bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Collaborating with the Enemy
Authors: Gubar Marah
Published: May 2009

The boys' adventure story is perhaps the genre that seems least likely to invite child readers to dodge rather than succumb to adult authority, since such stories often strive to brainwash boys into committing themselves to the imperialist cause. Chapter 2 argues that Treasure Island, long accepted as an exemplary text in this regard, actually functions as an anti-adventure story, inciting child readers to see through the seductive propaganda of typical desert island romances. Like Ewing, Robert Louis Stevenson portrays the project of draining foreign lands of riches as traumatizing and morally problematic. At the same time, he exposes flattery as the key narrative technique adult storytellers employ to seduce children into embracing the project of empire-building. Thus, the duplicitous Long John Silver butters up Jim Hawkins using the very same techniques employed by writers like W. H. G. Kingston and R. M. Ballantyne: addressing the boy as an equal, promising to tell him the truth, and portraying him as an invaluable collaborator in the project of subduing foreign lands. Treasure Island warns children to beware of the treachery of such silver-tongued adult storytellers.
Reciprocal aggression
Authors: Gubar Marah
Published: May 2009

In his famous photographs of children and in the Alice books, Lewis Carroll often displays a surprising willingness to jettison the solitary Child of Nature paradigm and explore instead the complex relationship that links children to adults, himself to his beloved child friends. Rather than single-mindedly insisting that a firm barrier separates young from old, Carroll frequently blurs this line, characterizing the child not as an untouched Other, but as a collaborator enmeshed in a complicated relationship with the adults who surround her. As in the case of the female children’s authors studied in Chapter 1, his work reveals a keen awareness of the fact that children are always already involved with (and influenced by) adults. But whereas they seem comfortably certain that children can nevertheless develop into creative agents who help shape their own life stories, Carroll remains unsure. He hopes that children can function as empowered collaborators, but—like Stevenson—he fears that the power imbalance inherent in the adult-child relationship ensures that all adults can offer children is a fraudulent illusion of reciprocity. Even his own cherished brand of nonsense literature, he suggests, can function as a form of coercion that pushy adults foist upon profoundly uninterested children.
1 Avant‐garde
Authors: Berg Hubert F. van den
Published: May 2009

This chapter gives an overview of the history of the term ‘avant‐garde’ as it has been used in the historiography of art. The point of departure is the lack of agreement as to the term's meaning. Noting the almost complete absence of the term in the statements of the early 20th‐century artists more recently viewed as representing the avant‐garde's apogee, the chapter emphasises instead the role of the 1960s avant‐garde in retrospectively constructing an ‘historical avant‐garde’ to serve as their legitimating forebear. The 19th‐century association of the term with the service of political ideology was essential to its appeal in the 1960s, but this putative radicalism was muddied by the later, early 20th‐century understanding that progressive artists should lead, not serve. The chapter also notes how the association of artistic avant‐gardes with radical political movements undoubtedly contributed to the avant‐garde's alleged demise in the 1980s and 1990s.
2 “Demolish Serious Culture!”
Authors: Piekut Benjamin
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses traces the path taken by the maverick composer, philosopher and activist Henry Flynt in the early 1960s, from a position at the heart of New York's downtown avant‐garde community, to his radical repudiation of the avant‐garde under the influence of the Marxist‐Leninist Workers World Party (WWP). The WWP both shaped the rhetoric of Flynt's attacks on the avant‐garde, and (through its militant advocacy of civil rights) encouraged his growing interest in black popular music. Paradoxically, this was to lead to tension with the WWP itself, which shared the culturally conservative outlook of Soviet communism. Flynt, by contrast, viewed “street‐Negro music” as representing the vanguard of musical evolution through its resourceful use of electric instruments and recording and broadcasting technology.
4 Aesthetic Theories and Revolutionary Practice
Authors: Kutschke Beate
Published: May 2009

The West‐German avant‐garde music scene of the early 1970s—the period in which the spirit of the New Left manifested itself most intensively in the musical field—was especially marked by the numerous discussions and debates about the nature of political music, its perfection and failures, conducted by musicians and music writers with endless energy and engagement. This chapter throws light on one of these debates: the argument between Nikolaus A. Huber and Clytus Gottwald in 1971–72 about Huber's composition Harakiri. It investigates the terms of the debate, firstly with regard to the musical facts—and in particular a comparison made at the time between Huber's Harakiri and Hans Otte's contemporary piece, Zero—and secondly with regard to the ideas of Theodor W. Adorno, who provided the New Leftist avant‐gardists with politico‐aesthetical ideas.
5 “Music Is a Universal Human Right”
Authors: Beal Amy C.
Published: May 2009

