bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intelligence, Executive Functions, and Decision Making as Predictors of Antisocial Behavior in an Adolescent Sample of Justice‐Involved Youth and a Community Comparison Group
Authors: Sorge Geoff Brian , Skilling Tracey A. , Toplak Maggie E.
Published: March 2015

A clinical sample of justice‐involved male adolescents and a community comparison group were compared on a battery of cognitive ability tasks (intelligence and executive functions), decision making measures, and other individual difference measures, including ratings of self‐control, recognition of morally debatable behaviors, and antisocial beliefs. The clinical sample displayed lower performance on cognitive abilities and decision making than the community comparison group. In particular, the clinical group displayed less otherside thinking and more hostile attribution biases in unintentional situations compared with the community comparison group. Cognitive abilities and the decision making performance predicted group membership. Then, group membership, ratings of self‐control, attitudes about morally debatable behaviors, and antisocial beliefs predicted ratings of antisocial behavior in the full sample. These findings suggest that measures of cognitive ability and decision making make separate contributions to explaining antisocial behaviors. In addition, the predictors of group membership and antisocial behavior did not overlap, suggesting that antisocial behavior engagement in clinical samples may be separable from the continuum of antisocial behavior across the full sample. Cognitive science models of decision making can provide a framework for understanding antisocial behavior in clinical and community samples of adolescents. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validated spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of carbamazepine in pharmaceutical dosage forms after reaction with 4‐chloro‐7‐‐nitrobenzo‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazole (NBD‐Cl)
Authors: Walash Mohammed I. , El‐Enany Nahed , Askar Hanany
Published: March 2015

A sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method has been developed and validated for the determination of the anti‐epileptic drug carbamazepine (CBZ) in its dosage forms. The method was based on a nucleophilic substitution reaction of CBZ with 4‐chloro‐7‐nitrobenzo‐2‐ oxa‐1,3‐diazole (NBD‐Cl) in borate buffer (pH 9) to form a highly fluorescent derivative that was measured at 530 nm after excitation at 460 nm. Factors affecting the formation of the reaction product were studied and optimized, and the reaction mechanism was postulated. The fluorescence–concentration plot is rectilinear over the range of 0.6–8 µg/mL with limit of detection of 0.06 µg/mL and limit of quantitation of 0.19 µg/mL. The method was applied to the analysis of commercial tablets and the results were in good agreement with those obtained using the reference method. Validation of the analytical procedures was evaluated according to ICH guidelines. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Dy3+ or Eu2+ co‐activator on a BaCa(SO4)2:Ce3+ mixed alkaline earth sulfate phosphor
Authors: Kongre V. C. , Gedam S. C. , Dhoble S. J.
Published: March 2015

The individual emission and energy transfer between Ce3+ and Eu2+ or Dy3+ in BaCa(SO4)2 mixed alkaline earth sulfate phosphor prepared using a co‐precipitation method is described. The phosphor was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence (PL) studies and doped by Ce;Eu and Dy rare earths. All phosphors showed excellent blue–orange emission on excitation with UV light. PL measurements reveal that the emission intensity of Eu2+ or Dy3+ dopants is greater than when they are co‐doped with Ce3+. An efficient Ce3+ → Eu2+ [2T2g(4f65d) → 8S7/2(4f7)] and Ce3+ → Dy3+ (4 F9/2 → 6H15/2 and 4 F9/2 → 6H13/2) energy transfer takes place in the BaCa(SO4)2 host. A strong blue emission peak was observed at 462 nm for Eu2+ ions and an orange emission peak at 574 nm for Dy3+ ions. Hence, this phosphor may be used as a lamp phosphor. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein design: Past, present, and future
Authors: Regan Lynne , Caballero Diego , Hinrichsen Michael R. , Virrueta Alejandro , Williams Danielle M. , O'Hern Corey S.
Published: March 2015

Building on the pioneering work of Ho and DeGrado (J Am Chem Soc 1987, 109, 6751–6758) in the late 1980s, protein design approaches have revealed many fundamental features of protein structure and stability. We are now in the era that the early work presaged – the design of new proteins with practical applications and uses. Here we briefly survey some past milestones in protein design, in addition to highlighting recent progress and future aspirations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 104: 334–350, 2015.
KDM1 class flavin‐dependent protein lysine demethylases
Authors: Burg Jonathan M. , Link Jennifer E. , Morgan Brittany S. , Heller Frederick J. , Hargrove Amanda E. , McCafferty Dewey G.
Published: March 2015

Flavin‐dependent, lysine‐specific protein demethylases (KDM1s) are a subfamily of amine oxidases that catalyze the selective posttranslational oxidative demethylation of methyllysine side chains within protein and peptide substrates. KDM1s participate in the widespread epigenetic regulation of both normal and disease state transcriptional programs. Their activities are central to various cellular functions, such as hematopoietic and neuronal differentiation, cancer proliferation and metastasis, and viral lytic replication and establishment of latency. Interestingly, KDM1s function as catalytic subunits within complexes with coregulatory molecules that modulate enzymatic activity of the demethylases and coordinate their access to specific substrates at distinct sites within the cell and chromatin. Although several classes of KDM1‐selective small molecule inhibitors have been recently developed, these pan‐active site inhibition strategies lack the ability to selectively discriminate between KDM1 activity in specific, and occasionally opposing, functional contexts within these complexes. Here we review the discovery of this class of demethylases, their structures, chemical mechanisms, and specificity. Additionally, we review inhibition of this class of enzymes as well as emerging interactions with coregulatory molecules that regulate demethylase activity in highly specific functional contexts of biological and potential therapeutic importance. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 104: 213–246, 2015.
Empirical estimation of local dielectric constants: Toward atomistic design of collagen mimetic peptides
Authors: Pike Douglas H. , Nanda Vikas
Published: March 2015

