bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-Reported Changes in Subjective Health and Anthrax Vaccination as Reported by over 900 Persian Gulf War Era Veterans
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Reppert Earl J. , Jurich Anthony P. , Bollman Stephan R. , Webb Farrell J. , Castelo Carlos S. , Stever James C. , Sanders Diane , Bonjour Gabriele N. , Crow Janet R. , Fink Carol J. , Lash Jeanne F. , Brown Beverlyn F. Cay , Hall Carolyn A. , Owens Barbara L. , Krehbiel Michelle , Deng Liang-Yu , Kaufman Mark
Published: August 2011

A 1999 study of United Kingdom servicemembers by Unwin, et al. recently found significant relationships between anthrax and other vaccinations, reactions to those vaccines, and later health problems for male current or former active military Gulf War veterans. Likewise, in 2000 Steele and in 1998 Gilroy found possible adverse effects of vaccinations on Gulf War veterans. However, the role of such vaccinations remains controversial; more recent government reports continue to dispute the existence of any data that might reflect adversely on the role of vaccinations on the health of Gulf War veterans. To address this controversy, the current study assessed similar relationships for over 900 Reserve Component Gulf War Era veterans from Ohio and nearby states. Gulf War veterans were more likely to report poorer health than non-Gulf veterans. Female veterans were more likely to report mild or severe reactions to vaccines than male veterans. Those veterans who received anthrax vaccine reported more reactions to vaccines than those who did not receive anthrax vaccine. Declines in long-term subjective health were associated with receipt of anthrax vaccine by Gulf War veterans but not for those who did not deploy to the Gulf, although few of the latter received anthrax vaccine. Regardless of deployment status, veterans who reported more severe reactions to vaccines were more likely to report declines in subjective health. Female veterans reported poorer health during the Gulf War than did male veterans, but sex was not related to veterans' reports of subjective health at subsequent times. It is recommended that servicemembers who experience severe reactions to anthrax vaccine be medically reevaluated before receiving further anthrax vaccine and that careful follow-ups be conducted of those receiving the vaccine currently, in accordance with Nass's 1999 recommendations. We also recommend that safer alternatives to thimerosal (a mercury sodium salt, 50% mercury) be used to preserve all vaccines.
Psychometric Properties of a Kindergarten Behavior Rating Scale to Predict Later Academic Achievement
Authors: Cadieux Alain , Boudreault Paul
Published: August 2011

The design and description of the psychometric properties of a Kindergarten Behavior Rating Scale used to predict later academic achievement were based on a survey of past literature on efficient predictors of school failure which indicated a need for a scale that identifies kindergarten pupils who are at risk for school failure during their elementary education. The scale, developed over a 3-yr. period, significantly predicted academic achievement in reading, writing, and mathematics, as indicated by correlations, .15 and .66 between scores on the scale and academic achievement in Grades 1 and 2. Use of judgment by kindergarten teachers to assess risks was also considered, as are other suggestions and limitations on the further use.
Cross-Sectional Analysis of Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment: Testing the Assumptions of the Triangular Theory of Love
Authors: Lemieux Robert , Hale Jerold L.
Published: August 2011

Using data from two previous studies, the current study tested the assumptions in the Triangular Theory of Love about changes in intimacy, passion, and commitment over time. Using a cross-sectional design, the study examined differences in the three components among 446 romantically involved individuals who were either casually dating, exclusively dating, engaged, or married. In support for the assumptions in the Triangular Theory specifically, analyses indicated significant negative partial correlations between intimacy and relationship length as well as between passion and relationship length. The correlation between commitment and relationship length was significant and positive. One-way analysis of variance of relational stage gave similar results. Reported intimacy and passion scores were lowest for participants who were casually dating, higher for participants who were engaged, and lower for married participants. Reported commitment scores increased from casually dating participants to the married participants.
An English Language Version of the Social Support List: Preliminary Reliability
Authors: Bridges K. Robert , Sanderman Robbert , van Sonderen Eric
Published: August 2011

The 34-item Social Support List developed in The Netherlands combines measures of support satisfaction and support interactions in six subscales plus a total score. The present study was designed to assess the applicability of the list in a different cultural context. Data from 421 American undergraduates were consistent with Dutch findings and support the efficacy of the English language version.
Pyridostigmine Bromide and the Long-Term Subjective Health Status of a Sample of over 700 Male Reserve Component Gulf War Era Veterans
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Reppert Earl J. , Jurich Anthony P. , Bollman Stephan R. , Webb Farrell J. , Castelo Carlos S. , Stever James C. , Kaufman Mark , Deng Liang-Yu , Krehbiel Michelle , Owens Barbara L. , Hall Carolyn A. , Brown Beverlyn F. Cay , Lash Jeanne F. , Fink Carol J. , Crow Janet R. , Bonjour Gabriele N.
Published: August 2011

