bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Raspberries modulate postprandial glycemia and markers of lipid oxidation and inflammation in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Schell Jace , Betts Nancy , Basu Arpita
Published: November 2023

Postprandial dysmetabolism of glucose and lipids contributes to endothelial dysfunction and vascular complications in diabetes. Dietary berries have been previously shown to ameliorate meal‐induced excursions in glucose and lipid profiles in non‐diabetic individuals. Emerging research suggests a role of raspberries in reducing cardio‐metabolic risk profiles, though its effects in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not known. Thus, we examined the hypothesis that dietary red raspberries will improve postprandial rise in glucose and lipids following a high‐fat fast food style meal challenge in participants with established T2D. Participants (n=25) were randomized to receive a high‐fat breakfast meal with or without raspberries (250g frozen) on two separate days, at least one week apart, and blood draws were conducted at fasting, 1, 2 and 4 hours postprandial time points. In addition, participants received a thrice/week dose of raspberries (250g frozen) for two weeks following which blood samples were collected to examine biomarkers of lipid peroxidation and inflammation. We found raspberry supplementation to significantly reduce hyperglycemia compared to the control group at 2 and 4 hours postprandial (p<0.05). However, we did not observe any changes in lipid profiles and vascular measures at any of the postprandial time points between the raspberry and control groups. At two weeks of follow up period from the acute intervention, raspberry supplementation caused a decrease in serum malondialdehyde and interleukin (IL)‐6 levels supporting the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects in participants with T2D (p<0.05). Thus, dietary raspberries deserve further investigation in the nutritional management of diabetes.

Support or Funding Information

National Processed Raspberry Council
Consumption of 2 eggs per day as compared to an oatmeal breakfast increases plasma carotenoids and markers associated with reverse cholesterol transport in young, healthy individuals
Authors: Missimer Amanda C , DiMarco Diana M , Murillo Ana Gabriela , Millar Courtney L , Blesso Christopher N , Fernandez Maria Luz
Published: November 2023

Despite the fact that the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020 withdrew the previous restriction on dietary cholesterol (300 mg/day), consumption outside of this range is met with resistance from the public. Eggs are a primary source of cholesterol in the diet, and are a good source of high quality protein, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidant carotenoids. Therefore, we investigated the effects of two different isocaloric breakfasts, either two eggs/day or one bowl of oatmeal/day, on lipid metabolism and HDL functionality to compare the impact of regular consumption of these two foods. In the randomized, cross‐over intervention, participants included 26 women and 24 men, aged 18–30 y, with a BMI of 23.3 ± 3.2 kg/m2, and normolipidemic profile. Blood was collected at the end of each period to assess apolipoproteins and carotenoid concentrations, and paraoxonase‐1 (PON1), lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activities. Our initial findings reported no increase in LDL/HDL ratio, as both LDL‐C and HDL‐C increased, while there were no significant increases in plasma triglycerides, glucose or liver enzymes following consumption of 2 eggs for breakfast every day for four weeks. However, we sought to further examine the effects of regular egg consumption on markers of HDL metabolism and HDL functionality. Apolipoproteins were assessed using a magnetic bead‐based multiplex assay. While there was no difference in apolipoproteins A‐II, B, C‐II, C‐III, or E between groups, apoA‐I was significantly increased following egg consumption (p < 0.05). ApoA‐I is the primary apolipoprotein associated with reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), the transfer of excess cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues to HDL for clearance. Plasma lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations were increased following egg consumption (p < 0.001), which suggests increased presence of antioxidants in circulation. There was no difference in PON1 activity or CETP activity between groups. Additionally, LCAT, the enzyme responsible for converting free cholesterol into cholesteryl esters in HDL, was significantly increased following consumption of eggs as compared to an oatmeal breakfast (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that, compared to oatmeal, regular egg consumption (2/day) at breakfast may result in improvements in markers of HDL functionality in healthy populations.

Support or Funding Information

Funding: award to MLF by the Esperance Family Foundation and Egg Nutrition Center Dissertation Fellowship awarded to ACM.
The Association between Socio‐demographic and Anthropometric Variables and Food Literacy Scores in Elementary School Children
Authors: Skeaff Sheila , Ware Lara , Davis Nicola , Power Daisy , Russell Kristina , Cameron Claire , Skeaff Murray
Published: November 2023

Good food literacy is necessary to navigate an increasingly complex food environment. Food literacy is the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors required to achieve both a healthy and environmentally sustainable diet. The objective of this study was to measure the food literacy of school children and to identify predictors of food literacy. Schools in New Zealand's three largest cities were randomly selected and children in Year 6 (Grade 5; aged 9–11 years) were invited to complete a validated 37‐item online questionnaire designed to measure food literacy. Socio‐demographic information, height and weight was obtained from each child. Children (n=858) from 44 schools took part in the study, which took place from February to April 2016. Data were analyzed by linear regression. The mean (SD) food literacy score of all children was 68% (12). Because food literacy scores increased by age (3% (95%CI: 1 to 5) per year; P=0.004), subsequent analyses were adjusted for age. The food literacy score of boys was 66% which was significantly lower than the 69% score of girls (mean difference of 3% (95%CI: 1 to 5); P=0.004). Children who were of Māori and Pasifika ethnicity had food literacy scores that were 6% (95%CI: 4 to 9; P=0.001) and 11% (95%CI: 7 to 14; P=0.001) lower, respectively, than the scores of children of European (i.e. Caucasian), Asian, Middle Eastern, African, South American, South‐east Indian and other ethnicities. Children who attended low decile schools (i.e. schools with the highest proportion of children from low socioeconomic backgrounds) had food literacy scores that were 10% (95%CI: 7 to 12; P=0.001) lower than children who attended medium and high decile schools. Children with a BMI that classified them as overweight and obese had food literacy scores that were 4% (95%CI: 2 to 6; P=0.001) and 6% (95%C: 2 to 9; P=0.001) lower, respectively, than scores of children who were normal weight. To our knowledge, this is the first study that has assessed food literacy in elementary school children, showing that sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and body weight were significant predictors of food literacy.

