bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The use of recovery model in forensic psychiatric settings: A Foucauldian critique
Authors: Johansson Jim A. , Holmes Dave
Published: April 2022

Recovery, a model of care aimed at patient‐led nursing practice emphasizing autonomy, hope and self‐determination, has in recent years been adapted for the secure forensic psychiatric setting. Often referred to as ‘secure recovery’, this model suggests the aims of recovery are achievable even in highly restrictive settings. This paper will adopt a Foucauldian perspective to offer a critical analysis of recovery in forensic settings. In providing recovery‐oriented care, nurses utilize pastoral power in guiding patients to institutionally preferred outcomes. Akin to Christian religious conversion, nurses engage in a neo‐religious conversion of patients to a neoliberal subjectivity of homo‐economicus. This path of recovery is grounded in an ethos of personal responsibility and self‐government, inseparable from the greater context of neoliberal governmentality. Despite attempts at transforming forensic nursing practice into more egalitarian directions, recovery remains a coercive practice, and fails to meet the overall goals of this paradigm in secure settings.
Stable composite electrolytes of PVDF modified by inorganic particles for solid‐state lithium batteries
Authors: Pei Ren‐Jie , Song Tianyuan , Sun Liangliang , Li You‐Fen , Yang Ru
Published: April 2022

Polymer electrolytes have been attracting much attention because of their flexibility and easy follow‐up processing, but their Li+ conductivity in lithium‐metal batteries (LIBs) is unsatisfactory. Stable composite electrolytes of poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) polymer with high lithium‐ion conductivity have been prepared by a trigger structural modification of Li6.5La3Zr1.5Nb0.25Ta0.25O12 (LLZNTO) garnet ceramic and TiO2 oxide. The influences of various amounts of TiO2 and LLZNTO on electrochemical performance were systematically examined. These composite electrolytes exhibited maximal Li+ conductivity of 2.89 × 10−4 S cm−1, which is consistent with the value of pure ceramic electrolytes. Furthermore, it possessed the stable long‐term Li cycling and the wide electrochemical window, involving repeated Li plating/stripping at 0.2 mA cm−2 over 280 h without failure. The discharge specific capacity and Coulomb efficiency for all‐solid‐state LIBs assembled with these membranes delivered outstanding cycling stability with high discharge capacities (117.9 mA h g−1) at 0.1 C rate and Coulomb efficiency reached 99.9% after 25 cycles. The high Li+ conduction capability can be ascribed function of introducing TiO2 and LLZNTO to restrain tremendously the crystalline behavior of the polymer. Furthermore, the LLZNTO can be complex with PVDF for dehydrofluorination, and it can also offer a burst transportation route for lithium ions. This system might serve as an attractive use for polymer solid electrolytes and open up new possibilities for safe all‐solid‐state LIBs.
Documented nursing practices of pain assessment and management when communicating about pain in dementia care
Authors: Tsai Yvette I‐Pei , Browne Graeme , Inder Kerry Jill
Published: April 2022

Aim

To evaluate nurses' documented practice when communicating about pain for people with dementia in hospital.

Design

Retrospective medical record review.

Method

Medical records were retrieved from four inpatient units in a district and a tertiary teaching hospital of people aged 65 years and over with documented dementia. Data were extracted on nurses' documented pain assessment and management. Pain frequency and association between patient self‐report, pain scores, cognition levels and analgesics used during hospitalization were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Multivariate regression examined patient characteristics, pain characteristics and length of hospital stay.

Results

One‐hundred patient records met the inclusion criteria between 1 January and 31 August 2017. Sixty‐six percent of patients with dementia had pain documented at least once during hospitalization with 58% reported as moderate to severe pain intensity. Patients' pain severity during admission was associated with their length of hospital stay. Ninety‐three percent of nurses used a self‐reporting pain tool and 7% used an observational pain tool. Pain scores were not associated with patients' cognition level, nurses' pain reports or analgesic management.

Conclusion

Pain frequently occurs in people with dementia during hospitalization. Fragmented pain reporting influences the translation of pain messages. Disproportionate pain tool application and non‐association between pain scores and analgesic management suggest a potential knowledge gap among nurses about the practical use of pain tools and practice gap between pain assessment and management in dementia care.

Impact

Pain was regularly assessed by nurses and implemented as a fifth vital sign for people with dementia in hospitals. However, the high frequency of pain affects care outcomes. Areas for improvement include nursing practice of pain assessment and management in dementia care in hospitals. Further understanding of the usefulness of pain tools and the efficacy of pain scores when communicating about pain in dementia care in hospitals is required.
A realist evaluation case study of the implementation of advanced nurse practitioner roles in primary care in Scotland
Authors: Strachan Heather , Hoskins Gaylor , Wells Mary , Maxwell Margaret
Published: April 2022

Aim

To evaluate Advanced Nurse Practitioner (ANP) role implementation in primary care across Scotland in contributing to primary care transformation, and establish what works, for whom, why and in what context.

Design

A realist evaluation using multiple case studies.

