bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AKTIVITAS FITOHORMON INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID (IAA) DARI BEBERAPA ISOLAT BAKTERI RIZOSFER DAN ENDOFIT
Authors: Sukmadi R Bambang
Published: January 2020

A total of 34 isolates of rhizosphere bacteria and endophytic bacteria have been isolated from several fruit and vegetable plants. Bacterial isolates were then screened to produce phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in a minimal medium (MM) with the addition of 1 g/l tryptophan as a precursor. Phytohormone production was carried out in an incubator shaker for 5 days at 28oC in a dark condition. IAA in the culture supernatant was extracted with ethyl acetate. The presence of IAA in the bacterial extract was detected using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The concentration of IAA was determined quantitatively using High Performance LiquidChromatography (HPLC). The result showed that among 34 bacterial isolates, 20 isolates were able to produce IAA with different concentrations. The highest concentration of IAA (16,71 ppm) was produced by the endophytic bacteria isolated from twigs of starfruit plant. In addition, within the group of rhizosphere bacterial isolates, bacteria from kangkung plant was found to be the best one with IAA concentration of 10.99 ppm.
Are we ready to share qualitative research data? Knowledge and preparedness among qualitative researchers, IRB members, and data repository curators
Authors: Mozersky Jessica , Walsh Heidi , Parsons Meredith , McIntosh Tristan , Baldwin Kari , DuBois James M
Published: January 2020

Data sharing maximizes the value of data, which is time and resource intensive to collect. Major funding bodies in the United States (US), like the National Institutes of Health (NIH), require data sharing and researchers frequently share de-identified quantitative data. In contrast, qualitative data are rarely shared in the US but the increasing trend towards data sharing and open science suggest this may be required in future. Qualitative methods are often used to explore sensitive health topics raising unique ethical challenges regarding protecting confidentiality while maintaining enough contextual detail for secondary analyses. Here, we report findings from semi-structured in-depth interviews with 30 data repository curators, 30 qualitative researchers, and 30 IRB staff members to explore their experience and knowledge of QDS. Our findings indicate that all stakeholder groups lack preparedness for QDS. Researchers are the least knowledgeable and are often unfamiliar with the concept of sharing qualitative data in a repository. Curators are highly supportive of QDS, but not all have experienced curating qualitative data sets and indicated they would like guidance and standards specific to QDS. IRB members lack familiarity with QDS although they support it as long as proper legal and regulatory procedures are followed. IRB members and data curators are not prepared to advise researchers on legal and regulatory matters, potentially leaving researchers who have the least knowledge with no guidance. Ethical and productive QDS will require overcoming barriers, creating standards, and changing long held practices among all stakeholder groups.
Pengembangan Instrumen Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Pada Pembelajaran IPA di SMP
Authors: Jamaluddin Jamaluddin , Jufri A. Wahab , Muhlis Muhlis , Bachtiar Imam
Published: January 2020

Abstrak: Pengembangan Instrumen Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Pada Pembelajaran IPA diÃÂ  SMP. Berpikir kritis adalah salah satu keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi yang perlu dilatih untuk peserta didik sehingga mereka memiliki kompetensi yang cukup dalam menghadapi masalah kehidupan yang semakin kompleks di era informasi dan globalisasi sekarang dan di masa depan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan instrumen keterampilan berpikir kritis yang dapat digunakan oleh pendidik untuk mengukur dan mengembangkan keterampilan berpikir kritis peserta didik melalui pembelajaran IPA SMP. Instrumen keterampilan berpikir kritis ini dikembangkan dengan mengacu pada model pengembangan Borg & Gall. Instrumen ini telah divalidasi oleh seorang ahli pembelajaran dari FKIP Unram, dan pendidik di sekolah menengah. Pengembangan produk dalam bentuk instrumen tes keterampilan berpikir kritis melalui pembelajaran IPA ÃÂ Sekolah Menengah Pertama dengan karakteristik: 1) pertanyaan pilihan ganda dengan satu jawaban yang benar dari empat pilihan jawaban alternatif; 2) jumlah item adalah 30 item; 3) Tingkat kesulitan pada level sedang; 4) validitas pertanyaan adalah 0,74 (tinggi) pada p = 0,05; dan 5) releiabelitas soal adalah 0,85 (sangat reliabel).Kata Kunci: Instrumen, Berpikir kritis, & Pembelajaran IPA.
ÉVALUATION DE LA DURABILITÉ DES EXPLOITATIONS AGRICOLES IRRIGUÉES EN ZONES ARIDES TUNISIENNES PAR LA MÉTHODE IDEA: CAS DE LA RÉGION DE ZARZIS
Authors: Bouzaida Mohamed Amir , Doukali Houda
Published: January 2020

In southern Tunisia water for irrigation is very important. Its management requires adequate control to ensure the sustainability of the irrigated lands. Affected by desertification, natural resources are limited. Intensification and excessive irrigation are leading to the degradation of the quality of these resources, imposing an obstacle for agricultural development.

