bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Slow-Absorbing Modified Starch before and during Prolonged Cycling Increases Fat Oxidation and Gastrointestinal Distress without Changing Performance
Authors: Baur Daniel , Vargas Fernanda , Bach Christopher , Garvey Jordan , Ormsbee Michael
Published: June 2016

While prior research reported altered fuel utilization stemming from pre-exercise modified starch ingestion, the practical value of this starch for endurance athletes who consume carbohydrates both before and during exercise is yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of ingesting a hydrothermally-modified starch supplement (HMS) before and during cycling on performance, metabolism, and gastrointestinal comfort. In a crossover design, 10 male cyclists underwent three nutritional interventions: (1) a commercially available sucrose/glucose supplement (G) 30 min before (60 g carbohydrate) and every 15 min during exercise (60 g∙h−1); (2) HMS consumed at the same time points before and during exercise in isocaloric amounts to G (Iso HMS); and (3) HMS 30 min before (60 g carbohydrate) and every 60 min during exercise (30 g·h−1; Low HMS). The exercise protocol (~3 h) consisted of 1 h at 50% Wmax, 8 × 2-min intervals at 80% Wmax, and 10 maximal sprints. There were no differences in sprint performance with Iso HMS vs. G, while both G and Iso HMS likely resulted in small performance enhancements (5.0%; 90% confidence interval = ±5.3% and 4.4%; ±3.2%, respectively) relative to Low HMS. Iso HMS and Low HMS enhanced fat oxidation (31.6%; ±20.1%; very likely (Iso); 20.9%; ±16.1%; likely (Low), and reduced carbohydrate oxidation (−19.2%; ±7.6%; most likely; −22.1%; ±12.9%; very likely) during exercise relative to G. However, nausea was increased during repeated sprints with ingestion of Iso HMS (17 scale units; ±18; likely) and Low HMS (18; ±14; likely) vs. G. Covariate analysis revealed that gastrointestinal distress was associated with reductions in performance with Low HMS vs. G (likely), but this relationship was unclear with Iso HMS vs. G. In conclusion, pre- and during-exercise ingestion of HMS increases fat oxidation relative to G. However, changes do not translate to performance improvements, possibly owing to HMS-associated increases in gastrointestinal distress, which is not attenuated by reducing the intake rate of HMS during exercise.
Engineering Multi-Section Quantum Cascade Lasers for Broadband Tuning
Authors: Slivken Steven , Razeghi Manijeh
Published: June 2016

In an effort to overcome current limitations to electrical tuning of quantum cascade lasers, a strategy is proposed which combines heterogeneous quantum cascade laser gain engineering with sampled grating architectures. This approach seeks to not only widen the accessible spectral range for an individual emitter, but also compensate for functional non-uniformity of reflectivity and gain lineshapes. A trial laser with a dual wavelength core is presented which exhibits electroluminescence over a 750 cm−1 range and discrete single mode laser emission over a 700 cm−1 range. Electrical tuning over 180 cm−1 is demonstrated with a simple sampled grating design. A path forward to even wider tuning is also described using more sophisticated gain and grating design principles.
System-Size Dependence of Helix-Bundle Formation for Generic Semiflexible Polymers
Authors: Williams Matthew , Bachmann Michael
Published: June 2016

Helical polymer bundles are an important fixture in biomolecular systems. The particular structural geometry of helix bundles is dependent on many factors including the length of the polymer chain. In this study, we performed Monte Carlo simulations of a coarse-grained model for helical polymers to determine the influence of polymer length on tertiary structure formation. Helical structures of semiflexible polymers are analyzed for several chain lengths under thermal conditions. Structural hyperphase diagrams, parametrized by torsion strength and temperature, are constructed and compared.
An Optimal Turkish Private Pension Plan with a Guarantee Feature
Authors: İşcanog̃lu-Çekiç Ayşegül
Published: June 2016

The Turkish Private Pension System is an investment system which aims to generate income for future consumption. This is a volunteer system, and the contributions are held in individual portfolios. Therefore, management of the funds is an important issue for both the participants and the insurance company. In this study, we propose an optimal private pension plan with a guarantee feature that is based on Constant Proportion Portfolio Insurance (CPPI). We derive a closed form formula for the optimal strategy with the help of dynamic programming. Moreover, our model is evaluated with numerical examples, and we compare its performance by implementing a sensitivity analysis.
Characteristics and Diurnal Cycle of GPM Rainfall Estimates over the Central Amazon Region
Authors: Oliveira Rômulo , Maggioni Viviana , Vila Daniel , Morales Carlos
Published: June 2016

