bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analytic Elements from Separation of Variables
Authors: Steward David R.
Published: November 2020

Separation of variables provides influence functions for analytic elements, which extend the solutions available with complex functions to problems involving the Helmholtz and modified Helmholtz equations. Methods are introduced for one-dimensional problems that provide the background vector field for many problems, and these solutions are extended to finite domains with interconnected rectangle elements in Section 4.3. Circular elements are developed in Section 4.4 using series of Bessel and Fourier functions to model wave propagation around and through collections of elements, and vadose zone solutions are extended to solve the nonlinear interface conditions occurring along circles. Methods are extended to three-dimensional problems for spheres (Section 4.5), and prolate and oblate spheroids in Section 4.6.
Māyā in Relation to the Human Condition
Authors: Gupta Gopal K.
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses māyā’s role as the deluding power that covers the memory of souls that desire to live in forgetfulness of God and causes them to identify as products of matter, living in the temporal realm. As with most Indic literatures, the Bhāgavata employs metaphors to explain its philosophical doctrines, and the dream experience is the primary metaphor used to describe māyā’s deluding power. The Bhāgavata considers the human condition to be a condition of dreaming, with the word svapna (dream) appearing well over sixty times throughout its pages. This chapter also explores the Bhāgavata’s largest and most complex allegory—that of Purañjana and the City of Nine Gates. The questions to be addressed by means of this allegory are of paramount concern to the Bhāgavata, and they are central to its account of māyā and the human condition: What is the self? Why does the eternally transcendent self misidentify with temporary matter? How does it come to do so?
The Bhāgavata Speaks of Woman
Authors: Gupta Gopal K.
Published: November 2020

Indic texts have played a crucial role in constructing, and greatly influencing, gender roles and social norms in Indian society. Scholarship on these texts has identified problems of identity and hegemony that are thoroughly discussed in such fields as subaltern studies, gender studies, cultural studies, and the like. Because of cultural practices such as satῑ and religious laws for widows, Hinduism and some of its associated texts tend to have a reputation for patriarchal misogyny. In her Encyclopedia of Feminism, Lisa Tuttle advises scholars to ask “new questions of old texts;” following her lead, this chapter intends to examine the gender discourse contained in the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, focusing on the text’s characterization of women as māyā, which we have here defined as God’s deluding or covering potency. The analysis should make it plain that while the Bhāgavata does support patriarchal institutions and practices, on a deeper level it portrays women in a far more positive light, holding them in a more esteemed position than one may assume.
Romantic Re-embodiment and Beyond
Authors: Stewart Dustin D.
Published: November 2020

This final chapter has two distinct objectives. The first half approaches William Wordsworth as an exemplary poet of the moderate Enlightenment, offsetting his early desire to fly from physicality with a mortalist return to the material world that (like Milton before him) Wordsworth sees as proof of his own theological maturity. Yet neither in religious devotion nor in poetic practice would the spiritualist outlook simply fade into the past. The second half of the chapter identifies two strands of Romanticism that, in contrast to the Wordsworthian sort, keep open the possibility of a further disembodiment (a re-disembodiment) still to come. The authors who furnish brief case studies in the latter part are Phillis Wheatley, William Blake, and Emily Dickinson, who shared a common source in Edward Young. For all three visionary poets, to imagine looking beyond a modest materialism meant looking back, yet again, to Night Thoughts.
Transfiguration
Authors: Siegel Jonah
Published: November 2020

This chapter introduces two topics that will run throughout the book: the importance of the reproductive print in the period, and of Raphael’s Transfiguration. Reproductive prints were prized objects in the nineteenth century that inevitably shaped the reception of art works in the period. As more accurate, but far less labor-intensive, forms of reproduction took over their role, they have generally been lost to sight as objects and as topics for analysis. But recognition of their physical presence illuminates a number of topics that concern Material Inspirations: the relationship between matter and idea, the pressure of remains on culture, and the effect of forms of mediation on ideas about art. Raphael’s Transfiguration fascinated later periods formally and historically. It was known to be the painter’s last work, and understood to have been finished by his students after his death, and so it had important biographical associations even as it put into question ideas of individual creative agency. The divided form of the painting consistently called out for reconciliation by writers on the work, and was soon linked to the tension between the world and a state beyond it that the canvas represents. This chapter proposes ways in which unresolvable questions of representability raised by the theological program of the painting may be placed in relation to developments in taste in the nineteenth century, including reproduction itself.
Desire and the Body of Inspiration
Authors: Siegel Jonah
Published: November 2020

