bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bayesian Estimation of the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction Model
Authors: Crossa José , Perez‐Elizalde Sergio , Jarquin Diego , Cotes José Miguel , Viele Kert , Liu Genzhou , Cornelius Paul L.
Published: June 2011

Much research has been conducted using least squares estimates of the linear–bilinear model additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI). The main difficulty with the standard linear–bilinear models is that statistical inference on the bilinear effects of genotype × environment interaction cannot be incorporated easily into the biplot of the first two components. This research proposes a Bayesian approach for the inference on the parameters of the AMMI model using a Gibbs sampler that saves computing time and makes the algorithm stable. Data from one maize (Zea mays L.) multi‐environment trial (MET) was used for illustration. Vague but proper prior distributions were introduced. Results show that the various Markov chain Monte Carlo convergence criteria were met for all parameters. Bivariate highest posterior density (HPD) regions for the Bayesian–AMMI interactions are shown in the biplot of the first two bilinear components; these regions offer a statistical inference on the bilinear parameters and allow visualizing homogeneous groups of environments and genotypes.
Grazing Behavior and Diet Preference of Beef Steers Grazing Adjacent Monocultures of Tall Fescue and Alfalfa: II. The Role of Novelty
Authors: Boland Holly T. , Scaglia Guillermo , Notter David R. , Rook Andrew J. , Swecker William S. , Abaye Azenegashe O.
Published: June 2011

Domestic ruminants select a mixed diet when grazing heterogeneous pastures. Adjacent monocultures allow diet preference to be evaluated without certain constraints that could influence diet selection; however, few forage species have been evaluated. Adjacent monocultures of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativaL. ssp.sativa) were used to test the theories that selection of mixed diets is influenced by a plant's “novelty,” and that regardless of forage species, cattle will have a partial preference for legumes over grasses. Cattle without previous experience eating alfalfa spent 78% of total grazing time eating alfalfa, whereas after having experience grazing alfalfa they spent less (P= 0.04) time grazing alfalfa (72%). Overall, proportion of the day spent grazing was less (P= 0.001) when alfalfa was novel (40%) than when steers were experienced with both forages (46%). Proportion of the day spent idling was greater (P< 0.001) when alfalfa was novel (35%) than when both forages were familiar (26%). The proportion of grazing time in alfalfa was greater (P= 0.02) in the afternoon (76.8%) than in the morning (72.1%), differing from previous studies that reported a decline in legume preference over the day with an increased grass preference in the afternoon. Application of adjacent monocultures in production systems would benefit from additional research on performance of cattle grazing in this paddock arrangement.
Evaluation of the Numbers of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Required to Measure Genetic Distance in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Nelson Barry K. , Kahler Alex L. , Kahler Jonathan L. , Mikel Mark A. , Thompson Steven A. , Ferriss Ronald S. , Smith Stephen , Jones Elizabeth S.
Published: June 2011

We examined the number, genomic coverage, and discrimination abilities of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers required to provide equivalent measures of genetic distance compared to previously assayed simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci among inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L). A diverse set of public inbred lines was profiled with 768 public SNP markers and subsets of 601, 446, 305, 204, 165, 83, and 42 SNP markers were selected based on maintenance of expected heterozygosity (He) and/or even genomic coverage. The effectiveness of each SNP marker set was evaluated by comparison with standard SSR marker sets and pedigree distance values. Each marker set was evaluated using the full set of data for 80 diverse public inbred lines, a subset of inbred lines selected to represent the diversity of the full range of inbreds, and a subset of more closely related Stiff Stalk Synthetic (SSS) inbreds. A set of 305 SNP markers with mean He of greater than 0.4 had comparable or lower genetic distance sampling variance compared with SSR markers and resulted in r values comparable to larger SNP sets when pair‐wise Roger's distances were correlated with distance estimates generated from pedigree or SSR data. We found that, where SNP markers are selected to maintain high He and even genome coverage, then data from only 2 to 3 times the number of SNP markers are needed to reveal associations among lines compared with SSR markers.
Drought Adaptive Traits and Wide Adaptation in Elite Lines Derived from Resynthesized Hexaploid Wheat
Authors: Lopes Marta S. , Reynolds Matthew P.
Published: June 2011

It has been shown previously that under drought, synthetic hexaploid derived wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines outperformed recurrent parents in part due to increased root mass at depth and better water extraction capacity. A group of four elite synthetic derived (SYN‐DER) lines and parents was grown under full irrigation and drought conditions to dissect some of the physiological features conferring tolerance to drought. Synthetic derived wheat lines showed on average a 26% yield increase as compared to the parental hexaploid wheats under terminal drought. Different strategies for drought tolerance were observed, including earliness to flowering, greater root mass at depth, greater water extraction capacity, and increased water use efficiency (WUE) at anthesis. Some degree of independence was identified between these traits when comparing SYN‐DER lines suggesting that these traits are regulated by different genes. The elite SYN‐DER line ‘Vorobey’ was an important source of improved root mass at depth under drought. We conclude that the use of wild species of wheat has the potential to improve a range of stress‐adaptive traits and may permit modern bread wheat to become adapted to a wider range of environments including climate change scenarios.
Spike Fertility and Duration of Stem Elongation as Promising Traits to Improve Potential Grain Number (and Yield): Variation in Modern Argentinean Wheats
Authors: González F. G. , Terrile I. I. , Falcón M. O.
Published: June 2011

