bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of malaria cases in the southeastern Iran using climatic variables
Authors: Tohidinik Hamid Reza , Keshavarz Hossein , Mohebali Mehdi , Sanjar Mandana , Hassanpour Gholamreza
Published: November 2021

Objective:

To predict future trends in the incidence of malaria cases in the southeast of Iran as the most important area of malaria using Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model, and to check the effect of meteorological variables on the disease incidence.

Methods:

SARIMA method was applied to fit a model on malaria incidence from April 2001 to March 2018 in Sistan and Baluchistan province in southeastern Iran. Climatic variables such as temperature, rainfall, rainy days, humidity, sunny hours and wind speed were also included in the multivariable model as covariates. Then, the best fitted model was adopted to predict the number of malaria cases for the next 12 months.

Results:

The best-fitted univariate model for the prediction of malaria in the southeast of Iran was SARIMA (1,0,0)(1,1,1)12 [Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)=307.4, validation root mean square error (RMSE)=0.43]. The occurrence of malaria in a given month was mostly related to the number of cases occurring in the previous 1 (p=1) and 12 (P=1) months. The inverse number of rainy days with 8-month lag (β=0.329 2) and temperature with 3-month lag (β=-0.002 6) were the best predictors that could improve the predictive performance of the univariate model. Finally, SARIMA (1,0,0)(1,1,1)12 including mean temperature with a 3-month lag (validation RMSE=0.414) was selected as the final multivariable model.

Conclusions:

The number of malaria cases in a given month can be predicted by the number of cases in the prior 1 and 12 months. The number of rainy days with an 8-month lag and temperature with a 3-month lag can improve the predictive power of the model.
Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block and Caudal Epidural Block for Pain Relief in Children Undergoing Infraumbilical Surgeries
Authors: Ganesh Bindu , Swain Sumita , Banerjee Swarna
Published: November 2021

Background:

Caudal epidural block combined with general anesthesia remains a popular choice of anesthesia for both supraumbilical and infraumbilical surgeries. More recently transversus abdominis plane block performed under ultrasound guidance is being described as an effective technique for postoperative analgesia for lower abdominal surgeries. The present study aims to compare the efficacy of ultrasound –guided TAP block and caudal epidural for paediatric infraumbilical surgeries.

Aims and Objectives:

To compare the duration and efficacy of postoperative pain relief between TAP block and caudal epidural block in children undergoing lower abdominal surgeries.

Methods:

Fifty children of age group 2-7 years undergoing lower abdominal surgeries were randomized to groups T and C. All patients were given general anesthesia as per standardized anesthesia protocol. Group T were given ultrasound guided TAP block with 0.5 ml.kg-1 of 0.2% Ropivacaine. Group C were given 1 ml.kg-1 of 0.2% ropivacaine as caudal block. All the children were assessed using FLACC scale. Their vitals, pain scores, duration of postoperative analgesia and requirement of supplemental analgesics were noted.

Results:

Rescue analgesic requirement was significantly less in Group T compared to Group C. Mean postoperative analgesia time was significantly more in Group T (342 mins) as compared to Group C (198 mins).

Conclusion:

Ultrasound guided TAP block provides better postoperative analgesia after loer abdominal surgeries in children.
Comparative Evaluation of Analgesic Efficacy of Adductor Canal Block Versus Intravenous Diclofenac in Patients Undergoing Knee Arthroscopic Surgery
Authors: Ramanathan Aishwarya , Meena Dharam Singh , Nagalingam Natarajan , Gopalakrishnan Kuppusamy
Published: November 2021

Background:

Adductor canal block is a new and promising approach for providing postoperative pain relief in arthroscopic knee surgery.

Aim:

The aim is to compare the postoperative analgesic efficacy of adductor canal block and intravenous (i.v.) diclofenac in patients undergoing knee arthroscopic surgeries.

Set and Design:

This was a prospective, randomized double-blinded comparative study comprising 60 American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical status Classes I and II patients posted for unilateral knee arthroscopic surgery.

Materials and Methods:

Patients were randomized into two groups of 30 patients each. Patients were given general anaesthesia with fentanyl, propofol, and vecuronium. Ultrasound (USG) guided adductor canal block with 30 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine was given in Group A patients and patients in Group B received i.v. diclofenac before extubation. After adequate recovery, patients were shifted to postanesthetic care unit. Visual Analogue Scale score was assessed at rest, on standing and on walking 3 m.

Statistical Analysis:

Student's independent t-test was employed for comparing continuous variables. Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, whichever is appropriate, was applied for comparing categorical variables.

Results:

The mean duration of analgesia was longer in Group A as compared to Group B and mean consumption of rescue analgesic was lower in Group A. Both were statistically significant. No significant postoperative complications or local side effects related to the block were noted.

