bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Dasan (茶山) Jeong Yakyong’s Thought about the Concept of Mercy (慈) in Mokminsimseo (牧民心書) and the Ethics of Doctors
Authors: JEONG Chang-Rok , LEE Ilhak
Published: May 2019

Traditional medical ethics which underpins its basis on ‘four principles’ is not sufficient for guiding doctors in complex medical situation. This paper explores Dasan (茶山) Jeong Yakyong’s thought about the concept of Mercy (慈) in Mokminsimseo (牧民心書) that may work as a guidance for modern medicine. Firstly, we try to understand Dasan's thought and the keynote of Mokminsimseo (牧民心書). Nextly, this paper explain the meaning of what is Dasan (茶山) Jeong Yakyong’s the concept of Mercy (慈). Finally, we emphasize that Jeong Yakyong’s the concept of Mercy (慈) can be the principle of doctor's professionalism.
Perception of Happiness among Medical Students: Q Methodological Approach
Authors: KIM Gyun-Moo , JO Kae-Hwa
Published: May 2019

Happiness is one of the most important values or goals in life. Stress is one of the factors that can negatively affect levels of happiness, and medical students can experience high levels of stress during their studies. The purpose of this study was to analyze the perception of happiness among medical students. The study used Q-methodology, which provides a method of analyzing the subjectivity of each item. Thirty-four selected Q-statements from each of 34 subjects were classified into a normal distribution using a 9-point scale. The collected data were analyzed using a PC-QUANL program. Three types of perception of happiness were identified in the subjects: ‘comfort’ (15 persons), ‘self-satisfaction’ (10 persons), and ‘accomplishment’ (13 persons). When there are programsoffering opportunities for leisure activities, such as rest and travel, medical students’levels of satisfaction go up. On the basis of these findings we suggest that the concept of happiness should perhaps be included in the medical curriculum.
The Role of Virtue Ethics in the Study and Teaching of Medical Professional Ethics
Authors: YOU Ho-Jong
Published: May 2019

This article examines the ethics of duty and virtue ethics in the teaching and study of professional ethics,with a focus on medical professional ethics. Because of the nature of the profession, medical practitionersshould have expertise in moral decision-making and a strong moral will. This article argues that the former concept can be investigated and taught effectively in terms of the ethics of duty, whereas the latter concept is better understood in terms of virtue ethics. Additionally, this article describes in more detail the role of virtue ethics in professional ethics, claiming that medical practitioners should strive, not only to meet their moral duties, but also to flourish in their profession. Virtue ethics shows the method for achieving this.
A Survey of Emergency Healthcare Workers’ Views about Child Abuse
Authors: LEE Seung Won , CHA Won Chul , SHIN Tae Gun , SIM Min Seob , JO Ik Joon , SONG Keun Jeong , JEONG Yeon Kwon , LEE Tae Rim
Published: May 2019

Child abuse is a serious social problem in contemporary Korean society. Health care providers have an important role to play in combatting this problem. However, the reality is that the reporting rate of child abuse among health care providers is very low. This survey, which was conducted during two weeks in June 2013 sought to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and experiences about child abuse among workers in hospital emergency rooms. A total of 103 out of 112 people (92.0%) targeted subjects answered a questionnaire concerning subjects’ characteristics, education concerning child abuse, awareness, knowledge, attitudes in reporting suspected cases, and the ability to recognize signs of abuse. Approximately 54.4% of subjects reported they did not receive enough training concerning child abuse, only 26.2% claimed to know how to report child abuse, and 4.9% had any experience in reporting abuse. The reason cited most often (75.7%) for not reporting suspected abuse was the fear of asking the child’s parents. Approximately 67.9% of respondents did not know that they can be punished for failing to report suspected abuse. This study found that there are many obstacles to the proper reporting of child abuse. Health care providers working in emergency rooms must uphold their ethical and legal responsibilities when they suspect that abuse has occurred. For this purpose, education as well as legal and social support is needed.
Ethical and Legal Issues Concerning Advance Directives and Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment*
Authors: CHOI Kyungsuk
Published: May 2019

This article examines advance directives (ADs) and physician orders for life-sustaining treatment (POLST), analyzes the differences between them as well as the differences between their English and Korean versions, considers some of the legal and ethical issues surrounding ADs and POLST, and proposes directions for their improvement in South Korea. In the United States, ADs consist of living wills and durable powers of attorney (DPA), both of which have merits and defects and give rise to unique ethical issues. However while POLST overcome some of the limitations of ADs, they cannot fully replace them. This article argues that ADs and POLST have a complimentary relationship. While Korean ADs are similar to those in the United States, the introduction of DPA into Korea may be difficult due to some special features of Korean culture. It is argued that public debate and academic analysis concerning the identity of proxy decision-makers is needed in order to prepare the legal and ethical ground for surrogate decision-makers in Korea. Additionally, this article emphasizes the need for establishing an institution that can assist patients in crafting ADs.
The Scope and Influence of Pharmaceutical Marketing to Medical Trainees in Korea*
Authors: CHEONG Yoo-Seock
Published: May 2019

