bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Money is the Root of All Evil – Or Is It? Recreating Culture through Everyday Neutralizing Practices
Authors: Farias Carine
Published: January 2017

Alternative organizations exist within the prevalent social order which they simultaneously attempt to resist. To construct and maintain alternative cultural practices, they must continuously deal with symbolic threats. By illuminating processes of cultural creation stemming from the day-to-day neutralization of threats associated with money, this ethnographic study of an intentional community moves the question of boundaries beyond issues of exclusion/inclusion. Instead, it argues for a full appreciation of the role of transgression and disorder in the shaping of organizational cultures. Two sets of everyday neutralizing practices – distancing and re-appropriating – have been identified as factors that facilitate the emergence of a relational and politicized culture of exchange.
A Culture of Uncertainty: Interaction and Organizational Memory in Software Engineering Teams under a Productivity Scheme
Authors: Kameo Nahoko
Published: January 2017

Drawing on an ethnography of software engineering teams that introduced a new and empowerment-centered productivity scheme, this study delineates how, despite management’s affirmation of its commitment, software engineers produced and reproduced a ‘culture of uncertainty’ characterized by constant doubt about how long the scheme would last. Engineers shared previous experiences of failed productivity schemes and collectively used this organizational memory to understand their new situation. Workers drew on this organizational memory in everyday interaction to sustain a culture in which everyday management decisions served as indicators of management’s potential abandonment of the scheme; as a result, workers remained uncommitted to the scheme. Workers interactionally employed organizational memory as a resource that they used to interpret and respond to changes. Analysis of this process shows the links between organizational memory, culture creation, and culture’s influence on productivity scheme changes.
The Spectacle and Organization Studies
Authors: Flyverbom Mikkel , Reinecke Juliane
Published: January 2017

The aim of this essay is to revisit Guy Debord’s critical theory of the spectacle as formulated 50 years ago in the ‘Society of the Spectacle’ in light of the contemporary production of spectacles. Debord’s arguments about appearance, visibility and celebrity are echoed in the way organizations increasingly focus on their brand, image, impression, and reputation. Yet, the role of spectacles in organizational life has remained under-researched in organization studies. As the boundaries between fact and fiction, reality and representation, substance and appearance become increasingly blurred, questions about the production and effects of spectacles seem more pertinent than ever. Are representations faithful mirrors of reality, or attempts to conceal reality? Do they replace reality, or bring new realities into being? By articulating three possible understandings of the spectacle, as fetishism, hyper-reality or performativity, this essay invites organization scholars to examine the organization of the real and the making of organizations through processes of spectacular representation including discursive practices, visual images and theatrical performances.
Comparative Morphometric Analysis of Cochlear Vessels in Wistar‐Kyoto Rats, Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats, and Aged Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Kappelmann Rick B. , Prazma Jiri , Pillsbury Harold C.
Published: January 2017

Vessel density and the ratio of the tissue area to the vessel surface area were studied by morphometric analysis techniques in normal rats, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and aged spontaneously hypertensive rats (aged SHR). Horseradish peroxidase was injected intravenously and the animals were killed 10 minutes later. The temporal bones were harvested, fixed in glutaraldehyde, and decalcified in 10% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). After 7 days of decalcification, the cochleas were dissected and incubated with a diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride solution. Sections with stained vessels were projected onto the digitizing plate with the help of the camera lucida. The computer was used to calculate tissue area, vessel length, and vessel surface area. A statistically significant increase (p < 0.05) in both the tissue area to vessel length ratio and the tissue area to vessel surface area ratio was demonstrated in the SHR and the aged SHR groups when compared to the WKY in the stria vascularis. No statistically significant difference was found between the two SHR groups. These data show a decrease of the vessel density in the capillary beds of the stria vascularis in spontaneously hypertensive rats. No statistically significant difference was found in the diameters of the capillary among the three groups.
Investigator Differences in the Cochlear Implantation of Children
Authors: Berliner Karen I. , Stovall Ruth A. , House William F. , Maddox H. Edward
Published: January 2017

Eight Investigational sites are involved In clinical trials of the 3M/House cochlear implant for children. Statistical analyses have been performed to examine differences between investigators In patient populations selected for Implantation and in the results achieved. Important characteristics of the subjects from different Investigational sites were compared for House, Maddox, and all “others” combined. There were no differences between Investigators in sex, age at surgery, or duration of deafness of the children enrolled in the study. For age at onset, House and Others had higher proportions of postlingually deaf subjects than Maddox (16% for House and 18% for Others, compared with <2% for Maddox). However, all investigators had some subjects in every category: Postlingual, prelingual, and congenital. Auditory discrimination and speech production scores for subjects from the three groups were compared using analysis of variance techniques. A few interaction effects between time interval and investigator indicated that not all Investigator groups performed similarly over time for all measures. However, postimplant scores were always significantly higher than preimplant scores for all Investigators. Differences that did occur appeared to be attributable to differences in subject characteristics.
The Sphenoid Sinus—A Site for Metastasis
Authors: Mickel Robert A. , Zimmerman Marilyn C.
Published: January 2017

