bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digital Marketing Best Practices for Management in Tourism Destinations
Authors: Callejón-Gómez Cristina , Rojas-de-Gracia María-Mercedes
Published: February 2021

This work fills a gap that has existed up to now, proposing a series of specific indicators that serve as a manual of good digital marketing practices for the promotion of tourism destinations. According to the proposed model, the variables to take into account are those related to web metrics, SEO positioning, and social networks. Likewise, the indicators and metrics proposed in the tourism destination Malaga (Spain) are applied. In this way, the model can serve as a guide for the managing institutions of tourism destinations that wish to measure the results of their efforts. This analysis facilitates the identification of the strengths of the strategy followed, as well as those that need to be improved. It can also be used to verify the positioning of tourism destinations with respect to their competitors.
The Importance of Social Media in Destination Choice
Authors: Cavlak Neslihan
Published: February 2021

The widespread use of the internet by individuals has brought companies to carry out their marketing activities on social media. Destinations offer goods and services for their customers, just like the companies. They present different kinds of tourism products under their brands. The aim of the destinations is to satisfy their customers' needs and wants. Modern tourists want to choose the best destinations that meet their needs in a short time. This chapter aims to present and discuss conceptually the significance of social media in destination choice of tourists. Therefore, the concept of social media, the relation between social media and the tourism industry, word-of-mouth and electronic word-of-mouth are discussed. Destination choice, the positive and negative effects of electronic word-of-mouth in the tourism industry is also discussed in this chapter. Moreover, a literature review about social media and tourists' destination choice has also been provided.
The Impact of Digital Technologies on Marketing and Communication in the Tourism Industry
Authors: Rosário Albérico Travassos , Raimundo Ricardo Gomes , Cruz Rui
Published: February 2021

The growing openness between regions accompanied by the rising of the tourism industry enhances its importance and the ensuing search for competitive advantages in terms of communication, marketing, and technology. It, therefore, gave rise to the concept of integrated marketing communication (IMC) that together with information and communication technology (ICT) could highlight tourist experiences. This literature review (LR) attempts to unveil how digital technologies determine marketing and communication in the tourism industry and, conversely, what industry areas should be targeted by those digital technologies. The study employs a scoping review approach based on a search of literature through the SCOPUS database. Ten articles were selected. On the one hand, this LR concludes that digital technologies are filling the gap concerning the needs of tourists through, for instance, mobile marketing. On the other hand, it discloses that digital technologies are essential for the tourism industry as it improves marketing communication by diverse means.
A Less Than Viral Relationship
Authors: Ribeiro Fábio
Published: February 2021

Sound is not viral. From audiences to media, exclusively audio content is not widely shareable. Society tends to focus on image and screens rather than in the acoustic dimension of life. In the tourism scope, videos and photos are still the dominant standards when a specific location needs to be promoted. This exploratory study addresses the intersection between sound and tourism, using scientific texts as a tool to understand scholars' generic focus in this field of studies. Using the highly accessed database Web of Science, this chapter presents data from 57 scientific publications. Results suggest that publications in this area have risen over the latest years. China (as a country) and Europe (as a continent) emerge as frequent landscapes of research. Sound is often regarded as a tool to measure tourists' satisfaction. Future research should promote wide-range observations towards audio and its vital importance in everyday life. Scholars should be able to question and evaluate institutions about their motivations, strategies, and policies to enhance tourism promotion.
Digital Transformation and the Competitive Advantage of Global Tourism
Authors: C. Vijayabanu , S. Karthikeyan
Published: February 2021

Tourism is the major service industry of most of the developing economies, which provides job for millions of people and fosters entrepreneurship in numerous ways. 'Digital transformation', or ‘digital disruption', has become a most popular buzzword of the globe today and the model creates a value proposition to tourists in several forms. The various forms of innovation in identifying markets, creating new tourism products, modifying the form and nature of existing products, a new form of connecting customers are possible due to digitalisation. The sort of innovations is possible by various technologies such as artificial intelligence, internet of things, robotisation, gamification, big data and cloud computing, among others. The current chapter has the objectives of understanding the revolutionary perspectives of the impact of digitalisation transformation in the tourism sector and how it has provided competitive advantages.
Emotional Intelligence and ICT for Information Processing
Authors: Shukla Sheelu M. , Chatterjee Jyotir Moy
Published: February 2021

Emotional intelligence is a way of knowing how one feels in a situation. And this emotional intelligence is used for self and for others also. People who are having high emotional intelligence can help others who are suffering from distress and they can help them to regulate their feelings from negative to positive. Emotional intelligence can either be an ability that can be enhanced, or it is a trait that cannot be enhanced, and people get it by birth just like hearing ability or any other ability which one has by birth. This chapter discusses all these aspects. It is said that high emotional quotient people include at least these three skills, and they are emotional alertness, the efficacy by which anyone can recognize and name one's own emotions, and the efficacy where one can tackle those emotions and implement them.
Energy Security and Economic Development
Authors: Ashaye Olusoyi Richard , Alharahsheh Husam Helmi , Pius Abraham
Published: February 2021

