bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimentally Manipulated Low Social Status and Food Insecurity Alter Eating Behavior Among Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Cardel Michelle I. , Pavela Greg , Janicke David , Huo Tianyao , Miller Darci , Lee Alexandra M. , Gurka Matthew J. , Dhurandhar Emily , Peters John C. , Caldwell Ann E. , Krause Eric , Fernandez Alicia , Allison David B.
Published: November 2020

Objective

This randomized trial experimentally manipulated social status to assess effects on acute eating behavior and 24‐hour energy balance.

Methods

Participants (n = 133 Hispanics; age 15‐21 years; 60.2% females) were randomized to low social status (“LOW”) or high social status (“HIGH”) conditions in a rigged game of Monopoly (Hasbro, Inc.). Acute energy intake in a lunchtime meal was measured by food scales. Twenty‐four‐hour energy balance was assessed via summation of resting metabolic rate (metabolic cart), physical activity energy expenditure (accelerometer), thermic effect of food, and subtraction of twenty‐four‐hour energy intake (food diary).

Results

In the total sample, no significant differences were observed by study condition at lunchtime. LOW females consumed a greater percent of lunchtime daily energy needs (37.5%) relative to HIGH females (34.3%); however, this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.291). In males, however, LOW consumed significantly less (36.5%) of their daily energy needs relative to HIGH males (45.8%; P = 0.001). For 24‐hour energy balance, sex differences were nearly significant (P = 0.057; LOW females: surplus +200 kcal; HIGH males: surplus +445 kcal). Food‐insecure individuals consumed a nearly significant greater lunchtime percent daily energy than those with food security (40.7% vs. 36.3%; P = 0.0797).

Conclusions

The data demonstrate differential acute and 24‐hour eating behavior responses between Hispanic male and female adolescents in experimentally manipulated conditions of low social status.
Congratulations to the Partnership for Safe Water!
Authors: Martin Barb
Published: November 2020

The June 2020 meeting of AWWA's Board of Directors opened a little differently this year with the reading of a proclamation in recognition of a special milestone: the 25th anniversary of the Partnership for Safe Water. The proclamation recognized the hundreds of water treatment plants and distribution systems that participate in the Partnership's optimization programs, serving a combined population of more than 100 million across North America—and now the globe. It also recognized the measurable impact the program has made on utility operations and water quality.
Leverage AMI Data to Calibrate Distribution System Models
Authors: Nabonnand Aurelie , Nolan Katie , Wicklein Ed
Published: November 2020

After a city in western Washington installed advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) technology, it discovered the benefits of using AMI data to calibrate its distribution system model.
Determining the fiber/matrix interfacial shear strength under cryogenic conditions by statistical inversion
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐wen , Li Tong , Huang Cheng , Huang Qi‐zhong , Ren Ming‐fa , Wang Bo
Published: November 2020

The fiber/matrix interfacial shear strength (IFSS) in fiber‐reinforced plastics (FRP) under cryogenic condition is critical to the strength of FRP vessels while used in liquid fuel tanks. However, a direct in situ characterization of IFSS in FRPs under cryogenic condition is difficult to be achieved by combining mechanical testing facility and cryogenic oven at microscale. In this article, a new approach is proposed to identify the cryogenic IFSS of FRPs by statistical inversion by using the results of tensile experiments at cryogenic temperatures and morphological characterization of FRPs at room temperature. The failure of unidirectional FRPs is characterized by cryogenic mechanical testing at macroscale, and microscopic morphological analysis is conducted to summarize the statistical characterization of material failures. Based on the mechanical behavior and the statistical distribution of failure modes in the FRPs, statistical inversion technique is employed to estimate the cryogenic IFSS. This method can avoid the difficulties in conducting in situ cryogenic mechanical tests at microscale and achieve a reliable evaluation of cryogenic interfacial properties in FRPs, which improving the evaluation ability of the mechanical performance of FRPs under cryogenic conditions.
Design and control of a bionic needle puncture robot
Authors: Zhang Weixi , Zhang Yongde , Liu Yunhui
Published: November 2020

Background

The application of minimally invasive interventional breast surgery is becoming more and more widespread. The accurate puncture of breast cancer needs to solve the problems of tissue deformation and target displacement.

Methods

In this study, we analysed the process of leech blood absorption and developed a robotic needle insertion method based on bionic technology to improve the accuracy of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. Among them, the design purpose of the sucker manipulator is to adjust and fix the breast tissue. We use uncalibrated visual servo to control soft tissue deformation.

Results

We compare the puncture effect of bionic needle puncture robot and common needle puncture on breast prosthesis and in vitro tissue. Experimental data shows that, compared with ordinary needle insertion, the robotic needle insertion method based on bionic technology greatly reduces the targeting error.

