bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Annuaire français de relations internationales
Authors: Vadcar Corinne
Published: May 2022

La guerre commerciale entre les États-Unis et la Chine à partir de 2018 et la crise sanitaire liée à la Covid-19 à partir de 2020 incitent à se défaire des chaînes de valeur mondialisées (CVM). Pourtant, ce modèle, qui organise depuis les années 1990 la production industrielle et les échanges à l’échelle mondiale, a déjà connu d’importantes transformations : à mesure que les avantages de chaînes éloignées s’estompaient, les entreprises ont commencé à déplacer leurs chaînes de production dans d’autres pays ou régions que la Chine ou l’Asie. Aujourd’hui, parce que la proximité avec le client est stratégique, la reconfiguration des chaînes de valeur va plus loin encore : réorientations géographiques et restructurations des chaînes se conjuguent. Dans ce mouvement, les facteurs technologiques et sociétaux sont beaucoup plus importants qu’on ne le pense tandis que les événements géopolitiques sont des facteurs d’accélération des stratégies d’entreprises.
Annuaire français de relations internationales
Authors: Dupuits Émilie
Published: May 2022

Depuis la tenue de la 15 e Conférence des parties (COP15) à la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur le changement climatique à Copenhague, en 2009, la mobilisation de la société civile globale a considérablement augmenté. De fait, la collaboration accrue entre les organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) traditionnelles et les mouvements transnationaux de la société civile représente un changement de paradigme majeur. En outre, la COP21, qui s’est tenue à Paris en 2015, a marqué un tournant dans l’adoption, par les acteurs de la société civile, de cadrages et stratégies liés à un processus de « climatisation ». Cet article vise à répondre à la question de recherche suivante : dans quelle mesure la « climatisation » des arènes internationales constitue-t-elle une nouvelle opportunité politique pour la défense de la gestion communautaire des ressources naturelles ? À travers deux cas d’étude portant sur les ressources en eau et les forêts, cet article s’attache à identifier les différentes dynamiques de « climatisation » à l’œuvre en lien avec le complexe de régimes des forêts et la gouvernance globale de l’eau, ainsi que les stratégies et cadrages mobilisés par les mouvements transnationaux de la société civile afin de positionner l’enjeu de la gestion communautaire des ressources naturelles à l’international.
Annuaire français de relations internationales
Authors: Rousselet Kathy
Published: May 2022

Le 15 octobre 2018, après avoir suspendu quelques semaines plus tôt la commémoration liturgique du patriarche de Constantinople, le patriarcat de Moscou a déclaré de façon unilatérale rompre sa communion eucharistique avec le patriarcat de Constantinople. D’importants différends ont éclaté entre ces deux patriarcats autour de la proclamation d’autocéphalie par le patriarcat de Constantinople d’une Église orthodoxe d’Ukraine à l’automne 2018. Ce que l’on nomme, peut-être improprement, la diaspora orthodoxe russe en Europe occidentale a quant à elle subi des changements juridictionnels majeurs au cours de ces dernières années. L’ensemble des Églises orthodoxes se trouve désormais affecté par cette crise aux multiples facettes. Celle-ci témoigne de rivalités politiques et s’inscrit dans le contexte international marqué par les jeux de puissance. Elle s’explique aussi par des interprétations différentes de l’ecclésiologie orthodoxe.
Un geste philosophique : la distinction conceptuelle
Authors: Barbati Sabatino
Published: May 2022

Avant de s’appliquer à un exemple, celui de la croyance, l’article expose ce qu’on peut entendre par « distinction conceptuelle » : un geste philosophique qui consiste à établir la distribution, à la fois exhaustive et génétique, de formes organiques, dotées d’attributs propres. Ces formes se rangent ainsi de façon réglée sous un genre, qui est doté d’une extension et d’un degré de généralité plus grands, puisqu’il les contient toutes. Par exemple, le concept de vérité ne se réduit pas à la correspondance entre ce qui est dit et ce qui est (sous les formes organiques suivantes : objectivité et véracité – dont la sincérité, la franchise et l’authenticité), si ce qui est dit doit d’abord, et indépendamment de la correspondance, être doté de sens, lequel est une forme, particulière, de vérité. S’ouvre alors une autre branche qui porte le nom de cohérence , où se trouvent les formes organiques qui y ont leur place : évidence et vraisemblance, etc.
« On nous a dit clairement : “vous n’êtes pas travailleur social” »
Authors: Guérin Laura
Published: May 2022

Laura Guérin a consacré sa thèse 1  à la vie des habitants dans les nouvelles résidences et propose ici de revenir sur le parcours et le quotidien d’un gérant * de résidences sociales issues de foyers. Anonymisé, ce portrait souligne la transformation des relations entre les responsables d’hébergement, leurs hiérarchies et les habitants des résidences. Le regard porté sur l’évolution de ce métier d’encadrement révèle aussi les conséquences du plan de traitement des foyers de travailleurs migrants * .
Le charbon de la discorde : positions conservatrices, libertariennes et républicaines autour de l’industrie du charbon sous Donald Trump
Authors: Collomb Jean-Daniel
Published: May 2022

Sur la base des réactions des experts conservateurs et libertariens aux politiques publiques relatives au charbon mises en œuvre par l’administration Trump, cet article fait apparaître un écart substantiel entre la grande majorité des premiers et la seconde. Grâce à l’étude qualitative d’un corpus d’articles produits par des experts en politique de l’énergie ainsi que d’un questionnaire adressé à ces experts, l’article montre que la plupart d’entre eux approuvent les mesures mises en place par l’administration Trump pour déréglementer l’industrie du charbon mais s’opposent à un soutien direct à cette industrie par le biais de subventions.
Gérer sa fatigue dans des conditions opérationnelles de combat
Authors: Launay Clément
Published: May 2022

