bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insurance coverage for mental illness: A review through a lens of bioethics and the MHCA, 2017
Authors: Varma Amiti , Jain Nikhil , Mahashur Sayali , Fernandes Tanya Nicole , Kapoor Arjun , Pathare Soumitra
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Health insurance coverage can serve as protection against catastrophic health expenditures. Section 21 (4) of the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 (MHCA) mandates insurance coverage for mental illness to be on par with that for physical illness. Despite this, anecdotal evidence shows persons with mental health conditions are routinely denied or face difficulties in obtaining medical insurance coverage due to their mental illness.

Method: We undertook an analysis of all insurance policy documents published on the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) webpage for the year 2020-21 to examine their relevance to mental illness and to examine how the policy wording adheres to Section 21 (4) of the MHCA and the core principles of bioethics.

Results: We sourced 459 health insurance policies for the year 2020-21 from the IRDAI webpage. Of these, 268 relevant insurance policies were analysed in depth for their adherence to the MHCA guidelines and principles of bioethics. Of the policies analysed (n=268), we found six policies (from two insurance providers) explicitly excluded mental illness across all domains, in direct contradiction of the MHCA and the subsequent guidance issued by the IRDAI. Most insurance policies excluded coverage for injuries due to attempted suicide or self-injury (n=224) or alcohol consumption/substance use (n=267). Out-patient services were included in 23 policies.>/p>

Discussion: Health insurance policies continue to contain discriminatory terms for mental illness thus violating the principle of parity put forth by the MHCA and at odds with core principles of bioethics. Sustained advocacy efforts are required to ensure insurance providers abide by the principles of parity in letter and in spirit to remove differential or discriminatory terms for mental illness in their policies in compliance with Section 21 (4) the MHCA.
Determinants Influencing Beef Cattle Development Prospects in Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Astarika Rina , Jabuddin La Ode , Abdi Abdi , Zulkarnain Deki , Munadi La Ode Muhammad
Published: November 2024

The beef cattle farming business in Kolaka Regency still has bright prospects for its development. The purpose of this study was to analyze the prospects and determine the development of beef cattle in Kolaka Regency. This study was centered in Watubangga District because it is the base area for beef cattle development. The research variables include the social characteristics of farmers and production costs, involving 45 farmers as respondents. The data analysis method used in this research is the Revenue-Cost approach and the Cobb-Douglas production function using the natural logarithm model. The research results show that the beef cattle business in Kolaka Regency has prospects or is profitable for development with an R/C ratio of 3,12. Meanwhile, the variables of total production and investment costs determine the prospects for developing beef cattle farming in Kolaka Regency. Therefore, support from across sectors is needed to improve the beef cattle business in the future, especially in terms of accessibility of business funding sources.
IMPLEMENTATION OF AN INTEGRATED PBL MODEL IN SOCIAL EMOTIONAL LEARNING IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE LEARNING IN CLASS IV PRIMARY SCHOOL
Authors: Yulianto Feri , Mushafanah Qoriati
Published: November 2024

This research discusses the implementation of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model which is integrated with Social Emotional Learning (SEL) in Indonesian language learning in class IV elementary school. Aims to introduce students to learning that is oriented to daily life problems in the surrounding environment. Apart from that, to develop students' social emotional skills, related to empathetic attitudes through learning Indonesian with persuasive sentence material in class IV elementary school. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. This research was conducted in class IV at SDN Sambirejo 02 Semarang. The research results show that the implementation of the SEL integrated PBL model in Indonesian language learning in grade IV elementary school brings positive results. The use of this PBL model focuses on real problems faced by students, in this case related to bullying behavior. Apart from that, through this learning, students can develop learning attitudes such as empathy, discipline, responsibility and honesty. The results of the analysis show that students' learning attitudes have a correlation with students' cognitive achievement scores in the range of 0.55 - 0.78 (fairly strong - strong) and a classical completeness level of 82.75% in learning Indonesian with persuasive sentence material in class. IV.
SUPERVISI AKADEMIK DALAM RANGKA MENINGKATKAN KOMPETENSI TPACK GURU
Authors: Khasanah Nurul Uswatun
Published: November 2024

