bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REACTION OF BARLEYS FROM THE MIDDLE-EAST TO CANADIAN PATHOGENS
Authors: METCALFE D. R. , CHIKO A. W. , MARTENS J. W. , TEKAUZ A.
Published: March 2010

Evaluation of 140 barleys from the Middle-East for disease reaction with Canadian pathogens indicates that this region could be a good source of resistance to Septoria passerinii, Pyrenophora teres and Rhynchosporium secalis but not to Puccinia graminis tritici, Ustilago nuda, Cochliobolus sativus or barley stripe mosaic virus.
YIELD OF PURE AND MIXED STANDS OF TWO SPRING WHEAT CULTIVARS SOWN AT FIVE RATES OF SEEDING
Authors: BAKER R. J.
Published: March 2010

Yield and yield components were measured on two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) cultivars, Neepawa and Pitic 62, and a 1:1 mixture of the two sown at five rates of seeding in each of 2 yr. Lack of agreement between performance in pure and mixed stands was observed when, at the highest seeding rate, the mixture yielded higher in 1974 and lower in 1976 than either of the component cultivars grown in pure stand.
RESISTANCE IN BARLEY TO THE CORN LEAF APHID RHOPALOSIPHUM MAIDIS
Authors: GILL C. C. , METCALFE D. R.
Published: March 2010

A barley cultivar originally from Taiwan, EB-921, and its hybrid derivative, DL-117, were resistant, but not immune, to the corn leaf aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) in greenhouse tests. DL-117 was the more resistant of the two. These cultivars showed no resistance to four other species of grain-infesting aphids occurring in Manitoba. Colonies of R. maidis were smaller on plants of DL-117 and EB-921 infected with barley yellow dwarf virus than on uninfected plants. Fecundity of adults of R. maidis was similar for DL-117 and a susceptible barley cultivar, Parkland, but the mortality rate of nymphs reared on seedlings of DL-117 at the two-or four-leaf stage was considerably greater than the rate on Parkland or on Herta, another susceptible cultivar. Hybrids between DL-117 and two barley cultivars susceptible to R. maidis were resistant to this aphid, indicating that inheritance of resistance to R. maidis was dominant in effect.
EFFECTS OF SELECTION FOR SPEED OF GERMINATION ON ESTABLISHMENT, VIGOR, AND YIELD IN ALTAI WILD RYEGRASS
Authors: LAWRENCE T.
Published: March 2010

Selection for fast and slow germination in Altai wild ryegrass (Elymus angustus Trin.) through three cycles of selection resulted in significant differences in the speed of germination index between the two populations. The fast germinating population established significantly better in a field test than the slow germinating population. Significant differences, although not large, were also found between the populations for spring vigor, seed yield and dry matter yield. However, observations from a greenhouse test indicate that these differences were attributable to differences in stand establishment in the field test rather than directly attributable to selection for speed of germination. It is suggested that selection for fast germination would be useful in breeding better establishing strains of Altai wild ryegrass. This would have little effect on either spring vigor or yield of seed and forage.
EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND TEMPERATURE ON VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH OF A MAIZE (ZEA MAYS) HYBRID
Authors: HUNTER R. B. , TOLLENAAR M. , BREUER C. M.
Published: March 2010

A single-cross maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid was grown to maturity in the four combinations of two temperatures, 20 and 30 C, and two photoperiods, 10 and 20 h, in controlled-environment growth cabinets. Measurements of dry weights of plant components were made at tassel initiation, mid-anthesis, mid-anthesis plus 16 days, and maturity. The longer photoperiod and cooler temperature treatment produced the highest final plant dry weight. Average daily dry matter (DM) production was greater for plants grown at the longer photoperiod. This could largely be attributed to a higher leaf area per plant. The duration of DM production was longer at the cooler temperature. Grain yields were higher under the lower temperature because of an increase in the length of the grain-filling period and because a greater proportion of the post-anthesis DM was allocated to the grain. The results of this study showed a significant photoperiod × temperature interaction for length of the grain-filling period, kernel number and grain yield. Post-anthesis DM accumulation did not appear to be a limiting factor for grain yield. The effects of temperature and photoperiod on length of the grain-filling period and grain yield may have been partly mediated through the size of the grain sink.
STUDIES ON THE DIFFERENTIAL TOLERANCE OF TWO LAMB’S-QUARTERS SELECTIONS TO TRIAZINE HERBICIDES
Authors: JENSEN K. I. N. , BANDEEN J. D. , MACHADO V. SOUZA
Published: March 2010

The uptake, translocation and metabolism of 14C-atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] was investigated in an atrazine-resistant and an atrazine-susceptible selection of lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album L.). There were no differences between the two selections in foliar or root uptake of 14C-atrazine, or in translocation and accumulation of 14C-atrazine within the plants following root uptake. Both selections metabolized 14C-atrazine by hydroxylation, N-dealkylation, and conjugation to peptides. Although 14C-atrazine was detoxified more rapidly in roots of the resistant selection, this could not account for the large difference observed in tolerance. The atrazine-resistant selection was also resistant to a number of other 2-chloro-, 2-methylthio-, and 2-methoxy-s-triazine herbicides, and showed greater tolerance to other heterocyclic herbicides which inhibit photosynthesis than did the susceptible selection.
CHIGNECTO LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY
Authors: HALL IVAN V. , AALDERS LEWIS E. , JACKSON LLOYD P.
Published: March 2010

Chignecto lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) is a selection from a native stand of lowbush blueberries in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia. It is somewhat less productive than Augusta and Brunswick, but very easy to propagate and grows more vigorously than the two previously named cultivars.
GLUCOSINOLATE CONTENT OF CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLE CROPS
Authors: MULLIN W. J. , SAHAS-RABUDHE M. R.
Published: March 2010

