bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combining DNA Barcoding and Chemical fingerprints to authenticate Lavender raw material
Authors: Philippe Florian , Dubrulle Nelly , Marteaux Benjamin , Bonnet Brice , Choisy Patrick , Berthon Jean‐Yves , Garnier Laurence , Leconte Nadine , Milesi Sandrine , Morvan Pierre‐Yves , Saunois Alex , Sun Jian‐Sheng , Weber Sandrine , Giraud Nicole
Published: December 2021

Objective

This study was initiated and conducted by several laboratories, 3 of the main cosmetic ingredient suppliers and 4 brands of cosmetics in France. Its objective is to show the interest and robustness of coupling chemical and genetic analyses in the identification of plant species. In this study, the Lavandula genus was used.

Methods

In this study, we used two analytical methods. Chemical analysis from UHPLC (ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography) and genetic analysis from barcoding with genetic markers.

Results

Eleven lavender species were selected (botanically authenticated) and analysed. The results show that three chemical compounds (coumaric acid hexoside, ferulic acid hexoside and rosmarinic acid) and three genetic markers (RbcL, trnH‐psbA and ITS) are of interest for the differentiation of species of the genus lavandula.

Conclusion

The results show that the combination of complementary analytical methods is a relevant system to prove the botanical identification of lavender species. This first study, carried out on a plant of interest for cosmetics, demonstrates the need for authentication using a tool combining genetic and chemical analysis as an advance over traditional investigation methods used alone, in terms of identification and authentication reliability.
Absolute autonomy, respectful recognition and derived dignity: Towards a typology of meaningful work
Authors: Laaser Knut , Bolton Sharon
Published: December 2021

Theoretical and empirical contributions to meaningful work (MW) have flourished in the last two decades; investigating how the interplay of organizational factors with employee attitudes and experiences enables or denies MW. This paper reviews MW literature in the fields of management and organizational behaviour, political philosophy, the humanities and sociology with the aim of identifying and comparing conceptualizations of MW and how they relate to low‐skilled work. The review illustrates that a wide range of MW concepts either interpret low‐skilled work as bereft of essential sources for MW, or focus exclusively on workers’ innate drive to make meaningful experiences and thereby neglect the politics of working life. Making the point that low‐skilled work can also be meaningful, the paper develops a framework for low‐skilled work that has at its heart the interplay between the unique characteristics and dynamics of the labour process and workers’ agential responses. The framework rests on a combination of labour process analysis and industrial relations approaches, along with sociological concepts of agency. It develops three interdependent conceptual dimensions of core autonomy, respectful recognition and derived dignity that aim to capture MW in low‐skilled work settings. The framework contributes to vibrant debates in the MW literature by showcasing how meaningfulness emerges through bottom‐up collective and individual practices, relations and strategies that are reflective of the formal structures, demands and relations of low‐skilled work.
Imaging dendritic cell functions*
Authors: Bošnjak Berislav , Do Kim Thi Hoang , Förster Reinhold , Hammerschmidt Swantje I.
Published: December 2021

Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for the appropriate initiation of adaptive immune responses. During inflammation, DCs capture antigens, mature, and migrate to lymphoid tissues to present foreign material to naïve T cells. These cells get activated and differentiate either into pathogen‐specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that destroy infected cells or into CD4+ T helper cells that, among other effector functions, orchestrate antibody production by B cells. DC‐mediated antigen presentation is equally important in non‐inflammatory conditions. Here, DCs mediate induction of tolerance by presenting self‐antigens or harmless environmental antigens and induce differentiation of regulatory T cells or inactivation of self‐reactive immune cells. Detailed insights into the biology of DCs are, therefore, crucial for the development of novel vaccines as well as the prevention of autoimmune diseases. As in many other life science areas, our understanding of DC biology would be extremely restricted without bioimaging, a compilation of methods that visualize biological processes. Spatiotemporal tracking of DCs relies on various imaging tools, which not only enable insights into their positioning and migration within tissues or entire organs but also allow visualization of subcellular and molecular processes. This review aims to provide an overview of the imaging toolbox and to provide examples of diverse imaging techniques used to obtain fundamental insights into DC biology.
Impact of diabetes status on immunogenicity of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in older adults
Authors: Spencer Sarah , Chung Jessie R. , Belongia Edward A. , Sundaram Maria , Meece Jennifer , Coleman Laura A. , Zimmerman Richard K. , Nowalk Mary Patricia , Moehling Geffel Krissy , Ross Ted , Carter Chalise E. , Shay David , Levine Min , Liepkalns Justine , Kim Jin Hyang , Sambhara Suryaprakash , Thompson Mark G. , Flannery Brendan
Published: December 2021

Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus experience high rates of influenza virus infection and complications. We compared the magnitude and duration of serologic response to trivalent influenza vaccine in adults aged 50–80 with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Serologic response to influenza vaccination was similar in both groups: greater fold‐increases in antibody titer occurred among participants with lower pre‐vaccination antibody titers. Waning of antibody titers was not influenced by diabetes status.
Tearing Down Walls, Opening Doors: Teaching an Art History College Course in Jail During Covid
Authors: Ruyter Mia
Published: December 2021