While metastatic tumors to the nose and the paranasal sinuses overall are unusual, metastasis to the sphenoid sinus is exceedingly rare. Presented are 26 cases of metastasis to the sphenoid sinus. Seven were treated at UCLA between 1955 and 1988, and 19 additional cases were discovered from a search of the medical literature. The patients ranged from 14 months to 79 years of age. The most common tumor sites from which sphenoid metastases arose were the prostate and the lung. In 11 of the 26 cases, the sphenoid sinus metastasis was the first presentation of malignancy. Patients manifested signs and symptoms that were indistinguishable from those from primary tumors of the sinus. They included headache, facial pain, visual changes, and single or multiple cranial neuropathies. While cure of patients with sphenoid metastasis has not been reported, significant palliation with resolution of morbidity is possible in many patients with radiation therapy. Although metastasis to the sphenoid sinus is an uncommon entity, when present, signs and symptoms relating to this metastasis are frequently the first presentation of disease. As such, patients with sphenoid sinus symptoms suggestive of sphenoid sinus malignancy should be vigorously evaluated for the possibility of primary as well as metastatic tumor of the sinus.
Re‐Evaluation of the Role of the Human Endolymphatic SAC in Meniere's Disease
Authors: Wackym Phillip A. , Linthicum Fred H. , Ward Paul H. , House William F. , Micevych Paul E. , Bagger‐Sjöbäck Dan
Published: January 2017

The role of endolymphatic sac (ES) dysfunction in the etiopathogenesis of Meniere's disease has remained controversial since the early 1900s. The first reports of the ultrastructural (transmission electron microscopy, TEM) pathology of the human ES in Meniere's disease have been published only in the last decade. These studies have been based on biopsies of the extraosseous (intradural) ES and in no cases has the TEM appearance of the intraosseous ES been described. Likewise the control material used has been from biopsies of extraosseous ES taken from patients with acoustic schwannomas. To date, no reports have compared the ultrastructure of the intrasosseous ES from normal control patients to patients with Meniere's disease. Since the intraosseous ES is believed to be the most active portion of the entire ES, studies were made of the ultrastructure of ten normal interosseous human ESs fixed immediately after death and obtained at autopsy (control material). Fourteen patients undergoing translabyrinthine (TL) neurotologic procedures (10, TL resection of acoustic schwannoma; 4, TL eighth cranial nerve section for Meniere's disease) had the entire vestibular aqueduct, containing the endolymphatic duct and the intraosseous ES, removed and processed for TEM. The roles of the epithelium, subepithelial space, and vasculature were morphologically studied to evaluate possible ES pathology in Meniere's disease and in patients with acoustic schwannoma. Wide anatomic variation in the distribution and density of the subepithelial connective tissue was observed in all groups. There was no difference in the TEM appearance of the intraosseous ES from normal controls and patients with eighth nerve schwannoma, nor was there any difference in the ES collagen deposition in patients with Meniere's disease. The ESs from two patients with Meniere's disease showed evidence of abnormal glycoprotein metabolism; one with possible hypersecretion and one with possible alteration of degradation of resorbed glycoprotein. The results of this preliminary study suggest that “perisaccular fibrosis” of the intraosseous ES was not a pathologic feature in these four cases of Meniere's disease and that alteration of ES glycoprotein secretion/resorption may be of etiopathologic significance.
In Vitro Modulation of Human Laryngeal Papilloma Cell Differentiation by Retinoic Acid
Authors: Reppucci Angelo D. , Dilorenzo Teresa P. , Abramson Allan L. , Steinberg Bettie M.
Published: January 2017

We have defined conditions permitting the in vitro growth of human laryngeal papilloma cells at the air‐liquid interface. Using this model system, retinoic acid has been found to modulate the differentiation of human laryngeal papilloma cells along two different pathways. At low concentrations of retinoic acid [10×9 mol/L and 10 8 mol/L], the cells formed a stratified squamous epithelium with a differentiation‐specific protein staining pattern identical to that found in vivo. At higher concentrations of retinoic acid [10×7 mol/L and 10×6 mol/L], the cells differentiated into a columnar epithelium with occasional ciliated cells, lacking the markers of squamous differentiation. Analysis of the human papillomavirus DNA content revealed that as the concentration of retinoic acid increased, the viral DNA content decreased. This system is proposed as a model to further investigate the differentiation defects of human laryngeal papilloma cells and the regulatory role of retinoic acid in the clinical expression of human laryngeal papillomatosis.
Dematiaceous Fungal Sinusitis
Authors: Zieske Larry A. , Kopke Richard D. , Hamill Randy
Published: January 2017

