bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and mRNA Expression in Reproductive Tract of Adult Male European Bison (Bison bonasus, Linnaeus 1758)
Authors: Koziorowska‐Gilun M , Gilun P , Fraser L , Koziorowski M , Kordan W , Stefanczyk‐Krzymowska S
Published: March 2012

Contents

Antioxidants in the male reproductive tract are the main defence factors against oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species production, which compromises sperm function and male fertility. This study was designed to determine the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), in the testicular and epididymidal tissues of adult male European bison (Bison bonasus). The reproductive tract tissues were subjected to real‐time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis to quantify mRNA expression levels of five antioxidant enzymes: copper/zinc SOD (Cu/Zn SOD), secretory extracellular SOD (Ec‐SOD), CAT, phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) and GPx5. The corpus and cauda epididymidal tissues displayed greater (p < 0.05) SOD activity compared with the testicular tissue. It was found that CAT activity was lowest (p < 0.05) in the cauda epididymidis, whereas negligible GPx activity was detected in the reproductive tract tissues. There were no detectable differences in the mRNA expression level of Cu/Zn SOD among the different reproductive tract tissues. Small amounts of Ec‐SOD mRNA were found in the reproductive tract, particularly in the epididymides. The caput and cauda epididymides exhibited greater (p < 0.05) level of CAT mRNA expression, whereas PHGPx mRNA was more (p < 0.05) expressed in the testis. Furthermore, extremely large amounts of GPx5 mRNA were detected in the caput epididymidal tissue compared with other tissues of the reproductive tract. It can be suggested that the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and the relative gene expression of the enzymes confirm the presence of tissue‐specific antioxidant defence systems in the bison reproductive tract, which are required for spermatogenesis, epididymal maturation and storage of spermatozoa.
Vascular Endothelial (VEGF) and Epithelial Growth Factor (EGF) as Well as Platelet‐Activating Factor (PAF) and Receptors are Expressed in the Early Pregnant Canine Uterus
Authors: Schäfer‐Somi S , Sabitzer S , Klein D , Reinbacher E , Kanca H , Beceriklisoy HB , Aksoy OA , Kucukaslan I , Macun HC , Aslan S
Published: March 2012

Contents

The aim of this study was to investigate the course of expression of platelet‐activating factor (PAF), PAF‐receptor (PAF‐R), epidermal growth factor (EGF), EGF‐R, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF‐R1 and VEGF‐R2 in uterine tissue during canine pregnancy. For this purpose, 20 bitches were ovariohysterectomized at days 10–12 (n = 10), 18–25 (n = 5) and 28–45 (n = 5) days after mating, respectively. The pre‐implantation group was proven pregnant by embryo flushing of the uterus after the operation, the others by sonography. Five embryo negative, that is, non‐pregnant, bitches in diestrus (day 10–12) served as controls. Tissue samples from the uterus (placentation sites and horn width, respectively) were excised and snap‐frozen in liquid nitrogen after embedding in Tissue Tec®. Extraction of mRNA for RT‐PCR was performed with Tri‐Reagent. In the embryos, mRNA from all factors except VEGF was detected. In the course of pregnancy, significantly higher expression of PAF and PAFR as well as VEGF and VEGFR2 during the pre‐implantation stage than in all other stages and a strong upregulation of EGF during implantation were characteristic. The course of EGF was in diametrical opposition to the course of the receptor. These results point towards an increased demand for VEGF, EGF and PAF during the earliest stages of canine pregnancy.
Translating basic science insight into public health action for multidrug‐ and extensively drug‐resistant tuberculosis
Authors: WALTER NICHOLAS D. , STRONG MICHAEL , BELKNAP ROBERT , ORDWAY DIANE J. , DALEY CHARLES L. , CHAN EDWARD D.
Published: March 2012

Multidrug (MDR)‐ and extensively drug‐resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) impose a heavy toll of human suffering and social costs. Controlling drug‐resistant TB is a complex global public health challenge. Basic science advances including elucidation of the genetic basis of resistance have enabled development of new assays that are transforming the diagnosis of MDR‐TB. Molecular epidemiological approaches have provided new insights into the natural history of TB with important implications for drug resistance. In the future, progress in understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain‐specific human immune responses, integration of systems biology approaches with traditional epidemiology and insight into the biology of mycobacterial persistence have potential to be translated into new tools for diagnosis and treatment of MDR‐ and XDR‐TB. We review recent basic sciences developments that have contributed or may contribute to improved public health response.
Clinical implications of pleural effusions in ovarian cancer
Authors: PORCEL JOSÉ M. , DIAZ JOHN P. , CHI DENNIS S.
Published: March 2012

