bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuity and Conversion of House Gardens in Western Amazonia
Authors: Works Martha Adrienne
Published: October 2014

House gardens were studied in Moyobamba, a town in eastern Peru. The gardens are large and long established, and have high species diversity. Soil characteristics in the gardens reflect vegetation characteristics and cultivation practices. Population pressure, alternative sources of income, and greater competition from imported foodstuffs are endangering the future of Moyobamba’s prominent and productive house gardens.
Habitat Islands: Feral Parrots in Southern California
Authors: Boling Lauren A.
Published: October 2014

Site and environmental characteristics were studied for fifteen locations in Southern California where feral parrots and related avian species have been observed. These areas have common features that support an analysis of them as biogeographical islands created by human use of the earth. Feral psittacines are strongly attracted to residential landscapes where exotic and fruiting species are maintained through extravagant applications of water to maintain a lush and tall vegetation.
A Postcolonial Rural Landscape: The Algiers Sahel
Authors: Karabenick Edward
Published: October 2014

The global decolonization that has taken place since World War II has produced major rural landscape changes in most former European-settled areas. This sequent occupance pattern is exemplified by a landscape analysis of the Algiers Sahel in former French Algeria. Through the findings of fieldwork carried out during 1955 and 1988 this study examines four significant changes since Algeria’s initial quest for independence. The Sahel’s European farms have been replaced by a sequence of unsuccessful cooperative settlement types. Low value hay and pasture crops have supplanted the ubiquitous vineyards. Rural population density has fallen by half. The region’s farming area has been progressively reduced by the runaway expansion of neighboring Algiers. Causes of this landscape transformation include the panicked departure of the European farming class, the loss of the French wine market, and the reform policies of the Algerian government.
Vance’s Commuting Analysis: An Application in Tempe, Arizona
Authors: Burns Elizabeth K.
Published: October 2014

In a 1960 study of Natick, Massachusetts, James E. Vance, Jr., showed how this Boston suburb’s character evolved as intraurban transportation and local employers’ labor needs changed. His analysis relied on two concepts: a community’s laborshed, the area from which employees are drawn, and its employment field, the area in which residents work. This Tempe, Arizona, study demonstrates the applicability of Vance’s concepts to present-day inner suburbs in Southwestern metropolitan areas using two modem procedures, a geographic information system analysis and sampling from employee commuting surveys collected by the Maricopa County Regional Travel Reduction Program. While data availability may limit comparative studies, Tempe’s 1990 extensive laborshed and smaller employment field reveal that this inner suburb is both a bedroom community and a satellite employment center.
Desertification of the Camp Creek Drainage in Central Oregon
Authors: Buckley Geoffrey L.
Published: October 2014

The environment of the Crooked River region, with particular emphasis on Camp Creek, is examined for the period 1826 to 1905. Vegetation is reconstructed from explorers’ journals, travelers’ diaries, military records, early residents’ accounts, and original survey plats and notes. The first year for which a written account of Euro-American exploration in the Crooked River region exists is 1826. In 1905 the valley floor is first described as criss-crossed by arroyos or small canyons. The objective of this study was to determine when Camp Creek became an incised stream and whether incision occurred as a result of inappropriate land-use practices or in response to climatic fluctuations. Historical evidence indicates that during a period of prolonged drought intense grazing, as well as other activities associated with settlement, weakened the vegetative cover of the floodplain, after which time heavy rains eroded the stream channel.
Religion and Migration: The Molokan Experience
Authors: Hardwick Susan W.
Published: October 2014

The close relationship between religion and migration is explored in this humanistic analysis of a little-studied North American immigrant group, Russian Molokans. This ethnoreligious group migrated to San Francisco and Los Angeles in the early twentieth century seeking religious freedom. Molokans who settled in the American West had been exiled from their homeland in central Russia to the Transcaucasus by the Russian Czar Nicholas I in 1839. Pacifists, they had been promised fifty years exemption from the draft if they resettled in this remote, mountainous region. When their exemption expired, Molokan leaders petitioned the government for permission to emigrate. Over five thousand had resettled in East Los Angeles and approximately one thousand came to Potrero Hill in San Francisco by 1911. By the 1920s, other groups of Molokans had relocated to Hawaii, Baja California, Arizona, Oregon, Washington, and California’s Central Valley, seeking economic stability and spiritual isolation.
A Physiographic Streamflow Model for Small Sierra Nevada Basins
Authors: McArthur David S. , Hope Allen S.
Published: October 2014

A prediction equation for mean annual stream discharge from small basins within the granitic terrane of the Sierra Nevada is defined as:

Q = 2.465 (10 −4 ) A 1.247 E 0.575 (LAT-35) 1.042 CS 0.533 m 3 /s.