Au combat, les effets délétères de la fatigue ne doivent pas être négligés par les chefs et les cadres de contact. Dans une unité d’infanterie, la gestion de la fatigue dans la durée est collective. Seule la possibilité de remplacer chaque soldat par un autre, au moins aussi compétent, permet de maintenir le potentiel de combat de l’unité. Cette capacité à remplacer chaque soldat repose sur une densification de l’entraînement afin que chaque suppléant puisse s’entraîner au même niveau que le titulaire. En outre, densifier l’entraînement permet d’accroître l’intuition des combattants à laquelle ils ont recours en situation de fatigue.
Les enjeux du sommeil et les mesures mises en œuvre à la BSPP
Authors: Le Corre Yann
Published: May 2022

Unité militaire de l’armée de Terre, la BSPP intervient au cœur de la métropole parisienne et sur ses trois départements limitrophes. « Projetés en opération » en permanence, ses 8 500 sapeurs-pompiers interviennent, de jour comme de nuit, pour lutter contre tous les sinistres et secourir toute détresse. L’empathie, le respect et le haut niveau d’exigence physique imposent aux militaires une disponibilité physique et mentale irréprochables, amoindries cependant par le déficit de sommeil lié aux interventions nocturnes. L’optimisation du repos et la gestion du sommeil se retrouvent ainsi comme des enjeux clés pour garantir l’efficience du sapeur-pompier, la qualité de service de la BSPP et, in fine , la résilience du système de secours parisien.
La gestion du sommeil dans les Forces spéciales Terre
Authors: P. Daniel
Published: May 2022

Les forces spéciales sont soumises à des engagements opérationnels intensifs, éprouvants et répétitifs. Ils provoquent une usure opérationnelle due au manque de repos, dégradant les capacités physiques et mentales des forces. Pour y remédier sans recourir aux moyens technologiques qui peuvent faire défaut, l’équipe ARCHOs a cherché à optimiser la gestion du sommeil malgré le postulat d’un rythme de sommeil erratique induit par la conduite d’une opération. Cette optimisation suit trois axes : le changement de la perception et de la gestion de la fatigue dans le groupe, l’apprentissage des outils d’optimisation du repos et la mise à disposition d’un équipement adéquat.
De la formation initiale à la projection opérationnelle : l’apprentissage de soi-même et le suivi de son sommeil par la méthode d’ORFA
Authors: Robert Jean-Philippe , Ravel Mickaël
Published: May 2022

Le manque de sommeil a un impact négatif sur la cognition, les apprentissages ou encore sur la prise de décision. Le futur chef doit en prendre conscience et mettre en place des stratégies adaptées. Des moniteurs et instructeurs ORFA (Optimisation des ressources des forces armées), spécialisés sur les questions du stress et du sommeil, apportent ainsi des clés de compréhension et des outils efficients afin de répondre efficacement. La FI-ORFA (Formation initiale-ORFA) proposée aux élèves apporte donc des bases fondamentales pour se préparer psychologiquement à n’importe quelle situation. À l’heure du développement des forces morales pour faire face aux conflits de haute intensité, la méthode ORFA semble être un outil pertinent pour optimiser les capacités de chacun.
Sommeil et course au large
Authors: Chauve Jean-Yves
Published: May 2022

La course au large suppose un effort de plusieurs semaines consécutives sans véritable période de récupération. Sans repos, un certain nombre de troubles sensoriels et cognitifs apparaissent et constituent un danger pour le skipper . Pour éviter la perte de vigilance et de performance induite, l’organisation du sommeil doit être optimisée tout en respectant le besoin de veille, indispensable pour garantir la sécurité en mer. Plusieurs types de repos sont pratiqués, par ailleurs calés sur les rythmes circadiens et biologiques afin de garantir la meilleure récupération possible. Couplée à une nutrition rigoureusement planifiée, la récupération sur temps court devient alors optimale.
La rénovation énergétique des bâtiments de l’immobilier de l’État : innovations organisationnelles et perspectives
Authors: Le Dû Hervé , Blondel Nicolas
Published: May 2022

Fort d’un patrimoine de près de 100 millions de m 2 dont la gestion s’inscrit dans un contexte réglementaire de plus en plus exigeant, l’État est particulièrement mobilisé sur les sujets d’amélioration des performances énergétiques de son parc immobilier. Après une première expérimentation réussie en 2018 ayant conduit à la rénovation de plusieurs cités administratives, la direction de l’Immobilier de l’État (DIE), qui représente l’État propriétaire, a mis en œuvre la méthode d’appel à projets comme outil de sélection des opérations à financer. C’est ainsi qu’ont été lancés, fin 2019, le programme Travaux immobiliers à gains rapides en énergie (TIGRE), puis, en 2020, à une plus grande échelle, le programme de rénovation des bâtiments publics de l’État s’inscrivant dans le cadre du Plan de Relance. Malgré des délais contraints, une situation sanitaire pénalisante et une méthode de sélection des projets jusqu’alors peu répandue, ces programmes sont de grandes réussites. En effet, ils transforment les modes opératoires usuels en termes de pilotage de la rénovation des bâtiments publics, dans un contexte européen où les exigences environnementales vont conduire à une accélération des projets de rénovation du parc immobilier de l’État.
Rénovation énergétique et qualité architecturale : un enjeu majeur pour le bien commun
Authors: Langlois Corinne , Fendrich Fabienne
Published: May 2022