Six cases of dematiaceous fungal sinusitis are reported, together with a review of 33 other cases collated from a review of the English literature. The sinusitis was more often unilateral vs. bllateral. A characterlstlc serpiginous hyperdense intrasinus opacification, as well as sinus expansion with bone erosion, was often seen on CT scan. MRI scan showed lucent sinus cavities on T1 and T2 weighting. A comparison of surgical treatment vs. surgery with systemic antifungal therapy revealed decreased recurrence and complication statistics in the combined therapy group. There was a trend toward increased recurrence/persistence and complications associated with invasive histologic findings and only surgical treatment, but not statistically significant. At the present time, we recommend comprehensive surgical treatment followed by systemic antifungal therapy, though clinical judgment and individualization should occur. Future studies are planned to further define the disease entity and its therapy.
Study of Phonation in the Excised Canine Larynx
Authors: Yanagi Eriko , Slavit David H. , McCaffrey Thomas V.
Published: January 2017

Previous studies have demonstrated that the laryngeal muscles responsible for pitch variation and vocal efficiency are the cricothyroid muscles, affecting longitudinal tension of the vocal folds, and the thyroarytenoid muscles, controlling the lateral stiffness of the vocal folds. Longitudinal tension in the vocal fold is easily simulated in the excised canine larynx. The effect of the thyroarytenoid muscle, however, has not been adequately analyzed. To simulate the effect of the thyroarytenoid muscle, small balloons were placed in the paraglottic space at the level of the vocal folds in 10 excised canine laryngés. These balloons (Fogarty catheters) could be inflated in increments to simulate the effect of the thyroarytenoid muscle contraction in altering the lateral stiffness of the vocal fold. During phonation subglottic pressure, vocal fold longitudinal tension and balloon size were systematically varied. The photoglottographic and electroglottographic signals, sound intensity, and airflow rate were measured. Multiple regression analysis showed that sound intensity was directly related to subglottic pressure (p < 0.001) and inversely related to balloon size (p < 0.001). Vocal efficiency was directly related to subglottic pressure (p < 0.001). Frequency of vibration was directly related to balloon size (p < 0.05), vocal fold tension (p < 0.001), and subglottic pressure (p < 0.001). Open quotient was directly related to vocal fold tension (p < 0.01) and inversely related to balloon size (p < 0.001). Clinical implications of these results will be discussed.
The Combined Masseter Muscle/Intraoral Cheek Transposition (IOCT) Flap for Primary Reconstruction of the Dorsal Oral Cavity
Authors: Zöller Joachim , Maier Heinz , Herrmann Achim
Published: January 2017

A method for primary reconstruction of the dorsal oral cavity after tumor resection of T2 or small T3 tumors is presented. By combination of the masseter muscle flap with a cranial pedicled intraoral cheek transposition (IOCT) flap, a reconstruction of the defects with two layers of tissue is possible. This easy and functional reconstruction method is especially useful for high‐risk patients because of the markedly reduced operating time.
Anterior Table Free Bone Graft Technique for Frontal Sinus Obliteration
Authors: Casiano Roy R. , Cooper Jonathan
Published: January 2017

The osteoplastic flap technique for exposure of the frontal sinus has been an accepted approach for cases in which obliteration or exploration of the frontal sinus has been necessary. Preservation of vascularized anterior pericranium is credited with reduction of the chances of anterior table bone resorption and subsequent cosmetic deformity. Disadvantages include the need for templates and unpredictable random fracturing in the supraorbital rim area, increasing the chance of potential injury to the periorbita and/or supraorbital neurovascular structures as well as limiting surgical exposure in some cases. Ten patients with chronic frontal sinusitis underwent frontal sinus obliteration using an anterior fable free bone graft technique over a 3 year period. The superior orbital neurovascular pedicles were easily identified and protected within its pericranial sheath in all cases. All patients had precise delineation of the frontal sinus anterior bone flap margins with no need for templates. Bone graft viability was documented in all patients, along with excellent cosmetic results comparable to the osteoplastic flap technique. A review of the literature and description of the technique are presented.
Toxicology of Upper Aerodigestive Tract Pollutants
Authors: Holt G. Richard
Published: January 2017

