the amplitude of the transfer function formulas for the electromagnetic seismograph used by the former Soviet Union seismologists can be analytically traced back to the original Hagiwara's equation. This thereby allows us to restore the phase to the CIS's version. Some examples of instrument deconvolution/convolution are given using various system transfer functions of the SKM-3 and DSSVSS.
Formation of the Creative Imagination of Children and Adolescents by the Means of Artistic Pedagogy
Authors:   Russian State Social University, Efremenko Alexey P. , Lomakina Tatyana A. ,   Russian State Social University
Published: September 2021

The article deals with the main pedagogical conditions and the essence of the creative imagination of children in the artistic and pedagogical process. The author analyzes the pedagogical possibilities of involving children and adolescents in various forms of activation of this activity; the characteristics of different types of creative imagination are given, taking into account the individual psychological characteristics of children. The corresponding method of studying the peculiarities of imagination and its pedagogical potential in the process of introducing the younger generation to the achievements of literature and art is proposed. Further prospects for the development of creative imagination with the use of promising strategies and technologies of art pedagogy are outlined. The article may be of interest to a wide range of specialists in the field of art pedagogy.
History of Piano Technique Development: Methodical Aspect
Authors:   Russian State Social University, Pereverzeva Marina V. , Davydova Anna A. ,   Gnesin Russian Academy of Music
Published: September 2021

The history of the development of piano technique has been counting down since the 17th century. The most common keyboard instruments before the invention of the piano were the harpsichord, clavicord and organ. These early instruments had much lighter keys compared to modern ones. Therefore, performers could easily press the keys without feeling much resistance. With the advent of the piano, both the playing technique and the training technique for professional pianists and amateurs began to be reviewed. Musicians, summarizing their own performing experience, wrote treatises, textbooks and manuals, looking for the most effective method of mastering the technique of playing the keyboard instrument. In history, there are two schools of piano technique: the so-called school of “high lifting of fingers” and “playing with all the weight of the hand”. This work is devoted to the history of the development of these schools and methodological approaches to piano training. The views on piano technique that developed in the 18th–20th centuries, which were reflected in the textbooks of pianistsperformers and teachers, help to understand how to perform music of a particular period and what finger technique to use for a perfect interpretation of piano works of the past.
Democratization - the moral ideal of cultural policy. A philosophical revision of the Social Critique of the Power of Judgment of P. Bourdieu
Authors: Biedziuk Michał
Published: September 2021

Democratization has become the unknowingly accepted moral ideal of cultural policy. It is more or less consciously based on Pierre Bourdieu’s postulate to abolish the Kantian distinction between pure and barbaric taste. A closer analysis of theoretical assumptions and cultural practice shows that the ideal expressed and applied in this form is internally contradictory, and it certainly cannot be universally applied in all areas of culture. The correct articulation of the ideal of democratization cannot be based on negating the Kantian aesthetics, but, on the contrary, requires its rehabilitation in the direction that was set, among others, by Herbert Marcuse. The article presents non-dogmatic arguments for maintaining the elitist nature of the activities of legitimate institutions of artistic culture. If democratization is to constitute a real (i.e. consistent with its concept) moral ideal, then the autonomy of high culture works in its favor.
Плазмохимическая переработка отработанных горюче-смазочных и охлаждающих жидкостей
Authors: Мессерле В.Е. , Моссэ А.Л. , Паскалов Г. , Умбеткалиев К.А. , Устименко А.Б.
Published: September 2021

Выполнен термодинамический анализ с использованием универсальной программы TERRA. Расчеты позволили определить оптимальные параметры процесса плазмохимической конверсии отработанных горюче-смазочных и охлаждающих жидкостей для различных газифицирующих агентов (воздух, водяной пар). На основе расчетов предложена замкнутая схема их комплексной плазмохимической переработки, являющаяся безотходным методом конверсии отходов. Этот метод позволяет одновременно получать синтез-газ, пригодный для производства метанола и электроэнергии, и выделять ценные цветные и редкие металлы в чистом виде с минимальным ущербом для окружающей среды. Предложенная схема переработки отходов предусматривает использование вторичной энергии отходящих потоков для выработки электроэнергии в газовой турбине. Предварительная оценка показала, что можно компенсировать до 30% электрической энергии, необходимой для осуществления плазмохимического процесса за счет использования тепла отходящих потоков. Представленный термодинамический анализ позволил установить связь между параметрами термодинамического равновесия и составом многокомпонентной смеси, а также определить оптимальные массовые отношения перерабатываемых отходов и плазмообразующих газифицирующих агентов для проведения экспериментальных исследований плазмохимической конверсии отработанных горюче-смазочных и охлаждающих жидкостей. Для всесторонней оценки процесса плазмохимической переработки отходов была сделана сравнительная экономическая оценка условного ущерба от выбросов исходных отработанных горюче-смазочных и охлаждающих жидкостей и сернокислотного способа их регенерации по отношению к плазмохимической конверсии. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что экологическая опасность от продуктов плазмохимической конверсии во много раз ниже, чем от неутилизированных отработанных горюче-смазочных и охлаждающих жидкостей и даже от их традиционной серно-кислотной регенерации. Показано, что ущерб от серно-кислотной регенерации отходов в 1790 раз больше, чем от их комплексной плазмохимической переработки.
Підходи до формування ризик-орієнтованої технології роботи станції Харків-Сортувальний в умовах обробки вагонів з небезпечними вантажами
Authors: БУТЬКО Т.В. , КОСТЮК О.А.
Published: September 2021

У задачах планування оперативної роботи сортувальної станції (СС), в умовах проведення технологічних операцій, що містять вагони з небезпечними вантажами (НВ), потрібно вирішувати питання з удосконалення роботи СС, які забезпечать як скорочення експлуатаційних витрат, так і зменшення можливих ризиків. Результатом вирішення таких управлінських задач може стати формалізація роботи СС з метою подальшої автоматизації процесу прийняття рішень на основі інтелектуального управління. Для вирішення такого типу завдань було проаналізовано технологію роботи станції Харків–Сортувальний (Х-С), проведено статистичні дослідження щодо кількості вагонів з НВ та часу їх перебування на станції і сформовано підходи до розроблення моделі оцінювання ризику оперативного планування.