bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution and morphological changes of the Golgi apparatus during Drosophila spermatogenesis
Authors: Yasuno Yusaku , Kawano Jun‐ichi , Inoue Yoshihiro H. , Yamamoto Masa‐Toshi
Published: July 2013

In spermatogenesis, the Golgi apparatus is important for the formation of the acrosome, which is a sperm‐specific organelle essential for fertilization. Comprehensive examinations of the spatiotemporal distribution and morphological characterizations of the Golgi in various cells during spermatogenesis are necessary for functional analyses and mutant screenings in the model eukaryote Drosophila. Here, we examined the distribution and morphology of the Golgi during Drosophila spermatogenesis with immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. In pre‐meiotic germ cells, the Golgi apparatuses were distributed evenly in the cytoplasm. In contrast, they were located exclusively in two regions near the poles during the meiotic metaphase, where they were segregated prior to the chromosomes. In cells in anaphase to telophase, the Golgi were predominantly left behind in the equatorial region between the separating daughter nuclei. After completion of meiosis, the dispersed Golgi were assembled at the apical side of the spermatid nucleus to form the acrosome. Further investigation of the Golgi distribution in β2‐tubulin mutants showed aberrant and uneven distributions of the Golgi among sister cells in the meiotic spermatocytes and in the post‐meiotic spermatids. At the ultrastructural level, the Golgi apparatus in pre‐meiotic spermatocytes comprised a pair of stacks. The two stacks were situated adjacent to each other, as if they had duplicated before entering into meiotic division. These results highlight the dynamic nature of the Golgi during spermatogenesis and provide a framework for analyzing the correlations between the dynamics of the Golgi and its function in sperm development.
Is the WISC‐IV General Ability Index a useful tool for identifying intellectual disability?
Authors: Lanfranchi Silvia
Published: July 2013

This commentary is on the original article by Koriakin et al. on pages 840–845 of this issue.
Atrophy and hypertrophy following injections of botulinum toxin in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Hastings‐Ison Tandy , Graham H. Kerr
Published: July 2013

This commentary is on the original article by Williams et al. on pages 813–820 of this issue.
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, in subjects with renal impairment
Authors: Macha S. , Mattheus M. , Halabi A. , Pinnetti S. , Woerle H. J. , Broedl U. C.
Published: July 2013

Aims

Empagliflozin is a selective sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that inhibits renal glucose reabsorption and is being investigated for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

In this open‐label study, the effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of a 50 mg dose of empagliflozin was investigated in 40 subjects, grouped according to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).

Results

Maximum empagliflozin plasma concentrations were similar in subjects with normal renal function and renal impairment. Area under the empagliflozin concentration‐time curve (AUC0–∞) values increased by approximately 18, 20, 66 and 48% in subjects with mild, moderate, severe renal impairment and renal failure/end stage renal disease (ESRD), respectively, in comparison to healthy subjects. This was attributed to decreased renal clearance (CLR). Urinary glucose excretion (UGE) decreased with increasing renal impairment and correlated with decreased eGFR and CLR. Empagliflozin was well tolerated, with no increase in adverse events associated with renal impairment.

Conclusions

Renal insufficiency resulted in decreased CLR of empagliflozin, moderately increased systemic exposure and decreased UGE. A single 50 mg dose of empagliflozin was well tolerated in subjects with normal renal function and any degree of renal impairment. The pharmacokinetic results of this study indicate that no dose adjustment of empagliflozin is required in patients with renal impairment.
Prognostic role of plasma von Willebrand factor and soluble E‐selectin levels for future cardiovascular events in a ‘real‐world’ community cohort of patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Suresh , Khoo Chee Wah , Lim Hoong S. , Lane Deirdre A. , Pignatelli Pasquale , Basili Stefania , Violi Francesco , Lip Gregory Y. H.
Published: July 2013

Background

Endothelial damage/dysfunction may contribute to a prothrombotic state in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and the increased risk of thromboembolism and cardiovascular events. Raised plasma von Willebrand factor (vWf), an established marker of endothelial damage/dysfunction, has been associated with stroke and vascular events, at least in a clinical trial population. Soluble E‐selectin (sE‐sel) is another biomarker of endothelial activation/dysfunction, with more limited data on prognostic outcomes in AF.

Objective

To assess the relationship between the levels of vWf, sE‐sel and clinical adverse outcomes (including stroke, MI and all‐cause mortality) in a ‘real‐world’ community cohort of patients with AF.

Methods

We studied 423 patients (mean age 72·7 ± 8·4 years, 55·6% male) with nonvalvular AF, with a median follow‐up of 19 (9–31) months. Plasma vWf and sE‐sel levels were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results

There were 94 clinical adverse events (22·2%) observed during a median follow‐up of 19 months. Patients with clinical events had significantly higher vWf (P < 0·001) and sE‐sel levels at baseline (P < 0·001) compared with those who were event free.

Kaplan–Meir analyses demonstrated that more clinical adverse events occurred in the upper tertile of vWf [upper vs. lowest tertile, RR 3·8, 95% CI (2·63–5·57), P < 0·001; upper vs. middle tertile, RR 10·5, 95% CI (5·33–20·60), P < 0·001]. Similarly, the highest tertile of sE‐sel was associated with more adverse events [upper vs. lowest tertile, RR 3·7, 95% CI (2·51–5·31), P < 0·001; upper vs. middle tertile, RR 6·5, 95% CI (3·56–11·91), P < 0·001].

