bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hybrid inorganic–organic tandem solar cells for broad absorption of the solar spectrum
Authors: Speirs M. J. , Groeneveld B. G. H. M. , Protesescu L. , Piliego C. , Kovalenko M. V. , Loi M. A.
Published: March 2014

A tandem solar cell is fabricated with one PbS QD and one polymer–fullerene subcell for a broad spectral coverage. Tungsten(vi) oxide is demonstrated as an effective interlayer.
Guanidines: from classical approaches to efficient catalytic syntheses
Authors: Alonso-Moreno Carlos , Antiñolo Antonio , Carrillo-Hermosilla Fernando , Otero Antonio
Published: March 2014

This review focuses on the metal-mediated catalytic addition of amines to carbodiimides as an atom-economical alternative to the classical synthesis of guanidines.
Synthesis and structural characterization of Al-containing interlayer-expanded-MWW zeolite with high catalytic performance
Authors: Yokoi Toshiyuki , Mizuno Shun , Imai Hiroyuki , Tatsumi Takashi
Published: March 2014

Al-IEZ-MWW was successfully prepared via the interlayer-silylation in an aqueous solution of ammonium salt instead of HNO3.
Development and application of an analyte/matrix separation procedure for multi-element trace analysis of steel alloys by means of sector-field ICP-mass spectrometry
Authors: Tindemans Tom , Dobney Andrew , Wambeke Dorine , Vanhaecke Frank
Published: March 2014

On the determination of trace elements in three high-alloy steels (T91, 316L and 15–15Ti), which are to be used as structural materials in a novel nuclear research reactor.
MgVPO4F as a one-dimensional Mg-ion conductor for Mg ion battery positive electrode: a first principles calculation
Authors: Wu Jiandong , Gao Guohua , Wu Guangming , Liu Bo , Yang Huiyu , Zhou Xiaowei , Wang Jichao
Published: March 2014

MgVPO4F is proposed as a cathode material for rechargeable Mg ion batteries for the first time.
Preparation and performance of Co3O4–NiO composite electrode material for supercapacitors
Authors: Xu Hui , Zhuang Junxia , Chen Yong , Wu Junxia , Zhang Junlong
Published: March 2014

A Co3O4–NiO composite electrode material in water–ethanol solution was synthesized in large scaleviatwo steps: preparation of the precursor and a calcination process.
The effect of the alkali metal cation on the electrocatalytic oxidation of formate on platinum
Authors: Previdello Bruno A. F. , Machado Eduardo G. , Varela Hamilton
Published: March 2014

Non-covalent interactions between hydrated alkali metal cations and oxygenated species on platinum considerably impact the mechanism of formate electro-oxidation.
Gas phase hydration of amino acids and dipeptides: effects on the relative stability of zwitterionvs.canonical conformers
Authors: Kim Ju-Young , Ahn Doo-Sik , Park Sung-Woo , Lee Sungyul
Published: March 2014

This review highlights the effects of explicit water molecules on the structures of amino acids and dipeptides, focusing on the relative stability of canonicalvs.zwitterionic conformers.
Synergistically controlled nano-templated growth of tunable gold bud-to-blossom nanostructures: a pragmatic growth mechanism
Authors: Bardhan Munmun , Satpati Biswarup , Ghosh Tanmay , Senapati Dulal
Published: March 2014

Nano-templating method with a pragmatic nanocrystal growth mechanism that explains the production of variable-size, intrinsically monodispersed, tunable bud-to-blossom plasmonic (580–1300 nm) gold nano-flowers.
UV-tunable laser induced phototransformations of matrix isolated anethole
Authors: Krupa Justyna , Wierzejewska Maria , Nunes Cláudio M. , Fausto Rui
Published: March 2014

A matrix isolation study of the infrared spectra and structure of anethole (1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene) has been carried out, showing the presence of two E conformers (AE1, AE2) of the molecule in the as-deposited matrices. Irradiation using ultraviolet-tunable laser light at 308–307 nm induced conformationally selective phototransformations of these forms into two less stable Z conformers (AZ1, AZ2). The back reactions were also detected upon irradiation at 301 nm. On the whole, the obtained results allow for full assignment of the infrared spectra of all the four experimentally observed anethole isomers and showed that the narrowband UV-induced E-Z photoisomerization is an efficient and selective way to interconvert the two isomers of anethole into each other, with conformational discrimination. Photolysis of anethole was observed as well, with initial methoxyl O–C bond cleavage and formation of CH3 and p-propenylphenoxy (AR) radicals, followed by radical recombination to form 2-methyl-4-propenyl-2,4-cyclohexadienone, which subsequently undergoes ring-opening generating several conformers of long-chain conjugated ketenes. Interpretation of the experimental observations was supported by density functional theory (B3LYP and B2PLYD) calculations.
Coercivity enhancement of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets by chemical bath deposition of TbCl3
Authors: Guo Shuai , Zhang Xiaofeng , Ding Guangfei , Chen Renjie , Lee Don , Yan Aru
Published: March 2014

