bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Legal Aspects of Land Burning for Agricultural Land Clearing as A Form of Local Wisdom in Certain Areas
Authors: Munawar Akhmad , Hidayatullah Hidayatullah , Hanafi Hanafi , Aini Muhammad , Megasari Indah Dewi
Published: August 2024

Indonesia is an agricultural country where the majority of the population makes their living as farmers. This cannot be separated from Indonesia's geographical conditions, where most of its income comes from natural resources, including forest products, mining, and others. One of the state's goals is to create a just and prosperous society, as stated in the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, second paragraph. Article 27, paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution asserts that "Every citizen has the right to work and to a livelihood that is decent for humanity." The largest informal employment sector is agriculture, which heavily depends on the availability of agricultural land. Currently, agricultural land is decreasing due to large-scale plantation enterprises occupying thousands of hectares. Traditional farmers in certain areas, particularly in South Kalimantan, still use the shifting cultivation method for land clearing, which involves cutting down shrubs, burning it after it was dry, clearing the land, and planting it with secondary crops. This method has been passed down from their ancestors. According to Law Number 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management, as amended by Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Stipulation of Government Regulations in Lieu of Law Number 1 of 2022 on Job Creation, article 69, paragraph (1), letter h, prohibits land clearing by burning. However, paragraph (2) states that the provision referred to in paragraph (1), letter h, is exempted for communities who conduct such activities by seriously considering local wisdom in their respective areas. Meanwhile, Law Number 41 of 1999 on Forestry, Article 50, paragraph (1), letter d, also prohibits land burning, with penalties of up to 15 years imprisonment and fines of up to Rp. 5,000,000,000 (five billion rupiah), as stipulated in Article 78, paragraph (3). Based on this background, the purpose of this research is to reveal how legal protection is for farmers who clear agricultural land in forest areas by burning the land as a form of their local wisdom. To analyze this issue, the researcher employs normative legal research methods with legislative and literature approaches by reviewing and analyzing relevant legislation. The research findings indicate that although the Law Number 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management stipulates a prohibition on land burning with consideration for local wisdom, farmers who clear land by burning have not yet received legal protection.
Management Of Pest And Disease Control In Sallots (Allium Ascalonicum L) Farm Activities Sub-District Sungai Ulin Banjarbaru City
Authors: Jannah Esty Miftahul , Ilhamiyah Ilhamiyah , Erlina Siti
Published: August 2024

This research aims to identify management  pest and disease control and cost incurred of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L) farmer in Banjarbaru City, This research activity was carried out began on December-January 2024 with research sampling method is case study, data analysis with management implementation and financial analysis. Result of this research Pest control is very important for farmers to reduce the risk of crop failure due to pests, the purpose of pest and disease control management is not to eliminate pests altogether but to reduce the risk of attacks due to pests and diseases in shallot plants. Farmers need to apply management functions in controlling pests and diseases, namely the functions of planning, organizing, implementing and supervising. The application of management function in Bawang Mas Horti Langgeng Farmer Group has not been fully carried out properly and Average total cost incurred by each farmer is Rp.640,720. The average cost of medicines per one harvest period is 4 months amounting to Rp.277,800. The average depreciation cost of tools amounted to Rp.41,670.
Analysis of the Cake Business of MSMEs in Rantau City, Tapin Regency
Authors: Nazmi Annisa , Ifada Inda Ilma , Hidayatullah Arief
Published: August 2024

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are the most strategic sector of the national economy and concern the livelihoods of many people, making them the backbone of the national economy. This study aims to identify the sales techniques used by MSMEs in Kota Rantau, Kabupaten Tapin, calculate the costs, revenues, incomes, profits, and business feasibility of MSMEs in Kota Rantau, Kabupaten Tapin, and identify the challenges faced by MSMEs in Kota Rantau, Kabupaten Tapin. The method used in this research is a qualitative method with a census approach. The results of the study show that the sales techniques of MSMEs in Kota Rantau, Kabupaten Tapin indicate that all samples have marketing strategies, particularly in determining target markets by using the same technique of observing potential customers around their business locations. The costs, revenues, incomes, profits, and business feasibility of MSMEs in Kota Rantau, Kabupaten Tapin show that all samples have varying costs, revenues, incomes, profits, and business feasibility. The challenges faced by MSMEs in Kota Rantau, Kabupaten Tapin show that all samples experience almost the same challenges as each other.
La cortesía como estrategia comunicativa en los discursos institucionales: análisis desde la Teoría de la Valoración
Authors: Molinos Sánchez Marina
Published: August 2024

