bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender, Citizenship and Subjectivity: Some Historical and Theoretical Considerations
Authors: Canning Kathleen , Rose Sonya O.
Published: March 2003

Because the French Revolution failed to produce a widely acceptable definition of citizenship, the limits of manhood suffrage in the early nineteenth century were uncertain. Social practices, in particular scientific activity, served as claims to the status of citizen. By engaging in scientific pastimes, bourgeois Frenchmen asserted that they possessed the rationality and autonomy that liberal theorists associated both with manliness and with civic capacity. However, bourgeois science was never a stable signifier of masculinity or of competence. As professional science emerged, the bourgeois amateur increasingly became the feminised object of satire rather than the sober andmeritorious citizen‐scientist.
Tracking ‘Same–Sex Love’ from Antiquity to the Present in South Asia
Authors: George Rosemary Marangoly , Chatterjee Indrani , Gopinath Gayatri , Naim C. M. , Patel Geeta , Vanita Ruth
Published: March 2003

This essay focuses on the anthology Same–Sex Love in India: Readings from Literature and History (2000), edited by Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai. Unlike many other recently published, celebratory ‘gay anthologies’, this book contributes to ongoing scholarly work on specific same–sex erotic practices and relations in historical and cultural context. We examine issues relevant to this anthology and other such projects: the use of ‘love’ and ‘same–sex’ as (stable) signifiers over centuries; the validity of interpreting social reality through literary texts from the period; the difficulties of locating ‘love’ in severely hierarchical, even slave–owning, societies; and the implications of using such anthologies in the classroom.
Personal Acts with Public Meanings: Suicides by Soviet Women Teachers in the Early Stalin Era
Authors: Ewing E. Thomas
Published: March 2003

During the first stage of the Stalin era, suicides by Soviet women teachers revealed the essential ambiguity of a self–destructive act, the uncertain identity of women as public activists, and the difficult position of teachers at a time of intense political conflict. Examining eight women teachers who killed themselves in the period 1928 to 1931, this study argues that this assertion of self–control through self–destruction was also a surrender to others, including the actors and structures whose domination originally contributed to suicidal behaviours. This study thus describes both limited opportunities for and considerable restraints upon women teachers in the Stalinist context.
Alternative Cartographies of the British Women’s Movement
Authors: Rendall Jane
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Elizabeth Crawford, The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866–1928

Peter Gordon and David Doughan, with a foreword by Sheila Rowbotham, Dictionary of British Women’s Organisations 1825–1960

Sybil Oldfield, Collective Biography of Women in Britain, 1550–1900: A Select Annotated Bibliography
Men’s History, Gender History, or Cultural History?
Authors: Dierks Konstantin
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Shawn Johansen, Family Men: Middle–Class Fatherhood in Industrializing America

Martin A. Berger, Man Made: Thomas Eakins and the Construction of Gilded Age Manhood

Matthew Basso, Laura McCall and Dee Garceau (eds), Across the Great Divide: Cultures of Manhood in the American West
Men’s Recollections of a Women’s Rite: Medieval English Men’s Recollections Regarding the Rite of the Purification of Women after Childbirth
Authors: Lee Becky R.
Published: March 2003

This study examines the recollections of medieval English men, found in proof–of–age inquests, regarding their participation in the rite of the purification of women after childbirth. Because the rite of purification was reserved to women, scant attention has been paid to how this rite and the customs surrounding it played in the lives of medieval men. These men’s recollections situate postpartum purification within the festivities celebrating the birth of a man’s heir. For them, it is a public event celebrating paternity and lineage, and a forum for the negotiation of social relationships.
Perceptions of Effectiveness of Responses to Sexual Harassment in the US Military, 1988 and 1995
Authors: Firestone Juanita M. , Harris Richard J.
Published: March 2003

This analysis compares patterns of response to the harassment experiences that had the greatest effect on the respondents to the ‘1988 Department of Defense (DoD) Survey of Sex Roles in the Active‐Duty Military’ and Form A of the ‘1995 Armed Forces Sexual Harassment Survey’. We analyse the respondents’ perceptions about effectiveness of their responses, and respondents’ opinions about the efforts of senior military leadership, and their own immediate supervisors’ efforts to ‘make honest and reasonable efforts to stop sexual harassment in the active‐duty military’ (DoD, 1988; Bastian et al., 1996). Results indicate that while the military has been somewhat successful in attempts to lower actual incidence of sexual harassment, the percentage of those experiencing such uninvited and unwanted behaviours remains high. Similar patterns of responses in both years, with most employing personal solutions and few filing complaints with officials, may reflect the fact that official DoD policy focuses on individual behaviour and does not address the masculine environmental context that promotes such behaviours (see also Harrell and Miller, 1997). Findings also suggest that the ‘no tolerance’ policies adopted by the military may concentrate on the military image but ignore the wishes of the complainants who fear reprisals. If the rights and wishes of all parties involved are not taken into account, policies are unlikely to be successful (see, for example, Rowe, 1996).
The New Economy and the Work–Life Balance: Conceptual Explorations and a Case Study of New Media
Authors: Perrons Diane
Published: March 2003