Conclusions:

Adductor canal block provides a longer duration of postoperative analgesia promotes early mobilization and has a good safety profile in unilateral knee arthroscopic surgeries.
To Study the Effect of Noninvasive Ventilation on Hemodynamics and Respiratory Parameters in Postoperative CABG Patients
Authors: Mall Krishna Pratap , Iqbal Khalid , Gangwar Richa , Priya Vansh
Published: November 2021

Background and Aim:

Bilevel positive airway pressure (BIPAP) is emerging as a useful modality in prevention as well as the management of postoperative respiratory dysfunction in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG).

Materials and Methods:

A total of 50 patients who underwent CABG were managed using BIPAP during postoperative period. Acid–base gas parameters, electrolyte levels, respiratory and hemodynamic parameters, and 24 h urine output before and after BIPAP application were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 version. Paired “t”-test was used to compare the changes in different parameters.

Results:

The mean age of patients was 57.72 ± 9.67 years (range: 36–85 years), majority were males (84%). Mean body mass index and mean left ventricular ejection fraction of patients were 24.26 ± 3.74 kg.m −2 and 52.77 ± 10.26%, respectively. Mean pO2, pCO2, and respiratory rate before BIPAP application were 90.62 ± 12.90 torr, 40.26 ± 5.39 torr, and 25.64 ± 6.21/min, respectively, which became 158.52 ± 50.43 torr, 37.77 ± 6.98 torr, and 21.78 ± 4.79/min, respectively, after BIPAP application, thus showing a significant change (P < 0.05). No significant change in other parameters was observed. No other adverse effect was noted.

Conclusion:

BIPAP application helped in improving ventilatory parameters without any adverse impact on hemodynamics and other parameters. Its application was a safe method to prevent respiratory disturbances following cardiac surgery.
Comparison of Morphine and Dexmedetomidine as Adjuvants to Isobaric Levobupivacaine for Spinal Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Abdominal Hysterectomy
Authors: Sinha Mamta , Kumar Mayank , Dubey Ishaan , Singha Subrat Kumar , Karim Habib Reazaul , Karoo Khushbu
Published: November 2021

Introduction:

Various adjuvants to local anesthetics are used in spinal anesthesia for improving the quality and prolonging postoperative analgesia. We aim to compare the analgesic efficacy of morphine or dexmedetomidine given intrathecally as adjuvants to isobaric levobupivacaine.

Materials and Methods:

Seventy patients of age group 18–60 years, American Society of Anesthesiologists 1 and 2 undergoing elective abdominal hysterectomy, were randomized into two groups. Group M received spinal anesthesia with 3 mL of 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine with 250 μg of preservative-free morphine. Group D received 3 mL of 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine with 5 μg of dexmedetomidine. Quality of anesthesia, sensory and motor block characteristics, duration of effective analgesia, and incidence of side effects were compared.

Results:

The time for the first analgesic request was 320.80 ± 41.75 min in the dexmedetomidine group as compared to the morphine group (451.63 ± 38.55 min), P = 0.000. The analgesic requirement in the first 24 h was significantly higher in Group D as compared to Group M, P = 0.000. Adverse effects were similar in both the groups, except pruritus which was seen only in Group M.

Conclusion:

Our study shows that the use of intrathecal morphine as an adjuvant to isobaric levobupivacaine provides better analgesia than intrathecal dexmedetomidine; however, adverse effects such as nausea and pruritus may be seen.
A case series of hemorrhagic neurological complications of sickle cell disease
Authors: Kamath Sangita D , Pai Manish Ganesh
Published: November 2021

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of hemoglobinopathies that vary in severity, the most severe form, homozygous sickle cell anemia, is more commonly associated with neurologic complications. These are attributed to the vaso-occlusion and micro-obstruction in the circulation of the central nervous system. The incidence of various neurologic complications in SCD ranges from 6% to 30% in various series. The commonly reported in literature include silent cerebral infarction (SCI), ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), headaches, seizures and neurocognitive impairment. However, hemorrhagic complications like subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), hemorrhagic stroke, extradural and subdural hematomas, especially in absence of trauma are rarely thought of. We report three uncommon spontaneous hemorrhagic manifestations of sickle cell anemia – one case of parenchymal (intracerebral) bleed who presented with acute onset of parkinsonism and two cases of extradural hematoma (EDH) of which one patient had recurrent EDH at the same site which is hitherto not reported in the literature.
A successful booster umbilical cord blood transplantation for a 10-year-old patient with beta-thalassemia major in India
Authors: Ramanan Vijay
Published: November 2021

Beta-thalassemia major is characterized by a genetic deficiency in synthesis of beta-globin chains, resulting in reduced levels of functional hemoglobin. It is characterized by anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, and iron overload due to repeated blood transfusion. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is currently the only known curative treatment. We present a case of a 10-year-old girl with beta-thalassemia major who was successfully cured with allogeneic booster umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation with outcome data after 3 years of transplantation, in India. Postdiagnosis, she was on regular once-a-month blood transfusion until the age of 10 years, with no improvement. No serious adverse events occurred in the patient post-UCB transplantation. Chronic graft versus host disease was limited and was managed by medicines. Signs of primary graft rejection were also not seen.
Utilization of red cell concentrate from storage centers of South Gujarat
Authors: Panchal Yogesh , Jariwala Keyuri , Ghosh Kanjaksha
Published: November 2021

INTRODUCTION:

Blood storage centres in remote areas of the country was started to serve the patients in those locations. Present study analyses the the utilisation of blood from such storage centres under one regional transfusion centre in south Gujrat.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

In this retrospective study amount of blood requested, utilised, major reasons for utilisation were studied from available records and analysed.

