bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Engendered
Authors: Belling Gareth
Published: September 2017

Regendered movement refers to a process where choreographic material is created or adapted with the intention that it may be performed by either male or female dancers with little or no change to the original steps. This practice-led research project investigated the choreographer’s creative process for regendering contemporary ballet choreography and the dancers’ experiences of the rehearsal process and performance, and audience perception of meaning in the ballets. The research project sought to investigate the “in-born” and “natural” gender binaries of classical ballet by applying gender theory (Butler 1990, 2004; Polhemus 1993; Wulff 2008) and feminist critique of classical ballet (Daly 1987; Copeland 1993; Anderson 1997; Banes 1998). A mixed method, studio-based action research methodology was employed. Recent critical debate on gender in dance (Macaulay 2010, 2013; Jennings 2013, 2014), existing contemporary ballet, and its impact on the creative process of the choreographer are discussed.
Setting the Table
Authors: Ness Kathryn L.
Published: September 2017

Setting the Table: Ceramics, Dining, and Cultural Exchange in Andalucía and La Florida explores issues of cultural exchange and identity among eighteenth-century Spaniards and Spanish Americans via the archaeological remains and documentary evidence form Jerez de la Frontera, Spain, and St. Augustine, Florida. These lines of evidence indicate that there were substantial and similar changes to dining practices on both sides of the Atlantic almost simultaneously. As a result, this book takes the stance that early modern individuals from Spain and Spanish America were developing and expressing a distinct Spanish-Atlantic identity that was neither wholly Spanish nor wholly Spanish-American but rather combined new ideas and goods from an increasingly global network while also maintaining some Spanish traditions. Although archaeologists have researched Spanish colonial sites in Florida and the Caribbean for decades, only two projects have adopted a trans-Atlantic perspective, and this work is the first to use this approach with eighteenth-century sites. Additionally, it is the first book to conduct a detailed study of Spanish ceramic vessel forms and their possible uses and meanings for the users. As a result, this project sheds new light on the Spanish Atlantic and calls into question several existing interpretations of life in Spanish Florida as well as foodways in both St. Augustine and Spain.
The Ponce de León and de Salas Households, St. Augustine, Florida
Authors: Ness Kathryn L.
Published: September 2017

“The Ponce de León and de Salas Households, St. Augustine, Florida” discusses the history and archaeology of St. Augustine, Florida and two of the three major data sets used in Setting the Table. Specifically, it focuses on the households of two wealthy, mid eighteenth-century families: the Ponce de Leóns and the de Salases. The chapter provides biographical information on the families who owned and lived on these properties and describes the material that was recovered at their properties in later archaeological excavations. It focuses on the ceramics from three eighteenth-century deposits: the trash pit and well from the Ponce de León household and a well from the de Salas property. In comparing these sites, the data appears to contradict the traditional hypothesis that wealthy Spaniards in Spanish America would have owned and displayed a significant amount of Spanish and Spanish-American goods. The chapter argues instead that wealthy individuals in this Florida town were aware of and following fashions in Spain, many of which reflected broader trends in Europe and incorporated ideas, goods, and aesthetics from England, France, and elsewhere in Europe.
Landscapes Lost and Found
Authors: Nicolson Ken
Published: September 2017

Hong Kong’s approach to heritage conservation has focused on saving an old building here and there with little or no regard to its surroundings. Recent public debates challenging proposals to demolish the former Central Government Offices on the historic site known as ‘Government Hill’ have highlighted this problem and, for the first time, acknowledged that the heritage value of the buildings is enhanced by their contribution to the broader ‘cultural landscape’.
Not all of Hong Kong’s heritage cultural landscapes have been so fortunate. The title evokes an image of valuable items that have been lost or overlooked and, unless efforts are made to search for and retrieve them, may be thrown away altogether.
To inspire a more effective approach to heritage conservation in Hong Kong, Landscapes Lost and Found traces the origins of the cultural landscape concept and, using a variety of urban and rural case studies, illustrates how it can be applied in interpreting and protecting the city’s rich and often undervalued natural and built heritage resources.
Tiger Balm Garden
Authors: Nicolson Ken
Published: September 2017

Case study 1: The origins and evolution of this designed cultural landscape are presented, including a review of the flamboyant owner and designer, Aw Boon Haw, founder of the successful Tiger Balm empire, His design was a bold concept based on a unique expression of Chinese garden principles using vibrantly coloured sculptures and structures to depict scenes from Chinese mythology, religion, and philosophy.
The garden functioned as a valuable public open space, a reminder to Chinese immigrants of their cultural roots, a promotion of the Tiger Balm products, and, most profoundly, as an allegory to reflect on one’s journey through life.
In its heyday, Tiger Balm Garden was a popular landmark and venue for local residents and visitors, How it came to be neglected and eventually demolished is a cautionary tale for other heritage cultural landscapes in Hong Kong. The lessons learned reveal how the planning and heritage conservation system is not equipped to deal with protecting cultural landscapes.
Dragon Garden
Authors: Nicolson Ken
Published: September 2017

