bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Need for less tight glucose control in early pregnancy after embryogenesis due to high risk of maternal hypoglycaemia in women with pre‐existing diabetes can be compensated by good control in late pregnancy
Authors: Hauffe F. , Fauzan R. , Schohe A. L. , Scholle D. , Sedlacek L. , Scherer K. A. , Klapp C. , Ramsauer B. , Henrich W. , Schlembach D. , Abou‐Dakn M. , Schaefer‐Graf U. M.
Published: June 2020

Aim

Poor glucose control is associated with adverse outcomes in pregnancies with pre‐existing diabetes. However, strict glucose control increases the risk of severe hypoglycaemia, particularly in the first trimester. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether less tight glucose control in the first trimester determines adverse outcomes or can be compensated for by good control in late pregnancy.

Methods

Retrospective data were collected from 517 singleton pregnancies complicated by pre‐existing diabetes delivering between 2010 and 2017. Three hundred and thirty‐six pregnancies fulfilled the inclusion criteria of having available HbA1c values either pre‐conception or in the first trimester (65% type 1 diabetes, 35% type 2 diabetes).

Results

Higher HbA1c values in the first trimester were associated with increasing rates of large for gestational age (LGA) neonates, preterm delivery or neonatal intensive care unit admissions. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated third trimester HbA1c, type 1 diabetes, multiparity and excess weight gain, but not first trimester HbA1c, to be independently predictive for LGA. Pre‐eclampsia and third trimester HbA1c increased the risk for preterm delivery. If HbA1c was ≤ 42 mmol/mol (6.0%) in the third trimester, rates of adverse outcomes were not significantly higher even if HbA1c targets of ≤ 48 mmol/mol (6.5%) had not been met in the first trimester. Good first trimester glucose control did not modify the rates of adverse outcomes if HbA1c was > 42 mmol/mol (6.0%) in the third trimester.

Conclusions

Less tight glycaemic control, for example due to high frequency of severe hypoglycaemia in the first trimester, does not lead to increased adverse neonatal events if followed by tight control in the third trimester. Besides glycaemic control, excess weight gain is a modifiable predictor of adverse outcome.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF KIN AND ETHNIC FAVORITISM
Authors: Akbari Mahsa , Bahrami‐Rad Duman , Kimbrough Erik O. , Romero Pedro P. , Alhosseini Sadegh
Published: June 2020

Ethnic and kinship ties have long been viewed as potential catalysts for favoritism, and hence corruption. In experiments conducted in three countries, we recruit siblings, coethnics and strangers and vary the relationship(s) between the players of a game to observe how kin and ethnic ties influence the willingness of two players to benefit one another at the expense of a third party. We see universal sibling favoritism, but ethnic favoritism, and favoritism toward other in‐group members (friends) varies. We argue this may be driven in part by kinship institutions, since favoritism is more common in societies with denser kin networks. ( JEL D9, C9, D73, J12)
How an ineffective agent can increase his budget
Authors: Terai Kimiko , Glazer Amihai
Published: June 2020

A principal aware that an agent exerts little effort will nevertheless fund the agent, because the principal values the output the agent produces. The agent in turn decides how hard to work by anticipating how his behavior affects the budget the principal will give him. Under some conditions, the principal gives the agent large budgets anticipating that the agent will not work hard. The corrupt environment aggravates the problem. An agent who can set the budget ameliorates the problem, though incompletely.
The real urban wage in an agricultural economy without landless farmers: Serbia, 1862–1910†
Authors: Mijatović Boško , Milanović Branko
Published: June 2020

This article presents the first estimates of the welfare ratio for Serbia using nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century data on the wages of skilled and unskilled workers (including the part paid in kind) and the prices of goods in ‘subsistence’ and ‘respectability’ consumption baskets. It finds stagnation in the unskilled wage, and a modest increase in the skilled wage. The article introduces several adjustments to conventional methodology in order to make it more relevant for predominantly agricultural societies.
Relationship between stressful life events, stigma and life satisfaction with the willingness of disclosure of psychotic illness: A community study in Hong Kong
Authors: Suen Yi Nam , Chan Kit Wa Sherry , Siu Ling Tsz Theresa , Lo Lik Hang Lincoln , Cheung Charlton , Hui Lai Ming Christy , Lee Ho Ming Edwin , Chang Wing Chung , Wong Pui Sze , Chen Yu Hai Eric
Published: June 2020

Aim

The preference of and potential barriers to disclosure of psychotic illness vary across cultures. Studying its patterns and correlates can guide the design of future culture‐specific intervention and public education approaches to improve willingness to disclose and thereby reducing the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP).

Methods

A population‐based, random telephone survey was conducted with a total of 1514 respondents in Hong Kong in January 2018. Cross‐sectional data on willingness to disclose psychotic illness, life satisfaction, stigmatizing attitude and recent experience of stressful life events (SLEs) were analysed against age and gender using structural equation modelling (SEM).

