bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
QUALITÉ GLUTINIÈRE DE LA FARINE DU BLÉ DE PRINTEMPS LAVAL-19
Authors: GRÉGOIRE C. , BOUDREAU A.
Published: March 2010

The potential of spring wheat Laval-19 flour in the production of wheat gluten through the modified Martin process is examined by chemical analyses, and Theological and baking properties. The low protein level of Laval-19 flour and its gluten extracts are noted as well as the low loss in soluble components. The index of efficiency of Laval-19 flour, as measured through a laboratory lixiviation method, is equivalent to the control flour. The level of water absorption and the reconstruction time of Laval-19 lyophilized gluten are equal to the control gluten. The firmness, tolerance and extensibility of the Laval-19 gluten are shown by the extensograph on pure starch and flour, the farinograph on gluten-enriched flour and the alveograph on weak flour with the addition of from 0 to 6% gluten. The Laval-19 gluten has a Chopin W value higher than the control. The Chopin alveograph appears to be useful in gluten direct evaluation for improving weak bread flours. The baking test on bran loaves shows excellent loaf volume response by Laval-19 gluten as well as a commercial gluten; nevertheless the bread volume:protein ratio is higher for Laval-19 gluten.Key words: Wheat (Laval-19), vital gluten, dough rheology, baking test, Martin process, laboratory gluten extraction
CULTIVAR-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS IN RED CLOVER
Authors: CHOO T. M. , COULSON N. N. , LANGILLE J. E. , RAYMENT A. F. , BUBAR J. S. , WALTON R. B.
Published: March 2010

The performance of nine double-cut and three single-cut red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) cultivars was studied at five locations in Atlantic Canada. The single-cut clovers survived relatively well at all locations while the double-cut clovers did not survive well at one location during the first winter. An analysis of data for total dry-matter yield from five environments, i.e., location-year combinations, showed that the single-cut clovers outyielded the double-cut clovers in Newfoundland but yielded lower at the other locations. Among the double-cut cultivars, Florex, Lakeland, Tapiopoly, and Violetta were found to be desirable cultivars because they had a high mean yield and did not yield lower than the population average at any of the five environments. A large cultivar-environment interaction variance was detected for the double-cut cultivars; therefore, at least 15 test environments are required in future trials in order to detect a yield difference of 6% by multiple comparison procedures.Key words: Trifolium pratense L., stability
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WEATHER FACTORS AND DOLLAR SPOT OF CREEPING BENTGRASS
Authors: HALL ROBERT
Published: March 2010

In 1981 and 1982 epidemics of dollar spot of creeping bentgrass, caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, proceeded in a series of steps. Each step began at a point where a decline in the epidemic rate was followed by an increase in the epidemic rate and continued until a new step began. A step in the epidemic occurred after two consecutive wet days if the average temperature for the period was at or above 22 °C or after three or more consecutive wet days if the average temperature for the period was 15 °C or greater. These weather conditions were referred to as "infection periods." In 1982, an application of Tersan 1991 (benomyl) 1 and 2 days after two infection periods provided an acceptable level of disease control as effective as that obtained from a regular preventive schedule of seven sprays.Key words: Agrostis palustris, disease control, Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, weather-timed spray
HARRINGTON BARLEY
Authors: HARVEY B. L. , ROSSNAGEL B. G.
Published: March 2010

Harrington is a two-rowed malting barley (Hordeum vulgare) developed at the Crop Science Department, University of Saskatchewan from the cross Klages/3/Gazelle/Betzes//Centennial. This cultivar is earlier, higher yielding and has better quality than Klages. It is adapted to the traditional two-rowed barley area of west-central Saskatchewan and southern Alberta.Key words: Malting barley, Hordeum vulgare, barley
BORDEN WINTER WHEAT
Authors: NASS H. G. , WALTON R. B. , JONES R. W. , LANGILLE J. E. , BUBAR J. S.
Published: March 2010

Borden is a utility grade, medium-hard, red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) with good winterhardiness and high yield in the Atlantic Provinces of Canada. Breeder seed will be maintained by the Agriculture Canada Research Station in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Seed release of Borden is through SeCan Association.Key words: Winterhardiness, snow mold resistance, wheat (winter), cultivar description
LAPINS AND SUNBURST SWEET CHERRY
Authors: LANE W. DAVID , SCHMID HANS
Published: March 2010

Lapins and Sunburst are new self-compatible, dark fleshed sweet cherry cultivars named by Agriculture Canada Research Station, Summerland, British Columbia. Lapins matures late in the cherry season and has outstanding split resistance combined with other desirable fruit and tree characteristics. Testing to date has shown it to be better than presently grown cultivars. Sunburst is an early cultivar ripening in Bing season and is outstanding because of very large fruit size and very heavy yields. It should be a suitable cultivar in locations where fruit set is a problem and lengthy storage is not required.Key words: Prunus avium, self-compatible, split resistance, cultivar description
CONTROL OF CANADA THISTLE AND TOLERANCE OF BARLEY TO 3,6 DICHLOROPICOLINIC ACID
Authors: O’SULLIVAN P. A. , KOSSATZ V. C.
Published: March 2010

Control of topgrowth of 10-cm-tall Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense L. Scop.) was excellent, and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ’Gait’) yields were increased when 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid was applied at rates of 0.2 kg/ha and higher. No injury to barley cvs. Gait and Klondike was evident with herbicide rates of 0.1–0.9 kg/ha applied at the three-leaf, six-leaf and boot stages and yields were not adversely affected.Key words: Canada thistle, barley tolerance, 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid
EFFECT OF TIME OF TRANSPLANTING OF FIELD-SEEDED ASPARAGUS ON ESTABLISHMENT AND YIELD OF THE CROP
Authors: LIPTAY A.
Published: March 2010

