bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Putting the Dons in Their Place: A Restoration Oxford Terrae Filius Speech*
Authors: Henderson Felicity
Published: November 2023

The Oxford dons who processed into the Sheldonian Theatre on Saturday 10 July 1669 must have felt distinctly uneasy. They were taking part in the Act, or graduation ceremony, held for the first time in their imposing new Theatre, which had been dedicated to academic use only the day before. However, it was not the auditorium, but the knowledge that sometime during the morning they were likely to become objects of ridicule to those around them that would have caused their dismay. As part of the ceremonial disputations they had come to witness, a member of the university chosen for the occasion would make a humorous and satirical speech which painted the dons in a very different light from the way they appeared to the audience in all the pomp of their university regalia. This speaker was the terrae filius (lit. son of the earth), an Act disputant who, instead of being obliged to address the disputation question seriously, was licensed to say what he pleased about members of the university. Traditionally, he was pleased to be extremely scurrilous indeed-and this occasion was no different. The speaker on this particular morning in 1669 was Henry Gerard, a master of Arts from Wadham College who seems to have had an otherwise undistinguished university record.1 However his speech as terrae filius, delivered in Latin to the crowd of scholars, visitors and dons gathered in the Sheldonian, was so inflammatory that Gerard was subsequently expelled from the university. His speech was immediately popular, copied into student notebooks and apparently disseminated in manuscript far more widely than any other of the terrae filius speeches given throughout the century.
Kant’s Streit der Fakultäten and Conditions in Konigsberg*
Authors: Pozzo Riccardo
Published: November 2023

In a paper published in 1975, Giorgio Tonelli raised the question of the relation between conditions in Königsberg and the making of Kant’s philosophy. Given the prestige of a local tradition of Aristotelian studies, Tonelli proposed that the long survival of Aristotelianism at the Alma Albertina (or Albertus-Universitat, Königsberg) explains ‘Kant’s familiarity with Aristotelian terminology at a time when it was almost completely obsolete, and for its partial revival in the Critique of Pure Reason’ .1 This paper follows Tonelli in highlighting the importance of institutional history for understanding Kant as a philosopher rooted in his university, especially when he is treating academic issues. The paper will present new evid-ence originating in the Albertina to support a re-interpretation of the Streit der Fakultäten2 as a treatise reflecting a stage in which Kant was active as a professor, a dean, and a rector. On the basis of documents scarcely known to Kant scholars, the paper argues that since the time of Karl Rosenkranz the Streit has been generally misinterpreted as presenting a theory of the university.3 In fact, though it does indeed offer a general interpretation of the nature of intellectual conflicts, its focus is the specific setting of Konigsberg, one of the four Prussian universities at the end of the eighteenth century.
The Reformation of the Colleges in the Early Republic, 1800-1820*
Authors: Geiger Roger
Published: November 2023

For the Reverend Samuel Miller, minister of New York’s First Presbyterian Church and a rising force within his denomination, the dawning of the 1800s provided an occasion to take stock of the remarkable century that had passed. His extraordinary compendium, A Brief Retrospect of the Eighteenth Century, celebrated the intellectual milestones of the era: the achievements of the physical and economic sciences and the unprecedented diffusion of knowledge, refinement, and free inquiry. But Miller also noted the unfulfilled promise of much enlightened thought as well as the disappointments linked with these ideas. Miller consigned the American colleges, despite undeniable progress during the century, to this second category. ‘Collegiate honours’, he observed, had become ‘more cheap and common … than in any former age;’ and the colleges seemed ‘so numerous in many parts of the country, as to produce effects directly the reverse of what were intended’. The first person to study the American colleges (see Inset I), Miller sought to analyse why ‘what is called a liberal education in the United States is … less accurate and complete’ than that found in Great Britain.1
Introduction
Authors: Steel C E W
Published: November 2023

At the time I thought that people in Rome did nothing except talk about my quaestorship. I had dispatched a large quantity of corn at a time of great shortages; I’d been friendly to the businessmen, fair to the traders, generous to the tax-farmers, not predatory in relation to our allies, and had appeared to everyone extremely careful in fulfilling all obligations; various novel honours had been devised for me by the Sicilians. And so I’d left the province in the hope that the Roman people would, unasked, give me everything I desired. But, on coming to Puteoli, in order to continue my journey to land, which as it happened I did just when it was full of fashionable people, I almost collapsed, gentlemen of the jury, when someone asked me what day I’d left Rome and what the news there was. I told him I’d come from my province: he said, ‘Of course, yes, Africa I believe.’ And I, now getting angry, said disdainfully, ‘No, Sicily’, someone else, acting as though well informed, added, ‘Didn’t you know that our friend here was quaestor at Syracuse?’ Well, what more can I say? I stopped being angry and pretended I was there to take the waters. But I rather think, gentlemen of the jury, that the episode did me much more good than if everyone had congratulated me. After I’d realized that the Roman people were a bit deaf, but had very sharp and keen eyesight, I stopped worrying about what men would hear concerning me and made sure that they would see me every day: I lived in the public eye, I frequented the Forum, I didn’t allow either sleep or my doorkeeper to keep anyone from my presence ... and so whatever reputation I might have has been won in Rome and acquired in the Forum, and public events too have justified my private plans, with the result that the vital interests of the state needed me as their agent in Rome, and the city needed me to save it by action in the city.
Romans in the provinces: power, autonomy, and identity
Authors: Steel C E W
Published: November 2023

