bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Putting Pain to Paper: Endometriosis and the Documentation of Suffering
Authors: Whelan Emma
Published: September 2003

Although the elusive and subjective nature of pain has been examined in compelling ways in health studies, the implications for systems of pain documentation and measurement remain relatively unexplored. Two systems for the documentation of pain symptoms in women with endometriosis are examined, one developed by a gynaecological association and the other by a woman with the disease. All pain documentation systems must contend with a fundamental problem: that they permit the comparison only of accounts of pain, not of pains themselves. These two instruments shift attention away from the pain itself to evaluations of the perspectives of those accounting for and evaluating pain. It is argued that systems of pain measurement and documentation, rather than offering objective readings of pain, must be seen as the products of epistemological communities with particular interests, aims and methods which affect the construction of pain and its subjects.
Doctoring the Spirit: Exploring the Use and Meaning of Mimicry and Parody at a Healing Centre in the North of England
Authors: McClean Stuart
Published: September 2003

The widespread increase of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in western societies has been well documented, yet biomedicine has not been significantly challenged by this resurgence. Even within the more esoteric practices such as spiritual and crystal healing, I show how the hegemonic discourse of biomedicine is reflected in the healing acts. Spiritual and crystal healers seemingly infuse their practice with some of the language and science of biomedicine. This throws into question the conventional biomedicine/alternative medicine interface, and offers some insight both into the common metaphorical basis of healing and medicine, and the continued influence of biomedicine. This article addresses this theme in relation to the empirical example of a healing centre in the North of England, where I conducted an ethnographic study.
CarePlus: A Home and Community Focused Source for Health and Social Care Information
Authors: Emery D. , Cowan A. M. , Heyes B. J.
Published: September 2003

The growing population of older people need effective support in their own homes, including the provision of information that is relevant and accurate. Building on the findings of a previous three-year research study (ACTION), CarePlus has developed an on-line information service to meet the identified requirements of this client group in local community settings.

CarePlus is a quality assured system that contains bespoke information about local health and social care services at four pilot sites in the Trent region. It also provides a gateway to other on-line information sources. The study evaluates the information needs and preferences of older people and carers. It also charts the process of setting up an effective infrastructure for the collection, preparation and publication of local information.

Provisional findings suggest that initial perceived barriers to electronic information delivery are overcome when users access a comprehensive collection of local, relevant and up-to-date information. The CarePlus system provides an effective method of co-ordinating the delivery of locally focused and centrally managed information. The project has identified the need for agreed standards for maintaining currency and authentication of web-based materials relating to health and social care.
Discriminant Patterns of Consistency in Health Data Dictionaries: Implications for Evidence-Based Medicine
Authors: Lorence Daniel P.
Published: September 2003

An increasing amount of the medical information in health provider organizations is derived from electronic patient records (EPRs). As such, the quality of information maintained by healthcare organizations becomes a key component of the healthcare delivery process, with a corresponding need for consistent information collection and management methods. The objective of this study was to examine and compare adoption rates of EPR data reliability within clinical support systems, identifying regional variation across the USA. In a nationwide study of all accredited US health information managers, reported levels of data dictionary adoption in electronic patient records were examined. Results show that the majority of health information managers have widely disparate policies and procedures related to data consistency. Despite increasing reliance on consistency of data for comparative purposes, most organizations have not exhibited regular adoption of data dictionaries to uniformly define system-based information within their organizations. This occurs in an era where government-mandated data standards require greater uniformity of medical information. Utilization of EPR data in evidence-based medical decision making must be undertaken with caution, especially when outcomes or other decision support data are compared across states or regions.
A Novel Agent-Based System to Support the Single Assessment Process of Older People
Authors: Mouratidis H. , Manson G. , Philp I.
Published: September 2003

Older people often have a complex mixture of health and social care needs and several different health and social care professionals are involved in their care. National policy in England is to promote the single assessment process (SAP), an integrated assessment of health and social care needs of older people. However, most of the current information systems do not adequately provide the functionality that is required by health and social care professionals. In this paper we discuss the suitability of agent technology, explaining why we selected it as offering the greatest potential for efficient and flexible information collection and sharing, and for supporting effective care planning. Also, we point out benefits derived from the use of agent technology in the development of health and social care systems, such as the minimization of health and social care professionals' workload. In addition, we describe how we have developed a model for an integrated information system, based on agent technology, for health and social care needs assessment of older people. Finally, we discuss issues, such as security and mobility, involved in the development of such a system, which will need to be designed and tested prior to its implementation in health and social care practice.
Information Communication Technology in Public Health: The Role of Systems Modelling
Authors: Fahey D. K. , Carson E. R. , Cramp D. G. , Gray J.A. Muir
Published: September 2003