Results

Unwillingness to disclose to anyone was reported by 12% of the participants. Family was reported as the preferred disclosure candidate by most respondents. Our model, which showed a good fit to the data demonstrated that stigmatizing attitude and life satisfaction were directly associated with willingness to disclose illness. Younger age was correlated with more recent experience of SLEs, lower life satisfaction and less willingness to disclose illness. Women's disclosure willingness was positively associated with their life satisfaction, which was sensitive to recent exposure to single SLE. In contrast, men's was negatively associated with their stigmatizing attitude, which increased significantly upon exposure to two or more recent SLEs.

Conclusion

Encouraging the public to help their family to seek treatment should be a focal point of a successful mental health public education campaign. Cultural‐specific and integrated interventions should be developed targeting the vulnerable groups including people with high recent life stress, particularly woman and those with younger age.
Training early psychosis community clinicians in CBT for psychosis: Implementation and feasibility
Authors: Hardy Kate V. , Espil Flint M. , Smith Christopher L. , Furuzawa Adriana , Lean Melanie , Zhao Zhen , Godzikovskaya Julia , Gilbert Al , Loewy Rachel L.
Published: June 2020

Objective

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has demonstrated efficacy for treating of psychotic symptoms and is recommended as an evidence‐based practice (EBP) in early psychosis services. Despite this recommendation, there is limited information about the feasibility of training community clinicians, working in an early psychosis service, to competence in the delivery of this intervention.

Method

Fifty clinicians working in an early psychosis service across five programs in Northern California were trained in CBT for psychosis (CBTp) between 2010 and 2014. Following the training, clinicians attended weekly group consultation and submitted taped sessions for review. Tapes were rated for competency using the Cognitive Therapy Scale‐Revised (CTS‐R). Clinicians who achieved competence were engaged in a train‐the‐trainer model to support ongoing sustainability of the training program.

Results

Data from 40 clinicians were reviewed for achievement of competence. Over the training period 18 clinicians achieved competence while 20 clinicians left the service before achieving competence and 12 were still in the process of achieving competence at the point of data analysis. It took on average 54 weeks (range 17‐130 weeks) and an average of six tape reviews (range 3‐18) to train clinicians to competency.

Conclusions

Community clinicians working in an early psychosis program can be trained to competence in CBTp following an initial didactic period and ongoing weekly group consultation, although staff turnover hindered implementation. Challenges and opportunities for future implementation in community sites are presented in the context of further expansion of early psychosis services in the United States.
Driving factors analysis of agricultural carbon emissions based on extended STIRPAT model of Jiangsu Province, China
Authors: Xiong Chuanhe , Chen Shuang , Xu Liting
Published: June 2020

STIRPAT (stochastic impact by regression on population, affluence, and technology) model is used to identify the influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions in Jiangsu province. By referring to Kaya identity and combining with the actual situation of agricultural carbon emissions, four basic influencing factors were obtained: agricultural production efficiency, agricultural structure, agricultural economic development level, and agricultural population size. In addition, urbanization, mechanization, and natural disaster level were listed as influencing factors. The results demonstrated: (a) Urbanization was the first promoting factor of agricultural carbon emissions, indicating a 0.2510% increase in agricultural carbon emissions due to a 1% increase in urbanization. The other three positive factors were, respectively, agricultural mechanization, agricultural structure, and agricultural economic development and their influence indexes were 0.1481, 0.1163, and 0.0845, respectively. (b) Agricultural production efficiency was the most important factor to restrain agricultural carbon emissions. For every 1% increase in agricultural production efficiency, corresponding agricultural carbon emissions would be reduced by 0.3288%. Agricultural population size was also an important factor to reduce agricultural carbon emissions and its influence index was −0.045. Finally, we propose policy recommendations including implementation of orderly urbanization, dependence and development of low carbon technology, establishment of agricultural carbon compensation mechanism, etc.
Open‐Label, Multi‐Dose, Pilot Safety Study of Injection of OnabotulinumtoxinA Toward the Otic Ganglion for the Treatment of Intractable Chronic Cluster Headache
Authors: Crespi Joan , Bratbak Daniel , Dodick David W. , Matharu Manjit , Solheim Ole , Gulati Sasha , Berntsen Erik Magnus , Tronvik Erling
Published: June 2020

Background

The otic ganglion (OG) provides parasympathetic innervation to the cerebral circulation and cranial structures and may be involved in the pathophysiology of trigeminal autonomic headaches. This structure has never been targeted in any headache disorder.

Objective

To investigate the safety of injecting onabotulinumtoxin A (BTA) toward the OG in 10 patients with intractable chronic cluster headache and to collect efficacy data.

Methods

A total of 10 patients with chronic cluster headache were enrolled in this open‐label, multi‐dose pilot safety study. All patients were recruited and treated on an out‐patient basis at St Olav's University Hospital (Norway). In 5 patients each, the OG was the injection target with 12.5 IU of BTA or 25 IU, respectively. The primary outcome measure was adverse events (AEs) and the main secondary outcome was the number of attacks per week measured at baseline and in the second month following injection.

Results

For the primary endpoint, we analyzed data for all 10 patients. There were a total of 17 AEs in 6 of the 10 patients. All AEs were considered mild and disappeared by the end of follow‐up. The median number of attacks per week at baseline was 17.0 [7.8 to 25.8] vs 14.0 [7.3 to 20.0] in the second month following injection; difference: 3 (95%CI: −0.3 to 7.9), P = .063.