Introducción: El presente artículo analiza el uso de la cortesía como estrategia comunicativa que permita crear o afianzar lazos en el marco de las relaciones bilaterales entre España y otros países. Metodología: Para ello, se compiló un corpus compuesto por veinte discursos pronunciados por las personas que encarnan o presiden cuatro instituciones españolas: la Corona, el Gobierno, el Congreso y el Senado. Este corpus se examinó aplicando las teorías de la cortesía de Brown y Levinson y Leech y el subsistema actitud de la Teoría de la Valoración de White. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos señalan el uso de expresiones de afecto, del halago y la alusión a características e intereses comunes como forma de cortesía comunicativa. Discusión: Se espera que el presente trabajo contribuya a explicar la estructuración lingüística de los discursos institucionales pronunciados en el marco de las relaciones internacionales. Futuras investigaciones podrían abordar el análisis de los subsistemas de compromiso y gradación en los discursos institucionales. Conclusiones: El uso de la cortesía como herramienta de comunicación estratégica es habitual en el contexto institucional, si bien existen ciertas diferencias en el grado de formalidad y afecto expresados por las distintas instituciones analizadas.
Russian Postmodernism
Authors: Epstein Mikhail N. , Genis Alexander A. , Vladiv-Glover Slobodanka M.
Published: August 2024

Recent decades have been decisive for Russia not only politically but culturally as well. The end of the Cold War has enabled Russia to take part in the global rise and crystallization of postmodernism. This volume investigates the manifestations of this crucial trend in Russian fiction, poetry, art, and spirituality, demonstrating how Russian postmodernism is its own unique entity. It offers a point of departure and valuable guide to an area of contemporary literary-cultural studies insufficiently represented in English-language scholarship. This second edition includes additional essays on the topic and a new introduction examining the most recent developments.
Escape From Hell
Authors: Wetzler Alfred
Published: August 2024

Together with another young Slovak Jew Rudolf Vrba, both deported in 1942, the author succeeded in escaping from the notorious death camp in the spring of 1944. There were some very few successful escapes from Auschwitz during the war, but it was these two who smuggled out the damning evidence – a ground plan of the camp, constructional details of the gas chambers and crematoriums and, most convincingly, a label from a canister of Cyclone gas. The book is cast in the form of a novel to allow information not personally collected by the two fugitives but provided for them by a handful of reliable friends, to be included. Nothing, however, has been invented.
Making Sense of Fragmentary Qumran Aramaic Texts: Two Case Studies on Contradictory Grammatical vs. Content or Genre Considerations
Authors: Stadel Christian
Published: August 2024

Fragmentary ancient texts are notoriously difficult to interpret. In this article, I offer case studies on two short sections of Qumran Aramaic texts. Part 1 analyses the various possible syntactic parsings of 4Q242 1–3, 4 and assesses the extent to which they conform to the grammar of Qumran Aramaic. Based on this assessment, I present my interpretation of the line and offer a potential reconstruction for the end of the preceding line 3. Part 2 shows how methodological decisions of the modern editors of 4Q560 1 I, 3; 5 on the text’s similarity to later Jewish incantations (or lack thereof ) have yielded completely different interpretations. In this respect, I argue that the Aramaic is ambiguous, allowing for at least two different coherent readings.
Toplumun Bir Parçası Olmak: İçselleştirilen Değerler ve Bilişsel Esenlik
Authors: Özdemir Fatih
Published: August 2024

Etnik kimliğini Türk olarak tanımlayan katılımcılarla gerçekleştirilen bu çalışma, Kimlik Kaynaşımı Kuramını temel alarak Türk toplumuyla kimlik kaynaşımı ve yaşam doyumu (bilişsel esenlik) arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemekte ve Türk kültüründe içselleştirilmiş olumlu (diğer insanlarla ilişkide olma yönelimi) ve olumsuz (cinsiyetçilik) baskın değerlerin bu ilişkideki aracı rolünü test etmektedir. Pilot çalışmaya 18-33 yaş aralığında (Ortyaş = 22.24; S = 2.80) 257’si kadın ve 107’si erkek; temel çalışmaya ise 18-31 yaş aralığında (Ortyaş = 21.56; S = 2.46) 290’ı kadın ve 143’ü erkek lisans düzeyinde eğitim gören üniversite öğrencileri katılmıştır. Araştırma değişkenleri bağlamında cinsiyet-temelli grup farkları incelendiğinde, erkeklere kıyasla kadınların kendi yaşamlarına yönelik yaptıkları bilişsel değerlendirmelerin daha olumlu ve diğer insanlarla ilişki içerisinde olma yöneliminin daha yüksek olduğu saptanmış ve kadınlara kıyasla erkeklerin düşmanca cinsiyetçi ve korumacı cinsiyetçi tutumlarının daha kuvvetli olduğu bulgulanmıştır. Aracılı model test edildiğinde ise Türk toplumuyla kimlik kaynaşımı arttıkça, diğer insanlarla ilişki içerisinde olma yönelimi ve korumacı cinsiyetçi tutumlar güçlenmiş ve bu durum kişilerin yaşam doyumunu desteklemiştir. Ek olarak Türk toplumuyla kimlik kaynaşımı düşmanca cinsiyetçi tutumları pozitif yönde yordamış, ancak düşmanca cinsiyetçilik ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişki anlamlı bulunmamıştır. Çalışma literatüre katkıda bulunmakta ve öznel esenlik, grup-içi süreçler ve Türk toplumu ya da Türk kültürüyle ilgilenen kişiler için faydalı bir kaynak sağlamaktadır.
Impact of goat manure application on growth of wild watermelon under shade house cultivation
Authors: PONTSHO TSEKE , MABOKO MPHOSI , YVONNE MAILA
Published: August 2024

