bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Domestic Violence Against Minority Women: Interventions, Preventions and Health Implications
Authors: Sharma Sarla
Published: January 2008

Male violence against women in general is a major source of frustration, fear, distress, injury, and even death. It transcends lines of ethnicity, economic status, religious persuasion, sexual orientation, national origin, geographic regions, and age differences, and impacts even the existence of those women who do not experience violence directly (Coley & Beckett, 1988; Goodman, et al., 1993a; Johnson, 1996). The phenomenon of violence against women continues to be trivialised, ignored, or rationalised by individuals, societal institutions, and mental health professionals. This undermines its prevention and intervention efforts (Koss, et al., 1994). However, scholarly, public, and policy attention to this grave societal problem of inordinate magnitude has increased dramatically over the past two decades, and a number of important national policy reports have identified violence against women as a critical economic, criminal justice, and public health issue (Eichler & Patron, et al., 1987; Beijing World Conference on Women, 1995).
The Status of Family Leave in America
Authors: Taylor June , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: January 2008

The “traditional” family, one in which the mother and father both reside in the same home and the mother does not work outside of the home, now accounts for less than seven percent of all families in the United States (13, p.56). More than sixty percent of women of childbearing age in the United States are in the work force and forty percent of these women have children under three years of age (1, p.4). Approximately eighty percent of mothers will be in the work force in the year 2000 (8, p.3). Two‐thirds of new workers entering the work force between now and the year 2000 will be women (13, p.57).
Attitudes Toward Women Managers: A Developing Country's Example
Authors: Adayemi‐Bello Tope , Tomkiewicz Joseph M.
Published: January 2008

Traditionally, the differences between men and women have been used as excuses to exclude females from certain jobs. Occupational segregation is the term that has been used to describe the heavy concentrations of men and women into different jobs. For example, occupational segregation supposedly explains why men dominate managerial positions while women are often consigned to other occupations with lower pay, status, and responsibility. Specifically, Fierman (1990) reported that only nineteen of more than four thousand people (less than half of one per cent) listed as the highest paid officers and directors of the largest eight hundred public U.S. companies were women.
Reconciling Competing Theoretical Explanations for Women's Employment Experiences: Implications for Human Resource Management
Authors: Lane Nikala
Published: January 2008

While evidence of the existence of gender‐based inequality in employment outcomes such as career grade and pay, abounds, theoretical disputes over the explanation for this phenomenon remain unresolved. Broadly, writers are divided over those who believe that unequal employment outcomes for women are the result of their individual choice (for example see Becker, 1975 and 1985; Lord, 1979; Hakim, 1991, 1993 and 1996), and those who believe this to be the result of the constraints placed on women (for example see Davies and Rosser, 1986;Curran, 1985and 1988; Collinsonet.al., 1990; Vogler, 1994).
A Natural for Women — Managing for Synergy Among Professionals and Technicians
Authors: Harris Philip R. , Harris Dorothy L
Published: January 2008

The article argues that women professionals have a natural talent for harmony, or co‐operation, or synergy.
Bank Marketing Strategies
Authors: Meidan Arthur
Published: January 2008

Eight different bank marketing strategies are grouped into two broad categories: growth and competitive strategies. The author indicates various marketing strategies, suggesting some of the alternative strategies suitable for different banks, emphasising the criteria on the basis of which marketing strategy selection can be made.
Marketplace Positioning in a Deregulated Environment
Authors: Thompson Thomas W.
Published: January 2008

The strategic marketing response to deregulation is discussed, in particular to interstate banking, to the growing similarity between banks, thrift institutions and non‐banks and to the greater operational freedom implicit in technological change.
Estimating the Personal Saving Market
Authors: Goodfellow John H.
Published: January 2008

The problems of examining the size and nature of personal saving behaviour in the UK are analysed, with particular reference to using and interpreting national account statistics. Alternative methods of compiling saving statistics are considered. Whilst the inherent weaknesses in all current sources of data on personal saving are recognised by organisations compiling the statistics, reference should be made to them by all users of the information.
Marketing and Selling at Work: The IMCB/NatWest Management Development Programme
Authors: Wills Gordon , Day Abby
Published: January 2008

In this article the authors describe how the International Management Centre from Buckingham developed a unique marketing and selling training programme for the National Westminster Bank. Using distance teaching methods, specially developed resources and a cascade approach to training, IMCB helped the bank train managers in both the domestic and international divisions. The most important result was a change both in attitude and practice among bankers, marketing managers, and staff working throughout the bank.
NOW Accounts: Awareness and Impact
Authors: Bellur Venkatakrishna V.
Published: January 2008

