bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brief Communications
Authors: Tappen N. C.
Published: November 2004

A Mechanistic Theory of Human Evolution
Book Reviews
Authors: Gillen John
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

GENERAL AND THEORETICAL: Ways of Mankind: Thirteen Dramas of Peoples of the World and How They Live. Lister Sinclair, Len Peterson, Eugene Hallman, George Salverson. Walter Goldschmidt

GENERAL AND THEORETICAL: The Ways of Mankind, Series I

GENERAL AND THEORETICAL: The Ways of Mankind, Series II
Book Reviews
Authors: Miner Horace
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: The Azande, and Related Peoples of the Anglo‐Egyptian Sudan and Belgian Congo. P. T. W. Baxter and Audrey Butt.

ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. I. M. Lewis.
Book Reviews
Authors: Shimkin D. B.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

REVIEW ARTICLE: Les Lapons des Montagues Suédoises. Ernst Manker.

REVIEW ARTICLE: Changing Lapps: A Study in Culture Relations in Northernmost Norway. Gutorm Gjessing.

REVIEW ARTICLE: Social Relations in a Nomadic Lappish Community. Ian Whitaker. Preface by Sibjorn Nesheim.
Book Reviews
Authors: Bates Marston
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Evolution: The Ages and Tomorrow. G. Murray McKinley.

Psychology, Evolution and Sex. Cecil P. Martin.
Book Reviews
Authors: Landes Ruth
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

OTHER: Social Perspectives on Behavior. Herman Stein and Richard A. Cloward (Eds.)

OTHER: Industrial Society and Social Welfare. Harold L. Wilensky and Charles N. Lebeaux
Book Reviews
Authors: Freedman Ronald
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

OTHER: The Population Ahead. Roy G. Francis (Ed.)

OTHER: Recent Trends in Fertility in Industrialized Countries
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Stephen P. , Dunn Ethel
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Sibirskii etnograficheskii sbomik III. L. P. Potapov (ed.).

Sibirskii etnograficheskii sbornik IV. B. O. Dolgikh (ed.).
An Ethnographic Approach to Social Stratification: Prestige in a Central Italian Community1
Authors: SILVERMAN SYDEL F.
Published: November 2004

The ethnographic strategy that works toward the formulation of a culture's rules for perceiving the objective world and for making culturally acceptable decisions was applied to the system of social stratification in a community in Central Italy. In order to determine the native categories by which persons are hierarchically differentiated, the criteria that define these categories, and the indicators by which criteria are judged to have been met, a field method was devised requiring informants to demonstrate the principles of their system. Some of the problems and potentialities of the approach are illustrated by the results obtained in Colleverde.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Stainbrook Edward
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Magic, Faith, and Healing: Studies in Primitive Psychiatry Today. Ari Kiev

Approaches to Cross‐Cultural Psychiatry. Jane M. Murphy and Alexander H. Leighton
Early Upper Pleistocene Adaptations in the Levant1
Authors: BINFORD SALLY R.
Published: November 2004

Human remains firmly associated with Mousterian artifacts and exhibiting characteristics transitional between those of Neanderthal and fully modern man are known from two Levantine sites. A survey of the archeological evidence suggests that three climatic zones were differentially exploited by Neanderthal man and that some of the sites document a shift in subsistence away from a generalized hunting pattern to the specialized hunting of large, migratory herd animals. The hypothesis is offered that the formal changes documented for the Upper Paleolithic occurred in response to this basic shift in human ecology.
Factionalism in a Haryana Village1
Authors: YADAVA J. S.
Published: November 2004

Although factionalism in human societies has attracted the attention of many anthropologists, its conceptualization is not very distinct. In this study an attempt has been made to reexamine the issue in the light of empirical case material from a village in the state of Haryana (India). The questions considered are (1) the causes and the operation of increased factionalism in this village over a period of twenty‐five years and (2) the nature, scope, and functions of these factions. The study suggests that the factions are ephemeral interest‐oriented groups that are formed on nontraditional bases of social organization and operate on the political as well as the social level. It seems that the ambiguity of sociocultural norms in situations of accelerated sociocultural change leads to a growth of factionalism, particularly when there are new opportunities and an attendant spirit of competition.
The 150% Man, a Product of Blackfeet Acculturation1
Authors: McFEE MALCOLM
Published: November 2004

Some work with the “levels of acculturation” concept seems to assume a continuum of change and often entails an unintended correlate of cultural loss and replacement. An assessment of individuals among the Blackfeet using two scales, one a measure of Indian orientation and the other of White orientation, reveals that this view may be incorrect. New ways can be learned without abandoning the old. The bicultural reservation community provides a variety of roles and situations for selective use of both. It is suggested that a matrix model would be more meaningful than the continuum model for the assessment of individual acculturation, and that more attention should be paid to situational factors.
The “Hawaiian Cultural Revolution”: Some Political and Economic Considerations
Authors: DAVENPORT WILLIAM
Published: November 2004

