bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Kind of Journalist?
Authors: Wenzel Andrea
Published: May 2021

Chapter Five situates the cases explored in this book within the larger landscape of engaged journalism and solutions journalism in North America. It offers several mini-cases of solutions journalism and relational engagement that are centered not on newsrooms, but on communities and their needs. Focusing on the perspective of journalists, it features organizations including Capital Public Radio’s Story Circles, Center for Investigative Reporting, City Bureau, The Discourse, Free Press News Voices, Listening Post Collective, Outlier Media, Resolve Philadelphia, and Your Voice Ohio. The cases look at how these groups assess local information needs, use community organizing strategies to build relationships with community stakeholders, and grapple with challenges around funding and evaluation. Through interviews with leaders of these groups, the cases illustrate how these community-centered projects are pushing boundaries of journalism, and how norms and practices must be reimagined for journalism to contribute to stronger local communication infrastructures.
Introduction
Authors: Mitchell Koritha
Published: May 2021

The Introduction identifies know-your-place aggression: dominant culture’s tendency to respond to the success of marginalized groups with aggression as often as praise. African Americans have long recognized know-your-place aggression and its role in excluding certain populations from American citizenship. Because the nation aims to keep African Americans and women in subordinate positions, black women’s expressive culture reveals how black communities sustain themselves in the pursuit of success even while facing hostility. As house slaves in white people’s homes and in slave cabins, as housekeepers, and as homemakers in their own homes (including the White House), black women have faced the worst odds and achieved nonetheless. Black women shed light on how entire communities pursue success while understanding that their achievements all but invite violence. [124 of 125 words]
A Home of One’s Own
Authors: Mitchell Koritha
Published: May 2021

Using slave narratives, this chapter shows how African Americans defined and redefined success during slavery. With an emphasis on Harriet Jacobs’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861) and Elizabeth Keckley’s Behind the Scenes; Or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House (1868), it charts black women’s determination to move from slave cabins to the nation’s most iconic house. In all environments, authors highlight practices of making-oneself-at-home, the activities that sustain black women and their loved ones no matter how hostile their surroundings. Even when the environment is assumed to be less hostile—given the prestige of the White House, for example—it remains crucial to assert one’s rightful place because one encounters opposition every step of the way. [125 of 125 words]
“The Best Proposition Ever Offered to Negroes in the State”
Authors: Hudson Lynn M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the community of Allensworth and its promise to provide black people with what other California towns could not: a life free from the constraints and bigotry of Jim Crow. Allensworth had its own polling places, library, post office, churches, barbershop, and justice of the peace. The all-black colony offered a second chance for black Californians to realize their dreams of living west of Jim Crow. Opting out of Jim Crow by creating a self-sustaining community was a project that appealed to African Americans across the state. Men, and especially women, would, for a time, experience a liberty to create and thrive outside of antiblack sentiment and proscriptions. They would reinvent what it meant to be black Californians.
The Only Difference between Pasadena and Mississippi Is the Way They’re Spelled
Authors: Hudson Lynn M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter centers on the work of Ruby McKnight Williams, Edna Griffin, and other southern Californians who fought racial restrictions. Williams and her allies in the NAACP touched a nerve in the wealthy enclave of Pasadena when they joined forces to integrate the public swimming pool. The backlash against their efforts was swift and lengthy. While segregating bodies in water was not solely a western project, California had more pools than any other state by the 1920s and pioneered systems of restricting these spaces. Pools became a focal point for the battle over Jim Crow in the state, just as streetcars had in the previous century. The struggle over the Brookside pool lasted longer than any other case in the history of the Pasadena NAACP and shaped the memories of black Californians, including Jackie Robinson.
The Promise and Limits of Female Stage Celebrity
Authors: Lampert Sara E.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the celebrity of English actress Fanny Kemble, whose 1832-34 tour demonstrated the continued viability of the American market for English stars. During the tour, journalists tried with difficulty to mobilize Kemble’s unique reputation as a literary actress to manage social and nationalist tensions in American theater. Kemble’s celebrity also spoke to questions about the legitimate parameters of women’s participation in public life. She drew genteel white women into the theater in unprecedented numbers. But when Kemble violated the narrow gender performance expected of her by journalists and publics, she faced a vicious backlash that also targeted her identity as an Englishwoman, underscoring the narrow and contradictory terms of female stage celebrity.
American Gamelan and the Ethnomusicological Imagination
Authors: Clendinning Elizabeth A
Published: May 2021