Data from a 1996–1997 survey of approximately 700 Reserve Component male veterans indicate that the consumption of pyridostigmine bromide pills, used as a pretreatment for potential exposure to the nerve agent Soman, was a significant predictor of declines in reported subjective health status after the war, even after controlling for a number of other possible factors. Reported reactions to vaccines and other medications also predicted declines in subjective health. While higher military rank generally predicted better health during and after the war, educational attainment, minority status, number of days in theater, and age generally did not predict changes in subjective health. Although servicemembers were directed to take three pills a day, veterans reported a range of compliance—less than a fourth (24%) followed the medical instructions compared to 61% who took fewer than three pills daily and 6% who took six or more pills a day. Implications for use of pyridostigmine bromide are discussed.
The ‘Troubles’ in Northern Ireland and Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In Northern Ireland from 1965 to 1997, suicide rates and deaths from the civil unrest were negatively associated.
Reasoning about Interpersonal Responsibility when Making Judgments about Scenarios Depicting Close Personal Relationships
Authors: Neff Kristin D. , Turiel Elliot , Anshel Daphne
Published: August 2011

This study examined the moral reasoning of 36 young adults ( M age = 20.8 yr., evenly divided by sex) about situations involving close interpersonal relationships: best friends, spouses, and parents or children. Participants were presented stories in which personal needs and desires were in conflict with interpersonal concerns. When asked how the conflicts should be resolved, the large majority of participants judged that personal desires should be subordinated to interpersonal concerns, justifying their judgments with reference to concern for others, relationship maintenance, or relationship responsibilities. No sex differences in judgments or justifications were found. In addition, most judged that the act of meeting another's needs in a close relationship was an obligatory responsibility and that such responsibilities generalized to people living in other societies. Thus, participants considered interpersonal responsibilities to be moral obligations that apply across cultural boundaries and did not consider them to be matters of personal choice.
Shortening a Quality of Life Questionnaire for Adolescents with Chronic Pain and its Psychometric Qualities
Authors: Merlijn V. P. B. M. , Hunfeld J. A. M. , van der Wouden J. C. , Hazebroek-Kampschreur A. A. J. M. , Passchier J.
Published: August 2011

Chronic pain is a common experience in adolescence. To measure its influence on quality of life in adolescents with chronic headache, Langeveld developed the 71-item scale, Quality of Life Headache–Youth. On the basis of this questionnaire we develop a shortened list, also suitable for other pain locations to enhance compliance. For this, we tested a sample of 98 adolescents from an open population with chronic benign pain. This article presents the psychometric qualities of the shortened version, named the Quality of Life Questionnaire for Adolescents with Chronic Pain. The original version could be reduced to 44 items which showed suitable internal consistency and construct validity against COOP/WONCA charts.
Psychology of the Scientist: LXXXIV: Raymond Bernard Cattell (1905–1998)
Authors: Dreger Ralph Mason , Berg Irwin A.
Published: August 2011

This obituary of R. B. Cattell (1905–1998) describes briefly some of the evidence underlying the judgment that Cattell was one of the half dozen greatest psychologists of the twentieth century and also portrays the gentle thoughtful man he was as a family member, friend, and colleague.
Factorial Validity of the Arabic Obsessive-Compulsive Scale in Two Cultures
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed , Lester David
Published: August 2011

The Arabic Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and the Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory were administered to 87 Kuwaiti (Arabic version) and 73 American college students (English form). Pearson correlations for the total score on the Arabic scale and the four subscores of the Maudsley scale: Checking, Cleaning, Slowness, and Doubting were .72, .48, .50, and .61 for the Kuwaitis and .52, .40, .51, and .52 for the Americans. The loadings of the total score of the Arabic scale onto a factor of obsession and compulsion were .83 and .79 for Kuwaiti and American students, respectively, denoting a good factorial validity of the Arabic scale.
Relationship Difficulties and Unemployment in Attempted Suicide in an Australian Regional Center
Authors: Lorensini Sandra , Bates Glen
Published: August 2011

Over a 12-mo. period, all patients ( N = 130) presenting to an Australian regional hospital following attempted suicide were interviewed to investigate the self-reported role of unemployment and relationship difficulties in precipitating suicide attempts. Consistent with a study of the same region in 1970–1971, attempted suicide was more prevalent in women, the lower socioeconomic groups, and usually occurred following the threat of or actual separation from a partner. However, in this study attempted suicide was most prevalent for those living in a family situation rather than alone or during separation. Although many patients had made a recent visit to their general practitioner, most acted spontaneously and perceived themselves as having no one with whom they could discuss their feelings or problems.
A Critique of BEM's “Exotic Becomes Erotic” Theory of Sexual Orientation Development
Authors: Nicolosi Joseph , Byrd A. Dean
Published: August 2011

