bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sulfadiazines reduce gingivitis and plaque formation in beagle dogs
Authors: Howell T. H. , Reddy M. S. , Weber H. P. , Li K. L. , Alfano M. C. , Vogel R. , Tanner A. C. R. , Williams R. C.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The effect of zinc sulfadiazine (ZnSD) and silver sulfadiazine (AgSD) on reducing plaque formation and gingivitis was studied in 12 beagle dogs over a 14‐week period. 12 beagle dogs were scaled, root planed and pumiced to bring them to a similar level of gingival health, prior to placing them on a diet of Purina Dog Chow softened with canned gravy and molasses to promote the build‐up of plaque and the initiation of gingivitis. At the end of 8 weeks, the dogs were determined to have substantial bacterial plaque accumulation and apparent gingivitis. Thereafter, 4 dogs were treated 2 × daily with topical applications of 3% zinc sulfadiazine; 4 dogs were treated with 2% silver sulfadiazine while 4 dogs were treated with placebo gel serving as control over a 14‐week treatment period. By week 2, the zinc and silver sulfadiazine dogs showed a significant decrease in gingival index which was maintained throughout the study. Additionally, by week 2, the % of sites with bleeding was also seen to decrease significantly in the experimental groups. The plaque index remained consistent in all 3 groups until week 6 when the 2 experimental groups indicated significant decrease in plaque accumulation as compared to controls. Probing depths were also seen to decrease significantly in the experimental groups after 10 weeks of therapy. The mean stain index was similar in all 3 groups of dogs throughout the study. Data indicate that both zinc and silver sulfadiazine inhibit plaque formation and reduce existing gingivitis in beagle dogs.
Reproducibility of microbiological samples from periodontal pockets
Authors: Dahlén Gunnar , Renvert Stefan , Wikström Maude , Egelberg Jan
Published: December 2005

Abstract Duplicate microbiological samples, were taken 1 week apart using the paper point technique from a total of 112 untreated periodontal pockets >6 mm deep in 16 adult periodontal patients. Duplicate samples were also obtained from these sites 6 months following a therapy of oral hygiene instruction and supra‐and subgingival debridement. The reproducibility of the total viable counts and the reproducibility of the proportions of various groups or species of microorganisms were studied from these duplicate samples. The results demonstrated an acceptable degree of reproducibility for the recovery of Actinobacillus actino‐mycetemcomitans and Bacteroides gingivalis. For the total viable counts and for the other investigated bacterial groups, including Bacteroides intermedius, unacceptable levels of reproducibility were observed.
The effects of 0.5% chlorhexidine and 0.2% triclosan containing toothpastes on salivary bacterial counts
Authors: Jenkins Susan , Addy Martin , Newcombe Robert
Published: December 2005

Abstract A number of antimicrobial compounds could be incorporated into toothpastes to enhance plaque inhibitory effects. However, the number of possible formulations is immense and makes clinical testing in plaque and gingivitis studies difficult. In this study, the effects on salivary bacterial counts of a number of chlorhexidine and triclosan toothpastes was evaluated as a predictor of persistance of antimicrobial action in the mouth. The study was a supervised, randomised 15‐way crossover study employing 10 healthy human volunteers. All toothpastes were brushed for 1 min and comparison made with a 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse. The latter produced a large drop in salivary bacterial counts to the end of the 7‐h study period. The toothpastes decreased salivary bacterial counts and all but two had notably more effect than a water brushing. No toothpaste showed a significant persistance of antimicrobial effect beyond 5 h. In the light of available plaque inhibition data for the toothpastes, persistance of antimicrobial activity beyond 5 h will be necessary for a clinical effect on plaque and gingival health. The method appears to be a simple and rapid screening technique for products formulated to enhance plaque inhibition mediated through an antimicrobial action.
Antimicrobial irrigation of periodontal furcation lesions to supplement oral hygiene instruction and root debridement
Authors: Nylund Karin , Egelberg Jan
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of subgingival irrigations with tetracycline as a supplement to mechanical plaque control and root debridement on clinical conditions of periodontal furcation pockets. 20 subjects with molar teeth having furcation pockets of varying depths and different grades of furcation involvement served for the study. Following oral hygiene instruction and root debridement at baseline, test teeth were irrigated subgingivally by a professional with a solution of 50 mg/ml of tetracycline, and control teeth with saline every 2nd week for 3 months. Records of dental plaque, bleeding on probing, probing depth and probing attachment level were obtained at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The results failed to demonstrate any significant differences between test and control teeth for any of the subgroups of furcation sites at any observation interval. It is suggested that future studies may need to be performed over longer periods of time, and that the antimicrobial agents may need to be administered in vehicles, which provide prolonged periods of active subgingial concentrations.
