bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pregnancy Management in HIV Viral Controllers: Twenty Years of Experience
Authors: Short Charlotte-Eve S. , Byrne Laura , Hagan-Bezgin Aishah , Quinlan Rachael A. , Anderson Jane , Brook Gary , De Alwis Okavas , de Ruiter Annemiek , Farrugia Pippa , Fidler Sarah , Hamlyn Eleanor , Hartley Anna , Murphy Siobhan , Noble Heather , Oomeer Soonita , Roedling Sherie , Rosenvinge Melanie , Rubinstein Luciana , Shah Rimi , Singh Selena , Thorne Elizabeth , Toby Martina , Wait Brenton , Sarner Liat , Taylor Graham P.
Published: April 2024

(1) Background: The evidence base for the management of spontaneous viral controllers in pregnancy is lacking. We describe the management outcomes of pregnancies in a series of UK women with spontaneous HIV viral control (<100 copies/mL 2 occasions before or after pregnancy off ART). (2) Methods: A multi-centre, retrospective case series (1999–2021) comparing pre- and post-2012 when guidelines departed from zidovudine-monotherapy (ZDVm) as a first-line option. Demographic, virologic, obstetric and neonatal information were anonymised, collated and analysed in SPSS. (3) Results: A total of 49 live births were recorded in 29 women, 35 pre-2012 and 14 post. HIV infection was more commonly diagnosed in first reported pregnancy pre-2012 (15/35) compared to post (2/14), p = 0.10. Pre-2012 pregnancies were predominantly managed with ZDVm (28/35) with pre-labour caesarean section (PLCS) (24/35). Post-2012 4/14 received ZDVm and 10/14 triple ART, p = 0.002. Post-2012 mode of delivery was varied (5 vaginal, 6 PLCS and 3 emergency CS). No intrapartum ZDV infusions were given post-2012 compared to 11/35 deliveries pre-2012. During pregnancy, HIV was detected (> 50 copies/mL) in 14/49 pregnancies (29%) (median 92, range 51–6084). Neonatal ZDV post-exposure prophylaxis was recorded for 45/49 infants. No transmissions were reported. (4) Conclusion: UK practice has been influenced by the change in guidelines, but this has had little impact on CS rates.
Regeneration of 200 Gbit/s PAM4 Signal Produced by Silicon Microring Modulator (SiMRM) Using Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (MZI)-Based Optical Neural Network (ONN)
Authors: Hung Tun-Yao , Chan David W. U , Peng Ching-Wei , Chow Chi-Wai , Tsang Hon Ki
Published: April 2024

We propose and demonstrate a Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (MZI)-based optical neural network (ONN) to classify and regenerate a four-level pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM4) signal with high inter-symbol interference (ISI) generated experimentally by a silicon microing modulator (SiMRM). The proposed ONN has a multiple MZI configuration achieving a transmission matrix that resembles a fully connected (FC) layer in a neural network. The PAM4 signals at data rates from 160 Gbit/s to 240 Gbit/s (i.e., 80 GBaud to 120 GBaud) were experimentally generated by a SiMRM. As the SiMRM has a limited 3-dB modulation bandwidth of ~67 GHz, the generated PAM4 optical signal suffers from severe ISI. The results show that soft-decision (SD) forward-error-correction (FEC) requirement (i.e., bit error rate, BER < 2.4 × 10−2) can be achieved at 200 Gbit/s transmission, and the proposed ONN has nearly the same performance as an artificial neural network (ANN) implemented using traditional computer simulation.
Qualitative Metabolite Profiling of Orchis purpurea Huds. by GC and UHPLC/MS Approaches
Authors: Cavalloro Valeria , Pagliari Stefania , Gosetti Fabio , Campone Luca , Sottani Cristina , Collina Simona , Martino Emanuela , Robustelli della Cuna Francesco Saverio
Published: April 2024

Orchids are experiencing wide success in ornamental, medicinal, and food fields. The reason for their success is correlated with both their morphology and metabolomics, the latter linked to their taste and biological effects. Despite many orchids having already been the subject of chemotaxonomic works, some of them are still untapped, like the case of Orchis purpurea. O. purpurea is one of the most common species of the genus Orchis, present in hedgerows, verges, and light woodland, where it is one of the few herbaceous plants able to be unpleasant to herbivorous animals. Essential oil from roots, stems, leaves, and flowers were analyzed via GC/MS analyses, revealing the presence of 70 compounds, with a clear prevalence of coumarin. The high concentration of this metabolite may explain the resistance of O. purpurea to herbivores, being associated with appetite-suppressing properties and a bitter taste. Non-volatile fractions were analyzed via UHPLC-MS analysis revealing the presence of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, polyphenols, and glycosidic compounds, probably responsible for their color and fragrance. Taken together, the herein presented results shed light on both the defensive strategy and the chemotaxonomy of O. purpurea.
Variation of the Start Date of the Vegetation Growing Season (SOS) and Its Climatic Drivers in the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Tang Hanya , Li Yongke , Sun Xizao , Zhou Xuelin , Li Cheng , Ma Lei , Liu Jinlian , Jiang Ke , Ding Zhi , Liu Shiwei , Yu Pujia , Jia Luyao , Zhang Feng
Published: April 2024