The identification of physiological traits that determine grain number (and yield) in modern cultivars, and the possible tradeoffs among them, may help to detect promising traits for breeding to increase yield potential. High‐yielding Argentinean wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were grown under irrigated and high‐input conditions during two seasons to study (i) yield and grain number m−2 (GN) as a result of stover biomass at harvest (SH) and harvest index (HI); and (ii) spike dry weight at anthesis (SDWa; g m−2) and spike fertility index (SFI; grain number per gram of spike chaff or non‐grain spike biomass). Duration of the stem elongation phase (SEP; first node detectable to anthesis) was analyzed as an alternative to increase SDWa. The HI was highly associated with yield differences between cultivars for both years, independently of stem height. In contrast, SH did not vary among cultivars in either season (P > 0.05). The GN determined yield differences between cultivars and was highly associated with SFI and SDWa for both years and cycles. Some cultivars with the same anthesis date showed stable variation for duration of the SEP between years (despite the year × cultivar interaction observed). As the SFI and duration of the SEP were not related, it seems promising to increase GN in a cultivar with high SFI through an increased duration of the SEP (which may yield higher SWDa) or vice versa.
Increased Ring‐Shaped Chalkiness and Osmotic Adjustment when Growing Rice Grains under Foehn‐Induced Dry Wind Condition
Authors: Wada Hiroshi , Nonami Hiroshi , Yabuoshi Yoshiyuki , Maruyama Atsushi , Tanaka Akio , Wakamatsu Kenichi , Sumi Tomohiko , Wakiyama Yasuyuki , Ohuchida Makoto , Morita Satoshi
Published: June 2011

Foehn‐induced dry wind during grain filling increased ring‐shaped chalky kernels in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants. The objective of this study was to determine physiological mechanisms of the occurrence of ring‐shaped chalky kernels. Rice plants were subjected to water deficit in a paddy field after shade by applying dry high‐speed wind. Additionally, a growth chamber experiment was conducted with plants in pots to measure the water status under the dry wind condition for 24 h by combining in situ turgor (Ψp) assay in developing endosperms with the water potential measurements. The dry (high vapor pressure deficit [VPD]) wind treatment produced the largest number of ring‐shaped chalky kernels due to poor starch accumulation, compared with shade or low‐VPD wind treatment. The inner endosperm cells, where a high frequency of chalkiness was observed, spatially maintained Ψp by osmotic adjustment before the chalky formation with no decline of grain weight. Dry wind reduced photosynthesis due to a partial stomatal closure after water deficit developed. However, these responses, including those related to the plant water status, returned to a level similar to those of the control plants in a day after the dry wind was stopped. We conclude that (i) Ψp maintenance by osmotic adjustment contributes to grain development under water deficit under foehn conditions and (ii) osmotic adjustment has a role in temporally inhibiting starch accumulation in endosperms, resulting in ring‐shaped chalky kernels under foehn‐induced water deficit conditions.
Characterization of Poa supina from the Italian Alps with AFLP Markers and Correlation with Climatic Variables
Authors: Johnson R. C. , Kisha T. J. , Pecetti L. , Romani M. , Richter P.
Published: June 2011

Supina bluegrass (Poa supina Schrad.) has the potential for expanded use as a turfgrass, yet its characterization with DNA markers is limited. Our objectives were to characterize amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) variation and determine correlations with climatic variables on in situ leaf collections from 46 locations across the Italian Alps. Using the STRUCTURE program, marker data differentiated the collections into three genetic groups. The groups were verified with analysis of molecular variance and analysis of variance on principal coordinate (PCO) scores (P < 0.01). For PCO analysis, the first three dimensions (Dims) explained 12, 6, and 5% of the total collection‐location variation, respectively, and Dim 1 strongly distinguished the three STRUCTURE groups. Correlations of Dim 1 and 2 scores with collection‐location temperature and precipitation variables were often significant over STRUCTURE groups but generally not within groups (P < 0.05). However, Dim 3 correlations with climatic variables were frequent both within and across STRUCTURE groups, suggesting a more fundamental association. The correlations of PCOs with climate could result from incidental genomic differences and/or from linkage of plant traits with markers that covaried with climate. The results showed considerable marker variation for supina bluegrass across different climatic areas in the Italian Alps, suggesting that phenotypic variation for agronomic and turf traits is also likely.
Genetic Mapping of Fall Armyworm Resistance in Zoysiagrass
Authors: Jessup R. W. , Renganayaki K. , Reinert J. A. , Genovesi A. D. , Engelke M. C. , Paterson A. H. , Kamps T. L. , Schulze S. , Howard A. N. , Giliberto B. , Burson B. L.
Published: June 2011