The continuous use of inorganic fertilizers in agriculture poses detrimental effects on soil health and future crop yields. Therefore, alternative sources of plant nutrients that are environmentally friendly and cost-effective for use in crop production, especially with the escalating cost of inorganic fertilizers, are necessary. A shade-house study was designed to determine the effect of different quantities of goat manure applications on growth attributes and yield of wild watermelon (Citrullus lanatus subsp.). A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used to arrange the treatments, with fourteen (14) replications (n = 84). Six (6) treatments consisting of various quantities (v/v) of river sand, Hutton soil, and goat manure (T0 -1:3:0, T1 -1:3:1, T2 -1:3:2, T3 -1:3:3, T4 -1:3:4, and T5 -1:3:3) were used, with T0 -1:3:0 constituting the control. Treatments had a highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) effect on dry shoot mass (65%), fruit weight (75%), and fruit diameter (75%) except for the dry root mass (44%), vine length (47%), chlorophyll (47%), number of fruit (27%) and stem diameter (22%) of wild watermelon plants. Dry shoot mass was the highest (11.14 g) in T4 -1:3:4, and the lowest dry shoot mass (6.57 g) was obtained in T1 -1:3:1 when compared to the control. The fruit fresh weight of the wild watermelon was reduced in all the treatments, when compared to the control. The biggest fruit diameter (66.66 mm) was observed in T4 -1:3:4, and the lowest (14.4 mm) was observed in T5 -1:3:5. In conclusion, T4 -1:3:4 enhanced greater vegetative growth (dry shoot matter) and yield attributes (fruit diameter and weight) of the wild watermelon.
Scheduling calculations for a multiprocessor system in real time
Authors: Furugyan M. G.
Published: August 2024

The problem of scheduling computations in a multiprocessor system is considered for the case when, at some time instants, requests for the execution of job packages with known characteristics are received. Interrupts and switching from one processor to another are allowed. In the first formulation, the composition of all complexes and the characteristics of tasks are known in advance. In the second setting, this information becomes known only at the time of each request. It is required to determine whether there is an admissible schedule for the total set of jobs and build it in case of a positive answer. A setting is studied in which, in addition to processors, there is a non-renewable resource. A polynomial algorithm for solving the problem is developed, based on the construction of a network flow model and the search for the maximum flow.
Modeling of the dynamics of a catamaran driven by a Savonius rotor and a propeller
Authors: Garbuz M. A. , Klimina L. A. , Samsonov V. A.
Published: August 2024

The dynamics of a catamaran with a Savonius rotor and a propeller installed on it is considered. Under the action of a stationary wind flow the rotor rotates and transmit it to the the propeller, which creates thrust. As a control, the angle of the catamaran’s course relative to the wind flow is considered. The control task is to move the center of the masses of the hull from the starting point to a given endpoint located strictly upstream of the wind. The possibility of straight motion against the wind is shown. The dependence of the averege velocity in the stationary mode of movement against the wind on the radii of the Savonius rotor and propeller is analyzed.
Apple scab: resistance to chemical fungicides
Authors: Nasonov A. I. , Yakuba G. V.
Published: August 2024

The review highlights the situation with the development of resistance to various systemic fungicides in Venturia inaequalis around the world and in Russia, with an assessment of the prospects for their further use. Information is provided on all fungicides used in Russia against apple scab, their effectiveness at a given time, and a description of each chemical class. Data on the mechanisms of resistance to chemicals in the pathogen, including at the molecular level, are presented. The problem of the development of resistance in V. inaequalis and possible ways of its solution at the present level of scientific knowledge are discussed.
Yeasts of the Georgian honeysuckle (Lonicera iberica) and grapes (Vitis vinifera) in Dagestan
Authors: Abdullabekova D. A. , Magomedova E. S. , Magomedov G. G. , Kachalkin A. V.
Published: August 2024

Ecological and taxonomic study of mycobiota of cultivated plants and native flora, including endemic ones, from phylogenetic systematics’ perspective, remains one of the interesting topics of microbial ecology. The structure of yeast communities of endemic to the Caucasus Georgian honeysuckle in comparison with grapes, a traditional agricultural crop of the republic, has been studied in the territory of Dagestan. The yeast complex of grapes was studied in ampelocoenoses located on the plain and in the foothills, and in shrubs of Georgian honeysuckle also on the plain and in the mountains. The number of yeasts (per unit of weight) on the plants is higher than in soils, with the highest number of yeasts found on leaves. Grape and honeysuckle berries’ surfaces contain more yeasts than leaves. The influence of grape cultivars on the species diversity and abundance of yeasts was observed, as well as a tendency for their abundance to decrease with increasing altitude. On the contrary, Georgian honeysuckle growing in the mountains and the soil under it was colonized by yeasts more than on the plain. Its species structure included five species, two of which — Aureobasidium pullulans and Metschnikowia pulcherrima — are also typical for ampelocoenosis. Yeast population of plant endemic on the plain was notable for specificity, one of two isolated species was found and identified for the first time as a new species of the genus Zygotorulaspora — Z. dagestanica, associated with leaves and soil, where they dominate being 79.2% of the total yeast number. Despite the close climatic conditions of sites with wild plants and grapes in the plain, their taxonomic composition differed significantly and included two and nine species, respectively. The results obtained show the perspective of studying yeast communities of endemic plants.
Mycobiota of the planned protected area Nyuk Lake (Republic of Karelia, Russia)
Authors: Predtechenskaya О. О. , Ruokolainen A. V.
Published: August 2024

