bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Teaching and Learning of Computer Programming Language
Authors: Wang Fu Lee , Wong Tak-Lam
Published: May 2010

Teaching and learning computer programming has created significant difficulties to both teacher and student. Large class size is one of the major barriers to effective instruction. A well-designed pedagogy can make the instruction most effective. Hybrid teaching and learning combines face-to-face instruction and computer-assisted instruction to maximize students’ learning. This chapter will share the authors’ experiences in City University of Hong Kong (CityU) as they teach computer programming courses with large class size by hybrid learning model. Evaluation has showed that hybrid teaching and learning provide great flexibilities to both teaching and learning of computer programming. The students’ academic results have been significantly improved in computer programming courses.
An Overview and Differentiation of the Evolutionary Steps of the Web X.Y Movement
Authors: Weber Sebastian , Rech Jörg
Published: May 2010

Web 2.0 is a popular term used to describe a class of Web applications that offers mostly free services to its users. However, an exact definition of the concepts, features, and technologies that argue for a Web 2.0 service is still missing. Similarly, terms such as Web 3.0, Web 4.0, or Web 2.5 also have no clear and unambiguous definitions. This chapter reports the results of a Web and literature survey about Web X.Y concepts. Based on several definitions, we synthesized new definitions for Web X.Y, which provide an overview and can be used for differentiation, and we classified contemporary Web services (e.g., Flickr) according to these definitions.
Web 2.0
Authors: Omar Wail M.
Published: May 2010

Web 2.0 is expected to be the next technology in the interaction between the enterprise applications and end users. Such interaction will be utilized in producing self-governance applications that are able to readjacent and reconfigure the operation framework based on users’ feedback. To achieve this, huge numbers of underneath resources (infrastructures and services) are required. Therefore, this work proposes the merge of Web 2.0 technology and grid computing overlay to support Web 2.0 framework. Such merge between technologies is expected to offer mutual benefits for both communities. Through this work, a model for managing the interaction between the two technologies is developed based on the adapting of service oriented architecture (SOA) model, this model is known as SOAW2G. This model manages the interaction between the users at the top level and resources at the bottom layer. As a case study, managing health information based on users’ (doctors, medicine companies, and others) experiences is explored through this chapter.
The Layered Virtual Reality Commerce System (LaVRCS)
Authors: Rea Alan
Published: May 2010

In this chapter, the author argues that virtual reality (VR) does have a place in e-commerce as a Web 2.0 application. However, VR is not ready to supplant standard e-commerce Web interfaces with a completely immersive VR environment. Rather, VRCommerce must rely on a mixed platform presentation to accommodate diverse levels of usability, technical feasibility, and user trust. The author proposes that e-commerce sites that want to implement VRCommerce offer at least three layers of interaction: a standard Web interface, embedded VR objects in a Web interface, and semi-immersive VR within an existing Web interface. This system is termed the Layered Virtual Reality Commerce System, or LaVRCS. This proposed LaVRCS framework can work in conjunction with Rich Internet Applications, Webtops, and other Web 2.0 applications to offer another avenue of interaction within the e-commerce realm. With adoption and development, LaVRCS will help propel e-commerce into the Web 3.0 realm and beyond.
Social Semantic Bookmarking with SOBOLEO
Authors: Zacharias Valentin , Braun Simone , Schmidt Andreas
Published: May 2010

The novel paradigm of social semantic bookmarking combines the positive aspects of semantic annotation with those of social bookmarking and tagging while avoiding their respective drawbacks; drawbacks such as the lacking semantic precision of tags or the cumbersome maintenance of ontologies. Social semantic bookmarking tools allow for the annotation of Internet resources based on an ontology and the integrated maintenance of the ontology by the same people that use it. This chapter motivates social semantic bookmarking by examining the respective problems of tag based bookmarking and semantic annotation. Social semantic bookmarking is then introduced and explained using the SOBOLEO application as an example. It also gives an overview of existing applications implementing this new paradigm and makes predictions about its movement into the mainstream and remaining research challenges.
Leveraging User-Specified Metadata to Personalize Image Search
Authors: Lerman Kristina , Plangprasopchok Anon
Published: May 2010

The social media sites, such as Flickr and del.icio.us, allow users to upload content and annotate it with descriptive labels known as tags, join special-interest groups, and so forth. We believe user-generated metadata expresses user’s tastes and interests and can be used to personalize information to an individual user. Specifically, we describe a machine learning method that analyzes a corpus of tagged content to find hidden topics. We then these learned topics to select content that matches user’s interests. We empirically validated this approach on the social photo-sharing site Flickr, which allows users to annotate images with freely chosen tags and to search for images labeled with a certain tag. We use metadata associated with images tagged with an ambiguous query term to identify topics corresponding to different senses of the term, and then personalize results of image search by displaying to the user only those images that are of interest to her.
Wiki Semantics via Wiki Templating
Authors: Di Iorio Angelo , Vitali Fabio , Zacchiroli Stefano
Published: May 2010