With no possibility of teaching in prisons in person because of the pandemic, a group of social justice concerned art history graduate students offered a remote learning college course for people incarcerated in a detention facility in the United States. The culturally sustaining and trauma‐sensitive course, delivered asynchronously via tablets, was a survey of contemporary art. Because of a quarantine in response to the COVID pandemic, the class had the opportunity to use technology that is new to carceral spaces. The advantages and problems will be discussed. This article will close with practical recommendations for educators seeking to provide similar programming.
Icariin accelerates cartilage defect repair by promoting chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs under conditions of oxygen‐glucose deprivation
Authors: Tang Wang , Zhang Hongyi , Liu Donghua , Jiao Feng
Published: December 2021

This study explored the role played by combined ICA and bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in repairing rabbit knee cartilage defects. Firstly, rabbit BMSCs were isolated and used to construct an in vitro cellular model of oxygen‐glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Subsequently, ICA processing, Alcian blue staining, immunofluorescence and Western blot studies were performed to evaluate the ability of BMSCs to display signs of chondrogenic differentiation. Furthermore, a rabbit knee cartilage injury model was established in vivo. International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) macroscopic evaluations, H&E, Alcian blue and EdU staining, as well as immunohistochemistry, were analysed cartilage repair and pathological condition of the knee cartilage tissue. Our in vitro results showed that ICA promoted the chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs, as well as aggrecan (AGR), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and COL2A1 protein expression in BMSCs. In vivo experiments showed that rabbits in the BMSCs or ICA treatment group had higher ICRS scores and displayed a better restoration of cartilage‐like tissue and chondrocyte expression on the surface of their cartilage defects. In conclusion, ICA or BMSCs alone could repair rabbit knee cartilage damage, and combined treatment with ICA and BMSCs showed a better ability to repair rabbit knee cartilage damage.
Gender and Crises in European Economic Governance: Is this Time Different?*
Authors: O'Dwyer Muireann
Published: December 2021

There is now a significant literature engaging with questions around gender and economic governance in the European Union. This builds upon research that demonstrates the gendered nature of the economy, and the gendered impacts of policy interventions. This paper draws on that research to develop an account of the gendered nature of the EU's crisis response, moving from analysis of the response to the Global Financial Crisis to some prelimary discussions of the EU's economic response to the COVID‐19 pandemic. The paper shows how at each stage policies generate gendered consequences, and are built upon gendered assumptions about society and the economy.

This paper therefore connects the feminist literature on the European Economic Governance to debates on the COVID‐19 response, using a focus on gender and gender equality to examine key continuities between the crisis fighting of the Global Financial crisis to the establishment of the Next Generation EU fund.
Mutation accumulation in inbreeding populations under evolution of the selfing rate
Authors: Xu Kuangyi
Published: December 2021

It is theoretically established that self‐fertilization can facilitate mutation accumulation, thus increasing extinction risk. However, in previous studies, selfing rates are often set as fixed parameters, but in natural systems, evolution of selfing rates and deleterious mutations may mutually affect each other. I carried out simulations to investigate the dynamics of selfing rates and mutation accumulation, by allowing deleterious mutations to coevolve with alleles that modify the selfing rate (selfing modifiers). I found that selfing rates will often fluctuate over time, due to successive invasion of alleles that increase selfing and outcrossing. Since mutation fixation is mainly caused by Muller's ratchet, its rate is sensitive to the change of the selfing rate mutations will accumulate in a punctuated pattern. The dynamics are influenced by several factors, such as recombination and the selfing rate effects of selfing modifier loci. Also, such temporal variation produces variation of selfing rates and mutation accumulation rates between multiple conspecific populations, which can increase the average fitness across populations. As factors, such as the genomic mutation rate of deleterious mutations, can simultaneously influence the selfing rate and mutation fixation, effects of these factors on mutation accumulation rates can be complicated and non‐monotonic.
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam (jackfruit) processing equipment: Research insights and perspectives
Authors: Nelluri Puja , Venkatesh Thulasiraman , Kothakota Anjineyulu , Pandiselvam Ravi , Garg Ramandeep , Mousavi Khaneghah Amin
Published: December 2021

India is the largest producer of jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus Lam.) all over the world. It is an underutilized seasonal fruit rich in vitamins, minerals, proteins, and carbohydrates. A significant chunk of the jackfruit production is wasted due to a lack of postharvest technological interventions. Due to its bulky nature, thickness, and spiky skin, operations like peeling, cutting, and coring are difficult to perform manually. Recently, there is a considerable improvement in the mechanization of jackfruit postharvest processing, which helps to reduce the wastage by 80% in its production and utilization. This review summarizes the recently developed varied types of machinery, procedures, and working mechanism of various postharvest operations such as peeling, cutting, coring, bulb removal, and seed processing. Moreover, it critically evaluates and compares the machinery for each stage of unit operation involved in jackfruit processing. The development of various thermal processing techniques such as blanching, canning, boiling, and drying is also discussed in detail. However, on comparing thermal processing with other processing aids, there is always a critical nutrients loss during thermal processing. This review also finally explores the jackfruit potential for industrial application and commercialization.

