bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carceral Chicago: Making the Ex‐offender Employability Crisis
Authors: PECK JAMIE , THEODORE NIK
Published: May 2008

This article explores the urban labor market consequences of large‐scale incarceration, a policy with massively detrimental implications for communities of color. Case study evidence from Chicago suggests that the prison system has come to assume the role of a significant (urban) labor market institution, the regulatory outcomes of which are revealed in the social production of systemic unemployability across a criminalized class of African–American males, the hypertrophied economic and social decline of those ‘receiving communities’ to which thousands of ex‐convicts return, and the remorseless rise of recidivism rates. Notwithstanding the significant social costs, the churning of the prison population through the lower reaches of the labor market is associated with the further degradation of contingent and informal‐economy jobs, the hardening of patterns of radical segregation, and the long‐term erosion of employment prospects within the growing ex‐offender population, for whom social stigma, institutional marginalization and economic disenfranchisement assume the status of an extended form of incarceration.

La politique publique d’incarcération massive, aux implications largement préjudiciables aux communautés de couleur, affecte également le marché du travail des villes. Une étude de cas sur Chicago indique que le système pénitentiaire a fini par devenir une institution importante du marché du travail (urbain) dont les réglementations se traduisent à la fois par la production sociale d’une inemployabilité systémique pour une classe criminalisée de males afro‐américains, par le déclin économique et social hypertrophié des ‘communautés d’accueil’ vers lesquelles retournent des milliers d’ex‐prisonniers, et par l’accroissement impitoyable des taux de récidive. Malgré de forts coûts sociaux, le brassage de la population carcérale dans les niveaux inférieurs du marché du travail se combine à la dégradation accrue des postes occasionnels et offerts par l’économie parallèle, mais aussi au durcissement des types de ségrégation radicale et à une érosion durable des perspectives d’emploi au sein de la population grandissante des ex‐délinquants pour lesquels stigmatisation sociale, marginalisation institutionnelle et non‐reconnaissance économique revêtent une forme d’incarcération prolongée.
Summer predation rates on ungulate prey by a large keystone predator: how many ungulates does a large predator kill?
Authors: Laundré J. W.
Published: May 2008

Estimates of predation rates by large predators can provide valuable information on their potential impact on their ungulate prey populations. This is especially the case for pumas Puma concolor and its main prey, mule deer Odocoileus hemionus. However, only limited information on predation rates of pumas exist where mule deer are the only ungulate prey available. I used VHF telemetry data collected over 24‐h monitoring sessions and once daily over consecutive days to derive two independent estimates of puma predation rates on mule deer where they were the only large prey available. For the 24‐h data, I had 48 time blocks on female pumas with kittens, 43 blocks on females without kittens and 30 blocks on males. For the daily consecutive data, the average number of consecutive days followed was 51.5±4.2 days. There were data on five female pumas with kittens, five pregnant females and nine females without kittens. Predation rates over an average month of 30 days from the 24‐h monitoring sessions were 2.0 mule deer per puma month for males (15.1 days per kill), 2.1 mule deer per puma month (14.3 days per kill) for females without kittens and 2.5 mule deer per puma month (12.0 days per kill) for pregnant females and females with kittens. For the consecutive daily data, females without kittens had an estimated predation rate of 2.1±0.14 mule deer per puma month (14.9±0.90 days per kill). Pregnant and females with kittens had predation rates of 2.7±0.18 and 2.6±0.21 mule deer per puma month, respectively (11.4±0.72 and 12.0±1.1 days per kill, respectively). Predation rates estimated in this study compared with those estimated by energetic demand for pumas in the study area but were lower than other field derived estimates. These data help increase our understanding of predation impacts of large predators on their prey.
Variable but predictable prey availability affects predator breeding success: natural versus experimental evidence
Authors: Millon A. , Arroyo B. E. , Bretagnolle V.
Published: May 2008

Food supply is a major source of variation in breeding success for predators, and to what extent individuals are able to cope with temporal variability in food availability remains an outstanding question in life‐history studies. We confronted the natural variation in clutch size and breeding success with results from a food supplementation experiment during egg formation, conducted over several contrasted years of natural food supply in an avian specialist predator, the Montagu's harrier Circus pygargus. This raptor mainly preys on common vole Microtus arvalis a cyclic microtine under temperate latitudes. Vole abundance together with timing of breeding accounted for most of the variance in clutch size and number of fledglings. Results from empirical and experimental data were overall in agreement. Fed pairs consistently increased clutch size compared with controls in all experimental years, whereas no effect of food supplementation on egg volume was detected. Supplemented pairs, however, did not fledge significantly more chicks than controls. The costs entailed by the increase in clutch size appear nevertheless to be limited compared with previous studies. Food supply seemed therefore to display sufficient predictability throughout a breeding season to afford individuals the opportunity to adjust their breeding effort to an optimal number of offspring, in agreement with Lack's anticipation hypothesis.
Defining Refractory Migraine and Refractory Chronic Migraine: Proposed Criteria From the Refractory Headache Special Interest Section of the American Headache Society
Authors: Schulman Elliott A. , Lake Alvin E. , Goadsby Peter J. , Peterlin B. Lee , Siegel Sherry E. , Markley Herbert G. , Lipton Richard B.
Published: May 2008

