bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age Management: How to Develop Competences and Transfer Knowledge in an Organization – The EmiTech Program
Authors: Goleniowska Anna , Kołodziej Anna
Published: April 2020

Age management has become one of the key challenges facing modern organizations. Several generations meet in one place. They are completely different in terms of expectations, attitudes, and competences. The intergenerational exchange of knowledge and experience is an opportunity in the field of diversity management as well as an indispensable element of the development of the modern enterprise.
Ontology of opposition online. Representing antagonistic structures on the Internet
Authors: Krämer Benjamin , Springer Nina
Published: April 2020

Research on cooperative social structures and particular types of conflict behavior online is readily available. However, the field lacks a framework to analyze how antagonistic structures are represented on online platforms. Social structures can be represented formally (manifestly) or informally (in open verbal or visual forms) or remain latent - a distinction that has received little scholarly attention in the analysis of computermediated communication. Based on an interpretative analysis of relational structures and types of acts, we distinguish structural elements that lead us to empirical typologies of antagonistic structures and an analysis of whether and how they are represented online. We develop theses about why some structures are formally represented more often than others and theorize the consequences of this selective representation.
Brazilian Amazon Plants: An Overview of Chemical Composition and Biological Activity
Authors: Martins Cunha Junior Reinaldo , Buenos Aires Domingues Pâmella , de Oliveira Ambrósio Rafael , Augusto Freitas Martins Caio , Genoveva Boline Passarelli Capaz Pinto da Silva Jéssica , Alessandro Pieri Fabio
Published: April 2020

Currently, the number of diseases has been increasing and reaching the population directly, and the deliberate use of drugs is creating resistance of pathogens in several drugs, a fact evidenced by the increased ineffectiveness of drugs and the persistence of infections in the body. Given this, it is necessary to search for new alternative drugs that can effectively promote effective therapy. It is possible to highlight, in Brazil, the diversity of the Amazonian flora, which has several species with considerable potential as a source of new molecules with identified biological activity. Thus, a literature review was conducted in order to describe the applications of some Amazonian extracts and their chemical characteristics and biological activity. The Amazon rain forest has considerable diversity of plant species with biological properties that may be useful to public health. Further research is needed to identify new compounds with health benefits.
Microplastic Pollution in Portuguese Saltworks
Authors: Sofia Soares Ana , Pinheiro Carlos , Oliveira Uirá , Natividade Vieira Maria
Published: April 2020

Currently, microplastics are dispersed everywhere; from our oceans to our rivers, sediments, organisms, air, and even food resources. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the degree of contamination present in the Portuguese traditional table salts depending on their origin and type of salt. Fourteen samples were selected: seven from fleur de sel and seven from coarse salts, corresponding to seven distinct regions of the Portuguese territory. The concentration of microplastics, depending on salts’ origin, ranged between 595 and 5090 MPs/kg, in sea salt, and in Rio Maior’s well salt it varied from 3325 to 6430 MPs/kg. By salt type, the concentration of microplastics in the fleur de sel was 2320–6430 MPs/kg and in the coarse salt was 595–3985 MPs/kg. In the analyzed table salt, the most abundant anthropogenic particles were fibers (64%) and fragments (35%). The most predominant colors were transparent, blue, and black. The concentration of microplastics did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) between fleur de sel samples within different regions. However, statistically significant differences were found between coarse salt samples from the various regions. The results, gathered from this study, demonstrate the high contamination within artisanal Portuguese table salts, thus, becoming crucial to develop more future research, leading to a better understanding of the health risks associated with salt consumption.
Perfil socioeconômico e conhecimento de guias-piloteiros da bacia do médio Rio Negro, Amazonas
Authors: Ribeiro Maiko Willas Soares , Ladislau Daniel da Silva , Castro Philip Dalbert da Silva , Paiva Antônia Jaqueline Vitor de , Bassul Lucas Areias , Cardoso Leonardo Demier , Mattos Douglas da Cruz , Lavander Henrique David , Aride Paulo Henrique Rocha , Oliveira Adriano Teixeira de
Published: April 2020

Na Amazônia, o município de Barcelos tem se destacado como um dos principais destinos para quem pratica a pesca esportiva. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever o perfil socioeconômico e o conhecimento sobre a legislação de pesca esportiva de pilotos-guia da Bacia do Médio Rio Negro, Amazonas. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, utilizando questionários com orientadores (N= 55), no período de janeiro de 2016 a maio de 2019. A média de idade dos orientadores foi de 42 anos, com faixa etária de 40 a 50 anos (39,59%), casados, com ensino fundamental incompleto (40,00%). A principal forma de contrato de serviço foi por temporada (56,00%). Cerca de 56,36% dos guias informaram que não tinham conhecimento da legislação vigente sobre pesca esportiva, a maioria deles nunca havia testemunhado nenhuma abordagem de supervisão (61,82%) pelas autoridades. Para a maioria, a pesca esportiva é uma atividade que causa impactos (49,09%), principalmente para peixes, resultando em lesões (90,91%). Os guias pilotos mostraram baixo nível de conhecimento sobre as leis regulatórias da pesca esportiva, exigindo maior atenção por parte das autoridades, a fim de facilitar o acesso das informações aos guias.
Avaliação da qualidade da água em pisciculturas de Macapá, Amapá
Authors: Ladislau Daniel da Silva , Takiyama Luís Roberto , Souza Pauliana Leão de , Ribeiro Maiko Willas Soares , Aride Paulo Henrique Rocha , Lavander Henrique David , Bassul Lucas Areias , Mattos Douglas da Cruz , Cardoso Leonardo Demier , Oliveira Adriano Teixeira de
Published: April 2020

