bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Particles
Authors: Stuewer Roger H.
Published: September 2018

In December 1931, Harold Urey discovered deuterium (and its nucleus, the deuteron) by spectroscopically detecting the faint companion lines in the Balmer spectrum of atomic hydrogen that were produced by the heavy hydrogen isotope. In February 1932, James Chadwick, stimulated by the claim of the wife-and-husband team of Irène Curie and Frédéric Joliot that polonium alpha particles cause the emission of energetic gamma rays from beryllium, proved experimentally that not gamma rays but neutrons are emitted, thereby discovering the particle whose existence had been predicted a dozen years earlier by Chadwick’s mentor, Ernest Rutherford. In August 1932, Carl Anderson took a cloud-chamber photograph of a positron traversing a lead plate, unaware that Paul Dirac had predicted the existence of the anti-electron in 1931. These three new particles, the deuteron, neutron, and positron, were immediately incorporated into the experimental and theoretical foundations of nuclear physics.
Artificial Radioactivity
Authors: Stuewer Roger H.
Published: September 2018

Frédéric Joliot discovered artificial radioactivity on January 11, 1934, when he bombarded aluminum with polonium alpha particles and produced a radioactive isotope of phosphorus that decayed by emitting a positron. He detected it with a Geiger–Müller counter that Wolfgang Gentner had constructed for him. Two months later, Enrico Fermi, motivated in part by an insight of his first assistant, Gian Carlo Wick, decided to see if neutrons also could produce artificial radioactivity. The transformation of a neutron into a proton in a nucleus should create an electron, so to increase their number and hence the probability of creating an electron, he bombarded various elements with intense sources of neutrons, and on March 20, 1934, with aluminum he observed the created electrons and thereby discovered neutron-induced artificial radioactivity. Less than four months later, Marie Curie died on July 4, 1934, at age sixty-six.
The Plague Spreads to Austria and Italy
Authors: Stuewer Roger H.
Published: September 2018

Hitler annexed Austria to Germany on March 15, 1938. Erwin Schrödinger, in Graz, soon regretted having applauded this and fled to Dublin. Stefan Meyer pre-emptively resigned his professorship in Vienna. Marietta Blau, discoverer of cosmic-ray disintegration “stars,” immigrated to Mexico. Polonium expert Elizabeth Rona immigrated to America. Renowned Lise Meitner escaped to Stockholm, where she received little scientific or personal support. Mussolini’s Fascist Italy adopted Nazi racial policies and enacted anti-Semitic laws in the fall of 1938. Bruno Rossi, dismissed from his professorship in Padua, immigrated with his wife to England and then to America. Emilio Segrè relinquished his professorship in Palermo and immigrated with his wife and young son to America. Enrico Fermi, his Jewish wife Laura, and their two children, went to Stockholm where he received the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics and then immigrated to America to begin what Laura Fermi called the process of Americanization.
Conclusion
Authors: Owen Kenneth
Published: September 2018

The organizational mechanisms that lay behind the success of Thomas McKean’s gubernatorial campaign in 1799 would have been strikingly familiar to those who had formed county committees and military associations in the lead-up to independence. For all the political turbulence in Pennsylvania in the preceding two and a half decades, certain principles remained constant. These principles concerned the use of extra-governmental political mechanisms as a means through which the activism of ordinary Pennsylvanians could be closely connected to the formal political process....
Fragmenting the Wave Function
Authors: Simon Jonathan
Published: September 2018

This paper develops and defends a new account of B-theoretic endurantism and a new account of the metaphysics of the quantum state, and highlights the parallels between the considerations that motivate them. These new accounts are both fragmentalist, in the sense that they follow Fine (2005) in invoking a symmetric coordination relation between facts, such that facts that are pairwise incompatible (like Hugh?s being happy and Hugh?s being sad) can both obtain provided that they are not related by this relation. However, while Fine allows that fragments can be logically incoherent—P can obtain in one fragment while ØP obtains in another—the fragmentalist accounts defended here are motivated even if we insist on logical coherence between fragments.
Plural Slot Theory
Authors: Dixon T. Scott
Published: September 2018

Slot theory (Gilmore 2013) bears the full brunt of Fine’s (2000) symmetric completions and conflicting adicities problems. This chapter develops an alternative, plural slot theory (or pocket theory), which avoids these problems, key elements of which are first considered by Yi (1999). Like the slot theorist, the pocket theorist posits entities (pockets) in properties and relations that can be occupied. But unlike the slot theorist, the pocket theorist denies that at most one entity can occupy any one of them. As a result, she must also deny that the adicity of a property or relation is equal to the number of occupiable entities in it. By abandoning these theses, however, the pocket theorist is able to avoid Fine’s problems, resulting in a stronger theory about the internal structure of properties and relations.
Local Qualities
Authors: Miller Elizabeth
Published: September 2018

