bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A modified procedure for determining boron in plant material and soils using 1 : 1′‐dianthrimide
Authors: Gorfinkiel E. , Pollard A. G.
Published: November 2006

The I : I′‐dianthrimide reagent was tested for determining boron in some plants and soils. A convenient modification of the method of Ellis, Zook & Bandish (1949) is described, permitting the determination of 3 μg. of boron with a standard error of ± 0.48%, using the Biochem absorptiometer.
The composition of bracken: Some major‐ and trace‐element constituents
Authors: Hunter James G.
Published: November 2006

Periodic samples of bracken taken during the growing season have shown that the concentration of major elements (except calcium and sodium) decreases with age in fronds, and remains relatively constant in rhizomes, whereas trace‐element concentration varies widely. Soil type has little effect on the mineral composition of fronds. Examination of three rhizome types revealed no wide differences in the content of major elements; pinnules generally contained higher concentrations of major and trace elements than fronds. Comparison of results with those published elsewhere for moorland plants grown under similar conditions indicates that bracken contains rather more potassium and less molybdenum.
South African fish products. XXXIII.—The Rock Lobster: the Composition of the Hepatopancreas Oil
Authors: Ligthelm S. P. , Novellie L. , Schwartz H. M. , von Holdt M. M.
Published: November 2006

The main sites of fat deposition in the rock lobster are the hepatopancreas and the gonads. Data on the yield and characteristics of the oils from these organs are given. The composition of the saponifiable and unsaponifiable fractions of the hepatopancreas oil was determined. The component acids (weights per cent.) are: saturated acids C14 I.I. C16 10.3, C18 8.1, C20 4.2, C22 0.5; unsaturated acids C14 2.4 (‐2.0 H), C16 7.3 (‐2.1 H), C18 14.3 (‐2.9 H), C20 28.4 (‐6.5 H), C22 19.0 (‐8.3 H), C24 2.6 (‐2.1 H) and C26 1.8 (‐2 H). Cholesterol and α‐glyceryl ethers are the main components of the unsaponifiable fraction.
The amino‐acid compostion of extracted grass‐protein. I.—The basic acids
Authors: Waite R. , Fensom A. , Lovett S.
Published: November 2006

Protein has been extracted from four species of grass at stages of growth varying from young and leafy to old and woody. The lysine, arginine and histidine contents of the extracted protein have been determined and considerable uniformity has been found between all samples, especially those of a single species.
Studies on the blood proteins of hyperimmune horses. II.—The effect of high concentrations of phenolic substances on the proteins of whole blood
Authors: Harms A. J.
Published: November 2006

Based on the work on antitoxic plasma described in Part I, a study has been made of the conditions under which whole blood from hyperimmunized horses can be purified. From the information obtained a simple process, applicable to all antibodies, for the production in high yield of purified and concentrated antibodies direct from whole blood has been evolved and is described.
The bacteriostatic effects of extracts of chicken duodenum on certain micro‐organisms. I.—crude extracts
Authors: Barrett J. , Berridge N. J.
Published: November 2006

Aqueous extracts of the contents of the duodenum of chickens have been found on many occasions to be bacteriostatic. On some occasions such extracts were stimulatory. Stimulatory extracts were rendered inhibitory by removing the substances precipitated by alcohol. These and other properties suggest that the bacteriostatic activity was at least partly due to the presence of fatty acids. The inhibitory substances were present in the gut of the chicken before hatching.
Manufacture of algal chemicals. VI.—Laboratory‐scale isolation of l‐fucose from brown marine algae
Authors: Black W. A. P. , Cornhill W. J. , Dewar E. T. , Woodward F. N.
Published: November 2006

Methods for the isolation of crystalline L‐fucose from both dried milled brown seaweed and fucoidin have been worked out on the laboratory scale, with a view to the ultimate development of a process suitable for large‐scale production. Preparation from the original seaweed involves hydrolysis with acid, formation of fucose phenylhydrazone, and subsequent decomposition of the phenylhydrazone. The isolation from fucoidin involves hydrolysis of the polysaccharide by heating a 16% (w/w) solution in 0.25N‐hydrochloric acid at 135° in an autoclave for two hours, removal of salts and acid with ion‐exchange resins, purification with ethanol and charcoal, and direct crystallization of the fucose from ethanol.
The reduction of nitrate in mixtures of minced grass and water
Authors: Barnett A. J. G.
Published: November 2006

Nitrate is partially reduced in grass/water slurries to nitrite, which, in the presence of the lactic acid produced in simultaneous fermentation, is partially converted into nitric oxide. The initial reduction is brought about by strains of Escherichia coli (Bact. coli) and it has been further noted that ascorbic acid, normally undergoing 60% decomposition, is destroyed more rapidly and to a greater extent if nitrate is present in the fermenting mixture.
Rate of extraction of ground pyrethrum flowers in contact with dilute miscellae
Authors: Edwards M. G.
Published: November 2006

