bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lobbying, Family Concerns, and the Lack of Political Support for Estate Taxation
Authors: De Donder Philippe , Pestieau Pierre
Published: July 2015

We provide an explanation for why estate taxation is surprisingly little used, given the skewness of the estate distribution. Taxing estates implies meddling with intra‐family decisions, which is frown upon by many. At the same time, given the concentration of estates a small proportion of the population stands to gain a lot by decreasing estate taxation. We provide an analytical model, together with numerical simulations, where agents bequeathing large estates make monetary contributions to play up the salience of the encroachment aspects of estate taxation on family decisions and to decrease its political support.
Efficacy of phenytoin, valproic acid, carbamazepine and new antiepileptic drugs on control of late‐onset post‐stroke epilepsy in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Y.‐H. , Chi N.‐F. , Kuan Y.‐C. , Chan L. , Hu C.‐J. , Chiou H.‐Y. , Chien L.‐N.
Published: July 2015

Background and purpose

To assess the efficacy of various antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) for controlling post‐stroke epilepsy.

Methods

This nationwide cohort study was conducted by using data from 2004 to 2008 on new occurrence of post‐stroke epilepsy obtained from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. The examined AEDs were phenytoin (PHT), valproic acid (VPA), carbamazepine (CBZ) and new AEDs. Recurrent seizures requiring either emergency room (ER) visits or hospitalization were used to measure the efficacy of seizure control. The Kaplan−Meier failure curve and Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used to compare the risk of seizure recurrence in patients taking various AEDs.

Results

In all, 3622 late‐onset post‐stroke epilepsy patients were selected. Overall, 1.05 and 0.70 recurrent seizure incidences occurred per 100 person‐months based on ER visits [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95–1.15] and hospitalizations (95% CI 0.62–0.78), respectively. The incidences of ER visits for patients using different AEDs were 1.26, 0.70, 0.43 and 0.38 per 100 person‐months for PHT, VPA, CBZ and new AEDs, respectively. Compared with patients using PHT, the adjusted hazard ratios for ER visits were 0.56 (95% CI 0.42–0.74; P < 0.001), 0.37 (95% CI 0.18–0.75; P = 0.006) and 0.28 (95% CI 0.15–0.52; P < 0.001) for patients using VPA, CBZ and new AEDs, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratios of hospitalizations for seizure recurrence yielded similar results.

Conclusions

This large nationwide, population‐based study demonstrated that late‐onset post‐stroke epilepsy patients using VPA and new AEDs have better seizure control than those using PHT as demonstrated by lower risks of ER visits and hospitalization.
Practice variability and efficacy of clonazepam, lorazepam, and midazolam in status epilepticus: A multicenter comparison
Authors: Alvarez Vincent , Lee Jong Woo , Drislane Frank W. , Westover M. Brandon , Novy Jan , Dworetzky Barbara A. , Rossetti Andrea O.
Published: July 2015

Objective

Benzodiazepines (BZD) are recommended as first‐line treatment for status epilepticus (SE), with lorazepam (LZP) and midazolam (MDZ) being the most widely used drugs and part of current treatment guidelines. Clonazepam (CLZ) is also utilized in many countries; however, there is no systematic comparison of these agents for treatment of SE to date.

Methods

We identified all patients treated with CLZ, LZP, or MDZ as a first‐line agent from a prospectively collected observational cohort of adult patients treated for SE in four tertiary care centers. Relative efficacies of CLZ, LZP, and MDZ were compared by assessing the risk of developing refractory SE and the number of antiseizure drugs (ASDs) required to control SE.

Results

Among 177 patients, 72 patients (40.62%) received CLZ, 82 patients (46.33%) LZP, and 23 (12.99%) MDZ; groups were similar in demographics and SE characteristics. Loading dose was considered insufficient in the majority of cases for LZP, with a similar rate (84%, 95%, and 87.5%) in the centers involved, and CLZ was used as recommended in 52% of patients. After adjustment for relevant variables, LZP was associated with an increased risk of refractoriness as compared to CLZ (odds ratio [OR] 6.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.66–15.5) and with an increased number of ASDs needed for SE control (OR 4.35, 95% CI 1.8–10.49).

Significance

CLZ seems to be an effective alternative to LZP and MDZ. LZP is frequently underdosed in this setting. These findings are highly relevant, since they may impact daily practice.
Time to get moving: assisted gene flow of forest trees
Authors: Aitken Sally N. , Bemmels Jordan B.
Published: July 2015

Geographic variation in trees has been investigated since the mid‐18th century. Similar patterns of clinal variation have been observed along latitudinal and elevational gradients in common garden experiments for many temperate and boreal species. These studies convinced forest managers that a ‘local is best’ seed source policy was usually safest for reforestation. In recent decades, experimental design, phenotyping methods, climatic data and statistical analyses have improved greatly and refined but not radically changed knowledge of clines. The maintenance of local adaptation despite high gene flow suggests selection for local adaptation to climate is strong. Concerns over maladaptation resulting from climate change have motivated many new genecological and population genomics studies; however, few jurisdictions have implemented assisted gene flow (AGF), the translocation of pre‐adapted individuals to facilitate adaptation of planted forests to climate change. Here, we provide evidence that temperate tree species show clines along climatic gradients sufficiently similar for average patterns or climate models to guide AGF in the absence of species‐specific knowledge. Composite provenancing of multiple seed sources can be used to increase diversity and buffer against future climate uncertainty. New knowledge will continue to refine and improve AGF as climates warm further.
Isotopic evidence for the occurrence of biological nitrification and nitrogen deposition processing in forest canopies
Authors: Guerrieri Rossella , Vanguelova Elena I. , Michalski Greg , Heaton Timothy H. E. , Mencuccini Maurizio
Published: July 2015