Practical Applications

Unit operations involving preprocessing of jackfruits such as peeling, cutting, coring, bulb removal, seed roasting, and seed dehulling remain the most tedious operation in jackfruit processing due to its irregular shape and hard surface. Manual operation of such unit operations consumes much time and causes drudgery. Hence, the development of suitable equipment for such unit operations becomes inevitable and helps make the jackfruit processing faster and more efficient. Critical analysis of various machineries for jackfruit processing will be of great use for industries to learn about various machineries used in jackfruit processing.
Hospital admissions in infants with Down syndrome: a record‐linked population‐based cohort study in Wales
Authors: Esperanza R. A. , Evans A. , Tucker D. , Paranjothy S. , Hurt L.
Published: December 2021

Background

Despite recent advances, mortality in children with Down syndrome remains five times higher than in the general population. This study aims to describe the burden, patterns and causes of hospital admissions in infants with Down syndrome, and compare this with infants without Down syndrome in a population‐based cohort.

Methods

This study used data from the Wales Electronic Cohort for Children, a cohort of all children born in Wales between 1990 and 2012. The cohort was generated from routine administrative data, linked to create an anonymised data set within the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage databank. This analysis is based on all infants born between January 2003 and January 2012 who were followed to their first birthday, a move out of Wales, death, or until 31 October 2012 (end of follow‐up). Infants with Down syndrome were identified using the Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service in Wales. Multivariable Cox regression was used to compare the time to first hospital admission. Admission codes were used to identify the commonest indications for hospitalisation and to determine the presence of other congenital anomalies.

Results

We included 324 060 children, 356 of whom had Down syndrome. Of infants with Down syndrome, 80.3% had at least one hospital inpatient admission during the first year of life, compared with 32.9% of infants without Down syndrome. These first admissions were earlier [median of 6 days interquartile range (IQR) (3, 72) compared with 45 days [IQR 6, 166)] and longer [median of 4 days (IQR 1, 15) compared with 1 day (IQR 0, 3)] than in infants without Down syndrome. The most common causes of admissions were congenital abnormalities, respiratory diseases, conditions originating in the perinatal period and infectious diseases. The presence of other congenital abnormalities increased hospitalisations in all infants, but more so in infants with Down syndrome who spent a median of 21 days in hospital (IQR 11, 47) during their first year of life.

Conclusion

Infants with Down syndrome are at high risk for early, more frequent and longer hospital admissions. Congenital heart disease and respiratory infections remain a major burden in this population. More research is needed to understand how to better manage these conditions particularly in the first month of life when most admissions occur.
A window into an older orogenic cycle: P–T conditions and timing of the pre‐Alpine history of the Dora‐Maira Massif (Western Alps)
Authors: Nosenzo Francesco , Manzotti Paola , Poujol Marc , Ballèvre Michel , Langlade Jessica
Published: December 2021

Deciphering the pre‐orogenic evolution of subducted continental basement is challenging due to pervasive reworking of crust during subduction and exhumation. Survival of such polycyclic basement may occur locally in low strain domains bounded by intensely overprinted rocks. The Palaeozoic history of basement involved in Alpine continental subduction is investigated in the northern Dora‐Maira Massif where a kilometre‐scale domain of low strain preserves a pre‐Alpine amphibolite‐facies foliation in garnet‐biotite orthogneiss and garnet‐staurolite micaschist. By contrast, a first generation garnet is the only pre‐Alpine relict in pervasively reworked domains surrounding the low‐strain domain. Thermodynamic modelling based on garnet isopleths in micaschist constrains the pre‐Alpine pressure–temperature (P–T) evolution from 4 to 5 kbar and ~500°C to 6–7 kbar and ~650°C, which is consistent with Barrovian metamorphism up to the staurolite zone. In this micaschist, monazite included in garnet rims provide an age of 324 ± 6 Ma (95% confidence interval; c.i.). On the basis of textural and chemical data, this is interpreted as recording peak Barrovian metamorphic conditions. Low Th/U metamorphic zircon overgrowths and crystals yield an age of 304 ± 2 Ma (95% confidence interval). On the basis of the trace element concentrations and rare earth element (REE) patterns measured in garnet and metamorphic zircon, the latter is tentatively interpreted as having grown during early exhumation or cooling, involving garnet consumption and fluid infiltration. The reconstructed Variscan Barrovian metamorphism of the northern Dora‐Maira basement is consistent with that documented in the External Crystalline Massifs and in the Austroalpine domain of the Alps. The Palaeozoic basement of the Dora‐Maira Massif likely represents upper crustal material, later involved in Alpine continental subduction under high‐ to ultra‐high‐pressure conditions.
Patients' needs regarding rehabilitation services delivered via mobile applications after arthroplasty: A qualitative study
Authors: Wang Qingling , Hunter Sharyn , Lee Regina Lai‐Tong , Wang Xiaofeng , Chan Sally Wai‐Chi
Published: December 2021

Aims and Objectives

To obtain an in‐depth understanding of the specific needs of patients for rehabilitation services delivered via mobile applications after total hip or knee arthroplasty.