A piscicultura é uma atividade de grande importância econômica, no entanto, o crescimento da atividade tem ocasionado impactos ambientais, com alterações aos ecossistemas aquáticos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da água e os impactos gerados pelos efluentes de piscicultura desenvolvida no município de Macapá, Amapá. Foram feitas análises da qualidade da água em dois viveiros, através do monitoramento mensal das variáveis físico-químicas e biológicas no período de janeiro a outubro de 2012. As variáveis analisadas foram oxigênio dissolvido, pH, condutividade elétrica, transparência, turbidez, cor aparente, sólidos totais dissolvidos, cloretos, dureza total, ferro total, temperatura da água, temperatura do ar e clorofila-a. Para a comparação das médias dos resultados das variáveis físico-químicas e biológica (clorofila-a) dos viveiros, aplicou-se o teste t de Student. Também se buscou compara os resultados do estudo com os limites determinados pelas Resoluções do CONAMA. Constatou-se diferenças entre as médias dos parâmetros oxigênio dissolvido, transparência, dureza total, cloretos, temperatura da água. Os valores de clorofila-a estiveram acima do limite determinado pelo CONAMA. Os resultados demonstram que os viveiros apresentaram uma alta carga de nutrientes, com elevação dos valores de clorofila-a, cor aparente, turbidez e diminuição da transparência. Constatou-se a influência do manejo e da sazonalidade sobre o comportamento dos parâmetros. A alta carga de nutrientes nos viveiros, traz uma preocupação em relação ao despejo dos efluentes e seus efeitos sobre os ambientes adjacentes.
Agrostological novelties in Valladolid province (Spain)
Authors: Lázaro-Bello Jesús Antonio
Published: April 2020

Se aportan datos corológicos de nueve especies de plantas vasculares, incluidas en la familia Gramineae, presentes en la provincia de Valladolid (España). De ellas, cinco son primeras citas provinciales: Bromus lanceolatus Roth, Koeleria crassipes Lange, Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench, Panicum capillare L. y Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Además, se muestran algunos registros fotográficos.

Chorological data of nine species of vascular plants included in the Gramineae family and present in Valladolid province (Spain) are provided. Among them, we must highlight Bromus lanceolatus Roth, Koeleria crassipes Lange, Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench, Panicum capillare L. and Paspalum dilatatum Poir., for they are new records in the province. Besides, photographic records are shown.
Las soluciones europeas a la desinformación y su riesgo de impacto en los derechos fundamentales
Authors: Seijas Raquel
Published: April 2020

En una investigación anterior planteaba algunos de los nuevos retos a los que se enfrentaba la Unión Europea (UE) en la elaboración de políticas de comunicación debido a la expansión de desinformación. La UE, alarmada por la difusión masiva de noticias falsas durante las elecciones presidenciales de 2016 en Estados Unidos, o sobre el Brexit en el Reino Unido, comenzó a trabajar para detener este fenómeno en Europa. El primer paso fue reconocer la magnitud del problema, para poder afrontarlo: al respecto, el Parlamento Europeo adoptó en junio de 2017 una resolución en la que instó a la Comisión Europea a analizar el marco jurídico existente en la lucha contra la desinformación, valorándose incluso la posibilidad de intervenir a nivel legislativo a fin de detener este fenómeno. Luchar contra la desinformación es una carrera de fondo que difícilmente va a la velocidad de los avances tecnológicos y de consumo de noticias, pero es fundamental mantener la legalidad en las acciones para frenarla porque pueden convertirse en justificación para limitar la libertad de expresión o la privacidad, poniendo en peligro derechos humanos fundamentales.
Multi-Technique groundwater flow system analysis and dating of deep aquifers in Alessandria Basin (Piedmont - IT)
Authors: Quaranta Nicola , Cogo Elena , Simoni Adriano , Sacchi Elisa , Caschetto Mariachiara , Marchesi Massimo
Published: April 2020

The aim of the study was to set up a protection system from pollution of the deep aquifer of the Alessandria basin, by redefining the recharge areas, focused on this portion of Piedmont territory, and therefore by creating some reserve areas of deep groundwater, to be preserved for future human drinking purposes. In addition to the classical hydrodynamic and geochemical monitoring techniques, the groundwaters were analyzed with reference to a monitoring network of 25 selected wells with deep screens (80-300 m below ground surface) combining radiochemical dating (14C and δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon - DIC) with anthropogenic tracers (CFCs, SF6) as indicators of recent recharge/ mixing. Stable isotope composition (δ2H and δ18O – H2O) was assessed during a 1-year sampling of snow-rain precipitations gauges distributed in altitude in order to define Local Meteoric Water Lines; the isotopic composition was also seasonally measured for the main rivers and in selected deep-wells. The 3D numerical model was implemented in FEflow platform and calibrated on the basis of the available monitoring data; it was used as a support tool in the delimitation of the recharge areas, starting from the analysis of the distribution of flows. This model was crucial for delimiting the “reserve areas”, since it was able to simulate groundwater flows using both purely advective transport conditions (particle tracking technique), and more realistic conditions of advective and dispersive transport, by introducing dispersive parameters and using the Life Time Expectancy (LTE) reservoir distribution. The integrated use of “traditional” techniques of regional groundwater flow system monitoring (hydrochemistry, stable isotopic composition) and of dating techniques based on radioactive isotopes and anthropogenic tracers, provided a reliable support to the validation of flow and transport simulation model, oriented to identify recharge areas and “reserve areas” of future extraction of deep groundwater for drinking purpose.
Preliminary results on the response of some springs of the Sibillini Mountains area to the 2016-2017 seismic sequence
Authors: Fronzi Davide , Banzato Francesca , Caliro Stefano , Cambi Costanza , Cardellini Carlo , Checcucci Roberto , Mastrorillo Lucia , Mirabella Francesco , Petitta Marco , Valigi Daniela , Tazioli Alberto
Published: April 2020

