bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tertiary Amine Methacrylate‐Based ABC Triblock Copolymers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Self‐Assembly in both Aqueous and Nonaqueous Media
Authors: Bütün Vural , Taktak Fadime Fulya , Tuncer Cansel
Published: April 2011

Water soluble poly[2‐(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate]‐block‐poly[2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate]‐block‐poly[2‐(N‐morpholino)ethyl methacrylate] triblock copolymers are synthesized via group transfer polymerization. They are molecularly soluble in acidic solution but give PDPA‐core three‐layer “onion‐like” micelles in alkaline solution. They also give two types of micelles in hexane depending on whether a cosolvent is used: i) PMEMA‐core “onion‐like” reverse micelles are formed with a cosolvent, or, ii) [PDMA‐b‐PMEMA]‐core core–shell micelles without. In addition, novel shell cross‐linked micelles and reverse SCL micelles are also synthesized by cross‐linking the inner PDMA shell of both PDPA‐core micelles in water and PMEMA‐core reverse micelles in hexane.

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Wavelet BEM for large‐scale Stokes flows based on the direct integral formulation
Authors: Xiao Jinyou , Ye Wenjing
Published: April 2011

This paper describes a new wavelet boundary element method (WBEM) for large‐scale simulations of three‐dimensional Stokes problems. It is based on a Galerkin formulation and uses only one set of wavelet basis. A method for the efficient discretization and compression of the double‐layer integral operator of Stokes equation is proposed. In addition, a compression strategy for further reducing the setting‐up time for the sparse system matrix is also developed. With these new developments, the method has demonstrated a high matrix compression rate for problems with complicated geometries. Applications of the method are illustrated through several examples concerning the modeling of damping forces acting on MEMS resonators including a cantilever resonator oscillating in an unbounded air and a perforated plate resonator oscillating next to a fixed substrate. The numerical results clearly illustrate the efficiency and accuracy of the developed WBEM in these large‐scale Stokes flow simulations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of statistical power analysis in quantitative proteomics
Authors: Levin Yishai
Published: April 2011

Designing an experiment for quantitative proteomic analysis is not a trivial task. One of the key factors influencing the success of such studies is the number of biological replicates included in the analysis. This, along with the measured variation will determine the statistical power of the analysis. Presented is a simple yet powerful analysis to determine the appropriate sample size required for reliable and reproducible results, based on the total variation (technical and biological). This approach can also be applied retrospectively for the interpretation of results as it takes into account both significance (p value) and quantitative difference (fold change) of the results.
Novel sulfonated block copolymer containing pendant alkylsulfonic acids: Syntheses, unique morphologies, and applications in proton exchange membrane
Authors: Lee Hsing‐Chieh , Lim Herman , Su Wei‐Fang , Chao Chi‐Yang
Published: April 2011

In this article, we report the syntheses and characterizations of a series of novel block polyelectrolytes, poly(styrene‐block‐sulfonated hydroxystyrene) (PS‐b‐sPHS), containing pendant sulfonic acid groups attached to the backbone via propyl spacers in the sPHS domain. PS‐b‐sPHS with various compositions were synthesized via anionic polymerization and the following analogous chemistry to achieve accurate control of molecular weight (Mw), narrow polydispersity and high degree of sulfonation. Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) were prepared from PS‐b‐sPHS with sulfonic acids in either potassium salts or tetra‐alkylammonium salts via solvent casting and following treatments. Some unique morphologies, such as hallow channels and lamellar arrangement of strings of beads, were observed as a consequence of equilibrium between microphase separation and columbic interactions between polyelectrolytes. The transportation properties were found to closely relate to the morphologies of the PEMs. The combination of microphase separation of block polyelectrolytes and freedom of movement of pendent alkylsulfonic acids was demonstrated to effectively enhance the proton transport and suppress the methanol crossover for the PEMs, leading to the selectivity higher than Nafion 117 by five times at most. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
A green approach toward oleic‐ and undecylenic acid‐derived polyurethanes
Authors: González‐Paz R. J. , Lluch C. , Lligadas G. , Ronda J. C. , Galià M. , Cádiz V.
Published: April 2011

Naturally occurring oleic and undecylenic acids were used as raw materials for the synthesis of novel polyurethanes (PUs). The application of environmentally friendly thiol‐ene additions to 10‐undecenoate and oleate derivatives was studied with the goal of obtaining renewable diols. The resulting monomers were then polymerized with 4,4′‐methylenebis (phenylisocyanate), in N,N‐dimethylformamide solution using tin (II) 2‐ethylhexanoate as catalyst, to produce the corresponding thermoplastic PUs (TPUs). Also, ultrasound irradiation has been tested to improve the synthesis of PU. Under these conditions, TPUs were obtained in high yields (80–99%) with weight‐average molecular weights in the 36–83 kDa range. The chemical structures of PUs were assessed by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. The thermal and mechanical properties of the synthesized TPUs have been studied and they showed a clear dependence on the structure of the parent diol. MTT test was carried out to asses the potential cytotoxicity of the prepared PUs, indicating no cytotoxic response. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
A fully biobased epoxy resin from vegetable oils: From the synthesis of the precursors by thiol‐ene reaction to the study of the final material
Authors: Stemmelen M. , Pessel F. , Lapinte V. , Caillol S. , Habas J.‐P. , Robin J.‐J.
Published: April 2011

