bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In-hospital mortality analysis in patients with proximal femoral fracture operatively treated by hip arthroplasty procedure
Authors: Starcevic Srdjan , Suljagic Vesna , Stamenkovic Dusica , Bokonjic Dubravko , Munitlak Stasa
Published: September 2015

Background/Aim. Hip fracture remains the leading cause of death in trauma
among elderly population and is a great burden to national health services.
In-patient death analysis is important to evaluate risk factors, make
appropriate selection and perform adequate treatment of infections for
patients to be operated. The aim of this study was to analyze in-hospital
mortality in proximal femoral fracture patients operatively treated with hip
arthroplasty procedure. Methods. We followed 622 consecutive patients, and
collected data about age, gender, the presence of infection preoperatively
and postoperatively, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score,
diabetes mellitus and the type of surgical procedure. Postoperative
infections included pneumonia, urinary tract infections, surgical site
infections and sepsis. Results. We found a statistically significant
influence of preoperative and postoperative infection presence for
in-patient mortality with relative risk for lethal outcome of 4.53 (95% CI:
1.44-14.22) for patients with preoperative infection and 7.5 (95% CI:
1.90-29.48) for patients with postoperative infection. We did not confirm a
statistically significant influence of age, gender, ASA score, diabetes
mellitus or the type of surgical procedure for increased mortality rate.
Conclusion. Adequate preoperative selection, risk evaluation and adequate
treatment of infections are of the key importance for lowering the risk of
death in patients operated due to proximal femoral fracture and treated by
hip arthroplasty procedures. Special attention is to be paid for the
presence of preoperative and postoperative infections in patients
operatively treated due to the risk for increased in-hospital mortality.
The role of lung transthoracic ultrasound in clinical practice
Authors: Ristic-Andjelkov Andjelka , Mladenovic Zorica , Baskot Branislav , Babic Stojan , Ristic Mirjana , Misic Tatjana , Ratkovic Nenad , Vukotic Snjezana , Torbica Lidija , Vranes Danijela , Grdinic Aleksandra , Pandrc Milena
Published: September 2015

nema
Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT 1 (PIAS1) Protects Against Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance by Inhibiting Inflammation Cascade in Adipose Tissue
Authors: Liu Yang , Ge Xin , Dou Xin , Guo Liang , Liu Yuan , Zhou Shui-rong , Wei Xiang-bo , Qian Shu-wen , Huang Hai-yan , Xu Cong-jian , Jia Wei-Ping , Dang Yong-jun , Li Xi , Tang Qi-qun
Published: September 2015

Obesity is associated with chronic low-level inflammation, especially in fat tissues, which contributes to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Protein inhibitor of activated STAT 1 (PIAS1) modulates a variety of cellular processes such as cell proliferation and DNA damage responses. Particularly, PIAS1 functions in the innate immune system and is a key regulator of the inflammation cascade. However, whether PIAS1 is involved in the regulation of insulin sensitivity remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that PIAS1 expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) was downregulated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase in prediabetic mice models. Overexpression of PIAS1 in inguinal WAT of prediabetic mice significantly improved systemic insulin sensitivity, whereas knockdown of PIAS1 in wild-type mice led to insulin resistance. Mechanistically, PIAS1 inhibited the activation of stress-induced kinases and the expression of nuclear factor-κB target genes in adipocytes, mainly including proinflammatory and chemotactic factors. In doing so, PIAS1 inhibited macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue, thus suppressing amplification of the inflammation cascade, which in turn improved insulin sensitivity. These results were further verified in a fat transplantation model. Our findings shed light on the critical role of PIAS1 in controlling insulin sensitivity and suggest a therapeutic potential of PIAS1 in T2DM.
Clinical, Biochemical and Virological Profile of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection - A Study from University Hospital in Nepal
Authors: Gurubacharya Dipesh , Khadka Mohan , Shreshta Khadga B , Khadga Prem , Sharma Sashi
Published: September 2015

Introduction: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major public health challenge. It is a major cause for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Both the genotype and viral load of HCV determine the choice of therapy as well as outcome of therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical, biochemical and virological profile and association of HCV genotypes with viral load and liver biochemical profile.Material and Methods: This was descriptive observational study of chronic HCV infected patients who attended at the outpatient clinic of Department of Gastroenterology of TUTH, IOM from April 2013 to November 2014. During this study period 38 patients with chronic HCV infection were analyzed. Clinical profile, possible risk factors for transmission of HCV infection and liver biochemical profile were recorded. Virological profile included HCV viral load and HCV genotypes.Results: Out of 38 patients 34(89.5%) were male and 4(10.5%) were female. Injection drug use (IDU) was the most common mode for acquisition of HCV infection (55.3%). Genotype 3 was found in 21(55.26%) patients and genotype 1 was found in 17(44.74%) patients. There was no significant association between HCV genotypes and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level. And also there was no significant association between HCV viral load and different HCV genotypes.Conclusions: In our study HCV genotype 3 was the most prevalent genotype in patients with chronic HCV infection. Injection drug use was identified as most common identifiable risk factor for transmission of HCV infection. There was no significant association between different HCV genotypes and serum ALT, AST level and HCV viral load. Journal of Nobel College of Medicine Vol.4(1) 2015: 32-35
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome-A Battery of Tests can Improve the Diagnosis
Authors: Pandey Alok , Kumar Bhaskarananda
Published: September 2015

