bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Childhood adversity and adolescent psychopathology: evidence for mediation in a national longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Dhondt Niamh , Healy Colm , Clarke Mary , Cannon Mary
Published: May 2019

Background

Childhood adversity is a well-established risk factor for psychopathology; however, many who experience adversity do not go on to develop psychopathology. Poor self-concept and poor parental support are known risk factors for adolescent psychopathology, which may account for some of this mechanism.

Aims

To investigate candidate mediators in the relationship between childhood adversity and psychopathology.

Method

We used data from the age 9 and 13 waves of the child-cohort of the Growing Up in Ireland study. We undertook mediation analysis by path decomposition of the relationship between childhood adversity and psychopathology (internalising and externalising problems) at age 13 and persistent psychopathology. Candidate mediators were self-concept, parent–child relationship and hobby participation at age 9.

Results

Childhood adversity was reported by 28.2% of participants, and was significantly associated with internalising and externalising problems. Parent–child conflict mediated the relationship between childhood adversity and both age 13 and persistent psychopathology, accounting for 52.4% of the relationship between childhood adversity and persistent externalising problems (indirect odds ratio, 1.30; 95% CI 1.19–1.43) and 19.2% for persistent internalising problems (indirect odds ratio, 1.24; 95% CI 1.15–1.34). There was a small mediating effect of self-concept. Hobby participation and positive parent–child relationship did not mediate these relationships.

Conclusions

Parent–child conflict explains almost half the relationship between childhood adversity and persisting externalising problems in adolescence, and a fifth of the relationship with persisting internalising problems. This suggests parent–child conflict is a good target for interventions in childhood to prevent adolescent psychopathology.

Declaration of interest

None.
Cancer Incidence of Schizophrenic Patients Results of Record Linkage Studies in Three Countries
Authors: Gulbinat Walter , Dupont Annelise , Jablensky Assen , Jensen Ole M. , Marsella Anthony , Nakane Yoshibimi , Sartorius Norman
Published: May 2019

Various associations have been reported in the literature between severe mental disorders, particularly schizophrenia, and other diseases; the demonstrated association of two (or more) diseases would be of great theoretical and practical importance. If two (or more) diseases occur in the same individual significantly more often than would be expected by chance, the same aetiological factors may be involved, or one disease may be pathogenic to the other, or one condition may be a hitherto unrecognised manifestation of the other, or the patient — as a sequela of one disease — may be exposed to risk factors for the other. In addition to the scientific importance of such discoveries, knowledge of this kind may be useful for the furtherance of public-health programmes, for the organisation of services, and for the prevention of illness.
Coping Style and Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Bosch Van Den Robert J. , Asma Van Maria J. O. , Rombouts René , Louwerens Jan Willem
Published: May 2019

It is important to know how people with a schizophrenic disorder experience their cognitive vulnerability and how that experience affects their daily lives. Rehabilitation, as we understand it, has the aim of stimulating patients to make the best use of their residual capacities, especially in dealing with social complexity. Unfortunately, the rehabilitation approach in psychiatry still lacks a firm scientific basis. Strong links need to be developed between the practice of rehabilitation and theories of basic cognitive and behavioural dysfunction in schizophrenic patients (Watts & Bennett, 1983). It is a prerequisite that the subjective experiences of patients are included in this endeavour: schizophrenia is an ‘I am’ illness (Estroff, 1989).
Providing Schizophrenic Patients with a Concept of Illness
Authors: Süllwold Lilo , Herrlich Jutta
Published: May 2019

One purpose of cognitive-behaviour therapy is to provide patients with a ‘psychological model’ of their illness; this would enable them to become aware of, and thereby gain insight into the ways that the symptoms and behavioural deviances they exhibit, and the circumstances of the onset of illness are actually related to their previous experience and social learning (for overview see Hawton et al, 1989). This concept provides a basis for gaining greater insight into special therapeutic interventions, and should help patients to develop their own lifetime methods of coping with problems.
Crizotinib and Surgery for Long-Term Disease Control in Children and Adolescents With ALK-Positive Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumors
Authors: Trahair Toby , Gifford Andrew J. , Fordham Ashleigh , Mayoh Chelsea , Fadia Mitali , Lukeis Robyn , Wood Andrew C. , Valvi Santosh , Walker Roderick D. , Blackburn James , Heyer Erin E. , Mercer Tim R. , Barbaric Draga , Marshall Glenn M. , MacKenzie Karen L.
Published: May 2019

PURPOSE

Before anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors, treatment options for ALK-positive inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (AP-IMTs) were unsatisfactory. We retrospectively analyzed the outcome of patients with AP-IMT treated with crizotinib to document response, toxicity, survival, and features associated with relapse.

METHODS

The cohort comprised eight patients with AP-IMT treated with crizotinib and surgery. Outcome measures were progression-free and overall survival after commencing crizotinib, treatment-related toxicities, features associated with relapse, outcome after relapse, and outcome after ceasing crizotinib.

