bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perioperative allogeneic nonleukoreduced blood transfusion and prostate cancer outcomes after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Yeoh Tze Yeng , Scavonetto Federica , Weingarten Toby N. , Karnes R. Jeffrey , van Buskirk Camille M. , Hanson Andrew C. , Schroeder Darrell R. , Sprung Juraj
Published: March 2014

Background

Allogeneic blood transfusion induces immunosuppression, and concern has been raised that it may increase propensity for cancer recurrence; however, these effects have not been confirmed. We examined the association of perioperative transfusion of allogeneic blood long‐term oncologic outcomes in patients with prostate cancer who underwent prostatectomy.

Study Design and Methods

We reviewed medical records of patients who underwent radical prostatectomy between 1991 and 2005 and received allogeneic nonleukoreduced blood. Each transfused patient was matched to two controls who did not receive blood: matching included age, surgical year, prostate‐specific antigen level, pathologic tumor stages, pathologic Gleason scores, and anesthetic type. Primary outcome was systemic tumor progression, with secondary outcomes of prostate cancer death and all‐cause mortality. Stratified proportional hazards regression analysis was used to assess differences in outcomes between the transfused and nontransfused group.

Results

A total of 379 prostatectomy patients who were transfused and 758 nontransfused controls were followed for 9.4 and 10.2 years (median), respectively. In a multivariable analysis that took into account the matched study design and adjusted for positive surgical margins and adjuvant therapies, the use of allogeneic blood was not associated with systemic tumor progression (hazard ratio [HR], 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39‐1.99; p = 0.76), prostate cancer–specific death (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 0.44 to 6.48; p = 0.44), or all‐cause death (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.87 to 1.67; p = 0.27).

Conclusions

When adjusted for clinicopathologic and procedural variables transfusion of allogeneic blood was not associated with systemic tumor progression and survival outcomes.
A View-Invariant Action Recognition Based on Multi-View Space Hidden Markov Models
Authors: Ji Xiaofei , Wang Ce , Li Yibo
Published: March 2014

Visual-based action recognition has already been widely used in human–machine interfaces. However, it is a challenging research to recognize the human actions from different viewpoints. In order to solve this issue, a novel multi-view space hidden Markov models (HMMs) algorithm for view-invariant action recognition is proposed. First, a view-insensitive feature representation by combining the bag-of-words of interest point with the amplitude histogram of optical flow is utilized for describing the human action sequences. The combined features could not only solve the problem that there was no possibility in establishing an association between traditional bag-of-words of interest point method and HMMs, but also greatly reduce the redundancy in the video. Second, the view space is partitioned into multiple sub-view space according to the camera rotation viewpoint. Human action models are trained by HMMs algorithm in each sub-view space. By computing the probabilities of the test sequence (i.e., observation sequence) for the given multi-view space HMMs, the similarity between the sub-view space and the test sequence viewpoint are analyzed during the recognition process. Finally, the action with unknown viewpoint is recognized via the probability weighted combination. The experimental results on multi-view action dataset IXMAS demonstrate that the proposed approach is highly efficient and effective in view-invariant action recognition.
ON THE STRONGLY AMBIGUOUS CLASSES OF 𝕜/ℚ(i) WHERE $\mathds{k} = {\mathbb Q}(\sqrt{2p_{1}p_{2}, i})$
Authors: Azizi Abdelmalek , Zekhnini Abdelkader , Taous Mohammed
Published: March 2014

We construct an infinite family of imaginary bicyclic biquadratic number fields 𝕜 with the 2-ranks of their 2-class groups are ≥ 3, whose strongly ambiguous classes of 𝕜/ℚ(i) capitulate in the absolute genus field 𝕜(*), which is strictly included in the relative genus field (𝕜/ℚ(i))* and we study the capitulation of the 2-ideal classes of 𝕜 in its quadratic extensions included in 𝕜(*).
Cost-effective lifetime and yield optimization for NoC-based MPSoCs
Authors: Meyer Brett H. , Hartman Adam S. , Thomas Donald E.
Published: March 2014

As manufacturing processes scale, designers are increasingly dependent on techniques to mitigate manufacturing defect and permanent failure. In embedded systems-on-chip, system lifetime and yield can be increased using
slack
—under-utilization in execution and storage resources—so that when components are defective, data and tasks can be remapped and rescheduled. For any given system, the design space of possible slack allocations is both large and complex, consisting of every possible way to replace each component in the initial system with another from the component library. Based on the observation that useful slack is often quantized, we have developed
Critical Quantity Slack Allocation
(CQSA), an approach that effectively and efficiently allocates execution and storage slack to jointly optimize system yield and cost. While exploring less than 1.4% of the slack allocation design space, our approach consistently outperforms alternative slack allocation techniques to find sets of designs within 1.4% of the lifetime-cost Pareto-optimal front. When applied to yield-cost optimization, our approach again outperforms alternative techniques, exploring less than 1.62% of the design space to find sets of designs within 4.27% of the yield-cost Pareto-optimal front. One advantage of managing failure at the system level is that the same techniques that improve lifetime often also improve yield. As a result, with little modification, CQSA is further able to perform effective joint optimization of lifetime and yield, finding designs within 1.6% of the Pareto-optimal front.
Understand users’ comprehension and preferences for composing information visualizations
Authors: Yang Huahai , Li Yunyao , Zhou Michelle X.
Published: March 2014