Basin area (A km 2 ), elevation (E m), latitude (LAT°), and the main-channel slope ratio (CS) are all measured on 15-minute topographic maps. Prediction accuracy is substantially improved in comparison to predicting Q from basin area and annual precipitation.
Dick Tracy’s Cityscape
Authors: Lukinbeal Christopher L. , Kennedy Christina B.
Published: October 2014

Landscape portrayal in film and in comics influences our understanding and perception of the world. The cityscape of the movie Dick Tracy (1990) is Warren Beatty’s interpretation of the cityscape portrayed in Chester Gould’s (1930) comic strip of the same name. Each rendition offers clues to the social milieu in which they were created. Both cityscapes are generic, reflect anti-urban sentiment, and offer a simplistic, moralistic view of reality.
Depicting California’s Critical Environmental Zones
Authors: Pryde Philip R. , Rogers Cheryl , Chaddock Lisa
Published: October 2014

A set of critical environmental area maps for the state of California has been prepared. These maps show regions of the state where the natural environment has been adversely affected by the consequences of economic activities, in some cases exacerbated by natural conditions. Environmental topics mapped include air pollution, pollution of inland and coastal waters, hazardous wastes, surface mining, and deterioration of forests and sensitive habitats. Initially, for clarity, mapping was done on three separate sheets, under the topic headings of water problems, habitat problems, and air and toxic pollutants. Subsequently, all of the data were combined onto a single comprehensive map. This resultant map illustrates by means of overlapping areal and point symbols the generalized locales and regions of concentrations of contemporary environmental problems in California.
Japanese Garden Plants in Residential Yards in Honolulu, Hawaii: A Transported Landscape
Authors: Ikagawa Toshihiko
Published: October 2014

This study explores the relationship between humans and plant communities in residential yards in urbanized neighborhoods on the island of Oahu, Hawaii by examining how Japanese ornamental garden plants and style have been transported by Japanese immigrants and their descendants to Hawaii, and what has happened to the plants and style in the multicultural society of Hawaii. The history of immigrants to Hawaii and the characteristics of Japanese gardens are summarized as background. The study, comparing the frequency of Japanese garden plants found in literature on Japanese ornamental gardens and gardening and 150 randomly selected residential front yards in Honolulu, shows that the Japanese plants and style were not transported as a whole, most likely because many popular Japanese garden plants do not thrive in the Hawaiian climate, and also possibly because of the difference in the framework and underlying philosophy of a garden between Japanese and American traditions. The part transported comprises some hardy plant species which thrive in the tropical climate, including sacred bamboo ( Nandina domestica Thunb.), cycad ( Cycas revoluta Thunb.), and Oriental hawthorn ( Rhaphiolepis umbellata (Thunb.) Mak.); and a few ideas such as grouped rocks, a stone lantern, and neatly trimmed shrubs. The maintenance and diffusion of the transported Japanese garden traditions were evident in the multicultural society of Hawaii. Although the transported Japanese garden elements make up a rather small portion of the entire garden, they do lend a distinctive Japanese flavor to the front yards of some of the Japanese residents, possibly as a display of group identity.
The Response of Antelope Ground Squirrels ( Ammospermophilus leucurus ) to Human Impacts in the Western Mojave Desert
Authors: Starr Michael
Published: October 2014

Many areas of the western Mojave Desert have been severely impacted during the past 30 years because of human activity on lands adjacent to rapidly developing desert cities. Antelope ground squirrels were studied in order to determine the degree and scope of these borderland utilization zones. Three suburban-to-rural transects, plus one control site, were located near the city of Ridgecrest. Each transect was surveyed and rated for 10 types of human impact, and live-trapping for ground squirrel abundance was conducted along the entire length. Both the cumulative human impact ratings and the number of ground squirrel captures tended to increase with increasing proximity to the edge of development. This suggests that these ground squirrels are an edge-enhanced species and may in turn be an indicator of an overall reduction in habitat quality.
The Evolving Commercial Strip: Crossing Ford’s Typology in Metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona
Authors: Sargent Susan Riches
Published: October 2014

Commercial strips are a component of the cultural landscape that epitomize how the automobile, combined with rising consumerism, has changed American cities. As the number of commercial strips has increased, so has their complexity of architectural forms, economic activities, and land-use functions. Larry Ford has suggested an eight-fold typology of the evolution of commercial strips that examines relationships among architectural innovation, socioeconomic context, and spatial organization embodied by this evolving retail landscape. This research evaluates and extends Ford’s generalized typology in a specific metropolitan area, Phoenix, Arizona.
Human Ecology of the Sonoran Desert
Authors: Bahre Conrad J.
Published: October 2014

The regional boundaries of the Sonoran Desert were first described by John Harshberger in 1911 and refined by Forrest Shreve in the 1940s on the basis of the desert’s unique vegetation and flora. It is roughly divided by the U.S./Mexico international boundary with about 60 percent in Mexico. The present cultural landscape of the Sonoran Desert is an expression of its historically diverse cultures and their uses of available water and desert plants. The Indians, who had depended totally on local resources for their sustenance, were forced to accept the limitations of scarce water, whereas modern-day Mexican and American societies rely on technologies that allow them to import almost all that they need to live in the desert, including water. Five selected vignettes illustrate the salient features concerning changing human perceptions and uses of the desert’s water and plant resources as they relate to the development of the modern landscape. These vignettes elucidate the cultural roots of the landscape and its distinctiveness.
Elaboration on the Nature of Woody Debris: An Ethical Snag in the Aesthetic Justification for Organized River Cleanup
Authors: Nemeth David J. , Keirsey Deborah J.
Published: October 2014

Beauty is the symbol of morality, according to Immanuel Kant. We interpret this to imply that by achieving aesthetic pleasure, humankind can somehow replace the need for ethical satisfaction. We apply this idea to the project of constructing scenic waterways in urban areas, and ask “What purpose is served by organizing debris removal along the channels and banks of polluted urban waterways if they become aesthetically pleasing but remain nearly devoid of life?”

