bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Irradiation on the Fracture Properties of Zr-2.5Nb Pressure Tubes at the End of Design Life
Authors: Pan ZL , St Lawrence S , Davies PH , Griffiths M , Sagat S
Published: August 2005

To determine the fracture properties of Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes irradiated until the end of design life, cantilever beam, curved compact toughness, and transverse tensile samples were prepared from a typical pressure tube and irradiated in the high flux reactor OSIRIS at CEA, Saclay, France. Experiments were conducted on two batches of samples mounted in two irradiation inserts. Each insert held sixteen samples of each type of specimen. The first insert was irradiated to a fluence corresponding to approximately half of the design life in a CANDU3 reactor. The experimental results were reported in [1]. Samples in the second insert were irradiated for 10.5 years in OSIRIS and received a maximum neutron fluence of 2.61 × 1026 n/m2 (E > 1 MeV), being equivalent to 2.98 × 1026 n/m2 (E > 1 MeV) in a CANDU reactor, i.e., corresponding to ∼30 years operation in CANDU reactors at 80 % capacity factor. The present report describes the results of tensile, fracture toughness, and Delayed Hydride Cracking (DHC) tests and XRD microstructure analysis from the second batch of specimens. A continuous and gradual evolution in tensile, fracture, DHC properties, and dislocation densities is demonstrated without any evidence of a sudden change following the initial transitient at very low fluence. In the whole high fluence range, there is a very slow rate of increase in c-component dislocation density, strength, and DHC velocity and a slow reduction in elongation and Nb concentration in the β-phase. The a-type dislocation density and fracture toughness remain approximately constant. The results from the second insert of specimens confirm that, following the initial transient at very low fluence, there is little further change in the fracture properties of Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube material. Therefore, material properties behave in a stable and predicable manner to the end of a 30 years design life for CANDU reactor pressure tubes.
Performance of a New Co-Polymer Sulfonate-Based Mid-Range Water-Reducing Admixture
Authors: Saric-Coric M , Dénommé Y , Pagé M , Aïtcin P-C
Published: August 2005

At the present time, there are essentially two types of water-reducers: high-range water-reducers and conventional water-reducers. Superplasticizers allow a 15–30 % water reduction. They are very efficient to disperse cement particles in concretes made with W/C ratios between 0.25 and 0.45. For concrete having a W/C ratio between 0.45 and 0.60, the optimal dosage is not generally very high and lacks robustness. In industrial applications, the use of superplasticizer in 0.45–0.60 W/C ratio concrete can result in segregation (light over-dosage) or a rapid slump loss (light under-dosage).

The use of conventional water-reducers, obtained mostly from more or less processed and treated industrial by-products, results in a water reduction of between 5 and 10 %. Moreover, because they almost always contain some impurities, essentially sugars and surfactants, their dosage cannot be increased without causing excessive air entraining and a long delay in setting.

To cover the W/C ratio range between 0.45 and 0.60, it is necessary to use admixtures of the mid-range family, which are usually obtained by mixing a superplasticizer and a conventional water-reducer or a water-reducer and an accelerator. This method presents several disadvantages linked to formulation adjustment and to the availability and quality of lignosulfonate water-reducers, which may decrease in the future due to a drastic change in the production of pulp and paper worldwide.

A new type of synthetic mid-range water-reducer has been developed in order to meet the requirements of the mid-range water-reducers: comfort of rheology, no effect on setting time, and no air entrainment. It is a co-polymer of the polysulphonate family adapted for concretes made with a W/C ratio between 0.45 and 0.60. The performance of the last version of this product has been studied on grouts having a water/cement ratio of 0.45 and on concretes having a water/cement ratio of 0.44. This performance has been compared to the performance of two commercial mid-ranges and a classic water-reducer, lignosulfonate-based.

The synthetic mid-range showed a very promising dispersing performance and robustness adapted to the concrete formulation generally covered by mid-range water-reducers. Its very definite chemical composition and its controlled production make this new polysulphonate co-polymer an interesting alternative for the formulation of mid-range water-reducers.
Predicting Fatigue Crack Growth in the Residual Stress Field of a Cold Worked Hole
Authors: Kokaly MT , Ransom JS , Restis JH , Reid L
Published: August 2005

Cold working of holes generates compressive residual stresses resulting in a significant fatigue life improvement over a non-cold worked hole. Current fatigue life prediction methods for cold worked holes are based on two-dimensional (2-D) linear superposition of stress intensity factor, K, solutions of the non-cold worked hole and the residual stresses. Such predictions have shown various levels of agreement with the overall fatigue life and have generally underpredicted the crack growth over the majority of life. An inverse process was used to generate K solutions for the residual stresses of two experimental data sets using AFGROW and the crack growth data from the experiments. The inverse K solutions were inconsistent with the residual stress distribution indicating that it contained mechanisms or features not inherent to the 2-D weight function method. The predicted fatigue life was found to be very sensitive to a ± 1% variance in the inversely generated K solution. This sensitivity of the K method is a very important issue that must be addressed in the future. A 2-D FEA model indicated that the crack remained completely closed over a range of crack lengths despite experimental crack growth indicating that the model was not an accurate physical representation of the real crack. The results of this study combined with the significantly faster crack growth observed on the side of the hole corresponding to the entry side of the mandrel and the through thickness residual hoop stress variation show that the current methodology based on a 2-D assumptions is inadequate in predicting the fatigue crack growth from cold worked holes for the range of specimen thicknesses in this study. It is suggested that further research focus on incorporating the through thickness stress variance in a solution that predicts crack growth both in the radial and through thickness directions to capture the peculiar crack growth associated with cold working.
Correlation Between Strength and Measured Residual Stress in Tempered Glass Products
Authors: Redner AS , Mognato E , Schiavonato M
Published: August 2005