In this work, an analytical study of irrigated perimeters in Zarzis was carried out to identify their main characteristics. The aim is to evaluate the socio-economic and environmental impacts of irrigation water on farming system sustainability, using the IDEA method by analyzing the three sustainability scales (agro-ecological, socio-territorial and economic). The study is based on a sample of 39 farms, characterized by a limited socio-territorial scale, in which the component “Quality of products and territories” is unsatisfactory. The economical aspect it is characterized by a good transmissibility, depending on financial autonomy degree. The results in the agro-ecological scale are the highest. The assessment of the sustainability of irrigated lands requires the analysis of interactions between these three scales.
Female Urine-induced Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Male C57BL/6J Mice as a Proxy Indicator for Postoperative Pain
Authors: Smith Brian J , Bruner Kate E P , Hess Ann M , Kendall Lon V
Published: January 2020

Objectively recognizing postoperative pain in mice is challenging, making it difficult to determine an appropriate postoperative analgesic regimen. Adult male mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations after exposure to adult female urine (FiUSV). To determine if FiUSV can be used as a indicator
of postoperative pain, FiUSV produced by male C57BL/6J mice were assessed for 5 d before and after vasectomy or sham surgery with or without sustained-release buprenorphine. Postoperative pain was assessed by monitoring vocalization using an ultrasonic microphone and by evaluating orbital
tightness, posture, and piloerection at postoperative time points. Before vasectomy or sham surgery, 25 of 38 male mice produced FiUSV on 4 of 5 d (143 ± 93 FiUSV). Vasectomized mice without postoperative analgesia produced significantly fewer FiUSV (59 ± 26 FiUSV) compared with
baseline (212 ± 102 FiUSV) at 4 h postoperatively, but returned to baseline by 28 h. Vasectomized mice treated with buprenorphine and sham-surgery mice had no change in FiUSV from baseline at any time point after surgery. Activity was decreased compared with baseline in vasectomized
mice, regardless of receiving postoperative analgesia or not, but only at the 4-h time point. There were no differences in behavior scores between vasectomized mice and sham-surgery mice at any time point. These results show that FiUSV can be used to detect postoperative pain in male C57BL/6J
mice after vasectomy.
Cognitive Dissonance in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Implications for Animal Welfare
Authors: Engel Robyn M , Silver Carrie C , Veeder Christin L , Banks Ron E
Published: January 2020

People experience cognitive dissonance when they entertain 2 conflicting ideas at the same time. Cognitive dissonance may cause a negative emotional state, which can lead to engagement of compensation mechanisms to resolve the conflict. Here we describe a survey that explores cognitive
dissonance in laboratory animal veterinarians and veterinary technicians and various ways in which veterinary staff manage dissonance associated with research animal use. Respondents—164 veterinarians and 145 veterinary technicians—were asked to rate their opinions of various statements
on a sliding scale of 'strongly disagree' to 'strongly agree' or 'never' to 'always.' Statements assessed negative emotions (discomfort, powerlessness, frustration) and compensation mechanisms (devaluing, emotional distancing, shifting responsibility) as bases for inferring effects on welfare
states of animals. Responses were evaluated overall and were compared according to level of training (veterinarian compared with veterinary technician), years of work experience (0 to 5, 6 to 10, greater than 10), and species tended (large, mixed, small species). Respondents strongly agreed
that animal wellbeing and animal use in research were important. Respondents reported feelings of discomfort, powerlessness, and frustration associated with work. In addition, respondents reported feeling empowered to initiate changes affecting animal welfare. The most frequent compensation
mechanism noted was shifting responsibility onto the IACUC and institutional rules. Devaluing the animals was another reported compensation mechanism. Responses to emotional distancing statements were divided. Survey responses supported the existence of cognitive dissonance associated with
laboratory animal medicine. Potential negative and positive effects on animal welfare are discussed.
PROSPECTS OF EMPLOYING MODERN EUROPEAN CULTIVARS OF SPRING BREAD WHEAT IN THE BREEDING FOR POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANCE IN THE NORTHWESTERN REGION OF RUSSIA
Authors: Lebedeva T. V. , Zuev E. V. , Brykova A. N.
Published: January 2020

Background. Powdery mildew of bread wheat caused by the fungus Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal is a widespread foliar disease of wheat in regions with cool and wet climate. It infects the foliage, stem and spike of the wheat host and causes yield reduction. Breeding for resistance is the economical way to control this disease. The object of this work was to analyze spring cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for powdery mildew resistance and some productivity indicators.

Materials and methods. The study involved 150 European spring bread wheat cultivars whose resistance to the fungus was assessed at the seedling, heading and flowering phases of plant development. The population of the fungus manifested virulence to Pm1, Pm2, Pm3a-d, Pm4a-b, Pm5a, Pm6, Pm7, Pm8, Pm9, Pm16 and Pm19, and avirulence to Pm12. The damage to seedlings was evaluated using the scale from 0 (no damage) to 4 (abundant pustules). Resistance of the adult plants was analyzed according to the scale from 9 (no damage) to 1 (abundant pustules).

