bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stressors, Stress Reaction, Social Support and Satisfaction of Resident-in-training in Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation Medical Center
Authors: Reyes Juan Enrique J. , Maria Michael Ian N. Sta. , Joves Jr Policarpio B.
Published: January 2022

Background: Residency training can render a wide variety of stressors that can affect the residents-in- training’s level of well-being and performance. Long hours of duty in the hospital together with physical and mental fatigue had become acceptable as these were believed to impart toughness to prepare physicians for a career in Medicine. This study was done to identify the stressors experienced by Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation (FEU-NRMF) Medical Center residents-in- training using the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire. Likewise, the relationship between the stressors and the demographic profile of the resident was explored.

Methods: This is a single-center descriptive cross-sectional study of all resident physicians of the FEU- NRMF Medical Center. The demographic data which includes age, sex, civil status, specialty training, and years in training were sought using a self-administered questionnaire. The stressors, stress reaction, social support, and job satisfaction of residents were identified using the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire (BSQ) which is a validated self-administered questionnaire used in Japan. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, presented in tables. The relationships between the stressors and demographic data were analyzed using chi-square and t-test.

Results: The mean age of the residents-in-training who responded was 29-years old and the majority were females (71%) and single (85%). Mostly came from Internal Medicine training (23%) and were within the first three years of training (83%). The BSQ showed that the psychological stressors of resident-in-training were lack of meaningfulness of work (94%), skill under-utilization (90%), and unsuitable job (85%). In terms of stress reaction, mostly felt fatigued (65%), and anxious (32%). Residents-in-training social support came from their supervisors (86%) and co-workers (60%). Most of them were satisfied with their job (81%) and family life (78%). Among the different stressors, physical demand was the only variable significantly associated with sex (p-value, 0.015) and specialty (p-value, 0.004).

Conclusion: The research was able to identify the different job stressors, stress reaction, social support, and satisfaction with job and family life of the residents-in-training in FEU-NRMF Medical Center. This will be a starting point in planning and creating programs that will help residents cope with the stress of residency training.
Stories Stories of Prevailing: Novice Teachers’ Journey in Far-flung Schools in the Time of COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Hipolito Mark Floricar G.
Published: January 2022

This study was conducted to explore the experiences of novice teachers assigned in far-flung schools during the COVID-19 pandemic, anchoring on reflective practice guided by David Kolb's experiential learning theory. As a strategy to understand the experiences of novice teachers, the researcher employed mini-virtual ethnography by interviewing four novice elementary teachers teaching in schools located in mountainous areas through phone calls and messenger chat. The data gathered were analyzed using thematic analysis. Recorded interviews were transcribed, coded, and sorted to identify the different themes. The study revealed that teachers experienced challenging and fulfilling encounters on their journey. To cope with the challenges brought by the pandemic, the teachers find means to ensure that education continues amidst the crisis with the help of various stakeholders. Out of their experiences, teachers have gained a lot of realizations and aspirations for their students, parents, and self. They've seen that what they went through will help them become stronger, and there is still hope despite what is happening. By engaging in reflective practice, using Kolb's learning cycle, teachers could think and reflect on their experiences, learn from the experience, plan for a change, and improve their learning and instructional practices
Learning Styles of Students Amidst Pandemic Vis-À-Vis Academic Performance in Science 10: A Basis For Proposed Intervention Plan
Authors: Ramirez Maria Agnes P.
Published: January 2022

This research looked upon the learning styles of selected Grade 10 students amidst pandemic vis-à-vis academic performance in science to have a basis for proposed intervention plan to better deliver science instructions for the best teaching and learning experiences where correlations of academic performance and learning styles of the respondents were analyzed. The result shows that majority of the respondents are auditory learners. There are very few kinesthetic learners. Most of the respondents got a Satisfactory level on their academic performance during the first quarter. While there was a noticeable increase in their academic performance during the second quarter where majority of the respondents got Very Satisfactory level. Learning style of the respondents significantly affect their academic performance. This implies that learning style correlates highly to the academic performance. This means that the learning style of the students is connected to their academic performance. Being aware of this, teachers can develop lessons and activities that suits well their learners learning styles. In this way, they are helping their students in developing their skills and increasing their academic performance.
Building and developing a team of Vietnamese youth according to Ho Chi Minh's will
Authors: Dr. Mai Quoc Dung Mai Quoc Dung , Nhung Hoang Thi , Trang Hoang Thi
Published: January 2022