A novel vegetable oil‐based polyamine issued from grapeseed oil (GSO) was prepared using cysteamine chloride (CAHC) by thiol‐ene coupling (TEC). The structure of the polyamine oil (AGSO) was carefully examined using a large range of chemical analyses (FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR, LC‐MS…). The effects of the amination of GSO on the vegetable oil properties were also studied using viscosimetry. Then, AGSO was employed as a novel curing agent for bio‐based epoxy resin. The thermal crosslinking reaction between AGSO and epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) was studied by DSC and rheology. This study also dealt with the definition of the thermomechanical properties of the final material obtained by the mixing and curing of AGSO with ELO in stoichiometric proportions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Infrared dielectric mirrors based on thin film multilayers of polystyrene and polyvinylpyrrolidone
Authors: Bailey James , Sharp James S.
Published: April 2011

Thin film polymer multilayers were prepared by spin coating alternating layers of polystyrene and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Samples with 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 layers were prepared with individual layer thickness values in the range 223–508 nm. These samples were measured using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and were found to display narrow photonic band gaps (∼ 0.04 to 0.06 μm wide) in their spectral response over the wavelength range 1.6 − 2.6 μm. The position of the photonic band gaps was controlled by varying the thickness of the individual layers within the multilayer structures. This was achieved by varying the spin speed used during the deposition of the polymer layers. The peak reflectance of the multilayers was controlled by varying the number of layers within the multilayer samples giving values in the range 20–80% (corresponding to transmittances of 80–20%). Calculated transmittance spectra were also obtained using an optical transfer matrix method. These calculated spectra were shown to be in good agreement with the experimental data obtained. These experiments demonstrate a facile approach to the production of low cost dielectric mirrors that have tailored photonic properties over a range of wavelengths that are currently important for applications in fibre optic based telecommunications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Evaluation of N Atom Transmission from N2 Flowing Post‐Discharges for Sterilization Processes Through Modification of Wettability of Textiles
Authors: Canal Cristina , Villeger Sandrine , Ricard André
Published: April 2011

Plasma sterilization has been extensively studied in recent years, and at present conditioning materials such as sterilization pouches or process indicators devoted to such processes should be optimized to allow transfer of the technology to the market. The present work evaluates the possibility of using wettability modification of hydrophobic textiles to detect whether N atoms of a flowing post‐discharge in sterilization conditions (1 L/min, 100 W) are able to freely cross a cellulose membrane (found on the permeable side of a conventional sterilization pouch) and exert their action. Results showed that N2 post‐discharge treatment did not alter pore size of the membrane, and the use of tailored hydrophobic textiles was shown to be an appropriate indicator of N atom penetration inside the pouches. Depending on the initial hydrophobic treatment of the textiles, it is possible to detect differences in the density of atoms which crossed the membrane, being capable of distinguishing between parameters such as treatment time, or altered hydrodynamics of the chamber.

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Protective and curative efficacy of prothioconazole against isolates of Mycosphaerella graminicola differing in their in vitro sensitivity to DMI fungicides
Authors: Sanssené Jean , Selim Sameh , Roisin‐Fichter Céline , Djerroud Lynda , Deweer Caroline , Halama Patrice
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND: Septoria leaf blotch is the most important disease of wheat in Europe. To control this disease, fungicides of the 14α‐demethylase inhibitor group (DMIs) have been widely used for more than 20 years. However, resistance towards DMIs has increased rather quickly in recent years. The objective of this study was to evaluate, on plants and under controlled conditions, the protective and curative efficacy of the DMI fungicide prothioconazole against three current isolates of M. graminicola, chosen to belong to different DMI‐resistant phenotypes. Fungicide efficacy was assessed by visual symptoms and by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

RESULTS: With a protective fungicide application, prothioconazole was always effective against each isolate. This was in accordance with the EC50 results. However, curative efficacy differed between the isolates. It remained at a good level, between 60 and 70% against one isolate, whereas it was strongly affected by late applications from 7 days post‐inoculation with the two other isolates.

