bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bidirectional legal socialization and the boundaries of law: The case of enclave communities’ compliance with COVID‐19 regulations
Authors: Barak‐Corren Netta , Perry‐Hazan Lotem
Published: June 2021

COVID‐19 has challenged people worldwide to comply with strict lock‐downs and meticulous healthcare instructions. Can states harness enclave communities to comply with the law in such crucial times, even when compliance conflicts with communal sources of authority? We investigated this question through the case of Israeli ultra‐Orthodox schools compliance with COVID‐19 regulations. Drawing on semi‐structured interviews with school principals, documents and media sources, and a field survey, we found that the state has the capacity to quickly internalize new norms and harness the cooperation of previously suspicious communities. At the same time, we found that communal authorities were able to shield widespread communal defiance from legal enforcement. These findings expose the bidirectionality of legal socialization: As the community uses its defiance power to attenuate the law, it socializes public authorities to accede to their bounded authority. As public authorities come to realize that the community cannot be brought to full compliance, they curtail enforcement efforts and socialize the community to operate outside the law. Our findings animate the reciprocity assumption in legal socialization theory and highlight one of the crucial tasks for the next 50 years of research: to examine the bidirectionality of legal socialization and discover its socio‐legal effects.
Legal socialization: Back to the future
Authors: Tyler Tom R.
Published: June 2021

The articles in this volume highlight resurgence of interest in the topic of legal socialization. Legal and moral socialization was central to the writing of classic social theorists around the beginning of the 20th century, and was an important research topic in the 1970s. It has been less widely studied in recent decades. Renewed attention to legal socialization today is a result of both developments in psychology and of emerging societal issues. In particular, a renewed societal focus on how to create a viable and sustainable social order has again drawn attention to legal socialization. In response, as this volume illustrates, psychologists have increased and broadened their efforts to understand legal socialization. They have addressed the issue using new theoretical models, have considered a broader set of sources of socialization, and have paid heightened attention to the experience of traditionally marginalized members of society.
Clock‐controlled arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferase (aaNAT) regulates circadian rhythms of locomotor activity in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, via melatonin/MT2‐like receptor
Authors: Kamruzzaman A. S. M. , Hiragaki Susumu , Watari Yasuhiko , Natsukawa Takashi , Yasuhara Akie , Ichihara Naoyuki , Mohamed Amr A. , Elgendy Azza M. , Takeda Makio
Published: June 2021

Melatonin (MEL) orchestrates daily and seasonal rhythms (eg, locomotion, sleep/wake cycles, and migration among other rhythms) in diverse organisms. We investigated the effects of pharmacological doses (0.03‐1 mM) of exogenous MEL intake in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, on locomotor activity. As per os MEL concentration increased, cockroach locomotor rhythm in light‐dark (LD) cycles became more synchronized. The ratio of night activity to 24‐h activity increased and the acrophase (peak) slightly advanced. MEL application also influenced total activity bouts in the free‐running rhythm. Since MEL slightly influenced τ in the free‐running rhythms, it is not a central element of the circadian pacemaker but must influence mutual coupling of multi‐oscillatory system components. Arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferase (aaNAT) regulates enzymatic production of MEL. aaNAT activities vary in circadian rhythms, and the immunoreactive aaNAT (aaNAT‐ir) is colocalized with the key clock proteins cycle (CYC)‐ir and pigment‐dispersing factor (PDF)‐ir These are elements of the central pacemaker and its output pathway as well as other circadian landmarks such as the anterior and posterior optic commissures (AOC and POC, respectively). It also partially shares immunohistochemical reactivity with PER‐ir and DBT‐ir neurons. We analyzed the role of Pamericana aaNAT1 (PaaaNAT1) (AB106562.1) by injecting dsRNAaaNAT1. qPCR showed a decrease in accumulations of mRNAs encoding PaaaNAT1. The injections led to arrhythmicity in LD cycles and the arrhythmicity persisted in constant dark (DD). Continuous administration of MEL resynchronized the rhythm after arrhythmicity was induced by dsRNAaaNAT1 injection, suggesting that PaaaNAT is the key regulator of the circadian system in the cockroach via MEL production. PaaaNAT1 contains putative E−box regions which may explain its tight circadian control. The receptor that mediates MEL function is most likely similar to the mammalian MT2, because injecting the competitive MT2 antagonist luzindole blocked MEL function, and MEL injection after luzindole treatment restored MT function. Human MT2‐ir was localized in the circadian neurons in the cockroach brain and subesophageal ganglion. We infer that MEL and its synthesizing enzyme, aaNAT, constitute at least one circadian output pathway of locomotor activity either as a distinct route or in association with PDF system.
Japanese Version of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory: Translation and Validation1
Authors: Kamo Toshiko , Ito Fumie , Monden Yukifumi , Bussing Regina , Niwa Madoka , Kawasaki Masako , Matano Miyuki , Ujiie Yuri , Higaki Yuko , Oe Yuka , Morita Nobuaki , Kim Yoshiharu , Knight Elizabeth Brestan , Eyberg Sheila
Published: June 2021

