bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
10 Operatic Variations on an Episode at the Hellespont
Authors: Kimbell David
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines the vogue in 17th- and 18th-century opera for dramatizing the episode of Xerxes at the Hellespont. Thus, one of the most important ways in which people were educated about the Persian Wars at this time was through the imaginative fictions sung by the stars of this hugely popular form of musical theatre. The chapter considers the reason for this trend, as well as the way in which transformations of the familiar story illustrate the changing tastes in adapting history to the exigencies of the operatic stage. The discussion centres on Minato's libretto Il Xerse as set by the leading Venetian composer Cavalli (1654), the remarkable Xerxes in Abydos by J. P. Förtsch (1688), who was a leading figure in the first German-language opera house at Hamburg, Bononcini's Xerse (1694), and Handel's Serse (1738).
15 ‘People Like Us’ in the Face of History: Cormon’s Les Vainqueurs de Salamine
Authors: Schultze Clemence
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines the French academic painter Fernand Cormon's Les Vainqueurs de Salamine (1887). It shows how the Persian Wars chimed at this time with a mood of nationalist revanche and military reform. The War Minister General Boulanger enjoyed huge popularity, confronting Germany and passing measures to render the French army a citizen militia on ancient lines; Themistocles himself in the painting resembles Boulanger on his famous curvetting horse. It is little surprise that Cormon's contemporaries read the work as showing the Greeks as ‘people like us’, in their vulnerable bodily reality, their fervent patriotism, and in their supportive womenfolk. The Persian Wars theme here expresses through history painting the aspirations of ordinary members of a community at a critical turning point of world history.
16 Xerxes Goes to Hollywood
Authors: Levene D. S.
Published: January 2010

Rudolf Maté's The 300 Spartans (1962) was a commercial success and has enjoyed perennial popularity. More people in the 20th-century world acquired an understanding of the Persian Wars from this film than from any other single source. This chapter draws on archival research into journalistic responses to the film in the USA at the time of its release, and discovers alternative political resonance far more in tune with the domestic concerns of the American heartland than those which have dominated the discussion: Thermopylae has always held a special place in the American imagination as the classical forerunner of the heroic deeds of 1836 when the Catholic mission- cum-fortress known as the Alamo became the ‘cradle of Texan Liberty’. Persia was identified with Mexico and Leonidas with David Crockett and the other heroes of Texas.
17 The Guts and the Glory: Pressfield’s Spartans at the Gates of Fire
Authors: Bridges Emma
Published: January 2010

One artistic genre that has received comparatively little attention in studies of the reception of ancient history is that of the historical novel. This chapter shows that literary snobbery regarding novels concerning the Persian Wars can to some extent be justified — many 20th-century novelistic depictions of the conflict with Persia read simply as exercises in reproducing the Persian Wars topoi with little imagination and few attempts to engage the reader in a believable representation of the historical past. There are, however, some notable exceptions to such sanitized fictionalizations. The chapter focuses on Steven Pressfield's Gates of Fire (1998). This version of the Thermopylae story stands out largely because of Pressfield's refusal to shrink from dealing with many of the less appealing aspects of Spartan society and military training, as well as his vivid imagining of the horrors of war and the effects of conflict on the mentality of its very real human participants.
Competitive and Co-operative Strategies II: Directives
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines the use of directives — those speech acts by which a speaker tries to make an addressee do as he or she proposes. Sometimes speakers will use unambiguous imperatives; at others, exhibiting what Penelope Brown calls ‘negative politeness’, they will allow some degree of ‘interactional leeway’. Three categories of directive have been identified for study in the epics: imperatives, mitigated forms, and oblique directives and hints. The study concludes that although men and women understand the advantages of mitigated forms, and use them, there is a very high tolerance of imperative forms, whether voiced by men or by women. Young people addressing their elders, however, choose mitigated forms rather than bald imperatives. It is in this category alone that we find interesting reflections on status.
Competitive and Co-operative Strategies III: Interruptions
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth
Published: January 2010

In conversation people generally observe a principle of turn-taking. Interruption occurs when a participant breaks in on the person speaking in an attempt to take the floor. Interruption in Homer's world is relatively rare. This chapter evaluates the function of those interruptions that Homer describes, asking in particular whether we might associate interruption with the verbal behaviour of men or of women. Despite the evidence of the Iliad, which shows interruption as a pattern of dominance associated more with men, the evidence of the Odyssey indicates that there can be no single reading of interruption in Homer's world.
Storytelling and Gender
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines stories from the world of Homer to observe whether Homer is consistent in his representation of gender differences in storytelling in respect of theme, content, and presentation. Homer's men tell longer stories and observe other markers of men's storytelling in the Western world of today. Women tell fewer stories, but these are appropriate to the worlds in which they live: stories of failure, loss, and unhappiness. The exception is Helen in the Odyssey. Women, unlike men, do not seek praise and admiration; what they hope to hear are mirror-stories, which show that the point of their story has been taken. Their stories throw the physicality of the hero into relief against their own more passive role, in the home and with the family.
Jewish Slavery in Antiquity
Authors: Hezser Catherine
Published: January 2010