In Ho Chi Minh's thought, the issue of caring, fostering and educating the young generation holds an extremely important position. Because youth is the backbone of the nation, the future of the nation. In his Will, Ho Chi Minh once again admonished: "The Party needs to take care of educating them in revolutionary morality, training them to become heirs to build socialism that is both "pink" and at the same time "specializing", nurturing the revolutionary generation for the next generation is a very important and very necessary thing. Especially in the current period, with the process of deep international integration with the rapidly developing science and technology, Vietnamese youth need to cultivate their own revolutionary morality and adapt to the development of the world, having a breakthrough thinking, firmly overcoming all difficulties, always worthy of their position and role, with enthusiasm, energy, strong will to rise, living in a harmonious environment Peace, renewal and development of the country, Vietnamese youth will definitely uphold the pioneering spirit, bravery, solidarity and creativity, contributing to the construction and development of an increasingly prosperous and happy country.
‘Manually Steered’ Bicameralism of France’s Fifth Republic as Compared to Polish Institutional Designs
Authors: Jakubiak Łukasz
Published: January 2022

The paper deals with the impact of the Senate of France’s Fifth Republic on the functioning of the premier-presidential version of semi-presidentialism. This phenomenon is comparatively explored with reference to Polish bicameralism. The author argues that the two basic variants of French semi-presidentialism – politically congruent executive branch and cohabitation – may be influenced by the bicameral structure. The lack of internal political cohesion within the bicameral legislative causes the government to activate mechanisms of rationalized parliamentarianism. ‘Manual control’ over relations between the chambers may occur under both versions of semi-presidentialism. Hence, semi-presidentialism in France is even more susceptible to the impact of different political configurations. Thus, both variants may be further diversified. The author maintains that as a result of Polish bicameralism’s fairly high resistance to the influence of the political environment, such a kind of diversification in the government’s role is not an inherent feature of premier-presidentialism.
The Significance of the Philosophy of the Law Idea for the Theory of Human Society
Authors: Dooyeweerd Herman
Published: January 2022

Translation of “De beteekenis van de wijsbegeerte der wetsidee voor de theorie der menschelijke samenleving” by Herman Dooyeweerd (1937), Philosophia Reformata 2 (2), pp. 99–116.
Attitudes Toward and Acceptability of Medical Marijuana Use Among Head and Neck Cancer Patients
Authors: Levin Marc , Zhang Han , Gupta Michael K.
Published: January 2022

Objective:

This study aims to understand the attitudes toward marijuana in HNC patients.

Methods:

A 17-question questionnaire regarding medical marijuana (MM) was distributed to HNC patients at a tertiary cancer center.

Results:

63 HNC patients completed the questionnaire. Patients that had used or were using marijuana described benefit with symptoms of headache, pain, nausea, and loss of appetite. 83% of all patients considered marijuana as treatment for cancer related pain and 67% as treatment for cancer related anxiety. About 70% of patients actively undergoing cancer treatment believed marijuana medications would help with symptoms during treatment.

Conclusions:

By understanding how HNC patients perceive MM, HNC teams may be able to prescribe and educate their patients on MM.
Appellation Preferences of Parents of Children Attending Hospital
Authors: Iqbal Shahid , Ibrahim Youssef , Garriboli Massimo
Published: January 2022

Communication, carer-health care professional relationship, and power dynamics are important considerations in pediatric health care. There is paucity of evidence about best practice for addressing parents of children in a hospital care setting, potentially affecting health care provision. We surveyed parents attending Evelina London Children’s Hospital to assess the preferences of parents to different appellations used by health care professionals to address them and their impact on parents’ perception of involvement in the care of their child. Two hundred fifty-four (84.6%) parents responded to the survey. Two hundred one (92.6%) parents did not feel the way they were addressed contributed to them feeling their value was neglected from the care of their child. At the center studied, appellations most acceptable to parents were their first name or “Mum”/“Dad.” In current practice, the appellation used most is “Mum”/“Dad,” 112 (69.1%) and 40 (62%), respectively.
Universal Lipid Screening Among 9- to 11-Year-Old Children: Screening Results and Physician Management
Authors: Eichberger Lisa , Kern Leah , Wang Helen , Crow Janet , Rhee Kyung E.
Published: January 2022

Universal lipid screening (ULS) is recommended for all 9- to 11-year-old children. We investigated ULS outcomes and long-term pediatrician management of children with dyslipidemia using a retrospective chart review of well-child visits between 2014 and 2016. Descriptive statistics summarized demographics, ULS results, and follow-up visits/testing. Pearson χ2 test examined differences between those with and without an abnormal screen. A total of 1039 children aged 9 to 11 years were seen for a well-child visit; only 33.3% (343/1039) completed screening. Of children screened, 18.1% (62/343) had abnormal screen results and were more likely to have an elevated body mass index ( P < .001), though 30.1% (19/62) had no risk factors. A total of 10.2% (35/343) had dyslipidemia. A total of 77.1% of children with dyslipidemia received nutrition/exercise counseling and 57.1% received dietitian referrals; only 68.6% had a follow-up visit and 31.4% had repeat lipid testing. Pediatricians would benefit from more practical strategies for universal testing such as point-of-care testing and long-term management to ensure ULS is an effective screening tool.
Strategic Uncertainty and Elite Defections in Electoral Autocracies: A Cross-National Analysis
Authors: Río Adrián del
Published: January 2022