Support or Funding Information

New Zealand Lottery Health Research
Obesity Resets the Metabolic Profile of T Cells, Resulting in Reduced Memory T Cell Responses to Influenza Infection
Authors: Rebeles Jennifer
Published: November 2023

Obesity is an independent risk factor for increased mortality and morbidity from influenza infection. Infection with influenza virus results in a robust T cell response that aids in clearance and recovery from influenza virus infection. Generation of long term memory T cells is critical for preventing and/or limiting reinfection. Using a mouse model of diet‐induced obesity, we have previously demonstrated that obese mice generate fewer memory T cells following a primary influenza infection. Furthermore, these cells are not maintained and fail to function upon reinfection with influenza virus, resulting in high mortality rates. In contrast, lean mice are completely protected from re‐infection due to a robust T cell response. While it is clear that memory T cells are impaired in an obese state, what is not known is how long lasting is the dysfunction. If memory T cells are generated in an obese environment, can their function be restored with weight loss? Conversely, will functional memory T cells generated in a lean state be impaired following weight gain? To answer this question we infected lean and diet‐induced obese mice with influenza virus (X31 H3N2 strain, a genetically altered virus that contains influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 internal proteins) and allowed 30 days for memory T cells to develop. At this time point, lean mice were switched to a high fat diet and obese mice were switched to low fat diet to generate weight gain and weight loss, respectively. Control lean mice were maintained on low fat diet and control obese mice were maintained on high fat diet. After 15 weeks, the formally lean mice became obese and the formally obese mice became lean. At this point, all mice were infected with influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1). Mice who had been obese at any time lost more weight and had a higher mortality rate compared with mice who were always lean. Because the function of T cells is dictated by their metabolic function, we measured the metabolic profile of splenic T cells using the Agilent XFe96 Flux Analyzer. We found that overall, T cells from mice that had been obese at any time were more glycolytic compared with their always lean counterparts. This heightened state of metabolic activity may have impaired their function, leading to the increased morbidity and mortality found in the obese and formally obese mice. Our results suggest that obesity resets the metabolic programming of T cells that is not reversed by weight loss. Further studies are underway to determine if restoring appropriate T cell metabolism with drugs like metformin can improve T cell function and thus prevent the increased mortality from influenza infection. Given that 37% of the adult US population is obese and that influenza results in 3,000 to 50,000 deaths each year, developing strategies to improve the response to influenza infection is needed to protect obese adults, an expanding portion of the global population.
Altered Metabolism and Function of T Cells Isolated from Influenza Vaccinated Obese Adults
Authors: Green William David , Rebeles Jennifer , Noah Terry J , Hudgens Michael G , Weir Sam S , MacIver Nancie J , Beck Melinda A
Published: November 2023

In 2009, obesity was identified as an independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality to infection with influenza. Currently, vaccination provides the best protection against influenza infection. Given the high prevalence of obesity within the United States, coupled with the associated risk of obesity and influenza‐related poor health outcomes, our laboratory studies the effects of obesity on the influenza vaccine response. Previously, we demonstrated that, compared with vaccinated healthy weight adults, influenza‐specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from vaccinated obese adults were less activated and expressed fewer functional markers. We hypothesized that the mechanism responsible for the impaired vaccine response was due to obesity‐induced alterations in the metabolic profile of these T cells. To elucidate the influence of obesity as an independent metabolic factor, we recruited 30 women, ages 35–65, who were either healthy weight (18.5 < BMI < 24.9) or obese (BMI ≥ 30.0) with no history of autoimmune disease or conditions that would be immunosuppressive. Metabolic profiles of cells were determined using the Agilent XFe96 Flux Analyzer immediately following isolation and at 72‐hours post CD3/CD28 activation. Additionally, freshly isolated PBMCs were cultured with a strain of influenza virus represented in the vaccine all subjects received, A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) virus, for 72 hours. Following stimulation, the cells were stained for intracellular and extracellular functional markers and analyzed on the BD LSRII flow cytometer. We found that freshly isolated (quiescent) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells showed no metabolic differences among groups. However, upon stimulation, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from obese subjects showed higher basal respiration and basal glycolytic rates compared to cells from healthy weight subjects. Furthermore, obese cells showed reduced spare‐respiratory capacity compared to healthy weight. Correlating with the differences in metabolism, activation and functional markers were lower on cells from obese subjects. These results suggest that metabolic and hormonal dysregulation associated with obesity alters the cellular metabolism of influenza‐specific T cells. This alteration in metabolism likely impairs their ability to respond to influenza, thereby resulting in higher influenza morbidity and mortality in an obese population. Our findings suggest that obesity‐driven metabolic changes in immune cells may impair the response to other vaccines as well, putting an increasingly obese population at higher risk for vaccine failures.

