bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emerging Issues in European Customs Law
Authors: Wolffgang Hans-Michael , Ovie Talke
Published: March 2024

In 1968 the Customs of the six founding Member States of the European Economic Union (EEC) had already been harmonised to such a degree that the customs payable by third countries could be established on the basis of a common customs tariff. Since it was no longer possible to levy customs duties on goods traded between Member States, there existed a customs tariff union between the founding Member States of the modern European Community long before the creation of the European internal market.

However, by itself the creation of a common customs tariff was not enough to realise a customs union as a fundamental characteristic of the European internal market. The EEC Treaty already required customs law to be harmonised in addition to tariffs. For many years rules governing customs law were scattered among a number of Regulations and sometimes differed. However, in 1994 the Community Customs Code (CC) and the Regulation laying down provisions for the implementation of the Community Customs Code created a uniform European Customs Law binding on all Member States. This has now provided a sound basis for achieving uniformity in customs matters of 27 countries.
Supply Chain Security: Adding to a Complex Operational and Institutional Environment
Authors: Grainger Andrew
Published: March 2024

There has been an avalanche in new supply chain security focused controls. The aim of these controls is to seek cooperative arrangements between regulatory agencies and businesses, and to identify security risks before goods move. This paper shows the complexity of the cross-border environment, including the operational frustrations experienced by interviewed representatives at United Kingdom (UK) ports. It also maps out the institutional mechanisms between public and private sector actors shaping cross-border procedures. It is argued that current mechanisms for shaping governing rules and procedures are insufficient. Further alignment of institutions with operational requirements is required to ensure that supply chain security objectives are met.
Australian Customs Service: Working to Improve Facilitation of International Trade and the Security of the Supply Chain Within the APEC Region
Authors: Hosking Andrew
Published: March 2024

Australian industry involved in international trade wants predictability, speed and efficiency in the movement of cargo. If industry’s legitimate expectations are unreasonably compromised community support will be lost. In meeting the needs of industry, the challenges faced by any customs administration in the 21st century are multi-faceted, however the fundamental role is community protection, and to prevent prohibited, harmful or illegal goods or people from entering their economy.

Australian Customs is actively pursuing improvements in the facilitation of international trade, the security of the supply chain and community protection through major initiatives and implementation strategies consistent with the World Customs Organization’s (WCO) Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade (SAFE Framework of Standards).
Key Controls in the Administration of Excise Duties
Authors: Preece Robert
Published: March 2024

With a general reduction in import tariffs, governments are placing increasing importance on excise taxation as a means of generating a reliable stream of sustainable income. Further, excise is playing a greater role in broader government policies as a form of taxation which can be used to influence consumption of certain products, generally on health or environmental protection grounds. Thus, the effective collection of excise duties is becoming a high national priority in many countries.

This paper examines ‘key controls’ in ensuring that excise revenues are properly managed. These controls centre on the requirements to license all excisable dealings and for licensees to properly record and report against relevant activities relating to these dealings. The relationship between the excise system, the associated risks and these key controls in a successful excise administration is examined.
WCO Global Dialogue on Capacity Building, London, UK: Opening Remarks by the Secretary-General-elect of the WCO
Authors: Mikuriya Kunio
Published: March 2024

The opening remarks by Mr Kunio Mikuriya, WCO Secretary General elect, at the WCO Global Dialogue on Capacity Building held in London, UK, on 2 October 2008. The objective of the conference was to generate concrete actions in sustainable customs reform leading to closer donor cooperation.
Organisational Design of Customs in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Critical Evaluation
Authors: Buyonge Creck
Published: March 2024

Customs services in Sub-Saharan Africa may be categorised into (a) those that are part of the mainstream civil service (b) those that have been given a measure of autonomy and (c) those that have been integrated with tax departments in revenue authorities. The current organisational design features and functions of Customs are related to the new public administration paradigm that started in the 1980s, which in the case of Customs and tax administration, led to the emergence of integrated semi-autonomous revenue agencies. On the basis of organisational autonomy in this new paradigm, a few customs services in Africa (such as Ethiopia and Ghana) have been granted autonomy from the mainstream civil service, while others have been merged with tax administrations in revenue authorities. In both cases, Customs is required to carry out its mandate, which goes beyond revenue collection, in an environment that emphasises the revenue function over any other function. In other countries, mainly in Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa, Customs still operates as part of the mainstream civil service. The extent to which Customs keeps a proper balance between the competing interests will determine its ability to carry out its mandate in line with the demands of the 21st century.
Papua New Guinea Customs: A Comprehensive and Integrated Approach to Capacity Building
Authors: Wall Chris
Published: March 2024