Energy security is often classified as necessary to human security because of the importance of its services for both modern economies and post-modern lifestyles as it relates to dialogue about energy issues as well as climate change. The chapter aims to provide assessment and consideration of key aspects relating to energy security by providing comprehensive definitions, highlights on key characteristics, underlying values and components of each of different key dimensions of energy security, as well as key contributions to economic developments. The chapter is primary based on reviewing the available literature in the field as well as inclusion of key professional and academic publications to enhance application and inclusion of key trends in the field as well as policies. The chapter provides an insight for policy developers and decision makers in several associated sectors.
Quantitative Analysis of COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Saeed Soobia , Jhanjhi N. Z. , Naqvi Memood , Humayun Mamoona , Ponnusamy Vasaki
Published: February 2021

A new coronavirus-CoV-2 virus has caused disease outbreaks in many countries, and the number of cases is increasing rapidly through transmission from person to person. Clinical acoustics for SARS-CoV-2 patients are crucial to distinguish them from other respiratory infections. Symptomatic sufferers can also have pulmonary lesions on the photographs. A computerized tomography study in patients with suspected COVID-19 pneumonia consists of using a high-resolution approach (HRCT). Artificial intelligence applications need to be useful in categorizing the illness to an awesome severity and integrating the structured file, organized consistent with subjective issues, with objective and quantitative checks of the amount of the lesions. Data indicate the statistical document of the world in trendy. This method, with the aid of a coloring map, identifies floor glass in submission processing and separates it from consolidation and units it as a percentage in respect to the balanced weight loss program.
Research on Corporate Governance
Authors: Vieira Elisabete S. , Madaleno Mara , Azevedo Graça
Published: February 2021

This chapter intends to contribute to the analysis of corporate governance (CG) practices through a bibliometric review of the existent literature in order to understand the current state of CG, providing an overview of the main trends in this field of research. Although there is extensive research on CG, no recent studies try to update the current state of the art on this topic. It is conducted a bibliometric analysis. The study describes the evolutional research studies published in the digital library Scopus between 2010 and 2019 and compares the results obtained in evolutionary terms. The bibliometric analysis is based in the Scopus database, leading to a total database of 4,430 documents. Regarding the most recent articles published, the study focuses on the period between 2018 and July 2020, ending with a final sample of 887 articles. Finally, a bibliometric analysis on the 16 scientific articles that were more cited in the more recent period is made. Research avenues are provided based on these results and on more recent published articles regarding the CG subject.
Corporate Governance and Company Performance
Authors: Santos Eleonora , Moreira Jacinta , Ribeiro Neuza
Published: February 2021

The assessment of the implementation of the corporate governance practices is important because it contributes to the efficient use of resources and, thus, increases corporate performance. However, the practice of CG in Portugal is below European standards due to several issues related to weak legal protection, concentrated ownership structures, and limited information transparency. Using a panel data of 17 firms listed on PSI20, this chapter investigates the impact of the internal CG mechanisms on corporate performance, in 2014-2018. Results show that the size of the audit committee impacts positively on firm performance. However, the number of independent members of audit committee decreases corporate performance in firms operating in services, and ownership of related parties increases corporate performance. Also, fewer leveraged firms are likely to exhibit better performances. This research provides understanding of the relationships between internal mechanisms of CG and corporate performance by comparing results across groups of sectors.
Strategic Analysis of the Rise and Fall of UBER in the Private Urban Transport Business
Authors: Vargas-Hernández José G.
Published: February 2021

The objective of this study is to analyze the strategies for entering the private urban transport services market managed by the multinational company Uber in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area. The analysis included the growth conditions in coverage, its influence on urban mobility movements, and the decline due to competition, and finally to the 2020 pandemic. The entry of Uber to the local metropolitan area of Guadalajara market has experimented an impressive rise despite the conflicts with the traditional taxi systems of private transportation of passengers. However, the pandemic has suddenly turned down the increasing growth into a falling and decreasing phase. As a result, the analysis of this work shows the determining factors that have placed Uber as one of the leading companies within its area of influence and ends with some recommendations on the conflicts that the firm presents when entering a new market location.
Internet of Things in Online Business
Authors: Ho Ree Chan
Published: February 2021

Online business, just like other industries, has adopted advanced technology for business performance. Hence, the technology of internet of things (IoT) has been implemented in recent years. IoT acts as a business ecosystem by interconnecting all physical objects and systems to execute tasks efficiently. However, the extent to which customers understand and appreciated this emerging technology is understudied. The purpose of this chapter is therefore to understand the customer acceptance as well as the gratification gained and sought by them via the use of IoT technology. Based on the uses and gratification theory, this study focused on the antecedents in shaping the attitude of online consumers towards IoT applications. Furthermore, it also addresses the willingness of consumers in becoming more knowledgeable of product with the support of IoT technology.
Website Quality, Perceived Flow, Trust, and Commitment
Authors: Hossain Md Shamim , Rahman Mst Farjana
Published: February 2021