Case study 2: Dragon Garden is a designed cultural landscape that is still largely intact and serves as a valuable counterpoint to the loss of Tiger Balm Garden. The garden was owned and designed by Lee Iu-cheung, a philanthropic businessman who based the layout on fung shui principles as well as sustainable construction techniques which were advanced for their time.
The garden was integrated sensitively into the surrounding landscape, incorporating stream courses and ornamental pools. It became known for its iconic dragon motifs, sculptures, seasonal floral displays, and being featured in the Bond movie The Man with the Golden Gun.
Despite being sold to a developer, the garden was saved by the timely intervention by a descendent of the founder who recognised the heritage value of the site. Subsequent detailed study of the garden design has revealed subtle layers of meaning and symbolism that had previously been overlooked.
Structure, Audience and Soft Power in East Asian Pop Culture
Authors: Chua Beng Huat
Published: September 2017

The emergence of East Asian Pop Culture as an integrated regional media cultural economy is a result of the penetration of Japanese and Korean pop cultures into the historically well established distribution and exhibition networks of Chinese languages pop culture in locations where ethnic-Chinese constitutes the majority population; namely, Taiwan, Hong Kong, the People’s Republic of China and Singapore. Regionalization has produced transnational and transcultural audience communities of different scale in different reception locations, from those looking merely to be entertained to conventional fan clubs to sub-fan community who translates and subtitles foreign programs for free distribution on the Internet, bypassing state censorship and circuits of profit for the producers. In regional political economy, pop culture has become both a vehicle of transnational collaboration for co-production and market expansion and an instrument of competition in soft power diplomacy, which aims to produce positive sentiments towards the exporting nation among the target audiences. The exporting nation’s achievement in engendering such positive influence is limited by the fragmented nature of the audiences who respond differently to the same products; by backlash from local mobilization against ‘foreign cultural invasion’ in ‘defence’ of the national culture, among the non-consumers in the target location and, finally, by the government of the PRC, the largest consuming country, to control the flow of import, restrict exhibition time and encourage co-production which enables it to shape the content of the co-produced programs.
Art Worlds
Authors: Wue Roberta
Published: September 2017

The growth of Shanghai in the late nineteenth century gave rise to an exciting new art world in which a flourishing market in popular art became a highly visible part of the treaty port’s commercialized culture. Art Worlds examines the relationship between the city’s visual artists and their urban audiences. Through a discussion of images ranging from fashionable painted fans to lithograph-illustrated magazines, the book explores how popular art intersected with broader cultural trends. It also investigates the multiple roles played by the modern Chinese artist as image-maker, entrepreneur, celebrity, and urban sojourner. Focusing on industrially produced images, mass advertisements, and other hitherto neglected sources, the book offers a new interpretation of late Qing visual culture at a watershed moment in the history of modern Chinese art.
The Shanghai Artist in Advertising and Mass Media
Authors: Wue Roberta
Published: September 2017

Examines the relationships between Shanghai artists and their public and the establishment of these relationships through Shanghai’s growing mass media outlets. By exploiting the city’s burgeoning newspaper and publishing industries, artists promoted themselves as public figures and marketed themselves, their products and activities; through the mass media, they were able to access audiences on local, national and even international levels. By using newspaper advertising and articles, guide books, popular periodicals and collected writings, this chapter reveals the formation of the art world’s public image, promoted for consumption by an urban audience and mass readership.
Digital Public Infrastructures for Creative Communities
Authors: Fortin Claude , Hennessy Kate , Neustaedter Carman
Published: September 2017

This chapter investigates the potential for new forms of social and civic interaction to be enabled when the notion of the public good is economically and philosophically applied to locative media. It also explores the possible forms that interactive digital technologies might take when embedded within shared public spaces. This is achieved using a multisited ethnographic approach to a case study of Quartier des Spectacles, a digital urban infrastructure in Montreal Canada. The authors argue that insofar as Quartier des Spectacles has successfully prioritized social over private returns, it provides a useful model for the future development of digital public infrastructures, which both closes the gap between top-down and bottom up approaches to interactive technology design, and more effectively meets the needs of end users.
Merchants of War and Peace
Authors: Chen Song-Chuan
Published: September 2017