Papua New Guinea (PNG) is the largest developing country within the Pacific region with a population of approximately 6.1 million. It is also rich in natural resources and is experiencing increases in GDP, trade and passenger volumes, investment, and major infrastructure development. PNG has over six hundred islands and shares maritime borders with the Solomon Islands and Australia, and a land border with Indonesia resulting in complex and dynamic border management challenges. In response to these key strategic economic and security drivers, and increasing Government and community expectations, PNG Customs has in recent years developed a range of reform strategies and integrated them into an ambitious and comprehensive program of modernisation and reform both from within the administration and in partnership with the Australian Government and other major donors.
The Impact of ICT on Customs
Authors: Lewis Gareth
Published: March 2024

For several years, international organisations including the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Bank, the World Customs Organization (WCO), the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the European Union, have considered and provided recommendations on the use of information and communication technology (ICT) to enhance trade facilitation and to improve the processes of customs administrations. Now, governments, the business community and individuals are looking to improve their respective financial situation as a matter of absolute necessity during the current global economic downturn. Trade is a key ingredient to bolstering economic performance, and customs services are one component of a nation’s trading profile. Prudent management of ICT is a means to reap benefits that impact positively on the effectiveness of all customs operations, and hence the improvement of national finances. This paper provides some definitions of ICT and identifies the importance of its use in customs environments.
Seamless Electronic Data and Logistics Pipelines Shift Focus From Import Declarations to Start of Commercial Transaction
Authors: Hesketh David
Published: March 2024

Changes in the business and technology environment within which Customs operate means we have to re-assess our business model. Despite modern risk management techniques, commercial business systems and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), we, in Customs, still base our ways of operating on traditional concepts such as declarations and ‘regimes’ with the emphasis on imports and, for many countries in the world, on revenue. We need to return to basics and re-assess why we are in business. In the United Kingdom (UK) we have re-confirmed that we collect revenue, facilitate trade, protect society and collect trade statistics. But we are throwing away the old Customs textbooks on how we do that and looking to see if we can make best use of electronic data which is part of businesses’ everyday operations to assess revenue, compliance, admissibility and security risks. This means working in partnership to drive up compliance and bear down on non-compliance using IT systems and intelligence-led risk management. But even more radical is the idea of shifting our emphasis from the point of importation to as far upstream in the supply chain as possible and considering the role of the consignor in feeding accurate information into an electronic data pipeline. After all, who packed the bag?
Revisiting the First Sale for Export Rule: An Attempt to Remove Fairness in the Interests of Raising Revenues, Without Improving Legal Certainty
Authors: Ruessmann Laurent , Willems Arnoud
Published: March 2024

The World Trade Organization (WTO) Valuation Agreement sets out rules to determine the customs value of imported goods. However, imports of the same goods in different countries are valued using different valuation methodologies. Currently, major trading nations of the world ― the European Union (EU), the United States (US) and Japan ― accept some form of a ‘first sale rule’. This article summarises the current application of the first sale rule in the EU and the US, analyses and rebuts the position taken in the World Customs Organization (WCO) Commentary 22.1, and discusses recent developments in both the EU and the US. It concludes that the reasoning of the Commentary is flawed and that the first sale rule should not be discarded.
US Importer Security Filing: Advance Electronic Data Under the SAFE Framework Meets the Real World
Authors: Blegen Bryce C.
Published: March 2024

The World Customs Organization (WCO) SAFE Framework of Standards (SAFE Framework) incorporated as a core element the idea of utilisation of advance electronic information as a means for Customs to perform a security-based risk assessment of inbound consignments prior to their physical arrival in a country, allowing for detention of harmful shipments prior to their departure at origin, and more effective targeting of high-risk consignments prior to their arrival at the port of destination. The United States Importer Security Filing constitutes the first implementation of this principle into widespread practice. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the new requirements, an analysis of their impact on traders, and draws attention to certain aspects of the US initiative which may, if not modified, impede its successful implementation, and which should be considered by other countries looking to put in place similar requirements.
Recent Stimulus Packages and WTO Law on Subsidies
Authors: Marsilla Santiago Ibanez
Published: March 2024

Major world economies are simultaneously experiencing deep recession due to the world economic crisis, and in attempting to contain the extent of damage, governments have been introducing unprecedented stimulus packages. These stimulus programs raise many concerns from the perspective of international trade rules. This paper analyses those concerns in relation to possible conflicts with the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM). The concept of ‘subsidy’ in WTO law is discussed, together with the analysis of two salient measures, export credit support and the automobile industry, that are currently being adopted in response to the current crisis. A further critical analysis is provided on recent developments in the review of the ASCM as part of the Doha Round.
The Cross-Border Detection of Radiological, Biological and Chemical Active and Harmful Terrorist Devices
Authors: Weerth Carsten
Published: March 2024

The cross-border detection of radiological, biological and chemical substances by border authorities is a task of tremendous importance because it prevents terrorists from smuggling ‘dirty bombs’ into a country in order to perpetrate attacks on world trade. Although it is easy to detect radiological devices by measuring radiation levels, biological and chemical devices pose a much greater challenge. This paper investigates the problems confronting the detection of biological and chemical weapons as well as alternative methods of detection. It also calls for a greater awareness of radiological threats by the border inspection agencies. The paper concludes with a proposal for a World Customs Organization (WCO) recommendation on improving customs authorities’ awareness of radiological substances.
The Impact of the Exchange Rate on Origin of Goods: How Reliable Is Proof of Origin in Times of Economic Turmoil?
Authors: Sowinski Cezary
Published: March 2024

