bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Successful management of misdiagnosed Descemet membrane detachment after phacoemulsification surgery
Authors: Simsek Cem , Kaderli Sema , Karalezli Aylin
Published: November 2023

An 85-year-old man without antecedents of ocular disease history presented with reduced vision 4 months after uneventful phacoemulsification cataract surgery and IOL implantation in the right eye at a local clinic in the right eye. The visual acuity in the right eye was counting fingers at 3 m and 20/20 in the left eye. Slitlamp examination of the anterior chamber showed corneal edema with folds and fibrotic opacified formations in Descemet membrane. Descemet membrane detachment (DMD) was clearly observed using Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). The fibrotic formations were removed, and the DMD was successfully reattached with intracameral injection of sulfur hexafluoride. The healing of DM could be viewed clearly through anterior segment OCT.
Atypical iris cyst after trauma and cataract surgery masquerading as iris tumor
Authors: Chokesuwattanaskul Susama , Tansanguan Sasiwimon , Tananuvat Napaporn
Published: November 2023

A 22-year-old man was referred for gradually impaired vision in his left eye. The affected eye had a history of traumatic ruptured cornea with a primary repair 2 years ago and then a cataract surgery 6 months later. At presentation, a large whitish iris mass was seen on the superior part of the iris involving the visual axis in the affected eye. The anterior segment optical coherence tomography revealed an iris cyst with solid contents. The entire cyst was removed surgically. The histological finding was consistent with an iris cyst lined by stratified squamous epithelium. At 1-year postoperatively, there was no sign of recurrence. Secondary iris cyst, from epithelial downgrowth, which occurs after trauma and cataract surgery, can atypically masquerade as an iris tumor. Surgical removal is indicated if the vision is threatened and to provide a definite histopathological diagnosis.
Large air bubble in the Berger space during cataract surgery
Authors: Dong Jing , Jiang Lin , Sun Bin , Wang Xiaogang
Published: November 2023

For treating retinal or Descemet membrane detachment, an expansive gas is purposefully injected into the vitreous cavity or the anterior chamber. However, it is important to consider the potential complications associated with gas injection, such as intraocular pressure elevation, intraocular lens (IOL) opacification, and gas bubble migration. It is crucial to deal effectively with unexpected intraocular air bubbles. The Berger space is an interspace between the posterior lens capsule and the anterior vitreous hyaloid that provides potential for gas bubble migration. In this study, the features and management during cataract surgery for an individual with a large air bubble in the Berger space is described. A 26-gauge needle was used to puncture the posterior capsule and aspirate the gas bubble; however, this intraoperative strategy was considered inappropriate. Other strategies, such as pars plana aspiration and posterior capsule capsulorhexis before IOL implantation, may be considered in similar cases in the future.
Adjunctive Docosahexaenoic Acid in Residual Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety
Authors: Piperoglou Michael , Hopwood Malcolm , Norman Trevor R.
Published: November 2023

Objective

The aim of the study is to examine the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid as an adjunct to ongoing pharmacological treatments in patients with residual symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Methods/Procedures

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial was conducted at a single private practice site. Participants were drawn from patients attending the practice.

Patients meeting criteria had a 4-week run-in period where they continued to receive their prescribed medications and omega-3 supplements. Depression and anxiety ratings were assessed at recruitment and completion of the run-in phase. Patients were randomized to receive an omega-3 supplement (Neurospark) or placebo once daily for 8 weeks then crossed over to the alternative treatment. At the end of the double-blind, cross-over phase patients received the supplement and were assessed after a 4-week run-out phase.

Depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton scales. Efficacy of treatment was assessed using a linear mixed model analysis with time, order of treatment, diagnosis, and their interaction as factors. Depression and anxiety scales were analyzed as independent measures.

Results

The study enrolled 47 patients (mean [SD] age, 46.1 [11.2] years; [59.6%] male). Depression scores did not significantly change across assessments (P > 0.1); there was no effect of order of treatment (P > 0.1) or an interaction between time, order of treatment, and psychiatric diagnosis (P > 0.1). Anxiety scores were similarly unchanged across treatment visits and order of treatment, and there was no interaction between time, order of treatment, and psychiatric diagnosis.

Conclusions

Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation did not significantly alter residual symptoms in this group of patients.
Assessment of the Respiratory Health of Working US Coal Miners Since 2014—Radiography, Spirometry, and Symptom Assessments
Authors: Hall Noemi B. , Reynolds Laura , Blackley David J. , Laney A. Scott
Published: November 2023

Objective

The aim of the study is to summarize Coal Workers’ Health Surveillance Program findings since 2014, focusing on prevalence of radiographic pneumoconiosis and abnormal spirometry by region.

Methods

Analysis included the most recent Coal Workers’ Health Surveillance Program encounter for working miners during October 1, 2014–June 30, 2022. Central Appalachia consists of Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia.

