bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dr David Maclagan (1785–1865): distinguished Military Surgeon, President of both the Royal College of Surgeons and Royal College Physicians of Edinburgh, founder of a medical and military dynasty
Authors: Kaufman Matthew H
Published: June 2013

Dr David Maclagan studied medicine in Edinburgh, obtaining the LRCS Edin Diploma in 1804 and graduating with the MD degree in 1805. Because he was too young to enter the army, he spent a year in London, principally at St. George's Hospital, and he gained the MRCS England Diploma in 1807. Then he entered the army as an Assistant Surgeon associated with the 91st Foot Regiment. He served at Walcheren in 1809 and in the Peninsula. Later he was seconded as a Surgeon-Major to the 9th Portuguese Brigade. After his promotion to Physician to the Forces, he superintended the hospital arrangements of the Portuguese Army. Between 1811 and 1814 he sent a series of letters, principally to his wife, giving his personal impressions of his life in the war zone. He also maintained two personal diaries that nominally detailed his activities in the Peninsula between 1812 and 1813. After the end of the fighting he was put on half-pay and returned to Edinburgh. Then he gained the Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1816 and was appointed a Surgeon to the New Town Dispensary. After he established himself in private practice in Edinburgh he became the Honorary Consulting Surgeon to the Dispensary until shortly before his death. He was elected President of the Edinburgh College of Surgeons in 1826–27. He became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1848, and was elected its President in 1856–57. He founded an important medical and military dynasty. Three of his sons joined the medical profession and four served in the army. One of his sons was appointed Archbishop of York. His eldest son followed in his father's footsteps and was also President of both Royal Colleges, of Surgeons and Physicians, in Edinburgh. His widow, Jane, and his seven sons survived him.
Dr William Hawes, MD (1736–1808)
Authors: Scott John Russell
Published: June 2013

William Hawes was an apothecary in London who took up the cause of resuscitating the nearly drowned in the river, and founded the Royal Humane Society. He became a physician at the age of 45 years and was active in charitable works and literary societies.
Dr William Thornton (1759–1828) a savant of colonial America
Authors: Schneeberg Norman G
Published: June 2013

Dr William Thornton, an Edinburgh-trained physician, practised medicine sporadically in the British West Indies, the location of his birthplace, and in Philadelphia during post-revolutionary Colonial America. He is not well known to medical historians and 21st century physicians and is remembered principally as the amateur architect who designed the Capitol in Washington, DC and the Library Company of Philadelphia.
Edward Schafer (1850–1935) and artificial respiration
Authors: Sykes A H
Published: June 2013

In 1861 the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of London set up a series of committees to examine different methods of manual artificial respiration for use in apparent drowning. In 1903 Edward Schafer, then Professor of Physiology at Edinburgh and chairman of the fourth committee, described his own prone-pressure method which, on the basis of recorded respiratory minute-volumes, was superior to other methods and subsequently was employed worldwide for nearly 50 years.
Samuel James (c1763–1831) of Hoddesdon and the medicinal use of willow bark
Authors: Pierpoint William S
Published: June 2013

Recognition of the medicinal properties of extracts of willow ( Salix sp) bark is usually attributed to Edward Stone (1702–68) of Chipping Norton in Oxfordshire. It was the search for the medicinal compounds that they contained that eventually led to the discovery of salicylic acid, the parent compound of aspirin. Little attention has been given to the work of Samuel James of Hoddesdon who confirmed and extended the results of Stone and who influenced later chemists in their search for specific compounds. Here his work is described and evaluated and his biographical details are recorded.
The life and work of Felix Post (1913–2001): pioneer in the psychiatry of old age
Authors: Hilton Claire
Published: June 2013

Felix Post was a refugee from Nazi Europe. Appointed psychiatrist at the Maudsley Hospital, London in 1947, he pioneered treatment of mental illness in older people clinically and through meticulous research. He had a reputation as a brilliant clinical teacher. His work helped set the scientific foundations for the development of the specialty of old age psychiatry in Britain and he inspired junior doctors who worked with him to specialize in the newly emerging discipline.
George Guthrie (1785–1856): surgeon to the Duke of Wellington, and a pioneer thoracic surgeon
Authors: Hurt Raymond
Published: June 2013

George Guthrie had a distinguished career as a soldier, surgeon and medical reformer. He revolutionized military surgery following his active service during the Peninsular War in Spain and Portugal. His book Commentaries on the Surgery of War was based on this experience and was updated continuously; it remained the standard military text for half a century. During this campaign, he also struggled to improve the poor administration of the Army Medical Service. He had little respect for established dogma and was a man of great humanity and integrity who based his opinion on personal statistical observation together with his own anatomical and postmortem studies. His influence on surgical thinking was enormous and he was three times the President of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.
Augusto Pellegrini (1877–1958): contributions to surgery and prosthetic orthopaedics
Authors: Porro Alessandro , Lorusso Lorenzo
Published: June 2013