A critique of Bem's “Exotic Becomes Erotic” theory (1996) on the development of male homosexuality was offered. Limitations were outlined in light of relevant research findings. The authors proposed an alternative model to explain male homosexuality, i.e., reparation of early boyhood trauma, which better accounts for significant psychodynamic elements and available research. Finally, comparisons were made between specific elements of the two models.
Moral Conflict as a Component of Ordinary Worry
Authors: Kroll Jerome , Johnson Myles , Egan Elizabeth , Carey Kathleen , Erickson Paul
Published: August 2011

This article contributes to the psychology of moral behavior by inquiring into the presence and extent of worrying about moral concerns in one's life relative to worrying about practical concerns. A 20-item questionnaire was developed, mixing eight moral worry questions with twelve ordinary worry items (finances, health) identified in previous research on worry. Factor analysis produced three domains of worrisome thinking: moral concerns, social desirability, and personal and family health. A single item inquiting into worry about not living up to God's expectations did not load onto any other factor and was dropped from further analysis. Internal consistency for the moral worry factor scale was .85. Mean scores for this scale (moral domain) were significantly lower than mean scores for the two practical worry domain factors. Limitations of the study and directions for further research are outlined.
Compulsive Buying and Sexual Attitudes, Intentions, and Activity among Adolescents: An Extension of Roberts and Tanner (2000)
Authors: Roberts James A. , Tanner John F.
Published: August 2011

Roberts and Tanner in 2000 reported that compulsive buying among 896 adolescents was associated with cigarette smoking, alcohol use, drug use, and the likelihood of engaging in premarital sex. The present study concerned the relations of compulsive buying to sexual attitudes, intentions, and activity among adolescents. Results are consistent with the earlier findings as compulsive buying was significantly but weakly correlated (–.14) with intentions to engage in premarital sex; however, compulsive buying was not correlated with adolescents' attitudes regarding sex or sexual behavior.
Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Arabic Obsessive–Compulsive Scale for Kuwaiti and American College Students
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In two samples of 87 Kuwaiti and 73 American undergraduates, scores on the Arabic Obsessive–Compulsive Scale correlated .71 and .63 with those on another obsession scale, respectively, while they correlated .49 and .19 with scores on a depression scale. The differences between these correlations in the two samples indicated good convergent and discriminant validity of the Arabic Obsessive–Compulsive Scale in both cultures.
Reliability and Factorial Structure of the Taoist-Orientation Scale for Samples of Kuwaiti and American Students
Authors: Lester David , Abdel-Khalek Ahmed
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 460 Kuwaiti undergraduates and 273 American students, the Taoist-Orientation scale had different factor patterns in an item-analysis but had good internal consistency reliability for both samples.
Role of Appearance and Nonverbal Behaviors in the Perception of Sexual Orientation among Lesbians and Gay Men
Authors: Carroll Lynne , Gilroy Paula J.
Published: August 2011

According to the zero-acquaintance paradigm gay men and lesbians possess the ability to identify other homosexuals accurately after only very brief interpersonal contact. Given the vulnerability gay men and lesbians face in terms of antigay violence and prejudice, perceptual accuracy provides self-protection. In an exploratory study, 123 respondents were classified as low, moderate, and high perceivers on the basis of their responses to a recognition index designed by the authors. Next, respondents rated on a series of 5-point Likert scales the helpfulness of several characteristics for identifying gay men and lesbians. Analysis supported the importance of eye contact for lesbians and gay men in identifying one another. For both lesbian and gay male participants, several other variables emerged as significantly helpful in identifying gay men: clothing style and fit, jewelry, facial expressions, posture, body type, walk or gait, and both the types and frequencies of gestures.
Goal-Directedness and Personal Identity as Correlates of Life Outcomes
Authors: Goldman Barry M. , Locke Edwin A. , Masterson Suzanne S. , Groth Markus , Jensen David G.
Published: August 2011

Although much research has been conducted on goal setting, researchers have not examined goal-directedness or propensity to set goals as a stable human characteristic in adults. In this study, a survey was developed and distributed to 104 adult participants to assess their goal-directedness, personal identity, and various life outcomes. A theoretical model was developed and tested using structural equation modeling that proposed that both goal-directedness and personal identity should positively influence important life outcomes. Analysis showed that goal-directedness and personal identity are positively related to personal well-being, salary, and marital satisfaction. Further, personal identity was positively related to job satisfaction but, contrary to related research, goal-directedness did not predict job satisfaction.
Effects of LMX and Differential Treatment on Work Unit Commitment
Authors: van Breukelen Wim , Konst Dorien , van der Vlist René
Published: August 2011

The Leader-Member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership states that leaders do behave differently towards the various members in their work unit. Relatively little attention has been devoted to the question of whether members' perceptions of differential treatment on the part of the leader affects their commitment to the work unit. Perceptions of the amount of differential treatment within their work unit did not explain additional variance in members' work unit commitment after the effects of LMX quality were accounted for. There was, however, a significant interaction effect of LMX quality and differential treatment on work unit commitment. The perception of a large number of differential treatment incidents seems to act as a neutralizer with respect to the positive effects LMX quality may have.
“Anti-Intellectualism” and Genetics
Authors: Joseph J.
Published: August 2011

