bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desigualdades socioeconômicas em saúde no Brasil: resultados da Pesquisa Mundial de Saúde, 2003
Authors: Szwarcwald Célia Landmann , Leal Maria do Carmo , Gouveia Giselle Campozana , Souza Wayner Vieira de
Published: April 2006

OBJETIVO: como parte do projeto da Organização Mundial da Saúde de avaliação de desempenho dos sistemas de saúde das nações, a Pesquisa Mundial de Saúde (PMS) foi realizada no Brasil, em 2003. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar algumas evidências de desigualdades socioeconômicas em saúde por meio das informações coletadas na PMS brasileira. MÉTODOS: o inquérito populacional foi realizado em 5000 domicílios, selecionados por amostragem probabilística. Para examinar as desigualdades socioeconômicas, três variáveis foram consideradas: grau de escolaridade; número de bens do domicílio; e situação de trabalho. Mediante modelos de regressão logística, foram identificados os determinantes da auto-avaliação de saúde boa e das coberturas de exame ginecológico e mamografia. Quanto ao desempenho do sistema de saúde, o atendimento foi avaliado de acordo com as expectativas do usuário. RESULTADOS: constatou-se acentuado gradiente social no estado de saúde bem como na cobertura dos exames preventivos de saúde entre as mulheres. Comparando-se a avaliação do atendimento por forma de pagamento, o percentual de avaliação "boa" foi sempre menor para os usuários do SUS, para qualquer um dos aspectos avaliados. CONCLUSÕES: as desigualdades em saúde aqui evidenciadas devem ser consideradas para subsidiar as políticas públicas e ações do sistema de saúde que atendam as reais necessidades da população, voltadas à superação da exclusão social.
Why we should be worried about evidence-based practice in health promotion
Authors: Potvin Louise
Published: April 2006

The author analizes the health promotion considering the use of evidence-based practice. Sometimes problems could arise from this approach. Indeed decisions concerning a specific case, are not only a technical issue, but involve normative judjements rarely well documented.
Influence of 5-HT1A agonist on the feeding behavior of Coturnix japonica (Galliformes: Aves)
Authors: Reis L. C. , Marinho V. R.
Published: April 2006

In this study, we investigate the effect of serotonin receptor 5-HT1A stimulation on the feeding behavior of quails (Coturnix japonica). The administration of 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT (0.05 to 5.0 mg/Kg) dose-dependently inhibited the food intake in normally fed quails. Greater inhibition was attained with 5.0 mg/kg (0.93 ± 0.21 g vs. 5.83 ± 0.25 g, P < 0.05, 2 h after food offer). A comparable response was obtained from previously fasted quails. At end of 2 h, a higher dose of 8-OH-DPAT induced more intense hypophagy (1.59 ± 0.41 g vs. 6.85 ± 1.04 g, P < 0.0001). Previous treatment with the antagonist 5-HT1A/beta-adrenergic, propranolol, failed to block the inhibitory action of 8-OH-DPAT, but instead, intensified it (controls, 5.22 ± 1.09 g; 8-OH-DPAT, 1.41 ± 0.19 g; propranolol + 8-OH-DPAT, 0.44 ± 0.25 g, P < 0.01, for all comparisons). The administration of an isolated higher dose of propranolol induced a hypophagic action (controls, 4.5 ± 0.8 g vs. propranolol, 2.0 ± 0.2 g, P < 0.01). Current outcomes suggest a possible role of 5-HT1A receptor on the feeding behavior of quails, as opposed to mammals. On the other hand, the intensified hypophagy induced by previous administration of propranolol raises the hypothesis of a beta-adrenergic excitatory mechanism that controls the feeding behavior of quails.
Uma avaliação dos balanços sociais das 500 maiores
Authors: Oliveira José Antônio Puppim de
Published: April 2006

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar como as 500 maiores empresas S.A. não-financeiras do Brasil estão divulgando informações de caráter sócio-ambiental de forma organizada. O estudo coletou os balanços sociais publicados pelas empresas deste grupo, olhando de que forma publicam estes balanços e quanto de recursos disponibilizam para determinados setores sócio-ambientais. A pesquisa foi feita em face da literatura acadêmica sobre o tema e de outros estudos feitos no Brasil e no mundo. Os seguintes dados foram agregados: contribuições totais à sociedade incluindo impostos e encargos sociais, investimentos em projetos sociais externos, investimentos em meio ambiente e participação dos empregados nos resultados da empresa. Os resultados mostram que quanto maior a empresa mais se publica balanços sociais. Vê-se também que as maiores empresas brasileiras divulgam balanços sociais em número similar às maiores empresas internacionais. As empresas que mais publicam estão nos setores de atividades com alguns dos maiores impactos sociais e ambientais, como petróleo, e eletricidade e gás. Em termos de conteúdo, verificou-se que falta consistência na definição de alguns termos e qualidade de algumas informações. Conclui-se que os balanços sociais devem passar por um processo de normatização voluntária para que não percam legitimidade.
O institucionalismo e a abordagem das interações estratégicas da firma
Authors: Bronzo Marcelo , Honório Luiz
Published: April 2006