The field of environmental toxicology has become quite important to the study of environmental health in human beings. The stability of the ecosystem in which we live is threatened by the nearly 5 million chemical compounds that have been synthesized worldwide, many of which have real or potentially toxic effects on the environment and on life forms. Four major groups of chemicals—metallic elements, nonmetallic elements, organic compounds and Inorganic compounds—have certain agents within them that are known toxins to human beings. Some of these agents have an as yet unknown effect, whereas others have been well characterized. They can be found in the workplace, home, and outdoors, and many are unseen and odorless. In the past, most agents have been described in terms of their carcinogenic potential or major toxic effects on organ systems. It is now likely that the important characterization of some of these agents referrable to the upper aerodigestive tract should be at their receptor sites and identify the very discrete and small effects on these sites and their cumulative effects. The concept of threshold is probably an arbitrary one because to date these discrete effects have not been studied. Susceptibility on an individual basis probably varies from low to high, depending on the patient's Immunologic and defense mechanisms and the existence of congenital or acquired risk factors. New attention must be given to more subtle effects on the upper aerodigestive tract (i.e., sinusitis and laryngitis) In view of the potential effects of certain toxic agents on these tissues.
First place — resident basic science award 1993: Risedronate activity in the fetal and neonatal mouse
Authors: Richardson Ann C. , Tinling Steven P. , Chole Richard A.
Published: January 2017

Otosclerosis, chronic otitis media with and without cholesteatoma, and Paget's disease of bone are just a few of the many diseases of the ear that exhibit abnormalities of bone modeling and remodeling. These diseases result in chronic infection, vestibular dysfunction, and hearing loss. Bisphosphonates are a promising new class of drugs potentially useful in the treatment of these disorders. Currently used in diseases with high rates of bone turnover (Paget's disease of bone, hypercalcemia of malignancy, and osteoporosis), they have been found to be strong inhibitors of bone resorption. A third generation bisphosphonate, 2‐(3‐pyrindyl)‐hydroxyethylidene bisphosphonate (risedronate) is being investigated for toxicity, increased efficacy, and oral administration. In this study the in vitro and in vivo anti‐resorptive activity of risedronate was quantified by measuring calcium release in a neonatal mouse calvarial culture system. This model was used to test direct in vitro effects, in vivo exposure in neonatal mice, and the possible effects of in utero and lacteal exposure. Calcium release activated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) was significantly inhibited when risedronate was only present in the pre‐incubation media. When risedronate was administered subcutaneously to neonatal mice it resulted in a significant decrease in PTH‐activated calcium release in explanted calvaria in vitro. Transplacental and lactational transfer of biologically effective risedronate was not demonstrated in this study; however, a paradoxic increase in PTH‐stimulated calcium release in vitro from calvaria theoretically exposed transplacentally and lacteally was noted. This effect was unexplained by the data.
Effective treatment protocol for posterior epistaxis: A 10‐year experience
Authors: Cannon C. Ron
Published: January 2017

Posterior epistaxis remains a serious health problem. Modification of a traditional posterior pack using a Foley catheter has proved to be an effective method of treating these sites of severe posterior bleeding. Technological advancements in the form of a PCA infuser and pulse oximetry have allowed better control of packing‐associated pain and identification Of potential hypoxic Complications
Preliminary characterization of mucin from effusions of cleft palate patients
Authors: Hutton David A. , Fogg Fiona J. J. , Murty George , Birchall John P. , Pearson Jeffrey P.
Published: January 2017

Middle ear effusions from children undergoing myringotomy were classified into three groups — Cleft palate, thick (mucoid), and thin (serous). Mucin was purified from each of the three groups using CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. Analysis of the cleft palate mucin on Sepharose CL‐2B showed it was excluded and therefore of large molecular weight. It could be broken down Into smaller glycopeptide units by proteolysis and these glycopeptides had, based on elution position, a larger hydrodynamic size than those from the thick mucin. Intrinsic viscosity measurements demonstrated that the intact mucins could be ranked in order of molecular space occupancy; cleft palate > thick > thin. Amino acid analysis showed the cleft palate mucin to have an amino acid composition similar to other mucins, with serine, threonine, and proline constituting 41% by weight of the protein core. Thiol analysis gave evidence of a possible difference in polymerization between the three mucins, in that thin (the smallest mucin) contained the lowest number of thiols. This preliminary analysis of cleft palate mucin suggests a mucin with larger glycopeptide units forming an intact mucin of larger hydrodynamic size than either thick or thin middle ear mucins from anatomically normal children.
Precise vocal cord medialization using an adjustable laryngeal implant: A preliminary study
Authors: Desrosiers Martin , Ahmarani Christian , Bettez Maurice
Published: January 2017

Treatment of symptomatic unilateral vocal cord paralysis is most frequently surgical. Medialization of the vocal cord using Teflon injection has proved effective; however, studies have shown this technique to produce stiffness of the vocal fold with loss of the “mucosal wave” and concomitantly poor vocal function. As well, overcorrection may occur and is not reversible. Isshiki type 1 medialization thyroplasty has been shown to produce a substantial improvement In vocal quality, as well as preserve the mucosal wave. A number of problems encountered during the performance of isshiki type 1 thyroplasty has led us to modify the original technique. We have developed a new implant that allows for precise, easily adjustable control of vocal cord medialization. To evaluate the degree of vocal cord medialization afforded by this implant, larynges of fresh male and female cadavers were used as an experimental model. In both larynges, vocal cord medialization was shown to occur in a predictable fashion for the anterior, middle, and posterior segments, as well as In the functionally Important inter‐arytenoid region. We believe the use of this implant in medialization thyroplasty will allow precise, atraumatic medialization of the paralyzed vocal cord. This greater control over positioning and ease of adjustment should contribute to enhanced vocal quality.
Function of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle in phonation: In vivo laryngeal model
Authors: Choi Hong‐Shik , Berke Gerald S. , Ye Ming , Kreiman Jody
Published: January 2017