Molecular tools have not identified markers for host‐plant resistance to fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)], one of the most damaging insect pests in turfgrasses in the southeastern United States. Available quantitative trait loci (QTL) in maize (Zea mays L.) have further not been assessed for utility as comparative markers for the trait across related taxa. This study reports a linkage map of the region conferring major control of fall armyworm resistance in zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.). One genomic simple sequence repeat (ZgAg136) and one amplified fragment length polymorphism (Zgaw216) were linked to and flanked the locus for fall armyworm resistance (Zfawr1) by 6.3 and 8.8 cM, respectively. These markers offer immediate value toward marker‐assisted selection for fall armyworm resistance in zoysiagrass and potentially across additional important crops. Nonsynteny between the fall armyworm resistance loci in zoysiagrass and maize was indicated by the absence of linkage between 38 candidate markers from maize fall armyworm resistance QTL regions and Zfawr1. As a major‐effect locus and putative novel source for fall armyworm resistance gene(s), Zfawr1 is a promising target for further investigation.
Searching for Germplasm Resistant to Sheath Blight from the USDA Rice Core Collection
Authors: Jia Limeng , Yan Wengui , Agrama Hesham A. , Yeater Kathleen , Li Xiaobai , Hu Biaolin , Moldenhauer Karen , McClung Anna , Wu Dianxing
Published: June 2011

Sheath blight, caused by the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani, is one of the most important and widely distributed diseases capable of infesting numerous crops including rice (Oryza sativa L.). Resistant germplasm with wide variation is essential for controlling this disease via breeding efforts, and genetic background helps design breeding strategies. We used the microchamber method to evaluate the USDA rice core collection, including 1794 accessions from 114 countries, for sheath blight resistance. Seventy‐two molecular markers were used for genotyping. Compared with ‘Jasmine 85’, which has been recognized as one of the most resistant germplasm accessions, 52 accessions were significantly more resistant at the 5% level of probability, and of these 17 were more resistant at the 1% level of probability. The resistant accessions originated from 26 countries in nine geographic regions and are diversified for 13 phenotypic characteristics. The resistant accessions all belonged to the cultivated species O. sativa. Genetic analysis using 72 molecular markers revealed that 45 resistant accessions (87%) were indica type, which were further classified in two groups. Three accessions were identified as aus, two as aromatic, and one each as temperate japonica and tropical japonica. Breeders could use these findings to choose sheath blight resistant accessions for cultivar improvement.
Genetic Diversity of Turkish Olive Varieties Assessed by Simple Sequence Repeat and Sequence‐Related Amplified Polymorphism Markers
Authors: Işk Neslihan , Doğanlar Sami , Frary Anne
Published: June 2011

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important and characteristic fruit crops of the Mediterranean region. This crop has been grown in Turkey for more than 3000 yr and many varieties are currently grown in five geographic regions. In this study, the genetic diversity of 66 olive varieties from these regions was assessed using simple sequence repeat (SSR) and sequence‐related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. The 13 SSR markers yielded 89 alleles with an average polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.29 and 6.8 alleles per marker while the 13 SRAP primer combinations generated 103 polymorphic alleles with an average PIC of 0.24 and 7.9 alleles per combination. Although SSR markers revealed higher levels of polymorphism than SRAP markers, both systems revealed considerable molecular genetic diversity in Turkish olive varieties. For both marker types, clustering analysis using the Dice similarity coefficient and the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) produced dendrograms with similar clustering and some region‐specific grouping of varieties. Overall, Southeast Anatolian and Marmara varieties were found to be more genetically different than those from the other regions (Aegean, Mediterranean, and Black Sea) and homonymous varieties were identified: three pairs of varieties (‘Egriburun’, ‘Celebi’, and ‘Tasarasi’) had the same names but were genetically distinct.
Mapping QTL Controlling Southern Leaf Blight Resistance by Joint Analysis of Three Related Recombinant Inbred Line Populations
Authors: Negeri Adisu T. , Coles Nathan D. , Holland James B. , Balint‐Kurti Peter J.
Published: June 2011

Southern leaf blight (SLB) is a foliar necrotrophic disease of maize (Zea mays L.) caused by the ascomycete fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus (Drechs.) Drechs. It is particularly important in warm humid parts of the world where maize is cultivated, such as the southern Atlantic coast area of the United States and parts of India, Africa, and Western Europe. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to SLB disease caused by C. heterostrophus race O were identified in three maize recombinant inbred populations assessed in two environments: Clayton, NC, in the summer and Homestead, FL, in the winter. The three populations were derived from the crosses B73 × CML254, CML254 × B97, and B97 × Ki14. Each of these populations was derived from a cross between a temperate maize line (B73 or B97) and a tropical maize line (Ki14 or CML254). Quantitative trait loci were identified by separate analysis of each population and by joint connected and disconnected analyses of all the populations. The most significant QTL identified were on chromosomes 3, 8, 9,and 10. Joint analysis led to more precise position estimates than separate analysis in each case. Results are discussed in the context of previous SLB QTL analysis studies and a recent flowering time QTL study that used the same populations. The chromosome 8 and 9 QTL colocalized with previously identified flowering time QTL which suggested that the perceived effect on SLB resistance at these QTL may have been mediated through an effect on flowering time
Effect of Genetic Divergence of Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth.–Resistant Maize Inbred Lines on Heterosis and Hybrid Performance under Parasite Pressure
Authors: Menkir Abebe
Published: June 2011

Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth. is a parasitic weed damaging maize and other cereals in Africa. Although S. hermonthica–resistant inbred lines were developed from diverse sources, the effect of their diversity on heterosis under parasite pressure has not been investigated. Sixty‐four hybrids were produced from 16 resistant and four susceptible inbreds using a factorial mating in sets crossing scheme. The hybrids and their parents were evaluated in separate trials with and without S. hermonthica infestation at four environments in Nigeria. Genotypic differences among both inbreds and hybrids were significant for all measured traits under infestation. The hybrids displayed a broad range of midparent heterosis (MPH) for most traits measured under S. hermonthica–infested and noninfested conditions. Mean grain yield and agronomic performance of resistant × resistant cross hybrids were superior to that of susceptible × resistant cross hybrids in the presence of S. hermonthica but not in the absence of the parasite. Correlations between midparent values and hybrid means were large and positive for grain yield but were small for plant height and days to silking. Marker‐based genetic distances of parental lines were not correlated with MPH of all traits recorded under S. hermonthica infestation. Selection for inbreds with greater levels of resistance to S. hermonthica appears to be more effective for developing resistant hybrids than selection of parental pairs based on genetic distance alone.
Assessing the Representativeness and Repeatability of Test Locations for Genotype Evaluation
Authors: Yan Weikai , Pageau Denis , Frégeau‐Reid Judith , Durand Julie
Published: June 2011

The success of a plant breeding program depends on many factors; one crucial factor is the selection of suitable breeding and testing locations. A test location must be discriminating so that genetic differences among genotypes can be easily observed, it must be representative of the target environments so that selected genotypes have the desired adaptation, and its representation of the target environment should also be repeatable so that genotypes selected in 1 yr will have superior performance in future years. Using the yield data of 2006 through 2010 Quebec Oat Registration and Recommendation Trials as an example, we presented a method to visualize the representativeness and repeatability of test locations based on a genotype main effect plus genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplot. The repeatability of a test location could also be quantified by mean genetic correlations between years within the location. Based on representativeness and repeatability, four categories of test locations were classified and their usefulness in plant breeding discussed.
Performance evaluation of different wastewater treatment technologies operating in a developing country
Authors: Oliveira Sílvia C. , von Sperling Marcos
Published: June 2011

This article analyses the performance of 166 wastewater treatment plants operating in Brazil, comprising six different treatment processes: septic tank + anaerobic filter, facultative pond, anaerobic pond + facultative pond, activated sludge, UASB reactors alone, UASB reactors followed by post-treatment. The study evaluates and compares the observed effluent quality and the removal efficiencies in terms of BOD, COD, TSS, TN, TP and FC with typical values reported in the technical literature. In view of the large performance variability observed, the existence of a relationship between design/operational parameters and treatment performance was investigated. From the results obtained, no consistent relationship between loading rates and effluent quality was found. The influence of loading rates differed from plant to plant, and the effluent quality was dictated by several combined factors related to design and operation.
Using Approximate Bayesian Computation to Estimate Transmission Rates of Nosocomial Pathogens
Authors: Drovandi Christopher C , Pettitt Anthony N
Published: June 2011

In this paper, we apply a simulation based approach for estimating transmission rates of nosocomial pathogens. In particular, the objective is to infer the transmission rate between colonised health-care practitioners and uncolonised patients (and vice versa) solely from routinely collected incidence data. The method, using approximate Bayesian computation, is substantially less computer intensive and easier to implement than likelihood-based approaches we refer to here. We find through replacing the likelihood with a comparison of an efficient summary statistic between observed and simulated data that little is lost in the precision of estimated transmission rates. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of incorporating uncertainty in previously fixed parameters on the precision of the estimated transmission rates.
Eosinophilia as a presenting symptom of the metastatic lung adenocarcinoma with an unknown primary localization
Authors: Machaczka Maciej , Hubert Jerzy , Kasina Filip , Klimkowska Monika
Published: June 2011

Apparent hematological symptoms rarely dominate the clinical picture of an underlying non-hematological malignancy. Malignancy-associated eosinophilia can result from clonal or non-clonal proliferation of eosinophils. Here, we report the case of a 59-year-old man with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung with an unknown primary tumor site, which presented as hypereosinophilia, anemia, lymphadenopathy, weight loss, and malaise. Bone marrow biopsy disclosed metastatic adenocarcinoma positive in immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin 7. Further assessment of specimens obtained from the bronchoalveolar lavage and biopsy of the mediastinal lymph nodes confirmed the diagnosis of the metastatic lung cancer, although the primary tumor site remained undiscovered. This case underlines that eosinophilia may represent a rare primary manifestation of an undetected malignancy, and it is thus important to consider this as part of the differential diagnosis in patients presenting with unexplained eosinophilia.
Data intensive scientific analysis with grid computing
Authors: Terzo Olivier , Mossucca Lorenzo , Cucca Manuela , Notarpietro Riccardo
Published: June 2011