U.S. and European Standards for strength and residual stresses in tempered glass are reviewed. Experimentally established correlation between the strength and nondestructively measured residual surface stress is demonstrated.
Effect of Shot Peening on Fatigue Crack Growth in 7075-T7351
Authors: Honda T , Ramulu M , Kobayashi AS
Published: August 2005

The effects of shot peening on fatigue crack growth in 7075-T735 single-edged notch bend (SENB) and three point bend (TPB) specimens are discussed. Fifty-one total fatigue tests were conducted with SENB and TPB specimens, which were machined from an 8.1 mm thick 7075-T7351 aluminum stock plate. All specimens were tested in the as-received or shot peened conditions, with crack perpendicular to the rolling direction, i.e., in the L-T direction. Fatigue tests of SENB specimens were conducted at a constant maximum load, stress ratios of R = 0.1 or 0.8, and to a pre-determined fatigue cycle or to failure. Crack growth rate was determined from the tunneling crack profile or by fractography. Peened surface roughness, subsurface microstructure, and micro-hardness profiles were also examined to evaluate their effect on crack growth rate. The TPB specimens were fatigued to failure at stress ratios of R = 0.1 or 0.8 and a S-N diagram constructed. Both the SENB and the TPB test results showed that severe shot peening (0.016A) slightly increased the fatigue life at low stress ratio of R = 0.1 but was found to be negligible at a high load ratio of R = 0.8. The stress concentration factor due to dimples generated by severe shot peening was estimated to be 1.14 and had negligible effect on the fatigue life. Grain distortion was observed to a depth range of 130–410 µm indicating the depth of the residual compressive stress layer developed for peening intensities of 0.004–0.016A, respectively.
Use of a TG/DTA/Raman System to Monitor Dehydration and Phase Conversions
Authors: Kern ASB , Collins WJ , Cambron RT , Redman-Furey NL
Published: August 2005

Use of a TG/DTA/Raman system enabled real time collection of Raman spectra during the dehydration of Risedronate, the active pharmaceutical ingredient in the osteoporosis drug Actonel. Raman spectra collected during the dehydration of this material show a crystal lattice adjustment below the boiling point of water facilitating interpretation of the TG/DTA thermal profile. Raman spectra also revealed recrystallization processes subsequent to loss of lattice water that were not evident in the thermal analysis profile. Spectral evidence showing the formation and disappearance of a second hydrate form are observed during the dehydration of this material. In addition, spectral evidence indicating the presence of an anhydrate form of this material are observed prior to thermal induced degradation of this material.
Quantitative Mass Measurements from Mass Spectrometer Trend Data in a TG/MS System
Authors: Slough CG
Published: August 2005

The use of mass spectrometry (MS) in the identification of evolved gaseous species in thermogravimetric (TG) experiments is well established. The mass spectrometer can be attached directly to the outgas port of the thermogravimetric instrument. Mass spectrometers have the ability to detect species to 1 ppm or better, and the detection is done in real time as the TGA scans. Typically, the mass spectrometer is used for identification only. However, there are situations where it would be desirable to quantify the MS data. For example, when two or more species are evolved during a weight transition, the total weight loss is known from the TGA, but the weights for the individual components are unknown. Calibration techniques for quantifying MS data are already well established. Following one of these techniques, we show that trend data from a mass spectrometer can be used to approximate the amount of material evolved for low m/e ratio species such as water and carbon dioxide. The process involves first calibrating the system using a sample that only gives off the gaseous species of interest. Multiple runs at different initial weights provide the data for the calibration. A correlation between mass loss as measured by the TGA and ion current increase as measured by the MS is then constructed. In this study, the technique is applied not only to overlapping transitions but also to the quantification of reaction products from gases released during a TGA experiment. An attempt is also made to quantify the accuracy of the technique.
Comparison of Stress Corrosion Cracking and Corrosion Fatigue (Anodized and Non-Anodized Grade 4 CP Ti)
Authors: Zardiackas LD , Roach MD , Williamson RS
Published: August 2005

In light of the possible effects of anodization on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and corrosion fatigue (CF) of CP titanium, a research project has been completed recently in our laboratories to evaluate and compare SCC and CF of anodized versus non-anodized samples from a single lot of Grade 4 CPTi. Initial evaluation of alloy composition, microstructure, Vickers microhardness, and mechanical properties including the tensile and yield strength, % elongation and reduction of area was performed. After these tests ensured the material met the standards of ASTM Standard Specification for Unalloyed Titanium for Surgical Implant Applications (F 67), samples were prepared using low stress grinding techniques. Samples were divided into two groups, and the non-anodized SCC and CF testing was initiated. The surface of the second group of samples was anodized by Synthes to provide a green/gold surface consistent with standard production processing and then tested using the identical methodology as used for the non-anodized samples.

