bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lazy tree splitting
Authors: BERGSTROM LARS , FLUET MATTHEW , RAINEY MIKE , REPPY JOHN , SHAW ADAM
Published: August 2012

Nested data-parallelism (NDP) is a language mechanism that supports programming irregular parallel applications in a declarative style. In this paper, we describe the implementation of NDP in Parallel ML (PML), which is a part of the Manticore system. One of the main challenges of implementing NDP is managing the parallel decomposition of work. If we have too many small chunks of work, the overhead will be too high, but if we do not have enough chunks of work, processors will be idle. Recently, the technique of Lazy Binary Splitting was proposed to address this problem for nested parallel loops over flat arrays. We have adapted this technique to our implementation of NDP, which uses binary trees to represent parallel arrays. This new technique, which we callLazy Tree Splitting(LTS), has the key advantage ofperformance robustness, i.e., it does not require tuning to get the best performance for each program. We describe the implementation of the standard NDP operations using LTS and present experimental data that demonstrate the scalability of LTS across a range of benchmarks.
The impact of higher-order state and control effects on local relational reasoning
Authors: DREYER DEREK , NEIS GEORG , BIRKEDAL LARS
Published: August 2012

Reasoning about program equivalence is one of the oldest problems in semantics. In recent years, useful techniques have been developed, based on bisimulations and logical relations, for reasoning about equivalence in the setting of increasingly realistic languages—languages nearly as complex as ML or Haskell. Much of the recent work in this direction has considered the interesting representation independence principles enabled by the use of local state, but it is also important to understand the principles that powerful features like higher-order state and control effects disable. This latter topic has been broached extensively within the framework of game semantics, resulting in what Abramsky dubbed the “semantic cube”: fully abstract game-semantic characterizations of various axes in the design space of ML-like languages. But when it comes to reasoning about many actual examples, game semantics does not yet supply a useful technique for proving equivalences.

In this paper, we marry the aspirations of the semantic cube to the powerful proof method of step-indexed Kripke logical relations. Building on recent work of Ahmed et al. (2009), we define the first fully abstract logical relation for an ML-like language with recursive types, abstract types, general references and call/cc. We then show how, under orthogonal restrictions to the expressive power of our language—namely, the restriction to first-order state and/or the removal of call/cc—we can enhance the proving power of our possible-worlds model in correspondingly orthogonal ways, and we demonstrate this proving power on a range of interesting examples. Central to our story is the use of state transition systems to model the way in which properties of local state evolve over time.
Age and risk for depression among the elderly: a meta-analysis of the published literature
Authors: Zhao Ke-Xiang , Huang Chang-Quan , Xiao Qian , Gao Yuan , Liu Qing-Xiu , Wang Zheng-Rong , Li Yong-Hong , Xie Yi-Zhou
Published: August 2012

Objective

The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between age and risk for depression among the old and the oldest old.

Method

MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library database were used to identify potential studies. The studies were divided into cross-sectional and longitudinal subsets. For each study, the numbers of the total participants, cases (for cross-sectional study), or incident cases (for longitudinal study) of depression in each age group were extracted and entered into Review Manager 4.2 software. Qualitative meta-analyses of cross-sectional studies and of longitudinal studies were performed. For prevalence and incidence rates of depression, odds risk (OR) and relative risk (RR) were calculated, respectively.

Results

The qualitative meta-analyses showed that, compared with younger participants (above vs. below 65 years, above vs. below 70 years, above vs. below 75 years, and above vs. below 80 years), older age groups had a significantly higher risk for depression. (All of the ORs and RRs were significant.) Compared with participants aged 55–89, those aged above 90 years had no higher risk for depression. (Neither the OR nor the RR was significant.)

Conclusions

Despite the methodological limitations of this meta-analysis, older age appears to be an important risk factor for depression in the general elderly population (aged below 80 years), but not in the oldest population (aged above 85 years).
Listening Together, Making Place
Authors: Norman Katharine
Published: August 2012

In this paper I examine metaphors of place and place making, with reference to the phenomenological tradition and in particular Edward S. Casey, in relation both to sound-based music and art concerned with environment, and to listening and environmental sound. I do so in order to consider how aspects of place-making activity might be incorporated in aurally perceived works, and elicited in listeners, so that we might perhaps achieve a greater sense of ‘connectedness’ to sound-based music and art that is itself about – in some way – our connectedness to the environment. Three works, by Feld, Monacchi and López, form the basis for investigation.
Relationships among advance directives, principal diagnoses, and discharge outcomes in critically ill older adults
Authors: Yoo Ji Won , Nakagawa Shunichi , Kim Sulgi
Published: August 2012

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships among advance directive status, principal diagnoses, and the discharge outcomes in community-dwelling, critically ill older adults.

Method:

Using administrative and clinical data (n = 1673), multinomial logit regressions were used to examine the relationships among advance directive status, principal diagnoses, and discharge outcomes (in-hospital deaths, hospice discharges, and transition to institutions).