The influence of surface free energy and surface roughness on early plaque formation
Authors: Quirynen M. , Marechal M. , Busscher H. J. , Weerkamp A. H. , Darius P. L. , van Steenberghe D.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Previous in vivo studies suggested that a high substratum surface free energy (s.f.e.) and an increased surface roughness facilitate the supragingival plaque accumulation. It is the aim of this clinical trial to explore the “relative” effect of a combination of these surface characteristics on plaque growth. 2 strips, one made of fluorethylenepropylene (FEP) and the other made of cellulose acetate (CA) (polymers with surface free energies of 20 and 58 erg/cm2, respectively) were stuck to the labial surface of the central incisors of 16 volunteers. Half the surface of each strip was smooth (Ra ± 0.1 μm) and the other half was rough (Ra ± 2.2 μm). The undisturbed plaque formation on these strips was followed over a period of 6 days. The plaque extension at day 3 and 6 was scored planimetrically from color slides. Finally, of 6 subjects samples were taken from the strips as well as from a neighbouring smooth tooth surface (s.f.e. 88 erg/cm2; Ra ± 0.14 μm). These samples were analysed with a light microscope to score the proportion of coccoid cells, and small, medium, and large rods or fusiform bacteria. At day 3, a significant difference in plaque accumulation was only obtained when a rough surface was compared with a smooth surface. However, at day 6, significantly less plaque was recorded on FEP smooth (19.4%) when compared with CA smooth (39.5%). Between FEP rough (96.8%) and CA rough (98.2%), no significant difference appeared. The latter were of course significantly higher than the scores of the smooth surfaces. Small differences in bacterial composition appeared: the highest % of coccoid cells was observed on FEP smooth (86.2%) and the lowest % on FEP rough (78.5%) and CA rough (82.8%). The results of this study suggested that the influence of the surface roughness on plaque accumulation and plaque composition is more prominent than the influence of the surface free energy.
The assessment of ultrasonic root surface debridement by determination of residual endotoxin levels
Authors: Smart G. J. , Wilson M. , Davies E. H. , Kieser J. B.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Recent demonstrations of the superficial nature and ease of removal of root‐surface‐associated cytotoxic materials suggest that extensive root‐surface instrumentation is not warranted clinically. This in vitro investigation determined the detoxifying effects of a conservative regime of ultrasonic root debridement, using the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an indication of the presence or absence of cytotoxic materials. 20 extracted periodontally‐involved single‐rooted teeth, with no clinically detectable calculus deposits, were debrided with a Cavitron TF‐10 tip. Light pressure, resulting from a force application of approximately 50 g, lasting for 0.8 s/mm2 of root surface was used and complete overlapping instrumentation ensured. The finding of LPS levels of < 2.5 ng per root in 19 out of 20 teeth after such debridement was comparable to LPS levels found on healthy, uninvolved control teeth, and thus endorses the growing belief that root surface cleanliness can be readily achieved.
Treatment of periodontal furcation defects Coronally positioned flaps versus dura mater membranes in class II defects
Authors: Garrett Steve , Martin Michael , Egelberg Jan
Published: December 2005

Abstract Mandibular class II furcation defects in 19 subjects were treated using 2 different methods of wound closure. In 16 of the defects, the wound was closed with a coronally positioned surgical flap secured by crown‐attached sutures. In 15 of the defects, a collagenous membrane (freeze‐dried dura mater) was placed to cover the exposed defect, followed by suturing of the surgical flap at the level of the alveolar crest. After use of a coronally positioned flap, an average of 70% of the defect volume became filled with bone, with complete closure by bone fill for 9 of the 16 treated defects. After use of dura mater membrane, 38% of the defect volume was filled with bone, with complete bony closure for 3 of the 15 treated defects. The results following use of coronally positioned flaps support our previous findings and the potentials of this technique. The results following use of dura mater membranes, together with recently reported risk for spread of virus with dura implants, do not justify the use of dura mater for these regenerative purposes.
Effects of cavitational activity on the root surface of teeth during ultrasonic scaling
Authors: Walmsley A. D. , Walsh T. F. , Lard W. R. E. , Williams A. R.
Published: December 2005

Abstract It is recognised that roughness of the root surface will occur during ultrasonic scaling and this has been attributed to the vibrating scaling tip. Although the presence of cavitational activity and acoustic microstreaming forces have been described their effects on the root surface have not been fully evaluated. Utilising an in vitro system of polished gold, it was possible to demonstrate an indentation produced by the scaling tip. However cavitational activity around the tip within the water supply appeared to produce an area of erosion (0.66±0.3 mm2, 1 SD, n=10), and the surface appeared pitted. A scanning electron microscope study (SEM) of root surfaces following ultrasonic scaling showed similar areas of erosion. A replica technique was utilised so that control and experimental root surfaces could be observed. Cavitational activity and acoustic microstreaming resulted in a superficial removal of root surface constituents, and this area of removal was measured as 0.7±0.3 mm2 (1 SD, n=10), which was not significantly different from that area observed with the gold surface system (p>0.1). It may be concluded that cavitational activity within the cooling water supply of the ultrasonic sealer results in a superficial removal of root surface constituents.
The use of autologous fibronectin in the surgical repair of through‐and‐through furcation lesions in man A pilot study
Authors: Yeung S. , Boyatzis S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract 4 subjects with bilateral through‐and‐through mandibular furcation lesions were assessed for the healing response in terms of attachment gain following surgical debridement, root planing, citric acid demineralisation and topical application of autologous fibronectin. The results were compared with sham‐operated and saline‐treated contra‐lateral sites. There was no significant difference in the attachment gain at sites treated with autologous fibronectin and citric acid compared with sites treated with citric acid alone.