The objective of this study is to investigate, elucidate, and analyze the academic oversight provided by the school principal in enhancing the proficiency of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) among teachers at SMK N 1 Karanganyar. The present study employs a qualitative study methodology utilizing a case study methodology. The data has been obtained from the paperwork provided by the statistical data informant. Various data collection procedures encompass interviews, observations, documentation, and surveys. Data analysis involves the process of reducing data, presenting data, and deriving descriptive findings. Data authenticity is achieved through the utilization of source triangulation. The research findings demonstrate the significance of TPACK competency in enhancing the overall quality of the learning process. Furthermore, the use of academic supervision has the potential to enhance the proficiency of teachers in integrating technology, pedagogy, and content knowledge (TPACK). The TPACK supervision outcomes at SMK N 1 Karanganyar, yielding an average score of 4.72, are categorized as "excellent". The primary focus of this research is to improve the educators Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) by developing their proficiency in Technological Knowledge (TK), Content Knowledge (CK), Pedagogical Knowledge (PK), Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK), Technological Content Knowledge (TCK), and Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK). The objective is to investigate how these abilities contribute to the enhancement of learning outcomes within the classroom setting.
Keywords: Academic Supervision; Headmaster; the educators TPACK Capabilities; Learning Quality
THE ANALYSIS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INDEPENDENT CURRICULUM IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
Authors: Wahyu Pertiwi Monica
Published: November 2024

This research is to find out and examine the "Analysis of the Implementation of Independent Curriculum in Mobilizing Schools SDN Kartasura 02 This research was conducted using a phenomenological approach. This type of research is qualitative research that looks at and hears closer and detailed explanations and individual understanding of their experiences. The phenomenological approach is based on the researcher's interest in studying more deeply the phenomena experienced by key informants. The research was conducted at SDN Kartasura 02.. Informants in this study were teachers, principals, supervisors. Collection The data was collected using several techniques, namely; (a) observation, (b) interviews, and (c) documentation study. To ensure the validity of the data, several efforts were made as follows: (a) extending the data collection period, (b) conducting direct observation constantly and seriously, (c) triangulating, and (d) involving colleagues to discuss. From the results of the study in this study, it was found that there was an independent curriculum which was used as a reference in driving schools, which produced students who had noble character, were independent, reasoned critically, were creative, gotong royong, and had a sense of diversity. The driving school principal encourages a variety of participatory, unique, and many innovative programs. Fostering cooperation with teachers who support their leaders to participate in realizing driving schools.
Exploration Into The Ability of Fifth-Grade Students To Solve Decimal Problems Using Proportional Reasoning
Authors: Ambarwati Dwi , Masduki Masduki
Published: November 2024

Proportional Reasoning is a complex mathematical way of thinking about interconnected ideas such as multiplication and division of whole numbers, fractions, ratios, powers, measurements, and percent. This research aims to identify students' thinking processes in solving decimal problems that require proportional reasoning. This research was conducted on 5th grade elementary school students in Klaten, Central Java, Indonesia, using test instruments, interviews and documentation studies. The test given consists of five types of questions, namely tests on questions that require students to use additive, multiplicative thinking skills, use reasonable or appropriate ratios, build unit structures (groupings), and understand invariants. The research results found that the proportional reasoning indicator that was more dominantly used by students was the ability to think multiplicatively, while the sub-indicators were writing and completing calculations but the final results were not correct. Apart from that, other findings explain that the low ability is due to the prerequisite material not being mastered, students not understanding the questions, and students not understanding the concept of the topic. Thus, these results confirm that proportional reasoning abilities in grade 5 elementary school are still quite low.
Integration Of Independent Curriculum Competencies In Craft Learning Content In Junior High School
Authors: Alfiatuzzakiyah Rizki , Widiyanti Widiyanti , Nurhadi Didik , Romadin Achmad
Published: November 2024

The Independent Curriculum is a curriculum that emphasizes the development of holistic competencies, creativity, and entrepreneurship of students to face the challenges of complex times more effectively. In secondary education, the application of the independent curriculum is able to have a significant impact on learning objectives, including the craft subject on the topic of processing. The research method used is qualitative by applying interview data collection, observation and field documentation studies. The results of the study found that the implementation of the independent curriculum at Nurul Huda Porong Sidoarjo Junior High School was carried out in stages from grade 7, with teachers who had received training to develop their own learning tools. The learning process for food processing crafts is interactive and fun, despite the lack of equipment and practice rooms. The integration of Independent curriculum in food processing craft in junior high schools produces students who are competent and knowledgeable in the culinary world.
Reservoir Pressure Prediction Using Combined AI and Material Balance Approach
Authors: Badmaev Dorzhi , Ilyasov Ilnur , Braik Fahed
Published: November 2024

Monitoring reservoir pressure with time is an important part of reservoir management. The conventional approach using hydrodynamic modeling to predict reservoir pressure may not always match the surveillance data due to long history matching and model updating process, too large timesteps, not perfect match at well level, etc.