The pharmaceutical industry, through its various marketing activities, has a significant presence among trainees in medical residency and appears to influence their prescribing behavior. The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which Korean medical trainees are exposed to pharmaceutical promotional activities, how they respond to such activities, and whether they are aware of the ‘dual-punishment law' that came into effect in 2010. An on-the-spot survey was conducted using a questionnaire given to 238 chief residents of internal medicine that participated in educational lectures at Jeonju, South Korea on April 22, 2011. Whether or not trainees accepted promotional activities was found to depend on the nature of the activities in question: 98.7% of trainees thought that it was acceptable to receive office supplies such as ball-point pens and notes; 66.1% found it unacceptable to receive monetary compensation for group dinners in return for designating a particular drug for use; 87.3% answered that they had changed their choice of prescription after being briefed on drugs. A mere 14.7% of trainees claimed to be aware of the “dual-punishment law,” only 11.2% had an ethical code regarding relationships with pharmaceutical companies within their medical communities, and a mere 9.5% of trainees had received any education on such matters. The influence of pharmaceutical promotional activities is widespread among medical trainees in Korea. Residency programs can benefit from policies and curricula that educate residents on the influence that pharmaceutical companies can have on them and the ways in which the information these companies present can be evaluated critically.
Ethical Issues on Critically Ill Patients
Authors: MOON Jae Young
Published: May 2019

Critically ill patients are vulnerable patient that could not speak for their interests due to their life-threatening condition. Sometimes they should get an invasive treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU) to overcome their fatal and serious illness, which involve pain they do not want. Thus the ethical conflict is common in the ICU and in particular, ethical issues related to the “right to life” or “death” are difficult and complex. Major sources of conflicts are behavioral issues among stakeholders, such as verbal abuse or poor communication between physicians and nurses, and end-of-life care issues including a lack of respect for the patient’s autonomy. These conflicts may cause ICU workers’ physical and mental exhaustion, which often result in threats to patient safety. When healthcare professionals lack knowledge to recognize the ethical implications, ethical conflicts occur frequently. The physicians themselves need to be more sensitive to behavioral conflicts and enable shared decision making in end-of-life care. At the same time, the institutions and administrators should develop their processes to find and resolve common ethical problems in their ICUs.
Vulnerability in Emergency Medicine
Authors: KIM Ahjin , PAIK Jinhui
Published: May 2019

Vulnerability population cannot protect their interest themselves. Vulnerability in emergency medicine is not different. We assume the factors that influence the patient’s course or patient’s outcome badly. We will discuss three factors of the vulnerability in emergency medicine. Those are the family without relational autonomy, the incompleteness of emergency subrogation payment system, and a lack of decision making capacity. We will describe theory, concepts, systems related factors and then apply them to our case. The factors are not independent. We discuss things to be made up for the autonomy and medical interest of the vulnerable patients that influenced by factors.
The Influence of Humanistic Knowledge, Hospice Perception and Spirituality on Terminal Care Performance
of Clinical Nurses*
Authors: JO Kae-Hwa , PARK Ae-Ran , LEE Jin-Ju , CHOI Su-Jung
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the performance of clinical nurses in terminal care settings. The participants in this study were 150 nurses working in hospitals in and around the South Korean city of Daegu. Data were collected April 2015 by using self-report questionnaires and analyzed with the IBM SPSS WIN 19.0 program. Significant relations were found among humanistic knowledge (r=0.377, p<0.01), hospice perception (r=0.290, p<0.01), spirituality (r=0.481, p<0.01), and terminal care performance. The significant predictors of the terminal care performance of the hospital nurses were clinical working area, spirituality, and humanistic knowledge. These variables explained 32% of the variance in the terminal care performance of the hospital nurses. These results of this study suggest that the performance of hospital nurses in terminal care settings can be improved by enhancing their spirituality and humanistic knowledge.
The Role of a Patient’s Family When the Withdrawal of Life-Sustaining Treatment is Expected: A Narrative Analysis*
Authors: CHANG Won Kyung , AHN Kyongjin , KIM Minyoung , KIM Yuri , HAN Yu Jung
Published: May 2019

There are considerations both for and against allowing family members to decide whether to withdraw life-sustaining treatment from a terminal patient who is no longer able to communicate. On the one hand, a patient’s family members will often be the most suitable persons to speak for a patient’s values and interests and to make the best decision for the patient. On the other hand, family members may be influenced in their decision-making by a desire to rid themselves of the financial burden of the patient’s medical costs. Until now there has been a lack of in-depth research into the decision-making of family members caring for a terminally ill patient on life-sustaining treatment. This study investigates the suffering experienced by family members throughout the period of care, the changes in their relationships to the patient and/or other family members, and their attitudes toward the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment by conducting in-depth interviews with six family members who have given primary care to a patient in the final stages of cancer. The study participants report their emotional suffering as a result of the patient’s condition, the substantial changes in their lives after the patient has been diagnosed with cancer, and the conflicts with the patient or other family members that have arisen in the process of caring for the patient. By analyzing the statements of these participants, this study suggests that in the discussions of life-sustaining treatment family members should be considered as multi-faceted individuals who sacrifice themselves in order to care for the patient while trying to maintain family bonds as well as fulfilling their own emotional, physical, economic, and relational needs.
Implications of Decision Coaching in Shared Decision Making*
Authors: LEE Eun Young
Published: May 2019