Website quality in online business is still exploratory, and despite growth in building a relationship with customer research, various challenges remain in developing a more customer-oriented website. This chapter tackles the dilemma of how to support website inclusivity in the building of a customer relationship, by investigating flow, commitment-trust, and stimulus-organism-response (SOR) theories. The authors applied the covariance-based SEM (structural equation modeling) to examine the structural model. Primary data for the study comes from 500 respondents through an online questionnaire. The study results reveal that website quality certainly influences users' perceived flow, which in turn positively influences customer trust and CRM. Again, collective trust influences customer commitment and CRM. Finally, collective customer commitment positively controls CRM. Based on the study findings, the theoretical implications, practical inferences, and directions for future study are highlighted.
Determining Factors Influencing Establishing E-Service Quality in Developing Countries
Authors: Garad Askar , Qamari Ika Nurul
Published: February 2021

This paper aims to investigate e-government in Yemen in terms of the extent of e-government application, the main obstacles to implementing e-government, and its contribution to achieve administrative development in developing countries. This study used descriptive and inferential analysis methods to make a contextual and in-depth analysis of e-government in Yemen. The results indicate that the most important obstacles of implementing e-service quality in Yemen as a developing country could be summarized as lack of qualifications, digital divide, weak technological infrastructure, lack of funding, lack of regulatory frameworks, development strategies, legal framework, government instability, and confidence in electronic services. This study recommends government officials and policymakers in developing countries to improve the infrastructure of e-government and seek to correct imbalances that cause delays in implementing e-government regularly. This study will open the way for more field studies on this topic in various types of institutions.
Social Influences' Effects on Malaysia's SMEs' Public Electronic Procurement Usage
Authors: Kit Soong Kai , Ahmed Elsadig Musa , Tan Khong Sin
Published: February 2021

The objective of this paper is to investigate the acceptance of public electronic procurement (PEP) in the post introduction phase. The PEP introduced in the year 2000 and served to link up stakeholder of public procurement from various government agencies with Malaysia's private company. The research set out to examine factors including performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, social influences, and hesitation with direct relationship of perception in using public e-procurement. Unified technology acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) variables were used. This study tends to have a direct relationship from the four factors in using PEP as modified original UTAUT set-up. To advance contribution in theory and future research, this study trying to refine the original UTAUT model from behavioural intention to actual usage of information system (IS) into a direct measure of the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) perception in using PEP. This study formalised an alternative theoretical model for explaining UTAUT framework using Smartpls 3. Hence, the studies of technology acceptance are a major stream of research in the information system. This paper found that social influences together with performance expectancy and effort expectancy are influencing usage of PEP among Malaysian's SMEs. The findings suggest that social influences play the highest influences in the Malaysia's SMEs perception in using PEP.
CodaQback
Authors: Biswas Rajib , Biswas Rajib , Bora Nilutpal , Srinivasan Vaasudevan
Published: February 2021

Attenuation study of a province is considered as a basic quantity for seismic hazard assessment. It has already been established that the study of two physical processes, namely the seismic sources and propagation of the waves, is essential for seismic-hazard mapping. Additionally, attenuation plays an important role towards scaling seismic hazard. Accordingly, a computational tool entitled CodaQback is presented. Based on back scattering model, this versatile software is equipped with user-friendly graphical user interface. It also allows quick picking of phases for computing coda attenuation parameter. All outputs after each execution step in CodaQback are efficiently exported step-wise into a separate folder in Excel and text formats. To validate the computing tool, it is tested in real data analysis and there is found to be good matching of computed values with already established ones. It is envisioned that this package will enable user to derive quick and reliable estimation of coda attenuation parameter irrespective of geological and geo-morphological units.
Interactive E-Textbook Platform Based on Block Editing Model in Crowdsourcing E-Learning Environments
Authors: Choi Ja-Ryoung , Lim Soon-Bum
Published: February 2021

Instructors can now work with students to create various textbooks based on crowdsourcing. In particular, as feedback provided by students is essential for determining the quality and direction of classes, instructors should interact with students who are currently participating in classes by exchanging feedback. This paper proposes a block editing model that can reflect student feedback. The block editing model is an interactive e-textbook editing model that is dynamically updated based on the feedback provided by students in real time without modifying the structure of digital textbooks. In particular, in order for even non-developers who do not know web programming languages to be able to produce interactive digital textbooks easily, the authors developed an editor that could help implement them based on Blockly, a visual programming language. This paper enables instructors to improve the direction and quality of classes depending on the learning achievement of students and understanding based on feedback information provided by students and feedback analysis.
E-Learning Theories, Components, and Cloud Computing-Based Learning Platforms
Authors: Kumar Vikas , Sharma Deepika
Published: February 2021