The pleural cavity constitutes the most frequent extra‐abdominal metastatic site in ovarian carcinoma (OC). In patients with OC and pleural effusions, a positive fluid cytology is required for a stage IV diagnosis. Unfortunately, about 30% of malignant pleural effusions exhibit false‐negative cytological pleural fluid results. In those circumstances, exploratory video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) serves as a diagnostic, staging and even therapeutic modality. Maximal (no visible disease) or, at least, optimal (no residual implant greater than 1 cm) cytoreduction should be the primary surgical goal in stage IV OC patients. This is due to residual tumour after cytoreductive surgery being one of the most important factors impacting on survival. Although malignant pleural effusions do not preclude abdominal surgical debulking, excision of gross pleural nodules may be necessary to achieve optimal cytoreduction. VATS quantifies pleural tumour burden and allows for intrathoracic cytoreduction or, if the latter is not feasible, ensures that abdominal surgery is not unnecessarily performed on women in whom gross tumour would still remain in the pleural space afterwards. Taxane‐platinum neoadjuvant chemotherapy should be offered to this group. Patients with tumour extension into the pleural space have a median overall survival of 2 years.
RATINGS AND REVENUES: EVIDENCE FROM MOVIE RATINGS
Authors: PALSSON CRAIG , PRICE JOSEPH , SHORES JARED
Published: March 2012

Ratings and report cards provide a relatively cheap way to influence consumer and producer decisions. We examine the specific case of movie ratings and find that receiving a mature rating (rated R) reduces a movie's box office revenues by 20%. We focus on the specific role of ratings by constructing a mature content index for each movie and compare movies with similar amounts of mature content, but that received different ratings. We also exploit the fact that the movie rating system places specific guidelines on the number of F‐words that are allowed at each content rating. (JEL D0, L82)
Firm Heterogeneity, New Investment and Acquisitions
Authors: Spearot Alan C.
Published: March 2012

This paper presents a model of investment in which heterogeneous firms choose between new investment and acquisitions. New investment involves purchasing a new plant for an existing variety. Acquisitions involve purchasing a plant and a variety from a selling firm. Using a variable‐elasticity demand system, I show that if varieties within a differentiated industry are imperfect substitutes, mid‐productivity firms invest. As varieties approach perfect substitutability, high‐productivity firms invest. For both cases, within the region of investing firms, the most productive choose acquisitions over new investment. In analyzing firm‐level data from Compustat, I find evidence that supports these predictions.
Biosynthesis and incorporation of side‐chain‐truncated lignin monomers to reduce lignin polymerization and enhance saccharification
Authors: Eudes Aymerick , George Anthe , Mukerjee Purba , Kim Jin S. , Pollet Brigitte , Benke Peter I. , Yang Fan , Mitra Prajakta , Sun Lan , Çetinkol Özgül P. , Chabout Salem , Mouille Grégory , Soubigou‐Taconnat Ludivine , Balzergue Sandrine , Singh Seema , Holmes Bradley M. , Mukhopadhyay Aindrila , Keasling Jay D. , Simmons Blake A. , Lapierre Catherine , Ralph John , Loqué Dominique
Published: March 2012

Lignocellulosic biomass is utilized as a renewable feedstock in various agro‐industrial activities. Lignin is an aromatic, hydrophobic and mildly branched polymer integrally associated with polysaccharides within the biomass, which negatively affects their extraction and hydrolysis during industrial processing. Engineering the monomer composition of lignins offers an attractive option towards new lignins with reduced recalcitrance. The presented work describes a new strategy developed in Arabidopsis for the overproduction of rare lignin monomers to reduce lignin polymerization degree (DP). Biosynthesis of these ‘DP reducers’ is achieved by expressing a bacterial hydroxycinnamoyl‐CoA hydratase‐lyase (HCHL) in lignifying tissues of Arabidopsis inflorescence stems. HCHL cleaves the propanoid side‐chain of hydroxycinnamoyl‐CoA lignin precursors to produce the corresponding hydroxybenzaldehydes so that plant stems expressing HCHL accumulate in their cell wall higher amounts of hydroxybenzaldehyde and hydroxybenzoate derivatives. Engineered plants with intermediate HCHL activity levels show no reduction in total lignin, sugar content or biomass yield compared with wild‐type plants. However, cell wall characterization of extract‐free stems by thioacidolysis and by 2D‐NMR revealed an increased amount of unusual C6C1 lignin monomers most likely linked with lignin as end‐groups. Moreover the analysis of lignin isolated from these plants using size‐exclusion chromatography revealed a reduced molecular weight. Furthermore, these engineered lines show saccharification improvement of pretreated stem cell walls. Therefore, we conclude that enhancing the biosynthesis and incorporation of C6C1 monomers (‘DP reducers’) into lignin polymers represents a promising strategy to reduce lignin DP and to decrease cell wall recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis.
OPENNESS, THE SPATIAL SPILLOVER EFFECT OF PRODUCTIVITY, AND REGIONAL GROWTH OF INLAND PROVINCES IN CHINA
Authors: Jiang Yanqing
Published: March 2012

In this study we investigate how openness and the spatial spillover effect of productivity play their roles in affecting economic growth and convergence across China's inland provinces. We set up a model where an inland province achieves productivity growth by taking advantage of productivity spillovers from the world frontier and from coastal provinces. By using a nonlinear least squares regression method in our empirical analysis, we see that provincial openness has a significantly positive effect on provincial productivity growth. In addition, we also see that productivity growth in inland provinces in China is significantly affected by coastal‐to‐inland spatial spillovers of productivity. As a byproduct, we also estimate the factor share of capital in the aggregate production function, in the case of China's inland provinces.
Care: A Critical Review of Theory, Policy and Practice
Authors: Rummery Kirstein , Fine Michael
Published: March 2012