In shared decision-making, patients and physicians work together as decision-making partners. To overcome the imbalance of medical knowledge between physicians and patients and to assist patients in the shared decision-making process, patient decision aids (PtDAs) have been proposed. PtDAs improve patients’ knowledge, enhance their accurate perception of risks, help them achieve choices that match their values, and stimulate them to become more actively involved in the decision-making process. Nevertheless, many studies have reported that patients have difficulty in fully participating in shared-decision making. This in turn gives rise to the need for medical decision coaching, which aims to develop patients' confidence and skills in deliberating about options and helps to prepare them for making decisions with their practitioners. Medical decision coaching is provided by trained individuals, and the coach’s role has been described as that of a medical decision counsellor, educator, navigator, and facilitator. In this article, I describe a framework for medical decision coaching to support shared decisions. Additionally I discuss the implications of medical decision coaching in Korean society.
Limitations of the Harm Principle as a Guiding Principle for Reproductive Rights*,**
Authors: KIM Claire Junga
Published: May 2019

The harm principle has been widely used for constraining and guiding reproductive rights since John A. Robertson defined reproductive rights and gave presumptive primacy to them. However, this article argues that the peculiar attributes of reproductive ethics, in which it is necessary to compare existing to non-existing beings, make the harm principle incapable of properly guiding reproductive rights. At best the harm principle can play an auxiliary role in this task. This article calls for an alternative principle for guiding reproductive rights.
A Comparative Study of the Availability and Effectiveness of Cinema and Role-playing in Nursing Ethics Education*
Authors: JEONG Seok Hee , SHIN Ja Hyun
Published: May 2019

This study was designed to compare the availability and effectiveness of both cinema and role-playing as teaching-learning methods in nursing ethics education. A mixed-method research design combining a survey and content analysis was conducted. Data were collected from 2013 to 2015. Participants were 137 senior undergraduate nursing students in a college of nursing in South Korea. Both the cinema and role-playing methods showed high degrees of availability and effectiveness in nursing ethics education. Cinema showed the statistically significantly higher levels of availability, effectiveness, helpfulness for improving ethical decision-making, intention to use, and intention to recommend. The results of this study show that cinema may be a more useful and effective teaching-learning method for nursing ethics education. These findings can be used in developing effective teaching-learning methods for nursing and medical educators in order to improve the decision-making abilities of students and health care providers.
A Comparison of the Understanding of the Withdrawal of Life-sustaining Treatment between Intensive Care Unit Nurses and Patients’ Family Members*,**
Authors: KIM Won Jeong , KANG Ji Sook
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in the understanding of the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment between intensive care unit nurses and patients’ family members. This study was a descriptive investigation using a structured questionnaire that was given to 91 ICU nurses and 76 family members of ICU patients in four university hospitals in South Korea. The data were collected from April to June, 2014 and the collected data were analyzed for frequency, percentage, χ2 test, and Fisher’s exact test using SPSS 20.0 program. The results of the study were as follows: 1) on the understanding of the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments, significant differences were found between nurses and patients’ family members; and 2) on the understanding of CPR, significant differences were found between nurses and patients’ family members regarding the following items: “the necessity of DNR,” “reason for the necessity of DNR,” “time to explain DNR,” “obligation to explain DNR for patients,” “performance of DNR for oneself,” and “the necessity for documented guidelines on DNR.” The results of this study suggest that there is a need for educational programs, especially for patients’ family members, regarding end-of-life care.
Informed Consent: Expanding from Sufficient Explanation to Consent Based on “Sufficient Comprehension”*
Authors: CHUNG Eunjoo
Published: May 2019

