bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metagenomic profiling reveals dominance of gram‐positive bacteria in the gut microbiome shifts associated with immunoglobulin A vasculitis (Henoch–Schönlein Purpura)
Authors: Cao Jia , Wu Chunyan , Wang Kunhua , Hu Hongwei , Duan Jiang , Zhao Bo , Xiong Jingjing , Liu Mei , Cui Jingjing , Ji Xiaofei , Zhang Tingting , Qin Huanlong , Qin Nan , Xu Qian , Huang Yongkun
Published: October 2021

Objectives

Immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgAV), previously known as Henoch–Schönlein purpura, is the most common vasculitis that has a classical skin manifestation of palpable purpuric rash. Factors pertinent to IgAV remain inadequately understood. Here, we aimed to examine the gut microbiome shifts associated with IgAV and its recovery.

Methods

Stool samples were collected from 10 children with IgAV (6–14 years old) before and after a multi‐drug therapy, along with 9 age‐matched healthy children. The samples were subjected to metagenomic analyses to investigate the taxonomic and functional shifts of the gut microbiome.

Results

The analyses revealed that compared with healthy controls, treatment‐naïve patients exhibited substantial taxonomic and functional alterations of gut microbiota, including 104 IgAV‐depleted species and 7 IgAV‐elevated species (FDR < 0.05). After treatment, the IgAV patients displayed a partial restoration of the microbiota shifts, as the relative abundances of some biomarkers (e.g. 9 genera and 22 species) became comparable (FDR > 0.1) between the patients and healthy controls. The treatment‐responsive features included Weissella, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum and three components of a putative glutamine transport system. Importantly, gram‐positive bacteria accounted for over 85% of the numbers and total relative abundance of the species that were associated with IgAV and responsive to the treatment. In addition, of the 122 IgAV‐depleted bacterial genes, 82 were mainly contributed by gram‐positive bacteria and 12 by gram‐negative bacteria.

Conclusions

Gram‐positive bacteria are the main drivers underlying the gut microbiome shifts of IgAV, which may assist rational management of the disease.
Depression and eating disorders in early adolescence: A network analysis approach
Authors: Kenny Bridget , Orellana Liliana , Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz Matthew , Moodie Marj , Brown Vicki , Williams Joanne
Published: October 2021

Objective

Eating disorders (EDs) and depression are among the most debilitating and pervasive mental illnesses. Although they often co‐occur, the relationship between EDs and depression remains poorly understood. This study used network analysis to explore the symptom‐level relationship between EDs and depression among a sample of Australian adolescents completing their first year of secondary school.

Method

Adolescents (N = 4,421) aged between 10 and 15 years completed the Centre for Epidemiological Depression Scale and the Eating Disorder Examination‐Questionnaire. Network structure was estimated using the Gaussian graphical model and node centrality was assessed using one‐step expected influence (EI) and bridge EI.

Results

“Depressed,” “lonely,” and “low energy” were identified as core symptoms of depression. “Shape and weight dissatisfaction,” “desire to lose weight,” and “preoccupation with shape or weight” were identified as core ED symptoms. “Irritable,” “social eating,” and “depressed” were identified as the most important nodes connecting (i.e., bridging) symptoms of depression and EDs.

Discussion

This study provides an important symptom‐level conceptualization of the association between depression and ED symptoms in a community sample of adolescents. This preliminary evidence may guide the development of public health prevention and early intervention programs. Future research should be conducted to address the study limitations (e.g., cross‐sectional design).
Pulse grazing by reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) can increase the phylogenetic diversity of vascular plant communities in the Fennoscandian tundra
Authors: Gibson Kate , Olofsson Johan , Mooers Arne Ø. , Monroe Melanie J.
Published: October 2021

Herbivore grazing is an important determinant of plant community assemblages. Thus, it is essential to understand its impact to direct conservation efforts in regions where herbivores are managed. While the impacts of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) grazing on plant biodiversity and community composition in the Fennoscandian tundra are well studied, the impact of reindeer grazing on phylogenetic community structure is not. We used data from a multiyear quasi‐experimental study in northern Fennoscandia to analyze the effect of reindeer grazing on plant community diversity including its phylogenetic structure. Our study design used a permanent fence constructed in the 1960s and temporary fences constructed along the permanent fence to expose plant communities to three different grazing regimes: light (almost never grazed), pulse (grazed every other year), and press (chronic grazing for over 40 years). Similar to previous studies on low productivity ecosystems in this region, the species richness and evenness of plant communities with pulse and press grazing did not differ from communities with light grazing. Also consistent with previous studies in this region, we observed a transition from shrub‐dominated communities with light grazing to graminoid‐dominated communities with pulse and press grazing. Interestingly, communities with pulse, but not press, grazing were more phylogenetically dispersed than communities with light grazing. If grazing pulses can increase the phylogenetic diversity of plant communities, our result suggests changes in reindeer management allowing for pulses of grazing to increase phylogenetic diversity of plant communities.
Characterization of the spatial distribution of plateau pika burrows along an alpine grassland degradation gradient on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Authors: Qian Dawen , Li Qian , Fan Bo , Lan Yuting , Cao Guangmin
Published: October 2021

