bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The inhibition properties of some non‐ionic surfactants on steel in chloride acid solution
Authors: Osman M.M. , Shalaby M.N.
Published: July 2002

The inhibition effect of some non‐ionic surfactants Tween 20, Tween 40, Tween 60, Tween 80 and O1 (EO)20on steel in acidic chloride solution has been investigated by studying their adsorption behaviour and the use of the gravimetric method in order to determine the inhibition efficiency. The results obtained show that these compounds are very good inhibitors. High inhibition efficiency is observed around their critical micelle concentrations (CMC), and it increases with the number of carbon atoms in the chain length of their molecules.
Teamwork training – an innovative use of flight simulators
Authors: Goodwin Dave , Johnson Sue
Published: July 2002

Changes in the work environment – increased empowerment, process re‐engineering, greater competitiveness – have led to a more urgent need for effective teamworking within the workplace. Employers have introduced a variety of teamworking activities into their training programmes, with promising results, although residual suspicion on the part of employees and a significant level of adverse press coverage have tended to dilute their effectiveness. The problem has been to introduce a teamworking programme which has the requisite levels of risk, purpose and employee satisfaction. A promising solution has been proffered by a group of airline pilots, who place the use of an aircraft flight simulator at the heart of the latest innovation in teamwork training programmes. Results so far suggest that this initiative fulfils the essential criteria expected of good, effective and memorable teamwork training.
A window on management training within the construction industry
Authors: Scott Neil , Ponniah David , Saud Ben
Published: July 2002

Presents the findings of an investigation into the attitudes of civil engineers and their companies towards modern management practices. Contractors are moving rapidly to meet the challenges of a modern business world and are making full use of the tools available. Consultants, however, are lagging behind in their attitudes and are slower in embracing the theories and practices involved. The investigation has raised as many questions as have been answered but sufficient information has been provided to make the reader think seriously about the subject of management, and the training of managers within the construction industry.
Organizational consumerism: the appropriation of packaged managerial knowledge
Authors: Carter Chris , Crowther David
Published: July 2002

Many academics have highlighted the emergence of programmed change initiatives such as TQM and BPR and have chronicled how “seductive” these ideas appear to have been in the corporate world. Moreover, a burgeoning consultancy industry has emerged, with management consultants fuelling the process. Seeks to make sense of the processes through which consultancy ideas are appropriated by client organisations. Based empirically on a series of interviews with senior managers and management consultants working within a privatised public utility, the arly findings from this research suggest that the relationships between the organisation and the consultant can best be viewed as a relationship of consumption. Thus it is argued that the senior managers were consuming the programmed change initiative as a means of communicating their managerial capability to the external corporate world.
Testing device compatibility and possible measurement errors in dry sliding
Authors: Terheci Mircea
Published: July 2002

Attempts to reveal some of the factors that might cause measurement and evaluation errors in dry sliding. Discusses matters such us “what” and “how” is simulated and “why” and “what” is really measured and suggests ways to tackle these matters. Presents means of avoiding measurement errors as well as suitable testing procedures. Suggests a strategy of experimental work that encompasses the needs of both pure research and engineering design. It was found that the pin‐on‐disc test largely satisfies the conditions for a good simulation of certain engineering applications while providing a wealth of data for both scientific insight and engineering design.
Developing successful employees: perceptions of industry leaders and academicians
Authors: Nicholson Amanda , Cushman Linda
Published: July 2002

This study was designed to discover what is believed to be important for a student to be successful in the retailing field, graduating from a four‐year college program. The research design was Q‐methodology, utilizing 47 statements on a Lickert scale sorted by 23 representatives of both the academy and retailing industry. The study found a distinct gap in the perceptions of industry respondents versus the academics included in the study. While industry believes that strong affective skills, such as “leadership” and “decision making” were the most desirable characteristics for future executives, the academy favors more interpersonal affective competencies and overall ranked cognitive skills higher than the other group. Further, the study found academicians believed that their opinions would mirror those of the industry. However, this was clearly not supported.
Self‐directed learning in a work context
Authors: Gerber Rod , Lankshear Colin , Larsson Stefan , Svensson Lennart
Published: July 2002

The understanding that theorists and practitioners hold of
self‐directed learning can vary depending on the context in which they
find themselves. In an effort to understand these variations, attempts
to synthesize theoretical understandings of the concept of self‐directed
learning in the workplace. Includes an empirical study involving 21
white‐collar employees in four Australian businesses. Reveals six
variations in the workers′ conception of the experience of self‐directed
learning in their jobs. Provides a brief comparative discussion of the
results of synthesis of the literature and those from the empirical
study.
Adjustment of Western European vs North American expatriate managers in China
Authors: Selmer Jan
Published: July 2002

