bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Full-thickness laparoendoscopic colonic excision in an experimental model
Authors: Brigic A , Southgate A , Sibbons P , Clark S K , Fraser C , Kennedy R H
Published: June 2014

Background

Patients requiring surgery for complex colonic polyps traditionally undergo colectomy, with significant risks. Typically in excess of 10–30 cm of colon is removed at laparoscopic or open surgery lasting over 60 min. This study details the preclinical development of a rapid, minimally invasive, limited full-thickness colonic resection.

Methods

Both survival and non-survival procedures were performed in anaesthetized 70-kg pigs. A simulated colonic polyp was created by endoscopic ink injection with a clearance margin delineated by circumferential placement of mucosal argon plasma coagulation marks. Full-thickness eversion of the bowel was achieved using endoscopically placed anchors and the polyp was excised using a laparoscopic stapler. In survival procedures, pigs were killed under anaesthetic 8 days after surgery. All pigs underwent post-mortem examination.

Results

Five procedures were performed (5 pigs). The median (range) procedure duration was 26 (20–31) min, with a specimen diameter of 5·1 (4·5–6·3) cm. The postoperative recovery of survival animals (4 pigs) was uneventful. At post-mortem evaluation the resection sites were well healed with no evidence of stenosis, intra-abdominal infection or inadvertent organ damage. Histological assessment of anastomoses showed mucosal repair and restoration of submucosal continuity.

Conclusion

Full-thickness localized colonic excision with this technique provides a large specimen with adequate healing in a porcine model.

Presented to the Annual Meeting of the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland, Glasgow, UK, May 2013; published in abstract form as Br J Surg 2013; 100(Suppl 7): 2
Circulating fibrocytes and Crohn's disease
Authors: Sahebally S M , Burke J P , Chang K H , Kiernan M G , O'Connell P R , Coffey J C
Published: June 2014

Background

Despite advances in medical therapy, there remains no effective preventive or non-surgical therapeutic option for fibrostenotic Crohn's disease (CD). Symptomatic recurrences are common, necessitating reintervention. Intestinal fibroblasts mediate stricture formation, but their exact source is unclear. Recent evidence indicates that circulating fibrocytes drive fibrosis through differentiation into fibroblasts and the production of extracellular matrix proteins. The aim of this review is to describe current understanding of the pathophysiology underlying fibrosis in CD, the cellular and molecular biology of fibrocytes and their role in CD.

Methods

The electronic literature (January 1972 to December 2012) on ‘circulating fibrocytes’ and ‘Crohn's fibrosis’ was reviewed.

Results

Circulating fibrocytes appear universally involved in organ fibrosis. A complex array of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors regulate fibrocyte biology, and these are associated with fibrogenesis in CD. The cytokines transforming growth factor β1, connective tissue growth factor and interleukin 13, overexpressed in the strictured Crohn's intestine, promote fibrocyte generation and/or differentiation.

Conclusion

Levels of circulating fibrocytes are raised in conditions marked by exaggerated fibrosis. These and other observations prompt a characterization of fibrocyte activity in CD with a view to investigating a pathogenic role.
Interlaboratory Comparison of the Co−C Eutectic Point with Small‐Size Cell for Thermocouples
Authors: Numajiri Haruhiko , Sasaki Masashi , Aikawa Takao , Sato Hiroyasu , Kimura Kazuhiro , Yamasaki Haruki , Ishii Juntaro , Yamada Yoshiro
Published: June 2014

Using a small‐size crucible, interlaboratory comparison of the realization of the Co−C eutectic point was performed in the industrial field in Japan, with the aim of verifying the possibility of thermocouple calibration at the eutectic point with an existing furnace of less‐than‐ideal temperature distribution, namely, the palladium‐point wire‐bridge method furnace for thermocouple calibration. A small‐size crucible for thermocouples was made by the National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (NMIJ/AIST). The interlaboratory comparison was piloted by the Tokyo Metropolitan Industrial Technology Research Institute (TIRI), a public test and research organization in Tokyo, and was conducted among five calibration laboratories including the pilot. One of the five laboratories is a designated calibration laboratory in Japan, and the other three are private laboratories. Four laboratories including TIRI used an existing palladium‐point furnace, and one laboratory made a new furnace for this interlaboratory comparison.
Immune checkpoint blockade in hepatocellular carcinoma: Current progress and future directions
Authors: Hato Tai , Goyal Lipika , Greten Tim F. , Duda Dan G. , Zhu Andrew X.
Published: June 2014

Immune checkpoint blockade has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for various malignancies including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Preclinical and clinical studies have shown the potential benefit of modulating the immunogenicity of HCC. In addition, recent advances in tumor immunology have broadened our understanding of the complex mechanism of immune evasion. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on HCC immunology and discuss the potential of immune checkpoint blockade as a novel HCC therapy from the basic, translational, and clinical perspectives. (Hepatology 2014;60:1776–1782)
Heparin Responses in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Involve cGMP‐Dependent Protein Kinase (PKG)
Authors: Gilotti Albert C. , Nimlamool Wutigri , Pugh Raymond , Slee Joshua B. , Barthol Trista C. , Miller Elizabeth A. , Lowe‐Krentz Linda J.
Published: June 2014