Results

Pneumoconiosis prevalence was highest among underground miners, with 318 (6.2%) having radiographic evidence of disease. Central Appalachian miners were more likely to have evidence of pneumoconiosis (relative risk = 4.1 [3.4—5.0]) and abnormal spirometry (relative risk = 1.4 [1.2—1.6]) compared with all others.

Conclusions

Central Appalachia is a hotspot for pneumoconiosis, as well as for other indicators of respiratory impairment in coal miners. Outreach for occupational respiratory health surveillance should focus on those areas most heavily affected, ensuring that miners are not hindered by perceived or actual barriers to this secondary intervention.
Left Atrial-Veno Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation as a Bridge to Surgery for Endocarditis-Related Acute Severe Aortic Regurgitation
Authors: Sabharwal Aditya , Tsiouris Athanasios , Slaughter Mark S. , Lemor Alejandro , Jeyakumar Ashok Kumar Coimbatore , Protos Adam , Hernandez Gabriel A.
Published: November 2023

Mechanical circulatory support for cardiogenic shock complicated by acute severe aortic regurgitation poses a unique challenge for traditional veno arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) because of rapidly rising left ventricular pressures accentuated by the increased afterload from retrograde flow in femoral cannulation. This process necessitates rapid left ventricular unloading while also allowing for adequate native left ventricular function. Herein, we describe a case of cardiogenic and septic shock secondary to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus complicated by acute severe aortic regurgitation temporized by left atrial-veno arterial (LA-VA) ECMO via the Livanova TandemHeart system. Left ventricular unloading created a window of hemodynamic stability allowing for optimization of multiorgan failure and infectious source control before surgical aortic valve replacement.
Traumatic spinal cord injury: acute phase treatment in critical care
Authors: Adegeest Charlotte Y. , ter Wengel Paula V. , Peul Wilco C.
Published: November 2023

Purpose of review

Surgical timing in traumatic spinal cord injury (t-SCI) remains a point of debate. Current guidelines recommend surgery within 24 h after trauma; however, earlier timeframes are currently intensively being investigated. The aim of this review is to provide an insight on the acute care of patients with t-SCI.

Recent findings

Multiple studies show that there appears to be a beneficial effect on neurological recovery of early surgical decompression within 24 h after trauma. Currently, the impact of ultra-early surgery is less clear as well as lacking evidence for the most optimal surgical technique. Nevertheless, early surgery to decompress the spinal cord by whatever method can impact the occurrence for perioperative complications and potentially expedite rehabilitation. There are clinical and socioeconomic barriers in achieving timely and adequate surgical interventions for t-SCI.

In this review, we provide an overview of the recent insights of surgical timing in t-SCI and the current barriers in acute t-SCI treatment.
Hereditary causes of hypertension due to increased sodium transport
Authors: Zhang Jinwei
Published: November 2023

Purpose of review

Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a widespread health condition affecting a large number of individuals across the globe. Although lifestyle choices and environmental factors are known to have a significant impact on its development, there is growing recognition of the influence of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of hypertension. This review specifically focuses on the hereditary causes of hypertension that are associated with increased sodium transport through the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) or amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), crucial mechanisms involved in regulating blood pressure in the kidneys. By examining genetic mutations and signaling molecules linked to the dysregulation of sodium transport, this review aims to deepen our understanding of the hereditary causes of hypertension and shed light on potential therapeutic targets.

Recent findings

Liddle syndrome (LS) is a genetic disorder that typically manifests early in life and is characterized by hypertension, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hyporeninemia, and suppressed aldosterone secretion. This condition is primarily caused by gain-of-function mutations in ENaC. In contrast, Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII) is marked by hyperkalemia and hypertension, alongside other clinical features such as hyperchloremia, metabolic acidosis, and suppressed plasma renin levels. PHAII results from overactivations of NCC, brought about by gain-of-function mutations in its upstream signaling molecules, including WNK1 (with no lysine (K) 1), WNK4, Kelch-like 3 (KLHL3), and cullin3 (CUL3).

NCC and ENaC are integral components, and their malfunctions lead to disorders like LS and PHAII, hereditary causes of hypertension. Current treatments for LS involve ENaC blockers (e.g., triamterene and amiloride) in conjunction with low-sodium diets, effectively normalizing blood pressure and potassium levels. In PHAII, thiazide diuretics, which inhibit NCC, are the mainstay treatment, albeit with some limitations and potential side effects. Ongoing research in developing alternative treatments, including small molecules targeting key regulators, holds promise for more effective and tailored hypertension solutions.
Expanding indications for urogenital transplantation: congenital and oncologic defects, and gender affirmation
Authors: Lopez Christopher D. , Girard Alisa O. , Redett Richard J.
Published: November 2023

Purpose of review

Penile transplantation has become an emerging option for patients with severe genital defects. Only transplantation restores anatomy, sexual, and reproductive function of the penis. However, penile transplantation comes with important technical, psychosocial, ethical, and surgical challenges that must be considered for successful implementation. Indications for penile transplantation have yet to be clearly elucidated.

