bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management and Outcomes of Acute Surgical Patients at a District Hospital in Uganda with Non‐physician Emergency Clinicians
Authors: Dresser Caleb , Periyanayagam Usha , Dreifuss Brad , Wangoda Robert , Luyimbaazi Julius , Bisanzo Mark ,   Global Emergency Care Collaborative Investigators
Published: April 2017

Introduction

Acute surgical care services in rural Sub‐Saharan Africa suffer from human resource and systemic constraints. Developing emergency care systems and task sharing aspects of acute surgical care addresses many of these issues. This paper investigates the degree to which specialized non‐physicians practicing in a dedicated Emergency Department contribute to the effective and efficient management of acute surgical patients.

Methods

This is a retrospective review of an electronic quality assurance database of patients presenting to an Emergency Department in rural Uganda staffed by non‐physician clinicians trained in emergency care. Relevant de‐identified clinical data on patients admitted directly to the operating theater from 2011 to 2014 were analyzed in Microsoft Excel.

Results

Overall, 112 Emergency Department patients were included in the analysis and 96% received some form of laboratory testing, imaging, medication, or procedure in the ED, prior to surgery. 72% of surgical patients referred by ED received preoperative antibiotics, and preoperative fluid resuscitation was initiated in 65%. Disposition to operating theater was accomplished within 3 h of presentation for 73% of patients. 79% were successfully followed up to assess outcomes at 72 h. 92% of those with successful follow‐up reported improvement in their clinical condition. The confirmed mortality rate was 5%.

Conclusion

Specialized non‐physician clinicians practicing in a dedicated Emergency Department can perform resuscitation, bedside imaging and laboratory studies to aid in diagnosis of acute surgical patients and arrange transfer to an operating theater in an efficient fashion. This model has the potential to sustainably address structural and human resources problems inherent to Sub‐Saharan Africa’s current acute surgical care model and will benefit from further study and expansion.
The Effects of Infrared Roasting on HCN Content, Chemical Composition and Storage Stability of Flaxseed and Flaxseed Oil
Authors: Tuncel Necati Barış , Uygur Ayşen , Karagül Yüceer Yonca
Published: April 2017

Flaxseeds were roasted at 1150 W/m2 radiation intensity with short and medium wave infrared (IR) emitters for specific durations, which provided good visual and sensory quality. The effects of IR roasting on color properties, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) content, tocopherols and fatty acid composition of the flaxseed and flaxseed oil were investigated. Further, flaxseeds were stored for 6 months and free fatty acid content and peroxide values were followed at 1‐month intervals to understand the effect of IR treatment on hydrolytic and oxidative stability. HCN content of the flaxseeds was reduced up to 59% with IR roasting. Tocopherol content of the IR roasted flaxseed oil was higher than that of the control. No notable variation was observed in fatty acid composition with regard to IR treatment. Free fatty acid content of IR roasted flaxseeds did not increase during storage, while peroxide value of the seeds significantly increased up to 95 mEq O2/kg oil.
Refining the tightness and looseness framework with a consumer lens
Authors: Lin Lily , Dahl Darren W. , Argo Jennifer J.
Published: April 2017

In their paper, Li, Gordon and Gelfand (this issue) introduced the Tightness–Looseness (T–L) framework to the consumer domain, and offered several ideas on how this framework could be applied to consumer behavior. In this commentary, we examine the T–L framework through the consumer lens and discuss how the uniqueness of the consumption context can refine and broaden this psychological framework. We identify four questions that aim to enrich our discussion of this framework from the perspective of consumer research, and to motivate future research questions. Specifically, we consider 1) how the interplay between the tightness/looseness of a culture and its effect on consumer behavior can be a bi‐directional relationship, 2) how variances in T–L in different consumption subcultures and aspects of society (e.g., economic, political) can impact consumer behavior, 3) how the examination of T–L at different stages in the consumption process is a relevant and important question to consider, and 4) how T–L may contribute to further investigation and understanding of punishment toward business and consumer norm violators.
Is Cigarette and Alcohol Use Associated with High-Risk Sexual Behaviors Among Youth in China?
Authors: Guo Chao , Wen Xu , Li Ning , Wang Zhenjie , Chen Gong , Zheng Xiaoying
Published: April 2017

Background

Very few studies have explored the association between cigarette or alcohol use and high-risk sexual behaviors (HRSBs) among Chinese youth.

Aim

To identify the associations between cigarette and/or alcohol use and HRSBs in unmarried youth 15 to 24 years old in China.

Methods

Data were obtained from a nationally representative survey of youth 15 to 24 years old in China. Population numbers, prevalences, and proportions were calculated where appropriate. The χ2 test was used to examine the different proportions of cigarette and alcohol use behaviors and HRSBs in female vs male youth. Logistic regression with propensity score-based weighting was used to elucidate the separate and combined associations of cigarette use and alcohol use with each HRSB.