The Ivy‐League pedigrees of many of the Musica Elettronica Viva (MEV) composers seems to contradict their anarchic‐Marxist musical activities in Rome during the late 1960s. Influenced by the live‐electronic improvisations of John Cage and David Tudor, the Italian network of avant‐garde composers, and the intense collective work of The Living Theater, these self‐exiled Americans (including Alvin Curran, Frederic Rzewski, Richard Teitelbaum, and Jon Phetteplace) developed a radical approach to free improvisation during a time of political and social turmoil in Europe. Joining forces in Rome in 1966, they performed throughout Europe during the late 1960s and gained influence as an intensely politicized underground model for musical action. MEV soon made the journey from performing compositions to provoking free sonic rituals where artists and audiences made music with any means available.
7 The Politics of Presque rien
Authors: Drott Eric
Published: May 2009

Luc Ferrari's 1970 tape composition Presque rien no. 1—an apparently unretouched recording of daybreak on the Black Sea—has long been characterized as a transgressive work, breaking with established notions of compositional craft. However, statements made by the composer in the late 1960s point to a different way of reading Presque rien, one that situates it within contemporaneous debates concerning cultural democratization in France. The use of familiar, recognizable sounds to make experimental music accessible to a mass audience, along with the composer's stated desire that Presque rien might serve as a model for a new kind of amateur musique concrète, are read as responses to contemporaneous calls to reconcile avant‐garde music and popular culture.
9 “Scream against the Sky”
Authors: Everett Yayoi Uno
Published: May 2009

In 1960, a succession of massive strikes and violent demonstrations culminated in a national crisis in Japan, spurred by the United States‐Japan Security Treaty which gave the United States the right to use Japan as a military base, and thereby expanded the Cold War arena in East Asia. Socialist parties, artists, and intellectuals staged large‐scale protests (called Anpo‐Undô) in opposition to the authorities. Rejecting the fallacies of Japanese imperialism, this new generation faced the task of rebuilding their cultural identity from the charred ruins of post‐atomic history. This chapter examines the diverse aesthetic trajectories and reception of Japanese avant‐garde music that emerged during this critical period of transition, with particular attention to Tokyo's Sôgetsu Center for the Arts, and the works of Yoko Ono, Toshi Ichiyanagi, and Yûji Takahashi.
11 American Cultural Diplomacy and the Mediation of Avant‐garde Music
Authors: Fosler‐Lussier Danielle
Published: May 2009

Avant‐garde music played a small but important role in American cultural diplomacy during the cold war. In Western Europe, it was meant to demonstrate the United States' cultural sophistication; in Eastern Europe, to present a provocative alternative to socialist realism. In Asia, Africa, and Latin America, the music both engaged elite listeners and elicited feelings of respectful indebtedness from broader audiences. The latter relationship can be described as an unusual form of “gift economy” in which questions of prestige and value were negotiated through the medium of a musical performance with its accompanying publicity. While during the 1960s avant‐garde jazz and art music were treated alike in some respects, American officials were more likely to alter jazz programs, reflecting ambivalent expectations about their global audiences and about jazz as high art.
Cognitive Paternalism
Authors: Buckley F. H.
Published: May 2009

Cognitive paternalism would impeach choices which are misshaped by our judgment heuristics, instincts, or emotions. An important empirical literature at the border of psychology and economics suggest that we are often led astray by biases of one sort or another, and that in such cases we might attend to the paternalist to set us straight. This kind of paternalism was enormously popular in the last twenty years, but now seems to have been oversold. Our judgment heuristics are much more sophisticated and accurate than might at first appear, in the empiricist's laboratory. Apart from this, the cognitive paternalist who imposes fetters on choices will be affected by his own set of biases, notably the hindsight bias in which things just had to turn out the way they did. Because of this he is too likely to assume that decisions were poorly made.
Happiness
Authors: Buckley F. H.
Published: May 2009

A new empirical literature on what makes people happy would argue for paternalism if it could be shown that people don't know how to make themselves better off. Such studies do indeed suggest that we overwork. We seem to be on a “hedonic treadmill”, in which we always return to the same base set-point of happiness. We might get more goods, but as that happens we always want more and are never satisfied. Moreover, one person's success is offset by the envy this provokes in others. However, there is little reason to think this argues for paternalism. The empirical evidence is ambiguous, and the societies with the greatest personal freedom are also the happiest ones.
Private Perfectionism
Authors: Buckley F. H.
Published: May 2009

The perfectionist would enforce moral choices. He need not seek to “make men moral”, in the sense of reforming their characters, so long as he steers people away from immoral choices. Anti-perfectionists are called neutralists. While perfectionists and neutralists might differ greatly on the enforcement of morality, in practice they tend to converge. Liberal perfectionists would influence our choices in unobtrusive ways, for example by subsidizing favoured causes such as museums. And conservative neutralists would oppose state-enforced morality because they think they're more likely to be on the losing side. The space between American perfectionists and neutralists is thus much smaller than one would suppose, if all one did was listen to the shrill debate between partisans on both sides.
Conclusion
Authors: Buckley F. H.
Published: May 2009