Given the varied claims made about the new economy and its implications for the organization of work and life, this article critically evaluates some conceptualizations of the new economy and then explores how the new media sector has materialized and been experienced by people working in Brighton and Hove, a new media hub. New technologies and patterns of working allow the temporal and spatial boundaries of paid work to be extended, potentially allowing more people, especially those with caring responsibilities, to become involved, possibly leading to a reduction in gender inequality. This article, based on 55 in‐depth interviews with new media owners, managers and some employees in small and micro enterprises, evaluates this claim. Reference is made to the gender‐differentiated patterns of ownership and earnings; flexible working patterns, long hours and homeworking and considers whether these working patterns are compatible with a work–life balance. The results indicate that while new media creates new opportunities for people to combine interesting paid work with caring responsibilities, a marked gender imbalance remains.
‘Family Friendly’ Employment Policies: A Route to Changing Organizational Culture or Playing About at the Margins?
Authors: Lewis Suzan
Published: March 2003

Formal ‘family friendly’ policies, including flexible or reduced hours of work and periods of leave, designed to help employees to balance work and family demands have the potential to challenge traditional models of work and organizational values. However, while these policies can reduce stress for individual employees, it is argued that there is less evidence of widespread organizational culture change. This paper draws on case studies of organizations at various stages of developing ‘family friendly’ policies to identify two barriers to fundamental shifts in organizational culture; low sense of entitlement to consideration of family needs, and organizational discourses of time as representing productivity, commitment and value. Some conditions under which broader culture change may be achieved are explored.
Ideologies and Forms of Domination in the Organization of the Global Production and Consumption of Goods in the Emerging Postmodern Era: A Case Study of Nike Corporation and the Implications for Gender
Authors: Carty Victoria
Published: March 2003

This paper uses a case study of Nike Corporation to examine some of the contradictory gender‐based ideologies involved in the two main processes of the production and consumption of athletic footwear: manufacturing and advertising. It uses the newly developing paradigm within world‐system theory, a commodity chain analysis, to compare and contrast the social relations of gender within each of these two segments at both the micro‐ and macro‐level. Noting the increasing importance of advertising and consumption patterns accompanying emerging post‐industrial, postmodern trends, this paper highlights the need for political economy analyses to address more cautiously cultural, political and social factors involved in the production and consumption of goods.

This study employs an exploratory approach, using gender as a variable to detect linkages between the economic and cultural realms at the individual and global level. Drawing on some of the post‐Marxist literature, it points to new potential for alliances in forging social change. The main attempt is to expand upon development theory which tends to neglect the role of gender, while also expanding studies of gender by investigating gender issues within the framework of the global political economy.
Working Mothers: A Review
Authors: Tracey Louise
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Elizabeth Bortalaia Silva (eds), Good Enough Mothering? Feminist Perspectives on Lone Motherhood

Simon Duncan and Rosalind Edwards (eds), Single Mothers in an International Context: Mothers or Workers?

Kim England, Who Will Mind the Baby? Geographies of Child Care and Working Mothers
Structuring Commitments in Interrupted Careers: Career Breaks, Commitment and the Life Cycle in Teaching
Authors: Healy Geraldine
Published: March 2003

Recent interest in work commitment has been within a unitary paradigm in both the sociological literature on women's commitment to work and in the human resource management literature on the need to generate commitment to work. The paper argues that the ‘commitment concept’ is a social construction with a multiplicity of meanings and that its usage is subjective, contradictory, temporal and frequently gendered. Debates focusing on the ‘masculine’ job model of commitment tend to provide only partial insights by an emphasis on the continuous, linear career and thereby neglect, or negate, the work commitment of women who take a career break. Drawing on a large study of professional teachers, the paper enables a comparison of commitment indicators between stages within a life history and between ‘returners’ and other respondents. The findings demonstrate how commitments change over time and indicate that the commitments of returners are the outcome of the interplay between ‘choices’ and the different structural conditions they encounter during their life cycle which may lead to ‘career curtailment’ or, in times of labour shortages, career opportunities.
Diversity, Identities and Strategies of Women Trade Union Activists
Authors: Colgan Fiona , Ledwith Sue
Published: March 2003