Support or Funding Information

NIH Grant RO1 AI078090, P30DK056350 IRB 08‐1606
Ancestral and multi‐generational consumption of the total Western diet in mice promotes colitis‐associated colorectal cancer in third‐generation offspring
Authors: Phatak Sumira , Larson Deanna , Hunter Ashli , Neal Canyon , Contreras Kevin , Pontsler Katie , Armbrust Tess , Rodriguez Daphne , Abercrombie Braden , Hintze Korry , Ward Robert , Benninghoff Abby
Published: November 2023

Diet is widely recognized as an important factor in lifetime cancer risk, yet Americans routinely consume foods that are energy‐dense and nutrient‐poor. The primary objective of this study was to determine the impact of ancestral or multi‐generational consumption of the total Western diet (TWD), a Western‐style diet formulated for rodents using human US nutrient intake data, in a murine model of inflammation‐associated colorectal carcinogenesis. The hypotheses tested were 1) that ancestral exposure to the TWD would promote colitis‐associated colorectal cancer (CAC) in F3 generation offspring and 2) that cumulative exposure to the TWD over multiple generations would further exacerbate disease development. C57BL/6J mice were bred for three generations, during which they were fed a standard diet (AIN93G), TWD, or a simple high fat diet (45% diet‐induced obesity diet, DIO) during only the F0 generation, the F0 through F3 generations or only the F3 generation. The azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate model of CAC was employed in the F3 offspring. Notably, incidence of CAC was significantly higher in F3 offspring exposed ancestrally to the TWD (92%) as compared to their F3 counterparts fed AIN93G (56%). Moreover, tumor burden was markedly higher (> 3‐fold increase) in F3 offspring exposed to TWD over multiple generations when compared to F3 offspring provided TWD directly. Alternatively, neither ancestral or multi‐generation exposure to the DIO diet altered CAC incidence, whereas a small, significant increase in tumor burden in F3 offspring ancestrally‐exposed to the DIO was observed as compared to direct‐fed mice. In summary, ancestral exposure to TWD markedly increased colon cancer incidence and disease severity in F3 offspring that were not fed this diet directly. Also, exposure to TWD over multiple generations markedly exacerbated the disease in F3 offspring as compared to those fed TWD directly.

Support or Funding Information

Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Project UTA‐1178;

USDA NIFA/AFRI Grant No. 2014‐67017‐21755
Role of Intracellular Calcium in Vitamin D‐Treated L6 Myoblast Differentiation and Fiber Type Specification
Authors: Park Min Young , Kim Jonggun , Whang Kwang‐Youn
Published: November 2023

Emerging evidence suggests that vitamin D plays a role in skeletal muscle differentiation and fiber type‐specific gene expression. It has been demonstrated that vitamin D receptor (VDR) and/or intracellular calcium are involved in this process. The present study was conducted to examine the role of intracellular calcium in vitamin D‐mediated L6 myoblast differentiation. An intracellular calcium chelator, 1,2‐Bis(2‐aminophenoxy)ethane‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA), was treated to the cells and incubated for 24 hrs prior to differentiation. Then, 100 pM 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 was treated to the cells for 8 days of differentiation. A total of 4 treatments (a 2×2 factorial design) used in this study were: CON, BAPTA, 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VitD), BAPTA+1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (BAPTA‐D). Ca2+‐chelating effect of BAPTA was confirmed after BAPTA incubation by using fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, Indo‐1 AM. On day 8 after differentiation, mRNA levels of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) and skeletal muscle fiber type‐specific markers were analyzed by qPCR. In VitD treatment, mRNA levels of two MRFs, MyoD and Myogenin, were suppressed in comparison with those of CON (0.8 and 0.6 folds, respectively, p<0.05). In contrast, slow fiber type‐specific markers, including PGC‐1α, ATP2a2 and Tnni1, were upregulated (1.8, 1.7, and 2.9 folds, respectively, p<0.05), while Tnni2, a fast fiber type‐specific gene, was downregulated (0.49 folds, p<0.05) in VitD treatment compared to those of CON. In BAPTA treatment, mRNA levels of Myogenin and Mrf4 were decreased when compared to those of CON (0.75 and 0.42 folds, respectively, p<0.05). However, it was shown that slow fiber type‐specific gene mRNA levels (PGC‐1α, ATP2a2, and Tnni1) were not affected by intracellular calcium level. In BAPTA‐D treatment, decreased gene expression levels of Myogenin and Mrf4 were similar to those of BAPTA treatment, while MyoD was at further lower level compared to that of VitD treatment (0.5 folds, p<0.05). In addition, Tnni1, which was increased in VitD treatment, was not increased in BAPTA‐D treatment. This results may indicate that 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulated Tnni1 mRNA expression via intracellular calcium level. At gene expression level, the inhibitory effect in VitD treatment on MyoD gene expression was amplified in BAPTA‐D treatment. However, the enhancing effect in VitD treatment on Tnni1 mRNA level was abolished in BAPTA‐D treatment. Therefore, intracellular calcium level partially mediates the effects of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 on gene expression during L6 myoblast differentiation.
Awareness of Dietary Guidance and Diet Quality of Adults, What We Eat in America, NHANES 2007–2012
Authors: Hoy Katherine , Goldman Joseph D , Moshfegh Alanna J
Published: November 2023

The recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans are communicated to consumers through graphics, nutrition messages, and online educational resources. Awareness and use of these food guidance tools may be related to whether the individual is considering or trying to implement dietary recommendations. The purpose of this study is to describe awareness of federal dietary guidance, and to compare the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2010 and its 12 components by level of awareness for adults 19+ years. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and What We Eat in America (WWEIA), NHANES 2007–12, respectively, were used to determine level of awareness of either the Food Guide Pyramid (FGP) or MyPyramid (MP) and the HEI (N=14,150); MyPlate was not included due to insufficient group sizes. Participants were classified as ‘unaware’, ‘aware’, or as having ‘tried’ either the FGP or MP based on answers to three questions in the NHANES Dietary Behavior Questionnaire. The HEI and its components were compared by level of awareness using paired t‐test. Comparisons were considered significant at P<0.001. When first asked about awareness of MP, almost half were unaware; those unaware were then asked about the FGP. Overall, 22% of adults were unaware of either the FGP or MP, 54% were aware of either, and 25% had tried one or the other. The HEI (mean, (SE)) of those who had tried either the FGP or MP was significantly higher (54.5, (0.49)) than either those aware (49.9 (0.40)) or unaware (49.2 (0.35)) (P<0.001). For HEI components, those who tried the FGP or MP had significantly (P<0.001) better scores for intake of total vegetables, dark green vegetables and legumes, total fruit, intact fruit, whole grains, and empty calories vs those either unaware and aware, and for intake of seafood/plant protein foods vs those unaware. Those who tried or were aware had better scores for dairy intake vs those unaware. There were no differences in component scores for intake of refined grains, total protein foods, fatty acids, or sodium. These results provide insight about how the FGP or MP was implemented by adults, and suggest that nutrition messages provided guidance for individuals actively trying to improve their diet. Further research about MyPlate will provide important feedback about awareness of dietary guidance and its implementation.

Support or Funding Information

ARS‐USDA
Modeled impact of food and beverage reformulations on added sugars intake and its social gradient in the US
Authors: Gressier Mathilde , Mathias Kevin C , Drewnowski Adam , Vlassopoulos Antonis , Masset Gabriel
Published: November 2023

Introduction

The sugar intake of the US population is above the WHO recommendation, with soft drinks and sugary foods as the main contributors of such intake. Lower socio‐economic classes (SEC) tend to have higher sugar intake than higher SEC. Different incentives are being discussed to limit this intake, like taxation, reformulation, or labelling of added sugars. Reformulation is a possible strategy to improve dietary intakes, without having to change consumers' eating habits.

The objective of this study was to assess the potential impact of industry wide reformulation on added sugars intake, from solid and liquid sources, and across SEC.

Methods

Foods and beverages consumed by 5076 US adults aged 18+ years were retrieved from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–12, and assessed against the Nestlé Nutritional Profiling System (NNPS) standards. NNPS classifies products in a dichotomous Pass/Fail, based on whether they meet all criteria for energy, total and saturated fats, sodium, added sugars, protein, fiber and calcium. In a modelling scenario, all Fail products were substituted with the Pass item having the closest nutrition composition using the Euclidean distance. Actual added sugars intakes (baseline) were compared to the modeled intakes (substitution scenario). Added sugars intakes from solid and liquid sources were studied separately. The study was stratified by SEC, using the income‐to‐poverty ratio (IPR). Linear regressions were performed to assess social gradients of added sugars intake (actual and modeled).

Results

The average daily intake of added sugars was 77.6 g/d (SE:1.7) for US adults at baseline, with solid and liquid sources contributing similarly (38.7;1.0 and 38.9;1.4 g/d, respectively). Added sugars intake was negatively associated with IPR (1st quintile 89.4g; /d, 5th 70.8g/d, p‐trend<0.001, Figure). This social gradient was explained by intake from liquid sources.

The substitution scenario led to a mean daily intake of 41.7;0.9g/d for the whole population. The modeled reduction in added sugar intakes was mainly explained by reduced intakes from liquid sources (−29.5 g/d vs −6.4 for solid sources). This resulted in an overall attenuation of the added sugars intake social gradient (1st IPR quintile 45.9g/d, 5th 41.3g/d, p‐trend= 0.025, Figure).

Conclusion

Industry‐wide reformulations could lead to a 46% reduction in the US adults' added sugars intake, mainly through the reformulation of liquid sources. Moreover, the modeling suggests that reformulations are likely to reduce the social gradient in added sugars intakes. Nevertheless, reformulation efforts need to be combined with other initiatives promoting healthier dietary choices and adequate serving sizes.