This chapter summarizes the book's argument. It begins by redefining liberalism and a liberal, the latter which is defined as one who believes that people's preferences are prima facie worthy of respect. It is down to the paternalist or perfectionist to tell people why freedom should be curtailed. The book has examined different arguments for interfering with people's preferences. The book's main thesis is that a balance between paternalist and antipaternalist arguments, and perfectionist and antiperfectionalist arguments is needed.
Innovation for the 21st Century
Authors: Carrier Michael A.
Published: May 2009

In recent years, innovation has been threatened by the United States legal system. Much of the blame can be attributed to the antitrust and intellectual property (IP) laws. This book seeks to encourage a reversal of this trend, offering ten revolutionary proposals, from pharmaceuticals to peer-to-peer software, to help foster innovation. The book illustrates the benefits of improving the patent system and incorporating innovation into copyright and antitrust law. It also dips into a rich business literature to import ideas on “disruptive innovation” and “user innovation.” The book replaces the 20th-century view that the IP and antitrust laws are in conflict with a new 21st-century framework that treats them as collaborators. It also offers a comprehensive framework for the patent, copyright, and antitrust laws to promote innovation.
Intellectual Property
Authors: Carrier Michael A.
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins with an overview of patent and copyright law, offering a synthesis of the elements most important for innovation. It then explores justifications for intellectual property (IP). It asks whether IP is necessary by examining other incentives for innovation. Finally, it traces dangers of IP protection such as monopoly loss, innovation bottlenecks, and harms to disruptive and user innovation.
Antitrust
Authors: Carrier Michael A.
Published: May 2009

This chapter sheds light on antitrust. It begins with a primer explaining the most important of the regime's doctrines. It then places today's law in context by tracing the history of antitrust law. It concludes by surveying the evidence on the need for antitrust.
Pioneering Peer-to-Peer and Other Disruptive Dual-Use Technologies
Authors: Carrier Michael A.
Published: May 2009

This chapter examines dual-use technologies such as the VCR, computer, CD burner, iPod, TiVo, and peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing. It discusses the case of Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, in which the Supreme Court held that the manufacturer of the Betamax VCR was not liable for contributory copyright infringement. Given the importance of P2P software to current dual-use debates, the chapter introduces the technology and three judicial treatments of it (Napster, Aimster, and Grokster). It shows that the tradeoff between innovation and creativity is not as intractable as most courts and scholars have previously thought. The reason is that innovation, but not creativity, is drastically threatened by the selected test. The chapter introduces three dangers facing innovation: (i) an innovation asymmetry downplays new technologies' future benefits and overemphasizes copyright owners' present losses; (ii) an error-costs asymmetry reveals that a technology's abandonment has a far more drastic effect than its wrongful continuation; and (iii) a litigation asymmetry ensnares small technology makers in a web of complex tests and unaffordable lawsuits. The chapter explores the benefits of P2P technology, including distribution, the “long tail,” and promotion, and it's potentially serving as a counterbalance to the Google search engine and cloud computer. The chapter concludes by recommending a return to the Sony test, as this would foster innovation.
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act: From Pirates to User Innovators
Authors: Carrier Michael A.
Published: May 2009

This chapter focuses on the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), which prevents the circumvention of technological measures controlling access to copyrighted works. It begins by tracing the role that reverse engineering has played in the software industry as a matter of technology and law. It then introduces the DMCA's text and legislative history. It explores the most important cases that have applied the statute to competition-related issues, and examines the review process that the Copyright Office has conducted in granting new exemptions from liability. The chapter concludes with a proposal that seeks to remedy the anticompetitive use of the DMCA. Just to pick one example, such a proposal could reduce the price of ink in printer toner cartridges.
Biotechnology Dilemma 1: Patented Research Tools and Experimental Use
Authors: Carrier Michael A.
Published: May 2009

Research tools used by scientists are essential for innovation in the biotechnology industry. In recent years, the patenting of such tools has skyrocketed with many scholars and organizations lamenting this development. They have focused, in particular, on reduced access to research tools and an “anticommons” characterized by multiple patentees exercising rights to exclude. This chapter addresses the question of whether scientists are able to use patented research tools. It argues that industry and academia have forged a relationship that, at least at the present time, has displaced the need for changes to the law. The chapter offers three proposals that could be implemented if the situation changes. First is to protect “experimentation” on the invention, which uses the invention to study its technology or design around the patent. Second, it offers an amendment to the Bayh–Dole Act (which encouraged the commercialization of nonprofit inventions) that would require universities and nonprofit institutions to reserve the right to use the invention for non-commercial research. Third, it recommends empirical study of user innovation among research tool innovators.
Conclusion
Authors: Carrier Michael A.
Published: May 2009