A foreseeable incarnation of Web 3.0 could inherit machine understandability from the Semantic Web and collaborative editing from Web 2.0 applications. We review the research and development trends, which are getting, today, Web nearer to such an incarnation. We present semantic wikis, microformats, and the so-called “lowercase semantic web”; they are the main approaches at closing the technological gap between content authors and Semantic Web technologies. We discuss a too often neglected aspect of the associated technologies, namely how much they adhere to the wiki philosophy of open editing: is there an intrinsic incompatibility between semantic rich content and unconstrained editing? We argue that the answer to this question can be “no,” provided that a few, yet relevant, shortcomings of current Web technologies will be fixed soon.
Modeling Content Quality for the Web 2.0 and Follow-on Applications
Authors: Sassano Roberto , Olsina Luis , Mich Luisa
Published: May 2010

The consistent modeling of quality requirements for Web sites and applications at different stages of the life cycle is still a challenge to most Web engineering researchers and practitioners. In the present chapter, we propose an integrated approach to specify quality requirements to Web sites and applications. By extending the ISO 9126-1 quality views characteristics, we discuss how to model internal, external quality, and quality in use views taking into account not only the software features, but also the own characteristics of Web applications. Particularly, we thoroughly analyze the modeling of the content characteristic for evaluating the quality of information–so critical for the whole Web application eras. The resulting model represents a first step towards a multi-dimensional integrated approach to evaluate Web sites at different lifecycle stages.
ECHO
Authors: Weinberger Hadas
Published: May 2010

In this chapter, we suggest Echo, a model for utilizing Web technologies for the design of Web-based context-aware learning. Web technologies are continuously evolving to enhance information retrieval, semantic annotation, social interactions, and interactive experiences. However, these technologies do not offer a methodological approach to learning. In this chapter, we offer a new approach to Web-based learning, which considers the role of the user in shaping the learning experience. The key feature in Echo is the analysis and modeling of content for the design of a Web-based learning experience in context. There are three elements in Echo: 1) a methodology to guide the learning process, 2) techniques to support content analysis and modeling activities, and 3) a three-layered framework of social-semantic software. Incorporating this framework facilitates knowledge organization and representation. We describe our model, the methodology, and the three-layered framework. We then present preliminary results from on-going empirical research that demonstrates the feasibility of Echo and its usefulness for the design of a context-aware learning experience. Finally, we discuss the usefulness of Echo and its contribution to further research in the field of Web technologies.
Virtual Reality 2.0 and Its Application in Knowledge Building
Authors: Moskaliuk Johannes , Kimmerle Joachim , Cress Ulrike
Published: May 2010

In this chapter, we will point out the impact of user-generated online virtual realities on individual learning and knowledge building. For this purpose, we will first explain some of the central categories of virtual realities (VRs) such as presence and immersion. We will also introduce the term virtual reality 2.0 (VR 2.0), which refers to those new types of VRs that are characterized by typical features of the Web 2.0, such as the opportunity that exists for users to create content and objects themselves. We will explain why we think the term VR 2.0–as a combination of Web 2.0 and VR–is a good label for currently existing user-generated online VRs. This chapter will also explain the concept of knowledge building, both in general terms and in the Web 2.0 context. The main emphasis of the chapter is on the significance of knowledge building for online VRs. In this context, we will describe the visualization of educational content, learner-object interaction, as well as personal, social, and environmental presence as its main features. We will also describe online VRs as a toolbox for user-generated content, and explain why the integration of different tools and seeing “living and learning” in context are relevant for applying user-generated online VRs in educational contexts. In conclusion, we will look at future trends for VR 2.0 environments.
Student and Faculty Use and Perceptions of Web 2.0 Technologies in Higher Education
Authors: Ajjan Haya , Hartshorne Richard , Ferdig Richard E.
Published: May 2010

In this chapter, the authors provide evidence for the potential of Web 2.0 applications in higher education through a review of relevant literature on educational technology and social networking. Additionally, the authors report the results and implications of a study exploring student and faculty awareness of the potential of Web 2.0 technologies to support and supplement classroom instruction in higher education. Also, using the decomposed theory of planned behavior as the theoretical foundation, the authors discuss factors that influence student and faculty decisions to adopt Web 2.0 technologies. The chapter concludes with a list of recommendations for classroom use of Web 2.0 applications, as well as implications for policy changes and future research.
Knowledge Assets, E-Networks and Trust
Authors: Erickson G. Scott , Rothberg Helen N.
Published: May 2010