Plateau pika burrows are common feature of degraded grassland in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) and serve as an important indicator of pika activity and grassland degradation. However, the current understanding of the spatial pattern changes of pika burrows and their critical thresholds across a degradation gradient in alpine grassland is deficient. In this study, we investigated and quantified changes in the spatial pattern of plateau pika burrows under typical degraded alpine shrub meadows in the northeastern QTP using an unmanned aerial vehicle and landscape pattern metrics. The degradation of the alpine shrub meadow leads to a change in landscape pattern from a two‐layered structure of alpine shrub and alpine meadow to a mosaic of alpine meadow and bare soil, with plateau pika burrows scattered throughout. Moderate degradation is the tipping point for changes in surface landscape patterns, followed by the disappearance of alpine shrub, the retreat of alpine meadows and the encroachment of bare soil, and the increasing density and size of pika burrows. The area characteristics of alpine meadows have influenced changes in the spatial pattern of pika burrow, and maintaining its proportional area is a vital measure to control the threat of pika burrows to pastures. The results of this paper provide a methodological reference and guidance for the sustainable utilization of grassland on the QTP.
Competition dynamics in long‐term propagations of Schizosaccharomyces pombe strain communities
Authors: Durão Paulo , Amicone Massimo , Perfeito Lília , Gordo Isabel
Published: October 2021

Experimental evolution studies with microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast have been an increasingly important and powerful tool to draw long‐term inferences of how microbes interact. However, while several strains of the same species often exist in natural environments, many ecology and evolution studies in microbes are typically performed with isogenic populations of bacteria or yeast. In the present study, we firstly perform a genotypic and phenotypic characterization of two laboratory and eight natural strains of the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We then propagated, in a rich resource environment, yeast communities of 2, 3, 4, and 5 strains for hundreds of generations and asked which fitness‐related phenotypes—maximum growth rate or relative competitive fitness—would better predict the outcome of a focal strain during the propagations. While the strain's growth rates would wrongly predict long‐term coexistence, pairwise competitive fitness with a focal strain qualitatively predicted the success or extinction of the focal strain by a simple multigenotype population genetics model, given the initial community composition. Interestingly, we have also measured the competitive fitness of the ancestral and evolved communities by the end of the experiment (≈370 generations) and observed frequent maladaptation to the abiotic environment in communities with more than three members. Overall, our results aid establishing pairwise competitive fitness as good qualitative measurement of long‐term community composition but also reveal a complex adaptive scenario when trying to predict the evolutionary outcome of those communities.
Local endemism and ecological generalism in the assembly of root‐colonizing fungi
Authors: Maciá‐Vicente Jose G. , Popa Flavius
Published: October 2021

Root‐colonizing fungi form species‐rich assemblages with key functions in principal ecosystem processes, making them prospectively important players in conservation and applied ecology. Harnessing the processes and services they drive requires a better understanding of their patterns of diversity and community structure, and how these link to function. Here, we search for possible adaptations to contrasting environmental and host conditions, indicative of participation in habitat‐specific processes. We surveyed heathland and grassland habitats across a latitudinal gradient in Western Europe, using a spatially explicit design to assess community variation at scales from centimeters, to thousands of kilometers. Root‐associated fungi assemble into strongly site‐specific communities irrespective of habitat type, shaped by environmental factors and spatial distance operating at different scales, but also by a high level of endemism, likely to be determined by local stochastic processes such as drift and dispersal limitation at short distances. Despite the high site specificity in communities, they are dominated everywhere by a core set of lineages with little preferences toward habitat conditions or host phylogeny. Our results suggest a convergent evolution across phylogenetically distant lineages toward the root‐colonizing habit, and a functional redundancy in strategies for habitat colonization and host interaction. Further efforts are needed to integrate functional trait composition in future community ecology studies of root‐colonizing fungi.
Melting and breaking characteristics of strands of high‐strength and high‐corrosion‐resistant OPGW due to DC arc discharge simulating high‐energy lightning strike
Authors: Iwata Mikimasa , Ohtaka Toshiya , Goda Yutaka , Yamagami Susumu , Kato Atsushi , Nagano Koji
Published: October 2021

Metal strands of composite fiber‐optic ground wire (OPGW) are sometimes melted and broken by high‐energy lightning strikes. Direct current (DC) arc tests simulating the lightning strikes have thus been performed to obtain the melting and breaking characteristics of OPGW strands. J‐Power Transmission Network Co., Ltd. has developed high strength and high‐corrosion‐resistant OPGW for long‐span 500 kV overhead transmission lines crossing straits. This paper describes the melting and breaking characteristics of the OPGW strands due to DC arc discharge simulating high‐energy lightning strike. In this research, the tests were performed using two kinds of arc, one was the arc supposing summer lightning whose polarity was negative with a relatively short duration, and the other was the arc supposing winter lightning whose polarity was positive with a relatively long duration. Furthermore, the calculations regarding the melting and breaking of OPGW strands were carried out, and the calculation results showed a tendency similar to the test results.
Current detection circuit in multiple parallel connection circuit of high‐power semiconductor modules
Authors: Katoh Miyu , Nagasu Masahiro , Suzuki Sosuke , Inaba Masamitsu , Ishikawa Katsumi
Published: October 2021

