bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sinistrality and Reduced Longevity: Reichler's 1979 Data on Baseball Players Do Not Indicate a Relationship
Authors: Fudin Robert , Renninger Lesley , Lembessis Elizabeth , Hirshon Jordon
Published: August 2011

Halpern and Coren's 1988 results concerning the longevity of sinistral and dextral baseball players have been used to support the idea that sinistrality is associated with reduced longevity. Halpern and Coren stated that they used Reichler's 1979 The Baseball Encyclopedia, which has longevity data through 1978, as their source. Apparent errors in reporting findings from that source suggested the possible value of analyzing Reichler's 1979 data. That analysis indicated findings that did not confirm Halpern and Coren's 1988 findings. Coren, however, related in 1992 that, although Halpern and Coren used Reichler as their source, they considered longevity data only through 1974. We therefore contend that the present findings represent what Halpern and Coren would have found had they considered Reichler's longevity data through 1978. Procedures used to analyze baseball players' longevity and the possible value of and potential problems with an updated baseball study are discussed.
Video-Task Paradigm Extended to Saimiri
Authors: Andrews Michael W.
Published: August 2011

In the “video-task paradigm” a subject manipulates a joy-stick to move a cursor into an experimenter-defined target area on a computer monitor, generally receiving a food reward upon completion of the task. Despite the spatial separation of the joy-stick, monitor, and location of reward delivery, the video-task paradigm has been successfully implemented with several macaque species and with chimpanzees. Preliminary attempts to implement the paradigm with squirrel monkeys, however, were not successful. This report describes successful performance by a squirrel monkey in the paradigm. After learning to move the cursor to contact a small target randomly appearing at four screen locations, the monkey was readily able to move the cursor to contact a moving target in novel locations on the monitor screen.
Induced Visual Motion: Effects of Fixation and Retinal Position
Authors: Humber C. Nadine , Sherrick Michael F.
Published: August 2011

In the first of two experiments ( N = 33) on the effects on induced motion of target fixation and retinal position, better induced motion was always perceived in a target which was fixated and centered on the fovea than in nonfixated target stimuli which projected onto various locations on the periphery. A similar fixation effect was again observed in Exp. 2 ( N = 29) when the nonfixated stimuli fell within the fovea. Ratings of induced motion tended to decrease as retinal eccentricity of the nonfixated stimulus increased in both experiments. The results indicate that target fixation and retinal position should be controlled in research on induced motion. Also, the data may emphasize the similarity of real and induced motion perception.
Contour Lightness and Separation Effects in the Ebbinghaus Illusion
Authors: Jaeger Ted , Grasso Katherine
Published: August 2011

For 48 observers, the central circle of Ebbinghaus figures appeared smaller as the separation between it and the contextual circles increased. Lightness of the contours only affected the illusion when the contextual circles were large and located close to the central circle. An explanation incorporating size contrast and attraction between contours was offered.
Implicit Distribution Theory: The Influence of Cognitive Representation of Differentiation on Actual Ratings
Authors: Fox Shaul , Thornton George C.
Published: August 2011

The article presents the idea that individuals possess three main mental representations of distributions regarding group categories: trait differentiation, person differentiation, and the interaction between trait and person variabilities. These representations are called Implicit Distribution Theory. The study examined the stability of these distributional notions, their interrelationships, and their relation to subsequent judgments. The implicit distribution theories of 89 students regarding university professors were captured twice by asking them to distribute 100 imaginary professors on 5-point scales for each of 13 attributes commonly used in professors' evaluations. Several weeks afterwards 50 of these subjects rated four known professors on the same attributes. Test-retest reliability was quite high for trait and person differentiation, and these constructs were independent. Person differentiation significantly predicted parallel features in raters' judgments of actual performance, while trait differentiation yielded significant correlations with most distribution measures of actual ratings. The findings are related to the concepts of mental representation, cognitive complexity, and cognitive biases in person perception as well as to their potential applications in organizational settings.
Individual Differences in Preference for Environmental Sounds
Authors: Kageyama Takayuki
Published: August 2011

25 typical environmental sounds were presented to 936 Japanese high school students in a written questionnaire to measure their preferences for these sounds. Sex-related, personality-related, and regional differences among preferences were observed for kind of sound. On the other hand, self-rated frequency of hearing each sound in daily life was related to the subjects' residential environment and sex.
The Fallacy of the Argument for Reduced Longevity in Left-Handers
Authors: Annett Marian
Published: August 2011

The fallacy of the argument for reduced longevity in left-handers depends on the use of the writing hand in the assessment of the present generation of elderly people, when writing was not used as a criterion in the early years of the century. A ‘thought’ experiment demonstrates that a sample of left-handers is Likely to be younger than a sample of right-handers alive in the population and this would be true also of the recently deceased.
Statistical Inference for the Relative Concentration of a Sample Drawn from a Finite Population
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: August 2011

