bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mussel shells of Mytilus edulis as bioarchives of the rare earth elements and yttrium distribution in seawater and the potential impact of pH and temperature on the partitioning behaviour
Authors: Ponnurangam A. , Bau M. , Brenner M. , Koschinsky A.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. Mussel shells are potential bioarchives of proxies for changes of the physico-chemical conditions in the bivalve's habitat. One such proxy is the distribution of the Rare Earths and Yttrium (REY) in seawater, as REY speciation in seawater is sensitive to pH and temperature variations, due to the impact of these parameters on the activity of CO32− in seawater. We present a new protocol for sample preparation and determination of REY concentrations in bivalve shells, that includes sample treatment with NaOCl followed by REY separation and preconcentration. The data obtained was further used to calculate REY partition coefficients between shells of M. edulis and ambient seawater, and acquired results were then used in the investigation of the potential effects of pH and temperature on REY partitioning. Shells of M. edulis mussels from the North Sea show consistent shale-normalized ("SN") REY patterns that increase from the light REY to the middle REY and decrease from the middle REY to the heavy REY. Despite being different to the general seawater REYSN pattern, the shells still display distinct REY features of seawater such as a negative CeSN anomaly and small positive YSN and GdSN anomalies. Apparent partition coefficients for the REY between the shell and seawater (appDREYshell/seawater) are low and decrease strongly from the light REY (4.04 for La) to the heavy REY (0.34 for Lu). However, assuming that only the free REY3+ are incorporated into the shell, appDREY3+shell/seawater values are higher and rather similar for all REY (102.46 for La; 113.44 for Lu), but show a slight maximum at Tb (199.18). Although the impact of vital effects i.e. REY speciation in a mussel's extrapallial fluid from which the carbonate minerals precipitate, cannot be quantified yet, it appears that M. edulis shells are bioarchives of some REY features of seawater. We modelled the REYSN patterns of a hypothetical mussel shell at pH 8.2 and 7.6 and at temperatures of 25 and 5 °C assuming that only REY3+ are incorporated into the carbonate's crystal lattice. The results suggest that with lower pH, REY concentrations in a shells increase, but with little effect on the shape of the REYSN patterns, while a temperature change has an impact on the REYSN pattern, but only minor effects on REY concentrations.
A database of multi-year (2004–2010) quality-assured surface solar hourly irradiation measurements for the Egyptian territory
Authors: Korany M. , Boraiy M. , Eissa Y. , Aoun Y. , Abdel Wahab M. M. , Alfaro S. C. , Blanc P. , El-Metwally M. , Ghedira H. , Hungershoefer K. , Wald L.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. A database containing the global and diffuse components of the surface solar hourly irradiation measured from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2010 at eight stations of the Egyptian Meteorological Authority is presented. For three of these sites (Cairo, Aswan, and El-Farafra), the direct component is also available. In addition, a series of meteorological variables including surface pressure, relative humidity, temperature, wind speed and direction... is provided at the same hourly resolution at all stations. The details of the experimental sites and instruments used for the acquisition are given. Special attention is paid to the quality of the data and the procedure applied to flag suspicious or erroneous measurements is described in details. Between 88 and 99 % of the daytime measurements are validated by this quality control. Except at Barrani where the number is lower (13 500), between 20 000 and 29 000 measurements of global and diffuse hourly irradiation are available at all sites for the 7-year period. Similarly, from 9000 to 13 000 measurements of direct hourly irradiation values are provided for the three sites where this component is measured. With its high temporal resolution this consistent irradiation and meteorological database constitutes a reliable source to estimate the potential of solar energy in Egypt. It is also adapted to the study of high-frequency atmospheric processes such as the impact of aerosols on atmospheric radiative transfer. In the next future, it is planned to complete regularly the present 2004–2010 database, which has been placed on the PANGAEA repository (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.848804) and contains the individual meteorological and irradiation data files of the 8 stations.
Efficacy of bedrock erosion by subglacial water flow
Authors: Beaud F. , Flowers G. E. , Venditti J. G.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. Bedrock erosion by sediment-bearing subglacial water remains little-studied, however the process is thought to contribute to bedrock erosion rates in glaciated landscapes and is implicated in the excavation of tunnel valleys and the incision of inner gorges. We adapt physics-based models of fluvial abrasion to the subglacial environment, assembling the first model designed to quantify bedrock erosion caused by transient subglacial water flow. The subglacial drainage model consists of a one-dimensional network of cavities dynamically coupled to one or several Röthlisberger channels (R-channels). The bedrock erosion model is based on the tools and cover effect, whereby particles entrained by the flow impact exposed bedrock. We explore the dependency of glacial meltwater erosion on the structure and magnitude of water input to the system, the ice geometry and the sediment supply. We find that erosion is not a function of water discharge alone, but also depends on channel size, water pressure and on sediment supply, as in fluvial systems. Modelled glacial meltwater erosion rates are one to two orders of magnitude lower than the expected rates of total glacial erosion required to produce the sediment supply rates we impose, suggesting that glacial meltwater erosion is negligible at the basin scale. Nevertheless, due to the extreme localization of glacial meltwater erosion (at the base of R-channels), this process can carve bedrock (Nye) channels. In fact, our simulations suggest that the incision of bedrock channels several centimetres deep and a few meters wide can occur in a single year. Modelled incision rates indicate that subglacial water flow can gradually carve a tunnel valley and enhance the relief or even initiate the carving of an inner gorge.
The GRENE-TEA model intercomparison project (GTMIP): overview and experiment protocol for Stage 1
Authors: Miyazaki S. , Saito K. , Mori J. , Yamazaki T. , Ise T. , Arakida H. , Hajima T. , Iijima Y. , Machiya H. , Sueyoshi T. , Yabuki H. , Burke E. J. , Hosaka M. , Ichii K. , Ikawa H. , Ito A. , Kotani A. , Matsuura Y. , Niwano M. , Nitta T. , O'ishi R. , Ohta T. , Park H. , Sasai T. , Sato A. , Sato H. , Sugimoto A. , Suzuki R. , Tanaka K. , Yamaguchi S. , Yoshimura K.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. As part of the terrestrial branch of the Japan-funded Arctic Climate Change Research Project (GRENE-TEA), which aims to clarify the role and function of the terrestrial Arctic in the climate system and assess the influence of its changes on a global scale, this model intercomparison project (GTMIP) is designed to (1) enhance communication and understanding between the modelling and field scientists and (2) assess the uncertainty and variations stemming from variability in model implementation/design and in model outputs using climatic and historical conditions in the Arctic terrestrial regions. This paper provides an overview of all GTMIP activity, and the experiment protocol of Stage 1, which is site simulations driven by statistically fitted data created using the GRENE-TEA site observations for the last 3 decades. The target metrics for the model evaluation cover key processes in both physics and biogeochemistry, including energy budgets, snow, permafrost, phenology, and carbon budgets. Exemplary results for distributions of four metrics (annual mean latent heat flux, annual maximum snow depth, gross primary production, and net ecosystem production) and for seasonal transitions are provided to give an outlook of the planned analysis that will delineate the inter-dependence among the key processes and provide clues for improving model performance.
Biomechanical comparison using finite element analysis of different screw configurations in the fixation of femoral neck fractures
Authors: Gok K. , Inal S.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. In this research, biomechanical behaviors of five different configurations of screws used for stabilization of femoral neck fracture under axial loading have been examined, and which configuration is best has been investigated. A point cloud was obtained after scanning the human femoral model with a three dimensional (3-D) scanner, and this point cloud was converted to a 3-D femoral model by Geomagic Studio software. Femoral neck fracture was modeled by SolidWorks software for five different configurations: dual parallel, triple parallel, triangle, inverted triangle and square, and computer-aided numerical analysis of different configurations were carried out by ANSYS Workbench finite element analysis (FEA) software. For each configuration, mesh process, loading status (axial), boundary conditions and material model were applied in finite element analysis software. Von Mises stress values in the upper and lower proximity of the femur and screws were calculated. According to FEA results, it was particularly advantageous to use the fixation type of triangle configuration. The lowest values are found as 223.32 MPa at the lower, 63.34 MPa at the upper proximity and 493.24 MPa at the screws in triangle configuration. This showed that this configuration creates minimum stress at the upper and lower proximity of the fracture line. Clinically, we believe that the lowest stress values which are created by triangle configuration encompass the most advantageous method. In clinical practices, it is believed that using more than three screws does not provide any benefit. Furthermore, the highest stresses are as follows: at upper proximity 394.79 MPa in triple parallel configuration, for lower proximity 651.2 MPa in square configuration and for screw 2459 MPa in inverted triangle.
Analysis of avalanche risk factors in backcountry terrain based on usage frequency and accident data in Switzerland
Authors: Techel F. , Zweifel B. , Winkler K.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. Recreational activities in snow-covered mountainous terrain in the backcountry account for the vast majority of avalanche accidents. Studies analyzing avalanche risk mostly rely on accident statistics without considering exposure (or the elements at risk), i.e., how many, when and where people are recreating, as data on recreational activity in the winter mountains are scarce. To fill this gap, we explored volunteered geographic information on two social media mountaineering websites – bergportal.ch and camptocamp.org. Based on these data, we present a spatiotemporal pattern of winter backcountry touring activity in the Swiss Alps and compare this with accident statistics. Geographically, activity was concentrated in Alpine regions relatively close to the main Swiss population centers in the west and north. In contrast, accidents occurred equally often in the less-frequented inner-alpine regions. Weekends, weather and avalanche conditions influenced the number of recreationists, while the odds to be involved in a severe avalanche accident did not depend on weekends or weather conditions. However, the likelihood of being involved in an accident increased with increasing avalanche danger level, but also with a more unfavorable snowpack containing persistent weak layers (also referred to as an old snow problem). In fact, the most critical situation for backcountry recreationists and professionals occurred on days and in regions when both the avalanche danger was critical and when the snowpack contained persistent weak layers. The frequently occurring geographical pattern of a more unfavorable snowpack structure also explains the relatively high proportion of accidents in the less-frequented inner-alpine regions. These results have practical implications: avalanche forecasters should clearly communicate the avalanche danger and the avalanche problem to the backcountry user, particularly if persistent weak layers are of concern. Professionals and recreationists, on the other hand, require the expertise to adjust the planning of a tour and their backcountry travel behavior depending on the avalanche danger and the avalanche problem.
Tsunami response system for ports in Korea
Authors: Cho H.-R. , Cho J.-S. , Cho Y.-S.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. The tsunamis that have occurred in many places around the world over the past decade have taken a heavy toll on human lives and property. The eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula is not safe from tsunamis, particularly the eastern coastal areas, which have long sustained tsunami damage. The eastern coast had been attacked by 1983 and 1993 tsunami events. The aim of this study was to mitigate the casualties and property damage against unexpected tsunami attacks along the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula by developing a proper tsunami response system for important ports and harbors with high population densities and high concentrations of key national industries. The system is made based on numerical and physical modelings of 3 historical and 11 virtual tsunamis events, field surveys, and extensive interviews with related people.
Coordination of care in hospitals: A rapid review of the literature
Authors: Madell Dominic , Villa Luis , Hayward Brooke , Comte Lyndsay Le
Published: September 2015