Development of knowledge assets and protection of knowledge assets are both complementary and competing concerns for the contemporary business. Each has specific issues related to trust that need to be understood and addressed before an individual firm launches a knowledge management initiative. Further, with important contemporary trends such as enterprise systems, external knowledge management networks, and aggressive competitive intelligence efforts, decision-makers must increasingly evaluate their circumstances and establish the appropriate levels of trust between individuals and the organization and between cooperating organizations. This chapter reviews and elaborates on such issues. It then passes to a consideration of how these concerns might vary by industry, presenting selected data on knowledge development and knowledge protection conditions in a variety of industries.
Tensions in Collaborative Cyber Security and how They Affect Incident Detection and Response
Authors: Fink Glenn , McKinnon David , Clements Samuel , Frincke Deborah
Published: May 2010

Security often requires collaboration, but when multiple stakeholders are involved, it is typical for their priorities to differ or even conflict with one another. In today’s increasingly networked world, cyber security collaborations may span organizations and countries. In this chapter, the authors address collaboration tensions, their effects on incident detection and response, and how these tensions may potentially be resolved. The authors present three case studies of collaborative cyber security within the U.S. government and discuss technical, social, and regulatory challenges to collaborative cyber security. They suggest possible solutions and present lessons learned from conflicts. Finally, the authors compare collaborative solutions from other domains and apply them to cyber security collaboration. Although they concentrate their analysis on collaborations whose purpose is to achieve cyber security, the authors believe this work applies readily to security tensions found in collaborations of a general nature as well.
An Approach to Unified Trust Management Framework
Authors: Zhao Weiliang , Varadharajan Vijay
Published: May 2010

In this chapter, the authors propose an approach with a unified framework for trust management with a consistent way to cover a broad variety of trust mechanisms including credentials, reputation, local data storage, and environment parameters. The trust request, trust evaluation, and trust consuming are handled in a comprehensive manner. The framework has a high extensibility to embrace established standards and new requirements. With the help of the proposed framework, the development of a trust management system in the real world can be automated to a substantially high level.
How Trust and Reputation-Based Collaboration Impact Wireless Sensor Network Security
Authors: Foukia Noria , Lewis Nathan
Published: May 2010

Like wired network security, wireless sensor network (WSN) security encompasses the typical network security requirements which are: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation and availability. At the same time, security for WSNs differs from traditional security designed for classical wired networks in many points because of the new constraints imposed by WSN technology. Many aspects are due to the limited resources (memory space, CPU …) and infrastructure-less property of WSNs. Therefore traditional security mechanisms cannot be applied directly and WSNs are more prone to existing and new threats than traditional networks. Typical threats are the physical capture of sensor nodes, the service disruption due to the unreliable wireless communication. Parameters specific to WSN characteristics may help to reduce the effect of threats. Examples of existing measures are efficient WSN power management strategies that can dynamically adjust the node cycles (sleeping or awake mode) based on the current network workload or the use of redundant information to locally detect lying nodes. In addition to adjusting existing WSN characteristics that impact security, establishing trust and collaboration is essential in WSNs for many reasons such as the high distribution of sensor nodes or the goal-oriented nature of many sensing applications. This chapter emphasizes the need of collaboration between sensor nodes and shows that establishing trust between nodes and using reputation reported by collaborating nodes can help mitigate security issues.
Challenges on Semantic Web Services
Authors: Vargas-Vera Maria , Nagy Miklos , Zyskowski Dominik , Haniewicz Konstanty , Abramowicz Witold
Published: May 2010

The promise of being able to support Business-to-Customer applications with a rapidly growing number of heterogeneous services available on the Semantic Web has generated considerable interest in different research communities (e.g., Semantic Web, knowledge representation, software agents). However, in order to overcome the challenges of the current Web services, new level of functionalities is required in order to integrate distributed software components using existing Semantic Web standards. In this chapter, the authors discuss and suggest insights into new solutions to the main challenges in the area of Semantic Web services: composition, discovery and trust. For the first problem they suggest to use program transformation coupled with services’ descriptions. For the second problem (discovery of Web services) a solution based on the authors’ mapping algorithm between ontologies is suggested. While, for the last problem a solution based on fuzzy voting model is outlined. Through the chapter, the authors work with an investing scenario, in order to illustrate our suggested solutions to these three challenges.
Tracing the Many Translations of a Web-Based IT Artefact
Authors: Naidoo R. , Leonard A.
Published: May 2010