RESULTS:

20 storage centres serving almost 2 million population per year was studied. 2197 - 3089 units of blood were requested from these centres per year with utilisation rates of 100 – 134 units/centre/year. Severe anaemia, Antenatalcare, operations and postpartum. Haemorrhage were important causes for red cell transfusion.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:

The storage centres are functioning reasonably well but utilisation of around 2500 - 3500 units packed red cell per year for 2 million population suggests under utlisation of the facility.
Donor notification and counseling
Authors: Bhasker P. M. Bala , Aluri Anamika
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND:

Donor notification and counseling plays a vital role in both blood safety and comprehensive donor care. This process informs donors about their status as to transfusion-transmitted infections (TTI), modes of transmission of such infections and helps prevent secondary transmission of these infections in the community.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:

This study was initiated to see the response rate of notified reactive donors for counseling and to propose useful recommendations that could probably improve the response rate.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Total of 17025 donations was screened for TTIs, namely, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and syphilis, by serology. All TTI reactive donors were retested and notified of their status by telephone and called for repeat testing followed by face-to-face counseling and referral for treatment.

RESULTS:

We evaluated 183(1.07%) donors with reactive screening test results, i.e., 106(57.9%) HBV, 38(20.7%) HCV, 29(15.8%) HIV, and 11(0.6%) were syphilis reactive and all (100%) were from replacement blood donations. Only 58.4%(107) of donors could be personally communicated over telephone and only 49 (45.79%) of them returned for counseling. Three (6.1%) among the reactive donors knew their results earlier and 11(22.4%) donors had history of high-risk behavior.

CONCLUSION:

In spite of strict donor screening and self-exclusion option, donors conceal their high-risk behaviors or their reactive status and continue to donate blood. It reflects the need to implement thorough predonation counseling to extract the history of high-risk factors from the donors.
Determination of mononuclear cell count using peripheral smear and flow cytometry in peripheral blood stem cell products
Authors: Krishnan Aswathi , Murugesan Mohandoss , Therayangalath Bindu , Philip Kandathil Joseph , Nayanar Sangeetha K. , Nair Chandran K.
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND:

Mononuclear cells (MNCs) are considered equivalent to hematopoietic stem cells, and differential count using peripheral smear was routinely practiced to enumerate MNC. Flow cytometry plots used for CD34 enumeration assay can also be used in MNC enumeration as it counts more WBC events than manual methods. The aim was to determine the relationship and degree of agreement between peripheral smear and flow cytometry in MNC enumeration of peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) products.

METHODS:

In 63 patients, 73 PBSC products were collected between January 2017 and September 2019. The differences in MNC count estimated by peripheral smear method and from flow cytometry plots used for CD34 enumeration were analyzed using Mann–Whitney test. Agreement between the two methods for MNC enumeration was determined by regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curve was performed to determine MNC threshold in peripheral blood and PBSC product for adequate mobilization and harvest.

RESULTS:

There was no difference in enumeration of median MNC count between peripheral smear and flow cytometry (52% vs. 59%, P = 0.185) in PBSC product. However, regression analysis indicated a constant and proportional difference between the methods with r = 0.52. Cumulative sum test for linearity showed deviation from linearity (P = 0.04). MNC counts in peripheral blood failed to achieve discrimination capacity in predicting adequate CD34+ yield/kg body weight in product.

CONCLUSION:

Peripheral smear estimated lower MNC counts than flow cytometry with weaker agreements between the two methods. Hence, MNC count derived from flow cytometry plot can substitute peripheral smear method for MNC dose calculations. MNC dose at 3.4 × 108/kg consistently predicted >2 × 106/kg CD34+ cells collected.
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the pattern of blood donation and blood safety
Authors: Bharat Singh , Rahul Katharia , Indraneel Das , Anubha Srivastava , Atul Priyadarshi , Preeti Elhence , Rajendra Chaudhary
Published: November 2021

INTRODUCTION:

Although coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic does not result in increased blood needs, blood supply can be considerably compromised due to the unavailability of blood donors. The objective was to share our experience about blood donation patterns and concerns on blood safety during COVID-19 pandemic in India.

METHODS:

This was a retrospective study of approximately 4.5 months of data including both lockdown period (LD) and LD phases. LD phase was further subdivided into four phases of varying durations. Data of blood collected and various reasons for deferral of prospective donors were analyzed. The effectiveness of mitigation strategies adopted to maintain adequate blood inventory was also assessed. Events in transfusion services during the LD were compared with the pre-LD (P-LD) phase.