Outcomes

The sexual behaviors of condom non-use during the first sexual experience, sexual activity with multiple partners, being forced to have sexual intercourse, taking part in casual sex, engaging in commercial sex, taking part in anal sex, and condom non-use during the most recent sexual encounter were classified as HRSBs.

Results

Of youth 15 to 24 years old, 23.2% ever used cigarettes, 38.1% used alcohol, and 19.9% used cigarettes and alcohol. Compared with cigarette and alcohol non-use, cigarette and alcohol use showed a significantly increased risk of condom non-use during the first sexual experience (odds ratio = 2.9, 95% CI = 2.5–3.3), sexual activity with multiple partners (4.9, 3.8–6.2), forced sex (2.7, 1.1–6.9), casual sex (4.0, 3.1–5.3), commercial sex (2.9, 2.1–3.9), anal copulation (3.1, 2.1–4.6), condom non-use during the most recent sexual encounter (2.5, 2.1–3.0), and any HSRB (3.2, 2.8–3.6) among youth. The relations between cigarette and alcohol use and HRSBs were stronger among female youth than among male youth for all HRSBs.

Clinical Implications

More efforts should be made to implement HIV and AIDS prevention that consider the role of cigarette and alcohol use in precipitating HRSBs.

Strengths and Limitations

This study provided a more detailed evaluation with greater confidence of the association between cigarette and/or alcohol use and HRSBs with sex disparity taken into account using nationally representative data, although no detailed information about cigarette and alcohol use behaviors such as dependence and cessation was gathered in this survey.

Conclusion

Youth who use cigarette and alcohol are at greater risk of HRSBs, especially female youth.
Análisis bibliométrico de la revista investigación en educación médica. Período 2012-2016
Authors: Corrales-Reyes Ibraín Enrique , Fornaris-Cedeño Yasmany , Reyes-Pérez Juan José
Published: April 2017

Introducción: Los estudios bibliométricos aplicados a las revistas científicas constituyen instrumentos que permiten evaluar el desempe˜no e impacto de estas.

Objetivo: Analizar los artículos publicados en la revista Investigación en Educación Médica en el período 2012-2016.

Método: Se realizó un estudio bibliométrico descriptivo-retrospectivo de los documentos publicados en el período 2012-2016. Las variables estudiadas fueron: total de números, total de artículos, citas, promedio de citas por a˜no, promedio de citas por artículos, promedio de citas por autores, promedio de citas por autores por a˜no, promedio de artículos por autor, promedio de autores por artículo, índice h, índice g, índice h contemporáneo (hc), índice hI, índice hI normalizado, índice AWCR, índice AW, índice AWCRpA, índice e, índice hm, índice hI anual, cobertura H, cobertura G, tipología documental, afiliación de los autores, índice de colaboración, referencias bibliográficas, grado de actualidad de las referencias bibliográficas según el índice de Price e idiomas de las referencias bibliográficas. Se calcularon los indicadores cienciométricos mediante el software Harzing’s Publish or Perish 5, tomando como base de datos el Google Académico.

Resultados: La revista ha recibido 330 citas y posee un índice h igual a 7. Se publicaron 280 artículos (100 originales), con una media de 56.0±33.05 por a˜no. El artículo más citado obtuvo 37 citas (12.33 citas por a˜no) y estuvo relacionado con la técnica de grupos focales. Los países con mayor cantidad de artículos fueron: México con 156, Espa˜na con 6, así como Estados Unidos y Chile con 5. Se contabilizaron 550 autores firmantes y el índice de colaboración fue de 2.86. Se revisaron 3,465 referencias bibliográficas (68.57% en inglés); el promedio de referencias por artículo fue de 18.05±13.49. El índice de Price osciló entre 0.24 y 0.67, con un promedio de 0.31.

Conclusiones: Las secciones «Artículos Originales» y «Resúmenes» sobresalen como las tipologías documentales más utilizadas. El artículo más citado estuvo relacionado con la técnica de grupos focales. Existió predominio de autoría mexicana, así como de artículos realizados por un solo autor y referencias en idioma inglés. El índice de Price mostró un valor comparable con el de otras revistas de alto impacto.
Phylogenetic analysis of Monascus and new species from honey, pollen and nests of stingless bees
Authors: Barbosa R.N. , Leong S.L. , Vinnere-Pettersson O. , Chen A.J. , Souza-Motta C.M. , Frisvad J.C. , Samson R.A. , Oliveira N.T. , Houbraken J.
Published: April 2017