At the core of this chapter is a discussion of what the representation of the life of the artist in verse or in painting demonstrates about what might be considered the baser drives shaping the imagination of art in the nineteenth century. Close attention to these texts and images complicates ideas about interest and disinterest associated with authors as varied as Immanuel Kant and Pierre Bourdieu, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche. The aim of this chapter is to slow down the speed with which the gesture toward interest forecloses analysis. It argues that characteristic locations toward which the claim of interest drives an argument—notably sexual pleasure, material benefit, and even social advancement—should not be treated as the end points they are often taken to be. The figure of Raphael in art and literature, and especially the traditions associated with his loves and his death, are presented as representative of material preoccupations characteristic of the period—and influential afterwards.
Matter, Form, Abstraction
Authors: Siegel Jonah
Published: November 2020

This chapter addresses the constantly shifting forms that mediated audiences’ experiences of admired antiquities from the late eighteenth century to the late nineteenth. Literary texts and reproductive prints not only diffused knowledge of ancient art, but shaped new creation in literature and the visual arts, which in turn contributed to the establishment of new aesthetic norms. Through analyses of authors ranging from Lessing to Winckelmann, from Coleridge to Blake, from George Eliot to Henry James, and culminating with Ruskin and Pater, this chapter argues that the emergence of an ever-more abstract and formalist vision of antiquity was shaped by the ongoing shifts in the cultural presence of antique objects.
The Experience of Form (Bewilderment at the Vatican in George Eliot and Vernon Lee)
Authors: Siegel Jonah
Published: November 2020

The consolidation of the fields of art history and archeology in the nineteenth century was characterized by a number of fundamental revisions that were bound to track unevenly with developments in taste. Shifts in aesthetic values and in the history of art itself presented unavoidable challenges to the status of major collections. And yet, some collections were so esteemed that it was difficult for public interest in them to shift along with the vicissitudes of advanced taste. This chapter analyzes the place of the Vatican museum in two distinct but characteristic works of the later part of the nineteenth century in which the intersection of the history of taste and individual aesthetic response is made a matter of deep affective significance: Vernon Lee’s essay, “The Child in the Vatican” and George Eliot’s Middlemarch. Whether the experience of the sculpture collection at the Vatican becomes an occasion to represent an unresolvable emotional crisis framed around a formal issue, or an opportunity to address a formal issue given force by its manifestation as a profound emotional turning point, both texts register fundamental shifts in taste that were bound to affect the objects around which that taste had developed. By registering the limits of powerful concepts that had attempted to establish the relationship of subjects to admired objects, George Eliot and Vernon Lee reveal the emotional determinants and uncertainties accompanying and helping to shape the emergence of formal concerns out of material concepts.
Ruin and Allegory in Benjamin
Authors: Siegel Jonah
Published: November 2020

To think about allegory in Walter Benjamin is to identify as a fundamentally historical problem matter’s awkward position between compelling idea and unwieldy thing. This chapter locates Benjamin’s first major project, his 1925 study of German drama of the seventeenth century in Origins of the German Trauerspiel, in the context of the nineteenth-century culture of art that shaped that extraordinary work. In a historical displacement, itself typical of the nineteenth-century formulations shaping his thought, Benjamin’s reflections on the creative work of a post-reformation German culture become the occasion to address the sources of emergent forms of meaning-making built on fragments of unassimilable material from the past. The crisis of legitimacy and cultural power manifested most brutally in the Thirty Years’ War revitalizes practices that had come to the fore in another period of unresolved crisis, the transition from classical antiquity to the Christian era. As a creative and interpretative mode depending on the ongoing preservation of forms that took their original meaning from an earlier dispensation now lost, allegory becomes the characteristic manifestation of the culture of an era of profound and ongoing political and religious uncertainty.
The Ruined Cathedral, Black Arts, and the Grave in Engraving
Authors: Siegel Jonah
Published: November 2020

It was not lost on writers on taste in the nineteenth century that developments in technology that made reproductions ever more ubiquitous, like the related phenomenon of the proliferation of museums and temporary exhibitions, would inevitably affect the relationship of the public to both art and mediation. This chapter traces the dark figures around which Ruskin develops his accounts of the psychological effects of the experience of art objects and reproductions in an era in which abundance and transience were coming to dominate in the experiences of the arts. The chapter culminates with an account of the critic’s attempt to reimagine engraving—the human creative act at the heart of reproduction for much of the century—not as an ongoing manifestation of transience or alienated labor, but as a form of carving designed to register meaning for permanent ends.
‘A very Moloch of a baby’
Authors: Wagner Tamara S.
Published: November 2020