La France s’est fixé comme objectif de diviser par six ses émissions de carbone d’ici à 2050. Les cibles assignées au secteur du bâtiment ne sont pas atteintes. Penser la rénovation énergétique, c’est modifier le bâti et son environnement, mais c’est également changer le cadre de vie de ses occupants, en mal ou en bien : en mal, c’est contraindre les usages par des dispositions techniques inadaptées ; en bien, c’est conjuguer amélioration énergétique et nouveaux usages. C’est pour cette raison que la rénovation énergétique ne doit pas être dissociée du projet architectural. Les architectes répondent à ce défi au travers de nouvelles formes d’intervention, toujours mus par une recherche de qualité pour tous, de plus de durabilité et de haute valeur ajoutée tant dans le neuf qu’en matière de réhabilitation. La rénovation du parc existant, en étant une alternative à la démolition, permet d’être en cohérence avec les objectifs à atteindre en matière d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de bilan énergétique. Le ministère de la Culture, et particulièrement le service de l’Architecture, s’attache à accompagner toutes les initiatives positives et expérimentales en lien avec ces enjeux contemporains.
Réaliser la terre
Authors: Brédif Hervé
Published: May 2022

Prisonnières de conceptions binaires opposant l’intérêt particulier à l’intérêt général, le local au global, la vérité scientifique à la volonté politique, la nature à l’humanité, nombre d’approches censées porter remède à la crise écologique tiennent difficilement leurs promesses. La simplicité des diagnostics qu’elles posent se paie au prix fort : en éludant la variété et la complexité des situations concrètes, elles aboutissent souvent à des solutions impraticables et entretiennent un climat de désespoir.
Loin du prêt-à-penser habituel qui entoure la question écologique, le présent essai plaide pour une réintégration du facteur humain dans la caractérisation même des problèmes. Reconnaître la richesse des relations des humains au vivant ouvre sur une tout autre lecture des enjeux et fait jaillir de nouvelles perspectives. Il faut s’affranchir du dualisme planète/humanité qui empêche de raisonner à nouveaux frais et stérilise les capacités d’engagement des acteurs.
Conçu comme espace de coordination entre acteurs en vue d’objectifs partagés ou d’un projet commun, le territorial – et non le territoire – constitue un levier de changement décisif pour une prise en charge active du vivant. De la terre au ciel, de la biodiversité aux changements climatiques, des initiatives locales et territoriales aux stratégies globales, le présent ouvrage convie le lecteur à un véritable voyage. À l’issue de ce périple se précisent les conditions d’une reconquête de la qualité du vivant, dont celles du contrat territorial.
Produire un fait scientifique
Authors: Demade Julien
Published: May 2022

Ce livre est l’histoire d’une entreprise oubliée : le Comité international d’histoire des prix. Si l’objet est d’intérêt, c’est que les échecs tout autant que les réussites nous renseignent sur le fonctionnement social. C’est aussi que l’on retrouve, autour de cette enquête faillie, des noms eux fort célèbres, et que l’on ne s’attendrait pas à rencontrer dans ce contexte – de Beveridge à Kautsky, de Bloch à Malinowski. Mais c’est surtout que cet objet s’avère idéal pour dépasser les frontières qui séparent aussi bien les traditions scientifiques nationales que les disciplines – entre histoire et économie, entre sociologie des sciences et épistémologie ; et, ce faisant, cette étude permet d’aborder une question aussi vaste que s’est voulu restreint le propos initial. C’est en effet la production d’une classe particulière de faits, les faits considérés comme scientifiques, qu’il s’agit de comprendre, et ceci en tenant compte, parmi les forces à l’oeuvre dans la détermination de cette production, des enjeux aussi bien épistémologiques que théoriques et institutionnels. Car, dans la transformation opérée d’un prix passé (tel qu’il apparaît dans les archives) en un prix historique considéré comme un fait scientifique, s’avèrent déterminantes des questions aussi diverses et cruciales que le statut respectif des sciences sociales et des sciences de la nature, le monétarisme, ou le passage du champ académique du savant humboldtien à l’ère de la big science. Questions qui, réciproquement, reçoivent de l’analyse de ce cas précis un éclairage dont l’intérêt tient au croisement de ces domaines le plus souvent considérés isolément, croisement que précisément permet ce cas d’espèce.
Chapitre 9. Germaine Tailleferre, compositrice des Années folles aux années 1970
Authors: Etcharry Stéphan
Published: May 2022

Qu’il s’agisse de témoignages et d’hommages de collègues compositeurs ou d’amis (quasiment tous masculins), de comptes rendus biographiques et de critiques musicales, que ces propos soient d’ailleurs plus ou moins bienveillants, les discours évoquant la compositrice Germaine Tailleferre (1892-1983) reviennent immanquablement sur sa condition féminine que les différents commentateurs font aussitôt – et nécessairement, selon eux – resurgir sur son œuvre musicale et l’esthétique qui s’en dégage. Le compositeur Henri Sauguet (1901-1989), pourtant ami sincère de la compositrice et admirateur de sa musique et de son « authenticité parfaite », n’affirmait-il pas, dès l’introduction d’un entretien radiophonique de 1975, que « le talent de Germaine Tailleferre est évidemment essentiellement féminin » ? Cette « évidence » renvoie dès lors à un déterminisme genré qui semble emprisonner l’œuvre et ses qualités intrinsèques dans un carcan lié au seul sexe de la créatrice. Le genre précèderait-il donc l’essence (musicale et esthétique) ?
Chapitre 12. « Femmes compositeurs », « compositeurs femmes », « compositeurs féminins »
Authors: Launay Florence
Published: May 2022