Conclusions

This method is expected to provide a safe and effective alternative to traditional puncture for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Minimum sample size for external validation of a clinical prediction model with a continuous outcome
Authors: Archer Lucinda , Snell Kym I. E. , Ensor Joie , Hudda Mohammed T. , Collins Gary S. , Riley Richard D.
Published: November 2020

Clinical prediction models provide individualized outcome predictions to inform patient counseling and clinical decision making. External validation is the process of examining a prediction model's performance in data independent to that used for model development. Current external validation studies often suffer from small sample sizes, and subsequently imprecise estimates of a model's predictive performance. To address this, we propose how to determine the minimum sample size needed for external validation of a clinical prediction model with a continuous outcome. Four criteria are proposed, that target precise estimates of (i)R2(the proportion of variance explained), (ii) calibration‐in‐the‐large (agreement between predicted and observed outcome values on average), (iii) calibration slope (agreement between predicted and observed values across the range of predicted values), and (iv) the variance of observed outcome values. Closed‐form sample size solutions are derived for each criterion, which require the user to specify anticipated values of the model's performance (in particularR2) and the outcome variance in the external validation dataset. A sensible starting point is to base values on those for the model development study, as obtained from the publication or study authors. The largest sample size required to meet all four criteria is the recommended minimum sample size needed in the external validation dataset. The calculations can also be applied to estimate expected precision when an existing dataset with a fixed sample size is available, to help gauge if it is adequate. We illustrate the proposed methods on a case‐study predicting fat‐free mass in children.
Sequential Formation of Tunable‐Bandgap Mixed‐Halide Lead‐Based Perovskites: In Situ Investigation and Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Barrit Dounya , Zhang Yalan , Yang Tinghuan , Tang Ming-Chun , Li Ruipeng , Smilgies Detlef-M. , (Frank) Liu Shengzhong , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , Amassian Aram , Zhao Kui
Published: November 2020

Inorganic−organic hybrid perovskites MAPb(IxBr1−x)3 (0 < x < 1) hold promise for efficient multi‐junction or tandem solar cells due to tunable bandgap and improved long‐term stability. However, the phase transformation from Pb(IxBr1−x)2 precursors to perovskites is not fully understood which hinders further improvement of optoelectronic properties and device performance. Here, adaptation of the two‐step deposition method, which enables the direct probe into the growth dynamics of perovskites using in situ diagnostics, and a detailed view of the effects of solvent, lead halide film solvation, and Br incorporation and alloying on the transformation behavior is presented. The in situ measurements indicate a strong tendency of lead halide solvation prior to crystallization during solution‐casting Pb(IxBr1−x)2 precursor from a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent. Highly‐efficient intramolecular exchange is observed between DMSO molecules and organic cations, leading to room‐temperature conversion of perovskite and high‐quality films with tunable bandgap and superior optoelectronic properties in contrast to that obtained from crystalline Pb(IxBr1−x)2. The improved properties translate to easily tunable and a relatively higher power conversion efficiency of 16.42% based on the mixed‐halide perovskite MAPb(I0.9Br0.1)3. These findings highlight the benefits that solvation of the precursor phases, together with bromide incorporation, can have on the microstructure, morphology, and optoelectronic properties of these films.
Real-Time, Real World Learning—Capitalising on Mobile Technology
Authors: Parry Keith D. , Richards Jessica , McAuliffe Cameron
Published: November 2020

Parry, Richards and McAuliffe critique an active learning approach that makes use of mobile technology and augmented reality to enhance students’ real-world learning. Students are now bringing a variety of mobile technology into the classroom and the chapter discusses the challenge of maintaining students’ interest and engagement when they can be connected to the world outside the classroom via electronic devices. Although sometimes a distraction, embracing the use of Web 2.0 technologies can provide the “highly active and participatory experiences” that today’s students are searching for (Brill & Park. Facilitating engaged learning in the interaction age taking a pedagogically disciplined approach to innovation with emergent technologies. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 20(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-4-1-9).

The chapter explores the use of Web 2.0 technologies and their use to upskill students in the technical complexities of the digital world and the use of specialised online discourses suitable for real world learning and working.
Conclusion: Real World Learning—Researching and Co-constructing Working Definitions for Curriculum Development and Pedagogy
Authors: Morley Dawn A.
Published: November 2020

Morley presents a research paper on a qualitative study of 15 groups of authors who were submitting chapters to an edited open-access collection, “Applied pedagogy for higher education. Real world learning and innovation across the curriculum”. Through the method of concept mapping, authors discuss their views and experience of “real world learning”. The concept of real world learning is an emerging area in higher education where students are focusing not only on their present learning but on how they can develop attributes and identities that equip them to progress following graduation. A thematic analysis of the author focus groups identifies three themes of fidelity, individuality and mutuality. A discussion of the themes applies the authors’ experience of real world curriculum planning and pedagogy in higher education.
Real World Learning Through Civic Engagement: Principles, Pedagogies and Practices
Authors: Mason O’Connor Kristine , McEwen Lindsey
Published: November 2020

Civic engagement offers students transformational opportunities to experience ‘real world learning’. This chapter identifies key principles of critical community-based learning that emerge from appraisal of different histories and paradigms of learning through civic engagement. It presents changing drivers to community-based learning from local to global, including newer imperatives of learning for sustainability, citizenship education and building resilience. It explores pedagogies that form a nexus around community-based learning—building on understandings of different forms of knowledge, through transformative learning to learning for citizenship. It concludes by reflecting on the means by which radical real world learning through civic engagement can advance and thrive.
Real World Learning: Simulation and Gaming
Authors: Lean Jonathan , Moizer Jonathan , Derham Cathrine , Strachan Lesley , Bhuiyan Zakirul
Published: November 2020