The book seeks to answer these questions: Why are there more than 150 gamelans (Indonesian percussion ensembles) in North America, and why are more than half of them associated with American colleges and universities? How and why did gamelan ensembles spark the ethnomusicological imagination? What impact have these ensembles had on college music programs, their local communities, and transnational Indonesian performing arts scenes? How does a lifetime of teaching foreign college students shape the lives of non-American music teachers? First providing an overview of gamelan and its incorporation in education in North America, this book uses the story of the career and community of one performer-teacher, I Made Lasmawan of Bali and Colorado, as a case study to examine the formation and sustenance academic world music ensembles. It examines the way students develop musical and cultural competence by learning gamelan in traditional ethnomusicology ensemble courses and analyzes the merits of including gamelan ensembles in studies in percussion, composition, and music education. More broadly, the book argues that beyond the classroom, the presence of these ensembles shapes transnational arts education and touristic performing arts scenes in Bali. Finally, it advocates for world music ensemble courses as a powerful means for teaching musical and cultural diversity and sparking transnational exchanges, both in and outside the classroom.
Early Encounters in Bimusicality
Authors: Clendinning Elizabeth A
Published: May 2021

The chapter presents an overview of the introduction of gamelan to North America and examines how the ensembles assumed a key role within the philosophy and practice of American collegiate world music education. Musical and cultural exhibitions at world’s fairs, the dispersion of early recordings of gamelan music, transnational performance tours, and the work of Western composers and pedagogues led to the importation of instruments and founding of early academic gamelans. The world music ensemble programs modeled after those founded at UCLA by Mantle Hood embodied a new and important paradigm in ethnomusicology termed bimusicality, as well as sparking the collegiate world music ensemble movement. The chapter concludes with a brief overview of the current gamelan scene in the United States that reconnects the early development of academic gamelan ensembles to contemporary artistic and educational practices.
Sustainability and the Academic World Music Ensemble
Authors: Clendinning Elizabeth A
Published: May 2021

The chapter examines the cultural sustainability of American academic gamelan specifically and academic world music ensembles more generally. Gamelan ensembles in North America exist in different cultural contexts than do those in Indonesia; in particular, American gamelans lack the societal reinforcement of the arts derived from Balinese Hindu ceremonies and the tourist industry. Within the American gamelan artistic ecosystem, there are many reasons why ensembles may fail or fade away, including lack of interested students or available teachers (selection), competition for space and resources, performative and pedagogical adaptations necessary for thriving in a new environment, and reciprocity or exchange between the ensemble and its community. Building sustainable gamelan ensembles—and indeed, sustainable non-Western academic ensembles—requires embracing collaborative models of musicianship, teaching, and scholarship that move gamelan from a marginalized position in curricula to sharing equal footing with other types of music in educational settings.
“Race Is Just a Made-Up Thing”
Authors: Morgan Danielle Fuentes
Published: May 2021

This chapter evaluates race as both meaningful and meaningless, of having real-world implications while simultaneously existing as mere construct. This concept of race continues to open up realms for justice (as addressed in chapter 1) by expanding the language available to describe and perform Black self-identity and reveals the potential trauma enacted on Black people when Black interiority and Black autonomy is disallowed. This chapter includes texts and performances by Keith and Mendi Obadike, Percival Everett, Donald Glover, Barack Obama, Sapphire, and Touré.
Bradbury Beyond Apollo
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

This book completes the biography trilogy begun in Becoming Ray Bradbury and continued in Ray Bradbury Unbound. Bradbury Beyond Apollo begins in the early 1970s, as Bradbury found himself fully established as a witness and celebrant of the Space Age. His storytelling powers were turning to stage, screen, and television adaptations of his classic midcentury titles, including The Martian Chronicles, Fahrenheit 451, Dandelion Wine, and Something Wicked This Way Comes. Although he was no longer producing a high volume of masterful tales, Bradbury Beyond Apollo chronicles how the last four decades of his life produced the playful fantasies of The Halloween Tree, his award-winning television series The Ray Bradbury Theater, a collaboration with Disney Imagineers on EPCOT’s Spaceship Earth, and significant essays on the common ground between science and religion represented by humanity’s Space Age achievements. The book also documents how Bradbury’s influential lectures, interviews, and essays explored the history of ideas, the nature of creativity, and his own evolving work ethic of optimal behaviorism. Mid-book chapters analyze Bradbury’s significant late-life achievements in fictionalized autobiography and his completion of books that originated decades earlier, including Somewhere a Band Is Playing, perhaps his most significant late-life reflection on time and memory. The book’s overarching contention is that Bradbury’s wide range of ventures were largely sustained by his ever-increasing prominence as a Space Age visionary.
The Prisoner of Gravity
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

The early 1970s stage and screen projects that distracted Bradbury from short story writing shape the content of chapter four. The ABC Movie of the Week adaptation of his short story “The Screaming Woman” was largely the work of others, resulting in a star-studded film that wandered far away from the original story. Long negotiations with director Sam Peckinpah to film Something Wicked This Way Comes came to naught, as did his attempt to collaborate on a musical stage adaptation of The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit. Chapter four concludes with the success of a refashioned Dandelion Wine musical using Bradbury lyrics, and the financially troubled 1972 stage adaptation of his Melville-inspired space saga, Leviathan 99.
A Mailbox on Mars
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