This paper examines the influence of rapid changes in the exchange rate on the origin of goods produced in the European Union (EU) and exported to the Republic of South Africa (RSA). It raises concerns about whether the EU origin declaration can be trusted at this time of economic crisis which has severely influenced exchange rates. The analysis performed using a simplified model of a product manufactured in the EU and imported to the RSA under preferential duty treatment provides insight into how easily commercial fraud can be committed, even unintentionally, by EU exporters of goods at this time of economic turmoil.
Mutual Recognition of Authorised Economic Operators and Security Measures
Authors: Aigner Susanne
Published: March 2024

For several years, customs administrations and international organisations like the World Customs Organization (WCO) have considered and promoted the idea and objective of achieving mutual recognition of Authorised Economic Operators (AEO) and security measures. The WCO SAFE Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade encourages customs administrations to agree on the mutual recognition of AEO and security measures to enhance security of international supply chains while providing

increased facilitation for secure and reliable economic operators. A number of AEO

mutual recognition arrangements and agreements have been concluded or are being

negotiated among customs administrations that have sufficient trust in each others’

audit, control and authorisation procedures. This paper identifies some features as well

as challenges of mutual recognition and aims to provide some clarification as to what

different customs administrations understand under the term of ‘mutual recognition’.
Weaknesses in the Supply Chain: Who Packed the Box?
Authors: Hesketh David
Published: March 2024

The international trade supply chain has grown in complexity to a point where clear visibility is masked from those who need to know what is going on. International conventions cover the transport of goods between seller and buyer but concentrate more on limiting liabilities than they do on ensuring the accurate description of the goods. The person who knows what is being sent into the supply chain is the person who packed the box or consigned the goods. If the packing list is wrong, not used or hidden from view then the transport documents such as way bills and the manifest are likely to be inaccurate. This poses safety, security, legal compliance and commercial risks. Information required by border enforcement agencies is being asked for further upstream in the supply chain, prior to the goods being loaded. But the consignor, who holds the key to the majority of that information is outside the jurisdiction of the importing country’s authorities so they turn to the carrier and the importer instead. Unfortunately, information held by the carrier is not always accurate and Customs hold the importer accountable for goods they have probably never seen. In these days of information management rather than the physical control of the goods, the role of export data is increasingly important. A multilateral, international legal framework with enforceable jurisdiction is needed with more emphasis placed on the point at which the international movement of the goods begins. The consignor and the true packing list play a key role. A new key performance indicator and critical way-point must be created called the Consignment Completion Point. A web-based, seamless, electronic data ‘pipeline’ needs to link the seller/consignor and the buyer/consignee and the interested economic operators in between. Real-time, accurate data must be assured from the beginning, updated as the goods move, and shared in a risk based, layered approach.
Letter to Editor
Authors: Jiang Zhaokang
Published: March 2024

The aims of the new regulations are to continue China Customs’ modernisation efforts, encourage informed trade compliance, improve customs-trade partnership, and implement the WCO Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade. After consulting with the trade, China Customs Administration recently announced the new regulations concerning customs compliance and trade facilitation, to take effect from 1 April 2008.
Measuring the Effectiveness of Border Management: Designing KPIs for Outcomes
Authors: Holloway Steve
Published: March 2024

This paper considers the problems associated with existing performance measures for border management and administration, and also the potential for leveraging supply chain processes to develop new integrated performance measures that are meaningful to business and border agencies. It explores the necessity for clear objectives that support the design of outcomes-based indicators and analyses the characteristics of effective performance measures. The paper concludes that an integrated performance measurement framework for border management can be developed on the basis of existing metrics. There is sufficient commonality of objectives to support an integrated approach that should improve the effectiveness and efficiency of international supply chains and border regulation.
Behind Borders: A High-Risk Goods Tracing System
Authors: Han Chang-Ryung
Published: March 2024

One of the basic roles of customs authorities is to ensure that goods that are likely to be detrimental to society do not enter the country. Traditionally, Customs has carried out this role at the border, through the interception of high-risk goods. Inevitably, however, some high-risk goods enter the domestic market and, if subsequently discovered, may be seized or recalled by the relevant regulatory authority. This paper examines a Korean initiative whereby the jurisdiction of the Korean Customs Service has been extended to allow it to trace goods that fall into certain high risk categories beyond the point of importation, through a system of reporting by importers and wholesalers. This system facilitates any subsequent recall or seizure action in cases where goods are found to be harmful to the community. The paper concludes that customs authorities should increasingly examine such innovative approaches to their community protection and other roles.
Cloud Single Window: Legal Implications of a New Model of Cross-Border Single Window
Authors: Pugliatti Luciano
Published: March 2024

In his paper, ‘Weaknesses in the supply chain’ published in this Journal,1

David Hesketh discussed the problems and threats for customs authorities that arise from lack of visibility in the supply chain of what is really being carried inside cargo containers.

