bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two organizing principles of vocal production: Implications for nonhuman and human primates
Authors: Owren Michael J. , Amoss R. Toby , Rendall Drew
Published: December 2010

Vocal communication in nonhuman primates receives considerable research attention, with many investigators arguing for similarities between this calling and speech in humans. Data from development and neural organization show a central role of affect in monkey and ape sounds, however, suggesting that their calls are homologous to spontaneous human emotional vocalizations while having little relation to spoken language. Based on this evidence, we propose two principles that can be useful in evaluating the many and disparate empirical findings that bear on the nature of vocal production in nonhuman and human primates. One principle distinguishesproduction‐firstfromreception‐firstvocal development, referring to the markedly different role of auditory‐motor experience in each case. The second highlights a phenomenon dubbeddual neural pathways, specifically that when a species with an existing vocal system evolves a new functionally distinct vocalization capability, it occurs through emergence of a second parallel neural pathway rather than through expansion of the extant circuitry. With these principles as a backdrop, we review evidence of acoustic modification of calling associated with background noise, conditioning effects, audience composition, and vocal convergence and divergence in nonhuman primates. Although each kind of evidence has been interpreted to show flexible cognitively mediated control over vocal production, we suggest that most are more consistent with affectively grounded mechanisms. The lone exception is production of simple, novel sounds in great apes, which is argued to reveal at least some degree of volitional vocal control. If also present in early hominins, the cortically based circuitry surmised to be associated with these rudimentary capabilities likely also provided the substrate for later emergence of the neural pathway allowing volitional production in modern humans. Am. J. Primatol. 73:530–544, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Grooming network cohesion and the role of individuals in a captive chimpanzee group
Authors: Kanngiesser Patricia , Sueur Cédric , Riedl Katrin , Grossmann Johannes , Call Josep
Published: December 2010

Social network analysis offers new tools to study the social structure of primate groups. We used social network analysis to investigate the cohesiveness of a grooming network in a captive chimpanzee group (N = 17) and the role that individuals may play in it. Using data from a year‐long observation, we constructed an unweighted social network of preferred grooming interactions by retaining only those dyads that groomed above the group mean. This choice of criterion was validated by the finding that the properties of the unweighted network correlated with the properties of a weighted network (i.e. a network representing the frequency of grooming interactions) constructed from the same data. To investigate group cohesion, we tested the resilience of the unweighted grooming network to the removal of central individuals (i.e. individuals with high betweenness centrality). The network fragmented more after the removal of individuals with high betweenness centrality than after the removal of random individuals. Central individuals played a pivotal role in maintaining the network's cohesiveness, and we suggest that this may be a typical property of affiliative networks like grooming networks. We found that the grooming network correlated with kinship and age, and that individuals with higher social status occupied more central positions in the network. Overall, the grooming network showed a heterogeneous structure, yet did not exhibit scale‐free properties similar to many other primate networks. We discuss our results in light of recent findings on animal social networks and chimpanzee grooming. Am. J. Primatol. 73:758–767, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Middle pleistocene dental remains from Qesem Cave (Israel)
Authors: Hershkovitz Israel , Smith Patricia , Sarig Rachel , Quam Rolf , Rodríguez Laura , García Rebeca , Arsuaga Juan Luis , Barkai Ran , Gopher Avi
Published: December 2010

This study presents a description and comparative analysis of Middle Pleistocene permanent and deciduous teeth from the site of Qesem Cave (Israel). All of the human fossils are assigned to the Acheulo‐Yabrudian Cultural Complex (AYCC) of the late Lower Paleolithic. The Middle Pleistocene age of the Qesem teeth (400–200 ka) places them chronologically earlier than the bulk of fossil hominin specimens previously known from southwest Asia. Three permanent mandibular teeth (C1‐P4) were found in close proximity in the lower part of the stratigraphic sequence. The small metric dimensions of the crowns indicate a considerable degree of dental reduction although the roots are long and robust. In contrast, three isolated permanent maxillary teeth (I2, C1, and M3) and two isolated deciduous teeth that were found within the upper part of the sequence are much larger and show some plesiomorphous traits similar to those of the Skhul/Qafzeh specimens. Although none of the Qesem teeth shows a suite of Neanderthal characters, a few traits may suggest some affinities with members of the Neanderthal evolutionary lineage. However, the balance of the evidence suggests a closer similarity with the Skhul/Qafzeh dental material, although many of these resemblances likely represent plesiomorphous features. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hippocampal hyperactivation in presymptomatic familial Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Quiroz Yakeel T. , Budson Andrew E. , Celone Kim , Ruiz Adriana , Newmark Randall , Castrillón Gabriel , Lopera Francisco , Stern Chantal E.
Published: December 2010

Objective

The examination of individuals who carry fully penetrant genetic alterations that result in familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) provides a unique model for studying the early presymptomatic disease stages. In AD, deficits in episodic and associative memory have been linked to structural and functional changes within the hippocampal system. This study used functional MRI (fMRI) to examine hippocampal function in a group of healthy, young, cognitively‐intact presymptomatic individuals (average age 33.7 years) who carry the E280A presenilin‐1 (PS1) genetic mutation for FAD. These PS1 subjects will go on to develop the first symptoms of the disease around the age of 45 years. Our objective was to examine hippocampal function years before the onset of clinical symptoms.

Methods

Twenty carriers of the Alzheimer's‐associated E280A PS1 mutation and 19 PS1‐negative control subjects participated. Both groups were matched for age, sex, education level, and neuropsychological test performance. All participants performed a face‐name associative encoding task while in a Phillips 1.5T fMRI scanner. Analysis focused on the hippocampal system.