Data intensive scientific analysis with grid computing

At the end of September 2009, a new Italian GPS receiver for radio occultation was launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Center (Sriharikota, India) on the Indian Remote Sensing OCEANSAT-2 satellite. The Italian Space Agency has established a set of Italian universities and research centers to implement the overall processing radio occultation chain. After a brief description of the adopted algorithms, which can be used to characterize the temperature, pressure and humidity, the contribution will focus on a method for automatic processing these data, based on the use of a distributed architecture. This paper aims at being a possible application of grid computing for scientific research.
Bringing introspection into BlobSeer: Towards a self-adaptive distributed data management system
Authors: Carpen-Amarie Alexandra , Costan Alexandru , Cai Jing , Antoniu Gabriel , Bougé Luc
Published: June 2011

Bringing introspection into BlobSeer: Towards a self-adaptive distributed data management system

Introspection is the prerequisite of autonomic behavior, the first step towards performance improvement and resource usage optimization for large-scale distributed systems. In grid environments, the task of observing the application behavior is assigned to monitoring systems. However, most of them are designed to provide general resource information and do not consider specific information for higher-level services. More precisely, in the context of data-intensive applications, a specific introspection layer is required to collect data about the usage of storage resources, data access patterns, etc. This paper discusses the requirements for an introspection layer in a data management system for large-scale distributed infrastructures. We focus on the case of BlobSeer, a large-scale distributed system for storing massive data. The paper explains why and how to enhance BlobSeer with introspective capabilities and proposes a three-layered architecture relying on the MonALISA monitoring framework. We illustrate the autonomic behavior of BlobSeer with a self-configuration component aiming to provide storage elasticity by dynamically scaling the number of data providers. Then we propose a preliminary approach for enabling self-protection for the BlobSeer system, through a malicious client detection component. The introspective architecture has been evaluated on the Grid'5000 testbed, with experiments that prove the feasibility of generating relevant information related to the state and behavior of the system.
Sur quoi peut-on fonder une espérance en politique ?
Authors: Abel Olivier
Published: June 2011

Nous n 'espérons plus une société sans conflit, dont le rêve est au contraire la maladie mortelle de l'espérance. Mais nous espérons un espace public, une société, un monde, qui donne à chacun de quoi se montrer, et de quoi se retirer.
Les voies de la critique sociale
Authors: Fouquet Annie , Abel Olivier
Published: June 2011

Aujourd'hui, l'exclusion aurait remplacé l'exploitation. Annie Fouquet met en doute la pertinence de l'opposition entre ces termes. Elle souligne qu'on a jeté l'analyse économique de Marx avec l'eau du bain du marxisme et explore quelques-unes des voies possibles de la critique sociale face au capitalisme contemporain.
Anomalous capitulum structure and monoecy may confer flexibility in sex allocation and life history evolution in the Ifloga lineage of paper daisies (Compositae: Gnaphalieae)
Authors: Bergh Nicola G. , Verboom G. Anthony
Published: June 2011

• Premise of the study: Evolutionary significance of the Compositae capitulum and variation in its structure is poorly understood, although it may permit flexibility in sexual expression. Optimal sex ratio differs with life‐history and reproductive strategy. We explore how the genus Ifloga and related members of southern African Gnaphalieae achieved different sex ratios, and the associations of these ratios with annual and perennial life history.

• Methods: Sex allocation was measured using the male to female ratio (M/F), a novel approximator of the pollen to ovule ratio (P/O). Life‐history (annuality/perenniality), capitulum structure, capitular sexual system, and M/F were reconstructed on time‐proportional phylogenies. Trait associations were examined using phylogenetically independent contrasts (PICs).

• Key results: Annual taxa have strongly female‐biased capitula, as measured by M/F, and either gynomonoecious or monoecious sexual systems, while perennials have equal or male‐biased capitula that are hermaphroditic or monoecious. These results are largely supported by PIC analysis. Different sexual systems afford differing flexibility in sex allocation, with hermaphrodites having the least, and monoecious taxa the greatest, range in M/F. Within Ifloga, the anomalous capitulum evolved in an annual, gynomonoecious ancestor, followed by two independent gains of monoecy. Two subsequent gains of perenniality occurred within a monoecious sublineage.

• Conclusions: Different life histories have divergent sex allocation optima and are strongly associated with different sexual systems in gnaphalioid daisies. An anomalous capitulum structure in Ifloga may have facilitated the evolution of monoecy, which in turn may be linked to the evolution of life‐history diversity in the genus.
La régulation des données personnelles face au web relationnel : une voie sans issue ?
Authors: Rallet Alain , Rochelandet Fabrice
Published: June 2011

Résumé Ce papier évalue l’efficacité des modes de protection des données personnelles adoptés depuis les années 70 (réglementation publique, régulation par le marché, autorégulation) dans le contexte actuel de l’utilisation massive des réseaux sociaux numériques (DSN). Nous montrons que les formes d’exposition de soi associées à des fuites informationnelles multiples déstabilisent la norme sociale de la vie privée, rendant toute forme de régulation correctrice structurellement inefficace. Toute solution visant à contrôler les flux de données personnelles se heurte à des coûts de transaction rédhibitoires et bloquerait totalement les processus d’innovation entourant la diffusion des RSN. Nous concluons en examinant les issues possibles face à cette déficience structurelle de la régulation.
La régulation à l'échelle communautaire
Authors: Dumont Béatrice
Published: June 2011