Asparagus seedlings, seeded in the spring in the field at a depth of 3 cm, were transplanted 15–20 cm deep either in late summer of the year of seeding or at various dates of the following year. Plants from the late summer and the earliest spring transplanting were the most vigorous 2 yr after seeding and produced the highest yields per crown in the fourth year; by the fifth year the yields per crown were similar for all treatments. However, seedlings that were transplanted in July of the year following the seeding had a high mortality rate even though the yield per crown of the survivors was comparable to the other treatments.Key words: Asparagus, Asparagus officinalis, field sown, transplanting date, establishment
VEERING TOMATO
Authors: KERR E. A. , COOK F. I.
Published: March 2010

Veeking is a late, round, jointless, machine-harvest tomato that is large enough for hand picking. It is suitable for juice, whole pack, sauce and home garden. The flavor is excellent both as fresh fruit and in processed pack.Key words: Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, breeding, processing
CHANGES IN LEAF PIGMENTS DURING SENESCENCE AND CURING OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO
Authors: COURT WILLIAM A. , HENDEL JOHN G.
Published: March 2010

Neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, β-carotene, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in the leaves of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) were determined in samples collected at intervals from the middle of July through harvest. Harvested leaves were also sampled at intervals during flue curing for pigment determinations. Except where interrupted by rainfall or irrigation, pigment concentrations progressively declined during plant growth; this degradation was accelerated during flue curing. Carotenoid degradation during flue curing was proportional to the degree of oxygen substitution of the carotenoid. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in cured tissue were typically less than 1% of the amounts present at harvest.Key words: Carotenoids, chlorophyll, tobacco (flue-cured), flue curing, senescence
DELGOLD: A NEW FLUE-CURED TOBACCO
Authors: PANDEYA R. S. , WHITE F. H.
Published: March 2010

Delgold is a superior flue-cured tobacco cultivar developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Delhi, Ontario. Compared to Virginia 115, the cultivar commonly grown for many years prior to 1981, Delgold has superior grade quality and color, lower lamina weight, higher leaf total alkaloids (15–18%) and higher yield (10–12%). In addition, Delgold has a lower level of total particulate matter (TPM) and a lower tar: nicotine ratio than Virginia 115.Key words: Tobacco, Nicotinia tabacum, Nicotina rustica, tar:nicotine ratio, breeding, cultivar description
REACTION OF SPRING BARLEYS TO COMMON ROOT ROT AND ITS EFFECT ON YIELD COMPONENTS
Authors: GREY W. E. , MATHRE D. E.
Published: March 2010

The effects of common root rot (CRR), caused primarily by Cochliobolus sativus, on yield components in 16 barley cultivars representative of three groups—two-row (Hannchen and Smyrna types), Coast, and Manchuria—were studied at Bozeman and Glasgow, Mont, in 1980. At Bozeman, autoclaved oat kernels colonized by Cochliobolus sativus added with seed, effected a mean disease rating (DR) among the cultivars of 42.8, compared to 30.3, when autoclaved uncolonized oat kernels were added. In spite of the mean increase in disease severity of the inoculated plots, there was no significant difference in yield between inoculated and noninoculated plots. Later developed yield components, i.e. kernels per spike and kernel weight, compensated for the initial reduction in fertile tillers caused by CRR. Therefore, in population of plants under disease pressure from CRR, compensating effects on yield components may allow for little or no overall yield reduction, particularly in cultivars that are not highly susceptible to CRR. The two-row, Hannchen-type cultivars were all intermediate in DR at both locations. The two-row, Smyrna-type cultivars were high in susceptibility at Glasgow but intermediate in reaction to CRR at Bozeman. The six-row, Manchuria-Coast groups of cultivars were more diverse in their reaction to CRR at both locations. It appears that genetic relationships have more influence on a cultivar’s disease rating to CRR than has grouping based upon physiological characteristics.Key words: Barley groups, Cochliobolus sativus, yield components
LOOSE SMUT RESISTANCE IN TWO INTRODUCTIONS OF BARLEY FROM ETHIOPIA
Authors: THOMAS P. L. , METCALFE D. R.
Published: March 2010

Resistance to loose smut (Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr.) was identified in two introductions of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) from Ethiopia (CI9973 and CI14099). The gene(s) responsible for the resistance were different from gene Un8 and were equally effective against all strains of loose smut known to be present in western Canada. A synthetic culture of U. nuda containing a combination of virulence factors caused a low level of sporulation on CI14099, but CI9973 remained immune when tested against this strain.Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare, loose smut, Ustilago nuda, resistance
A FACTOR ANALYSIS OF YIELD AND SENSORY AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA FROM TESTS USED TO MEASURE CULINARY QUALITY IN DRY EDIBLE BEANS
Authors: HOSFIELD G. L. , GHADERI A. , UEBERSAX M. A.
Published: March 2010

