bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chaetognath assemblages along the Pacific Coast and adjacent inland waters of the Philippines: relative importance of oceanographic and biological factors
Authors: Noblezada Mary Mar P. , Campos Wilfredo L.
Published: January 2012

Noblezada, M. M. P., and Campos, W. L. 2012. Chaetognath assemblages along the Pacific Coast and adjacent inland waters of the Philippines: relative importance of oceanographic and biological factors. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 410–420. When studying plankton distribution, it is necessary to investigate the biology of the target organisms and the surrounding physical environment. Station and species groupings are only useful if they provide insight into the environmental associations of the species in the group. The study covers two geographic regions: the Pacific Coast (Bicol Shelf) and inland waters (San Bernardino Strait, Ticao Pass, Sibuyan, and Visayan Seas) of the Philippines. Comprehensive information is provided on chaetognath assemblages and distribution within the regions. The findings are integrated with oceanographic conditions and phenomena that define the characteristics of the subareas and consideration given to how these conditions affect chaetognath ecology. A comparison is also provided of the community structure of the two regions, and the possible use of chaetognaths as indicator species of water mass movement and oceanographic phenomena explored. In all, 28 284 specimens were examined, and 33 species from 17 genera were identified. Chaetognath distributions, abundance, and community structure were analysed using dissimilarity indices and multiple regression. The results show that the distribution of chaetognaths agrees well with the movement of oceanic water from the Pacific into the central part of the archipelago.
Effects of environmental conditions and fishing operations on the performance of a bottom trawl
Authors: Queirolo Dante , Hurtado Carlos F. , Gaete Erick , Soriguer Milagrosa C. , Erzini Karim , Gutiérrez-Estrada Juan C.
Published: January 2012

Queirolo, D., Hurtado, C. F., Gaete, E., Soriguer, M. C., Erzini, K., and Gutiérrez-Estrada, J. C. 2012. Effects of environmental conditions and fishing operations on the performance of a bottom trawl. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 293–302. Trawl performance was studied based on net spread and variability in the contact of the footrope with the seabed and their relationship with vessel operations, catch weight, and environmental conditions. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) and generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to model the response of each variable. For the variables net spread and variability in footrope contact (VFC), the ANN models were more accurate than the GAMs, with greater generalization capacity in the validation phase. In the best ANN model for net spread, all variables were significant. The relationship between tow direction and wind direction (tactic) was most important in the sensitivity analysis. Net spread increased with increasing towing speed and windspeed, and decreased with increasing wave height. In the ANN model for VFC, there were differences among vessels, and both scope ratio and catch size were not significant. VFC increased with increasing depth and decreased with increasing towing speed and windspeed. The results demonstrate that both operational variables and environmental conditions affect trawl performance, and suggest that survey protocols designed based on this information might help to improve the precision of biomass estimates.
Uncertainty and Turnout
Authors: Sanders Mitchell S.
Published: January 2012

This article develops a model that simultaneously considers individual turnout and vote choice while also accounting for uncertainty about candidates. The theoretical development of this model implies that the effects of uncertainty on turnout vary with the strength of individual preferences. Application of the model to individual choice in the 1996 American presidential election confirms that decreasing uncertainty about the character traits of the candidates decreases the probability of abstention for individuals with strong preferences but increases the probability of abstention for individuals with weak preferences.
Modeling Equilibrium Relationships: Error Correction Models with Strongly Autoregressive Data
Authors: De Boef Suzanna
Published: January 2012

Political scientists often argue that political processes move together in the long run. Examples include partisanship and government approval, conflict and cooperation among countries, public policy sentiment and policy activity, economic evaluations and economic conditions, and taxing and spending. Error correction models and cointegrating relationships are often used to characterize these equilibrium relationships and to test hypotheses about political change. Typically the techniques used to estimate equilibrium relationships are based on the statistical assumption that the processes have permanent memory, implying that political experiences cumulate. Yet many analysts have argued that this is not a reasonable theoretical or statistical assumption for most political time series. In this paper I examine the consequences of assuming permanent memory when data have long but not permanent memory. I focus on two commonly used estimators: the Engle-Granger two-step estimator and generalized error correction. In my analysis I consider the important role of simultaneity and discuss implications for the conclusions political scientists have drawn about the nature, even the existence, of equilibrium relationships between political processes. I find that even small violations of the permanent memory assumption can present substantial problems for inference on long-run relationships in situations that are likely to be common in applied work in all fields and suggest ways that analysts should proceed.
Prevalence of Survivor Bias in Observational Studies on Fresh Frozen Plasma
Authors: Ho Anthony M.-H. , Dion Peter W. , Yeung Janice H. H. , Holcomb John B. , Critchley Lester A. H. , Ng Calvin S. H. , Karmakar Manoj K. , Cheung Chi W. , Rainer Timothy H. , Warner David S.
Published: January 2012