Climate change inevitably affects vegetation growth in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Understanding the dynamics of vegetation phenology and the responses of vegetation phenology to climate change are crucial for evaluating the impacts of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. Despite many relevant studies conducted in the past, there still remain research gaps concerning the dominant factors that induce changes in the start date of the vegetation growing season (SOS). In this study, the spatial and temporal variations of the SOS were investigated by using a long-term series of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) spanning from 2001 to 2020, and the response of the SOS to climate change and the predominant climatic factors (air temperature, LST or precipitation) affecting the SOS were explored. The main findings were as follows: the annual mean SOS concentrated on 100 DOY–170 DOY (day of a year), with a delay from east to west. Although the SOS across the entire region exhibited an advancing trend at a rate of 0.261 days/year, there were notable differences in the advancement trends of SOS among different vegetation types. In contrast to the current advancing SOS, the trend of future SOS changes shows a delayed trend. For the impacts of climate change on the SOS, winter Tmax (maximum temperature) played the dominant role in the temporal shifting of spring phenology across the TP, and its effect on SOS was negative, meaning that an increase in winter Tmax led to an earlier SOS. Considering the different conditions required for the growth of various types of vegetation, the leading factor was different for the four vegetation types. This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanism of SOS variation in the TP.
Biocomposite Based on Polylactic Acid and Rice Straw for Food Packaging Products
Authors: Kampeerapappun Piyaporn , O-Charoen Narongchai , Dhamvithee Pisit , Jansri Ektinai
Published: April 2024

Plastic containers, commonly produced from non-biodegradable petroleum-based plastics such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), raise significant environmental concerns due to their persistence. The disposal of agricultural waste, specifically rice straw (RS), through burning, further compounds these environmental issues. In response, this study explores the integration of polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable material, with RS using a twin-screw extruder and injection process, resulting in the creation of a biodegradable packaging material. The inclusion of RS led to a decrease in the melt flow rate, thermal stability, and tensile strength, while concurrently enhancing the hydrophilic properties of the composite polymers. Additionally, the incorporation of maleic anhydride (MA) contributed to a reduction in the water absorption rate. The optimized formulation underwent migration testing and met the standards for food packaging products. Furthermore, no MA migration was detected from the composite. This approach not only provides a practical solution for the disposal of RS, but also serves as an environmentally-friendly alternative to conventional synthetic plastic waste.
Practical Limitations of Using the Tilt Compensation Function of the GNSS/IMU Receiver
Authors: Gučević Jelena , Delčev Siniša , Vasović Šimšić Olivera
Published: April 2024

The research in this paper is related to the accuracy of the tilt compensation function of the GNSS/IMU receivers, which were examined in an open sky environment. The purpose of the paper is to point out to geodesists the conditions and limitations of using GNSS/IMU technology in precise measurements to not jeopardize the coordinate’s accuracy. The environment in which the measurement is made affects the quality of the GNSS signal and can limit the visibility of the satellite, leading to larger errors in the measurement. In this experiment, the current performance of the GNSS/IMU receivers was checked. Seven GNSS/IMU receivers were used for the realization of the experiment. For six receivers the compensation angle was α = 30°, while for one receiver, the compensation angle was α = 45°. The standard uncertainty of GNSS coordinates of the antenna phase center has values less than 9 mm. The standard uncertainty of the IMU component has values less than 31 mm. The measurement uncertainty of the position of the used GNSS receivers is in the range of 18.1 mm to 31.7 mm. The limit values for the differences along the coordinate axes x and y were determined, and their values are from 26 mm to 44 mm. In the conducted experiment, it was confirmed that three GNSS/IMU receivers have a “Satisfactory” result. The results show that GNSS/IMU measurements with a slope greater than 30° significantly affect the accuracy and reliability of GNSS/IMU technology. A slope greater than 45° has a deviation along the coordinate axes of 121.3 mm. The conducted research is particularly important for geodetic works that require high positioning performance. The testing method of the GNSS/IMU receiver presented in this paper can help its users to make correct conclusions regarding the coordinate accuracy of the measured point of interest.
Recent Advances in Dielectric Properties-Based Soil Water Content Measurements
Authors: Abdulraheem Mukhtar Iderawumi , Chen Hongjun , Li Linze , Moshood Abiodun Yusuff , Zhang Wei , Xiong Yani , Zhang Yanyan , Taiwo Lateef Bamidele , Farooque Aitazaz A. , Hu Jiandong
Published: April 2024

