bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance evaluation of control strategies for grid connected wind power generator
Authors:   , Ntuli Welcome Khulekani
Published: July 2023

South Africa is currently experiencing a significant load-shedding situation because of rising electricity demand. The renewable energy power producer (RPP) sector is growing rapidly to become an important source of power in South Africa and nations across the globe. Companies within this sector provide a variety of clean energy sources, including wind, solar, hydroelectric, biomass and geothermal. Despite its ability to support the power system and conserve the environment that sustains life, the rising usage of renewable distributed generators (RDGs) poses power quality problems in the overall distribution network, such as the voltage instability at buses, the increase in voltage/current harmonics distortions, etc. The technical requirements for connecting RDGs to the power system have been defined in standard grid code to ensure the safe, secure and proper functioning of the overall power system. The specifications defined in the grid code include the limit of voltage variations (i.e., +/-1 pu), the limit of frequency variations (i.e., +/-5%), and the limit of current/voltage harmonic distortions (i.e., total harmonic distortion voltage (THDv) of 0.1% and total harmonic distortion current (THDi) of 5%), and a power factor limit of Pf = (0.9-0.95). Additionally, RDGs must remain connected throughout a fault condition and assist in voltage recovery. In this dissertation, control strategies for grid connected wind energy conversion system (WECS) are investigated for dynamic performance evaluation. This work focuses on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) – based WECS incorporating a proportional integral (PI) controller; the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) – based WECS incorporating a PI controller; DFIGb-based WECS incorporating a voltage source converter (VSC) with a fuzzy-logic controller, the proportional integral derivative (PID), and fuzzy-PID controller. A comparative analysis of the different WECS topologies was further conducted in terms of the steady-state error, the percentage overshoot, and the settling time of the voltage/current or power output signals and dc-link voltage signals.The VSC was selected as compared to the line-commutated converters (LCCs) because of the commutation that is not dependent on voltage and current AC signals. The grid-side converter was applied to regulate DC-link voltage and reactive power to their reference values. The rotor side converter provided rotor speed regulation on the DFIG to control the power output signal. The vector control method was used for the dynamic performance analysis. The simulations were done using MATLAB/SIMULINK. From the simulation results, it was found that the DFIG-based WECS incorporating a fuzzyPID controller performed efficiently compared to the other topologies of WECS.
Developing a framework towards effective quality control management practice on building construction projects in Nigeria : a case study of Lagos
Authors:   , Oyewole Margaret Damilola
Published: July 2023

Across the world, quality issues on construction projects have been challenging, especially in developing countries with increased demand for buildings due to emerging economies and growing populations. In Nigeria, especially Lagos, poor quality of work has led to the continuous collapse of buildings, with several lives claimed. The need to improve the quality performance of construction projects and curb the quality issues faced by construction industries in Lagos has called for effective quality control management practices. Therefore, this research aims to develop a framework for effective quality control management of building construction projects in Lagos, Nigeria, by investigating the current quality control practices, the challenges inhibiting effective quality control management, the influence of quality control managers as well as the critical success factors required for quality control management of building construction projects. The study employs a quantitative research method using a questionnaire as the research instrument. A total of one hundred and sixteen responses were obtained from construction professionals working in the construction industries within Lagos state, Nigeria. The professionals were randomly selected from each construction firm. The data collected were analysed through descriptive and exploratory factor analysis methods utilizing Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28. The findings revealed that the firms carry out quality control management practices but mostly adopt traditional quality control practices to control the quality of work being carried out. Also, the findings revealed that employing quality control managers will positively influence the quality control management of construction projects. They would ensure the implementation of quality plans and checklists, boost quality compliance, and increase the project's success. The study further identified quality control challenges and the success factors required for effective quality control management. Upon this, a graphical framework for effective quality control management was developed. The proposed framework in this study shall be helpful to construction stakeholders and organisations in efficiently controlling the quality of construction projects. The study, therefore, recommends applying digital quality control tools to building projects among construction professionals, as this will help put the industry ahead of others and reduce human error in production.
Pemenuhan Hak-hak Anak Pasca Perceraian Orang Tua di Kecamatan Cikembar
Authors: Nurdin Mochamad
Published: July 2023