Recent findings

Since 2006, only five penile transplants have been performed globally. Four of the five transplants have been performed following traumatic defects, and one was performed following a total penectomy from squamous cell carcinoma. Only two of the five penile transplants remain intact. However, long-term outcomes are encouraging with optimal surgical planning, patient selection, and immunologic compliance. Clinical implications and ethical considerations are discussed.

Penile transplantation is a novel solution for penile defects not amenable to traditional reconstructive approaches. With an evidence-based surgical technique, potential advantages include improved urinary function, sensation, and cosmesis. While patient selection is challenging, there is an ongoing effort to identify potential candidates. Indications are discussed in this article.
Arachnoid cyst presenting as a neurosurgical emergency: a case report
Authors: Bhattarai Himal B. , Sapkota Shabal , Mandal Prince , Bhattarai Madhur , Pathak Roshan
Published: November 2023

Introduction:

Arachnoid cysts are intra-arachnoid lesions filled with cerebrospinal fluid. They account for ~1% of all intracranial mass lesions and are non-neoplastic collections of cerebrospinal fluid within an anomalous arachnoid enclosure.

Case presentation:

The authors report a 35-year-old Arabian male who presented to the ER with a history of sudden loss of consciousness, anisocoria, and right hemiparesis. Contrast tomography showed a large frontoparietotemporal cyst (7.7×5.8×5.4) with uncal herniation and a midline shift of 12 mm. An emergency left FTP craniotomy with an excision of the cyst was performed.

Discussion:

Arachnoid cysts can be categorized as primary or secondary, arising congenitally or due to factors like trauma, infection, or neoplasia. It can rupture, leading to internal bleeding, causing symptoms such as headaches, seizures, and neurological decline. Rapid diagnosis is vital, with cranial computed tomography scans preferred for emergencies. Treatment options include surgical intervention like craniotomy, fenestration, or cyst peritoneal shunts. For uncal herniation, surgery can be successful and results depends on the amount of herniation.

Conclusion:

Although benign, the arachnoid cysts led to uncal herniation when they become ʻtensionʼ cysts. A high level of suspicion is crucial for early recognition of the condition. Timely intervention has shown positive recovery outcomes.
Uncommon presentation: isolated small bowel perforation after blunt abdominal trauma in a pediatric patient; a case report
Authors: Katwal Shailendra , Ghimire Aastha , Joshi Nishant
Published: November 2023

Introduction and importance:

A small bowel perforation occurring in isolation as a result of blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) is a rare event, especially in pediatric patients. The unusual presentation and lack of distinct clinical indications can pose a challenge in promptly diagnosing this condition. This study seeks to underscore the importance of early detection and immediate surgical intervention when dealing with small bowel perforations following BAT.

Case presentation:

A 13-year-old girl arrived at the emergency department after falling from a cliff. Initial evaluations, including a physical examination and imaging studies, did not uncover any notable irregularities. Nevertheless, the persistent abdominal discomfort and pain prompted further concerns. A contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan was performed, confirming ileal perforation. The patient subsequently underwent exploratory laparotomy, which resulted in successful surgical treatment.

Clinical discussion:

BAT causes increased intraluminal pressure, leading to blowout perforation of the small bowel. Diagnosis can be challenging, particularly in the absence of immediate symptoms or conclusive radiographic findings. Close observation and repeated examinations are essential to detect delayed perforations. Early surgical intervention within 12 h of injury has been shown to significantly reduce complications and mortality rates.

Conclusion:

Isolated small bowel perforation is a rare occurrence in pediatric patients, and timely diagnosis and surgical intervention are crucial for favorable outcomes. Diagnostic imaging, like contrast-enhanced computerized tomography, helps identify the condition when clinical findings are inconclusive. Comprehensive counseling is essential for patients and their families to understand potential risks and intervention needs, ensuring appropriate management, and treatment delays.
A case of epithelioid osteoblastoma of the thoracic vertebra in a 12-year-old male: a case report and review of literature
Authors: Zaresharifi Nooshin , Karimzadhagh Sahand , Reihanian Zoheir , Jahanzad Issa , Ashoobi Mohammad T.
Published: November 2023

Introduction and importance:

Osteoblastoma (OB) is a rare benign bone tumor, representing less than 1% of all bone neoplasms. In contrast to the typical OB, a smaller subset known as ‘epithelioid osteoblastoma (EO)’ exhibits a distinctive inclination for local invasion and recurrence. This rare variant can pose diagnostic challenges, particularly due to its unclear clinical and radiological presentation.

Case presentation:

This study details a clinical case of a 12-year-old boy experiencing pain from a lytic bone tumor located in the thoracic vertebrae (T3–T4), initially suggesting malignancy. Following extensive curettage, histopathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of EO through immunohistochemical staining. Subsequent follow-up at 3 months revealed the absence of no pain or recurrence of the lesion.

Clinical discussion:

Distinguishing EO from a malignant tumor requires a multidisciplinary approach, considering clinical, radiographic, and histological features that differentiate the two entities.