Support or Funding Information

This study was founded by Nestec SA
Verifying fibers meet regulatory definitions for Nutrition Facts labeling: A randomized, controlled trial evaluating Polydextrose in dry form
Authors: Zhao Anqi , Rahman Sajida , Park Eunyoung , Xiao Di , Edirisinghe Indika , Freeman Britt Burton
Published: November 2023

National concern over low fiber intake in America has prompted the food industry to supplement processed foods with added fibers. FDA proposed a new rule for Nutrition Facts labeling requiring added/functional fibers to demonstrate a physiological health benefit to be considered as dietary fiber on the Nutrition Facts label. Physiological benefits, however, can be affected by the fiber's physiochemical environment (i.e. food matrix). Polydextrose (PDX) is a synthetic polymer of glucose resistant to digestion with mixed reports regarding its contribution to producing physiological effects based on “acceptable” fiber benefits: glucose control, cholesterol lowering and laxation effect. Previously we showed that PDX does not lower postprandial glucose when added to a sugar drink (wet matrix). In the present study, we tested PDX in a dry cereal bar to determine if the dry matrix would reveal differential effects of PDX on postprandial glycemia. In a randomized, 3 h postprandial, crossover clinical trial, nineteen participants (10 male, 9 female) with a mean (± SD) age of 35.1 ± 8.5 y and BMI 25.0 ± 3.6 kg/m2 consumed a cereal bar with either 0 g or 12 g of PDX as a light breakfast on two separate occasions. Consumption of the cereal bar with 12 g of PDX significantly increased the postprandial glucose and insulin responses compared to 0 g control (p=0.02 and p=0.01, respectively). Total area under the curve (AUC) values for glucose over 3 hours was not significantly higher than control (p=0.16), but total AUC for insulin was significantly higher (p=0.03). Gastrointestinal (GI) tolerability was evaluated using scores ranked according to usual feelings of GI sensitivity. Overall, no significant changes or differences between treatments in GI tolerability were observed (p>0.05). Based on the endpoint of glycemia and the proposed FDA rule for fiber labeling, PDX would not qualify as a dietary fiber on the Nutrition Facts label.

Support or Funding Information

IIT/FDA Corporate Research Agreement
Prenatal Iron Deficiency Causes Long‐Term Alterations in Brown Adipose Tissue Quantity and Thermogenic Capacity in Adult Rats
Authors: Bourque Stephane L , Cherak Stephana J , Yoo Jihee , Johnson Peter A , Woodman Andrew G , Panahi Sareh , Gragasin Ferrante
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Fetal exposure to an adverse intrauterine environment can lead to altered growth and developmental trajectories, thereby increasing susceptibility to chronic disease in later life. Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common nutritional disorder in the world, and pregnant women are the most susceptible subgroup. We have shown that prenatal ID programs offspring metabolic function, characterized by an increased propensity for fat accumulation in later life; however, the mechanisms underlying this metabolic function are unknown. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is highly metabolically active tissue which generates large quantities of heat to maintain core body temperature. The capacity of BAT to burn calories as heat makes it an attractive therapeutic target for obesity. We sought to determine whether prenatal ID predisposes offspring to obesity by chronically altering the thermogenic capacity of BAT, and thus whole body metabolism.

Methods

Female Sprague Dawley rats were fed either a control or an iron‐restricted (3–10 ppm iron) diet prior to and throughout gestation. At birth, dams were fed a normal rat chow, and pups were subsequently fed a high‐fat/high‐sucrose diet at weaning (postnatal day 21). At 4wk of age, one male and female offspring from each litter were subjected to a chronic cold exposure protocol (4°C, 12h/day, 5wk) to stimulate brown fat, and one male and female littermate were maintained at room temperature (22°C). Metabolic parameters were analyzed in vivo via open‐circuit indirect calorimetry. Maximal thermogenic capacity from BAT was assessed following pharmacological stimulation with the β3 agonist CL316,243.

Results

Prenatal ID caused lower body weights in offspring from birth until 4wk of age, but both male and female offspring exhibited catch‐up growth when fed the high‐fat/high‐sucrose diet. Cold exposure increased BAT mass in all offspring (P<0.001), and this correlated with increased thermogenic capacity in all offspring (P<0.001). Whereas cold exposure had minimal effects on control offspring body weight and body composition, cold exposure prevented body weight and fat mass gain in male PID offspring (P<0.001), but not in female PID offspring.

Conclusions

Prenatal ID causes sex‐specific programming of body composition and BAT function in the offspring. BAT may therefore represent an attractive target for therapeutic intervention to prevent the obesity and metabolic function caused by early stressors such as prenatal ID.

Support or Funding Information

This research has been facilitated by the Women and Children's Health Research Institute through the generosity of the Stollery Children's Hospital Foundation and supporters of the Lois Hole Hospital for Women, and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
Protein‐Dense Whole Food Ingestion Augments Postprandial Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis in Healthy‐Weight, Overweight, and Obese Young Adults
Authors: Beals Joseph W , van Vliet Stephan , Sukiennik Richard A , Young Justin R , Dilger Anna C , Ulanov Alexander V , Li Zhong , Scott Paluska A , Burd Nicholas A
Published: November 2023