Background

Due to increased demand for arthroplasty, the provision of face‐to‐face rehabilitation services for patients is becoming challenging. New approaches using digital technologies are being developed, such as mobile applications to deliver rehabilitation services. However, the perspectives of patients on the delivery of these services via mobile applications after total hip or knee arthroplasty have not been explored extensively.

Design

A qualitative descriptive study.

Methods

Twenty patients who had been discharged from the hospital after a total hip or knee arthroplasty were interviewed via telephone about their needs regarding the future use of mobile applications to conduct arthroplasty rehabilitation. Interview records were transcribed verbatim and analysed using inductive content analysis. Reporting of the findings complies with the COREQ checklist for qualitative studies.

Results

Four categories emerged from the data collected from the participants: (1) assisting rehabilitation self‐management, (2) facilitating peer support, (3) facilitating contact with healthcare professionals and (4) supporting emotional well‐being.

Conclusions

The study provided an in‐depth understanding of the specific needs of patients for rehabilitation services delivered via mobile applications after total hip or knee arthroplasty. The findings of the study could be used in the development or revision of mobile application rehabilitation programmes to better support the rehabilitation of patients. Future studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of such programmes, especially including the self‐efficacy of patients as an outcome measure.

Relevance to clinical practice

From the perspective of patients who have undergone arthroplasty, a mobile application rehabilitation programme should encourage patients in rehabilitation self‐management, assist them to contact healthcare professionals and other patients and support their postoperative emotional well‐being. The study findings will assist nurses with the preparation and delivery of telerehabilitation programmes after arthroplasty.
Sexual dimorphism in the cerebrovascular network: Brain MRI shows lower arterial density in women
Authors: Barbeau‐Meunier Charles‐Antoine , Bernier Michaël , Côté Samantha , Gilbert Guillaume , Bocti Christian , Whittingstall Kevin
Published: December 2021

Background and Purpose

Accumulating evidence suggests that there is a sexual dimorphism in brain health, with women exhibiting greater disability following strokes of comparable size and having a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment later in life. Despite the critical implication of the cerebrovascular architecture in brain perfusion and brain health, it remains unclear whether structural differences in vessel density exist across the sexes.

Methods

In this study, we used high‐density MRI imaging to characterize the intracerebral arterial and venous density of 28 (14 women) sex‐matched healthy young volunteers in vivo. Using an in‐house vessel segmentation algorithm, we quantified and compared these vascular features across the cortical and subcortical deep gray matter, white matter, and periventricular white matter.

Results

We found that, on average, women have reduced intracerebral arterial density in comparison to men (F 2.34 ± 0.48%, M 2.67 ± 0.39%; p<.05). This difference was most pronounced in the subcortical deep gray matter (F 1.78 ± 0.53%, M 2.38 ± 0.82%; p<.05) and periventricular white matter (F 0.68 ± 0.15%, M 1.14 ± 0.33%; p<.0005), indicating a potential sex‐specific vulnerability to hypoperfusion in areas critical to core cerebral functions. In contrast, venous density did not exhibit a significant difference between sexes.

Conclusions

While this research remains exploratory, it raises important pathophysiological considerations for brain health, adverse cerebrovascular events, and dementia across the sexes. Our findings also highlight the need to take into account sex differences when investigating cerebral characteristics in humans.
Effect of Splinting of Tilted External Hexagon Implants on 3‐Unit Implant‐Supported Prostheses in the Posterior Maxilla: A 3D Finite Element Analysis
Authors: de Faria Almeida Daniel A. , Verri Fellippo R. , Lemos Cleidiel A. A. , de Souza Batista Victor E. , Santiago Júnior Joel. F. , Rosa Cleber D. D. R. D. , Noritomi Pedro Y. , Pellizzer Eduardo P.
Published: December 2021

Purpose

To assess the effects of tilted external hexagon implants and splinted restorations in terms of stress distribution on the bone tissue, implants, and prosthetic screws, using three‐dimensional finite element analysis.

Materials and Methods

Six models were used to simulate a posterior maxilla bone block (type IV) from the first premolar to the first molar. Each model included three 4.1‐mm‐diameter external hexagon implants with varying inclinations (0°, 17°, and 30°) and crown designs (splinted and nonsplinted restorations). The forces applied were as follows: 400 N axially (50 N for each slope of the cusp) and 200 N obliquely (45° only on the buccal slope of the cusp). Stress distribution on the implants and prosthetic screw was evaluated using Von Mises stress, while the maximum principal stress was used to evaluate the stress distribution in the bone tissue.

Results

The oblique load increased the stress on all the structures in all the models. Increased inclination of the implants resulted in higher stress concentration in the bone tissue, implants, and prosthetic screws. However, splinted restorations contributed to reduction of the stress for the oblique loading, mainly in the bone tissue and prosthetic screw of the first molar, as the stress was shared between the first and second premolar restorations.