Certain migraines are labeled as refractory, but the entity lacks a well‐accepted operational definition. This article summarizes the results of a survey sent to American Headache Society members to evaluate interest in a definition for RM and what were considered necessary criteria. Review of the literature, collaborative discussions and results of the survey contributed to the proposed definition for RM. We also comment on our considerations in formulating the criteria and any issues in making the criteria operational. For the proposed definition for RM and refractory chronic migraine, patients must meet the International Classification of Headache Disorders, Second Edition criteria for migraine or chronic migraine, respectively. Headaches need to cause significant interference with function or quality of life despite modification of triggers, lifestyle factors, and adequate trials of acute and preventive medicines with established efficacy. The definition requires that patients fail adequate trials of preventive medicines, alone or in combination, from at least 2 of 4 drug classes including: beta‐blockers, anticonvulsants, tricyclics, and calcium channel blockers. Patients must also fail adequate trials of abortive medicines, including both a triptan and dihydroergotamine (DHE) intranasal or injectable formulation and either nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or combination analgesic, unless contraindicated. An adequate trial is defined as a period of time during which an appropriate dose of medication is administered, typically at least 2 months at optimal or maximum‐tolerated dose, unless terminated early due to adverse effects. The definition also employs modifiers for the presence or absence of medication overuse, and with or without significant disability.
The Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology of Propofol, an Anesthetic Agent with Neuroprotective Properties
Authors: Kotani Yoshinori , Shimazawa Masamitsu , Yoshimura Shinichi , Iwama Toru , Hara Hideaki
Published: May 2008

Propofol (2,6‐diisopropylphenol) is a versatile, short‐acting, intravenous (i.v.) sedative‐hypnotic agent initially marketed as an anesthetic, and now also widely used for the sedation of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). At the room temperature propofol is an oil and is insoluble in water. It has a remarkable safety profile. Its most common side effects are dose‐dependent hypotension and cardiorespiratory depression. Propofol is a global central nervous system (CNS) depressant. It activates γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptors directly, inhibits the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor and modulates calcium influx through slow calcium‐ion channels. Furthermore, at doses that do not produce sedation, propofol has an anxiolytic effect. It has also immunomodulatory activity, and may, therefore, diminish the systemic inflammatory response believed to be responsible for organ dysfunction. Propofol has been reported to have neuroprotective effects. It reduces cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure (ICP), is a potent antioxidant, and has antiinflammatory properties. Laboratory investigations revealed that it might also protect brain from ischemic injury. Propofol formulations contain either disodium edetate (EDTA) or sodium metabisulfite, which have antibacterial and antifungal properties. EDTA is also a chelator of divalent ions such as calcium, magnesium, and zinc. Recently, EDTA has been reported to exert a neuroprotective effect itself by chelating surplus intracerebral zinc in an ischemia model. This article reviews the neuroprotective effects of propofol and its mechanism of action.
Tolperisone: A Typical Representative of a Class of Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants with Less Sedative Side Effects
Authors: Quasthoff Stefan , Möckel Claudia , Zieglgänsberger Walter , Schreibmayer Wolfgang
Published: May 2008

Tolperisone, a piperidine derivative, is assigned to the group of centrally acting muscle relaxants and has been in clinical use now for decades. The review summarizes the known pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicology and side effects in humans and the clinical use of tolperisone. A future perspective for further exploration of this drug is given.
Sex Differences in the Neurotoxic Effects of Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonism During Ethanol Withdrawal: Reversal With an A1 Receptor Agonist or an NMDA Receptor Antagonist
Authors: Butler Tracy R. , Smith Katherine J. , Self Rachel L. , Braden Brittany B. , Prendergast Mark A.
Published: May 2008

Background:  Neuronal adaptations that occur during chronic ethanol (EtOH) exposure have been observed to sensitize the brain to excitotoxic insult during withdrawal. The adenosine receptor system warrants further examination in this regard, as recent evidence has implicated adenosine receptor involvement in the behavioral effects of both EtOH exposure and withdrawal.

Methods:  The current studies examined effects of adenosine A1 receptor manipulation on neuronal injury in EtOH‐naïve and EtOH‐withdrawn male and female rat hippocampal slice cultures. EtOH‐naïve and EtOH pretreated (43.1 to 26.9 mM from days 5 to 15 DIV) cultures were exposed to the A1 receptor agonist 2‐Chloro‐N6‐cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA; 10 nM), the A1 receptor antagonist 8‐Cyclopentyl‐1,3‐dipropylxanthine (DPCPX;10 nM), or the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist D,L,‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphovalerate (APV; 20 μM) at 15 days in vitro (DIV). Cytotoxicity was measured in the primary neuronal layers of the dentate gyrus, CA3 and CA1 hippocampal regions by quantification of propidium iodide (PI) fluorescence after 24 hours. Immunohistochemical analysis of A1 receptor abundance was conducted in EtOH‐naïve and EtOH pretreated slice cultures at 15 DIV.