Results:

In the overall sample, the adjusted probability of in-hospital deaths with advance directives (12%) was lower than that without advance directives (17%; odds ratio [OR] = 0.56; p = 0.007) and the adjusted probability of hospice discharges with advance directives (11%) was higher than that without advance directives (7%; OR = 1.96; p = 0.03). Subgroup analysis showed that the magnitude of the abovementioned changes was aggregated when their principal diagnoses were a group of diseases with more difficult prognostication (circulatory and respiratory diseases) and more potential for reversibility (infectious diseases). By contrast, the magnitude of the abovementioned findings was diminished with other principal diagnoses. On the other hand, the presence of advance directives did not make a contribution to transition from communities to institutions.

Significance of results:

Significantly fewer in-hospital deaths in addition to higher hospice discharges were observed with any advance directives in community-dwelling, critically ill older adults. The magnitude of these findings was aggregated when their principal diagnoses were a group of diseases with more difficult prognostication (circulatory and respiratory diseases) and more potential for reversibility (infectious diseases). By contrast, the magnitude of these findings was diminished with other principal diagnoses.
Late Ordovician–Early Silurian δ13C chemostratigraphy in the Upper Mississippi Valley: implications for chronostratigraphy and depositional interpretations
Authors: Bergström Stig M. , Kleffner Mark , Schmitz Birger
Published: August 2012

A pioneer study of the previously unknown δ13C chemostratigraphy in the Ordovician/Silurian boundary interval in eastern Iowa and northeastern Illinois resulted in the discovery of the Hirnantian Isotope Carbon Excursion (HICE). The presence of this major isotope excursion in the Mosalem Formation in Iowa and the Wilhelmi Formation in Illinois, which indicates that the excursion interval in these units is of Hirnantian (latest Ordovician) rather than Early Silurian age, necessitates a revised chronostratigraphic classification of these units. Although the precise level of the Ordovician/Silurian boundary remains somewhat uncertain in the absence of the diagnostic graptolites, it is herein placed in the upper part, but well below the top, of the Mosalem Formation and at the top of the Wilhelmi Formation. During a major regression following the deposition of the Maquoketa Shale, the upper part of the latter clastic unit was in some places deeply eroded, resulting in a topographically dissected landscape with upland areas separated by wide incised valleys. During a subsequent late Hirnantian transgression, these palaeovalleys were gradually filled with marine sediments, but the upland areas were not transgressed until earliest Silurian times. The new chemostratigraphical evidence is in good agreement with the available biostratigraphical data, especially from corals, conodonts, and brachiopods. A preliminary chemostratigraphical study of the presumably coeval Edgewood Group successions in Pike County, northeastern Missouri failed to document any heavy δ13C values characteristic of the HICE and some, or all, of the Hirnantian values obtained there may be diagenetically overprinted.
35 Jahre Pädagogische Kunsttherapie – Korrespondenzen und Perspektiven
Authors: Domma Wolfgang
Published: August 2012

Zusammenfassung. Der vorliegende Aufsatz blickt auf 35 Jahre Pädagogische Kunsttherapie zurück und zeichnet die Entwicklungen und Paradigmenwechsel nach, die sich seit der Grundlegung durch Hans Günther Richter auf der Basis einer Fülle von neuen außerschulischen, sozialpädagogischen und klinischen Praxisfeldern und Einsatzmöglichkeiten ergeben haben. Diese Beschreibungen beziehen sich insbesondere auf Veränderungen, die den Gegenstand und die Zielsetzung Pädagogischer Kunsttherapie betreffen, die Qualität ästhetischer Erfahrungsmöglichkeiten und die positive Begrenzung möglicher Interventionen in einem pädagogischen Handlungskontext. Eine hierzu sinnvoll und notwendig erscheinende theoretische Korrespondenz mit den Grundannahmen der Systemisch – Konstruktivistischen Pädagogik von Kersten Reich bildet den letzten Teil des Aufsatzes.
Decision scaling: Linking bottom‐up vulnerability analysis with climate projections in the water sector
Authors: Brown Casey , Ghile Yonas , Laverty Mikaela , Li Ke
Published: August 2012

There are few methodologies for the use of climate change projections in decision making or risk assessment processes. In this paper we present an approach for climate risk assessment that links bottom‐up vulnerability assessment with multiple sources of climate information. The three step process begins with modeling of the decision and identification of thresholds. Through stochastic analysis and the creation of a climate response function, climate states associated with risk are specified. Climate information such as available from multi‐GCM, multirun ensembles, is tailored to estimate probabilities associated with these climate states. The process is designed to maximize the utility of climate information in the decision process and to allow the use of many climate projections to produce best estimates of future climate risks. It couples the benefits of stochastic assessment of risks with the potential insight from climate projections. The method is an attempt to make the best use of uncertain but potentially useful climate information. An example application to an urban water supply system is presented to illustrate the process.
Magnetotelluric monitoring of a fluid injection: Example from an enhanced geothermal system
Authors: Peacock J. R. , Thiel S. , Reid P. , Heinson G.
Published: August 2012

Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) are on the verge of becoming commercially viable for power production, where advancements in subsurface characterization are imperative to develop EGS into a competitive industry. Theory of an EGS is simple, pump fluids into thermally enhanced lithology and extract the hot fluids to produce energy. One significant complication in EGS development is estimating where injected fluids flow in the subsurface. Micro‐seismic surveys can provide information about where fractures opened, but not fracture connectivity nor fluid inclusion. Electromagnetic methods are sensitive to conductivity contrasts and can be used as a supplementary tool to delineate reservoir boundaries. In July, 2011, an injection test for a 3.6 km deep EGS at Paralana, South Australia was continuously monitored by both micro‐seismic and magnetotellurics (MT). Presented are the first results from continuous MT measurements suggesting transient variations in subsurface conductivity structure generated from the introduction of fluids at depth can be measured. Furthermore, phase tensor representation of the time dependent MT response suggests fluids migrated in a NE direction from the injection well. Results from this experiment supports the extension of MT to a monitoring tool for not only EGS but other hydraulic stimulations.
Spectral enhancements associated with Pi1B events observed at high latitude
Authors: Young Matthew A. , Lessard Marc , Engebretson Mark , Woodroffe Jesse R. , Oksavik Kjellmar
Published: August 2012

Spectral enhancements observed in conjunction with Pi1B by a ground‐based search‐coil magnetometer located at Longyearbyen in Svalbard, Norway, are examined as evidence of resonant structures in the ionosphere excited by broadband ultra low frequency geomagnetic micropulsations. We examine the morphology of spectral enhancements in dynamic Fourier spectra using a series of 102 Pi1B events recorded from February through October, 2008, followed by a quantitative analysis of a 49‐event subset that allows us to derive an estimate of the range of quality factors that can be expected for Pi1B‐associated spectral enhancements. Finally, we use European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) radar electron density data recorded during two Pi1B events from the original data set‐one during a sunlit ionosphere and one during a dark ionosphere‐in conjunction with Mass‐Spectrometer Incoherent Scatter (MSIS) and International Model Ionosphere (IRI) model data as input to a model of eigenmodes of the ionospheric Alfvén resonator. We compare the results of this model to the observed spectra and show that the observations can be partially explained as (instantaneous) resonant frequencies of the ionospheric Alfvén resonator.
The role of triggering by static stress transfer during geothermal reservoir stimulation
Authors: Schoenball M. , Baujard C. , Kohl T. , Dorbath L.
Published: August 2012

During creation of an Enhanced Geothermal System, massive fluid injections are conducted to induce fracture shear which generates reservoir permeability. In this study we analyze coseismic static stress transfer caused by induced seismic events during a stimulation at the European research project at Soultz‐sous‐Forêts (Alsace, France). For this purpose we developed an efficient method to calculate coseismic static stress changes from an elliptical slip distribution on a circular fracture using superposition of rectangular sources, which enables us to apply an analytical solution for fast computation. This method is applied on a data set of 715 focal mechanisms derived from seismic recordings of the stimulation of the well GPK2 to calculate temporal evolution of static stress transfer. We find that the resulting structure of coseismic stress changes can be divided into three parts: a quiet zone where no spreading of seismicity occurs, an active zone within the created reservoir with ongoing fracturing and a process zone where the growth of the reservoir occurs. Static stress changes in the active zone are of the order of 1 MPa, both positive and negative, but may exceed this value considerably on a local scale. Analysis of stress changes from a cluster of events that occurred after shut‐in lets us conclude that triggering by coseismic static stress changes is possible for some events. Our analysis shows that triggering by static stress transfer plays a minor role for injection induced seismicity in a volumetric reservoir, whereas it can be quite effective for rupture propagation along single large fault zones.
Thermal anomalies on pit craters and sinuous rilles of Arsia Mons: Possible signatures of atmospheric gas circulation in the volcano
Authors: Lopez T. , Antoine R. , Baratoux D. , Rabinowicz M. , Kurita K. , d'Uston L.
Published: August 2012

Seven circular depressions named as pit craters were found in northern flank of Arsia Mons, and we report 76 new ones in the southern flank of the volcano. Their diameters range from 100 m to 1300 m and depths range from 22 to 500 m. THEMIS‐IR data reveal that some of these pit craters are 10 K warmer than the surrounding surface during night and are referred as Thermally Distinct Pit (TDP). Nighttime surface temperature variations of 10 K at this scale are common on Mars and may result from a combination of geometrical factors and/or variations of thermophysical properties. However, several observations appear to be difficult to reconcile with this view. We have thus explored the conditions for the occurrence of ∼40 km long subsurface air flow through the volcano apron and its consequences on surface temperatures. Our numerical simulations assume that cold air penetrates the apron through a slope break. It then flows upslope affecting a thickness of 6 km and finally exits 40 km away through warm pit craters and sinuous rilles. An extremely high horizontal permeability of 10−4 m2 and a vertical permeability of 10−8 m2 are used considering the anisotropic media resulting from the accumulation of lava flows and ash/scoria deposits. Without unequivocally ruling out a possible contribution of geometrical factors and thermal properties variations, these numerical simulations show that the ascending convective flow provides, at the surface, a heat flow able to sustain an excess temperature of ∼10 K.
Enhancing agrienvironmental outcomes: Market‐based approaches to water in Australia's Murray‐Darling Basin
Authors: Crase Lin , O'Keefe Sue , Kinoshita Yukio
Published: August 2012