Studies that investigate and evaluate the quality, limitations and uncertainties of satellite rainfall estimates are fundamental to assure the correct and successful use of these products in applications, such as climate studies, hydrological modeling and natural hazard monitoring. Over regions of the globe that lack in situ observations, such studies are only possible through intensive field measurement campaigns, which provide a range of high quality ground measurements, e.g., CHUVA (Cloud processes of tHe main precipitation systems in Brazil: A contribUtion to cloud resolVing modeling and to the GlobAl Precipitation Measurement) and GoAmazon (Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon) over the Brazilian Amazon during 2014/2015. This study aims to assess the characteristics of Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite-based precipitation estimates in representing the diurnal cycle over the Brazilian Amazon. The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) and the Goddard Profiling Algorithm—Version 2014 (GPROF2014) algorithms are evaluated against ground-based radar observations. Specifically, the S-band weather radar from the Amazon Protection National System (SIPAM), is first validated against the X-band CHUVA radar and then used as a reference to evaluate GPM precipitation. Results showed satisfactory agreement between S-band SIPAM radar and both IMERG and GPROF2014 algorithms. However, during the wet season, IMERG, which uses the GPROF2014 rainfall retrieval from the GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) sensor, significantly overestimates the frequency of heavy rainfall volumes around 00:00–04:00 UTC and 15:00–18:00 UTC. This overestimation is particularly evident over the Negro, Solimões and Amazon rivers due to the poorly-calibrated algorithm over water surfaces. On the other hand, during the dry season, the IMERG product underestimates mean precipitation in comparison to the S-band SIPAM radar, mainly due to the fact that isolated convective rain cells in the afternoon are not detected by the satellite precipitation algorithm.
Verification of Geometric Model-Based Plant Phenotyping Methods for Studies of Xerophytic Plants
Authors: Drapikowski Paweł , Kazimierczak-Grygiel Ewa , Korecki Dominik , Wiland-Szymańska Justyna
Published: June 2016

This paper presents the results of verification of certain non-contact measurement methods of plant scanning to estimate morphological parameters such as length, width, area, volume of leaves and/or stems on the basis of computer models. The best results in reproducing the shape of scanned objects up to 50 cm in height were obtained with the structured-light DAVID Laserscanner. The optimal triangle mesh resolution for scanned surfaces was determined with the measurement error taken into account. The research suggests that measuring morphological parameters from computer models can supplement or even replace phenotyping with classic methods. Calculating precise values of area and volume makes determination of the S/V (surface/volume) ratio for cacti and other succulents possible, whereas for classic methods the result is an approximation only. In addition, the possibility of scanning and measuring plant species which differ in morphology was investigated.
Source Anonymity in WSNs against Global Adversary Utilizing Low Transmission Rates with Delay Constraints
Authors: Bushnag Anas , Abuzneid Abdelshakour , Mahmood Ausif
Published: June 2016

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are deployed for many applications such as tracking and monitoring of endangered species, military applications, etc. which require anonymity of the origin, known as Source Location Privacy (SLP). The aim in SLP is to prevent unauthorized observers from tracing the source of a real event by analyzing the traffic in the network. Previous approaches to SLP such as Fortified Anonymous Communication Protocol (FACP) employ transmission of real or fake packets in every time slot, which is inefficient. To overcome this shortcoming, we developed three different techniques presented in this paper. Dummy Uniform Distribution (DUD), Dummy Adaptive Distribution (DAD) and Controlled Dummy Adaptive Distribution (CAD) were developed to overcome the anonymity problem against a global adversary (which has the capability of analyzing and monitoring the entire network). Most of the current techniques try to prevent the adversary from perceiving the location and time of the real event whereas our proposed techniques confuse the adversary about the existence of the real event by introducing low rate fake messages, which subsequently lead to location and time privacy. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed techniques provide reasonable delivery ratio, delay, and overhead of a real event's packets while keeping a high level of anonymity. Three different analysis models are conducted to verify the performance of our techniques. A visualization of the simulation data is performed to confirm anonymity. Further, neural network models are developed to ensure that the introduced techniques preserve SLP. Finally, a steganography model based on probability is implemented to prove the anonymity of the techniques.
Combining Charge Couple Devices and Rate Sensors for the Feedforward Control System of a Charge Coupled Device Tracking Loop
Authors: Tang Tao , Tian Jing , Zhong Daijun , Fu Chengyu
Published: June 2016

A rate feed forward control-based sensor fusion is proposed to improve the closed-loop performance for a charge couple device (CCD) tracking loop. The target trajectory is recovered by combining line of sight (LOS) errors from the CCD and the angular rate from a fiber-optic gyroscope (FOG). A Kalman filter based on the Singer acceleration model utilizes the reconstructive target trajectory to estimate the target velocity. Different from classical feed forward control, additive feedback loops are inevitably added to the original control loops due to the fact some closed-loop information is used. The transfer function of the Kalman filter in the frequency domain is built for analyzing the closed loop stability. The bandwidth of the Kalman filter is the major factor affecting the control stability and close-loop performance. Both simulations and experiments are provided to demonstrate the benefits of the proposed algorithm.
Parameters Identification of Fluxgate Magnetic Core Adopting the Biogeography-Based Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Jiang Wenjuan , Shi Yunbo , Zhao Wenjie , Wang Xiangxin
Published: June 2016