CONCLUSION: A protective application of prothioconazole in wheat crops could be the best strategy to keep a high efficacy against Septoria leaf blotch. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Proteomic Analysis of Protective Effects of Polysaccharides from Salvia miltiorrhiza Against Immunological Liver Injury in Mice
Authors: Sun Xue‐Gang , Fu Xiu‐Qiong , Cai Hong‐Bing , Liu Qiang , Li Chun‐Hua , Liu Ya‐Wei , Li Ying‐Jia , Liu Zhi‐Feng , Song Yu‐Hong , Lv Zhi‐Ping
Published: April 2011

This study was designed to investigate mechanisms of the protective effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide (SMPS) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced immunological liver injury (ILI) in Bacille Calmette‐Guérin (BCG)‐primed mice. Two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D‐DIGE) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) analysis showed that three proteins are down‐regulated and six proteins are up‐regulated by SMPS. SMPS reduces the degree of liver injury by up‐regulating the enzymes of the citric acid cycle, namely malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and 2‐oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. LPS significantly increases nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) activation, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and MDA level in BCG primed mice liver, whereas SMPS treatment protects against the immunological liver injury through inhibition of the NF‐κB activation by up‐regulation of PRDX6 and the subsequent attenuation of lipid peroxidation, iNOS expression and inflammation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social networks and opportunity recognition: A cultural comparison between Taiwan and the United States
Authors: MA Rong , Huang Yen‐Chih , Shenkar Oded
Published: April 2011

This paper investigates the moderating effect of national cultural contexts on the relationship between social networks and opportunity recognition. Data obtained from Taiwan and the United States support the proposition that cultural contexts, specifically the individualism‐collectivism dimension, moderate the relationship between tie strength, structural holes, and opportunity recognition. Results indicate that in the United States, tie strength is negatively associated with opportunity identification and structural holes are positively associated with opportunity identification; whereas in Taiwan we find the opposite. The results also show that the interaction effect between bridging ties and tie strength on opportunity recognition varies depending on the cultural context. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Red and Blue: the relationship between the institutional context and the performance of leveraged buyout investments
Authors: Pe'er Aviad , Gottschalg Oliver
Published: April 2011

This paper advances the debate concerning the relationship between politics and business conduct by investigating the influence of the institutional context on leveraged buyout investments. We propose that the formal and informal institution context in ‘red’ states (those dominated by the U.S. Republican Party) is more aligned with the principal strategies through which leveraged buyout investors create value than such a context is in ‘blue’ states (those dominated by the Democratic Party). Therefore, according to institutional theory, one would expect, ceteris paribus, a higher likelihood of buyout transactions in red states and vice versa. We analyze a sample of 10,746 U.S. buyout investments in 4,633 distinct target companies made by 2,396 different funds managed by 1,300 private equity firms from 1980 to 2003. The results indicate strong evidence of a positive association between a more aligned institutional context and both the volume of buyout activity and different measures of performance for these buyouts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent Progress in Nano‐biotechnology: Compartmentalized Micro‐ and Nanoparticles via Electrohydrodynamic Co‐jetting
Authors: Lahann Joerg
Published: April 2011

Compartmentalized particles enable co‐presentation of dissimilar sets of properties, thereby offering a broad design space for multifunctional particles. Electrohydrodynamic co‐jetting is a simple, yet versatile fabrication technique that can be used to prepare such multicompartmental particles and fibers. Processing conditions are summarized for co‐jetting of aqueous and organic polymer solutions as well as nanoparticle suspensions. Because particles can comprise distinct polymers in different compartments, selective surface modification becomes possible. The latter can result in unidirectional intera­ctions with cells or may pave new routes towards targeted drug delivery.
Unraveling the Complexity of the Zoo Community: Identifying the Variables Related to Conservation Performance in Zoological Parks
Authors: Fàbregas María C. , Guillén‐Salazar Federico , Garcés‐Narro Carlos
Published: April 2011

Zoological parks make up a highly heterogeneous community. Ranging from small collections at shopping malls to highly developed bioparks, their contribution to conservation is expected to vary enormously. Although several studies have focused on assessing such contribution, the parameters used frequently do not apply when considering more modest zoos. The goals of this study are to determine, within the wide range of zoos, which type tend to fulfill the conservation mission of modern zoos and to identify the variables associated to their conservation performance. We used the requirements demanded by the European Community Zoos Directive 1999/22/EC, relating to the keeping of wild animals in zoological parks, to assess conservation performance in 72% of officially registered Spanish zoos. Sampled zoos were classified into groups according to their common characteristics, and then the variables related to how they met each of the Directive's requirements in the groups were assessed. We found that private zoological parks with large zoological collections, located within metropolitan areas, and members of a zoo association tended to fulfill the requirements. Being a member of a zoo association was the variable that better explained fulfillment of the requirements among the evaluated zoos. Data revealed that zoos not meeting any requirement were few, although those meeting all of them were not frequent. The requirement related to adequate record keeping showed the lowest level of fulfillment. We discuss the implications of our results and propose measures of change in order to promote the contribution of zoos to biodiversity conservation. Zoo Biol 31:55;–70, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Clinico‐pathological Profile and Outcome in a Tertiary Care Center in North India
Authors: Mehrotra Prateek Kumar , Mishra Anjali , Mishra Saroj Kanta , Agarwal Gaurav , Agarwal Amit , Verma Ashok Kumar
Published: April 2011

Background

Recent advances in genetic screening have ushered in a new era in diagnosis and management of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). However, the same is not true for a resource‐poor country, where clinicians are still struggling to diagnose and adequately manage this relatively uncommon thyroid malignancy. We hereby present our experience of managing MTC at a tertiary care referral center in North India.