Simulations and games are being used across a variety of subject areas as a means to provide insight into real world situations within a classroom setting; they offer many of the benefits of real world learning but without some of the associated risks and costs. Lean, Moizer, Derham, Strachan and Bhuiyan aim to evaluate the role of simulations and games in real world learning. The nature of simulations and games is discussed with reference to a variety of examples in Higher Education. Their role in real world learning is evaluated with reference to the benefits and challenges of their use for teaching and learning in Higher Education. Three case studies from diverse subject contexts are reported to illustrate the use of simulations and games and some of the associated issues.
Kompetenzentwicklung für Maschinelles Lernen zur Konstituierung der digitalen Souveränität
Authors: Reckelkamm Thorsten , Deuse Jochen
Published: November 2020

Die stetig fortschreitende Digitalisierung verändert in einem hohen Tempo das Geschäftsumfeld produzierender Unternehmen. Die weite Verbreitung digitaler Technologien führt dazu, dass stetig mehr Daten erhoben und gespeichert werden. Eine zielgerichtete Auswertung und Nutzung dieser Datenspeicher mittels Maschinellen Lernens (ML) eröffnet bisher unbekannte Potenziale zur Wissensgewinnung. Die technische Entwicklung schreitet jedoch in einem solch hohen Tempo voran, dass stets neue Herausforderungen hinsichtlich der Kompetenzentwicklung der Beschäftigten entstehen. Insbesondere die Bewertung der Möglichkeiten des ML sowie die Anwendung datengetriebener Methoden zur Lösung von Problemen in Fertigung und Montage rücken in den Vordergrund. Dies betrifft sowohl Anlagennutzende als auch Anlagenherstellende welche zunehmend unter Druck geraten, ML-basierte Services und Dienstleistungen mit ihren Fertigungsanlagen anzubieten. Eine erwachsende Tendenz ist daher, solche Tätigkeiten an externe Dienstleister auszulagern und somit das zukünftige Gut Daten aus der Hand zu geben. Zur Wahrung und Sicherstellung der digitalen Souveränität ist es jedoch erforderlich, Kompetenzen innerhalb der produzierenden Unternehmen zu entwickeln, um weiterhin die Hoheit über die eigenen Daten zu bewahren. Der folgende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über aktuelle Entwicklungen der Kompetenzentwicklung und einen Ausblick, welche künftigen Schritte erforderlich sein werden.
Enhanced corrections near holographic entanglement transitions: a chaotic case study
Authors: Dong Xi , Wang Huajia
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Recent work found an enhanced correction to the entanglement entropy of a subsystem in a chaotic energy eigenstate. The enhanced correction appears near a phase transition in the entanglement entropy that happens when the subsystem size is half of the entire system size. Here we study the appearance of such enhanced corrections holo-graphically. We show explicitly how to find these corrections in the example of chaotic eigenstates by summing over contributions of all bulk saddle point solutions, including those that break the replica symmetry. With the help of an emergent rotational symmetry, the sum over all saddle points is written in terms of an effective action for cosmic branes. The resulting Renyi and entanglement entropies are then naturally organized in a basis of fixed-area states and can be evaluated directly, showing an enhanced correction near holographic entanglement transitions. We comment on several intriguing features of our tractable example and discuss the implications for finding a convincing derivation of the enhanced corrections in other, more general holographic examples.
Reassessing zircon-monazite thermometry with thermodynamic modelling: insights from the Georgetown igneous complex, NE Australia
Authors: Volante S. , Collins W. J. , Blereau E. , Pourteau A. , Spencer C. , Evans N. J. , Barrote V. , Nordsvan A. R. , Li Z.-X. , Li J.
Published: November 2020

Accessory mineral thermometry and thermodynamic modelling are fundamental tools for constraining petrogenetic models of granite magmatism. U–Pb geochronology on zircon and monazite from S-type granites emplaced within a semi-continuous, whole-crust section in the Georgetown Inlier (GTI), NE Australia, indicates synchronous crystallisation at 1550 Ma. Zircon saturation temperature (Tzr) and titanium-in-zircon thermometry (T(Ti–zr)) estimate magma temperatures of ~ 795 ± 41 °C (Tzr) and ~ 845 ± 46 °C (T(Ti-zr)) in the deep crust, ~ 735 ± 30 °C (Tzr) and ~ 785 ± 30 °C (T(Ti-zr)) in the middle crust, and ~ 796 ± 45 °C (Tzr) and ~ 850 ± 40 °C (T(Ti-zr)) in the upper crust. The differing averages reflect ambient temperature conditions (Tzr) within the magma chamber, whereas the higher T(Ti-zr) values represent peak conditions of hotter melt injections. Assuming thermal equilibrium through the crust and adiabatic ascent, shallower magmas contained 4 wt% H2O, whereas deeper melts contained 7 wt% H2O. Using these H2O contents, monazite saturation temperature (Tmz) estimates agree with Tzr values. Thermodynamic modelling indicates that plagioclase, garnet and biotite were restitic phases, and that compositional variation in the GTI suites resulted from entrainment of these minerals in silicic (74–76 wt% SiO2) melts. At inferred emplacement P–T conditions of 5 kbar and 730 °C, additional H2O is required to produce sufficient melt with compositions similar to the GTI granites. Drier and hotter magmas required additional heat to raise adiabatically to upper-crustal levels. S-type granites are low-T mushes of melt and residual phases that stall and equilibrate in the middle crust, suggesting that discussions on the unreliability of zircon-based thermometers should be modulated.
Are the Sick Left Behind at the Peripheries? Health Selection in Migration to Growing Urban Centres in Finland
Authors: Vaalavuo Maria , Sihvola Mikko-Waltteri
Published: November 2020

