bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crustal heat flow measurements in western Anatolia from borehole equilibrium temperatures
Authors: Erkan K.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Results of a crustal heat flow analysis in western Anatolia based on borehole equilibrium temperatures and rock thermal conductivity data are reported. The dataset comprises 113 borehole sites that were collected in Southern Marmara and Aegean regions of Turkey in 1995–1999. The measurements are from abandoned water wells with depths of 100–150 m. Data were first classed in terms of quality, and the low quality data, including data showing effects of hydrologic disturbances on temperatures, were eliminated. For the remaining 34 sites, one meter resolution temperature-depth curves were carefully analyzed for determination of the background geothermal gradients, and any effects of terrain topography and intra-borehole fluid flow were corrected when necessary. Thermal conductivities were determined either by direct measurements on representative surface outcrop or estimated from the borehole lithologic records. The calculated heat flow values are 85–90 mW m−2 in the northern and central parts of the Menderes horst-graben system. Within the system, the highest heat flow values (> 100 mW m−2) are observed in the northeastern part of Gediz Graben, near Kula active volcanic center. The calculated heat flow values are also in agreement with the results of studies on the maximum depth of seismicity in the region. In the Menderes horst-graben system, surface heat flow is expected to show significant variations as a result of active sedimentation and thermal refraction in grabens, and active erosion on horst detachment zones. High heat flow values (90–100 mW m−2) are also observed in the peninsular (western) part of Çanakkale province. The heat flow anomaly here may be an extension of the high heat flow zone previously observed in the northern Aegean Sea. Moderate heat flow values (60–70 mW m−2) are observed in eastern part of Çanakkale and central part of Balıkesir provinces.
Models of postseismic deformation after megaearthquakes: the role of various rheological and geometrical parameters of the subduction zone
Authors: Trubienko O. , Garaud J.-D. , Fleitout L.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The postseismic deformations following subduction megaearthquakes are characterized by a horizontal velocity which, once non-dimensionalized by the coseismic displacement, increases with distance to the trench then presents an almost constant value for distances between 500 and 1500 km. The vertical velocity features a strong narrow peak on the trenchward side of the volcanic arc. Subsidence is observed in the far-field. In order to understand better the implications of these observations, the influence of the geometry of low viscosity regions in subduction zones on the postseismic deformations is analyzed using a 2-D finite element model with viscoelastic rheologies. The slab dip in the top 80 km Θtop, and deeper Θbottom and the locking depth all have a limited impact on the ratio of horizontal postseismic velocity over coseismic displacement. The smaller Θbottom, the smaller the amplitude of the predicted vertical velocity in the middle-field (200–500 km from the trench). The presence of the slab at asthenospheric depths affects very significantly both the horizontal and vertical velocities. Models with an 80 km thick lithosphere, where the relaxation occurs only in the asthenosphere, are characterized by a trenchward horizontal velocity decreasing very moderately in the middle-field and an uplift maximum on the continental side of the volcanic arc, at odds with the observations. A low viscosity channel (LVCh) over the deep parts of the subduction interface or a low viscosity wedge (LVW) have a considerable impact on the middle-field horizontal and vertical velocities: the trenchward horizontal velocities are very significantly increased while the vertical velocities are characterized by strong uplift over the deep parts of the subduction interface. In the case of a low viscosity wedge, a marked subsidence further away from the trench, on the continent side of the volcanic arc is predicted. While the low-viscosity wedge affects little the far-field horizontal velocities, the LVCh increases them significantly. The thicknesses of the lithosphere and the asthenosphere also have a strong impact on both the middle-field and the far-field velocities. The larger they are, the further from the trench are the maxima of the ratio of the postseismic over coseismic horizontal displacement and of the far-field subsidence. 3-D modeling with a geometry as precise as possible of the various zones with postseismic creep associated with each megaearthquake is necessary to derive more precise conclusions. However, the 2-D modeling results obtained here, compared with postseismic data, point towards lithospheres and asthenospheres surprisingly similar in various areas of the world, with thicknesses around 70 and 200 km respectively and towards the presence of a LVW and/or a LVCh. The systematic description of the role of each parameter presented here will facilitate the choice of the parameters to vary in 3-D models.
Probabilistic parameterisation of the surface mass balance–elevation feedback in regional climate model simulations of the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Edwards T. L. , Fettweis X. , Gagliardini O. , Gillet-Chaulet F. , Goelzer H. , Gregory J. M. , Hoffman M. , Huybrechts P. , Payne A. J. , Perego M. , Price S. , Quiquet A. , Ritz C.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. We present a new parameterisation that relates surface mass balance (SMB: the sum of surface accumulation and surface ablation) to changes in surface elevation of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) for the MAR (Modèle Atmosphérique Régional: Fettweis, 2007) regional climate model. The motivation is to dynamically adjust SMB as the GrIS evolves, allowing us to force ice sheet models with SMB simulated by MAR while incorporating the SMB–elevation feedback, without the substantial technical challenges of coupling ice sheet and climate models. This also allows us to assess the effect of elevation feedback uncertainty on the GrIS contribution to sea level, using multiple global climate and ice sheet models, without the need for additional, expensive MAR simulations. We estimate this relationship separately below and above the equilibrium line altitude (ELA, separating negative and positive SMB) and for regions north and south of 77° N, from a set of MAR simulations in which we alter the ice sheet surface elevation. These give four "SMB lapse rates", gradients that relate SMB changes to elevation changes. We assess uncertainties within a Bayesian framework, estimating probability distributions for each gradient from which we present best estimates and credibility intervals (CI) that bound 95% of the probability. Below the ELA our gradient estimates are mostly positive, because SMB usually increases with elevation: 0.56 (95% CI: −0.22 to 1.33) kg m−3 a−1 for the north, and 1.91 (1.03 to 2.61) kg m−3 a−1 for the south. Above the ELA, the gradients are much smaller in magnitude: 0.09 (−0.03 to 0.23) kg m−3 a−1 in the north, and 0.07 (−0.07 to 0.59) kg m−3 a−1 in the south, because SMB can either increase or decrease in response to increased elevation. Our statistically founded approach allows us to make probabilistic assessments for the effect of elevation feedback uncertainty on sea level projections (Edwards et al., 2014).
FARMACIJOS FAKULTETO STUDENTŲ ŠEIMŲ NAMŲ VAISTINĖLIŲ TURINIO IR SAVIGYDOS ĮPROČIŲ TYRIMAS
Authors: Žukauskas Povilas , Daukšienė Jurgita , Kubilienė Loreta , Gerbutavičienė Rima Jūratė , Skyrius Vaidas , Radžiūnas Raimondas
Published: January 2014