The article reports the results of macrofungi surveys in the planned protected area Lake Nyuk (pPA), situated in the north-west of the Republic of Karelia. The forests there are primarily north-boreal pine stands with pine trees aged 170—250 years at maximum. As of now, records from the pPA include 183 species of 114 genera of aphyllophoroid and agaricoid fungi. The annotation for each species specifies their habitats and occurrence. Seven species are reported for the biogeographical province Karelia pomorica occidentalis for the first time; of which two species, Hydnellum gracilipes and Tubulicrinis medius, are first records for the Republic of Karelia. The territory was found to harbor nine fungal species (Anthoporia albobrunnea, Diplomitoporus crustulinus, Flavidoporia mellita, Gloeophyllum protractum, Resinoporia crassa, Rhodonia placenta, Sidera lenis, Skeletocutis sajanensis, S. stellae) red-listed in the Republic of Karelia (2020). Locations of 13 indicator species and 16 specialist species of biologically valuable forests are known within the pPA. The findings are validated by the herbarium specimens stored at the Karelian Research Centre RAS Herbarium (PTZ) and Botanical Museum of the University of Helsinki (H). The rationale for establishing a nature conservation area in the territory is provided.
Diagnostics of the ionization processes in hydrocarbon flame with the use of the current-voltage characteristics
Authors: Polyanskii V. А. , Pankrat’eva I. L.
Published: August 2024

The possibility of estimating the ionization parameters of high-temperature gas mixtures formed as a result of combustion processes is considered on the basis of the current-voltage characteristics measured using electrodes that generate an external electric field in the media under consideration.
Conical bodies with star-shaped transverse contour having the minimum wave drag
Authors: Takovitskii S. А.
Published: August 2024

The problem of constructing the transverse contour of a conical body having the minimum wave drag in the range of supersonic velocities provided that the length and the volume are preserved is considered. A cone is taken as the initial body, an assumption about locality of the relation between variations in the geometric parameters and the pressure on the surface is made, and the quadratic approximation of this relation is used. The found solution is compared with the results obtained within the framework of the Newton model. These solutions are proposed to combine being based on the assumption of the power-law relation between the radius and the derivative of radius with respect to the angular coordinate. In this case, a class of contours in which half of the cycle consists of the element with monotonic variation in the radius and arc of the circle is distinguished. These contours can be described by specifying a single geometric parameter, namely, the exponent. Using the inviscid perfect gas model, direct numerical optimization of the shape of transverse contour is carried out and the possibility of reducing the wave drag as compared to the star-shaped bodies with plane faces is demonstrated.
Students' Difficulties In Solve Trigonometry Problem Solving According To Step Polya's
Authors: Khofifah Khofifah , Rosyadi Rosyadi , Gunadi Farid , Nandang Nandang , Runisah Runisah
Published: August 2024

This study aims to describe students' difficulties in solve trigonometry problem solving according Polya's steps. Determining research subjects by giving students difficulty test questions using Polya steps to 36 students of class X MIPA 8 SMAN 1 Indramayu. From these results, 6 subjects were selected purposively as a sample with subjects falling into the high, medium and low score categories. The instruments used were diagnostic tests of students' difficulties in solving trigonometric problems using Polya's problem solving and interviews. The data analyzing technic in the research started with collecting information in the fields, interviews, and documentations which are collected by coding. By considering into account the results obtained from this study, the difficulty of students in handling problem solving of trigonometry problems according to Polya's steps owned by students of class X MIPA 8 SMA Negeri 1 Indramayu is able to solve a problem using Polya's steps. When students who have high test scores will have little difficulty learning because the subject can explain and solve problems well and there are no difficulties. While it is different when students who have low scores feel confused, difficult, wrong in solving a problem. In fact, in this study, the highest score and the lowest score both answered the questions correctly, the only difference was the student's accuracy and overestimation, causing the student to get a low score. The research results show that the students with high score category had less difficulty than students with low score categories. Therefore, teachers must be more careful in paying attention to students and teachers must also explain Polya's stages gradually without rushing. It is expected that students can understand Polya's stages as a whole so as to reduce student learning difficulties.
Analisis Dinamika dan Keseimbangan Pembiayaan Bank Umum Syariah Dengan Pendekatan Error Correction Model
Authors: Shahmi Mohammad Aliman , Nofrianti Nofrianti
Published: August 2024