The function of the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle in phonation has not been well documented. To date, several electromyographic studies have suggested that the PCA muscle is not simply an abductor of the vocal folds, but also functions in phonation. This study used an in vivo canine laryngeal model to study the function of the PCA muscle. Subglottic pressure and electroglottographic, photogiottographic, and acoustic waveforms were gathered from five adult mongrel dogs under varying conditions of nerve stimulation. Subglottic pressure, fundamental frequency, sound intensity, and vocal efficiency decreased with increasing stimulation of the posterior branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. These results suggest that the PCA muscle not only acts to brace the larynx against the anterior pull of the adductor and cricothyroid muscles, but also functions inhibitorily in phonation by controlling the phonatory glottal width.
Comparison of Results of Immunotherapy Based on Skin End‐Point Titration, Prick Testing, and Scratch Testing
Authors: Trevino Richard J.
Published: January 2017

Presented is a clinical study comparing the results of immunotherapy based on allergy testing with three different test modalities: skin end‐point titration, prick testing, and scratch testing. Thirty patients with allergic rhinitis were randomly assigned to one of the three test groups. Treatment vials were made on test results according to the Instructions for each test. For skin end‐point titration, each antigen was included at a concentration based on the patient's sensitivity, found with the fivefold dilution testing procedure. For the prick test, treatment vials were based on a two‐level test response scale of stronger or lesser positive results. The scratch test yields vials used in one concentration based simply on a positive vs. negative test result. Patients in all three groups were treated at weekly intervals with immunotherapy, progressing in volume until the maximum tolerated dose was achieved. Relief of symptoms was evaluated after 6 months of treatment. Nine of the 10 patient receiving skin end‐point titration based immunotherapy had complete relief of symptoms, and one had partial relief. None of the patients in the prick or scratch test groups achieved relief of symptoms after 6 months of treatment. Results dramatically demonstrate the need to base allergy immunotherapy treatment on a test that quantifies the patient's level of sensitivity to each antigen.
Facial Nerve Outcome after Acoustic Neuroma Surgery: A Study from the Era of Cranial Nerve Monitoring
Authors: Lalwani Anil K. , Butt Fidelia Yuan‐Shin , Jackler Robert K. , Pitts Lawrence H. , Yingling Charles D.
Published: January 2017

The introduction of intraoperative cranial nerve monitoring in posterior fossa surgery has greatly aided the surgeon in identification and anatomic preservation of cranial nerves. As a result, the long‐term function of the facial nerve continues to improve after removal of acoustic neuroma. Herein, we report our long‐term (1 year or greater) facial nerve outcome in 129 patients who underwent surgical removal of their acoustic neuromas with the aid of Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring between 1986 and 1990. The facial nerve was anatomically preserved in 99.2% of the patients, and 90% of all the patients had grade 1 or 2 facial nerve function 1 year after surgery. Long‐term facial function was inversely correlated with the size of tumor (chi‐squared, p < 0.02) and was not related to the side of tumor, the age and sex of the patient, or the surgical approach. In a comparison among tumor groups matched for size, no statistically significant difference in facial nerve outcome between the translabyrinthine and retrosigmoid approaches was detected. The proximal facial nerve stimulation threshold at the end of surgical removal was predictive of long‐term facial nerve function (analysis of variance, p < 0.02). At 1 year, 98% (87 of 89) of the patients with electrical thresholds of 0.2 V or less had grade 1 or 2 facial nerve function compared with only 50% (8 of 16) of those with thresholds between 0.21 and 0.6 V. In the era of cranial nerve monitoring, patients can be better advised about long‐term facial nerve outcome after surgical intervention. Preoperatively, the size of the tumor is the most critical factor in predicting long‐term facial function. Postoperatively, the proximal seventh nerve stimulation threshold at the end of the surgical procedure can be used as one prognostic measure of long‐term facial nerve function.
Diagnosis of Allergic Fungal Sinusitis
Authors: Bent John P. , Kuhn Frederick A.
Published: January 2017