According to Hesketh, this is due to the fact that the information supplied to Customs and other authorities in all jurisdictions involved derives from different sources and, for various reasons, it is altered, summarised or manipulated to the extent that it is no longer a true representation of the goods being carried. This has serious implications not only for the collection of proper duties but also for the identification of counterfeit, dangerous or prohibited goods and for supply chain security.

Hesketh posits that the solution lies in a re-think of how the supply chain is being

managed by capturing information about the cargo as close as possible to the source, that is, from the consignor, and in ensuring that information does not change when it is made available to border authorities downstream. To make this happen, Hesketh proposed building ‘a web-based, seamless electronic “data pipeline” linking the seller/consignor and the buyer/consignee and interested economic operators in-between’ with customs authorities.

In this paper, I have suggested a potential system architecture that governments could implement in order to facilitate and take advantage of this data pipeline (the Pipeline) and I have explored the legal issues involved. The architecture proposed would require a new international convention but it would address the issue of integrity of the supply chain as well as provide for greater trade facilitation. It is also a model that, by taking a different angle, reduces the complexity of the legal issues involved.
Developing Performance Measurement for the Russian Customs Service
Authors: Gubin Alexey
Published: March 2024

This paper examines customs performance measures and various indicators in light of the drawbacks to and limitations of the current system of performance measurement adopted by the Russian Federal Customs Service (FCS). The existing system of customs

performance measurement is far from perfect and, to some extent, can cause problems

in itself. For example, it is difficult to use, is resource-intensive and does not measure

the results of activities objectively. In other words, it is in need of improvement. This

paper explains how performance can be measured in a way that improves the current

system by ensuring it achieves the objectives of the FCS more comprehensively and

enhances its overall effectiveness and efficiency.
Trade Facilitation and Supply Chain Security: A Globally Integrated Approach
Authors: Jackson Andrew
Published: March 2024

This article provides real world ‘practitioner’ examples and case studies on IBM’s

multi-tiered approach to driving results in the critical areas of trade facilitation and

supply chain security. It focuses on three key areas: 1. Global standards and initiatives; 2. Capacity building and knowledge transfer, and 3. Country-focused activity. The

paper highlights not just the contribution that IBM has made in these areas but the

increasing momentum in the development of programs and practices with mutually

beneficial outcomes for governments and industry. Finally, it uses these examples

and observations to provide some recommendations on how the globally integrated

nature of international firms can be better leveraged to help drive efficiencies and

competitiveness at the border.
Excise Taxation of Key Communities Across South East Asia: A Comparative Analysis Ahead of the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015
Authors: Preece Rob
Published: March 2024

As the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) moves towards the formation of its Economic Community (AEC) in 2015, it is worth considering the extent, if any, of any major differences in the excise taxation systems across the ASEAN membership. The issues which could arise will ultimately be determined by the actual final ‘shape’ of the AEC on its commencement, and the extent to which the ‘single market’ objectives of the AEC will allow for the free movement of goods and investment. Without harmonisation or indeed any form of standardisation or at least coordination of excise and like taxes, there could well be issues for ASEAN members to manage in the areas of local production and distribution moving across borders; import and regional distribution arrangements being reviewed; and cross-border ‘shopping’ or trade in non-commercial volumes of excise duty paid goods. Each of these issues potentially requires a regional level policy discussion, as well as local policy consideration, but most importantly, the need to look at various administrative arrangements to monitor the movement of excisable goods across ASEAN. This paper looks at various analytical approaches to comparing the differences across the ASEAN excise tax systems.
Coordinated Border Management: The Experience of Asia and the Pacific Region
Authors: Raj Jain Sandeep
Published: March 2024

Asia and the Pacific region is becoming the centre of global attention due to its

rapid economic growth in the past few decades. The global financial crisis has made it imperative for the countries in the region to take measures to stimulate domestic demand and to increase intra-regional trade to sustain the growth momentum. As the regional arm of the United Nations, the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) has been working with its member countries to address the barriers that impede trade and transport in the region. ESCAP has taken various initiatives to promote the regional connectivity holistically by narrowing the infrastructure gaps as well as minimising the institutional deficiencies. Coordinated border management is an important component of the latter. Border delays constitute a major bottleneck to the smooth movement of goods in the region and countries in the region are taking concerted measures to address these issues. Experience has shown that there are various approaches to coordinated border management and some of the better practices demand detailed and careful planning. In particular, border agencies – specifically Customs – need to redefine their standalone role and more importantly, their role as part of the coordinated border management team.
Warehousekeepers: Bridges Connecting Customs and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs)
Authors: Liu Dafang
Published: March 2024

