bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review on the Key Features of the National Education Policy 2020 in the Context to Pre-school Education and its Expected Impact
Authors: Gandhi Renu
Published: June 2021

Purpose: The New Education Policy (NEP-2020) aimed to revitalize the early childhood care and education (ECCE) program as ≈ 85 % of child’s cumulative brain proliferation occurs prior to 6 years. This initiative is made with special emphasis for socio-economically disadvantaged background communities to ensure better paradigm development of each preschooler. It will allow each child to flourish in life and enhance its skills to give better output in the future and be a useful citizen for the nation. Current digital India and Atma Nirbhar Bharat make it imperative to revitalize each member of the community with mandatory basic skills. For instance, basic financial transactions, online job application forms, electricity bills, fee payments, home shopping, and many more. The pandemic situation has amended the turmoil among the community, which again necessitates basic learning among people. India had made a remarkable stride through initiatives like “Right to Education Act” and “Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan” to ensure the maximum spread of literacy across the nation. With the current unprecedented scenario, a spurring behavior needs to be established to identify key features of NEP-2020, its role, implication, future impact and role of various stakeholders associated. The Present review aims to understand an imperative approach of NEP-2020 towards preschooler’s development and its significance for disadvantaged groups and non-literate members of the community. Design: Identifying the significance of preschool education programs and implementation strategies proposed by NEP 2020. Originality/ Value: The positive impact of NEP-2020 in the development of foundation skills of preschoolers and spread of ECCE program to each section of community to ensure well development of preschooler’s stage. Paper type: Review article.
Relação entre Emoção e Alimentação de Consumidores Idosos
Authors: Nunes Mylena Neres , Spanhol-Finocchio Caroline Pauletto , Quevedo-Silva Filipe , Lima-Filho Dario De Oliveira
Published: June 2021

Considerando o crescimento no número de pessoas com 60 anos de idade ou mais, torna-se relevante conhecer o seu perfil e suas preferências de consumo, uma vez que representam um importante segmento de mercado. Este estudo investigou as emoções evocadas pelos idosos em resposta ao consumo de dois distintos tipos de alimento - churrasco e salada. Também se verificou o impacto das emoções na avaliação, recomendação e intenção de recompra. Foi utilizado o modelo EsSence Profile composto por 39 atributos de emoção classificados em positivos, neutros e negativos. Foram entrevistados 103 idosos. Os resultados revelaram a predominância de emoções positivas, especialmente quando comparadas às negativas, nos dois tipos de alimento. Emoções positivas como satisfeito, feliz, prazeroso e agradável foram experienciadas com maior frequência. Os resultados indicaram que as respostas emocionais foram altamente preditivas para a avaliação, recomendação e intenção de comer novamente os alimentos pesquisados.
Solvent and moleculer structure effects on acidity strength in non-aqueous medium
Authors: BAHÇECİ Şule , OCAK Zafer , YILDIRIM Nuri , YÜKSEK Haydar
Published: June 2021

The acidic properties of ten 3-alkyl(aryl)-4-[3-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzylidenamino]-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-one derivatives were investigated. In this study, isopropyl alcohol and tert‐butanol were used as an amphiprotic solvent. Aceton and N,N‐ dimethylformamide (DMF) were preferred as a dipolar aprotic solvent. Compounds were titrated with tetrabuthylamonnium hydroxide (TBAH) in isopropyl alcohol and titrimetric analyses were used potentiometric method determining the end-points, half-neutralization method determining acidity. Typical S-shaped titration graphs excepted were determined. The acidity strengths of 4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-one derivatives in amphiprotic and dipolar aprotic solvents were calculated using tables and graphs. The pKa values obtained in the solvents were found to be differentiated. The effects of solvent, molecular structure, autoprotolysis constant dielectric constant, and leveling‐differentiation effects of the solvents upon acidity strength of the compounds were discussed.
Evaluation of Two Commercial Kits for Rapid Detection and Typing of Carbapenemase in Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales
Authors: Lee Seunghoo , Hur Kyu-Hwa , Chung Yunsil , Sung Heungsup , Kim Mi-Na
Published: June 2021