Allergic fungal sinusitis is a noninvasive disease first recognized approximately one decade ago. It accounts for approximately 6% to 8% of all chronic sinusitis requiring surgical intervention and has become a subject of increasing interest to otolaryngologists and related specialists. Although certain signs and symptoms, as well as radiographic, intraoperative, and pathologic findings, may cause the physician to suspect allergic fungal sinusitis, no standards have been defined for establishing the diagnosis. It is extremely important to recognize allergic fungal sinusitis and differentiate it from chronic bacterial sinusitis and other forms of fungal sinusitis because the treatments and prognoses for these disorders vary significantly. To delineate a set of diagnostic criteria, we prospectively evaluated our most recent 15 patients with allergic fungal sinusitis. An allergy evaluation confirmed atopy through a strong history of inhalant mold allergies, an elevated total immunoglobulin E level, or a positive result of a skin test or radioallergosorbent test to fungal antigens in 100% of patients. All 15 patients had nasal polyposis, and 8 of 15 had asthma. There was a unilateral predominance in 13 of 15 cases. A characteristic computerized tomography finding of serpiginous areas of high attenuation in affected sinuses was seen in all patients, and 12 of 15 patients had some degree of radiographic bone erosion. Pathologic examination uniformly revealed eosinophilic mucus without fungal invasion into soft tissue; Charcot‐Leyden crystals and peripheral eosinophilic were each observed in 6 of 15 patients. Every patient had fungus identified on fungal smear, although only 11 of 15 fungal cultures were positive. Therefore, for the diagnosis of allergic fungal sinusitis to be established, the following criteria should be met: (1) type I hypersensitivity confirmed by history, skin tests, or serology; (2) nasal polyposis; (3) characteristic computed tomography signs; (4) eosinophilic mucus without fungal invasion into sinus tissue; and (5) positive fungal stain of sinus contents removed during surgery. Radiographic bone erosion does not necessarily imply invasive disease, and a positive fungal culture, although desirable, is not necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Unilateral predominance of disease, a history of asthma, Charcot‐Leyden crystals, and peripheral eosinophilla corroborate the diagnosis but are not always present. Perhaps because of the novelty of the disease, much misunderstanding surrounds allergic fungal sinusitis. Misdiagnosis is common, recurrence rates are high, and proper treatment remains elusive. Before proceeding with other advances, a common understanding of the diagnosis of allergic fungal sinusitis is mandatory.
Correlation between the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Five‐Minute Hearing Test and Standard Audiologic Data
Authors: Koike Kazunari J. , Hurst Michael K. , Wetmore Stephen J.
Published: January 2017

The American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery recently developed a questionnaire called the “Five‐Minute Hearing Test” and distributed it to many primary care physicians. Our literature review suggests that the test characteristics (i.e., sensitivity and specificity) of this screening instrument have not been published. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the test by correlating the “Five‐Minute Hearing Test” results to various audiologic results obtained for the same patients and to analyze the test characteristics with pure‐tone measures as a standard criterion. An original version of the “Five‐Minute Hearing Test” was administered to 70 patients older than 55 years, and a revised version of the test was administered to additional 74 elderly patients. The “Five‐Minute Hearing Test” scores in both original and revised versions significantly correlated with all audiologic measures, especially with the pure‐tone measures. However, the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery's recommended cutoff score for a referral yielded a high false‐positive rate. If the cutoff score were changed, the “Five‐Minute Hearing Test” would be a reliable hearing screening tool for identification of hearing loss among the elderly population. Specific recommendations include adjustment of the cutoff score to at least 15 and revision of a few selected test items.
Social Context of Management Education: Institution Building Experiences at IIMs
Authors: Patel I G , Paul Samuel , Khandwalla Pradip N , Bose Amitava , Murthy K R S , Vittal N , Krishnan Rishikesha T , Jain Arun Kumar , Gupta Anil K
Published: January 2017

IIMs have played a significant role in realizing the societal aspirations of India becoming a creative, compassionate, and developed nation. This needs attention of all stakeholders. Very few people know that IIMs contribute as much, if not more, to public action and management as to the private sector management. The purpose of this Colloquium is to proactively ask questions which will help IIMs to explicitly state their contributions to the society and be ready for challenges ahead. Some of the key issues discussed in this Colloquium are: The processes through which IIMs have defined their goals and directions over the years. Adequacy of initiatives taken by IIMs to generate greater social, ethical, and professional accountability among students and executives trained at IIMs. IIMs' institution building role and its impact on the quality of management education and practice in India. Factors contributing to the elitist character of IIMs and its social context and significance. The potential for IIMs playing a catalytic role in facilitating, empowering or serving the small-scale, unorganized/under-managed sectors and other civil society organizations. The role that IIMs see for themselves in building India into a developed nation.