This study assessed the psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) in children in clinical and non‐clinical settings in Japan. Validation of the ECBI for clinical and non‐clinical participants (N = 128, 2–7 years of age) was evaluated. First, we evaluated the internal consistency reliability of the ECBI Problem and Intensity scales. We evaluated the construct and criterion‐referenced validity by comparing scores among the subscales of the ECBI, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and Japanese versions of the Parenting Stress Index‐Short Form (PSI‐SF) and the Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II). Results showed that Cronbach's alphas for both the Intensity and Problem scores were .91 and .92, respectively, which reflects high internal consistency. Results also showed that both the ECBI Intensity and Problem scores were significantly correlated with all subscales of the CBCL, PSI‐SF, and BDI‐II. These data suggest that the Japanese version of the ECBI is a psychometrically sound measure for assessing behavior problems in Japanese children.
Debt Resistance and Satisfaction? Notes from Catherine of Siena toward a Theology of Redemption against Neoliberal Capitalism
Authors: Sutherland Andrew W.
Published: June 2021

Adding to recent concerns about resonances between debt in Christian soteriologies and in capitalism, Hollis Phelps has argued that Anselm’s satisfaction theory provides subjective reinforcement for neoliberalism’s biopolitical use of debt, and thus calls for an abandonment of the idea that humans must be redeemed from debt to God. Without advocating mere retrieval of satisfaction theory, I submit that such a concept of debt can have the opposite effect by analyzing how it plays out in Catherine of Siena’s mystical theology and the way she articulates satisfaction in her writings. Catherine’s doctrine of creation casts humanity’s unremittable debt as an obligation to love God, self, and neighbor that is divinely designed to benefit all. This concept of debt determines what satisfaction signifies for Catherine, fostering an “indebted subjectivity” incompatible with that of neoliberalism. Her theology thereby suggests a productive way to leverage the language of a prominent Western atonement theory against the neoliberal concepts of debt that discipline Western society—namely, by rooting debt in a doctrine of creation that emphasizes relationships of mutuality and interdependence that benefit all.
Trichosporon asahii superinfections in critically ill COVID‐19 patients overexposed to antimicrobials and corticosteroids
Authors: Nobrega de Almeida João , Moreno Lis , Francisco Elaine Cristina , Noronha Marques Gabriela , Mendes Ana Verena , Barberino Maria Goreth , Colombo Arnaldo Lopes
Published: June 2021

Objectives

To investigate the occurrence of Trichosporon asahii fungemia among critically ill COVID‐19 patients.

Methods

From 1 July to 30 September 2020, cases of T asahii fungemia (TAF) in a Brazilian COVID‐19 referral centre were investigated. The epidemiology and clinical courses were detailed, along with a mycological investigation that included molecular species identification, haplotype diversity analysis and antifungal susceptibility testing.

Results

Five critically ill COVID‐19 patients developed TAF in the period. All five patients had common risk conditions for TAF: central venous catheter at fungemia, previous exposure to broad‐spectrum antibiotics, prior echinocandin therapy and previous prolonged corticosteroid therapy. The average time of intensive care unit hospitalisation previous to the TAF episode was 23 days. All but one patient had voriconazole therapy, and TAF 30‐day mortality was 80%. The five T asahii strains from the COVID‐19 patients belonged to 4 different haplotypes, mitigating the possibility of skin origin and cross‐transmission linking the 5 reported episodes. The antifungal susceptibility testing revealed low minimal inhibitory concentrations for azole derivatives.

Conclusions

Judicious prescription of antibiotics, corticosteroids and antifungals needs to be discussed in critically ill COVID‐19 patients to prevent infections by hard‐to‐treat fungi like T asahii.
Pandemics and citizen perceptions about their country: Did COVID‐19 increase national pride in South Korea?
Authors: Lim Sijeong , Prakash Aseem
Published: June 2021

Exogenous shocks such as pandemics have a profound influence on how citizens think about their country. We explore how the successful handling of COVID‐19 shaped South Korean citizens' perception of their country. Empirically, we compare data from surveys conducted in August 2019 and April 2020. Using regression on matched samples, we find a significant increase in general national pride. More importantly, we find an increase in positive assessments of their country in domains directly related to the COVID‐19 response (civic awareness and international leadership) but not in domains less directly related to the pandemic. We also find that while Koreans take pride in their collective response to the crisis, their disenchantment with the political class has grown. The implication is that citizens offer a remarkably nuanced understanding of how the COVID‐19 response reflected the strengths of the Korean society, as opposed to the Korean political system.
FIT4FOOD2030: Future‐proofing Europe’s Food Systems with Tools for Transformation and a Sustainable Food Systems Network
Authors: Baungaard Cathrine , Kok Kristiaan P.W. , den Boer Alanya C.L. , Brierley Chrissie , van der Meij Marjoleine G. , Gjefsen Mads Dahl , Wenink Jolien , Wagner Petra , Gemen Raymond , Regeer Barbara J. , Broerse Jacqueline E.W.
Published: June 2021