A very fine state of subdivision is necessary to obtain a high percentage extraction of pyrethrum flowers, but very fine powders present difficulties in orthodox apparatus, and a method of extracting material finer than 200 mesh is outlined. This method is assumed to give complete extraction and is utilized to assay the residues of pyrethrum flowers normally ground for industrial and for analytical purposes, which have been extracted in stages over a period of time, and an empirical equation is deduced enabling percentage extraction at any time to be calculated from constants determined for such powders.
Taint in potatoes grown on land treated with technical γ‐benzene hexachloride or pure γ‐benzene hexachloride
Authors: Jameson H. R. , Peacock F. C.
Published: November 2006

It is shown that, on a γ‐benzene hexachloride basis, pure γ‐BHC and technical (90%) γ‐BHC tainted potatoes to about the same degree when applied just before the crop was planted. On a total BHC basis, technical (90%) γ‐BHC and a BHC concentrate conctaining 56% γ‐BHC, when compared indirectly with the results of earlier and more numerous trails1 showed about the same degree of taint as crude BHC (13%γ‐BHC); the decrease in tainting with time after treatment for technical γ‐BHC seemed to be rather more rapid than for crude BHC.
South African tobaccos. I.—Preliminary identification of amino‐acids and other constituents
Authors: Pearse H. L. , Novellie L.
Published: November 2006

Methods of preparing tobacco‐leaf extracts for paper chromatography are described. Preliminary work has been carried out on the free amino‐acids of three varieties of tobacco grown in South Africa, and normally used for flue curing. The following amino‐acids have been detected in tobacco leaf: aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, glutamine, serine, threonine, alanine, tyrosine, proline, valine, γ‐aminobutyric acid, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, β‐alanine, histidine and lysine. Several substances, as yet unidentified, which give a ninhydrin reaction are also present. The paper‐chromatographic method also appears promising for the study of sugars and polyphenols in tobacco leaf.
The enzymic degradation of pectin and other polysaccharides. II—Application of the ‘Cup‐plate’ assay to the estimation of enzymes
Authors: Dingle J. , Reid W. W. , Solomons G. L.
Published: November 2006

The agar ‘cup‐plate’ diffusion technique has been applied to the quantitative determination of enzyme activity, principally to amylase, polygalacturonase, cellulase, protease and pectin‐esterase. With all enzymes so far examined, the relationship between diameter of zone and log(amount of enzyme) is linear over a wide range, and may be used for the quantitative estimation of the enzymes. The cup‐plate assay of polygalacturonase, like viscometric methods, measures the initial destruction of the colloidal properties of pectic acid, and, owing to the complex nature of polygalacturonase, bears no simple relationship to the assay of polygalacturonase by the estimation of glycosidic hydrolysis.
Connective tissue of meat. II.—Determination of Hydroxyproline
Authors: Baker L. C. , Lampitt L. H. , Brown K. P.
Published: November 2006

The density of colour produced in Neuman & Logan's method for the estimation of hydroxyproline was measured in a Hilger Spekker absorptiometer. On any one occasion satisfactory duplication was obtained with aliquots of the same solution of hydroxyproline, and a smooth curve resulted when concentration was plotted against colour density. However, from time to time the level of the curve fluctuated slightly, and therefore the colour should be developed in standard solutions when any ‘unknowns’ are being estimated, as recommended by Neuman & Logan. The density of the colour was depressed to some extent by amino‐acids present in the solution (e.g. in the form of protein hydrolysate) when the ratio of amino‐acid to hydroxyproline was about 50 to 1 or greater.
The estimation of vitamin‐E activity by paper chromatography
Authors: Eggitt P. W. Russell , Ward L. D.
Published: November 2006

Paper chromatography has recently been applied to the separation and estimation of the individual tocopherols. The present communication draws attention to errors that are likely to arise if a solution of ‘Vaseline’ petroleum jelly in ethyl ether is used to impregnate the filter paper in order to achieve phase‐reversal. The use of liquid paraffin B.P., dissolved in light petroleum, not only overcomes these objections, but enables the elution after chromatography to be simplified. Losses of tocopherols are minimized by chromatography in an inert atmosphere. The modified technique, which is described in detail, has consistently given recovery figures of 95%, or better, when tested with mixtures of synthetic tocopherols.
The influence of piperonyl butoxide and ddt on the determination of the pyrethrins content of commercial spray‐insecticides by the A.O.A.C. and the seil methods
Authors: Warren G. J.
Published: November 2006

The estimation of total pyrethrins either by the A.O.A.C.* method of analysis or the Seil method yields high results in the presence of the synergist piperonyl butoxide, or DDT. Both these compounds, on hydrolysis with alcoholic potassium hydroxide, produce acidic substances which, being apparently only slightly soluble in light petroleum and non‐volatile in steam, do not affect appreciably the estimation of pyrethrins I, but, being soluble in ether, give falsely high results for pyrethrins II by either method.
The electrodialytic removal of inorganic material from organic marine products
Authors: Dunbar J. C. , Mitchell T. J.
Published: November 2006

A. Seaweed.—By means of a three‐compartment cell with ceramic diaphragms, suspensions of dried ground Laminaria cloustoni stipe were electrodialysed to remove inorganic material. The total‐ash content of the seaweed was reduced from 33.4 to 7.4% in 30 minutes, representing a removal of 78% of the ash. Tests were also made on dried, ground frond, and a much smaller removal was effected. The total‐ash content was reduced from 28 to 22.8% in 30 minutes, representing a removal of about 18% of the ash. Duplicate tests were made to determine the amount of alkali and chlorine recovered and the energy required. The following figures were obtained (per Ib. of dry seaweed): alkali recovered, 0.053 Ib.; chlorine recovered (estimated), 0.056 Ib.; energy required, 3.03 kw.