Perceraian di Kecamatan Cikembar kerapkali menimbulkan ekses-ekses masalah pemenuhan hak-hak anak pasca perceraian orang tua. Banyak hambatan utama yang menjadi penyebab terbengkalainya pemenuhan hak-hak anak. Salah satunya adalah faktor kelalaian orang tua, sehingga banyak anak-anak korban perceraian dititipkan/dialihkan hak pengasuhannya kepada kerabat terdekat entah kakek atau nenek. Selain itu, dampak yang ditimbulkan karena tidak terpenuhinya hak-hak anak dapat dilihat dari psikologi anak sehari-hari, entah itu minder, kurang berinteraksi, prestasi menurun dan lain sebagainya. Sikap-sikap inilah yang acapkali muncul pada diri anak ketika hak-haknya ditelantarkan oleh orang tua. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pemenuhan hak-hak anak pasca perceraian orang tua di Kecamatan Cikembar, dengan sub fokus mencakup: (1) pemenuhan hak-hak anak, (2) hambatan orang tua dalam memenuhi hak-hak anak, (3) implikasi tidak terpenuhinya hak-hak anak pasca perceraian orang tua terhadap kehidupan anak. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan sekunder. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan tehnik wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Analisis data dilakukan dengan editing atau reduksi data, klasifikasi (classifying), Analisis (analizing), kesimpulan (concluding). Pengecekan keabsahan data dilakukan dengan pengecekan (member checks). Memperpanjang kehadiran peneliti di lokasi penelitian. Adapun informan dalam penelitian ini adalah para orang tua pelaku perceraian, anak korban perceraian, tokoh agama dan masyarakat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: Pola pemenuhan hak-hak anak oleh orang tua dalam memenuhi hak-hak anaknya selama ini masih jauh kesesuaiannya dengan ketentuan undang-undang No. 23 tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak bahwa hakikat yang sesungguhnya adalah menjamin terpenuhinya hak-hak anak agar dapat hidup tumbuh, berkembang dan berpatisipasi secara optimal sesuai dengan harkat dan martabat kemanusiaan, serta mendapat perlindungan dari kekerasan dan diskriminasi. Hambatan dalam memenuhi hak-hak anak pasca perceraian di Kecamatan Cikembar adalah keterbatasan ekonomi orang tua, kelalaian orang tua, rendahnya pendidikan orang tua, kurangnya kesadaran akan tanggung jawab sebagai orang tua. Implikasi tidak terpenuhinya hak-hak anak pasca perceraian orang tua terhadap kehidupan anak di Kecamatan Cikembar adalah anak menjadi minder, konflik bathin, prestasi menurun, malas, kurang berinteraksi, nakal, kurang bisa beradaptasi, melawan/membantah orang tua.
A CONDUTA DO CIRURGIÃO DENTISTA DIANTE DE CASOS DE VIOLÊNCIA INFANTO JUVENIL
Authors: Travassos Rosana Maria Coelho , Cardoso Maria do Socorro Orestes , Milhomens Filho José Afonso , Melo Júnior Paulo Maurício de Reis
Published: July 2023

Objetivo: Estudar a violência infanto juvenil em seus aspectos físicos e emocionais, bem como verificar a legislação brasileira para esses agravos e analisar a postura do Cirurgião Dentista diante desses casos além de apresentar os números de violência infanto juvenil que foram notificados no Brasil nos anos de 2016 a 2018. Metodologia: Tratou-se de uma revisão descritiva da literatura utilizando-se os bancos de dados da BIREME, MEDLINE, LILACS e livros publicados sobre a temática. Os critérios de inclusão foram artigos completos sobre violência infanto juvenil e os critérios de exclusão artigos que fugiam aos objetivos do estudo. Os descritores utilizados foram violência infanto juvenil, legislação sobre violência e alterações biopsicossociais de crianças e adolescentes vítimas da violência. Resultados: Ficou demonstrado nesse estudo que os danos biopsicossociais são graves, o Brasil possui legislação específica para coibir esse tipo de violência e cabe ao Cirurgião Dentista notificar casos suspeitos ou confirmados pois os números de violência infanto juvenil são altos como ficou demonstrado no referencial teórico consultado, pois de 2016 a 2018 foram notificados 208.924 casos de notificações. Conclusão: Os principais agravos físicos da violência infanto juvenil são: fraturas ósseas, queimaduras, acidentes caseiros evitáveis, quedas, asfixia, estresse pós-traumático, hematomas, lacerações, abuso sexual. Entre os agravos emocionais: timidez, ansiedade, choros constantes e sem motivo, medo, pesadelos, tentativas de suicídio, automutilação, ataques de pânico, depressão e baixo rendimento escolar.  A conduta do cirurgião dentista frente a suspeita ou constatação real de violência infanto juvenil deve ser a denúncia no seu local de trabalho. Se não existir uma comissão ou posto policial a denúncia deve ser feita ao Conselho Tutelar, podendo ser por telefone e anônima, somente fornecendo os dados da vítima e agressor, ou também presencialmente. Em caso de presença de provas, procurar a Delegacia de Polícia da Infância e juventude. Os dados nacionais da violência contra criança e adolescente fornecidos pelo Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do Ministério da Saúde foram: em 2016 se teve 75.934 casos de notificação; em 2017 os números foram maiores com 80.475 casos e em 2018 um percentual menor com 52.515 casos.
PRINCIPAIS AGENTES BACTERIANOS ENVOLVIDOS EM GASTROENTERITES EM LEITÕES NA FASE DE MATERNIDADE
Authors: Mombach Jaqueline , Ansolin Natalia Beatriz , Saucedo Idaihana Rostirolla , Ramella Keli Daiane Cristina Libardi , Matos Mônica Regina de
Published: July 2023

