bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Drama of the Case
Authors: Höcker Arne
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on Georg Büchner's Woyzeck (1837), which, based on an early case of legal responsibility, expounds the problem of judgment in the medical-legal context by staging the case as a dramatic ensemble of scenes of observation. The procedures leading up to the confirmation of the murderer Johann Christian Woyzeck's death sentence shape what was to be known as the Woyzeck case. By commissioning Dr. Clarus as a medical expert, the legal case, which was about the societal sanction of a criminal act, became a case of quite a different nature. The question that Dr. Clarus attempts to answer is not about the deed and its particular circumstances, but about the personality of the perpetrator and his motives. The document to which Büchner's Woyzeck refers verbatim is the second report that Dr. Clarus provided and that he published twice within only one year. The chapter argues that the canonical drama Woyzeck, based on the Woyzeck of the Clarus report, is essentially about the making of the case.
Conclusion
Authors: Höcker Arne
Published: January 2021

This chapter explains that while literary texts in the nineteenth century continued the convention of referencing historical cases, they did so in order to question institutional authority and to criticize the epistemological foundations and the legitimacy of legal judgments informed by psychological narrative. A scene from Hoffmann's “The Story of Serapion” in The Serapion Brethren may exemplify this new status of literary fiction in the nineteenth century. Hoffmann's rigorous rejection of medical authority in the analysis of states of mind for the purpose of legal decision making shows his deep concern about the predictability of the law and the dangers of compromising legal authority with knowledge based on philosophical speculation. Literary fiction, according to Hoffmann's rendering of romantic authorship, develops in opposition to psychological rationality and its claim to objectivity: poetical talent is based on methodological madness. This model of authorship, on the one hand, assigns to literary authors a special ability to depict questionable states of mind, and on the other hand locates this ability in authors' own special psychological intuition.
Amdo, Empire, and the United Front
Authors: Weiner Benno
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter explains that the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) goal in 1950s Amdo was not just state building but also nation building, which required the construction of narratives and policies capable of convincing Amdo Tibetans of their membership in a wider political community. It argues that Communist Party leaders implicitly understood both the administrative and epistemological obstacles to transforming an expansive, variegated, and vertically organized imperial formation into an integrated, socialist, multinational state. Moreover, the ideological underpinnings of the CCP demanded the active participation of individuals and communities in this new sociopolitical order, albeit in heavily scripted ways and as part of a distinct hierarchy of power. The CCP therefore adopted and adapted imperial strategies of rule, often collectively referred to as the United Front, as means to “gradually,” “voluntarily,” and “organically” bridge the gap between empire and nation. As demonstrated, however, the United Front ultimately lost out to a revolutionary impatience that demanded more immediate paths to national integration and socialist transformation. This led in 1958 to communization, large-scale rebellion, and its brutal pacification. Rather than a voluntary union, Amdo was integrated through the widespread and often indiscriminate use of violence, a violence that lingers in the living memory of Amdo Tibetans and many others.
If you Kill the County Head, how will I Explain it to the Communist Party?
Authors: Weiner Benno
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines efforts by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the very early months and years of the People's Republic of China to consolidate its control over Amdo's vast terrain and attract the support of its diverse inhabitants. Far from a comprehensive history of Qinghai during this transitional period, it focuses on the CCP's immediate motives and methods for wooing Tibetan elites—who not only were members of Amdo's “feudal ruling class” but with few exceptions had been implicated in the Ma regime—into a “patriotic United Front.” In doing so, CCP leaders made a distinction between hardline “bandits and spies” and Tibetan and Mongol chieftains and religious leaders. Even in the case of headmen “hoodwinked” into taking up arms against the CCP, Party leaders insisted that open resistance should not be treated as a manifestation of class struggle but as the residual effect of centuries of nationality exploitation. The chapter then considers the responses of several members of the Tibetan elite to the Party's United Front overtures.
Becoming Masters of their Own Home (under the Leadership of the Party)
Authors: Weiner Benno
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) practical and ideological motivations for creating Zeku County and Amdo's other autonomous nationality administrations, within which—Party leaders repeatedly promised—minority communities would at last become “masters of their own homes.” In 1950s Amdo, nationality autonomy was considered the key mechanism by which non-Han people would be both administratively and psychologically integrated into the new state and nation. It was a central component of the Maoist “high-modernist” project, its aim to reterritorialize ethnocultural frontiers into component parts of a unitary nation-state, a process referred to as “minoritization.” The chapter then traces efforts by Guo Min's County Work Group to build a consensus among the region's divided headmen for founding Zeku County. This almost certainly was to be the first time in its history that the region would be territorialized and administered as a whole and distinct entity. Party leaders were aware that this not only demanded drawing boundaries and building administrative organs where none had previously existed—it also necessitated creating a county-level constituency from the disparate interests and loyalties of the region's divided population.
High Tide on the High Plateau
Authors: Weiner Benno
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the period from summer 1955 to summer 1956, a year that saw the sudden introduction of class analysis and protocollectivization into Amdo's grasslands. Spurred by the nationwide “High Tide of Socialist Transformation,” which sought to collectivize agriculture at a sudden and startling pace, in fall of 1955, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organized “intensive investigations” into Amdo's pastoral society, efforts meant to pave the way for the staged introduction of pastoral cooperatives. By early 1956, Qinghai's leadership had made cooperativization (hezuohua) the year's core task in pastoral areas. Under these circumstances, the underpinnings of the United Front came under pressure as socialism itself was declared the means to achieve nationality unity and economic development. With revolutionary impatience threatening to overwhelm United Front pragmatism, the rhetoric used to describe Tibetan elites began to shift as well. Rather than covictims of nationality exploitation, headmen and monastic leaders were increasingly transformed into representatives of the pastoral exploiting class.
Reaching the Sky in a Single Step—the Amdo Rebellion
Authors: Weiner Benno
Published: January 2021

