bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nomothetic Explanation and Humeanism about Laws of Nature
Authors: Bhogal Harjit
Published: January 2021

Humeanism about laws of nature—the view that the laws reduce to the Humean mosaic—is a popular view, but currently existing versions face powerful objections. The non-supervenience objection, the non-fundamentality objection, and the explanatory circularity objection have all been thought to cause problems for Humeanism. However, these objections share a guiding thought—they are all based on the idea that there is a certain kind of divergence between the practice of science and the metaphysical picture suggested by Humeanism. I suggest that the Humean should respond to these objections not by rejecting this divergence, but by arguing that it is appropriate. The Humean should distinguish between scientific and metaphysical explanation. And they should leverage this into distinctions between scientific and metaphysical fundamentality and scientific and metaphysical possibility. We can use these distinctions to respond to the objections that the Humean faces.
A Little Puzzle about a Piece and a Puddle
Authors: Almotahari Mahrad
Published: January 2021

A new puzzle about material constitution is presented and its implications are discussed. The moral of the story is that familiar intuitions supporting a neo-Aristotelian view of the material world are contradictory. To accommodate these intuitions is to embrace inconsistency. Therefore, neo-Aristotelianism is worse off for its intuitive appeal. Furthermore, the puzzle is used to argue for an account of ordinary modal thought and language that’s reconstructive, or ameliorative.
Beyond Reason
Authors: Seth Sanjay
Published: January 2021

The knowledge that for more than a century has been disseminated by universities and mobilized by states to govern populations first emerged in the early modern period in Europe. It subsequently became globalized through colonialism and Western global dominance; despite the historical and cultural specificity of its origins, it was claimed to have transcended these particularities such that, unlike premodern and non-Western knowledges, it could be assumed to be “universal,” that is, true for all times and places. Beyond Reason traverses many disciplines, including science studies, social history, art and music history, political science, and anthropology, to demonstrate that the presuppositions underpinning and enabling modern Western knowledge are under sustained challenge, and that defenses of a singular and universal Reason are no longer persuasive. Drawing upon and deriving its critical energies principally from postcolonial theory, Beyond Reason argues that modern knowledge and the social sciences are a product of Western modernity claiming a spurious universality and that they embody a form of reasoning, rather than Reason itself. It proceeds to focus on history and political science for the further elaboration of its argument. If the social sciences are not explained and validated simply by the fact that they are “true,” it becomes possible to ask what they “do.” Beyond Reason asks what representations and relations with the past and with politics the disciplines of history and political science enable, and what possibilities they foreclose.
Unsettling the Modern Knowledge Settlement
Authors: Seth Sanjay
Published: January 2021

This chapter outlines the core presuppositions that underlie and define the social sciences: that knowledge is a relation between a subject who represents and explains an object or process; that nature and the social/cultural are two different domains, authorizing the distinction between the natural and the social sciences; and that knowledge is necessarily secular. These presuppositions, novel when first advanced in early modern Europe, later hardened into unquestioned axioms and came to be seen not as the presuppositions of a particular conception and practice of knowledge, but as the premises of knowledge tout court. This chapter proceeds to show that these presumptions have been challenged and are coming undone, and does so by focusing on recent disciplinary debates in science studies, social history, and social and cultural anthropology. It concludes that taken together, these challenges indicate that modern Western knowledge, the superiority and universality of which was once taken for granted, now has to be defended.
Defending Reason
Authors: Seth Sanjay
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides a postcolonial critique of those defenders of a universal and singular Reason who, forced to acknowledge that modern knowledge has been shaped by its historical and cultural contexts, nonetheless seek to provide reasons why the presuppositions undergirding the social sciences have a claim to transhistorical and transcultural validity. Engaging in detail with the defenses of Reason mounted by Jürgen Habermas, Karl-Otto Apel, and John Rawls, it argues that these are not persuasive because they presuppose that which they seek to validate or “ground.” It concludes that modern knowledge is a historically and culturally specific way of knowing and being in the world, that there are good reasons to doubt that it transcends these particularities, and that while modern Western knowledge has become global, that does not validate the claim that it is universal.
Archipelago of Memories
Authors: Bolt Neville
Published: January 2021

Chapter 2 looks at how individual, group, and collective memory construction occurs in societies; how memories are blended into a form of story-telling that seeks to overturn the hegemonic account of history on which states are built and which is propagated through media outlets over generations. A constant process of reshaping and retelling the insurgent story challenges state control of history. Insurgents seeks to control the past, to take ownership of the present, in order to legitimize their right to the future. Propaganda of the Deed’s violent and heroic acts that travel as electronic images through global networks resonate with the constructed past––a past structured around moments of suffering, grievance, and atrocity.
Insurgent Memory and Narrative
Authors: Bolt Neville
Published: January 2021