We are developing current‐detection technology that directly measures the main current of a high‐power semiconductor module using the wiring inductance of the module. In a previous study, we proposed a circuit that detects current by integrating the voltage generated in the wiring inductance between the sense emitter and emitter terminals of the IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) module. In this study, we developed a total current detection scheme for parallel‐connected modules. The basic principle of this scheme is that the total current can be obtained by the total of each voltage generated on the wiring inductance of each module. It was realized by using only one integrating circuit. A challenge for this study was avoiding reflection caused by impedance mismatch. We addressed this by adding a termination resistance with the same value as the characteristic impedance.
Strategies for greening the economy in three Nordic countries
Authors: Khan Jamil , Johansson Bengt , Hildingsson Roger
Published: October 2021

Green economy is a concept frequently used by governments and international institutions to promote sustainable transformations of the economy. In this study, we explore how the transition towards a green economy is being conceptualised in policy terms in the three Nordic countries Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Comparing these cases, we analyse strategic policy documents on green growth, circular economy, bioeconomy, low‐carbon transitions, and sustainable development. While comprehensive national policy strategies on the green economy are lacking, the studied documents display policy approaches that reflect different aspects of a green economic transformations, such as low‐carbon developments, promotion of environmental technology sectors, and enhanced circularity. Our findings indicate the presence of a transformative Nordic model for greening the economy, in which the state plays an active role in supporting innovation and technology development, facilitating cooperation among societal actors, and securing social welfare and human wellbeing. It is underpinned by optimism about the opportunity to reconcile economic growth with sustainable development, while more radical beyond growth approaches are strikingly absent, reflecting their marginal roles in the established policy discourse of these countries. Rather, concepts such as circular economy, sharing economy, and sustainable production and consumption are highlighted as central for greening the economy.
Ultrafine CoPt3 nanoparticles encapsulated in nitrogen‐doped carbon nanospheres for efficient water electrolysis
Authors: Bi Junlu , Zhai Xuejun , Chi Jingqi , Wu Xueke , Chen Shaojin , Wang Xinping , Wang Lei
Published: October 2021

Rational design of nanostructures with excellent activity and stability for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) to realize efficient hydrogen production is essential for renewable energy development and conversion. Here, we have designed a special pyrolysis reduction method for the synthesis of CoPt3 nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in N‐doped carbon nanospheres (CoPt3@NC). In this process, a facile impregnation combined with pyrolysis reduction strategy is carried out to produce well‐dispersed CoPt3 nanoparticles within the N‐doped carbon, and the resulting CoPt3@NC nanospheres with trace Pt content exhibit superior HER and OER activity to pure Pt@NC, which needs an ultralow overpotential of 65 mV and 360 mV to drive 10 mA/cm2 in 1.0 M KOH, respectively, and also with excellent long‐term durability. The excellent HER and OER activities of CoPt3@NC nanospheres are mainly ascribed to the high surface area, N‐doping, and synergistic effect between catalyst and carrier. This work provides a feasible strategy to design carbon‐based heterostructures with high catalytic activity and stable properties.
Glucose‐based carbon electrode for trace‐level detection of acetaminophen
Authors: Patil Vinoda B. , Sawkar Rakesh R. , Ilager Davalasab , Shetti Nagaraj P. , Tuwar Suresh M. , Aminabhavi Tejraj M.
Published: October 2021

A highly sensitive electrochemical method for trace‐level detection of acetaminophen (AMP) was employed using glucose‐based carbon electrode (Gu/CPE) by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Electrochemical properties of AMP were well suited in 0.2 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of pH 7.0 and peak intensity of AMP at the Gu/CPE was enhanced compared to the bare carbon paste electrode. Furthermore, the different parameters, such as pH of electrolyte, scan rate, accumulation time effects, were investigated by CV. The redox reaction of AMP was quasi‐reversible as controlled by a diffusion process with two protons and two electrons. As per DPV technique, a lower detection limit (LOD) of 3.72 × 10–8 M over a wide linearity range (0.6‐9.0 µM) was observed. The excipient study demonstrates the selectivity of the electrode toward the electrochemical detection of AMP. Furthermore, the electrode was utilized to quantify AMP in clinical and pharmaceutical samples.
Enzyme biosensor based on pH‐sensitive field‐effect transistors for assessment of total indole alkaloids content in tissue culture of Rauwolfia serpentina
Authors: Arkhypova Valentyna , Soldatkin Olexandr , Mozhylevska Lyudmyla , Konvalyuk Iryna , Kunakh Viktor , Dzyadevych Sergei
Published: October 2021