This chapter surveys events leading up to the Amdo Rebellion, its devastating course, and its immediate consequences. Both contemporary and secondary Chinese-language sources describe the Amdo Rebellion as a principally pastoral affair prompted by elite resistance to collectivization. Some even refer to the uprising as “Qinghai's pastoral region armed rebellion.” However, it is important to note that under a policy referred to as Strike and Reform (Bianda Biangai), in most pastoral regions it would be during the pacification of the rebellion that “democratic reforms” were finally fully implemented and socialist transformation completed. In fact, at the time, Qinghai's leadership claimed that the rebellion was most ferocious in places where pastoral cooperatives had yet to be established and the power of “feudal” elites therefore was still largely intact. Rather than a response to the implementation of cooperatives, as both Chinese sources and popular memory frequently suggest, it appears that the rebellion began as an attempt to preempt collectivization in pastoral areas.
The Greek Orthodox Church in America
Authors: Kitroeff Alexander
Published: January 2021

This sweeping history shows how the Greek Orthodox Church in America has functioned as much more than a religious institution, becoming the focal point in the lives of the country's million-plus Greek immigrants and their descendants. Assuming the responsibility of running Greek-language schools and encouraging local parishes to engage in cultural and social activities, the church became the most important Greek American institution and shaped the identity of Greeks in the United States. The book digs into these traditional activities, highlighting the American church's dependency on the “mother church,” the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople, and the use of Greek language in the Sunday liturgy. Today, as this rich biography of the church shows us, Greek Orthodoxy remains in between the Old World and the New, both Greek and American.
Greek Orthodoxy versus Protestant Congregationalism
Authors: Kitroeff Alexander
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes the moment of ascendancy of Greek Orthodoxy in the United States. It talks about Archbishop Athenagoras, who arrived from Greece and introduced sweeping changes that essentially meant an effective implementation of the idea of a centralized governing body that would hold sway over the parishes. It also looks into Archbishop Athenagoras' decree that permits parishes to assume full responsibility for all local Greek communal activities, such as education, philanthropy, national commemorations, and cultural events. The chapter examines how parishes assumed the primary role in organizing Greek American religious and secular activities. It recounts the time of the Great Depression that weakened the role of the secular Greek American organizations both nationally and locally.
The Greek Orthodox Church in between Greece and America
Authors: Kitroeff Alexander
Published: January 2021