‘Care’ is a source of critical tension in current social theory, and the policy and practice implications of that tension are evidenced in its current prominence on the political agenda of developed welfare states. This article critically appraises current developments in the theory, policy and practice of care, drawing on interdisciplinary developments in political theory, sociology and social policy. Developing feminist and disability‐rights theories, it explores a critical synthesis of conflicting normative and theoretical positions regarding the giving and receiving of care, and of the ethics and justice of care. It examines case studies of current comparative policy developments across a range of different welfare regimes, including the marketization/commodification and de/re‐familiaization of care, exploring ideological and normative trends in the design of contemporary policies. It discusses the impact of theory and policy on the practice of care, looking particularly at the issue of long‐term care for disabled and older adults. Finally, the authors argue for the development of a citizenship‐based approach to care that decouples it from individualistic and paternalistic paradigms that disempower those who give and receive care.
Environmental change in theRía deVigo,NW Iberia, since the mid‐Holocene: new palaeoecological and seismic evidence
Authors: Muñoz Sobrino Castor , García‐Gil Soledad , Iglesias Jorge , Martínez Carreño Natalia , Ferreiro Da Costa Javier , Díaz Varela Ramón Alberto , Judd Alan
Published: March 2012

Pollen analyses (pollen, dinocysts and others) were combined with high‐resolution seismic‐stratigraphy sequences to reconstruct environmental dynamics and regional sea‐level (RSL) changes in a ria inNWIberia. The chronological framework was established using radiocarbon dating and pollen markers that are related to a number of historical events. Major intensifications of the regional upwelling regime occurred during predominantNAOpositive stages, dated toc. 4600–4300, 3800–3600, 3200–2700 and 2600–2400 cal. aBP. The regionalEarlyHighstandSystemTract spans from before 4500 toc.3200 cal. aBP. During this periodRSLwas still rising, but several short episodes of higher terrestrial influence were detected betweenc.4300–3800 and 3600–3200 cal. aBP. A readjustment occurred between 3200 and 2300 cal. aBP, including the first stage of relative sea‐level drop (2.8 ka event) dated to 3200–2800 cal. aBP, with theRSLrecovering between 2800 and 2300 cal. aBP. The subsequentLaterHighstandSystemTract, after 2300 cal. aBP, corresponds to a final period of rising sea level that caused the final inundation ofSanSimónBay. Since then, only minor changes in relative sea level can be postulated (e.g. towards the end of theRomanPeriod, in theMiddleAges and during theLittleIceAge). This new evidence is consistent with most of the available palaeoecological and historical information, but it provides a more detailed, near‐complete succession of simultaneous changes occurring in both the terrestrial and the marine ecosystems.
Infantile onset CMT2D/dSMA V in monozygotic twins due to a mutation in the anticodon‐binding domain of GARS
Authors: Eskuri Jamie M. , Stanley Christine M. , Moore Steven A. , Mathews Katherine D.
Published: March 2012

Mutations in the GARS gene cause Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth 2D and distal spinal muscular atrophy type V – allelic disorders characterized by predominantly distal upper extremity weakness and atrophy, typically beginning during the second decade of life. We report monozygotic twin girls with onset of weakness in infancy and a previously reported GARS mutation within the anticodon‐binding domain. The severity and remarkable similarity in phenotypes of these girls and the reported case suggest that mutations within the anticodon‐binding domain are more damaging to aminoacyl tRNA synthetase function than those within other domains of GARS.
Pathogenesis of HIV‐associated sensory neuropathy: evidence from in vivo and in vitro experimental models
Authors: Kamerman Peter R. , Moss Philippa J. , Weber Juliane , Wallace Victoria C. J. , Rice Andrew S.C. , Huang Wenlong
Published: March 2012

HIV‐associated sensory neuropathy (HIV‐SN) is a frequent neurological complication of HIV infection and its treatment with some antiretroviral drugs. We review the pathogenesis of the viral‐ and drug‐induced causes of the neuropathy, and its primary symptom, pain, based on evidence from in vivo and in vitro models of HIV‐SN. Viral coat proteins mediate nerve fibre damage and hypernociception through direct and indirect mechanisms. Direct interactions between viral proteins and nerve fibres dominate axonal pathology, while somal pathology is dominated by indirect mechanisms that occur secondary to virus‐mediated activation of glia and macrophage infiltration into the dorsal root ganglia. The treatment‐induced neuropathy and resulting hypernociception arise primarily from drug‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction, but the sequence of events initiated by the mitochondrial dysfunction that leads to the nerve fibre damage and dysfunction are still unclear. Overall, the models that have been developed to study the pathogenesis of HIV‐SN, and hypernociception associated with the neuropathy, are reasonable models and have provided useful insights into the pathogenesis of HIV‐SN. As new models are developed they may ultimately lead to identification of therapeutic targets for the prevention or treatment of this common neurological complication of HIV infection.
Behavioral, electrophysiological, and histopathological characterization of a severe murine chronic demyelinating polyneuritis model
Authors: Ubogu Eroboghene E. , Yosef Nejla , Xia Robin H. , Sheikh Kazim A.
Published: March 2012