Food systems are not fit for purpose, transgressing planetary boundaries, causing unhealthy consumption patterns and are rife with inequality. Research and Innovation (R&I) are central to tackling these food systems challenges, yet R&I systems are equally not fit for purpose, often lacking systemic and participatory approaches to food systems transformation. Therefore, there is a need for novel R&I approaches that adopt systemic and more participatory methods to engage with a wider range of food systems stakeholders. However, the lack of competencies and tools concerning novel R&I approaches for food systems transformation is a key hindrance to the deployment of such approaches in practice. These competencies and tools are vital for guiding and supporting food systems stakeholders dedicated to contributing to its transformation whether they are policymakers, researchers or citizens. This article presents the tangible results of the European (EU) Horizon 2020 funded FIT4FOOD2030 project. As a response to the challenges food and R&I systems face as well as the gap in competencies and tools surrounding these issues, the project has developed a growing online hub of Tools for Transformation applicable to a broad range of transformation challenges and contexts (e.g. food, health or energy) and a Sustainable Food Systems Network to equip food system stakeholders with practical hands‐on materials to ‘do’ food systems transformation.
Mean of creatinine clearance and urea clearance examined over 1 h estimates glomerular filtration rate accurately and precisely in children
Authors: Okuda Yusuke , Hamada Riku , Uemura Osamu , Sakai Tomoyuki , Sawai Toshihiro , Harada Ryoko , Hamasaki Yuko , Ishikura Kenji , Hataya Hiroshi , Honda Masataka
Published: June 2021

Aim

Accurate and precise estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is essential in kidney disease. We evaluated the usefulness of the mean of creatinine clearance (CCr) and urea clearance (CUN) examined over a 1‐h urine collection period (1‐h (CCr + CUN)/2) in a retrospective, cross‐sectional study across two centres, as a relatively simple method for estimating GFR in children.

Methods

Children aged ≤18 years who underwent inulin clearance (CIn) tests were eligible. Two clearance values were obtained during a 2‐h test consisting of two periods of 1 h each. The mean clearance in two periods was defined as 1‐h clearance. 1‐h (CCr + CUN)/2, 1‐h CCr, 1‐h CUN and GFR estimated by Cr‐based and cystatin C (CysC)‐based formulas for Japanese children were compared with CIn. Bland–Altman plots were used to evaluate correlations. The primary outcome measure was the correlation between 1‐h (CCr + CUN)/2 and CIn.

Results

Fifty‐three children were analysed. Their median age was 10.9 (interquartile range [IQR] 5.3–14.2) years, and median CIn and 1‐h (CCr + CUN)/2 were 77.0 (IQR: 51.5–95.1) and 81.0 (IQR: 64.1–97.7) ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Percentage difference of CIn and 1‐h (CCr + CUN)/2 in the Bland–Altman plot was −11.2% (95% confidence interval − 15.3% – −7.1%), with 95% lower and upper limits of agreement of −40.3% and 18.0%, respectively. Thus, 1‐h (CCr + CUN)/2 was 1.12 times CIn.

Conclusion

1 h (CCr + CUN)/2 was almost concordant with CIn. 1‐h (CCr + CUN)/2 can estimate GFR accurately and precisely, making it a simple and speedy test for use in clinical practice.
Psychological distress and its associations with psychosocial work environment factors in four professional groups: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Bonsaksen Tore , Nerdrum Per , Østertun Geirdal Amy
Published: June 2021

This study aimed to explore associations between psychosocial work environment factors and psychological distress in four groups of professionals in Norway. Eight hundred fifty‐six professionals participated in this cross‐sectional study 6 years after graduation. Data were analyzed with linear and logistic regression analyses. For the sample as a whole, higher psychological distress was associated with higher demands, lower support, lower job satisfaction, more work‐home interaction problems, and lower coping in the job. Work‐home interaction problems increased the likelihood of having case‐level psychological distress. The strength of associations between psychological distress and other factors, such as demands, support, and coping in the job, varied by professional group. In conclusion, problems concerned with work‐home interaction were generally associated with higher psychological distress. Between professional groups, other independent variables were differently associated with psychological distress. Work environment factors should receive continued attention in efforts to promote mental health.
The ‘black box’ of plant demography: how do seed type, climate and seed fungal communities affect grass seed germination?
Authors: Mackin Hunter C. , Shek Katherine L. , Thornton Tiffany E. , Evens Kayla C. , Hallett Lauren M. , McGuire Krista L. , DeMarche Megan L. , Roy Bitty A.
Published: June 2021

Demographic studies measure drivers of plant fecundity including seed production and survival, but few address both abiotic and biotic drivers of germination such as variation in climate among sites, population density, maternal plants, seed type and fungal pathogen abundance.

We examined germination and microbial communities of seeds of Danthonia californica, which are either chasmogamous (external, wind‐pollinated) or cleistogamous (internal, self‐fertilized) and Festuca roemeri, which are solely chasmogamous. Seed populations were sourced across environmental gradients. We tested germination and used high‐throughput sequencing to characterize seed fungal community structure.

For F. roemeri, maternal plants significantly influenced germination as did climate and pathogens; germination increased from wetter, cooler sites. For D. californica, the main drivers of germination were maternal plant, seed type and pathogens; on average, more chasmogamous seeds germinated. Fungal communities depended largely on seed type, with fewer fungi associated with cleistogamous seeds, but the communities also depended on site factors such as vapor pressure deficit, plant density and whether the seeds had germinated.

