bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Lycojapodine A (I), a Novel Alkaloid from Lycopodium japonicum
Authors: Zhao Qin‐Shi , et al. et al.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: First Total Synthesis of Antiostatin A1, a Potent Carbazole‐Based Naturally Occurring Antioxidant.
Authors: Alayrac Carole , Schollmeyer Dieter , Witulski Bernhard
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Erythronolides H (I) and I (II), New Erythromycin Congeners from a New Halophilic Actinomycete Actinopolyspora sp. YIM90600.
Authors: Huang Sheng‐Xiong , Zhao Li‐Xing , Tang Shu‐Kun , Jiang Cheng‐Lin , Duan Yanwen , Shen Ben
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Aigialomycin D Using a Ramberg—Baecklund/RCM Strategy.
Authors: Baird Lynton J. , Timmer Mattie S. M. , Teesdale‐Spittle Paul H. , Harvey Joanne E.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enhanced Activity of Fluorinated Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Authors: Massi Lionel , Guittard Frederic , Levy Richard , Geribaldi S.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural and Magnetic Properties and Preparation Techniques of Nanosized M‐Type Hexaferrite Powders
Authors: Koutzarova T. , Kolev S. , Ghelev C. , Grigorov K. , Nedkov I.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cerium‐Doped Yttrium Iron Garnet Thin Films Prepared by Sol‐Gel Process: Synthesis, Characterization, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Ozturk Y. , Avgin I. , Erol M. , Celik E.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Role of Defects and Disorder in the Half‐Metallic Full‐Heusler Compounds
Authors: Galanakis I. , Ozdogan K. , Sasioglu E.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Catalysis of Ammonia Borane Dehydrogenation
Authors: Bianchini Claudio , Giambastiani Giuliano , Rossin Andrea
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Spin‐Driven Ferroelectricity in the Multiferroic Compounds of RMn2O5
Authors: Kimura H. , Noda Y. , Kohn K.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Al‐Fe‐Ni (Aluminum‐Iron‐Nickel)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ion‐Pairing in Organometallic Chemistry: Structure and Influence on Proton Transfer from a Computational Perspective
Authors: Clot Eric
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Reactions with α‐Sulfinyl Carbanions
Authors: Volonterio Alessandro , Zanda Matteo
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Use of Chiral Sulfur Ylides
Authors: Briere Jean‐Francois , Metzner Patrick
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐Lithio‐1,3‐dienes as Useful Building Blocks in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Zhang Wen‐Xiong , Xi Zhenfeng
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Cycloaddition Reactions Involving Carbonyl and Imino Groups as Assembling Units
Authors: Chatani Naoto
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Strategy for Constructing C‐Sialosides Based on Ireland—Claisen Rearrangement and Application for the Synthesis of a CF2‐Linked Ganglioside GM4 Analogue
Authors: Sodeoka Mikiko , Hirai Go , Watanabe Toru , Miyagi Taeko
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Utilization of Polynitroaromatic Compounds. Synthesis of Fluorinated Fused Heterocycles from Polynitroaromatic Compounds
Authors: Zlotin S. G. , Kislitsin P. G. , Astratyev A. A. , Gakh A. A.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition Reactions of Hexafluorothioacetone and Halogenated Thiocarbonyl Compounds — Chemical Transformations of Fluorinated Sulfur‐Containing Heterocycles
Authors: Petrov Viacheslav A.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in Pyridine‐Based Ligands: Syntheses and Applications
Authors: Dumur Frederic , Dumas Eddy , Mayer Cedric R.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Environmentally‐Friendly Synthesis of Profens
Authors: Giacomini Daria , Galletti Paola , Paradisi Francesca
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Trends in the Chemistry of 2‐Aminobenzothiazoles
Authors: Bondock S. , Fadaly W. , Metwally M. A.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Intra‐ and Intermolecular Amidation of C—C Unsaturated Bonds Through Palladium‐Catalyzed Reactions of Carbamoyl Derivatives
Authors: Yasui Yoshizumi , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Carboamination Reactions Using Titanium Precatalysts: A Catalytic Prospect to Preparing Conjugated C—N/C—C Frameworks
Authors: Mindiola Daniel J.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Introduction to Supramolecular Catalysis
Authors: Ballester Pablo , Vidal‐Ferran Anton
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Transesterification and Hydrolysis of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives, Alcohols, and Epoxides
Authors: Chenevert Robert , Morin Pierre , Pelchat Nicholas
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Combined Strategies for the Discovery of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Antagonists
Authors: Chimirri Alba , De Luca Laura , Ferro Stefania , De Sarro Giovanbattista , Ciranna Lucia , Gitto Rosaria
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Residual Dipolar Couplings as a Tool in Determining the Structure of Organic Molecules
Authors: Kummerloewe Grit , Luy Burkhard
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Gas‐Phase Peptide Fragmentation: How Understanding the Fundamentals Provides a Springboard to Developing New Chemistry and Novel Proteomic Tools
Authors: Barlow Christopher K. , O'Hair Richard A. J.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A Consistent Dataset of Kinetic Solubilities for Early‐Phase Drug Discovery
Authors: Kramer Christian , Heinisch Tilmann , Fligge Thilo , Beck Bernd , Clark Timothy
Published: July 2009