One of the key challenges in modeling protein energetics is the treatment of solvent interactions. This is particularly important in the case of peptides, where much of the molecule is highly exposed to solvent due to its small size. In this study, we develop an empirical method for estimating the local dielectric constant based on an additive model of atomic polarizabilities. Calculated values match reported apparent dielectric constants for a series of Staphylococcus aureus nuclease mutants. Calculated constants are used to determine screening effects on Coulombic interactions and to determine solvation contributions based on a modified Generalized Born model. These terms are incorporated into the protein modeling platform protCAD, and benchmarked on a data set of collagen mimetic peptides for which experimentally determined stabilities are available. Computing local dielectric constants using atomistic protein models and the assumption of additive atomic polarizabilities is a rapid and potentially useful method for improving electrostatics and solvation calculations that can be applied in the computational design of peptides. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 104: 360–370, 2015.
Molecular investigation of the interaction between ionic liquid type gemini surfactant and lysozyme: A spectroscopic and computational approach
Authors: Maurya Jitendra Kumar , Mir Muzaffar Ul Hassan , Singh Upendra Kumar , Maurya Neha , Dohare Neeraj , Patel Seema , Ali Anwar , Patel Rajan
Published: March 2015

Herein, we are reporting the interaction of ionic liquid type gemini surfactant, 1,4‐bis(3‐dodecylimidazolium‐1‐yl) butane bromide ([C12−4‐C12im]Br2) with lysozyme by using Steady state fluorescence, UV‐visible, Time resolved fluorescence, Fourier transform‐infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy techniques in combination with molecular modeling and docking method. The steady state fluorescence spectra suggested that the fluorescence of lysozyme was quenched by [C12−4‐C12im]Br2 through static quenching mechanism as confirmed by time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The binding constant for lysozyme‐[C12−4‐C12im]Br2 interaction have been measured by UV‐visible spectroscopy and found to be 2.541 × 105M−1. The FT‐IR results show conformational changes in the secondary structure of lysozyme by the addition of [C12−4‐C12im]Br2. Moreover, the molecular docking study suggested that hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions play a key role in the protein‐surfactant binding. Additionally, the molecular dynamic simulation results revealed that the lysozyme‐[C12−4‐C12im]Br2 complex reaches an equilibrium state at around 3 ns. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 406–415, 2015.
Reduction of invasive bacteria in ethanol fermentations using bacteriophages
Authors: Worley‐Morse Thomas O. , Deshusses Marc A. , Gunsch Claudia K.
Published: March 2015

Invasive Lactobacillus bacteria inhibit ethanol fermentations and reduce final product yields. Due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of Lactobacillus spp., alternative disinfection strategies are needed for ethanol fermentations. The feasibility of using the bacteriophage (phage) 8014‐B2 to control Lactobacillus plantarum in ethanol fermentations by Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated. In 48 h media‐based shake flask fermentations, phages achieved greater than 3‐log inactivation of L. plantarum, protected final ethanol yields, and maintained yeast viability. The phage‐based bacterial disinfection rates depended on both the initial phage and bacterial concentrations. Furthermore, a simple set of kinetic equations was used to model the yeast, bacteria, phage, reducing sugars, and ethanol concentrations over the course of 48 h, and the various kinetic parameters were determined. Taken together, these results demonstrate the applicability of phages to reduce L. plantarum contamination and to protect final product yields in media‐based fermentations. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 1544–1553. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Time‐resolved biofilm deformation measurements using optical coherence tomography
Authors: Blauert Florian , Horn Harald , Wagner Michael
Published: March 2015

The interaction of shear stress with the biofilm leads to a dynamic deformation, which is related to the structural and material characteristics of biofilms. We show how optical coherence tomography can be used as an imaging technique to investigate the time‐resolved deformation on the biofilm mesoscale as well as to estimate mechanical properties of the biofilm. For the first time time‐resolved deformation from cross‐sectional views of the inner biofilm structure could be shown. Changes in the biofilm structure and rheological properties were calculated from cross sections in real‐time and time‐lapsed measurements. Heterotrophic biofilms were grown in a flow cell set‐up at low shear stress of τw = 0.01 Pa. By applying higher shear stress elastic and viscoelastic behavior of biofilms were quantified. Deformation led to a change in biofilm conformation and allowed to estimate rheological properties. Assuming an ideal wall shear stress calculation, the shear modulus G = 29.7 ± 1.7 Pa and the Young's modulus E = 36.0 ± 2.6 Pa were estimated. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 1893–1905. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Initial design and physical characterization of a polymeric device for osmosis‐driven delayed burst delivery of vaccines
Authors: Melchels Ferry P.W. , Fehr Ingo , Reitz Annika S. , Dunker Urip , Beagley Kenneth W. , Dargaville Tim R. , Hutmacher Dietmar W.
Published: March 2015