Diversity among women trade union activists is explored with reference to feminism and the women's movement, and the social and civil rights movements of black, disabled and lesbian and gay groups. Relationships between this diversity and women's individual and group identities and priorities are traced through some of the women's own descriptions and reflections on their trade union activism. These are drawn from our research with the public service union UNISON, in particular, two questionnaire surveys and semi‐structured interviews. We draw on theories of social identity, the relations of out‐group status and gender group consciousness to help to understand and explain the complexity of the social interactions involved. This frames our central analysis of the role of self‐organization in the union in the construction of women's identities and consciousnesses, and the potential of self‐organization as a site for collective action leading to organizational challenge, change and transformation.
Occupational Sex Segregation and Part‐time Work in Modern Britain
Authors: Blackwell Louisa
Published: March 2003

It is often argued that women's full‐time work is becoming less gender segregated, while their part‐time work becomes more so. This article looks cross‐sectionally and longitudinally at the relationship between occupational sex segregation and part‐time work. An innovative application of segregation curves and the Gini index measures segregation between women full‐timers and men and between women part‐timers and men. Both fell between 1971 and 1991, as did overall occupational sex segregation. These results were used to contextualize a longitudinal analysis showing how shifts between full‐time and part‐time hours affected women's experiences of occupational sex segregation and vertical mobility. Human capital explanations see full‐time and part‐time workers as distinct groups whose occupational choices reflect anticipated family roles. The plausibility of this emphasis on long‐term strategic planning is challenged by substantial and characteristic patterns of occupational mobility when women switch between full‐time and part‐time hours. The segmented nature of part‐time work meant that women who switched to part‐time hours, usually over child rearing, were often thrown off their occupational path into low‐skilled, feminized work. There was some ‘occupational recovery’ when they resumed full‐time work.
Women in the Field: Women, Farming and Organizations
Authors: Shortall Sally
Published: March 2003

One striking feature of farming as an occupation is that there are few women who farm in their own right. The passing of land from father to son means that women rarely own land. Their typical entry to farming is through marriage. Women's route of entry to farming affects interpersonal relationships within the family, and also women's role in the public space of farming. Women are under‐represented in farming organizations, in training programmes, and in the politics of farming.

This article focuses on the position of women within farming organizations and the interaction between (male) farming organizations and women's farming organizations. Farmers are an extremely well‐organized occupation and wield considerable political power because of this effective organization. However, farming organizations are almost entirely male. This article examines how women are treated within farming organizations, and also the interaction between (male) farming organizations and women's farming organizations. Drawing on the theory of organizations, I argue that the inclusion of women in farming organizations and the existence of women's farming organizations reinforce gender divisions within agriculture and do not in any way question the understanding of men as farmers, or the political power they hold.
A Feminist Trade Union Agenda? The Continued Significance of Class, Gender and Race
Authors: Munro Anne
Published: March 2003

During the 1990s attempts to identify a feminist trade union agenda have focused on both the content and process of such a potential agenda. In a period in which trade unions have changed significantly, the general national agenda appears to be changing, acknowledging issues of importance to women. UNISON, Britain's largest trade union, has enshrined proportionality and fair representation in its constitution, developing national initiatives aimed at improving opportunities in work and in the union for women, black workers, manual workers, disabled workers, etc. who traditionally have been less well represented. Many issues affecting women generally have moved to centre stage, yet issues affecting women ancillary workers seem as excluded as ever. Through a study of cleaners in the National Health Service this article argues that workplace interests reflect wider social divisions, but in a variety of patterns depending on the social organization of work. Despite thewidening trade union agenda, particular interests — more specifically the workplace interests of working‐class women and black women — continue to be neglected.
Gender and New Public Management: Reconstituting Academic Subjectivities
Authors: Thomas Robyn , Davies Annette
Published: March 2003

This article is located within the context of British Higher Education. It examines the ‘radical reforms’ of New Public Management (NPM) (marketization and managerialism) in the management of university organizations. The article has two main aims. First, to explore the extent to which NPM initiatives have influenced individual women academics’s day–to–day experiences of the gendered academy and their professional identities. Second, to understand individuals’ active responses to NPM to develop theorizing of individual resistance in public service organizations. Adopting a Foucauldian feminist framework, it is suggested that the introduction of NPM presents a site for political struggle for women academics. The article explores the gendered nature of NPM, to determine how, in three individual universities, different women academics have responded to the ‘managerialist challenge’. Finally, the article focuses on the ways in which different women academics might accommodate, resist, or transform the discourses of NPM, the factors facilitating this, and the material outcomes.
Green Tax Reform and Competitiveness
Authors: Koskela Erkki , Sinn Hans-Werner , Schöb Ronnie
Published: March 2003