Results

Despite identical behavioral performance, presymptomatic PS1 mutation carriers exhibited increased activation of the right anterior hippocampus during encoding of novel face‐name associations compared to matched controls.

Interpretation

Our results demonstrate that functional changes within the hippocampal memory system occur years before cognitive decline in FAD. These presymptomatic changes in hippocampal physiology in FAD suggest that hippocampal fMRI patterns during associative encoding may also provide a preclinical biomarker in sporadic AD. ANN NEUROL 2010
Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of dithienyl benzotriazole based poly(phenylene vinylene)s
Authors: Zhang Zhenhua , Peng Bo , Ding Ping , Liu Bo , He Yuehui , Zhou Kechao , Li Yongfang , Pan Chunyue , Zou Yingping
Published: December 2010

Two new alternating copolymers based on dithienyl benzotriazole segment and phenylene vinyl unit were synthesized by Heck cross coupling method. The polymers exhibited broad absorption bands (from 300 nm to 752 nm for P1, and from 300 nm to 654 nm for P2) in the UV‐visible region with optical bandgap ranging between 1.6 and 1.9 eV and proper electronic energy levels measured by cyclic voltammetry. The photovoltaic properties of the polymers as electron donors with 6.6‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester as the electron acceptor in a bulk heterojunction structures were reported. Preliminary results showed moderate power conversion efficiency of 0.36% and 0.4%, respectively, under the illumination of AM 1.5, 100 mW/cm2 with a device structure of ITO/PEDOT : PSS/polymer : PC60BM (1 : 3)/Ca/Al. Furthermore, the side chain effect on properties has also been investigated. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Optimized formulation of an oxidative curing system for liquid polysulfide sealants used in fuel tanks by D‐optimal design method
Authors: Rezaeian Iraj , Zahedi Payam , Rezaeian Ali , Ghadiri Maryam , Honarvar Faraz Mohammadzadeh , Mohammadi Amir Hossein
Published: December 2010

In this work, the effective parameters in liquid polysulfide curing system were optimized by D‐optimal design method. Five main components in the formulation, carbon black, vulcanizing agents (MnO2, Na2Cr2O7, and PbO2), CaCO3, fumed silica, and chlorinated paraffin, were selected. Mechanical and chemical properties of the samples were investigated. The results showed that tensile strength, hardness, viscosity, and optimum cure time (t90) presented a suitable coordination with reduced quadratic model. For elongation at break and swelling tests, reduced two‐factor interaction (2FI), and for peel strength, a linear model showed the best correlation. To achieve the desirable properties for liquid polysulfide sealants used in fuel tanks, an optimized amount of the above components in the formulation were used. Finally, MnO2 curing system, compared with Na2Cr2O7 and PbO2, was selected as the best choice. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Vinyl triazole carrying metal‐chelated beads for the reversible immobilization of glucoamylase
Authors: Kök Senay , Osman Bilgen , Kara Ali , Beşirli Necati
Published: December 2010

Poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate–1‐vinyl‐1,2,4‐triazole) [poly(EGDMA–VTAZ)] beads with an average diameter of 100–200 μm were obtained by the copolymerization of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) with 1‐vinyl‐1,2,4‐triazole (VTAZ). The copolymer hydrogel bead composition was determined by elemental analysis and was found to contain 5 EGDMA monomer units for each VTAZ monomer unit. The poly(EGDMA–VTAZ) beads were characterized by swelling studies and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The specific surface area of the poly(EGDMA–VTAZ) beads was found 65.8 m2/g. Cu2+ ions were chelated on the poly(EGDMA–VTAZ) beads. The Cu2+ loading was 82.6 μmol/g of support. Cu2+‐chelated poly(EGDMA–VTAZ) beads with a swelling ratio of 84% were used in the immobilization of Aspergillus niger glucoamylase in a batch system. The maximum glucoamylase adsorption capacity of the poly(EGDMA–VTAZ)–Cu2+ beads was 104 mg/g at pH 6.5. The adsorption isotherm of the poly(EGDMA–VTAZ)–Cu2+ beads fitted well with the Langmuir model. Adsorption kinetics data were tested with pseudo‐first‐ and second‐order models. The kinetic studies showed that the adsorption followed a pseudo‐second‐order reaction model. The Michaelis constant value for the immobilized glucoamylase (1.15 mg/mL) was higher than that for free glucoamylase (1.00 mg/mL). The maximum initial rate of the reaction values were 42.9 U/mg for the free enzyme and 33.3 U/mg for the immobilized enzyme. The optimum temperature for the immobilized preparation of poly(EGDMA–VTAZ)–Cu2+–glucoamylase was 65°C; this was 5°C higher than that of the free enzyme at 60°C. The glucoamylase adsorption capacity and adsorbed enzyme activity slightly decreased after 10 batch successive reactions; this demonstrated the usefulness of the enzyme‐loaded beads in biocatalytic applications. The storage stability was found to increase with immobilization. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Characteristics and iso‐baric relaxation phenomenon of pmma monolayers with different molecular weights at different temperatures
Authors: Jheng Kai‐Teng , Hsu Wen‐Ping
Published: December 2010