The main part of the magnetic fluxgate sensor is the magnetic core, the hysteresis characteristic of which affects the performance of the sensor. When the fluxgate sensors are modelled for design purposes, an accurate model of hysteresis characteristic of the cores is necessary to achieve good agreement between modelled and experimental data. The Jiles-Atherton model is simple and can reflect the hysteresis properties of the magnetic material precisely, which makes it widely used in hysteresis modelling and simulation of ferromagnetic materials. However, in practice, it is difficult to determine the parameters accurately owing to the sensitivity of the parameters. In this paper, the Biogeography-Based Optimization (BBO) algorithm is applied to identify the Jiles-Atherton model parameters. To enhance the performances of the BBO algorithm such as global search capability, search accuracy and convergence rate, an improved Biogeography-Based Optimization (IBBO) algorithm is put forward by using Arnold map and mutation strategy of Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm. Simulation results show that IBBO algorithm is superior to Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, Differential Evolution algorithm and BBO algorithm in identification accuracy and convergence rate. The IBBO algorithm is applied to identify Jiles-Atherton model parameters of selected permalloy. The simulation hysteresis loop is in high agreement with experimental data. Using permalloy as core of fluxgate probe, the simulation output is consistent with experimental output. The IBBO algorithm can identify the parameters of Jiles-Atherton model accurately, which provides a basis for the precise analysis and design of instruments and equipment with magnetic core.
On Curating Multimodal Sensory Data for Health and Wellness Platforms
Authors: Amin Muhammad , Banos Oresti , Khan Wajahat , Muhammad Bilal Hafiz , Gong Jinhyuk , Bui Dinh-Mao , Cho Soung , Hussain Shujaat , Ali Taqdir , Akhtar Usman , Chung Tae , Lee Sungyoung
Published: June 2016

In recent years, the focus of healthcare and wellness technologies has shown a significant shift towards personal vital signs devices. The technology has evolved from smartphone-based wellness applications to fitness bands and smartwatches. The novelty of these devices is the accumulation of activity data as their users go about their daily life routine. However, these implementations are device specific and lack the ability to incorporate multimodal data sources. Data accumulated in their usage does not offer rich contextual information that is adequate for providing a holistic view of a user’s lifelog. As a result, making decisions and generating recommendations based on this data are single dimensional. In this paper, we present our Data Curation Framework (DCF) which is device independent and accumulates a user’s sensory data from multimodal data sources in real time. DCF curates the context of this accumulated data over the user’s lifelog. DCF provides rule-based anomaly detection over this context-rich lifelog in real time. To provide computation and persistence over the large volume of sensory data, DCF utilizes the distributed and ubiquitous environment of the cloud platform. DCF has been evaluated for its performance, correctness, ability to detect complex anomalies, and management support for a large volume of sensory data.
A Bandwidth-Efficient Dissemination Scheme of Non-Safety Information in Urban VANETs
Authors: Garcia-Lozano Estrella , Campo Celeste , Garcia-Rubio Carlos , Rodriguez-Carrion Alicia
Published: June 2016

The recent release of standards for vehicular communications will hasten the development of smart cities in the following years. Many applications for vehicular networks, such as blocked road warnings or advertising, will require multi-hop dissemination of information to all vehicles in a region of interest. However, these networks present special features and difficulties that may require special measures. The dissemination of information may cause broadcast storms. Urban scenarios are especially sensitive to broadcast storms because of the high density of vehicles in downtown areas. They also present numerous crossroads and signal blocking due to buildings, which make dissemination more difficult than in open, almost straight interurban roadways. In this article, we discuss several options to avoid the broadcast storm problem while trying to achieve the maximum coverage of the region of interest. Specifically, we evaluate through simulations different ways to detect and take advantage of intersections and a strategy based on store-carry-forward to overcome short disconnections between groups of vehicles. Our conclusions are varied, and we propose two different solutions, depending on the requirements of the application.
Differences in Spatial Physical Activity Patterns between Weekdays and Weekends in Primary School Children: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Accelerometry and Global Positioning System
Authors: Bürgi Rahel , De Bruin Eling
Published: June 2016

Targeting the weekend to promote physical activity (PA) in children seems to be promising given that they tend to be less physically active and, particularly, as the age-related decline in PA is more marked during weekends. Considering the ambiguity of why children are not able to maintain their PA level on weekends, the aim of the present study was to objectively investigate differences in children’s spatial PA patterns between week and weekend days using the combination of Global Positioning System (GPS) and accelerometry. Seventy-four second graders (aged 7–9 years) and 98 sixth graders (aged 11–14 years) wore an accelerometer and GPS sensor for seven consecutive days to determine where children spend time and engage in PA. Time-matched accelerometer and GPS data was mapped with a geographic information system and multilevel analyses accounting for the hierarchical structure of the data were conducted. Differences between weekdays and weekends regarding the total time spent and the absolute and relative level of PA in various settings were found in both age groups. The findings support previous research pointing to the importance of targeting weekend PA, especially when children grow older. Future interventions should encourage children to use outdoor spaces more frequently on weekends, rather than stay at home, and to commute actively to destinations other than school.
America’s Cup Sailing: Effect of Standing Arm-Cranking (“Grinding”) Direction on Muscle Activity, Kinematics, and Torque Application
Authors: Pearson Simon , Hume Patria , Cronin John , Slyfield David
Published: June 2016