Achieving the combination of delayed and immediate release of a vaccine from a delivery device without applying external triggers remains elusive in implementing single administration vaccination strategies. Here a means of vaccine delivery is presented, which exploits osmosis to trigger delayed burst release of an active compound. Poly(ε‐caprolactone) capsules of 2 mm diameter were prepared by dip‐coating, and their burst pressure and release characteristics were evaluated. Burst pressures (in bar) increased with wall thickness (t in mm) following Pburst = 131.t + 3.4 (R2 = 0.93). Upon immersion in PBS, glucose solution‐filled capsules burst after 8.7 ± 2.9 days. Copolymers of hydrophobic ε ‐caprolactone and hydrophilic polyethylene glycol were synthesized and their physico–chemical properties were assessed. With increasing hydrophilic content, the copolymer capsules showed increased water uptake rates and maximum weight increase, while the burst release was earlier: 5.6 ± 2.0 days and 1.9 ± 0.2 days for 5 and 10 wt% polyethylene glycol, respectively. The presented approach enables the reproducible preparation of capsules with high versatility in materials and properties, while these vaccine delivery vehicles can be prepared separately from, and independently of the active compound. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 1927–1935. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Randomized multicentre feasibility trial of intermediate care versus standard ward care after emergency abdominal surgery (InCare trial)
Authors: Vester-Andersen M , Waldau T , Wetterslev J , Møller M H , Rosenberg J , Jørgensen L N , Jakobsen J C , Møller A M ,   InCare trial group, Gillesberg I E , Jakobsen H L , Hansen E G , Poulsen L M , Skovdal J , Søgaard E K , Bestle M , Vilandt J , Rosenberg I , Itenov T S , Pedersen J , Madsen M R , Maschmann C , Rasmussen M , Jessen C , Bugge L
Published: March 2015

Background

Emergency abdominal surgery carries a considerable risk of death and postoperative complications. Early detection and timely management of complications may reduce mortality. The aim was to evaluate the effect and feasibility of intermediate care compared with standard ward care in patients who had emergency abdominal surgery.

Methods

This was a randomized clinical trial carried out in seven Danish hospitals. Eligible for inclusion were patients with an Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score of at least 10 who were ready to be transferred to the surgical ward within 24 h of emergency abdominal surgery. Participants were randomized to either intermediate care or standard surgical ward care after surgery. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality.

Results

In total, 286 patients were included in the modified intention-to-treat analysis. The trial was terminated after the interim analysis owing to slow recruitment and a lower than expected mortality rate. Eleven (7·6 per cent) of 144 patients assigned to intermediate care and 12 (8·5 per cent) of 142 patients assigned to ward care died within 30 days of surgery (odds ratio 0·91, 95 per cent c.i. 0·38 to 2·16; P = 0·828). Thirty (20·8 per cent) of 144 patients assigned to intermediate care and 37 (26·1 per cent) of 142 assigned to ward care died within the total observation period (hazard ratio 0·78, 95 per cent c.i. 0·48 to 1·26; P = 0·310).

Conclusion

Postoperative intermediate care had no statistically significant effect on 30-day mortality after emergency abdominal surgery, nor any effect on secondary outcomes. The trial was stopped prematurely owing to slow recruitment and a much lower than expected mortality rate among the enrolled patients. Registration number: NCT01209663 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Surgical management of patients with colorectal cancer and simultaneous liver and lung metastases
Authors: Andres A , Mentha G , Adam R , Gerstel E , Skipenko O G , Barroso E , Lopez-Ben S , Hubert C , Majno P E , Toso C
Published: March 2015

Background

The management of patients with colorectal cancer and simultaneously diagnosed liver and lung metastases (SLLM) remains controversial.

Methods

The LiverMetSurvey registry was interrogated for patients treated between 2000 and 2012 to assess outcomes after resection of SLLM, and the factors associated with survival. SLLM was defined as liver and lung metastases diagnosed 3 months or less apart. Survival was compared between patients with resected isolated liver metastases (group 1, control), those with resected liver and lung metastases (group 2), and patients with resected liver metastases and unresected (or unresectable) lung metastases (group 3). An Akaike test was used to select variables for assessment of survival adjusted for confounding variables.

Results

Group 1 (isolated liver metastases, hepatic resection alone) included 9185 patients, group 2 (resection of liver and lung metastases) 149 patients, and group 3 (resection of liver metastases, no resection of lung metastases) 285 patients. Ten variables differed significantly between groups and seven were included in the model for adjusted survival (age, number of liver metastases, synchronicity of liver metastases with primary tumour, carcinoembryonic antigen level, node status of the primary tumour, initial resectability of liver metastases and inclusion in group 3). Adjusted overall 5-year survival was similar for groups 1 and 2 (51·5 and 44·5 per cent respectively), but worse for group 3 (14·3 per cent) (P = 0·001).