A study of the glucosinolate content of seven common cruciferous vegetables showed wide variation between crops and, in some cases, between cultivars. High progoitrin levels were found in rutabaga (Brassica napobrassica Mill.). Glucosinolates that hydrolyze to give ionic thiocyanate were present in all samples analyzed. Rapine broccoli (B. oleracea var. italica Plenck) had the highest content of thiourea derivative.
EVALUATION OF THE INBRED–BACKCROSS METHOD FOR STUDYING THE GENETICS OF CONTINUOUS VARIATION
Authors: BAKER R. J.
Published: March 2010

The inheritance of kernels per spike was studied in 73 inbred–backcross lines from the second backcross of Pitic 62 spring wheat to Neepawa. Data from two four-replicate experiments failed to show any evidence of influence by major genes. Similarly, kernel weight data from 91 inbred–backcross lines from the second backcross of Glenlea to Neepawa failed to show any influence of major genes. It is suggested that the inbred–backcross technique of Wehrhahn and Allard (1965) is of limited value in studying the genetics of quantitative traits except where the distribution of line performances is discontinuous.
QUALITY OF TIMOTHY, BROMEGRASS AND ORCHARDGRASS SILAGES AS INFLUENCED BY N FERTILIZATION, HARVEST AND ENSILING TREATMENT
Authors: KUNELIUS H. T. , SUZUKI MICHIO
Published: March 2010

The effects of two rates of nitrogen fertilization on the quality of silages, made of primary growth and aftermath of timothy (Phleum pratense L.), bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were determined. Wilted and unwilted forage and unwilted forage that was treated with formic acid or formic acid plus formaldehyde were included. All grasses, and especially those fertilized with 132 kg N/ha, were low in water-soluble carbohydrates. The addition of formic acid resulted in good quality silages with low pH’s, ammonium-N and fermentation acid contents. Formaldehyde further reduced ammonium-N in the silages. Silages from wilted and unwilted forages without preservatives had higher pH’s, ammonium-N and fermentation acid contents than those with preservatives, but most of these silages were considered to be satisfactory quality. The quality of silages was influenced less by the rates of N or harvest dates than by the ensiling treatments.
ANTAGONISME ENTRE RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI ET FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM EN RELATION AVEC L’EFFICACITE SYMBIOTIQUE
Authors: ANTOUN H. , BORDELEAU L. M. , GAGNON C.
Published: March 2010

Antagonism of 49 strains of Rhizobium meliloti towards F. oxysporum was studied in pure cultures. No significant correlation was found between symbiotic effectiveness of the strains and their antagonistic ability. None of the strains of R. meliloti tested produced antibiotics.
DEVELOPMENT OF MAIZE GENE POOLS AT HIGH PLANT DENSITIES. I. EFFECT ON POPULATION STRUCTURE
Authors: SMITH C. S. , KANNENBERG L. W. , HUNTER R. B.
Published: March 2010

It has been stated that in new gene pools, several generations of random mating should precede artificial selection. The effects of such an approach were studied in four maize (Zea mays L.) gene pools which differed in degree of diversity, adaptation, and number of previous cycles of recombination. The gene pools were developed for several generations under open pollination and high plant densities. Seed was bulked from standing plants which were bordered, disease-free, and produced a well-filled, normally developed ear; this included 0.5–3% of the total plant stand. Various generations of each gene pool were compared to determine any changes in plant characteristics and extent of genetic variability. The major phenotypic changes occurred during the first one or two generations of random mating and were those that allowed the population to make maximum use of the available growing season: the earliest maturing population became later and larger in stature; conversely, the least adapted population became earlier and smaller in stature. The general tendency in all gene pools was a decrease in estimates of genetic variability from early to later generations. Estimates of genetic variability tended to be highest in populations containing exotic materials.
ETUDE AGRO-ECOLOGIQUE DANS LE COMTE DE RIVIERE-DU-LOUP: ASPECT AGRONOMIQUE
Authors: DESCHENES J. M. , ST-PIERRE J. C. , BELZILE L.
Published: March 2010

Agronomic tests involving forage kale, silage corn, three cereals, three legumes and four grasses were performed in four ecological habitats. Differences in yield were found and three agronomic regions were determined. All species except wheat and clovers (red and white) performed very well in the middle and lower slopes of the appalachian highlands, characterized by the bent grass–red fescue association. Forage kale, corn and grasses gave good yields in the sandy soil region characterized by the poverty grass–mouse-eared hawkweed association whereas cereal and legume yields were low. In the lowlands dominated by red fescue, forage kale, cereals except wheat and grasses except bromegrass showed good performance whereas silage corn and legumes gave very poor yields. Within the county, forage kale gave the best yield and wheat the worst. In general, yield and persistence of legumes were poor in all regions but alfalfa performed fairly well in the middle and lower slopes of the highland. Grasses showed good adaptation and performance everywhere except bromegrass in the lowland region. Drainage, soil pH and natural fertility were the obvious limiting ecological factors responsible for yield differences among species and regions.
EFFECT OF MINERAL NUTRITION ON COOKING QUALITY OF LENTILS
Authors: WASSIMI N. , ABU-SHAKRA S. , TANNOUS R. , HALLAB A. H.
Published: March 2010

A pot experiment was conducted on lentils to study the influence of major and trace elements on the cooking quality of a hard cooking lentil. Cooking quality was significantly influenced by mineral nutrition. Adequate levels of major and trace elements contributed to good cooking. Plants watered with adequate levels of N, P, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn, and a high level of K (210 ppm) produced the fastest-cooking lentils. A combination of high levels of K and Na in the seed was associated with good cooking quality. No direct relationship was found between phytic acid content in the seed and cooking quality.
SENSING DURATION OF LEAF MOISTURE RETENTION USING ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE GRIDS
Authors: GILLESPIE T. J. , KIDD G. E.
Published: March 2010