The National Health Service is being re-engineered. One of the components is that public health medicine needs to be delivered differently but effectively. It has been proposed that this should be done via managed public health networks (MPHNs). Underpinning this re-engineering there is an increasing role for ICT (information and communication technologies) and previous work suggests that most of the communication over the networks would be predominantly electronic. The development of MPHNs involves much complexity. This study aims to demonstrate the value of systems modelling when implementing and evaluating ICT in public health by applying it to their development.

Our objectives are first to propose system models and methodologies, which can be used to understand the critical elements and their inter-relationships within the MPHN. Second, we wanted to apply the information derived from the models to propose a prototype model and to produce a system-based implementation and evaluation plan to realize the network. These objectives were achieved by combining soft system methodology with soft systems diagrams to propose relevant systems models. We conclude that systems modelling facilitates the understanding, implementation and evaluation of ICT in healthcare.
HipMod: Development of a Multi-Agent Audit-Based Computer Simulation of Hip Fracture Care
Authors: Currie C. T. , Hoy D. , Tierney A. J. , Bryan-Jones J. , Lapsley I.
Published: September 2003

This paper describes the development of a computer simulation of the care of hip fracture, a common and serious injury with a complex journey of care. The project made use of a national, evidence-based guideline on hip fracture care, together with data from a national hip fracture audit and from service and research sources. To overcome the recognized limitations of such data in the modelling of care, clinicians from different specialties and disciplines working on hip fracture care participated by means of multi-agent-based modelling techniques.

The model followed the journey of care (admission, surgery, rehabilitation, discharge or death), and, by incorporating the clinical reasoning of experienced practitioners, was developed to reflect the realities of day-to-day clinical decision-making. It was evaluated in terms of the credibility of its outputs with clinical participants, and by formal statistical comparisons of its outputs with real outcomes from comparable groups of patients in the national audit.

The model was used to explore the impact of guideline compliance on care and resource use. Further modelling might serve to explore the implications of different service configurations for hip fracture care; to support service planning for demographic change; and to assist clinical training.
Assisted Internet Access for Patients in a General Practitioner Surgery: Helping the Information Poor
Authors: Solomons Richard E. B.
Published: September 2003

The elderly and the poor do not readily access health information on the internet, `the digital divide'. The objective of this questionnaire based study in a socially deprived area was to establish the demand for Internet access in a general practitioner surgery (with a helper available), and to determine the relationship of that demand and actual use to previous experience.

The influence of a general practitioner's encouragement and reasons for nonuse of the service were investigated.

Overall 63%(151/239) were initially interested in accessing the Internet, and of these 92% (139/151) required help. Only 1.8% (3/167) of patients without previous experience of the Internet, `the information poor' actually used the Internet with assistance. 6.9% (5/72) of those with previous experience used it and they were also much more likely 77.7%(56/72) v.s 22.7% (38/167),to wish to do so in the future. 75% (11/14) of patients did not follow a general practitioner's recommendation to use the Internet. The predominant reasons for non-use were lack of time and home Internet access. Patients unfamiliar with the Internet, `the information poor', were unlikely to use the Internet even with assistance.
`In a Peaceful Life'
Authors: Melossi Dario
Published: September 2003

Migratory movements and the accompanying criminalization and penalization of migrants are among the most ancient and recurring features of the modern world, true icons of modernity. A characteristic of the last 15 years of globalization has been the re-emergence on a large scale in Europe of such a recurring theme, this time extended to countries that used to be e-migrating countries and are now im-migrating countries, such as Spain, Portugal and Italy. After having estimated the extent of `overrepresentation' of foreigners in European penal systems today, I examine the situation in the Italian case and the specificities of the criminalization of foreigners in this country. I claim that we are now facing yet another episode in the recurring processes of forced inclusion, subordination and `subjectivation' of recruits into a new draft of the European working class, and that the concomitant criminalization and penalization are tightly related to those processes.
A `Reserve Army of Delinquents'
Authors: Calavita Kitty
Published: September 2003