Putative pathogens that were negatively correlated with germination were more abundant for both D. californica and F. roemeri chasmogamous seeds than D. californica cleistogamous seeds. In D. californica, cleistogamous and chasmogamous seeds contain vastly different fungal communities.
Accidental ingestions to known allergens by food allergic children and adolescents
Authors: Hicks Allison , Palmer Claire , Bauer Maureen , Venter Carina
Published: June 2021

Background

Accidental ingestions (AI) of food allergens in children compared with adolescents with food allergies are poorly characterized. It is suggested that AIs are higher in adolescents than children and that their reactions may be more severe, presumptively due, at least in part, to increased risk‐taking behavior. We compared reported AIs in children versus adolescents.

Methods

An online cross‐sectional survey was distributed to parents of children with food allergies via Twitter, food allergy advocacy groups in the UK, South Africa, and Australia, and locally at Children's Hospital Colorado.

Results

Of 558 respondents, 105 were parents of adolescents, and 453 had children <12 years. 73% (341) reported an AI since diagnosis, with 85% of adolescents having had an AI versus 70% of children (p = 0.0058). The annualized rate of AI was significantly lower in the adolescent population at 0.21 versus 0.53 in children (p = <0.0001). Although adolescents reported fewer severe reactions (2% vs. 16%, p = 0.0283), more adolescents required epinephrine administered by a medical professional for their most severe AI, (48% vs. 24%, p = 0.0378). Comparison of the two age groups is limited by the fact that many AIs in the adolescent group occurred prior to age 12. There was no significant difference between the groups as to where the food was consumed or the type of food. There was a significant difference in accidental ingestions in patients in all age groups with more than one reported food allergy; 78% of those with more than one food allergy reported a prior history of at least one accidental ingestion, compared with 59% in those with a single food allergy (p < 0.0001). Regional differences were also noted with respondents in the United States reporting 0.3 accidental ingestions a year, 0.4 in the UK, and 0.5 in other countries (p = 0.0455). The number of reactions was, on average, 27% lower (95% CI: 40, 11%) in the United States compared with the UK (p = 0.0019).

Conclusion

The number of severe reactions, and epinephrine need, differs in children compared with adolescents, although many of the reported reactions in both groups occurred before the age of 12. There were also regional differences with the United States reporting a lower number of AIs and less AIs per year than the other participating regions, as well as increased rates of AI in participants with more than one food allergy. Further characterization of the differences in AIs between children and adolescents, as well as between regions, is needed to assist with more patient‐centered anticipatory guidance.
Design of Long‐Term Conditional Cash Transfer Program to Encourage Healthy Habits
Authors: Liao Chen‐Nan , Chen Ying‐Ju
Published: June 2021

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are among the largest health emergencies nowadays. Although a large proportion of NCDs can be prevented effectively via good life habits, these remain ubiquitous and one main reason is people's self‐control problem caused by time‐inconsistent, present‐biased preferences. In this situation, we wonder whether a “long‐term” conditional cash transfer (CCT) program, which is known to be effective in shaping people's behaviors but expensive, can be a viable solution. We establish a model which can be fine‐tuned by many parameters, and show that our results are robust in a wide range of parameters. We identify the optimal CCT scheme which helps people achieve their long‐term plan while generating the lowest cash flow. Our results suggest interesting managerial insights like that the amount of necessary financial incentives can depend on people's age, and that the government's optimal CCT scheme does not depend on the level of people's naivete. Also, it is profitable for companies to hold such a program and sell enrollment to customers as self‐commitment devices. However, companies may exploit customers’ naivete to maximize their profit while hurting social welfare. We also examine situations that people's behaviors can only be monitored indirectly through inaccurate signals and that people are heterogeneous in how present‐biased they are.
Robust Product Line Design by Protecting the Downside While Minding the Upside
Authors: Wang Tan , Gutierrez Genaro
Published: June 2021

Many decisions must be made before relevant uncertainties are revealed; hence robustness approaches to decision making are often considered. There are two major approaches to robustness in the literature: (i) maximizing the value of the worst outcome and (ii) minimizing the maximum ex post regret of the decision. While the first approach seeks the best worst‐case outcome, it may result in substantial opportunity losses relative to the ex post optimal decision; this is particularly critical in new product design decisions as it leaves the leading firm exposed to a late entrant who designs its products after uncertainties are resolved. The second approach seeks to minimize these ex post opportunity losses, but it may expose the decision maker to greater downside risk, that is, lower outcome in the worst case. Most studies have examined one of these approaches in isolation; in contrast, in this study, we explore the trade‐offs between protecting upside regret and downside risk with a focus on a product line design (PLD) problem, which relies greatly on conjoint analysis data. The PLD problem may suffer from significant uncertainty in the partworth utilities which define the attribute‐level consumer preferences on a product for different population segments. Our numerical experiments, based on a real conjoint data set, show that neither robustness approaches dominates the other and hence our proposed approach uses both. We construct a Min‐Value vs. Max‐Relative‐Regret efficient frontier to narrow down the PLD choice and propose a metric to quantify the trade‐offs and finalize the selection.
Stability in distribution for age‐structured HIV model with delay and driven by Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process
Authors: Guo Wenjuan , Ye Ming , Zhang Qimin
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we study stationarity of an age‐structured human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) model with a delay and driven by the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. The HIV model involves cell‐to‐virus infection and cell‐to‐cell transmission, and the two transmission modes have a short intracellular latency described by the delay. As the death rate and virus production rate of infected cells have an explicit age‐dependent feature and may be affected by environmental noises, we formulate a stochastic age‐structured HIV model to investigate the impacts of the two transmission modes on viral spread. Utilizing suitable Lyapunov functions, we first establish the existence and uniqueness of the global solution for the HIV model, and then study theth moment boundedness of the solution. Finally, the unique stationary distribution of the solution to the model is obtained. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate validity of our theoretical results.
Annual greenhouse gas emissions from sheepfolds and cattle sheds
Authors: Chen Haiqing , Li Shuangwei , Zheng Xunhua , Liu Chunyan , Kuzyakov Yakov
Published: June 2021