The dynamic of groundwater systems feeding several springs of the Sibillini Mountains was deeply affected by nine Mw 5.0÷6.5 seismic events occurred in central Italy starting from August 2016. The strongest shock occurred on October 30th 2016 about 5 km NNE of Norcia Town, 9 km below the surface, as a result of upper crust normal faulting on the nearly 30 km-long Mt Vettore - Mt Bove fault system, a NW-SE trending, SW-dipping fault system outcropping on the western slope of Mt Vettore, the highest peak of Sibillini Mountains. Soon after this event, a general increase of springs and rivers discharge and groundwater levels was observed both in the Visso and Norcia areas, west of the Sibillini Mountains. In the Visso area the hydrogeological changes due to the seismic sequence exhausted in the 2019, while nowadays both discharges and groundwater levels are still higher than before in the Norcia area. Discharge data of the main springs located east, south-east of the Sibillini Mountains were analysed to verify whether the general increase observed on the western side was associated to a decrease on the eastern and southern-east area. The results show that the springs located on the eastern side and southern-east side of Mt Vettore experienced a significant long-term discharge decrease. In this preliminary work, the analysis of the historical discharge series of the Pescara di Arquata spring (SE of Mt Vettore), and its relationship with the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) shows that the very low discharge values recorded during the post-seismic period are not associated with SPI as low as documented in the past for similar discharges. Moreover, the stable isotopic composition of Pescara di Arquata water during the post-earthquake period is slightly different from that measured before the seismic events; this suggests that a lower amount of water having more enriched isotopic δ18O content reaches the spring after the seismic sequence. These aspects seem to indicate that groundwater circulation in the southern-east area of Sibillini Mountains has been affected by the 2016-2017 seismic sequence.
A new season for our Journal
Authors: Editors-in-Chief The
Published: April 2020

As of this issue, the Acque Sotterranee - Italian Journal of Groundwater team has been renewed in terms of the Editorial Board’s composition and organization, roles and definitions. Henceforth the closer and more assiduous collaborators of the Editors-in-Chief will act as Editors, while the members of the wider technical-scientific committee will be defined Associate Editors [...].
Functionally heterogeneous human satellite cells identified by single cell RNA sequencing
Authors: Barruet Emilie , Garcia Steven M , Striedinger Katharine , Wu Jake , Lee Solomon , Byrnes Lauren , Wong Alvin , Xuefeng Sun , Tamaki Stanley , Brack Andrew S , Pomerantz Jason H
Published: April 2020

Although heterogeneity is recognized within the murine satellite cell pool, a comprehensive understanding of distinct subpopulations and their functional relevance in human satellite cells is lacking. We used a combination of single cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry to identify, distinguish, and physically separate novel subpopulations of human PAX7+ satellite cells (Hu-MuSCs) from normal muscles. We found that, although relatively homogeneous compared to activated satellite cells and committed progenitors, the Hu-MuSC pool contains clusters of transcriptionally distinct cells with consistency across human individuals. New surface marker combinations were enriched in transcriptional subclusters, including a subpopulation of Hu-MuSCs marked by CXCR4/CD29/CD56/CAV1 (CAV1+). In vitro, CAV1+ Hu-MuSCs are morphologically distinct, and characterized by resistance to activation compared to CAV1- Hu-MuSCs. In vivo, CAV1+ Hu-MuSCs demonstrated increased engraftment after transplantation. Our findings provide a comprehensive transcriptional view of normal Hu-MuSCs and describe new heterogeneity, enabling separation of functionally distinct human satellite cell subpopulations.
Deep evolutionary analysis reveals the design principles of fold A glycosyltransferases
Authors: Taujale Rahil , Venkat Aarya , Huang Liang-Chin , Zhou Zhongliang , Yeung Wayland , Rasheed Khaled M , Li Sheng , Edison Arthur S , Moremen Kelley W , Kannan Natarajan
Published: April 2020

Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are prevalent across the tree of life and regulate nearly all aspects of cellular functions. The evolutionary basis for their complex and diverse modes of catalytic functions remain enigmatic. Here, based on deep mining of over half million GT-A fold sequences, we define a minimal core component shared among functionally diverse enzymes. We find that variations in the common core and emergence of hypervariable loops extending from the core contributed to GT-A diversity. We provide a phylogenetic framework relating diverse GT-A fold families for the first time and show that inverting and retaining mechanisms emerged multiple times independently during evolution. Using evolutionary information encoded in primary sequences, we trained a machine learning classifier to predict donor specificity with nearly 90% accuracy and deployed it for the annotation of understudied GTs. Our studies provide an evolutionary framework for investigating complex relationships connecting GT-A fold sequence, structure, function and regulation.
Artificial intelligence system can achieve comparable results to experts for bone age assessment of Chinese children with abnormal growth and development
Authors: Wang Fengdan , Gu Xiao , Chen Shi , Liu Yongliang , Shen Qing , Pan Hui , Shi Lei , Jin Zhengyu
Published: April 2020

Objective

Bone age (BA) is a crucial indicator for revealing the growth and development of children. This study tested the performance of a fully automated artificial intelligence (AI) system for BA assessment of Chinese children with abnormal growth and development.