Conclusion

Patients who had resection of liver and lung metastases had similar overall survival to those who had undergone removal of isolated liver metastases.
Towards Understanding Directed Evolution: More than Half of All Amino Acid Positions Contribute to Ionic Liquid Resistance of Bacillus subtilis Lipase A
Authors: Frauenkron‐Machedjou Victorine Josiane , Fulton Alexander , Zhu Leilei , Anker Carolin , Bocola Marco , Jaeger Karl‐Erich , Schwaneberg Ulrich
Published: March 2015

Ionic liquids (ILs) are attractive (co‐)solvents for biocatalysis. However, in high concentration (>10 % IL), enzymes usually show decreased activity. No general principles have been discovered to improve IL resistance of enzymes by protein engineering. We present a systematic study to elucidate general engineering principles by site saturation mutagenesis on the complete gene bsla. Screening in presence of four [BMIM]‐based ILs revealed two unexpected lessons on directed evolution: 1) resistance improvement was obtainable at 50–69 % of all amino acid positions, thus explaining the success of small sized random mutant libraries; 2) 6–13 % of substitutions led to improved resistance. Among these, 66–95 % were substitutions by chemically different amino acids (e.g., aromatic to polar/aliphatic/charged amino acids), thus indicating that mutagenesis methods introducing such changes should, at least for lipases like BSLA, be favored to improve IL resistance.
Genome Mining of the Hitachimycin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster: Involvement of a Phenylalanine‐2,3‐aminomutase in Biosynthesis
Authors: Kudo Fumitaka , Kawamura Koichi , Uchino Asuka , Miyanaga Akimasa , Numakura Mario , Takayanagi Ryuichi , Eguchi Tadashi
Published: March 2015

Hitachimycin is a macrolactam antibiotic with (S)‐β‐phenylalanine (β‐Phe) at the starter position of its polyketide skeleton. To understand the incorporation mechanism of β‐Phe and the modification mechanism of the unique polyketide skeleton, the biosynthetic gene cluster for hitachimycin in Streptomyces scabrisporus was identified by genome mining. The identified gene cluster contains a putative phenylalanine‐2,3‐aminomutase (PAM), five polyketide synthases, four β‐amino‐acid‐carrying enzymes, and a characteristic amidohydrolase. A hitA knockout mutant showed no hitachimycin production, but antibiotic production was restored by feeding with (S)‐β‐Phe. We also confirmed the enzymatic activity of the HitA PAM. The results suggest that the identified gene cluster is responsible for the biosynthesis of hitachimycin. A plausible biosynthetic pathway for hitachimycin, including a unique polyketide skeletal transformation mechanism, is proposed.
A Bayesian sparse reconstruction method for fault detection and isolation
Authors: Zeng Jiusun , Huang Biao , Xie Lei
Published: March 2015

This article develops a Bayesian method for fault detection and isolation using a sparse reconstruction framework. The normal/training data is assumed to follow a signal‐plus‐noise model, and an indicator matrix is used to show whether the test data is from a faulty process. The distribution of the indicator matrix is modeled by a Laplacian distribution, which forces the indicator matrix to be a sparse one, and a Gibbs sampler is derived to obtain the estimation/reconstruction of the indicator matrix, the unobserved signals, and other parameters like signal mean, covariance, and noise variance. The faulty variables can then be detected and isolated by inspecting whether corresponding rows of the indicator matrix are zero. The proposed Bayesian approach is data driven; it allows for simultaneous fault detection and isolation. A simulation study and an industrial case study are used to test the performance of the proposed method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical Speciation and Bond Lengths of Organic Solutes by Core‐Level Spectroscopy: pH and Solvent Influence on p‐Aminobenzoic Acid
Authors: Stevens Joanna S. , Gainar Adrian , Suljoti Edlira , Xiao Jie , Golnak Ronny , Aziz Emad F. , Schroeder Sven L. M.
Published: March 2015

Through X‐ray absorption and emission spectroscopies, the chemical, electronic and structural properties of organic species in solution can be observed. Near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering (RIXS) measurements at the nitrogen K‐edge of para‐aminobenzoic acid reveal both pH‐ and solvent‐dependent variations in the ionisation potential (IP), 1s→π* resonances and HOMO–LUMO gap. These changes unequivocally identify the chemical species (neutral, cationic or anionic) present in solution. It is shown how this incisive chemical state sensitivity is further enhanced by the possibility of quantitative bond length determination, based on the analysis of chemical shifts in IPs and σ* shape resonances in the NEXAFS spectra. This provides experimental access to detecting even minor variations in the molecular structure of solutes in solution, thereby providing an avenue to examining computational predictions of solute properties and solute–solvent interactions.
Synthesis, Characterisation and Reactivity of Copper(I) Amide Complexes and Studies on Their Role in the Modified Ullmann Amination Reaction
Authors: Sung Simon , Braddock D. Christopher , Armstrong Alan , Brennan Colin , Sale David , White Andrew J. P. , Davies Robert P.
Published: March 2015