Dickens’s portrayal of babyhood comprises comical creations as well as complex symbols and infants as victims of social injustice, yet, especially his funny babies are often overlooked. The first chapter explores how Dickens satirizes the growing commodification of babyhood in Victorian Britain and, in playing with readers’ expectations, produces comical scenes that strengthen rather than undercut his social criticism. His exposure of failed middle-class projects of child rescue urges his readers to reconsider prevailing ideas of charitable intervention, while he uses comically exaggerated infant behaviour to render working-class practices of child care mundane and familiar without sentimentalizing them. His representation of working-class baby-minding, a practice that Victorian philanthropists notoriously misunderstood, exemplifies how Dickens could combine comedy and social criticism to draw attention to topical issues, upend clichés, and at the same time create individualized infant characters. His Christmas book for 1848, The Haunted Man and the Ghost’s Bargain, produces a grotesquely comical image of a baby, minded by a small boy, as ‘Moloch’, a deity demanding child sacrifice. While Baby Moloch becomes central to a reassessment of emotional attachment, the narrative complicates middle-class rescue work. The simultaneity of the comical baby and infants as symbols of suffering is then further developed in Bleak House (1853), whereas in Our Mutual Friend (1865), the failed rescue of an orphaned toddler dramatizes pressing issues involving paid child-minding and unregulated adoption. The analysis of Dickens’s fictional infants simultaneously reveals the different narrative roles of the comical baby in Victorian literature.
Competitive Infant Care in Domestic Fiction
Authors: Wagner Tamara S.
Published: November 2020

This chapter analyses the critical representation of changing baby care methods in Charlotte Yonge’s fiction to parse the growing awareness of competitive parenting advice in Victorian culture. As a religious novelist dedicated to producing realist accounts of family life, Yonge creates unidealized infant protagonists who exhibit realistically described, age-appropriate behaviour. While they demonstrate the effects of different childrearing methods, Yonge avoids producing model children or parents. Instead, she depicts baby care as demanding domestic work that is rendered more difficult by the growing onslaught of contrasting opinions. Whereas her early marriage novel Heartsease (1854) describes maternal involvement in the day-to-day care of the young heroine’s first-born with unprecedented detail, both The Daisy Chain (1856) and Nuttie’s Father (1885) highlight the difficulties of a ‘mother-sister.’ In asserting the superiority of domestic realism over sensationalism, moreover, Yonge rewrites popular infant impostor plots while drawing on child abduction cases in the press and, in her late novel That Stick (1892), critically tackles the notorious vilification of workhouse nurseries. This still seldom discussed domestic writer thus negotiates shifting attitudes to and representations of babies and baby care. Her comments on changing practices alert us to the competitive parenting prevalent in Victorian Britain, how such a sense of competition was fostered by divergent childrearing advice, how damaging this could be, and how it already began to attract critical remarks at the time.
Foundation Deposits from Third-Century bc Egypt
Authors: Thompson Dorothy J.
Published: November 2020

The chapter discusses inscribed bilingual dedicatory plaques made of metal, glass, and clay which were deposited as part of the foundation ritual of temples in Alexandria and elsewhere. It offers analysis of the traditions from which they came, the nature of the plaques themselves—their number, the materials of which they were formed, the writing and scripts that they bore—and the more general historical significance of the dedicatory practice in which they were involved. Plaques so far discovered are from a limited period in the second half of the third century bc; the dedications they record are royal dedications of temples, shrines, and other related structures, made to a variety of local gods; although the majority of examples are from Alexandria and immediately neighbouring areas, it is notable that this was not a phenomenon confined to the capital (examples survive from elsewhere in Egypt—from Taposiris Magna, along the coast to the west of Alexandria, and from Koussai in Middle Egypt).
Hellenistic Sacred Dedications
Authors: Baralay Supratik
Published: November 2020

Dedications of physical objects placed in a sanctuary or some other space sacred to the gods were very common in all places and at all times in the Graeco-Roman world. While a number of these dedications were not inscribed, many dedicators chose to make a written record of their act of dedication, usually upon the object itself. This chapter sets out the typical formats employed in Greek sacred dedicatory inscriptions during the Hellenistic period. It then discusses in detail a pair of documents: an inscribed marble plaque from Alexandria dated to the mid-third century bc and an inscribed limestone stele from Krokodilopolis (Arsinoe) in the Fayum, dated to the mid-second to mid-first century bc It shows that although both inscriptions are part of a wider Hellenistic epigraphic koine, they exhibit features that are peculiar to the sacred dedications of Hellenistic Egypt and arose due to particular social processes at work there.
Soldiers in the Epigraphy of Ptolemaic Egypt
Authors: Fischer-Bovet Christelle
Published: November 2020

Soldiers are heavily represented within the corpus of Greek inscriptions from Egypt, sometimes acting individually—especially officers—and sometimes as a group. The most common types of documents are dedications, along with signatures and proskynemata (acts of adoration)—generally simply graffiti. Smaller in number are the funerary inscriptions (mostly from Alexandria), and finally a few honorific decrees and petitions involving soldiers. The aim of this chapter is more generally to explain why there were so many inscriptions concerning soldiers and why their number increased over time, through the analysis of their content, form, and functions. Dedicatory inscriptions offer the clearest evidence for investigating this increase and therefore are the focus of the chapter, though some of the new habits are also reflected in other types of inscriptions. A number of inscriptions set up by members of the military were also preserved in hieroglyphs and Demotic Egyptian on statues and stelai and sometimes concern individuals who are also known from the Greek documentation.
Inscriptions and Papyri
Authors: Clarysse Willy
Published: November 2020