Microbiological and clinical effects of a dentifrice containing zinc citrate and Triclosan in the human experimental gingivitis model
Authors: Jones C. L. , Saxton C. A. , Ritchie J. A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract A partial mouth experimental gingivitis model was employed to establish the effect of a dentifrice containing 0.2% Triclosan and 0.5% zinc citrate on the development of chronic gingivitis. In addition, changes in the plaque flora associated with the developing gingivitis have been monitored. Following a period of stringent oral hygiene, volunteers were allocated to 1 of 2 treatment groups. A toothshield was constructed to fit 4 posterior mandibular teeth. During the 21‐day experimental period test or placebo dentifrice was applied to the experimental teeth via the tooth shield. The toothshield also prevented plaque removal from those teeth during habitual brushing of the remaining dentition. Supragingival plaque was collected at baseline and day 21 for analysis of the total bacterial flora. At the end of the experimental period, plaque and gingivitis had developed in both groups. However, the test group had significantly less plaque and gingivitis than the placebo group. The microbiological data demonstrated that plaque from the test group contained significantly lower numbers of anaerobes compared to plaque from the placebo group. This was considered particularly significant as these bacteria are generally associated with chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. There was also a trend for the numbers of actinomyces to decrease in plaque from the test group but not in the placebo group.
Irrigation with chlorhexidine to resolve naturally occurring gingivitis A methodologic study
Authors: Brownstein Carol N. , Briggs Susan D. , Schweitzer Kathie L. , Briner William W. , Kornman Kenneth S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study compared oral irrigation and rinsing with chlorhexidine (CHX) and placebo in the treatment of naturally occurring chronic gingivitis. 44 subjects with at least 6 interproximal sites which bled on probing were randomly distributed on a double‐blind basis into 4 treatment groups, placebo‐rinse, CHX‐rinse (0.12%), placebo‐irrigation and CHX–irrigation (0.06%). A half‐mouth was scaled 2 weeks prior to therapy in all groups. Rinses were performed 2 times daily and irrigation was performed once a day by means of an oral irrigator with the tip directed at a right angle to the tooth. Subjects continued with routine oral hygiene without‐instruction. The active treatment period was 2 months. Parameters were recorded at baseline and at 60 days. At the conclusion, marginal plaque was cultured for predominant microbial types. CHX‐rinse (0.12%) and CHX‐irrigation (0.06%) significantly reduced (p<0.05) plaque. Gingival bleeding decreased by 26% in both scaled and unsealed sites following CHX (0.12%) rinses and by 40% at both types of sites following CHX (0.06%) irrigation. Bleeding was reduced with CHX–irrigation greater (p<0.05) than with the placebo‐irrigation. The mean log of colony‐forming units of Actinomyces species was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the CHX (0.12%) rinse and CHX (0.06%) irrigator groups than in the placebo groups. These data therefore indicate that delivery of CHX (0.06%) by an oral irrigator is an effective means of treating naturally occurring gingivitis.
Periodontal conditions in a group of Swedish adolescents (I). A descriptive epidemiologic study
Authors: Källestål Carina , Matsson Lars , Holm Anna‐Karin
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present study was to describe, clinically and radiographically, the periodontal conditions in 16‐ and 18‐year‐old adolescents from northern Sweden. The studied samples comprised 287 16‐year‐olds and 283 18‐year‐olds. The clinical examination included recording of presence of plaque, bleeding on probing and calculus, and measurements of attachment level and pocket depth. Alveolar bone level was measured on bite‐wing radiographs. A history was taken of the individual's occupation, oral hygiene habits and tobacco use, health, medication and previous orthodontic treatment. The prevalence of attachment loss (AL) was 9.4% in the 16‐year‐olds and 19.4% in the 18‐year‐olds. Proximal AL was found in 2.8% and 4.9%, respectively, and proximal bone loss in 1% in both groups. With only a few exceptions (3 individuals out of 82), the individuals with AL had their loss either at buccal/lingual surfaces or at proximal surfaces. Calculus was present in 32.7% of the 16‐year‐olds and in 44.9% of the 18‐year‐olds. Pocket >3 mm were found in 4%. No significant differences concerning the periodontal status or presence of plaque and calculus were detected between urban and rural groups or between sexes. Toothbrushing 2 or more times/day was performed by 84.3% of the 16‐year‐olds and by 83.7% of the 18‐year‐olds.
