bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Susceptibility to the Consensus for a Few Representations of Collective Knowledge
Authors: Kozierkiewicz-Hetmańska Adrianna
Published: September 2014

Nowadays, it happens very often that in order to make a decision we rely on knowledge originating from different and autonomous sources, i.e. from experts or the Internet. For many problems we often ask for an opinion of not one but a group of sources (a collective). It may be due to the fact that we collect very large amount of information which might be inconsistent unfortunately. The process of appointing the knowledge state of a collective (final and consistent opinions) is often very complex and time-consuming. Therefore, we want to know if it is possible to determine a common and reliable opinion of a collective only by analyzing given knowledge of a collective. For this task the consensus theory is applied. This work is devoted to analyses of a susceptibility to a consensus for a few types of representations of experts' opinions (knowledge of a collective) such as a number, a binary vector, ordered partitions or ordered coverings.
Self-organized hydrodynamics in an annular domain: Modal analysis and nonlinear effects
Authors: Degond Pierre , Yu Hui
Published: September 2014

The Self-Organized Hydrodynamics model of collective behavior is studied on an annular domain. A modal analysis of the linearized model around a perfectly polarized steady-state is conducted. It shows that the model has only pure imaginary modes in countable number and is hence stable. Numerical computations of the low-order modes are provided. The fully nonlinear model is numerically solved and nonlinear mode-coupling is then analyzed. Finally, the efficiency of the modal decomposition to analyze the complex features of the nonlinear model is demonstrated.
The Level-Crossing Problem: First-Passage, Escape and Extremes
Authors: Masoliver Jaume
Published: September 2014

We review the level-crossing problem which includes the first-passage and escape problems as well as the theory of extreme values (the maximum, the minimum, the maximum absolute value and the range or span). We set the definitions and general results and apply them to one-dimensional diffusion processes with explicit results for the Brownian motion and the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) process.
Chapter 10 Recent sedimentation in the NW African shelf
Authors: Mhammdi Nadia , Snoussi Maria , Medina Fida , Jaaïdi El Bachir
Published: September 2014

A review of the data gathered over the last five decades on the NW African continental shelf within numerous research programmes shows that the sedimentary processes along the shelf are driven by long-term factors such as Quaternary glacial–interglacial periods and shelf morphology, and by short-term factors such as fluvial and aeolian sediment supply, local climate (temperature, rainfall and wind) and hydrodynamic conditions (tides, swell, longshore current, the Canary Current and upwelling). Based on the sedimentary characteristics, the margin has been subdivided into four segments: northern Morocco (30–36°N) and the Grande Côte of Senegal (15–16°30′N) show long mid-shelf mud belts controlled by fluvial input and low hydrodynamic energy; southern Morocco–Mauritania (16°30′N–30°N) and the Petite Côte south of Cape Vert, Gambia and Casamance (12–15°N) are dominated by biogenic and aeolian sands or no sediment input. In this chapter, we present a synopsis of the state of knowledge on the NW African shelf sediments and processes based on various published and unpublished documents.
Chapter 12 Overview of the variability of Late Quaternary continental shelf deposits of the Italian peninsula
Authors: Martorelli Eleonora , Falese Francesco , Chiocci Francesco L.
Published: September 2014

This paper documents the Late Quaternary (120 ka BP–present) stratigraphic architecture of Italian continental shelves through the interpretation of single-channel, very high-resolution seismic reflection profiles and from data derived from published studies, by using the high-resolution sequence stratigraphy framework. The result of this analysis provides a detailed reconstruction of the variability of shelf stratigraphy in relation to differences in physiography, sediment supply, structural framework and local factors. We distinguish four stratigraphic types: (1) wide shelves with high sediment supply (e.g. the central Adriatic and the central-northern Tyrrhenian shelves); (2) wide but sediment-starved shelves (e.g. the southern Latium shelf); (3) narrow shelves with high sediment supply (e.g. shelves located in the Ionian and southern Tyrrhenian Sea); and (4) narrow and sediment-starved shelves (shelves located around islands and archipelagos). Besides physiography, sediment supply and vertical movements, local factors and specific processes play a significant role in determining Late Quaternary stratal architecture and sedimentary facies. For example, the attributes of antecedent topography commonly seem to govern the formation and preservation of transgressive deposits, whereas the formation and preservation of falling stage and lowstand systems deposits can be hindered by the presence of canyons indenting the shelf edge and/or slope instability.
Chapter 7 The Baltic Sea continental shelf
Authors: Uścinowicz Szymon
Published: September 2014

The Baltic Sea is a semi-enclosed intracontinental sea of approximately 418 500 km
2
, surrounded by Scandinavia and the lowlands of Central and Eastern Europe. Its catchment area is about four times larger than the area of the sea itself. The Baltic Sea has an average depth of around 50 m, and is connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the shallow and narrow Danish Straits. A characteristic feature of the Baltic Sea is thermohaline stratification, in particular the occurrence of a permanent halocline.