This article explores the role of `irregular' immigrants in the political economy of Spain, their related criminalization and the forms of punishment that attach to their illegal status. Based on secondary data, government documents and field research, I argue that Spanish immigration laws primarily focus on defining levels of social and economic inclusion/exclusion, and that they have the consequence of marginalizing immigrants and consigning them to the extensive underground economy, as a kind of economic sanction for their illegal status. Finally, it is this punishment and the economic marginalization it helps constitute that shore up the `flexibility' that immigrants provide the post-Fordist economy and for which they are reluctantly tolerated.
Migration, Crime and Victimhood
Authors: Goodey Jo
Published: September 2003

This article explores the other side of European-wide concerns regarding unwanted immigration, associated crime and threats to national security; namely marginalized migrants' experiences of victimization. With the mainstay of criminological attention focused on transnational crime and criminals, this article examines criminal justice responses to women who are trafficked, primarily from central and eastern Europe, to work in the EU's sex industry. The nature and extent of sex trafficking is explored by characterizing both offenders and victims, and with reference to current criminal justice responses to the problem. The article promotes a three-pronged criminal justice response to sex trafficking, resting with prevention, prosecution and protection. This comprehensive approach is forwarded with a view to recognizing and responding to women's experiences as victims of trafficking. The promotion of women's needs, as victims, is also considered alongside what is currently on offer, and practical, for other victim categories in the EU.
A Question of Dangerous Races?
Authors: Angel-Ajani Asale
Published: September 2003

Europe has moved toward more repressive immigration laws and enforcement measures. In this article I argue that the intensifying policing of national borders has created state-sanctioned practices of targeting particular immigrant groups, based on race, gender and national origin. I examine the discourse of criminality, particularly notions of immigrant criminality that shapes the lives of documented and undocumented immigrants in Italy. I demonstrate that there is an increasing culture of suspicion, hostility and criminalization of immigrants, and particularly African women, in Italy.
To these Wet and Windy Shores
Authors: Young Jock
Published: September 2003

This article examines recent British immigration policy particularly with regards to the panic responses to the 2001 riots in Northern English cities. It places policy in the context of the social inclusionary project of New Labour, which it argues makes the fundamental mistake of assuming that the problem is because of lack of assimilation. In fact the problem is not because of lack of citizenship but of citizenship thwarted. Crime and social disturbance occurs in the second generation of immigrants who expect economic and legal equality but experience unfairness. This is exacerbated by social segregation that sets one group of marginalized people up against another. A policy of economic inclusion together with a critical multiculturalism is advocated.
`Doing Good with a Vengeance':
Authors: Fischer Benedikt
Published: September 2003

`Drug treatment courts' (DTCs) are a new institution in North American criminal justice for dealing with drug offenders. There are currently two DTC pilot trials in implementation in Canada. Based on a `therapeutic jurisprudence' approach, DTCs claim to rehabilitate rather than punish drug-addicted offenders, and thus to reduce drug use, recidivism and social cost. Given the current enthusiasm about DTCs, this article provides a critique of DTCs' rationale, practices and implications from evaluative, social and legal perspectives. It focuses on the Canadian experience where possible. The analysis examines: the limitations of the evidence and methods behind the claims of DTCs' effectiveness; the ontological and practical challenges of the proposed `bridging' of punishment and treatment; the legal and penological implications of `therapeutic jurisprudence' practices; as well as potential explanations for DTCs' rise in popularity despite the limited evidence for their positive impact. The article concludes with reflections on the implications of DTCs for the government of drug use as deviance in contemporary social contexts, as well as for political efforts towards less punitive drug control. DTCs may reinforce the hegemony of punitive drug use control—partly by coopting treatment strategies—and thus fundamentally protect the legitimacy of prohibition politics.
J'accuse: Probation Evaluation-Research Epistemologies
Authors: Farrall Stephen
Published: September 2003

This article, the second of two which deal with the current style of research into the outcomes of probation supervision, demonstrates, by way of two case studies, the sort of research which the author believes those working in this field should move towards. The data drawn upon come from a recently completed longitudinal investigation of probation supervision and its impact upon the subsequent offending careers of 199 male and female probationers aged 17-35. The sample—spread across six English probation services (as they then were)—was representative of national caseloads in terms of their age, gender, ethnicity and conviction history. The first article was published in volume three, issue two of this same journal.
Monitoring the Use of Illicit Drugs in Four Countries Through the International Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (I-Adam) Program
Authors: Taylor Bruce , Brownstein Henry H. , Parry Charles , Plüddemann Andreas , Makkai Toni , Bennett Trevor , Holloway Katy
Published: September 2003

