bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of patients with cognitive impairment after stroke: A survey of Australian occupational therapists
Authors: Koh Chia‐Lin , Hoffmann Tammy , Bennett Sally , McKenna Kryss
Published: January 2009

Background/aim: Cognitive impairment is a common and often debilitating consequence of stroke. The current practice patterns of Australian occupational therapists who work in this area are not clearly known. The aim of this study was to investigate the theoretical approaches, assessments, interventions and research evidence used by Australian occupational therapists who work with patients who have cognitive impairment poststroke.

Methods: A self‐administered, purpose‐designed online survey was used.

Results: Survey responses were received from 102 occupational therapists. The client‐centred approach was the most commonly used theoretical approach, with 81.3% and 72% using it often or all of the time with inpatients and outpatients, respectively. Assessments that were most frequently used were the Mini Mental State Examination (63.7% of participants), the Lowenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (45.1%), the Functional Independence Measure (57.8%, and the Assessment of Living Skills and Resources (10.0%). Interventions involving functional activities were used more frequently than compensatory techniques, such as diaries, alarms, or other electronic devices, and paper and pencil remedial exercises. Few (16%) participants used computer programs specifically designed for cognitive rehabilitation. Although 60.8% of the participants reported using research literature when making decisions about interventions, a higher percentage reported relying on their past experience (88.3%) and colleagues’ opinions (77.4%).

Conclusion: This study provides an insight into the current practices of Australian occupational therapists who work with people who have cognitive impairment after stroke. Client‐centredness is emphasised in current practice; however, the use of research evidence to inform practice appears to be limited.
Role of rosiglitazone in lipopolysaccharide‐induced peritonitis: A rat peritoneal dialysis model
Authors: SONG SANG HEON , KWAK IHM SOO , YANG BYEONG YUN , LEE DONG WON , LEE SOO BONG , LEE MIN YOUNG
Published: January 2009

Aim:  The aim of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐γ agonist, rosiglitazone, in the amelioration or prevention of inflammation including peritoneal fibrosis secondary to the peritonitis in a peritoneal dialysis (PD) model of non‐uraemic rats.

Methods:  Thirty male Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to six groups according to treatment. A 90 min peritoneal equilibrium test, dialysate cellular components, peritoneal thickness and cellularity were assessed on day 21. Additionally, immunohistochemical stains of peritoneal membrane, such as PPAR‐γ, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, collagen‐1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 were performed

Results:  The dialysate neutrophil count and peritoneal thickness in the high‐dose rosiglitazone group was significantly decreased compared to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐only group. The peritoneal membrane from the LPS‐only group showed marked cellular proliferation in the area of the submesothelial compact zone compared with the PD‐only group, the rosiglitazone‐only group, and the high‐dose rosiglitazone group. The 90 min peritoneal equilibrium test (PET) results showed no statistical difference among the six groups excluding dialysate‐to‐plasma urea ratio. The number of PPAR‐γ expressing cells and the expression of TGF‐β1 were decreased in the high‐dose rosiglitazone group compared to the LPS‐only group. There were no differences in the expression of VEGF and collagen‐1 among the six groups. Interestingly, the number of PPAR‐γ‐positive cells was correlated with expression of VEGF, TGF‐β1, collagen‐1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 irrespective of the study group.

Conclusion:  The results of this study showed that rosiglitazone ameliorated peritoneal inflammation induced by LPS and reduced the TGF‐β1 expression in the peritoneal membranes.
MHC fine mapping of human type 1 diabetes using the T1DGC data
Authors: He C. , Hamon S. , Li D. , Barral‐Rodriguez S. , Ott J. ,   Diabetes Genetics Consortium
Published: January 2009

Aim:  The human Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a highly polymorphic genomic region occupying approximately 4 Mb on chromosome 6p21.3. The relationship between human MHC and type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been previously investigated. To fine map the disease locus in this region, we carried out both linkage and association analyses using the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium data.

Methods:  Two‐point linkage analysis was performed with a set of microsatellite markers assuming a fully recessive inheritance model, where we found clustering of high LOD (logarithm of the odds) scores across the MHC region. To narrow down the linkage region, we performed association analyses using both microsatellite and two sets of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. We focused on the nuclear families containing a discordant sib‐pair (an affected and unaffected sib). For the microsatellite markers, we computed the average repeat length for each individual and carried out a paired t‐test.

Results:  Microsatellite marker D6S2884 showed the highest association in a sharp peak with a p value of 3.15E−24. We confirmed this finding when using also SNP markers performing a McNemar’s test for association. The SNPs that showed the most significant evidence of association mapped to almost the same location as the microsatellite markers.