This concluding chapter synthesizes the benefits of treating the IP and antitrust laws together in seeking to foster innovation. It recounts the wide swath of the economy and expanse of cutting-edge innovation topics covered by the proposals. It shows how the recommendations rescue Congress's intent, and recaps the nuance and practical nature of the proposals. It underscores the global appeal of the topics and analysis of the laws of Australia, China, the EU, India, Japan, and Korea. Finally it shows how the book seeks to carve out a greater role for innovation in copyright, patent, and antitrust law.
Modernism and the Ordinary
Authors: Olson Liesl
Published: May 2009

The book overturns conventional accounts of the modernist period as primarily drawn toward the new, the transcendent, and the extraordinary. The book shows how modernist writers were preoccupied, instead, with the unselfconscious actions of everyday life, even in times of political crisis and war. Experiences like walking to work, eating a sandwich, or mending a dress were often resistant to shock, and these daily activities presented a counter-force to the aesthetic of heightened affect with which the period is often associated. The book examines works by Joyce, Woolf, Stein, Stevens, Proust, Beckett, and Auden alongside the ideas of philosophers such as Henri Bergson and William James. The book shows how these writers responded to the difficulty of representing the ordinary without defamilarizing it or making it transcendent. The book also connects this problem to earlier modes of literary realism on both sides of the Atlantic, and situates modernism’s preoccupation with ordinary experience within the major historical events of the period, especially the two world wars. Ultimately, the book reveals the non-transformative power of the ordinary as one of modernism’s most compelling attributes: day-to-day experience comes to stand not as an impediment to the creative life, but as a satisfaction with the material rather than the spiritual, the local rather than the exotic, the constant rather than the unknown, and the democratic rather than the privileged.
Virginia Woolf and the “Cotton Wool of Daily Life”
Authors: Olson Liesl
Published: May 2009

This chapter first explores how Woolf associates the ordinary with prose rather than with poetry—a distinction that emphasizes how the genres were becoming less distinct, as both aimed to represent the “dirty work” typically associated with prose. The chapter then examines the significance of what Woolf calls “the cotton wool of daily life” in relationship to literary realism. Particularly in Mrs. Dalloway, daily life lies at the heart of Woolf’s representation of character. The novel also turns to the ordinary as an alternative to the trauma associated with the First World War. The chapter proceeds to show how the ordinary becomes an enduring fixation for Woolf in her subsequent novels. Her ambivalent use of “facts” in fiction is an ordinary style, as she herself implies in her long essay “Phases of Fiction,” an essay that reveals Woolf’s strong attachment to novelists who satisfy a reader’s need to believe in a recognizable world. Her determined disassociation from the Edwardians, whose work is entrenched in materialist facts, is considered in context of her admiration for many older novelists whose use of facts she emulates as a means of achieving the ordinary.
Tangential Cell Movements During Early Telencephalic Development
Authors: De Carlos Juan A. , García-Moreno Fernando
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which neurons are generated from the ventricular zone in the forebrain and migrate to their destinations in the cerebral cortex. Topics covered include radial migration, tangential migration, labelling techniques, and Cajal–Retzius cells. It is argued that the complexity added to the initial model of cortical development comes from the abundant populations recently discovered that use tangential migration. In turn, this reflects the intricate pattern of tangential movements during early telencephalic development. Although it was initially believed to be of little importance, this type of migration is fundamental during the earliest developmental stages.
Genetic Control of Cajal–Retzius Cell Development
Authors: Miquelajáuregui Amaya , Varela-Echavarría Alfredo
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses recent evidence on the genetic factors controlling Cajal–Retzius (C-R) cell production, differentiation, and migration during corticogenesis. Topics covered include genetic determinants of C-R cell differentiation, routes of C-R cell migration, and subtypes of C-R cells generated by distinct progenitor domains. It is shown that C-R cells are a heterogeneous population formed by distinct subtypes generated in different focal sites at pallial and subpallial locations that migrate toward the dorsal pallium following stereotyped routes. C-R cell subtypes differ not only in their place of origin and migratory routes but also in their gene expression profile.
Development of the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus
Authors: Swanson Larry W.
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins by outlining the structure-function organization of the adult paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). It then reviews some highlights of what has already been learned about its pre- and postnatal development, with an eye toward providing a conceptual framework for broader experimental examination of molecular mechanisms underlying the progression from differentiated neuroepithelium to adult three-dimensional structure, axonal connections, and function. Topics discussed include what neuroepithelial region that generates the PVH, when PVH neurons are born, relationship between PVH and supraoptic nucleus development, and the relationship between developing PVH and pituitary.
Alzheimer’s Disease–Related Mechanisms of Neuronal Dysfunction and Degeneration: Studies in Human Cortical Neurons
Authors: Busciglio Jorge , Deshpande Atul
Published: May 2009