The objective of this study was to define the behavioral, electrophysiological, and morphological characteristics of spontaneous autoimmune peripheral polyneuropathy (SAPP) in female B7‐2 deficient non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice. A cohort of 77 female B7‐2 deficient and 31 wild‐type control NOD mice were studied from 18 to 40 weeks of age. At pre‐defined time points, the dorsal caudal tail and sciatic motor nerve conduction studies (MNCS) were performed. Sciatic nerves were harvested for morphological evaluation. SAPP mice showed slowly progressive severe weakness in hind and forelimbs without significant recovery after 30 weeks of age. MNCS showed progressive reduction in mean compound motor action potential amplitudes and conduction velocities, and increase in mean total waveform duration from 24 to 27 weeks of age, peaking between 32 and 35 weeks of age. Toluidine blue‐stained, semi‐thin plastic‐embedded sections demonstrated focal demyelination associated with mononuclear cell infiltration early in the disease course, with progressively diffuse demyelination and axonal loss associated with more intense mononuclear infiltration at peak severity. Immunohistochemistry confirmed macrophage‐predominant inflammation. This study verifies SAPP as a progressive, unremitting chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy with axonal loss.
Protons regulate the excitability properties of rat myelinated sensory axons in vitro through block of persistent sodium currents
Authors: Maurer Konrad , Bostock Hugh , Koltzenburg Martin
Published: March 2012

Little information is available on the pH sensitivity of the excitability properties of mammalian axons. Computer‐assisted threshold tracking in humans has helped to define clinically relevant changes of nerve excitability in response to hyperventilation and ischaemia, but in vivo studies cannot directly differentiate between the impact of pH and other secondary factors. In this investigation, we applied an excitability testing protocol to a rat saphenous skin nerve in vitro preparation. Changes in extracellular pH were induced by altering pCO2 in the perfusate, and excitability properties of large myelinated fibres were measured in the pH range from 6.9 to 8.1. The main effect of protons on nerve excitability was a near linear increase in threshold which was accompanied by a decrease in strength‐duration time constant reflecting mainly a decrease in persistent sodium current. In the recovery cycle, late subexcitability following 7 conditioning stimuli was substantially reduced at acid pH, indicating a block of slow but not of fast potassium channels. Changes in threshold electrotonus were complex, reflecting the combined effects of pH on multiple channel types. These results provide the first systematic data on pH sensitivity of mammalian nerve excitability properties, and may help in the interpretation of abnormal clinical excitability measurements.
Second–Order Gender Effects: The Case of U.S. Small Business Borrowing Cost
Authors: Wu Zhenyu , Chua Jess H.
Published: March 2012

Gender–based differential treatment of business borrowers has been illegal for decades now. Therefore, any remaining gender effect is likely to be more subtle than before and second order in nature. Using 1,577 small businesses from the 2003 National Survey of Small Business Finances by the Federal Reserve Board, resolving the gender assignment problem, and isolating the supply effects, our tests detected a second–order gender effect in U.S. small business borrowing cost. Specifically, lenders charge female sole proprietorships an average of 73 basis points higher than male sole proprietorships. The methodology also ameliorates an interpretation problem common to first–order gender effects.
Extending Women's Entrepreneurship Research in New Directions
Authors: Hughes Karen D. , Jennings Jennifer E. , Brush Candida , Carter Sara , Welter Friederike
Published: March 2012

The dramatic expansion of scholarly interest and activity in the field of women's entrepreneurship within recent years has done much to correct the historical inattention paid to female entrepreneurs and their initiatives. Yet, as the field continues to develop and mature, there are increasingly strong calls for scholars to take their research in new directions. Within this introduction to the special issue, we expand upon the reasons for this call, describe who responded, and summarize the new frontiers explored within the work appearing in this and another related collection. We conclude by delineating new territories for researchers to explore, arguing that such endeavors will join those in this volume in not only addressing the criticisms raised to date, but also in generating a richer and more robust understanding of women's entrepreneurship.
Empowering Women through Social Entrepreneurship: Case Study of a Women's Cooperative in India
Authors: Datta Punita Bhatt , Gailey Robert
Published: March 2012

Women's cooperatives offer self–employment opportunities that can contribute to women's social inclusion and empowerment. This article seeks to broaden existing understandings of women's entrepreneurship by focusing on less studied types of ventures and contexts—namely, a social entrepreneurial venture in India. A case study analysis was used to assess two primary areas of interest: (1) elements of empowerment embedded in the venture's business model and (2) individual perceptions of empowerment. The personal accounts of sister members reveal that this collective form of entrepreneurship has empowered them in three ways: economic security, development of entrepreneurial behavior, and increased contributions to the family.
Understanding Gendered Variations in Business Growth Intentions across the Life Course
Authors: Davis Amy E. , Shaver Kelly G.
Published: March 2012

This article investigates differences in growth intentions of men and women entrepreneurs. Using data from the U.S. Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics I and II, we test hypotheses informed by life course theory regarding the influence of career stage and family status on high growth intentions of men and women entrepreneurs. Results show that young men are especially likely to express high growth intentions, while mothers expressed high growth intentions more frequently than did other women.
Purchasing Patterns of Migrant Groups: The Impact of Acculturation on Ethnocentric Behaviors
Authors: NEWMAN ANDREW J. , SAHAK SITI Z.
Published: March 2012