Results of the slow strain rate SCC testing on both smooth and notched anodized and non-anodized samples in both distilled de-ionized water and Ringers solution at 37°C showed no effect of anodization. Results of corrosion fatigue testing indicated that, while there was no effect of anodization on corrosion fatigue, there was a significant effect of the notch on the fatigue characteristics regardless of the two different surface conditions.
Estimation of Compressive Strength of Recycled Concretes with the Ultrasonic Method
Authors: Di Maio AA , Zega CJ , Traversa LP
Published: August 2005

In the present paper the errors in compressive strength estimation when the ultrasonic method is applied to conventional and recycled concretes are evaluated. Tests were performed on laboratory prototypes made with conventional concretes containing natural coarse aggregates and on recycled concretes containing 75% of recycled coarse aggregates (crushed concretes) by volume. In both types of concrete the strength was estimated by employing previously obtained correlation equations between the ultrasonic pulse velocity and compressive strength measured on concretes made with the same materials. The results from both types of concrete indicate that the errors in the estimated strength can be considered technologically acceptable.
Fracture Toughness, Thermo-Electric Power, and Atom Probe Investigations of JRQ Steel in I, IA, IAR, and IARA Conditions
Authors: Nanstad RK , Niffenegger M , Kalkhof RD , Miller MK , Sokolov MA , Tipping P
Published: August 2005

The International Atomic Energy Agency has sponsored a number of studies involving a specific plate of A533 grade B class 1 steel designated heat JRQ. In this cooperative study between the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) and the Heavy-Section Steel Irradiation Program of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), groups of Charpy impact, tensile, and precracked Charpy specimens of the JRQ plate were irradiated by PSI to four different fast neutron fluences [from 0.39 to 5.0 × 1023 n/m2 (>1 MeV)] in a test reactor. Additional specimens were given a post-irradiation thermal annealing treatment at 460°C for 18 h when 50 % of the target fluence was reached, followed by reirradiation to the same target fluences for the four groups of irradiated specimens. Additionally, ORNL thermally annealed some of the reirradiated specimens, as well as some of those in the irradiated only condition. Charpy impact, tensile, fracture toughness, and hardness tests have been performed to evaluate material response in the various conditions and to compare with the unirradiated material. Additionally, thermo-electric power experiments have been conducted by PSI, while atom probe tomography evaluations have been conducted by ORNL. Except at the highest fluence, the results show that the material given an intermediate annealing treatment exhibited irradiation-induced transition temperature shifts about the same as those that were only irradiated. However, the upper-shelf energies were generally higher and the yield strengths were generally lower for the reirradiated groups. The intermediate thermal annealing resulted in less reirradiation embrittlement of fracture toughness than Charpy impact toughness, while annealing after reirradiation resulted in significant increases in Charpy upper-shelf energy above that in the unirradiated condition. Irradiation-induced and IAR Charpy impact transition temperature shifts exhibit a nearly linear correlation with Seebeck coefficient in the I and IAR conditions. ORNL has also sent additional specimens from I, IA, IAR, and IARA test of JRQ for additional TEP testing. After irradiation, a high number density of ultrafine Cu-, Mn-, Ni-, Si-, and P-enriched precipitates were observed by atom probe tomography. Phosphorus segregation to dislocations was also observed. A significantly lower number density of larger Cu-, Mn-, and Ni- enriched precipitates was observed after the second annealing treatment.
Fatty Amine Alkoxylates as Effective Adjuvants for Strobilurin Fungicide Applications on Field and Orchard Crops
Authors: Hazen JL
Published: August 2005

Agrochemical adjuvants are widely used to improve the efficacy of pesticide applications. Improvement can be interpreted as “better weed control,” “better disease control,” or “reducing the amount of active ingredient required” for control. Claims related to the adjuvant function vary from “wetter,” “spreader,” and “sticker” to “penetrant” and “synergist.” While most activator adjuvants are applied as ‘tank mix’ additives, the fatty amine alkoxylates are also suitable as formulation-adjuvants for in-can product developments.

During the past decade, Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry has synthesized complex alkoxylates of selected fatty amines for application with relatively hydrophobic pesticides and directed their evaluation as adjuvants for application enhancement of many pesticides in trials conducted around the world. Among those adjuvant trials were applications with systemic and contact fungicides.

The application of fatty amine alkoxylates as efficacy-enhancing tank mix adjuvants for triazole fungicides was previously presented [1]. However, there are very little data published regarding the use of this class of surfactants as activator adjuvants with the newer strobilurin fungicides.