This chapter reviews recent work illustrating the utilization of human cortical neurons for the study of molecular mechanisms of β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau-related neuronal degeneration relevant to Alzheimer's disease (AD). It shows that the emerging view of multiple Aβ species capable of deleterious effects at multiple levels co-existing in AD will require a refined therapeutic strategy to address Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity. A specific and complex pattern of tau isoform expression has been observed in human cortical neurons (HCN), which may play a critical role in the development of human tauopathies.
Aberrant Cells and Synaptic Circuits in Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery Patients
Authors: Cepeda Carlos , André Véronique M. , Yamazaki Irene , Kleiman-Weiner Max , Fisher Robin S. , Vinters Harry V. , Levine Michael S. , Mathern and Gary W.
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses studies on the properties of abnormal cells and synaptic circuits in pediatric cortical dysplasia (CD). It provides a working hypothesis concerning how CD tissue may be able to generate epileptic discharges. CD pathogenesis probably involves partial failure of events occurring during later phases of corticogenesis resulting in incomplete cortical development. The timing of these events during cortical development would explain the different forms of CD. Developmental alterations during the late second or early third trimester would account for severe CD with numerous dysmorphic and cytomegalic cells (CDII Type A and B), whereas events occurring closer to birth after the subplate has nearly degenerated would explain mild CD (CD Type I). As a consequence, subplate and radial glial degeneration and transformation would be prevented, giving the appearance of abnormal dysmorphic cells in the postnatal human brain. Failure of late cortical maturation could explain the presence of thickened, abnormally placed gyri with indistinct cortical gray-white matter junctions in postnatal CD tissue.
Functional Architecture of Directional Tuning in the Primate Motor Cortex During 3D Reaching
Authors: Merchant Hugo , Naselaris Thomas , Zarco Wilbert , Bartolo Ramón , Prado Luis , Pérez Oswaldo , Méndez Juan Carlos
Published: May 2009

The primary motor cortex (M1) maintains a dynamic representation of higher-order features of movement, most notably the direction of reaching. In fact, almost half of the cells in the arm region of the motor cortex show an orderly variation in activity as a function of the movement direction, with a peak of activity in their preferred direction (PD), and progressively lower rates for movements farther and farther away from the PD. This orderly variation of cell activity is characterized by the directional tuning curve that can be approximated by a cosine function. This chapter addresses the question: What are the anatomical bases for directional tuning? The micro- and macro-anatomical architecture of directional tuning in the motor cortex are discussed.
Embodied Visions
Authors: Grodal Torben
Published: May 2009

This book provides analysis of how human biology, as well as human culture, determines the ways films are made and experienced. This new approach is called “bioculturalism.” The book shows how important formats, such as films for children, romantic films, pornography, fantasy films, horror films, and sad melodramas, appeal to an array of different emotions that have been ingrained in the human embodied brain by the evolutionary process. The book also discusses how these biological dispositions are molded by culture. It explains why certain themes and emotions fascinate viewers all over the globe at all times, and how different cultures invest their own values and tastes in the universal themes.The book further uses the breakthroughs of modern brain science to explain central features of film aesthetics and to construct a general model of aesthetic experience, the PECMA flow model, which explains how the flow of information and emotions in the embodied brain provides a series of aesthetic experiences. The combination of film theory, cognitive psychology, neurology, and evolutionary theory provides explanations for why narrative forms are appealing and how and why art films use different mental mechanisms than those that support mainstream narrative films, as well as how film evokes images of inner, spiritual life and feelings of realism.Embodied Visions provides a new synthesis in film and media studies and aesthetics that combines cultural history with the long history of the evolution of our embodied brains.
Introduction
Authors: Grodal Torben
Published: May 2009

This chapter advocates an embodied approach to studying the film experience because mind and body is a functional totality, and it argues that film studies and other fields within the humanities would benefit greatly by cooperating with the sciences, especially evolutionary studies and cognitive and neurological science. It describes an approach called bioculturalism that combines scientific research on the embodied human mind with cultural analysis; it further discusses why the neglect of the biological aspects of humans has led to problematic research in film studies and the humanities in general, and some of the reasons that the humanities have been hostile to science and to Darwinism. It discusses how central features of films are molded by emotions and cognitive structures that evolved in prehistoric Pleistocene hunter-gatherer societies, and demonstrates why those social constructionist descriptions of films that take language and discourse as their models miss how basic aspects of the film experience take place in nonlinguistic perceptual, emotional, and muscular parts of the embodied brain. It finally provides an overview of the content of the book.
Universalism, Cultural Variation, and Children’s Film
Authors: Grodal Torben
Published: May 2009