A principal factor analysis was applied to data for yield and 16 sensory and physico-chemical traits measured on 25 strains of blackseeded dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in Michigan in 1978 and 1979. Five principal factors were extracted from the correlation matrix of traits. The principal factors extracted described "soaking," "cooked color," "thermal," "dry color," and "general color" constructs. The soaking, cooked color, and thermal factors are related to culinary quality and accounted for 67.1, 73.0 and 67.8% of the variance in the 1978, 1979 and combined data, respectively. The factors themselves did not provide an image by which culinary quality could be interpreted in a developmental sense from the physico-chemical traits of dry, soaked, or cooked bean seeds. Major traits did not appear in more than one factor in any of the analyses. When the loadings were examined from the point of view of the tests rather than factors, the constructs which emerged were coherent in a physico-chemical or technological sense and reasonable biologically. "Soaking", "cooked color", and "thermal" constructs can be measured by the hydration coefficient, L color value and Kramer shear press, respectively. These tests were able to differentiate culinary quality among test samples. Yield and protein content were independent of culinary quality.Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., consumer acceptance, seed coat color, soaking characteristics, cookability, protein content
FORAGE CROP MATURITY ZONATION IN THE ATLANTIC REGION USING GROWING DEGREE-DAYS
Authors: BOOTSMA A.
Published: March 2010

Accumulated growing degree-days above 5 °C (GDD) were used to estimate the average time of occurrence of maturity stages before first harvest in post seeding years for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), double cut red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) in the Atlantic region of Canada. Maturity stages recommended for first cut were reached after an average accumulation of approximately 350, 400 and 450 GDD, depending upon the cultivar. Estimates of maturity dates based on the average air temperature (T) for May and June were highly correlated with annually observed dates of selected maturity stages [Formula: see text]. T was also used to estimate regional variation in maturity dates based on normals for the 1951–1980 period from 231 climate stations. Eight maturity zones (M1 to M8) were designated for the region. Estimated average dates when forage cultivars reach maturity stages recommended for first cut ranged from on or before 15 June–25 June in the Annapolis and Saint John River valleys to after mid-July in parts of Newfoundland.Key words: Medicago sativa L., Phleum pratense L., Trifolium pratense L., cutting date, temperature, zonation
SOME EFFECTS OF MINOR ELEMENTS ON CRANBERRY (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) GROWTH
Authors: DOUGHTY C. C.
Published: March 2010

McFarlin cranberry vines, in a commercial bog, that showed leaf chlorosis similar to iron deficiency symptoms and lack of growth from terminal buds, were treated with foliar applications of ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid chelated materials of Zn, Fe, and Mn and boric acid in April of each year for three consecutive years. Leaf analysis showed high levels of Fe, Mn and aluminum (Al) in the untreated vines. The vines responded primarily to Zn and Fe chelates and B treatments in 1977 with more growth from terminal buds and greater leaf color. Chelated Fe and Zn and boric acid treatments decreased foliar levels of Fe and Al in 1977 and Fe and Mn in 1979.Key words: Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait., minor element deficiency, minor element toxicity, Al toxicity, minor element interactions
THE USE OF AN ELECTRON MICROPROBE TO MONITOR THE UPTAKE OF CALCIUM AND CHLORIDE IN APPLES
Authors: MOHR W. P. , JAMIESON GWEN M.
Published: March 2010

An electron microprobe was used to follow the uptake and penetration of calcium and chloride ions in apples that had been immersed in calcium chloride solution under vacuum in order to improve storage qualities. After 2 days at 20 °C, Ca and Cl penetrated approximately half way into the apple. After 4 wk at 20 °C, both ions penetrated all the way to the coreline although relatively more Ca than Cl penetrated the inner half of the fruit. Penetration of Ca was slower in fruit held at 2 °C than at 20 °C, while that of Cl was at least as rapid at 2 °C as at 20 °C. This in situ analysis technique was also used to determine the elemental composition of specific localized structures including vascular bundles and lenticels.Key words: Calcium, chloride, apple, electron microprobe
ASSESSMENT OF TURFGRASSES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF Pratylenchus penetrans and Paratylenchus projectus IN ORCHARDS
Authors: TOWNSHEND J. L. , CLINE R. A. , DIRKS V. A. , MARKS C. F.
Published: March 2010

The capacity of 18 turfgrasses to repress the multiplication of root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans Cobb, was tested in a growth room. Populations varied from 230 nematodes per pot on Agrostis alba L. to 1800 per pot on Poa trivialis L. Selected grass species and cultivars were tested as cover crops in established peach, plum, and apple orchards at Vineland from 1975 to 1980. Average population levels of the root-lesion nematode and the pin nematode, Paratylenchus projectus Jenkins, did not build up substantially during this period. Tall fescue, F. arundinacea (Schreb.), had the lowest average nematode population levels as a grass cover. Tall fescue and creeping red fescue, F. rubra L., were more effective in suppressing nematodes than Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L., and orchardgrass, Dactylis glomerata L..Key words: Apple, plum, peach, root-lesion, pin-nematodes
EFFECT OF VIRUS INFECTION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF McINTOSH APPLE TREES ON SELECTED SEEDLING AND CLONAL ROOTSTOCKS
Authors: WARNER J. , HEENEY H. B. , LEUTY S. J. , POTTER C. L.
Published: March 2010

A field experiment conducted over 12 yr showed virus inoculation with Spy decline, chlorotic leaf spot, stem pitting, rubbery wood and apple stem grooving viruses generally reduced tree size and yield of two strains of the McIntosh apple cultivar. Virus-inoculated trees flowered and fruited slightly ahead of uninoculated trees. Trees on Ottawa Hybrid (OH)-1, OH-5, Ottawa (0)-5, 0-7, 0-11 and Malus robusta Rehd. 5 rootstocks were the most sensitive to virus infection, while trees on OH-3, OH-4, OH-6 and O-3 were relatively tolerant to virus infection. Virus infection did not reduce yield efficiency (kilograms of fruit per unit of trunk cross sectional area). Fruit from trees inoculated with virus was generally smaller in size but had more red color than fruit from uninoculated trees.Key words: Malus domestica, Ottawa rootstocks, yield, tree size, fruit quality, virus sensitivity
RESPONSE OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS (Poa pratensis L.) TO AMOUNT AND FREQUENCY OF NITROGEN APPLICATION
Authors: NELSON S. H.
Published: March 2010