Western European and North American expatriate managers on the Chinese mainland responded to a mail survey about their sociocultural and psychological adjustment. The results indicated that Western European managers were less well socioculturally adjusted than their North American counterparts, especially concerning interaction adjustment. However, comparing the major nationalities taking part in the study revealed that US, British and German expatriates had significantly higher scores for interaction adjustment than did the French managers. There were no significant differences between these nationality groups in terms of the other sociocultural adjustment variables or regarding psychological adjustment. The implications for expatriate managers destined for the Chinese mainland, as well as for their companies assigning them there, are discussed.
Business ethics and human resource management
Authors: Winstanley Diana , Woodall Jean , Heery Edmund
Published: July 2002

Reports on the conference on Ethical Issues in Contemporary Human Resource Management, held in April 1996. Notes concerns raised at the conference relating to a lowering of employment standards. These included factors such as: insecurity and risk, transfer of risk and surveillance and control. Suggests a number of alternative ethical frameworks useful in an analysis of HRM, including such elements as: basic human, civil and employment rights, universalism and community of purpose. Considers methods of defending such an ethical focus from charges of utopianism, and suggests that ethical HRM will be a developing theme over the next few years.
Mentoring in retailing: a tool for success?
Authors: Broadbridge Adelina
Published: July 2002

This paper assesses the incidence and contribution that mentoring has to the career development of retail managers. Previous research has identified the benefits that mentoring relationships have for the protégé, the mentor and the organisation, although none have compared the experiences and attitudes towards mentoring within the retail environment. Drawing on a sample of 132 UK retail managers, this research found that half the sample had experienced being a protégé in a mentoring relationship. No significant differences were found between a respondent’s sex, age, position in the organisation and whether they have been mentored. Mentoring was found to play an important role in the development of a protégé’s current job, career and self development. It was less apparent whether the incidence of mentoring affected retail managers’ ultimate career ambitions. However, it appears that the advantages of mentoring as a management development tool far outweigh any disadvantages for the protégé.
The name has changed but has the game remained the same?
Authors: Armstrong Michael
Published: July 2002

The article argues that many of the practices associated with the concept of human resource management were flourishing under different names before the notion of HRM emerged in the mid‐1980s. There have been many developments in these practices but they have been evolutionary. They have not happened because of any revolutionary new approaches derived from HRM theory. The fact that the pace of change in personnel management is faster now than before the 1980s is not attributable to the advent of HRM as a philosophy. It has been forced on organisations by the rapidly changing business, political, economic and social environment. It has also taken place as a result of the increased professionalism of personnel practitioners encouraged by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development and by the burgeoning academic institutions which have disseminated ideas about human resource management more comprehensively through a wider range of high quality publications.
A Kantian theory of leadership
Authors: Bowie Norman
Published: July 2002

Uses Kant’s moral philosophy to provide a normative theory of leadership. First shows how Kant’s philosophy would reject instrumental theories of leadership and most charismatic theories of leadership. Perhaps somewhat more surprisingly, it questions some of the assumptions of servant leadership and puts constraints on transformational leadership and the leader as educator. The central concept of Kant’s moral philosophy is the dignity given to autonomy. Thus a good leader ought to respect and enrich the autonomy of followers. The Kantian leader turns followers into leaders.
A new prototype intelligent mobility system to assist powered wheelchair users
Authors: Sanders David , Stott Ian
Published: July 2002

This paper presents new prototype powered wheelchair systems that are easy to use and safe. The systems use simple ultrasonic sensor systems to assist users in steering their powered wheelchairs. The new systems could improve the chances of some disabled children learning that behaviour and interaction with the environment can be controlled. An overview of the benefits to be offered by an automated wheelchair is included. Some results, problems and difficulties are described along with an assessment of the current position and the way forward.
Recognising leafy plants with in‐air sonar
Authors: McKerrow Phillip John , Lindsay Harper Neil
Published: July 2002

Continuous Transmission Frequency Modulated (CTFM) ultrasonic sensors can be used to recognise plants. The echo from a plant is modelled as an acoustic density profile. Classification based on features extracted from the echo is more robust than classification based on the echo. Potential applications for this sensing system include landmark navigation and plant sensing for selective spraying of agricultural chemicals.
From cards to clumps: a look at developments in the world of union catalogues
Authors: Gould Sara
Published: July 2002

