bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of problems faced by university libraries in the process of automation: with special reference to the libraries of Moratuwa and Colombo Universities
Authors: Dilroshan TL Chrishantha
Published: April 2012

The main objective of this study was to identify the problems faced by the University of Moratuwa library and the University of Colombo library in the process of automation. In achieving this objective, the study aimed to identify the software packages used by the two libraries and available modules in them; to find out the availability of infrastructure, hardware and financial facilities in the two libraries; to identify the progress made by two libraries in automation; to identify the attitude of the staff of the two libraries towards library automation; to identify the attitude of the university management towards library automation; to identify the solutions suggest by the two libraries to overcome the problems in automation. Survey method was used to identify the problems and interviews have been conducted with the two librarians and the departmental heads of the two libraries to collect data. The Survey revealed that two libraries surveyed face several problems such as inadequacy of infrastructure and hardware, problems in the software, lack of trained and skilled staff and lack of funds. The study makes recommendations to overcome these problems and achieve successful automation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sllim.v1i2.434 Sri Lanka Journal of Librarianship & Information Management volume1, No.2 pp.59-68 The full text of this article is available on the NILIS website.
Community Development in Sri Lanka
Authors: Kularatne WG
Published: April 2012

Objectives of the paper 1. Define Community Development 2. Explain Community Development in Sri Lankan Context 3. Develop a Conceptual Framework for Community DevelopmentDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sllim.v2i1.435 Sri Lankan Journal of Librarianship and Information Management Volume 2, No.1 pp.1-4 The full text of this article is available on the NILIS website.
Organising digital collections: problems and issues
Authors: Kaul HK
Published: April 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sllim.v2i1.437Sri Lankan Journal of Librarianship and Information Management Volume 2, No.1 pp.11-21The full text of this article is available on the NILIS website.
Framework to measure Community Information Literacy among rural citizens in Sri Lanka: building of a CIL Model
Authors: Seneviratne Wathmanel
Published: April 2012

The study is based on a survey conducted in rural areas of Sri Lanka on information needs and the citizens' ability to grasp the same. The study attempts to identify components of IL concept and tries to buildup an Information Literacy Model relating to rural communities. It was able to derive through the survey, factors that affect the level of IL. It was found that, competency level of IL not only depends upon language literacy or on conventional education system, but on other social factors as well. The research establishes the fact that Information Literacy is a ‘living concept', as phases of IL and factors that affect to its behaviour changes person to person and environment to environment. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sllim.v3i1.444 Sri Lankan Journal of Librarianship and Information Management Volume 3, No. 1(2007) pp. 14-24 The full text of this article is available on the NILIS website.
Anxiety, attitude and information use behaviour of school teachers in central schools
Authors: Jange Suresh , Surpur Suresh
Published: April 2012

The research paper presents the findings of a study that explores the use of school libraries and attitude, anxiety and level of satisfaction of teachers towards using information sources and services, level of collaboration between librarians / library staff and teaching activities, searching methods, difficulties faced and level of association between personal characteristics and use of library resources.A questionnaire survey was conducted by distributing 195 questionnaires to the teachers of Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) schools in Hyderabad Karnataka, India covering about 12 CBSE schools of the region, obtaining 175 questionnaires (89.74%).The results showed that about less than half of the teachers generally did use their school libraries daily mainly to refer books, which indicates that more than half of the teachers do not use much of their information resources effectively, mainly due to the inadequacy of their school libraries in terms of educational materials. In addition, teachers typically did not collaborate with their school librarian in planning their lessons or other academic activities, although 61.2% agree that they collaborate with each other.The teachers of school libraries responded were above 40 years of age accounts to 36.6% and 52% of the school teachers possess Post graduation and their experience would serve school libraries, strength in building model library. The study provided an insight into the situation of school library use by teachers in Karnataka, India and their related factors. This insight could in turn yield initiatives on various aspects of school library research, such as the role of the school library in the school curriculum, and how school library usage can be improved by teachers and school librarian through better collaboration.The study proposes that teachers are the first to get themselves more familiarized in utilizing and understanding the role of school libraries in inculcating and motivating students to develop information culture and the role of librarian in developing innovative services through school library outreach programmes.The paper notifies the significance of the school library especially in the Indian context in the school curriculum, presents the elements that can contribute to or work against the use of the school library by teachers, and most importantly, the results of the demands the ways and means to improve the situation for better utilization of information resources by the library to support curriculum and develop sense of collaboration among school library.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sllim.v3i2.446Sri Lankan Journal of Librarianship and Information Management Volume 3, No. 2(2008) pp. 16-27
Capacity to Vote in Persons with Dementia and the Elderly
Authors: Irastorza Luis Javier , Corujo Pablo , Bañuelos Pilar
Published: April 2012