Ammonium nitrate (34-0-0) at varying rates and frequency of application was applied to established Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) between 15 May and 15 Aug. during 1980 and 1981. The area received a single annual application of triple super-phosphate (0-45-0). Color scores were taken weekly, spring and fall, but only monthly during the summer. Oven-dry clipping yields were determined weekly during the growing season and roots were harvested to a depth of 45 cm at the end of the trial. A rate as low as 0.8 kg N∙100 m−2 per season gave satisfactory low maintenance color during summer, but even minimal color response in spring and fall required a rate of at least 1.25 kg N∙100 m−2. Nitrogen amounts greater than 2.5 kg∙100 m−2 per season were considered excessive although color continued to increase up to the 5-kg rate before the effect started to level off. Yield showed essentially the same trend. Split applications did not appreciably affect overall yield, but are recommended to reduce growth surges from the heavier application. Very poor color and growth effects were noted at rates below 0.8 kg N∙100 m−2 per season as was evident in both yield and color. Root growth was inversely affected by nitrogen. Root growth declined markedly as the rates increased from 0.8 kg N to 3.33 kg N∙100 m−2 season then declined at a reduced rate.Key words: Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis, nitrogen, color, yield, roots, minimum maintenance
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 62. Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort.
Authors: FRICK BRENDA
Published: March 2010

This summary of biological information of Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort (bluebur) is part of a series on the biology of Canadian Weeds. Lappula squarrosa is a weed of disturbed areas and cultivated fields throughout Canada. It is especially abundant in the Prairie and Parkland regions.Key words: Weed biology, Lappula squarrosa, bluebur, bardanette
HAROKENT FIELD BEAN
Authors: AYLESWORTH J. W. , TU J. C.
Published: March 2010

Harokent, a backcross-derived disease-resistant cultivar of navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with a yield potential similar to that of Kentwood, was developed at the Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Harrow, Ontario. Harokent carries the Are gene that confers resistance to alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, gamma and lambda races of bean anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) Briosi & Cav.) and the I gene for resistance to races 1 and 15 of bean common mosaic virus.Key words: Cultivar description, bean, bean anthracnose
DONALD OATS
Authors: BURROWS VERNON D.
Published: March 2010

Donald oats (Avena sativa L.) is a new daylength insensitive oat cultivar suitable for the feed, food (milling), and mixed grain industry in Ontario. Donald combines the traits of high potential grain and groat yields, large seed size, white hulls, low hull percentage, high test weight, low double oat percentage, early maturity, medium lodging resistance, smut resistance and moderate resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus, but it is susceptible to crown and stem rust and septoria.Key words: Avena sativa L., daylength insensitive, smut resistance, barley yellow dwarf resistance, cultivar description, oats
OAC MINTO ALFALFA
Authors: CHRISTIE B. R. , BENNETT R. J.
Published: March 2010

OAC Minto is a new cultivar of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) developed by the Crop Science Department, University of Guelph. It was licensed for sale in Canada on 28 Jan. 1983. OAC Minto is medium maturing, has a high level of resistance to bacterial wilt (Corynebacterium insidiosum (McCull.) Jens.) and is very winterhardy. It is higher in herbage yield than the cultivar Iroquois and is similar in yield to 520.Key words: Alfafla, cultivar description, winter hardiness
QUALITE BOULANGERE DE LA FARINE DU BLE DE PRINTEMPS LAVAL-19
Authors: GRÉGOIRE C. , BOUDREAU A.
Published: March 2010

Samples of spring Laval-19 and control flours were compared in their biochemical analyses and physical dough and baking properties. Laval-19 flour was generally lower in proteins than control. The farinograms indicated short maximum development time, low water absorption but normal mixing tolerance index. Changes in absorption and development time were slightly improved after the addition of 2% lyophilized gluten on a flour basis. Bread with and without addition of commercial gluten (5%) were produced from Laval-19 by means of the straight dough method and judged unacceptable on the scoring points but acceptable on the bread volume/protein ratio. Bread of acceptable quality was produced with the sponge and dough method without addition of commercial gluten. Bread baked by the Canadian short process using Laval-19 flour without addition of commercial gluten was judged very acceptable.Key words: Laval-19 wheat, flour, vital gluten, farinogram, baking tests, bread score chart
LOW-TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE OF OCTOPLOID TRITICALE AND ITS PARENTAL SPECIES GROWN IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: POYSA V. W. , KNOBLAUCH C. J. , McKERSIE B. D. , REINBERGS E.
Published: March 2010

The low-temperature tolerance of 25 octoploid triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) lines and their five wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) and five rye (Secale cereale L.) parental cultivars was evaluated in controlled freezing tests following field acclimation in southern Ontario. The average LT50 rating of triticale was 1–2 °C inferior to that of wheat and rye. Triticale synthesized from very hardy rye did not have better levels of hardiness than triticale from less hardy rye. The raw primary octoploid triticale lines were generally less cold tolerant than their hardy wheat parents. The LT50 rating of triticale was not significantly correlated with the LT50 rating of either the wheat or the rye parent.Key words: Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell., Secale cereale L., cold hardiness, intergeneric hybridization
DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION OF MAIZE GROWN HYDROPONICALLY UNDER CONTROLLED-ENVIRONMENT AND FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: TOLLENAAR M. , MIGUS W.
Published: March 2010