The student habit of using the digital platforms can be used to compliment the traditional learning methods. Specifically, designed digital learning platform can support the learning with convenience of time, place, and pace. They can increase the engagement of students and produce higher learning outcomes with increased satisfaction and competence. With a number of embedded features, cloud computing technology-based platforms can deliver the convenience and flexibility in learning environment to compliment the traditional learning pedagogies. The present work identifies the essential learning components that comprise the e-learning environment and categorizes them according to the established learning theories. Further, the prominent cloud-based learning platforms have been mapped to these platforms to see their effectiveness through the existing theories. The work is targeted to form a basis for the development and implementation of successful e-learning tools using the cloud-based platforms.
A Proposed Ontology-Based Generic Context Model for Ubiquitous Learning
Authors: Ouissem Benmesbah , Lamia Mahnane , Hafidi Mohamed
Published: February 2021

Context modeling is the keystone to enable the intelligent system to adapt its functionalities properly to different situations. As such, a representation mechanism that allows an adequate manipulation of this kind of information is required, and diverse approaches have been introduced; however, what takes more value and is being positioned as a standard is the ontology-based context modeling because it presents a common understanding vocabulary for a specific domain. Hence, it might be beneficial to have a generic ontology to model context in this area. However, according to diverse works, there is no proposal of a generic context model for context-aware learning. For addressing this problem, several existing context models are studied to identify the essentials of context modeling, whereby an ontology-based generic context model is presented. The proposed ontology is evaluated in two ways. Firstly, scenarios are used to justify the feasibility of the model; then a comparative study and evaluation metrics are applied to assess the proposal.
Usurping Double-Ending Fraud in Real Estate Transactions via Blockchain Technology
Authors: Mashatan Atefeh , Lemieux Victoria , Lee Seung Hwan (Mark) , Szufel Przemysław , Roberts Zachary
Published: February 2021

This paper discusses the problem of double-ending fraud in real estate transactions – a type of transactional fraud wherein agents handling real estate transactions unfairly benefit (e.g., by simultaneously representing both the buy and sell side of a real estate transaction in a manner that unfairly boosts the commission they receive, or colluding to increase their commission in a real estate transaction at the expense of the buyer and/or seller of the real property). The paper proposes a unique blockchain solution design that leverages blockchain's properties of transparency and ability to create tamper-resistant audit trails to reduce opportunities for double-ending fraud and increase real estate market participants' trust in the handling of their transactions. The paper discusses the implementation of a prototype of the solution based on hyperledger fabric and sails; it presents the results of an agent-based modelling simulation validating that the inherent transparency of the proposed design offers optimal allocation for both sellers and buyers.
An Analyze of Fatigue Life Construction of Lifting Poonton for Small Vessel
Authors: Alamsyah Alamsyah , Setiawan Wira , Nugroho S.O. , Ikhwani Rodlian Jamal , Amalia Ika W. , Mangapoi E.H.A.P.
Published: February 2021

Developing prototype aluminum pontoon lifting that functions as a floating dock for the repair of small vessels. To ensure the safety aspects of the construction of the Poonton lift, structural analysis is carried out. The purpose of research to determine the strength and fatigue life construction of lifting ponton due to loads. The method used is the finite element method and the palmgren-miner method. This research uses finite element based software. The results showed that the maximum stress value in the construction of the lifting pontoon is (σmax) = 74,897 MPa which is located in the H-Beam construction that functions as a supporting. The estimated fatigue life of the poonton lifting analyzed during operation is 9.46 years with a total load cycle of 1111680 cycles.
Simulation of Electronic Structure and some Properties of CdTe Crystals Using DFT
Authors: Al-Rawi Bilal K. , Hameed Safaa Mustafa , Alsaadi Mohammed A.M.
Published: February 2021

The current study investigated the electrical properties of Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)by using the first principle of density functional theory (DFT). The nanocrystals suggested being varied constantly over the network systematically so that the lowest value for energy is obtained, through which stability is obtained and through this exceptionality, the measurements of the properties are in their exact state. The conduction and the valence bandwidths were also studied. The investigations targeted the “highest occupied molecular orbital” (HOMO) [Ionization Potential], and the “lowest unoccupied molecular orbital” (LUMO) [Electron Affinity]. Total and cohesive energies, the atomic iconicity, electron affinity, energy gap (Eg), and the density of states (DOS) for 8, 16, 54, and 64 atoms. The results showed that the shape of the conduction and valence affect the crystal groups significantly, and the energy gap exhibited very close results to their practical counterparts that were previously conducted. When the lattice constant decreases the modulus of bulk and the waves of sound speed increase with the increase of the core atoms number. Subsequently, the applied pressure increases the Plasmon energy and bulk modulus. The key of study is to inspect if using materials in their nanoscale state gives special physical, electronic and optical properties through which devices are manufactured with high efficiency in the solar cell industry. Where the compound becomes a point of a sleeve, and the fluorescent peak shifts across the visible field to the UV field. This was obtained by controlling the size of the compound in 54 and 64, at which the energy gap showed an increase, which would make it more preferred to stimulate the electron from the valence band to the conduction band.
Study and Antibacterial Activity of CdS Thin Films Prepared by Thermal Evaporation Technique (TET)
Authors: Ahmed Duha Saadi , Dawood Mohammed O. , Salman Odai N.
Published: February 2021