Livestock sheds are local and regional hotspots of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, but only very few studies analyse the intensities of GHG emissions from this source. The objective of this study was to quantify annual CH4, CO2 and N2O emissions from inside and outside of sheepfolds and summer cattle sheds in a typical agro‐pastoral ecotone using static chamber technique. Both sheepfolds and cattle shed functioned as huge net sources of CH4 and N2O at annual scale. Animal presence increased CH4, CO2 and N2O effluxes for up to 1100 times compared to the animal sheds without animals. N2O emissions boosted for 160%–280% during and after rainfall and spring‐thaw events. The CH4 and CO2 fluxes increased exponentially with faeces temperature for the outside sheepfold and summer cattle shed. The annual GHG emissions from both sheepfolds and summer cattle shed were 56 t CO2 equivalents ha−1, of which N2O contributed to 94%. Sheepfold dominated the total GHG emissions from animal sheds and accounted for 83% of the annual GHG flux. Annual emission on a per animal basis was 15, 0.2 and 28 kg CO2 eq year−1 sheep−1 and 26, 10 and 140 kg CO2 eq year−1 cattle−1 for N2O, CH4 and CO2, respectively. The annual N2O emissions from animal sheds were 70–250 times larger than nearby grassland soils, which were also net sink for atmospheric CH4. Concluding, animal sheds are very intensive local hotspots of GHG emissions, which should be considered at the local and regional scales.
Artificial light at night suppresses the expression of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase in the left ventricle of the heart in normotensive and hypertensive rats
Authors: Sutovska Hana , Miklovic Matus , Molcan Lubos
Published: June 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Artificial light at night decreases blood pressure and heart rate in rats. Are these changes in heart rate accompanied by changes in protein expression in the heart's left ventricle?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Five weeks of artificial light at night affected protein expression in the heart's left ventricle in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Artificial light at night decreased expression of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase, angiotensin II receptor type 1 and endothelin‐1.

Artificial light at night (ALAN) affects the circadian rhythm of the heart rate in normotensive Wistar rats (WT) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) through the autonomic nervous system, which regulates the heart's activity through calcium handling, an important regulator in heart contractility. We analysed the expression of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase (SERCA2) and other selected regulatory proteins involved in the regulation of heart contractility, angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R), endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), in the left ventricle of the heart in WT and SHR after 2 and 5 weeks of ALAN with intensity 1–2 lx. Expression of SERCA2 was decreased in WT (control: 0.53 ± 0.07; ALAN: 0.46 ± 0.10) and SHR (control: 0.72 ± 0.18; ALAN: 0.56 ± 0.21) after 5 weeks of ALAN (P = 0.067). Expression of AT1R was significantly decreased in WT (control: 0.51 ± 0.27; ALAN: 0.34 ± 0.20) and SHR (control: 0.38 ± 0.07; ALAN: 0.23 ± 0.09) after 2 weeks of ALAN (P = 0.028) and in SHR after 5 weeks of ALAN. Expression of ET‐1 was decreased in WT (control: 0.51 ± 0.27; ALAN: 0.28 ± 0.12) and SHR (control: 0.54 ± 0.10; ALAN: 0.35 ± 0.23) after 5 weeks of ALAN (P = 0.015). ALAN did not affect the expression of TH in WT or SHR. In conclusion, ALAN suppressed the expression of SERCA2, AT1R and ET‐1, which are important for the regulation of heart contractility, in a strain‐dependent pattern in both WT and SHR.
Assessment of Failure Life Evaluation Methods for Structural Discontinuities With Fatigue and Creep-Fatigue Tests on Multiperforated Plate Made of Mod.9Cr-1Mo Steel
Authors: Ando Masanori , Hirose Yuichi , Takano Masahito
Published: June 2021