A permutation inference procedure is provided to calculate the probability of the relative concentration of a sample drawn from a finite population distributed over a space of any shape and any number of dimensions.
Timeouts before Free-Throws: Do the Statistics Support the Strategy?
Authors: Kozar Bill , Lord Russell H. , Whitfield Keith E. , Mechikoff Robert A.
Published: August 2011

Basketball coaches often call a timeout just before the opposing player shoots a free-throw during the last five minutes of a close game. Their intent is to lower the opposing player's free-throw percentage. This study examined the effectiveness of this strategy in critical game situations. Play-by-play records of 1237 men's NCAA Division I games played between 1977 and 1989 were reviewed. We identified 350 verifiable timeout situations. Opposing coaches called 250 timeouts before an opponent shot a free-throw. As the score differential and time remaining in the game decreased, coaches relied on this strategy more frequently to try to control the outcome of the game. This strategy was not effective in reducing free-throw percentage, suggesting that coaches need to reconsider the strategy.
Matching Learning Style and Instructional Strategy: An Application of the Person-Environment Interaction Paradigm
Authors: Hayes John , Allinson Christopher W.
Published: August 2011

There is a widely held view that matching learning style and instructional strategy can improve the effectiveness of education and training. This paper is a review of 17 studies, drawn from a variety of educational contexts, which investigate the interaction effect of learning style and instructional strategy. Ten studies provide support for the proposition that instructional strategy will be differentially effective for students with different learning styles. Three factors which might have contributed to the lack of support associated with the other seven studies are discussed.
Children's Use of Transitional Objects during Daily Separations from Significant Caregivers
Authors: Triebenbacher Sandra Lookabaugh , Tegano Deborah W.
Published: August 2011

Attachment behaviors of 105 toddlers were observed as the children separated from significant caregiver(s) at child care. Analysis indicated that children attached to a transitional object and using the object when separating engaged in ritualistic touching behaviors directed at a variety of targets. Results lend some support to the notion of transitional objects facilitating separation and reducing anxiety in mildly stressful situations.
Beta-Endorphins and Mood States during Resistance Exercise
Authors: McGowan Robert W. , Pierce Edgar F. , Eastman Norris , Tripathi H. L. , Dewey Thomas , Olson Kirsten
Published: August 2011

Research examining the relationship between β-endorphin immunoreactivity and affect has resulted in equivocal findings. To examine this relationship further, 10 male and 10 female college-age students participated in a controlled free-weight exercise session. Blood plasma samples were procured both prior to and following the exercise bout and β-endorphin levels were determined by immunoassay. Analysis indicated that plasma β-endorphin levels following exercise were significantly decreased from pre-exercise levels. Pearson correlations showed no significant relationship between pre- or postexercise plasma β-endorphins and either total mood disturbance or Profile of Mood States subscores. The data support previous failure of resistance exercise to produce an increase in β-endorphin immunoreactivity as well as the lack of a significant relationship between affect and the β-endorphin response to exercise.
Control Issues and Body Image in Panic Disorder
Authors: Jensen Carl F.
Published: August 2011

Mean perceived emotional control and body image were compared for 7 subjects with and 6 without panic disorder, all physically healthy. The former had a lower mean on sense of emotional control and showed greater emphasis on the back of the body. These preliminary data encourage replication with a larger group.
Self-Generated Mnemonics for Number Recall in Young and Old Adults
Authors: Hill R. D. , Schwob S. L. , Ottman S.
Published: August 2011

Self-generated strategies for recall of number facts were examined in 164 adults who ranged in age from 20 to 86 years. Participants recalled a number list that included six 2-digit prices and six 4-digit phone numbers Following recall, participants reported their encoding strategies A larger percentage of the younger subjects (< 49 yr.) reported using a specific verbal mediator to facilitate encoding, and younger subjects recalled more 2-digit and 4-digit numbers. Across age groups, the self-reported use of encoding strategies facilitated recall.
Perceptions of Scholastic Competence in Relation to Middle-School Achievement
Authors: Sink Christopher A. , Barnett Jerrold E. , Pool Becky A.
Published: August 2011

This follow-up study examined the role of affective variables in predicting academic achievement among middle-school students. In a 1991 study, Sink, Barnett, and Hixon found moderate to strong correlations among self-perceived competence scores, teachers' ratings of students' competence, and Grade 6 achievement. To extend these findings, Grade 7 teachers' ratings, parents' ratings of students' academic competence, and seventh grade achievement test scores were collected from the same sample. Similar positive correlations were found between the students' academic self-concept and achievement in Grades 6 and 7. Parents' and teachers' ratings yielded moderate correlations with academic achievement. Step-wise multiple regression analyses showed teachers' perceptions and fathers' perceptions to be the strongest predictors of Grade 7 students' achievement in three of the four subject areas tested. These results underscore the stability and the importance of affective variables in understanding and predicting middle-school academic performance.
Self-Concepts of Nigerian Adolescents
Authors: Toriola A. Lamina , Kobiowu S. Victor
Published: August 2011