Results:  Twenty‐four hour exposure to DPCPX in EtOH‐naïve slice cultures did not produced neurotoxicity in any region of slice cultures. Though withdrawal from 10 day EtOH exposure produced no toxicity in either male or female slice cultures, exposure to DPCPX during 24 hours of EtOH withdrawal produced a marked increase in PI uptake in all hippocampal culture subregions in female cultures (to ∼160% of control values). A significant effect for sex was observed in the CA1 region such that toxicity in females cultures exposed to the A1 antagonist during withdrawal was greater than that observed in male cultures. These effects of DPCPX in EtOH withdrawn female and male slices were prevented by co‐exposure to either the A1 agonist CCPA or the NMDA receptor antagonist APV for 24 hours. No differences in the abundance of A1 receptors were observed in male and female EtOH‐naïve or EtOH pretreated cultures.

Conclusions:  The current findings suggest that the female hippocampus possesses an innate sensitivity to effects of EtOH exposure and withdrawal on neuronal excitability that is independent of hormonal influences. Further, this sex difference is not related to effects of EtOH exposure on A1 receptor abundance, but likely reflects increased NMDA receptor‐mediated signaling downstream of A1 inhibition in females.
The Health Consequences of Peripheral Neurological Deficits in an Elderly Cohort: An Oklahoma Physicians Resource/Research Network Study
Authors: Mold James W. , Lawler Frank , Roberts Michelle
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the belief that loss of deep tendon reflexes and vibratory sensation in the ankles in older patients is of no great consequence is valid.

DESIGN: Four‐year longitudinal cohort study.

SETTING: Primary care practice–based research network.

PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred four noninstitutionalized individuals aged 65 and older with no self‐reported medical conditions known to cause peripheral neuropathy (PN), recruited from the practices of 23 primary care physicians in central Oklahoma.

MEASUREMENTS: Annual standardized peripheral neurological examination performed by two research nurses plus a questionnaire that included self‐reported measures of health, health‐related quality of life (HRQoL Quality of Well‐Being—Self Administered (QWB‐SA) and Health Utilities Index‐3 (HUI‐3), physical functioning—(Medical Outcomes Study 36‐item Short Form Survey (SF‐36)), falls, and use of healthcare services. Deaths were determined from participant contacts, primary care physicians, and the Social Security death index.

RESULTS: One hundred sixty of 604 participants had symmetrical peripheral neurological deficits (SPNDs). After controlling for age, sex, race, education, income, body mass index, HRQoL, physical functioning, self‐rated health, cognitive test score, and a variety of medical conditions, SPNDs were associated with earlier hospitalization (P=.03); greater mortality (P<.001); and declines in HRQoL (QWB‐SA, P<.001), self‐rated health (P=.02) physical functioning (SF‐36, P=.005), and bodily pain (SF‐36, P=.001).

CONCLUSION: SPNDs of undetermined cause, found in older patients on physical examination, appear to be associated with greater morbidity and mortality.
Serum Total and Bioavailable Testosterone Levels, Central Obesity, and Muscle Strength Changes with Aging in Healthy Chinese Men
Authors: Chu Leung‐Wing , Tam Sidney , Kung Annie W. C. , Lo Sue , Fan Susan , Wong Rachel L. C. , Morley John E. , Lam Karen S. L.
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of the changes in serum bioavailable and total testosterone (TT) levels with aging on visceral body fat distribution and muscle strength in Chinese men.

DESIGN: Cross‐sectional study.

SETTING: Ambulatory care.

PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred seventy‐five healthy ambulatory Chinese men (aged 18–89, body mass index (BMI) 16.4–40.0 kg/m2).

MEASUREMENTS: Morning serum total and bioavailable testosterone levels, waist circumference (WC), waist‐hip ratio (WHR), and right handgrip strength.

RESULTS: Mean serum TT levels fell mildly but significantly with aging (P=.02, linear trend; one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA)), whereas mean serum bioavailable testosterone (BT) levels fell greatly with aging (P<.001, linear trend, one‐way ANOVA). The rates of decline in serum TT and BT levels were 0.2% and 1.14% per year, respectively. [Correction added after online publication 14‐May‐2008: BT levels have been corrected from 1.44% to 1.14%.] After adjustment for adiposity according to BMI, multiple linear regression analyses showed that age remained significantly related to serum TT and BT levels. Handgrip strength decreased with age (correlation coefficient (r)=−0.394, P<.001) and was greater with higher serum BT levels (r=0.239, P<.001) but not with higher TT levels. WHR, before and after adjustment for BMI, was inversely related to serum TT (r=−0.34 and −0.197 respectively, P<.001) and BT levels (r=−0.104, P<.05 and −0.161, P<.001, respectively).

CONCLUSION: In Chinese men, serum BT levels decreased with aging and may contribute to central obesity and poorer muscle strength in aging men.
Medicare Expenditures for Nursing Home Residents Triaged to Nursing Home or Hospital for Acute Infection
Authors: Boockvar Kenneth S. , Gruber‐Baldini Ann L. , Stuart Bruce , Zimmerman Sheryl , Magaziner Jay
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVES: To compare Medicare payments of nursing home residents triaged to nursing home with those of nursing home residents triaged to the hospital for acute infection care.

DESIGN: Observational study with propensity score matching.

SETTING: Fifty‐nine nursing homes in Maryland.

PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand two hundred eighty‐five individuals admitted to the 59 nursing homes and followed between 1992 and 1997.