Observational studies on transfusion in trauma comparing high versus low plasma:erythrocyte ratio were prone to survivor bias because plasma administration typically started later than erythrocytes. Therefore, early deaths were categorized in the low plasma:erythrocyte group, whereas early survivors had a higher chance of receiving a higher ratio. When early deaths were excluded, however, a bias against higher ratio can be created. Survivor bias could be reduced by performing before-and-after studies or treating the plasma:erythrocyte ratio as a time-dependent covariate.We reviewed 26 studies on blood ratios in trauma. Fifteen of the studies were survivor bias-unlikely or biased against higher ratio; among them, 10 showed an association between higher ratio and improved survival, and five did not. Eleven studies that were judged survivor bias-prone favoring higher ratio suggested that a higher ratio was superior.Without randomized controlled trials controlling for survivor bias, the current available evidence supporting higher plasma:erythrocyte resuscitation is inconclusive.
A Prospective Randomized Equivalence Trial of the GlideScope Cobalt® Video Laryngoscope to Traditional Direct Laryngoscopy in Neonates and Infants
Authors: Fiadjoe John E. , Gurnaney Harshad , Dalesio Nicholas , Sussman Emily , Zhao Huaqing , Zhang Xuemei , Stricker Paul A.
Published: January 2012

Background

Intubation in children is increasingly performed using video laryngoscopes. Many pediatric studies examine novice laryngoscopists or describe single patient experiences. This prospective randomized nonblinded equivalence trial compares intubation time for the GlideScope Cobalt® video laryngoscope (GCV, Verathon Medical, Bothell, WA) with direct laryngoscopy with a Miller blade (DL, Heine, Dover, NH) in anatomically normal neonates and infants. The primary hypothesis was that intubation times with GCV would be noninferior to DL.

Methods

Sixty subjects presenting for elective surgery were randomly assigned to intubation using GCV or DL. Intubation time, time to best view, percentage of glottic opening score, and intubation success were documented. We defined an intubation time difference of less than 10 s as clinically insignificant.

Results

There was no difference in intubation time between the groups (GCV median = 22.6 s; DL median = 21.4 s; P = 0.24). The 95% one-sided CI for mean difference between the groups was less than 8.3 s. GCV yielded faster time to best view (median = 8.1 s; DL 9.9 s; P = 0.03). Endotracheal tube passage time was longer for GCV (median = 14.3 s; DL 8.5 s; P = 0.007). The percentage of glottic opening score was improved with GCV (median 100; DL 80; P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Similar intubation times and success rates were achieved in anatomically normal neonates and infants with the GCV as with DL. The GCV yielded faster time to best view and better views but longer tube passage times than DL.
Rheinheimera longhuensis sp. nov., isolated from a slightly alkaline lake, and emended description of genus

Rheinheimera

Brettar et al. 2002
Authors: Liu Ying , Jiang Jia-Tong , Xu Cheng-Jun , Liu Ying-Hao , Song Xue-Feng , Li Hao , Liu Zhi-Pei
Published: January 2012

The bacterial strain LH2-2T was isolated from freshwater of Longhu Lake, a slightly alkaline lake (pH 8.8) in north-east China. Cells of strain LH2-2T were Gram-staining-negative, non-spore-forming rods, 0.3–0.5 µm wide and 2.0–4.0 µm long. Cells were motile by means of a single polar flagellum. The strain was strictly aerobic and heterotrophic and oxidase- and catalase-positive. Growth occurred at 0–36 °C (optimum, 26–34 °C), pH 6.5–11 (optimum, pH 8.0–8.6) and in the presence of 0–2 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1 %). Strain LH2-2T contained Q-8 as the major respiratory quinone. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH; 21.9 %), C17 : 1ω8c (18.9 %), C18 : 1ω7c (16.4 %) and C16 : 0 (12.7 %) after growth on marine agar 2216. The DNA G+C content was 47 mol% (T
m). The 16S rRNA gene and a conserved portion of the gyrB gene were sequenced and used for phylogenetic analyses. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene and gyrB sequences showed that strain LH2-2T was associated with the genus

Rheinheimera

and closely related to the type strains of

Rheinheimera

species, and showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to

Rheinheimera pacifica

KMM 1406T (97.4 %),

R. aquimaris

SW-353T (97.1 %) and

R. chironomi

K19414T (96.5 %). The DNA–DNA relatedness of strain LH2-2T to

R. pacifica

NBRC 103167T,

R. aquimaris

JCM 14331T and

R. chironomi

LMG 23818T was 39, 31 and 23 %, respectively. Based on these results, it is concluded that strain LH2-2T represents a novel species of the genus

Rheinheimera

, for which the name Rheinheimera longhuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LH2-2T ( = CGMCC 1.7003T  = NBRC 105632T). An emended description of the genus

Rheinheimera

is also provided.
Candida borneonana sp. nov., a methanol-assimilating anamorphic yeast isolated from decaying fruit
Authors: Sipiczki Matthias
Published: January 2012