Conclusions

Tilted implants increased proportionally the stress on bone tissue and prosthetic screws of models. Additionally, splinting restorations reduced the stress concentration area in the simulated bone tissue, implants, and prosthetic screws in the first molar, as the stress was shared with the adjacent implants.
Treatment Plan and Challenges in Full‐Mouth Rehabilitation of a Quadriplegic Patient: A Clinical Report
Authors: Auerbacher Marc , Kakoschke Tamara Katharina , Hickel Reinhard , Kaisarly Dalia
Published: December 2021

Spinal cord injuries lead to physical limitations, and the resulting levels of dependency and emotional distress have devastating consequences on individuals’ oral health. A 46‐year‐old patient with incomplete quadriplegia due to a complicated medical history presented for prosthetic rehabilitation. The patient's ability and tolerance to be treated in the dental chair was assessed. Prosthetic treatment options were discussed considering his dependency on alternating caregivers. The final treatment plan involved restorative treatment, implant‐supported crowns, an implant‐supported fixed dental prosthesis and, in the upper jaw, an implant‐supported overdenture to allow proper oral hygiene. The dental treatment sessions were performed with frequent interruptions in the dental chair, whereas the implants were placed under general anesthesia in the maxillo‐facial surgery department. The final treatment plan resulted in a compromise between the prosthetic recommendation and the patient's wish. The decisive factor for choosing an implant‐supported overdenture rather than an implant‐supported fixed dental prosthesis in the upper jaw was the inability of the patient to maintain adequate hygiene measures by himself and his dependence on the caregivers. This clinical report demonstrates how special care dentistry can improve quality of life, even in people with severe physical and/or mental impairments. We would like to encourage dental professionals to provide high‐quality care for patients with disabilities in particular, and this practice is in line with the requirements of the UN convention on the rights of persons with disabilities.
Investigation of the Type of Angled Abutment for Anterior Maxillary Implants: A Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Korkmaz Ismail Hakki , Kul Esra
Published: December 2021

Purpose

The optimal abutment material and design for an angled implant‐abutment connection in the esthetic zone is unclear. The purpose of this finite element analysis (FEA) study was to compare different abutment models by evaluating the stress values in the implant components and strain values on the simulated bone around an anterior maxillary implant with different angled abutment models and loading conditions.

Materials and Methods

One Ø3.5×12‐mm implant was placed in 3D FEA models representing the anterior left lateral segment of the maxilla. Three different contemporary implant models were created with 17° or 25° angled abutments (Ti base abutment, zirconia abutment, and titanium abutment) and 3D‐modeled. The implant abutment model was an angled Ti base abutment (TIB), an angled zirconia abutment (ZIR), or an angled titanium abutment (TIT). Vertical and oblique loads of 100 N for the central incisors were applied as boundary conditions to the cingulum area and incisal area in a nonlinear FEA.

Results

The TIB model resulted in reduced stress conditions. According to the von Mises stresses occurring on the screw, abutment, crown, and implant, especially under oblique loads, the TIB model was exposed to less stress than the ZIR or TIT models. Strain values in simulated cortical and trabecular bones were obtained lower in the TIB model.

Conclusions

When a standard implant was placed in the esthetic zone at an increased angle, the implants, abutments, and screws had more unfavorable stress levels; therefore, using a Ti‐base abutment may reduce stress. The amount of contact surface of the implant with the simulated cortical bone is also an important factor affecting stress and strain.
Oral health‐related quality of life in US adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Vu Giang T. , Little Bert B. , Esterhay Robert J. , Jennings J' Aime , Creel Liza , Gettleman Lawrence
Published: December 2021

Objectives

The objective of this study was to analyze factors associated with oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and nondiabetic US adults.

Methods

The study sample included 2945 participants (aged ≥20) selected from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2004 that represented 130,689,262 million persons in a probability weighted sample. Oral health outcomes were measured by the NHANES version of Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) for OHRQoL and summarized as additive scores (OHIP‐ADD) and as prevalence of negative impacts (OHIP‐SC). Multiple logistic regression models used dichotomous outcome variables OHIP‐ADD and OHIP‐SC. The cut‐off values for poor OHRQoL were heuristically defined as OHIP‐ADD ≥6 and as OHIP‐SC > 0.

Results

Poor OHRQoL was significantly (p < 0.0001) predicted by T2DM (ORSC‐controlled = 1.43, ORSC‐uncontrolled = 1.73), obesity (ORSC = 1.24), untreated dental caries (ORSC = 1.79), periodontal disease (ORADD = 1.07), evaluated unmet denture need (ORSC = 1.72), low income (ORADD = 1.22), smoking (ORSC‐former‐smoker = 1.04, ORSC‐current‐smoker = 1.99), African‐American (ORSC = 1.19), and female (ORSC = 1.66) in both logistic regression models. In contrast, protective factors significantly (p < 0.0001) associated with poor OHRQoL were private dental insurance (ORSC = 0.81), college education (ORSC = 0.85), and annual dental prophylaxis (ORSC = 0.83), after adjustment for covariates.