This study investigated the social psychology of Malaysian migrants and their ethnocentric purchase behavior as they assimilate into the local culture. A theoretical framework consisting of acculturation, consumer ethnocentrism, time, and demographics was assembled; and an exploratory study was undertaken involving 255 samples of Malaysian consumers residing in the UK. The findings suggest that levels of consumer ethnocentrism are inversely related to their length of residence in the host country. Hence, respondents who reside longest exhibit less ethnocentric behavior. Contrary to our prediction, no significant relationship exists between assimilation and consumer ethnocentrism. Of significance, however, highly assimilated individuals are likely to be young male and single persons, with low assimilation most likely found in middle‐aged to older married females.
Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement in Health Risk and HIV and AIDS Prevention
Authors: GWANDURE CALVIN , MAYEKISO THOKOZILE
Published: March 2012

The purpose of the study was to establish the difference in health and HIV and AIDS risk between students with an internal locus of control (LOC; n = 124) and students with an external LOC (n = 133). The study assessed students' LOC and health risks associated with self‐control, fatalism, achievement‐oriented behavior, deferment of gratification, personal values, and alienation. The findings indicate significant differences in health risks between students with an internal LOC and those with an external LOC. Future research should focus on LOC, reinforcement, and HIV and AIDS risk.
Early bone resorption after vertical bone augmentation – a comparison of calvarial and iliac grafts
Authors: Mertens Christian , Decker Christian , Seeberger Robin , Hoffmann Jürgen , Sander Anja , Freier Kolja
Published: March 2012

Objective and aim

Severe cases of bone atrophy in the maxilla or mandible are often reconstructed using bone from extraoral donor sides. Most commonly, grafts from the iliac crest are used for augmentation, however, frequently associated with bone resorption as possible late complication. Calvarial bone grafts, often reported to show less resorption, are an alternative. The aim of this study was to compare the bone stability of vertical bone grafts from the iliac crest and the calvarium.

Patients and methods

Twenty‐three patients receiving vertical onlay bone grafts were included in this retrospective cohort study. In nine patients alveolar ridge defects were treated with bone from the iliac crest. Fourteen patients were reconstructed using calvarial bone grafts.

To quantify bone resorption, the data of digital panographs were evaluated. Radiographs were taken prior to bone grafting, after augmentation surgery, 6 months after bone healing, prior to implant surgery, after implant surgery and at yearly intervals thereafter.

Results

Postoperative complications at the recipient site occurred equally in both groups. The complication rate was 35.7% for the calvarial group and 33.3% in the iliac crest group. No donor‐site complications were reported in either group. After bone augmentation procedure, a mean vertical bone gain of 8.55 mm (SD 5.96) was measured. Bone grafts from the iliac crest showed a significantly higher bone loss of 24.16% (SD 8.47) than grafts from the calvarium (8.44%, SD 3.64) at the time of implant placement (P = 0.0003). Implant survival was similar in both groups.

Discussion

Both bone‐grafting approaches are successful and reliable techniques, enabling implant placement in even highly atrophied alveolar ridges and with identical implant survival rates, although bone resorption differs. Within the limitations of this study bone from the calvarium shows higher bone stability in the early healing phase.
A comparison of cone beam computed tomography and conventional periapical radiography at detecting peri‐implant bone defects
Authors: Dave Meetal , Davies Jonathan , Wilson Ron , Palmer Richard
Published: March 2012

Objective

To compare the diagnostic accuracy of conventional periapical radiography and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) at detecting peri‐implant bone defects.

Materials and methods

Implants were placed in fresh bovine ribs in osteotomy sites of varying diameter (five with no peri‐implant space, five with a 0.35 mm space, five with a 0.675 mm space) and imaged using (i) digital long cone periapical radiographs (LCPAs), (ii) limited volume CBCT using 3D Accuitomo 80® and (iii) large volume CBCT using i‐CAT Next Generation®. Images from each were randomly presented to nine examiners on two occasions. Confidence in diagnosing the presence or absence of a peri‐implant radiolucency was recorded on a five‐point scale. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis and Kappa tests were performed.

Results

Digital LCPAs were better at diagnosing a peri‐implant bone defect when the peri‐implant space was 0.35 mm (P < 0.02). As the peri‐implant space increased to 0.675 mm, there was no significant difference in diagnostic accuracy between the three imaging methods. Sensitivity of LCPAs (100) and Accuitomo (97.8) was better than i‐CAT (64.4) (P < 0.02). LCPAs and i‐CAT had significantly better specificity and positive predictive value than Accuitomo. The negative predictive value of LCPA was significantly better than i‐CAT. LCPAs showed better intra‐examiner and inter‐examiner agreement than CBCT.