Five strains of a previously uncharacterized anamorphic, methanol-assimilating yeast species are described here, for which the name Candida borneonana is proposed. The strains were isolated from fruit waste collected in markets in Brunei, Borneo. The sequences of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit rRNA genes, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the 18S rRNA genes were identical between the isolates and differed from the corresponding sequences of all previously described yeast species. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences showed that the new species formed a cluster with species of the genus Kuraishia, the closest related species being K. capsulata (6 % nucleotide substitutions in the D1/D2 domain). The type strain, 11-487T, has been deposited in the Centralbureau voor Schimmelcultures (Utrecht, The Netherlands) as CBS 12507T, the Culture Collection of Yeasts (Bratislava, Slovakia) as CCY 29-182-1T and the National Collection of Agricultural and Industrial Microorganisms (Budapest, Hungary) as NCAIM Y.02008. Mycobank no. MB563710.
Parvibaculum hydrocarboniclasticum sp. nov., a mesophilic, alkane-oxidizing alphaproteobacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the East Pacific Rise
Authors: Rosario-Passapera Richard , Keddis Ramaydalis , Wong Ronald , Lutz Richard A. , Starovoytov Valentin , Vetriani Costantino
Published: January 2012

An aerobic, alkane-oxidizing bacterium, designated strain EPR92T, was isolated from hydrothermal fluids that had been collected from a deep-sea vent on the East Pacific Rise (at 9° 50′ N 104° 17′ W). The cells of the novel strain were Gram-staining-negative rods that measured approximately 1.4 µm in length and 0.4 µm in width. Strain EPR92T grew at 20–40 °C (optimum 35 °C), with1.0–5.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2.5 %), and at pH 4.0–8.5 (optimum pH 7.5). The generation time under optimal conditions was 63 min. Strain EPR92T grew aerobically in artificial seawater minimal medium with n-alkanes as sole carbon and energy sources, and also in artificial seawater medium supplemented with peptone and yeast extract. The predominant fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c, C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c, 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c and a putative C12 : 0 aldehyde. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and four unidentified aminolipids. The major respiratory quinone was Q-10 and the genomic DNA G+C content was 60.7 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA gene showed that strain EPR92T belongs in the class

Alphaproteobacteria

and the recognized species that were most closely related to the novel strain were identified as

Parvibaculum indicum

P-31T (98.7 % sequence similarity) and

Parvibaculum lavamentivorans

DS-1T (95.8 %). In DNA–DNA hybridizations, the level of DNA–DNA relatedness observed between strain EPR92T and

P. indicum

P-31T was 47.7 %, indicating that the two strains do not belong to the same species. Based on the phylogenetic, physiological, chemotaxonomic and genetic evidence, strain EPR92T represents a novel species within the genus

Parvibaculum

, for which the name Parvibaculum hydrocarboniclasticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EPR92T ( = DSM 23209 = JCM 16666T).
Cost-effective, high-throughput DNA sequencing libraries for multiplexed target capture
Authors: Rohland Nadin , Reich David
Published: January 2012

Improvements in technology have reduced the cost of DNA sequencing to the point that the limiting factor for many experiments is the time and reagent cost of sample preparation. We present an approach in which 192 sequencing libraries can be produced in a single day of technician time at a cost of about $15 per sample. These libraries are effective not only for low-pass whole-genome sequencing, but also for simultaneously enriching them in pools of approximately 100 individually barcoded samples for a subset of the genome without substantial loss in efficiency of target capture. We illustrate the power and effectiveness of this approach on about 2000 samples from a prostate cancer study.
Opposite actions of dopamine on aversive and appetitive memories in the crab
Authors: Klappenbach Martín , Maldonado Héctor , Locatelli Fernando , Kaczer Laura
Published: January 2012

The understanding of how the reinforcement is represented in the central nervous system during memory formation is a current issue in neurobiology. Several studies in insects provide evidence of the instructive role of biogenic amines during the learning and memory process. In insects it was widely accepted that dopamine (DA) mediates aversive reinforcements. However, the idea of DA being exclusively involved in aversive memory has been challenged in recent studies. Here, we study the involvement of DA during aversive and appetitive memories in the crabChasmagnathus. We found that DA-receptor antagonists impair aversive memory consolidation, in agreement with previous reports in insects, while administration of DA facilitates memory formation after a weak training protocol. In contrast, DA treatment during appetitive training was found to impair formation of long-term appetitive memory. In addition, as a first step in elucidating the neuroanatomical correlates of DA action on memory, we mapped dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system of the crab. Results of the current study, together with those obtained in a previous work about the role of octopamine (OA), suggest that both amines (DA and OA) play a dual action in memory processes. On the one hand, DA and OA mediate the aversive and the appetitive signals, respectively, throughout training, while on the other hand, they interfere with the formation of memory of the opposite sign (DA in appetitive and OA in aversive). Our results support a new understanding about the way appetitive and aversive stimuli are processed during memory formation to ensure adaptive behavior.
AtBGAL10 Is the Main Xyloglucan β-Galactosidase in Arabidopsis, and Its Absence Results in Unusual Xyloglucan Subunits and Growth Defects
Authors: Sampedro Javier , Gianzo Cristina , Iglesias Natalia , Guitián Esteban , Revilla Gloria , Zarra Ignacio
Published: January 2012