The capacity to vote in patients with mental illness is increasingly questioned. The objective of this study is to evaluate this capacity in a group of subjects with dementia (Alzheimer′s disease) and other elderly subjects without dementia. With a sample of 68 subjects with dementia and 25 controls living in a senior residence, a transversal study was carried out over 4 months. Subjects were evaluated with the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Competence Assessment Tool for voting (CAT‐V). The results were more positive for the Doe criteria (as part of the CAT‐V), and a correlation was found with the MMSE in subjects with dementia and, to a lesser degree, in the controls. We conclude that the capacity to vote is related to cognitive deterioration and, within that, is more related to understanding and appreciation.
Microbiologic quality of an untreated water sample analyzed by a novel DNA chip for simultaneous detection of microorganisms
Authors: Vale Filipa F. , Saraiva-Pava Kathy D. , Fontes Magda S.C. , Vieira Helena
Published: April 2012

Consumption of contaminated drinking water heavily contributes to the burden of gastrointestinal waterborne diseases. Conventional detection methodologies present several shortcomings, such as indirect measure of indicator species, low throughput and time consume. DNA chips have the potential to serve as surveillance systems for the simultaneous detection of pathogens overcoming these limitations. We have developed a DNA chip for simultaneous detection of multiple waterborne pathogens. Species specific DNA probes were implemented on a microarray, for microorganism detection. Present study reports the results of one untreated water sample analyzed by conventional methods and by the DNA chip. The results were concordant for the mandatory organisms (total coliforms, Escherichia coli, fecal enterococci) using both methods, reinforcing the utility and proof-ofconcept of the DNA chip. However, it is necessary a prior enrichment in a culture medium in order to obtain a positive signal using the DNA chip. The DNA chip may be a valuable distinctive tool for waterborne pathogens detection
Non-detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infection by polymerase chain reaction in pregnant Iranian women
Authors: Hassanzadeh Parvin , Sharifi Hosein , Bazargani Abdollah , Khashei Reza , Emami Amir , Motamedifar Mohammad
Published: April 2012

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of sexually transmitted infection. In 75% of women and 50% of men infection is asymptomatic. According to World Health Organization reports, the number of new genital infections with Chlamydia trachomatis reaches 100 million annually. The sensitivity and specificity of nacid amplification tests are 95% and 99%, respectively. Urine samples can provide a non-invasive method of testing for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnant women referred to a teaching hospital affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Urine samples were obtained from 210 pregnant women and investigated microscopically and macroscopically by urinalysis. Precipitants were also used for DNA extraction and PCR test for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis. Among 210 urine specimens from women aged 15-39 years, none were positive for Chlamydia trachomatis by PCR. In spite of the high sensitivity and specificity of PCR, and the elimination of inhibitory effects on PCR test, no pregnant woman was positive for Chlamydia trachomatis. Here, we suggest that a larger sample should be studied and other sensitive methods could also be used in the future.
In vitro antimicrobial activity of Salvadora persica extract on Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from duodenal ulcer biopsies
Authors: Mirkamandar Ehsan , Shakibaie Mohammad Reza , Adeli Saeed , Mehrabani Mitra , Hayatbakhsh Mohammad Mehdi , Esmailian Saeed
Published: April 2012

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of a methanolic extract of Salvadora persica solution on Helicobacter pylori isolated from duodenal ulcer. Over 22 strains of H. pylori were isolated from duodenal ulcer from August 2010 to June 2011. The S. persica stem was purchased from a local herb market and finely powdered. Extraction was performed with 60% methanol using a soxhlet extractor for 48 h until the solvent turned colorless while being incubated in an oven at 40°C for 48 h till dried. Dry powder was used to determine antimicrobial activity by the agar ditch method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract were determined by the agar dilution method. At concentrations of 10, 100, 200, 500 µg/mL, no zone of inhibition around the ditches was observed while a clear zone of inhibition (12 mm) was detected at 1000 µg/mL concentration for all the isolates. The best antimicrobial activity was observed at MIC 1000 µg/mL (P≤0.05). Furthermore, 10 out of 22 isolates were inhibited at 750 µg/mL of the extract. The MBC results showed that at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL all cells were dead while at a concentration of 750 µg/mL of S. persica a few H. pylori cells were still able to form colonies on Brucella agar supplemented with sheep red blood cells and antibiotics. From the above results it can be concluded that high concentration of S.persica could inhibit the growth of H. pylori and MIC and MBC were similar at that concentration.
Advances in functional neuroimaging in dementias and potential pitfalls
Authors: Standley Katherine , Brock Charles , Hoffmann Michael
Published: April 2012

Neuroimaging is continuously advancing at a rapid rate and has progressed from excluding relatively uncommon secondary causes (stroke, tumor) to assisting with early diagnosis and subtype of dementia. Structural imaging has given way to functional, metabolic and receptor imaging.
Update on Perioperative Management of the Child with Asthma
Authors: Dones Francesco , Foresta Grazia , Russotto Vincenzo
Published: April 2012