Chapter nine opens with Bradbury’s growing association with the 1976 success of the Viking Mars landers. He was featured in the JPL’s mission control center during the landing of Viking 1, meeting Wernher von Braun for the last time before von Braun’s passing. He returned to the JPL at Caltech to open the symposium on “The Search for Life in Our Solar System.” The chapter also surveys the growing momentum toward a film adaptation of Something Wicked This Way Comes. Although an option with Paramount failed, producer Peter Douglas and his father Kirk Douglas were able to keep momentum going as Bradbury and director Jack Clayton worked to improve and shorten Bradbury’s screenplay for the future.
The God in Science Fiction
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

Bradbury’s successful 1977 stage adaptation of The Martian Chronicles with Terrence Shank and Paul Gregory opens chapter ten and leads into Bradbury’s fully realized understanding of Hamlet while attending Jack O’Brien’s production at San Diego’s Globe Theater. The chapter examines Bradbury’s influential Saturday Review essay “The God in Science Fiction,” which continues his exploration of the spiritual intersection between science and science fiction. His significant Los Angeles Times review of Close Encounters of the Third Kind embraced the film’s global spiritual implications. The chapter goes on to document Bradbury’s grief over the loss of friends Loren Eiseley, Edmond Hamilton, and Leigh Brackett, and his willingness to guarantee completion of Brackett’s Empire Strikes Back screenplay. She lived to complete it and acknowledge their enduring friendship.
Robot Museums
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

Bradbury’s spring 1980 trip to Washington, D.C. rekindled his relationship with the Smithsonian’s Air & Space Museum and resulted in a detailed treatment for a new planetarium show titled “The Great Shout of the Universe.” Chapter 14 also documents Bradbury’s day on Capitol Hill with Senator Claiborne Pell and his evening lecture at the Smithsonian’s Baird Auditorium. Bradbury’s summer in France was followed by the release of his hundred-story retrospective collection, The Stories of Ray Bradbury, a collection he compiled with Knopf editor Nancy Nicholas and Knopf president Robert Gottlieb. Chapter 14 concludes with a survey of reviews, with special attention to Thomas M. Disch’s unsettling New York Times piece.
“My Name Is Dark”
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 18 centers on the 1982 filming of Something Wicked This Way Comes by Disney Studios, and the 1982-1983 reshooting and reediting stages of production. Producer Peter Douglas and his father Kirk Douglas were able to convince Disney to finance the film, with Jack Clayton as director. Bradbury’s 1976 script was subsequently reworked by Clayton and British writer John Mortimer. Bradbury’s reaction to these changes, his fascination with the Green Town set built on the Disney studio lot, and the dynamics of the reshooting relationships between Bradbury, Clayton, and the studio form the focus of chapter 18. The chapter concludes with post-production work and promotions involving Orson Welles and Bradbury, and a brief summary of the critical reactions and awards the film received.
Séances and Ghosts
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

Bradbury’s popularity in Argentina culminated in a 1997 visit to Buenos Aires, where he met the president and such major South American literary figures as future Nobel laureate Mario Vargas Llosa. Chapter 34 goes on to describe Bradbury’s long association with Argentine artist and photographer Aldo Sessa and the books they worked on, The Ghosts of Forever (1980) and Séances and Ghosts (2000). Bradbury was able to gather enough stories for two collections, Quicker Than the Eye (1996) and Driving Blind (1997), and the following year Stuart Gordon and Roy Disney were able to bring The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit to home video release. Chapter 34 also describes the eventual loss of the Mel Gibson Fahrenheit 451 option and the 2018 HBO production.
The Fire Within
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

Bradbury’s 1945 Mexico City encounter with John Steinbeck came full circle in the spring of 2003, when a chance meeting with Thomas Steinbeck revealed that his father used to read Ray Bradbury stories to his sons; the Nobel laureate even had favorite Bradbury stories for each season. Chapter 38 also describes how the summer 2003 perihelic opposition of Mars nearly coincided with Bradbury’s 83rd birthday, prompting the Planetary Society to hold his birthday party at Caltech. The November passing of Maggie Bradbury was a most difficult loss, for she had shared his passion for literature as well as his life. The chapter concludes with Bradbury’s celebration of the Mars rover Spirit’s touchdown and an analysis of his 2003 story collection, The Cat’s Pajamas.
Samurai Kabuki
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

The ghosts that Bradbury had carried since his challenging time in early 1950s Ireland with John Huston were finally laid to rest when Bradbury received an honorary degree from the University of Ireland, Galway, home to the Huston School of Film and Digital Media. Chapter 41 also describes the film adaptation of A Sound of Thunder (2005) and the need to extend this time travel story into a feature film requiring more special effects than the production could afford. In spite of excellent casting and strong performances, the film fell short of the mark for critics and audiences. The chapter also describes Bradbury’s late-life reflections on Japanese and Chinese culture and his attempts to have Samurai Kabuki produced as a film.
March into the Global North
Authors: Wen Yun
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines Huawei’s move to the global North, particularly to the European and US markets. Changing from an original equipment manufacturer to a favored investor, Huawei’s entry and encroachment into the European market shows a pattern and ramifications of Chinese ICT capital’s counterflow into developed markets. A series of setbacks Huawei encountered in the United States, however, demonstrates the US move to contain China’s business and technological power. The evolving disputes surrounding Huawei fully show inter-state/inter-capitalist competition between US hegemonic power and the newly emerging-market corporate power.
Child Labor Abolitionists
Authors: Wood Betsy
Published: May 2021

