bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Origin and fate of particulate and dissolved organic matter in a naturally iron-fertilized region of the Southern Ocean
Authors: Tremblay L. , Caparros J. , Leblanc K. , Obernosterer I.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Natural iron fertilization of high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) waters induces annually occurring spring phytoplankton blooms off the Kerguelen Islands (Southern Ocean). To examine the origin and fate of particulate and dissolved organic matter (POM and DOM), D- and L-amino acids (AA) were quantified at bloom and HNLC stations. Total hydrolyzable AA accounted for 21–25% of surface particulate organic carbon (%POCAA) at the bloom sites, but for 10% at the HNLC site. A marked decrease in %POCAA with depth was observed at the most productive stations leading to values between 3 and 5% below 300 m depth. AA contributed to only 0.9–4.4% of dissolved organic carbon (%DOCAA) at all stations. The only consistent vertical trend was observed at the most productive station (A3-2) where %DOCAA decreased from ~ 2% in the surface waters to 0.9% near 300 m. These AA yields revealed that POM and DOM were more rapidly altered or mineralized at the bloom sites compared to the HNLC site. Alteration state was also assessed by trends in C / N ratio, %D-AA and degradation index. Different molecular markers indicated that POM mostly originated from diatoms and bacteria. The estimated average proportion of POM from intact phytoplankton cells in surface waters was 45% at the bloom station A3-2, but 14% at the HNLC site. Estimates based on D-AA yields indicated that ~ 15% of POM and ~ 30% of DOM was of bacterial origin (cells and cell fragments) at all stations. Surprisingly, the DOM in HNLC waters appeared less altered than the DOM from the bloom, had slightly higher dissolved AA concentrations, and showed no sign of alteration within the water column. Unfavorable conditions for bacterial degradation in HNLC regions can explain these findings. In contrast, large inputs of labile organic molecules and iron likely stimulate the degradation of organic matter (priming effect) and the production of more recalcitrant DOM (microbial carbon pump) during iron-fertilized blooms.
An improved representation of physical permafrost dynamics in the JULES land surface model
Authors: Chadburn S. , Burke E. , Essery R. , Boike J. , Langer M. , Heikenfeld M. , Cox P. , Friedlingstein P.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. It is important to correctly simulate permafrost in global climate models, since the stored carbon represents the source of a potentially important climate feedback. This carbon feedback depends on the physical state of the permafrost. We have therefore included improved physical permafrost processes in JULES, which is the land-surface scheme used in the Hadley Centre climate models. The thermal and hydraulic properties of the soil were modified to account for the presence of organic matter, and the insulating effects of a surface layer of moss were added, allowing for fractional moss cover. We also simulate a higher-resolution soil column and deeper soil, and include an additional thermal column at the base of the soil to represent bedrock. In addition, the snow scheme was improved to allow it to run with arbitrarily thin layers. Point-site simulations at Samoylov Island, Siberia, show that the model is now able to simulate soil temperatures and thaw depth much closer to the observations. The root mean square error for the near-surface soil temperatures reduces by approximately 30%, and the active layer thickness is reduced from being over 1 m too deep to within 0.1 m of the observed active layer thickness. All of the model improvements contribute to improving the simulations, with organic matter having the single greatest impact. A new method is used to estimate active layer depth more accurately using the fraction of unfrozen water. Soil hydrology and snow are investigated further by holding the soil moisture fixed and adjusting the parameters to make the soil moisture and snow density match better with observations. The root mean square error in near-surface soil temperatures is reduced by a further 20% as a result.
Forest fire risk assessment in Sweden using climate model data: bias correction and future changes
Authors: Yang W. , Gardelin M. , Olsson J. , Bosshard T.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. As the risk for a forest fire is largely influenced by weather, evaluating its tendency under a changing climate becomes important for management and decision making. Currently, biases in climate models make it difficult to realistically estimate the future climate and consequent impact on fire risk. A distribution-based scaling (DBS) approach was developed as a post-processing tool that intends to correct systematic biases in climate modelling outputs. In this study, we used two projections, one driven by historical reanalysis (ERA40) and one from a global climate model (ECHAM5) for future projection, both having been dynamically downscaled by a regional climate model (RCA3). The effects of the post-processing tool on relative humidity and wind speed were studied in addition to the primary variables precipitation and temperature. Finally, the Canadian Fire Weather Index system was used to evaluate the influence of changing meteorological conditions on the moisture content in fuel layers and the fire-spread risk. The forest fire risk results using DBS are proven to better reflect risk using observations than that using raw climate outputs. For future periods, southern Sweden is likely to have a higher fire risk than today, whereas northern Sweden will have a lower risk of forest fire.
Correlation between Ocular Biometry and Amplitude of Accommodation in Early Presbyopia
Authors: Faramarzi Amir , Bagheri Abbas , Karimian Farid , Shaianfar Halimeh , Razzaghi Mohammad Reza , Yazdani Shahin
Published: January 2015

Purpose

To determine the correlation between ocular biometric parameters and the amplitude of accommodation in early presbyopic eyes.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was performed on 62 eyes of 62 subjects aged from 40 to 49 years. All participants were emmetropic (spherical equivalent refractive error within 0.50 D of emmetropia with astigmatism less than 0.75 D) and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity was 20/20. Only the right eyes of all subjects were included for analysis. In all subjects a complete ophthalmologic examination was performed and the amplitude of accommodation (AA) was measured by two methods: method of spheres and push-up test. Optical biometry was performed using Lenstar® (Haag-Streit AG, Koeniz, Switzerland) and keratometry (KR), anterior chamber depth (corneal epithelium to lens) (ACD), lens thickness (LT), vitreous length (VL), and axial length (AL) were measured before and after cycloplegia.