This book challenges conventional arguments that the major driving forces of the First Opium War were the infamous opium smuggling trade, the defence of British national honour, and cultural conflicts between ‘progressive’ Britain and ‘backward’ China. Instead, it argues that the war was triggered by a group of British merchants in the Chinese port of Canton in the 1830s, known as the ‘Warlike Party’. Living in a period when British knowledge of China was growing rapidly, the Warlike Party came to understand China’s weakness and its members returned to London to lobby for intervention until war broke out in 1839.
However, the Warlike Party did not get its way entirely. Another group of British merchants known in Canton as the ‘Pacific Party’ opposed the war. In Britain, the anti-war movement gave the conflict its infamous name, the ‘Opium War’, which has stuck ever since. Using materials housed in the National Archives, UK, the First Historical Archives of China, the National Palace Museum, the British Library, SOAS Library, and Cambridge University Library, this meticulously researched and lucid volume is a new history of the cause of the First Opium War.
The Warlike and Pacific Parties
Authors: Chen Song-Chuan
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes how the British community in Canton used its English-language press (newspapers and journals published in Canton) to debate China, Britain and free trade. The Warlike party gradually settled on a new perspective of China that was understood in terms of war, while the Pacific party denounced the war rhetoric. The Pacific party saw Britain primarily as a Christian nation of peace. The Warlike party’s aggressive imperialistic discourse became marked when compared to the peace argument of the Pacific party.
A War of Words over ‘Barbarian’
Authors: Chen Song-Chuan
Published: September 2017

This chapter assesses a decade-long debate that occurred within the British community in Canton over how best to translate the word ‘yi夷‎’—as either ‘barbarian’ or ‘strangers’. The dispute first raged in the Canton Register for more than two years beginning in 1828, and played a key role in igniting the war argument in 1830. The community agreed that it meant ‘barbarian’, representing a Chinese conception of foreigners as uncivilised savages. The translation was in wide circulation after the 1835 war lobbying campaign in London and formed an integral part of the pro-war argument. However, by 1837 the Canton community belatedly retracted their earlier translation, believing that yi should be rendered into English as ‘strangers’. However, in the early Qing, the main word used to name Europeans and things European was xiyang (Western Ocean). This term was replaced by ‘yi’ after the 1750s, coinciding with the establishment of the Canton system. Yi was another part of the Chinese soft border that classified Europeans as ‘strangers’ to be kept out of the Chinese civilizational order and was also another ideological device used to shore up the port’s vested interests.
Reasoning Britain into a War
Authors: Chen Song-Chuan
Published: September 2017

The Warlike party believed it had the right to petition both the Chinese and British governments to have its voice heard and to obtain the justice it deserved. In this spirit, which seemed to be a product of enlightenment but was actually imperialism, the party engaged the Chinese government and went to London to lobby for war in 1835 and 1839. They met with Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston and finally won his support in late 1839. They supplied him with a war strategy and, crucially, with knowledge of the weakness of Chinese military defences, which suggested that the war was easily winnable. Not many in London or the West had the means, at the time, to know China better than the British merchants of Canton. The military intelligence they supplied made a difference in the war decision. Britain fought and won the First Opium War, according to the plan the Warlike party supplied, prompting Palmerston, famously, to express his thanks to key Warlike party member William Jardine for the ‘assistance and information . . . so handsomely afforded’. The Nanking Treaty, signed after the war in 1842, fulfilled the demands that merchants had discussed in their maritime public sphere.
Days of Being Marginalized
Authors: Chu Yiu-Wai
Published: September 2017

While the first albums packaged with the term “Cantopop” were released in 1952, the origin of Cantopop remains an unresolved issue. In the 1950s and the 1960s, Cantopop were not considered mainstream in Hong Kong despite the fact that Cantonese was spoken by over ninety percent of its people. Cantopop could be said to be popular among Hong Kong audience, but most people considered it to be inferior to Mandarin and English popular songs. In the 1960s, Cantopop, albeit gradually gaining popularity in terms of market share, was still very much marginalized. It was only in the mid-1970s that Cantopop finally came to the fore.
Facing Dilemmas
Authors: Wei Shuge
Published: September 2017

Chapter 5 traces the development of China’s international propaganda from mid-1932 to June 1937, a period characterized by the government’s appeasement of Japan. International propaganda efforts were conducted under a complex environment in which Chiang Kai-shek had to address Japan’s call for suppressing anti-Japanese movements and tempered the leftists’ criticism of his appeasement policy. As a result, Chiang ended up speaking with two voices. While restricting the anti-Japanese speech in the domestic press, he secretly subsidized Hollington Tong, editor of the China Press, to maintain the paper’s traditional anti-Japanese policy. To strengthen control over the English-language press in China, the Nationalist government continued to dissolve the extraterritorial protection of treaty-port papers by withdrawing cable rights from foreign companies. It reorganized the Central News Agency to replace Reuters’ service in China and recruited Western-educated journalists to lead the Central News Agency’s English-language branch. In doing so, it tightened control of news transmission abroad and expanded news networks essential for a centralized international propaganda system.
Martial Arts Cinema and Hong Kong Modernity
Authors: Yip Man-Fung
Published: September 2017