Defections within the ruling elite often endanger authoritarian rule, emboldening opposition groups and paving the way for regime breakdown. Yet, the consequences of elite defections are better understood than their causes. Why do some authoritarian regimes experience more defections to the opposition than others? This paper develops a theory of the origins of elite defection and tests it using a novel dataset based on the political careers of 15,013 legislative deputies and ministers in 12 electoral autocracies. The theory predicts that regime elites defect when there are greater opportunities to capitalize on the discontent of other regime elites and voters. Regimes with weak party mechanisms that are also supported by many factions experience more defections. Finally, defections increase during economic downturns and when the government’s control of mass media declines, which helps potential defectors coordinate with anti-regime voters.
Examining Sex-Based Measurement Invariance in the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory
Authors: Kitzmiller Mary K. , Hoskins Kayla , Cavanagh Caitlin
Published: January 2022

Juvenile risk assessments are used to predict likelihood of reoffending in court-involved youths, and inform several decisions throughout court supervision. Accordingly, it is critical that the psychometric properties of juvenile risk assessment instruments are consistent for youths across demographic subgroups, particularly biological sex. This study tests the measurement invariance of the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) by sex. Analyses draw from 2,384 youths who were adjudicated as delinquent in a county-level juvenile court. Results indicate that the factor configuration and structure of the YLS/CMI are consistent for youths across sex. However, boys and girls differ appreciably in risk profile. Findings validate the use of the YLS/CMI and highlight the importance of responsivity to sex-based variation in criminogenic risk.
Challenges for social work with older people in the first COVID-19 pandemic state of emergency in Portugal
Authors: Carvalho Maria Irene , Teles Helena , Ribeirinho Carla , Marques Eduardo
Published: January 2022

This article seeks to understand the needs and difficulties of intervention with older people during the first state of emergency in Portugal due to COVID-19. The results show that these professionals faced challenges they never experienced before and necessitated support to carry out their work in an emergency. The difficulties resulted, not only from the chronic vulnerabilities stemming from the disinvestment of public policies in recent years but also from the uncertainty that the pandemic brought to social interventions. Despite all this, social workers have demonstrated their ability to protect themselves and older people and their families, thus leading to overcoming some of these challenges.
Drilling of natural fiber-reinforced based polyurethane foam composite
Authors: Ellenberger Alessandro , Polli Milton Luiz , Azevedo Elaine , de Paula Caroline Rodrigues Pereira
Published: January 2022

The combination of natural fibers and renewable source matrices is an option to replace materials from non-renewable sources used in the manufacture of composites. One example is the use of pinus sawdust and sisal fibers together with a matrix of polyurethane (PU) foam derived from vegetable oils. For the application of composites in sectors such as building or furniture industry, one of the necessary processes is drilling, which allows assembling through different fastening systems. The aim of this work is to investigate the drilling process of the composites of PU foam derived from vegetable oils matrix with only pinus sawdust and hybrid pinus sawdust and sisal fibers taking into account surface damages of the holes and temperature generated during the process. Results showed that drilling parameters influence on the generation of damages mainly at the edges of the holes. Lower cutting speed and feed rate were most appropriate for drilling these types of composites, and temperatures generated during drilling showed relationship with the generation of damages.
The Impact of Subscription Programs on Customer Purchases
Authors: Iyengar Raghuram , Park Young-Hoon , Yu Qi
Published: January 2022

Subscription programs have become increasingly popular among a wide variety of retailers and marketplace platforms. Subscription programs give members access to a set of exclusive benefits for a fixed fee up front. In this article, the authors examine the causal effect of a subscription program on customer behavior. To account for self-selection and identify the individual-level treatment effects, they combine a difference-in-differences approach with a generalized random forests procedure that matches each member of the subscription program with comparable nonmembers. The authors find that subscription leads to a large increase in customer purchases. The effect of subscription is economically significant, persistent over time, and heterogeneous across customers. Interestingly, only one-third of the effect on customer purchases is due to the economic benefits of the subscription program, and the remaining two-thirds is attributed to the noneconomic effect. Evidence supports that members experience a sunk cost fallacy due to the up-front payment that subscription programs entail. Finally, the authors illustrate how firms can calculate the profitability of a subscription program and discuss the implications for customer retention and subscription programs.
Healthcare Staff Perceptions Regarding Barriers and Enablers to End-of-Life Care Provision in Non-Palliative Care Settings in Ghana: A Multicentre Qualitative Study
Authors: Bayuo Jonathan , Kyei Baffour Prince
Published: January 2022

