bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting the distribution of invasive plants in the Ukrainian Carpathians under climatic change and intensification of anthropogenic disturbances: implications for biodiversity conservation
Authors: SIMPSON MARIA , PROTS BOHDAN
Published: November 2012

Biodiversity conservation in the Ukrainian Carpathians cannot be accomplished without a clear understanding of the factors negatively impacting habitats and species, and long-term projection of these impacts. One factor that may severely alter the ecosystems involved is the introduction and spread of invasive plant species, but the potential distribution and spatial aggregation of suitable habitats for several invaders have not been quantified. The Maxent approach was used to model the potential establishment within the entire mountain range of 11 alien invasive plant species based on stratified sampling and herbaria records and six variables representing climatic extremes, topography, and anthropogenic and natural disturbances. Predictions of habitat suitability were projected to two future change scenarios depicting increasing rates of climate warming and anthropogenic disturbances in 2050 and 2100. Under current climate and disturbance patterns, the models predicted suitable habitats for invasive species establishment to be aggregated in the south-west, east and north-east of the Ukrainian Carpathians, along major rivers and roads at altitudes of up toc. 700 m. Eight per cent of the total area within protected areas was predicted to be potentially susceptible to invasion by at least one species, with 13% of these susceptible habitats being suitable for all 11 species. Under the future change scenarios, suitable habitat ranges increased significantly in the entire study area and within regions of high conservation value. All species were projected to gain suitable habitats at higher altitudes along linear habitats and to potentially expand their ranges laterally from habitats predicted as suitable for current conditions along small rivers and roads. Under the scenario solely of increased average seasonal temperatures, suitable habitats for the establishment of at least one species within protected areas and a proposed ecological network increased by more than 15 percentage points by 2050 and by more than 30 percentage points by 2100 when compared with predictions for current conditions. Similar future patterns were discernible for the aggregation of suitable habitats for all 11 species. Incorporating increases in anthropogenic pressures into climatic-change projections led to a significantly greater projected expansion of suitable habitats for establishment as compared to scenarios considering only climatic changes. As the 11 species have already established viable populations within protected areas, further spread of at least one species is likely if conservation planning is not changed to include the management of invasive species in such areas.
The “Problem of Preferences”: Medicare and Business Support for the Welfare State
Authors: Broockman David E.
Published: November 2012

Few political observers would readily assume that a present-day politician's or interest group's claims about their preferences accurately reflect their genuine views. However, scholars often unwittingly make this very assumption when inferring the preferences of historical political actors. In this article I explore the influence of business groups on Medicare's passage to illustrate how inattention to political actors’ strategic misrepresentations can bias qualitative and quantitative research. An ongoing debate wrestles with the pattern that businesses often grant support to welfare-state expansions just before they occur, a regularity some take as evidence that business interests dictate these expansions. I use Medicare as a case study and document that key business groups and their allies did not truly favor the program. However, I also show that these actors strategically misrepresented their preferences as Medicare's passage became likely in order to advance more limited alternatives. The strategic nature of this position is exceptionally easy to miss; yet inattention to it produces the opposite, erroneous conclusion about these actors’ historical role. Medicare's legislative history thus illustrates the methodological necessity of documenting whether political actors are misrepresenting their preferences. I discuss how scholars can do so by tracing actors’ stated preferences across strategic circumstances, including audiences and time.
An investigation into the seroprevalence ofToxoplasma gondii,Bartonellaspp., feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) in cats in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: TIAO N. , DARRINGTON C. , MOLLA B. , SAVILLE W. J. A. , TILAHUN G. , KWOK O. C. H. , GEBREYES W. A. , LAPPIN M. R. , JONES J. L. , DUBEY J. P.
Published: November 2012

Toxoplasma gondiiandBartonellaspp. are zoonotic pathogens of cats. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) are immunosuppressive viruses of cats that can affectT. gondiioocyst shedding. In this study, the prevalence of antibodies toT. gondii,Bartonellaspp., FIV, as well as FeLV antigens were determined in sera from feral cats (Felis catus) from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Using the modified agglutination test, IgG antibodies toT. gondiiwere found in 41 (85·4%) of the 48 cats with titres of 1:25 in one, 1:50 in one, 1:200 in six, 1:400 in six, 1:800 in six, 1:1600 in eight, and 1:3200 in 13 cats.Toxoplasma gondiiIgM antibodies were found in 11/46 cats tested by ELISA, suggesting recent infection. Antibodies toBartonellaspp. were found in five (11%) of 46 cats tested. Antibodies to FIV or FeLV antigen were not detected in any of the 41 cats tested. The results indicate a high prevalence ofT. gondiiand a low prevalence ofBartonellaspp. infection in cats in Ethiopia.
Structure and life cycle of supraglacial lakes in Dronning Maud Land
Authors: Leppäranta Matti , Järvinen Onni , Mattila Olli-Pekka
Published: November 2012