A footnote to recent scientific research that measures the effect of woody debris on stream channel processes reveals that woody debris contributes to aquatic habitat. Adding woody debris to a stream can create protected zones and improve fish habitat by increasing pool types and sizes, sediment storage, and local scour. We discuss this current research and its implications in the changing contexts of American history and environmental ethics. The systematic removal of natural woody “snags” (for example the spectacular “Great Raft” on the Red River) that helped open the interior of the United States to commerce once fit the prevailing public morality of American Manifest Destiny. Today, Americans who can find little ethical satisfaction in the condition of their urban waterways yet strive to make them scenic.

We explore the scenic and recreational potentials for “treating” urban streams with the addition of woody debris in order to contribute to aquatic habitat. We also indulge in semantic games and ask why the debris must be woody in order to contribute. This leads to a provocative discussion about wooden pallets, shopping carts, and automobile tires. Perhaps debris removal in urban waterways disrupts and diminishes aquatic habitat, yet results in an aesthetic pleasure that helps make our ethical dissatisfaction with polluted rivers and streams more palatable. If so, the social construction of scenic urban waterways is just an aesthetic movement driven by a political desire for utopia.
The Changing Political Landscape of California, 1968 to 2000
Authors: Heppen John
Published: October 2014

This article explores the political geography of California by analyzing regional voting behavior and the nature of the population at the county level from 1968 to 2000. Most methods have recognized three political regions in California: Southern California, Northern California, and the Central Valley. The logic for these regions is based on primary settlement patterns and political cultures. Patterns of Republican vote for president from 1968 to 2000 and the percentage of white population from 1970 to 1998 show that the state may be moving toward two political regions: one consisting of a more racially varied and urban coast; the other a less racially diverse and more rural interior.
Phoenix: The Newest Latino Immigrant Gateway?
Authors: Skop Emily , Menjívar Cecilia
Published: October 2014

The increasing importance of Phoenix as a large urban conglomerate (it is the 6 th largest U.S. city) located in a border state and as a receiver of native and immigrant newcomers both contribute to the growing Latino population in the city. The recent influx of Salvadorans, Guatemalans, and Cubans to the Phoenix metropolitan area has the potential to alter the sociocultural, political, and economic landscapes of this city, and begs the question of whether Phoenix is becoming the newest Latino immigrant gateway. Relying on qualitative, in-depth interviews with 60 recent arrivals over a 2-year period, this research introduces the immigrants and their geography: first, by focusing on patterns of immigration to the Phoenix metropolitan area; and then by describing the immigrants’ novel patterns of settlement and residential behavior in the city.
Quality of Life in the U.S. States: 1970 and 2000
Authors: Mulligan Gordon , Burke Rachel
Published: October 2014

Social scientists are showing renewed interest in quality of life (QOL) issues at a variety of geographic scales. David Smith’s (1973) study of social well-being across the continental U.S. states is now recognized as being a landmark among the earlier contributions. Using an array of 47 variables spread across six major categories (income, housing, health, education, social disorganization, alienation and participation), Smith attempted to capture the wide diversity of factors that comprise QOL. In this paper, we update Smith’s data set to the present and fully replicate his analysis. We begin by pursuing his initial line of inquiry, computing standard scores for the same six QOL categories and then rank-ordering the states according to both their category-specific and their overall performances. Then we follow Smith’s second line of inquiry, applying well-known multivariate techniques in order to allocate the states to a small number of relatively homogeneous groups. A remarkable degree of QOL stability—both in the state rankings and in the state groupings—is our main finding, although there are cases of exceptional change. The correlation coefficient between state-level QOL in 1970 and state-level QOL in 2000 is remarkably high (r = 0.872), although the degree of stability is much higher in some QOL categories (income and housing) than in others (social disorganization, alienation and participation). Based on the overall standard scores—capturing QOL performance across all 47 variables—the biggest state losers (e.g., Arizona and California) were generally found in the nation’s Southwest and Midwest, and the biggest state winners (e.g., North Carolina and Vermont) were generally found in the nation’s Northeast and South.
Land Use, Riparian Vegetation, and Salmon: Historical Changes Along the Alsea and Yaquina Rivers of Oregon 1952–1994
Authors: Van Steeter Mark M.
Published: October 2014

Historically, the Alsea and Yaquina rivers in the Oregon Coast Range were densely vegetated with diverse riparian areas that supported large runs of salmon. Human disturbance of vegetation along the riparian and adjacent upland areas of these rivers through agriculture and logging has degraded freshwater habitats. This study used aerial photographs and a geographic information system (GIS) to examine changes in woody vegetation in the riparian corridor and adjacent uplands along approximately 50 kilometers of each river between 1952 and 1994. Results show that although there has been an increase in both the area of woody vegetation and average size of contiguous vegetated areas in most land ownership categories along both rivers, populations of coho salmon have declined.
Economic Development and Preservation: The Case of National Parks
Authors: Gibson Lay James , Evans Bryant
Published: October 2014