The projected rise in health-related suffering warrants the integration of palliative care across all health systems. For traditionally non-palliative care settings, barriers and enablers to palliative care integration remain poorly understood. This study sought to explore these barriers and enablers in the Emergency and Burn Units across two healthcare facilities in the middle belt of Ghana using qualitative description. Thirty-nine healthcare staff comprising 20 burn care staff and 19 ED staff were purposively recruited and interviewed. Interviews were transcribed following which thematic analysis was performed inductively. Two themes and six subthemes emerged from the data. The Ghanaian socio-cultural context often crippled the discussion of death and dying. Overall, there is a perceived tension between emergency/burns and end-of-life care. Opportunities however exist to improve the situation which will require more work regarding curricula improvement, providing avenues for professional development, culturally sensitive communication, and identifying strategies of engaging relatives.
Lived Experiences of Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients About Death and Dying: A Descriptive Phenomenology
Authors: Firouzkouhi Mohammadreza , Abdollahimohammad Abdolghani , Alimohammadi Nasrollah , Naderifar Mahin , Akbarizadeh Majidreza
Published: January 2022

Thinking about death is one of the most common problems of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in ICUs. Therefore, this study aims to explore the experiences of critically ill patients with COVID-19 about death and dying. This is a descriptive phenomenology approach. Participants in this study had 12 participants who were purposefully selected. The data collection method was semi-structured through interviews. Data were analyzed based on Colaizzi’s approach. Data analysis generated two main themes, including personal, and non-personal; challenge thinking about death, and eight sub-themes. Thinking about the death of critically ill COVID-19 patients is a significant challenge that affects the patient’s health and prolongs the treatment process. Therefore, it should be careful in the patient’s treatment and care program.
Kindergarten-Based Progressive Muscle Relaxation Training Enhances Attention and Executive Functioning: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Jarraya Sana , Jarraya Mohamed , Engel Florian A.
Published: January 2022

In the present study, we assessed the impact of kindergarten-based progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) on attention and executive functioning of 5–6-year-old children. In this randomized-controlled trial, 52 children (26 female; 26 male; M age = 5.4, SD = 0.2 years) from two private Tunisian kindergartens were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Over 12 weeks, 18 children performed PMR in two 30-minute sessions/week, another 17 children performed generic physical education (PE) for two 30-minute sessions/week, and 17 children in a control group (CG) had no systematically guided physical activity and engaged in usual self-chosen activities like free play or artisanal activities during kindergarten hours. Prior to (T0) and after (T1) the 12-week PMR intervention, all participants completed the Visuomotor Precision and Statue subtests of the Neuropsychological Evaluation Battery (NEPSY-2), the Teddy Bear Cancellation Test, and the Rey Simple Figure Test. Although there were no significant group differences at T0, repeated measures analysis of variance revealed higher scores for the PMR group relative to both the PE and CG groups on measures of attention, visuomotor precision, memory, and motor inhibition. PMR provided an effective relaxation technique and enhanced attention and executive functioning of these 5–6-year-old children, with important implications for assisting learning and academic achievement among young children.
Engagement, Exhaustion, and Perceived Performance of Public Employees Before and During the COVID-19 Crisis
Authors: Giauque David , Renard Karine , Cornu Frédéric , Emery Yves
Published: January 2022

At the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Swiss federal government implemented a lockdown that prompted a majority of private and public organizations to implement teleworking solutions for their employees. This study aimed to examine the impact of work modalities, job-related, relational, and organizational climate variables on employees’ engagement, exhaustion, and perceived performance both before and during the forced teleworking period. Based on the job demands-resources framework, a survey was conducted ( N = 1,373) in a Swiss Cantonal public administration. Results show that while the forced telework period positively influenced employees’ work autonomy and work–life balance, it negatively influenced their degree of collaboration and perceived job strain but did not affect their engagement levels. The freedom to organize ones’ own work and collaboration with colleagues were identified as the main resources that positively influence employees’ engagement and perceived performance while limiting exhaustion.
How diverse is child language acquisition research?
Authors: Kidd Evan , Garcia Rowena
Published: January 2022