Background: Rapid detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) is desirable to guide antimicrobial therapy and infection control. The NG-Test Carba5 (Carba5; NG Biotech, France) rapid multiplex lateral flow immunoassay and BD MAX Check-Points CPO Assay (CPO; BD Diagnostic Systems, USA) fully automated real-time PCR assay were evaluated for the detection of KPC, NDM, VIM, IMP, and OXA-48-like group in a culture colony compared to genotyping using conventional PCR. Methods: Among the clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) collected from 2013 to 2019, up to 20 isolates for each carbapenemase type, and approximately 60 carbapenemase-negative CRE were enrolled. Genotyping of carbapenemases were performed using single-target PCR for KPC, NDM, and OXA-48-like group and the multiplex PCR for VIM, IMP, GIM, SIM, and SPM. All isolates were tested with Carba5 and CPO. The discrepant results were resolved by single-target specific conventional PCR or GeneXpert Carba-R Assay (Carba-R; Cepheid, USA). Results: Of 147 CREs, 82 were CPE (55.8%) including 20 KPC, 22 NDM, 17 VIM, three IMP, and 13 OXA-48-like group, and seven double carbapenemase-positive (three KPC/VIM, two NDM/ VIM, one KPC/NDM, and one NDM/OXA-48-like group) isolates. Carba5 and CPO detected all CPE correctly along with two more IMP-producing CPE. The sensitivity and specificity of both kits were equally 100% and 97%. Two false IMP-positives were confirmed IMP-positive with Carba-R and IMP-specific single-target PCR. Conclusion: Carba5 and CPO reliably detect and differentiate five common carbapenemases in cultured colonies. Carba5, faster and simpler, is preferred as a spot test.
MicroPulse DIAL (MPD) – a diode-laser-based lidar architecture for quantitative atmospheric profiling
Authors: Spuler Scott M. , Hayman Matthew , Stillwell Robert A. , Carnes Joshua , Bernatsky Todd , Repasky Kevin S.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Continuous water vapor and temperature profiles are critically needed for improved understanding of the lower atmosphere and potential advances in weather forecasting skill. Ground-based, national-scale profiling networks are part of a suite of instruments to provide such observations; however, the technological method must be cost-effective and quantitative. We have been developing an active remote sensing technology based on a diode-laser-based lidar technology to address this observational need. Narrowband, high-spectral-fidelity diode lasers enable accurate and calibration-free measurements requiring a minimal set of assumptions based on direct absorption (Beer–Lambert law) and a ratio of two signals. These well-proven quantitative methods are known as differential absorption lidar (DIAL) and high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL). This diode-laser-based architecture, characterized by less powerful laser transmitters than those historically used for atmospheric studies, can be made eye-safe and robust. Nevertheless, it also requires solar background suppression techniques such as narrow-field-of-view receivers with an ultra-narrow bandpass to observe individual photons backscattered from the atmosphere. We discuss this diode-laser-based lidar architecture's latest generation and analyze how it addresses a national-scale profiling network's need to provide continuous thermodynamic observations. The work presented focuses on general architecture changes that pertain to both the water vapor and the temperature profiling capabilities of the MicroPulse DIAL (MPD). However, the specific subcomponent testing and instrument validation presented are for the water vapor measurements only. A fiber-coupled seed laser transmitter optimization is performed and shown to meet all of the requirements for the DIAL technique. Further improvements – such as a fiber-coupled near-range receiver, the ability to perform quality control via automatic receiver scanning, advanced multi-channel scalar capabilities, and advanced processing techniques – are discussed. These new developments increase narrowband DIAL technology readiness and are shown to allow higher-quality water vapor measurements closer to the surface via preliminary intercomparisons within the MPD network itself and with radiosondes.
Field Testing Two Flux Footprint Models
Authors: Coates Trevor W. , Alam Monzurul , Flesch Thomas K. , Hernandez-Ramirez Guillermo
Published: June 2021