This study examines the role of tree canopies in processing atmospheric nitrogen (Ndep) for four forests in the United Kingdom subjected to different Ndep: Scots pine and beech stands under high Ndep (HN, 13–19 kg N ha−1 yr−1), compared to Scots pine and beech stands under low Ndep (LN, 9 kg N ha−1 yr−1). Changes of NO3‐N and NH4‐N concentrations in rainfall (RF) and throughfall (TF) together with a quadruple isotope approach, which combines δ18O, Δ17O and δ15N in NO3− and δ15N in NH4+, were used to assess N transformations by the canopies. Generally, HN sites showed higher NH4‐N and NO3‐N concentrations in RF compared to the LN sites. Similar values of δ15N‐NO3− and δ18O in RF suggested similar source of atmospheric NO3− (i.e. local traffic), while more positive values for δ15N‐NH4+ at HN compared to LN likely reflected the contribution of dry NHx deposition from intensive local farming. The isotopic signatures of the N‐forms changed after interacting with tree canopies. Indeed, 15N‐enriched NH4+ in TF compared to RF at all sites suggested that canopies played an important role in buffering dry Ndep also at the low Ndep site. Using two independent methods, based on δ18O and Δ17O, we quantified for the first time the proportion of NO3− in TF, which derived from nitrification occurring in tree canopies at the HN site. Specifically, for Scots pine, all the considered isotope approaches detected biological nitrification. By contrast for the beech, only using the mixing model with Δ17O, we were able to depict the occurrence of nitrification within canopies. Our study suggests that tree canopies play an active role in the N cycling within forest ecosystems. Processing of Ndep within canopies should not be neglected and needs further exploration, with the combination of multiple isotope tracers, with particular reference to Δ17O.
Effects of neutrality, geometric constraints, climate, and habitat quality on species richness and composition of Atlantic Forest small‐mammals
Authors: Dambros Cristian S. , Cáceres Nilton C. , Magnus Luiza , Gotelli Nicholas J.
Published: July 2015

Aim

To compare the fit of models of climate, habitat quality, neutral processes, and geometric constraints to species richness and composition of small mammal assemblages.

Location

The South American Atlantic Forest biome.

Methods

Using neutral models and mid‐domain effect models, we simulated species spread in a spatially explicit array of grid cells representing the Atlantic Forest domain. We compared empirical patterns of species richness and composition with predictions of the neutral and mid‐domain effect models. We also modeled individual species responses to climatic conditions and forest integrity, a measure of habitat quality.

Results

Habitat quality was the single best predictor of local species richness (α‐diversity), but was a poor predictor of local species composition and of the decay in species similarity with distance (β‐diversity). The neutral and mid‐domain models generated very similar predictions, and were better predictors of species composition than of species richness. Climate variables were also strongly associated with overall species composition, but not with species richness.

Main Conclusions

The species richness of small‐mammal assemblages in the Atlantic Forest is best explained by variation in habitat quality. In contrast, the composition of small‐mammal assemblages is best explained by models of limited dispersal (neutral and mid‐domain) and effects of climate on local species composition. Collectively, these results suggest that regional patterns of species richness may be uncoupled from patterns of species composition. Both species richness and composition should be considered when evaluating the predictions of neutral and mid‐domain effect models, and of correlations of community structure with climatic or habitat variables.
Comparison of Gene Expression Between Pediatric and Adult Gastric Mucosa with Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Obayashi Naho , Ohtsuka Yoshikazu , Hosoi Kenji , Ikuse Tamaki , Jimbo Keisuke , Aoyagi Yo , Fujii Tohru , Kudo Takahiro , Asaoka Daisuke , Hojo Mariko , Nagahara Akihito , Watanabe Sumio , Shimizu Toshiaki
Published: July 2015

Background

Although Helicobacter pylori infection among adults is a major risk factor for the development of gastric cancer and initial infection with H. pylori may occur before 5 years of age, the direct effects of H. pylori infection since childhood on gastric mucosa are unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate gene expression in the H. pylori‐infected gastric mucosa of children.

Methods

Gastric mucosal samples were obtained from 24 patients (12 adults and 12 children) who had undergone endoscopic evaluation of chronic abdominal complaints and were examined by the adult and pediatric gastroenterologists at Juntendo University Hospital. Six adult and pediatric patients with and six without H. pylori infection were enrolled. Their gastric mucosal samples obtained from the antrum and corpus were used for microarray, real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemical analyses to examine the expression of inflammatory carcinogenic molecules.