A comprehensive theory of child language acquisition requires an evidential base that is representative of the typological diversity present in the world’s 7000 or so languages. However, languages are dying at an alarming rate, and the next 50 years represents the last chance we have to document acquisition in many of them. Here, we take stock of the last 45 years of research published in the four main child language acquisition journals: Journal of Child Language, First Language, Language Acquisition and Language Learning and Development. We coded each article for several variables, including (1) participant group (mono vs multilingual), (2) language(s), (3) topic(s) and (4) country of author affiliation, from each journal’s inception until the end of 2020. We found that we have at least one article published on around 103 languages, representing approximately 1.5% of the world’s languages. The distribution of articles was highly skewed towards English and other well-studied Indo-European languages, with the majority of non-Indo-European languages having just one paper. A majority of the papers focused on studies of monolingual children, although papers did not always explicitly report participant group status. The distribution of topics across language categories was more even. The number of articles published on non-Indo-European languages from countries outside of North America and Europe is increasing; however, this increase is driven by research conducted in relatively wealthy countries. Overall, the vast majority of the research was produced in the Global North. We conclude that, despite a proud history of crosslinguistic research, the goals of the discipline need to be recalibrated before we can lay claim to truly a representative account of child language acquisition.
The Empowering Function of the Belief in a Just World for the Self: Trait-Level and Experimental Tests of Its Association With Positive and Negative Affect
Authors: Bartholomaeus Jonathan , Burns Nicholas , Strelan Peter
Published: January 2022

Belief in a just world for the self (BJW-self) is a resource that promotes adaptive functioning. We theorize that BJW-self has such an effect because it is empowering. This article reports on four studies ( N = 967) testing whether BJW-self encourages more positive and less negative affect indirectly through empowerment. There was support for this hypothesis at a trait level across all studies, and specifically in Study 1. Experimental evidence, however, was more complex. Study 2 demonstrated the causal effect of the mediator, empowerment, on affect. Study 3 demonstrated that affirming BJW-self enhanced empowerment with an associated increase in positive affect and reduced negative affect. Study 4 showed that enhancing empowerment did not significantly influence the effect of affirmed BJW-self on affect, but blocking empowerment did, although this finding is qualified by no significant effect on empowerment. We discuss the theoretical implications of these findings, and the challenges of experimentally manipulating BJW-self.
Modulation of microglial activation by antidepressants
Authors: Mariani Nicole , Everson James , Pariante Carmine M , Borsini Alessandra
Published: January 2022

Background:

Recent studies have suggested that microglial activation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of depression. In fact, neuroinflammation is associated with a phenotypic change of microglia, consisting of morphological differences, increased release of cytokines and oxidative stress products, which may contribute to the development and maintenance of depression. Antidepressants, including selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, have been shown to act on the immune and oxidative stress mechanisms commonly found to be disrupted in depression. Thus, the inhibition of microglial activation may be one of the mechanisms through which they exert an antidepressant action.

Aim:

This is the first review summarising in vitro and ex vivo studies investigating the effects of different classes of antidepressants on microglia activation, by examining cellular changes and/or via measuring the production of immune and/or oxidative stress signalling molecules, in microglia models of neuroinflammation with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cytokines. A total of 23 studies were identified, 18 using LPS stimulation and 5 using cytokines stimulation.

Results:

Overall, the studies show that antidepressants, such as selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants prevented microglial activation, including reduced microglial reactivity and decreased immune and oxidative stress products, in both models. However, specific antidepressants, such as bupropion and agomelatine did not prevent interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-induced microglial activation; and for other antidepressants, including phenelzine, venlafaxine and sertraline, the results of different studies were inconsistent.

Conclusions:

Overall, results summarised in this review support the hypothesis that the action of at least certain classes of antidepressants may involve regulation of microglial activation, especially when in presence of increased levels of inflammation.
Comparative pathology of the nasal epithelium in K18-hACE2 Tg mice, hACE2 Tg mice, and hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Yu Pin , Deng Wei , Bao Linlin , Qu Yajin , Xu Yanfeng , Zhao Wenjie , Han Yunlin , Qin Chuan
Published: January 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes severe viral pneumonia and is associated with a high fatality rate. A substantial proportion of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 suffer from mild hyposmia to complete loss of olfactory function, resulting in anosmia. However, the pathogenesis of the olfactory dysfunction and comparative pathology of upper respiratory infections with SARS-CoV-2 are unknown. We describe the histopathological, immunohistochemical, and in situ hybridization findings from rodent models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The main histopathological findings in the olfactory epithelia of K8-hACE2 Tg mice, hACE2 Tg mice, and hamsters were varying degrees of inflammatory lesions, including disordered arrangement, necrosis, exfoliation, and macrophage infiltration of the olfactory epithelia, and inflammatory exudation. On the basis of these observations, the nasal epithelia of these rodent models appeared to develop moderate, mild, and severe rhinitis, respectively. Correspondingly, SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA and antigen were mainly identified in the olfactory epithelia and lamina propria. Moreover, viral RNA was abundant in the cerebrum of K18-hACE2 Tg mice, including the olfactory bulb. The K8-hACE2 Tg mouse, hACE2 Tg mouse, and hamster models could be used to investigate the pathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the upper respiratory tract and central nervous system. These models could help to provide a better understanding of the pathogenic process of this virus and to develop effective medications and prophylactic treatments.
Cross-border cooperation: a global overview
Authors: Brunet-Jailly Emmanuel
Published: January 2022