The duration of moisture retention on mock leaf sensors made from electrical impedance grids was purposely manipulated by changing the color and angle of deployment of these sensors. The duration of moisture retention varied up to 2 h 50 min, depending on the type of moisture deposited (rain or dew) and the conditions during drying. Comparisons were made with onion (Allium cepa L.) foliage where a very light gray mock leaf indicated complete drying of the crop with a maximum error of 27 min while a DeWit Leafwet Recorder had a maximum error of 90 min. A simple AC-powered circuit for recording leaf wetness is described. Also, for use in remote locations, a battery-powered system was constructed that utilized integrated circuits for low power consumption.
KERNEL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT AT TWO POSITIONS ON THE EAR OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS)
Authors: TOLLENAAR M. , DAYNARD T. B.
Published: March 2010

Studies were conducted in 1975 at Guelph, Ontario, to examine kernel growth and development at two positions on the ear of the maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids United-H106 and Funk’s G-4444. Development of kernels at the base and at the tip of the ear was studied from 2 wk before silk emergence to black layer formation. Kernels at the tip of the ear lagged 4–5 days in development behind kernels at the base of the ear during the period from the start of silk growth to the onset of LDMP (the period of linear dry matter accumulation of the kernels). Tip kernels on 25% of the ears of United-H106 ceased dry matter accumulation at the onset of LDMP. Differences in kernel dry weight at black layer formation between basal and tip kernels of Funk’s G-4444 ears, and ears of United-H106 in which tip-kernel growth had not ceased at the onset of LDMP could be attributed to a shorter duration of LDMP of tip kernels and a lower rate of tip-kernel dry matter accumulation during LDMP. LDMP of tip kernels did not stop at an earlier date than LDMP of basal kernels. The lower rate of tip-kernel dry matter accumulation during LDMP may be attributable to a lower volume of tip kernels at the onset of LDMP.
SPONTANEOUS SOMATIC MUTATION FREQUENCY FOR SEED COLOR IN A MUTABLE CHICKPEA PURE LINE AND ITS MODIFICATION BY CHEMICAL MUTAGENS
Authors: NIKNEJAD M. , KHERADNAM M. , KHOSH-KHUI M.
Published: March 2010

A highly mutable chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) pure line, producing two seed colors, is described. Black seeds of the pure line when planted produced 35.66, 3.33 and 61.33% of all-black, all-mottled and mixed individuals, whereas mottled seeds of the same pure line produced 23.16, 5.33 and 71.16% of the same three groups, respectively. Spontaneous mutation rate per plant was quite high (0.50) and on the average, black seed color was 2.7 times more stable than mottled seed color. Treatment with two chemical mutagens, namely ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) and sodium azide (NaN3), caused no significant changes in mutation frequencies.
GROWTH OF BARLEY, BROMEGRASS AND ALFALFA IN THE GREENHOUSE IN SOIL CONTAINING RAPESEED AND WHEAT RESIDUES
Authors: WADDINGTON J.
Published: March 2010

Under greenhouse conditions, incorporating ground straw in the soil at rates between 2,240 and 8,970 kg/ha reduced the emergence of alfalfa (Medicago media Pers. cv. Beaver) significantly (P < 0.05) and bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss cv. Magna) slightly, but had no effect on barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Conquest). Rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Target and B. campestris L. cv. Echo) straws were more damaging than wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Manitou) straw. Symptoms of severe nitrogen deficiency appeared early in the growth of barley where straw had been added to the soil. The effect on tillering varied. In one experiment tillers were smaller, in one tillers were larger; but in both, total leaf area produced was much less where 8,970 kg/ha of straw had been added to the soil. Bromegrass showed the same effects but to a lesser degree, probably because of slower growth requiring a smaller supply of nitrogen. Alfalfa growth was apparently unaffected. There was no evidence that the straw of either rapeseed species was more deleterious than wheat straw to crop growth after emergence. It is concluded that straw incorporated in soil affected barley and bromegrass growth by reducing the availability of nitrogen.
BRUCE BARLEY
Authors: REINBERGS E.
Published: March 2010

Bruce is a new six-rowed spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with very good lodging resistance, high yield, and good tolerance to Cochliobolus sativus. It is a non-malting, mid-season cultivar well adapted to Ontario. It was licensed on 21 March 1977. Breeder seed of Bruce is maintained by the Crop Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario.
OBTENTION D’UNE SOUCHE DE LUZERNE RESISTANTE A L’ANTHRACNOSE
Authors: RICHARD C. , MICHAUD R. , GAGNON C.
Published: March 2010

not available
CHILCOTIN RED RASPBERRY
Authors: DAUBENY HUGH A.
Published: March 2010

Chilcotin red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is a new cultivar which produces high yields of bright red fruit. It appears particularly well-adapted to fresh market outlets.
INTERACTION OF CULTIVAR AND SEEDING RATE ON VARIOUS AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FLAX
Authors: GUBBELS G. H.
Published: March 2010

Three flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivars, Linott, Noralta and Nored, were grown in the field in 1971, 1972 and 1973 at seeding rates of 100, 250, 400, 550, 700, 850, and 1,000 seeds/m2. Certain interactions between cultivar and seeding rate occurred but none was consistent from year to year. Soil moisture and weather played an important role in yearly yield patterns. Lodging in 1973 reduced yield, weight per seed and oil percentage. The stage of maturity when wind and heavy rain occurred markedly affected the degree of lodging. Lodging increased with increase in seeding rate and corresponded to a decrease in the number of basal branches per plant. Nored branched more profusely than Noralta and Linott. Seed yields in 1971 and 1972 were relatively stable over a fourfold increase in seeding rate, showing the remarkable ability of the flax plant to compensate for low plant stands.
EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION AND NITROGEN ON A NATURAL PASTURE SWARD
Authors: BLACK W. N.
Published: March 2010