We are developing an automated visualization system that helps users combine two or more existing information graphics to form an integrated view. To establish empirical foundations for building such a system, we designed and conducted two studies on Amazon Mechanical Turk to understand users’ comprehension and preferences of composite visualization under different conditions (e.g., data and tasks). In Study 1, we collected more than 1,500 textual descriptions capturing about 500 participants’ insights of given information graphics, which resulted in a task-oriented taxonomy of visual insights. In Study 2, we asked 240 participants to rank composite visualizations by their suitability for acquiring a given visual insight identified in Study 1, which resulted in ranked user preferences of visual compositions for acquiring each type of insight. In this article, we report the details of our two studies and discuss the broader implications of our crowdsourced research methodology and results to HCI-driven visualization research.
A survey of intrusion detection techniques for cyber-physical systems
Authors: Mitchell Robert , Chen Ing-Ray
Published: March 2014

Pervasive healthcare systems, smart grids, and unmanned aircraft systems are examples of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) that have become highly integrated in the modern world. As this integration deepens, the importance of securing these systems increases. In order to identify gaps and propose research directions in CPS intrusion detection research, we survey the literature of this area. Our approach is to classify modern CPS Intrusion Detection System (IDS) techniques based on two design dimensions: detection technique and audit material. We summarize advantages and drawbacks of each dimension’s options. We also summarize the most and least studied CPS IDS techniques in the literature and provide insight on the effectiveness of IDS techniques as they apply to CPSs. Finally, we identify gaps in CPS IDS research and suggest future research areas.
BLAS
Authors: Chang Da-Wei , Chen Hsin-Hung , Yang Dau-Jieu , Chang Hsung-Pin
Published: March 2014

Increasing the degree of parallelism and reducing the overhead of garbage collection (GC overhead) are the two keys to enhancing the performance of solid-state drives (SSDs). SSDs employ multichannel architectures, and a data placement scheme in an SSD determines how the data are striped to the channels. Without considering the data access pattern, existing fixed and device-level data placement schemes may have either high GC overhead or poor I/O parallelism, resulting in degraded performance. In this article, an adaptive block-level data placement scheme called BLAS is proposed to maximize the I/O parallelism while simultaneously minimizing the GC overhead. In contrast to existing device-level schemes, BLAS allows different data placement policies for blocks with different access patterns. Pages in read-intensive blocks are scattered over various channels to maximize the degree of read parallelism, while pages in each of the remaining blocks are attempted to be gathered in the same physical block to minimize the GC overhead. Moreover, BLAS allows the placement policy for a logical block to be changed dynamically according to the access pattern changes of that block. Finally, a parallelism-aware write buffer management approach is adopted in BLAS to maximize the degree of write parallelism. Performance results show that BLAS yields a significant improvement in the SSD response time when compared to existing device-level schemes. In particular, BLAS outperforms device-level page striping and device-level block striping by factors of up to 8.75 and 7.41, respectively. Moreover, BLAS achieves low GC overhead and is effective in adapting to workload changes.
Performance and power profiling for emulated Android systems
Authors: Tu Chia-Heng , Hsu Hui-Hsin , Chen Jen-Hao , Chen Chun-Han , Hung Shih-Hao
Published: March 2014

Simulation is a common approach for assisting system design and optimization. For system-wide optimization, energy and computational resources are often the two most critical issues. Monitoring the energy state of each hardware component and measuring the time spent in each state is needed for accurate energy and performance prediction. For software optimization, it is important to profile the energy and the time consumed by each software construct in a realistic operating environment with a proper workload. However, the conventional approaches of simulation often fail to produce satisfying data. First, building a cycle-accurate simulation environment for a complex system, such as an Android smartphone, is difficult and can take a long time. Second, a slow simulation can significantly alter the behavior of multithreaded, I/O-intensive applications and can affect the accuracy of profiles. Third, existing software-based profilers generally do not work on simulators, which makes it difficult for performance analysis of complicated software, for example, Java applications executed by the Dalvik VM in an Android system.

