bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in terrestrial aridity for the period 850–2080 from the Community Earth System Model
Authors: Fu Qiang , Lin Lei , Huang Jianping , Feng Song , Gettelman Andrew
Published: March 2016

This study examines changes in terrestrial aridity due to both natural and anthropogenic forcing for the period 850–2080 by analyzing the Community Earth System Model (CESM) Last Millennium Ensemble simulations for 850–2005 and the CESM Large Ensemble simulations for 1920–2080. We compare terrestrial aridity in the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) (950–1250) with that in the Little Ice Age (LIA) (1550–1850), present day (PD) (1950–2005) with the last millennium (LM) (850–1850), and the future (F8.5) (2050–2080) with the LM, to place anthropogenic changes in the context of changes due to natural forcings. The aridity index defined as the ratio of annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration, averaged over land, becomes smaller (i.e., a drier terrestrial climate) by 0.34% for MWP versus LIA (MWP‐LIA), 1.4% for PD versus LM (PD‐LM), and 7.8% for F8.5 versus LM (F8.5‐LM). The change of terrestrial‐mean aridity in PD‐LM and F8.5‐LM due to anthropogenic forcing is thus 4 and 20 times of that from MWP‐LIA due to natural forcing, respectively. It is shown that a drier climate in PD than LM is largely due to a decrease of precipitation while a drier climate in F8.5 than LM, and MWP than LIA, is mainly caused by an increase of temperature. The terrestrial‐mean aridity change in PD‐LM is, however, largely driven by greenhouse gas increases as in F8.5‐LM. This is because anthropogenic aerosols have a small effect on terrestrial‐mean aridity but at the same time they totally alter the attributions of aridity changes to meteorological variables by causing large negative anomalies in surface air temperature, available energy, and precipitation. Different from MWP‐LIA and F8.5‐LM, there are large spatial inhomogeneities in P/PET changes for PD‐LM in both magnitudes and signs, caused by anthropogenic aerosols, greenhouse gases, and land surface changes. The changes of terrestrial‐mean P and P − E (precipitation minus evaporation) for 850–2080 are also examined. The relative changes in P (P − E) are 0.4% (0.6%) for MWP‐LIA, −2.6% (−3.8%) for PD‐LM, and 4.7% (11.8%) for F8.5‐LM. The signs of changes in P − E and P are the same.
On the origin of pronounced O3 gradients in the thunderstorm outflow region during DC3
Authors: Huntrieser H. , Lichtenstern M. , Scheibe M. , Aufmhoff H. , Schlager H. , Pucik T. , Minikin A. , Weinzierl B. , Heimerl K. , Fütterer D. , Rappenglück B. , Ackermann L. , Pickering K. E. , Cummings K. A. , Biggerstaff M. I. , Betten D. P. , Honomichl S. , Barth M. C.
Published: March 2016

Unique in situ measurements of CO, O3, SO2, CH4, NO, NOx, NOy, VOC, CN, and rBC were carried out with the German Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt (DLR)‐Falcon aircraft in the central U.S. thunderstorms during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry experiment in summer 2012. Fresh and aged anvil outflow (9–12 km) from supercells, mesoscale convective systems, mesoscale convective complexes, and squall lines were probed over Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, and Kansas. For three case studies (30 May and 8 and 12 June) a combination of trace species, radar, lightning, and satellite information, as well as model results, were used to analyze and design schematics of major trace gas transport pathways within and in the vicinity of the probed thunderstorms. The impact of thunderstorms on the O3 composition in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (LS) region was analyzed. Overshooting cloud tops injected high amounts of biomass burning and lightning‐produced NOx emissions into the LS, in addition to low O3 mixing ratios from the lower troposphere. As a dynamical response, O3‐rich air from the LS was transported downward into the anvil and also surrounded the outflow. The ΔO3/ΔCO ratio was determined in the anvil outflow region. A pronounced in‐mixing of O3‐rich stratospheric air masses was observed in the outflow indicated by highly positive or even negative ΔO3/ΔCO ratios (+1.4 down to −3.9). Photochemical O3 production (ΔO3/ΔCO = +0.1) was found to be minor in the recently lofted pollution plumes. O3 mixing ratios within the aged anvil outflow were mainly enhanced due to dynamical processes.
The Effect of Thermal Exposure on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of 2198 Al–Li Alloy
Authors: Chen Bin , Guo Ming‐Feng , Zheng Jing‐Xu , Zhang Kun‐Yi , Fan Yun , Zhou Ling‐Ye , Li Xiao‐Ling , Lu Chen
Published: March 2016

The effect of thermal exposure on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 2198 Al–Li alloy is investigated. It is found that thermal exposure will lead to deterioration of the strengths, except the one exposed at 200 °C. When exposure temperature increases to 300 °C, a dramatical drop in strength and a rise in ductility appear due to the dissolution of strengthening phases, T1 phase, and θ′ phase. The new phases, (Al2Cu), Al6Cu(Li,Mg)3, and Al6CuLi3 phases, are formed. Compared with the alloy exposed at 300 °C, the alloys exposed at 400 and 500 °C exhibit better mechanical properties due to the precipitation of δ′ phase. The fractographic observation shows that the predominant fracture mode changes from quasi‐cleavage fracture to ductile fracture with the increasing exposure temperature.
End‐Group‐Functionalized Poly(α‐olefinates) as Non‐Polar Building Blocks: Self‐Assembly of Sugar–Polyolefin Hybrid Conjugates
Authors: Thomas Tessy S. , Hwang Wonseok , Sita Lawrence R.
Published: March 2016