Abstract. A field study was undertaken to investigate the accuracy of two micrometeorological flux footprint models when calculating the gas emission rate from a 10 × 10 m synthetic surface area source, based on the vertical flux of gas measured 15 to 50 m downwind of the source. Calculations were made with an easy-to-use tool based on the Kormann-Meixner analytical model and with a more sophisticated Lagrangian stochastic dispersion model. A total of 323 10 minute observation periods were measured over 9 days. On average, each of the two models calculated the emission rate to within 10 % of the actual release rate. No clear differences were observed between the two models in terms of overall accuracy.
Air temperature equation derived from sonic temperature and water vapor mixing ratio for air flow sampled through closed-path eddy-covariance flux systems
Authors: Zhou Xinhua , Gao Tian , Takle Eugene S. , Zhen Xiaojie , Suyker Andrew E. , Awada Tala , Okalebo Jane , Zhu Jiaojun
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Air temperar (T) plays a fundamental role in many aspects of the flux exchanges between the atmosphere and ecosystems. Additionally, it is critical to know where (in relation to other essential measurements) and at what frequency T must be measured to accurately describe such exchanges. In closed-path eddy-covariance (CPEC) flux systems, T can be computed from the sonic temperature (Ts) and water vapor mixing ratio that are measured by the fast-response senosrs of three-dimensional sonic anemometer and infrared gas analyzer, respectively. T then is computed by use of either T = Ts (1 + 0.51q)−1, where q is specific humidity, or T = Ts (1 + 0.32e / P)−1, where e is water vapor pressure and P is atmospheric pressure. Converting q and e / P into the same water vapor mixing ratio analytically reveals the difference between these two equations. This difference in a CPEC system could reach ±0.18 K, bringing an uncertainty into the accuracy of T from both equations and raises the question of which equation is better. To clarify the uncertainty and to answer this question, the derivation of T equations in terms of Ts and H2O-related variables is thoroughly studied. The two equations above were developed with approximations. Therefore, neither of their accuracies were evaluated, nor was the question answered. Based on the first principles, this study derives the T equation in terms of Ts and water vapor molar mixing ratio (χH2O) without any assumption and approximation. Thus, this equation itself does not have any error and the accuracy in T from this equation (equation-computed T) depends solely on the measurement accuracies of Ts and χH2O. Based on current specifications for Ts and χH2O in the CPEC300 series and given their maximized measurement uncertainties, the accuracy in equation-computed T is specified within ±1.01 K. This accuracy uncertainty is propagated mainly (±1.00 K) from the uncertainty in Ts measurements and little (±0.03 K) from the uncertainty in χH2O measurements. Apparently, the improvement on measurement technologies particularly for Ts would be a key to narrow this accuracy range. Under normal sensor and weather conditions, the specified accuracy is overestimated and actual accuracy is better. Equation-computed T has frequency response equivalent to high-frequency Ts and is insensitive to solar contamination during measurements. As synchronized at a temporal scale of measurement frequency and matched at a spatial scale of measurement volume with all aerodynamic and thermodynamic variables, this T has its advanced merits in boundary-layer meteorology and applied meteorology.
Variations in mineralogy of dust in an ice core obtained from northwestern Greenland over the past 100 years
Authors: Nagatsuka Naoko , Goto-Azuma Kumiko , Tsushima Akane , Fujita Koji , Matoba Sumito , Onuma Yukihiko , Dallmayr Remi , Kadota Moe , Hirabayashi Motohiro , Ogata Jun , Ogawa-Tsukagawa Yoshimi , Kitamura Kyotaro , Minowa Masahiro , Komuro Yuki , Motoyama Hideaki , Aoki Teruo
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Our study is the first to demonstrate a
high-temporal-resolution record of mineral composition in a Greenland ice
core over the past 100 years. To reconstruct past variations in the sources
and transportation processes of mineral dust in northwestern Greenland, we
analysed the morphology and mineralogical composition of dust in the SIGMA-D
ice core from 1915 to 2013 using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results revealed that the
ice core dust consisted mainly of silicate minerals and that the composition
varied substantially on multi-decadal and inter-decadal scales, suggesting
that the ice core minerals originated from different geological sources in
different periods during the past 100 years. The multi-decadal variation
trend differed among mineral types. Kaolinite, which generally formed in
warm and humid climatic zones, was abundant in colder periods (1950–2004),
whereas mica, chlorite, feldspars, mafic minerals, and quartz, which
formed in arid, high-latitude, and local areas, were abundant in warmer
periods (1915–1949 and 2005–2013). Comparison to Greenland surface
temperature records indicates that multi-decadal variation in the relative
abundance of these minerals was likely affected by local temperature changes
in Greenland. Trajectory analysis shows that the minerals were transported
mainly from the western coast of Greenland in the two warming periods, which
was likely due to an increase in dust sourced from local ice-free areas as a
result of shorter snow/ice cover duration in the Greenland coastal region
during the melt season caused by recent warming. Meanwhile, ancient deposits
in northern Canada, which were formed in past warmer climates, seem to be the
best candidate during the colder period (1950–2004). Our results suggest
that SEM–EDS analysis can detect variations in ice core dust sources during
recent periods of low dust concentration.
How well is Rossby wave activity represented in the PRIMAVERA coupled simulations?
Authors: Ghinassi Paolo , Fabiano Federico , Corti Susanna
Published: June 2021

Abstract. This work aims to assess the performance of state of the art global climate models in representing the upper-tropospheric Rossby wave pattern in the Northern Hemisphere and over the Euro-Atlantic sector. A diagnostic based on Finite Amplitude Local Wave Activity is used as an objective metric to quantify the strength of Rossby waves in terms of Rossby wave activity. This diagnostic framework is applied to a set of coupled historical climate simulations at different horizontal resolutions, performed in the framework of the PRIMAVERA project and compared with observations (reanalysis). At first, the spatio-temporal characteristics of Rossby wave activity in the Northern Hemisphere are examined in the multimodel mean of the whole PRIMAVERA set. When examining the spatial distribution of transient wave activity no evident improvement is found in the high resolution ensemble. On the other hand, when examining the temporal variability of wave activity, an higher resolution is beneficial in all models apart from one. In addition, when examining the Rossby wave activity time series, no evident trends are found in the historical simulations (both at standard and high resolutions) and in the observations. Finally, the spatial distribution of Rossby wave activity is investigated in more detail focusing on the Euro-Atlantic sector, examining the wave activity pattern associated with Weather Regimes for each model. Results show a marked inter-model variability in representing the correct spatial distribution of Rossby wave activity associated with each regime pattern and an increased horizontal resolution improves the models performance only for some of the models and for some of the regimes. A positive impact of an increased horizontal resolution is found only for the models in which both the atmospheric and oceanic resolution is changed, whereas in the models in which only the atmospheric resolution is increased a worsening model performance is detected.
RESEARCH ON NATURAL RUBBER IN PLANTS
Authors: Nurlibekova D.T. , Kopylova E.V.
Published: June 2021

Completed work on legislative and regulatory documentation on the extraction method natural rubber from a rubber plant, as well as selected and optimized conditions for creating technologies for the production of natural rubber from plant raw materials, which are not inferior in properties to NR from milky juice of Hevea. And the assessment of the metrological characteristics of the method for determining the natural rubber in plant raw materials.
Systematic use of transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy as a minimally invasive procedure in the exploration of the infertile patient: results and reflections
Authors: Gordts S. , Gordts SY. , Puttemans P. , Segaert I. , Valkenburg M. , Campo R.
Published: June 2021