This article provides the background to the water reform program in Australia's Murray‐Darling Basin, with the aim of informing international policy practitioners. We focus specifically on the most recent efforts of government to redistribute water from agricultural users to an environmental water manager. The effectiveness of market‐based approaches is assessed in this context, and generalized policy lessons are distilled. We conclude that water buybacks deliver positive outcomes, with farmers readily adapting to the opportunities afforded by this program. Accordingly, we conclude that agrienvironmental objectives can be enhanced by the use of market‐based approaches of this form, at least in this context.
Hypoglycemia-Induced Increases in Thalamic Cerebral Blood Flow are Blunted in Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes and Hypoglycemia Unawareness
Authors: Mangia Silvia , Tesfaye Nolawit , De Martino Federico , Kumar Anjali F , Kollasch Pete , Moheet Amir A , Eberly Lynn E , Seaquist Elizabeth R
Published: August 2012

The thalamus has been found to be activated during the early phase of moderate hypoglycemia. Here, we tested the hypothesis that this region is less activated during hypoglycemia in subjects with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and hypoglycemia unawareness relative to controls. Twelve controls (5 F/7 M, age 40 ± 14 years, body mass index 24.2 ± 2.7 kg/m2) and eleven patients (7 F/4 M, age 39 ± 13 years, body mass index 26.5 ± 4.4 kg/m2) with well-controlled T1DM (A1c 6.8 ± 0.4%) underwent a two-step hyperinsulinemic (2.0 mU/kg per minute) clamp. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) weighted images were acquired using arterial spin labeling to monitor cerebral activation in the midbrain regions. Blood glucose was first held at 95 mg/dL and then allowed to decrease to 50 mg/dL. The CBF image acquisition during euglycemia and hypoglycemia began within a few minutes of when the target blood glucose values were reached. Hypoglycemia unaware T1DM subjects displayed blunting of the physiologic CBF increase that occurs in the thalamus of healthy individuals during the early phase of moderate hypoglycemia. A positive correlation was observed between thalamic response and epinephrine response to hypoglycemia, suggesting that this region may be involved in the coordination of the counter regulatory response to hypoglycemia.
Operational approach to open dynamics and quantifying initial correlations
Authors: Modi Kavan
Published: August 2012

A central aim of physics is to describe the dynamics of physical systems. Schrödinger's equation does this for isolated quantum systems. Describing the time evolution of a quantum system that interacts with its environment, in its most general form, has proved to be difficult because the dynamics is dependent on the state of the environment and the correlations with it. For discrete processes, such as quantum gates or chemical reactions, quantum process tomography provides the complete description of the dynamics, provided that the initial states of the system and the environment are independent of each other. However, many physical systems are correlated with the environment at the beginning of the experiment. Here, we give a prescription of quantum process tomography that yields the complete description of the dynamics of the system even when the initial correlations are present. Surprisingly, our method also gives quantitative expressions for the initial correlation.
Fuel ion ratio measurements in reactor relevant neutral beam heated fusion plasmas
Authors: Hellesen C. , Eriksson J. , Conroy S. , Ericsson G. , Skiba M. , Weiszflog M. ,   JET-EFDA Contributors
Published: August 2012

In this paper, we present a method to derive nt/nd using the ratio of the thermonuclear neutron emission to the beam-target neutron emission. We apply it to neutron spectroscopy data from the magnetic proton recoil spectrometer taken during the deuterium tritium experiment at JET. nt/nd-values obtained using neutron spectroscopy are in qualitative agreement with those from other diagnostics measuring the isotopic composition of the exhaust in the divertor.
Initial results of the high resolution edge Thomson scattering upgrade at DIII-D
Authors: Eldon D. , Bray B. D. , Deterly T. M. , Liu C. , Watkins M. , Groebner R. J. , Leonard A. W. , Osborne T. H. , Snyder P. B. , Boivin R. L. , Tynan G. R.
Published: August 2012

Validation of models of pedestal structure is an important part of predicting pedestal height and performance in future tokamaks. The Thomson scattering diagnostic at DIII-D has been upgraded in support of validating these models. Spatial and temporal resolution, as well as signal to noise ratio, have all been specifically enhanced in the pedestal region. This region is now diagnosed by 20 view-chords with a spacing of 6 mm and a scattering length of just under 5 mm sampled at a nominal rate of 250 Hz. When mapped to the outboard midplane, this corresponds to ∼3 mm spacing. These measurements are being used to test critical gradient models, in which pedestal gradients increase in time until a threshold is reached. This paper will describe the specifications of the upgrade and present initial results of the system.
A single-shot, multiwavelength electro-optic data-acquisition system for inertial confinement fusion applications (invited)
Authors: Donaldson W. R. , Zhao C. , Ji L. , Roides R. G. , Miller K. , Beeman B.
Published: August 2012

Electro-optic data-acquisition systems encode the output from voltage-history diagnostics onto optical signals. The optical signals can propagate long distances over fiber-optic links without degrading the bandwidth of the encoded signal while protecting the recording electronics from overvoltage damage. The sinusoidal response and tolerance to high-input voltages of the Mach–Zehnder modulator used for the encoding leads to the additional advantage of a high dynamic range and a reduced need for manually swapping attenuators. We have demonstrated a single-shot, electro-optic data-acquisition system with a 600:1 dynamic range. This system provides optical isolation and a bandwidth of 6 GHz. The prototype system uses multiple optical wavelengths to allow for the multiplexing of up to eight signals onto one photodetector.
Modelling vibrational coherence in the primary rhodopsin photoproduct
Authors: Weingart O. , Garavelli M.
Published: August 2012