RESULTS:

The mean collection per day for WB and SDP was reduced by 70% and 50%, respectively, compared to pre-LD. Approximately 23% of WB and 27% of SDPs were collected on an appointment basis during LD. The proportion of indoor voluntary blood donation was increased by 7–8 times during LD compared to P-LD. Approximately 2% of total prospective donors screened were deferred after thermal scanning and due to risk of being infected with COVID-19. Donor deferrals due to high-risk behavior increased significantly in the LD phase compared to P-LD period.

CONCLUSION:

COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on the pattern of blood donation and blood safety. Transfusion services must develop appropriate plans to respond efficiently to various challenges posed by such pandemics.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in children
Authors: Arora Satyam , Dua Seema , Radhakrishnan Nita , Singh Savitri , Madan Jyotsna , Nath Devajit
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND:

Autoimmune hemolytic anemias (AIHA) are characterized by the destruction of red cells following the production of autoantibodies directed against them. Although AIHA in children is usually self-limiting, many still succumb to the illness due to delay in the diagnosis and treatment. AIHA in children may be secondary to autoimmune diseases, drugs, or immune deficiencies. Early diagnosis and appropriate immunohematological evaluation can aid in the diagnosis and treatment.

OBJECTIVE:

To analyze the evaluation, treatment, and outcome of AIHA in children.

METHODS:

Prospective data of patients aged 0–18 years diagnosed with AIHA between June 2017 and May 2019 were collected.

INTERVENTION:

Prednisolone was the first-line agent in all; second-line agents included cyclosporine and rituximab. Red cell transfusion was given in those with severe anemia with cardiac decompensation.

RESULTS:

Eleven patients were diagnosed during the study period. Hemoglobin ranged from 1.2 to 9 g/dl. The initial presentation was severe anemia in 8 children and moderate anemia with thrombocytopenia in 3. The trigger was infection in 5. Polyspecific direct coomb's test (DCT) was positive in 10 patients. 2/10 polyspecific DCT-positive cases on further evaluation had immunoglobulin G (IgG) and C3d positivity, whereas rest 8 had only IgG. One infant was diagnosed with DCT-negative immunoglobulin A-mediated AIHA. 4/11 attained remission following the short course of prednisolone. Cyclosporine was used as the second-line agent in 2 and rituximab was used in 3. Seven children are in sustained remission and off medication. One died within 12 h of diagnosis.

CONCLUSION:

AIHA is not an uncommon problem in children and can vary in its clinical severity. Early and correct diagnosis helps in deciding appropriate treatment.
Reducing split-thickness skin grafting donor site agony; faster healing and decreased pain-role of platelet-rich plasma
Authors: Jain Rakesh Kumar , Choudhary Ghisulal M. , Gupta Gajendra , Patil Aditya N. , Prakash Gautam D. , Jain Ayush K.
Published: November 2021

INTRODUCTION:

The split-thickness skin graft harvested donor site is associated with prolonged healing, discomfort, and pain. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) contains platelet-derived growth factors and has been widely used in chronic wounds and skin graft donor sites. PRP application is known to accelerate wound epithelialization rates, and also reduce postoperative wound site pain.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

We assessed 20 patients admitted to our hospital service who underwent split-thickness skin grafting (STSGs) with proximal half of the donor site treated with PRP. The dressing was conducted on postoperative day 7, 14, and 21. The donor site healing was assessed with serial photographs and donor site pain measured by numerical rating scale.

RESULTS:

Complete healing of wounds (epithelialization) was present in 12 (60%) patients dressed with PRP. Pain on opening dressing was an average of 3.5 in PRP dressed wounds and 6.35 in control wounds. Patients dressed without PRP, none of them had complete epithelialization. All patients had partial healing and were less than the donor site dressed with PRP. Based on these results, skin graft donor site with PRP showed accelerated healing and reduced pain and discomfort compared to control without PRP.

CONCLUSION:

PRP is a beneficial adjunct for reducing donor site pain and increased healing of donor site following STSG harvest.
Risk factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in blood donors in Iran
Authors: Seighali Fariba , Divkolaye Nasim Sadat Hosseini , Rezaei Negar , Kangarloo Masumeh
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND:

Despite setting the stringent criteria for the selection of safe donors, some human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive volunteers manage to give blood. Considering the window period of screening tests, this could endanger the safety of blood supply.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

A frequency match case–control study was conducted on HIV-positive and negative blood donors in Iran from 2007 to 2008. Overall, 61 HIV-positive and 224 HIV-negative blood donors were selected as cases and controls, respectively. Two groups were matched for confounding factors. An identical questionnaire was used to assess risk factors. Univariate regression analysis for calculating crude odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was used for detecting eligibility of risk factors to enter the final model. The exposures with P < 0.1 were entered in the logistic regression model. Adjusted ORs with P < 0.05 and 95% CIs were reported for statistically significant variables.