The introduction of NOW Accounts in the United States is considered. The author investigates the awareness, knowledge and use of such accounts among a sample of households in the state of Michigan.
Foreign Banks' Competitive Challenge in Canada
Authors: Metcalfe Brian
Published: January 2008

This article considers the action of the Canadian Government in lifting its “asset ceiling” on foreign banks, and examines the challenge foreign banks pose to the oligopolistic Canadian banking market. In particular, it focuses on the foreign banks' competitive advantage, their market targeting approaches and marketing strategies, and their acceptance in the marketplace.
Cash Management Services: Research Segmentation Strategies
Authors: White Jerry
Published: January 2008

Research is reported into 435 Canadian business corporations, and investigates their awareness and use of a range of banking services — in particular cash management services — discovering characteristics for differentiating the cash management services needs of different market segments.
Consumer Brand Selection and Categorisation Processes: A Study of Bank Choice
Authors: Laroche Michel , Manning Terrill
Published: January 2008

The information‐processing activity of consumers' selection of a bank is examined. Questionnaire data are collected from a sample of consumers to determine the way they categorise banks and the effect demographic differences have on this process. The results support the existence of a “foggy” set as distinct from a “hold” set of bank brands in the consumers' perception, and show the ways these and other decision sets vary with age, language, education and income.
Strategic Response to Non‐Bank Competition and Deregulation in the United States
Authors: Thompson Thomas W. , Little Michael W.
Published: January 2008

The impact of the deregulation movement in the United States on commercial banks and other depository institutions is evaluated and their strategic responses to the intensification of non‐bank competition on the financial services industry are considered.
Consumer Convenience or Sophistication?— A Crucial Question in Bank Services Marketing
Authors: Watkins Trevor , Wright Mike
Published: January 2008

The marketing strategy of banks requires much thought and careful planning so as to address the constituent segments of the market. In particular, the issue of increasing customer sophistication versus demands for convenience needs to be approached, and this does not appear to be a clear‐cut issue; highly sophisticated customers may also demand convenience, while others do not fit into this category, and customers across age, sex and social class groups have different needs in these respects.
Marketing a Eurocurrency Syndicated Loan
Authors: Howcroft Barry
Published: January 2008

The success of the syndicated loans market over the past 15 years has been unmitigated due largely to its flexibility in raising large amounts of credit at very short notice for a wide range of borrowers. This flexibility is based on close personal contacts between major participating banks, and clear guidelines within international banks regarding acceptable minimum spreads and exposure to major borrowers. Syndicated lending has enabled banks to satisfy unprecedented levels of credit demand while managing a diversified loan portfolio. However, there is a risk of potential loss to banks through lending to borrowers with whom they have no direct contact.
Financial Institutions Make the Move Towards a Sales Orientation
Authors: Hubbard
Published: January 2008

Savings institutions are progressively improving their sales orientation and provide some encouragement that such institutions are making stronger commitments towards being competitive in the new deregulated environment. The findings of a questionnaire‐based study conducted by FIMA and Hubbard and Associates within America also indicate that savings institutions' managements still have much to learn.
US Bankers' Attitudes and Internationalisation: The Case of the Export Trading Company Act
Authors: Hu Michael Y. , Maskulka James M.
Published: January 2008

A bank's attitude towards export‐stimulating legislation is influenced by various stages of bank internationalisation and it can be concluded that internationalisation factors which have helped researchers explain export behaviour and attitudes among manufacturing firms have worked equally well for the banking industry. A survey of 600 US banks (drawing a response rate of 42 per cent) into bankers' attitudes to the Export Trading Company Act (ETCA) of 1982, also has implications for government policy in that size of bank is useful for segmentation and thus export promotion purposes: large banks are favourable towards ETCA, while small banks are largely unaware of the legislation.
Bank Marketing in India: The State of the Art
Authors: Singh J.D.
Published: January 2008

Bank marketing in India has yet to progress beyond the stage of pronouncement making by top management. This has been reflected in a study of 36 banks, showing that there is a lack of representation of the marketing function in banks' organisational structure; fragmentation of marketing activities, absence of marketing databases, and lack of trained marketing manpower. The pivot of banking lies in deposit mobilisation in which India still offers wide opportunities as it has a large number of unbanked prospects; effective bank marketing can provide the answer, if an adequate infrastructure of organisation and skills is built up.
Segmentation of Bank Customers by Age
Authors: Stanley Thomas O. , Ford John K. , Richards Sande K.
Published: January 2008