Results

Mean age of the study participants was 44 ± 2 years and 36 subjects (58%) were men. Mean AA was 3.29 ± 1.36 D. There were statistically significant differences between ACD, LT, and AL values measured before and after cycloplegia. There was no significant correlation between AA and any biometric parameter measured by Lenstar using univariate and multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

According to this study, there seems to be no correlation between KR, ACD, LT, VL, and AL with AA in early presbyopic eyes.
Self-Declaration of Diabetes and Factors Associated with Having Regular Eye Examinations among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Turkey
Authors: Dadaci Zeynep , Acir Nursen Oncel , Borazan Mehmet
Published: January 2015

Purpose

To assess the awareness of diabetic retinopathy (DR), decided by self-declaration of diabetes, and the factors associated with having regular eye examinations among patients with type 2 diabetes in Turkey.

Methods

Between January and June 2014, 3322 adult patients attending an outpatient ophthalmology clinic were screened and 160 patients with type 2 diabetes with a known duration of at least 5 years were included. All patients were asked for their complaints and self-declaration of diabetes was noted. A questionnaire including questions about demographic characteristics, disease process, and follow-up was applied to responders, and all patients underwent a detailed ophthalmologic examination with dilation.

Results

A total of 31.9% of the patients self-declared that they had diabetes and/or requested examination for DR. A total of 29.4% reported that they had regular eye examinations. In regression analyses, factors associated with having regular eye examination were longer duration of diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 2.42; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-5.8; p = 0.049), insulin use (OR 4.45; 95% CI 1.7-10.7; p = 0.001), and self-declaration of diabetes (OR 8.16; 95% CI 3.5-19.2; p<0.001).

Conclusions

The rates of self-declaration of diabetes and having regular eye examinations among patients with type 2 diabetes are low in Turkey. All adults undergoing an eye examination should be questioned for diabetes. Education of both patients with diabetes and the health care stuff dealing with them could improve the rates of patients having regular eye examinations and enhance the early detection of DR.
The Influence of a Prolonged Interoperative Period on Binocular Vision after Bilateral Cataract Extractions
Authors: Loba Piotr , Rajska Kinga , Simiera Justyna , Wilczynski Michal , Omulecki Wojciech , Broniarczyk-Loba Anna
Published: January 2015

Purpose

To evaluate the influence of the extent of the interoperative period on binocular vision function in patients after consecutive bilateral cataract extractions and intraocular lens implantation.

Methods

The study included patients operated due to bilateral cataract. Presence of asthenopic symptoms, distance and near squint angle, fusional amplitudes, stereopsis, and convergence were evaluated. Preoperative, interoperative, and postoperative differences in best-corrected visual acuity between eyes were also noted. Multivariate analysis was conducted in order to establish the relation between the interoperative period and binocular status.

Results

The study included 104 patients (74 female, 30 male, mean age 69.9 years, range 32-88). Mean interoperative period was 20.3 ± 12.9 months, range 1.5-47.7. Prolongation of the interoperative interval had a significant negative impact on stereopsis measured by TNO ( R2 = 0.215, p = 0.001) and Randot ( R2 = 0.179, p = 0.001) stereotests, as well as for near point of convergence ( R2 = 0.09, p = 0.002). It was also related, but not independently, to reduction in fusional amplitudes, mainly for distance ( R2 = 0.18, p = 0.001 for divergence and R2 = 0.12, p = 0.001 for convergence). Asthenopic symptoms were reported by 17 (16.3%) patients. The incidence of exophoria was significantly (p = 0.002) higher in patients with an interoperative interval longer than 24 months.

Conclusions

The length of the interoperative period influences the status of binocular vision in patients after bilateral cataract extraction. It is also connected with an increased number of patients with asthenopic symptoms and exophoria.
The Evolution of the Trunnion
Authors: Rajpura Asim , Board Timothy N
Published: January 2015

Implant modularity has recently come under increasing scrutiny due to concerns regarding wear, corrosion and potential adverse reactions to metal debris. This review outlines the evolution and development of the femoral stem trunnion and relates this to contemporary issues now encountered.

Despite different manufacturers producing what appear to be similar trunnion designs, there is still a lack of standardisation, with small but significant design variations. Wear and corrosion is certainly not a new phenomenon, but recent changes in design and the use of larger metal head sizes has potentially made the problem more prevalent. These issues along with steps to avoid these problems are discussed.
Evaluation of a Polynephron Dialysis Membrane considering New Aspects of Biocompatibility
Authors: Martínez-Miguel Patricia , de Sequera Patricia , Albalate Marta , Medrano Diana , Sánchez-Villanueva Rafael , Molina Alvaro , Sousa Fernando , Benito Jesús , Nuñez Jesús , Vozmediano Carmen , Aragoncillo Inés , Barril Guillermina , Rodríguez-Puyol Diego , Pérez-García Rafael , López-Ongil Susana
Published: January 2015

Purpose

The biocompatibility of dialyzers may influence the inflammatory state of hemodialysis patients. This study compares the effect of a high-flux polynephron membrane with other high-flux membranes, helixone and polyamide, on some inflammation biomarkers based on the analysis of circulating mononuclear cells (MC).