This paper presents an introduction to a new application for fatty amine alkoxylates as efficacy enhancers for strobilurin fungicides. Results are presented from field applications in 2004 as conducted with several strobilurin fungicides in multiple crop types.
Experimental Determination of Relative Permeability of Sand
Authors: Lafhaj Z , Skoczylas F , Dubois T , Dana E
Published: August 2005

In order to measure the water-retention and relative permeability of a sandy soil, an experimental device, initially designed in our laboratory for sandstone, was adapted. The method of measurement used is based upon the steady state method which is regarded as an efficient method to produce an accurate measurement of relative permeability. Liquid and gas are simultaneously injected, and measurements of pressure drop and saturation are made when steady state is reached. These measurements are generally conducted under small pressure gradients and over reasonable time periods. The main objective of this paper explains the special difficulties which had to be overcome as a result of the cohesionless nature of sand. The most important steps will be presented and analyzed. Once the final device had been fabricated, experiments conducted on fine sand were carried out and led to the determination of the water-retention and relative permeability curves of the sandy soil. The experimental results obtained showed a very good consistency of curve measurements.
The Study of Bond Strength and Bond Durability of Reactive Powder Concrete
Authors: Lee M-G , Chiu C-T , Wang Y-C
Published: August 2005

This research project aims to use reactive powder concrete, RPC, as a new repair material and evaluate its bond strength and bond durability to existing concrete. One accelerated aging environment, namely a freeze-thaw cycle acceleration deterioration test, was selected for the evaluation of bond durability of the repair materials. Before and after aging, the samples were evaluated by the compressive strength, bond strength (slant shear test), steel pull out strength, and relative dynamic modulus NDT tests.

The test results show that the RPC possesses high bond strength, dynamic modulus, and bond durability as compared with other concretes. The adhesion between the RPC and the steel is also much greater than that for the other concretes. It would be interesting to verify the consequences of this improved adhesion in reinforced concrete structures.

Test results revealed that RPC was still in good condition after 1000 cycles of freezing and thawing in accordance with ASTM C 666-97. After 1000 cycles, the nonshrinkage high strength mortar showed a reduction in compressive strength, slant shear strength, steel pull out strength, and dynamic modulus by 17, 21, 24, and 25 %, compared with the corresponding values of 6, 7, 5, and 10 %, respectively, for RPC. Specimens of normal strength concrete were used as reference specimens. The 5 cm × 10 cm slant shear cylinders made of normal strength concrete had deteriorated severely after 600–700 freeze-thaw cycles. For the normal strength concrete, the average values of relative dynamic modulus of elasticity based on resonant frequencies after 300 and 600 freeze-thaw cycles were 75 and 55%, compared with the corresponding values of 96 and 92%, respectively, for RPC.
Phosphorus Additive Chemistry and Its Effects on the Phosphorus Volatility of Engine Oils
Authors: Selby TW , Bosch RJ , Fee DC
Published: August 2005

The most widely used and effective anti-wear/anti-oxidation additives in engine oil contain phosphorus that can partially volatilize during engine operation. Unfortunately, volatile phosphorus in the exhaust stream degrades the function of the exhaust catalyst in reducing air pollution. Earlier studies in a special volatility bench test using the Phosphorus Emission Index have shown that phosphorus volatility is not related to engine oil volatility or to phosphorus content in the unused engine oil. At the time, it had been speculated that this unexpected lack of correlation with initial phosphorus concentration could be explained by 1) the effects of other engine oil additives and/or 2) variations in the phosphorus additive chemistry. The first speculation was relatively recently confirmed by taxi fleet studies of catalyst degradation by phosphorus-containing oils by the Ford Motor Company. It remained to determine if differences in phosphorus additive chemistry were also a factor, and this is the subject of the present study.
Recent Advances in Gas Chromatographic/Atomic Emission Hetero-Atom Selective Detection for Characterization of Petroleum Streams and Products
Authors: Di Sanzo FP , Diehl JW
Published: August 2005

The selective detection of organo-compounds containing hetero-atoms is used extensively in the petroleum industry for process control (sulfur, nitrogen, etc.) and additives in fuels (sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, etc.). The most common selective atom detection is performed with atomic emission (AED), sulfur/nitrogen chemiluminescence (SCD, NCD), and photometric (FPD, p-FPD). Atomic emission detection has an advantage over the other selective detectors since in an automated analysis scheme several hetero-elements may be detected for rapid sample screening. This paper describes the unique capabilities of atomic emission detection of fuels and petroleum fractions using several applications. In addition, a simplified version of comprehensive GCxGC that enhances hetero-atom selectivity by significantly reducing the matrix interference from the large hydrocarbon background is coupled with a microwave induced helium plasma atomic emission detector (GCxGC/AED). The GCxGC uses simple valve based flow modulation optimized for samples with a boiling point in the gasoline and jet fuel range. The technique is useful for screening fuels additives, contaminants, etc.
Impact of Sulfate Contamination on Swelling Behavior of Lime-Stabilized Clays
Authors: Rao SM , Shivananda P
Published: August 2005

Lime treatment is commonly resorted to improve the geotechnical properties of expansive clays and soft clays. Lime treatment, however, has a detrimental effect on soil behavior if adequate amounts of sulfate are present in soil. Sulfate induced heave of soils stabilized with calcium-based stabilizers occurs due to the presence of primary and secondary sources of sulfate in soils. The occurrence of native sulfate in natural soils constitutes primary sulfate source. Sulfates present in construction wastes, industrial wastes, and spilled chemicals constitute the secondary sulfate source. The present study performs laboratory experiments to examine the impact of sulfate contamination from spillage of sulfate rich chemicals on the heave characteristics of lime-stabilized expansive clays. The objective was realized by infiltrating laboratory prepared sodium sulfate solutions (sulfate concentrations ranged from 13 500 ppm to 27 000 ppm) on the heave characteristics of lime-stabilized specimens that were practically free of natural sulfate (sulfate content of natural soil = 0.05 %). Experimental results illustrated that lime-stabilized expansive clays experiencing sulfate contamination are susceptible to heave from sulfate attack. Mass balance reactions were performed to gain insight into mechanisms of sulfate interactions with lime-stabilized specimens.
Properties of Metakaolin High-Strength Cementitious Grouts
Authors: Shannag MJ , Haddad RH
Published: August 2005