Conclusions:  Besides the main goal of fine mapping of T1D genes, our results also illustrated the differences and the advantage of using both linkage and association analyses. After the identification of a wide peak with linkage analysis, we were able to dramatically narrow down the region by performing association analysis.
Analysis of maternal–offspring HLA compatibility, parent‐of‐origin and non‐inherited maternal effects for the classical HLA loci in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Bronson P. G. , Ramsay P. P. , Thomson G. , Barcellos L. F. ,   Diabetes Genetics Consortium
Published: January 2009

Aim:  Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex trait for which variation in the classical human leucocyte antigen (HLA) loci within the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) significantly influences disease risk. To date, HLA class II DR‐DQ genes confer the strongest known genetic effect in T1D. HLA loci may also influence T1D through additional inherited or non‐inherited effects. Evidence for the role of increased maternal–offspring HLA compatibility, and both parent‐of‐origin (POO) and non‐inherited maternal HLA (NIMA) effects in autoimmune disease has been previously established. The current study tested hypotheses that classical HLA loci influence T1D through these mechanisms, in addition to genetic transmission of particular risk alleles.

Methods:  The Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC) cohort was of European descent and consisted of 2271 affected sib‐pair families (total n = 11 023 individuals). Class I genes HLA‐A, Cw and B, and class II genes HLA‐DRB1, DQA1, DQB1, DPA1 and DPB1 were studied. The pedigree disequilibrium test was used to examine transmission of HLA alleles to individuals with T1D. Conditional logistic regression was used to model compatibility relationships between mother–offspring and father–offspring for all HLA loci. POO and NIMA effects were investigated by comparing frequencies of maternal and paternal transmitted and non‐transmitted HLA alleles for each locus. Analyses were also stratified by gender of T1D‐affected offspring.

Results:  Strong associations were observed for all classical HLA loci except for DPA1, as expected. Compatibility differences between mother–offspring and father–offspring were not observed for any HLA loci. Furthermore, POO and NIMA HLA effects influencing T1D were not present.

Conclusions:  Maternal–offspring HLA compatibility, POO and NIMA effects for eight classical HLA loci were investigated. Results suggest that these HLA‐related effects are unlikely to play a major role in the development of T1D.
Sexual function of patients under surveillance for bladder cancer
Authors: Van Der Aa Madelon N.M. , Bekker Milou D. , Van Der Kwast Theo H. , Essink‐Bot Marie‐Louise , Steyerberg Ewout W. , Zwarthoff Ellen C. , Sen Fatma E.F. , Elzevier Henk W.
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE

To describe the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and evaluate risk factors in patients just diagnosed with non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMI UC), who have the prospect of an intensive surveillance scheme by cysto‐urethroscopy to detect tumour recurrences.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We conducted a cross‐sectional survey on 150 patients just diagnosed with primary or recurrent NMI UC. Patients were participating in a randomized clinical multicentre trial (CEFuB), comparing two surveillance schemes. Patients were asked to complete questionnaires at study entry 3 months before the start of the study‐surveillance scheme (demographic characteristics, a validated visual analogue scale, and validated subset of questions on sexual function and performance derived from QLQ‐BLS‐24). The results were compared with those from an age‐and gender‐matched healthy population.

RESULTS

The response rate was 95% (142/150); 61% (87/142) of the respondents were sexually active in the previous 4 weeks after diagnosis, 66% (70/105) of men and 46% (17/37) of women. Although libido was not negatively affected, 54% (47/87) of the patients had a sexual dysfunction, and 23% (17/73) were afraid to inflict harm on their partner by sexual contact. Sexually active patients perceived a higher state of general health (P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of sexual dysfunction in patients with NMI UC is very high (54%) compared with an age‐ and gender‐matched healthy population (20–45%). No predictors for sexual dysfunction were found. These patients and partners would benefit from proper sexual information in the outpatient clinic.
INDEPENDENT FISCAL AGENCIES
Authors: Debrun Xavier , Hauner David , Kumar Manmohan S.
Published: January 2009

Abstract There has been a considerable literature regarding the incentives of policymakers as a prime reason for persistent fiscal deficits and a variety of fiscal rules have been proposed as a remedy. However, the often inadequate flexibility of rules and the success of policy delegation in the monetary realm have motivated a small but growing number of studies that suggest delegating some aspects of fiscal policy to what will here be called ‘independent fiscal agencies’. This paper surveys the related literature with a focus on three aspects: the motivation for the establishment of such agencies; their potential design; and the experience with these types of institutions.
Numerical Methods to Simulate and Visualize Detailed Crane Activities
Authors: Kang Shih‐Chung , Miranda Eduardo
Published: January 2009

Abstract:  Virtual construction allows engineers to simulate and visualize construction progress on computer before commencing the real project and is becoming an important technique to manage fast‐track and complicated construction projects. One major consideration for virtual construction is the simulation of the operation of construction equipment for a construction project. This research specifically focuses on developing a mathematical model to support the simulation and visualization of cranes, the most critical equipment in terms of project controls. This model is composed of two submodels—a kinematics model and a dynamic model. The kinematics model is to present the crane components controlled by the operators. The dynamic model is to present the dynamic behavior in suspended system (including the cable and rigging object), which cannot be controlled directly by the operators. To verify the feasibility of these methods, a computer program that simulates and visualizes detailed crane activities was developed. This program supports the real‐time visualization of crane activities with high degree of reality accuracy and also, enables the detailed simulation of long‐term construction projects.
Development and Evaluation of a Tangible Terrain Representation System for Highway Route Planning
Authors: Makanae Koji , Dawood Nashwan
Published: January 2009