RESULTS

The median follow-up after commencing crizotinib was 3 years (range, 0.9 to 5.5 years). The major toxicity was neutropenia. All patients responded to crizotinib. Five were able to discontinue therapy without recurrence (median treatment duration, 1 year; range, 0.2 to 3.0 years); one continues on crizotinib. Two critically ill patients with initial complete response experienced relapse while on therapy. Both harbored RANBP2-ALK fusions and responded to alternative ALK inhibitors; one ultimately died as a result of progressive disease, whereas the other remains alive on treatment. Progression-free and overall survival since commencement of crizotinib is 0.75 ± 0.15% and 0.83 ± 0.15%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

We confirm acceptable toxicity and excellent disease control in patients with AP-IMT treated with crizotinib, which may be ceased without recurrence in most. Relapses occurred in two of three patients with RANBP2-ALK translocated IMT, which suggests that such patients require additional therapy.
Thyroid Hormone Protects Primary Cortical Neurons Exposed to Hypoxia by Reducing DNA Methylation and Apoptosis
Authors: Li Jianrong , Abe Kiyomi , Milanesi Anna , Liu Yan-Yun , Brent Gregory A
Published: May 2019

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with disruption of cerebral blood flow leading to localized brain hypoxia. Thyroid hormone (TH) treatment, administered shortly after injury, has been shown to promote neural protection in rodent TBI models. The mechanism of TH protection, however, is not established. We used mouse primary cortical neurons to investigate the effectiveness and possible pathways of T3-promoted cell survival after exposure to hypoxic injury. Cultured primary cortical neurons were exposed to hypoxia (0.2% oxygen) for 7 hours with or without T3 (5 nM). T3 treatment enhanced DNA 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels and attenuated the hypoxia-induced increase in DNA 5-methylcytosine (5-mc). In the presence of T3, mRNA expression of Tet family genes was increased and DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt) 3a and Dnmt3b were downregulated, compared with conditions in the absence of T3. These T3-induced changes decreased hypoxia-induced DNA de novo methylation, which reduced hypoxia-induced neuronal damage and apoptosis. We used RNA sequencing to characterize T3-regulated genes in cortical neurons under hypoxic conditions and identified 22 genes that were upregulated and 15 genes that were downregulated. Krüppel-like factor 9 (KLF9), a multifunctional transcription factor that plays a key role in central nervous system development, was highly upregulated by T3 treatment in hypoxic conditions. Knockdown of the KLF9 gene resulted in early apoptosis and abolished the beneficial role of T3 in neuronal survival. KLF9 mediates, in part, the neuronal protective role of T3. T3 treatment reduces hypoxic damage, although pathways that reduce DNA methylation and apoptosis remain to be elucidated.
Blockage of glutamine-dependent anaplerosis affects mTORC1/2 activity and ultimately leads to cellular senescence-like response
Authors: Liao Geng-You , Lee Ming-Ting , Fan Jhen-Jia , Hsiao Pei-Wen , Lee Chun-Sheng , Su Shou-Yi , Hwang Jiuan-Jiuan , Ke Ferng-Chun
Published: May 2019

This study was to explore the role of glutamine-dependent anaplerosis in cell fate determination (proliferation and senescence) and the potential associated mechanism by employing a pharmacological inhibitor of glutamine-dependent anaplerosis, amino-oxyacetate/AOA. Using WI38 normal human embryonic fibroblast cell line, we found that exposure to AOA induced mTORC1 inactivation−mTORC2 activation (within day 1), cell cycle arrest (day 2-6), and cellular senescence (day 4-6). These AOA effects were blocked by concomitantly providing anaplerotic factors (α-ketoglutarate/αKG, pyruvate or oxaloacetate), and not affected by ROS scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine/NAC. Moreover, AOA-induced cellular senescence in WI38 cells is associated with elevated protein levels of p53, p21CIP1 and p16INK4A and decreased Rb protein level, which was blocked by αKG supplementation. In p16INK4A-deficient U2OS human osteosarcoma cells and p16INK4A-knockdown WI38 cells, AOA exposure also induced similar effects on cell proliferation, and protein level of P-Rb-S807/811 and Rb. Interestingly, no AOA induction of cellular senescence was observed in U2OS cells, yet still seen in p16INK4A-knockdown WI38 cells accompanied by the presence of p16 antibody-reactive p12. In all, we disclose that glutamine-dependent anaplerosis is essential to cell growth and closely associated with mTORC1 activation and mTORC2 inactivation, and impede cellular senescence particularly associated with p16INK4A.
The MED30 subunit of mediator complex is essential for early plant development and promotes flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Jaskolowski Aime , Iñigo Sabrina , Arellano Sofía M. , Arias Leonardo A. , Fiol Diego F. , Sede Ana R. , Oldra María B. , Lorenzi Hernán , Muschietti Jorge P. , Pagnussat Gabriela C. , Cerdán Pablo D.
Published: May 2019

Mediator is a large multiprotein complex that is required for the transcription of most, if not all, genes transcribed by RNA Polymerase II. A core set of subunits is essential to assemble a functional Mediator in vitro and, therefore, the corresponding loss-of-function mutants are expected to be lethal. The MED30 subunit is essential in animal systems, but is absent in yeast. Here, we report that MED30 is also essential for both male gametophyte and embryo development in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Mutant med30 pollen grains were viable and some were able to germinate and target the ovules, although the embryos aborted shortly after fertilization, suggesting that MED30 is important for the paternal control of early embryo development. When gametophyte defects were bypassed by specific pollen complementation, loss of MED30 led to early embryo development arrest. Later in plant development, MED30 promotes flowering through multiple signaling pathways; its downregulation led to a phase change delay, downregulation of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 3 (SPL3), FLOWERING LOCUS T (FTI) and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1 (SOC1), and upregulation of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC).
The sea chordophones make the mysterious /Kwa/: emitter identification of the dominating fish sound in Mediterranean seagrass meadows
Authors: Bolgan Marta , Soulard Justine , Di Iorio Lucia , Gervaise Cedric , Lejeune Pierre , Gobert Sylvie , Parmentier Eric
Published: May 2019