The chapter analyses naming practices and onomastic patterns in inscriptions and papyri from the Ptolemaic and the Roman periods in Egypt from a quantitative and comparative perspective. A number of examples of individuals who appear in both types of document are discussed. The primary difference between the two types of document are that papyri are directed to a limited audience (whether a single person in letters or contracts or groups of people in administrative documents) for a limited period of time (ranging from an invitation to dinner on a specific day to documents addressed to several generations for the sale of a house), whereas inscriptions are meant to be public and enduring. With the exception of graffiti, inscriptions, often erected on ceremonial or festive occasions when leading persons were present. also tend to show us the upper classes and an official version of the relevant events.
The Corpus of Ptolemaic Inscriptions
Authors: Hornblower Simon
Published: November 2020

The chapter discusses the content and significance of approximately fifty inscribed metrical texts, most of them funerary epigrams, which come from dispersed sites in the Delta and the Nile Valley. Most are in elegiac couplets or other mixtures of hexameters and pentameters; two are in iambics. They are a mix of dedications and epitaphs; epitaphs preponderate. There are also four long hymns to Isis from the Fayum. The Paneion or sanctuary to Pan in the Thebaid (modern Resedieh) provides some dedicatory thank-offerings, mostly short, but one long and elaborate. Of the thirty-six epitaphs, a depressing total of five are for young women who died in childbirth, a common theme in epitaphs and a common event in life. The second half of the chapter consists of a discussion of three of the longer poems, comprising four epigrams, chosen for their historical and/or literary interest.
Pythagorean Women Philosophers
Authors: Dutsch Dorota M.
Published: November 2020

Modern scholarly accounts of Greek philosophical history usually exclude women. And yet, from Dixaearchus of Messana to Diogenes Laertius, classical writers record the names of women philosophers from various schools. What is more, pseudonymous treatises and letters (likely dating after the first century CE) articulate the teachings of Pythagorean women. How can this literature inform our understanding of Greek intellectual history? To take these texts at face value would be naïve; to reject them, narrow-minded. This book is a deep examination of the literary tradition surrounding female Pythagoreans; it envisions the tradition as a network of texts that does not represent female philosophers but enacts their role in Greek culture. Part I, “Portraits,” assembles and contextualizes excerpts from historical accounts and wisdom literature. Part II, “Impersonations,” analyzes pseudonymous treatises and letters. Texts are approached with a mixture of suspicion and belief, inspired by Paul Ricoeur’s hermeneutics. Suspicion serves to disclose the misogyny of the epistemic regimes that produced the texts about and by women philosophers. Belief takes us beyond the circumstances of the texts’ production to possible worlds of diverse readers, institutions, and practices that grant agency to the female knower. In the process, the book uncovers traces of a fascinating dialogue about the gender of philosophical knowledge, which includes female voices.
Introduction
Authors: Dutsch Dorota M.
Published: November 2020

The Introduction outlines the aims of the book. Since the seventeenth century scholars have asked whether the Pythagorean women philosophers mentioned in ancient texts were “real” historical individuals. The chapter briefly presents the material, then rehearses two recent answers to this question: 1) the proposal to embrace references to Pythagorean women at face value as direct testimonies to historical women and female experience; 2) the argument that all texts on record bear witness to male authors’ efforts to represent female thought. Drawing on Ricoeur’s dialectic of suspicion and belief, the chapter makes the case for a hermeneutic approach that moves from a critique of the circumstances of text production to belief and reconstruction of potential meanings and worlds. In this process, the text is treated as an autonomous entity, a notion drawn from the work of Bruno Latour. The Introduction insists on the complexity of the Pythagorean tradition and on the need to consider testimonies of Pythagorean women as instances of reception.
Between Utopia and History
Authors: Dutsch Dorota M.
Published: November 2020

Chapter I draws on Lucian’s Portraits to envision composite iconic figures that readers construct from other literary portraits. Ten “snapshots” provide raw material for such composite images of Pythagorean women. The snapshots are drawn from Pythagorean acousmata; Plato’s dialogues, and the writings of Aristoxenus, Dicaearchus, Neanthes, and Timaeus of Tauromenium. These extracts cited in the works of Imperial writers are shaped by several competing ideologies that cannot be reduced to a single originary account about historical Pythagorean women. Next to testimonies praising Pythagorean women’s aristocratic pedigrees and traditional virtues are found others asserting their achievements as philosophers. It is possible to arrange these literary portraits into different modern narratives, documenting either the exclusion of women from Greek philosophical history or their exclusion. But second-century CE testimonies reveal an ancient reading practice that favored a narrative of inclusion.
Introduction
Authors: Dutsch Dorota M.
Published: November 2020