The International Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (I-ADAM) program is a network of researchers from different countries following similar protocols for collecting urinalysis and self-reported data on drug use from detained arrestees. This article introduces the research community to this new program through basic descriptive findings. The focus of this article is not to analyze the differences found in drug use patterns in different nations. Rather, we demonstrate similarities and differences in findings in order to raise questions for future research, and to provide policy makers with information about the potential value and limitations of the I-ADAM system. Using I-ADAM data for 2000 from four countries (Australia, England, South Africa and the United States), we examine the rates of detainees testing positive for drugs and arrestee self-reports of past 12-month illicit drug use. This is followed by a comparison of results from the four different countries in terms of drugs used and offenses committed. I-ADAM has great potential to be a platform for researchers to broaden their study of the relationship between drug use and crime and examine variations in illicit drug use and their associated risk factors that are not country, nor culturally, specific.
Taking Citizenship Seriously
Authors: Faulkner David
Published: September 2003

This article examines the ideas of citizenship, social capital and community, and of personal and social responsibility, which have become prominent in Great Britain since the election of the Labour Government in 1997, and also in a number of other, mostly English-speaking, countries. They became especially prominent during the early summer of 2003 with the publication of the Prime Minister's Progress and Justice in the 21st Century (Blair, 2003), the Home Secretary's Civil Renewal: A New Agenda (Blunkett, 2003a), and Hazel Blears' Communities in Control: Public Services and Local Socialism (2003). The present paper reflects on the changing nature of the debate and applies the ideas of citizenship, social capital and community to the country's response to crime, to the current issues regarding the nature and purpose of criminal justice, and to the structure and accountability of the criminal justice services. It draws attention to the limitations of the criminal justice system, and of the state, in providing solutions to the range of problems connected with crime and the various forms of social disorder and unacceptable behaviour; and suggests how ideas of citizenship can help to inform social policy and professional practice, illuminate the reform of public services, and offer a sense of purpose and direction which will give vitality and legitimacy to developments in the future.
Road to authenticity and stability
Authors: Mazierska Ewa
Published: September 2003

The purpose of this article is to examine the discourse on travel and tourism in the films of one of the most famous French directors and co-creator of the French New Wave, Eric Rohmer, by looking at the holiday aspect of the lives of Rohmer’s characters, and the wider problem of the significance of geographical change in their lives. What interests me in particular is the opinion articulated in Rohmer’s films of what constitutes an enjoyable and morally valuable tourist experience and, more broadly, a satisfactory transition from one place to another.

Rather than adopting a rigid definition of tourism and holiday-making, I attempt to reconstruct Rohmer’s own discourse on tourism. However, in my work I will refer to the work of several authors, such as Zygmunt Bauman and John Urry, who discuss tourism both as an actual experience and as a metaphor of the modern/postmodern condition.
Location, location, location
Authors: Torchin Leshu
Published: September 2003

The binary opposition of authenticity and artificiality, complete with a narrative of artifice’s conquest of the authentic, haunts much of Tourism Studies. Tourists, as modern figures, seek the authentic in order to escape from their own world, increasingly dictated by simulacra, or the Post-Tourist, as postmodern figure, revels in the consumption of sign worlds, delighting in the buoyancy of unanchored referents. Continuing this trajectory leaves us, and the tourist, with nowhere to go.

The Manhattan TV Tour, a tour of New York City according to television locations, suggests another relationship between these conflicted poles. Rather than offering a simulated, seamless entry into the fictive, the tour drags representational, cultural and historical files into each site and thus performs the spatial incongruities (‘bloopers’) of each site. This performance requires a constant negotiation of space for the tourist, a negotiation not entirely unlike that demanded in the very act of watching television. The spatial dissonance complicates the presumptions of a core authenticity and of pure simulacra, encouraging what Chris Rojek has termed ‘restless movement’, a movement that provides the destination for the TV tourist and an alternative way of configuring the relationship between actual and virtual worlds.
My heart’s in the small lands
Authors: Momchedjikova Blagovesta
Published: September 2003

To make his own input in the consolidation of New York City visible at the New York World’s Fair of 1964-65, the controversial city-builder Robert Moses commissioned a scale model exhibit offering an up-to-date comprehensive aerial view of the metropolis - the Panorama of the City of New York. Located in the Queens Museum of Art, the Panorama is, to this day, periodically updated in order to accommodate all changes and new buildings of the city. A model of the city, the miniature metropolis is also a model city: unpeopled, clean, clear-cut, safe, and quiet. Complete as a view, the scale model is, hence, incomplete as a representation: the visibility of the architectural environment precludes the visibility of those who inhabit it.