Results and conclusions. Of the 150 cultivars, resistance at the seedling stage was shown by 12,7%, and at the adult stage by 20,1%. The cultivars ‘Dacke’, ‘SW Estrad’, ‘Sparrow’ and ‘Aranka’ were resistant in all phases of plant growth. ‘Naxos’ was characterized by a short period from seedlings to heading. The cultivars ‘Aranka’, ‘Zuzana’, ‘Septima’, ‘Tercia’ and ‘Sparrow’ had short stems, while ‘Torka’, ‘Sparrow’ and ‘Pasteur’ – large grains.
SEED QUALITY EVALUATION IN THE COLLECTION OF CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA AFTER LONG¬TERM STORAGE UNDER UNCONTROLLED CONDITIONS
Authors: Rakovskaya N. V. , Zabegayeva O. N. , Dzyubenko E. A.
Published: January 2020

Background. Guar or clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) is an annual leguminous plant cultivated for feed, food and industrial purposes. Its seed endosperm is used to extract guar gum, so the guar genetic resources stored in the VIR collection are of strategic importance for the import substitution policy in Russia in the context of their prospective introduction into cultivation in the country’s southern areas. Most of the guar accessions had been preserved by VIR for 40 years or more, so the task was to assess their germination rates and restore their viability. In the process of screening, seed quality parameters of the accessions were examined and analyzed.

Materials and methods. VIR’s collection of C. tetragonoloba, initiated by N. I. Vavilov, now contains 111 accessions. Percentage seed viability, germination energy and seed hardness were evaluated in the Long-Term Storage Laboratory for 50 accessions reproduced in 2018 and for 263 older reproductions of 89 guar accessions. In total, 313 seed samples reproduced across 18 different years were analyzed. Statistica 10 software was used to perform a single-factor analysis of variance and find out how germination energy, seed viability and seed hardness correlated with the age of seeds, mean monthly temperature and mean rainfall during the growing season.

Results and discussion. After more than 40 years of storage, the guar accessions did not entirely lost their viability under laboratory and field conditions. Very high positive correlations were found for their percentage viability and germination energy with the mean monthly temperature in the year of reproduction. A weak positive correlation was observed between seed hardness and the year of reproduction. Correlations between seed viability and rainfall during the growing season were weak, with a weak negative correlation between seed hardness and rainfall. The viability level of 30-year-old seeds was 50%, so guar may be regarded as belonging to the group of macrobiotic plants.
GENETIC POLYMORPHISM OF MODERN COMMON FLAX ȍLINUM USITATISSIMUM L.Ȏ CULTIVARS DEVELOPED AT RUSSIAN BREEDING CENTERS USING SSR MARKERS
Authors: Bazanov T. A. , Ushchapovskii I. V. , Lemesh V. A. , Bahdanava M. V. , Lahunovskaya A. V.
Published: January 2020

Background. Molecular identification of plant genomes, based on the use of DNA markers, is becoming a reliable tool for cultivar identification. Widespread application of DNA markers will ensure protection of breeders’ rights for plant breeding centers, purity of seed production processes, and transparency of the domestic crop seed market. The system of SSR markers is suitable to solve the problems of identification and genetic profiling of many crops; it could be successfully used on flax and linseed. The aim of this work was to study the polymorphism of a number of modern Russian common flax cultivars and develop their genetic profiles.

Materials and methods. Among the large number of SSR markers (over 1300) used for common flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), the most informative for genotype identification is, in our opinion, the set of 11 SSR primers, characterized by their highest precision. This set of markers was used to study the polymorphism of eleven flax cultivars developed in three geographically diverse locations – Tver, Pskov and Tomsk.

Results and discussion. In the studied group of cultivars 53 alleles were identified: 15 of these appeared to be rare, including 11 unique ones. Each flax sample contained its specific set of alleles. Using the alphabetic code for SSR markers made it possible to develop genetic profiles for more precise genotyping of flax samples hardly distinguishable morphologically, thus providing an opportunity to effectuate genetic profiling for all flax cultivars listed in the State Register of Breeding Achievements in Russia. Cluster analysis with a dendrogram showing genetic similarities helped to find differences among the studied flax samples in their distribution according to the place of their origination and the duration of their growing seasons.
SIMULASI BERKENDARA LALU LINTAS DENGAN MEDIA BARANG BEKAS UNTUK MENINGKATKAN DISIPLIN SEJAK USIA DINI DI TK QILPI AL JIHAD SURABAYA
Authors: Hidayati Siti Nur , Arif Muchamad , Virdaus Varia Virdania , Arumsari Andini Dwi
Published: January 2020

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of traffic driving simulations at Qilpi Al Jihad Kindergarten in Surabaya. The author uses a qualitative descriptive method. The author focuses on applying traffic driving simulations with used media to improve discipline in children from an early age. The author observes 4 times meetings. Each of their meetings plays a different role but with the same content. Media used materials used are available at school and have been adapted to the material being taught. The research subjects were the Qilpi Al Jihad Surabaya Kindergarten which numbered 14 students. All students use media from used materials at each meeting for 30 minutes. The results showed that learning media through varied media used materials will make children more enthusiastic and enthusiastic to learn because it is not boring. However, for children who do not understand the traffic signs and regulations that have been explained by the teacher, they will experience difficulties and confusion.
Keywords: driving simulation, training discipline in early childhood, gross motoric
Peningkatan Kompetensi Perawat dalam Pelayanan Kesehatan Melalui Metode Mentorship
Authors: telaumbanua Hariesty talenta narwastu
Published: January 2020