Methods

This was a retrospective study conducted between January 1990 and July 2009. Demographics, clinical profiles, details of surgical procedures, and follow‐up records were reviewed.

Results

A total of 71 patients with MTC were identified. Mean age of this group was 39.9 ± 14.1 years, and men outnumbered women 1.7:1. Some 84.5% of patients had seemingly sporadic MTC, and 15.5% had familial MTC (MEN2a = 14.1%, MEN 2b = 1.4%). All patients had a thyroid nodule at the time of presentation. Mean tumor diameter was 4.9 cm. Cervical lymphadenopathy, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, extrathyroidal invasion, and distant metastases were present in 59%, 7.2%, 10%, and 4.2% of patients, respectively. Staging showed that 4.8% of patients were stage I, 17.5% stage II, 14.3% stage III, and 63.6% stage IV. Treatment was as follows: 92.6% of patients had total thyroidectomy (primary or secondary); 67.6% central compartment lymph node dissection, 62.3% lateral cervical lymph node dissection, and 7.2% trans‐sternal mediastinal lymph node dissection performed. Some 66.7% of patients suffered from persistent hypercalcitoninemia, and 11.4% of those underwent reoperation. The 5‐year and 10‐year overall survival (OS) was 74.6% and 58%, respectively.

Conclusions

The majority of the patients with MTC presented at stage IVa, contributing to the high rate of persistent hypercalcitoninemia. Despite a policy of observation and intervening only in overtly symptomatic patients with persistent hypercalcitoninemia, overall survival (OS) in our study was comparable to other series, reinforcing the belief that persistent hypercalcitoninemia has an indolent course in most patients.
Protective effects of polysaccharides and polyhydric alcohols in a dry mouth model in cultured cells
Authors: Morito Akiko , Fujisawa Koichi , Eguchi Toru , Ota Yojiro
Published: April 2011

Purpose

The goal of the study was to investigate the effects of 21 polysaccharides and 12 polyhydric alcohols on inhibition of dryness in oral mucosal epithelial cells in vitro. All the tested compounds are currently used in oral products.

Methods

Human gingival epithelial Ca9-22 cells were incubated in 96-well plates until the cells reached confluence. After removal of the culture medium, the cells were incubated with a solution containing one of 21 polysaccharides (seven semisynthetic and 14 natural polysaccharides) or 12 polyhydric alcohols for 15 min (short-term treatment). After removal of the sample solution, the cells were dried at 25°C and 30% humidity, and cell viability was measured to determine the effect of each compound on prevention of cell death due to drying. The effects of the polyhydric alcohols were also examined for 3 days (long-term treatment).

Results

The semisynthetic polysaccharides ethylcellulose (EC), methylcellulose (MC), and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and the natural polysaccharides xanthan and gellan gum significantly inhibited cell death due to drying. Hydroxypropylcellulose increased cell death under these conditions. Of the polyhydric alcohols, long-term treatment with glycosyltrehalose significantly inhibited cell death due to drying, but short-term treatment with glycosyltrehalose did not do so. Long-term treatment had an effect on cell proliferation that appeared to differ from the effect of short-term treatment.

Conclusions

Short-term treatment with EC, MC, HPMC, xanthan gum, and gellan gum and long-term treatment with glycosyltrehalose showed significant inhibition of cell death due to drying. These materials might have protective effects against dry mouth.
Nutrient deficiencies as a risk factor in Taiwanese patients with postherpetic neuralgia
Authors: Chen Jen-Yin , Chu Chin-Chen , Lin Yung-Song , So Edmund Cheng , Shieh Ja-Ping , Hu Miao-Lin
Published: April 2011

Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is the most common complication of herpes zoster (HZ). The aim of the present study was to compare the nutritional status of PHN patients with that of healthy controls, and then to identify risk factors for PHN using multivariate multiple logistic regressions. In the present cross-sectional study, we prospectively enrolled fifty PHN patients for at least 3 months and fifty healthy controls. We selected nine circulating nutrients including ionised Ca, Zn, retinol, folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin C, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol and lycopene associated with both immunity and the modulation of neuropathic pain, and measured their concentrations in plasma/serum. Concentrations of ionised Ca, Zn, vitamin C and vitamin B12were significantly lower in PHN patients than in controls after excluding those patients receiving supplements since the outbreak of HZ. The prevalence of either mild/marginal or severe deficiencies for any of the nine selected circulating nutrients in PHN patients (92 %) was much higher than that in controls (46 %) (P < 0·001). Lower concentrations of vitamin C ( ≤ 45·0 μmol/l), ionised Ca ( ≤ 1·05 mmol/l) and Zn ( ≤ 0·91 g/l) were found to increase independently the risk of PHN using binary variable (dichotomy) analyses with both PHN patients and controls in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. No significant correlations existed between the risks of PHN and the concentrations of retinol, folic acid, vitamin B12, lycopene or α:γ-tocopherol ratios. Thus, lower concentrations of circulating nutrients, namely vitamin C, ionised Ca or Zn, are probably a risk factor in Taiwanese patients with PHN.
Influence of the consumption pattern of magnesium from magnesium-rich mineral water on magnesium bioavailability
Authors: Sabatier Magalie , Grandvuillemin Antoine , Kastenmayer Peter , Aeschliman Jean-Marc , Bouisset Florilène , Arnaud Maurice J. , Dumoulin Gilles , Berthelot Alain
Published: April 2011