With shrinking local library resources and the growth of resource sharing, union catalogues, in one form or another, are an important feature in today’s library world. This article takes a look at some of the developments in union catalogue production, from card catalogue to virtual union catalogues or clumps, and discusses their use for document access and supply. The IFLA World Directory of National Union Catalogues, a kind of union catalogue of union catalogues, is also described.
A general three‐dimensional contact procedure for implicit finite element codes
Authors: Doghri Issam , Muller Arthur , Taylor Robert L.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a general procedure for solving 3D contact problems with implicit finite element codes. Emphasis is put on generality and robustness. Bodies in contact can be 3D solids or shells. Material and geometric nonlinearities can be dealt with (elasto‐plasticity, elasto‐visco‐plasticity, nonlinear elasticity, large displacements, strains and rotations). Different kinds of interaction are supported (tied, slip, friction). Advantage is taken of the solution history in order to improve the efficiency of the search algorithm. Numerical examples illustrate the general character of the proposed algorithm.
Performance of low‐order triangular elements during plastic flow
Authors: Heeres O.M. , de Borst R.
Published: July 2002

An important characteristic of many soil models is a volume change during plastic flow. In computations, this plastic volume change is expressed via a kinematic constraint on the possible deformations. Due to this constraint the plane‐strain three‐noded triangular element exhibits locking when plastic deformations occur, under dilatant, contractant and isochoric conditions. It is demonstrated that using the method of enhanced assumed strains by Simol this locking cannot be remedied. For six‐noded wedges and four‐noded and five‐noded pyramids the same conclusion is obtained.
A theoretical approach to the optimization of high‐voltage insulators
Authors: Ángel Gomollón García Jesús , Singer Hermann
Published: July 2002

The paper first discusses the question of which objectives may be meaningful for the optimization of high‐voltage insulators, and exhaustively analyses the relationship between field strength and the geometrical properties of the boundary surfaces of a Boundary Value Problem (BVP). Afterwards a theoretical formulation of the optimization task is presented. In order to seek the parameters that may play a role in the optimization task, a formula for the global field derivative for shaping boundaries is derived. The parameters which can be determined by means of the numerical field calculation are discussed. These can be used as a point of reference for the development of an optimization procedure.
Using Neural Nets in Modelling Vector Time Series
Authors: Östermark Ralf
Published: July 2002

Presents for the first time empirical evidence on the forecasting performance of multi‐layer neural nets in modelling multiple‐input vector time series processes. Compares the results produced by the neural net with those obtained by a robust VARMAX‐algorithm and a multiple‐input state space algorithm for vector‐valued time series processes. The neural net and the VARMAX‐algorithm were programmed in the C‐language and the state space algorithm was programmed in FORTRAN.
Generalized information theory
Authors: Klir George J. , Harmanec David
Published: July 2002

Provides an overview of major developments pertaining to generalized information theory during the lifetime of Kybernetes. Generalized information theory is viewed as a collection of concepts, theorems, principles, and methods for dealing with problems involving uncertainty‐based information that are beyond the narrow scope of classical information theory. Introduces well‐justified measures of uncertainty in fuzzy set theory, possibility theory, and Dempster‐Shafer theory. Shows how these measures are connected with the classical Hartley measure and Shannon entropy. Discusses basic issues regarding some principles of generalized uncertainty‐based information.
CLIP3: Cover learning using integer programming
Authors: Cios Krzysztof J. , Wedding Daniel K. , Liu Ning
Published: July 2002

Presents an inductive machine learning algorithm called CLIP3 (Cover learning using integer programming). CLIP3 is an extension of the CLILP2 algorithm. CLIP3 generates multiple rules for a given concept from two sets of discrete attribute data. It combines the best concepts of tree‐based and rule‐based algorithms to produce a highly reliable machine‐learning algorithm. The algorithm is run on the benchmark “MONK′s data sets”. Compares the results of standard machine learning algorithms such as the ID and AQ families of algorithms. The algorithm is also run on the breast cancer data set and the results are compared with C4.5 algorithm results.
The president and the college bottom line: the role of strategic leadership styles
Authors: Neumann Yoram , Neumann Edith F.
Published: July 2002

Examines university presidents’ strategic style and relates it to the college bottom line. Eight different presidents’ profiles of strategic leadership style are discussed and analyzed (integrator, net caster, focused visionary, focused performer, prioretizer, dreamer, implementor and maintainer). Three college outcomes are explored (enrollment growth, resource growth and quality improvement). The conclusion of the study is clear: presidents’ strategic leadership style is associated with the college bottom line. The pattern is very distinct: maintainers are directly associated with declining institutions while integrators and net casters are associated with successful institutions. The implications of these findings are discussed.e abstract, this is the abstract.
Water vapour transfer in waterproof breathable fabrics
Authors: Ruckman J.E.
Published: July 2002

