bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection Deception Using Psychophysiological and Neural Measures
Authors: Meijer Ewout H. , Verschuere Bruno
Published: October 2017

The use of physiological signals to detect deception can be traced back almost a century. Historically, the polygraph has been used—and debated. This chapter discusses the merits of polygraph testing, and to what extent the introduction of measures of brain activity—most notably functional magnetic imaging (fMRI)—have solved the problems associated with polygraph testing. It discusses the different question formats used with polygraph and brain activity measures, and argues that these formats are the main factor contributing to the tests’ validity. Moreover, the authors argue that erroneous test outcomes are caused by errors in logical inferences, and that these errors will not be remedied by new technology. The biggest challenge for the field is to find a question format that isolates deception, and to corroborate laboratory data with methodologically sound field studies.
False Symptom Claims and Symptom Validity Assessment
Authors: Merten Thomas
Published: October 2017

False symptom claims and distorted symptom presentations are not at all rare in civil and criminal forensic cases where secondary gain is immanent. They reach from reported nonspecific memory and attention problems to intellectual disability, full-blown autobiographical memory loss, or crime-related amnesia. Symptom validity assessment has, to a large extent, been developed by clinical neuropsychologists to distinguish between authentic and nonauthentic symptom presentations. Malingering is only one of several manifestations of uncooperativeness. Today, most forensic neuropsychology experts would agree that neuropsychological testing is incomplete if not adequately checked for possible negative distortions. This chapter reviews modern methods of symptom validation, with emphasis on forced-choice response formats.
Creation and Covenant
Authors: Kaveny Cathleen
Published: October 2017

The chapter argues that the common law is a useful place for ethicists who emphasize distinctive Christian claims to engage contemporary secular morality. The method of the common law is inductive, epistemologically humble, and case centered. Drawing on key concepts from contract law, the chapter contends that the normative tradition of the common law makes room for ad hoc correlations between Christian ethics and secular morality. These correlations fit within the Barthian formula of “creation as the external basis of covenant and covenant as the internal meaning of creation.” The chapter argues that if Hauerwas had paid more attention to this formula in his Gifford Lectures, he would have found the basis for a more constructive engagement with contemporary secular thought.
Compassionate Respect and Victims’ Voices
Authors: Kaveny Cathleen
Published: October 2017

This chapter inaugurates a dialogue between the writings of feminist ethicist Margaret Farley on love and justice and the debate surrounding the use of victim impact statements in criminal sentencing. That debate instantiates the tension between love’s call for particularized justice, on the one hand, and the demands of fairness expressed in the application of general norms. The debate also raises the question how far justice (or love) can depart from equal regard. Victim impact statements regularly include moving accounts of grief, anger, and loss. Yet their widespread use in sentencing can have troublesome consequences. Such use risks suggesting, for example, that the murder of a much beloved pillar of the city should be punished more severely than the murder of a homeless person. An essential question is whether it is possible to take into account the particularities of victims’ lives without valuing the lives of some victims more than others.
Second Chances and Statutes of Limitations
Authors: Kaveny Cathleen
Published: October 2017

This chapter shows how secular legal tools such as the statute of limitations and the distinction between a completed and a continuing offense can shed new light on neuralgic questions in theological ethics. Cardinal Walter Kasper has argued that the principle of mercy suggests that divorced and remarried Catholics should be allowed to receive the sacrament of the Eucharist. His opponents have rejected that argument, claiming that the Catholic position is that such persons are committing adultery against their first marriages. I attempt to strengthen Kasper’s argument by showing how we can avoid thinking of people in second marriages as engaged in a continuing offense against their first marriages. They can, therefore, repent of any wrongs committed against their first spouse, and receive communion without being in a continuing state of mortal sin.
Legalism and Christian Ethics
Authors: Kaveny Cathleen
Published: October 2017

This chapter directly tackles a persistent objection to the use of secular law as a conversation partner in Christian ethics: the worry that a close relationship with the methods and concerns of law risks falling into a “legalism” that obscures the Good News of the Gospel. But what is legalism? Although Germain Grisez and H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr. both condemn “legalism,” close analysis shows that they mean opposite things by the term. The chapter uses St. Thomas Aquinas’s definition of law and its five primary components to examine and compare the different viewpoints of Grisez and Engelhardt. The chapter concludes that labeling an ethics “legalistic” is too imprecise a critique, and needs to be replaced by more specific challenges and concerns. When properly addressed, these challenges and concerns do not impede the use of law as a constructive conversation partner for Christian ethics.
From “Welfare Queens” to “Welfare Warriors”
Authors: Bullock Heather E.
Published: October 2017