We study health selection in rural–urban migration in Finland using register data. Specifically, we ask whether ‘movers’ differ from ‘stayers’ in their use of special health care services prior to moving. We focus on migration to twelve growing urban centres in different sub-groups of the population as well as in different regions, using multinomial logistic regression and multilevel modelling and by distinguishing between short- and long-distance moves. The results show that urban centres attract healthier individuals, while people with health problems are also prone to move, but not to urban centres. The results were similar when looking only at psychiatric diagnoses. The findings suggest that it is important to distinguish between different types of moves when studying health-selective migration. Studying the patterns of migration according to health enables us to understand drivers of regional health differences. Moreover, such evidence will help in projecting future demand for healthcare across the country.
Some partition and analytical identities arising from the Alladi, Andrews, Gordon bijection
Authors: Capparelli S. , Del Fra A. , Mercuri P. , Vietri A.
Published: November 2020

In the work of Alladi et al. (J Algebra 174:636–658, 1995) the authors provided a generalization of the two Capparelli identities involving certain classes of integer partitions. Inspired by that contribution, in particular as regards the general setting and the tools the authors employed, we obtain new partition identities by identifying further sets of partitions that can be explicitly put into a one-to-one correspondence by the method described in the 1995 paper. As a further result, although of a different nature, we obtain an analytical identity of Rogers–Ramanujan type, involving generating functions, for a class of partition identities already found in that paper and that generalize the first Capparelli identity and include it as a particular case. To achieve this, we apply the same strategy as Kanade and Russell did in a recent paper. This method relies on the use of jagged partitions that can be seen as a more general kind of integer partitions.
How Do We Prepare to Teach? Exploring Science Lecturers’ Authentic Approaches to Teaching in Higher Education
Authors: Chadha Deesha
Published: November 2020

In this paper, science lecturers’ perspectives on how they authentically prepare to teach are explored, to establish how academic development practices can better support them. Science lecturers in higher education do not always feel comfortable engaging with pedagogical training initiatives, often finding the ideas presented confusing, non-transferable and of little benefit to them. Models of pedagogical training suit institutional requirements and the generic principles of teaching in higher education. However, it is more useful to establish science lecturers’ authentic preparation techniques and build academic practice models around these. At a research-intensive higher education institution (HEI) in the UK, a total of 64 science lecturers completed a 28-item survey about the authentic values, beliefs, and the practices that inform and support their preparation as teachers. The collated survey responses were analysed through a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS), and a linear regression model was produced for self-reported confidence (used as a proxy for preparedness). Initial results pointed to the importance of enjoyment, being innovative and experimental, and demonstrating a good grasp of content for developing confidence. Receiving advice from education-based experts was a negative contributor to the confidence model as was pedagogical training unless it was part of a wider offering. However informal, supportive, peer-to-peer dialogue is deemed beneficial, highlighting the significant role communities of practice play in authentic preparation.
Ubiquitin-Specific-Processing Protease 7 Regulates Female Germline Stem Cell Self-Renewal Through DNA Methylation
Authors: Zhao Yongqiang , Li Xiaoyong , Tian Geng , Zhao Xinyan , Wong Jiemin , Shen Yue , Wu Ji
Published: November 2020

Ubiquitin-specific-processing protease 7 (Usp7) is a key deubiquitinase controlling epigenetic modification and regulating the self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation of stem cells. However, the functions and mechanisms of action of Usp7 on female germline stem cells (FGSCs) are unknown. Here, we demonstrated that Usp7 regulated FGSC self-renewal via DNA methylation. The results of Cell Counting Kit-8 and 5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine assays showed that the viability and proliferation of FGSCs were negatively regulated by Usp7. Moreover, Usp7 downregulated the expression of self-renewal genes, such as Oct4, Etv5, Foxo1, and Akt, but upregulated the expression of differentiation-related genes including Stra8 and Sycp3. Mechanistically, RNA-seq results showed that Usp7 negatively regulated FGSC self-renewal but positively modulated differentiation in FGSCs. Meanwhile, both overexpression and knockdown of Usp7 resulted in significant changes in DNA methylation and histone modification in FGSCs. Additionally, RNA-seq and MeDIP-seq analyses showed that Usp7 regulates the self-renewal and differentiation of FGSCs mainly through DNA methylation rather than histone modification, which was also confirmed by a rescue assay. Our study not only offers a novel method to research FGSC self-renewal and differentiation in view of epigenetic modifications, but also provides a deep understanding of FGSC development.
On coefficients of Poincaré series and single-valued periods of modular forms
Authors: Fonseca Tiago J.
Published: November 2020