Les compositrices de musique ont suscité à partir des années 1840 l’intérêt de la presse musicale, alors en grande expansion, comme en témoignent nombre d’articles exposant la chronologie de leur apparition scénique et tentant de déterminer les spécificités d’une création musicale féminine (rappelons que des musiciennes ont investi de manière visible la sphère publique, dans un contexte de mixité, dès le xviie siècle, principalement comme interprètes, mais également comme créatrices, malgré de fortes résistances qui en ont limité le nombre). L’article fondateur est sans doute celui de Maurice Bourges, « Des femmes-compositeurs », paru en 1847 dans la Revue et gazette musicale de Paris, auquel répondra favorablement Adrien de La Fage, dans le même périodique, revendiquant de surcroît l’usage du mot « compositrice ». Il est probable que cet intérêt de la presse résulte de deux facteurs principaux : la visibilité grandissante de « l’affranchissement intellectuel de la femme » (pour reprendre les mots de Maurice Bourges) et le statut acquis par les compositrices Sophie Gail (célèbre au début du siècle pour ses romances, et reçue cinq fois au Théâtre de l’Opéra-Comique entre 1813 et 1818), Louise Bertin (reçue au Théâtre de l’Opéra en 1836), Loïsa Puget (autre compositrice de romances à l’immense succès, reçue au Théâtre de l’Opéra-Comique en 1836) et Louise Farrenc (chambriste et symphoniste, jouée en 1840 et 1849 par le prestigieux Orchestre de la Société des concerts du Conservatoire). Des articles du même type suivront à intervalles réguliers jusqu’au début du xxe siècle, articles où se reflètent les attitudes positives, négatives ou ambivalentes des auteur-es face à la création musicale par les femmes.
SUSCEPTIBLELlTY TEST OF MYCOBACTERIUM SPECIES TO DECONTAMINANTS
Authors: Lee Won Ki , Kim Jong Koo , Kim Kyung Soo
Published: May 2022

In the present paper, susceptibility test with Mycobacterium species including the atypical acid fast bacilli isolated in Korea and U.S.A. and various kinds of other species of mycobacteria to variety of decontaminants (4% Sodium hydroxide .5% Sulfuric acid and 0.1% Malachitc green) was performed.The results obtained were summarized as follows:1. AII tested mycobacteria showed almost the same degree of resistance to 0.1% Malachite green.2. Scolochrornogcns among atypical acid-fast bacilli and saprophytes which were sensitive to KarlPreis test and Lower in virulence to experimental animals, were more sensitive to alkali than acid
INFRAPULMONARY PLEURISY (Report of 7 cases)
Authors: Lee Chan S. , Kim Yung H.
Published: May 2022

1. The authors reported 7 cases of Infrapulmonary pleurisy experienced during 3 years from July 1960 to June 1963. The first case was 34year old male. The age of the patients ranged from 20 years to 41 years, 5 cases were male,2 cases were female and 6 cases were right-sided while only 1 case was left-sided. 2. The onset of the diseases were rather acute with the symptoms of the lower chest or hypochondria pain with chill fever in 4 cases and chill fever in 3 cases. The diagnosis were difficult at the beginning, because of no usual evidence of pleural exudation on ordinary P-A view chest X-Ray and puzzled with the several possibility, i.e., liver abscess, subdiaphragmatic abscess or atypical pneumonia etc. 3. concerning on the incidence, although only about 100 cases were reported on the literature available, there were 7 cases encounter out of total 185 cases of pleurisy with effusion for 3 years period at this clinic, if more attention were paid for the proper application of the chest X-ray technique with same side decubitus recumbent position to reveal the fluid level laterally and if more awareness of this type of pleurisy, the authors believe that it will be not infrequent: as previously thought of. 4. the causes of these 7 cases were considered as tuberculous; one confirmed by pleural needle biopsy one by combination of sputum positive pulmonary tuberculous lesion on same side, two by combination of same side pulmonary tuberculosis although without positive sputum and the others 8cases by negation of other causes. 5. As for the treatment of these cases, except 3 cases that left this clinic too soon, performed a few times of thoracentesis and prescribed a daily streptomycin injection and oral steroid therapy for 2-3months and 400-500mg Isoniazid daily for 1 year or more. The clinical courses of these cases were uneventful and gave an impression of more lasting complaints on diaphragmatic pain. 6. The possible mechanism of localized accumulation of fluid in the intrapulmonary space has been speculated by the authors, that is , the injection of the lower margin of the lung into the deep sulcus of the costophrenic sinus may act as like a sealing plug wall to contain the fluid in the space while the patient is standing
FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF SURGICAL TREATMENT CASES FOR PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS 207 CASES
Authors: Lee K.Y. , Min J.S. , Lee Y.H. , Hong P.W.
Published: May 2022

