bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perception, Dreams, Films: Iconicity and Indexicality in Peirce's Theory of Perception
Authors: Dymek Anne
Published: June 2016

Chronologically speaking, Charles S. Peirce (1839-1914) could have mentioned the technique of film in the context of his phenomenological, or as he called them, phaneroscopic theories. But when he compared the human percepts to “moving pictures accompanied by sounds and feelings” in 1905 (MS 939 : 24), Peirce did not speak of the cinema. However, his investigations in the fields of cognition and phenomenology show relevant intersections with major concepts and problems of filmic perception theory. The present article aspires to investigate Peircian philosophy and film theory through some of their common concepts. The question will be raised as to whether the filmic viewing situation can be understood as a genuine perceptual situation in the Peircian sense. In a first step, I will give an analysis of Peirce’s theory of perception. In contrast to the majority of interpretations of the latter, which emphasize its iconic character, I shall argue for a perceptual process where iconicity is not the starting point but rather the outcome of it. This will imply an analysis of the roles of iconicity and indexicality in perception and of their relation to cinema’s “impression of reality”. Despite the phenomenological realism of cinematic images, the nature of what the viewer actually perceives is not as obvious as one might be tempted to think. Finally, an interpretation of filmic images as “diagrams of perception” will open up to some pedagogical dimensions of film viewing.
Le point : un argument en faveur de l’iconicité sémiotique
Authors: Caruana Francesca
Published: June 2016

La sémiotique de Peirce présente le signe sous une forme pragmatiste et non formelle c’est–à-dire dans sa dimension réaliste. Quel que soit le domaine, aucun élément ne peut faire signe sans la spécificité d’un contexte duquel il émerge, si bien qu’il n’y a pas de signe en soi, et dans cet ordre d’idée, l’imbrication des champs de référence du signe rend complexe son interprétation. Les significations multiples d’un signe n’ont de validité qu’en tant qu’elles sont l’objet d’expérience hic et nunc, et que la variabilité du signe n’en représente qu’une interprétation possible. Le point, élément fondamental de représentation scientifique, littéraire ou artistique est considéré ici comme objet-même de l’iconicité.
Pentagone internalises glypicans to fine-tune multiple signalling pathways
Authors: Norman Mark , Vuilleumier Robin , Springhorn Alexander , Gawlik Jennifer , Pyrowolakis George
Published: June 2016

Tight regulation of signalling activity is crucial for proper tissue patterning and growth. Here we investigate the function of Pentagone (Pent), a secreted protein that acts in a regulatory feedback during establishment and maintenance of BMP/Dpp morphogen signalling during Drosophila wing development. We show that Pent internalises the Dpp co-receptors, the glypicans Dally and Dally-like protein (Dlp), and propose that this internalisation is important in the establishment of a long range Dpp gradient. Pent-induced endocytosis and degradation of glypicans requires dynamin- and Rab5, but not clathrin or active BMP signalling. Thus, Pent modifies the ability of cells to trap and transduce BMP by fine-tuning the levels of the BMP reception system at the plasma membrane. In addition, and in accordance with the role of glypicans in multiple signalling pathways, we establish a requirement of Pent for Wg signalling. Our data propose a novel mechanism by which morphogen signalling is regulated.
Billing and Coding for Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment
Authors: Snider Karen T. , Jorgensen Douglas J.
Published: June 2016

Some osteopathic physicians are not properly reimbursed by insurance companies after providing osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) to their patients. Common problems associated with lack of reimbursements include insurers bundling OMT with the standard evaluation and management service and confusing OMT with chiropractic manipulative treatment or physical therapy services. The authors suggest methods of appeal for denied reimbursement claims that will also prevent future payment denials.
Plasmonic properties of superconductor–insulator–superconductor waveguide
Authors: Ma Youqiao , Eldlio Mohamed , Maeda Hiroshi , Zhou Jun , Cada Michael
Published: June 2016

The simultaneous realization of low propagation loss and subwavelength mode localization remains one of the critical challenges in plasmonics. Aiming to simultaneously realize low propagation loss and subwavelength mode localization in plasmonics, we introduce a class of low-loss and deeply confined guiding schemes utilizing an alternative plasmonic material, i.e., a superconductor (SC). The optical properties of a SC–insulator–SC (SCISC) waveguide are analyzed both at terahertz (THz) and telecommunication (TC) frequencies. The SCISC waveguide features a deep-subwavelength confinement with a mode length as small as λ/6000 (λ/18) for THz (TC) frequency, while the propagation length can be extended up to 400 mm (1 mm).
New lower jaw and teeth referred toMaxakalisaurus topai(Titanosauria: Aeolosaurini) and their implications for the phylogeny of titanosaurid sauropods
Authors: França Marco A.G. , Marsola Júlio C. de A. , Riff Douglas , Hsiou Annie S. , Langer Max C.
Published: June 2016