Molecular dynamics simulations of the rhodopsin photoreaction reveal coherent low frequency oscillations in the primary photoproduct (photorhodopsin), with frequencies slightly higher than observed in the experiment. The coherent molecular motions in the batho-precursor can be attributed to the activation of ground state vibrational modes in the hot photo-product, involving out-of-plane deformations of the carbon skeleton. Results are discussed and compared with respect to spectroscopic data and suggested reaction mechanisms.
9D nonadiabatic quantum dynamics through a four-state conical intersection: Investigating the homolysis of the O–O bond in anthracene-9,10-endoperoxide
Authors: Assmann Mariana , Worth Graham A. , González Leticia
Published: August 2012

The excited state dynamics of anthracene-9,10-endoperoxide is investigated using quantum wavepacket dynamics. APO is an aromatic endoperoxide which, upon excitation to S1, shows a cleavage of the oxygen–oxygen bond, leading to rearrangement products. It was shown that the dynamics of the O–O cleavage is modulated by a four-state degeneracy [D. Mollenhauer, I. Corral, and L. González, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1, 1036 (2010)]10.1021/jz100196q. The most important mode to describe the O–O cleavage is the opening of the O–O bond. Excitation to higher excited states Sn (n ⩾ 2) leads to the release of singlet molecular oxygen. For this release, the twist of the oxygen atoms around the molecular axis is an important mode. These two degrees of freedom were employed to calculate two-dimensional potential energy surfaces for the four singlet states which become degenerate. Further modes were included in terms of harmonic oscillators. Using the multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree method, quantum dynamic simulations were performed in up to nine degrees of freedom. Moreover, the nine branching space vectors, which prove the degeneracy to be a four-state conical intersection (4CI), were calculated and included in the wavepacket propagations. The resulting dynamics show that the 4CI is reached very fast (in less than 30 fs after excitation) and the wavepacket distributes over all states. The degree of distribution into the states is very much dependent on which modes are included in the simulation.
The sticking probability of D2O-water on ice: Isotope effects and the influence of vibrational excitation
Authors: Morten Hundt P. , Bisson Régis , Beck Rainer D.
Published: August 2012

The present study measures the sticking probability of heavy water (D2O) on H2O- and on D2O-ice and probes the influence of selective OD-stretch excitation on D2O sticking on these ices. Molecular beam techniques are combined with infrared laser excitation to allow for precise control of incident angle, translational energy, and vibrational state of the incident molecules. For a translational energy of 69 kJ/mol and large incident angles (θ ≥ 45°), the sticking probability of D2O on H2O-ice was found to be 1% lower than on D2O-ice. OD-stretch excitation by IR laser pumping of the incident D2O molecules produces no detectable change of the D2O sticking probability (<10−3). The results are compared with other gas/surface systems for which the effect of vibrational excitation on trapping has been probed experimentally.
A derivation of the master equation from path entropy maximization
Authors: Lee Julian , Pressé Steve
Published: August 2012

The master equation and, more generally, Markov processes are routinely used as models for stochastic processes. They are often justified on the basis of randomization and coarse-graining assumptions. Here instead, we derive nth-order Markov processes and the master equation as unique solutions to an inverse problem. We find that when constraints are not enough to uniquely determine the stochastic model, an nth-order Markov process emerges as the unique maximum entropy solution to this otherwise underdetermined problem. This gives a rigorous alternative for justifying such models while providing a systematic recipe for generalizing widely accepted stochastic models usually assumed to follow from the first principles.
Differential cross sections for the electron impact excitation of pyrimidine
Authors: Jones D. B. , Bellm S. M. , Blanco F. , Fuss M. , García G. , Limão-Vieira P. , Brunger M. J.
Published: August 2012

We report on differential cross section (DCS) measurements for the electron-impact excitation of the electronic states of pyrimidine. The energy range of the present measurements was 15–50 eV with the angular range of the measurements being 10°–90°. All measured DCSs displayed forward-peaked angular distributions, consistent with the relatively large magnitudes for the dipole moment and dipole polarizability of pyrimidine. Excitations to triplet states were found to be particularly important in some energy loss features at the lower incident electron energies. To the best of our knowledge there are no other experimental data or theoretical computations against which we can compare the present results.
Metallic Coulomb blockade thermometry down to 10 mK and below
Authors: Casparis L. , Meschke M. , Maradan D. , Clark A. C. , Scheller C. P. , Schwarzwälder K. K. , Pekola J. P. , Zumbühl D. M.
Published: August 2012

We present an improved nuclear refrigerator reaching 0.3 mK, aimed at microkelvin nanoelectronic experiments, and use it to investigate metallic Coulomb blockade thermometers (CBTs) with various resistances R. The high-R devices cool to slightly lower T, consistent with better isolation from the noise environment, and exhibit electron-phonon cooling ∝ T 5 and a residual heat-leak of 40 aW. In contrast, the low-R CBTs display cooling with a clearly weaker T-dependence, deviating from the electron-phonon mechanism. The CBTs agree excellently with the refrigerator temperature above 20 mK and reach a minimum-T of 7.5 ± 0.2 mK.
Energy harvesting of dielectric elastomer generators concerning inhomogeneous fields and viscoelastic deformation
Authors: Li Tiefeng , Qu Shaoxing , Yang Wei
Published: August 2012