For Humean atomists, cosmic contents supervene on a spatiotemporal mosaic of modally insulated, freely recombinable local qualities. One piecemeal subspecies of Humean atomism promises more than global supervenience—somehow or other—on a separable base; it constrains how exactly elemental inputs yield everything else. Roughly, the distribution of basic local qualities across elements in one part of our cosmos metaphysically suffices for the complete local physical state of that part: anything sharing this part’s basic elemental decoration should share its more complete contents, regardless of what may be happening elsewhere. On a non-piecemeal alternative, derivative contents can be recognizably local to, or manifest within, one part of our cosmos while reflecting some more global elemental base. To develop this non-piecemeal alternative, Humeans can borrow inspiration from some critics of Humean supervenience, who already distinguish a broader notion of locality from strict Humean intrinsicality.
Vague Naturalness as Ersatz Metaphysical Vagueness
Authors: Sud Rohan
Published: September 2018

This chapter isolates an argument schema, the Generalized Vagueness Argument Schema (GVAS), pervasive in metaphysical disputes. According to the GVAS, vague attributions of perfectly natural properties require metaphysical vagueness. The chapter documents the prevalence and dialectical significance of the GVAS, unifying its seemingly disparate instances under one schema. The best arguments in favor of the GVAS are unearthed and developed. These arguments are shown to rely on the hidden premise that ‘perfectly natural’ is not a vague term. With this observation in hand, the chapter proposes a novel view, Ersatz Metaphysical Vagueness, according to which the term ‘perfectly natural’ is vague. It is argued that the ersatzer can mimic genuine metaphysical vagueness and resist the GVAS. The chapter concludes that vague attributions of perfectly natural properties can be accepted without metaphysical vagueness.
‘And all my children?’
Authors: Scott Charlotte
Published: September 2018

Beginning with an exploration of the role of the child in the cultural imagination, Chapter 1 establishes the formative and revealing ways in which societies identify themselves in relation to how they treat their children. Focusing on Shakespeare and the early modern period, Chapter 1 sets out to determine the emotional, symbolic, and political registers through which children are depicted and discussed. Attending to the different life stages and representations of the child on stage, this chapter sets out the terms of the book’s enquiry: what role do children play in Shakespeare’s plays; how do we recognize them as such—age, status, parental dynamic—and what are the effects of their presence? This chapter focuses on how the early moderns understood the child, as a symbolic figure, a life stage, a form of obligation, a profound bond, and an image of servitude.
‘Love is proved in the letting go’
Authors: Scott Charlotte
Published: September 2018

Maintaining the focus on the role of the child in relation to figures of authority, and the thresholds between dependence and independence outlined in Chapter 3, Chapter 4 analyses some of Shakespeare’s comic children. Turning to the relationship between socialization and marriage and the institutional structures through which the young people of these plays are ushered, it explores the role of marriage in the stratification of emotional authority. Concentrating on A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Much Ado About Nothing, Chapter 4 examines the tensions between the sociable and gendered body. Analysing contemporary attitudes to marriage as transference of power from the father to the husband, it explores the status of the woman between child and wife. Thinking about the terms of agency that these plays deploy, the spaces in which women are shown to ‘grow up’, and the extent to which Shakespeare’s comedies complicate the representation of marriage as socialization, this chapter positions its focus on the child as social commodity.
‘Time is chasing us’
Authors: Scott Charlotte
Published: September 2018

Moving into the late plays or romances, Chapter 5 engages the book’s central question: why are children so important and so unique to Shakespeare’s dramatic imagination? Focusing on the extraordinary collection of plays, including The Winter’s Tale, The Tempest, and Pericles, this chapter considers the formative impact of the child on Shakespeare’s stage. Thinking about memory and grief, loss and childhood, the section on The Winter’s Tale attends to the child as a young body but also as an adult’s memory of its former self. The focus in TheTempest is on servitude and teaching and the narratives of love through which parents justify power. In the section on Pericles, the chapter studies anxieties about incest and desire, redemption and hope. In all the plays under discussion here, the child becomes a unique and staggeringly assertive character of redemption as well as loss.
Hegel's Interpretation of the Religions of the World
Authors: Stewart Jon
Published: September 2018

In his Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion, Hegel treats the religions of the world under the rubric “the determinate religion.” This is a part of his corpus that has traditionally been neglected, since scholars have struggled to understand what philosophical work it is supposed to do. The present study argues that Hegel’s rich analyses of Buddhism, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Egyptian and Greek polytheism, and the Roman religion are not simply irrelevant historical material, as is often thought. Instead, they play a central role in Hegel’s argument for what he regards as the truth of Christianity. Hegel believes that the different conceptions of the gods in the world religions are reflections of individual peoples at specific periods in history. These conceptions might at first glance appear random and chaotic, but there is, Hegel claims, a discernible logic in them. Simultaneously a theory of mythology, history, and philosophical anthropology, Hegel’s account of the world religions goes far beyond the field of philosophy of religion. The controversial issues surrounding his treatment of the non-European religions are still very much with us today and make his account of religion an issue of continued topicality in the academic landscape of the twenty-first century.
Judaism
Authors: Stewart Jon
Published: September 2018