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) monolayers with different molecular weights at the air/water interface were investigated at three different temperatures. The monolayer characteristics of PMMA were studied in terms of surface pressure‐area per molecule (π‐A) isotherm and isobaric relaxation experiments. The results show that the π‐A isotherms of PMMA converge at 40°C regardless of molecular weight. The collapse pressure of PMMA monolayers decreases as the temperature is elevated. It was shown the area relaxation process of PMMA could be described by a model considering the nucleation and growth mechanisms. The simulation parameters of area relaxation of PMMA with different molecular weights at 8 mN/m are very similar, indicating similar mechanisms. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
A simple Suboptimal siphon‐based control model of a well‐known S3PR
Authors: Chao Daniel , Liu Guan Jun
Published: December 2010

Siphon‐based deadlock control suffers from reaching fewer states than the maximally permissive one. We report an alternative control to reach the same good states as that based on the theory of regions, but with fewer monitors, by refining some monitors into several monitors with smaller controller regions. More states can be reached since the controller region is less disturbed by covering only a place in a subregion where only one place is marked at any reachable marking. Formal proof of the correctness is provided.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
ILSI/HESI maternal toxicity workshop summary: maternal toxicity and its impact on study design and data interpretation
Authors: Beyer Bruce K. , Chernoff Neil , Danielsson Bengt R. , Davis‐Bruno Karen , Harrouk Wafa , Hood Ronald D. , Janer Gemma , Liminga Ulla Wändel , Kim James H. , Rocca Meredith , Rogers John , Scialli Anthony R.
Published: December 2010

Workshops on maternal toxicity were held at the annual Society of Toxicology, Teratology Society, and European Teratology Society meetings in 2009. Speakers presented background information prior to a general discussion on this topic.

The following recommendations/options are based on the outcome of the discussions at the workshops:

A comprehensive evaluation of all available data from general toxicity studies, range‐finding Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology (DART) studies, class effects, structure–activity relationships, exposure studies, etc. is essential for appropriate dose selection for definitive DART studies. The intent is to avoid marked maternal toxicity leading to mortality or decreased body weight gains of greater than 20% for prolonged periods.

Evaluate alternative endpoints for dose selection and data interpretation (e.g., target tissue effects and pharmacology) for biotherapeutics.

Evaluate additional maternal parameters based on effects and/or target organs observed in short‐term (e.g., 2‐ or 4‐week) general toxicity studies.

Evaluate all available data to determine a cause–effect relationship for developmental toxicity.

Conduct a pair‐feeding/pair‐watering study as a follow‐up.

Evaluate individual data demonstrating maternal toxicity in the mother with adverse embryo–fetal outcomes in the litter associated with the affected mother.

Conduct single‐dose studies at increasing doses as a complement to conventional embryo–fetal toxicity studies for certain classes of compounds that affect the hERG channel.

Support statements that embryo–fetal effects are caused by maternal toxicity and/or exaggerated pharmacology, especially for malformations.

Provide mechanistic or other supporting data.

Establish the relevance of the DART findings in animals for human exposures. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 92:36–51, 2010. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oscillating chemiluminescence systems: state of the art
Authors: Iranifam Mortaza , Segundo Marcela A. , Santos João L. M. , Lima José L. F. C. , Sorouraddin Mohammad H.
Published: December 2010

This month's featured article; ‘Oscillating chemiluminescence systems: state of the art’ is authored by Mortaza Iranifam, Marcela A. Segundo, João L. M. Santos, José L. F. C. Lima and Mohammad H. Sorouraddin.

In this review, the authors present the first comprehensive account of the developments and current state of the art regarding Oscillating chemiluminescent systems. From Belousov–Zhabotinskii and horseradish peroxidase‐catalyzed reactions through to Orban oscillators and more. This report pulls together many important developments in the field that have previously only been available scattered across periodicals and diff erent media.

The cover image is a graphical representation of a biological Belousov–Zhabotinskii reaction composited against the oscillating CL behavior for 1,10‐phenanthroline–H2O2–KSCN–CuSO4–NaOH system in a batch reactor.
DNA and chromatin imaging with super‐resolution fluorescence microscopy based on single‐molecule localization
Authors: Flors Cristina
Published: December 2010

With the expansion of super‐resolution fluorescence microscopy methods, it is now possible to access the organization of cells and materials at the nanoscale by optical means. This review discusses recent progress in super‐resolution imaging of isolated and cell DNA using single‐molecule localization methods. A high labeling density of photoswitchable fluorophores is crucial for these techniques, which can be provided by sequence independent DNA stains in which photoblinking reactions can be induced. In particular, unsymmetrical cyanine intercalating dyes in combination with special buffers can be used to image isolated DNA with a spatial resolution of 30–40 nm. For super‐resolution imaging of chromatin, cell permeant cyanine dyes that bind the minor groove of DNA have the potential to become a useful alternative to the labeling of histones and other DNA‐associated proteins. Other recent developments that are interesting in this context such as high density labeling methods or new DNA probes with photoswitching functionalities are also surveyed. Progress in labeling, optics, and single‐molecule localization algorithms is being rapid, and it is likely to provide real insight into DNA structuring in cells and materials. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 95: 290–297, 2011.
Learning motivational interviewing in a real‐life setting: A randomised controlled trial in the Swedish Prison Service
Authors: Forsberg Lars , Ernst Denise , Farbring Carl Åke
Published: December 2010

Background Motivational interviewing (MI) is a client‐centred, directive counselling style for helping people to explore and resolve ambivalence about behaviour change and shown to decrease drug and alcohol use. A five‐session semi‐structured MI intervention [Beteende, Samtal, Förändring (BSF; Behaviour, Counselling, Change)] was implemented in Swedish prisons.