Supraglacial lakes form in Antarctic blue ice regions from penetration of solar radiation into the ice in summer. Three lakes were mapped for their structure in summers 2004–05 and 2010–11 in western Dronning Maud Land, and one was also examined for the radiation budget. The lake body consisted of two layers, each ∼1 m thick: an upper layer with a thin ice layer on top and main body of liquid water, and a lower layer containing slush and hard ice sub-layers. A sediment-rich slush pocket was found at the bottom. Hydraulic conductivity of the lake body was 0.25–30 cm s-1 depending on the stage of evolution, with 6.3 cm s-1 for closely packed slush. Albedo of the lake was 0.4–0.6 and light attenuation coefficient was 0.5–0.7 m-1. The formation and the depth scale of the lakes are determined by the light attenuation distance and thermal diffusion coefficient, limiting the growth to less than about 1.5 m in one summer. The potential winter growth is more and thus the lakes freeze up in winter in the present climatic conditions.
EditorArrow: An arrow-based model for editor-based programming
Authors: ACHTEN PETER , VAN EEKELEN MARKO , DE MOL MAARTEN , PLASMEIJER RINUS
Published: November 2012

State-based interactive applications, whether they run on the desktop or as a web application, can be considered as collections of interconnected editors of structured values that allow users to manipulate data. This is the view that is advocated by theGECandiDatatoolkits, which offer a high level of abstraction to programming desktop and web GUI applications respectively. Special features of these toolkits are that editors haveshared,persistentstate, and that theyhandle eventsindividually. In this paper we cast these toolkits within theArrowframework and presentEditorArrow: a single, unified semantic model that defines shared state and event handling. We study the properties ofEditorArrow, and of editors in particular. Furthermore, we present the definedness properties of the combinators. A reference implementation of theEditorArrowmodel is given with some small program examples. We discuss formal reasoning about the model using the proof assistantSparkle. The availability of this tool has proved to be indispensable in this endeavor.
Co-culture embedded in cumulus clumps promotes maturation of denuded oocytes and reconstructs gap junctions between oocytes and cumulus cells
Authors: Feng Guixue , Shi Deshun , Yang Shufang , Wang Xiaoli
Published: November 2012

The present study was undertaken to establish an effective method for in vitro maturation (IVM) of denuded oocytes (DOs) by simulating the ovarian three-dimensional status in vivo using buffalo ovarian tissues or cumulus cells, so as to provide a model for investigating the mechanisms of oocyte maturation. Buffalo cumulus–oocyte complexes from ovaries taken at slaughter were denuded by pipetting, and then allocated randomly into four groups for IVM by direct culture in maturation medium (M1, control group), co-culture with a monolayer of cumulus cells (M2), embedded in cumulus cell clumps (M3) and ovarian tissue (M4) for 24 h. The nuclear maturation of DOs was assessed by the extrusion of the first polar body and the cytoplasmic maturation was evaluated by subsequently developmental capacity after parthenogenetic activation. More DOs matured to MII (56.89%) and developed to blastocysts (25.75%) when they were matured in vitro with M3 in comparison with DOs matured in vitro with M1 (45.14 and 15.97%) and M4 (40.48 and 13.49%). Further detection of gap junctions by injecting Lucifer yellow directly into cytoplasm of matured DOs with adherent cumulus cells and scanning with confocal microscope showed that Lucifer yellow were found in nine out of 11 the adherent cumulus cells in M3, indicating that the gap junctions between oocytes and cumulus cells was reconstructed in vitro. These results indicate that co-culture of DOs embedded in cumulus cell clumps can improve their nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of DOs, possibly through the reconstruction of gap junctions in vitro.
Multiple Patients with Carbon Monoxide Toxicity from Water-Pipe Smoking
Authors: Clarke Simon F.J. , Stephens Caroline , Farhan Maisse , Ward Patricia , Keshishian Catherine , Murray Virginia , Zenner Dominik
Published: November 2012

This case report describes carbon monoxide toxicity from prolonged shisha (water-pipe) smoking. The evidence base for the source and pathway of toxicity is discussed. This practice has been increasing in the UK in recent years, and emergency physicians need to be aware of the high levels of CO, with the consequent risk of clinical poisoning from water-pipe smoking.

ClarkeSFJ, StephensC, FarhanM, WardP, KeshishianC, MurrayV, ZennerD. Multiple patients with carbon monoxide toxicity from water-pipe smoking. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(6):1-3.
Minimum Data Set for Mass-Gathering Health Research and Evaluation: A Discussion Paper
Authors: Ranse Jamie , Hutton Alison
Published: November 2012

This paper discusses the need for consistency in mass-gathering data collection and biomedical reporting. Mass gatherings occur frequently throughout the world, and having an understanding of the complexities of mass gatherings is important to inform health services about the possible required health resources. Factors within the environmental, psychosocial and biomedical domains influence the usage of health services at mass gatherings. The biomedical domain includes the categorization of presenting injury or illness, and rates such as patient presentation rate, transferred to hospital rate and referred to hospital rate. These rates provide insight into the usage of onsite health services, prehospital ambulance services. and hospital emergency department services.