Asthma represents the leading cause of morbidity from a chronic disease among children. Dealing with this disease during the perioperative period of pediatric surgical procedures is, therefore, quite common for the anesthesiologist and other professionalities involved. Preoperative assessment has a key role in detecting children at increased risk of perioperative respiratory complications. For children without an optimal control of symptoms or with a recent respiratory tract infection elective surgery should be postponed, if possible, after the optimization of therapy. According to clinical setting, loco-regional anesthesia represents the desirable option since it allows to avoid airway instrumentation. Airway management goals are preventing the increase of airflow resistance during general anesthesia along with avoiding triggers of bronchospasm. When their use is possible, face mask ventilation and laringeal mask are considered more reliable than tracheal intubation for children with asthma. Sevoflurane is the most commonly used anesthetic for induction and manteinance. Salbutamol seems to be useful in preventing airflow resistance rise after endotracheal intubation. Mechanical ventilation should be tailored according to pathophysiology of asthma: an adequate expiratory time should be setted in order to avoid a positive end-expiratory pressure due to expiratory airflow obstruction. Pain should be prevented and promptly controlled with a loco-regional anesthesia technique when it is possible. Potential allergic reactions to drugs or latex should always be considered during the whole perioperative period. Creating a serene atmosphere should be adopted as an important component of interventions in order to guarantee the best care to the asthmatic child.
Size and time-resolved growth rate measurements of 1 to 5 nm freshly formed atmospheric nuclei
Authors: Kuang C. , Chen M. , Zhao J. , Smith J. , McMurry P. H. , Wang J.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. This study presents measurements of size and time-resolved particle diameter growth rates for freshly nucleated particles down to 1 nm geometric diameter. Novel data analysis methods were developed, de-coupling for the first time the size and time-dependence of particle growth rates by fitting the aerosol general dynamic equation to size distributions obtained at an instant in time. Size distributions of freshly nucleated total aerosol (neutral and charged) were measured during two intensive measurement campaigns in different environments (Atlanta, GA and Boulder, CO) using a recently developed electrical mobility spectrometer with a diethylene glycol-based ultrafine condensation particle counter as the particle detector. One new particle formation (NPF) event from each campaign was analyzed in detail. At a given instant in time during the NPF event, size-resolved growth rates were obtained directly from measured size distributions and were found to increase approximately linearly with particle size from ~1 to 3 nm geometric diameter, increasing from 5.5 ± 0.8 to 7.6 ± 0.6 nm h−1 in Atlanta (13:00) and from 5.6 ± 2 to 27 ± 5 nm h−1 in Boulder (13:00). The resulting growth rate enhancement Γ, defined as the ratio of the observed growth rate to the growth rate due to the condensation of sulfuric acid only, was found to increase approximately linearly with size from ~1 to 3 nm geometric diameter. For the presented NPF events, values for Γ had lower limits that approached ~1 at 1.2 nm geometric diameter in Atlanta and ~3 at 0.8 nm geometric diameter in Boulder, and had upper limits that reached 8.3 at 4.1 nm geometric diameter in Atlanta and 25 at 2.7 nm geometric diameter in Boulder. Nucleated particle survival probability calculations comparing the effects of constant and size-dependent growth indicate that neglecting the strong dependence of growth rate on size from 1 to 3 nm observed in this study could lead to a significant overestimation of CCN survival probability.
Impact of urban parameterization on high resolution air quality forecast with the GEM – AQ model
Authors: Struzewska J. , Kaminski J. W.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of urban cover on high-resolution air quality forecast simulations with the GEM-AQ model. The impact of urban area on the ambient atmosphere is non-stationary and short-term variability of meteorological conditions may result in significant changes of the observed intensity of urban heat island and pollutant concentrations. In this study we used the Town Energy Balance (TEB) parameterization to represent urban effects on modelled meteorological and air quality parameters at the final nesting level with horizontal resolution of ~5 km over Southern Poland. Three one-day cases representing different meteorological conditions were selected and the model was run with and without the TEB parameterization. Three urban cover categories were used in the TEB parameterization: mid-high buildings, sparse buildings and a mix of buildings and nature. Urban cover layers were constructed based on an area fraction of towns in a grid cell. To analyze the impact of urban parameterization on modelled meteorological and air quality parameters, anomalies in the lowest model layer for the temperature, wind speed and pollutant concentrations were calculated. Anomalies of the specific humidity fields indicate that the use of the TEB parameterization leads to a systematic reduction of moisture content in the air. Comparison with temperature and wind speed measurements taken at urban background monitoring stations shows that application of urban parameterization improves model results. For primary pollutants the impact of urban areas is most significant in regions characterized with high emissions. In most cases the anomalies of NO2 and CO concentrations are negative. This reduction is most likely caused by an enhanced vertical mixing due to elevated surface temperature and modified vertical stability. Although the outcome from this study is promising, it does not give an answer concerning the benefits of using TEB in the GEM-AQ model in an operational configuration. Additional long term evaluation would be required to better estimate the anthropogenic heat flux and to assess the urban impact in longer time scales (seasonal and annual average).
Nitrous oxide fluxes from tropical peat with different disturbance history and management
Authors: Jauhiainen J. , Silvennoinen H. , Hämäläinen R. , Kusin K. , Limin S. , Raison R. J. , Vasander H.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Tropical peatlands are one of the most important terrestrial ecosystems in terms of impact on the atmospheric greenhouse gas composition. Currently, greenhouse gas emissions from tropical peatlands following disturbances due to deforestation, drainage or wildfire are substantial. We quantified in situ nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes during both dry and wet seasons using a closed chamber method at sites that represented differing land uses and land use change intensities in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Cumulative N2O fluxes were compared with carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes. The mean N2O flux rates (N2O-N ±: SD, mg m−2 h−1) varied as follows: drained forest (0.112 ± 0.293) > agricultural peat at the Kalampangan site (0.012 ± 0.026) > drained burned peat (0.011 ± 0.018) > agricultural peat at the Marang site (0.0072 ± 0.028) > undrained forest (0.0025 ± 0.053) > clear-felled, drained, recovering forest (0.0022 ± 0.021). The widest N2O flux range was detected in the drained forest (max. 2.312 and min. −0.043 mg N2O-N m−2 h−1). At the other flux monitoring sites the flux ranges remained at about one tenth that of the drained forest site. The highest N2O emission rates were observed at water tables close to the peat surface where also the flux range was widest. Annual cumulative peat surface N2O emissions (expressed in CO2 equivalents as a percentage of the total greenhouse gas (N2O, CO2 and CH4) emissions) were 9.2 % at highest, but typically ~1 %. Average N2O fluxes and also the total of monitored GHG emissions were highest in drainage-affected forest which is characterized by continuous labile nitrogen availability from vegetation, and water tables typically below the surface.
Primary production in forests and grasslands of China: contrasting environmental responses of light- and water-use efficiency models
Authors: Wang H. , Prentice I. C. , Ni J.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. An extensive data set on net primary production (NPP) in China's forests is analysed with two semi-empirical models based on the light use efficiency (LUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) concepts, respectively. Results are shown to be broadly consistent with other data sets (grassland above-ground NPP; globally extrapolated gross primary production, GPP) and published analyses. But although both models describe the data about equally well, they predict notably different responses to [CO2] and temperature. These are illustrated by sensitivity tests in which [CO2] is kept constant or doubled, temperatures are kept constant or increased by 3.5 K, and precipitation is changed by ±10%. Precipitation changes elicit similar responses in both models. The [CO2] response of the WUE model is much larger but is probably an overestimate for dense vegetation as it assumes no increase in runoff; while the [CO2] response of the LUE model is probably too small for sparse vegetation as it assumes no increase in vegetation cover. In the LUE model warming reduces total NPP with the strongest effect in South China, where the growing season cannot be further extended. In the WUE model warming increases total NPP, again with the strongest effect in South China, where abundant water supply precludes stomatal closure. The qualitative differences between the two formulations illustrate potential causes of the large differences (even in sign) in the global NPP response of dynamic global vegetation models to [CO2] and climate change. As it is not clear which response is more realistic, the issue needs to be resolved by observation and experiment.
Personal Jurisdiction Over The Internet: How International Is Today's Shoe
Authors: Spataro Jamie
Published: April 2012