Methods

The study included 47 patients on hemodialysis with helixone and polyamide; 9 formed the control group, without changes in their dialyzers throughout the study, and 38 formed the intervention group, in which their dialyzers were replaced by polynephron. In both groups, blood samples were taken at the beginning of the study before and after hemodialysis session, and at the end of the study 4 months later. In each extraction, biochemical parameters were determined, and MC isolated using Ficoll gradient. Production of reactive oxygen species and the percentage of activated MC (CD14+CD16+) were measured by flow cytometry, and protein levels of heat-shock proteins (Hsp70/Hsp90) studied by Western blot.

Results

After 1 hemodialysis session with different membranes, no significant differences were observed in the different parameters considered. After 4 months of dialysis with polynephron, a significant reduction in the percentage of CD14+CD16+ and in the β2-microglobulin reduction ratio were found, with respect to helixone and polyamide, without changes in the other parameters analyzed.

Conclusions

The use of polynephron for 4 months reduces the percentage of CD14+CD16+ compared to helixone and polyamide, suggesting a better profile regarding activation of the inflammatory response. These findings could be explained by a better biocompatibility or an increased reduction of medium-sized toxic molecules.
A Comparison of Silicone and Polyurethane PICC Lines and Postinsertion Complication Rates: A Systematic Review
Authors: Seckold Tammy , Walker Sandra , Dwyer Trudy
Published: January 2015

Purpose

To determine postinsertion complication rate for peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), in particular the difference between silicone and polyurethane lines in general population groups as well as oncology and non-oncology patient groups.

Methods

A systematic review of prospective and retrospective studies in the English language between January 2000 and October 2013 focusing on postinsertion complication rates for PICCs in the adult population. Joanna Briggs Institute tools were used to extract data from the final 19 articles with information collated relating to catheter type, patient type, overall complication rate, rates of infection, occlusion, dislodgment, phlebitis, thrombus and rupture.

Results

Overall, the PICCs complication rates ranged from 8 to 50%. Although both lines saw similar overall rates upon closer observation, the strengths and weaknesses of both lines are shown. Polyurethane PICC lines were found to provide lower rates of infection, dislodgment, thrombus and rupture complications. Mixed results were found with catheter line occlusions, overall averages showing polyurethane lines slightly higher rates than silicone. Oncology patients however saw opposite results. Phlebitis rates saw the largest division among the postinsertion complication rates, with 6.7% more phlebitis in the general patient group and 14.5% in the oncology group more for those with polyurethane PICC lines compared with the silicone.

Conclusions

Both silicone and polyurethane PICC lines exhibit nearly identical overall average postinsertion compilation rates; however, it is the type of complications experienced that differ. Overall, oncology patients can expect to experience higher levels of postinsertion complications.
Efficacy and Ease of Use of an Intravenous Catheter Designed to Prevent Blood Leakage: A Prospective Observational Trial
Authors: Haeseler Gertrud , Hildebrand Monika , Fritscher Joachim
Published: January 2015

Purpose

Conventional safety intravenous (IV) catheters prevent blood exposure during catheter placement but blood leakage from the unconnected catheter still frequently occurs. In the current study a new safety IV catheter equipped with a blood leakage control septum was assessed under routine clinical conditions.

Methods

This prospective observational trial was conducted at the KKRN (Katholisches Klinikum Ruhrgebiet Nord), Germany, September/October 2012. Peripheral IV access was established in presurgical patients using either the investigational (“IS3”) or a conventional safety IV catheter (“IS”). Incidence of blood leakage during placement and subsequent (dis-)connection procedures, duration of placement as well as handling conditions were compared.

Results

A total of 200 IV accesses were established (n(IS3) = 102 and n(IS) = 98). Blood leakage during catheter placement (4.9% (IS3) vs. 61.2% (IS); p<0.001) and blood contaminations (3.9% (IS3) vs. 14.3% (IS); p = 0.01) were significantly reduced for IS3. All blood leakages observed with IS3 were due to improper technique. No blood leakage occurred during repeated (dis-)connections of IS3 (blood leakage IS: 74%). Using IS3, vein compression was not required (no compression: 98%) and duration of catheter placement was significantly shorter ( t(IS3) = 69.6 ± 22.4 s vs. t(IS) = 85.2 ± 28.2 s; p<0.001).