Periodontal conditions in a group of Swedish adolescents (II) Analysis of data
Authors: Källestål Carina , Matsson Lars
Published: December 2005

Abstract Periodontal conditions in adolescents from the north of Sweden have been described in an earlier study. 2 groups were distinguished, one with proximal and the other with buccal/lingual probing attachment loss (AL). The present study analysed the relationship between AL and various background variables: plaque, bleeding, calculus, pocket depth, toothbrushing, experience of fixed orthodontic appliance, general disease, socio‐economic level. No significant differences between the total group with AL and that without AL were seen concerning general disease, socio‐economic level, experience of orthodontic treatment, or presence of bleeding, plaque or calculus. When groups with AL on proximal surfaces and on buccal/lingual surfaces were analysed separately, it was found that the group with proximal AL more often had plaque, bleeding, calculus and pocket depths /4 mm than the group with absence of AL and the group with buccal/lingual AL. In the latter group, toothbrushing was more frequent. The differences seen between the group with proximal AL and that with buccal/lingual AL may indicate different etiologies of loss of tooth support in these ages.
Periodontal bone loss in the aging beagle dog A radiographic study
Authors: Morgan J. P. , Miyabayashi T. , Anderson J. , Klinge B.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Studies in the beagle dog have clearly established the usefulness of this breed in periodontal disease research. However, little is known about the progressive nature of the disease with advancing age. It is the purpose of this paper to describe frequency and distribution of radiographically detectable lesions in an aging population of 166 colony dogs. 3 grades of alveolar bone loss were determined on high‐quality postmortem radiographs. The number of teeth involved was similar in male and female and was age‐dependent. Disease was more frequent in the maxillary arcades, with the 2nd upper premolar most frequently involved. Most extensive bone loss was noted around the 3rd and 4th upper premolars, and 1st and 2nd lower molars. It is felt that by the study of such a large group of older colony dogs, a better understanding can be gained of the expected alveolar bone loss with age as determined radiographically.
Genetic approaches in the study of periodontal diseases
Authors: Sofaer Jeffrey A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Periodontal diseases are essentially infectious in origin, their outcome depending on interaction between the pathogenic challenge and host response. Host genotype has been implicated in certain of the more unusual forms, but together these account for only a small proportion of periodontal patients. Nevertheless, the genes for these rarer conditions, some of which have already been located and/or cloned, are of considerable importance, since they may ultimately provide clues leading to a better understanding of the whole spectrum of periodontal disease. For the majority of periodontal patients, although inherited susceptibility is suspected, evidence of a significant genetic component is scanty. The priority here is therefore to establish the existence of contributing genes. This may be possible by using approaches designed to minimise the confounding effect of environmental variation that has probably been a source of confusion in the past.
The microflora of periodontal sites showing active destructive progression
Authors: Moore W. E. C. , Moore L. H. , Ranney R. R. , Smibert R. M. , Burmeister J. A. , Schenkein H. A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract 20 adult periodontitis (AP) subjects were examined every 2 to 4 months and microbiological samples were collected and cultured when 2 mm or more loss of attachment (active sites) was detected by 2 examiners. Similar sites in which no progressive destruction was observed (control sites) also were sampled in the same subjects. By A‐analysis, there was no statistically significant difference in floras of active (42 sites from 12 subjects) and control (36 sites from 12 subjects) sites or between the floras of the active and control sites and of 63 samples from 22 AP subjects that were examined previously in a cross‐sectional study. By paired t test, no microbial species had a significantly greater association with active than with control sites. The only species that were detected in one or more samples from all subjects with active sites were Wolinetta recta, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Peptostreptococcus micros. Prophyromonas gingivalis and 9 other taxa were isolated from one‐half or more of the persons with active sites. The composition of microbiological floras of all periodontitis samples was statistically significantly different from that of subjects with healthy gingiva. The composition of microfloras of sites in subjects with naturally‐occurring gingivitis was intermediate between that of subjects with healthy gingiva and that of active and control sites in AP subjects.
Healing of sites within the dog periodontal ligament after application of cold to the periodontal attachment apparatus*
Authors: Tap Haim , Kozlovsky Avital , Pitaru Sandu
Published: December 2005

Abstract The potential of periodontal ligament‐derived tissues to regenerate periodontal attachment after cryosurgical trauma to the PDL in dogs was evaluated. The buccal alveolar plate of each canine tooth was exposed by a semi‐lunar excision. A 3 mm thick cryoprobe, cooled to ‐81 °C, was placed on the bone 5 mm apical to the crest for 10 s. This induced cellular devitalization in the bone directly in contact with the probe and the PDL under it. The freezing‐thawing cycle was repeated 3 times. Control sites were sham‐operated at room temperature. Histologic sections from the center of the lesions were obtained from 1 h, 48 h and 30 d specimens. 1‐h control and experimental histologic sections were similar. At 48 h post‐surgery, the cellular component of the frozen PDL could not be identified and inflammatory response was minimal. The collagenous framework, however, appeared to form a continuum between the alveolar bone and cementum. Lacunae in the bone at the frozen segment were empty. The injured PDL was surrounded by normal PDL. Control specimens appeared normal. At 30 d, the PDL space in the frozen segments was populated by PDL‐like tissue which did not differ significantly from the PDL coronal or apical to it. Collagen fibers appeared to be attached to the cementum on one side and to the alveolar bone on the other. Bone resorption or ankylosis was not observed in the experimental sites. It is suggested that the extracellular matrix in the devitalized area was preserved, supporting regeneration of the cryolesion.