This chapter examines what it means to take a human rights approach to women’s poverty and economic status. Special attention is given to structural sources of women’s poverty, the challenges a right-based framework presents to neoliberal priorities and values, and low-income women’s resistance to these forces. Synergies among economic and political conditions; ideology (e.g., individualism, meritocracy); classist, racist, and sexist stereotypes about poverty and low-income women; and welfare policies that subordinate and regulate low-income women are discussed. Emphasis is placed on understanding welfare rights activism and other anti-poverty/inequality collectives, with the goal of illuminating the social psychological factors that contribute to collective action, economic justice, and the promotion of a rights-based approach to women’s poverty.
Integrating Grassroots Perspectives and Women’s Human Rights
Authors: Moane Geraldine
Published: October 2017

This chapter considers how social psychological perspectives from feminist and liberation psychologies can enhance understandings of human rights activism, using three examples from the Irish context: abortion, poverty, and sexual orientation. The gap between institutional/state structures and grassroots community groups is apparent from the case of abortion and the use of the human rights framework in an Irish context. Possibilities for bridging this gap and for expanded understandings of human rights are considered. Firstly, Links are made between women’s human rights and structures of oppression through examples from community-based education with women living in impoverished communities. Secondly, A case study of community activism involving women from a deprived community demonstrates how a micro-level or bottom-up understanding of social change can be integrated with human rights. Thirdly, The example of LGBT women points to the need to expand individualistic concepts of personhood that underpin human rights to include relational and collective psychological processes.
Being Bold
Authors: Dutt Anjali
Published: October 2017

As the conclusion to the book Women’s Human Rights: A Social Psychological Perspective on Resistance, Liberation, and Justice, this chapter discusses values psychologists interested in building a justice-centered psychology of human rights should consider. In particular, this chapter focuses on the neoliberal context that characterizes global society and emphasizes the consequent growing need for justice-oriented approaches to psychosocial research. Discussion regarding ways each of the contributing chapters to the volume exemplify values of resistance, liberation, and justice is also included. The chapter ends with a call to embolden researchers to increasingly align their work with efforts to promote justice-oriented change in communities.
Traffic in the Roman World
Authors: Poehler Eric E.
Published: October 2017

Where Pompeii’s traffic system fits in the history of Roman infrastructure and urbanism is addressed in Chapter 8. To do this, the method for studying traffic developed at Pompeii is exported to Roman cities around the Mediterranean to answer two primary questions: were there two-way streets organized by driving on a particular side, and were there streets restricted to a single direction? The comparison with Timgad in particular offers an important window onto how Romans at the end of first century BCE in Italy and at the beginning of the second century CE in North Africa approached issues of urban design and infrastructural management.
A Jariya’s Prospects in Abbasid Baghdad
Authors: Myrne Pernilla
Published: October 2017

The chapter takes up several related questions surrounding slave women in Abbasid culture. It considers the image of the jawari (slave women) in modern scholarship, arguing for a cautious approach to the Arabic sources. It also looks at elite women’s relations to slave women, and the manner in which the dichotomy of free/slave intersected with gender in shaping Abbasid social hierarchies. The career of the slave poet Inan al-Natifi illustrates both the vulnerabilities and possibilities inherent to the lives of jawari. Her main biographer is Abu al-Faraj al-Isbahani, who accords her the first and longest biographical entry in al-Ima al-Shawa’ir (The Female Slave Poets), and an entry in the Kitab al-Aghani (The Book of Songs).
A Queen Mother and the Ottoman Imperial Harem
Authors: Argıt Betül İpşirli
Published: October 2017

The chapter details the life and career of a prominent Ottoman-era concubine and queen mother. It thus contributes to a growing body of scholarship on women in elite Ottoman circles. The period known as the sultanate of women, one in which queen mothers (valide sultans) wielded exceptional authority in social and political circles, lasted roughly from the mid-16th to the mid-17th centuries. A closer look at late 17th- and early 18th-century sources, however, suggests this perception of lessening feminine power does not reflect the historical reality. This chapter challenges the perception of a waning of women’s influence during this period by examining the life and career of Rabia Gülnuş Emetullah Valide Sultan (d. 1715).
Hagar and Mariya
Authors: Urban Elizabeth
Published: October 2017

The chapter discusses representations of Hajar and Mariya, two prominent female figures from the early Islamic tradition, widely treated in Arabic-Islamic biographical dictionaries, Quranic exegeses, and Tales of the Prophets literature. It treats the varied images of both women, with a focus on two elements: Both women were slaves and both bore children to prophets. Islamic sources, penned almost exclusively by men, expunge nearly all other aspects of these women’s stories. But, slave women had an impact not just on family structures and notions of marriage and sexuality that people often associate with “women’s history,” but also on official, predominantly male-oriented ideologies. The two images informed the loftiest notions about who deserved to rule and who counted as a noble Arab.
Epilogue
Authors: Hain Kathryn A.
Published: October 2017