Conclusions

This study showed that private insurance coverage and annual prophylaxis are associated with better average OHRQoL among individuals with T2DM. Improved OHRQoL may be associated with glycaemia control, decreased BMI, and smoking cessation. The highest odds for poor OHRQoL were found among US adults with T2DM with uncontrolled HbA1c, untreated dental caries, and current smoking.
Comparison of serum creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase activity in dogs with Neospora meningoencephalitis and noninfectious meningoencephalitis
Authors: Jones Bethan S. , Harcourt‐Brown Tom
Published: December 2021

Background

Creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity can be increased with myositis associated with Toxoplasma and Neospora infection in dogs.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Serum activity of CK and AST can be used as a rapid screen for predicting positive serology in meningoencephalitis caused by Toxoplasma gondii or Neospora caninum in dogs compared to dogs with noninfectious meningoencephalitis.

Animals

Eighty dogs with meningoencephalitis based on magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis.

Methods

Retrospective case‐control study. Serological cutoffs (≥1:800 immunofluorescence for Neospora and ≥1:400 IgG or ≥1:64 IgM or both for Toxoplasma) categorized dogs as infected (n = 21, all neosporosis) or noninfected (n = 59). Activities of CK and AST between infected and noninfected groups were compared using a Mann‐Whitney U test and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.

Results

No dogs were diagnosed with toxoplasmosis. Serum CK and AST activities were significantly increased (P < .001) in dogs with positive serology for Neospora (CK: median, 1334 U/L; range, 281‐3633 U/L and AST: median, 124 U/L; range, 59‐333 U/L) compared to noninfectious cases (CK: median, 215 U/L; range, 69‐683 U/L and AST: median, 36 U/L; range, 19‐139 U/L). A CK cutoff of 485 U/L had 95.24% sensitivity and 96.61% specificity with a negative predicative value of >99%. An AST cutoff of 57 U/L had 94.44% sensitivity and 85.71% specificity with an estimated negative predicative value of 99%.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

High serum CK and AST activity can increase suspicion for neosporosis while awaiting serological tests for dogs with meningoencephalitis.
Elderly people with gait disorder in Lewy body diseases, white matter diseases, and their combination: A neuroimaging‐assisted analysis
Authors: Sakakibara Ryuji , Tateno Fuyuki , Aiba Yosuke , Sawai Setsu , Ogata Tsuyoshi , Terada Hitoshi , Inaoka Tsutomu , Nakatsuka Tomoya , Katsuragawa Shuichi
Published: December 2021

Aim of study

While Lewy body diseases (LBDs, comprising Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies) and white matter diseases (WMD) coexist pathologically, it is uncertain to what extent each disease and the combination of the two manifests clinically, particularly regarding gait disorders. To answer this question, we performed neuroimaging‐assisted analysis.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study (215 patients with gait, cognitive, or sleep‐autonomic disorders who were referred to our department within a 2‐year period). The inclusion criteria were apparent gait disorder; age >65 years; WMD observed on MRI; and LBD observed on both DAT and MIBG for clarity.

Results

We had 39 patients with LBD; 31 with WMD; and 52 with dual diseases. The types of motor disorder in LBD varied (purely akinetic, akineto‐rigid, and tremor forms), whereas in WMD it was purely akinetic with a wide‐based gait. Those with dual diseases showed a clinical combination of the two. Cognitive disorders of LBD‐only and of dual diseases were more severe than WMD only. Sleep disorder and postural hypotension occurred only in LBD‐only and in dual diseases; constipation was common in LBD and dual groups. However, none of the differences reached statistical significance.

Conclusion

Among the patients, 23%‐50% of LBD and those of dual diseases had the purely akinetic form, which might be indistinguishable from WMD. In such cases, additional motor (subtle upper‐half akinesia, abnormal posture) and nonmotor (cognitive‐sleep‐autonomic) signatures may help in diagnosing (comorbid) LBD cases that require treatment.
Pain in irritable bowel syndrome: Does anything really help?
Authors: BouSaba Joelle , Sannaa Wassel , Camilleri Michael
Published: December 2021

Pain relief remains a significant challenge in the management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): “Does anything really help relieve the pain in patients with IBS?”. Interventions aimed at pain relief in patients with IBS include diet, probiotics or antibiotics, antidepressants, antispasmodics, and drugs targeting specific gastrointestinal receptors such as opioid or histamine receptors. In the systematic review and meta‐analysis published in this journal, Lambarth et al. examined the literature on the role of oral and parenteral anti‐neuropathic agents in the management of pain in patients with IBS. This review article appraises their assessment of the efficacy of the anti‐neuropathic agents amitriptyline, pregabalin, gabapentin, and duloxetine in the relief of abdominal pain or discomfort, and impact on overall IBS severity and quality of life. This commentary provides an update of current evidence on the efficacy of the dietary and pharmacological treatments that are available or in development, as well psychological and cognitive behavioral therapy for pain in IBS. Advances in recent years augur well for efficacious treatments that may expand the therapeutic arsenal for pain in IBS.
Mundane hallucinations and new wave relationalism
Authors: Beck Jacob
Published: December 2021