Materials and Methods

A fully automated AI system based on the Greulich and Pyle (GP) method was developed for Chinese children by using 8,000 BA radiographs from five medical centers nationwide in China. Then, a total of 745 cases (360 boys and 385 girls) with abnormal growth and development from another tertiary medical center of north China were consecutively collected between January and October 2018 to test the system. The reference standard was defined as the result interpreted by two experienced reviewers (a radiologist with 10 years and an endocrinologist with 15 years of experience in BA reading) through consensus using the GP atlas. BA accuracy within 1 year, root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute difference (MAD), and 95% limits of agreement according to the Bland-Altman plot were statistically calculated.

Results

For Chinese pediatric patients with abnormal growth and development, the accuracy of this new automated AI system within 1 year was 84.60% as compared to the reference standard, with the highest percentage of 89.45% in the 12- to 18-year group. The RMSE, MAD, and 95% limits of agreement of the AI system were 0.76 years, 0.58 years, and −1.547 to 1.428, respectively, according to the Bland-Altman plot. The largest difference between the AI and experts’ BA result was noted for patients of short stature with bone deformities, severe osteomalacia, or different rates of maturation of the carpals and phalanges.

Conclusions

The developed automated AI system could achieve comparable BA results to experienced reviewers for Chinese children with abnormal growth and development.
Evasão nos cursos de Secretariado Executivo no Brasil: uma análise necessária
Authors: Cielo Ivanete Daga , Sanches-Canevesi Fernanda Cristina , Schmidt Carla Maria , Tolentino Kessy Brendalee
Published: April 2020

A evasão de acadêmicos no ensino superior tem se tornado um problema que afeta a educação brasileira, impactando tanto às instituições de ensino superior, quanto a sociedade de modo geral. Isso porque, a evasão propicia o desperdício de recursos, gera subaproveitamento do capital humano, além de que, por não ter se graduado, o aluno não oferece o retorno esperado à sociedade. Assim sendo, com base em aporte teórico da área da Educação, a presente proposta busca contribuir com essa discussão na área de Secretariado Executivo. Para tanto, esse estudo objetiva investigar o cenário de evasão de alunos de graduação nos cursos de Secretariado Executivo no país, bem como, identificar as causas da evasão de estudantes do curso de Secretariado Executivo da Unioeste. Para atingir os objetivos, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir de dados secundários do Censo da Educação Superior (INEP/MEC) entre os anos 2012 a 2017 e ainda, de dados primários obtidos com alunos evadidos do Curso de Secretariado da Unioeste. Os principais resultados apontam para uma evasão média de 45% nos distintos cursos de Secretariado do país e de um cenário de retração da oferta de vagas e de cursos na área. Em relação as causas da evasão na Unioeste, constatou-se que aspectos externos a instituição - vinculados em sua maioria a insatisfação com as perspectivas do mercado de trabalho para a área secretarial - exercem significativa influência na decisão de evadir-se do curso.
Angular Photogrammetric Comparison of the Craniofacial Soft-tissue Profile of Three Ethnic Groups in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Okoh P. D. , Amadi M. A.
Published: April 2020

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the angular craniofacial soft tissue profile of adult southern Nigerian males of Igbo, Ijaw and Yoruba extractions.

Methodology: The study made use of a total number of one thousand two hundred (1200) subjects divided into four hundred (400) subjects each from the Igbo, Yoruba and Ijaw ethnic groups of southern Nigeria whose ages ranged between 21 to 40 years. Determination of minimum sample size was done using the Taro-Yamane’s formula. The study employed the use of photogrammetry. Standardized photographic record of the 1200 adults were taken in the natural head position. Photographs were analysed using a software tool (WinImager). Data generated were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 25.0 and Microsoft Excel 2019.

Results: Results showed ethnic variations across the different ethnic groups. Age related changes were also observed. On comparison with other racial populations, marked differences were observed.

