bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variation in the eNOS Gene Modifies the Association Between Total Energy Expenditure and Glucose Intolerance
Authors: Franks Paul W. , Luan Jian’an , Barroso Inês , Brage Søren , Sanchez Jose Luis Gonzalez , Ekelund Ulf , Ríos Manuel Serrano , Schafer Alan J. , O’Rahilly Stephen , Wareham Nicholas J.
Published: March 2007

Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) facilitates skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Energy expenditure induces the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) gene, providing a mechanism for insulin-independent glucose disposal. The object was to test 1) the association of genetic variation in eNOS, as assessed by haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (htSNPs) with type 2 diabetes, and 2) the interaction between eNOS haplotypes and total energy expenditure on glucose intolerance. Using multivariate models, we tested associations between eNOS htSNPs and diabetes (n = 461 and 474 case and control subjects, respectively) and glucose intolerance (two cohorts of n = 706 and 738 U.K. and Spanish Caucasians, respectively), and we tested eNOS × total energy expenditure interactions on glucose intolerance. An overall association between eNOS haplotype and diabetes was observed (P = 0.004). Relative to the most common haplotype (111), two haplotypes (121 and 212) tended to increase diabetes risk (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.96–1.55), and one (122) was associated with decreased risk (0.58, 0.39–0.86). In the cohort studies, no association was observed between haplotypes and 2-h glucose (P > 0.10). However, we observed a significant total energy expenditure–haplotype interaction (P = 0.007). Genetic variation at the eNOS locus is associated with diabetes, which may be attributable to an enhanced effect of total energy expenditure on glucose disposal in individuals with specific eNOS haplotypes. Gene-environment interactions such as this may help explain why replication of genetic association frequently fails.
Haptoglobin Polymorphism Predicts 30-Day Mortality and Heart Failure in Patients With Diabetes and Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Suleiman Mahmoud , Aronson Doron , Asleh Rabea , Kapeliovich Michael R. , Roguin Ariel , Meisel Simcha R. , Shochat Michael , Sulieman Abeer , Reisner Shimon A. , Markiewicz Walter , Hammerman Haim , Lotan Rachel , Levy Nina S. , Levy Andrew P.
Published: March 2007

Patients with diabetes presenting with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have an increased rate of death and heart failure. Patients with diabetes homozygous for the haptoglobin (Hp) 1 allele (Hp 1-1) develop fewer vascular complications. We tested the hypothesis that Hp type is related to the outcome of patients with diabetes presenting with AMI. We prospectively assessed the relationship between Hp type and 30-day mortality and heart failure in 1,437 patients with AMI (506 with diabetes). Multivariate logistic regression identified a significant interaction between Hp type and diabetes status on these outcome measures. Hp type was not related to outcome among patients without diabetes. In contrast, Hp 1-1 was associated with a strong protective effect with regard to the primary end point of death (OR 0.14, P = 0.015) and for death and heart failure (OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.15–0.86, P = 0.018) among patients with diabetes. Finally, among patients with diabetes, Hp 1-1 was associated with smaller infarct size. This study demonstrates that in patients with diabetes and AMI, the Hp type is an important determinant of clinical outcome and infarct size.
The Functional Q84R Polymorphism of Mammalian Tribbles Homolog TRB3 Is Associated With Insulin Resistance and Related Cardiovascular Risk in Caucasians From Italy
Authors: Prudente Sabrina , Hribal Marta Letizia , Flex Elisabetta , Turchi Federica , Morini Eleonora , De Cosmo Salvatore , Bacci Simonetta , Tassi Vittorio , Cardellini Marina , Lauro Renato , Sesti Giorgio , Dallapiccola Bruno , Trischitta Vincenzo
Published: March 2007

Insulin resistance plays a major role in dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. TRB3, a mammalian tribbles homolog, whose chromosomal region 20p13-p12 has been linked to human type 2 diabetes, impairs insulin signaling through the inhibition of Akt phosphorylation and is overexpressed in murine models of insulin resistance. We here report that the prevalent TRB3 missense Q84R polymorphism is significantly (P < 0.05) associated with several insulin resistance–related abnormalities in two independent cohorts (n = 178 and n = 605) of nondiabetic individuals and with the presence of a cluster of insulin resistance–related cardiovascular risk factors in 716 type 2 diabetic patients (OR 3.1 [95% CI 1.2–8.2], P = 0.02). In 100 additional type 2 diabetic patients who suffered from myocardial ischemia, age at myocardial ischemia was progressively and significantly (P = 0.03) reduced from Q84Q to Q84R to R84R individuals. To test the functional role of TRB3 variants, either Q84 or R84 TRB3 full-length cDNAs were transfected in human HepG2 hepatoma cell lines. As compared with control HepG2 cells, insulin-induced Ser473-Akt phosphorylation was reduced by 22% in Q84- (P < 0.05 vs. control cells) and by 45% in R84-transfected cells (P < 0.05 vs. Q84 transfected and P < 0.01 vs. control cells). These data provide the first evidence that TRB3 gene plays a role in human insulin resistance and related clinical outcomes.
INS VNTR Class Genotype and Indexes of Body Size and Obesity
Authors: Sandhu Manjinder S. , Heude Barbara , Young Elizabeth H. , Luben Robert , Luan Jian’an , Khaw Kay-Tee , Todd John , Wareham Nicholas J.
Published: March 2007