Results

The expression of inflammatory molecules was upregulated in the H. pylori‐infected gastric mucosa from both adults and children. The expression of olfactomedin‐4 was only upregulated in adult patients, while that of pim‐2, regenerating islet‐derived 3 alpha, lipocalin‐2, and C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 13 was equally upregulated in the infected gastric mucosa of both adults and children.

Conclusions

Because several carcinogenic molecules are upregulated in H. pylori‐infected gastric mucosa even in children, early eradication therapy from childhood may be beneficial to decrease the incidence of gastric cancer. Although increased expression of olfactomedin‐4 can be important in suppressing gastric cancer in adults, the increase was not detected in children.
Opioid use and risk of liver fibrosis in HIV/hepatitis C virus‐coinfected patients in Canada
Authors: Brunet L , Moodie EEM , Cox J , Gill J , Cooper C , Walmsley S , Rachlis A , Hull M , Klein MB ,   Canadian Coinfection Cohort Study Investigators
Published: July 2015

Objectives

Opioid use and opioid‐related mortality have increased dramatically since the 1990s in North America. The effect of opioids on the liver is incompletely understood. Some studies have suggested that opioids cause liver damage and others have failed to show any harm. HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐coinfected persons may be particularly vulnerable to factors increasing liver fibrosis. We aimed to describe opioid use in an HIV/HCV‐coinfected population in Canada and to estimate the association between opioid use and liver fibrosis.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional descriptive analysis of the Canadian Co‐infection Cohort Study data to characterize opioid use. We then conducted a longitudinal analysis to assess the average change in aspartate aminotransferase‐to‐platelet ratio index (APRI) score associated with opioid use using a generalized estimating equation with linear regression. We assessed the progression to significant liver fibrosis (APRI ≥ 1.5) associated with opioid use with pooled logistic regression.

Results

In the 6 months preceding cohort entry, 32% of the participants had received an opioid prescription, 28% had used opioids illicitly and 18% had both received a prescription and used opioids illicitly. Neither prescribed nor illicit opioid use was associated with a change in the median APRI score [exp(β) 0.99 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82, 1.12) and exp(β) 0.95 (95% CI 0.81, 1.10), respectively] or with faster progression to liver fibrosis [hazard odds ratio (HOR) 1.20 (95% CI 0.73, 1.67) and HOR 1.09 (95% CI 0.63, 1.55), respectively].

Conclusions

Although opioids were commonly used both legally and illegally in our cohort, we were unable to demonstrate a negative impact on liver fibrosis progression.
Structural activity relationship analysis (SAR) and in vitro testing reveal the anti‐ageing potential activity of acetyl aspartic acid
Authors: Gillbro J. M. , Lundahl M. , Westman M. , Baral R. , Al‐Bader T. , Mavon A.
Published: July 2015

Synopsis

Background

Acetyl aspartic acid (A‐A‐A) was discovered through gene array analysis with corresponding connectivity mapping (Cmap), aiming for identification of new compounds with anti‐ageing properties.

Objective

The aim of this study was to use structural activity relationship (SAR) analysis to identify a predictive mechanism of action of A‐A‐A. The findings from SAR will be further characterized by in vitro activity testing. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate the role of polymerized filamentous F‐actin in ageing fibroblasts and to evaluate the effect of A‐A‐A on this model.

Methods

To predict the mode of action of A‐A‐A, we used the PASS computer program as a SAR model. In vitro, scratch motility tests with immortalized keratinocytes were used as a model for wound healing potential. Matrix metalloproteinase 1‐3 (MMP 1‐3) was analysed using multiplex protein assays (Luminex), and polymerized actin was detected by phalloidin staining in dermal fibroblasts (HDF).

Results

SAR analysis predicted that A‐A‐A would possess both epidermal and dermal activities with identification of wound healing and MMP inhibition potential. Further in vitro studies confirmed the wound healing potential using keratinocyte scratch motility assays. We were also able to confirm the dermal activities predicted by inhibition of MMP (MMP 1–3) in HDF by A‐A‐A. In addition, we found a positive relationship between age and F‐actin expression. We also discovered that stimulation of HDF with A‐A‐A for 72 h significantly reduced the polymerized cytoskeletal network as visualized by inhibition of F‐actin expression. In fact, A‐A‐A leveraged the expression of F‐actin in middle‐aged female fibroblasts (50 years of age) to the level of young female fibroblasts (30 years of age), corresponding to a 40% reduction in F‐actin expression.

Conclusion

Using an in silico and in vitro approach, we were able to demonstrate that A‐A‐A has the capacity to target different compartments of the skin through keratinocyte regeneration, MMP inhibition and relief in fibroblasts stiffness by reduction of F‐actin cytoskeletal network in HDF.
How does the theory of consumption values contribute to place identity and sustainable consumption?
Authors: Lee Christina K. C. , Levy Deborah S. , Yap Crystal Sheau Fen
Published: July 2015