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this study, LCPAs are a reliable and valid method of detecting circumferential peri‐implant bone defects and performed significantly better than CBCT.
Prey‐type‐dependent foraging of young‐of‐the‐year fish in turbid and humic environments
Authors: Jönsson Mikael , Ranåker Lynn , Anders Nilsson P. , Brönmark Christer
Published: March 2012

Abstract –  Fish, which are generally visual foragers, experiences reduced reaction distance in visually degraded environments, which has consequences for encounter rates with prey. Small prey is detected at shorter distances than larger prey, and piscivores are therefore predicted to be more strongly affected by visual degradation. In experiments, roach (Rutilus rutilus) were fed two plankton prey types and pike (Esox lucius) were fed Daphnia and larval roach, in clear water, algal turbid water and water coloured brown by dissolved organic matter (DOM). Planktivorous foraging in roach was not affected by visual degradation, while pike foraging on both Daphnia and larval roach was. Pike showed increased reaction distance to Daphnia in visually degraded water, while it was severely reduced with roach as prey even if the visual range was not reduced below pike reaction distances in clear water. Pike foraging on Daphnia was not affected, but when foraging on roach, the reduced search efficiency was counteracted by increased attack rates. However, there was no increase in movement and no difference between turbid and DOM treatments. Effects on piscivores will likely become more pronounced at later life stages as prey size and the reliance on long‐distance detection increases at the same time as changing climatic conditions may further deteriorate the visual conditions in future.
Comparing culture, real‐time PCR and fluorescence resonance energy transfer technology for detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis in patients with or without peri‐implant infections
Authors: Galassi F. , Kaman W. E. , Anssari Moin D. , van der Horst J. , Wismeijer D. , Crielaard W. , Laine M. L. , Veerman E. C. I. , Bikker F. J. , Loos B. G.
Published: March 2012

Galassi F, Kaman WE, Anssari Moin D, van der Horst J, Wismeijer D, Crielaard W, Laine ML, Veerman ECI, Bikker FJ, Loos BG. Comparing culture, real‐time PCR and fluorescence resonance energy transfer technology for detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis in patients with or without peri‐implant infections. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 616–625. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Background and Objective:  The aim of the study was to compare the detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology with commonly used diagnostic methods in salivary and subgingival plaque samples from subjects with dental implants. P. gingivalis was considered as a marker for a pathogenic microbiota.

Material and Methods:  Ninety‐seven adult subjects were recruited, including periodontally healthy controls with no dental implants, implant controls with no peri‐implant disease and patients with peri‐implant disease. Saliva and subgingival/submucosal plaque samples were collected from all subjects and were analyzed using culture, real‐time PCR and FRET technology employing P. gingivalis‐specific substrates.

Results:  It was found that the P. gingivalis‐specific substrates were highly suitable for detecting the presence of P. gingivalis in saliva and in subgingival plaque samples, showing comparable specificity to culture and real‐time PCR.

Conclusion:  We applied the FRET technology to detect P. gingivalis in implant patients with or without an implant condition and in controls without implants. The technique seems suitable for detection of P. gingivalis in both plaque and saliva samples. However, with all three techniques, P. gingivalis was not very specific for peri‐implantitis cases. Future work includes fine‐tuning the FRET technology and also includes the development of a chair‐side application.
Flexural properties and shock‐absorbing capabilities of new face guard materials reinforced with fiberglass cloth
Authors: Abe Keisuke , Takahashi Hidekazu , Churei Hiroshi , Iwasaki Naohiko , Ueno Toshiaki
Published: March 2012

Abstract –  Aim: Experimental materials incorporating fiberglass cloth were used to develop a thin and lightweight face guard (FG). This study aims to evaluate the effect of fiberglass reinforcement on the flexural and shock absorption properties compared with conventional thermoplastic materials. Material and Method: Four commercial 3.2‐mm and 1.6‐mm medical splint materials (Aquaplast, Polyform, Co‐polymer, and Erkodur) and two experimental materials were examined for use in FGs. The experimental materials were prepared by embedding two or four sheets of a plain woven fiberglass cloth on both surfaces of 1.5‐mm Aquaplast. The flexural strength and flexural modulus were determined using a three‐point bending test. The shock absorption properties were evaluated for a 5200‐N impact load using the first peak intensity with a load cell system and the maximum stress with a film sensor system. Results and Conclusions: The flexural strength (74.6 MPa) and flexural modulus (6.3 GPa) of the experimental material with four sheets were significantly greater than those of the 3.2‐mm commercial specimens, except for the flexural strength of one product. The first peak intensity (515 N) and maximum stress (2.2 MPa) of the experimental material with four sheets were significantly lower than those of the commercial 3.2‐mm specimens, except for one product for each property. These results suggest that the thickness and weight of the FG can be reduced using the experimental fiber‐reinforced material.
A one‐year school‐based diet/exercise intervention improves non‐traditional disease biomarkers in Mexican‐American children
Authors: McFarlin Brian Keith , Johnston Craig J. , Carpenter Katie C. , Davidson Tiffany , Moreno Jennette L. , Strohacker Kelley , Breslin Whitney L. , Foreyt John P.
Published: March 2012