Acculturation, culture fatigue, and cultural evolution have all been offered as explanations of the Hawaiian Cultural Revolution. All of these are concerned with cultural processes. The relevant historical and ethnographic data on this unique event are summarized here, and a different interpretation of them is offered. This interpretation is that the events that precipitated the so‐called Cultural Revolution can also be regarded as political responses deliberately made by the legitimate government of Hawaii to alleviate a severe political and economic crisis.
Democracy in a Traditional Society: Two Hypotheses on Role
Authors: HUGHES DANIEL T.
Published: November 2004

Over the last twenty years a democratic political system has been introduced into the Micronesian Islands of the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific. This article reports on two hypotheses concerning sociopolitical change tested on the island of Ponape in the Trust Territory. The first hypothesis considers the possible difference in the rate of acceptance between new leadership roles with traditional counterparts and those with no such counterparts. The second hypothesis deals with the influence of traditional social status on the enactment of newly introduced leadership roles. It is suggested that the factors influencing the rate of change in the political system will also be operative in other modernization processes, such as economic development.
Some Comparisons between Gypsy (North American ŗrom) and American English Kinship Terms1
Authors: Cohn Werner
Published: November 2004

The semantic structure (in the area of kinship terminology) of the language of certain North American Gypsies is compared to that of North American English. The resemblance is great, but there are certain important differences, particularly in the terminology for affines. These differences are related to cultural differences and can be seen most strikingly by a study of the Gypsy institution of the bride price.
A Comparison of Three Measures of Social Complexity1
Authors: Schaefer James M.
Published: November 2004

Quantitative measures of social complexity derived from three different research endeavors are compared statistically for the same fifty societies. The scales are found to be correlated at a high level of significance; this suggests that the variables used are valid indicators of degree of social complexity and development.
Marital Relations in the Jos Plateau of Nigeria: Women's Weapons: The Politics of Domesticity among the Kofyar
Authors: NETTING ROBERT McC.
Published: November 2004

Women in Kofyar society appear to have considerable independence and social power though their institutionalized roles in patrilineal kin groups and village politics are minimal, they own little property, they marry virilocally, and they play a subordinate part in religious observances. They do, however, make important economic decisions in allocating their own incomes and labor services. They also have the right to either terminate their marriages or to accept lovers in a socially recognized relationship. With a relatively unimportant sexual division of labor and limited marital and economic control, husbands are able to achieve little domestic authority over their wives. There are some indications that male distinctness and dominance are asserted chiefly, though not entirely successfully, in symbolic terms through sex‐segregated rites and ritual injunctions. [West Africa, Kofyar, sex roles, marital stability, divorce]
The Fertility of Melanesian Girls, Laboratory Mice, and Prostitutes: A Comment on the “Bruce Effect”
Authors: Chowning Ann
Published: November 2004

Greenfield has recently proposed that low fertility in both prostitutes and unmarried Trobriand girls may be explained by the “Bruce effect”: the inhibition of pregnancy in female mice that have had intercourse with different males within a short period. An examination of Malinowski's data indicates that a Trobriand girl usually had intercourse with only one man over a fairly long period and her sex life was not at all comparable to that of a prostitute or one of Bruce's mice. Low fertility in unmarried girls has been well documented for several Melanesian societies that differ notably in the behavior permitted to girls. The existence of so‐called adolescent sterility still seems to be the best explanation to cover all of these cases. [fertility, sexual behavior, Melanesia]
Synergy: Some Notes of Ruth Benedict1
Authors: MASLOW ABRAHAM H. , HONIGMANN JOHN J. , Mead Margaret
Published: November 2004

Excerpts from 1941 lectures by Ruth Benedict call attention to the correlation between social structure and character structure, especially aggressiveness. Social orders characterized by high or low synergy, by a syphon or a funnel system of economic distribution, are compared for their different capacities to support or humiliate the individual, render him secure or anxious, or to minimize or maximize aggression. Religion, an institution in which people apotheosize the cooperation or aggression their cultural life arouses, differs between societies with high and low synergy.
Bodily Proportions as Guides to Lineal Measurements among the Blackfoot Indians
Authors: Ewers John C.
Published: November 2004

Elderly Blackfoot informants a quarter century ago recalled certain bodily proportions used by craftsmen and women as guides to lineal measurement in prereservation days. Still other measurements of similar character appear to have been introduced to these Indians by white traders. [Blackfoot, Assiniboin, Omaha, measurements, arrow‐making, trade goods]
The Technique of Chordal Singing in the Tibetan Style
Authors: Ellingson Terry
Published: November 2004

The unique solo singing of chords by individual Tibetan monks can be duplicated by use of the technique of inhalation singing. Interval combinations that can be sung indicate that the chords consist not of acoustically reinforced harmonics of their lowest notes, but of distinct and separately produced tones. The singing experience is related to Tibetan yoga practices, and the listening experience to Western vocal styles.
A Relational Analysis of American Kinship Terminology
Authors: Wallace Anthony F. C.
Published: November 2004

As an alternative to traditional semantic analysis using class‐product logic (“Componential analysis”), it is proposed that the possibilities of analysis in terms of relative products be explored in appropriate lexical‐taxonomic domains, particularly kinship. In such analyses the order of components is intrinsic to meaning. The process is illustrated by an analysis of American kinship terminology.
Cultural Evolution in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene of Southeast Asia1
Authors: DUNN FREDERICK L.
Published: November 2004