Dielectric properties are crucial in understanding the behavior of water within soil, particularly the soil water content (SWC), as they measure a material’s ability to store an electric charge and are influenced by water and other minerals in the soil. However, a comprehensive review paper is needed that synthesizes the latest developments in this field, identifies the key challenges and limitations, and outlines future research directions. In addition, various factors, such as soil salinity, temperature, texture, probing space, installation gap, density, clay content, sampling volume, and environmental factors, influence the measurement of the dielectric permittivity of the soil. Therefore, this review aims to address the research gap by critically analyzing the current state-of-the-art dielectric properties-based methods for SWC measurements. The motivation for this review is the increasing importance of precise SWC data for various applications such as agriculture, environmental monitoring, and hydrological studies. We examine time domain reflectometry (TDR), frequency domain reflectometry (FDR), ground-penetrating radar (GPR), remote sensing (RS), and capacitance, which are accurate and cost-effective, enabling real-time water resource management and soil health understanding through measuring the travel time of electromagnetic waves in soil and the reflection coefficient of these waves. SWC can be estimated using various approaches, such as TDR, FDR, GPR, and microwave-based techniques. These methods are made possible by increasing the dielectric permittivity and loss factor with SWC. The available dielectric properties are further synthesized on the basis of mathematical models relating apparent permittivity to water content, providing an updated understanding of their development, applications, and monitoring. It also analyzes recent mathematical calibration models, applications, algorithms, challenges, and trends in dielectric permittivity methods for estimating SWC. By consolidating recent advances and highlighting the remaining challenges, this review article aims to guide researchers and practitioners toward more effective strategies for SWC measurements.
Ozone Profile Retrieval Algorithm Based on GEOS-Chem Model in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere
Authors: An Yuan , Wang Xianhua , Ye Hanhan , Shi Hailiang , Wu Shichao , Li Chao , Sun Erchang
Published: April 2024

Ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation, which has a significant impact on research in astrobiology and other fields in that investigate the middle and upper atmosphere. A retrieval algorithm for ozone profiles in the middle and upper atmosphere was developed using the spectral data from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). A priori ozone profiles were constructed through the Goddard Earth Observing System-Chem (GEOS-Chem) model. These profiles were closer to the true atmosphere in the spatial and temporal dimensions when compared to the ozone climatology. The TpO3 ozone climatology was used as a reference to highlight the reliability of the a priori ozone profile from GEOS-Chem. The inversion results based on GEOS-Chem and TpO3 climatology were compared with ground-based ozone measurements and the satellite products of the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and the Ozone Mapping and Profiles Suite_Limb Profile (OMPS_LP). The comparisons reveal that the correlation coefficient R values for the inversion results based on GEOS-Chem were greater than 0.90 at most altitudes, making them better than the values based on TpO3 climatology. The differences in subcolumn concentration between the GEOS-Chem inversion results and the ground-based measurements were smaller than those between TpO3 climatology results and the ground-based measurements. The relative differences between the inversion results based on the GEOS-Chem and the satellite products was generally smaller than those between the inversion results based on TpO3 climatology and the satellite products. The mean relative difference between the GEOS-Chem inversion results and MLS is −9.10%, and OMPS_LP is 1.46%, while those based on TpO3 climatology is −14.51% and −4.70% from 20 to 45 km These results imply that using a priori ozone profiles generated through GEOS-Chem leads to more accurate inversion results.
Unlocking Urban Accessibility: Proximity Analysis in Bangkok, Thailand’s Mega City
Authors: Iamtrakul Pawinee , Padon Apinya , Chayphong Sararad , Hayashi Yoshitsugu
Published: April 2024

Accessibility serves as the fundamental link for mode shifts, enabling access to activity areas and facilitating connections to other forms of travel. However, navigating the transportation network in urban areas of Bangkok, Thailand, reveals persistent inconveniences, discomfort, and safety concerns, thereby failing to adequately meet the needs of users. This study aims to examine urban accessibility, focusing on multi-travel connections to amenities and public transport. It focuses on understanding how the level of engagement of road users in social activities contributes to well-being by addressing proximity access through a multidisciplinary approach aimed at enhancing accessibility and integrating the built environment. The comprehensive and inclusive Accessibility by Proximity Index (API) is proposed as a tool to evaluate the level of access to essential services and activities for residents. Additionally, this study acknowledges the impact of the physical and utilization characteristics of urban space and active trajectories by considering various travel needs and daily route patterns. Consequently, the API can inform the development of planning and urban design strategies aimed at enhancing walkability and cycling as non-motorization infrastructures, thereby improving accessibility through active modes of transportation. It was observed that areas with a higher concentration of urban amenities exhibit greater accessibility by walking, cycling, and public transport, particularly in inner-city areas. Thus, envisioning a more sustainable and inclusive city with adequate development of public transportation access is essential in urban areas, prompting policy-level initiatives to enhance the environment and elevate the overall commuting experience.
Sustainable Earthquake Preparedness: A Cross-Cultural Comparative Analysis in Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia
Authors: Grozdanić Goran , Cvetković Vladimir M. , Lukić Tin , Ivanov Aleksandar
Published: April 2024