Warehousekeepers are professionals who cooperate with Customs on the one hand and importers and exporters on the other. As far as small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are concerned, the assistance and support that warehousekeepers provide are crucial to their trade. This includes a wide range of commodity classification and nomenclature, customs valuation, trade control measures, customs security, logistical support and knowledge of foreign customs procedures. As far as customs administrations are concerned, warehousekeepers can objectively explain customs’ intention and opinion to SMEs and, at the same time, reflect the wishes and demands of SMEs to Customs. In effect, therefore, warehousekeepers are bridges connecting Customs and SMEs, thereby facilitating trade.
Trade Risk Management: A Global Approach
Authors: Trapani Lorraine
Published: March 2024

This article discusses IBM’s global approach to managing risk associated with importing product into more than 170 countries: why we focus on risk management, our approach to assessing and managing risk, and how we translate risk management into a competitive advantage for our business. Finally, we discuss our plans to develop new insights in the future.
Managing the Risk of Corruption in Customs Through Single Window Systems
Authors: Ndonga Dennis
Published: March 2024

Corruption has hampered the efficiency of customs administrations in many developing countries. However, the problem has taken on a new dimension in the 21st century following the rise in international terrorism. Criminal corruption at border points, where criminal operators offer bribes to customs officials to allow them to smuggle arms and other illegal substances, has posed a great risk to both the internal and international security of many countries. This paper examines how single window systems can be used as a tool to combat customs corruption. It analyses the various facets of customs corruption and discusses its impact on the affected countries. The paper then takes an economic approach to understanding the root cause of customs corruption by following Klitgaard’s 1988 analytical framework which states that corruption flourishes in situations where agents have monopoly power over clients, where agents have great discretion, and where accountability of agents to the principal is weak. The paper concludes by evaluating how single window systems can be used to combat customs corruption. It outlines several case studies including the Philippine Bureau of Customs, Georgia Customs and Qatar Customs where the automation of customs processes was credited with reducing corruption in the bureaus. The discussions in this paper aim to show how single window systems can be used as a tool to eliminate customs corruption which has far-reaching consequences.
Will the Court of Justice Apply Its Anti-Abuse Doctrine in Customs Valuation Cases?
Authors: Lasinski-Sulecki Krzysztof
Published: March 2024

The Court of Justice of the European Union (EU) has recently issued two judgments in customs valuation matters where it confirmed the possibility of adding certain amounts to transaction value which were not explicitly mentioned in Art. 32 of the Community Customs Code (Customs Code). The Court of Justice seems to have relied on the concept of abuse, although it did not make clear references to this concept. This article analyses trends in the case law of the Court of Justice to determine whether recent case law can be perceived as an initial stage of a judicial anti-abuse doctrine in customs valuation cases.
Nepal’s Excise Systems and the Legal Frameworks: Agendas for Reform
Authors: Prasad Uma Shankar
Published: March 2024

Following Nepal’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2003, the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) in 2004, and implementation of the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) in 2006, the Government of Nepal has pursued a policy of mobilising excise taxes to compensate for revenue losses resulting from the reduction and abolition of customs tariff rates and other obligations of WTO membership. The principal objective of this article is to analyse the existing system of excise administration in Nepal and identify ways in which the administrative burden may be reduced for both taxpayers and the government. The study identifies an urgent need to shift from the current physical control system to a self-removal system, as well as a need to rationalise the country’s excise legislative provisions, in line with international practices.
Germany Unlocking Trade and Customs Potential in Africa
Authors: Kassee Dhunraj
Published: March 2024

Aid for Trade is an initiative that assists developing and, in particular, least-developed countries to integrate into the multilateral trading system by boosting their capacity to export goods and services. It encourages developing and least-developed countries’ governments and donors to recognise the role that trade can play in enhancing economic growth and development. According to the World Trade Organization (WTO), since the initiative was launched in 2005 in Hong Kong, Aid for Trade commitments from donors — governments, international and regional development institutions — reached USD41.5 billion in 2011, up 57 per cent from 2005. The initiative is an example of the WTO’s mandate to achieve ‘coherence in global economic policymaking’. Aid for Trade is particularly important for Africa as it has the highest number of least-developed countries facing a myriad of supply-side trade-related infrastructure challenges which constrains their ability to engage in international trade. This paper seeks to highlight the significant contribution that Germany has made to bolstering trade and customs capacity in Africa, particularly in the regions of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), East African Community (EAC) and South African Development Community (SADC).
study on the properties of zinc-enriched spent brewer’s yeast hydrolysate
Authors: Zolzaya Bayarsukh , Ariunsaikhan Tsoggerel , Lkhagvamaa Erdene , Oyuntuya Baltsukh , Bayarjargal Munkhuu , Gan-Erdene Tudev
Published: March 2024