B. Fish albumen.—A three‐compartment cell, with diaphragms of cellulosic material, was used for tests to reduce the ash content of fish albumen. It was found possible to reduce the ash content from 7.7 to 4.0% in 90 minutes, representing a removal of 52.3% of the inorganic material.

The fact that not all the inorganic material is removed in either A or B is tentatively attributed to the presence of a certain proportion of it in an insoluble form such as calcium alginate in seaweed and calcium citrate in fish albumen. Electrodialysis of calcium alginate and calcium citrate gave results which supported this view.
The electrodeposition of powdered inorganic materials from suspension in organic liquids
Authors: Dunbar J. C. , Mitchell T. J.
Published: November 2006

Variables affecting the electrodeposition of basic magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate from suspension in organic liquids have been investigated. Temperature has little effect. Deposition increases linearly, in most cases, with voltage, time, concentration and electrode surface. An unusual effect has been noted with high concentrations of materials containing a hydroxyl group, the amount of deposit increasing very rapidly with increasing concentration. With different organic liquids as suspending media, the amount of deposit increases with increasing dielectric constant in the series ethyl acetate, n‐amyl alcohol, n‐butyl alcohol, n‐propyl alcohol, ethanol and methanol. With acetone and nitrobenzene little or no deposition is obtained, whereas cyclohexanone gives a result in agreement with the first series where magnesium carbonate is deposited, but gives no appreciable deposit with calcium carbonate. In certain cases a break occurs in the relationships when the deposit is heavy, possibly because the weight of the deposit causes a partial breaking‐off. The mechanical strength of the deposit appears to depend upon the conditions of deposition. It has also been shown that the presence of small amounts of water or of acid has no apparent effect, but larger amounts cause, in the first case, an increasingly wet deposit and in the second, complete inhibition. The purity of the suspending medium can affect the action greatly. Heavy currents obtained during tests on calcium carbonate suspended in methanol are thought to be due to a reaction between these substances.
The water‐soluble carbohydrates of grasses. I.—Changes occurring during the normal life‐cycle
Authors: Waite R. , Boyd J.
Published: November 2006

The water‐soluble carbohydrates [glucose and fructose (reported together as total hexoses), sucrose and fructosan] in the leaf, stem and head portions of four grasses have been determined at regular intervals throughout their growth cycle during two successive years. Hexoses were at all times present in only small amounts. The concentration of sucrose varied with the stage of growth, rising to a peak in May‐June, and the effect of the stage of growth on the amount of sucrose was similar in both leaf and stem. Fructosan was present in a much higher concentration in the stem than in the leaf, and stage of growth had a marked effect on the amount present. A relationship is suggested between these fluctuations in fructosan content and morphological changes, first in the development of the growing point from a vegetative to a floral state, and later in seed formation.
Chemical aspects of thermal damage to the nutritive value of vegetable oils. II.—The possible formation of cyclized or branched monomeric acyl radicals
Authors: Wells A. F. , Common R. H.
Published: November 2006

Distillation of the ethyl esters of heat‐polymerized linseed oil at low pressures gives a monomeric distillate, but approximately one‐fifth of this distillate is incapable of forming urea adducts. Acetyl‐value determinations indicate that this fraction does not represent hydroxy‐acids. Estimations of terminal methyl groups support the tentative conclusion that branched acyl chains are absent. Data are presented for the ultra‐violet absorption of the non‐adduct‐forming distillate fraction before and after alkali‐isomerization. Some tentative views on the possible presence of cyclic acids are advanced.
Soil sterilization. II.—Ammonia and nitrate production in a glasshouse soil steam‐sterilized in situ
Authors: Davies J. N. , Owen O.
Published: November 2006

Where soil in a glasshouse border was left undisturbed after steam‐sterilization, high ammonia concentrations were maintained for a much longer period than where the soil was dug at regular intervals. Depth sampling of undisturbed soil in the house revealed high concentrations of nitrate (and other water‐soluble salts) in the top half‐inch, with decreasing concentrations at increasing depths, and ammonia was uniformly distributed. This nitrate accumulation is largely due apparently to an upward moisture movement concentrating soluble salts near the surface, and is not to be attributed to renewed nitrification in the surface soil as a consequence of aerial contamination by nitrifying organisms. Evidence is presented which suggests that contamination of undisturbed soil in the glasshouse by nitrifying organisms arises mainly from the subsoil and to a lesser extent from chance surface‐infections.
The development of a numerical scoring system for the sensory assessment of the spoilage of wet white fish stored in ice
Authors: Shewan J. M. , Macintosh Ruth G. , Tucker C. G. , Ehrenberg A. S. C.
Published: November 2006

An attempt is made to classify the sensorily perceptible quality‐factors of cod fish, stored in ice, throughout the spoilage chain from absolute freshness to putridity. The classification is given numerical form to ease the handling and interpretation of the resulting data. A panel has been trained to agree in assessing any one sample, and its internal consistency is descussed on the basis of some experimental data.