CICERO’s repetundae speeches provide some of our best evidence for how the empire worked on a day-to-day basis during the Republic, with a mass of detail about the activities of provincial governors and their staff in dispensing justice, over-seeing the taxation system, and defending Rome’s possessions from external threats. Moreover, for this type of forensic case we are in the unusual position of having a prosecution by Cicero, that of Verres, as well as defence speeches. From this material it is possible to explore the ways in which Cicero presents Romans as good or bad within provincial contexts. Here I shall concentrate particularly on men behaving badly: on Romans behaving in provincial contexts in ways that can be presented in order to rouse hostile feelings in Cicero’s audiences. The judgements are based, of course, not solely on the actual behaviour of the men he talks about, but on the particular case that Cicero is arguing; but the terms which he uses to attack and defend, whatever their truth value, indicate the sorts of actions which were considered unacceptable, and the range of issues which could provoke anxiety about Rome’s imperial activities.
Controlling the uncontrollable: Cicero and the generals
Authors: Steel C E W
Published: November 2023

IN this chapter I turn to the key imperial issue of the late Republic: the generals who rewrote the rules for holding commands, added huge tracts of land to the empire, and, on most accounts, precipitated the end of the Republic.1 The plight of provincial victims of misgovernment, or of aspirants to the citizenship whose claims were subject to challenge, simply did not have the same influence on events. It was not the provincials who brought about the transformation in the form of Roman government. And even though this assessment depends on the benefit of hindsight, it is clear that at the time commands of the sort granted to Pompeius and Caesar were felt to be a new phenomenon. While repetundae and citizenship cases continued to be dealt with through the standing courts, the allocation of provinces and the military commands which went with them became a matter for tribunician law, and heated, even violent, public debate, rather than, as before, one of the functions of the Senate.
Careers Creating Industries: Some Early Evidence from the Biotechnology Industry
Authors: Higgins Monica C
Published: November 2023

In general, the literature on careers has focused on understanding the determinants of individual-level career outcomes such as professional advancement, work satisfaction, and career choice and change (e.g. Kilduff and Day 1994; Malos and Campion 2000). Such research has led to a host of interesting findings regarding the psychological, sociological, and organizational factors that affect individuals’ career trajectories. Rarely, however, have researchers studied how individuals’ career trajectories or sequences of work experiences affect outcomes that extend beyond the individual-to the organization or industry levels. This missing link, from the micro-level of individuals’ careers to the macro-level of the development of organizations in an industry, is the focus of the present chapter. Both the quantitative and qualitative data I introduce here suggest that the careers of executives in the biotechnology industry-and, especially, tvvo central employment affiliations-played a major role in the industry’s development.
Aristotle and Stoic Logic
Authors: Barnes Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Were Aristotle’s logical writings known to the early Stoic logicians, and did Aristotle’s logical ideas have any influence on the development of Stoic logic? The evidence which bears on this question is perplexing: there are numerous pertinent texts which favour an affirmative answer; yet as we approach them they seem, like so many will-o’-the-wisps, to retreat—and we are stumbling in a treacherous marsh.

But the question is not without its fascination, in as much as it concerns the historical relations between two magnificent monuments to Greek philosophical acumen; and it may stand some discussion. Section I presents some general ruminations. Section II deals with the preliminary question of whether the Stoics could in principle have read Aristotle. Section III assembles a sample of the evidence which suggests that the Stoics did in fact read and study their Aristotle. And the remaining sections try to assess the value of this evidence.
The Stoic-Platonist Debate on kathêkonta
Authors: Sedley David
Published: November 2023

My aim in this chapter is to uncover a debate about the teaching of practical ethics which, unless I am altogether mistaken, must have been conducted early in the third century BC, between the last generation of the early Platonic Academy and the first generation of the new Stoic school.