Home medication box - the mirror of whole family medications consumption habits. Family home medication box composition and medications storage order can be a serious indicator that reflects family life, social status, and medication usage. The aim: To evaluate Pharmacy Faculty students families home medication boxes content, storage conditions, value and sources of information which determines home medication box composition. Method: A questionnaire was prepared to perform the research. The research involved 182 first-year and fifth-year students. The study done in 2012. May - October. Results: The families of first-year Pharmacy Faculty students which keeps medications not in original packaging, has medications with passed expiration period in their home medication boxes more often (50.00%) than fifth-year students families (37.50%) (p>0.05). Pharmacy faculty students families containing 4 people usually keep medication of each family member in one place (p<0.001). Conclusions: Pharmacy Faculty students responsibly evaluate home medication box storage conditions and have one special person who is responsible for home medication box composition. Fifth-year Pharmacy Faculty students have a greater influence on home medication box composition than firstyear students.
Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty after 2 Previously Rejected Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Keratoplasties
Authors: Bee Carson R. , Chamberlain Winston D.
Published: January 2014

Purpose:

To report on a patient with a welding flash burn with subsequent scarring and edema who twice underwent femtosecond laser-assisted keratoplasty (FLAK). Both grafts failed due to endothelial decompensation. He subsequently underwent successful Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) under the second FLAK graft to decrease rejection risk and prevent further full-thickness keratoplasty.

Methods:

A 51-year-old man with a history of 2 FLAK procedures with subsequent graft failures likely from noncompliance with postoperative medications had diffuse microcystic edema with a visual acuity of counting fingers at 5 feet. The patient underwent DSAEK procedure 4 months after the second FLAK procedure.

Results:

No dehiscence occurred during second laser trephination of cornea. Sections of mild misalignment between the first and second FLAK graft trephinations were noted on optical coherence tomography. Post-DSAEK, the patient had a rapidly clearing, well-attached graft with mild temporal overlap of the graft-host interface. All sutures were removed from the overlying FLAK graft by 3 months after DSAEK (7 months after repeat FLAK). At 9 months post-DSAEK, the patient's uncorrected visual acuity was 20/40 and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity was 20/30.

Conclusions:

Early secondary femtosecond laser trephination after first FLAK is possible even if the second graft is misaligned. A crescent remnant of the original graft was well-healed into the host cornea 7.5 months after the original surgery. The 3-month-old second FLAK graft was able to support a DSAEK surgery and rapid postoperative visual recovery. All sutures were removed from the cornea by 7 months after the second FLAK surgery.
Non—Contact Lens Use—Related Acanthamoeba Keratitis in Southern Turkey: Evaluation of Risk Factors and Clinical Features
Authors: Erdem Elif , Evcil Yusuf , Yagmur Meltem , Eroglu Fadime , Koltas Soner , Ersoz Reha
Published: January 2014

Purpose:

To assess the diagnostic methods, risk factors, and clinical features of Acanthamoeba keratitis cases in patients who do not wear contact lenses.

Methods:

Medical records of 26 consecutive patients with non—contact lens—related Acanthamoeba keratitis, who were followed up at the tertiary eye care center between May 2010 and May 2012, were analyzed. Laboratory, demographic, and clinical findings were evaluated pertaining to the patients.

Results:

Twenty-six non—contact lens—related Acanthamoeba keratitis cases were included in the study. The main risk factors were trauma (group 1, n = 13 patients) and ocular surface disease (group 2, n = 12 patients). One patient had both of the risk factors mentioned above. Overall test results showed that Acanthamoeba positivity rates were 15.3% for direct microscopy, 46.1% for culture, 92.3% for conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and 100% for real-time PCR. The rates of full-thickness corneal involvement and ring-shaped infiltrations were higher in group 2, whereas superficial keratitis and radial keratoneuritis were higher in group 1. The final visual acuities were significantly better in group 1 than group 2 (p<0.025).