Investigates whether water vapour transfer from the local environment of the human body at a relative humidity less than 100 per cent to a rainy or wind‐driven environment of relative humidity almost 100 per cent is possible. To identify whether prolonged rain has an effect on water vapour transfer in waterproof breathable fabrics, secondary experiments were carried out using a precipitator simulator covering a large area with severe rain. It was found that waterproof breathable fabrics breathe even under rainy conditions (with lower water vapour transfer rate), though encountering limitations under prolonged severe rain. The water vapour transfer rate was reduced under wind‐driven rainy conditions. More condensation was observed under rainy conditions on all fabrics except PTFE laminated fabrics.
Towards the virtual garment: three‐dimensional computer environments for garment design
Authors: Hardaker C.H.M. , Fozzard G.J.W.
Published: July 2002

States that there has been considerable interest in recent years over the development of a computer system to provide the garment designer with a 3D design environment. Although the use of such technology is commonplace in many industries, the problems associated with the development of a suitable system for garment design have yet to be fully resolved. Envisages that such a system would provide the tools to develop a 3D simulation of a prototype garment which can be viewed from any angle prior to making a physical sample. This combined with the facility to develop the corresponding 2D pattern shapes and evaluate the fit of the virtual garment make the prospect of such a system extremely enticing. Considers the need for 3D working methods in garment design and the research issues involved in the development of a 3D computer aided design (CAD) system for garment design. The potential features of such a system are introduced in the context of a hypothetical system. Discusses the approach of a number of researchers in the field and considers future developments.
Developing management systems towards integrated manufacturing: a case study perspective
Authors: Bamber C.J. , Sharp J.M. , Hides M.T.
Published: July 2002

In manufacturing in recent years there has been a proliferation of management techniques to support the advances in manufacturing technologies. Different departments and functions often operate these management systems. Traditionally, systems such as quality management (ISO 9000 series), environmental management (ISO 14001), maintenance management (TPM and 5S), operations management (JIT and kaizen) and occupational health and safety management (BS 8800) are operated independently by quality, works engineering, maintenance and production departments. Clearly these management systems have to be brought together and combined in order for an organization to be able to develop an effective integrated manufacturing system. This paper outlines the need to bring these management systems together. It discusses a case study whereby such management systems, traditionally run by separate departments, have come together in order to contribute towards the development of an integrated manufacturing system.
Information utilization of beginning principals in school restructuring
Authors: Kirby Peggy C. , Bogotch Ira
Published: July 2002

Despite general agreement that shared decision making is a desirable component of school restructuring, reform efforts have failed to emphasize the importance of information use in decision processes. Consequently, teacher decision authority is unlikely to result in new and creative approaches to practice. Reports on a study in which teachers and principals in 24 restructuring schools responded to surveys assessing their level of involvement in shared decision making, the kinds of information they used in reaching collaborative decisions, and their perceptions of the usefulness of various sources of information in their school improvement efforts. Results revealed a generally high level of involvement but little valuing of information beyond the collective knowledge of the group. However, where multiple information sources were sought and utilized, satisfaction with collaborative decision making was greater. Sketches of decision processing in two schools contrast the efficacy of collaboration when information is or is not valued. Discusses implications for school restructuring and presents a model for information use in school improvement.
The presence, nature and effects of job stress on physical and psychological health at a large Australian university
Authors: Sharpley Christopher F. , Reynolds Roisin , Acosta Alicia , Dua Jagdish K.
Published: July 2002

Examines how data on job stress, health, anxiety and daily hassle were collected via survey questionnaires from 1,925 staff at Monash University campuses. The sample included academic, general, administrative, technical and library staff, with both genders and representation from age, employment and seniority groupings. Shows that results indicated significant positive relationships between job stress and anxiety, daily hassle, and health, the latter suggesting that self‐reported stress at work was associated with absence from work, visits to medical practitioners, and frequency of illnesses and accidents. Reports comparisons across campus, gender, age and job type, and makes some overall contrasts between these data and those previously reported for a rural university. Discusses implications for health promotion among university staff.
Computation of enhanced turbulent heat transfer in a channel with periodic ribs
Authors: Tsai W.B. , Lin W.W. , Chieng C.C.
Published: July 2002

This study evaluates low Reynolds number models of turbulence for numerical computations on the heat transfer and fluid flow behavior in a rectangular channel with streamwise‐periodic ribs mounted on one of the principal walls. The models include k − ε models of Launder and Sharma (1974), Chien (1982), k − ε model of Lin and Hwang (1998), Wilcox’s k−ω model (Wilcox, 1994) and Durbin’s model k − ε −v2 (Durbin, 1995). The numerical results show that all these models can predict the flowfield reasonably well, and the inclusion of the Yap term (Yap, 1987) in the ε – equation (or ε – equation) can further improve the prediction in these k − ε models, k − ε model and k − ε − v2 model. However, these models behave differently in heat transfer computations. The k − ω model leads to too low a level of heat transfer and turbulence. Among these k − ε models and the k − ε model, Lin’s model with the Yap term predicts the heat transfer level best. Durbin’s model with extra v2, f equations and the Yap term exhibits further improvement.
A preconditioned Richardson method for solving three‐dimensional thin film problems with first order derivatives and variable coefficients
Authors: Dai Weizhong , Nassar Raja
Published: July 2002