Conclusion

High plasma vWf and soluble E‐selectin levels are associated with an increased risk of clinical adverse events (acute myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke and all‐cause mortality) in ‘real‐world’ patients with AF. These soluble biomarkers may potentially aid clinical risk stratification in this common arrhythmia.
The effect of physician‐based cognitive behavioural therapy among pregnant women with depressive symptomatology: a pilot quasi‐experimental trial
Authors: McGregor Marla , Coghlan Michelle , Dennis Cindy‐Lee
Published: July 2013

Objective

The purpose of this pilot study is to evaluate the feasibility of a physician‐based cognitive behavioural (CBT) intervention for the treatment of depressive symptomatology among pregnant women.

Methods

A pilot quasi‐experimental trial was conducted in a family practice health centre in Toronto, Canada. Pregnant women (n = 42) were identified as having depressive symptomatology according to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and allocated to either a control group (standard prenatal) or an intervention group. The intervention group received standard prenatal plus brief CBT, initiated between the 20th and 28th gestation week prenatal visit, from their obstetrical physician. Follow‐up assessments were conducted at 38 weeks gestation and 6 weeks post‐partum to examine depressive symptomatology, anxiety symptomatology, health‐care utilization, medication utilization and overall treatment satisfaction.

Results

The delivery of the CBT intervention was feasible, acceptable and produced relatively high rates of treatment adherence. Of the 21 women in the intervention group who evaluated their CBT experience, 90% were satisfied. Although not sufficiently powered to detect differences between the study groups, trends in the clinical outcome data favoured the intervention group where mean depression and anxiety scores were lower for those who received the brief CBT intervention than those in the control group.

Conclusion

Results suggest that brief physician‐based CBT may be a feasible antenatal depression treatment option. The high satisfaction with, and acceptance of, the intervention by study participants and physicians suggests that a larger randomized trial is warranted.
Novel PAX9 mutation associated with syndromic tooth agenesis
Authors: Mostowska Adrianna , Zadurska Małgorzata , Rakowska Adriana , Lianeri Margarita , Jagodziński Paweł P.
Published: July 2013

Tooth agenesis is the most common anomaly of dental development. The purpose of the present study was to identify the causative mutation(s) in a family with a syndromic form of hypodontia. The male proband lacked 19 permanent teeth and showed defects of hair, but lacked ectodermal symptoms of skin and nails. Direct sequencing of the coding regions, including exon/intron boundaries of the msh homeobox 1 (MSX1), paired box 9 (PAX9), ectodysplasin A (EDA), and wingless‐type MMTV integration site family, member 10 (WNT10A) genes, was carried out in affected family members. All identified nucleotide variations were tested in 200 healthy individuals using high‐resolution melting (HRM) curve analysis to exclude the possibility that they represent rare polymorphisms. A novel heterozygous c.59delC mutation, segregating in the autosomal‐dominant model, was identified in the PAX9 gene of the proband and the family members studied. This one‐nucleotide deletion, located in a highly conserved paired box sequence, resulted in a frameshift (p.Pro20Argfs65) and in premature termination of translation, yielding a truncated protein 258 amino acids shorter than the wildtype protein. No pathogenic mutations were found in the MSX1, EDA, and WNT10A genes. In conclusion, the novel PAX9 deletion might be responsible for tooth agenesis and trichodysplasia in the investigated family. This c.59delC mutation potentially leads to PAX9 transcription factor haploinsufficiency.
The plant viruses and viroids database and collections of Q‐bank
Authors: Roenhorst J. W. , Boonham N. , Winter S. , Menzel W. , van der Vlugt R. A. A.
Published: July 2013

The availability of characterised reference isolates of plant pathogens is of crucial importance for research and diagnostic laboratories. The Q‐bank Plant Viruses and Viroids database contains data and information on plant viruses and viroids, with the unique feature that it is linked to specimens present in publicly available physical collections. The Q‐bank database aims to share data and information on the virus and viroid species and their availability between research and diagnostic laboratories. Currently the database focuses on regulated virus species. In future more plant viruses and viroids will be included to provide a comprehensive data and information system. The curators invite virologists worldwide to participate in this international initiative by making their data and isolates available via Q‐bank (http://www.q-bank.eu).
Effects of fungicide treatments of potato sprouts on assessment of resistance toSynchytrium endobioticum(Schilb.)Perc. using theGlynne–Lemmerzahl method
Authors: Przetakiewicz J.
Published: July 2013

Five different active fungicides (pencycuron, mancozeb, copper oxychloride, azoxystrobin, and a mixture of carboxine and thiuram) were compared to protect potato sprouts from rotting when they are being tested using the Glynne–Lemmerzahl method. Sprouts were treated before or after inoculation with fresh warts ofSynchytrium endobioticum. No symptoms of potato wart disease were observed on sprouts treated before inoculation. For sprouts treated after inoculation, symptoms of potato wart disease were recorded with all tested fungicides except azoxystrobin. In the case of pencycuron, symptoms were observed only when the concentration of fungicide was decreased to 20 mL L−1. Among the active substances tested, the best results were obtained for copper oxychloride after inoculation using doses recommended by manufacturers.
A contribution to the inventory and study of the impacts of phytophagous insects found on Baccharis halimifolia in its introduced range in France
Authors: Fried G. , Balmès V. , Germain J.‐F.
Published: July 2013