Methods

Two phases, conducted March 2017 to May 2018: (1) multiple case studies of ANP implementation in 15 health boards across Scotland, deductive thematic analysis of interviews, documentary analysis; (2) in‐depth case studies of five health boards, framework analysis of interviews and focus groups.

Results

Sixty‐eight informants were interviewed, and 72 documents were reviewed across both phases. ANP roles involved substitution for elements of the GP role for minor illness and injuries, across all ages. In rural areas ANPs undertook multiple nursing roles, were more autonomous and managed greater complexity. Mechanisms that facilitated implementation included: the national ANP definition; GP, primary care team and public engagement; funding for ANP education; and experienced GP supervisors. Contexts that affected mechanisms were national and local leadership; remote, rural and island communities; and workload challenges. Small‐scale evaluations indicated that ANPs: make appropriate decisions; improve patient access and experience.

Conclusions

At the time of the evaluation, the implementation of ANP roles in primary care in Scotland was in early stages. Capacity to train ANPs in a service already under pressure was challenging. Shifting elements of GPs workload to ANPs freed up GPs but did little to transform primary care. Local evaluations provided some evidence that ANPs were delivering high‐quality primary care services and enhanced primary care services to nursing homes or home visits.

Impact

ANP roles can be implemented with greater success and have more potential to transform primary care when the mechanisms include leadership at all levels, ANP roles that value advanced nursing knowledge, and appropriate education programmes delivered in the context of multidisciplinary collaboration.
Intergroup contact and conflict in a climate of exclusion: An interview study in the ethnically super‐homogenous German town of Bautzen
Authors: Rees Yann P. M. , Kurtenbach Sebastian , Rees Jonas H. , Zick Andreas
Published: April 2022

While most Germans reacted welcoming toward newly arrived refugees in 2015 and 2016, parallelly overt hateful reactions such as hate crimes, social exclusion, and increasing right‐wing electoral support have been registered all over Germany with several regions emerging as “hot spots” in these regards. Among them was our case, the mid‐sized town of Bautzen in the state of Saxony, where intergroup conflict and violent clashes between locals and refugees caused news headlines. To analyze intergroup conflicts in the ethnically super‐homogenous context of Bautzen, we performed a qualitative interview study. More specifically, we conducted 48 semistructured interviews with residents and members of the victimized outgroup of refugees. Our analysis reveals that the societal basis of intergroup conflict in Bautzen seems to be a distinct climate of exclusion aimed at tagged outgroups. Refugees report facing everyday discriminatory practices and even violence. Further, this specific local climate is facilitated by several Bautzen‐specific characteristics on the macro level, such as low number of foreigners and high levels of right‐wing electoral support. Our findings suggest that limited diversity and widespread stereotypes affect locals' reactions toward and perception of refugees. We discuss our results in light of the intergroup contact hypothesis and encourage more qualitative research on the nexus of intergroup contact and intergroup conflict.
Susceptibility testing alone will not reliably achieve high Helicobacter pylori cure rates: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Huang Yu , Chen Jinnan , Ding Zhaohui , Liang Xiao , Lu Hong
Published: April 2022

Background and Aim

Not all the susceptibility‐guided therapies for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection achieve excellent eradication rates. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis to identify the optimal regimen for H. pylori treatment based on antibiotic susceptibility.

Methods

A systematic search was performed in multiple databases. Studies reporting eradication rates of H. pylori with susceptibility‐guided therapies were selected. Meta‐analysis was conducted to calculate the pooled eradication rate among the treatment regimens.

Results

Forty‐eight eligible studies with 101 susceptibility‐guided treatment arms were included. The overall eradication rate in patients harboring susceptible strains was 95.0% (95% CI, 94.1–95.9%), but only 63.4% of treatment arms (64/101) achieved good eradication rates (≥ 90%). Pooled eradication rates in patients with susceptible strains were: 93.4% (95% CI, 92.0–94.8%) for clarithromycin, 99.0% (95% CI, 98.1–100%) for nitroimidazoles and 95.4% (95% CI, 93.6–97.2%) for fluoroquinolones. Among the arms using a triple therapy, 66.7% (28/42) using clarithromycin, 84.2% (16/19) using nitroimidazoles and 70.8% (17/24) using fluoroquinolones achieved good (≥ 90%) eradication rates. Of 13 arms using sequential therapy, ≥ 90% eradication was achieved in 14.3% (1/7) using clarithromycin, 25.0% (1/4) using nitroimidazoles and both arms (2/2) using fluoroquinolones.

Conclusions

Susceptibility testing alone seemed insufficient to reliably attain high H. pylori cure rates. The eradication rate in patients with nitroimidazoles susceptible strains was higher than those of fluoroquinolones and clarithromycin.
Association of thyroid autoimmunity with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in euthyroid middle‐aged subjects: A population‐based study
Authors: Kim Hye Jeong , Park Sang Joon , Park Hyeong Kyu , Byun Dong Won , Suh Kyoil , Yoo Myung Hi
Published: April 2022

Background and Aim

The association between thyroid autoimmunity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and NAFLD in a large cohort of euthyroid subjects.