The genus Monascus was described by van Tieghem (1884) to accommodate M. ruber and M. mucoroides, two species with non-ostiolate ascomata. Species delimitation in the genus is still mainly based on phenotypic characters, and taxonomic studies that include
sequence data are limited. The genus is of economic importance. Species are used in fermented Asian foods as food colourants (e.g. ‘red rice’ (ang-kak, angka)) and found as spoilage organisms, and recently Monascus was found to be essential in the lifecycle of stingless
bees. In this study, a polyphasic approach was applied combining morphological characters, ITS, LSU, β-tubulin, calmodulin and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit sequences and extrolite data, to delimit species and to study phylogenetic relationships in Monascus. Furthermore,
30 Monascus isolates from honey, pollen and nests of stingless bees in Brazil were included. Based on this polyphasic approach, the genus Monascus is resolved in nine species, including three new species associated with stingless bees (M. flavipigmentosus sp. nov.,
M. mellicola sp. nov., M. recifensis sp. nov., M. argentinensis, M. floridanus, M. lunisporas, M. pallens, M. purpureus, M. ruber), and split in two new sections (section Floridani sect.
nov., section Rubri sect. nov.). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the xerophile Monascus eremophilus does not belong in Monascus and monophyly in Monascus is restored with the transfer of M. eremophilus to Penicillium (P. eremophilum
comb. nov.). A list of accepted and excluded Monascus and Basipetospora species is given, together with information on (ex-)types cultures and barcode sequence data.
A new dawn on the past: rethinking the ‘years of lead’ through a female-centred cinematic narrative
Authors: Scarparo Susanna
Published: April 2017

Through a discussion of Susanna Nichiarelli’sLa scoperta dell’alba(The Discovery of Dawn, 2012), the article contends that historical films that do not centre their narratives around the homosocial and heterosexual male-quest, even if employing a conventional cinematic style, allow us to rethink national histories, trauma and contested memories, as they shift the focus to female subjectivities that are often marginalised in Italian historical films. Specifically, the discussion of Nichiarelli’sLa scoperta dell’albafocuses on the complex role of victims in interpreting the legacy of theanni di piomboand on the processes through which the interplay between mourning and melancholia fosters the emotional agency that is necessary for dealing constructively with the experience of loss.
Rogue Trading at Lloyds Bank International, 1974: Operational Risk in Volatile Markets
Authors: Schenk Catherine
Published: April 2017

Rogue trading has been a persistent feature of international financial markets over the past thirty years, but there is remarkably little historical treatment of this phenomenon. To begin to fill this gap, evidence from company and official archives is used to expose the anatomy of a rogue trading scandal at Lloyds Bank International in 1974. The rush to internationalize, the conflict between rules and norms, and the failure of internal and external checks all contributed to the largest single loss of any British bank to that time. The analysis highlights the dangers of inconsistent norms and rules even when personal financial gain is not the main motive for fraud, and shows the important links between operational and market risk. This scandal had an important role in alerting the Bank of England and U.K. Treasury to gaps in prudential supervision at the end of the Bretton Woods pegged exchange-rate system.
SEDIMENTOLOGY: The ichnoassemblages of the Abad Member (Tortonian–Messinian), Vera Basin, SE Spain: implications for the regional tectonic and palaeogeographical evolution
Authors: RÜTTERS S. , McCANN T.
Published: April 2017

The Vera Basin is one of a series of interconnected Neogene–Quaternary-age basins located within the Betic Cordillera in SE Spain. The initial marine phase in the basin is represented by the sedimentary succession of the Abad Member (Tortonian–Messinian) and comprises mainly marls with varying amounts of intercalated siliciclastic–calcareous turbidites. The succession contains a rich ichnofauna comprising 12 ichnogenera (21 ichnospecies), which can be subdivided into a number of distinct ichnoassemblages. Detailed analysis of the distribution of these ichnoassemblages reveals that deposition occurred within the Nereites ichnofacies, more specifically, the Paleodictyon sub-ichnofacies, presumably in a lobe-type setting, and at epi- to mesobathyal depths (i.e. 200–1000 m). Changes within the ichnofacies suggest that there is a clear deep-through-to-shallow trend within the succession extending from the older (i.e. Almocáizar Corridor) to the younger (i.e. centre of the Vera Basin) parts of the succession. These changes coincide with the onset of the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) across the region, and correlate well with the pre-MSC through to Lago Mare deposits.
RURAL MASTERS AND URBAN MILITANTS IN EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: KRIKLER JEREMY
Published: April 2017

White farmers in South Africa, a landowning class that subordinated black tenants and workers, also participated in the suppression of white workers’ movements before and after the First World War. This article explores how class interest limited and then overrode the farmers’ expected ethnic and political solidarities. It focuses especially on the contradictory ways in which farmers related to the great mineworkers’ strike and rebellion of 1922. Some contemporaries expected that racial solidarity, Afrikaner nationalism, and familial links would lead landowners to side, even militarily, with the white workers. Appeals were made to farmers by both sides of the struggle in 1922, and there was some significant support for the strikers from them. But the upheaval ran counter to landowners’ interests, notably by dislocating their primary urban market at a time of severe economic difficulty. In the end, farmers rode once more into the towns against the workers.
Revisions to the VoQS system for the transcription of voice quality
Authors: Ball Martin J. , Esling John H. , Dickson B. Craig
Published: April 2017