RESULTS:

Significant effects were detected for the following variables: education, job, tattoo, intravenous (IV) drug abuse, imprisonment, and risky sexual behavior. However, based on multiple analyses, education, IV drug abuse, imprisonment, and risky sexual behavior remain significant.

CONCLUSION:

The majority of our findings are in parallel with the other studies performed in other countries. To increase blood safety, special attention should be paid to illiterate, first-time blood donors who are in the 25–40 age range. In addition, having the history of IV drug abuse, imprisonment and risky sexual behaviors put the blood donors more at risk of infecting HIV.
Prevalence of dengue NS1 antigenemia among healthy blood donors in a tertiary care hospital in Southern India
Authors: Remakanth Remi , Basavarajegowda Abhishekh , Dhodapkar Rahul
Published: November 2021

INTRODUCTION:

Transmission of dengue by transfusion of blood products has been documented, although the frequency of these occurrences and the level of viremia required to cause clinical dengue are unknown. The primary objective was to assess the prevalence of dengue NS1 antigen among healthy blood donors at our blood center.

METHODOLOGY:

This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Transfusion Medicine, a tertiary care hospital in South-eastern India, from February 2019 to January 2020. A total of 968 donor samples were included in the study. Dengue NS1 antigen detection was done using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data regarding clinical, epidemiological, and demographic characteristics were collected from the donor questionnaire and records.

RESULTS:

In the study, the overall prevalence of Dengue NS1 antigen was 0.9%, with nine positive samples among the 968 samples tested. Eight of them were male, and 1 was a female donor. All of them were in the age group <32 years. Half of the positive donors were detected during December-January, the immediate post rainy season in this part of the country. Two-third of the positive donors were from rural areas.

CONCLUSION:

This study with a 0.9% throws light on the seroepidemiological prevalence of dengue among asymptomatic donors and gives an insight into whether dengue screening is required to be implemented in routine transfusion transmissible infection screening in blood transfusion services and shall assist in devising strategies to be adapted as to improve the blood safety.
Anti-Emm, a rare specificity to the high-incidence antigen Emm in an Indian patient defining the new blood group system EMM (ISBT042)
Authors: Shah Ripal J. , Senjaliya Snehal B. , Harimoorthy V. , Burgos Anna , Vege Sunitha , Lomas-Francis Christine , Westhoff Connie M. , Joshi Sanmukh Ratilal
Published: November 2021

A transfusion recipient lacking a high-incidence antigen (HIA) and has corresponding alloantibody pose a problem in providing compatible blood unit. We encountered a patient with an antibody to an HIA that required identification to assess if compatible blood could be organized. A 65-year-old male was posted for coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. His blood specimen collected in EDTA was referred to the blood bank to provide blood for transfusion. The patient, grouped AB RhD+, had an antibody reacting in saline and antiglobulin phases. It agglutinated all the red blood cells (RBCs) of the 11-cell panel and random donors, indicating specificity to an HIA, though one of his siblings was compatible. After ruling out specificity to HIAs such as H, Inb, and INRA (IN5), the specimen was referred to the New York Blood Centre for further work-up. The antibody reacted with examples of red cells lacking HIA, except those with the Emm− phenotype. The patient's RBCs were typed as Emm−. Anti-Emm in the patient appeared to be naturally occurring as there was no history of transfusion. Naturally occurring alloantibody to an HIA, identified as anti-Emm in phenotype Emm−, is rare and the first of its kind to be reported from India. The case was instrumental in recognizing the Emm as the new blood group system assigned with the symbol ISBT042.
A review of legal, regulatory, and policy aspects of blood transfusion services in India
Authors: Mammen Joy John , Asirvatham Edwin Sam , Sarman Charishma Jones , Ranjan Varsha , Charles Bimal
Published: November 2021

Background:

Blood transfusion services (BTS) in India have progressed significantly during the last three decades. However, there is still inequity in the availability and access to blood due to various demand and supply-side issues. Appropriate laws, regulations, policies, and guidelines are critical to ensure universal access to blood.

Aims and Objectives:

This article aims to review the evolution and current status of legal, regulatory, and policy framework and analyses the issues, challenges, and opportunities for improvement of BTS in India.

Methods:

This article is based on an extensive review of currently available literature and government documents.

Results:

The review highlights the gaps and challenges in terms of licensing, safety and quality, voluntary blood donations, the organization of BTS, access to services, and regulatory bodies. The findings emphasize the need for a coordinated response by either the National Blood Transfusion Council or a newly established autonomous “National Blood Authority” consisting of technical, administrative, and legal experts which must be exclusively responsible for regulating the BTS. As adherence to quality management systems in blood banks is not a mandatory requirement, it recommends a legal measure to ensure mandatory quality assurance in blood banks and storage centers. Towards ensuring efficiency and universal access to blood, this article recommends evidence-based criteria for establishing new blood banks to avoid skewed distribution of blood banks, component separation facilities, and blood storage centers.