During a 7 year period from January, 1965 to December, 1962, 364 patients were operated on for pulmonary tuberculosis, resection in 249 patients and thoracoplasty in 115 cases. The operative mortality for resection was 2.8% and that for thoracoplasty 1.7%. Of these, 207 patients, 147 resection cases and 60 thoracoplasty cases, were followed for a period of 10 months to 6 years. Of the 147 cases of resection, 129 cases oir 87.8% became inactive following the surgery, while, of the 60 cases of thoracoplasty, 49 cases or 81.7% were converted inactive following the surgery. Of the resection cases, 25 patients had pneumonectomy and all remained inactive following the surgery. One hundred and eight cases had lobectomy or lobectomy plus segmental resection and 16 cases or 14.8% remained active following the surgery. Fourteen cases had a segmental resection only and 2 cases or 14.3% remained active following resection. Of the cases with moderately advanced and far advanced tuberculosis, the reactivation rate was 13.4% and 13.5% respectively following resection while none of those who had only minimal disease had reactivation following resection. Those who had positive sputum preoperatively showed a reactivation rate of 15.4 % following resectrion. On the other hand, none of those who had negative sputum preoperatively had a reactivation of the disease following resection. Those who had unilateral disease showed a reactivation rate of 8.9% and those who had fibrosis or small nodular diseases on the contralateral side on X-Ray at the time of resection had a reactivation rate of 21.4%
NIACIN BIOASSAY BY PAPER DISC METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION TO DIFFERENTIATION OF A.F.B
Authors: Ho Chun Chong
Published: May 2022

1) The microbiological niacin assay was simplified by using the niacin discs on the niacin-free plate media inoculated Proteus. The relationship between niacin contents in the discs and diameter of the colonies is as follows; D=5 x-2.5 D=Diameter of colony, x=log2N (N=niacin).The measuring range is 8 mcg/ml-64 mcg/ml.2) The extract from Mycobacterium Tuberculosis had niacin enough to make the colony of Proteus on the niacin-free media. but atypical A.F.B. did not.
CLINICAL VALUES OF SIMPLE NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY OF THE LUNG IN DIAGNOSlNG VARIOUS PULMONARY DISEASES.
Authors: Lah Soo Sup , Lee Chan S.
Published: May 2022

Authors performed twenty-four aspiration biopsies of the lung utilizing simple spinal tap needle or ordinary injection needle gauge 18 to 20 on nineteen of diagnostic problem cases, that were seven cases of lung tumors, seven cases of pulmonary tuberculosis including military tuberculosis, for cases of pneumonia and one case of post-radiation pneumonitis. 1. 2. 3. In military tuberculosis and other unusual forms of pulmonary tuberculosis and in pneumonia cases this procedure added great deal of significance in differentiating and confirming the provisional diagnosis in cash case. 4. Complications were mild and negligible being consisted only of two cases of mild pneumothorax, one case of mild and transient hemoptysis and one case of moderate pneumothorax. Latter was the case with tuberculosis and possibly with silicosis and two separate aspirations were done at the same occasion. 5. It is concluded that the simple needle aspiration biopsy is a valuable, safer and simpler method and this should be used prior to attempting special large needle biopsies with Vim Silverman needle or other.
LOWER LUNG FIELD TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Song Sun Bo , Kang Suck Young
Published: May 2022

The classic dictum that pulmonary tuberculosis is a disease located predominantly in the pieces of the lunge often suggests etiologic agents other than the tubercle bacillus as the cause of isolated lesions in the lower half of the lung fields. Only when tubercle bacilli are demonstrated in the sputum is the correct diagnosis arrived at. The comparatively low incidence of this type of tuberculosis on routine admissions and out-patient clinics have often made the physician unaware of its existence. Eighteen cases were forum, representing 1.16 percent of the total cases. A higher incidence of the disease was found in the second decade of life, with predominance in the right side and a larger number of females were affected than males(2.26 percent versus 0.98 percent). The respiratory symptoms, such as cough, sputum, hemoptysis and chest pain was more prevalent in the selected group than in the general group of tuberculosis. A tendency toward massive expectoration of tubercle bacilli was one of four observation. The incidence of cavity formation was higher in the lower lung field tuberculosis than in the general group of tuberculosis (61.1 percent versus 25.2 percent). The cavities in many cases were smaller than 4cm single and they had rarely fluid level (1case). The association of the parenchymal lesions with pleural effusion was also rare(1 case). No atelectasis was found. Endobronchial disease was present in 6 patients(33.3 percent).
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IN THE AGED
Authors: Sohn Esuk , Ryoo Un-Ho , Kim Suk Keun
Published: May 2022

Although recent advances in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis have succeeded in reducing morality rate, some western and Japanese studies indicated an increase in the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the aged. The purpose of present study was to survey the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the aged in Korea and to investigate the characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in the aged in comparison with the same disease in the young adult. For this purpose we collected 821 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in various age groups including 508 cases of below 40 years of age, 222 cases of between 40 and 49 years of age and 91 cases of over 50 years of age. We observed the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis, motives of detection, degree of pulmonary lesions, symptoms, duration of illness, and results of various laboratory examinations in these three age groups and following conclusions were obtained. 1. The incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the group of over 50 years of age was 12.4percent and this was twice as high as those in young adult-age group. 2. The relatively high motives of detection of pulmonary tuberculosis in young adult-age group was hospital visit with the complaint of related symptoms. Howeever, in the aged group relatively high percentage of patients were found to have pulmonary tuberculosis by incidental finding while they were checked by X-Ray during treatment of other illness. 3. Wherease the duration of illness was within one year in 54 percent of young adult-age group, there were many cases of pulmonary tuberculosis with the duration of illness of more than one year in the aged patients. 4. The severity of disease process was higher among aged group in comparison with young adult-age group and the extent of lesions was also more widespread and fairly advanced in the aged in comparison with the relatively localized lesions in the young adult-age group. 5. The symptomatology did not differ much from that of the adult-age group but the disease process was much slower and dyspnea was found much frequently in the aged group. 6. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was observed to be much more rapid in the aged tuberculosis patients. 7. The incidence of positive sputum was also much higher in the aged group. 8. The incidence of complications and associated diseases, especially of hypertension, heart diseases, diabetes, bronchial asthma and atelectasis was much higher in the aged group and two cases showed complication of lung cancer.
OBSERVATION ON THE RADIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOUS CAVITIES
Authors: Chang Pyoung Ha
Published: May 2022