Herein, we describe a new dataset of kinetic aqueous solubilities determined by nephelometry for 711 druglike compounds. The solubilities are reported in twelve classes ranging from <2 μg mL−1 to >250 μg mL−1. The measurements were designed to provide the appropriate data for applications in the early phases of drug discovery. Three class classification models (insoluble, moderately soluble, soluble) were built using the random forest algorithm and their performance for this dataset was analyzed.
Free vibration analysis of Timoshenko beams by DSC method
Authors: Civalek Ömer , Kiracioglu Okyay
Published: July 2009

Free vibration analysis of Timoshenko beams has been presented. Discrete singular convolution method is used for numerical solution of equation of motion of Timoshenko beam. Clamped, pinned and sliding boundary conditions and their combinations are taken into account. Typical results are presented for different parameters and boundary conditions. Numerical results are presented and compared with that available in the literature. It is shown that very good results are obtained. This method is very effective for the study of vibration problems of Timoshenko beam. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intensity‐Carrying Modes in Raman and Raman Optical Activity Spectroscopy
Authors: Luber Sandra , Reiher Markus
Published: July 2009

We describe a quantum‐chemical approach for the determination of modes with maximum Raman and Raman optical activity (ROA) intensity by maximizing the intensities with respect to the Raman and Raman optical activity intensity, respectively, which is shown to lead to eigenvalue equations. The intensity‐carrying modes are in general hypothetical modes and do not directly correspond to a certain normal mode in the spectrum. However, they provide information about those molecular distortions leading to intense bands in the spectrum. Modes with maximum Raman intensity are presented for propane‐1,3‐dione, propane‐1,3‐dionate, and Λ‐tris(propane‐1,3‐dionato)cobalt(III). Moreover, the mode with highest ROA intensity is examined for this chiral cobalt complex and also for the (chiral) amino acid L‐tryptophan. The Raman and ROA high‐intensity modes are an optimal starting guess for intensity‐tracking calculations, in which selectively normal modes with high Raman or ROA intensity are converged. We present the first Raman and ROA intensity‐tracking calculations. These reveal a high potential for large molecules, for which the selective calculation of normal modes with high intensity is desirable in view of the large computational effort required for the calculation of Raman and ROA polarizability property tensors.
Psychotherapy: Then and now
Authors: Garfield Sol L.
Published: July 2009

Some of the important and interesting developments in psychotherapy that have occurred over the past 50 years are discussed. Included are the increased number and variety of individuals engaged inn psychotherapy, the prominent role and contribution of psychologists with reference to psychotherapy research, the proliferation of the forms of psychotherapy as well as the more recent movement for integration, the current popularity of brief forms of psychotherapy, and some practical future issues.
The appraisal of threat and the process of selective attention in clinical and sub‐clinical anxiety states I: Theoretical issues
Authors: Dalgleish Tim
Published: July 2009

The present paper is the first of two which seek to integrate the concepts of anxiety and attention within a cognitive framework and assess the empirical evidence which bears on this relationship. The current discussion concentrates on theoretical issues. An initial section examines the concept of attention at what Marr (1982) called the computational level of analysis. This is followed by a discussion of anxiety as a paradigm case within cognitive‐appraisal models of emotion, particularly that of Oatley and Johnson‐Laird (1987). An integrated framework is then proposed, in which four types of bias in attentional processing associated with anxiety are posited. This is supplemented by a discussion of the concept of self‐focused attention.
Utilization behaviour in adults with autism: A preliminary investigation
Authors: Fox Nicola S. , Tallis Frank
Published: July 2009