People experience memories in the form of stories. Chapter 3 traces the ‘continuity of vision and action’ around which Irish republicans built their own account of history over two hundred years of militancy––how each new political incarnation and successive generation, each rooted in a different set of problems and contexts, wove their struggles into a cohesive, historical trajectory. And how discontinuity was blended into a closely guarded continuity. Meaningful schema of historical struggle are more persuasive to a population than an ideology served up cold. We chart the path from Wolfe Tone to Young Ireland to the Fenians and onto the IRB in the Easter Uprising and IRA in the Anglo-Irish civil war, and more recently the Provisional IRA.
Where the Imaginary Meets the Virtual
Authors: Bolt Neville
Published: January 2021

Chapter 6 examines how the insurgent landscape has been transformed by the digital revolution; how migrant disaporas and social networks have been brought closer together by digital technologies in the Information Age, and how social movements, once below the radar of states or emergent states, affect and outmaneuver slow-moving bureaucracies. This begs the question: is Propaganda of the Deed active or reactive, truly strategic or opportunistic? The answer lies closer to strategic opportunism, offering a strategy of fluidity able to capitalize on the switch from a one-to-many model of historic communications to a many-to-many model of contemporary communications. Indeed, it exploits to the full the network effect across the Internet and mobile phone networks.
Headless Relative Clauses in Iliatenco Me'phaa
Authors: Duncan Philip T. , Torrence Harold
Published: January 2021

This chapter documents the morpho-syntactic and semantic properties of headless relative clauses in a variety of Meꞌphaa spoken in Iliatenco, Guerrero, Mexico. Meꞌphaa possesses four types of headless relative clauses, which can be divided into two groups: those introduced by wh-expressions (free relative clauses), and those not introduced by wh-expressions. The former type is composed of three varieties: maximal free relative clauses, which are largely productive; existential free relative clauses, which are limited to a few wh-expressions; and free-choice free relative clauses, which are introduced by ájndo ‘until.’ The second type of headless relative clause is simply introduced by a relativizer/subordinator. Nearly all Meꞌphaa wh-expressions participate in some or all kinds of free relative clauses. However, the inanimate argument wh-expression dí(ne) ‘what’ seems to be robustly impermissible in such constructions.
Headless Relative Clauses in Sierra Popoluca
Authors: López Márquez Wendy
Published: January 2021

This chapter presents the first investigation of headless relative clauses in Sierra Popoluca, a Mixe-Zoquean language spoken in the southern part of the state of Veracruz, Mexico. It shows that Sierra Popoluca exhibits a very productive system of headless relative clauses. The language has free relative clauses of all three major types attested crosslinguistically and, remarkably, all three types can be introduced by almost all the wh-words that can occur in wh- interrogative clauses. It also has two types of light-headed relative clauses, both with demonstrative pronouns as their “light heads”: those which are introduced by a relative subordinator and those that are introduced by wh-words—the same two strategies attested in headed relative clauses in Sierra Popoluca. Finally, the language has one more variety of headless relative clause that lacks both a light head and a wh-word.
Headless Relative Clauses in Pesh
Authors: Chamoreau Claudine
Published: January 2021

The aim of this study is to describe the two main kinds of headless relative clauses that are attested in Pesh, a Chibchan language spoken in Honduras: free relative clauses, which use a wh-word that functions as a relative pronoun at their left edge and a subordinator at their right edge, and headless relative clauses, which lack a wh- word but show a case marker or the topic marker at the right edge of the clause. The first type is less frequently attested in the natural corpus this study relies on, although the corpus does contain various instances of maximal, existential, and free-choice free relative clauses. Each of the constructions is distinguished by features of the wh-word and/or by certain restrictions regarding the tense of the verb in headless relative clauses or the type of verb in matrix clauses. The second type of headless relative clause, the ones that do not use a wh-expression, are much more frequent in the corpus and behave like headed relative clauses that lack a wh-expression. They are like noun phrases marked by a phrase-final case marker or the topic maker. The case or topic markers are used for light-headed relative clauses and for almost all types of maximal headless relative clause that have neither a light head nor a wh-expression, in contrast to maximal free relatives, in which only locative wh-words occur.
Introduction
Authors: Saouli Adham
Published: January 2021