Within the literature, these rates are reported in a manner that is varied, haphazard and author dependent. This paper proposes moving away from an author-dependent practice of collection and reporting of data. An expert consensus approach is proposed as a means of further developing mass-gathering theory and moving beyond the current situation of reporting on individual case studies. To achieve this, a minimum data set with a data dictionary is proposed in an effort to generate conversation about a possible agreed minimum amount and type of information that should be collected consistently for research and evaluation at mass gatherings. Finally, this paper outlines future opportunities that will emerge from the consistent collection and reporting of mass-gathering data, including the possibility for meta-analysis, comparison of events across societies and modeling of various rates to inform health services.

RanseJ, HuttonA. Minimum data set for mass-gathering health research and evaluation: a discussion paper. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(6):1-8.
Guided Preparedness Planning with Lay Communities: Enhancing Capacity of Rural Emergency Response Through a Systems-Based Partnership
Authors: McCabe O.Lee , Perry Charlene , Azur Melissa , Taylor Henry G. , Gwon Howard , Mosley Adrian , Semon Natalie , Links Jonathan M.
Published: November 2012

Introduction

Community disaster preparedness plans, particularly those with content that would mitigate the effects of psychological trauma on vulnerable rural populations, are often nonexistent or underdeveloped. The purpose of the study was to develop and evaluate a model of disaster mental health preparedness planning involving a partnership among three, key stakeholders in the public health system.

Methods

A one-group, post-test, quasi-experimental design was used to assess outcomes as a function of an intervention designated Guided Preparedness Planning (GPP). The setting was the eastern-, northern-, and mid-shore region of the state of Maryland. Partner participants were four local health departments (LHDs), 100 faith-based organizations (FBOs), and one academic health center (AHC)—the latter, collaborating entities of the Johns Hopkins University and the Johns Hopkins Health System. Individual participants were 178 community residents recruited from counties of the above-referenced geographic area. Effectiveness of GPP was based on post-intervention assessments of trainee knowledge, skills, and attitudes supportive of community disaster mental health planning. Inferences about the practicability (feasibility) of the model were drawn from pre-defined criteria for partner readiness, willingness, and ability to participate in the project. Additional aims of the study were to determine if LHD leaders would be willing and able to generate post-project strategies to perpetuate project-initiated government/faith planning alliances (sustainability), and to develop portable methods and materials to enhance model application and impact in other health jurisdictions (scalability).

Results

The majority (95%) of the 178 lay citizens receiving the GPP intervention and submitting complete evaluations reported that planning-supportive objectives had been achieved. Moreover, all criteria for inferring model feasibility, sustainability, and scalability were met.

Conclusions

Within the span of a six-month period, LHDs, FBOs, and AHCs can work effectively to plan, implement, and evaluate what appears to be an effective, practical, and durable model of capacity building for public mental health emergency planning.

McCabeOL, PerryC, AzurM, TaylorHG, GwonH, MosleyA, SemonN, LinksJM. Guided preparedness planning with lay communities: enhancing capacity of rural emergency response through a systems-based partnership. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;28(1):1-8.
A neural network model of the effects of entrenchment and memory development on grammatical gender learning
Authors: MONNER DEREK , VATZ KAREN , MORINI GIOVANNA , HWANG SO-ONE , DeKEYSER ROBERT
Published: November 2012

To investigate potential causes of L2 performance deficits that correlate with age of onset, we use a computational model to explore the individual contributions of L1 entrenchment and aspects of memory development. Since development and L1 entrenchment almost invariably coincide, studying them independently is seldom possible in humans. To avoid this confound, we study neural network models that learn to solve gender assignment and agreement tasks in Spanish and French. We model the learner as a collection of recurrent cell assemblies that subserve working memory and are facilitated by trainable long-term connections. Varying the time-course over which assemblies and connections are added allows us to compare small, growing, child-like networks to fixed-size adult-like ones. Networks undergo variable-length exposure to L1 before L2 onset to control the amount of L1 entrenchment. This model, by allowing us independent control of both variables, lends us a novel glimpse of all sides of their interaction and affords a rare test of the less-is-more hypothesis. Network comparisons suggest that final L2 proficiency declines as L2 onset delays increase relative to L1, implicating an L1 entrenchment effect. However, aspects of memory development during learning play a key role in mitigating these impairments, lending support to less-is-more as a contributor to sensitive periods.
Evaluation of food and beverage television advertising during children's viewing time in Spain using the UK nutrient profile model
Authors: Romero-Fernández Ma Mar , Royo-Bordonada Miguel Ángel , Rodríguez-Artalejo Fernando
Published: November 2012

Objective

To evaluate the nutritional quality of products advertised on television (TV) during children's viewing time in Spain, applying the UK nutrient profile model (UKNPM).

Design

We recorded 80 h of four general TV station broadcasts during children's viewing time in May and June 2008, and identified all advertisements for foods and beverages. Nutritional information was obtained from the product labels or websites and from food composition tables. Each product was classified as healthy (e.g. gazpacho, a vegetable juice) or less healthy (e.g. potato crisp snacks) according to the UKNPM criteria.

Setting

Four free-of-charge TV channels in Spain: two national channels and two regional ones.