Dielectric elastomer generators convert mechanical work into electrical energy. Previous tests on membrane inflation elastomer generators, however, indicated rather low efficiency on energy harvesting. To characterize this phenomenon, an analytical model for viscoelastic dielectric elastomer generators is presented to maximize the energy conversion. The analysis is intended for inhomogeneous fields. The result indicates that viscoelasticity and instabilities during inflation and deflation degrade the efficiency of energy conversion and the specific electrical energy generated per cycle. Rapid loading and unloading, as well as appropriate pre-stretches, are found to upgrade the performances of the dielectric elastomer generators. The analysis may guide the design of dielectric elastomer generators.
Optical Zeeman spectroscopy of the (0,0) B4Γ – X4Φ band systems of titanium monohydride, TiH, and titanium monodeuteride, TiD
Authors: Qin Chengbing , Linton Colan , Steimle Timothy C.
Published: August 2012

The Zeeman effect in the (0,0) bands of the B4Γ5/2 – X4Φ3/2 system of titanium monohydride, TiH, and titanium monodeuteride, TiD, has been recorded and analyzed. Magnetic tuning of the spectral features recorded at high resolution (full width at half maximum ≅ 35 MHz) and at a field strength of 4.5 kG is accurately modeled using an effective Zeeman Hamiltonian. The determined magnetic g-factors for the X4Φ3/2 (v = 0) state deviate only slightly from those expected for an isolated 4Φ3/2 state whereas those for the B4Γ5/2(v = 0) deviate significantly from those of an isolated 4Γ5/2 state. The rotational dependence of the magnetic tuning in the B4Γ5/2(v = 0) state is attributed to perturbations from a nearby 4Φ state.
Structural, morphological, and magnetic characterization of In1−xMnxAs quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Ferri F. A. , Coelho L. N. , Kunets V. P. , Salamo G. J. , Marega E.
Published: August 2012

In this paper, we present a method to order low temperature (LT) self-assembled ferromagnetic In1−xMnxAs quantum dots (QDs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The ordered In1−xMnxAs QDs were grown on top of a non-magnetic In0.4Ga0.6As/GaAs(100) QDs multi-layered structure. The modulation of the chemical potential, due to the stacking, provides a nucleation center for the LT In1−xMnxAs QDs. For particular conditions, such as surface morphology and growth conditions, the In1−xMnxAs QDs align along lines like chains. This work also reports the characterization of QDs grown on plain GaAs(100) substrates, as well as of the ordered structures, as function of Mn content and growth temperature. The substitutional Mn incorporation in the InAs lattice and the conditions for obtaining coherent and incoherent structures are discussed from comparison between Raman spectroscopy and x-ray analysis. Ferromagnetic behavior was observed for all structures at 2 K. We found that the magnetic moment axis changes from [110] in In1−xMnxAs over GaAs to [1-10] for the ordered In1−xMnxAs grown over GaAs template.
A taxonomy of primary health care practices: an avenue for informing management and policy implementation
Authors: Rodwell John , Gulyas Andre
Published: August 2012

Health policy and practice managers often treat primary practices as being homogenous, despite evidence that these organisations vary along multiple dimensions. This treatment can be a barrier to the development of a strong health care system. Therefore, a more sophisticated taxonomy of organisations could inform management and policy to better cater to the diversity of practice contexts, needs and capabilities. The purpose of this study was to categorise primary practices using practice features and characteristics associated with the job satisfaction of GPs. The current study uses data from 3906 GPs from the 2008 wave of the MABEL survey. Seven configurations of primary health care practices emerged from multivariate cluster analyses. The configurations incorporate, yet move beyond, simplistic categorisations such as geographic location and highlight the complexity facing managers and health policy interventions. The multidimensional configurations in the taxonomy are a mechanism for informing health care management and policy. The process of deriving configurations can be applied in a variety of countries and contexts.
Genetic parameter estimates and principal component analysis of breeding values of reproduction and growth traits in female Canchim cattle
Authors: Buzanskas M. E. , Savegnago R. P. , Grossi D. A. , Venturini G. C. , Queiroz S. A. , Silva L. O. C. , Júnior R. A. A. Torres , Munari D. P. , Alencar M. M.
Published: August 2012