Methods

We analyzed clinical and biochemical data from a nationwide, population‐based, cross‐sectional survey (KNHANES VI). A total of 1589 middle‐aged participants aged 45–65 years, with normal thyroid function, were included in this study. NAFLD was defined as a hepatic steatosis index of > 36. We estimated the odds ratios (ORs) for NAFLD according to anti‐thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) positivity by using logistic regression models, and adjusted for potential confounders.

Results

Overall, 24% (n = 378) of the subjects had NAFLD. Subjects with NAFLD showed a higher positivity for TPOAb (11% vs 7%, P = 0.014) compared with those without NAFLD. TPOAb positivity was a significant risk factor for NAFLD [OR 1.668, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.019–2.730, P = 0.042] even after adjusting for confounding variables, including age, sex, household income, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, walking activity, abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia. In addition, TPOAb positivity predicted the risk of advanced liver fibrosis (OR 3.112, 95% CI 1.256–7.713, P = 0.014) in subjects with NAFLD, independent of the confounding variables.

Conclusion

In euthyroid subjects, thyroid autoimmunity is associated with NAFLD and advanced liver fibrosis, independent of known metabolic risk factors. Large longitudinal studies in the future will help clarify the causality.
The VA Life‐Sustaining Treatment Decisions Initiative: A qualitative analysis of veterans with advanced kidney disease
Authors: Wong Susan P. Y. , Foglia Mary Beth , Cohen Jennifer , Oestreich Taryn , O'Hare Ann M.
Published: April 2022

Background

Documentation of patients' goals of care is integral to promoting goal‐concordant care. In 2017, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) launched a system‐wide initiative to standardize documentation of patients' preferences for life‐sustaining treatments (LST) and related goals‐of‐care conversations (GoCC) that included using a note template in its national electronic medical record system. We describe implementation of the LST note based on documentation in the medical records of patients with advanced kidney disease, a group that has traditionally experienced highly intensive patterns of care.

Methods

We performed a qualitative analysis of documentation in the VA electronic medical record for a national random sample of 500 adults with advanced kidney disease for whom at least one LST note was completed between July 2018 and March 2019 to identify prominent themes pertaining to the content and context of LST notes.

Results

During the observation period, a total of 723 (mean 1.5, range 1–6) LST notes were completed for this cohort. Two themes emerged from the analysis: (1) Reactive approach: LST notes were largely completed in response to medical crises, in which they focused on short‐term goals and preferences rather than patients' broader health and goals, or certain clinical encounters designated by the initiative as “triggering events” for LST note completion; (2) Practitioner‐driven: Documentation suggested that practitioners would attempt to engage patients/surrogates in GoCC to lay out treatment options in order to move care forward, but patients/surrogates sometimes appeared reluctant to engage in GoCC and had difficulty communicating in ways that practitioners could understand.

Conclusions

Standardized documentation of patients' treatment preferences and related GoCC was used to inform in‐the‐moment decision‐making during acute illness and certain junctures in care. There is opportunity to expand standardized documentation practices and related GoCC to address patients'/surrogates' broader health concerns and goals and to enhance their engagement in these processes.
The fifty years following the discovery of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone
Authors: Plant Tony M. , Steiner Robert A.
Published: April 2022

This article highlights key milestones in GnRH research that have occurred in the 50 plus years since the discovery of the decapeptide. It is by no means exhaustive and inevitably reflects our limitations and idiosyncratic perspectives.
Psychotropic medication prescribing trends in a developmental–behavioural clinic during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Ong Jun J , Roberts Gehan
Published: April 2022

Aim

Psychotropic medication prescribing among children with developmental–behavioural and mental health problems appears to be rising globally. We aim to examine the effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic and rapid introduction of telehealth consultations on the prescribing trends and medication change in a large paediatric public hospital developmental–behavioural outpatient service.

Methods

Data for developmental–behavioural outpatient encounters from 23 March 2019 to 22 March 2021 were extracted from the electronic medical record; representing the 12 months following the conversion to telehealth consultations during the onset of COVID‐19 pandemic and the 12 months prior to this change. Excel and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences were used to calculate percentages and logistic regression to compare psychotropic prescribing trends during both periods.

Results

During the pandemic, there were a total of 3201 encounters (92.0% telehealth), compared with 2759 encounters (1.6% telehealth) during the previous year. Despite the higher number of encounters during the pandemic, the rates of encounters with psychotropic medication prescriptions reduced compared to the previous 12 months (19.8% vs. 29.3%). Prescriptions made during COVID‐19 were more likely to be provided at review visits, patients ≥12 years and during consultant led encounters. The reduction in prescriptions involved both new and follow‐up psychotropic medications. The majority of follow‐up medication dosages were left unchanged.