Living coordinative chain‐transfer polymerization of α‐olefins, followed by chemical functionalization of a Zn(polymeryl)2intermediate, provides entry to end‐group functionalized poly(α‐olefinates) (x‐PAOs) that can serve as a new class of non‐polar building block with tailorable occupied volumes. Application of these x‐PAOs for the synthesis and self‐assembly of sugar‐polyolefin hybrid conjugates demonstrate the ability to manipulate the morphology of the ultra‐thin film nanostructure through variation in occupied volume of the x‐PAO domain.
Construction of Quaternary Stereogenic Carbon Centers through Copper‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Allylic Alkylation of Azoles
Authors: Ohmiya Hirohisa , Zhang Heng , Shibata Saori , Harada Ayumi , Sawamura Masaya
Published: March 2016

Copper‐catalyzed enantioselective allylic alkylation of azoles with γ,γ‐disubstituted primary allylic phosphates was achieved using a new chiral N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand bearing a naphtholic hydroxy group. This reaction occurred with excellent branch regioselectivity and high enantioselectivity, thus forming a controlled all‐carbon quaternary stereogenic center at the position α to the heteroaromatic ring.
Hydrosilylation in Aryliminopyrrolide‐Substituted Silanes
Authors: Witteman Léon , Evers Tim , Shu Zhan , Lutz Martin , Klein Gebbink Robertus J. M. , Moret Marc‐Etienne
Published: March 2016

A range of silanes was synthesized by the reaction of HSiCl3 with iminopyrrole derivatives in the presence of NEt3. In certain cases, intramolecular hydrosilylation converts the imine ligand into an amino substituent. This reaction is inhibited by factors such as electron‐donating substitution on Si and steric bulk. The monosubstituted (DippIMP)SiHMeCl (DippIMP=2‐[N‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)iminomethyl]pyrrolide), is stable towards hydrosilylation, but slow hydrosilylation is observed for (DippIMP)SiHCl2. Reaction of two equivalents of DippIMPH with HSiCl3 results in the hydrosilylation product (DippAMP)(DippIMP)SiCl (DippAMP=2‐[N‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)aminomethylene]pyrrolide), but the trisubsitituted (DippIMP)3SiH is stable. Monitoring the hydrosilylation reaction of (DippIMP)SiHCl2 reveals a reactive pathway involving ligand redistribution reactions to form the disubstituted (DippAMP)(DippIMP)SiCl as an intermediate. The reaction is strongly accelerated in the presence of chloride anions.
Three‐Dimensional Metal–Fullerene Frameworks
Authors: Kraft Andreas , Roth Patrick , Schmidt David , Stangl Johannes , Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus , Beuerle Florian
Published: March 2016

Hexakis‐substituted [60]fullerene adducts with icosahedral symmetry provide an unprecedented scaffold for the spatial arrangement of twelve functional groups with high geometric precision. This unique molecular symmetry identifies such polyfunctional organic building blocks as potential highly connective linkers for coordination polymer and metal–organic framework synthesis. Hereby, the linker exhibits a higher connectivity than the metal ions and with the main connectivity based on the ligand, this can create a new type of inversely cross‐linked framework. Two hexakis adducts bearing either twelve glycolic acid or 3‐hydroxypropionic acid side chains attached to its malonate units were incorporated as organic connectivity centers in the first fullerene‐containing three‐dimensional frameworks by coordination with Zn2+.
Highly Stable Mesoporous Zirconium Porphyrinic Frameworks with Distinct Flexibility
Authors: Xu Lei , Luo Yan‐Ping , Sun Lin , Xu Yan , Cai Zhong‐Sheng , Fang Min , Yuan Rong‐Xin , Du Hong‐Bin
Published: March 2016

The construction of highly stable metal–porphyrinic frameworks (MPFs) is appealing as these materials offer great opportunities for applications in artificial light‐harvesting systems, gas storage, heterogeneous catalysis, etc. Herein, we report the synthesis of a novel mesoporous metal–porphyrinic framework (denoted as NUPF‐1) and its catalytic properties. NUPF‐1 is constructed from a new porphyrin linker and a Zr6O8 structural building unit, possessing an unprecedented doubly interpenetrating scu net. The structure exhibits not only remarkable chemical and thermal stabilities, but also a distinct structural flexibility, which is seldom seen in metal–organic framework (MOF) materials. By the merit of high chemical stability, NUPF‐1 could be easily post‐metallized with [Ru3(CO)12], and the resulting {NUPF‐1–RuCO} is catalytically active as a heterogeneous catalyst for intermolecular C(sp3)−H amination. Excellent yields and good recyclability for amination of small substrates with various organic azides have been achieved.
Pd(0)‐Catalyzed Direct C−H Functionalization of 2‐H‐4‐Benzylidene Imidazolones: Friendly and Large‐Scale Access to GFP and Kaede Protein Fluorophores
Authors: Muselli Mickaël , Baudequin Christine , Perrio Cécile , Hoarau Christophe , Bischoff Laurent
Published: March 2016