A preconditioned Richardson method for solving three‐dimensional thin film elliptic problems with first order derivatives and variable coefficients has been developed based on the idea of the modified upwind difference scheme and the fact that the thickness of the thin domain is small. This method is simple because only a tridiagonal linear system is needed to solve for each iteration. The computation speed is fast since the spectral radius of the iterative operator is small. Numerical example shows the method to be efficient.
Quality assurance and learning technologies: intersecting agendas in UK higher education
Authors: White Su
Published: July 2002

This paper looks at developments in the use of learning technologies in UK higher education, particularly in recent years. It examines the agenda items for learning and teaching associated with the use of new technologies that have emerged in the context of the current agenda for quality assessment and assurance. The paper considers the ways in which the two agendas work in a complementary manner, and the ways in which they create tensions. Finally, it considers the likely path of future developments and considers a way forward in which existing tensions may be reconciled.
Measuring customer satisfaction in higher education
Authors: Aldridge Susan , Rowley Jennifer
Published: July 2002

Evaluates a methodology which was developed to measure student satisfaction with significant components of the service experience delivered to students at Edge Hill University College. Uses a questionnaire‐based survey to collect information on student satisfaction. The methodology has two unique features: the Student Charter informed the survey design; and student responses were collected electronically through on‐screen questionnaires accessible over an intranet. Outcomes suggest that there remains some resistance to the completion of an electronic questionnaire and both paper and electronic versions are likely to continue to be necessary in order to achieve optimum response rates. The methodology has identified specific aspects of the service experience where there was either an absence of student satisfaction or the level of student satisfaction was variable. These aspects have been further explored with focus groups and fed into the quality plan for the college. A “negative quality” model is proposed which may offer a framework for response to different types of feedback from students.
Strategic use of information technology for increased innovation and performance
Authors: Johannessen Jon‐Arild , Olaisen Johan , Olsen Bjørn
Published: July 2002

Although we observe a general optimism concerning IT’s potential for creating suitable competitive advantages, there exists a lack of empirical support for the positive economic impact of IT on businesses. This is denoted as the productivity paradox of IT. We argue that in situations of hypercompetition, using conventional productivity measures as the only performance indicator would be inadequate when studying the impact IT has. Furthermore, investing in IT does not ensure its proper implementation. Consequently there is a need to consider what companies are using IT for and its consequences for innovation and a variety of performance measures. In a study of 200 firms within the Norwegian IT sector, we found that focusing on the use of IT might be a promising route for studying the relationship between IT and successful innovations, and between IT and performance. We also found a number of trade‐offs between the various performance measures and between successful innovations and performance. Although we were able to find positive effects of IT we argue in favour of developing an information and a knowledge strategy prior to developing an IT strategy
A client‐side Web agent for document categorization
Authors: Boley Daniel , Gini Maria , Hastings Kyle , Mobasher Bamshad , Moore Jerry
Published: July 2002

The authors propose a client‐side agent for exploring and categorizing documents on the World Wide Web. As the user browses the Web using a usual Web browser, this agent is designed to aid the user by classifying the documents the user finds most interesting into clusters. The agent carries out the task completely automatically and autonomously, with as little user intervention as the user desires. The principal novel components in this agent that make it possible are a scalable hierarchical clustering algorithm and a taxonomic label generator. In this paper, the overall architecture of this agent is described and the details of the algorithms within its key components are discussed.
Assembly issues in three flip chip processes
Authors: Zhong Zhaowei
Published: July 2002

Discusses three simple and low‐cost flip chip assembly processes. First, flip chip on board using non‐conductive adhesive is evaluated. This process can give reasonable reliability and high assembly yield, when the parameters for epoxy placement and bonding are optimised. Second, the flip chip assembly process using reflowable no‐flow underfill is discussed. Because the underfill epoxy is already placed in the gap between the IC chip and the substrate before reflow, it is not easy to control the solder joints’ collapse and obtain the desired solder‐joint shapes and stand‐off distance during reflow. Finally, the stud bump bonding process is also discussed. It is not easy although possible to maintain the optimal dipping of the conductive adhesive, when the average height of the gold bumps is small. Some solutions for overcoming the above‐mentioned difficulties are presented in this paper.
Supporting the “soft” side of business process reengineering
Authors: Marjanovic Olivera
Published: July 2002