The chemical bath deposition (CBD) and the grain boundary diffusion method were combined to diffuse the heavy rare earth for obtain the thick magnets with high coercivity and low heavy rare earth. The jet mill powders were soaked into the alcohol solution of 0.2 wt. % TbCl3. A thin layer of TbCl3 was wrapped to the surface of (PrNd)2Fe14B powder particles. The coercivity of magnet is increased from 11.89 kOe to 14.72 kOe without significant reduction of remanence after grain boundary diffusion in the sintering and the annealing processes. The temperature coefficients of the remanence and the coercivity are improved by the substitution of PrNd by Tb in the surface of grains. The highly accelerated temperature/humidity stress test (HAST) results indicate that the CBD magnet has poor corrosion resistance, attributing to the present of Cl atoms in the grain boundaries.
A Kinetic Monte Carlo model for material aging: Simulations of second phase formation at Au/Bi2Te3 junction in oxygen environments
Authors: Zhou X. W. , Yang N. Y. C.
Published: March 2014

Electronic properties of semiconductor devices are sensitive to defects such as second phase precipitates, grain sizes, and voids. These defects can evolve over time especially under oxidation environments and it is therefore important to understand the resulting aging behavior in order for the reliable applications of devices. In this paper, we propose a kinetic Monte Carlo framework capable of simultaneous simulation of the evolution of second phases, precipitates, grain sizes, and voids in complicated systems involving many species including oxygen. This kinetic Monte Carlo model calculates the energy barriers of various events based directly on the experimental data. As a first step of our model implementation, we incorporate the second phase formation module in the parallel kinetic Monte Carlo codes SPPARKS. Selected aging simulations are performed to examine the formation of second phase precipitates at the eletroplated Au/Bi2Te3 interface under oxygen and oxygen-free environments, and the results are compared with the corresponding experiments.
MnBi particles with high energy density made by spark erosion
Authors: Nguyen Phi-Khanh , Jin Sungho , Berkowitz Ami E.
Published: March 2014

We report on the properties of low-temperature phase (LTP)-MnBi particles produced by the rapid-quenching technique of spark-erosion. The as-prepared powder consists of amorphous, crystalline, and superparamagnetic particles, mostly as porous aggregates. The major fraction of the powder consists of 20–30 nm particles. A short anneal crystallizes the amorphous particles producing a high moment, >90% of theoretical MS, albeit with HC of a few kOe. If lightly milled, the agglomerates are broken up to yield HC of 1 T. These findings are supported by the x-ray diffraction pattern showing broadened peaks of the predominant LTP-MnBi phase. The combination of spark erosion, milling, and annealing has produced randomly oriented particles with (BH)MAX ∼ 3.0 MGOe. The particles are expected to show record energy product when aligned along their crystallographic easy axes.
Nanoscale characterization of the biomechanical properties of collagen fibrils in the sclera
Authors: Papi M. , Paoletti P. , Geraghty B. , Akhtar R.
Published: March 2014

We apply the PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical Property Mapping (PFQNM) atomic force microscopy mode for the investigation of regional variations in the nanomechanical properties of porcine sclera. We examine variations in the collagen fibril diameter, adhesion, elastic modulus and dissipation in the posterior, equatorial and anterior regions of the sclera. The mean fibril diameter, elastic modulus and dissipation increased from the posterior to the anterior region. Collagen fibril diameter correlated linearly with elastic modulus. Our data matches the known macroscopic mechanical behavior of the sclera. We propose that PFQNM has significant potential in ocular biomechanics and biophysics research.
Screening of the quantum-confined Stark effect in AlN/GaN nanowire superlattices by germanium doping
Authors: Hille P. , Müßener J. , Becker P. , de la Mata M. , Rosemann N. , Magén C. , Arbiol J. , Teubert J. , Chatterjee S. , Schörmann J. , Eickhoff M.
Published: March 2014

We report on electrostatic screening of polarization-induced internal electric fields in AlN/GaN nanowire heterostructures with germanium-doped GaN nanodiscs embedded between AlN barriers. The incorporation of germanium at concentrations above 1020 cm–3 shifts the photoluminescence emission energy of GaN nanodiscs to higher energies accompanied by a decrease of the photoluminescence decay time. At the same time, the thickness-dependent shift in emission energy is significantly reduced. In spite of the high donor concentration, a degradation of the photoluminescence properties is not observed.
Electro-optic and converse-piezoelectric properties of epitaxial GaN grown on silicon by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Cuniot-Ponsard M. , Saraswati I. , Ko S.-M. , Halbwax M. , Cho Y. H. , Dogheche E.
Published: March 2014

We report the measurement of the (r13, r33) Pockels electro-optic coefficients in a GaN thin film grown on a Si(111) substrate. The converse piezoelectric (d33) and electro-absorptive coefficients are simultaneously determined. Single crystalline GaN epitaxial layers were grown with a AlGaN buffer layer by metal organic chemical vapor deposition, and their structural and optical properties were systematically investigated. The electro-optic, converse piezoelectric, and electro-absorptive coefficients of the GaN layer are determined using an original method. A semi-transparent gold electrode is deposited on the top of the GaN layer, and an alternating voltage is applied between top and bottom electrodes. The coefficients are simultaneously and analytically determined from the measurement of the electric-field-induced variation ΔR(θ) in the reflectivity of the Au/GaN/buffer/Si stack, versus incident angle and light polarization. The method also enables to determine the GaN layer polarity. The results obtained for a Ga-face [0001] GaN layer when using a modulation frequency of 230 Hz are for the electro-optic coefficients r13 = +1.00 ± 0.02 pm/V, r33 = +1.60 ± 0.05 pm/V at 633 nm, and for the converse piezoelectric coefficient d33 = +4.59 ± 0.03 pm/V. The value measured for the electro-absorptive variation at 633 nm is Δko/ΔE = +0.77 ± 0.05 pm/V.
Improvement of the thermal stability of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets by intergranular addition of Dy82.3Co17.7
Authors: Zhang Xiaofeng , Guo Shuai , Yan Changjiang , Cai Lingwen , Chen Renjie , Lee Don , Yan Aru
Published: March 2014