The importance of consumers’ role in sustainable consumption is reflected in the vision of the Sustainable Development Education Panel: To educate consumers to make informed consumption decisions, to take responsibility for their actions and to realize the impact of consumption decisions on future generations. However, educating and informing consumers alone is unlikely to change deeply entrenched unsustainable consumption behaviour. A multi‐faceted approach is required – enforcing sustainable development initiatives through legislation, promoting corporate social responsibility programs on the part of business, and (most importantly), supporting communities that engage in sustainable consumption. This study examines the proposition that individuals who identify with their community (i.e. the residential suburb or a locality where identity is understood geographically) are more likely to engage in sustainable consumption. Specifically, it examines how consumption value (i.e. the perceived value of living in a particular residential suburb) contributes to place identity and to environmental attitudes and sustainable consumption behaviour. Structural equation modelling is used to verify the conceptual model using data from a telephone survey of 561 residents from two inner city suburbs in Auckland, New Zealand. The results support the proposition that environmental attitude and sustainable consumption behaviour is enhanced by consumption values through place identity. Residents who enjoy living in their community, value a clean and healthy environment and believe their suburbs are unique tend to develop a stronger identity with their residential suburb, and are more positive towards sustainable consumption. The results have important implications for social marketers, property marketers and city councils who strive to encourage sustainable consumption among its citizens.
A combined age‐and‐stock‐based policy for ordering blood units in hospital blood banks
Authors: Lowalekar Harshal , Ravichandran N.
Published: July 2015

This paper analyses the performance of an ordering policy for hospital blood banks (HBBs) that takes into account the information regarding the on‐hand stock along with the remaining life of blood products. The blood items are assumed to start aging as soon as they have been collected. We develop a simulation model to show that the combined age‐and‐stock‐based policy would outperform some of the popular periodic reviews and continuous review policies in controlling total costs by about 5% on an average basis. Our results show that the suggested policy will reduce the total operational cost of managing platelets, which have a very short shelf life, by about 27% at a real‐life HBB. The policy will also lead to about 7% reduction in the total cost of the negative blood groups, which are characterized by extremely erratic demand patterns. The implementation of the ordering policy will help HBBs to reduce their operational costs while ensuring a minimum desirable level of the availability of critical blood products.
Recognizing and managing a deteriorating patient: a randomized controlled trial investigating the effectiveness of clinical simulation in improving clinical performance in undergraduate nursing students
Authors: Stayt Louise Caroline , Merriman Clair , Ricketts Barry , Morton Sean , Simpson Trevor
Published: July 2015

Aims

To report the results of a randomized controlled trial which explored the effectiveness of clinical simulation in improving the clinical performance of recognizing and managing an adult deteriorating patient in hospital.

Background

There is evidence that final year undergraduate nurses may lack knowledge, clinical skills and situation awareness required to manage a deteriorating patient competently. The effectiveness of clinical simulation as a strategy to teach the skills required to recognize and manage the early signs of deterioration needs to be evaluated.

Design

This study was a two centre phase II single, randomized, controlled trial with single blinded assessments.

Method

Data were collected in July 2013. Ninety‐eight first year nursing students were randomized either into a control group, where they received a traditional lecture, or an intervention group where they received simulation. Participants completed a pre‐ and postintervention objective structured clinical examination. General Perceived Self Efficacy and Self‐Reported Competency scores were measured before and after the intervention. Student satisfaction with teaching was also surveyed.

Results

The intervention group performed significantly better in the post‐objective structured clinical examination. There was no significant difference in the postintervention General Perceived Self Efficacy and Self‐Reported Competency scores between the control and intervention group. The intervention group was significantly more satisfied with their teaching method.

Conclusion

Simulation‐based education may be an effective educational strategy to teach nurses the skills to effectively recognize and manage a deteriorating patient.
Psychosocial adaptation: an evolutionary concept analysis exploring a common multidisciplinary language
Authors: Londono Yenly , McMillan Diana E.
Published: July 2015

Aims

To provide the first known concept analysis of psychosocial adaptation, exploring its evolution from the concept adaptation. We also determine how psychosocial adaptation is conceptualized across nursing, health, sociobehavioural and education disciplines.

Background

Psychosocial adaptation is an important conceptual term that is poorly defined in nursing and other health, sociobehavioural and education disciplines. A thorough understanding of the concept's application in nursing and across disciplines can help to clarify its meaning, facilitate a more effective common language between disciplines and inform future psychosocial adaptation research.

Design

Rodger's evolutionary view guided this concept analysis.

Data sources

Peer‐reviewed English and Spanish manuscripts published between 2011–2013 were retrieved from the following databases: CINAHL, Psych INFO, PubMed, Scopus and LILACS.

Review methods

Eighty‐nine articles related to psychosocial adaptation were included in the analysis. Findings identify key attributes, antecedents and consequences associated with the use of the concept. Findings were compared vis‐a‐vis reported characteristics of adaptation.

Results

The attributes characterizing psychosocial adaptation are: change, process, continuity, interaction and influence. In psychosocial adaptation, new life conditions serve as antecedents, while consequences are good or bad outcomes. Important features of the evolution of this concept include its broad appropriation across the reviewed disciplines. The attributes of psychosocial adaptation, have some similarities to those of general adaptation. Both concepts include an aspect of change, but unlike adaptation, psychosocial adaptation has branched away from biological descriptors, such as homeostasis and tends to focus on relational characteristics, such as interaction and influences.
Long‐QT Syndrome and Therapy for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: ZHANG CLAIRE , KUTYIFA VALENTINA , MOSS ARTHUR J. , MCNITT SCOTT , ZAREBA WOJCIECH , KAUFMAN ELIZABETH S.
Published: July 2015

ADHD Therapy in LQTS

Introduction

Stimulants are the mainstay therapy for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and are associated with adrenergic side effects. There are limited data on the clinical course of patients treated for ADHD who have long‐QT syndrome (LQTS), for which β‐blockade is the goal of therapy.