This chapter records how the hegemony of the Greek Orthodox Church was extended during the 1940s. It reflects back on the church's close entanglement with the world of secular politics. It also assesses the astute ways that Archbishop Athenagoras courted both the Greek and the US governments in order to strengthen the status and the influence of Orthodoxy in America in the 1940s. The chapter describes the wartime conditions in the United States during the 1940s that have eroded religiosity throughout the country. It looks into Greece's entry into the war on the side of the Allies, which meant that the Greek Orthodox Church identified with the Greek nation and could openly support the homeland.
The Challenges of the 1960s
Authors: Kitroeff Alexander
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines Archbishop Iakovos's call for the Greek Orthodox to consider their church to be no longer an immigrant church but an American church. It talks about how Archbishop Iakovo tried to steer the transition of immigrant to an ethnic church and Americanize Greek Orthodoxy in the church's own terms. The chapter discusses how the Greek Orthodoxy was involved in confronting the challenges presented by the cultural upheavals of the 1960s. It recounts the participation of the Greek Orthodox Church on marching next to the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. at Selma, Alabama, in 1965. It also describes Archbishop Iakovos's vision that entailed an ambitious agenda, such as the outreach directed toward the other Eastern Orthodox Churches that was initiated through the establishment of the Standing Conference of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the Americas (SCOBA) in 1960.
Church and Patriarchate and the Limits of Americanization
Authors: Kitroeff Alexander
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the state of Greek Orthodoxy in America at the end of the twentieth century. It assesses whether the Church under Archbishop Iakovos overreached in its efforts to Americanize, which alienated the Ecumenical Patriarchate. It analyzes the patriarchate's intervention, which illustrated the administrative limits the Greek Orthodox Church in America faces in its efforts to assimilate. The chapter describes the patriarchate's ability to invoke the transnational character of Orthodoxy in the new era of globalization. It explores the end of the evolution of Greek Orthodoxy into some form of American Orthodoxy through its fusion with the other Eastern Orthodox Churches.
Greek Orthodoxy in America Enters the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Kitroeff Alexander
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines how Archbishop Iakovos's successor, Archbishop Spyridon, made a mistake on the side of tradition. It illustrates the limits and potential drawbacks of Greek Orthodoxy's reliance on invoking its history. It also explains how the patriarchate recovered the lost ground by appointing Demetrios as archbishop in 1999. The chapter investigates the religious dimension in several articulations of Greek American identity that was becoming more pronounced and outlines the patriarchate's involvement in Greek Orthodoxy's affairs in the US. It summarizes the Greek Orthodox Church's trajectory throughout the twentieth century and analyzes its ability to balance between adapting to the American social context and maintaining its ethnic roots, which enabled it to play a significant part in defining Greek American identity.
Introduction
Authors: Bailey Heather L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter deals with Russian responses to the popularization of the simplistic, negative constructions of the Russian Orthodox Church in the mid-nineteenth century. It focuses mainly on the period between the revolutions of 1848 to 1849 and the First Vatican Council from 1869 to 1870. It also compares the Orthodoxy's public image as portrayed by westerners and as imagined by Russian publicists. The chapter explores the circumstances under which westerners, concerned about the fate of the papacy, the Ottoman Empire, Poland, and Russian imperial power, constructed a reductionist view of the Russian Orthodox Church, conflating it with the state. By creating caricatures of Eastern Christianity in general and a bogeyman of the Russian Church, the chapter reviews important cross-sections of educated western European society that ostracized Russia from what they considered to be the Christian and civilized ecumene.
Roman Catholicism, Russian Orthodoxy, and Russophobia in France, 1830–1856
Authors: Bailey Heather L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the development of anti-Orthodox and anti-Russian sentiment in France. It explains the anti-Orthodox and anti-Russian sentiment after 1830 within the context of the schools of thought that divided French Catholics in the nineteenth century and the geopolitical tensions between France and Russia. It analyzes Russia's place in the European schema that has been a question at the forefront of the minds of European rulers, statesmen, clergy, intellectuals, political radicals, and revolutionaries since Peter I. The chapter addresses how the questions on Russia's place produced a presupposition of some kind of dichotomous relationship between Russia and the West. It also mentions the Slavophile–Westerner debate among nineteenth-century Russian intellectuals, which perceives Russia's relation to the West dichotomy as a construction of Russian intellectuals.
The Archpriest as Publicist and Polemicist
Authors: Bailey Heather L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the early efforts of the two priest-publicists, Vasiliev and Guettée, to challenge anti-Orthodox prejudices. After recounting the circumstances that led the two priests to found the first Orthodox periodical in the West in 1859 called L'Union chrétienne, the chapter discusses the most significant polemical works of Vasiliev. It analyzes Vasiliev's letters to two French bishops and the French historian François Guizot. It talks about Russian publicists that utilized the relative freedom of the press in western Europe to promote their visions of Russia's national interests. It also describes Orthodox publicists that had to contend with a western press that was hostile to Russia.
The Church Chained to the Throne of the “Czar”
Authors: Bailey Heather L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses the establishment of the Russian church in Paris that contributed to the widespread dissemination of an alternative narrative that challenged the tsar–pope myth. It analyzes affirmations that the Orthodox Church recognized no head but only Christ and that anti-Orthodox sentiments did not disappear. The chapter also demonstrates that with the fate of Rome and the papacy unresolved in the 1860s, the tsar pope and enslaved church myth remained an integral part of Catholic narratives defending the pope's temporal as well as spiritual authority. It describes the backlash against the heightened visibility and closer proximity of Russian Orthodoxy among Roman Catholics in the French capital. It also points out how Orthodox press in Russia conveyed a sense that the light of Orthodoxy was dawning in the West due to the founding of the church, Guettée's Orthodox turn, Vasiliev's polemics, and L'Union chrétienne.
Conclusion
Authors: Bailey Heather L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses the significance of the Russian Orthodox's publicity campaign in Paris. It explains how the Orthodox publicists found sympathy in some quarters and successfully initiated a reappraisal of Russian church–state relations in the West. It also discusses the sense of historical destiny that spurred further efforts to enhance Orthodoxy's global visibility and prestige. The chapter illustrates imperial Russia and its church that were seen as threats to European civilization from the standpoint of liberalism and Roman Catholicism. It mentions the joint agreement signed by Patriarch Kirill and Pope Francis in February 2016 that suggests an alignment of the Russian Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches on many issues.
A Framework for Understanding Information Practice
Authors: Lindsay Jon R.
Published: January 2021