The relevance of the insulin gene (INS) variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism to indexes of body size and adult obesity is inconclusive. Given the equivocal reports on the association between the VNTR class genotype at the insulin gene locus and indexes of body size and obesity, we assessed these associations in a series of cohort studies based on 7,999 middle-aged men and women. We found no convincing evidence that INS VNTR class genotype was associated with indexes of body size and adult obesity. These data suggest that INS VNTR class is not an important determinant of size and body weight regulation in middle-aged men and women.
Lack of Association of PAX4 Gene With Type 1 Diabetes in the Finnish and Hungarian Populations
Authors: Hermann Robert , Mantere Jussi , Lipponen Kati , Veijola Riitta , Soltesz Gyula , Otonkoski Timo , Simell Olli , Knip Mikael , Ilonen Jorma
Published: March 2007

We aimed to assess the possible contribution of the PAX4 transcription factor gene to the genetic background of type 1 diabetes. We analyzed four coding polymorphisms of the PAX4 gene in 498 cases with type 1 diabetes and 825 control subjects from Finland and Hungary. All patients were diagnosed under the age of 15 years according to the World Health Organization criteria. All four PAX4 variants (three in exon 9 and one in exon 3) were genotyped using DNA sequencing. In addition, all Finnish subjects were typed for HLA DR-DQ, insulin gene (−23) HphI, and CTLA4 CT60 polymorphisms. The +1,168 C/A coding variant of PAX4 was found to be polymorphic in both populations (P321H, rs712701). No difference was observed in the genotype frequencies between cases and control subjects, nor was any disease association detected when patients were stratified according to age at diagnosis, sex, HLA, insulin gene, or CTLA4 genotypes. Our data indicate that the +1,168 C/A variant of PAX4 gene does not play any essential role in genetic type 1 diabetes susceptibility. The strong coherence between the datasets of the two ethnic groups studied with highly contrasting disease incidence, socioeconomic characteristics, and profoundly diverse environment emphasizes the impact of this finding.
Fungal Infections
Authors: Hay Roderick J.
Published: March 2024

Fungal infections are diseases affecting the skin and subcutaneous tissue. They include common conditions such as dermatophytosis or ringworm,
Malassezia
infection and superficial
Candida
infection. Subcutaneous fungal infections are now amongst the conditions classified as neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) or skin NTDs. Life‐threatening systemic mycoses which are internal infections can also affect the skin, often after blood stream dissemination. They are diagnosed by a combination of microscopy, histopathology and fungal culture, which is increasingly being replaced by molecular detection methods. There is also a wide range of antifungal agents available including griseofulvin, topical azole antifungals, itraconazole, fluconazole and the allylamine, terbinafine. Deeper infections are often treated with voriconazole, amphotericin B or echinocandin drugs, although there are increasing reports of antifungal drug resistance.
Eczematous Disorders
Authors: Mughal Avad A. , Ingram John R.
Published: March 2024

Eczematous disorders comprise manifestations of inflammatory skin conditions that may be aspects of atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis or other conditions that in the main have an eczema‐like nature in both their presentation and response to treatment. Eczema and its management is covered in other chapters of this book. However, it is useful to consider the common aspects of nummular eczema, asteatotic eczema, lichenification and erythroderma in more detail together as sometimes the distinction between diagnoses is difficult with considerable overlap. Infectious eczema, whilst sharing physical characteristics with other eczemas, will respond differently to treatments. There are differences in how eczema presents on the hands, lower legs and the eyelids. Finally some other eczematous conditions are covered such as pityriasis alba and post‐traumatic eczema.
Autoinflammatory Diseases Presenting in the Skin
Authors: Lipsker Dan , Grattan Clive E. H. , Lovell Christopher R.
Published: March 2024

Autoinflammatory diseases comprise a heterogeneous group of inherited monogenic and acquired polygenic multisystem disorders that may present in the skin and are therefore of importance to dermatologists. The inherited monogenic disorders typically present in childhood. Those that present with urticarial rashes are particularly important to differentiate from chronic urticaria since the pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment are completely different. Cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndrome should be suspected in children with a family history of chronic urticaria that does not respond to H
1
 antihistamines and who have systemic symptoms of malaise and fever with persistently raised inflammatory indices. Autoinflammatory syndromes also may present with: unexplained fever, erysipelas‐like rash (familial Mediterranean fever), oedema (tumour necrosis factor receptor‐associated periodic syndrome), granulomatous dermatitis (Blau syndrome), an aseptic pustular dermatosis (deficiency of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist) or pyoderma gangrenosum (pyogenic sterile arthritis, acne and pyoderma gangrenosum), chilblain or acral erythematous atrophic or necrotic lesions in a toddler with neurological (Aicardi‐Goutières syndrome) or interstitial pneumonia (STING‐associated vasculopathy of infancy), lipoatrophy (chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature), livedo, nodules (vasculitis) and stroke (deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2), aphtous stomatis with early‐onset bowel disease (haploinsufficiency of A20 or of RELA). Acquired autoinflammatory syndromes which present in adult life include Schnitzler syndrome and adult Still disease; the differential diagnosis includes urticarial vasculitis.
Neutrophilic Dermatoses
Authors: Hampton Philip J. , Ball Stephanie
Published: March 2024