A series of copper(I) alkylamide complexes have been synthesised; copper(I) dicyclohexylamide (1), copper(I) 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidide (2), copper(I) pyrrolidide (3), copper(I) piperidide (4), and copper(I) benzylamide (5). Their solid‐state structures and structures in [D6]benzene solution are characterised, with the aggregation state in solution determined by a combination of DOSY NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. Complexes 1, 2 and 4 are shown to exist as tetramers in the solid state by X‐ray crystallography. In [D6]benzene solution, complexes 1, 2 and 5 were found by using 1H DOSY NMR to exist in rapid equilibrium between aggregates with average aggregation numbers of 2.5, 2.4 and 3.3, respectively, at 0.05 M concentration. Conversely, distinct trimeric, tetrameric and pentameric forms of 3 and 4 were distinguishable by one‐dimensional 1H and 1H DOSY NMR spectroscopy. Complexes 3–5 are found to react stoichiometrically with iodobenzene, in the presence or absence of 1,10‐phenanthroline as an ancillary ligand, to give arylamine products indicative of their role as potential intermediates in the modified Ullmann reaction. The role of phenanthroline has also been explored both in the stoichiometric reaction and in the catalytic Ullmann protocol.
Ceramic Counterflow Reactor for Efficient Conversion of CO2 to Carbon‐Rich Syngas
Authors: Kelling René , Dubbe Hendrik , Eigenberger Gerhart , Nieken Ulrich
Published: March 2015

CO2 is a suitable feedstock for syngas production. Possible co‐reactants to convert CO2 are hydrogen or methane. Hydrogen can be produced from electrolysis of water with renewable energy, whereby pure oxygen is obtained. Consequently, a simultaneous partial combustion of the energy‐rich co‐reactants (H2 or CH4) with oxygen is possible to compensate for the required heat of reaction and to achieve high temperatures. This is crucial for both, high CO2 conversion and the prevention of harmful coke formation. For this application a new, scalable reactor concept is proposed. A proof of concept is presented both experimentally and model‐based. The model predicts high CO2 conversion and syngas production in industrial scale while maintaining defined temperature limits so that coke formation is avoided.
Glutaraldehyde fixation preserves the trend of elasticity alterations for endothelial cells exposed to TNF‐α
Authors: Targosz‐Korecka Marta , Daniel Brzezinka Grzegorz , Danilkiewicz Joanna , Rajfur Zenon , Szymonski Marek
Published: March 2015

Among the users of atomic force microscopy based techniques, there is an ongoing discussion, whether cell elasticity measurements performed on fixed cells could be used for determination of the relative elasticity changes of the native (unfixed) cells subjected to physiologically active external agents. In this article, we present a case, for which the legitimacy of cell fixation for elasticity measurements is justified. We provide an evidence that the alterations of cell elasticity triggered by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) in EA.hy926 endothelial cells are preserved after glutaraldehyde (GA) fixation. The value of post‐fixation elasticity parameter is a product of the elasticity parameter obtained for living cells and a constant value, dependent on the GA concentration. The modification of the initial value of elasticity parameter caused by remodeling of the cortical actin cytoskeleton is reflected in the elasticity measurements performed on fixed cells. Thus, such fixation procedure may be particularly helpful for experiments, where the influence of an external agent on the cell cortex should be assessed and AFM measurements of living cells are problematic or better statistics is needed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytopathology of pulmonary adenocarcinoma with a single histological pattern using the proposed International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (IASLC/ATS/ERS) classification
Authors: Rodriguez Erika F. , Dacic Sanja , Pantanowitz Liron , Khalbuss Walid E. , Monaco Sara E.
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

Guidelines for histological subtyping in patients with surgically resected lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) were recently proposed by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society. The objective of the current study was to investigate the cytomorphology of these subtypes of ADC in cases with matched histology specimens demonstrating a single pure subtype.

METHODS

The authors reviewed their database for patients with histological diagnoses of primary lung ADC with a single histological pattern observed on surgical resection and investigated the cytological findings in 18 matched cytology specimens to eliminate sampling issues in cases of mixed ADC.

RESULTS

Resections were classified as acinar (7 specimens), solid (6 specimens), lepidic (2 specimens), mucinous (2 specimens), and papillary (1 specimen). Cytology specimens demonstrating a solid pattern had a predominance of 3‐dimensional clusters (5 of 6 vs 0 of 12 specimens) (P = .0007, Fisher exact test), necrotic background (3 of 6 vs 0 of 12 specimens) (P = .02), pleomorphic nuclei (6 of 6 vs 1 of 12 specimens) (P = .0004), irregular nuclear contours (6 of 6 vs 3 of 12 specimens) (P = .009), and nuclear enlargement (5 of 6 vs 2 of 12 specimens) (P = .01) compared with the nonsolid patterns. Nuclear pseudoinclusions were present only in nonsolid patterns (5 of 12 specimens), although this finding was not statistically significant (P = .05)

CONCLUSIONS

Cytological features of lung ADC subtypes proposed by the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification overlap. However, architectural and nuclear features may be helpful, particularly in distinguishing the prognostically adverse solid pattern from other patterns. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:306–17. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Fuzzy guaranteed cost output tracking control for fuzzy discrete‐time systems with different premise variables
Authors: Liu Di , Wu Chengwei , Zhou Qi , Lam Hak‐Keung
Published: March 2015