Field surveys and a literature review were used to develop an initial inventory of phytophagous insects found on the invasive alien plant Baccharis halimifolia (Asteraceae) in its introduced range in France. A preliminary study provides the first quantitative data for the observed impact of Ceroplastes sinensis (Hemiptera: Coccidae) on the reproductive output of this invasive shrub.
In vitroanalysis of equine, bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells demonstrates differences within age‐ and gender‐matched horses
Authors: Carter‐Arnold J. L. , Neilsen N. L. , Amelse L. L. , Odoi A. , Dhar M. S.
Published: July 2013

Reasons for performing the study

Stem cell therapies are used routinely in equine practice. Most published reports characterise stem cells derived from younger horses; however, middle‐aged horses are often in athletic performance, and experience degenerative medical conditions. Thus, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from this group should be investigated.

Objective

To describe differences inin vitroadherence, proliferation and potential for differentiation of equine bone marrow‐derivedMSCs(equineBMMSCs) harvested from middle‐aged (10–13 years old) female donors.

Study design

Descriptive study of stem cell characteristics.

Methods

EquineBMMSCsfrom 6 horses were culturedin vitroand evaluated for viability, proliferation, osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, adipogenesis, cluster‐of‐differentiation markers and gene expression.

Results

EquineBMMSCsfrom all 6 donors demonstrated fibroblastic, cellular morphology, adherence to plastic and expression of cluster‐of‐differentiation markers. They varied in their rate of proliferation and trilineage differentiation. The equineBMMSCsof one of 6 donors demonstrated a higher rate of proliferation, enhanced ability for cell passaging and a more robustin vitrodifferentiation. Comparatively, equineBMMSCsfrom 2 donors demonstrated a lower rate of proliferation and lack of osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation.

Conclusion

The results of this study confirm that donor‐to‐donor variation in equineBMMSCsexists and this variation can be documented usingin vitroassays. Subjective assessment suggests that the rate of proliferation tends to correlate with differentiation potential.
Linking cod (Gadus morhua) and climate: investigating variability in Irish Sea cod recruitment
Authors: Beggs Steven E. , Cardinale Massimiliano , Gowen Richard J. , Bartolino Valerio
Published: July 2013

How climatic variability and anthropogenic pressures interact to influence recruitment is a key factor in achieving sustainable resource management. However, the combined effects of these pressures can make it difficult to detect non‐stationary interactions or shifts in the relationships with recruitment. Here we examine the links between climate and Irish Sea cod recruitment during a period of declining spawning stock biomass (SSB). Specifically, we test for a shift in the relationship between recruitment, SSB and climate by comparing an additive (generalized additive model, GAM) and non‐additive threshold model (TGAM). The relationship between recruitment success, SSB and the climatic driver, sea surface temperature, was best described by the TGAM, with a threshold identified between recruitment and SSB at approximately 7900 t. The analysis suggests a threshold shift in the relationship between recruitment and SSB in Irish Sea cod, with cod recruitment being more sensitive to climatic variability during the recent low SSB regime.
Designing first‐in‐human dose of coagulation factors: application of pharmacokinetic allometric scaling
Authors: Mahmood I.
Published: July 2013

The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the predictive performance of pharmacokinetic interspecies scaling of coagulation factors to predict clearance (CL) and (ii) project first‐in‐human dose based on the predicted human CL. Human CL of nine coagulation factors was predicted using two or three animal species using two methods: (i) CL vs. body weight (simple allometry) and where applicable (ii) the product of CL and brain weight vs. body weight. Based on the predicted human CL, four methods were used to project the first‐in‐human dose. The predicted pharmacokinetic parameters and the estimated first‐in‐human dose of coagulation factors were compared with the observed human values obtained from clinical trials. The results of the study indicated that the CL of coagulation factors can be predicted with reasonable accuracy in humans and a good estimate of first‐in‐human dose can be obtained from the predicted human CL. The suggested methods in this study are not only time and cost‐effective but also provide rational alternatives to the somewhat arbitrary dose selection process for coagulation factors often used.
Negative pressure wound therapy as an adjunct in healing of chronic wounds
Authors: Langer Vijay , Bhandari Prem S , Rajagopalan Satyamoorthy , Mukherjee Mrinal K
Published: July 2013

Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has emerged as a cutting‐edge technology and provides an alternative solution to the problem of wounds. This study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of this technique in the treatment of chronic wounds. A prospective clinical study was used to evaluate our experience in use of NPWT in the healing of pressure ulcers and chronic wounds over 2 years. The primary end point of the study group was the time taken for appearance of healthy granulation tissue and full reepithelialisation without drainage. All patients with sepsis were excluded from the study. The statistical analysis of the data was carried out. Of the 60 patients studied, 41 had associated comorbidities including diabetes mellitus. The commonest site of occurrence was the lower limb. Coverage in the form of a flap was required at presentation in 63·33% of patients. However, after initiation of NPWT, none of them required the procedure and they healed spontaneously either by secondary intention or by skin grafting. The time taken for appearance of healthy granulation tissue was 14·36 ± 4·24 days. Complete healing of wounds occurred by 33·1 ± 10·22 days. There was a statistically significant difference in the volume of the wounds before and after the intervention (P = 0·000). Complications resulting from NPWT were minimal. This technique is an excellent adjunct to surgical debridement.
Dendrobium tamenglongense sp. nov. (Orchidaceae) from Manipur, India
Authors: Kishor Rajkumar , Devi Yumnam Nanda , Sharma Hidangmayum Bishwajit , Tongbram Jennifer , Vij Suraj Prakash
Published: July 2013

Dendrobium tamenglongense R. Kishor, Y. N. Devi, H. B. Sharma, J. Tongbram & S. P. Vij sp. nov. from Manipur, India is described and illustrated as a new species. The new species differs from D. jaintianum in having larger and glabrous leaves with acute apices, green sepal apices, a 1–3‐flowered inflorescence, smaller and non‐fragrant flowers and a 3‐lobed labellum with fimbriate midlobe.
Musa puspanjaliae sp. nov. (Musaceae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Gogoi Rajib , Häkkinen Markku
Published: July 2013

Musa puspanjaliae R. Gogoi & Häkkinen, a new species of Musa sect. Musa, is described and illustrated from west Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh, India based on morphological characteristics observed in the field. The new species is common in Sessa, Zero Point to Ramda on Sepa road of west Kameng and Hazi Basti, Ziro of lower Subansiri district in Arunachal Pradesh. A key to M. puspanjaliae and related taxa is provided.
Adult patients with schizophrenia using violence towards their parents: a phenomenological study of views and experiences of violence in parent–child dyads
Authors: Hsu Mei‐Chi , Tu Chun‐Hsien
Published: July 2013

Aims

To describe the lived experiences of aggression and violence among patients with schizophrenia and their victimized biological parent as the major caregiver being aggressed by their child (parent–adult–child dyads), and to gain an understanding of the precipitating factors influencing violence.

Background

Child‐to‐parent violence, particularly in the mentally ill adult child, is arguably the most stressful and under‐researched issue of family violence. Violence in patients with mental illness is most frequently targeted at family members, and most often takes place at home. Both patients and their parents' experiences of violence are relatively unexplored.

Design

Qualitative study design.

Methods

Data were collected using individual in‐depth interviews between August 2010–August 2011 in Taiwan. Purposive sample of 14 hospitalized patients with schizophrenia who had aggression and violence in the past year directed towards their biological parent of either gender.

Findings

Five main themes were identified: violence occurring beyond control in a particular situation translated into parent and patient's possible endangerment, the repetitive nature of violence, distress, ineffective communication, and management of violence and help‐seeking. Repetitive violent episodes and tension made both the parent and patient feel uncontrollable. Parents had a perceived fear of adverse consequences such as being punished by receiving more retribution and they also had concerns related to their parental responsibility.

Conclusions

Health professionals should be aware of the complexity of phenomena and the interplay of factors inducing violence. A comprehensive dyadic parent–child intervention is suggested for violence prevention.
Increased Aortic Stiffness and Related Factors in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease
Authors: Catalano Mariella , Scandale Giovanni , Carzaniga Gianni , Cinquini Michela , Minola Marzio , Dimitrov Gabriel , Carotta Maria
Published: July 2013

A number of conditions have been associated with functional changes of large arteries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors associated with aortic stiffness in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The authors studied 86 patients with PAD (ankle‐brachial pressure index [ABPI] ≤0.9) and 86 controls. Aortic stiffness was determined by pulse wave velocity (aPWV) using applanation tonometry. In PAD patients, aPWV was higher compared with controls (11±3 vs 9.8±1.8; P=.002). In multiple regression analysis, aPWV was independently associated with pulse pressure (β=0.05, P=.01) in the PAD patients and with age in the control group (β=0.08, P=.0005). The results of this study confirm an aPWV increase in patients with PAD and emphasize the association between blood pressure and aPWV. Further studies are necessary to assess whether higher aortic stiffening adds prognostic value to ABPI, which is the most powerful prognostic indicator in PAD.
Nebivolol Monotherapy in Younger Adults (Younger Than 55 Years) With Hypertension: A Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial
Authors: Giles Thomas D. , Khan Bobby V. , Lato June , Brener Lillian , Ma Yimin , Lukic Tatjana
Published: July 2013

Nebivolol, a vasodilatory β1‐blocker, may be well suited for the hemodynamics of the younger hypertensive patient. In this 8‐week trial, 18‐ to 54‐year‐olds with a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 95 mm Hg to 109 mm Hg who completed a 4‐week placebo‐only phase were randomized to receive nebivolol (5 mg/d, titrated to 10–20 mg/d based on achievement of blood pressure <140/90 mm Hg [n=427]) or placebo (n=214). Primary and secondary efficacy parameters were changes in trough seated DBP and systolic blood pressure (SBP), respectively. Safety parameters included adverse events (AEs). The baseline mean age was 45.3 years; SBP/DBP, 154/100 mm Hg; and heart rate, 78 beats per minute. Completion rates were 91.3% (nebivolol) and 88.3% (placebo). At endpoint, there was a significant effect of nebivolol over placebo for DBP (−11.8 mm Hg vs −5.5 mm Hg, P<.001) and SBP (−13.7 mm Hg vs −5.5 mm Hg, P<.001). Total AE rates were 34.7% (nebivolol) and 32.2% (placebo). Nebivolol monotherapy is efficacious and well tolerated in adults younger than 55 years of age with increased DBP.
Can natural selection favour altruism between species?
Authors: Wyatt G. A. K. , West S. A. , Gardner A.
Published: July 2013