Cultural adaptation and change in mainland and insular southeast Asia in the late Pleistocene and early to middle Holocene are examined in this paper with the aid of several concepts borrowed from population genetics. The concepts of cultural flow, cultural homeostasis, the cultural pool, and the cultural isolate prove particularly useful in interpreting the prehistoric record in the area in the broadest possible terms. Two areal traditions, the “conservative” and the “innovative,” emerge from the analysis and are formally defined.
Testing for Validity and Reliability in Cross‐Cultural Research
Authors: Rohner Ronald P. , Katz Leonard
Published: November 2004

A set of procedures is offered for assessing interraler reliability and certain aspects of validity of codes in cross‐cultural studies. The method assumes that at least two independent raters have coded more than one trait. Each trait coded by one rater is correlated with each trait coded by a second, and all the codings by a single rater are intercorrelated with each other. The results are presented in a multitrait‐multi‐rater matrix. From this matrix it is possible to determine the interrater reliability and discriminant validity of trails in addition to a higher order concept based on pairs of traits.
What Have We Learned from Cross‐Cultural Surveys?1
Authors: Naroll Raoul
Published: November 2004

This is a review of cross‐cultural surveys. The tasks and problems of such surveys are reviewed and a system of evaluating their validity is presented. Surveys of kinship have shown the validity of a developmental pattern in residence rules, descent rules, and kin terms; much has been learned about kin avoidances and much suggested about inheritance, marriage, and divorce patterns. Surveys of cultural evolution have established the validity of seven major elements of cultural evolution and firmly linked these to archeological findings; evolutionary links to several aspects of life style have also been shown or suggested. Many surveys have shown relationships between child training and adult behavior and between social settings and antisocial behavior, but the nature of the linkages remains largely unsettled. Unresolved too are most conflicts between rival modes of explanation of functional conundrums, such as puberty rites and unilateral cross‐cousin marriage. Factor analyses of large trait matrices have shown the importance of at least five major factors.
Kujaama: Symbolic Separation among the Diola‐Fogny1
Authors: Sapir J. David
Published: November 2004

The Diola‐Fogny concept of kujaama represents a complex symbol that defines a set of pollution rules having to do mainly with blood and food avoidance between generations and between husband and wife at the death of one or the other. Analysis of the diverse manifestations of kujaama shows that each represents but one variant of a general principle, that is, the inauspiciousness of mixing separate categories. Further analysis places kujaama in the larger context of Fogny moral life and places the rituals associated with kujaama in the “grammar” of ritual acts and gestures.
Magic: A Problem in Semantics
Authors: Hammond Dorothy
Published: November 2004

Anthropologists, from Tylor to the present, have so defined magic that, although it might shade into or overlap with religion, it is a separate phenomenon distinct from religion. Theorists have made different features the chief means of differentiation, but no matter how defined the distinction cannot be easily or consistently maintained. This paper suggests that the concept of magic as a distinct entity is the factitious result of ethnocentric classification, and that magic should be included within religion as one type of the practices of which religious ritual is composed.
The Rapan Theory of Conception
Authors: Hanson F. Allan
Published: November 2004

People in Rapa, French Polynesia, attempt to limit their families by abstaining from intercourse during the time they think the woman is most likely to conceive. They have little success with this method of contraception, largely because they believe conception occurs during the three or four days immediately following menstruation. This placement of the fertile period is based on a theory of reproduction quite different from that currently prevailing in the West. The Rapan theory is explained, and other societies holding similar ideas concerning the fertile period are indicated.
The Cure and Feeding of Windigos: A Critique
Authors: BROWN JENNIFER
Published: November 2004

This paper suggests that, contrary to a view recently expressed, the usual treatment of windigo psychosis is not nutritional in nature. When ingestion is involved (which is rare), its sequel (vomiting to expell the windigo heart of ice) is given more curative importance, challenging the view that the northern Algonquians somehow “grasped” the idea of a nutritive cure for windigos. Nor is evidence, at this point, clear on nutritional causes of windigo.
Psychosocial Homeostasis and Jen: Conceptual Tools for Advancing Psychological Anthropology
Authors: HSU FRANCIS L. K.
Published: November 2004

Personality is a Western concept rooted in individualism. The basic importance accorded it in psychological anthropology has obscured our understanding of how Western man lives in Western society and culture, or how any man lives in any society and culture. What is missing is the central ingredient in the human mode of existence: man's relationship with his fellow men. The concepts of psychosocial homeostasis and jen are designed to extricate our subdiscipline from this intellectual prison. The first describes the process whereby every human individual tends to seek certain kinds of affective involvement with some of his fellow humans. The second refers to the internal and external limits of the individual's affective involvement. With the aid of five major hypotheses based on these concepts, a review is made in a new light of familiar facts drawn from China, the United States, and Japan.
KINSHIP, DESCENT, AND RESIDENCE IN MADAGASCAR (AIDAN SOUTHALL, sub‐editor): Ideology and Group Composition in Madagascar1
Authors: SOUTHALL AIDAN
Published: November 2004