In growing cells, xyloglucan is thought to connect cellulose microfibrils and regulate their separation during wall extension. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), a significant proportion of xyloglucan side chains contain β-galactose linked to α-xylose at O2. In this work, we identified AtBGAL10 (At5g63810) as the gene responsible for the majority of β-galactosidase activity against xyloglucan. Xyloglucan from bgal10 insertional mutants was found to contain a large proportion of unusual subunits, such as GLG and GLLG. These subunits were not detected in a bgal10 xyl1 double mutant, deficient in both β-galactosidase and α-xylosidase. Xyloglucan from bgal10 xyl1 plants was enriched instead in XXLG/XLXG and XLLG subunits. In both cases, changes in xyloglucan composition were larger in the endoglucanase-accessible fraction. These results suggest that glycosidases acting on nonreducing ends digest large amounts of xyloglucan in wild-type plants, while plants deficient in any of these activities accumulate partly digested subunits. In both bgal10 and bgal10 xyl1, siliques and sepals were shorter, a phenotype that could be explained by an excess of nonreducing ends leading to a reinforced xyloglucan network. Additionally, AtBGAL10 expression was examined with a promoter-reporter construct. Expression was high in many cell types undergoing wall extension or remodeling, such as young stems, abscission zones, or developing vasculature, showing good correlation with α-xylosidase expression.
The Primary Transcriptome of Barley Chloroplasts: Numerous Noncoding RNAs and the Dominating Role of the Plastid-Encoded RNA Polymerase
Authors: Zhelyazkova Petya , Sharma Cynthia M. , Förstner Konrad U. , Liere Karsten , Vogel Jörg , Börner Thomas
Published: January 2012

Gene expression in plastids of higher plants is dependent on two different transcription machineries, a plastid-encoded bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) and a nuclear-encoded phage-type RNA polymerase (NEP), which recognize distinct types of promoters. The division of labor between PEP and NEP during plastid development and in mature chloroplasts is unclear due to a lack of comprehensive information on promoter usage. Here, we present a thorough investigation into the distribution of PEP and NEP promoters within the plastid genome of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Using a novel differential RNA sequencing approach, which discriminates between primary and processed transcripts, we obtained a genome-wide map of transcription start sites in plastids of mature first leaves. PEP-lacking plastids of the albostrians mutant allowed for the unambiguous identification of NEP promoters. We observed that the chloroplast genome contains many more promoters than genes. According to our data, most genes (including genes coding for photosynthesis proteins) have both PEP and NEP promoters. We also detected numerous transcription start sites within operons, indicating transcriptional uncoupling of genes in polycistronic gene clusters. Moreover, we mapped many transcription start sites in intergenic regions and opposite to annotated genes, demonstrating the existence of numerous noncoding RNA candidates.
TheArabidopsis O-LinkedN-Acetylglucosamine Transferase SPINDLY Interacts with Class I TCPs to Facilitate Cytokinin Responses in Leaves and Flowers
Authors: Steiner Evyatar , Efroni Idan , Gopalraj Manjula , Saathoff Katie , Tseng Tong-Seung , Kieffer Martin , Eshed Yuval , Olszewski Neil , Weiss David
Published: January 2012

O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modifications regulate the posttranslational fate of target proteins. The Arabidopsis thaliana O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) SPINDLY (SPY) suppresses gibberellin signaling and promotes cytokinin (CK) responses by unknown mechanisms. Here, we present evidence that two closely related class I TCP transcription factors, TCP14 and TCP15, act with SPY to promote CK responses. TCP14 and TCP15 interacted with SPY in yeast two-hybrid and in vitro pull-down assays and were O-GlcNAc modified in Escherichia coli by the Arabidopsis OGT, SECRET AGENT. Overexpression of TCP14 severely affected plant development in a SPY-dependent manner and stimulated typical CK morphological responses, as well as the expression of the CK-regulated gene RESPONSE REGULATOR5. TCP14 also promoted the transcriptional activity of the CK-induced mitotic factor CYCLIN B1;2. Whereas TCP14-overexpressing plants were hypersensitive to CK, spy and tcp14 tcp15 double mutant leaves and flowers were hyposensitive to the hormone. Reducing CK levels by overexpressing CK OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE3 suppressed the TCP14 overexpression phenotypes, and this suppression was reversed when the plants were treated with exogenous CK. Taken together, we suggest that responses of leaves and flowers to CK are mediated by SPY-dependent TCP14 and TCP15 activities.
Aerodynamic investigation on tiltable endplate for WIG craft
Authors: Wei Yang , Zhigang Yang
Published: January 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the aerodynamics of wing in ground effect with tiltable endplates for a new type wing‐in‐ground effect (WIG) craft.