A suinocultura é um dos segmentos mais importantes da pecuária no Brasil. Com o aumento da tecnificação na suinocultura, os desafios sanitários se intensificaram causando grandes danos para a produtividade. As gastroenterites que acometem os leitões causam muitas perdas econômicas para a suinocultura. Este projeto possui o objetivo de coletar dados sobre as principais bactérias envolvidas nas gastroenterites que acometem leitões em fase de maternidade na cidade de Toledo – PR. Para o exame microbiológico foram coletados conteúdo intestinal e acondicionadas em caldo Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) e cultivadas em estufa a 37ºC durante 24 a 48 horas. Após, as amostras foram semeadas em estrias em placas de Petri com meios de cultura Ágar Sangue (AS)ª, Ágar MacConkey (MC)ª e Ágar Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB). Imediatamente, uma placa de ASª era acondicionada em estufa a 37ºC em anaerobiose durante 24 horas, e as três restantes permaneciam em estufa a 37ºC por 24 horas em aerobiose. Foram realizadas provas bioquímicas para determinação do gênero das colônias. Para o histopatológico, fragmentos de intestino delgado, intestino grosso e linfonodo mesentérico foram acondicionados em formalina a 10% e processados pela técnica de desidratação e inclusão de parafina, e as lâminas eram coradas pela técnica de Hematoxilina e Eosina. O resultado da microbiológica incluiu 22 amostras positivas para Escherichia coli, 18 amostras positivas para Salmonella spp. e 7 amostras positivas para Clostridium spp. Na histologia, foram observadas lesões intestinais como hiperplasia de célula caliciforme, enterite aguda, fusão de vilosidade, etc. Em todas as amostras foi isolado algum agente bacteriano, sendo a E. coli a mais prevalente. Ademais, as amostras em totalidade apresentaram alguma lesão histopatológica com padrão semelhante.
Is poor communication a reason for why we still are moving in the wrong direction?
Authors: Benestad Rasmus
Published: July 2023

Past measurements of atmospheric CO2-concentrations indicate a steady annual increase since 1958 when the observations started. In the meanwhile, there have been numerous reports published on the state of the climate, climate change and its consequences (e.g. The Charney Report in 1979 and  six assessment reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, in 1990, 1995, 2001, 2007, 2013, and 2021). The track-record for scientific communication in the past can be described as a failure since the CO2-levels have kept increasing in spite of the warnings from the IPCC and the scientific community. In 2022, the emission of CO2 from coal, oil and gas was higher than ever. 
On the other hand, the media has become more climate literate, and there are today almost daily news headlines on climate-related stories. There are also some advances towards a more sustainable future, such as renewable energy sources and carbon trading. The question is nevertheless whether the message from the scientific community has been too difficult or too vague for those policymakers who influence the extraction of coal, oil and gas. An example of the message not being loud and clear is the IPCC’s sixth summary for policy-makers (SPM) of the synthesis report. There seem to be two communication problems: (1) relevant and important policy-makers don’t seem to understand the IPCC’s summary meant for them, and (2) those writing the SPM don't seem to learn from feedback from scientists who try to convey an understanding of our challenges regarding climate change. It’s important to takestock and learn from both mistakes and successes. 
So what can the EMS do? Write a joint statement together with the AMS or offer the IPCC some advice?
1)https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-global-co2-emissions-from-fossil-fuels-hit-record-high-in-2022/
2)https://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2023/04/the-summary-for-policymakers-of-the-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-sixth-assessment-reports-synthesis/
Assessing urban heat island conditions in Pärnu (Estonia) via a network of 50 weather sensors
Authors: Hoy Andreas
Published: July 2023