This chapter presents a framework for understanding information practice. In the language of social science, the “dependent variable” is information practice, which coordinates an organization's representations with its world. Practice itself is an intervening process that shapes military innovation and battlefield performance. The “independent variables” are the external problems posed by the operational environment and the internal solution adopted by the military organization. The basic argument is that the interaction between operational problems and organizational solutions gives rise to four different patterns of information practice, two of which improve and two of which undermine performance. Ultimately, an information system should be understood as not just the computing devices and software applications in an organization, but also the people and processes that generate, transform, and communicate information.
Increasing Complexity and Uneven Results
Authors: Lindsay Jon R.
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the command and control of drone operations, which spans international, organizational, and intellectual boundaries. The complex information system that directs U.S. drone campaigns developed historically through many iterations of exploitation and reform. The chapter looks at the dynamic interaction of different types of information practice over time. In a process reminiscent of the bottom-up development of FalconView, practitioners made many improvements to Predator and Reaper drones and to the information systems that controlled them. This long learning process was punctuated with tragic fratricides and civilian deaths. Catalyzed by such errors, an institutional framework gradually evolved to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of drone operations. Practitioners throughout a global command and control system struggled to capture the benefits of managed and adaptive practice while avoiding the pitfalls of insulated and problematic practice. Emergent military solutions encouraged actors to alter the strategic problems, and new solutions increased system complexity over time.
Practical Implications of Information Practice
Authors: Lindsay Jon R.
Published: January 2021

This chapter explains that a richer understanding of the microfoundations of military power in the information age has important implications for defense strategy and policy. This book offers both negative correctives and positive suggestions. On the negative side, it cautions against the uncritical acceptance of the technology theory of victory. On the positive side, the book offers some hope that warfighters can find better ways to use their information technologies. A fundamental leadership challenge for organizations today is to develop an institutional support system that can both encourage user innovation and limit its liabilities. The chapter then sketches out a synthesis of top-down management and bottom-up adaptation which can be called adaptive management. It also discusses the strategic limits to adaptive management at the low and high ends of the conflict spectrum, which are exemplified by irregular warfare and nuclear warfighting, respectively. Cybersecurity, furthermore, is relevant across the spectrum because it uses information practice to protect or exploit information practice itself.
Chigagou Becomes Chicago, 1750–1835
Authors: Spinney Robert G.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the Americans that sought excitement and potential wealth of the frontier and headed for the remote settlement of Chigagou in the late 1700s and early 1800s. It describes Chigagou as a typical North American frontier settlement that includes wealthy speculators, dirty fur trappers, and fugitives from justice that sought shelter in run-down flophouses. It also highlights the period between 1750 and 1835, in which the French, British, Anglo-American settlers, and Native Americans jockeyed for control over North America. The chapter illustrates how the little settlement of Chigagou was emblematic of the European conflicts between the French and British as it passed from French control to British authority and finally to American control within a thirty-year period. It analyzes Chigagou in the early 1800s that began to look like an Anglo-American town that is more appropriately referred to by its Europeanized name of Chicago.
Glamorous and Grim
Authors: Spinney Robert G.
Published: January 2021