Latarbelakang: Sebagai komponen penting dalam pelayanan yang memberikan implikasi 24 jam kepada pasien. Yang harus dilakukan dalam pencapaian peningkatan kualitas layanan tenaga keperawatan harus memiliki kompetensi dari sisi pendidikan, pengalaman maupun keterampilan. Salah satu peran perawat adalah melakukan proses mentorship. Proses ini digunakan sebagai program untuk membangun sikap kerja yang positif, mempertahankan staf dan dapat memberi inspirasi bagi perawat pemula untuk mencapai potensi penuh sebagai pemberi layanan kesehatan Tujuan: Untuk melihat bagaimana peningkatan kompetensi perawat dalam pelayanan kesehatan melalui proses metode mentorship.Metode: Metode penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara in-depth interview Hasil: pengendalian dalam pelaksaan proses mentoring sangat berpengaruh terhadap kondisi keselamatan pasien. Pelaksaan intervensi mentorship mampu memberikan pengaruh terhadap peningkatan kompetensi perawat secara signifikan. Proses mentorship sangat efektif dan mendukung dalam pelaksaan pelayanan kesehatan dengan cara pengembangan promosi professional dan pemberdayaan pada perawat baru.Kesimpulan dan Saran: Proses mentorship ini diharapkan bisa menjadi salah satu wadah bagi peningkatan kompentensi perawat. Perawat diharapkan lebih termotivasi dan saling memberikan dampak positif satu dengan yang lain setelah melaksanakan program ini
Resolusi Konflik Berbasis Strategi Kebudayaan
Authors: Gaspersz Steve Gerardo
Published: January 2020

Pengelolaan kemajemukan sosial-budaya masyarakat Maluku memerlukan pendekatan kebudayaan yang lebih strategis ketimbang instrumentalis. Tujuan yang hendak dicapai bukan semata-mata perdamaian yang sempit dan berjangka pendek, tapi justru mengenali modal-modal sosial dan kultural dalam kebudayaan.
KAJIAN ANTROPOLOGI SASTRA DAN NILAI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER CERITA RAKYAT PANJI SANJAYA RANGIN DESA BOGOHARJO KABUPATEN PACITAN SERTA RELEVANSINYA SEBAGAI BAHAN AJAR SEKOLAH MENENGAH PERTAMA
Authors: Damayati Dina
Published: January 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendiskripsikan dan menjelaskan; (1) unsur struktural cerita rakyat Panji Sanjaya Rangin, (2) wujud budaya yang terkandung dalam cerita rakyat Panji Sanjaya Rangin, (3) nilai pendidikan karakter yang terdapat pada cerita rakyat Panji Sanjaya Rangin, serta (4) relevansi cerita rakyat Panji Sanjaya Rangin dengan pembelajaran di Sekolah Menengah Atas. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dan menggunakan pendekatan antropologi sastra. Sumber data yang diperlukan adalah; (1) informan, (2) peristiwa, (3) benda fisik, dan (4) dokumen. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui; (1) perekaman, wawancara, dan pencatatan dan (2) observasi langsung. Teknik uji validitas data menggunakan validitas triangulasi yang meliputi; (1) sumber data, (2) metode, dan (3) teori.
A reflection on cognitive reflection – testing convergent validity of two versions of the Cognitive Reflection Test
Authors: Erceg Nikola , Galic Zvonimir , Ružojčić Mitja
Published: January 2020

Although it is generally acknowledged that the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) captures intelligence and numerical ability, many agree that it cannot be completely reduced to these constructs. Rather, it is presumed that the CRT also assesses some kind of thinking disposition towards reflective and open-minded thinking. In this manuscript, we report the results of a study that tested this assumption by exploring convergent validity of both the numerical and verbal version of the CRT. Using structural equation modelling, we investigated whether intelligence and numerical ability can account for all the variance in the CRT and if not, what is the nature of the unaccounted variance. Our conclusions about the convergent validity differed for the two types of test. For the numerical CRT, we found that the correlation between the latent numerical CRT and numerical ability was so high that the constructs were practically indistinguishable. As for the verbal CRT, the correlations between the latent verbal CRT and intelligence and numerical ability constructs were substantially lower, meaning that these two constructs do not account for all the variance in the test. However, the latent verbal CRT failed to correlate with belief bias and actively open-minded thinking, two closely related constructs, once the variance of intelligence and numerical ability was partialled out. We concluded that, despite its name, the CRT does not seem to assess the construct of cognitive reflection and its correlation with other variables found in the literature might mostly be driven by its overlap with intelligence and numerical ability.
BGGM: Bayesian Gaussian Graphical Models in R
Authors: Williams Donald Ray , Mulder Joris
Published: January 2020

The R package BGGM provides tools for making Bayesian inference in Gaussian graphicalmodels (GGM). The methods are organized around two general approaches for Bayesian inference: (1) estimation and (2) hypothesis testing. The key distinction is that the formerfocuses on either the posterior or posterior predictive distribution (Gelman, Meng, & Stern,1996; see section 5 in Rubin, 1984), whereas the latter focuses on model comparison withthe Bayes factor (Jeffreys, 1961; Kass & Raftery, 1995).
Prescribing pattern and utilization of selected antimicrobials in a tertiary hospital of Nepal
Authors: Acharya Upasana , Mahat Ravi , Acharya Subhash Prasad , Pahari Bishnu , Tripathi Prashant
Published: January 2020

Introduction: This study was done to understand the purpose of using higher grade antimicrobials in a one year period and to compare the consumption of commonly prescribed parenteral antimicrobial agents in four consecutive years in a tertiary care hospital of Nepal.