Informed consent is a legal principle implemented during the 1974 Nuremberg Code and developed during subsequent medical lawsuits, and currently established as a code of conduct for subject safety and protection during medical/research experiments. Informed consent is also widely used in Korea but controversies exist on its nature and applicability. This paper determines the origin of such controversy in the absence of “comprehension” of informed consent under the Korea societal context. It starts by addressing the problem of interpreting “informed” as only the transferal of just the information itself. This paper thus (1) searches the dictionary meaning and common usage of “informed consent”; (2) evaluates international methods used to promote research participants understanding in consent processes such as Teach Back, iMedConsent, and Emmi Program; and (3) considers literature evaluating the effectiveness of the above methods. Ultimately, for the current research atmosphere in Korea that emphasizes the researcher’s “sufficient explanation” to change into that emphasizing “sufficient comprehension”, the researcher must not only inform the subject, but also check whether the subject has been sufficiently informed. Achieving this requires breaking away from conventional theory to practical research and attempts on the realistic usage of informed consent. Finally, the researcher must perceive communication with the subject as primarily important during the consent process and confirm that the subject has understood the explained information. The subject’s comprehension may differ due to demographic and social factors, and consideration of the information quantity and time spent on consent is necessary.
Biomedical Ethics Awareness, Self-Esteem, Family Strengths between Nursing and Non-Nursing Students
Authors: WE Ji Hee , LIM Myung Ho , CHANG Backhee
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of biomedical ethics awareness, self-esteem, family strengths between non-nursing college students and nursing college students. The participants were 345 students in South Korea. The statistical analyzed include descriptive statistic of the respondents’ general characteristics, an the data were analyzed with a t-test and a correlation using the SPSS WIN 20.0 program. The average score of nursing college students for biomedical ethics awareness was 2.89±.20 (using a 4-point Likert scale) and the average score of non-nursing college students was 2.87±.23. Nursing college students and non-nursing college of biomedical ethics awareness in the artificial insemination of factors appeared to have meaningful difference (t=2.64, p<.001). Biomedical ethics awareness showed a positive correlation with self-esteem(r=.212, p<.001). And right to life of fetus of biomedical ethics awareness showed a positive correlation with family strengths. The results of this study suggest that biomedical ethics education should need for general college students.
How the Organizational Culture in Nursing and Nurses’ Communication Styles Influence the Intention to Report Medication Errors
Authors: BAE Jin-Hyun , KIM Jung
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that influence nurses’ intentions to report medication errors and, more specifically, to investigate the relationship between nurses’ intentions to report medication errors, the organizational culture in nursing, and nurses’ communication styles. The participants were 117 nurses from six hospitals in South Korea. The data were analysed with a t-test, ANOVA, conducted correlation, and a regression analysis using SPSS version 19.0. The factors affecting nurses’ intention to report medication errors were nurses’ horizontal communication styles and the business-oriented organizational culture. Additionally, nurses’ intentions to report medication errors were significantly correlated with business-oriented culture, and horizontal communication. Based on the results of this study, the formation of a positive organizational culture is important in order to increase the number of nurses who are willing to report medication errors.
The Privatization of Medicine and a Just Health Care System: Means and End*
Authors: PARK Sang-Hyuk
Published: May 2019

The privatization of medicine raises a number of empirical, philosophical, and ethical issues that are best approached from an interdisciplinary perspective. In this paper, I approach the problem from philosophical-ethical viewpoint and argue as follows. Health care is an atypical commodity that can be privatized through imperfect or partial marketization. Additionally, while altruism is compatible with a certain kind of medical commercialism, a just health care system is one which accommodates equity, efficiency, and public accountability. Market instrumentalists hold that markets are the means to achieve the objective of a just health care system, whereas market fundamentalists regard markets as ends in themselves. I argue that while market instrumentalism is the superior view, when a market is implemented it should fulfil quite strict criteria.
Trends and Suggestions on the Regulation of Physician Licensing from the Perspective of Medical Professionalism and Self-regulation*
Authors: KIM Min-Kyeong , LEE Pyoung-Soo , LEE Eol
Published: May 2019

A series of recent medical scandals in South Korea has led to calls for stricter regulation of medical licensing in this country. While the Korean government has recently revised its regulations, disagreements remain among the various stakeholders. This article explores the regulatory systems in Japan, the USA, the UK, and Canada to identify the most appropriate principles for self-regulation based on medical professionalism. The Japanese Medical Association has been working to improve its certificate system for specialists since 2011. The USA, the UK, and Canada have independent regulatory bodies to protect patients and improve medical professionalism and practice. This article explains how the licensing system for Korean physicians should be regulated.
A Study on the Justification of Paternalism in Medical Practice*
Authors: KIM Sang Deuk
Published: May 2019

This article examines the ethical justification for medical paternalism. After defining paternalism and distinguishing between the weak and the strong versions of that concept, this article considers two common justifications for paternalism: an argument from consent and a consequentialist argument. While weak paternalism is justified significantly by these two arguments, I claim that strong paternalism cannot be justified by the consent argument and also that there are limitations with using the consequentialist argument to justify strong paternalism. I defend a limited concept of paternalism by appealing to the diminished autonomy argument. Since a patient’s autonomy is diminished by illness, physicians have a limited moral obligation to prevent or at least to minimize harm to their patients, as expressed in the Hippocratic Oath.
Scientific and Ethical Issues with an Institutional Review Board (IRB)’s Clinical Research Protocols in the IRB Review in a Teaching Hospital in South Korea*
Authors: PARK Ji-Eun , HONG Jeong-Hwa , HAHN Seokyung , KIM Ock-Joo
Published: May 2019