Research investigating frontal‐limbic system dysfunction in autism has gained some prominence in recent years, emanating from three main sources; animal studies, investigations of frontal lobe patients and neuropsychological assessment of individuals with autism. It is suggested that some of the repetitive behaviours associated with autism might represent examples of utilization behaviour. Some preliminary data are presented to support this suggestion. The implications of this account are discussed with respect to the links that are frequently made between obsessive‐compulsive disorder, Tourette's syndrome and autism.
Work stress, burnout and coping: A review and an empirical study of staff in supported housing
Authors: Bowden Gillian
Published: July 2009

The literature on work stress, burnout and coping is reviewed and a small scale empirical study reported which sought to explore the nature of burnout in staff of supported housing for people with long‐term mental health problems. Burnout was seen to arise principally as a result of job strain in relation to caring for people. As in depression, the process was hypothesized to be mediated by environmental and individual resources (including social support, coping and attributional styles, and life events). High levels of workplace stress correlated with the depersonalization component of burnout and with absence from work. Environmental and individual factors appeared to significantly mediate the effect of work stress. Social support at work (particularly practical support) was linked to all burnout measures at follow‐up. Specific, unstable attributions of negative work events and practically driven coping styles were found to be most adaptive in terms of experiencing less burnout. Individuals who experienced more negative life events were more likely to become emotionally exhausted. No correlation was found between burnout and depression, suggesting the processes are distinct. Unlike depression, burnout is specific to the work setting.
Cognitive therapy of personality disorders: The state of the art
Authors: Pretzer James
Published: July 2009

Contemporary cognitive‐behavioural approaches to conceptualizing and treating personality disorders are summarized and examined. The initial evidence regarding the effectiveness of these treatment approaches consisted primarily of clinical anecdotes but a growing body of empirical evidence regarding the efficacy of cognitive‐behavioural treatment for clients with personality disorders has developed in recent years. The available empirical literature is reviewed and is discussed in terms of its implications for clinical practice.
Cognitive‐behavioural treatment of multiple‐problem patients: Application to personality disorders
Authors: Persons Jacqueline B. , Bertagnolli Andrew
Published: July 2009

Conceptual and clinical problems arise in the treatment of patients with personality disorders, including three clinical problems: establishing and maintaining a therapeutic relationship with these patients is often difficult, empirically‐validated treatments for personality disorders are generally not available, and personality‐disordered patients typically have multiple presenting problems. We describe a case formulation model for conceptualizing and treating multiple‐problem patients, and outline how it addresses these difficulties arising in the treatment of patients with personality disorders.
Some contributions of piaget's genetic epistemology and psychology to cognitive therapy
Authors: Favre Christine , Bizzini Lucio
Published: July 2009

Cognitive therapists are presently striving to establish a theoretical foundation for their therapeutical practice. Having shown the efficacy of cognitive therapies in the treatment of certain psychiatric disorders and having refined their intervention techniques, these therapists are seeking a theory‐based understanding of the psychological mechanisms subtending the changes occurring during therapy. The absence of a directly relevant cognitive theory led us to consider how certain concepts of 'Piaget' constructivism—essentially a theory of knowledge change—might contribute to the issue. Our paper is thus not an instance of applying Piagetian theory to cognitive psychotherapy but of its use as an epistemic instrument. Egocentrism and decentration, the growth of awareness and action, and the relations between cognition and emotion are elements of Piagetian theory as well as nodal points in the area of cognitive therapy. Some clinical examples illustrate our approach.
Single case design: A critique of methodology and analysis of recent trends
Authors: Long Clive G. , Hollin Clive R.
Published: July 2009

Following a brief discussion of the history of the development and use of single cases studies, an overview of the single case design in contemporary outcome research is offered. This overview encompasses varieties of single case design, methods of data analysis, and pitfalls and problems with single case methodology. An analysis of current trends in single case design, based on publications in two leading behavioural journals, highlights a move toward alternating treatment designs and the growth of cognitive measures in single case studies. It is concluded that while single case designs are not necessarily the design of choice in all circumstances they are a fundamental research strategy in outcome research.
Psychological needs and HIV/AIDS
Authors: Hedge Barbara , Sherr Lorraine
Published: July 2009