The objective of this study is to develop a combined AI and physics driven method for fast and robust procedure to estimate reservoir pressure in space and time, based on a hybrid approach using production injection data, machine learning and material balance.

The workflow consists of the following steps:

Production injection and pressure data preparation and cleansing. Wells clustering and material balance calculations using optimization algorithm to match surveillance data. Pressure interpolation in time using ML methods including surveillance data per well (at least 5 tests), production injection data and material balance prediction. Pressure interpolation in space based on interpolated pressure in time for each well considering the radius of influence of a well estimated by its cumulative production or injection.

ML methods are very efficient in interpolation mode. However, in extrapolation mode (forecasting) ML methods usually are not reliable due to lack of physics as it is shown in the study.

Material balance is a fundamental reservoir engineering tool for analysis of reservoir performance; however, it has some limitations, one of which is an uncertainty in well drainage volumes at well level

In this study it is presented how to use a combined method which takes advantages from both approaches and significantly increases accuracy and reliability in reservoir pressure prediction and short-term forecasting.

The developed method was applied to a variety of carbonate reservoirs across Abu Dhabi fields. Reservoir pressure was predicted with high accuracy in wells with enough available pressure tests. An uncertainty score using test frequency, reservoir quality and production capability can be used to identify areas where pressure testing will add more value.

The interpolated pressure maps were compared with the conventional surveillance pressure maps and with maps from simulation models. The predicted maps look quite similar to simulation model, which proved applicability and efficiency of developed workflow

The spatiotemporal interpolation of reservoir pressure considering simultaneous production injection data presented in this paper is an innovative and practical approach improving from previous methods available in literature. This method is particularly useful to run monthly when new production and injection data is available, and reservoir pressure needs to be estimated to optimize production and injection targets.
Successful Implementation of Advanced Inversion in a New Field Achieved 100% Reservoir Exposure in a Complex Heterogeneous Reservoir – An Integrated Solution Comprising Near and Far Field LWD Measurements
Authors: Ahmad Fazeel , Pacheco Ferran , Radman Velimir , Jalalh Ali Ahmed , Mumtaz Asim , Potshangbam Sanathoi , Augustine Anthony , Soliman Ahmed , Deng Lichuan
Published: November 2024

In a new field in the UAE offshore, the field development plan was initiated by drilling the first lateral oil producer in a low-resistivity reservoir characterized by structural uncertainty, reservoir heterogeneity, and the presence of high-permeability streaks that can act as conduits for water, potentially compromising the well's productivity. To achieve the navigation objective, two target reservoir subzones, separated by an impermeable dense zone, each with independently associated water risks, need to be exposed.

To maximize reservoir exposure, maintain a safe distance from denser layers, and stay close to the top of the second target zone to avoid the permeable lower part, any changes in the water level must be mapped accurately. A feasibility study assessed the mapping results of an Extra Deep Azimuthal Resistivity (EDAR) inversion in this environment. This hybrid inversion method uses adaptive parameter scanning and efficiently computes numerous intermediate models to enable accurate high-definition multiple boundary mapping. As a result of this study, the EDAR tool was identified as an optimal solution and integrated into a triple combo BHA.

The advanced inversion from the EDAR tool enhanced the understanding of the geological setting around the well area. EDAR inversions consistently mapped the reservoir boundaries, and integration with near-wellbore measurements aided in optimizing well placement for the most favorable reservoir properties. The confident mapping of the second target top ensured that the trajectory stayed close to it, thus avoiding exposure to the permeable zone in the lower part. The EDAR inversion was used to update the structural changes along the wellbore in real-time. The information gathered from EDAR advanced inversion established that no elevated water zone was observed within the thickness of the target reservoir subzones. 3D visualization of acquired information from EDAR inversion, such as distribution of resistivity and structural variations, gives a better insight into the reservoir architecture. Integrating petrophysical analysis with EDAR inversion summary will help optimize the completion design and can be considered an immediate after-the-drilling service application. Integrating the inversion information into the 3D model reduces uncertainty and aids field development planning.
Innovative Placement of 3D Shaped Cutters for Hard and Abrasive Formations
Authors: Reboul S. , AI-Khayari M. , Hajri B. , Busaidi Y. , Almaawali S. , Alsiyabi K. , AI-Shaqsi A. , Tissot V.
Published: November 2024

Current well designs that aim to efficiently drill long heterogeneous wellbore sections in a single run make cutter wear mitigation and overall performance increasingly important. However, in these harsh conditions, the durability of PDC bits and their high rate of penetration (ROP) in many formations are often compromised by cutter damage, limiting total footage and penetration rates. These limitations frequently necessitate using multiple bits to complete the section, increasing the overall cost for operators to drill to Total Depth (TD).