This chapter talks about the best-selling author and native Chicagoan Scott Turow, who wrote “The Capital of Real Life” that characterized his hometown in Chicago in 1991. It analyzes Turow's admission that Chicago was not a sparkling, world-class city, but rather an unassuming home for average working-class people. The chapter describes the Chicago of 1991 as America's foremost second-class city that could not compete with the glamour, jive, and winning of first-class New York City and Los Angeles. It highlights how Chicago became a key player in the increasingly global economy after 25 years, frequently serving as the conduit between Chicago-based U.S. corporations and partners in Europe and Asia. It also mentions the new international stature that led to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) that convened a summit in Chicago in 2012, the first U.S. city to ever host the international meeting other than Washington, D.C.
The Charleston Massacre
Authors: Smolla Rodney A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter talks about Dylann Storm Roof, a white supremacist, who brutally murdered nine African Americans at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina on June 17, 2015. It discusses Roof's actions that renewed debates over guns, the Second Amendment, and the right to bear arms. The Charleston massacre changed the dynamics of American debate over symbols of the Confederacy, including the Confederate battle flag and monuments to Confederate leaders such as Jefferson Davis, Stonewall Jackson, and Robert E. Lee. This chapter also looks at events prior to Roof committing the murders, in which he toured South Carolina historical sites with links to the Civil War and slavery, posting photographs and selfies of his visits. Roof's online website, which was infested with attacks on African Americans, Hispanics, and Jews, described the story of his racist radicalization.
The Charlottesville Monuments
Authors: Smolla Rodney A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the statue of Robert E. Lee that was donated by philanthropist Paul Goodloe McIntire to the city of Charlottesville in 1924. The statue depicted Lee riding his horse in a heroic, dignified pose. It also mentions another statue McIntire commissioned of Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, who was designed by Charles Keck and set on a granite base carved with the allegorical figures of Faith and Valor. The Lee and Jackson statues embodied the “lost cause” interpretation of the Civil War, a phrase first attributed to Edward A. Pollard, a graduate of the University of Virginia (UVA) and apologist for slavery. This chapter talks about Elizabeth R. Varon, an American history professor, who describes the “lost cause” narrative as the original “false equivalency.”
Competing Conceptions of Free Speech
Authors: Smolla Rodney A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the American debate over the meaning of “freedom of speech,” which has been a contest between two ideas: the “order and morality” theory and the “marketplace of ideas” theory. It discusses the “order and morality” theory as a conception of freedom of speech that is grounded in the notion that freedom of speech cannot be elevated above the “social compact” that binds society. It also emphasizes that speech that undermines order or morality may be punished by laws enacted through the democratic process. The chapter explains that the marketplace theory is the opposite of order and morality, arguing that it is grounded in the notion that democracy is subordinate to free speech. It clarifies that the test of truth and morality should be the power of a thought to win in the competition of the marketplace of ideas.
A Rolling Stone Gathers No Facts
Authors: Smolla Rodney A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates the account in the Rolling Stone article of the alleged gang rape of “Jackie” at a University of Virginia (UVA) fraternity. It describes how the Rolling Stone story began to unravel as other news organizations began their own investigations of the alleged events and could not replicate Rolling Stone's findings. It also looks into the claims of Rolling Stone's reporter, Sabrina Erdely about Jackie's inconsistent account of the incident, stating that it was common among rape victims. The chapter talks about the missing identities of the alleged nine rapists and inexistent record of any social event on the night of the rape incident at the Phi Psi fraternity house. It highlights the Charlottesville Police Department's investigation that concluded that the events described in the Rolling Stone article was fabricated.
Duke and the Disciples
Authors: Smolla Rodney A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter draws attention to David Duke as one of the celebrity headliners of the Charlottesville Unite the Right rally. It details how Duke presaged and inspired the alt-right and describes his influence on the modern history of nationalist and supremacist movements in America. It also notes Duke's influence on alt-right leaders and Donald Trump during the presidential election of the United States. The chapter analyzes how a perennial political election loser can turn losses into ideological and cultural gains. It discusses how all bad news is really good news in the eyes of a guerrilla information warfare insurrectionist in order to understand the influence of David Duke.
The Russian Connection
Authors: Smolla Rodney A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter begins with an account of Anna Anderson, an immigrant to the United States who claimed to be the Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia that was exposed to be fake after a DNA test. It discusses the collusive connections between Russia and the American radical alt-right. It also identifies several figures that were prominent in the Unite the Right events in Charlottesville in 2017 and strongly supported the candidacy and presidency of Donald Trump. The chapter highlights how alt-right groups idolize Russia's leader Vladimir Putin, seeing him as the sort of strong-willed authoritarian dedicated to “traditional values” that the world needs. It discloses how Russia has been the hospitable home and host of American right-wing extremists, such as David Duke who moved to Russia in 1999.
Preparations
Authors: Smolla Rodney A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter details the preparations for the August 12 Unite the Right rally, in which Heather Heyer was one of the planned participants. It describes Heyer's personality that was marked by two strong values: a sweet, kindhearted disposition, and an intolerance for intolerance. It also talks about James Alex Fields Jr., whose domestic life with his mother, in a Florence, Kentucky, apartment, was marked by dysfunction and violence. The chapter investigates the connection between Fields' propensity for impulsive violence and obsession with the Nazis to Heyer's fate. It recounts how Fields's car smashed into the crowd of protesters during the August 12 rally, injuring nineteen people and killing Heyer.
Channels of Communication
Authors: Smolla Rodney A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes the massive television audiences for the Super Bowl, for presidential debates, for natural disasters, for horrific mass shootings, for royal weddings, and important funerals. It emphasizes that in the present there is more than one medium other than television. It also points out the availability of messages everywhere, such as on flat screens, computer screens, phone screens, or tablet screens. The chapter clarifies how people expect everything to be at their fingertips at every moment and are largely uncertain as to how exactly the job gets done. It references scholars that argues that the proliferation of modern media has led to fragmentation and self-selection.
The Lawn and the Rotunda
Authors: Smolla Rodney A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter talks about University of Virginia (UVA) president Teresa Sullivan, who sent an e-mail to the university board that appeared to make light of the alt-right's intentions. It mentions how Sullivan states that participants of the rally only intend to see Thomas Jefferson's architecture and the lawn. It also talks about the organizers of the Unite the Right rally, such as Chris Cantwell, that focused on a local Walmart as an initial staging area. The chapter discusses Jalane D. Schmidt, an associate professor of religious studies that read online chatter regarding the plan for the evening torch march. It analyzes how the university's decision not to sound any emergency alert to the UVA community regarding the Unite the Right group's torch march was criticized.
The Saigon Sisters
Authors: Norland Patricia D.
Published: January 2021

