bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial to Analyze the Effects of Intermittent Pneumatic Compression on Edema Following Autologous Femoropopliteal Bypass Surgery
Authors: te Slaa Alexander , Dolmans Dennis E. J. G. J. , Ho Gwan H. , Mulder Paul G. H. , van der Waal Jan C. H. , de Groot Hans G. W. , van der Laan Lijckle
Published: November 2010

Background

Patients who undergo autologous femoropopliteal bypass surgery develop postoperative edema in the revascularized leg. The effects of intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) to treat and to prevent postreconstructive edema were examined in this study.

Methods

In a prospective randomized trial, patients were assigned to one of two groups. All patients suffered from peripheral arterial disease, and all were subjected to autologous femoropopliteal bypass reconstruction. Patients in group 1 used a compression stocking (CS) above the knee exerting 18 mmHg (class I) on the leg postoperatively for 1 week (day and night). Patients in group 2 used IPC on the foot postoperatively at night for 1 week. The lower leg circumference was measured preoperatively and at five postoperative time points. A multivariate analysis was done using a mixed model analysis of variance.

Results

A total of 57 patients were analyzed (CS 28; IPC 29). Indications for operation were severe claudication (CS 13; IPC 13), rest pain (10/5), or tissue loss (7/11). Revascularization was performed with either a supragenicular (CS 13; IPC10) or an infragenicular (CS 15; IPC 19) autologous bypass. Leg circumference increased on day 1 (CS/IPC): 0.4%/2.7%, day 4 (2.1%/6.1%), day 7 (2.5%/7.9%), day 14 (4.7%/7.3%), and day 90 (1.0%/3.3%) from baseline (preoperative situation). On days 1, 4, and 7 there was a significant difference in leg circumference between the two treatment groups.

Conclusions

Edema following femoropopliteal bypass surgery occurs in all patients. For the prevention and treatment of that edema the use of a class I CS proved superior to treatment with IPC. The use of CS remains the recommended practice following femoropopliteal bypass surgery.
Positive Definiteness via Off-diagonal Scaling of a Symmetric Indefinite Matrix
Authors: Bentler Peter M. , Yuan Ke-Hai
Published: November 2010

Indefinite symmetric matrices that are estimates of positive-definite population matrices occur in a variety of contexts such as correlation matrices computed from pairwise present missing data and multinormal based methods for discretized variables. This note describes a methodology for scaling selected off-diagonal rows and columns of such a matrix to achieve positive definiteness. As a contrast to recently developed ridge procedures, the proposed method does not need variables to contain measurement errors. When minimum trace factor analysis is used to implement the theory, only correlations that are associated with Heywood cases are shrunk.
Hereditary Multiple Exostoses in the Hands and Fingers: Early Presentation and Early Surgical Treatment in Family Members. Case Reports
Authors: Ohkuma Rika , McCarthy Edward F. , Deune E. Gene
Published: November 2010

Hereditary multiple exostosis (HME) is a benign condition with multiple bony tumors with cartilage caps (osteochondromas), mainly presenting in the long and flat bones. Usually the presentation for HME is between 2 and 10 years of age and most are seen by 4 years of age (Khan et al. 2009). In this paper, we report a family with three members (father, son, and a daughter) who had very early presentations of HME in the fingers within the first 2 years of age. The son presented with bony nodules at 7 months of age, and he required surgery at 13 months of age for a severe functional deformity of his left ring finger. He also had an unusual histological presentation on his osteochondroma that consists of only subperiosteal cartilage without ossification.
The Influence of High-Grade and Low-Grade Histological Sub-Classification of G2 pT1 Transitional Cell Cancer of Bladder on Tumour Recurrence and Progression Rates—5-Year Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Shaw Matthew B.K. , Narahari Radhakrishna , Johnson Mark I. , Durkan Garrett C. , El-Sherif Amira , Thorpe Andrew C.
Published: November 2010

Aim:

We assess the impact of the histological sub-classification of newly diagnosed G2 pT1 TCC bladder into low-grade and high-grade groups on the pattern of disease recurrence and progression.

Method:

A retrospective case note analysis of all newly diagnosed G2 pT1 TCC bladder between January 2003 and December 2007 was performed. The pattern of disease recurrence and progression was recorded and correlated with the histological grade of the original tumour. In addition, the use of adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy was recorded and the effect of these agents noted.

Results:

101 patients were included in the study of which 75 had high-grade disease, 14 had focally high-grade disease and 11 had low-grade disease. The recurrence rate was 42% in the high-grade group and 25% in the low-grade group. The progression rate was 13% in the high-grade group and no progression was seen in the low-grade group. Those patients with high-grade disease receiving adjuvant intravesical BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) immunotherapy had a progression rate of 6%, whereas those not receiving BCG treatment had a 18% progression rate.