This chapter argues that cultural diversity and cultural development are compatible with the assumption of a biological human nature that provides human universals. It shows that children’s films are shaped both by innate emotional needs and cognitive constraints and by specific cultural norms, using examples from Finding Nemo, Spirited Away, Lassie, Bambi, and others. It refutes the blank slate theory of the human mind—the strong version of culturalism—and also the arguments for strong biologism. It discusses the mechanisms of cultural variation and also those that promote cultural stability and universality, including a discussion of functional bundles of universally salient story elements. The effect of some of these mechanisms on genre patterns is illustrated, and an alternative, functionalist explanation is provided to Altman’s postmodern genre theory. Finally, the chapter argues against monolithic theories that claim that given periods or cultures—for instance “modernity”—can be characterized by means of homogeneous features, proposing instead that cultures are time-spaces in which many different forms exist and interact, so that heterogeneity is not a property of modernity, but typical of culture in general.
Character Simulation and Emotion
Authors: Grodal Torben
Published: May 2009

The chapter discusses how viewers simulate films, for instance by means of mirror neurons that induce viewers to simulate characters, and discusses the different theories about how we experience other minds. It analyzes how film viewing activates visual, acoustic, and emotional brain modules that are sealed off from higher mental mechanisms that evaluate the reality of visual input. The brain’s basic mode is to believe in and to simulate fictional and mediated worlds and characters, whereas higher-order cognitive functions try to diminish or suspend this basic belief. The chapter discusses several modes of film experience, from distanced observation to immersion. It argues that the problem with many rival theories of film viewing compared with a simulation theory is that they rely on erroneous ideas of how we experience everyday life and provide impoverished descriptions of the viewer’s experience. These theories rely on third-person emotions such as pity and admiration and exclude how films induce central first-person emotions such as love, hate, and fear.
The Experience of Audiovisual Realism
Authors: Grodal Torben
Published: May 2009

This chapter analyzes what viewers experience as real and argues that the feeling of realism is only loosely linked to what is actually real. It describes the explicit or tacit feelings that label the reality status of perceptions, cognitions, and actions, and shows that such feelings are shorthand tags for the way in which brain circuits evaluate the reality status of experiences in order to decide whether the embodied brain can act, “go,” or not. The go-signal is feelings of realism and the stop-signal is feelings of unrealness; physical or mental actions in fictions provide realism, and documentary representations may provide a lyrical and “unrealistic” feelings if they do not afford actions. The author discusses different types of realism: perceptual realism in contrast to categorical realism, which deals with what is generally and abstractly real; and discusses those types of realism that mimic direct reporting and use perceptual imperfections to warrant that this is a real, unstaged representation. Last, the chapter discusses the psychological reasons that films portraying negative experiences are traditionally more often called realistic than those that portray positive events, and why postmodern skepticism toward realism is unwarranted.
Religious Characteristics of Guodian Texts
Authors: Kenneth W. Holloway
Published: May 2009

This chapter outlines general principles of Guodian religion. The focus of the religious system is unification that involves the bringing together of distinct individuals. Maintaining our individuality is underscored by the physical presence of morality in each of our bodies that requires us to recognize minority as well as majority concerns within the society at large; therefore, Guodian texts describe a system that is intended for an entire society of individuals. It also requires a belief in the ability of others to act morally. The transition from the individual to the society requires faith, as it relies on others for its maintenance and propagation. Subsequent chapters will provide a detailed analysis of the important transition between individual ethics and a socially conceived system, which is the foundation of religious sentiment in Guodian texts.
Introduction
Authors: Liow Joseph Chinyong
Published: May 2009

The introduction presents the conceptual framework for the book and its central arguments. It discusses Islamism as a political ideology, as well as the nexus in the political science literature between Islamists, politics, and the state, exploring examples in various Muslim polities.
Genesis of an Islamist Agenda
Authors: Liow Joseph Chinyong
Published: May 2009

This chapter looks at the genesis of the Islamist agenda in Malaysia from the perspective of both Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS) and the United Malays National Organization (UMNO). Using the history of the Islamist opposition PAS and UMNO’s concomitant early responses to its rise as a lens through which to perceive the early tenor of Islamism in the Malaysian context, the chapter demonstrates how the party underwent several metamorphoses as it evolved to locate Islamism at the heart of its social-political agenda.
Open Secrets and Hidden Truths
Authors: Latham Sean
Published: May 2009

By the end of the 19th century, the realist novel’s distinctive mode of organizing social, historical, and aesthetic knowledge came under increasing pressure from the roman à clef. Amidst a rapidly expanding, mass-mediated celebrity, this long suppressed genre abruptly emerged from the margins of culture to play a key role in the founding texts of modernism. Using the work of Oscar Wilde and Sigmund Freud, this chapter contends that these two figures help initiate the onset of modernism precisely by turning toward the roman à clef, releasing narrative powers they quickly realized were well beyond their control. Unlike most of his predecessors, Freud regularly adopted the conventions of the roman à clef for his case studies, using this device as a way to mask (and sometimes mutilate) the identities of his often affluent patients while exploring the fraught boundary between fact and fiction in their psychic lives. Wilde, too, exploits these same ambiguities throughout his work. Like Freud, he attempts to cultivate and to exploit a central, organizing secret in his work that articulates the provisional identities and social practices hovering imprecisely between history and the novel.
The Coterie as Commodity
Authors: Latham Sean
Published: May 2009