Levels of interleukin 1β in tissue from sites of active periodontal disease
Authors: Stashenko P. , Fujiyoshi P. , Obernesser M. S. , Prostak L. , Haffajee A. D. , Socransky S. S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Interleukin Iβ is a potent bone resorptive cytokine which also mediates soft tissue destruction through the stimulation of prostaglandin production, and the induction of collagenase and other proteases. This constellation of activities suggests a role for IL‐1β in the pathogenesis of human periodontitis. Levels of IL‐1β were therefore determined in tissue obtained from (1) diseased, active (2) diseased, inactive, and (3) healthy sites from 12 patients with destructive adult periodontitis. Disease activity was defined as attachment loss of ≥2.5 mm, as determined by sequential probing and the tolerance method. IL‐1β was extracted from homogenates of tissue biopsies taken at surgery, and levels were quantified by ELISA. IL‐1β was found to be present in most patient tissue samples, with levels ranging from 0–82 ng/ml. Disease active sites had higher IL‐1β levels (p < 0.05) than inactive and healthy sites. Diseased inactive sites were divided into 2 groups, those losing small amounts of attachment (0.5–2.0 mm, worsening sites) and those which showed no change or attachment gain (stable sites). Stable diseased sites had IL‐1β levels which were comparable to those found in healthy sites, and which were significantly different from active sites (p < 0.02). Worsening sites had IL‐1β levels intermediate between the levels in stable and active sites. Detection of disease activity occurred more frequently at sites with IL‐1β levels >25 ng/ml (p < 0.01). Thus, IL‐1β levels were positively related to changes in attachment level, but were inversely related to the presence of supragingival plaque or redness, and were unrelated to bleeding on probing or suppuration, indicating a dissociation between the presence of inflammation and IL‐1β levels. These data indicate that IL‐1β may have utility for the detection of sites of periodontal disease activity, and suggest that IL‐1β may be an important mediator of attachment loss in human periodontitis.
Plaque, calculus, gingival bleeding and type of tooth cleaning device in a Tanzanian child population in 1984,1986 and 1988
Authors: Frencken J. E. , Truin G.‐J. , van't Hot M. A. , König K. G. , Lembariti B. S. , Mulder J. , Kalsbeek H.
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn 1984, 1986 and 1988 a mixed‐longitudinal study was carried out to determine the prevalence of plaque, calculus, gingival bleeding and type of tooth cleaning device amongst school children in Morogoro, Tanzania. The background parameters considered were age, geographical location and sex. The reproducibility of the methods of diagnosis was assessed. In general, more children possessed a chewing stick than a toothbrush, except urban children. The prevalence of visible plaque decreased and the prevalence of calculus increased with increasing age. Gingival bleeding was not age‐dependent. Urban children had significantly more surfaces covered with visible plaque, but had a significantly lower prevalence of calculus, than rural children. Boys showed a significantly higher prevalence of visible plaque and calculus than girls. In the majority of those with gingival bleeding, only 1 of the 6 examined papillae was involved, most often the mesio‐lingual papilla of the 3.6. The children had not been subjected to organized oral health care and professional intervention. The findings of the study indicate the need for organized school‐based oral hygiene programmes in the area in order to improve the periodontal health of these children.
Human intrabony lesion responses to debridement, porous hydroxyapatite implants and teflon barrier membranes
Authors: Stahl S. S. , Froum S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract 7 vertical lesions at 7 teeth in 3 adults with severe periodontitis were treated using open surgical debridement, porous hydroxyapatite grafts and placement of a barrier membrane. Roots were notched at both gingival margins and deepest visible calculus. Flaps were sutured coronally and patients were placed on 0.12% chlorohexidine gluconate twice daily for 2 weeks, post‐surgery. Patients returned frequently for plaque control until block removal at 16 to 28 weeks post‐surgery. 1 additional block was harvested after 28 weeks. The latter site received root planing only and closed by epithelial adhesion. In the 7 experimental sites, clinical responses were uneventful, and gain in clinical closure varied from 1.7 to 5.0 mm (average = 3.6 mm). Histologically, 2 sites exhibited closure by a long junctional epithelium. The remaining 5 sites showed gingival recession to be apical to the calculus notch or the calculus notch to be epithelized. However, apical to the notch and within the osseous crater, cellular cementum deposition was marked as was increased bone mass. The increase in bone mass was the result of osteogenesis within the surrounding graft particles which often fused with osseous seams of the crater. A functionally‐oriented PDL was seen usually at these sites.
Clinical and structural characteristics of periodontal tissues in young and old dogs
Authors: Berglundh T. , Lindhe J. , Sterrett J. D.