Mental Health problems are associated with life‐threatening illnesses generally and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) specifically. This report describes the range and extent of psychological problems and therapeutic input for all patients (n = 258) referred to an HIV clinical psychology service over a one‐year period at a teaching hospital in the area of highest HIV prevalence in the UK. The majority (79%) were HIV positive; of these 92% were gay males, 6.5% heterosexual women and 1.5% heterosexual men. The age range was 15 to 72 years. Referrals were received for patients at all stages of HIV disease and for partners and relatives who were HIV negative but affected by HIV infection in another. The highest rate of referral was for HIV positive patients who were asymptomatic and the greatest intensity of need was for those with AIDS. Suicide (ideation or behaviour) was an issue in referral for 43 patients.

Assessment revealed the major problems to include anxiety (48%), relationship problems (31.7%), depression (26.5%), adjustment to HIV status (16.9%), bereavement (12%), employment (11%), sexual issues (10%), isolation and suicide (9% each). Psychological therapy for the majority took the form of short‐term or crisis intervention. Group intervention did not substitute for individual therapy. The needs of patients were examined. They ranged from general interventions addressing adjustment to infection with HIV or an AIDS diagnosis, to specific input for issues such as sexual difficulties or coping with physical illness and bereavement. The data are discussed in terms of the growing demand for psychological services.
Gold‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural in Water at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Gorbanev Yury Y. , Klitgaard Søren K. , Woodley John M. , Christensen Claus H. , Riisager Anders
Published: July 2009

The aerobic oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural, a versatile biomass‐derived chemical, is examined in water with a titania‐supported gold‐nanoparticle catalyst at ambient temperature (30 °C). The selectivity of the reaction towards 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid and the intermediate oxidation product 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furancarboxylic acid is found to depend on the amount of added base and the oxygen pressure, suggesting that the reaction proceeds via initial oxidation of the aldehyde moiety followed by oxidation of the hydroxymethyl group of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural. Under optimized reaction conditions, a 71 % yield of 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid is obtained at full 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural conversion in the presence of excess base.
Cytopatholologic features of gliosarcoma with areas of primitive neuroepithelial differentiation of the brain in squash smears
Authors: Hayashi Toshitetsu , Kushida Yoshio , Kadota Kyuichi , Katsuki Naomi , Bando Kenji , Miyai Yumi , Funamoto Yasunobu , Haba Reiji
Published: July 2009

Gliosarcoma with areas of primitive neuroepithelial differentiation (GSPNED) is an extremely rare neoplasm. A case is presented here in which squash smears of a left temporal lobe tumor in a 76‐year‐old male demonstrated two distinct and easily recognizable cellular populations, i.e., densely hyperchromatic cells of a primitive nature in a fibrillary background and pleomorphic spindle‐shaped cells. Occasional pseudo‐rosette formations and nuclear cannibalism suggestive of neuroendocrine differentiation were also found. A cytologic diagnosis of a malignant tumor was suggested, and histochemical and immunohistochemical studies were conducted on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded material. Reticulin stain highlighted increased intercellular collagen and reticulin deposition within the spindled regions, whereas nodules with primitive cells were reticulin‐poor. There was a diffuse and strong reactivity to neuron specific enolase, synaptophysin and CD56 immunostains. A stain for glial fibrillary acidic protein and S‐100 protein demonstrated a subset of tumor cells including elongated cytoplasmic processes. The spindled component was positive for vimentin and smooth muscle actin, whereas the primitive‐appearing tumor cells were negative. The diagnosis of GSPNED was confirmed based on cytopathologic, histopathological and immunohistochemical results. The cytomorphologic features of this distinctive tumor are illustrated, and the adjunctival value of squash smears for frozen‐section diagnosis is also discussed. This is the first presentation of a cytopathologic analysis that provides an important clue to an accurate diagnosis of GSPNED. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Olfactory learning in the rat immediately after birth: Unique salience of first odors
Authors: Miller Stacie S. , Spear Norman E.
Published: July 2009