The /Kwa/ dominates the soundscape of Posidonia oceanica meadows but the identity of the species emitting this peculiar fish sound remains a mystery. Information from sounds recorded in the wild indicate that the emitting candidates should be abundant, nocturnal and benthic. Scorpaena spp. combine all these characteristics. This study used an inter-disciplinary approach to investigate the vocal abilities of Scorpaena spp.; morphological, histological and electrophysiological examinations have been interpreted together with visual and acoustic recordings conducted in semi-natural conditions. All observed Scorpaena spp. (S. porcus, S. scrofa and S. notata) share the same sonic apparatus at the level of the abdominal region. This apparatus, present in both males and females, consists of 3 bilaterally symmetrical muscular bundles, having 3 to 5 long tendons, which insert on ventral bony apophyses of the vertebral bodies. In all chordophones (stringed instruments), the frequency of the vibration is dependent on the string properties and not on rates at which the strings are plucked. Similarly, we suggest that each of the 3 to 5 tendons found in the sonic mechanism of Scorpaena spp. acts as a frequency multiplier of the muscular bundles contractions, where the resonant properties of the tendons determine the peak frequency of the /Kwa/, its frequency spectra and pseudo-harmonic profile. The variability in the length and number of tendons found between and within species could explain the high variability of /Kwa/ acoustic features recorded in the wild. Finally, acoustic and behavioural experiments confirmed that Scorpaena spp. emit the /Kwa/ sound.
Effects of repeated daily acute heat challenge on the growth and metabolism of a cold-water stenothermal fish
Authors: Guzzo Matthew M. , Mochnacz Neil J. , Durhack Travis , Kissinger Benjamin C. , Killen Shaun S. , Treberg Jason R.
Published: May 2019

Temperature is an important environmental factor influencing fish physiology that varies both spatially and temporally in ecosystems. In small north-temperate lakes, cold water piscivores rely on nearshore prey; however, this region exceeds the optimal temperature of the foraging species during summer. To cope, piscivores make short excursions into the nearshore to feed and return to cold water to digest, but the physiological impacts of these repeated acute exposures to warm water are not well understood. We exposed juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) to treatments where they were held at ≈10°C and exposed to either 17 or 22°C for 5 - 10 min daily for 53 days mimicking warm-water forays. Control fish, held at an average temperature of ≈10°C but not exposed to thermal variation, consumed more food and grew slightly faster than heat challenged fish, with no clear differences in body condition, hepatosomatic index, ventricle mass, or muscle concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase. Aerobic metabolic rates measured at 10°C indicated that standard metabolic rates (SMR) were similar among treatments; however, fish that were repeatedly exposed to 17°C had higher maximum metabolic rates (MMR) and aerobic scopes (AS) than control fish and those repeatedly exposed to 22°C. There were no differences in MMR or AS between fish exposed to 22°C and control fish. These results suggest that although SMR of fish are robust to repeated forays into warmer environments, MMR displays plasticity, allowing fish to be less constrained aerobically in cold water after briefly occupying warmer waters.
Physical Activity, Cognition, and Brain Outcomes: A Review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines
Authors: ERICKSON KIRK I. , HILLMAN CHARLES , STILLMAN CHELSEA M. , BALLARD RACHEL M. , BLOODGOOD BONNY , CONROY DAVID E. , MACKO RICHARD , MARQUEZ DAVID X. , PETRUZZELLO STEVEN J. , POWELL KENNETH E.
Published: May 2019

Purpose

Physical activity (PA) is known to improve cognitive and brain function, but debate continues regarding the consistency and magnitude of its effects, populations and cognitive domains most affected, and parameters necessary to achieve the greatest improvements (e.g., dose).

Methods

In this umbrella review conducted in part for the 2018 Health and Human Services Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans Advisory Committee, we examined whether PA interventions enhance cognitive and brain outcomes across the life span, as well as in populations experiencing cognitive dysfunction (e.g., schizophrenia). Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and pooled analyses were used. We further examined whether engaging in greater amounts of PA is associated with a reduced risk of developing cognitive impairment and dementia in late adulthood.

Results

Moderate evidence from randomized controlled trials indicates an association between moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA and improvements in cognition, including performance on academic achievement and neuropsychological tests, such as those measuring processing speed, memory, and executive function. Strong evidence demonstrates that acute bouts of moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA have transient benefits for cognition during the postrecovery period after exercise. Strong evidence demonstrates that greater amounts of PA are associated with a reduced risk of developing cognitive impairment, including Alzheimer’s disease. The strength of the findings varies across the life span and in individuals with medical conditions influencing cognition.