PProject SWIFT (System Wide Integration for Transformation) is a programme of work supported by developments in technology, that aims to improve the health of people in Counties Manukau through initiatives focused on community-based care and improving hospital systems. A “rapid review” of literature focussing on coordination of care in hospitals was carried out to support this project. Rapid review is a literature review methodology that is “streamlined” by limiting: the number of databases searched, the types of study design included, the languages that articles are written in, the dates when articles were written, and the level of inclusion of “grey” literature. In total, 30 articles were considered in detail for inclusion in this rapid review, with many other articles considered briefly from title or abstract alone. Of the 30 articles, 12 (40%) were ultimately deemed relevant, and included. In total, 112 unique articles contributed to the literature review, if all of the articles considered by three systematic reviews that contributed to this rapid review are included. The review found reasonable evidence that implementation of patient care delivery models focussing on coordination of care and efficiency can contribute to reductions in length of stay for hospital patients. In addition, reasonable evidence was found indicating that that the use of preoperative briefings and surgical safety checklists by operating teams can improve patient safety outcomes. However, it was not possible to draw firm conclusions from many of the other articles that were reviewed: these tended not to describe measurable improvements to patient outcomes or efficiency, and instead focussed on results that were process rather than outcome oriented, subjective, reported improvements that were not compared against any other measure, or were non-significant.
Upper urinary tract lipoma: A case report
Authors: Lmezguidi Khalid , Hajji Fouad , Sinaa Mohamed , Janane Abdellatif , Ghadouane Mohamed , Ameur Ahmed , Albouzidi Abderrahmane , Abbar Mohamed
Published: September 2015