This book is an historical-critical study of Jewish slavery in antiquity, comparing the Jewish discourse on slavery with Graeco-Roman and Christian attitudes, and the first comprehensive analysis of Jewish attitudes towards slavery in Hellenistic and Roman times. It subverts many traditional views of Jews and slavery in antiquity; for example, showing against the traditional opinion that after the Babylonian Exile Jews refrained from employing slaves, that slavery remained a significant phenomenon of ancient Jewish everyday life, and generated a discourse which resembled Graeco-Roman and early Christian views while at the same time preserving specifically Jewish nuances. It examines the impact of domestic slavery on the ancient Jewish household and on family relationships, discusses the perceived advantages of slaves over other types of labor, and evaluates their role within the ancient Jewish economy. The ancient Jewish experience of slavery seems to have been so pervasive that slave images also entered theological discourse. Like their Graeco-Roman and Christian counterparts, ancient Jewish intellectuals did not advocate the abolition of slavery, but they used the biblical tradition and their own judgements to ameliorate the status quo.
Women, Slaves, and Minors
Authors: Hezser Catherine
Published: January 2010

The triad ‘women, slaves, and minors’, which is so pervasive in rabbinic halakhah, especially in tannaitic texts, seems to have been more than a convenient theoretical construct circumscribing the ‘other’ from which free male Israelites distinguished themselves. It seems to have been based on actual social circumstances and common assumptions associated with these groups. Women, slaves, and minors were associated with the private domain of the house, which was considered to be in need of proper regulation. The private sphere had to be subordinated to what was considered to be the common good. Rabbinic ordinances concerning various aspects of private life affecting women, slaves, and minors can similarly be regarded as attempts to control and regulate a sphere which was commonly considered to be chaotic and threatening to the proper order of society.
Slaves within the Household
Authors: Hezser Catherine
Published: January 2010

Probably at all times, a large proportion of slaves was employed in the domestic service, ‘for, by and large, personal servants were always slaves’. The number of domestic slaves employed in a household depended on the householder's wealth. While rich Greeks and Romans had hundreds or even thousands of household slaves, smaller numbers of servants were probably found in the houses of the less well-to-do as well. Especially in late antiquity, when the employment of slaves in agriculture seems to have declined, slaves were still found in the domestic sphere, where they remain predominant. In Roman-Byzantine times, from the second to the 5th century CE, slaves are mostly represented in the epigraphy of the cities and were employed in the domestic service, in crafts, and in administrative positions.
Prostitutes and Concubines
Authors: Hezser Catherine
Published: January 2010

One of the most fundamental characteristics of ancient slavery was the slave's lack of control over his or her own body. Slaves ‘were sexually available and completely subject to the will of their owners’. Even if they were not forced to work as commercial prostitutes, they would nevertheless serve as the functional equivalent of prostitutes as far as the owner himself, his family members, and his friends were concerned. The sexual exploitation to which they were subjected was similar in both cases. Graeco-Roman literary sources from Homer's Iliad to late antiquity provide ample testimony on this aspect of slave-master relationships. Members of the slave-owning strata of society did not need to frequent brothels: they had their own or their friends' private prostitutes available at all times.
Power Relationships
Authors: Hezser Catherine
Published: January 2010

Although slaves constituted a danger for their masters in certain regards, masters retained an ultimate authority over their household dependants. This authority was executed by physically punishing their slaves. The physical violence indicated that masters had unlimited control over their slaves' bodies. The control of slave owners' anger, on the one hand, and the problem of slaves' obedience, on the other, constituted serious issues which were discussed by philosophers and regulated by Roman imperial legislation. The proper and improper punishment of slaves also concerned rabbis, whose suggestions resembled Roman law in some respects but also differed from it in important particulars, especially as far as the master's power over his slave's life and death is concerned.
The Acquisition and Sale of Slaves
Authors: Hezser Catherine
Published: January 2010

The employment of slaves was advantageous only under particular circumstances, and these circumstances also determined whether slave owners would rely on slave labour only or combine slave labour with other types of work. The extent to which slave labour was used in Roman Palestine will have depended on slaves' availability and price. The trade in slaves was a common ancient phenomenon, and Roman Palestine is unlikely to have constituted an exception in this regard. The specific ways in which the ownership of slaves was transferred from one person to another are regulated by both Roman property law and rabbinic halakhah.
The Location of Slaves in Ancient Jewish Society
Authors: Hezser Catherine
Published: January 2010