Hegel next treats “The Religions of Spirit,” which consist of Judaism, and Greek and Roman polytheism. While the natural religions had conceptions of the divine that were closely associated with nature, the religions in this new group are characterized by a conception of the divine as spirit, that is, a self-conscious entity. Hegel thus begins his exploration with the God of Judaism. Chapter 8 provides a brief account of the state of Old Testament and Jewish Studies during Hegel’s time. Hegel’s analysis of the portrayal of Jehovah from the Old Testament is then examined in some detail. Hegel is critical of Judaism since he believes that the relation of Jehovah to his Jewish followers is not one of love but rather of tyrannical oppression. For this reason, he claims, this religion stands in the way of the meaningful development of subjectivity and freedom.
Greek Polytheism
Authors: Stewart Jon
Published: September 2018

Under the heading “The Religion of Beauty” Hegel treats the polytheism of ancient Greece. The Greek religion shares with Judaism the idea that the divine is a self-conscious entity, and thus both represent religions of spirit. However, for Judaism, God was an object of thought and not of sense, and for this reason there were no images or representations of Jehovah. By contrast, it is, according to Hegel, one of the fundamental aspects of the Greek gods that they are represented in art. The analysis in Chapter 9 focuses on Hegel’s interpretation of how the Olympian gods arose out of an earlier generation of nature gods. This account is reflected in Greek mythology itself in the depiction of the war of the gods given in Hesiod. For Hegel, this represents clear evidence that the conception of the divine starts with natural deities and moves to gods of spirit.
Using Molecular Data to Detect Selection: Signatures from Recent Single Events
Authors: Walsh Bruce , Lynch Michael
Published: September 2018

Different types and phases of a selective sweep (hard, soft, partial, polygenic) generate different patterns of departures from neutrality, and hence require different tests. It is thus not surprising that a large number of tests have been proposed that use sequence information to detect ongoing, or very-recently completed, episodes of selection. This chapter critically reviews over 50 such tests, which use information on allele-frequency change, linkage disequilibrium patterns, spatial allele-frequency patterns, site-frequency spectrum data, allele-frequency spectrum data, and haplotype structure. This chapter discusses the domain of applicability for each test, and their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, this chapter examines application of these methods in the search for recent, or ongoing, selection in humans and for genes involved in the domestication process in plants and animals.
The Infinitesimal Model and Its Extensions
Authors: Walsh Bruce , Lynch Michael
Published: September 2018

One standard approximation in quantitative genetics is the infinitesimal model, which assumes a large number of loci, each of small effect. In such a setting, the distribution of breeding values in unselected descendants is roughly multivariate normal and most of the (short-term) change in the additive variance under selection is through Bulmer effects (the generation of linkage disequilibrium) rather than by allele-frequency change. A variety of different infinitesimal models are found in the literature, and this chapter examines these different versions and the connections between them. It also examines the theory for moving beyond the infinitesimal approximation. Finally, this chapter shows that the much-debated worry over “missing heritability” simply follows under the infinitesimal setting.
Long-term Response: 1. Deterministic Aspects
Authors: Walsh Bruce , Lynch Michael
Published: September 2018

In a large population in the absence of new mutation, selection is expected to eventually drive all of the additive-genetic variance in a trait toward zero, resulting in a selection limit. This chapter examines the underlying population-genetics of such a limit, how it is estimated, and reviews the actual nature of limits observed in artificial selection experiments. It also examines the conditions under which a major gene is more important than polygenic response.
The Evolution of Political Competition
Authors: Dalton Russell J.
Published: September 2018

This chapter describes how societal changes over the past several decades have reshaped the social and political interests of democratic citizens. Publics and parties have traditionally focused on the economic cleavage as a basis of electoral politics. The processes of social modernization have produced a second cultural cleavage based on environmentalism, gender equality, immigration, and identity politics. New social movements advocating these issues have stimulated a conservative backlash. This cultural cleavage now exerts influence equal to economics in shaping citizens’ policy demands. A two-dimensional space for political competition has gradually evolved to represent these new political interests, producing new parties on the far left and far right. Longitudinal data from the European Election Studies allow us to track these changes in both citizen and elite opinions from the 1970s to 2014.
The Social Distribution of Cleavage Positions
Authors: Dalton Russell J.
Published: September 2018