Upper urinary tract (UUT) benign tumours are rare. We present a case of UUT lipoma in a 41-year-old man with left flank pain. A computed tomographic urography scan revealed an irregular thickening of the left renal collecting system wall extending from the upper calices to the renal pelvis. The diagnosis of UUT was made and the patient underwent a nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision, as standard treatment. However, macroscopic and histological examination revealed a lipomatous tumour with no sign of malignancy. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of its kind of a UUT managed first with a minimally invasive approach.
Conservative treatment for Brucella testicular abscesses: A case report and literature review
Authors: Tahaineh Sakher , Abu Mughli Rawan , Hakami Hanan I , Al-Faham Mohamad I
Published: September 2015

Brucellosis is a multi-organ infectious disease that can cause genitourinary manifestations. The most common genitourinary manifestation is orchitis; however, intratesticular abscesses are a rare complication. Although surgery is the standard treatment for intratesticular abscesses, medical therapy alone can be successful. We report the case of a 36-year-old man with multiple testicular abscesses caused by relapse of systemic brucellosis. The patient presented after a history of treated systemic brucellosis with left testicular swelling and pain. An ultrasound showed multiple small testicular abscesses, and the repeat diluted brucella titer demonstrated the causative pathogen. The patient was successfully treated with 3 months of oral targeted antibiotics, with no need for drainage or orchiectomy.
Sorafenib treatement for recurrent stage T1 bilateral renal cell carcinoma in patients with Von Hippel- Lindau disease: A case report and literature review
Authors: Choi Kyung Hwa , Yu Young Dong , Kang Moon Hyung , Park Dong Soo
Published: September 2015

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome is associated with multiple recurrences and a young age at diagnosis. Therefore the primary goal of treatment is to stabilize the disease, minimizing the surgical resection and preserving the renal function in the patients with VHL who have developing RCC nodules after initial treatment. This is the first case report of VHL disease, with long-term stable disease, treated with a half dose of sorafenib after surgical resection and radiofrequency ablation for multiple recurrent stage T1 masses. We discuss the efficacy and safety of low-dose sorafenib treatment and review RCC in a patient with VHL disease.
Androgen secreting giant adrenocortical carcinoma with no metastases: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Uruc Fatih , Urkmez Ahmet , Yuksel Ozgur Haki , Sahin Aytac , Verit Ayhan
Published: September 2015