Environmentalists sometimes overlook the economic consequences of crusades to preserve landscapes, whereas local development interests often assume that preservation spells doom for economic development efforts. A proposed Sonoran Desert National Park in southwest Arizona, especially if linked with one in northern Mexico, would likely generate significant economic benefit to local towns. National parks are important export-oriented industries whose role needs to be understood for effective strategic planning, particularly in the development of gateway communities.
The Ho Chi Minh City Canals: Assessing Vulnerability and Resilience Factors
Authors: Givental Elena
Published: October 2014

The emergence of urban canals is intertwined with the history of cities built on coastal wetlands such as Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam’s largest metropolis. Constructed in the nineteenth century, the canals were used for water supply, flood control, and connection to the Mekong Delta. After Vietnam’s reunification, the canal network was transferred to public ownership and deteriorated due to natural and socioeconomic factors, including flood sediment deposition and maintenance neglect. The market reforms intensified rural-urban migration, which led to the emergence of infamous canal slum areas along the canals. The recent Nhieu Loc-Thi Nghe canal pilot restoration project, jointly funded by the city government and the World Bank, has been the only successfully completed water project in the city. The multidimensional biophysical-ecological and socioeconomic system of the Ho Chi Minh City canals represents a classic multi-scale problem characterized by diverse actors, multiple stressors, and multiple time scales. The multi-scale interactions among the system components, such as government policies, urban migration, climate change, and water contamination, are incorporated into the converging resilience-vulnerability frameworks. The reasons for restricted progress in the canal restoration lie in the interaction between poor governance, a remnant of the command economy; and intensified urbanization process, a sign of market reforms resulting in the growth of slum areas along the city canals. The study concludes that the way to reinstate the system’s resilience is efficient management through a combination of sufficient investment in restoration projects and solid institutional governance.
The Transnational Networks of Cultural Commodities: Peruvian Food in San Francisco
Authors: Brain Kelsey
Published: October 2014

In a setting of increased movement, communication, and flows across space, commodity-chain networks bring valued cultural commodities to transnational communities. My article examines the networks bringing foreign cuisine ingredients to Peruvian transnational communities in San Francisco, California. It contributes to our understanding of transnational space by mapping the networks that move food items between Peru and San Francisco and analyzing the control of those networks. Through interviews with chefs, migrants, and company representatives as well as analysis of U.S. import data, this article serves as an example of how local- and global-scale activities influence and produce one another, how the recent increase of global networks resides within a set of uneven power relationships, and how these networks are highly limited by physical geography and social factors such as wealth and position. The research offers commentary on the role of food as a cultural marker for Peruvian migrants and on the relations of power within the commodity network. This research unites economy and culture at the local and global scales while showing how “things” are imbued with cultural meaning during the processes of production to consumption on a transnational network.
Origin and Evolution of the Late-Cenozoic Uplift Creation Myth
Authors: Schaffer Jeffrey P.
Published: October 2014

The notion of geologically recent uplift of the Sierra Nevada is derived from Whitney’s 1865 geologic cross section, which is imaginary. There is no uncontested field evidence to support the late Cenozoic Sierran uplift paradigm. Highly accessible evidence contrary to Whitney’s geologic cross section occurs along Rawhide Road near Jamestown, in the range’s foothills. Nevertheless, Whitney’s interpretation fit the perception of his contemporaries and so was accepted as fact and was passed down, with elaborations added over generations. Sierran geoscientists generally believe that all uplift evidence was discovered early on, which was not the case. Across the entire range, field evidence exists that is inconsistent with the paradigm, and this evidence is unknown, unacknowledged, and/or unreferenced. The greatest problem with the paradigm is biological: under it, the Sierra Nevada would have been too low and warm for giant sequoias to have migrated southwest into the range. American geomorphology is considerably based on the Sierra’s uplift and glacial imagined evidence, and because in geomorphology there is no incentive to be correct and no penalty to be incorrect, this branch of the earth sciences may forever remain as mainstream creation science; that is, miracles, or implausible events, occur. Additionally, the origin and evolution of the Sierra’s uplift creation myth, which is the result of very intelligent geoscientists, is applicable to theological scholarship on how religions, propagated by intelligent and literate men, originated and evolved over time.
Calvinist Theology and “Country Divinity” in Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus
Authors: Macdonald James Ross
Published: October 2014

This essay examines the devils of Christopher Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus , a play that explores the disputed theological boundary between diabolic temptation and human sin. John Calvin made a significant break even with Protestant predecessors by positing a ubiquitous tempter-devil whose autonomy was wholly circumscribed by providence. In Elizabethan popular culture, by contrast, independent diabolic agency was often blamed for bodily disease, destructive weather, and other apparently malign interventions in the material world. I argue that Faustus’s interactions with Mephistopheles and the low-comedy subplot that parallels his damnation evoke, and yet refuse to resolve, these divergent views of the devil’s power.
The Physician’s Religion and salus populi : The Manuscript Circulation and Print Publication of Religio Medici
Authors: Murphy Kathryn
Published: October 2014