The 2001 claim by Eigenberger and Sealander that “anti-imellectualism” has an important genetic component is discussed in reference to a rejoinder by Howley.
Lexical Redescription of Child Sexual Abuse in the South African English-Language Press
Authors: Collings Steven J.
Published: August 2011

Content analysis of 1.044 child sexual abuse reports over an 8-yr. period in the South African English-language press indicated that 8.5% ( n = 89) of reports use the language of consensual sexual activity to describe the abuse, with this percentage remaining constant over the 8-yr. period reviewed.
Eating Disorders: Relations with Inconsistent Discipline, Anxiety, and Drinking among College Women
Authors: Ross Lisa Thomson , Gill Jessica L.
Published: August 2011

Since as many as 20% of all college women report symptoms of eating disorders, the present study examined the relationship between self-reported eating disorder symptoms, anxiety, drinking, and retrospective reports of inconsistent parenting during childhood. 101 college women, 85% Euro-Americans of mean age 19 yr., completed an anonymous survey including questions from the Eating Disorder Index-1, the Retrospective Family Unpredictability Scale, the Trait Anxiety Scale, and measures of drinking in the previous month. Eating disorder symptoms correlated with self-reported drinking quantity, anxiety, and retrospective ratings of inconsistent discipline. This appears to be the first time eating disorder symptoms have been associated with inconsistent discipline. Implications for etiology and treatment of eating disorders are discussed.
Associations among Family Adaptability and Cohesion, Interparental Conflict, and Tactics Used during Young Adults' Conflict with Parents
Authors: Johnson H. Durell
Published: August 2011

The current study examined the association among characteristics of the marital relationship, family environment, and young adults' conflict interactions with parents. Reports from 124 17- to 20-yr.-olds indicated tactics used during conflicts with parents were associated with perceived magnitude of interparental conflict and family cohesion. Further, reports of frequency of conflict with parents were associated with young adults' use of aggressive conflict tactics. The current study indicates how young adults' perceptions of family adaptability and cohesion moderated the association between perceptions of interparental conflict and their reports of using aggressive tactics during conflict with parents. Findings are discussed in terms of implications of the associations among the marital relationship, family environment, and young adults' relationships with parents.
Comment on Cameron and Cameron (2002): “Children of Homosexual Parents Report Childhood Difficulties”
Authors: Brubaker Lowell L.
Published: August 2011

Cameron and Cameron's reanalysis of published data in 2002 indicates children being raised in a home environment with at least one homosexual parent report some negative consequences. However, a closer look at the information presented suggests (especially in the absence of control groups) that the negative consequences documented do not constitute major psychological trauma. Rather, they are more in the nature of the teasing and bullying that plagues any child who comes from a home that may be atypical in any fashion.
Low-Ball and Compliance to a Request: An Application in a Field Setting
Authors: Guéguen Nicolas , Pascual Alexandre , Dagot Lionel
Published: August 2011

The low-ball refers to a compliance technique in which a demand of someone to agree to a request is followed by telling the person the real cost of the request. The number of people who maintain their first decision is larger than the number in the condition in which the real cost of the request is stated prior to the initial compliance. Researches in this paradigm traditionally included a request addressed by a professor to students but was never tested between strangers. So, an experiment was carried out in which people were solicited to keep a dog (8 kg) on a lead until a male confederate returned from a visit to someone in a hospital. In low-ball condition, the confederate told the subject who agreed to the request that it would take 30 min., whereas in the control condition the confederate gave this information when stating his request. Analysis showed that low-ball technique leads people to maintain their first decision.
Liking of Personal Names, Self-Esteem, and the Big Five Inventory
Authors: Marlar Misty R. , Joubert Charles E.
Published: August 2011

76 university students responded to the Big Five Inventory, the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory, and rated how much they liked their first and middle names. Self-esteem positively correlated with scores on Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion and negatively with Neuroticism. Liking of one's first name correlated positively with scores on Conscientiousness only.
Methodological Diversity of Research Published in Selected Psychological Journals in 1999
Authors: Munley Patrick H. , Anderson Mary Z. , Briggs Denise , Devries Michael R. , Forshee Wade J. , Whisner Emily A.
Published: August 2011

