bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
89Zr-PET imaging in humans: a systematic review
Authors: De Feo Maria Silvia , Pontico Mariano , Frantellizzi Viviana , Corica Ferdinando , De Cristofaro Flaminia , De Vincentis Giuseppe
Published: September 2021

Purpose

The remarkable amount of preclinical data achieved on 89Zr-PET imaging led to a significant clinical translation, concerning mainly immuno-PET applications. The aim of this systematic review is to provide a complete overview on clinical applications of 89Zr-PET imaging, using a systematic approach to identify and collect published studies performed in humans, sorted by field of application and specific disease subsections.

Methods

A systematic literature search of articles suiting the inclusion criteria was conducted on Pubmed, Scopus, Central, and Web Of Science databases, including papers published from January 1967 to November 2020. Eligible studies had to be performed on humans through PET imaging with 89Zr-labeled compounds. The methodological quality was assessed through the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic accuracy Studies-2 tool.

Results

A total of 821 articles were screened. 74 studies performed on humans were assessed for eligibility with the exclusion of further 18, thus 56 articles were ultimately selected for the qualitative analysis.

Conclusions

89Zr has shown to be a powerful PET-imaging tool, in particular for radiolabeling antibodies in order to study antigen expression, biodistribution, anticancer treatment planning and follow-up. Other than oncologic applications, 89Zr-radiolabeled antibodies have been proposed for use in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders with interesting results. 89Zr-labeled nanoparticles represent groundbreaking radiopharmaceuticals with potential huge fields of application. To evaluate the clinical usefulness of 89Zr PET-imaging in different conditions and in real-world settings, and to widen its use in clinical practice, further translation of preclinical to clinical data is needed.
Lubricant self-replenishing slippery surface with prolonged service life for fog harvesting
Authors: Chen Yi , Liu Weimin , Huang Jinxia , Guo Zhiguang
Published: September 2021

Slippery lubricant-infused surfaces exhibit excellent fog-harvesting capacities compared with superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic surfaces. However, lubricant depletion is typically unavoidable under dynamic conditions, and reinfused oil is generally needed to recover the fog-harvesting capacity. Herein, an effective strategy for delaying the depletion of lubricant to prolong the service life of fog harvesting is proposed. An ultrathin transparent lubricant self-replenishing slippery surface was fabricated via facile one-step solvent evaporation polymerization. The gel film of the lubricant self-replenishing slippery surface, which was embedded with oil microdroplets, was attached to glass slides via the phase separation and evaporation of tetrahydrofuran. The gel film GFs-150 (with oil content 150 wt% of aminopropyl-terminated polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS-NH2)) exhibited superior slippery and fog-harvesting performance to other gel films. Furthermore, the slippery surfaces with the trait of oil secretion triggered by mechanical stress exhibited better fog-harvesting capabilities and longer service life than surfaces without the function of lubricant self-replenishment. The lubricant self-replenishing, ultrathin, and transparent slippery surfaces reported herein have considerable potential for applications involving narrow spaces, visualization, long service life, etc.
Optimization of pore structure and wet tribological properties of paper-based friction materials using chemical foaming technology
Authors: Li Chang , Fei Jie , Zhou Enzhi , Lu Rui , Cai Xiaohang , Fu Yewei , Li Hejun
Published: September 2021

Paper-based friction materials are porous materials that exhibit anisotropy; they exhibit random pore sizes and quantities during their preparation, thereby rendering the control of their pore structure difficult. Composites with different pore structures are obtained by introducing chemical foaming technology during their preparation to regulate their pore structure and investigate the effect of pore structure on the properties of paper-based friction materials. The results indicate that the skeleton density, total pore area, average pore diameter, and porosity of the materials increase after chemical foaming treatment, showing a more open pore structure. The addition of an organic chemical foaming agent improves the curing degree of the matrix significantly. Consequently, the thermal stability of the materials improves significantly, and the hardness and elastic modulus of the matrix increase by 73.7% and 49.4%, respectively. The dynamic friction coefficient increases and the wear rate is reduced considerably after optimizing the pore structure. The wear rate, in particular, decreases by 47.7% from 2.83 × 10−8 to 1.48 × 10−8 cm3/J as the foaming agent content increases. Most importantly, this study provides an effective method to regulate the pore structure of wet friction materials, which is conducive to achieving the desired tribological properties.
The sharp bound of the third Hankel determinant for functions of bounded turning
Authors: Kowalczyk Bogumiła , Lecko Adam
Published: September 2021

We find the sharp bound for the third Hankel determinant $$\begin{aligned} H_{3,1}(f):= \left| {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {a_{1} } & {a_{2} } & {a_{3} } \\ {a_{2} } & {a_{3} } & {a_{4} } \\ {a_{3} } & {a_{4} } & {a_{5} } \\ \end{array} } \right| \end{aligned}$$

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Design and analysis of an efficient machine learning based hybrid recommendation system with enhanced density-based spatial clustering for digital e-learning applications
Authors: Bhaskaran S. , Marappan Raja
Published: September 2021