Viewing customers on the basis of age groupings is valuable in terms of product development, promotion and evaluation of delivery systems. The close association between customer age and product usage suggests a life cycle rather than a strict segmentation approach to marketing. A bank must realise that financial needs change as a customer matures, and anticipate and provide for these changing needs in order to build a solid customer base. Research into the users of 31 retail banks in a Midwestern US state indicates that there is a greater chance of success in promoting certain products to a particular age group, and that product usage tends to support the assumption that user age is a primary factor in bank product selection.
Banks and Retailing
Authors: Andrew Kenneth
Published: January 2008

The philosophy behind banks' current High Street profiles is based on four main guidelines: the need for cash movement; security of staff/money from robberies; indication of stability/substance; and wide facility for in‐/out‐payments. This has led to a perception of bank branches as cold, unfriendly places, discouraging customer visits. The retailing approach will impact on branch style and structure, possibly creating individual, business‐specific banks within banks which can deal with both the heavy user cash customer and the high net worth customer, in the same way that aircraft travel is sold as business, economy and first class services through the same aircraft and facilities. With ATMs and home banking (such as the Minitel system being pioneered in France) reducing cash security requirements, bank branches will be able to exploit the freedom from counter barriers to make customers feel more welcome. Finally staff must be trained and helped, through incentives, to take a more positive and welcoming attitude.
Managing the Relationships with Corporate Customers
Authors: Watson Ian
Published: January 2008

The marketing staff of several major banks now include an account manager. His essential task is the successful handling of a relationship with a corporate client over a period of time. He will have a sound technical understanding of banking, well‐developed social skills and an ability to work creatively on his own. Unlike the advertising account manager the emphasis of his work is likely to be placed on conforming to established procedures. He will have to operate on many different levels within his customer's organisation. His role is that of a team leader dependent on a whole cross‐section of his corporate resources for support. Three broad streams of research exist which can contribute to a deeper understanding of managing the corporate customer: research into the selling process itself, research into the marketing of services, and research into the major sale. A model in ten stages is suggested that can be used to describe an account manager's job. At each stage an objective/key task is defined, the particular responsibilities of the account manager, the tangible outcome and the skills needed. A second model comprising four stages in managing communications comprises the ideas “listen”, “champion”, “extract” and “display”.
The Market Potential of Australia's New Foreign Banks
Authors: Metcalfe Brian
Published: January 2008

Until the Campbell Report in 1981 the Australian government had a stated policy of not permitting foreign banks authority to carry out banking business in Australia or to acquire interests in Australian banks. Following the report Australia now represents one of the most deregulated financial environments. In February 1985, 16 foreign banks were invited to establish full service banking operations. Considerable potential exists for these entrants but the banks will need to identify their competitive advantages quickly in relation to both indigenous and other foreign banks. All banks will try to expand market share by capitalising on their strengths and servicing recognisable market niches.
Problem Segmentation
Authors: Martin John
Published: January 2008

Market segmentation is a firmly established marketing concept and an important resource allocation tool. In consumer markets, benefit segmentation has become one of the most widely used bases. Buyer problems could be a useful basis for market segmentation in certain situations. The emphasis is placed on the application of problem analysis to issues of building perceived and actual quality and competitive advantages. The “problem analysis” approach is described and literature‐based support presented for adding problems to the list of segmentation bases. An example of problem analysis and its application to segmentation is provided. Problem segmentation is a response to the recognition in marketing literature that the consumer is basically a problem solver. A problem perspective provides a direct contribution to current managerial strategy needs concerned with product/service quality and the development of substantive competitive positions. It may often identify issues of greater relevance to consumer decision making than those provided by a benefit assessment.
A Research Design for Exploring Retail Locations for Commercial Banks in Hong Kong
Authors: Lee Kam‐Hon
Published: January 2008

The results of a first attempt in Hong Kong to set up a systematic procedure to search for profitable retail locations for setting up branches of commercial banks are reported, using a local Chinese bank as an example. It is possible to identify customer profiles, chart trading area patterns, create a market share estimation model and calculate the profitability of possible areas for setting up a new branch in order to develop a priority list for consideration in retail branching. Undertaking such research in developing countries is quite different from that in developed countries, due to the lack of data and research facilities. Experience from this attempt should be instructive to banking practitioners working in other newly industrialised countries.
Foreign Banks and Interstate Banking in the US
Authors: Hultman Charles W.
Published: January 2008