Relationalism maintains that mind‐independent objects are essential constituents of veridical perceptual experiences. According to the argument from hallucination, relationalism is undermined by perfect hallucinations, experiences that are introspectively indistinguishable from veridical perceptual experiences but lack an object. Recently, a new wave of relationalists have responded by questioning whether perfect hallucinations are possible: what seem to be perfect hallucinations may really be something else, such as illusions, veridical experiences of non‐obvious objects, or experiences that are not genuinely possible. This paper argues that however well new wave relationalism may handle brains in vats, drug users “seeing” pink elephants, and other extraordinary hallucinations, it struggles to accommodate mundane hallucinations, such as “hearing” your child cry out from the room down the hall when she is actually sound asleep or “feeling” vibrations on your thigh even when your phone isn't in your pocket. Mundane hallucinations are best explained as byproducts of noise in the perceptual system, and noise‐induced hallucinations are resistant to the strategies that new wave relationalists deploy to explain away other hallucinations. Mundane hallucinations can thus underpin an especially powerful version of the argument from hallucination.
A pilot to promote early child development within health systems in Mozambique: a qualitative evaluation
Authors: Jeong Joshua , Bliznashka Lilia , Ahun Marilyn N. , Karuskina‐Drivdale Svetlana , Picolo Melanie , Lalwani Tanya , Pinto Judite , Frey Matthew , Velthauz Daan , Donco Rotafina , Yousafzai Aisha K.
Published: December 2021

Health systems offer unique opportunities for integrating services to promote early child development (ECD). However, there is limited knowledge about the implementation experiences of using health services to target nurturing care and ECD, especially in sub‐Saharan Africa. We conducted a qualitative implementation evaluation to assess the delivery, acceptability, perceived changes, and barriers and facilitators associated with a pilot strategy that integrated developmental monitoring, nutritional screening, and early learning and nutrition counseling into the existing health facility, and community‐based services for young children in rural Mozambique. We completed individual interviews with caregivers (N = 36), providers (N = 27), and district stakeholders (N = 10), and nine facility observational visits at three primary health facilities in October–November 2020. We analyzed data using thematic content analysis. Results supported fidelity to the intended pilot model and acceptability of nurturing care services. Respondents expressed various program benefits, including strengthened health system capacity and improved knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding nurturing care and ECD. Government leadership and supportive supervision were key facilitators, whereas health system resource constraints were key barriers. We conclude that health systems are promising platforms for supporting ECD and discuss several programmatic recommendations for enhancing service delivery and maximizing potential impacts on nurturing care and ECD outcomes.
Emergency preservation and resuscitation for cardiac arrest from trauma
Authors: Tisherman Samuel A.
Published: December 2021

Patients who suffer a cardiac arrest from trauma rarely survive. Surgical control of hemorrhage cannot be obtained in time to prevent irreversible organ damage. Emergency preservation and resuscitation (EPR) was developed to utilize hypothermia to buy time to achieve hemostasis and allow delayed resuscitation. Large animal studies have demonstrated that cooling to tympanic membrane temperature 10 °C during exsanguination cardiac arrest can allow up to 2 h of circulatory arrest and repair of simulated injuries with normal neurologic recovery. The Emergency Preservation and Resuscitation for Cardiac Arrest from Trauma (EPR‐CAT) trial is testing the feasibility and safety of initiating EPR. Study subjects include patients with penetrating trauma who lose a pulse within 5 minutes of hospital arrival and remain pulseless despite standard care. EPR is initiated via an intra‐aortic flush of ice‐cold saline solution. Following hemostasis, delayed resuscitation and rewarming are accomplished with cardiopulmonary bypass. The primary outcome is survival to hospital discharge without significant neurologic deficits. If trained team members are available, subjects can undergo EPR. If not, subjects can be enrolled as concurrent controls. Ten EPR and 10 control subjects will be enrolled. If successful, EPR could save the lives of trauma patients who are currently dying from exsanguinating hemorrhage.
The role of melatonin in the molecular mechanisms underlying metaflammation and infections in obesity: A narrative review
Authors: Pivonello Claudia , Negri Mariarosaria , Patalano Roberta , Amatrudo Feliciana , Montò Tatiana , Liccardi Alessia , Graziadio Chiara , Muscogiuri Giovanna , Pivonello Rosario , Colao Annamaria
Published: December 2021

Obesity is a chronic condition whose management is a critical challenge for physicians. The scientific community has increased its focus on the molecular mechanisms involved in obesity etiopathogenesis to better manage patients with obesity and its associated complications. The tight connection between adipose tissue and the immune system has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in inflammation, and melatonin is important for circadian rhythm regulation and metabolic homeostasis, in which it orchestrates several molecular mechanisms involved in obesity and associated inflammation. Melatonin also regulates innate and adaptive immunity; its antioxidant properties are linked to reduced predisposition to infection and weight gain in patients with obesity through the modulation of the immune response, which has a significant beneficial effect on inflammation and, consequently, on the metabolic state. Low melatonin levels have been linked to obesity, and melatonin supplementation can reduce body weight, improve metabolic profile, and ameliorate immune responses and pro‐inflammatory stimuli. The role of melatonin in obesity is mainly related to improved oxidative stress signaling, modulation of adipokine secretion, and a switching from white‐to‐brown adipose tissue phenotype and activity. Moreover, the role of melatonin in obesity modulation by controlling circadian rhythm has recently emerged as a pivotal mechanism for lipid and glucose metabolism dysfunction in adipose, muscle, and liver tissues. Melatonin may also regulate the immune system by acting directly on thymus morphology and activity as well as by modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory states during infections. The tight association between melatonin and immune response regulation is coordinated by Toll‐like receptors, which are rhythmically expressed during the day. Their expression may be strongly modulated by melatonin as their signaling is highly inhibited by melatonin. The current review summarizes studies of melatonin‐induced mechanisms involved in infection regulation, particularly the modulation of obesity‐associated inflammation and systemic complications.
Emotional labor and employee outcomes: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Humphrey Nicole M.
Published: December 2021