This article investigates the problem of output tracking control for a class of discrete‐time interval type‐2 (IT2) fuzzy systems subject to mismatched premise variables. Based on the IT2 Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy model, the criterion to design the desired controller is obtained, which guarantees the closed‐loop system to be asymptotically stable and satisfies the predefined cost function. Moreover, the controller to be designed does not need to share the same premise variables of the system, which enhances the flexibility of controller design and reduces the conservativeness. Finally, two examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method proposed in this article. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 265–276, 2016
Metabolism of classical cannabinoids and the synthetic cannabinoid JWH‐018
Authors: Su MK , Seely KA , Moran JH , Hoffman RS
Published: March 2015

Although the putative pharmacological targets of synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) abused in “K2” and “Spice” are similar to Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC), it remains unclear why SCB toxicity is similar yet different from marijuana. There are obvious potency and efficacy differences, but also important metabolic differences that help explain the unique adverse reactions associated with SCBs. This brief review discusses the limited research on the metabolism of the SCB JWH‐018 and contrasts that with the metabolism of Δ9‐THC.
Cannabinoids in late‐onset Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Ahmed AIA , van der Marck MA , van den Elsen GAH , Olde Rikkert MGM
Published: March 2015

Given the lack of effective treatments for late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) and the substantial burden on patients, families, health care systems, and economies, finding an effective therapy is one of the highest medical priorities. The past few years have seen a growing interest in the medicinal uses of cannabinoids, the bioactive components of the cannabis plant, including the treatment of LOAD and other physical conditions that are common in older people. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that cannabinoids can reduce oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the key hallmarks of LOAD. In addition, in population‐based studies, cannabinoids reduced dementia‐related symptoms (e.g., behavioral disturbances). The current article provides an overview of the potential of cannabinoids in the treatment of LOAD and related neuropsychiatric symptoms in older people. We also discuss the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of cannabinoid‐based drugs in older people with dementia.
Cannabinoids: Friend or foe?
Authors: Le Foll B , Tyndale RF
Published: March 2015

This issue of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics focuses on cannabinoids. Our understanding of these interesting endogenous and synthetic compounds, and their role in the cannabinoid system, has evolved dramatically, in part because of the acquisition of new research tools. Cannabis has been used for centuries by humans for recreational and medicinal purposes, however, there is substantial evidence that cannabis use can expose people to varying complications (e.g., risk of addiction, cognitive impairment), thus, it is important to determine the benefit/risk of cannabis with precision and to implement policy measures based on evidence to maximize the benefits and minimize the harm. Novel cannabinoid drugs are emerging for medicinal use (e.g., dronabinol, nabiximols) and as illicit drugs (e.g., Spice, K2) perpetuating the perception that cannabinoid drugs can be a friend or foe. This special issue will cover these various aspects of cannabinoid pharmacology and therapeutics ranging from basic chemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and clinical trial results, to policy and education efforts in this area.
Gonadectomy before puberty increases the number of neurons and glia in the medial prefrontal cortex of female, but not male, rats
Authors: Koss Wendy A. , Lloyd Madeline M. , Sadowski Renee N. , Wise Leslie M. , Juraska Janice M.
Published: March 2015

The human prefrontal cortex, important for executive functions, loses gray matter throughout the adolescent period. In rats, our laboratory demonstrated that a loss of neurons between adolescence and adulthood partially underlies the loss of volume, and this loss is greater in females than males. Here, we examine whether being deprived of gonadal hormones before puberty through adulthood influences the number of neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Prior to puberty, the testes or ovaries were removed in male and female rats. In adulthood, the number of neurons and glia in the mPFC were quantified using unbiased stereology, and the volume of the frontal white matter was measured. Prepubertal ovariectomy resulted in a higher number of neurons and glia and a larger volume of white matter compared to sham control littermates. Castrated males were not different from sham males on any measure. Thus ovarian hormones secreted after puberty influence the cellular composition of the medial prefrontal cortex. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 305–312, 2015.
Early gait development in human infants: Plasticity and clinical applications
Authors: Teulier Caroline , Lee Do Kyeong , Ulrich Beverly D.
Published: March 2015

In this paper we focus on how a developmental perspective on plasticity in the control of human movement can promote early therapy and improve gait acquisition in infants with developmental disabilities. Current knowledge about stepping development in healthy infants across the first year of life highlights strong plasticity, both in behavioral outcome and in underlying neuro‐muscular activation. These data show that stepping, like other motor skills, emerges from the interaction between infant's maturation and the environment. This view is reinforced by showing that infants with different internal resources (like genetic disorder or neural tube defect) show unique developmental trajectories when supported on a treadmill, yet do respond. Moreover, we will show that their behavior can be improved by context manipulations (mostly sensory stimulation) or practice. Overall, plasticity in the neural, skeletal, and muscle tissues create new opportunities for optimizing early intervention by creatively tapping into the same developmental processes experienced by healthy infants. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 447–458, 2015.
Exploration—exploitation strategy is dependent on early experience
Authors: Humphreys Kathryn L. , Lee Steve S. , Telzer Eva H. , Gabard‐Durnam Laurel J. , Goff Bonnie , Flannery Jessica , Tottenham Nim
Published: March 2015