A laboratory prototype of enzyme biosensor based on pH‐sensitive field‐effect transistors has been created to determine the total content of indole alkaloids in Rauwolfia serpentina tissue culture. Enzyme acetylcholinesterase was immobilized on the surface of pH‐sensitive field‐effect transistors using glutaraldehyde for covalent crosslinking with bovine serum albumin. The biosensor was characterized by high sensitivity to the total content of indole alkaloids (minimum limit of determination 0.5 μg/ml in the juice obtained from Rauwolfia serpentina tissue culture). The linear range of biosensor determination was from 2 to 15 μg/ml of the total content of indole alkaloids. The analysis of indole alkaloids using a biosensor is easy and fast; unlike traditional methods, no expensive equipment and special sample preparation are required for analysis. The created biosensor could be further used to control the total content of indole alkaloids in modern biotechnological and pharmaceutical processes of the production of drugs and dietary supplements.
Improvement of microbial fuel cell performance using novel kaolin earthenware membrane coated with a polybenzimidazole layer
Authors: Daud Siti Mariam , Abu Bakar Mimi Hani , Wan Daud Wan Ramli , Kim Byung Hong , Md Jahim Jamaliah , Muchtar Andanastuti , Somalu Mahendra Roa , Lee Pak Hoe , Abdul Peer Mohamed
Published: October 2021

A proton exchange membrane (PEM) is one of the most critical and expensive components in a dual‐chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) that separates the anode and cathode chambers. The novel macroporous kaolin earthenware coated with polybenzimidazole (NKE‐PBI) fabricated in this study could become an alternative to PEM membranes. Briefly, PBI powder was dissolved in dimethylacetamide. Thereafter, NKE was fabricated at different porosities (10%, 20%, and 30%) using different starch powder volumes, which acted as pore‐forming agents. The NKE‐PBI with 30 vol% starch powder content produced the highest power output of 2450 ± 25 mW m−2 (10.50 A m−2) and internal resistance of 71 ± 19 Ω under batch mode operation. The MFC–PEM reactor generated the lowest power output at the highest internal resistance of up to 1300 ± 15 mW m−2 (3.7 A m−2) and 313 ± 16 Ω, respectively. In this study, the nonselective porous NKE coated with PBI membranes improved proton conduction activity and displayed comparable power performance with that of Nafion 117 in a dual‐chambered MFC. Therefore, a porous earthenware membrane coated with a proton conductor could become a potential separator in a scaled‐up MFC system for commercialization.
Mixed mean‐field power control solution for layered networks
Authors: Chen Jiamei , Li Xinyue , Wang Yao , Li Yufeng , Wang Yupeng
Published: October 2021

High‐density heterogeneous micro‐base stations are expected to be deployed in the next generation networks and they shall coexist with the existing macro‐base stations. In this article, we proposed a novel energy‐efficient power control algorithm by considering the energy consumption, interference coupling, and spatial‐temporal dynamic changes in the layered networks to support the future telecommunication users. First, the problem of power control is described as an original optimization problem and its related states and actions are defined. Then, a mixed mean‐field game (Mixed‐MFG) algorithm that combines the stochastic geometry theory and mean‐field theory is proposed to overcome the difficulties of the original problem and to optimize the power control policy. By considering the spatial‐temporal dynamics feature of the networks, we optimize the energy efficiency and reduce the coupling interference of the layered networks. The simulation results showed that the proposed Mixed‐MFG method outperforms the related methods in terms of energy efficiency utility while ensuring the quality of service.
Blocking Kallikrein 6 promotes developmental myelination
Authors: Yoon Hyesook , Triplet Erin M. , Simon Whitney L. , Choi Chan‐Il , Kleppe Laurel S. , De Vita Elena , Miller Aubry K. , Scarisbrick Isobel A.
Published: October 2021

Kallikrein related peptidase 6 (Klk6) is a secreted serine protease highly expressed in oligodendrocytes and implicated in demyelinating conditions. To gain insights into the significance of Klk6 to oligodendrocyte biology, we investigated the impact of global Klk6 gene knockout on CNS developmental myelination using the spinal cord of male and female mice as a model. Results demonstrate that constitutive loss of Klk6 expression accelerates oligodendrocyte differentiation developmentally, including increases in the expression of myelin proteins such as MBP, PLP and CNPase, in the number of CC‐1+ mature oligodendrocytes, and myelin thickness by the end of the first postnatal week. Co‐ordinate elevations in the pro‐myelinating signaling pathways ERK and AKT, expression of fatty acid 2‐hydroxylase, and myelin regulatory transcription factor were also observed in the spinal cord of 7d Klk6 knockouts. LC/MS/MS quantification of spinal cord lipids showed sphingosine and sphingomyelins to be elevated in Klk6 knockouts at the peak of myelination. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs)‐derived from Klk6 knockouts, or wild type OPCs‐treated with a Klk6 inhibitor (DFKZ‐251), also showed increased MBP and PLP. Moreover, inhibition of Klk6 in OPC cultures enhanced brain derived neurotrophic factor‐driven differentiation. Altogether, these findings suggest that oligodendrocyte‐derived Klk6 may operate as an autocrine or paracrine rheostat, or brake, on pro‐myelinating signaling serving to regulate myelin homeostasis developmentally and in the adult. These findings document for the first time that inhibition of Klk6 globally, or specifically in oligodendrocyte progenitors, is a strategy to increase early stages of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin production in the CNS.
Playing remotely in times of crisis: A program to overcome social isolation
Authors: Brandão Lenisa , Bauer Magda Aline , Haas Aline Nogueira , Silveira Raquel da Silva , Alves Camila Pereira , Souza Daiana Neri de , Beber Bárbara Costa , Oliveira Walter Ferreira de
Published: October 2021

Objectives

This study aims to examine the feasibility of an intergenerational remote intervention program designed to promote the wellbeing and social connection of vulnerable older adults, mainly people with aphasia and dementia during the COVID‐19 pandemic in the south of Brazil. Undergraduate students were guided to lead weekly sessions of clowning, storytelling, dancing, and cooking‐related activities for 3 months (from November/2020 to February/2021).