Conclusions

Injection with BTA toward the OG appears to be safe. We did not find a statistically significant reduction in the number of attacks per week at month 2 after injection compared to the baseline. This study suggests that the OG is not an important target for the treatment of chronic cluster headache. A future study employing more precise targeting of the OG may be indicated.
A blackberry–dill extract combination synergistically increases skin elasticity
Authors: Meza D. , Li W.‐H. , Seo I. , Parsa R. , Kaur S. , Kizoulis M. , Southall M.D.
Published: June 2020

Background

The loss of structural elastin due to intrinsic and extrinsic ageing results in the skin’s inability to stretch and recoil (decrease in elasticity) and manifests as loss of skin firmness and sagging. While other extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as collagen and hyaluronic acid are continually synthesized and assembled through life, elastic fibres are not. Elastic fibre assembly and functionality require fibre cross‐linking, induced by the lysyl oxidase‐like (LOXL) enzymes, which sharply decrease during ageing.

Objective

To evaluate the enhanced elastogenic effect of a blackberry–dill extract combination, which was hypothesized to induce elastin fibre component synthesis, fibre cross‐linking and reduce elastin fibre degradation.

Methods

The blackberry and the dill extracts were tested separately and in combination to confirm single ingredient bioactivity and synergistic benefits. Human skin explants, dermal fibroblasts, elastase assays, ELISAs, quantitative real‐time PCRs and spectrofluorometer measurements were used. Moreover, a double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled clinical study was carried out to assess skin elasticity using Cutometer and histologically from biopsies.

Results

The blackberry extract induced elastin gene expression, elastin promoter activity and inhibited elastic fibre degradation by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 9 and 12. The dill extract induced elastin, collagen and LOXL1 gene expression, resulting in enhanced fibre cross‐linking in human skin explants. Clinically, the blackberry and dill combination treatment displayed synergistic pro‐elasticity activity as compared to each ingredient alone and placebo.

Conclusion

Taken together, these results demonstrated the two multimodal plant‐based extracts complemented each other in terms of bioactivity and resulted in a synergistic elastogenesis induction.
Effects of adding B2O3 on microwave dielectric properties of 0.9625MgTiO3‐0.0375(Ca0.5Sr0.5)TiO3 composite ceramics
Authors: Chen Chuying , Peng Zhijian , Xie Luzhi , Bi Ke , Fu Xiuli
Published: June 2020

A series of 0.9625MgTiO3‐0.0375(Ca0.5Sr0.5)TiO3 composite ceramics added with different amounts of B2O3 (1‐5 wt%) were prepared via the solid state sintering method using the pre‐synthesized raw MgTiO3 and (Ca0.5Sr0.5)TiO3 powders by molten‐salt reaction. The sintering temperature of 0.9625MgTiO3‐0.0375(Ca0.5Sr0.5)TiO3 composite ceramics can be reduced from 1275°C to 1175°C due to the liquid phase sintering effect of B2O3. When the adding amount of B2O3 was more than 2 wt%, a new phase MgTi2O5 could be detected by X‐ray diffraction, which would substantially degrade the dielectric properties of the obtained ceramics. Resultantly, the quality factor (Q·f) and dielectric constant (εr) of the samples increase first and decrease later with increasing addition amount of B2O3. In addition, the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) progressively increases with increasing content of B2O3. By sintering at 1175°C for 4 hours, the obtained 0.9625MgTiO3‐0.0375Ca0.5Sr0.5TiO3 composite ceramics with 2 wt% B2O3 possess the optimal microwave dielectric properties of εr = 18.9, Q·f = 57 000 GHz and τf = −1.2 ppm/°C.
Applying a new audit regulation: Reporting Key Audit Matters in Jordan
Authors: Abdullatif Modar , Al‐Rahahleh Ayat S.
Published: June 2020

This study aims to explore the application of a new audit regulation, International Standard on Auditing no. 701 (ISA 701) on Key Audit Matters (KAMs), in the developing country context of Jordan. To do so, the researchers analyzed the content of audit reports issued in Jordan in 2017 and 2018, and conducted interviews with 18 Jordanian audit partners and directors involved in KAM reporting. Findings of this study show that the number of KAMs reported in Jordan is relatively small, and that they emphasize items such as accounts receivable, inventory, investment property, and revenue. They also show that audit firms generally disagree on the nature and content of KAMs, overwhelmingly tend to report industry‐specific KAMs rather than entity‐specific KAMs, and avoid reporting KAMs related to governance or internal controls. Justifications by interviewees include ambiguity of ISA 701 and discretion in its application, fear of displeasing closely held clients who do not demand high‐quality audits, and limited interest by regulatory authorities in the detailed content of KAMs.
Endocrinological and symptomatic characteristics of patients with late‐onset hypogonadism classified by functional categories based on testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels
Authors: Ishikawa Keisuke , Tsujimura Akira , Miyoshi Miho , Miyoshi Yuto , Ogasa Taiki , Hiramatsu Ippei , Uesaka Yuka , Nozaki Taiji , Shirai Masato , Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Horie Shigeo
Published: June 2020

Objectives

To define the characteristics of patients with late‐onset hypogonadism based on endocrinological findings.