Cement based grouts containing 0, 5, 10, and 15 % replacement with metakaolin and with a water/cementitious materials ratio of 0.38 have been investigated. The rheological and mechanical properties of the proposed grouts are interesting, since, from a practical point of view, they exhibit no bleeding or segregation and reach high compressive strength and flowability. Metakaolin additions enhanced the strength, somewhat prolonged the setting times, reduced the flowability, improved sulfate resistance, and caused some increase in drying shrinkage. The results showed that Metakaolin could be added up to 15 % by weight of cement without reducing the 28-day strength. At 15 % admixing level, strength of the grout at the age of 28 days was increased by about 10 %. Based on the test results the use of Metakaolin for producing high-strength cementitious grouts is recommended.
Durability Performance of Bridge Concretes, Part I: High Performance Concrete (HPC)
Authors: Ekenel M , Myers JJ
Published: August 2005

A study was undertaken on the durability of high performance cocrete (HPC) mixtures produced using locally available materials in the State of Missouri. Eighteen (18) mixtures were categorized as HPC. 30 % fly ash replacement by cement weight was utilized in the HPC mixtures, and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) was also substituted by 5 % of the cement for some mixtures. The mixtures included locally available limestone, trap rock, and river gravel as coarse aggregate. The mixtures of HPC without cement replacement displayed higher strength development at the end of 56 days. The compression strength development of the mixtures produced with locally available dolomitic limestone performed superior relative to other mixtures. All the mixtures performed poorly under 300 freezing and thawing cycles, except the control mixtures. The samples in which GGBFS was utilized performed poorly relative to the other samples. Similar poor performance was obtained from the same samples in chloride permeability tests.
Development of a New Fluorescence Method for the Detection of Beryllium on Surfaces
Authors: Minogue EM , Ehler DS , Burrell AK , McCleskey TM , Taylor TP
Published: August 2005

A rapid, quantitative, sensitive test for the detection of beryllium on surfaces has been developed. The method is based on the fluorescence of beryllium bound to sulfonated hydroxybenzoquinoline at pH 12.8, which emits at 475 nm when excited at 380 nm and includes a novel dissolution technique. The intensity of fluorescence is linear with respect to beryllium concentration. A detection limit of 0.02 µg Be/100 cm2 has been achieved, which is ten times lower than the DOE recommended working limit for non-beryllium work areas [1]. Interference studies have been carried out with a variety of metals including Al, Fe, Pb, U, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ca, W, Ni, Co, and Cu with minimal or no interferences found for detection of Be at 100 nM in the presence 0.4 mM of the other metal. The method has proven successful under various operating conditions, including the detection of beryllium on a variety of surfaces both in laboratory settings and in field trials. It fulfills the requirements for a fast, inexpensive, field deployable method of detection of beryllium on surfaces.
Standard Methods for Beryllium Sampling and Analysis: Availabilities and Needs
Authors: Ashley K , Brisson MJ , Jahn SD
Published: August 2005

Conformity in methods for sampling and analysis of beryllium in workplace air and on surfaces is desired, but inconsistencies in sampling and analytical practices often occur among industrial hygienists and laboratory personnel. In an effort to address these issues, this paper gives an overview of standardized methods for sampling and analysis of beryllium in the workplace. A number of published methods is currently available to the industrial hygiene and analytical community, but shortfalls in the use of standardized practices require attention. Also, questions remain concerning the performance of some of the sampling and analytical methodologies that have been promulgated. We attempt to identify needs for new or improved standard sampling protocols, sample preparation techniques, analytical methods, and reference materials. Where applicable, performance data are summarized for standardized methods that are either published or are under development. These include not only ASTM and ISO international standards, but also methods published by government agencies in the USA and abroad. Significant gaps in standard methods and requirements for reference materials remain. For example, consistent practices are lacking for: (a) surface sampling of beryllium in dust; (b) extraction of beryllium from surface dust samples prior to instrumental analysis; and (c) reference materials containing beryllium oxide (especially high-fired BeO). These and other gaps will be identified and shortcomings addressed. An ultimate goal is to provide standard methods which will ensure comparability of data obtained from different sites around the globe.
Durability Performance of Bridge Concretes, Part II: High-Strength Concrete (HSC)
Authors: Ekenel M , Myers JJ
Published: August 2005