Abstract:  In recent years, mixed or/and augmented reality, which aims to integrate virtual space with real space, has received a significant amount of attention in research and development. In particular, the concept of a tangible interface is an interesting research area in this growing field of study. This article develops and evaluates a tangible terrain representation system (TTRS), a tangible interface that recognizes the terrain in three dimensions and provides a more efficient approach to highway route planning and design. The developed system represents a terrain surface by controlling the shape of a stretchable screen using 64 actuators (8 × 8) and by projecting an aerial photograph on a screen. In applying TTRS to highway route planning, the user establishes control points using a magnetic positioning device and projects the image of a highway alignment on the TTRS. The developed system was evaluated by comparing its usability to an alternative system (virtual reality‐based visual three‐dimensional representation) using a group of evaluators at Miyagi University, Japan. The article concludes that TTRS is an effective tool for terrain representation and highway route planning and design.
Serviceability Assessment of a Municipal Water System Under Spatially Correlated Seismic Intensities
Authors: Adachi Takao , Ellingwood Bruce R.
Published: January 2009

Abstract:  Forecasts of serviceability of distributed civil infrastructure systems under a severe earthquake should consider the impact of spatial correlation of seismic intensities on system function and serviceability. Limited information on seismic wave propagation and local site conditions makes such forecasts difficult, and previous research seldom has addressed the effects of spatially correlated seismic intensities and demands on civil infrastructure system performance. In this article, the serviceability of an infrastructure network system is evaluated with a model that considers spatial correlation in seismic intensity and demand. Simple closed‐form upper‐ and lower‐bound approximations to the component failure probabilities, functionality of components within the system that have been damaged by an earthquake, and network serviceability are presented and their usefulness for engineering decision making is evaluated. An assessment of the serviceability of the municipal water distribution system in Shelby County, Tennessee, which is located to the southeast of the New Madrid Seismic Zone, illustrates the approach.
Empowerment or Imposition? Dilemmas of Local Ownership in Post‐Conflict Peacebuilding Processes
Authors: Donais Timothy
Published: January 2009

This article examines questions of local ownership in post‐conflict peacebuilding and makes the case that the complex relationship between insiders and outsiders lies at the very heart of contemporary peacebuilding processes. While the discourse of local ownership has increasingly become part of the vocabulary of post‐conflict peacebuilding, the discussion to date on both the meanings and the practices of local ownership in peacebuilding contexts remains underdeveloped. This article is therefore an effort to add substance to the local ownership debate, and outlines two forms of peacebuilding—liberal and communitarian—which contain markedly different assumptions concerning the role of local actors in peacebuilding processes. Ultimately, the article suggests that the search for ways to operationalize local ownership principles remains one of the key challenges of contemporary peacebuilding, and outlines a vision of peacebuilding as cultural exchange as a way forward.
Physical Interventions for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities: Survey of Use, Policy, Training and Monitoring
Authors: Deveau Roy , McGill Peter
Published: January 2009

Background  Perceived problems around the use of physical intervention (PI) to manage challenging behaviour have led to UK initiatives to encourage policy development and accredited training. However, information on PI use and the impact of these initiatives remains limited.

Method  Adult residential services within an English region were sent a questionnaire regarding PI use, policy, staff training and monitoring/management.

Results  Physical intervention use was reported by 47% of the services. Of services using PI, 65% reported having a policy governing its use and 79% reported providing staff training. Where restrictive PI was used, comparable figures were 82% for policy and 84% for training. PI use was reported to be monitored in some way by 94% of services. Opinions offered supported the reduction of PI use.

Conclusions  Physical intervention use is widespread. National guidance on policy and training is widely followed though unimplemented by a minority. The time may be right to more explicitly aim for a reduction in PI use within services.
Clinical Psychopathology, Untoward Incidents and the Use of Restrictive Procedures in Adults with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Chaplin Eddie , Tsakanikos Elias , Wright Steve , Bouras Nick
Published: January 2009

Background Previous evidence has suggested that clinical characteristics may predict use of restraint in adults with intellectual disability. However, the relationship between specific types of untoward incidents, corresponding interventions (restrictive procedures) and clinical psychopathology remains unclear.

Method We examined all untoward incidents (n = 397) that were recorded for a group of service users (n = 65) referred to a specialist unit for adults with intellectual disability over a 6‐year period. Associations between different restrictive procedures and clinical psychopathology were investigated.

Results Physical assault was the most common incident associated with physical restraint, male gender and presence of autism. De‐escalation was the most frequently employed intervention associated with less serious incidents such as verbal abuse and theft.