Aims To examine whether, in a real‐life implementation of semi‐structured MI, staff receiving ongoing MI training, based on audio‐recorded feedback in peer groups (BSF+), possess greater MI skill compared with staff receiving workshop‐only MI training (BSF), and staff conducting usual prison planning interviews (UPI).

Methods Prisoners were randomised to one of the three interventions. The first sessions between staff and prisoner with complete data were assessed with the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity Code 3.0.

Results Content analysis of 45 staff: prisoner sessions revealed that counsellors in the BSF+ group were significantly more competent in MI than those in the UPI group, but there was no difference in MI competency between the BSF and UPI groups. Overall, staff were rated as not having achieved beginning proficiency.

Conclusions Our findings suggest that staff delivering motivational interviewing programmes for substance‐misusing prisoners in Sweden are not being given sufficient training for the task. Previous literature has suggested that staff need more than a basic 3‐ to 5‐day workshop training, but our findings suggest that they may need longer‐term continuing supervision and support than previously recognised. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silica‐Supported Gold Nanoparticles Catalyzed One‐Pot, Tandem Aerobic Oxidative Cyclization Reaction for Nitrogen‐Containing Polyheterocyclic Compounds
Authors: So Man‐Ho , Liu Yungen , Ho Chi‐Ming , Lam Kar‐Yee , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: December 2010

A silica‐supported gold nanoparticle catalyst AuNPs/SiO2 (A) has been prepared by deposition of in situ synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto the surface of silica. A simple method that uses A as the catalyst and oxygen as the oxidant is effective for oxidative cyclization of anilines with aldehydes to form quinolines in a one‐pot reaction (20 examples; product yields up to 95 %). The “AuNPs/SiO2+O2” protocol is applicable to the synthesis of nitrogen‐containing polyheterocyclic compounds in good to excellent product yields by using bulky polycyclic anilines as the starting materials (10 examples; product yields up to 96 %). The A catalyst can be easily recovered by centrifugation and reused for seven consecutive runs without significant loss of catalytic activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Rate of Gas Phase Association of Hydroxyl Radical and Nitrogen Dioxide.
Authors: Okumura Mitchio , et al. et al.
Published: December 2010

The reaction of OH and NO2 is studied at 25 °C and 760 torr using a combination of two sensitive laser spectroscopy techniques.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some Biologically Important Fluorinated 3‐Chlorochromones and 1,5‐Benzothiazepines as Antimicrobial and Antifungal Agents.
Authors: Ghotekar D. S. , Joshi R. S. , Mandhane P. G. , Bhagat S. S. , Gill C. H.
Published: December 2010

All newly synthesized compounds are screened for their antimicrobial activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and Qualitative Structure—Activity Evaluations of Novel Hexahydropyrano[3,2‐c][1,2]diazepin‐3(4H)‐one and Tetrahydropyrano[3,2‐b]pyrrol‐2(1H)‐one Derivatives as Anticancer Agents.
Authors: Al‐Tel Taleb H.
Published: December 2010

The synthesis of novel pyrano[3,2‐c]diazepine (III) and pyrano[3,2‐b]pyrrole derivatives (VI) and the cell growth inhibition assay (five human cancer cell lines) for these substances are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Ring Opening of Epoxides with Trimethylsilyl Azide and Cyanide Catalyzed by Erbium(III) Triflate.
Authors: Procopio Antonio , Costanzo Paola , Dalpozzo Renato , Maiuolo Loredana , Nardi Monica , Oliverio Manuela
Published: December 2010

The transformation proceeds under neutral conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Isomerization of Allylic Alcohols in Water at Ambient Temperature.
Authors: Ahlsten Nanna , Lundberg Helena , Martin‐Matute Belen
Published: December 2010

The environmentally benign redox isomerization of secondary and some primary alcohols into carbonyl compounds is catalyzed by the cationic complex [Rh(cod)(MeCN)2]BF4 in combination with phosphatriazaadamantane.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Promoted and Copper‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Alkene Diamination.
Authors: Sequeira Fatima C. , Turnpenny Benjamin W. , Chemler Sherry R.
Published: December 2010

The present new copper(II)‐promoted intra‐ and intermolecular olefin diamination reaction tolerates a wide range of functionalized amines to form various nitrogen heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereospecific Decarboxylative Allylation of Sulfones.
Authors: Weaver Jimmie D. , Ka Being J. , Morris David K. , Thompson Ward , Tunge Jon A.
Published: December 2010

Pd‐catalyzed decarboxylative allylation of sulfonylacetic esters proceeds stereospecifically to give tertiary homoallylic sulfones (II), (IV) in excellent yields and with almost complete retention of enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Azidomethyl 4‐Nitrophenyl Carbonate — A Reagent for the One‐Step Introduction of the Azidomethyloxycarbonyl (Azoc) Protecting Group.
Authors: Kaiser Andreas , Richert Clemens
Published: December 2010

The method is successful for reactive aliphatic amines, whereas it fails for aniline or benzyl alcohol under similar conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Enhanced Reactivity of Silver‐ and Gold‐Catalyzed Hydrogenations Using Silver(I) Salts.
Authors: Crook Robert , Deering John , Fussell Steven J. , Happe Alan M. , Mulvihill Sean
Published: December 2010

Silver and gold on aluminum oxide is efficiently activated by AgOAc or Ag2CO3 to produce halogenated anilines selectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Organocatalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of α‐Imino Esters by Utilization of Benzothiazoline as Highly Efficient Reducing Agent.
Authors: Zhu Chen , Akiyama Takahiko
Published: December 2010