The national movement to abolish child labor, led by reformer Owen Lovejoy, entered its peak political and cultural phase at the height of the Progressive Era. This chapter reveals that the movement’s embrace of federal authority became increasingly religious in nature as it joined forces with the Social Gospel movement. Pointedly, this turn paid particular attention to girls in the age of Mueller v. Oregon and the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. This approach led to many victories, including the Keating-Owen Act of 1916. During World War I, however, the movement shifted as it joined forces with the American toy industry and modern child welfare campaign, setting the stage for the rise of a consumerist ethos and a secular bureaucratic approach to child welfare.
Opportunity
Authors: Freeman Tyrone McKinley
Published: May 2021

This chapter establishes the Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company of Indiana as a “race company,” one organized by and for the benefit of African Americans. It was the institutional manifestation of Walker’s moral imagination and philanthropic commitments. Its structure and operations blended Walker’s commercial and philanthropic goals to provide the gift of opportunity to black women through employment despite the larger constraints of low-wage, exclusionary Jim Crow labor markets. Thousands of black women became financially independent, cared for their families, and gave back to their communities in the quest for freedom through their employment in the company as sales agents, beauty culturists, or salon owners. This approach was grounded in black self-help ideology and the health and hygiene work of black clubwomen. The chapter explains that the Walker Company effectively became a third “C” that Walker added to the church and the club as platforms for black women’s racial uplift activities. The chapter addresses critiques of the company related to women’s standards of beauty and multilevel marketing business strategies. It explores Walker’s business and familial-like relationship with key trusted adviser Freeman B. Ransom, a black corporate attorney, whom she employed to help run the company. He gave organization to her vision, ran daily operations, and administered her philanthropic giving while she traveled promoting the company. The chapter reveals their partnership in operating the company for both commercial gain and philanthropic uplift as the hub for implementing her gospel of giving.
Workers against the City
Authors: Rogers Donald W.
Published: May 2021

This book contributes to legal and labor history by reinterpreting the U.S. Supreme Court’s Hague v. CIO (1939) decision, which upheld a federal district court injunction prohibiting Jersey City boss Frank Hague from obstructing workers from the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) and allies in the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) from meeting in urban public places. The case involved speech and assembly freedoms, rights essential for CIO workers’ organizing efforts, but, as the book shows, these rights were submerged under municipal police powers to preserve public order until the court brought them under federal protection of the Fourteenth Amendment in Hague. Revising the conventional view, the book argues that Hague was more than simply a civil liberties victory for workers over a dictatorial, antilabor city boss. Drawing on new evidence in city archives, CIO records, trial transcripts, newspaper reports, and Jersey City court filings, as well as traditional sources in ACLU records and anti-Hague literature, the book demonstrates that the Hague-versus-CIO controversy emanated more from shifts in the labor movement from craft to industrial unionism, in municipal law, in urban police practices, in the politics of anticommunism and antifascism, and especially in the Supreme Court’s “civil liberties revolution.” With women and African Americans on the periphery, the book concludes, male CIO workers initiated the case, but Hague ultimately benefitted outdoor protests more than it benefitted labor speech.
Queering the Global Filipina Body
Authors: Velasco Gina K.
Published: May 2021

The “global Filipina body” is a ubiquitous sign of the Philippine nation that represents the exploitation of racialized and gendered Filipina migrant labor in a context of neoliberal globalization and US neoimperialism. Focusing on multiple iterations of the global Filipina body--the “mail-order bride,” the sex worker / trafficked woman, and the overseas contract worker (OCW)--within contemporary Filipina/o diasporic cultural production and global popular culture, this book argues that the global Filipina body represents both the failure of the heteropatriarchal Philippine nation to achieve sovereignty and the catalyst for discourses of anti-imperialist and revolutionary Filipina/o diasporic nationalism. The first half of the book critiques the heteronormativity and masculinism of representations of the global Filipina body as a sign of the Philippine nation, focusing on heritage language programs for Filipina/o Americans (chapter 1) and the Filipina/o American film Sin City Diary (chapter 2). The latter half of the book argues that the Filipina/o American artists the Mail Order Brides / M.O.B. and Gigi Otálvaro-Hormillosa queer the figure of the global Filipina body through their visual art and performance, presenting a queer and feminist intervention in the politics of nation and diaspora.
Encountering the Sagas
Authors: Phelpstead Carl
Published: May 2021

Chapter 1 is an introductory chapter. Between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries, Icelanders produced as rich, varied, and extensive a vernacular literature as was produced anywhere in medieval Europe. That literature has been central to Icelandic cultural identity. It has also played a prominent role in the formation of national identity in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, as well as in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Germany. Medieval Icelandic literature has also inspired many notable writers in English since the eighteenth century. This chapter begins by reading a couple of short episodes from Eiriks saga rauða in which Norse explorers encounter Native Americans as parallels to the encounter between modern readers and the medieval Icelandic sagas. The chapter goes on to consider what an Icelandic saga is and to delineate the different saga genres. It also introduces the language of the sagas, explaining the terms Old Norse and Old Icelandic.
Traditions in Time
Authors: Phelpstead Carl
Published: May 2021