Design/methodology/approach

The concept of tiltable endplates was implemented into the design of a WIG craft. Numerical investigation on aerodynamics of the tiltable endplate was carried out. The endplate effect on aerodynamics was deeply investigated with a rectangular wing at given angle of attack and flight height. The size of endplate relative to whole wing was then studied based on given endplate deflection angle and flight height. Finally, aerodynamics and flow of tiltable endplate in various flight heights and endplate deflection angles were analyzed. Aerodynamics, pressure and wingtip vortex were recorded in the study.

Findings

Endplate influences development of wingtip vortex and improves aerodynamics. Tiltable endplate can enable WIG craft to yield improved aerodynamic performance and worthwhile economy improvements on long‐distance flights in and out of ground effect (OGE).

Research limitations/implications

The results are entirely based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The gap between “numerical world” and “real world” depends on development and appropriate application of CFD. The current work shows further understanding of ground effect and aerodynamics of wing in ground effect.

Practical implications

The aerodynamics and aerodynamic optimization of wing in ground effect are of the great importance for WIG craft. The work improves the design and research on aerodynamics of WIG craft.

Originality/value

The concept of tiltable endplate for a new type wing in ground effect allows WIG craft to achieve good aerodynamic performance not only in ground effect but also in OGE. This was studied and proved in the current work.
Simultaneous arrival of multiple UAVs under imperfect communication
Authors: Makhdoom Iftikhar H. , Shi‐Yin Qin
Published: January 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose a new algorithm for in‐mission trajectories and speed adjustment of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) participating in a mission that requires them to arrive at target location simultaneously with switching and imperfect communication among the vehicles.

Design/methodology/approach

This algorithm, programmed at each UAV level, is based on the repeated consensus seeking among the participating vehicles about the time‐on‐target (ToT) through an imperfect inter‐vehicle communication link. The vehicles exchange their individual ToT values repeatedly for a particular duration to pick the highest value among all the vehicles in communication. A consensus confidence flag is set high when consensus is successful. After every consensus cycle with high confidence value, the mission adjustment is carried out by computing difference value between ToT consensus and a threshold value. For the difference values higher than a certain limit, vehicle's trajectory is adjusted by in‐mission insertion of new waypoint (WP) and for lower values the vehicle's speed is varied under allowable limits. The consensus seeking followed by the mission adjustment is repeated periodically to quash the imperfect communication effects.

Findings

A mathematical analysis has been carried out to establish the conditions for convergence of the algorithm. The simultaneous arrival of the vehicles subjected to switching communication is achieved only when the union of the switching links during the consensus period enables a vehicle to receive information from all the other vehicles and the switching rate is sufficiently high. This algorithm has been tested in a 6‐degree‐of‐freedom (DoF) multiple UAV simulation environment and achieves simultaneous arrival of multiple fixed wing UAVs under imperfect communication links that meets the aforementioned conditions.

Research limitations/implications

The presented algorithm and design strategy can be extended for other types of cooperative control missions where certain variable of interest is shared among all the vehicles over imperfect communication environment. The design is modular in functionality and can be incorporated into existing vehicles or simulations.

Originality/value

This research presents a new consensus algorithm that repeatedly performs polling of ToT among the vehicles through intermittent communication. The continual nature of consensus seeking covers the weakness of the imperfect communication. A two‐level mission adjustment provides better accuracy in simultaneous arrival at the target location.
Head‐tilt and pilot fatigue measured by flight simulation
Authors: Zallen Harold , Cochran John E. , Bailey Judith Ann
Published: January 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to define and determine quantifiable measurements for head‐tilt and pilot fatigue by detecting and measuring the six degrees of freedom (6DOF) head motion of test subjects performing flight simulation operations.

Design/methodology/approach

First, a flight simulator that met the needs of the research project was designed and fabricated. Second, the tracking system was tested and deemed operable through a series of shakedown runs. Then, the head motion of test subjects was detected and measured using infrared technology. Finally, the data collected were used to establish definitions for head‐tilt and pilot fatigue.

Findings

Head‐tilt and pilot fatigue were defined and evidence of their presence was observed in the head motion data.

Practical implications

The goal of this research is to reduce aircraft accidents upon landing and take‐off for general, commercial, and military aviation to include unmanned aerial vehicles.