Darwin suggested that the discovery of altruism between species would annihilate his theory of natural selection. However, it has not been formally shown whether between‐species altruism can evolve by natural selection, or why this could never happen. Here, we develop a spatial population genetic model of two interacting species, showing that indiscriminate between species helping can be favoured by natural selection. We then ask if this helping behaviour constitutes altruism between species, using a linear‐regression analysis to separate the total action of natural selection into its direct and indirect (kin selected) components. We show that our model can be interpreted in two ways, as either altruism within species, or altruism between species. This ambiguity arises depending on whether or not we treat genes in the other species as predictors of an individual's fitness, which is equivalent to treating these individuals as agents (actors or recipients). Our formal analysis, which focuses upon evolutionary dynamics rather than agents and their agendas, cannot resolve which is the better approach. Nonetheless, because a within‐species altruism interpretation is always possible, our analysis supports Darwin's suggestion that natural selection does not favour traits that provide benefits exclusively to individuals of other species.
Natural enemies and environmental factors affecting the population dynamics of the gypsy moth
Authors: Alalouni U. , Schädler M. , Brandl R.
Published: July 2013

The population densities of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar; Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) may reach outbreak levels that pose considerable economic and environmental impacts to forests inEurope,Asia,Africa andNorth America. Compared with the situation in its native European range feeding damage by gypsy moth is often found to be more severe inNorth America and other parts of the world. Thus, the release from natural enemies can be interpreted as an important cause for high feeding damages. Natural enemies, especially parasitoids, can cause delayed density‐dependent mortality, which may be responsible for population cycles. InNorth America where only few parasitoids have been introduced and the parasitism rates are considerably lower than in Europe, generalist predators play a larger role than inEurope. Many other factors seem to influence the population dynamics of the gypsy moth such as the host plants and weather. Nevertheless, much of the variability in population densities of the gypsy moth may be attributed to interacting effects of weather conditions and attack by natural enemies. In spite of the considerable number of studies on the ecology and population dynamics of the gypsy moth and the impact of their natural enemies, more quantitative information is required to predict the population dynamics of this pest species and to control its economic and ecologic impact.
Vitamin D in liver diseases: From mechanisms to clinical trials
Authors: Han Yuan‐Ping , Kong Ming , Zheng Sujun , Ren Yan , Zhu Longdon , Shi Hongbo , Duan Zhongping
Published: July 2013

graphic

Traditionally regarded as a typical vitamin regulating calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, vitamin D is now discovered as a highly versatile molecule with emerging roles in immunity, cancer, infectious diseases, fibrosis, fatty liver diseases, and alcoholic liver diseases. A large body of clinical evidence has demonstrated the prevalence and risks of vitamin D deficiency in various chronic diseases. Biologically active vitamin D, 1,25‐dihydroxylvitamin D3, is synthesized in two distinct systems. In addition to the classic two‐step hydroxylation in the liver and kidneys, 1,25‐dihydroxylvitamin D3 can also be produced locally by immune cells in response to infection. The bioactive vitamin D generated in these two pools apparently functions differently: while the former facilitates calcium adsorption and homeostasis, the latter confers immune regulation. The immune regulatory functions of vitamin D are demonstrated by induction of antimicrobial peptides, suppression of innate immune response, induction of Th2 cytokines, and stimulation of T‐regulatory T cells. Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency is overwhelmingly associated with viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, and fatty liver diseases. Recent clinical trials have shown that vitamin D supplements significantly enhance the efficacy of interferon plus ribavirin therapy through sustained virological response. A recent study showed that 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D rather than 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D could directly suppress hepatitis C virus assembly. Moreover, clinical evidence has shown that vitamin D deficiency is associated with alcoholic and non‐alcoholic fatty liver diseases. In this review, we highlight some recent advances in vitamin D researches and clinical trails.
Differences in innate immune signaling between alcoholic and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Petrasek Jan , Csak Timea , Ganz Michal , Szabo Gyongyi
Published: July 2013

graphic

The similar histopathological characteristics of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and the crucial role of the innate immune response in both conditions may lead to the assumption that ASH and NASH represent the same pathophysiological entities caused by different risk factors. In this review paper, we elaborate on the pathophysiological differences between these two entities and highlight the disease‐specific involvement of signaling molecules downstream of the Toll‐like receptor 4, and the differential mechanism by which the inflammasome contributes to ASH versus NASH. Our findings emphasize that ASH and NASH have disease‐specific mechanisms and therefore represent distinct biological entities. Further studies are needed to dissect the emerging differences in pathogenesis of these two conditions.
Hepatic stellate cells, liver innate immunity, and hepatitis C virus
Authors: Wang Yizhong , Li Jieliang , Wang Xu , Sang Min , Ho Wenzhe
Published: July 2013