Conclusions:

This study supports the view that the presence of high-grade elements in G2 pT1 TCC bladder makes it more likely to progress and therefore this group of patients should be treated aggressively, perhaps in a similar fashion to G3 pT1 TCC bladder.
Postnatal expression of the homeobox gene Prrxl1 (Drg11) is increased in inflammatory but not neuropathic pain
Authors: Monteirol Clara , Rebelol Sandra , Galhardol Vasco , Reguengal Carlos , Limal Deolinda
Published: November 2010

The paired‐type homeodomain transcription factor Prrxl1 (also known as Drg11) is a key regulator of the differentiation and survival of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal nociceptive neurons in pre‐ and perinatal stages. Prrxl1−/− mice exhibit abnormalities in DRG‐spinal projections, defects in superficial dorsal horn structure and neurochemistry, and reduced nociceptive behaviour in several pain tests. Although a low expression of Prrxl1 persists in dorsal root ganglia beyond embryonic development, no data exist on its role in adult life. In this paper we evaluate whether DRG expression of Prrxl1 is affected both in inflammatory and neuropathic models of pain in adult mice. Ipsilateral versus contralateral relative expression of Prrxl1 in the DRG was compared in control and pain animals. The expression of Prrxl1 mRNA in mice with zymosan‐induced peripheral inflammation presented a 3.06±0.71‐fold‐increase in ipsilateral ganglia, which was significantly different from the value observed in control animals. In contrast, a slight, non‐statistically significant decrease was detected in the SNI model of neuropathy. Interestingly, the expression of the mRNA splice variant Prrxl1b was unchanged in both pain conditions. Immunohistochemical studies showed an increase in the number of Prrxl1‐positive neurons in the inflammatory pain model, which belonged both in the peptidergic and non‐peptidergic categories. Our present results point to a role for Prrxl1 in sensitization of nociceptive neurons upon inflammatory pain.
“Survival of the fittest:” Domestic and international dimensions of the authoritarian reaction in the former Soviet Union following the colored revolutions
Authors: Silitski Vitali
Published: November 2010

This article examines the internal and external reactions by post-Soviet autocrats to the colored revolutions. First, the colored revolutions provoked incumbents in Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and other post-Soviet countries to strengthen domestic efforts to preempt opposition challenges. Preemptive measures included restrictions on independent civil society, disruptions of independent electoral monitoring, promotion of progovernment civil society groups, and assaults on opposition and democracy assistance. Such actions, together with already existing endowments, allowed these regimes to survive. Next, the colored revolutions stimulated increased coordination among nondemocratic states to squash opposition. Measures included counter-monitoring of elections to offset Western claims of fraud, and increased efforts at military and economic cooperation such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Simultaneously, Russia sought to destabilize Georgia and Ukraine through economic and, in Georgia, military pressure. This authoritarian backlash following the colored revolutions buttressed the surviving autocracies, which prospects for democratization have become even more bleak and distant.
Charcoal signatures defined by multivariate analysis of charcoal records from 10 lakes in northwest Wisconsin (USA)
Authors: Lynch Elizabeth A. , Hotchkiss Sara C. , Calcote Randy
Published: November 2010

We show how sedimentary charcoal records from multiple sites within a single landscape can be used to compare fire histories and reveal small scale patterns in fire regimes. Our objective is to develop strategies for classifying and comparing late-Holocene charcoal records in Midwestern oak- and pine-dominated sand plain ecosystems where fire regimes include a mix of surface and crown fires. Using standard techniques for the analysis of charcoal from lake sediments, we compiled 1000- to 4000-yr-long records of charcoal accumulation and charcoal peak frequencies from 10 small lakes across a sand plain in northwestern Wisconsin. We used cluster analysis to identify six types of charcoal signatures that differ in their charcoal influx rates, amount of grass charcoal, and frequency and magnitude of charcoal peaks. The charcoal records demonstrate that while fire histories vary among sites, there are regional patterns in the occurrence of charcoal signature types that are consistent with expected differences in fire regimes based on regional climate and vegetation reconstructions. The fire histories also show periods of regional change in charcoal signatures occurring during times of regional climate changes at ~700, 1000, and 3500 cal yr BP.
Language Reform in Turkey and Iran
Authors: Perry John R.
Published: November 2010

Of all man's cultural badges, that of language is perhaps the most intimately felt and tenaciously defended. Even chauvinists who are prepared to concede under pressure that language, race, and culture are not the same thing—that their national ethnicity may be mixed, their religion imported, their culture synthetic to a degree—will still cling to the national language as the last bastion of irrational totemic pride. Hence, one of the most controversial features of the programs of westernization and modernization fostered by Kemal Atatürk in Turkey and Reza Shah in Iran was that of state-sponsored language reform, characterized chiefly by attempts to “purify” Turkish and Persian of their centuries-old accretion of Arabic loanwords. A case study of this process also affords some insight into the differing attitudes to national social reforms in Turkey and in Iran, and among the respective regimes, intelligentsia, and masses, which might help to explain why on balance one “succeeded” while the other “failed.”
The science of muscle hypertrophy: making dietary protein count
Authors: Phillips Stuart M.
Published: November 2010

Growing evidence supports the conclusion that consumption of protein in close temporal proximity to the performance of resistance exercise promotes greater muscular hypertrophy. We can also state with good certainty that merely consuming energy, as carbohydrate for example, is also not sufficient to maximise muscle protein synthesis leading to anabolism and net new muscle protein accretion. Recent work also indicates that certain types of proteins, particular those that are rapidly digested and high in leucine content (i.e. whey protein), appear to be more efficient at stimulating muscle protein synthesis. Continued practice of consumption of these types or proteins after exercise should lead to greater hypertrophy. Reviews of numerous training studies indicate that studies in which milk proteins and principally whey protein show an advantage of these proteins over and above isoenergetic carbohydrate and soya protein in promoting hypertrophy. Thus, the combined evidence suggests a strategic advantage of practising early post-exercise consumption of whey protein or dairy-based protein to promote muscle protein synthesis, net muscle protein accretion and ultimately hypertrophy.
Reaching the Kampala Compromise on Aggression: The Chair's Perspective
Authors: WENAWESER CHRISTIAN
Published: November 2010