This article is a review of regional cross-border coordination and cooperation around the world. Two questions are raised: when trade dominates, does economic or functional interdependency result in cross-border linkages? Second, when politics and institutions mediate cross-border relations, do economic relations intensify? Specifically, do local–central networks of government actors and institutions mediate such processes when they emerge? To investigate those two questions, this work focuses on cross-border relations in various parts of the world primarily focusing of the role trading relations or local–central relations would play in developing cross-border networks spanning an international boundary. In an era of globalisation, increased trade across regions of the world seem to have led to a specific increased cross-border cooperation, however, taking different forms from intense trading relations to resulting cross-border institutionalisation. Those forms of cross-border cooperation in the various regions of the world, however, do not result from the same drivers: For the purpose of a comparative analysis of cross-border relations, the argument developed here is that regional drivers determine types of relations from no relations to intense trading and government-like forms of cooperation. However, in most cases as suggested below, the prime drivers of cross-border relations, trade, do not necessarily translate into increased border spanning governmental activism, and government cross-border institutionalisation does not necessarily transmute into increased economic integration.
Vegan food geographies and the rise of Big Veganism
Authors: Sexton Alexandra E , Garnett Tara , Lorimer Jamie
Published: January 2022

Veganism is the subject of an increasingly diverse body of social scientific research, yet it remains relatively understudied in geography. Meanwhile, contemporary cultural commentaries note how veganism has gone mainstream, with critics warning of veganism’s corporate nature – expressed in the rise of what we term ‘Big Veganism’. We argue that food geographers are well placed to examine these trends. We first review vegan studies work beyond geography that examines and critiques the mainstreaming of veganism. We focus on literature that explores multiple contested modes of veganism, veganism as praxis in place and the rise of corporate veganism as useful foundations for geographers to build on, particularly in light of currently unfolding developments in vegan cultures and practice. Taking this work forward, we identify four conceptual traditions from research in food geographies – following foodways, alternative food networks and the cultural and material politics of eating – to develop a ‘vegan food geographies’ programme that aims to advance critical geographic work on veganism and the emerging implications of its contemporary mainstreaming.
Critical Criteria for Aluminum Culvert Durability in Wisconsin
Authors: Bass Brent , Beaver Jesse
Published: January 2022

Current Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT) policy severely limits the use of aluminum drainage structures (pipe and box culverts) based on the observation of corrosion from deicing salts that led to the failure of an aluminum culvert in Wisconsin in 1993. The research goals were to establish best practices for aluminum culvert use and formulate recommendations for updated aluminum culvert policy in Wisconsin. The research included a literature review of aluminum culvert material specification and durability, of expected environmental conditions in Wisconsin, of policies and specifications from U.S. federal agencies, WisDOT, and five other state departments of transportation, published research, and manufacturer literature; development and administration of an aluminum culvert stakeholder survey; field inspection and site environmental characterization of three aluminum culverts in Wisconsin; a review of aluminum culvert inventory and inspection data from WisDOT and FHWA; and identification of best practices for aluminum culvert use in Wisconsin with recommended updates to WisDOT policy. Based on natural environmental conditions in Wisconsin, aluminum culverts should provide 50 to 75 years or more of service life if installed in sites that meet generally accepted abrasion, pH, and resistivity limits. Infiltration of chloride-based deicing chemicals through soil fill and contact with aluminum leads to pitting corrosion that may lead to premature culvert failure. Best practices to prevent this mechanism include installing an impermeable isolation membrane within the backfill, testing and limiting the chloride content of the embedment backfill, and using free-draining backfill below the membrane and as embedment around the buried structure.
Construction waste landfill volume estimation using ground penetrating radar
Authors: Zhang Tianyue , Zhang Di , Zheng Dongyang , Guo Xiaoyu , Zhao Wenji
Published: January 2022