This chapter describes the realignment of social groups along the economic and cultural cleavages. It considers the social characteristics that describe someone’s social interests, such as social class, income, religion, age, gender, and other traits. The 1979 European Election Study found a clear class alignment on the economic cleavage, which partially carried over to the cultural cleavage. By 2009, professionals and the better educated had shifted to liberal cultural positions, while the working class and lesser educated became cultural conservatives. Generational gaps also increased substantially between 1979 and 2009. The chapter also considers the relationship between cleavage positions and political values, such as Left–Right attitudes, postmaterial values, and political support. Economic conservatives and cultural liberals are more satisfied with government, reflecting the policy trends of European governments. The analyses are based on the European Election Studies in 1979, 2009, and 2014.
Elites, Issues, and Political Cleavages
Authors: Dalton Russell J.
Published: September 2018

Political parties define the supply of policy choices for voters. This chapter uses the three Candidates to the European Parliament (CEP) studies to determine the political views of elites and thereby the policy positions of their respective parties. As for European citizens, CEPs’ issue opinions are structured by a two-dimensional space defined by the economic and cultural cleavages. The analyses also show that many of the demographic forces, such as social class or religious background, which reshaped public opinion, also influence the views of party elites on both cleavage dimensions. The chapter maps the distribution of national party elites on both cleavages. The analyses are based on CEP studies in 1979, 1994, and 2009.
The American Experience
Authors: Dalton Russell J.
Published: September 2018

This chapter tracks the evolution of the economic and cultural cleavages in the United States from the early 1970s to the 2016 election. Institutionally, the United States is an exceptional case because of its institutional structure as well as its economic and cultural history. Yet the same forces of social and economic change observed in Europe also occurred in the United States. The chapter tracks citizen perceptions of party issue positions over time. The analyses then show a persisting economic cleavage in voting patterns, and a growing importance of the cultural cleavage over time. The final analytic section concentrates on the impact of the economic and cultural cleavages on voting in 2016, showing how various candidates in the primaries affect the importance of both cleavages. The analyses are based on the American National Election Studies from 1972 to 2016.
Propertius, Greek Myth, and Virgil
Authors: Heslin Peter J.
Published: September 2018

This book develops a new interpretation of Propertius’ use of Greek myth and of his relationship to Virgil, working out the implications of a revised relative dating of the two poets’ early works. It begins by examining from an intertextual perspective all of the mythological references in the first book of Propertius. Mythological allegory emerges as the vehicle for a polemic against Virgil over the question of which of them would be the standard-bearer for Alexandrian poetry at Rome. Virgil began the debate with elegy by creating a quasi-mythological figure out of Cornelius Gallus, and Propertius responded in kind: his Milanion, Hylas and several of his own Galluses respond primarily to Virgil’s Gallus. In the Georgics, Virgil’s Aristaeus and Orpheus are, in part, a response to Propertius; Propertius then responds in his second book via his own conception of Orpheus and Adonis. The polemic then took a different direction, in the light of Virgil’s announcement of his intention to write an epic for Octavian. Virgilian pastoral was no longer the antithesis of elegy, but its near neighbour. Propertius critiqued Virgil’s turn to epic in mythological terms throughout his second book, while also developing a new line of attack. Beginning in his second book and intensifying in his third, Propertius insinuated that Virgil’s epic in progress would turn out to be a tedious neo-Ennian annalistic epic on the military exploits of Augustus. In his fourth book, Propertius finally acknowledged the published Aeneid as a masterpiece; but by then Virgil’s death had brought an end to the fierce rivalry that had shaped Propertius’ career as a poet.
Theory of Translation
Authors: Forster Michael N.
Published: September 2018

Herder’s theory of translation not only ultimately inspired but is also superior to the most important current theories of translation, those of Berman and Venuti. It is superior to them largely because it continues a traditional conception that faithfully re-expressing the meaning of the source text is a central criterion of success in translation. Like his hermeneutics, Herder’s translation theory rests on his philosophy of language and his principle of radical mental difference. He develops a number of important principles here, including a principle that the way to achieve semantic faithfulness in the face of conceptual differences is to “bend” word-usages in the target language in order to reproduce those in the source language, and a principle that translation must also strive for musical faithfulness. His translation theory not only inspired Schleiermacher’s but also made possible the extraordinary improvements in translation practice that occurred in the generation after him.
Moral Philosophy
Authors: Forster Michael N.
Published: September 2018

Herder develops a number of very important principles both in meta-ethics and in first-order morality. In meta-ethics he argues for a form of sentimentalism, but a form of it that acknowledges a role for cognition in the sentiments involved and which emphasizes their radical variability between periods and cultures. He also invents a “genetic” or “genealogical” method predicated on such variability and applies it to moral values in particular in order to make them better understood. And finally, he develops an ambitious theory and practice of moral pedagogy that rests on his sentimentalism and which accordingly focuses on causal influences on moral character formation, such as role models and literature. In first-order morality he invents an important pluralistic form of cosmopolitanism to replace the more usual but problematic homogenizing cosmopolitanism of the Enlightenment; an influential ideal of individual Bildung, or self-formation; and a distinctive ideal of humanity.
Disruptive camouflage
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Allen William L. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P.
Published: September 2018