With the increased number of clinical trials being conducted in South Korea, Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) have acquired greater significance. In human clinical trials, unscientific studies may be unethical in light of their potential for causing harm to participants. Therefore, IRBs should review both the scientific and the ethical issues of any research protocol. However, research into the IRB review process is lacking in Korea. This study examined the protocols for clinical trials under the review of the IRB at Seoul National University Hospital. In total 1,244 protocols (752 between 2004 and 2006; 492 in 2013) were analyzed. Of these 22.7% were approved, 64.2% underwent minor revision, and 12.6% underwent major revision. In total, 62.2% of these protocols raised scientific issues, and 47.0% raised ethical issues. Among the scientific issues, “unclear sample size calculation” occurred most frequently. “Subjects’ recruitment/inclusion criteria” was the most frequently cited ethical issue. A total of 67.0% had consent issues and 41.3% raised questions about the case report form. Compared to the period from 2004 to 2006, the prevalence of protocols with “unclear study design” and those that raised questions about “privacy/personal data” increased in 2013. While scientific issues were the most frequent among investigator-initiated trials, consent issues were the most frequent in sponsor-initiated trials. Although all issues were significantly associated with the approval decision, the approval rate of studies with ethical issues was lowest. These results provide a basis for the development of guidelines for researchers by identifying common issues in clinical protocols.
Suggestions on Public Health Ethics Education for Local Government Public Health Officials
Authors: PARK Mi Jeong
Published: May 2019

Due to the increase in the number of public health officials responding to outbreaks of infectious disease there is a need for new educational programs to nurture the appropriate skills in public health officials. This article examines the education and training programs that are currently available for public health officials and makes recommendations for new programs, including ethics education for epidemiological investigators of local governments. It is argued that such ethics education programs should focus on the following topics: contact tracing and autonomy infringement, isolation and free movement infringement, disease monitoring and privacy invasion, and vaccine and therapeutic testing. Furthermore, this article discusses ways to improve administrative regulations to establish a sustainable education system.
Respect for Self-Determination and Supported Decision-Making in Life-Sustaining Treatment Decision-Making for Patients with Disabilities*
Authors: YOO Sujung , PARK So-Youn
Published: May 2019

The Hospice, Palliative Care, and Life-sustaining Treatment Decision-making Act (hereafter referred to as “Lifesustaining Treatment Decision-making Act”) will come into effect on August 4, 2017. While drafted after prolonged public debate, the Life-sustaining Treatment Decision-making Act still failed to sufficiently discuss how to respect the right to self-determination of people with disability, when making decisions relating to life-sustaining treatment. In an effort to improve this legislation, this paper articulates the viewpoints established in other legal documents, such as the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the Act of the Prohibition of Discrimination against Disabled Persons of United Nation (UN), relating to self-determination of people with disabilities. It further discusses the practical need for supported decision-making, for patients with disabilities considering life-sustaining treatment decisions.
A Comparative Study of Korea, America, and British Codes of Ethics for Dentists
Authors: HEO So-Yun
Published: May 2019

This article evaluates the codes of ethics for dentists in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Korea.
Differences in the historical backgrounds, dental health care agendas, and social atmosphere of these three nations have given rise to different codes of ethics for dentists in these countries. In the UK, codes of ethics are bound by legislation since the health care system is run by the British government. On the other hand, codes of ethics in the US are considered to be virtues that are voluntarily drafted and implemented by autonomous organizations. In this article it is argued that codes of ethics in Korea should not merely imitate those of other countries but should rather reflect the unique circumstances of this country. Dentistry requires a team approach involving dentists, dental hygienists, and dental technicians; therefore, in order to obtain public trust in each of these professions, their common principles and values should be reflected in a comprehensive dental code of ethics. Social consultation and discussion are recommended to establish common ideas and values; furthermore, dental associations should partner with government bodies to best serve the public interest.
How Can Doctors Understand Patients’ Pain?: A Study on Wittgenstein’s Concept of Pain Behavior
Authors: PARK Jeong Sik , JEONG Chang Rok
Published: May 2019