The Introduction to Part II serves as a transition from the loosely connected references to Pythagorean women and collections of chreiai, to treatises and letters that impersonate women philosophers. These texts are so closely interconnected and linked to texts circulating under male names that they can be considered permutations of the same script, an organic assemblage reproducing the same DNA with variations. The corpus of Pseudo-Pythagorica reveals traces of script(s) connecting texts attributed to female and male authors into clusters/networks of texts. These patterns of “family resemblance” prompt an interpretive shift from the writer as an individual, to author-figures and text-networks. The Introduction to Part II maps four groups of texts in which female writings are prominent: treatises posing as direct testimonies to Pythagoras’ teachings, learned commentaries, paraenetic letters, and witty notes.
Ladies of Bygone Times
Authors: Dutsch Dorota M.
Published: November 2020

Chapter III examines the treatises on marriage and women’s duties that pose as the work of Pythagoras’ direct disciples, but which were composed between the 1st centuries BCE and CE. The treatises appear to formulate a rather conservative program in dialogue, not only with Plato but also with the Stoics Antipater, Musonius Rufus, and Hierocles. Close readings of three treatises attributed to male Pythagoreans (Ocellus, Callicratidas, and Bryson) and two attributed to female Pythagoreans (Perictione and Phintys) reveal a striking consistency of expectations: the spouses must live in harmony, but the husband must always be in charge, and the wife must gladly embrace her inferior position and in fact welcome abuse (Bryson and Perictione). Nonetheless, the Pythagorean author-figure’s capacity for philosophical inquiry is demonstrated in these treatises on women virtues. The position of the female intellectual capable to comment on a variety of topics is further affirmed in treatises on knowledge (Perictione), music (Ptolemais), and human nature (Aesara). The figures of Pythagorean women are thus used both to assert the need for women to accept their traditional subordinate role—in contrast to some Stoic writings—and to acknowledge their intellectual potential.
Note on Text and Translations
Authors: Dutsch Dorota M.
Published: November 2020

Part III features the Greek texts and English translations of two treatises and nine letters attributed to Pythagorean women. Fragment I of Perictione’s On Woman’s Harmony presents a theory of harmony and gives specific instructions on how a woman may achieve it. Phintys’ On Woman’s Self-Restraint engages with the question of whether virtues are gender-specific and, indirectly, whether women should practice philosophy. Two fictitious Doric letters feature practical advice for a virtuous woman. In To Cleareta, Melissa teaches that a wife’s duty is to accommodate her husband’s wishes and refrain from excessive adornment. In To Phyllis, Myia offers instructions on how to hire a wet-nurse who will be able to bring up a healthy infant. Three fictitious letters of advice by Theano argue that women must show exemplary self-restraint. To Euboule chastens a mother for indulging her children; To Nicostrate advises a wife to tolerate her husband’s philandering; To Callisto instructs her addressee how to treat slave-women. Four playful late antique notes ventriloquizing Theano, To Rhodope, To Eucleides, To Timonides, and To Eurydice, engage with the earlier letters; as does Theano to Eurydice, composed by the historian Theophylact Simocatta.
Letters of Advice
Authors: Dutsch Dorota M.
Published: November 2020

S III 160, 162; T 115–16; Hercher 607

Μέλισσα Κλεαρέτα‎ [χαίρειν‎].

1. Αὐτομάτως ἐμὶν φαίνῃ πλέονα τῶν καλῶν ἔχεν‎· τὸ γὰρ‎

ἐσπουδασμένως ἐθέλεν τὺ ἀκοῦσαι περὶ γυναικὸς εὐκοσμί‎- 

ας καλὰν ἐλπίδα διδοῖ ὅτι μέλλεις πολιοῦσθαι κατ‎’ ἀρε‎-...
Lucien Paye’s commune Reform
Authors: Macmaster Neil
Published: November 2020

After the Allied liberation of Algeria in late 1942, de Gaulle’s provisional government sought, as did Britain, to cling onto empire through a developmental policy. A 1943 reform commission focused in particular on the problem of a peasant ‘Malthusian’ crisis in which demographic growth outran basic food supplies, an agenda that became even more pressing after the 1945 famine and bloody revolt in the Sétif region. A young technocrat, Lucien Paye, appointed Director of Reform, formed plans to tackle the peasant problem through a programme, the Plan d’action communale (PACs), of economic modernization, closely tied to a communal reform. A case study of the PACs in the Chelif shows how the initiative was hamstrung by lack of investment, but conservative politicians brought the programme to an abrupt halt in February 1948, and unleashed a phase of mass electoral fraud. This gave a further lease of life to the moribund caid-CM system, and strengthened the nationalist currents that favoured preparation of an armed revolt.
Peasant Organization in the Urban Centres
Authors: Macmaster Neil
Published: November 2020