The neutrophilic dermatoses are a collection of non‐infectious dermatoses involving triggering of inflammation in the context of a reduced threshold for neutrophilic inflammation. Genetic factors have been identified in rare cases and numerous predisposing diseases play a role. They are best described as autoinflammatory conditions whereby the triggering of the inflammatory process begins with abnormal activation of the innate immune system, distinct from an autoimmune process involving T cells or antibody production. Two classical neutrophilic dermatoses exist. Pyoderma is distinguished by the tendency for ulceration and tissue destruction. Sweet syndrome is generally more time limited with full recovery expected. Multiple variants exist and the optimal treatment strategies have not been agreed.
Dermatomyositis
Authors: Gordon Patrick , Creamer Daniel
Published: March 2024

Dermatomyositis (DM) is an autoimmune disorder affecting the skin, skeletal muscle and, in some patients, the lungs. At one end of the spectrum myopathy predominates, at the other end skin disease is prominent with minimal or absent myositis (amyopathic DM). Most patients develop a facial rash initially; all sites can be affected but upper eyelid involvement is typical. A rash on the hands, extensor surfaces of the limbs, upper torso and scalp tends to occur subsequently. Muscle disease in DM usually becomes clinically apparent in the weeks to months after the onset of skin signs. DM can be a paraneoplastic disorder with up to 30% of patients having an internal malignancy, therefore investigations must include screening for an underlying neoplasm. Myositis‐specific antibodies (MSAs) target a variety of cell function proteins, some of which may be pathogenic. Currently MSAs are used to stratify DM patients into subgroups characterised by shared clinical traits. Systemic corticosteroid is the primary treatment for DM when both skin and muscles are involved. Immunosuppressant drugs (such as mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine and tacrolimus) are used to control the disease as the dose of prednisolone is tapered. Intravenous immunoglobulin can be used as a steroid‐sparing agent; it is effective for both muscle and skin features in DM. Topical therapy for skin DM, including super‐potent steroids, is often disappointing; however recent studies have suggested the efficacy of Janus kinase inhibitors for DM skin disease.
Undifferentiated and Mixed Connective Tissue Disease and Dermatological Manifestations of Rheumatoid Disease
Authors: Laws Philip M.
Published: March 2024

Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) and mixed connective tissue diseases (MCTD) include a spectrum of rheumatological signs and symptoms which overlap with traditional connective tissue diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc) and dermatomyositis (DM) (the reader is directed to relevant chapters for discussion of SLE, DM and SSc). Describing the clinical features associated with UCTD and MCTD is inherently challenging due to the difficulties classifying overlap disorders precisely and the variable nomenclature in the literature. Despite this challenge the dermatologist has a key role in early recognition and diagnosis of affected patients. While the majority of rheumatological disease management focuses on controlling or reducing joint symptoms, several conditions have cutaneous features which may indicate active disease, impact on morbidity and negatively affect quality of life. In addition to UCTD and MCTD other rheumatic diseases which have significant cutaneous features include: rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren syndrome, Still syndrome and rheumatic fever. This chapter provides an overview to these conditions with specific reference to cutaneous features. Appreciating the spectrum of dermatological manifestations associated with rheumatological disease and how these impact on the individual patient is important to promoting holistic, patient‐centred care. Close collaboration between dermatologists and rheumatologists is an essential prerequisite in supporting effective diagnosis and treatment of this complex cohort of patients.
Cutaneous Porphyrias
Authors: Sarkany Robert P. E.
Published: March 2024

The porphyrias are a group of disorders caused by defects in the biosynthesis of haem. Their relevance to the skin arises from the phototoxic properties of the porphyrins, which accumulate in most porphyrias and cause photosensitivity. The majority of the porphyrias are inherited. Many of them affect other organs as well as the skin. The recognition and management of both the genetic and internal consequences of porphyrias presenting in the skin are a key challenge for the dermatologist. Clinical management in these disorders is made easier when the clinician understands their theoretical basis. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section provides a theoretical basis for understanding the porphyrias, the general principles of clinical management and a clinician’s guide to laboratory testing. The second section covers individual porphyrias in detail: congenital erythropoietic porphyria, porphyria cutanea tarda, erythropoietic protoporphyria, hereditary coproporphyria, variegate porphyria and a dermatosis with a cutaneous presentation similar to bullous porphyria: pseudoporphyria.
Calcification of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue
Authors: Bourke Johnny , Murphy Matthew
Published: March 2024

Calcium is deposited in the skin in a variety of situations. It is sometimes seen in tumours and in inflammatory disorders such as CREST and dermatomyositis. It may happen as a result of trauma, injection of calcium‐containing solutions or in the setting of systemic dysregulation of calcium homeostasis. In a small number of cases it may be idiopathic. This chapter reviews the classification, diagnosis and treatment of each form of cutaneous calcinosis.
Acquired Disorders of Hair
Authors: Harries Matthew J. , Holmes Susan , McMichael Amy , Messenger Andrew G.
Published: March 2024

