bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Integrated Approach to the Analysis of Multi-Component Fiber Blending. Part III: Analysis of Interactive Fiber Blending
Authors: Mogahzy Yehia El , Farag Ramsis , Abdelhady Faissal , Mohamed Asaad
Published: March 2006

This paper represents the third of a three-part series in which multi-component fiber blending was analyzed using an integrated approach. The essence of this approach is that the phenomenon of fiber blending should be viewed on the basis of four basic modes of blending: structural blending, attributive blending, interactive blending, and appearance blending. In this part of the study, the focus is on interactive blending. A modified rotor ring system is used in which the torque associated with opening and blending of a certain mass of fibers is monitored throughout its complete run. Blends of different cotton fiber types and blends of polyester and cotton fibers are evaluated using a number of analytical methods such as the torque profile during opening and blending, the blend profile of torque parameters, and the progressive change resulting from consecutive opening and blending. The results of this study revealed that when cotton fibers of different types are blended together, fiber length and fiber fineness can influence interactive blending in such a way that a great deal of the initial mechanical work done is consumed in opening and blending the longer and finer component in the blend. Large difference in fiber length and fiber fineness can result in a nonadditive and nonlinear maximum torque associated with blending. When cotton fibers are blended with polyester fibers, surface incompatibility becomes a more serious issue than fiber dimensional characteristics. In this regard, a possible failure of fiber cluster breakdown may occur, leading to nonlinear and nonadditive interactive blending. The results also reveal that the propensity to opening of different fiber types may follow different trends in consecutive processing.
Effects of the Origin of the Honeydew Contamination on Cotton Spinning Performances
Authors: Hequet Eric , Abidi Noureddine
Published: March 2006

Spinning experiments were conducted to study the impacts on fiber processing of alternative types of honeydew contamination and confirm the hypothesis that trehalulose (mostly present in whitefly honeydew) is the main source of concern when attempting to spin sticky cottons. Spinning tests using Suessen Fiomax 1000 and Suessen EliTe frames showed that both types of honeydew are, at least partially, cleanable and that the whitefly honeydew droplets are broken into smaller particles during the opening, blending, carding, and drawing operations. Regarding yarn quality, except for the yarn nep count, aphid honeydew contamination did not translate into negative effects on both yarn quality and productivity up to 26 high speed stickiness detector (H2SD) spots. For whitefly-contaminated cotton even 12 H2SD spots had a drastic negative impact, producing unacceptable yarn quality and productivity. Therefore, the threshold for acceptable performance in the mill for whitefly-contaminated cotton should be set well below 12 H2SD sticky spots.
Simulation of the Dynamic Yarn Behavior on Airjet Looms
Authors: De Meulemeester S. , Githaiga J. , Van Langenhove L. , Hung D. V. , Puissant P.
Published: March 2006

This paper deals with the computer simulation of the weft insertion process as a possible solution to avoid costly weaving trials when researching this process. A one-dimensional mathematical model of the yarn was developed, in which the behavior of the yarn is described by Newton’s Second Law. For this mathematical model, a second-order differential equation needs to be solved. For this purpose, an explicit integration using Euler’s method was chosen. In order to compare the results, a simulation was made, which could also be analyzed theoretically. The results were compared with the theory as well as with the results obtained by using several other integration methods.
The Application of the Volumetric Subdivision Scheme in the Simulation of Elastic Human Body Deformation and Garment Pressure
Authors: Wang Jian-Min , Luo Xiao-Nan , Li Yi , Dai Xiao-Qun , You Fang
Published: March 2006

The simulation of elastic human body deformation and the garment pressure distribution when wearing tight-fitting clothing is critical for the biomechanical design of functional apparel products. In this paper, we propose a new geometric interpolatory volumetric subdivision scheme over the hexahedron lattice to simulate the deformation of an elastic human body and the distribution of garment pressures. The displacement of the initial coarsest lattice of the deformed elastic human body is calculated by the iterative integration of the Lagrangian dynamic equation, which reflects the interactive reactions between the fabric and the elastic human body. The subsequent refined lattices after the deformation of initial and coarsest lattice of the human body are computed using the volumetric interpolatory subdivision scheme and eventually generate a continuous solid human body in the limit. The distribution of garment pressures is also calculated after the deformation of the elastic human body in this paper. In addition to the geometrical characteristics, we assign material and physical properties to the control vertices of the volume lattices; for example, the displacement of initial lattices of the deformed human body in this paper, and apply the same subdivision rules on the control lattices to acquire smoothly interpolated properties. This scheme is a potential method for both the dynamic and static volume modeling, and it can also be utilized in a wide range of applications.
Large Deflection Analysis of Fibers with Nonlinear Elastic Properties
Authors: Jung Jae Ho , Kang Tae Jin
Published: March 2006