Grinding is a key physical element in America’s Cup sailing. This study aimed to describe kinematics and muscle activation patterns in relation to torque applied in forward and backward grinding. Ten male America’s Cup sailors (33.6 ± 5.7 years, 97.9 ± 13.4 kg, 186.6 ± 7.4 cm) completed forward and backward grinding on a customised grinding ergometer. In forward grinding peak torque (77 Nm) occurred at 95° (0° = crank vertically up) on the downward section of the rotation at the end of shoulder flexion and elbow extension. Backward grinding torque peaked at 35° (69 Nm) following the pull action (shoulder extension, elbow flexion) across the top of the rotation. During forward grinding, relatively high levels of torque (>50 Nm) were maintained through the majority (72%) of the cycle, compared to 47% for backward grinding, with sections of low torque corresponding with low numbers of active muscles. Variation in torque was negatively associated with forward grinding performance (r = −0.60; 90% CI −0.88 to −0.02), but positively associated with backward performance (r = 0.48; CI = −0.15 to 0.83). Magnitude and distribution of torque generation differed according to grinding direction and presents an argument for divergent training methods to improve forward and backward grinding performance.
A Socio-Institutional Approach to Brighten Complexity under Agricultural Pest Invasion Conditions
Authors: Romero Manrique de Lara David , Corral Serafin , Legna de la Nuez David , Hernández Hernández Jesús
Published: June 2016

This study illustrates the inherent complexity and uncertainties surrounding the Guatemalan potato moth pest on Tenerife that has affected potato crops for several decades using a Socio-Institutional methodology and a farmers’ focus group. It focuses on detecting major socioeconomic and environmental impacts caused by the pest. It identifies the stakeholders and historical decisions involved as well as systemic uncertainties. This methodology generates socially robust knowledge and introduces new variables into future decision-making processes. The results show that the efforts made so far to control the pest, based on technical and scientific knowledge, have not been commensurate with the enormous complexity of the issue. Novel alternatives to eliminate the plague and new recommendations have emerged after the application of the methodology. These alternatives and recommendations are related to breaking the reproduction cycle of the moth; promoting agro-ecological strategies and participatory processes; and dealing with uncertainties such as climate change or loss of agro-biodiversity on the island.
La grotte du Figuier (Saint-Martin-d'Ardèche) : bilan des travaux récents sur un site du Paléolithique moyen et supérieur de la moyenne vallée du Rhône (Sud-Est de la France)
Authors: Bourges François , Roger Thierry , Desclaux Emmanuel , Vercoutère Carole , Gély Bernard , Crégut-Bonnoure Evelyne , Theodoropoulou Angeliki , Millet Jean-jacques , Lartigot-Campin Anne-Sophie , Daujeard Camille , Puaud Simon , Moncel Marie-Hélène
Published: June 2016

Recent excavations conducted in the three chambers of Grotte du Figuier (Ardèche) attest to a common deposit within the whole karstic system and allow us to specify the types of human occupation. Middle Palaeolithic occupations took place in chambers 3 and 2, as well as in the main chamber, 1. Humans could reach these chambers either through the main chamber (1) or through another entrance located in chamber 3, now present as a narrow crack. The site is well known for the two Middle Palaeolithic levels found in chamber 1, one of which has been attributed to the Quinatype Mousterian. The recent data and comparisons between the archaeological series of the three chambers attest that the cave was inhabited by human groups using common processing systems, although no Quina tools have been found. Different activities or occupations have to be envisaged in each chamber. Humans and carnivores inhabited the chambers furthest away from the main entrance, during a cold climatic context (probably the last glacial period). Upper Palaeolithic humans also occupied the karstic system, but not in the same way as during the Middle Palaeolithic. The Gravettian facies is the only one clearly observable through the lithic materiel found in the new test pits of chambers 2 and 3. Grotte du Figuier is a major site, not only by its sequence including Middle and Upper Palaeolithic levels, but also by the Neanderthal occupations attested inside the karstic system, in small chambers far from the main entrance.
En Vignes, une halte de chasse tardiglaciaire à Marsan dans le Gers (France)
Authors: Lelouvier Laure-amélie , Bosc-Zanardo Bruno , Bruxelles L. , Chalard Pierre , Jarry Marc
Published: June 2016

Rescue excavation in advance of road construction uncovered a small open air site with a well preserved and well dated lithic industry. On the slope of a small valley, the site is characterized by a lithic industry which, although small in quantity (one hundred artefacts), provides good-quality technological information, enabling issues such as subsistence strategy, mobility and territories to be addressed. Typo-technological analysis revealed a production of rectilinear bladelets obtained from the edges of blade blanks, which were perhaps themselves produced on the site, as well commonly occurring tools. In spite of considerable fragmentation, it was possible to reconstruct part of the manufacturing process of backed-bladelets used for hunting activities. Thus the status of the site is reflected by this particular technical activity, involving the production of hunting weapons (the manufacture and replacement of projectile points) during short stays on the site. The identification of this specialized activity, related to acquisition of specific raw materials, provides a basis for discussing notions of circulation of people and equipment over apparently vast territories. The occupation can be attributed to the Late Glacial, on the grounds of the finds and one radiocarbon date. This bladelet manufacture is evidence for longlasting production of equipment linked to hunting. As is frequently the case for this kind of use, the standardization of products and their low diversity results in frequently occurring types that continue to be made until the end of the Pleistocene, and perhaps even later. This site is one of the few examples in the Gers region with evidence for occupation or reoccupation of a territory and provides new information for this period.
Le port de Bayonne et les industries de l'Adour
Authors: Duchemin Philippe
Published: June 2016