INTRODUCTION: The gold standard for diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is not well defined. At times, patients of suspected carpal tunnel syndrome fail to respond to treatment if the diagnosis is based on symptoms alone or on one or two clinical tests probably because the diagnosis is not correct. The purpose of this study was to compare the relative merits of various diagnostic modalities in establishing the diagnosis of CTS and also to define the accurate test or combination of tests to help diagnose and manage CTS.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of CTS were evaluated using (i) Clinical Provocative tests - Durkan's test and Phalen's test, (ii) Tests for sensory perception thresholds using Semmes-Weinstein monofilament nylons (iii) Nerve conduction studies predominately sensory and motor and (iv) Gray scale sonography.RESULTS: When a positive Phalen's test was taken as reference, the positive predictive value of Durkan's test and ultrasonography was 100%, Nylon perception test and neurophysiological studies had a value of 90 and 89% respectively. When Durken's test was used as reference, ultrasonography had a positive predictive value 0f 98% followed by nylon perception testing - 94%. Phalen's test and neurophysiological studies had values of the order of 92 and 88% respectively.CONCLUSION: Our observations suggest that clinical history and physical examination can be used to screen the patients. The perception threshold testing with monofilament nylons and ultrasonographic examination of carpal tunnel (CT) improve the diagnosis. In addition, ultrasonographic examination of CT provides the information on anatomy and condition of the contents of CT and help planning the treatment. A combination of clinical provocative tests, Semmes-Weisntein monofilament testin and high frequency sonography could be considered as definitive diagnostic battery for diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome.Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences Vol. 3, No. 1, 2015: 26-30
Pattern of Refractive Error in Primary School Children in Rupandehi District, Nepal
Authors: Rai Salma K.C. , Thapa Hari Bahadur , Gurung Nanda , Bhari Arjun Malla , Sharma Manoj K
Published: September 2015

INTRODUCTION: Refractive error remains one of the primary causes of visual impairment in children worldwide. This study describes pattern of refractive errors among primary school students in Rupandehi district, Nepal.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Records of 128 children with refractive error aged 5-15 years from both urban and rural areas in Nepal between January and March 2011 were examined for patterns in the distribution of refractive errors. SPSS statistical software was used to perform analysis.RESULTS: The commonest type of refractive errors among the children was astigmatism (47%) followed by myopia (26%) and hyperopia (19%). Children in the age group 11-15 years had higher number of eyes with refractive error as compared to their younger counterparts 5 years /or below 5 years (49% vs. 9%). 71% students were from schools located in rural areas. Among the children with refractive errors, only 44.5% students were wearing glasses. 57% of the students studying in private schools were wearing glasses but only 26.9% students from the government school were wearing glasses.CONCLUSION: A wide variation in the distribution of refractive errors between the geographic locations, gender basis, types of schools as well as between the different ethnic groups was observed.Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences Vol. 3, No. 1, 2015: 31-36
Effect of Nd:Yag Laser Hyaloidotomy for Premacular Subhyaloid Haemorrhage
Authors: Lamichhane Gynendra , Singh Sweta
Published: September 2015

INTRODUCTION: Premacular subhyaloid hemorrhage is a common condition leading to severe sudden vision loss in various conditions.This study investigated the effects of drainage of premacular subhyaloid hemorrhage into the vitreous with Nd:YAG laser treatment. Photodisruption with Zeiss Nd.Yag laser done in the inferior part of the the hemorrhage to create hole in ILM for gravitational drainage of blood in vitreous. A rapid resolution of subhyaloid hemorrhage with improvement of visual acuity was achieved in all patients treated with Nd:YAG laser posterior hyaloidotomy, without evidence of damage to the retina or choroid. Nd:YAG laser posterior hyaloidotomy is simple, effective, safe and non invasive procedure for draining a premacular hemorrhage into the vitreous cavity and to avoid vitreoretinal surgery and complication related to long standing macular toxicity by blood.Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences Vol. 3, No. 1, 2015: 51-53
Iznik tiles: A new production technology and respective characterization
Authors: Sarigüzel Meryem , Yilmaz Şenol , Günay Esin
Published: September 2015

This study investigated a new production technology for Iznik tiles. High quartz content of Iznik tiles was kept as it was and hydraulic pressing instead of tapping was used for shaping. Besides the traditional pouring technique, tiles were also glazed by spray coating. Characterization of the Iznik tiles were approached using different methodologies, including scanning electron microscopy plus energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX), Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and dilatometry. Characterization results revealed that thermal expansion coefficients (TECs) of body, slip layer (thinned siliceous clay) and frit are 8.41, 8.48 and 8.32 × 10−6 K−1, respectively, and matched which is fundamental to achieve increase in strength and keep the glaze in compressive stress. Raman signatures of the Iznik tiles agreed with the literature information. By double layer spray coating, smoother surfaces can be obtained on Iznik tiles than by traditional method of glazing.
Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome: current diagnostic criteria and advances in MRI diagnostics
Authors: Magill Stephen T. , Brus-Ramer Marcel , Weinstein Philip R. , Chin Cynthia T. , Jacques Line
Published: September 2015

Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (nTOS) is caused by compression of the brachial plexus as it traverses from the thoracic outlet to the axilla. Diagnosing nTOS can be difficult because of overlap with other complex pain and entrapment syndromes. An nTOS diagnosis is made based on patient history, physical exam, electrodiagnostic studies, and, more recently, interpretation of MR neurograms with tractography. Advances in high-resolution MRI and tractography can confirm an nTOS diagnosis and identify the location of nerve compression, allowing tailored surgical decompression. In this report, the authors review the current diagnostic criteria, present an update on advances in MRI, and provide case examples demonstrating how MR neurography (MRN) can aid in diagnosing nTOS. The authors conclude that improved high-resolution MRN and tractography are valuable tools for identifying the source of nerve compression in patients with nTOS and can augment current diagnostic modalities for this syndrome.
Ultrasound-guided percutaneous injection of methylene blue to identify nerve pathology and guide surgery
Authors: Osorio Joseph A. , Breshears Jonathan D. , Arnaout Omar , Simon Neil G. , Hastings-Robinson Ashley M. , Aleshi Pedram , Kliot Michel
Published: September 2015

OBJECT

The objective of this study was to provide a technique that could be used in the preoperative period to facilitate the surgical exploration of peripheral nerve pathology.

METHODS

The authors describe a technique in which 1) ultrasonography is used in the immediate preoperative period to identify target peripheral nerves, 2) an ultrasound-guided needle electrode is used to stimulate peripheral nerves to confirm their position, and then 3) a methylene blue (MB) injection is performed to mark the peripheral nerve pathology to facilitate surgical exploration.

RESULTS

A cohort of 13 patients with varying indications for peripheral nerve surgery is presented in which ultrasound guidance, stimulation, and MB were used to localize and create a road map for surgeries.

CONCLUSIONS

Preoperative ultrasound-guided MB administration is a promising technique that peripheral nerve surgeons could use to plan and execute surgery.
Exact Solutions to the (2+1)-Dimensional Boussinesq Equation via exp(?(?))-Expansion Method
Authors: Alam M. N. , Hafez M. G. , Akbar M. A. , -Roshid H. -O.
Published: September 2015

The exp(?(?))-expansion method is applied to find exact traveling wave solutions to the (2+1)-dimensional Boussinesq equation which is an important equation in mathematical physics. The traveling wave solutions are expressed in terms of the exponential functions, the hyperbolic functions, the trigonometric functions and the rational functions. The procedure is simple, direct and constructive without the help of a computer algebra system. The applied method will be used in further works to establish more new solutions for other kinds of nonlinear evolution equations arising in mathematical physics and engineering.
Spectroscopic Investigations, Anti-bacterial Activities and DNA-interactions of Metal Complexes (Cr(III), Zn(II), Ni(II)) Containing Phendione Ligand
Authors: Subhan M. A. , Ahmed F. , Rahaman M. S. , Azad A. K. , Begum K.
Published: September 2015

The transition metal complexes [Cr(acac)2(phendione)]Cl, [Zn(acac)2(phendione)], [Ni(acac)2(phendione)], [Zn(phendione)3](ClO4)2 and [Ni(phendione)2](ClO4)2 were synthesized from 1, 10-phenanthroline-5, 6-dione (phendione). The phendione ligands and its metal complexes were characterized by FTIR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, PL study and in some cases by GC-MS. The red emission band of complex [Zn(acac)2(phendione)] was observed by excitation at 250 nm. DNA binding activities of the complexes were studied by DNA Gel Electrophoresis.  DNA binding studies of the synthesized compounds showed that the metal complexes are strong DNA binding and cleaving agents. The [Ni(phendione)2] (ClO4)2 complex was the most effective DNA binding and cleaving agent and [Cr(acac)2(phendione)]Cl complex shows relatively lower affinity to the DNA. The metal complexes easily cause DNA degradation or cleavage (after 2.5 h) with genomic DNA rather than plasmid DNA. Antimicrobial activity studies revealed that all metal complexes of phendione showed efficient resistance to bacteria. The [Cr(acac)2(phendione)]Cl complex showed most potential antimicrobial activities against the bacteria Escherichia coli with an annular radius of the inhibitory zone, 4.33.
A Test: Hume's Missing Shade of Blue
Authors: Finch Jonathan
Published: September 2015

This paper discusses a possible test of Hume's ‘missing shade of blue’ and whether it might be possible to make some empirical progress on the question. Towards this end seventy-two students were tested to see if they could determine the correct color ratios of missing black and white shades ranging from a consecutive gap of two out of 236 possible combinations, to a consecutive gap of ten of out of 236 possible combinations. On the most difficult test, four of the seventy-two students correctly determined a missing shade, though these same four all claimed to have above-average experience with art.
Witherspoon, Scottish Philosophy and the American Founding
Authors: Robinson Daniel N.
Published: September 2015