Conclusions

The investigational IV catheter effectively prevented blood leakage, thereby reducing contamination risk and workload associated with cleaning. Omission of vein compression facilitated and shortened IV catheter placement.
Pennsylvania's Past from a Unique Perspective:
Authors: Johansen Mary Carroll
Published: January 2015

An oral history project as part of a course on the history of Pennsylvania offers students an opportunity to connect to the history of their communities, make tangible the topics that we study in class, and provide documentation of a person, place, event, or community that might otherwise be lost. To be successful, students need to learn how to research their topic, work with recording equipment, conduct a pre-interview, structure an interview, ask open and closed questions, and transcribe an interview. While a challenging and time-consuming assignment, the oral history project is often the aspect of the course that students find most rewarding, as it offers them an opportunity to record a family member's story, to learn about an aspect of local history, or to make a contribution to the history of a neighborhood or organization. Reviewing my students’ work is also one of my favorite aspects of the course; it gives me added insight into the lives of the people of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the recent history of the state. Supplemental resources are posted on the journals’ web pages.
Teaching the Religious History of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia
Authors: Hanson R. Scott
Published: January 2015

Until 2006, when faculty in the Departments of History and Religion at Temple University designed the course Religion in Philadelphia, no university in Pennsylvania offered a course specifically on the religious history of the state. The following essay outlines the rationale for a course on religion in Philadelphia, the issues involved with teaching such a course, available texts and resources, and possible field trips and assignments. It also describes how the course has been adapted for online instruction and suggests how part(s) of it might be used in a more general course on the history of Pennsylvania or American religious history.
The Blood Demonstration:
Authors: Gallon Kim
Published: January 2015

Despite a growing body of scholarship that documents civil rights activism in the North during the 1950s and 1960s, college educators continue to rely on traditional understandings of African Americans’ struggle for civil rights as being rooted in the South. Moreover, history professors continue to privilege a male-centered narrative that tends to define the civil rights movement through mass marches and protests. In an effort to challenge this pedagogy, this article describes a method for teaching the history of women's role in the struggle for social justice in the 1960s through their participation in the Philadelphia Welfare Rights Organization (PWRO). Through the use of primary sources such as the Philadelphia Tribune and the PWRO's newsletter along with secondary sources such as Lisa Levenstein's A Movement Without Marches, this article offers a way to expand and complicate students’ understanding of the civil rights and women's movements of the late twentieth century. Just as importantly, it assists teachers in stressing the significance of African American women's fight for equality in Pennsylvania history. Supplemental resources are posted on the journals’ web pages.
Indigenous communities, tourism development and extreme poverty alleviation in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Faridul , Carlsen Jack
Published: January 2015

Despite the fact that indigenous culture is considered a significant tourist attraction, limited attention has been given to the relationship between indigenous communities, tourism development and poverty alleviation in the context of developing nations. Two case studies from Bangladesh demonstrate that indigenous communities are marginalized economically, physically, culturally, socially and politically and remain in extreme poverty. This article acknowledges that the coordinated effort of the stakeholders, such as government organizations, non-governmental organizations, the national tourism organization, private tourism organizations, international aid agencies and indigenous communities, is essential in order to protect the indigenous communities from various forms of marginalization and help to alleviate extreme poverty.
Modeling the degree of persistence in Croatian tourism
Authors: Gil-Alana Luis A. , Mervar Andrea , Payne James E.
Published: January 2015

The Croatian tourism sector has been affected by a number of negative and positive shocks since the beginning of the 1990s. To examine the impact of shocks on tourism, the authors employ fractional integration techniques as a means to gauge the degree of persistence of such shocks. Based on monthly data from January 1995 to December 2013, they find that the respective tourism indicators contain seasonal unit roots. An examination of the seasonally differenced tourism time series reveals that the fractional differencing parameter, d, with allowance for an autocorrelated error process, is strictly below 1, implying that shocks are transitory and disappear relatively quickly.
Comentario de las Cumbres de la Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático
Authors: Canales Carias Liborio
Published: January 2015

El interés de este artículo es de realizar un breve comentario sobre las Cumbres de Cambio Climático Mundial que se han realizado a lo largo de los años y su preocupación del comportamiento del clima a nivel mundial, en donde cada pais debe de asumir una actitud responsable y tomar conciencia sobre todo los países industrializados, del daño y deterioro de los Recursos Naturales, el Medio Ambiente y la Salud Humana, estableciendo en sus agendas de gobierno los compromisos de reducir el porcentaje de gases de efecto invernadero.Compartimos que los países logren el desarrollo y crecimiento económico, mediante la utilización racional de los recursos naturales de manera sostenible, manteniendo un equilibrio de los dife-rentes ecosistemas ecológicos, establecidos en los Convenios de las diferentes Cumbres sobre Cambio Climático de las Naciones Unidas. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/lrd.v35i0.1781 Revista de Derecho, Vol. 34, Nº 1, Año 2013: 5-25
Problemática Ambiental en Honduras: Respuestas desde el Derecho
Authors: Vallejo Larios Mario
Published: January 2015