O artigo apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma perspectiva multidisciplinar para o estudo do comportamento das empresas e demais instituições econômicas no capitalismo contemporâneo. A partir de um extenso levantamento bibliográfico sobre o tema, este trabalho procura integrar contribuições oriundas de três abordagens teóricas fundamentais à temática do institucionalismo - a economia dos custos de transação, a perspectiva evolucionista e a abordagem das interações estratégicas da firma. Em conjunto, essas abordagens oferecem contribuições relevantes para uma análise mais robusta sobre a importância das capacidades relacionais das firmas no contexto dos novos arranjos produtivos, em especial no contexto das redes organizacionais.
The effect of dexamethasone in the pathogenesis of ligature-induced periodontal disease in Wistar rats
Authors: Cavagni Juliano , Soletti Ana Cristina , Gaio Eduardo José , Rösing Cassiano Kuchenbecker
Published: April 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate, in rats, the role of the systemic use of dexamethasone in the pathogenesis of induced alveolar bone loss. In 26 female Wistar rats, ligatures were placed around the second upper molars, and the contralateral ones served as intra-group controls. Two groups were formed. The test group received 0.5 mg/kg of dexamethasone subcutaneously every third day during thirty days. The control group received the same amount of saline solution. After thirty days, the animals were sacrificed and their maxillae were removed. Sodium hypochlorite was used to prepare the specimens, and the cementum-enamel junction was stained with 1% methylene blue. Morphometric analysis of the alveolar bone loss was performed with standardized digital photographs, and the distance between the cementum-enamel junction and the alveolar bone crest was measured with the software ImageTool 3.0. Intra-examiner calibration revealed a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.99. Statistical analysis was performed by paired or independent samplet tests, as appropriate (alpha = 0.05). Dexamethasone increased the mean alveolar bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis in relation to the control group (0.77 and 0.61 buccally, and 0.65 and 0.56 palatally, respectively). No significant differences were observed intergroups in the teeth without ligatures. In the animal model used here, the use of dexamethasone increased the progression of ligature-induced alveolar bone loss.
Implementing Intelligent-Well Completion in a Brownfield Development
Authors: Johnstone Stuart , Duncan Gavin , Giuliani Corrado , Denholm Allan
Published: April 2006

Intelligent-well completion (IWC) is an emerging technology that allows operators to optimize reservoir management and field facilities performance. The implementation of this technology has generally been restricted to new field development because of the perceived complexity of integrating high-end IWCs (e.g., combined monitoring and flow control) into current subsea-production-system (SPS) designs. However, intelligent completions can be applied to mature fields in which reservoir performance and value added by IWC are well understood. The BP Machar well application is a typical example.

One of the challenges facing the project team at the BP Machar well was the integration of the IWC-control system within the constraints of the existing SPS. Minimum modification to the existing hardware and control-system equipment was required.

A system approach-in line with the forthcoming ISO 13628, Part 6 [intelligent-well interface standardization (IWIS) addendum] standard for integration of IWCs into SPSs-was used to ensure robustness of the design and testing concepts.
Pressure-Transient and Decline-Curve Behavior in Naturally Fractured Vuggy Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Camacho-Velázquez R. , Vásquez-Cruz M. , Castrejón-Aivar R. , Arana-Ortiz V.
Published: April 2006

This study presents a new way to model high secondary porosity, mainly vuggy porosity, in naturally fractured reservoirs. New solutions are presented for two cases, one in which there is no primary flow through the vugs (which is an extension of the Warren and Root model) and one in which the dissolution process of pore throats has created an interconnected system of vugs and caves. In both cases, there is an interaction between matrix, vug, and fracture systems. New insights are provided.

Both pressure and production responses during transient and boundary-dominated flow periods are explored. In transient well tests, for the case in which there is no primary flow through the vugs, a change of slope could be present during the transition period. Thus, this study shows that slope ratios of 2:1 of an earlyor late-time segment vs. a transition segment do not necessarily imply transient interaction between matrix and fractures. It is also shown that the presence of vugs and caves may have a definitive influence on decline-curve and cumulative production behaviors; therefore, it is necessary to incorporate vuggy porosity in the process of type-curve match.

Finally, the use of the methodology obtained in this work is illustrated with synthetic and field examples.
Ranking and Upscaling of Geostatistical Reservoir Models by Use of Streamline Simulation: A Field Case Study
Authors: Ates Harun , Bahar Asnul , El-Abd Salem , Charfeddine Mohsen , Kelkar Mohan , Datta-Gupta Akhil
Published: April 2006

In this paper, we present a field example in which multiple reservoir descriptions were generated to capture uncertainties in reservoir performance; a streamline simulator was used to rank these multimillion-cell geostatistical realizations and to determine the optimum level of vertical upscaling.