This paper provides useful insights into the nonlinear buckling phenomenon of fibrous materials. In the analysis, a fiber is considered to be a rectangular, prismatic, inextensible column with no shear effect, whose constitutive equation corresponds to a Ludwick or modified Ludwick type. Governing equations of the buckling of a fiber as a nonlinear elastic column are established and solved. These equations cover not only the buckling situation of the column but also three other loading conditions: a horizontal direction of point load and a vertical direction of the distributed load, a vertical direction of point load and horizontal direction of distributed load, and a vertical direction of both point and distributed loads. As a result, in a linear material, the shape of the deflected fiber is fully described by the geometric boundary conditions of the path. In a nonlinear material, however, the shape depends on many other factors, including the cross-section, stress-strain response, and loading. Moreover, the deflected shape of a fiber with specified angles at both ends is almost the same for point or combined loading, regardless of the choice of constitutive relationship. What makes difference between the choices of constitutive equations is the load level. In a nonlinear fiber, the same deflected shape can be achieved at different load levels from the linear case. Another distinctive feature in nonlinear fiber is that the solution has double roots of the load parameter β at the same value of tip slope angle, whereas it has only one root for the linear case. Finally, the accuracy of the solution is estimated by comparing the results with well-known elliptic integral solutions for a linear elastic case under point load. Selected examples of the deflected shape are also provided.
Strength, Surface Energy, and Ageing of Meltblown and Electrospun Nylon and Polyurethane (PU) Fabrics Treated by a One Atmosphere Uniform Glow Discharge Plasma (OAUGDP™)
Authors: Tsai Peter P. , Roth J. Reece , Chen Weiwei
Published: March 2006

The One Atmosphere Uniform Glow Discharge Plasma (OAUGDP™) generates a normal glow electrical discharge at 1 atmosphere in air and other gases. This plasma has been used to treat meltblown and electrospun nylon and polyurethane (PU) fabrics, and has produced an increase in the surface energy/wettability in all cases. Nylon and polyurethane (PU) nanofiber fabrics can be exposed to the OAUGDP™ for up to 10 seconds, long enough to greatly increase their surface energy without significant degradation of strength. After 10 seconds of plasma exposure, the electrospun (but not the meltblown) fabric strength and color degrade to a noticeable extent. It was found that prior to plasma exposure, the strength per unit areal weight of electrospun nanofiber fabrics was (for nylon) up to ten times that of the meltblown material. We also found that the surface energy of meltblown nylon could be increased to 70 dynes cm 1 by 5 seconds of OAUGDP™ exposure, that it was durable at this level for 6 months, and that the surface energy dropped from 70 to 64 dynes cm 1 only after more than 1 year post-exposure. We also report the effects of OAUGDP™ exposure on three surface characteristics of meltblown nylon and PU fabrics: (1) the strength of the fabric as a function of the plasma exposure time; (2) the surface energy of the fabric as a function of the plasma exposure time; and (3) the surface energy/wettability of the fabric as a function of time after exposure (ageing effect). We also describe the treatment of nanofiber fabrics using recent improvements in OAUGDP™ reactor technology
Characterization of Roughness–Friction: Example with Nonwovens
Authors: Fontaine Stephane , Marsiquet Cyril , Renner Marc , Bueno Marie-Ange , Nicolletti Nathalie
Published: March 2006

In several technical applications, it is necessary to accurately determine the surface state of materials. In order to do so, a new method to evaluate the surface state of materials has been developed. This method gives roughness–friction criteria, based on the principle of a “blade-disc” type tribometer, where the analyzed surface is the disc. In this study we have demonstrated the effectiveness of the method in a study of two types of nonwovens. The first type of nonwoven is intended for use for female or baby hygiene and the second type for baby skincare wipes. The nonwovens compared have surfaces with different structures and different compositions. In addition it is shown that the method is able to distinguish fine modifications of the surface state.
Sewing Needle Penetration Forces and Elastane Fiber Damage during the Sewing of Cotton/Elastane Woven Fabrics
Authors: Gurarda Ayca , Meric Binnaz
Published: March 2006

This paper presents an experimental study of the effects of elastane draw ratio, pre-setting temperature and finishing process on the penetration forces of a sewing needle and damage to the elastane fibre during the sewing of cotton/elastane woven fabrics. Seam strength and seam opening strength of the fabrics were also determined for assessment of seam performance. In this study three fabric types with three different elastane weft yarn draw ratios were taken as samples for the experiments. As the first step a pre-setting process was applied to all three types of fabric at two different temperatures and at the finishing process half of the samples were treated with silicone and the other half were washed only. In total, 12 samples having different specifications were obtained. For these fabrics, nylon/elastane air-covered yarn was used as the weft yarn and cotton yarn as the warp yarn. Seam strength, seam opening strength, needle penetration forces and “needle damage index” were determined for these fabric samples. The needle penetration forces were between 100 and 140 cN and the “needle damage index” values were between 20 and 42%. Photographs were taken with an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope to show the elastane fiber damage during the sewing.
Prediction of Large Deformation Behavior of Fabric Using Galerkin Finite Element Method
Authors: Demiroz Ahu
Published: March 2006