This paper studies a revenue-neutral green tax reform that substitutes energy for wage taxes in an open economy with unemployment. As long as the labour tax rate exceeds the energy tax rate, such a reform will increase employment, reduce the domestic firms' unit cost of production and hence increase international competitiveness and output of the economy. The driving force behind these results is the technological substitution process that a green tax reform will bring about. The resulting reduction in unemployment is welfare increasing since energy, which the country has to buy at its true national opportunity cost, is replaced with labour, whose price is above its social opportunity cost.
Walrasian General Equilibrium Allocations and Dynamics in Two-Sector Growth Models
Authors: Jensen Bjarne S.
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes and solves miniature Walrasian general equilibrium systems of momentary and moving equilibria. The Walrasian framework encompasses the fundamental neoclassical and classical two-sector growth models; the families of solutions of steady-state and persistent growth per capita in various competitive two-sector economies are parametrically characterized. Moreover, the endogenous behavior of relative prices and the sectoral allocation of primary factors are analyzed in detail. The technology parameters of the capital good industry are decisive for obtaining long-run per capita growth in closed (global) economies. A review of the literature complements the theorems on the general equilibrium allocations, dynamic systems, and the time paths of Walrasian two-sector economies.
’Religiöse Nachwehen’ in Schnitzler’s Anatol
Authors: Jackman Graham
Published: March 2003

Taking as its starting‐point the middle scene of Schnitzler’s Anatol, entitled ‘Denksteine’, this short essay sees in specific expressions used in the same scene evidence for a residual?if subliminal?authority exerted by moral imperatives derived from the Judaeo‐Christian tradition. In a diluted, secularised form these shape Anatol’s notion of ‘love’ and account for the impulse repeatedly to vow ‘ewige Liebe’, not‐withstanding his own inclinations and past practice. The resultant inner division in Anatol between ‘Intellekt’ and ‘Bedu¨rfnis’ is seen in relation to Nietzsche’s reference to ‘religiöse Nachwehen’ (in Menschliches, Allzumenschliches) as one form of the ‘nihilism’ of the period, as diagnosed by Nietzsche.
Shifting Boundaries: An Eastern Meeting of East and West German ‘Kabarett’
Authors: McNally Joanne. M
Published: March 2003

Almost a century has elapsed since the tentative beginnings of ‘Kabarett’ in Germany. During this time ‘Kabarett’ has developed into a ‘cultural institution’ which is dynamic in terms of style, mischievous with respect to themes, parasitic in its appropriation of forms and, at times, ambiguous with regard to its function. The fact that ‘Kabarett’ draws on the general public’s and audience’s attitudes to political and social events and developments makes it a valuable source for examining cultural and political tensions. German unification has provided fertile ground for satire, especially in the East, and has aided the rise in popularity of a more traditional ensemble ‘Kabarett’ with music, songs, scenes and monologues as its core elements. ‘Die Distel’, located on the Friedrichstrasse in Berlin and founded in 1953, are representative of this more traditional style. The group’s reorientation within a new sociopolitical context has provided plenty of ammunition with which to attack political structures both past and present. The show ‘Man trifft sich: ein deutsch‐deutsches Familientreffen’ (1998), which takes a critical look at the function of satire in the divided Germany, as well as German‐German relations since unification, forms the cornerstone of the discussion in this paper. The show focuses on a fictional meeting between the West Berlin ‘Kabarett’ group ‘Die Insulaner’ (1948–68) and ‘Die Distel’ itself and reveals the extent to which East German ‘Kabarett’ has been able to reassert itself with a new identity. By shifting boundaries on a number of levels (geographical, temporal and performance‐related), East and West perspectives on the Cold War period are brought to life, facilitating a revaluation of the distortions and elisions of the post‐war political polarisation.
‘Der Roman dahinter’: Zum autobiographischen Hintergrund von Theodor Fontanes L’Adultera
Authors: Tebben Karin
Published: March 2003

Als Theodor Fontane 1880 L’Adultera veröffentlicht, erntet er bei seinen Lesern und Leserinnen in doppelter Hinsicht Befremden. Zum einen, weil der Roman das Thema Ehebruch behandelt, zum anderen – und das ist gravierender – weil er das Geschehen einem glücklichen Ende zuführt. Dieser Essay untersucht den im Kontext der Ehebruchromane des 19. Jahrhunderts ungewöhnlichen Romanschluss vor dem biographischen Hintergrund Fontanes und fördert einen überraschenden Subtext zutage: Fontane hat plausible persönliche Gründe, den Ehebruch Melanie van der Straatens als Bekenntnis zur Selbsttreue zu gestalten. Er selbst ist nämlich in einer ähnlichen Lage; er sieht sich in seiner eigenen Ehe gezwungen, ‘vertragsbrüchig’ zu werden, um sich als Schriftsteller treu bleiben zu können.
Understanding NHS Reform: The Policy‐Transfer, Social Learning, and Path‐Dependency Perspectives
Authors: Greener Ian
Published: March 2003