Irrigation and nitrogen (N) requirements of a natural pasture sward were studied on a Charlottetown sandy loam soil over a 5-yr period. The soil moisture content at the 0-to 15- and 15- to 30-cm depths was determined at from 7- to 10-day intervals, while irrometer soil moisture readings at 15-, 30-, and 45-cm depths were recorded more frequently during the grazing seasons. Soil moisture content in irrigated plots averaged 92 and 94% of field capacity, respectively, at 0- to 15- and 15- to 30-cm sampling depths. In non-irrigated plots, corresponding values were 77 and 82%. N treatments resulted in significant dry matter (DM) increases over untreated plots. Yield differences among plots receiving 56, 84, and 112 kg of N/ha in mid-June and again in mid-August were not significant. Early spring and September applications of N at 56 kg/ha, combined with mid-June and early August supplements of N at 84 kg/ha were superior to all other treatments in prolonging the grazing period. Neither irrigation nor N affected the characteristic yield decline of naturally occurring forage species in mid- and late-season. Mean DM production for the 5-yr period, and for years, showed no significant N treatment × moisture level interaction. While irrigation failed to increase yields significantly, livestock preferred to graze the irrigated plots. As a result of less competition from grasses, volunteer white clover became better established, and constituted a larger percentage of the sward than on non-irrigated plots.
THE EFFECT OF FRUIT SIZE AND METHOD OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE APPLICATION ON FRUIT CALCIUM CONTENT AND BREAKDOWN IN SPARTAN APPLE
Authors: LIDSTER P. D. , PORRITT S. W. , EATON G. W.
Published: March 2010

Four sprays of 0.6% CaCl2, one spray of 2% or 4% CaCl2, and postharvest dips in 4% CaCl2 each decreased the incidence of breakdown in Spartan apple (Malus pumila Mill.). Fruit Ca levels were significantly increased by each CaCl2 treatment except the 2% CaCl2 spray applied 2 wk prior to harvest. The postharvest dip was more effective in increasing fruit Ca levels and decreasing the incidence of breakdown than the Ca spray applications in one orchard. Combining all three methods of Ca application resulted in the greatest increase in tissue Ca. A 4% CaCl2 spray or dip caused some injury to fruit from one orchard. Increases in fruit Ca content as a result of sprays or dips were consistently greater in fruit from one orchard than the other.
EFFECTS OF AMENDING SOILLESS GROWING MIXTURES WITH SOIL CONTAINING ANTAGONISTIC ORGANISMS ON ROOT ROT AND BLACKLEG OF GERANIUM (PELARGONIUM HORTORUM) CAUSED BY PYTHIUM SPLENDENS
Authors: BOLTON A. T.
Published: March 2010

The addition of Trichoderma viride and a Streptomyces sp. to two commercial soilless mixtures infested with Pythium splendens delayed, by 22–28 days, the expression of severe disease symptoms in rooted geranium cuttings. An isolate of Penicillium funiculosum that also showed antagonism to P. splendens in culture had no significant effect on the disease. When steamed soil in which the three organisms were natural inhabitants was added to a P. splendens-infested mixture of peat–vermiculite–turface (4:4:1) the degree of protection obtained was directly proportional to the amount of soil added.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 28. Verbascum Thapsus L. and V. Blattaria L.
Authors: GROSS KATHERINE L. , WERNER PATRICIA A.
Published: March 2010

Verbascum thapsus L., common mullein, and V. blattaria L., moth mullein, are introduced weeds of pasture, abandoned fields, and roadsides occurring in widely-spaced, but dense patches in Southern Ontario, Quebec, the Maritime Provinces, British Columbia and throughout the U.S.A. Original research and information from other studies are incorporated into a summary of the biology of these two fugitive plant species.
PLANT AND INSECT AGE AS FACTORS IN THE TRANSMISSION OF CLOVER PHYLLODY (GREEN PETAL) AGENT TO STRAWBERRY BY APHRODES BICINCTUS
Authors: CHIYKOWSKI L. N. , CRAIG D. L.
Published: March 2010

Plants of various ages of strawberry cvs. Redcoat and Sparkle were exposed to Aphrodes bicinctus leafhoppers carrying clover phyllody agent (CPA). The susceptibility of Redcoat decreased with age but this effect was less obvious with Sparkle. The ability of A. bicinctus to transmit CPA to Sparkle also decreased as the insects aged after they had acquired the causal agent. No differences were observed between two isolates of CPA in their transmission to four strawberry cultivars. Redchief and Sparkle were the most susceptible cultivars with approximately 67% of the plants becoming infected. Redcoat and Bounty showed infection rates of 39% and 46%, respectively.
EFFECTS OF ROTATION AND NITROGEN ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF POTATOES
Authors: O’SULLIVAN JOHN
Published: March 2010