Methods

LQTS patients from the Rochester‐based LQTS Registry (open‐enrollment between 1979 and 2003; follow‐up from 1979 to present) treated with stimulant or nonstimulant ADHD medications (n = 48) were compared to a 2:1 age‐, gender‐, and QTc‐duration matched LQTS control group not exposed to ADHD medications (n = 96). Kaplan‐Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to evaluate risk of cardiac events (syncope, aborted cardiac arrest, and sudden cardiac death) in LQTS patients treated with ADHD medications.

Results

During a mean follow‐up of 7.9 ± 5.4 years after initiation of ADHD medication at a mean age 10.7 ±7.3 years, there was a 62% cumulative probability of cardiac events in the ADHD treatment group compared to 28% in the matched LQTS control group (P < 0.001). Time‐dependent use of ADHD medication was associated with an increased risk for cardiac events (HR = 3.07; P = 0.03) in the multivariate Cox model adjusted for time‐dependent β‐blocker use and prior cardiac events. Subgroup gender analyses showed that time‐dependent ADHD medication was associated with an increased risk in male LQTS patients (HR = 6.80, P = 0.04).

Conclusions

LQTS patients treated with ADHD medications have increased risk for cardiac events, particularly syncope, and this risk is augmented in males. The findings highlight the importance of heightened surveillance for LQTS patients on ADHD medications.
Feeding habits of the speckled guitarfish Rhinobatos glaucostigma (Elasmobranchii: Rhinobatidae)
Authors: Lara‐Mendoza R. E. , Márquez‐Farías J. F. , Román‐Reyes J. C.
Published: July 2015

The stomachs of 464 speckled guitarfish Rhinobatos glaucostigma were sampled from the south‐eastern Gulf of California (GC) to determine diet composition. Numerical indices and prey‐specific index of relative importance (%IPSIR) were used to determine the feeding strategy of the species. An analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) was used to determine differences in diet with respect to sex, season (dry or rainy) and maturity stages (immature or mature). The diversity and niche breadth (by sex, season and maturity) and a general trophic level were determined. The overall diet was dominated by shrimps (%IPSIR = 43·47), amphipods (%IPSIR = 18·89) and crabs (%IPSIR = 18·07). ANOSIM demonstrated differences in the diet by maturity and season, but not by sex. Rainy and dry season diets were dominated by shrimps and amphipods, respectively. Immature specimens fed mainly on amphipods, whereas mature fish preferred shrimps and crabs. Rhinobatos glaucostigma showed a narrow niche breadth with an intermediary trophic level (TL = 3·72) and can be considered as a secondary consumer in the soft‐bottom demersal community of the south‐east GC. Understanding the feeding habits and trophic level of R. glaucostigma is vital to help identify the segments of the population vulnerable to overfishing by artisanal and industrial fisheries, and to aid in conservation and management of this elasmobranch.
Comparison between Plain Old Balloon Angioplasty and Drug‐Eluting Stent Implantation for the Treatment of Stent Fracture
Authors: Mitomo Satoru , Naganuma Toru , Takagi Kensuke , Costopoulos Charis , Nakamura Shotaro , Hozawa Koji , Kurita Naoyuki , Tahara Satoko , Ishiguro Hisaaki , Nakamura Sunao
Published: July 2015

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for stent fracture (SF).

Background

SF has been reported as a predictor of in‐stent restenosis (ISR) and stent thrombosis (ST).

Methods

Between January 2009 and December 2012, consecutive SF cases treated with either drug‐eluting stent (DES) or plain old balloon angioplasty (POBA) were retrospectively enrolled in this study. The study endpoints were all‐cause death, cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), target vessel revascularization (TVR), target lesion revascularization (TLR), ST, re‐stent fracture (re‐SF), and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) defined as the composite of cardiac death, MI, and TLR.

Results

Of 135 SF cases, 67 (49.6%) cases were treated with DES, whereas 68 (50.4%) cases with POBA. Median follow‐up period was 1,401 (IQR: 967–1,771) days. The estimated MACE rate at 3 years was significantly lower in the DES group as compared with the POBA group largely driven by less TLR (25.7 vs. 55.8%, P < 0.001). Moreover, 1‐year landmark analysis after PCI for SF revealed that MACE continued to occur even after 1 year irrespective of the treatment option (P = 0.47). On multivariable Cox regression analysis, POBA and large post‐procedure angle (Δ) defined as the degree difference between the end systolic and diastolic angle were identified as independent predictors for TLR.