Studies of Witherspoon's influence as an educator and as a pivotal figure in the American founding tend to neglect his earlier part in controversies among the Scottish Moderates and Evangelicals. By the time he answered the summons from the College of New Jersey, his position on church-state relations was thoroughly developed as was his understanding of the nature and the sources of rights, both alienable and unalienable. Nor were there ‘two Witherspoons’, the earlier one in Scotland opposed to the academic world of intellectuals (including Francis Hutcheson) and a later American version suddenly committed to the progressive ethos of the Enlightenment. There was but one Witherspoon, clear on the several missions required by the times.
Lameness Detection in Dairy Cows: Part 1. How to Distinguish between Non-Lame and Lame Cows Based on Differences in Locomotion or Behavior
Authors: Van Nuffel Annelies , Zwertvaegher Ingrid , Pluym Liesbet , Van Weyenberg Stephanie , Thorup Vivi , Pastell Matti , Sonck Bart , Saeys Wouter
Published: September 2015

Due to its detrimental effect on cow welfare, health and production, lameness in dairy cows has received quite a lot of attention in the last few decades—not only in terms of prevention and treatment of lameness but also in terms of detection, as early treatment might decrease the number of severely lame cows in the herds as well as decrease the direct and indirect costs associated with lameness cases. Generally, lame cows are detected by the herdsman, hoof trimmer or veterinarian based on abnormal locomotion, abnormal behavior or the presence of hoof lesions during routine trimming. In the scientific literature, several guidelines are proposed to detect lame cows based on visual interpretation of the locomotion of individual cows (i.e., locomotion scoring systems). Researchers and the industry have focused on automating such observations to support the farmer in finding the lame cows in their herds, but until now, such automated systems have rarely been used in commercial herds. This review starts with the description of normal locomotion of cows in order to define ‘abnormal’ locomotion caused by lameness. Cow locomotion (gait and posture) and behavioral features that change when a cow becomes lame are described and linked to the existing visual scoring systems. In addition, the lack of information of normal cow gait and a clear description of ‘abnormal’ gait are discussed. Finally, the different set-ups used during locomotion scoring and their influence on the resulting locomotion scores are evaluated.
Lameness Detection in Dairy Cows: Part 2. Use of Sensors to Automatically Register Changes in Locomotion or Behavior
Authors: Van Nuffel Annelies , Zwertvaegher Ingrid , Van Weyenberg Stephanie , Pastell Matti , Thorup Vivi , Bahr Claudia , Sonck Bart , Saeys Wouter
Published: September 2015

Despite the research on opportunities to automatically measure lameness in cattle, lameness detection systems are not widely available commercially and are only used on a few dairy farms. However, farmers need to be aware of the lame cows in their herds in order treat them properly and in a timely fashion. Many papers have focused on the automated measurement of gait or behavioral cow characteristics related to lameness. In order for such automated measurements to be used in a detection system, algorithms to distinguish between non-lame and mildly or severely lame cows need to be developed and validated. Few studies have reached this latter stage of the development process. Also, comparison between the different approaches is impeded by the wide range of practical settings used to measure the gait or behavioral characteristic (e.g., measurements during normal farming routine or during experiments; cows guided or walking at their own speed) and by the different definitions of lame cows. In the majority of the publications, mildly lame cows are included in the non-lame cow group, which limits the possibility of also detecting early lameness cases. In this review, studies that used sensor technology to measure changes in gait or behavior of cows related to lameness are discussed together with practical considerations when conducting lameness research. In addition, other prerequisites for any lameness detection system on farms (e.g., need for early detection, real-time measurements) are discussed.
Air Quality in Alternative Housing Systems may have an Impact on Laying Hen Welfare. Part II—Ammonia
Authors: David Bruce , Mejdell Cecilie , Michel Virginie , Lund Vonne , Moe Randi
Published: September 2015

The EU ban on conventional barren cages for laying hens from 2012 has improved many aspects of laying hen welfare. The new housing systems allow for the expression of highly-motivated behaviors. However, the systems available for intensive large-scale egg production (e.g., aviaries, floor housing systems, furnished cages) may cause other welfare challenges. We have reviewed the literature regarding the health, behavior, production characteristics, and welfare of laying hens when exposed to ammonia in their housing environment. Concentrations of ammonia gas are commonly high in aviaries and floor housing systems in which manure is not regularly removed, whereas they are usually lower in furnished cages. High levels are found during the cold season when ventilation flow is often reduced. Ammonia is a pungent gas, and behavioral studies indicate chickens are averse to the gas. High concentrations of gaseous ammonia can have adverse health effects and, when very high, even influence production performance. The most profound effects seen are the occurrence of lesions in the respiratory tract and keratoconjunctivitis. There is also evidence that high ammonia concentrations predispose poultry to respiratory disease and secondary infections. We conclude that there are animal welfare challenges related to high ammonia levels, and that immediate actions are needed. Development of improved systems and management routines for manure removal and ventilation will be important for the reduction of ammonia levels and hence will contribute to safeguarding hen welfare.
Periodontal Disease-Induced Atherosclerosis and Oxidative Stress
Authors: Kurita-Ochiai Tomoko , Jia Ru , Cai Yu , Yamaguchi Yohei , Yamamoto Masafumi
Published: September 2015