Sauropod dinosaurs compose a diversified, well known, and worldwide distributed clade, with a stereotyped body plan: deep trunk, elongated neck and tail, columnar limbs and very small skull. In Brazil, the group is represented by ten formally described Cretaceous species, mostly titanosaurs. This is the case ofMaxakalisaurus topai, known based on an incomplete and disarticulated skeleton, unearthed from deposits of the Adamantina Formation in Minas Gerais. Here, we report a partial right dentary, including five isolated teeth, collected from the same site as the type-series ofM. topaiand tentatively referred to that taxon. The bone is gently curved medially, the functional teeth are set on an anterolingual position, and two replacement teeth are seen per alveoli. New morphological data gathered from that specimen was employed to conduct a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Titanosauria (with 42 taxa and 253 characters), based on previous studies. The Aeolosaurini clade was recovered, withGondwanatitanandAelosaurusas sister taxa, andMaxakalisaurus,Panamericansaurus, andRinconsaurusforming a basal polytomy.
Geometric morphometric analysis of intratrackway variability: a case study on theropod and ornithopod dinosaur trackways from Münchehagen (Lower Cretaceous, Germany)
Authors: Lallensack Jens N. , van Heteren Anneke H. , Wings Oliver
Published: June 2016

A profound understanding of the influence of trackmaker anatomy, foot movements and substrate properties is crucial for any interpretation of fossil tracks. In this case study we analyze variability of footprint shape within one large theropod (T3), one medium-sized theropod (T2) and one ornithopod (I1) trackway from the Lower Cretaceous of Münchehagen (Lower Saxony, Germany) in order to determine the informativeness of individual features and measurements for ichnotaxonomy, trackmaker identification, and the discrimination between left and right footprints. Landmark analysis is employed based on interpretative outline drawings derived from photogrammetric data, allowing for the location of variability within the footprint and the assessment of covariation of separate footprint parts. Objective methods to define the margins of a footprint are tested and shown to be sufficiently accurate to reproduce the most important results. The lateral hypex and the heel are the most variable regions in the two theropod trackways. As indicated by principal component analysis, a posterior shift of the lateral hypex is correlated with an anterior shift of the margin of the heel. This pattern is less pronounced in the ornithopod trackway, indicating that variation patterns can differ in separate trackways. In all trackways, hypices vary independently from each other, suggesting that their relative position a questionable feature for ichnotaxonomic purposes. Most criteria commonly employed to differentiate between left and right footprints assigned to theropods are found to be reasonably reliable. The described ornithopod footprints are asymmetrical, again allowing for a left–right differentiation. Strikingly, 12 out of 19 measured footprints of the T2 trackway are stepped over the trackway midline, rendering the trackway pattern a misleading left–right criterion for this trackway. Traditional measurements were unable to differentiate between the theropod and the ornithopod trackways. Geometric morphometric analysis reveals potential for improvement of existing discriminant methods.
Predawn plasma bubble cluster observed in Southeast Asia
Authors: Watthanasangmechai Kornyanat , Yamamoto Mamoru , Saito Akinori , Tsunoda Roland , Yokoyama Tatsuhiro , Supnithi Pornchai , Ishii Mamoru , Yatini Clara
Published: June 2016

Predawn plasma bubble was detected as deep plasma depletion by GNU Radio Beacon Receiver (GRBR) network and in situ measurement onboard Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F15 (DMSPF15) satellite and was confirmed by sparse GPS network in Southeast Asia. In addition to the deep depletion, the GPS network revealed the coexisting submesoscale irregularities. A deep depletion is regarded as a primary bubble. Submesoscale irregularities are regarded as secondary bubbles. Primary bubble and secondary bubbles appeared together as a cluster with zonal wavelength of 50 km. An altitude of secondary bubbles happened to be lower than that of the primary bubble in the same cluster. The observed pattern of plasma bubble cluster is consistent with the simulation result of the recent high‐resolution bubble (HIRB) model. This event is only a single event out of 76 satellite passes at nighttime during 3–25 March 2012 that significantly shows plasma depletion at plasma bubble wall. The inside structure of the primary bubble was clearly revealed from the in situ density data of DMSPF15 satellite and the ground‐based GRBR total electron content.
Three‐dimensional density model of the upper mantle in the Middle East: Interaction of diverse tectonic processes
Authors: Kaban Mikhail K. , El Khrepy Sami , Al‐Arifi Nassir , Tesauro Magdala , Stolk Ward
Published: June 2016

We present a three‐dimensional density model of the lithosphere and upper mantle for the Middle East and surroundings based on seismic, gravity, and seismic tomography data and analyze the main factors responsible for the density variations. The gravity effect of the crust is calculated and removed from the observed field using the most recent crustal model. The residual gravity anomalies are jointly inverted with the residual topography to image the density distribution within the upper mantle. The inversion is constrained by an initial density model based on seismic tomography. The obtained density variations span in a large range (±60 kg/m3), revealing strong asymmetry in the density structure of the Arabian plate. The uppermost mantle layer in the Arabian Shield is relatively dense. However, below a depth of ~100 km we observe a strong low‐density anomaly. In contrast, the mantle density in the Arabian platform increases at the same depths. The most pronounced decrease of the mantle density occurs in the Gulf of Aden, Red Sea, and East African Rift. Underneath the northern Red Sea the low‐density anomaly is limited to the depth ~150 km, while in the southern part it is likely linked to a mantle plume. The densest mantle material is found under the South Caspian basin, which is likely associated with an eclogite body in the uppermost mantle. In the collision zones (the Zagros Belt and the Hellenic Arc), the high‐density lithosphere shows the location of the subducting plates.
First‐principles prediction of fast migration channels of potassium ions in KAlSi3O8 hollandite: Implications for high conductivity anomalies in subduction zones
Authors: He Yu , Sun Yang , Lu Xia , Gao Jian , Li Hong , Li Heping
Published: June 2016