The focal concept will be that of kathêkonta—the ‘duties’, ‘obligations’, or ‘proper functions’ which generation after generation of Stoics so laboriously classified and analysed. A kathekon is the proper thing to do, either exceptionlessly or in certain defined circumstances. In its developed form, the doctrine of kathekonta set out to cover every kind of social, political, economic, and familial relation. Codes of conduct were prescribed for the interaction of relative with relative, young with old, rulers with subjects, buyers with sellers, citizens with foreigners. And every significant area of choice was addressed.
The Stoic Origin of Natural Rights
Authors: Mitsis Phillip
Published: November 2023

The idea that we, as individual human beings, have intrinsic natural rights is often taken to be a distinctive achievement of the late medieval or early modem periods, and hence unknown to antiquity. Whatever particular explanation scholars offer for its origin—for example, the rise of late medieval nominalism with its emphasis on concrete individuals; nascent capitalism and its concern to protect the interests of propertied classes; Hobbes’s eschewal of explanations in terms of a natural telos and his attempt to explain human action in terms of efficient causes and, consequently, to find a source of rights in the ‘efficient motions’ of desire; the attempts of the Levellers to secure religious freedom; etc.—the notion of intrinsic human rights is widely held to be as foreign to antiquity ‘as the internal combustion engine’. However, I want to suggest that for a variety of historical and philosophical reasons the Stoics offer the most appropriate starting point for considering the origins of natural-rights theories.
Transformation and IdentiWcation Motifs
Authors: Fraenkel Eduard , Drevikovsky To mas , Muecke Frances
Published: November 2023

Another set of references to mythical characters can be shown, like those discussed in the previous chapter, to be Plautine additions. Here again the evidence is the fact that the dramatic dialogue reaches beyond the sphere proper to bourgeois comedy, and that the allusion to those exalted figures of legend is linked to quite specific modes of thought peculiar to Plautus. In considering this, we will do well to leave aside the particular subject matter and turn our attention to a uniform σ χ ?ηαμ δαο í?ας (‘characteristic form of thought’) capable of accommodating various kinds of content. In the night scene with the false and the real Sosia, Mercury says to his Wsts, speaking loudly so that the slave cannot avoid hearing it (Amph. 303): iam pridem videtur factum, heri quod homines quattuor in soporem collocastis nudos (‘It now seems a long time, that yesterday you put to sleep four men— naked’). To which Sosia replies: formido male, ne ego hic nomen meum commutem et Quintus Wam e Sosia; quattuor nudos sopori se dedisse hic autumat: metuo ne numerum augeam illum (‘I’m horribly afraid that I may change my name and be made Quintus out of Sosia; this fellow claims he put to sleep four naked men: I fear I may increase that number’).
Mythological Material
Authors: Fraenkel Eduard , Drevikovsky Tomas , Muecke Frances
Published: November 2023

Up to this point in our investigation we have considered mythology only as far as it occurred in certain forms of expression. Plautus’ treatment of mythological material is, however, of considerable intrinsic importance, not only in judging his artistic independence, but also in the picture one can and must gain of his own and, indirectly, of his public’s cultural level—this means the degree to which they have been hellenized. In the colourfully eclectic Plautine world it is rarely possible to decide solely on the basis of the content what is originally Hellenic and what is Italic in the areas of manners and private law, of warfare and trade, indeed in almost all of man’s institutions;1 there is, however, no doubt about the origin of Phrixus and Bellerophon, the Trojan horse and Dirce’s bull, rich Iasion, and Penelope anxious about her husband. We know that ultimately all these figures come out of a rich complex of legends from Hellas, created and elaborated by great poets, but this fact does not provide the slightest information about the way references to this mythological world came to feature in the plays of Plautus.
Reaction and Resistance: Romance in the 1930s and under the Occupation
Authors: Holmes Diana
Published: November 2023

The outbreak of war in 1914 made it difficult to pursue internal political conflicts, and most feminists, along with the majority of the population, rallied behind the ﬂag. Although, at a practical level, the absence of most of the active male population opened up new areas of employment to women, their fulfilment of the traditional roles of nurturing mother, nurse, provider of emotional solace became all the more imperative as a generation of young men found themselves suddenly in the raw, brutal world of battlefield and trenches. Wartime fiction written by women contains many strong female characters, but on the whole ‘for them, autonomy and self-determination [are] inseparable ... from ... maternal compassion and dedication’ (Goldberg 1999: 2). Love is a central element of women’s writing in the 1914 – 18 war, but the drama of meeting, desire, and its fulfilment takes second place to stories of painful separation from a beloved companion, or courageous sacrifice that alleviates the soldiers’ suffering, or motherly devotion.
Introduction
Authors: Egan Gabriel
Published: November 2023

Marxist thinking about culture underlies much research and teaching in university departments of literature and played a crucial role in the development of recent theoretical work. Feminism, New Historicism, cultural materialism, postcolonial theory, and queer theory all draw upon ideas about cultural production that can be traced to Marx, and significantly each also has a special relation with Renaissance literary studies. Despite this, Marx’s main ideas are seldom properly explained in works about Shakespeare and in some quarters it is even claimed that they have lost their relevance. This book aims to explain the past and present influence of Marxism for Shakespearians, and to suggest ways in which it can play a role in the future of politically engaged literary and dramatic criticism and cultural analysis.
Introduction
Authors: Potter David
Published: November 2023