Significant differences were noted for boys and girls ( ns = 150) on the Self-image Questionnaire for Young Adolescents, those of higher socioeconomic status showing more positive self-concepts.
A Dynamic Balance Measure for Persons with Severe and Profound Mental Retardation
Authors: DePaepe James L. , Ciccaglione Sue
Published: August 2011

The present study's purpose was to probe into the reliability and validity measurement of dynamic balance for individuals with IQs below 29. The 91 subjects were asked to complete the Papcsy-DePaepe test and the Bruininks test according to each test's protocol. Correlations of odd-even scores produced a reliability of .98 for the Papcsy-DePaepe test. Concurrent validity was indicated by a Pearson product-moment correlation of .64 between the two tests. Subsequent 3 × 2 × 2 multivariate analyses of variance confirmed a significant difference between the two tests and that retardation was associated with balance performance although age and gender were not.
Profiles of Hispanic Adolescents and Adults on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Authors: Kaufman Alan S. , Kaufman Nadeen L. , McLean James E.
Published: August 2011

Typologies of 65 Hispanic people on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator were investigated by comparing their profiles with those obtained by 142 black and 1155 white subjects.
The Constructive Thinking Inventory and Detecting Errors in Proofreading
Authors: Spirrison Charles L. , Gordy Constance C.
Published: August 2011

The Constructive Thinking Inventory and a proofreading task were completed by 193 undergraduates. Pearson and first-order partial correlations assessed relationships between scores on the inventory and number of errors detected during the proofreading task. The CTI Naive Optimism and Validity Scales were significantly associated with proofreading performance. The results support the validity of the CTI Validity Scale.
Validation of Criterion-Referenced Archery Cutting Scores
Authors: Ishee Jimmy H. , Titlow Larry W.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated an empirical method for setting optimal cutting scores for a criterion-referenced archery test. The classification-outcome probabilities and approaches to validity suggested by Berk were utilized. Pretest scores were obtained on 35 uninstructed college-age women on six ends (six arrows each) from 20 yards (18.3 m) after an unrecorded warm-up end. Posttest scores were after 15 weeks of instruction. Score distributions were the primary determinant for accurately classifying students as true mastery and true nonmastery. Accuracy is a function of the amount of overlap between distributions. Using the point at which the distributions overlapped, classification accuracy was estimated. Probabilities associated with 80 points were p(TM) + p(TN) = .83 and p(FM) + p(FN) = .14. Scores above and below 80 points had lower probabilities of classification accuracy. Reliability estimated using Kappa was .59. Statistical validity of the cutting score ( phi) was .68.
Effects of Depressed Mood on Social Perception
Authors: Gillis John S. , Bernieri Frank J.
Published: August 2011

6 more depressed scoring undergraduates rated perceived rapport more accurately but lower than 39 nondepressed students and tracked a negative partner more than a positive one, suggesting affect in social perception must be studied carefully.
Amodal Completion as Another Perception of Color-Spreading Stimuli
Authors: Yamada Wataru , Fujita Naofumi , Masuda Naoe
Published: August 2011

We made a solid three-dimensional object of the Redies-Spillmann figure and found two kinds of completely different phenomena. First, transparent color-spreading was observed in the empty space around the object. Second, another perceptual organization occurred: observers perceived a cross as a cross-shaped slit through which to see, and then they perceived spreading color disappear entirely. They reported an apparent opaque occluding surface which was localized at the same depth as the slit but was in fact the background. They also reported a colored circle which was mostly occluded by the surface with a cross-shaped slit. We interpreted the circle as being amodally completed in the sense described by Kanizsa in 1955. Even when the figure was drawn on a piece of paper, we observed these two perceptions We examined whether other stimuli causing neon color-spreading lead to reports of the perception for the Redies-Spillmann figure and found that all the stimuli we examined led to reports of the same kind of perception. Interestingly, the shape of color-spreading was the same as that of the amodal completion.
Effects of Caffeine and Diphenhydramine on Auditory Evoked Cortical Potentials
Authors: Tharion William J. , Kobrick John L. , Lieberman Harris R. , Fine Bernard J.
Published: August 2011