Conclusion: These anthropometric values define the facial soft tissue norm of southern Nigeria and could be useful in anthropometric studies, orofacial, orthodontic and maxillofacial surgeries, and forensics.
Interhemispheric asymmetry of c‐Fos expression in glomeruli and the olfactory tubercle following repeated odor stimulation
Authors: Jae YoonGyu , Lee NaHye , Moon Dae Won , Koo JaeHyung
Published: April 2020

Odor adaptation allows the olfactory system to regulate sensitivity to different stimulus intensities, which is essential for preventing saturation of the cell‐transducing machinery and maintaining high sensitivity to persistent and repetitive odor stimuli. Although many studies have investigated the structure and mechanisms of the mammalian olfactory system that responds to chemical sensation, few studies have considered differences in neuronal activation that depend on the manner in which the olfactory system is exposed to odorants, or examined activity patterns of olfactory‐related regions in the brain under different odor exposure conditions. To address these questions, we designed three different odor exposure conditions that mimicked diverse odor environments and analyzed c‐Fos‐expressing cells (c‐Fos+ cells) in the odor columns of the olfactory bulb (OB). We then measured differences in the proportions of c‐Fos‐expressing cell types depending on the odor exposure condition. Surprisingly, under the specific odor condition in which the olfactory system was repeatedly exposed to the odorant for 1 min at 5‐min intervals, one of the lateral odor columns and the ipsilateral hemisphere of the olfactory tubercle had more c‐Fos+ cells than the other three odor columns and the contralateral hemisphere of the olfactory tubercle. However, this interhemispheric asymmetry of c‐Fos expression was not observed in the anterior piriform cortex. To confirm whether the anterior olfactory nucleus pars externa (AONpE), which connects the left and right OB, contributes to this asymmetry, AONpE‐lesioned mice were analyzed under the specific odor exposure condition. Asymmetric c‐Fos expression was not observed in the OB or the olfactory tubercle. These data indicate that the c‐Fos expression patterns of the olfactory‐related regions in the brain are influenced by the odor exposure condition and that asymmetric c‐Fos expression in these regions was observed under a specific odor exposure condition due to synaptic linkage via the AONpE.
MicroRNA‐155‐5p suppresses PD‐L1 expression in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Huang Jiansheng , Weng Qiaoyou , Shi Yang , Mao Weibo , Zhao Zhigang , Wu Rongzhen , Ren Jianmin , Fang Shiji , Lu Chenying , Du Yongzhong , Ji Jiansong
Published: April 2020

MiR‐155‐5p is a key oncogenic microRNA that maintains immune homeostasis and mediates cross‐talk between inflammation and tumorigenesis. High expression of programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) also plays an important role in immune tolerance in tumors. The present study aimed to explore the relationship between miR‐155‐5p and PD‐L1 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells A549 and H1650. The expression levels of miR‐155‐5p and PD‐L1 in LUAD patients were detected by a quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and mimics of miR‐155‐5p were used to model increased expression in A549 or H1650 cells. After 24 h, we measured levels of PD‐L1 by qRT‐PCR, western blotting and flow cytometry. In addition, we identified two sites in the PD‐L1 3′‐UTR (5′‐AGCAUUA‐3′ and 5′‐GCAUUAA‐3′) that can be bound by miR‐155‐5p using TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org). Compared to normal tissue, miR‐155‐5p was overexpressed in tumor tissue (P = 0.0456), whereas the expression of PD‐L1 was not significantly different (P = 0.1349). The expression levels of miR‐155‐5p and PD‐L1 were negatively correlated (r = −0.6409, P = 0.0459 and r = −0.7544, P = 0.0117). Exogenous overexpression of miR‐155‐5p decreased the mRNA, total protein and membrane protein expression levels of PD‐L1 both in A549 and H1650 cells (P < 0.05). Taken together, our data suggest that miR‐155‐5p may suppress the expression of PD‐L1 in LUAD.
Solid‐State Batteries with Polymer Electrolytes
Authors: Iojoiu Cristina , Paillard Elie
Published: April 2020

Expectations on solid‐state lithium batteries are at their highest as they are seen as a “next‐generation” technology, although solid polymer electrolytes have already enabled the commercialization of electrical vehicles for almost 10 years. These are powered by lithium metal batteries and use a polyethylene oxide (PEO)‐based electrolyte. Thus, after a quick review of the current state of the art on lithium batteries including various polymers electrolytes, we present some fundamentals about the lithium metal anode. We then give an overview of the different approaches that have been proposed in the past 40 years for improving the performance of these types of electrolytes. The trends that have led to the current generation of solid polymer electrolytes are reported first: They consisted in decreasing the crystallinity of PEO and increasing its chain segmental mobility while preventing electrolyte creeping at high temperature, and the use of plasticizers, fillers, statistical copolymers, and branched polymers such as cross‐linked and comb‐shaped polymers was developed. However, PEO and “dry” solid polymer electrolytes incorporating dissolved lithium salts, in general, suffer from intrinsic limitations. Thus, we then present as perspectives, the most promising polymer electrolyte concepts for improving lithium metal polymer batteries. In particular, the use of polycarbonates as alternative polymer matrixes, the use of polymers in hybrid organic/inorganic electrolytes, the use of block copolymers and liquid crystals for decorrelating conductivity from mechanical properties, and finally, the development of single‐ion conductors.
Full‐Organic Batteries
Authors: Picard Lionel , Gutel Thibaut
Published: April 2020