Because of the importance of accurate diagnosis of cavity formation in the management of pulmonary tuberculosis, the author in designated 468 cavities appearing on P-A films and tomograms belonging to 349 patients. An analysis was made of the X-Ray appearances of these cavities and the findings were compared with 124 cavities seen in 105 resected specimens. Results may be briefly summarized as follows: 1. 47% of cavities were found in the left lung and 53% were found in the right lung. 2. 26% cavities were definitely visualized on the P-A films and 45% of the cavities were suspected only, a total of 71% approximately thus being visible. 3. Factors affecting the P-A visibility rate were the size, pericavitary disease, localization of the cavity with regard to the clavicle and rib densities. 4. Comparing resected specimens with P-A films and tomograms taken just prior to the resections, 88% of the X-Ray readings were found to be accurate, 11% of the cavities found in the resected specimens were not seen in X-Ray films, or falsely predicted.
OBSERVATIONS ON CAVITY CLOSURE
Authors: Chang Pyoung Ha
Published: May 2022

The investigation was made on patients with pulmonary tuberculosis with cavitation who were admitted to the Masan Railroad Hospital between July 1956 and June the effects of varying factors on cavity closure are briefly summarised as follows: 1. The cavity closure rate was 72% in the cases receiving initial treatment and 25% n the cases who were being retreated. The total cavity closure rate was 43%. 2. The cavity closure rate was highest between 3 to 6 months after the initiation of treatment; 82% of cases showed cavity closure within 9 months of the beginning of treatment. 3. The sputum conversion rate was high within 3 months of the initiation of treatment, and 92% of the cases showing cavity closure underwent sputum conversion from positive to negative within the first 9 months. 4. The cavity closure rate in the retreatment cases was markedly influenced by the length of previous chemotherapy and was inversely proportionate. 5. The cavity closure rate was 82% in cases treated initially and 31% in the retreatment cases. The total cavity closure rate was 51% this was more dependent on the size of cavity than on the thickness of the cavity wall. 6. the cavity closure rate in the cases of giant cavity(measuring more than 5cm) was 14%.
BITHIONOL THERAPY FOR LUNG PARAGONIMIASIS
Authors: Kim Pyoung Ki , Oh Sang BaiK , Lee Jung Hee
Published: May 2022

Bithionol is a new drug which has shown good effect in paragonimiasis. The authors treated 36 cases of pulmonary paragonimiasis from June 1962 to June 1963. In all cases eggs of paragonimus westermani were found in sputum before treatment. The most characteristic symptoms; bloody sputum or frank hemoptysis, which was seen in 33 of 36 cases, disappeared completely in 10 of 14 cases especially closely checked to that effect. Laboratory findings such as leukocyte did not show significant change under Bithionol treatment, but sedimentation rate improved in about 1/2 of the cases, liver function tests did not show any change under Bithionol treatment. Of side reaction under Bithionol treatment gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, loose stools or frequent defecation was seen in 10 cases(27.7%) skin manifestations such as urticaria and itching in 7(18.4%). All the side reactions subsided when medication was continued every other day. In no case we were forced to stop medication.
THYROID FUNCTION AND PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS.
Authors: Lah Soo Sup , Lee Chan Sae , Lee Chung Dong
Published: May 2022

The relationship between thyroid function and pulmonary tuberculosis has often been the theme of discussion in clinical medicine since the era of Rokitansky and virchow. Though of late certain relationship in this respect has been confirmed by Schaefer, Lurie Takao, Mori, Ogata and other investigators through animal experimental and clinical studies those results failed to yield conformity. Authors, therefore, felt that his point should be clarified and with this in mind made a thyroid function studies utilizing radioactive I131 to thirty patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and at the same time patients with various thyroid diseases were evaluated as to the incidence of tuberculosis as a complication. Conclusions are, as follows; (1) As seen through I131 studies on thirty patients with pulmonary tuberculosis no definite relation could be established between tuberculosis and thyroid function. (2) No specific relationship also could be found in the incidence of tuberculosis as a complication among the patients with various thyroid diseases and in the incidence of tuberculosis between the patients with thyroid diseases and the general medical patients. (3) the frequency of palpable simple thyroid enlargement was larger with tuberculosis patients than non-tuberculous out-patients of medical department.
FOLLOW UP STUDY OF SURGICAL TREATMENT OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: kim Jae Won , Cha Kyung OK , Cho Chung Sup , Chung Hae Yung , Lee Jung Hee , Oh Sang Baik , Kim Poung Ki
Published: May 2022

1. 273 cases consisting of 97 cases of thoracoplasty, 145 cases of lung resection and 31 cases of lung resection with thoracoplasty were followed up post-operatively 1-5 years.2. Failure was 22.6% in thoracoplasty, 13.1% in lung resection (12.7% in pneumonectomy, 8.9% in lobectomy, and lobectomy with segmentectomy, and 22.2% in segmentectomy) 25.7% in concomitant thoracoplasty.3. Failure was more prominent in cases of more than 2 cavity, big size of the cavity and resistant bacilli in thoracoplasty. About same indication except bacilli sensitivity was applied to resection. particularly in lobectomy and segmentectomy. However, the cases of concomittant thoracoplasty showed almost opposite result. Preoperative irregular chemotherapy was one of prominent factors of failure in all kinds of surgery but others were insignificant except above-mentioned factors.
A STUDY ON CHANGE OF TUBERCULIN REACTION BY CONTINUOUS ADMINlSTRATION OF INH AFTER B.C.G. VA CCINATION
Authors: Kim Ki Soon , Min Byung Sum , Cheong Ku Hyun
Published: May 2022