A decision-making system is one of the most important tools in data mining. The data mining field has become a forum where it is necessary to utilize users' interactions, decision-making processes and overall experience. Nowadays, e-learning is indeed a progressive method to provide online education in long-lasting terms, contrasting to the customary head-to-head process of educating with culture. Through e-learning, an ever-increasing number of learners have profited from different programs. Notwithstanding, the highly assorted variety of the students on the internet presents new difficulties to the conservative one-estimate fit-all learning systems, in which a solitary arrangement of learning assets is specified to the learners. The problems and limitations in well-known recommender systems are much variations in the expected absolute error, consuming more query processing time, and providing less accuracy in the final recommendation. The main objectives of this research are the design and analysis of a new transductive support vector machine-based hybrid personalized hybrid recommender for the machine learning public data sets. The learning experience has been achieved through the habits of the learners. This research designs some of the new strategies that are experimented with to improve the performance of a hybrid recommender. The modified one-source denoising approach is designed to preprocess the learner dataset. The modified anarchic society optimization strategy is designed to improve the performance measurements. The enhanced and generalized sequential pattern strategy is proposed to mine the sequential pattern of learners. The enhanced transductive support vector machine is developed to evaluate the extracted habits and interests. These new strategies analyze the confidential rate of learners and provide the best recommendation to the learners. The proposed generalized model is simulated on public datasets for machine learning such as movies, music, books, food, merchandise, healthcare, dating, scholarly paper, and open university learning recommendation. The experimental analysis concludes that the enhanced clustering strategy discovers clusters that are based on random size. The proposed recommendation strategies achieve better significant performance over the methods in terms of expected absolute error, accuracy, ranking score, recall, and precision measurements. The accuracy of the proposed datasets lies between 82 and 98%. The MAE metric lies between 5 and 19.2% for the simulated public datasets. The simulation results prove the proposed generalized recommender has a great strength to improve the quality and performance.
Testing Mate Choice Hypotheses in a Transitional Small Scale Population
Authors: Boothroyd Lynda G. , Jucker Jean-Luc , Thornborrow Tracey , Tovee Martin J. , Batres Carlota , Penton-Voak Ian
Published: September 2021

Objective

Tests of theories of mate choice often rely on data gathered in White, industrialised samples and this is especially the case for studies of facial attraction. Our understanding of preferences for sexual dimorphism is currently in flux and a number of hypotheses require testing in more diverse participant samples. The current study uses opportunistically gathered facial dimorphism preference data from 271 participants in rural Nicaragua, and 40 from the national capital Managua. We assess pre-registered hypotheses drawn from sexual selection theory, and from more recent approaches which consider the impacts of economic development and cultural ‘modernisation’ on mate preferences.

Methods

Participants verbally reported demographic data, and indicated preferences for five male and five female pairs of faces manipulated to differ in sexually dimorphic facial structure based on a sample of Salvadoran individuals.

Results

While urban participants showed a preference for more feminine female faces, this preference was not evident in the rural participants. Neither urban nor rural participants showed any directional preference for masculinised/feminised male faces. Furthermore, there was no support for any other pre-registered hypothesis.

Conclusions

Our results are consistent with previous studies showing no interest in facial dimorphism in less globally-acculturated, or market integrated, populations. Together, this suggests that while facial dimorphism may be subject to systematically varying preferences amongst some low-fertility, industrialised populations, it is not a feature which is likely to have been important in ancestral populations. We call for further work attempting to replicate well known mate choice phenomena in more diverse samples.
“China as a Method” for Chinese Political Science Research
Authors: Yang Guangbin
Published: September 2021

Since the reinstatement of political science as an academic discipline in 1980, the Chinese political science scholarship has as much studied China-related issues as adopted from the West a large number of scholarly findings, research methodology, and theories including the modernization theory in the 1980s, the democratic transition theory from the 1990s onwards, and the governance theory in the twenty-first century. Through the academic dialogue between China and the West, the political science research community in China has, by the same token, formulated its own theories on democracy and governance that are derived from China’s experiences. Furthermore, along with the unprecedented transformations throughout the whole society, Chinese political science has equally undergone major changes, of which a case in point can be the calling in this article for a political science research using "China as a method" (For this notion of "China as a Method", although it comes from Yuzo Mizoguchi, a Japanese scholar on China studies, it is also a product of the mutual learning across civilizations and also benefits from the inspiration of "taking the reform as the methodology". The so-called "China as the methodology" not only focuses on "China as the center", basing one’s research on China, answering questions about China, and putting forward China-based propositions; it also means that the ontology, epistemology, and methodological knowledge generated by “China as the center” or “China as a method” can become a theoretical orientation and methodological framework for Chinese political research in the world.). The best way to understand China is to study its political history, as Chinese history is mainly a political one, demonstrating a high degree of historical continuity. For this very reason, we have proposed a historical political science as a method for studying China—an approach that is different from historical sociology. The historical political science is, indeed, not Chinese-centered or -focused, where a comparative historical analysis will be ushered in as well.
The Political Development of Contemporary China from the Perspective of Historical Political Science
Authors: Yang Guangbin
Published: September 2021