The study aims to analyze the dynamics and balance of financing of Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia during the period 2015-2023 with a focus on changes in monetary policy, real effective exchange rate, price level, profitability, and capital adequacy. The research method uses a quantitative approach with analysis techniques using the error-correction model (ECM) approach. The results showed that monetary policy, real effective exchange rate, profitability, and capital adequacy ratio have a significant influence on the financing of Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia in the long run. In contrast, the price level does not show a significant influence on financing in the long run. These results explain that macroeconomic factors and banking performance are crucial in determining the balance of financing in the Islamic banking sector in Indonesia. The findings suggest that changes in monetary policy, which often reflect overall economic conditions, can affect financing decisions in Islamic banks. In addition, fluctuating real exchange rates can affect the price competitiveness and financial position of banks. Profitability, as an indicator of financial health, and the capital adequacy ratio, as an indicator of a bank's ability to bear risk, were also found to have a significant influence, suggesting that the internal performance of Islamic banks is decisive in the financing provided.
Peningkatan Pemahaman Masyarakat Terhadap Zakat (Studi Kasus Di Nagari Sungai Nanam, Kecamatan Lembah Gumanti Kabupaten Solok Provinsi Sumatera Barat)
Authors: Yanti Sindi Maida Dwi , Hafizzullah Hafizzullah , Emrizal Emrizal
Published: August 2024

The main problem examined in this research is increasing the understanding of the people of Nagari Sungai Nanam regarding zakat and the steps that can be taken by the Nagari Sungai Nanam to increase the community's understanding of the distribution of zakat and the efforts made to increase the community's understanding of the distribution of zakat. This type of research is field research with qualitative descriptive methods. The results of field research show that the community in Nagari Sungai Nanam's understanding of zakat is quite high. The community's understanding is divided into three groups based on the results of interviews with 12 people interviewed from several communities. A total of 3 people do not understand zakat which is called understanding (translation), 4 people have a basic understanding of zakat which is called understanding (interpretation), and 5 people have understood zakat in depth which is called understanding (exploration). Regarding the distribution of zakat, it shows that the people of Nagari Sungai Nanam have their zakat distributed in two ways, namely, through amil zakat (BAZNAS) and given to mustahik directly.
The effect of human assumed central sensitization on transforaminal epidural steroid injection in chronic lumbar radiculopathy: An observational study
Authors: Sahin Tülay , Sacaklidir Rekib , Sancar Mert , Öztürk Ekim Can
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND: Human assumed central sensitization (HACS) is a potential pathophysiological mechanism underlying a group of musculoskeletal disorders. HACS may negatively influence the outcomes of surgical or interventional procedures. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the impact of HACS on treatment outcomes of transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI). METHODS: Patients who received fluoroscopy-guided single-level lumbosacral TFESI between January 2020 and January 2021 were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups with respect to the existence of HACS. Patients were assessed before the procedure, at the third week, and at the third month after the procedure. The presence of HACS was investigated by central sensitization inventory (CSI). The Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used for patient assessment. RESULTS: A total of 65 patients were included in the study. Thirty-one of the patients had HACS. There was no difference between the groups in terms of demographic data. Significant improvement in NRS was found at 3rd week and 3rd month compared to the baseline. BDI and ODI scores were also significantly reduced at the end of 3 months (p< 0.001). NRS scores at all time points were significantly lower in patients without HACS (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: The presence of HACS has a negative effect on pain scores, disability, and mental state in patients undergoing TFESI.
Platform politics in Latin America: Equalizers, normalizers, laggards, and marginals
Authors: Lioy Alberto , Contreras Medrano Diego
Published: August 2024

How has the adoption of internet-based platform politics impacted Latin American party systems? This paper fills an important gap by creating novel categories and tracing patterns for understanding how political parties of 18 Central and South American countries practice politics online. Our work is informed by the equalization versus normalization debate between that sees the Internet as either consolidating institutional parties’ strength or giving strategic advantage to new and smaller parties. Our analysis takes a four-step approach to address the initial question. First, we conceptualize platform politics in a Latin American context and generate hypotheses. Second, we create a dataset to map online and offline national party systems across Latin America. Third, we introduce four categories (equalizers, normalizers, laggards, marginals) to capture different parties’ online positioning. Last, we explore platform politics by comparing four parties belonging to the different categories – FMLN in El Salvador, Novo in Brazil, PPC in Peru, and MORENA in Mexico – and showing how they use social media to overcome their structural limits. Overall, this work finds great regional variation to extend the validity of the cyclical nature of equalization and normalization to the Latin American context.
The Relationship Between Decision-Making Capacity and Awareness in People with Young-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Souza Natalie Aparecida Pereira de , Simões Neto José Pedro , Dourado Marcia Cristina Nascimento
Published: August 2024

Background:

Young-onset AD (YOAD) typically occurs before the age of 65 and affects less than 6% of all people diagnosed with AD. There is a lack of research on differences between decision-making capacity and awareness according to age at onset of dementia.

Objective:

We investigated the relationship between decision-making capacity and awareness domains in people with young- (YOAD) and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD).