Functional adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a very rare disease with a poor prognosis. Over half (60%) of ACCs bigger than 6 cm synthesize hormones; hormone-secreting ACCs generally include virilization, feminization or Cushing syndrome. Besides, 82% of ACCs are metastatic at the time of diagnosis. While a 48-year-old female patient was examined for abdominal pain and flushing, we detected a non-metastasizing mass (23 × 18 × 16 cm) in the adrenal lodge. The mass was extracted en bloc during open exploration and its histopathology was reported as ACC. We review the literature and report the largest androgen-producing, clinically silent ACC mass cited in the literature so far.
Treatment and outcome of fibroepithelial ureteral polyps: A systematic literature review
Authors: Ludwig Dina J. , Buddingh Karel T. , Kums Jan J.M. , Kropman René F. , Roshani Hossain , Hirdes Willem H.
Published: September 2015

Introduction: Fibroepithelial polyps of the ureter are rare. Cases and small series are reported in the literature. The treatment of choice, outcome and appropriate follow-up regimen remain unclear.Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review of papers reporting fibroepithelial polyps of the ureter in adult patients. Articles published before 1980 were excluded.Results: The search yielded 144 papers, of which 68 met the inclusion criteria. A reference scan from the included 68 yielded an additional 7 new articles. In total, our study included 75 articles (68 + 7). A total of 134 patients were described. Most patients had a single lesion (range: 1–10). The median length of the polyp was 4.0 cm (range: 0.4–17.0). The percentage of polyps resected endoscopically increased from 0% before 1985 to 67% after 2005. Two perioperative complications were reported in 72 procedures (2.8%): a deep venous thrombosis and a case of mesenteric lymphadenopathy. Both of these occurred after open surgery. Follow-up data were available for 57 patients. The median follow-up was 12 months (range: 1–180). Four patients (7.0%) developed recurrent complaints: 2 had urinary stones, 1 had a ureteral stricture and 1 had recurrence of the polyp. Three of these events followed endoscopic resection, and occurred within a year after the procedure.Conclusion: Endoscopic resection of fibroepithelial polyps seems to be safe and effective. It is minimally invasive and should be considered the gold standard where endoscopic expertise is available. We advise follow-up imaging by computed tomographic intravenous urography after 3 months and ultrasound after 1 year to detect late complications.
Intracardiac migration of ureteral double-J stent: A case report and review
Authors: Farshi Ali Reza , Roshandel M. Reza
Published: September 2015

Ureteral double-J (DJ) stenting is a common urologic procedure in several ureteral surgeries and has been used to manage ureteral obstructions during pregnancy. It may result in early and late complications. We review a rare case of migration of the DJ stent into the cardiovascular system in a pregnant female. We also review the literature. The endoscopic procedure to remove this displacement has been done postnatally with no adverse effects.
Reproductive outcomes in men with karyotype abnormalities: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Kohn Taylor P. , Clavijo Raul , Ramasamy Ranjith , Hakky Tariq , Candrashekar Aravind , Lamb Dolores J. , Lipshultz Larry I.
Published: September 2015

Reciprocal translocations of autosomal chromosomes are present in about 1/625 men, yet often there are no symptoms except primary infertility. Abnormal segregation during meiosis often produces sperm and subsequent embryos with unbalanced translocations that often ultimately result in spontaneous abortions. We report on a 37-year-old man and his 39-year-old wife who complained of primary infertility. Previous in vitro fertilization (IVF) had resulted in pregnancy, but two spontaneous abortions. Upon chromosomal testing, the man was diagnosed with a reciprocal translocation and his wife was diagnosed with mosaic Turner’s syndrome. Through testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and IVF with preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), they succeeded in having two healthy children. Since men with different karyotype abnormalities can have male infertility, we reviewed the literature and summarized the reproductive outcomes for men with both autosome and sex chromosomal karyotype abnormalities.
Collecting (Bellini) duct carcinoma: A clinical study of a rare tumour and review of the literature
Authors: Ciszewski Sebastian , Jakimów Artur , Smolska-Ciszewska Beata
Published: September 2015

Introduction: We report our 15-year experience of Collecting (Bellini) duct carcinoma (CDC). We retrospectively analyzed patient and tumour characteristics, clinical manifestations, surgical techniques, clinical outcomes, and salvage therapies.Methods: From January 1999 to December 2013, 1042 patients underwent surgical resection of renal neoplasm. We examined all renal tumors and identified 10 cases (0.96%) of CDC.Results: The study group included 8 men and 2 women, with a median age of 62.5 years. Of these 10 patients, 9 were symptomatic (90%). All patients were treated with open nephrectomy. The mean tumour size was 5.7 cm. The pathologic stages were distributed as follows: pT1b in 2 patients (20%); pT2a in 1 patient (10%); pT3a in 3 patients (30%); and pT3b in 4 patients (40%). Grading was assessed according to Fuhrman scale as follows: grade II in 1 patient (10%); grade III in 3 patients (30%); grade IV in 5 patients (50%); undetermined grade in 1 patient (10%). Four patients (40%) relapsed locally. The median time of local recurrence was 4.9 months. Distant metastases occurred in 9 patients (90%): 4/9 at the time of diagnosis and 5/9 after nephrectomy. The median time of distant metastases after surgery was 8.1 months. Six patients received chemotherapy (gemcitabine plus platinum salts). Radiotherapy was performed in 5 patients. One patient had surgery because of local recurrence and 2 patients were irradiated in the area of the local recurrence. The median overall survival was 7.6 months, and only 2 patients survived more than 2 years after the nephrectomy.Conclusions: CDCs of the kidney are aggressive and they have a low survival rate. All patients in our study experienced a relapse of their disease. Local recurrence preceded distant metastases. Results of salvage treatments were poor.
Synthesis of the Novel 3-Benzotriazole-5-yl difluoromethyl-5-trifluoromethyl benzotriazole Nucleosides
Authors: Break Laila
Published: September 2015