Materials sharing the hollandite structure were widely reported as fast ionic conductors. However, the ionic conductivity of KAlSi3O8 hollandite (K‐hollandite), which can be formed during the subduction process, has not been investigated so far. Here first‐principles calculations are used to investigate the potassium ion (K+) transport properties in K‐hollandite. The calculated K+ migration barrier energy is 0.44 eV at a pressure of 10 GPa, an energy quite small to block the K+ migration in K‐hollandite channels. The calculated ionic conductivity of K‐hollandite is highly anisotropic and depends on its concentration of K+ vacancies. About 6% K+ vacancies in K‐hollandite can lead to a higher conductivity compared to the conductivity of hydrated wadsleyite and ringwoodite in the mantle. K+ vacancies being commonly found in many K‐hollandite samples with maximum vacancies over 30%, the formation of K‐hollandite during subduction of continental or alkali‐rich oceanic crust can contribute to the high conductivity anomalies observed in subduction zones.
Sustainability and Sustainable Development
Authors: Mitra Rahul
Published: June 2016

Sustainability involves development that meets the needs of the present without compromising future generations' prosperity. Organizational communication research on sustainability and sustainable development can be grouped in four broad areas: examining sustainability in terms of organizational viability in the presence of ongoing internal and external tensions, the environmental aspects of corporate social responsibility initiatives, corporate communication on broader environmental impacts, and resilience by complex adaptive systems. Three key directions for future research are identified on the basis of past scholarship: communication in interdisciplinary contexts, examination of sustainability messages to provide greater conceptual clarity, and a practice based approach to implementation of sustainable organizing.
Volunteers/Volunteering
Authors: Mallum Kirstie
Published: June 2016

Volunteers and volunteering make an essential contribution to nonprofit organizations and the development of more cohesive communities. Whereas varied interdisciplinary approaches have presented volunteering as the result of a dominant socioeconomic status or an altruistic personality type, organizational communication scholarship has focused on volunteering as an alternative form of work. Volunteers' efforts can be framed as poor quality and amateur or as a form of personal and professional development. Increasingly, volunteering is blending with work, leisure, and educational practices in other contexts, such as corporate volunteering, voluntourism, and service learning. Although volunteering has been conceptualized as requiring ongoing formal organizational commitment, other forms, such as episodic volunteering and micro volunteering using new communication technologies, are becoming more popular.
Kierkegaard, Søren
Authors: Hannay Alastair
Published: June 2016

Ethics in Kierkegaard's writings is associated, first, with
Either/Or
, which sets an ethical form of life up against one that is devoted to moments of gratification; and second, with
Fear and Trembling
, which opens the way to a religious form of ethical behavior.
Concluding Unscientific Postscript
introduces the notion of an ethico‐religious life‐view and defines the aesthetic, ethical, and religious “existence spheres” more closely. Later writings develop the theme of exceptions to the ethical demand of universality first raised in
Either/Or
and highlighted in
Fear and Trembling
through Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son Isaac. Kierkegaard's case for the exception is aimed at saving subjectivity from Hegel's dismissal of it as “moral evil” when claimed as self‐sufficient in morals. Where Hegel insists on morality's dependence on the subject's rational placement in an existing ethical order, Kierkegaard restores morality to subjectivity by taking the universality inherent in ethics to be constituted first in the individual's religiously motivated will. When not divided by hope of reward or fear of punishment, such a unified (and unifying) will performs actions that are good in themselves and not by virtue of being in deference to divine command or in furtherance of a divine goal.
International Relations
Authors: Fabre Cécile
Published: June 2016

Consider the following claims: “Germany invades Belgium,” “The United States imposes economic sanctions on Iraq,” “Russia threatens to cut off Ukraine's gas supplies,” “The United Kingdom and Argentina are locked into a territorial dispute over the status of the Falkland Islands,” “Germany develops assistance programs aimed at Malawi and Rwanda,” etc. Those claims describe the stuff of international relations. They imply, on the face of it, that states are actors in the same way as individuals are: they reflect, make decisions, change course when required, and so on. Theories of international relations purport to describe and explain facts about states’ conductvis‐à‐visone another. In this essay, I address the normative dimensions of international relations theories, focusing on the following questions: (a) To what extent do international actors consider themselves to be subject to moral norms in their dealings with one another? (b) Are international actors, in fact, bound by moral norms? Some theories of international relations explicitly consider both issues, while others focus more on the former. My aim in this essay is to review major theories of international relations in the light of the two prongs of the “normative question.”
Polyamory
Authors: Cutas Daniela
Published: June 2016