This chapter reviews acquired hair disorders, including common scarring and non‐scarring alopecia presentations, conditions characterised by excessive body hair growth and acquired hair shaft disorders. We also describe the biology of normal hair follicles, including structure, hair cycle control and immunity, to better understand the mechanisms underlying these conditions. We present methods for clinical assessment, recommended investigation and management of each disease, and present summaries of frequently used therapeutics and cosmetic options employed when treating these problems.
Acquired Disorders of Dermal Connective Tissue
Authors: Fahy Caoimhe M. R. , Lovell Christopher R.
Published: March 2024

This chapter reviews acquired changes in dermal connective tissue during normal ageing and in disease processes, including photodamage. Corticosteroids are a potent cause of dermal atrophy, which may also be congenital or induced by inflammatory disorders related to morphoea. Enzymatic degradation of elastic tissue results in localised or generalised skin laxity, which resembles genetic disorders such as pseudoxanthoma elasticum and cutis laxa. In contrast, some disorders are characterised by excessive deposition of collagen or elastic tissue. Fibrosis is associated with contracture, which causes deformity and restricted movement as in palmoplantar fibromatosis. Several chemical environmental triggers induce diffuse fibrosis resembling systemic sclerosis. Keloids represent an abnormal scarring response to trauma. Finally, dermal connective tissue components may be extruded via the epidermis in perforating disorders such as elastosis perforans serpiginosa.
Dermatoses of the Female Genitalia
Authors: Lewis Fiona
Published: March 2024

The vulva can be involved as apart of more generalised dermatological disease but there are specific disorders that affect the genital skin. This chapter discusses the dermatoses, infections, premalignant and malignant disease and pain that affect the female genital skin.
Dermatoses of Perineal and Perianal Skin
Authors: Mallon Eleanor
Published: March 2024

The perineum lies below the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm. It is diamond shaped and can be divided into an anterior urogenital and posterior anal triangle. The domain of the dematologist begins at the anal verge. The skin of the anal verge is pigmented, hairless and is puckered due to contraction of muscle fibres. Perianal skin conditions include congenital abnormalities, inflammatory skin disease, infections and benign and malignant tumours.
Dermatoses of the Neonate
Authors: Clayton Timothy H. , Sharif Jennifer C. Harrison
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides an overview of neonatal skin function and intrauterine skin development. The impact on the skin of gestational age at birth is discussed along with cutaneous complications arising from prematurity and neonatal medical procedures. Skin care practices and considerations for neonates are summarised and physiological appearances and changes are described. On overview of disordered skin in neonates is provided, including pustular eruptions, atrophic skin lesions, disorders of neonatal fat, colloidion baby, blueberry muffin baby, purpura fulminans and common neonatal dermatosis. The clinical manifestions in a neonate of transplacental transfer of maternal autoantibodies is evaluated, including in conditions such as pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus, herpes gestationis, lupus erythematosus and maternal malignancy. Finally, on overview of infective skin pathologies and clinical manifestations in neonates is provided including viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens.
Cutaneous Side Effects of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
Authors: Fearfield Louise , Edwards Charlotte
Published: March 2024

The number of people diagnosed with cancer each year continues to rise, with an estimated one in two people likely to be affected in their lifetime. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are crucial to cancer management; however, treatments are commonly associated with skin toxicity. In this chapter we summarise the key features, diagnosis and treatments associated with the commonest skin‐related adverse effects.
Mechanical Injury to the Skin
Authors: Bashir Saqib J. , Chew Ai‐Lean
Published: March 2024

Healthy skin is able to withstand the effects of a variety of mechanical forces, such as friction, pressure, contusion and vibration. However, when the force is of sufficient intensity or duration, mechanical injury may occur. Phenomena such as the isomorphic (Koebner) response and Nikolsky sign are of interest to the dermatologist in consideration with the underlying pathology. Other conditions are important to recognise, as they may potentially be confused with skin cancers (black heel, spectacle frame acanthoma) or important dermatological diseases (foreign body reaction, friction blisters, sclerodermiform reaction, semicircular lipoatrophy). Mechanical insult to the skin may reflect an occupational hazard, such as the diverse skin reactions to musical instruments, traumatic effects of sports, hypothenar hammer syndrome and hand–arm vibration syndrome. The diverse presentations of cutaneous mechanical injury are discussed in this chapter.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Authors: Orton David , Stone Natalie
Published: March 2024

Allergic contact dermatitis is considered to be a prototype of delayed hypersensitivity reactions requiring two phases – induction and elicitation. The amount of allergen per skin surface area is the key factor that determines the risk of induction. Exposure‐related factors that influence the elicitation phase include allergen concentration (dose), duration and frequency of exposure, the matrix, the presence of irritants and the region of application. A diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis requires careful evaluation of a patient's clinical history when the suspicion is aroused, physical examination, and various types of skin testing (patch testing, photopatch testing and repeat open application tests. During the last few decades much effort has been put into standardisation of allergens, vehicles, test concentrations and the scoring of test reactions. This chapter provides information on the diagnosis and management of allergic contact dermatitis and information on the major allergens involved in regional dermatitis.
Cutaneous Histiocytoses
Authors: Tran Thai Hoa , Pope Elena , Weitzman Sheila
Published: March 2024