This book offers the narratives of a group of privileged women who were immersed in a French lycée and later rebelled and fought for independence, starting with France's occupation of Vietnam and continuing through US involvement and life after war ends in 1975. Tracing the lives of nine women, the book reveals these women's stories as they forsook safety and comfort to struggle for independence, and describes how they adapted to life in the jungle, whether facing bombing raids, malaria, deadly snakes, or other trials. How did they juggle double lives working for the resistance in Saigon? How could they endure having to rely on family members to raise their own children? Why, after being sent to study abroad by anxious parents, did several women choose to return to serve their country? How could they bear open-ended separation from their husbands? How did they cope with sending their children to villages to escape the bombings of Hanoi? In spite of the maelstrom of war, how did they forge careers? And how, in spite of dislocation and distrust following the end of the war in 1975, did these women find each other and rekindle their friendships? This book answers these questions and more in this powerful and personal approach to history.
Thanh
Authors: Norland Patricia D.
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on Thanh as one of the nine Vietnamese women known as the Saigon sisters, who were born in the early 1930s and attended Lycée Marie Curie. It describes Thanh as one of the most politicized of the sisters and an unexpected figure in the maquis for revering the language and culture of the French colonialists against which she chose to fight. It also details Thanh's transformation from being the child of Saigon's elite to joining the resistance against the French. The chapter shares specific events in Thanh's youth and her reflection on the toll that joining the maquis took on her family. It discusses how Thanh reveled in French novels, poems, movies, plays, and even, entertainment magazines as a child, as well as how she learned about American culture through her passion for movies.
Trang
Authors: Norland Patricia D.
Published: January 2021

This chapter centers on the second Saigon sister named Trang, who inherited her family's gifts for languages and music. It points out how Trang credits learning French with raising her political awareness, which allowed her to read about French and Soviet resistance against the Nazis. It also describes Trang's irritation at the thought of mirroring the cloistered life in which her mother grew up as she wanted to live more and be free. The chapter details how Trang, like her sister Thanh, craved the chance to join the movement to rid her country of its colonial master. It also illustrates her time in the resistance, where she learned to plant crops, fish, and forge across streams in order to prove herself a female cadre equally dedicated as the men.
Trang
Authors: Norland Patricia D.
Published: January 2021

This chapter recounts events in Trang's life at the time of the Geneva Accords, during which she was pregnant and unable to join her husband when he boarded a boat to northern Vietnam. It discloses how Trang had to take an alias and live with another agent to serve as a liaison for the resistance in 1956. It also mentions Trang's arrest and imprisonment for nine months and years that followed where she only caught glimpses of her daughter that came to think of Minh as her mother. The chapter the discusses the government of Hanoi's arrangement for Trang to study music in the Soviet Union as a reward for her sacrifice in 1961. It narrates how Trang completed her studies and graduated from the Tchaikovsky Institute in 1968 as the only Vietnamese in her class to complete a degree in conducting.
Xuan
Authors: Norland Patricia D.
Published: January 2021