In this study, an alternative finite element solution procedure is applied to predict large deformations of fabrics in terms of the boundary and the loading conditions. The element stiffness matrix is obtained by using the Galerkin approach. The generalized displacements are defined in terms of cubic Hermite polynomials with the nodal rotations and the curvatures along the deformed geometry. The resulting non-linear stiffness equations are solved by the Newton-Raphson iteration method. The proposed formulation is verified by comparing deformations results with those published in the literature and the calculated results show excellent agreement with previously published works.
Fabric Surface Roughness Evaluation Using Wavelet-Fractal Method
Authors: Kang Tae Jin , Kim Soo Chang , Sul In Hwan , Youn Jae Ryoun , Chung Kwansoo
Published: March 2006

A wavelet-fractal method to calculate the fractal dimension is proposed to objectively evaluate the surface roughness of fabric wrinkle, smoothness appearance and seam pucker. The proposed method was validated using the fractal surfaces produced from the mathematical functions and compared with the box and cube counting methods. The more accurate three-dimensional mesh grid data points of wrinkle replicas, smoothness appearance replicas and seam pucker samples were obtained using a three-dimensional, noncontact scanning system. As a supplementary reference the standard roughness parameters, which differentiate the degree of fabric surface roughness, were also investigated. The results show that the fractal dimension measured by the wavelet-fractal method as well as the surface average mean curvature show the power to clearly discern the grades of wrinkle, smoothness appearance as well as seam pucker, and thus can evaluate the fabric surface roughness objectively and quantitatively
Shear Flow Properties and Melt Spinning of Thermoplastic Polyvinyl Alcohol Melts
Authors: Ku Te-Hsing , Lin Chin-An
Published: March 2006

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a water-soluble polymer, which is difficult to process in melt form owing to its poor processability and thermoplasticity. The thermoplastic polyvinyl alcohol (TPVA) prepared in this study is a brand new material for use in melt spinning. Satisfactory processability of TPVA can be obtained efficiently by using the plasticization method. First, the shear flow properties of TPVA made with various compositions were investigated. The experimental results indicate that, besides decreased viscosity, increased plasticizer loading and decreased degrees of polymerization of TPVA caused a decrease in the non-Newtonian property and increased the temperature sensitivity of the viscosity. Additionally, under the given experimental conditions, all the TPVA melts with various compositions demonstrated satisfactory flowability and spinnability and no melt fracture occurred. With regard to spinability, the TPVA melts displayed decreasing spinnability as the plasticizer loading was increased or the degree of polymerization was decreased. Moreover, the failure of TPVA melts is mainly attributed to ductile rupture. Observation of the WAXD patterns of the TPVA as-spun fibers indicates difficulty in improving the crystallinity and orientation of TPVA, which was due to the addition of plasticizer and the use of partially hydrolyzed PVA. Furthermore, processing under appropriate spinning conditions and avoiding excessively high temperature can maintain considerable water solubility of TPVA, benefiting its application in conjugate spinning
Fabric Surface Roughness Evaluation Using Wavelet-Fractal Method
Authors: Kim Soo Chang , Kang Tae Jin
Published: March 2006

An objective and reliable evaluation method of fabric pilling using a three-dimensional scanning system with higher accuracy is presented. The overall fabric surface roughness together with the pilling characteristics were evaluated to comprehensively understand the fabric pilling phenomena and exactly grade the degree of pilling. The fractal dimension calculated by the wavelet-fractal method and the surface average mean curvature were used as descriptors of fabric surface roughness. Localization and characterization of pills was achieved by wavelet reconstruction. The number, area, and population density of pills were extracted as the parameters of pilling characteristics. In order to select features and then reduce dimensions, a Karhunen–Loève (K–L) transform was employed. Bayes, minimum distance, k-nearest neighbors, and neural network classifiers were used to classify the fabric pilling into objective grades. The experimental results demonstrated that the fabric pilling evaluation system developed in this study represented both the fabric surface properties and the pilling properties and also showed high accuracy in grading the degree of pilling.
Effect of Yarn Draw-off Angle on the Yarn Properties in Friction Spinning
Authors: Merati Ali Akbar , Okamura Masaaki
Published: March 2006