Therefore, mitigating PDC cutter wear while improving indentation and shearing action, especially in hard rock formations, is crucial for the effective application of PDC technology in modern wellbores. To address these issues, a Bit company has developed a new generation of tools with an innovative cutter arrangement and specific cutter shapes.

These bits pre-fracture the rock before shearing begins, achieving higher ROPs and more stable boreholes, particularly in hard rock formations. The PDC bit designs presented in this paper result from extensive research aimed at overcoming historical performance challenges in long, hard, and interbedded formations. The design configuration combines multiple rows of cutters with different geometries. Cutters with force-concentrating tip profiles initially weaken and fracture the rock, followed by another set of specially shaped cutters that shear the weakened rock more efficiently.
Decarbonization and Successful Zonal Isolation of a Challenging Well Using a High-Performance Low-Carbon Emission System Containing Less than 30% Portland Mass
Authors: Iskander Mirette , De Barros Adelson Jose Calleia , De Melo Alexandre Bezerra , Benberber Mohammed Rebbou , Gupta Shruti , Aghayarova Nargiz , Manga Patrick
Published: November 2024

The implementation of a novel technology that reduced Portland cement content by up to 70% was pumped in a complex 9 5/8-in. casing section of an offshore well, which resulted in a significant reduction to carbon footprint. As the oil and gas industry faces the challenges of decarbonization, one of the focus areas that remains is carbon emissions generated by the cement industry.

The innovative and tailored system described in this study is designed to deliver high performance at a lower density than conventional systems for improved barrier dependability. Proven laboratory results show that the system enables higher compressive strength at a lower density, increases ductility, and reduces permeability and corrosion resistance. The main engineering and operational advantage of this system is its capability for deployment without the requirement for specialized or additional equipment, which provides an operationally efficient and sustainable barrier.

The primary challenge cementing this section was to reduce the equivalent circulating density (ECD) caused by the elevated risk of losses predicted by offset wells. This required the use of a specialized low-density slurry system with durable mechanical properties. Another challenge was to lower carbon emissions associated with large slurry volumes because conventional high-Portland content cement systems do not align with sustainability goals. Modern technology was applied, and the well was successfully delivered with all achieved objectives. This case demonstrated that sustainable technology is not only efficient to reduce carbon footprint, but also to successfully achieve zonal isolation without downgrading the final cement quality compared to conventional cement systems.

Cement production accounts for approximately 8% of global anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions annually (Abdelaal et al.). The benefits of the application of this innovative technology in future wells are discussed, which can help reduce carbon footprint while slurry performance to achieve the zonal isolation.
The Used of an Intelligent Data Assimilation Protocol for Plume Characterization of CO2 Sequestration in Saline Aquifers
Authors: Sun Qian , Zhang Miao
Published: November 2024

The gas plume characterization of CO2 sequestration processes is a typical inverse problem, the solution of which could include inevitable non-unique solutions and uncertainties. This work aims at structuring a plume characterization protocol via coupling deep neural network models and ensembled Kalman Filter algorithm by analyzing injection and monitoring well bottomhole pressure data. Considering the multiple sequestration mechanisms, the output of the model includes the spatiotemporal evolution of free gas plume and mineralization profiles. In this study, one inverse model and two types of forward-looking models are developed. The inverse model predicts geological characteristics using field pressure data as input. The forward-looking models aim to simulate pressure responses and the evolution of the gas plume. Initially, input data is processed through the inverse model to estimate the spatial distribution of geological properties. The forward-looking models couple the ensemble Kalman filter to refine the predictions made by the inverse model. After the predictions are aligned with the field data, these models proceed to forecast the distribution of the gas plume in different form of presences. The proposed methodology was evaluated using an ideal case and a field case using the geological data collected from a real aquifer. The primary source of uncertainty in gas plume characterization stems from the inherent non-uniqueness of solutions to inverse problems. This methodology utilizes the heterogeneities in petrophysical properties, as predicted by the inverse model, as an intermediary variable. The incorporation of an AI-assisted data assimilation protocol substantially reduces this uncertainty by refining the outcomes from the inverse model. The findings indicate that deep neural networks models adapted from an auto encode architecture derived from the U-net are effective for image-to-image regression predictions using static heterogeneity property distributions as inputs. This approach leads to the training of an expert system capable of forecasting the varied spatiotemporal dynamics of carbon species within saline aquifers. After injection ceases and the pressure transient spreads, the gas plume evolution becomes less sensitive to changes in the injection well bottomhole pressure. It highlights the importance of strategically placing monitoring wells to effectively oversee long-term gas migration and plume characteristics. The integration of expert systems with ensemble Kalman filters successfully delineates the spatial and temporal evolution of CO2 plumes by analyzing pressure data from injection and monitoring wells. This method, in contrast to traditional CO2 plume inversion techniques, demands fewer and more affordable data inputs. As a result, it offers cost-effective and precise CO2 plume characterization considering different forms of presences.
Novel Approach for Increasing Stimulation Performance in Gas Reservoirs With Eco-Friendly Solutions
Authors: Ahmad Zeeshan , Albadi Mohamad Mubarik , Ahmad Mubashir , Elabrashy Manar Maher Mohamed , Pangestu Yohannes Fisher , Ahmed Sami Ullah Bashir , Shinde Kaustubh Dhananjay , Samad Bachar , Hadziavdic Ina
Published: November 2024