KHAYZURAN’S MANIPULATION of three generations of Abbasid caliphs and courtiers make her probably the best known concubine of the Abbasid court, a place and time still famous as the backdrop for the stories of The Arabian Nights. As the mother of al-Hadi (r. 785–786) and Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809), she provides us an early example of the social mobility and wealth that an enslaved woman could attain in Islamic society. Nabia Abbott, a pioneer scholar in English on early Muslim women, wrote a biography of Khayzuran. According to her work in the Arabic sources, slavers in Yemen kidnapped this lithe girl, named her Khayzuran (“Slender Reed”), and put her through musical training in Mecca to increase her value before selling her to the caliph on the Hajj. After Khayzuran secured power in the palace, she sent royal envoys to Yemen to search for her family. They found her father to be no more than a roughly dressed freedman working in the fields. This slave concubine who became queen mother influenced royal appointments and dominated the courtiers, her spouse, and her sons, enabling her to funnel incredible wealth to her own treasury. At the time of her death, it was recorded that her yearly income consumed half the land taxes of the empire. Her estate included a huge palace with over 1,000 slaves to serve her, gold, jewels, and 18,000 silk brocade dresses. Not bad for a skinny farm kid from Yemen....
All Roads Lead to Trust
Authors: Hoff Timothy J.
Published: October 2017

Doctors view the best relationship with patients in highly personal and idealistic terms, admitting through discussion of their own experiences that sustained interpersonal relationships with many patients are difficult to establish. For doctors, interpersonal trust with their patients looms as the central feature of strong, effective relationships. The ability to relate to patients on deeper psychological and emotional levels was the key focus for them in their work. They also cited other roles, such as friend and expert advisor, as important in gaining patient trust. Doctors’ views and their best patient relationship experiences emphasized the benefits of dyadic care delivery, even as the notion of the relational dyad finds less support within health care, given over instead to higher volume, transactionally oriented care relationships between organizations and patients.
The Tyranny of Lowered Expectations
Authors: Hoff Timothy J.
Published: October 2017

For patients, the best relationships with their doctors involved the very things doctors identified as important, namely, trust, listening, emotional bonding, mutual respect, and accountability. Whereas doctors believed such strong relationships took time and a high degree of interaction with patients to establish, patients described it more as “in the moment” or sporadically emerging. They also indicated such relationships were rare. Patients also suffered from a variety of lowered expectations of their doctors that undermined their own thoughts on the prospects for strong connections with them. These lowered expectations took the form of an aversion to physician overuse of standardized medicine, along with beliefs that physicians are not easily accessible, and that primary care doctors are more “traffic cops” than multifaceted diagnosticians. These expectations feed into even further pessimism on the part of patients that they can or should have deep relationships with doctors, or that such relationships have value.
Ceding Care to the Corporation
Authors: Hoff Timothy J.
Published: October 2017

The forces impacting the doctor-patient relationship cede many care responsibilities from the individual primary care physician to the health care organization. Many physicians are now salaried employees of these organizations and report feeling a great deal of pressure from having to embrace population health management approaches that involve heavy use of quality metrics and care standardization. Aided by lowered expectations of their interactions with physicians, patient loyalties begin to shift toward the organization rather than any single doctor, as patients describe their lowered expectations and how these create opportunity to place their faith in a presumed ability by the organization to provide them with satisfactory care. This dynamic further undermines the dyadic bond potential between doctor and patient, and provides additional rationales for health care organizations to introduce retail tactics into their own interactions with patients, designed to build brand loyalty and meet more basic patient needs, such as convenience, in standardized ways.
Sorabji and the Dilemma of Determinism
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: October 2017