Some notes in the diary of the London intelligencer Samuel Hartlib constitute the first and hitherto only evidence we have, beyond the extant manuscripts themselves, for the manuscript circulation of Thomas Browne’s Religio Medici . This article explores the implications of these recently uncovered notes, which place the manuscript in the milieu of Hartlib, of the Puritan Essex noblewoman Lady Judith Barrington, and of the clergyman John Gauden, and allow consideration of who may have wished to publish Religio Medici , and why, and in particular whether Gauden may have been involved. After developing the implications of Browne’s connections with the individuals who we now know were involved in circulating the manuscript, the article turns to what these connections suggest about the significance of the first edition of Religio Medici , especially its engraved title page; the association of Religio Medici with contemporary political debates over the meaning of the Ciceronian tag salus populi suprema lex ; and what this contributes to our understanding of the contemporary reception and potential political application of Religio Medici .
The North-South Divide in Gorboduc : Fratricide Remembered and Forgotten
Authors: Kim Jaecheol
Published: October 2014

Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville’s Gorboduc metaphorizes the nation’s divide into North and South as a fratricidal feud. The narrative allegorically represents the southern English prejudice against the northern territory above the Humber. This provincial community had a shifting allegiance to the English Crown, and it was also against the unified juridical sovereignty and the Reformation propagated by the Tudor nation-state. This essay focuses on the effects of Gorboduc’ s reissue in 1570 by its official publication right after the Northern Rising (1569). If at the time of the play’s official print circulation, the settlement of the Rising was the burning political issue in the Elizabethan court, Gorboduc’ s reissue supports the Tudor state’s propagation by claiming that the nation’s disintegrated sovereignty into the North and South should be fully overcome by creating a southern-based centralized state.
The role of the virological tests in the diagnosis of the cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy
Authors: Mihály Ilona , Arányi Zsuzsanna , Prinz Gyula , Lukács Adrienne , Kolozsi Tímea , Liptai Zoltán , Bábinszky Ágota , Kodaj Imre , Petik Dóra , Lázár Gábor
Published: October 2014

Introduction: The most harmful and most frequent foetal agent is cytomegalovirus. The progress in diagnostic tools and therapeutic opportunities opened new perspectives in the diagnosis and management of foetal cytomegalovirus infection. Aim: Evaluation of cytomegalovirus virological test results performed during pregnancy between 2007 and 2012. Method: Clinical and virology data were retrospectively analysed. Results: 64.5% of the 956 tested women were serologically protected and 33.3% were susceptible to cytomegalovirus. Recent infection was confirmed in 10 pregnant women, while the infection could not be confirmed or excluded in 3 pregnant women. Six pregnant women were asymptomatic, 5 had typical disease, and 2 had abnormal fetal ultrasound. One fetus aborted, congenital infection was confirmed in 2, and was excluded in one of the four newborns tested. Conclusions: The immunity of women to cytomegalovirus reflects high socioeconomic circumstances. Confimatory tests must be done both in women who have cytomegalovirus disease and those who have IgM positive result detected by enzyme (linked) immunoassay. Screening must be done prior to pregnancy. Strict collaboration between professionals of different medical specialties is necessary. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(41), 1632–1642.
Acute mesenteric ischemia: Do biomarkers contribute to diagnosis?
Authors: Rosero Olivér , Harsányi László , Szijártó Attila
Published: October 2014

Acute mesenteric ischemia is an emergency condition that requires immediate therapy. Despite advances in the fields of surgery and intensive therapy, the mortality of this condition remains high. This is due to the broad variability of clinical presentations and non-specific laboratory findings, which delay the diagnosis allowing the ischemia to progress and further worsening the patients’ chances of survival. Thus, there is a significant need for reliable and enhanced serological markers of intestinal ischemia. The authors review the traditionally used and novel experimental serological markers for early diagnosis of mesenteric ischemia. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(41), 1615–1623.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Triazoles from Organic Halides and Alkynes in Nonionic Nanomicelles at Room Temperature
Authors: Xie Aming , Xu Xiao , Li Junjian , Wang Boliang , Dong Wei
Published: October 2014

A mild method for the one‐pot synthesis of triazoles from benzyl halides in a nonionic nanomicelle system has been developed. In this protocol, water was used as the solvent and the preparation of hazardous organic azides were avoided. A plausible micelle catalytic process has been suggested.
Increasing the Size of an Aromatic Helical Foldamer Cavity by Strand Intercalation
Authors: Singleton Michael L. , Pirotte Geert , Kauffmann Brice , Ferrand Yann , Huc Ivan
Published: October 2014

The postsynthetic modulation of capsules based on helical aromatic oligoamide foldamers would be a powerful approach for controlling their receptor properties without altering the initial monomer sequences. With the goal of developing a method to increase the size of a cavity within a helix, a single‐helical foldamer capsule was synthesized with a wide‐diameter central segment that was designed to intercalate with a second shorter helical strand. Despite the formation of stable double‐helical homodimers (Kdim>107 M−1) by the shorter strand, when it was mixed with the single‐helical capsule sequence, a cross‐hybridized double helix was formed with Ka>105 M−1. This strategy makes it possible to direct the formation of double‐helical heterodimers. On the basis of solution‐ and solid‐state structural data, this intercalation resulted in an increase in the central‐cavity size to give a new interior volume of approximately 150 Å3.
High‐Performance Liquid‐Catalyst Fuel Cell for Direct Biomass‐into‐Electricity Conversion
Authors: Liu Wei , Mu Wei , Deng Yulin
Published: October 2014