This contribution sets out the path towards consensus at Kampala. Before the Review Conference, two main issues remained unresolved: the question whether some form of consent by the alleged aggressor state should be required, and the role of the UN Security Council. Few had expected a consensus on a comprehensive package. The outcome of Kampala reflects significant compromises, but also a significant step to advance international criminal law.
LIFTS OF PARTIAL CHARACTERS WITH CYCLIC DEFECT GROUPS
Authors: COSSEY JAMES P. , LEWIS MARK L.
Published: November 2010

We count the number of lifts of an irreducible π-partial character that lies in a block with a cyclic defect group.
Crustal thickness and average Vp/Vs ratio variations in southwest Yunnan, China, from teleseismic receiver functions
Authors: Wang Pan , Wang Liangshu , Mi Ning , Liu Jianhua , Li Hua , Yu Dayong , Xu Mingjie , Wang Xingchen , Guo Zhiwei
Published: November 2010

Recently, many portable broadband three‐component seismic stations have been deployed in Yunnan, China. We use teleseismic receiver functions to determine the crustal thickness (H) and the crustal average compressional to shear wave velocity (Vp/Vs) ratio (k) variations beneath in southwest Yunnan. By comparing the synthetics generated from dipping Moho models with those from a flat Moho model, it reveals that for the rays traveling along or around the updip direction, the differential arrival times of Ps and multiples generated at the dipping Moho are comparable with those generated at the flat Moho and the result from stacking with these synthetics is a better estimate of model structure. For the synthetics traveling along or around the downdip direction, the differential arrival times of Ps and multiples generated at dipping Moho are smaller than those generated at flat Moho and make the H‐k stacking results deviate from the model structure. Thus, the ambiguity induced by dipping Moho can be reduced significantly by only stacking with the rays traveling along or around the updip direction. Applying this technique to 19 stations, we obtained that H ranges from ∼35–42 km and the k ranges from ∼1.66–1.78. From the central Simao basin, H increases northward and northeastward; k increases significantly northeastward across the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone.
Nutrient dynamics in the winter thermohaline frontal zone of the northern shelf region of the South China Sea
Authors: Liu Su Mei , Guo Xinyu , Chen Qi , Zhang Jing , Bi Yan Feng , Luo Xin , Li Jian Bing
Published: November 2010

As the first attempt to estimate the nutrient transport across the winter thermohaline frontal zone on the northern shelf of the South China Sea, the nutrient dynamics around the front and the effects of cross‐frontal water exchange on nutrient transport were investigated using wintertime field observations. Both water temperature and salinity increased from coastal to oceanic waters, showing the presence of a thermohaline front. The concentrations of dissolved inorganic nutrients decreased oceanward, especially across the thermohaline front, while those of dissolved organic nutrients (i.e., dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic phosphorus) showed patchy distributions. Ammonium was the major constituent of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and DON was the main component of total dissolved nitrogen. Molar ratios of PO43−/total dissolved phosphorus decreased from coastal to oceanic waters, indicating that PO43− was rapidly removed and/or consumed from the water column and that organic matter degradation increased offshore, replenishing PO43−. Molar ratios of NO3−/(NH4+ + DON) were 0.01–0.6, indicating dominance of regenerated nitrogen. Surface water convergence and bottom water divergence were identified in the across‐shore velocity field, and the calculated across‐shore nutrient fluxes suggest that the presence of the winter thermohaline front promotes the offshore transport of nutrients from coastal waters. The transport path begins with convergence of surface coastal waters toward the front, followed by the sinking in the frontal region and the oceanward movement through the bottom layer of the front offshore side. With an assumption of 500 km as the length of thermohaline front on the northern shelf of the South China Sea, the calculated offshore fluxes of nutrients across the entire front are larger than those from the Zhujiang (Pearl River) and the Changjiang (Yangtze River).
Stable isotopes of fossil teeth corroborate key general circulation model predictions for the Last Glacial Maximum in North America
Authors: Kohn Matthew J. , McKay Moriah
Published: November 2010

Oxygen isotope data provide a key test of general circulation models (GCMs) for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in North America, which have otherwise proved difficult to validate. High δ18O pedogenic carbonates in central Wyoming have been interpreted to indicate increased summer precipitation sourced from the Gulf of Mexico. Here we show that tooth enamel δ18O of large mammals, which is strongly correlated with local water and precipitation δ18O, is lower during the LGM in Wyoming, not higher. Similar data from Texas, California, Florida and Arizona indicate higher δ18O values than in the Holocene, which is also predicted by GCMs. Tooth enamel data closely validate some recent models of atmospheric circulation and precipitation δ18O, including an increase in the proportion of winter precipitation for central North America, and summer precipitation in the southern US, but suggest aridity can bias pedogenic carbonate δ18O values significantly.
Asymmetry in the bipolar signatures of flux transfer events
Authors: Fear R. C. , Milan S. E. , Raeder J. , Sibeck D. G.
Published: November 2010