The following points emerged from the discussion: IIMs have made a tremendous contribution to the Indian economy by providing corporate leadership. The skills developed and honed in IIMs should be extended to other sectors and institutions. IIMs form the backbone of our country's economic success by helping professionalize management for all sectors of the economy and providing the entrepreneurial, technical, and skilled personnel for superior wealth generation. IIMs offer a model for management education with open and merit-based admissions, good and relevant curriculum, campus placement, and a general motivation to be relevant to the social needs. The participative, decentralized, and transparent governance system can make IIMs the role model for excellence-seeking institutions. If global reputation for distinctive contribution and institutional excellence has to be sustained, IIMs would need to coordinate their approaches to addressing opportunities in globalization. To gain social legitimacy and respect of various stakeholders, IIMs need to take proactive steps to bring students from less privileged social backgrounds. Higher management education institutions such as IIMs should develop a coherent and compelling vision of how they would want to contribute to the new, liberalized India. Visioning must be participative and must involve all the stakeholders.
Differences in Occupational Commitment amongst Scientists in Indian Defence, Academic, and Commercial R&D Organizations
Authors: Goswami Sanghamitra , Mathew Mary , Chadha N.K.
Published: January 2017

Occupational commitment is referred to as the psychological link between an individual and his occupation that is based on an affective reaction to that occupation. Thus a person with higher occupational commitment strongly identifies and has positive feelings towards his occupation. It has been observed that R&D professionals have a very distinctive nature in their career orientations, value systems, and reward preferences. In R&D organizations, due to complexity of tasks, the employee and the employer often do not understand the nature of the job performance and therefore commitment to occupation is seen as an important contributing factor. Hence, this study addresses the following research questions: How does occupational commitment differ with the different types of R&D organizations? How do personal demographic, job satisfaction, and personality variables influence occupational commitment of different types?

This study empirically examines the relationship among the personal characteristics of R&D scientists across three types of R&D organizations: A government commercial organization A government defence organization A government academic organization.

The objective is to find out the influence of age, occupational tenure, job satisfaction, and occupational commitment on the five factor model of personality. A questionnaire of job satisfaction followed by the neo five factor personality inventory and occupational commitment questionnaires were administered on a sample of 126 R&D professionals.

The results of the analysis revealed that: Occupational commitment of scientists does differ in these different R&D organizations. Occupational tenure is much higher for the scientists of the government commercial R&D organization and the government academic R&D organization compared to the scientists of government defence R&D organization. Job-satisfaction is the highest amongst the scientists of the government defence R&D organization followed by the scientists of the government academic R&D organization. Personality scores of the scientists also differ across these three organizations. Occupational tenure and age are not related to personality. Affective commitment is shown to have a positive and significant relationship with conscientiousness for scientists of the government academic R&D organization. Affective commitment is explained by occupational tenure and extraversion while continuance commitment is explained by job satisfaction and agreeableness in the government commercial R&D organizations. Extraversion (factor of personality) emerged as the strongest predictor of affective commitment in the presence of conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

For managers of R&D organizations, it is important to note that in the information-enabled world of today, occupational commitment rather than organizational commitment is likely to be the key variable in deciding whether to stay or leave.
International Stock Market Integration and Its Economic Determinants: A Study of Indian and World Equity Markets
Authors: Mukherjee Kedarnath , Mishra R K
Published: January 2017

During the periods of globalization and deregulation, it has become very common for the equity market of a country to respond to the equity movements of its international trading partners from all over the world. The effort, trying to achieve in this study, relates to how Indian equity market responds to the equity price movements of other countries and vice versa. Also, the possible forces behind such interdependence among the markets are investigated. Daily closing prices of all the major equity indices from a sample of 23 countries, including India, for a period of 16 years starting from 1990 to 2005 have been used to assess the co-movement of prices among the markets. The results reveal the following : Apart from exhibiting significant annual contemporaneous measures or same day intermarket relationship among India and most of the other foreign countries, the contemporaneous feedback statistics also reveals an increasing tendency in the degree of integration among the markets over a period of time, leading to a greater co-movements and therefore higher market efficiency at the international scenario. Except for Sri Lanka and Sweden, there is a significant contemporaneous flow of information among India and 20 other foreign countries. The countries from the same region are found to be more integrated than those from the different regions. As far as the unidirectional feedback measures are concerned, though most of the measures for the whole study period are found to be significant, only few annual measures exhibit statistical significance. Interestingly, India has been found to play a stronger leading role for the countries in the Asian region except for Pakistan, Philippines, and Singapore, during the entire study period. At the same time, USA and other five out of ten European countries have been found to strongly lead the Indian market during the same period. But, unlike the contemporaneous measures, there is no fixed trend (either increasing or decreasing) in the movements of the annual unidirectional feedback measures. Thus it is very difficult to conclude that any specific market consistently leads or follows the other market. As far as the pooled regression results are concerned, out of various macroeconomic factors, only some of them including the time trend are found to be significant in assessing the contemporaneous inter-market relation. At the same time, none of the macroeconomic factors, except the volatility in bi-lateral exchange rate and volatility differential among the two markets, are found to be statistically significant in explaining the unidirectional lead-lag relationship among the markets.
Role of Dynamic Capability and Information Technology in Customer Relationship Management: A Study of Indian Companies
Authors: Desai Darshan , Sahu Subrat , Sinha Piyush Kumar
Published: January 2017