Authorities and governmental bodies strongly emphasize the importance of residents preparing for natural disasters, particularly underscoring the significance of readiness for geophysical hazards like earthquakes. In this study, which represents comparative quantitative research, the levels and predictors of the impact on preparedness for earthquake-induced disasters in South-Eastern European countries such as Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia are examined. Using the snowball sampling technique (online questionnaire), a survey of 1245 respondents (Montenegro (n = 400), North Macedonia (n = 345), and Serbia (n = 500) was conducted from February 2023 to February 2024. The paper is based on the central hypothesis that the most significant predictor of earthquake preparedness in Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia is age, followed by education and gender. Multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the extent to which five scores of the subscales (household preparedness, community preparedness, disaster preparation, earthquake risk awareness, and reinforced house) were associated with seventh demographic and socio-economic variables. In addition to the mentioned analysis, other statistical analyses such as t-test, one-way ANOVA analysis, and Pearson correlation were also utilized. The results indicate that age emerges as a predictor in various aspects of earthquake-induced disaster preparedness and awareness in most models, followed by education and gender. These findings confirm the significance of respondents’ age in determining levels of preparedness and earthquake awareness. Overall, in North Macedonia, respondents recorded the highest ratings (M = 3.52) for household preparedness for earthquakes, compared to Serbia (M = 3.26) and Montenegro (M = 2.98), where the lower ratings were recorded. Research findings, taking into account cultural characteristics, can serve as a basis for the development of targeted interventions, strategies, policies, and programs aimed at improving the level of societal preparedness for earthquake-induced disasters.
Gaseous Mercury Limit Values: Definitions, Derivation, and the Issues Related to Their Application
Authors: Ciani Francesco , Costagliola Pilario , Lattanzi Pierfranco , Rimondi Valentina
Published: April 2024

Mercury (Hg) is a toxic and persistent element, easily bio-accumulable in the food chain with several dangerous effects on people’s health. Among Hg airborne species, gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) is dominant, more persistent in the atmosphere, and highly absorbable by humans. The issue of atmospheric Hg pollution is largely discussed by several environmental agencies, giving rise to a number of remarkably different threshold values beyond which exposure to Hg in its different species is deemed dangerous. The present paper presents a comprehensive compilation of the threshold limit values (TLVs) suggested/recommended by environmental health agencies regarding the exposition to airborne Hg. The work tries to clarify the applicability of the threshold concentrations, their terminology, and the methods by which they were calculated. The most critical key-points in Hg TLVs derivation and use are stressed. The literature revision identifies about 20 TLVs: among these, only four are legally transposed into environmental laws, while the majority are just recommendations. There is a high variability of suggested values for gaseous Hg TLVs, mostly resulting from the different methodologies applied for their calculation. This difference is the consequence of a considerable independence among agencies that suggest or enforce Hg limit values. However, in the past years, a generalized substantial lowering of the Hg TLVs, both for chronic and occupational exposure, has been observed. This tendency reflects a revision trend towards a more protective approach for people’s health.
Long-Term Planning for a Mixed Urban Freight Fleet with EVs and ICEVs in the USA
Authors: Goulianou Panagiota , Regan Amelia , Goodchild Anne
Published: April 2024

Commercial electric vehicles (EVs) have increasingly gained interest from urban freight companies in the past decade due to the introduction of economic and policy drivers. Although these factors promote urban freight electrification, some barriers hinder the transition to fully electric fleets, such as the significant monetary investment required to replace the current internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) and the lack of readily available electric freight vehicles. Due to these barriers, for the foreseeable future, urban freight companies will operate mixed fleets with a combination of EVs and ICEVs to balance their cost/benefit trade-offs. This intermediate operational stage will allow companies to adjust their operations, test EVs, and decide if a fully electric fleet is the best choice. This paper focuses on urban last-mile deliveries in the USA and proposes a long-term planning model to explore the effects of external factors (i.e., fuel costs) on planning decisions (i.e., EV share) for a mixed fleet. In the context of this paper long-term planning is the planning for the infrastructure needed for the introduction of EVs (i.e., fleet composition and charging station location). The goal of the proposed model is to minimize the fuel, EV, ICEV, and EV charger costs. The results show that the EV share of a mixed fleet is affected by gasoline and electricity prices and the distances traveled in a given network. This paper shows that the EV share of a mixed fleet increases when the gasoline cost increases and the electricity cost decreases.
Driving Factors in Carbon Emission Reduction in Prefabricated Building Supply Chains Based on Structural Equation Modelling
Authors: Liu Wei , Fan Guohao , Liu Zixuan
Published: April 2024

As one of the development paths of construction industrialization, prefabricated buildings (PBs) are an important means for China’s construction industry to achieve the “double carbon” goal. To better leverage the energy-saving and emission-reduction benefits of prefabricated buildings, we have analyzed the driving factors and driving paths of carbon emission reduction in prefabricated buildings from the perspective of the supply chain. The carbon emission-reduction driving index system of prefabricated building supply chains (PBSCs) was constructed through the literature review method and the questionnaire investigation method. The structural equation model (SEM) was used to analyze the relationship of each driving factor. The importance of each driving factor was quantitatively analyzed on account of the model’s operation results. The results showed: the order of importance of driver levels is technology-driven > economic-driven > market-driven > government-driven > supply chain coordination-driven. The key driving factors are summarized based on the ranking of driving factor indicators in each dimension, providing a reference for participants in PBSCs to adopt low-carbon measures and providing a basis for government departments to formulate carbon emission-reduction strategies.
How to Enhance Public Participation in Environmental Governance? Evidence from China
Authors: Dai Mingxiao
Published: April 2024