The first one‐pot synthesis of N‐substituted 2‐H‐4‐benzylidene imidazolones and their subsequent palladium‐catalyzed and copper‐assisted direct C2−H arylation and alkenylation with aryl‐ and alkenylhalides are described. This innovative synthesis is step‐economical, azide‐free, high yielding, highly flexible in the introduction of a variety of electronically different groups, and can be operated on large‐scale. Moreover, the method allows direct access to C2‐arylated or alkenylated imidazolone‐based green fluorescent protein (GFP) and Kaede protein fluorophores, including ortho‐hydroxylated models.
Preclinical animal anxiety research – flaws and prejudices
Authors: Ennaceur Abdelkader , Chazot Paul L.
Published: March 2016

The current tests of anxiety in mice and rats used in preclinical research include the elevated plus‐maze (EPM) or zero‐maze (EZM), the light/dark box (LDB), and the open‐field (OF). They are currently very popular, and despite their poor achievements, they continue to exert considerable constraints on the development of novel approaches. Hence, a novel anxiety test needs to be compared with these traditional tests, and assessed against various factors that were identified as a source of their inconsistent and contradictory results. These constraints are very costly, and they are in most cases useless as they originate from flawed methodologies. In the present report, we argue that the EPM or EZM, LDB, and OF do not provide unequivocal measures of anxiety; that there is no evidence of motivation conflict involved in these tests. They can be considered at best, tests of natural preference for unlit and/or enclosed spaces. We also argued that pharmacological validation of a behavioral test is an inappropriate approach; it stems from the confusion of animal models of human behavior with animal models of pathophysiology. A behavioral test is developed to detect not to produce symptoms, and a drug is used to validate an identified physiological target. In order to overcome the major methodological flaws in animal anxiety studies, we proposed an open space anxiety test, a 3D maze, which is described here with highlights of its various advantages over to the traditional tests.
Nonclinical analysis of the safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of plasma‐derived human FXIII concentrate in animals
Authors: Beyerle Andrea , Solomon Cristina , Dickneite Gerhard , Herzog Eva
Published: March 2016

Factor XIII (FXIII) is a coagulation protein which plays a major role in hemostasis by covalently cross‐linking fibrin molecules, thereby stabilizing the blood clot and increasing resistance to fibrinolysis. FXIII deficiency, either congenital or acquired, is associated with spontaneous bleeding, increased bleeding time, and poor wound healing. Purified plasma‐derived human FXIII concentrate (pd hFXIII) has been available since 1993 for therapeutic use in congenital FXIII deficiency. This set of nonclinical investigations aimed to evaluate the pharmacodynamic effects and assess the safety profile of pd hFXIII. The efficacy and safety of pd hFXIII were evaluated by pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity studies in mice and rats, safety pharmacology studies in dogs, neoantigenicity study, local tolerance, and thrombogenicity tests in rabbits. Administration of pd hFXIII resulted in the correction of deficits in clot formation kinetics and strength as measured by thromboelastometry, and was not associated with thrombus formation up to 350 IU/kg in FXIII knockout mice. There was no production of neoantigens resulting from the viral elimination manufacturing steps detected, and no adverse reactions were observed in toxicity studies with single doses up to 3550 IU/kg in mice and 1420 IU/kg in rats; nor from repeat doses of 350 IU/kg in rats. In addition, local tolerance tests revealed a good tolerability profile in rabbits. Overall, this data showed that pd hFXIII was well tolerated and pharmacodynamically active in preclinical animal models, supporting pd hFXIII as a therapy for FXIII deficiency.
Anion Guided Conformational Adjustments by Protonation Leading to Conformation Reversal
Authors: Phukan Nithi , Baruah Jubaraj B.
Published: March 2016

As a general outline to show anion guided conformational adjustments of an uncommon conformer found in self‐assembly of 2‐[(5‐methylthiazol‐2‐ylamino)‐methyl]‐phenol (1) and subsequent protonation leading to reversal of conformer is shown. On formation of nitrate salt (1 c) the anti conformer of 1 transformed to syn conformer. Whereas conformational adjustments in the corresponding syn conformer of the organocation of the chloride (1 a) and bromide (1 b) took place to adopt orientations that are different from the parent compound or nitrate salt.
Viscoelastic Behavior of Alkyl Ether Sulfate Systems Containing Sodium Carbonate
Authors: Adamy Steven T.
Published: March 2016

Relaxation behaviors in systems containing sodium alkyl ether sulfate and sodium carbonate were studied. The anionic surfactants were commercial grade systems with average chain lengths of twelve carbons and either one, two, or three ethoxy (EO) groups. It was found that viscosity maxima in the three systems were achieved at particular salt levels that increased with an increase in the number of EO groups. Relaxation of the optimized systems was studied by measuring the complex, storage and loss moduli as a function of frequency. Temperature was varied between 5 and 45 °C. While characterization of relaxation in terms of the Maxwell model adequately described data below the threshold of ωτ < 1, the model failed to adequately describe behavior at higher frequencies. A modified expression with an additional Rouse relaxation mode adequately described relaxation throughout the frequency range studied. Temperature dependencies provided estimates of activation energies which were consistent with literature values for reptation modes of relaxation. No temperature dependencies were seen for the second relaxation mode of the model. Studies of ultrasonic attenuation in the surfactant system determined that attenuation increased in systems with higher EO content. Relaxation times were additionally found to decrease with increased EO content. This implied that diffusion in the compressive relaxation modes was more dependent on the sizes of the micellar structures as opposed to the sizes of the individual surfactant molecules.
Function and clinical meaningfulness of treatments for mild Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Siemers Eric , Holdridge Karen Chilcott , Sundell Karen L. , Liu‐Seifert Hong
Published: March 2016

Introduction

Effectiveness of Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatments is commonly evaluated with coprimary outcomes; cognition with function to ensure clinical meaningfulness of a cognitive effect.