Despite its stasis, the Panorama exhibit offers a non-static experience of the city; once viewing the scale model from rail-cars simulating a helicopter ride along the periphery, today observers walk around it on an ascending ramp, finding their way through pamphlets and labels or following the museum guide who narrates it. The exhibit is, then, paradoxically, both aerial and pedestrian, allowing observers to read, listen to, or remember historical facts and personal movements in the actual metropolis, while walking around and above its miniaturized still version. They thus constantly negotiate two cities: the visible built one of the scale model in the museum and the invisible lived one of people and their interactions in mind and memory. In this article I will argue that the dynamics between the moving, remembering observer and the static view transforms the miniature city into a memory palace of the lived city and examine the roles of the tour guide and the commemorative World Trade Center (WTC) installation in this transformation.
A survey of doctoral theses accepted by universities in the UK and Ireland for studies related to tourism, 1990-1999
Authors: Botterill David , Haven Claire , Gale Tim
Published: September 2003

The Index of Theses provided the single source for multiple searches utilizing the following key words: ‘holiday’, ‘holidaymaker’, ‘holidays’, ‘tourism’, ‘tourist’, ‘tourists’, ‘travel’, ‘visitor’ and ‘visitors’. A refined list of 149 doctoral theses accepted by universities in the UK and Ireland between 1990 and 1999 is reported. Results of the survey are reported for awarding university and year of acceptance, subject categories, location of fieldwork and methods of data collection and analysis. The universities of Strathclyde and Surrey accepted just over a quarter of all theses in the reported period. The frequency of accepted theses rose from four in 1990 to 29 in 1997 with a mean yearly average since 1996 of 23. Twenty-two subject categories were created. Four frequent areas of study were reported; development, impact, behaviour and industry and these accounted for approximately half of the theses. Fieldwork locations were spread across the major regions of the world with studies of the UK comprising less than a quarter of the theses. The analysis of methods confirms the prevailing influence of positivist (questionnaire) and hermeneutic (interview) epistemologies in these studies of tourism.
Time Travels in Whaling Boats
Authors: Lundberg Anita
Published: September 2003

Reading this article is to embark on an adventure through certain ethnographic and archaeological texts about a specific form of boat construction. The voyage sets out from the village of Lamalera in Eastern Indonesia where whaling boats continue to be built according to traditions passed on by the ancestors. However, while researchers write about boats, they simultaneously board the boats in order to construct the sequence of their narratives. Whether they journey back through the eastern archipelagos in search of the origin of a boat's design; or follow the plank by plank construction sequence; or whether they find a leak in previous boat building discourse - all are involved in intricate relations of becoming through the materiality of the very boats they desire to observe and describe. Narratives are premised on unquestioned notions of linear time and travel. In this article, however, readers find themselves carried along on a different voyage, where time and travel are always in the here and now.
`When the Hand that Holds the Trowel is Black...'
Authors: Shepherd Nick
Published: September 2003

This article uses images from the archive of John Goodwin, one of the first professional archaeologists in sub-Saharan Africa, to open up a set of questions around relations of work in archaeology - in particular, practices involving the use of `native' labour. It seeks to tell the story of those men who dug, sieved, sorted, located sites and finds, fetched and carried, pitched camp, cooked and served food, negotiated with local chiefs and suppliers, and assisted in the interpretation of artefacts and events, yet who remain unacknowledged in official accounts of the discipline. Restoring to such men the dignity of a name and the lineaments of a biography is a first step in a process of redress involving archaeology in colonial and former-colonial contexts. Used in this way, photographs provide an opportunity to imagine a process of editing or reframing, so that the figure on the margins of the scene steps into the foreground, or steps behind the camera to become the framing consciousness.
Cultural Property and Culture Theory
Authors: Handler Richard
Published: September 2003

Recent work in culture theory has mounted a decisive critique of the reifying tendencies that have been inherent in anthropologists' use of the culture concept. At the same time, cultural-property legislation has proliferated around the globe, leading, ironically, to a bureaucratic celebration of precisely those aspects of culture theory that many anthropologists now mistrust. This article reviews some of the reifying assumptions built in to the notion of cultural property, and examines two historical cases, one at the dawn of the nationalist era, the other at the end of the twentieth century.
Indigenous Knowledge and Archaeological Science
Authors: Green Lesley Fordred , Green David R. , Neves Eduardo Góes
Published: September 2003