Conclusions

Psychotropic prescribing rates were lower during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Fewer new medications were commenced and most medication dosages were unchanged.
Efficacy of mono‐ and multistrain synbiotics supplementation in modifying performance, caecal fermentation, intestinal health, meat and bone quality, and some blood biochemical indices in broilers
Authors: Yalçın Sakine , Ramay Muhammad Shazaib , Güntürkün Oğuz Berk , Yalçın Siddika Songül , Ahlat Ozan , Yalçın Suzan , Özkaya Mustafa
Published: April 2022

The superiority of synbiotics in terms of their biological effects depends primarily on a suitable combination of both components, pro‐biotic and pre‐biotic. The present study was conducted to compare the efficacy of mono‐ and multistrain synbiotics on overall performance, caecal fermentation, intestinal health, meat and bone quality along with some blood biochemical indices in broilers. A total of 231, 1‐day‐old male Ross 308, broiler chicks were randomly assigned to three experimental groups using 11 replicates each and seven chicks/replicate. The dietary treatments included control group with no synbiotic supplementation, monostrain (Maflor) and multistrain (Maflor plus) synbiotic groups with 1 g/kg of added synbiotics each. Synbiotics feeding significantly improved animal performance with a clear impact on meat quality in terms of low‐fat, optimum ultimate pH24, higher water holding capacity, and lower drip and cooking losses. Of the two synbiotics, multistrain seemed to have responded better in modifying small intestinal epithelia and fermentation metabolites, although both synbiotics were comparable in reducing the pathogen load. Load‐bearing capacity of both leg bones (femur and tibia) was also enhanced with synbiotics supplementation, which was also reflected in their mineral profile. The blood serum biochemical analysis showed a reduction in circulating cholesterol and triglycerides levels and an increment in IgA and IgG concentrations. In conclusion, the remarkable efficacy of tested synbiotics in providing higher growth, better meat quality in tandem with the optimum gut environment, lower pathogen load, healthy epithelia, immunomodulation, hypocholesterolemic, and hypotriglyceridemic effects affirms their great potential to be used as feed additives in broiler diets. Contrary to our expectations, the effectiveness of a mono‐strain in comparison to multistrain synbiotic in improving almost all the features investigated was also notable. Further evaluation under challenging conditions should be explicitly conducted to achieve more comprehensive results.
Susanna Schellenberg on perception
Authors: Hill Christopher S.
Published: April 2022

Schellenberg's book The unity of perception is full of innovative ideas and challenges to preconceptions. This discussion endorses several of Schellenberg's main contentions, but it also challenges her handling of several key topics, such as hallucinations and perceptual awareness of particulars, and it expresses doubts about the informativeness of her main analytic tool, the notion of a perceptual capacity.
The life cycle and enigmatic egress of coronaviruses
Authors: Prydz Kristian , Saraste Jaakko
Published: April 2022

There has been considerable recent interest in the life cycle of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the causative agent of the Covid‐19 pandemic. Practically every step in CoV replication—from cell attachment and uptake via genome replication and expression to virion assembly has been considered as a specific event that potentially could be targeted by existing or novel drugs. Interference with cellular egress of progeny viruses could also be adopted as a possible therapeutic strategy; however, the situation is complicated by the fact that there is no broad consensus on how CoVs find their way out of their host cells. The viral nucleocapsid, consisting of the genomic RNA complexed with nucleocapsid proteins obtains a membrane envelope during virus budding into the lumen of the intermediate compartment (IC) at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–Golgi interface. From here, several alternative routes for CoV extracellular release have been proposed. Strikingly, recent studies have shown that CoV infection leads to the disassembly of the Golgi ribbon and the mobilization of host cell compartments and protein machineries that are known to promote Golgi‐independent trafficking to the cell surface. Here, we discuss the life cycle of CoVs with a special focus on different possible pathways for virus egress.
Identification of histopathological and clinical spectrum of diabetic kidney disease based on an unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis of elderly autopsy specimens
Authors: Sugimoto Hikaru , Yumura Wako , Yamaguchi Yasuko , Yamanaka Noriko , Hashimoto Seiji , Arai Masahiro , Matsuno Shiho , Shimizu Akira , Arai Tomio , Itabashi Mitsuyo , Takei Takashi
Published: April 2022

Aim

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a chronic kidney disease caused by diabetes and other comorbidities, is the leading cause of end‐stage renal disease. The pathogenesis of DKD is diverse and influenced by various causes, some but not all of which cause proteinuria. Some factors such as hypertension can modify DKD. Therefore, the spectrum of DKD is difficult to elucidate and remains unsolved. This study aims to classify and characterize DKD.

Methods

We examined autopsy specimens from type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) (n = 44) and non‐DM (n = 21) groups.

Results

The frequency of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy was higher in patients with proteinuric DKD than in those with non‐proteinuric DKD. The presence of polar vasculosis was associated with hypertension in DKD. In addition, an unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis revealed the spectrum of renal histopathology findings for more‐proteinuric and less‐proteinuric DKD. With changes in the diagnostic criteria for hypertension and advances in antihypertensive drugs, the pathogenesis of DKD may be changing. Furthermore, a decision tree model suggested how diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia interacted in predicting the characteristics of DKD.