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Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can cause liver damage, ranging from mild to more severe conditions, such as fibrosis and cirrhosis. Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation is a key event in HCV‐induced liver fibrosis. HSCs express several HCV coreceptors that interact with HCV proteins, promoting liver fibrogenesis. In addition, HSCs have the ability to engulf apoptotic bodies of hepatocytes induced by HCV and trigger a profibrogenic response. Recent studies have suggested that HSCs may play a novel role in the liver innate immunity. HSCs enhanced differentiation and accumulation of regulatory T cells. HSCs‐activated natural killer cells could produce γ‐interferon that inhibits HCV replication. Importantly, HSCs possess functional Toll‐like receptor‐3 and retinoic acid‐inducible gene I that can be activated by their ligands (poly I : C, 5'ppp‐dsRNA), leading to the induction of interferon and inhibition of HCV replication in hepatocytes. These new observations highlight the importance of HSCs in liver immunity against HCV, which is the focus of this review paper.
Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis: Pathogenesis and novel therapeutic approaches
Authors: Schuppan Detlef , Schattenberg Jörn M
Published: July 2013

graphic

graphic

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to a disease spectrum, ranging from mere hepatic steatosis to hepatic necroinflammation (NASH, non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis). NASH often leads to fibrosis, which can progress to cirrhosis with a high risk of liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. The course of NAFLD is highly variable, and only a minority of patients (2–3%) progress to end‐stage liver disease. However, due to a dramatic increase of the risk factors for NAFLD, that is obesity and insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes, that affect 15–30% and 7–15% of subjects, in most industrialized countries, respectively, NAFLD has become the most frequent liver disease and is even considered a pace setter of the metabolic syndrome. Sedentary lifestyle, modern Western nutrition, and genetic predispositions have been identified as major causes of NAFLD. These lead to liver injury via insulin resistance and an excess of free fatty acids in hepatocytes, resulting in oxidant stress and lipotoxicity that promote the activation of intracellular stress kinases and apoptosis or necroapoptosis (NASH). The damaged hepatocytes directly trigger inflammation and fibrogenesis, but can also lead to the emergence of fibrogenic progenitor cells. Moreover, NASH is linked to inflammation in peripheral adipose tissues that involves mainly macrophages and humoral factors, such as adipokines and cytokines. The most efficient treatment is by weight loss and exercise, but (adjunctive) pharmacological strategies are urgently needed. Here, we highlight the aspects of NAFLD epidemiology and pathophysiology that are beginning to lead to novel pharmacological approaches to address this growing health‐care challenge.
Primary Burkitts's lymphoma of endometrium and bilateral ovaries in a 6‐year‐old female: Report of a rare entity and review of the published work
Authors: Khan Wasif Ali Z. A. , Deshpande Kalpana A. , Kurdukar Madhumita , Patil Purwa , Mahure Harshal , Pawar Veena
Published: July 2013

We report a case of a 6‐year‐old girl with primary Burkitts's lymphoma (BL) of endometrium and bilateral ovaries of 1‐month duration. To the best of our knowledge, few cases of childhood primary BL of bilateral ovaries have been reported worldwide. However, extensive search of the published work did not reveal any case of primary BL of endometrium and both ovaries. Although rare, BL is a potentially curable malignancy with good prognosis.
Monoarticular carcinomatous knee joint arthritis as an initial presentation of cervical carcinoma
Authors: Jain Avani S. , Pawaskar Alok Suresh , Srivastava Madhur Kumar , Elangovan Indirani M. , Shelley Simon
Published: July 2013

When it comes to cancer, one can expect the unexpected. The clinical presentations can be very bizarre. One of these uncommon presentations is monoarticular arthritis. The age group affected by cancer and arthritis are similar. However, the possibility of joint pain being secondary to metastatic involvement does not come to mind easily. In this report, a 65‐year‐old postmenopausal woman presented with complaint of pain and restricted movement of the right knee joint, in whom the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features were suggestive of infective monoarthritis. However, synovial fluid aspirate showed presence of malignant cells. Hence, patient was evaluated with whole‐body 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography computed tomography which detected primary malignancy of the cervix with regional nodal and right knee joint metastasis. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of cervical malignancy with solitary skeletal metastasis involving the knee joint. The report also discusses overall incidence of malignant arthritis.
Effect of interleukin‐6 receptor blockade on feto‐maternal outcomes in a rat model of intrauterine inflammation
Authors: Ouellet Justine , Berthiaume Maryse , Corriveau Stéphanie , Rola‐Pleszczynski Marek , Pasquier Jean‐Charles
Published: July 2013

Aim

To study the effect of blocking the inflammatory cascade with interleukin‐6 receptor antibody (anti‐IL‐6R) on feto‐maternal outcomes in a rat model.

Methods

Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 38) were injected intraperitoneally (day 22) (control, anti‐IL‐6R 30 μg/kg, lipopolysaccharide [LPS] 250 μg/kg or 500 μg/kg alone or combined with anti‐IL‐6R) followed by preterm caesarian performed 12 h later. Resuscitated pups (n = 179) were given to surrogate mothers. Primary outcomes were maternal and pup mortality.