Conclusions:

This study is the first regional report from Turkey about Acanthamoeba keratitis in non—contact lens users. A majority of cases admitted to a tertiary eye care center were related to trauma or ocular surface disease. Physician suspicion is critically important for the timely diagnosis of these cases. At this point, molecular diagnostic tests (PCR or real-time PCR) seem to support the clinical diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis with the help of fast and reliable results.
Intraoperative and Postoperative Corneal Thickness Change after Collagen Crosslinking Therapy
Authors: Hassan Ziad , Modis Laszlo , Szalai Eszter , Berta Andras , Nemeth Gabor
Published: January 2014

Purpose:

To assess intraoperative and postoperative changes in corneal thickness subsequent to riboflavin-UVA (collagen crosslinking [CXL]) treatment.

Methods:

Forty-one eyes of 41 patients (mean age 27.97 ± 6.97 years) were treated with CXL technique. During treatment, isotonic riboflavin was instilled and corneal thickness measurements were obtained at the cornea apex, the thinnest point, and the pupil center at 15 and 30 minutes, then 3 days, 1 week, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery using Pentacam HR and an ultrasound pachymeter.

Results:

A decrease in corneal thickness was detected 15 minutes intraoperatively with a value of 108.95 ± 48.6 μm, and 112.35 ± 47.3 μm at 30 minutes (p<0.001). Three days after the operation, no deviation was found from the initial values (p = 0.17). No further changes were detected during the follow-up period.

Conclusions:

Isotonic riboflavin solution used during CXL treatment resulted in a significant decrease in corneal thickness, but its effect had disappeared by postoperative day 3.
Retractor Plication versus Retractor Plication and Lateral Tarsal Strip for Eyelid Entropion Correction
Authors: Ranno Stefano , Sacchi Matteo , Gilardi Daniela , Lembo Andrea , Nucci Paolo
Published: January 2014

Purpose:

Involutional entropion is a common lower lid malposition. Addressing both the horizontal and the vertical lower eyelid laxity in patients with involutional entropion seems to have a more long-lasting effect on maintaining lower eyelid stability; however, there is some disagreement as to which approach is the best surgical intervention. The aim of this study was to determine differences in the surgical outcome of Jones retractor plication (JRP) alone versus Jones retractor plication with a lateral tarsal strip (JRP + LTS) for the treatment of involutional entropion.

Methods:

A retrospective case series comparison of 118 patients with primary involutional lower eyelid entropion was performed. Jones retractor plication alone was performed in 61 patients, and JRP + LTS in 57 patients. The baseline characteristics of the 2 groups were similar. Patients were retrospectively evaluated from a retrospective case-note review 3 weeks and 6, 12, 18, and 24 months postoperatively. Successful surgery was defined as a normal eyelid position.

Results:

A total of 115 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria, 60 in the JRP group and 55 in the JRP + LTS group. Ten patients (16.5%) in the JRP group and 2 patients (3.5%) in the JRP + LTS group had a recurrence of the entropion at or before their 24-month follow-up visit (p = 0.03).

Conclusions:

These data provide strong evidence that the success rate at 24 months is higher in patients treated with the JRP + LTS procedure compared with JRP alone.
Improving Boston Type 1 Keratoprosthesis Procedure: One-Touch Femtosecond-Assisted Preparation and Centration of Donor Carrier Tissue
Authors: Malandrini Alex , Balestrazzi Angelo , Canovetti Annalisa , Rossi Francesca , Cortesini Letizia , Lenzetti Chiara , Pini Roberto , Menabuoni Luca
Published: January 2014

Purpose:

We describe a technique to avoid decentration of the visual axis of the Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis (Kpro), performing 2 concentric trephinations with femtosecond laser.

Methods:

Two concentric side cuts were performed in a donor cornea using the 150-kHz Intralase™ FS laser. Within the same applanation procedure, an 8.5-mm-diameter anterior side cut was performed, followed by a concentric 3-mm-diameter anterior side cut.

Results:

The technique was successfully replicated in 7 cases.

Conclusions:

Femtosecond laser-assisted double trephination results in a correctly prepared donor cornea, and in an inner side precisely matched with the prosthesis. At the end of the surgery, the Kpro was correctly centered.
Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
Authors: Qayyum Sohail , Choi John K.
Published: January 2014

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is a rare mature CD4+ T-cell neoplasm caused by the retrovirus human T-lymphotrophic virus type 1. At present there are approximately 20 million people infected globally with this virus, and most of these individuals belong to the endemic areas in southern Japan, Africa, the Caribbean basin, and Latin America. In the United States, it is usually seen in immigrants from these endemic regions. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma predominantly affects the adult population and is rare in children. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma has 4 subtypes: acute, lymphomatous, chronic, and smoldering. Clinically, the first 2 variants are classified as aggressive, and the latter two are classified as indolent. Given the rare occurrence and diagnostic challenges associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, this review will highlight its salient features to aid in recognition of this entity and perform a comprehensive diagnostic workup.
A De Novo Unclassified Malignant Spindle Cell Neoplasm of Liver Allograft
Authors: Clevenger Jessica A. , Saxena Romil , Idrees Muhammad T.
Published: January 2014