Conclusion

Polar vasculosis is a good indicator of the presence of DM and hypertension. Furthermore, the histopathological and clinical spectrum of DKD were related to the interaction of diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. These histopathological and clinical results may help to show the range of patient characteristics when conducting clinical trials and could help to determine whether chronic kidney disease is caused by DM or some other cause.
Risk factors for reintubation and mortality among patients who had unplanned extubation
Authors: Chang Ting‐Chia , Cheng Ai‐Chin , Hsing Shu‐Chen , Chan Khee‐Siang , Chou Willy , Chen Chin‐Ming
Published: April 2022

Background

Unplanned extubation (UE) occurs among 2%–16% of patients with mechanical ventilation (MV). Failed UE requiring reintubation could be associated with several adverse events.

Aims

The aim of this study was to investigate the outcomes and prognostic factors of patients with UE in intensive care units (ICUs).

Methods

We prospectively registered the patients who had UE and retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records for 96‐bed ICUs between 1 January 2009, and 31 December 2020.

Results

A total of 392 patients had UE, and 234 patients (59.7%) were ≥65 years (older adult group). The median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score were 17 and the median Glasgow Coma Scale score was 10. In total, 205 patients (52.3%) were reintubated within 48 h (due to failed UE) and 75 patients (19.1%) died during hospitalization. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate those factors predicting failed UE and mortality. These analyses demonstrated that higher positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) and the admission APACHE II scores predicted failed UE. A higher fraction of inspiration O2 (FiO2) and minute ventilation; lower haemoglobin (Hb); and higher instances of liver cirrhosis, cancer, and failed UE were independently associated with hospital mortality.

Conclusion

We concluded that among patients who had UE, higher FiO2 or minute ventilation, or under MV or with lower Hb, liver cirrhosis, cancer, and failed UE tended to have higher mortality.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

Patients with high disease severity indices who have an increased risk of UE required special attention to techniques to prevent endotracheal tubes from accidental removal.
Modelling the Differing Impacts of Covid‐19 in the UK Labour Market†
Authors: Martin Chris , Okolo Magdalyn
Published: April 2022

This article studies the impact of the Covid‐19 pandemic on graduates and non‐graduates in the United Kingdom. We construct a DSGE model with search frictions that is designed around key features of the UK labour market and simulate the model using an array of shocks, designed to mimic the impact of the Covid‐19 pandemic. We show that our relatively simple macroeconomic model can describe the impact of the pandemic on output, employment and wages. Our results show that the impact of the pandemic on employment and wages was more severe for non‐graduates than for graduates, and that up to 5 million jobs would have been lost in the first wave of the pandemic in the absence of the Job Retention Scheme.
Ontogeny of movement patterns and habitat selection in juvenile albatrosses
Authors: Frankish Caitlin K. , Manica Andrea , Clay Thomas A. , Wood Andrew G. , Phillips Richard A.
Published: April 2022

Optimal selection of foraging habitats is key to survival, but it remains unclear how naïve individuals are able to locate patchily‐distributed resources and maximize energy gain in completely new environments. In most animals, juveniles disperse unaccompanied by their parents, and hence their movements are likely guided, at least at fine scales, by external cues. However, the extent to which environmental processes and individual learning shape habitat selection and movement strategies of juveniles remains unclear, especially in species with cryptic life‐stages. Here, we use a mechanistic modelling framework – integrated step selection analysis – to examine the development of habitat preferences in a pelagic seabird with a prolonged period of immaturity, the grey‐headed albatross Thalassarche chrysostoma. Juveniles were tracked from Bird Island, South Georgia, in two years (n = 9 in 2018 and n = 12 in 2019), using satellite transmitters (platform terminal transmitters), and we investigated ontogenetic changes in individual movement characteristics (step lengths and turning angles) in response to two environmental variables; tailwind support (which enables low‐cost movement) and chlorophyll a concentration (a proxy for resources) during their first four months at sea. Naïve juveniles dispersed rapidly away from South Georgia towards the same general region (subantarctic and subtropical waters in the east Atlantic Ocean) by increasing their travel speeds and directional persistence in response to favourable wind conditions. In the first month post‐fledging, juveniles also responded to local resource availability (chlorophyll a concentration) by reducing travel speeds in more productive regions, but thereafter engaged in comparatively slower and more sinuous movements, apparently focusing foraging effort on frontal zones. While complex movement strategies such as long‐distance migrations may take several years to develop, our results indicate that dispersing juveniles are able to respond rapidly both to changes in wind and local resource availability, maximising flight and foraging efficiency.
Protein C system in preterm babies with chronic lung disease: Prospective study
Authors: Kamamoto Tomoyuki , Nakajima Yuto , Uchida Yumiko , Nakagawa Takashi , Tonegawa Hitoshi , Tani Yuki , Nishimoto Eri , Takahashi Yukihiro , Nishikubo Toshiya , Nogami Keiji
Published: April 2022

Background

Chronic lung disease (CLD) is a major neonatal pulmonary disorder associated with inflammation. Recent studies have shown that protein C anticoagulant pathways, such as those for protein C (PC), protein S (PS), and thrombomodulin (TM), could be useful indices for reflecting pulmonary injury. However, the involvement of these factors in preterm infants with very low birthweight (VLBW) who have developed CLD remains to be investigated. Here, we investigated whether PC pathway‐related factors could predict the development of CLD in preterm infants with VLBW.