Conclusions

There is moderate-to-strong support that PA benefits cognitive functioning during early and late periods of the life span and in certain populations characterized by cognitive deficits.
Physical Activity and Health in Children Younger than 6 Years: A Systematic Review
Authors: PATE RUSSELL R. , HILLMAN CHARLES H. , JANZ KATHLEEN F. , KATZMARZYK PETER T. , POWELL KENNETH E. , TORRES ANDREA , WHITT-GLOVER MELICIA C.
Published: May 2019

Purpose

Physical activity is known to provide important health benefits in school-age youth. However, until recently, few studies have examined associations between physical activity and health in young children. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the relationship between physical activity and selected health outcomes in children younger than 6 yr.

Methods

A systematic search identified randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies examining the associations between physical activity and adiposity/weight status, bone health, cardiometabolic health, and cognition in children younger than 6 yr.

Results

Twenty-seven studies met inclusion criteria and served as the basis for this systematic review. For weight status/adiposity, 12 of 15 studies found negative associations between physical activity and one or more measures of the outcome. For bone health, 10 articles based on four studies were identified, and nine studies showed stronger bone in more active children. For cardiometabolic health, three studies were identified and findings were limited and inconsistent. For cognition, two systematic reviews were identified and findings were limited. For all four health outcomes, evidence of dose–response relationships and effect modification by demographic factors was very limited.

Conclusions

There is strong evidence indicating that higher amounts of physical activity are associated with better indicators of bone health and with reduced risk for excessive increases in weight and adiposity in children 3 to 6 yr. Evidence was too limited to support conclusions regarding the effects of physical activity on cardiometabolic health and cognition.
The detection of vertical root fractures in post-core restored teeth with cone-beam CT: in vivo and ex vivo
Authors: Byakova Svetlana F. , Novozhilova Nina E. , Makeeva Irina M. , Grachev Vasiliy I. , Kasatkina Inna V.
Published: May 2019

Objectives:

To compare the accuracy of cone-beam CT ex vivo and in vivo for the detection of artificially created large and small vertical root fractures in extracted teeth restored with post-core.

Methods:

Individual metal cast post-cores were fixed in the root canals of 50 extracted single-rooted human teeth. In 30 teeth fractures were created by tapping posts with a hammer. The teeth were sterilised in autoclave and embedded into bite-plates made of silicon impression material. Cone-beam CT scanning was performed ex vivo and in vivo . For the in vivo scanning, teeth in sterile plastic bags were inserted into the mouths of volunteers. Then the teeth were sectioned with low-speed saw and the widths of the VRFs were measured microscopically. The teeth were distributed into 2 groups in accordance with the measured fractures’ widths: large (wider than 180–250 µm) and small (80–150 µm). Five observers assessed the presence of vertical root fractures on axial CBCT slices. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and inter examiner agreement were calculated.

Results:

The accuracy of cone-beam CT in vitro for large and small vertical root fractures detection was 0.56 and 0.40 respectively (p = 0.043). The sensitivity values were 0.53 and 0.27 for large and small vertical root fractures, respectively (p = 0.043). The visualisation of fracture lines in vivo was impossible in 90 % of cases, because of low image quality. Inter examiner reliability analysis showed κ values ranging from 0.02 to 0.54.

Conclusions:

Fracture width affected the in vitro detectability of vertical root fractures by cone-beam CT in teeth with metal cast post-cores. The detectability of root fractures in vivo was decreased because of low image quality, making the assessment of sound tooth tissue impossible.
Motor recovery after bilateral brachial plexus injury using motor irradiation: a case report
Authors: de Oliveira Laura Alice Santos , Pedron Carla Andressa , de Andrade Fernanda Guimarães , Horsczaruk Carlos Henrique Ramos , Martins José Vicente Pereira
Published: May 2019

Background/Aims

Brachial plexus injuries impair functionality, interfere with the performance of activities and affect participation in social events, thus decreasing an individual's quality of life. In cases where there is a total loss of muscular strength, complete rehabilitation is challenging. Motor irradiation is a basic proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation procedure that is used to activate weak muscles. It is a promising procedure for rehabilitation following brachial plexus injuries, mainly in those with total loss of muscle strength.

Methods

The patient in this case study had suffered bilateral brachial plexus injuries as a result of mechanical restraint during a psychiatric episode. He presented with decreased muscle strength in the proximal segments of the upper limbs, no movement of the wrists and fingers, tactile hypoesthesia and no pain sensation. Motor irradiation was the main intervention used to improve motor function.

Findings

At the end of treatment, complete and partial recovery of muscle strength was observed in the proximal and distal segments, respectively.

Conclusions

The efficacy of motor irradiation in improving muscle strength following brachial plexus injuries should be investigated in future clinical trials.
The ecosystem of a makerspace: Human, material and place-based interrelationships
Authors: Budge Kylie
Published: May 2019

As populations continue to shift to urban centres, there is growing interest in the role of makerspaces. This interest lies in the role makerspaces play in fostering creativity and innovation given the changing dynamic of manufacturing in cities. This article argues that makerspaces comprise complex ecosystems involving the intersections of human capital, social relations, materiality and place. It does so by drawing from the growing literature on this topic and empirical data from a case study of one large makerspace in Sydney, Australia. The article contributes new knowledge to this emerging area of research on makerspaces by illustrating the messy, interconnectedness of such spaces and the neighbourhoods and communities that surround them. A model of a makerspace ecosystem is proposed as a way of visualizing the dynamics of this activity. It concludes that policy-makers, planners and developers need to resist the desire to neatly and efficiently compartmentalize and decontextualize such ecosystems given the nuanced complexity that underpins them. Rather, designing cities to include such messiness is key to supporting the creativity and innovation that is embedded within and around makerspaces.
Brides vs fighters in the media lens: Orientalism, Islamophobia and gender in media discourse on international recruits to ISIS
Authors: Azeez Abdul Halik
Published: May 2019