Spindle cell neoplasms are rarely reported in liver allografts; most are benign and associated with Epstein–Barr virus infection. We present a case of a malignant spindle cell neoplasm arising in a liver allograft. The patient underwent orthotopic liver transplant for cirrhosis secondary to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. After 2 years, he presented with vague abdominal complaints. Imaging studies revealed a 10-cm right hepatic lobe mass. The patient underwent right-sided hepatectomy. The tumor displayed areas of broad, relatively hypocellular fascicles, whorls, and perivascular clustering; spindle cells with mild to moderate nuclear pleomorphism; and relatively abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Mitotic activity ranged from 2 to 4 mitotic figures per 20 high-power fields. Immunostaining displayed positivity for epithelial membrane antigen, vimentin, CD99, BCL2, cytokeratin, and human herpesvirus 8. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization findings were negative for a translocation involving the SS18 gene (18q11). We believe the tumor represents the first reported case of a novel unclassified spindle cell malignant neoplasm in a liver allograft.
Factor XIII: Congenital Deficiency Factor XIII, Acquired Deficiency, Factor XIII A-Subunit, and Factor XIII B-Subunit
Authors: Tahlan Anita , Ahluwalia Jasmina
Published: January 2014

Factor XIII (FXIII) is a transglutaminase consisting of 2 catalytic A subunits and 2 noncatalytic B subunits in plasma. The noncatalytic B subunits protect the catalytic A subunits from clearance. Congenital FXIII deficiency may manifest as a lifelong bleeding tendency, abnormal wound healing, and recurrent miscarriage. Acquired FXIII deficiency, with significant reductions in FXIII levels, has been reported in several medical conditions. The routine screening tests for coagulopathies—prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and thrombin time—do not show abnormalities in cases of FXIII deficiency. A quantitative, functional, FXIII activity assay that detects all forms of FXIII deficiency should be used as a first-line screening test. Treatment consists of recombinant FXIII or FXIII concentrate. If these are unavailable, then fresh-frozen plasma and cryoprecipitates may be used. Factor XIII has a long half-life; therefore, the patients can lead near-normal lives with regular replacements. Patients with acquired FXIII deficiency with inhibitors need immunosuppressive therapy in addition to factor replacements.
Comparison of Conventional, Molecular, and Immunohistochemical Methods in Diagnosis of Typical and Atypical Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Authors: Shirian Sadegh , Oryan Ahmad , Hatam Gholam-Reza , Panahi Saed , Daneshbod Yahya
Published: January 2014

Context.—Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) typically presents as papules, crusted nodules, plaques, or noduloulcerative lesions. Atypical CL does not show these features or mimic malignant lesion. In atypical forms, CL may be overlooked because of its similarity to other dermal diseases.

Objective.—To compare conventional, molecular, and immunohistochemical methods in the diagnosis of typical and atypical CL.

Design.—The kinetoplast DNA, nested, polymerase chain reaction assay and immunohistochemical methods were compared and validated against conventional methods, including cytology and pathology, using 100 specimens of typical and atypical lesions of suspected CL.

Results.—Compared with other methods, polymerase chain reaction of the kinetoplast DNA showed the highest sensitivity (typical positive, 100%, 67 of 67; atypical positive, 94%, 31 of 33) and specificity (100%), followed by immunohistochemistry (typical positive, 97%, 65 of 67, with 100% specificity; atypical positives, 94%, 31 of 33, with 100% specificity), and cytology (typical positive, 79%, 53 of 67, with 100% specificity; atypical positive, 58%, 19 of 33, with 100% specificity), followed by pathology (typical positive, 70%, 47 of 67, with 100% specificity; atypical positive, 42%, 14 of 33, with 100% specificity). In addition, polymerase chain reaction enabled identification of 98% (98 of 100) of the positive samples that included strains of Leishmania major (99% [99 of 100] cases) and Leishmania tropica (1% [1 of 100] cases).

Conclusions.—Because cytology is cheap and easy to perform with high sensitivity, it is the preferred, primary approach for typical CL, but cytology and pathology do not have sufficient sensitivity for diagnosis of atypical CL cases. Nested polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry are sensitive tests for diagnosis of both typical and atypical CL and are recommended as complementary tests in suspected CL with negative conventional microscopy results.
Problem: Jesse's Train
Authors: James Julie , Steimle Alice
Published: January 2014

Each month, elementary school teachers are given a problem along with suggested instructional notes. They are asked to use the problem in their own classrooms and report solutions, strategies, reflections, and misconceptions to the journal audience. This task allows students the opportunity to explore the magnitude of fractions in comparison to different sizes of wholes.
Arthritic Periosteal Tissue From Joint Replacement Surgery: A Novel, Autologous Source of Stem Cells
Authors: Chang Hana , Docheva Denitsa , Knothe Ulf R. , Knothe Tate Melissa L.
Published: January 2014