The importance of the method would seem to be that those factors are classified which would give rise to opinions of preference in the ordinary consumer, were the food presented to him. In practice the accuracy obtained by the panel was such that samples could be clearly differentiated, in terms of periods of storage in ice under certain standard conditions, to within a day or two.
The vitamin‐B12 (Cobalamin) content of the milk of lowland and hill sheep
Authors: Shrimpton D. H. , Duckworth J.
Published: November 2006

The vitamin‐B12 (cobalamin) content of the milk of ewes, on pasture with supplementary feeding, declines grdually during lactation. Individual values fell within the range of 1 to 6 μg./1., with mean values at different stages of lactation generally between 2 and 3 μg./1.

In lowland and hill‐farm flocks the mean values ranged from 1.3 to 5.0 μ./1., with considerable variation from one animal to another.

The provision of supplementary cobalt to lowland and hill flocks had no effect on the vitamin‐B12 content of the milk.
The determination of arsenic in gelatin by means of the molybdenum‐blue reaction
Authors: Eastoe J. E. , Eastoe B.
Published: November 2006

An absorptiometric method, based on the molybdenum‐blue reaction, for the determination of arsenic in gelatin is described. The method is suitable for the simultaneous treatment of a number of samples and is more accurate than existing methods based on the Gutzeit test.

Gelatin is digested with dilute hydrochloric acid and the arsenic, after reduction, is separated as the hydride by the action of nascent hydrogen liberated by zinc. The arsine is absorbed in iodine solution, which, after the addition of ammonium molybdate and 1‐amino‐2‐naphthol‐4‐sulphonic acid reagents, is then heated at 100°. The optical density of the resulting blue solution, measured photoelectrically, is proportional to the concentration of arsenic over the range 0‐25 μg. The use of the aminonaphtholsulphonic acid as reducing agent has been shown to eliminate a source of error that is encountered if hydrazine is used, when the test solutions are matched visually. In addition the aminonaphtholsulphonic acid confers on the colour improved stability to light.

The procedure has been checked against a second method in which the gelatin is completely oxidized with nitric acid. This shows that arsenic, in the forms normally present in commercial gelatins, is made available for separation by digestion with dilute hydrochloric acid on a steam bath. Claims in the literature1 that tervalent arsenic can be completely recovered from hydrochloric acid solution containing only stannous chloride and potassium iodide by the action of zinc have not been confirmed. Only 50% of the arsenic was recovered from such solutions, but the addition of certain organic materials increased the percentage recovery. Reproducible recoveries, ranging from 96% for 5 μg. of arsenic to 88% for 25μg., were obtained in the presence of gelatin. Error due to incomplete recovery of arsenic can be avoided by carrying out an actual separation of arsenic for the preparation of a calibration curve.

The overall accuracy of the method is ± 2% when a spectrophotometer is used for a range of 0‐5 p.p.m. of arsenic in gelatin. The accuracy varies from ± 3‐6%, with selenium‐photocell absorptiometers, to ± 5‐10%, when the solutions are matched visually.
Some typical analyses of red seaweeds
Authors: Ross Alan G.
Published: November 2006

The seaweeds with which this paper is concerned all belong to the group Rhodophyceae, the best known of which are Gelidium spp. and other genera, from which agar is obtained, and Gigartina spp. and Chondrus spp., collectively known as Irish moss. This work was carried out under the auspices of the Institute of Seaweed Research with a view to obtaining a comparative survey of the general analytical characteristics of the group as a whole, although particular attention has been devoted to the distribution of the various sugars present (as shown in Table II).
The isolation of lauric acid from butter fat
Authors: Hansen R. P. , Cooke N. J.
Published: November 2006

Although lauric acid has generally been assumed to be a minor constituent of butter, it has not hitherto been isolated from this fat. The present work reports the isolation and identification of lauric acid from a representative sample of butter fat.
The bacteriostatic effects of extracts of chicken duodenum on certain micro‐organisms II.—Preparation and properties of concentrates
Authors: Barrett J. , Berridge N. J.
Published: November 2006

The chromatographic fractionation of concentrates prepared from chicken duodenum by solvent treatment led to preparations having the properties of unsaturated fatty acids. The most active fractions had a bacteriostatic power roughly equal to that of linoleic acid, but their chemical properties suggested acids of greater molecular weight.
Manuring of grassland. II.—Use of Nitrogen
Authors: Raymond W. F.
Published: November 2006

The use of nitrogen on grassland on the general farm is considered, particularly in relation to the contribution of the clovers to the sward. This is reduced both by heavy nitrogen applications and by unsuitable management. With low clover content in the sward, fertilizer nitrogen becomes the main source of nitrogen for the grass. Not only does this demand a high level of fertilizing, but flexibility in management, which is one of the main advantages from nitrogen manuring, is lost. Thus on the general farm nitrogen should be used at a level which allows an effective clover contribution to the sward: annual dressings of up to 4 cwt. of ‘Nitro‐Chalk’ per acre can be used, with suitable management. However, a consideration of the availability of nitrogen fertilizers shows that even this level of application is possible only on a small proportion of our grasslands. It is concluded that we should now be encouraging the widespread use of medium levels of nitrogen fertilizing, allowing both an adequate clover contribution in our swards and the considerable increases in production possible with these fertilizers.
Manuring of grassland. III.—Manuring and Utilization
Authors: Hamilton R. A.
Published: November 2006