Methods:

A cross-sectional study included 169 consecutively selected people with AD and their caregivers (124 people with LOAD and 45 people with YOAD).

Results:

People with YOAD were more cognitively impaired, but more aware of their cognitive deficits and health condition, with moderate effect sizes. All people with AD presented deficits in the domains of decision-making capacity, with more impairment in understanding. There was a relationship between understanding and awareness domains, such that awareness was particularly important for decision-making capacity in the YOAD group.

Conclusions:

Better awareness involved better understanding in the YOAD group. Clinically, our findings shed light on the need to consider the differences in the domains of awareness and their relationship with other clinical aspects such as decision-making capacity according to age at onset of AD. Furthermore, our data can suggest hypotheses for larger and more robust prospective studies.
Navigating the Journey of Living with Young-Onset Dementia: Experiences of Spousal Caregivers
Authors: Cui Xiaoyan , Wang Junqiao , Tang Xueting , Ding Ding , Wu Bei , Zhao Qianhua , Wang Jing
Published: August 2024

Background:

Young-onset dementia (YOD) refers to dementia occurring before the age of 65, with Alzheimer’s disease being the most common form, posing distinct challenges for spousal caregivers.

Objective:

This study aims to investigate the unique experiences of spousal caregivers of persons with YOD in China, where dementia-specific community care services and primary healthcare professionals are relatively lacking, in order to inform the tailored support services development.

Methods:

This qualitative-design study utilized semi-structured interviews with 11 spousal caregivers of persons with YOD dwelling in the community. Traditional content analysis was employed to analyze the interview data.

Results:

Limited dementia-specific healthcare professionals and low public awareness made diagnosing and accepting YOD a prolonged and challenging journey. Spousal caregivers faced skepticism when seeking diagnosis, exacerbating their burden and emotional stress. Disparities in healthcare professionals and insufficient collaboration between institutions worsened the situation. YOD significantly impacted family dynamics and led to changes in emotional communication within the family. The stigma surrounding YOD raised concerns among spousal caregivers about their children’s future in marriage and career, emphasizing genetic risks.

Conclusions:

In settings where dementia-specific community care services and primary healthcare professionals are limited and unevenly distributed, integrating support services at both the primary and community levels is crucial for families dealing with YOD in the community. Additionally, raising public awareness about YOD can foster a more understanding and supportive environment, addressing challenges related to stigma faced by affected families, contributing to increased investment in supporting resources, and encouraging individuals to seek help early on.
First Biodistribution Study of [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-Insulin Following Intranasal Administration in Adult Vervet Monkeys
Authors: Solingapuram Sai Kiran Kumar , Erichsen Jennifer M. , Gollapelli Krishna K. , Krizan Ivan , Miller Mack , Bansode Avinash , Jorgensen Mathew J. , Register Thomas , Cazzola Charles , Gandhi Reenal , Suman Julie , Craft Suzanne
Published: August 2024

Background:

Intranasal insulin (INI) is being explored as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Improved memory, functional ability, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarker profiles have been observed following INI administration. However, the method of intranasal delivery may significantly affect outcomes.

Objective:

To show reliable delivery of insulin to the brain using the Aptar Cartridge Pump System (CPS) intranasal delivery system.

Methods:

To visualize INI biodistribution, we developed a novel PET radiotracer, Gallium 68-radiolabeled (NOTA-conjugated) insulin, [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-insulin. We used the Aptar CPS to administer [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-insulin to anesthetized healthy adult vervet monkeys and measured brain regional activity and whole-body dosimetry following PET/CT scans.

Results:

We observed brain penetration of [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-insulin following intranasal administration with the Aptar CPS. Radioactive uptake was seen in multiple regions, including the amygdala, putamen, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and choroid plexus. A safety profile and whole-body dosimetry were also established in a second cohort of vervets. Safety was confirmed: vitals remained stable, blood glucose levels were unchanged, and no organ was exposed to more than 2.5 mSv of radioactivity. Extrapolations from vervet organ distribution allowed for estimation of the [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-insulin absorbed dose in humans, and the maximum dose of [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-insulin that can be safely administered to humans was determined to be 185 MBq.

Conclusions:

The use of [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-insulin as a PET radiotracer is safe and effective for observing brain uptake in vervet monkeys. Further, the Aptar CPS successfully targets [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-insulin to the brain. The data will be essential in guiding future studies of intranasal [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-insulin administration in humans.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Detect Structural Brain Changes in Huntington’s Disease: A Review of Data from Mouse Models
Authors: Hanrahan Jenna , Locke Drew P. , Cahill Lindsay S.
Published: August 2024

Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful tool to visualize 3D neuroanatomy and assess pathology and disease progression in neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington’s disease (HD). The development of mouse models of HD that reproduce many of the psychiatric, motor and cognitive impairments observed in human HD has improved our understanding of the disease and provided opportunities for testing novel therapies. Similar to the clinical scenario, MRI of mouse models of HD demonstrates onset and progression of brain pathology. Here, we provided an overview of the articles that used structural MRI in mouse models of HD to date, highlighting the differences between studies and models and describing gaps in the current state of knowledge and recommendations for future studies.
Machine learning with requirements: A manifesto
Authors: Giunchiglia Eleonora , Imrie Fergus , van der Schaar Mihaela , Lukasiewicz Thomas
Published: August 2024