This article examines how the media represents women and men who have left their home countries to join ISIS. It will look at the dual phenomenon of ‘Jihadi Brides’ and ‘Foreign Fighters’, both terms coined by the media, and seek to uncover gender discrimination inherent therein. Beyond gender stereotypes, it will also examine Islamophobic and Orientalist tropes that add an additional layer of othering to Muslim women. The theoretical framework used in this study will be Framing Theory, frameworks which look at women in violent organizations, Systemic Functional Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis. The thesis will use Corpus Linguistics, as a methodology to achieve its results, using the publicly available News on the Web (NOW) corpus as a database.
Press freedom and political instability in the Arab world: An empirical investigation
Authors: Hamada Basyouni Ibrahim
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this article is to empirically test the effect of press freedom on political instability in a sample of fifteen Arab countries for the 2006–15 period. Statistical analysis offers a significant effect of press freedom on political instability. However, when democracy, GDP annual growth and GDP per capita annual growth are taken into account, a fragile mixed positive and negative effect exists. Yet, the findings emphasize a significant interaction effect of press freedom and freedom on political instability. An interesting result is that Arab Spring has not positively affected the relationship between press freedom and political instability.
Synovial Cell Sarcoma in an Adolescent Liver Transplant Recipient
Authors: Jaramillo Catalina , Gilani Ahmed , Haag Mary , Donaldson Nathan , Mack Cara
Published: May 2019

Solid organ transplant recipients are at increased risk of malignancy. Pediatric transplant recipients particularly have a potentially higher risk given the young age of immunosuppression initiation. Posttransplant malignancies are the main cause of death in 5%–16% of liver transplantation patients. The frequency of de novo malignancies in pediatric liver transplant recipients has been reported to be 13%. Synovial sarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that has not been previously reported after liver transplantation. We report the case of an adolescent liver transplant recipient who was diagnosed with synovial sarcoma 14 years after liver transplantation.
Interpretação Analógica no Direito Tributário
Authors: Filho Osvaldo Alves de Castro
Published: May 2019

A resolução de conflitos tributários envolve processos hermenêuticos. A interpretação analógica merece, portanto, papel de destaque, pois, ainda que não possa ser usada para tributar em outras modalidades importantes para o direito tributário como nas isenções, reduções de alíquotas, anistia, entre outros casos, sua utilização mostra-se perfeitamente viável. Há uma tipologia estrita para tributar. O direito tributário, porém, não se resume à tributação. Ele lida com outras hipóteses nas quais a interpretação analógica pode ser usada e se apresenta como um interessante recurso jurídico.
POLITIK HUKUM KELUARGA ISLAM DI ARAS LOKAL: Analisis Terhadap Kebijakan Pendewasaan Usia Pernikahan di Nusa Tenggara Barat
Authors: Winengan Winengan
Published: May 2019

In Islam, there is no clear explanation of the age limit as a condition of marriage, other than about aqil-balig. However, in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), there is a Governor's policy that requires a man or woman who wants to get married for the first time at least 21 years old. This article examines the basis and purpose of implementing the marriage age restriction policy in NTB. The author conducted qualitative research and interviewed relevant interviewees and carried out documentation. The analysis technique used is an interactive model, whose data validity is tested based on data credibility criteria. This study concludes that the enactment of the policy on the maturation of marriage age is based on the various risks faced by the people who have married at an early age. The policy is expected to reduce the practice of early marriage in order to create a generation of plans and increase the Community Development Index. The policy is very rational to prepare NTB's golden generation in 2025. [Dalam Islam, belum ada penjelasan secara tegas tentang batas usia sebagai syarat pernikahan selain tentang aqil-balig. Namun, di Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB), terdapat kebijakan Gubernur yang mensyaratkan bagi seorang laki-laki atau perempuan yang hendak menikah untuk pertama kalinya minimal berusia 21 tahun. Artikel ini mengkaji dasar dan tujuan pemberlakuan kebijakan pembatasan usia pernikahan di NTB. Penulis melakukan penelitian kualitatif dan mewawancarai pihak-pihak terkait serta melakukan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah model interaktif, yang keabsahan datanya diuji berdasarkan kriteria kredibilitas data. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pemberlakuan kebijakan terhadap pendewasaan usia pernikahan dilandasi adanya berbagai resiko yang dihadapi masyarakat yang melangsungkan pernikahan pada usia dini. kebijakan tersebut diharapkan dapat menekan praktik pernikahan usia dini dalam rangka menciptakan generasi berencana dan peningkatan Indeks Pembangunan Masyarakat. Kebijakan tersebut sangat rasional untuk mempersiapkan generasi emas NTB tahun 2025.]
KONSEP QIWĀMAH DALAM YURISPRUDENSI ISLAM PERSPEKTIF KEADILAN GENDER
Authors: Faizah Nur
Published: May 2019