In the depiction of September for the Très riches heures du due de Berry, the château of Saumur towers like a fairy-tale castle over peasants harvesting the vines in the fields below. The castle is still there, restored in the 1930s by using die Très riches heures as a model, but through this image we travel into a very different world. Part of a sumptuous work commissioned by a powerful royal prince at a time when France was virtually at its lowest point of chaos and depression in the late Middle Ages, it is a profoundly ambiguous scene. Apparently all is still and the world is in order and harmony. Yet this was a period which saw a deep structural crisis which swept across French society, accompanied by war and destruction. The period covered by this book saw the last crusades led by a king of France, the destruction of the most serious heresy to face the Western Church in the Middle Ages, the foundation of the University of Paris, the building of the cathedral of Amiens, the music of the ars nova in the age of Guillaume de Machault and of Guillaume Dufay at the court of Burgundy, and the unique if brief public career of Jeanne d’Arc.
Things Done with Words
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: November 2023

‘WORDS are also actions, and actions are a kind of words’, Emerson boldly affirmed in r 844; just over a century later, Wittgenstein noted that ‘Words are deeds.’ J. L. Austin had begun to think about how acts can be performed with words as early as 1939, but in his William James Lectures, given at Harvard in 195 5 and published posthumously as How To Do Things With Words, he sets about analysing the forms of verbal actions. His contribution to philosophy has attracted some distinguished attention from poets and literary critics. Paul Muldoon published a poem called ‘[Austin]’ in Madoc: A Afystery.
The stranglehold of the Great Patriotic War: 1914–1926
Authors: Parry D L L , Girard Pierre
Published: November 2023

The American diplomat and historian George Kennan described the Great War as the seminal catastrophe of the twentieth century. It destroyed the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian empires, out of whose ruins came the unstable nation-states of east-ern Europe and the Middle East, the Bolshevik revolution, Fascism, and Nazism, which in turn led to the Second World War, the Cold War, and Middle East conﬂicts. Though western Europe fared better than the east, the burden of the Great War still lay heavy, and it dominated life well beyond the armistice of 1918. The war held France in a political and ﬁnancial stranglehold until 1926, while its psychological and demographic grip on the country lasted much longer, until it was overtaken by the disaster of 1940.

In 1914, France was a dynamic country with a political regime that had been established at the cost of bitter internal divisions. War reversed this position: it united the country, bringing republicans and Catholics together in a ‘sacred union ‘ or Union sacrée, while at the same time bleeding it of its vitality.
Disaster and renewal:1926–1958
Authors: Parry D L L , Girard Pierre
Published: November 2023

Disillusioned and exhausted, France needed a period of rest for Poincaré ‘s medicine to work. Instead, it only had the three years from 1926 to 1929, when Poincaré himself led the government. In October 1929Wall Street crashed, to be followed by the Great Depression. In January 1933 Adolf Hitler became the chancellor of Germany, and Europe ‘s shaky peace was doomed. World War from 1939 to 1945 was succeeded by Cold War from 1948 and by the eruption of powerful independence movements in the French empire, which culminated in the devastating Algerian war of 1954–62. Throughout these years, the French economy continued its shift from small-scale to largescale production. The losers in this were the independent, selfemployed craftsmen, shopkeepers, and peasant farmers, heirs to the nineteenth-century petty bourgeoisie. In their place came salaried employees, both factory hands (ouvriers) and managers (cadres). This shift, which had been gathering pace since the end of the nineteenth century, was too fast for the liking of the self-employed yet too slow to keep French agriculture and industry internationally competitive.
A new republic, a new France:1958–2022
Authors: Parry D L L , Girard Pierre
Published: November 2023

The Algerian war was the ﬁnal convulsion in the long crisis that started in the late 1920s. Out of it came the Fifth Republic, which transformed France ‘s political system, accelerated economic changes that overturned traditional social structures, and revived its foreign standing with éclat. It founded a new model for the republic in harmony with its era, just as the Third Republic had done in its time, and created a new role for France on the world ‘s stage. This time it rested on the salaried middle classes, which had now become the dominant social class in the country. Yet France has not reached the end of its history, for there have been two distinct versions of the Fifth Republic, before and after 1974. The same forces of economic modernization and social transformation that renewed France went on to upset the balance of the regime by the 1970s, and the social eﬀects of the economic recession that began in 1974 cracked de Gaulle ‘s elegant construction. They accelerated the transformations already in progress, and added the impact of long-term mass unemployment, which produced problems that have destabilized the political system. The behaviour of the regime evolved rapidly as well. De Gaulle ‘s monarchical republic became a double act of president and prime minister under Pompidou; power passed from one party to another with the elections of Giscard d ‘Estaing and Mitterrand. The alternation of power between left and right since 1981 has also produced the practice of ‘cohabitation ‘ between presidents and prime ministers from opposing parties. In international relations, the end of the Cold War and the development of the European Union also transformed global politics, and pushed France back into the wings once more.
Local Differences in Arrangements of Ration Lists on Minoan Crete
Authors: Uchitel Alexander
Published: November 2023