The changing interpretation of various Malagasy kinship systems is discussed in relation to the validity of the distinction between agnatic and cognatic in principle and practice, to the geographically and culturally intercalary position of Madagascar between Africa, Indonesia and the Middle East, and to the relation between variations in kinship ideologies and groupings on the one hand and ecological pressures on the other.
The Ideological Bases of Lévi‐Strauss's Structuralism
Authors: NUTINI HUGO G.
Published: November 2004

It is clear that Lévi‐Strauss combines in his writings, and often inextricably, the roles of anthropologist (read scientist) and philosopher (read ideologist). This rather unusual combination of anthropological and philosophical dimensions of Lévi‐Strauss's thought is the result of two tendencies that often seem to be pulling in different directions: his scientific conception of socio‐cultural phenomena (or the delineation of a scientific method for harnessing human behavior under the rubric of sociological laws), on the one hand, and his conception of what society should be (or the ideological statement of what constitutes a “good sociological life”), on the other. In order to understand the nature of structuralism and Lévi‐Strauss's contributions to anthropological theory and practice, these two aspects of his thought must be clearly distinguished. This is what I hope to accomplish in this article.
Zoology and Chronology in Prehistory
Authors: BOGNÁR‐KUTZIÁN IDA
Published: November 2004

Because the ravages of time permit only a sketchy reconstruction of the manifold reality of prehistoric life, the archaeologist turns to other scientific disciplines to increase his understanding of the extant evidence. New sources, conveying even methodological suggestions, are made available to the archaeologist. On the other hand, archaeology contributes to the other disciplines, chiefly in elucidating the origin and formation of processes. This paper discusses the contribution of S. Bökönyi, a zoologist, to the archaeology of Hungary, and the application of the horizon concept to the chronology of the area.
Evolution of the Human Canine Tooth1
Authors: KINZEY WARREN G.
Published: November 2004

This paper examines the evidence for the orthodox view that man evolved from a prehominid ancestor with large maxillary canine teeth. Middle Pleistocene hominids with canines larger than those of modern man provide questionable evidence, since those of earlier hominids were smaller. Available fossil evidence supports the view that claims for a large canine in human ancestry have been exaggerated.
Clans as Genetic Barriers1
Authors: MORTON N. E. , IMAIZUMI Y. , HARRIS D. E.
Published: November 2004

Intermarrying clans represent negligible genetic barriers, which may well be ignored in modeling human population structure. Sections and circulating connubia also have little effect on the mean coefficient of kinship between random individuals, but have larger effects on the coefficient of inbreeding, which in extreme cases may be nearly twice as great as in the absence of a prescribed marriage system. The use of exchange matrices to infer genetic properties of idealized and actual mating systems is illustrated and discussed.
Evolutionary Implications of Changing Nutritional Patterns in Human Populations
Authors: Stini William A.
Published: November 2004

Malnutrition is a widespread problem in the tropical regions of the world, the same areas which are believed to be man's ancestral home. Much of the adaptive complex characterizing contemporary Homo sapiens was assembled during the period of at least partial reliance on dietary intake of animal protein. Adjustments to low protein intake are most difficult during the period of growth and development. Selection against individuals unable to make suitable adjustments exerts pressure on the human population to retain adaptability while maintaining appropriate body proportions and sexual dimorphisms for body size.
Eastern Dakota Clans: The Solution of a Problem1
Authors: Stipe Claude E.
Published: November 2004

Although some anthropologists have categorically stated that the Eastern Dakota had patrilineal clans, the evidence is tenuous enough that the situation has been termed “puzzling.” I demonstrate here that the attribution of clans is based on an uncritical use of 18th and 19th century sources, none of which presents valid evidence for the existence of clans, and conclude the clans never actually existed.
The Representative Mediator and the New Peasant1
Authors: Löffler Reinhold
Published: November 2004

A case study introduces a type of cultural mediator of different characteristics from the patron‐Kijaji type. This representative mediator is an indigenous member of the peasant society, occupies a structural position on that level and aspires ardently to generate change in the external and internal affairs of his village. These conditions then pattern the processes by which he maintains his position, validates his actions, exerts his influence, and carries out his mediation functions. The concept of representative mediator reveals common trends in a variety of leaders reported in the anthropological literature, and calls for a revision of the anthropological notion of the “apathetic and quiescent” peasant.
Settlement Patterns and Intrasite Variability in the Central Negev, Israel1
Authors: Marks Anthony E.
Published: November 2004

Settlement pattern studies in two areas within the Central Negev reveal variations seemingly related to local resources. Near Avdat, the availability of flint may have attracted Middle Paleolithic peoples while Upper Paleolithic occupations are densest and largest near perennial springs. In the Har Harif, no Middle Paleolithic occupations are documented, and the paucity of springs in the survey area is paralleled by the sparse Upper Paleolithic occupation. Large Epipaleolithic sites are abundant in the region, indicating somewhat wetter conditions. Considerable intrasite patterning in artifact distribution is noted at three sites which have been examined in preliminary fashion.
The Asturian of Cantabria: Subsistence Base and the Evidence for Post‐Pleistocene Climatic Shifts1
Authors: Clark Geoffrey A.
Published: November 2004