During geostatistical reservoir characterization, it is a common practice to generate a large number of realizations of the reservoir model to assess the uncertainty in reservoir descriptions and performance predictions. However, only a small fraction of these models can be considered for comprehensive flow simulations because of the high computational costs. A viable alternative is to rank these multiple "plausible" reservoir models on the basis of an appropriate performance criterion that adequately reflects the interaction between heterogeneity and the reservoir flow mechanisms. One can generate thousands of geostatistical realizations with a minimal cost; however, the cost of ranking such realizations can be prohibitively expensive, even if fast streamline simulators are used. The objective is to generate a manageable number of realizations and represent the possible range of uncertainty in reservoir descriptions. Here, we propose a "hierarchical methodology" in designing uncertainties to be represented in reservoir descriptions.

In this paper, we also show how a streamline simulator can be used to design vertical upscaling of fine-scale reservoir descriptions. The biggest challenge of upscaling is to reduce model size without losing the heterogeneity level of the original geological model.

We use streamline time-of-flight connectivity derived from a streamline simulator. The time of flight reflects fluid-front propagation at various times, and its connectivity at a given time provides us with a direct measure of volumetric sweep efficiency for arbitrary heterogeneity and well configuration. The volumetric sweep efficiency is the simplest measure that reflects the interaction between heterogeneity and the flow field. It is a dynamic measure that can be updated easily to account for changing injection/production conditions.

Our field study involves a Middle Eastern carbonate reservoir under a moderate-to-strong aquifer influx. The reservoir is on primary depletion and has no injectors. In our streamline-simulation exercise, the aquifer pressure support is modeled by pseudoinjectors, and pressure updates are used to reflect changing field conditions.
Significant Differences in Proved Reserves Estimates Using SPE/WPC Definitions Compared to United States Securities and Exchange Commission Definitions
Authors: Harrell D. R. , Gardner T. L.
Published: April 2006

A casual reading of the SPE/WPC (World Petroleum Congresses) Petroleum Reserves Definitions (1997) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) definitions (1978) would suggest very little, if any, difference in the quantities of proved hydrocarbon reserves estimated under those two classification systems. The differences in many circumstances for both volumetric and performance-based estimates may be small.

In 1999, the SEC began to increase its review process, seeking greater understanding and compliance with its oil and gas reserves reporting requirements. The agency's definitions had been promulgated in 1978 in connection with the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 and at a time when most publicly owned oil and gas companies and their reserves were located in the United States. Oil and gas prices were relatively stable and virtually all natural gas was marketed through long-term contracts at fixed or determinable prices. Development drilling was subject to well-spacing regulations as established through field rules set by state agencies.

Reservoir-evaluation technology has advanced far beyond that used in 1978; production-sharing contracts were uncommon then, and probabilistic reserves assessment was not widely recognized or appreciated in the U.S. These changes in industry practice plus many other considerations have created problems in adapting the 1978 vintage definitions to the technical and commercial realities of the 21st century.

This paper presents several real-world examples of how the SEC engineering staff has updated its approach to reserves assessment as well as numerous remaining unresolved areas of concern. These remaining issues are important, can lead to significant differences in reported quantities and values, and may result in questions about the "full disclosure" obligations to the SEC.
Brine Imbibition Damage in the Colville River Field, Alaska
Authors: Erwin M. D. , Pierson C. R. , Bennion D. B.
Published: April 2006

Early exploration well tests in the Colville River field (also known as the Alpine reservoir) drilled with water-based mud (WBM) systems exhibited unexplainably high near-wellbore residual skin damage documented by pressure-buildup testing. Typical formation-damage mechanisms, including clay reactions, mechanical damage, and gas trapping, could not explain the damage.

Between March 1998 and July 2001, laboratory testing determined imbibition-induced water trapping to be the primary formation-damage mechanism. In-situ water saturation is significantly lower than residual or connate-water saturation, a condition rarely encountered in the field. Lab tests quantified impacts and identified methods to minimize or eliminate formation damage. This paper documents how successful identification of a unique damage mechanism improved drilling results in low-permeability sandstone.
Optimization of Big-Bore HP/HT Wells to Exploit a Low-Pressure Reservoir in Indonesia
Authors: Benesch J. M. , Nor Nazri , Ngatijan _
Published: April 2006

A big-bore, high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) drilling and completion program of seven wells was undertaken under challenging conditions in a low-pressure carbonate reef in Indonesia. Significant enhancements made during the program substantially reduced well times and cost. These wells incorporated the largest tubingless gas completions in the world. Higher-than-anticipated initial flow rates were achieved through an innovative strategy to decrease formation damage. The wells were completed openhole without pumping kill-weight fluids at the end of underbalanced drilling (UBD) operations. These wells are the first to combine big-bore completions, drill-in liners, and UBD in individual wellbores.
An Innovative Design Approach to Reduce Drillstring Fatigue
Authors: Hill Tom , Ellis Sean , Lee Kang , Reynolds Nicholas , Zheng Nanjiu
Published: April 2006