Herein, we report high‐performance fuel cells that are catalyzed solely by polyoxometalate (POM) solution without any solid metal or metal oxide. The novel design of the liquid‐catalyst fuel cells (LCFC) changes the traditional gas–solid‐surface heterogeneous reactions to liquid‐catalysis reactions. With this design, raw biomasses, such as cellulose, starch, and even grass or wood powders can be directly converted into electricity. The power densities of the fuel cell with switchgrass (dry powder) and bush allamanda (freshly collected) are 44 mW cm−2 and 51 mW cm−2 respectively. For the cellulose‐based biomass fuel cell, the power density is almost 3000 times higher than that of cellulose‐based microbial fuel cells. Unlike noble‐metal catalysts, POMs are tolerant to most organic and inorganic contaminants. Therefore, almost any raw biomass can be used directly to produce electricity without prior purification.
Forming Buried Junctions to Enhance the Photovoltage Generated by Cuprous Oxide in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Dai Pengcheng , Li Wei , Xie Jin , He Yumin , Thorne James , McMahon Gregory , Zhan Jinhua , Wang Dunwei
Published: October 2014

Whereas wide‐bandgap metal oxides have been extensively studied for the photooxidation of water, their utilization for photoreduction is relatively limited. An important reason is the inability to achieve meaningful photovoltages with these materials. Using Cu2O as a prototypical photocathode material, it is now shown that the photovoltage barrier can be readily broken by replacing the semiconductor/water interface with a semiconductor/semiconductor one. A thin ZnS layer (ca. 5 nm) was found to form high‐quality interfaces with Cu2O to increase the achievable photovoltage from 0.60 V to 0.72 V. Measurements under no net exchange current conditions confirmed that the change was induced by a thermodynamic shift of the flatband potentials rather than by kinetic factors. The strategy is compatible with efforts aimed at stabilizing the cathode that otherwise easily decomposes and with surface catalyst decorations for faster hydrogen evolution reactions. A combination of NiMo and CoMo dual‐layer alloy catalysts was found to be effective in promoting hydrogen production under simulated solar radiation.
Carboxyl Group (CO2H) Functionalized Coordination Polymer Nanoparticles as Efficient Platforms for Drug Delivery
Authors: Novio Fernando , Lorenzo Julia , Nador Fabiana , Wnuk Karolina , Ruiz‐Molina Daniel
Published: October 2014

Functionalization of nanoparticles can significantly influence their properties and potential applications. Although researchers can now functionalize metal, metal oxide, and organic polymer nanoparticles with a high degree of precision, controlled surface functionalization of nanoscale coordination polymer particles (CPPs) has remained a significant challenge. The lack of methodology is perhaps one of the greatest roadblocks to the advancement of CPPs into high added‐value drug delivery applications. Here, we report having achieved this goal through a stepwise formation and functionalization protocol. We fabricated robust nanoparticles with enhanced thermal and colloidal stabilities by incorporation of carboxyl groups and these surface carboxyl groups could be subsequently functionalized through well‐known peptide coupling reactions. The set of chemistries that we employed as proof‐of‐concept enabled a plethora of new functional improvements for the application of CPPs as drug delivery carriers, including enhanced colloidal stabilities and the incorporation of additional functional groups such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or fluorescent dyes that enabled tracking of their cellular uptake. Finally, we ascertained the cytotoxicity of the new CPP nanoparticles loaded with camptothecin to human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF‐7). Efflux measurements show that the encapsulation of camptothecin enhances the potency of the drug 6.5‐fold and increases the drug retention within the cell.
Efficient End‐Capping Synthesis of Neutral Donor–Acceptor [2]Rotaxanes Under Additive‐Free and Mild Conditions
Authors: Domoto Yuya , Sase Shohei , Goto Kei
Published: October 2014

Efficient end‐capping synthesis of neutral donor–acceptor (D–A) [2]rotaxanes without loading any catalysts or activating agents was achieved by utilizing high reactivity of a pentacoordinated hydrosilane toward salicylic acid derivatives. As components of [2]rotaxanes, an electron‐deficient naphthalenediimide‐containing axle with a salicylic acid terminus and several electron‐rich bis(naphthocrown) ether macrocycles were employed. End‐capping reactions with the pentacoordinated hydrosilane underwent smoothly even at low temperature to afford the corresponding [2]rotaxanes in good yields. A [2]rotaxane containing bis‐1,5‐(dinaphtho)‐38‐crown‐10 ether as a wheel molecule was synthesized and isolated in 84 % yield by the end‐capping at −10 °C, presenting the highest yield ever reported for the end‐capping synthesis of a neutral D–A [2]rotaxane. It was found that the yields of the [2]rotaxanes in the end‐capping reactions were almost parallel to the formation ratios of the corresponding pseudo[2]rotaxanes estimated by utilizing model systems. These results indicate that the end‐capping reaction using the pentacoordinated hydrosilane proceeded without perturbing the threading process, and most of the pseudo[2]rotaxanes underwent efficient end‐capping reaction even at low temperature.
Lutetium‐Methanediide‐Alkyl Complexes: Synthesis and Chemistry
Authors: Li Shihui , Wang Meiyan , Liu Bo , Li Lei , Cheng Jianhua , Wu Chunji , Liu Dongtao , Liu Jingyao , Cui Dongmei
Published: October 2014