Methods

We assessed age, body mass index, laboratory/endocrinological profiles and symptom‐specific questionnaire scores of 967 men with late‐onset hypogonadism symptoms. The patients comprised four groups by testosterone and luteinizing hormone concentrations: normal group, compensated hypogonadism group, primary hypogonadism group and secondary hypogonadism group. We compared characteristics between the normal group and compensated hypogonadism group in men with normal testosterone concentration, and the primary hypogonadism group and secondary hypogonadism group in hypogonadal men after age adjustment.

Results

The normal group, compensated hypogonadism group, primary hypogonadism group and secondary hypogonadism group accounted for 83.6%, 3.4%, 0.8% and 12.2% of patients, respectively. Despite age adjustment, serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and insulin‐like growth factor 1 concentrations were significantly lower in the compensated hypogonadism group than the normal group. Only the Aging Males' Symptoms scale mental subscore was significantly different. Serum testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations were significantly lower in the primary hypogonadism group than the secondary hypogonadism group. Only the Aging Males' Symptoms scale sexual subscore was significantly different.

Conclusions

Most patients with late‐onset hypogonadism symptoms are in the normal group, with secondary hypogonadism being much more frequent than primary hypogonadism. Current symptomatic differences among these groups are minor. Classifying patients by testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels might provide useful information for follow up.
3D Printing in the Wild: Adopting Digital Fabrication in Elementary School Education
Authors: Leinonen Teemu , Virnes Marjo , Hietala Iida , Brinck Jaana
Published: June 2020

In recent years, digital fabrication, and especially its associated activities of 3D design and printing, have taken root in school education as curriculum‐based and maker‐oriented learning activities. This article explores the adoption of 3D design and printing for learning by fourth, fifth and sixth grade children (n=64) in multidisciplinary learning modules in elementary school education. School‐coordinated 3D projects were not led by design experts, such as art and design teachers, designers, researchers or technical specialists, but run ‘in the wild’ by school teachers. The study was conducted by using an ethnographic research design, including field observations, non‐formal interviews and a reflective questionnaire. The results indicate that, in the adoption of 3D printing activities, learning is centred on the technical skills and the usage of 3D tools. Hence, the elementary ABCs of 3D printing do not achieve the full design and creativity potential of digital fabrication that earlier research has suggested. However, the results do have implications for the potential of 3D printing projects to increase children’s empowerment. In their current state, 3D design and printing are some of the learning tools, among others, and similar achievements can be achieved with other hands‐on learning technologies. In order to enhance the learning of creativity and design thinking skills, 3D activities in school should be planned accordingly.
Non‐pulmonary vein triggers in nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation: Implications of pathophysiology for catheter ablation
Authors: Della Rocca Domenico G. , Tarantino Nicola , Trivedi Chintan , Mohanty Sanghamitra , Anannab Alisara , Salwan Anu S. , Gianni Carola , Bassiouny Mohamed , Al‐Ahmad Amin , Romero Jorge , Briceño David F. , Burkhardt J. David , Gallinghouse G. Joseph , Horton Rodney P. , Di Biase Luigi , Natale Andrea
Published: June 2020

Rhythm control of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) patients represents a challenge for the modern interventional cardiac electrophysiologist; as a matter of fact, there is still divergence regarding the best ablative approach to adopt in this population. Different investigational endpoints, variability of techniques and tools, significant technological evolution, and the lack of universally accepted pathophysiological models engendered a considerable heterogeneity in terms of techniques and outcomes, so much that the treatment of persistent subtypes of AF commonly still relies mainly on pulmonary vein (PV) isolation. The purpose of the present review is to report the current experimental and clinical evidence supporting the importance of mapping and ablating non‐PV triggers and describe our institutional approach for the ablation of nonparoxysmal AF.
Impact of primary aldosteronism on renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Katsuragawa Sho , Tsurutani Yuya , Takiguchi Tomoko , Saito Jun , Nishikawa Tetsuo
Published: June 2020

Aims/Introduction

Renal dysfunction might quickly progress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, when accompanied by hypertension. However, whether primary aldosteronism (PA), which autonomously over‐secretes aldosterone, causes additional renal damage in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is unclear. We evaluated the impact of PA on renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective review of all patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who visited Yokohama Rosai Hospital’s (Yokohama Japan) outpatient department between April 2017 and March 2018 was carried out. Records of patients with PA who underwent PA treatment by adrenalectomy or mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (PA group) and those without PA (non‐PA group) were extracted, and renal function was compared between the two groups. Untreated PA patients were excluded, as their renal function might be overestimated as a result of glomerular hyperfiltration.

Results

There were 83 patients in the PA group and 1,580 patients in the non‐PA group. The PA group had significantly lower estimated glomerular filtration rates than the non‐PA group (66.3 [52.4–78.2] vs 70.5 [56.0–85.6] mL/min/1.73 m2, P = 0.047). Multiple regression analysis showed that PA was a factor for decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate, independent of age, sex, glycated hemoglobin, diuretic use and hypertension (P = 0.025). PA induced a 3.7‐mL/min/1.73 m2 (95% confidence interval 0.47–6.9) decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate, equivalent to that induced by 4.4 years of aging.