Public participation in environmental governance plays a pivotal role in fostering a healthy and sustainable relationship between society and the environment. Despite the convenience afforded by the internet, the level of participation among Chinese citizens remains notably low. Thus, enhancing public enthusiasm for environmental governance is imperative, particularly given the paucity of academic research in this area. To address this gap, we employed the volume of messages on a leadership message board as a proxy for measuring the motivation behind public participation in environmental governance. Utilizing a provincial panel regression analysis, we investigated the determinants of public participation and subsequently conducted a mechanism analysis. Our findings reveal that deteriorating local air quality correlates with heightened motivation for public involvement in environmental governance. Additionally, increased public attention to environmental issues significantly amplifies this motivation, with the availability of internet access and the degree of emphasis placed by local governments on public participation further facilitating this process. This study contributes a theoretical and empirical foundation for enhancing public engagement in environmental governance, thereby fostering the development of a sustainable society.
A Fuzzy Ballast Water Risk Assessment Model in Maritime Transport
Authors: Mouchtoglou Konstantina , Zacharia Paraskevi , Nikolaou Grigoris
Published: April 2024

Recent years have witnessed a growing awareness of the critical role that maritime transport plays in global sustainability, given its significant environmental, economic, and social impacts. Central to this concern is the management of ballast water, which, if not properly treated, can lead to the introduction of invasive species, biodiversity loss, and substantial economic and health repercussions. Traditional risk assessment models often fail to capture the complex uncertainties inherent in environmental risks associated with ballast water. This study introduces an innovative fuzzy logic-based risk assessment model designed to enhance decision-making processes in maritime operations by accurately assessing and mitigating the environmental risks of ballast water discharge. The model, structured using three fuzzy systems, integrates human reasoning with mathematical precision, providing an effective tool for sustainable maritime practices. The integrated fuzzy system employs 18 variables as inputs and yields three outputs (ballasting, ballast exchange, and de-ballasting risk). To evaluate the performance of the developed system, various data sets are used and tested through the MATLAB Fuzzy Toolbox. By aligning maritime operations with sustainability principles, this research contributes to the preservation of marine ecosystems, supports the economic stability of marine-dependent industries, and safeguards public health, underscoring the interconnectivity of maritime transport management with overarching sustainability objectives.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Sustainability in Water Supply: A Systematic Review
Authors: Silva Jorge Alejandro
Published: April 2024

Although access to clean and safe water is a fundamental human right, millions of people around the world lack this essential resource. Through their CSR initiatives, companies are promoting responsible and sustainable practices to ensure the appropriate use and management of water resources. Using a systematic review and PRISMA framework, this study examined the impact of CSR initiatives on sustainable water supply. A total of 108 articles were identified, and 33 were subjected to further reviews and analysis. This study found that CSR initiatives contribute to sustainable water supply through water conservation, water stewardship, responsible supply chains, and various educational and training initiatives. This study found that CSR initiatives have been effective in transforming behaviors and converting millions of people around the world into water activists. Corporations are also leveraging new technologies to enhance efficiency in their operations and minimize excessive water waste. This study also found that corporations must build responsible business practices through ethical, economic, and environmental responsibility. Although CSR initiatives can be too costly for many organizations, businesses can reduce costs through strategic partnerships and leveraging technological innovations to promote water conservation and hygiene.
Mechanistic Evidence for Hg Removal from Wastewater by Biologically Produced Sulfur
Authors: Jeong Seok-Soon , Park Byung-Jun , Yoon Jung-Hwan , Kirkham Mary Beth , Yang Jae-E. , Kim Hyuck-Soo
Published: April 2024

A significant quantity of biologically produced sulfur (BPS) is generated as a by-product of chemical and biological desulfurization processes applied to landfill gas treatment. The beneficial upcycling of BPS has seen limited use in the environmental context. The effectiveness and underlying mechanism of BPS as an adsorbent for removing Hg2+ from both solution and wastewater were elucidated based on experiments encompassing surface characterization, adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics. The BPS exhibited remarkable efficacy in removing Hg2+ from solution, with the Langmuir model accurately describing the adsorption process and showing a maximum adsorption capacity of 244 mg g−1. Surface analysis through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that Hg2+ complexed with sulfide on BPS surfaces, forming stable HgS. The adsorbed Hg was strongly retained in BPS, with less than 0.2% of the adsorbed Hg desorbed by strong acids. Adsorption kinetics followed the double-exponential first-order model, showing an initial rapid adsorption phase wherein 75% of the initial Hg2+ was removed within 5 min, followed by a slower adsorption rate. The thermodynamic parameters suggested that adsorption of Hg2+ by BPS was a spontaneous and endothermic process. Additionally, BPS effectively removed Hg2+ from wastewater, showing preference for Hg over other co-existing metals. These findings underscore the potential of BPS as an effective adsorbent for Hg2+ removal from wastewater.
Molecular Aspects Involved in the Mechanisms of Bothrops jararaca Venom-Induced Hyperalgesia: Participation of NK1 Receptor and Glial Cells
Authors: Bom Ariela de Oliveira Pedro , Dias-Soares Monique , Corrêa Raíssa Cristina Darroz , Neves Camila Lima , Hosch Natalia Gabriele , Lucena Gabriela Gomes de , Oliveira Camilla Garcia , Pagano Rosana Lima , Chacur Marucia , Giorgi Renata
Published: April 2024