The political development of contemporary China defies existing political theories. The framework of “political science” based on the ‘rational man hypothesis’ has proven to be fallible in terms of correctly envisioning China’s future. Appertaining to the Chinese political history, historical political science offers not only epistemology and methodology of the subject, but also an ontological element, for observation. With respect to historical political science, contemporary Chinese politics is considered to be the natural genetic extension of the Chinese civilization as well as a continuous and unified development process spanning over a period of 70 years ever since the People’s Republic of China was founded. Historical political science, deemed to be a tailored research approach for the development of contemporary Chinese politics, essentially adds further value and significance to this discipline.
Convergent Usage of Amino Acids in Human Cancers as a Reversed Process of Tissue Development
Authors: Luo Yikai , Liang Han
Published: September 2021

Genome- and transcriptome-wide amino acid usage preference across different species is a well-studied phenomenon in molecular evolution, but its characteristics and implication in cancer evolution and therapy remain largely unexplored. Here, we analyzed large-scale transcriptome/proteome profiles, such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx), and the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC), and found that compared to normal tissues, different cancer types showed a convergent pattern toward using biosynthetically low-cost amino acids. Such a pattern can be accurately captured by a single index based on the average biosynthetic energy cost of amino acids, termed energy cost per amino acid (ECPA). With this index, we further compared the trends of amino acid usage and the contributing genes in cancer and tissue development, and revealed their reversed patterns. Finally, focusing on the liver, a tissue with a dramatic increase in ECPA during development, we found that ECPA represents a powerful biomarker that could distinguish liver tumors from normal liver samples consistently across 11 independent patient cohorts and outperforms any index based on single genes. Our study reveals an important principle underlying cancer evolution and suggests the global amino acid usage as a system-level biomarker for cancer diagnosis.
Detecting Seismo‐Ionospheric Anomalies Possibly Associated With the 2019 Ridgecrest (California) Earthquakes by GNSS, CSES, and Swarm Observations
Authors: Xie Ting , Chen Biyan , Wu Lixin , Dai Wujiao , Kuang Cuilin , Miao Zelang
Published: September 2021

The association between earthquakes and ionospheric precursors has been widely reported in previous studies. The Swarm satellite constellation, the China Seismo‐Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES), and the ground‐based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) observations provide us new opportunities to detect ionospheric precursors to earthquakes for a better understanding of the seismic‐ionospheric coupling. In California, two shallow earthquakes with magnitudes of 6.5 and 7.1, the two higher magnitude events of the Ridgecrest earthquakes sequence, occurred on July 4 and July 6, 2019, respectively. This study adopted total electron content (TEC) data from the GNSS, and electron density (Ne), and electron temperature (Te) data from the CSES and Swarm to study the possible ionospheric perturbations before the Ridgecrest earthquakes. A sliding interquartile range method was used to analyze the TEC data, and a spatial differential method and a revisit trajectory comparison were used to analyze the Ne and Te data. While excluding the influences of various factors including solar and geomagnetic activities, planetary waves, tropospheric convection, and medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances, the cross‐validation of the multi‐source data found that anomalies detected on June 20, June 22, and June 26–29, 2019 could be regarded as precursors of the Ridgecrest earthquakes. A spatial distribution analysis showed that the pre‐earthquake anomalies offset the equatorial direction. TEC anomalies were all positively correlated with the Ne anomalies, with most of them were positive. The Ne and Te anomalies were both positively and negatively correlated with mostly negative, while showing a strong linear negative correlation at nighttime.
Multi‐Sensor Approach for High Space and Time Resolution Land Surface Temperature
Authors: Desai Ankur R. , Khan Anam M. , Zheng Ting , Paleri Sreenath , Butterworth Brian , Lee Temple R. , Fisher Joshua B. , Hulley Glynn , Kleynhans Tania , Gerace Aaron , Townsend Philip A. , Stoy Paul , Metzger Stefan
Published: September 2021

Surface‐atmosphere fluxes and their drivers vary across space and time. A growing area of interest is in downscaling, localizing, and/or resolving sub‐grid scale energy, water, and carbon fluxes and drivers. Existing downscaling methods require inputs of land surface properties at relatively high spatial (e.g., sub‐kilometer) and temporal (e.g., hourly) resolutions, but many observed land surface drivers are not continuously available at these resolutions. We evaluate an approach to overcome this challenge for land surface temperature (LST), a World Meteorological Organization Essential Climate Variable and a key driver for surface heat fluxes. The Chequamegon Heterogenous Ecosystem Energy‐balance Study Enabled by a High‐density Extensive Array of Detectors (CHEESEHEAD19) field experiment provided a scalable testbed. We downscaled LST from satellites (GOES‐16 and ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station [ECOSTRESS]) with further refinement using airborne hyperspectral imagery. Temporally and spatially downscaled LST compared well to independent observations from a network of 20 micrometeorological towers and piloted aircrafts in addition to Landsat‐based LST retrieval and drone‐based LST observed at one tower site. The downscaled 50‐m hourly LST showed good relationships with tower (r2 = 0.79, RMSE = 3.5 K) and airborne (r2 = 0.75, RMSE = 2.4 K) observations over space and time, with precision lower over wetlands and lakes, and some improvement for capturing spatio‐temporal variation compared to a geostationary satellite. Further downscaling to 10 m using hyperspectral imagery resolved hot and cold spots across the landscape as evidenced by independent drone LST, with significant reduction in RMSE by 1.3 K. These results demonstrate a simple pathway for multi‐sensor retrieval of high space and time resolution LST.
The Challenges of Forecasting Small, But Mighty, Polar Lows
Authors: Moreno Ib��ez Marta
Published: September 2021