Comprehensive study was conducted to optimize acid stimulation techniques, addressing problems like restoring flow in blocked wellbores, effectively removing loose formation debris, managing flaring limits during flow back, and enhancing low productivity in reservoirs affected by high skin factor and low pressure. Innovative stimulation methods utilizing dynamic pressure pulsing have been introduced to advance fluid injections into formations and reduce carbon emissions simultaneously. The application of a dynamic fluid pulse method during an acid stimulation operation on well#X1 significantly enhanced the diffusion of acid by adjusting the quantity utilized. This technology operates under various conditions, administering acid via coiled tubing and optimizing for different pressure scenarios and dosing rates. These initiatives aimed to improve access and stimulation for open-hole treatments were subjected to rigorous assessments. Using cutting-edge Dynamic fluid pulse technology achieved complete accessibility and featured adaptable nozzles creating a differential pressure between 700 and 800 psi in the open-hole area. Simulations revealed that dynamic fluid pulses facilitated better wormhole development, allowing meticulous control over the volume of acid deployed, thereby elevating matrix acidizing procedures’ efficiency and gas production gains. The approach activated the well, increasing flow rates to 25 MMSCF/D as confirmed by well testing. A gelled fluid system was implemented, which boosted lift efficiency throughout the cleanup phase and effectively optimized both flaring activities and greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for an estimated reduction of 280 mtCO2e.

For the depleted gas well#X2, flowback the liquid acid system imposed significant challenges, necessitating thorough clean-up operations to off-load the liquids from the lateral reservoir sectors. To meet these stimulation objectives while minimizing flaring, a strategy involving nitrified acid was implemented. Additionally, well#X3 which was a gas-producing well went through a stimulation design with solid acid sticks, leading to an increase in production without the necessity for subsequent flow back procedures as per simulation studies.

In summary, technologies such as Dynamic fluid pulse, Nitrified foam Acid systems, and Solid Acid Sticks offer strategic solutions to overcome the operational difficulties encountered in extended horizontal wells containing gas, considering the well architecture and the need to mitigate frictional forces.
An Experimental Method for Obtaining Optimal Proppant Packing Ratios for Micro-Sized Proppant Placement in Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors: Liu Huifeng , Zhang Jiayuan , Luan Guilin , Feng Shengjie , Chen Zhangxin , Wang Duo
Published: November 2024

Coal bed methane and shale gas reservoirs are extensively developed in China, not only because of their large reserves, but also because they are clean energy resources and contribute to the net zero emissions. However, these reservoirs are usually typical unconventional reservoirs with tight matrix and natural fractures. Hydraulic fracturing with micro-sized proppants is used to develop them cost-effectively. However, a quantitative design for micro-sized proppant injection is not mature and is still raising attention in industry.

Different from traditional proppants, micro-sized proppants (<100 mesh) are required to be placed in fractures in a partial-monolayer manner in order to obtain maximum conductivity. Many previous theoretical studies have shown that propped fracture conductivity changes parabolically with proppant concentration and there is an optimal proppant packing ratio. However, no one has observed this phenomenon in the laboratory. In this paper, we will introduce a laboratory method for obtaining an optimal packing ratio and the corresponding test results using 140/200 mesh and 200/300 mesh silica sands. The results are then compared with our numerical modeling results based on the LBM (lattice Boltzmann) algorithm.