Recent examination of materials from the pre‐neolithic (C14 age 7004±165 B.P.‐8909±185B.P.) Asturian occupations of Cantabrian Spain indicates exploitation of two major bodies of animal resources: (1) mammals especially woodland and forest‐edge adapted ungulates (with a secondary concentration on alpine forms) and (2) marine molluscs, with intensive selection for limpets and topshell, littoral species from the intertidal zone. The pattern of site location seems optimal for collection of coastal, forest, and montane resources with a minimum of effort, The composition of shellfish assemblages from the sites suggests that the Asturian occupation witnessed a climatic regimen somewhat warmer than that today.
On the Evolutionary Foundations of Language
Authors: HILL JANE H.
Published: November 2004

New data on the cognitive capacities of other primates requires a reevaluation of our position on the nature of human language and the factors that led to its development. Pressures on the limited display system of the social primates may have made changes in the vocal tract anatomy of man associated with the development of upright posture of great selective importance. Human vocal tract anatomy may be at least as important as brain capacity in accounting for the origins of human language. An apparent upper age limit on efficient language acquisition in man leads to the “foreign accent” phenomenon. This may have been adoptively significant as a device which helped in the maintenance of a population structure in which rapid genetic change was possible. Embedding in language may represent a cognitive ability that is also reflected in the capacity for cultural variation, and may be extremely important in maintaining efficient population structure and in selecting for increasing intelligence.
Licking of the Neonate and Duration of Labor in Great Apes and Man
Authors: LINDBURG D. G. , HAZELL LESTER DESSEZ
Published: November 2004

An hypothesis recently advanced by Montagu relates the cutaneous stimulation of prolonged labor in great apes and man to the proper functioning of the newborn. These exceptional primates, according to Montagu, do not therefore stimulate the newborn by licking, as is the case for mammals in which labor is of short duration. Though man is believed to differ from other primates, especially the apes, in duration and difficulty of labor, we present data to show that the case at present rests on unstandardized measures of durations and on incomplete anatomical arguments. Until more objective criteria for charting the progress of labor are developed, there is no way of knowing if the assumption of a significant difference is correct. In any case, there seems to be no valid basis for linking differences in labor among primates with different forms of postpartum care, of which licking is but one example.
Voodoo Death: Some New Thoughts on an Old Phenomenon
Authors: LESTER DAVID
Published: November 2004

Criticisms of the validity of the phenomenon of death by suggestion are reviewed and rebutted. Two theories of the mechanism of death by suggestion, proposed by Cannon and Richter, are described, and a new theory is proposed. The new theory is based on Engel's concept of the giving up‐given up complex in medically ill patients and is shown to be capable of generating testable predictions about the phenomenon of voodoo death.
BOOKS REVIEWS
Authors: JANZEN JOHN M.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Development and Change: Africana Collecta: Beiträge zum Studium von Politik, Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft afrikanischer Länder. (Studies on Politics, Social Institutions, and Economics of African Countries.) DIETER OBERNDÖRFER, ed

Development and Change: Einheimische Genossenschaften in Afrika: Formen wirtschaftlicher Zusammenarbeit bei westafrikanischen Stämmen. (Indigenous Cooperatives in Africa: Types of Economic Cooperation among West African Tribes.) DIETER H. SEIBEL and MICHAEL KOLL
What Is a Story?
Authors: RAYFIELD J. R.
Published: November 2004

This paper attempts to discover the criteria by which a listener accepts or rejects an item of oral narrative as being a story. The hypotheses are: (1) such criteria relate to structure rather than content, although the listener does not consciously distinguish structure from content; (2) the structure must have a certain minimal and maximal degree of complexity and be of a certain kind; (3) the criteria will hold cross‐culturally. Information gathered from ethnographies and folklore literature is inadequate to confirm the hypotheses, but it does not contradict them. An experiment to test hypotheses (1) and (2) produced a certain degree of negative confirmation: listeners rejected as a story any narrative item which did not conform to the structural criteria regarded as minimal by myself; however, they also rejected items which I regarded as well structured but which were bizarre or nonsensical in content. The confusion of structure and content tended to confirm hypothesis (1).
Savings Associations Among the Bamilèkè: Traditional and Modern Cooperation in Southwest Cameroon1
Authors: SOEN DAN , DE COMARMOND PATRICE
Published: November 2004

The paper is an attempt to analyze the adaptation of traditional institutions of the Bamilèkè, West Cameroon, to modern turn of events and modern needs, as well as to evaluate the contribution of the traditional make‐up to modern cooperation.
Urbanization and Identity Dissonance: A Guajiro Case
Authors: WATSON LAWRENCE C.
Published: November 2004