Ancient economic archives are usually classified as either private or public. However, the same kinds of document are often found in both types. In my opinion, the most important distinction which should be made in the study of ancient economic documents is between groups of documents (archives) reflecting the market economy on the one hand, and those connected to the non-market economic systems on the other. The latter are often called ‘administrative’ rather than ‘economic’ archives. Yet this terminology is misleading, since these archives deal with such purely economic activities as taxation, rationing, work assessment, and the like, clearly distinct from the administration proper reflected in the so-called chancellery documents such as instructions and reports.
A Man is Being Beaten
Authors: Mills Robert
Published: November 2023

It’s a phrase so familiar, so ingrained in everyday speech, that no one in their right minds would suggest that it could be interpreted differently across time or space. Or would they? That is, after all, at the heart of Nietzsche’s claim, when he submits that perhaps pain ‘did not hurt as much then as it does now’.
Archaic Literature and Masters of Truth
Authors: Lloyd G E R
Published: November 2023

Right at the start of Greek literature stands the most famous and most influential text of all, the Iliad, a work that every educated Greek of the classical period would know. They would have studied it at school: they would have attended the performances of rhapsodes—professionals who recited the Homeric epics and other poems in public at Athens and else-where—and they would in many cases have learnt extensive passages by heart. Homer was reputed to be the educator of the Greeks. What that means exactly is rather unclear. But certainly the Iliad was an iconic text, the most highly prized in all Greek literature.
Secularization and Sacralization
Authors: Lloyd G E R
Published: November 2023

One of the biggest challenges to understanding Greek medicine in the fifth century BCE is that of accounting for two remarkable concurrent developments. On the one hand there is the move made by some Hippocratic authors to insist that all diseases have natural causes, on the other there is the growth of the cults of Asclepius and other healing gods and heroes. Earlier positivist historians of medicine liked to represent the former as superseding the latter. First there was religious medicine, the type represented in the shrines of Asclepius at Epidaurus, Athens, Cos, and elsewhere. Then came naturalistic accounts of diseases and their cures. Science, in a word, on this view, overtook religion as the basis of medical practice.
Aristotle
Authors: Lloyd G E R
Published: November 2023

Aristotle was the son of a doctor and contemplated writing a treatise On Health and Disease, though if he did so, it is no longer extant. We can organize our discussion of what he has to say about disease that is germane to our study under five main heads.
Conclusions
Authors: Lemos Irene S
Published: November 2023

The analysis of the PG material culture has shown that our knowledge of the period in the Aegean has increased enormously since Snodgrass’s and Desborough’s surveys. These new discoveries clearly illustrate that the period was more complex than was thought before. In this chapter aspects of life and death of the people of the Aegean who lived during this period are explored and reconstructed using the archaeological material which has been collected and analysed in the previous chapters.

Chronologically the PG period covers the end of the eleventh and the whole of the tenth century BC. During this period five generations of people lived and died in relatively peaceful conditions, especially when compared to the troubled years of the Late Helladic IIIC and SM periods. Although the events concerning the end of the Mycenaean palace system fall outside the scope of the present study, it is clear that they would have had an important effect on the development of the following periods. Two accounts of them, illustrating the changes which took place after the end of the palatial system, are particularly important for the present discussion.
Civic Publicness
Authors: Plunkett John
Published: November 2023

What does a British constitutional monarch do? Month on month, year on year, what provides worthy employment for a sovereign, particularly one supposedly above the machinations of party politics? In the profession of royalty, the public engagement reigns supreme. Whether patronizing diverse charities, touring countries in the Commonwealth, or honouring the latest newly built hospital or battleship, civic visits loom large in the modern conception of royal duties. This chapter argues that Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, through the impact of a burgeoning print and visual culture, set the model for the serious duties and pleasurable diversions that we have come to expect from a constitutional monarchy. They undertook an unprecedented number of regional tours, foreign visits, and civic engagements, forging a role that would be successfully followed by future British monarchs.
Royal Portraiture
Authors: Plunkett John
Published: November 2023

London, 28 June 1838: at Victoria’s coronation fair in Hyde Park there was a print seller charging 6d. to enter his booth. Therein, you would have the privilege of witnessing the printing of your own engraved portrait of Victoria and a lithograph of the fair. On the same day, 200 miles north in Preston, another enterprising printer was attaching his printing press to a horse-drawn carriage in order to join the local coronation procession. As the parade moved through the streets, he printed penny handbills that contained a short biography of Victoria and a narrative of the day’s events.