An infant rat's chance of survival is increased when it remains close to the nest. Early olfactory learning supports such adaptive behavior. Previous experiments indicated that non‐associative odor exposure immediately after birth promoted later attachment to a similarly scented artificial nipple. The goal of the current experiments was to extend these findings on olfactory learning in the hours after birth by: exposing pups to more than one odor exposure (Experiment 1), dissecting the role of timing versus order of odor exposure (Experiment 2), testing the odor specificity of these effects (Experiments 3 and 4), and evaluating associative odor conditioning soon after birth (Experiment 5). Without explicit prior odor experience, pups only hours old do not respond much to a novel odor. Prior non‐associative odor experience increases later motor activity to that same odor and to novel odors. Furthermore, these findings may be specific to certain amodal dimensions of the (in our case) lemon odor exposure. Single odor non‐associative and associative conditioning was equally effective immediately after birth and during the third postnatal hour. Nevertheless, pups given two mere odor exposures responded to the first one more than the second at test, regardless of whether the exposures began immediately or 2 hr after birth. Possible mechanisms for these findings concerning early olfactory learning are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 488–504, 2009
Different apoptotic responses of human and bovine pericytes to fluctuating glucose levels and protective role of thiamine
Authors: Beltramo Elena , Berrone Elena , Tarallo Sonia , Porta Massimo
Published: July 2009

Background

Vascular cells in diabetes are subjected to daily fluctuations from high to low glucose. We aimed at investigating whether pulsed exposure to different glucose concentrations influences apoptosis in human retinal pericytes (HRP) versus bovine retinal pericytes (BRP), with consequences on the onset of diabetic retinopathy, and the possible protective role of thiamine.

Methods

BRP and HRP (wild‐type and immortalized) were grown in physiological/high glucose for 7 days, and then returned to physiological glucose for another 24, 48 or 72 h. Cells were also kept intermittently at 48‐h intervals in high/normal glucose for 8 days, with/without thiamine/benfotiamine. Apoptosis was determined through ELISA, TUNEL, Bcl‐2, Bax and p53 expression/concentration.

Results

Continuous exposure to high glucose increased apoptosis in BRP, but not HRP. BRP apoptosis normalized within 24 h of physiological glucose re‐entry, while HRP apoptosis increased within 24–48 h of re‐entry. Intermittent exposure to high glucose increased apoptosis in HRP and BRP. Bcl‐2/Bax results were consistent with DNA fragmentation, while p53 was unchanged. Thiamine and benfotiamine countered intermittent high glucose‐induced apoptosis.

Conclusions

Human pericytes are less prone to apoptosis induced by persistently high glucose than bovine cells. However, while BRP recover after returning to physiological levels, HRP are more vulnerable to both downwardly fluctuating glucose levels and intermittent exposure. These findings reinforce the hypotheses that (1) glycaemic fluctuations play a role in the development of diabetic retinopathy and (2) species‐specific models are needed. Thiamine and benfotiamine prevent human pericyte apoptosis, indicating this vitamin as an inexpensive approach to the prevention and/or treatment of diabetic complications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chondrocyte‐specific Smad4 gene conditional knockout results in hearing loss and inner ear malformation in mice
Authors: Yang Shi‐Ming , Hou Zhao‐Hui , Yang Guan , Zhang Ji‐Shuai , Hu Yin‐Yan , Sun Jian‐He , Guo Wei‐Wei , He David z. z. , Han Dong‐Yi , Young Wie‐Yen , Yang Xiao
Published: July 2009

Smad4 is the central intracellular mediator of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signaling, which plays crucial roles in tissue regeneration, cell differentiation, embryonic development, and regulation of the immune system. Conventional Smad4 gene knockout results in embryonic lethality, precluding its use in studies of the role of Smad4 in inner ear development. We used chondrocyte‐specific Smad4 knockout mice (Smad4Co/Co) to investigate the function of Smad4 in inner ear development. Smad4Co/Co mice were characterized by a smaller cochlear volume, bone malformation, and abnormalities of the osseous spiral lamina and basilar membrane. The development of the hair cells was also abnormal, as evidenced by the disorganized stereocilia and reduced density of the neuronal processes beneath the hair cells. Auditory function tests revealed the homozygous Smad4Co/Co mice suffered from severe sensorineural hearing loss. Our results suggest that Smad4 is required for inner ear development and normal auditory function in mammals. Developmental Dynamics, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
T‐cell‐specific deletion of gp130 renders the highly susceptible IL‐10‐deficient mouse resistant to intestinal nematode infection
Authors: Fasnacht Nicolas , Greweling Marina C. , Bollati‐Fogolín Mariela , Schippers Angela , Müller Werner
Published: July 2009