The results of this study indicate that urbanization has the effect of significantly altering the Guajiro's sense of ideal and feared identity. It was hypothesized that an attempt would be made to minimize dissonance between the ideal and the real or “true” self which the individual privately acknowledges. However, there is found to be considerable dissonance between ideal and real identities, with the latter actually including many components of feared identity. Defective socialization in the city is suggested as a possible reason for failure to achieve ideal standards.
Political Conflict ana Revolution in an African Town
Authors: SKINNER ELLIOTT P.
Published: November 2004

The emerging patterns of life in contemporary Africa are most apparent in the often competing social and political groupings which have developed as basically rural populations have attempted to deal with the complexities of modern life. During the colonial period, these new groupings—whether rural or urban—were under the control of a dominant administration and seldom came into overt conflict. However, this is not now the case in most African towns. There, as in Ouagadougou, the capital of Upper Volta, a multiplicity of socio‐political factions and multiple governing bodies all claim rights to power and legitimacy. The result is more open competition and conflict. This suggests that the “stability” claimed for colonial African societies was more a function of exogenous political factors than of inherent structural features in the social systems described. Until new dominant political structures emerge in Africa and establish mediating linkages with other institutional forms, there may well be a period of conflict and revolution.
Relative Status of Wife Givers and Wife Takers in Gilyak Society
Authors: BLACK LYDIA T.
Published: November 2004

It has been by and large accepted that among the Gilyaks of the Amur region and the island of Sakhalin, who practice a very precisely defined form of prescriptive matrilateral cross cousin marriage, wife takers possess superior status vis‐à‐vis the wife givers, an apparent exception to the postulate that the giver has a hold over the taker. In this paper it is shown that the patrilineal Gilyak accord superior status to wife givers and not to wife takers. An analysis of a tale supporting this thesis is offered. It is shown that matrilateral cross cousin prescriptive alliance per se does not create status differentiation, but such factors as primacy of residence and form of land tenure play much more decisive roles in the emergence of classstratification.
Beyond Anthropology: Toward a Man‐Science
Authors: COUNT EARL W.
Published: November 2004

Culture and Biological Man: Explorations in Behavioral Anthropology. ELIOT D. CHAPPLE.

Ethology: The Biology of Behavior. IREN‐ÄUS EIBL‐EIBESFELDT. Erich Kling‐hammer, trans.

Studies in Animal and Human Behaviour. Volume I. Volume II. KONRAD LORENZ. Robert Martin, trans.
Book Reviews
Authors: DEKIN ALBERT A.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Archeology: Fort Chimo and Payne Lake, Ungava, Archaeology, 1965. THOMAS E. LEE.

Archeology: Archaeological Discoveries, Payne Bay Region, Ungava, 1966. THOMAS E. LEE.

Archeology: Archaeological Findings, Gyrfalcon to Eider Islands, Ungava, 1968. THOMAS E. LEE.
The History of Anthropology Revisited—A Byzantine Viewpoint
Authors: HOFFMAN MICHAEL A.
Published: November 2004

This article maintains that an unwarranted extension ofour ideas about the Western European Medieval world has led to several problems in many recent treatments of the historical emergence ofanthropological inquiry. Utilizing Byzantine sources, it suggests that the postulated Medieval break in the Western intellectual tradition is non‐existent and the result of an over‐emphasis on Western European developments at the expense of the larger socio‐cultuml milieu which constitutes the basis of that tradition. The broader anthropological position that emerges from this study involves a realization that interest in cross‐cultural behavior is basic to at least some individuals in every society and takes on added significance in state‐level systems.
A Structural Analysis of Genealogy and Worldview in the Old Testament
Authors: ANDRIOLO KARIN R.
Published: November 2004

The structural pattern inherent in the genealogy of the Old Testament is delineated (1). Correlating this structural pattern with the worldview of Ancient Israel, it is hypothesized that the genealogy functions as a model for the resolution of certain conflicts within the worldview (II). Finally, an analysis of the Jacob narration demonstrates the structural isomorphism of genealogy and individual case (III).
PREFATORY NOTE
Authors: ASCH TIMOTHY
Published: November 2004

The Audiovisuals Editor has embarked on a new format in which every second or third issue will contain a comprehensive section of reviews under the direction of an expert in the field of consideration. It is our hope to provide, in addition to the general reviews, a resource for scholars and teachers.

In this issue David Horr of Brandeis University presents the first in the series: Primate Behavior films. Professor Horr is now completing a film on free‐ranging behavior and ecology of orang‐utans, shot during his nearly three years of field research on that species in eastern Borneo.

Donald Miller is currently developing a review section on Archeology, Nancie Gonzalez on Urban Anthropology and Scott Robinson on Problems in Politics and Development. We are also planning special issues on Physical Anthropology, Medical Anthropology, Hunters and Gatherers, Horticulturalists, Pastoralists and Peasants.