Fatigue and corrosion fatigue account for the majority of drillstring failures. 1,2 The complexity of fatigue and the drillstring designer's inability to account for a great many factors affecting the mechanism make it impractical or impossible to accurately predict a component's fatigue life in cycles to failure. This paper describes the comparative-design approach. Two dimensionless indices, curvature index (CI) and stability index (SI), have been developed to allow drillstring designers to quantitatively compare design alternatives on the basis of normalized fatigue-crack-propagation life for the purpose of selecting the one with the best fatigue performance. The two design indices will not give meaningful values of absolute fatigue life, but they will provide a quantitative comparison of the relative fatigue lives of components operating under different sets of circumstances—unknown factors being equal. This new approach normalizes many factors affecting fatigue that are generally unknown to the designer, enabling the drilling engineer to quantitatively compare the fatigue performance of available alternatives on the basis of what the drilling engineer does know. The method has already proven effective in field use.
Coiled Tubing in Sour Environments: Theory and Practice
Authors: Crabtree A. R. , Gavin W.
Published: April 2006

Carbon steel coiled-tubing (CT) strings have been used in sour wellbore environments for many years. The use of CT in sour service has increased by job number, job complexity, pipe size, and the stresses to which the pipe is subjected. A number of papers have been written on the steel chemistry and low-cycle fatigue behavior. These papers have been based on both theoretical and laboratory work. Great progress has been made in understanding the chemical and physical interaction of CT and H2S, but little information is available from "real-world" situations in which the pipe has been worked in a variety of job types (e.g., acidizing, gas lifting, and drilling) and in which a large number of other factors may come into play (e.g., injector damage, well-stimulation chemicals, sour inhibitor application techniques, erosion of inhibitors, CO2, and high-chloride water production).

This paper discusses the application of a CT technical specification (based on theoretical and laboratory work) in the operational world. Comparisons will be made between theoretical expectation and practical observation for 70- and 80-grade CTs with regard to low-cycle fatigue, pipe life, and damage in sour environments.
Analysis of Imbibition in Mixed-Wet Rocks Using Pore-Scale Modeling
Authors: Behbahani Hassan , Blunt Martin J.
Published: April 2006

Countercurrent imbibition is an important recovery mechanism during waterflooding in fractured reservoirs. This may be a rapid and efficient recovery process in strongly water-wet systems, but if the reservoir is mixed-wet, while it is possible for some water to imbibe spontaneously, the ultimate recovery is lower and the imbibition rate may be several orders of magnitude slower than for strongly water-wet rock.

We use quasistatic pore-scale network modeling as a tool to study the behavior of mixed-wet rocks and to predict relative permeability and capillary pressure. The model uses a topologically disordered network that represents the pore space of Berea sandstone. We adjust the distribution of contact angles at the pore scale to match previously published experimental cocurrent waterflood recoveries and wettability indices on Berea. We then input the relative permeabilities and capillary pressures into a conventional grid-based code and simulate countercurrent imbibition in 1D. We make predictions, with no matching parameters, of the recovery as a function of time and compare the results with the experimental measurements. We are able to reproduce the observed dramatic increase in imbibition time as the system changes from being water-wet to mixed-wet. In a mixed-wet system, spontaneous imbibition, where the capillary pressure is positive, is limited to a narrow saturation range where the water saturation is small. At these low saturations, the water is poorly connected through the network in wetting layers and the water relative permeability is extremely low, leading to recovery rates tens to thousands of times slower than for water-wet media.

We present a semiempirical equation to correlate imbibition recovery in mixed-wet rocks of different wettability and viscosity ratio. The recovery rate is proportional to the water mobility at the end of imbibition.
Critical Evaluation of the Ensemble Kalman Filter on History Matching of Geologic Facies
Authors: Liu Ning , Oliver D. S.
Published: April 2006

The objective of this paper is to compare the performance of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) to the performance of a gradient-based minimization method for the problem of estimation of facies boundaries in history matching. The EnKF is a Monte Carlo method for data assimilation that uses an ensemble of reservoir models to represent and update the covariance of variables. In several published studies, it outperforms traditional history-matching algorithms in adaptability and efficiency.

Because of the approximate nature of the EnKF, the realizations from one ensemble tend to underestimate uncertainty, especially for problems that are highly nonlinear. In this paper, the distributions of reservoir-model realizations from 20 independent ensembles are compared with the distributions from 20 random-ized-maximum-likelihood (RML) realizations for a 2D waterflood model with one injector and four producers. RML is a gradient-based sampling method that generates one reservoir realization in each minimization of the objective function. It is an approximate sampling method, but its sampling properties are similar to the Markov-chain Monte Carlo (McMC) method on highly nonlinear problems and are relatively more efficient than McMC.