MEASUREMENTS: Demographic and clinical data were obtained from interviews and medical record review and linked to Medicare payment records. Incident infection was ascertained according to medical record review for new infectious diagnoses or prescription of antibiotics. Hospital triage was defined as hospital transfer within 3 days of infection onset. Hospital triage patients were paired with similar nursing home triage patients using propensity score matching. Medicare expenditures for triage groups were compared in 1997 dollars.

RESULTS: Of 3,618 infection cases, 28% were genitourinary infections, 20% skin, 14% upper respiratory, 12% lower respiratory, 4% gastrointestinal, and 2% bloodstream. Two hundred fifty‐six pairs of hospital and nursing home triage cases fulfilled matching criteria. Mean Medicare payments±standard deviation were $5,202±7,310 and $996±2,475 per case in the hospital and nursing home triage groups, respectively, for a mean difference of $4,206 (95% confidence interval=$3,260–5,151). Mean payments per case in the hospital triage group were $3,628 higher in inpatient expenditures, $482 higher in physician visit expenditures, $161 higher in emergency department expenditures, and $147 higher in skilled nursing day expenditures.

CONCLUSION: Per‐case Medicare expenditures are higher with hospital triage than for nursing home triage for nursing home residents with acute infection. This result may be used to estimate cost savings to Medicare of interventions designed to reduce hospital use by nursing home residents.
Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Sleep Disturbances in Community‐Dwelling Older Men
Authors: Paudel Misti L. , Taylor Brent C. , Diem Susan J. , Stone Katie L. , Ancoli‐Israel Sonia , Redline Susan , Ensrud Kristine E. ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study Group
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between depressive symptoms and subjective and objective measures of sleep in community‐dwelling older men.

DESIGN: Cross‐sectional.

SETTING: Six U.S. clinical centers.

PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand fifty‐one men aged 67 and older.

MEASUREMENTS: Depressive symptoms assessed using the 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale and categorized as 0 to 2 (normal, referent group), 3 to 5 (some depressive symptoms), and 6 to 15 (depressed); objective sleep measures ascertained using wrist actigraphy (mean duration 5.2 nights); and subjective sleep measures assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Epworth Sleepiness Scale.

RESULTS: There was a strong multivariable‐adjusted association between level of depressive symptoms and subjective sleep disturbances (P‐trend <.001). For example, the odds of reporting poor sleep quality were 3.7 times (95% confidence interval (CI)=2.5–5.3) higher for depressed men as for normal men, and 2.1 times (95% CI=1.7–2.6) higher for men with some depressive symptoms. For objectively measured sleep disturbances, men with more depressive symptoms had greater odds of sleep latency of 1 hour or more (P‐trend=.006). There was no association between level of depressive symptoms and sleep efficiency, awakening after sleep onset, multiple long‐wake episodes, or total sleep time. Excluding 384 men taking antidepressants, benzodiazepines, or other anxiolytic or hypnotics did not alter the results.

CONCLUSION: Depressive symptoms have a strong, graded association with subjective sleep disturbances and are moderately associated with objectively measured prolonged sleep latency. Future studies should address temporality of depression and sleep disturbances.
Massive fetomaternal hemorrhage: clearance of fetal red blood cells after intravenous anti‐D prophylaxis monitored by flow cytometry
Authors: Larsen Rune , Berkowicz Adela , Lousen Thea , Hedegaard Morten , Clausen Frederik B. , Krog Grethe R. , Dziegiel Morten H.
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND: The clearance of D+ red blood cells (RBCs) from the circulation in D– individuals mediated by passively administered anti‐D occurs by opsonization with the antibody and subsequent removal in the spleen. Few data exist on the kinetics of clearance of large volumes of D+ RBCs from the maternal circulation by anti‐D in clinical cases of massive fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH).

CASE REPORT: A 33‐year‐old D– woman delivered a D+ female infant by emergency cesarean section for suspected fetal anemia. A massive FMH, initially estimated to be approximately 142 mL of RBCs, was found. In addition to the standard dose of intramuscular (IM) anti‐D (300 μg) given immediately after delivery, 2700 μg of anti‐D was administered intravenously (IV). The clearance of D+ fetal cells from the maternal circulation was monitored by flow cytometry in samples obtained on a daily basis using anti‐D. The mother had no detectable anti‐D 6 months after delivery.

RESULTS: No clearance of fetal cells was apparent after the insufficient dose of IM anti‐D. The IV administration of anti‐D caused accelerated clearance of D+ fetal RBCs with a t½ of 24.5 hours. D+ reticulocytes comprised 4.2 percent of all D+ cells in the maternal circulation at delivery suggesting acute fetal blood loss.

CONCLUSIONS: The approach used in this report allowed a detailed analysis of the kinetics related to the clearance of fetal D+ RBCs. Simultaneous measurements of fetal reticulocytes and fetal RBCs in maternal blood may establish the timing of an FMH.
The suitability of hemolyzed specimens for compatibility testing using automated technology
Authors: Laga Alvaro , Cheves Tracey , Maroto Sara , Coutts Michael , Sweeney Joseph
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND: Blood banks have historically rejected hemolyzed specimens for ABO type and antibody screen based on concerns of artifactual interference with test performance or the detection of incompatibility. Samples from emergency departments (EDs) are commonly discarded due to hemolysis or mislabeling.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study investigated whether hemolysis produced via experimental mechanical stress has a threshold for introducing discrepancy in ABO‐Rh typing and antibody screening using an automated gel testing system (ProVue, Ortho‐Clinical Diagnostics, Inc.).