The concept of and approaches to “middlepowerhood” have been key to explaining the identity, behavior, and foreign policy roles of many states (such as the United Kingdom, France, Australia, or Brazil) in the international system. However, with the exception of a few studies, this literature has failed to examine cases from the Middle East, despite the theoretical and empirical potential that regional dynamics offer for such an examination. Only a few studies have utilized the concept to understand or explain the behavior of regional actors. This volume addresses this major gap, by offering several contributions that interrogate the conceptual, theoretical and empirical underpinnings of the concept of “middle power” or “middlepowerhood” by examining several cases from the Middle East region.
The volume raises several core questions. Namely, what is a middle power, and what does it mean to be a middle power in the Middle East? What drives middle power behavior? Is it the identity, material attributes or position of a state in regional and international orders? Should we focus on the behavior or attributes of states to determine whether they fit the category of middlepowerhood? Empirically, why do some regional actors aspire to be middle powers, while others refrain from doing so? What induces or constrains the behavior of middle powers?
Middling or Meddling?
Authors: Saouli Adham
Published: January 2021

The behavior of regional middle powers generates useful challenges to, and avenues for, developing conceptual and theoretical understandings of middle power behavior generally. Owing to its origins, the concept of “middle power” has hitherto demarcated states that are neither great nor weak in their size, economic capability and military power. However, an examination of Middle East regional rivalries questions this definition and reveals that regional influence can be exerted by actors that vary in size and capabilities. Additionally, I find that although some actors possess middle power attributes, they choose to refrain from transforming this potential into real power.
Middle Power Theory at the Regional Level
Authors: Darwich May
Published: January 2021

The Middle East has often been characterized as a regional system without a regional hegemon. Although several Arab and non-Arab states have aspired to regional hegemony over the decades, none have succeeded. Instead, the structure of the regional system has constituted an important stimulus for the emergence of regional middle powers. The traditional contenders for regional leadership at the core of the Arab system—Egypt, Syria, and Iraq—are further domestically weakened and unable to play a leading, let alone independent, regional role.
Robert Altman and the Elaboration of Hollywood Storytelling
Authors: Minett Mark
Published: January 2021

Robert Altman and the Elaboration of Hollywood Storytelling reveals an Altman barely glimpsed in previous critical accounts of the filmmaker. This re-examination of his seminal work during the “Hollywood Renaissance” or “New Hollywood” period of the early 1970s (including M*A*S*H, Brewster McCloud, McCabe & Mrs. Miller, Images, The Long Goodbye, Thieves Like Us, California Split, and Nashville) sheds new light on both the films and the filmmaker, reframing Altman as a complex, pragmatic innovator whose work exceeds, but is also grounded in, the norms of classical Hollywood storytelling rather than someone who rejected those norms in favor of modernist art cinema. Its findings and approach hold important implications for the study of cinematic authorship. Largely avoiding thematic exegesis, it employs a historical poetics approach, robust functionalist frameworks, archival research, and formal and statistical analysis to demystify the essential features of the standard account of Altman’s filmmaking history and profile—lax narrative form, heavy reliance on the zoom, sound design replete with overlapping dialogue, improvisational infidelity to the screenplay, and a desire to subvert based in his time in the training grounds of industrial filmmaking and filmed television. The book provides a clear example of how a filmmaker might work collaboratively and pragmatically within and across media institutions to elaborate on their sanctioned practices and aims. We misunderstand Altman’s work, and the creative work of Hollywood filmmakers in general, when we insist on describing innovation as opposition to institutional norms and on describing those norms as simply assimilating innovation.
Introduction
Authors: Minett Mark
Published: January 2021

The introduction identifies the tension in Altman scholarship between oppositional and assimilationist positions, explaining how they share an understanding of “Hollywood” as a relatively staid and uniform tradition until the late-1960s box office downturn uniquely afforded newcomers opportunities to reject or simply update establishment style in order to appeal to a hip, film-educated youth audience. This facilitates accounts of filmmakers’ transcendent visionary powers, supposed to generate uniquely expressive breaks with norms. In contrast, Altman is reconsidered here through a historical poetics approach understanding filmmakers as problem-solving agents pursuing inferable goals within the constraints and affordances of specifiable historical contexts. From this perspective, Hollywood is not a transhistorical style but a storytelling paradigm open to constant reinvention. Focusing on a moment and filmmaker typically thought to embody a break from the establishment clarifies the complex historical texture of Hollywood filmmaking as a vital cite of contestation, innovation, and elaboration.
Perverse Clotheslines
Authors: Minett Mark
Published: January 2021