Micro-sized sands are selected and sorted from a silica sand mine in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia. The sorting coefficient of the sand particles is strictly controlled within 1.20. The proppant breakage rate under 4000 psi is controlled within 10%. Naturally cracked cores with natural rough surfaces, which are obtained from a shale formation in China, are used to make the test units. A GCTS Rock Triaxial System instead of a traditional fracture conductivity tester is used to test the conductivity of fractures propped by micro-sized proppants. A Transient Pulse Method is used to test the propped fracture permeability. The permeability and conductivity of 140/200 mesh and 200/300 mesh silica sands are measured at six different proppant packing ratios, 0, 0.25, 0.375, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0, under two different closure pressures, 3000psi (21MPa) and 4000psi (28MPa). The regression analysis results show that the optimal packing ratios of 140/200 and 200/300 mesh silica sands are 40.30% and 52.09% respectively, regardless of the closure pressure. However, the conductivity curves of 200/300 mesh silica sands show that their optimal packing ratio under 4000psi is 78.14%, much higher than the result under 3000psi, which is 52.09%.

This is the first time in industry to obtain the optimal proppant packing ratios for micro-sized proppant placement by direct conductivity tests on real shale cores. Our numerical modeling results based on the LBM algorithm under the same conditions show a lower optimal packing ratio (30%-40%) than the measured results. This makes our laboratory tests more beneficial in targeting the causes of the discrepancies and rectifying mathematical models.
Surface Well Testing Automation – Case Study and Lessons Learned
Authors: Kaipov Y. , Pham T. , Al-Hazmi W. , Denegri R. , Qoqandi A. , Alawagi A.
Published: November 2024

The paper discusses a case study that focuses on enhancing safety standards for surface well testing. To achieve this, the study involves upgrading the surface well testing equipment and revising the service delivery procedure to minimize safety risks while still meeting the well test objectives.

Surface well testing is a well-established process that involves the fluid processing and disposal to acquire data while flowing the well. However, when dealing with sour fluid, the associated risks become much more severe and thus creating much higher HSE risks. It was necessary to re-evaluate existing safety protocols and upgrade the equipment by automating some operations and changing the data acquisition methodology. These measures reduces the likelihood and severity of any potential hazards to an acceptable level, allowing for the safe acquisition of necessary data while minimizing risk to personnel and the environment.

A new concept for surface well testing has been introduced, which has significantly improved the efficiency of unlocking reserves from sour reservoirs. This was achieved through a combination of material and seal upgrades, as well as automation. The automated choke manifold played a key role by allowing remote control of flow instead of requiring an operator to manually change choke beans. This eliminated personnel exposure to high-pressure hazards. The traditional hydraulically operated emergency shutdown system was replaced with an electrical one, allowing for 13 times faster well shutdown. It can also automatically shut-in the well thanks to integration with an H2S gas detection system. The inline gas analyzer has enabled real-time monitoring of H2S, reducing the need for frequent manual sampling and minimizing personnel exposure and gas release into the environment. Overall, these upgrades have significantly improved safety and efficiency in surface well testing, enabling the safe extraction of valuable resources from challenging environments.

For the first time, an automated surface well testing package was introduced. The paper will discuss about lessons learnt and recommendation on new developments for further improvement of the system. This is first the milestone towards fully autonomous surface well testing.
Generative AI and Large Language Model Assisted Causal Discovery and Inference for Driving Process Improvements
Authors: Rai P. , Jain A. , Anand A.
Published: November 2024

Data-driven process management coupled with machine learning have been successful in driving commercial value to oil and gas operators by offering insights into process disruptions and their root causes. One frequently used approach is to analyze causes of process disruptions exclusively from historical data. In general, specific insights in the form of high correlation between certain process performance indicators and a well-defined measure of production inefficiency is often confounded as responsible causal factors. While this may yield some insights, the complexity of processes, measured in terms of number of entities involved and their interrelationships, requires a more nuanced approach that must include the context of the specific process. Thus, data analysis must be augmented with significant inputs from experts. Causal Inference provides a conceptual framework and tools for doing such analysis.

In causal analysis, we embed this specific knowledge of subject matter experts using causal graphs consisting of process features (nodes) and their dependency (directed edges). For complex processes however, constructing causal graphs could be non-trivial due to ambiguity over which nodes to include and the plausible direction of their relationships. With the advent of foundational Large Language Models (LLM), there is an opportunity to mitigate this problem by utilizing the enormous information it encodes. Tools and technologies now exist to customize the response of LLM using retrieval of information from a corpus of specific high-quality knowledge in the form of related literature and data. It can therefore be used to assist the domain expert in building and finetuning the causal graph, and in simpler cases, can completely automate this step.