This paper utilizes three perspectives in analyzing health policy in the U.K. during the formulation of the “internal market” reforms of the late 1980s and early 1990s: policy transfer, social learning, and path‐dependency. By doing so, it attempts to incorporate the most significant insights from each perspective to construct a framework for analysis that better illuminates the actors, processes, and constraints involved in health policy reform, as well as providing a means of assessing its importance. I suggest that the reform process in the U.K. was considerably more complex than most existing accounts suggest, and that notions such as “conjuncture” require caution in their usage in order to avoid confusion between the contingent and relatively permanent factors that allow reform to occur.
Legitimacy and the Privatization of Environmental Governance: How Non–State Market–Driven (NSMD) Governance Systems Gain Rule–Making Authority
Authors: Cashore Benjamin
Published: March 2003

In recent years, transnational and domestic nongovernmental organizations have created non–state market–driven (NSMD) governance systems whose purpose is to develop and implement environmentally and socially responsible management practices. Eschewing traditional state authority, these systems and their supporters have turned to the market’s supply chain to create incentives and force companies to comply.

This paper develops an analytical framework designed to understand better the emergence of NSMD governance systems and the conditions under which they may gain authority to create policy. Its theoretical roots draw on pragmatic, moral, and cognitive legitimacy granting distinctions made within organizational sociology, while its empirical focus is on the case of sustainable forestry certification, arguably the most advanced case of NSMD governance globally. The paper argues that such a framework is needed to assess whether these new private governance systems might ultimately challenge existing state–centered authority and public policy–making processes, and in so doing reshape power relations within domestic and global environmental governance.
Deliberation, Legitimacy, and Multilateral Democracy
Authors: King Loren A.
Published: March 2003

Is deliberation essential to legitimate democratic governance? Deliberation may have epistemic value, improving the quality of information and arguments. Deliberation may be transformative, shaping beliefs and opinions. Or deliberation may be part of a conception of justice that constrains authority, by requiring that procedures be justified in terms of reasons acceptable to those burdened by authoritative decisions. Although appealing, the epistemic and transformative arguments are limited by the scale and complexity of many problems for which democratic solutions are sought. But the reason–giving argument is persuasive whenever collective decisions allow burdens to be imposed on others.
Measuring Amenity Benefits from Farmland: Hedonic Pricing vs. Contingent Valuation
Authors: READY RICHARD C. , BERGER MARK C. , BLOMQUIST GLENN C.
Published: March 2003

The amenity value to Kentucky residents from horse farm land was estimated using both the contingent valuation method and the hedonic pricing method. The hedonic pricing model included both the housing and labor markets. A value function estimated from dichotomous choice contingent valuation responses showed that the value of a change in the level of the horse farm amenity was sensitive to the size of the change, with no evidence of value that is independent of the size of the change. The two methods generated estimates of the external benefits from horse farm land that were within 20 percent of each other.
The Influence of Plant Profitability on Plant Closures in Multi‐locational Firms
Authors: KIRKHAM JANET D. , WATTS H. DOUG
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the effect of plant profitability on the closure decision in multi‐locational manufacturing firms where the firm is selecting between different sites undertaking similar production activities. The paper draws upon a new interview survey of large multi‐locational manufacturing firms. Analysis of the interview data shows that plant profitability is the key to understanding only one‐third to one‐half of selective closures and that decisions taken by subsidiaries are more likely to rely on plant profitability measures than decisions taken at the corporate head office. In analyzing a regional economy, a poor level of plant profitability is indicative of a plant at risk of closure but the absence of such a characteristic is not necessarily an indication of an assured future for a plant.
State Fiscal Structure and Economic Development Policy
Authors: Gerking Shelby , Morgan William
Published: March 2003

This essay adds a new dimension to the debate concerning taxes and business location decisions by raising a simple, but perhaps underappreciated point concerning political implications of state and local fiscal structure for state economic development policy. Low taxes may well be attractive to business owners and their employees; however, a fiscal structure that is not incentive‐compatible with economic expansion may end up frustrating public policies of all types aimed at promoting growth. Economic growth may be seen as increasing types aimed at promoting growth. Economic growth may be seen as increasing demands for public services, thereby placing upward pressure on tax rates faced by the original taxpayers. In Wyoming, this problem is compounded because the tax base is narrow and highly income inelastic and the incidence of taxes levied falls significantly on out‐of‐state residents who do not benefit from public services provided. Additionally, prospects for reducing the mismatch between taxpayers and public service beneficiaries appear to be limited because, quite understandably, state residents do not wish to pay more for public services for which they have historically paid cents on the dollar.
The Accreditation of Prior Experiential Learning in Higher Education: A Discourse on Rationales and Assumptions
Authors: Lueddeke George
Published: March 2003