These intense maritime storms pose threats to high-latitude coastal communities and economic activities and may influence climate and ocean circulation.
Satellites Allow Scientists to Dive into Milky Seas
Authors: Tillman Nola
Published: September 2021

Satellites may finally be able to report the fleeting phenomena of milky seas in near-real time, allowing researchers to potentially study an ocean mystery that has survived more than 2 centuries.
Altitudinal and Latitudinal Variations in Ionospheric Sporadic‐E Layer Obtained From FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC Radio Occultation
Authors: Qiu Lihui , Yu Tao , Yan Xiangxiang , Sun Yang‐Yi , Zuo Xiaomin , Yang Na , Wang Jin , Qi Yifan
Published: September 2021

Sporadic E (Es) layers are known for their layered structures with enhanced electron density. Recently, some scientists have studied the relationship between the occurrence rate and intensity of the Es layer in the global distribution. However, the relationship between the Es layer parameters (Es layer occurrence rate, Es layer intensity, Es layer thickness) in the vertical direction seems to be ignored to date. This paper highlights the vertical profiles of the occurrence rate, intensity, and thickness of the Es layers by using scintillation index (S4) from FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC satellites from July 2007 to March 2015. The results show that there are some persistent differences between the occurrence rate, intensity, and thickness of the Es layers in the vertical profiles, which is different from their general similarity in the latitude distribution. It is found that the Es layer occurrence rate has a maximum value at ∼102 km altitude, but the Es layer intensity and Es layer thickness reach their maximum at an altitude of ∼110 km. Besides, the intensity and thickness of the Es layer exhibit a high linear relationship, which suggests that the larger electron density of the Es layer, the thicker its thickness. The Horizontal Wind Model (HWM14) indicates that the latitudinal variations in Es layers parameters are highly coincident with the zonal wind shear. However, the altitudinal variations in Es layers parameters do not agree well with the zonal wind shear.
Discrete Aurora on Mars: Spectral Properties, Vertical Profiles, and Electron Energies
Authors: Soret Lauriane , Gérard Jean‐Claude , Schneider Nicholas , Jain Sonal , Milby Zachariah , Ritter Birgit , Hubert Benoît , Weber Tristan
Published: September 2021

We present an analysis of hundreds of middle ultraviolet auroral spectra collected at the limb with the Imaging UltraViolet Spectrograph (IUVS) instrument on board the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft. While the companion paper by Schneider et al. (2021), https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029428 focuses on the detection, location, and occurrence frequency of discrete auroral events, this study addresses the spectral properties and vertical profiles of the auroral emissions. Our independent selection of events is based on a combination of automatic and manual detection methods with adequate signal‐to‐noise ratio of both the CO Cameron bands and the CO2+ ultraviolet doublet (UVD) at 190–270 and 288–289 nm, respectively. We find that the ratio of these two features remains quasi‐constant for UVD intensities exceeding ∼200 rayleighs (R), but the CO Cameron/CO2+ UVD ratio may become increasingly large for low UVD intensities. Three weak N2 Vegard‐Kaplan bands are identified in the Martian aurora for the first time. Limb profiles of the [OI] line at 297.2 nm indicate that the visible oxygen green line brightness may reach a few kilorayleighs. The distribution of the altitude of the emission peaks in the aurora is identical in and out of the region of crustal magnetic field located in the southern hemisphere. Comparisons of in situ measurements of electron energy spectra and ultraviolet auroral detections have been made for five optical detections. They generally show temporal coincidence but not necessarily quantitative agreement with the altitude and brightness expected from the characteristics of the measured electron energy spectra.
A Review of Electrostatic Solitary Wave Research From the Cluster Mission
Authors: Pickett J. S.
Published: September 2021

A review of the advancements in the knowledge of electrostatic solitary waves (ESWs) made with data obtained by the four satellite Cluster mission, after 20 years in orbit, is presented. ESWs are nonlinear solitary waves or structures observed in high time resolution waveform data. The ESW pulses are the wave data representation of electron or ion phase‐space holes, or density/acoustic structures, and are observed throughout the Cluster orbit, particularly at boundary layers, in turbulent plasmas, and wherever there is mixing of plasmas, such as in the magnetotail with the onset of a super‐substorm. Much of the research reviewed here involves ESWs involved in the magnetic reconnection processes of Earth, with their mapping across the separatrix region. One of the major advancements in ESW knowledge came from investigating propagation from one spacecraft to another, thus addressing the issue of lifetime and stability of these structures which cannot be adequately addressed with single spacecraft propagation studies. Knowing how stable the ESWs are can help determine their generation mechanism, which was also addressed in many of the papers discussed herein through observations and theory. The ESWs were found to be generated through a mix of instabilities and processes, namely two‐stream, Buneman, bump‐on‐tail, electron‐ion, beam‐plasma, electron and ion acoustic instabilities, and out of turbulence.
Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon and Freeze‐Thaw Cycles Drive Seasonal Changes in Soil Microbial Quotient Along a Steep Altitudinal Gradient
Authors: Cao Rui , Yang Wanqin , Chang Chenhui , Wang Zhuang , Wang Qin , Jiang Yurui , Li Han , Tan Bo
Published: September 2021