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the added value of transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) in the investigation of the infertile patient.
Methods: A retrospective cohort study, based on records from 01/09/2006 to 30/12/2019 was undertaken in a tertiary care infertility centre. THL was performed in 2288 patients. These were patients who were referred for endoscopic exploration of the female pelvis as part of their infertility investigation. In 374 patients with clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), ovarian capsule drilling was also performed. The outcome objectives of this study included the evaluation of the added diagnostic value of THL as well as the feasibility and safety of the visual inspection of the female pelvis using this technique.
Results: Of the 2288 procedures failed access to the pouch of Douglas occurred in in 23 patients (1%). The complication rate was 0.74%, due to bowel perforations (n= 13) and bleeding (n= 4) requiring laparoscopy. All bowel perforations were treated conservatively, with 6 days of antibiotics, and no further complications occurred. Findings were normal in 49.8% of patients. Endometriosis was diagnosed in 366 patients (15.9%); adhesions were present in 144 patients.
Conclusions: THL is a minimally invasive procedure, with a low complication and failure rate, providing an accurate visual exploration of the female pelvis in a one-day hospital setting. When indicated, minimally invasive surgery is possible in the early stages of endometriosis and for ovarian capsule drilling in patients with clomiphene-resistant PCOS.
Unplanned adnexectomy for ovarian cystadenoma with undiagnosed autoamputation of the contralateral ovary, lessons learned from medical mistakes
Authors: Daccache A. , Fehali E. , Assi R. , Sleiman Z.
Published: June 2021

Autoamputation of the ovary is a rare occurrence of uncertain aetiology with only a few cases reported in literature. It usually develops following ovarian torsion or torsion of a dermoid cyst with subsequent necrosis of the pedicle and autoamputation. We present the case of a 42 year-old woman was admitted for a laparoscopic removal of a right ovarian cyst. The ultrasound showed a right ovarian cystic mass suggestive of a cystadenoma, and another heterogeneous small echogenic cyst of the left ovary. During laparoscopy, excessive bleeding from the ovarian cortex complicated the cyst stripping and, considering the age of the patient and the emerging technical difficulty of the procedure, a total adnexectomy for the right ovary was performed. While exploring the small cyst on the left ovary, a dermoid cyst was found in the Douglas pouch. This finding could be interpreted as an autoamputation of the adnexa due to an asymptomatic torsion of a previous ovarian cyst arising from the left ovary. Medical errors could occur due to lack of knowledge, expertise, as well as lack of training and surgical skills, but also due to an unfortunate association of very rare confounding factors. Even in the hands of experts, following the basic rules of surgery remains a milestone in teaching and preventing surgical complications.
Total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) with endosuturing compared with conventional technique using energy sources
Authors: Marwah V. , Dutta S. , Kedia S. , Mittal P.
Published: June 2021

Background: The aim of the study was to demonstrate the technique of total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) with intra-corporeal endosuturing using simple sutures and basic surgical instruments and compare with TLH using electric coagulation equipment i.e. energy sources with regard to operative time, blood loss, postoperative stay and pain scores.
Methods: A retrospective study was undertaken, in Max Super Specialty Hospital Saket, from June 2015 to May 2018, which included 586 cases of TLH (for benign gynecological conditions), of which 287 were performed using intra-corporeal endosuturing (Group 1) and 299 were performed using energy sources (Group 2). To avoid bias, baseline matching was done for body mass index (BMI), indications for surgery, size of uterus, previous abdominal surgeries and comorbidities like diabetes and hypertension after which there were 172 patients in each group.
Results: The mean age of patients was 48.24 ± 6.76 years. All operative outcomes including operative time (104.1 ± 22.6 vs 107.6 ± 32.6 mins, p=0.25), blood loss (78.9 ± 101.6 vs 99.7 ± 177.6 ml, p=0.19), pain score (2.5 ± 1.3 vs 2.7 ± 1.2, p=0.13) and post-operative stay (2.05 ± 0.2 vs 2.07 ± 0.3 days, p=0.36) were similar between the two groups. Uterine size was the major determinant of operative time and operative blood loss.
Conclusion: TLH with intracorporeal endosuturing can be performed safely and gives results comparable with TLH performed using energy sources. Advancement in suturing devices can decrease operative time further and potentially make it easier and more acceptable.
Intravesical repair of vesicovaginal fistula guided by cystoscopy
Authors: Tavares M.A. , Campagne Lpiseau S. , Canis M. , Botchorishvili R.
Published: June 2021

Background: Vesicovaginal fistulas (VVF) are an unusual problem that may significantly affect a patient’s quality of life. The main causes for this condition are labour complications (mostly in developing countries) and pelvic surgeries (in industrialised countries). Treatment may be conservative or surgical. Regarding surgical treatment, there is still debate about the best approach and surgical technique.
Objective: To demonstrate a correction of a VVF guided by cystoscopy using intravesical laparoscopic instruments.
Methods: Case report and surgical video of a recurrent VVF treated with a hybrid technique involving direct transvesical insertion of 3 mm laparoscopic trocars and instruments guided by cystoscopy. As far as we know, although there are some reported techniques that use a combination of transvesical laparoscopic instruments and cystoscopy, this is the least invasive and most ergonomic technique described.
Results: Two years after surgery, the patient remains asymptomatic and with no fistula recurrence.
Conclusion: The transvesical approach guided by cystoscopy seems to be an effective, safe and ergonomic minimally invasive procedure for VVF repair.
PENGEMBANGAN E-MODUL BERORIENTASI HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) PADA PELAJARAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM (IPA) KELAS VI SEKOLAH DASAR
Authors: Hakiki Muhammad , Fadli Radinal , Putra Yogi Irdes , Pertiwi Intan Putri
Published: June 2021