This paper explores some of the issues and benefits surrounding the process of accreditation of prior experiential learning (APEL) as one key institutional ‘building block’ for meeting the needs of adults who wish access to UK higher education institutions (HEIs) course provision. Arguments are advanced whereby APEL could help to ‘unlock doors’ to HEIs for those (mostly part‐time students), who have traditionally been denied access or advanced standing to HE courses because of personal, socio‐economic or institutional constraints. The paper also provides a basis for APEL based on educational grounds. Reference to a three year study/project in a Canadian institution, where criteria were evolved that eventually led to the establishment of APEL policy and procedures along with the evolution of the necessary infrastructure, is also made. APEL is also presented as a human resource/career development process that can gather momentum, gain commitment and support from the private sector.
Undergraduate Non‐Completion: Developing an Explanatory Model
Authors: Ozga Jenny , Sukhnandan Laura
Published: March 2003

This paper presents an explanatory model of undergraduate non‐completion based, primarily, on the findings of a qualitative case study. Previous research in the field of non‐completion is briefly reviewed. Such work is somewhat limited in its explanatory usefulness because it tends to focus on the student as the problem. The causes of non‐completion can only be fully understood as the culmination of a complex social process of student‐institution interaction which operates within the context of change in higher education. From this sociologically‐informed theoretical framework an explanatory model has been devised that shows how the process of withdrawal for conventional students (i.e. students who enter HE through the traditional academic route) is markedly different from that for mature students. For conventional students the factors which appear to be of central importance are student preparedness, compatibility of choice, and time of exit. In contrast, mature students are often forced into non‐completion because of external circumstances. Following a detailed description of our explanatory model of undergraduate non‐completion, we present a number of strategies for intervention at both national and institutional levels and outline the implications for higher education policy.
‘Old’ University Academic Staff Salary Movement since 1949
Authors: Cradden Conor
Published: March 2003

This article presents a descriptive account of the pay fortunes of ‘old’university academic staff since 1949. The main issue addressed is the question of whether there can by any remaining doubt that the salaries of academic staff are chronically low, both absolutely and relative to the historic pay movement of other groups in the public and private sectors. It is argued that the highly equivocal conclusions of the National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education (NCIHE) on pay levels would be unwarranted in the light of the evidence set out in the paper. This evidence includes two reports prepared for the NCIHE but delivered to it at a late stage in its deliberations.
The University: Industry Interface in the Generation of Intellectual Property
Authors: Pickering John F. , Matthews Duncan N. , Wilson Caroline , Kirkland John
Published: March 2003

This involves effective relations with the corporate sector, within an adaptive, evolving, bargaining framework. Based on an extensive interview programme, this paper explores the nature of that relationship in the context of the organisation and objectives of both partners and in the light of the developing competitive environment. It identifies the key elements on which bargaining tends to be focused and, in the light of organisational and market analysis which is ultimately developed into a bargaining model, offers predictions as to the likely outcomes of the bargaining.
Regional Migration to and from Higher Education Institutions: Scale, Determinants and Outcomes
Authors: Belfield Clive , Morris Zoë
Published: March 2003

This paper examines patterns of movement to study by undergraduates and patterns of mobility into work by graduates. Using national data and a large‐scale dataset, student movement across regions to Higher Education Institutions is described and modelled. The evidence points to a sizeable group of graduates who never move region and a significant proportion of graduates who move to study but then move back to their home region for work. Investigation is made of whether or not movement and mobility depend on the subject studied, the type of HE undertaken, the characteristics of the individual and the characteristics of the origin and destination regions. A hypothesis is proposed that the motive for movement is to secure greater rewards from Higher Education. However, those who move region to study report significantly lower satisfaction scores with their course of study. The implications of these findings for regional agencies, for institutions and for students are considered.
Continuing Research by PhD Graduates
Authors: Bazeley Pat
Published: March 2003

A survey of Australian PhD graduates has revealed that they do not necessarily fit traditional stereotypes in terms of age, previous or concurrent work experience nor, perhaps most importantly, a prospective career in research. Two years after graduating with PhD, just 36 per cent of those who found employment in the non‐academic workforce continued to be ‘xtensively’ involved in research, while only 56 per cent of those in academic employment (other than those with postdoctoral fellowships) were so involved. Many of those trained in research are frustrated in not being able to implement and extend that training through appropriate employment, others who have the opportunity do not have the desire. Factors predictive of and related to continuing involvement in research are examined, with some surprising results and policy implications regarding postgraduate research degrees.
Institutional Mergers in Australian Higher Educaiton since 1960
Authors: Harman Grant
Published: March 2003

For the past forty years, institutional mergers have been a major and controversial theme in Australian higher education. Three main phases of major mergers are reviewed with particular attention being paid to reasons for merger, success factors, and longer term results. While merger experiences have often been traumatic for participants and participating institutions, on balance the longer term results have been positive, producing a university system today comprising relatively large and comprehensive institutions, well suited to compete in the new internationally competitive environment.
For Me or Not for Me? Fragility and Risk in Mature Students' Decision‐Making
Authors: Davies Pat , Williams Jenny
Published: March 2003