In the recent years, machine learning has made great advancements that have been at the root of many breakthroughs in different application domains. However, it is still an open issue how to make them applicable to high-stakes or safety-critical application domains, as they can often be brittle and unreliable. In this paper, we argue that requirements definition and satisfaction can go a long way to make machine learning models even more fitting to the real world, especially in critical domains. To this end, we present two problems in which (i) requirements arise naturally, (ii) machine learning models are or can be fruitfully deployed, and (iii) neglecting the requirements can have dramatic consequences. Our proposed pyramid development process integrates requirements specification into every stage of the machine learning pipeline, ensuring mutual influence between requirements and subsequent phases. Additionally, we explore the pivotal role of Neuro-symbolic AI in facilitating this integration, paving the way for more reliable and robust machine learning applications in critical domains. Through this approach, we aim to bridge the gap between theoretical advancements and practical implementations, ensuring machine learning’s safe and effective deployment in sensitive areas.
Identification of potential pathogenic genes related to osteoporosis and osteoarthritis
Authors: Wang Zhanchao , Wang Wei , Zuo Bin , Lu Hua
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) and osteoporosis (OS) are the most common orthopedic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To identify important genes as biomarkers for the pathogenesis of OA and OS. METHODS: Microarray data for OA and OS were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the OA and healthy control groups and between the OS and healthy control groups were identified using the Limma software package. Overlapping hub DEGs were selected using MCC, MNC, DEGREE, and EPC. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to mine OA- and OS-related modules. Shared hub DEGs were identified, human microRNA disease database was used to screen microRNAs associated with OA and OS, and an miRNA-target gene network was constructed. Finally, the expression of shared hub DEGs was evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 104 overlapping DEGs were identified in both the OA and OS groups, which were mainly related to inflammatory biological processes, such as the Akt and TNF signaling pathways Forty-six hub DEGs were identified using MCC, MNC, DEGREE, and EPC modules using different algorithms. Seven modules with 392 genes that highly correlated with disease were identified in the WGCNA. Furthermore, 10 shared hub DEGs were identified between the OA and OS groups, including OGN, FAP, COL6A3, THBS4, IGFBP2, LRRC15, DDR2, RND3, EFNB2, and CD48. A network consisting of 8 shared hub DEGs and 55 miRNAs was constructed. Furthermore, CD48 was significantly upregulated in the OA and OS groups, whereas EFNB2, DR2, COL6A3, and RND3 were significantly downregulated in OA and OS. Other hub DEGs were significantly upregulated in OA and downregulated in OS. CONCLUSIONS: The ten genes may be promising biomarkers for modulating the development of both OA and OS.
INCREASING THE WATER RESISTANCE OF THE PLASTER MIXTURE BASED ON GYPSUM-CONTAINING BINDER
Authors: Kersh Volodymyr , Levytskyi Dmytro , Tihoniuk Sergey , Foshch Aljona
Published: August 2024

The article considers the prospects of using gypsum-based composite materials for repairing damaged walls of limestone-shell rock buildings. Repairing damaged shell rock structures with cement compositions intensifies destructive processes; the use of lime-sand mixtures for repair work on building facades is problematic due to their prolonged hardening. The article substantiates the use of gypsum as the basis of the repair composition. The use of gypsum composites for exterior works requires a significant increase in their water resistance. A plaster mixture based on an ash-cement binder with an addition of lime is proposed; a series of samples with different component contents were made in the planned experiment. Their water resistance was studied using two criteria: the conventional softening coefficient (Кр) and the new one - the water resistance index (Iw); a comparison of these criteria was performed. The significant dependence of these criteria on the measurement conditions, which are not currently standardized, is established. Mathematical models of water resistance characteristics have been built, with the help of which the influence of the content of components on the resistance of the plaster composition to water has been analyzed. To further improve the water resistance of the mixture, a hydrophobizing additive was selected in terms of surface wetting and water absorption. Further research is aimed at optimizing the repair composition using plasticizing, hydrophobizing, and adhesive additives.
CARDO AND DECUMANUS IN THE HISTORICAL URBAN PLANNING OF KYIV
Authors: Erofalov Boris
Published: August 2024