Several conceptual models have been proposed for the formation of flux transfer events (FTEs), including models based on reconnection at a single reconnection line (X line) and at multiple X lines. Two‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic models have previously been used to simulate both scenarios and have found a tendency for FTEs generated by single X line reconnection to exhibit an asymmetry in the bipolar BN signature that is the major in situ signature of FTE structures, with the leading peak being substantially smaller than the trailing peak. On the other hand, simulated FTEs generated by multiple X line reconnection led to more symmetric signatures. We present a comparison of these simulation results with observations made at the Earth's magnetopause by the Cluster spacecraft, using a data set of 213 FTEs which were observed by all four spacecraft in 2002/2003 at the high‐latitude magnetopause near local noon and at low latitudes on the flanks, and 36 FTEs which were observed by one or more Cluster spacecraft near the subsolar point in 2007 and 2008. A tendency is found for the BN signatures to be asymmetric but with the leading peak larger in amplitude than the trailing peak, opposite to the prediction made by the 2‐D single X line simulations. This tendency is weaker in the subsolar FTEs. Therefore, the observations are not consistent with 2‐D MHD simulations of single X line reconnection. The signatures observed near the subsolar point are more consistent with those predicted by 2‐D simulations of multiple X line reconnection, although the multiple X line simulation studies did not report any net asymmetry. We propose that the observed asymmetry can be explained by a compression of magnetic flux ahead of the propagating FTE structure and a rarefaction behind it. The weaker tendency nearer the subsolar point is consistent with a weaker compression and rarefaction due to lower FTE velocities.
Horizontal velocities and propagation directions of gravity waves in the ionosphere over the Czech Republic
Authors: Chum Jaroslav , Šindelářová Tereza , Laštovička Jan , Hruška F. , Burešová D. , Baše Jiří
Published: November 2010

Using a five‐point continuous Doppler sounding system operating at 3.59 MHz, developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics AS CR (IAP), we investigate propagation directions and velocities of gravity waves (GWs) at altitudes from ∼150 to ∼250 km over the western part of the Czech Republic. The velocities and directions are computed from the time delays between the observations of corresponding GWs at different reflection points that correspond to various sounding paths. We focused on the GWs that produce an S‐shaped trace in Doppler shift spectrograms and are observed close to sunrise and sunset. We have selected about 100 of such events. Our results show that the analyzed GWs propagate with typical horizontal velocities from ∼100 to ∼200 m/s. The north‐south component of GW velocities depends on the season, it is directed northward in the summer and southward in the winter. At the same time, the north‐south component of the neutral winds calculated by the horizontal wind model HWM07 has the opposite sign. Typical observed periods of the analyzed waves range from ∼10 to ∼30 min.
An evaluation and comparison of cloud condensation nucleus activity models: Predicting particle critical saturation from growth at subsaturation
Authors: Rissler Jenny , Svenningsson Birgitta , Fors Erik O. , Bilde Merete , Swietlicki Erik
Published: November 2010

The ability of particles to activate and form cloud droplets influences the functioning of the Earth's hydrological cycle. This work links the particle water uptake at subsaturation to the critical supersaturation ratio needed for particles to become cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Five models using the particle hygroscopic growth at subsaturation for predicting the critical supersaturation needed for droplet activation were applied to a laboratory data set of inorganic and organic compounds and mixtures of them. The data set consisted of hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer measurements and CCN counter measurements. No chemical composition information was used when applying the models. All models tested were based on modifications of Köhler theory and gave similar results. The agreement between predicted and measured critical supersaturations was good, considering the relatively simple models used. A trend of overestimating the critical supersaturations was observed, typically by ∼15%. The best performing model gave on average only a 4% offset from experimental values; the model with the largest deviation was offset by 20%. A comparison was made between the number of soluble entities (ions or nondissociating molecules) estimated from the particle hygroscopic growth at 90% relative humidity (RH) and the number estimated from the particle critical supersaturation; a ∼35% increase was observed in the effective number of entities in solution when going from 90% RH to activation. For many types of aerosols, differences in the model approaches tested do not induce large differences in the predicted critical supersaturation. However, it is most important to follow the recommendations published with the respective models and not use them indiscriminately.
Simplicity and complexity of bed load response during flash floods in a gravel bed ephemeral river: A 10 year field study
Authors: Cohen Hai , Laronne Jonathan B. , Reid Ian
Published: November 2010

A decade of data for the Nahal Eshtemoa, an unarmored, gravel bed, ephemeral river, reveals that bed load flux during rain‐fed flash floods is a simple function of channel average boundary shear stress. However, the relation is inadequately described by a power function of the type commonly used in predictive bed load equations, and a linear function gives a much better fit. The success of a linear function is related to the unarmored nature of the bed material, typical of ephemeral gravel bed rivers, and the ready availability of sediment at all levels of transport stage. Bed load response to changing shear stress is largely undifferentiated as flash floods wax or wane. However, while most data conform to a simple relation between bed load and hydraulic stress, some for individual floods or flood segments do not, reflecting variability in sediment supply and texture. Three type behaviors are identified that assist in explaining both the general, simple pattern and the limited scatter of the bed load–shear stress plot. Type 1 provides the majority of the data, giving the general linear relation between bed load flux and boundary shear stress. Type 2 is rare, given the flashy nature of the hydrograph, but represents comparatively steady flows well above the entrainment threshold, during which bed load sheets or the breakup of grain clusters lead to spasmodic changes in bed load flux. Type 3 shows a weak relation between shear stress and bed load flux, representing flow conditions just above the entrainment threshold.
Dynamics of freshwater‐seawater mixing zone development in dual‐domain formations
Authors: Lu Chunhui , Luo Jian
Published: November 2010