Results

Fifty percent of pregnant rats died after LPS 500 μg/kg + anti‐IL‐6R injection but none in other groups. Neonatal mortality at 24 h was 63% and 86% in LPS 500 μg/kg and LPS 500 μg/kg + anti‐IL‐6R groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Surviving pups in the latter group presented a severe growth deficit compared to the LPS 500 μg/kg group (P < 0.01) and showed no difference with controls for open field testing. Maternal cytokine analysis after LPS 500 μg/kg + anti‐IL‐6R injection showed a tendency for increased IL‐1 production (P = 0.06).

Conclusion

Paradoxically, the association of pregnancy, inflammation and anti‐IL‐6R increases the inflammatory effects of LPS.
Obstetrical complications associated with first‐trimester screening markers in twin pregnancies
Authors: Iskender Cantekin , Tarım Ebru , Çok Tayfun , Yalcınkaya Cem , Kalaycı Hakan , Yanık Filiz Bilgin
Published: July 2013

Aim

The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the relation between perinatal complications in twin pregnancies and the combination of first‐trimester maternal serum pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) and free beta‐human chorionic gonadotrophin (β‐hCG) levels.

Material and Methods

The study was conducted at the Perinatology Department of Baskent University between January 2005 and December 2011. In total, 104 patients with twin pregnancies were recruited. The association of first‐trimester maternal serum‐screening markers with perinatal complications was investigated for small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) fetuses or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), preterm delivery (before 34 weeks of gestation), pregnancy‐induced hypertension (PIH), and growth discordance between fetuses.

Results

Low serum PAPP‐A (below 10th percentile) levels were not correlated with preterm labor, PIH, or IUGR in twin gestations. Elevated free β‐hCG levels (>90th percentile) were linked to increased rates of PIH and small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses or IUGR.

Conclusion

Elevated first‐trimester free β‐hCG was related to adverse pregnancy outcomes in twin pregnancies, whereas low PAPP‐A levels were not linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Perinatal outcomes of low‐risk planned home and hospital births under midwife‐led care in Japan
Authors: Hiraizumi Yoshie , Suzuki Shunji
Published: July 2013

Aim

It has not been extensively studied whether planned home and planned hospital births under primary midwife‐led care increase risk of adverse events among low‐risk women in Japan.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was performed to compare perinatal outcome between 291 women who were given primary midwife‐led care during labor and 217 women who were given standard obstetric shared care. Among 291 women with primary midwife‐led care, 168 and 123 chose home deliver and hospital delivery, respectively. Perinatal outcomes included length of labor of 24 h or more, augmentation of labor pains, delivery mode, severe perineal laceration, postpartum hemorrhage of 1000 mL or more, maternal fever of 38°C or more and neonatal asphyxia (Apgar score, <7). Analysis was by intention to treat.

Results

The incidence of transfer from primary midwife‐led care to obstetric shared care was 27% (77 women) mainly due to failure of labor progress (21%, 16 women), postpartum hemorrhage (19%, 15 women) and non‐reassuring fetal status (19%, 15 women). Significantly higher incidence of transfer to obstetric shared care from primary midwife‐led care was seen among women who chose hospital delivery compared with women who chose home delivery (34 vs 21%, P = 0.011). There were no significant differences in the incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes between women with obstetric shared care and women with primary midwife‐led care (regardless of being hospital delivery or home delivery).

Conclusion

Approximately one‐quarter of low‐risk women with primary midwife‐led care required obstetric care during labor or postpartum. However, primary midwife‐led care during labor at home and hospital for low‐risk pregnant women was not associated with adverse perinatal outcomes in Japan.
Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid agent on aggravated hypertriglyceridemia during pregnancy
Authors: Sato Shimpei , Ohkuchi Akihide , Kawano Mikihiko , Iwanaga Naoko , Furukawa Yuichi , Matsumoto Harunobu
Published: July 2013

Aggravated hypertriglyceridemia with a serum triglyceride of more than 1000 mg/dL is a risk of acute pancreatitis during pregnancy. However, there have been few reports on the administration of an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) agent for aggravated hypertriglyceridemia during pregnancy. A 29‐year‐old multiparous Japanese woman was transferred to our hospital at 29 + 0 weeks of gestation due to hypertriglyceridemia of 898 mg/dL. Because diet control was not enough, we decided to use an EPA agent, resulting in a reduction in triglyceride levels to 550 mg/dL. A male infant, weighing 2667 g, was born at 37 + 2 weeks transabdominally, and was complicated with respiratory distress syndrome. The final diagnosis was type III hyperlipoproteinemia with the apolipoprotein E3/2 phenotype and a broad β‐migrating lipoprotein on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of serum lipoproteins. In conclusion, an EPA agent may be a possible therapeutic approach for aggravated hypertriglyceridemia during pregnancy, although it may increase a risk of respiratory distress syndrome.
Multidirectional lip‐closing force in adults with mandibular deviation
Authors: Kawabata A. , Kobayashi T. , Takagi A. , Kuroyanagi F. , Washino K. , Sabashi K. , Kitai N.
Published: July 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between multidi‐rectional lip‐closing force and facial soft tissue morphology in adults with mandibular deviation. Fifteen Japanese adults with mandibular deviation participated in this study. The deviation value was defined as the horizontal distance between soft tissue menton and the facial midline. The side of the soft tissue menton relative to the facial midline was defined as the deviated side and the opposite side as the non‐deviated side. The signals of directional lip‐closing force (DLCF) were investigated in 8 directions. Total lip‐closing force (TLCF) was calculated by adding DLCFs in 8 directions. Correlations and differences between the variables were analysed statistically. Significant positive correlations between TLCF and DLCFs were determined in six directions with the exception of the horizontal direction. Significant positive correlations for seven pairs of opposing DLCFs were found. The lower non‐deviated DLCF was smaller than the three pairs of opposing lip‐closing forces. Negative significant correlation was found between the deviation value and the upper deviated DLCF (P < 0·05). In individuals with mandibular deviation, lip‐closing force in the lower non‐deviated direction was found to be smaller than the opposing lip‐closing forces. When mandibular deviation was greater, the upper deviated lip‐closing force was smaller.
Individual Differences in the Relationship Transition Context: Links to Physiological Outcomes
Authors: Keneski Elizabeth , Schoenfeld Elizabeth A. , Loving Timothy J.
Published: July 2013