To address these aforementioned problems, we proposed and prototyped a framework, called
virtual performance analyzer
(VPA). VPA takes advantage of an existing emulator or virtual machine monitor to reduce the complexity of building a simulator. VPA allows the user to selectively and incrementally integrate timing models and power models into the emulator with our carefully designed performance/power monitors, tracing facility, and profiling tools to evaluate and analyze the emulated system. The emulated system can perform at different levels of speed to help verify if the profile data are impacted by the emulation speed. Finally, VPA supports existing software-based profiles and enables non-intrusive tracing/profiling by minimizing the probe effect. Our experimental results show that the VPA framework allows users to quickly establish a performance/power evaluation environment and gather useful information to support system design and software optimization for Android smartphones.
Critical-path-aware high-level synthesis with distributed controller for fast timing closure
Authors: Lee Seokhyun , Choi Kiyoung
Published: March 2014

Centralized controllers commonly used in high-level synthesis often require long wires and cause high load capacitance, and that is why critical paths typically occur on paths from controllers to data registers instead of paths from data registers to data registers. However, conventional high-level synthesis has focused on delays within a datapath, making it difficult to solve the timing closure problem during physical synthesis. This article presents hardware architecture with a distributed controller, which makes the timing closure problem much easier. A novel critical-path-aware high-level synthesis flow is also presented for synthesizing such hardware through datapath partitioning, register binding, and controller optimization. We explore the design space related to the number of partitions, which is an important design parameter for target architecture. According to our experiments, the proposed approach reduces the critical path delay excluding FUs by 29.3% and that including FUs by 10.0%, with 2.2% area overhead on average compared to centralized controller architecture.
Mitigating DoS Attacks Using Performance Model-Driven Adaptive Algorithms
Authors: Barna Cornel , Shtern Mark , Smit Michael , Tzerpos Vassilios , Litoiu Marin
Published: March 2014

Denial of Service (DoS) attacks overwhelm online services, preventing legitimate users from accessing a service, often with impact on revenue or consumer trust. Approaches exist to filter network-level attacks, but application-level attacks are harder to detect at the firewall. Filtering at this level can be computationally expensive and difficult to scale, while still producing false positives that block legitimate users.

This article presents a model-based adaptive architecture and algorithm for detecting DoS attacks at the web application level and mitigating them. Using a performance model to predict the impact of arriving requests, a decision engine adaptively generates rules for filtering traffic and sending suspicious traffic for further review, where the end user is given the opportunity to demonstrate they are a legitimate user. If no legitimate user responds to the challenge, the request is dropped. Experiments performed on a scalable implementation demonstrate effective mitigation of attacks launched using a real-world DoS attack tool.
This is the foo field
Authors: Neville-Neil George V.
Published: March 2014

The meaning of bits and avoiding upgrade bogdowns.
Is multicore hardware for general-purpose parallel processing broken?
Authors: Vishkin Uzi
Published: March 2014

The current generation of general-purpose multicore hardware must be fixed to support more application domains and to allow cost-effective parallel programming.
Eyes forward
Authors: Guzdial Mark , Reed Daniel
Published: March 2014

The
Communications
Web site, http://cacm.acm.org, features more than a dozen bloggers in the BLOG@CACM community. In each issue of
Communications
, we'll publish selected posts or excerpts.

twitter

Follow us on Twitter at http://twitter.com/blogCACM

http://cacm.acm.org/blogs/blog-cacm

Mark Guzdial considers why computing education lags behind other sciences, while Daniel Reed weighs balancing immediate research needs against future uncertainty.
Future Tense: Re: Search
Authors: MacLeod Ken
Published: March 2014

From the intersection of computational science and technological speculation, with boundaries limited only by our ability to imagine what could be.

For some, data collecting will always be more rewarding than data mining.
GECCO-2013 competitions
Authors: Loiacono Daniele
Published: March 2014

The 2013 GECCO competitions offered six different challenges involving fifteen organizers and overall received the astonishing number of thirty-one submissions. As usually happens at GECCO, competitions represented an opportunity to dig into challenging problems while competing with other members of the GECCO's community. At the same time, they were also a nice spot to showcase some amazing applications of evolutionary computation; the results of the competitions were presented during two lunch-time sessions of the conference. What follows is a brief summary for each one of the six competitions in the program.
Scheduling and thread management with RTEMS
Authors: Bloom Gedare , Sherrill Joel
Published: March 2014

The goal of a real-time operating system (RTOS) is to support real-time and embedded system (RT/ES) application development, which differ from general-purpose applications because of the size, weight, and power (SWaP) and timing constraints imposed by embedded applications. Useful RTOS features include real-time thread scheduling, thread communication, synchronization, interrupt handling, memory management, file systems, device drivers, networking, and debugging support. The Real-Time Executive for Multi-processor Systems (RTEMS) is a free and open-source RTOS that supports over a dozen processor architecture families and over 150 embedded system boards. RTEMS is designed to support embedded applications with stringent real-time requirements while being compatible with open standards such as POSIX. RTEMS includes optional services such as TCP/IP networking and file systems while still offering minimum executable sizes under 20 KB in useful configurations.