In this study, microstructure and magnetic properties of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets with addition of Dy82.3Co17.7 (wt. %) were investigated. By adding a small amount of Dy82.3Co17.7, the coercivity is improved greatly, and the irreversible loss is decreased sharply. The increase of Curie temperature suggests that Co atoms have entered into the 2:14:1 main phase. Microstructural analysis indicates that a well-developed core-shell structure was formed in the magnets with the addition of Dy82.3Co17.7. The improvement of magnetic properties can be attributed to the microstructural modification and the intrinsic properties' improvement.
{2,6-Bis[(pyridin-2-yl)sulfanylmethyl]pyridine-κ2N,N′}(η3-prop-2-enyl)palladium(II) hexafluorophosphate
Authors: Bruno Giuseppe , Nicolò Francesco , Tresoldi Giuseppe , Drommi Dario , Mollica Nardo Viviana
Published: March 2014

The title compound, [Pd(C3H5)(C17H15N3S2)]PF6, is built up by a [(η3-allyl)Pd]2+fragment coordinated by a 2,6-bis[(pyridin-2-yl)sulfanylmethyl]pyridine ligand coordinated through the N atoms. One of the S atoms is at a close distance to the metal centeratom [3.2930 (8) Å]. The PdIIatom is tetracoordinated in a strongly distorted square-planar environment mainly determined by the η3-allyl anion in which the central C atom is disordered over two equally occupied positions. The crystal packing is very compact and is characterized by a three-dimensional network of C—H...F interactions between the F atoms of each anion and several H atoms of the surrounding cationic complexes.
2,5-Dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 2-methylprop-2-enoate
Authors: Pearson Wayne H. , Lin Shirley , Isaacs Lyle
Published: March 2014

In the title compound, C8H9NO4, the pyrrolidine ring (r.m.s. deviation 0.014 Å) is almost normal to the mean plane of the propenoate group (r.m.s deviation 0.028 Å), making a dihedral angle of 86.58 (4)°. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviapairs of weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers which stack along the c axis.
9-(2-Chlorophenyl)-4a-hydroxy-3,4,4a,5,6,7,9,9a-octahydro-2H-xanthene-1,8-dione
Authors: Liu Qiu-Ling , Wu Xin-Yan , Gao Feng , Bao Dan , Wang Fang-Ming
Published: March 2014

In the title compound, C19H19ClO4, the dihydropyran ring and the cyclohexane ring adopt a half-chair conformation and a chair conformation, respectively. The cyclohexene ring has an envelope conformation with the central CH2C atom as the flap. This atom is disordered over two positions [site-occupancy ratio = 0.744 (12):0.256 (12)] above and below the mean plane formed by the other five atoms. In the crystal, O—H...O hydrogen bonds between hydroxy and carbonyl groups link molecules into chains propagating along [001].
The complete genome sequence for putative H2‐ and S‐oxidizer Candidatus Sulfuricurvum sp., assembled de novo from an aquifer‐derived metagenome
Authors: Handley Kim M. , Bartels Daniela , O'Loughlin Edward J. , Williams Kenneth H. , Trimble William L. , Skinner Kelly , Gilbert Jack A. , Desai Narayan , Glass Elizabeth M. , Paczian Tobias , Wilke Andreas , Antonopoulos Dionysios , Kemner Kenneth M. , Meyer Folker
Published: March 2014

We reconstructed the complete 2.4 Mb‐long genome of a previously uncultivated epsilonproteobacterium, Candidatus Sulfuricurvum sp. RIFRC‐1, via assembly of short‐read shotgun metagenomic data using a complexity reduction approach. Genome‐based comparisons indicate the bacterium is a novel species within the Sulfuricurvum genus, which contains one cultivated representative, S. kujiense. Divergence between the species appears due in part to extensive genomic rearrangements, gene loss and chromosomal versus plasmid encoding of certain (respiratory) genes by RIFRC‐1. Deoxyribonucleic acid for the genome was obtained from terrestrial aquifer sediment, in which RIFRC‐1 comprised ∼ 47% of the bacterial community. Genomic evidence suggests RIFRC‐1 is a chemolithoautotrophic diazotroph capable of deriving energy for growth by microaerobic or nitrate‐/nitric oxide‐dependent oxidation of S0, sulfide or sulfite or H2 oxidation. Carbon may be fixed via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. Consistent with these physiological attributes, the local aquifer was microoxic with small concentrations of available nitrate, small but elevated concentrations of reduced sulfur and NH4+/NH3‐limited. Additionally, various mechanisms for heavy metal and metalloid tolerance and virulence point to a lifestyle well‐adapted for metal(loid)‐rich environments and a shared evolutionary past with pathogenic Epsilonproteobacteria. Results expand upon recent findings highlighting the potential importance of sulfur and hydrogen metabolism in the terrestrial subsurface.
Chewing gum in preventing postoperative ileus in women undergoing caesarean section: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Craciunas L , Sajid MS , Ahmed AS
Published: March 2014

Background

The incidence of postoperative ileus (POI) after gynaecological surgery is 10–15% Chewing gum following general surgery improves outcomes, including early flatus, early bowel sounds, and shortening of hospitalisation periods. There is currently no guideline that supports the use of chewing gum after caesarean sections.