Although the actual number and percentage of slaves in ancient Jewish society cannot be determined any more, one can hypothesise about the social and economic location of slaves amongst the Jewish inhabitants of Roman Palestine. One way to arrive at such a hypothesis is to look at the representations of slave ownership and slaves' activities in ancient Jewish sources. Another, complementary way to assess slaves' location is to look at their structural place in other Roman provinces and to use that model as an analogy. The problem with such an approach is that it may be too generalising, not taking local differences into account. If both of these approaches are combined, they may yield results which may approximate historical reality, although certainty can never be reached in this regard.
Slave Parables
Authors: Hezser Catherine
Published: January 2010

Slave parables are an important means of employing slave imagery for theological purposes. The large majority of these parables are transmitted in amoraic Midrashim, but some also appear in tannaitic Midrashim and in the Tosefta. This shows that the form of the slave parable was already known to the rabbis in the first two centuries but flourished especially from the third century onwards. Slave parables also appear in the gospels of the New Testament. Interestingly, both the gospels and rabbinic literature contain many more slave parables than parables featuring day labourers or tenant farmers. The slave parables can be seen as expanded metaphors which play with the various associations which the ancient slave experience provided and construct detailed and at the same time succinct theological vignettes out of them.
13 Unmarried Couples: The Legal Consequences of the Ending of the Relationship
Authors: Cretney Stephen
Published: January 2010

The twentieth century saw huge changes in public attitudes towards relationships outside marriage, but from early times the law — especially the Poor Law — made some attempt to deal with the problems which could arise when such relationships came to an end. Only in the last quarter of the twentieth century were there serious attempts to create a legal regime for the families of unmarried couples who live together in a relationship factually similar to marriage.
14 Parentage
Authors: Cretney Stephen
Published: January 2010

This chapter deals with the problems of deciding who should be treated as a child’s ‘parent’. At first, there was no alternative to using ‘presumptions’ — for example, that a husband was the father of any child born to the wife during the marriage — but the twentieth century saw the development of increasingly sophisticated and reliable scientific procedures determining who is genetically related to whom. The development of artificial insemination (and, latterly, other techniques of Human Assisted Reproduction) has made the attribution of legal parentage solely on the basis of genetic identity unsatisfactory.
16 Parents and Children: Legal Authority in the Family
Authors: Cretney Stephen
Published: January 2010

The common law gave the right to make decisions about a legitimate child’s upbringing to the father: the mother had no legal rights unless the court ordered that she should have a measure of authority. This ‘monstrous legal fiction’ was one of the first targets of the increasingly assertive women’s movement. A measure of equality was achieved in 1925, but only in 1973 was ‘full equality’ attained. If a dispute came before a court, it was increasingly recognised that the relevant criterion was to find what would best promote the child’s welfare. The children of parents whose marriage had broken down were thought to be in need of special consideration, but over the years the effectiveness of the legal procedures was increasingly questioned. In the latter years of the century, the question of whether children were entitled to make their own decisions on such matters as birth control and medical treatment became controversial.
17 Legal Adoption of Children, 1900–1973
Authors: Cretney Stephen
Published: January 2010

Unlike most European countries, at the beginning of the century English law did not have any procedure under which a child could legally be integrated into a new family. In the wake of World War I a restricted process was developed, but over the years many controversial questions had to be answered: should it be possible for a child to be adopted if a parent did not agree? And was it right to allow a child to be adopted by a step-parent, thus integrating him legally into a family but, equally, totally severing the legal relationship with the birth family? And should adoption be kept secret? At one time the case for preventing the birth parents from any possibility of interfering with the adopters’ relationships was thought to be of overriding importance, but more recently the desirability of allowing a child who has been adopted to find out the true facts about his or her origins has been recognised.
18 The State, Parent and Child: (1) Before the Welfare State
Authors: Cretney Stephen
Published: January 2010

Legislation seeking to protect vulnerable children goes back to the early nineteenth century, with measures aimed at those who abused ‘apprentices’ farmed out under the Poor Law. Then, magistrates were given powers to commit children to recognised Industrial and Reformatory schools, and philanthropists — notably Dr Thomas Barnado, but also others with a different religious conviction — set up ‘homes’ for deprived children, and the stage was set for litigation about the children’s religious upbringing. Many children were ‘fostered’ or ‘adopted’ by ‘baby-farmers’ and the resultant scandals helped create an atmosphere of concern, eventually manifested in the foundation of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children in 1889. Pressure led to more legislation, much of it creating criminal offences targeting adults guilty of cruelty. The Poor Law provided a measure of care for orphans and the destitute. In 1908, the Children Act brought together many of these different strands, and extended the grounds on which a child could be removed from unsatisfactory parents. Juvenile Courts were established, and in 1933 the Children and Young Persons Act marked the legislative high-water mark of the view that there was no real distinction between ‘treating’ the young offender and providing for the needs of the innocent but deprived. Increasingly, the State was given the lead.
The Call of the Wild
Authors: ARMSTRONG REBECCA
Published: January 2010