Subjects

TV commercials of food and beverages.

Results

A total of 486 commercials were broadcast for ninety-six different products, with a mean frequency of 5·1 advertisements per product. Some 61·5 % of the ninety-six products were less healthy, and the percentage was higher for foods (74·1 %). All (100 %) of the breakfast cereals and 80 % of the non-alcoholic drinks and soft drinks were less healthy. Of the total sample of commercials, 59·7 % were for less healthy products, a percentage that rose to 71·2 % during children's reinforced protection viewing time.

Conclusions

Over half the commercials were for less healthy products, a proportion that rose to over two-thirds during the hours of special protection for children. This suggests that applying the UKNPM to regulate food advertising during this slot would entail the withdrawal of most food commercials in Spain. TV advertising of products with low nutritional quality should be restricted.
ON THE NUMBER OF LIMIT CYCLES IN PERTURBATIONS OF A QUADRATIC REVERSIBLE CENTER
Authors: WU JUANJUAN , PENG LINPING , LI CUIPING
Published: November 2012

This paper is concerned with the bifurcation of limit cycles from a quadratic reversible system under polynomial perturbations. It is proved that the cyclicity of the period annulus is two, and also a linear estimate of the number of zeros of the Abelian integral for the system under polynomial perturbations of arbitrary degreenis given.
ON THE RANKIN–SELBERG ZETA FUNCTION
Authors: IVIĆ ALEKSANDAR
Published: November 2012

We obtain the approximate functional equation for the Rankin–Selberg zeta function in the critical strip and, in particular, on the critical line$\operatorname {Re} s= \frac {1}{2}$.
IRRATIONALITY AND NONQUADRATICITY MEASURES FOR LOGARITHMS OF ALGEBRAIC NUMBERS
Authors: MARCOVECCHIO RAFFAELE , VIOLA CARLO
Published: November 2012

Let 𝕂⊂ℂ be a number field. We show how to compute 𝕂-irrationality measures of a number ξ∉𝕂, and 𝕂-nonquadraticity measures of ξ if [𝕂(ξ):𝕂]>2. By applying the saddle point method to a family of double complex integrals, we prove ℚ(α)-irrationality measures and ℚ(α)-nonquadraticity measures of log α for several algebraic numbers α∈ℂ, improving earlier results due to Amoroso and the second-named author.
The Trajectory towards Marginality: How do Older Australians find themselves Dependent on the Private Rental Market?
Authors: Morris Alan
Published: November 2012

For older Australians being dependent on the private rental market is usually associated with serious financial hardship and insecurity. The article examines the housing careers of older Australians who are dependent on the private rental market. After sketching the policy context, it uses in-depth interviews and a biographical approach to explore their trajectory into the private rental market. Divorce, separation and widowhood were key factors, especially for women, as were poor employment histories and ill-health. The crucial factor was an inability to access social housing. The neglect of this housing tenure has meant that supply is very limited and it is reserved primarily for people with complex needs.
Workplace Pension Reform: Lessons from Pension Reform in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Collard Sharon
Published: November 2012

The UK Government's workplace pension reforms introduce major changes to the way in which employees save for retirement. Eligible employees will be automatically enrolled into a workplace-based pension scheme and, for the first time in the UK, employers will be legally required to contribute to employees’ pensions. This article critically examines the evidence from New Zealand and Australia, two countries that have undergone pension reforms similar in some ways to the UK reforms. We assess what we can learn from their experiences in two areas: firstly, how pension schemes are structured and, secondly, the outcomes for individuals. The evidence highlights the potential of automatic enrolment to overcome people's disinterest in pension saving. At the same time, relatively few UK employees are likely to choose where their pension savings are invested. As a result, default funds will play an important role in determining the pension outcomes for individuals.
A Switch of Language: Elizabeth I's Use of the Vernacular as a Key to her Early Protestantism
Authors: Booth Ted W.
Published: November 2012

From childhood Elizabeth was trained in the ‘New Learning’ and brought up under Protestant influences. Her juvenilia attest to this immersion in Protestant and humanist education. The youthful Elizabeth often wrote formal Latin letters in the style of the mediaeval ars dictaminis replete with humanist and Protestant imagery. She continued this style of writing throughout her brother's reign. However, after Parliament passed the Act of Uniformity of 1549, Elizabeth stopped writing formal Latin letters to her brother and switched to formal English ones instead. This essay will argue that this switch was intentional on the part of Elizabeth; and set within the context of the time gives an early clue to Elizabeth's solidarity with her brother's Protestant efforts in England.
Multiscalar model for the determination of spatially explicit riparian vegetation roughness
Authors: Manners Rebecca , Schmidt John , Wheaton Joseph M.
Published: November 2012