In Necessity, Cause and Blame (London, 1980) Richard Sorabji argues that what is caused need not be necessitated. On this basis he argues that human actions may be caused but not necessitated and that in this way we can escape the usual difficulties associated with the dilemma of determinism. This chapter argues that this strategy runs into serious difficulties and that in important respects it gets impaled on both horns of the dilemma at once. The main thrust of the criticism advanced is that on Sorabji’s account, while an agent may have more than one available set of reasons to act on, she still lacks effective control over which of these reasons becomes her will—leaving the agent vulnerable, in significant respects, to the play of chance and luck. The relevance of these issues to the contemporary debate is explained in an addendum from 2016.
Moral Sense and the Foundations of Responsibility
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses an important class of new compatibilist theories of agency and responsibility, frequently referred to as reactive attitude theories. Such theories have their roots in another seminal essay of modern free will debates, P. F. Strawson’s “Freedom and Resentment” (1962). This chapter disentangles three strands of Strawson’s argument—rationalist, naturalist, and pragmatic. It also considers other recent reactive attitude views that have attempted to remedy flaws in Strawson’s view, focusing particularly on the view of R. Jay Wallace. Wallace supplies an account of moral capacity, which is missing in Strawson’s view, in terms of an account of what Wallace calls “reflective self-control.” The chapter concludes with suggestions of how a reactive attitude approach to moral responsibility that builds on the work of Strawson, Wallace, and others might be successfully developed.
Responsibility, Naturalism, and “The Morality System”
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: October 2017

Even those who follow the general strategy of P. F. Strawson’s enormously influential “Freedom and Resentment” accept that his strong naturalist program needs to be substantially modified, if not rejected. An important effort to revise the Strawsonian program has been provided by R. Jay Wallace. This chapter argues that Wallace’s narrow construal of reactive attitudes, as they are involved in holding an agent responsible, comes at too high a cost. Related to this point, it is also argued that Wallace’s narrow conception of responsibility is a product of his effort to construct his account within the confines of the morality system and that this way of construing responsibility turns on a series of unnecessary and misleading oppositions. A more plausible middle path, it is maintained, can be found between Strawson’s excessively strong naturalist program and Wallace’s narrow and restrictive view of responsibility.
Selective Hard Compatibilism
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: October 2017

This chapter takes up a well-known objection to the compatibilist position, which is “the manipulation argument” and related arguments based on covert control. It is argued that we should reject soft compatibilist responses to cases of this kind that rely on considerations of “history” to exclude manipulated or covertly controlled agents from responsible agency. Instead a modified form of hard compatibilism is defended, one that grants something problematic about cases of this kind but rejects the claim that agents in these conditions are not responsible. The relevant issue is not that these agents are not responsible but that their manipulators or covert controllers are not entitled to hold them responsible. Selective hard compatibilism maintains that what is compromised in these circumstances is not the moral responsibility of the agent (where robust compatibilist conditions of a relevant kind are satisfied) but the participant stance or moral standing of their manipulators.
Compatibilist-Fatalism
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: October 2017

This chapter argues that compatibilists must embrace a richer conception of fatalistic concern, one that recognizes the legitimacy of incompatibilist concerns about the origination of character and conduct. Incompatibilists articulate these concerns in terms of worries about (“deep”) responsibility—something that compatibilists clearly reject. Nevertheless, pessimistic concerns about (“genuine”) agency survive the (assumed) success of compatibilism with respect to responsibility. A variety of efforts to refute or discredit pessimistic concerns of this nature are considered and shown to be unsuccessful. On this basis, it is concluded that any plausible compatibilist position must allow that determinism has fatalistic implications of some significant and relevant kind and must accept that agents may be legitimately held responsible in circumstances where they are subject to fate. The position generated by these compatibilist concessions to incompatibilism is “compatibilist-fatalism.”
Introduction
Authors: Stirr Anna Marie
Published: October 2017

The introduction to the book begins by describing dohori song—conversational, dialogic sung poetry with improvised lyrics—and discussing the different types of dohori and contexts in which it is performed, particularly the “binding dohori contest” or song duel between members of the opposite sex. It addresses dohori’s relations with social divisions and social change, within the specific context of recent histories of migration and social and political change in Nepal. And it frames the study in terms of performance as social action, ruralization, and theories of publicity and intimacy. The introduction concludes with an outline of the remaining chapters of the book.
Sounding and Staging Village Nepal
Authors: Stirr Anna Marie
Published: October 2017

This chapter turns to how commercial dohori represents an idealized version of a rural hill village through music, lyrics, dance, and visual aspects, and how such representations contribute to dohori’s mediating role among social categories, spaces, and places. Looking at representations of the rural in songs, music videos, and urban dohori restaurant performance in Nepal and in the UK, it examines how a particular version of “the Nepali village” has been constructed as normative. Building on the discussion in the preceding chapters, I argue that ways of staging the village as “country” in dohori come directly to bear on the issues of gender, caste, ethnicity, class, and region that currently dominate Nepali political discourse.
Love, Solidarity, and Sociopolitical Change
Authors: Stirr Anna Marie
Published: October 2017