Underground landfill, the primary disposal method of construction waste in several areas, negatively affects the surrounding environments. Suitably locating and estimating waste volume in an underground landfill are vital for adequate disposal and recycling of construction wastes. In this study, we investigated the applicability of ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology to estimate waste depth and volume of a construction waste landfill. The results revealed the following. (1) The GPR technology effectively delineated boundaries between underground waste and the surrounding strata; the topographic structure obtained from the analysis of the associated images was consistent with the actual topography. (2) Layer information from GPR images and electromagnetic wave velocity calculated using the complex refractive index model for construction waste burial depth inversion produced highly accurate results. Waste depth in the landfill was estimated using the GPR inversion results and spatial interpolation. Kriging interpolation exhibited the highest accuracy. (3) The trapezoid, Simpson and Simpson 3/8 rules were suitable for estimating construction waste volume. A three-dimensional model created using the spatial interpolation grid precisely depicted the structure of the buried landfill. Our study provides references for the management, recycling and environmental impact assessment of construction waste.
Drag reduction configuration analysis of the grooves on amphibious vehicles walking mechanism
Authors: Liu Bolong , Xu Xiaojun , Pan Dibo
Published: January 2022

Amphibious vehicles are usually equipped with walking mechanisms and grooves which greatly affect the resistance characteristics of sailing. For purpose of improving the sailing speed and reduce energy consumption, the additional resistance at the groove is studied by numerical calculation. A Computational Fluid Dynamics method based on Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solver was used to simulate the resistance performance of the amphibious vehicle, which was verified by towing test. Based on the ideal model without grooves, the size and trend of additional resistance on grooves were compared and studied. Combined with the analysis of flow field and sailing attitude, the cause of additional resistance is explained. Four different groove configurations were compared and analyzed, respectively. The results show that the curved surface type HSAV-3 has better water resistance performance at high speed, which depends on its better flow diversion and lifting effect.
Effect of sleeve orifices ratio on flow performance and hydrodynamic noise in the two-stage sleeve control valve
Authors: Yu Long-jie , Chen Wei-ping , Jin Zhi-jiang , Qiu Chang , Qian Jin-yuan
Published: January 2022

The two-stage sleeve control valve has been widely implemented in the high-pressure difference hydraulic system, whose function is to reduce hydrodynamic noise. The sleeve with orifices plays a significant role in reducing the hydrodynamic noise. The ratio of orifices diameter between the outer sleeve and inner sleeve, R i, is investigated in this paper. The coupling effect of R i on the flow field and hydrodynamic noise is analyzed deeply by URANS and FW-H model. Furthermore, the pressure, velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and sound pressure level of the flow field are monitored. The results indicate that higher R i will restrict the flow velocity in the orifices, and the distributed pressure drop of two sleeves will be even. The velocity of flow in the outer sleeve reduces from 130 m/s to 90 m/s with the increase of R i. In addition, larger R i can reduce the hydrodynamic noise and obtain higher flow capacity. When the R i is 1.2, the sound power level distributes evenly in the gap, and the radiation intensity of the sound source is the smallest. The study can provide a reference for the design of sleeves in high-pressure control valves.
A thermophysical modelling of electric discharge coating process
Authors: Kumaran V. , Muralidharan B.
Published: January 2022

This research paper presents a thermophysical model development and simulation of the electric discharge coating process (EDC). Many literature are available for the electric discharge coating process from an experimental perspective. A 2-D axisymmetric model was initially developed with the realistic assumption with multispark overlap conditions considered in this work. The melt pool volume of the tool material is estimated from the 2D model. The 3D coating model was developed using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4. This model predicts the temperature distribution on the green compact tool electrode and coating thickness on the substrate. To validate the simulation model, the experimental result from the literature is compared with the simulation result. The simulation and validation trials results reveal that the present developed coating model can predict the coating thickness with minimum error (4%–14%). The developed multispark model for the EDC process can be referenced to understand the coating mechanism for various tools and workpiece materials.
A modeling and tooth contact analysis method of parabolic modified face gear
Authors: Mo Shuai , Song Wenhao , Song Yuling , Zhang Yingxin , Huang Yunsheng
Published: January 2022

This study proposed a method of designing and modeling a modified parabolic face gear and analyzed its tooth contact characteristics. First, a parabola curve is introduced into the rack profile according to differential geometry and meshing theory and derived the equations of the generating gear, diamond wheel, worm, and modified face gear. Second, a method for modeling the tooth surface of the modified face gear is proposed. Then, the influence of the modified parameters on the face gear is studied. Moreover, the contact equations of the modified face gear and the cylindrical gear were combined to obtain the contact trace. Meanwhile, a coordinate analysis system with installation errors is established to obtain the contact traces and transmission error curves. Finally, the influence of the installation errors on the transmission error of the modified face gear under different modified parameters is analyzed. The results show that the modified face gear is susceptible to installation errors in the tooth width and tooth thickness direction.
Development of metro track geometry fault diagnosis convolutional neural network model based on car-body vibration data
Authors: Wang Zhipeng , Liu Rengkui , Wang Futian , Tang Yuanjie
Published: January 2022