Methods

We collected plasma samples from 26 preterm infants with VLBW (13 each from those with and without CLD) at the time of birth and measured TM, PC, and PS levels in their plasmas. We analyzed prospectively the relationship between these factors in infants with and without CLD.

Results

There were significant differences in gestational age, birthweight, Apgar score (5 min), and duration of mechanical ventilation between the CLD and non‐CLD groups. No significant differences in the PC and PS levels at birth were observed between the two groups, whereas the TM levels in the CLD group were significantly higher than those in the non‐CLD group (P = 0.013). The TM levels correlated with gestational age and duration of mechanical ventilation. However, covariance analysis demonstrated that gestational age was significantly associated with TM levels, and consequently, development of CLD was not associated with TM level at birth.

Conclusions

Thrombomodulin, PC, and PS levels at birth could not predict the development of CLD in preterm infants with VLBW.
Directly observed therapy to promote medication adherence in adolescent heart transplant recipients
Authors: Killian Michael O. , Clifford Stephanie , Lustria Mia Liza A. , Skivington Gage L. , Gupta Dipankar
Published: April 2022

Purpose

HT recipients experience high levels of medication non‐adherence during adolescence. This pilot study examined the acceptability and feasibility of an asynchronous DOT mHealth application among adolescent HT recipients. The app facilitates tracking of patients’ dose‐by‐dose adherence and enables transplant team members to engage patients. The DOT application allows patients to self‐record videos while taking their medication and submit for review. Transplant staff review the videos and communicate with patients to engage and encourage medication adherence.

Methods

Ten adolescent HT recipients with poor adherence were enrolled into a single‐group, 12‐week pilot study examining the impact of DOT on adherence. Secondary outcomes included self‐report measures from patients and parents concerning HRQOL and adherence barriers. Long‐term health outcomes assessed included AR and hospitalization 6 months following DOT.

Findings

Among 14 adolescent HT patients approached, 10 initiated the DOT intervention. Of these, 8 completed the 12‐week intervention. Patients and caregivers reported high perceptions of acceptability and accessibility. Patients submitted 90.1% of possible videos demonstrating medication doses taken. MLVI values for the 10 patients initiating DOT decreased from 6 months prior to the intervention (2.86 ± 1.83) to 6 months following their involvement (2.08 ± 0.87) representing a 21.7% decrease in non‐adherence, though not statistically significant given the small sample size.

Conclusions

Result of this pilot study provides promising insights regarding the feasibility, acceptability, and potential impact of DOT for adolescent HT recipients. Further randomized studies are required to confirm these observations.
Make It Great Again: The Relationship Between Populist Attitudes and Nostalgia
Authors: van Prooijen Jan‐Willem , Rosema Sabine , Chemke‐Dreyfus Axel , Trikaliti Konstantina , Hormigo Rita
Published: April 2022

Populist movements typically endorse a pessimistic view that blames the “elites” for societal problems. Why is this populist worldview so appealing to many citizens? We propose that populism is associated with nostalgia: A bittersweet feeling defined as a sentimental longing for a better past. We tested this idea in three preregistered studies. Study 1 revealed that both personal and collective nostalgia (i.e., referring to either personal memories or a shared national history) were associated with populist attitudes. Moreover, the nostalgia measures mediated a link between collective angst and populist attitudes. Studies 2 and 3, then, were experiments designed to investigate the causal order between nostalgia and populist attitudes. In Study 2, a manipulation of nostalgia could not establish a causal effect on populist attitudes; however, a measure of nostalgia was again correlated to populist attitudes. In Study 3, we tested the reverse causal order by exposing participants to either a populist or pluralist speech. Results revealed that exposure to the populist speech increased both personal and collective nostalgia. In all studies, these effects emerged independent of political orientation. Apparently, feelings of nostalgia are closely associated with populist attitudes and may help explain why citizens find a populist worldview appealing.
An agent‐based model for evaluating reforms of the National Flood Insurance Program: A benchmarked model applied to Jamaica Bay, NYC
Authors: de Ruig Lars Tjitze , Haer Toon , de Moel Hans , Orton Philip , Botzen W. J. Wouter , Aerts Jeroen C. J. H.
Published: April 2022