Dynamic responses of freshwater‐seawater mixing zones to seasonal freshwater‐level fluctuations and the presence of kinetic mass transfer between mobile and immobile domains have been analyzed using numerical models. Mixing enhancement is mainly controlled by the unsynchronized behavior of concentration distributions in the mobile and immobile domain. Such effect is maximized at the aquifer bottom when the retention timescale (the reciprocal of mass transfer rate) in the immobile domain is comparable to the period of freshwater‐level fluctuations. Kinetic mass transfer may alter the time lag between periodic freshwater‐level fluctuations and the movement of the mixing zone, causing the expansion and contraction of the mixing zone. Mixing enhancement by kinetic mass transfer is nonuniform in the mixing zone, and the mixing zone thickness may vary significantly within a period. By contrast, large dispersion coefficients may create thicker mixing zones but may not cause such unsynchronized behavior and alter the time lags of different concentration contour lines; that is, the mixing enhancement is rather uniform in the mixing zone. The dynamics of mixing zone development is sensitive to the flow velocity, which is influenced by the hydraulic conductivity, amplitude of the freshwater‐level fluctuations, and the capacity ratio of kinetic mass transfer.
Differential photosynthetic adaptation between size-classes of Spruce and Fir juveniles help to explain the co-existence of the two species.
Authors: Bontempo e Silva Edgard , Hara Toshihiko , Sumida Akihiro , Ono Kiyomi
Published: November 2010

Background/Question/Methods

_Abies sachalinensis_ (Sakhalin Fir) and Picea glehnii (Glehn’s Spruce) are major components of the sub-boreal forests of Hokkaido, Japan. Similar Spruce-Fir forests can be found in many other places in the northern hemisphere and will probably be impacted by global warming. Therefore, detailed knowledge of these species’ physiology and life-history strategies at different growth stages is important to understand present communities and to support reliable prediction of possible consequences of global climate change.Accordingly, the objective of this study was to establish relations between community dynamics, life-history strategies and photosynthetic adaptation of these species, on different developmental stages.The study is taking place on a sub-boreal forest plot in north Japan (N 44º 19’, E 142º 15’). Twenty shade-growing individuals of both species were divided into two height classes: seedlings, if height < 50cm; and saplings, if height > 100cm. The canopy coverage over each individual was assessed by analyzing hemispherical photography and average light incidence. Leaf pigments are being analyzed by chromatography. Light response curves and chlorophyll fluorescence are being measured seasonally, except in winter. Results are analyzed through General Linear Models. The study period was from spring 2009 to summer 2010.

Results/Conclusions

Results show an inversion of the photosynthetic adaptation between seedlings and saplings, and also between species. Picea seedlings and Abies saplings have greater total chlorophyll content and higher photosynthetic rates than Picea saplings and Abies seedlings. As a consequence, the superior competitor between similar sized individuals of both species appears to change between size-classes, with Abies presenting higher photosynthetic rates at the sapling class and Picea at the seedling class. Nevertheless, no significant growth has been observed in any of the groups until now. Results also disagree with some of the previously reported photosynthetic characteristics of these species, with Picea seedlings displaying more traits usually associated with shade adaptation than Abies seedlings.
Some differences between eight grasses within the Lolium‐Festuca complex when grown in conditions of severe water shortage
Authors: Wilman D. , Gao Y. , Leitch M. H.
Published: November 2010

Differences between eight related grasses within the Lolium‐Festuca complex in conditions of severe water shortage were investigated. Transparent covers were used to restrict the access of rain to field plots of pure stands of Westerwolds ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum var. Westerwoldicum), Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum), hybrid ryegrass (L. multiflorum × L. perenne), perennial ryegrass (L. perenne), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis), Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass × meadow rescue, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and three mixtures (Italian ryegrass with perennial ryegrass; Italian ryegrass with tall fescue; perennial ryegrass with tall rescue) grown in west Wales. Westerwolds ryegrass and Italian ryegrass died out after 12–15 months of exclusion of rain; meadow fescue, meadow rescue × ryegrass hybrids and perennial ryegrass died out after ≊ 2 years of exclusion of rain; tall rescue was still alive after 4 years of exclusion of rain. During the 2 years after the year of sowing, the loss of water from the top 1 m of soil was greater with tall rescue than with the other grasses. Tall fescue and perennial ryegrass had a low rate of leaf expansion, a small increase in length of exposed leaf sheath and a high weight per unit area of emerging leaf blade. Tall rescue had a greater number and weight of roots than the other grasses, particularly in the 50–100 cm layer of soil, on an adjoining, uncovered site. The order of suitability of the eight grasses for conditions of severe water shortage appears to be tall fescue > perennial ryegrass > perennial ryegrass × meadow rescue, meadow fescue, Italian ryegrass × meadow rescue, hybrid ryegrass > Italian ryegrass > Westerwolds ryegrass.
Mass sensitivity of thin film bulk acoustic resonator sensors based on polar c-axis tilted zinc oxide and aluminum nitride thin film
Authors: Qin Lifeng , Wang Qing-Ming
Published: November 2010