Gp130 is the common receptor of the IL‐6 family of cytokines and is involved in many biological processes, including acute phase response, inflammation and immune reactions. To investigate the role of gp130 under inflammatory conditions, T‐cell‐specific conditional gp130 mice were first bred to the IL‐10‐deficient background and were then infected with the gastrointestinal nematode Trichuris muris. While IL‐10−/− mice were highly susceptible to T. muris, developed a mixed Th1/Th17 response and displayed severe inflammation of the caecum, infection of mice with an additional T‐cell‐specific deletion of gp130 signalling completely reversed the phenotype. These mice showed an accelerated worm expulsion that was associated with the rapid generation of a strong Th2 immune response and a significant increase in Foxp3‐expressing Treg. Therefore, gp130 signalling in T cells regulates a switch between proinflammatory and pathogenic Th1/Th17 cells and regulatory Th2/Treg in vivo. Taken together, the data demonstrate that gp130 signalling in T cells is a positive regulator of inflammatory processes, favouring the Th1/Th17 axis.
Complete protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis with complete soluble antigen from attenuated Leishmania donovani promastigotes involves Th1‐immunity and down‐regulation of IL‐10
Authors: Bhaumik Siddhartha Kumar , Naskar Kshudiram , De Tripti
Published: July 2009

Compared with cutaneous leishmaniasis, vaccination against visceral leishmaniasis has received limited attention. Most available drugs are toxic, and relapse after cure remains a chronic problem. Growing limitations in available chemotherapeutic strategies due to emerging resistant strains and lack of an effective vaccine strategy against visceral leishmaniasis deepens the crisis. Complete soluble antigen (CSA), from a β1‐4 galactosyltransferase expressing attenuated Leishmania donovani parasite, induced protection against subsequent challenge and during active infections. CSA immunization was effective against both pentavalent antimony sensitive and resistant strains of L. donovani. Majority (∼85%) of the immunized animals showed sterile protection. Resolution of the disease required the presence of T cells, and the recovered animals remained immune to re‐challenge. Control of the parasites was dependent on type 1 CD4+ helper cells, which evolved in the presence of IL‐12 and activated macrophages through the production of IFN‐γ. Immunity was adoptively transferable and was dependent on both CD4+ and CD8+ cells. CSA immunization led to enhanced IFN‐γ production, while suppressing the IL‐10 production. However, CSA immunization did not abrogate IL‐4 production. Our results accentuate the need to establish a favorable cellular immunity while intervening with the development of Th2 cells during leishmania infection.
Arylation of Hydrocarbyl Ligands Formed from n‐Alkanes through C–H Bond Activation of Benzene Using a Triruthenium Cluster
Authors: Moriya Makoto , Tahara Atsushi , Takao Toshiro , Suzuki Hiroharu
Published: July 2009

Triruthenium complex 2 containing a perpendicularly coordinated 1‐pentyne ligand, which is one of the key intermediates of the reaction of triruthenium pentahydrido complex 1 with n‐pentane, reacts with benzene to yield μ3‐benzyne–μ3‐pentylidyne complex 5 by C–H bond activation. β‐H elimination form the μ3‐penytylidyne ligand occurred upon heating to yield μ3‐pentenylidene complex 6, which was followed by the formation of closo‐ruthenacyclopentadiene complex 8 by the connection of the two hydrocarbyl moieties placed on each face of the triruthenium plane with partial metal–metal bond breaking. Treatment of 8 with pressurized hydrogen resulted in exclusive liberation of n‐pentylbenzene, which is difficult to synthesize by conventional Friedel–Crafts alkylation. These sequential transformations correspond to the formation of linear alkylbenzene by the reaction of pentane with benzene on a trimetallic plane. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Lipid biotechnology: Industrially relevant production processes
Authors: Schörken Ulrich , Kempers Peter
Published: July 2009