The International Banking Act (IBA) of 1978 sharply restricted the ability of foreign banks to establish offices in more than one state. Yet during the late 1970s and early 1980s barriers to interstate banking with regard to US financial institutions were beginning to fall. The most important fact that contributed to foreign bank involvement in interstate commerce was the grandfather provision, which permitted multistate networks to remain in operation. New interstate banking has been curbed by restrictions on full‐service offices, but it has continued to develop through Edge‐Act Corporations, bank holding companies and the use of non‐bank banks. Interstate banking is likely to benefit the public and will probably continue to expand but at a slower rate and more in line with that of US banks.
Benefits Segmentation for the National Girobank
Authors: Mathews Brian P. , Watt Ann W.
Published: January 2008

Since convenience is one of the most crucial items in the decision to choose a particular bank, the smallest market share by the British National Girobank (BNG) seems something of an anomaly. A questionnaire survey administered by students using a quota sample showed that general awareness of Girobank is high but detailed awareness of services offered is much lower. Clearly the current promotional strategy used is not effective. Many people would like to see a bank manager provided by BNG but this is unlikely to be introduced. More customers may be gained through the “Link” autoteller. The BNG is seen as a credible financial institution. The results show that two previous criteria, location and personal recommendation, are at variance with recent surveys.
Price‐Strat: A Decision Support System for Determining Building Society and Bank Interest Rate Mixes
Authors: Singh Madan G. , Cook Rod
Published: January 2008

A novel decision support system (Price‐Strat) is described which helps senior managers in building societies and banks to take better interest rate mix decisions within a highly competitive environment by explicitly taking into account the competitors' moves. This system is one of a family of such systems which have been developed recently for tackling various strategic and operational decision‐making problems in different industries.
The Changing Competitive Environment for the Australian Banking/Finance Industry: Review of a Forecasting Study
Authors: Elliott Gregory R.
Published: January 2008

The banking/finance industry in Australia is on the verge of rapid and fundamental change in the areas of government regulation, industry structure, EFT technology and payment systems, marketing innovation and merchant/wholesale banking. Such a changed environment will cause organisations to engage in continuous strategic planning and new adaptive strategies which focus on the changing relationships between the institution and its customers and competitors. The marketing function will assume new and increased responsibilities. Marketing management will require a far more strategic approach than before. The viability of some institutions may be threatened by these changes. These views are the result of a long‐range Delphi forecasting study conducted in 1982. Although rapid developments have invalidated some of the findings, the forecast of a less regulated, more competitive, open, dynamic and responsive industry remains valid.
Prospects for Bank Share Shops
Authors: Guirdham Maureen , Choo Tan Siew
Published: January 2008

UK clearing banks are well placed to compete successfully for any increased volume of share‐dealing business which may occur. They are taking steps towards establishing national retail share‐dealing networks for the first time. A large and growing number of customers now have attitudes to savings and investment which are consistent with share ownership. Customers prefer banks over competitors as sources of information, advice and places to carry out share dealings. The attitude of bank branch managers must be changed through the internal marketing task of motivation. At present they have a neutral or negative attitude to share marketing. In time the success of share shops will be dependent on large numbers of people actively trading their shares. However most shareholders are encouraged to hold on to their shares for some time. Encouraging customers to trade their shares frequently may be the biggest obstacle to success.
In Search of a Competitive Edge in Banking: A Personnel Approach
Authors: Tarver John L.
Published: January 2008

Banks are increasingly trying to gain a competitive edge by means of technological, legal and geographical bases. Enterprise differentiation through personnel marketing may be now more effective, distinguishing a bank by its service delivery rather than mere availability. This new philosophy of management that positions bank personnel and customers equally is to be sought, widening and consolidating the marketing concept. Implementation guidelines are here reviewed and the specific benefits of human relations are spelled out.
The Provision of Retail Financial Services
Authors: Lewis Mervyn K.
Published: January 2008

The impact of developments in information technology upon the range of products which can be profitably marketed by financial services firms is here considered. Underlying the analysis is a conception of financial institutions such as banks as marketing inter‐mediaries, providing information and distributive services along with the financial products. Two routes are compared which are used by financial institutions to provide an expanded range of financial services: joint ventures and the financial supermarket. The strengths and weaknesses of both are examined.
An Analysis of the Singapore Banking Market
Authors: Phuong Ta Huu , Lin Gn Hiang
Published: January 2008