Conclusions

Our results show that in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, PA is an independent risk factor for renal dysfunction. To prevent the progression of renal failure, PA should not be overlooked.
Neurological, Cognitive, and Behavioral Disorders during COVID‐19: The Nitric Oxide Track
Authors: Annweiler Cédric , Bourgeais Alexis , Faucon Emmanuelle , Cao Zhijian , Wu Yingliang , Sabatier Jean‐Marc
Published: June 2020

See the Reply by Alkeridy et al.
A pilot study on the use of a non‐crosslinked hyaluronic acid with associated anti‐oxidant ingredients to improve the effectiveness of Nd:YAG laser toning in the treatment of melasma in six patients
Authors: Yip Daniel LK
Published: June 2020

Background

Melasma is a common skin disorder. Nd:YAG laser toning is a popular treatment for melanin clearance. Treatment efficacy is limited by factors such as presence of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, TEWL, and skin barrier disruption.

Aims

The purpose of this pilot study is to explore the efficacy of a non‐crosslinked hyaluronic acid with anti‐oxidant ingredients in mitigating the above‐stated factors in the treatment of melasma using Nd:YAG laser toning.

Method

In this pilot retrospective study of six cases with melasma, Nd:YAG laser toning was performed for each case until improvement of melasma has plateaued (after 4‐6 sessions) and at which point treatment was paused. After injecting non‐crosslinked hyaluronic acid (9‐12 mL) with anti‐oxidant ingredients into the face with focus on the lesional skin, further sessions (4‐6) of Nd:YAG laser toning was resumed. Before, interim (improvement has plateaued), and after (on completion of the remaining sessions of laser toning after hyaluronic acid injection) photos of the six cases were scored using modified MASI. ANOVA analysis was applied to the scores.

Results

All six melasma cases had further improvement in melasma clearance after hyaluronic acid injection beyond the point when improvement has plateaued. ANOVA analysis of before, interim, and after scores showed statistical significance in difference between the three groups.

Conclusion

This pilot study of six cases suggests that the use of a non‐crosslinked hyaluronic acid with anti‐oxidants may improve the efficacy of Nd:YAG laser toning in the treatment of melasma.
MEASURING SOCIETAL IMPACTS OF RESEARCH WITH ALTMETRICS? COMMON PROBLEMS AND MISTAKES
Authors: Thelwall Mike
Published: June 2020

The impact agenda in many countries has led to increased attempts to assess the societal impacts of research. Altmetrics, webometrics, and other alternative indicators have been proposed to support this task, and many journal articles have been written that exploit alternative indicators to investigate societal impacts. Nevertheless, methodological studies of many of these indicators have revealed that extreme care must be taken with gathering, aggregating, and interpreting them. This article gives an overview of current alternative indicators, summarizes empirical research, and reports a series of common problems and mistakes to avoid when using them. The main issues are: selecting indicators to match goals; aggregating them in a way sensitive to field and publication year differences; largely avoiding them in formal evaluations; understanding that they reflect a biased fraction of the activity of interest; and understanding the type of impact reflected rather than interpreting them at face value.
The evolution of temporomandibular disorders: A shift from experience to evidence
Authors: Kandasamy Sanjivan , Greene Charles S.
Published: June 2020

After over 80 years of much obsession as well as avoidance of the subject of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), the dental profession is still divided over what they are and how to deal with them. Over this period, nearly every discipline in dentistry has played some role in the development of this field. Unfortunately, a significant amount of this information has been based on personal opinion, experience‐based philosophies, or poorly conducted research. Furthermore, each dental specialty has been responsible for contributing to the concepts of the etiology and management of TMDs with their own professional bias; for example, orthodontists describe these problems in orthodontic terms and offer orthodontic treatments or solutions for their patients. As various treatment approaches were found to be effective at least some of the time, this has further led to misinformation and confusion within the profession. Advances in research from diverse fields, including neurophysiology, pain pathophysiology, genetics, endocrinology, behavioral sciences, and psychology, have significantly altered our understanding of TMDs and how they should be managed. The rigid mechanical and dental‐based model of the past has been gradually replaced by a biopsychosocial medical model for the diagnosis and treatment of TMDs as well as other acute and chronic pain disorders. This paper discusses the evolution of our understanding of TMDs since they were first described 85 years ago. Contemporary scientific findings and their implications are presented in some detail for clinicians who wish to provide the appropriate management for their orofacial pain patients.
Accuracy Evaluation of a Three‐Dimensional Model Generated from Patient‐Specific Monocular Video Data for Maxillofacial Prosthetic Rehabilitation: A Pilot Study
Authors: Matsuo Moe , Mine Yuichi , Kawahara Kazuko , Murayama Takeshi
Published: June 2020

Purpose

To evaluate if the combination of a monoscopic photogrammetry technique and smartphone‐recorded monocular video data could be appropriately applied to maxillofacial prosthesis fabrication.