The ‘voice quality symbols’ (VoQS) transcription system for voice quality was introduced some 20 years ago, and no major revision has been undertaken since then. In this account we describe the first major revision of the VoQS chart, these changes being mostly in the form of additions to the section on phonation types, but include also changes to the layout of the supralaryngeal settings section. These reflect recent developments in the understanding of the physiological underpinnings of sounds produced in the larynx including certain phonation types.
Do Marco Polo argali Ovis ammon polii persist in Pakistan?
Authors: Ali Hussain , Younus Muhammad , Din Jaffar Ud , Bischof Richard , Nawaz Muhammad Ali
Published: April 2017

The distribution range of the Near Threatened Marco Polo argali, or Marco Polo sheep, Ovis ammon polii is restricted to the Pamir Mountains, spanning Afghanistan, Tajikistan, China and Pakistan. Until the early 1970s the Marco Polo argali was abundant in northern areas of Pakistan, particularly in the Khunjerab and Misgar Valleys around the Pamir Knot, bordering China, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. In Pakistan the subspecies now occurs only in one small watershed, in Khunjerab National Park, bordering China, which it visits sporadically during summer. We used map-based questionnaire surveys, double-observer surveys and camera trapping in a search for Marco Polo argali in the Pakistani Pamirs. We observed a herd of 19 individuals in Karachanai Nallah, in Khunjerab National Park, in 2012. The population that was formerly present in the Misgar Valley appears to have been extirpated, presumably as a result of anthropogenic factors such as poaching, competition with livestock, habitat disturbance, and the construction of a fence along the international border with China. Transboundary migration and range expansion into Pakistan could be facilitated by removal of the border fence adjacent to the Kilik–Mintika area and by limiting livestock grazing in former lambing areas.
Examining heterotypic continuity of psychopathology: a prospective national study
Authors: Blanco C. , Wall M. M. , Wang S. , Olfson M.
Published: April 2017

Background

Individuals with one psychiatric disorder are at increased risk for incidence and recurrence of other disorders. We characterize whether the magnitude of such heterotypic continuity varies based on whether the first disorder remits or persists over time.

Method

Cohorts were selected from participants in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions wave 1 (2001–2002) and wave 2 (2004–2005) surveys with ⩾1 mood, anxiety, or substance use disorder at wave 1. Among respondents remitting (n = 6719) or not remitting (n = 3435) from ⩾1 of disorder at wave 2, the analyses compared the odds of developing new disorders.

Results

As compared with adults whose disorders persisted from wave 1 to wave 2, those with ⩾1 remission had lower odds of incidence or recurrence of another disorder. Remission from alcohol dependence [odds ratio (OR) 0.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.3–0.5] and drug dependence (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3–0.6) were associated with the lowest odds of incidence of another disorder. Social anxiety disorder was associated with the lowest adjusted odds of recurrence (adjusted OR = 0.2, 95% CI 0.1–0.6). Remission of disorders within one class (mood, anxiety, substance use) was consistently associated with lower odds of incidence or recurrence of disorders from the same class than with developing disorders from the other classes.

Conclusions

Remission from common psychiatric disorders tends to decrease the risk for incidence or recurrence of disorders and this effect is stronger within than across disorder classes. These results do not support the concept of heterotypic continuity as a substitution of one disorder for another.
Locke, Education, and “Disciplinary Liberalism”
Authors: Nazar Hina
Published: April 2017

This paper contends that Locke's educational writings are more robust in their commitment to autonomy than recent assessments of Locke as a theorist of “disciplinary liberalism” suggest. While Locke's account of parental power is conflicted, it is mostly compatible with a liberal, child-responsive approach to education. Insofar as Locke develops a pedagogy sensitive to the pupil's temperament and his rights as a child, he articulates a nuanced understanding of autonomy, shown to be a product of the individual's participation in a community of rational beings. Complicating both received understandings of Lockean liberalism as atomistic and newer claims about the dark forces of socialization it unleashes, this paper gleans from Lockean education the potential of a socially embedded subject, who looks both within and without himself to cultivate a posture of considerable critical independence.
Bare Theatre of a Bare Life: a Community-Based Project in Jaffa
Authors: Lev-Aladgem Shulamith
Published: April 2017

In this article Shulamith Lev-Aladgem focuses on The Bride from the Sea, a community performance by three young Israeli-Palestinian mothers, presented in a sand box in a multi-functional kindergarten in Jaffa in 2008. From the beginning of the creative process, the Jewish facilitator and the performers had to struggle to overcome the various barriers erected by the intricate, oppressive daily life of the young Palestinian women. They eventually managed to perform a ‘short, thin performance’, which, despite resembling a misperformance, had an emotional and even exceptional effect on the audience. This performance is examined as a special kind of women-based community theatre, termed here ‘the bare theatre’, to indicate a form that articulates the bare daily life of women trapped between internal and external oppressive power regimes. Shulamith Lev-Aladgem is chair of the Theatre Arts Department at Tel Aviv University, a trained actress, and a community-based theatre practitioner. Her recent publications include Theatre in Co-Communities: Articulating Power (2010) and Standing Front Stage: Resistance, Celebration, and Subversion in Israeli Community-Based Theatre (2010), as well as articles in Research in Drama Education and Israeli Sociology.
Resisting the Irish Other: the Berliner Ensemble's Production of The Playboy of the Western World
Authors: Barnett David
Published: April 2017