The first four‐coordinate methanediide/alkyl lutetium complex (BODDI)Lu2(CH2SiMe3)2(μ2‐CHSiMe3)(THF)2 (BODDI=ArNC(Me)CHCOCHC(Me)NAr, Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) (1) was synthesized by a thermolysis methodology through α‐H abstraction from a Lu–CH2SiMe3 group. Complex 1 reacted with equimolar 2,6‐iPrC6H3NH2 and Ph2CO to give the corresponding lutetium bridging imido and oxo complexes (BODDI)Lu2(CH2SiMe3)2(μ2‐N‐2,6‐iPr2C6H3)(THF)2 (2) and (BODDI)Lu2(CH2SiMe3)2(μ2‐O)(THF)2 (3). Treatment of 3 with Ph2CO (4 equiv) caused a rare insertion of Lu–μ2‐O bond into the CO group to afford a diphenylmethyl diolate complex 4. Reaction of 1 with PhN=CO (2 equiv) led to the migration of SiMe3 to the amido nitrogen atom to give complex (BODDI)Lu2(CH2SiMe3)2‐μ‐{PhNC(O)CHC(O)NPh(SiMe3)‐κ3N,O,O}(THF) (5). Reaction of 1 with tBuNC formed an unprecedented product (BODDI)Lu2(CH2SiMe3){μ2‐[η2:η2‐tBuNC(=CH2)SiMe2CHCNtBu‐κ1N]}(tBuNC)2 (6) through a cascade reaction of NC bond insertion, sequential cyclometalative γ‐(sp3)‐H activation, CC bond formation, and rearrangement of the newly formed carbene intermediate. The possible mechanistic pathways between 1, PhNCO, and tBuNC were elucidated by DFT calculations.
Lösungsbeispiele – Eine besondere Form von Lernaufgaben zur Unterstützung individuellen Lernens in den Naturwissenschaften
Authors: Kölbach Eva , Maier‐Richter Andrea , Sumfleth Elke
Published: October 2014

Lösungsbeispiele enthalten im Gegensatz zu konventionellen Lernaufgaben neben der Problemstellung auch die mehr oder weniger detailliert ausgearbeitete Lösung. Bei optimaler Gestaltung eignen sich Lösungsbeispiele daher vor allem für Lernende mit wenig Vorwissen in einer Dömane. Damit könnten Lösungsbeispiele als individuelle Lernmaterialien z. B. im Förderunterricht, in Vertretungsstunden, als wiederholende Hausaufgaben, etc. eingesetzt werden. Im folgenden Artikel werden nach einer kurzen, theoretischen Einführung in das Themenfeld zunächst einige Ergebnisse aus Studien zum Lernen mit Lösungsbeispielen zusammengestellt, um danach die Entwicklung und Gestaltung von Lösungsbeispielen sowie deren Evaluation zu thematisieren.
Gut microbiome and the risk factors in central nervous system autoimmunity
Authors: Ochoa-Repáraz Javier , Kasper Lloyd H.
Published: October 2014

Humans are colonized after birth by microbial organisms that form a heterogeneous community, collectively termed microbiota. The genomic pool of this macro‐community is named microbiome. The gut microbiota is essential for the complete development of the immune system, representing a binary network in which the microbiota interact with the host providing important immune and physiologic function and conversely the bacteria protect themselves from host immune defense. Alterations in the balance of the gut microbiome due to a combination of environmental and genetic factors can now be associated with detrimental or protective effects in experimental autoimmune diseases. These gut microbiome alterations can unbalance the gastrointestinal immune responses and influence distal effector sites leading to CNS disease including both demyelination and affective disorders. The current range of risk factors for MS includes genetic makeup and environmental elements. Of interest to this review is the consistency between this range of MS risk factors and the gut microbiome. We postulate that the gut microbiome serves as the niche where different MS risk factors merge, thereby influencing the disease process.
Fate and Fortune in the Indian Scriptures
Authors: Bhattacharji Sukumari
Published: October 2014

Fatalism is a philosophical doctrine which states that an individual does not have full control over the events that happen in his life. There is no trace of fatalism in the early Indian literature - Samhitas, Brahmanas and Upanisads; it surged in the succeeding period. This book argues that the predominance of the priestly class after the revival of Brahminism, as an aftermath of the decline of Buddhism, ushered in conspicuous changes in people's attitude to life. The new modifications helped to entrench fate as a formidable force. It explains that the natural factors which led to the rise of fatalism were observation of the inexorability of death. The author has referred to a splendid array of scriptures ranging from the early and late Vedic literature, Ramayana, Mahabharata to Buddhist and Jain texts, Bible and other old western texts to establish her erudite findings.
Sorghum
Authors: Rao B. Dayakar
Published: October 2014

Sorghum, an important cereal crop, is the staple diet of over 500 million people in 30 countries. It is the main source of income for many farmers dwelling in semi-arid regions in India. However, the area under sorghum cultivation and its production have been on the decline during the past four decades. The reasons behind this decline are manifold - people's consumption habits, easy access to other popular cereals, government policies to supply fine cereals at a subsidized rate, the cumbersome process of preparing roti/chapati, etc.