Despite the nonlinear relationship between the data (such as production rates and facies observations) and the model variables, the EnKF was effective at history matching the production data. We find that the computational effort to generate 20 independent realizations was similar for the two methods, although the complexity of the code is substantially less for the EnKF.
Hegemony on a shoestring: indirect rule and access to agricultural land
Authors: Berry Sara
Published: April 2006

In their efforts to govern African colonies through traditional rulers and customary law, British officials founded colonial administration on contested terrain. By committing themselves to uphold ‘native law and custom’ colonial officials linked the definition of Africans' legal rights with their social identities, which were, in turn, subject to conflicting interpretations. As agricultural growth and commercialisation intensified demand for land, competition for access to land and control over agricultural income gave rise to disputes over customary jurisdictions and structures of authority. Using evidence from colonial Nigeria, the Gold Coast, Kenya and Northern Rhodesia, this article argues that, under indirect rule, the commercialisation of transactions in rights to rural land was accompanied by, and served to promote, unresolved debate over their meaning.

Résumé

En s'efforçcant de gouverner les colonies africaines à travers les dirigeants traditionnels et le droit en usage, les représentants ofnciels britanniques ont fondé l'administration coloniale sur un terrain contentieux. En choisissant de maintenir ‘le droit et la coutume indigènes’, les représentants coloniaux ont lié la définition des droits légaux des africains à leurs identités sociales, qui à leur tour, étaient sujettes à des interprétations contradictoires. Comme le développement de l'agriculture et de la commercialisation ont intensiné la demande d'acquisition de terres, la concurrence pour accéder a la propriété et contrôler le revenu agricole ont engendré des controverses sur les juridictions usuelles et les structures de l'autorité. En prenant les exemples des colonies du Nigéria, de la Côte-d'Or, du Kenya et de la Rhodésie du Nord, cet article soutient que sous une représentation indirecte, la commercialisation des opérations dans les droits fonciers ruraux a contribué à engendrer un débat non résolu sur leur sens.
The letter and the spirit: literacy and religious authority in the history of the Aladura movement in western Nigeria
Authors: Probst Peter
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The Yoruba wordaladura, meaning ‘one who prays’, generally refers to a set of churches that formed a powerful religious movement among the Yoruba in western Nigeria during the first decades of this century. To date, there have been three main lines of interpretation which received general recognition: first, in form of a theological analysis (Turner, 1967); second, in a discussion of social protest (Mitchell, 1970); and finally, through the sociology of religion (Peel, 1968). In this article I propose to introduce another aspect of interpretation. Following the many passing remarks made by these authors in respect to the use of writing within the Aladura churches, I will read their accounts in terms of how people perceived and experienced the written word in the specific context of the Christian–colonial order and consider whether and how this experience has influenced people's actions and religious behaviour. In doing so, I am going to take up a theme which has become widely popular in the anthropological field under the heading ‘the consequences of literacy’.
The Oberi Okaime Christian Mission: towards a history of an Ibibio independent church
Authors: Abasiattai Monday B.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The Oberi Okaime Christian Mission has for long attracted the attention of scholars because of the way it developed a special script and even a language of its own. As early as 1937 the International African Institute was encouraging study of it. Today there is again a revival of interest in both the script and the language, and specimens of both as used in 1986 are included below, so as to put them once again on record some fifty years after they were invented. But these are not the primary focus of this article, the purpose oi which is to outline a history of the church, and by doing so to call attention to the wider phenomenon of Christianity in the context of Ibibio culture. The way Ibibio so readily took up Christianity after about 1910 has yet to be understood in detail, while the Spirit Movement in the region needs to be differentiated from such superficially similar movements as the contemporary Aladura or the earlier Garrick Braide movements.
Mission L.M.S. et Mission Jesuite face aux communautes villageoises Merina. Fondation et fonctionnement des paroisses entre 1869 et 1876
Authors: Raison-Jourde Françoise
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

L'histoire religieuse de l'Imerina rural, après la réouverture au christianisme qui eut lieu sous le règne de Radama II, en 1861, peut être divisée en trois périodes. De 1861 à 1868, un développement sans caution royale, de 1869 à 1876, un développement précipité, sous l'effet du baptême protestant de la reine et du premier ministre; de 1876 à 1895, un ‘unanimisme’ de façade, cachant mal de nombreuses divergences entre les groupes missionnaires et leurs fidèles, entre les missionnaires L.M.S. eux-mêmes, enfin entre population rurale et notables des églises.
Polygyny: an indicator of nutritional stress in African agricultural societies?
Authors: Brabin Loretta
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