Objectives

To systematically analyse the published randomised controlled trials regarding the effectiveness of chewing gum in preventing POI in women undergoing caesarean sections.

Search strategy

Systematic search of medical databases up to March 2013.

Selection criteria

Randomised controlled trials that reported the role of chewing gum in preventing POI in women undergoing caesarean sections.

Data collection and analysis

Two authors independently identified the relevant studies for inclusion, extracted outcome‐related data, and analysed it systematically using revman®. The combined outcome was expressed as an odds ratio and standardised mean difference.

Main results

Seven randomised controlled trials involving 1462 women (728 in the chewing gum group, 734 controls) were systematically analysed. There was significant heterogeneity (χ2 = 29.02, df = 7; P < 0.0001; I2 = 76%) among the included trials. Among women undergoing caesarean sections, chewing gum reduced the risk of POI (odds ratio 0.36; 95% confidence interval 0.19–0.69; z = 3.08; P < 0.002) but did not affect duration of hospitalisation (P = 0.32).

Conclusions

Chewing gum for 30–60 minutes at least three times a day appears to be effective in reducing the incidence and consequences of POI following caesarean sections.
Male‐biased sexual size dimorphism and sex ratio in the New Zealand Giraffe Weevil, Lasiorhynchus barbicornis (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Brentidae)
Authors: Painting Christina J , Buckley Thomas R , Holwell Gregory I
Published: March 2014

Both the sex ratio and the extent of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) can have important implications for the mating system of a species. In particular, the sex that is limited (generally the female) is often the subject of intense competition, which can drive changes in behaviour and morphology to increase the competitive ability of the more abundant sex. The New Zealand giraffe weevil, Lasiorhynchus barbicornis (Fabricius, 1775), is a large and charismatic species found across much of New Zealand, but very little is known about its natural history. We determined the population structure and ecology of L. barbicornis from a single wild population over 3 years. L. barbicornis was found to be highly abundant in the warmer months, between November and May, but showed a peak in abundance in February and March in each year. The sex ratio was consistently male‐biased throughout the breeding season (mean sex ratio between seasons 0.59 ± 0.02). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that L. barbicornis is highly sexually size‐dimorphic mostly because of the extreme elongation of the rostrum of the male. All body parts of the males were also found to be more variable in size than those of the females, particularly head length, as shown by higher coefficients of variation. There was, however, no significant seasonal variation in SSD. These data are crucial to gain an understanding of the ecology and of factors driving the mating system in this species. The male‐biased sex ratio and SSD are key components of L. barbicornis ecology and are likely to have driven the highly competitive, defence‐based mating system observed.
Retrospective follow up of gross motor development in children using propranolol for treatment of infantile haemangioma at Sydney Children's Hospital
Authors: Gonski Kate , Wargon Orli
Published: March 2014

Questions have been raised as to whether propranolol, which crosses the blood‐brain barrier, when used early in life may have an adverse effect on gross motor development. A retrospective survey asking questions about gross motor development was sent to the families of children who had been prescribed oral propranolol for infantile haemangioma at Sydney Children's Hospital between 2008 and 2013. It was found that of the 84 patients surveyed, four were delayed in walking unassisted. There was a statistically significant influence if the child was taking other medications which included prednisolone, vincristine, omeprazole, ranitidine, salbutamol, Flixotide, Timoptol and antibiotics. This was not further analysed in this study because of the low numbers involved. There was no statistically significant influence of gestational age, birth weight or length of time on propranolol. This study adds to the retrospective data available; however large‐scale prospective studies are needed to identify unexpected long‐term side‐effects.
The effects of a xanthan gum‐based thickener on the swallowing function of patients with dysphagia
Authors: Rofes L. , Arreola V. , Mukherjee R. , Swanson J. , Clavé P.
Published: March 2014

Background

Increasing bolus viscosity of thin liquids is a basic therapeutic strategy to protect patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) from aspiration. However, conventional starch thickeners increase post‐deglutitive residue.

Aim

To assess the therapeutic effect of a new xanthan gum‐based thickener, Resource ThickenUp Clear (Nestlé Health Science, Vevey, Switzerland) on patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia.

Methods

We studied the effect of Resource ThickenUp Clear using a clinical method and videofluoroscopy on 120 patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia (66 with stroke, 41 older and 13 with neurodegenerative diseases) and 14 healthy volunteers while swallowing thin‐liquid, nectar‐like and spoon‐thick boluses. We assessed the prevalence of signs of impaired safety and efficacy of swallow and the physiology of the swallow response.