Understanding seasonal changes in soil microbial quotient (qMB, i.e., the MBC‐to‐SOC ratio) along altitudinal gradients and their dominant drivers is essential for determining the effects of environmental changes on the soil organic carbon pool. A 3‐year in situ soil core incubation experiment was thus conducted in a dry valley shrub, a valley‐mountain ecotone forest, a subalpine coniferous forest, an alpine coniferous forest, and an alpine meadow across a 2,431‐m altitudinal gradient on eastern the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. Soil qMB in the soil organic layer (OL) and mineral soil layer (ML) was measured at five critical periods. The average soil qMB was significantly higher in the alpine meadow than at other sites, with no significant difference among the other sites. The average soil qMB in this region was less than the global average value (1.2%), indicating that the soil organic carbon pool of the local ecosystem has higher stability and a lower mineralization potential than that of the other ecosystems globally. Seasonal variations in soil qMB differed along the altitudinal gradient. Significant increases in soil qMB during the 3‐year incubation were mainly observed in the OL at higher altitudes, implying increased sensitivity of the soil organic carbon pool to environmental changes. Microbial biomass carbon and soil freeze‐thaw cycles were critical factors determining the altitudinal pattern and seasonal changes in soil qMB. Soil microbial biomass and freeze‐thaw regime changes under global climate change scenarios will alter the balance between SOC microbial assimilation and maintenance respiration demands, affecting soil carbon biogeochemical cycling in mountainous ecosystems.
Multi‐Receiver Augmentation to Advanced Indian MST Radar (AIR)—Implementation of Spaced Antenna Technique
Authors: Kumar Shridhar , Rao T. Narayana , Rao M. Durga , Kamaraj P.
Published: September 2021

Newly acquired multi‐receiver capability of Advanced Indian MST radar has been utilized to implement the spaced antenna (SA) technique for profiling of winds and turbulence. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, in addition to the traditional Full Correlation Analysis (FCA), SA analysis is also performed on off‐vertical beam measurements (hereafter Oblique Spaced Antenna [OSA]) and the products are evaluated against those retrieved with Doppler Beam Swinging (DBS) and collocated GPS radiosonde. In Experiment 2, the dependence of height coverage on antenna aperture is examined. The synchronization and phase matching of receiving channels are found to be well within the designed values. The consensus averaged zonal and meridional wind velocities obtained by FCA and OSA compare very well with DBS and radiosonde measurements with correlation coefficients >0.85 and root mean square error (RMSE) < 2 ms−1. The mean value of antenna parameter, , extracted from correlation of different antenna pairs compare well with the theoretical estimate. The efficacy of in quality controlling the SA derived winds has been examined. Imposing condition has certainly removed several outliers and reduced the RMSE (relative to reference) considerably, but it also reduced useful data by 50%. The consensus averaging of winds is found to be more effective in removing outliers and reducing the RMSE. The wind variances estimated by DBS (after accounting the non‐turbulent contributions) and SA agree quite well with a correlation coefficient of 0.95. Utilization of a bigger array increased the height coverage from 10‐12 to 20 km.
Analysis of Channel Characteristics Between Satellite and Space Station in Terahertz Band Based on Ray Tracing
Authors: Yang Jinsheng , Li He , Xu Zhan
Published: September 2021

A time‐varying multi‐ray channel model suitable for inter‐satellite link simulation and performance evaluation is proposed aiming at the characteristics of the space communication environment. This model analyzes the propagation process and multi‐dimensional characteristics of the terahertz (THz) waves between the satellite and the space station. The receiving environment of the space station is constantly changing due to the rotation of the station's solar panels with the sun and the relative motion between the station and the satellite. To predict critical multipath events for a specific communication configuration, the method of ray tracing, which is combined with the consistent orbiting theory and geometric orbital theory, is used to analyze the channel characteristics of different inter‐satellite links at the THz band (220 GHz). The research content includes the path loss model, the multipath statistics, the small scale fading and some other related channel characteristics. The space THz multi‐dimensional time domain, space domain, and frequency domain characteristics are obtained by studying the structural characteristics of the space station and space environment, the law of position change between the space station and the satellite, and the relative motion between the satellite and the space station. The study on the characteristics of the THz time‐varying channel provides a reference for the prediction and planning of THz wave propagation in future inter‐satellite links.
Bedrock Groundwater Catchment Area Unveils Rainfall‐Runoff Processes in Headwater Basins
Authors: Masaoka N. , Kosugi K. , Fujimoto M.
Published: September 2021