Conclusions Specific interventions seem to be associated with different types of incidents and presence of autism. The results are discussed in terms of clinical practice and possible future directions.
Properties of casein micelles cross‐linked by transglutaminase
Authors: MOON JEONG‐HAN , HONG YOUN‐HO , HUPPERTZ THOM , FOX PATRICK F , KELLY ALAN L
Published: January 2009

Factors affecting the cross‐linking of milk proteins by transglutaminase (TGase) were studied. Cross‐linking of caseins in bovine skim milk was optimal over a very wide pH range. The role of micellar calcium phosphate (MCP) in maintaining the integrity of TGase‐treated casein micelles was studied by incubating skim milk with 0.01% (w/v) TGase at 30°C for 1–24 h, followed by removal of MCP from untreated or TGase‐treated milk by acidification and dialysis. The protein content and profile of the samples were determined by Kjeldahl and SDS‐PAGE, respectively. Whey proteins in unheated milk were not susceptible to TGase‐induced cross‐linking. The higher level of sedimentable protein in MCP‐free TGase‐treated milk than in MCP‐free control milk indicated that TGase treatment partially prevented disintegration of the micelle on removal of MCP, probably due to extensive intramicellar TGase‐induced cross‐linking of casein molecules which led to the formation of sedimentable covalently bonded casein aggregates.
Apparent solidification time test for detection of foreign oils and fats adulterated in clarified milk fat, as affected by season and storage
Authors: KUMAR ARUN , GHAI DARSHAN LAL , SETH RAMAN , SHARMA VIVEK
Published: January 2009

An apparent solidification time (AST) test was developed for the detection of foreign fats and oils in milk fat. AST values at 18°C for buffalo and cow milk fats ranged from 2 min 30 s to 2 min 48 s and 2 min 56 s to 3 min 26 s, while for pig body fat, goat body fat and hydrogenated vegetable oils, AST values were 1 min 30 s, 0 min 40 s and 1 min 50 s, respectively. Vegetable oils yielded no AST values, suggesting that adulteration can be detected using the AST method in the case of some but not all possible adulterants.
Specific inhibition of hypoxia inducible factor 1 exaggerates cell injury induced by in vitro ischemia through deteriorating cellular redox environment
Authors: Guo Shuhong , Miyake Minoru , Liu Ke Jian , Shi Honglian
Published: January 2009

Hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF‐1) has been suggested to play a critical role in the fate of cells exposed to hypoxic stress. However, the mechanism of HIF‐1‐regulated cell survival is still not fully understood in ischemic conditions. Redox status is critical for decisions of cell survival, death and differentiation. We investigated the effects of inhibiting HIF‐1 on cellular redox status in SH‐SY5Y cells exposed to hypoxia or oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD), coupled with cell death analyses. Our results demonstrated that inhibiting HIF‐1α expression by HIF‐1α specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection increased reactive oxygen species generation, and transformed the cells to more oxidizing environments (low GSH/GSSG ratio, low NADPH level) under either hypoxic or OGD exposure. Cell death increased dramatically in the siRNA transfected cells, compared to non‐transfected cells after hypoxic/OGD exposures. In contrast, increasing HIF‐1α expression by desferrioxamine, a metal chelator and hydroxylase inhibitor, induced a more reducing environment (high GSH/GSSG ratio, high NADPH level) and reduced cell death. Further studies showed that HIF‐1 regulated not only glucose transporter‐1 expression, but also the key enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway such as glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. These enzymes are important in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis by generating NADPH, the primary reducing agent in cells. Moreover, catalase significantly decreased cell death in the siRNA‐transfected cells induced by hypoxia and OGD. These results suggest that maintenance of cellular redox status by HIF‐1 protects cells from hypoxia and ischemia mediated injuries.
Protective effects of antidepressants against chronic fatigue syndrome – induced behavioral changes and biochemical alterations
Authors: Kumar Anil , Garg Ruchika
Published: January 2009

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized by profound fatigue, which substantially interferes with daily activities. The aim of this study was to explore the protective effects of antidepressants in an animal model of CFS in mice. Male albino mice were forced to swim individually for a period of 6‐min session each for 7 days. Imipramine (10 and 20 mg/kg), desipramine (10 and 20 mg/kg) and citalopram (5 and 10 mg/kg) were administered 30 min before forced swimming test on each day. Various behavior tests (immobility time, locomotor activity, anxiety‐like behavior by plus maze and mirror chamber) followed by biochemical parameters (lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, catalase and nitrite level) were assessed in chronic stressed mice. Chronic forced swimming for 7 days significantly caused increase in immobility period, impairment in locomotor activity, anxiety‐like behavior, and oxidative stress (raised lipid peroxidation, nitrite activity and reduced glutathione and catalase activity) as compared with naïve mice (P < 0.05). Seven days of pretreatment with imipramine (10 and 20 mg/kg), desipramine (10 and 20 mg/kg), and citalopram (5 and 10 mg/kg) significantly reduced immobility time, improved locomotor activity and anti‐anxiety effect (in both plus maze and mirror chamber test), and attenuated oxidative stress in chronic stressed mice as compared with control (chronic fatigues) (P < 0.05). These results suggested that these drugs have protective effect and could be used in the management of chronic fatigue like conditions.
Thyroid transcription factor‐1 immunohistochemistry: diagnostic tool and malignancy marker in canine malignant lung tumours
Authors: Bettini G. , Marconato L. , Morini M. , Ferrari F.
Published: January 2009