Chapter 1 corrects common misperceptions of Altman’s approach as antinarrative (and therefore anti-Hollywood), which rely on an underdeveloped conceptualization of “narrative” conflating narrative structure, narration, and story world. Applying these distinctions makes clear that, structurally, Altman’s early 1970s films largely fit within the classical Hollywood storytelling tradition. Altman’s narrative strategies are best regarded as perversely classical, employing principles and techniques associated with classical Hollywood’s preoccupation with efficient storytelling, though not for the sake of narrative economy but to make room to expand the aims of Hollywood storytelling. Moreover, meeting Altman’s elaborative aims requires integrating rather than substituting or assimilating art cinema narrational strategies. Altman drapes on his classically structured narrative “clotheslines” an overt and reflexive narrational voice that selectively ironizes its subjects and primes audiences for interpretation. This grounded approach enables a “closure without comprehension” strategy resolving causal structures while leaving affective and thematic implications ambiguous.
Improvisation, Transposition, and Elaboration
Authors: Minett Mark
Published: January 2021

Chapter 4 jettisons the standard account of Altman’s “transpositional” script-to-screen strategy, in which he is said to have casually discarded the script in favor of the anarchic possibilities of communal filmmaking. Comparing preproduction scripts with final films, this chapter clearly establishes these films’ “improvisatory ceilings,” revealing the extent to which Altman’s approach depends on retaining rather than rejecting his scripts’ scenic and narrative structures. It is around these causal chains that Altman economizes, rejecting redundancy as well as thematic and dramatic cliché. This makes room for multiple forms of elaboration—including constrained versions of the improvisatory flourishes and reimagining of character traits that underwrite his reputation, but also involving the improvisation of thematic motifs, the multiplication of “middleground” characters, and the creation of affordances for favored stylistic techniques. While Altman’s practices are remarkably consistent throughout the early 1970s, later scripts display interesting innovations anticipating and accommodating Altman’s practice-oriented preferences.
Conclusion
Authors: Minett Mark
Published: January 2021

Calling into question authorship criticism’s tendency to treat undersupported claims about formal design as starting points for the deployment of an interpretive hermeneutics aimed at revealing political and expressive significance, the conclusion instead considers how a historically precise rethinking of Altman’s innovations broadens the field of questions we might ask about the possibilities of Hollywood authorship. In its recognition of elaborative authorship as a position within Hollywood filmmaking practice, the account presented here suggests a reconsideration of the nature of Hollywood norms. The conclusion argues that Altman’s novelty is best understood not as rejection or assimilation but in the context of a Hollywood cinema whose norms have always been a work in progress on multiple levels. It is not only Hollywood’s conventions and techniques that are constantly in play, contingently open to a range of modifications and renegotiations, but also its underlying principles and aims.
Introduction
Authors: Singha Radhika
Published: January 2021

(246)The introduction outlines the quest to shed some light on the follower or non-combatant ranks of the Indian Army and to draw upon the approaches of trans-national and connected history to locate India more integrally in the landscapes of World War one. For different reasons, both the colonial regime and the Indian intelligentsia let the figure of ‘the coolie’ and the ‘menial’ follower dissolve into the hyper-masculine figure of the Indian sepoy. Combatant and non-combatant recruitment overlapped. Nevertheless a focus on the follower ranks brings new actors such as convicts , ‘primitives’, and ‘untouchables’ into the story and alerts us to the presence of missionaries and educated Indians in the command structure of the Labor Corps. The long term importance of India’s demographic resources to empire explains why the sending of non-combatants for military use had to be constantly weighed against other objectives equally important to the prosecution of the war: the supply of material resources, the generation of export surpluses and the maintenance of transport infrastructures. Political issues, such as the campaign to abolish indentured migration from India, and the colour-bar in empire, also complicated the supply of non-combatants. The manpower hunger of the war overthrew the boundaries between one form of positioning labor at a work-site and another. Nevertheless some account had to be taken of existing patterns of off-farm work. The need to rationalise manpower- use and to improve the efficiency of the auxiliary services introduced a discourse of modernity to the discussion about post-war military reconstruction.
Indian Labour and the Geographies of the Great War
Authors: Singha Radhika
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses the key role of the non-combatant or follower ranks in the history of sub-imperial drives exerted across the land and sea frontiers of India. The reliance of the War Office upon combatant and non-combatant detachments from the Indian Army, used in combination with units of the British Army, left an imprint upon the first consolidated Indian Army Act of 1911. From 1914 the inter-regional contests of the Government of India for territory and influence, such as those running along the Arabian frontiers of the Ottoman empire, folded into global war. Nevertheless the despatch of an Indian Expeditionary Force to Europe in August 1914 disrupted raced imaginaries of the world order. The second less publicized exercise was the sending of Indian Labor Corps and of humble horse and mule drivers to France in 1917-18. The colour bar imposed by the Dominions on Indian settlers had begun to complicate the utilisation of Indian labor and Indian troops on behalf of empire. Over 1919-21, as global conflict segued back into imperial militarism, a strong critique emerged in India against the unilateral deployment of Indian troops and military labor, on fiscal grounds, in protest against their use to suppress political life in India and to condemn the international order which their use sustained.
Dance of the Hours
Authors: Dickason Kathryn
Published: January 2021