The angle of yarn withdrawal direction when the yarn was being drawn off from the yarnforming zone was varied and yarns were then produced at various friction roller speeds. The yarn tension in the yarn-forming zone and the yarn diameter were determined simultaneously during the spinning process. The optimum draw-off angle was explored for various friction roller speeds by considering the tensile properties and irregularity of the linear density of the yarns. We considered the optimum draw-off angle to produce a yarn at higher efficiency and lower energy consumption. The results of this research show that the yarn tension increased as the negative draw-off angle was increased. Consequently, twist efficiency increased at negative draw-off angles. Hence, it was demonstrated that a yarn of acceptable properties could be produced at lower friction roller speeds with a properly adjusted draw-off angle. The optimum draw-off angles were explored to determine where the desired twist and strength of yarn could be obtained with lower friction roller speeds. It was concluded that a small negative draw-off angle of 0 to–11. was the optimum draw-off angle for various friction roller speeds, at which a yarn having the same strength in comparison with that produced in the straight direction can be produced at about 50% of friction roller rotation.
Bending Analysis of Nonlinear Material Fibers with a Generalized Elliptical Cross-section
Authors: Lee Kyung Woo
Published: March 2006

The bending moment-curvature relation was derived for generalized elliptical cross-section fibers made of nonlinear material and particular values were found to agree with those already obtained for elliptical cross-section and rectangular cross-section. The bending shape factors, the relation between bending rigidity and linear density were explicitly determined. The bending stress-strain relation of the generalized elliptical cross-section fibers was also derived.
Chemical Silver Plating on Cotton and Polyester Fabrics and its Application on Fabric Design
Authors: Jiang S. Q. , Newton E. , Yuen C. W. M. , Kan C. W.
Published: March 2006

Metallization is one of the finishing processes in textile treatment that can produce a unique fabric appearance. It appears to have great potential for application to garments for both functional and decorative effects. Chemical plating is an autocatalytic deposition method that can be used for precision work in conventional manufacture. This study has investigated the method for using chemical silver plating on cotton and polyester fabrics and the final properties of the metalized fabrics. The results showed that specific performance of the silver-plated fabric could be obtained if the optimum chemical plating condition was chosen. In addition, fabric design practice employing this chemical technique with the design method could achieve diverse effects.
X-Ray Tomography Measurements of the Moisture Distribution in Multilayered Clothing Systems
Authors: Weder Markus , Brühwiler Paul A. , Laib Andres
Published: March 2006

X-ray-tomography was used to investigate the moisture distribution of multilayered textiles under praxis conditions. It was possible to follow the dynamics of the moisture transport without disturbing an ensemble during measurement, and to make quantitative statements concerning the localization of the moisture, both for a given layer as a whole, and within a layer. The second possibility was exploited to visualize the in-plane moisture distribution, providing a full, three-dimensional quantification.
Development of Nursing Care Sheets of Cellulosic Nonwoven Fabrics for Aging Society
Authors: Enomae T. , Asakawa R. , Onabe F. , Yoshizaki M. , Fukasawa H. , Hiyoshi K. , Kurata T.
Published: March 2006

For care of the elderly in a rapidly aging society, a new type of nonwoven fabric care sheet made from cellulosic fibers laminated with a plastic film has been developed. Fiber orientation, friction, tensile strength, local deformation distribution during a tensile test and water absorbency were examined, with a view to practical application. The best fiber mixture ratio in the trial sheets was concluded to be 75% Manila hemp and 25% rayon fibers. In comparison with a linen cloth the addition of rayon fibers at about this ratio gives the most satisfactory properties in terms of soft touch and sensory smoothness to the nonwoven fabric as well as not being slippery. It also gives relatively high water absorbency and moderate elongation under tensile force providing shock-resistance, in spite of a rather low tensile strength, to the nonwoven fabric. Uniquely, a new method to analyze the tensile deformation distribution of nonwoven fabrics using a pattern-matching technique has been developed and demonstrated. Using this method it was found that, during tensile deformation in the machine direction, the addition of rayon fibers allows even elongation in that direction but increases contraction in the cross direction.
Effects of Moisture on the Thermal Protective Performance of Firefighter Protective Clothing in Low-level Radiant Heat Exposures
Authors: Barker R. L. , Guerth-Schacher C. , Grimes R. V. , Hamouda H.
Published: March 2006

This paper describes research on the effects of absorbed moisture on the thermal protective performance of the fire fighter turnout materials exposed to thermal assaults lower than flashover conditions. A thermal testing platform and sensor are used to measure thermal protective performance of turnout systems exposed to a sub flashover heat flux range 6.3 kw/m2 (0.15 cal/ cm2 s). The effects of moisture level on predicted second-degree burn injury for turnout systems having different moisture vapor permeability and total heat loss are discussed. Heat transfer analysis and experimental results show that, for selected test conditions, moisture negatively impacts protective performance most severely when the amount of added moisture is at a comparatively low level (15–20% of turnout system weight).
Performance of Bouclé Yarns in Various Knitted Fabric Structures
Authors: Nergis Banu Uygun , Candan Cevza
Published: March 2006