Conclusions

DES implantation for SF is associated with better clinical outcomes as compared to POBA alone, due to a lower need for TLR. Large post‐procedural angle (Δ) appears to be an independent predictor of TLR.
Ordinary Social Interaction and the Main Effect Between Perceived Support and Affect
Authors: Lakey Brian , Vander Molen Randy J. , Fles Elizabeth , Andrews Justin
Published: July 2015

Relational regulation theory hypothesizes that (a) the main effect between perceived support and mental health primarily reflects ordinary social interaction rather than conversations about stress and how to cope with it, and (b) the extent to which a provider regulates a recipient's mental health primarily reflects the recipient's personal taste (i.e., is relational), rather than the provider's objective supportiveness. In three round‐robin studies, participants rated each other on supportiveness and the quality of ordinary social interaction, as well as their own affect when interacting with each other. Samples included marines about to deploy to Afghanistan (N = 100; 150 dyads), students sharing apartments (N = 64; 96 dyads), and strangers (N = 48; 72 dyads). Perceived support and ordinary social interaction were primarily relational, and most of perceived support's main effect on positive affect was redundant with ordinary social interaction. The main effect between perceived support and affect emerged among strangers after brief text conversations, and these links were partially verified by independent observers. Findings for negative affect were less consistent with theory. Ordinary social interaction appears to be able to explain much of the main effect between perceived support and positive affect.
Patients' satisfaction with community treatment: a pilot cross‐sectional survey adopting multiple perspectives
Authors: Urben S. , Gloor A. , Baier V. , Mantzouranis G. , Graap C. , Cherix‐Parchet M. , Henz C. , Dutoit F. , Faucherand A. , Senent E. , Holzer L.
Published: July 2015

Accessible summary

Patients' satisfaction is scarcely studied within the context of community treatment for adolescents. Thus, this study adopts a multiple perspective on patients' satisfaction (including service users as well as staff members).

The results highlighted that all informants (patients, foster carers in foster homes and professional caregivers from community treatment teams) perceived the patients to be satisfied, with foster carers reporting the highest patient satisfaction rate.

Considering the patient satisfaction rate from multiple perspectives provides complementary understandings.

Clinical outcomes and, specifically, a reduction in emotional difficulties were related to patient's satisfaction, but only from the patients' perspective.

Community treatment (CT) teams in Switzerland provide care to patients who are unable to use regular child and adolescent mental health services (i.e. inpatient and outpatients facilities). No study has considered patients' self‐rated satisfaction alongside with staff members' perspectives on patient satisfaction. Thus, adopting a cross‐sectional survey design, we collected patients' satisfaction using the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ‐8), rated by multiple informants (patients, foster carers in foster homes and professional caregivers from CT teams). Professional caregivers assessed clinical outcomes using the Health of the Nation Outcome Scale for Children and Adolescents. The results indicated that all informants were satisfied with the community treatment teams. The satisfaction scores were not correlated across informants; however, the alleviation of emotional symptoms was correlated with patients' satisfaction. This study indicated that the use of a combined approach including the views of service users and professionals gives important complementary information. Finally, in our sample, lower emotional symptoms were linked to enhanced patient satisfaction. This study demonstrated the importance of considering multiple perspectives to obtain the most accurate picture of patients' satisfaction. Second, focusing on the reduction of emotional symptoms might lead to a higher degree of patients' satisfaction.
The Politics of Privacy and the Renaissance Public Stage
Authors: Price Eoin
Published: July 2015

This article examines the politics of privacy and the public drama of the English Renaissance commercial stage. It surveys some recent critical approaches towards the study of privacy and politics including analyses of a supposed early modern public sphere. The article then attends to studies focusing on Renaissance drama and urges that the study of political privacy be extended beyond domesticity. The essay contends that a wider examination of the corpus of public drama in the English Renaissance is necessary. Shakespeare's plays often take centre stage in critical discussions, but complex concepts like privacy and publicity ought to be explored in reference to the diverse range of plays written for the Renaissance theatres. To illustrate the benefits of exploring the wider Renaissance corpus, the article ends by discussing politics and privacy in the neglected tragedySoliman and Perseda.
Association of the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis and epibiotic barnacle Balanus rostratus: inter‐specific interactions and trophic relationships determined by fatty acid analysis
Authors: Silina Alla V. , Zhukova Natalia V.
Published: July 2015

Marine mollusks provide shelter to epibiotic organisms which settle on the outer surface of their hard shells. Epibionts can exert beneficial or detrimental effects on the host mollusk. In this study, the ecology of the association of the commercially valuable marine mobile scallop Patinopecten (=Mizuhopecten) yessoensis with its epibiotic barnacle Balanus rostratus was investigated. Fatty acid analysis was performed to determine the trophic relationships between these species. The distribution of fatty acid markers in this scallop species suggests an important contribution of diatoms, flagellates and animal material in its diet. The fatty acid analysis indicated a predominance of diatoms in the diet of the adult barnacles and some detrital input into the diets of young individuals. It was found that adult barnacles may compete with the scallops for food sources such as diatoms and zooplankton. It was revealed that with a negligible biomass of epibionts, the interactions between the barnacle and scallop may be regarded as commensalisms. An increase in the weight of epibiotic barnacles resulted in decreases in the weights and shell heights of the scallops, testifying to the adverse influence of a high biomass of epibionts on their host.
Epigenetic mutations can both help and hinder adaptive evolution
Authors: Kronholm Ilkka , Collins Sinéad
Published: July 2015