One of the primary functions of an RTOS is to select threads that can obtain access to resources such as shared memory and processor time. RTEMS uses multiple algorithms to manage both waiting threads and those ready to execute. The thread execution schedulers include the traditional RTOS round robin and deterministic priority schedulers, rate monotonic, earliest deadline first (EDF), constant bandwidth server (CBS), and simple SMP scheduling algorithms. The RTEMS scheduling framework allows the application developer to select the thread scheduling algorithm that best meets the application's space and time requirements. ÂăWe will present how this framework can be used by researchers to integrate their own scheduling algorithm into RTEMS and test it using a scheduling simulator before deploying it on target hardware.
Flashmon V2
Authors: Olivier Pierre , Boukhobza Jalil , Senn Eric
Published: March 2014

This paper presents Flashmon version 2, a tool for monitoring embedded Linux NAND flash memory I/O requests. It is designed for embedded boards based devices containing raw flash chips. Flashmon is a kernel module and stands for "flash monitor". It traces flash I/O by placing kernel probes at the NAND driver level. It allows tracing at runtime the 3 main flash operations: page reads/writes and block erasures. Flashmon is (1) generic as it was successfully tested on the three most widely used flash file systems that are JFFS2, UBIFS and YAFFS, and several NAND chip models. Moreover, it is (2) non intrusive, (3) has a controllable memory footprint, and (4) exhibits a low overhead (< 6%) on the traced system. Finally, it is (5) simple to integrate and used as a standalone module or as a built-in function/module in existing kernel sources. Monitoring flash memory operations allows a better understanding of existing flash management systems by studying and analyzing their behavior. Moreover it is useful in development phase for prototyping and validating new solutions.
Porting an AUTOSAR-compliant operating system to a high performance embedded platform
Authors: Zhang Shuzhou , Kobetski Avenir , Johansson Eilert , Axelsson Jakob , Wang Huifeng
Published: March 2014

Automotive embedded systems are going through a major change, both in terms of how they are used and in terms of software and hardware architecture. Much more powerful and rapidly evolvable hardware is expected, paralleled by an accelerating development rate of the control software. To meet these challenges, a software standard, AUTOSAR, is gaining ground in the automotive field. In this work, experiences from porting AUTOSAR to a high performance embedded system, Raspberry Pi, are collected. The goal is both to present experience on the process of AUTOSAR porting and to create an AUTOSAR implementation on a cheap and widely accessible hardware platform, making AUTOSAR available for researchers and students.
ADOK
Authors: Benedetto Salvatore , Lipari Giuseppe
Published: March 2014

Most embedded software is currently developed using the C programming language, even though its low level of abstraction requires a lot of effort to the programmer. The C++ language is a better choice because: it raises the level of abstraction; it is strongly typed, so it prevents many common programming mistakes; it can be made as efficient as C through fine-grained customisation of memory mechanisms; it can be easily adapted to domain-specific needs. In addition, recent compilers have grown in maturity and performance, and the new standard considerably improves the language by introducing new concepts and an easier syntax.

In this paper we present ADOK, a minimal Real-Time Operating System entirely written in C++ with the exception of a few lines of assembler code. It directly offers a C++ interface to the developer, and it provides a flexible scheduling framework which allows the developer to customise the scheduling to its needs. In particular, we implement a two-level scheduler based on Earliest Deadline First, the Stack Resource Policy protocol for sharing resources and support for mode changes. We demonstrate through examples and a small case-study that ADOK can substantially improve productivity without sacrificing on performance.
Process Correlation Analysis Model for Process Improvement Identification
Authors: Choi Su-jin , Kim Dae-Kyoo , Park Sooyong
Published: March 2014

Software process improvement aims at improving the development process of software systems. It is initiated by process assessment identifying strengths and weaknesses and based on the findings, improvement plans are developed. In general, a process reference model (e.g., CMMI) is used throughout the process of software process improvement as the base. CMMI defines a set of process areas involved in software development and what to be carried out in process areas in terms of goals and practices. Process areas and their elements (goals and practices) are often correlated due to the iterative nature of software development process. However, in the current practice, correlations of process elements are often overlooked in the development of an improvement plan, which diminishes the efficiency of the plan. This is mainly attributed to significant efforts and the lack of required expertise. In this paper, we present a process correlation analysis model that helps identify correlations of process elements from the results of process assessment. This model is defined based on CMMI and empirical data of improvement practices. We evaluate the model using industrial data.
Vapour-Phase and Solid-Phase Epitaxy of Silicon on Solid-Phase Crystallised Seed Layers for Solar Cells Application
Authors: Li Wei , Varlamov Sergey , Jung Miga , Huang Jialiang
Published: March 2014

Vapour-phase and solid-phase epitaxy are used for thickening of a solid-phase crystallised silicon seed layer on glass. Cross-sectional transmission microscope images confirm that a transfer of crystallographic information has taken place from the seed layer into the epilayers. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy reveal that the density of planar defects (mainly on{111}plains) in the vapour-phase epitaxial sample is much higher than in the solid-phase epitaxial sample. These planar defects can act as recombination centres for free-charge carriers. Consequently, PC1D modelled minority carrier diffusion length in the vapour-phase grown epilayer is 50% shorter than that in the solid-phase grown epilayer. As a result, a solar cell grown by solid-phase epitaxy achieves open circuit voltage of 468 mV, short circuit current of 9.17 mA/cm2, and photovoltaic conversion efficiency at 2.75% which are all higher than those of the solar cell grown by vapour-phase epitaxy on the same seed layer, 400 mV, 7.28 mA/cm2, 1.69%, respectively. It proves that solid-phase epitaxy is more suitable for the solar cell growth on the solid-phase crystallised silicon seed layer than vapour-phase epitaxy.
2013 Russell Ross Memorial Lecture in Vascular Biology
Authors: Bornfeldt Karin E.
Published: March 2014