In this work, high crystalline CdS thin films were formed by using thermal evaporation technique (TET) under vacuum proses 10-6 Torr using vacuum system (Edwards Co.) . The results were investigated the structure, morphology and crystal size of films using XRD and FESEM. The antibacterial activity of CdS thin films was performed by measuring the zone of inhibition using diffusion plate method against a test organism like E.coli and S.aureus and evaluated the activity of CdS thin films in removal bacteria. The preparation method of CdS using thermal evaporation technique (TET) expands the horizon to biological systems as an essential medicinal agent.
Polylactic Acid/Halloysite Nanotubes-Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposites: Antibacterial and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Alakrach Abdulkader M. , Al-Rashdi Awad A. , Alqadi Taha , Al Saadi Mohammed Abdulhakim , Ting Sam Sung , Dahham Omar S. , Zulkepli Nik Noriman
Published: February 2021

Polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposite samples with different properties like mechanical, thermal, barrier and antibacterial properties are good candidates as packaging biomaterials. Unique PLA/TiO2 and PLA/HNTs-TiO2 nanocomposite samples were fabricated by solution casting method. The mechanical and antibacterial properties of PLA/TiO2 and PLA/HNTs-TiO2 samples were investigated with comparing to the pristine PLA film as a control sample. PLA nanocomposite samples with TiO2 nanofillers showed poorer mechanical properties while PLA ﬁlms with PLA/HNTs-TiO2 showed unique developments, which tensile strength improved by 46% with the incorporation of 5 wt%. The PLA nanocomposites showed a high efficiency to both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, significant antibacterial effect being proved after first week elapsed time by comparing to the control sample (presenting no antibacterial effect). By considering the multifunctional characteristics of PLA/TiO2 and PLA/HNTs-TiO2 nanocomposites, the samples produced by solution casting can be considered a favourable alternative as environmental-friendly packaging materials.
Influence of Titanium Additions on the Corrosion Behavior of Cu-Al-Ni Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Dawood Nawal Mohammed , Abidali Abdul Raheem Kadhim
Published: February 2021

The Cu- Al-Ni shape memory alloys have numerous industrial applications such as actuators, Cryofit hydraulic couplings, fire safety valves ,etc. while the parts that soaked in the sea water suffer severe corrosion that lead to worsening in the properties of the alloys. In the current research, the effect of adding titanium on corrosion behavior of the shape memory alloys (Cu-13wt. %Al-4wt. %Ni) were studied. Titanium was added in different weight ratios (0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 wt.%) to the base alloy. The alloys were prepared using powder metallurgy, whereby the alloys were sintered with two stages of heating under Argon atmosphere, at 550°C for (120 min.) and 950°C for (180 min.)respectively. All the sintered samples are solution treated by heating the samples at 900 °C for (60 min.) followed by rapid quenching in ice water at ( 3 ~ 6) °C. After that aging heat treatment has been done for quenched samples at 200 °C for (30 hrs.) followed by rapid quenching in iced water. Several tests such as microstructures observation and phase analysis using scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometer, and X-ray diffraction analysis have been done. Further , Corrosion behavior for all samples in aged conditions in 3.5%NaCl solution have been performed. Corrosion test results have showed that the highest corrosion resistance was found in the addition of (1.2 wt.% Ti) which give the lowest corrosion rate (0.003 mpy) in 3.5% NaCl solution . Noted that the corrosion rate of base alloy was (9.021)mpy. EDS analysis showed chemical composition of the aged surface and also mapping images for the distribution of Cu, Al, Ni, and Ti elements on the surface. Phases formed on aged samples conditions are α-Cu and AlCu3.
Fatigue Life Prediction of AA6063-T6 under Erosion Condition
Authors: Alzaidy Baker , Abod Baker Muthanna
Published: February 2021

The study of fatigue behavior of aluminum alloy 6063 exposed to periodic fatigue stresses was studied in laboratory conditions under the two conditions of the presence of the first indentation in the first test, then the presence of the phenomenon of erosion in the second test resulting from the projection of pure water Jet on samples of the same metal used in The first test. The purpose of these tests was to estimate the practical life of these samples and the resulting accumulation by using upward and downward variable stresses. A mathematical model was built to calculate the life of the samples in the above conditions, and the results of the estimated life of the samples calculated by the model showed a large convergence with the results of the estimated life of the samples practically calculated. So this mathematical model can be used to estimate the life of samples made of different minerals under these same conditions, after knowing the (S-N) curve for each metal and the amount of the value of the fatigue notch factor (Kf), which can be calculated from special tables without referring to performing practical tests for them.
Challenges and Solutions of Replacement Metal Gate Patterning to Enable Gate-all-Around Device Scaling
Authors: Oniki Yusuke , Ragnarsson Lars Åke , Iino Hideaki , Cott Daire , Chan Boon Teik , Sebaai Farid , Hopf Toby , Dekkers Harold , Dentoni Litta Eugenio , Sánchez Efrain Altamirano , Holsteyns Frank , Horiguchi Naoto
Published: February 2021