We prove that the field generated by the Fourier coefficients of weakly holomorphic Poincaré series of a given level $$\varGamma _0(N)$$

Γ
0

(
N
)

and integral weight $$k\ge 2$$

k
≥
2

coincides with the field generated by the single-valued periods of a certain motive attached to $$\varGamma _0(N)$$

Γ
0

(
N
)

. This clarifies the arithmetic nature of such Fourier coefficients and generalises previous formulas of Brown and Acres–Broadhurst giving explicit series expansions for the single-valued periods of some modular forms. Our proof is based on Bringmann–Ono’s construction of harmonic lifts of Poincaré series.
On the convergence of projective-simulation–based reinforcement learning in Markov decision processes
Authors: Boyajian W. L. , Clausen J. , Trenkwalder L. M. , Dunjko V. , Briegel H. J.
Published: November 2020

In recent years, the interest in leveraging quantum effects for enhancing machine learning tasks has significantly increased. Many algorithms speeding up supervised and unsupervised learning were established. The first framework in which ways to exploit quantum resources specifically for the broader context of reinforcement learning were found is projective simulation. Projective simulation presents an agent-based reinforcement learning approach designed in a manner which may support quantum walk-based speedups. Although classical variants of projective simulation have been benchmarked against common reinforcement learning algorithms, very few formal theoretical analyses have been provided for its performance in standard learning scenarios. In this paper, we provide a detailed formal discussion of the properties of this model. Specifically, we prove that one version of the projective simulation model, understood as a reinforcement learning approach, converges to optimal behavior in a large class of Markov decision processes. This proof shows that a physically inspired approach to reinforcement learning can guarantee to converge.
Performance Analysis of Space Surveillance Using Space Based Optical Sensors
Authors: Vitiello Federica
Published: November 2020

This paper aims to describe the analysis of the performance of an electro-optical space-based sensor for space surveillance purposes and space debris detection in the geostationary (GEO) ring. Such sensor is considered to be operating on a dawn–dusk Sun-synchronous, circular low Earth orbit at an altitude of 630 Km, while its optical characteristics have been taken from those of the Space-Based Visible (SBV) sensor. Two main simulations have been carried out through the use of the MATLAB software. The first simulation deals with the detection capability of the sensor, which is discussed in terms of detectable visual magnitude when the target of the observation is a diffuse sphere orbiting in the geostationary (GEO) orbit; its minimum detectable size is then determined. In addition, the relative geometry between the Sun, the sensor and the target has also been studied along with the configurations which can limit the visibility of the sensor over the target. The second simulation has been used to evaluate the performance of the sensor in terms of number of detectable GEO targets and duration of the observation when a certain pointing strategy is adopted. In such strategy, two SBV-like sensors are placed on the same orbit, thus creating a constellation in which each sensor points towards a fixed location in the inertial space. These locations have been chosen to be the geosynchronous pinch points.
Adult learning, circumstantial activism and ecological habitus in the coal seam gas protests
Authors: Ollis Tracey
Published: November 2020

This paper outlines adult learning in the space of an important campaign against mining for coal seam gas (CSG). Recently, the government of Victoria became the first state to banfrackingfor CSG in Australia. This significant legislative outcome could not have been achieved without the concerted campaigning of activists through the Lock the Gate Alliance (LTGA), in Central Gippsland. The campaign is mainly composed ofcircumstantial activistswho have come together due to the serious threat from fracking to the quality of their land and water supply. This case study research examines adult learning in the field of a campaign. The findings from this research make clear activists learn to think critically about the environment and the impact of fracking for CSG. They learn communication skills, group work and networking skills. They develop afeel for the gameof activism bylearning informallythrough socialisation with experienced activists from the LTGA and the Environmental Non-Government Organisation Friends of the Earth (FOE). In turn, FOE resource the coalition and provide opportunities for both informal learning and nonformal learning to the protestors. Drawing on Bourdieu’s writing onpractice, this paper outlines practices within the LTGA field that are influential in the knowledge and skill development of the activists.
Hot water drilling in the firn layer of Greenland's percolation zone
Authors: Humphrey Neil , Harper Joel , Meierbachtol Toby
Published: November 2020

The intermixed thermal and structural framework of cold firn, water-saturated firn and ice layers in Greenland's percolation zone can be challenging to penetrate with core drills. Here, we present our experiences using a hot water drill for research on the firn layer of the percolation zone. We built and deployed a lightweight and easily transportable system for drilling a transect of ~15 cm diameter boreholes through the full firn column thickness, to depths exceeding 100 m. An instrumented drill stem provides a scientific measurement of the firn properties while drilling. The system was successful at gaining rapid access to the firn column with mixed wet and cold conditions, was easily transported to the site and across the glacier surface, and required a small field crew to operate. The boreholes are well suited for in situ investigations of firn processes in Greenland percolation zone.
Rapid Implementation of Virtual Health in a Pediatric Neurology Practice During COVID-19
Authors: Lee James , Schrader Dewi , Boelman Cyrus , Huh Linda , Connolly Mary B.
Published: November 2020