It is generally considered that the absorption of Mg is inversely related to the ingested dose. The objective of the present study was to determine if the mode of administration (bolus v. consumption throughout the day) could influence Mg bioavailability from Mg-rich natural mineral water comparing the same nutritional Mg amount (126 mg). Using a 2 d cross-over design, twelve healthy men were asked to drink 1·5 litres Mg-rich mineral water either as 2 × 750 ml or 7 × 212 ml throughout the day. Two stable isotopes (25Mg and 26Mg) were used to label the water in order to distinguish both regimens. Fractional apparent Mg absorption was determined by faecal monitoring and Mg retention was determined by measuring urinary excretion of Mg isotopes. Higher Mg absorption (50·7 (sd 12·7) v. 32·4 (sd 8·1) %; P = 0·0007) and retention (47·5 (sd 12·9) v. 29·0 (sd 7·5) %; P = 0·0008) from Mg-rich mineral water were observed when it was consumed in seven servings compared with larger servings. Thus, regular water consumption throughout the day is an effective way to increase Mg bioavailability from Mg-rich mineral water.
A Test of Core Vote Theories: The British Conservatives, 1997–2005
Authors: Green Jane
Published: April 2011

The British Conservative party during 1997–2005 appeared to support the view that parties react to defeat by energizing their core vote base. Using a series of spatial and salience-based definitions of the core vote, combined with elite interviews with William Hague, Iain Duncan Smith and Michael Howard, the three Conservative leaders between 1997 and 2005, empirical evidence in support and also refutation of the core vote critique is evaluated here. The analyses suggest that Conservative issue strategies between 1997 and 2005 were chosen on grounds of spatial proximity and public perceptions of issue ownership, and that an appeal to Conservative voters was consistent with a broader appeal. The implications of this evidence are important for conceptualizing and applying party base explanations in Britain and beyond.
The Early Church in North America: Late Antiquity, Theory, and the History of Christianity
Authors: Brakke David
Published: April 2011

By almost any measure, the study of ancient Christian history is alive and well, even if one limits one's view to the North American scene. Over the last three decades the number of publications in the field, both books and articles, has grown considerably, fueling (among other things) the astonishing success of theJournal of Early Christian Studies, founded by the North American Patristic Society (NAPS) a decade'ago. Each year the program of the annual meeting of NAPS features more papers and attracts more participants (even though they must stay in less than ideal, even appropriately monastic, dormitory rooms). The number of papers on early Christian topics at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Religion and the Society of Biblical Literature (as well as the American Philological Association) is very impressive.
Church History, History of Christianity, Religious History: Some Reflections on British Missionary Enterprise Since the Late Eighteenth Century
Authors: Porter Andrew
Published: April 2011

In the Introduction to his lectures on the modern British missionary movement published in 1965, Max Warren suggested that “any serious student of modern history must find some explanation of the missionary expansion of the Christian Church.” Many, perhaps most, scholars have ignored his advice, and until very recently, it would have been difficult to persuade researchers in the modern academic mainstream to take such an injunction seriously, so flatly would it have seemed to contradict or question the dominant assumptions of liberal, secular scholarship. The progress of an all-pervasive secularization meant that missions, if not the churches both that supported them and that they hoped to build, were to be listed amongst history's losers and were therefore unattractive subjects for study.
A Catechetical Address on the Nicene Creed?
Authors: Williams D. H.
Published: April 2011

The anonymous “Incipit fides Nicaena” is a unique, though much ignored, Latin text from the later fourth century. Its only critical edition, from a sole ninth century codex, was first prepared in 1913 by Cuthbert H. Turner, under the title of Commentarius in Symbolum Nicaeanum.1 Turner's version was reprinted in the first volume of the Patrologiae Latinae Supplementum (1958).2 There has been almost no further scholarly work done on this text since Turner's edition, nor has it been translated into any European language.3 As a result, no questions have been asked about the bearing of this work on post-Nicene doctrinal history as our understanding of the Nicene-“Arian” conflicts has been reformulated over the last two decades. In this essay, I want to address this gap in our understanding, although it must be said that there are more questions than answers raised by the existence of this small document. Specifically, we will see how this unique text sheds light on the theological influence that the Nicene Creed began to have in western churches in the second half of the fourth century. An attempt will also be made to demonstrate how this primitive explanation of the Creed offers an indication of its own approximate date and context.
The Trinitarian House of David: Martin Luther's Anti-Jewish Exegesis of 2 Samuel 23:1–7
Authors: Slotemaker John T.
Published: April 2011