Skin involvement is common in all forms of histiocytic disorders and is seen in all ages. In general, for convenience, the histiocytoses were divided into those involving dendritic cells (DC disorders) and those involving the macrophage–monocyte lineage (or non‐DC disorders). Recent molecular insights, however, have led to a new classification system in which disorders that commonly harbour mutations in the MAPK pathway are classified together as the L group, while disorders that mainly involve skin and mucosa form the C group, the various forms of Rosai‐Dorfman disease constitute the R group, the malignant histiocytoses represent the M group, and finally the family of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytoses comprise the H group. This chapter will provide an overview of the histiocytic disorders including a brief discussion of possible pathogenetic mechanisms, followed by an in‐depth discussion of the skin manifestations, pathology and therapy of the histiocytic disorders.
Systemic Treatment of Melanoma
Authors: Dummer Reinhard , Goldinger Simone M.
Published: March 2024

Systemic therapy for melanoma patients has dramatically improved over the past decade. New treatment strategies have significantly ameliorated survival and prognosis of affected patients. The indication for immune directed and targeted therapies has expanded and can be considered for both very early melanoma stages as well as advanced disease. Ongoing challenges deal with reducing development of primary and secondary resistance to antitumoural drugs and identifying useful biomarkers as well as improving quality of life of affected patients. Overall, the aim to cure metastatic melanoma has become more tangible than ever before.
The Skin and Disorders of the Haematopoietic and Immune Systems
Authors: Basu Tanya N. , Kulasekararaj Austin
Published: March 2024

In this chapter the cutaneous manifestations of malignant and benign haematological disease are reviewed, as well as skin disorders associated with primary and acquired immunodeficiency. The vast array of skin manifestations associated with disorders of the haematopoietic and immune systems highlights the importance of close collaboration between dermatology, haematology and immunology teams to enable the delivery of optimal multidisciplinary patient care.
The Skin and Disorders of the Respiratory System
Authors: Molin Sonja , Ruzicka Thomas
Published: March 2024

There are many disorders which affect both the skin and the respiratory system, ranging from common infections and allergies to complex multisystem diseases. This chapter examines the relationship between the two organ systems and discusses selected disorders from amongst the diverse groups of diseases which may affect both. After a brief discussion of allergic disorders affecting the upper respiratory tract, the chapter focuses on pulmonary involvement in autoimmune disorders, vasculitides, infections and hereditary syndromes.
Aesthetic Uses of Botulinum Toxins
Authors: Lowe Nicholas J. , Lowe Philippa L.
Published: March 2024

Botulinum neurotoxins have proven efficacy for a variety of clinical conditions resulting from neuromuscular hyperactivity, which includes spasticity and blepharospasm. The approved aesthetic and dermatological indications for type A botulinum toxins include treatment of hyperfunctional facial muscles causing facial lines and the treatment of focal hyperhidrosis. In 1992, botulinum toxin type A (BTX‐A) was reported as being effective in reducing muscle‐induced forehead lines, followed by confirming the efficacy of BTX‐A for the reduction of dynamic facial lines. Botox™, now designated onabotulinumtoxinA (BTX‐A Ona), was developed in the USA as the first BTX‐A for aesthetic treatments. It rapidly gained popularity during the 1990s and the early 21st century. In the UK, an alternative type of BTX‐A, abobotulinumtoxinA (BTX‐A Abo), was developed for similar indications. Another approved indication for BTX‐A Ona is the treatment of severe axillary sweating. BTX‐A is now a recognised treatment option for severe localised hyperhidrosis. Three types of BTX‐A currently exist and are approved in Europe and the USA for several aesthetic indications. In addition, botulinum toxin type B (BTX‐B) has distinct pharmacological mechanisms but similar clinical responses to those of type A toxins.
Exploring Tunable Torsional Mechanical Properties of 3D‐Printed Tubular Metamaterials
Authors: Zhang Zhennan , Liu Lei , Usta Fatih , Chen Yanyu
Published: March 2024

Additive manufacturing has proven to be a reliable and quick method for creating devices and tools. One example is 3D‐printed nasal swabs that require robust mechanical strength while maintaining adequate flexibility. However, there is a lack of detailed understanding on the mechanical response of tubular structures under torsion loading. The goal of this work is to understand the torsional behavior of a group of 3D‐printed tubular metamaterials. The idea of mechanical metamaterials is used and it is started with a rectangular lattice. Two main design methods are used: reinforced lattices and compliant lattices. First, diagonal reinforced beams are added to enhance the torsional rigidity. Furthermore, pre‐buckling is added to the straight beam, creating a flexible structure that increases the maximum torsional resistance. The experiments demonstrate that the sponge‐inspired design exhibits enhanced stiffness approximately 21 times that of baseline tubular designs. Moreover, the strength and toughness of the sponge‐inspired design are approximately 2.5 and 3 times higher. By curving the beam, compliant tubulars are created. The torsional angle is increased by at least 2.7 times, while the torsional toughness can reach up to 17 times. Using these two design strategies helps in creating tubular metamaterials with varied applications.
Emerging Frontiers of 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides in Photovoltaics Solar Cell
Authors: Zhou Zhanren , Lv Junling , Tan Chao , Yang Lei , Wang Zegao
Published: March 2024