Augusto Pellegrini worked as a general surgeon in Northern Italy. In 1905, in the field of orthopaedics, he described post-traumatic knee ossification associated particularly with sports activities, which took the name of Pellegrini disease. In collaboration with Giuliano Vanghetti, he contributed to the application of kinematic prostheses of the upper extremity (kineplasty), enabling the patient to use his muscles to power the prosthesis. His surgical innovations were particularly in the field of abdominal surgery at a time when antibiotics were not available and when radiological diagnostics were in their infancy. He advocated the surgical treatment of acute appendicitis ‘at presentation’, namely within 24–48 hours of diagnosis, thereby reducing the development of abdominal complications. In 1904 he introduced disinfection of the hands solely with alcohol before each surgical operation, encouraging the healing of wounds by first intention.
Sir Victor Horsley (1857–1916) and the birth of English neurosurgery
Authors: Hughes J T
Published: June 2013

Modern surgery developed in the second half of the 19th century, at the end of which neurosurgery was established as a profitable region of operative intervention. In the British Isles, the first exponent was Sir William Macewen (1848–1924) in Glasgow. But neuroscience had advanced in London due to the excellence of the neurologists in the several hospitals there. Foremost among English neurosurgeons was Victor Horsley whose career had a worldwide influence on the speciality. Initially, operations were carried out for cranial trauma, the removal of displaced bone or blood clot, and the drainage of abscesses arising from infection of the middle ears and air sinuses. The diagnosis of brain and spinal tumours by neurologists encouraged removal by surgeons, of which Horsley was among the earliest. Horsley performed many operations on animals, experiments opposed by the anti-vivisectionists whose campaigns Horsley countered. Horsley had many other interests, some of which displeased the establishment, and in World War I his experience in neurosurgery was not used. He served as a general surgeon, visiting Egypt, India and Mesopotamia where, in Amara, he died from hyperpyrexia complicating bacillary dysentery.
Sir George Ballingall (1786–1855): Regius Professor of Military Surgery in the University of Edinburgh
Authors: Kaufman Matthew H
Published: June 2013

George Ballingall qualified with the Licentiate Diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in December 1805 and joined the Army Medical Department in May of the following year, spending the majority of his army career in India. He also served in Java. Eventually he was awarded his MD Edinburgh degree in 1819, and the FRCS Edinburgh and Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh during the following year. He was appointed to the Regius Chair of Military Surgery in the University of Edinburgh in November 1822, succeeding John Thomson, its first holder, and he held this post until his death in December 1855. Ballingall was the first to describe ‘Madura Foot’, sometimes called ‘Ballingall's disease.’ In 1833 he published Outlines of Military Surgery which ran to five editions. He was appointed Surgeon-Extraordinary to the King (William IV) and Surgeon to the Queen. He also established a fine Museum Collection to complement his Lecture Course. Throughout his teaching career, he campaigned vigorously in support of military medical educational reform. One of his sons and several grandchildren also served in the medical service of the army or in that of the Honourable East India Company.
Leslie A (Epstein) Falk (1915–2004) and penicillin production at Oxford
Authors: Bentley Ronald
Published: June 2013

To establish penicillin as a unique chemotherapeutic agent, Howard Florey and his colleagues at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology at Oxford University needed to produce it in significant amounts. The first attempts to grow Penicillium notatum for penicillin production were carried out by Florey's colleague, Ernst Chain, in association with an American Rhodes Scholar, Leslie A Epstein, beginning in 1939. Little has been known about this work except that some impure penicillin was obtained and shown to be non-toxic in mice. Epstein, who later changed his name to Falk, died in 2004 at the age of 89 years. In an extensive memoir covering his career, he has provided new information about this early work. An apparatus was constructed for large-scale growth of microorganisms, including P. notatum, on solid agar medium.
Dr Charles Thomas Jackson's (1805–80) life after death: the 20th century mythology
Authors: Patterson Richard
Published: June 2013

References to Dr Charles Thomas Jackson in 20th century anaesthesia literature and biographical dictionaries and encyclopedias emphasize his maniacal insanity and its relation to his usurpations of the discoveries of others, including the controversy with William TG Morton concerning the honour of the discovery of surgical anaesthesia. In 1873, seven years before his death, he experienced sudden collapse and paralysis requiring hospitalization. Seminal 19th century brain research before his hospitalization correlated the signs and symptoms of his illness with pathology found at his autopsy
Lãn Ông (Lê Hũ'u Trác, 1720–91) and the Vietnamese medical tradition
Authors: Bates Ann , Bates A W
Published: June 2013