The second book of Samuel was a neglected work in the theological, exegetical, and liturgical traditions of the Western church from the Patristic era through the Protestant Reformation. The theological developments and articulations of the early church focused on the books of Genesis, John, and the great Pauline corpus;1for example, 1 Corinthians was central to the fourth-century trinitarian debates2and Romans to the soteriological discussions of the entire western tradition.3Similarly, the book of Psalms had an enormous impact on the liturgical life of the church as well as its christological statements.4One need only cast an eye back to Augustine's numerous commentaries on the book of Genesis to understand the profound depth with which certain books of the Christian Scriptures were interpreted in the early and medieval church.5
THE LONG AND INTRICATE FUNERAL OF YASIN AL-HASHIMI: PAN-ARABISM, CIVIL RELIGION, AND POPULAR NATIONALISM IN DAMASCUS, 1937
Authors: Wien Peter
Published: April 2011

After his premature death in exile in Beirut in 1937, the body of former Iraqi prime minister Yasin al-Hashimi became a matter of contention between the Syrian and Iraqi governments, as did his legacy as an avid Pan-Arabist. When the coffin with the deceased stopped in Damascus on its promised transfer to Baghdad, the Syrian National Bloc government used the opportunity to stage a solemn republican funeral to bolster its Arab nationalist credentials. Syrian conflicts with the Iraqi government that had removed al-Hashimi in a military coup in the previous year ultimately made Yasin's return impossible, however, and he was buried in Damascus, next to Saladin's mausoleum at the Umayyad Mosque. Unfortunately for the National Bloc, the funeral coincided with the first clashes over the Alexandretta crisis. The resulting street protests destroyed all public confidence that the bloc had gained during the funeral, underlining the volatile nature of nationalist politics at the time.
Between Global and Regional Narratives
Authors: Citino Nathan J.
Published: April 2011

The expansion of U.S. power across the Middle East has led to a convergence between what had previously been distinct historical fields. As U.S. foreign relations scholars turn their attention toward the Middle East and as Middle East historians address the implications of American imperialism, both groups have produced new research on the Cold War era. Since 2001, Rashid Khalidi, Juan R. I. Cole, and Ussama Makdisi have reexamined American foreign policy during the Cold War to understand the antecedents of current events. With the evolution of U.S. diplomatic history into a more cosmopolitan international history, its practitioners have consulted sources in regional languages. Recent scholarship has incorporated the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) into global narratives based on the themes of superpower rivalry, decolonization, and the struggle for development. While these global narratives help to counter regional exceptionalism, historians of the Cold War would also do well to read more Middle East historiography. The growing significance of American power for the MENA region calls for greater collaboration between the two fields on common interests that they have developed, at least so far, mostly in isolation.
Here Is/Where There/Is: Some Observations of Spatial Deixis in Robert Creeley's Poetry
Authors: KENNEDY DAVID
Published: April 2011

Multiple uses of the spatial deictic “here” are a notable feature of Robert Creeley's poetry. For example, the Collected Poems 1945–1975 contains five poems called “Here” and two called “Here Again,” and after only a hundred pages one has encountered at least eight uses of “here.” Similarly, Charles Altieri has noted a movement in Creeley's poetry from saying “there” to being able to say “here” as a statement of “an ideal of pure presence, of a relationship between subject and world where each is transparent to and completely adequate for the other.” In this essay, I will examine examples of Creeley's “heres” in the early poetry, up to and including Words (1967) and Pieces (1969). I will argue that while some of Creeley's uses of “here” do involve problems of location and ideal presence, other uses speak to problems of agency, form and the body. I will go on to argue that, ultimately, Creeley's “heres” map a search for location that discovers each new articulation is a disorientating reorientation. This reading of Creeley's use of “here” will be informed by a number of other sources including Jonathan Culler's pioneering work on deixis in Structuralist Poetics; J. P. Denny's comparative work on spatial adverbs in English, Eskimo and Kikuyu; Heidegger's discussion of “here” and “yonder”; and the paintings of Barnett Newman which are notable for their deictic titles. Reading these with and back into Creeley's poetry enables a greater understanding of how spatial deixis works in lyric poetry and how it relates to Creeley's reflexive lyric.
The Statute of Carlisle, 1307, and the Alien Priories
Authors: Thompson Benjamin
Published: April 2011

Throughout its history the institutionalised Church has sought in different ways to define its position with respect to the ‘world’, in order to give meaning to the injunction to be ‘in’ this world but not ‘of’ it. During the Middle Ages, the tension was acute because the Church, in its narrow definition of the clergy, claimed to be a separate, spiritual order, set apart from the temporal world. The tangible results of this dichotomy are particularly evident with respect to the real property held by ecclesiastical institutions. Property gave the Church the security to be independent from the lay power and the aristocracy; hence the Church claimed varying degrees of immunity for its property from secular jurisdictions.
A Realization Optimality Theory approach to blocking and extended morphological exponence
Authors: XU ZHENG , ARONOFF MARK
Published: April 2011