Accidents caused by Bothrops jararaca (Bj) snakes result in several local and systemic manifestations, with pain being a fundamental characteristic. The inflammatory process responsible for hyperalgesia induced by Bj venom (Bjv) has been studied; however, the specific roles played by the peripheral and central nervous systems in this phenomenon remain unclear. To clarify this, we induced hyperalgesia in rats using Bjv and collected tissues from dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and spinal cord (SC) at 2 and 4 h post-induction. Samples were labeled for Iba-1 (macrophage and microglia), GFAP (satellite cells and astrocytes), EGR1 (neurons), and NK1 receptors. Additionally, we investigated the impact of minocycline, an inhibitor of microglia, and GR82334 antagonist on Bjv-induced hyperalgesia. Our findings reveal an increase in Iba1 in DRG at 2 h and EGR1 at 4 h. In the SC, markers for microglia, astrocytes, neurons, and NK1 receptors exhibited increased expression after 2 h, with EGR1 continuing to rise at 4 h. Minocycline and GR82334 inhibited venom-induced hyperalgesia, highlighting the crucial roles of microglia and NK1 receptors in this phenomenon. Our results suggest that the hyperalgesic effects of Bjv involve the participation of microglial and astrocytic cells, in addition to the activation of NK1 receptors.
The Inhibition of Gag-Pol Expression by the Restriction Factor Shiftless Is Dispensable for the Restriction of HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Jäger Niklas , Ayyub Shreya Ahana , Peske Frank , Liedtke David , Bohne Jens , Hoffmann Markus , Rodnina Marina V. , Pöhlmann Stefan
Published: April 2024

The interferon-induced host cell protein Shiftless (SFL) inhibits −1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting (−1PRF) required for the expression of HIV-1 Gal-Pol and the formation of infectious HIV-1 particles. However, the specific regions in SFL required for antiviral activity and the mechanism by which SFL inhibits −1PRF remain unclear. Employing alanine scanning mutagenesis, we found that basic amino acids in the predicted zinc ribbon motif of SFL are essential for the suppression of Gag-Pol expression but dispensable for anti-HIV-1 activity. We have shown that SFL inhibits the expression of the murine leukemia virus (MLV) Gag-Pol polyprotein and the formation of infectious MLV particles, although Gag-Pol expression of MLV is independent of −1PRF but requires readthrough of a stop codon. These findings indicate that SFL might inhibit HIV-1 infection by more than one mechanism and that SFL might target programmed translational readthrough as well as −1PRF signals, both of which are regulated by mRNA secondary structure elements.
Investigation of the Tunnel Water Inflow Prediction Method Based on the MODFLOW-DRAIN Module
Authors: Chen Zhou , Su Zhaoqiang , Li Mei , Shen Qi , Fan Lufei , Zhang Yanjie
Published: April 2024

The precise prediction of water inflow in tunnels is a key aspect of civil engineering. It is directly related to the progress of construction, the stability of caverns and the safety of construction personnel. Currently widely used calculation methods include the empirical formula method, the analytical method and the numerical simulation method. In situations where the geological conditions are complex and the boundary conditions are irregular, numerical simulation methods have clear advantages. However, there are still discussions about the rationality, accuracy and applicability of the definition of tunnel boundary conditions in numerical simulation methods. Based on the Groundwater Model System (GMS10.7) software, we investigate the feasibility of using the DRAIN module to describe tunnel boundaries and calculate water inflow. By comparing it with traditional empirical formulas, the feasibility of the method is verified, and the error is about 8%. In addition, this method is applied to predict the water inflow in the construction of an underground pumping station under complex geological conditions and the prediction is compared with the measured water inflow, and the error is about 20%. This article explains the physical meaning and the value method of the relevant parameters of the DRAIN module, providing basic support for the prediction of water inflow in tunnels.
Improvement in Storm Surge Numerical Forecasting Based on Wave Buoys Data
Authors: Fu Cifu , Guo Honglin , Cheng Kaikai , Li Tao
Published: April 2024