The northern part of the Baltic Sea is situated within the Precambrian Baltic Shield, whereas the southern part lies on the East European Platform. A small SW part lies on the Palaeozoic West European Platform. During the Pleistocene period, Scandinavian ice sheets advanced on the area of the present Baltic Sea several times, resulting in damage to the bedrock and a deepening of the Baltic Basin. The present-day Baltic Sea had its beginnings in the retreat of the last Scandinavian ice sheet, which melted approximately 15.5–14.5 ka ago in the area of the southern part of today's Baltic Sea.

The Quaternary cover of the seabed in the area of the whole Baltic Sea is formed from Pleistocene sediments of glacial, glaciofluvial and limnoglacial origin, as well as from sediments of Holocene marine accumulation. In the southern part of the Baltic, during the Holocene, the sea constantly encroached upon the land, destroying Pleistocene sediments. In the northern part, as a result of uplift of the land and regression of the sea, Pleistocene glacial and glaciofluvial deposits, as well as early Holocene Baltic sediments, are being eroded. In the Baltic Sea, sandy and gravelly sediments are present above the pycnocline, while muds have been deposited below the pycnocline.
Nicotine suppresses acute colitis and colonic tumorigenesis associated with chronic colitis in mice
Authors: Hayashi Shusaku , Hamada Takayuki , Zaidi Syed Faisal , Oshiro Momoe , Lee Jaemin , Yamamoto Takeshi , Ishii Yoko , Sasahara Masakiyo , Kadowaki Makoto
Published: September 2014

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that frequently progresses to colon cancer. The tumor-promoting effect of inflammation is now widely recognized and understood. Recent studies have revealed that treatment with nicotine ameliorates colitis in humans and experimental murine models, whereas the effect of nicotine on colitis-associated colonic tumorigenesis remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the effect of nicotine on the development of acute colitis and colitis-associated cancer (CAC). The acute colitis model was induced by treatment with 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days, whereas the CAC model was induced by a combination of azoxymethane and repeated DSS treatment. Nicotine and a selective agonist of the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) reduced the severity of DSS-induced acute colonic inflammation. In addition, the suppressive effect of nicotine on acute colitis was attenuated by an antagonist of α7-nAChR. Furthermore, nicotine inhibited the IL-6 production of CD4 T cells in the DSS-induced inflamed colonic mucosa. We found that nicotine significantly reduced the number and size of colonic tumors in mice with CAC. Nicotine markedly inhibited the elevation of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA as well as phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 3 expression in the colons of the tumor model mice. These results demonstrate that nicotine suppresses acute colitis and colitis-associated tumorigenesis, and this effect may be associated with the activation of α7-nAChR. Furthermore, it is presumed that nicotine downregulates the expression of inflammatory mediators such as IL-6/Stat3 and TNF-α, thereby reducing the colonic tumorigenesis associated with chronic colitis.
Intensity-dependent and sex-specific alterations in hepatic triglyceride metabolism in mice following acute exercise
Authors: Tuazon Marc A. , McConnell Taylor R. , Wilson Gabriel J. , Anthony Tracy G. , Henderson Gregory C.
Published: September 2014

Precise regulation of hepatic triglyceride (TG) metabolism and secretion is critical for health, and exercise could play a significant role. We compared one session of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) vs. continuous exercise (CE) on hepatic TG metabolism. Female and male mice were assigned to CE, HIIE, or sedentary control (CON). HIIE was a 30-min session of 30-s running intervals (30 m/min) interspersed with 60-s walking periods (5 m/min). CE was a distance- and duration-matched run at 13.8 m/min. Hepatic content of TG and TG secretion rates, as well as expression of relevant genes/proteins, were measured at 3 h ( day 1) and 28 h ( day 2) postexercise. On day 1, hepatic [TG] in CE and HIIE were both elevated vs. CON in both sexes with an approximately twofold greater elevation in HIIE vs. CE in females. In both sexes, hepatic perilipin 2 (PLIN2) protein on day 1 was increased significantly by both exercise types with a significantly greater increase with HIIE than CE, whereas the increase in mRNA reached significance only after HIIE. On day 2 in both sexes the increases in hepatic TG and PLIN2 with exercise declined toward CON levels. Only HIIE on day 2 resulted in reduced hepatic TG secretion by ∼20% in females with no effect in males. Neither exercise modality altered AMPK signaling or microsomal triglyceride transfer protein expression. Females exhibited higher hepatic TG secretion than males in association with different expression levels of related metabolic enzymes. These intensity-dependent and sex-specific alterations following exercise may have implications for sex-based exercise prescription.
Effect of inhaled terbutaline on substrate utilization and 300-kcal time trial performance
Authors: Kalsen Anders , Hostrup Morten , Karlsson Sebastian , Hemmersbach Peter , Bangsbo Jens , Backer Vibeke
Published: September 2014