Originality/value

Literature which covers the definition and measurement of a pilot's head motion in flight is unclear. By defining the optokinetic phenomena of head‐tilt and precisely measuring pilot head motion and developing and using tests of pilots based on the results to screen for head‐tilt, the number of land aircraft veering off runways during both landing and takeoff can be reduced. Also, the number of aircraft overshooting the flight deck on an aircraft carrier can be reduced, as well as fewer crashes upon landing of unmanned aerial vehicles.
Nonlinear trajectory control of a flapping‐wing micro aerial vehicle
Authors: Khanmirza Esmaeel , Yousefi‐Koma Aghil , Tarvirdizadeh Bahram
Published: January 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a nonlinear control system for flight trajectory control of flapping Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs), subjected to wind.

Design/methodology/approach

In the dynamic study and fabrication of the MAV, biomimetic principles are considered as the best inspiration for the MAV's flight as well as design constraints. The blade element theory, which is a two‐dimensional quasi‐steady state method, is modified to consider the effect of MAV's translational and rotational velocity. A quaternion‐based dynamic wrench method is then developed for the dynamic system.

Findings

The flapping flight dynamics is highly nonlinear and the system is under‐actuated, so any linear control strategy fails to meet any desired maneuver for trajectory tracking. In this study, a controller with quaternion‐based feedback linearization method is designed for the dynamical averaged system. It is shown that the original system is bonded to a stable limit cycle with desired amplitude and the controller inputs are bounded.

Practical implications

The effectiveness of a synthesized controller is proved for the cruse and the Cuban‐8 maneuver.

Originality/value

The authors' major contribution is developing feedback linearization quaternion‐based controller and deriving some essential mathematics for implementing quaternion model in the synthesis of controller. A piezoelectric‐actuated wing model is developed for the control system. Results of cursing and turning modes of the flight indicate the stability of the flight. Finally, an appropriate controller is designed for the Cuban‐8 maneuver so that the MAV would follow the trajectory with a bounded fluctuation.
Bias in strategic initiative continuance decisions: framing interactions and HRD practices
Authors: Workman Michael
Published: January 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop and validate a model of how cognitive biases and framing effects influence managerial decision‐making about strategic initiatives.

Design/methodology/approach

Because the author was interested in understanding real‐world practices about strategic decisions, he chose to conduct a quasi‐experimental field study over a three‐year period with managers in a multinational corporation. He developed a questionnaire and a series of vignettes for the independent measures, and examined database records of decisions for the dependent measures.

Findings

After validating the instrument items, the author conducted a confirmatory factor analysis for model fit, and then tested the model's predictive ability and interactions. The model indicated that risk aversion, overconfidence, anchoring, and expected utility affected commitment decisions, and these factors interacted with framing effects.

Originality/value

Decision‐makers often fall victim to biases and make sub‐optimal decisions, especially regarding long‐term strategic initiatives. To illustrate, some managers may continue to invest in initiatives that have little or no hope of succeeding because they have already invested heavily in them, or they may prematurely terminate them. An explanatory model is helpful to management and organizational developers to learn how to make optimal decisions using normative rules.
How open innovation affects the drivers of competitive advantage
Authors: Reed Richard , Storrud‐Barnes Susan , Jessup Len
Published: January 2012

Purpose

This paper aims to explore how community‐controlled open innovation affects cost‐ and differentiation‐based competitive advantage, and to explain how it allows some sources of economic rent to remain while others are taken away. Although models of competitive‐advantage remain relevant, open innovation means that the main drivers of performance are changed. Open innovation means that there are implications for firms' ability to profit from intellectual property that they do not own. The paper seeks to address those issues.

Design/methodology/approach

The work is conceptual.

Findings

Economic rents from property rights disappear, those from economies of scale and capital requirements are reduced, but those from experience‐curve effects, differentiation, distribution, and switching costs remain. Similarly, rents from the difficult‐to‐imitate resources of networks and reputation remain intact, and while those from employee knowhow and culture remain, they are likely to be in reduced amounts.

Research limitations/implications

Propositions are provided for empirical testing. There also is a need to identify breakpoints between open‐innovation benefits and the costs associated with lost innovation skills, and a need to extend this work to firm‐controlled and third‐party controlled open innovation.

Practical implications

For some firms open innovation will not adversely affect competitive advantage but those whose advantage is driven by barriers to entry, skills in innovation and anticipating customer needs, or that rely on proprietary product designs, can lose in the longer term.

Originality/value

Where the majority of work examining open innovation addresses property rights, economic rationales, governance, and processes, this work focuses on the effects of open innovation on strategy content and consequent firm performance.
Organizational emotional memory
Authors: Akgün Ali E. , Keskin Halit , Byrne John
Published: January 2012

Purpose

As a fascinating concept, the term of organizational memory attracted many researchers from a variety of disciplines. In particular, the content of organizational memory, which involves declarative and procedural memory, found broad research interest in the management literature. Nevertheless, there is sparse research in the management literature on the emotional content aspect of organizational memory. Emotional memory is a less obvious aspect of the organizational memory and should be conceptualized, defined and investigated to enhance the literature on the organizational memory. The purpose of this study is to: define and establish the characteristics of organizational emotional memory; discuss the process of emotional memory in organizations such as how emotional memory can be developed and retrieved, and where it can be stored in organizations; and develop arguments regarding the roles of emotional memory in organizations to enhance the current theory on organizational memory.