La situación ambiental a nivel global es sumamente preocupante y Honduras no escapa a esa realidad. En el campo del Derecho Honduras ha aprobado aproximadamente 50 tratados internacionales y más de 100 leyes secundarias sobre ambiente o recursos naturales, sumando una cantidad indeterminada de normas reglamentarias, lo que se presenta como un escenario jurídico adecuado. Sin embargo hay inconvenientes: la cantidad y dispersión de normas legales, un marco administrativo y judicial débil, y profesionales con poco conocimiento sobre la temática ambiental puede ser una fórmula para la ineficacia, anulando los impactos positivos para el ambiente que se pretende con esa normativa especializada.Los juristas ambientalistas pueden hacer la diferencia, pero se requiere que la academia asuma un rol acorde con los retos del nuevo milenio, formando profesionales capaces de interpretar las disposiciones legales ambientales, aunando una base técnica a su formación jurídica, porque el Derecho Ambiental trasciende lo jurídico. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/lrd.v35i0.1782 Revista de Derecho, Vol. 34, Nº 1, Año 2013: 27-49
Ley General de la Industria Eléctrica
Authors: Editora La
Published: January 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/lrd.v35i0.1787 Revista de Derecho, Vol. 34, Nº 1, Año 2013: 120-161
Apresentando o Dossiê: estudos sobre as sociedades jê (Kaingang e Xokleng) no sul do Brasil em perspectiva
Authors: Braune Wiik Flavio , Tadeu Mota Lúcio
Published: January 2015

O presente dossiê teve por objetivo reunir estudos e pesquisas contemporâneos conduzidos entre os povos indígenas Kaingang e Xokleng, também nominados pela antropologia de Jê do Sul do Brasil, ou Jê Meridionais.
Reciprocidade, moralidades e o ethos guerreiro no Uri: práticas Kaingang na Universidade Estadual de Londrina
Authors: Goulart Ana Caroline
Published: January 2015

A partir de 2002, as universidades estaduais no Paraná foram marcadas pela presença de alunos kaingang e guarani, através do ingresso pelo Vestibular Diferenciado Indígena, sancionado pela Lei 11.345/01, no governo de Jaime Lerner, propiciando experiências diversas para esses grupos étnicos, tanto em seu sentido individual, quanto coletivo. Muitos projetos e expectativas são construídos para a formação superior indígena, envolvendo diferentes agentes e situações. Enfatizo neste artigo os sentidos das relações entre alunos e lideranças kaingang e os agentes institucionais nesse novo contexto, olhando para essas relações como sendo pautadas pela reciprocidade que, por sua vez é produtora dos conflitos, conflitos que são interpretados como geradores de trocas e potencializadores de uma identidade produzida e reorganizada na universidade.
Uma leitura antropológica do mundo moderno
Authors: Fernandes Joicy Suely Galvão da Costa , Batista Ozaias Antonio
Published: January 2015

RESENHA DO TEXTO DE: LÉVI-STRAUSS, Claude. A antropologia diante dos problemas do mundo moderno. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2012. 94 p.
Os kujà são diferentes? Doenças invisíveis, aliança e guerra no xamanismo kaingang.
Authors: Rosa Rogério Reus Gonçalves da
Published: January 2015

Este artigo analisará o xamanismo kaingang, em especial as idiossincrasias, as alianças e a rivalidade dos kujà/curandores (xamã), para isso considerando três aspectos: os kujà têm jagr (espírito auxiliar) diferentes; as doenças invisíveis dos Kaingang têm características específicas; e, por fim, os kujà competem com outros xamãs para curarem seus pacientes.
International Specialization, Sector Structure and the Evolution of Manufacturing Energy Intensity in OECD Countries
Authors: Mulder Peter
Published: January 2015

We present new evidence that changes in sector structure explain a considerable and increasing part of Manufacturing energy intensity trends across 19 OECD countries. We show that cross-country convergence of Manufacturing energy intensity levels is caused by efficiency improvements in lagging countries, while undermined by increasing international differences in sector structure. Particularly, we find that efficiency-driven catching-up processes only began to dominate the diverging impact of structural changes after 1995, reversing gradual crosscountry divergence of Manufacturing energy intensity levels into rapid convergence. Subsequently, we link sector structure dynamics to changing global production patterns under influence of international trade and specialization. We conclude that increasing trade and market integration helped reducing energy productivity gaps across countries, despite the contribution of increasing specialization to growing cross-country variation in sector structure. These trends are mainly driven by energy-intensive sectors, while various countries specialize in sectors for which they do not have a comparative energy productivity advantage.
Alledaags postmodernisme; De gezagscrisis van de hedendaagse wetenschap
Authors: Houtman Dick , Aupers Stef , Achterberg Peter
Published: January 2015

Alledaags postmodernisme; De gezagscrisis van de hedendaagse wetenschap

In deze bijdrage plaatsen we de gezagscrisis van de hedendaagse wetenschap in cultuur en politiek in een breder, cultuursociologisch perspectief.
Goed opdrachtnemer/-geverschap in de ZonMw-praktijk
Authors: Reijmerink Wendy
Published: January 2015

Goed opdrachtnemer/-geverschap in de ZonMw-praktijk

Deze bijdrage gaat over goed opdrachtnemer/-geverschap bij beleidsgericht onderzoek in de gezondheidszorg. De constatering luidt dat de relatie tussen kennisvrager/opdrachtgever en kennisaanbieder/opdrachtnemer vaak spanningsvol is. Aan de hand van de werkpraktijk van kennisprogrammeur ZonMw wordt beschreven onder welke voorwaarden de kans op bruikbaarheid en gebruik van kennis zo groot mogelijk is. Daarbij geldt goede interactie tussen onderzoekers en kennisgebruikers in beleid of praktijk als de meest kritische succesfactor. In essentie komt goed opdrachtnemerschap neer op de gedragslijn: ken uw opdrachtgever; het gevraagde mag niet onbekend zijn. Goed opdrachtgeverschap komt in essentie neer op de complementaire gedragslijn: duidelijk formuleren wat je verlangt; het onbekende mag niet worden gevraagd.
Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanocoils with Adjustable Morphology Using Ni—Fe Layered Double Hydroxides as Catalyst Precursors
Authors: Iwasaki Tomohiro , Tomisawa Masashi , Yoshimura Takuma , Nakamura Hideya , Ohyama Masao , Asao Katsuya , Watano Satoru
Published: January 2015