Communist mobilization of the peasantry in the Chelif after 1943 was centred less on direct propaganda work in the mountains, a dangerous and difficult task when rural populations were widely dispersed in isolated farm houses. Rather, as in metropolitan France, it proved much easier to target peasants as they came into the urban centres to attend markets and to socialize in Arab cafés, hair-dressers, and Turkish baths. The process is examined through the activities of Ahmed Keddar, a public scribe, in the small town of Duperré. Keddar and the Duperré militants organized peasants through public meetings, street demonstrations, and petitions delivered to the administrators of the sub-prefecture, townhalls, and commune mixte. An examination of the petitions, often composed for the djemâas by the public scribes, reveals the growing opposition to corrupt caids, as well as the deepening sense of peasant entitlement to welfare rights and investment in the rural economy. The failure of the colonial government to address the issue of weak and corrupt caids revealed the extent to which the entire system of indirect rule was discredited and failing, leaving a vacuum of power in the interior that eventually favoured the implantation of communist cells and a guerrilla base.
The Battle for the douars and the djemâa Elections of 1947
Authors: Macmaster Neil
Published: November 2020

The nationalist mobilization of peasants in the Chelif market centres (Chapter 8) went in parallel with the first steps to extend anti-colonial organization directly into the mountainous interior and to form peasant-led cells. Contestation centred, in particular, on the election of the djemâas which allowed delegates to be elected on party lists, a political counter-weight to the caids and commune mixte apparatus. A number of case-studies of such direct penetration into the interior are investigated for the douars north and south of Duperré, to the east of Ténès, and near Cherchell, to track the process of radicalization, and the preparation of rural networks that later became the basis of the early guerrilla movement. The 1947 election marked an important watershed since the unexpected success of the communist and Messalist advance among the peasantry met with a ferocious response from the new governor Naegelin in early 1948, and a wave of police repression, arrests, electoral fraud, and annulling of electoral gains. This ensured the continuation of the moribund commune mixte system, with fatal long-term consequences for the intelligence state, while both communists and nationalists abandoned a peaceful route to independence by preparing for armed insurrection.
The Zitoufi Maquis
Authors: Macmaster Neil
Published: November 2020

Gendarmes minutes of the interrogation of twenty-four peasants in the douar Taouira, east of Ténès, enables a close micro-level reconstruction of a little-known communist maquis. The influential djemâa president, Mohamed Zitoufi, patriarchal head of a large, joint family, had dominated life in the douar for nearly forty years, and as president of the peasant trade union, the Syndicat des petits cultivateurs, was a figure of national status. Orders for the implantation of a guerrilla force during 1956 were received, along with logistic supplies, from Dr Masseboeuf of Ténès, and the Kabyle militant and market trader, Rabah Benhamou. Behamou prepared secret cache locations in the caves, and during night-time operations led a group that forced farmers to hand over their shotguns, money, and other supplies, and assassinated informers or collaborators, including the brother of the bachaga Boualam. The gendarmes interrogations reveal how the peasants reacted to the implantation of the guerrilla, some of them hostile, and Mohamed Zitoufi had difficulty in imposing unity on a douar that was internally divided. Eventually the Zitoufi family was arrested, and the remnants of the maquis under Benhamou was absorbed into the FLN.
Modernity or Neo-tribalism?
Authors: Macmaster Neil
Published: November 2020

A central feature of long-term colonial rule in Algeria was a deep and unresolved tension, between indirect rule by local, conservative élites based on patrimonial forms of government, and plans for economic and political modernization that depended on breaking the hold of the caids and the old system of commune mixte administration. Opération Pilote revealed such contradictions. Servier supported plans of socio-economic development and modernization, the creation of a ‘New Algeria’, but in practice he supported the neo-tribalism of the bachaga Boualam, and other traditional élites, that continued to depend on patron-client relations, maraboutism, and charismatic authority. The special forces officer Hentic was unable to transform Boualam’s harkis from an incompetent ‘private’ army into a regular, trained force. Likewise the secret service supported and armed the third force movement led by the ex-MNA leader Djilali Belhadj or ‘Kobus’. Kobus, revealing wider political ambitions, acted like a predatory warlord and had catastrophic impacts in damaging COIN operations in the Ouarsenis, before his assassination by the FLN.
Overabundance resulting from language contact
Authors: Meakins Felicity , Wilmoth Sasha
Published: November 2020

The reduction of morphological complexity, particularly in inflectional paradigms, is not uncommon in language contact. One area of morphological complexity which has received less attention is variation within the cells of a paradigm, e.g. ‘dived’ and ‘dove’ as different past tense word forms of {DIVE} in English. This type of morphological complexity, where multiple forms are realized in the same cell in a paradigm is termed ‘overabundance’. This chapter examines the development of overabundance in the subject-marking system of Gurindji Kriol, and claims that increasing complexity in this dimension is the result of language contact. We analyse new data from Gurindji children using generalized linear mixed models to determine whether the complexity in the case paradigm has stabilized or whether complexification is on-going. We show that overabundance in Gurindji Kriol is an example of a contact-induced change which involves the complexification of an inflectional paradigm rather than its simplification.
Derivation and the morphological complexity of three French-based creoles
Authors: Henri Fabiola , Stump Gregory , Tribout Delphine
Published: November 2020