Discussion of political topics in dohori lyrics was strictly forbidden in competitions and the state-run media up until 1990. This chapter looks at the slow movement toward including party politics and specific social issues in dohori performance and recordings. It examines relationships between party politics, identity politics, and the intimate politics of dohori singing. Three interrelated aspects include the inclusion of romantic love in songs sung for party political platforms, and politics in romantic love songs; arguments for caste equality through a musical meritocracy; and attempts to create social change through the words, music, videos, and live performance of dohori songs.
The Dramatic Clarification of School Segregation and Diversity Law
Authors: Levesque Roger J.R.
Published: October 2017

Educational segregation is spreading. Although rising percentages of different ethnic/racial and multiracial groups complicate statistical findings, Blacks still remain substantially more segregated from Whites than other racial/ethnic groups, even despite the legacy of school desegregation and integration efforts targeted at Black youth. This chapter examines the spread of educational segregation and highlights how the legal system increasingly views such segregation as outside of the legal system’s reach. It examines how the legal system approaches discrimination and notes how the book explores the source, nature, and implications of what constitutes segregation and related phenomena, such as desegregation, integration, and discrimination. It concludes by detailing the arguments made in the remainder of the book.
Empirical Assessments of Legal Doctrine Responding to School Segregation and Diversity
Authors: Levesque Roger J.R.
Published: October 2017

The utility of empirical findings rests on the relevant legal disputes and the interpretive mechanisms that will lead to their resolution. These determinative factors are at play in the legal system’s responses to racial/ethnic status. This chapter evaluates empirical evidence addressing the two fundamental approaches to segregation and diversity: anti-classification (resisting differential treatment) and anti-subjugation (permitting differential treatment). It addresses them in the context of schooling. The investigation reveals striking findings relating to the support of these major approaches to addressing unequal treatment. In fact, much of the research offered by social scientists fails to support the legal positions that they hope to influence.
Empirical Assessments of the Implementation of Laws Addressing School Segregation and Diversity
Authors: Levesque Roger J.R.
Published: October 2017

This chapter analyzes research related to the necessity of remedial approaches as well as potential alternatives to addressing racial disparity and the segregation of schools. These constitute critical analyses due to the manner in which the US Supreme Court addresses group classifications relating to race. These analyses reveal scant empirical evidence that addresses the law’s direct needs. Notably, it is not clear that integration efforts that use racial classifications are necessary to address the ills described by the legal system. In addition, it is not clear that alternatives, such as using economic status to shape school districts, increase integration in ways that reduce the harms associated with discrimination. In the end, the conclusion is not that these approaches could not receive empirical support; rather, it is that researchers simply have not engaged in the type of research needed to address key legal claims.
Lessons from the Law and Empirical Research Addressing School Segregation and Diversity
Authors: Levesque Roger J.R.
Published: October 2017

This chapter presents the overall conclusion that emerges from the book, which is that empirical findings may play a role in shaping legal responses to segregation and diversity in schools, but the bulk of current research increasingly becomes irrelevant. The legal system and researchers appear to be moving in opposite directions in what they identify as problematic and what to do about it. This chapter sorts through the lessons learned about the legal system’s evaluation of empirical research. It highlights the problematic nature of legal approaches, which now focus on remaining neutral/color-blind with regard to racial disparities. It then details how the legal system can better benefit from research that addresses racial and ethnic disparities.
Tradition and the Shaping of Sino-Muslim Intellectuals
Authors: Petersen Kristian
Published: October 2017

Chapter 2 offers a brief examination of the notion of tradition and narrativity in structuring discursive preferences and patterns. The chapter explores the creation and consumption of tradition as an intertextual configuration of interpretive selections because I understand texts as malleable, dynamic, and polyvalent. These queries require an explanation of the interpretive tools employed to delineate the intellectual processes that structured Han Kitab hermeneutics. Following this, the chapter maps out the literary networks and communities that established the textual constellation of signification for Han Kitab texts. The chapter investigates translational choices and interpretive structures surrounding the creation of local authoritative textual canons of Islamic works. The remainder of this chapter offers portraits of Wang Daiyu, Liu Zhi, and Ma Dexin. This panorama contextualizes these authors within specific personal histories, intellectual environments, and textual communities in order to situate the genealogy of pilgrimage, scripture, and language in Han Kitab thought.
Routes of the Hajj Pilgrimage: Belief, Practice, and Performance
Authors: Petersen Kristian
Published: October 2017