Conclusion:

The review emphasizes the need for periodic reviews and updates of the legal, regulatory and policy framework, considering the rapid developments and technical advancements with increasingly complex systems and processes in transfusion medicine.
Колебания плазмы в обобщенном пространстве Снайдера
Authors: Khosropour Behrooz
Published: November 2021

С тех пор как Снайдер впервые представил теорию квантованного пространства-времени, были проведены многочисленные исследования, имеющие целью демонстрацию феноменологических аспектов этой теории. В обобщенном пространстве Снайдера исследуется плазменная частота и найдены электронные и ионные плазменные волны. Получены оценки верхней границы масштаба изотропной минимальной длины, которая оказалась близка к $l_0\sim 10^{-9}$ м.
О первом законе Ньютона, существовании отвечающей покою системы отсчета и группе Галилея
Authors: Pavlov Vladimir Petrovich
Published: November 2021

В русскоязычной литературе тщательно обходилось без упоминания то обстоятельство, что классическая (неквантовая) механика никогда не подвергала сомнению высказанное в 1904 г. Эрнстом Махом утверждение о бессмысленности понятий равномерного движения самого по себе и абсолютного времени самого по себе. На примере гидродинамики В. И. Арнольд показал, что система координат, в которых некоторый конечный объем среды покоится, существует почти всегда. Мы интерпретируем этот результат как существование системы координат, в которой все частицы покоятся (система покоя).
On maximal inequalities for Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes with jumps
Authors: Kordzahiya Nino E , Novikov Aleksandr Aleksandrovich
Published: November 2021

Получены моментные и экспоненциальные неравенства для максимума обобщенного процесса Орнштейна-Уленбека при некоторых предположениях на хвосты распределения скачкообразной компоненты.
LEISHMANIOSE TEGUMENTAR EM UM MUNICÍPIO DO NORTE DE MINAS GERAIS: ASPECTOS CLÍNICO-EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS E DISTRIBUIÇÃO ESPACIAL
Authors: Ursine Renata Luiz , Xavier Emanuelle de Moura Santos , Gusmão Maria Suely Fernandes , Faria Hildeth Maisa Torres , Rocha Marília Fonseca , Menezes Agna Soares da Silva , Damasceno Renata Fiúza , Mota Ariela Ferreira Mota , Carvalho Silvio Fernando Guimarães de , Vieira Thallyta Maria
Published: November 2021

Objetivos: Analisar aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos e a distribuição espacial da Leishmaniose Tegumentar em um município endêmico do Brasil (2012-2019). Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico, transversal e descritivo, realizado a partir de dados de Leishmaniose Tegumentar registrados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação e no Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade. A análise estatística descritiva contemplou variáveis sociodemográficas e variáveis referentes à forma clínica, tratamento e evolução do caso. A análise de distribuição espacial foi realizada no software QGIS 3.4. Resultados: Foramregistrados 380 casos de Leishmaniose Tegumentar, sendo a maioria dos pacientes do sexo masculino, adultos, que residiam na zona urbana. A principal forma de manifestação clínica foi cutânea (93,9%); o antimonial pentavalente foi a droga de primeira escolha administrada em 75,5% dos pacientes; 95,0% dos casos evoluíram para cura; 1,3% evoluíram para óbito(idade média: 61,8 anos; 60% possuíam coinfecção com HIV). As maiores taxas de incidência foram encontradas na região Oeste da cidade. Conclusões: No município estudado, diferentemente da maioria das regiões do Brasil, a Leishmaniose Tegumentar apresentou um perfil de ocorrência predominantemente urbano. Espera-se que este estudo possa contribuircom um melhor entendimento da epidemiologia desta doença e que possa nortear a elaboração de estratégias de controle.
Analysis and Discussion Concerning Death
Authors: Juma Mugane Joshua
Published: November 2021

The analysis and discussion concerning death as intended by the Researcher depicts that death is an irreversible condition or state encountered by beings (all living creatures), due to a total dysfunction of the body organs. Such an irreversible condition is an enemy of human beings, which supersedes humanity, causing unexpected changes in life. It came as a punishment of abusing the supernatural power and finally it became a fact of not living forever. By the use of different literatures, Interviews and Documents, the research explored diverse concerns of death and drew its conclusion. Some of those concerns are “how is death detected? What are the causatives of death? Does death have its remedy? Where are dead people? Why do we bury the dead? And what is next after death?” The findings reveal that Doctors prove death by assessing and measuring the vital signs such as Blood Pressure, Pulse Rate, Respiratory Rate and Body Temperature. Moreover, the causatives of death include chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, ischemia, stroke, dehydration, infections and pain as well as old age. Those who encounter death are laid in the graves because God commanded it to be so and they produce unpleasant smell and stink. The remedy of it depends on the supernatural power that is believed to have ability of restoring the lost lives at consummation. That’s why Christians believe that on the second coming of Jesus Christ, all the dead shall rise. Hence, human beings have to be kin enough in lifetime, so that they may prolong a bit their lifespan through observance of health principles and guidelines.
Cardiopulmonary Loading and COVID-19: Training Impact during Lockdown among Athletes of Tertiary Learning Institutions in
Masvingo, Zimbabwe
Authors: Prince Chimonero
Published: November 2021