Conclusion:

The goal of this case presentation is to increase awareness regarding this recurrent tumor variant, which poses diagnostic challenges, particularly in distinguishing it from malignant tumors, including osteosarcoma.
Pseudocystic myxoid liposarcoma of the posterior chest wall – a rare case report
Authors: Shakil Saad , Akhtar Sareema Eman , Zaidi Mahum , Ajmal Rizwan , Alsubai Abdulla K. , Ramtohul Rahul , Akbar Absam , Tabassi Aysa , Tabassi Aylin , Almas Talal
Published: November 2023

Introduction and importance:

Liposarcoma (LPS) is a common soft-tissue sarcoma predominantly diagnosed in adults, arising from malignant adipose cells. Among its various subtypes, myxoid LPS (MLPS) stands out as the second most frequent, accounting for ~30% of all LPS cases. This particular subtype typically manifests in males between the ages of 40 and 50 and is commonly found in the lower extremities. Although rare, MLPS may also occur in the head, neck, and infrequently in the back. Chest wall LPS cases are also sparsely reported.

Case presentation:

In this report, we present a case of MLPS in a 69-year-old male patient who presented with a complaint of firm swelling on the right posterior chest wall, which was progressively increasing in size over the past 10 years. The tumour was located in the posterior chest wall on the left side, and further diagnostic evaluation using computed tomography (CT) and MRI was conducted to identify its characteristics and extent.

Clinical discussion:

The use of CT scanning plays a crucial role in differentiating between various lipomatous tumour types, aiding in the identification and classification of MLPS. However, MRI emerges as a more effective technique for detecting microscopic fat compared to CT or ultrasonography, providing valuable insights for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.

Conclusion:

Surgery remains the primary therapeutic approach for managing LPSs, including MLPS. Adjuvant preoperative radiation is recommended due to its significant sensitivity and potential for improved outcomes. Given the rarity of this presentation and the varied anatomical locations, a multidisciplinary approach is paramount in effectively managing such cases. Medical practitioners should collaborate closely, considering the unique challenges posed by MLPS to ensure optimal patient care and treatment outcomes.
Inhibiting stanniocalcin 2 reduces sunitinib resistance of Caki-1 renal cancer cells under hypoxia condition
Authors: Chu Hezhen , Xie Wenchao , Guo Chuanzhi , Shi Haifeng , Gu Jie , Qin Zhenqian , Xie Yimin
Published: November 2023

Background:

Our previous study has suggested that blocking stanniocalcin 2 (STC2) could reduce sunitinib resistance in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) under normoxia. The hypoxia is a particularly important environment for RCC occurrence and development, as well as sunitinib resistance. The authors proposed that STC2 also plays important roles in RCC sunitinib resistance under hypoxia conditions.

Methods:

The ccRCC Caki-1 cells were treated within the hypoxia conditions. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting were applied to detect the STC2 expression in ccRCC Caki-1 cells. STC2-neutralizing antibodies, STC2 siRNA, and the recombinant human STC2 (rhSTC2) were used to identify targeting regulation on STC2 in modulating sunitinib resistance, proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and invasion. In addition, autophagy flux and the lysosomal acidic environment were investigated by Western blotting and fluorescence staining, and the accumulation of sunitinib in cells was observed with the addition of STC2-neutralizing antibodies and autophagy modulators.

Results:

Under hypoxia conditions, sunitinib disrupted the lysosomal acidic environment and accumulated in Caki-1 cells. Hypoxia-induced the STC2 mRNA and protein levels in Caki-1 cells. STC2-neutralizing antibodies and STC2 siRNA effectively aggravated sunitinib-reduced cell viability and proliferation, which were reversed by rhSTC2. In addition, sunitinib promoted EMT, migration, and invasion, which were reduced by STC2-neutralizing antibodies.

Conclusion:

Inhibiting STC2 could reduce the sunitinib resistance of ccRCC cells under hypoxia conditions.
Osteoporosis therapy using nanoparticles: a review
Authors: Zeghoud Soumeia , Ben Amor Ilham , Alnazza Alhamad Ali , Darwish Lamis , Hemmami Hadia
Published: November 2023

Osteoporosis, characterized by low bone density and increased risk of fractures, represents a major healthcare challenge. Anti-resorptive and anabolic medications are now used to treat osteoporosis in an effort to reduce bone loss and increase bone mass. Innovative methods are required since current therapies have drawbacks. Promising options for improving bone health and medicine delivery are provided by nanotechnology. Bisphosphonates with tetracyclines and oligopeptides, among other compounds that target the bone, make it easier to provide a particular medication to bone tissue. Additionally, nanocarriers are essential for the administration of both organic and inorganic nanoparticles in the treatment of osteoporosis. Drug encapsulation and controlled release may be done in a variety of ways using organic nanoparticles. Inorganic nanoparticles have special qualities that help in medication transport and bone repair. This review explores the potential of nanoparticle-based strategies in the treatment of osteoporosis.
Exploration of outcome measures for assessing orthotic intervention in upper extremity peripheral nerve injuries: 2 case reports
Authors: Macedo Flávia Pessoni F. , McKee Pat , Semedo Ana Carolina Grillo , Parisi Maitê , Scarpa Isadora , Santiago Paulo Roberto Pereira , Fonseca Marisa de Cássia Registro
Published: November 2023