School‐based interventions are an effective way to treat childhood obesity. The purpose of the present study was to biologically validate an established school‐based intervention designed to reduce standardised body mass index (zBMI) over a period of 12 months. This intervention focused on a subset of Mexican‐American children who were participating in a larger clinical weight loss study. Plasma samples were analysed from self‐identified Mexican‐American children (12–14 years) who were randomised to either a school‐based intervention (IN, n = 152) or self‐help control (CN, n = 69). Treatment was 4 days week−1 of exercise (45 min day−1) and 1 day week−1 of nutritional counselling for 6 months. Fasting (>8 h) blood samples were collected at baseline, 6 months (end of active intervention) and 12 months (6 months after the end of the active intervention). Plasma resistin, adiponectin and leptin concentration were measured using a multiplex assay. Separate linear mixed models and a P < 0.05 were used to test for significance. Significant group × time interactions were found for resistin (P < 0.0001), adiponectin (P = 0.001) and leptin (P = 0.013). For resistin, IN was 12% lower at 6 months than CN. Adiponectin concentration in IN was greater at 6 months (26%) and 12 months (8%) than CN. Leptin concentration was 22% lower for IN at 12 months than CN. We have previously reported that our school‐based intervention reduced zBMI and now reported alterations in biologically relevant disease biomarkers. Some of the observed changes were only present at the end of the active intervention (resistin), while others persisted until 12 months (leptin and adiponectin). These changes underscore the effectiveness of our school‐based intervention at not only improving zBMI but also at reducing disease risk.
KINETICS OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTION OF MATE (ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS) LEAVES
Authors: JENSEN SUELLEN , ZANOELO ÉVERTON FERNANDO
Published: March 2012

Experiments were carried out to investigate the kinetics of infusion of mate leaves. A cylindrical batch extractor made of glass and equipped with a mixer was operated at temperatures between 18 and 80C with comminute leaves of mate in the size range from 4.9 × 10−4 to 5.7 × 10−4 m. The experimental kinetic curves of solute concentration in the aqueous phase revealed a diffusion coefficient of soluble species through the leaves in the magnitude of 10−12–10−13 m2/s. A negligible influence of agitation and significant effects of solvent temperature and particle size on the rate of extraction of soluble matter were experimentally observed. The kinetics of infusion of mate leaves and the influence of the investigated factors were correctly reproduced by two simplified differential equations referred to as the equilibrium‐dependent and diffusion‐dependent extraction models.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Around US$1 billion is the overall value that emerged from the activities of cultivation, manufacturing and trade of mate leaves involving more than 70 countries across the continents. Despite these positive aspects, the aromatic and bioactive properties of mate could be better explored to obtain several commercial derivatives that would increase the economic impact of this commodity at a global scale. However, the development of most of these new products depends on the availability of the powder extract of mate, which is typically obtained by solid–liquid extraction with hot water. In this framework, the results obtained in the current investigation can be applied as a guideline to design and operate industrial units of mate extraction in order have a maximum extraction yield at the lowest operating cost.
RENNETABILITY OF CHEESE‐MAKING MILK PROCESSED BY NONTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: GARCIA‐AMEZQUITA LUIS EDUARDO , PRIMO‐MORA ÁNGEL RICARDO , GUERRERO‐BELTRAN JOSE ANGEL , BARBOSA‐CÁNOVAS GUSTAVO , SEPULVEDA DAVID ROBERTO
Published: March 2012

Heat treatments (HT) modify the renneting properties of raw milk, hence nonthermal technologies seem to be a good option to ensure the microbial quality of milk without modifying its renneting properties. The effect of pulsed electric fields (PEF) and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on the rennet coagulation properties of milk was compared with the effect caused by HT. Milk was processed by HHP (400 and 500 MPa from 0 to 20 min) and PEF (36 and 42 kV/cm for up to 64 pulses). HHP reduced the rennet coagulation time (RCT) of milk to ∼60% of the RCT of raw milk. Contrarily, PEF and HT increased RCT in ∼10%. Gels made from HHP milk presented G′ values of 170 Pa after 20 min, raw milk reached only 50 Pa after 60 min, and PEF and HT showed lower G′ values. HHP increases rennet coagulation efficiency, whereas PEF milk behaves similarly than raw milk.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Nonthermal technologies have been suggested as a means to ensure the microbiological safety of milk without modifying its nutritional and technical attributes, and as a way to enhance its various functional properties. High hydrostatic pressure and pulsed electric field treatments applied in this study modified the renneting properties of milk, providing as a useful tool for the redesigning of cheese‐making processes. Rheological data presented in this paper clearly characterize the formation of curds out of milk treated with nonthermal treatments over milk proteins might result in the development of novel cheeses with different textures, flavors and nutritional content.
Impaired Vasodilation in the Pathogenesis of Hypertension: Focus on Nitric Oxide, Endothelial‐Derived Hyperpolarizing Factors, and Prostaglandins
Authors: Giles Thomas D. , Sander Gary E. , Nossaman Bobby D. , Kadowitz Philip J.
Published: March 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:198–205. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Under resting conditions the arterial vasculature exists in a vasoconstricted state referred to as vascular tone. Physiological dilatation in response to increased flow, a function of normal endothelium is necessary to maintain normal blood pressure. Endothelial dysfunction in vascular smooth muscle cells thus results in loss of normal vasorelaxant function and the inability of arteries to appropriately dilate in response to increased blood flow in either a systemic or regional vascular bed, resulting in increased blood pressure, a sequence that may represent a common pathway to hypertension. Normal vasorelaxation is mediated by a number of endothelial systems including nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins (PGI2 and PGE2), and a family of endothelial‐derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHF). In response to hemodynamic shear stress, endothelium continuously releases NO, EDHF, and PGI2 to provide vasodilatation. EDHF, not a single molecule but rather a group of molecules that includes epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, hydrogen peroxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, C‐natriuretic peptide, and K+ itself, causes vasodilatation by activation of vascular smooth muscle cell K+ channels, resulting in hyperpolarization and thus vasorelaxation. The understanding and effective management of blood pressure requires an understanding of both physiologic and pathophysiologic regulation of vascular tone. This review describes molecular mechanisms underlying normal endothelial regulation and pathological states, such as increased oxidative stress, which cause loss of vasorelaxation. Possible pharmacological interventions to restore normal function are suggested.
Are Good Performers Bad Acquirers?
Authors: Baker H. Kent , Dutta Shantanu , Saadi Samir , Zhu PengCheng
Published: March 2012