Design/methodology/approach

This study reviews a variety of literature on the organizational memory and emotions.

Findings

This study demonstrated that emotional memory of organizations influences their routines, beliefs and procedures, and management should consider the past emotional experience of organizations to be more innovative.

Practical implications

By introducing the emotional memory process in organizations, this study helps managers to control, regulate or manipulate the recollections of past emotional events to perform effectively.

Originality/value

This study offers a contribution to the management literature by identifying the emotional memory concept and its processes, and presenting a model of interrelationships among emotional memory, declarative and procedural memory. In particular, this study adds new insight to the literature on the emotional life of organizations and offers literature a tool for both understanding and theorizing about emotion in organizations by making emotional memory concept explicit in a multidisciplinary understanding of organizational phenomena, and by providing a framework to clarify how we might conceptualize emotional memory.
Customer relationship management capabilities
Authors: Wang Yonggui , Feng Hui
Published: January 2012

Purpose

This study seeks to extend the resource‐based view to the context of customer relationship management. It is intended to develop a measurement model of customer relationship management (CRM) capabilities, and to explore the key antecedents and performance consequences of CRM capabilities.

Design/methodology/approach

Questionnaire survey was used to collect data. In order to develop a reliable and valid measurement model of CRM capabilities, several rounds of questionnaire survey were conducted, and hypotheses were tested by utilizing the technique of structural equation modeling.

Findings

A three‐factor (customer interaction management capability, customer relationship upgrading capability and customer win‐back capability) measurement model of CRM capabilities is developed and tested. Furthermore, results support the hypothesized influences of customer orientation, customer‐centric organizational system and CRM technology on CRM capabilities, as well as the influence of CRM capabilities on organizational performance.

Practical implications

This study provides a useful measurement mode of CRM capabilities that managers can use to evaluate the status in quo of CRM capabilities of their firms. Managers may also improve their CRM programs more effectively and efficiently by deploying such strategic resources of firms as customer orientation, customer‐centric organizational system and CRM technology to build and strengthen their CRM capabilities.

Originality/value

The paper addresses significant gaps in the current literature by taking a capability view of CRM, developing a valid measurement model of CRM capabilities, and examining how possession of important CRM resources influences the effective deployment of CRM capabilities.
Financial development, investor protection, and corporate commitment to sustainability
Authors: Yu Vincent F. , Ting Hsiu‐I
Published: January 2012

Purpose

The purpose of the study is to investigate whether the relationship between financial development/investor protection and corporate commitment to sustainability is related to social contagion, neighborhood effect, and community effect.

Design/methodology/approach

The study applies correlation analysis, difference tests, and regression model to a sample comprised of 369 large firms listed on FTSE Global 500 covering 11 industries, located in 31 countries. This paper examines three country‐level variables, financial development index, shareholder rights index, and strength of investor protection, and five corporate commitment to sustainability measures, Carbon Disclosure Leadership Index, Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions (direct, electricity indirect, and other indirect GHG emissions), and the corresponding carbon intensity.

Findings

The results support the view that the relationship between financial development/investor protection and corporate commitment to sustainability is associated with social contagion, neighborhood effect, and community effect. Companies are more willing to commit to carbon disclosure for countries with higher financial development. Corporate commitment to sustainability is lower if neighbor countries' financial development or shareholder rights are high. Similarly, companies place less strategic importance on climate change issues if their community countries protect investors better, notwithstanding their relatively low level of other indirect GHG emissions.

Research limitations/implications

Future research may build on this research by supplementing the current data with more variables such as domestic financial sector liberalization or measures, such as business environment, financial stability, and size, depth, and access. The negative relationship between commitment to sustainability and investor rights suggests that investor rights and commitment to sustainability are singing different tunes. Corporate commitment to sustainability does not keep pace with investor rights especially for countries with better shareholder rights or investor protection.

Originality/value

This study provides a new perspective on the relationship between financial development/investor protection and commitment to sustainability. This study contributes to the existing literature by using five measures of corporate commitment to sustainability based on firm‐specific data using a sample of the FTSE Global 500. This paper provides a better understanding of the relationship between country‐level characteristics and commitment to sustainability in an environment where global integration is relatively high.
Open innovation in the public sector of leading countries
Authors: Lee Sang M. , Hwang Taewon , Choi Donghyun
Published: January 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the current open innovation practices in the public sector of leading countries.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a framework based on the role of the government in open innovation, this study analyses a profile of early open innovation adopters based on collected data from secondary sources.