Coastal flood risk is expected to increase as a result of climate change effects, such as sea level rise, and socioeconomic growth. To support policymakers in making adaptation decisions, accurate flood risk assessments that account for the influence of complex adaptation processes on the developments of risks are essential. In this study, we integrate the dynamic adaptive behavior of homeowners within a flood risk modeling framework. Focusing on building‐level adaptation and flood insurance, the agent‐based model (DYNAMO) is benchmarked with empirical data for New York City, USA. The model simulates the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and frequently proposed reforms to evaluate their effectiveness. The model is applied to a case study of Jamaica Bay, NY. Our results indicate that risk‐based premiums can improve insurance penetration rates and the affordability of insurance compared to the baseline NFIP market structure. While a premium discount for disaster risk reduction incentivizes more homeowners to invest in dry‐floodproofing measures, it does not significantly improve affordability. A low interest rate loan for financing risk‐mitigation investments improves the uptake and affordability of dry‐floodproofing measures. The benchmark and sensitivity analyses demonstrate how the behavioral component of our model matches empirical data and provides insights into the underlying theories and choices that autonomous agents make.
A Sociology of Empathy and Shared Understandings: Contextualizing Beliefs and Attitudes on Why People Use Opioids
Authors: Ezell Jerel M. , Olson Brooke , Walters Suzan M. , Friedman Samuel R. , Ouellet Lawrence , Pho Mai T.
Published: April 2022

There has been a steep rise in overdoses and mortality among people who use opioids or who inject drugs (PWUD), including in North America, the United Kingdom, and parts of Eastern Europe, with some of the sharpest increases amassing in rural communities. Currently, the literature lacks a comparative focus on the views and experiences of rural PWUD and professionals who regularly work and interface with them, in terms of their understandings of the rural drug use initiation/relapse trajectory. Considering a renewed sociology of emotions and empathy and the constructs of direct experience (e.g., of personal drug use) versus role‐playing (e.g., envisioning oneself in another's position), we used a modified constant comparison method to analyze interviews conducted with PWUD and professional stakeholders in rural southern Illinois, an opioid overdose hotspot. Findings suggest that rural opioid use is adopted in service of an intricate interplay of sensory, relational, somatic, and psychosocial benefits, with a sharp divergence between PWUD, who express considerable agency in their drug use behaviors, and professionals, who fail to successful role‐play in emphasizing PWUD's limited willpower and “deviant” sociocultural predilection. These dynamics illuminate challenges to advancing nuanced, culturally humble programming to advance public health goals related to the opioid and drug injection epidemic.
Did COVID‐19 Impact Contraceptive Uptake? Evidence from Senegal
Authors: Fuseini Kamil , Jarvis Leah , Ankomah Augustine , Bintou Mbow Fatou , Hindin Michelle J.
Published: April 2022

This study assessed the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the number of new contraceptive acceptors in Senegal overall and by method. Monthly service data from March 2019 to December 2020 were extracted for the number of new contraceptive users of IUDs, implants, injectables, and oral contraceptive pills (OCPs). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and interrupted time series analysis for trend analyses overall and by the contraceptive method. Following the announcement of the first COVID‐19 case in Senegal in March 2020, there was an immediate significant decrease in the number of new acceptors overall, and for new users of implants and injectables. From March–December 2020, the trend in monthly new family planning acceptors increased overall, mainly driven by significant increases in new IUD and implant acceptors. Compared to the period before the onset of COVID‐19, there was a statistically significant shift from shorter‐acting methods (OCPs, injectables) to long‐acting reversible methods (IUDs, implants). Despite the immediate adverse impact of COVID‐19‐related restrictions, the number of new acceptors rebounded, trends in the number of new monthly acceptors significantly increased, and there was a significant shift to longer‐acting methods.
“I don't think they need any help with the formula”: Examining elementary preservice teachers' responses to volume tasks
Authors: Hong Dae S. , Runnalls Cristina
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this study was to explore how elementary preservice teachers (PSTs) responded to students' hypothetical misconceptions about volume measurement. We carried out both pre‐assessments and follow‐up interviews with 17 PSTs, with tasks focused on both volume content knowledge and hypothetical student responses to volume tasks. Preliminary findings indicated a preference toward show‐and‐tell responses, often with a focus correct or incorrect use of the volume formula. Although PSTs were frequently able to correctly identify students' learning challenges and make conceptual pedagogical suggestions with regards to volume, they experienced difficulty in addressing those challenges with more student—centered suggestions. Recommendations for supporting PSTs in teacher education programs are discussed.
A dynamic snow accumulation simulation approach for forecasting snow distribution over regional‐scale terrain
Authors: Ding Yulin , Sun Qianqian , Zhu Qing
Published: April 2022

Economic losses due to snow‐related disasters in pastoral areas of China have become severe in recent decades. Terrain and wind play prominent roles in determining snow distribution patterns. As complex topography and dynamic wind conditions are strong nonlinear multivariables with many uncertain factors, it is difficult to predict elevation‐ and wind‐affected snow depth distribution. The complex characteristics of the snow accumulation process call for highly reliable comprehensive simulation for disaster management. The accuracy of these simulations mainly depends on the integration of multiple models for multi‐stage snow accumulation processes. Focusing on coupling wind‐affected snowdrift and snowmelt processes, we put forward a virtual geographical environment snow accumulation simulation approach. The approach consists of three main steps: (1) computational fluid dynamics prediction of 3D dynamic wind‐flow fields; (2) wind‐affected snowdrift simulation; and (3) snowmelt simulation based on degree‐day model. To check its reliability and efficiency, this approach has been validated by reconstructing a historical snow event at Tacheng City, Xinjiang Province, China. The results have characterized the elevation‐ and wind‐induced snowdrift patterns and their specific levels of risk under various conditions. The comprehensive simulation method described here can be applied to help the government and the public examine future events, and stimulate consideration of appropriate policies and techniques for snow risk mitigation.
Transformative Pedagogy in the Film Taare Zameen Par: An Empirical Analysis under the Light of Transformative Learning Theory
Authors: Hosen Mohammad Delwar
Published: April 2022