The effect of protein ingestion on modulating skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein synthesis rates in healthy adults has not been systematically examined. Therefore, we compared basal and postprandial skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein synthesis rates in response to protein‐rich food ingestion in healthy‐weight, overweight, and obese young men and women. 10 healthy‐weight (HW: age; 24±1 y, BMI; 22.1±0.4 kg/m2), 10 overweight (OW: age; 26±2 y, BMI; 27.1±0.5 kg/m2), and 10 obese (OB: age; 27±3 y, BMI; 35.9±1.3 kg/m2) men and women received primed continuous infusions of L‐[ring‐13C6]‐phenylalanine to determine mitochondrial protein synthesis rates before and after the ingestion of 170 g of lean pork (36 g protein, 3 g fat). Repeated blood samples and muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were collected in the basal‐state and after pork ingestion throughout a 5 h postprandial period. Plasma phenylalanine and leucine concentrations increased after pork ingestion with no differences between groups (Time effect: P<0.001). Plasma insulin concentrations increased after pork ingestion with peak values occurring at 1 h in all groups. However, plasma insulin concentrations reached higher peak values in the OB group (2.2±0.3 fold‐change from baseline) as compared to HW and OW groups (1.7±0.2 and 1.5±0.2 fold‐change from baseline, respectively; P>0.05). Basal mitochondrial protein synthesis rates were not different between groups (P>0.05). Net (0–5 h) postprandial mitochondrial protein synthesis rates after pork ingestion were increased above basal values in the HW (0.09±0.01%·hr−1), OW (0.08±0.01%·hr−1), and OB groups (0.08±0.01 %·hr−1 (P<0.001) with no differences between groups (P>0.05). Our data demonstrate that stimulation of postprandial mitochondrial protein synthesis rates after pork ingestion is not impaired with increased fat mass in young adults. These findings suggest that, alterations in the postprandial mitochondrial protein synthetic response are unlikely to contribute to skeletal muscle metabolic abnormalities witnessed with greater fat mass when a typical American dinner‐sized amount of protein is routinely consumed.

Support or Funding Information

The National Pork Board
Protein Intake in Early Childhood Is not Associated with Adiposity, Height, or IGF‐I in Mid‐Childhood among Well‐Nourished Children in a U.S. Cohort
Authors: Switkowski Karen , Jacques Paul , Must Aviva , Oken Emily
Published: November 2023

Objective

Our objective was to examine associations of protein intake in early childhood (~3y) with height, insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) levels, and measures of adiposity in mid‐childhood (~8y). In infancy, higher protein intake, typical of commercial formulas, has consistently been associated with higher IGF‐I levels and more rapid growth compared with intake of breast milk or lower protein formula. We aimed to test the hypothesis that protein intake in early childhood programs later growth.

Methods

We studied 1058 children in the Boston‐area Project Viva cohort. Mothers reported their children's early childhood diet using food frequency questionnaires. We adjusted protein intake for total energy and weight using residuals and categorized intake in g/d into quartiles. Using multivariable linear regression models adjusted for race/ethnicity, sex, family socioeconomic status, parental and birth anthropometrics, breastfeeding status, and certain mid‐childhood behaviors, we examined associations of early childhood protein intake with mid‐childhood adiposity (BMI z‐score, sum of subscapular and triceps (SS+TR) skinfolds and dual X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) fat mass), height z‐score and IGF‐I levels.

Results

The children were predominantly white (66%), and 70% had mothers with a college degree. Mean protein intake in early childhood was 58.2 g/d (3.78 g/kg/d), well above the U.S. recommendation of 13 g/d (1.1 g/kg/d) for ages 1–3y. There were no clear associations between protein intake in early childhood and adiposity, height, or IGF‐I levels in mid‐childhood in the overall sample or in separate analyses of boys and girls. In fully adjusted models, the βs (95% CIs) representing the difference in outcome corresponding to the highest vs. lowest quartile of protein intake were: 0.13 (−0.05, 0.30) for BMI z‐score; 0.02 (−1.66, 1.69) for SS+TR skinfolds (mm); −0.04 (−0.72, 0.63) for DXA fat mass (kg); 0.05 (−0.11, 0.21) for height z‐score; and −5.30 (−29.6, 19.0) for IGF‐I (ng/mL).

Conclusions

Our results do not support a role for early childhood protein intake in programming later adiposity or height growth in a sample of children with relatively high protein intake.

Support or Funding Information

Supported by the US National Institutes of Health (grant R01 HD034568, UG3 OD023286). Dr. Oken was supported by K24 HD069408 and P30 DK092924
Effects of Dietary Protein Evenly Spread throughout the Day on Sleep and Mood in Overweight Women during Sub‐Chronic Energy Balance and Energy Restriction
Authors: Gwin Jess A. , Leidy Heather J.
Published: November 2023

Background

Increasing evidence illustrates that poor eating habits are associated with poor appetite control in combination with poor sleep quality. However, whether specific dietary strategies can improve these outcomes remains unclear. Although energy restriction (ER) higher‐protein (HP) diets improve appetite control and subjective sleep outcomes compared to standard‐protein (SP) versions, less is known with respect to objective measures of sleep quantity and quality.

Purpose

To investigate the effects of consuming SP vs. HP diets on measured sleep quantity and quality in combination with mood state in healthy, overweight women during ER and energy balance (EB).

Methods

Thirty‐four women (age: 35±2y; BMI: 28.1±0.3kg/m2) completed the following randomized, full‐feeding, cross‐over design studies. For study 1, 17 participants randomly consumed an EB diet (2000kcal/d) containing SP (76g protein/d) or HP (125g protein/d) for 7 days/treatment. For study 2, 17 participants randomly consumed an ER diet (1250 kcal/d) containing SP (48g protein/d) or HP (125g protein/d) for 7 days/treatment. Beginning on day 6 of each treatment, 24‐h, continuous actigraphy was performed in combination with sleep questionnaires, sleep diaries, and mood assessments.