This experimental study mainly focuses on the effects of overfeed ratio, twist direction and amount of twist of the binder yarn, and the effect of yarn count on the properties of bouclé yarns and their performance in single jersey and rib (1 × 1) structures. Based on the results, it is evident that the twist direction of the binding and the effect yarns as well as changes in the overfeed ratio influence the amount and height of the effect of the bouclé yarns. It was observed that changes in the studied parameters affect the thickness and the abrasion behaviour of both types of fabric. Furthermore, the weight loss due to abrasion on the actual face and back of both single jersey and rib fabrics is influenced by the type of effect and the yarn material employed. The actual face and back of single jersey fabrics are less resistant to abrasion than the rib structures.
Change of Yarn Hairiness during Winding Process: Analysis of the Protruding Fiber Ends
Authors: Lang Jun , Zhu Sukang , Pan Ning
Published: March 2006

This study was mainly focused on the theoretical analysis of the influences by protruding fiber ends on the change in hairiness during the winding process by using a parameter Kand a critical length LCC, both of which are functions of forces acting on the fiber and the fiber hair properties, to describe the likelihood of the hairs being pulled out, for two cases, namely when the initial yarn tension is zero and non-zero, respectively.
Finding and making meaning: young children as musical collaborators
Authors: St. John Patricia A.
Published: March 2006

Observing young children find and make meaning by manipulating and transforming teacher-presented music material provides a unique lens to view collaborative efforts. Collective music-making reveals the fundamental role of others as children make ‘in-the-moment’ adjustments based on their perception of challenge presented and requisite skill. Combining two theoretical frameworks, flow experience and Vygotskian theory, and analyzing the data visàvis event sampling, I examine young music-makers’ interactions in an educational context and how those exchanges influence their learning experiences. Three themes emerge: the power of social influence, the children's transforming behaviors, and the provision of temporal space to explore the music content. Descriptive narratives of 10 musical activities illustrate the children's negotiating strategies and complementary processes. Discovering where to situate themselves and with whom, the 12 children, ranging from 4.3 to 5.9 years old, ‘played off of ’ each other, much like jazz musicians improvising, and intensified their experience through shared ideas.
The roles of student musicians in quartet rehearsals
Authors: King Elaine C.
Published: March 2006

This study focuses on collaboration between student musicians in a wind quartet, saxophone quartet and string quartet. Devised as an explorative investigation using observation and interview methods, the roles of student musicians are defined within and across quartet rehearsals over a period of four weeks. The data indicate that there are common roles assumed by student musicians in a quartet: leader, deputy-leader, contributor, inquirer, fidget, joker, distractor and ‘quiet one’. The students represented one or more of these roles during a rehearsal and sometimes changed roles across rehearsals, normally through compensating for each other's mood changes. Quartets with a regular leader exhibited more stable team-role behaviour, a consistently focused group dynamic and better progress than those without one did, highlighting the impact of leadership on non-leadership roles and the success of a group.
The Social Shaping of Logo
Authors: Agalianos Angelos , Whitty Geoff , Noss Richard
Published: March 2006

‘Logo’ is the name for a philosophy of education and for a continually evolving family of computer languages that aid its realization. Developed in the USA in the late 1960s, it became the material embodiment of a radical educational philosophy and a potential vehicle for the transformation of education. In the early 1980s, Logo was introduced into mainstream education in both the USA and the UK. Within an increasingly conservative social and political context with different education policy priorities, Logo was gradually stripped of its radical potential, marginalized and, where it survived, remoulded as harmless to the mainstream educational system. This paper draws on empirical research that explored the evolution of Logo between the late 1960s and the late 1990s. The paper focuses on the social processes involved in the initial development and evolution of Logo. It shows that these processes were heavily contested. Logo was the product of complex social, technical, political and economic decisions, and the product of negotiation shaped by the concerns of the social players involved. The evolution of Logo was not linear or even primarily technical. Rather, it was a seamless web in which the technical was interwoven with the social, economic and political in ways that illustrate the dialectical interaction between historical contingency and the intentions and aspirations of individuals and communities.
Databases as Scientific Instruments and Their Role in the Ordering of Scientific Work
Authors: Hine Christine
Published: March 2006

Speculation on the implications of increased use of information and communication technologies in scientific research suggests that use of databases may change the processes and the outcomes of knowledge production. Most attention focuses on databases as a large-scale means of communicating research, but they can also be used on a much smaller scale as research tools. This paper presents an ethnographic study of the development of a mouse genome mapping resource organized around a database. Through an examination of the natural, social and digital orderings that arise in the construction of the resource, it argues that the use of databases in science, at least in this kind of project, is unlikely to produce wholesale change. Such changes as do occur in work practices, communication regimes and knowledge outcomes are dependent on the orderings that each database embodies and is embedded within. Instead of imposing its own computer logic, the database provides a focus for specifying and tying together particular natural and social orderings. The database does not act as an independent agent of change, but is an emergent structure that needs to be embedded in an appropriate set of work practices.
The Construction of Identity on the Internet
Authors: Moinian Farzaneh
Published: March 2006