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine some clinical and structural features of healthy periodontal tissues in young and old beagle dogs. The material consisted of 10 beagle dogs; group I (1‐year old) and group II (8–9 years of age). All animals belonged to the same beagle dog colony and had been carefully monitored from birth. A given day was termed day 0 on which the teeth of all 10 dogs were scaled and polished and a 6‐week period of enhanced plaque control was initiated. On day 42, clinical examinations were performed and biopsies obtained from the right mandibular 4th (4P) and 3rd (3P) premolar regions. The biopsies were prepared for histometric and morphometric analyses. Clinically, the lower premolars of the old but not the young dogs showed signs of marked wear. In the old dogs, the free gingival unit had a more curved and bulky appearance than in the young animals and in the old dogs, the free gingiva was consistently separated from the attached gingiva by a gingival groove. The histometrical dimensions of the free marginal gingiva and the width of the coronal portion of the periodontal ligament did not differ between the 2 groups of dogs. The apical cells of the junctional epithelium (aJE) in the young dogs were consistently located at the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), whereas in the old dogs, aJE was consistently located apical to the CEJ. The width of the root cementum assessed at the level of the CEJ did not differ between the 2 dentitions, while the cementum layer, measured at the level of the bone crest (BC) and 1 mm apical to the BC, was about 5–10 times wider in the old than in the young dogs. The connective tissue occupying (i) the central portion of the free gingiva, (ii) the supracrestal area adjacent to the root cementum and (iii) the coronal portion of the periodontal ligament in young dogs, harbored a larger proportion of fibroblasts than in old dogs. The collagen content in the 2 latter compartments was larger in the old dogs. Consequently, the collagen‐fibroblast ratio (Co/Fi) was significantly higher in the old than in the young dogs.
The validity of periodontal probing as a method of measuring loss of attachment
Authors: Theil E. M. , Heaney T. G.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Linear probe measurements are used to assess the severity and extent of attachment loss in chronic periodontitis and to identify, retrospectively, sites of disease activity. The use of the probe for these purposes is based on the implicit assumption that there is a direct and predictable relationship between linear probe measurements of attachment loss and the area of cemental surface which has been denuded of periodontal ligament. The aim of this study was to test this assumption by determining the correlation between loss of attachment as expressed by probe readings, and that expressed as the area of denuded root surface. The areas of denuded root surface of 236 teeth of different morphotype in 41 human dried skulls were determined by a rubber base impression technique and compared with their corresponding probe measurements, made at 10 sites per tooth. Although the majority of correlations between linear and area measurements were statistically significant for some individual morphotypes and categories of bone loss, there was overall, no consistent pattern of correlation between the two parameters. Furthermore, many correlations which were statistically significant had low values of the correlation coefficient: Kendall's T. It was concluded that probe readings are not a very precise measure of attachment loss, particularly with increasing severity of destruction. These results cast doubt on the ability of individual linear measurements to represent the true severity of attachment loss, and thus on the precision of loss of attachment charts for retrospectively identifying sites of periodontal disease activity.
A comparison of proximal plaque removal using floss and interdental brushes
Authors: Kiger Robert D. , Nylund Karin , Feller Ralph P.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The removal of interproximal plaque was compared using a standard toothbrush alone, a toothbrush with unwaxed dental floss and a toothbrush with an interdental brush. 30 previously treated periodontal patients were given the cleaning aids in a three‐way crossover study design. After each 1 month trial period, scores for gingivitis, buccal/lingual plaque and proximal plaque were recorded. Mean GI scores for subjects were 0.37 using the toothbrush only, 0.36 using the toothbrush with floss and 0.32 using the toothbrush with the interdental brush. Mean buccal/lingual plaque scores were 0.64 using the toothbrush only, 0.62 using the toothbrush with floss and 0.51 using the toothbrush with the interdental brush. Mean proximal plaque scores were 2.32 with the toothbrush only, 1.71 using the toothbrush with floss and 1.22 using the toothbrush with the interdental brush. Statistically significant differences were seen in proximal plaque scores between the 3 treatment groups. The results indicate that the interdental brush used in combination with a toothbrush is more effective in the removal of plaque from proximal tooth surfaces than a toothbrush used alone or in combination with dental floss.
Human suprabony healing responses following root demineralization and coronal flap anchorage
Authors: Stahl S. S. , Froum S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract 6 suprabony pockets in 2 adult patients were treated with debridement and citric acid root demineralization. Following these procedures, coronal positioning of the marginal flaps was performed at 2 sites. At 4 sites, the marginal flaps were sutured coronally using orthodontic brackets as anchors. At 1 additional site, root debridement only was performed and the margin was placed at about crestal level. Prior to root planing, all roots were notched both at the level of the gingival margin and the most apically positioned calculus. Blocks were harvested 7 and 18 weeks postsurgery and prepared for histologic analysis. Clinical results showed a gain in probing attachment in both coronally positioned sites (average = 1.8 mm) and cororally anchored sites (average = 4.5 mm). The additional debrided‐only site showed a gain in probing attachment of 0.1 mm. Histologically, new cementum with functionally inserted fibers was seen within the calculus notch in all coronally anchored sites. This new attachment was associated with crestal osteogenesis. In the 2 coronally positioned and root demineralized sites, new attachment was seen within the calculus notch in 1 out of the 2 specimens evaluated. Within the limits of the evidence presented, coronal anchorage of flaps enhanced probing attachment and new attachment when used in conjunction with root demineralization.