The development of the Singapore banking market over the last 15 years is examined and the issue of “overbanking” within the entry barriers framework is considered. Three measures covering profitability, sources of funds, and business development were used to assess the performance of the market. The results indicated that the market is expanding and that every member is enjoying a growing share.
Sequential Bias: Impact on a Bank Credit Card Concept Test
Authors: Martin John
Published: January 2008

The growth of product concept testing in the financial services industry raises the issue of recognising and handling bias created by the nature of measurement instruments. Specifically, the ordering, nature and context of questions affects the results obtained by market potential measures. The results of a credit card concept test which was designed and conducted in an experimental form are presented here. Sequential bias can occur in concept tests and does affect the results of market potential measurements, and provides some guidelines for researchers to assist in dealing with this problem.
The Impact of Technology on Bank Operations and Bank Marketing
Authors: Revell Jack
Published: January 2008

Electronic technology has been one of the main factors in determining the present structure of the banking system of most developed countries. The applications of technology and its impact on bank operations from the 1950s is traced to the present day, showing how advanced technology has been applied much faster in wholesale than in retail banking. The changing role of bank marketing and how technology has affected its development are discussed.
The Genesis of Strategic Marketing Control in British Retail Banking
Authors: Clarke Paul D. , Gardener Edward P.M. , Feeney Paul , Molyneux Phil
Published: January 2008

The British retail banking market has changed markedly since the beginning of the 1970s, and important trends and developments have increased the competitive pressures facing banks. The whole nature of competition in British retail banking has altered. New competitors and new forms of competition have appeared with increasing rapidity. These changes and the associated pressures on banks have intensified during the 1980s. At the same time, banks have increased the comparative importance of retail banking within their strategies. These pressures and their associated implications for British retail banking strategy are explored. It is emphasised that marketing will need increasingly to dominate bank strategies in retail banking. This orientation towards marketing has important strategic and managerial consequences for banks.
The Canadian Branch Banking System: Cost and Marketing Implications
Authors: Gandhi Devinder K. , Switzer Lorne N.
Published: January 2008

The results of a study on the cost efficiency of expanding and marketing bank services through branching rather than through the formation of new banks are given. Using detailed cost and bank service output data from a large sample of bank branches across Canada, several issues of interest to bank management and marketing officials are addressed. The evidence presented indicates that some Canadian banks may not be benefiting fully from their ability to rationalise their activities. Retail and commercial banking branches operate according to different technologies for producing financial products and services. Small commercial branches show less potential for economies of scale than retail branches. However, this potential does not appear to shrink as rapidly as it does for retail branches. Finally, both retail and commercial branches show benefits from specialisation. As a result of these technological characteristics, banks may be well advised to maintain their marketing strategy of segregating their retail business from commercial business.
Banking Behaviour in an Arabian Gulf Country: A Consumer Survey
Authors: Yavas Ugur
Published: January 2008

This is a report of a survey examining key aspects of Saudi Arabian banking behaviour such as a bank's experience, reputation, service, personnel quality, location. The services that account‐holding customers use are examined and their satisfaction with financial, social and security risks are not perceived as influencing decisions to open an account. Strategies for appealing to potential customers are suggested.
Organisation and Business Development through Action Learning
Authors: Wilson Brian
Published: January 2008

Organisational change in banking can be a difficult task, particularly considering the culture of bankers themselves. An innovative approach to achieve a total marketing orientation was adopted by Allied Irish Banks in conjunction with the International Management Centres. The commitment on the part of senior managers and a top down‐bottom up planning process was found to be critical to success.
INTERPRETATIONS OF PAY STRUCTURE
Authors: Routh G.G.C.
Published: January 2008

Those who would become economists today have the choice of two ideologies, the one maintaining that the inner laws of the capitalist system are equilibrating and maximizing; the other, that they doom that system to self‐destruction. In the natural sciences, a theory is ‘a hypothesis that has been confirmed or established by observation or experiment, and is propounded or accepted as accounting for the known facts.’ (Third definition in the Shorter OED.) By contrast, in economics it is used, ‘In loose or general sense: A hypothesis proposed as an explanation; hence, a mere hypothesis, speculation, conjecture; an idea or set of ideas about something …’ (OED fifth definition).
Some Notes on the Quantity Objective of the British Industrial Training Act
Authors: Woodward Nicholas
Published: January 2008

There were three principal objectives to the 1964 British Industrial Training Act. Firstly, it aimed to increase the quantity of training. Secondly, it aimed to improve the quality of training. Thirdly, it was designed to redistribute the costs of training. In this article we shall discuss certain questions arising from the first aim, the quantity objective, by using the tools of basic economic theory.
Manpower Aspects of Technical Progress
Authors: Norris W.K.
Published: January 2008