RESULTS: Twenty‐three samples from healthy subjects were shown to have threshold supernatant hemoglobin (Hb) levels producing discrepancy in the results for both ABO reverse type and antibody screen at 75 and 125 mg per dL, respectively. Above these levels of Hb, both tests became uninterpretable and reported as “no result determined.” Twenty of 31 positive antibody screens became uninterpretable after experimental hemolysis without any threshold supernatant Hb being evident, likely explained by the duration of specimen storage before experimental hemolysis. No false‐positive or false‐negative samples were observed in the antibody screen of the hemolyzed specimens.

CONCLUSIONS: Properly collected hemolyzed specimens present an opportunity for ABO‐Rh forward typing, and a significant proportion of such specimens give valid (concordant) results for reverse type and antibody screen. Our data, although device‐specific, are adequate to suggest that sample discard and recollection due to hemolysis in blood bank specimens should be reconsidered with potential benefits for patient safety and efficiency.
Providing for the Public Good: Corporate–Community Relations in the Era of the Receding Welfare State
Authors: Guthrie Doug , McQuarrie Michael
Published: May 2008

In his pioneering research on corporate–community ties in Minneapolis–St. Paul, Galaskiewicz (1985a) examined the social conditions that guided corporate philanthropy in a given metropolitan area. Two conditions, however, suggest the need for revisiting the type of research taken on in that original study. First, Galaskiewicz's study lacked a comparative dimension for examining the institutional environments that drive variation across localities. Second, a great deal has changed in the institutional conditions that drive corporate ties to their communities since the 1980s and early 1990s, the most important institutional change coming from the Tax Reform Act of 1986 . We identify two significant factors that contribute to variation in local philanthropic commitments of corporations to the metropolitan communities in which they are headquartered. First, local corporate tax rates increase corporate giving overall, but they drive down corporate commitments to their localities. Second, the local state's involvement in the Low–Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program of 1986 also drives down local corporate giving. Thus, activist states that are successful in capturing the fiscal resources of corporations through a variety of institutional mechanisms end up driving down the philanthropic commitments of the corporations that are headquartered in those localities. We illuminate these relationships through in–depth qualitative research in three case cities and data on a nationally representative sample of 2,776 corporations.
Effect of Glass Composition on the Dielectric Properties of a Liquid‐Phase‐Sintered MgO‐Doped BaTiO3
Authors: Bae Shin‐Tae , Lee Sangwook , Kim Jin Ho , Hong Kug Sun , Shin Hyunho , Jung Hyun Suk
Published: May 2008

A series of BaTiO3–MgO–glass mixtures has been sintered via liquid‐phase sintering in a reducing atmosphere at 1280°C by controlling MgO/CaO ratio in an aluminum borosilicate glass composition, and the subsequent microstructure, phase evolution, and dielectric properties have been investigated. The growth of BaTiO3 grains was inhibited in all of the prepared specimens with the evidence of Mg incorporation to the BaTiO3 lattice from the glass. The change in MgO/CaO ratio in the glass notably modified the dielectric properties: a high MgO/CaO ratio in the glass resulted in a decreased dielectric constant, a decreased phase transition temperature, a broadened temperature range of phase transition, a decreased temperature coefficient of capacitance, and increased electrical resistivity.
Preparation of Boron Nitride Flakes by a Simple Powder Reaction
Authors: Duan Jie , Xue Rongshu , Xu Yafei , Sun Chen
Published: May 2008

Boron nitride (BN) with flake‐like morphology has been synthesized by reacting powder H3BO3, Mg, and NH4Cl. X‐ray diffraction patterns show that the sample has hexagonal phase with lattice parameters a=2.506 and c=6.692 Å. Transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy indicate that the as‐synthesized product is pure flake with a mean size of about 100 nm width and 600 nm length. X‐ray photoelectron spectra give an average B/N atomic ratio of 0.98:1. Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy has a strong B–N absorption at 1376 and 814 cm−1.
Identification of factors associated with pathological root resorption in traumatized primary teeth
Authors: Cardoso Mariane , Rocha Maria José de Carvalho
Published: May 2008

Abstract – The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with the development of pathological root resorptions in traumatized primary teeth. Based on Dental Reports on Traumatism from the Assistance Program for the Traumatized Patient, 90 children were selected. Among these children, 45 did not present pathological root resorption, while 45 did (23 replacement root resorptions and 22 external inflammatory root resorptions). Possible factors associated with the development of the pathological resorption include: (i) over 18 months or over 52 months of age, (ii) complicated trauma, and (iii) presence of more than one trauma in the same tooth. Using the chi‐squared test, it was verified that trauma recurrence was considered to be a factor associated with the development of pathological root resorption (χ2 = 3.636; P < 0.05). Through the univaried logistic regression test, it was revealed that children with trauma recurrence present a 2.6 times higher chance of developing pathological root resorptions when compared with children that did not report trauma recurrence. Through the univaried logistic regression test, it was also observed that the association of two or three factors caused the chances of pathological root resorption development to increase by 3.8 times in 18‐month‐old children or older (95% CI: 1.5–9.7) and by 5.1 times in 52‐month‐old children or older (95% CI: 1.5–17). Trauma recurrence in the same primary tooth is associated with pathological root resorption, and the interaction among two or three factors increases the chance of developing such sequelae.
Effect of crown fracture on the surrounding periodontium
Authors: Gomes Janaína Cristina , Gomes Cinthya Cristina , Bolognese Ana Maria
Published: May 2008