These two small episodes are exemplary in that the process of reproduction has been turned into a performance that is itself part of a larger royal spectacle. The printing presses were integral to the experience of the coronation. At the same time, they were the form through which that experience was expressed and disseminated.
Reporting Royalty
Authors: Plunkett John
Published: November 2023

The expanding scale of the newspaper and periodical press inevitably brought to the fore the relationship between journalists and the royal family. As the epigraph from George Augustus Sala suggests, royal occasions were notorious for the labour reporters had to expend. Upon Victoria’s first highland tour in 1842, the Illustrated London News puffed itself for sending two artists to shadow the royal party. Such limpet-like attention was highly novel in the 1840s. The development of new and existing media meant that it was, however, commonplace by the end of Victoria’s reign. At the Diamond Jubilee procession through London, numerous cinematic cameras vied with scores of professional photographers.
Early Responses to L’Escole des filles Pepys, Wycherley, and Traces of Molière
Authors: Turner James Grantham
Published: November 2023

After dinner, we into our dining-room and there to singing all the afternoon (by the way, I must remember that Pegg Pen was brought to bed yesterday of a girl; and among other things, if I have not already set it down, that hardly ever was remembered such a season as this for the smallpox as these last two months have been, people being seen all up and down the streets, newly come out after the smallpox); but though they sang fine things, yet I must confess that I did take no pleasure in it We sang till almost night, and drank my good store of wine;
Rochester and Oldham ‘Heroic’ Pornography in the Shadow of Aloisia
Authors: Turner James Grantham
Published: November 2023

T HE wholehearted female sensualist created by the libertine text—for whom reasoning and desiring come in the same moment—provided a mirror and objectlesson for the male reader seeking to perfect himself. She holds out the possibility of synthesizing ‘lust’ and ‘invention’ into what Chorier called erudita libido , and thus anticipates Elisabeth Rowe’s account of the ‘philosophick libertine’, who ‘pursues pleasure for the sake of demonstration, pausing, reasoning, and making critical reflections on every enjoyment’.1
The Loose Canon Translations and (Per)versions of Libertine Literature, 1676-1700
Authors: Turner James Grantham
Published: November 2023

To understand the ‘translation’ of Pallavicino, L’Escole des filles , and Chorier, it is necessary to trace the network of cultural expectations into which the new text must fit, the grid or lattice of generic cross-references that keeps the reader’s mind on the subject. To adapt a metaphor common to Margaret Cavendish and Venus in the Cloister , we should make visible the ‘grille’ that limits and intensifies desire. The acts of reading and citation studied so far in Part II set the terms for the longer imitations, anthologizing reprints, and full-length vernacular versions explored in this chapter. But these fresh texts always enjoy a problematic relation with their original, raising the question of what theory of translation is at work:
Bringing Home Keats and Shelley
Authors: Matthews Samantha
Published: November 2023

Writing in the London Magazine, Bryan Waller Procter (the poet and dramatist ‘Barry Cornwall’) announced the death from consumption of his fellow-poet John Keats ‘on the 23rd of February, 1821, at Rome, whither he had gone for the benefit of his health’. For Procter this was the chronicle of a death foretold:When Keats left England, he had a presentiment that he should not return: that this has been too sadly realized the reader already knows.—After his arrival in Italy, he revived for a brief period, but soon afterwards declined, and sunk gradually into his grave. He was one of three English poets who had been compelled by circumstances to adopt a foreign country as their own. He was the youngest, but the first to leave us.
Thomas Hood in the Cemetery
Authors: Matthews Samantha
Published: November 2023

Criticizing the ‘bad taste and poverty of invention’ of contemporary sepulchral monuments in 1843, an Athenaeum reviewer complained, ‘[T]he smile of pity at mistaken piety, or the laugh of derision at ostentatious pride, are the emotions most frequently excited in visiting a modern cemetery.’1 The writer’s critique of mass-production’s degradation of makers and consumers (the monumental masons’ ‘book of “patterns” ‘ is blamed for multiplying a few ‘hackneyed commonplaces’) reflects two early Victorian doubts about the cemetery, an institution then barely two decades old in Britain: that its prevailing affective tone was not mourning and sober contemplation, and that the cemetery was evidence of society’s debased spiritual condition.
Concerns of the Sonnets
Authors: Edmondson Paul , Wells Stanley
Published: November 2023

The Sonnets repeat strands of emotions and ideas, emphasizing a polyphony of attitudes and approaches to love rather than working through any single one. However, it is part of the Sonnets’ fascination that they invite readers to identify connecting interpretative threads.
The Sonnets as Theatre
Authors: Edmondson Paul , Wells Stanley
Published: November 2023

Shakespeare’s sonnets are as close as we can get to being the private poems of an otherwise public writer. His verse narratives, Venus and Adonis (1593) and The Rape of Lucrece (1594), were, everything suggests, set into type at his desire soon after he wrote them. His enigmatic, haunting, and esoteric short poem ‘The Phoenix and Turtle’ (or ‘Let the Bird of Loudest Lay’) was published in 1601 as part of an appendix to a volume of poems called Love’s Martyr by the obscure Robert Chester, no doubt with Shakespeare’s approval. And though only half of his plays appeared in print while he was alive, all of them were published by performance, the medium that he appears to have preferred for them.
History of Universities
Authors: Feingold Mordechai
Published: November 2023