The move towards public archaeology counsels archaeologists to work participatively, placing a high priority on educational and developmental activities with local communities in order to share the means of production of historical knowledge and promote the conservation of heritage. Describing key moments in an archaeological project which took these principles as starting points in an indigenous peoples' reserve in northern Brazil, the paper contends that public archaeology is comprised not of a series of goals and activities additional to the task of archaeology, but rather that public archaeology constitutes a wholly different approach to the generation of research questions and the production of knowledge. Examining assumptions about empowerment, consultation, heritage, historiography, strategic essentialism and ethics as they affected decisions in the field, the case study demonstrates that, while challenging, participatory research holds significant benefits for the production of knowledge.
Heritage and Reconciliation
Authors: Scham Sandra Arnold , Yahya Adel
Published: September 2003

Applied cross-cultural archaeology must be recognized as an essential step in the development of a reflexive, multi-vocal interpretation of the past. Projects like Ian Hodder's excavations at Catalhoyuk that actually address these issues, however, are still considered highly innovative, which is a fair indication as to how common they are. Instituting a dialogue about the past between archaeologists from two nations at war with each other would appear to be the ultimate experiment in multi-vocal archaeological practice. Reconciliation of our pasts inevitably becomes a further objective, but this requires a leap of faith and imagination premised on some degree of belief in the possible good faith of the other side - a quality rarely felt in the middle of a conflict. The common wisdom on how Israelis and Palestinians can deal with their intertwined and largely violent histories suggests that only through adopting a common narrative can understanding be achieved. The project that stimulated the following article, however, is based upon a different premise - that, to move toward a reflexive reconciliation, it is necessary to acknowledge the imperfections of our own narratives without fully rejecting them.
Understanding Women's Responses to Domestic Violence
Authors: Cavanagh Kate
Published: September 2003

This article examines women's responses to violence perpetrated by an intimate male partner. Qualitative data gathered from interviews with abused women who were part of a wider evaluation study of programmes for violent men is presented. Findings reveal that understanding women's responses to violence prompts practitioners to be: mindful of the complexity of violent relationships; aware of the strategies of resistance which women deploy in order to stop/reduce the violence; and cognisant of the interconnectedness of women's and men's responses to men's violence against women.
Evaluating Social Work Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Laird Siobhan E.
Published: September 2003

Outcome analysis is a relatively recent innovation within the social work profession. However, the predominant research methodologies being generated by western scholars have limited application for practitioners working in developing countries. The current epistemological debate between positivist and phenomenological approaches to research are considered. The ethnocentric character of many quantitative techniques is explored and consequently qualitative approaches advanced in a developing country setting. This article also depicts the particular socio-economic and cultural context of sub-Saharan Africa and elaborates new concepts for the evaluation of outcome and the gathering of data in that region. Specifically, Amartya Sen's work on capabilities and Robert Chambers' work on Participatory Rural Appraisal are proposed as a foundation for constructing a more relevant and culturally consonant approach to outcome analysis and data collection respectively.
Understanding the Experiences of Street Level Prostitutes
Authors: Williamson Celia , Folaron Gail
Published: September 2003

Social workers come into contact with street prostitutes through the criminal justice system, child protective services, hospitals and addiction treatment centers. Understanding the motivations, risks, protective strategies and the experience of being a street prostitute is essential for providing meaningful intervention. It is important to understand the phase in which a street prostitute is living to conduct professional assessments and design targeted and effective interventions. This research explores the experiences of women who engage in street level prostitution. Street level prostitution encompasses work on the streets, in cars and motels, dancing in gentlemen's clubs, massage parlor work, work at truck stops, and work in crack houses. This paper expands on the developmental phases of prostitution and describes, in particular, the emotional burdens and physical risks of women who enter, live their lives as prostitutes, and exit the prostitution lifestyle.
Using Focus Groups to Create Culturally Appropriate HIV Prevention Material for the Deaf Community
Authors: Crowe Teresa V.
Published: September 2003