The continuing expansion of the mass media in the 20th century, and particularly the emergence of mass-mediated celebrity culture, meant that an ever-growing audience imagined they had access to even the most exclusive circles. Uniquely positioned to exploit this fraught tension between the public and the private, the roman à clef became an increasingly popular genre, catering to a market hungry for scandal and snobbery. This chapter focuses narrowly on two such coteries, one in England and the other in Paris. The first organized itself around the imposing figure of Lady Ottoline Morrell, who, despite her generosity, was frequently satirized in romans à clef by D. H. Lawrence, Aldous Huxley, and others. Far from simpleminded acts of revenge, these works deliberately exploit the genre in order to escape the hermetic aestheticism of highbrow modernism and thus reap the considerable rewards of the wider literary marketplace. In expatriate Paris, Jean Rhys deployed the roman à clef in similarly strategic ways, using the masochistic protagonist in Quartet to attack Ford Madox Ford’s misogynistic bohemianism. Poised at the boundary between public and private, the roman à clef thrives at the intersection between gender, genre, modernism, and celebrity.
Supernatural Agents
Authors: Pyysiäinen Ilkka
Published: May 2009

This book provides a cognitive scientific perspective to beliefs about supernatural agents. First, human intuitions about agents, agency, and counterintuitive concepts are outlined and explained. Second, various kinds of folk beliefs and theological doctrines about souls and spirits are analyzed in the light of the human cognitive architecture, using descriptions of spirit possession and shamanism as materials. Third, scholastic discussions of God’s cognitive capacities as well as folk-psychological God beliefs are analyzed. This analysis combines with a discussion of Buddhist ideas of soullesness and of buddhahood in textual traditions and in folk beliefs. Beliefs about God and buddhas are shown to rest on the same cognitive capacities of understanding agency and intentionality that underlie spirit beliefs. The Buddhist doctrine of soullessness was originally a denial of the self as a separate spiritual entity, not a denial of personal agency. God and buddhas differ from ordinary agents in that they are believed to have open access to all minds. Therefore, they can serve as means of representing what persons believe others to believe. Such divine minds are also used as an explanation for the fact that the whole of reality is intuitively experienced as if intentionally directed by a personal will. The book ends with a discussion of the future of religion and atheism.
God as Supernatural Agent
Authors: Pyysiäinen Ilkka
Published: May 2009

The anthropomorphic gods of the Israelite myths were gradually elaborated into the philosophical idea of a triune God. What remains the same in the various folk-psychological and theological representations of God is the idea of personal agency: both El and Yahweh, God the Father in the definition of the council of Chalcedon, and Tillich’s “being itself” are persons. God also has a will and possesses knowledge. God’s omniscience means that s/he has a full access to all possible mental contents. God in a way represents all possible “orders of intentionality” at once (I know that she believes that he wants that she wishes that …). The mind of God thus is a shortcut to the shared knowledge of a group. The Church is regarded as the body of Christ made alive by the Holy Spirit.
A Survey of Family Ties Benefits
Authors: Markel Dan , Collins Jennifer M. , Leib Ethan J.
Published: May 2009

This chapter provides an overview of the multiple sites in which a defendant's family status is used as a basis for extending a benefit to that person within the criminal justice system. It explores how jurisdictions offer evidentiary privileges and other exemptions affecting evidence gathering that constrain the state from intruding into familial relationships. It then describes the efforts by some states to shield from prosecution family members who harbor fugitives from law enforcement officials. It also surveys family ties benefits associated with violence in the family, pretrial release, sentencing, and prison administration.
Applying the Framework to Family Ties Burdens
Authors: Markel Dan , Collins Jennifer M. , Leib Ethan J.
Published: May 2009

This chapter analyzes the various family ties burdens identified in Chapter 4. It offers a basis for how the normative framework in Chapter 5 contributes to a more comprehensive accounting when analyzing each family ties burden. The framework recommends caution about the bulk of the family ties burdens that have been identified and urges creativity in redesigning these burdens to make them less discriminatory.
Context
Authors: Rorem Paul
Published: May 2009

This chapter first introduces Hugh of St. Victor’s context as to early 12th-century Paris, the founding of St. Victor by William of Champeaux, and the leadership of Abbot Gilduin. It then surveys what little is known of Hugh’s life and discusses how to approach his many and varied writings. The edition of Hugh’s works supervised by Gilduin provides an order for introducing this corpus.
De Sacramentis, book two
Authors: Rorem Paul
Published: May 2009