Blocking in inflection occurs when a morphological exponent prevents the application of another exponent expressing the same feature value, thus barring the occurrence of multiple exponents of a single morphosyntactic feature value. In instances of extended exponence, more than one exponent in the same word realizes the same feature value. We provide a unified account of blocking and extended exponence that combines a realizational approach to inflection with Optimality Theory (Realization Optimality Theory), encoding morphological realization rules as ranked violable constraints. The markedness constraint *FeatureSplitbars the realization of any morphosyntactic feature value by more than one exponent. If *FeatureSplitranks lower than two or more realization constraints expressing the same feature value, then we observe extended exponence. Otherwise, we find blocking of lower-ranked exponents. We show that Realization Optimality Theory is superior to various alternative approaches to blocking and extended morphological exponence.
The Ancient Coinage of Mainland Southeast Asia
Authors: Wicks Robert S.
Published: April 2011

Southeast Asia's coinage during the first millenium AD is remarkably conservative and uniform. A single prototype, a silver conch andśrīvatsacoin, is the model for each mainland coinage issued over a period of more than five hundred years, from about AD 450 to 1000. (Plate 1, coin 1) Silver is by far the preferred metal for minting. Gold and copper are rarely used, and then only in late or debased issues. Most of the cointypes are limited in circulation to their place of issue, providing insight into the geographical extent of effective political control in the early states of Candra Arakan, Pyu Śrīkṣetra and Mon Dvāravatī. Weight standards are extremely variable indicating that each state had a localized currency and not one immediately acceptable on an international basis. The main exception is the Rising Sun/Śrīvatsa coinage found in Burma, Thailand, Cambodia and southern Viet Nam. Unfortunately this Rising Sun coinage cannot be attributed to any mainland state with certainty.
Indian Society of Malaysia and Its Leaders: Trends in Leadership and Ideology among Malaysian Indians, 1945–60
Authors: Arasaratnam S.
Published: April 2011

Within the plural society of Malaysia, Indians reflect a pluralism every bit as complex and resulting in problems that are a smaller version of those faced by the nation. Indian society is segmented on a variety of grounds, each segment operating with its own autonomy and yet entering into a competitive coexistence with others to impose its interests as the dominant ones of “the Indian community” of Malaysia. These inner strains and stresses among groups struggling to assert community leadership have a long history and proceed from a background of economic, social, and cultural factors that have characterized Indian migration and settlement in peninsular Malaya. It is the aim of this paper to look at these segments of Indian society, the kinds of leadership they produced, the interactions of that leadership among each other for a period of about fifteen years after 1945. An attempt is made to isolate a number of the major groups and segments of society, to categorize the types of leaders emerging among them, to note the links between these leadership types and thus provide a profile of the society's leaders in this period.
Kartosuwiryo and the Darul Islam Rebellion in Indonesia
Authors: Soebardi S.
Published: April 2011

This paper is an attempt to analyze briefly the origin and growth of the Darul Islam movement with emphasis on the life of the leader of the rebellion, his ideology for establishing an Islamic theocratic state and a discussion on some of the problems he encountered in his effort to achieve his objective.

Sukarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwiryo: A Brief Biography

Sukarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwiryo was born in the small town of Cepu in North Central Java on the day of Selasa Kliwon (Tuesday Kliwon), 7 February 1905.
The ‘Indianization’ of Southeast Asia: Reflections on the Historical Sources
Authors: Mabbett I. W.
Published: April 2011

From about the second century onwards, principalities (“empires” is probably the wrong word in all the earlier cases) began to appear in Southeast Asia, first along the isthmus of the Malay Peninsula, round the coast of the Gulf of Siam and of the southern part of Vietnam, later in the archipelago and eventually spreading throughout the area now known as Southeast Asia except for the north of Vietnam and parts of the archipelago in the east. These principalities are assigned to the historical record by inscriptions using Indian languages and scripts, stone remains attesting Hindu and Buddhist cults, and foreign accounts, mostly Chinese, indicating various features of Indian culture. Two of the questions which underlie historical studies of this evidence are: how did Indian influence spread through Southeast Asia? and, how far did Indian influence dominate Southeast Asia? In principle, these questions may be answered independently of each other, the first being chiefly concerned with the “Indianization I” discussed in an earlier article, the second with “Indianization II”. Attention will be directed here chiefly to the first, and to the second primarily only to the extent that is entailed by examination of the first. Various conflicting views have been advanced by historians; the purpose here is to suggest that, in the absence of convincing evidence for any one of them, an eclectic interpretation is not only legitimate but cogent.
Some Consequences of the Pertamina Crisis in Indonesia
Authors: McCawley Peter
Published: April 2011