The Washington, DC Department of Health and the HIV/AIDS Administration in collaboration with Deaf-REACH, a Washington, DC community service center for Deaf and Hard of Hearing (HOH) individuals, sponsored a qualitative research study to develop HIV and AIDS prevention materials specifically targeted for the deaf and HOH community. This article describes the process of creating a prevention poster and condom card targeted for Deaf and HOH individuals who use American Sign Language. This study utilized a series of five focus groups with members of the deaf community. The focus groups targeted three areas: (1) assessment of needs; (2) designs for prevention materials in terms of language appropriateness, graphics, and cultural relevance; and, (3) final choice of design and evaluation of language, graphics, and cultural relevance. Results of the initial focus groups indicated that there was a lack of general knowledge about HIV and a lack of culturally specific prevention and education materials, especially for subgroups within the deaf community. In the second phase, group members provided suggestions for character placement, setting, and cultural cues for prevention materials. Finally, an HIV prevention poster and brochure were chosen, produced, and disseminated at places deaf individuals frequent. Practitioners who provide HIV services to the deaf community must be aware that traditional methods of educating and outreach to members used in the hearing community may not be effective in the deaf community. Consideration should be given to the unique cultural and linguistic needs of the deaf community.
Older Women and Driving Cessation
Authors: Bauer Mary J. , Rottunda Susan , Adler Geri
Published: September 2003

The purpose of this study was to understand the lived-experience of driving cessation for older women. A qualitative, collective case study method was used. From in-depth interviews of former drivers, three categories of themes emerged: driving history, the process of stopping driving, and the experience of being a non-driver. Overall, the women had felt comfortable and skilled behind the wheel and they missed driving. Adaptation came easiest to those who planned ahead for driving cessation and made the decision voluntarily. Remaining independent and mobile were important considerations in the decision to stop driving. Many of the women regularly use formal transit services although riding with friends provides a social context. Family is not the preferred choice for transportation except in an emergency or for basic care. Social workers must acknowledge the importance women place on their independence when helping them work through issues of driving cessation.
Portfolio Creation, Action Research and the Learning Environment
Authors: Elliott Nigel
Published: September 2003

Continuing professional development (CPD) from pre- to post-qualifying levels is of growing importance in social work as in allied professions. Its importance is likely to be enhanced by the leadership of the General Social Care Council (England) and the introduction of registration requirements for the social work and social care workforce. Three themes are linked in this article that are relevant to CPD: the creative use of portfolios for educational purposes, practitioner action research and the workplace as a supportive learning environment. An account is given of how the author linked studies for an advanced award in social work via a portfolio only route with a management diploma to conduct an action research project into enabling and supporting an improved environment for learning at his workplace. The portfolio, as a dynamic record of practice over time, can be developed into a suitable medium for action research. The article draws on cross-disciplinary knowledge from teaching and human resources management. The model that is developed effectively integrates theory, education, research and practice, and aims to inform and encourage practitioners to see action research as an achievable and also emancipatory way of engaging with research.
Cross-National Context and Qualitative Social Work Research
Authors: Padgett Deborah K.
Published: September 2003

In keeping with the above title, the following essay `works the boundaries' between a traditional book review and a commentary. Upon reading Ian Shaw and Nick Gould's book, Qualitative Research in Social Work (London: Sage, 2001), I was unable to resist the urge to further articulate my own perspective, and not only because the said perspective attracted firm opposition within its pages. The contributors to this volume share a collective vision of social work research that afforded an unprecedented opportunity for me to reflect upon the cross-national context of their (and my) ideas. I hope that this essay will promote further dialogue among colleagues near and far.
On the Problem of Difference...
Authors: Fook Jan
Published: September 2003

This piece is intended to respond to Deborah Padgett's commentary on the book Qualitative Research in Social Work by Shaw and Gould. The response focuses on some of the specific issues raised in relation to cross-national work. In particular it comments on the problem of how differences of interpretation and of national and cultural background can be incorporated into forging a new vision for social work practice and research. The need for an inclusive approach, to what must be seen as a `work-in-progress' is strongly argued for.
Desire and Deception
Authors: Hastrup Kirsten
Published: September 2003

The value of the Arts and Humanities within universities in the present age is contested. In this article the mode of reflection engendered within the Humanities is used to highlight the intersection between gender, knowledge and the structure of the university itself - thus indirectly testifying to the importance of this mode of reflection. By unwrapping both the desire and the deception inherent in present concerns about gender, knowledge and the university, as seen from the point of view of the human sciences, new grounds for assessing the significance of the Humanities are established.
Cultural Imperialism or Pluralism?
Authors: Chambers Ellie
Published: September 2003