Materials & Methods: A retrospective observational study was carried out to collect the information on prescription of selected six classes of antimicrobial for all admitted patients aged 2 years or above for a one-year period. Further, the antimicrobial consumption tool 2016 was used to calculate defined daily dose (DDD) per 100 bed days of commonly dispensed parenteral antimicrobials for four consecutive years.

Results: A total of 2568 antimicrobial supply forms prescribing higher grades antimicrobials were analyzed. The indications for use of antimicrobials were mainly for empiric treatment. Among the infections being treated, lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) was the most frequent cause. Piperacillin-tazobactam was most frequently prescribed followed by Meropenem. Also, DDD for commonly used parenteral antimicrobials showed increasing trends over four consecutive years.

Conclusion: The prescription of higher grades of antimicrobial for empiric treatment and surgical prophylaxis need to be monitored. The rate of consumption of such antimicrobials could not be assessed due to lack of similar studies but the increase in DDD/100 bed days each year suggested the rise in consumption of antimicrobial in the same institution.
Patterns of Pediatric Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Western Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Chaudhary Nagendra , Regmi Shiva , Shrestha Sandeep , Pathak Santosh` , Gupta Badri Kumar , Swar Ravi , Kurmi Om Prakash
Published: January 2020

INTRODUCTION: In outpatient department (OPD) of hospital in low and middle income countries (LMICs), pediatric ear, nose and throat (ENT) disorders are common and huge variation in number is being reported in different seasons. This study aimed to study the prevalence and seasonal effect of ENT disorder in children.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: One year (Jan-Dec, 2015) retrospective data of children (0 months-17 years) visiting ENT outpatient (ENT-OPD) department at Universal College of Medical Sciences-Teaching Hospital, Nepal was analysed. Descriptive statistics were calculated to report the prevalence of ENT disorders for various sub-groups including season. In addition to quantifying the prevalence of ENT disorders in children, the seasonal influence of each disorder was analysed.

RESULTS: Out of 14,126 patients visiting the ENT-OPD, 3,423 (24.23%) were children. The mean age of children having ENT- disorders were 8.4±5.1, 10.6±4.6 and 10.7±4.7 years respectively with male-female ratio of 1.3:1.

During all seasons 2,645 (77.3%) had ear problems, 328 (9.6%) nose disorders and 450 (13.14%) throat disorders. The percentage of children with ear disorders declined significantly with increase in age unlike those with nose and throat disorders (P < 0.001). Seasonal trend analysis showed that children had significantly higher number of ear disorders during summer and autumn seasons (P <0.001) whereas nose disorders were more common in spring and winter seasons (P<0.001) with chronic otitis media and wax being the main types of ear disorders and deviated nasal septum (DNS) for nose disorders. Among the throat disorders, tonsillitis was most prevalent in all seasons followed by pharyngitis.

CONCLUSION:- The study suggests a clear seasonal trend in the prevalence of ENT disorders that can be used for advanced planning and management of the conditions in hospitals.
Small Bowel Obstruction due to Foreign Body Ingestion in an Autistic Child
Authors: Poudel Rajesh , Shrestha Samir
Published: January 2020

The pica phenomenon is common in patients with behavioral and developmental disorders, particularly autism. Most ingested foreign bodies pass through the gastrointestinal system spontaneously and without complication. Small bowel obstruction is an uncommon complication of ingested foreign body. Herein, we present the case of an autistic child who was operated for peritonitis due to an unusual foreign body.
From Sickle to Pen
Authors: Mughal Muhammad A. Z.
Published: January 2020

This article discusses the relationship between women’s education and their everyday mobility in the rural areas of Punjab, Pakistan. Based on an ethnographic case study from a village in Southern Punjab, information from semi-structured interviews and observations is used to demonstrate an enhanced access to education has altered women’s everyday mobility trends. However, questions regarding women’s empowerment remain unresolved. Although some rural women have always been engaged in agricultural activities, there have been limitations on their mobility due to cultural sensitivities. I conclude the nature of social and socio-spatial relationships is being negotiated in some cultural contexts of rural Punjab through the changing facets of women’s mobility associated with modern education.
CAN OPENNESS HYPOTHESIS IMPROVE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF PAKISTANS FINANCIAL MARKET?
Authors: Ahmad Jawad , Zehraa Sania , Jehan Noor
Published: January 2020

This paper is an attempt to test the openness hypothesis for the case of Pakistan. Being a developing country and having different interest groups interfering in the financial market, openness hypothesis provides a theory that provides a win-win situation for the interest groups, consequently improving financial development. We presented a political economy approach of analyzing the state of Pakistans financial market and proposed an openness hypothesis. Our result indicates that individually, trade and financial opening are beneficial for improving the financial market development however, the simultaneous opening of financial and trade hypothesis does not hold for Pakistan. In other words, the simultaneous opening of financial and trade accounts does not seem to be a necessary condition for improving the financial sector.
WHAT IS DEMOCRACY? CHALLENGES FOR DEMOCRACY IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Bibi Fozia , Jameel Sumbal , Jalal Syed Umair
Published: January 2020

This article aims to explore what democracy is and what are the key tools for the success of democracy. Democracy is a famous form of government in contemporary world politics. There are few key characteristics of true democracy, for instance; free and fair elections, the role of media, education, judiciary, political parties, and religious tolerance, etc. Pakistan has experienced authoritative and democratic forms of government since independence. Many democratic governments have governed the country but despite that politicians in Pakistan could not provide the basic facilities of life to the general public. Lack of timely, free and fair elections, the gap between political elite and public, martial-laws, civil-military relations, lack of education and awareness in the general public are some key hurdles in the success of democracy. Therefore, for the success of democracy in Pakistan, it is also necessary to improve these tools.
TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST: IMPLICATIONS FOR PAKISTAN
Authors: Shoaib Muhammad , Ishaque Waseem , Shah Syed Ali
Published: January 2020