This paper addresses challenges and solutions of replacement metal gate of gate-all-around nanosheet devices. The unit process and integration solutions for the metal gate patterning as well as interface dipole patterning to offer multiple threshold voltage have been developed. The challenges of long channel device integration are also discussed.
Estimation of the Generation Rate of H· Radicals in a Megasonic Field Using an Electrochemical Technique
Authors: Han Zhen Xing , Raghavan Srini , Beck Mark
Published: February 2021

Radical formation and detection in aqueous solutions under acoustic irradiation are important during wet cleaning processes in semiconductor industries. Oxidizing radicals such as hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals have been widely studied and characterized using fluorescence and chemiluminescence methods. Hydrogen radicals, which are strongly reducing in nature, have not received much attention. In this study, the rate of hydrogen radical generation in a megasonic field (0.93 MHz) was measured using an electrochemical technique. Specifically, the method is based on the reduction of cupric ions to cuprous chloride complex by the hydrogen radicals in the presence of an excess of chloride ions. This is followed by chronoamperometric determination of the oxidation of cuprous chloride complex back to cupric ions. Hydrogen radical generation rate was measured at different megasonic power densities.
Effect of Surfactant in Gas Dissolved Cleaning Solutions on Acoustic Bubble Dynamics
Authors: Han So Young , Yerriboina Nagendra Prasad , Sahoo Bichitra Nanda , Kang Bong Kyun , Klipp Andreas , Park Jin Goo
Published: February 2021

Megasonic cleaning is one of the promising technologies to remove the particles during semiconductor processing. Acoustic bubble cavitation plays a key role in removing the particles. In this work, the effect of an anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on a bubble in the presence of hydrogen dissolved DIW water was studied. The bubble dynamics were observed using a high-speed camera. It was found that with the increase of surfactant the bubble characteristics were changed very significantly. Several parameters affecting the bubble dynamics were investigated.
Effect of Viscosity on Ceria Abrasive Removal in the Buffing CMP Process
Authors: Kim Juhwan , Hong Seokjun , Bae Chulwoo , Wada Yutaka , Hiyama Hirokuni , Hamada Satomi , Kim Taesung
Published: February 2021

In chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) processes, ceria is generally used as the abrasive . After the CMP process, many ceria particles adhere to the wafer surface and must be removed prior to subsequent processing. In this study, the effect of varied viscosity was investigated during the buffing CMP process for ceria particle removal. After contaminating the wafer surface with ceria slurry, the ceria particles were removed through the buffing CMP process. The wafer surface was analyzed through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to confirm cleaning efficiency. The ICP-MS data showed that, as buffing CMP solution viscosity increased, cleaning efficiency improved. These results suggest that increasing the viscosity of the buffing CMP solution improves its effectiveness in removing ceria particles.
Cl-Containing Microplastics from the Environment
Authors: Knotter D. Martin , Sharma Pradeep , Goumans Leon
Published: February 2021

One of the critical process steps in the assembly of integrated circuits is the making of the connection between the silicon chip and the outside world. This is done by a thermo-sonic welding process of sometimes more than 800 copper wires to the aluminum bond pads. The Al-Cu intermetallic compound formed during this process is sensitive for trace amount of chloride from the environment. It is found that Cl-containing microplastics are the source of this chloride and further analyzing these particles helps to identify the origin of these particles.
Si1-XGeX Selective Etchant for Gate-All-Around Transistors
Authors: Harada Ken , Suzuki Tatsunobu , Kusano Tomohiro , Takeshita Kan , Oniki Yusuke , Sánchez Efrain Altamirano , Struyf Herbert , Holsteyns Frank
Published: February 2021

3 formulated etchants were prepared and their etch rates were measured using blanket wafers in order to confirm that the etching reactions on Si1-XGeX and Si are controllable. Si1-XGeX selective etching with those formulations was also verified using the wafers which had Si1-XGeX and Si multi-stacked structures. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscope (TEM) images suggested that the formulations were usable for Si1-XGeX selective etching processes.
Editorial
Authors: Esham M.
Published: February 2021

No abstract available
The Ethics of Reintroducing Large Carnivores
Authors: Lee A. , Laird A.M. , Brann L. , Coxon C. , Hamilton A.J. , Lawhon L.A. , Martin J.A. , Rehnberg N. , Tyrrell B.P. , Welch Z. , Hale B. , Alagona P.S.
Published: February 2021