Traditional track geometry fault diagnosis methods, such as track geometry car, track detection trolley and manual measurement, suffer from low detection frequency. Therefore, using vibration data from in-service metro vehicles to diagnose metro track geometry faults can improve the efficiency of metro track condition detection. Hence, a metro track geometry fault diagnosis model using car-body vibration was established in this study based on a convolutional neural network model, and the effects of the structural hyperparameters on the model performance were analysed. First, the problem of car-body vibration data collection was addressed, and a mileage-locating model without the global navigation satellite system was developed. Then, the metro track geometry fault diagnosis model was derived using a convolutional neural network whose architecture is determined by four hyperparameters. Finally, a case study was performed using the Beijing Subway 1 track geometry car detection data and car-body vibration data. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed model.
Behavioral illusions: The Snark is a Boojum
Authors: Marken Richard , Kennaway Richard , Gulrez Tauseef
Published: January 2022

A behavioral illusion is a regularity of behavior that appears to reflect something about the functional characteristics of an organism when it does not. This illusion occurs when the methods appropriate to the study of an open-loop or zero feedback (Z)-system are used to study the behavior of what is, in fact, a closed-loop or negative feedback (N)-system. The situation is like the one described in Lewis Carroll’s The Hunting of the Snark, where the sought-after Snark—analogous to the actual organism function—looks just like the feared Boojum—analogous to the illusory one. This article describes examples of three different kinds of behavioral illusion and explains how researchers can avoid the mistake of taking a Boojum for a Snark by reorienting the study of behavior toward identifying the perceptual variables that organisms control and away from seeking regularities in their overt behavior.
How do Healthcare Workers ‘Do’ Guidelines? Exploring How Policy Decisions Impacted UK Healthcare Workers During the First Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Pilbeam Caitlin , Tonkin-Crine Sarah , Martindale Anne-Marie , Atkinson Paul , Mableson Hayley , Lant Suzannah , Solomon Tom , Sheard Sally , Gobat Nina
Published: January 2022

We describe how COVID-19-related policy decisions and guidelines impacted healthcare workers (HCWs) during the UK’s first COVID-19 pandemic phase. Guidelines in healthcare aim to streamline processes, improve quality and manage risk. However, we argue that during this time the guidelines we studied often fell short of these goals in practice. We analysed 74 remote interviews with 14 UK HCWs over 6 months (February–August 2020). Reframing guidelines through Mol’s lens of ‘enactment’, we reveal embodied, relational and material impacts that some guidelines had for HCWs. Beyond guideline ‘adherence’, we show that enacting guidelines is an ongoing, complex process of negotiating and balancing multilevel tensions. Overall, guidelines: (1) were inconsistently communicated; (2) did not sufficiently accommodate contextual considerations; and (3) were at times in tension with HCWs’ values. Healthcare policymakers should produce more agile, acceptable guidelines that frontline HCWs can enact in ways which make sense and are effective in their contexts.
Antiplatelet Use in Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Kamarova Marharyta , Baig Sheharyar , Patel Hamish , Monks Kimberley , Wasay Mohammed , Ali Ali , Redgrave Jessica , Majid Arshad , Bell Simon M.
Published: January 2022

Objective:

A literature review of antiplatelet agents for primary and secondary stroke prevention, including mechanism of action, cost, and reasons for lack of benefit.

Data sources:

Articles were gathered from MEDLINE, Cochrane Reviews, and PubMed databases (1980-2021). Abstracts from scientific meetings were considered. Search terms included ischemic stroke, aspirin, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticagrelor, cilostazol, prasugrel, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors.

Study selection and data extraction:

English-language original and review articles were evaluated. Guidelines from multiple countries were reviewed. Articles were evaluated independently by 2 authors.

Data synthesis:

An abundance of evidence supports aspirin and clopidogrel use for secondary stroke prevention. In the acute phase (first 21 days postinitial stroke), these medications have higher efficacy for preventing further stroke when combined, but long-term combination therapy is associated with higher hemorrhage rates. Antiplatelet treatment failure is influenced by poor adherence and genetic polymorphisms. Antiplatelet agents such as cilostazol may provide extra benefit over clopidogrel and aspirin, in certain racial groups, but further research in more diverse ethnic populations is needed.

Relevance to patient care and clinical practice:

This review presents the data available on the use of different antiplatelet agents poststroke. Dual therapy, recurrence after initiation of secondary preventative therapy, and areas for future research are discussed.

Conclusions:

Although good evidence exists for the use of certain antiplatelet agents postischemic stroke, there are considerable opportunities for future research to investigate personalized therapies. These include screening patients for platelet polymorphisms that confer antiplatelet resistance and for randomized trials including more racially diverse populations.