This chapter introduces and summarizes book 2 of De sacramentis. It covers Incarnation, Christ, church, orders, garments, baptism, confirmation, Eucharist, minor sacraments, simony, marriage, monastic vows, vices and virtues, confession, anointing of the sick, the dying, and the afterlife.
Tropological (spiritual) Essays
Authors: Rorem Paul
Published: May 2009

This chapter introduces and summarizes some of Hugh’s essays on spirituality and meditation: on Prayer, In Praise of Love, On the Virginity of the Blessed Mary, on the Magnificat, on The Song of Songs, and others.
2 Systematic Theology as Analytic Theology
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: May 2009

This chapter explores a vision of systematic theology as analytic theology, describes in general terms what that might involve, addresses some objections, and illustrates how it might proceed by taking up two loci of systematic theology and shows what analytic theology might look like in practice. The chapter provides some suggestions on the division of labour between analytic theology and the epistemology of theology as this crops up in the place of prolegomenon in systematic theology.
6 Schleiermacher's Theological Anti‐Realism
Authors: Dole Andrew
Published: May 2009

This chapter examines the work of Friedrich Schleiermacher as a possible progenitor of contemporary theological anti-realism. It argues that Schleiermacher's treatment of Christian doctrines in The Christian Faith can be usefully compared to reductive anti-realism, and that there are aspects of his approach that mitigate the tendency towards reductivism. Properly understood Schleiermacher can be described as a theological anti-realist but only in a modest sense, and one which is predicated on his distinctive understanding of the duties of the theologian as much as on the nature of religious language. It is further argued that while there are useful lessons to be learned from Schleiermacher's theology, contemporary theologians are under no obligation to adopt his position on either religious language or the parameters of the theological enterprise.
10 The Contribution of Religious Experience to Dogmatic Theology
Authors: Sudduth Michael
Published: May 2009

This chapter explores the interrelated contributions of natural theology and religious experience to dogmatic theology. It examines the functional diversity of natural theology, which gives us good reason to view natural theology as an essential part of the discourse of dogmatic theology itself as the latter reaches toward the desiderata of systematicity, explication of biblical motifs concerning general revelation, and Church-world dialogue. It argues that natural theology and religious experience are conceptually and epistemically intertwined to such a degree that any attempt to integrate natural and dogmatic theology forces the dogmatician to consider the nature and deliverances of religious experience.
12 The Problem of Evil
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: May 2009

This chapter argues that one shortcoming of analytic philosophy is hemianopia: a narrow focus on left-brain processing skills. Because of this, analytic philosophers end up ignoring important sources of information, one of which is narrative. Narratives that relate one person's experience of another convey non-propositional information about the person (or about persons generally) that might, in principle, function evidentially in philosophical argument. This is of particular importance in theology; for the Bible is a rich source of narratives relating the experiences of God that have been had by various people.
13 Hermeneutics and Holiness
Authors: Westphal Merold
Published: May 2009

As an alternative to ‘analytic theology’, a ‘continental’ approach is presented in this chapter. The possibility that phenomenology, especially a phenomenology that has taken the hermeneutical turn, can be helpful to theology is explored. An affirmative answer is given both for the hermeneutics of finitude and for the hermeneutics of suspicion. These modes of reflection are especially helpful to theology when they put themselves in the service of theology's own telos, individual lives and communities of holiness.
Counterproliferation Policy
Authors: Joyner Daniel H.
Published: May 2009

This chapter considers the relevance of international law to the policies of states relative to WMD proliferation, with particular consideration of the arguable shifting of some states' policies away from an emphasis on combating WMD proliferation through the facilitating rules and diplomatic networks embodied in these various sources of non-proliferation law, and toward a greater emphasis on combating WMD proliferation through more forceful, proactive, and often unilateral or small-coalition-based counterproliferation policies. An overview of Chapters 7 to 9 is also presented.
The Challenges of Counterproliferation: Law and Policy of the Iraq Intervention
Authors: Joyner Daniel H.
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents the U.S.-led coalition's 2003 intervention in Iraq as a case study of the implementation of counterproliferation strategy as opposed to non-proliferation strategy. It reviews those principles of international non-proliferation law which applied to the actions both of Iraq and of the coalition forces, respectively, in the context of this intervention, and reaches conclusions regarding the compliance of the actions of the two sides with those legal obligations. It then discusses the implications of the intervention for considerations of the likely effectiveness and general advisability of the shift in emphasis in national policies away from the classic non-proliferation treaties and regimes system and toward more forceful and proactive strategies of counterproliferation, of which the intervention is an example. It is argued that the Iraq intervention of 2003 is a manifestation of this resetting of emphasis in the United States and in a limited number of other countries to favour counterproliferation efforts which, while sharing the classic non-proliferation aim of preventing the development, possession, and use of WMD, differs from traditional non-proliferation approaches in that they prescribe action in situations in which that use is not an imminent reality, but rather perceived to be a serious developing threat.