This article is based on an ethnographic study carried out by the author on children and young people’s diaries in a Swedish web community called ‘Youngsters’. Its goal is to provide an insight into what some children write in their diaries in this web community and what the favourite topics are as depicted in these narratives. The focus is on the children’s voice and notions about their life: family, friends and schooling. The issues raised in the article also relate to advantages gained by using the internet as an engaging and interactive research arena by and for children. Results indicate that, in spite of all the risks and moral panic related to children’s internet usage, it is possible to gain access to children’s own accounts of their life and to get an ‘inside picture’ of their thoughts by studying the self-presentations and diaries they create in a web community. The importance of these diaries, the author emphasizes, is in the fact that they are written by children for other children.
Children’s Voices on Ways of Having a Voice
Authors: Hill Malcolm
Published: March 2006

Drawing on relevant literature and a study carried out by the author and colleagues, this article reviews the evidence about children’s expressed views on methods used by adults to obtain chil dren’s views. It identifies key considerations deployed by children to account for those prefer ences. Children are normally passive with respect to method choice, but they negotiate differing degrees of engagement related to considerations such as time control, comfort with the research medium, rewardingness and privacy. Their views about methods of research and consultation are sharply affected by notions of inclusiveness and fairness.
Partnership between Children and Adults?
Authors: Blanchet-Cohen Natasha , Rainbow Brian
Published: March 2006

This article discusses the potential and dilemmas of children’s participation in large-scale international events. It focuses on the experience of the International Children’s Conference on the Environment (ICCE), which brought together 400 children aged 10-12 from 60 countries around the world. ‘Partnerships’ between children, children and adults, and children and institutions during the planning of the event serve as a focal point for the analysis. The article considers how the partnerships behind the scenes were often strained, and though challenging, this may be a necessary characteristic of meaningful child participation. The article also highlights the critical place of learning as an outcome of partnership. This leads to a discussion on how partnerships need to be fostered in the everyday lives of children, in order for child participation in one-off events to be effective.
Children’s Agency and Educational Norms
Authors: Vandenbroeck Michel , Bie Maria Bouverne-De
Published: March 2006

‘Children as social actors’ and ‘children’s participation’ are key concepts in present-day discourse and form a significant paradigm shift for the educational sciences, inspired by sociology of childhood. Some critical comments can however be made on how these concepts are transcribed into practice. A historical perspective, connecting the micro and the macro level, investigates how the new paradigm may be linked to discursive fields related to neoliberalism and its specific shifts in governmentality. These critical comments are inspired by a historical research into 150 years of governing children and families in Belgium. The discussion is necessary in order to evaluate whether and how the inclusive discourse on children can in turn exclude specific groups of children and adults in late modernity.
Challenges to Children’s Independent Citizenship
Authors: Leiter Valerie , McDonald Jennifer Lutzy , Jacobson Heather T.
Published: March 2006

This article explores how recent federal legislation has increased the extent to which US children’s citizenship is dependent upon their parents’ citizenship, by contrasting children who are adopted internationally by US citizens and second-generation US children. Two interconnected phenomena are examined: (1) the broader material and theoretical relationships between children’s membership in families and the state; and (2) the social, political and economic inequalities that exist between these two groups of child citizens. The article also discusses some practical and theoretical implications of these analyses, regarding the dependence of child citizenship and the multidimensionality of citizenship.
A Theory of Partisan Support and Entry Deterrence in Electoral Competition
Authors: Wiseman Alan E.
Published: March 2006

I develop a model of electoral competition with partisan campaign support. Voters’ utilities are defined over candidate locations and the amounts of party campaign support that they receive. Parties’ utilities are defined over the location of the winning candidate and how much support they dole out for their candidates. Analytical results identify cases in which parties will successfully pull the electorally induced preferences of their members away from their median voters’ ideal points and towards the party’s most favored policies. Equilibrium results yield several testable hypotheses. First, candidate policy positions and parties’ campaign contributions should be responsive to district partisan predisposition, independent of the policy preferences of a district’s median voter. Second, uncontested elections should occur more often in politically-lopsided districts than in districts where there are more even levels of political competition. Finally, there should be an inverse relationship between candidate policy extremity and partisan campaign support.
Low Voter Turnout in the United States
Authors: Hill Lisa
Published: March 2006