In a randomized, double-blind crossover design, we investigated the effect of the beta2-agonist terbutaline (TER) on endurance performance and substrate utilization in nine moderately trained men [maximum oxygen uptake (V̇o2 max) 58.9 ± 3.1 ml·min−1·kg−1]. Subjects performed 60 min of submaximal exercise (65–70% of V̇o2 max) immediately followed by a 300-kcal time trial with inhalation of either 15 mg of TER or placebo (PLA). Pulmonary gas exchange was measured during the submaximal exercise, and muscle biopsies were collected before and after the exercise bouts. Time trial performance was not different between TER and PLA (1,072 ± 145 vs. 1,054 ± 125 s). During the submaximal exercise, respiratory exchange ratio, glycogen breakdown (TER 266 ± 32, PLA 195 ± 28 mmol/kg dw), and muscle lactate accumulation (TER 20.3 ± 1.6, PLA 13.2 ± 1.2 mmol/kg dw) were higher ( P < 0.05) with TER than PLA. There was no difference between TER and PLA in net muscle glycogen utilization or lactate accumulation during the time trial. Intramyocellular triacylglycerol content did not change with treatment or exercise. Pyruvate dehydrogenase-E1α phosphorylation at Ser293and Ser300was lower ( P < 0.05) before submaximal exercise with TER than PLA, with no difference after the submaximal exercise and the time trial. Before submaximal exercise, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2) phosphorylation at Ser221was higher ( P < 0.05) with TER than PLA. There was no difference in phosphorylation of alpha 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (αAMPK) at Thr172between treatments. The present study suggests that beta2-agonists do not enhance 300-kcal time trial performance, but they increase carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscles during submaximal exercise independent of AMPK and ACC phosphorylation, and that this effect diminishes as drug exposure time, exercise duration, and intensity are increased.
A Functional Screen Identifies miRs That Induce Radioresistance in Glioblastomas
Authors: Moskwa Patryk , Zinn Pascal O. , Choi Young Eun , Shukla Sachet A. , Fendler Wojciech , Chen Clark C. , Lu Jun , Golub Todd R. , Hjelmeland Anita , Chowdhury Dipanjan
Published: September 2014

The efficacy of radiotherapy in many tumor types is limited by normal tissue toxicity and by intrinsic or acquired radioresistance. Therefore, it is essential to understand the molecular network responsible for regulating radiosensitivity/resistance. Here, an unbiased functional screen identified four microRNAs (miR1, miR125a, miR150, and miR425) that induce radioresistance. Considering the clinical importance of radiotherapy for patients with glioblastoma, the impact of these miRNAs on glioblastoma radioresistance was investigated. Overexpression of miR1, miR125a, miR150, and/or miR425 in glioblastoma promotes radioresistance through upregulation of the cell-cycle checkpoint response. Conversely, antagonizing with antagomiRs sensitizes glioblastoma cells to irradiation, suggesting their potential as targets for inhibiting therapeutic resistance. Analysis of glioblastoma datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) revealed that these miRNAs are expressed in glioblastoma patient specimens and correlate with TGFβ signaling. Finally, it is demonstrated that expression of miR1 and miR125a can be induced by TGFβ and antagonized by a TGFβ receptor inhibitor. Together, these results identify and characterize a new role for miR425, miR1, miR125, and miR150 in promoting radioresistance in glioblastomas and provide insight into the therapeutic application of TGFβ inhibitors in radiotherapy.

Implications: Systematic identification of miRs that cause radioresistance in gliomas is important for uncovering predictive markers for radiotherapy or targets for overcoming radioresistance. Mol Cancer Res; 12(12); 1767–78. ©2014 AACR.
Identification of TRIML2, a Novel p53 Target, that Enhances p53 SUMOylation and Regulates the Transactivation of Proapoptotic Genes
Authors: Kung Che-Pei , Khaku Sakina , Jennis Matthew , Zhou Yan , Murphy Maureen E.
Published: September 2014

The tumor-suppressor protein p53, encoded by TP53, inhibits tumorigenesis by inducing cell-cycle arrest, senescence, and apoptosis. Several genetic polymorphisms exist in TP53, including a proline to arginine variant at amino acid 72 (P72 and R72, respectively); this polymorphism alters p53 function. In general, the P72 variant shows increased ability to induce cell-cycle arrest, whereas the R72 variant possesses increased ability to induce apoptosis, relative to P72. At present, the underlying mechanisms for these functional differences are not fully understood. Toward elucidating the molecular basis for these differences, a gene-expression microarray analysis was conducted on normal human fibroblast cells that are homozygous for P72 and R72 variants, along with subclones of these lines that express a p53 short hairpin (shp53). Approximately three dozen genes were identified whose transactivation is affected by the codon 72 polymorphism. One of these is the tripartite-motif family-like 2 (TRIML2) gene, which is preferentially induced by the R72 variant. Importantly, the accumulated data indicate that TRIML2 interacts with p53, and facilitates the modification of p53 with SUMO2. TRIML2 also enhances the ability of p53 to transactivate a subset of proapoptotic target genes associated with prolonged oxidative stress, including PIDD, PIG3 (TP53I3), and PIG6 (PRODH). These data indicate that TRIML2 is part of a feed-forward loop that activates p53 in cells expressing the R72 variant, particularly after prolonged stress.