Immunity following B. C. G. vaccination is usually measured by tuberculin test. On the other hand.there are many reports indicating that degree of tuberculin reaction becomes weaker or completely negative by INII Medication. It is Customary to administer INH for at least 6 or 12 months to the children under 3 years of age who are exposed to a case of active tuberculosis. The object of this study is to observe the conversion rate of tuberculin reaction after B.C.G .vaccination under INH administration.The following results were obtained; 1) The maximum positive conversion rate of tuberculin reaction, 80 % was observed at 6 months after B.C. G. vaccination and the rate was dropped gradually to 52 % at 12 months after that.2) In group to which INH was administered after B.C.G. vaccination, we observed 50 % of tuberculin, positive rate at 6 months after B. C. G. vaccination and 11 % of it at 12 months atfer that, therefore the effect of INH administration revealed the tendency that the positive conversion rate of tuberculin reaction decreases gradually and remarkably.3) In natural conversion cases, natural negative reversion was rather high in this series but it is not clear how far those factors as a technical failure and undesirable tuberculin solution, etc. have influenced.
CRITERlON FOR SAFETY OF PNEUMONECTOMY TO FAR-ADVANCED PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Kim Jin Sik , Kim Dae Yung , Kim Yie Yum
Published: May 2022

1) Pneumonectomy was applied to 40 cases of F-A Pulmonary tuberculosis and attempts were given to count on the safety level of the operation. 2) 15 cases showed drop of vital signs following The operation and 6 cases of them showed shock State. 3) It was assumed that the drop of vital signs was related to the degree of post-operative bleeding in the thoracic cavity. 4) It was also assumed that the occurrence of empyema thoracic related to a wound infection. 5) It should be stated that during operation the only way 10 prevent the Post-operative bleeding was the performance of vigorous mechanical hemostat and the combined use of the coagulants which could be resulted in great reduction of critical Post-operative complication and increase of the safety of the Post -operative course .
THE INFLUENCE OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE ON THE VIABILITY OF LIQUlD B.C.G. VACCINE.
Authors: Chun Nam Ho , kim DongHan
Published: May 2022

The effect of storage temperature is practically one of the most important factors affecting maintenance of efficacy of B.C.G. vaccine. This investigation was conducted in five different temperatures of our seasons in Korea; the Summer season with maximum temperature of 32℃, the Winter season mean temperature of -10℃. the Spring and Autumn of about 20℃ and the control temperatures of 37℃ as in tropic areas and 2℃ between 5℃ as in refrigerated storage temperature. The harmful effects of storage on the viability of the liquid B.C.G. vaccine were observed. In this experiment, 20 million viable units of B.C.G. vaccine 1mg per c.c., prepared at B.C.G. laboratory, The National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea were used. In this experiment we observed the following: 1. In a storage temperature of-10℃, after 60days viable units of 990,000 per c.c. on viable B.C.G. colony were confirmed. 2. In a storage temperature of 2℃-5℃, after 30 days the viable units were confirmed to be 8,280,000 and after 60 days 580,000 per c.c. in B.C.G. vaccine. 3. The storage at 22℃, after 26 days no viable B.C.G. colony were confirmed. 4. In a storage temperature of 32℃ and 37℃, no viable B.C.G. colonies were observed, after 18 days. As the harmful effect of storage under warm temperature on liquid B.C.G. vaccine was confirmed in this experiment precaution should be taken, at all times to maintain the B.C.G. vaccine under 2℃ between 5℃, temperatures during transport and storage.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF COIN LESION IN THE LUNGS
Authors: Aas T. Wessel
Published: May 2022

In the period 1956 -1961. 81 cases of solitary round lesions in the lungs were observed in the Lung Department of the University Clinic in Oslo. The clinical diagnosis was tuberculoma in 29 cases, malignant Pulmonary tumor in 36 cases and benign Pulmonary tumor in 16 cases. On the basis on the radiological picture, bacteriological, cytological and histological investigations, or by other methods, a definite or extremely probable preoperative diagnosis was made in 32 of the 81 cases. In 8 cases with definite or probable tuberculoma thoracotomy was not carried out. The remaining 73 cases were all operated and a histological diagnosis was made. On the basis of our experience with these cases we consider that solitary round lesions should be removed operatively. This point of view also generally applies to cases of tuberculoma, unless there are special contra-indications.
EXPERIMENTAL RE-EVALUATION STUDIES ON ISONICOTINIC ACID HYDRAZIDE lN VITRO AND IN VIVO
Ⅱ. Toxicity of isonicotinic Acid Hydrazide (INH) Against Mice
Authors: Kim Sung Chin , Kim Yong Hyun
Published: May 2022