In upper extremity peripheral nerve injuries, orthotic intervention has been used as a valuable device to restore function. However, there is lacking evidence to support it. The purpose of this study was to explore the application of body function’s outcome measures for orthotic intervention evaluation in patients with peripheral nerve injury. Two participants sustaining a peripheral nerve injury who underwent orthotic intervention were assessed: subject 1 was a 25-year-old man with ulnar and median nerve injury presenting with a composite claw; subject 2, a 28-year-old man with radial nerve injury presenting with a dropped wrist. Strength, range of motion, and electromyography were measured in 2 conditions: wearing the orthosis and without it. The Jamar, Pinch Gauge, a 3D motion capture system (Optitrack-NaturalPoint), and surface electromyography (Trigno Wireless System, Delsys) were the chosen instruments. Both subjects presented differences in grip and pinch strength. In both tasks, subject 1 reached higher wrist extension while wearing the orthosis. Subject 2 reached higher wrist extension and radial deviation while wearing the orthosis. There were marked differences in both tasks for subject 2, especially the maintenance of wrist extension when wearing the orthosis. Electromyographic assessment showed higher root-mean-square values for all muscles, in both tasks for subject 1. For subject 2, a higher root-mean-square value was found for flexor carpi ulnaris during the execution of task 1 wearing the orthosis. Outcome measures of body function can quantify the impact of orthotic intervention in patients sustaining peripheral nerve injury, and therefore, they are feasible for evaluating it.
Protection of a defensive symbiont does not constrain the composition of the multifunctional hydrocarbon profile in digger wasps
Authors: Ingham Chantal Selina , Engl Tobias , Kaltenpoth Martin
Published: November 2023

Hydrocarbons (HCs) fulfil indispensable functions in insects, protecting against desiccation and serving chemical communication. However, the link between composition and function, and the selection pressures shaping HC profiles remain poorly understood. Beewolf digger wasps (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) use an antennal gland secretion rich in linear unsaturated HCs to form a hydrophobic barrier around their defensive bacterial symbiont, protecting it from brood cell fumigation by toxic egg-produced nitric oxide (NO). Virtually identical HC compositions mediate desiccation protection and prey preservation from moulding in underground beewolf brood cells. It is unknown whether this composition presents an optimized adaptation to all functions, or a compromise due to conflicting selection pressures. Here, we reconstitute the NO barrier with single and binary combinations of synthetic linear saturated and unsaturated HCs, corresponding to HCs found in beewolves. The results show that pure alkanes as well as 3 : 1 mixtures of alkanes and alkenes resembling the composition of beewolf HCs form efficient protective barriers against NO, indicating that protection can be achieved by different mixtures of HCs. Since
in vitro
assays with symbiont cultures from different beewolf hosts indicate widespread NO sensitivity, HC-mediated protection from NO is likely important across Philanthini wasps. We conclude that HC-mediated protection of the symbiont from NO does not exert a conflicting selection pressure on the multifunctional HC profile of beewolves.
'Dysgenic fertility' is an ideological, not a scientific, concept. A Comment on: ‘Stability and change in male fertility patterns by cognitive ability across 32 birth cohorts’ (2023), by Bratsberg & Rogeberg
Authors: Sear Rebecca , Townsend Cathryn
Published: November 2023

Recently Bratsberg & Rogeberg (2023) presented an analysis in
Biology Letters
of how cognitive ability is associated with fertility in Norwegian men. Our concern relates to the theoretical framework of this paper. The analysis is framed around the concept of ‘dysgenic fertility’, which is treated throughout as a scientific theory, but ‘dysgenic fertility’ is not science, it is an ideological concept.
Chemical reaction motifs driving non-equilibrium behaviours in phase separating materials
Authors: Osmanović Dino , Franco Elisa
Published: November 2023

Chemical reactions that couple to systems that phase separate have been implicated in diverse contexts from biology to materials science. However, how a particular set of chemical reactions (chemical reaction network, CRN) would affect the behaviours of a phase separating system is difficult to fully predict theoretically. In this paper, we analyse a mean field theory coupling CRNs to a combined system of phase separating and non-phase separating materials and analyse how the properties of the CRNs affect different classes of non-equilibrium behaviour: microphase separation or temporally oscillating patterns. We examine the problem of achieving microphase separated condensates by statistical analysis of the Jacobians, of which the most important motifs are negative feedback of the phase separating component and combined inhibition/activation by the non-phase separating components. We then identify CRN motifs that are likely to yield microphase by examining randomly generated networks and parameters. Molecular sequestration of the phase separating motif is shown to be the most robust towards yielding microphase separation. Subsequently, we find that dynamics of the phase separating species is promoted most easily by inducing oscillations in the diffusive components coupled to the phase separating species. Our results provide guidance towards the design of CRNs that manage the formation, dissolution and organization of compartments.
Characterizing network circuity among heterogeneous urban amenities
Authors: Poudyal Bibandhan , Ghoshal Gourab , Kirkley Alec
Published: November 2023