454 papers appearing in 10 journals published by the American Psychological Association during 1999 were reviewed to consider the frequency of publication of qualitative research. Journals reviewed included Health Psychology, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Journal of Counseling Psychology, Journal of Educational Psychology, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Journal of Family Psychology, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, Psychological Assessment, and Psychology and Aging. Papers were classified as quantitative, qualitative, or mixed qualitative/quantitative studies. Quantitative papers were also dichotomously classified as either primarily descriptive or experimental. Qualitative studies were classified by type of qualitative methods specified by the authors. Most papers (97.6%) were classified as quantitative. Only three journals reviewed published qualitative studies.
A Pattern of Common Acoustic Modification by Human Mothers to Gain Attention of a Child and by Macaques of others in Their Group
Authors: Koda Hiroki , Masataka Nobuo
Published: August 2011

Criticisms of how Niwano and Sugai (2002) conducted their analysis of pitch change in human mothers' repeated utterances to their children suggest mothers resort to utterance with elevated pitch when infants are initially unresponsive. When this phenomenon is compared with an evaluation of similar data for free-ranging macaques, a certain common pattern of human mothers and the macaques may be observed in seeking to gain the attention of another.
Initial Internal Reliability and Descriptive Statistics for a Brief Assessment Tool for the Life Skills Training Drug-Abuse Prevention Program
Authors: Macaulay Araxi P. , Griffin Kenneth W. , Botvin Gilbert J.
Published: August 2011

Adolescent drug use in the United States remains the highest in the industrialized world. Fortunately there have been significant advances in developing effective prevention programs for adolescent drug use. An important issue in evaluating such programs is that the self-report surveys have adequate psychometric properties and assess constructs targeted by an intervention. A questionnaire focusing on knowledge and drug-related measures was developed to evaluate the research-based Life Skills Training drug prevention intervention. The questionnaire showed good internal reliability, detected change from pretest to posttest, and was brief and easy to complete by 45 middle-school students.
Subjective Well-Being and Dental Treatment in Elderly African Americans
Authors: Dickey William P. , Brown James C. , Streckfus Charles
Published: August 2011

This preliminary study examined the effect of dental treatment on psychological well-being in a sample of elderly African Americans (64 women, 43 men) seeking routine care at an urban medical/dental clinic. Scores on two scales, the Index of Self-esteem and the Generalized Contentment Scale, self-administered at initial and final dental appointments, yielded no significant differences between times of test. Dental treatment apparently was not associated in this sample with perceived psychological well-being.
Selective Exposure and Dissonance after Decisions
Authors: D'Alessio Dave , Allen Mike
Published: August 2011

Well-known literature reviews from the 1960s question whether cognitive dissonance underlies experimental participants' selective exposure of themselves to consonant messages and avoidance of dissonant ones. A meta-analytic review of 16 studies published from 1956 to 1996 and involving 1,922 total participants shows that experimental tests consistently support the supposition that dissonance is associated with selective exposure ( r = .22, p < .001). Statistical power exceeded .99. Advances in statistical methodology and increased attention to selecting appropriate tests of dissonance theory were essential to finally resolving this question.
Commentary on Morgan-Miller's “An Exploratory Study of Different Types of Violence Presented in Early Christian and Islamic Historical Documents”
Authors: Schumm Walter R.
Published: August 2011

Oversights are observed in Morgan-Miller's previous 2002 report on themes of violence in the New Testament and the Qur'an. While both the New Testament and the Qur'an seem to suggest some type of moral transformation in the life of Jesus, it is not clear to what extent such a transformation remains normative in the lives of ordinary believers or even continues to be expected. However, Jesus seemed to expect that his followers would forsake violence against their enemies, a lesson that seems in short supply throughout the contemporary world.
Measurement of Attitudes toward Obese People among a Canadian Sample of Men and Women
Authors: Glenn Christine V. , Chow Peter
Published: August 2011

A new scale for examining attitudes toward obese people had 44 items selected from previously published scales designed to indicate attitudes toward obese people. Reliability analysis yielded a Cronbach coefficient alpha of .92 for the total sample. A factor analysis yielded four factors. Employing the Body Mass Index as an indicator of obesity, the attitudes of 239 men and women were examined. Women were significantly more positive than men in their attitude toward obese people. When examining Body Mass Index as a factor, comparisons of obese and nonobese women indicated obese women were more positive on the Diet and Exercise factor of the scale. Suggestions for improvement and research are offered.
Correlates of Age-Adjusted National Homicide Rates
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In 1980, the correlates of unadjusted and age-adjusted national homicide rates differed, so the age-structure of nations should be controlled for in cross-national studies.
Developing a Short Affect Intensity Scale
Authors: Geuens Maggie , De Pelsmacker Patrick
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to construct a brief version of the 40-item Affect Intensity Measure. Since the assumed one-dimensionality of the scale has been criticized lately, special attention was paid to the factor structure of the full and the brief scales. The scales were tested in three different samples: 510 Belgian citizens representative of the Belgian population, and 204 and 166 students of the University of Antwerp. The Short Affect Intensity Scale has 20 items. Mean scores on the original Affect Intensity Measure were 3.68, 3.67, and 3.67 for the three samples, respectively, while for the Short Affect Intensity Scale the following respective mean scores were registered: 3.76, 3.78, and 3.75. Correlations between the original and brief scales were .94, .93, and .93 for the three samples, respectively. Three factors underlie the Short Affect Intensity Scale: Positive Intensity, Negative Affectivity, and Serenity. Furthermore, the scores for the Short Affect Intensity Scale suggest it is reliable and valid.
Ego Function Assessment of Nonclinical Individuals
Authors: Juni Samuel , Straehle Manfred E.
Published: August 2011