α‐Amino esters are prepared with excellent enantioselectivities using optically active phosphoric acid BPA as catalyst and benzothiazolines (I).
ChemInform Abstract: C—H Bond Functionalization in Water Catalyzed by Carboxylato Ruthenium(II) Systems.
Authors: Arockiam Percia B. , Fischmeister Cedric , Bruneau Christian , Dixneuf Pierre H.
Published: December 2010

A new catalyst system in situ generated from [Ru2Cl4(p‐cymene)2] and potassium pivalate efficiently mediates the direct ortho‐arylation of functional arenes with aryl halides in water.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetically Separable Nanoferrite‐Anchored Glutathione: Aqueous Homocoupling of Arylboronic Acids under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Luque Rafael , Baruwati Babita , Varma Rajender S.
Published: December 2010

A nanoferrite‐glutathione catalyst is found to promote efficiently the homocoupling of boronic acids (I) under microwave irradiation conditions (12 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Suzuki Coupling Followed by Arylpalladium Addition to Aldehyde: A Convenient Route to Fluoren‐9‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Paul Sunanda , Samanta Shubhankar , Ray Jayanta K.
Published: December 2010

Various target compounds can be prepared in moderate to good yields under the optimized conditions starting from aromatic 2‐bromoaldehydes and boronic acid (II).
ChemInform Abstract: New Synthesis of Pyrrole‐2‐carboxylic and Pyrrole‐2,5‐dicarboxylic Acid Esters in the Presence of Iron‐Containing Catalysts.
Authors: Khusnutdinov R. I. , Baiguzina A. R. , Mukminov R. R. , Akhmetov I. V. , Gubaidullin I. M. , Spivak S. I. , Dzhemilev U. M.
Published: December 2010

A general method for the introduction of a carboxy group into the pyrrole ring is developed using Fe‐catalyzed reactions of pyrrole derivatives with CCl4—alcohol systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Oxazolines via Boron Esters of N‐(2‐Hydroxyethyl) Amides.
Authors: Ilkgul Baris , Gunes Deniz , Sirkecioglu Okan , Bicak Niyazi
Published: December 2010

The one‐pot three‐step process is based on the thermolysis of boron esters of hydroxyamides.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu—Mn Bimetallic Catalyst for Huisgen [3 + 2]‐Cycloaddition.
Authors: Yousuf Syed Khalid , Mukherjee Debaraj , Singh Baldev , Maity Sudip , Taneja Subhash Chandra
Published: December 2010

Cu‐Mn spinel oxide is found to be a robust and recyclable catalyst for the azide‐alkyne cycloaddition reaction both in solution phase and solvent‐free microwave irradiation conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: An Effective Synthesis of 5,4′‐Disubstituted Flavones via a Cesium Enolate Assisted Intramolecular ipso‐Substitution Reaction.
Authors: Matsugi Masato , Takeda Masaki , Takahashi Ayano , Tazaki Takahide , Tamura Hiroto , Shioiri Takayuki
Published: December 2010

With a view to obtaining androgen receptor antagonists, the title compounds (III), (VI), and (X) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Synthesis of Fluorine‐Substituted 3‐Hydroxypyridin‐4‐ones.
Authors: Ma Yong Min , Hider Robert C.
Published: December 2010

Several 2‐ and 5‐fluoro‐containing 3‐hydroxpyridin‐4‐ones such as (I)‐(IV) are prepared as modified analogues of the known drug deferiprone (V) in order to get substances with improved pharmaceutical profile.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐(Hetarylamino)‐ and 3‐[(Hetarylmethyl)amino]isoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones.
Authors: Potikha L. M. , Gutsul R. M. , Kovtunenko V. A. , Tolmachev A. A.
Published: December 2010

The reaction of 2‐(cyanomethyl)benzoic acid (I) with hetarylamines (II) leads selectively to 3‐aminoisoquinolinones (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Studies of Some Varied Structural Systems of Biologically Potent Polynitrogen Heteropolycyclics.
Authors: Gupta Shallu , Gupta Poonam , Sachar Anand , Sharma Rattan L.
Published: December 2010

Starting from barbituric acid and using classical synthetic methods a variety of fused nitrogen heterocycles is synthesized and screened for antimicrobial activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activities of Novel 5‐Substituted Pyrimidin‐2,4,6‐triones.
Authors: Goudgaon N. M. , Batil S. B. , Rahaman S. A. , Reddy CH Upendar
Published: December 2010

Reaction of barbituric acid (I) with aromatic or heteroaromatic aldehydes gives the corresponding chalcones, which on reduction with NaBH4 yield the desired novel 5‐(het)arylmethylpyrimidinetriones (IV) and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Series of Quinoxaline Based MAO‐Inhibitors and Docking Studies.
Authors: Khattab Sherine N. , Hassan Seham Y. , Bekhit Adnan A. , El Massry Abdel Moneim , Langer Vratislav , Amer Adel
Published: December 2010

Synthesized compounds are investigated for their monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitory activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Isoxazole Analogues of Curcuminoids with Highly Potent Multidrug‐Resistant Antimicrobacterial Activity.
Authors: Changtam Chatchawan , Hongmanee Poonpilas , Suksamrarn Apichart
Published: December 2010