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanocoils (CNCs) with adjusted morphologies were synthesized in a one-step catalytic chemical vapour deposition (CVD) process using acetonitrile as the carbon and nitrogen source. The nickel iron oxide/nickel oxide nanocomposites, which were derived from nickel–iron layered double hydroxide (LDH) precursors, were employed as catalysts for the synthesis of CNCs. In this method, precursor-to-catalyst transformation, catalyst activation, formation of CNCs, and nitrogen doping were all performed in situ in a single process. The morphology (coil diameter, coil pitch, and fibre diameter) and nitrogen content of the synthesized CNCs was individually adjusted by modulation of the catalyst composition and CVD reaction temperature, respectively. The adjustable ranges of the coil diameter, coil pitch, fibre diameter, and nitrogen content were confirmed to be approximately 500±100 nm, 600±100 nm, 100±20 nm, and 1.1±0.3 atom%, respectively.
Studies of Electrical and Thermal Conductivities of Sheared Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube with Isotactic Polypropylene Polymer Composites
Authors: Kalakonda Parvathalu , Cabrera Yanial , Judith Robert , Georgiev Georgi Y. , Cebe Peggy , Iannacchione Germano S.
Published: January 2015

Polymer nanocomposite materials of higher thermal and electrical transport properties are important to nanotechnology applications such as thermal management, packaging, labelling and the textile industry. In this work, thermal and electrical conductivities in nanocomposites of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP) are investigated in terms of MWCNT loading, temperature dependence, and anisotropy caused by melt shearing. IPP/MWCNT nanocomposites show a significant increase in thermal and electrical conductivity with increasing MWCNT loading, reaching 17.5 W/m K and 10−6 S/m, respectively, at a MWCNT 5.0 weight percentage at 40°C. The increase in MWCNT/iPP is more than would be expected based on the additivity rule, and suggests a reduction of the interfacial thermal electrical resistance at nanotube-nanotube junctions and the nanotube-matrix interface. The anisotropy in both conductivities was observed to be larger at low temperature and to disappear at higher temperature due to isotropic electrical and thermal contact in both directions. Oriented MWCNT/iPP nanocomposites exhibit higher electrical and thermal conductivities, attributed primarily by orientation of nanotubes due to the shearing fabrication process.
Remote Sensing as Community Settlement Analysis at Moundville
Authors: Davis Jera R. , Walker Chester P. , Blitz John H.
Published: January 2015

Remote sensing has revolutionized procedures for locating buried features at archaeological sites in eastern North America. However, the potential of instruments such as gradiometers to shape innovative research in ways that move beyond survey and testing is not always realized in practice. At the Mississippian site of Moundville, Alabama, we conducted a landscape-scale geophysical survey to serve as the guiding method of community settlement analysis. First, we mapped the distribution of magnetic anomalies across the site. Next, we defined the variability of anomalies and selected a sample for test excavations to correlate specific anomaly shapes and amplitudes with specific cultural features. Once confirmed as cultural features, we extrapolated sample results to identify unexcavated anomalies as specific building forms and other features with a higher degree of probability than would have been possible without confirmation by test excavation. Results include the identification and mapping of over 450 unexcavated probable buildings, nearly five times the number previously discovered in decades of traditional excavation. Because the buried probable buildings have different forms, sizes, distributions, and chronological spans, the interpreted gradiometer map is transformed through interpretation from a static palimpsest of anomalies to a picture of changing community settlement organization.
Interior Carbonization Patterns as Evidence of Ritual Drink Preparation in Powell Plain and Ramey Incised Vessels
Authors: Miller Jessica R.
Published: January 2015

Powell Plain and Ramey Incised jars are considered to be hallmarks of the Mississippian period at Cahokia, but the actual function of the vessels has not been adequately addressed. This study sought to determine the typical use of both vessel types as indicated by carbonization present on the interior and exterior of the vessel surfaces. Traces of carbonization were identified, and distinct patterns were correlated with cooking behavior. Interior carbonization patterns were the most telling, indicating the preparation of beverages or medicines using a cooking process called “decoction.” In combination with the ceremonial nature of the vessels, the jars with discernible use-alteration evidence indicate that both vessel types were employed almost exclusively for the purpose of ritual drink preparation.
The Lives of Painted Bowls at Ancestral Pueblos in East-Central Arizona
Authors: Keuren Scott Van , Cameron Grace E.
Published: January 2015