Materials and Methods

Smartphone video and laser scanning data were recorded for five healthy volunteers (24.1 ± 0.7 years). Three‐dimensional (3D) facial models were generated using photogrammetry software and a laser scanner. Smartphone‐recorded video data were used to generate a photogrammetric 3D model. The videos were recorded at two resolutions: 1080 × 1920 (high resolution) and 720 × 1280 pixels (low resolution). The lengths of five nasal component parts (nose height, nasal dorsum length, nasal column length, nasal ala length, and nose breadth) were compared in the photogrammetric 3D models (as the test model) and the laser scanned 3D models (as the validation model) using reverse engineering software.

Results

There was a significant difference in the nasal dorsum length between the test model and the validation model (high resolution; 95% confidence interval, 2.05‐5.07, Low resolution; confidence interval, 2.19‐5.69). In contrast to the nasal dorsum length, there were no significant differences in nose height, nose breadth, nasal ala length, and nasal column length.

Conclusion

Using smartphone‐recorded video data and a photogrammetry technique may be a promising technique to apply in the maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation workflow.
Availability of Health Insurance Literacy Resources Fails to Meet Consumer Needs in Rural, Appalachian Communities: Implications for State Medicaid Waivers
Authors: Edward Jean , Thompson Robin , Jaramillo Andrea
Published: June 2020

Purpose

With the impending changes to state Medicaid programs and other health reform policies, it is imperative to understand the factors at play in promoting consumer health insurance literacy and health system engagement. This study examines the availability of health system and community‐based programs promoting health insurance literacy and supporting informed consumer health care decision making in rural communities in Kentucky.

Methods

Forty‐six health systems, community‐based providers, and outreach workers participated in 4 focus groups and 10 semistructured interviews. Descriptive and analytic coding techniques were used to identify 5 major themes and subthemes from interview and focus group transcripts.

Findings

Consumers were generally identified as having low health insurance literacy, especially in rural communities, serving as a barrier to accessing health care insurance and services. Participants identified their own lack of knowledge and understanding around health systems, resulting from lack of training and challenges with staying updated on constant changes in health systems and policies. Overall, consumer demand or need for health insurance literacy resources and programs far exceeded supply or availability. Constant changes in the status of Kentucky's Medicaid program and the proposed changes to eligibility, specifically work requirements and copays, have caused increased confusion among both providers and consumers.

Conclusions

Findings indicate a pressing need for implementing programs that provide training, tools, and resources to outreach workers to help them better assist consumers with accessing and using health insurance, especially in low‐income, rural areas. Health reform policies need to be responsive to the health insurance literacy needs and abilities of consumers.
Conway–Maxwell–Poisson Autoregressive Moving Average Model for Equidispersed, Underdispersed, and Overdispersed Count Data
Authors: Melo Moizes , Alencar Airlane
Published: June 2020

In this work, we propose a dynamic regression model based on the ConwayŮMaxwell–Poisson (CMP) distribution with time‐varying conditional mean depending on covariates and lagged observations. This new class of ConwayŮMaxwell–Poisson autoregressive moving average (CMP‐ARMA) models is suitable for the analysis of time series of counts. The CMP distribution is a two‐parameter generalization of the Poisson distribution that allows the modeling of underdispersed, equidispersed, and overdispersed data. Our main contribution is to combine this dispersion flexibility with the inclusion of lagged terms to model the conditional mean response, inducing an autocorrelation structure, usually relevant in time series. We present the conditional maximum likelihood estimation, hypothesis testing inference, diagnostic analysis, and forecasting along with their asymptotic properties. In particular, we provide closed‐form expressions for the conditional score vector and conditional Fisher information matrix. We conduct a Monte Carlo experiment to evaluate the performance of the estimators in finite sample sizes. Finally, we illustrate the usefulness of the proposed model by exploring two empirical applications.
Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges
Authors: Boyd Claude E. , D'Abramo Louis R. , Glencross Brent D. , Huyben David C. , Juarez Lorenzo M. , Lockwood George S. , McNevin Aaron A. , Tacon Albert G. J. , Teletchea Fabrice , Tomasso Joseph R. , Tucker Craig S. , Valenti Wagner C.
Published: June 2020

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.
Implicit bias, stereotype threat, and seeing‐as: An alternative to “alief” as an explanation of reason‐recalcitrant behaviours
Authors: Morag Talia
Published: June 2020

This paper examines the puzzling phenomenon of self‐directed implicit bias in the form of gender “stereotype threat” (ST). Bringing to light the empirical undecidability of which account of this phenomenon is best, whether a rational or an associationist explanation, the paper aims to strengthen the associationist approach by appeal to a new account of seeing‐as experiences. I critically examine “alief” accounts of reason‐recalcitrant ST by bringing to bear arguments from the philosophy of emotion. The new account builds on the insights and overcomes the weaknesses of “aliefs” by (a) employing associations that are imaginative and unreliable; and (b) proposing non‐conceptual seeing‐as experiences.
Trichome micromorphology in Alcea L. and allied genera (Malvaceae) and its systematic implication
Authors: Arabameri Mahnaz , Khodayari Hamed , Zarre Shahin
Published: June 2020