In this work, we propose a two-step approach to combine the power of LLMs and Causal Analysis for analyzing inefficiencies in production processes. In the first step, we implement a Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) enhanced LLM prompting on a curated dataset designed to answer specific questions on relationship between process performance indicators. The outcome of this step is a directed acyclic graph encoding dependency of process performance indicators. Domain experts can validate or potentially refine the LLM-generated causal graph based on their domain knowledge for eliminating spurious hallucinations. In the second step, we use an appropriate causal inference method on the refined causal diagram and historical production data to estimate the causal effect of process variable contributing to disruptions or inefficiencies. Thus, by combining human expertise with machine learning, this framework offers a comprehensive approach for optimizing production processes.
Proppant Transport in Rough Fractures of Unconventional Reservoir– A Case Study from China
Authors: Li Zhou , Zhou Wei , Kong Xiangshuai , An Weiqing , Wang Xiaoguang , Xu Hanbing , Qian Chuanchuan , Hu Yongjing , Li Shuai , Lian Liming
Published: November 2024

A generative method for fractures with rough surfaces was established based on fractal interpolation theory, encompassing interactions among particles, particle-wall, and particle-fluid. Consequently, a coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM) model was developed to simulate the two-phase flow of proppant and fracturing fluid within these fractures. Validated by experimental data, the model effectively matches the transport and accumulation processes of the proppant in rough fractures. Comparative numerical simulations across various scenarios revealed that, when compared to smooth planar fractures, the transport and deposition of proppants in rough fractures are significantly affected by the wall roughness. The greater the surface roughness, the faster the proppant particles settle near the fracture inlet and the shorter their horizontal transport distance, resulting in a tendency to accumulate near the fracture entry and rapidly form sand plugs within the crack. The roughness of fracture walls can control the fluid’s flow path to some extent, altering how the proppant fills the fractures. On one hand, the elevated roughness lifts the trajectory of proppant movement, causing more proppant to exit the fracture and thereby reducing coverage; on the other hand, the fracturing fluid is more likely to redirect its flow near the contact points of the rough surface protrusions, potentially expanding the coverage area of the proppant.
Enhancing Competency Assurance for Non-Organic Construction Site Supervisors: A Structured Approach for Effective Technical & Leadership Development in Project Management and HSE Performance
Authors: Wijaya Hendrik Agung , Yusof Yushafidi Bin , Bawan Mohd Zainuri Bin
Published: November 2024

This abstract presents a structured approach designed to ensure the competency of non-organic staff (third party workforce), specifically Construction Site Supervisors, who are critical to project management and Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) performance. These supervisors, often hired through third-party contracts, lead diverse teams, sometimes overseeing operations on offshore accommodation barges. Unlike permanent staff who benefit from comprehensive competency assessments, these contracted supervisors typically only undergo entry interviews, leading to gaps in competency assurance.

The approach leverages on structured job competency profiles and leadership requirements, focusing on developing a rigorous assessment procedure. This involves subject matter experts and technical professionals to evaluate essential skills and HSE leadership proficiency. By identifying critical competency areas and involving project and technical managers in the assessment process, the initiative ensures that evaluations are credible and relevant.

Initial results show that while most construction site supervisors are competent, some require reassessment. Common gaps identified in the assessments have informed targeted intervention plans, with a strong emphasis on hands-on, site-based verification. This practical approach is recognized as more effective than traditional training methods, which often have limited impact.

This approach provides a simple yet powerful method to ensure the competency of non-permanent staff in critical project roles. By emphasizing practical assessments and involving managerial-level personnel, organizations can greatly improve the effectiveness and credibility of their competency assurance processes
Acid Volume Reduction Impact on Slickwater Hydraulic Fracturing Efficiency in Multi-Fractured Unconventional Horizontal Wells
Authors: Alowaid Abdulrahman. M. , Mechkak Karim , Rueda Jose I.
Published: November 2024