Method

The mixed‐method design of the study addresses the implementation and feasibility of the program. Data analysis considered both quantitative—number of individuals who accepted the invitation to participate, voluntary dropouts, attendance—and qualitative data—participative observation and thematic analysis of evaluative conversations. An inclusive group of 34 older adults with stroke‐induced cognitive impairments, dementia and individuals without any neurological conditions enrolled in the program based on social and racial equity principles. Feasibility and acceptability were addressed in terms of recruitment, implementation, remote evaluation, delivery of remote intervention, adherence, and attendance. Activities and participants' perceptions are described.

Results

The initial period of the program achieved 83.7% of adherence and sustainability for additional 3 months. Preliminary results suggest feasibility and acceptability, considering formal and informal support in digital inclusion. Participatory observations describe that the structure of sessions and activities were well received. The analysis of participants' perceptions detects the thematic saliency of feelings of social connection and a sense of having learned with the group.

Conclusions

Preliminary results of this study demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of the program, pointing to its potential mental health benefits.
Cardiometabolic risk factors associated with brain age and accelerated brain ageing
Authors: Beck Dani , de Lange Ann‐Marie G. , Pedersen Mads L. , Alnæs Dag , Maximov Ivan I. , Voldsbekk Irene , Richard Geneviève , Sanders Anne‐Marthe , Ulrichsen Kristine M. , Dørum Erlend S. , Kolskår Knut K. , Høgestøl Einar A. , Steen Nils Eiel , Djurovic Srdjan , Andreassen Ole A. , Nordvik Jan E. , Kaufmann Tobias , Westlye Lars T.
Published: October 2021

The structure and integrity of the ageing brain is interchangeably linked to physical health, and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRs) are associated with dementia and other brain disorders. In this mixed cross‐sectional and longitudinal study (interval mean = 19.7 months), including 790 healthy individuals (mean age = 46.7 years, 53% women), we investigated CMRs and health indicators including anthropometric measures, lifestyle factors, and blood biomarkers in relation to brain structure using MRI‐based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We performed tissue specific brain age prediction using machine learning and performed Bayesian multilevel modeling to assess changes in each CMR over time, their respective association with brain age gap (BAG), and their interaction effects with time and age on the tissue‐specific BAGs. The results showed credible associations between DTI‐based BAG and blood levels of phosphate and mean cell volume (MCV), and between T1‐based BAG and systolic blood pressure, smoking, pulse, and C‐reactive protein (CRP), indicating older‐appearing brains in people with higher cardiometabolic risk (smoking, higher blood pressure and pulse, low‐grade inflammation). Longitudinal evidence supported interactions between both BAGs and waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), and between DTI‐based BAG and systolic blood pressure and smoking, indicating accelerated ageing in people with higher cardiometabolic risk (smoking, higher blood pressure, and WHR). The results demonstrate that cardiometabolic risk factors are associated with brain ageing. While randomized controlled trials are needed to establish causality, our results indicate that public health initiatives and treatment strategies targeting modifiable cardiometabolic risk factors may also improve risk trajectories and delay brain ageing.
Shelter‐Based Integrated Model Is Effective in Scaling Up Hepatitis C Testing and Treatment in Persons Experiencing Homelessness
Authors: Khalili Mandana , Powell Jesse , Park Helen H. , Bush Dylan , Naugle Jessica , Ricco Margaret , Magee Catherine , Braimoh Grace , Zevin Barry , Fokuo J. Konadu , Masson Carmen L.
Published: October 2021

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence is high among people experiencing homelessness, but barriers to scaling up HCV testing and treatment persist. We aimed to implement onsite HCV testing and education and evaluate the effectiveness of low‐barrier linkage to HCV therapy among individuals accessing homeless shelters. HCV rapid testing was performed at four large shelters in San Francisco (SF) and Minneapolis (MN). Sociodemographic status, HCV risk, barriers to testing, and interest in therapy were captured. Participants received information about HCV. Those testing positive underwent formal HCV education and onsite therapy. Multivariable modeling assessed predictors of receipt of HCV therapy and sustained virologic response (SVR). A total of 766 clients were tested. Median age was 53.7 years, 68.2% were male participants, 46.3% were Black, 27.5% were White, 13.2% were Hispanic, and 57.7% had high school education or less; 162 (21.1%) were HCV antibody positive, 107 (66.0%) had detectable HCV RNA (82.1% with active drug use, 53.8% history of psychiatric illness), 66 (61.7%) received HCV therapy, and 81.8% achieved SVR. On multivariate analysis, shelter location (MN vs. SF, odds ratio [OR], 0.3; P = 0.01) and having a health care provider (OR, 4.1; P = 0.02) were associated with receipt of therapy. On intention to treat analysis, the only predictor of SVR when adjusted for age, sex, and race was HCV medication adherence (OR, 14.5; P = 0.01). Conclusion: Leveraging existing homeless shelter infrastructure was successful in enhancing HCV testing and treatment uptake. Despite high rates of active substance use, psychiatric illness, and suboptimal adherence, over 80% achieved HCV cure. This highlights the critical importance of integrated models in HCV elimination efforts in people experiencing homelessness that can be applied to other shelter settings.
Ergonomic evaluation and field validation of the insole padding system
Authors: Lee Yu‐Chi , Wang Mao‐Jiun
Published: October 2021