Methods

We reviewed the literature for functional outcomes in mild AD or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients (distinct from combined mild‐moderate/severe AD) treated with approved AD drugs. Cognitive and functional treatment differences in mild AD patients in solanezumab EXPEDITION/EXPEDITION2 studies were compared across time.

Results

Seven publications provided MCI/mild AD functional outcomes, one of which reported a significant functional treatment effect. Secondary analyses of EXPEDITION studies suggested a smaller functional effect of solanezumab relative to cognition. An increasing effect of solanezumab over 18 months was shown for cognition and function.

Discussion

Function as the sole measure to demonstrate clinical meaningfulness of cognitive effects in mild AD may have limitations. For disease‐modifying treatments, point differences on cognitive and functional scales should be qualified with duration of treatment.
Planeación por escenarios: un caso de estudio en una empresa de consultoría logística en Colombia
Authors: Soto Cardona Osman Camilo , Mejía Argueta Christopher , Agudelo Isabel
Published: March 2016

La incertidumbre sobre las tendencias del mercado y el entorno empresarial en el que se encuentran las compañías es uno de los principales retos que actualmente afrontan los directivos de las empresas. Una compañía que analiza su entorno e intenta predecir los posibles escenarios futuros no se verá sorprendida por los cambios del mismo y podrá establecer con anticipación planes de acción que le garanticen ser eficiente sin importar cuál de ellos se materialice. El presente artículo es un caso de estudio aplicado de planeación de escenarios en una compañía que ofrece el servicio de consultoría logística en Colombia. El resultado del proceso de planeación de escenarios permitió identificar importantes retos, tendencias y oportunidades de mercado para la compañía a objeto de estudio.
No Comment?! The Drivers of Reactions to Online Posts in Professional Groups
Authors: Rooderkerk Robert P. , Pauwels Koen H.
Published: March 2016

Social media has moved beyond personal friendships to professional interactions in high-knowledge industries. In particular, online discussion forums are sponsored by firms aiming to position themselves as thought-leaders, to gain more insight in their customer base and to generate sales leads. However, while firms can seed discussion by posts, they depend on the forum members to continue the discussion in the form of reactions to these posts. The goal of the current study is to investigate what features and characteristics drive the number of comments that a post receives on an online discussion forum. The empirical setting involves a global manufacturer connecting with health care professionals through a LinkedIn discussion forum. We project that (i) content characteristics, (ii) post characteristics, (iii) author characteristics, and (iv) timing characteristics jointly determine the number of comments a post receives. We show that the readability of the post, the controversiality of the content and the status of the post author have the highest elasticity on the number of comments. These results provide valuable insights for firms on how to build and maintain an attractive online forum through ongoing discussions.
Pioderma gangrenoso tras una polectomía
Authors: Gómez B. , Olea A. , Martínez A.
Published: March 2016

El pioderma gangrenoso (PG) es una dermatosis no infecciosa y necrótica que puede ocurrir después de cualquier cirugía, aunque de forma poco frecuente en traumatología y menos aún en cirugía de la mano.

La baja sospecha diagnóstica y el retraso en su detección pueden llegar a tener consecuencias devastadoras, a nivel local y sistémico.

Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 61 años que, tras una polectomía de A1 en el dedo anular, desarrolla un PG resolviéndose con corticoides intravenosos.
Late Holocene climate-induced forest transformation and peatland establishment in the central Appalachians
Authors: Booth Robert K. , Ireland Alex W. , LeBoeuf Katharine , Hessl Amy
Published: March 2016

Understanding the potential for ecosystem transformation and community change in response to climate variability is central to anticipating future ecological changes, and long-term records provide a primary source of information on these dynamics. We investigated the late Holocene history of upland forest and peatland development at Cranesville Swamp, a peatland located along the West Virginia–Maryland border in the USA. Our primary goal was to determine whether establishment of peatland was triggered by moisture variability, similar to recent developmental models derived from depressional peatlands in glaciated regions. Results indicate that the peatland established at about 1200 cal yr BP, and was associated with a dramatic and persistent change in upland forest composition. Furthermore, timing of these upland and wetland ecological changes corresponded with evidence for multidecadal drought and enhanced moisture variability from nearby tree-ring and speleothem climatic reconstructions. Our results add to a growing body of research highlighting the sensitivity of both peatland development and upland forest communities to transient drought and enhanced moisture variability, and suggest that enhanced moisture variability in the future could increase the probability of similarly abrupt and persistent ecological change, even in humid regions like eastern North America.
Audit and Feedback Processes Among Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs: A Survey of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Research Network
Authors: Livorsi D. J. , Heintz B. , Jacob J. T. , Krein S. L. , Morgan D. J. , Perencevich E. N.
Published: March 2016