Traditional conceptualizations of early adversity characterize behavioral outcomes as maladaptive. However, conditional adaptation theory proposes that differing behavioral phenotypes following early experience are appropriate for the expected environment (e.g., behaviors likely to result in the best outcome based on environmental expectations). In the present study, youth with (n = 46) and without (n = 91) a history of previous institutionalization completed a laboratory‐based experimental paradigm in which exploration—exploitation strategy was examined, a phenotype relevant to environmental expectations. Previous institutionalization was associated with decreased exploration and increased exploitation. A strategy favoring exploration resulted in greater success in the generous task condition whereas a strategy favoring exploitation produced greater success in the restricted task condition. These results suggest that exploration—exploitation strategy may be influenced by early experience, and the resulting success of strategy choice is context dependent and in line with expectations of the future environment based on early experience. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 313–321, 2015.
New era for chimpanzee research: Broad implications of chimpanzee research decisions
Authors: Bennett Allyson J.
Published: March 2015

The unprecedented recent decision‐making about chimpanzees supported for biomedical science by the US National Institutes of Health attracted international attention and significantly changed many dimensions of chimpanzee research. Many public and media portrayals incorrectly generalized the NIH findings to conclude that chimpanzee research itself was no longer necessary. In fact, the broader question of the necessity and value of the full range of chimpanzee research was never asked, evaluated, or within the NIH's primary charge. The Institute of Medicine evaluative panel found that research with chimpanzees was necessary for some, but not all, purposes. The panel's findings also led the NIH to introduce new standards for the care and management of NIH‐supported chimpanzees and a new mechanism for ethical review of grant proposals involving chimpanzees. The NIH evaluation and decisions could not address all captive chimpanzees and all types of research. However, the process did underscore the need for a more expansive framework for continued ethical review and decision‐making to responsibly address the future of captive chimpanzee management and research. Among the broader considerations are extension of evidence‐informed standards to ensure equitable care and treatment of all chimpanzees; determining the global impact of limited captive populations; and balancing benefit and harm at individual, species, societal, and environmental levels. The breadth and longevity of impact from the current US decisions suggest the need for many voices, disciplines, and stakeholders to address the complex interplay between science, animal welfare, and global health. Summary © 2015Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 279–288, 2015.
Active touch in late‐preterm and early‐term neonates
Authors: Molina Michèle , Sann Coralie , David Morgane , Touré Yacine , Guillois Bernard , Jouen François
Published: March 2015

An infant‐controlled tactile habituation without visual control procedure was used to evaluate the ability of 32 late‐preterm neonates (mean gestational age: 34 weeks) and 32 early‐term neonates (mean gestational age: 38 weeks) to actively explore with hands objects varying in texture (smooth, granular). Holding time and Hand Pressure Frequency (HPF) were recorded. Holding time decreased as habituation progressed in both group of neonates. Holding time increased from habituation trials to test trials only in early‐term neonates. A reaction to novelty was only observed in early‐term neonates. During habituation, HPF remained unchanged in late‐preterm infants whereas HPF decreased in early‐term infants. HPF increased from habituation trials to test trials in early‐term neonates and in late‐preterm infants. However, reaction to novelty was only observed for early‐term infants. The significance of these results is discussed in reference to brain maturation in preterm infants. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 322–335, 2015.
Ear manipulations reveal a critical period for survival and dendritic development at the single‐cell level in Mauthner neurons
Authors: Elliott Karen L. , Houston Douglas W. , DeCook Rhonda , Fritzsch Bernd
Published: March 2015

Second‐order sensory neurons are dependent on afferents from the sense organs during a critical period in development for their survival and differentiation. Past research has mostly focused on whole populations of neurons, hampering progress in understanding the mechanisms underlying these critical phases. To move toward a better understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of afferent‐dependent neuronal development, we developed a new model to study the effects of ear removal on a single identifiable cell in the hindbrain of a frog, the Mauthner cell. Ear extirpation at various stages of Xenopus laevis development defines a critical period of progressively‐reduced dependency of Mauthner cell survival/differentiation on the ear afferents. Furthermore, ear removal results in a progressively decreased reduction in the number of dendritic branches. Conversely, addition of an ear results in an increase in the number of dendritic branches. These results suggest that the duration of innervation and the number of inner ear afferents play a quantitative role in Mauthner cell survival/differentiation, including dendritic development. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 1339–1351, 2015
Spatial pattern of spontaneous retinal waves instructs retinotopic map refinement more than activity frequency
Authors: Xu Hong‐Ping , Burbridge Timothy J. , Chen Ming‐Gang , Ge Xinxin , Zhang Yueyi , Zhou Zhimin Jimmy , Crair Michael C.
Published: March 2015