Effect of the pre‐brushing rinse, Plax, on dental plaque formation
Authors: Freitas Liana Bastos , Collaert Bruno , Attström Rolf
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of this double‐blind cross‐over study was to investigate plaque accumulation after the use of the pre‐brushing rinse Plax, compared to placebo. 10 volunteers underwent 2 treatment periods of 1 week, separated by a wash‐out period of 1 week. At the start of each study period, professional tooth‐cleaning was performed. On days 2, 4, and 7 of each treatment period, periodic identical photographs after plaque disclosure were taken for planimetric analyses of plaque extension on canines, premolars. During each treatment period, the subjects were supervised when rinsing twice daily for 30 seconds with 15 ml of placebo or Plax, followed by brushing. The subjects performed a standardized poor brushing technique without toothpaste. No significant differences were noted between placebo and Plax for plaque extension on days, 2, 4 and 7. The results show that buccal plaque growth is equal after 2 × daily rinsing with Plax and placebo in subjects performing a poor oral hygiene.
Assessment of ultrasonic debridement of calculus–associated periodontally‐involved root surfaces by the limulus amoebocyte lysate assay
Authors: Chiew S. Y. T. , Wilson M. , Davies E. H. , Kieser J. B.
Published: December 2005

Abstract This investigation assessed the effectiveness of an in vitro ultrasonic debridement regime on periodontally involved teeth with visually‐detectable calculus deposits, using the LAL assay for lipopolysaccharides (LPS) as a marker of bacterial products. 34 single rooted teeth with extensive amounts of calcified accretions were selected, of which 10 served as uninstrumented controls for the estimation of existing LPS levels. The periodontally involved roots of the 24 experimental teeth were debrided with a Cavitron TF‐10 tip for a limited time using light pressure and overlapping strokes which ensured complete surface instrumentation without reference to the presence of calculus. Marked reductions in root surface area coverage by calculus were nevertheless achieved as assessed planimetrically from photographic records of the teeth before and after debridement. The root surfaces of each tooth were then stripped away and the harvested material subjected to ‘Westphal’ extraction and LAL assay for LPS. The resulting LPS yields from the experimental teeth ranged from <0.08 to 22.387 ng compared to 1,900 to 29,200 ng from the uninstrumented controls. The extremely small residual LPS yields from the experimental teeth not only confirm the efficacy of ultrasonic debridement but, when coupled with the lack of a relationship with the widely varying amounts of the remaining calculus, support the contention that bacterial plaque rather than calculus has the greater pathogenic potential. These results reinforce the growing impression of the superficial location of bacterial toxic products associated with periodontally involved root surfaces.
Clinical, microbiological and immunological characteristics of subjects with “refractory” periodontal disease
Authors: Magnusson I. , Marks R. G. , Clark W. B. , Walker C. B. , Low S. B. , McArthur W. P.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between attachment loss and clinical, microbiological, and immunological parameters in a group of 21 human subjects exhibiting poor response to previous periodontal therapy. All had been treated with periodontal surgery, tetracycline, and subsequent maintenance recalls to periodontists who, upon detection of disease progression, referred the subjects to our clinic. In our clinic, each subject received oral hygiene instruction and a thorough subgingival scaling and root planing utilizing as many appointments as necessary. Clinical indices, including gingival index, bleeding on probing, suppuration, plaque index, pocket depth, and duplicate measurements of attachment level from an acrylic stent, were collected at monthly intervals. Probing measurements were performed using the Florida Probe®. When significant attachment loss (0.8–1.2 mm) was detected in at least 1 site, a bacterial sample was taken from that site and from a comparably deep, but non‐progressing, control site. Microbial samples were enumerated by darkfield microscopy, on selective and non‐selective media, and by predominant cultivable technique. Blood samples were also collected to determine antibody levels against potential pathogens. There was no difference in the amount of plaque present in sites gaining or losing attachment, but losing sites exhibited more bleeding and suppuration. 20 of the 21 subjects were tested; of these, 17 exhibited elevated serum antibody against one or more of the following microorganisms: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides, gingivalis, and Eikenella corrodens. However, few, if any, of the “classical” pathogens were detected in the plaque samples obtained at the time progressive disease was diagnosed. The only exception was Streptococcus intermedius, which occurred in slightly higher numbers in active sites.
Self‐esteem as a predictor of toothbrushing behaviour in young adolescents
Authors: Macgregor I. D. M. , Balding J. W.
Published: December 2005

Abstract A survey of 4075 14‐year‐old children from secondary schools throughout England was made to obtain information about toothbrushing frequency, motivation for mouth care, and self‐esteem. Subjects completed a questionnaire, anonymously, in class. Toothbrushing frequency was found to increase significantly with increasing self‐esteem in males (P < 0.0001) and females (P < 0.05). However, there was no consistent variation with self‐esteem in those brushing 3‐or more times per day, in either sex. There was a significant variation in the main reason given for mouth care between the sexes (P < 0.0001); proportionately more females (67%) than males (57%) gave cleanliness or cosmetic effect as the principal reason for mouth care. A variation was observed in the mean reason given for mouth care with self‐esteem in females (P < 0.05), but not in males. However, in both sexes, as self‐esteem improved, there was a consistent increase in the proportions of individuals who brushed their teeth to make them feel clean. These findings suggest there may be a positive relationship between self‐esteem and toothbrushing behaviour and motivation for mouth care in adolescents.