Creolistic research persistently asserts the simplicity of creoles, citing as evidence the claimed poverty of creole morphology. Yet, creoles not only exhibit morphology, but evince a surprising degree of morphological complexity. Drawing on the evidence of derivational morphology from three different French-based creoles − Mauritian (Indian Ocean), Haitian, and Guadeloupean (Caribbean) – the current contribution provides new evidence for this claim. It pursues a view of morphological complexity where the interaction of a lexeme's inventory of forms with its participation in deverbal derivation contributes to the integrative complexity of a language's morphology. Such a perspective is compatible with psycholinguistic approaches to language acquisition and language change.
Simplification and complexification in Wolof noun morphology and morphosyntax
Authors: Loporcaro Michele
Published: November 2020

This chapter addresses simplification and complexification in the morphology and morphosyntax of Wolof noun classes. Simplification, compared with its closest Atlantic cognates, is well known to have occurred in Wolof as a whole, ever since its earliest attestations. In addition, urban Wolof further simplifies noun classes which is partly due to the particular dynamics of linguistic prestige in the Wolophone community. What went unnoticed until recently is that at the same time also complexification took place locally in some spots of the grammatical system, with the rise of morphological irregularity (overabundance) in some noun paradigms and of defectiveness and other irregularities, for some noun classes, in the paradigm of the indefinite article.
Radical analyticity as a diagnostic of adult acquisition
Authors: McWhorter John H.
Published: November 2020

Linguists have traditionally supposed that languages become radically analytic via two mechanisms: (1) pidginization and related processes of heavy and disruptive adult acquisition; and (2) ‘drift’ into analyticity due to withdrawal of stress from final syllables, or other grammar-internal processes sparked essentially by chance. However, theoretical economy directs us to suppose that radical analyticity emerges solely from adult acquisition, and that radically analytic languages such as Chinese and Yoruba can be identified as having experienced heavy second-language acquisition in their histories despite this not having been recorded historically. In support of this hypothesis this chapter notes that radically analytic languages are quite rare worldwide; that both older radically analytic languages and creoles bear the hallmark of eliminating contextual inflection rather than inherent; and that in this and other facets, radically analytic languages do not differ from synthetic ones only in degree of boundedness of morphemes. Rather, synthetic languages tend to mark a great deal of semantic distinctions that radically analytic ones do not mark with free morphemes, suggesting the operation of second-language acquisition rather than ‘drift’.
Different trajectories of morphological overspecification and irregularity under imperfect language learning
Authors: Berdicevskis Aleksandrs , Semenuks Arturs
Published: November 2020

This chapter investigates how morphological complexity is related to socioecological parameters. Results of an iterated artificial language learning experiment are reported, with the focus on how two facets of complexity, overspecification and irregularity, change over time. The presence of imperfect learners in a transmission chain leads to a much stronger decrease in morphological overspecification in the language. Overspecification, however, does not usually get fully eliminated, and its partial decrease often leads to increase in irregularity, thus making languages simpler in one respect, but more complex in another. Additionally, higher irregularity decreases the learnability of the language, and this effect is stronger for imperfect learners compared to normal learners. Thus, to reach a fully simplified state, languages have to pass a suboptimal state (low overspecification, high irregularity), where they often get stuck.
Morphological complexity and the minimum description length approach
Authors: Dahl Östen
Published: November 2020