Perkembangan teknologi informasi yang sedemikian pesat dan cepatnya telah membawa dunia memasuki kemajuan yang lebih cepat dari yang pernah dibayangkan sebelumnya. Berkembangnya teknologi dalam bidang informasi dengan mengakses internet dari manapun serta kapanpun. Teknologi internet bukan lagi menjadi kalimat asing. Kata website yang sudah menjadi hal biasa, karena sebagian besar fungsinya untuk penyampaian informasi dari berbagai belahan dunia. Salah satu pemanfaatan TI sebagai bentuk sistem informasi adalah manajemen sekolah. Sistem yang dirancang adalah sistem informasi manajemen berbasis sekolah SMA N 1 Muara Bungo. Perancangan Sistem ini menggunakan metode analisa sistem, analisa data, desain sistem yang menggunakan bahasa pemodelan Data Flow Diagram (DFD), coding program menggunakan bahasa Pemograman Hypertext Processor (PHP), tempat penyimpanan data menggunakan MySQL. Tahap perancangan diakhiri dengan testing program sehingga menciptakan sebuah Sistem Informasi  Manajemen Berbasis Sekolah SMA N 1 Muara Bungo menggunakan Web. Dari sistem yang diciptakan dapat menghasilkan Informasi berupa (jadwal, modul,dan manajemen kelas) yang dapat di akses dengan website.
THỰC TRẠNG HOẠT ĐỘNG THỂ LỰC VÀ MỘT SỐ YẾU TỐ LIÊN QUAN Ở NGƯỜI TRƯỞNG THÀNH TẠI PHƯỜNG PHAN ĐÌNH PHÙNG, THÀNH PHỐ THÁI NGUYÊN NĂM 2019
Authors: Hien Nguyen Van , Tuan Nguyen Manh , Trang Le Thi Huyen
Published: June 2021

Mục tiêu: Mô tả thực trạng hoạt động thể lực và một số yếu tố liên quan người trưởng thành tạiphường Phan Đình Phùng thành phố Thái Nguyên năm 2019.Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang được thực hiện trên 495người trưởng thành tại phường Phan Đình Phùng thành phố Thái Nguyên. Số liệu được thu thập bằngphương pháp phỏng vấn trực tiếp sử dụng bộ câu hỏi hoạt động thể lực toàn cầu.Kết quả nghiên cứu: Tỷ lệ hoạt động thể lực mức độ cao ở nam giới là 62,1% và của nữ là 47,8%, có43,8% nữ giới và 62,1% nam giới hoạt động thể lực đạt theo khuyến cáo của Tổ chức Y tế Thế giới.Độ tuổi, sự thuận tiện về địa điểm, tiền sử mắc bệnh tăng huyết áp, đái tháo đường, bệnh tim mạchlà các yếu tố liên quan có ý nghĩa thống kê với mức độ hoạt động thể lực.
Current Status of Pediatric Formulations for Chronic and Acute Children’ Diseases: Applications and Future Perspectives
Authors: Siafaka Panoraia , İpekçi Esra , Çağlar Emre Şefik , Üstündağ Okur Neslihan , Büyükkayhan Derya
Published: June 2021

Infants and other children can be affected by various acute, chronic and many of them rare illnesses. Developing drugs for children is very challenging since they cannot intake tablets or hard oral solid dosage forms. Besides, most of the prescribed pediatric medications are unlicensed. The biggest issue that clinicians have to solve is that dosing in children is not based on weight or surface area of the body, as it happened in adults but is related to age variations in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Thus, for pediatric patients, various therapeutic approaches have been proposed so as to develop suitable formulations such as liquid dosage forms, flexible capsules, milk-based products, etc. In addition, the administration of current pharmaceutical products to children might lead to some serious side effects which can also happen in adults but with a lower risk. Especially, infants are at high risk of getting poisoned by taking drugs used for adults. Moreover, children are very sensitive to the taste and smell of some pharmaceutical vehicles and can resist to intake them and this situation leads parents to search for tasteless and odorless medications. In this study, the current formulations for various diseases intended to be used in pediatric patients as well as various chronic and acute diseases of childhood are summarized. Authors believe that this review can help professionals who want to work with pediatric formulations to design more efficient and child-friendly drug delivery systems.
The Neurasthenic Nipper-Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Bajaj Anubha
Published: June 2021