Periodontal disease is a highly prevalent disorder affecting up to 80% of the global population. Recent epidemiological studies have shown an association between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease, as oxidative stress plays an important role in chronic inflammatory diseases such as periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms by which periodontopathic bacteria cause chronic inflammation through the enhancement of oxidative stress and accelerate cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, we comment on the antioxidative activity of catechin in atherosclerosis accelerated by periodontitis.
POVMs and the Two Theorems of Naimark and Sz.-Nagy
Authors: Malley James , Fletcher Anthony
Published: September 2015

In 1940 Naimark showed that if a set of quantum observables are positive semi-definite and sum to the identity then, on a larger space, they have a joint resolution as commuting projectors. In 1955 Sz.-Nagy showed that any set of observables could be so resolved, with the resolution respecting all linear sums. Crucially, both resolutions return the correct Born probabilities for the original observables. Here, an alternative proof of the Sz.-Nagy result is given using elementary inner product spaces. A version of the resolution is then shown to respect all products of observables on the base space. Practical and theoretical consequences are indicated. For example, quantum statistical inference problems that involve any algebraic functionals can now be studied using classical statistical methods over commuting observables. The estimation of quantum states is a problem of this type. Further, as theoretical objects, classical and quantum systems are now distinguished by only more or less degrees of freedom.
Analysis of Pre-Analytic Factors Affecting the Success of Clinical Next-Generation Sequencing of Solid Organ Malignancies
Authors: Chen Hui , Luthra Rajyalakshmi , Goswami Rashmi , Singh Rajesh , Roy-Chowdhuri Sinchita
Published: September 2015

Application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to routine clinical practice has enabled characterization of personalized cancer genomes to identify patients likely to have a response to targeted therapy. The proper selection of tumor sample for downstream NGS based mutational analysis is critical to generate accurate results and to guide therapeutic intervention. However, multiple pre-analytic factors come into play in determining the success of NGS testing. In this review, we discuss pre-analytic requirements for AmpliSeq PCR-based sequencing using Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM) (Life Technologies), a NGS sequencing platform that is often used by clinical laboratories for sequencing solid tumors because of its low input DNA requirement from formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue. The success of NGS mutational analysis is affected not only by the input DNA quantity but also by several other factors, including the specimen type, the DNA quality, and the tumor cellularity. Here, we review tissue requirements for solid tumor NGS based mutational analysis, including procedure types, tissue types, tumor volume and fraction, decalcification, and treatment effects.
Multiple Export Mechanisms for mRNAs
Authors: Delaleau Mildred , Borden Katherine
Published: September 2015

Nuclear mRNA export plays an important role in gene expression. We describe the mechanisms of mRNA export including the importance of mRNP assembly, docking with the nuclear basket of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), transit through the central channel of the NPC and cytoplasmic release. We describe multiple mechanisms of mRNA export including NXF1 and CRM1 mediated pathways. Selective groups of mRNAs can be preferentially transported in order to respond to cellular stimuli. RNAs can be selected based on the presence of specific cis-acting RNA elements and binding of specific adaptor proteins. The role that dysregulation of this process plays in human disease is also discussed.
Development of the Hybrid Operation Method of a Multi-Geothermal Heat Pump System and Absorption Chiller-Heater
Authors: Jung Young-Ju , Kim Hyo-Jun , Shin Kyung-Ju , Jo Jae-Hun , Kim Yong-Shik , Cho Young-Hum
Published: September 2015

Considerable efforts have been made to reduce the energy consumption of buildings due to the energy crisis, and, the Korean government has supported the use of renewable energy through various grants. Among the possible renewable energy sources, geothermal energy can be used regardless of the outside weather. Therefore, energy consumption can be reduced considerably in summer and winter. Despite the increasing use of renewable energy, the use of renewables has not been operating appropriately. Therefore, this study examined some of the problems of the operation of renewable energy and some possible improvements. The aim of the study is to evaluate a building containing an actual installed multi-geothermal heat pump (Multi-GHP) system, in terms of the energy efficiency. In addition, this study evaluated the present control system and the method of complex operation regarding existing heat sources systems and GHP systems through a simulation. The results can be regarded as the result of a hybrid operation method for the improvement of an existing operation. Therefore, the Multi-GHP system energy use of a hybrid operation condition of the Multi-GHP systems and the absorption (ABS) chiller-heater system was reduced compared to the operation condition of the Multi-GHP system, and the total energy consumption of the heat source equipment was reduced. The proposed operation plan was evaluated after applying the system to a building. These results showed that the efficient operation of a Multi-GHP hybrid operation method is possible. As a result, the GHP energy use of Multi-GHP systems and the ABS chiller-heater system was reduced by 30% compared to existing operation and the total energy consumption of heat source equipment was reduced by 78%.
The “Weather Intelligence for Renewable Energies” Benchmarking Exercise on Short-Term Forecasting of Wind and Solar Power Generation
Authors: Sperati Simone , Alessandrini Stefano , Pinson Pierre , Kariniotakis George
Published: September 2015