The 18th-century physician Hai Thu'o'ng Lãn Ông is the most celebrated practitioner of Vietnamese medicine. He wrote medical texts and poetry that included, unusually for the time, an autobiographical element and he is the first Vietnamese physician for whom significant biographical information is available. Educated in classical Chinese medicine, he incorporated into the pharmacopoeia traditional herbal remedies indigenous to Vietnam. Despite his inclination to pursue a secluded life, he became the foremost physician of his day and was summoned to the corrupt court of the Trinh Lords in Hanoi, of which he left a revealing account. Since the 19th century his writings have been central to the canon of traditional Vietnamese medicine.
James Fitzjames Fraser West, FRCS (1833–83): his involvement in Birmingham's local medical societies and the role they played in his life
Authors: Goodman Geraldine M
Published: June 2013

Summary

Professional institutions played an important role in the life of Birmingham surgeon James FF West and his colleagues. West held office in the Birmingham Medical Institute, the Midland Medical Society, the Birmingham Medical Benevolent Society and the local branch of the British Medical Association. He was an energetic and active participant who helped promote the principles and maintain the usefulness of the societies with which he was involved. Societies came into existence mostly thanks to the generosity and endeavours of those they served, and exclusivity was both jealously guarded and challenged. Spreading expertise through debate and fostering social intercourse was the raison d’être of most of Birmingham's societies but, when less fortunate colleagues needed support, the Birmingham Medical Benevolent Society was not the only society to provide it.
William Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1689–1700), son of Queen Anne (1665–1714), could have ruled Great Britain
Authors: Holmes G E F , Holmes F F
Published: June 2013

Summary

Hope for continuation of the Stuart dynasty in Britain ended with the death, from pneumonia in 1700, of the 11-year-old son of Princess Anne and Prince George, William Henry Duke of Gloucester. Considered by some to have been physically and mentally unfit to reign, careful examination of primary source materials shows him to have been a bright and interesting boy with mild hydrocephalus. Had he lived, he could have ruled.
The tale of an old stethoscope: from Mr Bampton (1816–65) to the British Thoracic Society
Authors: Earis John , Earis Helen
Published: June 2013

The stethoscope has long been a powerful symbol of the physician. This article describes a stethoscope that was presented as a prize to an outstanding student, Mr Bampton, by his eminent teacher Dr James Hope (1801–41) in 1837. The extraordinary journey of this prize stethoscope that eventually found its way to North Wales and into the hands of the Liverpool physician, Robert Coope (1892–1972), is outlined. Its subsequent importance and symbolism to the Thoracic Society and the British Thoracic Society is emphasized.
Agreement on diagnoses of mental health problems between an online clinical assignment and a routine clinical assignment
Authors: Bøsndbo Per Håkan , Mathiassen Børge , Martinussen Monica , Håndegard Bjørn Helge , Kvernmo Siv
Published: June 2013

We examined the agreement between diagnoses assigned based on the Development and Well Being Assessment (DAWBA) information collected online, and ordinary day-to-day diagnostic assignment by Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) clinicians. Diagnoses were compared for 286 patients. Raw agreement for diagnostic categories was 74-90%, resulting in kappa values of 0.41-0.49. Multinomial regression models for ‘emotional diagnosis’ and ‘hyperkinetic/conduct diagnosis’ were significant ( P < 0.001). Age, gender and number of informants significantly contributed to the explanation of agreement and disagreement. Agreement on mental health diagnoses may be sufficient to replace routine clinical assignment of diagnoses with an online clinical assignment, thereby saving time and resources.
An evaluation of preventive sensor technology for dementia care
Authors: Nijhof Nienke , Van Gemert-Pijnen Lisette Jewc , Woolrych Ryan , Sixsmith Andrew
Published: June 2013

We evaluated a commercially-available monitoring system for older people with dementia living at home. The system was designed to detect problems before they require crisis intervention. Fourteen clients from two healthcare organisations in the Netherlands used the system over a 9-month period. The formal and informal caregivers were interviewed, project group meetings were observed, nurse diaries were analysed and a cost analysis performed. Clients and informal caregivers reported enhanced feelings of safety and security as a result of having the system installed in the home. The system appeared to reduce the burden of care on the informal caregiver and had the potential to allow people to live at home for longer. There were financial savings for clients staying at home with the technology compared with the costs of staying in a nursing home: for 10 clients living at home for 2 months, the savings were 23,665 euro. The study showed that the monitoring system represents a potentially useful early warning system to detect a situation before it requires emergency intervention.
Second Trimester Detection of Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita with Two-Dimensional Ultrasound
Authors: Holloway Sally
Published: June 2013

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (arthrogryposis) is a rare condition that describes multiple severe bony deformities and contractures in the newborn. Arthrogryposis has a prevalence of 1 in 3000, however, at least 1 in 200 neonates are born with some degree of joint contractures, the most common being talipes equinovarus (1 in 500) and congenital hip dislocation (1 in 200–500).