The early-maturing maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid Pioneer 3978 was grown hydroponically in controlled-environment growth rooms during a 4-yr period. Plant dry matter accumulation and distribution were measured from 15 days before silking until date of black layer formation. Light distribution in the maize canopy and leaf carbon exchange rates at various positions in the canopy were measured and leaf area index and leaf area distribution were calculated, in order to compare crop growth rates with estimated rates of crop dry matter accumulation. In addition, Pioneer 3978 and two late-maturing maize hybrids, DeKalb XL55 and DeKalb XL72AA were grown in the field using the same hydroponic system employed in the growth rooms. Dry matter accumulation, dry matter distribution and grain yield were measured for the field-grown maize. Average crop growth rate for maize grown in the growth rooms from 15 days before to 15 days after silking was in excess of 40 g∙m−2∙day−1, with an efficiency of conversion of photosynthetic-active radiant energy into plant dry matter of 12.9%. Rate of dry matter accumulation declined to approximately 20 g∙m−2∙day−1 during the period from 15 days after silking to date of black layer formation. Average final dry matter and grain yield for the 4-yr experiment were 26.0 and 11.5 tonnes/ha, respectively. Estimated rates of dry matter accumulation by the maize canopy as calculated from photosynthesis-irradiance response curves, leaf area and measurements of light distribution appeared to indicate a substantial increase in nonfoliar respiration during the period of rapid dry matter accumulation of the grain. The hydroponic system, consisting of "Turface" — supporting medium and nutrient solution, did appear to enhance rate of dry matter accumulation. Maximum crop growth rates of hydroponically grown maize in the field were 52–2 g∙m−2∙day−1, which is more than 50% higher than maximum crop growth rates of field-grown maize at Guelph. Results of these experiments indicate that the inherent yield potential of maize is much higher than yields obtained under normal field conditions.Key words: Zea mays L., crop growth rate, dry matter distribution, photosynthetic efficiency, yield potential, carbon exchange rate
THE INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE IN RYE TO Puccinia recondita f. sp. secalis and f. sp. tritici
Authors: MUSA G. L. C. , DYCK P. L. , SAMBORSKI D. J.
Published: March 2010

The inheritance of seedling resistance to isolate RLR 213/78 of rye leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. secalis) and race 30 of wheat leaf rust (P. recondita f. sp. tritici Rob.) was investigated in six inbred lines of rye (Secale cereale). Inbred line UM8116 was used as the susceptible parent in crosses. Inbred lines UM8003, UM8071 and UM8301 each have a single gene and UM8336 and UM8340 each have two genes for resistance to rye leaf rust. For resistance to wheat leaf rust UM8071 has a single gene, UM8003 and UM8340 each have two genes and UM8301 and UM8336 each have three genes. UM8295 is heterogeneous for reaction to both rusts. One of the genes in UM8340 may condition resistance to both rusts. The genes for resistance to RLR 213/78 appear to be independently inherited while some of the genes conferring resistance to race 30 may be identical or very closely linked. The potential of rye as a source of disease resistance for wheat and triticale improvement is discussed.Key words: Secale cereale, disease resistance, wheat leaf rust
RESISTANCE TO DROUGHT AND DENSITY STRESS IN CANADIAN AND EUROPEAN MAIZE (Zea mays L.) HYBRIDS
Authors: DOW E. W. , DAYNARD T. B. , MULDOON J. F. , MAJOR D. J. , THURTELL G. W.
Published: March 2010

Early-maturing maize hybrids of North American and European origin were studied at two locations in Ontario (Elora and Guelph) and two tests at Lethbridge, Alberta (with and without irrigation) in 1979 and 1980 to (1) evaluate whether hybrids tolerant of high densities were also relatively more resistant to drought stress, and (2) identify morphological or physiological traits related to density tolerance and drought resistance. Twelve hybrids were grown in 1979 and six in 1980. Hybrids were grown at three densities 30 000, 60 000 and 90 000 plants/ha) in Ontario and four densities (25 000, 50 000, 75 000 and 100 000/ha) at Lethbridge. Data collected in 1979 included measurements of grain yield (analyzed as In (yield/plant)), date of mid-anthesis (MA), days from mid-anthesis to mid-silking (DAS), percent of second ear silking, tassel dry weight, leaf water potential, leaf stomatal conductance, and leaf area index (LAI). Grain yield, MA, DAS, and LAI were monitored in 1980. A significant hybrid-by-density interaction for In (yield/plant) was observed in the Ontario tests. Linear regression coefficients of In (yield/plant) vs. density for the individual hybrids served as indices of relative density tolerance. A significant test-by-hybrid interaction at Lethbridge was used as a basis for computing indices of drought resistance. The two indices were correlated (r = 0.75, P < 0.01) in 1979, but not in 1980 (r = 0.62, P > 0.05). The two measures of stress tolerance or resistance were correlated negatively with MA, DAS, and LAI, but not with other plant traits measured. Screening for density tolerance and for early date of silking relative to anthesis could be beneficial in breeding for drought resistance.Key words: Maize, drought, hybrids, plant-density, resistance
ASSESSMENT OF AGRISPON, A MICROBIAL SOIL SUPPLEMENT, ON CEREAL PRODUCTION
Authors: McANDREW D. W. , DEMARS D. J. E. , BIEDERBECK V. O. , CAMPBELL C. A.
Published: March 2010