In this article David Barnett explores the Berliner Ensemble's production in 1956 of Synge's classic The Playboy of the Western World. Although it was directed by Peter Palitzsch and Manfred Wekwerth, Bertolt Brecht, the company's co-founder, loomed large in planning and rehearsal. This staging serves as an example of how a politicized approach to theatre-making can bring out relationships, material conditions, and power structures that the play's production history has often ignored. In addition, Barnett aims to show how Brechtian methods can be applied more generally to plays not written in the Brechtian tradition and the effects they can achieve. David Barnett is Professor of Theatre at the University of York. He is the author of Heiner Müller's ‘The Hamletmachine’ (Routledge, 2016), A History of the Berliner Ensemble (Cambrige, 2015) and Brecht in Practice: Theatre, Theory, and Performance (Bloomsbury, 2014). His recent AHRC-funded ‘Brecht in Practice: Staging Drama Dialectically’, led to a Brechtian production of Patrick Marber's Closer, and he offers theatre-makers and teachers workshops on using Brecht's method on stage and in the classroom.
Plays from a Marxist Perspective: Interpretations and Misinterpretations of Dario Fo
Authors: Davis R. G.
Published: April 2017

R. G. Davis directed the first commercial productions of Dario Fo's Accidental Death of an Anarchist and We Won't Pay We Won't Pay!, both in Canada and the USA. In the context of the original close relevance of the plays to the political situation in Italy, he looks at how in the USA especially their force has been diluted if not extinguished by the imperative to conform to the inherent anti-communsm of American culture. R. G.Davis founded and directed the San Francisco Mime Troupe in the 1960s, and the Epic West Center for the Study of Bertolt Brecht and Epic Theatre at Berkeley in 1975. Later he returned to academia to study science and ecology, and visited Cuba to examine the culture of organic farming. He has contributed previously to New Theatre Quarterly and its predecessor, specifically on Fo in two articles for the original Theatre Quarterly: ‘Seven Anarchists I Have Known: American Approaches to Dario Fo’, in TQ 8 (1986), and ‘Dario Fo Off-Broadway: the Making of Left Culture under Adverse Conditions’, in TQ 40 (1981).
Permissibility and the Aggregation of Risks
Authors: KIRKPATRICK JAMES R.
Published: April 2017

Tom Dougherty has recently argued that non-consequentialists cannot accommodate our judgements about acceptable levels of risk-imposition. More specifically, he argues that the following two intuitively plausible claims are inconsistent: (i) that it is impermissible to provide small benefits to many people rather than saving the life of someone else, and (ii) that it is permissible to expose someone to a negligible risk of death in order to otherwise provide this person with a small benefit. Abandoning either principle has significant consequences: rejecting (i) requires rejecting an important argument against consequentialism and consequentialist approaches to beneficence; rejecting (ii) requires radically rethinking the way we live our lives, as we routinely expose individuals to negligible risks of death. This article shows that Dougherty's argument relies on a scope ambiguity involving permissibility. Once this ambiguity is resolved, Dougherty's argument fails.
Attachment states of mind among internationally adoptive and foster parents
Authors: Raby K. Lee , Yarger Heather A. , Lind Teresa , Fraley R. Chris , Leerkes Esther , Dozier Mary
Published: April 2017

The first aim of the current study was to examine the latent structure of attachment states of mind as assessed by the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) among three groups of parents of children at risk for insecure attachments: parents who adopted internationally (N= 147), foster parents (N= 300), and parents living in poverty and involved with Child Protective Services (CPS;N= 284). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated the state of mind rating scales loaded on two factors reflecting adults’ preoccupied and dismissing states of mind. Taxometric analyses indicated the variation in adults’ preoccupied states of mind was more consistent with a dimensional than a categorical model, whereas results for dismissing states of mind were indeterminate. The second aim was to examine the degree to which the attachment states of mind of internationally adoptive and foster parents differ from those of poverty/CPS-referred parents and low-risk parents. After controlling for parental age, sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, (a) internationally adoptive parents had lower scores on the dismissing dimension than the sample of community parents described by Haltigan, Leerkes, Supple, and Calkins (2014); (b) foster parents did not differ from community parents on either the dismissing or the preoccupied AAI dimension; and (c) both internationally adoptive and foster parents had lower scores on the preoccupied dimension than poverty/CPS-referred parents. Analyses using the traditional AAI categories provided convergent evidence that (a) internationally adoptive parents were more likely to be classified as having an autonomous state of mind than low-risk North American mothers based on Bakermans-Kranenburg and van IJzendoorn's (2009) meta-analytic estimates, (b) the rates of autonomous states of mind did not differ between foster and low-risk parents, and (c) both internationally adoptive and foster parents were less likely to be classified as having a preoccupied state of mind than poverty/CPS-referred parents.
Preoccupied but not dismissing attachment states of mind are associated with nonsuicidal self-injury
Authors: Martin Jodi , Bureau Jean-François , Lafontaine Marie-France , Cloutier Paula , Hsiao Celia , Pallanca Dominique , Meinz Paul
Published: April 2017