Abstract –  Clinical and histological alterations were analyzed in the periodontium of dog’s teeth that had been submitted to crown fracture. To reach the long axis of the tooth, an impact device was applied to eight teeth of four adult dogs to produce trauma. Crown fractures involving the enamel and dentin, with or without pulpar exposure and without dislocation, mobility or gingival bleeding were analyzed within the post‐trauma periods of 30 min, 1, 3, and 7 days. The force of impact that resulted in coronary fracture, although dissipated at the time of fracture, reverberated in the surrounding periodontium and may generate not only light histological alterations with a rapid re‐establishment of the tissues, but also an intense inflammatory condition required as long as 7 days to clear up. The gravity of these inflammatory reactions unleashed in these teeth’s periapical tissues depends on the absorption of impact by the periodontal structures and the individual susceptibility of each organism.
Respiratory muscle activities after birth in asphyxiated preterm lambs
Authors: Hutchison AA , Wozniak JA , Choi H‐G , Otto RA , Abrams RM , Kosch PC
Published: May 2008

Laryngeal and pump muscle activities are important in the establishment and maintenance of functional residual capacity (FRC) after birth. The aim of this study was to determine the expiratory mechanisms by which laryngeal and diaphragmatic activities achieve the increments in FRC postnatally. Wire electrodes were placed in: the laryngeal abductor, a major laryngeal adductor, the inferior pharyngeal constrictor and the diaphragm of six fetal sheep. The lambs were delivered prematurely by cesarean section and a face mask with a pneumotachograph applied. A grunting respiratory pattern was characterized by severe expiratory airflow retardation, associated with laryngeal adductor activity. In grunting breaths, minimal volume loss at end‐expiration and incremental increases in FRC occurred when the onset of diaphragmatic activity preceded the onset of laryngeal muscle activities associated with laryngeal opening. Thus the timing order of laryngeal and diaphragmatic muscle activities near end‐expiration is a determinant of increments in FRC.
Family therapy in poorly controlled juvenile IDDM: effects on diabetic control, self‐evaluation and behavioural symptoms
Authors: Rydén O , Nevander L , Johnsson P , Hansson K , Kronvall P , Sjoblad S , Westbom L
Published: May 2008

Diabetic control, behavioural symptoms and self‐evaluation were assessed in 25 children with IDDM who were in poor metabolic control (P group), before and subsequent to one of two treatment conditions: family therapy and conventional treatment (C). In addition, data were collected from 12 patients in optimal control (O group). Prior to treatment the patients in poor control were rated higher than those in the O group for symptoms indicating somatization and internalization of conflict and showed a gloomier self‐image. The O group patients had fewer behavioural symptoms and a more positive self‐image than non‐diabetic reference groups. Diabetic control improved after family therapy only. Furthermore, the family therapy group improved on a combined measure of behavioural symptoms and one aspect of self‐evaluation (relations to parents and family). The results suggest that IDDM may either interfere with or foster the child's development towards autonomy, depending on family interaction patterns which affect the child's behaviour and self‐esteem. Family therapy is a treatment option which can mediate improved diabetic control by changing family relationships to allow for a better balance between parental and self‐care of the child with poorly controlled IDDM.
Spontaneous growth and pubertal development in Turner's syndrome with different karyotypes
Authors: Mazzanti L , Nizzoli G , Tassinari D , Bergamaschi R , Magnani C , Chiumello G , Cacciari E
Published: May 2008

We studied spontaneous growth and pubertal development in 205 girls with Turner's syndrome, aged 1 month to 28.16 years, according to different karyotypes: 45, X (52%), X‐mosaicism (12%), X‐structural abnormalities (36%). Data on height, weight, height velocity, bone age and pubertal development were collected yearly in a mixed longitudinal and cross‐sectional mode. Pelvic ultrasonography was performed in 133 patients, 46 of whom had contact breast thermography. Standards for height and height velocity (1–20 years) showed no differences when compared with other studies. Some differences were found when these data were subdivided by karyotype. In fact, X‐mosaicism subjects had a pubertal growth spurt between 8 and 12 years of age. The spurt observed in this group cannot be justified by the more frequent presence of residual ovarian activity alone. It also appears in patients without ovaries and confirms the influence of a genetic factor on the X‐chromosome. In spite of this spurt, the greatest final height was reached by 45, X subjects. X‐mosaicism girls had more frequent spontaneous breast development linked to a higher percentage of visible ovaries. In this group the age of the first pubertal signs was similar to that of normal subjects and occurred much earlier than in the other groups.
Individualized dietary counselling of families: serum cholesterol concentration and growth of children aged 7–13 months
Authors: Lapinleimu H , Jokinen E , Myyrinmaa A , Viikari J , Rönnemaa T , Välimäki I , Linko L , Smell O
Published: May 2008