Optimal implementation of audit-and-feedback is an important part of advancing antimicrobial stewardship programs. Our survey demonstrated variability in how 61 programs approach audit-and-feedback. The median (interquartile range) number of recommendations per week was 9 (5–19) per 100 hospital-beds. A major perceived barrier to more comprehensive stewardship was lack of resources.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:704–706
Optimising theKDark Filter for the Kunlun Infrared Sky Survey
Authors: Li Yushan , Zheng Jessica , Tuthill Peter , Freeman Matthew , Ashley Michael , Burton Michael , Lawrence Jon , Mould Jeremy , Wang Lifan
Published: March 2016

The Kunlun Infrared Sky Survey will be the first comprehensive exploration of the time varying Universe in the infrared. A key feature in optimising the scientific yield of this ambitious research programme is the choice of the survey passband. In particular, the survey aims to maximally exploit the unique thermal and atmospheric conditions pertaining to the high Antarctic site. By simulating the expected signal-to-noise for varying filter properties within the so-called ‘KDARK’ 2.4 μm window, filter performance can be tuned and best-case designs are given covering a range of conditions.
Medium-chain TAG improve energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis in the liver of intra-uterine growth-retarded and normal-birth-weight weanling piglets
Authors: Zhang Hao , Li Yue , Hou Xiang , Zhang Lili , Wang Tian
Published: March 2016

We previously reported that medium-chain TAG (MCT) could alleviate hepatic oxidative damage in weanling piglets with intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR). There is a relationship between oxidative status and energy metabolism, a process involved in substrate availability and glucose flux. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of IUGR and MCT on hepatic energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in weanling piglets. Twenty-four IUGR piglets and twenty-four normal-birth-weight (NBW) piglets were fed a diet of either soyabean oil (SO) or MCT from 21 d of postnatal age to 49 d of postnatal age. Then, the piglets’ biochemical parameters and gene expressions related to energy metabolism and mitochondrial function were determined (n4). Compared with NBW, IUGR decreased the ATP contents and succinate oxidation rates in the liver of piglets, and reduced hepatic mitochondrial citrate synthase (CS) activity (P<0·05). IUGR piglets exhibited reductions in hepatic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contents and gene expressions related to mitochondrial biogenesis compared with NBW piglets (P<0·05). The MCT diet increased plasma ghrelin concentration and hepatic CS and succinate dehydrogenase activities, but decreased hepatic pyruvate kinase activity compared with the SO diet (P<0·05). The MCT-fed piglets showed improved mtDNA contents and PPARγcoactivator-1αexpression in the liver (P<0·05). The MCT diet alleviated decreased mRNA abundance of the hepatic PPARαinduced by IUGR (P<0·05). It can therefore be postulated that MCT may have beneficial effects in improving energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in weanling piglets.
The Post-Prandial Musings of A Historian Who has been working in the Ottoman Archives: Presidential Address November 21, 1975
Authors: Davison Roderic H.
Published: March 2016

Thank you, Professor Bodman. I should like to add my thanks also to Professor Adele Ferdows and her Committee, to the University of Louisville, for their thoughtful local arrangements, and to Professor Bodman and his Program Committee for their good work.
Basic Information on Collecting Persian Materials for the Development of Iranian and Islamic Studies
Authors: Afshar Iraj
Published: March 2016

This paper contains information and observations on the problems and difficulties which university libraries and research centers encounter in trying to collect Persian materials. Hopefully, it can provide necessary information, description of basic tools useful to collections outside Iran, and also precise techniques to follow to build a decent and useful Iranian studies collection.
A Brief Commentary and Report on the Roundtable and Panels on Women’s Roles Held at the 1975 MESA Meeting
Authors: Fernea Elizabeth , Joseph Suad
Published: March 2016

Women are a single element in any society under discussion. The recent focus on Middle Eastern women as women, their roles, positions and general behavior, has been an attempt, we believe, to point out that previous western studies of the Middle East have neglected this important element. Indeed, many of the scholarly books and monographs to appear in recent years seem to have been conceived and written as though the female half of the Middle Eastern world did not exist, or if it did, was simply a minor factor with little or no bearing on the processes of the society, and thus not worthy of more than passing consideration. The reasons for this neglect have been discussed before and by now should be obvious. They need not be repeated here.
Urban Studies in The Middle East
Authors: Bonine Michael E.
Published: March 2016

Urban civilization began in the Middle East and today this area is one of the most urbanized regions in the Third World. Yet, scholarly research in Middle Eastern urban affairs has lagged behind both the growth of urban studies for other areas of the world and the interest in other aspects of Middle Eastern society. The city is a viable focus for research and such fields as urban geography, urban sociology, urban anthropology and urban history have been increasing in importance in their respective disciplines. This interest is only beginning in Middle Eastern studies, although substantial recent progress has been made as this review will show.
State of the Art: Population Policies in the Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Lapham Robert J.
Published: March 2016