Published data provide strong evidence that heparin treatment of proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells results in decreased signaling through the ERK pathway and decreases in cell proliferation. In addition, these changes have been shown to be mimicked by antibodies that block heparin binding to the cell surface. Here, we provide evidence that the activity of protein kinase G is required for these heparin effects. Specifically, a chemical inhibitor of protein kinase G, Rp‐8‐pCPT‐cGMS, eliminates heparin and anti‐heparin receptor antibody effects on bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into growth factor‐stimulated cells. In addition, protein kinase G inhibitors decrease heparin effects on ERK activity, phosphorylation of the transcription factor Elk‐1, and heparin‐induced MKP‐1 synthesis. Although transient, the levels of cGMP increase in heparin treated cells. Finally, knock down of protein kinase G also significantly decreases heparin effects in growth factor‐activated vascular smooth muscle cells. Together, these data indicate that heparin effects on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation depend, at least in part, on signaling through protein kinase G. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 2142–2152, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hypoxia/Hypercapnia‐Induced Adaptation Maintains Functional Capacity of Cord Blood Stem and Progenitor Cells at 4°C
Authors: Vlaski Marija , Negroni Luc , Kovacevic‐Filipovic Milica , Guibert Christelle , de la Grange Philippe Brunet , Rossignol Rodrigue , Chevaleyre Jean , Duchez Pascale , Lafarge Xavier , Praloran Vincent , Schmitter Jean‐Marie , Ivanovic Zoran
Published: June 2014

We analyzed the effect of exposure to hypoxic/hypercapnic (HH) gas mixture (5% O2/9% CO2) on the maintenance of functional cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in severe hypothermia (4°C) employing the physiological and proteomic approaches. Ten‐day exposure to HH maintained the Day 0 (D‐0) level of hematopoietic stem cells as detected in vivo on the basis of hematopoietic repopulation of immunodeficient mice—short‐term scid repopulating cells (SRC). Conversely, in the atmospheric air (20% O2/0.05% CO2), usual condition used for cell storage at 4°C, stem cell activity was significantly decreased. Also, HH doubled the survival of CD34+ cells and committed progenitors (CFCs) with respect to the atmospheric air (60% vs. 30%, respectively). Improved cell maintenance in HH was associated with higher proportion of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) positive cells. Cell‐protective effects are associated with an improved maintenance of the plasma and mitochondrial membrane potential and with a conversion to the glycolytic energetic state. We also showed that HH decreased apoptosis, despite a sustained ROS production and a drop of ATP amount per viable cell. The proteomic study revealed that the global protein content was better preserved in HH. This analysis identified: (i) proteins sensitive or insensitive to hypothermia irrespective of the gas phase, and (ii) proteins related to the HH cell‐protective effect. Among them are some protein families known to be implicated in the prolonged survival of hibernating animals in hypothermia. These findings suggest a way to optimize short‐term cell conservation without freezing. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 2153–2165, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Functional Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) Channel Is Expressed in Human Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Authors: Dragoni Silvia , Guerra Germano , Pla Alessandra Fiorio , Bertoni Giuseppe , Rappa Alessandra , Poletto Valentina , Bottino Cinzia , Aronica Adele , Lodola Francesco , Cinelli Maria Pia , Laforenza Umberto , Rosti Vittorio , Tanzi Franco , Munaron Luca , Moccia Francesco
Published: June 2014

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are mobilized into circulation to replace damaged endothelial cells and recapitulate the vascular network of injured tissues. Intracellular Ca2+ signals are key to EPC activation, but it is yet to be elucidated whether they are endowed with the same blend of Ca2+‐permeable channels expressed by mature endothelial cells. For instance, endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs), the only EPC subset truly committed to acquire a mature endothelial phenotype, lack canonical transient receptor potential channels 3, 5 and 6 (TRPC3, 5 and 6), which are widely distributed in vascular endothelium; on the other hand, they express a functional store‐operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). The present study was undertaken to assess whether human circulating EPCs possess TRP vanilloid channel 4 (TRPV4), which plays a master signalling role in mature endothelium, by controlling both vascular remodelling and arterial pressure. We found that EPCs express both TRPV4 mRNA and protein. Moreover, both GSK1016790A (GSK) and phorbol myristate acetate and, two widely employed TRPV4 agonists, induced intracellular Ca2+ signals uniquely in presence of extracellular Ca2+. GSK‐ and PMA‐induced Ca2+ elevations were inhibited by RN‐1734 and ruthenium red, which selectively target TRPV4 in mature endothelium. However, TRPV4 stimulation with GSK did not cause EPC proliferation, while the pharmacological blockade of TRPV4 only modestly affected EPC growth in the presence of a growth factor‐enriched culture medium. Conversely, SOCE inhibition with BTP‐2, La3+ and Gd3+ dramatically decreased cell proliferation. These data indicate that human circulating EPCs possess a functional TRPV4 protein before their engraftment into nascent vessels. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 95–104, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human Olfactory Bulb Neural Stem Cells expressing hNGF Restore Cognitive Deficit in Alzheimer's Disease Rat Model
Authors: Marei Hany E. S. , Farag Amany , Althani Asma , Afifi Nahla , Abd‐Elmaksoud Ahmed , Lashen Samah , Rezk Shaymaa , Pallini Roberto , Casalbore Patrizia , Cenciarelli Carlo
Published: June 2014