This chapter turns to the important, recurring images of wildness which can be found in the myths. The starting points are the two bulls of Europa and Pasiphae. Europa's encounter with Zeus in bovine form is superficially the antithesis of Pasiphae's love for a real bull: she is the object of the god's lust and does not herself desire the animal, yet some versions of her story efface this distinction, and make the bull a focus of erotic infatuation for the young Tyrian woman. The grotesque nature of Pasiphae's passion for her bull exerts a fascination over the poets, whose reactions and treatments range from the sympathetic to the unashamedly sensational.
Pasiphae in the Eclogues and Ars Amatoria
Authors: ARMSTRONG REBECCA
Published: January 2010

This chapter focuses on depictions of Pasiphae in the Eclogues and Ars Amatoria. In much Latin poetry, Pasiphae tends to be given a brief, frowning reference, a figure who represents in short-hand the worst excesses of female passion and deceitfulness. Yet despite the inclination to stereotype when Pasiphae makes a cameo appearance, the only two substantial treatments of her story in Augustan poetry present the reader with quite different, and challenging, views of the myth. Vergil offers an unusually subtle, sympathetic account of the queen's love; Ovid takes a more traditional tack, mixing disapproval with ridicule, but by mediating his version through Eclogue 6 and other poetic influences, he still creates a figure far more complex than the cliché she is supposed to represent.
The Homeric Hymn to Hermes
Authors: Richardson N. J.
Published: January 2010

This chapter argues that a closer analysis of Hymn to Hermes reveals that the central theme, Hermes' cattle theft, is framed by the two episodes of the invention of the lyre, and his appeasement of Apollo by its music and gift of the instrument to him. Both include songs by Hermes, about his own birth (54-61), and the origin of the gods in general (424-33). Both of these evoke comparison with songs of young men at feasts (55-6, 453-4). This simple structure is complicated by the last episode, concerning the arts of prophecy (526-68), which looks like an addition. It is shown that the themes of music and prophecy are closely interlinked.
Night Thoughts (Archilochus 23 and 196a West)
Authors: Handley Eric
Published: January 2010

This chapter considers Fragment 23 IEG and the Cologne Epode (196a IEG) of Archilochus. Fragment 23 is the end of an iambic poem preserved in P.Oxy. 2310 (vol. 22, 1954), first edited by Mr Edgar Lobel. From where it becomes comprehensible, at the end of line 7 of the surviving text, the speaker of the verses, ostensibly the poet representing himself, gives his reply to a woman whose words he has just finished quoting. He sets out to turn aside the bad things that she has heard people say. In the Cologne Epode (196a IEG), first published by Merkelbach and West (1974), again presents the latter part of a conversation between the speaker, ostensibly the poet, and a woman on whom, after an initial rebuff, he is once again exercising his arts of persuasion. In reply to his advances, she reminds him that there is someone else at home that he should think of.
Hipponactea quaedam
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: January 2010

Hesiod, Homer, and Aeschylus aside, few authors have been as well served by Martin West as Hipponax, in edition (IEG) and commentary alike. This chapter offers him herewith these quaestiunculae as a token of friendship and admiration.
Erasmus on Homer’s Moly
Authors: Kassel Rudolf
Published: January 2010

‘Aristoteles philosophorum, ne Platone quidem iuxta M. Tullium excepto, citra controversiam omnium doctissimus’ — so Erasmus, in the preface to the 1531 Basle edition of Aristotle, informs his dedicatee John More — ‘dicere solet, liberalium disciplinarum radices quidem subamaras esse, fructus vero dulcissimos. Quod idem rectius, utpote poeta, significare videtur Homerus quum, depingens Moly, herbarum praestantissimam et adversus omne maleficiorum genus efficacissimam, ait eam radice nigra esse, sed flore lacteo candidoque’. The assertion that Homer said the same thing as the Philosopher rectius, utpote poeta, must have caused many a reader to cudgel his brains in vain since the first edition. This chapter argues that what Erasmus meant has been rendered unrecognizable by a misprinted letter: tectius, utpote poeta. Cf. Ratio verae theolog. LB v p. 85 F ‘quod alibi dictum est tectius, alibi dilucidius refertur' and Adag. 1701 (ASD II 4 p. 151. 12) ‘Eodem allusisse videtur [Plato], licet tectius, libro tertio [Legum]’.
Introduction
Authors: Carroll Stuart
Published: January 2010