Stimulé par l'établissement des Forges de l'Adour en 1882, le port de Bayonne a stagné après la première guerre mondiale : un million de tonnes en 1913, 548.000 tonnes en 1952. Le charbon, principale importation, a reculé en partie à cause de l'équipement hydro-électrique des Pyrénées, tandis que les bois exportés, surtout ceux des Landes, souffrent de la concurrence internationale. L'industrie métallurgique expédie surtout vers l'intérieur du pays, mais pallie difficilement, par la spécialisation, le handicap d'une situation excentrique. De plus, Bayonne, un peu délaissée par le réseau de transport de l'énergie, n'est pas très favorisée dans ses relations ferroviaires avec l'intérieur. Tels sont les facteurs qui ont freiné l'essor industriel et portuaire du Bas-Adour. Bayonne demeure cependant le centre de la troisième zone urbaine du Sud-Ouest, dans une région dominée par la fonction touristique.
Grande et petite histoire des principes généraux du droit de l'environnement dans la loi du 2 février 1995
Authors: Cans Chantal
Published: June 2016

La loi n° 95-101 du 2 février 1995 consacre un certain nombre de « principes généraux » du droit de l'environnement, d'origines diverses : amélioration de définitions existant antérieurement (extension de la notion d'intérêt général aux divers éléments composant l'environnement, et notamment au maintien des équilibres biologiques, extension du concept de patrimoine commun du Code de l'urbanisme...), ou intégration de principes issus du droit international et/ou communautaire (principe de précaution, principe de prévention, de correction à la source, principe pollueur-payeur, principe de participation et d'information...). L'article s'attache à faire l'historique de cette création de principes généraux, et à montrer le rôle qu'a joué le Parlement dans les définitions de ces principes fondateurs du droit de l'environnement. Il replace leur création dans révolution actuelle du droit de l'environnement, et notamment pour ce qui concerne sa codification. Enfin, analysant les diverses critiques portées par la doctrine sur ces principes, il tente d'en évaluer les réelles limites et les développements envisageables.
L'industrie amiénoise au XIXe siècle et les séductions du protectionnisme
Authors: Deyon Pierre
Published: June 2016

Les réponses amiénoises aux enquêtes parlementaires de 1835, 1860 et 1870 ainsi que les comptes rendus des travaux de la chambre de commerce apportent quelques lumières sur l'histoire encore mal connue de l'industrie textile amiénoise au XIXe siècle. Comme il convient, les dépositions devant la commission d'enquête sont volontiers doloristes et presque unanimement protectionnistes. En dépit de ce pessimisme affiché, en dépit du retard technologique de beaucoup de fabrications demeurées rurales, la production textile reprend son essor dans la seconde moitié du siècle et trouve dans l'industrie de la confection et de la chaussure un nouveau relais et d'avantageux compléments.
Entre mémoire et politique : Bouvines revisité à sept cents ans de distance
Authors: Calagué Antoine
Published: June 2016

Antoine Calagué, Between Memory and Politics : Bouvines Revisited Seven Hundred Years Later.

The famous battle of Bouvines is in 1914 the object of commemorative ceremonies for its seventh centenary. Various patriotic ceremonies are organized, the most important of which being held in Bouvines. It is the mayor of the village, archetype of the notability, who organizes it. His Catholicism and his royalism can be found at certain levels, but he is forced to make up whith a Republic that has just voted the Church and State Separation Law. The commemoration of the battle is thus the opportunity for a new fight, this time with symbols. The luncheons, the festivals, the shouting consensus, it is not however neutral. Moreover to national stakes are superimposed local stakes with the will to create a patrimony in order to claim the monopoly on the memory of the battle. Finally, these commemorations offer some groups highly committed to producing an extensive literature (press, monographies, essays) the opportunity to indulge in a nationalist reading of the battle. The Germanophobia that is thus kept alive produces cohesion, because, for a whole section of the right the common and unique enemy is the German.
Réseau urbain et distribution des tribunaux royaux ordinaires dans la généralité d'Amiens (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècle)
Authors: Engrand Charles
Published: June 2016

Charles Engrand, Urban Network and Distribution of the Ordinary Royal Tribunals in the Amiens Généralité (XVIIIth-XVIIIth centuries).

The Amiens généralité represented only a part of the intendancy. This latter also included, until 1754, the Artois province, left out of this paper because of its specificity. The ordinary royal tribunals copied the classical judiciary hierarchy in a territory that lacked a local higher court of justice. The number of presidials, established at the very beginning of the institution in the two largest cities, Amiens and Abbeville, had never been altered, in spite of several initiatives. The network of bailiwicks and seneschalsies duplicated that of towns, as this level of judiciary activity was present in all but 4 of the 13 urban areas of the territory here considered. The areas ignored ranked among the least populated, although the importance of the population didn't always constitute the decisive factor in the establishment of these institutions. The presence of the King's justice was still demul- tiplied by the provostships, particularly numerous within the area of competence of the extensive Amiens bailiwick while the establishment of marshalsea and short-robed officers tended to take care of the highway police.

The officers of justice had suffered from a certain discredit because of their multiplication by the royal power, notably during the war of the Augsburg League. Yet, around 1720, the crisis seemed to stabilize and a majority of them were employed in the presidials, the bailiwicks or seneschalsies. Provostships, on the other hand, experienced competence infringements and recruiting difficulties that jeopardized their now threatened survival.
Réseau urbain et hiérarchie militaire : étude sur les effectifs des garnisons en temps de paix dans le Nord de la France au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Clémens-Denys Catherine
Published: June 2016

Catherine Clémens-Denys, Urban Network and Military Hierarchy : A Study on the Garrison Forces in Peace-time in Northern France in the XVIIIth Century.