In the design of components for service at elevated temperatures, fatigue and creep-fatigue due to cyclic loading are some of the most important failure modes, and the assessment of failure life at structural discontinuities is a key issue within the evaluation of the integrity of the components. Since several fatigue and creep-fatigue life evaluation methods have been proposed, this study compares and assesses these different methods by performing fatigue and creep-fatigue tests of perforated plate made of Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel. Multiperforated plate was subjected to mechanical cyclic loading at 550 °C, and crack initiation and propagation at the surfaces of the holes were observed. The stress distribution was varied by changing the hole arrangement and loading level. A series of finite element analyses (FEA) were carried out to predict the number of cycles to failure by the several failure life evaluation methods, and these predictions were then compared with the test results. Several types of evaluation methods that use the elastic FEA were applied, namely, the stress redistribution locus (SRL) method, simple elastic follow-up method, and the methods described in the design and construction code for fast reactors (FRs) published by the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME FRs code). In addition to these, evaluation was also carried out using the results of inelastic FEA to compare these elastic FEA-based estimation methods. The comparisons indicate that, for all conditions tested, the SRL method provided a rational prediction of the fatigue and creep-fatigue life when κ = 1.6 was applied, where κ = 1.6 is the recommended reduction factor for this method in general use. A comparison of the SRL method and the results of the inelastic FEA indicated that the applicability of the value of factor κ in the SRL method depends on the elastic region remaining in the cross section including the evaluated point and the spread in the plastically deformed region in the specimen.
An Experimental Investigation of Flow Phenomena in a Multistage Micro-Tesla Valve
Authors: Raffel Jan , Ansari Shadi , Nobes David S.
Published: June 2021

The Tesla–diode valve, with no moving parts, allows restricted flow in one direction. It has many potential applications in different industrial situations. Despite the application of the valve and the importance of the effect of flow phenomena on the Tesla valve's performance, very few studies have experimentally investigated the motion of flow within the Tesla valve. This study aims to contribute to this growing area of research on the performance of Tesla valves by demonstrating the flow phenomena and the flow conditions needed to be used in numerical studies. In this work, the effect of direction of the flow and Reynolds number on the flow phenomena generated in a Tesla–diode valve is studied. Particle shadowgraph velocimetry (PSV) is utilized to investigate and visualize the velocity field. The results of this study confirm some of the phenomena that have been observed using numerical simulations. It also highlights the flow phenomena leading to an increase in the diodicity by an increase in the number of Tesla loops in the valve. An important observation often ignored in numerical simulation is the presence of unsteady behavior and vortex shedding for higher Reynolds number flows.
On the Disappearance of the Steady Wake Region Behind Porous Objects Under Freestream Flow at Low Reynolds Numbers
Authors: Chatterjee Dipankar , Kumar Chandan
Published: June 2021

A solid bluff object produces a recirculating wake region immediately behind it when subjected to flow separation under a steady flow condition. Similar phenomena can also be observed for a porous body. However, unlike the solid object, the porous body allows some part of the flow to go through it. A consequence of this flow penetration in porous objects is, the wake behind the body may get reduced in size and detach from the body. The wake even may disappear at some value of the porosity parameter (Darcy number). In this brief article, we compute the critical values of the porosity parameter for complete disappearance of the wake region behind two-dimensional porous bodies of circular and square shapes. A regime diagram is constructed to show the regions of wake formation, its detachment, and finally its disappearance around circular and square shaped porous bodies. The critical value of the porosity parameter increases with increasing Reynolds number, and it is found greater for the square body in comparison to the circular one. The study provides a quantitative estimation of how the porosity plays a significant role in demarcating the flow characteristics around porous objects.
Dynamic Modeling and Nonlinear Characteristics of a Cracked Bolt-Disk Combined Rotor System
Authors: Liu Yi , Liu Heng , Li Yuan , Wang Nanshan
Published: June 2021

Different from the crack on the rotating shaft, the crack on the bolt, which is a connecting part of the bolt-disk combined rotor, is a kind of local defect. The local crack on the bolt under high pretension is always in open state, and it increases the overall vibration of the combined rotor significantly in practice. This paper studies the modeling of the crack on the bolt and nonlinear dynamic behaviors of the cracked bolt-disk rotor system. The circumferential bolts with a transverse open crack are treated as several bar elements under the assumption that each bolt has the same original tensile extension length. The cracked correction coefficient is introduced to describe the decreasing amount of bolt's tension due to crack. After this coefficient is obtained according to finite element method, the stiffness matrix of circumferential bolts with crack is built based on total potential energy. The dynamic model consists of a time-independent stiffness matrix for perfect bolts, a time-variant reductive stiffness, and an additional moment. As a result, the crack in bolt reduces rotor's nonlinear stability and leads to greater vibration and fluctuation. In addition, crack depth has much larger influence than crack location on the dynamic behaviors.
Augmented Followed by Suppressed Levels of Natural Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity in Mice Infected with
Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Kamiyama Tsuneo , Hagiwara Toshikatsu
Published: June 2021