This chapter demonstrates the formative role dance played in the Christianization of the liturgy and the sacralization of time. Using evidence from liturgical manuals, musical notation, and rituals, it traces how devotional choreography recuperated pagan motifs, impressed itself onto the regular rhythms of the liturgical calendar, and partook in the dance of the cosmos. In church dramas, dance exerted a didactic function, reinforcing the theme of Christian salvation alongside anti-Judaic rhetoric. The first section traces the authorization of liturgical dance in the Western Middle Ages. Through its ritualization of dance, the Western Church reinvented ancient rites within the discipline of the Latin liturgy. The second section illuminates the use of dance in liturgical drama. On the liturgical stage, the reenactment of Christian history offered a space for the ambivalence of dance to be worked out and re-signified. The third section offers a close reading of one specific liturgical dance ritual in Auxerre. This rite reconciled a pre-Christian myth with medieval eschatology and the Christian ordo.
Borders and Mobilities in the Middle East
Authors: Ribas-Mateos Natalia
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses the transformation of geopolitical lines and borders in a globalizing world. In the Middle East, this transformation has been accompanied by severe social inequalities that have been expressed in a number of different ways: increasing limitations placed on the mobility of refugees and migrants, yet decreasing limitations on the cross-border flow of goods; a proliferation of refugee encampments and settlements (formal and informal); human vulnerability and rights violations; and expanded border securitization. In the case of Lebanon, these processes play out in especially stark fashion in big cities and border sites. This chapter focuses on one such site in an area of Lebanon: the Central Bekaa.

It is important to start by looking at the context of borders and mobility in the Middle East. This chapter is based on original research that aims to provide an examination of certain aspects of borders and mobility, including the transnational circulation of displaced communities, cross-border networks, and how Syrian refugees in the Middle East—especially in Lebanon—navigate borders and deploy their own social capital in the process.
Diasporic Circularities
Authors: Abusharaf Rogaia Mustafa
Published: January 2021

The experience of the Omani-Zanzibaris who were forced to migrate from Zanzibar to Oman in 1964 has received relatively little attention, particularly as seen from the arriving/returning Omani-Zanzibaris’ emic perspectives. As we will see in this chapter, Oman’s identity as a cosmopolitan empire offers a variety of pathways for understanding its present-day culture and politics, as well as its responses to the large wave of arrivals from postcolonial Zanzibar. The chapter seeks to arrive at a better understanding of the forced migrations by telling the story of this period from the theoretical stance of hybridity, which challenges the prevailing essentialism of the historical narratives of the 1964 events as an African uprising against Omani colonizers. To expound the experiences of Omani-Zanzibaris, this project gathered multiple accounts drawn from multi-sited ethnographic research carried out in the first round of fieldwork in Oman and Zanzibar together with extensive conversations held in Zanzibar and Muscat in 2016 and 2017. Life-history collections, memoirs (both published and in private family possession in Arabic, English, and Swahili), archival materials in London and Muscat, and digital sources were also researched.
Afghan Migrants in Tehran
Authors: Alaedini Pooya
Published: January 2021

Persistent upheavals in Afghanistan since 1978 have resulted in the exodus of a large number of its citizens, with neighboring Iran and Pakistan becoming host to most of these forced migrations. According to Iran’s census figures, there were 1,452,513 documented Afghans living in the country in 2011. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has given a figure of 951,142 for documented Afghan refugees in Iran as of May 2015. In addition to this, UNHCR also reported 620,000 Afghan visa holders and from 1.5 to 2 million undocumented Afghans. The Iranian government has emphasized repatriation as a policy goal vis-à-vis Afghan migrants and has carried out voluntary return initiatives with the assistance of international organizations. However, the voluntary return of 902,000 Afghans from Iran between 2002 and 2012 appears to have been offset by fresh migration that has maintained their overall population in the country.
Gendering the Triangular Relationship Between Vulnerability, Resilience, and Resistance
Authors: Muhanna-Matar Aitemad
Published: January 2021

Since the beginning of the Syrian crisis in 2011, the total number of Syrian refugees who have fled to Jordan and registered with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was 655,624 as of January 2, 2018. Most Syrian refugee families in Jordan have lost all sources of livelihood and face increasing vulnerability. The majority have become reliant on cash and food assistance from international humanitarian organizations. The continuing household vulnerability and the insufficient support provided by the international humanitarian community have forced many refugee families to accept humiliating and “negative” coping
mechanisms. Some of the negative coping strategies are based on Syrian refugees’ patriarchal culture, such as early marriage for girls and child labor. Others go beyond the moral virtues of patriarchal culture, such as women’s involvement in “survival sex” (e.g., exchanging protection or housing for sexual favors) and socially and culturally unacceptable jobs outside the home. Literature on gender-differentiated coping mechanisms undertaken by Syrian refugees provides evidence of the reconfiguration of gender, in which women act as the primary family providers through reliance on humanitarian assistance, while the men work in casual menial jobs, or are jobless and helpless.
Remembering the Holocaust
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