In the xvmth century, while the royal army has stabilized, the permanent presence in the towns of northern France of heavily manned garrisons, even in peace-time, has an effect upon the urban hierarchy of the region. The reasons motivating the moving of troops, organized by the Ministry of War, reveal how seriously the army takes into account the economic balance of garrison towns, and also unveil the positive or negative assessment of these towns by the military. The repartition of troops between 1750-1755, 1763-1768 and 1776-1788 show the discrepancies between the military hierarchy of the garrisons and the civilian hierarchy of the towns. For many small or medium-size cities, the relatively high number of troops created a strong dépendance on the army and fashioned an urban culture specific to the border towns.
Le lectorat des archives municipales de Douai de 1885 à nos jours
Authors: Doom Vincent
Published: June 2016

Les archives municipales de Douai ont une tradition d'accueil du public déjà ancienne comme en témoignent les documents statistiques élaborés dès 1885 et l'ouverture d'une salle de travail pour les lecteurs en 1869. L'histoire du lectorat douaisien entre 1885 et 1998 correspond à la tendance nationale et connaît deux grandes périodes caractérisées par un public d'érudits et de généalogistes à la fin du xixe siècle, diversifié et toujours plus nombreux à la fin du XXe siècle avec l'arrivée des généalogistes amateurs, des particuliers et du public scolaire. Les outils télématiques tels que l'Internet et l'Intranet permettront dans un avenir proche de décloisonner la recherche dans les services d'archives et d'offrir à moyen terme un accès aux documents à distance.
Paris-Lille/Lille-Paris : concurrences et influences architecturales dans le département du Nord (1800-1914)
Authors: Thomine Alice
Published: June 2016

En 1997, l'exposition « Paris-Bruxelles/Bruxelles-Paris » !, s'était donnée pour but de montrer les influences respectives qui ont lié le développement des arts à Paris et Bruxelles entre 1848 et 1914. Située entre les capitales belges et françaises, Lille a pu être un lieu privilégié de convergence des influences flamandes et parisiennes. Le but ici est de mener une étude analogue sur les échanges qui ont existé entre Paris et Lille dans le domaine de l'architecture. Après avoir établi comment les principes défendus par les institutions parisiennes, l'Académie et l'Ecole des beaux-arts, ont pu, par l'intermédiaire du contrôle effectué par le conseil des Bâtiments civils sur l'architecture publique, pénétrer dans le Nord, cette étude montre de quelle manière la région Nord est parvenue, au cours du siècle, à obtenir une certaine forme d'indépendance esthétique, grâce à la présence de structures locales fortes : un enseignement artistique conséquent, une association des architectes très active et la création en 1828 de la commission départementale des Bâtiments civils, destinée à prendre le relais, pour les édifices d'une importance relative, du conseil des Bâtiments civils. Les conclusions de cette étude invitent à considérer les rapports entre Paris et Lille comme un enrichissement mutuel. A l'époque où le régionalisme pratiqué dans la région Nord rejoint le souci des architectes rationalistes pour l'architecture vernaculaire, considérée alors comme la voie de la modernité, les plus brillants des architectes lillois adoptent un style syncrétique, associant les principes éclectiques (notamment, les principes de monumentalité et de symétrie), hérités de leur formation à l'Ecole des beaux-arts, et le régionalisme flamand.
L'institution des architectes départementaux et municipaux et la concurrence des ingénieurs, en France, au XIXe siècle
Authors: Langlet Anne , Lussien-Maisonneuve Marie-Josèphe
Published: June 2016

Au cours du XIXe siècle, deux services officiels d'architectes sont installés dans les villes de province. Il s'agit des architectes départementaux et municipaux. Ils sont res- ponsables des chantiers de construction publique, du financement et du style adopté devant l'administration centrale représentée localement par le préfet et à Paris par le conseil général des bâtiments civils créé en 1795, mais durablement mis en place en 1838.

Dans un contexte d'agrandissement et de grands travaux urbains, des ingénieurs de formation ont rencontré les conditions d'un épanouissement professionnel au sein de ces institutions, particulièrement dans le cadre de grandes communes comme Lille ou Arras.
Le prince-évêque de Liège et les comtes de Hainaut des maisons d'Avesnes et Wittelsbach (1247-1433). Un marché de dupes quasi permanent
Authors: Marchandisse Alain
Published: June 2016

Alain Marchandise, De prinsbisschop van Luik en de graven van Henegouwen uit de huizen van Avesnes en Wittelsbach (1247-1433). Een bedrieglijke overeenkomst.