In 2007 a case of arthrogryposis was diagnosed at a district general hospital at 17 weeks following a detailed scan due to a marginally raised maternal serum alphafetoprotein level. The pregnancy was terminated and a postmortem examination identified further underlying anomalies that may have been the cause of the arthrogryposis. This report assesses the value of prenatal ultrasound in the identification of arthrogryposis.
Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysm: A Rare Cause of Stroke
Authors: Troxler M , Berridge D
Published: June 2013

Aneurysms of the extracranial carotid artery are rare but may have debilitating clinical consequences. A case causing a cerebrovascular accident is reported followed by a discussion of the clinical features, investigation and treatment of this condition. Aneurysms usually develop in the common or internal carotid artery (ICA) and presentation typically results from cerebral embolization. Distal ICA lesions are often not detected during ultrasound examinations, and computed tomography is most commonly used to plan treatment. This may be performed by open surgery or endovascular intervention.
The Use of Ultrasound in Diagnosing Morton's Neuroma and Histological Correlation
Authors: Soo May J , Perera Saman D , Payne Simon
Published: June 2013

This was a retrospective study examining 60 surgically excised Morton's neuromas from 53 patients over a period of three years at Southend University Hospital, Essex. The initial diagnosis of Morton's neuroma was based on history and examination findings. In only one-third of cases was the neuroma palpable. However, many patients had difficulty localizing the pain and had atypical presentation. We attempted to assess the reliability of ultrasound in diagnosing Morton's neuroma in the 60 histologically confirmed cases. Our second objective was to assess whether size estimate of a neuroma seen on ultrasound correlated with subsequent real specimen measurement. In our study, preoperative ultrasound reliably diagnosed Morton's neuroma in 97% of the cases. In contrast, there was poor correlation in real specimen size measurements when compared with ultrasound reports.
Comparisons Among Health Behavior Surveys: Implications for the Design of
Informatics Infrastructures that Support Comparative Effectiveness Research
Authors: Yoon Sunmoo , Wilcox Adam , Bakken Suzanne
Published: June 2013

Introduction: To address the electronic health data fragmentation that is a
methodological limitation of comparative effectiveness research (CER), the Washington
Heights Inwood Informatics Infrastructure for Comparative Effectiveness Research (WICER)
project is creating a patient-centered research data warehouse (RDW) by linking
electronic clinical data (ECD) from New York Presbyterian Hospital’s clinical data
warehouse with ECD from ambulatory care, long-term care, and home health settings and
the WICER community health survey (CHS). The purposes of the research were to identify
areas of overlap between the WICER CHS and two other surveys that include health
behavior data (the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) Survey and the New
York City Community Health Survey (NYC CHS)) and to identify gaps in the current WICER
RDW that have the potential to affect patient-centered CER.Methods: We compared items
across the three surveys at the item and conceptual levels. We also compared WICER RDW
(ECD and WICER CHS), BRFSS, and NYC CHS to the County Health Ranking framework.Results:
We found that 22 percent of WICER items were exact matches with BRFSS and that there
were no exact matches between WICER CHS and NYC CHS items not also contained in
BRFSS.Conclusions: The results suggest that BRFSS and, to a lesser extent, NYC CHS have
the potential to serve as population comparisons for WICER CHS for some health behavior–
related data and thus may be particularly useful for considering the generalizability of
CER study findings. Except for one measure related to health behavior (motor vehicle
crash deaths), the WICER RDW’s comprehensive coverage supports the mortality, morbidity,
and clinical care measures specified in the County Health Ranking framework but is
deficient in terms of some socioeconomic factors and descriptions of the physical
environment as captured in BRFSS. Linkage of these data in the WICER RDW through
geocoding can potentially facilitate patient-centered CER that integrates important
socioeconomic and physical environment influences on health outcomes. The research
methods and findings may be relevant to others interested in either integrating health
behavior data into RDWs to support patient-centered CER or conducting population-level
comparisons.
Trainees Should Go on Holiday with their Consultant
Authors: Trompeter AJ , Young J , Bircher M
Published: June 2013

it is well recognised in all surgical specialties that training opportunities in the operating theatre are not as easy to come by as they were for previous generations of junior surgeons. Too often trainees have to listen to consultants telling them about the old days when they were performing hundreds of cases per year and how new consultants have comparatively little operating experience when they start now.
User involvement in designing a survey of people directly employing care and support workers
Authors: Dixon Josie , McNaughton-Nicholls Carol , d’Ardenne Joanna , Doyle-Francis Melanie , Manthorpe Jill
Published: June 2013

User involvement in social care research has generally been the preserve of qualitative methodologies, while user involvement in quantitative research has tended to be limited by the assumed inflexibility of statistical designs and concerns that lay people may require specialist training to engage with quantitative methods. Using the example of the Care and Caring study, a survey about the direct employment of care and support workers in England commissioned and funded by Skills for Care, this paper explores the benefits and difficulties of involving service users in the development and design of survey processes and instruments.
Social representation of competition and fraud
Authors: Orosz Gábor , Roland-Lévy Christine
Published: June 2013