Chapter 2 explores relevant historical contexts: the period in Icelandic history in which the sagas are set (encompassing the Viking Age, the discovery and settlement of Iceland, and that country’s conversion to Christianity), and also the period during which the sagas were composed (including the Sturlung Age of the thirteenth century, dominated by conflicts between chieftains and complex relations with Norway). It then examines the literary and oral traditions that nurtured the production of sagas of Icelanders, and considers some salient aspects of the preservation of the saga texts: their anonymity, the existence of variant versions, saga manuscript contexts, the difficulties of dating the sagas, and the interpretative decisions that inform modern published saga editions. The chapter shows that the texts do not have single fixed identities but are constituted through a complex process of oral and literary creation, re-creation, and conservation.
“Conserve the Sources of Our Race in the Anglo-Saxon Line”
Authors: Wendt Simon
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyzes the ways in which the DAR ignored African American citizens and their contributions to US nation-building in the context of Civil War memory, as well as the fears of racial intermixture harbored by its members. In addition, it examines the Daughters’ efforts to “Americanize” new immigrants and their excessive admiration for “racially pure” Appalachian Mountaineers, before providing a brief account of the infamous 1939 controversy over black opera singer Marian Anderson’s request to perform in the DAR’s concert hall in Washington, D.C. In contrast to the organization’s fascination with Indians, African Americans remained virtually invisible in its tales about the nation’s past. This deliberate amnesia—together with the DAR’s opposition to racially “suspect” immigrants, support for restrictive immigration legislation, and profusive praise for Anglo-Saxon Mountaineers—reflected a deep-felt conviction that patriotism and whiteness were inextricably intertwined.
“Can the Sistas Get Some History, Too?”
Authors: Jones-Branch Cherisse
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores black women’s contributions to southern history by considering the contours and nuances of their intersectional experiences. Jones-Branch highlights the scholarly production that has resulted from often overlooked or underutilized resources that reveal the intellectual labor in which black women engaged as they carefully assessed and navigated the temporal and geographical times in which they lived. This chapter, additionally, demands a reconceptualization of the ways that southern women’s history has been understood and consumed in the absence of black women’s stories. It challenges historians to generate scholarship that elucidates black women by mining and reading traditional archival sources against the grain and creatively finding ways to access nontraditional sources to augment their voices.
Tampa
Authors: Wenceslao Gálvez y Delmonte Translated by , Noel M. Smith , Huse Andrew T.
Published: May 2021

Tampa: Impressions of an Emigrant is a translation of Tampa: impresiones de emigrante written by Cuban author Wenceslao Gálvez y Delmonte, published in 1897 in Ybor City, Tampa, Florida, translated from the Spanish by Noel M. Smith. Gálvez was an early diaspora writer in the costumbrismo genre, which emphasized the depiction of everyday manners and customs of a particular social milieu. Gálvez emigrated from Havana in 1896 to escape the Cuban War of Independence and join the Cuban exile community in Tampa. Gálvez was a champion baseball player in the earliest years of Cuban baseball, a lawyer/prosecutor/judge, and journalist/author. His charming and opinionated first-person narrative is in four parts. Part 1 begins with the escalation of the Spanish war effort that prompted his sea voyage to Tampa, followed by part 2 and descriptions of Tampa’s people and activities, geography, landmarks, municipal features, and cultural pursuits. Parts 3 and 4 extensively discuss many aspects of the Cuban exile community in Ybor City and West Tampa, including the patriotic pro-independence fervor that gripped the emigrants. He names notable personages in the exile community and describes their efforts to support the war against Spain and recounts his struggles working as a door-to-door salesman and as a lector (reader) in a cigar factory. Thirty historical photographs and newspaper clippings illuminate the text.
Historical Introduction
Authors: Huse Andrew T.
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides historical information about the Ten Years’ War in Cuba Cuban War of Independence. The history and culture of Tampa and Ybor City as immigrant cities are described, as well as the community’s response to and the immigration caused by the Cuban War of Independence.
West Tampa
Authors: Gálvez y Delmonte Wenceslao
Published: May 2021

In this shortest section of the book, Gálvez discusses West Tampa, a second settlement of Cuban exiles and cigar workers that was established on the west bank of the Hillsborough River. He describes the river in some detail, as well as Céspedes Hall, which was the center of the exile community in West Tampa. Gálvez devotes long entries to two important personalities, Martín Herrera and Fernando Figueredo. Titles are, The River, Bridge, Oysters and Boats; Martín Herrera; Céspedes Hall; and Fernando Figueredo.
The Scholar’s Conundrum
Authors: Kattner Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