Distinguishing primary lung carcinomas (PLCs) from metastases is a challenging task. The diagnostic and prognostic relevance of thyroid transcription factor‐1 (TTF‐1), a nuclear protein expressed in follicular cells of the thyroid gland and pneumocytes, was tested in 34 primary and 27 nonprimary canine lung tumours. Normal pneumocytes stained negatively in 14 PLCs because of overfixation or prolonged storage of paraffin blocks and were excluded from the study. Among the 20 immunoreactive PLCs, 17 showed strong nuclear positivity. The three tumours that scored negative were two squamous cell and one papillary carcinoma. Metastatic tumours were always negative. TTF‐1 was 100% specific and 85% sensitive for PLCs. There was no significant relationship among the percentage of labelled tumour cells (TTF‐1 index) and the considered clinicopathological parameters (age, gender, histological type, tumour grade, TNM stage, node status and MIB‐1 index). TTF‐1 immunohistochemistry may give useful additional information regarding the origin of canine lung tumours, whereas its prognostic use still needs to be determined.
Mechlorethamine, procarbazine and prednisone for the treatment of resistant lymphoma in dogs
Authors: Northrup N. C. , Gieger T. L. , Kosarek C. E. , Saba C. F. , LeRoy B. E. , Wall T. M. , Hume K. R. , Childress M. O. , Keys D. A.
Published: January 2009

Forty‐one dogs with resistant lymphoma were treated with a modified MOPP (mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone) protocol (MPP [mechlorethamine, procarbazine and prednisone] administered on a 21‐day cycle, shortened from the 28‐day MOPP cycle). The overall response rate to MPP was 34% for a median of 56 days (95% confidence interval 30–238). Seventeen percent of dogs had a complete response for a median duration of 238 days, 17% had a partial response for a median of 56 days and 32% had stable disease for a median of 24 days. Histological grade or cell morphology on cytology was associated with response. Minimal toxicity was observed with the MPP protocol, suggesting that further dose intensification or addition of another chemotherapeutic agent would be possible.
Automated QT Measurement and Application to Detection of Moxifloxacin‐Induced Changes
Authors: Mortara David W.
Published: January 2009

Background: Concern for drug‐induced QT prolongation has caused significant investment in QT measurement to safety‐test new compounds. Manual methods are expensive and time‐consuming. Reliable automatic methods would be highly desirable.

Methods: Twelve‐lead Holter recordings were annotated beat‐to‐beat by an automatic algorithm for global QRS onset and T offset. T offset was established from the time of peak T downslope plus a rate‐dependent offset, analogous to the “tangent method,” wherein T offset is determined by extrapolating the T downslope to an intersection with the baseline.

Results and Conclusions: Variances of the beat‐to‐beat QT measurements were in the range 2.5–3.4 ms over three distinct databases, including a large heart failure database. Application to a moxifloxacin/placebo control database of 29 subjects showed excellent results.
A novel protein fraction from Sesbania grandiflora shows potential anticancer and chemopreventive efficacy, in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Laladhas Krishna P. , Cheriyan Vino T. , Puliappadamba Vineshkumar T. , Bava Smitha V. , Unnithan Rajesh G. , Vijayammal Parvathy L. , Anto Ruby John
Published: January 2009

We report mechanism‐based evidence for the anticancer efficacy of a protein fraction, SF2 (Sesbania fraction 2) isolated from the flower of the medicinal plant, Sesbania grandiflora (S. grandiflora). The fraction was evaluated in two murine ascites tumour cell lines and human cancer cell lines of different origin for its anticancer effect. SF2 inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis as demonstrated by DNA fragmentation and externalization of phosphatidyl serine in Daltons lymphoma ascites (DLA) and colon cancer cells (SW‐480). Sensitivity to SF2 in these cells was associated with activation of caspases 3, 8 and 9, poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase cleavage and cytochrome C release which attests apoptosis induced cell death. Mechanistically, SF2 down‐regulated phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) induced NF‐κB, a transcription factor which controls the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in cell regulation and growth control. Additionally, SF2 also down‐regulated anti‐apoptotic factors such as Bcl‐2, p‐Akt and cyclooxygenase‐2 induced by the tumour promoter PMA suggestive of a possible explanation for its anticancer effect. In vivo studies using ascites and solid tumour models strongly support in vitro findings as SF2 administration increased the life span and decreased the tumour volume in mice bearing tumour. In vivo toxicological evaluation revealed the pharmacological safety of SF2 and may serve as a potential anticancer drug candidate.
Regulatory T cells and their prognostic value for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Boucek Jan , Mrkvan Tomas , Chovanec Martin , Kuchar Martin , Betka Jaroslav , Boucek Vladimir , Hladikova Marie , Betka Jan , Eckschlager Tomas , Rihova Blanka
Published: January 2009