Vengeance fascinates us because it is always ambivalent. Ambivalent because it has two registers: one, vindictive, derives from instinct and comprises an impulse for revenge driven by passion and appetite; the other, vindicatory, derives from law and human society and incorporates retribution as a form of reciprocity or compensation that restores equilibrium. A study of vindicatory violence that crosses the traditional medieval-early modern divide and covers the age of absolutism is important for empirical reasons alone. While accepting that many violent exchanges between feuding groups may not involve bloodshed, this study is based on the assumption that blood taking is integral to the process of feuding, but that not all acts of blood revenge are necessarily indicative of a feud. This book investigates the causes and dynamics of vindicatory violence in early modern France, the role of kinship and honour in the process, the nature of combat, and how it was experienced, represented, and legitimised.
Quantifying Violence
Authors: Carroll Stuart
Published: January 2010

Even after the end of the civil wars, the duelling craze continued in France. The propensity to feud and duel ran in families. By quantifying violence involving the nobles, this chapter looks at the impact of civil war and the success or otherwise of royal pacification. Under Henri IV, deaths from duelling were estimated to be between 6,000 and 10,000, or approximately 350 per year. This chapter also presents a survey of the deaths of 772 gentlemen in duels and other forms of vindicatory action in the period 1550 to 1659 derived from all the sources, documentary and literary. Statistics on executions and punishment are also analysed. The very high death rates among gentlemen is not surprising; more surprising is that violence continued to remain high throughout the first half of the 17th century. An unshakeable belief in the right to violence lay at the heart of noble egotism.
Solutions
Authors: Carroll Stuart
Published: January 2010

When Louis XIV assumed personal control of the French government in March 1661, the problems caused by aristocratic violence seemed superficially similar to those faced by his grandfather and father at the beginning of their reigns. The reassertion of royal authority that occurred in early modern France under Louis was aided and in many respects preceded by long-term social, political, and religious change. From the 1570s, French thinkers had been struggling for solutions to the major problems of their day; they taught that the moral failings that had led to instability could be corrected by closer attention to the interior self. This chapter discusses the concept of civility and the views of Norbert Elias and Thomas Hobbes regarding the civilising process and manners, Louis XIV's initiatives to eradicate duelling and feuding as well as disputes, and the privatisation and militarisation of violence.
The Constant Age
Authors: SHEPARD ALEXANDRA
Published: January 2010

Apart from gender, age was the most directly acknowledged difference to inform constructions of normative manhood. Manhood was a distinct phase in the life cycle as well as a qualitative set of attributes. This chapter explores the ways in which accounts of the ages of man placed ‘man's estate’ at the summit of the life course and defined manhood in relation to youth and old age. Parenting manuals, father–son advice, sermons, and tracts on ageing approached manhood as an ideal to which young men should aspire and from which old men would decay. It is argued that although manhood was thereby portrayed as the golden mean of existence, it was nonetheless a rare commodity. Theoretically limited to a mere 10 or 20 years of the life cycle, it was restricted to a minority of men at any one time.
Introduction
Authors: Lasser Mitchel de S.-O.-l’E.
Published: January 2010

This book offers a major reassessment of comparative law theory aud practice, doing so from within the traditional core of the American discipline of comparative law. It represents in many respects a return to, or continuation of, classic debates about the similarities and differences between common law and civil law, mainly by disaggregating the issues of judicial transparency and accountability, democratic debate and deliberation, and judicial legitimacy in order to produce a detailed comparative analysis of the complex and often counter-intuitive relationships between them. This book looks at courts that are emblematic of civilian and common law judicial practice: the Cour de cassation of France, the Supreme Court of the United States, and the European Court of Justice.
Concluding Postscript
Authors: Lasser Mitchel de S.-O.-l’E.
Published: January 2010

This book has proposed an organisational prism for the comparative understanding of the judicial systems of France, the United States, and the European Union, one that turns on the bifurcated or integrated structure of their respective argumentative practices and on their institutional or argumentative means of generating judicial legitimacy. Whereas the French Cour de cassation model is known for its radical bifurcation, the U.S. Supreme Court discourse is precisely (and in contrast) the publicly integrated or conglomerate form of its legitimating judicial argumentation, which is to say the way in which it integrates both its more formalising and its more policy-oriented discourses in one and the same publicly accessible space: the judicial opinion itself. This approach obviously places enormous power in — but also enormous strain on — the American judicial decision. The European Court of Justice model softens the radical French bifurcation by publishing and thus tempering its two discourses.
Henry A. Wallace, Agricultural Economist
Authors: Ezekiel Mordecai
Published: January 2010