The term “polyamory” stands for love relationships between more than two romantic or sexual partners, or loving more than one person. It means being open to engaging in consensual non‐monogamous love relationships at the same time and in this way it is different fromserial monogamy(having only one romantic partner at a time, but several during one's lifetime). In a broader sense, polyamory is also taken to denote a willingness to accept that romantic love may involve more than two partners. A core tenet of polyamory is that loving one person does not need to exclude loving another, and that love is, or should be, inclusive.
Mesoporous Bamboo Charcoal Nanoparticles as a New Near‐Infrared Responsive Drug Carrier for Imaging‐Guided Chemotherapy/Photothermal Synergistic Therapy of Tumor
Authors: Dong Xinghua , Yin Wenyan , Yu Jie , Dou Ruixia , Bao Tao , Zhang Xiao , Yan Liang , Yong Yuan , Su Chunjian , Wang Qing , Gu Zhanjun , Zhao Yuliang
Published: June 2016

Near‐infrared‐(NIR)‐light‐triggered photothermal nanocarriers have attracted much attention for the construction of more smart and effective therapeutic platforms in nanomedicine. Here, a multifunctional drug carrier based on a low cost, natural, and biocompatible material, bamboo charcoal nanoparticles (BCNPs), which are prepared by the pyrolysis of bamboo followed by physical grinding and ultrasonication is reported. The as‐prepared BCNPs with porous structure possess not only large surface areas for drug loading but also an efficient photothermal effect, making them become both a suitable drug carrier and photothermal agent for cancer therapy. After loading doxorubicin (DOX) into the BCNPs, the resulting DOX–BCNPs enhance drug potency and more importantly can overcome the drug resistance of DOX in a MCF‐7 cancer cell model by significantly increasing cellular uptake while remarkably decreasing drug efflux. The in vivo synergistic effect of combining chemotherapy and photothermal therapy in this drug delivery system is also demonstrated. In addition, the BCNPs enhance optoacoustic imaging contrast due to their high NIR absorbance. Collectively, it is demonstrated that the BCNP drug delivery system constitutes a promising and effective nanocarrier for simultaneous bioimaging and chemo‐photothermal synergistic therapy of cancer.
The End of the Session: Final Thoughts on Final Terms
Authors: Creo Robert A.
Published: June 2016

In Part 1 last month, Master Mediator columnist Bob Creo discussed mediation session logistics in the run‐up to a settlement. In this month's conclusion, he details suggestions for the contents of a settlement agreement/term sheet.
Chiral Allenes via Alkynylogous Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction
Authors: Tap Aurélien , Blond Aurélie , Wakchaure Vijay N. , List Benjamin
Published: June 2016

Herein we describe the development of a catalytic enantioselective alkynylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by a newly designed chiral disulfonimide and delivers chiral allenoates in high yields and with excellent regio‐, diastereo‐, and enantioselectivity. Our process tolerates a broad range of aldehydes in combination with diverse alkynyl‐substituted ketene acetals. The reaction products can be readily derivatized to furnish a variety of highly substituted enantiomerically enriched building blocks.
High surface area carbon black (BP‐2000) as a reinforcing agent for poly[(−)‐lactide]
Authors: Delgado Paula A. , Brutman Jacob P. , Masica Kristina , Molde Joseph , Wood Brandon , Hillmyer Marc A.
Published: June 2016

The brittle nature and low‐heat distortion resistance of a promising biorenewable thermoplastics, poly((−)‐lactide) (PLA), motivate the investigation of strengthening additives that can address these deficiencies. In our work, a high surface area carbon black (BP‐2000) as well as biobased carbon blacks (hydrochars) were examined as reinforcement agents for PLA. When 1–5 wt % BP‐2000 was added to PLA, the crystallization of PLA was accelerated, resulting in higher crystallinity, tensile strength, and heat resistance. A thermal creep experiment revealed that the composites exhibited no significant deformation after 30 min with 2 N of uniaxial tensile force at 80 °C (above the Tg), whereas neat PLA (with similar thermal history) elongated to 79% after 5 min under the same conditions. PLA–hydrochar composites demonstrated similar brittle behavior to neat PLA. Despite the promising nucleating ability of hydrochars, they displayed low interfacial adhesion with PLA because of their low surface area, resulting in poor energy transfer on stretching. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43926.
High‐throughput screening and selection of mammalian cells for enhanced protein production
Authors: Priola Joseph J. , Calzadilla Nathan , Baumann Martina , Borth Nicole , Tate Christopher G. , Betenbaugh Michael J.
Published: June 2016

The production of recombinant proteins for biotherapeutic use is a multibillion dollar industry, which has seen continual growth in recent years. In order to produce the best protein with minimal cost and time, selection methods are utilized during the cell line development process in order to select for the most desirable clonal cell line from a heterogeneous transfectant pool. Today, there is a vast array of potential selection methods available, which vary in cost, complexity and efficacy. This review aims to highlight cell line selection methods that exist for the isolation of high‐producing clones, and also reviews techniques that can be used to predict, at a small scale, the performance of clones at large, industrially‐relevant scales.
The impact of a community mental health initiative on outcomes for offenders with a serious mental disorder
Authors: Stewart Lynn A , Farrell‐MacDonald Shanna , Feeley Stacey
Published: June 2016

Background

The Community Mental Health Initiative (CMHI) is mandated to assist offenders with serious mental disorders in their transition from institutions to the community, but this incorporates different styles of service. An important unanswered question is whether these are equivalent.