A study was undertaken on the durability of high-strength concrete (HSC) produced using locally available materials in the State of Missouri. Thirty-six (36) different mixtures were produced as HSC. 30 % fly ash replacement by cement weight was utilized in the HSC mixtures, and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) was also substituted by 5 % of the cement weight for some mixtures. The mixtures included locally available limestone as coarse aggregate. The mixtures without cement replacement displayed higher strength development at the end of 56 days. All the air-entrained mixtures performed well under 300 freezing and thawing cycles warranting a minimal level of air entrainment requirement. However, the samples in which GGBFS was utilized performed poorly relative to the other samples. Similar poor performance was obtained from the same samples in chloride permeability tests.
Distal Ligament in Human Glans: A Comparative Study of Penile Architecture
Authors: Hsu Geng‐Long , Lin Chung‐Wu , Hsieh Cheng‐Hsing , Hsieh Ju‐Ton , Chen Shyh‐Chyan , Kuo Tzong‐Fu , Ling Pei‐Ying , Huang Hsiu‐Mei , Wang Chii‐Jye , Tseng Guo‐Fang
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT: To elucidate the anatomic distal ligament of the human glans penis and associated clinical implications, we compared the structures of the glans penis and corpora cavernosa in dogs, rats, and humans. From May 2001 to March 2003, gross dissection, microscopic examinations, and stains for elastic fibers and collagen subtypes were made in the penises of 11 adult human male cadavers, 7 dogs, and 5 rats. A distal ligament in the human glans penis replaces the os penis that is present in dogs or rats, also termed the baculum, but retains collagen types I and III as common structural and interlocking components, respectively. The intercavernosal septum is complete, and intracavernosal pillars (ICPs) are abundant in dogs, absent in rats, and moderately developed in humans. A tunica with numerous elastic fibers exists to fulfill the requirements of erectile function in humans but not in dogs or rats, since it is essential for establishing tissue strength to serve as a buttress. We may conclude that in dogs and rats, the strong os penis is designed for ready intromission and is associated with a pair of well‐developed nonelastic corpora to serve as a buttress for the os penis. These structures are necessary for the rigorous coitus observed in dogs. The less compliant corpus cavernosum is suitable for the flipping action observed in a mating male rat. These specific anatomic designs may provide explanations for the individual requirements for the specific physiologic functions that differ from species to species. Although there is no os in the human glans, a strong equivalent distal ligament is arranged centrally and acts as a supporting trunk for the glans penis. Without this important structure, the glans could be too weak to bear the buckling pressure generated during coitus and too limber to serve as a patent passage for ejaculation, and it could be too difficult to transmit the intracavernosal pressure surge along the entire penis during ejaculation. Given the common histologic nature of the distal ligament, which is associated with the tunica albuginea and serves a similar function as the os penis observed in the dog and the rat, one may ask whether the healing process of a tunica may take as long as that required in a bony structure. Further research is required to answer this question.
Epithelial Localization of Green Fluorescent Protein‐Positive Cells in Epididymis of the GAD67‐GFP Knock‐in Mouse
Authors: Abe Hirokazu , Yanagawa Yuchio , Kanbara Kiyoto , Maemura Kentaro , Hayasaki Hana , Azuma Haruhito , Obata Kunihiko , Katsuoka Yoji , Yabumoto Masami , Watanabe Masahito
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT: γ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, is also found in many peripheral nonneuronal tissues, including male reproductive organs. However, the distribution of GABAergic cells in various organs is not known. The GAD67‐GFP knock‐in mouse is a useful model for studying the distribution and morphology of GABAergic neurons in the brain. We examined the male reproductive organs of GAD67‐GFP knock‐in mice by fluorescence microscopy and found cells with strong green fluorescent protein (GFP) signal exclusively in the epithelium of the initial segment and proximal caput of the epididymis. The characteristic cell morphology suggested that these were narrow cells. These GFP‐positive narrow cells also expressed GAD67 and GABA. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis showed that the predominant glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) isoform expressed in the epididymis is GAD67. RT‐PCR analysis also revealed that mRNAs encoding the GABAA and GABAB receptor subunits necessary for the assembly of functional receptors are expressed in the epididymis. GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs detected in the proximal epididymis included α2, β1, γ1, and γ3, and both the R1 and R2 subunit mRNAs of GABAB receptors were detected. Immunohistochemical analysis of GABAA receptor subunit proteins revealed that α2, β1, and γ subunits expressed in spermatozoa, whereas we did not detect these GABAA receptor subunits in epithelial cells. GABAB receptors were produced by narrow cells and spermatozoa of GAD67‐GFP knock‐in and wild‐type Jcl:ICR mice. Our data suggest that the GABA system might have important functional roles in narrow cells and on spermatozoa in the lumen.