The contributions of the late Henry A. Wallace to agriculture, especially in the field of agricultural economics, are reviewed by one who worked with him during his years as Secretary of Agriculture. His early studies in agricultural prices, his pioneer use of statistical tools in price prediction, and his work on hybridizing corn are recalled. His work as Secretary included drafting competent agricultural economists for key posts in the Department, insisting on careful economic study as a prelude to decision making, establishing a Consumer's Council as a watchdog for consumer interests, and improving conditions for farmers through production control, soil conservation, government purchase and storage of surplus crops, rural resettlement, and rural electrification. As Vice‐President, he created the Board of Economic Warfare and directed its planning toward achieving the right kind of peace. As Secretary of Commerce, he supported the Full Employment Act. After his retirement from public life, he continued to work on increasing the productivity of poultry and farm plants. Throughout his life, his concern for the common man in the underdeveloped nations led him to support proposals which later were actualized in such organizations as the FAO and AID.
The Place of Ethical Theory in Business Ethics
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: January 2010

This article examines the relevance of ethical theory in business ethics. It explains the nature of ethical theory, provides an account of the leading theories, and explores the ways in which these theories form a critical resource for the treatment of practical moral problems. It discusses how theory connects to practice and provides several concrete examples of how ethical theory helps address practical problems in business ethics. It specifically illustrates how ethical theory can be helpful in analyzing the problems of whistle-blowing and affirmative action.
Executive Compensation: Unjust or Just Right?
Authors: Boatright John R.
Published: January 2010

This article examines executive compensation in the context of business ethics. It argues that high levels of executive compensation can be justified in a free market capitalist system if certain conditions are met. The conditions include that the bargaining between a chief executive officer and shareholders do not involve fraud or a breach of fiduciary duty. This article explains that some form of capitalism is morally justified and consequently both the principles of compensation in a free market and the patterns of distribution of income and wealth produced by the market are just.
The Moral Problem in Insider Trading
Authors: Strudler Alan
Published: January 2010

This article identifies the moral wrongness of insider trading. It examines the leading arguments for treating insider trading as morally wrong and suggests that these arguments are unpersuasive because they either rely on dubious empirical premises or assume normative premises that are equivalent to their conclusions. It concludes that it is the unconscientious dealings involved in insider trading that is the most persuasive moral basis for wrongfulness of insider trading.
Business in Politics: Lobbying and Corporate Campaign Contributions
Authors: Stark Andrew
Published: January 2010

This article examines the ethical issues in lobbying and corporate campaign contributions. It argues that corporate political activity in the form of lobbying must be carried out between the principle of freedom of expression and the principle of a government free from corruption. It analyzes the interplay between these two democratic principles and proposes eight guidelines that should govern eight of the most common types of corporate political activity.
Whistle‐Blowing, Moral Integrity, and Organizational Ethics
Authors: Brenkert George G.
Published: January 2010

This article examines the issue of whistle-blowing and discusses how employees should respond when something illegal, immoral, or contrary to company policies becomes known to them. It evaluates three prominent theories of when an employee would be justified in blowing the whistle. These are the Harm Theory, the Complicity Theory, and the Good Reasons Theory. This article identifies the strengths and weaknesses in each of these theories and proposes an integrity account of whistle-blowing. It also discusses organizational design issues that businesses should undertake to avoid the ethical issue of whistle-blowing.
The Mirage of Product Safety
Authors: Hasnas John
Published: January 2010

This article examines the issues of product safety and product liability. It suggests that the concept of safety is inherently a matter of subjective evaluation and the concept of an obligation to produce safe products is not well-formed. On this basis, it can be said that businesses do not have an ethical obligation to produce safe products. However, businesses do have an ethical obligation not to produce deceptively dangerous products, and this obligation derives from the general duty of honest dealing and not from a distinct duty of product safety.
Introduction: Philosophy of Education and Philosophy
Authors: Siegel Harvey
Published: January 2010

This introductory article explains the coverage of this book, which is about the philosophical aspects of education. It explains that the philosophy of education is the branch of philosophy that addresses philosophical questions concerning the nature, aims, and problems of education. The book examines the problems concerning the aims and guiding ideals of education. It also explores the problems concerning students' and parents' rights, the best way to understand and conduct moral education, and the character of purported educational ideals.
Educating for Authenticity
Authors: Cuypers Stefaan E.
Published: January 2010

This article explores the concept of educating for authenticity. It outlines the debate on free will to show how the main problems in the metaphysics of free will essentially connect with key issues in the philosophy of education. It examines Richard S. Peters' attempt to deal with the puzzle of naturalized self-creation in real time and Robert Noggle's contemporary attempt to resolve the paradox of self-creation. It offers a forward-looking account of educating for authenticity.
The Role of Religion in American Politics
Authors: Smidt Corwin E. , Kellstedt Lyman A. , Guth James L.
Published: January 2010