A large number of topics could legitimately be included under the umbrella title of this article. However, the coverage inevitably reflects the writer's interests, and the paper thus examines the effects of technological change on employment, earnings, and the structure of labour markets. The article has four main sections. The first examines changes in the occupational structure of employment and discusses the structuralist hypothesis that technical progress shifts the occupational demand for labour in such a way as to create permanent unemployment. The second section looks at how technical progress has affected employment and earnings at the level of the industry. The third section takes up the notion of the dual labour market and discusses the extent to which innovation has been an important force generating divisions in the labour market. Finally the implications for government policy are examined.
The Household Economy and Social Security Policy
Authors: Tribe M.A.
Published: January 2008

Within the last few years a number of articles and other studies have been published dealing with various aspects of Social Security in developing countries in general and with Africa in particular. The intention of this article is to set out an analytical framework within which Social Security policy in developing countries, especially as related to income maintenance, might be appraised. Particular attention will be given to the inter‐relationship between state Social Security policy and household economic behaviour, since this aspect appears to be the least well covered in the literature.
A Note on the New‐Home Economics: Reply
Authors: Kinsella R.P.
Published: January 2008

The fundamental issue is not, as Miss Papps suggests, whether the family “can usefully be viewed as an organisation which makes choices and allocates resources”. This is pure tautology—of course the family is an “organisation” and all organisations make choices and allocate resources. The real issue is whether the New Home Economics is a useful analytical framework within which to examine family behaviour. In my original note I set out some reasons for thinking that this approach is not a constructive one and is open to serious theoretical and practical difficulties. Unfortunately, Miss Papps does not address herself to these criticisms.
Training in Canada: Progress and Problems
Authors: Gunderson Morley
Published: January 2008

In international terms, no other country except Sweden has devoted relatively as much as Canada to manpower training. During 1972, for example, training expenditures as a percentage of gross domestic product were: Sweden 43%, Canada 37%, France 15% and the US 09%. Although the Canadian and American economies are similar in many other respects, approximately three‐fourths of one per cent of the Canadian labour force is in training at any one time during the year, compared with one‐half of one percent in America (and one percent in Sweden). In addition, Canadian government expenditures on training per labour force member are approximately twice that of the United States. Clearly, such an important policy raises many issues: How did the policy evolve? What are its objectives? What are the different forms of training, and how are they financed? Who obtains training and is it economically worthwhile? Is there a rationale for government involvement in training?
Economic Determinants of Training and the Debate over Training Policy Options in West Germany
Authors: Weiermair Klaus
Published: January 2008

Over the past 5–8 years most industrialised countries in Western Europe have experienced a rapid expansion of labour market regulations with a long list of new proposals awaiting legislation. In the field of education and training the rationale behind many of these anticipatory, preventive, corrective or otherwise named measures and planning instruments has been nurtured by two substantially different strands of thought: the economic notions of interrelationships between education, technology and economic growth on the one hand, and the use of educational reform for social policy purposes on the other. The impact of the former group has made itself felt in the enthusiasm and almost religious belief that more education is to be preferred to less, and that increases in the levels of schooling and training would be the panacea to economic growth and at the same time ease structural imbalances of labour markets. Industrial sociologists, political—and education—scientists, who on the other hand, were primarily concerned with the realisation of objectives such as equality of educational opportunities, industrial democracy and worker co‐determination or the humanisation of working conditions came basically to the same conclusion that more education for larger segments of the working population would be instrumental in achieving these objectives. Increased education, they argued, would give workers better starting chances, a larger mobility and flexibility potential, greater chances for promotion and more protection from the perils of structural change. Thus, while in the beginning a consensus existed on the desired directions of change in the field of education, as a subfield of active labour market policy, views very quickly diverged on the organisation and details of such changes; for example, what the proportions and roles of self‐regulating (market) forces as opposed to labour market interventions ought to be, whether monetary or non‐monetary control instruments would be more appropriate, how large and extensive the overhaul of the complete education system should be and what coincident or complementary measures were needed to make such proposals work in practice.
Socio‐Economic Systems
Authors: Pettman Barrie O.
Published: January 2008

In this contribution to the growing discussion of the meaning, method‐dology and rationale of the socio‐economic approach we shall not reiterate the historical development of Social Economics but will concentrate on trying to stimulate discussion of the following questions:
Worker Adjustment to Import Competition: The United States Experience
Authors: Bale Malcolm D.
Published: January 2008