In this investigation the factor structure of the Adult Attachment Interview was studied in a partially at-risk sample of 120 young adults. More specifically, 60 participants had engaged in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI; 53 females, M age = 20.38 years), and 60 were non-self-injuring controls matched by age and sex. Theoretically anticipated differential associations between preoccupied (but not dismissing) states of mind and NSSI were then examined. Exploratory factor analyses identified evidence for two weakly correlated state of mind dimensions (i.e., dismissing and preoccupied) consistently identified in factor analyses of normative-risk samples. As hypothesized, results further showed that preoccupied (but not dismissing) states of mind were associated with NSSI behavior. Findings support existing arguments suggesting that the regulatory strategy adults adopt when discussing attachment-related experiences with primary caregivers, particularly passive, angry, or unresolved discourse patterns, is uniquely correlated with NSSI.
Brain activity and infant attachment history in young men during loss and reward processing
Authors: Quevedo Karina , Waters Theodore E. A. , Scott Hannah , Roisman Glenn I. , Shaw Daniel S. , Forbes Erika E.
Published: April 2017

There is now ample evidence that the quality of early attachment experiences shapes expectations for supportive and responsive care and ultimately serves to scaffold adaptation to the salient tasks of development. Nonetheless, few studies have identified neural mechanisms that might give rise to these associations. Using a moderately large sample of low-income male participants recruited during infancy (N= 171), we studied the predictive significance of attachment insecurity and disorganization at age 18 months (as measured in the Strange Situation Procedure) for patterns of neural activation to reward and loss at age 20 years (assessed during a reward-based task as part of a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan). Results indicated that individuals with a history of insecure attachment showed hyperactivity in (a) reward- and emotion-related (e.g., basal ganglia and amygdala) structures and (b) emotion regulation and self-referential processing (cortical midline structures) in response to positive and negative outcomes (and anticipation of those outcomes). Further, the neural activation of individuals with a history of disorganized attachment suggested that they had greater emotional reactivity in anticipation of reward and employed greater cognitive control when negative outcomes were encountered. Overall, results suggest that the quality of early attachments has lasting impacts on brain function and reward processing.
Caregiver maltreatment causes altered neuronal DNA methylation in female rodents
Authors: Blaze Jennifer , Roth Tania L.
Published: April 2017

Negative experiences with a caregiver during infancy can result in long-term changes in brain function and behavior, but underlying mechanisms are not well understood. It is our central hypothesis that brain and behavior changes are conferred by early childhood adversity through epigenetic changes involving DNA methylation. Using a rodent model of early-life caregiver maltreatment (involving exposure to an adverse caregiving environment for postnatal days 1–7), we have previously demonstrated abnormal methylation of DNA associated with thebrain-derived neurotrophic factor(Bdnf) gene in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of adult rats. The aim of the current study was to characterizeBdnfDNA methylation in specific cell populations within the mPFC. In the prefrontal cortex, there is approximately twice as many neurons as glia, and studies have recently shown differential and distinctive DNA methylation patterns in neurons versus nonneurons. Here, we extracted nuclei from the mPFC of adult animals that had experienced maltreatment and used fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate cell types before performing bisulfite sequencing to estimate methylation of cytosine–guanine sites. Our data indicate that early-life stress induced methylation of DNA associated withBdnf IVin a cell-type and sex-specific manner. Specifically, females that experienced early-life maltreatment exhibited greater neuronal cytosine–guanine methylation compared to controls, while no changes were detected inBdnfmethylation in males regardless of cell type. These changes localize the specificity of our previous findings to mPFC neurons and highlight the capacity of maltreatment to cause methylation changes that are likely to have functional consequences for neuronal function.
Positive valence bias and parent–child relationship security moderate the association between early institutional caregiving and internalizing symptoms
Authors: Vantieghem Michelle R. , Gabard-Durnam Laurel , Goff Bonnie , Flannery Jessica , Humphreys Kathryn L. , Telzer Eva H. , Caldera Christina , Louie Jennifer Y. , Shapiro Mor , Bolger Niall , Tottenham Nim
Published: April 2017

Institutional caregiving is associated with significant deviations from species-expected caregiving, altering the normative sequence of attachment formation and placing children at risk for long-term emotional difficulties. However, little is known about factors that can promote resilience following early institutional caregiving. In the current study, we investigated how adaptations in affective processing (i.e., positive valence bias) and family-level protective factors (i.e., secure parent–child relationships) moderate risk for internalizing symptoms in previously institutionalized (PI) youth. Children and adolescents with and without a history of institutional care performed a laboratory-based affective processing task and self-reported measures of parent–child relationship security. PI youth were more likely than comparison youth to show positive valence biases when interpreting ambiguous facial expressions. Both positive valence bias and parent–child relationship security moderated the association between institutional care and parent-reported internalizing symptoms, such that greater positive valence bias and more secure parent–child relationships predicted fewer symptoms in PI youth. However, when both factors were tested concurrently, parent–child relationship security more strongly moderated the link between PI status and internalizing symptoms. These findings suggest that both individual-level adaptations in affective processing and family-level factors of secure parent–child relationships may ameliorate risk for internalizing psychopathology following early institutional caregiving.
Enhancing executive functioning among toddlers in foster care with an attachment-based intervention
Authors: Lind Teresa , Lee Raby K. , Caron E. B. , Roben Caroline K. P. , Dozier Mary
Published: April 2017