The martial arts film, despite being long regarded as a vehicle of Chinese cultural nationalism, can also paradoxically be conceptualized as a mass cultural expression of Hong Kong’s colonial-capitalist modernity. Moving beyond generalized notions of martial arts cinema’s appeal, this book argues that the important and popular genre articulates the experiential qualities, the competing social subjectivities and gender discourses, as well as the heightened circulation of capital, people, goods, information, and technologies in Hong Kong of the 1960s and 1970s. In addition to providing an original conceptual framework for the study of Hong Kong martial arts cinema and shedding light on the nexus between social change and cultural/aesthetic form, this book offers perceptive analyses of individual films—not just the canonical works of King Hu, Chang Cheh, and Bruce Lee, but many lesser-known ones by Lau Kar-leung and Chor Yuen, among others.
Nixon's Back Channel to Moscow
Authors: Moss Richard A. , Stavridis James USN (Ret.)
Published: September 2017

The changing international environment of the 1960s made it possible to attain détente, a relaxation of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. Back-channel diplomacy—confidential contacts between the White House and the Kremlin, mainly between National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger and the Soviet ambassador to the United States, Anatoly Dobrynin—transformed that possibility into reality. This book argues that although back-channel diplomacy was useful in improving U.S.-Soviet relations in the short term by acting as a safety valve and giving policy-actors a personal stake in improved relations, it provided a weak foundation for long-term détente.
This book traces the evolution of confidential channels during the Nixon administration and examines certain flashpoints in U.S.-Soviet relations, such as the 1970 Cienfuegos crisis, Sino-American rapprochement, and the Indo-Pakistani War in 1971. The U.S. involvement in Vietnam and Moscow’s support for Hanoi remained constant irritants in U.S.-Soviet relations. The back-channel relationships allowed both sides to agree to disagree and paved the way for the Moscow Summit of May 1972.
This focused examination of U.S.-Soviet back-channel diplomacy mitigates some of criticisms levied against Nixon and Kissinger in their secretive conduct of diplomacy by showing that back channels were both necessary and an effective instrument of policy. However, back channels worked best when they supplemented rather than replaced more traditional diplomacy.
Divergent Channels
Authors: Moss Richard A.
Published: September 2017

Although Nixon and Kissinger superimposed a Cold War distortion on a regional situation, tried to spin stories in the media, and allowed personal biases to flavor their responses, they responded logically and perhaps justifiably when seen in the broader context of U.S.-Soviet relations. The Nixon administration steadily escalated diplomatic signals, and the top policymakers sincerely believed that India had launched external aggression—not Pakistan—with its support for Mukthi Bahini (liberation force) raids into what was then East Pakistan.
Several additional themes run through Nixon and Kissinger’s response to the Indo-Pakistani War, many of which were also reflected in U.S.-Soviet back-channel communications and in the taped conversations. Not surprisingly, Nixon’s and Kissinger’s policy perceptions were clearly colored by their personal experiences with Indira Gandhi and Yahya Khan. The White House was unwilling to dismiss Yahya’s role as an honest broker in Sino-American rapprochement and likewise saw duplicity on the part of Indira Gandhi after she visited Washington, D.C., in early November 1971 and claimed that India had no desire for war with Pakistan. In addition, the surreptitiously recorded conversations between the president and his advisors are rife with gendered speech and appeals to masculine “toughness” that colored Nixon’s actions. Significantly, the frequent contact with the Soviets during the war mitigates some of the criticism of recklessness.
Cancellation Crises
Authors: Moss Richard A.
Published: September 2017

Nixon considered canceling the Moscow summit even as Kissinger finalized plans to go on a secret trip to the Soviet Union in April 1972 to discuss Vietnam and the summit planning. Nixon was concerned with the deteriorating military situation in South Vietnam, and he worried that the Soviets would cancel the summit in solidarity with their ally Hanoi after the United States responded with force against North Vietnam.
However, the Nixon White House laid the groundwork to encourage the Soviets to consider détente separately from Vietnam, conveying a tacit modus vivendi via the confidential channel with Dobrynin. While Nixon pondered the possibility of canceling the summit, the administration also used back channels to read Soviet intentions. Ultimately, Treasury Secretary John Connally convinced Nixon to leave the onus of any cancellation or postponement of the summit to the Soviets. Domestic opinion polls buttressed the president’s decision since the American public did not see the Moscow summit as interrelated to the situation in Vietnam.
In the Kremlin, Brezhnev, Gromyko, and Kosygin blocked hard-liners’ attempts and consolidated control in favor of the summit while rhetorically condemning the American bombing-mining campaign against North Vietnam. The summit thus became the successful product of U.S.-Soviet back-channel diplomacy.
Living Sustainably
Authors: Sanford A. Whitney
Published: September 2017