Weather observations are traditionally conducted at the edge of urban settlements, to obtain data representative of a larger territory. Yet, inherent micro-climatic diversities are considerable, and this range increases in urban areas – the space where most people live, work, and sleep. Here, grey infrastructures like buildings, roads, parking lots, and railway tracks lead to a combination of surface sealing, lack of ventilation, and anthropogenic heat. While a lot of data indeed exist within urban spaces already – e.g., from satellites, radar stations and climate models – they all need calibration from measurements, in the city itself. More granular observations are hence required to quantify and verify the effect city space has on weather parameters.Pärnu is located in southwestern Estonia at the Baltic Sea coastline. A shallow long-stretched bay near the town`s centre leads to among the highest sea water temperatures in northern Europe during summer, already creating a natural heat island effect. This effect is further enhanced by urban structures, leading to a high probability of elevated minimum temperatures during heat waves, especially in Pärnu`s town centre. To investigate shape, intensity and location of Pärnu`s heat island (and its dependency on certain weather situations) we establish a network of about 50 temperature and relative humidity sensors (around 80% new sensors, 20% from existing networks) during spring 2023, data collection will start during May/June 2023. Data will be open access, and live measurements publicly accessible.The distribution of sensor units is based on Local Climate Zones and sufficiently covers the micro-climatic diversity of Pärnu. It also allows the calibration of a city climate model, which will be used to support subsequent modelling of Pärnu`s urban heat island. Sensor units will be installed at (mostly lamp) posts in and around Pärnu, with a higher density of sensors in highly frequented, touristic, and socio-economically vulnerable districts. The network will provide in Estonia (and much of northern Europe) unprecedented insights into local temperature characteristics of a small-sized urban area, and may feed into a range of future applications useful for decision-making activities related to e.g., city planning, climate risk reduction, adaptation planning as well as weather and climate communication. It also provides prospects for e.g., highly localised weather forecasts and even future projections of heat stress and vulnerability.Within this contribution, we outline the concept of the network and present results of the first summer of measurements, with a special focus on heat events.
Dust and weather 3000 km apart - the case of February 2021 in Finland
Authors: Rontu Laura , Kouznetsov Rostislav , Meinander Outi , Martin Perez Daniel , Sekula Piotr
Published: July 2023

In February 23, 2021, a noticeable amount of Saharan dust was deposited onto snow cover on ground and on sea ice the northern Baltic Sea area and Finland.  Dust was transported in atmosphere during the previous two days quite directly from the northwestern Africa. The deposition occurred mainly due to snow precipitation in the frontal system of a low pressure centre that developed over the Baltic sea. A citizen observation campaign provided samples of dust from Finland during the next days. In this presentation we will address the event from the point of view of high-resolution numerical weather prediction model HARMONIE-AROME and regional atmospheric chemical transport model SILAM. In terms of boundary conditions, these models rely on ECMWF's Integrated Forecast System (IFS) weather data. HARMONIE also imports Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) near-real-time aerosol data, based on IFS-AER.
We will search answer to questions like: How did the atmospheric dynamics influence the dust transport, how did the global and regional models treat this, what are the uncertainties concerning the horizontal and vertical distribution of dust in the models? Can we learn about the impact of the long atmospheric transport to the aerosol properties (size distribution, distribution of species) based on observations, and how well these properties are taken into account by the models? On the other hand, did the dust influence local weather in Finland and how could a local weather model handle the effects? CAMS, SILAM and HARMONIE-AROME estimate aerosol sedimentation on ground - how well this can be validated by the observations?
Training CNNs for cloud classification from RGB pictures
Authors: Rosenberger Markus , Dorninger Manfred , Weißmann Martin
Published: July 2023

Clouds play an important role in atmospheric processes like radiation and moisture transport and knowing the currently occurring cloud type can give the observer insights into the dynamics going on in the atmosphere. However, the number of human cloud observers is rather decreasing than increasing and thus efficient methods for automated cloud classification are sought as a way to continuously gather such information. Moreover, such a method is also less subjective than any human observer. Machine Learning methods and especially Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have shown exceptionally good results in a broad range of image classification tasks. Despite the fact that machine learning has already been used to classify clouds from satellite data during the last few decades, the field of cloud classification from conventional RGB pictures taken at the Earth's surface is rather untouched. Although the WMO's classification scheme is defined based on visual properties of clouds only visible from below their undersurface. Hence, in this work CNNs are trained to discriminate between up to 30 cloud types from conventional RGB pictures. The used data set consists of all sky panorama images taken by the cloud observation system of the Department of Meteorology and Geophysics at the University of Vienna during the period 2016-2019 as well as from 2022 onwards. Ground truth labels are taken from hourly operational observations at the station Vienna Hohe Warte. The fact that more than one cloud type can occur at once makes this task a multi class multi label classification problem and even harder to solve. However, once trained properly the resulting algorithm can be used together with an ordinary camera to classify clouds with a high temporal resolution. Possible applications may be, e.g. model verification or to efficiently monitor the current status of the weather as well as its short-time evolution. First results will be shown.
Evaluation of WRF model PBL schemes for highly resolved WRF-BEP/BEM simulations over Nicosia urban area
Authors: Vurro Giandomenico , Constantinidou Katiana , Hadjinicolaou Panos
Published: July 2023