The increasing demand on energy storage for different applications requires the development of more sustainable secondary batteries. In this context, this article describes the benefits and the drawbacks of the organic active materials for the electrochemical storage. After discussing the opportunity offered by full‐organic batteries, the advantages and challenges of the organic materials are discussed. Then, the main electroactive functions (conjugated polymers, stable radicals, sulfur‐based materials, carbonyl‐based materials, and the miscellaneous approaches) and their electrochemical mechanisms are described in detail, giving examples of the most relevant and promising materials reported in the literature. Further, the three main strategies (“polymer” approach, polyanionic salt formation, and solid‐state approach) employed to overcome the solubility issues of the organics in the common electrolytes are developed, with practical relevant examples from the literature. Then, the second main drawback of the organic active materials, i.e. the very low electronic conductivity, is addressed by two means: the use of specific carbon additives and the functionalization of conducting polymer by electrochemically active moieties. Finally, an overview of the seminal works and/or the most relevant full‐organic cell configurations is critically described.
Influence of Aging Prior to Extrusion on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of an Extruded AZ91 Alloy
Authors: Zhu Yulin , Liu Feiya , Xin Renlong , Song Bo , Liu Qing
Published: April 2020

Herein, aging prior to extrusion is used to regulate the microstructure and mechanical properties of an extruded AZ91 alloys. The results show that pre‐aging can induce numerous precipitates in Mg matrix to refine the recrystallized microstructure during hot extrusion of AZ91 alloys. After extrusion, most precipitates distribute at grain boundaries, suppressing grain growth. Thus, coupling pre‐aging and hot extrusion can effectively enhance the yield strength of the AZ91 alloy and maintain considerable plasticity (>15%) simultaneously. In contrast, the improvement in mechanical properties is not so effective by direct extrusion and subsequent heat treatment. Although the subsequent aging (T6 treatment) can induce dense precipitates inside grains generating strong precipitation hardening, it badly reduce the tensile ductility (to 6.3%) as well. Moreover, the T6 treated sample also exhibits lower yield strength compared with the extruded sample via coupling pre‐aging and hot extrusion. Based on the experimental analyses, the underline mechanisms are discussed.
Expert consensus on the nursing management of critically ill elderly patients with coronavirus disease 2019
Authors: Wang Xia , Sun Chao , Hu Hui‐xiu , Wang Zi‐xin , Wang Hui , Peng Hua , Qiao Jian‐hong , Gao Lan ,   Gerontological Nursing Alliance, National Center of Gerontology
Published: April 2020

The novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) was first detected in patients with pneumonia of an unknown cause in Wuhan, China in December 2019. It has since been confirmed as the pathogen for the new coronavirus pneumonia, recently named “coronavirus disease 2019” (COVID‐19) by the World Health Organization. Although the general population is commonly susceptible to the disease, infected elderly people show fast progression and severe manifestations with a high proportion in critical condition as a result of compromised immunity and underlying diseases. In order to improve the quality of nursing, reduce complications, and decrease mortality of critically ill elderly patients, we assembled a national expert group with expertise in critical nursing to write this consensus, based on a literature review and a subsequent panel discussion. The consensus covers the assessment, clinical nursing, discharge care, and other aspects of care for critically ill elderly patients with COVID‐19, aiming to share insights and provide guidance for clinical practice.
Trait integration and functional differentiation among co‐existing plant species
Authors: Burton Julia I. , Perakis Steven S. , Brooks J. Renée , Puettmann Klaus J.
Published: April 2020

Premise

Determining which traits characterize strategies of coexisting species is important to developing trait‐based models of plant communities. First, global dimensions may not exist locally. Second, the degree to which traits and trait spectra constitute independent dimensions of functional variation at various scales continues to be refined. Finally, traits may be associated with existing categorical groupings.

Methods

We assessed trait integration and differentiation across 57 forest understory plant species in Douglas‐fir forests of western Oregon, United States. We combined measurements for a range of traits with literature‐based estimates of seed mass and species groupings. We used network analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination (NMS) to determine the degree of integration.

Results

We observed a strong leaf economics spectrum (LES) integrated with stem but not root traits. However, stem traits and intrinsic water‐use efficiency integratedLESand root traits. Network analyses indicated a modest grouping of a priori trait dimensions.NMSindicated that multivariate differences among species were related primarily to (1) rooting depth and plant height vs. specific root length, (2) theLES, and (3) leaf size vs. seed mass. These differences were related to species groupings associated with growth and life form, leaf lifespan and seed dispersal mechanisms.

Conclusions

The strategies of coexisting understory plant species could not be reduced to a single dimension. Yet, species can be characterized efficiently and effectively for trait‐based studies of plant communities by measuring four common traits: plant height, specific leaf area, leaf size, and seed mass.
Effectiveness of a Group Game Intervention in Reducing Preoperative Anxiety Levels of Children and Parents: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Ünver Seher , Güray Özlem , Aral Seda
Published: April 2020

Surgical experiences are often stressful for children and their parents. This study aimed to determine the effect of a group game intervention on the preoperative anxiety levels of 94 parent‐child dyads who were awaiting elective minor surgery at a pediatric surgery clinic. The experimental group intervention included routine preoperative preparation and a group (ie, child, parent, and researcher) game. After the parent dressed the child for surgery, a research team member assessed the child's and parent's anxiety levels using the Facial Affective Scale and Visual Facial Anxiety Scale, respectively. Before the child was transferred to the OR, the research team member reassessed both anxiety levels. When compared to the control group, the results showed that children and parents involved in facilitated group play experienced significantly decreased anxiety levels (P < .001).
Clinical Issues
Authors: Burlingame Byron L.
Published: April 2020

THIS MONTH

Patient jewelry removal before a procedure

Key words: jewelry, piercing, monopolar electrosurgery, dispersive electrode, dermal implants.