Good citizenship includes fair competitive strategies. Dishonest competitive behaviour – such as fraud – can reflect the absence of one main characteristic of good citizenship as mindfulness of laws and social rules. This article investigates the social representation of
competition and fraud with two samples of students from business schools in France and in Hungary. Two complementary studies were carried out with P. Vergès’ associative method and C. Flament and M. L. Rouquette’s tools. The purpose of the first study (NFrench=104,
NHungarian=107) was to characterize the central core of the respondents’ representation of both competition and fraud. On the basis of different cultural, historical and economic backgrounds, it was expected that the concepts of fraud and competition would overlap more extensively
among Hungarian students than among French students. Results from the first study suggest only slight differences regarding the content of the representations; moreover, in both samples the representations of competition and fraud lacked significant overlap. Hungarian representations of competition
and fraud are characterized by a lower level of coherence. Furthermore, academic cheating is mentioned more frequently by Hungarian students than by French students. Following the methodological guidelines of social representations, in order to confirm the results of the first study, a second
investigation was carried out (NFrench=115, NHungarian=127) with an alternative associative method. These results confirmed the first study in terms of the content of the social representations and differences regarding coherence. Finally, in the case of Hungarian students
a higher prevalence of reference to academic cheating, and links between fraud and competition were found. Hungarians’ competitive result orientation, linked social representations of competition and fraud via a higher prevalence of academic cheating; this refers to the weaker inclination
of Hungarians in terms of rule keeping behaviours. which is one of the hallmarks of a good citizen. In fact, our results indicate that, Hungarian students do not seem to consider academic cheating as problematic as French students do.
The role of self-awareness in enhancing cooperative behaviour among students
Authors: Adamska Krystyna , Kosakowska-Berezecka Natasza
Published: June 2013

Among skills and aptitudes commonly highlighted in the list of essential elements to be reached by pupils through citizenship education are the ability to cooperate and to consider and appreciate the perspective of others in the society. Understanding the complexity of social life with
its demands for cooperation requires thorough analysis of the contingencies between one’s own needs, others’ needs and the structural features of the social context. Hence the concept of citizenship relates to the ability of an individual to make a choice, articulate and then negotiate
his or her needs to other participants of social life. Self-awareness, understood as taking the stance of the observer of the self, activates the framework of co-dependence, reminding one of the existing social norms thus leading to more cooperative behaviour. The following article explores
the ways in which fostering one’s self-awareness could be helpful in creating the environment well suited for cooperative citizenship. Three studies presented in this article allowed us to obtain results that shed light on the role of self-awareness in helping to incite and maintain
the cooperative behaviour of the participants. The participants were Polish university students. In the first study (N=623), those participants whose distinctiveness was primed had less automatic and less stereotypical judgements of others. This creates a path towards more individual and less
biased information processing in a situation of conflict. In Study 2 (N=93), students made a choice between four possible reactions to difficult social situations causing embarrassment. Being aware of one’s distinctiveness led to a reduction of ignoring others’ perspectives in
communication. In Study 3 (N=49), self-awareness resulted in being more cooperative in a prisoner’s type game. Our conclusions highlight the importance of reinforcement of self-awareness among pupils and students in the process of socialization and education. Thus the state of being
distinct from one’s own group of reference should be fostered in the process of education to help individuals exercise their cooperative citizenship more actively.
Global communication, the environment, and world risk society
Authors: Howard–Williams Rowan
Published: June 2013

Global environmental risks are set to play an increasingly prominent role in world affairs. As detailed by Ulrich Beck in his theory of the World Risk Society, such risks are an inevitable outcome of an increasingly globalized world, while their existence can also serve to deepen processes
of global interconnectedness and cosmopolitanization. Global communication flows are integral to the construction and understanding of risk. While Beck acknowledges the centrality of media and communication, his analysis is largely at the level of broad social theory. This article critically
examines some of his concepts in light of empirical work in communications scholarship, in particular his notions of ‘risk cultures’ and the ‘global public sphere’.
‘All information should be free’: Information campaigning on digital rights in the European Union
Authors: Breindl Yana
Published: June 2013

An important part of political activism has always consisted in the capacity to rapidly generate politically usable information and to use it where it will have most impact. This article focuses on the action repertoire of digital rights activists, advocating the protection of fundamental
rights in digital environments and targeting European directives in the domain of patent or copyright reform and telecommunication law. The increasing use of digital tools triggers new social and political issues. Copyright, patent law, the protection of personal data or the governance of
the Internet infrastructure attract increasing attention. Decision makers repeatedly attempt to regulate these issues, providing spaces of power struggle for industry groups who lobby for their rights to be (re)affirmed in digital environments and for activists and citizens who fight for the
protection of emergent practices and civil rights. The focus lies on how these activists use the Internet to monitor and collect information and generate spaces of production and diffusion of specialized information on these issues. Findings from two campaign case studies highlight new practices
of collection and management of political information in the digital age.
The Gruen Transfer: The paradoxical ritual of advertisers exposing advertising
Authors: Carah Nicholas , Brodmerkel Sven
Published: June 2013