The regional security matrix of the Middle East is facing serious challenges since the US invasion of Iraq, which has left a deep impact on the regional balance of power. A hostile nation towards Iran becomes an ally after the fall of the Saddam regime. Things are changing rapidly when several series of protests across the Arab and African region erupted since 2011 with the Tunisian revolution to be first on the list. Muslim countries across the Arab and African region faced regime changes, the rise of nonstate actors (NSA) and infighting due to breakdown state institutions. This article explores the evolving post Arab Spring situation in the region and suggests policy options for Pakistan.
CHINAS GROWING STRATEGIC INTERESTS IN AFGHANISTAN
Authors: Qayum Huma , Jalal Syed Umair , Ishfaq Uroosa
Published: January 2020

China is giving a push to the reconciliation process among the Taliban and the Afghan government. As well as working on trilateral relations of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and China. China is looking for CPEC expansion to Afghanistan through Pakistan, for which China seeks to explore the ways of reconciliation in Afghanistan among the Taliban and the Afghan government. US wants his long stay in Afghanistan to check the regional power of China and Russia, while China is taking interest in the Afghan peace process to smooth the way for US complete withdrawal. China along with other regional powers in Afghanistan supporting the Taliban demand of the US comprehensive drawdown timeline. The paper will bring into light Chinas role in Afghan peace and reconciliation, especially with the Taliban. It will also analyze Chinas role in Afghanistans infrastructure and development.
POLITICS OF ETHNICITIES AND FEDERATING ISSUES IN PAKISTAN: CHANGING GEOPOLITICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE REGION
Authors: Taj Shaista , Shah Zahir , Bilal Muhammad
Published: January 2020

Keeping in view the multi-ethnic structure of Pakistan, the federal structure is designed in the country. Circumstantial evidence suggests that smaller ethnicities are not satisfied within the structure and therefore, crises and disturbances are continuously being witnessed. The ethnic factor becomes more visible, impacting not only the internal politics of Pakistan but also its evolving regional political interaction as well. The ethnicities located in the border region of the country, have been facing the dilemma to accept the geopolitical offers given to Pakistan by the neighboring countries. The sort of relations causes ethnic resentments if it doesnt recognize the rights of the community. Pashtun and Baluch ethnicities have been more relevant for study in this regard.
NUCLEAR SUPPLIERS GROUP (NSG) MEMBERSHIP: THE CASE OF INDIA AND PAKISTAN
Authors: Murad Muhammad , Kolachi Muhammad Ramzan , Ishfaq Uroosa
Published: January 2020

Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) was established after Indias 1974 nuclear tests. Only signatories of the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty (NPT) can fulfill the criteria for NSG membership. India is not a signatory of NPT. India, however, is getting support from the US for entry into the NSG. Since Pakistan is a nuclear power and a non-NPT signatory so, it also applied for membership of the NSG along with India in 2016. Pakistan took the stance of criteria-based membership - entry either for all or none. China opposed membership of India into the group based on the NPT signatory grounds. Thus, Indias membership was vetoed. This article analyzes NSGs membership case of India and Pakistan. It further discusses the nuclear doctrines of India and Pakistan. In Indias membership case, it highlights the role of the US and Grossis proposal. In Pakistans membership case, it discusses Chinas role briefly
CHINESE DREAM AND PROSPECT OF HARMONIOUS WORLD POLICY: DRAWING LESSONS FOR PAKISTAN
Authors: Waseem Waseem , Ullah Aman , Khalid Ijaz
Published: January 2020

In the last four decades, China has transited from a closed country to major power status by adopting pragmatic policies. This article analyzes the transformation in Chinas foreign policy with its futuristic plan of building a harmonious world through peaceful co-existence and win-win cooperation. By adhering to principles of Panchsheel, foundations for prosperous China were laid. The notion of peaceful coexistence is the hallmark of Chinese foreign policy which has helped in resolving border issues withs neighbors by peaceful means. By remaining neutral and playing the role of a mediator, China has successfully managed regional and global conflicts. President Xi Jinpings vision of the Chinese Dream is, in fact, a holistic concept for taking China forward among leading nations in the world and rejuvenation of the Chinese nation for a prosperous future. Chinese foreign and domestic policies are now delivering and Pakistan being its Iron Brother can gain opportunities from Chinas peaceful rise
Biological activity of heterocyclic systems based on functionally substituted 1,3,4-thia(oxa)diazoles (a review)
Authors: Lelyukh M. I.
Published: January 2020