The biotechnological transformation of vegetable oils and animal fats has been successfully developed up to an industrial scale in recent years. However, biotechnology is still a niche technology in the oleochemical industry, which classically relies on chemical transformation processes. Nevertheless, the impact of biotechnology is rising, with an increasing number of biotech‐based products, especially in the area of lipid‐derived specialties, entering the market. In this review we give a summary of the industrially relevant processes in the field of lipid biotechnology.
Diimine Reduction of C=C Double Bonds: Scope and Limitations of the Application to Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis
Authors: García‐Aranda M. Isabel , González‐Muñiz Rosario , García‐López M. Teresa , Pérez de Vega M. Jesús
Published: July 2009

Experiments have been performed to prove the applicability and efficacy of 2‐nitrobenzenesulfonohydrazide in the on‐resin reduction of C=C double bonds of peptide derivatives. The method is useful for the two solid‐phase peptide synthesis strategies, Fmoc/tBu and Boc/Bz, which is compatible with common protecting groups and, in some instances, with other functionalities of interest in the preparation of highly elaborated peptide derivatives/peptidomimetics. The utility of the method has been demonstrated by the clean reduction of a C=C‐bridged 11‐mer cyclic peptide derivative to its hydrocarbon C–C analogue.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Highly Stereoselective and General Synthesis of (E)‐Stilbenes and Alkenes by Means of an Aqueous Wittig Reaction
Authors: McNulty James , Das Priyabrata
Published: July 2009

The chemoselective formation of trialkyl(benzylidene) ylides in water and their Wittig reaction with aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes provides a practical, stereoselective and environmentally benign route to valuable (E)‐stilbenes and alkenes. The synthesis of the phytoalexin resveratrol is described. In addition, the method allows for a gram‐scale synthesis of the anticancer agent DMU‐212 utilizing no organic solvent at any stage. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Rapid analysis of serotonin and propranolol using miniaturized CE with deep‐UV fluorescence detector
Authors: Belin Gamze Kavran , Seeger Stefan
Published: July 2009

The design and construction of a miniaturized CE system has been developed for the analysis of clinically important compounds; serotonin and rac‐propranolol. Chiral separation of rac‐propranolol was investigated by using native and derivatized CDs at varios pH levels (e.g. 2.5, 4.0, 6.0, 9.0). Confocal fluorescence microscopy was used for the native direct detection of target compounds. Analysis time obtained under the optimum separation conditions was 84 s. LOD and LOQ values of serotonin were found as low as 22 and 72.6 fg/μL while these limits were 44 and 145.2 fg/μL for popranolol enantiomers, respectively. LOD and LOQ values were found to be the lowest limits reported before. The calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 40–1500 fg/μL with the determination coefficients between 0.9994 (±0.01) and 0.9997 (±0.02).
Development of a 2‐D apoB peptide profile to detect conformational changes associated with apoB‐containing lipoproteins
Authors: Manocha Marcus , Malinowski Paul , Li Katy , Macri Joseph
Published: July 2009

PTMs, such as glycosylation and phosphorylation of apolipoprotein B100 (apoB), are known to be involved with modulating the metabolism of apoB‐containing lipoproteins. Current evidence suggests that intracellular and extracelllular PTM of apoB are associated with various disorders such diabetes, dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. The ability to identify and characterize the specific PTM of apoB correlating to specific pathologies may improve our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms regulating apoB metabolism. We have developed an assay to detect PTM and/or conformational changes in apoB isolated from the media of HepG2 cells. Using trypsin digestion in conjunction with 2‐DE and Western blotting, a 2‐D peptide fragment profile of apoB was established. The 2‐D apoB profile was composed of a number of trypsin‐generated fragments having a molecular mass between 10 and 188 kDa and a wide spectrum of isoelectric points. The 2‐D apoB profile obtained from the media of HepG2 cells treated in the presence of agents (tunicamycin and glucosamine) known to modulate the PTM of apoB was distinct from that of control cells. Identifying changes in the 2‐D apoB profile has the potential to not only provide insight into the underlying mechanisms regulating the metabolism of apoB‐containing lipoproteins but may also have important implications for the development of novel diagnostic tools and/or future therapeutic agents.
Chemical gradient‐mediated melting curve analysis for genotyping of SNPs
Authors: Russom Aman , Irimia Daniel , Toner Mehmet
Published: July 2009