Popular representations of the advertising industry are marked by both celebrations of its creativity and criticisms of its manipulative or ideological role in the consumer society. One long-standing aspect of this ambivalence is the creation and popularity of ‘confessional’
accounts published by the industry’s leading practitioners. The highly successful Australian television programme The Gruen Transfer is a contemporary articulation of advertising professionals offering an ‘insider’ view and critique of advertising to the public. This article
critically examines the first three seasons (2008–2010) of The Gruen Transfer in order to analyse how advertising professionals on the programme offer the public the opportunity to understand how advertising ‘works on them’. We analyse the practices of ‘exposing’
advertising The Gruen Transfer panellists employ and consider how these practices of exposure are part of the work of managing advertising. We argue that the panellists’ narrative of exposure celebrates rather than critiques the role of advertising in society. By claiming the space where
such a debate might be facilitated The Gruen Transfer stabilizes advertising as a mechanism for creating brand value.
Analysis of National Empirical Data on the Characteristics and Trends of Injury Among Taiwan’s Victims of Hospitalized Child Abuse Between 1997 and 2009
Authors: Chien Wu-Chien , Chung Chi-Hsiang , Pai Lu , Kao Senyeong , Chiu Yu-Luan , Cheng Chien-Hua
Published: June 2013

Objective: To investigate the characteristics and trends of injury among hospitalized child abuse children younger than 18 years between 1997 and 2009.Methods: We selected hospitalized child abuse cases from the Taiwan’s National Health Insurance (NHI) Database in accordance withICD-9-CM995.5x or E967.x.Results: There were 1,212 victims of hospitalized child abuse during the research period, including 735 boys and 477 girls. The victims were most frequently inflicted by the father or stepfather, and the most common injury was intracranial damage; besides, the victims most commonly sought treatment in medical centers. Infants younger than 1 year accounted for the highest percentage of hospitalized victims. Although there were no apparent trends in the overall hospitalization rate of the child abuse victims over the 13-year period, the rate of abuse among girls increased gradually over the years.Conclusions: The medical staff in hospitals should provide appropriate treatment to the victims and contact relevant organizations to intervene; moreover, government agencies should formulate effective control measures to develop a safe growth environment for children.
Prevalence and Overlap of Childhood and Adult Physical, Sexual, and Emotional Abuse: A Descriptive Analysis of Results From the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey
Authors: Chiu Gretchen R. , Lutfey Karen E. , Litman Heather J. , Link Carol L. , Hall Susan A. , McKinlay John B.
Published: June 2013

Abuse is associated with a wide variety of health problems, yet comprehensive population-based data are scant. Existing literature focuses on a single type of abuse, population, or lifestage. Using a racially/ethnically diverse community-based sample, we document the prevalence of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse by lifestage and gender; assess variation in abuse by sociodemographics; establish overlap of abuses; and examine childhood abuse relationships with abuse in adulthood. Prevalence of abuse ranges from 15% to 27%; women report more adulthood emotional abuse and lifetime sexual abuse than men; reports of abuse can vary by race/ethnicity and poverty status, particularly in women; there is overlap between types of abuse; and a history of childhood abuse is associated with a greater risk of abuse as an adult.
Interpersonal Problems and Personality Features as Mediators Between Attachment and Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Lawson David M. , Brossart Daniel F.
Published: June 2013

We examined whether hostile dominant interpersonal problems (HDIP), antisocial features, and borderline features mediated the relationship between attachment (anxiety or avoidance) and intimate partner violence (IPV) with a sample of 132 male partner abusers. We conducted two path analyses with avoidant attachment as the predictor in one model and anxious attachment as the predictor in a second model. In both models, HDIP, antisocial features, and borderline features were the mediators with IPV as the criterion. For both models, the attachment variable had statistically significant path values to the mediating variables. However, neither antisocial nor borderline features had statistically significant path values from the mediating variable to the criterion variable (IPV). Only HDIP had a statistically significant path value from the mediating variable to the criterion variable in both models. However, only the avoidant model produced a statistically significant specific indirect effect indicating that HDIP clearly mediated the relationship between attachment and IPV. Results suggest that partner abusive men with predominantly avoidant and, to a lesser degree, anxious attachment may be at increased risk for addressing conflicts in a coercive, controlling, and vengeful manner that is manifested in physical aggression toward a partner. Further, interpersonal constructs may be better measures of psychopathology and provide more relevant clinical targets than personality constructs with male partner abusers.
The Cycle of Violence: Examining the Impact of Maltreatment Early in Life on Adult Offending
Authors: Reckdenwald Amy , Mancini Christina , Beauregard Eric
Published: June 2013