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is a heterogeneous group of paediatric, idiopathic, inflammatory arthritis exceeding >six weeks duration and commonly arising in children beneath <16 years. International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) has categorized juvenile idiopathic arthritis into distinctive subclasses as pauciarticular variant or oligoarthritis, Rheumatoid Factor (RF) positive polyarthritis, Rheumatoid Factor (RF) negative polyarthritis, systemic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, enthesitis-related arthritis and undifferentiated arthritis. The condition is posited to arise from environmental factors, viral or bacterial infection or demonstrates a genetic predisposition. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis depicts decimated joint function with reduced Range of Motion (ROM), joint pain, morning stiffness, limping due to pain in the lower extremities, joint deformity and joint swelling commonly discerned within the knee, hand or foot, anomalous limb growth with leg length discrepancies,, uveitis, reoccurring pyrexia, cutaneous rash, myalgia, weight loss and disorders of skeletal growth. An intense, synovial infiltration of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and dendritic cells is observed along with villous hyperplasia and hypertrophy, endothelial activation and hyperplasia and hyperplasia of synoviocytes.
White Privilege
Authors: Golden Kristen Brown
Published: June 2021

Through an appraisal of neuroscience viewpoints on nonconscious mind with respect to white racial bias, this article shows how Freud's philosophical approach to unconscious mentality assists insights into white privilege and complements the model neuroscience provides. The article addresses four areas: Freud's concept of displaced affect, a link between American white people's self-reported egalitarianism and suppressed prejudice, how studies linking automatic race bias with the amygdala correlate nonconscious race-bias with fear response, and how race bias develops from two brain bases involving conscious and nonconscious processes. This article concludes that white individuals will be better positioned to embrace a principle of social fairness if widespread racism, racial bias and their psychic denial by whites, are made clearer to people. Combining a Freud-informed and experimentally empirical approach can help.
Harvest volumes and carbon stocks in boreal forests of Ontario, Canada
Authors: Ter-Mikaelian Michael T. , Colombo Stephen J. , Chen Jiaxin
Published: June 2021

We used models to project forest carbon stocks for a series of harvesting scenarios for 29 boreal forest management units totalling 23.3 million ha in Ontario, Canada. Scenarios evaluated for 2020 to 2050 ranged from a no harvesting option to annual harvesting of 2% of the total merchantable volume present in 2020. For each scenario, we estimated the following carbon quantities: (a) forest ecosystem carbon stocks, (b) sum of carbon stocks in forest ecosystem and harvested wood products (HWP) minus emissions associated with HWP production and decomposition, and (c) net greenhouse gas (GHG) effects of harvesting estimated as (b) combined with emissions avoided by substituting HWP for non-wood materials. The average of each carbon quantity for 2020 to 2050 was linearly dependent on the annual harvest volume. The developed relationships were used to estimate harvest volumes for which the three carbon quantities would equal equilibrium forest ecosystem carbon stocks for a pre-suppression natural disturbance cycle. These estimates indicate the range of harvest volumes for which resulting carbon stocks would equal or exceed those in an unmanaged forest. Also discussed are possible criteria for determining annual harvest volume.
Sowing the future: A better understanding of Corporate-Indigenous Community Economic Partnerships in the Québec forestry sector
Authors: Dura Helin , Beaudoin Jean-Michel , Rodon Thierry
Published: June 2021

A major challenge for the forestry sector is providing Indigenous communities a fairer share of benefits resulting from forest-based development. This can be achieved by building Corporate-Indigenous Community Economic Partnerships (CICEPs). However, this avenue requires a better understanding of: 1) the structures that Corporate-Indigenous Community Economic Partnerships (CICEPs) can take and the impact of these structures on the relationship between both parties; and, 2) the necessary capitals for the creation of CICEPs so that they can meet the criteria of equitable sharing, while generating mutually profitable benefits. To address these knowledge gaps, we conducted a qualitative research involving 21 semi-structured interviews with Indigenous and industry representatives located in Québec, Canada. CICEPs can be divided into four structures: informal agreement, service contracting relationship, memorandum of understanding and joint venture. These partnerships can be translated into different forms of capital: human, social, political and financial. To promote and maximize CICEPs, it is necessary to link the structure-based approach with the capital-based approach. This research shows that more structured partnerships require larger investments in various forms of capital.
O Peso do martelo. A pena capital no Afeganistão, no Irã e na Nigéria
Authors: Moraes Thiago Perez Bernardes de
Published: June 2021

Desde os primórdios da história humana a pena de morte esteve presente como uma forma de se punir transgressões, das mais diversas. Na segunda metade do século XX viu-se surgir uma tendência abolicionista em relação à pena capital, com muitos países ratificando tratados internacionais e também abolindo a pena de morte de suas legislações. Neste breve ensaio é discutido o uso da pena de morte no Afeganistão, Irã e Nigéria. Em comum estes são países são retencionistas em relação à pena capital e que são reiteradamente acusados de não fornecerem as salvaguardas promulgadas pelo direito internacional. Estes são países influenciados significativamente pela Sharia, o que se reflete diretamente no padrão de punição criminal que prevê o uso da pena de morte como mandatória para uma série de situações, inclusive para crimes não hediondos.
Drug use Among Undergraduates in Maiduguri, Northeast Nigeria
Authors: Okoro Roland Nnaemeka , Lahai Umar
Published: June 2021