This chapter adopts an interpretive, case based research strategy to discuss the centrality of meaning in implementing an Internet-based self-service technology. Actor-Network theory (ANT) is used to describe the complex evolution of a Web-based service at a healthcare insurance firm. Using processes of inscribing, translating and framing, this chapter explores the emergence of the technology from 1999 – 2005 using three technological frames, ‘channel of choice’, ‘dazzle the customer’, and ‘complementary channel’ as episodes of translation. ANT demonstrates that the Internet-based self-service technology at this particular healthcare context emerged out of many unplanned negotiations and mediations with both human and non human actors. Finally, this chapter argues that ANT’s socio-technical lens provides a richer understanding of the meaning of Internet-based self-service technology within a multi-channel context.
Employing a Grounded Theory Approach for MIS Research
Authors: Gasson Susan
Published: May 2010

This chapter provides a brief introduction to the grounded theory (GT) approach to research, discussing how it has been used in information systems (IS) research, and how GT studies may be conducted to provide a significant theoretical contribution to the management information systems (MIS) field. The subject is of particular interest at a time when GT attracts frequent criticism for a lack of rigor. This chapter deals with what makes for a rigorous contribution to “grounded” theory in MIS. It addresses developments and controversies in the generation of grounded theories, examining the use of GT as a coding method vs. the use of GT as a method for generating theory. The discussion focuses mainly on the constructivist/interpretive perspective adopted in most qualitative data studies, as this is the way in which GT has been used most often in MIS. The chapter concludes with a roadmap for the use of GT in MIS research and a discussion of the contribution made by GT studies in MIS.
RCUBE
Authors: Dehne Frank , Eavis Todd , Rau-Chaplin Andrew
Published: May 2010

This chapter addresses the query performance issue for Relational OLAP (ROLAP) data cubes. The authors present RCUBE, a distributed multi-dimensional ROLAP indexing scheme which is practical to implement, requires only a small communication volume, and is fully adapted to distributed disks. Their solution is efficient for spatial searches in high dimensions and scalable in terms of data sizes, dimensions, and number of processors. Their method is also incrementally maintainable. Using “surrogate” group-bys, it allows for the efficient processing of arbitrary OLAP queries on partial cubes, where not all of the group-bys have been materialized. Experiments with RCUBE show that the ROLAP advantage of better scalability, in comparison to MOLAP, can be maintained while providing, at the same time, a fast and flexible index for OLAP queries.
An Approach Based on Market Economy for Consistency Management in Data Grids with Optorsim Simulator
Authors: Belalem Ghalem , Yagoubi Belabbes , Bouamama Samah
Published: May 2010

Data Grids are currently solutions suggested to meet the needs of scale large systems. They provide highly varied and geographically distributed resources of which the goal is to ensure fast and effective data access. This improves availability, and tolerates breakdowns. In such systems, these advantages are not possible without the use of replication. The use of the technique of replication poses a problem in regards to the maintenance of the consistency of the same data replicas; the strategies of replication of the data and scheduling of jobs were tested by simulation. Several grid simulators were born. One of the most interesting simulators for this study is the OptorSim tool. In this chapter, the authors present an extension of the OptorSim by a consistency management module of the replicas in Data Grids; they propose a hybrid step which combines the economic models conceived for a hierarchical model with two levels. This suggested approach has two vocations, the first allowing a reduction in response times compared to an pessimistic approach, the second gives the good quality of service compared to optimistic approach.
E-Learning 2.0
Authors: Chaka Chaka
Published: May 2010

This chapter contends that both Web 2.0 and the Semantic Web (the SW) serve as critical enablers for e-learning 2.0. It also maintains that the SW has the potential to take e-learning 2.0 to new frontiers of advancement. Most significantly, the chapter argues that Web 2.0 and the SW provide an ideal platform for harnessing collective intelligence, collective knowledge, the power of the groundswell, the network effect, and the collective power of simulation for higher education institutions (HEIs) in the area of elearning 2.0. Against this backdrop, the chapter provides, first, a short overview of e-learning 2.0, Web 2.0 and the SW. Second, it characterises the way in which Web 2.0 social software technologies (e.g., blogs, wikis, social networks and virtual worlds) can be deployed in HEIs for delivering e-learning 2.0 for educational purposes. In addition, it outlines the manner in which the SW (in the form of semantic blogs, semantic wikis, semantic social networks and semantic virtual worlds) can enhance each of these Web 2.0 technologies for deploying e-learning 2.0 in HEIs.
Conceptual Tools for Dealing with ‘Narrative' Terrorism Information
Authors: Zarri Gian Piero
Published: May 2010

In this paper, we evoke first the ubiquity and the importance of the so-called ‘non-fictional narrative’ information, with a particular emphasis on the terrorism- and crime-related data. We show that the usual knowledge representation and ‘ontological’ techniques have difficulties in finding complete solutions for representing and using this type of information. We supply then some details about NKRL, a representation and inferencing environment especially created for an ‘intelligent’ exploitation of narrative information. This description will be integrated with concrete examples to illustrate the use of this conceptual tool in a terrorism context.
Introduction of Vehicular Network Applications
Authors: Chang Yao-Chung
Published: May 2010