Physiological, psycho-social and emotional parameters are critical skill and technical performance motifs in sports endeavors. Despite their noteworthy basis for high-quality athletic efficiencies, training and psycho-social deficiencies are inevitable challenges for athletes in competitive locales. This prospective cohort study adopted the quantitative approach. Its population was 200 participants with a sample of 25 coaches and 50 players drawn from selected tertiary institution teams in Masvingo Province. Study participants were drawn using stratified random sampling. Its thrust was to establish the impact of COVID-19 for return-to-sport athletes during lockdown restrictions. Further, it explored cardiological implications of cardiopulmonary loading parameters among athletes with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-oriented pulmonary ailments and non-diseased group. An adapted updated version of the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre questionnaire was used for data collection. Emerging findings revealed substantial disruption of training normalcy from lockdown restrictions. Players risked injury sustenance from solitude unsupervised workouts. Further, high cardiopulmonary loading intensities compromised health conditions of athletes with COPD-related ailments than the non-diseased group. Moreover, athletes reported major physiological and psycho-social retardation trends upon return-to-sport fora from COVID-19 lay-off restrictions. Creating online digital coaching bionetwork websites could substantially enhance ‘Work from Home’ training environments. Digital health support synergies through virtual tele-health conferences and video/zoom forums could further provide practical resolutions for athletes’ physiological and psycho-social parameters. Moderate to high intensity aerobic indoor training regimes could serve to attenuate retardation of quality skeletal tenacity and capacitate cardio-pulmonary activities from the effects of COVID-19 restrictions. SARS-oriented athletes require appropriately designed training regimes that are within their motoric aptitudes to avoid compromising their cardiopulmonary-related ailments. This allows for gradual alterations of physiological body processes from the onset of training workouts.
Dealing with Psychological Effects of Alcohol Use by Adolescents:
A Case of Kihesa Ward in Iringa, Tanzania
Authors: Tumsime Adolph Baraka
Published: November 2021

This study sought to investigate ways used to deal with psychological effects of the use of alcohol by adolescents at Kihesa ward in Iringa municipality. Semi structured interview was used to collect data from 36 respondents. The study found out that counseling and psycho education were commonly used to deal with the effect of alcohol use by adolescents. Counseling and psycho education have an impact in assisting adolescents who engage in the use of alcohol in the study area. Medication and spiritual intervention are complementary ways used to deal with psychological effects of the use of alcohol by adolescents. Community took part in curbing the problem under investigation. Since no single treatment to addictions which stands out more effective than all others, so the use of a numbers of approaches is recommendable for effective efforts to help adolescents who are involved in alcoholism. Therefore, psychological, medical, spiritual and other approaches need to be combined.
Head Teachers Supervision Practices and Job Performance of Teachers in Government Aided Secondary Schools in Western Uganda
Authors: K. Zikanga Dinensio , I. Anumaka Blessing , B. Tamale Maurice , Mugizi Wilson
Published: November 2021

The study investigated the relationship between head teachers’ supervision practices and job performance of teachers in government aided secondary schools in Western Uganda. Head teachers supervision practices were studied in terms of supervision behavior, support and communication. Job performance of teachers was considered in terms of classroom teaching, management of students, discipline as well as regularity and interpersonal relations. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design using the quantitative approach on a sample of 333 teachers. Data were collected using both the questionnaire. Data were analysed using quantitative. Inferential analysis showed that while supervision behaviors and support had a positive and significant influence on job performance of teachers, supervision communication did not. It was concluded that supervision behaviors and support are important for the job performance of teachers. Therefore, it is recommends that head teachers should provide effective supervision to teachers because such a practice has a significant positive influence on teachers’ job performance.
Türkiye’de Kişisel Gelişim Alanının Özgünlüğü: Kişisel Gelişim Kitaplarının İçerikleri ve Alanın Türk İslam Medeniyeti Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: ŞENGÜL Serkan , ACAR Osman Kürşat
Published: November 2021

Türkiye’ye birçok alanda olduğu gibi, batı medeniyetinden çok sonra giriş yapan ve Türkiye’de en çok kitabın satıldığı kişisel gelişim alanı, bugün bazı konularda eleştirilmektedir. Alanın batıdan ithal olduğu, taklit eserler kaleme alındığı, ticarileşme kaygılarının ön planda olduğu ve tüm bunların sonucunda alanın, Türk İslam Kültür ve Medeniyeti ile uyuşmayan noktalarının olduğu söylemleri eleştirilen konuların başında gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada hedef belirleme, motivasyon ve başarı kriterleri açısından Türkiye’de en çok satan ve yüz baskıyı geçen üç kitap ile batı medeniyeti eksenli ve yine aynı algoritma ile seçilen üç kitap kıyaslanmıştır. Özellikle kitapların içeriklerinin birbirine benzediği ve bu benzerlik nedeniyle ülkemizde yayımlanan eserlerin, Türk İslam Kültür Medeniyeti anlayışı ile birtakım uyuşma sorunu çektiği eleştirel bir bakış açısıyla ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır.
Implications of ethno-linguistic politics on the national integration in Pakistan
Authors: Saleem Muhammad , Islam Saiful
Published: November 2021