Implications: The defined actions of TRIML2, in part, explain the underlying molecular basis for increased apoptotic potential of the R72 variant of p53. Mol Cancer Res; 13(2); 250–62. ©2014 AACR.
Significant Association Between Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase and Vascular Calcification of the Hand Arteries in Male Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Ishimura Eiji , Okuno Senji , Okazaki Hisanori , Norimine Kyoko , Yamakawa Kenjiro , Yamakawa Tomoyuki , Shoji Shigeichi , Nishizawa Yoshiki , Inaba Masaaki
Published: September 2014

Background/Aims: Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) hydrolyzes pyrophosphate, which inhibits vascular calcification. We examined association between serum BAP and vascular calcification of male hemodialysis patients. Methods: Hand roentgenography of 167 male maintenance hemodialysis patients was conducted, and visible vascular calcification of the hand arteries was evaluated. Serum levels of 3 bone formation markers (BAP, osteocalcin, and N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen) and 2 bone resorption markers (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, and cross-linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen) were measured, along with serum intact parathyroid hormone (PTH). Results: Of 167 patients, visible vascular calcification was seen in 37 patients. Among the bone formation and resorption markers, serum BAP was significantly higher in patients with vascular calcification than in those without (p<0.05); although the other 5 serum bone markers were not significantly different between them. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that log [BAP] was significantly associated with vascular calcification after adjustment for age, hemodialysis duration, presence of diabetes, log [intact PTH] and each of the other 5 bone markers (p<0.0001). Conclusions: Higher serum BAP, but not other bone markers, is significantly associated with the presence of vascular calcification in male hemodialysis patients.
Correlates of Hepcidin and NTBI according to HFE Status in Patients Referred to a Liver Centre
Authors: Ryan Eleanor , Ryan John D. , Russell Jennifer , Coughlan Barbara , Tjalsma Harold , Swinkels Dorine W. , Stewart Stephen , Crowe John P.
Published: September 2014

Background/Aims: Innately low hepcidin levels lead to iron overload in HFE-associated hereditary haemochromatosis. Methods: This study compared hepcidin and non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI) levels in untreated iron-loaded and non-iron-loaded C282Y homozygotes to levels in C282Y/H63D compound heterozygotes and individuals with other HFE genotypes associated with less risk of iron overload. Results: As the genotypic risk for iron overload increased, transferrin saturation and serum NTBI levels increased while serum hepcidin levels decreased. Overweight and obese male C282Y homozygotes had significantly higher hepcidin levels than male C282Y homozygotes with a normal BMI. Pearson product-moment analysis showed that serum hepcidin levels significantly correlated with HFE status, serum ferritin, age, NTBI, transferrin saturation, gender and BMI. Subsequent multiple regression analysis showed that HFE status and serum ferritin were significant independent correlates of serum hepcidin levels. Conclusions: In summary, this study has shown that while serum ferritin and HFE status are the most important determinants of hepcidin levels, factors such age, gender, BMI, transferrin saturation and NTBI all interact closely in the matrix of homeostatic iron balance. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
Advances in the Management of MS Spasticity: Recent Observational Studies
Authors: Fernández Oscar
Published: September 2014

Background: Clinical trials demonstrate the efficacy and tolerability of an intervention under experimental conditions, but information on use under daily practice conditions is required to confirm the effectiveness and safety of new management options. Summary: Clinical outcomes for THC:CBD oromucosal spray (Sativex®) in patients with treatment-resistant MS spasticity have been collected in post-marketing safety registries from the UK and Germany, a safety study from Spain and two observational studies from Germany, including one investigating its effects on driving ability. Collectively, findings from daily practice support the long-term effectiveness and safety of THC:CBD oromucosal spray. The proportion of patients with a clinically relevant response (≥30% improvement from baseline on the spasticity 0-10 Numerical Rating Scale) at 3 months was similar to that reported in a large enriched-design pivotal clinical trial (41 vs. 36%). There was no evidence of abuse/misuse or other adverse events of special interest with a cannabis-based medicine and no impairment of driving ability. In actual clinical practice, average daily doses were ∼25% lower than those used in clinical trials. Key Messages: Observational data and real world experience reinforce the efficacy and safety of THC:CBD oromucosal spray as reported in phase III clinical trials.
Multidisciplinary Management of Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms
Authors: Gallien Philippe , Gich Jordi , Sánchez-Dalmau Bernardo F. , Feneberg Wolfgang
Published: September 2014

Background: Effective management of multisymptomatic chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) requires a multimodal, interdisciplinary approach. At MS clinics, numerous healthcare specialties are coordinated to provide patients with quality clinical care for all aspects of their disease. Settings and resource availability may vary between countries. Four specific specialty services from different EU countries are examined in more detail. Summary: The multidisciplinary neurorehabilitation team in Rennes, France, provides specialized consultations (e.g. spasticity, urodynamic unit, devices), inpatient and outpatient intensive rehabilitation programs and therapeutic education. Management approaches are based on a patient's level of impairment as assessed by the Expanded Disability Status Scale. In Girona, Spain, neuropsychologists perform assessments as part of the neurological protocol for all patients with MS. Depending on the level of impairment and patients' characteristics (e.g. working or not working), cognitive deficits may be treated at home or at a neurorehabilitation center. In Barcelona, Spain, neuro-ophthalmologists are involved in the differential diagnosis and follow-up care of MS patients with visual disturbances; particular attention is given to patients' vision-related quality of life. Pain specialists at the Marianne Strauß Klinik in Berg, Germany, have developed a system for classifying MS pain syndromes and differentiating MS-related pain from non MS-related pain. Chronic pain management involves numerous disciplines and requires active engagement by patients in developing treatment plans. Key Messages: MS affects several body systems and patients invariably require specialized interdisciplinary support. Insight into services provided by various specialties and their fit within multidisciplinary care models at MS centers may facilitate the design or refinement of care models in other locations.
Spectral Evolution of Nearshore Wave Energy during a Sea-Breeze Cycle
Authors: Gunson Jim , Symonds Graham
Published: September 2014