Epigenetic variation is being integrated into our understanding of adaptation, yet we lack models on how epigenetic mutations affect evolution that includes de novo genetic change. We model the effects of epigenetic mutations on the dynamics and endpoints of adaptive walks—a process where a series of beneficial mutations move a population towards a fitness optimum. We use an individual‐based model of an asexual population, where mutational effects are drawn from Fisher's geometric model. We find cases where epigenetic mutations speed adaptation or result in populations with higher fitness. However, we also find cases where they slow adaptation or result in populations with lower fitness. The effect of epigenetic mutations on adaptive walks depends crucially on their stability and fitness effects relative to genetic mutations, with small‐effect epigenetic mutations generally speeding adaptation, and epigenetic mutations with the same fitness effects as genetic mutations slowing adaptation. Our work reveals a complex relationship between epigenetic mutations and natural selection and highlights the need for empirical data.
Local interspecies introgression is the main cause of extreme levels of intraspecific differentiation in mussels
Authors: Fraïsse Christelle , Belkhir Khalid , Welch John J. , Bierne Nicolas
Published: July 2015

Structured populations, and replicated zones of contact between species, are an ideal opportunity to study regions of the genome with unusual levels of differentiation; and these can illuminate the genomic architecture of species isolation, and the spread of adaptive alleles across species ranges. Here, we investigated the effects of gene flow on divergence and adaptation in the Mytilus complex of species, including replicated parental populations in quite distant geographical locations. We used target enrichment sequencing of 1269 contigs of a few kb each, including some genes of known function, to infer gene genealogies at a small chromosomal scale. We show that geography is an important determinant of the genomewide patterns of introgression in Mytilus and that gene flow between different species, with contiguous ranges, explained up to half of the intraspecific outliers. This suggests that local introgression is both widespread and tends to affect larger chromosomal regions than purely intraspecific processes. We argue that this situation might be common, and this implies that genome scans should always consider the possibility of introgression from sister species, unsampled differentiated backgrounds, or even extinct relatives, for example Neanderthals in humans. The hypothesis that reticulate evolution over long periods of time contributes widely to adaptation, and to the spatial and genomic reorganization of genetic backgrounds, needs to be more widely considered to make better sense of genome scans.
Measuring the impact of an interprofessional multimedia learning resource on Japanese nurses and nursing students using the Theory of Planned Behavior Medication Safety Questionnaire
Authors: Omura Mieko , Levett‐Jones Tracy , Stone Teresa Elizabeth , Maguire Jane , Lapkin Samuel
Published: July 2015

Interprofessional communication and teamwork are essential for medication safety; however, limited educational opportunities for health professionals and students to develop these skills exist in Japan. This study evaluated the impact of an interprofessional multimedia learning resource on registered nurses' and nursing students' intention to practice in a manner promoting medication safety.

Using a quasi‐experimental design, Japanese registered nurses and nursing students (n = 203) were allocated to an experimental (n = 109) or control group (n = 94). Behavioral intentions of medication safety and the predictor variables of attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms were measured using a Japanese version of the Theory of Planned Behavior Medication Safety Questionnaire.

Registered nurses in the experimental group demonstrated a greater intention to collaborate and practice in a manner that enhanced medication safety, evidenced by higher scores than the control group on all predictor variables.

The results demonstrate the potential for interprofessional multimedia learning resources to positively impact the behaviors of Japanese registered nurses in relation to safe medication practices. Further research in other contexts and with other cohorts is warranted.
The Evolution and Functional Role of Flavin‐based Prokaryotic Photoreceptors
Authors: Losi Aba , Mandalari Carmen , Gärtner Wolfgang
Published: July 2015

Flavin‐based photoreceptor proteins of the LOV (light, oxygen and voltage) superfamily are ubiquitous and appear to be essential blue‐light sensing systems not only in plants, algae and fungi, but also in prokaryotes, where they are represented in more than 10% of known species. Despite their broad occurrence, only in few cases LOV proteins have been correlated with important phenomena such as bacterial infectivity, selective growth patterns or/and stress responses; nevertheless these few known roles are helping us understand the multiple ways by which prokaryotes can exploit these soluble blue‐light photoreceptors. Given the large number of sequences now deposited in databases, it becomes meaningful to define a signature for bona fide LOV domains, a procedure that facilitates identification of proteins with new properties and phylogenetic analysis. The latter clearly evidences that a class of LOV proteins from alpha‐proteobacteria is the closest prokaryotic relative of eukaryotic LOV domains, whereas cyanobacterial sequences cluster with the archaeal and the other bacterial LOV domains. Distance trees built for LOV domains suggest complex evolutionary patterns, possibly involving multiple horizontal gene transfer events. Based on available data, the in vivo relevance and evolution of prokaryotic LOV is discussed.
Suntanning with sunscreens: a comparison with sunbed tanning
Authors: Diffey Brian L. , Osterwalder Uli , Herzog Bernd
Published: July 2015

Background/Purpose

Acquiring a tanned skin, either by sunbathing, sunbed use, or a combination of both, is a desirable objective for many people. The objective here was to compare the ultraviolet (UV) exposure resulting from a 2‐week vacation spent sunbathing with sunscreen‐protected skin, with that from a typical course of 10 sessions on a sunbed.