Having survived the Nazi atrocities, Jewish communities offered different spaces for collective mourning and remembrance. Among the earliest commemorative events were reburial ceremonies, presided over by American military chaplains and cantors. There were also memorials for those murdered in the Holocaust. Memorial days firmly instituted in the first months after liberation would have a lasting presence in Germany’s culture of remembrance. From early on, the communities’ commemorative efforts included music, which served as an agent to help with emotional hardship and to create an atmosphere of dignity, respect, and compassion. In parallel to the somber memorials, euphoric celebrations of liberation took place as well, which defined the Jewish population as survivors, rather than victims. Beginning in 1948, celebrations dedicated to the newly founded State of Israel had a massive impact on the self-image, political consciousness, and culture of Jews in post-Holocaust Germany.
Facing Cultural Stagnation
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

Covering the years 1972 to 1975, the musical life of the Jewish communities in East Germany is examined. Werner Sander’s death left a lacuna for the Jewish communities, both in their sacred services and cultural lives. Smaller communities were already used to the absence of cantors, a reality that had plagued them for decades. They filled positions temporarily with personnel from abroad or laypeople, or used recorded music for certain festivities, such as on Hanukkah and for other cultural events. The small synagogue choir Sander had established in Leipzig, continued its work under the leadership of a non-Jew. The communities clearly valued music and proudly published and reprinted reviews as well as feature articles in their newsletter. With Helmut Klotz becoming the director of the Leipziger Synagogalchor, the choir’s role began to transition to becoming a proxy for a functional and even thriving Jewish presence at the onset of the community’s decline.
The Leipziger Synagogalchor in the Service of State Propaganda
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

Having received solid funding from the state, the Leipziger Synagogalchor began to adopt a new image to conform to the GDR’s cultural policies. By the early 1980s, its representation of Jewishness became ever more opaque. The choir maintained loose connections to the Jewish communities, while also entering deeper into the political web of the Democratic Republic through the state’s award system and through negotiations allowing travel to represent antifascist values. The choir found itself in additional contexts, in which aspects of Jewish culture intersected in other ways with GDR politics. At the same time interfaith efforts increased throughout East Germany, providing another performance context for the choir. Discussions about the Leipziger Synagogalchor are juxtaposed with the declining musical life of the Jewish communities.
The Establishment of the Jüdische Gemeinde von Groß-Berlin
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

In the aftermath of the purges of 1952/1953, the Jewish community in Berlin was divided into East and West constituencies. This chapter traces the trajectory of the East Berlin community from this division until 1971. Against all odds and in the midst of turmoil, communal life in East Berlin continued, centered around its only synagogue, which was rededicated in 1953 as Friedenstempel. Rykestraße Synagogue became a cultural hub. It instigated a series of synagogue concerts and opened its doors for the annual commemorations of the November pogroms. Given the dearth of cantors, the community also maintained contacts with West Berlin, which regularly freed its cantors from their duties so that they could assist, especially for funerals at the Weißensee cemetery and for special events. The continual presence of cantors from West Berlin was most significant. It gave way to a mobility of musical practices both in Kultus and concerts.
Deterioration and Recovery
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

In the 1970s and early 1980s the Jewish community in East Berlin was able to restore its declining cultural life, in spite of a shrinking membership. Events at the new culture hall at Oranienburger Straße ensued with programs featuring discussions of Judaism, Yiddish literature, and other literary works, as well as recitals. Unlike the community center at Fasanenstraße in West Berlin, the East Berlin community closely adhered to Jewish cultural heritage and especially embraced Yiddish culture. In parallel, Yiddish music as a perceived expression of Jewish secularity and antifascism began to attain a new position in mainstream events, a development mainly driven by Lin Jaldati. Aside from this, the Jewish community maintained their Kultus at Rykestraße Synagogue, continued the series of synagogue concerts, and the annual Kristallnacht commemorations. In parallel to the community, alternative Jewish groups began to form.
No Conquest, No Defeat
Authors: Tabatabai Ariane M.
Published: January 2021