With the advent of the Internet and the World Wide Web, a novel question of procedural law has taken the legal arena by storm: how do we effectively apply traditional concepts of personal jurisdiction to the seamless world of cyberspace? In a world where politically recognized territorial boundaries will typically lead the discussion into where a party may be haled into court as a result of its activities, the Internet presents us with an anomaly of that traditional principle. Courts are now being launched into the unchartered waters of cyberspace where the traditional concept of personal jurisdiction often finds itself lost at sea.
The Future of Law Reviews and Legal Journals From a Student Editor's Perspective
Authors: Martineau Bradley J.
Published: April 2012

Law reviews and legal journals have been part of the legal academic world for more than a century. [1] These legal publications are unique because they are completely run by students. However, over the last few decades, law reviews and legal journals have been highly criticized, and some critics even predict their demise. [2] If law reviews and legal journals expect to survive and remain valuable academic resources, then certain changes need to be made, and these changes are the responsibility of the student editors. Although some legal publications are making changes for the better, such as publishing online, more can be done to improve these student-run publications. By taking advantage of technological advances, especially the Internet, law reviews and legal journals can reduce the time it takes to publish an issue. In addition, these technological advances allow legal publications to offer many new features and services for both the authors and the readers. However, updating a publication with these new technological advances can be expensive. Thus, law reviews and legal journals need to generate more income from other sources than just subscriptions.
Rewarding Creativity: Transformative Use in the Jazz Idiom
Authors: Wilson Stephen R.
Published: April 2012