De arresten van de jaren 1071 en 1076 waardoor de graaf van Henegouwen de voornaamste leenman van de bisschop van Luik werd hadden voor de prelaat geen ander positief effect dan het ontstaan van een grotere veiligheidszone aan de grenzen van zijn gebied. In de vroege middeleeuwen bracht de relatie tussen prinsbisschop en graaf vooral profijt voor deze laatste die er echter nooit in slaagde een eigen kandi- daat als prinsbisschop te installerez Hij kon zo zijn graafschap wel aanzienlijk uit- breiden. De graaf haalde het op de bisschop in de loop van de 14de eeuw en scha- kelde diens macht in de 15de eeuw zelfs uit. Voor die oplichting zijn vele verklaringen mogelijk ; twee worden hier behandeld. Als prins van een domein buiten het prinsbisschoppelijk domein was de graaf niet onderworpen aan de Luikse wetten, de prerogatieven van de bisschop, het kerkelijk recht en de Godsvrede ; anderzijds verminderde het belang van de feodaliteit in de staat aanzienlijk vanaf de 14de eeuw.
Fraternité rêvée et lien social fortifié : la confrérie Notre-Dame des Ardents à Arras (début du XIIIe siècle - XVe siècle)
Authors: Vincent Catherine
Published: June 2016

Au début du XIIIe siècle, la confrérie Notre-Dame des Ardents d' Arras s'est donnée un récit qui relate les circonstances miraculeuses de sa fondation. Deux jongleurs ennemis, puis réconciliés, ont obtenu en retour de la Vierge Marie un cierge, gardé par la confrérie, dont la cire fondue dans de l'eau a pour vertu de guérir du mal des ardents. Véritable exemplum de l'idéal confraternel, cette composition, vraisemblablement due à l'un de ces clercs lettrés alors nombreux dans la ville, véhicule les valeurs transmises par la pastorale et que les confrères se devaient d'illustrer : conversion du cœur, secours du prochain, fonction salvatrice de l'Eglise... Mais elle révèle tout autant les ressorts qui présidaient au fonctionnement de la société. Cela explique sans doute la longue fortune de ce texte qui se fit également l'expression de l'identité d'un tout jeune diocèse et de la puissante cité arrageoise.
La société minière du duc de Guines : un exemple de société par actions dans le Nord de la France à la fin du XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Dehaudt Christophe
Published: June 2016

Créée en 1782, la société minière du duc de Guines était, comme celles d' Anzin et d' Aniche, une société par actions, c'est-à-dire une association de capitaux où chaque actionnaire s'engageait jusqu'à concurrence de son apport. Comme dans de nombreuses compagnies minières de l'époque, la noblesse (de la haute noblesse à la petite noblesse de province) y occupait une place prédominante. Malgré l'échec de ses forages (hors du bassin houiller) et son agonie durant la Révolution, la société de Guines permet de renouveler la connaissance des sociétés par actions au XVIIe siècle, en offrant pour le Nord de la France, un exemple autre que ceux d' Anzin et d' Aniche. Première compagnie à jouir en Artois d'une concession englobant une grande partie de la province et surtout la quasi-totalité du bassin houiller, elle reste un témoignage intéressant du capitalisme industriel à la fin du xvme siècle.
Improved biocompatibility and efficient labeling of neural stem cells with poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles
Authors: Pongrac Igor M , Dobrivojević Marina , Ahmed Lada Brkić , Babič Michal , Šlouf Miroslav , Horák Daniel , Gajović Srećko
Published: June 2016

Background: Cell tracking is a powerful tool to understand cellular migration, dynamics, homing and function of stem cell transplants. Nanoparticles represent possible stem cell tracers, but they differ in cellular uptake and side effects. Their properties can be modified by coating with different biocompatible polymers. To test if a coating polymer, poly(L-lysine), can improve the biocompatibility of nanoparticles applied to neural stem cells, poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles were prepared and characterized. We evaluated their cellular uptake, the mechanism of internalization, cytotoxicity, viability and proliferation of neural stem cells, and compared them to the commercially available dextran-coated nanomag®-D-spio nanoparticles.

Results: Light microscopy of Prussian blue staining revealed a concentration-dependent intracellular uptake of iron oxide in neural stem cells. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay and the calcein acetoxymethyl ester/propidium iodide assay demonstrated that poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles scored better than nanomag®-D-spio in cell labeling efficiency, viability and proliferation of neural stem cells. Cytochalasine D blocked the cellular uptake of nanoparticles indicating an actin-dependent process, such as macropinocytosis, to be the internalization mechanism for both nanoparticle types. Finally, immunocytochemistry analysis of neural stem cells after treatment with poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite and nanomag®-D-spio nanoparticles showed that they preserve their identity as neural stem cells and their potential to differentiate into all three major neural cell types (neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes).

Conclusion: Improved biocompatibility and efficient cell labeling makes poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles appropriate candidates for future neural stem cell in vivo tracking studies.
Premature destruction of two-span RC beams exposed to high temperature caused by a redistribution of shear forces
Authors: KOWALSKI Robert , GŁOWACKI Michał , ABRAMOWICZ Marian
Published: June 2016

When multi-span RC elements are exposed to fire one usually observes a yielding of span cross-sections while a safety reserve of support cross-sections is still significant. Due to this phenomenon a redistribution of bending moments occurs and the values of sagging moment in span cross-sections decrease while the values of hogging moment in support cross-sections increase. This paper shows the results of tests conducted on two-span RC beams in a situation when only one span has been exposed to high temperature from the bottom. The beams were 12×16 cm in their cross-section. The length of the span was 165 cm. The load has been applied by two forces put on each span. The beams were made of C25/30 concrete with siliceous aggregate. As a result of significant stiffness decrease of the heated span, redistribution of shear forces and bending moment occurs. Due to this redistribution the tested beams were prematurely damaged due to exhaust of the shear load bearing capacity in the middle part of the beam span where there was no transverse reinforcement.
NEĮSTIKLINTO ORINIO SAULĖS KOLEKTORIAUS ŠILUMINIŲ CHARAKTERISTIKŲ TYRIMAS
Authors: Rimdžius Dovydas , Martinaitis Vytautas
Published: June 2016