This chapter examines the construction of the idea of pilgrimage. All three of the authors discussed in this book advocated pilgrimage as a religious ideal, but its requirement as an obligatory observance was given greater weight by authors in each successive generation, as Sino-Muslims were gradually absorbed into a global context. The perception of the hajj changed from a symbol of true belief, to a potential critical practice, and finally to an essential observance and religious duty. Wang Daiyu outlined the theological foundations of the pilgrimage and its role as a link to the time of creation and union with God. Liu Zhi underlined the physical practice of potential pilgrims when he stressed the ceremonial and experiential aspects of the pilgrimage by detailing the practices associated with it. Meanwhile, Ma Dexin emphasized the performance aspect of the journey itself, while arguing for its ability to rectify and renew religious understanding and asserting its doctrinal necessity.
In Sport
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

Athletes with disabilities have unique sport experiences that able-bodied athletes are unlikely to face or face less often. The purpose of this chapter is to document those experiences. Many athletes start sport shortly after leaving a rehabilitation setting. As a result, they are often learning a new disability sport while adapting to a new life with a disability and leaving a life as an able-bodied person. Some past able-bodied sport beliefs and experiences may cause potential athletes to reject disability sport. It is not uncommon for athletes with disabilities to have their sport involvement trivialized as not being “real” sport. The experience of training and competing is also not straightforward. Many athletes struggle to find transportation to practice and may have to accommodate personal bodily functions and hygiene in traveling to competitions. Many athletes have to manage fatigue, soreness, and injuries from training and chronic pain related to their impairment. Finally, athletes with disabilities are classified to ensure fair competition, but the classification process can create stress along with fear about being unfavorably reclassified.
Peer Relationships
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

This chapter addresses the relation between sport and peer relationships for children with disabilities. Sport may be particularly valuable as a vehicle for the development of peer relationships, as many children with disabilities struggle with loneliness. Similar to many achievement-oriented social settings, sport can be a vehicle for positive, negative, and neutral experiences. For instance, sport has been linked to enhanced self-esteem, physical self-concept, positive mood states, and high-quality sport friendship. Sport can also mitigate negative affective states, such as loneliness, depression, anxiety, and fear. For example, segregated sport programs provide safe environments where adolescents with disabilities do not have to fear being teased or denigrated by able-bodied participants. However, experiences in integrated sport, with able-bodied children, can be beneficial if instructors create safe environments where teasing and bullying are not allowed. While children with disabilities are often victims of bullying, they can also be bullies in sport settings. Finally, sport experiences can be benign, with no discernible negative or positive ramifications.
Athletic Identity
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

Some of the first research in disability sport focused on athletic identity using the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS). A large body of research has supported a robust finding that athletes with disabilities view themselves as legitimate athletes, whereas they believe that others (e.g., the able-bodied public) do not view them as athletes as strongly. This chapter examines descriptive and correlational research completed with the AIMS. Descriptive work indicates Paralympians relative to recreational athletes have stronger athletic identities. Correlational research indicates that athletes with strong athletic identities are more competitive and confident and have stronger sport intentions. At the same time, athletes with exclusive athletic identities may be at risk for experiencing negative affect when unable to play. Athletes may disinvest in sport and an athletic identity as their skills wane and they anticipate no longer participating in sport. While a disinvestment in athletic identity can be viewed as a self-esteem protective strategy it might also have negative performance ramifications.
Participation Motivation
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

Athletes have multiple motivations for sport participation that can wax and wane over time, particularly over a lifetime of sport participation. The purpose of this chapter is to explore a plethora of atheoretical research examining why athletes compete in disability sport. The many reasons that athletes with disabilities cite for sport engagement are similar to those of able-bodied athletes. However, there are also reasons that are unique to a person’s impairment. People with disabilities often have chronic pain, so physical activity via sport can help with pain management. People with disabilities have less extensive social networks than able-bodied people so sport can be an attractive vehicle for making social connections. People with disabilities struggle more with activities of daily living (ADL), so the strength and endurance obtained through sport can be helpful in everyday life and performing ADLs. In general, motivations for sport participation are more intrinsic than extrinsic.
Performance Enhancement
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

Athletes with disabilities can perform more consistently and come closer to their potential if they maximize their mental skills as well as their physical skills. The purpose of this chapter is to present of humanistic developmental model of psychological skills training and an examination of disability sport psychology research on psychological skills. A humanistic developmental model prioritizes both athlete performance and well-being as they are viewed as complementary goals that exert a bidirectional influence on each other. In this model foundational factors, psychological skills and qualities, psychological methods, and facilitative and debilitative factors are seen as relatively distinct categories. Researchers have supported the importance of foundational factors, as reported in other chapters. Researchers have also supported the value of imagery and self-talk as methods to enhance confidence, motivation, and psychological skills, which in turn are positively related to performance. A host of facilitative and debilitative factors in disability sport also influence training quality and performance.
Physical Activity, Weight, and Fitness
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