Improved understanding of the connection between riparian vegetation and channel change requires evaluating how fine‐scale interactions among stems, water, and sediment affect larger scale flow and sediment transport fields. We propose a spatially explicit model that resolves patch‐scale (submeter) patterns of hydraulic roughness over the reach scale caused by stands of shrubby riparian vegetation. We worked in tamarisk‐dominated stands on the Yampa and Green Rivers in Dinosaur National Monument, northwestern Colorado, USA, where questions remain regarding the role of vegetation in inducing or exacerbating documented channel changes. Hydraulic roughness patterns were derived from patch‐scale measurements made with detailed terrestrial laser scan (TLS) data that were extrapolated to reach scales based on correlation with light detection and ranging (LiDAR) (ALS) data. Two‐dimensional, patch‐scale, hydraulic models were used to parameterize the stage dependence of hydraulic roughness of typical patch types (i.e., sparse, moderate, and dense patches). We illustrate the value of using this approach to characterize vegetation roughness by applying our results to a two‐dimensional hydraulic model of flow for one of our study sites. Results from this work predict that the roughness of vegetated floodplains increases with flow depth and is dependent on patch‐scale stem organization. Geomorphically relevant patterns (i.e., areas of low or high shear stress that are likely to scour or fill during high flows) become apparent with the detail introduced by spatially explicit, depth‐dependent roughness. To our knowledge, the multiscalar analysis presented here is the first to mechanistically account for shrubby riparian vegetation stand structure, and associated hydraulic roughness of vegetation patches, at the reach scale.
Oceanographic variability in the South Pacific Convergence Zone region over the last 210 years from multi‐site coral Sr/Ca records
Authors: Wu Henry C. , Linsley Braddock K. , Dassié Emilie P. , Schiraldi Benedetto , deMenocal Peter B.
Published: November 2012

In the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), the variability in a sub‐seasonally resolved microatoll Porites colony Sr/Ca record from Tonga and a previously published high‐resolution record from Fiji are strongly influenced by sea surface temperature (SST) over the calibration period from 1981 to 2004 (R2 = 0.67–0.68). However, the Sr/Ca‐derived SST correlation to instrumental SST decreases back in time. The lower frequency secular trend (~1°C) and decadal‐scale (~2–3°C) modes in Sr/Ca‐derived SST are almost two times larger than that observed in instrumental SST. The coral Sr/Ca records suggest that local effects on SST generate larger amplitude variability than gridded SST products indicate. Reconstructed δ18O of seawater (δ18Osw) at these sites correlate with instrumental sea surface salinity (SSS; r = 0.64–0.67) but not local precipitation (r = −0.10 to −0.22) demonstrating that the advection and mixing of different salinity water masses may be the predominant control on δ18Osw in this region. The Sr/Ca records indicate SST warming over the last 100 years and appears to be related to the expansion of the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP) including an increasing rate of expansion in the last ~20 years. The reconstructed δ18Osw over the last 100 years also shows surface water freshening across the SPCZ. The warming and freshening of the surface ocean in our study area suggests that the SPCZ has been shifting (expanding) southeast, possibly related to the southward shift and intensification of the South Pacific gyre over the last 50 years in response to strengthened westerly winds.
Rare earth element concentrations and Nd isotopes in the Southeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Jeandel C. , Delattre H. , Grenier M. , Pradoux C. , Lacan F.
Published: November 2012

Three vertical profiles of rare earth element concentrations and Nd isotopic compositions have been measured in the remote southeast Pacific Ocean. The three stations represent contrasting environments: the oligotrophic center of the gyre (station GYR), the “transition zone” east of the South Tropical Front (station EGY), and the Peru‐Chile upwelling marked by a pronounced oxygen minimum (station UPX). Rare earth concentrations display nutrient like vertical profiles except at UPX where surface waters are enriched. At this station Nd isotopic compositions are clearly more radiogenic than in the open ocean, suggesting that boundary exchange process is releasing lithogenic rare earth element from the volcanic Andes. Unexpected radiogenic values (εNd reaching –3.7) are also observed at 2000 m at station GYR in the Upper Circumpolar Deep Water that commonly have εNd values around –6. Exchange processes related to hydrothermal activity are suspected to produce this increase in εNd in the vicinity of the East Pacific Rise. These results provide some guidance for higher resolution studies planned in this region by the international GEOTRACES program.
How much Northern Hemisphere precipitation is associated with extratropical cyclones?
Authors: Hawcroft M. K. , Shaffrey L. C. , Hodges K. I. , Dacre H. F.
Published: November 2012

Extratropical cyclones are often associated with heavy precipitation events and can have major socio‐economic impacts. This study investigates how much of the total precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere is associated with extratropical cyclones. An objective feature tracking algorithm is used to locate cyclones and the precipitation associated with these cyclones is quantified to establish their contribution to total precipitation. Climatologies are produced from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) daily dataset and the ERA‐Interim reanalysis. The magnitude and spatial distribution of cyclone associated precipitation and their percentage contribution to total precipitation is closely comparable in both datasets. In some regions, the contribution of extratropical cyclones exceeds 90/85% of the total DJF/JJA precipitation climatology. The relative contribution of the most intensely precipitating storms to total precipitation is greater in DJF than JJA. The most intensely precipitating 10% of storms contribute over 20% of total storm associated precipitation in DJF, whereas they provide less than 15% of this total in JJA.
Electronic structure of iron in magnesium silicate glasses at high pressure
Authors: Gu Chen , Catalli Krystle , Grocholski Brent , Gao Lili , Alp Ercan , Chow Paul , Xiao Yuming , Cynn Hyunchae , Evans William J. , Shim Sang‐Heon
Published: November 2012