Résumé L’article cherche à évaluer l’efficacité et la pertinence de la législation communautaire en matière de protection des données. Nous montrons qu’une quantification de type coûts-bénéfices est difficile et qu’une problématique statique est d’autant moins opérante que les instruments et institutions de protection de la privacy ne sont pas seulement une somme de coûts mais également un levier dynamique de performance. Nous examinons en particulier comment une réglementation stimulante, version élargie à des applications non environnementales de l’éco-boosting , peut aboutir à renforcer la compétitivité des entreprises européennes.
Les comportements de vie privée face au commerce électronique
Authors: Acquisti Alessandro , MBo’o Ida Michèle Francine , Rochelandet Fabrice
Published: June 2011

Résumé Les dichotomies entre les attitudes et le comportement des individus ont été relevées par la littérature relative à la vie privée. Nous nous appuyons sur les travaux menés en économie comportementaliste afin de comprendre le processus décisionnel des individus concernant la vie privée en matière de commerce électronique. Nous montrons qu’il n’est pas réaliste d’envisager une rationalité de l’individu dans un tel contexte. La modélisation des problèmes d’autocontrôle et de la gratification immédiate propose une description plus réaliste du processus décisionnel, plus cohérente avec les données actuelles. Nous soutenons que les individus soucieux de préserver leur vie privée, ne sont pas en mesure de le faire en raison de distorsions psychologiques bien étudiées par la littérature comportementaliste.
Vie privée et marketing
Authors: Lancelot Miltgen Caroline
Published: June 2011

Résumé Les TIC ont accru la possibilité de collecter et utiliser les données personnelles des citoyens. Si cela permet de concevoir des offres commerciales davantage personnalisées, l’utilisation parfois abusive de ces données pose problème. Cet article vise à comprendre la façon dont les internautes français perçoivent la sollicitation de leurs informations personnelles dans le cadre d’une relation commerciale avec un site. À travers neuf entretiens individuels, nous montrons que la décision de fournir des données à un organisme commercial serait plus liée au contexte dans laquelle la sollicitation s’opère qu’à une prédisposition à se dévoiler. Les dilemmes et paradoxes associés au dévoilement sont décrits et une justification à leur existence est proposée.
The role of components of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in pathogenesis and serologic diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid diseases
Authors: Kiseleva E. , Mikhailopulo K. , Sviridov O. , Novik G. , Knirel Y. , Szwajcer Dey E.
Published: June 2011

During recent years, researchers have been focusing on the concept of an infectious etiology of autoimmune diseases. The most discussed theory is molecular mimicry, i.e. the emergence of autoreactive clones of T- and B-lymphocytes as a result of cross-immune response to homologous bacterial or viral antigen. Information on the role of probiotic microorganisms (PM) in the molecular mechanisms of autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATD) is limited. Using proteins and immunogenic peptides databanks and relevant computer programs, the homology between the amino acid sequences of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (Tg), which are potential B- and T-cell epitopes of these antigens, and proteins of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli was established. Moreover, we have found components of cells ofBifidobacterium bifidum791,Bifidobacterium adolescentis94 BIM,Bifidobacterium longumB379M andLactobacillus plantarumB-01 that selectively bind human antibodies to TPO (anti-TPO) and antibodies to Tg (anti-Tg) and compete with natural antigens for the binding of anti-TPO and anti-Tg in ELISA. Additionally, a three-fold difference was observed between the probability of detecting antibodies (Abs) to the antigens of L.plantarumB-01 andB. bifidum791 in serum samples containing and those not containing anti-TPO. On the whole, our data are arguments in favour of the assumption of the possible role of PM of the generaBifidobacteriumandLactobacillusin triggering ATD by the mechanism of molecular mimicry. The data obtainedin silicoandin vitroshould be proven by use of animal models and clinical studies for extrapolations to the whole body. Possible antigenic properties of components/proteins of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, selectively binding anti-TPO and anti-Tg should be taken into consideration. Natural human Abs to these bacterial components are probably able to cross-react with the TPO and Tg in the ELISA for detection of anti-TPO and anti-Tg, which are serologic markers of ATD. It can lead to unspecific false positive results and, hence, to an incorrect diagnosis.
Human NK Cells Display Important Antifungal Activity againstAspergillus fumigatus, Which Is Directly Mediated by IFN-γ Release
Authors: Bouzani Maria , Ok Michael , McCormick Allison , Ebel Frank , Kurzai Oliver , Morton C. Oliver , Einsele Hermann , Loeffler Juergen
Published: June 2011