Over the last two decades, considerable scholarly attention has been directed toward explaining the “cycle of violence”—a phenomenon whereby victimization and offending appear inexorably linked to one another. Extant work has greatly contributed to our understanding of this cycle for different types of abuse and different types of offending, such as sex offending. The link between sexual abuse and later offending cannot be overstated, with research suggesting the impact of sexual abuse on sex offending to be more pronounced than any other type of abuse. However, in the literature, questions remain regarding sex offenders’ patterns of offending. Specifically, it remains unclear whether type of abuse experienced has a differential impact on type of offending in adulthood. Using retrospective data from sexual offenders in a Canadian penitentiary, we address this research gap by examining the impact of abuse experienced during childhood and adolescence on various types of offending in adulthood. Results indicate partial support for the cycle of violence hypothesis—the extent of criminal involvement can be explained as being a consequence of prior maltreatment; however, findings also suggest refinements to the theory, because the influence of type of abuse varies depending on the type of offending examined. Research and policy implications are discussed.
Influence of Chlorine‐to‐Nitrogen Ratio on the Inactivation of Heterotrophic Bacteria in Bulk Water during Chloramination
Authors: Zhang Yongji , Ye Hexiu , Zhou Lingling , Hu Lingwen
Published: June 2013

Comparative experiments were conducted to determine the inactivation efficiency of chloramines on heterotrophic bacteria in bulk water. The impact of pH, concentrations of organic compounds, turbidity, and chlorine‐to‐nitrogen (Cl/N) ratio on inactivation efficiency was studied. Experimental results showed that inactivation efficiency was best at a 4:1 Cl/N ratio, while the lowest efficiency occurred at a 3:1 ratio. The inactivation rate increased with decreasing pH in the range of 6.0∼9.0. Higher levels of organic matter and turbidity seemed to weaken the inactivation ability of chloramines. In comparison with results obtained for two other Cl/N ratios studied, a maximum chloramine residual was maintained at a 4:1 Cl/N ratio. A positive correlation was found between the inactivation rate of heterotrophic bacteria and chloramine residual. These observations support the hypothesis that the differences observed in inactivation rates can be attributed to the chemical species distribution of chloramine at various Cl/N ratios.
Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Falconry Manuals: Technical Writing with a Classical Rhetorical Influence
Authors: Battalio John T.
Published: June 2013

This study traces Renaissance and post-Renaissance technical writers' use of classical rhetoric in English instruction manuals on the sport of falconry. A study of the period's five prominent falconry manuals written by four authors—George Turberville, Simon Latham, Edmund Bert, and Richard Blome—reveals these technical writers' conscious use of classical rhetoric as an important technique to persuade readers to accept these authors' authority and trust the information they were disseminating. These manuals employed several classical rhetorical techniques: invention by using ethos and several classical topics, classical arrangement, the plain style, and adaptation of the orator's duties. The explanation for this classical influence rests in the authors' own knowledge of classical rhetoric derived from sources such as Thomas Wilson, as well as the sources from whom these authors obtained their knowledge of falconry. The article ends by suggesting the origins through which these classical rhetorical techniques influenced the writing of the manuals.
Metonymy and Plain Language
Authors: Garwood Kim
Published: June 2013

Metonymy—the process of representing a concept with an associated element or feature—is a useful strategy for encapsulating or alluding to a larger idea without fully stating it. For metonymies to be successful, however, readers must recognize and be able to compensate for the information that has been omitted. Metonymic omissions can pose a barrier to readers, even in texts that are written in plain language, largely because metonymies operate indirectly: first, by prompting readers to infer information that is not provided; second, by constraining meaning rather than specifying it; and third, by requiring readers to possess the insider knowledge and values of a particular discourse community. These barriers are compounded by the fact that frequently used metonymies become so commonplace that their users may not even be able to detect, let alone address, these omissions.
Short-time Fourier transform laser Doppler holography
Authors: Samson B. , Atlan M.
Published: June 2013

We report a demonstration of laser Doppler holography at a sustained acquisition rate of 250 Hz on a 1 Megapixel complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sensor array and image display at 10 Hz frame rate. The holograms are optically acquired in off-axis configuration, with a frequency-shifted reference beam. Wide-field imaging of optical fluctuations in a 250 Hz frequency band is achieved by turning time-domain samplings to the dual domain via short-time temporal Fourier transformation. The measurement band can be positioned freely within the low radio-frequency (RF) spectrum by tuning the frequency of the reference beam in real-time. Video-rate image rendering is achieved by streamline image processing with commodity computer graphics hardware. This experimental scheme is validated by a non-contact vibrometry experiment.
Formulation and evaluation of enteric coated tablet of Ilaprazole
Authors: Rathore Surya Bhan Singh , Sharma Anshu , Garg Ayush , Sisodiya Dharmendra Singh
Published: June 2013