America’s turnout problem is among the worst of any of the established democracies. Even a reform as sweeping as the NVRA (Motor Voter Act) has failed to remedy it. Adopting an empirically informed normative approach, the author proposes and defends an ambitious solution: compulsory voting. Anticipating considerable resistance to this proposal, the article explores likely cultural, practical, political and legal barriers to its introduction and, in some cases, suggests strategies for overcoming them. It is concluded that most of the likely impediments are not technically, but rather, culturally and politically intractable. Yet, compulsory voting could have many benefits. Not only could it improve turnout more effectively than any other measure, but it could also close America’s yawning SES voting gap, limit some of the problems associated with campaign finance and break the cycle of low efficacy, alienation, non-participation and exclusion that characterizes American politics. Finally, compulsory voting can serve and protect such important democratic values as representativeness, legitimacy and political equality.
Nanotechnology: public concerns, reasoning and trust in government
Authors: Macoubrie Jane
Published: March 2006

Public perceptions of emergent technologies have become increasingly important to understand, in part due to the worldwide backlash against genetically modified foods, which effectively stalled a new industry. In this context, and given the predicted importance of nanotechnology, this article reports an investigation of US citizens' concerns about nanotechnology development. The study investigated both the perceptions of informed citizens and the reasoning basis underlying concerns, as well as explored public concerns in relation to four projected applications of nanotechnology. Two of the applications investigated were thought to be potentially controversial and, thus, perhaps particularly important to formation of public opinion. Results presented here include concerns that were consistent across the study sample, and concerns specific to different regions of the United States. The study found low trust in government to manage risks, and that medical and industrial uses were related to lowest trust in government to manage risks. Higher education levels were also related to lower trust in government to effectively manage risks. Study participants' concerns were largely based on experiential knowledge about past “breakthroughs” whose limitations and negative effects were poorly understood initially, and even when once known, were poorly managed.
Experiential Learning Process: Exploring Teaching and Learning of Strategic Management Framework through the Winter Survival Exercise
Authors: Joshi Maheshkumar P. , Davis Elizabeth B. , Kathuria Ravi , Weidner C. Ken
Published: March 2006

This article examines an attempt to introduce experiential learning methods in a business strategy course. In organizational behavior and industrial/organizational psychology, experiential teaching methods have been so widely adopted that some authors have suggested dropping the distinction between experiential and traditional teaching. Although intuitively appealing, experiential methods have not yet become popular among professors teaching strategy to traditional-age undergraduate students. It seems that heavy reliance on case-based teaching has resulted in a lack of emphasis on experiential learning tools for strategic management. In this study, the Winter Survival Exercise was used to introduce, concisely and effectively, the strategic management framework to 97 traditional-age undergraduate strategic management students in three different sections over three semesters. Statistical analysis supported the efficacy of this teaching method. Implications for teaching business strategy using experiential methods as a complement to rather than a substitute for traditional case studies are discussed.
Teaching Timeless Truths Through Classic Literature: Aesop's Fables and Strategic Management
Authors: Short Jeremy C. , Ketchen David J.
Published: March 2006

Strategic management courses focus on top managers’efforts to guide organizations to greater prosperity. Unfortunately, most undergraduate students lack experience with high organizational levels. As a result, such students often struggle to relate to and grasp strategic management concepts. The authors argue that classic literature offers poignant, straightforward, and memorable lessons about strategy. As such, classic literature can be a useful addition to strategy professors’“teaching toolbox.” In particular, Aesop’s fables are used to illustrate key pedagogical points. The authors conclude with a discussion of other classic works that may be applied to the strategy field and implications for classroom usage.
The Bikestuff Simulation: Experiencing the Challenge of Organizational Change
Authors: Rollag Keith , Parise Salvatore
Published: March 2006

This article describes a 2-hour experiential simulation that helps students understand (a) the challenge of even simple organizational changes, (b) the importance of communication between change agents and organizational members, and (c) the source of resistance to organizational change efforts. Teams of students compete to process the most customer orders at a bike shop. Although some team members process orders using paper-based catalogs and reference materials, other team members develop and implement a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet to automate and speed up their teammates’ order completion process. The simulation produces change agent and worker behaviors similar to those seen in real organizational improvement efforts, and can be used to introduce a variety of organizational behavior concepts related to organizational change, including organizational analysis, group communication, participatory design, resistance to change, organizational inertia, and sociotechnical systems theory.
Nonvoluntary Class Participation in Graduate Discussion Courses: Effects of Grading and Cold Calling
Authors: Dallimore Elise J. , Hertenstein Julie H. , Platt Marjorie B.
Published: March 2006

Classroom discussion is a frequently used “active learning” strategy; however, a dilemma this strategy produces is what to do about students who are less inclined to volunteer. This study examines an environment which uses cold calling and graded participation to include more students in discussions. The results suggest that despite widespread concerns about cold calling, students are not uncomfortable. This environment also is shown to increase participation frequency and marginally affect preparation, which in turn lead to increased comfort. Practical guidance is provided to help instructors design cold calls to ensure students have a positive experience and fully benefit from inclusion in the discussion.
Using Motion Pictures to Teach Management: Refocusing the Camera Lens Through the Infusion Approach to Diversity
Authors: Bumpus Minnette A.
Published: March 2006