Disruptive camouflage involves using coloration to hinder detection or recognition of an object’s outline, or other conspicuous features of its body. This involves using coloration to create ‘false’ edges that make the ‘true’ interior and exterior edges used by visual predators to find and recognize prey less apparent. Disruptive camouflage can therefore be thought of as a manipulation of the signal-to-noise ratio that depends on features of the perceptual processing of receivers. This chapter discusses the multiple mechanisms via which disruptive camouflage is thought to influence visual processing, from edge detection, through perceptual grouping, and then on to object recognition processing. This receiver-centred approach—rather than a prey-phenotype-centred approach—aims to integrate disruption within the sensory ecology of predator–prey interactions. We then discuss the taxonomic, ecological, and behavioural correlates of disruptive camouflage strategies, work on the relationship between disruption and other forms of protective coloration, and review the development of approaches to quantifying disruption in animals.
The evolution and maintenance of Müllerian mimicry
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Allen William L. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P.
Published: September 2018

Müllerian mimicry arises when unpalatable or otherwise unprofitable species evolve a similar appearance. While Batesian mimicry is widely considered to have evolved in palatable prey as a consequence of selection to deceive predators into believing that they are unpalatable, Müllerian mimicry is believed to have arisen as a consequence of selection to spread the burden of predator education through the adoption of a shared warning signal. Müllerian mimics are therefore considered mutualists, collectively reinforcing the protective value of their shared warning signals. We begin by discussing some examples of Müllerian mimicry that cannot be explained simply on the basis of shared ancestry. We then discuss Müller’s explanation in more depth, before presenting evidence that the shared resemblance has arisen for the reason that Müller hypothesized. Finally, we consider some of the predicted and observed properties of Müllerian mimicry systems in detail, including ecological and co-evolutionary phenomena, and consider some common questions that have only been partly resolved. We end by considering the connection between Batesian and Müllerian mimicry, arguing that like many natural systems, the nature of relationships can readily fluctuate from being parasitic to mutualistic and vice versa.
Advertising elusiveness
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Allen William L. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P.
Published: September 2018

Elusiveness signals are given by prey during the close approach of a predator, acting to inform the predator that the prey would be difficult to catch and subdue, and, therefore, that an attempt to catch the prey is likely to be unsuccessful. These signals will be restricted to mobile prey that can mount an active response to impending attack and they will not normally be displayed continuously, but instead be triggered by the perception by the prey that they are under imminent risk of attack. There are two different types of such elusiveness signals: 1) pursuit deterrent signals, communicating fleetness or strength to coursing predators, and 2) perception advertisement, communicating detection of a stalking or ambushing predator. Elusiveness signals can only be effective if mounting attacks is expensive to predators in some way. There is also an element of generalization required for elusiveness signals to be effective but, by signalling fleetness, strength, or awareness of the predator, the prey also seek to differentiate themselves from other potential prey. We first document current empirical evidence for elusiveness signalling, before discussing evolutionary considerations—starting with theory on how such signalling might evolve and be maintained—ecological aspects, and co-evolutionary considerations.
Thanatosis
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Allen William L. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P.
Published: September 2018

When physically restrained, many animals adopt a relatively immobile state that can last after the constraint has been released. The lack of movement is suggested to inhibit further attack by the predator and reduce the perceived need of the predator to continue to attack or constrain the prey. This phenomenon has been variously called death feigning, animal hypnosis, tonic immobility, and playing dead. However, we will use the term that the scientific literature seems to be coalescing around: thanatosis. Thanatosis is distinct from immobility used to reduce the risk of detection or tracking by a predator, since it acts later in the sequence of a predation event (generally after the prey has been detected and contacted by the predator). Although some instances of thanatosis are strongly suggestive of mimicry of death, some are less so, and there is potential for thanatosis to offer protection from predators through other mechanisms than feigning death. However, except for some very specialist situations considered briefly here, the function of thanatosis does appear to be employed as a means of protection from predators. Thanatosis is widespread taxonomically, and has been well known for a long time, but only recently has it received purpose-designed study.
Losing My Timing This Late in My Career
Authors: Maslon Laurence
Published: September 2018