In this study, we aim to demonstrate the fate of allogenic adult human olfactory bulb neural stem/progenitor cells (OBNSC/NPCs) transplanted into the rat hippocampus treated with ibotenic acid (IBO), a neurotoxicant specific to hippocampal cholinergic neurons that are lost in Alzheimer's disease. We assessed their possible ability to survive, integrate, proliferate, and differentiate into different neuronal and glial elements: we also evaluate their possible therapeutic potential, and the mechanism(s) relevant to neuroprotection following their engraftment into the CNS milieu. OBNSC/NPCs were isolated from adult human olfactory bulb patients, genetically engineered to express GFP and human nerve growth factor (hNGF) by lentivirus‐mediated infection, and stereotaxically transplanted into the hippocampus of IBO‐treated animals and controls. Stereological analysis of engrafted OBNSCs eight weeks post transplantation revealed a 1.89 fold increase with respect to the initial cell population, indicating a marked ability for survival and proliferation. In addition, 54.71 ± 11.38%, 30.18 ± 6.00%, and 15.09 ± 5.38% of engrafted OBNSCs were identified by morphological criteria suggestive of mature neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes respectively. Taken together, this work demonstrated that human OBNSCs expressing NGF ameliorate the cognitive deficiencies associated with IBO‐induced lesions in AD model rats, and the improvement can probably be attributed primarily to neuronal and glial cell replacement as well as the trophic influence exerted by the secreted NGF. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 116–130, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Population pharmacokinetics of cilengitide in adult and pediatric cancer patients from a nonlinear mixed‐effects analysis
Authors: Zühlsdorf Michael , Bhattaram Venkatesh Atul , Campioni Marco , Krösser Sonja , Derendorf Hartmut , Kovar Andreas
Published: June 2014

Cilengitide is an αvβ3/αvβ5‐integrin inhibitor investigated as an anticancer agent. This study aimed to develop a cilengitide population pharmacokinetic model using nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling of 136 adult patients with advanced solid tumors and to scale the pharmacokinetic parameters to the pediatric population. A stepwise approach was used, beginning with exploratory analyses checking database/target covariate relationships. A two‐compartment structural model was developed to describe cilengitide's concentration–time profile and assess covariates’ impact on pharmacokinetic parameters. A bootstrap procedure validated the base/final model stability. A two‐compartment model best described concentration–time data. Estimated structural model parameters were: 2.79 L h−1 m−2 central compartment mean systemic clearance, 6.75 L m−2 central compartment volume of distribution, 1.3 L h−1 m−2 intercompartmental clearance, and 3.85 L m−2 peripheral compartment volume of distribution. Mean half‐life was 0.9 and 3.8 h (α/β‐phase). Co‐medications and study populations had no impact, as the different studies were not significant model covariates. Weight and body surface area correlated with the pharmacokinetic parameters (r = 0.95, P < 0.01). Pharmacokinetic parameters were consistent with individual study‐derived parameters; their allometric scaling enabled pediatric pharmacokinetic profile predictions as corroborated by independent data. This model provides the basis for pharmacokinetic profile simulations of different dosages/regimens in different populations.
Beyond the Schools of Psychology 2: A Digital Analysis of Psychological Review, 1904–1923
Authors: Green Christopher D. , Feinerer Ingo , Burman Jeremy T.
Published: June 2014

In order to better understand the broader trends and points of contention in early American psychology, it is conventional to organize the relevant material in terms of “schools” of psychology—structuralism, functionalism, etc. Although not without value, this scheme marginalizes many otherwise significant figures, and tends to exclude a large number of secondary, but interesting, individuals. In an effort to address these problems, we grouped all the articles that appeared in the second and third decades of Psychological Review into five‐year blocks, and then cluster analyzed each block by the articles’ verbal similarity to each other. This resulted in a number of significant intellectual “genres” of psychology that are ignored by the usual “schools” taxonomy. It also made “visible” a number of figures who are typically downplayed or ignored in conventional histories of the discipline, and it provide us with an intellectual context in which to understand their contributions.
‘Laboratory Talk’ in U.S. Sociology, 1890–1930: The Performance of Scientific Legitimacy
Authors: Owens B. Robert
Published: June 2014