The natural curcuminoids (I), obtained from the medical plant Curcuma longa L., are structurally modified by alkylation, dealkylation, heterocyclization as well as reduction/oxidation reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Spin Dynamics and Manipulation in GaMnAs Alloys
Authors: Liu X. , Zhou Y. Y. , Harley E. , McNeil L. E. , Wang J. , Qi J. , Xu Y. , Steigerwald A. , Tolk N. , Zahn J. P. , et al. et al.
Published: December 2010

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Water‐Soluble Titanium Complexes as Precursors for Synthesis of Titanium‐Containing Oxides via Aqueous Solution Processes
Authors: Kakihana Masato , Kobayashi Makoto , Tomita Koji , Petrykin Valery
Published: December 2010

Review: 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry of Metal Ynolates
Authors: Shindo Mitsuru
Published: December 2010

Review: mainly, lithium compounds; 143 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Expanding the Limits of Organoboron Chemistry: Synthesis of Functionalized Arylboronates
Authors: Merino Pedro , Tejero Tomas
Published: December 2010

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: DNA as a Versatile Chemical Component for Catalysis, Encoding, and Stereocontrol
Authors: Silverman Scott K.
Published: December 2010

Review: ca. 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Practical Approach to Optical Cross‐Reactive Sensor Arrays
Authors: Anzenbacher Pavel Jr. , Lubal Premysl , Bucek Pavel , Palacios Manuel A. , Kozelkova Maria E.
Published: December 2010

Review: 169 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Sila‐ and Germametallacycles of Late Transition Metals
Authors: Tanabe Makoto , Osakada Kohtaro
Published: December 2010

Review: 103 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Coordination Structures of Metalloporphyrins with N‐Containing Cations in Complexes with Fullerenes
Authors: Konarev Dmitri V. , Lyubovskaya Rimma N.
Published: December 2010

Review: 26 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Luminescent Carbon Nanodots: Emergent Nanolights
Authors: Baker Sheila N. , Baker Gary A.
Published: December 2010

Review: 57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Selectivity Enhancement in Functionalization of C—H Bonds
Authors: Shul'pin Georgiy B.
Published: December 2010

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Modern Diffusion‐Ordered NMR Spectroscopy in Chemistry of Supramolecular Systems: The Scope and Limitations
Authors: Kharlamov S. V. , Latypov Sh. K.
Published: December 2010

Review: 219 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Studies on Gas Sensors, CooA, FixL, and Dos
Authors: Yamashita Taku
Published: December 2010

Review: 23 refs.
Extreme Hypothermia
Authors: Parker Jeremy M. , Wall Brian P. , Miller Richard F. , Littmann Laszlo
Published: December 2010

The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Rapid hepatic clearance of 99mTc‐TMEOP: a new candidate for myocardial perfusion imaging
Authors: Goethals Lode R. , Santos Isabel , Caveliers Vicky , Paulo Antonio , De Geeter Frank , Lurdes Patrício G. , Fernandes Célia , Lahoutte Tony
Published: December 2010

Background

99mTc labeled radiotracers used in clinical practice lack the perfect characteristics for myocardial perfusion imaging. In particular, the high liver uptake can interfere in the interpretation of the inferior myocardial wall. Within the tricarbonyl approach, we used tris(pyrazolyl)methane 99mTc organometallic complexes as a lead structure. Herein we present the production, in vivo and in vitro metabolic studies in rats and the first in vivo biodistribution in rats for tri‐methoxy‐tris‐pyrazolyl‐99mTc‐(CO)3 (99mTc‐TMEOP), compared with 99mTc‐sestamibi and 99mTc‐tetrofosmin.

Methods

The chemical identity of 99mTc‐TMEOP was characterized by RP‐HPLC. The octanol–water partition coefficient was determined under physiological conditions. In vitro stability and protein binding were determined using RP‐HPLC. In vivo stability was determined in blood, heart, liver and kidney homogenates, intestine and urine using RP‐HPLC. In vivo biodistribution was determined using dynamic planar acquisitions. Pinhole gated SPECT images were performed in other animals. Cardiac, liver and lung uptake were expressed as differential uptake ratios by drawing regions of interest in the organs of interest and around the total body. Heart–liver and heart–lung ratios were derived. Cardiac uptake was also expressed as percentage of injected activity. SPECT images were processed to determine the heart–liver ratio on SPECT images, to compare functional parameters between different tracers and to visualize homogeneous intracardiac tracer distribution.

Results

99mTc‐TMEOP is a moderately lipophilic cation, is stable and does not undergo any transformation in vitro. 99mTc‐TMEOP also shows a high in vivo stability. In vivo imaging shows liver kinetics faster than those of 99mTc‐sestamibi and 99mTc‐tetrofosmin. Cardiac uptake and functional analysis of pinhole gated SPECT data are comparable to those of 99mTc‐sestamibi and 99mTc‐tetrofosmin.

Conclusion

Although 99mTc‐TMEOP shows a cardiac uptake between those of 99mTc‐sestamibi and 99mTc‐tetrofosmin, a better heart–liver ratio is obtained due to the faster liver washout. These results suggest possible faster cardiac perfusion imaging using 99mTc‐TMEOP without liver activity interference. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A phase 2 trial of gemcitabine, 5‐fluorouracil, and radiation therapy in locally advanced nonmetastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Mamon Harvey J. , Niedzwiecki Donna , Hollis Donna , Tan Benjamin R. , Mayer Robert J. , Tepper Joel E. , Goldberg Richard M. , Blackstock A. William , Fuchs Charles S. ,   for the Cancer and Leukemia Group B
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND:

The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of 5‐fluorouracil (5FU) and gemcitabine administered concurrently with radiation in patients with locally advanced, nonmetastatic pancreatic cancer.