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Division of Neurology at BC Children’s Hospital rapidly transitioned to almost exclusively virtual health. In April 2020, 96% of outpatient visits were done virtually (64%) or by telephone, and only 4.2% were in-person. Total clinic visit numbers were unchanged compared to previous months. Neurologists reported high satisfaction with the virtual history and overall assessment, while the physical examination was less reliable. Additional in-person visits were rarely required. Rapid, sustained adoption of virtual health is possible in a pediatric neurology setting, providing reliable care that is comparable to in-person consultations when physical distancing is necessary.
Lessons Learned From a COVID-19 Biohazard Spill During Swabbing at a Quarantine Facility
Authors: Mayer Oren , Pfundt Tiffany , Fortenberry Gamola Z. , Harcourt Brian H. , Bower William A.
Published: November 2020

The need for increased testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has resulted in an increase of testing facilities outside of traditional clinical settings and sample handling by individuals without appropriate biohazard and biocontainment training. During the repatriation and quarantine of passengers from the Grand Princess cruise ship at a US military base, biocontainment of a potentially infectious sample from a passenger was compromised. This study describes the steps taken to contain the spill, decontaminate the area, and discusses the needs for adequate training in a biohazard response.
Can COVID-19 be a risk for cachexia for patients during intensive care? Narrative review and nutritional recommendations
Authors: Virgens Isabel P. A. , Santana Natália M. , Lima Severina C. V. C. , Fayh Ana P. T.
Published: November 2020

Although increased weight, and particularly obesity, has been associated with a more severe clinical course of COVID-19 and risk of fatality, the course of the illness can lead to prolonged length of stay. Changes in nutritional status and weight loss during hospitalisation are largely reported in some populations, but still not explored in COVID-19 patients. Considering that patients with COVID-19 show an increased inflammatory response, other signs and symptoms, which can lead to weight and muscle loss, should be monitored. The aim of this article was to establish possible connections between COVID-19, prolonged hospitalisation and muscle wasting, as well as to propose nutritional recommendations for the prevention and treatment of cachexia, through a narrative review. Identification of risk and presence of malnutrition should be an early step in general assessment of all patients, with regard to more at-risk categories including older adults and individuals suffering from chronic and acute disease conditions, such as COVID-19. The deterioration of nutritional status, and consequently cachexia, increases the risk of mortality and needs to be treated with attention as other complications. There is, however, little hard evidence of nutritional approaches in assisting COVID-19 treatment or its management including cachexia.
Predation of nesting Thick-billed Parrots Rhychopsitta pachyrhyncha by bobcats in northwestern Mexico
Authors: SHEPPARD JAMES KENDAL , ROJAS JOSÉ IGNACIO GONZÁLEZ , CRUZ JAVIER , GONZÁLEZ LUZ FRANCELIA TORRES , NIETO MIGUEL ÁNGEL CRUZ , LEZAMA SERGIO DAVID JIMÉNEZ , JUAREZ EDWIN ALFREDO , LAMBERSKI NADINE
Published: November 2020

We report on what appear to be increasing predation events on nesting Thick-billed Parrots Rhychopsitta pachyrhyncha. Thick-billed Parrots are classified as ‘Endangered’ and their seasonal breeding range is restricted to increasingly fragmented and degraded high elevation mixed conifer forest habitat within the Sierra Madre Occidental region of north-western Mexico. Predation of established breeding pairs has recently contributed to the ongoing decline of Thick-billed Parrot populations by removing mature birds with high reproductive value, which has associated consequences for future recruitment. We observed increasing predation events on nesting Thick-billed Parrots by bobcats Lynx rufus accompanied by kittens throughout the 2018–2019 breeding seasons, and we speculate that recent reductions in bobcat habitat have pushed them into new ranges where they are supplementing their diet with nontraditional prey items.
“One of the First Matters to be Addressed but Distinct” or “Distinct but Inseparable”? The Distinction Between Maritime Entitlement and Sea Boundary Delimitation in the Philippines v. China Arbitration
Authors: SCHULTHEISS Christian
Published: November 2020

The distinction between disputes of sea boundary delimitation and disputes over the existence of maritime entitlements was one key element of the legal argument that the Philippines brought forward against China in the Philippines v. China Arbitration. On the one hand, the distinction between delimitation and entitlement allowed the Tribunal to establish its jurisdiction on several Philippine submissions despite the jurisdictional exclusions of China's declaration under Article 298(1)(a)(i) of the Law of the Sea Convention. On the other hand, the Tribunal's finding about the lack of China's entitlements has important consequences. China and a number of lawyers objected to the jurisdictional separability of entitlement and delimitation. The aim of this paper is to discuss the question of whether a tribunal can establish jurisdiction on the existence of maritime entitlements in a context where jurisdiction on boundary delimitation is excluded and where a determination of entitlements has consequences for boundary delimitation.
Quantifying Structural Uncertainty in Paleoclimate Data Assimilation With an Application to the Last Millennium
Authors: Amrhein Daniel E. , Hakim Gregory J. , Parsons Luke A.
Published: November 2020