We hope that this compilation of film reviews on a single subject and similar review sections in the future will not only provide a resource for teaching, but will offer standards for specialists in anthropology making films in the field.
Audiovisuals Reviews
Authors: LOWY MICHAEL J.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Vagrant Woman. A film by JOHN MARSHALL

A Forty Dollar Misunderstanding. A film by JOHN MARSHALL

Two Brothers. A film by JOHN MARSHALL

Wrong Kid. A film by JOHN MARSHALL

The Informant. A film by JOHN MARSHALL

After the Game. A film by JOHN MARSHALL

901/904. A film by JOHN MARSHALL

An Investigation of a Hit and Run. A film by JOHN MARSHALL

A Legal Discussion of a Hit and Run. A film by JOHN MARSHALL

Nothing Hurt but My Pride. A film by JOHN MARSHALL

Youth and the Man of Property. A film by JOHN MARSHALL

Manifold Controversy. A film by JOHN MARSHALL

Appitsch and the Drunk. A film by JOHN MARSHALL

Henry is Drunk. A film by JOHN MARSHALL

T‐Group. A film by JOHN MARSHALL

You Wasn't Loitering. A film by JOHN MARSHALL
Domesticating the Functional Dragon: An Analysis of Piddocke's Potlatch1
Authors: ORANS MARTIN
Published: November 2004

This work endeavors to clarify the form of the functional argument so that empirical verification may be facilitated. Piddocke's functional interpretation of the potlatch is examined in detail as a type case; other notable functional arguments with somewhat varying forms are also considered. Lastly, analysis is provided of the universal subsistence form of the functional argument.
An Alternative Approach to Reciprocity1
Authors: LEBRA TAKIE SUGIYAMA
Published: November 2004

Reciprocity is defined as a subset of exchange characterized by inseparability of the objects exchanged from the partners in interaction. Sahlins' model of reciprocity, which equates kinship proximity, solidarity, and generosity, is brought into question. A solution to problems inherent in this model is sought in an elaboration of sociability into intimacy and courtesy conveying different social values, and in taking into consideration both the positive and negative manifestations of sociability. The exchange aspect of reciprocity is characterized by two strains—one toward symmetry, and one toward asymmetry—operating simultaneously, alternately, in different cycles, or at different levels of communication. Asymmetric strain is accounted for by the convertibility of exchange objects and complementarity between partners. The dyadic reciprocity is extended to a triad which either reinforces or suppresses reciprocal expectations. Seven types of triadization are recognized: circular transference, lineal transference, unstructured transference, triadic sanction, brokerage, competition, and transitivity.
Audiovisuals Reviews
Authors: BERGER RAINER
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

DATING TECHNIQUES: Carbon Fourteen. 1952. Produced by ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA EDUCATIONAL CORPORATION.

DATING TECHNIQUES: Radiocarbon Dating. 1961. Produced by CBS EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION

DATING TECHNIQUES: The Atom in Archaeology. 1973. Produced by LEO A. HANDEL.
Book Reviews
Authors: BASHAM RICHARD
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

General, Applied, and Theoretical: Race and Social Difference. PAUL BAXTER and BASIL SANSOME

General, Applied, and Theoretical: Understanding Race Relations. INA CORINNE BROWN.

General, Applied, and Theoretical: Discrimination, Personality, and Achievement: A Survey of Northern Blacks. ROBERT L. CRAIN and CAROL SACHS WEISMAN.

General, Applied, and Theoretical: The Social Psychology of Prejudice: A Systematic Theoretical Review and Propositional Inventory of the American Social Psychological Study of Prejudice. HOWARD J. EHRLICH.

General, Applied, and Theoretical: Prejudice and Race Relations. RAYMOND W. MACK

General, Applied, and Theoretical: Psychology and Race. PETER WATSON
Book Reviews
Authors: LANTZ CHARLES C.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Ethnology: Buddhism and Society: A Great Tradition and its Burmese Vicissitudes. MELFORD E. SPIRO.

Ethnology: Buddhist Monk, Buddhist Layman: A Study of Urban Monastic Organization in Central Thailand. JANE BUNNAG.
Ethology and Primates: Some New Directions for the 1970s
Authors: BRAMBLETT CLAUD A.
Published: November 2004

Ethological Studies of Child Behaviour. N. Blurton Jones.

Social Communication and Movement: Studies of Interaction and Expression in Man and Chimpanzee. Mario Von Cranach and Ian Vine.

Primate Behavior and the Emergence of Human Culture. Jane Beckman Lancaster.

Precultural Primate Behavior. Emit W. Menzel, Jr.

Behavior of Nonhuman Primates: Modern Research Trends. Vol. IV. Allan M. Schrier and Fred Stollnitz.

Ethology and Psychiatry. Norman F. White.
Book Reviews
Authors: Eiselein E. B.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

General, Applied, and Theoretical: Antropologia e imperialismo e altri saggi. Vittorio Lanternari

General, Applied, and Theoretical: Antropologia industrial. Claudio Esteva Fabregat.
Book Reviews
Authors: Black Mary B. , Rogers Edward S.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Ethnology: The Struggle for Survival: Indian Cultures and the Protestant Ethic in British Columbia. F. E. Laviolette

Ethnology: Indian Man: A Life of Oliver La Farge. D'Arcy McNickle

Ethnology: No Foreign Land: The Biography of a North American Indian. Wilfred Pelletier and Ted Poole
Book Reviews
Authors: Kipp Rita S. , Kipp Richard D.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Ethnology: Kédang: A Study of the Collective Thought of an Eastern Indonesian People. R. H. Barnes