Background: Drug use among students is a public health problem and the academic consequences cannot be overemphasized. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and the pattern of drug use among undergraduates in Maiduguri and to identify the predictors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among students of tertiary institutions in Maiduguri Metropolis, Nigeria. Data were collected using the WHO Student Drug Use questionnaire. The data collected with the survey instrument included sex, age, studentship, and job status in the past 12-months and various drugs used. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean and standard deviation were initially used to describe the study data. Chi-Square and Fisher’s exact tests were used to test for significant difference, while multivariate logistic regression was used to identify determinants of drug use with a P-value < 0.05 taken as significant Results: The overall prevalence of the past 12-months drug use was 14.3%. Tobacco (9.6%) followed by alcohol (8.1%) was the most frequently used drug. Being a university student (odds ratio = 1.88 [1.23 - 2.89]) compared to polytechnic student, being a male (1.55 [1.04 - 2.31]) compared to female, aged 26 - 35 years (1.48 [0.95 - 2.31]) compared to 18 - 25 years were significantly more likely to use drugs. Additionally, being a part-time student in the past 12-months (2.16 [1.11 - 4.21]) compared to no studentship status in the past 12 months, and having a paid part-time jobs in the past 12-months (2.11 [1.36 - 3.27]) compared to none were significantly more likely to use drugs. Conclusions: Our study revealed that a considerable proportion of students of higher education institutions in Nigeria use drugs. Drug use has grave implications for these students and may result in mental health disorders and poor academic performance. This highlights the importance of an effective drug prevention policy in higher education institutions.
Design Basis of Movable Scaffolding Systems Following American and European Code Provisions and Recommendations
Authors: Mora Quispe Marck Anthony , Todisco Leonardo , Corres Peiretti Hugo
Published: June 2021

Construction of bridges span-by-span with Movable Scaffolding Systems (MSSs) is a very efficient and competitive technology. Normally used for spans between 25 and 70m, the technology has allowed reaching longer spans due to technological advances, specifically in bridge construction equipment. Thereby, the use of MSS has become widespread and well-accepted in a large number of locations across the USA and Europe. Nevertheless, despite its extended application, there is no single specific code provision that can explain, control, and give recommendations about all aspects of MSS during its design and usage. On the contrary, the information is spread over several documents. This paper aims at bridging this gap by providing an extensive review of code provisions and recommendations that can be valid for the MSS design. Applicability of these documents is discussed by analysing loads, safety factors, load combinations, limit states, as well as structural analysis and design. After this, a proposal of a design basis for MSS is presented for each aspect mentioned following provisions and recommendations of the considered codes.
Maternal Smoking Status Assessed by Breath Carbon Monoxide Measurements. Association with Fetal Growth and Nicotine Withdrawal Syndrome in Newborns
Authors: Kayemba-Kay's S. , Lambert L. , Hindmarsh P.
Published: June 2021

Background: Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a recognized public health hazard with ill effects on fetal development. Whether infants exposed to tobacco smoke in-utero present with nicotine withdrawal syndrome (NWS) is debated

Aim: To evaluate maternal smoking status by measures of breath CO and analyze its association with fetal growth and Nicotine withdrawal syndrome in newborns.

Methods: Full-term infants were divided into smokers and control groups. Infants' birth parameters correlated with maternal smoking status, neonates’ neuro-behavior assessed during the first 72 hours of life by the Finnegan score.

Results: 29 mother-infant pairs were recruited [11 (4M) smokers' group; 18 (8M) control group]. Smokers were younger (27.2 years versus 29.4 years in the control group, NS), unmarried (P < 0.001), from low socio-economic classes (P < 0.001), and less educated (P < 0.001). Infants born to smokers were lighter in comparison to controls (P < 0.05), the difference in mean BW was more marked in boys (P<0.001). Mean infant BW was also inversely correlated with maternal breath CO: 3213 g (< 5 PPM group), 3185 g (6 - 10 PPM group), and 3176 g (11 - 20 PPM group) (r = 0.952). Assertion of reduction in the smoking habit during gestation was discordant with measured breath CO in smokers, meaning most smokers did not reduce their tobacco consumption substantially. NWS was difficult to ascertain with the Finnegan score, but infants born to smokers presented with symptoms such as irritability, tremors, increased spontaneous Moro's reflex, and poor sleep. They also presented often signs that have the highest scoring items.

Conclusion: Measures of breath CO are reliable in evaluating fetal effects of maternal smoking during gestation. Infants born to smokers present signs in favor of NWS lasting up to 72 hours. Babies require only nursing, no medication is necessary.
Performance Evaluation of 780 Wp Rooftop Solar PV Power Backup System in Western Kenya
Authors: Cheruiyot Wilkins K. , Tonui Joel K. , Limo Samuel C.
Published: June 2021

Aim: This study aimed to carry out performance analysis of a 780 Wp PV power backup system installed at a learning institution in Western.

Study design: To achieve this goal, site solar radiation received, ambient temperatures, dc current and dc voltages were measured in order to carry out performance evaluation of the PV backup system.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of electronics and electrical, Kaiboi Technical Training Institute in Nandi County, western Kenya was studied, between January 2020 and December 2020.