There are many variables which affect nutritional status (Bennett and Stanfield, 1972: 7–8). A number of recent nutritional surveys have tried to assess the influence of polygyny on the incidence of malnutrition, though to date no clear relationship has been found between the two. This may partly reflect a methodological problem: accurate determination of a woman's marital status is not easily achieved by questionnaire, and this is especially true in view of the developmental instability of polygynous households (Muhsam, 1956: 16). Yet questionnaires are frequently used in nutrition surveys and they can generate large quantities of data, although Johnstonet al.have urged that studies be simplified in the interests of discovering some underlying structure (1980: 292). As a result of the massive bulk of disparate data, multivariate analysis has come to the fore in an attempt to establish significant correlations among the many variables which can be associated with malnutrition. But, as McDowell and Hoorweg point out (1975: 98), this method requires that an adequate research design be employed: it is not good enough to collect the data first and to seek the associations afterwards. The data to be collected must be carefully chosen so that pre-selected hypotheses can be tested. An anthropological perspective is very important in determining this choice of data. For example, although the term ‘polygynous’ describes a woman's marital status, it gives no indication of her position in a household relative to at least one other wife. For this reason it would be preferable to make the polygynous household, rather than the individual woman, the unit of study. Specific information could then be collected to clarify if there are constraints or advantages experienced by different wives within a polygynous household, or between wives in polygynous and monogamous households, in order to see whether these influence the nutritional status of their children.
Islam and State in Numayri's Sudan
Authors: Warburg Gabriel R.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The relationship between Islam and State has been a problematic feature of Sudanese politics both before independence and after. To a certain extent this is the result of the very nature of Islam in which the unity of ‘Church and State’ is taken for granted. However, the history of the Sudan has been affected by several other sociopolitical factors which complicated matters even further.
Drinking the Koran: The meaning of Koranic verses in Berti erasure
Authors: El-Tom Abdullahi Osman
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Islam, probably more than any other religion, connotes the image of a great tradition which has imposed itself on culturally diverse populations and gradually united them in a monolithic belief whose basic tenets stem from the Koran and the prophetic tradition. This image is bolstered by the fact that, despite the recognized cultural diversity of the Muslim world (see Geertz, 1968) which has been perpetuated through the differing interpretations of Islam embodied in its holy text, little research has been done on the meaning of the Koranic text at the local level. The lack of such research, in its own turn, perpetuates the false image of a uniform meaning of the Koranic text throughout the Muslim world.
Organizing labour forces in Mpondoland: a new perspective on work-parties
Authors: Kuckertz H.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Work-parties, i.e. occasional labour groupings organized for specific economic tasks, are not as yet a topic of marked concern, either for social anthropology in general or for economic anthropology in particular. This is borne out by the fact that there is thus far no study which discusses them in any depth, or crossculturally. Yet work-parties are a fairly widespead phenomenon in Africa.
Mau Mau oathing rituals and political ideology in Kenya: a re-analysis
Authors: Green Maia
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The Mau Mau movement used a campaign of ritualised oath-taking to gain the support and co-operation of the Gikuyu masses. The oaths remain a continuing source of controversy in the literature on Mau Mau, little of which is directly anthropological. This article offers a tentative resolution to that controversy through an anthropological analysis of Mau Mau oathing rituals in the light of contemporary theories on the relation of ritual to ideology. I argue that the oathing rituals are to be understood as part of the ideological apparatus of the movement, along with rallies and songs. The effectiveness of the oathing rituals lies not solely in their symbolic reference to 'traditional practice' as Buijtenhuijs (1982: 87) has suggested, nor in some inherent mystifying property of ritual communication (Bloch, 1974: 67–76). Although a continuity between the oathing rituals and those associated with the legitimation of traditional authority is strikingly apparent, the success of the former as a medium for political recruitment is to be explained in its relation toideology, and in the essential ambiguity of the central tenets of that ideology—‘land’ and ‘freedom’.
Myth, gender and society in pre-colonial Asaba
Authors: Isichei Elizabeth
Published: April 2006

Asaba is an Igbo community on the west bank of the Niger. Asaba people believe that it was founded by Nnebisi, the son of a pawn and a slave. This paper analyses the various versions of the myth and the ways in which it runs counter to Asaba values.
City, countryside and Kru ethnicity
Authors: Breitborde L. B.
Published: April 2006

This article explores the origins and continued viability of Kru ethnic identity in Liberia. While previous researchers have emphasised the role of migrants experiences outside the Kru homeland in creating and maintaining a ‘Kru’ identity, the article shows that persons and events in both the city and countryside were integrated in a system of social relationships through which Kru ethnic identity emerged. Further, the integration of the city with the countryside has remained an integral feature of Kru ethnicity, as evidenced by an examination of two aspects of the Monrovia Kru Corporation: its internal organisational structure and its role as a conduit in the political relations between the national government and the rural Kru.
Imagining democracy: political culture and democratisation in Buganda
Authors: Karlström Mikael
Published: April 2006

Most of the recent literature on democratisation in Africa has paid insufficient attention to popular understandings of democracy and the local reception of democratic practices. This article examines the articulation of the concept of democracy with existing socio-political conceptions in contemporary Buganda. The standard translation of the word ‘democracy’ into Luganda tends to assimilate it to a local political cosmology which emphasises the values of justice, civility and open communication between rulers and subjects, and involves a conception of sociopolitical hierarchy modelled on the system of clans and kingship. Key ideological features of this conception include its construction from the bottom up, the singularity of power, regulated competition and nested solidarities. Such liberal democratic practices and institutions as elections, political parties and representation are not part of the local definition of democracy. In fact, political parties are widely condemned as antithetical to democratic governance. At a more pragmatic level, however, some of the democratisation initiatives of the current Ugandan government have given rise to a new popular allegiance to democratic elections. These reforms are unusual in that they resonate significantly with local political values and conceptions. The article suggests that more attention should be devoted to the coherence of democratisation initiatives with local socio-political conceptions.
Inculcation of ideology among the Sidāma of Ethiopia
Authors: Hamer John H.
Published: April 2006