Findings

First, the USA, Australia and Singapore developed open innovation policies at the national level, facilitating a positive innovation climate. Many projects, especially those in online platforms, were established under these policies. Second, although outside‐in open innovation principles seem to be popular, there have been emerging attempts to exploit the value of government data through inside‐out approaches.

Research limitations/implications

Most governments are in the early stages of adoption of open innovation and are in the process of understanding relevant issues. Future research should investigate how governments adopt open innovation, in particular inside‐out initiatives.

Practical implications

Governments should develop an overarching strategic plan, which would help its employees to recognise that new change is consistent with the needs of their workplace practices. Some organizations and projects led by citizens help the government engage external ideas in solving issues that are beyond its control.

Originality/value

This study is the first attempt to examine the current open innovation policies at the government level.
Are ethical theories relevant for ethical leadership?
Authors: Dion Michel
Published: January 2012

Purpose

The aim of this study is to know if ethical theories could be connected to some leadership approaches.

Design/methodology/approach

In the paper eight leadership approaches are selected: directive leadership, self‐leadership, authentic leadership, transactional leadership, shared leadership, charismatic leadership, servant leadership, transformational leadership. Five western ethical theories (philosophical egoism, utilitarianism, Kantianism, ethics of virtue, ethics of responsibility) are analyzed to see to what extent their basic concepts could be connected to one or the other leadership approach.

Findings

A given ethical theory (such as philosophical egoism) could be suitable to the components of various leadership approaches. Ethical leadership does not imply that a given leadership approach is reflecting only one ethical theory. Rather, ethical leadership implies that for different reasons, various leadership approaches could agree with the same ethical theory. This is what we could call the “moral flexibility of leadership approaches”.

Research limitations/implications

This study focuses on western ethical theories. A similar study should be undertaken for Eastern ethical theories coming from Buddhism, Hinduism, Confucianism, or Daoism.

Practical implications

Some dualisms (such as Kantianism‐transformational leadership, philosophical egoism‐transactional leadership) do not reflect the philosophical connections between ethical theories and leadership approaches. Thus, the notion of ethical leadership would have to be redefined. In doing so, the paper reveals how a given ethical theory could be used by different kinds of leaders, and for very different reasons.

Originality/value

This study will contribute to make ethical theories and ethical leadership more interconnected, in spite of the different (parallel) “conceptual universes” in which they have evolved until now.
Image and similarity: an identity orientation perspective to organizational identification
Authors: Gonzalez Jorge A. , Chakraborty Subhajit
Published: January 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of perceived external image and similarity in values, beliefs and interests with an organization's leaders and other members on organizational identification.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper presents results of a field survey research in two non‐work organizational contexts, a professional association, and a college business fraternity. Hypotheses were tested with ordinary least squares regression and mediation analyses.

Findings

Perceived external image and perceived similarity with the organization's leaders and other members influence organizational identification. Perceived similarity partially mediates the relationship between external image and identification.

Research limitations/implications

The study implements a cross‐sectional design and relies on self‐reports. The results have important implications for organizational identification and related behaviors both in work and non‐work contexts.

Practical implications

The study presents implications for enhancing member identification with an organization, which is related to increased involvement and continued membership. A positive external image may increase the likelihood that organizational members internalize values, beliefs and interests held by the organization's leaders and other members.

Originality/value

The study is based on a model of identity orientation that differentiates across personal, relational, and collective orientations. It measures perceived similarity with social referents in values, beliefs and interests, and study traditionally overlooked non‐work contexts.
Impact of career growth prospects and formal mentoring on organisational citizenship behaviour
Authors: Okurame David
Published: January 2012

Purpose

This study seeks to examine the impact of career growth prospect (CGP) and formal mentoring support (FMS) on overall organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) and its five dimensions.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were obtained from 72 supervisors and 182 of their subordinates in branches of a bank located in a city in South‐western Nigeria.

Findings

Results indicate that CGP accounted for a significant percentage of the variance in overall OCB (β=0.46, p<0.001), predicting three dimensions: sportsmanship, conscientiousness and civic virtue. Contrary to hypothesis, FMS did not predict overall OCB, but significantly influenced three OCB dimensions: sportsmanship, courtesy and altruism, predicting “sportsmanship” (β=0.26, p<0.001) to be better than CGP (β=0.22, p<0.01).

Research limitations/implications

Although generalisation is limited in a study of a single organisation, the findings of the study imply that CGP and FMS have differential relevance in OCB.

Practical implications

Altering negative perceptions of CGP among employees engenders OCB but FMS needs to be complemented with other interventions to foster overall OCB.

Originality/value

Although career growth prospects and formal mentoring support are projected to foster OCB in the Nigerian banking sector, no research has investigated this expectation. The extant literature shows that research on the impact of career growth prospects on OCB is virtually absent. Again, the absence of African perspectives on research issues such as OCB, has limited comparative studies and the global scope of most reference journals. This study narrows these gaps in literature and contributes empirical information that equips management to deal more strategically with the integrated approach to OCB.