Young children in foster care often experience adversity, such as maltreatment and lack of stability in early caregiving relationships. As a result, these children are at risk for a range of problems, including deficits in executive functioning. The Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up for Toddlers (ABC-T) intervention was designed to help foster parents behave in ways that promote the development of young children's emerging self-regulatory capabilities. Participants included 173 parent–toddler dyads in three groups: foster families that were randomly assigned to receive either the ABC-T intervention (n= 63) or a control intervention (n= 58), as well as low-risk parent–toddler dyads from intact families (n= 52). At a follow-up conducted when children were approximately 48 months old, children's executive functioning abilities were assessed with the attention problems scale of the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2000) and a graded version of the Dimensional Change Card Sort developed for preschoolers (Beck, Schaefer, Pang, & Carlson, 2011). Results showed that foster children whose parents received the ABC-T intervention and low-risk children never placed in foster care had fewer parent-reported attention problems and demonstrated greater cognitive flexibility during the Dimensional Change Card Sort than foster children whose parents received the control intervention. These results indicate that an attachment-based intervention implemented among toddlers in foster care is effective in enhancing children's executive functioning capabilities.
Signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder at age 12 years: Effects of institutional care history and high-quality foster care
Authors: Humphreys Kathryn L. , Nelson Charles A. , Fox Nathan A. , Zeanah Charles H.
Published: April 2017

Two disorders of attachment have been consistently identified in some young children following severe deprivation in early life: reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder. However, less is known about whether signs of these disorders persist into adolescence. We examined signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder at age 12 years in 111 children who were abandoned at or shortly after birth and subsequently randomized to care as usual or to high-quality foster care, as well as in 50 comparison children who were never institutionalized. Consistent with expectations, those who experienced institutional care in early life had more signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder at age 12 years than children never institutionalized. In addition, using a conservative intent-to-treat approach, those children randomized to foster care had significantly fewer signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder than those randomized to care as usual. Analyses within the ever institutionalized group revealed no effects of the age of placement into foster care, but number of caregiving disruptions experienced and the percentage of the child's life spent in institutional care were significant predictors of signs of attachment disorders assessed in early adolescence. These findings indicate that adverse caregiving environments in early life have enduring effects on signs of attachment disorders, and provide further evidence that high-quality caregiving interventions are associated with reductions in both reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder.
Using benchmarking to identify inter-centre differences in persistent ductus arteriosus treatment: can we improve outcome?
Authors: Jansen Esther J. S. , Dijkman Koen P. , van Lingen Richard A. , de Vries Willem B. , Vijlbrief Daniel C. , de Boode Willem P. , Andriessen Peter
Published: April 2017

Objective

The aim of this study was to identify inter-centre differences in persistent ductus arteriosus treatment and their related outcomes.

Materials and methods

We carried out a retrospective, multicentre study including infants between 24+0 and 27+6 weeks of gestation in the period between 2010 and 2011. In all centres, echocardiography was used as the standard procedure to diagnose a patent ductus arteriosus and to document ductal closure.

Results

In total, 367 preterm infants were included. All four participating neonatal ICU had a comparable number of preterm infants; however, differences were observed in the incidence of treatment (33–63%), choice and dosing of medication (ibuprofen or indomethacin), number of pharmacological courses (1–4), and the need for surgical ligation after failure of pharmacological treatment (8–52%). Despite the differences in treatment, we found no difference in short-term morbidity between the centres. Adjusted mortality showed independent risk contribution of gestational age, birth weight, ductal ligation, and perinatal centre.

Conclusions

Using benchmarking as a tool identified inter-centre differences. In these four perinatal centres, the factors that explained the differences in patent ductus arteriosus treatment are quite complex. Timing, choice of medication, and dosing are probably important determinants for successful patent ductus arteriosus closure.
Establishing Theoretical Stability and Treatment Integrity for Motivational Interviewing
Authors: Atkinson Cathy , Woods Kevin
Published: April 2017