A moral code as ideology is gradually inculcated at different stages in the male life cycle among the Sidama of Ethiopia. The elders constitute a gerontocracy in control of the code, enabling them to link household and community in perpetuating a system of subsistence production which generates sufficient surplus to support rituals and symbols that maintain the ideology. They encourage oscillation of males between household and community until death, when the authority of the code becomes transcendent.
Home-town linkages and local development in south-western Nigeria: whose agenda? What impact?
Authors: Trager Lillian
Published: April 2006

This article examines home-town linkages among the Ije§a Yoruba of south-western Nigeria, focusing on their implications for local development activity. The author argues that elite non-residents play an especially important role in determining the agenda of activities and that, despite limitations and constraints, the maintenance of home town linkages by members of the elite provides their community with crucial access to financial and other resources. The motives for the continued maintenance of these ties are discussed. Finally, the article provides a perspective for comparison with research in other parts of the world, where rural-urban linkages primarily connect migrants with family and household; in the case considered here, involvement with the community as a whole is equally important.
Colonial rule and the ‘legal factor’ in Ghana and Lesotho
Authors: Gocking Roger
Published: April 2006

This article compares and contrasts the development of the legal systems of two British colonies that occuped almost opposite ends of the colonial judicial continuum: what in colonial times were known as the Gold Coast and Basutoland. Both became British colonies in the late nineteenth century, but followed considerably different paths to that status. In the case of the Gold Coast it followed centuries of contact between Europeans and the coastal peoples in this area of West Africa. In the case of Basutoland incorporation into the European world was a nineteenth-century phenomenon and far more rapid. Nevertheless, at the turn of the century, as indirect rule became the officially accepted wisdom as to how colonial peoples should be ruled, administrators in both colonies sought to make the chiefly order an integral part of the colony's administration and award its chiefs judicial responsibilities. In the Gold Coast, however, chiefly courts remained in competition with a highly developed British-style Supreme Court. In Basutoland there were basically only chiefly courts until late in the colonial period, which applied Sesotho customary law that was written down as the Laws of Lerotholi in 1903. The two-tier judicial system of the Gold Coast allowed far more contestation and was far more flexible and responsive to social changes than was the case in Basutoland. Incremental changes over time meant that the judicial system evolved far more smoothly than in Basutoland. When in the latter colony changes did not come ‘from above’ in the 1940s, there was a serious outbreak of ‘medicine murders’ that many observers felt was directly related to the chiefs losing their judicial role. Also, the colony's high court ruled against the validity of the Laws of Lerotholi in the controversial ‘Regency case’. Apart from being a return to comparative analyses of the impact of colonial rule on former African colonies, much in vogue in the 1960s, this study is an attempt to modify the emphasis on ‘cleavage’ and the ‘coercive’ that has characterised historians' approach to the study of colonial law.
The Ball-on-Three-Ball Test for Tensile Strength: Refined Methodology and Results for Three Hohokam Ceramic Types
Authors: Beck Margaret E.
Published: April 2006

Weak impacts, such as those caused by bumping vessels together or knocking vessels over, are a major cause of ceramic vessel breakage. The ball-on-three ball test for resistance to biaxial flexure is intended to test resistance to weak impacts. Ceramic types with greater resistance to biaxial flexure should therefore have longer use lives than those having less resistance. Data on ceramic strength are also important for understanding technological change and the demand for exchanged vessels. This paper refines the original methodology for use of the ball-on-three-ball test (Neupert 1994) and explores the strength of Hohokam plainware and Red-on-buff ceramics from south-central Arizona. Gila Plain sherds exhibit the most resistance to biaxial flexure of the three types tested. Casa Grande Red-on-buff sherds appear to be stronger than earlier Sacaton Red-on-buff sherds. Whole and reconstructed Casa Grande Red-on-buff mortuary vessels are also significantly less fragmented than Sacaton Red-on-buff mortuary vessels from the sites of Snaketown (AZ U:13:1) and AZ U:13:21, suggesting that Casa Grande Red-on-buff vessels have greater resistance to weak impacts.
Venezuelan Archaeology Looking toward the West Indies
Authors: Sanoja Mario
Published: April 2006

The ceramic period of Venezuela began in the extreme west about 1860 B.C. with coarse-textured, grit-tempered bowls having modeled decoration, and it began in the east around 1050 B.C. with bichrome and modeled pottery in the Orinoco region. By 1000 B.C., pottery making and, by inference, agriculture had spread over most of Venezuela; and the later dual division between eastern manioc growers with a plastic ceramic tradition and western maize cultivators with a painted-pottery tradition was well started. Developments in both areas influenced the Antilles, with those in the east stronger in early times and those in the west stronger in later times. Relationships with the Antilles are not reducible to a simple formula that calls for movement from the northeastern coast of Venezuela out into the island chain.
The Concept of a “Pre-Projectile Point” Cultural Stage in Chile and Peru
Authors: Bird Junius B.
Published: April 2006