Caffeine and diphenhydramine are known to affect cognitive functioning in vigilance tasks. In this study, long-latency auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) obtained during concomitant performance of a visual vigilance task were examined for changes in response to administration of caffeine (200 mg) and diphenhydramine (25 mg). The AEPs were also analyzed for changes over time for up to two hours postdrug administration. Significant increases in N1 and P2 latencies and decreases in amplitude voltage were exhibited over time. The P2-N2 amplitude was significantly lower throughout testing after taking caffeine. A significant increase was seen in the P2-N2 amplitude 40 min. after diphenhydramine ingestion. These changes in amplitude may be the result of the auditory stimulus acting as a diversion to the participants while performing the visual vigilance task. Diphenhydramine was more likely to impair participants' vigilance, resulting in greater attention paid toward the auditory stimulus, whereas caffeine seemed to help participants maintain their focus of attention on the visual vigilance task.
Study of Longeot's Test of Formal Operational Thinking in a Group of Italian Adolescents
Authors: Lis A. , Magro T.
Published: August 2011

This paper describes a study of development of formal logical thought in 230 Italian adolescents by applying Longeot's Echelle de la Pensée Logique (Scale of Logical Thought). For age groups 11 to 13 and 14 to 18 years, change from preformal to formal thought and acquisition of such thought could be influenced by experience, sex, social-cultural level. The Echelle de la Pensée Logique should produce some special aspects to be compared with other classical intelligence tests.
Perceptions of Garment Proportions by Female Observers
Authors: DeLong Marilyn , Kim Sun-Hwa , Larntz Kinley
Published: August 2011

One hundred seventy-two undergraduate women responded to twelve sets of stimuli consisting of a constant jacket silhouette varying proportionally in components of lapel, yoke, and pocket details. Using a 9-point scale in Likert format, the subjects were asked to respond to questions comparing the jacket stimuli of each set in terms of same/different, unattractive/attractive, unwearable/wearable, unfashionable/ fashionable, not acceptable/acceptable, and dislike/like. This jacket was varied in its component parts to correspond to proportions currently available in Petite and Misses size apparel. Analysis indicated that subjects detected differences in proportions of garment details within the context of a petite jacket silhouette and preferred proportions adjusted to the smaller size.
Family Characteristics and Preschool Abilities of Children of Substance Abusers
Authors: Powers Stephen , Duran Ricardo , Reynolds Anne
Published: August 2011

Intercorrelations among subtest scores of 39 children on the subtests of the Denver Developmental Screening Test II and their 39 parents' scores on the three subscales of the Family Relationship Dimension of the Family Environment Scale ranged from − .09 to .18. None were statistically significant. Parents and children were in a program for substance abusers and their young children.
Inferred Hemispheric Thinking Style, Gender, and Academic Major among United Arab Emirates College Students
Authors: Albaili Mohamed A.
Published: August 2011

To examine the relationships between the inferred hemispheric chinking style, gender, and academic major, 190 undergraduate men and women in social science and applied science classes were administered the Your Style of Learning and Thinking to assess their thinking styles. Although endorsements of an integrated style were highest for all subjects, analysis indicated men tended to endorse the right-hemisphere style items in processing information more than women, while the latter tended to endorse items of an integrated style in processing information. Applied science majors appeared to endorse items of a more right-hemisphere style in processing information than social science majors. These results were discussed in view of contemporary biological, psychosocial, and educational perspectives.
Counting Your M and N's
Authors: O'Brien Frank
Published: August 2011

This paper introduces into the population density index model the measure AO which is derived to summarize the occupancy rate of a rectangular grid in the interpretation of spatial density information of finite populations. An approximation of the new measure is also given.
Gender Differences in the Evaluation of Physical Attractiveness Ideals for Male and Female Body Builds
Authors: Salusso-Deonier Carol J. , Markee Nancy L. , Pedersen Elaine L.
Published: August 2011

The purposes of this research were (1) to explore gender differences in the evaluation of physical attractiveness stimuli developed to represent commonly occurring real builds, (2) to identify observers' concepts of physical attractiveness ideals promoted by the media, and (3) to begin cross-validation of these stimuli as representations of observers' concepts of ideal physical attractiveness for male and female builds. Responses included (1) open-ended descriptions of ideal male and ideal female build, (2) ratings of relative attractiveness of 12 male and 15 female stimuli, (3) selections of stimulus types which best represented ideal builds, and (4) selections of stimulus types perceived to be promoted by the media. Analysis showed strong cross-validation among modes of response. Ideal male build included average/balanced type (small and medium), lean/broad-shouldered type (large), and muscular bulk type (medium). Ideal female body build included average/balanced type (small and medium) and lean/ broad-shouldered type (small and medium). Gender differences were in emphasis only. Women emphasized lean/broad-shouldered and average/balanced male types. Men emphasized the muscular bulk male type. Body types perceived to be media-promoted highlighted stereotypic male muscularity and female leanness.
Confidence and Accuracy in Facial Memory: Further Evidence for the Optimality Hypothesis
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: August 2011

In two experiments in which task difficulty was manipulated via inversion or the presence of spectacles, 41 subjects provided recognition and confidence judgments for faces seen earlier. Subjects were more confident when correct than when incorrect, and the difference was greater when the task was easier. These results confirm the optimality hypothesis.
Change in Control Orientation of Physical Education Majors after an Adapted Physical Education Practicum
Authors: Rider Robert A. , Imwold Charles H.
Published: August 2011