Ego Function Assessment was adapted into a self-report inventory yielding 12 operationalized function measures. 426 respondents from a stratified sample completed the inventory. In addition, 42 respondents completed the inventory twice within a 20-day period. A hierarchical algorithm was used to revise the 12 scales to maximize internal consistencies. Their stabilities were assessed by analyzing the retest scores. Standardization, reliability, and stability data are presented for the original and revised scales. Results show adequate reliability, suggesting that the tool may be useful to measure ego functioning in nonclinical populations.
Individual Differences in Faking Integrity Tests
Authors: Brown Reagan D. , Cothern Christopher M.
Published: August 2011

The present study assessed whether success at faking a commercially available integrity test relates to individual differences among the test takers. We administered the Reid Report, an overt integrity test, twice to a sample of college students with instructions to answer honestly on one administration and “fake good” on the other. These participants also completed a measure of general cognitive ability, the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices. Integrity test scores were 1.3 standard deviations higher in the faking condition ( p < .05). There was a weak, but significant, positive relation between general cognitive ability and faking success, calculated as the difference in scores between the honest and faked administrations of the Reid Report ( r = .17, p < .05). An examination of the correlations between faking success and general cognitive ability by item type suggested that the relation is due to the items that pose hypothetical scenarios, e.g., “Should an employee be fired for stealing a few office supplies?” ( r = .22, p < .05) and not the items that ask for admissions of undesirable past behaviors, e.g., “Have you ever stolen office supplies?” ( r = .02, p > .05; t = 2.06, p < .05) for the difference between correlations. These results suggest that general cognitive ability is indeed an individual difference relevant to success at faking an overt integrity test.
Working Memory and Reference Memory in Adult Rats following Limbic Seizures Induced at 21 or 90 Days of Age
Authors: Kinoshameg S. E. , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

Rats were either seized or not seized at 21 days of age (weaning) or at 90 days of age with a single systemic injection of lithium (3 mEq/kg) and pilocarpine (30 mg/kg). When tested as adults (120 days of age) for spatial memory in the Olton radial maze, the rats that had been seized as adults exhibited about five times more working (short-term) memory errors than the other three groups which did not differ significantly from one another. The numbers of errors for long-term (reference) memory did not differ significantly among the four groups. The deficits in working memory for the group seized as weanlings and reported previously were not replicated. One possible explanation for this discrepancy might be differential effects upon brain organization associated with seizures evoked by injecting the pilocarpine 24 hr. rather than 4 hr. after the lithium.
Association of Perceived Parental Attitudes towards Premarital Sex with Initiation of Sexual Intercourse in Adolescence
Authors: Silva Mónica , Ross Inés
Published: August 2011

To assess the association between perceived parental disapproval of premarital sex, quality of the parent-daughter relationship, and initiation of sexual intercourse, a sample of 614 economically deprived female students in Chile were tested. The perception of disapproval of premarital sex by the mother along with a good mother-daughter relationship appears to constitute a buffer against early initiation of sexual activity in adolescence. Results are consistent with findings reported in studies conducted in the USA.
Young Children's Participation in Everyday Family and Community Activity
Authors: Dunst Carl J. , Hamby Deborah , Trivette Carol M. , Raab Melinda , Bruder Mary Beth
Published: August 2011

Patterns of participation in everyday family and community activities are described for children from birth to 6 years of age. Parents or other primary caregivers completed a survey of either family life or community life as sources of children's learning opportunities and experiences. Rates of children's participation in 50 family activities and 50 community activities at different ages were identified and analyzed in terms of similarities and differences in participation patterns. Findings indicated considerable variability in involvement in 100 family and community activities by young children of different ages. Implications for using everyday family and community activities as sources of enriched learning opportunities that enhance children's development are discussed.
Tennessee Self-Concept Scale Scores of Urban African-American Women
Authors: Kohler Maxie P. , Sapp Gary L. , Kohler Emmett T. , Sandoval Rebecca
Published: August 2011

The Tennessee Self-concept Scale: Second Edition scores of 33 urban, African-American women were compared in a pretest-posttest design. The treatment was exposure to a 3-mo. literacy and social skills training program. Contrary to expectations, scores on just two subscales—Self-criticism and Physical Self—fell outside the average range. Also, Physical Self was the only scale score to change significantly (–3.83). These results suggest that self-esteem scores of urban African Americans were similar to those of women in the general population.
Self-Efficacy in a Sample of Education Majors and Teachers
Authors: Parker Marian J. , Guarino A. J. , Smith Roy Wade
Published: August 2011