Phenotypic data from female Canchim beef cattle were used to obtain estimates of genetic parameters for reproduction and growth traits using a linear animal mixed model. In addition, relationships among animal estimated breeding values (EBVs) for these traits were explored using principal component analysis. The traits studied in female Canchim cattle were age at first calving (AFC), age at second calving (ASC), calving interval (CI), and bodyweight at 420 days of age (BW420). The heritability estimates for AFC, ASC, CI and BW420 were 0.03 ± 0.01, 0.07 ± 0.01, 0.06 ± 0.02, and 0.24 ± 0.02, respectively. The genetic correlations for AFC with ASC, AFC with CI, AFC with BW420, ASC with CI, ASC with BW420, and CI with BW420 were 0.87 ± 0.07, 0.23 ± 0.02, –0.15 ± 0.01, 0.67 ± 0.13, –0.07 ± 0.13, and 0.02 ± 0.14, respectively. Standardised EBVs for AFC, ASC and CI exhibited a high association with the first principal component, whereas the standardised EBV for BW420 was closely associated with the second principal component. The heritability estimates for AFC, ASC and CI suggest that these traits would respond slowly to selection. However, selection response could be enhanced by constructing selection indices based on the principal components.
A review of the genus Lepidosperma Labill. (Cyperaceae: Schoeneae)
Authors: Barrett Russell L. , Wilson Karen L.
Published: August 2012

Species diversity in the genus Lepidosperma Labill. is much greater than previously thought. On the basis of morphological and molecular data, we currently recognise 73 named species (mainly in Australia), with many more species yet to be described. As a precursor to a complete revision, we review the names published in Lepidosperma. All published names at infrageneric, specific and infraspecific rank are typified and their current taxonomic status is indicated. Brief distribution notes are given for the 73 named species recognised. We also give a list of names referrable to other genera. A summary of the taxonomic history of the genus is provided, as well as notes on the specimens collected by early collectors in Australia. Three new combinations are made in Lepidosperma: L. asperatum (Kük.) R.L.Barrett, L. neozelandicum (Kük.) R.L.Barrett & K.L.Wilson and L. rigidulum (Kük.) K.L.Wilson. L. sanguinolentum K.L.Wilson is a nomen novum based on L. drummondii var. floribundum Kük. Lectotypes are designated for eight infrageneric names and for 39 specific and infraspecific names, including the following: L. angustifolium Hook.f., L. angustatum R.Br., L. angustatum var. curvispiculum Benth., L. australe (A.Rich.) Hook.f., L. benthamianum C.B.Clarke, L. brunonianum Nees, L. brunonianum var. binuciferum Kük., L. canescens Boeckeler, L. carphoides Benth., L. concavum var. pyramidatum Benth., L. confine Nees, L. costale Nees, L. costale var. densispicatum Kük., L. drummondii Benth., L. effusum Benth., L. forsythii A.A.Ham., L. gladiatum Labill., L. globosum Labill., L. inops F.Muell. ex Rodway, L. laterale var. angustum Benth., L. laterale var. majus Benth., L. leptophyllum Benth., L. leptostachyum Benth., L. leptostachyum var. asperatum Kük., L. muelleri Boeckeler, L. neesii Kunth, L. perplanum Guillaumin, L. perteres C.B.Clarke, L. pruinosum Kük., L. pruinosum var. rigidulum Kük., L. quadrangulatum A.A.Ham., L. resinosum var. pleianthemum Kük., L. scabrum Nees, L. scabrum var. effusum Benth., L. sieberi Kunth, L. squamatum Labill., L. tenue Benth., L. viscidum R.Br. and L. viscidum var. subpyramidale Kük. Twenty-two excluded names are listed and new combinations are provided in Tricostularia for L. aphyllum R.Br. and L. exsul C.B.Clarke. A lectotype is selected for L. pauciflorum F.Muell. (= Tricostularia pauciflora (F.Muell.) Benth.).
Plant-available manganese in bauxite residue sand amended with compost and residue mud
Authors: Thiyagarajan Chitdeshwari , Bell R. W. , Anderson J. , Phillips I. R.
Published: August 2012

Manganese (Mn) deficiency has been a constraint for revegetation on bauxite residue sand and there is still no effective strategy to remedy this problem. The effect of addition of organic amendments (piggery waste, biosolids, and commercial compost) and mineral amendments (unamended, seawater-neutralised residue mud, and carbonated bauxite residue mud) on Mn forms and availability in residue sand was studied. Incubation of residue sand with organic amendments (applied at rates of 0, 10, and 50 t/ha) over a 30-day period found little change in DTPA-extractable Mn concentrations, which remained below the critical level of 1 mg/kg. The DTPA-extractable Mn concentrations were comparable to those in the exchangeable fraction (DTPA-Mn = 0.931 × Exch-Mn + 0.358, r2 = 0.84) and, therefore, may provide an estimation of plant-available Mn. The highest Mn concentrations were consistently associated with the carbonate fraction, suggesting that Mn was either retained by surface adsorption reactions and/or co-precipitated with calcium carbonate. The addition of residue mud amendments generally reduced DTPA-extractable Mn, probably through adsorption by hydrous Fe and Al oxides. Leaching did not cause significant (P > 0.05) movement of Mn in residue sand columns, possibly due to the alkaline pH and specific adsorption reactions. Given the difficulty of increasing plant-available Mn by organic amendments, residue mud additions, leaching, and/or fertilisers, overcoming Mn deficiency in vegetation on bauxite residue sand may depend on using Mn-efficient species that are able to efficiently extract Mn associated with carbonate and Fe/Al oxyhydroxide fractions.
Fire history in the Araucaria araucana forests of Argentina: human and climate influences
Authors: Mundo I. A. , Kitzberger T. , Roig Juñent F. A. , Villalba R. , Barrera M. D.
Published: August 2012