Trichomes of 26 species of Alcea (Malvaceae) were investigated using light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The trichomes show a great micromorphological variation, which provides data useful for species delimitation in Alcea. Two basic types of trichomes could be distinguished in Alcea and allied genera: glandular and eglandular. The glandular trichomes could in turn be subdivided into two subtypes: capitate and clavate. The eglandular trichomes could be subdivided into five subtypes: simple, fascicled, stellate, fascicled‐stellate and pluri‐radiate. Characters of taxonomic interest are: trichome density (glabrous to dense), number of arms per trichome, orientation relative to the epidermal surface (appressed to erect) and presence/absence of a stalk. According to the results the species of Alcea can be divided into four informal groups based on trichome types. The results further support the exclusion of the annual Althaea species from the perennial ones and their close relationship to Malva. In addition, a close relationship between perennial Althaea and basal Alcea lineages is supported. Based on the evolutionary framework provided by recent molecular phylogenetic investigations, the following trends can be observed in the Malva alliance: long and narrow‐armed trichomes are primitive in relation to short and thick‐armed trichomes; dense indumentum coverage is primitive in relation to moderately dense or glabrous ones; presence of simple hairs on stem (particularly on leaves) is more advanced than their absence; spreading villous‐stellate and fascicled trichomes are more advanced than appressed stellate ones. Clavate trichomes, which were found exclusively in a few species of Alcea, should be considered as a derived state in relation to capitate ones, and they may provide a synapomorphy for the crown group of Alcea.
Typification of three names in Antirrhinum (Plantaginaceae: Antirrhineae)
Authors: Ferrer‐Gallego P. Pablo , Güemes Jaime
Published: June 2020

Typification of the names Antirrhinum barrelieri Boreau, A. controversum Pau and A. litigiosum Pau (Antirrhineae, Plantaginaceae) is needed to clarify the use and concept of these three names. The origin of a misinterpretation of the name A. barrelieri, which conditioned the subsequent use of these three names, is discussed. The previous ‘lectotype’ of A. barrelieri designated by Rothmaler from a Barrelier's illustration is shown to be ineffective, being contrary to Art. 9.12 of the ICN, and therefore a lectotype is designated from a syntype preserved in the herbarium of the Muséum des sciences naturelles d'Angers (France) at ANG. The Pau's names A. controversum and A. litigiosum have not been typified before, and lectotypes are here designated from specimens preserved at P and MA, respectively. As a consequence, the name A. litigiosum should be treated as a later heterotypic synonym of A. barrelieri.
Artificial neural networking to estimate the leaf area for invasive plant Wedelia trilobata
Authors: Azeem Ahmad , Javed Qaiser , Sun Jianfan , Du Daolin
Published: June 2020

Leaf area are very important parameter for the understanding of growth and physiological responses of invasive plant species under different environmental factors. This study was conducted to build non‐destructive leaf area model of Wedelia trilobata that were grown in greenhouse. Regression analysis and artificial neural network (ANN) approaches were used for the development of leaf area model with the help of leaf length and width of 262 plants samples. In selection of best method under both techniques, the lower value of mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and higher value of R2 were considered. According to the results it was found that ANN have higher value of (R2 = 0.96) and lower value of error (MAE = 0.023, RMSE = 0.379, MAPE = 0.001) than regression analysis (R2 = 0.94, MAE = 0.111, RMSE = 1.798, MAPE = 0.0005). It was concluded that error between predicted and actual value was less under ANN. Therefore, ANN model approach can be used as an alternating method for the estimation of leaf area. Through estimation of leaf area, invasive plant growth can predict under different environment conditions.
A CNL protein in wild emmer wheat confers powdery mildew resistance
Authors: Li Miaomiao , Dong Lingli , Li Beibei , Wang Zhengzhong , Xie Jingzhong , Qiu Dan , Li Yahui , Shi Wenqi , Yang Lijun , Wu Qiuhong , Chen Yongxing , Lu Ping , Guo Guanghao , Zhang Huaizhi , Zhang Panpan , Zhu Keyu , Li Yiwen , Zhang Yan , Wang Rongge , Yuan Chengguo , Liu Wei , Yu Dazhao , Luo Ming‐Cheng , Fahima Tzion , Nevo Eviatar , Li Hongjie , Liu Zhiyong
Published: June 2020

Powdery mildew, a fungal disease caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), has a serious impact on wheat production. Loss of resistance in cultivars prompts a continuing search for new sources of resistance.

Wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, WEW), the progenitor of both modern tetraploid and hexaploid wheats, harbors many powdery mildew resistance genes. We report here the positional cloning and functional characterization of Pm41, a powdery mildew resistance gene derived from WEW, which encodes a coiled‐coil, nucleotide‐binding site and leucine‐rich repeat protein (CNL). Mutagenesis and stable genetic transformation confirmed the function of Pm41 against Bgt infection in wheat.

We demonstrated that Pm41 was present at a very low frequency (1.81%) only in southern WEW populations. It was absent in other WEW populations, domesticated emmer, durum, and common wheat, suggesting that the ancestral Pm41 was restricted to its place of origin and was not incorporated into domesticated wheat.