From in situ measurements taken over several sea-breeze cycles off a beach in southwest (SW) Australia, the evolution of the one-dimensional spectrum of wave energy is observed to have a distinctive spectral shape. During the land-breeze phase of the cycle, lower rates of dissipation of wave energy are seen at high frequencies compared to midrange frequencies above the remnant wind-sea peak. A simulation of waves was performed using the Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) model and produced the same spectral evolution, by generating longshore modes, as seen in the observations. The performance of whitecapping schemes available in SWAN was assessed, and the Alves–Banner scheme was found to best simulate the observed growth and decay of the wave spectra. During the onshore phase of the sea-breeze cycle, local wave growth is duration limited, and during the offshore land-breeze phase, wave growth is fetch limited. From an examination of the modeled two-dimensional spectra it is found that quadruplet interactions play a key role in spreading high-frequency wave energy in frequency and direction space.
Positive Organizational Change
Authors: Cameron Kim , McNaughtan Jon
Published: September 2014

For 50 years, JABS has played a significant role in making available new knowledge about organizational change. In the last decade, JABS has once again been at the forefront of introducing a new approach to organizational change, namely, positive organizational scholarship and positive organizational change. This article summarizes some of the findings that have emerged from this new approach to change, and its most important attributes are identified.
Osteoprotegerin Expressed by Osteoclasts
Authors: Kang J.H. , Ko H.M. , Moon J.S. , Yoo H.I. , Jung J.Y. , Kim M.S. , Koh J.T. , Kim W.J. , Kim S.H.
Published: September 2014

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is secreted by stromal and osteoblastic lineage cells and inhibits osteoclastogenesis by preventing the interaction of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) with receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK). In this study, the expression of OPG in osteoclasts themselves and its biological functions during osteoclastogenesis were investigated for the first time. OPG expression in vivo in the developing rat maxilla was examined by immunofluorescence analysis. OPG expression in osteoclasts during in vitro osteoclastogenesis was determined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain-reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining. We determined the function of OPG produced by osteoclasts during osteoclastogenesis by silencing the OPG gene. The effects of OPG on bone-resorbing activity and apoptosis of mature osteoclasts were examined by the assay of resorptive pit formation on calcium-phosphate-coated plate and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, respectively. In the immunofluorescence findings, strong immunoreactivities were unexpectedly seen in multinucleated tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclasts around the growing and erupting tooth germs in the rat alveolar bone. In vitro, OPG expression was significantly increased during the differentiation of osteoclasts from mouse bone-marrow-derived cells treated with a combination of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and RANKL. Interestingly, it was found that OPG small interfering (si)RNA treatment during osteoclastogenesis enhanced the sizes of osteoclasts, but attenuated their bone-resorbing activity. Also, the increased chromosomal DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activity in the late phase of osteoclastogenesis were found to be decreased by treatment with OPG siRNA. Furthermore, effects of OPG siRNA treatment on osteoclastogenesis and bone-resorbing activity were recovered by the treatment of exogenous OPG. These results suggest that OPG, expressed by the osteoclasts themselves, may play an auto-regulatory role in the late phase of osteoclastogenesis through the induction of apoptosis.
Assessment Practices and Expert Judgment Methods in Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry
Authors: Neal Tess M.S. , Grisso Thomas
Published: September 2014

We conducted an international survey in which forensic examiners who were members of professional associations described their two most recent forensic evaluations ( N = 434 experts, 868 cases), focusing on the use of structured assessment tools to aid expert judgment. This study describes (a) the relative frequency of various forensic referrals, (b) what tools are used globally, (c) frequency and type of structured tools used, and (d) practitioners’ rationales for using/not using tools. We provide general descriptive information for various referrals. We found most evaluations used tools (74.2%) and used several (four, on average). We noted the extreme variety in tools used (286 different tools). We discuss the implications of these findings and provide suggestions for improving the reliability and validity of forensic expert judgment methods. We conclude with a call for an assessment approach that seeks structured decision methods to advance greater efficiency in the use and integration of case-relevant information.
Supraorbital Ethmoid Cell: A Consistent Landmark for Endoscopic Identification of the Anterior Ethmoidal Artery
Authors: Jang David W. , Lachanas Vasileios A. , White Lauren C. , Kountakis Stilianos E.
Published: September 2014

Objective

To demonstrate that the supraorbital ethmoid cell (SOEC) is a consistent and reliable landmark in identification of the anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA).

Study Design

Retrospective radiographic study.