The objective of this paper is to highlight the results of an acid volume reduction, and elimination study that was performed on multiple unconventional wells, through evaluating various stimulation parameters, and quantifying the differences acid volume has on slick-water stimulation treatment. The assessment depends on the evaluation of different stimulation parameters resulting from the reduction of acid volume at each slick-water hydraulic fracturing stage within a particular well, and extends those understandings to compare offset wells. Impacts on various stimulation parameters such as the Instantaneous Shut-In Pressure (ISIP), net pressure, and perforation efficiency were quantified, then summarized for each batch of stages where a certain acid volume was used, with the overarching goal to quantify the differences on the overall stimulation treatment. The studied wells included an acid volume reduction assessment that was performed in increments of 50%, 75%, and complete acid elimination to achieve a comprehensive evaluation at different acid volumes and when acid is excluded from the stimulation design. At each stimulation stage, average treating pressure, Friction Reducer (FR) concentration, ISIP, and perforation efficiency were the subject of evaluation pertaining measurable parameters used directly for comparison. In general, the overall treatment of stimulation operations was fairly similar for the different acid volume designs used across the application examples highlighted. Similarly, for FR concentration and consumption, reduction in acid volume had no significant impact. ISIP on the other hand, was higher when acid volumes were reduced, and even highest when acid was removed. The final parameter, perforation efficiency, calculated through an in-house developed perforation efficiency estimation tool, yielded consistent improvements when acid was removed. Results from this study yielded a direct quantification of the impacts acid volume reduction has on various stimulation parameters. It was observed that purely from stimulation evaluation, there isn't a negative impact in reducing the volume, on the contrary, eliminating acid yielded stimulation efficiency improvements. The novelty of this paper is that it evaluates the reduction and elimination of acid in slick-water stimulation treatment using cost-free raw stimulation data. The outcomes of this assessment aid significantly in the diagnosis of acid volume reduction within different wells, and identifies optimization opportunities for future applications.
Harnessing the Power of IoT and Cloud Technologies to Simplify Asset Integrity And Monitoring
Authors: Paraschiv A.
Published: November 2024

This paper addresses the critical need for robust asset integrity management in offshore environments, where marine structures face cyclic and environmental loads due to changing sea-state conditions. It emphasizes the necessity for offshore installations to ensure elevated levels of safety and reliability while managing costs and minimizing environmental impacts. The scope extends to the challenges of maintaining asset integrity amidst varying magnitudes and directions of dynamic loads causing alternating stress levels as wave conditions change over time. Each repeated wave crest and trough can lead to fatigue in the materials of offshore structures. Over time, these stress concentrations can accumulate and result in cracks, weld failures, and other forms of degradation.

The study explores the use of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in wave radars together with their capability of connecting to Cloud solutions. These technologies offer real-time, high-frequency data and integrate with third-party data sources to enhance asset monitoring and management. The process involves deploying IoT sensors to collect, analyze, and manage data across multiple disciplines involved in asset integrity management. This integration facilitates a unified approach to data handling and decision-making.

Observations indicate that the use of IoT wave radars and Cloud technologies significantly improves the resolution and quality of data necessary for continuous monitoring of asset integrity as well as serviceability of offshore installations in parallel with the continuous focus on reducing cost and environmental impact. The technology enables operators to anticipate and respond to potential degradation and stress accumulation, thereby preventing structural failures such as cracks and weld failures. Enhanced access to data with suited resolution and quality together with analysis capabilities allow for more informed decision-making and operational adjustments without compromising the integrity and safety of the assets.
Game Changing Strategy in Completions and Fracturing Technology Enhances Efficiency and Sustained Production
Authors: Rahim Zillur , Wilson Stuart , Watson Mark
Published: November 2024

Drilling of long horizontal wells in high temperature, high pressure, and high in-situ stress environment, although challenging, has become almost a norm in the development of moderate to tight conventional as well as nano Darcy unconventional reservoirs. The increase and expansion of multistage completions and fracturing and current advancement has empowered the oil and gas industry by providing the ability to effectively place a logn wellbore and fracture specific reservoir intervals as per design strategy.

In developing moderate to tight formations, strategic choice in type and placement of completion assembly along with design and implementation of optimal hydraulic fracturing in the most cost-effective manner is required. To attain high productivity, sustained production rate, and improved ultimate recovery, each reservoir and well must be studied individually and custom select completion assemblies combined with fracturing equipment and materials such as acid or proppants, fluids, chemical diverters, and pumping schedule.1 The directional drilling azimuth and lateral length will dictate the total number of independent hydraulic fractures that can be generated. The azimuth of the lateral dictates the direction hydraulic fracture will propagate. Usually, wells in relatively tighter reservoir are drilled in the direction of minimum horizontal stress, so that fractures are created perpendicular to the wellbore.2 For drilling purposes, choice of this azimuth poses difficulty as the stresses acting on the wellbore becomes high, and precautions are taken to maintain wellbore diameter, shape, and integrity.

Moderate to tight reservoirs are drilled in the direction of minimal in-situ stress to enable development of oblique or transverse fractures. The total number of transverse fractures to induce and placement of fracturing ports and isolation packers in an open hole completions system are critical parameters to achieve long-term, optimal production. This paper addresses some essential elements of an openhole configuration and presents field results leading to sustained long-term production, excellent hydrocarbon recovery, and economic gain. The other common completion category, plug & perf (P&P), also can be a good strategy but has some shortcomings that are overcome with openhole completions.