The effects of eight rates of N, ranging from 0 to 245 kg/ha, on yield, specific gravity and petiole nitrate content of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) grown continuously in the same soil and in a 2-yr rotation with corn were evaluated over a 4-yr period. Yields under continuous potato culture were lower than yields in the corn-potato rotation. Soil infestation with Verticillium wilt (Verticillium albo-atrum) was a factor contributing to this yield reduction. The response pattern to added N was identical for both planting systems each year and was best described by a quadratic curve. The optimum rate of N for maximum yield under the irrigated, coarse-textured soil conditions of this experiment was about 175 kg/ha. This is 40 kg higher than the current N recommendation for potatoes in Ontario. Specific gravity under continuous potato culture was significantly reduced each year, but rates of N sufficient for maximum yield did not reduce specific gravity. Tissue nitrate-N reflected the rate of N applied and was significantly higher in petioles from continuous potato plots on the second sampling date.
A SILAGE CORING DEVICE
Authors: McLAUGHLIN N. B.
Published: March 2010

The silage coring device consisted of a rotating tube with a sharp smooth cutting edge, and a 12-volt electric motor powered by an automobile battery. The device was used to drill vertical cores from the silage surface to the silo floor. Total dry matter in a horizontal silo was estimated from the core dimensions and dry weight.
HYDROCYANIC ACID CONTENT IN SOME WILD MANIHOT (CASSAVA) SPECIES
Authors: NASSAR NAGIB M. A. , FICHTNER SUZETTE S.
Published: March 2010

Tubers of five wild Manihot species collected in Central Brazil were analyzed for hydrocyanic acid (HCN) content. The one with lowest HCN content, M. oligantha subsp. nesteli, may be useful in a cassava breeding program.
FIELD MEASUREMENT OF DROPLET DRIFT FROM GROUND SPRAYERS. I. SAMPLING, ANALYTICAL, AND DATA INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES
Authors: GROVER R. , KERR L. A. , MAYBANK J. , YOSHIDA K.
Published: March 2010

A procedure for the evaluation of ground deposits and droplet drift characteristics from a typical farm sprayer under actual field conditions is described. It involves sampling both the ground deposits on the swath and the air-borne cloud mass, the latter at various heights and distances downwind from the target area. The system was evaluated with the commonly used 65° flat-fan nozzles operated at 280 kPa which provided an application rate of 0.56 kg/ha of 2,4-D amine (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) in 56 ℓ water/ha. The spray solution also contained a fluorescent dye as a tracer. A portable meteorological station, where a number of meteorological parameters can be measured or recorded during the course of a field trial, is also described. Results of four field trials are presented with discussion regarding on-swath deposit density and its distribution over the swath, off-swath drifting cloud mass and its deposition and decay as a function of distance, and mass balance.
DISTRIBUTION OF PHOTOSYNTHATES AFTER 14CO2 ASSIMILATION BY STEMS, LEAVES, AND PODS OF RAPE PLANTS
Authors: MAJOR D. J. , BOLE J. B. , CHARNETSKI W. A.
Published: March 2010

Rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Zephyr) plants were allowed to assimilate 14CO2 through lower and upper stem internodes, leaves, and pods. Lower stem internodes exported few 14C-labelled assimilates. Lower leaves exported assimilates to the roots, whereas upper stems and leaves exported primarily to seeds and pods. Pods did not export labelled assimilates to other pods or plant parts but labelled photosynthate was detected in seed of the treated pod. The older the pod was, the greater the amount of radioactivity detected in the seed. Pods were also sinks for labelled assimilates from upper stem internodes and leaves.
TOTAL REDUCING SUGAR, FRUCTOSE AND GLUCOSE CONCENTRATIONS AND ROOT YIELD OF TWO CHICORY CULTIVARS AS AFFECTED BY IRRIGATION, FERTILIZER AND HARVEST DATES
Authors: CHUBEY B. B. , DORRELL D. G.
Published: March 2010

The effects of several management practices on the carbohydrate composition and root yield of two chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) cultivars were investigated during two successive seasons. Supplemental irrigation and fertilizer did not affect the carbohydrate quality and yield parameters. The two cultivars varied considerably in their performance in the 2 yr, ranging from 17.4 to 19.2% in total reducing sugars of which 79.2–81.9% was fructose and 18.1–20.8% was glucose. Root yields ranged from 20.08 to 35.68 T/ha. Delayed harvesting in both years increased root yield, total reducing sugars and glucose concentrations but decreased fructose concentration. Chicory has the potential of producing a good quality carbohydrate product and deserves serious consideration as a high fructose crop.
THIOCYANATE ION, A HYDROLYSIS PRODUCT OF GLUCOSINOLATES FROM RAPE AND MUSTARD SEED
Authors: McGREGOR D. I.
Published: March 2010

Seed meals from commercial cultivars and breeding lines of Brassica napus and B. campestris rapeseed and B. juncea mustard, when incubated with a yellow mustard (B. hirta) myrosinase isolate, released between 5.4 and 13.1 μmoles of thiocyanate ion per gram of oil-free meal. Low glucosinolate rapeseed cultivars released amounts (8.6–11.4 μmoles) similar to that released by normal glucosinolate cultivars (10.1–13.1 μmoles). Mustard cultivars released less thiocyanate ion (5.4–6.9 μmoles). Stoichiometric agreement between analysis for glucose, sulphate and the combined isothiocyanates and thiocyanate ion released from aqueous extracts of B. napus cv. Tower meal which had been incubated with the myrosinase isolate indicated that in addition to isothiocyanates, thiocyanate ion is a product of glucosinolate hydrolysis. Thus the indirect determination of the glucosinolate content of rapeseed and brown or Oriental mustard seed by analysis for the isothiocyanate hydrolysis products should be complemented by analysis for thiocyanate ion.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AQUATIC MACROPHYTES I. INVESTIGATION OF ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS AND NUTRITIONAL POTENTIAL
Authors: MUZTAR A. JABBAR , SLINGER S. J. , BURTON J. H.
Published: March 2010