How can we live together in ways that are healthy and sustainable for people and the planet? This book tells the story of people attempting to live intentionally and sustainably by practicing ideals of nonviolence, participatory democracy, and voluntary simplicity. Between 2011 and 2015, I conducted ethnographic research in over twenty intentional communities, which can be broadly defined as residential communities organized around shared values, around the US. These communities understand themselves as demonstration communities, developing and testing, but not imposing, new patterns of living, eating, and communicating. Communities in this book include ecovillages, cohousing communities, and Catholic worker houses and farms, located in urban, rural, and suburban regions. The initial chapters of the book explore why people come to these communities, who comes, and what they do when they get there, including growing food, creating governance systems, and building community. Each faced similar sets of challenges that are familiar to us: most people are ambivalent in our attitudes towards authority, regulation, and community. The final chapters suggest ways to apply what these communities have learned in the context of our own lives and regions. Food co-ops, pocket neighborhoods, and cohousing, for example, offer some benefits of intentional communities such as control over food but require fewer drastic lifestyle changes.
Examining Change
Authors: Sanford A. Whitney
Published: September 2017

Examining change explores some of the social tensions around aging, food, and consumerism that contemporary intentional communities address. The chapter offers a brief historical overview of social change in the US, but focuses on contemporary anxieties that have motivated the formation of more recent intentional communities. While independence is a critical American value, many people crave stronger community ties, especially as they age. Similarly, a newly food-aware U.S. public wants the freedom to experiment with foods such as raw milk, but demands the safety that accompanies regulated foods, demonstrating tensions between risk, regulation, and authority. This chapter outlines why some people want change and how intentional communities are testing solutions to social problems.
Creating Cultures
Authors: Sanford A. Whitney
Published: September 2017

Residents of intentional communities attempt to create new cultures, enabling them to be the change they wanted to see in the world and not simply complaining about the world they live in. Producing their own food, living simply, and community interdependence provide them a freedom from larger social structures and a consumer-oriented cultures, also redefining what constitutes labor and freedom. Does growing food constitute freedom, or is freedom attained through the efficiency of purchasing a ready-made meal? In this way, community residents redefine freedom and have interpreted the term bread labor, popularized by Tolstoy and Gandhi, into a 21st century context.
Rethinking Abundance
Authors: Sanford A. Whitney
Published: September 2017

This chapter illustrates how intentional communities rethink abundance and ask how much we need to be happy. Sharing resources, from car sharing to food, provide access to goods and services without formal ownership and offers residents a form of freedom; for example, performing labor in bulk offers efficiencies that free residents from time-consuming tasks. Residents demonstrate that sustainable buildings such as strawbale houses can be comfortable and beautiful and that practices such as riding a bicycle for transportation can be fun and social. Some have critiqued intentional communities and the voluntary simplicity movement which hails primarily from the white, middle-class.
New Journey on an Old Road
Authors: Miller James W.
Published: September 2017

This chapter introduces the Lincoln Institute Tigers and their first trip to Kentucky's state high school basketball tournament as one of the “Sweet Sixteen” in 1960. As an African American high school, Lincoln had not been allowed to participate in the previously all-white tournament until the US Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education prohibited segregation in public schools. Lincoln's first opponent was Owensboro Senior High School, which was one of the favorites to win the tournament. The chapter closes with Lincoln taking a slim lead with five minutes remaining in the game and Owensboro having lost two starters to fouls. Nobody expected Lincoln to be in this position, but just a few years earlier, the team would not have been allowed to play in the tournament at all.
A Young Man of Substance
Authors: Miller James W.
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses the early years of Lincoln Institute, where young black men received industrial education and training in agricultural techniques, while young women learned to plan a budget, prepare meals, and make clothes and were trained in interior decorating and health care. Lincoln's first graduating class included a young man of substance named Whitney Young, who took a job in Detroit, fought in World War I, and then returned to Lincoln to teach engineering. In Shelby County, Young, his wife Laura, and their three children experienced the indignity of having to sit in the area designated for “coloreds” at the movies, but they also felt the subtle racism of exclusion and lack of respect that came with segregation. Local whites begrudgingly addressed Young as “Professor” or “Reverend,” but never as “Mr.”
Organizing Athletics
Authors: Miller James W.
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores how basketball became an organized sport at black schools and its historical importance. As benefactors such as Julius Rosenwald poured support into education for young black men and women, athletic programs began to grow and flourish. By the 1920s, more than fifty African American high schools in Kentucky were engaged in sports competition. In 1932 educators from the Kentucky Negro Educational Association organized the Kentucky High School Athletic League (KHSAL) to standardize rules and equalize competition. Whitney Young of Lincoln Institute and William Kean of Louisville Central High School were instrumental in organizing Kentucky's African American schools into a statewide association. The first state championship sponsored by the KHSAL was the annual boys basketball tournament.
“Janitorial Engineering”
Authors: Miller James W.
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses Lincoln's growth and development as the state's only boarding high school for African American students. In 1938 the state legislature passed a bill requiring counties that lacked accommodations for black students to pay their tuition and send them to accredited high schools elsewhere. The bill solved a problem for local school districts that had neither the funds nor the inclination to educate black children. Lincoln Institute was a logical destination for such students, and it became a state-funded institution. Young still had to maneuver through prevailing racist attitudes, such as the state's objection to his plan to add an electrical engineering program. Only after he renamed the program “janitorial engineering” did he gain approval. Young's efforts strongly influenced his own children, Arnita, Eleanor, and Whitney Jr., into lives of service. This chapter also introduces John Norman Cunningham, a Lincoln student whose experiences are woven through the narrative.
“Inherently Unequal”
Authors: Miller James W.
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses the US Supreme Court's decision to prohibit segregation in public schools in Brown v. Board of Education. Principals and coaches at KHSAL member schools realized that the decision could undermine their very existence, and talk of desegregation raised a litany of questions: When will it happen? Will black schools now play white schools? Will black schools be closed immediately? These questions were frightening in places where segregation was the only law the people had ever known. But the future was clear to Whitney Young, who told his faculty and students: “Segregation created Lincoln Institute. Integration will destroy it.” Meanwhile, the Lincoln basketball team, behind John Cunningham, won the 1955 KHSAL state championship.
“With All Deliberate Speed”
Authors: Miller James W.
Published: September 2017