Aims/hypotheses

Our aim was to compare outcomes for different intervention styles within the CMHI, a programme for serious offenders in prison who also have at least one major mental disorder. Our specific research questions were as follows: do outcomes differ according to whether offenders with mental health difficulties receive (1) clinical discharge planning only; (2) community mental health services only; (3) the combined services or (4) none, although meeting criteria for any CMHI service?

Methods

Survival analyses, controlling for variables with a significant effect on recidivism or return to prison, were used to test for differences in recidivism or return to prison rates between the intervention and no‐intervention groups during a fixed follow‐up period.

Results

Men receiving only community mental health services had a significantly lower risk of returning to custody and of recidivism than men receiving discharge planning alone or no community mental health service at all, even after controlling for potential confounders including age, number of previous imprisonments and number of previous community failures. The advantages were apparent within 3–6 months and sustained for up to 4 years.

Conclusions/implications for practice

Provision of specialised community mental health services for higher‐risk male offenders with a mental disorder may reduce recidivism in the short and longer term – within 3 months and up to 4 years respectively. Statistical modelling also pointed to the need to include treatment for substance abuse and assistance in identifying stable accommodation and brokerage of community services among the interventions and services. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymer Crystallization on the Surface of Water or Aqueous Salt Solution
Authors: Fuchs Christian , Busse Karsten , Flieger Ann‐Kristin , Kressler Jörg
Published: June 2016

The crystallization of two semicrystalline and water‐insoluble polymers with ester moieties, namely poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL) and isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (i‐PMMA), was studied on the water surface using Langmuir trough measurements and Brewster angle microscopy. Additionally, Langmuir‐Blodgett films were prepared and examined by atomic force microscopy. It was demonstrated that PCL forms distinct single crystals on the water surface with polymer chain orientation perpendicular to the water surface. i‐PMMA behaved differently and crystallized upon compression on the water surface in a homogeneous layer with polymer chain orientation parallel to the water surface. In contrast, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is a water‐soluble polyether and its crystallization at the air/liquid interface could only be studied when the water subphase was replaced with aqueous salt solutions containing kosmotropic salts according to the Hofmeister series.
Quantitative structure–activity relationship model for prediction study of corrosion inhibition efficiency using two‐stage sparse multiple linear regression
Authors: Al‐Fakih Abdo Mohammed , Algamal Zakariya Yahya , Lee Muhammad Hisyam , Abdallah Hassan H. , Maarof Hasmerya , Aziz Madzlan
Published: June 2016

A new quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) of the inhibition of mild steel corrosion in 1 M hydrochloric acid using furan derivatives was developed by proposing two‐stage sparse multiple linear regression. The sparse multiple linear regression using ridge penalty and sparse multiple linear regression using elastic net (SMLRE) were used to develop the QSAR model. The results show that the SMLRE‐based model possesses high predictive power compared with sparse multiple linear regression using ridge penalty‐based model according to the mean‐squared errors for both training and test datasets, leave‐one‐out internal validation (Q2int = 0.98), and external validation (Q2ext = 0.95). In addition, the results of applicability domain assessment using the leverage approach reveal a reliable and robust SMLRE‐based model. In conclusion, the developed QSAR model using SMLRE can be efficiently used in the studies of corrosion inhibition efficiency. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of maximum likelihood PCA missing data imputation
Authors: Folch‐Fortuny Abel , Arteaga Francisco , Ferrer Alberto
Published: June 2016

Maximum likelihood principal component analysis (MLPCA) was originally proposed to incorporate measurement error variance information in principal component analysis (PCA) models. MLPCA can be used to fit PCA models in the presence of missing data, simply by assigning very large variances to the non‐measured values. An assessment of maximum likelihood missing data imputation is performed in this paper, analysing the algorithm of MLPCA and adapting several methods for PCA model building with missing data to its maximum likelihood version. In this way, known data regression (KDR), KDR with principal component regression (PCR), KDR with partial least squares regression (PLS) and trimmed scores regression (TSR) methods are implemented within the MLPCA method to work as different imputation steps. Six data sets are analysed using several percentages of missing data, comparing the performance of the original algorithm, and its adapted regression‐based methods, with other state‐of‐the‐art methods. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organophosphorus Compounds in Organic Electronics
Authors: Shameem Muhammad Anwar , Orthaber Andreas
Published: June 2016

This Minireview describes recent advances of organophosphorus compounds as opto‐electronic materials in the field of organic electronics. The progress of (hetero‐) phospholes, unsaturated phosphanes, and trivalent and pentavalent phosphanes since 2010 is covered. The described applications of organophosphorus materials range from single molecule sensors, field effect transistors, organic light emitting diodes, to polymeric materials for organic photovoltaic applications.
A New Versatile Water‐Soluble Iniferter Platform for the Preparation of Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticles by Photopolymerisation in Aqueous Media
Authors: Bonomi Paolo , Attieh Mira Daoud , Gonzato Carlo , Haupt Karsten
Published: June 2016