This paper examines one aspect of early twentieth century debates over the meaning of scientific methodology and epistemology within the social sciences: the tendency of sociologists to invoke “laboratory” as a multivalent concept and in reference to diverse institutions and sites of exploration. The aspiration to designate or create laboratories as spaces of sociological knowledge production was broadly unifying in early American sociology (1890–1930), even though there was no general agreement about what “laboratory” meant, nor any explicit acknowledgment of that lack of consensus. The persistence of laboratory talk in sociology over decades reflects the power of “laboratory” as a productively ambiguous, legitimizing ideal for sociologists aspiring to make their discipline rigorously scientific.
Synthesis and characterization of 14C‐labelled sulfate conjugates of steroid oestrogens
Authors: Wang Jiajia , Wang Yongfeng , Wang Ting , Cui Kai , Wang Lianhong , Ji Rong
Published: June 2014

Steroid oestrogens are typical endocrine‐disrupting compounds in the environment and are excreted from the human and animals mainly as conjugates, including sulfate and glucuronide salts. The oestrogen conjugates are largely biologically inactive, but they can be de‐conjugated and release free oestrogens, which usually exhibit strong oestrogenicity. Therefore, it is important to study the fate of oestrogen conjugates in the environment. However, because of the complexity of environmental matrixes, time‐consuming pre‐treatments of samples are usually required to reduce the interference of the matrixes. 14C radioisotope can trace target substances and their degradation products at low concentrations in complex environmental samples and is therefore essential in such studies. We synthesized three oestrogen sulfates with 14C‐labelling at the ring, i.e. [3‐14C]‐estrone‐3‐sulfate ammonium salt, [3‐14C]‐17β‐estradiol‐17‐sulfate ammonium salt, and [3‐14C]‐17β‐estradiol‐3,17‐disulfate diammonium salt with radiochemical purities of >98% by sulfation of [3‐14C]‐labelled estrone and 17β‐estradiol in dry pyridine with SO3‐triethylamine at room temperature or 90–95 °C, followed by hydrolysis with KOH‐methanol solution and purification by preparative thin‐layer chromatography on silica gel using an ammonia‐containing eluent. The products were characterized by mass spectrometry and 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, using their corresponding non‐labelled compounds. The 14C‐labelled oestrogen conjugates provide possibilities for studying their fate in soil and sediment environments as well as in the animal manure. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Henry's constants for ethanol, iso‐octane and gasoline absorption in engine lubricants
Authors: de Lima Ribeiro Kamilla , Sodré José Ricardo
Published: June 2014

Henry's constants for hydrous ethanol, iso‐octane and gasoline absorption in engine lubricants were determined using gas chromatography. Samples of synthetic SAE 5 W30, synthetic SAE 5 W40, semi‐synthetic SAE 15 W40, mineral SAE 15 W40 and mineral SAE 25 W60 oil were used in the experiments. For all lubricants tested, typical molecular weights were considered, ranging from 500 to 5000 kg/kmol. The results show that, for any lubricant, Henry's constant for hydrous ethanol is about 2.2 times higher than that of gasoline, and about 4.3 times higher than that of iso‐octane. Decreasing Henry's constant was observed with increasing lubricant molecular weight, regardless of the fuel type. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consumer Response to Overstyling: Balancing Aesthetics and Functionality in Product Design
Authors: Hagtvedt Henrik , Patrick Vanessa M.
Published: June 2014

Aesthetic design, or styling, is an important product attribute in today's retail environment, especially when functional demands have been met (Chitturi, Raghunathan, & Mahajan, ; Hoegg, Alba, & Dahl, ). This research note, however, focuses on consumer responses to products when perceived functionality is low. Ideally, high styling is combined with high functionality, but perceived trade‐offs may arise when styling appears to conflict with functionality. This research highlights some implications of these trade‐offs and emphasizes that they depend on usage context. Specifically, the authors demonstrate that styling can compensate for minor, but not major, flaws in functionality (Study 1). Further, the influence of styling on perceived functionality and product evaluation is less (vs. more) favorable in a utilitarian (vs. hedonic) context (Study 2). Key insights for managers based on this research are discussed.
Popular diets: are they effective for people with type 2 diabetes?
Authors: Dyson Pamela
Published: June 2014

The benefits of weight loss for people with type 2 diabetes are well established, but many individuals find dietary energy restriction and weight loss challenging. Conventional dietary advice recommends adopting a low fat, high fibre diet with moderate energy restriction for weight loss, but there are other more popular diets available including the 5:2 or Fast diet, the Paleolithic (or caveman) diet, low glycaemic index (GI) diets, low carbohydrate diets, very low calorie diets and Mediterranean diets.

This review explores the evidence for these popular diets and discusses application to clinical practice. There is no evidence for the role of the Fast diet in people with diabetes, and little evidence for the Paleolithic diet, and these diets cannot be recommended currently. Although low GI diets appear to improve glycaemic control in people with diabetes, there is no evidence that they induce weight loss, and they are no longer recommended as a primary strategy by most authorities. There is stronger evidence for the efficacy of both low carbohydrate diets and very low calorie diets showing they are more effective for weight loss over the short term, although this benefit disappears over longer periods of time. Recent evidence suggests that Mediterranean diets are effective for weight loss, improvements in glycaemic control and for reducing cardiovascular risk, although cultural aspects may limit use outside the Mediterranean region. There remains no evidence for the most effective method for weight reduction in people with type 2 diabetes.
Use of a somatostatin analogue in treating severe hypoglycaemia and neuroglycopaenia, in association with hyperinsulinaemia, post bariatric surgery
Authors: Redford Christopher , Smith Jamie
Published: June 2014

Dumping syndrome is a well‐recognised phenomenon post bariatric surgery. However, are all post‐prandial symptoms in such patients simply a result of classical dumping? Our case clearly highlights that as clinicians we should be alert to the possibility of post‐prandial hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia leading to severe neuroglycopaenia.