This article provides an overview of the major perspectives that can explain the connection between American politics and religion. The first section contains a short discussion of how scholars have conceptualized religion and then focuses on the theories that were advanced to explain the relationship of religion to American politics. Attention is given to some basic problems with the conceptualization and measurement of the religious variables that are emphasized by each theoretical approach.
Religion and American Public Opinion
Authors: Guth James L.
Published: January 2010

This article focuses on the ways religious factors might influence public opinion on foreign policy issues. It reviews the latest political science perspectives on the shape of public opinion on foreign policy that have emphasized the coherence of competing public orientations toward American policy in the world. One section considers the existing work on religion and public opinion, and discovers—through incidental evidence— that religion has had considerable impact on those orientations.
Clergy and American Politics
Authors: Olson Laura R.
Published: January 2010

This article observes the central currents in the literature on politics and clergy. The first section centers on charting a short historical map of scholarship on clergy and politics. It then considers the question of whether clergy are paradigmatic of other politically relevant social elites. It considers how one may categorize the politically relevant activities that the clergy engages in, and discusses the ways the existing literature helps in understanding whether and why clergy become politically active.
Religion and Politics and the Media
Authors: Vinson C. Danielle
Published: January 2010

This article studies the present and existing research on religion and politics and the media. It first examines the key findings in the field and evaluates the existing research. It identifies two major tracks in the scholarship on religion and politics and the media. The first centers on how mainstream media cover the intersection of religion and politics. The second examines how religious leaders and groups have attempted to use both mainstream and alternative media for political purposes.
Religion and Legislative Politics
Authors: Oldmixon Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2010

This article presents a review of the existing religion and legislative studies, which is a limited but slowly growing body of literature. It pinpoints one major challenge to scholarship, which is the conceptualization and measurement of religion. It then summarizes and critiques legislative behavior scholarship. The article introduces aggregate outputs and identifies the role of organized religious interests.
Parliament
Authors: Kelso Alexandra
Published: January 2010

Parliamentary procedure is not only for anoraks: the fact that government itself seeks to adapt the rules of the parliamentary game more often than it seeks to flaunt them is indicative of their centrality to understanding what parliament is about and the nature of its relationship to the executive to which it plays host. The Westminster Model provides one of the most useful ways to contextualize the study of parliament. This model helps in the understanding on how power is legitimized. The fundamental role of parliament is as an institution of legitimation. One of the most significant parliamentary debates concerns the nature and meaning of Westminster's scrutiny of the executive. The idea of parliamentary sovereignty has always been coloured by the understanding of the practice of executive sovereignty, but the whole notion of sovereignty is being even more deeply questioned at the start of the twenty-first century.
Central State
Authors: James Oliver
Published: January 2010

This article explores the conflict between interpretivists and mainstream researchers about the purpose of research and the role of theory, method, and evidence in the context of the British central state. It locates this debate within the context of the vaunted transition from government to governance. Moreover, the recent ‘third wave’ governance-theoretic research is described and the six specific research agendas in this field are presented: power in policy-making networks, multi-level governance, core executive studies, prime ministerial power, central departments and the administrative/politics interface, and the central state beyond departments. Finally, it locates the study of the central state within a number of broader themes and issues. The ‘first-wave’ analysis of governance was initially developed without any reference to the interpretivist approach and still sets the broad framework for current research. The vibrant current ‘third-wave’ research on governance has contributed knowledge about important substantive topics.
Devolution in the UK
Authors: Jeffery Charlie
Published: January 2010

This article first presents the features of the union state tradition. It then investigates the central themes in devolution research on the four nations of the UK. In addition, a number of overarching, UK-wide problems which arise from the failure to conceive of devolution as an integrated set of reforms to the UK state are covered. It argues that this disconnected approach to the UK's territorial constitution, while consistent with the traditions of the union state, is inherently unstable now that the UK has several governments rather than one, each with competing mandates. It further sets out a number of scenarios which may emerge as the UK grapples with this new territorial politics. The scope for the UK centre to hold the ring is compromised by its failure to renew itself for the post-devolution era and by its continuing preoccupation with England.
Localism
Authors: Davies Jonathan
Published: January 2010

This article evaluates the nature and significance of the localist turn, set in a theoretical and historical context. It explains two salient contradictions in New Labour's localism: its simultaneous appeals to market entrepreneurialism and conservative communitarianism and the fact that despite the rhetoric of localism, political centralism has increased. It first addresses the normative foundations of localism and centralism. It then explores how different conceptions of power have affected the study of localism. The emergence of contemporary localism is considered, before proceeding to examine the New Labour approach since 1997. The final section explains the Blair Paradox in terms of contradictions within neoliberalism. It is shown that if the coercive strategies of dissident movements are to be effective locally in the long term, they will have to assert themselves on the national and perhaps the international stages in an attempt to replace neoliberal capitalism.
European Devolution
Authors: Keating Michael
Published: January 2010