Urban climate is a fast-growing research field that is gaining more and more attention for different reasons. On one side, cities include most of the inhabitants, services, and infrastructures of each country. On the other hand, the global population continues to increase, causing cities to grow denser, larger, and to become much more vulnerable to climate change impacts and threats. Moreover, replacing natural surfaces with artificial, dry, and impermeable ones causes a substantial modification of the atmospheric processes and variables at the local scale affecting the local weather and, on many occasions, enhancing the consequences of climate-induced phenomena. With this regard, atmospheric models have been widely used to understand better the dynamics of the processes happening at the local scale and to assess different adaptation strategies. In particular, three urban schemes can be implemented into the Weather Forecasting and Research model (WRF): Single Layer Urban Canopy Model (SLUCM), Building Effect Parameterization (BEP), and BEP coupled to a Building Energy Model (BEP + BEM) to parameterize the respective processes. Along with choosing the proper urban canopy model (UCM), the correct representation of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is equally pivotal to performing realistic simulations to investigate surface variables. Therefore, in this study, we examine the performance of the WRF model coupled with the BEP and BEP + BEM urban canopy models when used with the three PBL schemes with which those UCMs can be used. Focusing on the urban heat island effect in the urban area of Nicosia during a heat wave in the summer of 2021, this study aims to (i) identify the differences among the WRF simulated near-surface atmospheric variables due to the choice of PBL schemes, (ii) quantify and understand the model biases and, based on the previous results, (iii) reveal the appropriate scheme for the most reliable set-up for urban climate simulations in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (EMME) region. The PBL schemes considered are the Mellor-Yamada-Janic (MYJ), Yonsei University (YSU), and the Bougeault-Lacarrere (BouLac). We considered three nested domains to downscale the ERA5 re-analysis over the area of interest. The parent domain (d01) covers the EMME region at 12 km x 12 km horizontal resolution. The first nested domain (d02) encompasses Cyprus and the coast of the Levant region at 4 km x 4 km horizontal resolution, and the innermost domain (d03) at 1 km x 1 km horizontal resolution focuses on the city of Nicosia.
On pressure and temperature correlation patterns
Authors: Sioni Francesco , Manzato Agostino , Fasano Gabriele , Pucillo Arturo , Lussana Cristian
Published: July 2023

Temperature (T), pressure (p) and density (ρ) are the three fundamental variables that describe the local behaviour of the atmosphere through the ideal gas law. This work aims: 1) to investigate the mutual dependence of these variables near the Earth’s surface in the real-world atmosphere (i.e. not in idealized conditions); 2) to assess the physical conditions that lead to positive or negative correlations R(p,T).
Possible applications of this study are: i) to improve the knowledge of the interdependence between meteorological variables at the local level, at least for the stations considered; ii) more in general, to classify stations objectively (e.g. dividing valley floor stations from top stations), according to the relationship between physical parameters; iii) identify implausible observations of meteorological variables. 
First of all, from hourly data it is found that temperature and pressure are weakly related if compared to density and temperature, which show a correlation close to 1. In fact, temperature and density depend only on local thermodynamic conditions, while pressure is representative of the properties of an entire vertical column of air. Moreover, from a temporal variation perspective, it is found that, on average, the normalized hourly change in pressure is very low with respect to temperature and density temporal variations. 
A second result we present is that scatterplots of hourly pressure versus temperature reveal a triangular shape for various stations we considered at different latitudes in extratropical areas. For all the locations it was always possible to fit the upper side of the triangle with a line of the same slope and with an intercept proportional to the mean pressure of the station. This suggests that a physical boundary exists in the extratropics, above which combinations of pressure and temperature cannot be observed. An exception are the high mountain stations, for which the scatterplots show a strong correlation very similar to what is found in the free atmosphere. Also the behaviour in the tropics is different, with a density-plot closer to a 2D gaussian distribution; however, the fitted line still represents an upper limit.
Eventually, hourly data are aggregated at different temporal scales and correlations are computed: the analysis shows a hourly sinusoidal variation of the correlation R(p,T) during the day, reaching a maximum in the afternoon and a minimum in the night, that can be found in all the extratropical stations considered.
Evaluating sub-kilometric simulations for high-impact convective activity with the HARMONIE-AROME model
Authors: González-Alemán Juan Jesús , Calvo Javier , Martín Daniel , Viana Samuel , Calvo-Sancho Carlos , Morales Gema
Published: July 2023

Very high-resolution (sub-kilometric) simulations are becoming more and more frequent thanks to the increase of modelling knowledge and computational resources. Due to this fast progress, it then becomes essential to verify these simulations in the representation of high-impact convective weather. In this work, we evaluate this kind of simulations (500 m. of resolution) on two specific problems which are highly sensible to increasing resolution: A very high-impact static convective storm formed in front of Valencia (Spain) and a tropical-like cyclone (Medicane Ianos) over the Ionian Sea.
The storm in Valencia produced heavy precipitation and reported the largest accumulation for one day in May for Valencia. The socioeconomic impact was also severe. This event had very low predictability in high-resolution convection-allowing models. The associated environment was not especially favourable to support convective activity, but the formation of low-level wind convergence may organize convective systems. Therefore, this storm is a challenge from a numerical modelling point of view. None of the national operational models over the region showed signals of convective activity with such features in the east of Spain. However, initial simulations at 500 m of resolution seems to be able to simulate the system.
Ianos was a rare Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone, behaving as a hurricane, that impacted the eastern Mediterranean on 17 and 18 September 2020, especially Greece, leaving severe damage. Operational forecasts of this event were not highly valuable, thus is it a highly recommended case study.
We evaluate these simulations, with special focus on the representation of convective activity and mesoscale dynamics, from an operational numerical weather prediction model in their research mode, the HARMONIE-AROME model. HARMONIE-AROME is a convection-permitting model which belongs to ACCORD modelling community, and it’s used operationally in some European countries. Also, this model is being used in European projects such as Destin-E Extremes and UWC. Thus, it becomes necessary to evaluate this model’s behavior for very high-impact convective event forecasting, given also their expected worse impact with anthropogenic climate change.
Selection of representative climate simulations to assess near-future climate change in Odesa, Ukraine
Authors: Khokhlov Valeriy
Published: July 2023