Little is known about drivers and trends of historic fire regimes in the Araucaria araucana forests of south-western Argentina. Fire history in these forests was reconstructed by the analysis of 246 fire-scarred partial cross-sections from this fire-resistant tree collected at 10 sites in Neuquén, northern Patagonia. Fire chronologies showed an increase in fire occurrence during the nineteenth century and a sharp decrease since the early twentieth century. The creation of Lanín National Park in 1937, the change in human activities, and the active suppression of wildfires led to a significant increase in mean fire intervals since 1930. In addition to these multidecadal to centennial scale drives of fire frequency, interannual variability in wildfire activity was associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Years of widespread fire are related to negative departures of both Niño 3.4 and Pacific Decadal Oscillation indexes (i.e. La Niña conditions), as well as coincident phases of positive Southern Annular Mode and La Niña events. Temporal variations in the Araucaria fire history in Argentina clearly show the combined effect of human and climate influences on fire regimes. A comparison with previous fire history studies in the Araucaria forests of Chile reveals substantial differences related to differences in human activities on both sides of the Andes and the earlier implementation of protected areas in Argentina.
Protected areas facilitate species’ range expansions
Authors: Thomas Chris D. , Gillingham Phillipa K. , Bradbury Richard B. , Roy David B. , Anderson Barbara J. , Baxter John M. , Bourn Nigel A. D. , Crick Humphrey Q. P. , Findon Richard A. , Fox Richard , Hodgson Jenny A. , Holt Alison R. , Morecroft Mike D. , O’Hanlon Nina J. , Oliver Tom H. , Pearce-Higgins James W. , Procter Deborah A. , Thomas Jeremy A. , Walker Kevin J. , Walmsley Clive A. , Wilson Robert J. , Hill Jane K.
Published: August 2012

The benefits of protected areas (PAs) for biodiversity have been questioned in the context of climate change because PAs are static, whereas the distributions of species are dynamic. Current PAs may, however, continue to be important if they provide suitable locations for species to colonize at their leading-edge range boundaries, thereby enabling spread into new regions. Here, we present an empirical assessment of the role of PAs as targets for colonization during recent range expansions. Records from intensive surveys revealed that seven bird and butterfly species have colonized PAs 4.2 (median) times more frequently than expected from the availability of PAs in the landscapes colonized. Records of an additional 256 invertebrate species with less-intensive surveys supported these findings and showed that 98% of species are disproportionately associated with PAs in newly colonized parts of their ranges. Although colonizing species favor PAs in general, species vary greatly in their reliance on PAs, reflecting differences in the dependence of individual species on particular habitats and other conditions that are available only in PAs. These findings highlight the importance of current PAs for facilitating range expansions and show that a small subset of the landscape receives a high proportion of colonizations by range-expanding species.
Chronic epithelial NF-κB activation accelerates APC loss and intestinal tumor initiation through iNOS up-regulation
Authors: Shaked Helena , Hofseth Lorne J. , Chumanevich Alena , Chumanevich Alexander A. , Wang Jin , Wang Yinsheng , Taniguchi Koji , Guma Monica , Shenouda Steve , Clevers Hans , Harris Curtis C. , Karin Michael
Published: August 2012

The role of NF-κB activation in tumor initiation has not been thoroughly investigated. We generated
Ikkβ(EE)
IEC
transgenic mice expressing constitutively active IκB kinase β (IKKβ) in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Despite absence of destructive colonic inflammation,
Ikkβ(EE)
IEC
mice developed intestinal tumors after a long latency. However, when crossed to mice with IEC-specific allelic deletion of the adenomatous polyposis coli (
Apc
) tumor suppressor locus,
Ikkβ(EE)
IEC
mice exhibited more β-catenin
+
early lesions and visible small intestinal and colonic tumors relative to
Apc
+/ΔIEC
mice, and their survival was severely compromised. IEC of
Ikkβ(EE)
IEC
mice expressed high amounts of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and elevated DNA damage markers and contained more oxidative DNA lesions. Treatment of
Ikkβ(EE)
IEC
/
Apc
+/ΔIEC
mice with an iNOS inhibitor decreased DNA damage markers and reduced early β-catenin
+
lesions and tumor load. The results suggest that persistent NF-κB activation in IEC may accelerate loss of heterozygocity by enhancing nitrosative DNA damage.
Functional convergence of hopanoids and sterols in membrane ordering
Authors: Sáenz James Peter , Sezgin Erdinc , Schwille Petra , Simons Kai
Published: August 2012

Liquid-ordered phases are one of two biochemically active membrane states, which until now were thought to be a unique consequence of the interactions between eukaryotic membrane lipids. The formation of a liquid-ordered phase depends crucially on the ordering properties of sterols. However, it is not known whether this capacity exists in organisms that lack sterols, such as bacteria. We show that diplopterol, the simplest bacterial hopanoid, has similar properties and that hopanoids are bacterial “sterol surrogates” with the ability to order saturated lipids and to form a liquid-ordered phase in model membranes. These observations suggest that the evolution of an ordered biochemically active liquid membrane could have evolved before the oxygenation of Earth’s surface and the emergence of sterols.