Adults with diabetes mellitus are much more likely to have cardiovascular disease than those without diabetes mellitus. Genetically engineered mouse models have started to provide important insight into the mechanisms whereby diabetes mellitus promotes atherosclerosis. Such models have demonstrated that diabetes mellitus promotes formation of atherosclerotic lesions, progression of lesions into advanced hemorrhaged lesions, and that it prevents lesion regression. The proatherosclerotic effects of diabetes mellitus are driven in part by the altered function of myeloid cells. The protein S100A9 and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products are important modulators of the effect of diabetes mellitus on myelopoiesis, which might promote monocyte accumulation in lesions. Furthermore, myeloid cell expression of the enzyme acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSL1), which converts long-chain fatty acids into their acyl-CoA derivatives, has emerged as causal to diabetes mellitus–induced lesion initiation. The protective effects of myeloid ACSL1-deficiency in diabetic mice, but not in nondiabetic mice, indicate that myeloid cells are activated by diabetes mellitus through mechanisms that play minor roles in the absence of diabetes mellitus. The roles of reactive oxygen species and insulin resistance in diabetes mellitus–accelerated atherosclerosis are also discussed, primarily in relation to endothelial cells. Translational studies addressing whether the mechanisms identified in mouse models are equally important in humans with diabetes mellitus will be paramount.
Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Genetic Mechanisms of Vascular Calcification
Authors: Demer Linda L. , Tintut Yin
Published: March 2014

This review centers on updating the active research area of vascular calcification. This pathology underlies substantial cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, through adverse mechanical effects on vascular compliance, vasomotion, and, most likely, plaque stability. Biomineralization is a complex, regulated process occurring widely throughout nature. Decades ago, its presence in the vasculature was considered a mere curiosity and an unregulated, dystrophic process that does not involve biological mechanisms. Although it remains controversial whether the process has any adaptive value or past evolutionary advantage, substantial advances have been made in understanding the biological mechanisms driving the process. Different types of calcific vasculopathy, such as inflammatory versus metabolic, have parallel mechanisms in skeletal bone calcification, such as intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Recent work has identified important regulatory roles for inflammation, oxidized lipids, elastin, alkaline phosphatase, osteoprogenitor cells, matrix γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein, transglutaminase, osteoclastic regulatory factors, phosphate regulatory hormones and receptors, apoptosis, prelamin A, autophagy, and microvesicles or microparticles similar to the matrix vesicles of skeletal bone. Recent work has uncovered fascinating interactions between matrix γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein, vitamin K, warfarin, and transport proteins. And, lastly, recent breakthroughs in inherited forms of calcific vasculopathy have identified the genes responsible as well as an unexpected overlap of phenotypes. Until recently, vascular calcification was considered a purely degenerative, unregulated process. Since then, investigative groups around the world have identified a wide range of causative mechanisms and regulatory pathways, and some of the recent developments are highlighted in this review.
Two new Eugenia species (Myrtaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic forest
Authors: Giaretta Augusto , Fraga Claudio Nicoletti de
Published: March 2014

Two new species of Eugenia (Myrtaceae), endemic to the Atlantic forest in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, are described. Eugenia amorimii has fruits with brown mealy indumentum and is similar to E. multicostata, while Eugenia sobraliana has a characteristic pedicels exfoliating longitudinally after anthesis and is similar to E. sessiliflora. The new species are restricted to single localities in the central and northwestern regions of Espírito Santo. According to the criteria of the IUCN Red List of endangered plant species both species should be considered as “Vulnerable”.
“The only one who was thought to know the pulse of the people”: Black women’s politics in the era of post-racial discourse
Authors: Willoughby-Herard Tiffany
Published: March 2014

Theorizing black women’s high level of participation in contemporary South African protests for public water, electricity, and housing requires attention to the long history of women’s rural and urban revolts against apartheid passes and Section Ten laws, which proscribed black women’s mobility and delegitimized their access to public services. Examining the role of ibandlas (women’s assemblies/prayer unions/mothers unions) in three literary works: Lauretta Ncgobo’s And They Didn’t Die, Sindiwe Magona’s For My Children’s Children, and Njabulo Ndebele’s The Cry of Winnie Mandela, I argue that black women mobilize against enduring conditions of particular vulnerability, as post-racial discourse suppresses the social relations of blackness in the face of the “after-life of apartheid.” Indeed, post-racial discourse misreads the “pulse of the people.”
Understanding the Role of Medium in the Control and Flows of Information in Health Communication
Authors: Humphreys Sal , Rodger Dianne , Flabouris Margarita
Published: March 2014