By the early 1970s, Broadway music would be branded “middle of the road,” but the expressway of popular music left little, if any, room for the show music for an earlier or current generation. Various new teams and new songwriters attempted a cross-generational sound, a way of bringing rock-infused scores to Broadway: Burt Bacharach and Hal David, John Barry, Stephen Schwartz, and Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice. Not all of their experiments were successful—either on the pop charts or on stage. Stephen Sondheim emerged as the preeminent composer/lyricist of his generation and, in the midst of commercial failure within the world of cast albums, Sondheim emerged with a hit song that eventually became a pop standard in an increasingly obstreperous time: “Send in the Clowns,” introduced as a crossover single by Frank Sinatra.
Aging and Chronic Illness in Language and Sexuality
Authors: Peel Elizabeth , Ellis Sonja J.
Published: September 2018

An aging demographic in Western societies as well as globally has made public health issues, such as dementia, subject to hyperbolic metaphor such as “tsunami” and “time bomb.” This chapter reviews the state of knowledge regarding language, sexualities, aging, and chronic illness. In particular, the discussion focuses on discursive research from across the social sciences that furthers understandings of older people’s lives and experiences. The chapter highlights research that has focused on ageism and chronic conditions impacting older people (specifically, dementia and type 2 diabetes), including empirical research on these conditions, and on manifestations of heterosexism and heteronormativity in these contexts. Using illustrative examples that emphasize the intersection of discourse and issues that relate to aging, the chapter foregrounds this area as an important element of language and sexuality scholarship. Last, future directions for the development of research focusing on these topics are indicated.
Conversation Analysis, Language, and Sexuality
Authors: Stokoe Elizabeth , Speer Susan
Published: September 2018

This chapter describes and illustrates a conversation analytic approach to language and sexuality. It begins by exploring contrasts between conversation analytic and other approaches to connecting language as a practice and sexuality as an identity topic. This discussion is set in a broader ethnomethodological context, drawing out key themes and debates that have emerged since the inception of ethnomethodological approaches to the study of gender and sexuality in the 1960s, including notions such as “doing” gender and sexuality and “passing.” The chapter then briefly reviews the controversial debates about the analytic tractability of identity topics, like sexuality and gender, in the conversation analytic tradition. After summarizing conversation analytic work on sexuality specifically, an illustration of what this approach offers to language and sexuality scholars is given, showing the methodological steps involved as well as the possibilities for applying findings in the real world beyond scholarly debate.
Assessment of Situational Perceptions
Authors: Horstmann Kai T. , Ziegler Johanna , Ziegler Matthias
Published: September 2018

The assessment of situations and especially situational perceptions is the focus of this chapter. Based on the ABC principles of test construction (Ziegler, 2014b) and the road map to the taxonomization of situations (Rauthmann, 2015), this chapter shows how situational taxonomies and their assessment tools can be developed. These principles are exemplified by presenting three recent situational taxonomies and the effect different approaches have on the resulting taxonomy. Similarities and differences to established taxonomies of personality traits (such as the Big Five) are discussed. Furthermore, a new taxonomy and assessment tool is presented that captures personality traits and situational perception at the same time. Finally, challenges of future situational taxonomization, especially the need to establish a nomological net of situational perception and other, related constructs and psychological processes, are discussed.
All in the Family
Authors: Guillory Nichole , Vaught Seneca
Published: September 2018

Constructions of black mothers and fathers are often complicated intersections of gender, race, class, sexuality, and place. This chapter seeks to examine the contested representations of black mothers, black fathers, and the black family in hip hop discourses and offers a typology of hip hop families. Specifically, the chapter focuses on the ways in which hip hop texts are in conversation with historical discourses on the black family and the ways in which hip hop has challenged traditional notions of family, kinship, and familial love. The chapter examines representations of hip hop fathers and hip hop mothers, complicates notions of the “modern” American family, and frames new trajectories for how black families are imagined in hip hop discourses.
Brazilian Hip Hop in Three Scenes
Authors: Cardoso Leonardo
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on three hip hop scenes in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil’s two largest cities. It begins with a discussion of democracia racial (racial democracy), a sociohistorical hypothesis that was taken up as a national point of pride. It argues that the concept is crucial to understand the relations between race and hip hop in the country. The remainder of the chapter focuses on three scenes between the 1980s and the 2010s. It starts with funk carioca, a highly popular dance-oriented music that took off at the funk parties. The second scene is São Paulo rap, which gained national attention with its more dance-averse laid-back beats and scathing commentary on violence and racism. The third and final case study examines funk ostentação, a variant of funk carioca centered on conspicuous consumption. The chapter concludes with a discussion of more recent shifts in hip hop, popular culture, and identity politics in the country.
Hip Hop Life Writing
Authors: Balestrini Nassim Winnie
Published: September 2018