Ankle monitoring devices in the OR

Key words: ankle monitor, monopolar electrosurgery, law enforcement, dispersive electrode.

Location parameters for automated endoscope reprocessors

Key words: endoscope, automated endoscope reprocessor (AER), sterile processing department (SPD), decontamination.

Prewarming the OR bed

Key words: prewarming, forced‐air warming, redistribution, heat loss, OR bed.
Dolastatin 15 from a Marine Cyanobacterium Suppresses HIF‐1α Mediated Cancer Cell Viability and Vascularization
Authors: Ratnayake Ranjala , Gunasekera Sarath P. , Ma Jia Jia , Dang Long H. , Carney Thomas J. , Paul Valerie J. , Luesch Hendrik
Published: April 2020

Chemical investigation of a benthic marine cyanobacterium yielded the anticancer agent dolastatin 15, originally isolated from a mollusk. Dolastatin 15 is a microtubule‐destabilizing agent with analogues undergoing clinical evaluation. Profiling against a panel of isogenic HCT116 colorectal cancer cells showed remarkable differential cytotoxicity against the parental cells over isogenic cells lacking HIF or other key players in the pathway, including oncogenic KRAS and VEGF. Dolastatin 15 displayed an antivascularization effect in human endothelial cells and in zebrafish vhl mutants with activated Hif, thus signifying its clinical potential as a treatment for solid tumors with an angiogenic component. Global transcriptome analysis with RNA sequencing suggested that dolastatin 15 could affect other major cancer pathways that might not directly involve tubulin or HIF. The identification of the true producer of a clinically relevant agent is important for sustainable supply, as is understanding the biosynthesis, and future genetic manipulation of the biosynthetic gene cluster for analogue production.
A Carbazolyl Porphyrin‐Based Conjugated Microporous Polymer for Metal‐Free Photocatalytic Aerobic Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Jiang Jun , Liang Zhongxiu , Xiong Xiaoyan , Zhou Xiantai , Ji Hongbing
Published: April 2020

Herein, a carbazolyl porphyrin‐based π‐conjugated microporous polymer was prepared via simple FeCl3‐catalyzed oxidative polymerization. The resulting polymer (TCPP‐CMP) exhibits high surface area, permanent pores, good stability, broad light absorption range and suitable redox potentials. As expected, TCPP‐CMP is a highly effective metal‐free and heterogeneous photocatalyst for a variety of aerobic oxidation reactions, including oxidative coupling of primary amines, oxidative dehydrogenation of secondary amines, and oxidation of sulfides into sulfoxides using molecular oxygen under visible light irradiation. Importantly, natural sunlight is able to promote the aerobic oxidation of benzylamine and thioanisole via TCPP‐CMP photocatalyst with high conversion and selectivity, which are comparable with reactions conducted under artificial light. In addition, heterogeneous TCPP‐CMP has good recyclability, which retained its activity even after four cycles. The current work lays the foundation for future applications of TCPP‐CMP as metal‐free heterogeneous photocatalyst for aerobic oxidation reactions.
Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective Ni‐Catalyzed Hydrocyanation of 1,3‐Enynes
Authors: Sun Feilong , Ni Jie , Cheng Gui‐Juan , Fang Xianjie
Published: April 2020

A highly regio‐ and stereoselective hydrocyanation of 1,3‐enynes was implemented by nickel/diphosphine catalysts. A wide range of highly regio‐ and stereoselective alkenyl nitriles were efficiently prepared. In this transformation, both the tethered alkene and the ligand play key roles in the reactivity and selectivity. The origin of regioselectivity was understood preliminarily by DFT studies.
Template‐Controlled Synthesis of Polyimidazolium Salts by Multiple [2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Dobbe Christian B. , Gutiérrez‐Blanco Ana , Tan Tristan T. Y. , Hepp Alexander , Poyatos Macarena , Peris Eduardo , Hahn F. Ekkehardt
Published: April 2020

The tetrakisimidazolium salt H4‐2(Br)4, featuring a central benzene linker and 1,2,4,5‐(nBu‐imidazolium‐Ph‐CH=CH‐) substituents reacts with Ag2O in the presence of AgBF4to yield the tetranuclear, oktakis‐NHC assembly [3](BF4)4. Cation [3]4+features four pairs of olefins from the two tetrakis‐NHC ligands perfectly arranged for a subsequent [2+2] cycloaddition. Irradiation of [3](BF4)4with a high pressure Hg lamp connects the two tetra‐NHC ligands through four cyclobutane linkers to give compound [4](BF4)4. Removal of the template metals yields the novel oktakisimidazolium salt H8‐5(BF4)8. The tetrakisimidazolium salt H4‐2(BF4)4and the oktakisimidazolium salt H8‐5(BF4)8have been used as multivalent anion receptors and their anion binding properties towards six different anions have been compared.
PROTOCOL: Friendly visiting by a volunteer for reducing loneliness and social isolation in older adults
Authors: Laermans Jorien , Scheers Hans , Vandekerckhove Philippe , De Buck Emmy
Published: April 2020