This article examines how transformative pedagogy happens in the Indian film Taare Zameen Par. This film has been analyzed under the lens of transformative learning theory introduced by Jack Mezirow. The author of this article purposively selects some critical scenes, dialogues, and situations that appear throughout the film to understand transformative pedagogy and transformative learning theory. This study employs the textual analysis method suggested by Frey et al. (1999). The prime intention of this study is to investigate how transformative learning happens in that film and find out ways to overcome the challenging situation in classrooms. This study finds that substantial transformative learning happens in the film’s last half. Communication or dialogue is the most important element to engage students in transformative learning activities. This study discovers the teacher’s extensive communication or communication efforts that support Mezirow’s transformative learning theory. Teaching critical thinking is another vital element of transformative learning. This study observes teachers could change students’ views about themselves and turn perplexed or shattered students into successful ones. Desire to change students, empathy for students, trusting students, and caring for students are some of the essential elements of transformative learning. This study notices that all those components of transformative learning exist in the film Taare Zameen Par. This study is crucial from the pedagogical point of view, which applies film as a transformative learning tool. Later, this article suggests how the school system and higher education institutions across the globe might be beneficial by employing a transformative learning approach in the classroom to make learners confident and successful in their life.
Computational Optimization of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled With Biomass-Derived Syngas
Authors: Pérez Gordillo David Sebastian , Mantilla González Juan Miguel
Published: April 2022

This article presents the computational optimization of a spark ignition engine fueled with biomass-derived syngas. KIVA 4 is used as simulation platform, where a three-dimensional model is implemented considering the valve system together with the intake and exhaust processes. For the optimization, a subroutine is developed that couples KIVA 4 with the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II. Two optimization processes are performed, one at 2500 rpm and the other at 4500 rpm. In both cases, the aim is to optimize the equivalence ratio in the combustion chamber, with the objectives of maximizing the indicated thermal efficiency and minimizing the nitrogen monoxide emission. From the results, it can be deduced that the performance of the engine presents its optimum values for mixtures close to stoichiometry; however, these individuals also exhibit the highest nitrogen monoxide emissions. At both 2500 rpm and 4500 rpm, it was possible to find equivalence ratios that allow obtaining efficiencies greater than those achieved in the conventional operation of the engine, that is, when it is fueled with gasoline.
Including Mean Stress in the Effective Equivalent Stress of the ASME BPVC Elastic–Plastic Fatigue Method
Authors: Ross Michael , Najera-Flores David , Freymiller James
Published: April 2022

This work provides a novel method for including mean stress in the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) elastic–plastic fatigue procedure. Typically, the mean stress is accounted for by adjusting the stress-life cycle curve. A new approach is provided by adjusting the effective equivalent stress range with a mean stress correction. This approach is advantageous because this adjustment can be made at each cycle and efficiently implemented in the computation. This new approach allows for fatigue analysis of large-scale models, such as full spacecraft assemblies or a semi-truck trailer. The proposed method is verified by predicting the fatigue life of a test coupon and compared to experimental results.
Bulk Velocity and Mass Flowrate Estimation of Particle Plumes Through Particle Image Velocimetry Analysis of Thermogram Sequences
Authors: Ortega Jesus D. , Anaya Guillermo , Ho Clifford K. , Vorobieff Peter , Mohan Gowtham
Published: April 2022

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements are commonly used to determine velocity fields from a flow, given that sufficient tracers can be added and tracked to determine their motion. While these types of measurements are typically completed using high-speed cameras to capture the trajectories of the tracer particles, the experiments performed at the University of New Mexico generated extensive time-resolved infrared temperature image (i.e., thermogram) sets of a free-falling particle curtain captured at 300 Hz. The camera used for such measurements was high-speed infrared camera that provides a resolution of 640 × 512. The thermogram sets acquired have been extensively analyzed with two commonly used commercial PIV analysis packages, DaVis and PIVlab. The comparison between the two software packages showed consistent velocity fields and contours, along with corresponding average velocity as functions of discharge position. As expected, the vertical velocity component of these gravity-driven curtains follows a trend that resembles a free-falling sphere rather than a falling sphere experiencing drag. The study also found that the discharge velocity showed negligible effects due to the inlet particle temperature of the curtain. These results will be applied to the development of a methodology to estimate the mass flowrate of particle curtains and plumes using a novel non-intrusive image correlation methodology.