The maximum wind speed radius of a strong typhoon making landfall is an important factor influencing the numerical forecasting of storm surges. A method for inverting the maximum wind speed radius of typhoons based on wave buoys data was designed to significantly reduce the error in 24 h storm surge forecasting in this paper, and an operation scheme was proposed to enhance the storm surge numerical forecasting system based on this method. Hangzhou Bay and the Yangtze River Estuary, which have been frequently impacted by typhoons over the past five years, were selected as the research area. Common schemes for the maximum wind speed radius were analyzed, and five ladder schemes (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 km) were established for wave and storm surge numerical model verification of Typhoon Muifa in 2022. Based on a comparison of the wave hindcast results and wave buoys observation data, the wave hindcast result of the commonly used scheme (30 km) was significantly greater than that of the observation data, and the optimal scheme (15 km) closest to the observation data could be determined during the 48 h warning period. Moreover, it was difficult to identify the optimal scheme during the 48 h warning period based on the storm surge hindcast results. A 24 h storm surge numerical forecasting test was performed with the commonly used scheme (30 km) and the optimal scheme (15 km). The results showed that the root mean square error (RMSE) of the optimal scheme (15 km) was 34% lower than that of the commonly used scheme (30 km), while the maximum storm surge error was also reduced from 47.7% for the commonly adopted scheme (30 km) to 11.8% for the optimal scheme (15 km). The maximum storm surges under the optimal scheme (15 km) along Hangzhou Bay and the Yangtze River Estuary ranged from 1.9 to 2.2 m, which were closer to the observation data, and the maximum storm surge under the commonly used scheme (30 km) was 0.8~1.2 m greater than that under the optimal scheme (15 km).
Evaluating Sediment Removal Efficiency of Catch Basin Inserts as a Post-Construction Water Quality Tool on Roadways
Authors: Basham Dakota , Zech Wesley , Donald Wesley , Whitman Jarrell
Published: April 2024

Urban areas produce large amounts of stormwater runoff due to vast areas of impervious surfaces. Stormwater inlets, or catch basins, are commonly used for collecting and directing stormwater runoff away from streets and sidewalks. The conveyances used to direct flow to surface waters may be part of a municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4s). Typically, MS4s redirect runoff without providing a means for removing harmful pollutants. These pollutants are then often discharged directly into local lakes, rivers, and streams, potentially harming native aquatic ecosystems. Post-construction stormwater practices are commonly used to treat runoff from urban areas by reducing the total runoff volume, lowering peak flow rates, and/or removing harmful pollutants from runoff. However, some post construction stormwater practices require large footprints, construction, and maintenance. Catch basin inserts (CBIs) are one type of post-construction best management practice that are installed within existing catch basins and require no additional land use while still providing a means for removing pollutants from stormwater runoff before entering the MS4. However, limited data is available to demonstrate the expected performance of various CBIs to ensure that these practices meet the pollutant removal standards set forth by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The objective of this study was to evaluate the sediment removal capabilities of eight different proprietary CBI products for potential use as a post-construction stormwater practice for Department of Transportation projects. Results indicate that only two basket-type CBIs met the 80% sediment retention benchmark established for the study. While not surpassing the benchmark, three bag-type CBIs did achieve more than 70% sediment retention. The remaining three CBIs (one basket-type, one bag-type, and one cartridge type) fell notably short of the performance benchmark.
Application of General Unified Threshold Models to Predict Time-Varying Survival of Mayfly Nymphs Exposed to Three Neonicotinoids
Authors: Lourenço Vanessa S. C. , Figueiredo Neusa L. , Daam Michiel A.
Published: April 2024

Pesticide exposure patterns tested in laboratory bioassays often do not match real-world pesticide exposure profiles in edge-of-field waterbodies. Toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic (TKTD) models are therefore increasingly used, as they allow for predictions of the toxic effects under actual time-variable field exposures. The TKTD models from the General Unified Threshold models of Survival (GUTS), for example, are considered ready for use by regulators for calculating the survival rates for any time-variable exposure profile. However, questions remain regarding their predictive power for compounds showing increased toxicity over time, such as neonicotinoid insecticides. The aim of the present study was therefore to compare the GUTS-predicted 28 d toxicity values of three neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam) for the common New Zealand mayfly genus Deleatidium spp. with those observed in a previously published study. Overall, the GUTS modeling results underestimated the toxicity values derived experimentally. From the three neonicotinoids, clothianidin showed the best fit between the estimated and observed 28 d LC50 (median-lethal-concentration) values. Shortcomings of the modeling exercise, future research needs, and implications for the application of GUTS models in regulatory risk assessment are discussed.
Local Water Inrush Risk Assessment Method Based on Moving Window and Its Application in the Liangshuijing Mining Area
Authors: Gao Chengyue , Wang Dangliang , Ma Jin , Liu Kerui , Fang Yafei
Published: April 2024