The mass sensitivity of thin film bulk acoustic wave resonator (FBAR) sensors using ZnO and AlN thin films with tilted polar c-axis has been theoretically investigated. The tilted c-axis orientation induces normal plane and in-plane polarizations, which leads to the coexistence of thickness longitudinal mode and thickness shear mode in the resonators. The equation for predicting electric impedance of FBARs with a mass loading layer was derived from the basic piezoelectric constitutive equations. The mass sensitivity of ZnO and AlN dual mode resonators was found by calculating the resonant frequency shifts of the thickness shear mode and thickness longitudinal mode due to thin film mass loading. In the calculation, ZnO and AlN thin film has a c-axis tilt angle from 0°–90°, 2 μm thickness, and 300×300 μm2 electrode area; four different materials (Al, SiO2, Au, and Pt) were considered as the thin film mass loading. It was found that both longitudinal resonance frequency and shear resonance frequency for different c-axis angle have a significant shift due to the mass loading; the mass sensitivities, defined as Δf/(fΔm), of the longitudinal and shear mode for this four mass loading materials are very close, and do not change much with c-axis tilt angle with a value rang around −900 cm2/g for ZnO FBARs and −1550 cm2/g for AlN FBARs. The results can be used in the design and applications of ultrahigh sensitive ZnO or AlN FBAR mass sensors.
Structural instabilities in TiO2 nanotubes
Authors: Shokuhfar T. , Gao Q. , Ashtana A. , Walzack K. , Heiden P. , Friedrich C.
Published: November 2010

We report the structural instability of TiO2 nanotubes subjected to treatment with ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) solution prior to calcination at elevated temperatures. The nanotubes were disintegrated into nanoparticles and the tubular morphology was vanished after 2 h of calcination at 500 °C. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy were used to understand the nature of structural collapse in the NH4OH treated TiO2 nanotubes. It was concluded that the volumetric changes during amorphous to anatase phase transformation and surface cracking was the key role during the collapse of NH4OH-treated TiO2 nanotubes.
Studies on the translational and rotational motions of ionic liquids composed of N-methyl-N-propyl-pyrrolidinium (P13) cation and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide and bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide anions and their binary systems including lithium salts
Authors: Hayamizu Kikuko , Tsuzuki Seiji , Seki Shiro , Fujii Kenta , Suenaga Masahiko , Umebayashi Yasuhiro
Published: November 2010

Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTIL, IL) are stable liquids composed of anions and cations. N-methyl-N-propyl-pyrrolidinium (P13, Py13, PYR13, or mppy) is an important cation and produces stable ILs with various anions. In this study two amide-type anions, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide [N(SO2CF3)2, TFSA, TFSI, NTf2, or Tf2N] and bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide [N(SO2F)2, FSA, or FSI], were investigated. In addition to P13-TFSA and P13-FSA, lithium salt doped samples were prepared (P13-TFSA-Li and P13-FSA-Li). The individual ion diffusion coefficients (D) and spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) were measured by H1, F19, and L7i NMR. At the same time, the ionic conductivity (σ), viscosity (η), and density (ρ) were measured over a wide temperature range. The van der Waals volumes of P13, TFSA, FSA, Li(TFSA)2, and Li(FSA)3 were estimated by molecular orbital calculations. The experimental values obtained in this study were analyzed by the classical Stokes–Einstein, Nernst–Einstein (NE), and Stokes–Einstein–Debye equations and Walden plots were also made for the neat and binary ILs to clarify physical and mobile properties of individual ions. From the temperature-dependent velocity correlation coefficients for neat P13-TFSA and P13-FSA, the NE parameter 1-ξ was evaluated. The ionicity (electrochemical molar conductivity divided by the NE conductivity from NMR) and the 1-ξ had exactly the same values. The rotational and translational motions of P13 and jump of a lithium ion are also discussed.
Collective coordinate variable for soliton-potential system in sine-Gordon model
Authors: Javidan Kurosh
Published: November 2010

A collective coordinate variable for adding a space dependent potential to the sine-Gordon model is presented. Interaction of solitons with a delta function potential barrier and also a delta function potential well is investigated. A majority of the interactive characters are derived analytically. We find that the behavior of a solitonic solution is similar to a point particle which is moved under the influence of a complicated effective potential. The effective potential is a function of the initial field conditions and parameters of added potential.
Conductivity enhancement of ultrathin LaNiO3 films in superlattices
Authors: Son Junwoo , LeBeau James M. , Allen S. James , Stemmer Susanne
Published: November 2010

The resistance of superlattices composed of bilayers of ultrathin (∼4 unit cells) of LaNiO3 and ∼3 unit cells of insulating SrTiO3 is explored as a function of temperature and the number of bilayers. All superlattices with more than one bilayer are metallic, whereas a single bilayer is insulating. Two possible interpretations of the electrical characteristics of the superlattices are discussed. The first model involves conduction in parallel-connected layers, whereas the second model assumes coupling of layers, each of which is near the percolation threshold for a metal-insulator transition.
Minimization of thin film contact resistance
Authors: Zhang Peng , Lau Y. Y. , Gilgenbach R. M.
Published: November 2010