Loneliness and social isolation are reaching epidemic proportions in both children and adults, despite the increasing connectedness in our twenty‐first century world. As a growing number of studies reveal their detrimental impact on physical and mental health, identifying and investing in feasible and sustainable interventions to alleviate social isolation and feelings of loneliness is of prime importance. Friendly visiting, a befriending intervention whereby older persons are matched with someone who visits them on a regular basis, seems to be a realistic and sustainable option for providing social support. However, until this day, it remains unclear if friendly visiting by a volunteer is effective at reducing loneliness and social isolation. Therefore, this systematic review aims to answer the following research question: what is the effect of friendly visiting by a volunteer on feelings of loneliness and social isolation (primary outcomes) and wellbeing (i.e. life satisfaction, depressive symptom experiencing and mental health; secondary outcomes) in older adults? The results of this review may provide useful information to policy‐makers that are preparing to take on one the most challenging social issues facing our ageing society.
Quadrant dynamic clipped histogram equalization with gamma correction for color image enhancement
Authors: Subramani Bharath , Veluchamy Magudeeswaran
Published: April 2020

The detailed examination of low contrast image is a challenging issue. Thus, it makes difficult for the viewer to bring out the detailed features of the image. Histogram equalization (HE) is an efficient way to intensify the contrast of images. However, classical HE techniques result in immoderate intensification. Hence, an efficient contrast enhancement algorithm called quadrant dynamic clipped HE with gamma correction is proposed. This transformation addresses both over‐enhancement and fine detail preservation, which ensures no false contouring. In the proposed method, histogram of the input image is partitioned into four sections using its mean value. Histogram clipping and gamma correction is used to control the color enhancement rate. Then, clipped subhistogram is equalized independently and then they combined together to form an enhanced image. The performance assessment of the proposed and other existing methods is evaluated in terms of entropy, contrast, colorfulness, and saturation. Test results demonstrates that the proposed method outperforms the other existing HE methods in terms of preserving entropy, colorfulness, saturation, and obtaining uniform degree enhancement.
Linkage between Fluorescence and Electrochemical Properties of Imidazolium Compounds in Acetonitrile Solution
Authors: Villaseñor‐Granados Tayde O. , Rodríguez‐López Germán , Ramos‐García Iris , Morales‐Martínez Daniel , González Felipe J. , Flores‐Parra Angelina
Published: April 2020

The fluorescence properties of some imidazolium derivatives are relevant in photosensing and therefore, the structural analysis of them is a key point for its rational design, which would be useful to prepare new systems with novel applications. Herein we report a multidisciplinary study of the fluorescence and voltammetric properties of three imidazolium compounds {1,3‐bis[(R,R)‐1′‐chloro‐1′‐phenylpropan‐2′‐yl]‐imidazolium chloride (1), 1,3‐bis[(Z)‐1′‐phenylprop‐1′‐en‐2′‐yl]imidazolium chloride (2) 1,3‐bis[(R)‐1′‐chlorobutan‐2′‐yl]‐imidazolium chloride (3)}. Electronic structure calculations and Bader analyses were used to correlate both fluorescence and the capability of the molecules to be reduced through a heterogeneous electron transfer process. Both properties are strongly dependent on the proton in position two of the imidazolium ring, where the electron transfer as well as the excitation of the electrons are carried out. The reactivity in this position is controlled by the N‐substituents on the imidazolium ring and is due to single contacts H⋅⋅⋅Cl−, tricentric contacts Cl⋅⋅⋅Cl−⋅⋅⋅Cl, π‐electronic delocalization and π‐stacking interactions.
Decision Making Under Uncertainty: Comparing Regulatory and Health Technology Assessment Reviews of Medicines in the United States and Europe
Authors: Vreman Rick A. , Naci Huseyin , Goettsch Wim G. , Mantel‐Teeuwisse Aukje K. , Schneeweiss Sebastian G. , Leufkens Hubert G. M. , Kesselheim Aaron S.
Published: April 2020

Assessments of clinical evidence vary between regulators and health technology assessment bodies, but precise differences remain unclear. To compare uncertainties raised on the clinical evidence of approved drugs, we analyzed assessments of regulators and health technology assessment (HTA) bodies in the United States and Europe. We found that US and European regulators report uncertainties related to safety for almost all drugs (85–94%), whereas HTA bodies reported these less (53–59%). By contrast, HTA bodies raised uncertainties related to effects against relevant comparators for almost all drugs (88–100%), whereas this was infrequently addressed by regulators (12–32%). Regulators as well as HTA bodies reported uncertainties related to the patient population for 60–95% of drugs. The patterns of regulator‐HTA misalignment were comparable between the United States and Europe. Our results indicate that increased coordination between these complementary organizations is necessary to facilitate the collection of necessary evidence in an efficient and timely manner.
Enhanced Water Management in PEMFCs: Perforated Catalyst Layer and Microporous Layers
Authors: Mohseninia Arezou , Kartouzian Dena , Schlumberger Robert , Markötter Henning , Wilhelm Florian , Scholta Joachim , Manke Ingo
Published: April 2020

An experimental in situ study was performed to investigate the effects of the catalyst layer (CL) and cathode microporous layer (MPLc) perforation on the water management and performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Polymeric pore formers were utilized to produce perforated CL and MPL structures. High‐resolution neutron tomography was employed to visualize the liquid water content and distribution within different components of the cell under channel and land regions. The results revealed that at humid conditions, the perforated layers enhanced the liquid water transport under the channel regions. Moreover, at high current densities, the performance was improved for the cells with perforated layers compared to a baseline cell with non‐perforated layers, owing to reduced mass transport losses.