The purpose of this study was to determine the physicochemical properties of the complex obtained by reacting spent brewer's yeast hydrolysate with zinc sulfate and to establish the possibility of its use. The zinc-enriched yeast hydrolysate was determined to contain 8.2% of total nitrogen, 2.72% of amino nitrogen, 0.5% of fat, 9.8% of ash, 5.4% of moisture, and 610 mg/kg of zinc. Peptide molecular mass distribution in zinc-enriched yeast hydrolysate was assessed using gel filtration chromatography, which gave results of >13.2 kDa - 3.2%, 1.54-13.2 kDa -75.5%, <1.54 kDa - 21%. Also 73% of total zinc detected in the three peptide fractions of hydrolysate. In comparison, complexometric titration revealed that zinc-peptide chelates, or zinc bound to peptides, accounted for 56% of total zinc. Zinc was involved in the creation of complexes with amide and carboxyl groups in peptides, according to the infrared (IR) spectroscopy analysis. The toxicity of the product was evaluated using Artemia salina (brine shrimp), classified as "non-toxic." Because of its low toxicity and high solubility, the zinc-enriched spent brewer’s yeast hydrolysate can be used as a zinc source in cosmetics and biologically active products.
Цайраар баяжуулсан пивоны дрожжийн гидролизатын шинж чанарын судалгаа
Хураангуй: Энэхүү судалгаанд пивоны дрожжийн гидролизатыг цайрын сульфаттай урвалжуулж гарган авсан комплексын физик-химийн шинж чанарыг тодорхойлж, ашиглах боломжийг тогтоох зорилтыг тавьсан. Судалгаанд авсан цайраар баяжуулсан дрожжийн гидролизат нь 8.2% нийт азот, 2.72% амины азот, 0.5% тос, 9.8% үнс, 5.4% чийг, 610 ppm цайр агуулж байгаа болохыг тодорхойлов. Цайраар баяжуулсан дрожжийн гидролизатын найрлага дах пептидүүдийн молекул массын түгэлтийг гель фильтрацийн хроматографийн аргаар үнэлэхэд >13.2 кДa - 3.2%, 1.54-13.2 кДa - 75.5%, <1.54 кДа -21% эзлэж байсан бөгөөд гидролизатад тодорхойлогдсон нийт цайрын 73% нь пептидийн дээрх гурван фракцад илэрсэн.Үүнтэй харьцуулахад комплексонометрийн титрлэлтийн аргаар нийт цайрын 56% нь цайр-пептидийн хелат (пептидүүдтэй холбогдсон цайр) хэлбэрт оршиж байгааг илрүүлсэн. Нил улаан туяа (НУТ)-ны спектроскопын шинжилгээгээр цайр нь пептидүүдийн амидын болон карбоксил бүлгүүдтэй комплекс нэгдэл үүсгэхэд оролцсон болохыг тогтоов. Бүтээгдэхүүний хоруу чанарыг Artemia salina (давстай усны сам хорхой)-г ашиглан тодорхойлоход “хоргүй” ангилалд багтаж байв. Цайртай комплекс нь уусамтгай чанар сайтай, хоруу чанар багатай зэрэг нь гоо сайхан, биологийн идэвхт бүтээгдэхүүнд цайрын эх үүсвэр болгон ашиглах боломжтойг харуулж байна.
Түлхүүр үг: цайр пептидийн хелат нэгдэл, пептидүүдийн молекул массын түгэлт, хоруу чанар
Perfectionism and Stress During Student-Teaching: Managing Uncertainty With Overcompensation
Authors: Oliver Peter V.
Published: March 2024

Student teachers who are unclear about their performance expectations may be driven toward perfectionism. This possibility is discussed as an over-compensation strategy to manage uncertainty and a perceived lack of clarity regarding student teachers’ roles in the classroom. In this case study, I examined perfectionism and stress among six female student teachers enrolled in senior-year student teaching at a small private New England university. I conducted interviews regarding perfectionism, stress, and the coping strategies student teachers used to manage the stress of teaching. Response themes are identified, and strategies to manage perfectionism and stress-related behaviors for student teachers are provided. Finally, I consider the relevance of these present findings for other professional development programs.
Experiences of Women in Sierra Leone Relating to Accessing Breast Cancer Treatment
Authors: Neville Anne , Aagard Magdeline
Published: March 2024

The lack of consistent access to breast cancer care and treatment remains a significant problem for women diagnosed with breast cancer in Sierra Leone. The instability of the political structure has created an environment with a high level of illiteracy and financial hardship among the female population, resulting in a significant deficiency in information relating to symptoms and the detection of breast cancer. To study the lived experience of women living in Sierra Leone who were diagnosed with breast cancer, I [the first author] used a descriptive phenomenological approach. I conducted semi-structured interviews based on Andersen and Newman’s healthcare utilization model, identifying predisposing, enabling, and need factors (Andersen & Newman, 1973). I recruited 10 participants by placing flyers in two organizations supporting breast cancer patients and used snowball sampling. Findings from the study showed that participants were aware of breast cancer and the risks associated with delayed cancer treatment. Social structures were identified as the main contributors to accessing breast cancer screening and selecting a health facility for treatment. Perceptions of affordability, quality of services, and recommendations by previous clients simultaneously influenced the selection of a health facility. The findings may assist health systems with addressing access to breast cancer care and treatment for women in Sierra Leone. Government officials may utilize the findings from this study to develop healthcare policies regarding access to breast cancer treatment.
Métodos alternativos na superação da dormência de sementes de Senegalia polyphylla (DC.) Britton & Rose para conservação e restauração ecológica
Authors: Fernandes Paulo Ricardo de Sena , Rodrigues Jovielly Neves , Menês Franciele Alves , Miranda Dheime Ribeiro de , Silva Jefferson Barbosa da , Carvalho Natália de , Müller Paulo Henrique da Silva , Souza Priscila Bezerra de
Published: March 2024