1,3,4-Thiadiazole and oxadiazole hetetocycles are well-known pharmacophore scaffolds, which possess wide possibility for chemical modification and identified diverse pharmacological potential. Such essential and many-sided activities let to consider the mentioned heterocycles as ones of the crucial for expression of pharmacological activity, which confirm their importance for medicinal chemistry. Moreover, 1,3,4-oxadiazole cycle is a bioisostere for carboxylic, amide and ester groups, which mostly contribute to enhancement the pharmacological activity by participating in hydrogen bonding interactions with different enzymes and receptors.
The aim of the work was analysis of literature data about biological activity of non-condensed heterocyclic systems based on 1,3,4-thia(oxa)diazole rings as promising objects for modern bioorganic and medicinal chemistry.
In this study are presented the analysis of actual literature data about pharmacological activity of heterocyclic systems based on 1,3,4-thiadiazole. It has been established that mentioned scaffolds were identified as the main structural component of biological agents with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgetic, antitumor antitubercular and antiviral activity. Moreover, the combination of 1,3,4-thiadiazole or 1,3,4-oxadiazole core with various heterocycles led to synergistic effect in many cases. Thus, mentioned scaffolds are important heterocyclic fragments that are considered as promising structural matrices for the construction of new drug-likes molecules.
An analysis of the biological activity of 1,3,4-thia(oxa)diazole derivatives was carried out, which allowed to confirm their versatile pharmacological potential. Obtained data can be considered as background for further in-depth studies of chemical and pharmacological properties such heterocyclic systems with possible application in medicine.
Development of methods of determination of technological houses 3,5-dinitro- and 3,5-diaminobenzoics acids at synthesis of sodium amidotrіzоate
Authors: Palchevska T. A. , Baula O. P. , Bessarabov V. I. , Palchevskyі K. V.
Published: January 2020

Ionogenic contrast preparations, Triombrast, Urographin and Trasograph containing the active pharmaceutical ingredient (APhI), sodium amidotrizoate, have a positive experience in medical diagnosis.
Qualitative control of intermediate products of each stage of AFI to prevent the possibility of technological toxic impurities – a mixture of 3,5-dinitro- and 3,5-diaminobenzoic acids (3,5-dNBK and 3,5-dABK) in the composition of the target product for safety X-ray contrast drugs in their application is a pressing issue today.
The aim of the work – to develop a method for determining the technological impurities of 3,5-dNBK and 3,5-dABK acids in the synthesis of amidotrizoate sodium using UV spectrophotometry, which will allow to determine these impurities without their preliminary separation both in the inter-operative process control and in the finished product.
The objects of study are aqueous solutions of 3,5-dNBK and 3,5-dABK acids, as well as their binary mixtures. The absorption spectra of the analytes were recorded using a Specord UV VIS spectrophotometer in the ultraviolet region. Calculations of the concentrations of the investigated acids in the composition of their binary compositions were performed according to the Vierordt's method.
It is found that the absorption maxima of aqueous solutions of 3,5-dNBK and 3,5-dABK are at wavelengths of 240 nm and 218 nm; in the experimental conditions, the molar absorption coefficient for 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid was the same (e1240 = e1218) and was equal to 17 940 ± 150. For solutions of 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid, the molar absorption coefficients were different: for a wavelength of 218 nm, the molar e2218 = 28 890 ± 220 and at a wavelength of 240 nm e2240 = 10 770 ± 80.
Based on the Firordt method, taking into account the molar absorption coefficients of the investigated acids, we determined mathematical formulas for the quantitative analysis of the composition of mixtures at different ratios of analytes within their total concentration 1–6·10-5 M.            Spectrophotometric Vierordt's method of quantitative analysis of 3,5-dinitro- and 3,5-diaminobenzoic acids, as well as their binary mixtures in aqueous solutions can be applied in the industrial production of iodine-containing contrast agents, where in the first stages of synthesis, the corresponding nitrobenzoic acid is reduced.          Strict control of the possible amount of impurities in the first stage of synthesis of sodium amidotrizoate – the main active ingredient of ionic iodine-containing X-ray contrast drugs (Triombrast, Urografin, Trasograph) – will improve the quality of the final product and will allow to reduce the final product.
Consequences of interest rates benchmarks reform
Authors: Moiseev S. R.
Published: January 2020

The reform of benchmarks is carried out in developed economies from 2014 to 2021. The starting point of a large-scale reform was the scandal with the interest rate LIBOR. Instead of it, national so-called “risk-free” interest rates will appear. Although a problem of manipulating LIBOR will be resolved, new benchmarks bring new problems. They have statistical biases and will not be comparable either to LIBOR or to each other due to methodological differences. The new benchmark rates are overnight rates, and their calculation does not imply the formation of term rates. Instead of the homogeneous LIBOR family, financial markets have received a heterogeneous group of new rates. In some developing economies money markets are absent, and their central banks are faced with a problem of how to calculate the local benchmark rate under the new rules. As an alternative they are searching to use interest rates in neighboring markets.
Outcomes of Community Participation in Housing Development : An Update Review
Authors: T. Aule Thomas , Moh'd Jusan Mahmud Bin , Ayoosu Moses Iorakaa
Published: January 2020

Community participation has been identified as one of the most productive approach to empowering the ‘poorest and most vulnerable people’ in the move towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals 11, with mandate to ‘provide opportunity for all people to housing that is safe, adequate, and affordable with basic services as well as to upgrade slums’. In this exploratory study, some 54 materials were reviewed comprising of books, journals, conference papers as well as published reports, on the subject matter of Community Participation. Based on their respective contents, the materials were first classified into different Areas of Study. Levels of participations were also established following conclusions and recommendations by the respective authors. Categorical outcomes were finally obtained from the reviewed materials as either positive or negative. It was however deduced that while bulk of publications on the subject matter of Community participation were in the area of Housing, at a collaborative Level of Partnership, just as over 70% of researchers reported positive outcomes of participatory projects. In conclusion, community participation in housing development is seen to be most effective at the highest level of empowerment, as the minor Discriminant Function, agree with the position of most scholars. It is therefore recommended that authorities of government as well as multi-national organisations should seek Partnership with local communities, not just for economic concerns, but with sincere motive of empowering the people for effective social production of their built environments.
The Cloud Computing and Internet of Things (IoT)
Authors: Kaur Chamandeep
Published: January 2020