Triazole ring is a quite important five-membered heterocycle with three nitrogen atoms, possesses aromaticity and is an electron rich system. Triazole derivatives have been frequently becoming clinical drugs or candidates for the treatment of various types of diseases. Synthesis of the novel of 3-Benztriazole-5-yl difluoromethyl-5-trifluoromethyl benztriazole compound (3). Synthesis and chara-cterization of two new benzotriazole nucleosides with good yields by silyation method.
Rhetorical Space and the Ontogeny of Women in the DDC
Authors: Fox Melodie J.
Published: September 2015

It is well-established that classification standards have historically reflected hierarchy, power and knowledge in the culture from which they originate (Olson, 2002). Budd(2003) describes classification as an agent of “symbolic power,” and points out that without seeing classification as a “discursive act,” class differences can be perpetuated (p.28). Placement of subjects in a classification scheme constitutes a rhetorical act that explicates an intentional or unintentional power strategy of the classification scheme’s editors as perpetuators of the dominant culture. As cultural norms shift, so does the classification, creating anontogeny, or what Tennis calls, “the life of the subject overtime” (2007, 2012). If ontogeny tracks the arc of a subject’s position, within each rendition of a classification the concepts proximate to each other to create a “rhetorica lspace” that defines how the concept should be perceived by users of the classification.
A Review of Boundary Objects in Classification Research
Authors: Jansen Eva Hourihan
Published: September 2015

The goal of this paper is to explore the empirical aptness of a conceptual framework for the study of an international standard classification system by considering epistemological assumptions underlying its use in classification research to date. I survey reviews and empirical inquiry in LIS that feature the concept boundary object, (Star & Griesemer, 1989) and discuss some implications for classification research. I discuss the problems posed when predominant discourses concerning classification research inhibit our understanding of classification practices as socially, historically and culturally constructed. I conclude with proposing inquiry into international standard occupational classification as away of exploring the limits of the boundary object concept within the context of globalized standards and localpractices.
Overflow in science and its implications for trust
Authors: Siebert Sabina , Machesky Laura M. , Insall Robert H.
Published: September 2015

To explore increasing concerns about scientific misconduct and data irreproducibility in some areas of science, we interviewed a number of senior biomedical researchers. These interviews revealed a perceived decline in trust in the scientific enterprise, in large part because the quantity of new data exceeds the field's ability to process it appropriately. This phenomenon—which is termed ‘overflow’ in social science—has important implications for the integrity of modern biomedical science.
Diagnosis and Management of Piriformis Syndrome: An Osteopathic Approach
Authors: Boyajian-O’Neill Lori A. , McClain Rance L. , Coleman Michele K. , Thomas Pamela P.
Published: September 2015

Piriformis syndrome is a neuromuscular condition characterized by hip and buttock pain. This syndrome is often overlooked in clinical settings because its presentation may be similar to that of lumbar radiculopathy, primary sacral dysfunction, or innominate dysfunction. The ability to recognize piriformis syndrome requires an understanding of the structure and function of the piriformis muscle and its relationship to the sciatic nerve. The authors review the anatomic and clinical features of this condition, summarizing the osteopathic medical approach to diagnosis and management. A holistic approach to diagnosis requires a thorough neurologic history and physical assessment of the patient based on the pathologic characteristics of piriformis syndrome. The authors note that several nonpharmacologic therapies, including osteopathic manipulative treatment, can be used alone or in conjunction with pharmacotherapeutic options in the management of piriformis syndrome.
Common Dermatologic Infections in Athletes and Return-to-Play Guidelines
Authors: Likness Lincoln P.
Published: September 2015

Although the usual perspective on return to play for athletes is recovery from injury, an unheralded aspect on return to play involves potentially contagious skin infections. An estimated 8.5% of health conditions and injuries related to high school sports and 21% of health conditions and injuries related to college sports involve infectious diseases of the skin. In about half of these cases, the head, face, or neck is affected. The infectious agents are common microorganisms, including methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus and Streptococcus bacteria, herpes viruses, and tinea fungi. The challenge for physicians is to provide proper treatment to patients within the return-to-play guidelines of a sport's governing body, resulting in rapid resolution of the condition, minimization of time spent out of the sport, and minimization of communicable spread of the disease.
Fair Value Hierarchy Measures: Post-Implementation Evidence on IFRS 7
Authors: Tan Pearl
Published: September 2015