A dormência é um fator primordial para o sucesso da germinação das sementes de Senegalia polyphylla principalmente devido a problemas com a germinação e por ataque de besouros. Objetivou-se avaliar métodos alternativos de superação de dormência, como tratamentos com água quente, extrato do licor pirolenhoso (ELP) e óleo essencial (OE), a fim de testar a eficiência na germinação de sementes de Senegalia polyphylla, além de verificar incidência de fungos. As sementes testadas foram coletadas de três árvores matrizes em uma fisionomia de Cerrado, Gurupi-TO. O extrato do licor pirolenhoso (ELP) foi obtido a partir da carbonização da madeira do gênero Eucalyptus spp., no laboratório de Tecnologia e Utilização de Produtos Florestais I e o Óleo Essencial (OE) foi extraído das folhas da espécie Xylopia frutescens, no laboratório de Fitopatologia, Campus Universitário de Gurupi-TO. A maior germinação ocorreu para os tratamentos água a 50 °C e ELP a 5%, ambos com uma porcentagem de 98%. O controle e a água a 50 °C do ELP a 5% foram mais promissores para o índice de velocidade de germinação. Para as plântulas normais, a água a 50 ºC permitiu 94% de plântulas viáveis. Sementes não germinadas foram mais evidentes no tratamento com OE. Foi observada baixa incidência de fungos com a aplicação do OE nas sementes de Senegalia polyphylla. Extrato do licor pirolenhoso a 5% e a água a 50 ° C são métodos alternativos para a superação de dormência das sementes de Senegalia polyphylla, enquanto o óleo essencial de Xylopia frutescens é uma proposta alternativa ao controla da de fungos.
Formação de professores para a alfabetização a distância
Authors: Scliar-Cabral Leonor
Published: March 2024

Em dias de pandemia, um grande problema se coloca aos professores alfabetizadores: como continuar alfabetizando com sucesso quando as crianças se encontram confinadas em suas casas e o mediador não tem acesso direto ao aluno, sendo impossíveis as práticas, inclusive, lúdicas do ensino-aprendizagem socializado? Entre os maiores desafios, defrontamo-nos com o fato de que, em tais circunstâncias, o papel desempenhado pelo professor deverá ser ocupado, em grande parte, pelos familiares, os quais, por maior que seja a boa-vontade em colaborar, conforme os dados do Indicador de Alfabetismo Funcional (INAF, 2018), não se encontram entre os escassos 12% da população brasileira que atingiu o nível de proficiência em leitura (essa significa compreender criticamente os textos que circulam na sociedade). Proponho-me, pois, relatar a experiência de formação continuada de professores para alfabetizar para a leitura e escrita a distância.
Texto Metavisual (TMV) e seus elementos constitutivos no ENEM em Libras: uma análise de orquestração dos enunciados das videoquestões na perspectiva multimodal
Authors: Ferreira João Batista Neves , Araújo Denise Lino , Porto Shirley Barbosa das Neves
Published: March 2024

O presente artigo trata da multimodalidade nos aspectos constitutivos do Texto Metavisual (TMV), no ENEM em Libras, e sua orquestração em videoquestões sob a ótica da retextualização em uma perspectiva multimodal. O objetivo é identificar os elementos descritivos da retextualização na construção dos enunciados das videoquestões da prova do ENEM em Libras e assim relacionar esses processos, sob a ótica da multimodalidade e da multissemiótica, considerando as estratégias utilizadas e os recursos visuoespaciais mobilizados para a construção do exame em Libras videossinalizada, caracterizando os aspectos constitutivos enunciativos das videoquestões videossinalisadas sob a ótica da retextualização. Há recursos visuoespaciais que estão diretamente ligados à composição do texto metavisual como resultado dos processos de retextualização na mudança de língua da modalidade escrita da Língua Portuguesa para a modalidade videossinalizada em Libras e suas próprias estruturas enunciativas. Contextualizar a multimodalidade numa perspectiva da retextualização parte da necessidade de entender os elementos constitutivos da linguagem humana, falada, escrita e sinalizada. Para tais objetivos, respalda-se em Ribeiro (2021), Kress (2001), Dionísio (2008) e Kress e Van Leeuwen (2001). Esta se configura como pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, de natureza descritiva- interpretativa e exploratória, como também uma pesquisa documental digital, de acordo com a fonte de coletas de dados. Analisa-se uma questão e sua videossinalização para o ENEM pertencente a um corpus ampliado.
Gestão da qualidade na área da saúde: o desiderato fundamental
Authors: Solidade Cassio Humberto Rocha , Silva Thatiane Leite da
Published: March 2024