Results

Increasing bolus viscosity with Resource ThickenUp Clear: (i) improved safety of swallow demonstrated by a reduction in the prevalence of cough and voice changes in the clinical study and penetrations and aspirations during video fluoroscopy. Prevalence of aspirations was 12.7% with thin liquid, 7.7% with nectar‐like (P < 0.01) and 3.4% with spoon‐thick (P < 0.01) viscosities. Penetration–Aspiration Scale was reduced from 3.24 ± 0.18 at thin liquid to 2.20 ± 0.18 at nectar‐like (P < 0.001) and to 1.53 ± 0.13 at spoon‐thick (P < 0.001) viscosities; (ii) did not enhance pharyngeal residue; (iii) nectar‐like viscosity did not affect bolus velocity nor timing of swallow response and (iv) spoon‐thick viscosity reduced bolus velocity.

Conclusions

Resource ThickenUp Clear improves the safety of swallow without increasing residue providing a viscosity‐dependent therapeutic effect for patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia. At nectar viscosity, the effect is due to intrinsic texture properties, spoon‐thick viscosity adding changes in swallow physiology. NCT01158313.
Review article: the investigation and management of gastric neuroendocrine tumours
Authors: Basuroy R. , Srirajaskanthan R. , Prachalias A. , Quaglia A. , Ramage J. K.
Published: March 2014

Background

Gastric carcinoids (GCs) or neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are increasingly identified at endoscopy, and account for 0.6–2% of all gastric polyps identified. The SEER database in the US has demonstrated a rising incidence of gastric NETs amongst all NETs; from 2.2% between 1950 and 1969 to 6.0% between 2000 and 2007.

Aim

To review the literature and assist clinicians in managing patients with GCs.

Methods

A literature search was conducted through MEDLINE using search terms: gastric, carcinoid, neuroendocrine tumour, therapy, endoscopy, mucosal resection, submucosal dissection. Relevant articles were identified through manual review. The reference lists of these articles were reviewed to include further appropriate articles.

Results

There are three types of GCs with important epidemiological, pathophysiological, histological and endoscopic differences that affect prognosis and management. Type 1 and 2 GCs develop in the context of hypergastrinaemia that originates from achlorhydria in atrophic gastritis and a gastrinoma, respectively. Type 3 GCs occur sporadically and independent of gastrin. The histological type, grade and Ki67 index are used to determine prognosis and direct clinical management. Type 1 GCs >1 cm in size and type 2 GCs should be assessed for invasion beyond the submucosa with EUS prior to endoscopic resection with EMR or ESD. Type 3 GCs should be managed as per recommendations for gastric adenocarcinoma. The treatment of advanced disease is multimodal.

Conclusions

Patients with gastric carcinoids should be discussed in a specialist neuroendocrine tumour multidisciplinary meeting to ensure all treatment options are explored in localised and advanced disease. Areas of controversy exist that need further research.
Novel lead structures and activation mechanisms for CO‐releasing molecules (CORMs)
Authors: Schatzschneider U
Published: March 2014

Carbon monoxide (CO) is an endogenous small signalling molecule in the human body, produced by the action of haem oxygenase on haem. Since it is very difficult to apply safely as a gas, solid storage and delivery forms for CO are now explored. Most of these CO‐releasing molecules (CORMs) are based on the inactivation of the CO by coordinating it to a transition metal centre in a prodrug approach. After a brief look at the potential cellular target structures of CO, an overview of the design principles and activation mechanisms for CO release from a metal coordination sphere is given. Endogenous and exogenous triggers discussed include ligand exchange reactions with medium, enzymatically‐induced CO release and photoactivated liberation of CO. Furthermore, the attachment of CORMs to hard and soft nanomaterials to confer additional target specificity to such systems is critically assessed. A survey of analytical methods for the study of the stoichiometry and kinetics of CO release, as well as the tracking of CO in living systems by using fluorescent probes, concludes this review. CORMs are very valuable tools for studying CO bioactivity and might lead to new drug candidates; however, in the design of future generations of CORMs, particular attention has to be paid to their drug‐likeness and the tuning of the peripheral ‘drug sphere’ for specific biomedical applications. Further progress in this field will thus critically depend on a close interaction between synthetic chemists and researchers exploring the physiological effects and therapeutic applications of CO.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Pharmacology of the Gasotransmitters. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-6
Shift in Trophic Level of Mediterranean Mariculture Species
Authors: TSIKLIRAS ATHANASSIOS C. , STERGIOU KONSTANTINOS I. , ADAMOPOULOS NIKOLAOS , PAULY DANIEL , MENTE ELENI
Published: March 2014

The mean trophic level of the farmed fish species in the Mediterranean has been increasing. We examined the farming‐up hypothesis (i.e., the increase in the production of high‐trophic‐level species) in the Mediterranean by determining the trophic level of the aquafeeds (i.e., what the fish are fed) of 5 species of farmed marine fishes: common dentex (Dentex dentex), common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus), European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), and red porgy (Pagrus sp.). The mean trophic level of aquafeed used in mariculture from 1950 to 2011 was higher (3.93) than the prey farmed fish consume in the wild (3.72) and increased at a faster rate (0.48/decade) compared with that based on their diets in the wild (0.43/decade). Future expected replacement of the fishmeal and oil in aquafeeds by plant materials may reverse the farming‐up trend, although there are a number of concerns regarding operational, nutritional, environmental, and economic issues. The farming‐up reversal can be achieved in an ecologically friendly manner by facilitating the mariculture of low‐trophic‐level fishes and by promoting high efficiency in the use of living marine resources in aquafeeds.