Spontaneous activity during early development is necessary for the formation of precise neural connections, but it remains uncertain whether activity plays an instructive or permissive role in brain wiring. In the visual system, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections to the brain form two prominent sensory maps, one reflecting eye of origin and the other retinotopic location. Recent studies provide compelling evidence supporting an instructive role for spontaneous retinal activity in the development of eye‐specific projections, but evidence for a similarly instructive role in the development of retinotopy is more equivocal. Here, we report on experiments in which we knocked down the expression of β2‐containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (β2‐nAChRs) specifically in the retina through a Cre‐loxP recombination strategy. Overall levels of spontaneous retinal activity in retina‐specific β2‐nAChR mutant mice (Rx‐β2cKO), examined in vitro and in vivo, were reduced to a degree comparable to that observed in whole animal β2‐nAChR mouse mutants (β2KO). However, many residual spontaneous waves in Rx‐β2cKO mice displayed local propagating features with strong correlations between nearby but not distant RGCs typical of waves observed in wild‐type (WT) but not β2KO mice. We further observed that eye‐specific segregation was disrupted in Rx‐β2cKO mice, but retinotopy was spared in a competition‐dependent manner. These results suggest that propagating patterns of spontaneous retinal waves are essential for normal development of the retinotopic map, even while overall activity levels are significantly reduced, and support an instructive role for spontaneous retinal activity in both eye‐specific segregation and retinotopic refinement. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 621–640, 2015
Transient ipsilateral retinal ganglion cell projections to the brain: Extent, targeting, and disappearance
Authors: Soares Célia A. , Mason Carol A.
Published: March 2015

During development of the mammalian eye, the first retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that extend to the brain are located in the dorsocentral (DC) retina. These RGCs extend to either ipsilateral or contralateral targets, but the ipsilateral projections do not survive into postnatal periods. The function and means of disappearance of the transient ipsilateral projection are not known. We have followed the course of this transient early ipsilateral cohort of RGCs, paying attention to how far they extend, whether they enter targets and if so, which ones, and the time course of their disappearance. The DC ipsilateral RGC axons were traced using DiI labeling at E13.5 and E15.5 to compare the proportion of ipsi‐ versus contralateral projections during the first period of growth. In utero electroporation of E12.5 retina with GFP constructs was used to label axons that could be visualized at succeeding time points into postnatal ages. Our results show that the earliest ipsilateral axons grow along the cellular border of the brain, and are segregated from the laterally positioned contralateral axons from the same retinal origin. In agreement with previous reports, although many early RGCs extend ipsilaterally, after E16 their number rapidly declines. Nonetheless, some ipsilateral axons from the DC retina enter the superior colliculus and arborize minimally, but very few enter the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and those that do extend only short branches. While the mechanism of selective axonal disappearance remains elusive, these data give further insight into establishment of the visual pathways. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 1385–1401, 2015
Extended Flocking Algorithm for Self‐parameter Tuning
Authors: YAMAUCHI SHO , KAWAMURA HIDENORI , SUZUKI KEIJI
Published: March 2015

Flocking algorithms for a multiagent system are distributed algorithms that only have simple rules for each agent but generate complex formational movement. These algorithms are known as swarm intelligence and are robust and disaster tolerant for most cases. We consider that flocking algorithms that have these characteristics are the way to generate homeostasis in a system. We expect that by making use of this algorithm the system can tune its self‐parameters and thus maintain a high performance. First, to apply a flocking algorithm to a system, we extended the flocking algorithm to form an arbitrary lattice for further flexibility. We then applied the extended flocking algorithm to position tracking camera system as an example.
Application of Directed Self‐Assembly Lithography to Semiconductor Device Manufacturing Process
Authors: SEINO YURIKO , KATO HIROKAZU , YONEMITSU HIROKI , SATO HIRONOBU , KANNO MASAHIRO , KOBAYASHI KATSUTOSHI , KAWANISHI AYAKO , AZUMA TSUKASA
Published: March 2015

Directed self‐assembly (DSA) lithography has recently entered the spotlight as one of the most promising new generation lithography candidates, with the potential for fabrication of semiconductor device patterns down to sub‐30 nm. In this report, the latest experimental and simulation results on the contact hole shrinking process using DSA are demonstrated.
Synthesis of 5‐Iodo‐4H‐1,3‐oxazine‐4‐ones Through a [3+3] Reaction of Amides and Propiolates Induced by N‐Iodosuccinimide (NIS) and Cu(CF3SO3)2
Authors: Li Chen , Liu Nan , Qi Qing‐Rong , Chen Yue , He Ling
Published: March 2015

A series of novel trisubstituted 5‐iodo‐4H‐1,3‐oxazine‐4‐ones were prepared in moderate to excellent yields induced by NIS and Cu(CF3SO3)2through a [3+3] reaction of amides and propiolates. The reaction proceeds in a one‐pot manner under mild conditions and gives rise to a new strategy for the formation of trisubstituted 5‐iodo‐4H‐1,3‐oxazine‐4‐ones and their derivatives.
A High Sensitive TNT Sensor Based on Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide‐Poly(amidoamine) Modified Electrode
Authors: Shamsipur Mojtaba , Tabrizi Mahmoud Amouzadeh , Mahkam Mehrdad , Aboudi Javad
Published: March 2015

In this paper, the electrochemically reduced graphene oxide‐poly(amidoamine) hybrid (ErGO‐PAMAM) have been used for fabrication of TNT electrochemical sensor. The prepared modified electrode is characterized with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). Based on obtained results, it is can be seen that the ErGO‐PAMAM/GCE has high response to TNT than the other graphene based modified electrodes. The resulting electrochemical sensor exhibited good response to TNT with linear range from 0.05 to 1.2 ppm with a low detection limit of 0.0015 ppm.