The Supreme Court's “clarification” of its initial Brown decision created confusion when it instructed states to implement desegregation plans “with all deliberate speed.” The varying interpretations of this directive by local school boards ranged from immediate compliance to a process that eventually lasted for more than a decade. African American schools were thrown into uncertainty, never knowing when the local board's decision might shut them down with little notice. When the Anderson County school board voted to integrate its schools, this created a dilemma for the county's many students who attended Lincoln Institute. Young cautioned his students that the Supreme Court decision did not mean that all Negro schools would be closed. That, he said, would be the same as declaring “that no Negro doctor, lawyer, newspaper or business man should have the patronage of Negro people.”
In Front of the Parade
Authors: Miller James W.
Published: September 2017

This chapter introduces Arnold Thurman, the basketball coach at all-white Bagdad High School in Shelby County. Thurman had played basketball at Berea College with African American players, and he welcomed black schools into the KHSAA. But Thurman faced resistance from the Bagdad fans and from at least one of his players. Thurman told his principal that if Bagdad were ever to achieve its goal of playing in the state tournament, it would have to play teams with African American players. Thurman became the first white coach to schedule a game with Lincoln Institute. Gilliard began constructing his team along the lines of Tennessee State, whose coach, John McLendon, favored a fast-breaking offense and a pressing defense. The integration of Kentucky's public schools progressed modestly in the 1957–1958 school year and avoided the unrest that erupted elsewhere, such as in Montgomery, Alabama, and Little Rock, Arkansas.
“A World Uncertain”
Authors: Miller James W.
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses Gilliard's plan to build his 1957–1958 team around a group of talented sophomores that included Ben Spalding, Jewell Logan, and John Watkins. Gilliard's innovative coaching methods included having his guards wear cotton gloves in practice to improve their ball-handling skills, while his big men practiced in rubber galoshes to improve their jumping ability. The first game in Shelby County between whites and blacks occurred on November 22, 1957, when Bagdad defeated Lincoln, 47–40. Bagdad's Thurman became a popular source of information for his fellow coaches, most of whom had never played against black teams. In 1958 thirty-eight African American schools participated in twenty-nine of the sixty-four district tournaments and compiled a respectable 34–30 record while winning six district titles. Three district winners won their regional tournaments and became the first all-black teams to participate in the KHSAA “Sweet Sixteen.”
An Accepted Way of Life
Authors: Miller James W.
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses the 1958–1959 basketball season, when Lincoln Institute's chief rivals were no longer African American schools but local white schools in its KHSAA district. Gilliard was optimistic because of some new additions to the team, such as John Kavanaugh Cunningham, Clyde Mosby, and William Crayton from Crispus Attucks High School in Indianapolis, where future Hall of Famer and Olympic champion Oscar Robertson had played. Crayton's past was something of a mystery, but he was a great player who had problems controlling his temper. Cunningham lived with his single mother and two sisters in a house without electricity or running water, but he was determined to become the first in his family to graduate from high school. Lincoln started the season slowly but finished strong, winning the Thirtieth District tournament for the first time but losing in the regional championship game to an all-white team that had never played against blacks before.
A “Progressive and Enlightened” State
Authors: Miller James W.
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses Kentucky's progress through “gradual integration,” which Governor A. B. “Happy” Chandler cited as proof of his “progressive and enlightened” state. Gilliard believed his 1959–1960 team had a chance to be special, but he was not convinced until the Tigers dominated a scrimmage against Louisville Central, a team that would be ranked number one in the state. All athletic competition between the two schools had been suspended after a huge fight among fans after a football game in 1955, but the Lincoln players hoped to meet Central again in the tournament. One Central senior who watched the scrimmage was Cassius Clay, who would win a gold medal in boxing at the 1960 Olympics. Lincoln lost one early game and then took off on a winning streak, despite prejudiced refereeing from white officials when playing all-white teams. Gilliard cautioned his players to get used to questionable officiating, catcalls from fans, and racial slurs from white players.
Secret Ballot
Authors: Miller James W.
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes how Louisville interests tried to persuade the KHSAA board to return the state high school basketball tournament to Louisville, over the objections of Lexington supporters. Louisville experienced racial unrest after African Americans boycotted a local movie theater that refused to admit blacks to a showing of Porgy and Bess, which featured an all-black cast. For this and other reasons, Lexington was the preferred site for the state tournament, and it took a secret vote of KHSAA board members to return the event to Louisville. The Lincoln players were hoping for a rematch with Louisville Central, but the Yellowjackets were upset in the regional tournament by Flaget High School. Flaget's African American point guard John McGill was also an outstanding tennis player who had spent the previous summer traveling as Arthur Ashe's doubles partner.
The Dream Is Lost
Authors: Hayter Julian Maxwell
Published: September 2017