The appearance of iconographic-style pottery at fourteenth-century Pueblo villages in east-central Arizona marked an important shift in the decoration of pottery. These polychrome containers were painted with elaborate imagery that contrasts with earlier geometric-style traditions. Remarkably, though the type was circulated and copied throughout the region, we still know very little about how it was used. This paper addresses that issue by analyzing surface abrasions on a large corpus of White Mountain Red Ware whole vessels. Our research not only examines changes in the uses of Ancestral Pueblo ceramics during the late prehispanic period, but underscores the importance of use-alteration studies to interpreting the biographies of ancient objects.
Labor Costs for Prehistoric Earthwork Construction: Experimental and Archaeological Insights from the Lower Yangzi Basin, China
Authors: Xie Liye , Kuhn Steven L. , Sun Guoping , Olsen John W. , Zheng Yunfei , Ding Pin , Zhao Ye
Published: January 2015

This paper examines choices of earth-working tools made by Neolithic Chinese populations. In the Hemudu Culture (7000–5000 B.P.), bone (scapula) digging tools were used from the earliest times, whereas peoples in surrounding areas used stone spades. A range of experiments on manufacturing costs, durability, and use efficiency under realistic conditions show that bone and stone spades are functionally equivalent when soils are soft, but that stone implements provide significant and easily perceived advantages when working harder soils. The persistence of scapular spades in the Hemudu Culture would have constrained decisions about undertaking large construction projects under normal soil conditions. Our results show that, in addition to generalized labor for construction, labor demands for producing earth-working implements for large-scale prehistoric earthworks could have also been substantial. These findings not only help explain the processes of intensifying rice-agriculture and sedentary settlements in the Lower Yangzi Basin, but also create a solid foundation for further investigation of how the recruitment of both generalized and specialized laborers, the organization of craft production, and the relevant logistics for large-scale earthworks may have paralleled concentrations of political power in prehistory.
La prensa digital y las redes sociales en la actividad 2.0 de los menores gallegos
Authors: Fernández Beatriz Feijoo
Published: January 2015

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la actividad digital de los niños gallegos, concretamente su nivel de visitas a la prensa digital y a las redes sociales. Ambos espacios web no fueron diseñados en un principio para un público infantil, lo que no es impedimento para que sean recurrentes en las rutinas de navegación de los más pequeños, aunque para ello tengan que incumplir las condiciones legales de las webs, como ocurre en las redes sociales, que restringen el acceso a menores de 14 años. A través de un análisis cuantitativo se busca comparar el uso que este tipo de usuarios hacen de la prensa digital y de las redes sociales, concretando cómo es su ‘relación’ en el momento actual y cuáles son sus webs favoritas.
Estrategia de comunicación para la inserción laboral en Facebook. Grupos de empleo.
Authors: Alende Castro Silvia
Published: January 2015

Este artículo pone en discusión resultados de la investigación Estrategia de comunicación para la inserción laboral en Facebook. Grupos de empleo. A nivel metodológico, este estudio se orientó hacia una perspectiva cuantitativa, a través del análisis de contenido y la realización de cuestionarios como técnicas de investigación. En el primer caso, el objeto de análisis fueron tres grupos vinculados al área del empleo en Facebook y correspondientes a otros tantos entornos territoriales de Galicia: autonómico, comarcal y municipal. En el segundo, fueron los usuarios de esas comunidades los destinatarios del citado cuestionario acerca de la utilidad de estos grupos y la propia red social para obtener un puesto de trabajo. Entre las conclusiones obtenidas, se puede afirmar que el funcionamiento de colectivos como los analizados se desarrolla a través de una estrategia de comunicación para la inserción laboral y articulada sobre una cultura colaborativa.
Un poco de rock&love. Recursos creativos empleados por las marcas en la publicidad para móviles
Authors: Sáez José Martínez , Núñez Marta Martín , Cubells María Rosario García
Published: January 2015

Los cambios sociológicos, culturales y simbólicos que se han producido en la era digital han tenido una gran repercusión en el ámbito de la comunicación y evidencian que es necesario que las marcas tracen nuevos caminos en su búsqueda para conectar con sus públicos. Ante esta realidad, nuestra propuesta de rock&love apuesta por un modo diferente de aproximarse a los públicos, más en sintonía con las nuevas posibilidades que brinda el contexto digital. Este artículo presenta una investigación en la que se parte de la hipótesis de que la comunicación para móviles —vehiculada a través de apps principalmente— es el terreno idóneo para que las marcas se comporten de acuerdo a los postulados del rock&love y tiene como principal objetivo la identificación de los factores que permiten determinar cuáles son los recursos creativos que responden a los conceptos de rock y love. Para ello, se ha realizado un análisis de contenido a un corpus de trabajo compuesto por las campañas ganadoras del Festival Cannes Lions 2014 en la categoría de campañas móviles (mobile). Los resultados de la investigación, efectivamente, verifican los recursos creativos que responden al postulado del rock&love en la comunicación publicitaria para móviles.
Description d’un processus de théorisation portant sur les conditions de réussite d’une expérience d’inclusion vécue par des élèves en troubles d’apprentissage : pratiques éducatives, attitudes parentales et éléments contextuels
Authors: Lapointe Jean-René , Dion Jacinthe
Published: January 2015