Setting

Tertiary care rhinology practice.

Subjects and Methods

The computed tomography (CT) scans for 78 consecutive patients were evaluated for the presence of SOECs, degree of pneumatization, and location of the AEA in relation to fixed anatomic structures. Forty‐one patients with normal SOECs were identified and compared with a group of 15 patients with pathological expansion of the SOEC secondary to inflammatory disease. The CT findings were correlated with endoscopic findings.

Results

The incidence of SOECs was 53%. Compared to normal SOECs, expanded SOECs had significantly greater pneumatization laterally (9.3 vs 18.5 mm, respectively; P <. 0001) and AEAs that were significantly farther from the skull base (1.3 vs 6.6 mm, respectively; P <. 0001). The distance between the AEA and the nasal beak was similar between the 2 groups (P =. 1). More importantly, 68 of 68 sides with normal SOECs (100%) demonstrated the AEA within or in continuity with the posterior border of the SOEC opening. In patients with pathological expansion, the AEA remained within the posterior border of the SOEC opening in 19 of 19 sides (100%), despite significant expansion of the cell superolaterally.

Conclusion

This is the first study to demonstrate a consistent landmark to identify the AEA even in cases of distorted anatomy of the frontal recess. Identifying the SOEC is a practical and reliable technique for minimizing the risk of injury to the AEA during frontal recess surgery.
Cracks in the Glass Slipper: Does It Really “Get Better” for LGBTQ Youth, or Is It Just Another Cinderella Story?
Authors: Ciszek Erica
Published: September 2014

This study examines narratives of the 20 most popular video submissions to the It Gets Better Project campaign to explore how they create a shared story around lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth. The results suggest that while the movement has garnered global attention from activists and scholars, much of the discourses that have traditionally framed LGBTQ youth as at-risk are perpetuated in the narratives of the campaign. A dominant Cinderella myth emerges that, despite offering alternative discourses, continues to frame LGBTQ youth as in need of saving and following a fairy tale trajectory of falling in love and being saved by his/her prince(ss) charming.
Domestic adoption in Ireland: a shifting paradigm?
Authors: McCaughren Simone , Lovett Judy
Published: September 2014

Domestic adoption in Ireland has been traditionally extremely controversial and its history, linked to the strong influence of the Catholic Church on the Irish state, has left a difficult legacy. In many respects the topography of contemporary domestic adoption in Ireland is now changing, presenting a critical opportunity for a national paradigm shift. However, while there is some evidence of change, a number of factors threaten the potential for more significant progress. Tensions exist between historical adoption practices in Ireland that continue to affect adopted individuals today, contemporary societal perceptions of adoption, the historical and current legislative basis of domestic adoption and the individual needs of those affected by it. The availability of new, independent methods of tracing birth relatives via the internet is competing with the traditional social worker-led model of tracing, creating unforeseen challenges for adoption stakeholders. This article draws on two recent Irish studies in the area of domestic adoption, which examined the experience of adoption, and its inherent challenges, from the perspective of adoptive families, adopted individuals and practitioners. It considers some of the challenges associated with the closed model of adoption and how those directly affected by adoption have been central in highlighting areas in need of reform. Some of the positive changes that have occurred in adoption practice are discussed, and the ongoing tensions that exist between contemporary adoption practice and law are examined.
The Emotional Self-Efficacy Scale
Authors: Qualter P. , Pool L. Dacre , Gardner K. J. , Ashley-Kot S. , Wise A. , Wols A.
Published: September 2014

Emotional self-efficacy (ESE) is an important aspect of emotional functioning, with current measures for children and adolescents focused on the measurement of self-beliefs in relation to the management of emotions. In the present study, we report the psychometric properties of the first adaptation of the Emotional Self-Efficacy Scale for youth (Youth-ESES) that measures additional aspects of ESE, such as perceiving and understanding emotions and helping others modulate their emotions. Participants were 192 young adolescents aged 11 to 13 years from a U.K. state school. They completed the Youth-ESES and measures of ability emotional intelligence (EI) and cognitive ability. Results support the same four-factor structure that has been previously documented using the adult version of the ESES, with the four subscales being largely independent from cognitive ability and only moderately related to ability EI. However, the four subscales were less differentiated in the present study compared with adult data previously published, suggesting that there is a strong general factor underlying young adolescents’ ESE scores. Overall, the results suggest that the adapted Youth-ESES can be reliably used with youth, and that confidence in how a young person feels about his or her emotional functioning remains distinct from emotional skill.
Bibliometric profile of the global scientific research on multiple sclerosis (2003–2012)
Authors: Aleixandre-Benavent Rafael , Alonso-Arroyo Adolfo , González de Dios Javier , Vidal-Infer Antonio , González-Muñoz María , Sempere Ángel P
Published: September 2014

Background and objectives:

The aim of this paper is to analyse the scientific research on multiple sclerosis using a bibliographic analysis of articles published during the period 2003–2012.

Methods:

The items under study were obtained from the Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-E) database, which was accessed through the Web of Science (WOS) platform. All records with the term ‘multiple sclerosis’ in the title, plus all articles published in the journals Multiple Sclerosis and Multiple Sclerosis Journal, were analysed.