Using a balance sheet valuation model, this study examines if information on the fair value hierarchy of on-balance sheet financial assets and financial liabilities are incorporated in the market’s valuation of companies’ equities in Singapore. The results of the study show significant associations between as-reported Level 1 and Level 2 fair value measures of financial assets and market values. However, the results are not significant for Level 3 fair value measures of financial assets and each of the three levels of fair value measures of financial liabilities. The results also show that returns are more positively associated with as-reported gains and losses from Level 1 and Level 2 fair value measures than those from Level 3 fair value measures. Overall, the evidence suggests that information on the fair value hierarchy of IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures are used by market participants in their pricing decisions. The market however appears to place greater weights on fair value changes taken to the income statement than those taken to OCI, notwithstanding the level of the fair value measure. While the fixation with income statement measures remains a puzzle, the results are consistent with prior studies that show that investors largely ignore OCI in their pricing of shares.
The dependence of cirrus gamma size distributions expressed as volumes in N0‐λ‐μ phase space and bulk cloud properties on environmental conditions: Results from the Small Ice Particles in Cirrus Experiment (SPARTICUS)
Authors: Jackson Robert C. , McFarquhar Greg M. , Fridlind Ann M. , Atlas Rachel
Published: September 2015

The variability of cirrus ice microphysical properties is investigated using observations obtained during the Small Particles in Cirrus (SPARTICUS) campaign. An existing approach that represents a size distribution (SD) as a single gamma function using an ellipsoid of equally realizable solutions in (N0, λ, μ) phase space is modified to automatically identify multiple modes in SDs and characterize each mode by such an ellipsoid. The modified approach is applied to ice crystals with maximum dimension D > 15 µm collected by the 2‐D stereo and 2‐D precipitation probes on the Stratton Park Engineering Company Learjet. The dependencies of N0, μ, and λ from each mode, total number concentration, bulk extinction, ice water content (IWC), and mass median maximum dimension Dmm as a function of temperature T and cirrus type are then analyzed. The changes in the observed codependencies between N0, μ, and λ, bulk extinction, IWC, and Dmm with environmental conditions indicate that particles were larger at higher T during SPARTICUS. At most two modes were observed in any SD during SPARTICUS, with the average boundary between them at 115 µm, similar to past studies not using probes with shatter mitigating tips and artifact removal algorithms. The bimodality of the SDs increased with T. This and the differences in N0, μ, and λ between the modes suggest that particles with smaller D nucleated more recently than particles with larger D, which grew via vapor deposition and aggregation. Because smaller crystals, whose concentrations are uncertain, make marginal contributions to higher order moments, the use of higher moments for evaluating model fields is suggested.
Aggressive delinquency among north American indigenous adolescents: Trajectories and predictors
Authors: Sittner Kelley J. , Hautala Dane
Published: September 2015

Aggressive delinquency is a salient social problem for many North American Indigenous (American Indian, Canadian First Nations) communities, and can have deleterious consequences later in life. Yet there is a paucity of research on Indigenous delinquency. Group‐based trajectory modeling is used to prospectively examine trajectories of aggressive delinquency over the course of adolescence using data from 646 Indigenous adolescents from a single culture, spanning the ages of 10–19. Five aggression trajectory groups were identified, characterized by different levels and ages of onset and desistence: non‐offenders (22.1%), moderate desistors (19.9%), adolescent‐limited offenders (22.2%), high desistors (16.7%), and chronic offenders (19.2%). Using the social development model of antisocial behavior, we selected relevant risk and protective factors predicted to discriminate among those most and least likely to engage in more aggressive behavior. Higher levels of risk (i.e., parent rejection, delinquent peers, substance use, and early dating) in early adolescence were associated with being in the two groups with the highest levels of aggressive delinquency. Positive school adjustment, the only significant protective factor, was associated with being in the lowest aggression trajectory groups. The results provide important information that could be used in developing prevention and intervention programs, particularly regarding vulnerable ages as well as malleable risk factors. Identifying those youth most at risk of engaging in higher levels of aggression may be key to preventing delinquency and reducing the over‐representation of Indigenous youth in the justice system. Aggr. Behav. 42:274–286, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Cost‐Effective Approach to Fabricate Superhydrophobic Coatings Using Hydrophilic Materials
Authors: Gong Xiao , Bartlett Austin , Kozbial Andrew , Li Lei
Published: September 2015

Superhydrophobic coatings have many important applications and previous studies have shown that both hydrophobic material and certain surface topographical features are required to achieve the desired superhydrophobicity. Here, we report a simple and cost‐effective approach to fabricate superhydrophobic coatings using alumina powders, which are intrinsically hydrophilic. The water contact angle (WCA) of the coating is close to 150° and the observed superhydrophobicity has been attributed to both the powder‐induced surface topographical features and the airborne hydrocarbon contamination. This work provides a facile yet robust approach to fabricate superhydrophobic coatings, which is potentially applicable for many other hydrophilic materials.
Liquid Crystal Enabled Early Stage Detection of Beta Amyloid Formation on Lipid Monolayers
Authors: Sadati Monirosadat , Apik Aslin Izmitli , Armas‐Perez Julio C. , Martinez‐Gonzalez Jose , Hernandez‐Ortiz Juan P. , Abbott Nicholas L. , de Pablo Juan J.
Published: September 2015