Insoles are typically worn to increase comfort in performing daily activities. Many studies have investigated the effects of insoles with different properties. This study performed an ergonomic evaluation of three insole types, with a focus on assessing the effectiveness of an insole padding system (IPS). The objectives of this study were (1) to perform an ergonomic evaluation of three insoles and (2) to perform a field validation study to examine the effectiveness of IPS wearing among nurses. The study involved two phases. In the first phase, 15 healthy females participated in an experiment evaluating three insoles (general flat insole, ergo‐insole, and IPS). The outcome measurements were electromyography activity of four muscles, plantar pressure distribution in seven zones, and subjective discomfort rating. In the second phase, 100 nurses were recruited for the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire survey and 43 nurses participated in the field evaluation study. The results indicated that walking with the IPS was associated with lower plantar pressures in the midfoot and heel regions. Participants who wore ergo‐insole and IPS exhibited lower overall subjective discomfort ratings. Lower‐extremity discomfort was significantly improved after wearing the IPS for 2 weeks. The findings of this study suggest that walking with the IPS can result in less discomfort in the lower extremities than walking with the conventional insoles. IPS wearing is effective in improving lower‐extremity discomfort in persons who require prolonged standing and walking in daily life.
Can family doctor contracted services facilitate orderly visits in the referral system? A frontier policy study from Shanghai, China
Authors: Huang Jiaoling , Liu Yan , Zhang Tao , Wang Luan , Liu Shanshan , Liang Hong , Zhang Yimin , Chen Gang , Liu Chengjun
Published: October 2021

Background

China committed to establishing a family doctor (FD)‐based referral system following the medical reform in 2009. This paper explored the effect of FD on establishing the anticipated system.

Methods

Two waves of survey were conducted in Shanghai, China. 2754 and 1995 individuals were sampled in 2013 and 2016 respectively. We compared orderly visiting behaviour between contracted and non‐contracted residents. Logistic regression models were performed to further test the effect of FD on orderly visits.

Results

More contracted residents first‐contacted community health service centres (CHSCs; 45.48%) than non‐contracted residents (28.93%). Contracted residents were also more likely to refer to specialists via CHSCs than the non‐contracted (9.84% vs. 2.60%). The odds ratio (OR) for first‐contact at CHSCs by contract status was 1.569 in 2013, but increased to 1.675 in 2016. Being contracted with a FD was associated with referral behaviour, but the OR declined from 2.692 to 2.487 over years.

Conclusion

The survey from Shanghai showed that FD had a significant effect on attracting first‐contact at CHSCs and referral via CHSCs; however, the effect on the latter decreased. The effectiveness of the FD role on referral behaviour requires a well‐established referral system, which has not yet been completely achieved in China.
Leaderlessness in social movements: Advancing space, symbols, and spectacle as modes of “Leadership”
Authors: Keshtiban Amir E. , Callahan Jamie L. , Harris Martin
Published: October 2021

The emergence of the Occupy movements along with other social movements in 2011 elevated the idea of radically decentralized “leaderless” social movement organizations. We argue that looking at such an alternative, horizontalist form of organizing presents an opportunity to reframe how we understand leadership. This paper illustrates how the coordination of the Occupy London movement was accomplished horizontally in the absence of formal organization, leadership, or authority structures. Using an ethnographic approach, we show how this movement generated a “multimodal” repertoire of protest that included (1) the politically effective occupation of urban space; (2) the ability to deploy symbols as compelling forms of aesthetic questioning; and (3) the creation of politically charged spectacles that allowed the movement to appropriate the news agendas of established broadcast media. The findings of this paper challenge the language of leadership and contribute to understandings of feminist forms of leadership and leaderless organizing by explaining one way that “leadership” occurs in horizontal organizational structures such as social movements. Namely we demonstrate how the modes of space, symbols, and spectacles effectively replace the role of “leader” in the absence of formal organizational structures.
Investigating the multidimensionality of informal learning: Validation of a short measure for white‐collar workers
Authors: Decius Julian , Knappstein Michael , Schaper Niclas , Seifert Andreas
Published: October 2021