Results:

A total of 9778 articles, with 160,966 citations, were retrieved on multiple sclerosis, and the majority of the articles were published in Multiple Sclerosis Journal ( n = 1511). The articles were published in journals belonging to 135 different subject areas, with the greatest number of papers falling under the category of clinical neurology. The countries that published the largest numbers of articles were the United States (US) ( n = 2786), Italy ( n = 1263), the United Kingdom ( n = 1147) and Germany ( n = 1018). International collaborations produced 20.4% of the papers.

Conclusions:

We emphasise the progressive growth of publications worldwide, the publication of articles in a wide variety of journals covering numerous subject areas, and the research leadership of Western countries, most notably European countries, the US and Canada.
Toward the use of proxy reports for estimating long-term patient-reported outcomes in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Sonder Judith M , Balk Lisanne J , van der Linden Femke AH , Bosma Libertje VAE , Polman Chris H , Uitdehaag Bernard MJ
Published: September 2014

Background:

Assessment of disease impact in multiple sclerosis (MS) is usually driven by information obtained directly from patients using patient-reported outcomes. However, when patients’ response in longitudinal studies is less reliable or missing, proxy respondents may be used.

Objective:

The objective of this paper is to evaluate whether long-term patient scores can be reliably estimated using scores obtained from proxies.

Methods:

Baseline, six-month and two-year data were collected from 155 patients and proxies on the physical scale of the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29). Linear regression analyses were performed with the patient two-year scores as outcome, proxy two-year scores as predictor and other variables that could contribute to a better prediction of the patient follow-up score.

Results:

The patient follow-up score could be predicted rather accurately ( R2 = 0.74) using the patient baseline score and the proxy follow-up score. The correlation between observed and predicted scores was 0.86. The model performed well in different follow-up durations and even better in an external cohort.

Conclusion:

A simple model of a constant value (intercept), the patient baseline score and the proxy follow-up score can predict patients’ follow-up score on the physical impact of MS.
Influence of treatments in multiple sclerosis disability: A cohort study
Authors: Cocco Eleonora , Sardu Claudia , Spinicci Gabriella , Musu Luigina , Massa Rita , Frau Jessica , Lorefice Lorena , Fenu Giuseppe , Coghe Giancarlo , Massole Serenella , Maioli Maria Antonietta , Piras Rachele , Melis Marta , Porcu Gianluca , Mamusa Elena , Carboni Nicola , Contu Paolo , Marrosu Maria Giovanna
Published: September 2014

Background and objective:

A critical aspect of multiple sclerosis (MS) treatments is understanding the effect of disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) on the long-term risk of disability and whether the effect is related to disability at start of treatment.

Methods:

We performed an observational study on 3060 MS patients. The effect of therapy on progression to Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 3.0 and 6.0 from onset was analysed in treated vs untreated (UTP) patients using Cox regression analysis adjusted for propensity score and immortal time bias.

Results:

Compared to UTP, the risks of EDSS 3.0 were 94% and 73% lower in immunomodulant (IMTP-) and immunosuppressant (ISTP-) treated patients, respectively, while the risk of EDSS 6.0 was 86% lower in IMTP. The risk of EDSS 6.0 was, respectively, 91% and 75% lower in 1275 IMTP before and 114 after EDSS 3.0 than in 539 UTP; the risk was higher in IMTP starting therapy after EDSS 3.0 than before (HR = 4.42).

Conclusions:

DMDs delayed long-term disability in MS patients treated either in the early or, to a lesser extent, in the later phase of the disease. Thus, the window of therapeutic opportunity is relatively extended, assuming that early is better than late treatment, but late is better than never.
Study of variation of 222Rn/220Rn and their progeny concentration in dwellings using single entry pin hole-based diffusion chambers
Authors: Mehra Rohit , Kaur Kirandeep , Bangotra Pargin , Sahoo B. K.
Published: September 2014

In the present study, newly designed single entry pin hole-based diffusion chambers were used for the first time in a study region to estimate exact 222Rn and 220Rn concentration. These diffusion chambers are independent of high turbulent environmental conditions as well as with same entry rate of 222Rn and 220Rn. The device was calibrated at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai following the standard procedures to correlate the number of tracks registered in the LR-115 detector placed in the two chambers to the 222Rn and 220Rn concentrations in the environment. The average values of 222Rn and 220Rn concentration in the indoor environments were 28.76 ± 13 Bqm−3 and 63.08 ± 17.27 Bqm−3, respectively. The values were within the recommended level of ICRP, 2010 (200–300 Bqm−3). The observed data has provided a good correlation (R2 = 0.8618) between 222Rn and 220Rn concentrations in the studied area. A linearity relationship was established between PAEC (220Rn) and {PAEC (222Rn)}0.4 with R2 = 0.9047. These data will provide a good database for 222Rn and 220Rn mapping in India.
The structural and infrastructural decisions of operations management in the hotel sector and their impact on organizational performance
Authors: Espino-Rodríguez Tomás F , Gil-Padilla Antonia M
Published: September 2014