The Dream Is Lost describes more than three decades of national/local racial politics and the unintended consequences of the civil rights movement. It uses the mid-twentieth-century urban history of Richmond, Virginia, to explain the political abuses that often accompanied American electoral reforms. The rights embodied in the Voting Rights Act of 1965 cannot be explained by separating the mobilization of black voters, on one hand, and federal policy directed toward race, on the other. The story first examines the suffrage crusades that predated the Voting Rights Act and how an organization called the Richmond Crusade for Voters mobilized African Americans a decade prior to 1965. As the Crusade mobilized voters, its members met firm resistance from their white counterparts. Local people and federal officials beat back the forces of white resistance by implementing majority–minority district systems. Although the reapportionment revolution led directly to the election of a black-majority city council in Richmond in 1977, it, too, had unintended consequences. The very forces that made Richmond’s majority–minority district system possible—an increase in African American populations in densely packed enclaves, unremitting residential segregation, white flight, and urban retrenchment—were the same that brought about intensifying marginalization in black communities during the twilight of the twentieth century. This story follows black voter mobilization to its logical conclusion: black empowerment and governance. It demonstrates that mid-twentieth-century urban redevelopment left a lasting impression on America’s cities. Richmond’s black-majority council struggled to negotiate the tension between rising expectations in black communities, sustained white resistance, and structural forces beyond the realm of politics.
Introduction
Authors: Hayter Julian Maxwell
Published: September 2017

The introduction provides an overview of the American civil rights movement in Richmond, Virginia, and describes how slavery and segregation shaped Richmond’s development well into the twentieth century. The Dream Is Lost provides a narrative of Richmond’s contributions to the freedom struggle and the city coming to terms with racial political trends in America after 1965. The book aims to connect three subjects: 1) it demonstrates how middle-class African Americans used politics as a means to empower their communities; 2) the narrative emphasizes how local people helped influence national voting rights policy during the civil rights movement; and, 3) it delineates how race and racism shaped policy and politics in Richmond well into the twentieth century.
Systematically Done In
Authors: Hayter Julian Maxwell
Published: September 2017

By 1965, the VRA not only revolutionized electoral politics in the United States but also immediately gave rise to white resistance. This chapter describes the freedom struggle’s progression from protest to politics and how African Americans took their place in American city halls. By 1966, Richmond had elected three African Americans to the city council, including Henry Marsh III. As black Americans began to elect more than a handful of representatives and to contest the legacy of segregationist policies (e.g., slum clearance, expressway construction, police brutality), whites embarked on a Machiavellian campaign of vote dilution. In Richmond, they first tried to dilute blacks votes by staggering elections. The urban unrest of the late 1960s and the rise of Black Power heightened white anxiety about a black revolution. By 1968, the Crusade embraced not only the politics of black empowerment but also Martin Luther King Jr.’s Poor People’s Campaign. Richmond’s white officials met these challenges by annexing portions of a predominantly white suburb, Chesterfield County.
From Intent to Effect
Authors: Hayter Julian Maxwell
Published: September 2017