Despite the strong interest in the NK cell-mediated immunity toward malignant cells and viruses, there is a relative lack of data on the interplay between NK cells and filamentous fungi, especially Aspergillus fumigatus, which is the major cause of invasive aspergillosis. By studying the in vitro interaction between human NK cells and A. fumigatus, we found only germinated morphologies to be highly immunogenic, able to induce a Th1-like response, and capable of upregulating cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α. Moreover, priming NK cells with human rIL-2 and stimulating NK cells by direct NK cell–pathogen contact were essential to induce damage against A. fumigatus. However, the most interesting finding was that NK cells did not mediate anti-Aspergillus cytotoxicity through degranulation of their cytotoxic proteins (perforin, granzymes, granulysine), but via an alternative mechanism involving soluble factor(s). To our knowledge, our study is the first to demonstrate that IFN-γ, released by NK cells, directly damages A. fumigatus, attributing new properties to both human NK cells and IFN-γ and suggesting them as possible therapeutic tools against IA.
Obstructive Jaundice Expands Intrahepatic Regulatory T Cells, Which Impair Liver T Lymphocyte Function but Modulate Liver Cholestasis and Fibrosis
Authors: Katz Steven C. , Ryan Kristin , Ahmed Naseem , Plitas George , Chaudhry Umer I. , Kingham T. Peter , Naheed Seema , Nguyen Cang , Somasundar Ponnandai , Espat N. Joseph , Junghans Richard P. , DeMatteo Ronald P.
Published: June 2011

Although obstructive jaundice has been associated with a predisposition toward infections, the effects of bile duct ligation (BDL) on bulk intrahepatic T cells have not been clearly defined. The aim of this study was to determine the consequences of BDL on liver T cell phenotype and function. After BDL in mice, we found that bulk liver T cells were less responsive to allogeneic or syngeneic Ag-loaded dendritic cells. Spleen T cell function was not affected, and the viability of liver T cells was preserved. BDL expanded the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg), which were anergic to direct CD3 stimulation and mediated T cell suppression in vitro. Adoptively transferred CD4+CD25− T cells were converted into Treg within the liver after BDL. In vivo depletion of Treg after BDL restored bulk liver T cell function but exacerbated the degrees of inflammatory cytokine production, cholestasis, and hepatic fibrosis. Thus, BDL expands liver Treg, which reduce the function of bulk intrahepatic T cells yet limit liver injury.
Solar UV Photooxidation as Pretreatment for Stripping Voltammetric Trace Metal Analysis in River Water
Authors: Woldemichael Gelaneh , Tulu Taffa , Flechsig Gerd-Uwe
Published: June 2011

The application of solar ultraviolet radiation as sample pretreatment or preparation step in stripping voltammetric analysis of trace metals in presence of low levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) natural water samples (river water) was studied. River water samples were collected from downstream of Warnow river (Germany) and acidified to pH of2±0.2(by addition of 1 mL of ultrapure 65% HNO3per liter sample). Furthermore, 100 μL/L of hydrogen peroxide solution (ultrapure, 30% H2O2) was added to the samples as photochemical reaction initiator. The samples were transferred to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles and irradiated with solar radiation of UV-A intensity of 3.6 mW/m2for six hours, and the concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu were determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). The comparison of the values with the results obtained for the original untreated sample and artificial UV-treated one proved that solar UV radiation can be applied to the digestion of dissolved organic carbon in trace metal analysis in natural waters like river water, lake waters, well waters, and so forth.
Spectrum of magnetic resonance imaging findings in clinical glenohumeral instability
Authors: Jana Manisha , Srivastava Deep Narayan , Sharma Raju , Gamanagatti Shivanand , Nag Hiralal , Mittal Ravi , Upadhyay Ashish Dutt
Published: June 2011

The glenohumeral joint is the most commonly dislocated joint in the body, and anterior instability is the most common type of shoulder instability. Depending on the etiology and the age of the patient, there may be associated injuries, for example, to the anterior-inferior labro-ligamentous structures (in young individuals with traumatic instability) or to the bony components (commoner in the elderly), which are best visualized using MRI and MR arthrography. Anterior instability is associated with a Bankart lesion and its variants and abnormalities of the anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL), whereas posterior instability is associated with reverse Bankart and reverse Hill-Sachs lesions. Cases of multidirectional instability often have no labral pathology on imaging but show specific osseous changes including increased chondrolabral retroversion. This article reviews the relevant anatomy in brief and describes the MRI findings in each type, with the imaging features of the common abnormalities.
Case report: Multimodality imaging of van Neck-Odelberg disease
Authors: Macarini Luca , Lallo Tania , Milillo Paola , Muscarella Silvana , Vinci Roberta , Stoppino Luca P
Published: June 2011

Synchondrosis ischiopubic syndrome (SIS), also known as van Neck-Odelberg disease, is a syndrome characterized by an atypical ossification pattern of the ischiopubic synchondrosis. Its radiological features may mimic stress fracture, neoplasm, osteomyelitis, or posttraumatic osteolysis, causing problems in diagnosis, sometimes leading to unnecessary workup. We report two cases in which the correlation between the clinical and multimodality imaging data enabled the correct diagnosis of SIS.
Sonographic localization of nonpalpable testis: Tracking the cord technique
Authors: Vijayaraghavan S Boopathy
Published: June 2011