The rise and fall of Pertamina is a remarkable event in the recent economic history of Indonesia which has had wide-ranging economic and political ramifications. Formed in 1968, the state enterprise grew rapidly into one of the most important companies in Asia and Indonesia's most vigorous business organization. By 1974, this burgeoning oil conglomerate led by a dynamic President Director, Dr Ibnu Sutowo, known for his “can-do” philosophy and record of delivering the goods, had expanded its activities to a wide range of diverse business ventures both within and outside of Indonesia. But in late 1974, just as it seemed that the oil boom would surely strengthen Pertamina's already-dominant role in political and economic life in Indonesia, severe financial difficulties overtook the enterprise. In March 1975 the Indonesian Government was forced to step in to shore up Pertamina, and the subsequent investigations which continued on into 1976 revealed a series of remarkable business miscalculations which had led the company to accumulate debts officially put at over US$10 billion, much of it in foreign currency. Corruption in Indonesia has attracted much attention in recent years, so it is perhaps not surprising that it is this side of the remarkable Pertamina affair — and especially the role of Dr Ibnu Sutowo — that has received most comment. But the controversy surrounding the rise and fall of Ibnu Sutowo should not be allowed to obscure other significant issues. There are numerous semi-independent “states within a state” in Indonesia, and the role of particular individuals (whether honest or corrupt) within them should be kept in perspective. After discussing the background to the Pertamina crisis below, several issues will be taken up. It will be argued that while the economic consequences are bound to be farreaching, their impact on the economy should not be exaggerated. It will also be suggested that it is conflict between the need for autonomy and the desirability of public accountability which is at the heart of the debates about Pertamina's role, that many other official institutions (especially state enterprises) are faced with a similar conflict, and that we must look to the long-term development of institutional checks and balances to permanently improve the situation.
The 1857 Chinese Rebellion in Sarawak: A Reappraisal
Authors: Lockard Craig A.
Published: April 2011

Given the great strides made over the past twenty years in our understanding of modern Southeast Asian history, it is surprising that many traditional and possibly outdated interpretations remain unchallenged. Despite the growing use of indigenous source materials, the willingness to take an Asian-centric (and occasionally nonelitist) perspective, and the increasing attention to social, economic, and cultural (rather than just political and diplomatic) history, a number of important themes need reinterpretation or reevaluation. Indeed, many modern historians continue to accept as valid traditional assessments of some nineteenth-century events. This is sometimes the case even when the original sources are compromised by a Western ethnocentric and colonialist bias, since European representatives of the imperialist imperative largely produced the documentary sources for the period. The colonial episode now seems a far less benevolent exercise than it did to an earlier generation of historians; yet, outmoded perspectives sometimes remain with us. Such a failure of reinterpretation characterizes the recent writings on one of the better-known episodes in Bornean history, the so-called “Chinese Rebellion” of 1857 in Sarawak. The time has come for a revisionist appraisal.
Modernization and Centralization in Northern Thailand, 1875–1910
Authors: Ramsay James Ansil
Published: April 2011

As recently as 1875 Thailand had an extremely decentralized political system in which regional and local authorities enjoyed considerable autonomy from the central government. By the end of King Chulalongkon‘s reign in 1910, however, a very centralized political system had emerged in Thailand. This rather remarkable transformation from decentralization to centralization has usually been explained in terms of Western diplomatic and economic pressure upon the Thai government in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and the reforms which the government undertook to meet this pressure. Earlier studies by scholars such as Walter Vella, D. G. E. Hall, and John F. Cady have strongly emphasized the importance of Western pressure and advisers for the transformation of the Thai political system. More recent studies, in particular those of David Wyatt, have emphasized the importance of domestic factors in this process of change and stressed the creativity of the Thai response to the West. All of these studies have in common, however, an emphasis upon the importance of national level politics in the process of centralization. It will be the argument of this paper that it is also necessary to examine provincial-level politics in the period from 1875 to 1910 to understand why centralization in Thailand was so thoroughgoing and why it proceeded so rapidly. For this purpose the paper will focus on northern Thailand in the area which is now covered by the provinces of Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Lampang, Phrae, and Nan.
The Origins of Parti Islam Se Malaysia
Authors: Funston N.J.
Published: April 2011

Prior to entering a coalition with the ruling Alliance party at the beginning of 1973, and incorporation in the broader National Front coalition in June 1974 Parti Islam Se Malaysia (usually abbreviated to Party Islam or PAS, though until recently widely known as the Pan Malayan Islamic Party) had long been established as Malaysia's leading opposition party; within the National Front its position is second only to that of the Alliance. Nonetheless political scientists and historians have devoted little attention to this party, though they have almost uniformly condemned it for an alleged association with a most reactionary form of Malay communalism. Not surprisingly the picture that has emerged is partial and rather obscure. For example, we know little of the events surrounding the party's origins and its initial formative years: virtually all accounts of PAS begin with its successes in the 1959 national and state elections, and the few statements hazarded on its earlier history have been incomplete and factually wrong. In this article I want to clarify some of the factual confusion relating to these events, and to offer an interpretation of the various ideological forces that gave rise to the formation of this party.