The cytotoxic activity of effector cells from mice infected with
Toxoplasma gondii
was tested in a 4- to 5-hr
51
Cr release assay, using RL 1 and YAC-1 target cells. They showed enhanced cytotoxicity with a peak on the 3rd day postinfection followed by suppression with a peak on the 12th day. The cytotoxicity seemed to be exhibited by natural killer (NK) cells because: (i) pretreatment of the effector cells with antiasialo GM
1
or antiasialo GM
2
plus complement abolished the cytotoxic activity; (ii) the altered cytotoxicity levels were also induced in nude mice; and (iii) the activity was elicited by nonadherent-nonphagocytic cells. The alteration occurred simultaneously in various lymphoid organs with a similar profile. Neither spleen nor bone marrow cells of 12-day-postinfected mice inhibited NK activity of uninfected mice. Culture fluids of the infected mouse spleen and bone marrow cells did not affect the normal mouse NK activity. The proportion of effector cells capable of binding to target cells was constant during the infection. There was no positive correlation between NK activity and serum interferon level; i.e., interferon was detected in the serum of 12-day-postinfected mice but not in that of 3-day-postinfected or uninfected mice. Passively administered interferon or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid could not restore the suppressed NK activity of 12-day-postinfected mice. Moreover, in vitro treatment of spleen cells from 12-day-postinfected mice with interferon failed to restore the suppressed NK activity. These results suggested that after toxoplasma infection, defective sensitivity to interferon was induced in NK precursor cells, and differentiation to functionally active NK cells might be blocked.
A scheme for the identification of thermophilic actinomycetes associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Authors: Kurup V P , Fink J N
Published: June 2021

A scheme has been developed for the identification of thermophilic actinomycetes associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Eighty strains, 10 Micropolyspora faeni, 6 Saccharomonospora viridis, 52 Thermoactinomyces candidus, 7 T. vulgaris, 4 T. sacchari, and 1 T. dichotomica, either isolated from patients' environment or received as authentic strains, were studied. In addition to the cultural and microscopic morphology in various media, each strain was subjected to an array of biochemical tests. These tests included decomposition of tyrosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, gelatin, casein, esculin, and arbutin. Using a rapid thin-layer chromatography method, the isomer of diaminopimelic acid and sugar in the whole cell hydrolysate were studied. The thermophilic actinomycetes can be identified in a reasonable period of time using a combination of all these tests.
Wound infection by Prototheca wickerhamii, a saprophytic alga pathogenic for man
Authors: Lee W S , Lagios M D , Leonards R
Published: June 2021

Biopsy of a wound infection of the palmar fascia in a young diabetic woman revealed characteristic periodic acid-Schiff-positive Prototheca species cells with a rosette configuration and internal septation. Prototheca wickerhamii was cultured repeatedly from the wound drainage and the biopsy tissue. Several diagnostic features distinguishing Prototheca species, saprophytic algae, from yeasts are: the formation of endospores by mitosis; greater variation in cell size (2 to 15 mum); the presence of cytoplasmic granules, particularly in old cultures; and the absence of budding forms and pseudomycelia. The organism was resistant to 5-fluorocytosine and the minimal inhibitory concentration of amphotericin B was 12.5 mug/ml. With the exception of the tetracycline group, all other 16 antibacterial agents tested appeared completely ineffective in vitro. A synergism between amphotericin B and tetracycline was clearly demonstrated by the use of the checkerboard method. Infection by Prototheca species may be more common than presently realized due to the common expedient of identifying yeast-like isolates as "yeast--not Candida albicans."
A Space-Saving Media Table
Authors: McGonagle Lee Anne , Schmidt Gertrud , Eng Sam , Wirsing Karla
Published: June 2021

A space-saving media table designed to facilitate pouring large quantities of plated media in a small area is described.
Occurrence of
Trichophyton megninii
in Ontario. Identification with a Simple Cultural Procedure
Authors: Kane Julius , Fischer John B.
Published: June 2021

Five strains of
Trichophyton migninii
were isolated in Toronto from four people. One patient probably was infected in Toronto since he had not visited the European endemic area. These were the first isolates made in Ontario; a requirement for
l
-histidine was determined. A cultural differentiation of
T. migninii
and
T. rubrum
is described. Attention is directed to the similarity of the metabolism for dextrose in Bromocresol purple milk dextrose agar by
T. megninii
and
T. mentagrophytes
which differs form
T. rubrum.
Caffeic Acid-Containing Medium for Identification of
Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Hopfer Roy L. , Blank F.
Published: June 2021

A new growth medium containing caffeic acid and ferric citrate is described. The pigment produced on this medium is specific for the identification of
Cryptococcus neoformans
and differentiates it from other cryptococci. The medium is more easily compounded and requires less time for pigment formation than the conventional
Guizotia
extract media. The medium is stable in the dry form as well as in the prepared form.
Plaque Assay of Rabies Virus on Porcine Kidney Cell Monolayers
Authors: Strating A. , Mitzel J. R. , Slater E. A.
Published: June 2021

The ERA strain of rabies virus was adapted to growth on monolayers of a porcine kidney cell line (PK-2A). A reproducible plaque assay system was subsequently developed, which appears to be satisfactory for conducting plaque neutralization tests.
Photostatic Copying of Immunoelectrophoretic Patterns with the Use of Color Print Filters
Authors: Lo James W. , Tess Bernard R.
Published: June 2021

Immunoelectrophoretograms can be replicated inexpensively, rapidly, and to scale by the use of color print filters on a photostatic copy machine. By this method additional copies are readily available for patient charts, permanent record, and any other use.
Comparison of Urethral Swabs, Urine, and Urinary Sediment for the Isolation of
Chlamydia
Authors: Smith Thomas F. , Weed Lyle A.
Published: June 2021