The angular bony defect as indicator of further alveolar bone loss
Authors: Papapanou Panos N. , Wennström Jan L.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present retrospective study was to evaluate alterations of the alveolar bone level over a 10‐year period at tooth sites with “angular” and “even” patterns of bone loss, in subjects who were not exposed to systematic periodontal therapy. A further objective was to evaluate whether the presence of an angular defect can serve as a predictor of additional bone loss. 201 subjects in ages 25–70 years were examined radiographically on 2 occasions 10 years apart. 194 were dentate on the 2nd examination. The radiographic bone height at the mesial and distal aspect of all teeth was assessed by measuring the distance between the cemento‐enamel junction and the bone crest. The morphologic pattern of alveolar bone loss at baseline was assessed for each tooth site. Angular defects were classified as degree 1, 2 and 3, according to increasing defect depth. The change in periodontal bone height over the 10‐year period was calculated for each site. The results demonstrated an increased frequency of tooth loss among teeth showing presence of an angular bony defect at baseline; whereas 13% of the teeth with an even pattern of bone loss were lost between the 2 examinations, this proportion was 22%, 46% and 68% for teeth with an angular defect of degree 1, degree 2 and degree 3, respectively. Longitudinal bone loss of 2 mm occurred more often among sites showing an angular defect when compared to sites with an even alveolar bone morphology. Multiple regression analysis revealed a statistically significant increased longitudinal bone loss for tooth sites with angular defects, even though the individual subject's overall past experience of alveolar bone loss and the particular tooth site initial degree of bone loss were taken into account. With an overall incidence of additional bone loss of ≥ 2 mm of 23%, presence of an angular bony defect at baseline predicted longitudinal bone loss with 8% sensitivity, 94% specificity, 28% predictive value for the positive test and 77% predictive value for the negative test. It was concluded that, in absence of systematic periodontal therapy, the presence of an angular bony defect entails an increased risk for further alveolar bone loss.
A 2‐year follow‐up on the clinical and microbiological conditions of periodontium in teenagers
Authors: Asikainen Sirkka , Alaluusua Satu , Kleemola‐Kujala Eija
Published: December 2005

Abstract 87 teenagers were included in a 2‐year follow‐up study on clinical and microbiological conditions of the periodontium. The clinical status was determined according to the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) for subjects under 20 years of age. 59% of the subjects had at least 3 healthy sextants at the baseline and 68% at the 2‐year examination. The microbiological conditions were assessed by using direct dark‐field microscopy, and the culture of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.). Subgingival bacterial samples were taken, 2 for the microscopy and 2 for the culture, from the mesial surfaces of the first molars of each subject. The presence of gingival bleeding after probing was separately recorded from the 2 sites sampled for dark‐field microscopy. No gingival bleeding at these 2 sites was found at the 2‐year examination in 55% of those subjects who were non‐bleeding at baseline, in 46% of the subjects initially with 1 bleeding site and in 13% of the subjects with both sites bleeding at baseline. 55% of the subjects with neither fusiforms, motile rods nor spirochetes at baseline maintained their healthy flora for 2 years. A.a. was recovered in 4 subjects at baseline and in 5 subjects 2 years later, in 3 of them at both examinations. Longer follow‐up periods are needed to reveal the significance of the constant recovery of A.a. from the same subjects.
Periodontal repair in dogs Effect of heparin treatment of the root surface
Authors: Wikesjö Ulf M. E. , Claffey Noel , Egelberg Jan
Published: December 2005

Abstract Studies on periodontal repair to denuded root surfaces have suggested that initial clot adhesion to the root surface may be important for the nature of subsequent healing. To study this hypothesis, circumferential periodontal defects, approximately 5 mm in vertical dimensions, were surgically created and immediately treated around the mandibular premolars in 4 beagle dogs. Prior to wound closure, the root surfaces were treated with either the anticoagulant heparin or with saline. Tissue blocks were obtained at sacrifice 4 weeks after surgery. Histometric analysis showed that connective tissue repair to the root surface averaged 50% of the defect height for heparin‐treated teeth as compared to 95% for saline‐treated teeth. Junctional epithelium amounted to an average of 33% of the defect height in heparin‐treated teeth in contrast to 5% following saline treatment. It can be concluded that heparin treatment of the root surface compromises connective tissue repair, confirming clot adhesion as one prerequisite for connective tissue repair of periodontal defects.
Immediate response to non‐surgical periodontal treatment in subjects with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Tervonen Tellervo , Knuutlila Matti , Pohjamo Leena , Nurkkala Helena
Published: December 2005

Abstract The short‐term response (3–4 months) to non‐surgical periodontal treatment, i.e., oral hygiene instruction, scaling and root planing, was determined in 34 diabetic and 45 control subjects. Measurements of probing pocket depth and gingival bleeding (%) were used for evaluation. No significant difference could be observed in the response to non‐surgical periodontal treatment between the diabetics and controls.