Objective: To evaluate the value of USG as a diagnostic tool to locate nonpalpable testis (NPT), using a new technique of tracking the spermatic cord. Materials and Methods: This technique was used in 197 instances of NPT over a period of 7 years. The presence or absence of the cord in the inguinal canal was recorded. The visualized spermatic cord was tracked down to the testis in extra-abdominal location. If spermatic cord was not visualized, the USG was extended up to look for intra-abdominal testis. The location and size of the testis were recorded, and the findings were compared with those seen at surgery. Results: The status of NPT was predicted by sonography in 191 instances. The testis was canalicular in position in 53, abdominal in 76, ascending in 5, ectopic in 8, and moving in 5 cases. There were three instances of tumor in the NPT and one case of torsion. The testes were atrophic in 36 instances. The testis was not visualized by USG in 10 instances. In four of them, spermatic cord was seen in inguinal canal, indicating vanished testes. In one patient, there was an atrophic testis with inguinal hernia. Diagnostic laparoscopy was necessary in only five cases and showed abdominal testes in two cases and the cord entering the internal ring in three cases. There were one false-positive and four false-negative results with this technique. Conclusion: USG, with the tracking the cord technique, is a sensitive diagnostic tool in NPT. It is useful for selecting the ideal therapeutic surgical approach and helps avoid diagnostic laparoscopy in most of the patients.
Ileosigmoid knot: A case report
Authors: Baheti Akshay D , Patel Darshana , Hira Priya , Babu Donald
Published: June 2011

The ileosigmoid knot is an uncommon but life-threatening cause of closed loop intestinal obstruction. Its treatment is different from a simple volvulus in that it has to be operated upon immediately. Preoperative CT scan diagnosis and prompt treatment can lead to a good outcome. Findings of simultaneous ileal and sigmoid ischemia with non-ischemic colon interposed in between should, in an appropriate clinical setting, indicate this condition. The presence of the whirl sign, medially deviated distal descending colon and cecum, and mesenteric vascular structures from the superior mesenteric vessels that converge toward the sigmoid colon on CT scan help clinch the diagnosis.
A review of the utilization of fine needle aspiration in clinical practice and research in Nigeria
Authors: Malami Sani Abubakar , Ochicha Ochicha
Published: June 2011

Background:

Research and publications are critical to advancements in the quality of healthcare delivery. This article attempts to highlight the prospects and challenges of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology as a tool for research in Nigeria.

Materials and Methods:

Data available in local and international bibliographic databases for the period 1986–2005 (20 years) were collated and analyzed.

Results:

The theme of Nigerian FNA-focused studies correlated with the recognized disease patterns in the country which are tuberculous lymphadenitis, breast tumors and Burkitt's lymphoma. The accuracy of FNA in these situations was high and comparable to the experience in developed countries. It was found that the total number of articles published during two contiguous periods (1986–1995 and 1996–2005) had increased from 5 to 18. Also, in majority of cases, the articles were not published in specialized pathology journals.

Conclusions:

The utilization of FNA is apparently lagging in Nigeria. Given its potential in resource-constrained settings, we are of the opinion that it should be used more often in clinical and translational research.
Negative Powers of Laguerre Operators
Authors: Nowak Adam , Stempak Krzysztof
Published: June 2011

We study negative powers of Laguerre differential operators in ℝd,d≥ 1. For these operators we prove two-weightLp−Lqestimates with ranges ofqdepending onp. The case of the harmonic oscillator (Hermite operator) has recently been treated by Bongioanni and Torrea by using a straightforward approach of kernel estimates. Here these results are applied in certain Laguerre settings. The procedure is fairly direct for Laguerre function expansions of Hermite type, due to some monotonicity properties of the kernels involved. The case of Laguerre function expansions of convolution type is less straightforward. For half-integer type indices. we transfer the desired results from the Hermite setting and then apply an interpolation argument based on a device we call theconvexity principleto cover the continuous range of ϵ 2 [−1/2, ∞)d. Finally, we investigate negative powers of the Dunkl harmonic oscillator in the context of a finite reflection group acting on ℝdand isomorphic to ℤd2. The two weightLp−Lqestimates we obtain in this setting are essentially consequences of those for Laguerre function expansions of convolution type.
Comparative Evaluation of Collagen Fibers in Odontogenic Keratocyst and Unicystic Ameloblastoma
Authors: Nayak Vaidhehi N , Donoghue Mandana , Selvamani M
Published: June 2011

Background

Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is an aggressive cyst with neoplastic behavior and unicystic ameloblastoma (UA) is a neoplasm with cyst like behavior. Both odontogenic keratocyst and unicystic ameloblastoma show biologic behavior unlike other lesions in their respective groups. In the present study, the biological behavior of these lesions were assessed by studying the collagen fibers in their walls using picrosirius red (PSR) polarization method.

Methods

Collagen fibers in 20 cases of OKC and 20 cases of UA were studied histologically by staining sections with picrosirius red dye and examining them by polarizing microscopy. Polarization colors of the collagen fibers of the lesions were recorded according to their width.

Results

While no differences were seen between the polarization colors of thin fibers (< 0.8 μ) in both odontogenic keratocyst and unicystic ameloblastoma, the polarization colors of thick fibers of odontogenic keratocyst were significantly more greenish-yellow as compared to the unicystic ameloblastoma which were predominantly yellowish-red.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that odontogenic keratocyst is a more aggressive lesion than unicystic ameloblastoma by means of identifying abnormally packed collagen fibers in odontogenic keratocyst but not in unicystic ameloblastoma. Thus, the nature of collagen fibers as studied by the picrosirius red polarization method may be useful as a diagnostic tool to differentiate between the two lesions.