Bedrock groundwater (BGW) has a contribution area that differs from that of the surface watershed. To date, there has been no analysis using BGW observations to determine to what extent the BGW catchment area influences surface runoff characteristics. This study determined the BGW catchment area from the water table, using densely nested boring wells (61 in bedrock and three in the soil layer) drilled in the granitic basin (2.3 ha). Streamflow runoff was also measured concurrently across the entire watershed (F0) and the subwatersheds (F1 to F6). The BGW catchment area of F3 accounted for 191% of the watershed area derived from surface topography, reducing the area of adjacent watersheds through cross‐watershed flow. The annual precipitation input to the BGW catchment area and baseflow volume was highly correlated, indicating that the BGW catchment area reflected the actual catchment effect in the bedrock layer more accurately than the surface watershed area. The degree of bedrock weathering showed that the BGW table was distributed along the boundary of the CL–CM classes. The estimated actual permeability of the CM class bedrock based on the deep percolation rate suggests that the depth near the CL–CM boundary is the hydrological basement surface; this defines the BGW catchment area. This study demonstrates that the BGW catchment area concept provides an accurate prediction of streamflow runoff in mountainous headwater basins that are heavily governed by hydrological processes in bedrock.
Targeting cancer cell plasticity by HDAC inhibition to reverse EBV-induced dedifferentiation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Xie Jiajun , Wang Zifeng , Fan Wenjun , Liu Youping , Liu Fang , Wan Xiangbo , Liu Meiling , Wang Xuan , Zeng Deshun , Wang Yan , He Bin , Yan Min , Zhang Zijian , Zhang Mengjuan , Hou Zhijie , Wang Chunli , Kang Zhijie , Fang Wenfeng , Zhang Li , Lam Eric W-F , Guo Xiang , Yan Jinsong , Zeng Yixin , Chen Mingyuan , Liu Quentin
Published: September 2021

Application of differentiation therapy targeting cellular plasticity for the treatment of solid malignancies has been lagging. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a distinctive cancer with poor differentiation and high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Here, we show that the expression of EBV latent protein LMP1 induces dedifferentiated and stem-like status with high plasticity through the transcriptional inhibition of CEBPA. Mechanistically, LMP1 upregulates STAT5A and recruits HDAC1/2 to the CEBPA locus to reduce its histone acetylation. HDAC inhibition restored CEBPA expression, reversing cellular dedifferentiation and stem-like status in mouse xenograft models. These findings provide a novel mechanistic epigenetic-based insight into virus-induced cellular plasticity and propose a promising concept of differentiation therapy in solid tumor by using HDAC inhibitors to target cellular plasticity.
Prognostic correlations with the microbiome of breast cancer subtypes
Authors: Banerjee Sagarika , Wei Zhi , Tian Tian , Bose Dipayan , Shih Natalie N. C. , Feldman Michael D. , Khoury Thaer , De Michele Angela , Robertson Erle S.
Published: September 2021

Alterations to the natural microbiome are linked to different diseases, and the presence or absence of specific microbes is directly related to disease outcomes. We performed a comprehensive analysis with unique cohorts of the four subtypes of breast cancer (BC) characterized by their microbial signatures, using a pan-pathogen microarray strategy. The signature (includes viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites) of each tumor subtype was correlated with clinical data to identify microbes with prognostic potential. The subtypes of BC had specific viromes and microbiomes, with ER+ and TN tumors showing the most and least diverse microbiome, respectively. The specific microbial signatures allowed discrimination between different BC subtypes. Furthermore, we demonstrated correlations between the presence and absence of specific microbes in BC subtypes with the clinical outcomes. This study provides a comprehensive map of the oncobiome of BC subtypes, with insights into disease prognosis that can be critical for precision therapeutic intervention strategies.
Immunomodulatory effect of NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibition in Multiple Myeloma: upregulation of NKG2D ligands and sensitization to Natural Killer cell recognition
Authors: Petillo Sara , Capuano Cristina , Molfetta Rosa , Fionda Cinzia , Mekhloufi Abdelilah , Pighi Chiara , Antonangeli Fabrizio , Zingoni Alessandra , Soriani Alessandra , Petrucci Maria Teresa , Galandrini Ricciarda , Paolini Rossella , Santoni Angela , Cippitelli Marco
Published: September 2021

Multiple Myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematologic malignancy of terminally differentiated plasma cells (PCs), where immune interactions play a key role in the control of cancer cell growth and survival. In particular, MM is characterized by a highly immunosuppressive bone marrow microenvironment where the anticancer/cytotoxic activity of Natural Killer (NK) cells is impaired. This study is focused on understanding whether modulation of neddylation can regulate NK cell-activating ligands expression and sensitize MM to NK cell killing. Neddylation is a post-translational modification that adds a ubiquitin-like protein, NEDD8, to selected substrate proteins, affecting their stability, conformation, subcellular localization, and function. We found that pharmacologic inhibition of neddylation using a small-molecule inhibitor, MLN4924/Pevonedistat, increases the expression of the NK cell-activating receptor NKG2D ligands MICA and MICB on the plasma membrane of different MM cell lines and patient-derived PCs, leading to enhanced NK cell degranulation. Mechanistically, MICA expression is upregulated at mRNA level, and this is the result of an increased promoter activity after the inhibition of IRF4 and IKZF3, two transcriptional repressors of this gene. Differently, MLN4924/Pevonedistat induced accumulation of MICB on the plasma membrane with no change of its mRNA levels, indicating a post-translational regulatory mechanism. Moreover, inhibition of neddylation can cooperate with immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) in upregulating MICA surface levels in MM cells due to increased expression of CRBN, the cellular target of these drugs. In summary, MLN4924/Pevonedistat sensitizes MM to NK cell recognition, adding novel information on the anticancer activity of neddylation inhibition.
Tail-vein injection of MSC-derived small extracellular vesicles facilitates the restoration of hippocampal neuronal morphology and function in APP / PS1 mice
Authors: Wang Han , Liu Yuqi , Li Junchen , Wang Tian , Hei Yue , Li Huiming , Wang Xue , Wang Lina , Zhao Ruijing , Liu Weiping , Long Qianfa
Published: September 2021