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is concerned with all the technologies that manage, process, and communicate information. It is also named as telematics, combining two words: telecommunications and informatics, which is widely used in the application of Global Positioning System technology integrated with computers and in the mobile communications technology for automotive navigation systems. Table 2.1 and Table 2.2 respectively list the telemetric applications from user’s point of view and the practical applications of vehicular telematics. Four applications of the vehicular network are discussed in this chapter. The first section introduces the vehicular network application services. The second section discusses the vehicular network application management. The third section provides the platform technologies of vehicular network application. Finally, future vehicular network application and deployments are presented in the fourth section.
Data Communications Inside Vehicular Environments
Authors: Lin Cheng-Min , Liu Tzong-Jye
Published: May 2010

ZigBee is based on IEEE 802.15.4 which specifies the physical layer and medium access control (MAC) for low-cost and low-power LR-WPAN. The technology can be applied in intelligent key, A/C operation and steering wheel inside vehicles. There are two types of devices in ZigBee, FFD and RFD. A FFD can communicate with RFDs and other FFDs, while a RFD can only communicate with a FFD. In ZigBee physical layer, it follows IEEE 802.15.4 standard and operates in unlicensed RF worldwide (2.4GHz global, 915MHz Americas or 868 MHz Europe). A superframe contained an active portion and an inactive portion is used in the MAC layer of ZigBee. The active portion includes CAP and CFP. In the inactive partition, the coordinator can enter sleep mode to save its power. Three main topologies of ZigBee are star, mesh, and tree. However, ZigBee is successfully produced into a low-cost controller applied for automotive applications, including vehicle control and status monitoring. According to the forecast of ON World in 2005 (ON WORLD, 2009), the deployed wireless sensing network nodes will increase to 127 million in 2010 from 1.2 million in 2005. It can be applied in home automation, battlefield surveillance, health care applications and vehicular environments. A wireless sensor network (WSN) constitutes a lot of wireless sensing nodes. In addition, a node in WSN consists of one or more sensors, a radio transceiver, and a microcontroller. The sensor can be used for sensing temperature, pressure, sound, vibration, motion or position, etc. to collect status from devices or environments. The transceiver is used to relay the information of the collected status computed by the microcontroller to a center node, called a gateway or sink. Therefore, a WSN belongs to one type of wireless ad-hoc networks. However, the nodes in a WSN are usually smaller than that in traditional wireless ad-hoc networks regarding node size, computing power, memory size, and transmission rage. In other words, the transmission ability, computing power, and memory size of WSN nodes are limited.
Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments
Authors: Liu Tzong-Jye , Chen Ching-Wen
Published: May 2010

The IEEE 1609 standards define communication for wireless access in vehicular environment (WAVE) services, which enable vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-roadside, as well as vehicle-to-infrastructure communications. The standard consists of four parts, which are briefly described in this chapter. IEEE 1609.1 describes the WAVE resource manager which specifies the wireless access method in a WAVE environment and allows a remote manager application to establish connection with a resource command processor on an on-board unit. IEEE 1609.2 defines several secure message formats to process messages for WAVE system. The standard covers methods for securing WAVE management messages and application messages, which protects messages from attacks such as eavesdropping, spoofing, alteration, replay, and linkable information to unauthorized parties. IEEE 1609.3 defines network services for WAVE systems, whose network services operate at the network and transport layers of the OSI model and support both the IPv6 traffics and the WAVE short message services. IEEE 1609.4 describes WAVE multi-channel operations. It specifies the functions of MAC sublayer management entity and WAVE MAC with channel coordination. The multi-channel operation provides an efficient mechanism that controls the operation of upper layer across multiple channels.
Vehicle Location and Navigation Systems
Authors: Chang Ben-Jye
Published: May 2010

The most driving purpose is to traverse to the destination safely, efficiently, and comfortably. Two types of approaches could achieve the goals, including the static and dynamic approaches. In the static aspect, vehicles use the static road and traffic information to navigate. Conversely, in the dynamic aspect, vehicles adopt the dynamic information instead. However, both of the two approaches first require getting the vehicle’s location and then map the position on an e-map. Thus, this chapter first introduces some important vehicle location determination algorithms: the dead reckoning and global position system algorithms, in which the precision of location technologies are compared. Then, the map-matching algorithm is described in detail. Finally, various vehicle navigation approaches are detailed, in which the important topics include: the navigation architecture, the navigation routing algorithm, and navigation applications.
Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
Authors: Chen Yuh-Shyan , Lin Yun-Wei
Published: May 2010