The problem of national integration can be found mostly in the developing countries. The post-colonial period holds great significance in this connection. The governments of those countries did introduce different kinds of strategies to ensure national integration but failed. National integration is a big issue in Pakistan and the main reason is multi-cultural society having conflicting ethno-linguistic interests. No ruler or government seems to have honestly tried to resolve this turbulent issue. All groups living in Pakistan have many kinds of grievances. The unfair distribution of wealth is faced by all groups. The state espoused authoritarian policy to establish its position and power. Baluchistan has natural gas but is the poorest province. Similarly, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa produces electricity of Pakistan but faces more load shedding than other provinces. As for as the attainment and maintenance of national integration are concerned, provincial autonomy and strong federal institutions are the prerequisites. Only those countries have achieved national integration in the post-colonial period who have adopted pluralistic and rejected assimilationist approach. Strengthening of political institutions and federal system can redress the grievances of the oppressed groups. In this paper the researcher has tried to discuss implications of ethno-linguistic politics on national integration in Pakistan.
Comparison of mobilization with movement and Mulligan knee taping on Patellofemoral pain syndrome
Authors: Mubarra Rehman  , Huma Riaz
Published: November 2021

Objective: The objectives of study are to compare Mobilization with Movement (MWM) and Mulligan knee taping (MT) on anterior knee pain, hamstring flexibility and Physical performance of lower limb.
Methods: A randomized control trail was conducted from July to Dec 2019. Ethical approval from Riphah research ethical committee was taken. Total 34 participants of both genders, having Patellofemoral pain were recruited by purposive sampling technique. Randomly assignment into two groups; MWM and MT was done. Both groups were treated for 2 days per 2 consecutive weeks. Outcomes measures were Numeric pain rating scale(NPRS), Kujala pain rating scale, Active knee extension test(AKE) and Time up and go test(TUG). Assessment were taken at baseline, 2nd and 6th weeks after treatment. Data analysis was done through SPSS-21 version.
Results: Between group analysis has shown statistically significant improvement (p< 0.000) in NPRS and Kujala score in MWM group whereas hamstring flexibility is significant in (p< 0.000) MT group. Within group analysis has shown a statistically significant differences (p< 0.000)  for all outcome variable in both groups.
Conclusion: It is concluded that Mulligan’s MWM is more effective in treatment of  patellofemoral pain and associated knee functional performance.
Clinical Trial Number: This clinical trail is prospectively registered at www.ClinicalTrails.gov(NCT04173468)
Keywords: Anterior knee Pain. Patellofemoral pain Syndrome, Mobilizations with Movement, Mulligan knee taping, Kujala pain rating scale, Active knee extension test,                       
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Positional syncope occurring just at the right time in a patient with a permanent pacemaker: a case report
Authors: Syed Haseeb Raza Naqvi  , Madiha Fatima  , Pir Sheeraz Ali  , Maqsood Alam  , Muhammad Taha Khan  , Faisal Qadir
Published: November 2021

We present an unusual case of positional syncope occurring years after pacemaker implantation due to pacemaker lead fracture resulting from subclavian-crush syndrome. The syncope occurred incidentally during hospital admission and was timely diagnosed using an integrated approach of history taking, examination findings, device interrogation and radiographic parameters. The patient subsequently underwent lead and device revision which led to resolution of her symptoms.
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The effect of kangaroo mother care applied to the healthy newborns in the early postpartum period on breastfeeding: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Sevda Korkut Oksuz  , Sevil Inal
Published: November 2021

Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of kangaroo mother care applied to the healthy newborns in the early postpartum period on breastfeeding.
Methods:  Our research was conducted over the period June 1 - August 25, 2016 at the obstetrics and maternity units in Istanbul. A of 112 healthy newborns and their mothers (56 in the study group and 56 in the control group) were recruited into a randomized controlled experimental study. The newborns in the study group were administered kangaroo mother care for 3 hours after birth while the control group of newborns was cared for using the unit’s standard postpartum procedures. The time the newborns in the study and control groups first started to breastfeed, the number of breastfeeding within the first 24 hours, the duration of their breastfeeding and suckling skills were evaluated.
Results:  It was found that newborns subjected to kangaroo mother care provided immediately after delivery started suckling at the breast sooner (P = .001), for a longer period (P = .001) and more frequently (P = .001) than the newborns provided with standard post-delivery care. While there was no difference between the groups in terms of initial suckling skills (P = .862), the newborns in the kangaroo mother care group were better at suckling in the 24th hour (P = .001).
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