This report describes a microfluidic solid‐phase chemical gradient‐mediated melting curve analysis method for SNP analysis. The method is based on allele‐specific denaturation to discriminate mismatched (MM) from perfectly matched (PM) DNA duplexes upon exposure to linear chemical gradient. PM and MM DNA duplexes conjugated on beads are captured in a microfluidic gradient generator device designed with dams, keeping the beads trapped perpendicular to a gradient generating channel. Two denaturants, formamide and urea, were tested for their ability to destabilize the DNA duplex by competing with Watson–Crick pairing. Upon exposure to the chemical gradient, rapid denaturing profile was monitored in real time using fluorescence microscopy. The results show that the two duplexes exhibit different kinetics of denaturation profiles, enabling discrimination of MM from PM DNA duplexes to score SNP.
Combinatorial peptide ligand libraries for urine proteome analysis: Investigation of different elution systems
Authors: Candiano Giovanni , Dimuccio Veronica , Bruschi Maurizio , Santucci Laura , Gusmano Rosanna , Boschetti Egisto , Righetti Pier Giorgio , Ghiggeri Gian Marco
Published: July 2009

Proteome treatments with peptide libraries in view of reducing high‐abundance proteins and increasing the concentration of rare species involve the adsorption on solid‐phase material. Subsequent elution of captured proteins may not be fully effective except when sequences of eluting agents are used. The standard way utilized up to the present has been a three‐ to four‐step, sequential elution system consisting of various agents mixed together such as urea, thiourea, CHAPS, sodium chloride, citric or acetic acid and some polar solvents such as ACN and isopropanol. Elution sequences produce distinct fractions adding to the burden of having to analyze all of them. An alternative, highly effective, single elution to reduce the workload is here reported for the first time, namely elution in boiling 10% SDS added with 3% DTE. This single step elutes almost quantitatively the adsorbed proteins, thus ensuring, for all practical purposes, a full recovery. This high efficiency is believed to be due to the fact that the SDS micelles bury the polypeptide chains within their hydrophobic core, thus shielding them from the surroundings and impeding accidental adsorption to surfaces. Suggestions for selecting the best method to eliminate the excess of SDS for further protein analysis are also evaluated. The merits and limits of this novel system are assessed and discussed.
Upregulation of glycolytic enzymes in proteins secreted from human colon cancer cells with 5‐fluorouracil resistance
Authors: Shin Young‐Kyoung , Yoo Byong Chul , Hong Yong Sang , Chang Hee Jin , Jung Kyung Hae , Jeong Seung‐Yong , Park Jae‐Gahb
Published: July 2009

5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU) is the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agent for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, resistance to this drug is a major obstacle in CRC chemotherapy. Accurate prediction of response to 5‐FU would avoid unnecessary chemotherapy and allow the selection of other effective drugs. To identify a candidate predictor of 5‐FU resistance, we isolated secreted proteins that were up‐ or downregulated in a 5‐FU‐resistant cancer cell line, compared with the parent cell line (SNU‐C4), using a stable isotope‐coded labeling protocol. For validating the clinical applicability of this method, levels of the identified proteins were determined in the sera of 46 patients treated with 5‐FU. In total, 238 proteins with molecular weights ranging from 50 to 75 kDa were identified. Among these, 45 and 35 secreted proteins were up‐ and downregulated in the 5‐FU‐resistant cell line, respectively. We observed significant upregulation of glycolytic enzymes, including glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase M2 (PK‐M2), transketolase, and NADP(+)‐dependent malic enzyme 1. In particular, the level of PK‐M2, a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, showed an increasing tendency in both sera and tissues from CRC patients displaying no response to 5‐FU‐based chemotherapy (progressive and stable disease cases), compared with that in complete or partial responders to 5‐FU‐based chemotherapy; however, it did not reach the statistical significance. In conclusion, increasing pattern of PK‐M2 observed with 5‐FU resistance induced in vitro and in sera and tissues from CRC patients displaying poor response to 5‐FU‐based chemotherapy suggest the relevance of dysregulated glycolysis and 5‐FU‐resistant CRC.