This chapter details Xuan's path that led her from the jungle to London and back to Saigon in 1956. It narrates how she first met Lau in the maquis and then in England where they got married. It also talks about Xuan's studies in piano at the Royal College of Music and Lau's education at the London School of Economics and Oxford. The chapter discusses Xuan and Lau's return to southern Vietnam, where they had to keep a low profile teaching piano and raising four children. It mentions Xuan's resentment of the rule of Ngo Dinh Diem, which she described as a dictatorial regime whose injustice the people had to bear daily.
Oanh
Authors: Norland Patricia D.
Published: January 2021

This chapter recounts Oanh's return to Saigon after the Geneva Accords in 1954 that triggered a flood of refugees. It discusses how Oanh helped run a women's hostel for students, including refugees and girls from the provinces in 1955. It also discloses Oanh's political baptism that came when she saw the Diem regime impose Catholicism on a Buddhist country and use religion as a tool for political domination. The chapter details Oanh's affiliation with foreign and local priests, the Catholic Action Movement, and other groups focusing on social problems in a war–torn society. It chronicles Oanh's devotion to young people, the disabled, the unemployed, the abused, and to old friends from Lycée Marie Curie after she gained a master's degree in social work in the Philippines.
Reuniting
Authors: Norland Patricia D.
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyzes many interviews with the Saigon sisters, in which they reveal how they were able to find each other again after the war. It recalls how families had been split in 1954 and communication lines were severed for decades after. It recounts the first time the sisters met after 1975, which was at the funeral of a mutual friend, Suong, who died of cancer in Saigon in 1981. The chapter explains how the gathering of the sisters during the funeral inspired Tuyen to find a way to bring the group of friends back together, which happened at Le An's house in 1983. It describes the sisters' appreciation for their education at Lycée Marie Curie and how their love of the country deepened through the struggle for independence.
The Significance of the M. E. Bradford Affair
Authors: Preston Keith
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyzes the precipitous downfall of Southern literary scholar M. E. Bradford, who in an explosive rebuke was refused the post of director of the National Endowment for the Humanities in 1981. The M. E. Bradford affair was the first incident where the neoconservatives were able to establish a position for themselves in the conservative movement and Republican politics by aggressively attacking and slandering an accomplished scholar, and by promoting someone who was much less accomplished in his scholarship in his place. Indeed, Bradford's fall from grace in the Reagan administration was engineered by neoconservative journalists and foundation heads; and the attacks leveled against him in the press as a “Lincoln hater” and Southern reactionary continued long after he was kept from government service. The chapter considers the likely reasons for these broadsides and how they targeted not only Bradford but, at least indirectly, other Southern regionalists, whom the neoconservatives in their ascent to power were interested in marginalizing. Contrary to a widespread misconception, the Bradford affair was more than a minor incident in the history of the conservative movement. It was fraught with significance in both demonstrating and consolidating neoconservative control of American conservatism.
Trump, Neoconservatives, and the Misrepresentation of the American Founding
Authors: Drummond Nicholas W.
Published: January 2021

This chapter evaluates the neoconservative anti-Trumpers who view the Trump presidency as a betrayal of America's founding principles. These detractors have been especially critical of nationalist populism and its rejection of “globalist” policies like free trade, foreign interventionism, and immigration. The chapter argues that neoconservatives misunderstand America's principles as a nation because they have relied heavily on certain sources, starting with the view of the American founding taught by the followers of Leo Strauss. This view overemphasizes Lockean natural rights and the merits of commercial acquisitiveness. Absent from this neoconservative analysis is an appreciation of three tenets of James Madison's political thinking, each of which accords with nationalist populism: civic republicanism, intergenerational duty to ancestors and posterity, and a warning that too much diversity will lead to a plutocratic oppression of society through a politics of divide and conquer. Although neoconservatives may have personal reasons to criticize the presidency of Donald Trump, their argument from the American founding is not particularly convincing.
Republican Voters and Conservative Ideology
Authors: Hawley George
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses what political science literature indicates about the degree of ideological consistency in the American electorate. It explores the degree to which Republican voters meet the basic definition of what is popularly considered conservative. It is shown that those who fit the popular definition are not particularly numerous, even within GOP ranks. Complicating the matter, Republican voters may not be as desirous of maintaining conservative purity as many observers assume. Although most of these voters use the term “conservative” to describe themselves, it is often not clear what they mean by this designation. Quite possibly the conservative media are bestowing on their viewers and readers an inapplicable characterization.
Afterword
Authors: Gottfried Paul
Published: January 2021