A crayon drawing from a five-year-old child likely produces a copyrighted work. Notating or recording two measures of a three year-old child depressing piano keys, while not conventionally pleasing to the ear, may nevertheless be worthy of a copyright.1 The artistic merit of a work is not a factor in determining originality. Simply stated, an author satisfies copyright formalities when she affixes an original work of authorship in a tangible medium.2 Case law indicates that the threshold requirement for the originality element of a copyright is a showing of some "minimal level of creativity."3 Few could disagree that the low threshold requirement for originality encourages creativity. An inherent unfairness exists, however, when copyright law shuns creative artists from attaining a copyright.
Forgery in Cyberspace: The Spoof Could Be on You!
Authors: Austria Stephanie
Published: April 2012

Spoofing is one of the newest forms of cyber-attack, a technological methodology adapted to mask the identity of spammers who have faced hostile reaction in response to bulk, unsolicited, electronic mail messages.[1] Sending Spam, however, is no longer the only reason for deception, as crackers have taken pleasure in the challenge of manipulating computer systems and, additionally, find recreational enjoyment in doing so. In this legal Note, the author’s intent is to show that criminal, rather than civil liability is the best way to effectively deter and punish the spoofer. The injury that results when a computer system’s technological safety measures fail to adequately safeguard the system affects not only the owner of the hijacked e-mail address, but also the Internet Service Provider, and the Network as a whole. Current Anti-Spam Legislation is arguably ineffective at targeting these particular types of malicious attacks, and a different legal approach is suggested.
Keeping Time Machinese and Teleporters in the Public Doman: Fiction as Prior Art for Patent Examination
Authors: Brean Daniel H.
Published: April 2012

Works of fiction sometimes contain disclosures of inventions that operate as a bar to patentability, preventing inventors who actually make those inventions from subsequently patenting them. This is because the fictional disclosures effectively destroy the novelty of the inventions or render them obvious. Despite such disclosures, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office does not habitually or effectively search through fiction for pertinent prior art in its examinations. This paper explores the legal, economic, and pragmatic considerations if searching fiction is to become part of the patent examination process. Until recently, it was impracticable to search fiction in a manner that would accurately locate pertinent prior art. However, with the advent of the Google Book Search Project, fiction can be both effectively and efficiently searched for the first time in history. Ultimately, the strong public interest in keeping invalid patents from issuing requires that fictional prior art searching be incorporated into patent examinations.
Undampened Oscillations in the Circuit: Combining the Components of 271(f) Doctrine Supplied by the Federal Circuit
Authors: Byer Benjamin J.
Published: April 2012

Recent Federal Circuit interpretations of patent infringement laws that control cross-border activities appear to be tangled and conflicting because they are not based upon any underlying doctrine. In this note I attempt to unravel andsynthesize current case law into a cogent set of principles. I demonstrate that, although the case law delineates a coherent doctrine, this doctrine is by no means ideal or well-settled due primarily to the fact that method claims areincluded in the purvey of a statute not originally enacted to regulate such inventions. This over breadth causes many tensions that require complex rules, such as the detailed doctrine necessary to properly determine component status of tangible products in relation to a process invention. Insome cases, these rules reinforce the underlying doctrine by correctly excluding certain situations from the creation of § 271(f) liability. This is done, however, at the great cost of complexity and awkwardness. These problems have not only increased the inherent tension in § 271(f) doctrine, buthave also unsettled the Federal Circuit itself, resulting in the issuance of contentious dissenting opinions acknowledging the shortcomings of the current majority. This paper shows that although it is possible to coherently synthesize current C.A.F.C. § 271(f) case law, the resulting rules leave thedoctrine in a precarious position that will not stabilize as long as § 271(f) governs process inventions.
Would You Like that iPhone Locked or Unlocked?: Reconciling Apple's Anticircumvention Measures with the DMCA
Authors: Corbett Daniel J.
Published: April 2012

When Apple's iPhone first hit the stores it was an epochal media event.2 Apple, long a leader in high-end computers and personal electronics, was poised to make its entry into ahighly-competitive market with a new mobile phone that promised groundbreaking technological capabilities in a sleek, ergonomic package. Apple's CEO, Steve Jobs, extolled the iPhone's virtues to an eager press, and, shortly thereafter, Apple's stock jumped dramatically.3 Apple's loyal devotees lined up in anticipation days before the phone's June 29, 2007 release.4 It took Apple a mere seventy-four days to sell one million handsets.5 But some time after the fanfarehad settled down, public perception of the iPhone shifted. As consumers began to use the iPhone, the once-beloved phone began to acquire its share of discontents. Consumers expressed frustration in response to 300-page phone bills,6 expensive roaming charges,7 and, perhaps most vocally, to the technological methods Apple used to police its exclusive agreement with AT&T. 8
The Future of Cameras in the Courts: Florida Sunshine of Judge Judy
Authors: Stawicki Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2012