Life writing by hip hop artists occupies a remarkable segment of the memoir boom. Mostly ignored by scholars, hip hop autobiographies and memoirs cover a broad range of styles and subjects. They creatively subvert mainstream life-writing traditions associated with “prominent white males,” and link up with African American artistic forms. By analyzing hip hop autobiographies from an intermedial perspective that highlights the semiotic systems involved in meaning-making, this chapter argues that the polyvocal and relational memoirs of Common and of Questlove, as well as the comic-book graphic narratives of 50 Cent and of M.F. Grimm, are multilayered works of art that challenge staid reading practices. As African American artists’ autobiographies have been misconstrued as politicized ethnographies, sensitivity to the media-specific features of these texts provides access to their methods of demonstrating the philosophical significance of their artistic conceptualization.
Digital, Underground
Authors: Neff Ali Colleen
Published: September 2018

Hip hop’s big takeover, four decades deep, has gone hand-in-hand with the age of digital globalization. Charts and numbers, playlists and soundscan tallies cannot fully measure the influence and mobility of hip hop’s emerging digitalities, which move swiftly across the global media landscape and bring global fans and practitioners into their collaborative folds. After decades of concern with the elusive question of what hip hop is across its historical trajectory, critical media studies is turning to the question of what hip hop does for its practitioners in the context of digital globalization. As this study shows, the long-standing field of Black aesthetic studies can nourish new approaches to understanding a transnational digital landscape in which popular music has become a premium site for emergent digital creativity, even as many of these communities fall across the digital divide that makes professional production software, hardware, and training difficult to access. Today, hip hop is as much a global field of digital design as it is a body of musical production.
Rhythmic Pattern Generation in Invertebrates
Authors: Prinz Astrid A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter begins by defining central pattern generators (CPGs) and proceeds to focus on one of their core components, the timing circuit. After arguing why invertebrate CPGs are particularly useful for the study of neuronal circuit operation in general, the bulk of the chapter then describes basic mechanisms of CPG operation at the cellular, synaptic, and network levels, and how different CPGs combine these mechanisms in various ways. Finally, the chapter takes a semihistorical perspective to discuss whether or not the study of invertebrate CPGs has seen its prime and what it has contributed—and may continue to offer—to a wider understanding of neuronal circuits in general.
The History of International Health
Authors: Cueto Marcos
Published: September 2018

International health became an important activity of governments of industrialised and a few low-income countries (LICs) during the second half of the nineteenth century. Initially concentrated on improving, coordinating, and standardising quarantines; isolation of the sick in ports; and maritime health regulations, by the turn of the twentieth century it became an activity carried out by specialised institutions and a network of experts. Two socio-medical approaches coexisted in international health during the twentieth century. One was technocratic, illustrated by the malaria eradication campaign launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the 1950s, which relied heavily on technology. The other was exemplified by the primary healthcare proposal made by WHO and UNICEF in the late 1970s, which prioritised a broad prevention perspective and the use of public health as a tool of social reform.
The Role of the Business Sector in Global Health Politics
Authors: Lee Kelley , Smith Julia
Published: September 2018

The influence of for-profit businesses in collective action across countries to protect and promote population health dates from the first International Sanitary Conferences of the nineteenth century. The restructuring of the world economy since the late twentieth century and the growth of large transnational corporations have led the business sector to become a key feature of global health politics. The business sector has subsequently moved from being a commercial producer of health-related goods and services, contractor, and charitable donor, to being a major shaper of, and even participant in, global health policymaking bodies. This chapter discusses three sites where this has occurred: collective action to regulate health-harming industries, activities to provide for public interest needs, and participation in decision-making within global health institutions. These changing forms of engagement by the business sector have elicited scholarly and policy debate regarding the appropriate relationship between public and private interests in global health.
Respect, Identification, and Profound Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Vorhaus John
Published: September 2018

It is a familiar idea that showing respect for someone requires an effort to take account of how she sees the world. There is more than one way we might do this. Williams suggests that each person is owed an effort at identification, whereas Rawls remarks that “mutual respect is shown … in our willingness to see the situation of others from their point of view.” The author explores these ideas as they apply to people with profound and multiple learning difficulties and disabilities (PMLD), whose condition raises special difficulties in the way of complying with the conduct described here. The author examines the ideas of having a point of view and identifying with the person whose point of view it is, and shows how much—and also how little—these views can contribute to a principle of respect that includes people with PMLD.
A Dignitarian Approach to Disability
Authors: Barclay Linda
Published: September 2018

It has been argued that dignity is a useless concept that adds nothing to existing moral vocabulary: it is just a slogan. In this chapter, it is argued that only a concept of dignity can adequately explain a serious moral wrong inflicted on people with disabilities, namely their relegation to inferior social status. Far from being useless, it uniquely explains why fundamental changes to social relations are needed to secure justice. Moreover, dignity matters just as much for people with cognitive impairments as it does for everyone else. As such, fraught debates about the moral standing of people with severe cognitive impairment are largely irrelevant to explaining why they, too, should be treated as social equals.
Psychological Trauma Risk Management in the UK Police Service
Authors: Hesketh Ian , Tehrani Noreen
Published: September 2018