This article explains the concept of leadership in the family (qiwāmah) gender justice perspective. The focus of the study on the interpretation of Surat an-Nisā '[4] verse 34 which becomes the theological and socio-cultural foundation of society. The letter interprets that the husband is superior to the wife, so marriage relations tend to be hierarchical (the husband becomes the head of the family, while the wife has the subordinate status). This lame husband and wife relationship makes the wife vulnerable to violence. The author considers that this verse must be reinterpreted from the point of view of gender justice given the sociological shift. This study led the writer to the conclusion that the concept of qiwāmah in Islamic jurisprudence is open and dialogic with the times. The concept of qiwāmah now must be interpreted based on human values rather than gender, so that women as wives not only serve their husbands, but partners and partners who are both subjects and objects. The relationship between them is in the form of symbiosis of mutualism (mutual benefit), not only in the family but also for the community and the State. There is no difference between the two, except in matters of devotion to God. [Artikel ini menjelaskan konsep kepemimpinan dalam rumah tangga (qiwāmah) perspektif keadilan gender. Fokus kajian pada penafsiran Surat an-Nisā’ [4] Ayat 34 yang menjadi landasan teologis dan sosio-kultural masyarakat. Surat tersebut menafsirkan bahwa suami lebih unggul daripada istri, sehingga hubungan perkawinan cenderung hierarkis (suami menjadi kepala keluarga, sementara istri berstatus subordinat terhadapnya). Relasi suami istri yang timpang ini membuat istri rentan terhadap kekerasan. Penulis memandang bahwa ayat ini harus ditafsir ulang dari sudut pandang keadilan gender mengingat adanya pergeseran sosiologis. Kajian ini mengantarkan penulis pada kesimpulan bahwa konsep qiwāmah dalam yurisprudensi Islam bersifat terbuka dan dialogis dengan perkembangan zaman. Konsep qiwāmah sekarang harus dimaknai berdasarkan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan bukan jenis kelamin, sehingga perempuan sebagai istri bukan hanya melayani suaminya, melainkan patner dan mitra yang sama-sama menjadi subyek sekaligus obyek. Relasi keduanya berupa simbiosis mutualisme (saling menguntungkan), tidak hanya dalam keluarga tetapi juga untuk masyarakat dan Negara. Tidak ada perbedaan di antara keduanya, kecuali dalam hal ketakwaan kepada Tuhan.]
PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA HARTA PERKAWINAN PASCA PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH KONSTITUSI NOMOR 69/PUU-XIII/2015
Authors: Iswantoro Iswantoro
Published: May 2019

The writing of this article is motivated by the implementation of marriage agreements in Article 147 of the KUHPerdata and Article 29 of Law Number 1 of 1974 about Marriage, which states that marriage agreements are made before the marriage happened. This rule restricts the freedom of two individuals to perform the agreement, so that it is contrary to Article 28 points e paragraph 2 of the 1945 Constitution. In 2015, the Constitutional Court (MK) issued Decision Number: 69 / PUU-XIII / 2015 which concerning about the issue of the marriage agreement. This article discusses the settlement of marital property disputes after the Constitutional Court's decision in terms of normative legal studies. The study focused on legal principles, legal systematics, legal synchronization, and legal history. The result: (1) based on the Constitutional Court's decision, the marriage agreement can be made as long as the marriage bond takes place with mutual agreement witnessed by a notary without having to be preceded by a court ruling; (2) the Constitutional Court's decision results in joint and third party assets that made and witnessed by a notary begins to take effect from the time the marriage takes place, unless otherwise specified in the marriage agreement. That is, if the parties do not determine when the marriage agreement will take effect, the marriage agreement will take effect from the time the marriage takes place. [Penulisan artikel ini dilatarbelakangi oleh pelaksanaan perjanjian perkawinan dalam Pasal 147 Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Perdata (KUHPerdata) dan Pasal 29 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan, yang menyebutkan bahwa perjanjian perkawinan dibuat sebelum perkawinan dilangsungkan. Peraturan ini membatasi kebebasan dua orang individu untuk melakukan perjanjian, sehingga bertentangan dengan Pasal 28 Poin e Ayat 2 Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Tahun 2015, Mahkamah Konstitusi (MK) mengeluarkan Putusan Nomor: 69/PUU-XIII/2015 yang di antara ketentuannya menyangkut persoalan perjanjian perkawinan. Artikel ini membahas penyelesaian sengketa harta perkawinan pasca putusan MK tersebut dari sisi kajian hukum normatif. Kajian difokuskan pada asas-asas hukum, sistematika hukum, sinkronisasi hukum, dan sejarah hukum. Hasilnya: (1) berdasarkan pada putusan MK tersebut, perjanjian perkawinan dapat dibuat selama ikatan perkawinan berlangsung atas persetujuan bersama di depan notaris tanpa harus didahului oleh penetapan pengadilan; (2) putusan MK tersebut berakibat pada harta bersama dan pihak ketiga yang dibuat di hadapan notaris mulai berlakunya sejak perkawinan dilangsungkan, kecuali ditentukan lain dalam perjanjian perkawinan. Artinya, apabila para pihak tidak menentukan kapan perjanjian perkawinan tersebut mulai berlaku, maka perjanjian perkawinan tersebut berlaku sejak perkawinan dilangsungkan.]
PELAKSANAAN KURSUS PRANIKAH DI KOTA YOGYAKARTA: URGENSITAS, EFEKTIVITAS HUKUM, DAN TINDAKAN SOSIAL
Authors: Djazimah Siti , Hayat Muhammad Jihadul
Published: May 2019