There is a growing body of academic and practitioner literature on Customer Relationship Management (CRM), most of the research in this field being conducted in the Western context. In the emerging countries of Asia, the difference is not only about the level of technology adoption and infrastructure, but also about the way decisions are made the and technology is used to form relations, and the deeply-rooted values of employees and customers who drive the competitive performance of CRM. These contextual peculiarities of CRM have got important implications for the sources of competitive performance in the process of CRM.

It has been well accepted that CRM is a strategic initiative. But, surprisingly, the CRM literature is largely silent on the issue of competitive reaction in dynamic markets of emerging Asian economies. In such markets, the domain of CRM is characterized by lots of changes. Managers cannot rely on only static firm's resources that they have assembled to take CRM decisions and drive competitive advantage. Drawing from the theoretical argument in strategic management, i.e., dynamic capability approach, this study identifies sources of competitive performance for the process of CRM in dynamic capability. It is an organization's ability to continuously improve, innovate, and reconfigure resources to match the evolving environmental needs. Information technology (IT) competence has been considered as an important moderator of the relationship between dynamic capability and competitive performance. The study articulates the drivers of dynamic capability for CRM. Further, the study investigates the main effects, as well as the interaction effects of IT and dynamic capability on competitive performance of the CRM process. A questionnaire survey has been conducted, and data collected from a sample of 334 cross-functional executives of 29 organizations from Indian banking, telecom, and retail industry.

Some of the important findings of the study are as follows: In the emerging markets of Asia, dynamic capability played a crucial role in gaining competitive CRM performance across all three industries. In the highly dynamic and competitive Indian telecom industry, the dynamic capability played the most important role. Important drivers of dynamic capability also include social networking capability with the other capabilities related to integration and market orientation. Contrary to the findings of the few studies in the Western context, CRM technology had positive effects on competitive CRM performance; it also enhanced the dynamic capability- competitive CRM performance relationships. In the absence of appropriate dynamic capabilities in the CRM process, the use of CRM technology might do more harm than good.
Housing and the Financial Crisis in the US: Cause or Symptom?
Authors: Bardhan Ashok
Published: January 2017

After steady growth for a decade and a half, the US economy is now in the grip of a serious recession. While the source of the current economic crisis lies in the housing and housing finance sectors, the so-called subprime crisis should be seen as a symptom of deeper structural and politico-economic problems of today's globalized capitalism, rather than the primary cause of the broader crisis. Considering growing financial complexity and regulatory requirements, and issues of equity and fairness, Ashok Bardhan expects a greater role for government institutions in the future.
Global Economic Meltdown: Greenspan�s Legacy
Authors: Barua Samir K , Gujarathi Mahendra R
Published: January 2017

In the event of statedly the deepest global crisis ever since the Great Depression, with the world economy mired in a severe economic meltdown, Samir K Barua and Mahendra R Gujarathi identify the factors and the players that incubated and nurtured the meltdown. The policies of deregulation, monetary expansion, and fair value accounting are specifically addressed in a historical perspective. The authors offer an insight into how sequentially the lawmakers first created the potent environment for risk-taking through unrestrained deregulation, the Federal Reserve then set the stage for the crisis with a policy of unbridled monetary expansion, and the accounting standardsetter finally relaxed norms to provide support for hiding the losses incurred� thus together fuelling the crisis. Although several trillions of dollars have been pumped into the market to maintain the credit flow, it is yet uncertain as to how the crisis will impact in the long run, the authors conclude on a cautionary note.
Indian Financial Sector and the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Varma Jayanth R
Published: January 2017

Though the Indian financial sector had very limited exposure to the toxic assets at the heart of the global financial crisis, it suffered a severe liquidity crisis after the Lehman bankruptcy. This liquidity crisis could have been averted with timely injection of liquidity into the system by the Reserve Bank of India, claims Jayanth Varma. Apart from the liquidity crisis, India also had to deal with the collapse of global trade finance; deflation of an asset market bubble; demand contraction for exports; and corporate losses on currency derivatives. Looking ahead, the paper argues that the crisis is a wake-up call for the Indian banks and financial system for better managing their liquidity and credit risks, re-examining the international expansion policies of banks, and reviewing risk management models and stress test methodologies. Rejecting the widely held notion that financial innovation caused the global crisis, the author offers examples from bond markets and securitization to establish the necessity of continuing with the financial reforms. While India has high growth potential, growth is not inevitable. Only the right economic and financial policies and a favourable global environment can make rapid growth a sustainable phenomenon.