The role of grassland in increasing the nation's food supplies is discussed. Fertilizer dressings for various swards are recommended, with the proviso that plans for efficient utilization must precede any step to grow more grass. Figures from cost accounts taken on some 60‐70 dairy and mixed farms are quoted.
Laboratory tests on some hoof and horn materials used in horticulture. I.—Raw samples without preliminary heat treatment
Authors: Owen O. , Winsor G. W. , Long M. I. E.
Published: November 2006

Twenty‐two samples of raw hoof and horn materials have been examined in the laboratory with particular reference to their nitrogenous constituents. The samples, which included hoof, horn and mixtures of these two materials, were milled in the laboratory before testing. The nitrogen content of the samples and their ‘availability’ in the soil, as shown by incubation for 10 weeks, indicate that hoof and horn materials constitute a reasonably homogeneous class of nitrogenous fertilizer. Considerable differences were, however, found in the initial rates of mineralization of nitrogen from the samples.

Highly significant correlations were found between the initial rates of mineralization of nitrogen and the bulk densities and ease of hydrolysis of the samples. Hoof was at first more rapidly decomposed in the soil than horn, though after incubation for 10 weeks there was little difference between the two. Soil tests made with different sieved fractions of hoof and horn showed that the nitrogen of the finest particles was most rapidly mineralized at first, but the coarsest samples ultimately showed the highest ‘availability’.
The composition of the blubber fat of crabeater seal
Authors: Winter G. , Nunn W.
Published: November 2006

The composition of the blubber fat from a male crabeater seal has been determined. In general the composition is similar to that of the fat of other seals.

The crystallization procedure in which methyl esters are used has been improved, and the efficiency of separation is now equal to that obtainable with fatty acids. The use of a rotating‐strip fractionation column has almost eliminated the formation of tarry residues in the fractional distillation.
Some notes on the determination of methyl ketones
Authors: Berridge N. J. , Zielinska M. , Barrett J.
Published: November 2006

Four main classes of previously known methods of determining methyl ketones have been tested and improvements have been made in some of them. The method based on pH measurements of mixtures of the ketones with hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution was shown to be most suitable for numerous routine determinations such as might be required in chromatography.
Sensory tests and consumer acceptance
Authors: Harries J. M.
Published: November 2006

Some implications of the distinction between the consumer‐acceptance test and the analytical taste‐panel test are discussed. Examples are given of its impact upon some of the systems used by the Scientific Adviser's Division of the Ministry of Food. The direct‐difference type of test is briefly considered and mention is made of an attempt to develop a scale of intensity, of limited applicability, from such tests.
The objective approach to sensory tests of food
Authors: Ehrenberg A. S. C. , Shewan J. M.
Published: November 2006

The use of a technique, previously described, for assessing the quality factors of iced white fish is discussed. Results are given to show that the explicit training of a panel of assessors to agree is a chief factor in achieving accuracy. The validity of comparing results from different investigations is then examined, with reference to such factors as the internal consistency of the panel, the use of control samples or standards and of certain physicochemical criteria.
Animal fats: Recent researches in the fats research laboratory, D.S.I.R., New Zealand
Authors: Shorland F. B.
Published: November 2006

The views recorded in the first section of this survey dealing with the relationship between the dietary and depot fats are in some cases based on the results of other investigators. In the second section the work of this Laboratory on the fatty‐acid composition of butter fat has been examined in the light of the recent British discoveries on the synthetic activity of the mammary gland. Finally, the work of the Fats Research Laboratory on the isolation from animal fats of trace constituents, particularly the branched‐chain fatty acids, is reviewed.
The colour and clarity of gelatin and glue solutions
Authors: Saunders P. R. , Ward A. G.
Published: November 2006

A method is described for measuring the separate properties, colour and clarity, of gelatin and glue solutions. The optical densities of gelatin or glue solutions, before and after filtration by means of a bacterial filter, are measured either as a function of wavelength, with a spectrophotometer, or in terms of the light transmitted by standard colour filters, with a photoelectric absorptiometer. The limitations of the method and its usefulness in routine control are discussed.
The mechanism of the interaction of sulphur dioxide with certain sugars
Authors: Braverman J. B. S.
Published: November 2006

In the course of certain studies on the behaviour of sulphur dioxide in concentrated citrus juices and other sulphited food products it has been suggested that sulphur dioxide may yield an addition product only with the aldehydic open‐chain form of certain sugars.

Experimental results are presented here to show that the sulphonate is an open‐chain compound, namely elementary analyses coupled with the state of hydration of the product, the measurement of its infra‐red absorption spectrum which indicates the absence of a C—O—C bond, and the determination of its optical rotation.

Pure crystalline ‘sodium glucose sulphonate’ was prepared after the optimum conditions had been studied.

