НАУЧНО-ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС СИБИРИ В 1945-1965 ГГ.: ПРОБЛЕМЫ И РЕШЕНИЯ В РАМКАХ СОВЕТСКОЙ ПАРАДИГМЫ
Authors: Н.А. КУПЕРШТОХ 
Published: November 2024

В статье проанализированы основные тенденции развития научно-образовательного потенциала Сибири в 1945-1965 гг. Рассмотрены проблемы деятельности вузов и академических учреждений, особенности научно-образовательной политики государства в первом и во втором послевоенном десятилетии. В этот период произошел переход от позднесталинской модели развития к модели периода «оттепели» с элементами гражданского общества. Рубежной вехой явился XX съезд КПСС (1956), определивший новые векторы развития образования, науки и техники в СССР. Раскрыта суть мобилизационных механизмов в сфере науки и образования в рамках советской парадигмы.

The article analyzes the main trends in the development of the scientific and educational potential of Siberia in 1945-1965. A significant contribution to the historiography of the problem was made by such researchers as E.T. Artemov, E.G. Vodichev, V.N. Kazarin, V.P. Korzun, N.P. Korobkova, S.A. Krasilnikov, N.A. Kupershtokh, T.N. Ostashko, L.I. Pystina, V.G. Ryzhenko, V.Sh. Nazimova and others. The phenomenon of the development of science and education in a totalitarian society, including the regional aspect, was also studied by foreign researchers: L. Graham, P. Josephson and others. The article consideres the problems of the activity of universities and academic institutions, the features of scientific and educational policy of the state in the first and second decades. During this period, there was a transition from the late Stalinist model of development to the model of the “thaw” period with elements of civil society. The 20th Congress of the CPSU (1956), which defined new vectors for the development of education, science and technology in the USSR, became a milestone. The concentration of state resources in certain areas of scientific and technological progress soon yielded results: the Soviet Union was the first to launch a space satellite with a man on board, and set a course for the accelerated development of the country's eastern regions. In the course of studying the problem, it was established that the model of catching up education formed in the 1930s with such characteristic features as an extensive increase in the number of universities, personnel training based on proven knowledge determined the development of the higher education segment in 1945-1965. However, the research shows that the old model had sprouts of a new one: the classical universities of Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, a number of technical universities started to train personnel in relevant specialties, integrating with the potential of academic institutions. The mid-1950s became an important milestone in the process of modernization of Soviet society, its model has undergone a major transformation in the course of reforms during the “thaw” period. The leadership of the country, represented by N.S. Khrushchev decided to make the most of the scientific and technological factor and not only strengthen the status of the USSR as a world superpower with its help, but also achieve an increase in the standard of living of the Soviet people. The problems of accelerating scientific and technological progress were the subject of special discussion at congresses and plenums of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Their decisions played an important role in changing the attitude towards science and education on the part of the state. A significant adjustment occurred in the regional science and technology policy. The organization of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences - the country's first comprehensive interdisciplinary center became the most striking result of the implementation of this policy.