The cloud is a huge, interconnected network of powerful servers that performs services for businesses and people. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. IoT has evolved with the greater generation of data. Internet of Things Cloud Service creates excessive communication between inexpensive sensors in the IoT which means even greater connectivity. Billions of connected devices and machines will soon join human-users. IoT generates lots of data while on the other hand, cloud computing paves way for this data to travel. In this paper we try to focus on cloud providers who take advantage of this to provide a pay-as-you-use model where customers pay for the specific resources used. Also, cloud hosting as a service adds value to IoT startups by providing economies of scale to reduce their overall cost structure.
Identifying the Risk Impact on Cost and Time of the Egyptian Non-Residential Buildings Projects
Authors: A. Osman Medhat M. , H. Issa Usama , Zakaria Eraqi Ayman M.
Published: January 2020

Construction projects in Egypt were typically influenced by multiple risk factors which have various impacts on both cost and time objectives that lead to project cost overruns and time delays. This paper presents the results of an investigation study concerns with the identification and assessment of risks associated with the Egyptian Non-Residential Buildings Projects (ENRBP). The study explores risk factors probability of occurrence and their effects on cost and time of these projects. A field survey was conducted with professionals in the construction projects in EGYPT for a purpose of collecting the required data of the risk factors characteristics. Based on results analysis, several risk factors were identified and categorized into fifteen risk groups as well as they were prioritized based on their effects on cost and time. A high agreement for ranking risk factors among contractors, consultants and owners was acquired. The list of the major risks included many factors such as: dramatic changes in the materials prices and Adopting direct attribution system rather than tendering and bidding systems. The most expected average increase of the cost overruns and time delays was more than 20% of the project planned budget and schedule. Finally, the analysis and findings showed that risk factors were very close in their impacts on both cost and time of ENRBP.
16例创伤性湿肺的诊治分析
Authors: 马 俊涛 , 魏 国清
Published: January 2020

目的：探讨创伤性湿肺诊治经验。方法：回顾性分析我院重症医学科2018年10月至2019年10月收治的16例创伤性湿肺的患者,入院后明确诊断,给予气管插管,机械通气,采用小潮气量肺保护性通气策略,积极给予原发伤处理、抗休克,吸氧、镇痛镇静、抗炎、化痰及支气管扩张等治疗,并在患者脱机拔管前采用限制性液体管理策略进行输液治疗。结果：16例患者均顺利脱机拔管转出重症监护病房。结论：创伤性湿肺患者在采取原发伤及基础治疗的同时采用有创机械通气联合限制性液体管理策略综合治疗,效果较好。
浅谈中药产业国际化发展战略研究
Authors: 袁 哲
Published: January 2020

改革开放于1978年,2001年加入了世界贸易组织,并于2013年提出了“一带一路”倡议。在这种背景下,中国市场一直处于开放状态,中医国际市场的发展已逐渐提上议事日程。但是,作为这些发展机遇的一部分,中国的中药产业也面临着各种挑战。外国公司的威胁和中国制药业的种种弊端,意味着中国中药产业的国际发展仍很漫长。
An Assessment of Gasification-Based Biorefining at Kraft Pulp and Paper Mills in the United States, Part B: Results
Authors: LARSON ERIC D. , CONSONNI STEFANO , KATOFSKY RYAN E. , IISA KRISTIINA , FREDERICK, JR. W. JAMES
Published: January 2020

Commercialization of black liquor and biomass gasification technologies is anticipated in the 2010–2015 timeframe, and synthesis gas from gasifiers can be converted into liquid fuels using catalytic synthesis technol-ogies that are already commercially established today in the gas-to-liquids or coal-to-liquids industries. This set of two papers describes key results from a major assessment of the prospective energy, environmental, and financial performance of commercial gasification-based biorefineries integrated with kraft pulp and paper mills. Seven detailed biorefinery designs were developed for a reference mill in the southeastern United States, together with the associated mass/energy balances, air emissions estimates, and capital investment requirements. The biorefineries provide chemical recovery services and co-produce process steam for the mill, some electricity, and one of three liq-uid fuels: a Fischer-Tropsch synthetic crude oil (which could be refined to vehicle fuels at an existing petroleum refin-ery), dimethyl ether (a diesel engine fuel or propane substitute), or an ethanol-rich mixed-alcohol product. Compared with installing new Tomlinson power/recovery systems, biorefineries would require more capital investment and greater purchases of woody residues for energy use. However, because biorefineries would be more efficient, have lower air emissions, and produce a more diverse product slate, for nearly all cases examined, the internal rate of return (IRR) on the incremental capital investment lies between 14% and 18%, assuming a $50/bbl world oil price. The IRRs would more than double if plausible federal and state financial incentives were captured. Industry-wide adoption of such biorefining in the United States would provide significant energy and environmental benefits to the country.