The operations management literature has reached a stage of maturity in addressing operations area decisions. However, few studies have analysed these decisions in service companies, especially in the hotel sector. The aim of this study is to analyse the operations strategy, taking into consideration the main structural and infrastructural decisions in the operations area and their relationships with organizational performance. To this end, it examines a set of policies and practices in a representative sample of hotels in the Canary Islands, one of Europe’s leading tourist destinations. Furthermore, the study analyses which operations area decisions influence the competitive advantage the most and how they do so. Results reveal a greater influence on non-financial performance than on financial performance, and that decisions related to technology, facilities, organization, operations planning and the development of new services can lead to better overall performance. This study will enable managers to identify which operations should be emphasized in order to increase organizational performance.
Social workers and volunteers in Israel
Authors: Weiss-Gal Idit , Caduri Aviva
Published: September 2014

This study examines factors associated with Israeli social workers’ investment of effort in, and inclusion of, volunteers in their work. The variables are drawn from three theories: status characteristic theory, psychological contract theory, and organizational culture theory, and from claims regarding training in working with volunteers. The sample consisted of 118 randomly selected direct social workers in 26 municipal social service departments in Israel. The instruments were designed specifically for the study.

Findings

Social workers’ effort investment and inclusion increased when they: (a) viewed volunteers as contributing to social workers and the organization; (b) expected themselves to invest effort in their volunteers; (c) believed their volunteer met their expectations with regard to service users and social workers; (d) trusted their volunteer; (e) perceived their managerial culture, peer culture, and artifacts as encouraging effort investment and inclusion; and (f) received training in working with volunteers.

Implications

On a theoretical level, the findings expand our knowledge about factors that may impact on social workers’ investment of effort in volunteers and their inclusion. On a methodological level, instruments with good psychometric properties were developed to examine the associations studied and these can serve in future research. On the practical level, the findings highlight the importance of training in working with volunteers and underscore the value for managers and volunteer coordinators discussing the workers’ psychological contract with them and of fostering an organizational culture that encourages effort investment in, and inclusion of, volunteers.
A search-set model of path tracing in graphs
Authors: Dawson Jessica Q. , Munzner Tamara , McGrenere Joanna
Published: September 2014

We present a predictive model of human behaviour when tracing paths through a node-link graph, a low-level abstract task that feeds into many other visual data analysis tasks that require understanding topological structure. We introduce the idea of a search set, namely, the set of paths that users are most likely to search, as a useful intermediate level for analysis that lies between the global level of the full graph and the local level of the shortest path between two nodes. We present potential practical applications of a predicted search set in the design of visual encoding and interaction techniques for graphs. Our predictive model is based on extensive qualitative analysis from an observational study, resulting in a detailed characterization of common path-tracing behaviours. These include the conditions under which people stop following paths, the likely directions for the first hop people follow, the tendency to revisit previously followed paths and the tendency to mistakenly follow apparent paths in addition to true topological paths. The algorithmic implementation of our predictive model is robust to a broad range of parameter settings. We provide a preliminary validation of the model through a hierarchical multiple regression analysis comparing graph readability factors computed on the predicted search set to factors computed at the global level and the local shortest path solution. The tested factors included edge–edge crossings, node–edge crossings, path continuity and path length. Our approach provides modest improvements for predictions of RT and error using search-set factors.
Healthy Relationships
Authors: Precht Allison M. , Ryerson Espino Susan , Villela Perez Veronica , Ingram Mercedes Vaughn , Amodei Nancy , Miller Amanda , Gonzalez Marisol
Published: September 2014

The use of evidence-based interventions is increasingly expected within public health settings. However, there continues to be an evidence gap between what works in the literature and in practice. The current multiple case study focused on the adoption, adaptation, capacity building, implementation, and evaluation of healthy relationships (HR) in two demonstration project sites. Our lens for reflection and writing has been highly practical, with an aim of sharing experiences with others interested in adopting HR or another Diffusion of Effective Behavioral Interventions in clinical settings with resource challenges. Although both sites recognized the powerful influence HR had on participants and staff, they reported that HR is resource-intensive regarding training, implementation, and evaluation, limiting the possibility of sustaining the intervention.
The Best Way to Reduce Reulcerations
Authors: Lázaro-Martínez José Luis , Aragón-Sánchez Javier , Álvaro-Afonso Francisco Javier , García-Morales Esther , García-Álvarez Yolanda , Molines-Barroso Raúl Juan
Published: September 2014

Foot ulcer recurrence is still an unresolved issue. Although several therapies have been described for preventing foot ulcers, the rates of reulcerations are very high. Footwear and insoles have been recommended as effective therapies that prevent the development of new ulcers; however, the majority of studies have analyzed their effects in terms of reducing peak plantar pressure rather than ulcer relapse. Knowledge of biomechanical considerations is low, in general, in the team approach to diabetic foot because heterogeneous professionals having competence in recurrence prevention are involved. Assessment of biomechanical alterations define a foot type position; examining foot structure and recording plantar pressure could help in appropriate insole and footwear prescription and design. Patient education and compliance should be taken into consideration for better therapy success. When patients suffer from rigid deformities or have undergone an amputation, surgical offloading should be considered as an alternative.