Liquid crystals (LCs) can serve as sensitive reporters of interfacial events, and this property has been used for sensing of synthetic or biological toxins. Here it is demonstrated that LCs can distinguish distinct molecular motifs and exhibit a specific response to beta‐sheet structures. That property is used to detect the formation of highly toxic protofibrils involved in neurodegenerative diseases, where it is crucial to develop methods that probe the early‐stage aggregation of amyloidogenic peptides in the vicinity of biological membranes. In the proposed method, the amyloid fibrils formed at the lipid–decorated LC interface can change the orientation of LCs and form elongated and branched structures that are amplified by the mesogenic medium; however, nonamyloidogenic peptides form ellipsoidal domains of tilted LCs. Moreover, a theoretical and computational analysis is used to reveal the underlying structure of the LC, thereby providing a detailed molecular‐level view of the interactions and mechanisms responsible for such motifs. The corresponding signatures can be detected at nanomolar concentrations of peptide by polarized light microscopy and much earlier than the ones that can be identified by fluorescence‐based techniques. As such, it offers the potential for early diagnoses of neurodegenerative diseases and for facile testing of inhibitors of amyloid formation.
Magnetically Modulated Pot‐Like MnFe2O4 Micromotors: Nanoparticle Assembly Fabrication and their Capability for Direct Oil Removal
Authors: Mou Fangzhi , Pan Deng , Chen Chuanrui , Gao Yirong , Xu Leilei , Guan Jianguo
Published: September 2015

This work demonstrates a simple‐structured, low‐cost magnetically modulated micromotor of MnFe2O4 pot‐like hollow microparticles as well as its facile, versatile, and large‐scale growing‐bubble‐templated nanoparticle (NP) assembly fabrication approach. In this approach, the hydrophobic MnFe2O4@oleic acid NPs in an oil droplet of chloroform and hexane assembled into a dense NP shell layer due to the hydrophobic interactions between the NP surfaces. With the encapsulated oil continuously vaporizing into high‐pressured gas bubbles, the dense MnFe2O4 NP shell layer then bursts, forming an asymmetric pot‐like MnFe2O4 micromotor by creating a single hole in it. For the as‐developed simple pot‐like MnFe2O4 micromotor, the catalytically generated O2 molecules nucleate and grow into bubbles preferentially on the inner concave surface rather than on the outer convex surface, resulting in continuous ejection of O2 bubbles from the open hole to propel it. Dexterously integrating the high catalytic activity for H2O2 decomposition to produce O2 bubbles, excellent magnetic property with the instinctive surface hydrophobicity, the MnFe2O4 pot‐like micromotor not only can autonomously move in water media with both velocity and direction modulated by external magnetic field but also can directly serve for environmental oil removal without any further surface modification. The results here may inspire novel practical micromotors.
Less Noble or More Noble: How Strain Affects the Binding of Oxygen on Gold
Authors: Deng Qibo , Gopal Varun , Weissmüller Jörg
Published: September 2015

Many heterogeneous catalysts exploit strained active layers to modulate reactivity and/or selectivity. It is therefore significant that density functional theory, as well as experimental approaches, find that tensile strain makes the gold surface more binding for oxygen, in other words, less noble. We show that this behavior does not apply when re‐structuring of the gold surface is allowed to occur simultaneously with the adsorption of oxygen. In situ cantilever‐bending studies show the surface stress to increase when oxygen species adsorb on a (111)‐textured gold surface in aqueous H2SO4. This implies a positive sign of the electrocapillary coupling parameter and, hence, a trend for weaker oxygen binding in response to tensile strain. These conflicting findings indicate that different electrosorption processes, and specifically oxygen species adsorption on the bulk‐terminated surface, exhibit fundamentally different coupling between the chemistry and the mechanics of the surface.
Engineering Rieske Non‐Heme Iron Oxygenases for the Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Alkenes
Authors: Gally Christine , Nestl Bettina M. , Hauer Bernhard
Published: September 2015

The asymmetric dihydroxylation of olefins is of special interest due to the facile transformation of the chiral diol products into valuable derivatives. Rieske non‐heme iron oxygenases (ROs) represent promising biocatalysts for this reaction as they can be engineered to efficiently catalyze the selective mono‐ and dihydroxylation of various olefins. The introduction of a single point mutation improved selectivities (≥95 %) and conversions (>99 %) towards selected alkenes. By modifying the size of one active site amino acid side chain, we were able to modulate the regio‐ and stereoselectivity of these enzymes. For distinct substrates, mutants displayed altered regioselectivities or even favored opposite enantiomers compared to the wild‐type ROs, offering a sustainable approach for the oxyfunctionalization of a wide variety of structurally different olefins.
Poly(butylene succinate‐co‐butylene adipate)/polyethylene oxide blends for controlled release materials: A morphological study
Authors: Cottaz Amandine , Khalil Fadi , Galland Sophie , Jbilou Fouzia , Adt Isabelle , Degraeve Pascal , Joly Catherine
Published: September 2015