The contemporary business environment in which an organisation exists is becoming increasingly dynamic. The pressing need to improve the existing business processes in an organisation, results in the appearance of a new field called Business Process Reengineering (BPR). However, despite more and more innovative technological solutions for business processes, resistance to change continues to be the biggest BPR obstacle. According to many experts, this is the main reason why reengineering projects in many organisations fail. This paper investigates the “soft” side of BPR (i.e. its human aspects). More precisely, it focuses on ways information technology (IT), in particular group support systems (GSS), can support the soft side of BPR and reduce resistance to change. In this way, the paper introduces the third level of integration of IT and BPR, in addition to the two levels already described in the literature. The approach is illustrated by an example of a company that used GSS during its reengineering efforts.
Electrical stimulation of the midbrain increases heart rate and arterial blood pressure in awake humans
Authors: Thornton Judith M. , Aziz Tipu , Schlugman David , Paterson David J.
Published: July 2002

Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus, basal ganglia or pedunculopontine nucleus in decorticate animals results in locomotion and a cardiorespiratory response resembling that seen during exercise. This has led to the hypothesis that parallel activation of cardiorespiratory and locomotor systems from the midbrain could form part of the ‘central command’ mechanism of exercise. However, the degree to which subcortical structures play a role in cardiovascular activation in awake humans has not been established. We studied the effects on heart rate (HR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) of electrically stimulating the thalamus and basal ganglia in awake humans undergoing neurosurgery for movement disorders (n= 13 Parkinson's disease, n= 1 myoclonic dystonia, n= 1 spasmodic torticollis). HR and MAP increased during high frequency (> 90 Hz) electrical stimulation of the thalamus (HR 5 ± 3 beats min−1, P = 0.002, MAP 4 ± 3 mmHg, P = 0.05, n= 9), subthalamic nucleus (HR 5 ± 3 beats min−1, P = 0.002, MAP 5 ± 3 mmHg, P = 0.006, n= 8) or substantia nigra (HR 6 ± 3 beats min−1, P = 0.001, MAP 5 ± 2 mmHg, P = 0.005, n= 8). This was accompanied by the facilitation of movement, but without the movement itself. Stimulation of the internal globus pallidus did not increase cardiovascular variables but did facilitate movement. Low frequency (< 20 Hz) stimulation of any site did not affect cardiovascular variables or movement. Electrical stimulation of the midbrain in awake humans can cause a modest increase in cardiovascular variables that is not dependent on movement feedback from exercising muscles. The relationship between this type of response and that occurring during actual exercise is unclear, but it indicates that subcortical command could be involved in ‘parallel activation’ of the locomotor and cardiovascular systems and thus contribute to the neurocircuitry of ‘central command’.
Post‐junctional α‐adrenoceptors and basal limb vascular tone in healthy men
Authors: Dinenno Frank A. , Eisenach John H. , Dietz Niki M. , Joyner Michael J.
Published: July 2002

Previous studies have demonstrated that post‐junctional α1‐ and α2‐adrenoceptors mediate vasoconstriction in the human forearm. However, the relative contributions of the α‐adrenoceptor subtypes to basal limb vascular tone are unknown. In healthy young men, forearm blood flow (FBF; venous occlusion plethysmography) responses to brachial artery administration of prazosin (an α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist), yohimbine (an α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist) and phentolamine (a non‐selective α‐adrenoceptor antagonist) were determined after local β‐adrenoceptor blockade with propranolol. In 10 subjects, prazosin increased FBF from 2.4 ± 0.3 to 5.8 ± 1.0 ml (100 ml)−1 min−1 (∼140 %; P < 0.001vs. baseline). Subsequently, phentolamine further increased FBF to 11.7 ± 1.6 ml (100 ml)−1 min−1 (∼ 385 %; P < 0.001vs. baseline). Thus, the average calculated increase in FBF due to removal of α2‐vasoconstrictor tone was greater than that due to removal of α1‐tone (5.9 ± 0.8 vs. 3.4 ± 0.8 ml (100 ml)−1 min−1; P < 0.01) and represented ∼ 63 % of basal sympathetic tone. Complete α1‐adrenoceptor blockade was confirmed by a minimal reduction in FBF in response to phenylephrine after prazosin (46 ± 3 vs. 6 ± 4 %; before vs. after blockade) and in a separate group of four subjects, increasing the dose of prazosin threefold did not evoke further forearm vasodilatation. Additionally, the reduction in FBF in response to tryamine (evokes endogenous noradrenaline release) was abolished after phentolamine (40 ± 3 vs. 2 ± 1 %; before vs. after blockade), documenting complete pharmacological sympathectomy. In another group of seven subjects, administering yohimbine prior to phentolamine resulted in similar findings. These observations indicate that vasoconstricting post‐junctional α2‐adrenoceptors contribute more to basal vascular tone than α1‐adrenoceptors in the forearms of young healthy men. The potential physiological and pathophysiological implications of these findings are discussed.
An Experimental Investigation of the Creping Process in Low-Density Paper Manufacturing
Authors: Ramasubramanian M. K. , Shmagin Dmitry L.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, a unique apparatus for the laboratory simulation and analysis of the creping process is described. The device consists of a fluid-heated micro-yankee dryer, 25.4 cm (10 inches) in diameter, and 8.25 cm (3.25 inches) wide, and a creping blade engaging system mounted on a three-component piezoelectric load cell. Mechatronics design principles were followed to design the device so that discrete paper samples can be creped at speeds over 250 meters/minute. The device has been used to study the effect of various manufacturing process parameters such as the creping adhesive type, concentration (application rate), creping geometry (creping angle), machine speed, and moisture content in the sheet at the time of creping, and their influence on sheet structure and creping forces. A mechanistic description of the creping process is also presented. [S1087-1357(00)02102-X]
Reliability Analysis of Flip Chip Designs Via Computer Simulation
Authors: Lu Hua , Bailey C. , Cross M.
Published: July 2002