This paper explains why electronic broadcasting devices, including both video and audio, should be standard equipment in any courtroom given that newspaper readership is declining sharply and newspapers are cutting staff. The public now looks to so-called reality courts such as Judge Judy for how the legal system operates. It begins with an introduction discussing what many consider the trial that quashed momentum on broadcasting court proceedings: the O.J. Simpson trial. The article then considers a brief legal history of cameras in the courts, recent legislation on the topic, and arguments against cameras in the courts, including why those arguments fail. It concludes with the rationales for why broadcasting court proceedings is important to the public interest.
A Tangled Web We Weave: Enforcing International Speech Restrictions in an Online World
Authors: Cooper Gregory S.
Published: April 2012

It is no secret that the Internet has transforemd the way we communicate with each other in the modern world.  No longer "a unique and wholly new medium of worldwide human communication,"2 the Internet has seen a dramatic increase in the number of users across the glove, from about 40 million at a time of trial in Reno v. ACLU,3 to more than 1.1 billion today.4  As is becoming ever more clear as the technology contrinues to develpo, in merely a decade, this "explosion" of the Internet has led to a host of legal complications, challenging some of our most fundamental legal assumptions and doctrines.  Basic notions of jurisdiction and enforcement are turned on their head, as "content on the Internet does not exist in one particular place; rather, it exists in several places at once."5  But these complications are not just a matter for scholars, lawyers, and judges.  Underlying this legal chaso is a cultural battleground, as different nations find themselves confronted with the question of how to preserve national values in the face of a medium that is quite adept at transcending territorial borders.
Mineshafts on Treasure Island: A Relief Map of the eBay Fraud Landscape
Authors: Calkins Mary M. , Nikitkov Alexei , Richardson Vernon
Published: April 2012

As explorers once opened up new trade passages, thus attracting hordes of both honest traders and dishonest pirates, so too has the Internet opened new lanes of commerce and attracted the modern versions of the same. One of the widest of these lanes undoubtedly runs through eBay, located at http://www.ebay.com . From its humble beginnings as a little-known auction site hawking PEZ candy dispensers, broken laser pointers and other garage-sale pickings, eBay has transformed itself into a reputable public sales powerhouse where a Gulfstream II jet, million-dollar sports artifacts, and Madonna’s wedding tiara might easily change hands.4
Impact of Global Patent and Regulatory Reform on Patent Strategies for Biotechnology
Authors: Napoleon Vincent J.
Published: April 2012

I come to you this morning not as an intellectual property lawyer but as a former general counsel of biotechnology and pharmaceutical related companies, as an attorney with significant exposure to intellectual property issues and as one who has seen first-hand the importance of intellectual property in shaping commercial strategies in biotechnology. With that as a backdrop, I would like to thank you for allowing me the opportunity to share with you today thoughts that I have regarding patents and the impact of patent reform on biotechnology. It has been said that the best way to predict the future is to invent it. However, I believe that the best way to control the future is to patent it.
Bringing the Question of Chinese IPR Enforcement to the WTO Under TRIPS: An Effective Strategy or a Meaningless and Overused Tactic by the U.S.?
Authors: Yang Jung Yun (Jennifer)
Published: April 2012

China has had a long history of high levels of piracy and counterfeiting. Leaders of China’s Food and Drug Administration have confessed that their pharmaceutical market is immersed in fake and deadly drugs.1 In addition, DVD’s and VCD’s 2 containing pirated versions of Chinese and foreign films or television series are easily found in China’s major cities.3 Since China is the world’s fastest growing economy and the contributor of the largest trade deficit to the United States (U.S.) (U.S. $268 billion in 2008), 4 it is no surprise that the issue of Intellectual Property Right (IPR) counterfeiting and piracy are of national interest to the U.S..
Is It Time to Revisit Trademark Misuse?
Authors: Brown Scott H.
Published: April 2012

In the recent cases ofGeorgia-Pacific Consumer Products, L.P. v. Von Drehle Corporation and Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products, L.P. v. Myers Supply, Inc., Georgia-Pacific tried to use its trademarks to establish a tying relationship between its paper towels and its paper towel dispensers. This article reviews these cases by posing a hypothetical situation and then giving the reader a review of trademark basics, the doctrine of contributory trademark infringement, antitrust considerations, and IP misuse. The article then offers a revised trademark misuse test, and relooks at the Georgia-Pacific cases using this revised trademark misuse test.
The Page You Are Attempting to Access Has Been Blocked in Accordance with National Laws: Applying a Corporate Responsibility Framework to Human Rights Issues Facing Internet Companies
Authors: Miletello Emily C.
Published: April 2012