Chemical analyses were conducted on unwashed samples of four aquatic plant species harvested at three progressive dates during 1974. All species showed an extremely high ash content. The ash content increased in Potamogeton spp. with progress in the harvesting time and varied only slightly in Cladophora glomerata. Myriophyllum spicatum and Vallisneria americana, harvested in September, were second growth, which was reflected in the much lower ash and considerably higher organic nutrient levels. The neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) level tended to be higher in all species for samples harvested in September. Acid-detergent fiber (ADF) was also higher during the same month except in Potamogeton spp. With the exception of Potamogeton spp., the level of acid-detergent lignin (ADL) was similar in all species at the different dates. Both NDF and ADF values were inflated because of unavoidable contamination with mineral matter. A further experiment with washed and unwashed plant samples harvested the following year showed that washing decreased the ash content markedly, in most cases with a concomitant increase in proximate constituents and gross energy values. All species, either washed or unwashed, were very low in dry matter (5–20%); the NDF and ADF levels for most plants were similar to those of alfalfa, while ADL content was relatively low. Results indicated that aquatic macrophytes would have nutritive value similar to alfalfa; however, their high ash and low dry matter contents would necessitate quality control and additional processing for possible use as feedstuffs.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AQUATIC MACROPHYTES. III. MINERAL COMPOSITION OF FRESHWATER MACROPHYTES AND THEIR POTENTIAL FOR MINERAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM LAKE WATER
Authors: MUZTAR A. JABBAR , SLINGER S. J. , BURTON J. H.
Published: March 2010

Mineral composition of aquatic plants from Chemung Lake and Lake Ontario was investigated. The four species harvested at progressive dates in 1974 showed no trend of variation in their individual mineral contents. This was probably because some dates did not correspond with a specific growth stage. All the four species harvested at three dates, except Myriophyllum spicatum and Vallisneria americana collected in September, were extremely high in ash. Myriophyllum and Vallisneria harvested in September represented immature plants, since these were obtained from sites harvested previously and consequently were much lower in ash. Calcium and phosphorus levels varied with the ash content, with the former being the major cation in all species. Analyses of washed and unwashed samples of several macrophytes harvested in 1975 showed that extremely high ash was the result of surface calcification with CaCO3. Silica, Co, Cu and Se were present at safe levels for feeding to animals. Results indicated that harvesting aquatic plants has the potential to remove large quantities of mineral nutrients from the aquatic environment, and feeding good quality plants to herbivore and poultry could meet their requirements for many of the mineral elements.
REACTION OF ETHIOPIAN BARLEYS TO CANADIAN BARLEY PATHOGENS
Authors: METCALFE D. R. , CHIKO A. W. , MARTENS J. W. , TEKAUZ A.
Published: March 2010

Evaluation of 226 barleys from Ethiopia for disease reaction to pathogens prevalent in Canada indicated that this region is a good source of resistance to Pyrenophora teres and Septoria passerinii but not to Cochliobolus sativus, Puccinia graminis tritici or barley stripe mosaic virus. Barleys with resistance to Ustilago nuda were confined to a relatively small area within the region.
EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTIBIOTICS FOR CONTROL OF BACTERIAL SPOT OF PEACH IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: DHANVANTARI B. N. , DIRKS V. A. , BROWN R. J.
Published: March 2010

Orchard experiments in southwestern Ontario showed that both oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC) and streptomycin sulfate significantly [Formula: see text] reduced defoliation and/or leaf infection due to bacterial spot (Xanthomonas pruni (E.F.Sm.) Dows.) in peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). Fruit infection was also similarly reduced by OTC but data for streptomycin was limited by the low incidence of bacterial spot in the dry summer of 1976. Schedules of 8 OTC or streptomycin sprays or 4 OTC sprays were as effective as extended schedules of 12 sprays. Both OTC and streptomycin sprays reduced leaf surface populations of X. pruni. There was no detectable residue of OTC in peaches sampled 20–30 days after the last spray. In monitoring trials in 1977, OTC-resistant isolates of X. pruni were not found.
AXILLARY SHOOT STIMULATION AND PLANT DEVELOPMENT OF COLEUS TREATED WITH CERTAIN PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
Authors: KHOSH-KHUI M. , ROUHANI I. , SHAYBANY B.
Published: March 2010

N6-benzyladenine (BA), indoleacetic acid (IAA) and 2-choroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) were applied to pinched and non-pinched plants of four cultivars of coleus (Coleus blumei Benth). All growth regulators increased the number of branches of treated plants, with 800 ppm BA having the most prominent effect. Ethephon treatments dwarfed the plants and decreased leaf size, while BA and IAA enhanced these characters. Plants treated with ethephon developed more leaves in most of the cultivars, as compared with the other two growth regulators. BA-treated plants had lower, and IAA-treated plants had higher, shoot fresh and dry weights than controls.
UNIPARENTAL INHERITANCE OF CHLOROPLAST ATRAZINE TOLERANCE IN BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS
Authors: MACHADO V. SOUZA , BANDEEN J. D. , STEPHENSON G. R. , LAVIGNE P.
Published: March 2010

Reciprocal difference for chloroplast atrazine tolerance in F1 reciprocal crosses of Brassica campestris L. weed biotypes indicated uniparental inheritance through the female parent. Atrazine tolerance at the chloroplast level and the inheritance of chloroplast components are discussed.
THE ROLE OF TRITICUM CARTHLICUM IN THE ORIGIN OF BREAD WHEAT BASED ON GLIADIN ELECTROPHOREGRAMS
Authors: BUSHUK W. , KERBER E. R.
Published: March 2010