Over the last decade there has been increased worldwide interest in “adjustment assistance” programmes that facilitate the rehabilitation of workers disadvantaged as a result of increased import competition. In particular, interest has been generated as a corollary of the multilateral movement towards freer international trade and the desire on the part of developed countries to offer preferential trading treatment to products from developing countries. Such international organisations as UNCTAD, GATT, ILO, and OECD have studied the adjustment problem and have recommended the adoption of national trade‐adjustment programmes[l].
Social Economics and Political Change in South Africa
Authors: Nieuwenhuysen John
Published: January 2008

Economic Trends and Composition In the more than three decades since the second world war, the South African economy has experienced rapid growth. In the years 1945–65, the average annual growth rate in real gross domestic product was 5·2 per cent. (During this sustained twenty‐year growth period, the country's population increased by an average of 2·3 per cent, which means that an annual increase in per capita product of 2·9 per cent was registered.) In the years 1966–72, economic growth was even more rapid, at an annual rate of around 6 per cent in real terms. In concert with many other countries, South Africa's economic performance has been weaker over the past five years (1973–77) with growth rates hovering about zero; excess capacity; inflation; and growing open unemploy‐ment (in addition to traditional and no doubt very substantial under‐employment, especially in the large semi‐subsistence sector).
The Effectiveness of British Government Skillcentres: A Case Study
Authors: Showler Brian , Pettman Barrie O. , Maguire Malcolm J.
Published: January 2008

This article seeks to examine the role and effectiveness of retraining in British Government Skillcentres (formerly Government Training Centres) using case study material from a project based on the North Humberside local labour market. In the first section the background to the project and the methodology utilised are outlined. Secondly, we examine the characteristics of the Skillcentre trainees and their evaluations of the courses followed. Thirdly, we discuss the job search process and post‐training employment experience of these trainees. The fourth section concentrates on the demand side consideration of the responses and views of employers vis‐à‐vis Skillcentre trainees. Finally, we conclude that while such retraining programmes have met with some limited success there are certain important aspects which warrant further discussion.
The Keynesian Revolution
Authors: Mehta Ghanshyam
Published: January 2008

In this article we shall argue that the Keynesian revolution was a revolution in the sense of Kuhn and that Kuhn's conceptual framework provides a better understanding of the convulsive changes that took place in macro‐economics in the twenties and thirties than alternative growth of knowledge theories that are being discussed in the economics literature at the present time. In the last ten years or so economists have become increasingly interested in the various growth of knowledge theories that have been developed by philosophers of science such as Kuhn, Popper, Lakatos and others. This heightened interest on the part of economists is to be explained by the fact that these new theories are based on the actual behaviour of scientists. The new philosophers of science devote their attention not to “correct scientific method” but to the actual behaviour of scientists. It is because of this revolution in the historiography of science that economists have been able to relate these new theories to their own work and to the development of economic theories in the past.
Determinants of Canadian Social Assistance Participation Rates
Authors: Spindler Z.A. , Gilbreath W.S.
Published: January 2008

This article investigates whether selected features of the Canada Assistance Plan and various economic, demographic, and political factors have had any significant effect on the social assistance participation rates in Canadian provinces. The first section reviews the background to the cuirent social assistance programme in Canada and draws attention to some questions of major interest. The second section describes a reduced form model that was used for ordinary least squares estimation with pooled cross‐section, time‐series data drawn from post‐Plan experience (i.e., 1968–75). The third section presents the results of that estimation while the fourth section presents an analysis of them. The fifth and final section tentatively concludes that “Plan variables” were of less importance than “Non‐Plan variables” in determining provincial social assistance participation rates.
A New Approach to the Theory of the Firm
Authors: Gabor André , Pearce I.F.
Published: January 2008

If the volume of current writing on the subject can be accepted as evidence, it is clear that economists are becoming increasingly concerned by the fact that business men do not use or even understand the jargon of marginalism, despite the fact that it would seem to be in their interests to operate their firms according to the rule “marginal costs equals marginal revenue determines optimum output”. Most attempts so far made to explain this phenomenon have followed one or the other of two lines. Either it is argued that the rules of thumb developed by the business man achieve at least approximately the same result as would the strict application of marginal theory, or that short‐period difficulties which are assumed away by the theorist render the operation of the rule impossible or undesirable.
The Place of Money Capital in the Theory of Production
Authors: Gabor André , Pearce I.F.
Published: January 2008