The spatial configuration of urban amenities and the streets connecting them collectively provide the structural backbone of a city, influencing its accessibility, vitality and ultimately the well-being of its residents. Most accessibility measures focus on the proximity of amenities in space or along transportation networks, resulting in metrics largely determined by urban density alone. These measures are unable to gauge how efficiently street networks can navigate between amenities, since they neglect the circuity component of accessibility. Existing measures also often require ad hoc modelling choices, making them less flexible for different applications and difficult to apply in cross-sectional analyses. Here, we develop a simple, principled and flexible measure to characterize the circuity of accessibility among heterogeneous amenities in a city, which we call the pairwise circuity (PC). The PC quantifies the excess travel distance incurred when using the street network to route between a pair of amenity types, summarizing both spatial and topological correlations among amenities. Measures developed using our framework exhibit significant statistical associations with a variety of urban prosperity and accessibility indicators when compared with an appropriate null model, and we find a clear separation in the PC values of cities according to development level and geographical region.
The ecology–evolution continuum and the origin of life
Authors: Baum David A. , Peng Zhen , Dolson Emily , Smith Eric , Plum Alex M. , Gagrani Praful
Published: November 2023

Prior research on evolutionary mechanisms during the origin of life has mainly assumed the existence of populations of discrete entities with information encoded in genetic polymers. Recent theoretical advances in autocatalytic chemical ecology establish a broader evolutionary framework that allows for adaptive complexification prior to the emergence of bounded individuals or genetic encoding. This framework establishes the formal equivalence of cells, ecosystems and certain localized chemical reaction systems as autocatalytic chemical ecosystems (ACEs): food-driven (open) systems that can grow due to the action of autocatalytic cycles (ACs). When ACEs are organized in meta-ecosystems, whether they be populations of cells or sets of chemically similar environmental patches, evolution, defined as change in AC frequency over time, can occur. In cases where ACs are enriched because they enhance ACE persistence or dispersal ability, evolution is adaptive and can build complexity. In particular, adaptive evolution can explain the emergence of self-bounded units (e.g. protocells) and genetic inheritance mechanisms. Recognizing the continuity between ecological and evolutionary change through the lens of autocatalytic chemical ecology suggests that the origin of life should be seen as a general and predictable outcome of driven chemical ecosystems rather than a phenomenon requiring specific, rare conditions.
A two-scale numerical study on the mechanobiology of abdominal aortic aneurysms
Authors: Dalbosco Misael , Terzano Michele , Carniel Thiago A. , Fancello Eduardo A. , Holzapfel Gerhard A.
Published: November 2023

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are a serious condition whose pathophysiology is related to phenomena occurring at different length scales. To gain a better understanding of the disease, this work presents a multi-scale computational study that correlates AAA progression with microstructural and mechanical alterations in the tissue. Macro-scale geometries of a healthy aorta and idealized aneurysms with increasing diameter are developed on the basis of existing experimental data and subjected to physiological boundary conditions. Subsequently, microscopic representative volume elements of the abluminal side of each macro-model are employed to analyse the local kinematics at the cellular scale. The results suggest that the formation of the aneurysm disrupts the micromechanics of healthy tissue, which could trigger collagen growth and remodelling by mechanosensing cells. The resulting changes to the macro-mechanics and microstructure of the tissue seem to establish a new homeostatic state at the cellular scale, at least for the diameter range investigated.
Minakata Kumagusu in London: Challenging Eurocentrism in the pages of
Nature
Authors: Lightman Bernard , Meade Ruselle
Published: November 2023

The Japanese biologist and ethnologist Minakata Kumagusu has achieved a degree of celebrity in Japan for being the first Asian contributor to the British scientific magazine
Nature
. However, although Minakata's many contributions to
Nature
from 1893 to 1914 provided British readers with rare insight into Asian scientific achievements, he is seldom discussed in history of science scholarship produced by American, British and European researchers. In this article we examine Minakata's
Nature
articles to gain insight into how his encounter with the Eurocentrism of British culture while living in London from 1892 to 1900 affected his intellectual development. We argue that having his articles published in
Nature
to gain scientific recognition was not Minakata's real goal. Rather, we demonstrate that his
Nature
articles were connected to a larger project that inspired Minakata for much of his life, a descriptive sociology of Japan. For this descriptive sociology, Minakata wished to construct a new form of historical analysis that drew on past Asian sources, as well as anthropological and sociological perspectives learned from British philosopher of evolution Herbert Spencer and British anthropologists such as Edward Clodd, Edward Tylor and Andrew Lang. Minakata's writings reveal him to be much more than a conduit of information about Asia. He was also a pioneering global intellectual who demonstrated how Asian science complemented Western science.
Structure and immunogenicity of the murine astrovirus capsid spike
Authors: Lanning Sarah , Pedicino Natalie , Haley Danielle J. , Hernandez Samuel , Cortez Valerie , DuBois Rebecca M.
Published: November 2023