Results

Following both ER and EB diets, no differences in measured sleep quality (total sleep time, wakenings, or sleep efficiency) or mood (i.e., fatigue, vigor, or arousal) were detected between the SP vs. HP treatments.

Conclusions

Increased protein consumption over the shorter‐term does not influence measured sleep time, wakenings, sleep efficiency, or daily perceptions of energy/sleepiness during energy balance or energy restriction in healthy, overweight women.

Support or Funding Information

The Beef Checkoff
Effects of Storage Conditions on Gut Microbiota Data
Authors: Sugino Kameron Y. , Comstock Sarah S.
Published: November 2023

The gut microbiome is highly variable between individuals, and the methods used to gather microbiome data can add to the inherent variability. Identifying which aspects of sample collection, processing and sequencing introduce bias is important for microbiome studies. Here, we compare microbiota data of a fecal sample stored at either room temperature (RT, n=4) or −80□ (Frozen, n=4) for 4 days before extraction. Samples were extracted using either the Qiagen (n=2 from each storage group) or Norgen (n=2 from each storage group) stool extraction kit. A 16S rRNA gene library was created and sequence data generated on the Illumina MiSeq platform before being processed in Mothur. AMOVA and metastats commands in Mothur were used to compare community and taxon abundance, respectively. Comparing bacterial communities between storage groups, there were no significant differences between room temperature and frozen samples. At the genus level, 4 of 114 were significantly different between groups, each comprising <1% of the total abundance except for Clostridium cluster XI, which was present at 3.5% in the frozen samples and 0.9% in the room temperature samples (p<0.05). There is no difference in overall community composition when storing fecal samples at room temperature or at −80□ for 4 days. There are some differences in rarer taxa, but none of them comprised more than 4% of the whole community. In conclusion, storage of fecal samples for microbiota community sequencing at room temperature is comparable to storage at −80□ over 4 days if rarer taxa are not as important as whole community composition. This validation confirmed that 4 days of sample delivery transit time is acceptable for sample collection in our ARCHGUT and BABYGUT cohort studies.

Support or Funding Information

Michigan State University
Adherence to sugar‐sweetened beverages recommendations among Mexican adults with self‐reported Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Soto Tania C Aburto , Poti Jennifer M , Mendez Michelle A , Popkin Barry M
Published: November 2023

Background

Diabetes is the leading cause of disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYs) in Mexico, and the second cause of mortality, with an estimated prevalence of 9.2% self‐reported diabetic adults and a total prevalence of at least 14%. Consuming sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) contributes to elevated blood glucose levels and increased insulin resistance in diabetic patients. While there is evidence of the high contribution of SSBs to daily energy intakes in the Mexican population, there are no known studies that have focused on SSBs intake of self‐reported diabetics. Thus, understanding the adherence of this high‐risk population to SSBs recommendations would help to identify a potential strategy to improve their glycemic control.

Objective

To describe SSBs consumption patterns among self‐reported type 2 diabetics (T2D), and estimate the association between self‐reported T2D status and the adherence to SSBs recommendations.

Methods

We used 24‐hour dietary recalls from adults 20 years and older (n=2,852) from the 2012 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey to estimate SSB energy contribution to total daily energy intake. Adherence to recommendations was defined as SSBs intake of less than 3% of total energy intake. Generalized linear models were used to estimate the difference in prevalence of adherence to SSBs recommendations for adults with and without self‐reported T2D. Effect estimates were adjusted for education, socioeconomic status, area of residence (urban/rural), age, BMI, sex, and self‐reported hypertension.

Results

In 2012, 9.5% (95% CI: 8.0, 11.4%) of adults self‐reported having a T2D diagnosis. On one given day, SSBs energy intake of adults with self‐reported T2D was significantly lower than for adults without self‐reported T2D (108 kcal/d, 95% CI: 85, 132 vs.183 kcal/d, 95% CI: 172, 195). The percent of energy intake from SSBs was also lower for self‐diagnosed T2D (7.0%, 95% CI: 5.3, 8.7) compared to their counterparts not reporting T2D (9.3%, 95% CI: 8.8, 9.8). After adjusting for covariates, the prevalence of adults with self‐reported T2D that complied with the SSBs intake recommendation was 44% (95% CI: 34, 54) compared to 29% (95% CI: 26, 32) of adults without self‐reported T2D, with a significant prevalence difference of 15.3 percentage points (95% CI: 5.3, 25%).

Discussion

These results suggest that knowledge of T2D status is favorably associated with lower SSBs intake in Mexican adults. Nonetheless, more concerted public health efforts are needed to achieve a higher compliance to SSBs recommendations and a lower contribution of SSBs to energy intake in this population.