This review of population policies in Middle Eastern and North African countries complements the earlier works in the State of the Art series by Sabagh (1970) on the demography of the Middle East, and by Bonine (1976) on urban studies in the Middle East. It also interrelates with the work by Van Dusen (1976) on the study of women in the Middle East since population policies often directly and indirectly affect the status of women. The emphasis will be on discussion of current population policies, and where relevant, how these have changed during recent years. A broad definition of population policy is used, i.e., the discussion is not limited to the initiation and expansion of family planning activities, while recognizing that the provision and availability of fertility regulation supplies and services in public and private sectors constitute a major facet of many population policies.
A Historical Glance at the Development of the Current Turkish National Bibliography and Other Major Bibliographical Sources in Turkey
Authors: Soysal Özer
Published: March 2016

“Bibliography”, as a concept and as an instrument to control the products of intellectual and artistic activities, has had a long history of evolution in Turkey as in other countries of the world. Kâtib Çelebi (1609-1657), a seventeenth century Turkish scholar, who is known as Haji Khalifah by Westerners, produced his famous work “Keşfu’z-Zunûn ‘an Esmái’1-Kütübi ve’1-Fünûn” in the middle of that century, and this was first published by Gustav Fluegel in seven volumes between the years of 1835–1858, in Arabic and Latin with the title of Lexicon Bibliographicum et Encyclopaedicum. This work marks one of the summits of bibliographical evolution in Turkey. More than three hundred years have passed since the appearance of this monumental work which is universally considered as an important contribution to human knowledge. So far the Turkish intellectuals have not been able to produce another work of this calibre, however they have always been aware of the importance of bibliographical activities for a changing society. I will soon try to draw a picture of the scene of the bibliographical activities in today’s Turkey by giving some concrete examples.
Sources for the First Century of Islam
Authors: Morony Michael G.
Published: March 2016

It may be surprising that there is so much to say about a period that is supposed to be poor in sources. The impression of a lack of primary and reliable secondary sources for the first century of Islam has been created by the issue of the usability of Arabic literary materials that are admittedly secondary. Indeed, the authenticity of the entire Arabic literary corpus, when it deals with matters in the first century and one-half of Islam, has been undermined by the skepticism of Western scholars based on its internal contradictions, on the partisan biases of the transmitters, on the anachronous projections of later issues and legal theories back to an earlier period, on the fictional and legendary quality of its anecdotal elements, and on assumptions about the nature of oral composition and transmission. Such criticism has led to a rather late dating of the use of writing for literature and of the use of theisnādespecially associated with the Schacht thesis, as well as to views that saw Islamic historical composition originating in commentaries on the Qur’ān and poetry.
Islamic Legal Documents as a Source for Studying Colonial Algeria
Authors: Christelow Allan
Published: March 2016

The field of colonial Algerian history, once a sparring ground for colonialists and nationalists, is now experiencing a new sort of division, one derived from the contrasting intellectual traditions, Arabic and French, which meet in Algeria. Scholars of both these traditions have sought to “decolonize” Algerian history, to understand it from the point of view of the Algerian Muslim. Both approaches have made significant contributions to our understanding of colonial Algeria. Yet they have a shortcoming: both were originally developed in dealing with historical environments quite different from colonial Algeria. Thus, they face serious problems of adaptation.
Ottoman Imperial and Provincial Salnames
Authors: McCarthy Justin , Hyde J. Dennis
Published: March 2016

In 1263 AH (1846–1847 AD) the Ottoman imperial government began to publish statistical and descriptive yearbooks of the Ottoman state: devlet salnames (Salname-yi Devlet-i Aliye-yi Osmaniye). Later the Ottoman provinces published their own, more detailed salnames. Salnames are often the only non-archival source for aspects of 19th and early 20th-century Ottoman history, yet they are only recently being extensively used by scholars. This article briefly describes two types of salnames and presents a union list of salnames, in the hope of increasing their accessibility and use.
Manuscript Research in the Yemen [Arab Republic]
Authors: Reinhart A. Kevin
Published: March 2016

The Yemen Arab Republic (Sanca) is becoming day by day more accessible. Research conditions are changing weekly and the number of scholars working in the Yemen has increased dramatically. Accordingly, it seems that the very helpful article by Green and Stookey (MESA Bulletin VIII/3, 1974) needs to be expanded topically, as no single article can now detail all of the research possibilities and materials in the Yemen.
Old Sources, New Technology: Princeton University’s Geniza Computer Project
Authors: Cohen Mark R.
Published: March 2016

Since the inception of the “computer age,” much talk has been heard about applying this relatively new technology for manipulating information to the medieval manuscript fragments from the Cairo Geniza. The uses of the Geniza, particularly its documentary sources, for Middle Eastern history will be well known to many readers of this Bulletin. The thousands of letters, court records, marriage contracts, lists, and other documentary treasures, preserved for centuries in a large discard chamber in what is today the Ben Ezra Synagogue in Fustat, and written in Hebrew or Judæo-Arabic (Arabic in Hebrew letters), with a small number in Arabic language and script, constitute an unmediated source for the reconstruction of what the late Professor S. D. Goitein called the “Mediterranean Society” of Jews, Muslims, and Christians of the high Middle Ages.
An Update on Turkish Archives
Authors: Karpat Kemal H.
Published: March 2016

Students of Middle Eastern, North African, and Balkan history of the period extending roughly from the middle of the fifteenth or the beginning of the sixteenth century to the end of World War I ought to know about the vital developments that have occurred since 1985 in the Turkish Archives or Başbakanlik Arşivleri (prime minister’s archives). These materials were to be moved to the central archive building in Ankara, but the ultimate decision was made to keep the Ottoman documents in Istanbul and to use the large Ankara archive building for preserving the material accumulated during the Republic.