The teachers' self-efficacy, both personal and general, has a profound effect on students' learning. This study investigated the influence on education students' perceptions of their experience as teaching interns of Personal Teaching Efficacy and General Teaching Efficacy. The participants were 196 undergraduates and graduate students who were preparing for or active as interns in teaching or were teachers. There was a significant effect between Personal Teaching Efficacy and General Teaching Efficacy scores, with all respondents scoring higher on the former scale. A significant interaction indicated that students who had not completed internships scored significantly higher on General Teaching Efficacy than either students who had just completed internships or those who were engaged in teaching. Implications are discussed.
Psychometric Properties of the Francis Scale of Attitude towards Christianity among Portuguese University Students
Authors: Ferreira Ana Veríssimo , Neto Félix
Published: August 2011

To facilitate use of the adult form of the Francis Scale of Attitude Towards Christianity in cross-cultural studies, the psychometric characteristics of the translated scale were examined among 323 university students in Portugal (130 men and 193 women). Their ages ranged from 18 to 31 years. Analysis supported the unidimensionality, internal consistency, and construct validity of this scale in this sample of Portuguese university students.
Intrinsic Religiosity and Aggression in a Sample of Intercollegiate Athletes
Authors: Storch Eric A. , Storch Jason B.
Published: August 2011

Using self-report questionnaires, ratings of intrinsic religiosity were negatively correlated with those on aggressive attitudes and verbal aggression of 105 intercollegiate athletes.
Relations of the Arabic Type a Behavior Scale with Measures of Optimism and Pessimism
Authors: Hasan Huda J. T. M.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relation of Type A behavior dimensions and measures of optimism and pessimism. The sample of 322 undergraduate students were 80 men and 242 women at Kuwait University. Analysis showed that five dimensions of Type A behavior, accuracy and persistence, speed and time pressure, desire for promotion, seriousness and organization, and workaholism were positively correlated with optimism, while aggression was negatively correlated with optimism and positively correlated with pessimism. The multiple regression analysis indicated that speed and time pressure and desire for promotion contributed significantly to the prediction of optimism, while aggression predicted pessimism more than any other dimension of Type A behavior.
Work Experiences and Psychological Well-Being of Former Hospital-Based Nurses Now Employed Elsewhere
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

Hospitals in Ontario have undergone significant restructuring and downsizing during the past few years. Such changes have created negative reactions among both those who survive the downsizing and those who lose their jobs involuntarily. This study compared work satisfactions and indicators of psychological well-being of 36 nurses during these changes and three years later when they were employed elsewhere. Job satisfaction and psychological well-being increased while psychological burnout decreased in this sample.
Rasch Scaling Paranormal Belief and Experience: Structure and Semantics of Thalbourne's Australian Sheep-Goat Scale
Authors: Lange Rense , Thalbourne Michael A.
Published: August 2011

Research on the relation between demographic variables and paranormal belief remains controversial given the possible semantic distortions introduced by item and test level biases. We illustrate how Rasch scaling can be used to detect such biases and to quantify their effects, using the Australian Sheep-Goal Scale as a substantive example. Based on data from 1,822 respondents, this test was Rasch scalable, reliable, and unbiased at the test level. Consistent with other research in which unbiased measures of paranormal belief were used, extremely weak age and sex effects were found ( partial eta2 = .005 and .012, respectively).
Changes in the Temporal Organization of Autobiographical Memories
Authors: Sato Koichi
Published: August 2011

The temporal organization of autobiographical memories was examined through the event-cueing technique. Participants were presented a word indicating a life-time period and asked to recall autobiographical events sequentially. Temporal relations between recalled events were analyzed. Analysis suggested that recent autobiographical memories are organized temporally. As time passes, however, temporal organization becomes ambiguous, and old autobiographical memories can evoke temporally distant memories sharing the person, life theme, or other distinctive features.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Reliability of the Chinese Version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory among Guidance Teachers in Hong Kong
Authors: Yuen Mantak , Lau Patrick S. Y. , Shek Daniel T. L. , Lam Man-Ping
Published: August 2011

In 1995 Chan and Hui examined the responses of a sample of Chinese teachers on the Maslach Burnout Inventory and recommended a possible 2-factor rather than the original 3-factor model for the assessment of burnout among Chinese teachers. In the present study, the factor structure of responses to the Chinese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory in a sample of 1,398 Chinese secondary school guidance teachers was examined using the EQS approach to confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that a 3-factor model (Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment) provided the best fit, with the first two factors highly correlated ( r = .80). Internal consistencies for the subscales ranged from .80 to .88.
What Proportion of Heterosexuals is Ex-Homosexual?
Authors: Cameron Paul , Cameron Kirk
Published: August 2011