Cambios en el Nivel Trófico de las Especies de Maricultura Mediterránea
Using genomics to characterize evolutionary potential for conservation of wild populations
Authors: Harrisson Katherine A. , Pavlova Alexandra , Telonis‐Scott Marina , Sunnucks Paul
Published: March 2014

Genomics promises exciting advances towards the important conservation goal of maximizing evolutionary potential, notwithstanding associated challenges. Here, we explore some of the complexity of adaptation genetics and discuss the strengths and limitations of genomics as a tool for characterizing evolutionary potential in the context of conservation management. Many traits are polygenic and can be strongly influenced by minor differences in regulatory networks and by epigenetic variation not visible in DNA sequence. Much of this critical complexity is difficult to detect using methods commonly used to identify adaptive variation, and this needs appropriate consideration when planning genomic screens, and when basing management decisions on genomic data. When the genomic basis of adaptation and future threats are well understood, it may be appropriate to focus management on particular adaptive traits. For more typical conservations scenarios, we argue that screening genome‐wide variation should be a sensible approach that may provide a generalized measure of evolutionary potential that accounts for the contributions of small‐effect loci and cryptic variation and is robust to uncertainty about future change and required adaptive response(s). The best conservation outcomes should be achieved when genomic estimates of evolutionary potential are used within an adaptive management framework.
‘They Died of a Broken Heart’: Connecting Women's Experiences of Trauma and Criminalisation to Survival and Death Post‐imprisonment
Authors: Carlton Bree , Segrave Marie
Published: March 2014

In this article we document women's experiences of post‐release survival and death in Victoria, Australia. In particular, we map the interrelated impacts of trauma, criminalisation, institutionalisation and imprisonment. We build upon the existing post‐release mortality research, which has focused on quantifying and describing death, and provide a critical account of survival through the lens of women's experiences. Critically, we challenge the assumption that there is a distinction between survival and death, as many participants reported near‐death experiences occurring in a range of contexts. Ultimately we highlight the need to attend to these contexts in order to advance depth of understanding regarding the structural nature of post‐release disadvantage and survival.
Do Responsible Contractor Policies Increase Construction Bid Costs?
Authors: Jeffrey Waddoups C. , May David C.
Published: March 2014

Beginning in 2000, some school districts in Ohio required contractors to incorporate health insurance coverage, among other items, into their bids. Such responsible contractor policies (RCPs) are controversial because they may raise costs. This study sheds empirical light on the controversy. We estimate construction bid costs using data on elementary school projects bid in Ohio from 1997 to 2008, some of which were covered by an RCP and others of which were not. The results indicate that once we account for variation in geographic location of schools, RCPs exert no statistically discernible impact on construction bid costs.
Clinical outcomes of toe amputation in patients with type 2 diabetes in Tianjin, China
Authors: Chu Yue‐Jie , Li Xi‐Wen , Wang Peng‐Hua , Xu Jun , Sun Hao‐Jie , Ding Min , Jiao Jiao , Ji Xiao‐Yan , Feng Shu‐hong
Published: March 2014

The aim of this study is to determine the predictors for reulceration, reamputation and mortality in patients with diabetes following toe amputation, and the impact of activities of daily living on clinical outcomes.

This prospective cohort study included 245 patients who had undergone toe amputation (202 healing and 43 non‐healing) and was followed for a 5‐year period. Data regarding new foot ulceration, reamputation and mortality were recorded, and the patients' activities of daily living were evaluated.

The rate of wound healing was 82·4%. The rate of follow‐up in the healed group was 91·6%. In years 1, 3 and 5, the cumulative incidence of patients who developed a new foot ulcer was 27·3%, 57·2% and 76·4%, respectively, leading to reamputation in 12·5%, 22·3% and 47·1%, respectively. The cumulative mortality was 5·8%, 15·1% and 32·7% at 1, 3 and 5 years, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that GHbA1c > 9% (75 mmol/mol) was identified as an independent predictor of impaired wound healing, reulceration and reamputation. An age of >70 years was identified as an independent predictor of reamputation, mortality and impairment of activities of daily living.

Despite a satisfactory initial healing rate after the first toe amputation, with the extension course after the toe amputation, the long‐term outcomes are not optimistic. In developing countries like China, taking measures to prevent reulceration and reamputation is very important for patients with diabetic foot minor amputations, especially following toe amputation.
Overexpression of microRNA‐99a attenuates heart remodelling and improves cardiac performance after myocardial infarction
Authors: Li Qiaoling , Xie Jun , Li Ruotian , Shi Jian , Sun Jiayin , Gu Rong , Ding Liang , Wang Lian , Xu Biao
Published: March 2014