Background:There is increasing evidence claiming the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (MI) in promoting behavioural change. However, ongoing changes to MI theory and practice have implications for its transferability, accessibility and for the validity of previous findings. Lack of practice consistency may make its effectiveness difficult to evaluate.Aims:This paper explores the complexity of MI and issues in the development of evidence-based practice in delivery, before describing issues related to practitioner application.Method:Theoretical and practice developments over the last 30 years are reviewed under the headingstheory,practiceandefficacy.Specifically, developments across the three editions of the core MI texts are examined.Results:Findings from the literature suggest a lack of theoretical stability and practice integrity, with recent fundamental changes to the underpinning structure of MI. Issues relating to the transferability and acquisition of MI skills, consistency of delivery and mechanisms underlying change are discussed.Conclusions:The authors call for greater theoretical stability, more transparency over how developments are based on theoretical principles and empirical outcomes, and clearer guidance about how this informs practice development and delivery of MI.
ISOLATED SCATTERING NUMBER OF SPLIT GRAPHS AND GRAPH PRODUCTS
Authors: LI FENGWEI , YE QINGFANG , ZHANG XIAOYAN
Published: April 2017

Computer or communication networks are so designed that they do not easily get disrupted under external attack. Moreover, they are easily reconstructed when they do get disrupted. These desirable properties of networks can be measured by various parameters, such as connectivity, toughness and scattering number. Among these parameters, the isolated scattering number is a comparatively better parameter to measure the vulnerability of networks. In this paper we first prove that for split graphs, this number can be computed in polynomial time. Then we determine the isolated scattering number of the Cartesian product and the Kronecker product of special graphs and special permutation graphs.
CME
Authors: Drivakos Nikolaos , Hüsler Carina , Binet Isabelle
Published: April 2017

Zusammenfassung. Eine Hypophosphatämie kann eine Herausforderung in der Hausarztpraxis darstellen, da sie als Zufallsbefund oder als Manifestation verschiedener Krankheiten auftreten kann. Differenzialdiagnostisch sind vier Möglichkeiten zu unterscheiden: reduzierte Phosphatabsorption im Darm, erhöhte Phosphatausscheidung in Urin, Umverteilung (Shift) nach intrazellulär oder Entfernung durch Nierenersatztherapien. Wichtige Hinweise liefern die genaue Anamnese insbesondere der Ernährungssituation und der Medikamenteneinnahme. Wenn die Hypophosphatämie nicht durch die Medikation oder die Grunderkrankung hinreichend erklärt werden kann, sollte bei schwerer oder progressiv zunehmender Hypophosphatämie nach internistischen, nephrologischen und endokrinologischen Erkrankungen gefahndet werden.
Big Storms Pump Mediterranean Water Far into the Black Sea
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: April 2017

For the first time, scientists provide a sea-wide view of what happens to Mediterranean waters that flow into the Black Sea through the Bosporus Strait.
Anisotropic forces from spatially constrained focal adhesions mediate contact guidance directed cell migration
Authors: Ray Arja , Lee Oscar , Win Zaw , Edwards Rachel M. , Alford Patrick W. , Kim Deok-Ho , Provenzano Paolo P.
Published: April 2017

Directed migration by contact guidance is a poorly understood yet vital phenomenon, particularly for carcinoma cell invasion on aligned collagen fibres. We demonstrate that for single cells, aligned architectures providing contact guidance cues induce constrained focal adhesion maturation and associated F-actin alignment, consequently orchestrating anisotropic traction stresses that drive cell orientation and directional migration. Consistent with this understanding, relaxing spatial constraints to adhesion maturation either through reduction in substrate alignment density or reduction in adhesion size diminishes the contact guidance response. While such interactions allow single mesenchymal-like cells to spontaneously ‘sense’ and follow topographic alignment, intercellular interactions within epithelial clusters temper anisotropic cell–substratum forces, resulting in substantially lower directional response. Overall, these results point to the control of contact guidance by a balance of cell–substratum and cell–cell interactions, modulated by cell phenotype-specific cytoskeletal arrangements. Thus, our findings elucidate how phenotypically diverse cells perceive ECM alignment at the molecular level.
Practice makes perfect: self-reported adherence a positive marker of inhaler technique maintenance
Authors: Azzi Elizabeth , Srour Pamela , Armour Carol , Rand Cynthia , Bosnic-Anticevich Sinthia
Published: April 2017

Poor inhaler technique and non-adherence to treatment are major problems in the management of asthma. Patients can be taught how to achieve good inhaler technique, however maintenance remains problematic, with 50% of patients unable to demonstrate correct technique. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical, patient-related and/or device-related factors that predict inhaler technique maintenance. Data from a quality-controlled longitudinal community care dataset was utilized. 238 patients using preventer medications where included. Data consisted of patient demographics, clinical data, medication-related factors and patient-reported outcomes. Mixed effects logistic regression was used to identify predictors of inhaler technique maintenance at 1 month. The variables found to be independently associated with inhaler technique maintenance using logistic regression (Χ2(3,n = 238) = 33.24,p < 0.000) were inhaler technique at Visit 1 (OR 7.1), device type (metered dose inhaler and dry powder inhalers) (OR 2.2) and self-reported adherent behavior in the prior 7 days (OR 1.3). This research is the first to unequivocally establish a predictive relationship between inhaler technique maintenance and actual patient adherence, reinforcing the notion that inhaler technique maintenance is more than just a physical skill. Inhaler technique maintenance has an underlying behavioral component, which future studies need to investigate.