Mesenchymal stem-cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs), as a therapeutic agent, have shown great promise in the treatment of neurological diseases. To date, the neurorestorative effects and underlying mechanism of MSC-EVs in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are not well known. Herein, we aimed to investigate the action of MSC-EVs on the neuronal deficits in β-amyloid protein (Aβ)-stimulated hippocampal neurons, or AD cell (SHSY5Y cell lines) and animal (APPswe / PS1dE9 mice) models. In the present study, the cell and AD models received a single-dose of MSC-EVs, and were then assessed for behavioral deficits, pathological changes, intracellular calcium transients, neuronal morphology alterations, or electrophysiological variations. Additionally, the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2, a key mediator of neuronal injury in AD) signaling pathway was probed by western blotting in vitro and in vivo models of AD. Our results showed that MSC-EVs therapy improved the cognitive impairments and reduced the hippocampal Aβ aggregation and neuronal loss in AD mice. Markedly, EV treatment restored the calcium oscillations, dendritic spine alterations, action potential abnormalities, or mitochondrial changes in the hippocampus of AD models. Also, we found that the Nrf2 signaling pathway participated in the actions of MSC-EVs in the cell and animal models. Together, these data indicate that MS-EVs as promising nanotherapeutics for restoration of hippocampal neuronal morphology and function in APP / PS1 mice, further highlighting the clinical values of MSC-EVs in the treatment of AD.
Icosahedral 60-meric porous structure of designed supramolecular protein nanoparticle TIP60
Authors: Obata Junya , Kawakami Norifumi , Tsutsumi Akihisa , Nasu Erika , Miyamoto Kenji , Kikkawa Masahide , Arai Ryoichi
Published: September 2021

The icosahedral 60-meric porous structure of the designed supramolecular protein nanoparticle TIP60 was solved using cryo-EM.
Sequence-dependent aggregation-prone conformations of islet amyloid polypeptide
Authors: Choi Bumjoon , Kim Nam Hyeong , Jin Geun Young , Kim Yung Sam , Kim Yong Ho , Eom Kilho
Published: September 2021

Sequence-dependent aggregation-prone conformations, which determine the aggregation mechanism, for islet amyloid polypeptides are provided.
Enhanced resistive switching performance in yttrium-doped CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite devices
Authors: Luo Feifei , Ruan Liuxia , Tong Junwei , Wu Yanzhao , Sun Caixiang , Qin Gaowu , Tian Fubo , Zhang Xianmin
Published: September 2021

In this study, yttrium-doped CH3NH3PbI3 and pure CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films have been fabricated using a one-step solution spin coating method in a glove box to construct memristors.
The room-temperature, ambient-pressure conversion of CO2 into value-added pharmaceutical products quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones
Authors: Feng Xiantao , Wang Guan , Zheng Tingting , Zuo Chunshan , Zhang Xihong , Fyffe Phoebe , Chen Xiaobo
Published: September 2021

High conversion yields of quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones (91.5–99.3%) can be achieved at room temperature and under ambient pressure using a [HDBU+][3-Cl-PhO−] ionic liquid catalyst.
Quantitative proteomics of plasma and liver reveals the mechanism of turmeric in preventing hyperlipidemia in mice
Authors: Wang Meiqin , Wang Runjing , Li Lieyao , Yan Yingfei , Jia Shuailong , Jiang Hongliang , Du Zhifeng
Published: September 2021

This study is the first to reveal the preventive mechanism of dietary turmeric on hyperlipidemia from proteomics in a mouse model.
A “micropores & active species protection” strategy for the preparation of a high-performance Fe/S/N-composited porous carbon catalyst for efficient oxygen reduction reaction and zinc–air batteries
Authors: Xiao Zuoxu , Yang Chaoyi , Liu Shanshan , Yan Wei , Wang Fuling , Liu Xue , Yang Tianle , Li Xiyou , Chen Yanli
Published: September 2021

The Fe/S/N–C electrocatalyst developed from polythiophene protected poly-porphyrin displays an overall superior electrocatalytic activity for the ORR and zinc–air batteries.
Distorted octahedral site occupation-induced high-efficiency broadband near-infrared emission in LiScGe2O6:Cr3+ phosphor
Authors: Chen X. H. , Song E. H. , Zhou Y. Y. , He F. Q. , Yang J. Q. , Zhang Q. Y.
Published: September 2021