We describe a 51‐year‐old man presenting with symptoms of pallor, light‐headedness, nausea, weakness and collapse, in association with low blood glucose, post‐prandially. The patient had recorded random capillary blood glucose between 1.9–2.6mmol/L on a blood glucose meter during such episodes. His symptoms developed 12 months following gastric bypass surgery and 100kg weight loss. Initially, he was managed with dietary modification, but to no avail.

The patient was subsequently admitted for inpatient investigation which excluded fasting hypoglycaemia and confirmed post‐prandial hypoglycaemia with severe neuroglycopaenia. Hence a diagnosis of hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia was made. He was commenced on octreotide 50μg three times daily and this treatment led to a significant reduction in the frequency and severity of his symptoms.

We feel that this case highlights a problem that will be more frequently encountered as numbers of patients undergoing bariatric surgery increase. Clinicians need to be vigilant to the possibility of this diagnosis and treat appropriately to avoid significant morbidity.
Self‐care and misplaced confidence: a randomised controlled trial of provision of VibraTip for patients with diabetes at high risk of complications
Authors: Levy A , Cole A , Greenwood R
Published: June 2014

The aims of this study were to assess the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial of foot care using patients recruited from the retinal imaging clinic, and to determine whether in addition to standard care and advice, giving patients with diabetes a VibraTip would enhance confidence in foot self‐care.

Sixty subjects recruited in retinal imaging clinics were randomised to receive a standard foot care leaflet, or leaflet plus VibraTip with a demonstration of its use. VibraTip recipients were encouraged to take it home but given no further instructions. Participants were asked to complete a ‘confidence in self‐care’ questionnaire at enrolment and follow up, six months later.

Recruitment was completed in three, all‐day clinics. Follow‐up rates were also high with only one subject lost from each group. Confidence in the ability to check feet for sores or blisters rose in the control group from 90.4% to 96.6% and fell from 90% to 88.6% in the VibraTip group.

The feasibility results indicate that large randomised controlled trials in this patient group would be achievable for short educational interventions. Although only a feasibility trial, the study suggested that, if anything, providing VibraTip might actually cast doubt in the minds of patients with diabetes who had been very confident that they could look after their feet. Self‐confidence may be more likely to foster complacency than behaviours likely to minimise risk of harm.
Novel methods of teaching diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) diagnosis and management in a clinical curriculum: Sim‐DKA
Authors: Brown CW , Watson WA , Morrison IG , MacLennan KY
Published: June 2014

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of diabetes and errors in its management are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Simulation based medical education is used to teach health care professionals diagnosis and management of low‐frequency, high‐acuity conditions.

We aim to describe a novel method of teaching DKA diagnosis and management using simulation and provide a model which other institutions can adapt as an educational resource. We also map scenario outcomes to a number of key educational domains as well as outlining important patient safety outcomes that can be covered in the debrief.
Respect, engage, change – it's time to end the white noise
Authors: Kar Partha
Published: June 2014

The burning question at the moment is ‘What we can do to optimise delivery of diabetes care?’ Fundamental questions need be raised as to how far we respect each other's professional positions, how far we actually engage with patients and what we can do to improve these vital relationships. We need to look at the power of social media, as to how it could help us engage with each other cutting across all boundaries, whether it be between professional ranks or patients. How can we genuinely put the patient in charge of services, be guided by them to achieve a higher quality diabetes service all across the country?

In essence, the time has come for us to respect each other, and engage not just in words but in action – and have the boldness to change. In the words of Barack Obama: ‘Change will not come if we wait for some other person or if we wait for some other time. We are the ones we've been waiting for. We are the change that we seek.’

It is time to shake off the rhetoric and make excellence a norm, not an exception. It is time to stop the white noise, it is time to do. The time for siloed working must be over: patients with diabetes deserve much more than that.
Self‐assembly of a [2]pseudorotaxane complex by the threading of a nitrobenzimidazol‐based guest on dibenzo‐24‐crown ether host
Authors: Castillo Dolores , Cervantes Ruy , Frontana Carlos , Gonzalez Felipe J. , Tiburcio Jorge
Published: June 2014