This discussion chapter focuses on some basic concepts used in the volume, relating them to ‘the minimum description length approach’. Implications of this approach for the organization of morphology are briefly discussed. Comparisons are made between Rescher's taxonomy of complexity with distinctions made in Nichols’ chapter and also in the work of Ackerman & Malouf. Several contributions build on the latter scholars’ distinction between ‘enumerative’ and ‘integrative’ complexity, motivating special attention to their approach. It is noted that their claim about the prevalence of low integrative complexity may be due to mathematical properties of the notion of ‘average conditional entropy’. Further topics are Nichols’ ‘canonical complexity’ and its relationships to other notions such as transparency and overspecification, and Meakins & Wilmoth's notion of ‘overabundance’. The concluding section notes that morphological complexity is not yet a solidified area of study and that information theory is likely to preserve its relevance.
Sources and Content of the Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration
Authors: Stelkens Ulrich , Andrijauskaitė Agnė
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the sources of the pan-European principles of good administration developed by the Council of Europe (CoE). It maps the degree of concretization these principles have reached, and how far they have spread concerning the classical and modern topics of administrative law. It scrutinizes the Statute of the CoE, the European Convention on Human Rights, and the (relevant) case law of the European Court of Human Rights, other CoE conventions (such as the CoE Convention on Data Protection, the Convention on Access to Official Documents, and the European Charter of Local Self Government), and the recommendations and other soft law on good administration of the Committee of Ministers and other institutions of the CoE. The chapter concludes that the principles deriving from these sources should not be considered as a loose bundle of various rules in administrative matters but instead form a ‘coherent whole’.
Belgian Pluralism and Pragmatism
Authors: Marique Yseult
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the impact on Belgian administrative law of the pan-European principles of good administration from the Council of Europe (CoE). Although the Belgian legal order is rather receptive to European law the specific direct impact of the CoE on good administration is limited, with the exception of the constitutional provision enacting administrative transparency. This situation is due to three factors. First, Belgian administrative law first and foremost borrows concepts from its neighbours, France and the Netherlands. Secondly, the CoE´s influence is most often mediated by technical devices, such as the constitutional provisions relating to equality. Finally, some principles of good administration, such as linguistic rights, are politically sensitive, which highlights the formal limitation of the CoE’s influence on Belgian principles of good administration. Overall, the CoE acts as a ‘high magistrature’ influencing administrative, legislative and political actors, as long as these broadly agree with the CoE’s principles.
The Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration in the Italian Legal System
Authors: Macchia Marco , Figliolia Claudia
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the impact of the pan-European principles of good administration on Italian administrative law. The chapter presents the main finding that the Italian legal system is generally in line with these principles. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights has played a particularly strong role in national administrative law (especially in the context of administrative sanctioning and lengthy court proceedings). At the same time, some limitations to full reception of the said principles remain, the most notable of them being the resistance of constitutional jurisprudence to give ‘generalized’ execution to the pan-European principles and the low degree of recognition of the importance of the Council of Europe’s recommendations and conventions (other than the ECHR) for the development of these principles in national administrative law. The chapter concludes by stressing the (sometimes) contradictory nature of Italy’s acknowledgement of the pan-European scope of these principles.
The Austrian Perception of the Council of Europe
Authors: Balthasar Alexander
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores the impact on Austrian administrative law of the pan-European general principles of good administration developed within the framework of the Council of Europe (CoE). It reveals that the standards of individual protection stemming from the European Convention on Human Rights have greatly influenced the system of administrative justice in Austria. The impact of other CoE sources, especially various recommendations on administrative law, remains rather limited due to their high tension with the (constitutional) principle of legality. The chapter concludes that a widening gap in the relationship between the CoE and Austria can be discerned, partially because of the changing priorities of the latter and the ever-growing influence of the European Union.
Implementation of the Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration in Bulgaria? It Would Be a Really Good Idea
Authors: Paskalev Vesco
Published: November 2020

This chapter canvasses the impact on the administrative law of Bulgaria of the pan-European principles of good administration developed by the Council of Europe (CoE) in the aftermath of socialism and in the shadow of EU integration. It zeroes in on each of the three channels of CoE influence—the direct effects of the CoE conventions ratified by Bulgaria, the indirect introduction of pan-European principles by the national legislator, and through application of the European Convention on Human Rights. It finds that the influence of all these channels has been limited although some progress has been made. Finally, it places the quest for pan-European principles and good administration in the context of Bulgarian legal culture and argues that the formalist character of the latter is a serious impediment to the actual effect that any legal principles (as opposed to rules) may have in the country.
The Impact of the Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration on Croatian Administrative Law
Authors: Ofak Lana
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the impact of the pan-European general principles of good administration on the Croatian legal system. It discloses that such an impact is especially discernible in the field of administrative proceedings as Croatia had to reform the system thereof in order to stay in line with Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. However, it goes on to reveal that the case law of the Croatian administrative courts shows that, to a certain extent, a lack of knowledge of the said principles persists. This can be attributed to the cases of overly formalistic applications of law stemming from a deep-rooted legacy of ‘passive’ administration that calls for change.
Cultures of contagion and containment?
Authors: Davenport Romola
Published: November 2020

Societal responses to epidemics can vary very widely, from extreme flight to apparent indifference. These variations are often considered to reflect structural differences in the extent of disease exposure, or cultural differences in the tendency to fatalism. Smallpox presented a major health challenge to early modern Eurasian societies, and both types of explanation have been used to account for large-scale variations in responses to the disease in Britain, Japan, and Sweden, before the widespread use of vaccination. This chapter considers the English case. Smallpox was an endemic disease of childhood in northern England, and there is little evidence of communal efforts to control it, before the rapid uptake of vaccination after 1800. In the south of England, however, various strategies of isolation and mass immunization were used by parish officials to reduce transmission, and smallpox remained a relatively rare and epidemic disease there outside the major cities. There are no obvious economic or geographical factors that would explain this pattern, and therefore this chapter considers cultural explanations first, before turning to an analysis of the roles that welfare institutions and uncoordinated local responses played in generating large-scale mortality patterns.