This chapter considers the controversy surrounding dance reconstruction. It begins by defining terms such as reconstruction, revival, and restaging. The method used in reconstructing Funeral March is explained, as are issues such as the myth of the original, maintaining the authenticity of dances from other eras, and the ethereal nature of all dances, whether remaining in the repertory or lost. Dance reconstruction, when correctly approached, is a vital part of dance history.
Biological Relationships
Authors: Weiss Elizabeth , Springer James W.
Published: May 2021

Weiss and Springer explain the many ways anthropologists determine biological relatedness; DNA, mitochondrial DNA, Y-chromosome DNA, metric and nonmetric cranial and dental traits are all types of data used to reconstruct who is related to whom. These methods have helped to answer how the Americas were peopled.
Reburial, Religion, and Race
Authors: Weiss Elizabeth , Springer James W.
Published: May 2021

Weiss and Springer examine the requirements of NAGPRA in relation to the First Amendment to the Constitution, which ensures separation of Church and State.
Conclusions
Authors: Weiss Elizabeth , Springer James W.
Published: May 2021

Weiss and Springer conclude by reviewing their argument on the relationship between repatriation laws and scientific research.
The Making of Mississippian Tradition
Authors: Friberg Christina M.
Published: May 2021

In this volume, Christina Friberg investigates the influence of Cahokia, the largest city of North America’s Mississippian culture between AD 1050 and 1350, on smaller communities throughout the midcontinent. Using evidence from recent excavations at the Audrey-North site in the Lower Illinois River Valley, Friberg examines the cultural give-and-take Audrey inhabitants experienced between new Cahokian customs and old Woodland ways of life.
Comparing the architecture, pottery, and lithics uncovered here with data from thirty-five other sites across five different regions, Friberg reveals how the social, economic, and political influence of Cahokia shaped the ways Audrey inhabitants negotiated identities and made new traditions. Friberg’s broad interregional analysis also provides evidence that these diverse groups of people were engaged in a network of interaction and exchange outside Cahokia’s control. The Making of Mississippian Tradition offers a fascinating glimpse into the dynamics of cultural exchange in precolonial settlements, and its detailed reconstruction of Audrey society offers a new, more nuanced interpretation of how and why Mississippian lifeways developed.
“History,” “Prehistory,” and Landscapes of Practice
Authors: Worth John E.
Published: May 2021

The primary legitimate distinction between history and prehistory has always been methodological, based on differing degrees of direct or indirect access to what people did and thought in the past. Moreover, if we view culture as an emergent phenomenon that is manifested through the socially contextualized actions and thoughts of individuals over the course of their lifetimes, then culture has always had both historical and processual dimensions. This chapter explores archaeological approaches to using the material traces of collective individual practices as the cumulative result of individual and social histories and processes at varying temporal, spatial, and social scales.
Lone Star Dawn, Mexican Light
Authors: Allen Craig
Published: May 2021

Period: 1895–1961. From working-class roots in a Mexican border town, Emilio Azcárraga Vidaurreta rises as the giant and patriarch of Mexican radio and TV. He courts the government which permits his monopoly, Telesistema Méxicano. To appease opponents who protest his Americanization of TV networks in Mexico, Vidaurreta envisions a Mexican network in the U.S. He hires Rene Anselmo and partners with Frank Fouce Sr. U.S. law prohibits foreign ownership of U.S broadcasting, however, Vidaurreta devises a scheme to conceal his ownership by having Anselmo, a U.S. citizen, act as owner in his place. In San Antonio, Raoul Cortez forms the first Spanish-language TV station in U.S. Son-in-law Emilio Nicolás manages struggling KCOR but prepares for a medical career. Vidaurreta purchases KCOR on the condition Nicolás remain. He does. With KCOR as hub, parties meet in San Antonio and form the Spanish International Network.
Conclusion
Authors: Allen Craig
Published: May 2021

Univision celebrates the 50th anniversary of Spanish-language television in 2012. The moment is occasioned by the first widespread public awareness of Spanish-language television and the large U.S. population is reaches and impacts. The first extensive criticism ensues. Conservative politicians attack the endeavor for dividing traditional U.S. society and for an alleged liberal bias. Believing it impedes Latinos’ success in the U.S., Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger urges them to turn off the Spanish TV set. Closer observers complain that banal and distant foreign programming fails to address the interests and needs of U.S. Latinos. They scorn Univision and Telemundo for reconfiguring U.S. Latinos of diverse nationalities into a “Pan Latinidad.” Many of the criticisms are not supported by the endeavor’s history. Yet at the time of the anniversary, more pertinent than the criticisms are unresolved questions. Latinos’ increasing preference for interactive digital media is fragmenting the audiences that Univision and Telemundo as traditional media once had amassed. Slowly foreseen is potentially the largest challenge, that the preponderance of younger “third generation” Latinos increasingly are inclined to speak English. Regardless of the future, the history of Spanish-language television will remain important as a light on a “television age” that is essential to understanding a U.S. that changed during a highly formative period in the nation’s history.
The Promised Freedom
Authors: Varella Claudia , Barcia Manuel
Published: May 2021