We studied the effect of a change in dietary fat composition on serum total and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and growth in healthy infants between 7 and 13 months of age. The intervention families (n= 22) received individualized dietary counselling when the infant was 7, 8 and 10 months of age. The intervention diet was designed to have a fat content of 35–45 E%, of total energy intake in infants aged 7–12 months and 30–35 E% after 12 months of age. The ratio of saturated to monounsaturated to polyunsaturated fatty acids was designed to be 1:1:1. The children in the control group (n= 23) were given no specific advice on the fat composition of the diet. Intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the controls (5.9 E% versus 3.6 E%, p < 0.05). Serum total cholesterol concentration decreased significantly in the intervention group during the study from 4.16± 0.41 mmol/l to 3.86 ± 0,48 mmol/l (p < 0.05). The infants of both groups grew like average Finnish children. Modification of dietary fat composition, as widely recommended for adults and older children to prevent coronary heart disease, decreases cholesterol values in infants without affecting their normal growth.
Cerebral palsy of cystic periventricular leukomalacia in low‐birth‐weight infants
Authors: Fujimoto S , Yamaguch N , Togari H , Wada Y , Yokochi K
Published: May 2008

We studied ultrasound findings and neurodevelopmental outcome of 24 infants weighing 2500 g or less with cystic periventricular leukomalacia. Fourteen infants had symmetrical cysts in the parietal or occipital region (group 1) and 10 had non‐symmetrical cysts (group 2). Each infant was followed for more than 4 years of age (mean 5 years and 7 months). Twenty out of 24 (83.3%) children developed cerebral palsy. All of group 1 had cerebral palsy (8 diplegia and 6 ataxic diplegia), while 6 (60%) in group 2 developed cerebral palsy (4 diplegia and 2 hemiplegia). There was a significant difference in the incidence of cerebral palsy and motor ability between the two groups. The size and site of the cyst did not predict cerebral palsy. The presence of symmetrical cysts in the parietal or occipital region is a highly reliablable neurosonographic finding for predicting cerebral palsy.
Comparative evaluation of iohexol and inulin clearance for glomerular filtration rate determinations
Authors: Lindblad HG , Berg UB
Published: May 2008

We evaluated iohexol as a filtration marker in 150 children. The clearance of iohexol was compared with that of inulin or with a formula clearance. The single‐sample clearance of iohexol showed a good correlation with the clearance of inulin (r= 0.834). The clearance of iohexol correlated well (r= 0.672) with the formula clearance. The optimal blood sampling time for iohexol clearance determinations appears to be between 120 and 180 min after injection, at least in patients with relatively normal filtration rates. We conclude that iohexol clearance is an accurate method of determining the glomerular filtration rate in clinical practice.
Exclusive breastfeeding in Vietnam: an attainable goal
Authors: Almroth Stina , Arts Maaike , Quang Nguyen Dinh , Hoa Pham Thi Thuy , Williams Carol
Published: May 2008

Aim: To explore community views on the feasibility of exclusive breastfeeding in Vietnam.

Methods: A total of 118 interviews were conducted with mothers, grandmothers, fathers, health workers and ‘oldest women’ in rural and urban areas in the north and south of Vietnam. Special issues were further examined through 12 ‘strategic interviews’.

Findings: Exclusive breastfeeding was rare because it was poorly understood and little appreciated, by health professionals as well as lay persons, as the best way to feed an infant during the first 6 months. Early fluid supplementation was the rule and most infants received water and milk in addition to breast milk. While a majority of the women worked, they had found ways to manage their work so that it did not need to interfere with exclusive breastfeeding. Family members expressed a readiness to support exclusive breastfeeding when it was explained to them.

Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding in Vietnam, while currently uncommon, is an attainable goal. Establishing exclusive breastfeeding as the norm in the general population would make it easier for HIV‐infected women, for whom replacement feeding is not acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe, to breastfeed exclusively.
Conserved structural determinants in three‐fingered protein domains
Authors: Galat Andrzej , Gross Gregory , Drevet Pascal , Sato Atsushi , Ménez André
Published: May 2008

The three‐dimensional structures of some components of snake venoms forming so‐called ‘three‐fingered protein’ domains (TFPDs) are similar to those of the ectodomains of activin, bone morphogenetic protein and transforming growth factor‐β receptors, and to a variety of proteins encoded by the Ly6 and Plaur genes. The analysis of sequences of diverse snake toxins, various ectodomains of the receptors that bind activin and other cytokines, and numerous gene products encoded by the Ly6 and Plaur families of genes has revealed that they differ considerably from each other. The sequences of TFPDs may consist of up to six disulfide bonds, three of which have the same highly conserved topology. These three disulfide bridges and an asparagine residue in the C‐terminal part of TFPDs are essential for the TFPD‐like fold. Analyses of the three‐dimensional structures of diverse TFPDs have revealed that the three highly conserved disulfides impose a major stabilizing contribution to the TFPD‐like fold, in both TFPDs contained in some snake venoms and ectodomains of several cellular receptors, whereas the three remaining disulfide bonds impose specific geometrical constraints in the three fingers of some TFPDs.
WHAT'S GOOD FOR THE GAYS IS GOOD FOR THE GANDER: MAKING HOMELESS YOUTH HOUSING SAFER FOR LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENDER YOUTH
Authors: Hunter Ernst
Published: May 2008