This article describes the implementation of pre-marital courses that still contain several problems. One of them is, Indonesian Republic’s Ministry of Religion Regulation No. DJ.II / 491 of 2009 and Regulation No. DJ.II / 542 of 2013 in order to organize the pre-marital courses, but many related parties cannot implement it. This prompted the author to examine the views of the Head of KUA in the City of Yogyakarta regarding the urgency of pre-marital courses in an effort to form a sakinah family. After interviewing some related sources, the authors concluded: (1) all informants considered pre-marital courses to be very important as an effort to realize a sakinah family; (2) at the technical level, the implementation of pre-marital courses still faces some problems, such as budget issues, so that some KUA cannot held pre-marital courses; and (3) the implementation of pre-marital courses at KUA is based on religious traditions or beliefs rather than legal regulations. [Artikel ini menjelaskan tentang pelaksanaan kursus pra-nikah yang masih mengandung sejumlah masalah. Salah satunya adalah, meskipun Kementerian Agama RI telah mengeluarkan Peraturan No. DJ.II/491 Tahun 2009 dan Peraturan No. DJ.II/542 Tahun 2013 agar kursus pranikah diselenggarakan, namun banyak pihak terkait yang tidak dapat melaksanakannya. Ini mendorong penulis menelaah pandangan pandangan Kepala KUA Kota Yogyakarta tentang kursus pra-nikah dan urgensi dalam upaya membentuk keluarga sakinah. Setelah mewawancarai narasumber-narasumber terkait, penulis berkesimpulan: (1) semua narasumber menganggap kursus pra-nikah sangat penting sebagai upaya mewujudkan keluarga sakinah; (2) pada tataran teknis, pelaksanaan kursus pra-nikah masih terbentur sejumlah masalah, seperti persoalan anggaran, sehingga beberapa KUA tidak bisa menyelenggarakan kursus pra-nikah; dan (3) pelaksanaan kursus pra-nikah di KUA didasarkan pada tradisi atau keyakinan agama daripada peraturan hukumnya.]
Assessment of CSP-based two-stage channel selection approach and local transformation-based feature extraction for classification of motor imagery/movement EEG data
Authors: Onay Funda Kutlu , Köse Cemal
Published: May 2019

The main idea of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) is to facilitate the lives of patients having difficulties to move their muscles due to a disorder of their motor nervous systems but healthy cognitive functions. BCIs are usually electroencephalography (EEG)-based, and the success of the BCIs relies on the precision of signal preprocessing, detection of distinctive features, usage of suitable classifiers and selection of effective channels. In this study, a two-stage channel selection and local transformation-based feature extraction are proposed for the classification of motor imagery/movement tasks. In the first stage of the channel selection, the channels were combined according to the neurophysiological information about brain functions acquired from the literature, then averaged and a single channel was formed. In the second stage, selective channels were specified with the common spatial pattern-linear discriminant analysis (CSP-LDA)-based sequential channel removal. After the channel selection phase, the feature extraction was carried out with local transformation-based methods (LTBM): local centroid pattern (LCP), one-dimensional-local gradient pattern (1D-LGP), local neighborhood descriptive pattern (LNDP) and one-dimensional-local ternary pattern (1D-LTP). The distinctions and deficiencies of these methods were compared with other methods in the literature and the classification performances of the k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) and the support vector machines (SVM) were evaluated. As a result, the proposed methods yielded the highest average classification accuracies as 99.34%, 95.95%, 98.66% and 99.90% with the LCP, 1D-LGP, LNDP and 1D-LTP when using k-NN, respectively. The two-stage channel selection and 1D-LTP method showed promising results for recognition of motor tasks. The LTBM will contribute to the development of EEG-based BCIs with the advantages of high classification accuracy, easy implementation and low computational complexity.
A cognitive semiotic exploration of metaphors in Greek street art
Authors: Stampoulidis Georgios , Bolognesi Marianna , Zlatev Jordan
Published: May 2019

Cognitive linguistic and semiotic accounts of metaphor have addressed similar issues such as universality, conventionality, context-sensitivity, cross-cultural variation, creativity, and “multimodality.” However, cognitive linguistics and semiotics have been poor bedfellows and interactions between them have often resulted in cross-talk. This paper, which focuses on metaphors in Greek street art, aims to improve this situation by using concepts and methods from cognitive semiotics, notably the conceptual-empirical loop and methodological triangulation.

In line with the cognitive semiotics paradigm, we illustrate the significance of the terminological and conceptual distinction between semiotic systems (language, gesture, and depiction) and sensory modalities (sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste). Thus, we restrict the term multimodality to the synergy of two or more different sensory modalities and introduce the notion of polysemiotic communication in the sense of the intertwined use of two or more semiotic systems.