Gliadin electrophoregrams (a genotypic characteristic) of five strains of Triticum carthlicum (2n − 28 = AABB) were compared with those of Tetra Canthatch, the AABB component extracted from Canthatch (2n = 42 = AABBDD) common bread wheat and T. durum cv. Stewart to determine if T. carthlicum could have been the donor of the AABB component of hexaploid wheat. Similar comparisons were made among electrophoregrams of synthetic hexaploids (2n = 42 = AABBDD) produced from T. carthlicum and Aegilops squarrosa (2n = 14 = DD) and Tetra Canthatch and the same strains of Ae. Squarrosa. The five strains of T. carthlicum could be classified into two distinct groups on the basis of the electrophoregrams. One was more like that of Tetra Canthatch than the other. Synthetic hexaploids derived from one of three strains of Ae. squarrosa (strangulata varietal group) investigated, produced electrophoregrams similar to those of the natural hexaploid cultivars. The electrophoregrams of six synthetic hexaploids from three strains of Ae. squarrosa and Tetra Canthatch, and three strains of T. carthlicum did not have any bands not present in the diploid and tetraploid parents. On the basis of the gliadin electrophoregrams of three of the T. carthlicum strains examined and the synthetic hexaploids produced from them, T. carthlicum cannot be excluded as a possible progenitor of the AABB component of common hexaploid wheat.
SURVIVAL, YIELD, PROTEIN CONTENT, AND BAKING QUALITY OF HARD RED WINTER WHEATS GROWN UNDER VARIOUS FERTILIZER PRACTICES IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: PITTMAN U. J. , TIPPLES K. H.
Published: March 2010

Plant populations and grain yield of hard red winter wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in southern Alberta were differentially affected by applied N and P fertilizers. The cultivar Sundance generally yielded more grain than did Winalta, Kharkov 22 MC, or Jones Fife. Protein content of the grain was generally increased by applications of N fertilizer but relatively unaffected by applied P. There was little inherent change in milling and baking quality with increasing protein content. Winalta maintained good milling and baking quality over a wide range of protein contents with no weakening at the higher protein levels. Kharkov 22 MC showed slightly lower milling and baking qualities at high protein levels of the grain.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 32 Chenopodium album L.
Authors: BASSETT I. J. , CROMPTON C. W.
Published: March 2010

In Canada, lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album L.) occurs in disturbed habitats in every province, the Yukon and the Northwest Territories. A key is provided separating two other closely related weedy species, C. berlandieri Moq. ssp. zschackei (Murr.) Zobel and C. strictum Roth var. glaucophyllum (Aellen) Wahl from C. album. The biology of C. album, the most common weedy species in the genus, is discussed.
PERENNIALS AND ANNUALS FOR WINTER FODDER PRODUCTION IN THE DRIER PORTIONS OF THE CANADIAN PRAIRIES
Authors: KILCHER M. R.
Published: March 2010

Small grain cereals such as oats or wheat, when grown on fallowed land, provided fodder yields as high as or higher than those obtained from perennial forage containing alfalfa. However, on a land base comparison, yields of perennial crops were about double those of cereal grains. A 3-yr rotation using annuals in a crop–crop–fallow sequence improved the yield relationship over a crop–fallow rotation only marginally in this semiarid region. Yields of corn or sunflower row crops in rotations with fallow, or with cereals and fallow, were highly variable. Crude protein yields of the perennial forage crops on a given land base were about threefold those from annual crops.
THE EFFECTS OF LEAF REMOVAL ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF BRASSICA NAPUS
Authors: CLARKE J. M.
Published: March 2010

The effects of time of leaf removal on Brassica napus L. were studied under field conditions at Saskatoon in 1976 and at Swift Current in 1977. Leaf removal at the start of flowering reduced the number of pods per plant, increased seed weight, and reduced seed yield. Leaf removal at the end of flowering did not affect yield or its components.
INFLUENCE OF SUNLIGHT ON METRIBUZIN INJURY TO TRANSPLANTED TOMATOES
Authors: FRIESEN G. H. , HAMILL A. S.
Published: March 2010

Metribuzin (4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one), applied alone or following soil-incorporated treatments of dinitroaniline-type herbicides to transplanted tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in field experiments over a 3-yr period, 1974–76 inclusive, showed that application following 72 h of cloudy conditions resulted in delayed maturity and reduced yields in some years. Pretreatment with a dinitoraniline herbicide did not increase metribuzin phytotoxicity in these experiments.
WHEAT: RELATIONS BETWEEN SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Authors: TKACHUK RUSSELL , KUZINA F. D.
Published: March 2010

Hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars were examined for variations in protein and moisture content, density, porosity, hectoliter (bushel) weight, and kernel weight. Interrelationship and correlations were determined between these properties. A moisture increase in the wheat caused a decrease in hectoliter weight and kernel density and an increase in kernel weight. An inverse correlation was found between density and protein content. A negative correlation was found between hectoliter weight and protein content, indicating that low hectoliter weight, usually considered an undesirable property, can actually indicate higher protein content.
EFFECT OF BARLEY YELLOW DWARF VIRUS ON N, P, K FERTILIZER EFFICIENCY AND ON THE HARVEST INDEX OF OATS
Authors: COMEAU A. , BARNETT G.
Published: March 2010

Fertilizer did not increase the yield of grain or straw of severely BYDV-infected susceptible oats. A tolerant oat line (Pendek) benefited from fertilizer even when BYDV-inoculated, though with lower efficiency than when it was not inoculated. The harvest index (grain weight/total weight of aerial parts) was changed slightly by fertilizer application, but it was a good indicator of plant tolerance to BYDV regardless of soil fertility.
OIL AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF AVENA SPECIES COLLECTED IN NORTH AFRICA, EAST AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST
Authors: MARTENS J. W. , BAKER R. J. , McKENZIE R. I. H. , RAJHATHY T.
Published: March 2010