Ethnology: Kinship, Descent and Alliance among the Karo Batak. Masri Singarimbun
Book Reviews
Authors: Ogan Eugene
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Ethnology: Social Images and Process in Urban New Guinea: A Study of Port Moresby. Alan Rew

Ethnology: Bougainvillean Nationalism: Aspects of Unity and Discord. Alexander Mamak and Richard Bedford, with Leo Hannett and Moses Havini

Ethnology: Beyond the Village: Local Politics in Madang, Papua New Guinea. Louise Morauta
Book Reviews
Authors: Dinerman Ina
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Ethnology: Australian Aboriginal Paintings in Western and Central Arnhem Land: Temporal Sequences and Elements of Style in Cadell River and Deaf Adder Creek Art. E. J. Brandl

Ethnology: Kilenge Art and Life: A Look at a New Guinea People. Philip J. C. Dark
Book Reviews
Authors: Hutterer Karl L.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Archaeology: The Distribution of Compound Fishhook Types as a Gauge of Population Interaction in the Solomon Islands. Henry Cummings

Archaeology: A Style Analysis of Pottery Sherds from Nissan Island, Papua New Guinea: An Inquiry into the Prehistory of a Stepping Stone Island and its Role in Regulating Trade and Population Interaction between the Solomons and the Bismarck Archipelago. Susan Kaplan
Audiovisuals Reviews
Authors: Adams Marie Jeanne , Brandford Joanne
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Films on Southeast Asia: Sixteen Films on Weaving.

Films on Southeast Asia: Making hemp thread for weaving.

Films on Southeast Asia: Preparation of handloom.

Films on Southeast Asia: Hemp weaving on a treadloom.

Films on Southeast Asia: Batiking a sling to carry children.

Films on Southeast Asia: Removing the seed from cotton with a special machine.

Films on Southeast Asia: Shaking up and fulling cotton.

Films on Southeast Asia: Spinning cotton.

Films on Southeast Asia: Preparation of a woven cotton band.

Films on Southeast Asia: Weaving cotton on a treadloom.

Films on Southeast Asia: Making a bark mat.

Films on Southeast Asia: Tying a mat for a roof.

Films on Southeast Asia: Weaving a basket with lid.

Films on Southeast Asia: Making an ornamental string from feathers.

Films on Southeast Asia: Braiding an ornamental chain from cotton and seed pearls.

Films on Southeast Asia: Spinning and weaving.

Films on Southeast Asia: All above produced by 1964/65 Expedition from the Institute for Scientific Films, Göttingen, by H. Manndorff, Vienna; F. Scholz, Heidelberg; K. Volprecht, Göttingen.

Films on Southeast Asia: Spinning and weaving.

Films on Southeast Asia: All films distributed by Audio Visual Services.
AUDIOVISUALS REVIEWS
Authors: Geertz Hildred
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Films on Southeast Asia: Trance and Dance in Bali. By Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead

Films on Southeast Asia: Bathing Babies in Three Cultures. By Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead

Films on Southeast Asia: Karba's First Years. By Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead
On Theocracies
Authors: Webster David L.
Published: November 2004

Although many archaeologists and anthropologists have used the concept of theocracy in discussing the structure and evolution of early complex societies there has been little systematic thought or consensus about its implication. The concept of theocracy is evaluated in the context of present thought on the evolution of complex societes. It is suggested that theocratic organization was well‐suited and even necessary for the emergence of state‐type institutions, and that there is no evolutionary dichotomy between “theocratic” states and, later, more “secular” ones. [theocracy, structure and evolution of complex societies, state formation]
Prehistoric Transpacific Contact and the Theory of Culture Change
Authors: SCHNEIDER HAROLD K.
Published: November 2004

Employing genetic theory as an analog, the paper argues that when the concept of culture is separated from the concept of society, anthropology can be shown to have depended for culture‐change theory on a genetic model, which predicts pre‐Columbian contact between the Old and New World, a prediction which is supported by a growing list of cultural parallels. [prehistoric transpacific contact, culture, society, culture change, scientific explanation]
Chance, Necessity, and Mode of Production: A Marxist Critique of Cultural Evolutionism
Authors: LEGROS DOMINIQUE
Published: November 2004

Cultural evolutionism and historical materialism are two fundamentally divergent theories of evolution. The nonrecognition by cultural evolutionists of Marx's distinction between “social formation” and “mode of production” has led them to interpret his thesis of the determination of superstructures by economic base as “techno‐economic change begets new levels of general evolution.” In fact, Marx's actual thesis was aimed at explaining the interrelationships between superstructures and economy within a previously established mode of production. As a consequence, Marx's analysis of how a new mode is “given” has been consistently ignored. Marx poses the problem of the origins of capitalism, not in terms of economic determinism, much less technological fatalism, but in terms of chance and necessity. In this paper, I attempt to draw the theoretical implications of such an approach in respect to general cultural evolution. [Marxism and cultural evolutionism; mode of production; economic determinism criticized; capitalism, rise of; cultural evolution, chance in]