According to the OpenNet Intiative, at least 40 countries engage in some degree of Internet censorship. 1 While censorship may be considered justifiable for various reasons—including national security, blocking child pornography, or protecting intellectual property—some authoritative states, most notably China, censor the Internet in order to control the activities of political dissidents, international human rights groups, or those who may be otherwise critical of the government. Potentially more troubling, both authoritative nations and liberal democracies alike frequently request  user-data information from Internet companies, which may infringe on individual rights to privacy and free speech, and may even lead to arbitrary detention and torture.
Mid-Term Outcome of Total Hip Replacement Using the Posterior Approach for Displaced Femoral Neck Fractures
Authors: Low Adrian K. , Gursel Ali C.
Published: April 2012

Treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures with total hip replacement (THR) in appropriately selected patients has become more widely accepted. The use of the posterior approach for THR remains controversial due to concerns regarding dislocation, the cause of which is multi-factorial. This study is a single surgeon series of 45 consecutive active, healthy patients (mean age 78 years) with displaced femoral neck fractures treated with THR through a posterior approach. Large diameter heads (32mm in 47%, ≥36mm in 48% of patients) and an anatomic posterior soft tissue repair were utilised to minimize the risk of dislocation. Outcomes were reported at a mean of 2 and 6 years. The mortality rate was 13% at 2 years and 40% at 6 years. All revision surgery (4.4%) was performed for dislocations which occurred in 6.7% of patients. Good VAS pain, OHS and SF-12 scores were reported both at 2 and 6 years. Patient satisfaction with the results of surgery was high.
Osteoporosis and Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Bone
Authors: Villa Alessandro , Castiglioni Stefano , Peretti Alessandro , Omodei Marco , Giovanni Ferrieri B. , Abati Silvio
Published: April 2012

The aim of this longitudinal study is to present data from 76 female patients treated with bisphosphonates (BPs) for postmenopausal osteoporosis and referred to the Unit of Oral Diagnosis and Day Surgery of the University of Milano for diagnosis and treatment.
All patients received a thorough oral examination. The diagnosis of osteonecrosis of the jaw bone (ONJ) was made from radiographic and clinical findings. 9% of individuals had BRONJ at first visit. Patients with dental or periodontal abscess were significantly more likely to develop BRONJ (OR: 2.9, 95% CI 0.5–15.9).
Patients with osteoporosis receiving BPs may develop BRONJ, especially in the presence of an active infectious process in the mouth. Clinicians should carefully follow up on individuals receiving bisphosphonates therapy to avoid the occurrence of osteonecrotic lesions.
Research and Scholarly Activity in US Anesthesiology Residencies: A Survey of Program Directors and Residents
Authors: Nasr Viviane G. , Ahmed Iqbal , Bonney Iwona , Schumann Roman
Published: April 2012

Background. Effective 2007, the ACGME required scholarly activity during residency. Although many programs have ongoing research, residents' involvement may be limited. This US anesthesiology residency survey assesses the current scholarly environment, research activity and program support during training. Methods. Following IRB approval, 131 US anesthesiology program directors were invited to participate in a web-based survey. Questions to directors and residents included program structure, research activity, funding and productivity. We categorized residencies threefold based on their size. Results are summarized descriptively. Results. The response rate was 31.3% (n=41) for program directors and 15.3% (n=185) for residents. Residents' responses mirrored those of program directors' regarding the presence of didactic curricula (51% versus 51.9%), research rotations (57% versus 56.2%) and a project requirement (37% versus 40%). Demands of residency (27.0%) and early stage in training (22.2%) were the main obstacles to research cited by trainees. Residents' financial support was available in 94.3% of programs. Medium and large programs had multiple funding sources (NIH, industrial and private). Conclusion. Programs are dedicated to incorporate research into their curriculum. Residents' financial support and mentorship are available, while research time is limited. Systematic improvements are needed to increase trainee research in US anesthesiology residencies.
New paradigms in drug R&D: A personal perspective
Authors: U'Prichard David C
Published: April 2012

The Author discusses the recent productivity problems in the pharmaceutical industry, in the context of his 30 year career, and the current responses of the industry driven strongly by disaggregation of the historic R&D model, new fluidites of capital access, and the impacts of genomics and globalization.
Transition from the Lab to the Clinic
Authors: Kenimer James G , Ackland James
Published: April 2012

Before considering the specific regulatory requirements and expectations relating to your product it is informative to understand who regulates and why.
Project, Product or Company
Authors: Boni Arthur
Published: April 2012

This article focuses on the essentials of building effective, collaborative, team-based organizations. The entrepreneurs and innovators who found and build technology-based organizations comprise out target audience, but most specifically we address the biotechnology and biomedical field.Â  Two perspectives are provided in the article: 1) advice based on the experiential learning provided by years of experience of building and growing entrepreneurial organizations; and 2) identifying the keys to building effective teams based on some selected the academic or scholarly literature on building effective teams.Â  Our goal is to provide a perspective that blends real-world lessons filtered through a more scholarly approach based on case literature and other research-based studies.Â  The material summarized herein is presented as a learning module to the participants in the Biotechnology Entrepreneurship Boot Camp.Â  Our pedagogical approach in the Boot camp is to lead with the background material and perspective contained herein, and to then have a moderated panel discussion around these and other topics. The moderated panel consists of the key members of a real company consisting of key C-level officers and founders and a venture capitalist who funded the company.Â  Thus the â€œtheory and practiceâ€ of team-based innovation come together via a real-time case.
The Pitch to Investors and Partners
Authors: Boni Arthur
Published: April 2012