This study examined changes in ideas about control of pupils of 32 majors in physical education after exposure to students with disabilities in an adapted physical education practicum. No control group was included. Analysis indicated subjects were significantly more custodial after the practicum.
Cross-Modality Matching in Memory Psychophysics: Brightness and Loudness
Authors: Hubbard Timothy L.
Published: August 2011

Performance of subjects in tasks involving estimation of remembered magnitude and crass-modality matching of remembered magnitude for brightness and loudness stimuli was examined in two experiments. Subjects first learned nonsense syllable names associated with exemplars of five levels of brightness and exemplars of five levels of loudness. The stimuli were then removed and one of the nonsense syllable names was given by the experimenter. The subject formed an image of what the stimulus denoted by that name looked or sounded like and gave a judgment of remembered magnitude of that stimulus based upon the intensity portrayed in the image. In Exp. 1 subjects also completed a cross-modality matching task in which a stimulus in one dimension was shown, and subjects then estimated the magnitude that a stimulus in the other dimension would have to possess to match the intensity of the perceived stimulus. Performance was compared with that of a perceptual control group. In Exp. 2 subjects also completed a cross-modality matching task in which they were given the nonsense syllable name of a stimulus from one dimension, formed a vivid image of what the stimulus denoted by that name looked or sounded like, formed an image of a stimulus from the other dimension that possessed the same portrayed intensity as the named stimulus from the first dimension, and then estimated the intensity of the second (unnamed) stimulus. The power function offers an appropriate description of the responses on both the remembered magnitude and the cross-modality matching tasks. Implications for theories of imagery and psychophysics are discussed.
Availability of Methods for Suicide and Suicide Rates
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Correlations between suicidal and accidental deaths by similar methods over states and over age groups were positive, suggesting that accidental death rates may indirectly measure the availability of methods for suicide.
An Anatomical Analysis of Aikido's Second Teaching: An Investigation of Nikyo
Authors: Olson Gregory D. , Seitz Frank C.
Published: August 2011

One of the strongest subduing techniques of the Martial Art Aikido is classified as Nikyo (Second-teaching). This investigation focused on examining this teaching with the intention of describing the anatomical tissues involved in the etiology of pain experienced with the application of this procedure. Particular focus was placed on the examination of a cadaver's arm musculature affected when this maneuver was applied precisely.
The Horizontal-Vertical Illusion: Transfer of Illusion Decrement
Authors: Kubi Eleana , Slotnick Burton M.
Published: August 2011

Subjects first adjusted 20 vertical lines to be equal in length to the horizontal line in small or large inverted-T figures and were then given 10 additional trials on the other size figure. Vertical lines were made significantly shorter than the horizontal line but accuracy gradually improved and performance was not disrupted by the switch in figure size. By Trial 30, adjusted vertical lines did not differ from the length of the horizontal line. Other subjects were first tested on the small inverted-T figure and then asked to produce 1-in. lines in the vertical plane and in the horizontal plane. These subjects also improved on the adjustment task but, on the production task, were no more accurate than control subjects who were not given practice on the adjustment task. Thus, the magnitude of the Horizontal-Vertical Illusion decreases with practice alone and this practice effect readily transfers to figures of other sizes but not to an alternate form of the illusion. The potential factors responsible for the improvement and transfer are discussed.
National Bias in Judgments of Olympic-Level Skating
Authors: Whissell Robert , Lyons Scott , Wilkinson Derek , Whissell Cynthia
Published: August 2011

Statistical analyses (tests of probability) of judges' scores for various segments of Olympic skating performances in 1984 and 1988 indicate the presence of national bias. Judges rate skaters of their own nationality above the average of the remaining judges. They tend to give skaters of their own nationality the maximum score (among the judges), and their over-all rank for these skaters tends to be higher than the skaters' final Olympic standings. The authors suggest the possible use of trimmed means as one method of minimizing the effects of such bias.
Source Credibility and Dimensional Stability: A Test of the Leathers Personal Credibility Scale Using Perceptions of Three Presidential Candidates
Authors: Wanzenried J. W. , Powell F. C.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 407 university students completed the Leathers Personal Credibility Scale on each of the three candidates for President after the final 1992 televised presidential debate. A factor analysis of respondents' perceptions yielded two dimensions of personal credibility, trustworthiness and dynamism. The personal credibility dimensions were remarkably similar for each of the three candidates.
Perception and Allocation of Time by Dyslexic Children
Authors: Bruno James E. , Maguire Susan R.
Published: August 2011