Agrispon has been promoted in Western Canada as a soil supplement that provides plant-available nitrogen via undefined catalytic as well as microbial processes. Testing was undertaken in a controlled environment and under field conditions, to substantiate claims made by manufacturers and promoters that this product enhances germination and availability of nitrogen to plants. Characterization of the microbial composition of this product was also undertaken. Germination of Neepawa hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was not influenced in a greenhouse study. Growth chamber studies did not show any beneficial effect of Agrispon on total dry matter, grain yield or protein content of Neepawa wheat. Field studies with Canuck hard red spring wheat gave similar results to those obtained in the growth chamber i. e., no benefit in grain yield or protein content of Agrispon-treated plants. Analysis of soil samples taken at the end of the experiment also revealed no treatment effect of Agrispon or N fertilizer on available NO−3-N or NH4+-N levels. Microbiological determinations revealed relatively low populations of common soil organisms.Key words: Agrispon, Nitro/Max, soil supplement, bacterial population, fertilizer
EFFECT OF HARVEST TIME AND DRYING METHOD ON THE YIELD, QUALITY AND GRADE OF HARD RED SPRING WHEAT IN NORTHWEST ALBERTA
Authors: CHRISTENSEN J. V. , LEGGE W. G.
Published: March 2010

Two hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Neepawa and Columbus, were harvested at 5% kernel moisture content (KMC) intervals from 45% to 15% for three growing seasons. Two drying treatments, field drying in windrows and oven drying were evaluated. Yield, test weight, 1000-kernel weight, protein-N, falling number and commercial grade were determined. Protein-N and 1000-kernel weight were reduced when the crop was harvested above 40% and 35% KMC, respectively, but were not affected by drying method. Yield losses up to 12% were recorded with windrowing. Windrowing at 35% KMC or less in warm, dry conditions had little effect on test weight, falling numbers, and grade. Under wet conditions, windrowing above 20% KMC resulted in lower falling numbers and a loss of grade. Direct combining and artificial drying above 20% KMC lowered test weights, falling numbers and grade. The current recommendation of windrowing at 35% KMC is supported under good harvest conditions but either windrowing or straight combining at 20% KMC would be superior under damp harvest conditions.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., kernel moisture content, drying method, falling number, quality, grade
COILING OF ALFALFA PODS IN RELATION TO RESISTANCE AGAINST SEED CHALCIDS: ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS
Authors: SMALL ERNEST , BROOKES BRENDA S.
Published: March 2010

A study of seed chalcid (Bruchophagus roddi) infestation of pods in an Iowa nursery of diverse populations of alfalfa revealed the same selective pattern previously discovered in an Ottawa nursery. Although possessing fewer and lighter seeds, and present in the nurseries in lesser proportion, pods with limited or no coiling were much more heavily infested than highly coiled pods. In uncoiled pods infestation was highest in the middle portion of the pod. However, with increasingly coiled pods, infestation became progressively restricted to the ends of the pod. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that pod coiling per se provides protection against seed chalcids. Avoidance of glandular pods by the chalcid was not evident, although this has been indicated elsewhere.Key words: Medicago sativa, Bruchophagus roddi, breeding
DIFFERENTIAL GROWTH AND COMPETITIVE ABILITY OF Amaranthus retroflexus, A. powellii AND A. hybridus
Authors: WEAVER SUSAN E.
Published: March 2010

The frequency of occurrence of Amaranthus powellii and A. hybridus relative to that of A. retroflexus in agricultural fields in southwestern Ontario is increasing. Rates of germination and growth and development of the three species were compared at 28/22 °C and 22/14 °C in the growth chamber. Amaranthus powellii exhibited a faster rate of germination and greater early growth with respect to height and leaf number than either of the other species under both temperature regimes. Amaranthus hybridus had a greater root dry weight, took 3 wk longer to reach maturity and produced more seeds than either of the other species. In the field, when sown in pure stands and mixtures at constant density but varying proportions, A. powellii showed a greater competitive ability than A. retroflexus or A. hybridus with respect to number of plants, aboveground fresh weight, and number of seeds produced per square metre.Key words: Pigweed, germination, seed production, competition
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 63. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill and S. oleraceus L.
Authors: HUTCHINSON IAN , COLOSI JOSEPH , LEWIN RALPH A.
Published: March 2010

Spiny annual sow-thistle (Sonchus asper (L.) Hill) and annual sow-thistle (S. oleraceus L.) are introduced weeds which occur in the agricultural regions of all Canadian provinces, but are most abundant in disturbed habitats in southern Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia. They occur on a wide variety of substrates and are common weeds of waste places and gardens. Their intermittent and prolonged emergence period, rapid development to maturity, and production of large quantities of highly-dispersive seeds make them difficult to control. Details of the morphology of the annual sow-thistles, their reproductive biology (including previously unpublished material on population dynamics and seed production), their response to parasites, and methods of control are presented.Key words: Biology of Canadian weeds, Sonchus oleraceus, Sonchus asper
DIFFERENCES IN RATES OF LEAF APPEARANCE AMONG MAIZE HYBRIDS AND PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT
Authors: TOLLENAAR M. , MULDOON J. F. , DAYNARD T. B.
Published: March 2010