Physical activity, body weight, and fitness are often, but not always, related. This chapter discusses research that has examined all three areas. People with disabilities face many individual, social, and environmental barriers to being physically active. As a result, people with disabilities can have physical activity levels that are, like able-bodied people, quite dismal. Research examining the lack of physical activity among people with impairments is quite robust as it spans ethnicity, disability type, physical activity type, and assessment method. Partly as a function of a lack of physical activity, people with disabilities tend to have higher levels of overweight and obesity compared to able-bodied people. Additionally, a lack of physical activity contributes to a lack of muscular strength and endurance and inferior cardiovascular fitness. As a result, a pattern of increasing weight gain and decreasing fitness make activities of daily living more difficult. In turn, further formal and informal physical activity become more difficult and a vicious downward spiral develops that is difficult to break, particularly for older and unhealthy individuals with disabilities.
Family Benefits
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

A large body of research indicates that people with disabilities experience varied psychological benefits from participating in sport and exercise. However, sport and exercise also offer relational benefits and family benefits. The purpose of this chapter is to examine research showing how families that include someone with a disability benefit from sport and exercise and how parents in particular benefit. The enjoyment embedded in the experience of physical activity (PA) and family interactions often leads to increased positive evaluations of both family and PA. Family cohesion is often strengthened through the mutual satisfaction of engaging in leisure, sport, and exercise. Parents attending sporting competitions meet other parents and derive shared social reality, informational, and emotional social support benefits from such interactions. Parents can also be socialized into unfamiliar sports through their children and become knowledgeable and involved in sport themselves as fans, referees, and coaches. Parents can also be barriers to their children’s sport and exercise involvement as a result of being fearful for their children’s emotional and physical well-being.
Self-Efficacy Theory
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

Self-efficacy, a task-, time-, and situation-specific form of self-confidence, is an important cognition that often drives behavior, provided people possess the physical capabilities and value the behavior in question. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview self-efficacy theory by discussing the common antecedents, correlates, and outcomes of self-efficacy. Examples specific to disability and exercise are also offered to illustrate empirical findings. Research using self-efficacy to examine physical activity (PA) is then reviewed and summarized, along with noting the limitations of the empirical literature. For instance, various forms of self-efficacy such as scheduling, task, exercise, self-regulatory, and wheelchair efficacy have been linked to PA engagement and predicted small to substantial amounts of variance. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research, such as investigating whether all of the six self-efficacy antecedents are related to self-efficacy, and how a particular disability type might moderate relationships among self-efficacy antecedents, self-efficacy, and exercise.
Exercise and Body Image
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

A major research question in disability exercise psychology is if exercise can positively influence body image. The purpose of this chapter is to review the research on disability, exercise, and body image. Physical activity (PA) may enhance perceptions of body image because people can lose body fat and increase their muscularity. It can also enhance functionality and make activities of daily living easier and help people shift their focus from appearance to body function. PA can reduce the negative evaluations and increase the positive evaluations that individuals with disabilities receive from others. Correlational studies have provided some support for a link between body image and exercise, as social physique anxiety is negatively linked to self-esteem and athletic identity among athletes with disabilities. Qualitative researchers have documented exercisers and athletes proclaiming the importance of PA in helping them feel good about their bodies. Limited intervention research has shown that PA can produce enhanced body image cognitions, such as increased body satisfaction.
Gender and Ethnicity
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

Gender and ethnicity have played large roles throughout the history of able-bodied sport and in disability sport they are important considerations for understanding engagement in sport and exercise. This chapter discusses the interactions among gender, disability, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, sexuality, and other myriad factors. For heuristic and empirical purposes sport-related gender and ethnic issues are discussed separately from exercise-related issues. One example of gender and ethnic discriminatory attitudes and how one athlete and her support team overcame them is presented through the case of a Malaysian powerlifting Paralympian. In terms of exercise, women with disabilities often feel vulnerable because of their disability so exercise behavior is curtailed. Muslim women sometimes have to reschedule exercise and sport from daylight to nighttime in order to reduce how much they are observed being active. At the same time, acculturation processes in the United States may override religious influences for some Arab Americans.
Intellectual Impairment
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

Athletes with intellectual impairments (II) are starting to attract more research attention. With their reinstatement into the Paralympics, along with the Special Olympics in the United States, athletes with II are also garnering more public attention. This chapter reviews research on athletes with II, in three areas. First is the psychosocial dynamics of sport participation. For instance, it appears that many athletes with II have difficulty maintaining motivation, yet they possess task and ego-type goals like all athletes. Psychological skills for performance enhancement are then discussed. Goal setting, for example, is an excellent tool for helping athletes with their motivation. The last area covered is research on support personnel. A defining feature of athletes with II is their reduced cognitive and functional abilities, communication limitations, and slower ability to develop sport skills. Some athletes might take substantial time to learn psychological skills, whereas other athletes may pick up various skills quite readily. Similarly, coaches may need more patience for athletes whose attention wanders or are easily distracted.
Dictating Narrative Power
Authors: Harford Vargas Jennifer
Published: October 2017