The overarching aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of using periosteal tissue from the femoral neck of arthritic hip joints, usually discarded in the normal course of hip replacement surgery, as an autologous source of stem cells. In addition, the study aims to characterize intrinsic differences between periosteum-derived cell (PDC) populations, isolated via either enzymatic digestion or a migration assay, including their proliferative capacity, surface marker expression, and multipotency, relative to commercially available human bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) cultured under identical conditions. Commercial BMSCs and PDCs were characterized in vitro, using a growth assay, flow cytometry, as well as assay of Oil Red O, alizarin red, and Safranin O/Fast Green staining after respective culture in adipo-, osteo-, and chondrogenic media. Based on these outcome measures, PDCs exhibited proliferation rate, morphology, surface receptor expression, and multipotency similar to those of BMSCs. No significant correlation was observed between outcome measures and donor age or diagnosis (osteoarthritis [OA] and rheumatoid arthritis [RA], respectively), a profound finding given recent rheumatological studies indicating that OA and RA share not only common biomarkers and molecular mechanisms but also common pathophysiology, ultimately resulting in the need for joint replacement. Furthermore, PDCs isolated via enzymatic digestion and migration assay showed subtle differences in surface marker expression but otherwise no significant differences in proliferation or multipotency; the observed differences in surface marker expression may indicate potential effects of isolation method on the population of cells isolated and/or the behavior of the respective isolated cell populations. This study demonstrates, for the first time to our knowledge, the feasibility of using arthritic tissue resected during hip replacement as a source of autologous stem cells. In sum, periosteum tissue that is resected with the femoral neck in replacing the hip represents an unprecedented and, to date, unstudied source of stem cells from OA and RA patients. Follow-up studies will determine the degree to which this new, autologous source of stem cells can be banked for future use.
Astrocyte-Like Cells Derived From Human Oral Mucosa Stem Cells Provide Neuroprotection In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Ganz Javier , Arie Ina , Ben-Zur Tali , Dadon-Nachum Michal , Pour Sammy , Araidy Shareef , Pitaru Sandu , Offen Daniel
Published: January 2014

Human oral mucosa stem cells (hOMSC) are a recently described neural crest-derived stem cell population. Therapeutic quantities of potent hOMSC can be generated from small biopsies obtained by minimally invasive procedures. Our objective was to evaluate the potential of hOMSC to differentiate into astrocyte-like cells and provide peripheral neuroprotection. We induced hOMSC differentiation into cells showing an astrocyte-like morphology that expressed characteristic astrocyte markers as glial fibrillary acidic protein, S100β, and the excitatory amino acid transporter 1 and secreted neurotrophic factors (NTF) such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, and insulin-like growth factor 1. Conditioned medium of the induced cells rescued motor neurons from hypoxia or oxidative stress in vitro, suggesting a neuroprotective effect mediated by soluble factors. Given the neuronal support (NS) ability of the cells, the differentiated cells were termed hOMSC-NS. Rats subjected to sciatic nerve injury and transplanted with hOMSC-NS showed improved motor function after transplantation. At the graft site we found the transplanted cells, increased levels of NTF, and a significant preservation of functional neuromuscular junctions, as evidenced by colocalization of α-bungarotoxin and synaptophysin. Our findings show for the first time that hOMSC-NS generated from oral mucosa exhibit neuroprotective effects in vitro and in vivo and point to their future therapeutic use in neural disorders.
Contesting the Limits of Consultation in the Amazon Region: On Indigenous Peoples’ Demands for Free, Prior and Informed Consent in Bolivia and Peru
Authors: Delgado-Pugley Deborah
Published: January 2014

While states have legal rights over more than 60% of the world’s forests, around one billion people inhabit and “manage” them often without proper legal recognition. Many countries are moving towards conferring legal rights over forested land to a broad range of private actors such as individuals or communities. However, and perhaps not surprisingly, two thirds of on-going violent conflicts involving rural communities are driven by contested claims over land and resources. In many Latin American countries, statutes and regulations on consultation have recently become strategic issues, even though these laws are suppose to comply with treaties and declarations signed by states some years or even decades before. Is it reasonable to claim that international approaches to indigenous rights, such as the ILO Convention 169 (1989) and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007) have actually begun to influence domestic regulations in a comprehensive manner? In that sense, what is the concrete impact of these approaches in policy-making processes? Is the recognition of the right to consultation bringing improvement to environmental conditions in the jurisdictions concerned? These questions are hereby addressed by means of two case studies where laws on consultation had parliamentary approval and were promoted by State’s agencies, but were contested by indigenous peoples’ movements: the framing of the Peruvian National Law on Consultation (Law No. 29785) and the ad hoc Law on Consultation (Law No. 222) over a planned road through the Indigenous Territory and Isiboro-Sécure National Park, regarded as the basis for the Bolivian Law on Consultation.
Environmental Discrimination and the Charter’s Equality Guarantee: The Case of Drinking Water for First Nations Living on Reserves
Authors: Chalifour Nathalie J.
Published: January 2014

Many First Nations communities living on reserves in Canada do not have consistent access to one of the most essential requirements for life—clean and safe drinking water. This article analyses the Charter’s equality guarantee to determine whether it offers a remedy. The analysis shows that the experience of First Nations communities living on reserve without access to clean water is discriminatory within the meaning of s 15 of the Charter, and that this discrimination would not be saved by s 1. The most significant hurdle to a s 15 claim is the fact that there is no single law which categorically excludes First Nations reserve communities from its protection. While the courts have not considered a case with similar facts, the article argues that the Charter’s equality protections extend to the full range of government action (and inaction) regardless of whether the action stems from one law, regulation or policy, or a set of laws that, acting together, creates discrimination. An interpretation that would limit s 15 protections based on a narrow, formalistic interpretation of the word “law” in section 15 would not only run counter to the interpretations of the section in recent decisions, but more importantly would run afoul of the Charter’s purpose of promoting substantive equality.
Le libéralisme politique et le pluralisme des conceptions du juste. Jusqu’où peut aller la tolérance politique ?1
Authors: Côté-Boudreau Frédéric
Published: January 2014