A new derivative of the previously reported 1,2‐bis(benzimidazol‐2‐yl)ethane motif, cation [1H2]2+, was synthesized under microwave irradiation and fully characterized by solution NMR, high‐resolution mass spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry and X‐ray crystallography. This cation presents a linear geometry and incorporates nitro substituents as electrochemical handles. In solution, cation [1H2]2+, is capable of threading the cavity of dibenzo‐24‐crown‐8 ether host (DB24C8) giving rise to a [2]pseudorotaxane complex [1H2⊂DB24C8]2+, regardless of the counterion, [CF3SO3]− or [CF3COO] −. The interpenetrated structure of [1H2⊂DB24C8]2+ was proven by solution NMR and X‐ray crystallography. This host–guest complex is held together by several non‐covalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding and ion‐dipole. An electrochemical study of [1H2]2+ in the presence of variable amounts of DB24C8 was performed; due to the irreversible redox behavior of cation [1H2]2+, it was not possible to electrochemically control the association/dissociation process with DB24C8. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Financial Management for Business
Authors: Bittlestone Robert
Published: June 2014

Financial Management for Business: Cracking the Hidden Code represents a breakthrough approach to business education. Set against the gripping story of Luca Pacioli's research into the 'Hidden Code' of bookkeeping that transformed medieval business and remains at the heart of every modern enterprise, the book presents an innovative step-by-step model that will transform your understanding of financial management. Key concepts such as profit and loss, cash flow and balance sheets are brought to life with Internet-based simulations that show how cash actually flows around the business. The book also helps to explain how decisions such as pricing and advertising affect the bottom line and why financial disasters happen, such as the 2008 international banking crisis. Professionals and students will find the book an invaluable companion to CIMA's new fast-track financial qualification for non-accountants. The book comes with a free trial of the web-based simulation models: visit www.financial-management-for-business.com for further details.
A Financial Centre for Two Empires
Authors: Donald David C. , Wang Jiangyu , VanderWolk Jefferson P.
Published: June 2014

This is a case study of legal transplant, economic development, cultural adaptation and political integration. Hong Kong's journey from British entrepôt to China's international financial centre is one of the most interesting legal stories of our time. But Hong Kong's future is even more interesting: will this region with British-origin institutions survive full integration into China and become its permanent international financial centre? Does Hong Kong have the legal infrastructure to compete effectively with Shanghai and Singapore, and even New York and London? A Financial Centre for Two Empires presents Hong Kong's story, examines its corporate economy and securities market, assesses its corporate, securities and tax laws for doctrinal soundness and appropriate remedies, and evaluates the quality of their enforcement empirically. It closes with a view of Hong Kong from the perspective of developments in Beijing and Shanghai, including an examination of the important political dimension.
An Introduction to Design Arguments
Authors: Jantzen Benjamin C.
Published: June 2014

The history of design arguments stretches back to before Aquinas, who claimed that things which lack intelligence nevertheless act for an end to achieve the best result. Although science has advanced to discredit this claim, it remains true that many biological systems display remarkable adaptations of means to ends. Versions of design arguments have persisted over the centuries and have culminated in theories that propose an intelligent designer of the universe. This volume is the only comprehensive survey of 2,000 years of debate, drawing on both historical and modern literature to identify, clarify and assess critically the many forms of design argument for the existence of God. It provides a neutral, informative account of the topic from antiquity to Darwin, and includes concise primers on probability and cosmology. It will be of great value to upper-level undergraduates and graduates in philosophy of religion, theology, and philosophy of science.
Making a New Deal
Authors: Cohen Lizabeth
Published: June 2014

This book examines how it was possible and what it meant for ordinary factory workers to become effective unionists and national political participants by the mid-1930s. We follow Chicago workers as they make choices about whether to attend ethnic benefit society meetings or to go to the movies, whether to shop in local neighborhood stores or patronize the new A&P. As they made daily decisions like these, they declared their loyalty in ways that would ultimately have political significance. When the depression worsened in the 1930s, workers adopted new ideological perspectives and overcame longstanding divisions among themselves to mount new kinds of collective action. Chicago workers' experiences all converged to make them into New Deal Democrats and CIO unionists. First printed in 1990, Making a New Deal has become an established classic in American history. The second edition includes a new preface by Lizabeth Cohen.
Reversing Sail
Authors: Gomez Michael A.
Published: June 2014

This 2005 book examines the global unfolding of the African Diaspora, the migrations and dispersals of the people of Africa, from antiquity to the modern period. Their exploits, challenges, and struggles are discussed over a wide expanse of time in ways that link as well as differentiate past and present circumstances. The experiences of Africans in the Old World, in the Mediterranean and Islamic worlds, is followed by their movement into the New, where their experience in lands claimed by Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French and English colonial powers is analyzed from enslavement through to the Cold War. While appropriate mention is made of persons of renown, particular attention is paid to the everyday lives of working class people and their cultural efflorescence. The book also attempts to explain contemporary plights and struggles through the lens of history.
The Politics of Collective Violence
Authors: Tilly Charles
Published: June 2014

Are there any commonalities between such phenomena as soccer hooliganism, sabotage by peasants of landlords' property, incidents of road rage, and even the events of September 11? With striking historical scope and command of the literature of many disciplines, this book, first published in 2003, seeks the common causes of these events in collective violence. In collective violence, social interaction immediately inflicts physical damage, involves at least two perpetrators of damage, and results in part from coordination among the persons who perform the damaging acts. Professor Tilly argues that collective violence is complicated, changeable, and unpredictable in some regards, yet that it also results from similar causes variously combined in different times and places. Pinpointing the causes, combinations, and settings helps to explain collective violence and its variations, and also helps to identify the best ways to mitigate violence and create democracies with a minimum of damage to persons and property.
Tooth Development in Human Evolution and Bioarchaeology
Authors: Hillson Simon
Published: June 2014