The results of toxicity test of drugs in animals may not be fully applied to human beings, but generally toxicity and therapeutic doses of chemotherapeutic drugs in man are based on the results of experiments in animals. It is well known that the mouse is a useful animal for the purposes of estimation of antituberculous drugs. The following results were determined in our studied for the toxicity of INH in the uniform SM-strain mice: 1. Minimum lethal dose was 240mg per kg; by this dose of INH the average time of death was 52 minutes by oral administration and 32 minutes by subcutaneous injection. It seems that the direct cause of death comes from difficulty of breathing after toxic convulsions. 2. When the mice survived more than one hour after drug administration, in most cases of the experiment the mice did not die by acute intoxication of INH and completely returned to a normal healthy situation. 3. An administrable maximum dose once daily was 45mg per kg without causing loss of body weight of mice.
EXPERIMENTAL RE-EVALUATION STUDIES ON ISONICOTINIC ACID HYDRAZIDE lN VITRO AND IN VIVO
Ⅲ. Experimental Studies on Comparison of Therapeutic Effects with Various Doses of Isonicotinic Acid Hydrazide (INH) in Mice Infected with the H37 Rv Strain.
Authors: Kim Yong Hyun , Kim Sung Chin , Yun Woo Kun
Published: May 2022

It is well known that proper treatment with INH alone is effective, as sell as combined therapy Recently high doses of INH have been recommended by many investigators. For the purpose of studying therapeutic effects of anti-tuberculous drugs the mouse is an useful experimental animal. If the experiments are performed properly, the results from experimental tuberculosis in mice offers valuable information applicable to man. Many investigators determine the efficacy of anti-tuberculous drugs by examining multiplication of viable tubercle bacilli recovered from the spleen of mice. But, as it requires quite a long period of observation to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-tuberculous drugs in the experimental animals, in our opinion the lung is the only suitable organ for the above mentioned purpose. The following results were reached in our experiments in the SM-strain mice infected with H37Rv strain for comparisons of the therapeutic effects with various oral doses of INH and development of INH resistant tubercle bacilli: 1. The therapeutic effects of INH to tuberculous mice depend on the amounts of INH, large dosage offers better therapeutic efficacy. But, the differences in anti-tuberculous effects of INH were only slight between larger than optimal dose and optimal dose. 2. Even though the tubercle bacilli in vivo do not multiply by INH treatment, the dosage is the more the development of INH resistant was the more frequent. 3. If we expect the best therapeutic effect of INH and protect the development of INH resistant tubercle bacilli, higher than optimal doses of INH should be criticized. 4. Toxicity of INH is not the only problem to be considered in determining the high therapeutic amount of INH. 5. The present usual dosage of INH should be re-evaluated and also the term and concept of high dosage of INH in chemotherapy of tuberculosis should be reviewed. We propose the routine doses of INH should be increased from the present doses for the effective treatment of tuberculosis.
THE ATTACK RATES OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CONTACTS OF P PATIENTS TREATED AT HOME
Authors: Lee Hyo Keun , Ham Sung Sook , Kim Hyung Duck
Published: May 2022

The purpose of this study was to determine the attack rates of tuberculosis in contacts of patients treated on an ambulatory basis. Tuberculosis patients among the contacts discovered at the time of the index case was diagnosed were excluded from the study. The attack rates of tuberculosis in 374 contacts of 145 index cases treated at home were observed for one to three years. During the observation period, the tuberculosis infection rate among contacts under the age of 14 was 34 .3 percent but the morbidity rate for the entire group was only 1.9 percent.lt is felt that the treatment of active tuberculosis at home can be undertaken without exposing the contacts to any special risk of contracting the disease.
A STUDY OF PAS BLOOD CONCENTRATION
Authors: Kim Pyoung Ki , Lee Jung Hee , Rietz Gunilla , Aas T. Wessel
Published: May 2022

PAS blood concentration was studied on 17 Korean patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and 6 healthy Scandinavians. It will be certainly insufficient number to draw any conclusion but some trends were seen as follows through the result. 1) There was no marked difference of free PAS concentration among the preparations we have studied with.(Ca-PAS U.S.P., Ca-PAS J.P., Na-PAS tab., Na-PAS granule) 2) The peak value of single-dose was approximately twice as high as the value of two divided dose, and the peak was 4 hours after medication but the 8 hour value was about the same. 3) With divided dose the blood concentration maintained 2 to 6 mg. %, and with single-dose it maintained 5-15mg. of free PAS. 4) The value in Scandinavian was approximately twice as high as in Korean. 5) The individual difference in Korean was relatively big, particularly with Na-PAS tab, and. Ca-PAS U.S.P. but it was not prominent in Scandinavian. 6) There was no side reaction or difficulty with medication except for the large amount with Ca-PAS J.P. but was not significant.
PNEUMONIA AND INLTAL DIAGNOSlS OF MINIMAL PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lee Chan Sae
Published: May 2022

From October 1964 to September 1965 for one year the author experienced 8 cases of transient pneumonia like X-ray shadows out of 1,000 cases of USA visa medical examination. These cases were at first diagnosed as minimal pulmonary tuberculosis but had to change the diagnosis as pneumonia after one to two weeks or 3 weeks because of complete disappearance of the precious shadows. The exact nature of these shadows could not be definitely determined. However 6 cases stated that they had a cold for several days and all of hose cases showed no tuberculosis bacilli in sputum on examinations of throat swab smear and culture. Cold agglutinin test was done on only 2 cases and it were also negative. The relationship with influenza also was not directly conformable. Although the incidence of these pneumonia was only 0.8% of total 1,000 examinee, when compared with the fact that there were only 4 cases whom were de initely diagnosed as minimal pulmonary tuberculosis the frequency rate of pneumonia against initial minimal pulmonary tuberculosis would be 2 to 1 in this visa medical examination. From this experience the author emphasized that before the initial diagnosis of minimal pulmonary tuberculosis is made in these sort of physical examination, should have another chest X-ray after 2 to 3 weeks of the first chest X-ray to differentiate the transient pneumonic shadow from tuberculosis. The size and the location of the shadows were various and there was no distinguishable point on X-ray picture between these pneumonic cases and tuberculosis.