The perception and allocation of time by individuals is closely associated with their observed behaviors in life. A dyslexic child presents unique and interesting problems to educational researchers, teachers, and parents since the information-processing style differs from that of normal children. This study examined not the cognitive understanding of time or problems in measuring time (dyschronometria), but the perception and allocation of time by 26 normal and 21 dyslexic children between the ages of 10 years and 17 years old. These findings were measured by a specifically designed time allocation and perception questionnaire and a circles test. The analysis indicated that the dyslexic children tended to be far more outer- and inner-directed with regard to their time allocations and generally perceived time as a linking of past, present, and future events.
Evidence of a Rapid Matching Process for Simultaneous Reading of Several Items from Visual Information Storage
Authors: Inamori Yoshio , Inamori Rieko
Published: August 2011

When subjects searched for a digit which did not appear in an array of nine different, briefly displayed digits, they identified them more rapidly than Sperling reported earlier could be done. Subjects stated they could “see” the missing digit. We hypothesized that the “seen” digit would be the only remaining digit after subjects matched an internal set of 10 digits with the displayed set of nine stimuli. This process works early as sensory information storage and facilitates character identification. Here we presented another stimulus array immediately after the first one to examine the matching process by extinguishing the visualized digit. When the two arrays had different missing digits (Condition-D), identification of the missing digit from the first array was worse than when they were the same (Condition-S). For the former condition, the remaining digit was extingued after it was actually presented in the second array. The results support subjects' self-reports and clarify the matching process in the early information-processing stage.
Light Milk Products: Effects of Product Information on Women Participating in the Women's Ten Kilometer Run
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: August 2011

418 women participating in the Women's Ten-kilometer Run completed a questionnaire of 51 questions. We hypothesized that a reliable health education brochure on light milk products would help to change consumption habits of milk products and other eating habits. 13% of women reported a positive change in their consumption of milk products. Seven variables explained 41% of the change in eating habits, and three variables (change of eating habits, knowledge about the prevention of osteoporosis, and reading the brochure) 37% of the change in consumption of milk products.
Preschool Embedded Figures Test Performance of Young Children: Age and Gender Differences
Authors: Busch John Christian , Watson J. Allen , Brinkley Vickie , Howard Janice , Nelson Carole
Published: August 2011

An analysis of the literature was the basis for a set of predictions regarding the Preschool Embedded Figures Test performance of a small, cross-sectional sample of 37 3- to 5-year-old children. The test scores were modestly reliable. Predicted age-related differences in scores for boys and girls were observed, including an interaction of age with gender; however, other predictions regarding those scores were not supported. Based on a small sample, it was tentatively concluded that the evidence for continued use of the Preschool Embedded Figures Test as a measure of field independence for young children was weak.
Young Children's Divergent Movement Ability
Authors: Cleland Frances E. , Gallahue David L.
Published: August 2011

To examine the relations of age, gender, movement experience, and gross motor development to young children's scores on divergent movement (i.e., ability to perform and modify fundamental movement patterns), 40 boys and girls ages 4, 6, and 8 years were tested. Ability to make divergent movements was evaluated by having subjects perform 3 different fundamental movement tasks. Movement experience was assessed by asking parents to complete a questionnaire. Ulrich's Test of Gross Motor Development was used to evaluate subjects' gross motor skill. Testing sessions were videotaped for analysis. Based on a forward stepwise regression analysis, experience and age accounted for 45% of the variance in children's gross motor skill.
Do Presidential Debates Contribute to a Change in Voters' Attitudes?
Authors: McIntosh Everton G.
Published: August 2011

A group of 36 undergraduates watched the second presidential debate of 1992 between Bush, Clinton, and Perot and completed pre- and posttest measures on voting preference. Analysis showed a significant difference between the pretest and posttest in terms of support for Clinton, with increased support by women already favorable.
Unconscious Cathexis of Dream Symbols as Measured by the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement
Authors: Webb Douglas E. , Craddick Ray A.
Published: August 2011

This study measured unconscious cathexis and conscious association with dream content, using the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement (KTSA), with subjects reporting recurring, past-recurring, and nonrecurring dreams. Unconscious cathexis of dream content was noted for recurring dreamers; conscious association with dream content was not. The results suggest that the KTSA is a valuable instrument for the empirical study of unconscious processes and that the contents of recurring dreams are particularly salient in a dreamer's unconscious.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XCVII. Max L. Fogel, PH.D. (1934-1992), a Personal Perspective
Authors: Yanovski Alexander
Published: August 2011

Max Leonard Fogel, Ph.D. (1934-1992), an outstanding scholar, researcher, editor, and clinician, died from cancer on March 15, 1992. He met his fate with uncommon courage. In this brief bibliographic sketch a colleague, co-researcher, and friend offers his perspective on Max L. Fogel as a person and as a professional. A man of extraordinary intellect, energy, and dedication, he accumulated a most impressive record of achievements. A principled and genuinely caring man, he was a source of strength and wisdom to his family and patients.
Type of Stressor and Depressive Mood in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Brons Renee , Kraaimaat Floris , Geenen Rinie , Bijlsma Johannus
Published: August 2011