In proposing a pre-projectile point cultural stage for North and South America, Alex Krieger has cited certain lithic material from Taltal and other Chilean sites as supporting evidence. That this is an erroneous assumption can be shown by available data. As far as the Chilean record is concerned, Krieger and others have been misled by the low level of technology of certain specific artifacts for which false claims have been made. They have not recognized that these items are a very widespread feature of seemingly unrelated cultures ranging from the Peruvian and Chilean preceramic to the Inca of the 16th century.
The Birdwood Culture of the West-Central Plains
Authors: Garrett John W.
Published: April 2006

A new late-ceramic culture in the west-central Plains is defined on the basis of recent investigations and early scattered references in the literature. This Birdwood culture, which is dated about A.D. 1600, is characterized by river-edge sites that yield thin-walled, sparsely sand-tempered, incised pottery.
Models, Definitions, and Stylistic Variation: Comment on Ortman
Authors: Hurt Teresa D. , Rakita Gordon F. M. , Leonard Robert D.
Published: April 2006

Ortman's comments concerning the evolutionary archaeology model of style in his study of the textile metaphor in Mesa Verde pottery designs are based upon a misunderstanding of the assumptions of the neutral model of style. We clarify these assumptions and explain why Ortman's study is not a test of the model.
The Immediate History of Zia Pueblo as Derived from Excavation in Refuse Deposits
Authors: Ellis Florence Hawley
Published: April 2006

Excavations to investigate stratigraphy at Zia Pueblo indicate that the mesa now occupied by the tribe was first settled by their ancestors during the fourteenth century, when a neighboring site also was established by others of the same people. Except for a short period in the late seventeenth century when the group moved to a refugee site, occupation was continuous. In the east dump, sterile soil was encountered on the bottom of level 36 (each level of 25 cm. thickness); above this, five sloping zones with sherd complexes differing in proportions, if not always in types, could be traced.
Problems in Pottery Analysis
Authors: Shepard Anna O.
Published: April 2006

Petrographic analyses and a determination of manganese in pottery clay by the electron probe have clarified questions raised by the Bennyhoff and Heizer article on the results of analyses by neutron activation of Cuicuilco and Teotihuacan sherds.
Social Integration and the Classic Maya
Authors: Haviland William A.
Published: April 2006

In recent years, there has been much interest in the use of ethnographic data derived from modern Maya groups for the interpretation of Classic Maya civilization. It has been suggested by some that civil and religious positions in Classic Maya society were filled by a system of rotation such as exists today among some Maya groups. Such a system would have served as a powerful force for the integration of both priest and peasant in Classic Maya society. This proposition is examined here in the light of recent data which show a relation between such existing "cargo" systems and population size. On the basis of settlement data from Tikal, Guatemala, it is concluded that such a system of rotation would not have been an effective force for social integration at large sites of the Classic period, and that other possible factors must be considered in this respect.
Twin Angels Pueblo
Authors: Carlson Roy L.
Published: April 2006

Twin Angels Pueblo In Northern New Mexico Is An Example Of A Small Pueblo Hi Structure With Chacoan Architectural Affinities. It Was Built Close To A.D. 1100 And Was Abandoned Before A.D. 1300.
A Note on Pre-Columbian Structures in Mani, Yucatan, Mexico
Authors: Folan William J.
Published: April 2006

A 1962 survey of Mani revealed the existence of the pre-Columbian mounds last reported by John Lloyd Stephens in 1843. There is good reason to believe that the refuse deposits associated with these structures can provide the ceramic information essential for a better understanding of the time period after the fall of Mayapan and the ascendency of the Xius.
Animal Agency and Coastal Archaeology
Authors: Moss Madonna L. , Erlandson Jon M.
Published: April 2006

Until more archaeologists, not just faunal analysts and taphonomists, recognize the range and variety of animals that can deposit marine or estuarine animal remains into archaeological localities, insufficient research attention will be paid to distinguishing taphonomic agents. As demonstrated elsewhere (Erlandson and Moss 2001), an understanding of the antiquity of coastal adaptations and the nature of marine resource use in certain contexts requires careful assessment of noncultural sources of faunal remains in coastal settings. To address such problems, understanding the ecology of those nonhuman animals whose taphonomic signatures can mimic some of the characteristics of hominid middens is crucial.
Astronomical Orientations at Teotihuacán, A Case Study in Astro-Archaeology
Authors: Dow James W.
Published: April 2006

The streets of this Classic period city were laid out in a grid pattern. The axes of this grid were almost, but not exactly, perpendicular. There were a number of celestial bodies that in the period from A.D. 150 to A.D. 750 rose or set so as to markthe orientations of the streets. The Pleiades, Sirius, and the sun were the most probable orientation points. Two techniques which have been developed to test the more certain past existence of celestial references are described.