Human astroviruses (HAstVs) are small, non-enveloped icosahedral RNA viruses that are a significant cause of diarrhoea in young children. Despite their worldwide prevalence, HAstV pathogenesis studies and vaccine development remain challenging due to the lack of an animal model for HAstV infection. The recent development of a murine astrovirus (MuAstV) infection model in mice provides the opportunity to test proof-of-concept vaccines based on MuAstV antigens. To help establish a system in which an astrovirus capsid spike-based vaccine could be tested in vivo, we designed and produced a recombinant MuAstV capsid spike protein based on predicted secondary structure homology to HAstV spike proteins. The recombinant MuAstV spike can be expressed with high efficiency in

Escherichia coli

and retains antigenicity to polyclonal antibodies elicited by MuAstV infection. We determined the crystal structure of the MuAstV spike to 1.75 Å and assessed its structural conservation with HAstV capsid spike. Despite low sequence identity between the MuAstV and HAstV spikes and differences in their overall shapes, they share related structural folds. Additionally, we found that vaccination with MuAstV spike induced anti-MuAstV-spike antibodies, highlighting that the recombinant spike is immunogenic. These studies lay a foundation for future in vivo MuAstV challenge studies to test whether MuAstV spike can be the basis of an effective vaccine.
In vitro activity of tubercidin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculosis Mycobacteria
Authors: Sun Qing , Liao Xinlei , Yan Jun , Jiang Guanglu , Huo Fengmin , Wang Guirong , Li Hao
Published: November 2023

Tubercidin is an adenosine analogue that has been shown to exhibit good activity against some tumours and parasites. In this study, the in vitro activity of tubercidin was evaluated against

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

(Mtb) and nontuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM). For determining the MICs of tubercidin, 23 fully drug-sensitive (DS) Mtb strains, 33 multi-drug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) strains, 29 pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (pre-XDR-TB) strains, 21 extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) strains, 17 rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) and nine slowly growing mycobacteria (SGM) references strains were tested by microplate-based Alamar Blue assay (MABA) method. The results indicate that tubercidin has high in vitro activity against some drug-resistance Mtb strains and NTM reference strains, which warrants further investigation on the actions of tubercidin and its derivatives as potential drugs for mycobacterial infections.
Performance of targeted next-generation sequencing in the detection of respiratory pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes for children
Authors: Lin Ruihong , Xing Zhihao , Liu Xiaorong , Chai Qiang , Xin Zefeng , Huang Meng , Zhu Chunqing , Luan Ce , Gao Hongdan , Du Yao , Deng Xuwen , Zhang Hetong , Ma Dongli
Published: November 2023

Introduction. Respiratory tract infection, which is associated with high morbidity and mortality, occurs frequently in children. At present, the main diagnostic method is culture. However, the low pathogen detection rate of the culture approach prevents timely and accurate diagnosis. Fortunately, next-generation sequencing (NGS) can compensate for the deficiency of culture, and its application in clinical diagnostics has become increasingly available.

Gap Statement. Targeted NGS (tNGS) is a platform that can select and enrich specific regions before data enter the NGS pipeline. However, the performance of tNGS in the detection of respiratory pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in infections in children is unclear.

Aim and methodology. In this study, we estimated the performance of tNGS in the detection of respiratory pathogens and ARGs in 47 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) specimens from children using conventional culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) as the gold standard.

Results. RPIP (Respiratory Pathogen ID/AMR enrichment) sequencing generated almost 500 000 reads for each specimen. In the detection of pathogens, RPIP sequencing showed targeted superiority in detecting difficult-to-culture bacteria, including

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

. Compared with the results of culture, the sensitivity and specificity of RPIP were 84.4 % (confidence interval 70.5–93.5 %) and 97.7 % (95.9 –98.8%), respectively. Moreover, RPIP results showed that a single infection was detected in 10 of the 47 BALF specimens, and multiple infections were detected in 34, with the largest number of bacterial/viral coinfections. Nevertheless, there were also three specimens where no pathogen was detected. Furthermore, we analysed the drug resistance genes of specimens containing

Streptococcus pneumoniae

, which was detected in 25 out of 47 specimens in the study. A total of 58 ARGs associated with tetracycline, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin, beta-lactams, sulfonamide and aminoglycosides were identified by RPIP in 19 of 25 patients. Using the results of AST as a standard, the coincidence rates of erythromycin, tetracycline, penicillin and sulfonamides were 89.5, 79.0, 36.8 and 42.1 %, respectively.

Conclusion. These results demonstrated the superiority of RPIP in pathogen detection, particularly for multiple and difficult-to-culture pathogens, as well as in predicting resistance to erythromycin and tetracycline, which has significance for the accurate diagnosis of pathogenic infection and in the guidance of clinical treatment.
Drosophila Undigested Metabolite Profiling reveals age related loss of intestinal amino acid transport regulates longevity
Authors: Mornement Abigail A. , Dack Rachael E. , Doupé David P. , Clark Rebecca I.
Published: November 2023

Age-related intestinal decline is marked by altered epithelial architecture, loss of barrier function, elevated stress and immune signalling and changes to the intestinal microbiota. Despite this we do not yet know whether age-related intestinal decline impacts nutrient management, a key function of the intestinal epithelium.