Depuis 2004, une démarche d’inclusion scolaire auprès d’élèves en troubles d’apprentissage a été développée dans une école primaire située dans une région éloignée du Québec. Malgré une perception positive de l’expérience de la part des principaux acteurs (élèves, intervenants et parents), l’analyse spécifique de la situation n’avait jamais été effectuée dans le contexte d’une étude scientifique. Cet article fait état d’une recherche participative qui s’articule autour d’un devis qualitatif arrimé à certains principes propres à la méthodologie de la théorisation enracinée (MTE). En s’attardant particulièrement au processus simultané de collecte et d’analyse de données, les auteurs décrivent la démarche utilisée afin de mieux comprendre les conditions qui font de l’expérience d’inclusion scolaire vécue une réussite. Les résultats préliminaires font état de facteurs de réussite liés principalement aux pratiques éducatives des intervenants scolaires, aux attitudes parentales de même qu’à certains éléments contextuels.
Benthic Macroinvertebrate and Chemical Assessment of Water Quality in Relation to the Shope Creek Trout Farm
Authors: Creech Elizabeth C. , Brenner Mark V.
Published: January 2015

North Carolina is the second largest commercial producer of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, in the United States, yet few studies have measured the effects of trout farm effluent on regional water bodies. Our objective was to assess water quality directly upstream and downstream of a low-production rainbow trout farm located on Shope Creek, a second-order stream in western North Carolina, using both biological and chemical assessment methods. Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected upstream and downstream of the trout farm annually from 2009 to 2011 using Hester-Dendy samplers. Organisms were identified to family and compared using the Family Level Biotic Index. We found no significant difference between mean upstream and downstream index values, suggesting no negative impacts of trout farm effluent on the macroinvertebrate community. Water samples were collected from each site on four days over a two month period, with three subsamples taken per site, per day. There were no significant differences between mean ammonia or phosphate levels upstream or downstream of the trout farm. While biochemical oxygen demand levels were significantly higher at the downstream site, this increase did not appear to affect the macroinvertebrate community. Between 2009 and 2011 the Shope Creek trout farm produced approximately 500 kg of fish annually. This is much lower than average annual regional trout farm production rates of 34,000 kg of fish, which likely accounts for the minimal impacts observed in this study.
Metabolism of Xenobiotics by Aldehyde Oxidase
Authors: Dalvie Deepak , Zientek Michael
Published: February 2015

Aldehyde oxidase (AO) is a cytosolic molybdoflavoprotein whose contribution to the metabolism and clearance of xenobiotics‐containing heterocyclic rings has attracted increased interest in recent years. This unit details methods for identification and confirmation of AO as a metabolic pathway as well as a method for estimating clearance of compounds that are AO substrates. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Methods to Measure Olfactory Behavior in Mice
Authors: Zou Junhui , Wang Wenbin , Pan Yung‐Wei , Lu Song , Xia Zhengui
Published: February 2015

Mice rely on the sense of olfaction to detect food sources, recognize social and mating partners, and avoid predators. Many behaviors of mice, including learning and memory, social interaction, fear, and anxiety are closely associated with their function of olfaction, and behavior tasks designed to evaluate those brain functions may use odors as cues. Accurate assessment of olfaction is not only essential for the study of olfactory system but also critical for proper interpretation of various mouse behaviors, especially learning and memory, emotionality and affect, and sociality. Here we describe a series of behavior experiments that offer multidimensional and quantitative assessments for mouse olfactory function, including olfactory habituation, discrimination, odor preference, odor detection sensitivity, and olfactory memory, with respect to both social and nonsocial odors. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The robust adaptive control of chaotic systems with unknown parameters and external disturbance via a scalar input
Authors: Luo Runzi
Published: February 2015

This paper investigates the control of chaotic systems in the presence of unknown parameters, model uncertainties, and external disturbance. We first discuss the control of a class of chaotic systems and then investigate the control of general chaotic systems. Based on the adaptive control scheme, some novel criteria are proposed via a backstepping‐like procedure. As an example, the control of the Zhang hyperchaotic system is investigated via a single input. Some numerical simulations are given to demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Renewable fuels from biomass: Technical hurdles and economic assessment of biological routes
Authors: Klein‐Marcuschamer Daniel , Blanch Harvey W.
Published: February 2015

Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant, renewable source of polysaccharides that could be available in amounts sufficient to provide a source of sugars for carbon neutral biofuel production. We review the background to biofuels production in the US from corn sugars and subsequent R and D efforts to saccharify plant biomass to provide an alternative sugar source. Research efforts and programs have generally not addressed the key technical hurdles in providing a commodity‐scale supply of biomass and in developing biological routes to saccharify it at high yields. Techno‐economic analyses of proposed processes highlight the importance of biomass cost, the role of pretreatment on both inhibitor generation, and the contribution of enzyme costs to saccharification. Alternatives, such as the production of fatty acids by microalgae, have comparable technical hurdles. Although there is a regulatory framework for biofuels, which is discussed, a credible biological process for large‐scale, cost‐effective production of lignocellulosic biofuels remains elusive. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2689–2701, 2015
A Unified Synthetic Strategy for Dendrodolides E, F, G, I, J, and L
Authors: Mohapatra Debendra K. , Reddy D. Prabhakar , Gajula Srinivas , Pulluri Karthik , Yadav J. S.
Published: February 2015

A unified synthetic strategy has been developed for the total synthesis of the dendrodolide family, employing Jørgensen asymmetric epoxidation, Keck allylation, Brown allylation, Yamaguchi esterification, and ring‐closing metathesis as key reactions.