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET), a subclass of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), is a promising approach for the intelligent transportation system (ITS). The design of routing protocols in VANETs is important and necessary issue for support the smart ITS. The key difference of VANET and MANET is the special mobility pattern and rapidly changeable topology. It is not effectively applied the existing routing protocols of MANETs into VANETs. In this chapter, we mainly survey new routing results in VANET. The authors introduce unicast protocol, multicast protocol, geocast protocol, mobicast protocol, and broadcast protocol. It is observed that carry-and-forward is the new and key consideration for designing all routing protocols in VANETs. With the consideration of multi-hop forwarding and carryand- forward techniques, min-delay and delay-bounded routing protocols for VANETs are discussed in VANETs. Besides, the temporary network fragmentation problem and the broadcast storm problem are further considered for designing routing protocols in VANETs. The temporary network fragmentation problem caused by rapidly changeable topology influence on the performance of data transmissions. The broadcast storm problem seriously affects the successful rate of message delivery in VANETs. The key challenge is to overcome these problems to provide routing protocols with the low communication delay, the low communication overhead, and the low time complexity.
Applications in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
Authors: Chen Tzung-Shi , Tsai Hua-Wen , Chang Yi-Shiang
Published: May 2010

The various sensors and wireless communication devices have been extensively applied to daily life due to the advancements of microelectronics mechanism and wireless technologies. Recently, vehicular communication systems and applications become more and more important to people in daily life. Vehicular communication systems that can transmit and receive information to and from individual vehicles have the potential to significantly increase the safety of vehicular transportation, improve traffic flow on congested roads, and decrease the number of people of deaths and injuries in vehicular collisions effectively. This system relies on direct communication between vehicles to satisfy the communication needs of a large class of applications, such as collision avoidance, passing assistance, platooning. In addition, vehicular communication systems can be supplemented by roadside infrastructure to access Internet and other applications. This system forms a special case of mobile ad hoc networks called Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). They can be formed between vehicles with vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication or between vehicles and an infrastructure with vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication. The applications and characteristics of VANETs are introduced and presented in this Chapter.
DTN Technologies for Vehicular Networks
Authors: Lan Kun-Chan
Published: May 2010

A Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) is one type of challenged network where network contacts are intermittent or link performance is highly variable or extreme. In such a network, a complete path does not exist from source to destination for most of the time. In addition, the path can be highly unstable and may change or break unexpectedly. To make communication possible in a delay tolerant network, the intermediate nodes need to take custody of data during the blackout and forward it toward the destination when the connectivity resumes. A vehicular network nicely falls into the context of DTN since the mobility of vehicles constantly causes the disruption of link connectivity’s between vehicles. In this chapter, the authors discuss some research challenges and issues which might occur in a Delay Tolerant Network and how they are related to vehicular networks.
Simple Transportation Management Framework
Authors: Dow Chyi-Ren
Published: May 2010

The Simple Transportation Management Framework (STMF) specifies a set of rules and protocols which can be used to organize, describe, and exchange transportation management information between transportation management applications and equipments. The STMF framework consists of four elements, including Management Information Base (MIB), Structure and Identification of Management Information (SMI), Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), and Simple Transportation Management Protocol (STMP). MIB is a collection of management objects written in ASN.1 notation. SMI is the definition of how to create management objects and a hierarchical definition of nodes where management objects will be attached for unique identification. SNMP is a communications protocol for configuring and monitoring of network devices. STMP is a variation of SNMP to address low-bandwidth communication links and real-time device monitoring.
Vehicular System Management Architecture and Application Platform
Authors: Chang Teng-Wen , Chen Jiann-Liang
Published: May 2010

Notably, not all telematics services can be used in telematics terminals as a result of the varied platform standards. The main issues are that most telematics technologies depend on vertical, proprietary and closed per-OEM Original Equipment Manufacture (OEM) platforms, forming islands of non-interoperable technology and preventing third-party service providers from creating valuable services. In this study, the Open Gateway Service Initiative Vehicle Expert Group (OSGi/VEG) was integrated into an Android platform to generate a vehicular Android/OSGi platform that has the advantages of both original platforms, such as remote management, rich class sharing, proprietary vehicular applications, security policies, easy management of application programming interface (APIs), and an environment with increased openness. Furthermore, this study integrates the cloud computing mechanism into the Android/OSGi platform, which allows service providers to upload their telematics bundles onto storage clouds via the provisioning server.
Remote Vehicular System Management Functions and Information Structure
Authors: Chang Teng-Wen , Chen Jiann-Liang
Published: May 2010

Due to the rapid development of information technology, the network has already spread to every corner of vehicle. With all kinds of ECU devices appear in the vehicle, and it brings the more and more convenient living. On purpose solving heterogamous technologies that are incompatible with each other, developed a “WBEM-based Remote Management and Heterogeneous Vehicular Network Diagnosis System” on OSGi Gateway. This system can focus on a variety of problems come from vehicle network, and find out what are the problems or where are the problems happened. If the problem still can not be solved properly, we must to seek for help from remote managers. The users can acquire enough information without understanding how to control every device, so that the users can help near diagnosis system to solve vehicle network’s problems and to promote the abilities of near network diagnosis.
MOVE
Authors: Lan Kun-Chan
Published: May 2010