The geometry that minimizes the electrical constriction resistance of thin film contact is identified for both Cartesian and cylindrical geometries. Assuming uniform resistivity on an idealized model, simple scaling laws for the thin film contact resistance are constructed, for arbitrary ratio of constriction size to film thickness. Optimal conditions to minimize the thin film contact resistance are identified. The analytic calculations are confirmed with numerical code results.
Deep level related photoluminescence in ZnMgO
Authors: Trunk M. , Venkatachalapathy V. , Galeckas A. , Kuznetsov A. Yu.
Published: November 2010

Optically active deep levels were investigated in ZnMgO layers using temperature dependent photoluminescence. The samples, grown on c-plane sapphire by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy, exhibited Mg contents ranging from 0% to 8.5% leading to a gradual band gap broadening. The deep level luminescence was found to consist of several emission components centered at 2, 2.3, 2.5, 2.8, and 3 eV. With increasing Mg concentration, the bands at 2.8 and 3eV were found to blueshift, the bands at 2.3 and 2.5eV redshift, while the band at 2 eV holds its position. A model is suggested explaining the deep level luminescence shift trends in terms of interaction of native Zn and O sublattice defects with the introduced Mg interstitials.
Nanoscale gadolinium oxide capping layers on compositionally variant gate dielectrics
Authors: Alshareef H. N. , Caraveo-Frescas J. A. , Cha D. K.
Published: November 2010

Metal gate work function enhancement using nanoscale (1.0 nm) Gd2O3 interfacial layers has been evaluated as a function of silicon oxide content in the HfxSiyOz gate dielectric and process thermal budget. It is found that the effective work function tuning by the Gd2O3 capping layer varied by nearly 400 mV as the composition of the underlying dielectric changed from 0% to 100% SiO2, and by nearly 300 mV as the maximum process temperature increased from ambient to 1000 °C. A qualitative model is proposed to explain these results, expanding the existing models for the lanthanide capping layer effect.
Discrepancy in mobility extracted from transfer and output characteristics of organic thin film transistors
Authors: Lin Yow-Jon , Tsai Chia-Lung , Huang Bo-Chieh
Published: November 2010

The discrepancy in mobility extracted from transfer and output characteristics of organic thin film transistors was studied. The extraction from transfer characteristics demonstrates higher mobility, compared to the extraction from output characteristics. It is shown that the contribution of capacitance variation may lead to an increased drain current, thus overestimating mobility.
Des difficultés de la transmission informationnelle en interpretation simultanée
Authors: Gile Daniel
Published: November 2010

La véritable nature du travail en cabine de simultanée est méconnue du public eldes utilisateurs qui ignorent tout de la pathogenèse des incidents d'interprétation. Ceux-ci surviennent à la suite de la rupture d'un équilibre précaire entre l'effort d'écoute et d'analyse, l'effort de production du discours et l'effort de mémoire. L'amélioration de la qualité du travail peut s'obtenir par la réduction des problèmes à la source et par le renforcement des capacités des interprètes grâce à une rationalisation des méthodes de formation et à l'éventuelle élaboration de techniques d'interprétation précises.
Factors and steps in translating
Authors: Hlebec Boris
Published: November 2010

L'article comprend la clé de voûte d'une théorie unifiée de la traduction, qui est sémiotique et communicationnelle, dont l'essentiel réside dans un catalogage des facteurs distinctifs et des pas conduisant à une traduction excellente. C'est ainsi qu'a été developpée la demande de Lévy concernant la traduction comme un processus de décision. Une nouvelle définition de la traduction a été proposée, en gardant séparées les recréations et les modifications.
La notion "intention" a été suggérée comme terme général pour toutes sortes de sens dans le texte, tandis que les fonctions communicationnelles (y inclus le style) sont considérées comme des types étendus d'intentions.
Finalement, le processus de traduire a été illustré par l'exemple d'un passage du roman d'Ivo Andric Le Pont sur la Drina et les démarches éventuelles, dépendant de facteurs changeants, sont discutées.
Translation and mass-communication
Authors: Delabastita Dirk
Published: November 2010

Tout bien considéré, on ne peut que s'étonner de la disproportion entre l'importance évidente du phénomène de la traduction dans les mass-media audio-visuels (importance qui peut être définie en termes à la fois quantitatifs et qualitatifs) d'une part, et l'attention minimale que la science de la traduction y a accordée d'autre part. Bien qu'il y ait bon nombre de publications à ce sujet, la majorité d'entre elles sont d'orientation purement technique; en outre, leur teneur est souvent préscriptive plutôt que descriptive.
En passant, cet article traite des causes de cette disproportion remarquable, mais avant tout nous avons l'intention d'indiquer de quelle façon la lacune pourrait être comblée. Le modèle que nous proposons est basé sur des schèmes de recherche dont l'utilité a amplement été établie dans le domaine de la traduction littéraire. En suivant Gideon Toury, nous présumons qu'il faut distinguer plusieurs niveaux de relations traductionnelles. Ainsi, la pratique de la traduction dans le domaine du film et de la télévision à l'intérieur d'une situation socioculturelle donnée (niveau de la performance) repose sur des choix faits parmi un ensemble d'alternatives assez vaste (niveau de la compétence); cette sélection est gouvernée par le niveau intermédiaire des normes. Les chercheurs de la traduction audiovisuelle devront se rendre compte de ces distinctions. Parmi leurs tâches les plus immédiates, nous comptons:
- l'élaboratio n d'un modèle de compétence, c'est-à-dire, d'une théorie de la traduction audiovisuelle qui soit exempte de toute immixtion normative et qui soit fondée sur des disciplines diverses (sémiotique du film, théorie de la traduction, etc.); notre article essaye de jeter les bases d'une telle théorie;
- l'analyse systématique et impartiale de la réalité historique des traductions afin de découvrir les mécanismes normatifs qui ont orienté les stratégies des traducteurs; à ce dessein, nous proposons un inventaire comprenant ces paramètres dont la pertinence nous semble fort probable.
Literalism
Authors: Shen Dan
Published: November 2010