‘Sodium arabinose sulphonate’ was also prepared, but attempts to combine fructose with sulphur dioxide at ordinary temperatures were unsuccessful. It is considered that this phenomenon is due to the mutarotation of fructose proceeding along quite different lines from that of glucose.
Estimation of sterilizing values of processes as applied to canned foods. II.—Packs heating by conduction: Complex processing conditions and value of coming‐up time of retort
Authors: Gillespy T. G.
Published: November 2006

A method is presented for estimating the Fc value, for conduction packs, of a heating process of any degree of complexity. As a corollary, the value of the coming‐up time of the retort may be estimated in terms of time at retort temperature.
The nitrogenous extractives from fresh fish muscle. II—Comparison of several gadoid and elasmobranch species
Authors: Shewan J. M.
Published: November 2006

The fractionation of the aqueous‐alcoholic extracts of the muscle of several species of marine gadoids and elasmobranchs by displacement chromatography by means of ion‐exchange resins, has shown the presence of 13 amino‐acids in addition to creatine, creatinine, trimethylamine oxide and possibly glutathione in all species examined. Betaine and sarcosine appear to be confined to the elasmobranchs, and anserine and methylhistidine to the gadoids.
The chemical estimation of vitamin‐E activity in cereal products. I.—The tocopherol pattern of wheat‐germ oil
Authors: Eggitt P. W. Russell , Ward L. D.
Published: November 2006

Details are given of a method for determining the individual tocopherols and associated unidentified substances in oil extracted from cereal products. The technique depends ultimately on separating the tocopherols by paper chromatography by means of liquid paraffin B.P. and 75% aqueous ethanol as the stationary and mobile phases respectively. Typical results obtained with wheat‐germ oil are quoted: they indicate that the tocopherol pattern of this oil consists of α‐tocopherol, β‐tocopherol and two unidentified substances, one of them possibly an unreported tocopherol.
The bleaching of carotene by A lipoxidase‐linoleate system
Authors: Blain J. A. , Hawthorn J. , Todd J. P.
Published: November 2006

A system for studying the coupled oxidation of carotene by lipoxidase and similar fatty acid oxidases is described. The experimental characteristics of the system are illustrated, and particular attention is paid to the effect of pH on the observed reaction velocities. The system presents certain advantages over previous systems of a similar nature.
Changes in the pH and buffering capacity of fish during spoilage
Authors: Cutting C. L.
Published: November 2006

Claims have recently been made once again for a test for freshness of fish based on a decrease in buffering capacity with increasing staleness. This decrease has been shown to be due chiefly to the bacterial reduction of trimethylamine oxide. However, under commercial conditions the results appear to be too irregular for such a test to be reliable. The buffering capacity of fish flesh in various ranges of pH and its variation with degree of spoilage have been almost completely accounted for by the contributions of proteins and water‐soluble constituents. The pH changes in fresh and spoiling fish, which depend in large measure on buffering capacity, are also too irregular to be satisfactorily correlated with freshness.
Amino‐acids in New Zealand cheddar cheese:Their possible contribution to flavour
Authors: Dacre Jack C.
Published: November 2006

1. Paper partition chromatographic analysis of four maturing New Zealand Cheddar cheeses showed them to contain the following ninhydrin‐reacting compounds: glutamic acid, lysine and/or arginine, leucine and iso, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, alanine, aspartic acid, glycine, glutamine, asparagine, threonine, methionine, a peptide, and sometimes tyrosine, serine and proline, in the water‐soluble nitrogenous fraction.

2. All the amino‐acids increased steadily in amount as the cheeses matured, except for tyrosine, the concentration of which fluctuated in the different cheeses, probably as a result of the decarboxylating activity of some of the lactobacilli present in the cheeses.

3. Comparison of the times of appearance of the individual amino‐acids with flavour development indicated no correlation between a particular acid or acids and the development of Cheddar cheese flavour.

4. The individual amino‐acids and their corresponding amines, as well as mixtures of the amino‐acids as found in mature cheese, did not possess any aroma or taste which might suggest that they contributed to the typical flavour of Cheddar cheese.
The role of glycerides in baking
Authors: Coppock J. B. M. , Cookson M. A. , Laney D. H. , Axford D. W. E.
Published: November 2006

Part I. The historical development of the use of glycerinated fats in baking is traced and some essential differences between American and British practice are discussed. Glycerinated fat comprises mixtures of mono‐, di‐ and tri‐esters; it is commonly but incorrectly called ‘glyceryl monostearate’ and the commercial material in this country, known as GMS, usually contains about 30‐40% of glyceryl monostearate or about 20% of glyceryl mono‐oleate. The effect of GMS products of varying composition on selected properties of bread, sponges and Madeira cakes is described.

Specifications for the most suitable types of GMS for use in these products are discussed and the effect that various flour improvers have on the quantities of GMS showing optimum improving effect is described.

Various theories that have been propounded to explain the mechanism of the action of fats, oils and GMS as crumb‐softening and anti‐staling agents are critically examined; the view is put forward that greater attention should be paid to the distribution of labile water between the coagulated gluten network and starch gel which comprise the system referred to as bread.