How many heterosexuals are ‘ex-homosexuals’? In 1984, a random sample of Dallas adults indicated that 8 (2.7%) of 294 currently heterosexual men and 4 (1.0%) of 393 currently heterosexual women said that they were ex-homosexual. Of an urban sample from 5 additional cities, 0.5% of current heterosexuals reported that they had been homosexually ‘married’. It thus appears that perhaps 1–2% of heterosexuals are ex-homosexuals. Proportionately more adults than teenagers and more men than women moved from homosexuality to heterosexuality. Of the 18 who changed, 12 became heterosexual and 6 bisexual, suggesting that perhaps two-thirds of those who abandon “being” homosexual ‘become’ heterosexual and a third ‘become’ bisexual. Because labeling oneself ‘homosexual’ is so mutable and value-laden, the term ‘omnisexual’ is suggested.
Government Policies, Industry/Economics, Social Trends, and Educational Opportunities in ‘Women's Decisions to Work outside versus inside the Home’
Authors: Bosco Susan M.
Published: August 2011

Research on the career decision processes of women has focused primarily on internal considerations such as mathematical ability, intelligence, and self-esteem; however, the external environment also has an influence on these processes. To date, the environmental factors have primarily been researched separately, if at all. They include government policies, industry/economics, social trends/expected sex roles, and educational opportunities. This pilot study investigated these four external factors simultaneously. In addition, a survey of literature on career decision indicated such research to be based on a limited pool of highly educated, management/professional women. This study also uses a wider group including housewives, blue collar, and pink collar women.
Relation of Managers' Personality to Accident and Injury Rates
Authors: Thoms Peg , Venkataraman Ray R.
Published: August 2011

Previous research has explored the link between certain aspects of individuals' personalities and their safety behavior and accident rates. We predicted a relation between 23 managers' scores on Big Five personality dimensions and departmental accident and injury rates in a manufacturing company. Accident and injury data were provided by the organization. We found a relation between managers' personality profiles and both injury and accident rates in their departments. The findings suggest that managers with certain types of personalities may have safer work units. This has implications for the selection of managers in work environments with safety risks.
Responses to Lost Letters about a 2000 General Election Amendment to Abolish Prohibition of Interracial Marriages in Alabama
Authors: Bridges F. Stephen , Keeton Kato B. , Clark L. Nicholle
Published: August 2011

A field study using 621 “lost” letters was conducted in the city of Mobile and in small towns in mostly rural Baldwin County, Alabama. Milgram's lost letter technique was validated against the actual votes cast during the November 7, 2000 General Election. The technique was successful as an unobtrusive measure useful for predicting patterns of voting behavior. Rates of return of lost letters “in favor of and opposed to legalizing interracial marriage” agreed with the actual election returns (chi-square “goodness of fit”). Community size seemed associated with return of lost letters.
Evaluating the Relation between Memory and Intelligence in Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Hoerig Dianne C. , David Andrew S. , D'Amato Rik Carl
Published: August 2011

Although both intelligence tests and memory tests are commonly used in neuropsychological examinations, the relationship between memory and intelligence has not been fully explored, particularly for children having learning disabilities. Memory, or the ability to retain information, was evaluated using the Test of Memory and Learning, a recently released test that gives a comprehensive measure of global memory functioning. This, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition, used to assess intelligence, were given to 80 students with learning disabilities. The correlation between a global measure of memory and a global measure of intelligence was significant ( r = .59), indicating that memory should be viewed as an important component when evaluating children with learning disabilities.
Attachment to the Physical Dimension of Places
Authors: Hidalgo M. Carmen , Hernández Bernardo
Published: August 2011

Social relationships had been important in explanation and prediction of attachment to places. Although some have asserted the importance of physical aspects of the environment in the formation of attachment ties to a place, the social environment is required for the formation of bonds to a place, although strong emphasis on the social aspect has been questioned and the importance of the physical environment noted. The present objective in two studies was to test whether college students ( ns = 30 and 27) show a preference for a place they know, independently of the social interactions developed in them. Results confirmed the hypothesis, i.e., after a very brief stay in a certain place with nobody else there, these college students preferred that place to another with which they had not had previous contact.
Ratings of Characteristics of Ethnic Groups by Authoritarians and Nonauthoritarians When Stereotypes Vary in Favorability
Authors: Raden David
Published: August 2011

White non-Jewish participants in the 1990 General Social Survey with low scores on Tolerance of deviation (“Intolerant”), a measure of authoritarianism, rated African Americans more unfavorably than did Tolerant respondents on two traits, intelligence and laziness, when stereotypes about the latter group are unfavorable. But the Intolerant were not more negative in their evaluations than the Tolerant when Jews, a group for whom the stereotypes on these traits are favorable, were rated. The Intolerant rated Jews more favorably on intelligence, and their ratings of laziness did not differ from those by the Tolerant.