Drawing on a research project which investigated the recent decline in mature student recruitment to higher education in the UK, this article explores the decision‐making process among samples of potential and new mature entrants to nine case study higher education institutions. It compares the emphasis in public policy on higher education as a private investment with the understandings and interpretations of individuals in the act of applying for entry. It concludes that while at a generalised level mature learners believe that the private return on investment will be high, at a personal level the concepts of fragility and risk are more pertinent to understanding the complexity of their decision‐making process, particularly for those over 25 years of age.
Credits, Qualifications and the Fluttering Standard
Authors: Bridges Paul H. , Tory Jane H.
Published: March 2003

The primary function of credit is to help assess the equivalence of learning and to facilitate student transfer within and between institutions. Recently, attention has focused on the role credit may have in defining the academic standards of qualifications. Some recently proposed qualifications frameworks are one‐dimensional in that they have levels as the only measurable parameter. Such ’frameworks‘ are not true frameworks because there is no basis for differentiating the qualifications at each level. Other frameworks are two‐dimensional, using credits and levels as the two parameters. Where the award of credit for a module reflects the satisfactory completion of all the designated learning outcomes at a specified level, there is a clear basis for relating credit to academic standards. In this situation, plotting the credit requirements for qualifications onto a framework that comprises levels and credits makes an important contribution towards understanding the relative standards of the qualifications.
Why are Ethnic Minority Applicants Less Likely to be Accepted into Higher Education?
Authors: Leslie Derek , Abbott Andrew , Blackaby David
Published: March 2003

The government is committed to widening access to higher education, yet applicants from ethnic minorities have 5.8 per cent less chance of gaining an acceptance than white. For some groups, for example Black‐Caribbeans, the difference is even larger. Is this the result of institutional racism or because ethnic minorities have weaker qualifications than whites? The paper explores UCAS statistics from 1996–2000, which give around 1.38 million usable observations. Qualifications are the main determinant of success; but ethnicity has an additional positive effect. The paper investigates the reasons for this. Finally, it explores whether ethnic minorities are disproportionately concentrated in lower quality institutions.
Degree Classifications in English, Welsh and Northern Irish Universities: Trends, 1994–95 to 1998–99
Authors: Yorke Mantz
Published: March 2003

In order to determine trends in the percentages of good degrees awarded, data showing the awards profiles for the five academic years 1994–95 to 1998–99 for universities in England, Wales and Northern Ireland were analysed by institution and by subject area. Although earlier research had shown a rise in the modal class of honours degree over the period 1973 to 1993, the present analyses demonstrate that, although there is an overall upward trend in the percentage of good degrees, the direction of the trend has varied from subject area to subject area. In seven of 17 subject areas, the upward trend is, statistically, reasonably robust. The trends in individual institutions have varied, probably as a result of differing combinations of influences.
The Raising of American Troops for Service in the West Indies during the War of Austrian Succession, 1740–1
Authors: Syrett David
Published: March 2003

This article is an account of the raising and dispatch to the West Indies of a regiment of troops recruited in the American colonies for the Vernon–Cathcart expedition to Cartagena on the Spanish Main.
Kin, cash, Catholics and Cavaliers: the role of kinship in the financial management of Major-General John Lambert
Authors: Farr David
Published: March 2003

This article considers Lambert's financial activities in respect of Catholics and royalists amongst his kin during the Interregnum. It argues that his assistance to them was based on kinship links established prior to 1642, and demonstrates how Lambert's aid was reciprocated by his royalist kin during his long post-Restoration imprisonment. It also illustrates how the image of Lambert's affluent lifestyle contributed to the erosion of the new model army's unity prior to the Restoration. Finally, the article sheds light on the limits of the revolution during these years, as well as highlighting the complexity of Lambert's political and religious outlook.
Profiling the Yorkshire county elector of the early eighteenth century: new material and methods
Authors: Hall Richard
Published: March 2003

This article investigates the possibilities for re-examining the political motivations of eighteenth-century county electors in the light of their socio-economic status. It focuses upon the linkage of estate and electoral records for several townships in Yorkshire, with particular attention paid to the deeds registries of Yorkshire as a source for the political historian. Whilst the argument stresses the importance of developing a broader understanding of the voters’ motivations, its key conclusion is that the more one knows about individual electors, the less confidence one can have in generalizations based upon aggregate analyses of poll books.
The Caribbean Carretera: Race, Space and Social Liminality in Costa Rica
Authors: Sharman Russell Leigh
Published: March 2003