A atenção à saúde é um setor muito complexo e a prestação de serviço é a atenção fragmentada. A qualidade pode ser um paradigma comum para atender às necessidades de todos os grupos de saúde. A melhoria da qualidade é a abordagem de processo para os desafios operacionais da organização. A iniciativa de abordar a qualidade na assistência à saúde tornou-se um fenômeno global. Uma revolução de qualidade para a prestação de serviço com paciente no centro e serviços ao seu redor é a demanda da época. Este artigo faz uma revisão abrangente da gestão da qualidade em serviços de saúde e tem como objetivo sensibilizar os profissionais de saúde para o alcance da qualidade total.
O papel do estado no desenvolvimento regional: uma análise a partir dos municípios
Authors: Zaleski Jair , Genauch Carlos Davi , Herzog Santa Cecilia Marques
Published: March 2024

Esse estudo investiga o papel do Estado no desenvolvimento regional, tendo por premissa que os municípios são elementos-chave para o futuro e desempenham um papel primordial nos aspectos sociais e econômicos do país, possuindo grande impacto sobre o meio ambiente. O objetivo do estudo foi o de identificar que ações o Estado pode promover para estimular o desenvolvimento regional. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa bibliográfica, de cunho qualitativo e descritivo, usando livros e artigos científicos. Verificou-se que a falta de planejamento no processo de urbanização nacional levou à segregação de grupos populacionais e ao surgimento de inúmeras desigualdades, interferindo diretamente no desenvolvimento regional. Pode-se observar que ao traçar um projeto de desenvolvimento regional é preciso avaliar as potencialidades e as dificuldades locais. Pois, sem um estudo pormenorizado dos problemas locais e das oportunidades de crescimento, nenhum projeto poderá ser desenvolvido em bases sólidas. Existem várias formas de o Estado exercer seu papel de agente potencializador do desenvolvimento regional, devendo abordar os fatores econômico, tecnológico, social, humano e ambiental, com investimentos em educação, geração de empregos, distribuição de renda, tecnologia, infraestrutura e tudo isso de forma sustentável.
As raízes autoritárias no processo penal brasileiro: artigos 156 e 385 do CPP
Authors: Rego Elson José do , Sampaio Daniel Carvalho , Sampaio Vanessa Nunes de Barros Mendes , Nascimento Justina Alzira Soares do , Moura Enedina Gizeli Albano , Santos Jane Karla de Oliveira , Silva Ana Carolinna Barros e , Mourão Igo Raynon da Silva
Published: March 2024

O processo penal brasileiro é um código antigo que já passou do tempo de ser modificado ou substituído. Ele foi inspirado no código de processo penal italiano da décado de 1930, o qual era totalmente autoritário e tirano, ceifando todas chances e direitos dos cidadãos se defenderem. Dentre essas raízes estão presentes os artigos 156 e 385 do código de processo penal brasileiro, o primeiro exclui a figura da paridade das armas e permite que o juíz se vista de acusador, solicitando provas. Já o segundo, permite que o juíz condene o acusado mesmo o Mnistério Público solicitando a sua absolvição. Os princípios constitucionais e do direito processual penal, são violado constantemente nos julgados por todo o brasil, revivendo o que aconteceu há vários anos atrás nos governos romanos, germânicos e nas ditaduras ocorridas no século XX no mundo todo.
A representação social do médico na oncologia: diante da dor do outro e do eu
Authors: Florêncio Paulo César Monteiro , Pacheco Júnior Jurandir Vasconcelos , Silva Ivan Rodrigues , Oliveira Adriana Carvalho de , Carvalho Lana Veras de
Published: March 2024

O trabalho é um dos mais importantes determinantes sociais de saúde e do bem-estar e o papel do médico na assistência oncológica pode desencadear efeitos negativos no próprio profissional acarretando sofrimento, adoecimento e estresse. Analisar as representações do oncologista em relação ao seu sofrimento profissional a partir de filmes. Foi utilizada a abordagem qualitativa e pesquisa documental através das produções audiovisuais, analisando a conversação para análise de filmes diante da representação do médico diante da dor do outro e da dor do eu. Os filmes expressam a imagem do profissional que possuiu deficiências quanto a comunicação verbal e não-verbal, lida com o medo de se adequar as condutais morais exigidas hoje e do sensacionalismo nos meios de comunicação, além do temor de enfrentar o julgamento pela ineficiência da sua prática e o receio de motivar o agravo físico e/ou emocional do paciente. O médico na prática com oncologia lida constantemente com o sofrimento, a morte e as perdas, temas ainda pouco abordados na formação médica, resultando na automatização do cuidar.