Volume XVII of History of Universities contains the customary mix of learned articles, book reviews, conference reports, and bibliographical information, which makes this publication such an indispensable tool for the historian of higher education. Its contributions range widely geographically, chronologically, and in subject-matter. The volume is, as always, a lively combination of original research and invaluable reference material.
Public Politics
Authors: Knights Mark
Published: November 2023

This chapter seeks to provide the reader with some idea of the forms which partisan politics took and how the ‘public’ took on a new significance and importance. The central theme is public politics and the aim is to explore the nature of partisan conflict as it was played out in front of, and with, the public. It is important to sketch some of the ways in which the representation of the public was conceived in theory and worked out in practice. This is best done by examining particular local contexts, since these not only make conceptual problems concerning representation both concrete and personal, but also highlight many of the questions facing contemporaries. A key one was how might, or should, a (or the) public voice be represented? As will become apparent, voting was only one form of representative practice.
Truth and Fiction in the Age of Party
Authors: Knights Mark
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter examined contemporary fears that public discourse was threatened by irrationality, abusiveness, and libel, all of which made judgement about politicians and their policies difficult. As we saw, con­ temporaries feared that polemic might be deliberately misleading. This chapter explores the question of truth and political lying in more detail, suggesting that it was a central concern to all participants and their audience, and that the political culture of the later Stuart period was one preoccupied with the language of politics, fiction, and truth-claims. Fierce conflict between parties placed enormous pressure on language and manners. Through the everyday practice of partisan politics, there­ fore, issues that are far more associated with an eighteenth-century enlightenment agenda, such as rationality, truth, and fact, were routinely discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Sperber Jonathan
Published: November 2023

The years between 1800 and 1870 are often known as the ‘pre-unification’ era of modern German history. Describing these seven decades as a precursor to the founding of a unified German nation-state in 1871 is a problematic choice of terms. It implies that the developments of the period are to be understood primarily as leading up to that scene in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles, where the Grand Duke of Baden, on Bismarck’s prompting, proclaimed King Wilhelm I of Prussia the German emperor.
Political and diplomatic movements, 1850–1870 National movement, liberal movement, great-power struggles, and the creation of the German Empire
Authors: Green Abigail
Published: November 2023

In terms of political institutions and boundaries, Germany emerged relatively unscathed from the seismic shocks of 1848. Superficially, Germany in the early 1850s looked much the same as in the 1840s. This was true both at a confederal level and in the individual German states. In May 1851, the German Confederation resumed its position as the central framework for national politics, after negotiations held in Dresden during the early months of that year established it as the least divisive solution to the German question.
Narrative
Authors: Davenport Tony
Published: November 2023

Narrative theory is not a twentieth-century Russo-French invention but existed in classical Greek and Roman times and was familiar to educated writers and readers of the Middle Ages. Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Horace were cited as authorities even when the actual texts (particularly of the Greek philosophers) were not available to be read and when their teaching was known only because it was quoted by translators and transmitters such as Boethius.
Postscript
Authors: Davenport Tony
Published: November 2023

The variety of medieval storytelling makes one realize the more limited range of styles and effects in modern written narrative which has almost entirely, in European and American languages at any rate, restricted itself to the novel and the short story in prose. One has to look to radio and film to supply the extensions which verse-form made available in the past. Modern imitations of medieval narrative have seldom copied medieval language or poetic form unless they are actually modern versions of particular texts such as Ezra Pound’s The Seafarer.
Greek Drama and Anti-Colonialism Decolonizing Classics
Authors: Hardwick Lorna
Published: November 2023

In the theatre of the last three decades Greek drama has assumed major importance as an arena for the articulation of anti-colonialist ideas and as a forum for the exploration of post-colonial debates about the relationships between cultural and political identities. My approach to this problematic and sometimes inspiring topic is based on an exploration of practice-in poetry, in theatre, and in the development of self-reflexive cultural criticism.
History of Universities
Authors: van Liere Frans
Published: November 2023

Volume XVIII/1 of History of Universities contains the customary mix of learned articles, book reviews, conference reports and bibliographical information, which makes this publication such an indispensible tool for the historian of higher education. Its contributions range widely geographically, chronogically, and in subject-matter. The volume is, as always, a lively combination of original research and invaluable reference material.
Enlightenment and emancipation
Authors: Dubin Lois C
Published: November 2023

Enlightenment and emancipation were two crucial forces that affected Jews and Judaism since the mid-eighteenth century: Judaism as the religion of citizens participating in modern states is inconceivable without them. With its promotion of secular definitions of civil society and the state as well as ideals of shared rationality, humanity, and tolerance, the Enlightenment opened up a potential cultural and political space for Jews as members of modern European societies. Long cast as the quintessential religious dissenters and ethnic outsiders in Christian Europe, Jews could now be seen in principle as fellow human beings and citizens.
Covenant
Authors: Ochs Peter
Published: November 2023