This afterword explores conservative purges, which have not received adequate attention because the conservative movement and its apparent opponents have agreed on certain seemingly innocent misrepresentations, which need to be corrected. Purges have not been limited to removing undesirables from the masthead of conservative magazines nor to breaking social and professional relations. More typically, this shunning has been accompanied by campaigns of character assassination that have sometimes lasted years. What happened to M. E. Bradford was all too typical of this process of defamation. Conservative movement leaders have behaved in a way that one might have expected in an earlier age from the Communist Party USA. In all likelihood, however, American Communists would have been generally better read and more cerebral than those who draw their picture of reality from conservative media stars.
From Coordinated to Disorganized Capitalism in Japan
Authors: Shibata Saori
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the key changes that have been witnessed in Japan's political economy throughout the postwar period. In the 1970s, Japan experienced a slowing of gross domestic product (GDP) growth, although it maintained a growth rate of over 3 percent per year until the late 1980s. Efforts to maintain a sustained level of growth during the 1980s resulted in a “bubble economy,” with asset prices rising rapidly. Deploying a regulation theory approach, the chapter shows how Japan has experienced a process of neoliberalization since its economic bubble burst in 1991, with one of the key effects being the emergence of a new and growing group of precarious nonregular workers. The coordination between firms, workers, and institutions that enabled stability in employment relations from the end of the Second World War to the 1980s has been replaced by a trend toward neoliberalization, deregulation, and a lack of coordination. Ultimately, the Japanese model of capitalism has become increasingly disorganized, resulting in heightened anxiety and insecurity among workers.
Japan’s Absent Mode of Regulation
Authors: Shibata Saori
Published: January 2021

This chapter demonstrates that, despite the attempts at neoliberal reform, Japan's political economy has nevertheless been unable to return to sustainable levels of economic growth similar to those experienced before the bursting of the economic bubble in 1991. If one considers the three-year centered moving average of gross domestic product (GDP) growth in Japan in the period 1961–2018, Japan's economy has consistently struggled to rise above 2-percent annual-average growth for any three-year period since 1991. In part, this is a further consequence of the inability to achieve consensus around a new mode of regulation for Japan's national economy throughout this period. Thus, Japan suffers from the absence of a mode of regulation, and its efforts at liberalization have been unsuccessfully implemented—partly as a result of the opposition to efforts at reform. Japan's process of neoliberalization has therefore been impeded, incomplete, somewhat unsuccessful, and marked more by dissension and a failure to identify an alternative institutional compromise with which to secure a return to economic growth.
Claimed on Waivers
Authors: Feldmann Doug , Ditka Mike
Published: January 2021

This chapter details how, after a few days back home in Rochester basking in success, it was time for Bob Thomas to return to South Bend for the start of classes in January of 1974. As the month of snowy northern Indiana winter crept along, Thomas's thoughts turned to what would be occurring at the Americana Hotel in New York City beginning on January 29: the National Football League (NFL) draft. When draft day arrived, Bob went about his usual business on campus as the selection process got under way in New York. The call came from the Los Angeles Rams, informing Bob he had been their fifteenth-round selection in the draft. Bob felt anxious, despite the good news. He knew the Rams already had a veteran kicker in David Ray. Thomas began getting his law school application materials ready as a backup plan. Then suddenly, a different opportunity arrived in the form of a new competitor with the NFL: the World Football League.
Resilience
Authors: Feldmann Doug , Ditka Mike
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses how, after being cut from the Chicago Bears, Bob Thomas was signed to the Detroit Lions' roster for their 1982 season opener against the Bears. But just as things were looking up for both Thomas and his new team, the inevitable reared its ugly head on September 21 as the NFL Players Association went on strike. Upcoming games were stricken from the schedule for the foreseeable future. After fifty-seven days, the two warring sides finally came to an agreement on November 16. The seven games missed from the regular season would not be made up, but an expanded playoff format of sixteen teams would be granted to earn back the interest of the fans and to make up for lost revenue. However, when the Lions resumed official team practices, Thomas was let go. Thomas packed his football gear and returned to Lisle, readying himself to continue his law work.
Hitting New Heights
Authors: Feldmann Doug , Ditka Mike
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at the changes in Bob Thomas's law career in 1984. The partners in the firm of Casey, Krippner, and Callahan had decided to amicably divide. Before the split was completed, they asked Thomas in which direction he would like to go. Having established a relationship with Jack Callahan the longest, he decided to join Callahan's new office, which essentially remained next door to Casey and Krippner. Meanwhile, the Chicago Bears moved preseason practices to Platteville, Wisconsin, for July 1984 after having been in Lake Forest since 1975. Along with Thomas's regular workouts, Bears strength coach Clyde Emrich had Thomas doing “Russian shock jumping” for the first time to help continue Thomas's resurgence.