A benchmarking exercise was organized within the framework of the European Action Weather Intelligence for Renewable Energies (“WIRE”) with the purpose of evaluating the performance of state of the art models for short-term renewable energy forecasting. The exercise consisted in forecasting the power output of two wind farms and two photovoltaic power plants, in order to compare the merits of forecasts based on different modeling approaches and input data. It was thus possible to obtain a better knowledge of the state of the art in both wind and solar power forecasting, with an overview and comparison of the principal and the novel approaches that are used today in the field, and to assess the evolution of forecast performance with respect to previous benchmarking exercises. The outcome of this exercise consisted then in proposing new challenges in the renewable power forecasting field and identifying the main areas for improving accuracy in the future.
Chemical Composition of Apricot Pit Shells and Effect of Hot-Water Extraction
Authors: Corbett Derek , Kohan Neil , Machado Grazielle , Jing Chengyan , Nagardeolekar Aditi , Bujanovic Biljana
Published: September 2015

Agricultural residues, such as corn stover, wheat straw, and nut shells show promise as feedstocks for lignocellulosic biorefinery due to their relatively high polysaccharide content and low or no nutritional value for human consumption. Apricot pit shells (APS) were studied in this work to assess their potential for use in a biorefinery. Hot water extraction (HWE; 160 °C, 2 h), proposed to remove easily accessible hemicelluloses, was performed to evaluate the susceptibility of APS to this mild pretreatment process. The chemical composition of APS before and after HWE (EAPS) was analyzed by standard methods and 1H-NMR. A low yield of the remaining HW-extracted APS (~59%) indicated that APS are highly susceptible to this pretreatment method. 1H-NMR analysis of EAPS revealed that ~77% of xylan present in raw APS was removed along with ~24% of lignin. The energy of combustion of APS was measured before and after HWE showing a slight increase due to HWE (1.61% increase). Near infrared radiation spectroscopy (NIRS), proposed as a quick non-invasive method of biomass analysis, was performed. NIRS corroborated results of traditional analysis and 1H-NMR. Determination of antioxidizing activity (AOA) of APS extracts was also undertaken. AOA of organic APS extracts were shown to be more than 20 times higher than that of a synthetic antioxidizing agent.
Challenges in Mechanization Efforts of Small Diameter Eucalyptus Harvesting Operations with a Low Capacity Running Skyline Yarder in Southern China
Authors: Hoffmann Stephan , Jaeger Dirk , Schoenherr Siegmar , Talbot Bruce
Published: September 2015

This case study examines the performance of the Igland Hauler employed in small diameter Eucalyptus clear-cut operations in Guangxi, China. A yarding crew of eight persons was monitored by a snap back elemental time study for 19.23 SMH (scheduled machine hours), with 159 yarding cycles and a yarded log volume at landing of 49.4 m³ solid over bark. A gross-productivity of 2.50 m³/SMH and net-productivity of 5.06 m³/PMH0 (productive machine hours excluding delay times) was achieved, leading to a machine utilization rate of 49.5%. The costs of the yarder and associated overhead as well as the personnel costs of a large crew with eight people sum up to extraction costs of 50.24 USD/m³. The high costs make it difficult to compete economically with the locally common manual extraction system as long as abundant labor at a low hourly rate is available in the region. Further performance improvement through skill development, but also technical and organizational system modification in conjunction with rising wages and decreasing labor force in rural primary production will determine the justification of employing such yarding systems. However, new silvicultural regimes with extended rotations and supply requirements of the forest products industry in China demand new operational systems.
Determination of Fertility Rating (FR) in the 3-PG Model for Loblolly Pine Plantations in the Southeastern United States Based on Site Index
Authors: Subedi Santosh , Fox Thomas , Wynne Randolph
Published: September 2015

Soil fertility is an important component of forest ecosystems, yet evaluating soil fertility remains one of the least understood aspects of forest science. We hypothesized that the fertility rating (FR) used in the model 3-PG could be predicted from site index (SI) for loblolly pine in the southeastern US and then developed a method to predict FR from SI to test this hypothesis. Our results indicate that FR values derived from SI when used in 3-PG explain 89% of the variation in loblolly pine yield. The USDA SSURGO dataset contains SI values for loblolly pine for the major soil series in most of the counties in the southeastern US. The potential of using SI from SSURGO data to predict regional productivity of loblolly pine was assessed by comparing SI values from SSURGO with field inventory data in the study sites. When the 3-PG model was used with FR values derived using SI values from SSURGO database to predict loblolly pine productivity across the broader regions, the model provided realistic outputs of loblolly pine productivity. The results of this study show that FR values can be estimated from SI and used in 3-PG to predict loblolly pine productivity in the southeastern US.
A Low-Jitter Wireless Transmission Based on Buffer Management in Coding-Aware Routing
Authors: Lu Cunbo , Wan Liangtian
Published: September 2015