Methods

A numerical analysis combining data on sunlight and sunbed UV levels, time spent tanning and spectral absorption properties of different types of sunscreen.

Results

The analysis showed that unless a sunscreen provides optimal broad‐spectrum protection, a 2‐week sunbathing vacation that avoids sunburn on sunscreen‐protected skin can result in a higher cumulative UV exposure than a typical 10‐session sunbed course. The lowest exposures for a given sun protection factor (SPF) are obtained when sunscreen delivers broad‐spectrum protection that approaches the ideal of uniform absorption at all wavelengths throughout the UV spectrum.

Conclusion

In extreme cases of recreational sun exposure where sunscreens providing suboptimal broad‐spectrum protection are used, the UV insult to the skin is likely to result in higher cumulative exposures than commonly employed sunbed practices.
Short‐term effects of herbicides and a prescribed fire on restoration of a shrub‐encroached pine savanna
Authors: Platt William J. , Entrup Alex K. , Babl Emily K. , Coryell‐Turpin Cody , Dao Viet , Hebert James A. , LaBarbera Claire D. , Noto Jené F. L. , Ogundare Similoluwa O. , Stamper Lucas K. , Timilsina Nabin
Published: July 2015

Shrub encroachment occurring worldwide in savannas and grasslands has commonly been hypothesized to result from anthropogenically altered environments. Two disturbance‐based approaches to restoration have involved: (1) application of selective herbicides to reduce density/cover of shrubs; (2) reinstatement of natural fire regimes to generate environmental conditions favoring herbaceous species. We studied short‐term responses of native shrubs, vines, and grasses in a Louisiana pine savanna to herbicides followed by a prescribed fire and fire alone. Plots established in the summer, 2013, were hand‐sprayed in the fall with Imazapyr and Triclopyr, Triclopyr alone, or no herbicide, then prescribed burned the following spring. Numbers of species of shrubs and vines at scales of 1 and 100 m2, numbers of stems and regrowth of stems produced by six common species of shrubs, and the number of flowering culms of perennial C4 grasses were assessed postfire in 2014. Compared with fire alone, herbicides followed by fire resulted in (1) small reductions in species richness of shrubs and no effects on vines, (2) fewer stems comprising shrub genets, but similar postfire regrowth of resprouting shrub stems, and (3) fewer flowering culms of C4 grasses. Underground storage organs of savanna shrubs and vines survived both aboveground disturbances. Thus, single applications of herbicides followed by fires reduced, but did not reverse shrub encroachment and negatively affected grasses. Because effects of herbicides overrode those of prescribed fires, these disturbances did not act synergistically, suggesting that reinstating natural fire regimes should be a priority in restoration of savannas and grasslands.
A bridge too far: cold and pathogen constraints to assisted migration of riparian forests
Authors: Grady Kevin C. , Kolb Thomas E. , Ikeda Dana H. , Whitham Thomas G.
Published: July 2015

Assisted migration of warm‐adapted genotypes to currently cooler climates may reduce maladaptation from future climate change. Few assisted migration trials have considered limitations of the cooler climates and pathogens currently present at transplant sites. This is especially important to consider in riparian ecosystems that are priority targets for restoration in the western United States as they harbor diverse communities. In an effort to validate assisted migration as an effective strategy for mediating the negative impacts of climate change, we used a provenance trial with replicated genotypes from 19 populations of the foundation riparian tree species, Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii), transplanted to a cold site to test for genetic variation in growth, mortality, and resistance to shoot blight fungi (Venturiasp.). Populations from cool sites had up to 4 times faster growth, 3 times higher survival, and 8 times higher resistance toVenturiathan populations from warm sites, providing evidence of local adaptation to both climate and pathogenic fungi. Budburst phenology and shoot blight were correlated with frost damage, subsequent shrub‐form architecture, and mortality. While climate change models predict 6°C increases, plants transferred distances of 6°C at this time would not perform well; an intermediate transfer distance of less than 3°C would avoid maladaptation to the current environment during assisted migration. Thus, multiple and intermediate transfer phases to supplement local genetic variation will likely be necessary for effective assisted migration to accommodate current environments and large changes in climate.
Religion, Education, and Religious Education in Irish Schools
Authors: Hyland Áine , Bocking Brian
Published: July 2015

This essay is part of a collection of short essays solicited from authors around the globe who teach religion courses at the college level (not for professional religious training). They are published together with an introduction in Teaching Theology and Religion 18:3 (July 2015). The authors were asked to provide a brief overview of the curriculum, student learning goals, and pedagogical techniques employed in their courses.
Teaching and Learning Theology and Religion at the University of Botswana
Authors: Togarasei Lovemore
Published: July 2015

This essay is part of a collection of short essays solicited from authors around the globe who teach religion courses at the college level (not for professional religious training). They are published together with an introduction in Teaching Theology and Religion 18:3 (July 2015). The authors were asked to provide a brief overview of the curriculum, student learning goals, and pedagogical techniques employed in their courses.