The past climate change impact on some natural objects is usually studied using available observations or re-analysis data. To assess future climate changes, the only source of information is simulations of global or regional climate models. A particular application depends on the problem to be studied - if the natural object needs to be considered in more detail, then a smaller spatiotemporal grid step in a model must be used. The present study focuses on the methodology for selecting representative simulations from the EURO-CORDEX ensemble by RCP8.5 scenario and assessing near-future temperature and precipitation trends in Odesa, Ukraine.
The approach is to minimize bias in average monthly temperature and precipitation. The 1970–2005 average bias by 76 simulations of the EURO-CORDEX ensemble is about +0.5÷+1.0 °C for the monthly temperature and about –25÷+10 mm for the monthly precipitation sum. The preferably positive bias for precipitation is registered from October to March and a negative one – from April to September with a minimum in July-August. Some models can show almost dry summer, which is not in fact.
The procedure for selecting representative simulations involves choosing the minimum bias in the reference period 1970-2005 and adjusting the results obtained for the scenario simulation period 2006-2020. Minimizing the mean bias allowed the selection of the eight simulations that satisfactorily describe changes in temperature and precipitation over the period 1970-2020. These simulations were then used to assess the near-future climate in Odesa.
The mean temperature in Odesa has increased by ~1 °C over the past 30 years. A significant trend towards an increase in the average annual temperature will continue in 2021-2050, and the temperature will also increase for all months. There exists only little probability of a negative average monthly temperature and only in January. Although the average annual precipitation sum will increase slightly (~ 20 mm), it will decrease significantly in summer and increase in spring and at the end of the year. In general, it seems that the climate of Odesa is moving towards the Mediterranean climate – warm to hot, dry summers and mild, moderately wet winters.
How has the urban development of Madrid affected the local climate? Analysis ofthe last 50 years
Authors: Carbone Juan , Sánchez Beatriz , Román-Cascón Carlos , Yagüe Carlos , Martilli Alberto
Published: July 2023

The proportion of the world’s population living in cities has increased from 37% to 56% over the last 50 years, and it is expected to continue rising further to 60% by 2030 (UN, 2022). As an essential part of this evolution, urban land cover has expanded rapidly. It is well established that urbanization reduces the vegetated cover and modifies surfaces properties altering the surface-atmosphere interactions compared to rural areas. Therefore, analyzing the impact of the past changes in urban land cover contributes to understand the potential risks that urban residents might face considering the future urban grown and the expected rising of air temperatures, as this has adverse impacts on human health, livelihoods, and key infrastructure.
Our objective is to examine the impact of Madrid's urban growth in the last 50 years (1970-2020) on local climate. A modeling study is carried out using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, where land use and land cover have been modified according to each decade's urban expansion from 1970 to 2020. Two representative scenarios of extreme meteorological conditions are selected for this study: a period of intense heatwave during the summer season and a short period of strongly stable atmospheric conditions in winter. In areas where the urban fraction increased significantly, the model results reveal an increase of 1-2 ºC in 2 m air temperatures during the day and approximately 4-6 ºC at night in summer. In contrast, smaller differences are obtained at night for the winter period, probably due to the presence of thermally driven buoyancy flows generated during the night under stable conditions. The current results also indicate how these changes from non-urban to urban land cover over time have altered the surface energy balance system in Madrid over the last 50 years. And in turn, it reveals the relative contribution of urbanization and anthropogenic heat emissions to the warmer temperatures observed in cities compared to rural areas.
Process-based classification of Mediterranean cyclones using potential vorticity
Authors: Raveh-Rubin Shira , Givon Yonatan , Hess Or , Catto Jennifer , Sprenger Michael , Flaounas Emmanouil
Published: July 2023