Benefiting from a proposed distorted octahedral site occupation strategy using Cr3+, we demonstraed a high-efficiency broadband NIR-emitting phosphor LiScGe2O6:Cr3+ peaking at 886 nm with a full width at half maximum of 160 nm and a record external quantum efficiency of ∼40%.
Wind farms in AGC: Modelling, simulation and validation
Authors: Doenges Kai , Sigrist Lukas , Egido Ignacio , Lobato Enrique , Rouco Luis
Published: September 2021

Wind farms are increasingly interested in participating in the secondary frequency control, especially in power systems where AGC is organized by regulation zones comprising generation units of different technologies. In order to estimate the wind farms behaviour and overall impact on automatic generation control (AGC), a reasonably simple wind farm model is needed. First‐order and second‐order linear models of wind farms are proposed in the literature in AGC‐related studies. However, these simple models neglect key dynamic features for AGC integration of wind farms, such as artificial ramp limitations, dead bands, communication delays and start‐up delays caused by turbine orientation. This paper presents a still simple wind farm model, however representing all relevant dynamics and availability constraints at power system control level. Applying an illustrative case study, model parameters are tuned and validated by means of field measurements, recorded during a response trail run of a real wind farm of 30 MW installed power operating within the Spanish power system.
Morphological study of the nested planetary nebula Hubble 12
Authors: Hsia Chih-Hao , Zhang Yong , Sadjadi SeyedAbdolreza , Chau Wayne , Han Hui-Jie , Chen Jian-Feng
Published: September 2021

We present a visible-infrared imaging study of young planetary nebula (PN) Hubble 12 (Hb 12; PN G111.8-02.8) obtained with Hubble Space Telescope (HST) archival data and our own Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) measurements. Deep HST and CFHT observations of this nebula reveal three pairs of bipolar structures and an arc-shaped filament near the western waist of Hb 12. The existence of nested bipolar lobes together with the presence of H2 knots suggests that these structures originated from several mass-ejection events during the pre-PN phase. To understand the intrinsic structures of Hb 12, a three-dimensional model enabling the visualisation of this PN at various orientations was constructed. The modelling results show that Hb 12 may resemble other nested hourglass nebulae, such as Hen 2-320 and M 2-9, suggesting that this type of PN may be common and the morphologies of PNs are not so diverse as is shown by their visual appearances. The infrared spectra show that this PN has a mixed chemistry. We discuss the possible material that may cause the unidentified infrared emissions. The analyses of the infrared spectra and the spectral energy distribution suggest the existence of a cool companion in the nucleus of this object.
Local L2-bounded commuting projections in FEEC
Authors: Arnold Douglas , Guzmán Johnny
Published: September 2021

We construct local projections into canonical finite element spaces that appear in the finite element exterior calculus. These projections are bounded in L2 and commute with the exterior derivative.
Physical activity on mental wellbeing in senior English Premier League soccer players during the COVID‐19 pandemic and the lockdown
Authors: Grimson Sophie , Brickley Gary , Smeeton Nicholas J. , Abbott Will , Brett Adam
Published: September 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic and the subsequent lockdown created new stressors that could potentially attenuate mental wellbeing (MW) in athletes, who are already susceptible to poor MW. This study aims to describe fluctuations to MW during “lockdown” and subsequent “return to sport” protocols, in comparison to the normal “in‐season” in professional soccer. Twenty‐five English Premier League (EPL) soccer players completed the Warwick‐Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) every two weeks, during the 2019/2020 season, and every week during “lockdown” and “return to training” for 28 weeks. The duration of each physical activity (PA) session completed was recorded. No significant differences were found for MW between time points (In‐season, lockdown, return to training and the restart) (51.5 ± 5.6 vs. 50.7 ± 4.8 vs. 50.8 ± 5.7 vs. 50.7 ± 5.6 (p > 0.05)) respectively. Individually, differences were identified; in‐season weekly session duration (243 ± 38 min) was higher than during lockdown (180 ± 62 min) (p < 0.05). During lockdown, weekly MW scores were related to the previous 7‐day number of sessions (r = 0.151) and active min (r = 0.142) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, participants that exercised >250 min in lockdown, had higher MW scores (52.46 ± 4.65) than <250 min (50.35 ± 6.55) (p < 0.05). MW responses to lockdown were best understood on an individual basis. Additionally, PA only had a measurable effect on MW when >250 min. Further, stressors imposed upon players during an EPL season, are potentially greater than those inflicted by the lockdown. Implications for monitoring MW in EPL soccer players and the potential inclusion of an in‐season break are discussed.

Highlights

Mental Wellbeing Responses, as measured by the Warwick‐Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing scale did not change significantly at a group level across the four phases of the season. However, on an individual level changes were evident.

There was a decline in the trend of wellbeing scores during in‐season, return to training and the restart, but an increase in wellbeing scores during lockdown.

Physical Activity had a measurable effect on wellbeing, when physical activity was >250 min during lockdown.

These findings highlight the need for individual monitoring of wellbeing and longitudinal monitoring in sport to identify decline in wellbeing and implement intervention. In addition, the prescription of physical activity >250 min per week during lockdown in trained athletes may promote positive mental health.