Regulatory T cells (Treg) are important regulators of anti‐cancer immune responses, and an increase in Treg frequency was observed in the blood of cancer patients. Blood samples from 112 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma antigen (HNSCC) were obtained at the time of tumour diagnosis, and lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3+; CD3−CD16+CD56+; CD4+; CD8+; CD19+; CD4+CD45RA+) with emphasis on Treg counts (CD3+CD4+CD25+), complete blood count and tumour markers (squamous cell carcinoma [SCC]; CEA; α‐1‐antitrypsin [AAT]; Cyfra 21–1; C‐reactive protein [CRP]) were analysed. The data were grouped according to TNM classification, and their significance for the course of the disease at an interval of 1 year after the end of the therapy was determined. The percentage of CD8+ cells increased and the CD/D8 ratio decreased with tumour grade. The ratio of B lymphocytes decreased in patients with locoregional metastases (11.25%versus 9.22%). Treg (15.2%) and CD4+ cells (45.3%) increased, while NK cells (11.8%) decreased in HNSCC patients compared to controls (9.0%, 38.1% and 15.8%, respectively). The data obtained at time of diagnosis were used to assess the significance of tumour markers (SCC, Cyfra 21–1 and AAT) for evaluation of prognosis. The erythrocyte counts (4.64 × 1012/l versus 4.45 × 1012/l) and haemoglobin levels (14.58 g/dl versus 14.05 g/dl) decreased, while Treg counts (8.91%versus 15.70%) increased in patients with early recurrence. Our results show that examination of these parameters could be helpful for prognostication in HNSCC patients and aid improvement of treatment strategy.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Anti‐Elastin Antibodies and Elastin Turnover in Normal Pregnancy and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Authors: Konova Emiliana , Aleksovska Tania , Atanasova Milena , Georgieva Miglena , Todorova Katia , Lukanov Tzvetan , Shoenfeld Yehuda
Published: January 2009

Problem  The aim of this study was to investigate elastin turnover and autoimmunity in patients with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and during normal pregnancy.

Method of study  Anti‐α‐elastin and anti‐tropoelastin IgG and IgM antibodies were measured by a home‐made ELISA in serum samples of 60 medically and obstetrically normal pregnant women, classified to three trimester groups, 18 female patients with RPL and 18 healthy non‐pregnant women with a history of successful pregnancies. One way analyses of variance and Least Significant Difference method were used for a statistical analysis.

Results  Anti‐α‐elastin IgG autoantibodies were significantly decreased in the third trimester pregnant women. IgM anti‐α‐elastin autoantibodies were significantly decreased in all pregnancy groups compared with the controls. Synthesis/degradation ratio of elastin was significantly increased in the third trimester pregnancy group, suggesting decreased elastin degradation during this period of pregnancy. Comparing the RPL patients with the healthy non‐pregnant controls showed a significantly increased anti‐α‐elastin IgG antibody and significantly decreased synthesis/degradation ratio in the patient’s group, suggesting increased elastin degradation in RPL.

Conclusion  Elastin degradation is decreased during normal pregnancy. Increased anti‐elastin IgG antibodies may contribute to the pathogenesis of pregnancy losses.
RNA interference in hippocampus demonstrates opposing roles for CREB and PP1α in contextual and temporal long‐term memory
Authors: Peters M. , Bletsch M. , Catapano R. , Zhang X. , Tully T. , Bourtchouladze R.
Published: January 2009

We injected small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) directly into the hippocampus of wild‐type mice, knocking down expression of cyclic AMP responsive element‐binding protein (CREB) and disrupting long‐term, but not short‐term, memory after both contextual and trace fear conditioning. In contrast, similar knockdown of siRNA for protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) was sufficient to enhance contextual and temporal memory formation, thereby demonstrating with such a gain‐of‐function effect a lack of any general deleterious effect for this method of RNAi‐mediated gene knockdown. Our findings clearly confirm that contextual memory formation involves CREB and PP1 as positive and negative regulators, respectively, and show for the first time that temporal memory formation shares this mechanism. More generally, we establish that direct injection of siRNA into identified adult brain regions yields specific gene knockdowns, which can be used to validate in vivo candidate genes involved in behavioral plasticity.
Regional variation in celiac disease risk within Sweden revealed by the nationwide prospective incidence register
Authors: Olsson Cecilia , Stenlund Hans , Hörnell Agneta , Hernell Olle , Ivarsson Anneli
Published: January 2009

Aim: To determine if there is any regional celiac disease (CD) risk variation in the Swedish childhood population.

Methods: Prospective nationwide Swedish incidence register of CD in children 0–15 years of age, with the present analysis covering the period from 1998 to 2003. ESPGHAN diagnostic criteria for CD were used. Regions were classified according to the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics. The incidence rate for each region, gender, age group and year of diagnosis was calculated.

Results: A regional variation in CD risk was demonstrated. The childhood populations in ‘West Sweden’ and ‘Småland and the islands’, situated in the southern part of the country, had a significantly higher incidence rate compared to in ‘North Middle Sweden’ and ‘Stockholm’, situated in the central part. This regional variation was not explained by variations in risk by gender, age at diagnosis or year of diagnosis.