Two‐dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have gained much attention due to their excellent electronic and optoelectronic properties. The reasonable band gap, higher light‐matter interaction, hundreds of categories as well as wafer‐scale growth and Si‐compatible fabrication etc. proof their immense potential for next‐generation solar cells. Over the past years, a variety of specific device structure are investigated including multi‐field tunable 2D TMDCs‐based photovoltaic solar cell since its electronic structure is easily tunable. Their work function distributes in a wide range which facilitate interfacial modulation and optimize the electron/hole transfer layer in perovskite‐/organic‐based photovoltaic solar cell. In this review, the recent developments of TMDCs in photovoltaic solar cell are comprehensively described. First, the energy diagram of traditional semiconductor and 2D TDMCs are discussed. Then, 2D TMDCs‐based photovoltaic solar cell is introduced considering the homojunction, heterojunction and Schottky‐junction as well as their multi‐field tunability. Third, the role of 2D TMDCs layer as photosensitive layer and modifying layer in silicon‐based solar cells, as well as their applications in perovskite‐/organic‐based solar cells are summarized considering their role of electron/hole transfer layer or active layer. Lastly, the prospect for future materials, device and process trends and practical applications of TMDCs‐based photovoltaic solar cell are presented.
Non‐Resonant Structure Induces N‐Rich Solid Electrolyte Interface toward Ultra‐Stable Solid‐State Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Zhang Shuoxiao , Liu Han , Liu Zhengbo , Zhao Yajun , Yan Jie , Zhang Yangqian , Liu Fangyan , Liu Qi , Liu Chen , Sun Gang , Wang Zhenbo , Yang Jiayi , Ren Yang
Published: March 2024

The practical application of all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) is limited by lithium (Li) anode instability including Li dendrite formation and deteriorating interface with electrolytes. Here, a functional additive, isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN) with a non‐resonant structure (O2−N−O−) is reported, which improves its reactivity and is utilized to build a stable N‐rich solid electrolyte interface, effectively alleviating Li dendrite and side reactions for poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)‐lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI)‐based electrolyte (PLE‐ISMN). In addition, the ion‐dipole interaction between ISMN and Li ions facilitates the dissociation of LiTFSI to form carrier ions, improving the ionic conductivity (4.4 × 10−4 S cm−1) and transference number (0.50) of PLE‐ISMN. Consequently, the Li/Li symmetric cell delivers a high critical current density of 2.0 mA cm−2 and stable Li stripping/plating cycling over 5000 h with a capacity of 1.0 mAh cm−2. Moreover, the Li|LiFePO4 cell delivers an excellent initial discharge capacity of 154.0 mAh g−1 with an outstanding capacity retention of 88.9% after 500 cycles at 0.5 C. The Li|LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cell also exhibits a good cycling performance at 4.4 V at 1 C.
Semiconductor–Semimetal Composite Engineering Enabling Record‐High Thermoelectric Power Density for Low‐Temperature Energy Harvesting
Authors: Xie Liangjun , Peng Guyang , Sun Yuxin , Liu Zihang , Li Fushan , Zhu Yuke , Zhu Jianbo , Wu Hao , Qu Nuo , Shi Wenjing , Jiao Lei , Guo Fengkai , Cai Wei , Wu Haijun , Sui Jiehe
Published: March 2024

Sustained thermoelectric efforts have concentrated on the enhancement of conversion efficiency of power generators, while simultaneously achieving high output power continues to lag. Specifically, the highest output power density of emerging Mg‐based modules reported so far is only half of that of commercial Bi2Te3‐based, mainly due to the low power factor of MgAgSb. Herein, homogenously distributed MgCuSb in situ nanoprecipitates in the MgAgSb matrix effectively optimized carrier concentration due to the effect of carrier injection from the metal–semiconductor Ohmic contact. As a result, a record‐high average power factor of 27.2 µW cm−1 K−2 is obtained in MgCu0.1Ag0.87Sb0.99 composite within the temperature range of 300–550 K, which is much higher than ever reported values of MgAgSb system. Benefiting from the combination of the optimized average power factor of p‐leg and low interface resistivity, a fabricated eight‐pair MgCu0.1Ag0.87Sb0.99/Mg3.2Bi1.5Sb0.5 module demonstrates an unprecedently high output power density of 2.9 W cm−2 under a temperature difference of 300 K, outperforming all low‐temperature advanced thermoelectric modules. Meanwhile, a competitive conversion efficiency of 7.65% is obtained simultaneously. The work significantly advances high‐power thermoelectric applications of Mg‐based modules in the field of low‐temperature sustainable energy harvesting.
Materials Inspired by Living Functions
Authors: Kostiainen Mauri A. , Priimagi Arri , Timonen Jaakko V. I. , Ras Robin H. A. , Sammalkorpi Maria , Penttilä Merja , Ikkala Olli , Linder Markus B.
Published: March 2024

Engineering or mimicking living materials found in nature has the potential to transform the use of materials. Unlike classic synthetic materials which are typically optimized for static properties, economics, and recently also for sustainability, materials of life are dynamic, feedback‐controlled, evolving, and adaptive. Although synthetic materials do not typically exhibit such complicated functionalities, researchers are increasingly challenging this viewpoint and expanding material concepts toward dynamic systems inspired by selected life‐like functions. Herein, it is suggested that such materials can be approached from two perspectives: through engineering of biological organisms and their functions to provide the basis for new materials, or by producing synthetic materials with selected rudimentary life‐inspired functions. Current advances are discussed from the perspectives of (i) new material features based on built‐in memory and associative learning, (ii) emergent structures and self‐regulated designs using non‐equilibrium systems, and (iii) interfacing living and non‐living systems in the form of cellular community control and growth to open new routes for material fabrication. Strategies combining (i)–(iii) provide materials with increasingly life‐inspired responses and potential for applications in interactive autonomous devices, helping to realize next‐generation sensors, autonomous and interactive soft robots, and external control over the bioproduction of self‐organizing structural materials.
CO2 and Lignin‐Based Sustainable Polymers with Closed‐Loop Chemical Recycling
Authors: Ghorai Arijit , Chung Hoyong
Published: March 2024