What is the true nature of literalism? The present article argues that literalism is in fact word translation plus syntax transplantation, imposing SL's peculiar syntax on TL words, treating TL as a syntactically unpatterned system. This true essence of literalism has, for the past two thousand years, escaped people's attention and literalism has been taken by many as faithful translation or, in more recent times, as "formal-equivalence." Since literalism produces, as argued here, a 'hybrid' of TL words and untranslated SL features, it cannot be treated as TL's formal-equivalence and it is no alternative approach to fidelity. To gain a fuller picture, the present article also discusses the cause of literalism and the reason or pragmatic need for its survival.
Creativity in simultaneous interpretation
Authors: Alexieva Bistra
Published: November 2010

Le caractère créatif de l'interprétation simultanée (IS) est étudié à la lumière de la définition d'A. Lutzkanov au sujet du processus créatif en tant que processus se basant sur un choix non réglementé. On indique les moments dans les différentes phases de l'IS (par exemple lorsque l'on analyse le sens dans le segment discursif adopté, lorsque l'on trouve le meilleur équivalent dans la langue cible en préservant le sens dominant, etc.), quand l'interpréte doit faire un choix qui ne peut être justifié par des règles strictement établies. On relève surtout les principales raisons, spécifiques pour l'IS qui déterminent la nature non réglementée du choix, notamment: a/ le contexte insuffisant, dont dispose l'interpréte, car l'IS n'est pas "un jeu à information exhaustive," et, b/ la diversité dans le nombre et la combinatoire des facteurs qui entravent le choix de la variante optimale, procédant des particularités des éléments de la situation de communication.
Ernst Bloch's 'the Principle of Hope'
Authors: Dickinson J.K.
Published: November 2010

Dans cet essai l'auteur affirme l'importance du philosophe allemand, Ernst Bloch (1885-1977) et de son oeuvre comme elle a été démontrée dans Das Prinzip Hoffnung. Il conclut que les deux, l'homme et l'oeuvre, dont une grande partie a été écrite durant son exil aux Etats-Unis, méritent d'être mieux connus dans ce pays. Une telle conclusion fait surgir un nombre d'exigences sur une traduction anglaise du magnum opus de Bloch. Selon le jugement de l'auteur la traduction par Knight and Plaice (1985) n'a pas réussi adéquatement en répondant ä ces demandes, malgré un effort héroique déployé ä cet effet. Ce jugement repose sur une analyse détaillée du texte en combinaison avec l'attention aux antinomies infidèles: "reproduction littérale" versus "reproduction libre" et "signification essentielle" versus "signification exacte".
Hungarian literature in translation
Authors: Radó Győrgy
Published: November 2010

L'image millénaire de la Hongrie est perçue à travers sa littérature traduite en langues étrangères. Après les siècles anciens, spécialement les "trois grands" du 19ème siècle sont traités plus amplement: Sándor Petöfi, "le barde de la liberté"; Mór Jókai, conteur favori; et "La Tragédie de l'Homme," drame-poème d'humanité ďImre Madách. Les protagonistes du 20ème siècle sont les deux "classiques des temps modernes": Endre Ady et Attila József, ainsi que le grand témoin du barbarisme, victime des Nazis, Miklós Radnóti; et on ne peut pas omettre Ferenc Molnár, dont les pièces sont jouées de par le monde.
Evaluating student translations by discourse analysis
Authors: Bensoussan Marsha , Rosenhouse Judith
Published: November 2010

La traduction d'un texte a été utilisée pour evaluer sa compréhension par 62 étudiants de premiere année a l'Université de Haifa. Ils ont traduit un texte narratif d'anglais de 530 mots en leur langue maternelle, soit hébreu (31) soit arabe (31).

Les traductions des étudiants ont été examinées pour leur fidélité a l'original au niveau macro- (schéma) et micro- (les propositions; les fonctions communicatives, explicites et implicites; le vocabulaire et les expressions; les temps des verbes; la correction grammaticale entre les noms et les pronoms; la cohésion; et l'acceptabilité du style).

Les résultats des deux groupes ont indiqué que ce n'était pas le nombre d'erreurs, mais leur type et niveau qui était lié a la compréhension du texte. Les erreurs au niveau macro-, surtout de la fonction communicative implicite, ont mieux mis en évidence la manque de compréhension que les erreurs de micro- (i.e., vocabulaire).