The relationship of two types of stressors to depressive mood was investigated in 54 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Depressive mood was associated with disease-related stressors (pain, effects of disease on daily activities) but was unrelated to major life events.
Development of the Health Student Self-Efficacy Scale
Authors: Eachus Peter
Published: August 2011

The Health Student Self-efficacy Scale assesses self-efficacy beliefs of students who are studying in courses allied with medicine. The psychometric properties (α = .81; several validities, r = .18, .44) indicated that the scale might be of use in monitoring performance of students in health-related courses.
Cervical Spine Surgery and Handwriting: A Case Report
Authors: Wellingham-Jones Patricia , Lobosky Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2011

The 53-year-old right-handed woman underwent decompressive laminectomies and foraminotomies at the C3-C7 levels. The course of illness and postoperative recovery were documented by handwriting and MRI views, but not statistical analysis.
Socialization of Children's Playground Skill
Authors: Butcher Janice
Published: August 2011

This study analyzed the relationship between playground skill (measured on the Playground Skills Test) and several socialization variables, including opportunities for practice and parental involvement with playground play (measured on a parents' questionnaire). Data were collected for 64 children (24 girls, 40 boys), ages 7 to 9 years. Descriptive statistics were presented for availability of playground equipment, frequency of playground play outside of school hours, and amount of parental involvement. Playground proficiency was not related to frequency of playground play or to direct parental support (attendance and assistance while child was at a playground). Parental perceptions of a child's skill and attempts at risk-taking were significantly correlated with playground proficiency. A regression analysis of all socialization variables showed that the only significant predictor of playground proficiency was a child's risk-taking attempts.
Using Self-Recording of On-Task Behavior by a Preschool Child with Disabilities
Authors: Harding Lynn R. H. , Howard Vikki F. , McLaughlin T. F.
Published: August 2011

In an evaluation of effects of self-monitoring on the on-task behavior by a preschool child with disabilities, analysis indicated that self-monitoring increased the child's on-task behavior in each of three settings in the classroom. The import of these findings for preschool education was noted.
One Explanatory Basis for the Discrepancy of Reported Prevalences of Sleep Paralysis among Healthy Respondents
Authors: Fukuda Kazuhiko
Published: August 2011

In a previous study, the author and coworkers found 39.8% of healthy young adults had experienced sleep paralysis. Some other studies reported prevalence as about the same or higher (i.e., 40.7% to 62.0%) than that previous estimate, while yet other studies, including Goode's work cited by ASDC and ASDA classifications, suggested much lower prevalences (i.e., 4.7% to 26.2%). The author tested the hypothesis that this discrepancy among the reported prevalences is partly due to the expression used in each questionnaire. University students who answered the questionnaire using the term ‘transient paralysis’ reported the lower prevalence (26.4%), while the second group of respondents who answered the questionnaire using the term kana-shibari, the Japanese folklore expression for sleep paralysis, gave the higher prevalence (39.3%). The third group who answered the questionnaire with the term ‘condition,’ probably a rather neutral expression, marked the middle (31 0%) of these.
Test-Retest Stability of School Instructional Climate Measures
Authors: Krug Samuel E.
Published: August 2011

Information from 6 climate scales aggregated over 24 students in each of 5 schools indicated sufficient stability over 8 months for scales to be useful in assessing systematic changes in the psychological environment of the school.
Television Viewing and Exercise Habits of 8,885 Adults
Authors: Tucker Larry A.
Published: August 2011

Analysis of TV viewing time and duration of weekly exercise for 8,885 adults showed that adults who reported watching relatively large amounts of TV spent significantly less time exercising than did those who viewed relatively little TV, and vice versa.
Effects of Visualization and Danjeon Breathing on Target Shooting with an Air Pistol
Authors: Kim Jingu , Tennant L. Keith
Published: August 2011

This investigation was conducted to assess which technique, visualization, Danjeon breathing, or a combination of these, would be most effective in enhancing target shooting with an air pistol. 48 college students (28 men, 20 women) were selected and randomly assigned to one of four groups ( ns = 12): control, visualization, Danjeon breathing, and visualization plus Danjeon breathing. Data were analyzed by a 4 × 5 (groups x days) analysis of variance with repeated measures on days. Both the combination of visualization plus Danjeon breathing and the Danjeon breathing alone were significantly better than the control on most of the measures of shooting performance.
Suicide by Drowning and the Extent of the Nation's Coastline
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Suicide rates by drowning in 27 nations in 1980 were not associated with estimates of the length of coastline of these nations.
Handedness and Accidents with Injury
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Pass Karen , Freeman Hope , Bautista Jose , Johnson Crystal
Published: August 2011