Across the United States, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth are grossly overrepresented in the homeless youth population. These youth are at an increased risk of being victims of violence in homeless youth housing facilities. This Note examines the causes of the overrepresentation of LGBT youth in the homeless youth population. Additionally, this Note suggests the following changes to the regulation of homeless youth housing programs to make them safer for these youth: (1) placing low maximum limits on the occupancy capacity at which these programs may operate, (2) requiring that all showering facilities provide individual privacy, (3) prohibiting anti‐LGBT discrimination in the provision of services, (4) requiring nondiscrimination and sensitivity training, and (5) promoting the creation of LGBT‐specific homeless youth housing programs.
Soleus T reflex modulation in response to spinal and tendinous adaptations to unilateral lower limb suspension in humans
Authors: Seynnes O. R. , Maffiuletti N. A. , Maganaris C. N. , De Boer M. D. , Pensini M. , Di Prampero P. E. , Narici M. V.
Published: May 2008

Aim:  To investigate the influence of tendinous and synaptic changes induced by unilateral lower limb suspension (ULLS) on the tendon tap reflex.

Methods:  Eight young men underwent a 23‐day period of ULLS. Muscle cross‐sectional area (CSA), torque and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the plantar flexor muscles (normalized to the M wave), Achilles tendon–aponeurosis mechanical properties, soleus (SOL) H and T reflexes and associated peak twitch torques were measured at baseline, after 14 and 23 days of ULLS, and 1 week after resuming ambulatory activity.

Results:  Significant decreases in muscle CSA (−9%), in maximal voluntary torque (−10%) and in the associated SOL EMG activity (−16%) were found after ULLS (P < 0.05). In addition to a 36% (P < 0.01) decrease in tendon–aponeurosis stiffness, normalized H reflex increased by 35% (P < 0.05). An increase in the slope (28%, P < 0.05) and intercept (85%, P < 0.05) of the T reflex recruitment curve pointed to an increase in the gain and to a decrease in the sensitivity of this reflex, possibly resulting from the decrease in the tendon–aponeurosis stiffness at low forces. Following ULLS, changes in tendinous stiffness correlated with changes in neuromuscular efficiency (peak twitch torque to reflex ratio) at higher tendon tap forces.

Conclusion:  These findings point out the dual and antagonistic influences of spinal and tendinous adaptations upon the tendon tap reflex in humans under conditions of chronic unloading. These observations have potential implications for the sensitivity of the short‐latency Ia stretch response involved in rapid compensatory contractions to unexpected postural perturbations.
The feasibility of developing a standards rating system for all Australian government aged care homes
Authors: Koch Susan , Nay Rhonda , McAuliffe Linda , Koch Bill
Published: May 2008

Aims and objectives.  The main objective of this project was to investigate the likelihood of creating an easily understood rating system for all aged care homes. A secondary objective was to canvas the feasibility of alternative systems that could better inform aged care consumers.

Background.  Standards rating systems are used internationally to enable comparisons in healthcare. In Australia, the performance of numerous services and products are measured according to the star system of ratings, yet despite their widespread use, star ratings remain absent from the healthcare industry.

Methods.  A National Consultative Group (NCG) consisting of key stakeholder representatives was consulted, and a literature review performed on existing standards (or ‘star’) rating systems. Telephone interviews were conducted with representatives from aged care homes, as well as consumers.

Results.  A standards rating system for aged care homes was not found to be feasible in the current climate. However, an alternative system that emphasises empowering aged care consumers, such as one that allows consumers to search for an aged care home using their own criteria of preference, was considered more feasible.

Conclusion.  The need for information to assist consumer choice – limited as it may be – is real. Ways of providing more consumer friendly, useful information need to be further explored and developed. Recommendations are made for future work in this area.
A mapper’s reflection on Dementia Care Mapping with older residents living in a nursing home
Authors: Mansah Martha , Coulon Lyn , Brown Peter
Published: May 2008

Aim and objective.  This paper explores reflection stemming from a Dementia Care Mapper’s own learning and development concerning person‐centred care with older residents living in a dementia specific nursing home.

Background.  Dementia Care Mapping has been employed in few Australian residential care facilities to promote person‐centred care and the well‐being of residents. Reflection has also been used selectively in some practices to improve and evaluate the care process. However, contemporary nursing literature has failed to highlight the usefulness of applying reflection following Dementia Care Mapping with older residents.

Method.  The mapper’s reflections arose from the Dementia Care Mapping observation of five older residents and writing a daily reflective journal.

Findings.  From the reflection, a dominant major theme emerged named as the Learning Experience from Mapping Residents with two sub‐themes entitled Mapper’s Identification of Resident’s Unique Needs and Mapper’s Empowerment of Clinicians. Dementia Care Mapping recommendations from the mapper’s experience highlighted effective approaches to conducting Dementia Care Mapping in residential care facilities.

Conclusions.  The valuable process of reflection to Dementia Care Mapping provided the mapper with clinical insights. Further from the mapper’s final reflection, a poem entitled Come Back Mind, Come Back to Me was conceived and penned.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The mapper’s engagement in ongoing reflection incorporated with Dementia Care Mapping has the potential to promote best practice for the care of older people living in aged care facilities.