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is surging in popularity, in which vehicles constitute the mobile nodes in the network. Due to the prohibitive cost of deploying and implementing such a system in real world, most research in VANET relies on simulations for evaluation. A key component for VANET simulations is a realistic vehicular mobility model that ensures conclusions drawn from simulation experiments will carry through to real deployments. However, VANET simulations raise many new questions about suitable levels of details in simulation models for nodes mobility. In VANET simulations, the mobility models used affect strongly the simulation output. The researchers need to decide what level of details are required for their simulations. In this chapter, the authors introduce a tool MOVE that allows users to rapidly generate realistic mobility models for VANET simulations. MOVE is built on top of an open source micro-traffic simulator SUMO. The output of MOVE is a realistic mobility model and can be immediately used by popular network simulators such as ns-2 and Qualnet. The authors show that the simulation results obtained when using a realistic mobility model such as MOVE are significantly different from results based on the commonly used random waypoint model. In addition, the authors evaluate the effects of details of mobility models in three case studies of VANET simulations (specifically, the existence of traffic lights, driver route choice and car overtaking behavior) and show that selecting sufficient level of details in the simulation is critical for VANET protocol design.
Security Attacks of Vehicular Networks
Authors: Chang Jen-Chun , Fan Chun-I , Hsu Ruei-Hau
Published: May 2010

The application of vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) improves driving safety and traffic management. Due to the above applications, security attacks on VANET can be serious threats all the time. VANET is a special form of mobile ad hoc network (MANET). Hence any attacks exist on MANET also can be arisen on VANET. Moreover, some special attacks can be raised on VANET, which do not exist on MANET. Nevertheless, some characteristics of VANET can be positive effects and some can be negative effects on security issues. Before designing the security mechanism to defend attacks, the authors should take the positive effects and avoid the negative effects on the security of VANET. Furthermore, the authors class all possible attacks of VANET from every network layer. They also introduce the reason of forming every attack and the possible effect on VANET in detail. Therefore this chapter helps understanding the latent threats and the useful resources of security issues on VANET.
Measures of Interoperability
Authors: Ghosh Supriya
Published: May 2010

Now that we have discussed today’s information enterprise, this chapter focuses on the larger concept of interoperability. The definition of this word is not simple and a lot has written about this topic, so this chapter focuses on providing an objective definition of the subject matter. It then defines particular types of interoperability and how these types are measured. It defines the concept of loosely coupled systems, and how to obtain greater interoperability through looser coupling. It describes an objective way to measure interoperability based on the LISI profile in use by the DoD and NATO. It then provides an understanding of architecture strategies for achieving greater interoperability. It ends the chapter by discussing interoperability measures within large-scale distributed systems.
Use of Enterprise Architecture as a Net-Centric Discipline
Authors: Ghosh Supriya
Published: May 2010

This chapter provides an understanding of enterprise architecture in action. We provide planning guidelines for developing organizational enterprise architecture and governance that is associated with it. Further details are then provided on developing an organization’s architecture, and how we can define the enterprise’s current and future state. We discuss net-centric enterprise architecture principles and discuss DoD integrated architecture views according to the current DoDAF that includes the System View, Operational View and Technical Standards View. The last section acknowledges that having enterprise architecture qualifies as a Net-Ready Key Performance Parameter, and then discusses how document an NR-KPP should be documented.
Service-Oriented Architecture and Net-Centric Principles
Authors: Ghosh Supriya
Published: May 2010

This chapter introduces Service-Oriented Architecture and puts it in the context of the net-centric future. We discuss key service-oriented architecture concepts as it applies to the information industry and provide a set of open technical standards that everyone needs to adhere. We then define a set of SOA terminology and provide a description of each of the elements that make up a SOA within a large enterprise. We discuss the benefits of SOA adoption, how it helps application configuration and interoperability, and what points the enterprise needs to consider. Then we provide a set of DoD stated net-centric goals that helps to move forward from the current view of the enterprise to the future view. We discuss the netcentric SOA principles and SOA governance activities as it relates to large organizations.
Transition to IPv6-Based Networks
Authors: Ghosh Supriya
Published: May 2010