Devolution is a peculiarly British term and it was introduced in the nineteenth century to resolve a problem that is characteristically (but not uniquely) British. It is also a response to the spatial rescaling of economic and social systems; to shifting responsibilities of government and the need for new governing instruments; and to pressures for territorial autonomy. Since devolution is a general term covering a range of constitutional arrangements, it is difficult to break it down into specific models, yet two broad types can be discerned. The division of powers is described. Scotland possesses a high degree of legislative devolution with the full set of parliamentary, executive, and administrative institutions and a broad set of responsibilities as a general-purpose government. Its relationship with the United Kingdom is a quasi-federal one, like the Spanish autonomous communities. The devolution settlement in the United Kingdom is unstable.
Welfare Reform
Authors: Glennerster Howard
Published: January 2010

This article addresses the broader sense of ‘welfare reform’. First, it briefly outlines political science writing about British social policy in the immediate post-war era in order to contrast it with the ‘new politics of welfare’ that some commentators see emerging internationally after the economic crises of the 1970s. It explores how far such a description fits the British case. Moreover, it presents a comparison of welfare reform, in its narrower sense, in the USA and the UK to show how different institutional traditions produce different responses to apparently similar social and economic changes. Changes in politics of welfare have taken place in the nature of state involvement as society has changed. Policy is significantly influenced by the historical legacy of institutions, as it can be seen in the comparison of American and British interpretations of ‘welfare reform’.
The Logical Empiricists
Authors: Stöltzner Michael
Published: January 2010

Causation was a central theme for the movement of Logical Empiricism (LE); during its classical European phase — the 1920s and 1930s — and beyond. It would not become one of LE's alleged ‘dogmas’, unlike verificationism and the analytic–synthetic distinction. Rather, the topic of causation paradigmatically exhibits two important features of LE. First, the movement was intimately connected to the scientific developments of the day; its representatives tried to accommodate their analyses to those developments rather than insist on an unassailable philosophical outlook come what may. Second, their joint allegiance to scientific empiricism and modern logic, and the common agenda to replace traditional metaphysics by a scientific world conception, cannot conceal the fact that the members of LE stemmed from different intellectual backgrounds and pursued, the manifold cross-references notwithstanding, original trains of thought. Hence they reacted in different ways to the scientific revolutions that occurred during the heyday of LE, quantum theory foremost.
Causal Powers and Capacities
Authors: Mumford Stephen
Published: January 2010

A dispositional ontology, admitting a category of power or capacity, is thought by some to offer a vital insight into the nature of causation. Proponents believe that other ontologies lack the metaphysical resources to capture this insight. At its most ambitious, a causal powers ontology purports to offer a solution to, or dissolution of, the problem of causation. The argument is that the traditional problem of causation is generated by a faulty Humean ontology in which the world is described as a sum of ‘loose and separate’ distinct existences. Once the main Humean premise is accepted, of there being no necessary connections between distinct existences, then the notion of causation becomes immediately problematic.
The Psychology of Causal Perception and Reasoning
Authors: Danks David
Published: January 2010

Causal beliefs and reasoning are deeply embedded in many parts of our cognition. We are clearly ‘causal cognizers’, as we easily and automatically (try to) learn the causal structure of the world, use causal knowledge to make decisions and predictions, generate explanations using our beliefs about the causal structure of the world, and use causal knowledge in many other ways. Because causal cognition is so ubiquitous, psychological research into it is itself an enormous topic, and literally hundreds of people have devoted entire careers to the study of it. Causal cognition can be divided into two rough categories: causal learning and causal reasoning. The former encompasses the processes by which we learn about causal relations in the world at both the type and token levels; the latter refers to the ways in which we use those causal beliefs to make further inferences, decisions, predictions, and so on.
Causation, Action, and Free Will
Authors: Mele Alfred R.
Published: January 2010

Many issues at the heart of the philosophy of action and of philosophical work on free will are framed partly in terms of causation. The leading approach to understanding both the nature of action and the explanation or production of actions emphasizes causation. What may be termed standard  causalism is the conjunction of the following two theses: firstly, an event's being an action depends on how it was caused; and secondly, proper explanations of actions are causal explanations. Important questions debated in the literature on free will include: is an action's being deterministically caused incompatible with its being freely performed? Are actions free only if they are indeterministically caused? Does the indeterministic causation of an action preclude its being freely performed? Does free action require agent causation? This article concentrates on issues about action and free will that centrally involve causation.