Support or Funding Information

Support comes primarily from the Bloomberg Philanthropies (grants to UNC and CINyS INSP), with support from the NIH R01DK108148, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (Grant 71698), and the Carolina Population Center and its NIH Center grant (P2C HD0550924).
Total Fluid Intake, Water and Sweet Beverages Intake: From a Median Intake to Identifying the Proportion of Individuals potential at Risk
Authors: Guelinckx Isabelle , Vecchio Mariacristina , Perrier Erica Taylor , Morin Clémentine
Published: November 2023

PURPOSE

Low fluid intake has recently been associated with increased risk of chronic diseases. However, only few and sparse data on total fluid intake (TFI) are available in the general population. The aim was to evaluate the proportion of individuals with a low total fluid intake (TFI; sum of drinking water and all other beverages) and a daily SSB intake in a large international sample

METHODS

8 339 female and 7 227 male adults (≥18yr; 39.6 ± 14 yr) recruited in the Liq.In7 cross sectional survey in 13 countries in Asia, Europe and South America completed a 7 day fluid specific record. Visuals of standard containers were presented to increase the accuracy of reported TFI. An adequate TFI was defined as intake ≥ 80% of the adequate intake (AI) of total water set by European Food Safety Authority. A low intake was defines as a TFI < 1,2L/d since this intake level has been associated with elevated plasma cortisol, creatinine and arginine vasopressin (Perrier et al. 2013). The cut‐off of ≥1 daily serving (250 mL/d) of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB; sum of carbonated and non‐carbonated soft drinks, juices and flavored water) was considered since the risk for metabolic diseases was increased as of this intake level (Malik et al, 2010; Dhingra et al, 2007).

RESULTS

Median TFI, water and SSB intake was respectively 1.8 L/d, 0.6 L/d and 0.2 L/d with no significant gender difference for TFI (p=0.5760) and SSB (p=0.6431). However median drinking water intake of women (median (95% CI): 0,64 (0,82–0,86) L/d) was higher than that of men (0,61 L/d (0,76–0,79) L/d; p<0.0001). On one hand 22% of woman and 24% of men consumed less than 1 serving/d of water, and on the other hand one fourth of female and male sample consumed respectively more than 1.18 L/d and 1.09 L/d of water. 39% of female and 57% of male sample has mean intake below the AI for fluid intake, and a low intake among 20% of the sample. One fourth of the sample had a mean TFI higher than 2.5 L/day, and 5% even higher than 3.8 L/d. 49% of the sample consumed ≥ 1 serving of SSB/day and one fourth of sample consumed more than 0.56 L/d of SSB.

CONCLUSION

Despite the fact that some of these cut‐offs are based on emerging science and these results suggested that in at libitum conditions a relatively high proportion of individuals chronically consumed low volumes of TFI and drinking water. A low TFI, water intake and low urine volume have been linked to an increased risk of kidney diseases. A daily SSB intake has been linked to diabetes risk, a consumption level observed in half of the sample. Besides this pooled analysis, additional analysis should be performed to compare the intakes by country.

Support or Funding Information

This work is support by Danone Research
A Year‐long Trial to Examine the Effects of a Daily Dose of Walnuts on Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in an Elderly Population
Authors: Al Abdrabalnabi Ahmed , Bitok Edward , Rajaram Sujatha , Rizzo Nico , Sabaté Joan
Published: November 2023

Background/Objective

Long‐term observational studies and short‐term intervention trials have linked nut consumption with improved cardiometabolic risk factors. However, long‐term trials on nut intake and cardiometabolic risk are lacking. We conducted a year‐long trial to examine the effects of a daily dose of walnuts on cardiometabolic risk markers in an elderly population.

Methods

A total of 356 participants (Ages 62–79) were randomly assigned to a walnut or control group. Participants in the walnut group were provided with packaged walnuts (1, 1.5, or 2 oz.) and asked to incorporate into their daily habitual diet. The walnut supplement provided an estimated 15% of their daily energy. Participants in the control group were asked to continue with their habitual diet and to refrain from eating walnuts or excessive intake of other nuts. Both groups were asked to maintain their lifestyles. Blood samples were obtained at baseline and one year and assayed for total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Blood pressure and waist circumference measurements were obtained at baseline and one year. Data was analyzed using logistic regression and t‐test.

Results

A total of 314 participants completed the study. Data from five participants was incomplete, thus the final sample for this analysis was 309 (155 walnut, 154 control, 66% female). Triglycerides decreased significantly in the walnut group compared to control [−8.41 mg/dl (95% CI −15.54, −1.29 & P=0.02). This was accompanied by a non‐significant decrease in total cholesterol [−3.49 mg/dl (95% CI −9.94, 2.96, & P=0.29), LDL‐cholesterol (−2.40 mg/dl | 95% CI −7.73, 2.93 P=0.38), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (−1.25 mm/Hg | 95% CI −4.96, 2.47 P=0.51), and diastolic blood pressure (−1.62 mm/Hg | 95% CI −3.91, 0.67 & P= 0.17). HDL‐cholesterol increased modestly in the walnut group (+0.35 mg/dl | 95% CI −1.08, 1.78 & P= 0.38). Fasting glucose levels also increased in the walnut group although not significantly (FGL) (+1.82 mg/dl | 95% CI −0.67, 4.32 & P= 0.15). There were no significant between‐group differences in waist circumference.

Conclusion

Supplementing the diet of older adults with a daily dose of walnuts and no other dietary advice can result in improved blood lipids and blood pressure without adverse effects on waist circumference.

Support or Funding Information

The study is funded by the California Walnut Commission.