It is significant to reduce packet jitter for real-time applications in a wireless network. Existing coding-aware routing algorithms use the opportunistic network coding (ONC) scheme in a packet coding algorithm. The ONC scheme never delays packets to wait for the arrival of a future coding opportunity. The loss of some potential coding opportunities may degrade the contribution of network coding to jitter performance. In addition, most of the existing coding-aware routing algorithms assume that all flows participating in the network have equal rate. This is unrealistic, since multi-rate environments often appear. To overcome the above problem and expand coding-aware routing to multi-rate scenarios, from the view of data transmission, we present a low-jitter wireless transmission algorithm based on buffer management (BLJCAR), which decides packets in coding node according to the queue-length based threshold policy instead of the regular ONC policy as used in existing coding-aware routing algorithms. BLJCAR is a unified framework to merge the single rate case and multiple rate case. Simulations results show that the BLJCAR algorithm embedded in coding-aware routing outperforms the traditional ONC policy in terms of jitter, packet delivery delay, packet loss ratio and network throughput in network congestion in any traffic rates.
“More Hands” Means “More Ideas”: Collaboration in the Humanities
Authors: Siemens Lynne
Published: September 2015

Like those in the Sciences and Social Sciences, humanities researchers are turning to collaborations to explore increasingly complex questions and implement new forms of methodologies. Granting agencies are supporting this trend with specific programs focused on highly collaborative research. While researchers and other associated team members welcome these collaborations as a way to undertake projects that would not be otherwise possible, work needs to be done to prepare individuals for team research. This becomes especially important for those in the Humanities who have been trained in single author work patterns and rewarded for those. Given this, what does collaboration look like in Humanities research? This paper will explore the experience of a large scale Humanities collaboration to understand the nature of collaboration, benefits and challenges and conclude with best practices for individuals and teams considering collaborative research.
The Effect of a 12-Week Omega-3 Supplementation on Body Composition, Muscle Strength and Physical Performance in Elderly Individuals with Decreased Muscle Mass
Authors: Krzymińska-Siemaszko Roma , Czepulis Natasza , Lewandowicz Marta , Zasadzka Ewa , Suwalska Aleksandra , Witowski Janusz , Wieczorowska-Tobis Katarzyna
Published: September 2015

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of a polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation on the parameters of body composition, muscle strength and physical performance in elderly people with decreased muscle mass (DMM). Fifty three elderly people with an ALM index (the ratio of appendicular lean mass to squared height) either below (−2SD: low muscle mass-LMM) or between (−1SD and −2SD: the risk of LMM-rLMM) the ALM index for the young Polish reference population were randomly assigned to PUFA-treated groups (LMM-PUFA, rLMM-PUFA) or control groups (LMM-control, rLMM-control). PUFA-treated groups received capsules containing 1.3 g of PUFA and 10 mg of vitamin E, while the control groups received 11 mg of vitamin E daily for 12 weeks. Body composition (BIA analysis), muscle strength (hand grip measured with dynamometer) and physical performance (Timed Up and Go test-TUG) were assessed before and after supplementation. No statistically significant differences were observed either in muscle mass or in the hand grip and TUG in any group. The post-pre difference (mean ± SD) in ALM index was as follows (kg/m2): LMM-PUFA: 0.00 ± 0.30, rLMM-PUFA: 0.00 ± 0.22, LMM-control: 0.03 ± 0.36, rLMM-control: –0.03 ± 0.20. In our study, a 12 week supplementation of PUFA did not affect the evaluated parameters in elderly individuals with DMM.
Distribution of HPV Genotype in Invasive Cervical Carcinoma and Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Zhejiang Province, Southeast China: Establishing the Baseline for Surveillance
Authors: Xu Xiao-Xian , Zhou Jian-Song , Yuan Shu-Hui , Yu Hua , Lou Han-Mei
Published: September 2015

Human papillomavirus (HPV) are firmly established as the principal causative agent for cervical carcinoma. Current vaccines may provide some protection for women from cervical carcinoma linked to HPV genotype 16 and 18. This may be the best vaccine for Western women, but the geographical variation in HPV distributions may not make it the most appropriate vaccine for China or Asia. This study provided an observational, retrospective, hospital-based cross-sectional study on the distribution of HPV genotypes among 5410 women with invasive cervical cancer (ICC) or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Overall, the positive rates of the four HPV types included in current prophylactic vaccines were counted, the two high-risk types (HPV-16 and -18) covered by current vaccines represented 66.9% of women with squamous cancer, 55.0% with adenocarcinoma, 64.9% with adenosquamous carcinoma and 77.4% of other type ICC, as well as 59.5% of CIN III, 45.0% of CIN II and 38.1% of CIN I cases. As expected, two low-risk types (HPV-6 and -11) included in the quadrivalent vaccine did not show good coverage data. Particularly worth mentioning is the fact that the addition of HPV-52 and -58 to the vaccine cocktail would increase cancer protection in our population, potentially preventing up to beyond 16% of squamous/adenosquamous carcinoma and other type of cervical cancers, and 7.75% of adenocarcinomas. It might also potentially reduce the rate of CIN III by a further 28.6% and CIN II and I by a third. This study established the baseline for surveillance in Zhejiang Province, and provides data for further vaccine designs: a quadrivalent HPV vaccine covering HPV-16/-58/-18/-52, would be more welcome in our region in the forthcoming year compared to the currently available vaccine.
Effects of Nano-CeO2 with Different Nanocrystal Morphologies on Cytotoxicity in HepG2 Cells
Authors: Wang Lili , Ai Wenchao , Zhai Yanwu , Li Haishan , Zhou Kebin , Chen Huiming
Published: September 2015