The challenges resulting from increasing digitalization and globalization require flexible continuing education for white‐collar workers. Especially informal learning becomes increasingly important in the modern workplace. Practitioners want to promote informal learning among employees, researchers want to unveil conducive contextual conditions for informal learning, but they lack an appropriate, validated measure. Based on the octagon model of informal workplace learning (Decius et al.,Human Resource Development Quarterly, 2019, 30, 495–535) and an existing 24‐item scale for blue‐collar workers, we present a short version of eight items for use among white‐collar workers. Using three independent samples of 695, 500, and 3134 German employees, we show that the second‐order factor structure—following the multidimensional octagon model—has a better fit compared with a model in which all items load on a single factor. The short scale is strongly correlated with the original full scale. The scale's reliability is satisfying (α = 0.76/0.77/0.85; ω = 0.78/0.78/0.86), considering the heterogeneous conceptual nature of informal learning. Regarding criterion validity, we found theoretically expected correlations with job demands, job autonomy, knowledge/skill acquisition, age, and self‐directed learning orientation. Furthermore, the scale reveals measurement invariance across sociodemographic characteristics of gender and educational background. We also discuss implications for research and practice of the new informal learning measure among white‐collar workers.
Etiology of viral respiratory tract infections in hospitalized adults, and evidence of the high frequency of prehospitalization antibiotic treatment in Norway
Authors: Debes Sara , Haug Jon Birger , de Blasio Birgitte Freiesleben , Jonassen Christine Monceyron , Dudman Susanne Gjeruldsen
Published: October 2021

Background and aims

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) cause considerable morbidity and mortality in all age groups, but the epidemiology and role of several of the viral RTIs in the adult and elderly patients are still unclear, as is the extent of prehospitalization antibacterial drug use in this population.

Methods

We conducted a three‐year (2015‐2018) observational study of viral RTIs in hospitalized patients in a 500‐bed hospital in Southeastern Norway, including all patients ≥18 years with RTI symptoms where one of the following viral agents was detected in a respiratory specimen (Seegene Allplex): Influenza A/B, RSV A/B, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), adenovirus and parainfluenza virus 1‐4. Viral findings, demographical data, and information on prehospital antibiotic prescriptions were recorded.

Results

In 1182 patients 1222 viral infection events occurred. The mean patient age was 69.6 years, and 53% were females. Influenza virus A/B (63%), RSV A/B (15%) and hMPV (13%) were the most common agents detected. The proportional burden of influenza A H1 was found to be relatively high (65%) in the age groups <69 years, compared to older patients (P = .001, chi‐square).

As many as 20% of the patients had been treated with antibiotics prior to admission, with the lowest rate for influenza A H3 group at 17% (P = .036, chi‐square), and highest for the RSV group at 28% (P = .004, chi‐square).

Oseltamivir was prescribed prior to hospitalization in only 3 cases (0.2%).

Conclusions

We found a high rate of prehospital antibiotic prescription in adults hospitalized with viral RTIs, warranting better stewardship programs to tackle the increasing antibiotic resistance problem.
Mental health among Thai medical students: Preadmission evaluation and service utilization
Authors: Chiddaycha Mayteewat , Wainipitapong Sorawit
Published: October 2021

Background and Aims

Mental illness among medical students is common. Identifying at‐risk students can be beneficial in terms of prevention and treatment. This study examined the association between preadmission mental health evaluation and mental health service utilization among Thai medical students.

Methods

The authors collected data from all first‐ to sixth‐year students at one university hospital and three affiliated hospitals during the 2014 to 2019 academic year (n = 1642). Preadmission mental health was evaluated using the Thai Mental Health Indicators 66 (TMHI‐66) questionnaire. Data from mental health service utilization included the dates of service and the clinical diagnosis. Data were analyzed using Cox regression, adjusted for sex, hometown, and affiliated hospital.

Results

The prevalence of poor mental health was found to be 3.7% based on TMHI‐66 results. The proportion of all students who sought mental health services was 8.3%, and they were mostly diagnosed with depressive disorder (3%), adjustment disorder (1.9%), and anxiety disorder (1.9%). Students with positive TMHI‐66 results were more likely to seek out services at the faculty counseling center for one or more mental health problems (Hazard ratio [HR] = 2.11, 95% CI 1.11‐4.04, P = .024).

Conclusion

Preadmission mental health was found to be associated with mental health service utilization. Depressive disorder was the most frequent mental illness among Thai medical students utilizing the faculty counseling services. Still, the number was far lower than the reported prevalence of mental disorders due to various reasons. Further studies are needed to investigate risk and protective factors for mental disorders to better promote mental health and encourage mental health service utilization in targeted students throughout medical education.
Effect of a turbocharger and EGR on the performance and emission characteristics of a CRDI small diesel engine
Authors: Dond Dipak K. , Gulhane Nitin P.
Published: October 2021