Efforts to reintroduce species to portions of their historic ranges are growing in number and kind. These include proposals and projects to reintroduce large carnivores in areas where these species have been absent for decades. Reintroductions, like all conservation efforts, involve not only empirical and logistical problems, but also complex normative questions. So, what are the obligations, values, permissions, restrictions, and demands that citizens, conservationists, wildlife managers, and other impacted parties must address? This paper attempts to organise, summarise and briefly analyse the diverse suite of common normative arguments concerning large carnivore reintroduction. Clarifying arguments as a methodological approach grounded in environmental ethics sheds light on many implicit ethical presuppositions that underwrite reintroduction efforts. As an example, we use the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), whose populations have grown in recent years in both Europe and North America. Whereas past efforts to recover grizzlies in the lower 48 U.S. states focused on the Northern Rockies and North Cascades, research, legal proceedings, and other proposals have emerged to return the species to other portions of its historic range, including California. Clarifying ethical arguments that may arise from large carnivore reintroduction can contribute to a more civil public discourse and effective decision-making processes.
Mechanics of Materials: Towards Predictive Methods for Kinetics in Plasticity, Fracture, and Damage
Authors: Kienzler Reinhold , McDowell David L. , Müller Stefan , Werner Ewald A.
Published: February 2021

The workshop dealt with current advances of computational methods, mathematics and continuum mechanics directed at thermodynamically consistent forms of constitutive equations for complex evolutionary phenomena in modern materials such as plasticity, fracture and damage. The main aspects addressed in presentations and discussions were multiphysical description of new materials, (visco)plasticity, fracture, damage, structural mechanics, mechanics of materials and dislocation dynamics.
Representation Theory of Quivers and Finite Dimensional Algebras
Authors: Amiot Claire , Crawley-Boevey William , Iyama Osamu , Krause Henning
Published: February 2021

Methods and results from the representation theory of quivers and finite dimensional algebras have led to many interactions with other areas of mathematics. Such areas include the theory of Lie algebras and quantum groups, commutative algebra, algebraic geometry and topology, and in particular the theory of cluster algebras. The aim of this workshop was to further develop such interactions and to stimulate progress in the representation theory of algebras.
Project Risk Management of Electrical Switchboard Delivery
Authors: Kuchta Dorota , Ptaszyńska Ewa
Published: February 2021

Background. In projects of electrical switchboard delivery we can identify many risks which are usually quite severe in their consequences, because these projects are high-budget projects. Our studies indicate that there are no formalised risk management procedures in many Polish companies that realise such projects. Research aims. Therefore we propose using a traditional risk management procedure adapted for projects of electrical switchboard delivery what was verified on the example of a selected company. Methodology. We use the following research methods: analysis of the documentation relating to completed projects of electrical switchboard delivery, interviews with project managers, and literature studies. Key findings. We obtained the following results: Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), list of identified project risks, list of risk responses, computer tool for managing identified risks in projects of electrical switchboard delivery. Based on the completed studies we can state that risk management is an important element of electrical switchboard delivery and should not be ignored in companies that realise such projects.
Comparison of ozonation removal for PPCPs in secondary treated sewage by microbubble generator and ejector
Authors: Kim Ilho , Lee Jaiyeop
Published: February 2021

This study analyzed residues of PPCPs in secondary treated sewage water, and their amount eliminated by ozonation processes. A microbubble nozzle and ejector were used to dissolve ozone. To consider a low concentration of PPCPs, a SPE method was performed on samples prior to the analysis. The concentration of dissolved ozone was 4.00 mg/L in the microbubble and 2.49 mg/L in the ejector. To examine elimination trends, the experiment was also performed at a low concentration of ozone, 1/10 of its original concentration. The maximum elimination rate on average was 93.0% in the ejector, higher than that in the microbubble (90.1%), but 16 PPCPs were found to show a relatively high elimination rate in the microbubble, higher than the ejector. Elimination trends with respect to time were distinguished based on inflection point, and 11 PPCPs were concentrated on the latter half of the microbubble after the inflection point at the low concentration of ozone, which was compared to other cases. In the source water, concentrations of 2 PPCPs were higher than the reference toxic concentration based on the QSAR model, but after treatment, only bezafibrate was over the value when the ejector with low ozone injection concentration was applied.
EL SERVICIO DE REFERENCIA BIBLIOTECARIO Y SU INCIDENCIA EN LA SATISFACCIÓN DE LOS USUARIOS
Authors: Bermúdez-Cedeño Eliza Monserrate , Saltos-Catagua Lila María
Published: February 2021

El servicio de referencia de las bibliotecas es el principal medio para la satisfacción directa de las interrogantes de sus usuarios. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar la importancia de la asistencia personal del usuario en las bibliotecas y como este incide en la satisfacción de quien los usa. La metodología aplicada está basada en la revisión bibliográfica, considerando los supuestos teóricos que se han vertido en una investigación descriptiva, retrospectiva con un enfoque cualitativo, haciendo uso de la técnica de la entrevista aplicada al personal referencista con el propósito de conocer la relevancia del servicio de referencia bibliotecario y la satisfacción de los usuarios de información, así mismo se llevó a cabo una encuesta con los usuarios para poder entender puntos clave sobre este servicio. Como resultado se puede aseverar que la asistencia personal del usuario en una biblioteca es muy notable. Por ello es necesario que se cuente con un espacio exclusivo, personal especializado, una buena colección de obras de referencia y herramientas tecnológicas que permitan ofrecer una atención ágil y eficiente.