Motion pictures and television shows can provide mediums to facilitate the learning of management and organizational behavior theories and concepts. Although the motion pictures and television shows cited in the literature cover a broad range of cinematic categories, racial inclusion is limited. The objectives of this article are to document the exclusivity, provide possible explanations for the exclusivity, expand the current literature by providing motion picture options that feature actors of color in leading roles, demonstrate that movies with actors of color in leading roles are applicable for teaching topics other than diversity, and advocate an infusion approach to diversity.
The Swift Trust Partnership: A Project Management Exercise Investigating the Effects of Trust and Distrust in Outsourcing Relationships
Authors: Adler Terry R.
Published: March 2006

The Swift Trust exercise provides instructors with the opportunity to discuss the issues of managing trust and distrust perceptions in a team-based design. Lewicki, McAllister, and Bies’s (1998) framework is used to allow students to experience the difficulties of deriving a common set of contract requirements based on team dynamics and reputational factors of a potential future trading partner. This interteam exercise provides instructors with a medium-term simulation (from three to four class periods) that can be used to discuss integrating simultaneous trust and distrust perceptions. Discussion of pedagogical issues and implications is provided to assist instructors in conducting this exercise.
Enhancing Learning in the Business Classroom: An Adventure with Improv Theater Techniques
Authors: Huffaker Julie Sheldon , West Ellen
Published: March 2006

Improv? In a business classroom? The goal was to find out how these tools might enhance learning. This article describes the authors’journey exploring using improvisational forms in a business class. The article describes the three primary learning objectives that the authors hoped to accomplish using improv tools, a detailed account of how the tools were used, and how it all worked out—the classroom outcomes—along with observations and feedback from the students. In addition, instructions for three easily implemented improv forms are provided so the reader can experiment with them in the classroom if desired.
Using Poetry and the Visual Arts to Develop Emotional Intelligence
Authors: Morris J. Andrew , Urbanski John , Fuller Janice
Published: March 2006

This article presents a series of experiential exercises designed to use visual arts and poetry in classroom settings to increase students’awareness and recognition of emotion—two key components of emotional intelligence. Drawing on the liberal arts in the manner described in the exercises provides the instructor with a context in which students can examine emotions and also helps business faculty blend the skills and competencies students acquire during their studies in the liberal arts with career preparation the students receive in the traditional business administration curriculum.
The Magnetic Sentences Industry Game: A Competitive In-Class Experience of Business-Level Strategy
Authors: Casile Maureen , Wheeler Jane V.
Published: March 2006

The Magnetic Sentences Industry Game is a high-energy in-class exercise designed to help students gain hands-on experience with setting, implementing, evaluating, and revising business-level strategy. Students compete in teams to create and market sentences using Magnetic Poetry (a product of Magnetic Poetry, Inc.). Revenues earned are highly dependent on the successful development and implementation of a cohesive business-level strategy. The game experience should create opportunities for the class to discuss a variety of strategic issues including external environment, internal environment, competitive dynamics, the advantages and disadvantages of various generic business-level strategies, organizational learning, and strategic groups.
Using Focused Conversation in the Classroom
Authors: Spee James C.
Published: March 2006

Focused conversation is a method of collecting observations, emotions, interpretations, and decisions from groups that have shared a significant experience. This article reports how the author used focused conversation to discuss the events of September 11 with students in three sections of a master’s-level organizational change class in the week following the Trade Center and Pentagon attacks. It discusses ways of using focused conversation in the classroom and in the workplace in a wide range of applications.
“Choose the Future Wisely”: Supporting Better Ethics Through Critical Thinking
Authors: Meisel Steven I. , Fearon David S.
Published: March 2006

Most people learn and internalize their sense of ethical behavior many years before they assume positions of organizational responsibility. Continued training in ethics helps to develop new understanding and supports ethical behavior. It is also useful to increase the cognitive skills of executives making decisions affecting firms and stakeholders. One key to ethical executive decision making is the further development of critical thinking skills. This article looks at the relationship between critical thinking, organizational uncertainty, and ethical behavior. It also describes an instructional design using a series of business vignettes for executive action with uncertain functional and ethical outcomes.
Exploring Ethical Dilemmas Using the “Drifting Goals” Archetype
Authors: Bardoel E. Anne , Haslett Tim
Published: March 2006

This article demonstrates how the system archetype “drifting goals” can be used in the classroom to explore ethical dilemmas. System archetypes provide a framework that shifts the focus from seeing ethical dilemmas as stemming solely from the acts of individuals to exploring the systemic structures that are responsible for generic patterns of behavior over time. The use of a system archetype in the classroom is an important pedagogical approach and communication device to encourage systemic thinking. The drifting goals archetype exposes students to new ways of thinking about ethical problems and the structures that create them.