Conclusion: The Swedish regional variation in CD risk supports multifactorial disease aetiology. Continued efforts are warranted to define factors, besides gluten exposure, that modulate CD risk.
Genetic polymorphism as a background of animal behavior
Authors: INOUE‐MURAYAMA Miho
Published: January 2009

Various studies have shown the associations between differences in human behavioral traits and genetic polymorphism of neurotransmitter‐related proteins such as receptors, transporters and monoamine oxidase. To clarify the genetic background of animal behavior, corresponding regions in animals have been analyzed. The study has been especially focused on primates, as the evolutionally closest animal to humans, and on dogs, as the socially closest animal to humans. In primates, polymorphisms were discovered between or within species, and the functional effects on neural transmission were found to be different by alleles. Even in apes, the closest species to humans, function was different from that in humans. In dogs, allele distributions of several genes were different among breeds showing different behavioral traits, and genes associated with individual differences in aggressiveness and aptitude of working dogs were surveyed. The survey of behavior‐related genes has also been carried out in other mammals such as horses and cetaceans. Genes controlling various behaviors in birds have also been reported. The marker genes for behavior will provide useful information for human evolution, welfare of zoo animals and effective selection of working dogs and industry animals.
Revisiting the Administrative Presidency: Policy, Patronage, and Agency Competence
Authors: LEWIS DAVID E.
Published: January 2009

This paper argues that we should revisit the common assumptions in the administrative presidency literature about political appointments. Specifically, it contests the notions that presidential politicization of the executive branch is intended only to enhance political control of the bureaucracy and is successful at doing so. Instead, the author argues that politicization choices are driven by patronage concerns, and politicization of the bureaucracy ultimately can make it harder for presidents to control the bureaucracy. The paper illustrates how one might theorize more generally about patronage politics in the White House and the impact of appointments on performance.
Self-Reported Sexual Difficulties and Their Association with Depression and Other Factors Among Gay Men Attending High HIV-Caseload General Practices in Australia
Authors: Mao Limin , Newman Christy E. , Kidd Michael R. , Saltman Deborah C. , Rogers Gary D. , Kippax Susan C.
Published: January 2009

Introduction

Sexual expression affects physical, mental and social well-being. There is a lack of understanding of male sexual dysfunction in homosexually active men.

Aim

We investigated gay men’s self-report of a number of sexual problems.

Methods

The survey data were from a sample of 542 self-identified gay men, 40% of whom were HIV positive, recruited from six high HIV-caseload general practices in Australia.

Main Outcome Measures

The reporting of experiencing three or more sexual problems over a period of at least 1 month in the 12 months prior to a survey was defined here as having “multiple” sexual problems. We explored a number of factors, including HIV status, depression, alcohol and other drug use, and sexual risk-taking with casual male partners, in association with multiple sexual problems.

Results

Rates of a range of self-reported sexual problems were high, with erectile dysfunction and lack of sexual desire being the most commonly reported. These high rates were consistent with the limited data from previous Australian studies. Men who had multiple sexual problems were likely to suffer from major depression (P < 0.001). A higher proportion of the HIV-positive gay men (48.4%) reported multiple sexual problems than the HIV-negative men (35.1%, P = 0.002). Factors independently associated with multiple sexual problems among the HIV-negative gay men were poorer general health and interpersonal isolation, whereas for the HIV-positive gay men, they were adoption of avoidant strategies to cope with daily life stress, sexual risk-taking in casual encounters, and the use of antidepressants.

Conclusions

Our findings underscore the complex interactions between depression, sexual dysfunction, sexual risk taking, HIV infection, and general well-being among homosexually active men.
Two‐Dimensional Modeling of Self‐Propagating High‐Temperature Synthesis of Strontium‐Doped Lanthanum Manganate
Authors: Lin Sidney , Selig Jiri
Published: January 2009

A two‐dimensional finite element model is developed to study the reaction kinetics and heat transfer during the self‐propagating high‐temperature synthesis of La0.6Sr0.4MnO3, a cathode and interconnect material used in solid oxide fuel cells. The activation energy of La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 formation was calculated from experimental temperature history. The calculated spatial‐temporal temperature profile, heat generation rate, reaction conversion, and flow pattern of surrounding gas during the reaction are reported in this work. Hot spots are found at the corner near the ignition point shortly after the ignition. The model provided a simple and reliable way to design a large‐scale production of La0.6Sr0.4MnO3.
Obscuring clouds playing hide-and-seek in the active nucleus H0557-385
Authors: Longinotti A. L. , Bianchi S. , Ballo L. , de la Calle I. , Guainazzi M.
Published: January 2009

This Letter reports on two XMM–Newton observations of the type 1 Seyfert galaxy H0557-385 obtained in 2006, which show the source at an historical low flux state, more than a factor of ∼10 lower than a previous XMM–Newton look in 2002. The low flux spectrum presents a strong Fe Kα line associated with a Compton reflection continuum. An additional spectral line around 6.6 keV is required to fit Kα emission from Fe xxv. The spectral curvature below 6 keV implies obscuration by neutral gas with a column density of ∼8 × 1023 cm-2 partially covering the primary emission, which still contributes a few per cent of the soft X-ray emission. Absorption by ionized material on the line of sight is required to fit the deep trough below 1 keV. The comparison of the two spectral states shows that the flux transition is to be ascribed entirely to intervening line-of-sight clouds with high column density.
The location and kinematics of the coronal-line emitting regions in active galactic nuclei
Authors: Mullaney J. R. , Ward M. J. , Done C. , Ferland G. J. , Schurch N.
Published: January 2009