Cet article explore les conséquences pour le libéralisme politique de considérer l’existence d’un pluralisme raisonnable au sujet des différentes conceptions du juste. Comment une conception publique de la justice peut se développer malgré un désaccord raisonnable et profond sur les termes mêmes de cette justice ? En comparant le libertarisme, la justice comme équité et l’égalitarisme strict, il sera montré que les concepts fondamentaux de ces conceptions du juste sont essentiellement contestés. En guise de solution, deux conditions seront suggérées afin de faire en sorte que la conception publique de la justice en soit une de tolérance politique : premièrement, elle devra se baser sur une liste de droits minimaux reconnus par les différentes conceptions raisonnables du juste; et deuxièmement, si la conception publique de la justice a pour ambition de se développer au-delà du dénominateur commun, elle devra offrir des mesures compensatoires à ceux supportant des conceptions du juste plus restrictives. À certains égards, cette problématique et ces accommodements s’apparentent à ce qui est déjà proposé au sujet de multiculturalisme.
Justice and Charity: Positive duties and the right of necessity in Pablo Gilabert
Authors: Sparling Robert
Published: January 2014

This article considers Pablo Gilabert’s attempt to defend against libertarian critics his ambitious argument for basic positive duties of justice to the world’s destitute. The article notes that Gilabert’s argument – and particularly the vocabulary of perfect and imperfect duties that he adopts – has firm roots in the modern natural rights tradition. The article goes on to suggest, however, that Gilabert employs the phrase ‘imperfect duties’ in a manner that is in some tension with the tradition from which it is derived. Indeed, Gilabert’s novel deployment of the phrase contains a number of radical possibilities that are not pursued in his text. The article suggests that Gilabert would do better to break more decisively from a tradition that insists on the essential distinction between justice and charity.
Near-field optical imaging of light localization in GaN nanocolumn system
Authors: Sakai Masaru , Inose Yuta , Ohtsuki Tomi , Ema Kazuhiro , Kishino Katsumi , Saiki Toshiharu
Published: January 2014

The first near-field optical imaging of light localization in a GaN nanocolumn system was performed. The sample used was a randomly arranged GaN nanocolumn with high aspect ratio. We attached an InGaN single quantum well at the apex of each GaN nanocolumn as an illuminant antenna and observed luminescence from the illuminant using an aperture-type scanning near-field optical microscope. By this technique, we directly obtained optical images of luminescence and its spatial distribution for the GaN nanocolumn system. These images, along with histogram analysis, excitation wavelength dependence, and numerical calculations, offer evidence of Anderson localization of light.
Beam-steering in hollow ZrO2/SiO2 distributed Bragg reflector waveguides for one-dimensional RGB imaging
Authors: Gu Xiaodong , Nakahama Masanori , Ahmed Moustafa , Bakry Ahmed , Koyama Fumio
Published: January 2014

A novel one-dimensional beam deflector based on a hollow Bragg reflector waveguide for RGB imaging was proposed and evaluated by modeling. Large steering range over 30° is possible by only 100 nm change in the hollow air-core thickness. Electrostatic actuation enables fast and precise control of the beam-steering with a low operation voltage. An ultra-small divergence angle and super-high resolution are expected for device lengths of a few millimeters thanks to the high coherency of the output beam. The proposed hollow-waveguide type deflector is extremely compact and can be arrayed with high density.
The neutral dynamics during the 2009 sudden stratosphere warming simulated by different whole atmosphere models
Authors: Pedatella N. M. , Fuller‐Rowell T. , Wang H. , Jin H. , Miyoshi Y. , Fujiwara H. , Shinagawa H. , Liu H.‐L. , Sassi F. , Schmidt H. , Matthias V. , Goncharenko L.
Published: January 2014

The present study compares simulations of the 2009 sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) from four different whole atmosphere models. The models included in the comparison are the Ground‐to‐topside model of Atmosphere and Ionosphere for Aeronomy, Hamburg Model of the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere, Whole Atmosphere Model, and Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Extended version (WACCM‐X). The comparison focuses on the zonal mean, planetary wave, and tidal variability in the middle and upper atmosphere during the 2009 SSW. The model simulations are constrained in the lower atmosphere, and the simulated zonal mean and planetary wave variability is thus similar up to ∼1 hPa (50 km). With the exception of WACCM‐X, which is constrained up to 0.002 hPa (92 km), the models are unconstrained at higher altitudes leading to considerable divergence among the model simulations in the mesosphere and thermosphere. We attribute the differences at higher altitudes to be primarily due to different gravity wave drag parameterizations. In the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, we find both similarities and differences among the model simulated migrating and nonmigrating tides. The migrating diurnal tide (DW1) is similar in all of the model simulations. The model simulations reveal similar temporal evolution of the amplitude and phase of the migrating semidiurnal tide (SW2); however, the absolute SW2 amplitudes are significantly different. Through comparison of the zonal mean, planetary wave, and tidal variability during the 2009 SSW, the results of the present study provide insight into aspects of the middle and upper atmosphere variability that are considered to be robust features, as well as aspects that should be considered with significant uncertainty.
Interrelationship between preonset auroral and magnetic signatures at a geomagnetically conjugate Iceland‐Syowa pair
Authors: Motoba T. , Ohtani S. , Kadokura A. , Gjerloev J.
Published: January 2014