Rates of leaf appearance were evaluated for three maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids grown at two day/night temperatures (20/17 °C and 30/27 °C) in environmentally controlled growth facilities, and for 10 maize hybrids grown in the field. Differences in rate of leaf appearance occurred among genotypes and among phases of development for maize hybrids grown both under controlled-environment and field conditions. Differences in mean rate of leaf appearance between two hybrids common to both experiments were approximately 15% in both the field and the controlled-environment experiments. In addition, hybrid × phase-of-development interactions were highly significant.Key words: Zea mays L., rate of development, temperature, genotype × phase-of-development interaction
CALIBRE OATS
Authors: ROSSNAGEL B. G. , BHATTY R. S.
Published: March 2010

Calibre is a thin-hulled, high-test-weight, high-yielding oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar developed at the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan from the cross Gemini/Clintford. It is best adapted to the non-rust areas of Saskatchewan and Alberta.Key words: Oats, Avena sativa L., thin hull, high test weight, milling quality, cultivar description
INTERACTION ENTRE L’AMIDON ET UNE FRACTION PROTEIQUE EXTRAITE DES SEMOULES DE T. DURUM
Authors: D’EGIDIO M. G. , STEFANIS E. DE , FORTINI S. , NARDI S. , SGRULLETTA D.
Published: March 2010

In order to establish if there was a relationship between specific biochemical parameters and semolina quality, an analysis of interaction between starch and a specific protein fraction was performed on nine semolina samples of five cultivars of durum wheat grown in two locations in Italy. The starch was extracted with 2% NaCl and purified with water and 85% methanol in each sample. The protein fraction used was that soluble in acetic acid 0.1 N and then precipitated at pH 6.5, isolated from each semolina. The swollen purified starch and the protein fraction redissolved in acetic acid 0.1 N from the same semolina sample were allowed to react under controlled conditions. The protein and amylose reacted linearly. The slope of regression lines was different for each sample; these differences reflected different affinity of protein and amylose. The protein fraction (gliadines solubles in acetic acid) and the starch have also been characterized by electrophoretic pattern and by viscosity measurements, respectively.Key words: Starch, acid soluble protein, Triticum durum
CHANGES IN SORGHUM GRAIN PROTEIN CONTENT WITH MATURITY AT FOUR LEVELS OF NITROGEN
Authors: AJAKAIYE CHRISTIANAH O.
Published: March 2010

The changes which occurred in grain protein content with maturity of three sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes were investigated at four nitrogen (N) application levels, 0, 35, 70 and 140 kg/ha. Three sorghum genotypes (RCFA × L.187, L.187 and SK 5912) were field-grown at Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria. Grain was sampled at 10, 17, 24 and 67 days after anthesis and grain protein was determined by Kjeldahl methods. The concentration of grain protein of RCFA × L.187 and L.187 increased up to 24 days after anthesis with a peak at 17 days after anthesis in 1977 while in SK 5912, the highest concentration was at 10 days after anthesis in that year. In 1978, the concentration trend was similar to that in 1977 but the behavior of SK 5912 was erratic because an increase in grain protein concentration occurred at 17 days after anthesis only in plants grown on soil supplied with 35 and 70 kg N/ha. In all other treatments, the grain protein concentration of this genotype decreased from 10 to 67 days after anthesis. However, total grain protein yield per hectare increased significantly in all genotypes at harvest over that at 10 days after anthesis.Key words: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, protein content, genotypes, maturity
BROWNING OF LENTIL SEEDS, CONCOMITANT LOSS OF VIABILITY, AND THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF SOLUBLE TANNINS IN BOTH PHENOMENA
Authors: NOZZOLILLO CONSTANCE , BEZADA MATILDE DE
Published: March 2010

Under normal storage conditions, lentil seeds, Lens culinaris Medic. (Fabaceae), were observed to discolor gradually over a 2-yr period from the olive green of freshly harvested seeds to a light yellow and finally a deep brown. Browning was experimentally accelerated by exposure to a warm, humid environment and conversely, retarded by exposure to a cold or dry atmosphere. Browned seeds were judged less viable than green seeds on the basis of (1) a fainter reaction to the tetrazolium test, (2) lower percent germination, and (3) a higher electrical conductivity of the imbibition medium indicative of a loss of membrane integrity and resultant loss of cell solutes. Coats of both green and browned seeds contained a high amount of proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), both procyanidin and prodelphinidin, but browned seeds exuded much lower amounts of low molecular weight proanthocyanidins (soluble tannins) into the imbibition medium than did green seeds. It is concluded that (1) browning was a result of polymerization of soluble tannins to brown-colored high MW polymers (condensed tannins), and (2) under experimentally provided storage conditions of high relative humidity, embryo death was hastened in the presence of the seed coat, possibly by the interaction of soluble tannins or their precursors with embryo membranes.Key words: Lentils, Lens, seed browning, seed ageing, proanthocyanidins, soluble tannins
CHROMATOGRAPHIC AND MICROSCOPIC DETECTION OF GLUCOSINOLATES IN RAPESEED USING N,2,6-TRICHLORO-p- BENZOQUINONEIMINE
Authors: YIU S. H. , COLLINS F. W. , FULCHER R. G. , ALTOSAAR I.
Published: March 2010