Our findings emphasize the importance of conservation and exploitation of the primary WEW gene pool, as a valuable resource for discovery of resistance genes for improvement of modern wheat cultivars.
Zygomatic implant survival in 9 ectodermal dysplasia patients with 3.5‐ to 7‐year follow‐up
Authors: Goker Funda , Grecchi Emma , Mancini Evangelista Giovanni , Del Fabbro Massimo , Grecchi Francesco
Published: June 2020

Objective

Ectodermal dysplasia syndrome is a complex group of genetic disorders identified by the abnormal development of the ectodermal structures. The aim of this retrospective clinical case series report was to evaluate the outcomes of the ectodermal dysplasia syndrome patients that underwent zygomatic implant surgery.

Materials and Methods

A total of 9 ectodermal dysplasia syndrome patients aged between 21 and 56 years (mean age 36.8) with severely atrophic maxilla were included in this study. All the patients were treated with a total of 19 zygomatic implants. The mean follow‐up of the patients was 55 months (with a range of 44–84 months). The implant survival rate was evaluated as a primary outcome. The intra‐ and postoperative complications were evaluated as additional criteria for success.

Results

The overall implant survival rate was 100% without any complications. Final or provisional prosthesis was delivered on the same day of surgery, which resulted in an improvement of the quality of life of the patients.

Conclusion

According to the results of this study, zygomatic surgery can be considered as a viable and safe alternative to conventional treatment modalities for oral rehabilitation of ectodermal dysplasia syndrome patients.
10‐kHz Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Postsurgical Pain: Results From a 12‐Month Prospective, Multicenter Study
Authors: Gupta Mayank , Scowcroft James , Kloster Daniel , Guirguis Maged , Carlson Jonathan , McJunkin Tory , Chaiban Gassan , Israel Atef , Subbaroyan Jeyakumar
Published: June 2020

Background

Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) can be caused by peripheral nerve injury (PNI) resulting from surgical procedures and has a significant neuropathic component. This prospective, single‐arm study was conducted to document the effectiveness of 10‐kHz spinal cord stimulation (10‐kHz SCS) as a treatment for patients with CPSP.

Methods

Subjects with CPSP who were refractory to conventional medical interventions and reported pain scores of ≥5 cm on a 10‐cm VAS underwent trial stimulations lasting up to 14 days. Epidural leads were implanted at locations appropriate for the primary area of pain, and trials resulting in ≥40% pain relief were considered successful. Subjects with successful trials underwent implantation with a permanent 10‐kHz SCS system and were followed for 12 months after implantation.

Results

Of the 34 subjects who underwent trial stimulation, 1 was withdrawn early and 29 (87.9%) had a successful trial and received a permanent implant. After 12 months of treatment, the mean VAS score decreased by 6.5 cm, the response rate was 88.0% (22/25), and 18 subjects (62.1%) were remitters with VAS scores sustained at ≤3.0 cm. Scores for all components of the short‐form McGill Pain Questionnaire 2 were significantly reduced, including affective descriptors of pain. Pain catastrophizing and vigilance, patient function, physical and mental well‐being, and sleep quality all improved over the course of the study. No neurologic deficits reported in the study.

Conclusions

10‐kHz SCS is effective and tolerated in patients with CPSP, and further study of its clinical application in this population is warranted.
Factors Associated With Long‐Term Risk of Recurrence After Percutaneous Radiofrequency Thermocoagulation of the Gasserian Ganglion for Patients With Trigeminal Neuralgia Involving the Ophthalmic Division: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Li Xiuhua , Zheng Shuyue , Cao Zhao , He Liangliang , Yang Liqiang , Ni Jiaxiang
Published: June 2020

Objective

To evaluate risk factors associated with recurrence after radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RFT) of the gasserian ganglion among patients with ophthalmic trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and prognostic factors in terms of recurrence‐free survival (RFS) during a long‐term follow‐up.

Methods

From January 2005 to December 2017, 300 patients with ophthalmic TN underwent RFT. A retrospective analysis of 14‐year outcomes was performed. Kaplan‐Meier analysis was used for RFS after the procedure. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for pain recurrence.

Results

The initial effective rate of RFT for ophthalmic TN was 92%. The mean follow‐up time was 77.38 ± 43.24 months. The cumulative probability of RFS was 86.94% at 1 year, 80.03% at 2 years, 77.27% at 3 years, 74.01% at 5 years, and 59.92% at 10 years after RFT. The mean duration of RFS was 114.67 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 106.27 to 123.06 months). In multivariate analysis, atypical pain (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.831, 95% CI 1.759 to 4.554, P < 0.001) and mild facial hypesthesia (HR = 2.540, 95% CI 1.309 to 4.931, P = 0.006) before RFT were independently associated with pain recurrence. Patients with a prognostic index (PI) > 1.27 were at high risk for pain recurrence. Major complications included troublesome dysesthesia (0.7%), keratitis (10.9%), diplopia (0.4%), facial paresthesia (6.2%), and masseter weakness (12.7%). Masseter weakness was more common in patients with V3 branch involvement. Three patients lost their sight due to keratitis.

Conclusion

Our study investigated long‐term outcomes and complications of RFT for ophthalmic TN. Patients at high risk for pain recurrence were identified, which might provide a basis for clinical decision making before RFT.