The present study was an attempt to formulate and evaluate enteric coated tablets for Ilaprazole to reduce the gastrointestinal tract side effects. Four formulations of core tablets were prepared and one who shows rapid disintegration (near around three minutes) was selected for enteric coating. Ilaprazole which have an irritant effect on the stomach can be coated with a substance that will only dissolve in the small intestine. Enteric coat was optimized using two different polymers such as HPMCP 50 and Eudragit L 100 in different concentrations. The prepared tablets were evaluated in terms of their pre-compression parameters, physical characteristics and in-vitro release study. 2.5% seal coating on core tablets was optimized and 9% enteric coating on seal coated tablets was performed using HPMC P 50 (60%), triethyl citrate (10%) and IPA:DCM (60:40) which gives the highest dissolution release profile and f2 value.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v2i7.15156 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, June 2013, 2(7): 126-130
Study of the Effect of Early Feeding after Gut Resection and Primary Anastomosis: A Prospective Randomised Trial
Authors: Zaman MN , Pervez MMM , Akan MAB , Shahinoor AM , Anisuzzaman M , Islam MN
Published: June 2013

The traditional practice of post operative starvation after gut resection and primary anastomosis has been recently challenged. Contrary to wide spread opinion, evidence from clinical studies suggest that initiating feeding early is advantageous in postoperative patients. Various clinical trials have shown that early enteral feeding helps in the reduction of post operative ileus, anxiety and hospital stay. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of early and traditional feeding, and was conducted among patients who underwent gut resection and primary end to end anastomosis. The study population (n=50) was divided into two arms. Arm-A (n=25) was given feeding after passage of flatus, stool when bowel sound was present, usually within second to fourth post operative day. Arm-B (n=25) was given early enteral feeding, started within 16-24 hours, in the first Post operative day (POD) after removal of the naso gastric tube. There were no statistically significant variations in age, sex, bodyweight, average hemoglobin level, antibiotics, and suture materials used in both arms. Post operative hospital stay was 9.09 days in Arm-A and 5.42 days in Arm-B. It was significantly low (P < 0.05) in Arm-B. The complications after operation were also low in Arm-B. Early enteral feeding can help to decrease the negative impact of the metabolic response to injury. It also stimulates restoration of the barrier functions of the intestine, improve the return of the functions and reduce the duration of post operative ileus and hence reduce the risk of serious complications.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jpsb.v2i1.15142 Journal of Paediatric Surgeons of Bangladesh (2011) Vol. 2 (1): 7-11
Fetus in Fetu: A Case Report & Review of Literatures
Authors: Rahman MAM , Farooq AA , Bhuiyan MAH , Chowdhury TK , Rouf HMA
Published: June 2013

Fetus- in- fetu is a rare abnormality secondary to the abnormal embryogenesis in a diamniotic, monochorionic pregnancy. It is a rare pathological condition and fewer than 200 cases have been reported in the literature. We are reporting a case in which a 15 year old girl presented with a painful lump in left upper abdomen. Preoperative imaging, exploration and macroscopic examination of the excised specimen revealed it a case of fetus- in - fetu. This case is unique in terms of age of presentation and mature fetus like external appearance. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jpsb.v2i1.15162 Journal of Paediatric Surgeons of Bangladesh (2011) Vol. 2 (1): 36-39
Coordinating Relationships Among Destination Stakeholders: Evidence from Edinburgh (UK)
Authors: Bregoli Ilenia , Del Chiappa Giacomo
Published: June 2013

Tourism destination governance is a topic that has been attracting the interest of scholars in the tourism field due to the difficulties associated with the management of destinations that are characterized by high fragmentation. Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies addressing the
topic of the stakeholder coordination that is needed so that all stakeholders work towards the development and promotion of the destination in a comprehensive and unique way. The present research aims to explore this somewhat neglected area of tourism research by studying how stakeholders
working within a destination are coordinated. In order to achieve this aim, a case study approach on the city of Edinburgh in Scotland was applied. Two partnerships were studied: one was responsible for promoting the city as a place to live, invest, work, and study, and the other was responsible
for the city's tourism development. Secondary data such as documents and reports from the two partnerships were analyzed and primary data were collected through 12 semistructured interviews with people involved in one or both partnerships. The results show that coordination needs to be carried
out by adopting several mechanisms that can be used in conjunction in order to complement each other.
Argentinian and Brazilian Demands for Tourism in Uruguay
Authors: Altmark Silvia , Mordecki Gabriela , Santiñaque Florencia , Risso W. Adrián
Published: June 2013

Argentinian and brazilian demands for tourism in Uruguay are analyzed separately. these countries represent 66.25% of the receptive tourism in Uruguay; however, they present different characteristics. two long-run relationships among tourism expenditures—income and real touristic
exchange rate—are found by applying the cointegrating methodology. the income–demand elasticity is positive and larger than one in both cases, confirming the hypothesis that tourism is a luxury good. moreover, this elasticity is smaller in Argentina (1.899) than in the brazilian
case (2.679). the relatively larger inelasticity in the Argentinian case could be due to the important percentage of Argentinian with second homes in Uruguay. In addition, the real touristic exchange rate elasticity is positive and more inelastic in the Argentinian case (0.623) than in brazil
(1.168).