While there is agreement among scholars that people‐work requires emotional labor, there is still some uncertainty about the consequences of emotional labor for employees. This article conducts a random‐effects meta‐analysis including 545 correlations across 175 primary studies to explore the relationship between emotional labor, burnout, and job satisfaction. The meta‐analysis suggests that emotional labor can be both harmful and beneficial to employees, depending on the emotional labor strategy used, that is, surface acting or deep acting. In addition, the meta‐regression shows that effect sizes between emotional labor and employee outcomes (i.e., burnout and job satisfaction) differ in collectivist and individualist cultures. The article concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for research and practice.
Photocleavage‐based Photoresponsive Drug Delivery†
Authors: Liu Jinzhao , Kang Weirong , Wang Weiping
Published: December 2021

Targeted drug delivery has been extensively studied in the last decade, whereas both passive and active targeting strategies still face many challenges, such as off‐target drug release. Light‐responsive drug delivery systems have been developed with high controllability and spatio‐temporal resolution to improve drug efficacy and reduce off‐target drug release. Photoremovable protecting groups are light‐responsive moieties that undergo irreversible photocleavage reactions upon light irradiation. They can be covalently linked to the molecule of interest to control its structure and function with light. In this review, we will summarize recent applications of photocleavage technologies in nanoparticle‐based drug delivery for precise targeting and controlled drug release, with a highlight of strategies to achieve long‐wavelength light excitation. A greater understanding of these mechanisms and emerging studies will help design more efficient photocleavage‐based nanosystems to advance photoresponsive drug delivery.
The skin conductance response indicating pain relief is independent of self or social influence on pain
Authors: Gründahl Marthe , Retzlaff Leonie , Herrmann Martin J. , Hein Grit , Andreatta Marta
Published: December 2021

Pain relief is defined as the ease of pain and is thus highly relevant for clinical applications and everyday life. Given that pain relief is based on the cessation of an aversive pain experience, it is reasonable to assume that pain relief learning would also be shaped by factors that alter subjective and physiological pain responses, such as social presence or a feeling of control. To date, it remains unclear whether and how factors that shape autonomic pain responses might affect pain relief learning. Here, we investigated how pain relief learning is shaped by two important factors known to modulate pain responses, i.e. social influence and controllability of pain. Skin conductance responses (SCRs) were recorded while participants learned to associate a formerly neutral stimulus with pain relief under three different pain conditions. In the social‐influence condition (N = 34), the pain stimulation could be influenced by another person’s decisions. In the self‐influence condition (N = 31), the participants themselves could influence the pain stimulation. Finally, in the no‐influence condition (N = 32), pain stimulation was simply delivered without any influence. According to our results, the SCRs elicited by the stimulus that was associated with pain relief were significantly smaller compared to the SCRs elicited by a neutral control stimulus, indicating pain relief learning. However, there was no significant difference in the pain relief learning effect across the groups. These results suggest that physiological pain relief learning in humans is not significantly influenced by social influence and pain controllability.
Content validity and reliability of the danish version of health care students’ attitudes towards addressing sexual health: a psychometric study
Authors: Prebble Kristina S. , Gerbild Helle , Abrahamsen Charlotte
Published: December 2021

Background

The Danish version of Health Care Students’ Attitudes towards Addressing Sexual Health (SA‐SH‐D) is a questionnaire for measuring the attitudes of health care professional students’ towards addressing sexual health in their future professional practice and care.

Aim

To assess content validity and reliability of the SA‐SH‐D.

Method

Following COSMIN guidelines, the study consisted of a cognitive interview study and a questionnaire study. Health care students from nursing, physiotherapy and occupational therapy programmes participated; seven were interviewed following the ‘Think Aloud’ method and 111 responded to two paper‐based SA‐SH‐D administered with a two‐week interval.

Results

The SA‐SH‐D was found to be relevant, comprehensive and comprehensible. Three suboptimal wordings were identified. Floor and ceiling effects were found for six items. Cronbach's α for the total scale was 0.84 indicating good internal consistency. After a two‐week interval, the percentage of agreement per item ranged from 88.2% to 100% when allowing for a one‐point difference. The mean agreement percentage for the overall scale was 95.2% when allowing for a one‐point difference.

Conclusion

The Danish version of Health Care Students Attitudes towards Addressing Sexual Health is a valid and reliable questionnaire for measuring health care professional students’ attitudes towards addressing sexual health in their future professional practice and care.