We examine how the market reacts to announcements of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) by well‐performing acquirers and evaluate the results in light of three hypotheses: 1) managerial ability, 2) empire building, and 3) chief executive officer (CEO) overconfidence. Our results indicate that an empire‐building motive drives the relationship between past superior operating performance and M&A announcements. Long‐term operating performance drops significantly for acquiring firms with past superior operating performance. Our evidence also indicates that the presence of insider directors helps to alleviate the negative perception of acquisitions made by firms with better operating performance or empire‐building CEOs.
How Do Firms Choose Between Intermediary and Supplier Finance?
Authors: Atanasova Christina
Published: March 2012

This paper examines firms’ short‐term financing choices between intermediated loans and trade credit. I test two sets of empirical hypotheses: 1) hypotheses concerning the cross‐sectional differences in the level of intermediary finance for firms that use different levels of trade credit and 2) hypotheses concerning the dynamics of trade credit growth. I find strong evidence that for firms with high agency costs, the use of trade credit facilitates access to conventional bank loans. The evidence is consistent with theories based on the signaling role of trade credit provision and suppliers’ liquidation advantage.
Competition for attention in the Information (overload) Age
Authors: Anderson Simon P. , de Palma André
Published: March 2012

The Information Age has a surfeit of information received relative to what is processed. We model multiple sectors competing for consumer attention, with competition in price within each sector. Sector advertising levels follow a constant elasticity of substitution (CES) form, and within‐sector prices are dispersed with a truncated Pareto distribution. The “information hump” shows highest ad levels for intermediate attention levels. Overall, advertising is excessive, although the allocation across sectors is optimal. The blame for information overload falls most on product categories with low information transmission costs and low profits.
Vertical control of a distribution network—an empirical analysis of magazines
Authors: Ferrari Stijn , Verboven Frank
Published: March 2012

How does an upstream firm determine the size of its distribution network, and what is the role of vertical restraints? To address these questions, we develop two empirical entry models. In the benchmark coordinated entry model, the upstream firm sets market‐specific wholesale prices and implements the first best. In the more realistic restricted/free entry model, the upstream firm only sets a uniform wholesale price. As a second‐best solution, it restricts entry in markets where business stealing (encroachment) is high, and allows free entry elsewhere. We apply the model to magazine distribution, and assess the profitability of alternative vertical restraints. Banning restricted licensing reduces profits only slightly, so the business rationale for restricted licensing should not be sought in the prevention of encroachment. Furthermore, market‐specific wholesale prices implement the first best, but the profit increase would be small, providing a rationale for the commonly observed uniform wholesale prices. Finally, uniform franchise fees are much less effective than a uniform wholesale price to cope with local market differences.
A Markov‐perfect equilibrium model of the impacts of price controls on the performance of the pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Filson Darren
Published: March 2012

I introduce a computable dynamic equilibrium model of the pharmaceutical industry, parameterize it using industry facts, and use it to predict what happens if the United States adopts price controls or one or more non‐U.S. countries abandon their controls. The model generates implications for firm value, research and development (R&D), the flow of new drugs, and consumer welfare. I highlight the sensitivity of the results to alternative assumptions about R&D costs, market size, technological opportunities, consumer heterogeneity, the extent to which choices internalize prices, barriers to entry in R&D, the extent to which R&D outcomes are correlated, and the nature of the controls.
Role of prophylactic ureteric stents in colorectal surgery
Authors: da Silva G , Boutros M , Wexner SD
Published: March 2012

Ureteric injury is a feared complication in colorectal surgery, with a reported incidence of 0.2%–7.6%. Prophylactic ureteric catheter placement has the advantage of facilitating intraoperative ureter identification and assisting in immediate injury recognition and repair. However, its use has been controversial because of fear of ureteric damage during catheter insertion and postoperative urinary complications such as obstructive oliguria and urinary tract infection. Although the exact indications for prophylactic catheter placement are not clearly defined, it is generally used for reoperative cases, large tumors, previous radiation therapy, diverticulitis, fistulas, Crohn's disease and obesity. Herein, we review the incidence and risk factors for ureteric injury, the role of prophylactic ureteric stents and the complications and costs associated with its use in both open and laparoscopic colorectal surgery.