Human children grow at a uniquely slow pace by comparison with other mammals. When and where did this schedule evolve? Have technological advances, farming and cities had any effect upon it? Addressing these and other key questions in palaeoanthropology and bioarchaeology, Simon Hillson examines the unique role of teeth in preserving detailed microscopic records of development throughout childhood and into adulthood. The text critically reviews theory, assumptions, methods and literature, providing the dental histology background to anthropological studies of both growth rate and growth disruption. Chapters also examine existing studies of growth rate in the context of human evolution and primate development more generally, together with implications for life history. The final chapters consider how defects in the tooth development sequence shed light on the consequences of biological and social transitions, contributing to our understanding of the evolution of modern human development and cognition.
The Carolingian World
Authors: Costambeys Marios , Innes Matthew , MacLean Simon
Published: June 2014

At its height, the Carolingian empire spanned a million square kilometres of western Europe - from the English Channel to central Italy and northern Spain, and from the Atlantic to the fringes of modern Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic. As the largest political unit for centuries, the empire dominated the region and left an enduring legacy for European culture. This comprehensive survey traces this great empire's history, from its origins around 700, with the rise to dominance of the Carolingian dynasty, through its expansion by ruthless military conquest and political manoeuvring in the eighth century, to the struggle to hold the empire together in the ninth. It places the complex political narrative in context, giving equal consideration to vital themes such as beliefs, peasant society, aristocratic culture and the economy. Accessibly written and authoritative, this book offers distinctive perspectives on a formative period in European history.
A Concise History of Germany
Authors: Fulbrook Mary
Published: June 2014

This book provides a clear and informative guide to the twists and turns of German history from the early middle ages to the present day. The multi-faceted, problematic history of the German lands has provided a wide range of debates and differences of interpretation. Mary Fulbrook provides a crisp synthesis of a vast array of historical material, and explores the interrelationships between social, political and cultural factors in the light of scholarly controversies. First published in 1990, A Concise History of Germany appeared in an updated edition in 1992, and in a second edition in 2004. It is the only single-volume history of Germany in English which offers a broad, general coverage. It has become standard reading for all students of German, European studies and history, and is a useful guide to general readers, members of the business community and travellers to Germany.
A Concise History of Portugal
Authors: Birmingham David
Published: June 2014

This concise, illustrated history of Portugal, first published in 2003, offers an introduction to the people and culture of the country, its empire, and to its search for economic modernisation, political stability and international partnership. The book studies the effects of the vast wealth mined from Portuguese Brazil, the growth of the wine trade, and the evolution of international ties. The Portuguese Revolution of 1820 to 1851 created a liberal monarchy, but in 1910 the king was overthrown and, by 1926, had been replaced by a dictatorship. In 1975 Portugal withdrew from its African colonies and turned north to become a democratic member of the European Community in 1986. Researched during the years which followed the fall of Portugal's dictators in 1974, this book has become the standard single-volume work. The second edition brings the story up to date and discusses the state of historical writing on Portugal at the turn of the millennium.
The 'Red Terror' and the Spanish Civil War
Authors: Ruiz Julius
Published: June 2014

This book deals with one of most controversial issues of the Spanish Civil War (1936–9): the 'Red Terror'. Approximately 50,000 Spaniards were extrajudicially executed in Republican Spain following the failure of the military rebellion in July 1936. This mass killing of 'fascists' seriously undermined attempts by the legally constituted Republican government to present itself in foreign quarters as fighting a war for democracy. This study, based on a wealth of scholarship and archival sources, challenges the common view that executions were the work of criminal or anarchist 'uncontrollables'. Its focus is on Madrid, which witnessed at least 8,000 executions in 1936. It shows that the terror was organized and was carried out with the complicity of the police, and argues that terror was seen as integral to the antifascist war effort. Indeed, the elimination of the internal enemy - the 'Fifth Column' - was regarded as important as the war on the front line.
India and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime
Authors: Kumar A. Vinod
Published: June 2014

The book is a comprehensive study of India's relationship with the non-proliferation regime, and its transformative evolution from a perennial outlier to one seeking greater integration with the regime and its normative structures. The highlight of this study is its incisive conceptual analysis of the regime as a functional system and its structural complexities, which brings forth new insights on the regime's core ideas like non-proliferation and counter-proliferation. The book also provides an extensive non-Western narrative on the concept of counter-proliferation and its conceivable role and influence in the regime. It breaks new ground in explaining India's quest for an anti-proliferation strategy, which could determine its status and future in the emerging global nuclear order. It will be a substantial contribution to the literature on India's approach towards non-proliferation, counter-proliferation and disarmament, and will enhance the understanding of the impact of the regime's normative structures on India's nuclear decisions.
The Struggle for the Eurasian Borderlands
Authors: Rieber Alfred J.
Published: June 2014