Part II. The effect of flour oils in bread making and the influence these substances have on the improving action of the glycerinated fats are discussed. Experiments are described which indicate the presence of monoglycerides in (a) oils extracted from 81%‐extraction flour treated in various ways, (b) oils extracted from bread baked from the severally treated flours and by the aeration process and (c) fats normally used in baking and breads containing these fats. The periodic acid method of estimating monoglycerides in fatty materials is critically examined. The presence of small quantities of monoglycerides in certain of the above materials has been established by applying countercurrent extraction methods and by preparing the 2 : 4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatives of the reaction products in the chloroform layer after periodic acid assay, and by applying other methods of characterization. The influence the various findings have on the pharmacological considerations involved in the inclusion of glycerinated fats (GMS) in baked products is discussed, and in particular the relationship of this information to the concept of ‘hundredfold’ acceptability advocated by Frazer as one of the main criteria in assessing the absence of risk in the use of food additives. As there is also no direct indication of cumulation of glyceryl monostearate in the body, or of any significant nutritional defect caused by the use of GMS in the manner recommended by the authors, it is concluded that the use of glycerinated fats, within reasonable limits, in baked goods involves no risk of barm to the consumer.
Studies of lactic acid bacteria associated with brewery products. I.—identification of types isolated from beer and from yeast
Authors: Bhandari R. R. , Russell C. , Walker T. K.
Published: November 2006

A survey has been made of a selection of the lactic acid bacteria occurring in 12 samples of yeast and 9 samples of beer from British breweries. Strains of 8 known species were identified and these included Lactobacillus buchneri, Lb. bifidus, Lb. leichmanii, Lb. plantarum and Streptococcus cremoris, none of which has hitherto been detected in beer. In addition, three rod‐shaped organisms which were isolated proved to be the type cultures of three new species of Lactobacillus. Five cocci which were isolated were found to be related to Pediococcus damnosus var. salicinaceus Mees and have been classified as strains of this species. These organisms had very small cells, those of Ped. damnosus var. salicinaceus itself being relatively much greater in diameter.
The relationship between the constitution and the effect of chemical compounds on plant growth. IV.—derivatives and analogues of 2‐benzoylbenzoic acid
Authors: Jones R. L. , Metcalfe T. P. , Sexton W. A.
Published: November 2006

Selective inhibition of the root growth of germinating seeds is shown by compounds in which a benzene or naphthalene ring is linked in the ortho‐position to benzoic acid by CO, CH2, NH or CO‐NH. Rape is usually more susceptible than wheat. The effect of substitution in the benzene ring and of esterification has been examined. 2‐(4‐Phenyl‐benzoyl)benzoic acid and N‐α‐naphthylphthalamic acid were found to be the most active compounds.

Some compounds of these classes abolish the normal geotropic responses of rape and rye‐grass roots at concentrations below those at which there is marked inhibition of root growth. High activity was found particularly in the benzoylbenzoic acid and phthalamic acid series. Examination of a few of the compounds reveals that they also affect the phototropic response of shoots of rape and rye‐grass.
The relationship between the constitution and the effect of chemical compounds on plant growth. V.—aromatic nitro‐compounds and nitramines
Authors: Jones R. L. , Metcalfe T. P. , Sexton W. A.
Published: November 2006

The root growth of germinating seeds of rape and wheat is markedly reduced when the seeds are grown in the presence of certain aromatic nitro‐compounds. No correlation is apparent between the toxicity and the chemical reactivity, but within comparable groups of compounds water‐solubility appears to be a limiting factor governing toxicity. Methylation of nitrophenols modifies their toxicity but does not destroy it.

Arynitramines of the formula Ar‐NH‐NO2 are selective inhibitors of the root growth of rape as compared with wheat. The activity is believed to be associated with the acidic nature of the nitramine group and is affected by the nature of the substituents in the benzene ring. The arylnitramines inhibit the geotropic response of roots of rape and ryegrass, and in four out of seven compounds examined the phototropic response of shoots of rape and rye‐grass was also inhibited.
Studies on composts prepared from waste materials. I.—preparation, nitrogen losses and changes in ‘soluble nitrogen’
Authors: Hoyle Delphine A. , Mattingly G. E. G.
Published: November 2006

1. Changes in the pH and total soluble nitrogen of composts from waste materials have been examined during decomposition for periods up to two years. Losses of nitrogen dry matter and organic matter after 14‐16 weeks were also determined.

2. The rate of decomposition, based on the level of soluble nitrogen, in composts from straw and sewage sludge, increased as the initial nitrogen content increased from 1‐10 to 1‐97% above 1‐97% there was no increase in rate of decomposition and losses of nitrogen became excessive.

3. Nearly all the soluble nitrogen in mature composts was present as nitrate; the pH of the mature composts varied approximately inversely as the nitrate content.

4. Supplementary aeration slightly decreased the level of soluble nitrogen in mature composts and considerably increased losses of nitrogen in 14‐10 weeks. Aeration had little effect on losses of dry matter.

5. The soluble nitrogen in mature composts from straw and ammonium sulphate was much greater than in composts from straw and sludge prepared with the same initial nitrogen content.