In 70 male patients with urethritis,
Chlamydia
was recovered from 18 urethral swabs (26%), 5 urinary sediments (7%), and 3 urine specimens (4%). All
Chlamydia
isolates were recovered from urethral swabs.
Hemophilus influenzae
, Type b, Antibody Frequencies Determined with Bactericidal and Radioimmunoassay Tests
Authors: Morden Carl W. , Feldman Harry A.
Published: June 2021

Bactericidal and radioimmunoassay (RIA) antibodies to
Hemophilus influenzae
, type b, were measured in the sera of 85 children aged 18 through 71 months. Bactericidal antibodies were present in only 21% of those over 60 months; RIA levels rose linearly with increasing age (
P
< 0.005). Bactericidal antibodies were present in nine of 29 sera with RIA levels ≥0.7 μg/ml and in only four of 56 sera with RIA levels <0.7 μg/ml (
P
< 0.01). The discrepancies between the two tests probably reflect their measurement of different antibodies. Results of the RIA fit the clinical observation that
H. influenzae
meningitis becomes less frequent with age.
Immunofluorescence of Yeast in Urine
Authors: Everett E. Dale , Eickhoff Theodore C. , Ehret Josephine M.
Published: June 2021

A study of immunofluorescence of yeast in the urine was carried out in 18 patients with funguria in an effort to correlate gamma globulin coating with evidence of tissue invasion or as an indicator for institution of therapy. Positive immunofluorescence of yeast in urine is common but is neither indicative of upper urinary tract yeast invasion nor a useful guideline for beginning treatment.
Retention of Preservative Levels of Phenol in Desiccated Biological Products
Authors: Pemberton John R.
Published: June 2021

Preservative levels of phenol retained by desiccated biological samples ranged from 3 to 73%, with highly proteinaceous samples retaining the most phenol.
Evaluation of a Dual-Staining Method for Acid-Fast Bacilli
Authors: Burdash N. M. , West M. E. , Bannister E. R. , Dyar C. , Duncan R. C.
Published: June 2021

A dual-staining procedure for acid-fast bacilli was found to have poor correlation with the Ziehl-Neelsen and auramine-rhodamine staining techniques.
Inhibitory Effect of Heparin on the Limulus Test for Endotoxin
Authors: Sullivan James D. , Watson Stanley W.
Published: June 2021

Heparin can inhibit the Limulus test for endotoxin unless 0.05 M CaCl
2
and 0.154 M NaCl are added to the lysate.
Incidence of Bacteremia in Adults Without Infection
Authors: Wilson Walter R. , Van Scoy Robert E. , Washington John A.
Published: June 2021

To deterimine the incidence of bacteremia in healty adults, blood cultures were obtained from 240 patients who had no demonstrable foci of infection. Five patients (2.1%) had positive blood cultures.
Staphylococcus epidermidis
was isolated from four patients and
Alcaligenes faecalis
from one. In each of these patients, the organism isolated probably represented contamination rather than bacteremia.
Design and Construction of an Apparatus for the Growth of Micro Cell Cultures on Standard Glass Microscope Slides and Its Application for Screening Large Numbers of Sera by the Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Authors: Lawman Michael J. P. , Caie Ian S.
Published: June 2021

A simple stainless-steel apparatus was designed to contain standard microscope slides on which were grown micro cell cultures in the form of 16 individual monolayers per slide. The application of this apparatus for the screening of serum samples by fluorescent antibody techniques is described.
Measurement of parainfluenza-3 virus antibody by the single radial hemolysis technique
Authors: Probert M , Russell S M
Published: June 2021

A single radial hemolysis assay for parainfluenza-3 virus antibody is described as a simple, sensitive, accurate, and precise alternative to hemagglutination inhibition and serum neutralization tests. A highly significant correlation exists between single radial hemolysis zone areas and hemagglutination inhibition titers of both serum and nasal secretion samples. Antibody conversions equivalent to as little as a twofold rise in hemagglutination inhibition titer are readily and reliably detected in sera and nasal secretions. Single radial hemolysis and hemagglutination inhibition activity was demonstrable in the immunoglobulin G fraction of a hyperimmune parainfluenza-3 virus antiserum.
Isolation and identification of mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis from arthritic cattle in Iowa and Nebraska
Authors: Stalheim O H , Stone S S
Published: June 2021

Two strains of Mycoplasma were isolated from synovial fluids of arthritic feeder cattle and were identified as Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis by growth inhibition and fluorescent antibody tests. The strains (Iowa 1136 and Nebraska 2) could not be distinguished from known strains (Donetta and California 01) by immunoelectrophoresis or by agar gel precipitation.
Propagation and isolation of group A coxsackieviruses in RD cells
Authors: Schmidt N J , Ho H H , Lennette E H
Published: June 2021

The RD cell line, derived from a human rhabdomyosarcoma, supported replication of a number of group A coxsackieviruses, including types A5 and A6 which heretofore have been propagable only in suckling mice. A number of the group A coxsackievirus types which replicated in RD cells had higher titers in this cell line than in other cell culture systems. In tests on a limited number of clinical specimens, RD cells were slightly less sensitive than suckling mice for isolation of group A coxsackieviruses, but they did permit the recovery of certain virus types which previously could be isolated only in suckling mice. Group B coxsackieviruses replicated poorly or not at all in RD cells.