This book explores the Eurasian borderlands as contested 'shatter zones' which have generated some of the world's most significant conflicts. Analyzing the struggles of Habsburg, Russian, Ottoman, Iranian and Qing empires, Alfred J. Rieber surveys the period from the rise of the great multicultural, conquest empires in the late medieval/early modern period to their collapse in the early twentieth century. He charts how these empires expanded along moving, military frontiers, competing with one another in war, diplomacy and cultural practices, while the subjugated peoples of the borderlands strove to maintain their cultures and to defend their autonomy. The gradual and fragmentary adaptation of Western constitutional ideas, military reforms, cultural practices and economic penetration began to undermine these ruling ideologies and institutions, leading to the collapse of all five empires in revolution and war within little more than a decade between 1911 and 1923.
How Americans Make Race
Authors: Hayward Clarissa Rile
Published: June 2014

How do people produce and reproduce identities? In How Americans Make Race, Clarissa Rile Hayward challenges what is sometimes called the 'narrative identity thesis': the idea that people produce and reproduce identities as stories. Identities have greater staying power than one would expect them to have if they were purely and simply narrative constructions, she argues, because people institutionalize identity-stories, building them into laws, rules, and other institutions that give social actors incentives to perform their identities well, and because they objectify identity-stories, building them into material forms that actors experience with their bodies. Drawing on in-depth historical analyses of the development of racialized identities and spaces in the twentieth-century United States, and also on life-narratives collected from people who live in racialized urban and suburban spaces, Hayward shows how the institutionalization and objectification of racial identity-stories enables their practical reproduction, lending them resilience in the face of challenge and critique.
Transforming Military Power since the Cold War
Authors: Farrell Theo , Rynning Sten , Terriff Terry
Published: June 2014

This book provides an authoritative account of how the US, British, and French armies have transformed since the end of the Cold War. All three armies have sought to respond to changes in their strategic and socio-technological environments by developing more expeditionary capable and networked forces. Drawing on extensive archival research, hundreds of interviews, and unprecedented access to official documents, the authors examine both the process and the outcomes of army transformation, and ask how organizational interests, emerging ideas, and key entrepreneurial leaders interact in shaping the direction of military change. They also explore how programs of army transformation change over time, as new technologies moved from research to development, and as lessons from operations were absorbed. In framing these issues, they draw on military innovation scholarship and, in addressing them, produce findings with general relevance for the study of how militaries innovate.
Shakespeare's Possible Worlds
Authors: Palfrey Simon
Published: June 2014

New methods are needed to do justice to Shakespeare. His work exceeds conventional models, past and present, for understanding playworlds. In this book, Simon Palfrey goes right to the heart of early modern popular drama, revealing both how it works and why it matters. Unlike his contemporaries, Shakespeare gives independent life to all his instruments, and to every fraction and fragment of the plays. Palfrey terms these particles 'formactions' - theatre-specific forms that move with their own action and passion. Palfrey's book is critically daring in both substance and format. Its unique mix of imaginative gusto, thought experiments, and virtuosic technique generates piercing close readings of the plays. There is far more to playlife than meets the eye. Influenced by Leibniz's visionary original model of possible worlds, Palfrey opens up the multiple worlds of Shakespeare's language, scenes, and characters as never before.
Nietzsche's Naturalism
Authors: Emden Christian J.
Published: June 2014

This book explores Nietzsche's philosophical naturalism in its historical context, showing that his position is best understood against the background of encounters between neo-Kantianism and the life sciences in the nineteenth century. Analyzing most of Nietzsche's writings from the late 1860s onwards, Christian J. Emden reconstructs Nietzsche's naturalism and argues for a new understanding of his account of nature and normativity. Emden proposes historical reasons why Nietzsche came to adopt the position he did; his genealogy of values and his account of a will to power are as much influenced by Kantian thought as they are by nineteenth-century debates on teleology, biological functions, and theories of evolution. This rich and wide-ranging study will be of interest to scholars and students of Nietzsche, the history of modern philosophy, intellectual history, and history of science.
Menstrual Problems for the MRCOG and Beyond
Authors: Lumsden Mary Ann , Rees Margaret
Published: June 2014

Menstrual problems are among the most common reasons for primary care and specialist referral. Therefore, it is important for all gynaecologists and primary care practitioners to have a basic understanding of menstrual reproductive physiology to enable them to counsel women safely and accurately. This second edition has been comprehensively updated to reflect current clinical practice and new research. The contents cover the diagnosis, management and treatment - both medical and surgical - of a wide range of menstrual disorders, including excessive menstrual loss; fibroids; dysmenorrhoea; endometriosis; chronic pelvic pain; delayed menarche; premature ovarian failure; polycystic ovary syndrome; and premenstrual syndrome. This is a perfect introduction for any gynaecologist who needs an accessible and concise introduction to modern management of menstrual problems. It also acts as an ideal revision guide for candidates preparing for the Part 2 MRCOG examination, fully covering the RCOG curriculum for menstrual problems.