Mediterranean cyclones govern extreme weather across the basin and into the continents around it, affecting the lives of hundreds of millions. Reliable model prediction and future projections of Mediterranean cyclones (MCs) remain a significant challenge, partly attributed to the large variability among MCs. To this end, past classifications distinguished MCs by their geographical and seasonal occurrence, however, there has been no consideration of a dynamics-based classification, focusing on cyclone genesis and deepening mechanisms. The processes governing cyclogenesis and evolution include diabatic and adiabatic processes, topographic influences, and surface heat anomalies. Here we aim to classify MCs throughout the basin and year-round, according to the potential vorticity (PV) distribution. Based on a combined (‘best tracks’) MC dataset derived from ECMWF ERA5 from 1979-2020, we classify the tracks based on the upper-level isentropic PV structures relative to the cyclone center at its peak intensity, using the Self Organizing Map (SOM) algorithm. The SOM analysis reveals 9 classes of Mediterranean cyclones, each attributed to a distinct Rossby wave signature. Though classified by upper-level PV, each class shows different PV signatures also in the lower troposphere and different surface anomalies. Each class has distinct cyclone characteristics, associated hazards, and observed trends. Unique large-scale, thermal, dynamical, seasonal, and geographical features indicate dominant processes in the evolution of each Mediterranean cyclone subset. Furthermore, the tropopause-surface coupling is explored and reveals the importance of topographically-induced Rossby wave breaking to the generation of the most extreme Mediterranean cyclones. These results enhance our understanding of Mediterranean cyclones' predictability, by linking the relatively predictable Rossby wave formations and life cycles to under-predicted cyclonic variability and impact.
Estimating the meteorological based drought indicators to better manage its negative impact
Authors: Peqini Klaudio , Porja Tanja , Kafexhiu Ervin
Published: July 2023

Abstract: Drought is generally defined as a high moisture deficit below some expected levels but beyond this summarized definition, drought is a complex event compared to many other natural phenomena. Without a clear definition, nor a clear entry or termination, the drought phenomenon is very specific and highly region climate dependent. Defining this phenomenon by regions or quantifying it, is a very complex issue because of many alternative definitions by diverse authors. Despite the diversity on defining it, drought is a severe natural hazard that can be manageable. Viewed as a natural hazard, drought can be managed during its occurrence by alleviating and repairing the damages and by anticipating strategies and funds. Before planning the strategies, there is a need for a better known of the drought phenomenon in a given area. Knowing as well as possible of the regional drought indicators would provide an objective picture for quantification and analysis of drought. There are more than 100 drought indicators developed by diverse authors but the importance stands on the selection of the proper indicators that presents most of the risk for the area under the study. Accepting that there is no a unique accepted drought indicator but the indicators need to be developed for a specific context, in a specific area, some important drought indicators and widely used are meteorological indicators, mainly precipitation based indicators as the main driver of drought phenomenon. Some of the main drought indices based on precipitation are the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Rainfall Deciles (RD), Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), etc. Besides the above indicators there is some soil moisture indicators considered as a very relevant in drought analyses but the soil measurements is not always possible because of the lack of soil monitoring.
In this study were perform detailed analyses of the above drought indicators by using the proper meteorological parameter thresholds. The derived results may be used to better manage the drought phenomenon in order to convert it in a manageable natural hazard and mitigating its negative impacts.
Keywords: local drought, precipitation index, moisture, extreme drought
 
Community Climatology – Towards a new social contract in climate research?
Authors: de Baar Jouke , Garcia-Marti Irene , van der Schrier Gerard , Brandsma Theo
Published: July 2023

Question. Starting from the mid 20th century, one might say that there has been a social contract between society and science: in most cases, society provides science with funding and a large amount of autonomy, while science provides society with authoritative research conclusions and recommendations (Gibbons, Nature, 1999). However, we might build a more meaningful partnership between society and science if we find and expand alternative ways of structuring this social contract. We expect that by finding more and new ways of collaborating directly with society on the content level, we can help create a situation of partnership. Importantly, such partnership can result in an increased shared feeling of ownership and responsibility for next generation climate research.  
From this line of thought, for example, we can make the best use of observational data collected by national meteorological services (NMSs) in combination with crowd-sourced data like collected by the Weather Observations Website (WOW-NL) network. Presently, we investigate if including such crowd-sourced data, provided by society, can enable us to deliver high-volume high-resolution gridded climate data sets, zooming in to local and urban scales. 
Approach. In the Community Climatology approach, we use multi-fidelity regression kriging to blend official NMS observations with crowd-sourced observations and high-resolution covariates. We think this can evolve into a new partnership between society and science, where volunteers find a meaningful way to directly contribute to improved monitoring capabilities of climate change and the quantification of extreme events. 
The development of our approach has been done in close collaboration with end users, so that we provide these high-resolution gridded data sets in a way that caters to their needs. An important lesson we already learned here is that providing gridded uncertainty estimates is one of the essential requirements of various end users. 
On a technical level, we consider the significant bias and noise in the volunteer observations. We include a simplified observation model description in the likelihood of our Bayesian updating process. Using cross-validation, we tune this observation model to the data under consideration. As such we exploit data-driven estimate of observational error, since we learn the bias and noise of the observations in each time slice. 
Results. Although we are in the early stages of applying this approach to longer time spans and a variety of variables, we already see that the contribution from volunteer observations is indeed a meaningful addition to these gridded data sets, for five different user-requested climate variables in the Netherlands. We provide this data set at a spatial resolution of 0.01 x 0.01 degrees (approximately 1 x 1 km) and at an hourly time resolution. Initial results show a significant increase of accuracy of these data sets due to the blending approach. 
Severe weather influenced by aurorally excited gravity waves contributing to release of conditional symmetric instability?
Authors: Prikryl Paul , Rušin Vojto
Published: July 2023