METHODS:

Eligible patients had histologically confirmed pancreatic adenocarcinoma deemed locally unresectable without evidence of metastatic disease. In addition, all patients underwent laparoscopy or laparotomy before study entry to rule out peritoneal carcinomatosis. Patients received radiation therapy (50.4 Gy) with concurrent infusional 5FU (200 mg/m2 5 days/week) and weekly gemcitabine (200 mg/m2). After a 3‐week break, patients received weekly gemcitabine at 1000 mg/m2 for 3 of 4 weeks, for 4 cycles. The primary endpoint of the trial was the proportion of patients surviving 9 months from study entry. Secondary endpoints included objective tumor response, CA19‐9 response, overall survival (OS) time to progression (TTP), and toxicity.

RESULTS:

Between November 2001 and October 2004, 81 patients were enrolled, 78 of whom were eligible for analysis. With a median follow‐up of 55.2 months, the median OS was 12.2 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.9‐14.9) and the median TTP was 10 months (95% CI, 6.4‐12.0). An objective tumor response was seen in 19 patients (25%), and among 56 patients with an elevated CA19‐9 at baseline, 29 (52%) had a sustained CA19‐9 response. Overall, 41% of patients had grade 3 or greater treatment‐related gastrointestinal adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS:

The combination of 5FU, gemcitabine, and radiation is well tolerated. Survival is comparable with the best results of other recent studies of 5FU and radiation or gemcitabine and radiation. Cancer 2011;. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript peptide (CART) in the telencephalon of the catfish, Clarias gariepinus: Distribution and response to fasting, 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose, glucose, insulin, and leptin treatments
Authors: Subhedar Nishikant , Barsagade Vikas G. , Singru Praful S. , Thim Lars , Clausen Jes Thorn
Published: December 2010

The cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript peptide (CART)‐containing system in the forebrain of Clarias gariepinus was studied with immunocytochemistry. While the immunoreactivity was prominently seen in the neurons of the entopeduncular nucleus (EN) located in the ventral telencephalon, CART‐immunoreactive fibers were widely distributed in the dorsal and ventral telencephalon. In view of the established role of CART in energy metabolism, we investigated the response of the CART immunoreactive system to positive and negative nutritional conditions. Neurons of the EN and fibers in the different areas of the telencephalon showed significant reduction in CART immunoreactivity following 48 hours food deprivation, or 2 hours following intracranial administration of 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (2DG, 100 ng/g body weight, a metabolic antagonist of glucose). However, intracranial injection of glucose (100 ng/g body weight) resulted in a distinct increase in CART immunoreactivity in these components. In mammals, insulin and leptin have been recognized as adiposity agents that convey peripheral energy status‐related information to brain. Intracranial administration of insulin (3 mU/fish) and leptin (10 ng/g body weight) significantly increased CART immunoreactivity in the EN neurons and in the fiber network within 2 hours. Superfusion of the EN‐containing tissue fragments in the medium enriched in glucose, insulin, or leptin evoked a significant increase in CART immunoreactivity in the EN neurons, but 2DG reduced the immunoreactivity. We suggest that CART‐containing neurons of the EN, and fibers in the telencephalon, may process the energy status‐related information and contribute to satiety. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:1281–1300, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Forebrain origins of glutamatergic innervation to the rat paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: Differential inputs to the anterior versus posterior subregions
Authors: Ulrich‐Lai Yvonne M. , Jones Kenneth R. , Ziegler Dana R. , Cullinan William E. , Herman James P.
Published: December 2010

The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) regulates numerous homeostatic systems and functions largely under the influence of forebrain inputs. Glutamate is a major neurotransmitter in forebrain, and glutamate neurosignaling in the PVN is known to mediate many of its functions. Previous work showed that vesicular glutamate transporters (VGluTs; specific markers for glutamatergic neurons) are expressed in forebrain sites that project to the PVN; however, the extent of this presumed glutamatergic innervation to the PVN is not clear. In the present study retrograde FluoroGold (FG) labeling of PVN‐projecting neurons was combined with in situ hybridization for VGluT1 and VGluT2 mRNAs to identify forebrain regions that provide glutamatergic innervation to the PVN and its immediate surround in rats, with special consideration for the sources to the anterior versus posterior PVN. VGluT1 mRNA colocalization with retrogradely labeled FG neurons was sparse. VGluT2 mRNA colocalization with FG neurons was most abundant in the ventromedial hypothalamus after anterior PVN FG injections, and in the lateral, posterior, dorsomedial, and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei after posterior PVN injections. Anterograde tract tracing combined with VGluT2 immunolabeling showed that 1) ventromedial nucleus‐derived glutamatergic inputs occur in both the anterior and posterior PVN; 2) posterior nucleus‐derived glutamatergic inputs occur predominantly in the posterior PVN; and 3) medial preoptic nucleus‐derived inputs to the PVN are not glutamatergic, thereby corroborating the innervation pattern seen with retrograde tracing. The results suggest that PVN subregions are influenced by varying amounts and sources of forebrain glutamatergic regulation, consistent with functional differentiation of glutamate projections. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:1301–1319, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conditional knockout of protein O‐mannosyltransferase 2 reveals tissue‐specific roles of O‐mannosyl glycosylation in brain development
Authors: Hu Huaiyu , Li Jing , Gagen Christine S. , Gray Noel W. , Zhang Zhen , Qi Yue , Zhang Peng
Published: December 2010