A recent study attributed the source of an iron partitioning change between silicate melt and minerals at deep mantle conditions to a high‐spin to low‐spin change in iron, which was found in a Fe‐diluted Mg‐silicate glass at a similar pressure. We conducted X‐ray emission spectroscopy and nuclear forward scattering on iron‐rich Mg‐silicate glasses at high pressure and 300 K in the diamond‐anvil cell: Al‐free glass up to 135 GPa and Al‐bearing glass up to 93 GPa. In both glasses, the spin moment decreases gradually from 1 bar and does not reach a complete low‐spin state even at the peak pressures of this study. The gradual change may be due to the existence of diverse coordination environments for iron in the glasses and continuous structural adjustment of the disordered system with pressure. If the result can be extrapolated to iron in mantle melts, the small, gradual changes in the spin state of iron may not be the dominant factor explaining the reported sudden change in the partitioning behavior of iron between silicate melt and minerals at lower‐mantle pressures.
Reconciling tracer and float observations of the export pathways of Labrador Sea Water
Authors: Gary S. F. , Lozier M. S. , Biastoch A. , Böning C. W.
Published: November 2012

For more than fifty years, it has been generally accepted by oceanographers that the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) is the principal conduit of recently‐convected Labrador Sea Water (LSW) exported from the high‐latitude North Atlantic to the equator. Supporting this supposition is observational evidence that the waters of the DWBC have consistently greater equatorward velocities, higher concentrations of passive tracers, and younger ages compared to ocean interior waters. However, recent observations and simulations of floats launched in the DWBC in the Labrador Sea show that most water parcels are quickly ejected from the DWBC and follow instead interior pathways to the subtropics. Here, we show that tracer observations from the last three decades are compatible with the existence of both DWBC and basin‐interior export pathways. From analyses of observational data and model output, we find that equatorward transport in the basin interior is consistent with the large‐scale vorticity balance at mid‐depth. Furthermore, from the modeling analysis we show that despite higher, localized concentrations of tracer and particles in the DWBC, only 5% of particles released in the Labrador Sea are transported from the subpolar to subtropical gyre via a continuous DWBC pathway. Thus, the interior pathway is a significant contributor to LSW export.
WITHDRAWN: Source Duration of Stress‐ and Water‐Induced Seismicity as Derived from Experimental Analysis of P Wave Pulse Width in Granite
Authors: Masuda Koji , Satoh Takashi
Published: November 2012

We used analyses of pulse widths of P waves in granite measured during a laboratory experiment to investigate source durations of rupture processes for water‐induced and stress‐induced microseismicity. Water was injected into a dry granite sample under constant axial stress of about 70% of fracture strength and a confining pressure of 40 MPa. After elimination of the effects of event size and hypocentral distance from observed pulse widths we obtained scaled source durations of 0.50 μs and 0.26 μs for stress‐induced and water‐induced microseismicity, respectively. This difference suggests that the rupture velocity of water‐induced microseismicity is greater than that of stress‐induced microseismicity or that fault geometry is more equidimensional in the wet state than in the dry state. Our results suggest that pulse‐width analysis of P waveforms can be used to distinguish water‐induced events from those induced by regional stress and to characterize the faulting process.
Intraplate and interplate faulting interactions during the August 31, 2012, Philippine Trench earthquake (Mw 7.6) sequence
Authors: Ye Lingling , Lay Thorne , Kanamori Hiroo
Published: November 2012

On August 31, 2012, a large (Mw 7.6) thrust earthquake occurred within the subducting Philippine Sea plate seaward of a low seismicity region of the plate boundary (9.5°N–11.5°N), possibly as a result of horizontal compressional stress accumulation offshore of a locked megathrust. The mainshock ruptured from ∼30–50 km depth, with high radiated‐energy/seismic‐moment ratio and enriched short‐period P‐wave radiation. The nine largest aftershocks with global centroid moment tensor solutions (Mw ∼5.2–5.6) were shallow (10–13 km) normal‐faulting outer‐rise events, and a waveform template analysis using regional broadband data indicates many (48/110) similar normal faulting events (mb 4.0–5.5) and a few (8/110) likely shallow thrust faulting events on the megathrust with additional very small unidentified events. Coulomb stress perturbations may contribute to the mix of intraplate and interplate faulting. Geodetic assessment of any slip deficit on the megathrust is essential for quantifying the potential for a future large interplate rupture in this region.
Longitudinal biases in the Seychelles Dome simulated by 35 ocean‐atmosphere coupled general circulation models
Authors: Nagura Motoki , Sasaki Wataru , Tozuka Tomoki , Luo Jing‐Jia , Behera Swadhin K. , Yamagata Toshio
Published: November 2012