The multi‐step synthesis of a new water‐soluble dithiocarbamate iniferter platform for the preparation of nanoparticles and ‐gels in aqueous solvents by photoinduced living‐radical polymerisation is described herein. The water solubility of the dithiocarbamate iniferter was achieved by incorporating two unprotected glucose units into the iniferter structure by copper(I)‐catalysed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (“click chemistry”). Molecularly imprinted nanoparticles (MIPs) specific for 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and the corresponding non‐imprinted particles (NIPs) were prepared in pure water by using the prepared iniferter as photoinitiator. Radioligand binding tests confirmed a high imprinting factor, and the living character of the iniferter was demonstrated by re‐initiating a second photochemical polymerisation on the NIP nanoparticles in water by using ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate. Our newly synthesised structure is a promising tool for iniferter‐mediated photopolymerisations in aqueous media for the preparation of biocompatible nanomaterials with high potential for biomedical applications in a bottom‐up fashion.
NMR Backbone Assignment of Large Proteins by Using 13Cα‐Only Triple‐Resonance Experiments
Authors: Wei Qingtao , Chen Jiajing , Mi Juan , Zhang Jiahai , Ruan Ke , Wu Jihui
Published: June 2016

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful tool to interrogate protein structure and dynamics residue by residue. However, the prerequisite chemical‐shift assignment remains a bottleneck for large proteins due to the fast relaxation and the frequency degeneracy of the 13Cα nuclei. Herein, we present a covariance NMR strategy to assign the backbone chemical shifts by using only HN(CO)CA and HNCA spectra that has a high sensitivity even for large proteins. By using the peak linear correlation coefficient (LCC), which is a sensitive probe even for tiny chemical‐shift displacements, we correctly identify the fidelity of approximately 92 % cross‐peaks in the covariance spectrum, which is thus a significant improvement on the approach developed by Snyder and Brüschweiler (66 %) and the use of spectral derivatives (50 %). Thus, we calculate the 4D covariance spectrum from HN(CO)CA and HNCA experiments, in which cross‐peaks with LCCs above a universal threshold are considered as true correlations. This 4D covariance spectrum enables the sequential assignment of a 42 kDa maltose binding protein (MBP), in which about 95 % residues are successfully assigned with a high accuracy of 98 %. Our LCC approach, therefore, paves the way for a residue‐by‐residue study of the backbone structure and dynamics of large proteins.
Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Isavuconazole and a Fixed‐Dose Combination of Lopinavir 400 mg/Ritonavir 100 mg in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Yamazaki Takao , Desai Amit , Han David , Kato Kota , Kowalski Donna , Akhtar Shahzad , Lademacher Christopher , Kovanda Laura , Townsend Robert
Published: June 2016

This phase 1, open‐label study evaluated the pharmacokinetic effects of coadministration of the antifungal agent, isavuconazole (administered as its water‐soluble prodrug isavuconazonium sulfate), with the antiretroviral agent lopinavir/ritonavir in healthy adults. In part 1, 13 subjects were randomized to 2 arms to receive multiple doses of oral isavuconazole 100 mg either alone or with lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg. In part 2, a different group of 55 subjects were randomized to 3 arms to receive multiple doses of oral isavuconazole 200 mg, either alone or with lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg, or to receive oral lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg alone. Mean area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC) following the last dose (AUCτ) and Cmax of isavuconazole increased by 113% and 96% in part 1 and by 96% and 74% in part 2 in the presence vs absence of lopinavir/ritonavir, respectively. Mean AUCτ and Cmax of lopinavir were 27% and 23% lower, and mean AUCτ and Cmax of ritonavir were 31% and 33% lower in the presence vs absence of isavuconazole, respectively. Mild to moderate gastrointestinal disorders were the most common adverse events experienced. These findings indicate that coadministration of lopinavir/ritonavir with isavuconazole can decrease the exposure of lopinavir/ritonavir and increase the exposure of isavuconazole. Patients should be monitored for reduced antiviral efficacy if these agents are coadministered.
A Case Of Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Expressing Myeloid Markers By Flow Cytometry And Review Of the Literature
Authors: Harrison Melody K. , Vanderjagt Timothy J. , Zhang Qian‐Yun
Published: June 2016

Background

Flow cytometric data is often analyzed in isolation, without the benefit of clinical and morphologic context, and the findings must be interpreted with caution when unexpected results are obtained.

Methods

A bone marrow aspirate from a 69‐year‐old female with incidentally discovered pancytopenia was initially analyzed by flow cytometry alone. The results were subsequently correlated with clinical, morphologic, immunohistochemical, and cytogenetic findings.

Results

Morphology and immunohistochemistry confirmed metastatic small cell carcinoma; by flow cytometric analysis, the neoplastic cells were positive for CD56 and showed unexpected expression of CD13 and CD117, raising the possibility of a myeloid neoplasm.