Since pain is an internal or subjective experience, it is not possible for a doctor to experience a patient’s pain directly or to understand it fully. However, patients do describe or express their pain using language, which Wittgenstein considered to be a public phenomenon. It is primarily through language that a doctor understands a patent’s pain. This article examines the issue of pain within the context of medical care from the perspective of Wittgenstein’s philosophy of language. It is argued that Wittgenstein’s thinking illuminates what pain is and also how it should be understood by doctors.
A Survey of the Ethical Problems Faced by Healthcare Professionals and the Need for Clinical Ethics Consultation Services in University Hospitals in South Korea*
Authors: KIM Min Sun , KIM Cho Hee , HONG Jinui , AN Ah Rhem , CHOI Eun Kyung , KEAM Bhumsuk , YUN Young Ho , HEO Dae Seog , PARK Hye Yoon
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nature and number of ethical conflicts faced by physicians and nurses working at university hospitals in South Korea and also to assess the need for clinical ethics consultation services. Data collection was conducted from August 6 to 24, 2015 at three university hospitals in metropolitan areas; a total of 316 physicians and nurses participated in the study. The results showed that 85.1% of physicians and 76.6% of nurses answered that they had experienced ethical problems more than once a year during the course of their career, and about one third of respondents experienced such conflicts at least once every three months. For physicians, ethical dilemmas arose most often in the context of end-of-life care, mainly in terminating life-sustaining treatment (65.7%) and notifying patients of the end of medical treatment (63.6%). Ethical dilemmas experienced by nurses related primarily to difficult care decisions other than life-sustaining treatment (73.9%), impaired decision-making in patients (66.7%), and dealing with surrogate decision-makers (66.7%). When faced with ethical dilemmas, healthcare professionals usually made decisions informally by themselves or in consultation with close colleagues. More than 97% of respondents answered that they needed a clinical ethics consultation service. Future research should focus on how the ethics consulting services described in the Life-sustaining Treatment Decision-making Act of 2018 can be developed into an effective model for solving ethical problems that arise in medical practice.
A Proposal for a Research Ethics Advisory Service as a System Suitable for a Changing Research Environment
Authors: LEE Eun-young , JANG Seung-gyeong , LEE Il-hak
Published: May 2019

As biomedical research becomes more interdisciplinary and subjects more diversified, an increasing emphasis is being placed on the ethics of biomedical research. Conventional research ethics is based on the oversight of institutional review boards (IRBs), which are commonly criticized for being ineffective in today’s changing research environment. Although various suggestions have been made concerning how to improve IRB-based research ethics, relatively little attention has been given to the perspective of organizational ethics. Yet in order to improve the decision-making of individual researchers it is crucial to understand the structure of the organizations in which those decisions are made. Research ethics consultation(REC) takes a systemic approach to organizational ethics and assists the decisions and practices of both individuals as well as organizations. This article argues for the necessity of REC and describes how REC services should be structured.
The Attitude of Nurses in Person-Centered Nursing: a Q-Methodological Approach
Authors: LEE Jin-Ju , JO Kae-Hwa
Published: May 2019

This article describes an exploratory study undertaken to identify the types of attitudes clinical nurses have toward person-centered nursing and to explain the characteristics of each type. In this study, 42 clinical nurses working at hospitals in Daegu and Kyungbuk were selected as a P sample through convenience sampling, and 37 Q samples were allocated according to a normal distribution. The collected data were analyzed using a PC-QUANL program (ver. 0.74; DOSBox). Three types of attitudes toward personcentered care were identified: Type I (a ‘Holistic care pursuit type’), Type II (a ‘care environment support type’), and Type III (a ‘relation oriented type’). The total variance explained by these types was 55.9%. The results of this study indicate that intervention strategies corresponding to all three attitude types should be implemented in person-centered nursing.
Should Abortion Be Decriminalized in Korea?
Authors: MCGUIRE John
Published: May 2019

The Constitutional Court of Korea is currently tasked with making a decision on the country’s laws concerning abortion, which is one of the most divisive issues in medical ethics. However, as I argue in this article, the key ethical issue at the heart of this case—whether abortion should be decriminalized—need not be divisive at all. To move beyond the polarization this issue generates, the rights-based thinking that plagues so much of the abortion debate should be replaced with a pragmatic approach that attempts to assess the costs and benefits of maintaining the current abortion ban versus those of decriminalizing abortion. Progress can come when the groups that are divided on the abortion issue recognize that they have something in common, which I claim is the goal of reducing the number of abortions. The key question that is prioritized on the approach that I defend is whether the existing ban on abortion is the best or most effective way to reduce the abortion rate in this country. In this article I present evidence to suggest that it is not.
A Critical Examination of Dworkin’s Value-Argument Concerning Abortion*,**
Authors: KIM Sang Deuk
Published: May 2019

Abortion raises two distinct but related ethical issues: one concerns the moral status of a fetus; the other concerns the conflict between the rights of a fetus and those of a pregnant woman. While conservatives claim that a fetus has a right to life, which outweighs a woman’s right to bodily autonomy, liberals who support abortion rights focus rather on the meaning of pregnancy for women. Dworkin argues against both the liberal and the conservative views, claiming that each is inconsistent with our considered moral judgements. He claims that a fetus has, not rights, but rather intrinsic value, and different views on the intrinsic value of fetal life give rise to different views on the morality of abortion. This argument from Dworkin, which I call the “value-argument,” is critically examined in this essay. While the value-argument helps to explain our considered moral judgements concerning abortion and integrates the two aforementioned problems into one, the “intrinsic value problem,” it fails to resolve the ethical problem of abortion. Rather than justifying its central claim that a fetus has some intrinsic value, Dworkin presupposes it as a working hypothesis. Nor does he provide objective criteria for evaluating the intrinsic value of a fetus. As such, Dworkin does not present a unique position on the ethics of abortion but rather explains why differences of opinion concerning abortion arise. This critical examination of the value-argument concludes that rather than solving the moral problem of abortion Dworkin merely provides an analysis of it.
Determining of Legal Parenthood in Full/Gestational Surrogate Mother: Focusing on the Case Related to 2018V15 Decision by the Seoul Family Court on May 9 2018
Authors: KIM Eun Ae , YOO Sujung
Published: May 2019