Most of the existing coal mine water inrush risk assessment methods are global assessment methods, which have the following problems: they ignore the difference in importance of the evaluation indicators at different locations in the study area and assign the same weight value; the area of the danger zone in the evaluation results is thus too large. The evaluation results improve the prediction accuracy by reducing the safe zone area. To address the aforementioned issues, this study employs a local analysis method based on a moving circular window, taking into account the spatial heterogeneity of criterion indicators in the decision-making process. By traversing each position of the raster with a circular moving window, the method performs local standardization and calculates local weights of indicators within the local window range. Based on the obtained maps of locally standardized evaluation criteria and local weights, a local water inrush risk assessment model is established using Geographic Information Systems (ArcGIS), considering the differences in the importance of evaluation indicators within the study area. Taking the Liangshuijing mining area as an example, both global and local evaluation models were employed to assess its water inrush risk. The evaluation results obtained from these two models were compared and validated against geological survey data and historical water inrush points. The comparative analysis between the two methods reveals that the local evaluation model demonstrates higher accuracy. It offers a more precise delineation of the distribution of water inrush risk zones, which better corresponds to the actual conditions within the mine. The localized water inrush risk assessment method proposed in this paper breaks away from the traditional approach of uniformly weighting evaluation indicators across the entire area, offering a novel method for assessing water inrush risk.
Relative Contribution of Fungal Communities to Carbon Loss and Humification Process in Algal Sludge Aerobic Composting
Authors: Wu Hainan , Zhang Sen , Zhou Jiahui , Cong Haibing , Feng Shaoyuan , Sun Feng
Published: April 2024

Harmful algal blooms in eutrophic lakes pose significant challenges to the aquatic environment. Aerobic composting is an effectively method for processing and reusing dewatered algal sludge. The fungal communities are the main driver of composting. However, their relationship with carbon loss and the humification process during algal sludge composting remains unclear. In this study, the succession of fungal communities in algal sludge composting was investigated via internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA amplicon sequencing analysis. Overall, no significant differences were observed with the α-diversity of fungal communities at different stages. The composition of the fungal communities changed significantly before and after compost maturation and became more stable after the compost maturation. Redundancy analysis showed that the fungal communities were significantly correlated with physicochemical properties, including humic acid (HA)/fulvic acid (FA), temperature, pH, humic acid, microcystins, and CO2. The co-occurrence network showed that different fungal community modules had different relationships with physicochemical properties. Structural equation modeling further revealed that different metabolic or transformation processes may be mainly driven by different fungi modules. The microcystin degradation, carbon loss, and humification during composting were mainly mediated by fungal communities which were mainly influenced by temperature. Humification was influenced not only by fungal communities but also by the microcystin levels. These results show that changes in the fungal community composition and interaction and their relationship with physicochemical properties could represent a useful guide for optimizing the composting process.
New approaches and technologies of staffing state civil service
Authors: Бойко А.Н. , Барменкова Н.А.
Published: April 2024

Предметная область исследования — совершенствование кадровой работы в части обеспечения качественного отбора, найма и должностного роста государственных гражданских служащих, а также лиц, замещающих государственные должности. Цель работы — обоснование дополнительных квалификационных требований к соискателям и кадровым государственным служащим, соответственно — изменения правового порядка формирования и профессионального развития кадрового потенциала государственной гражданской службы. Проанализированы необходимые и реально принимаемые меры федеральной исполнительной властью с использованием современных цифровых технологий, включая возможности искусственного интеллекта.

The subject area of the research is the improvement of personnel work in terms of ensuring the quality selection, hiring and career development of state civil servants and persons holding public positions. The purpose of the work is to substantiate additional qualification requirements for applicants and career civil servants, respectively, to change the legal procedure for the formation and professional development of the personnel potential of the state civil service. The necessary and actually taken measures by the federal executive power using modern digital technologies, including the capabilities of artificial intelligence, are analyzed.
Macroscopic Effect of Quantum Gravity in General Static Isotropic Gravitational Field
Authors: Lee Gang
Published: April 2024

In this paper we calculated the self-interaction of the gravitational field, and analyzed the effect of the self-interactions in a general staticisotropic gravitational field using a semi classical approach. We found that the effects of the self-interaction on the gravitational field can be used to explain dark matter.
RADIOLOGY OF ACUTE THORACIC SURGICAL PATHOLOGY IN COVID-19
Authors:   Surgut State University, Surgut, Russia, Гаус А. А. , Климова Н. В. ,   Surgut State University, Surgut, Russia, Ивлюкова Т. В. ,   Surgut Regional Clinical Center for Maternal and Child Health, Surgut, Russia
Published: April 2024

The study aims to analyze the possibilities of multispiral computed tomography in diagnosing acute thoracic surgical complications in COVID-19. The most common acute thoracic surgical complications were detected in the study of multispiral computed tomography data of 93 patients (57 men and 36 women aged 31 to 89 years), who underwent treatment in 2020–2022, with confirmed coronavirus infection complicated by acute surgical pathology. The complications include spontaneous pneumothorax (38.2 %, n = 34), pleural empyema (31.4 %, n = 28), lung abscess (28.0 %, n = 25), pneumomediastinum (6.7 %, n = 6), and various combinations of all these complications (16.1 %, n = 15). It has been established that multispiral computed tomography is the most informative radiology method both in diagnosing and in determining the tactics of treating the pathology in question.