A flip chip component is a silicon chip mounted to a substrate with the active area facing the substrate. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the relationship between a number of important material properties and geometric parameters on the thermal-mechanical fatigue reliability of a standard flip chip design and a flip chip design with the use of microvias. Computer modeling has been used to analyze the mechanical conditions of flip chips under cyclic thermal loading where the Coffin-Manson empirical relationship has been used to predict the life time of the solder interconnects. The material properties and geometry parameters that have been investigated are the Young’s modulus, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the underfill, the out-of-plane CTE CTEz of the substrate, the thickness of the substrate, and the standoff height. When these parameters vary, the predicted life-times are calculated and some of the features of the results are explained. By comparing the predicted lifetimes of the two designs and the strain conditions under thermal loading, the local CTE mismatch has been found to be one of most important factors in defining the reliability of flip chips with microvias. [S1043-7398(00)01203-2]
A Useful Solution for Estimating Contact Pressure Between a Plate and Foundation
Authors: Shulkin L. B. , Mendelsohn D. A. , Kinzel G. L. , Altan T.
Published: July 2002

Many manufacturing situations involve a finite thickness plate or layer of material which is pressed against a much thicker foundation of the same or different material. One key example is a blank holder (plate) pressed against a die (foundation) in a sheet metal forming operation. In designing such a plate/foundation system the design objective often involves the contact stress distribution between the plate and foundation and the design variables are typically the thickness and modulus of the plate, the stiffness of the foundation and the applied pressure distribution on the noncontacting side of the plate. In general the problem relating the variables to the contact pressure distribution is three-dimensional and requires a complex finite element or boundary element solution. However, if the applied pressure distribution consists of sufficiently localized patches, which is often the case in applications, then an approximate 3D solution can be constructed by superposition. Specifically, the paper provides a convenient calculation procedure for the contact pressure due to a single circular patch of applied pressure on an infinite, isotropic, elastic layer which rests on a Winkler foundation. The procedure is validated by using known analytical solutions and the finite element method (FEM). Next a sensitivity study is presented for ascertaining the validity of the solution’s use in constructing solutions to practical problems involving multiple patches of loading. This is accomplished through a parametric study of the effects of loading radius, layer thickness, layer elastic properties, foundation stiffness and the form of the applied pressure distribution on the magnitude and extent of the contact pressure distribution. Finally, a procedure for determining an appropriate Winkler stiffness parameter for a foundation is presented. [S1087-1357(00)00603-1]
Edge Radius Variability and Force Measurement Considerations
Authors: Schimmel Roy J. , Manjunathaiah Jairam , Endres William J.
Published: July 2002

A new, noncontact instrument, based on white light interferometry, is used to measure the edge radii of cutting tools with measurement errors of less than 3 μm. Edges of several commercial cutting inserts are measured and compared. It is found that the radius of the hone varies along the length of the edge in a parabolic manner. The difference between the edge radius at the center of the edge and the radius at the start of the corner can be as large as 25 μm (0.001 in). The variation between the edges on an insert and across inserts in a batch of tools can be as high as 25 μm (0.001 in). Statistically significant variations are also seen in the corner radius region in which much cutting occurs in turning, boring and face milling processes. Orthogonal cutting tests with tools of measured edge radius in the zone of cut indicate that the machining forces, especially the thrust force component, are sensitive to changes in edge radius on the order of measured variations. [S1087-1357(00)01603-8]
Point Laser Triangulation Probe Calibration for Coordinate Metrology
Authors: Smith Kevin B. , Zheng Yuan F.
Published: July 2002