The article clarifies conceptual meaning of the classical terms of the ancient gromatic (urban planning) art — "cardo" and "decumanus". The issue of continuity of the Roman, Byzantine and Old Russian planning traditions is considered on the example of the city of Yaroslav’s layout in Kyiv. The planning value of the Golden Gate in Kyiv and Constantinople has been determined. The conclusion is made about the foundation of the city of Yaroslav after begining of the St. Sophia Cathedral construction. The development of the main planning axis of the city — cardo — is shown in the project of the classical reconstruction of Kyiv in the first half of the 19th and in 20th century. The problem of using traditional terms and concepts of ancient urban planning in modern research and urban planning practice is posed.
In accordance with the clearly established boundaries of the ancient castrum on the territory of Kyiv Podol, the routes of its main streets can be clearly read. So the cardo (Via Praetoria) goes from north to south, approximately from the intersection of Mezhihirska and Yaroslavska streets (rear-guard gate, Porta Decumana), through the intersection of Kostyantynivska and Horiva Street (Pretoria), to the avant-garde gate (Rorta Praetoria) within the T-intersection of Frolivska Street with Borychiv Tik (one of the oldest streets in the city). From this place, the antique Podilska cardo in medieval times continued with Andriyivsky Uzvoz and the cardo of the new town of Yaroslav (1034), and at the beginning of the 19th century. within the limits of the classicist general plan of the city — along Volodymyrska Street to the south. In this way, we record the steady development of the urban planning tradition in Kyiv from the very beginning of the city's existence.
Of course, one can question the legality of the application of the Roman- Byzantine urban planning concepts "cardo" and "decuman" in relation to the modern city. However, the planning structure of the central part of Kyiv within the boundaries of the Dnieper and Lybedi rivers did not develop all at once, but over the course of two thousand years of successive urban development, therefore the basic principles that determined the main features and directions of growth are critically important for understanding the urban design of the city to this day.
Reassessing Cervical Cancer Prevention: Evaluating the NHS Cervical Cancer Screening Programme Through the Health Belief Model and Global Health Promotion Strategies
Authors: Appiah-Agyekum Michelle Owusua
Published: August 2024

Cervical cancer remains a significant public health issue in the United Kingdom, with disparities in screening coverage and outcomes persisting despite robust national programs. This critical analysis evaluates the NHS Cervical Screening Programme (CSP) through the lens of the Health Belief Model (HBM) and global health promotion strategies, such as those outlined in the Ottawa Charter. The analysis explores how individual beliefs about susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers influence participation in cervical screening, while also critiquing the CSP's reliance on these factors to the potential exclusion of broader social determinants of health.

Key findings reveal that while the HBM provides a valuable framework for understanding individual health behaviors, its emphasis on personal responsibility may overlook significant socioeconomic and cultural barriers, leading to inequities in screening uptake. Furthermore, the CSP's approach, though well-intentioned, may inadvertently undermine patient autonomy by promoting a top-down model of health promotion. The analysis is supported by data from the 2022-2023 Cervical Screening Standards Data Report and other contemporary sources, highlighting the need for more culturally sensitive and equitable strategies.

Recommendations for policymakers include the enhancement of targeted interventions for high-risk groups, improved communication strategies, and the integration of a social model of health that considers the broader determinants of health. Future studies are encouraged to explore the sociocultural factors influencing screening behaviors and to evaluate the effectiveness of new screening technologies and integrated HPV vaccination programs. This analysis underscores the importance of rethinking cervical cancer prevention strategies to ensure they are inclusive, equitable, and aligned with the principles of health promotion.
The Effect of Fermentation on the Physicochemical Quality and the Presence and Levels of Pesticide Residue in Cow Milk
Authors: Akabanda Fortune , Atuna Richard Atinpoore , Adeenze Ernestina Agaalie
Published: August 2024

The study investigated the effect of spontaneous fermentation time (0, 12, and 24 h) on the physicochemical properties (pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solid, and colour) and the levels of pesticide residue in cow milk using standard analytical procedures. Expectedly, the pH and titratable acidity were inversely related, where the pH significantly (p = 0.001) decreased from 5.7 to 3.8 and titratable acidity significantly (p = 0.001) increased from 2.7 to 7.5% after the 24 h fermentation period. Like pH, the total soluble solid significantly declined from 10.7 to 3.8 ᵒbrix after the 24 h fermentation. Generally, fermentation resulted in significant (p < 0.05) changes in all the quantitative parameters evaluated. Pesticides were not detected in about 85% of the milk samples. Only chlorpyrifos was detected in about 15% of raw milk samples in concentrations above the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) (0.0670). Interestingly, chlorpyrifos was not detected in milk samples after 24 h of spontaneous fermentation.
Early Renaissance Concepts of Time and the Invention of Mechanical Clocks
Authors: Nosonovsky Michael
Published: August 2024

Mechanical clocks appeared in Europe at the end of the thirteenth century and became widespread during the fourteenth century. Clocks utilized a periodic process – the oscillation of a verge – for accurate time measurement, which is consistent with the Aristotelian concept of time defined by motion. The concept was at the center of debates among scholastics and theologians, which culminated in the Church's Condemnation of Aristotelian teaching in 1277. The debate also led to the discovery of Impetus (inertial motion) by Buridan and Oresme. Sand clocks became a popular device at about the same time. The pendulum clocks invented by Huygens in the 1650s utilized linear oscillations, which, unlike the earlier verge mechanism, had their natural frequency. Both mechanisms are analyzed to explain why the introduction of the linear oscillator led to a 30-times accuracy improvement of the clock.