An essential aspect of the process of abolishing slavery in Cuba was the need for the state to impose its will on the private master-slave sphere. There were other abolitionist projects too, based on coartación and the system of lotteries. More importantly, juntas, destined to oversee the emancipation of slaves, were created across the island. This chapter looks at the final years of Cuban slavery and how the status of coartados came under new threats, until the institution of slavery was finally abolished.
Navigating Life and Work in Old Republic São Paulo
Authors: Ball Molly C.
Published: May 2021

This book examines the experiences of São Paulo’s diverse working class as they encountered rapid urbanization and industrialization brought on by the coffee boom during Brazil’s Old Republic (1891–1930). It places the rank-and-file at the center of its analysis to understand how macroeconomic trends connected to daily life and individual and family responses to labor market discrimination, inflation, and fluctuating (im)migration. The study emphasizes the family-centered nature of immigration to São Paulo in comparison to other immigrant cities like Buenos Aires and New York City. It shows how World War I exacerbated existing working-class hierarchies and cut short important standard-of-living advancements. The study demonstrates how despite its intended purpose to funnel agricultural laborers into the coffee interior, the city’s immigrant receiving station also played a decisive role in shaping the city of São Paulo, serving both as a safety net for residents and labor supplier for employers. Methodologically, this book embraces both social and economic history, deconstructing the population along racial, ethnic, national, and gender lines. Combining statistical analysis alongside close readings of immigrant letters provides a nuanced analysis of recently arrived Paulistanos from Italy, Portugal, Germany, Lebanon, and Japan and from northeastern Brazil. The research demonstrates how Portuguese, women, and Afro-Brazilians all faced significant labor market discrimination, impacting individual and family decisions about where to work and live and whether to join labor movements. The approach provides a powerful tool to address archival silences, recover embedded narratives, and understand historic underdevelopment.
Introduction
Authors: Ball Molly C.
Published: May 2021

In an era of commodity export–led growth, coffee served as the engine behind the city of São Paulo’s phenomenal expansion during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The city had incredible ethnic, racial, and national diversity for the hemisphere, and São Paulo became an important Transatlantic and Southern Cone immigration node for families. To fully appreciate this diversity, São Paulo’s population cannot be reduced into black/white or immigrant/Brazilian binaries. This is not to suggest that discrimination did not exist. On the contrary, the introduction concludes by challenging economic historians to delve more deeply into lived experiences and into understanding the role of persistent prejudice and discrimination in persistent Latin American inequality and underdevelopment. Similarly, it urges cultural and social historians to consider how using New Economic History methodologies to examine working-class lives can provide insight into archival silences and help to recover embedded narratives.
Leprosy
Authors: Roberts Charlotte A.
Published: May 2021

Leprosy is an infection and neglected tropical disease that is steeped in myths, and, although it is described in history books, it can remain a challenge to manage today. Written in an accessible manner for professionals and the public alike, this book takes a global view of leprosy past and present. As a backdrop, it starts with exploring what we actually know about leprosy from medicine, how it is spread to humans, and its effects on the body. It then moves to consider its diagnosis and treatment in people, past and present. The focus switches next to the ways in which leprosy is diagnosed in skeletons (paleopathology), from just looking at the bones to analyzing the DNA of the bacteria preserved in the bones. By doing so, information on skeletons with evidence of leprosy across the globe is synthesized with the aim of considering the current state of global knowledge regarding the origin, evolution, and history of leprosy. In particular, the book explores how all the people diagnosed with leprosy in their skeletons in the past were buried, and the myth that everybody was ostracized and segregated into leprosy hospitals, due to stigma, is dismissed. It concludes with thoughts on a future for leprosy, the need to continue to dispel its myths and to seriously reconsider the use of the word “leper” when discussing leprosy today and in the past.
Modelagem de superfície de custo aplicado ao mapeamento de áreas vulneráveis ao rompimento de barragens, Quadrilátero Ferrífero – MG
Authors: Dutra Débora Joana , Genta Amanda Fortunato , Coelho Carlos Wagner Gonçalves Andrade
Published: May 2021

A atividade minerária é um dos principais responsáveis pelo crescimento econômico do Brasil, principalmente do estado de Minas Gerais. Entretanto, devido a utilização de barragens de rejeito com alteamento a montante, alguns desastres ambientais estão associados a esse tipo de atividade nos últimos anos, como os das cidades de Mariana e Brumadinho. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho é mapear a vulnerabilidade da região do quadrilátero ferrífero, localizado no estado de Minas Gerais, em relação a ruptura de barragens. Além disso, verificamos os possíveis impactos ambientais nas regiões por meio de análise da paisagem de forma que esse estudo sirva para futuros projetos que visem a conservação e a gestão proativa da paisagem. Para o mapeamento das áreas vulneráveis ao rompimento de barragens, utilizou-se a modelagem de superfície de custo e o método AHP. A análise foi realizada por meio da aplicação de um modelo espacial ponderado e análises estatísticas para verificação das áreas mais críticas em relação a possíveis impactos ambientais. Os resultados permitiram identificar possíveis áreas vulneráveis ao rompimento de barragens na região do Quadrilátero Ferrífero. A validação do modelo pode ser verificada por meio de análise de acidentes que já ocorreram na região, como os desastres de Brumadinho e Mariana. Conclui-se que a metodologia aplicada pode servir como subsídio para estudos futuros relativos a essa temática. Além disso, para aprimoramento do modelo sugere-se visitas a campo e análise de processos automatizados.
Desastres Naturais, Política de Agentes Internacionais e Vulnerabilidade no Haiti
Authors: Sainté Guerby , Lämmle Luca
Published: May 2021