This chapter addresses how the transition to the IPv6 protocol is part of the upcoming network and communications upgrade for enabling a net-centric environment. We discuss limitations of current IPv4 protocol, features of the IPv6 protocol and discuss IPv6 network basics. We then discuss IPv6 support for net centricity, and the federal mandate for IPv6 transition. DoD has developed a set of IPv6 guidance that provides IPv6-capable definition, IPv6 base requirements and IPv6 product classes. We discuss transition strategies from IPv4 to IPv6 and long term strategy challenges such as security implications. We provide data can be secured using the IPSec protocol and we go ahead and provide a review of mobile IPv6 networking.
Net-Centric Assessment and Interoperability Testing
Authors: Ghosh Supriya
Published: May 2010

This section provides you with the ability to assess net-centric and interoperability principles within organizations. This chapter provides a set of checklists that have been placed in tables for organizations to figure out how to evaluate net-centric data assessment, net-centric services assessment, information assurance assessment, and communications and transport assessment. It then provides an understanding of interoperability testing to promote net-centric development, which involves stages of testing and the use of SOA-based services. We end with a case study of the University of New Hampshire Interoperability Laboratory that has been a fixture in providing testing support for IPv6 and network testing.
Electronic Hardware for Fuzzy Computation
Authors: Basterretxea Koldo , del Campo Inés
Published: May 2010

This chapter describes two decades of evolution of electronic hardware for fuzzy computing, and discusses the new trends and challenges that are currently being faced in this field. Firstly the authors analyze the main design approaches performed since first fuzzy chip designs were published and until the consolidation of reconfigurable hardware: the digital approach and the analog approach. Secondly, the evolution of fuzzy hardware based on reconfigurable devices, from traditional field programmable gate arrays to complex system-on-programmable chip solutions, is described and its relationship with the scalability issue is explained. The reconfigurable approach is completed by analyzing a cutting edge design methodology known as dynamic partial reconfiguration and by reviewing some evolvable fuzzy hardware designs. Lastly, regarding fuzzy data-mining processing, the main proposals to speed up data-mining workloads are presented: multiprocessor architectures, reconfigurable hardware, and high performance reconfigurable computing.
A Random Set and Prototype Theory Model of Linguistic Query Evaluation
Authors: Lawry Jonathan , Tang Yongchuan
Published: May 2010

This chapter proposes a new interpretation of quantified linguistic queries based on a combination of random set theory and prototype theory and which is consistent with the label semantics framework. In this approach concepts are defined by random set neighbourhoods of a set of prototypes and quantifiers are similarly defined by random set constraints on ratios or absolute values. The authors then propose a computationally feasible method for evaluating quantified statement describing the elements of a database.
A Flexible Language for Exploring Clustered Search Results
Authors: Bordogna Gloria , Campi Alessandro , Ronchi Stefania , Psaila Giuseppe
Published: May 2010

In this chapter the authors consider the problem of defining a flexible approach for exploring huge amounts of results retrieved by several Internet search services (like search engines). The goal is to offer users a way to discover relevant hidden relationships between documents. The proposal is motivated by the observation that visualization paradigms, based on either the ranked list or clustered results, do not allow users to fully appreciate and understand the retrieved contents. In the case of long ranked lists, the user generally analyzes only the first few pages. On the other side, in the case the documents are clustered, to understand their contents the user does not have other means that looking at the cluster labels. When the same query is submitted to distinct search services, they may produce partially overlapped clustered results, where clusters identified by distinct labels collect some common documents. Moreover, clusters with similar labels, but containing distinct documents, may be produced as well. In such a situation, it may be useful to compare, combine and rank the cluster contents, to filter out relevant documents. In this chapter the authors present a novel manipulation language, in which several operators (inspired by relational algebra) and distinct ranking methods can be exploited to analyze the clusters’ contents. New clusters can be generated and ranked based on distinct criteria, by combining (i.e., overlapping, refining and intersecting) clusters in a set oriented fashion. Specifically, the chapter is focused on the ranking methods defined for each operator of the language.
High Scale Fuzzy Video Mining
Authors: Marsala Christophe , Detyniecki Marcin
Published: May 2010

In this chapter, the authors focus on the use of forests of fuzzy decision trees (FFDT) in a video mining application. They discuss how to learn from a high scale video data sets and how to use the trained FFDTs to detect concepts in a high number of video shots. Moreover, the authors study the effect of the size of the forest on the performance; and of the use of fuzzy logic during the classification process. The experiments are performed on a well-know non-video dataset and on a real TV quality video benchmark.
Fuzzy Clustering of Large Relational Bioinformatics Datasets
Authors: Popescu Mihail
Published: May 2010

In this chapter the author presents a fuzzy clustering methodology that can be employed for large relational datasets. Relational data is an N×N matrix that consists of pair-wise dissimilarities among N objects. Large relational datasets are encountered in many domains such as psychology or medical informatics, but they are abundant in bioinformatics where gene products are compared to each other based on various characteristics such as DNA or amino acid sequence. The fuzzy clustering methodology is exemplified on a set of about 30,000 human gene products.