A new histochemical method for detecting glucosinolates in rapeseed (Brassica napus L. ’Midas’) methanolic extracts and rapeseed (Brassica campestris L. ’Candle’) hand-cut sections has been developed using N,2,6-trichloro-p-benzoquinoneimine (TCQ) as the staining reagent. The specificity of TCQ was established by the following experiments. (1) TCQ was used as a spray reagent for detecting thio sugars separated from (a) crude and (b) partially purified rapeseed extracts on silica gel coated chromatograms. By comparison, the reaction of TCQ was relatively more selective than that of alkaline silver nitrate as it detected fewer spots on the chromatogram. (2) Rapeseed extracts and glucosinolate (GS) standards were analyzed on the same plate by one- and two-dimensional chromatography. After spraying with TCQ two of the three spots originated from the extract had the same color (yellow) reaction and similar Rf values as those of 3-butenyl GS and 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl GS. (3) Gas chromatography was used to identify the TCQ-reactive compounds present in the rapeseed extract. 3-butenyl GS and 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl GS were present as major constituents while 4-pentenyl GS, 2-hydroxy-4-pentenyl GS and an hydroxyindolylmethyl GS formed the minor entity. The use of TCQ for detecting glucosinolates in situ was established by the following microscopic studies. Hand-cut sections were prepared, stained with TCQ and examined microscopically. Protein bodies found inside cells of the cotyledon were the only stained (yellow in color) structures. The number of yellow-colored protein bodies decreased if the sections were left untreated at room temperature for more than 10 min prior to staining. Treatment of the sections with distilled water, 70% methanol or myrosinase before staining diminished the stainability of the protein bodies.Key words: Rapeseed structure, glucosinolates, chromatographic analyses, N,2,6-trichloro-p-benzoquinoneimine
SOYBEAN PLANT RESPONSE TO ANNUAL CROP WINDBREAKS UNDER RAIN-FED CONDITIONS
Authors: SENTHINATHAN A. , McVETTY P. B. E. , STOBBE E. H.
Published: March 2010

Parallel annual crop windbreaks consisting of one or two rows of sunflowers were planted in a soybean field at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. Data from 2 years of study showed that neither one nor two rows of parallel windbreaks beneficially influenced total water use, rate of phenological development, height, leaf area, top dry weight, yield components or seed yield.Key words: Soybean, Glycine max., windbreaks, sheltering
NUTRITIONAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED INTERMEDIATE WHEATGRASS CLONES
Authors: KARN J. F. , BERDAHL J. D.
Published: March 2010

Intermediate wheatgrass (Agroypron intermedium (Host) Beauv.) clones grown in solid-sward plots and representing a range of phenotypic characteristics were evaluated for nutritional quality and agronomic performance in 1980 and 1981. Eight and 25 clones were evaluated for nitritional quality in 1980 and 1981, respectively. Agronomic and morphological measurements were made on 25 clones each year. Significant differences (P < 0.05) occurred among clones and among sampling dates both years with respect to in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and nitrogen. Among clones at the final sampling date, IVDOM ranged from 52.4 to 64.4% in 1980 and from 50.0 to 60.8% in 1981. Correlation coefficients for plant height versus IVDOM were −0.70* and −0.69** while correlation coefficients for neutral detergent fiber versus nitrogen were −0.83** and −0.68** in 1980 and 1981, respectively. Correlation coefficients between nutritional quality data and agronomic traits such as days to heading, lodging, and forage yield were low and variable between years. The consistent differences in IVDOM among clones were of sufficient magnitude to warrant breeding and selection efforts to improve the nutritional quality of intermediate wheatgrass.Key words: Intermediate wheatgrass, In vitro digestible organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, clone, dry matter yield
RESPONSE TO SELECTION FOR STEM LENGTH IN RED CLOVER EVALUATED AT WIDE AND NARROW SPACINGS
Authors: BOWLEY S. R. , TAYLOR N. L. , CORNELIUS P. L. , DOUGHERTY C. T.
Published: March 2010

Six cycles of phenotypic recurrent selection for stem length were conducted in a 91-cm-spaced planted population of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) as a means of increasing herbage yield. The objectives of this investigation were (1) to compare the effectiveness of selection for stem length tested in transplants at wide (91 cm) and narrow (7 cm) spacings, and in row seedings and (2) to determine the effect of selection for stem length on herbage yield. Response to selection for stem length was obtained under all plantings; however, greater gains were observed at the wide transplant spacing (3.3 cm∙cycle−1) compared to the narrow transplant spacing (0.7 cm∙cycle−1) and row seeding (0.8 cm∙cycle−1). Densely spaced transplants gave performance similar to row seedings and may be of value to forage crop breeders in situations where yield or quality assessment is desired but seed supplies are insufficient for the establishment of seeded plots, such as in the early stages of breeding programs. Selection for stem length was effective in increasing herbage yield at first harvest but was associated with reduced persistance, decreased regrowth yields, and increased partitioning of dry matter towards the shoot rather than the root during seedling development. Selection for stem length in the regrowth or in the second year, rather than in the primary (seedling) growth, might have avoided the declines in persistence and regrowth yields.Key words: Trifolium pratense L., red clover, recurrent selection, stem length, density, herbage yield
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 64. Datura stramonium L.
Authors: WEAVER SUSAN E. , WARWICK SUZANNE I.
Published: March 2010

Datura stramonium L. (Solanaceae) is an annual weed found in most temperate and subtropical regions of the world. It has been recorded from all the provinces of Canada except Newfoundland, but is most common in Ontario and Quebec. It occurs in waste places, gardens, barnyards and, increasingly, in cultivated fields. Datura stramonium serves as an alternate host for many insect pests and diseases of Solanaceous crops, such as tomatoes, tobacco and potatoes, and has both narcotic and medicinal properties due to its production of a variety of alkaloids. It has been used extensively as an experimental plant in studies of genetics, chromosome morphology and embryonic development.Key words: Weed biology, jimsonweed, Datura stramonium, distribution