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi fazer uma análise sobre os desastres naturais no Haiti, que são usados como justificativa para a ampliação de agentes internacionais no território sob auspício da ajuda humanitária para pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade. Este processo foi intensificado após o terremoto de 2010. Nesse sentido, observou-se como as instituições nacionais passaram a ser controladas por agentes internacionais neste processo, fazendo com que o país perdesse parte da autonomia e controle do seu território devido à constantes intervenções. Em adição, foi analisado como esse tipo de atuação pode contribuir para a continuação deste processo, uma vez que acaba atraindo e surgindo quantidade significativa de Organizações Não Governamentais (ONGs) para dar suporte à gestão de assistência social no Haiti. Para se chegar ao objetivo, foi analisada literatura especializada sobre desastres naturais, atuação de ONGs e vulnerabilidade no país em questão, além de pesquisa documental realizada em jornais, reportagens, relatórios e dados oficiais do governo local. Por fim, destaca-se que o Estado deve preparar um plano de investimento em infraestrutura e conscientizar a população a deixarem áreas consideradas de risco, criando mecanismos para que a mesma possa ser realocada para locais planejados. Assim, o Estado não será capaz de eliminar os riscos associados aos desastres naturais, mas reduzirá perdas em bens materiais e em vidas humanas.
Nova Cartografia Social e Geotecnologias aplicadas a gestão territorial de comunidades tradicionais
Authors: Ferreira Matheus Vinicius , Leite Marcos Esdras , Neves Sérgio Leandro Sousa
Published: May 2021

Os povos e comunidades tradicionais do Brasil enfrentam diversos problemas relacionados a posse e gestão territorial. Essa parcela da população pode encontrar na Cartografia ferramentas que as auxiliem nessa luta. Essas ferramentas cartográficas, que abarcam as geotecnologias e o automapeamento, são pouco utilizadas de forma integrada. Explorou-se aqui, o potencial da aplicação conjunta do mapa social com as Geotecnologias no processo de gestão territorial para comunidades tradicionais. Baseou-se na análise da experiência de automapeamento realizada na Comunidade Buriti do Meio, no norte de Minas Gerais, pelo projeto Nova Cartografia Social da Amazônia, bem como no mapeamento de uso e cobertura da terra da comunidade. Com a associação dos dois produtos foi possível reafirmar a situação conflituosa vivenciada pela comunidade com fazendas vizinhas. É urgente a regularização do processo de demarcação territorial da comunidade quilombola Buriti do Meio, já aberto pelo INCRA em 2005, para que possam sobreviver e manter seu modo de vida tradicional.
Optimizing Anti-inflammatory Activities of Arabica Coffee Ground (Coffea arabica L.) Nanoparticle Gel
Authors: Nurman Salfauqi , Yulia Ruka , Irmayanti Irmayanti , Noor Erliza , Candra Sunarti Titi
Published: May 2021

Background: Arabica coffee ground nanoparticles gel is known to possess good physicochemical properties and high phenolic contents in which the phenolics are famous for their anti-inflammatory activities. Objectives: : This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activities of the arabica coffee ground nanoparticles gel on carrageenan-induced male mice for 6 h. The positive control was commercial medicine (Voltaren gel), and the control negative was base gel. Methods: The inflammatory inhibition of arabica coffee ground nanoparticles gel is determined by measuring the edema volume of the carrageenan-induced mice foot using a plethysmometer. Anti-inflammatory activities of arabica coffee ground nanoparticles gel were optimized using Box-Behnken Design of the response surface methodology. Results: The anti-inflammatory activities or inflammatory inhibition of arabica coffee ground nanoparticles gel was determined by measuring the edema volume of the carrageenan-induced mice foot. The increase of edema volume of the mice foot from the first to 180th min was caused by the release of inflammation mediator such as histamine, prostaglandins, bradykinins, and serotonin on the tissue; meanwhile, at the 240th min, the edema of the mice foot experienced a decrease due to the inhibition of prostaglandins synthesis to the tissue. The obtained results indicated that the arabica coffee ground nanoparticles gel has average value of anti-inflammatory activities of 27.75%. The obtained optimum formulation is 0.500% Carbopol 940, 0.400% triethanolamine, and 2.313% nanoparticle, giving 29.360% and 29.670% for the predicted and experimental inflammatory inhibition values, with 0.812 desirability value, respectively. Conclusions: The Box-Behnken design can be used to determine the optimal gel formulation of arabica coffee grounds for inflammatory inhibition.