This paper discusses the current approaches to psychological trauma risk management in the UK policing. It stresses the need for a concerted effort by senior management, supervisors, and occupational health in order to identify those at risk. Furthermore, to reduce the incidence of harm, provide protective training and education, and where necessary provide post trauma interventions and treatments (HSE, 2013). The evidence presented in this article supports the division of the policing workforce into three cohorts. Those being, responders, specialists, and those involved in major disasters. This is seen as the most effective approach to providing an appropriate level of trauma support for all those at risk of traumatic stress. Thus, making it easier to identify and manage the effects of psychological trauma on police officers and staff.
The Developmental Neurotoxicity of Tobacco Smoke Can Be Mimicked by a Combination of Nicotine and Benzo[a]Pyrene: Effects on Cholinergic and Serotonergic Systems
Authors: Slotkin Theodore A , Skavicus Samantha , Ko Ashley , Levin Edward D , Seidler Frederic J
Published: September 2018

Tobacco smoke contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in addition to nicotine. We compared the developmental neurotoxicity of nicotine to that of the PAH archetype, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and also evaluated the effects of combined exposure to assess whether PAHs might exacerbate the adverse effects of nicotine. Pregnant rats were treated preconception through the first postnatal week, modeling nicotine concentrations in smokers and a low BaP dose devoid of systemic effects. We conducted evaluations of acetylcholine (ACh) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) systems in brain regions from adolescence through full adulthood. Nicotine or BaP alone impaired indices of ACh presynaptic activity, accompanied by upregulation of nicotinic ACh receptors and 5HT receptors. Combined treatment elicited a greater deficit in ACh presynaptic activity than that seen with either agent alone, and upregulation of nAChRs and 5HT receptors was impaired or absent. The individual effects of nicotine and BaP accounted for only 60% of the combination effects, which thus displayed unique properties. Importantly, the combined nicotine + BaP exposure recapitulated the effects of tobacco smoke, distinct from nicotine. Our results show that the effects of nicotine on development of ACh and 5HT systems are worsened by BaP coexposure, and that combination of the two agents contributes to the greater impact of tobacco smoke on the developing brain. These results have important implications for the relative safety in pregnancy of nicotine-containing products compared with combusted tobacco, both for active maternal smoking and secondhand exposure, and for the effects of such agents in “dirty” environments with high PAH coexposure.
Better together: the role of IFIT protein–protein interactions in the antiviral response
Authors: Mears Harriet V. , Sweeney Trevor R.
Published: September 2018

The interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFITs) are a family of antiviral proteins conserved throughout all vertebrates. IFIT1 binds tightly to non-self RNA, particularly capped transcripts lacking methylation on the first cap-proximal nucleotide, and inhibits their translation by out-competing the cellular translation initiation apparatus. This exerts immense selection pressure on cytoplasmic RNA viruses to maintain mechanisms that protect their messenger RNA from IFIT1 recognition. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that protein–protein interactions are necessary for optimal IFIT function. Recently, IFIT1, IFIT2 and IFIT3 have been shown to form a functional complex in which IFIT3 serves as a central scaffold to regulate and/or enhance the antiviral functions of the other two components. Moreover, IFITs interact with other cellular proteins to expand their contribution to regulation of the host antiviral response by modulating innate immune signalling and apoptosis. Here, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the IFIT complex and review how this impacts on the greater role of IFIT proteins in the innate antiviral response.
Determinants of accelerated metabolomic and epigenetic ageing in a UK cohort
Authors: Robinson Oliver , Hyam Marc Chadeau , Karaman Ibrahim , Pinto Rui Climaco , Fiorito Giovanni , Gao He , Heard Andy , Jarvelin Marjo-Riitta , Lewis Mathew , Pazoki Raha , Polidoro Silvia , Tzoulaki Ioanna , Wielscher Matthias , Elliott Paul , Vineis Paolo
Published: September 2018

Markers of biological ageing have potential utility in primary care and public health. We developed an elastic net regression model of age based on untargeted metabolic profiling across multiple platforms, including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in urine and serum (almost 100,000 features assayed), within a large sample (N=2,239) from the UK occupational Airwave cohort. We investigated the determinants of accelerated ageing, including genetic, lifestyle and psychological risk factors for premature mortality. The metabolomic age model was well correlated with chronological age (r=0.85 in independent test set). Increased metabolomic age acceleration (mAA) was associated (p<0.0025) with overweight/obesity and depression and nominally associated (p<0.05) with high alcohol use and low income. DNA methylation age acceleration (N=1,102) was nominally associated (p<0.05) with high alcohol use, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder, but not correlated with mAA. Biological age acceleration may present an important mechanism linking psycho-social stress to age-related disease.