The Seychelles Dome refers to the shallow climatological thermocline in the southwestern Indian Ocean, where ocean wave dynamics efficiently affect sea surface temperature, allowing sea surface temperature anomalies to be predicted up to 1–2 years in advance. Accurate reproduction of the dome by ocean‐atmosphere coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) is essential for successful seasonal predictions in the Indian Ocean. This study examines the Seychelles Dome as simulated by 35 CGCMs, including models used in phase five of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Among the 35 CGCMs, 14 models erroneously produce an upwelling dome in the eastern half of the basin whereas the observed Seychelles Dome is located in the southwestern tropical Indian Ocean. The annual mean Ekman pumping velocity in these models is found to be almost zero in the southern off‐equatorial region. This result is inconsistent with observations, in which Ekman upwelling acts as the main cause of the Seychelles Dome. In the models reproducing an eastward‐displaced dome, easterly biases are prominent along the equator in boreal summer and fall, which result in shallow thermocline biases along the Java and Sumatra coasts via Kelvin wave dynamics and a spurious upwelling dome in the region. Compared to the CMIP3 models, the CMIP5 models are even worse in simulating the dome longitudes.
Global all‐sky shortwave direct radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols from combined satellite observations and GOCART simulations
Authors: Su Wenying , Loeb Norman G. , Schuster Gregory L. , Chin Mian , Rose Fred G.
Published: November 2012

Estimation of aerosol direct radiative forcing (DRF) from satellite measurements is challenging because current satellite sensors do not have the capability of discriminating between anthropogenic and natural aerosols. We combine 3‐hourly cloud properties from satellite retrievals with two aerosol data sets to calculate the all‐sky aerosol direct radiative effect (DRE), which is the mean radiative perturbation due to the presence of both natural and anthropogenic aerosols. The first aerosol data set is based upon Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Model for Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry (MATCH) assimilation model and is largely constrained by MODIS aerosol optical depth, but it does not distinguish between anthropogenic and natural aerosols. The other aerosol data set is based upon the Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model, which does not assimilate aerosol observations but predicts the anthropogenic and natural components of aerosols. Thus, we can calculate the aerosol DRF using GOCART classifications of anthropogenic and natural aerosols and the ratio of DRF to DRE. We then apply this ratio to DRE calculated using MODIS/MATCH aerosols to partition it into DRF (MODIS/MATCH DRF) by assuming that the anthropogenic fractions from GOCART are representative. The global (60°N~60°S) mean all‐sky MODIS/MATCH DRF is −0.51 Wm−2 at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), 2.51 Wm−2 within the atmosphere, and −3.02 Wm−2 at the surface. The GOCART all‐sky DRF is −0.17 Wm−2 at the TOA, 2.02 Wm−2 within the atmosphere, and −2.19 Wm−2 at the surface. The differences between MODIS/MATCH DRF and GOCART DRF are solely due to the differences in aerosol properties, since both computations use the same cloud properties and surface albedo and the same proportion of anthropogenic contributions to aerosol DRE. Aerosol optical depths simulated by the GOCART model are smaller than those in MODIS/MATCH, and aerosols in the GOCART model are more absorbing than those in MODIS/MATCH. Large difference in all‐sky TOA DRF from these two aerosol data sets highlights the complexity in determining the all‐sky DRF, since the presence of clouds amplifies the sensitivities of DRF to aerosol single‐scattering albedo and aerosol vertical distribution.
Dramatic Changeover of Regioselectivity in the Reduction of Propargylic Phosphates by Palladium(0)/SmI2/Proton Source System
Authors: Yoshida Akihiro , Mikami Koichi
Published: November 2012

Regiodivergent synthesis of allenes and acetylenes was established in the reduction of propargylic phosphates. The palladium(0)-catalyzed
reduction of secondary propargylic phosphates with samarium(II) iodide gave allenes or acetylenes by tuning proton sources (tert-butyl
alcohol or dimethyl L-tartrate).
Seed ontogeny and endosperm chemical analysis in Smilax polyantha (Smilacaceae)
Authors: Martins Aline Redondo , Carmello-Guerreiro Sandra Maria , Buckeridge Marcos Silveira , Silva Clovis Oliveira , Appezzato-da-Glória Beatriz
Published: November 2012

Smilax polyantha Grisebach is a species native to the Brazilian Cerrado biome and is known as sarsaparilla in folk medicine. Despite its popular use, little is known about the propagation of this species, which is still actively illegally exploited. The present study aims to analyse the seed ontogeny and perform endosperm chemical analyses in S. polyantha to elucidate the structural and chemical factors that could be associated with the low germination rates and structural organisation of the seed. The ovules are orthotropic and bitegmic, have short funicles, single collateral vascular bundles that end in the chalaza, and a hypostasis that is composed of chalazal and nucellar cells. The seed covering is non-multiplicative. In mature seeds, the cellularised endosperm has thick-walled cells, the embryo is small and the tegmen comprises two layers of periclinal elongated cells with a red–orange content, which are covered by a cuticle. Histochemical tests detected the presence of lipids, proteins and polysaccharides in the cellular content of mature seeds. Chemical analyses indicated 46.7% hemicellulose per total weight, 67.3% glucose, 30.7% mannose, 1.9% galactose and an absence of fucose, arabinose and rhamnose. In conclusion, the delayed seed germination in S. polyantha is associated with the seed endosperm cell walls.
Subjective well‐being in times of social change: Congruence of control strategies and perceived control
Authors: Grümer Sebastian , Silbereisen Rainer K. , Heckhausen Jutta
Published: November 2012