Paleoclimate reconstruction relies on estimates of spatiotemporal relationships among climate quantities to interpolate between proxy data. This work quantifies how structural uncertainties in those relationships translate to uncertainties in reconstructions of past climate. We develop and apply a data assimilation uncertainty quantification approach to paleoclimate networks and observational uncertainties representative of data for the last millennium. We find that structural uncertainties arising from uncertain spatial covariance relationships typically contribute 10% of the total uncertainty in reconstructed temperature variability at small (∼200 km), continental, and hemispheric length scales, with larger errors (50% or larger) in regions where long‐range climate covariances are least certain. These structural uncertainties contribute far more to errors in uncertainty quantification, sometimes by a factor of 5 or higher. Accounting for and reducing uncertainties in climate model dynamics and resulting covariance relationships will improve paleoclimate reconstruction accuracy.
Roles of mitochondria in the hallmarks of metastasis
Authors: Scheid Adam D. , Beadnell Thomas C. , Welch Danny R.
Published: November 2020

Although mitochondrial contributions to cancer have been recognised for approximately a century, given that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is dwarfed by the size of the nuclear genome (nDNA), nuclear genetics has represented a focal point in cancer biology, often at the expense of mtDNA and mitochondria. However, genomic sequencing and advances in in vivo models underscore the importance of mtDNA and mitochondria in cancer and metastasis. In this review, we explore the roles of mitochondria in the four defined ‘hallmarks of metastasis’: motility and invasion, microenvironment modulation, plasticity and colonisation. Biochemical processes within the mitochondria of both cancer cells and the stromal cells with which they interact are critical for each metastatic hallmark. We unravel complex dynamics in mitochondrial contributions to cancer, which are context-dependent and capable of either promoting metastasis or being leveraged to prevent it at various points of the metastatic cascade. Ultimately, mitochondrial contributions to cancer and metastasis are rooted in the capacity of these organelles to tune metabolic and genetic responses to dynamic microenvironmental cues.
Deletion of immune evasion genes provides an effective vaccine design for tumor-associated herpesviruses
Authors: Brar Gurpreet , Farhat Nisar A. , Sukhina Alisa , Lam Alex K. , Kim Yong Hoon , Hsu Tiffany , Tong Leming , Lin Wai Wai , Ware Carl F. , Blackman Marcia A. , Sun Ren , Wu Ting-Ting
Published: November 2020

Vaccines based on live attenuated viruses often induce broad, multifaceted immune responses. However, they also usually sacrifice immunogenicity for attenuation. It is particularly difficult to elicit an effective vaccine for herpesviruses due to an armament of immune evasion genes and a latent phase. Here, to overcome the limitation of attenuation, we developed a rational herpesvirus vaccine in which viral immune evasion genes were deleted to enhance immunogenicity while also attaining safety. To test this vaccine strategy, we utilized murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68) as a proof-of-concept model for the cancer-associated human γ-herpesviruses, Epstein–Barr virus and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. We engineered a recombinant MHV-68 virus by targeted inactivation of viral antagonists of type I interferon (IFN-I) pathway and deletion of the latency locus responsible for persistent infection. This recombinant virus is highly attenuated with no measurable capacity for replication, latency, or persistence in immunocompetent hosts. It stimulates robust innate immunity, differentiates virus-specific memory T cells, and elicits neutralizing antibodies. A single vaccination affords durable protection that blocks the establishment of latency following challenge with the wild type MHV-68 for at least six months post-vaccination. These results provide a framework for effective vaccination against cancer-associated herpesviruses through the elimination of latency and key immune evasion mechanisms from the pathogen.
Traditional African remedies induce hemolysis in a glucose-6-phopshate dehydrogenase deficient zebrafish model
Authors: Arogbokun Olufunmilayo , Shevik Margaret , Slusher Tina , Farouk Zubaida , Elfstrum Alexis , Weber Jenna , Cusick Sarah E. , Lund Troy
Published: November 2020

Traditional remedies are widely used throughout Africa in routine care for infants. However, such remedies could have detrimental effects. Acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE) and kernicterus spectrum disorder (KSD) are common newborn health conditions in the developing world, contributing to substantial neonatal mortality and morbidity. They frequently occur in children with glucose-6-phopshate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Using our established zebrafish model of G6PD deficiency, we tested the effects of three traditional compounds used in the care of the newborn umbilical cord: eucalyptus oil, methylated spirits, and Yoruba herbal tea. We found that eucalyptus oil induced a 13.4% increase in a hemolytic phenotype versus control, while methylated spirits showed a 39.7% increase in affected phenotype. Yoruba herbal tea exposure showed no effect. While methylated spirits are already a known pro-oxidant, these data indicate that eucalyptus oil may also be a hemolytic trigger in those with G6PD deficiency. Discovering which agents may contribute to the pathophysiology of G6PD deficiency is critical to eliminate ABE and KSD, especially in countries with a high prevalence of G6PD deficiency. The next step in elucidating the role of these agents is to determine the clinical correlation between the use of these agents and ABE/KSD.
Impact of tocilizumab administration on mortality in severe COVID-19
Authors: Tsai Andrew , Diawara Oumou , Nahass Ronald G. , Brunetti Luigi
Published: November 2020