As evidence for the hypothesis on the claim of reduced longevity for left-handers, Coren in 1989 reported data which suggested that left-handers were 1.89 times more likely to report injuries which required medical attention. This left-handed group included both left- and mixed-handed individuals. To clarify the results of his study, we repeated in part Coren's study but defined handedness so that groups of right-, mixed-, and left-handed individuals were considered. In contrast to Coren's data, we found that right- and left-handers did not differ significantly in the frequency with which they reported having experienced accidents with injury and that mixed-handers reported being significantly more likely to have had an injury-accident than either right- or left-handers. These data underscore the need to consider mixed-handedness as a separate group in studies of this type.
Calculation of Standardized, Noncentered Factor Scores: An Alternative to Conventional Factor Scores
Authors: Thompson Bruce
Published: August 2011

Conventional methods for computing factor scores yield factor scores with a mean of zero on each factor. This precludes meaningful comparisons of mean differences across factors. An algorithm for computing scores that are standardized but do not have means of zero is proposed and illustrated.
Self-Concept of Academic Ability: Relations with Gender and Academic Achievement
Authors: Mboya Mzobanzi M.
Published: August 2011

For a sample of 440 tenth-grade students, measures were collected to assess the self-concept of academic ability and academic achievement. Self-concept of academic ability was measured by Brookover's Self-concept of Academic Ability (General) Scale and academic achievement by the California Achievement Test. Gills had a higher mean score on self-concept of academic ability and on academic achievement than did boys. A significant positive relationship was found between self-concept of academic ability and academic achievement between boys and girls but the magnitude of the relationship between the two variables was stronger among girls than among boys.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: LXXVI. Seasonal Hydrological Load and Regional Luminous Phenomena (UFO Reports) within River Systems, the Mississippi Valley Test
Authors: Derr J. S. , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

We hypothesized that an equilibrium in seasonal variations between water load and both seismicity and reports of odd, spherical, luminous phenomena within the river basin should result in systematic but phase-lagged relationships between these variables. Within 320 km of the confluence of the Mississippi System, the monthly variation of a specific and major class of UFO reports (which appear to represent luminous phenomena that are generated by tectonic strain) peaked 3 to 4 months ( r = 0.87) after the river crested. The phase lag between these luminous phenomena and seismic activity within the same region was about 6 months. The results support the model that river load-induced strain and fluid percolation into and diffusion within the earth's crust promote the production of natural luminous phenomena.
Facial Feedback Effects on Impression Formation
Authors: Ohira Hideki , Kurono Kiyomi
Published: August 2011

Two experiments were conducted to examine effects of facial expressions upon social cognitive processes in which the impression of another person is formed. In each experiment, 30 female college students were induced to display or conceal their facial reactions to a hypothetical target person whose behaviors were mildly hostile (Exp. 1) or mildly friendly (Exp. 2), or their facial expressions were not manipulated. Displaying the facial expressions shifted the impression into the congruent directions with hedonic values corresponding to the facial expressions. Concealing the facial expressions, however, did not influence impression formation. Also, the positive-negative asymmetry was observed in the facial feedback effects, that is, the negative facial expression had a stronger effect on social cognition than the positive one.
Type A-B Scores and Insomnia among College Students: A Replication and Extension of Earlier Studies
Authors: Hayer Catherine A. , Hicks Robert A.
Published: August 2011

In an attempt to rationalize conflicting sets of data from earlier studies, groups of Type A- and Type B-classified university students were asked to respond to a sleep habits questionnaire that included the items of the Coren Insomnia Scale. As was the case in two earlier studies, we found significant but weak evidence from the Coren scale only that Type A-scoring students experience more sleep problems than Type B scorers. We also found, as in a recent study, a sharp increase in sleep problems among all the students sampled from the frequencies reported by similar groups in 1982.
Influence of Age, Sex, Balance, and Sport Participation on Development of Catching by Children Grades K-8
Authors: Loovis E. Michael , Butterfield Stephen A.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the contributions of age, sex, balance, and sport participation on development of catching by children in Grades K to 8. The subjects were 380 boys and 337 girls (ages 4 to 14) enrolled in a medium-sized school system in southeastern Maine. Each subject was individually assessed on catching and static and dynamic balance. In addition, all subjects completed a survey relative to their participation in school or community-sponsored sports. To assess the independent effects of age, sex, static balance, dynamic balance, and participation in sports within each grade, data were subjected to multiple-regression analysis. Mature catching development was influenced by sex; boys performed better at all grades except in Grade 8 all girls and boys showed mature catching patterns.
Effects of Movement Sequences and Creative Dance on Balance of Children with Mental Retardation
Authors: Boswell Boni
Published: August 2011

Children (ages 7 to 10 years) participated in a creative dance ( n = 12) or traditional gross motor program ( n = 13). Posttest stabilometer performance examined by use of a t test indicated a significant difference between the groups in favor of the creative dance group.