Conclusions

Flow cytometric markers are not entirely sensitive or specific, and aberrant expression or lack of expression of certain markers can complicate interpretation, particularly when this is done in isolation (i.e., in reference laboratories). Whenever possible, clinical and morphologic correlation is strongly recommended. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Digital fragment analysis of short tandem repeats by high‐throughput amplicon sequencing
Authors: Darby Brian J. , Erickson Shay F. , Hervey Samuel D. , Ellis‐Felege Susan N.
Published: June 2016

High‐throughput sequencing has been proposed as a method to genotype microsatellites and overcome the four main technical drawbacks of capillary electrophoresis: amplification artifacts, imprecise sizing, length homoplasy, and limited multiplex capability. The objective of this project was to test a high‐throughput amplicon sequencing approach to fragment analysis of short tandem repeats and characterize its advantages and disadvantages against traditional capillary electrophoresis. We amplified and sequenced 12 muskrat microsatellite loci from 180 muskrat specimens and analyzed the sequencing data for precision of allele calling, propensity for amplification or sequencing artifacts, and for evidence of length homoplasy. Of the 294 total alleles, we detected by sequencing, only 164 alleles would have been detected by capillary electrophoresis as the remaining 130 alleles (44%) would have been hidden by length homoplasy. The ability to detect a greater number of unique alleles resulted in the ability to resolve greater population genetic structure. The primary advantages of fragment analysis by sequencing are the ability to precisely size fragments, resolve length homoplasy, multiplex many individuals and many loci into a single high‐throughput run, and compare data across projects and across laboratories (present and future) with minimal technical calibration. A significant disadvantage of fragment analysis by sequencing is that the method is only practical and cost‐effective when performed on batches of several hundred samples with multiple loci. Future work is needed to optimize throughput while minimizing costs and to update existing microsatellite allele calling and analysis programs to accommodate sequence‐aware microsatellite data.
Dentine oxygen isotopes (δ18O) as a proxy for odontocete distributions and movements
Authors: Matthews Cory J. D. , Longstaffe Fred J. , Ferguson Steven H.
Published: June 2016

Spatial variation in marine oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) resulting from differential evaporation rates and precipitation inputs is potentially useful for characterizing marine mammal distributions and tracking movements across δ18O gradients. Dentine hydroxyapatite contains carbonate and phosphate that precipitate in oxygen isotopic equilibrium with body water, which in odontocetes closely tracks the isotopic composition of ambient water. To test whether dentine oxygen isotope composition reliably records that of ambient water and can therefore serve as a proxy for odontocete distribution and movement patterns, we measured δ18O values of dentine structural carbonate (δ18OSC) and phosphate (δ18OP) of seven odontocete species (n = 55 individuals) from regional marine water bodies spanning a surface water δ18O range of several per mil. Mean dentine δ18OSC (range +21.2 to +25.5‰ VSMOW) and δ18OP (+16.7 to +20.3‰) values were strongly correlated with marine surface water δ18O values, with lower dentine δ18OSC and δ18OP values in high‐latitude regions (Arctic and Eastern North Pacific) and higher values in the Gulf of California, Gulf of Mexico, and Mediterranean Sea. Correlations between dentine δ18OSC and δ18OP values with marine surface water δ18O values indicate that sequential δ18O measurements along dentine, which grows incrementally and archives intra‐ and interannual isotopic composition over the lifetime of the animal, would be useful for characterizing residency within and movements among water bodies with strong δ18O gradients, particularly between polar and lower latitudes, or between oceans and marginal basins.
Fast Synthesis of Hierarchical Co(OH)2 Nanosheet Hollow Spheres with Enhanced Glucose Sensing
Authors: Xu Chufeng , Cao Yang , Chen Yong , Huang Wei , Chen Delun , Huang Qingyou , Tu Jinchun
Published: June 2016

In this report, hierarchical cobalt hydroxide [Co(OH)2] hollow spheres composed of nanosheets were synthesized by fast etching of polycrystalline cuprous oxide and were then applied for the nonenzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose. The fabricated hierarchical Co(OH)2 nanosheet hollow spheres were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and selected area electron diffraction. The electrochemical performance of the hierarchical Co(OH)2 nanosheet hollow spheres modified electrode to detect glucose was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. These sensors exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity toward glucose, with a response time of less than 5 s. The calibration plot is linear over the wide concentration range of 1 µm to 0.13 mm, with a high sensitivity of 925.21 µA mm–1 cm–2, a correlation coefficient of 0.9942, and a detection limit of 0.93 µm (signal to noise: 3). The results demonstrate that hierarchical Co(OH)2 nanosheet hollow spheres play a vital role in the development of electrochemical sensors for nonenzymatic glucose detection.
Biaryl Ketones by Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of Organotrifluoroborates and Acyl Chlorides
Authors: Forbes Alaina M. , Meier G. Patrick , Jones‐Mensah Ebenezer , Magolan Jakob
Published: June 2016

A procedure for the synthesis of biaryl ketones by a palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction between phenyltrifluoroborates and benzoyl chlorides is described. Organotrifluoroborates are unique to other cross‐coupling reagents as they have a high functional‐group tolerance and are moisture‐stable. Moderate to excellent yields were obtained for all substrates tested.
1,6‐Addition Arylation of para‐Quinone Methides: An Approach to Unsymmetrical Triarylmethanes
Authors: Gao Shang , Xu Xiuyan , Yuan Zhenbo , Zhou Haipin , Yao Hequan , Lin Aijun
Published: June 2016