Forecasting weather has significantly improved but continues to present challenges, such as prediction of flash floods, tornado outbreaks, and rapid intensification of tropical cyclones. We consider a possible influence on severe weather occurrence through solar wind coupling to the magnetosphere-ionosphere-atmosphere system, mediated by aurorally excited atmospheric gravity waves. Solar wind disturbances, including high-speed streams, high-density plasma adjacent to the heliospheric current sheet, and interplanetary coronal mass ejections, cause intensifications of ionospheric currents at high latitudes launching gravity waves globally propagating in the atmosphere [1]. While these gravity waves reach the troposphere with much attenuated amplitudes, they are subject to amplification when encountering opposing winds and vertical wind shears. They may contribute to release of conditional symmetric instabilities [2] leading to slantwise convection, latent heat release and intensification of storms. The ERA5 re-analysis is used to evaluate slantwise convective available potential energy (SCAPE) that is of importance in the development of storms. It has been shown that significant weather events, including explosive extratropical cyclones [3,4], rapid intensification of tropical cyclones [5], and heavy rainfall causing floods and flash floods [6,7] tend to occur following arrivals of solar wind high-speed streams from coronal holes. Further evidence is provided by superposed-epoch analysis of high-rate precipitation occurrence obtained from satellite-based precipitation data sets. To support the published results, the occurrence of heavy-rainfall-induced floods and cool season precipitation events in Canada, as well as large tornado outbreaks in the United States are studied in the context of solar wind. 
[1] Mayr H.G., et al., Space Sci. Rev. 54, 297–375, 1990. doi:10.1007/BF00177800 [2] Chen T.-C., et al., J. Atmos. Sci. 75, 2425–2443. doi:10.1175/JAS-D-17-0221.1[3] Prikryl P., et al., J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 149, 219–231. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2016.04.002[4] Prikryl P., et al., J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 171, 94–10, 2018. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2017.07.023[5] Prikryl P., et al., J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 183, 36-60, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2018.12.009[6] Prikryl P., et al., Ann. Geophys. 39 (4), 769–93, 2021. doi:10.5194/angeo-39-769-2021[7] Prikryl P., et al., Atmosphere 12 (9), 2021. doi:10.3390/atmos12091186. 
Introduction to the First Large-Scale Cloud Physics Experimental Chamber in Korea: Design, Construction, and Initial Experiments
Authors: Lee Kyoungmi , Belorid Miloslav , Kim Bu-Yo , Cha JooWan , Baek Jeongeun , Lee Yong-Hee
Published: July 2023

The National Institute of Meteorological Sciences has recently constructed a Korea Cloud Physics Experimental Chamber (K-CPEC) to investigate the fundamental processes of cloud formation and implement a rainfall enhancement. The K-CPEC is capable of adiabatic expansion and covers temperatures ranging from –70℃ to 60℃, pressures from 1,013 hPa to 30 hPa, and relative humidity from 10% to 95%. It consists of an inner and outer chamber, with the outer chamber (5m x 5m) controlling pressure and the inner chamber (3m x 3m) controlling temperature to minimize heat loss during experiments. Notably, the inner chamber is constructed using dual materials of copper and stainless steel, a first in the world, which increases thermal efficiency with copper and ensures structural safety of the inner chamber with stainless steel. The K-CPEC is equipped with various observation equipment, such as pressure, temperature, and humidity sensors, an optical particle counter, a cloud condensation nuclei counter, an ice nuclei counter, and a cloud particles imager. Through temperature and pressure control, the K-CPEC can replicate cloud formation processes, and the observation equipment can measure characteristics of aerosol, cloud particles, and ice crystals. Performance testing has confirmed that the K-CPEC is a valuable facility for activating various types of aerosol particles and verifying cloud particle and ice crystal formation processes. Research using a cloud chamber is a research method introduced for the first time in Korea, and the cloud generation experimental procedure and observation method have not yet been systematized. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure reproducibility and reliability by performing repeated experiments according to experimental analysis procedures developed in the future. Through this, it will be possible to lay the foundation for various studies using cloud chambers and increase their usability.
 
This research has been supported by the "Research on Weather Modification and Cloud Physics"(KMA2018-00224) project of NIMS/KMA.
 