In this article we look at the use of social, digital and online media as a possible resource in health promotion. We do this through a framework of medium theory—which allows us to consider the social and power relations that circulate through and are generated by different mediums. The application of medium theory has great potential for communications literature and this article attempts to refine it by indicating how it may be pertinent in a health communication context. We analyzed health promotion literature to assess the current attitudes of medical professionals to the use of social and online media. Our own research discussion is based on a project in a metropolitan hospital, which has mapped media access and use by clients in an antenatal clinic as well as attitudes of staff. We outline the strategies the project is developing, using social, digital, mobile and online media to address the information needs of the clinic’s clients in new ways.
Using a new medium for propaganda: The role of transborder broadcasts during the Spanish Civil War
Authors: Ribeiro Nelson
Published: March 2014

This article presents an analysis of the role of transborder broadcasts during the Spanish Civil War. As a new medium at that time, radio had a strong impact not only on increasing the morale of the Franquist forces, but also on influencing military operations through the dissemination of strategic information concerning the progress of military operations. Mostly focusing on the role of Portuguese broadcasters, which clearly took the lead in supporting Franco during the first year of his revolt against the Spanish Republic, the author discusses the strategies used by the Lisbon dictatorship to support the Nationalists through radio despite never abandoning its official neutral position in the war. Finally, the article discusses how radio propaganda during the Spanish Civil War was used as a testing ground for its use in World War II.
Trauma, guilt, forgiveness: The victimizer as witness in the cinematic and televisual representations of conflict in Israel
Authors: Arav Dan , Gurevitz David
Published: March 2014

This article deals with the cinematic and televised representations of the Israeli victimizer. The authors seek to examine the political and cultural meanings of these representations in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. They consider the evolving changes in the testimony of the victimizer as they have emerged in major works produced by and broadcast on Israeli television during the past two decades. This change has been expressed primarily in the transition from direct testimony about horrors or atrocities to a reflective process that takes into consideration the testimony’s validity, its evasiveness, its aesthetic nature and perhaps even whether the testimony itself is a matter of aesthetics. The article focuses on a number of case studies through which the authors seek to examine the boundaries of the witness’s trauma and the possibilities for the forgiveness he seeks. These cases offer an in-depth look at the collective Israeli psyche, which is haunted not only by the desire to glorify the victim but also includes a narrow space in which the victimizer is able to maneuver. Documentary and semi-documentary works such as these portray the naked Israeli psyche, revealing its repression, its ethical self-flagellation and its strong desire to build a humanistic discourse that takes into account the inability to achieve complete absolution and atonement.
When media of a small nation argue for war
Authors: Hjarvard Stig , Kristensen Nete Nørgaard
Published: March 2014

In this comparative analysis of editorial columns in Danish newspapers, we analyze how news media can act as a political voice during times of war. Whereas most studies of media coverage of war focus on one specific war, this analysis provides empirically and theoretically grounded conclusions across three wars: Afghanistan 2001–, Iraq 2003–2007, and Libya 2011. The analysis focuses on the interpretative frames that are mobilized concerning the cause of conflict, the legitimacy of war, and the rationales for deploying Danish troops. Various models of elite–media relationships are considered and modified from a theoretical perspective in order to take into account the particular problems involved for a small nation going to war. The analysis largely confirms the influence of elite consensus or dissensus on media coverage. Other influential factors include the media system and the semi-autonomous status of newspapers as an elite voice competing with other opinion-making elites.
The dwarf and the puppet: YT Wu's “Christian materialism”
Authors: Pa Chin Ken
Published: March 2014

Marxism came to China along with the Russian Revolution. Many Chinese scholars and students became interested in Marxism, which was interpreted in terms of patriotism and as an anti-imperialist movement. As a leader of the Christian Youth Student Fellowship of YMCA in Shanghai, YT Wu was deeply concerned with the nature of current thought on campus, and sought dialogue between Christianity and materialism. This article analyzes Wu's thought, especially his proposal of a Christian materialism which would reconcile the two. Like Marxist thinkers in the West, Wu was highly critical of the modernity that was also influencing China. Wu finds the key to theology in an interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount, which he understands as a depiction of Christian materialism.
Management of patients with multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Europe: a TBNET consensus statement
Authors: Lange Christoph , Abubakar Ibrahim , Alffenaar Jan-Willem C. , Bothamley Graham , Caminero Jose A. , Carvalho Anna Cristina C. , Chang Kwok-Chiu , Codecasa Luigi , Correia Ana , Crudu Valeriu , Davies Peter , Dedicoat Martin , Drobniewski Francis , Duarte Raquel , Ehlers Cordula , Erkens Connie , Goletti Delia , Günther Gunar , Ibraim Elmira , Kampmann Beate , Kuksa Liga , de Lange Wiel , van Leth Frank , van Lunzen Jan , Matteelli Alberto , Menzies Dick , Monedero Ignacio , Richter Elvira , Rüsch-Gerdes Sabine , Sandgren Andreas , Scardigli Anna , Skrahina Alena , Tortoli Enrico , Volchenkov Grigory , Wagner Dirk , van der Werf Marieke J. , Williams Bhanu , Yew Wing-Wai , Zellweger Jean-Pierre , Cirillo Daniela Maria
Published: March 2014