An international conference was convened by the Turkish government in 1985 to discuss the situation of the Ottoman archives. The meeting was opened by Prime Minister Turgut Ozal, who promised on behalf of the government to do whatever was necessary to expedite the classification of the existing material and facilitate its use. After the conference, Professor Halil Inalcik and I were invited to Ankara to discusss with Mr. Hasan Celal Güzel—then prime minister’s aide, currently minister of culture—the measures necessary to train archivists. Later, in the summer of 1986, I participated in several working sessions presided over by Mr. Güzel to discuss various technical questions, such as the administrative framework of the archives, the training of personnel both at home and abroad, and so on. In a recent visit to the archives (November 1988), I was able to assess on the spot the work carried out since 1986 under the supervision of Professor Ismet Miroglu, the current director general of the archives.
Research on the Modern Arab World in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Schäbler Birgit
Published: March 2016

To present “who is working where and on what within the German academic world” was the task set for this article. The attempt to fulfill this requirement requires a few preliminary and urgent remarks. To draw a complete picture of research on the Modern Arab World in the FRG within the scope of a rather short article is impossible for various reasons. The German Research Foundation has just initiated the same project—a publication of around two hundred pages is forthcoming in 1991. Unlike the United States, where the concept of area studies has led to the creation of “Middle East Centers” at various universities, the FRG has no such institutional framework, with the exception of two projects of this kind in Berlin and Erlangen (see below). Research on the Modern Arab World thus takes place in various departments of various universities. The concluding remark made by Eckarf Ehlers in his article on “German geography of the Middle East” still holds true: “Thus, one may say that almost all activities are based on personal and individual engagement.” Yet, it is not only the institutional factor but also, interwoven with it, traditional historical factors within the academic disciplines as well as the foreign policy of the FRG itself which contribute to making research on the Modern Middle East a rather young discipline in the FRG.
Mashreq-Maghreb Archives Photographiques du Monde Islamique
Authors: Barrucand Marianne
Published: March 2016

Cet article se veut une présentation rapide des archives internationales, récemment créés, concernant l’histoire de l’art et l’archéologie islamiques. Après une introduction évoquant quelques unes des motivations qui ont conduit à cette création, j’expliquerai le fonctionnement actuel et à venir des archives, en insistant notamment sur le stockage des documents (traditionnel ou par vidéodisque) et sur l’élaboration et l’utilisation de la banque de données qui accompagne les archives.
Defining the State in the Middle East
Authors: Mitchell Timothy , Owen Roger
Published: March 2016

The SSRC’s Joint Near and Middle East Committee has been organizing a series of workshops on the State in its Middle Eastern context. Its aim is to continue the discussions initiated at the Conference on State and Society which it organized at Aix-en-Provence in March 1988. The first workshop was held at Büyükada, Istanbul, in September 1989 under the general title of “State Creation and Transformation” and the second at Hanover, New Hampshire, in March 1990 under the title “Vocabularies of the State.” A third and last workshop will be held in Oxford in December 1990, after which it is hoped to publish most of the papers in book form.
Hopes and Frustrations: Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies in Australia
Authors: Johns A. H.
Published: March 2016

Up to 1945 university education in Australia had little sense of engagement with any cultural traditions outside those of Western Europe. It was only in the aftermath of World War II that Australians began to realize that while their nation had powerful allies in Britain and America, nations with whom it had ties of kin and culture, it had on its doorstep in neighboring Southeast Asia and not so distant Northeast Asia, neighbors who might become both friends and close partners in regional associations.

These were also the years during which the Australian government decided as a matter of policy to develop postgraduate studies in Australia so that Australians should no longer as a matter of course go to Britain for higher degrees. Both these factors came together in the establishment in 1946 of the Australian National University, an institution with an exclusive mission for post-graduate training. Significantly, among its foundation schools was the Research School of Pacific Studies, which included departments of Pacific History and Far Eastern History.
Introduction to Traditional Iranian Dastgāh Music
Authors: Caton Margaret
Published: March 2016

Traditional iranian dastgāh music, as fostered in the courts and the homes of the aristocracy, draws from many sources, including regional music styles, religious genres of melody and chant and popular songs that have been reworked by master musicians and their students. In different regional capitals, musicians acquired their repertoire from their master teacher through a process of listening and repetition and also drew from local sources of music, incorporating these into their own unique version of this repertoire of traditional melodies and melodic fragments.
Is There a Future for Middle East Studies? (1994 MESA Presidential Address)
Authors: Khalidi Rashid
Published: March 2016

Some may ask why I have chosen this ominous-sounding title. For most of us, the MESA conference is a time for socializing, browsing among the latest books and hearing papers on recent research, generally in that order. It is certainly not a time for serious, introspective, potentially boring questions like this one. In the beautiful environment of this resort, it is even harder to focus on such unpleasant matters. In one of my last acts as President of MESA, however, I have decided to spoil the party, if only for a few minutes.
Erasing the Past: The Destruction of Libraries and Archives in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Authors: Riedlmayer András
Published: March 2016

Three years have passed since the beginning of the war in Bosnia. Amidst the reports of human suffering and atrocities, another tragic loss has gone largely unnoted—the destruction of the written record of Bosnia’s past.