Jewish sages, scholars, and thinkers have redescribed Judaism after each period of catastrophe in Jewish civilization. Still traumatized by the memory of Shoah, the Jewish people lives in such a period now, which means that this is an appropriate time to redescribe the Jewish religion. It is, therefore, an appropriate time to redescribe what Jews mean by covenant, since covenant—brit —refers to the bond that links all members of the Jewish people to each other and that ties the Jewish people as a whole to God.
Halakhic issues: survey
Authors: Cohen Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Any survey of halakhic issues in the modern period requires an appreciation of the challenges that modernity presents to practitioners of halakhah. Modernity, launched with the French and American revolutions, has altered the living conditions as well as the status and identity of Jews throughout the world. It has also transformed the quality and extent of their interaction with non-Jews and non-Jewish institutions. Two principal expressions of modernity have affected Jewish life most significantly: political emancipation and the Enlightenment.
Contemporary issues in halakhah
Authors: Resnicoff Steven H
Published: November 2023

Halakhah (Jewish law) applies to all facets of life: to public issues, such as whether the State of Israel can halakhically trade land for peace; and to private issues, such as whether, and under what circumstances, a person may halakhically participate in modern reproductive procedures. Most halakhic enquiries fall into one of two categories. The first type asks what halakhah says about the propriety of a particular action (or inaction), the status of a particular thing, or the status, rights, or responsibilities of a particular person. Such questions generally enquire as to what the halakhah is with respect to the specific issue at hand.
As others see Jews
Authors: Horowitz Elliott
Published: November 2023

When visiting Palestine in 1836 the American traveller John Lloyd Stephens, who was later to achieve fame for his Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and the Yucatan (1841), entered Hebron and was brought by his guide to ‘a distant and separate quarter of the city’. At first the young New Jersey native had no idea where he was being taken, but, as he later wrote, ‘I had not advanced a horse’s length in the narrow streets before their peculiar costume and physiognomies told me that I was among the unhappy remnant of a fallen people, the persecuted and despised Israelites’.
Jewish–Christian relations
Authors: Tolstoy Margie
Published: November 2023

For Jewish–Christian relations to have an impact, Jews and Christians must relate to each other in ways that acknowledge difference whilst affirming a shared destiny. Learning to listen to those who are ‘other’ is the only approach that builds trust, mutual respect, friendship, and love. But the aim is ultimately more ambitious; namely, to ‘seek peace and pursue it’ (Psalm 34: 15). Jonathan Magonet points out that, ‘for most other commandments, we are only instructed to do them when they come our way—but when it comes to peace, we are to be actively engaged in seeking it out’. Some Jewish leaders have come to recognize that there are positive benefits to be derived from the encounter with Christianity:
Caxton and Fifteenth-Century English Books
Authors: Gillespie Alexandra
Published: November 2023

The 1473– 4 Recuyell of the historyes of Troye is the first recorded translation by William Caxton of a text into English. It was also the first book printed in English, issued from presses in Bruges where the mercer was then resident. And it is the first printed book to say something about an English vernacular author: Caxton names Lydgate as an important model for his own literary endeavours as he embeds the three books of his translation within a very detailed account of those endeavours:[A]s moche as that worship[p]full and religyous man dan John Lidgate, monke of Burye, dide translate hit I fere to take upon me, that am not worthy to bere his penner and ynkehorne after hym, to modle me in that werke.
Good Utterance: Printing and Innovation after 1478
Authors: Gillespie Alexandra
Published: November 2023

It is a place for the rapid, almost mechanized reproduction of utterances, for tumultuous ‘rounynges and jangles’ (l. 1960) that are specific- ally sounds made by physical activity—’chirkygnes’ produced by the grinding of two hard surfaces together and ‘gygges’ (a word nowhere else recorded), the sound made by a bow on string (from Old French giguer). Chaucer’s verse is extended thematically as well as lexically at this moment to encompass concerns typical of his dream visions: the difference between lyric voices (courtly or angelic) and their discordant opposite— the democratized, jangling rumours of an unrestrained multitude.
Court and Cloister: Editions of Lydgate, 1509 to 1534
Authors: Gillespie Alexandra
Published: November 2023

Lydgate is— even at his most pious, or when acting on behalf of his monastic brethren— an astute commentator upon political matters.
The Press, the Medieval Author, and the English Reformations, 1534 to 1557
Authors: Gillespie Alexandra
Published: November 2023

John Foxe was an enthusiastic early historian of the reformation printing press. ‘[T]hrough the lyght of printing’, he writes in his 1570 Actes and monuments, as by the singulare organe of the holy Ghost, the doctrine of the Gospell soundeth to all nations & countreys vnder heauen: and what God readeth to one man, is dispersed to many, and what is knowne in one nation, is opened to all.