We present the initiation and development of Pi1‐Pi2 band pulsations in concert with spatiotemporal evolution of preonset auroral arc during an isolated auroral substorm reported by Motoba et al. (2012), and their interhemispheric similarities/dissimilarities, based on the colocated optical and magnetic field measurements at a geomagnetically conjugate Iceland‐Syowa pair. At least ~7 min prior to the auroral expansion onset, the first identifiable signature of preonset arc began with a small‐scale (~30–50 km) azimuthal beading. Interestingly, the early development of the visible arc beading for ~3–4 min was not accompanied by any ground magnetic perturbation. Then the bead‐like forms in the arc evolved into brighter, larger undulations, eventually developing into the poleward expansion. Such a preonset optical sequence was almost identical at both stations. In the transition from the beads into undulations, Pi2 pulsations were first identified clearly, followed by Pi1 pulsations a few minutes later. Whereas the Pi2 onset was coincident with the initiation of progressive increase of the preonset arc luminosity, the Pi1 onset was associated with a subsequent steep increase. The Pi2 wave cycles superimposed on the magnetic negative bay were well correlated with the preonset arc luminosity time series. These results imply the potential linkage between the ground Pi1‐Pi2 signatures in the onset region and the preonset auroral arc processes. Although the Pi1‐Pi2 features were generally similar between the two hemispheres, there was also some dissimilarity in their temporal behaviors, which could reflect a small but noteworthy interhemispheric asymmetry in the overhead conjugate preonset aurora.
A Conclusive View on Charge Generation, Recombination, and Extraction in As‐Prepared and Annealed P3HT:PCBM Blends: Combined Experimental and Simulation Work
Authors: Kniepert Juliane , Lange Ilja , van der Kaap Niels J. , Koster L. Jan Anton , Neher Dieter
Published: January 2014

Time‐delayed collection field (TDCF) and bias‐amplified charge extraction (BACE) are applied to as‐prepared and annealed poly(3‐hexylthiophene):[6,6]‐phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) blends coated from chloroform. Despite large differences in fill factor, short‐circuit current, and power conversion efficiency, both blends exhibit a negligible dependence of photogeneration on the electric field and strictly bimolecular recombination (BMR) with a weak dependence of the BMR coefficient on charge density. Drift‐diffusion simulations are performed using the measured coefficients and mobilities, taking into account bimolecular recombination and the possible effects of surface recombination. The excellent agreement between the simulation and the experimental data for an intensity range covering two orders of magnitude indicates that a field‐independent generation rate and a density‐independent recombination coefficient describe the current–voltage characteristics of the annealed P3HT:PCBM devices, while the performance of the as‐prepared blend is shown to be limited by space charge effects due to a low hole mobility. Finally, even though the bimolecular recombination coefficient is small, surface recombination is found to be a negligible loss mechanism in these solar cells.
Decreased Recombination Through the Use of a Non‐Fullerene Acceptor in a 6.4% Efficient Organic Planar Heterojunction Solar Cell
Authors: Verreet Bregt , Cnops Kjell , Cheyns David , Heremans Paul , Stesmans Andre , Zango German , Claessens Christian G. , Torres Tomas , Rand Barry P.
Published: January 2014

An optimization of several aspects of planar heterojunction solar cells based on boron subnaphthalocyanine chloride (SubNc) as a donor material is presented. The use of hexachlorinated boron subphthalocyanine chloride (Cl6SubPc) as an alternative acceptor to C60 allows for the simultaneous increase of the short‐circuit current, fill factor, and open‐circuit voltage compared to cells with fullerene acceptors. This is due to the complementary absorption of Cl6SubPc versus SubNc, reduced recombination at the heterointerface, and improved energetic alignment. Furthermore, insertion of a thin diindeno[1,2,3‐cd:1′,2′,3′‐lm]perylene (DIP) layer at the anode results in a very significant 60% increase in photocurrent owing to reduced exciton quenching at the anode. The simultaneous improvement of all three solar cell para­meters results in a power conversion efficiency of 6.4% for a non‐fullerene planar heterojunction cell.
A novel mutation (g.106737G>T) in zone of polarizing activity regulatory sequence (ZRS) causes variable limb phenotypes in Werner mesomelia
Authors: Girisha Katta M. , Bidchol Abdul Mueed , Kamath Preeti S. , Shah Krupa H. , Mortier Geert R. , Mundlos Stefan , Shah Hitesh
Published: January 2014

Werner mesomelia is characterized by a sequence variation in the specific region (position 404) of the enhancer ZRS of SHH. The phenotype comprises variable mesomelia, abnormalities of the thumb and great toe and supernumerary digits. We describe extensive variation in limb phenotype in a large family and report on a novel sequence variation NG_009240.1: g.106737G>T (traditional nomenclature: ZRS404G>T) in the ZRS within the LMBR1 gene. The newly recognized clinical features in this family include small thenar eminence, sandal gap, broad first metatarsals, mesoaxial polydactyly, and postaxial polydactyly. We provide information on 12 affected family members. We review the literature on how a sequence variation in ZRS may cause such diverse phenotypes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two mutations in IFITM5 causing distinct forms of osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Guillén‐Navarro Encarna , Ballesta‐Martínez María Juliana , Valencia María , Bueno Ana María , Martinez‐Glez Victor , López‐González Vanesa , Burnyte Birute , Utkus Algirdas , Lapunzina Pablo , Ruiz‐Perez Victor L.
Published: January 2014