On 25 August 1992, Bosnia’s National and University Library, a handsome Moorish-revival building built in the 1890s on the Sarajevo riverfront, was shelled and burned. Before the fire, the library held 1.5 million volumes, including over 155,000 rare books and manuscripts; the country’s national archives; deposit copies of newspapers, periodicals and books published in Bosnia; and the collections of the University of Sarajevo. Bombarded with incendiary grenades from Serbian nationalist positions across the river, the library burned for three days; it was reduced to ashes with most of its contents. Braving a hail of sniper fire, librarians and citizen volunteers formed a human chain to pass books out of the burning building. Interviewed by ABC News, one of them said: “We managed to save just a few very precious books. Everything else burned down. And a lot of our heritage, national heritage, lay down there in ashes.” Aida Buturovic, a librarian in the National Library’s exchanges section, was shot to death by a sniper while attempting to rescue books from the flames.
Historical Research and Resources in Damascus
Authors: Tamari Steve , Hudson Leila
Published: March 2016

Damascus has a long and distinguished history as a center for scholars and scholarship. The Umayyad Mosque has been a hub for Muslim scholars since the first Islamic century. Under the Ayyubids and Mamluks, a flurry of madrasa-building brought professional scholars to Damascus from all corners of the Muslim world. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Damascus, many scattered manuscript collections were consolidated into the National Library, housed in the Mamluk-era Madrasa al-Zahiriyya, the pride of Syrian scholars in the age of Arab nationalism. With French rule in 1920 came an army of researchers and catalogers who established one of the region’s best library collections at the Institut Français des Études Arabes à Damas. And, in 1984, the Asad Library was established to serve as a national library and to house manuscript collections from around the country. The mid-1990s is an auspicious time for American researchers in Syria because of the establishment of the American Research Institute in Syria, Inc. (ARIS), a consortium of American universities that has been working for the past several years to establish an institute for research and residence in Damascus on par with the European facilities there. The Institute has yet to be officially approved by the Syrian government, and present efforts depend on the outcome of regional political discussions.
The Gulf/2000 Project
Authors: Sick Gary
Published: March 2016

The computer has gone through several metamorphoses since all of us began to make room for it on our desktops more than a decade ago. First it was a nimble and versatile typewriter, then a hefty number cruncher, and now it is becoming the ultimate communications device, connected by modem and telephone lines to an amorphous global network called the Internet. I eagerly invested in one of the earliest personal computers, a quaint little machine that I now realize was the research equivalent of training wheels. I also bought a modem when such devices were little more than clumsy novelties and dutifully plugged into a telephone jack, only to discover there was nothing of any significance on the other end of the line.
The Tâlebân in Afghanistan: A French Approach
Authors: Tirard-Collet Olivier
Published: March 2016

Afghanistan had left the scene long ago, the Soviet invasion and resistance relegated to oblivion by an inextricable tribal/civil war fought by warlords and other “extremists”. Everyone was in a hurry to forget the country altogether. Suddenly the Tâlebân came out of nowhere—or so it seemed. Since then the Tâlebân have dominated publications about Afghanistan. The swift capture of Kabul, after years of siege and rocket attacks that wreaked havoc in the capital, thrust Afghanistan once again into the headlines and onto the television screens.
Made in America: Historical and Contemporary Recordings of Middle Eastern Music in the United States
Authors: Rasmussen Anne K.
Published: March 2016

Although Americans of Middle Eastern origin—be they of Arab, Turkish, Armenian, Sephardic Jewish, Assyrian, Greek, or Central Asian heritage—comprise one of the fastest growing groups in the United States, their music may seem invisible to the American musical connoisseur. Many of the recordings of Middle Eastern American musicians are produced and distributed within community networks. Walk into an Armenian grocer in Watertown, Massachusetts or into a Lebanese audio-video store in Dearborn, Michigan, and you will find hundreds of hours of music by Middle Eastern Americans for your listening pleasure. Walk into your public library and you may not find a thing. Middle Eastern music made in America is simply not widely available on the major or alternative recording labels to which we habitually turn for our fare of world music.
Labor Zionism in Cultural, Historical, and Political Perspective
Authors: Fuchs Esther
Published: March 2016

Yaron Ezrahi, Robert Littell, Shimon Peres, and Myron J. Aronoff offer varying assessments of cultural, historical, and political aspects of Labor Zionism. They differ in purpose and tone. Aronoff’s scholarly analysis offers an anthropological approach to political processes and procedures in the Labor Party, brilliantly depicted as symbolic actions that often stifle rather than inspire a genuine and democratic debate. Broader in scope, Ezrahi’s cultural critique of Labor Zionist ideology focuses on its failure to recognize individualism as an integral part of a democratic framework. And Robert Littell provides a historical overview of Labor governments, based on detailed interviews with Shimon Peres, a party leader who looks forward as he looks back on his political career and Israel’s challenges and achievements.