Chapter 3 describes how local African Americans, with the help of the U.S. Congress, federal courts, and the U.S. Department of Justice, instigated the reapportionment revolution after 1965. This revolution carried the spirit of civil rights reform, the Great Society, and President Lyndon Johnson’s equality-of-results standard well into the 1970s. After the Supreme Court’s decision in Allen v. State Board of Elections (1969) to expand the implications of the VRA’s preclearance clause in section 5, antidilution litigation began to flood America’s court system. African American public-housing resident Curtis Holt Sr. and white suburbanites eventually sued to deannex Chesterfield County, but for very different reasons. The white residents of the annexed area saw annexation as a way to continue passive resistance to school integration. Holt’s suit led the Supreme Court to place what became a seven-year moratorium on city council elections. This suit not only plugged Richmond into the Burger Court’s campaign against vote dilution but also eventually culminated in the implementation of Richmond’s majority–minority district system. Local politics in Richmond had national implications. Litigation (e.g., City of Richmond v. United States [1975]), the Supreme Court, and the Department of Justice played a critical role in the monumental election of a black-majority council in Richmond in 1977.
Conclusion
Authors: Hayter Julian Maxwell
Published: September 2017

The epilogue demonstrates how the struggle for civil rights continued well beyond the 1970s. It also mentions how the crusade left a lasting impression on politics in the commonwealth’s capital. The epilogue describes contemporary downtown Richmond and the “renaissance” or revitalization the city is experiencing. The epilogue suggests that the struggle for equal rights continues to this day with many African Americans falling below the poverty line, living in public housing, and attending schools with a below-average graduation rate.
Introduction
Authors: Oldham Gabriella , Langdon Mabel
Published: September 2017

This section sets the background for the telling of Langdon’s story, which is divided into three phases. It also tells the story of how this biography came to be and expresses the author’s hope that after many years of development, this book reflects both the hard work of the scholars involved and the memories of wife Mabel and son Harry Jr. of this man who was a comic genius.
Elusive Stardom
Authors: Oldham Gabriella , Langdon Mabel
Published: September 2017

Chapter 3 highlights the demise of Langdon’s successful acting career. When Langdon began directing his own films, this led to his downfall. His work as a director received less than rave reviews from critics, and audiences began to abandon him. The introduction of sound in films also contributed to the collapse of Langdon’s career. This chapter shows that despite his sinking popularity and the end of silent films, Langdon persevered and continued to act, write, and direct. However, other personal and professional setbacks, including his second divorce, ultimately prevented a full comeback and a return to his former status as a comedic genius.
The Stronger Man
Authors: Oldham Gabriella , Langdon Mabel
Published: September 2017

In chapter 4, Langdon’s perseverance in the film industry is highlighted. Although he lost his star status, he continued to work in films and revived his career. Langdon’s portfolio of films during this time fluctuated in their texture and comedic quality. Despite the ongoing challenges acknowledged by both the press and colleagues, Langdon considered 1938 the start of his happiest years. This chapter describes his third marriage to Mabel, the birth of his son, his work in his final years, and his death in 1944.
Legacy
Authors: Oldham Gabriella , Langdon Mabel
Published: September 2017

Chapter 5 reflects on Langdon’s career as a whole, with excerpts from news articles and quotes from those who worked alongside him. The chapter also discusses the revival of Langdon’s work worldwide and debunks the view that he was a tragic figure who died broke.
Social class mobility in modern Britain: changing structure, constant process
Authors: Goldthorpe John H.
Published: September 2017

The class structure provides an important context for the study of social mobility. The evolution of the class structure is the all-important factor determining individuals’ changing experience of mobility, as expressed in absolute rates. The total mobility rate shows long-term stability; but, because of structural change, trends of rising upward and falling downward mobility in the mid-20th century are now being reversed. Relative mobility rates, comparing the chances of individuals of different class origins arriving at different class destinations, also show long-term stability. All this is evident over a period of more or less continuous educational expansion and reform—thus calling into question the belief that educational policy is key to promoting mobility. Education is best considered as a ‘positional’ good; and the motivation, and capacity, of parents in more advantaged class positions to help their children maintain their competitive edge in the educational system, and in turn in labour markets, underlies the resistance to change that the mobility regime displays.
Passionate, eloquent and determined: Heroines’ tales and feminine poetics
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: September 2017

This article studies a group of romances, appearing first in French in the mid-12th century in the Roman d’Eneas, and later in Anglo-Norman and Middle English (including Ipomadon and William of Palerne), in which the heroine is given priority over the male protagonist in falling in love and acting to bring that love to fruition. These relationships are aimed at marriage and, very often, procreation, in a way that opens the potential for the founding of a dynasty; they thus go against received ideas of both courtly love and antifeminism. The texts are characterised by long soliloquies given to the heroines that anticipate the Petrarchan discourse of desire, though here it is distinctively feminine and carries the hope of fulfilment; and fulfilment and mutuality are in turn given their own distinctive, mimetic form of poetry.