A 1,6‐addition arylation reaction of para‐quinone methides with α‐isocyanoacetamides and electron‐rich aromatic compounds under metal‐free conditions has been developed. BF3·Et2O plays two roles in the reaction: catalyzing the cyclization of α‐isocyanoacetamides to give oxazoles, and activating the para‐quinone methides to achieve the 1,6‐addition arylation process. The reaction shows good functional group tolerance, scalability, and regioselectivity. It is a consice protocol for the synthesis of diverse unsymmetrical triarylmethanes. Further transformation of the resulting triarylmethanes provides an efficient route to some functionalized molecules.
Nanoparticles and capillary electrophoresis: A marriage with environmental impact
Authors: Mebert Andrea Mathilde , Tuttolomondo Maria Victoria , Echazú Maria Inés Alvarez , Foglia Maria Lucia , Alvarez Gisela Solange , Vescina María Cristina , Santo‐Orihuela Pablo Luis , Desimone Martín Federico
Published: June 2016

The impact of nanomaterials in the environment and human health is a cause of big concern and even though intensive studies are currently being carried out, there is still a lot to elucidate. The development of validated methods for the characterization and quantification of nanomaterials and their impact on the environment should be encouraged to achieve a proper, safe, and sustainable use of nanoparticles (NPs). Recently, CE emerged as a well‐adapted technique for the analysis of environmental samples. This review presents the application of NPs together with CE systems for environmental pollutants analysis, as well as the application of CE techniques for the analysis of various types of NPs.
SAMOS air‐sea fluxes: 2005–2014
Authors: Smith S. R. , Lopez N. , Bourassa M. A.
Published: June 2016

Bulk turbulent heat and momentum fluxes are derived using 1‐minute interval data collected by the Shipboard Automated Meteorological and Oceanographic System (SAMOS) initiative. The fluxes are provided along cruise track lines for individual research vessels (RVs) and are derived using three widely accepted air‐sea flux algorithms. SAMOS data collected by 19 RVs between 2005 and 2014 are used to create the dataset. The data are concentrated in the oceans around North America, but select data are available from most ocean basins.
Effect of macropores on soil freezing and thawing with infiltration
Authors: Watanabe Kunio , Kugisaki Yuki
Published: June 2016

An understanding of heat transport and water flow in unsaturated soils experiencing freezing and thawing is important when considering hydrological and thermal processes in cold regions. Macropores, such as cracks, roots, and animal holes, provide efficient conduits for enhanced infiltration, resulting in a unique distribution of water content. However, the effects of macropores on soil freezing and thawing with infiltration have not been well studied. A one‐directional soil‐column freezing and thawing experiment was conducted using unsaturated sandy and silt loams with different sizes and numbers of macropores. During freezing, macropores were found to retard the formation of the frozen layer, depending on their size and number. During thawing, water flowed through macropores in the frozen layer and reached the underlying unfrozen soil. However, infiltrated water sometimes refroze in a macropore. The ice started to form at near inner wall of the macropore, grew to the centre, and blocked flow through the macropore. The blockage ice in the macropore could not melt until the frozen layer disappeared. Improving a soil freezing model to consider these macropore effects is required. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indomethacin induces differential effects on in vitro endochondral ossification depending on the chondrocyte's differentiation stage
Authors: Caron Marjolein M. J. , Emans Pieter J. , Cremers Andy , Surtel Don A. M. , van Rhijn Lodewijk W. , Welting Tim J. M.
Published: June 2016

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the abnormal formation of bone in soft tissues and is a frequent complication of hip replacement surgery. Heterotopic ossifications are described to develop via endochondral ossification and standard treatment is administration of indomethacin. It is currently unknown how indomethacin influences heterotopic ossification on a molecular level; therefore, we aimed to determine whether indomethacin might influence heterotopic ossification via impairing the chondrogenic phase of endochondral ossification. Progenitor cell models differentiating in the chondrogenic lineage (ATDC5, primary human bone marrow stem cells and ex vivo periosteal agarose cultures) were treated with increasing concentrations of indomethacin and a decrease in gene‐ and protein expression of chondrogenic and hypertrophic markers (measured by RT‐qPCR and immunoblotting) as well as decreased glycosamino‐glycan content (by alcian blue histochemistry) was observed. Even when hypertrophic differentiation was provoked, the addition of indomethacin resulted in decreased hypertrophic marker expression. Interestingly, when mature chondrocytes were treated with indomethacin, a clear increase in collagen type 2 expression was observed. Similarly, when ATDC5 cells and bone marrow stem cells were pre‐differentiated to obtain a chondrocyte phenotype and indomethacin was added from this time point onward, low concentrations of indomethacin also resulted in increased chondrogenic differentiation. Indomethacin induces differential effects on in vitro endochondral ossification, depending on the chondrocyte's differentiation stage, with complete inhibition of chondrogenic differentiation as the most pronounced action. This observation may provide a rational behind the elusive mode of action of indomethacin in the treatment of heterotopic ossifications. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:847–857, 2017.