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) substantially challenges TB control, especially in the European Region of the World Health Organization, where the highest prevalence of MDR/XDR cases is reported. The current management of patients with MDR/XDR-TB is extremely complex for medical, social and public health systems. The treatment with currently available anti-TB therapies to achieve relapse-free cure is long and undermined by a high frequency of adverse drug events, suboptimal treatment adherence, high costs and low treatment success rates. Availability of optimal management for patients with MDR/XDR-TB is limited even in the European Region. In the absence of a preventive vaccine, more effective diagnostic tools and novel therapeutic interventions the control of MDR/XDR-TB will be extremely difficult. Despite recent scientific advances in MDR/XDR-TB care, decisions for the management of patients with MDR/XDR-TB and their contacts often rely on expert opinions, rather than on clinical evidence.

This document summarises the current knowledge on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of adults and children with MDR/XDR-TB and their contacts, and provides expert consensus recommendations on questions where scientific evidence is still lacking.
Hierarchical mesoporous nickel cobaltite nanoneedle/carbon cloth arrays as superior flexible electrodes for supercapacitors
Authors: Zhang Deyang , Yan Hailong , Lu Yang , Qiu Kangwen , Wang Chunlei , Tang Chengchun , Zhang Yihe , Cheng Chuanwei , Luo Yongsong
Published: March 2014

Hierarchical mesoporous NiCo2O4nanoneedle arrays on carbon cloth have been fabricated by a simple hydrothermal approach combined with a post-annealing treatment. Such unique array nanoarchitectures exhibit remarkable electrochemical performance with high capacitance and desirable cycle life at high rates. When evaluated as an electrode material for supercapacitors, the NiCo2O4nanoneedle arrays supported on carbon cloth was able to deliver high specific capacitance of 660 F g-1at current densities of 2 A g-1in 2 M KOH aqueous solution. In addition, the composite electrode shows excellent mechanical behavior and long-term cyclic stability (91.8% capacitance retention after 3,000 cycles). The fabrication method presented here is facile, cost-effective, and scalable, which may open a new pathway for real device applications.
Bone fragility in sarcoidosis and relationships with calcium metabolism disorders: a cross sectional study on 142 patients
Authors: Saidenberg-Kermanac’h Nathalie , Semerano Luca , Nunes Hilario , Sadoun Danielle , Guillot Xavier , Boubaya Marouane , Naggara Nicolas , Valeyre Dominique , Boissier Marie-Christophe
Published: March 2014

Introduction

The prevention of fragility fractures in patients with sarcoidosis is a serious concern and the potential risk of hypercalcemia limits vitamin D and calcium supplementation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk factors for low bone mineral density (BMD) and fractures in sarcoidosis. In particular, we aimed to determine the link among bone fragility and calcium and vitamin D metabolism in this population.

Methods

We performed a cross-sectional analysis on 142 consecutive patients with histologically proven sarcoidosis. BMD and prevalence of vertebral fractures on X-rays were assessed and the association with potential risk factors was studied by regression analysis.

Results

Fragility fractures occurred in 23.5% of patients, despite a normal mean BMD in the study population. In a multivariate analysis, low dietary calcium, fracture, age, gender and menopause were associated with increased risk of low BMD. Low dietary calcium, high current corticosteroid dose and low creatinine clearance were associated with increased risk of fracture. Serum 25(OH)D between 10 and 20 ng/ml was significantly associated with higher BMD. Conversely, values greater than 20 ng/ml were associated with increased risk of fracture. Serum 25(OH)D level was inversely correlated with disease activity. Of note, vitamin D supplements increased serum 25(OH)D in a dose-dependent manner but had no effect on serum calcium level.

Conclusions

Sarcoidosis patients have a high risk of fracture despite not having a lowered BMD suggesting that other independent factors are involved. Current corticosteroid dose, low dietary calcium and serum 25(OH)D levels are associated with bone fragility. In sarcoidosis, calcium and vitamin D supplementation might be warranted, but desirable 25(OH)D serum levels might be lower than those advised for the general population.
Professional Relevance of and Demand for Space-and-Ecology Literate Tourism Specialists
Authors: Комиссарова Татьяна , Komissarova Tatyana , Нечаева Татьяна , Nechaeva Tatyana
Published: March 2014

The article is devoted to the issues of developing spatial and ecological competence of students majoring in

tourism at secondary vocational education institutions, and the relevance of introducing the geo-ecological

aspect into the learning process with a view to improving the quality of training. The authors present a

block-structure model demonstrating the process of developing the spatial and ecological / earth-and environment competencies, analyse relevant empirical research, and provide the rationale for introducing

new educational standards of the third generation (discipline: ‘Geo-ecology and tourism’) into the 100401

«Tourism» curriculum.
Training Personnel for the Sports and Recreation Industry within the Frame of the Federal State Educational Standards of the Higher Professional Education
Authors: Павлов Евгений , Pavlov Evgeniy , Гониянц Степан , Goniyants Stepan
Published: March 2014