I. Outline of the problem of capital and of the need to reconcile its treatment by Austrian and neo‐classical theorists, as also to establish a link between economics and accountancy practice. II. Introduction to the concept of the money capital requirement function and the criteria of profit rate maximisation. III. Synthesis of divergent theories by full development of a new generalised money capital requirement function. IV. Comparison of the results here obtained with those of neoclassical theory. V. Summary.
Freedom and Utility
Authors: Gabor André
Published: January 2008

The problem of freedom has been a favourite topic of philosophers of all ages, but there appears to be a definite limit beyond which their speculation cannot go. In fact, they have not even reached agreement in respect of a definition of freedom, and it would be impossible to single out any one of them whose views could be called representative. Yet, in a way, Professor Ayer's lucid statement well typifies the scope of the philosopher's field of enquiry, and this is how he formulates his opinion:
The Concept of Statistical Freedom and Its Application to Social Mobility
Authors: Gabor André
Published: January 2008

The essence of freedom consists in the absence of restraint, and an election or any other concrete instance of choosing is generally deemed to have been free if each voter had an unrestricted choice between several alternatives, of which not casting a vote may have been one.
Impact of Government Sponsored Training
Authors: Pettman B.O. , Showler B. , Maguire M.
Published: January 2008

This monograph presents the results of a two‐year study (1975–77) of the impact of British Government vocational training (GVT) measures in the North Humberside local labour market. This section briefly outlines the general training policy background within which the local provision has operated and outlines the structure of this monograph.
The Natural History of Humanity: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Stonier Tom
Published: January 2008

In the beginning, long before there had arisen a creature which could be considered as human, there existed both society and the environment. The society was a hominid society, derived from a more ancient primate form of social organisation. The environment, although variable, had always existed, and provided those selective pressures which determined the nature of this particular form of animal social organisation. The relationship between society and its environment is the most basic of all the relationships. It is animal. It is primal.
Microelectronics and Policy: Who's Running the Revolution?
Authors: Moseley Russell
Published: January 2008

There are two common misconceptions concerning policy for science and technology: firstly, that it is only government that is involved; and secondly, that any such policy consists of a coherent, consistent set of measures aimed at specific goals. Inevitably, things are rather more complicated. While government policy is of crucial importance it is nevertheless possible to identify other levels at which policy is made— whether it be implicit or explicit—and which influence the rate and direction of technological change. In the present context it may be useful to consider the point of application of technology by looking at the policy of the firm, and also at the attempts by those most directly affected by technological change to exert some influence. What follows considers three areas in which policy concerning microelectronics is evolving: at the level of the firm, within government, and among trade unions. Although attention is focused solely on developments in Britain, many of the lessons will be relevant to those countries in which debates concerning microelectronics are currently taking place.
Disincentives to Work under the UK Industrial Injuries Scheme
Authors: Doherty N.A.
Published: January 2008

A well known feature of insurance systems is that they reduce incentives to avoid loss. This feature is known as moral hazard. Unfortunately the term has normative overtones; this is particularly unfortunate in the present application to industrial injury insurance since the conclusions can lead to very different welfare conclusions. The term has, in fact, been used in the normative sense to describe behaviour which is considered morally improper or even illegal [l]. However, a more useful interpretation for current purposes simply describes the behavioural effects of insurance cover and their effect on loss experience. This paper examines, in the neutral sense, the disincentive effects of the National Insurance injuries scheme on absence from work.
The Role of Economics and Ethics in Civilisation and Progress
Authors: Conway O'Brien John
Published: January 2008

The main purpose of this contribution lies in the attempt to show that the future of western civilisation has been placed in jeopardy as a result of the declining influence of the Christian ethic, a system of transcendental values, and the increased acceptance of moral relativism due to the zeal and diligence of the proponents of secular humanism, naturalism, pragmatism and utilitarianism.
The Economic Consequences of Altruism
Authors: Haines Walter W.
Published: January 2008

Altruism seens to have a bad name among economists. Adam Smith pointed out that self‐interest, under the benign guidance of the invisible hand, was the engine that made the economic world go round. Altruism was worse than irrelevant; it was pernicious.
Exchange Value in the Value Hierarchy
Authors: Danner Peter L.
Published: January 2008

Fundamental to an understanding of how ethical and economic principles mesh in human action is clarifying the relation between the concepts of philosophic value and economic value, the very names suggesting that in the beginning scholars perceived, however confusedly, a relation between the two.