South Korea’s “Civil Act” and the “Act on the Registration, etc. of Family Relationships” does not reflect the reality concerning the use of assisted reproductive technology and surrogate pregnancy. Legal questions still arise for children born through surrogate pregnancies. In some cases, birth registrations are being rejected because the personal information of the intended mother listed on the birth registration form is inconsistent with the personal information of the surrogate mother listed on the birth report. Moreover, the Seoul Family Court recently ruled that the rejection of birth registrations in such cases is appropriate due to the invalidity of surrogate contracts that violate public order, citing the need to maintain parent decision standards as per the existing “Civil Act.” This article addresses some of the ethical and legal issues surrounding surrogacy, especially the formation of legal parenting policies for parents and children, by examining the facts and recent decisions of the Seoul Family Court.
Factors That Influence End-of-Life Care Provided by Nurses in General Hospitals
Authors: KIM Sun-Ki , KIM Sanghee , YUN Hye-Young
Published: May 2019

Nurses often play key roles in providing end-of-life care. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that influence end-of-life care delivered by nurses in South Korea. As a method, a cross-sectional descriptive survey design was applied. The data were collected through self-reported questionnaires from 233 nurses working at intensive care units and medical-surgical wards of general hospitals in Seoul and the Gyeonggi Province. The structured questionnaires measured end-of-life care performance, knowledge of advanced directives, death awareness, and nursing stress. Data analysis was applied using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS/WIN 23 program. The predictive variables that influence end-of-life care performance were as follows: good death awareness, educational experience related to hospice care, nursing stress, and knowledge of advance directives. This explanatory model was explained by 19.1% of variances. Based on this findings, we recommend developing a training program for nurses to improve good death awareness, knowledge of advance directives, and strategies to reduce nursing stress. Well-trained nurses may provide better care for patients at their end of lives.
La inteligencia emocional como una habilidad esencial en la escuela
Authors: Fernández-Berrocal Pablo , Extremera Pacheco Natalio
Published: May 2019

Nuestra sociedad ha valorado de forma pertinaz durante los últimos siglos un ideal muy concreto del ser humano: la persona inteligente. En la escuela tradicional, se consideraba que un niño era inteligente cuando dominaba las lenguas clásicas, el latín o el griego, y las matemáticas, el álgebra o la geometría. Más recientemente, se ha identificado al niño inteligente con el que obtiene una puntuación elevada en los tests de inteligencia. En el siglo XXI esta visión ha entrado en crisis por dos razones. Primera, la inteligencia académica no es suficiente para alcanzar el éxito profesional. Segunda, la inteligencia no garantiza el éxito en nuestra vida cotidiana.
La formación en competencias: el desafío de la educación superior en Iberoamérica
Authors: San Martín R. Víctor
Published: May 2019

En el contexto del trabajo y del debate que surge actualmente en las universidades y en los institutos de educación superior acerca del acceso a nuevas (y casi siempre esquivas) fuentes de financiamiento, se alude frecuentemente a los conceptos de calificación y competencia como meta a alcanzar como parte de las reformas de la calidad y la equidad de la educación general y superior. Sin embargo, aunque son conceptos empleados con frecuencia en la jerga académica y educativa actual, no siempre hay claridad acerca de su significado. El objetivo de este artículo es caracterizar estos conceptos al servicio de quienes trabajan apelando a instrumentos de reforma de carácter institucional, curricular, investigativo o docente
Estudo da determinação das necessidades de professores: o caso do novo ensino médio no Brasil – elemento norteador do processo formativo (inicial/continuado)
Authors: Beltrán Nuñez Isauro , Leite Ramalho Betânia
Published: May 2019

As Reformas Curriculares que vêm caracterizando a educação em Iberoamérica, desde a última década do século XXI, tem levado a uma reflexão profunda sobre os processos de formação de professores. Nessas reflexões, destaca-se a idéia do professor como profissional, construtor de saberes, com sua história de vida, interesses, necessidades, etc. No presente estudo são apresentadas as necessidades formativas de professores do Ensino Médio, no Brasil, necessidades estas indispensáveis para serem trabalhadas segundo os Programas que emergem das atuais políticas educacionais para o século XXI.
Reformas educativas: espejismos de innovación
Authors: Zaccagnini Mario
Published: May 2019