In this study we have developedDrosophilaUndigested Metabolite Profiling (D.U.M.P.) to assess the impact of intestinal ageing on nutrient absorption/excretion balance. We demonstrate that ageing results in a significant increase in amino acid load in the faecal matter that is largely driven by the microbiota and shortens lifespan. Increased amino acid load is associated with reduced expression of a subset of amino acid transporters. Knockdown of the amino acid transporterslimfastin the intestinal epithelium extends lifespan and confers improved microbial control in aged flies, suggesting reduced transporter expression is protective, preventing cellular uptake of excess amino acids.

We conclude that age-related changes to the microbiota are an important determinant of the local nutritional environment, with consequences for health. In addition, age-related decline of the intestinal epithelium may impact its capacity for nutrient absorption. These findings have significant implications for the rational design of anti-ageing nutritional therapies.
Adaptive divergence in the eyes ofHeliconiusbutterflies likely contributes to pre- and post-mating isolation
Authors: Wright Daniel Shane , Rodriguez-Fuentes Juliana , Ammer Lisa , Darragh Kathy , Kuo Chi-Yun , McMillan W. Owen , Jiggins Chris D. , Montgomery Stephen H. , Merrill Richard M.
Published: November 2023

When populations experience different sensory conditions, natural selection may favor whole sensory system divergence, from the peripheral structures to the brain. We characterized the outer eye morphology of sympatricHeliconiusspecies from different forest types, and their first-generation reciprocal hybrids to test for adaptive visual system divergence and hybrid disruption. In Panama,Heliconius cydnooccurs in closed forests, whereasHeliconius melpomeneresides in more open areas. Previous work has shown that, among wild individuals,H. cydnohas larger eyes thanH. melpomene, and there are heritable, habitat-associated differences in the visual brain structures that exceed neutral divergence expectations. Notably, hybrids have intermediate neural phenotypes, suggesting disruption. To test for similar effects in the visual periphery, we reared both species and their hybrids in common garden conditions. We confirm thatH. cydnohas larger eyes and provide new evidence that this is driven by selection. Hybrid eye morphology is moreH. melpomene-like despite body size being intermediate, contrasting with neural trait intermediacy. Thus, eye morphology differences betweenH. cydnoandH. melpomeneare consistent with adaptive divergence, and when combined with previous neuroanatomy data, suggest hybrid visual system disruption due to mismatched patterns of intermediacy and dominance in the visual pathway.
Evaluation of chromosome structure modelling tools in bacteria
Authors: Liu Tong , Qiu Qin-Tian , Hua Kang-Jian , Ma Bin-Guang
Published: November 2023

The three-dimensional (3D) structure of bacterial chromosomes is crucial for understanding chromosome function. With the growing availability of high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (3C/Hi-C) data, the 3D structure reconstruction algorithms have become powerful tools to study bacterial chromosome structure and function. It is highly desired to have a recommendation on the chromosome structure reconstruction tools to facilitate the prokaryotic 3D genomics. In this work, we review existing chromosome 3D structure reconstruction algorithms and classify them based on their underlying computational models into two categories: constraint-based modeling and thermodynamics-based modeling. We briefly compare these algorithms utilizing 3C/Hi-C datasets and fluorescence microscopy data obtained fromEscherichia coliandCaulobacter crescentus, as well as simulating datasets. We discuss current challenges in the 3D reconstruction algorithms for bacterial chromosomes, primarily focusing on software usability. Finally, we briefly prospect future research directions for bacterial chromosome structure reconstruction algorithms.
RNA activities of trans species: RNA from the sperm of the father of an autistic child programs glial cells and behavioral disorders in mice
Authors: Yilmaz Sukranli Zeynep , Korkmaz Bayram Keziban , Mehmetbeyoglu Ecmel , Doganyigit Zuleyha , Beyaz Feyzullah , Sener Elif Funda , Taheri Serpil , Ozkul Yusuf , Rassoulzadegan Minoo
Published: November 2023

Recently, we described the alteration of six miRNAs in the serum of autistic children, their fathers, mothers, siblings and in the sperm of autistic mouse models. Studies in model organisms suggest that noncoding RNAs participate in transcriptional modulation pathways. Using mice, approaches to alter the amount of RNA in fertilized eggs enableinvivointervention at an early stage of development. Noncoding RNAs are very numerous in spermatozoa. Our study aims to address a fundamental question: Can the transfer of RNA content from sperm to eggs result in changes in phenotypic traits, such as autism? To explore this, we utilized RNA from the sperm of a father with autistic children and microinjected it into fertilized mouse eggs, thus creating mouse models for autism. Here, we induced in a single step by microinjection of sperm RNA into fertilized eggs the transformation of glial cells into cells capable of developing ‵autism-like‵ disorders in mice born from these alterations.