This article addresses issues of linguistic and cultural diversity among students in international education settings. Can we develop approaches to teaching using computer-mediated communications that acknowledge and accommodate differences of language and culture? Or is an hegemony of the English language inevitable, along with associated cultural values and communicative preferences? These questions are discussed, and the issues illustrated, through analysis of two `global' teaching initiatives. The first is a Masters programme in Open and Distance Education offered partly online by the UK Open University. The other is a three-year research and development project, conducted by academics in five European countries, aimed at enabling students to communicate and debate their perspectives on Europe in a series of `virtual seminars' linked to a resource website. Some practical strategies in support of pluralism in the electronic environment are offered.
Transforming Subject Boundaries
Authors: Gunn Vicky
Published: September 2003

This article illustrates how theories encountered within academic professional development (particularly new lecturer programmes) can be applied to subject knowledge from outwith the Education discipline. It is argued that matters relating to present day teaching and learning can influence readily identifiable issues under scrutiny in other disciplines, particularly within the Arts and Humanities. Examination of the interface between the concept of audience in one discipline, in this case early medieval history, and phenomenography and discipline genres, provides an example of the way in which academic staff training may affect the participants' subsequent perceptions of not only how to teach, but also how to think about their own subject.
What do Students Learn when we Teach Music?
Authors: Pitts Stephanie E.
Published: September 2003

This article presents the findings of a small-scale investigation amongst third-year undergraduate music students in a UK university. Students and staff gave their views on the messages and values communicated through the teaching and atmosphere of the music department, so building up a preliminary picture of the `hidden' curriculum, which runs alongside more formal teaching. The music department is portrayed as a `family', with the strengths and conflicts that this brings to its members, and the results of the study show a realization that responsibility for learning lies with the students, despite a high level of dependence on teaching staff for motivation and guidance. There is clearly potential for future research in this area, and some suggestions for its direction are offered. Implications for teaching and pastoral care in higher education are also considered, with the conclusion that the `hidden' curriculum has an important role to play in shaping the student experience of university.
Supporting First-Year Students in the Bachelor of Arts
Authors: Waters David
Published: September 2003

Attitudes of university teachers to learning support for first-year students are likely to influence whether the first year is a positive experience. In this study, teachers in the first year of a Bachelor of Arts programme were asked about their perceptions of the importance of supporting first-year students, the adequacy of current practices, and the problems facing first-year students in the Faculty. Responses indicated a general recognition of the need for first-year students to develop as independent learners and the need for adequate orientation and good communication with students. However, there were indications that some teachers assume that first-year teaching does not require any special strategies or techniques and that more needs to be done to ensure that students are supported to develop as independent and autonomous learners.
2003 American Association for Higher Education Research Forum `Good Work in Challenging Times'
Authors: Rhart Judith Reisette , Huber May Taylor , Marienau Catherine , Mentkowski Marcia , Rubin Sharon
Published: September 2003

Involvement and critique from educators in dialogue with researchers is a vital element for achieving clarity about what research will benefit educational policy and practice. With that aim, the American Association for Higher Education (AAHE) Research Forum has been regularly convened at AAHE's annual conference to create a research agenda around the conference theme since 1985. This year, within a conference addressing `Good Work in Challenging Times' the Forum involved individuals committed to collaborative scholarship on good work in teaching and learning-centered contexts. Through two conference sessions, educational practitioners engaged in lively and intellectually challenging small-group discussions about the scholarship of `good work.' In this way, session participants were involved in creating the research agenda given in this article.
Runner-up Simulation of Gas Carburising: Development of Computer Program with Systematic Analyses of Process Variables Involved
Authors: Thete M. M.
Published: September 2003

Numerous process parameters involved in different stages of gas carburising make the process difficult to control, which in turn makes predictions of properties difficult. In the present work, a computer program was developed to simulate the entire gas carburising process, focusing on the thermodynamics of the gas phase and thermochemical reaction kinetics at the gas/solid interface in endothermic atmospheres. By combining gas phase kinetics and carbon activities in gas and steel with the alloy dependent diffusivity of carbon in austenite, the program can predict accurate carbon diffusion profiles for both batch and continuous furnaces. The program has been designed to account for all the major process variables that affect resultant carbon diffusion such as steel alloy composition, part geometry, gas composition and basic treatment parameters with their possible variations during the process. It is also able to predict other important properties such as transformation temperatures and the as quenched and tempered hardness of carburised parts. Comparison with the results of the experiments performed in industrial carburising furnaces provided validation of the model predictions.