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide pandemic has placed a significant burden on hospitals and healthcare providers. The immune response to this disease is thought to lead to an aberrant inflammatory response or cytokine storm, which contributes to the severity of illness. There is an urgent need to confirm whether the use of tocilizumab provides a benefit in individuals with COVID-19. A single-center propensity-score matched cohort study, including all consecutive COVID-19 patients, admitted to the medical center who were either discharged from the medical center or expired between March 1, 2020, and May 5, 2020, was performed. Patients were stratified according to the receipt of tocilizumab for cytokine storm and matched to controls using propensity scores. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. A total of 274 patients meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified and 132 patients were included in the matched dataset (tocilizumab = 66; no tocilizumab = 66). Approximately 73% of the patients were male. Hypertension (55%), diabetes mellitus (31%), and chronic pulmonary disease (15%) were the most common comorbidities present. There were 18 deaths (27.3%) in the tocilizumab group and 18 deaths (27.3%) in the no tocilizumab group (odds ratio, 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.465 – 2.151; p = 1.00). Advanced age, history of myocardial infarction, dementia, chronic pulmonary disease, heart failure, and malignancy were significantly more common in patients who died. The current analysis does not support the use of tocilizumab for the management of cytokine storm in patients with COVID-19. Use of this therapeutic agent should be limited to the context of a clinical trial until more evidence is available.
Morphological and physicochemical diversity of snow algae from Alaska
Authors: Fiołka Marta J. , Takeuchi Nozomu , Sofińska-Chmiel Weronika , Mieszawska Sylwia , Treska Izabela
Published: November 2020

Snow algae are photosynthetic microbes growing in thawing snow. They usually show various morphological cell types. The aim of this study was to carry out microscopic and spectroscopic analysis of different forms of cells of snow algae collected on glaciers in Alaska. Four different shapes of algal cells were observed with the use of bright field LM (Light Microscopy), DIC (Differential Interference Contrast), EDF (Extended Depth Focus), fluorescence microscopy, and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). The cells exhibited the strongest autofluorescence after the exposure to 365-nm excitation light, and the intensity differed among the cell types. Zygotes (cysts) showed the most intense fluorescence. Acridine orange staining revealed the acid nature of the algal cells. The use of Congo red and Calcofluor white fluorochromes indicated differences in the structure of polysaccharides in the cell wall in the individual types of algal cells. FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analyses showed the presence of polysaccharides not only in the algal cells but also in the fixative solution. The presence of polysaccharides in the extracellular algal fraction was confirmed by X-ray dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy imaging (SEM). The differences observed in the structure of the cell wall of the different forms of red snow algae prompt further analysis of this structure.
Vitamin D and subclinical cardiac damage in a cohort of kidney transplanted patients: a retrospective observational study
Authors: Alfieri C. , Vettoretti S. , Ruzhytska O. , Gandolfo M. T. , Cresseri D. , Campise M. , Caldiroli L. , Favi E. , Binda V. , Messa P.
Published: November 2020

In 178-kidney transplanted patients (KTxp), the prevalence of hypovitaminosis-D, the presence and novel development of left ventricular hypertrophy(LVH) and the correlations between native Vitamin-D (25OHD) and LVH were evaluated during the 1st year of transplantation (KTx). Clinical and instrumental data were recorded at pre-KTx and at one (T1) and 12 (T12) months after KTx. 25OHD levels were considered sufficient (s25OHD, ≥ 30 ng/dL) or insufficient (i25OHD, < 30 ng/dL). 25OHD correlated at T1 with parathormone(PTH), and at T12 with 25OHD-T1 and PTH-(T1,T12). At T12, s25OHD (15%) had higher 25OH and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lower Ca, at T1, and lower PTH-(T1, T12) than i25OH-T12. At T1, KTxp with LVH (LVH-T1pos, 42%) were older and with longer dialysis vintage than LVH-T1neg. At T12, KTxp with LVH (LVH-T12pos, 53%) were older, with higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) at T12 than LVH-T12neg. No relation between 25OHD and LVH were found. Novel LVH was found in 14% of KTxp. They were older, had higher SBP-T12 and lower serum albumin-T12 than the others. LVH-modifications and 25OHD were not correlated. Hypovitaminosis-D is highly prevalent in KTxp. LVH correlates with different risk factors according to the time elapsed from KTx. However, during the 1st year of KTx, no relationship between LVH and 25OHD was observed.
Publisher Correction: UvrD helicase–RNA polymerase interactions are governed by UvrD’s carboxy-terminal Tudor domain
Authors: Kawale Ashish A. , Burmann Björn M.
Published: November 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.