In early 2019, the Islamic Republic of Iran marked its fortieth anniversary, despite decades of isolation, political pressure, sanctions and war. Observers of its security policies continue to try and make sense of this unlikely endurance. Though there are significant disagreements about the Islamic Republic’s thinking and intentions, virtually everyone agrees that its policies are fundamentally different from those pursued by their monarchical predecessors.
No Conquest, No Defeat offers a historically grounded overview of Iranian national security. Tabatabai argues that Iranian strategic thinking is perhaps best characterised by its dynamic yet resilient nature, one that is continually evolving and whose foundations were laid out decades ago. To understand Iran’s national security thinking and policies today, one must examine them in their historical context.
As the Islamic Republic enters its fifth decade, this book sheds new light on Iran’s controversial nuclear and missile programmes, and its involvement in Afghanistan, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Yemen.
The Last King
Authors: Tabatabai Ariane M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at the life of the last king to rule over Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and his security thinking. The chapter surveys key reforms undertaken in this period, particularly those pertaining to national and internal security and military affairs. The chapter also discusses the 1953 coup and the emerging forces opposing the Shah and his reforms, as well as how the Shah shaped Iran’s current security thinking and policies.
The Revolution Matures (1988–2001)
Authors: Tabatabai Ariane M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter surveys the period of reconstruction after the Iran-Iraq War. It discusses how the regime consolidated power and undertook key reforms in the security and military sectors to ensure its survival in the aftermath of the war and the transition of power from Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini to Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. The chapter argues that this period was instrumental in allowing the regime to lay out the groundwork for the next phase of the revolution: Its expansion.
Perfecting the Union
Authors: Edling Max M.
Published: January 2021

Habitually interpreted as the fundamental law of the American republic, the US Constitution was in fact designed as an instrument of union between thirteen American republics and as a form of government for their common central government. It offered an organizational solution to the security concerns of the newly independent American states. Confederation was an established means for weak states to maintain their independence by joining in union to manage relations with the outside world from a position of strength. Confederation also transformed the immediate international environment by turning neighboring states from potential enemies into sister states in a common union or peace pact. The US Constitution profoundly altered the structure of the American union and made the federal government more effective than under the defunct Articles of Confederation. But it did not transform the fundamental purpose of the federal union, which remained the management of relations between the American states, on the one hand, and between the American states and foreign powers, on the other. As had been the case under the articles, the states regulated the social, economic, and civic life of their citizens and inhabitants with only limited supervision and control from the federal government. This book demonstrates that interpreting the Constitution as an instrument of union has important implications for the understanding of the American founding. The Constitution mattered much more to the international than to the domestic history of the United States. Its importance to the latter was dwarfed by that of state constitutions and legislation.
Peace Pact and Nation
Authors: Edling Max M.
Published: January 2021

In recent years a new Unionist interpretation of the American founding has presented the US Constitution as a compact of union between sovereign states, which allowed them to maintain interstate peace and to act in unison as a single nation vis-à-vis other nations in the international state-system. The American compact of union entailed the voluntary circumscription of the member-states’ sovereignty and the creation of a federal government through the delegation of enumerated powers from the states to the union. The Constitution was a limited, if very important, reform of the already existing American union under the Articles of Confederation. It did not aim at a wholesale transformation of American social and economic life, but sought to equip the union with the means to address challenges that arose from intraunion tensions, on the one hand, and from international competition in the Atlantic marketplace and the Western borderlands, on the other.
Internal Police
Authors: Edling Max M.
Published: January 2021

The US Constitution reserved to the member-states of the American federal union the power to regulate their internal police. Now largely forgotten, but much in use in the decades surrounding the American founding, the term internal police described an extensive range of activities that eighteenth-century states did to regulate their societies and their economies. By recovering the illusive meaning of internal police and by studying how the Constitution distributed internal police powers between Congress and the state governments, it is possible to shed light on how the Constitution divided political authority between the states and the federal government in the American union. The analysis in this chapter shows that under the Constitution, domestic affairs in the early United States was overwhelmingly meant to be regulated by the state governments and not the federal government.
Legislation
Authors: Edling Max M.
Published: January 2021

The first federal Congresses implemented the US Constitution by turning the constitutional text into the policies and institutions of the federal government. Under the Washington administration (1789–1797) federal legislation was overwhelmingly concerned with foreign affairs, international commerce, the federal territories in the trans-Appalachian West, Native American diplomacy and trade, and relations between the member-states in the American union. Other than the post office, hardly any laws were adopted to regulate social and economic relations within the member-states of the American federal union. Congress’s record in the period stands in marked contrast with that of both American state legislatures, such as Pennsylvania, and legislatures of unitary states, such as Great Britain, which were much more concerned with domestic issue legislation. In the bisected American state, there was a distribution of authority between a federal government in charge of international and intraunion affairs and state governments in charge of domestic affairs.
The Basics
Authors: Hepokoski James
Published: January 2021