Palabras clave: Servicios Bibliotecarios; Satisfacción; Usuarios; Tecnologías; Información.
COMPRENSIÓN DE LOS 5 SABERES DECLARADOS EN LA UNESCO, DESCRITOS EN LAS COMPETENCIAS GENERALES Y ARTICULADOS EN LAS DESTREZAS CON CRITERIO DE DESEMPEÑO EN EL CURRÍCULUM DEL ECUADOR
Authors: Moreira-Choez Jenniffer Sobeida , Huayamave-Jiménez Shirley Verónica , Zambrano-Alcívar María Viviana
Published: February 2021

El aprendizaje basado en los 5 saberes declarados en la UNESCO cumple un papel muy importante en el diseño curricular del sistema educativo ecuatoriano. En consecuencia, el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la comprensión de los 5 componentes fundamentales para el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje que se debe tener en cuenta al abordar las competencias y destrezas con criterio de desempeño como el propósito de destacar su importancia en el diseño curricular del Ecuador. El presente trabajo se realizó con un enfoque analítico documental, tomando como referencias bibliográficas de varios autores. Para dar continuidad al esquema metodológico de esta investigación, se realizó una búsqueda de los factores que influyen en el desarrollo integral del currículo ecuatoriano, donde se plasma propuestas de organismos Internacionales como la UNESCO, OCDE, CRES entre otros. Dicho proceso tuvo como base el diseño investigativo fenomenológico que partió identificar el problema de investigación que permitió desarrollar el análisis de los factores que afectan al curriculum.

Palabras claves: Saberes; competencias generales; UNESCO; desempeño; curriculum.
BIENESTAR PSICOSOCIAL DE PERSONAS TRANSGÉNERO FEMENINAS
Authors: Cedeño-Barreto Mercedes , Sánchez-Cantos Génesis Natalia
Published: February 2021

El presente estudio abordó el problema del bienestar psicosocial de personas transgénero femeninas, orientado por el objetivo de categorizar el bienestar psicosocial de personas transgénero femeninas, para ello se definió una metodología con un enfoque cuali-cuantitativo y un tipo descriptivo; utilizando como instrumentos una guía de entrevistas para obtener datos sociodemográficos y el bienestar psicosocial fue evaluado, utilizando la escala de Ryff. Los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron una muestra conformada por hombres con elección de género femenino, lo que los califica como transgénero; el 80% con edad entre 20 a 25, para un 80% y 20% de 26 a 31 años. Los resultados para cada una de las dimensiones que integran la escala mostraron que la puntuación media más alta fue la obtenida en el propósito de vida con una media de 4.44 y luego el crecimiento personal la cual fue de 4.18; posteriormente, se ubicó dominio del entorno con 3.89; las puntuaciones más bajas se reflejaron en autonomía con 3.68, relaciones positivas con 3.57, autoaceptación, 3.511. De acuerdo con los resultados se puede concluir que los participantes presentan un bienestar psicosocial adecuado con oportunidades de mejora en su capacidad de decisión, las relaciones interpersonales y aceptación de sí mismos.

Palabras claves: bienestar; psicosocial; transgénero; femeninas; Ryff.
JERICÓ/PB: SECA, VULNERABILIDADES SOCIOECONÔMICAS E ESTRATÉGIAS DE MITIGAÇÕES (2012-2017)
Authors: FREITAS ADRIANA SOARES DE , ESTEVAM STÊNIO MAIA , BARRETO FILHO BOANERGES DE FREITAS
Published: February 2021

O objetivo do trabalho é descrever as condições socioeconômicas e as estratégias de mitigações adotadas pela população do entorno do Açude do Carneiro em Jericó/PB frente à seca de 2012 a 2017. Para a execução do trabalho foram realizadas pesquisa bibliográfica, levantamento documental e pesquisa de campo. Apurou-se que a maioria dos moradores das Comunidades Saquinho e Gangorra são pescadores e, subsidiariamente, praticam a agricultura de subsistência para complementar a renda familiar. As condições climáticas adversas e a elevada vulnerabilidade socioeconômica foram mitigadas, ainda que parcialmente, em função da existência de políticas públicas do Governo Federal, como o P1MC, Programa Bolsa Família e Seguro Defeso. Palavras-chave: Seca; Vulnerabilidade socioeconômica; Políticas públicas; Jericó/PB.
Subjectivity in research: Why not ? But…
Authors: Drapeau Martin
Published: February 2021

This article addresses the question of subjectivity in research. In order to facilitate the use of subjectivity in a research context, the author reminds readers of possible procedures as suggested in the literature. Particular attention is given to the idea of peer debriefing. Inspired by psychoanalysis, the author expands on the concept of discussant or debriefer and suggests that by doing so, subjectivity can be better understood. It is suggested that this may actually be fully integrated into a study in order to both better understand the subject under examination as well as the influence of the research mentor and student dyad. The author shares an example of this approach taken from a previously completed study on pedophile sex abusers.