MicroRNAs are involved in the regulation of various cellular processes, including cell apoptosis and autophagy. Expression of microRNA‐99a (miR‐99a) is reduced in apoptotic neonatal mice ventricular myocytes (NMVMs) subjected to hypoxia. We hypothesize that miR‐99a might restore cardiac function after myocardial infarction (MI) by up‐regulation of myocyte autophagy and apoptosis. We observed down‐regulated miR‐99a expression in NMVMs exposed to hypoxia using TaqMan quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis (RT‐PCR). We also observed that miR‐99a overexpression decreased hypoxia‐mediated apoptosis in cultured NMVMs. To investigate whether overexpression of miR‐99a in vivo could improve cardiac function in ischaemic heart, adult C57/BL6 mice undergoing MI were randomized into two groups and were intra‐myocardially injected with lenti‐99a‐green fluorescent protein (GFP) or lenti‐GFP (control). Four weeks after MI, lenti‐99a‐GFP group showed significant improvement in both left ventricular (LV) function and survival ratio, as compared to the lenti‐GFP group. Histological analysis, western blotting analysis and electron microscopy revealed decreased cellular apoptosis and increased autophagy in cardiomyocytes of lenti‐99a‐GFP group. Furthermore, western blotting analysis showed inhibited mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression in the border zones of hearts in miR‐99a‐treated group. Our results demonstrate that miR‐99a overexpression improves both cardiac function and survival ratio in a murine model of MI by preventing cell apoptosis and increasing autophagy via an mTOR/P70/S6K signalling pathway. These findings suggest that miR‐99a plays a cardioprotective role in post‐infarction LV remodelling and increased expression of miR‐99a may have a therapeutic potential in ischaemic heart disease.
Combined treatment of rituximab, idarubicin, dexamethasone, cytarabine, methotrexate with radiotherapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma
Authors: Zhao Defeng , Qian Liren , Shen Jianliang , Liu Xiaopeng , Mei Ke , Cen Jian , Wang Yaming , Li Congyong , Ma Yuanyuan
Published: March 2014

The overall response rates and long‐term survival of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) are still significantly inferior to the results achieved in similar subtypes of extranodal non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is clearly necessary to investigate new therapeutic methods on PCNSL. We encountered three patients histologically documented PCNSL as diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). They were treated with R‐IDARAM which comprised rituximab, idarubicin, dexamethasone, cytarabine and methotrexate. Patient 1 received stereotactic brachytherapy (SBT) prior to chemotherapy performed with iodine‐125 seeds (cumulative therapeutic dose 50 Gy). After six cycles of R‐IDARAM at 3‐weekly intervals, radiotherapy was applied at a dosage of 2000–4000 cGy in conventional schedule (180 or 200 cGy/day) to whole brain or spinal cord in all patients. Complete remission (CR) was achieved after first two cycles of R‐IDARAM in all patients. All three patients remained in CR at the time of this report with a median duration of follow‐up of 23 months (ranging from 13 to 41 months). Three patients have been alive for 41, 13, 16 months respectively until now. The patient with the longest survival time was the one given SBT prior to chemotherapy. This study suggests that R‐IDARAM combining with radiotherapy maybe a high effective regimen in PCNSL patients especially those with primary central nervous system DLBCL. A comprehensive treatment combining internal radiotherapy by SBT, modified R‐IDARAM and followed reduced external radiotherapy may be a new treatment concept for PCNSL with higher efficiency and lower toxicity.
Enucleation: a possible mechanism of cancer cell death
Authors: Paunescu Virgil , Bojin Florina M. , Gavriliuc Oana I. , Taculescu Elena A. , Ianos Robert , Ordodi Valentin L. , Iman Vlad F. , Tatu Calin A.
Published: March 2014

There are few major morphologies of cell death that have been described so far: apoptosis (type I), cell death associated with autophagy (type II), necrosis (type III) and anchorage‐dependent mechanisms—anoikis. Here, we show for the first time a possibly novel mechanism inducing tumour cell death under in vitro conditions—enucleation. We pursued the influence of colloidal suspensions of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on tumour cell lines (SK‐BR‐3 and MCF‐7 breast cancer cell lines) grown according to standard cell culture protocols. Magnetite nanoparticles were prepared by combustion synthesis and double layer coated with oleic acid. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that tumour cells developed a network of intracytoplasmic stress fibres, which induce extrusion of nuclei, and enucleated cells die. Normal adult mesenchymal stem cells, used as control, did not exhibit the same behaviour. Intact nuclei were found in culture supernatant of tumour cells, and were visualized by immunofluorescence. Enucleation as a potential mechanism of tumour cell death might open new horizons in cancer biology research and development of therapeutic agents capable of exploiting this behaviour.
Effect of peroral endoscopic myotomy in achalasia patients with failure of prior pneumatic dilation: A prospective case–control study
Authors: Ling Tingsheng , Guo Huimin , Zou Xiaoping
Published: March 2014

Background and Aim

To investigate the effectiveness of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) surgery in achalasia patients with failure of prior pneumatic dilation (PD).

Methods

Twenty‐one patients with a history of failed PD were prospectively recruited as the case group, and 30 patients with no history of prior treatment for achalasia were included as the control group. Outcome of POEM procedures was evaluated through esophageal manometry, timed barium esophagogram and short form 36 (SF‐36) questionnaires, which were performed before surgery, at 5 days after surgery and at the last follow‐up, respectively. Relief of patients' symptoms was considered as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included lower esophageal sphincter pressure, esophageal emptying, quality of life of the patient, and procedure‐related complications.

Results

The two groups were matched in terms of age, gender, body mass index, and results of preoperative examinations. For patients with failed PD, it was observed that Eckardt score, lower esophageal sphincter pressure, and height of the barium column were significantly decreased after POEM surgery. Besides, the mean physical component summary and mental component summary of patients at the final follow were significantly higher than those before surgery. Complications that occurred during the surgery included three cases of subcutaneous emphysema (14.3%) and one case of pneumothorax (4.8%). Patients with failed PD were found to have the significantly longer operation time than the control group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of surgical outcome at the final follow‐up.