A single highway connects the Caribbean province of Limón to mainstream society in the highlands of Costa Rica. This paper explores the ways in which that highway affects the status hierarchy of mainstream society in Costa Rica, and how the construction of whiteness as an unexamined racial qualifier for total social incorporation constrains the perception of blacks as social liminars and blackness as a state of communitas. The argument elaborates the work of Victor Turner on ritual liminality to suggest the structural ambiguity of Afro‐Latin Americans in the context of Costa Rica.
‘Mulato entre negros’(y blancos): Writing, Race, the Antislavery Question, and Juan Francisco Manzano’s Autobiografía
Authors: Branche Jerome
Published: March 2003

This article studies the inscription of a mulato racial persona in Juan Francisco Manzano’s slave autobiography. It highlights both the strategic need for the writer to please his immediate and distant benefactors, and the broader assimilationist pressures of colonial Latin America, as determinants in Manzano’s negotiation of race in his memoir. Manzano’s autobiography and his freedom are intimately tied in with the canonization of Cuban antislavery literature, and the iconization of Domingo del Monte, nineteenth‐century patrician and man of letters. The paper questions the abolitionist altruism attributed to del Monte by a generally laudatory critical tradition.
The Presidential and Parliamentary Elections of the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela: Change and Continuity (1998–2000)
Authors: Molina V José E.
Published: March 2003

The paper examines to what extent electoral behaviour in Venezuela, as it appeared in the elections of 1998 and 2000, is different from that observed between 1958 and 1988. The paper reaches the conclusion that given the decline in party identification (dealignment), the short‐term variables specific to each election, in particular the attitude towards government performance and personalities, have grown in weight vis‐à‐vis the structural factors (party identification, institutions, long‐standing political predispositions). However, the latter were still relevant and important in the 1998 and 2000 elections and it is very likely they will carry on as such for the future. It is also concluded that, even though the party system has become unstable due to the decline in identification with the traditional government parties, new stabilising factors seem to have appeared and should be taken into account. These are ideology and negative party identification.
Health Policy in Chile: The Return of the Public Sector?
Authors: Barrientos Armando
Published: March 2003

Health policy in Chile has mirrored the main changes in economic policy in recent times. The 1950s and 1960s witnessed centralisation of public health care into a National Health Service. Neoliberal policies in the 1970s and 1980s refocused health policy onto extending the scope for private insurance and provision in health care. The return to democracy in 1990 has produced a reappraisal of health policy, with the emphasis on strengthening and improving public health insurance and care. This paper examines the extent to which recent changes in health policy signal a reappraisal of the private‐public mix in the provision of basic services, and argues that a model for health care and financing built around a strong, modern, and efficient, public health care sector is more likely to succeed in addressing the health needs of the population in Chile and Latin America.
Gender, class, and network: social structure and migration patterns among transnational Israelis
Authors: Gold Steven J.
Published: March 2003

A growing body of research and theorising explores the experience of groups who maintain ties to multiple nations. However, this research often overemphasizes the fluidity and freedom available to migrants and neglects the differential access to networks available to co‐nationals who vary in their class, ethnic, gender and affiliational characteristics. Drawing on fieldwork and in‐depth interviews with Israeli migrants in the USA and Britain, and returnees in Israel, this study considers how social characteristics and settlement contexts shape access to the networks through which migrants acquire resources and information. Findings suggest that highly educated Israelis of European origins often maintain distinct social networks from their less educated and Middle Eastern or North African co‐nationals. Further, middle‐class Israelis have greater legal and economic access to migration and return than those with less human and financial capital. Israeli men and single women often prefer life abroad, while married women, especially those with children, wish to return. Finally, destinations influence migrants’ relations with the country of origin: Los Angeles fosters greater assimilation than London. In conclusion, because Israeli migrants are a diverse population, they maintain multiple networks and exhibit dissimilar patterns of connection to both the country of origin and places of destination.
Regrounding the ‘Ungrounded Empires’:localization as the geographical catalyst for transnationalism
Authors: Zhou Yu , Tseng Yen‐Fen
Published: March 2003

The emerging literature on transnationalism has reshaped the study of immigration in the USA from ‘melting pot’ and later ‘salad bowl’, to ‘switching board’, which emphasizes the ability of migrants to forge and maintain ties to their home countries. Often under the heading of ‘transnationalism from below’, these studies highlight an alternative form of globalization, in which migrants act as active agents to initiate and structure global interactions. The role of geography, and in particular, localization in transnational spaces, is central to the transnationalism debate, but is yet to be well articulated. While it has been commonly claimed that transnationalism represents deterritorialized practices and organizations, we argue that it is in fact rooted in the territorial division of labour and local community networks in immigrant sending and receiving countries. We examine closely two business sectors engaged in by the Chinese immigrants in Los Angeles: high‐tech firms and accounting firms. Each illustrates, respectively, the close ties of Chinese transnational activities with the economic base of the Los Angeles region, and the contribution of local‐based, low‐wage, small ethnic businesses to the transnational practices. We conclude that deeper localization is the geographical catalyst for transnational networks and practices.