The meninges produce essential signaling molecules and major protein components of the pial basement membrane during normal brain development. Disruptions in the pial basement membrane underlie neural ectopia seen in those congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) caused by mutations in genes involved in O‐mannosyl glycosylation. In mammals, biosynthesis of O‐mannosyl glycans is initiated by a complex of mutually indispensable protein O‐mannosyltransferases 1 and 2 (POMT1 and 2). To study the roles of O‐mannosylation in brain development we generated a conditional allele of POMT2. POMT2 nulllizygosity resulted in embryonic lethality because of a defective Reichert's membrane. Brain‐specific deletion of POMT2 resulted in hypoglycosylation of α‐dystroglycan (DG) and abolished laminin binding activity. The effect of POMT2 deletion on brain development was dependent on timing, as earlier deletion resulted in more severe phenotypes. Multiple brain malformations including overmigration of neocortical neurons and migration failure of granule cells in the cerebellum were observed. Immunofluorescence staining and transmission electron microscopy revealed that these migration defects were closely associated with disruptions in the pial basement membrane. Interestingly, POMT2 deletion in the meninges (and blood vessels) did not disrupt the development of the neocortex. Thus, normal brain development requires protein O‐mannosylation activity in neural tissue but not the meninges. These results suggest that gene therapy should be directed to the neural tissue instead of the meninges. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:1320–1337, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Edinger‐Westphal nucleus: A historical, structural, and functional perspective on a dichotomous terminology
Authors: Kozicz Tamás , Bittencourt Jackson C. , May Paul J. , Reiner Anton , Gamlin Paul D.R. , Palkovits Miklós , Horn Anja K.E. , Toledo Claudio A.B. , Ryabinin Andrey E.
Published: December 2010

The eponymous term nucleus of Edinger‐Westphal (EW) has come to be used to describe two juxtaposed and somewhat intermingled cell groups of the midbrain that differ dramatically in their connectivity and neurochemistry. On one hand, the classically defined EW is the part of the oculomotor complex that is the source of the parasympathetic preganglionic motoneuron input to the ciliary ganglion (CG), through which it controls pupil constriction and lens accommodation. On the other hand, EW is applied to a population of centrally projecting neurons involved in sympathetic, consumptive, and stress‐related functions. This terminology problem arose because the name EW has historically been applied to the most prominent cell collection above or between the somatic oculomotor nuclei (III), an assumption based on the known location of the preganglionic motoneurons in monkeys. However, in many mammals, the nucleus designated as EW is not made up of cholinergic, preganglionic motoneurons supplying the CG and instead contains neurons using peptides, such as urocortin 1, with diverse central projections. As a result, the literature has become increasingly confusing. To resolve this problem, we suggest that the term EW be supplemented with terminology based on connectivity. Specifically, we recommend that 1) the cholinergic, preganglionic neurons supplying the CG be termed the Edinger‐Westphal preganglionic (EWpg) population and 2) the centrally projecting, peptidergic neurons be termed the Edinger‐Westphal centrally projecting (EWcp) population. The history of this nomenclature problem and the rationale for our solutions are discussed in this review. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:1413–1434, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical and sensory experiential determinants of synaptic plasticity in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of mouse barrel cortex
Authors: Hardingham Neil R. , Gould Tim , Fox Kevin
Published: December 2010

A minority of layer 2/3 (L2/3) pyramidal neurons exhibit spike‐timing‐dependent long‐term potentiation (LTP) in normally reared adolescent mice. To determine whether particular subtypes of L2/3 neurons have a greater capacity for LTP than others, we correlated the morphological and electrophysiological properties of L2/3 neurons with their ability to undergo LTP by using a spike‐timing‐dependent protocol applied via layer 4 inputs from the neighboring barrel column. No correlation was found between the incidence of LTP and the cell's electrophysiological properties, nor with their laminar or columnar location. However, in cortex of normal, undeprived mice, neurons that exhibited LTP had dendrites that extended farther horizontally than those that showed no plasticity, and this horizontal spread was due to off‐axis apical dendrites. From a sample of reconstructed neurons, two‐thirds of neurons' dendritic arborizations reached into at least one adjacent barrel column. We also tested whether this relationship persisted following a short period of whisker deprivation. The probability of inducing LTP increased from 33% in cortex of undeprived mice to 53% following 7 days of whisker deprivation, and the incidence of LTD with the same protocol decreased from 49% to 9%. In deprived cortex, neurons exhibiting LTP did not extend any farther horizontally than those that showed no plasticity. Whisker deprivation did not affect horizontal spread of dendrites nor dendritic structure in general but did produced an increase in spine density, both on basal and on apical dendrites, suggesting a possible substrate for the increased levels of LTP observed in deprived cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2090–2124, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Systems biology reveals biology of systems
Authors: Bertolaso Marta , Giuliani Alessandro , De Gara Laura
Published: December 2010

In the last decades, genomic and postgenomic technologies obtained a great amount of information on molecular bases of cell physiology and organization. In spite of this, the knowledge of cells and living organisms in their entirety, is far from being achieved. In order to deal with biological complexity, Systems Biology uses a new approach to overcome this inadequacy. Despite different definitions, Systems Biology's view of biological phenomena highlights that a holistic perspective is needed to integrate and understand the huge amount of empirical data which have been collected. This is one of the aspects that makes Systems Biology so interesting, from a theoretical and epistemological point of view, and that renders it a useful tool to help students approach living beings' dynamics within a comprehensive framework of their biological features as well. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2010