6. The optimum conditions for preparing composts from straw and sludge in small cells are discussed, and the importance of the level of nitrogen, minimal aeration, duration of storage period and the influence of soluble nitrogen in the starting materials are emphasized.
Flavour of potatoes treated with tetrachloronitrobenzene and isopropyl N‐phenylcarbamate
Authors: Wilson A. R. , Harries J. M.
Published: November 2006

Tests carried out by two independent taste‐panels showed that autumn treatment of potatoes with 2:3:5:6‐tetrachloro‐I‐nitrobenzene (TCNB) to reduce sprouting during storage resulted in a slight but significant lowering of flavour quality. This was less marked after eight months storage than after five. A consumer‐acceptance test in which potatoes stored for eight months were eaten as part of a meal failed to reveal any off‐flavour. Taste‐panel tests with potatoes treated with isopropyl N‐phenylcarbamate (IPC, propham) gave no indication of the presence of any off‐flavour attributable to treatment.
The component fatty acids of the seed oils of Datura metel, D. stramonium and of Capparis rothii
Authors: Grindley D. N.
Published: November 2006

In this paper are recorded the constants of the seed oils of the species Datura metel, D. stramonium and Capparis rothii and their fatty acid compositions, which resemble those of other species of the two families that have been previously reported.
The purification of cannery waste waters in biological filters
Authors: Dickinson Denis
Published: November 2006

The waste waters from fruit and vegetable canneries are among the strongest of organic trade effluents and, moreover, occur in large volumes. By reason of the high proportion of carbohydrate they contain, their purification by conventional methods was not expected to be easy. The present paper summarizes the experience gained over a period of several years in the design and operation of a biological filtration plant for the purification of the wastes from a medium‐sized fruit and vegetable cannery, operating throughout the year and manufacturing the whole range of products normally made in such factories in Great Britain.
Rapid demonstration of yeast‐cell activity in pressure‐stored refrigerated fruit juice
Authors: Walkley V. T.
Published: November 2006

A method for routine plant control is outlined whereby incipient yeast‐cell spoilage in pressure‐stored refrigerated fruit juice may be detected. The morphological appearance of the cells is interpreted as an average figure relative to a standard norm.
The determination of lignin in plant tissues : Use of a continuous‐extraction method to remove interfering materials
Authors: Macdougall D.
Published: November 2006

The continuous removal of extractants during the lignin pretreatment procedure has been accomplished. In this study all the pretreatment extractions were carried out in a Soxhlet extractor. No transferring or filtering was necessary. Pretreatment involving a 6‐hour continuous acid extraction gives a final lignin value similar to that obtained by refluxing with acid for 3 hours in the conventional manner. Continuous extraction with acid for 9 hours removes almost all the acid‐soluble material from plant tissue. The lignin isolated by the modified procedure is lower in both nitrogen and methoxyl than that isolated by the standard A.O.A.C. pretreatment procedure. The modified method is readily applicable to routine analytical determinations of lignin.
A technique for the approximate quantitative prediction of flat souring in canned peas
Authors: Knock G. G.
Published: November 2006

A technique for the survey of pea‐canning lines is described. It is shown that the percentage of canned peas that will sour on incubation at 131° F (55.0° c) may be predicted approximately by enumerating the flat‐sour spores in unprocessed cans, expressing the cannery process in terms of decimal reduction times for flat‐sour spores, calculating the number of surviving spores per can and from this the percentage spoilage. Graphs have been drawn to simplify the expression of processing times as decimal reduction times, and for calculating the percentage spoilage from the number of surviving spores per can.
Volatile fatty acids in laboratory and field silage
Authors: John A. , Barnett G. , Duncan R. E. B.
Published: November 2006

The results of work conducted on the formation of volatile fatty acids in laboratory slurries of minced crop and water mixtures is presented. The absence of formic acid in such slurries has been noted. The occurrence of acids higher than C6, under varying conditions of temperature, aeration or anaerobiosis, has not been demonstrated. Straight‐chain volatile acids from C1 to C8 have been shown to occur in field silage but only occasionally has the presence of branched‐chain acids been noted. The principal volatile acid present is acetic acid.
Plant proteins. I.—extraction of hay proteins and nitrogen distribution
Authors: Koloušek J. , Coulson C. B.
Published: November 2006

The distribution of the nitrogen that takes place after the isolation of protein from grass and legume hays is given. The samples were prepared by slow air‐drying. The amount of protein nitrogen isolated is found to be related to the ‘true protein’ (copper‐precipitable protein) nitrogen and not to the sum of protein nitrogen and alkali‐insoluble nitrogen. The amount of alkali‐insoluble nitrogen is found to be of the same order as that of the nitrogen not solubilized by pepsin.
The composition and probable feeding value of triodia decumbens
Authors: Dougall B. M.
Published: November 2006

A description of Triodia decumbens is given and figures showing variations in the chemical composition of this species over the growing season are presented. Its probable value as a food for hill sheep is discussed.
The 1 : 1′ ‐Dianthrimide method for determination of boron in soils : Further observations
Authors: Gorfinkiel E. , Pollard A. G.
Published: November 2006

The 1: 1′‐dianthrimide method previously examined is further modified to increase its sensitivity for determining small amounts of boron in soils. By the use of a 20‐g. sample of soil, quantities of water‐soluble boron of the order of 0.3 p.p.m. (dry soil) can be determined. In this range the coefficient of variability of results is 5.8% and the standard deviation is 0.178. The sensitivity of the modified 1 : 1′‐dianthrimide method is greater than that found for the Waxoline‐purple method.