This work highlights the conversion method of chaining up greenhouse gas CO2 with biomass lignin to develop new sustainable, recyclable polymers from abundant and non‐food based renewable resources. A cyclic carbonate monomer has synthesized using a cost‐effective, non‐phosgene‐based, and greener approach under atmospheric pressure and room temperature. The fully programable ring‐opening polymerization is accomplished by varying the catalyst (DBU and TBD), catalyst loading (0.5–5.0%) and reaction time (2–40 min). The best polymer is obtained in 1% TBD with a 30‐min reaction. The precise characterization of the synthesized cyclic carbonate monomer and polymers' structure are established using spectroscopic analyses including 1H, 13C, and 2D HSQC NMR, FT‐IR, and GPC. The new polymers exhibit high molecular weights (Mn: 120.34–154.58 kDa) and adequate thermal stabilities (Td5%: 244–277 °C from TGA and Tg: 33–52 °C from DSC), rendering them advantageous for practical applications. Significantly, the CO2 and lignin‐based polymers have successfully recycled to the monomer for a circular plastic economy by heating at 90 °C for 12 h in the presence of DBU. This process yields original monomers for another polymerization without unwanted changes in chemical structures, presenting an ultimate sustainable solution.
2D Catalytic Nanozyme Enables Cascade Enzyodynamic Effect‐Boosted and Ca2+ Overload‐Induced Synergistic Ferroptosis/Apoptosis in Tumor
Authors: Wang Zeyu , Wang Xue , Dai Xinyue , Xu Tianming , Qian Xiaoqin , Chang Meiqi , Chen Yu
Published: March 2024

The introduction of glucose oxidase, exhibiting characteristics of glucose consumption and H2O2 production, represents an emerging antineoplastic therapeutic approach that disrupts nutrient supply and promotes efficient generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the instability of natural enzymes and their low therapeutic efficacy significantly impede their broader application. In this context, 2D Ca2Mn8O16 nanosheets (CMO NSs) designed and engineered to serve as a high‐performance nanozyme, enhancing the enzyodynamic effect for a ferroptosis–apoptosis synergistic tumor therapy, are presented. In addition to mimicking activities of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, oxidase, and peroxidase, the engineered CMO NSs exhibit glucose oxidase‐mimicking activities. This feature contributes to their antitumor performance through cascade catalytic reactions, involving the disruption of glucose supply, self‐supply of H2O2, and subsequent efficient ROS generation. The exogenous Ca2+ released from CMO NSs, along with the endogenous Ca2+ enrichment induced by ROS from the peroxidase‐ and oxidase‐mimicking activities of CMO NSs, collectively mediate Ca2+ overload, leading to apoptosis. Importantly, the ferroptosis process is triggered synchronously through ROS output and glutathione consumption. The application of exogenous ultrasound stimulation further enhances the efficiency of ferroptosis–apoptosis synergistic tumor treatment. This work underscores the crucial role of enzyodynamic performance in ferroptosis–apoptosis synergistic therapy against tumors.
Electrostatic Smart Textiles for Braille‐To‐Speech Translation
Authors: Li Zhaoyang , Liu Zhe , Xu Sumei , Zhang Kaijun , Zhao Dazhe , Pi Yucong , Guan Xiao , Peng Zhengchun , Zhong Qize , Zhong Junwen
Published: March 2024

A wearable Braille‐to‐speech translation system is of great importance for providing auditory feedback in assisting blind people and people with speech impairment. However, previous reported Braille‐to‐speech translation systems still need to be improved in terms of comfortability or integration. Here, a Braille‐to‐speech translation system that uses dual‐functional electrostatic transducers which are made of fabric‐based materials and can be integrated into textiles is reported. Based on electrostatic induction, the electrostatic transducer can either serve as a tactile sensor or a loudspeaker with the same design. The proposed electrostatic transducers have excellent output performances, mechanical robustness, and working stability. By combining the devices with machine learning algorithms, it is possible to translate the Braille alphabet and 40 commonly used words (extensible) into speech with an accuracy of 99.09% and 97.08%, respectively. This work demonstrates a new approach for further developments of advanced assistive technology toward improving the lives of disabled people.
Visible Microfluidic Deprotonation for Aramid Nanofibers as Building Blocks of Cascade‐Microfluidic‐Processed Colloidal Aerogels
Authors: Ding Yafei , Cheng Qingqing , Lyu Jing , Liu Zengwei , Yuan Ruizhe , Ma Fengguo , Zhang Xuetong
Published: March 2024