In our synthetic approach, we employ the Motivation and Sedimentation Model (MSM), which distinguishes between three interacting levels of meaning making: the embodied, the sedimented, and the situated. Consistent with this, we suggest a definition of metaphor, leading to the assertion that metaphor is a process of experiencing one thing in terms of another, giving rise to both tension and iconicity between the two “things” (meanings, experiences, concepts). By reviewing an empirical study on unisemiotic and polysemiotic metaphors in Greek street art, we show that the actual metaphorical interpretation is ultimately a matter of situated and socio-culturally-sensitive sign use and hence a dynamic and creative process in a real-life context.
Work on the Evaluation Parameters of Serial and Parallel Relay-Assisted FSO System
Authors: Balaji K.A , Praveen Bagadi Kala
Published: May 2019

The outage performance of FSO system assisted with decode and forward relay is studied using diversity techniques like wavelength and time which helps in mitigating atmospheric turbulence. The channel modelled using Malaga turbulence model with the combined effects of path loss and pointing errors. We derive outage performance analysis for multi hop system using no, wavelength and time diversity schemes, respectively. And we justified the usage of diversity techniques, Because of which the FSO system performance gets enhanced.
Systematicity in the semantics of noun compounds: The role of artifacts vs. natural kinds
Authors: Levin Beth , Glass Lelia , Jurafsky Dan
Published: May 2019

The nature of the relationship between the head and modifier in English noun compounds has long posed a challenge to semantic theories. We argue that the type of head-modifier relation in an English endocentric noun-headed compound depends on how its referent is categorized: specifically, on whether the referent is conceptualized as anartifact, made by humans for a purpose; or as anatural kind, existing independently of humans. We propose the Events vs. Essences Hypothesis: the modifier in an artifact-headed compound typically refers to an event of use or creation associated with that artifact, while the modifier in a natural kind-headed compound typically makes reference to inherent properties reflective of an abstract essence associated with the kind, such as its perceptual properties or native habitat. We present three studies substantiating this hypothesis. First, in a corpus of almost 1,700 attested compounds in two conceptual domains (food/cooking and precious minerals/jewelry), we find that as predicted, compound names referring to artifacts tend to evoke events, whereas compound names referring to natural kinds tend to evoke essential properties. Next, in a production experiment involving compound creation and a comprehension experiment involving compound interpretation, we find that the same tendencies also extend to novel compounds.
Thermal stability of xanthan gum biopolymer and its application in salt-tolerant bentonite water-based mud
Authors: Zou Zhifei , Zhao Qingcheng , Wang Qingying , Zhou Fengshan
Published: May 2019

Xanthan gum from Xanthomona campestris (XC) is a chain-like polysaccharide biopolymer with good salt tolerance. The temperature resistance of XC seriously affects its application in drilling fluids. Results have shown that when the temperature of the XC solution rose to 120°C, after several hours the shear stress of the XC solution was almost 0 mPa · s at different shear rates. In this study, the molecular structure of XC was enhanced by crosslinking with chromic oxalate and borax and then adding sodium sulfite to further enhance the temperature resistance of the gum. Selected materials such as MgO, layered double-hydroxide, attapulgite, and asbestos fiber were added as shearing resistance reagents. Through continuous experimentation, the amounts of the reagents were optimized. After 120°C aging test, the drilling fluids of modified XC (MXC) could still maintain good rheological properties and low fluid loss. The application in China Dagang oilfield indicated that 0.019 w/v% MXC could improve the yield point from 6.5 to 8 Pa. MXC could also be used in bentonite to prepare salt-tolerant bentonite, which was successfully used in offshore exploration and construction engineering.
Osmium and magnesium: structural segregation in the rare earth-rich intermetallics RE
4OsMg (RE=La–Nd, Sm) and RE
9
TMg4 (RE=Gd, Tb)
Authors: Block Theresa , Stein Sebastian , Heletta Lukas , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: May 2019

Ternary rare earth metal-rich intermetallic phases containing osmium and magnesium were obtained by induction melting of the elements in sealed niobium ampoules under argon followed by annealing in muffle furnaces. The large rare earth elements form the series of Gd4RhIn-type (F4̅3m) intermetallics RE
4OsMg with RE = La–Nd and Sm, while the smaller rare earth metals gadolinium and terbium form the Y9CoMg4-type (P63/mmc) phases Gd9OsMg4 and Tb9OsMg4. All samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (Guinier technique). The structures of Ce4Os0.973Mg1.027 (a = 1406.54(7) pm, wR2 = 0.0478), Nd4Os0.978Mg1.022 (a = 1402.00(7) pm, wR2 = 0.0463), Sm4Os0.920Mg1.080 (a = 1387.33(5) pm, wR2 = 0.0378) and Gd9OsMg4 (a = 971.01(5), c = 980.43(5) pm, wR2 = 0.0494) were refined from single-crystal X-ray diffractometer data. The three RE
4OsMg phases show small degrees of Os/Mg mixing, as is frequently observed for Rh/In in Gd4RhIn-type intermetallics. The basic building units in both structures are osmium-centered RE
6 trigonal prisms that are condensed with empty RE
6 octahedra. The magnesium atoms in both types build Mg4 tetrahedra. The latter are isolated (312 pm Mg–Mg in Ce4OsMg) and incorporated within the three-dimensional network of prisms and octahedra in the RE
4OsMg phases while one observes rows of corner- and face-sharing tetrahedra in Gd9OsMg4 (305 and 314 pm Mg–Mg). In both structure types direct Os–Mg bonding is not observed.