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nano-CeO2) have been reported to cause damage and apoptosis in human primary hepatocytes. Here, we compared the toxicity of three types of nano-CeO2 with different nanocrystal morphologies (cube-, octahedron-, and rod-like crystals) in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). The cells were treated with the nano-CeO2 at various concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 μg/mL). The crystal structure, size and morphology of nano-CeO2 were investigated by X-ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy. The specific surface area was detected using the Brunauer, Emmet and Teller method. The cellular morphological and internal structure were observed by microscopy; apoptotic alterations were measured using flow cytometry; nuclear DNA, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) in HepG2 cells were measured using high content screening technology. The scavenging ability of hydroxyl free radicals and the redox properties of the nano-CeO2 were measured by square-wave voltammetry and temperature-programmed-reduction methods. All three types of nano-CeO2 entered the HepG2 cells, localized in the lysosome and cytoplasm, altered cellular shape, and caused cytotoxicity. The nano-CeO2 with smaller specific surface areas induced more apoptosis, caused an increase in MMP, ROS and GSH, and lowered the cell’s ability to scavenge hydroxyl free radicals and antioxidants. In this work, our data demonstrated that compared with cube-like and octahedron-like nano-CeO2, the rod-like nano-CeO2 has lowest toxicity to HepG2 cells owing to its larger specific surface areas.
Photodynamic and Antibiotic Therapy in Combination to Fight Biofilms and Resistant Surface Bacterial Infections
Authors: Barra Federica , Roscetto Emanuela , Soriano Amata , Vollaro Adriana , Postiglione Ilaria , Pierantoni Giovanna , Palumbo Giuseppe , Catania Maria
Published: September 2015

Although photodynamic therapy (PDT), a therapeutic approach that involves a photosensitizer, light and O2, has been principally considered for the treatment of specific types of cancers, other applications exist, including the treatment of infections. Unfortunately, PDT does not always guarantee full success since it exerts lethal effects only in cells that have taken up a sufficient amount of photosensitizer and have been exposed to adequate light doses, conditions that are not always achieved. Based on our previous experience on the combination PDT/chemotherapy, we have explored the possibility of fighting bacteria that commonly crowd infected surfaces by combining PDT with an antibiotic, which normally does not harm the strain at low concentrations. To this purpose, we employed 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), a pro-drug that, once absorbed by proliferating bacteria, is converted into the natural photosensitizer Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), followed by Gentamicin. Photoactivation generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) which damage or kill the cell, while Gentamicin, even at low doses, ends the work. Our experiments, in combination, have been highly successful against biofilms produced by several Gram positive bacteria (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, etc.). This original approach points to potentially new and wide applications in the therapy of infections of superficial wounds and sores.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Programming after Recurrent Hypoglycemia during Development
Authors: Rao Raghavendra
Published: September 2015

Permanent brain injury is a complication of recurrent hypoglycemia during development. Recurrent hypoglycemia also has adverse consequences on the neuroendocrine system. Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure, characterized by ineffective glucose counterregulation during hypoglycemia, is well described in children and adults on insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus. Whether recurrent hypoglycemia also has a programming effect on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex (HPA) axis has not been well studied. Hypoglycemia is a potent stress that leads to increased glucocorticoid secretion in all age groups, including the perinatal period. Other conditions associated with exposure to excess glucocorticoid in the perinatal period have a programming effect on the HPA axis activity. Limited animal data suggest the possibility of similar programming effect after recurrent hypoglycemia in the postnatal period. The age at exposure to hypoglycemia likely determines the HPA axis response in adulthood. Recurrent hypoglycemia in the early postnatal period likely leads to a hyperresponsive HPA axis, whereas recurrent hypoglycemia in the late postnatal period lead to a hyporesponsive HPA axis in adulthood. The age-specific programming effects may determine the neuroendocrine response during hypoglycemia and other stressful events in individuals with history of recurrent hypoglycemia during development.
Environmental and Genetic Factors on the Development of Onychomycosis
Authors: Adams Cerise , Athanasoula Evangelia , Lee Woojung , Mahmudova Nargiza , Vlahovic Tracey
Published: September 2015

Since the early 20th century, onychomycosis originated with the onset of war, the use of occlusive footwear, and the mass migration of people by transportation in the United States. Even though onychomycosis has a high prevalence in the US, other parts of the world including Canada, West Africa, Southeast Asia, Northern Australia, and Europe have been well documented with cases of fungal toenail infection in their environments. Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) is the major dermatophyte responsible for toenail fungal infection and is typically diagnosed in conjunction with tinea pedis, especially in individuals older than 60 years. Gender roles, age, cultural habits, shoe gear, sports activities, and genetic predisposition all contribute to the different presentation of onychomycosis in these areas where organisms like dermatophytes, candida, and molds were isolated in a variety of cases. Despite the differences in isolated pathogens, treatment outcomes remained consistent. This literature review discusses the influence of tinea pedis, genetics, shoe gear, sports, and age on the development of onychomycosis.