Point Laser Triangulation (PLT) probes have significant advantages over traditional touch probes. These advantages include throughput and no contact force, which motivate use of PLT probes on Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs). This document addresses the problem of extrinsic calibration. We present a precise technique for calibrating a PLT probe to a CMM. This new method uses known information from a localized polyhedron and measurements taken on the polyhedron by the PLT probe to determine the calibration parameters. With increasing interest in applying PLT probes for point measurements in coordinate metrology, such a calibration method is needed. [S1087-1357(00)01703-2]
Modeling of the Holding Force in an Electromagnetic Chuck
Authors: Felix Alejandro , Melkote Shreyes N. , Matsumoto Yoichi
Published: July 2002

This paper addresses the modeling and prediction of the normal holding force in an electromagnetic chuck used in precision machining applications. Knowledge of the normal holding force is necessary to determine if a given chuck is capable of preventing workpiece slip during machining. First, an analytic model termed the magnetic circuit model was developed and compared with experimental holding force data. It was found that this model, although simple in form, was limited in its ability to accurately predict the holding force over the entire range of conditions investigated. The discrepancies in the model were attributed to its inability to accurately model the leakage flux and nonuniform distribution of the magnetic flux. A three-dimensional finite element model was then developed to overcome these limitations. Predictions with this model were found to be in better agreement with experiments, yielding prediction errors within 25 percent in most cases. The finite element model also provided an explanation for the observed decrease in the measured holding force at current values beyond a certain threshold. [S1087-1357(00)01503-3]
Design and Experimental Implementation of Longitudinal Control for a Platoon of Automated Vehicles
Authors: Rajamani R. , Choi S. B. , Law B. K. , Hedrick J. K. , Prohaska R. , Kretz P.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents the design and experimental implementation of a longitudinal control system for the operation of automated vehicles in platoons. The control system on each vehicle is designed to have a hierarchical structure and consists of an upper level controller and a lower level controller. The upper controller determines the desired acceleration for each vehicle in the platoon so as to maintain safe string-stable operation even at very small intervehicle spacing. The lower controller utilizes vehicle-specific parameters and determines the throttle and/or brake commands required to track the desired acceleration. A special challenge handled in the design of the lower level controller is low-speed operation that involves gear changes and torque converter dynamics. The paper also presents the design of longitudinal intra-platoon maneuvers that are required in order to allow any car in the platoon to make an exit. The paper presents extensive experimental results from the public NAHSC demonstration of automated highways conducted in August 1997 at San Diego, California. The demonstration included an eight-car platoon operating continuously over several weeks with passenger rides given to over a thousand visitors. The maneuvers demonstrated included starting the automated vehicles from complete rest, accelerating to cruising speed, allowing any vehicle to exit from the platoon, allowing new vehicles to join the platoon and bringing the platoon to a complete stop at the end of the highway. [S0022-0434(00)01903-1]
A General Time Dependent Constitutive Model: Part II— Application to a Titanium Alloy1
Authors: Arnold S. M. , Saleeb A. F. , Castelli M. G.
Published: July 2002

Given the mathematical framework and specific viscoelastic model in Part I our primary goal in this second part is focused on model characterization and assessment for the specific titanium alloy, TIMETAL 21S. The model is motivated by experimental evidence suggesting the presence of significant rate/time effects in the so-called quasilinear, reversible, material response range. An explanation of the various experiments performed and their corresponding results are also included. Finally, model correlations and predictions are presented for a wide temperature range.
Structure, Mechanics and Failure of Stochastic Fibrous Networks: Part I—Microscale Considerations
Authors: Wang C. W. , Berhan L. , Sastry A. M.
Published: July 2002

Applications for porous fibrous materials range from electrochemical substrates to web reinforcement in polymeric composite materials. The details of local load transfer are studied in a class of cost-effective, stochastic fibrous networks used in battery applications, which form the substrate for a composite electrode. The connectivity of these materials is quantitatively related to modulus and strength, and detailed results of different simulations approaches in approximating material construction are discussed. In Part I, we discuss microscale assumptions, including beam type, nodal connections and equivalence of models to more physically realistic models. Simulation of large networks is computationally intensive, and show low-strain, nonlinear behavior even when comprised of elastic elements when failure criteria (here, strength-of-materials) are applied to produce sequential rupture of beams and nodes. Strategies for effective simulation of these materials requires detailed analysis of the simplest assumptions which can be made at the microscale which produce acceptably realistic response. We show that simple Euler-Bernoulli beam elements can be used to effectively model such materials, even when segment lengths in a network are very small. Moreover, connections comprised of simple torsion springs produce realistic behavior, and can mimic more realistic junctures by adaptation of the linear solution to a compliant zone model. In Part II of this work, we demonstrate the effect of model selection on full network behavior, and also discuss issues of connectivity at the scale of the porous material rather than element-by-element. This work points toward use of simple constructions to model complex behavior, and may ultimately provide insight into modeling of a large class of porous materials. [S0094-4289(00)01704-7]