We use the photoionization code cloudy to determine both the location and the kinematics of the optical forbidden, high-ionization line (hereafter, FHIL) emitting gas in the narrow line Seyfert 1 galaxy Ark 564. The results of our models are compared with the observed properties of these emission lines to produce a physical model that is used to explain both the kinematics and the source of this gas. The main features of this model are that the FHIL emitting gas is launched from the putative dusty torus and is quickly accelerated to its terminal velocity of a few hundred km s-1. Iron-carrying grains are destroyed during this initial acceleration. This velocity is maintained by a balance between radiative forces and gravity in this super-Eddington source. Eventually the outflow is slowed at large radii by the gravitational forces of and interactions with the host galaxy. In this model, FHIL emission traces the transition between the active galactic nucleus (AGN) and bulge zones of influence.
A Primer on the Distinction between Justification and Excuse
Authors: Botterell Andrew
Published: January 2009

This article is about the distinction between justification and excuse, a distinction which, while familiar, remains controversial. My discussion focuses on three questions. First, what is the distinction? Second, why is it important? And third, what are some areas of inquiry in which the distinction might be philosophically fruitful? I suggest that the distinction has practical and theoretical consequences, and is therefore worth taking seriously; I highlight two philosophical issues in which the distinction might play a useful role; but I express skepticism about the prospects for drawing a firm distinction between justification and excuse.
Nurses’ opinions about a web‐based distance course in a specialist education programme for the care of older people: a questionnaire study
Authors: Häggström Elisabeth , Hofsten Anna , Wadensten Barbro
Published: January 2009

Aim.  The aim of the present study was to investigate students’ opinions about a web‐based distance learning course that was part of a specialist education programme.

Background.  Most registered nurses (RNs) who work with older people in Sweden do not have a specialist education in caring for older people.

Design.  Survey.

Method.  The study was a descriptive survey with both qualitative and quantitative questions.

Results.  The students found the web‐based course very useful for their theoretical and professional development. New perspectives on ageing, increased knowledge about analysing and describing theories as well as practising interviews and qualitative analysis as methods were appreciated by the students.

Conclusions.  One way for RNs in Sweden to get a university specialist education in the care of older people is to have a distance web‐based course, as it allows flexibility and improves the students’ theoretical and professional knowledge and communication skills.

Relevance for clinical practice.  Managers working in care for older people settings and educators will be interested in this study’s finding that distance learning is a useful strategy for providing education for RNs who work with older people.
A population estimate of Heaviside's dolphins, Cephalorhynchus heavisidii, at the southern end of their range
Authors: Elwen Simon H. , Reeb Desray , Thornton Meredith , Best Peter B.
Published: January 2009

Abstract

Heaviside's dolphins, Cephalorhynchus heavisidii, are endemic to southwestern Africa, where they are exposed to unknown levels of anthropogenic threats, including inshore set netting. Using photo‐ID data collected over 3 yr on the west coast of South Africa, we calculated Chapman's‐modified Petersen estimates of the number of distinctive individuals at three spatial scales. Sample sizes were small and recapture rates low resulting in high variance. Total population abundance was extrapolated from the proportion of well‐marked animals in the population (14%–17%) with between‐year estimates adjusted for mortality using data from Commerson's dolphin. The total population size was calculated as 527 animals (CV = 0.35, CI 272–1,020) in the 1999 study area (20 km of coastline, within season), 3,429 animals (CV = 0.36, CI 1,721–6,828) in the central study area (150 km of coastline, 3 yr), and 6,345 animals (CV = 0.26, CI 3,573–11,267) in the full study area (390 km of coastline, 2 yr). Dolphins fitted with satellite transmitters varied in their use of the inshore photographic study area from 39.5% to 94.7% of transmission days (38–51 total). Given the known or suspected biases in the data, these abundance estimates are likely to be biased downward.
Shugendo: Japanese Mountain Religion – State of the Field and Bibliographic Review
Authors: Sekimori Gaynor
Published: January 2009

Shugendo is a fascinating subject that crosses conceptual and scholarly boundaries. This is a cause of its richness, but also has led to a great deal of misunderstanding. A major concern remains its definition; if this article brings readers to a greater awareness of its parameters, the author will be well‐satisfied. My purpose here is not so much a description of Shugendo history and rituals, important as they are, as to introduce contemporary scholarship regarding them, primarily in English, but also to a lesser extent in French and German, to an English readership. It has been impossible to do this without reference to the Japanese scholarship upon which much of that work is indebted, since knowledge of this scholarship is crucial in dispelling Western misconceptions about Shugendo. Therefore, at the risk of excluding scholars of religion who cannot access the work directly because of the linguistic limitations, I have attempted to draw the attention of readers to the most significant works written in Japanese on the subject as well. At the same time, bearing in mind that this article is not intended simply for historians of religion already in the Japanese field, I have felt it to be important to provide the broadest possible selection of works in English that relate to the theme, to allow English language readers a wide access to monographs and articles about Shugendo or Shugendo‐related subjects. Space considerations have circumscribed detailed discussion of the research history, but every effort has been made to refer to the main issues involved.