Chapter 1 uses Junot Díaz’s novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao to explore the tensions between the two definitions of “to dictate”: to order or command authoritatively and absolutely, and to speak aloud words that are to be written down or transcribed. The chapter demonstrates how narrative techniques and formal structures can dictate, or tell, a story against dictatorship without reproducing dictatorial power dynamics. The novel marginalizes and humorously parodies the dictator in the novel’s character-system and centralizes socially marginalized characters so as to challenge authoritarian power. Subsequently, the chapter demonstrates how the novel mobilizes storytelling modes—specifically hearsay, footnotes, and silences—to formally represent and critique the dissemination and repression of information under dictatorship. The chapter ultimately argues that the novel, rife with ambiguity and evasive uncertainty, dictates without dictating; that is, it tells a story without fixing that story monologically.
The Floating Dictatorship
Authors: Harford Vargas Jennifer
Published: October 2017

This chapter focuses on the figure of the neoliberal dictator in Francisco Goldman’s The Ordinary Seaman, arguing that the white captain and first mate are capitalist dictators who use a marooned ship in an abandoned Brooklyn pier as their technology of domination. The novel depicts the shipowners as modern-day explorers, slave owners, and filibusterers who employ a group of Central Americans but never pay them and keep them trapped on the ship in fear of deportation. The shipwreck functions as a metaphor for the crew’s situation as well as a narrative device, and the novel’s discourse is structured through breakage and stranded temporality. The chapter ends by considering the multiple significations of scraps and holes in the novel, demonstrating how the ruinous holes of the shipwreck are repurposed and repaired in the novel through the narrative form as the crew piece together scraps of their narrative testimonies for a migrant community that offers them safe harbor.
Plotting Justice
Authors: Harford Vargas Jennifer
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores how the novel can plot out fantasies of justice, using Héctor Tobar’s novel The Tattooed Soldier to demonstrate how the novel can challenge mass impunity in the Americas. The novel’s protagonist takes advantage of the chaos of the Rodney King uprisings in Los Angles to shoot and kill the Guatemalan military soldier who murdered his wife and son and who received counterinsurgency training at the United States’ School of the Americas. These diverse acts of rage against institutionalized impunity are comparatively illuminated in the novel via intersecting plot lines, rotating points of view, disruptive flashbacks, iterative events, and shifting geographies. The chapter further unpacks the political and formal valences of plot, arguing that the novel’s structure is at odds with the two main protagonists’ narrative desires. Though the novel’s revenge plot is resolved, the novel does not resolve the larger plot for justice; the chapter ends by considering alternative means of generating social transformation and attaining justice.
Introduction
Authors: Demshuk Andrew
Published: October 2017

After establishing the main arguments and stakes of the overall project, the introduction lays out the evolving power structures of Communist East Germany to explain who was responsible for the destruction of the University Church and why. Rejecting the common monolithic explanation that only SED party secretary Walter Ulbricht and local power player Paul Fröhlich destroyed the intact Gothic church, it reveals that a much larger mechanism of compliance and even enthusiasm was necessary to bring about this act of cultural barbarism, from city authorities, the university, and urban planners whose often banal motives (the desire for modern facilities, the dream of building the modern city, etc.) played just as important a role. After looking to Stasi collaboration and the grayness in individual biographies, it identifies the engaged public, the diverse populace that opposed the demolition with great verve to the end.
Outrage at the Exhibition of 1960
Authors: Demshuk Andrew
Published: October 2017

Public astonishment at the explicit elimination of the University Church and other historic structures on Karl Marx Square in architectural drafts at the 1960 city planning exhibition stimulated a massive letter-writing campaign. Rhetoric from the regime about soliciting public opinion gave way to paranoia behind closed doors; insisting that all opposition came from a few malcontents, authorities repressed the clear prevailing opinion. Fear of this opinion made the regime pretend that its demolition plans were not imminent, even though extensive classified documentation proves that the University Church’s fate was sealed. 1960 thus represented not just the first outright plan to destroy the church, but also the final honest attempt by the regime to measure opinion before the eve of the 1989 revolution. Henceforth, the official communist ideal of a public forum was a farce put forth in propaganda articles and tracts that claimed glowing popular endorsement for socialist modernity.