Microfluidic deprotonation approach is proposed to realize continuous, scalable, efficient, and uniform production of aramid nanofibers (ANFs) by virtue of large specific surface area, high mixing efficiency, strong heat transfer capacity, narrow residence time distribution, mild laminar‐flow process, and amplification‐free effect of the microchannel reactor. By means of monitoring capabilities endowed by the high transparency of the microchannel, the kinetic exfoliation process of original aramid particles is in situ observed and the corresponding exfoliation mechanism is established quantificationally. The deprotonated time can be reduced from the traditional several days to 7 min for the final colloidal dispersion due to the synergistic effect between enhanced local shearing/mixing and the rotational motion of aramid particles in microchannel revealed by numerical simulations. Furthermore, the cascade microfluidic processing approach is used to make various ANF colloidal aerogels including aerogel fibers, aerogel films, and 3D‐printed aerogel articles. Comprehensive characterizations show that these cascade‐microfluidic‐processed colloidal aerogels have identical features as those prepared in batch‐style mode, revealing the versatile use value of these ANFs. This work achieves significant progress toward continuous and efficient production of ANFs, bringing about appreciable prospects for the practical application of ANF‐based materials and providing inspiration for exfoliating any other nano‐building blocks.
Layered Double Hydroxides: Recent Progress and Promising Perspectives Toward Biomedical Applications
Authors: Li Lei , Soyhan Irem , Warszawik Eliza , van Rijn Patrick
Published: March 2024

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been widely studied for biomedical applications due to their excellent properties, such as good biocompatibility, degradability, interlayer ion exchangeability, high loading capacity, pH‐responsive release, and large specific surface area. Furthermore, the flexibility in the structural composition and ease of surface modification of LDHs makes it possible to develop specifically functionalized LDHs to meet the needs of different applications. In this review, the recent advances of LDHs for biomedical applications, which include LDH‐based drug delivery systems, LDHs for cancer diagnosis and therapy, tissue engineering, coatings, functional membranes, and biosensors, are comprehensively discussed. From these various biomedical research fields, it can be seen that there is great potential and possibility for the use of LDHs in biomedical applications. However, at the same time, it must be recognized that the actual clinical translation of LDHs is still very limited. Therefore, the current limitations of related research on LDHs are discussed by combining limited examples of actual clinical translation with requirements for clinical translation of biomaterials. Finally, an outlook on future research related to LDHs is provided.
Morusin Alleviates Aortic Valve Calcification by Inhibiting Valve Interstitial Cell Senescence Through Ccnd1/Trim25/Nrf2 Axis
Authors: Liu Zongtao , Wang Kan , Jiang Chen , Chen Yuqi , Liu Fayuan , Xie Minghui , Yim Wai Yen , Yao Dingyi , Qian Xingyu , Chen Shiqi , Shi Jiawei , Xu Kang , Wang Yixuan , Dong Nianguo
Published: March 2024

The senescence of aortic valve interstitial cells (VICs) plays a critical role in the progression of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). However, the precise mechanisms underlying the senescence of VICs remain unclear, demanding the identification of a novel target to mitigate this process. Previous studies have highlighted the anti‐aging potential of morusin. Thus, this study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of morusin in CAVD. Cellular experiments reveal that morusin effectively suppresses cellular senescence and cause a shift toward osteogenic differentiation of VICs in vitro. Mechanistically, morusin activate the Nrf2‐mediated antiaging signaling pathway by downregulating CCND1 expression and aiding Keap1 degradation through Trim 25. This activation lead to the upregulated expression of antioxidant genes, thus reducing reactive oxygen species production and thereby preventing VIC osteogenic differentiation. In vivo experiments in ApoE−/− mice on a high‐fat Western diet demonstrate the positive effect of morusin in mitigating aortic valve calcification. These findings emphasize the antiaging properties of morusin and its potential as a therapeutic agent for CAVD.
Nitridated Nickel Mesh as Industrial Water and Alcohol Oxidation Catalyst: Reconstruction and Iron‐Incorporation Matters
Authors: Ghosh Suptish , Hausmann Jan Niklas , Reith Lukas , Vijaykumar Gonela , Schmidt Johannes , Laun Konstantin , Berendts Stefan , Zebger Ingo , Driess Matthias , Menezes Prashanth W.
Published: March 2024

Nickel mesh (NM) is used in industrial alkaline water electrolyzers due to its cost‐effectiveness and conductivity. However, the decisive factors that advance the efficiency and sustainability of such electrodes are only partially understood. Herein, an efficient NM‐based electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction is developed via a single‐step nitridation route on a commercially used NM substrate and sheds light on the role of reconstruction and iron content to boost catalyst performance and durability. Remarkably, the activated Ni3N/NM catalyst required an overpotential of 0.46 V to deliver 1 A cm−2 in ambient conditions (1 M KOH, 25 °C). This overpotential decreases substantially to 0.28 V in industrially relevant conditions (6 M KOH, 85 °C) and is maintained for 235 h. Ni3N/NM partially transformed into NiFe layered (oxy)hydroxide in both conditions, while the active structure's Fe content is reconstruction condition dependent (temperature and KOH concentration). Electrodes reconstructed under industrially relevant conditions performed better than ambient reconstructed ones due to a more pronounced iron‐incorporation from KOH and the evolution of porous morphologies. In industrial environments, activated Ni3N/NM excels in selectively converting benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid, achieving an impressive yield of 96%.