Varying the formulation and processing conditions of polymer blends allows the design of materials with a large range of morphologies. Active materials embedding active compounds in a devoted phase are promising applications of such blends, offering possible various transport properties. In this study, 13 poly(butylene succinate‐co‐butylene adipate) (PBSA)/polyethylene oxide (PEO) blends were extruded in a slit die. Their morphologies were characterized by water extraction (selective PEO dissolution), FTIR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. Transport properties were assessed by water vapor permeation and fluorescein release as model migrant. Indeed, the desorption in water of fluorescein (previously entrapped in PEO) was monitored to preliminary investigate the release properties of these materials: two morphologies were obtained (i) pseudo multilayer films made of PEO‐rich layer/PBSA‐rich layer/PEO‐rich layer and (ii) PEO nodules dispersed in the PBSA‐rich matrix for the highest PBSA contents. The first systems were erodible ones with an uncontrolled fast delivery by PEO dissolution whereas the second ones showed a controlled release by permeation through the PBSA matrix from PEO nodules. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42874.
Effects of drilling parameters and aspect ratios on delamination and surface roughness of lignocellulosic HFRP composite laminates
Authors: Ismail Sikiru Oluwarotimi , Dhakal Hom Nath , Dimla Eric , Beaugrand Johnny , Popov Ivan
Published: September 2015

Hemp fibre‐reinforced polycaprolactone (HFRP) composite has inherent good mechanical properties and benefits which include remarkably high specific strength and modulus, low density, and renewability. No doubt, these properties have attracted wider applications of HFRP composite in engineering applications. This paper presents an investigation on the influence of drilling parameters and fibre aspect ratios, AR (0, 19, 26, 30, and 38) on delamination damage factor and surface roughness of HFRP composite laminates utilising high speed steel twist drills under dry machining condition. Taguchi's technique was used in the design of experiment. The results obtained show that increase in cutting speed reduces delamination factor and surface roughness of drilled holes, whereas increase in feed rate causes increase in both delamination factor and surface roughness. Feed rate and cutting speed had the greatest influence on delamination and surface roughness respectively when compared with aspect ratio, while an increase in fibre aspect ratios leads to a significant increase in both delamination factor and surface roughness. The optimum results occurred at cutting speed and feed rate (drilling parameters) of 20 mm/min and 0.10 mm/rev, respectively, when drilling sample of AR 19. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42879.
Using a Personal Glucose Meter and Alkaline Phosphatase for Point‐of‐Care Quantification of Galactose‐1‐Phosphate Uridyltransferase in Clinical Galactosemia Diagnosis
Authors: Zhang Jingjing , Xiang Yu , Novak Donna E. , Hoganson George E. , Zhu Junjie , Lu Yi
Published: September 2015

The personal glucose meter (PGM) was recently shown to be a general meter to detect many targets. Most studies, however, focus on transforming either target binding or enzymatic activity that cleaves an artificial substrate into the production of glucose. More importantly, almost all reports exhibit their methods by using artificial samples, such as buffers or serum samples spiked with the targets. To expand the technology to even broader targets and to validate its potential in authentic, more complex clinical samples, we herein report expansion of the PGM method by using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) that links the enzymatic activity of galactose‐1‐phosphate uridyltransferase to the production of glucose, which allows point‐of‐care galactosemia diagnosis in authentic human clinical samples. Given the presence of ALP in numerous enzymatic assays for clinical diagnostics, the methods demonstrated herein advance the field closer to point‐of‐care detection of a wide range of targets in real clinical samples.
Randomized clinical trial of topical tranexamic acid after reduction mammoplasty
Authors: Ausen K , Fossmark R , Spigset O , Pleym H
Published: September 2015

Background

The antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid is currently being rediscovered for both trauma and major surgery. Intravenous administration reduces the need for blood transfusion and blood loss by about one-third, but routine administration in surgery is not yet advocated owing to concerns regarding thromboembolic events. The aim of this study was to investigate whether topical application of tranexamic acid to a wound surface reduces postoperative bleeding.

Methods

This was a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial on 30 consecutive women undergoing bilateral reduction mammoplasty. On one side the wound surfaces were moistened with 25 mg/ml tranexamic acid before closure, and placebo (saline) was used on the other side. Drain fluid production was measured for 24 h after surgery, and pain was measured after 3 and 24 h. Postoperative complications including infection, seroma, rebleeding and suture reactions were recorded.

Results

Topical application of tranexamic acid to the wound surface after reduction mammoplasty reduced drain fluid production by 39 per cent (median 12·5 (range 0–44) versus 20·5 (0–100) ml; P = 0·038). Adverse effects were not observed. There were no significant differences in postoperative pain scores or complications.

Conclusion

Topical application of dilute tranexamic acid reduced bleeding in this model. The study adds to the evidence that this simple procedure may reduce wound bleeding after surgery. Registration number: NCT01964781 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).