Straipsnyje pristatomi VGTU Aplinkos inžinerijos fakulteto pietiniame fasade integruoto neįstiklinto pratakaus saulės kolek-toriaus šiluminių charakteristikų tyrimai ir jų rezultatai. Šiuo atveju daug dėmesio skirta rezultatų tikslumui, todėl pagal anks-tesnių tyrimų rekomendacijas ir pastebėjimus bandymai vykdyti patobulintame matavimų stende. Tyrime apskaičiuoti kolek-toriaus efektyvumo ir temperatūros prieaugio rodikliai esant skirtingoms eksploatacinėms sąlygoms. Remiantis eksperimen-tinio tyrimo rezultatais pateikiamos analizuojamajam kolektoriui nustatytos empirinės šiluminių charakteristikų skaičiavimo lygtys bei tyrimo išvados ir rekomendacijos.
TRETINIO NUOTEKŲ VALYMO, TAIKANT TRIS SKIRTINGAS ĮKROVAS, TYRIMAI
Authors: Sakalauskaitė Adelė , Dauknys Regimantas
Published: June 2016

Lietuvoje geros būklės reikalavimų iš 117 upių neatitinka 32 upės, kurios yra veikiamos sutelktosios taršos. Tokiu atveju tretinio nuotekų valymo grandyje šiai problemai spręsti siūloma taikyti biologinę filtraciją. Tyrimui atlikti Nemenčinės nuotekų valyklos techninėje patalpoje, joje buvo sumontuoti trys laistomieji filtrai, kuriuose naudotos trys skirtingos įkrovos: akmens vata Growcube, akmens vata Paroc WAS 35 ir porolonas. Į filtrus nepertraukiamai tiektos nuotekos po biologinio valymo bei vi-siems filtrams palaikyta vienoda paviršiaus apkrova – 0,07 m3/m2/min. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad šalinimo efektyvumas pagal ChDS ir BDS7 rodiklius (atitinkamai 17,3 % ir 30,9 %) didžiausias filtre F1 su akmens vatos Growcube užpildu. SM geriausiai šalinosi filtre F3 su porolono užpildu – vidutinė efektyvumo reikšmė siekė 73,6 %. NO3-–N ir NH4+–N rodiklių šalinimo efek-tyvumas atitinkamai siekė 13,6 % ir 21,4 % – didžiausias filtre F1 su akmens vatos Growcube užpildu. Tuo tarpu PO43-–P ge-riausiai šalinosi filtre F2 su akmens vatos Paroc WAS 35 užpildu ir vidutinė efektyvumo reikšmė siekė 24,3 %.
Winning margins in British Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Allen K. , Procter T.
Published: June 2016

In human sporting events the difference between finishing first and second is often less than 1%. For each sporting discipline it is important to know how large an enhancement of performance needs to be before it makes a difference to the medal winning prospects of that athlete. In contrast to the known winning margins in many human sporting disciplines, the winning margins in horse racing are unknown. The winning margins for group 1, 2 and 3 flat and national hunt races over a 5 year period were calculated. For flat races 3 categories were included: (1) flat races of 6 furlongs; (2) 1 mile; or (3) 1 mile 4 furlongs1. For national hunt 2 categories were included: (1) hurdle races over 2 miles; or (2) chase races over 3 miles. Race times from a total of 416 races were included (275 flat races and 141 national hunt races). Overall the percentage difference between first place and second place was only 0.32%, the difference between coming first and third was 0.75% and between first and fourth was 1.15%. Overall, the winning margins between first place and second place were closer for flat races than for national hunt races. When a 1% improvement was applied to the fourth placed horse this would result in the winning time in 76% of flat races and 50% of national hunt races. This study shows the very small margins between winning and placing in horseracing. These results are similar to those of elite human sporting disciplines. This suggests that training strategies and veterinary interventions that result in a small percentage improvement in performance may translate to a meaningful difference in terms of winning/placing.
Introducing Data Structures for Big Data
Authors: Biswas Ranjit
Published: June 2016

The homogeneous data structure ‘train' and the heterogeneous data structure ‘atrain' are the fundamental, very powerful dynamic and flexible data structures, being the first data structures introduced exclusively for big data. Thus ‘Data Structures for Big Data' is to be regarded as a new subject in Big Data Science, not just as a new topic, considering the explosive momentum of the big data. Based upon the notion of the big data structures train and atrain, the author introduces the useful data structures for the programmers working with big data which are: homogeneous stacks ‘train stack' and ‘rT-coach stack', heterogeneous stacks ‘atrain stack' and ‘rA-coach stack', homogeneous queues ‘train queue' and ‘rT-coach queue', heterogeneous queues ‘atrain queue' and ‘rA-coach queue', homogeneous binary trees ‘train binary tree' and ‘rT-coach binary tree', heterogeneous binary trees ‘atrain binary tree' and ‘rA-coach binary tree', homogeneous trees ‘train tree' and ‘rT-coach tree', heterogeneous trees ‘atrain tree' and ‘rA-coach tree', to enrich the subject ‘Data Structures for Big Data' for big data science.