Las reformas educativas se conciben como proyectos concretos de la política educativa del Estado. El argumento principal es que las reformas no persiguen otro propósito que el mejoramiento de la calidad educativa que ofrecen las instituciones del sistema. Con las reformas se pone en marcha un vertiginoso movimiento que genera grandes expectativas, asimismo se va justificando la presencia de un creciente número de «expertos» que imparten los lineamientos reformistas. Bajo un discurso optimista, las reformas terminan constituyéndose en huracanes cíclicos que resultan en escasos o muy fugaces efectos, ya que crean una ilusión de cambio pero producen pocas transformaciones reales y bastante desilusión en los actores. En este trabajo se plantean algunas cuestiones críticas del porqué del fracaso de las reformas educativas, en particular, las instrumentadas en la región en los años ´90; indagando para ello, por un lado, el marco sociohistórico y político donde ellas inscriben y por el otro, la naturaleza compleja de las condiciones del trabajo docente.
Metodologías interdisciplinares como herramienta para motivar a alumnado de altas capacidades
Authors: Navarro Navarro Verónica
Published: May 2019

A través de esta investigación se abordan factores que pueden ser importantes para el aprendizaje del alumnado en general y de altas capacidades en particular. Para ello se han implementando actividades interdisciplinares que fomenten la motivación, no sólo mediante la conexión entre las áreas, sino aplicando el juego, valorando la expresión de sus emociones y su creatividad y exponiendo su trabajo fuera del centro educativo. Dicha investigación parte del taller “Del barroco al arte contemporáneo”, que se enmarca dentro del programa “Talleres de Enriquecimiento Extracurricular para alumnos de altas capacidades” en la Región de Murcia, España, para 11 alumnos/as de 6º curso de Educación Primaria.
Diálogos necessários: neurociência, emoções e a formação inicial de professores
Authors: Gomes Aline Resende , Colombo Junior Pedro Donizete
Published: May 2019

Estudos no campo da neurociência tem evidenciado a intima ligação entre momentos emocionais e construções cognitivas, evidenciando que o percurso educacional, em seus diferentes contextos, é um processo inseparável de aspectos emocionais. Hoje já não é possível pensar a formação inicial de professores sem considerar tais interconexões, em especial os Estágio Curricular Supervisionado (ECS), importantes momentos pedagógicos do processo formativo do professor. A presente comunicação tem como objetivo investigar as emoções que expressadas por licenciandos (estagiários) em Física e Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Minas Gerais, Brasil, em suas primeiras vivências didáticas em sala de aulas, as regências. A pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, abarcou observações e gravações em áudio e vídeo das regências, articulando-as com subsequentes entrevistas semiestruturadas. No campo metodológico, adotou-se as ideias das Entrevistas de Explicitação (EDE) como prática auto reflexiva dos estagiários, fomentada pelas construções teóricas de Paul Ekman sobre emoções. Os resultados apontam que um dos maiores desafios enfrentados pelos estagiários é saber como lidar com suas emoções frente as diferentes situações que surgem no contexto escolar. Algumas emoções mais frequentes expressadas pelos estagiários foram medo, surpresa, tristeza e raiva. Como forma de superá-las, em muitos casos, optavam por afastar-se das situações vivenciadas em oposição ao enfrentamento. Em uma autorreflexão, os estagiários relatam que mapear e discutir as emoções (às vezes ocultados pela prática) foi de grande valia para refletirem sobre estágios de regência.
Del conocimiento científico al malentendido. Prevalencia de neuromitos en estudiantes ecuatorianos
Authors: Falquez Torres Juan Francisco , Ocampo Alvarado Juan Carlos
Published: May 2019

Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia de neuromitos en una muestra de estudiantes ecuatorianos de carreras afines a la educación. Métodos: Se administró un cuestionario a 328 participantes con el fin de evaluar su creencia en neuromitos y conocimiento general sobre el funcionamiento cerebral. Resultados: El 97.87% de los encuestados está interesado en las neurociencias con relación al aprendizaje y el 91.16% considera que son relevantes en su quehacer profesional; no obstante, solo el 45.12% lee publicaciones periódicas al respecto y el 37.20% ha recibido instrucción formal en la temática. En promedio, los estudiantes fallaron en identificar el 56% (DT= 27%) de los neuromitos y respondieron correctamente al 54% (DT= 25%) de las interrogantes de conocimiento general, sin mostrar diferencias significativas por género. Contrario a la literatura, la edad fue el único predictor significativo de la creencia en neuromitos y el interés, la lectura y la instrucción predijeron negativamente el conocimiento general en neurociencias. Más aún, no se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre edad, creencia en neuromitos y conocimiento general en neurociencias. Los resultados obtenidos con respecto a la prevalencia de neuromitos son congruentes con investigaciones pasadas en muestras latinoamericanas y europeas. Conclusiones: Los neuromitos representan una amenaza especialmente alarmante en los países en vías de desarrollo y su estudio es esencial para el diseño de nuevas y mejores iniciativas que coadyuven a su reducción.