The identification of relationship‐relevant individual differences is central to elucidating how relationship experiences differentially impact individuals’ health. To this end, we highlight the utility of studying the influence of individual differences on physiological outcomes (e.g., cortisol reactivity and recovery) in the context of normative relationship transitions. We argue that relationship transitions, such as falling in love and the process of committing to marry one's partner, amplify the influence of individual differences on relationship processes and, by extension, on physiological outcomes. Two such individual differences are highlighted—namely, relationship‐focused processing and dependence—and suggestions for future work are provided.
Ramsey, Pigou, Heterogeneous Agents, and Nonatmospheric Consumption Externalities
Authors: WENDNER RONALD
Published: July 2013

This paper analyzes the effects of nonatmospheric consumption externalities on optimal commodity taxation and on the social cost and optimal levels of public good provision. A negative consumption externality, by lowering the social cost of public good provision, may require the second‐best level of public good provision to exceed the first‐best level. If those households who are most important for building up the consumption reference level respond the least to commodity taxation, the second‐best commodity tax rate may fall short of the first‐best rate. Moreover, in this case, heterogeneity may imply an equity‐efficiency tradeoff. This tradeoff is presentonlyif the consumption externality is of the nonatmospheric type.
Estimating energy losses with urine in the cat
Authors: Wichert B. , Liesegang A. , Hartnack S.
Published: July 2013

Urinary energy losses in cats have to be determined in energy balance trials as well as for the calculation of the metabolizable energy (ME) content of cat food. The aim of the present study was: first, to assess whether the energy content of cat urine quantified by bomb calorimetry differs from that quantified using GE (kJ) urine = 33 kJ × g C urine + 9 kJ × g N urine and investigate whether this difference could be attributed to influences of diets. Second, to assess whether the subtraction of 3.1 kJ/g of protein intake used for estimation of metabolizable energy content of cat foods is confirmed as usable. Data from 27 energy and protein balance trials from different studies with complete sampling of urine and faeces (29 cats in part A and 35 cats in part B) were used. Gross energy, carbon and nitrogen were determined in food, faeces and urine. Gross energy values in urine tended to be higher when determined with the formula of Hoffman and Klein compared to bomb calorimetry. The average relative difference of gross energy values between the methods was 18.8%. The mean energy loss in kJ/g of protein intake resulted in 3.7 kJ/g protein intake, which was not statistically significantly different (p = 0.12) from the tested value of 3.1 kJ/g of protein intake. In conclusion, the formula of Hoffman and Klein is not appropriate for the estimation of energy in cat urine. In balance studies, it is advisable to quantify the urinary energy content by bomb calorimetry. In the second part of the study, the protein correction factor to determine ME of 3.1 kJ/g protein intake for urinary energy losses of Kienzle et al. could be confirmed.
Exercises in canine physical rehabilitation: range of motion of the forelimb during stair and ramp ascent
Authors: Carr J. G. , Millis D. L. , Weng H.‐Y.
Published: July 2013

Objectives

To evaluate overall joint range of motion of the forelimb in healthy dogs ascending stairs compared with incline slope walking.

Methods

Normal canine forelimb kinematics (range of motion, flexion and extension) were compared during ascent of stairs or a ramp, and compared to unimpeded trotting on a flat surface. Eight adult dogs with no evidence of orthopaedic or neurological lameness were assessed using a 2‐dimensional kinematic system as they walked up a custom built ramp and stairs.

Results

In healthy dogs, ramp and stair ascent consistently had greater range of motion compared to trotting on a flat surface, and ramp ascent had significantly greater range of motion compared to stair ascent (P<0·05). Shoulder flexion and extension, elbow extension and carpal flexion were all significantly greater while ascending the ramp compared to stairs. Shoulder extension on the flat was significantly greater than while ascending stairs.

Clinical Significance

When planning physical rehabilitation exercises following injury to the forelimb, stair and ramp ascent may be considered, as both augment range of motion of joints. Ramp ascent provides the greatest increase in range of motion of forelimb joints.