Following the first three introductory chapters, chapter 4 lays out the essentials of Sonata Theory’s understanding of the guidelines within which classical sonatas work. This is the chapter that summarizes the approach’s technical details and terminology: Sonata Theory in a nutshell. It begins with an overview of the five sonata types and notes that the “Type 3” or the “textbook” sonata, with exposition, development, and recapitulation, is by far the most common. It proceeds to move through each of the action zones of a typical “two-part exposition”—primary theme (P), transition (TR and medial caesura), secondary theme (S), and closing zone (C), noting the various commonly encountered, “default” options within each zone, and how each zone is vectored toward a generically expected cadence. The several issues involved with determining where secondary themes begin and end—within Sonata Theory’s view of things—are given special attention. Along with way it introduces some concepts new to this handbook, such as that of the “narrative” grouping of S (concluding cadentially with the EEC) and the thematic portions of any C that might follow: “the S/C thematic complex.” Following a close study of expositional practice, the chapter moves on, similarly, to describe standard features of developments, recapitulations, and codas. It ends with a few remarks on the Type 1 sonata and its expanded variant, which will be revisited in more detail at the end of chapter 11 and in chapter 12.
Haydn, Symphony No. 100 in G, “Military,” first movement (Adagio–Allegro)
Authors: Hepokoski James
Published: January 2021

Chapter 5 returns to the technique of paradigmatic close analysis to show Sonata Theory in practice, this time examining the first movement of Haydn’s Symphony No. 100 in G, “Military.” Apart from analysis proper, the chapter discusses the differences of Haydn’s style from that of Mozart’s—especially but not only in recapitulatory practice—and also shows the flexibility of Sonata Theory in approaching a very different composer. The chapter leads off with a consideration of the role of “nicknames and paratexts” (like “Military”) in framing one’s interpretation of a work, including a proposed set of criteria for a responsible hermeneutic reading. It then proceeds to the usual historical backdrop and context for this piece, taking up also the question of Haydn’s London symphonies as “monumental” works for their time, culminations of eighteenth-century practice. The bulk of the chapter is devoted to a close, Sonata Theory–oriented analysis of this movement, beginning with the structure and role of its slow introduction. The analysis leads to a reading of this movement as “military” in its concerns, one that involves an increasingly expanding role for the exposition’s concluding theme.
Haydn, String Quartet in G, op. 76 no. 1/i (Allegro con spirito)
Authors: Hepokoski James
Published: January 2021

Not all classical expositions are “two-part expositions,” that is, one divided in half by a medial caesura. Another, less common option was that of the “continuous exposition,” lacking a medial caesura and hence (in Sonata Theory’s view) lacking a “secondary theme” proper. This chapter considers a chamber work with an exemplary continuous exposition, the first movement of Haydn’s String Quartet in G, op. 76 no. 1. The chapter’s historical backdrop also considers the cultural role and implications of the chamber music of the era, drawing from, among other sources, Klorman’s recent study of chamber music characterizing it as an ongoing, mutual conversation “among friends.” The opening of Haydn’s quartet is a particularly apt illustration of that idea, with each of the players joining in, one by one. The bulk of the chapter is given over to a phrase-by-phrase analysis of the movement that emphasizes the ongoing process of musical elaboration and close motivic development that is characteristic of Haydn’s style. Special attention is given to the moment where presumed expectations for a two-part exposition are overridden and one realizes that the exposition will be continuous. Alternative readings of this moment are also considered.
Schubert, String Quartet No. 14 in D Minor, D. 810/i (Allegro)
Authors: Hepokoski James
Published: January 2021

This is the first of three longer, more extended chapters (10, 11, and 12) devoted to special questions with regard to the applicability of Sonata Theory to post-Beethovenian composers and into the romantic era. The problem begins in earnest with the sonata forms of Schubert, which have been discussed by many recent analysts, resulting in a cascade of recent studies, articles, and books cycling around the same analytical issues and seeking to come to terms with Schubert’s difference from the sonata practice of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven, with their more purposeful drives toward tonal resolution and cadential completion. This chapter responds to much of this scholarship in order to show that while Schubert often delays, occludes, or obstructs his pathways to certain action-zone goals—sometimes by “three-key expositions” and their local and later implications—those zones are still discernible, even while the vectors toward them are often more slack in their realization. This adaptation of Sonata Theory to a freer, “romantic” realization of the sonata is pursued through a close, phrase-by-phrase analysis of the first movement of Schubert’s “Death and the Maiden” Quartet, read as a fatalistic, existential narrative of the imminence of death, a feature (as discussed in the historical backdrop) that resonates with aspects of Schubert’s own life after 1823. As such the chapter, a follow-up to chapter 9, also provides a second illustration of minor-mode-sonata issues laid out in chapter 8.