Limited fuel capacity and pollution are major concerns in the automobile industry. Methods to tackle these issues are continuously being investigated. The present work represents the experimental evaluation of a turbocharger and exhaust gas recirculation's (EGR's) combined effect on the common rail direct injection (CRDI) small diesel engine's performance and emission attributes. The fuel handling CRDI system variables, such as injection pressure, split injection timing, and fuel injection quantity along with EGR and turbocharger technology were considered for the study. Experiments were conducted with and without EGR and turbocharger conditions. Efforts are made to correlate the performance and emission characteristics with and without EGR and turbochargers. A combination of turbocharger and EGR shows much more lowering in nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbon emission at the cost of a slight rise in smoke percentage. The thermal efficiency and fuel economy of the engine show a significant improvement for the turbocharger system. Overall, turbocharger and EGR combinations positively impact the engine characteristics compared to the conventional mechanical fuel injection system.
Chirality Retention in Aqueous Propylene Oxide Hydration: Chirality of the Transition State
Authors: Shukla N. , Yu M. , Pradhan A. , Han Y. , Gellman A. J.
Published: October 2021

The hydration kinetics of enantiomerically pure propylene oxide (PO, CH3*CHCH2O) to chiral propylene glycol (PG, CH3*CH(OH)CH2OH) in aqueous solution have been studied using FTIR while simultaneously monitoring the net chirality of the reaction mixture. The hydration reaction appears to be first‐order in the PO concentration with a rate constant of
0.05 hr−1. More importantly, the reaction is enantioselective; the product PG retains the chirality of the 2C carbon in PO with ∼2 : 1 selectivity. The fact that there is some inversion of the chirality suggests that the dominant transition state is one in which the 2C−O bond in PO is cleaved, resulting in a close to planar transition state capable of inversion during hydration. If the transition state involved 1C−O cleavage it would retain the rigid chiral center of the PO reactant, preventing significant inversion.
Clinical impact of antibodies to Sp100 on a bacterial infection in patients with primary biliary cholangitis
Authors: Himoto Takashi , Yamamoto Shuhei , Morimoto Kaho , Tada Satoshi , Mimura Shima , Fujita Koji , Tani Joji , Morishita Asahiro , Masaki Tsutomu
Published: October 2021

Background

A specific antinuclear antibody for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is anti‐Sp100, which was recognized as a serological marker of concurrent urinary tract infection. We sought to determine the clinical characteristics of PBC patients who had anti‐Sp100.

Patients and Methods

Fifty‐one patients with PBC and 10 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled. Anti‐Sp100 were determined with an ELISA method. Lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein (LBP) was measured as a serological hallmark for bacterial infection. The correlations of anti‐Sp100 with demographic, laboratory, and pathological parameters were investigated.

Results

Six of the 51 (11.8%) PBC patients had anti‐Sp100, whereas none of the HCs did. There was no significant difference in the frequency of antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) between PBC patients with and without anti‐Sp100 (67% vs. 82%, p = 0.5839). Biochemical and immunological parameters were not associated with the emergence of anti‐Sp100 in these patients. The clinical stage by Scheuer classification was not correlated with the existence of anti‐Sp100. No significant difference in the serum LBP levels was found between PBC patients with and without anti‐Sp‐100, although serum LBP levels were significantly higher in PBC patients with anti‐Sp100 than in HCs (8.30 ± 2.24 ng/ml, vs. 5.12 ± 2.48 ng/ml, p = 0.0022). The frequency of granuloma formation was higher in the liver specimens of PBC patients with anti‐Sp100 than in those without anti‐Sp100 (67% vs 29%, p = 0.0710).

Conclusion

anti‐Sp100 does not become a complementary serological marker for PBC in AMA‐negative patients. A bacterial infection may trigger the production of anti‐Sp100. Another factor is required to initiate the autoantibody production.
Association of lymphocyte subsets with mortality in severe COVID‐19 pneumonia patients
Authors: Ashrafi Farzaneh , Nematollahi Pardis , Salmasi Mehrzad , Hedayat Arash , Amra Babak
Published: October 2021

Background

Few studies have investigated the alterations in the T and B cell counts and related subgroups in pulmonary infections especially COVID‐19. Here, we aimed to evaluate total T and B lymphocytes and T cell subgroup counts to find the possible correlation between number of these cells and severity and mortality in COVID‐19 patients.

Methods

This study was performed on 40 patients with severe COVID‐19 infection confirmed by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and chest HRCT in August 2020. By the time of admission, T lymphocytes profile in peripheral blood was investigated using multicolor flow cytometry. The total number of T lymphocytes, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and B lymphocytes were calculated. Expression of CD2, CD3, CD5, and CD7 as pan T cell surface markers and expression of CD38 and HLA‐DR as activated markers on T lymphocytes were also evaluated.

Results

Nine patients (22.5%) died during the study and 16 patients (40%) were admitted to ICU. Deceased patients demonstrated lower amounts of T cell count and CD4+ T cell count (with a marginal difference (p = 0.07)) compared with survived patients at the time of admission. The chance of mortality was significantly higher for patients with CD7 loss (OR = 14.89). A marginally significant relationship was also indicated between CD4<200/ml and mortality (OR = 8.65), but no other significant relationships were observed between variables and ICU admission.

Conclusion

Altogether, CD7 loss on T lymphocytes and CD4+ T cell count below 200/ml revealed a significant relationship with mortality. Considering T lymphocytes and T cell subgroup count could have a predictive value for patients suffering from COVID‐19.