This paper investigates the association between perceptions of broader changes in the social‐ecological context and individuals’ subjective well‐being (SWB). Macro‐level societal changes such as globalization or demographic change give rise to new demands for individual functioning at work and/or in the family. Such new demands associated with social change are stressful and likely to be related to lower levels of SWB. Being active agents, individuals attempt to deal with social change and its increasing demands to protect their SWB. The present study investigates which kinds of control strategies are most effective in protecting one's SWB. Specifically, we predicted that control strategies of goal engagement will be most effective under conditions of perceived high control, and control strategies of goal disengagement will be most effective under conditions of perceived low control. In a large sample of 2537 German adults, work‐ and family‐related demands associated with social change were found to be negatively linked to SWB. Moreover and in line with the motivational theory of lifespan development, control strategies of goal engagement and disengagement were beneficial for SWB to the extent that they matched the perceived control of the demands associated with social change.
Allometric relations and consequences for feeding in small pelagic fish in the Bay of Biscay
Authors: Bachiller Eneko , Irigoien Xabier
Published: November 2012

Bachiller, E. and Irigoien, X. 2013. Allometric relations and consequences for feeding in small pelagic fish in the Bay of Biscay. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70:232–243. The body size of fish is an important factor in determining their biology and ecology, as predators eat prey smaller than themselves. Predator mouth size restricts the availability of possible prey. In this paper we provide the allometric relationships of eight common, small pelagic fish species in the Bay of Biscay. In addition, we describe the predator-prey size ratios for different species, and we determine changes in their ratio-based trophic-niche breadth with increasing body size. Results suggest that gape size does not totally determine the predator-prey size ratio distribution, but predators use the entire available prey size range, including the smallest. As they grow they simply incorporate larger prey as their increased gape size permits. Accordingly, a large degree of overlap was found in the diet composition in terms of size and predator-prey ratios, even between fish of different sizes. Of the species studied, only horse mackerels seem to be clearly specialized in relatively large prey.
Optimal spectral rectangles and lattice ellipses
Authors: Antunes Pedro R. S. , Freitas Pedro
Published: November 2012

We consider the problem of minimizing the
k
th eigenvalue of rectangles with unit area and Dirichlet boundary conditions. This problem corresponds to finding the ellipse centred at the origin with axes on the horizontal and vertical axes with the smallest area containing
k
integer lattice points in the first quadrant. We show that, as
k
goes to infinity, the optimal rectangle approaches the square and, correspondingly, the optimal ellipse approaches the circle. We also provide a computational method for determining optimal rectangles for any
k
and relate the rate of convergence to the square with the conjectured error term for Gauss's circle problem.
Proteins Reprogramming: Present and Future
Authors: Yang Yang , Liu Bin , Dong Jianwen , Zhang Liangming , Pang Mao , Rong Limin
Published: November 2012

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are of great clinical interest for they are derived from one’s own somatic cells and have the potential of committed differentiation without immunological rejection after autografting. However, the use of viral and other modified vectors may still cause tumorigenesis due to chromosome insertion mutation, leading to limited practical use. iPSCs generated by reprogramming proteins overcome the potential safety risk and complicated manipulation procedures, thus they own better application prospective, yet some technical difficulties need to be studied and resolved, for instance, low reprogramming efficiency, unclear transduction, and reprogramming mechanism. In this paper, we summarize the current progress of proteins reprogramming technology for generation of iPSCs and discuss the promising efficiency-improved reprogramming methods by proteins plus other kinds of chemical compounds.
Stem cell research: bibliometric analysis of main research areas through KeyWords Plus
Authors: Cantos‐Mateos G. , Vargas‐Quesada B. , Chinchilla‐Rodríguez Z. , Zulueta M.A.
Published: November 2012

Purpose

Research with stem cells is a biomedical venture with great scientific impact, and whose development flows over into many other areas. This article aims to present a dual analysis of Spain's scientific output in this field during the period 1997‐2007.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors used bibliometric indicators of a basic nature as well as techniques for the visualization and analysis of networks of scientific information based on a study of KeyWords Plus.

Findings

The output is mainly concentrated in Cataluña and Madrid, and hospitals are the most productive centres (followed by health institutes), where the main authors are affiliated. Main categories are hematology, oncology and biophysics. The outstanding areas of study revolve around the therapeutic use of transplant of hematopoietic progenitors, the processes of generation, proliferation and differentiation of lines of cells, and the study of neurosciences.

Originality/value

This study provides an overview of Spanish research involving stem cells, detecting and representing the main areas of research. The article considers the potential of KeyWords Plus in combination with the proposed methodology as particularly useful for the analysis and delimitation of a scientific domain.