The IFITM5 gene has recently been found to be mutated in patients with autosomal dominant osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) type V. This form of OI is characterized by distinctive clinical manifestations, including hyperplastic callus formation at the site of fractures, calcification of the interosseous membrane of the forearm, and dislocation of the head of the radius. Notably, in spite of the fact that a considerable number of patients with IFITM5 mutations have been identified, to date all of them have been shown to have the same heterozygous mutation (c.‐14C>T). Herein, we describe one patient with a de novo c.119C>T heterozygous mutation in IFITM5, which predicts p.Ser40Leu, and another with the recurrent c.‐14C>T transition that was also apparently de novo. While the patient with the p.Ser40Leu mutation had none of the typical signs of OI type V and was diagnosed with limb shortening at prenatal stages, the patient with the c.‐14C>T mutation developed hyperplastic calluses and had calcification of the forearm interosseous membrane. This study challenges the lack of allelic and clinical heterogeneity in IFITM5 mutations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recurrent proximal 18p monosomy and 18q trisomy in a family due to a pericentric inversion
Authors: Zamani Ayse Gul , Acar Aynur , Durakbasi‐Dursun Gul , Yildirim M. Selman , Ceylaner Serdar , Tuncez Ebru
Published: January 2014

Here, we report on a family with pericentric inversion of chromosome 18 [inv(18)(p11.2q21)] and two recombinants with a duplication of q21 → qter and a deletion of p11.2 → pter regions in a four‐generation family. This chromosomal abnormality was inherited in our first patient from the father, while it was transmitted to the second patient from the mother. Array‐CGH analysis were used to better characterize duplicated and deleted chromosomal regions and showed no genomic copy number variation (CNV) differences between these two relatives. We discussed genotype‐phenotype correlations including previously reported. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 2A (ARCL2A) mimicking Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome by its dermatological manifestations: Report of three affected patients
Authors: Greally Marie T. , Kalis Neale N. , Agab Wahid , Ardati Kasim , Giurgea Sanda , Kornak Uwe , Van Maldergem Lionel
Published: January 2014

Through a survey of more than 20 patients with a specific subgroup of autosomal recessive congenital cutis laxa (ARCL), namely ATP6V0A2‐related cutis laxa, we noted that the clinical findings on three patients included pretibial pseudo‐ecchymotic skin lesions very similar to those found in classical Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. The finding is apparently age‐related, occurring during the second decade in two of the three patients. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microarray delineation of familial chromosomal imbalance with deletion 5q35 and duplication 10q25 in a child showing multiple anomalies and dysmorphism
Authors: Masri Amira , Gimelli Stefania , Hamamy Hanan , Sloan‐Béna Frédérique
Published: January 2014

We describe a 6‐month‐old female with developmental delay, hypotonia, supernumerary nipples, and distinct craniofacial features. Postnatal chromosome analysis revealed an unbalanced karyotype involving a der (5) and array‐CGH defined two unbalanced regions with partial 2.3 Mb deletion of 5q35.3 in combination with a large 19.5 Mb duplication of chromosome 10 from q25.3 to q26.3. Parental karyotyping analysis showed that the father was carrier of a balanced t(5;10)(q35;q25). Two cousins of the proband with similar facial features had the same unbalanced karyotype with presence of the der (5) inherited from the malsegregation of the familial translocation. Additionally, three siblings (two deceased and one abortion) manifested a more severe phenotype including congenital heart defect, cleft palate, and agenesis of the corpus callosum and were diagnosed with unbalanced karyotypes inherited from the familial balanced translocation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sclerocornea in a patient with van den Ende–Gupta syndrome homozygous for a SCARF2 microdeletion
Authors: Migliavacca Michele P. , Sobreira Nara L. M. , Antonialli Graziela P.M. , Oliveira Mariana M. , Melaragno Maria Isabel S.A. , Casteels Ingele , de Ravel Thomy , Brunoni Decio , Valle David , Perez Ana Beatriz A.
Published: January 2014

Van den Ende–Gupta Syndrome (VDEGS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by blepharophimosis, distinctive nose, hypoplastic maxilla, and skeletal abnormalities. Using homozygosity mapping in four VDEGS patients from three consanguineous families, Anastacio et al. [Anastacio et al. (2010); Am J Hum Genet 87:553–559] identified homozygous mutations in SCARF2, located at 22q11.2. Bedeschi et al. [2010] described a VDEGS patient with sclerocornea and cataracts with compound heterozygosity for the common 22q11.2 microdeletion and a hemizygous SCARF2 mutation. Because sclerocornea had been described in DiGeorge‐velo‐cardio‐facial syndrome but not in VDEGS, they suggested that the ocular abnormalities were caused by the 22q11.2 microdeletion. We report on a 23‐year‐old male who presented with bilateral sclerocornea and the VDGEGS phenotype who was subsequently found to be homozygous for a 17 bp deletion in exon 4 of SCARF2. The occurrence of bilateral sclerocornea in our patient together with that of Bedeschi et al., suggests that the full VDEGS phenotype may include sclerocornea resulting from homozygosity or compound heterozygosity for loss of function variants in SCARF2. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.