The article deals with the issue of training personnel for the sports and recreation industry within the frame

of the federal state educational standards of the higher professional education. The authors provide statistics

on sports and recreation tourism development, present the structure of bachelor instruction in the direction

of preparation «Sports and Recreation Tourism», which embraces four subdirections of preparation, and

define the peculiarities of identifying subdirections of bachelor preparation.
Innovative Methods Applied to Teaching Students of Engineering
Authors: Бабенко Оксана , Babenko Oksana
Published: March 2014

The article deals with OTSM-TRIZ-based innovative technology customized for teaching physics to bachelor

students majoring in engineering and designed to meet the requirements of the federal state educational

standards. The author holds that interactive training methods, and creative approaches to solving graphics

and complex tasks is requisite for mastering physics.
Development of a Family Vocational Guidance Potential as a Core Prerequisite to Successful Professional Self-Determination of Teenagers
Authors: Зеленкина  , Zelenkina Tatyana
Published: March 2014

Optimized way to nurture parents’ readiness to guide vocational choice of their teenaged children is considered as a consistent element of vocational

guidance potential and is scientifically proved. What makes the paper theoretically important, is the fact that the author clarifies the meaning for quite

new concepts, as «family vocational guidance potential», «parents’ helpfulness», «successful vocational choice». Families are classified in terms of

vocational guidance potential; several limitations in vocational choices of children in each category of families are outlined and illustrated by pictures

and tables. Given the accented challenge of insufficient parents’ integration in vocational choices, made by their children, the idea of pilot testing

described here, has been to use capabilities of additional professional education establishments to better preparing parents to the mission of facilitating

the vocational choices of their children. As a result of parents-children cooperation, the parents are better prepared and eager to help their children in

professional self-determination on one hand, while teenagers make more thoughtful vocational choices, on the other hand. Significant results and

conclusions are provided, to prove reliability of researching hypothesis, put forward by the author.
Rotation and Bending Corrections for the SE(B) Specimen
Authors: Wallin Kim
Published: March 2014

Standard tests with single-edge (bend) [SE(B)] specimens do not apply a rotation or bending correction. The load-line displacement (LLD) is generally used only for the estimation of the J integral. The compliance is preferably measured from the crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD). However, the standard equations assume that the measuring point lies at the specimen front face. With small specimens this is impractical, because the necessary cutout will decrease the effective crack length of specimen, thus reducing the constraint. If the CMOD measurement is above the front face, a special geometric rotation correction is required. Even in the case of front face measurements, a rotation correction is needed if the rotation of the specimen is large. When the LLD is used, an additional bending correction may be needed. The correction is needed because, with bending, both the effective span width, as well as the specimen cross-section dimensions will change. Bending makes the specimen appear stiffer than a straight specimen. If bend specimens are tested with the unloading compliance technique, the true crack extension will generally be underestimated, unless the measured compliance is corrected for rotation and bending. The underestimation will be a function of specimen dimensions and degree of bending, but it can, for smaller specimens, be as much as 35 %. Here new analytical rotation and bending corrections for the SE(B) specimen are proposed and validated.
Birth marks and neonatal skin disorders. From angel kiss to epidermolysis bullosa
Authors: Csoma Zsanett , Meszes Angéla , Ábrahám Rita , Bakki Judit , Gyurkovits Zita , Kemény Lajos , Orvos Hajnalka
Published: March 2014

Introduction: At present there are no exact epidemiologic data on the prevalence of neonatal skin disorders and birth marks in Hungary. Aim: The aim of the authors was to investigate the prevalence of skin disorders in mature healthy neonates after birth. Method: The survey was carried out in the Neonatal Care Unit at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University of Szeged between April, 2012 and May, 2013. Results:A total of 2289 newborn infants underwent whole-body screening skin examinations. At least one skin manifestation was found in 63% of the neonates. The major groups of skin disorders were transient benign cutaneous lesions, vascular lesions, pigmented lesions, traumatic, iatrogenic, congenital or acquired disorders with skin injuries, developmental abnormalities and benign skin tumours. The most frequent transient cutaneous lesions were erythema toxicum neonatorum, sebaceous hyperplasia and desquamation. The most common vascular lesions were naevus simplex, haemangioma and haemangioma precursor lesion, while the most frequently observed pigmented lesions were congenital melanocytic naevi and Mongolian spot. Conclusions: In the vast majority of cases, special treatment was not necessary, but 5.27% of the neonates required local dermatologic therapy, and in 9.2% of neonates follow up was recommended. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(13), 500–508.
InGaN structure influence on efficiency droop
Authors: Rabinovich Oleg
Published: March 2014

Simulation results of InGaN light-emitting diodes and efficiency droop are presented. A special method for investigating the changes in the semiconductor devices characteristics due to different influencing factors is developed.

The cause of efficiency droop was detected-large difference in carrier lifetimes. The simulation results are used to suggest several techniques for improving LED efficiency up to 10-15 %.