Conclusions

POEM is a promising therapeutic modality for achalasia patients who have failed to respond to PD therapy. Previous dilation procedures might have no obvious influence on the efficacy of POEM surgery.
Evaluation of efficacy, pharmacokinetics and tolerability of peptidomimetic aspartic proteinase inhibitors as cream formulation in experimental vaginal candidiasis
Authors: De Bernardis Flavia , Arancia Silvia , Tringali Giuseppe , Greco Maria Cristina , Ragazzoni Enzo , Calugi Chiara , Trabocchi Andrea , Sandini Silvia , Graziani Sofia , Cauda Roberto , Cassone Antonio , Guarna Antonio , Navarra Pierluigi
Published: March 2014

Objectives

It has been previously shown that the treatment with the two protease inhibitors APG12 and APG19 confers protection in a rat model of mucosal candidiasis; in this study, we examined whether these peptidomimetic inhibitors are also effective as a cream formulation in reducing Candida albicans vaginal infection.

Methods

These efficacy studies were performed in a rat model of estrogen-dependent rat vaginitis by C. albicans on both azole-susceptible and azole-resistant C. albicans, and on both caspofungin-susceptible and caspofungin-resistant C. albicans strains. In vivo studies were also conducted in female albino rats and rabbits to obtain information about the safety, local tolerability and principal pharmacokinetics parameters of the two compounds.

Key findings and conclusions

Both hit compounds showed remarkable results within the 48-h range as effective inhibitors of the infection, particularly causing rapid decay of vaginal C. albicans burden. Importantly, the two compounds showed marked acceleration of fungus clearance in the rats challenged with the fluconazole-resistant as well as with the capsofungin-resistant strain of C. albicans. Both compounds showed fast elimination rates when given by the intravenous route, and poor systemic absorption after intravaginal cream administration. Test drugs were also well tolerated in 7-day local tolerability experiments in the rabbit.
Occupational and socioeconomic differences in actigraphically measured sleep
Authors: Takahashi Masaya , Tsutsumi Akizumi , Kurioka Sumiko , Inoue Akiomi , Shimazu Akihito , Kosugi Yuki , Kawakami Norito
Published: March 2014

Occupational conditions, together with socioeconomic status, may modulate sleep. This study examined the association of occupational conditions and socioeconomic status with actigraphic measures of sleep in workers. Fifty‐five employees (40 ± 12 years) wore a wrist actigraph during sleep for seven consecutive nights. Sleep variables addressed included total sleep time, sleep efficiency, mean activity during sleep, sleep‐onset latency, and wake after sleep onset. We also measured household income, occupational class, work schedule, weekly work hours, job demand, job control, worksite social support, effort–reward imbalance, organizational justice, and workplace social capital. Multiple linear regression models were used to determine the association of occupational indicators, socioeconomic status, as well as age and gender with each sleep variable. Higher workplace social capital was associated consistently with longer total sleep time (P < 0.001), higher sleep efficiency (P < 0.05) and lower mean activity during sleep (P < 0.07). Low occupational class (P < 0.01), higher job demand (P < 0.05) and lower job control (P < 0.05) were associated with longer total sleep time. No associations were significant for sleep‐onset latency or wake after sleep onset. These preliminary results suggest that enhanced workplace social capital is closely associated with better quality and quantity of sleep.
Chronotype is associated with the timing of the circadian clock and sleep in toddlers
Authors: Simpkin Charles T. , Jenni Oskar G. , Carskadon Mary A. , Wright Kenneth P. , Akacem Lameese D. , Garlo Katherine G. , LeBourgeois Monique K.
Published: March 2014

Chronotype is a construct reflecting individual differences in diurnal preference. Although chronotype has been studied extensively in school‐age children, adolescents and adults, data on young children are scarce. This study describes chronotype and its relationship to the timing of the circadian clock and sleep in 48 healthy children aged 30–36 months (33.4 ± 2.1 months; 24 males). Parents completed the Children's Chronotype Questionnaire (CCTQ) ~2 weeks before the start of the study. The CCTQ provides three measures of chronotype: midsleep time on free days, a multi‐item morningness/eveningness score and a single item chronotype score. After 5 days of sleeping on their habitual schedule (assessed with actigraphy and sleep diaries), children participated in an in‐home salivary dim light melatonin onset assessment. Average midsleep time on free days was 1:47 ± 0:35, and the average morningness/eveningness score was 26.8 ± 4.3. Most toddlers (58.4%) were rated as ‘definitely a morning type’ or ‘rather morning than evening type’, while none (0%) were rated as ‘definitely evening type’. More morning types (midsleep time on free days and morningness/eveningness score, respectively) had earlier melatonin onset times (r = 0.45, r = 0.26), earlier habitual bedtimes (r = 0.78, r = 0.54), sleep onset times (r = 0.80, r = 0.52), sleep midpoint times (r = 0.90, r = 0.53) and wake times (r = 0.74, r = 0.34). Parent ratings using the single‐item chronotype score were associated with melatonin onset (r = 0.32) and habitual bedtimes (r = 0.27), sleep onset times (r = 0.33) and sleep midpoint times (r = 0.27). Morningness may best characterize circadian preference in early childhood. Associations between chronotype and circadian physiology and sleep timing suggest adequate validity for the CCTQ in this age group. These findings have important implications for understanding the marked variability in sleep timing during the early years of life.