Methodology: Performance of any PV system depends on the operating conditions (solar radiation, ambient/module temperature, etc.) available at the site (geolocation dependent), installation (tilt and orientation) of the arrays, and finally proper system sizing (PV array, battery, BOS). In this paper, standard performance parameters reported in literature were utilized to evaluate the performance of the studied PV backup system. The array comprises of four panels interconnected in series/parallel to produce an output power rating of 780 W. A Pyranometer was mounted on the plane of array (POA) to measure solar radiation intercepted by the PV array where daily data were acquired at an interval of five minutes. I-v data were also recorded. Different literature was reviewed to identify the way to do this work.

Results: Based on the performance of the studied PV system, results obtained show that annual effective energy output is 3412.94 kWh, array efficiency range between 11.6% to 14.1% depending on amount of solar radiation, array yield of 4.88 kWh/kW, reference yield of 5.5 kWh/kW, annual average performance ratio of 76.3% and average array capture losses of 0.52 kWh/kW.

Conclusion: It found that the PV backup system need ~5-6 hours to operate at the array’s rated output power, and that the PV backup system performance is adequate with regard to yield and performance ratios.
Outcome of Surgical Excision for Managing the Oral Pyogenic Granuloma
Authors: Gul Ameer , Shahzad Muhammad , Abbasi Ali Raza , Shaikh Tariq Hussain , Khan Taimoor Ali , Jalbani Bashir
Published: June 2021

Objective: To determine the outcome of surgical removal of oral pyogenic granuloma in terms of post-operative pain (POP), post-operative healing and post-operative infection.

Materials and methods: This observational study was conducted at Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery department, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro/Hyderabad, from October 2018 to March 2019. Patients of oral pyogenic granuloma, 18-45 years old and either of gender were included. Surgical process of oral pyogenic granuloma were done under local anesthetic by giving infiltration surrounding deep oral pyogenic granuloma by 2% Xylocaine along with adrenaline. Patients were followed for three weeks on weekly basis to access post-operative complications including post-operative healing. Data was collected via study proforma.

Results: Total 37 patients took part in the study; their mean age was 47.86+7.61 years. On 1st week assessment all patients were noted with history of mild pain, moderate pain and severe pain (19, 10 and 8 cases respectively), while healing was achieved in 19 patients. On second week assessment 25 patients exhibited mild pain and 6 exhibited moderate pain and healing was achieved by 16 patients. On 3rd week assessment, only 09 patients exhibited mild pain and mostly were healed few cases showed minor infection.

Conclusion: It was concluded that surgical removal is valuable procedure for the management of pyogenic granuloma of oral cavity with lower rates of post-operative infection and pain, and highest rates of post-operative healing.
III–V Optoelectronic Devices Grown on Silicon
Authors: Tang Tianyi , Sun Jiaqian , Zhan Wenkang , Xu Bo , Zhao Chao
Published: June 2021

Silicon‐based optoelectronic devices, including silicon‐based lasers and silicon‐based photodetectors (PDs), are essential parts for silicon‐based optoelectronic integration. With the advancement of material epitaxy technologies such as metal–organic chemical vapor phase epitaxy (MOCVD) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), it has become possible to integrate III–V semiconductor optoelectronic devices, especially by monolithic growth, with low‐cost and large‐sized silicon substrates. However, the differences in material properties such as lattice constant, polarity, and thermal expansion coefficient between III–V materials and silicon lead to tremendous challenges in monolithic growth. In recent years, the unique three‐dimensional quantum confinement and defect insensitivity characteristics of quantum dots have greatly improved the performance of optoelectronic devices. This article reviews recent research progress in monolithic growth and optoelectronic devices of III–V semiconductor materials on silicon substrates, emphasizing the development of silicon‐based quantum dot optoelectronic devices.
Farming the Future: Contemporary Innovations Enhancing Sustainability in the Agri‐Sector
Authors: Hardy Katherine , Orridge Thomas , Heynes Xanthea , Gunasena Sulochana , Grundy Steven , Lu Chungui
Published: June 2021

Threats from climate change, environmental degradation, and exhausted Green Revolution technologies have caused widespread concern for the future of global crop production and food security. Today, the agri‐sector is transitioning on a global scale, away from traditional farming practices and towards adopting the novel technologies needed to sustainably intensify food production. With the global population projected to reach nine billion by 2050, with 68% of us living in urban environments, it is essential to find ways of producing food crops sustainably both in cities as well as out in the field. Modern innovation presents an opportunity to remedy these issues through the implementation of novel technologies and practices, including vertical farming, light supplementation via light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), artificial intelligence (AI), advances within plant breeding genetics, and the application of biostimulants made from organic extracts. Throughout this review, we will provide insights into the future of farming by discussing a range of contemporary agricultural techniques and technologies, alongside the cultural, economic, and environmental contexts that necessitate their increased application.
An Integrated Plant Architecture: Roots, Shoots, and Everything in Between
Authors: Klimešová Jitka
Published: June 2021

Classical models of tree architecture are based on the development of aboveground stem branching in an ideal tree from early ontogeny to the first flowering. Such attempts hinder the usage of architectural traits for understanding plant ecology, especially for herbs. In this article, the author discusses belowground plant architecture, especially the root system, and its contribution to whole plant architecture during ontogeny and after damage.