This book provides all important information about sorghum production from an agricultural point of view. Written by leading experts on sorghum, it covers the classification, consumption type, various ways of processing the grain, and also health benefits of the crop. It focuses on the potential market of sorghum, consumer acceptability of processed ready-to-cook/ready-to-eat foods made from sorghum, and pricing strategy. The book would be of interest to students of agriculture and researchers working on sorghum farming in India. Planners, policy-makers, entrepreneurs, and people working with food processing industries will also find it useful.
A Struggle for Identity
Authors: Siddiqui Firdous Azmat
Published: October 2014

In the nineteenth century, the British were occupied with the question of becoming socially acceptable, as they had already established political and military sway in India. It was in this context that the servants of the East India Company, merchants, adventurers and missionaries who arrived in India from Europe attempted to enter the zennana, in much the same manner as the ruling Indian elites. These foreigners adopted the ways of the ruling class, and thus demonstrated a preference for the Muslim section of Indian society. This book is an attempt to understand the social and economic profile of Muslim women in India and to shed light on the conditions of Indian Muslim women in the United Province particularly after 1857. This period is significant for Muslim society as it was undergoing social and economic transition especially with the Mughal dynasty reaching its end.

Besides, the book critically discusses the influence of how the new colonial judicial system weakened traditional customs and questions whether this legal system was beneficial to Muslim women or whether it enhanced its complexities.
Buying Defence and Security in Europe
Authors: Trybus Martin
Published: October 2014

Buying Defence and Security in Europe is the first critical evaluation of the EU Defence and Security Procurement Directive 2009/81/EC, which is now the basis for public and private entities buying armaments and sensitive goods and services in the EU. This instrument aims to ensure non-discrimination, competition and transparency in the security sectors. Part one provides a critical analysis of the economical, historical, political, military-strategic and legal contexts of the new EU Defence and Security Procurement Directive. Part two covers the main aspects of the Directive: its scope, procedures, security of supply and information, offsets and subcontracting, and finally its review and remedies system. This book is an essential overview of a legislative milestone in the field.
The Flinders Petrie Papyri
Authors: Mahaffy John Pentland
Published: October 2014

A pioneering Egyptologist, Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1853–1942) excavated over fifty sites and trained a generation of archaeologists. A great many of his publications have been reissued in this series. In the 1890s, the Irish scholar Sir John Pentland Mahaffy (1839–1919) took the lead on the considerable task of cataloguing, transcribing and commenting on the Greek papyri found by Petrie in mummy cartonnage on recent digs in Egypt. This three-volume collection is the result of his labours. The texts, comprising private correspondence, legal records, petitions and many other types of document, reveal a great deal about life in Egypt in the third century BCE. Volume 2, first published in 1893, contains eighteen autotype reproductions of key examples, as well as an introduction on the deciphering of the papyri.
Papers, Literary, Scientific, Etc.
Authors: Jenkin Fleeming , Stevenson Robert Louis
Published: October 2014

An electrical engineer, university teacher and wide-ranging writer, Fleeming Jenkin (1833–85) filed thirty-five British patents in the course of his career. Edited by Sidney Colvin (1845–1927) and J. A. Ewing (1855–1935) and first published in 1887, this two-volume work brings together a selection of Jenkin's varied and engaging papers. The collection ranges from notes on his voyages as a marine telegraph engineer, to a critical review of Darwin's On the Origin of Species, essays on literature, and thoughts on technical education. A memoir written by Robert Louis Stevenson, his former student, provides biographical context and attests to Jenkin's many interests and talents across the arts and sciences. Volume 1 begins with Stevenson's memoir, incorporating Jenkin's records of his voyages. This is followed by writings on literature and drama. Three pieces on scientific subjects, including the review of Darwin, conclude the volume.
An Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures
Authors: Horne Thomas Hartwell , Davidson Samuel , Tregelles Samuel Prideaux
Published: October 2014

A painstaking compiler of catalogues and indexes, the biblical scholar and bibliographer Thomas Hartwell Horne (1780–1862) first published his most famous work in 1818, having begun his research for it many years earlier in 1801. Reissued here in five parts is the expanded four-volume tenth edition of 1856, which includes revisions by the scholars Samuel Davidson (c.1806–98) and Samuel Prideaux Tregelles (1813–75). This monumental and influential work of nineteenth-century biblical scholarship remains a valuable resource for modern researchers, reflecting the methods and perspectives of its era. Volume 3 contains a summary of biblical geography and antiquities, including the historical geography of the Holy Land, with discussion of its physical and agricultural features, as well as an account of the political and judicial systems of the Jews and Romans, a study of the existence and location of sacred artefacts, and a survey of Jewish customs mentioned in the scriptures.