Kinematic Changes During the Cryopreservation of Boar Spermatozoa
Authors: Cremades Teresa , Roca Jordi , Rodriguez‐Martinez Heriberto , Abaigar Teresa , Vazquez Juan M. , Martinez Emilio A.
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT: The present study evaluates the effect that various steps of a conventional cycle of cryopreservation have on the patterns of movement exhibited by boar spermatozoa. Sperm‐rich ejaculate fractions collected from 24 mature fertile boars (1 ejaculate per boar) were cryopreserved following a standard freeze‐thaw procedure with 0.5‐mL plastic straws. Overall sperm motility and the individual kinematic parameters of motile spermatozoa (assessed by the computer‐aided sperm analysis system Sperm Class Analyzer [SCA]) were recorded in 5 steps of the cryopreservation procedure. These steps were as follows: 1) at the time that the fresh semen was extended, 2) at 17°C, after sperm concentration by centrifugation and re‐extension of the pellet with lactose‐egg yolk extender; 3) at 5°C, after added freezing extender; 4) at the time that thawed semen was held in a water bath at 37°C for 30 minutes; and 5) at the time that thawed semen was held in a water bath at 37°C for 150 minutes. Data from individual motile spermatozoa, defined by 7 kinematic parameters (curvilinear velocity [VCL], straight‐line velocity [VSL], average path velocity [VAP], linearity [LIN], straightness [STR], mean amplitude of lateral head displacement [ALH], and beat cross frequency [BCF]), were analyzed using a pattern analysis technique (PATN) to identify and quantify populations and subpopulations of motile sperm within the semen samples. After the first cluster analysis, 3 motile sperm populations (P) were identified (P1: progressive and/or vigorous cells [90.4%], P2: poorly progressive cells [8.3%], and P3: nonprogressive cells [1.3%]). These populations remained constant (P > .05) throughout the 5‐step cryopreservation procedure. A second PATN was carried out within the P1 sperm population, which identified 3 sperm subpopulations (sP) (eg, sP1: cells with progressive and vigorous movement [58.7%], sP2: progressive cells only [24.6%], and sP3: vigorous cells only, hyperactive‐like [16.7%]). Although the relative frequency of these 3 subpopulations varied among ejaculates (boars), there was no interaction with any cryopreservation step we examined. Whereas sP1 remained constant (P > .05), sP2 and sP3 varied significantly (P < .05) through the cryopreservation procedure, with the increase in sP3 after centrifugation at 17°C and during cooling at 5°C considered particularly relevant. In conclusion, the present study confirms the heterogeneity of sperm movement patterns in boar semen, patterns that vary through the cryopreservation procedure, especially after removal of the seminal plasma by centrifugation and subsequent extension at 17°C and after the slow cooling at 5°C, when obvious increases in hyperactivated movement appeared. The vast majority of spermatozoa, those exhibiting progressive and vigorous movement, remained constant during the cryopreservation procedure, although the proportion differed among boars.
Nonprotein Thiols and Disulfides in Rat Epididymal Spermatozoa and Epididymal Fluid: Role of γ‐Glutamyl‐Transpeptidase in Sperm Maturation
Authors: Seligman Judith , Newton Gerald L. , Fahey Robert C. , Shalgi Ruth , Kosower Nechama S.
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT:Sperm thiol oxidation during sperm maturation is important for sperm component stabilization, the acquisition of sperm motility, and fertilizing ability. A correct degree of oxidation is required, since spermatozoa are very susceptible to oxidative damage. The pathways involved in physiologic sperm thiol oxidation in the epididymis are not completely understood. The nonprotein thiol glutathione (GSH), in addition to playing a major role as an antioxidant and in eliminating toxic compounds, has been implicated in prooxidation processes in various cells, via γ‐glutamyl‐transpeptidase (γ‐GT)‐dependent catabolism. Little information is available on the dynamics of nonprotein thiols (NPSHs) and disulfides (NPSSNPs) in spermatozoa and epididymal fluid (EF) during sperm passage in the epididymis. It is not clear whether NPSHs and NPSSNPs are involved in sperm protein thiol (PSH) oxidation or whether GSH catabolism in the epididymis can serve as a pathway for sperm PSH oxidation. In the present study, we used the thiol fluorescence labeling agent monobromobimane to analyze NPSHs and nonprotein disulfides (NPSSRs) (R, nonprotein or protein) in spermatozoa and EF in the rat caput and cauda epididymis. NPSH levels are shown to be significantly higher in the caput than in the cauda (spermatozoa and fluid). GSH in the caput lumen is subject to high γ‐GT activity. A marked loss of sperm GSH and a shift to an oxidized state (resulting in a significantly higher concentration of glutathione disulfides [GSSRs] than GSH) occur during the passage of spermatozoa from the caput to the cauda epididymis. Caput EF and extracellular NPSSNPs induce sperm thiol oxidation. The results suggest that epididymal NPSH/NPSSNP participates in sperm PSH oxidation and that some reactions of GSH in the γ‐GT pathway (in the epididymis) provide oxidizing power, leading to physiologic sperm thiol oxidation.
Growth of the fetus and placenta of the monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: van Wagenen G. , Catchpole H. R. , Negri J. , Butzko D.
Published: August 2005