This article covers the essentials of constructing and delivering a â€œpitchâ€ of a business opportunity to potential investors or corporate partners.Â  We advocate constructing an effective pitch first and then using that as a guide to prepare your business plan.Â  The content of the pitch itself as described herein in effect comprises the elements to be incorporated into a business plan as a more comprehensive documentation of the business.Â  Therefore, focusing efforts on creating and delivering the components of a compelling pitch will provide the essence of what you will then need to put into prose as a business plan.Â  So, our mantra is â€œpitch then planâ€, i. e. donâ€™t waste your time writing prose until you know what you need to write.Â  Furthermore plans change many times between the first writing and successful implementation.
Prevalência das desordens temporomandibulares em graduandos da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa
Authors: Ferreira Flávio Basílio , Cruz Lucas Martini Pereira da , Urban Vanessa Migliorini , Fernandes Fernando , Campanha Nara Hellen , Jorge Janaina Habib
Published: April 2012

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência das DTM em graduandos de Odontologia da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa. Materiais e Métodos: Foram examinados 153 estudantes de todos os períodos, com idades entre 17 e 25 anos. Foram excluídos os graduandos em tratamento ortodôntico e aqueles com doenças sistêmicas graves, tais como neoplasias. Para determinação da prevalência e obtenção do diagnóstico das DTM foi utilizada uma ficha clínica composta por questionário de saúde e exame físico detalhados. Durante o exame físico, foi realizada a palpação bidigital e auscultação das articulações temporomandibulares, bem como a análise dos movimentos mandibulares e da amplitude de abertura bucal. Também foi realizada a palpaçãobidigital dos músculos mastigatórios e associados. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste Qui-quadrado (χ2) ao nível de significância de 99% (α=0,01). Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que 39% dos graduandosapresentaram algum tipo de DTM (p=0,004), sendo que 73% eram do gênero feminino (p<0,001). Foi observada uma porcentagem de 93% de desordens articulares e 7% de desordens musculares, tendo sido 78% isoladas e 22% associadas (p<0,001). A DTM articular mais prevalente, independente do gênero, foi o deslocamento do disco com redução (68%) (p<0,001). Conclusão: A partir da análise dos dados, concluiu-se que quase metade dos pacientes avaliados apresentou algum tipo de DTM e que a grande maioria foi do gênero feminino. Além disso, observou-se que a DTM articular foi a mais prevalente.Descritores: Transtornos da articulação temporomandibular.
Displasia Ectodérmica: relato de caso
Authors: Ferreira Christiane Santos , Ferreira Rúbia Alves Marques Hissa , Fernandes Maria Luíza M. F. , Branco Kelly Moreira Grillo Ribeiro , Arantes Rodrigo Rezende , Leão Letícia Lima
Published: April 2012

A displasia ectodérmica (DE) compreende um grupo grande e heterogêneo de doenças hereditárias que se caracteriza por apresentar manifestações clínicas relacionadas às anomalias das estruturas de origem ectodérmica, principalmente nos cabelos, unhas, dentes e pele. Este trabalho descreve o caso clínico de umpaciente do sexo masculino de 11 anos de idade, que compareceu à clínica odontológica de uma instituição de ensino superior de Belo Horizonte MG. A criança apresentava-se com características da displasia ectodérmica,na forma hipoidrótica, e com história de diversos indivíduos afetados na família materna. Fez-se, ainda, revisão da literatura e discussão da etiologia e tratamento para o caso descrito.Descritores: Displasia ectodérmica. Anodontia. Adolescente.
Métodos químico-mecânicos para a remoção do tecido cariado
Authors: Lopes Michelle Cristina , Mascarini Raphaella Capitoni , Basting Roberta Tarkany
Published: April 2012

Há algumas décadas, o tratamento da cárie preconizava a remoção dos tecidos cariados baseados em princípios de extensão para prevenção por meio de instrumentos rotatórios de corte e desgaste. Atualmente, novos materiais foram introduzidos no mercado com a utilização de produtos a base de aminoácidos com hidróxido de sódio ou papaína, os quais são indicados para remoção química - mecânica da cárie sem a necessidade de anestesia e equipamentos rotatórios. Esses materiais possibilitam preparos ultraconservadores. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi discutir, por meio de uma revisão de literatura, a efetividade dos métodos químico-mecânicos para remoção do tecido cariado.Descritores: Cárie dentária. Restauração dentária permanente. Papaína.