Field collections of Avena sterilis from 13 regions of Africa and the Middle East were increased in Canada. Groats from 251 collections were analyzed for oil and protein content and whole grains from 1316 collections were analyzed for protein content only. Results indicated that the Aegean–Mediterranean region of Turkey was the area of origin for samples with the highest oil content with levels of 8% being common. Israel, the Thrace–Marmara and the eastern regions of Turkey and the Caspian region of Iran were next highest. With few exceptions, the highest oil content samples originated in coastal areas. Collections with lowest oil content came from Iraq and the Interior region of Iran. Groat protein determinations indicated that collections with the highest protein content, over 28% in some samples, came from Iraq, southeastern Turkey and adjacent Syria. Iran appeared to be a relatively low protein content area. The whole grain samples produced similar results with Iraq indicated as the highest protein content area, followed by the Black Sea and central regions of Turkey and Ethiopia. The whole kernel protein content of the A. byzantina group of collections was approximately equal to the highest protein contents A. sterilis group, and A. abyssinica and A. vaviloviana exceeded the highest A. sterilis group in protein content.
GERMINATION STUDIES OF BAKEAPPLE (CLOUDBERRY) SEEDS
Authors: WARR HAROLD J. , SAVORY DIANE R. , BAL ARYA K.
Published: March 2010

Bakeapple seeds do not germinate unless the tough and boney endocarp is broken down or removed. Nicking of the seedcoat and the endosperm pellicle is also a necessary factor for germination. Evidence for the occurrence of a cyanogenetic compound is presented, which possibly prevents germination, if the seedcoat is left intact. Gibberellic acid (GA3) significantly promoted germination, while kinetin showed a trend in that direction.
AN EXAMINATION OF FIVE SAMPLING METHODS UNDER RANDOM AND CLUSTERED DISEASE DISTRIBUTIONS USING SIMULATION
Authors: LIN C. S. , POUSHINSKY G. , MAUER M.
Published: March 2010

Two fields with random disease distribution and eight fields with clustered disease distribution were simulated at each of five disease incidence levels (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% infected plants). Five sampling methods differing with respect to field area covered (whole field vs. demarcated area of 1/8 of the field), and shape of path (X, W, and diagonal) were applied to these fields. Each path was considered to have four arms and two sampling sizes were used, 3 sites and 10 sites per arm. The variation within field showed that arm effects were significant for clustered disease distribution with 10-site sampling. Increasing sample size within arms decreased the coefficient of variation percentage and increased the precision of estimates for random disease distribution, but no similar improvement was observed for clustered disease distribution. The precision was of the same magnitude for all methods under the random disease conditions; however, it differed considerably for clustered distributions: in general the magnitude of variability for an X- or W-shaped path covering the entire field was about one-half of that for a diagonal path and about one-quarter of that for the methods covering only a portion of the field.
LES EFFETS DU pH ET DES ENGRAIS SUR LA PRODUCTION DU TABAC A CIGARETTE
Authors: LAMARRE MICHEL
Published: March 2010

A 4-yr study was carried out to determine how pH and fertilizers influence agronomic and morphological data on flue-cured tobacco. The experiment, which included 18 treatments, was carried out on sand belonging to the Uplands series. The best yield and ripest tobacco were obtained after liming to achieve a pH of 5.5–6.0. Modest applications of lime affected quality and lowered gross revenue. The tobacco was more fully developed when the pH value was between 5.5 and 6.0. With regard to fertilizer applications, the best results were obtained with 1,346 to 2,018 kg/ha of 2-12–12T tobacco fertilizer.
EFFECTS OF HARVEST SCHEDULES AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON YIELDS, QUALITY, AND GROUND COVER OF BROMEGRASS
Authors: KUNELIUS H. T.
Published: March 2010

Dry matter (DM) and in vitro digestible DM (IVDDM) yields of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) were greater for schedule with harvest at full heading whereas percentage total N and percentage IVDDM were greater for heads emerging schedule. Applied N increased DM production from 26.2 to 4.3 kg DM/kg N. Total N concentrations of tissue and N yields had linear responses to applied N. There was a considerable reduction in the ground cover by bromegrass that was not influenced by rates of N or harvest schedule.
RESISTANCE OF CHENOPODIUM STRICTUM ROTH (LATE-FLOWERING GOOSEFOOT) TO ATRAZINE
Authors: WARWICK S. I. , MACHADO V. SOUZA , BANDEEN J. D. , MARRIAGE P. B.
Published: March 2010

Atrazine resistant and susceptible biotypes are described for Chenopodium strictum Roth. Between-biotype differences in morphology and chromosome number were not apparent. Features distinguishing C. strictum from closely related C. album, another species known to exhibit differential response to atrazine, are reviewed.
ETABLISSEMENT DE FONCTIONS DE PRODUCTION N-P-K POUR LE TABAC A CIGARETTE AU QUEBEC
Authors: LAMARRE M. , CESCAS M. P.
Published: March 2010

Field fertilization tests were carried out with cigarette tobacco to determine production functions. Nitrogen was applied at rates of 0, 12, 27 and 40 kg/ha. Phosphorus was applied at rates of 0, 49, 73 and 122 kg/ha, and potassium at rates of 0, 93, 139 and 232 kg/ha. The nitrogen and potassium had a significant bearing on the yield. The yield response curves showed decreasing ratios. Yield predictions were developed to study the yield surfaces and economic optima. In order to obtain the least costly combinations of N and K, we found the equations of the marginal physical product, the isoquants for various yields and the isoclines. On the basis of the cost combinations and the optimum rates of application of N and K for various situations, we concluded that an economical and balanced fertilizer formula, as is currently recommended, should be used, but that the quantities of K could be increased in relation to the quantities currently recommended.