The weight and length of fetal monkeys, Macaca mulatta, from the fortieth day of gestation to term were tabulated and plotted as growth curves. Also plotted were the weight of the normal placenta, the area of the placenta and the weight of the placenta when retained in the absence of the fetus. Fewer data were available for the length of the umbilical cord and volume of amniotic fiuid.

The records were drawn from 343 pregnancies following a known date of insemination and in each case the pregnancy was without complication such as illness of the mother or discernible defect in embryo, fetus or newborn. The average length of 225 gestations ending with a spontaneous birth of a live infant was 168 ± 7 days.

The macaque colony from which this material was derived has been described (van Wagenen, '50).
The teeth of the Neanderthal child from Gibraltar: A re‐evaluation
Authors: Carbonell Virginia M.
Published: August 2005

A morphological re‐evaluation of the dentition of the fossil child ex‐cavated from Devil's Tower, Gibraltar, was undertaken in this study.

A thorough inspection of the original remains consisting of a right maxilla and a mandible with the remaining deciduous dentition and unerupted teeth was made. X‐rays were also taken for further examination.

The significant morphological characters on the dentition of this juvenile Neanderthal appeared closer to the dentition of Modern Man, although primitive traits such as: sizes of cusps and arrangement of groove patterns, and crenulations were also observed on the occlusal surfaces of the teeth of this child.
Roentgenographic evaluation of temporal bones from South Dakota Indian burials
Authors: Gregg John B. , Steele James P. , Holzhueter And Ann
Published: August 2005

To complement a previous study relating to ear disease in temporal bones from South Dakota Indian burials, radiographs were made looking for altered mastoid development suggesting the presence of infections during the period of their growth. Infection has been implicated as a causative, accentuating, or precipitating factor in the disease otosclerosis. Theories relating to the development of the mastoids are discussed and a pertinent bibliography is presented.

In total 417 temporal bones were examined. Of these 251 representing 130 individuals were from Arikara burials, and 166 representing 91 individuals, were from Middle Plains Woodland people, Sioux Historic, and other miscellaneous burials.

One hundred eleven Arikara temporal bones (44%) showed evidence of altered pneumatization (diploic‐10, sclerotic‐13, mixed‐88), while 86 other culture temporal bones (51.8%) demonstrated similar changes (diploic‐4, sclerotic‐13, mixed‐69). Unilateral and bilateral variable air cell patterns were found. There was no age, sex, or ear lateralization of air cell patterns. No evidence of the effect of cholesteatoma, cancer, surgery, or other bone disease was found.

These findings suggest that the people represented by these skulls must have had a significant amount of infectious middle ear disease during the period of the development of their mastoids.
The microscopic determination of age in human bone
Authors: Kerley Ellis R.
Published: August 2005

The microscopic age changes that occur in human cortical bone were measured by counting the number of osteones, osteon fragments and non‐Haversian canals, and estimating the percentage of lamellar bone in four selected 100 power fields in the outer third of the cortex in ground sections from the mid‐shaft of the femur, tibia and fibula. Age graphs were derived from 126 specimens covering the age range from birth through 95 years. The best correlation with age by regression analysis was found in the osteon fragment number in the fibula (ρ = 9.74). The use of the regression formula for this factor permits the age to be estimated within ± ten years of the actual age 95% of the time.

An alternative method utilizes a specially devised profile chart to estimate age from the age change graphs. When this method was checked on 56 additional specimens, 87.3% of the estimates were within ± five years of the actual age, and all estimates were within ± ten years.

It was concluded that there are measurable microscopic age changes in the cortex of the major long bones of the leg that can be used to estimate the age of an individual with known accuracy over the entire range from birth to 95 years. This method can be applied to fragmented and incomplete skeletons as well as eroded archeologic skeletons, since only the mid‐shafts of leg bones are used.
The skin of primates. XXVII. The skin of the white‐crowned mangabey (Cercocebus atys)
Authors: Machida H. , Perkins E. , Montagna W. , Giacometti L.
Published: August 2005

The skin of the white‐crowned mangabey while resembling that of other Cercopithecoids has certain peculiar features. There are widely distributed subepi‐dermal cholinesterase‐reactive nerve fibers in the hairy skin and specialized nerve end‐organs at the base of the rete ridges in the fingerballs. The distribution of acid phosphatase in that part of the hair follicle between the hair bulge and sebaceous duct orifice is peculiar to this animal. Many of the sebaceous glands are surrounded by cholinesterase‐reactive nerve fibers. The apocrine glands open directly into the pilosebaceous canal and are histologically and histochemically similar to those of other Cercopithecoids. There are fewer eccrine than apocrine glands over the general body surface.
Distribution of hereditary blood groups among Indians in South America. I. in Ecuador
Authors: Matson G. Albin , Sutton H. Eldon , Swanson Jane , Robinson Abner R. , Santiana Antonio
Published: August 2005

Blood specimens were procured from 658 Quechua, 36 Colorado, 233 Jivaro, 244 Cayapa, and 48 Secoya Indians of Ecuador. These were examined for antigens in the A‐B‐O, M‐N‐S‐s, P, Rh‐Hr, Lutheran, K‐k, Lewis, Duffy and Kidd systems and for Diego (Dia), Wright (Wra), and Berrens (Bea) agglutinogens as well. Hemolystes were prepared and studied for hemoglobin types and the serum samples were tested for haptoglobins and transfserrins.

Gene frequencies are high for O, M, s, R1, (CDe), R2 (cDE), Lub, k, Kpb, Leb and Fya; and low or absent for A, B, N, S, Mia, Vw, Mta, R0 (cDe), V (ces), Lua, K, Kpa, Lea, Fyb, Jsa, Wra and Bea. The Diego (Dia) gene is present but its frequency varies greatly from tribe to tribe.

Gene frequency Hp1 is well within the range previously reported for Indians in Middle America excepting the Colorado in which population the frequency of 0.889 is unusually high.

All 723 serum specimens tested for transferrins were C or CD. No D or BC types were found.

All Ecuadorian Indian bloods tested electrophoretically contained only hemoglobin (A) as a major component.