bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low Rates of Antifungal Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Among Inpatients Who Received Itraconazole, Posaconazole, or Voriconazole, United States, 2019–2021
Authors: Benedict Kaitlin , Gold Jeremy A W , Toda Mitsuru , Thompson George R , Wiederhold Nathan P , Smith Dallas J
Published: July 2023

Antifungal therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is recommended for hospitalized patients receiving itraconazole, posaconazole, or voriconazole for treatment or prophylaxis. In this analysis of hospital-based data, TDM was uncommonly performed (15.8%) in a large cohort of eligible patients, suggesting missed opportunities to avoid subtherapeutic drug levels and minimize toxicity.
Relapsing Babesiosis With Molecular Evidence of Resistance to Certain Antimicrobials Commonly Used to Treat Babesia microti Infections
Authors: Marcos Luis A , Wormser Gary P
Published: July 2023

Human babesiosis cases are emerging with an increased incidence and a wider geographic range worldwide. Relapsing babesiosis cases are becoming more frequently encountered in clinical practice associated with the use of immunosuppressive medications. The 2020 Infectious Diseases Society of America babesiosis guideline recommends at least 6 weeks of antimicrobial treatment for highly immunocompromised patients with Babesia microti infection. Nevertheless, cases have relapsed even after 6 weeks of treatment. Genetic mutations regarded as the potential cause of antimicrobial resistance in B microti have been identified in certain relapsing cases. A few alternative antimicrobial regimens have been used successfully to achieve cure for some of these cases, but other cases have had fatal outcomes. In this review, we discuss the molecular evidence of genetic resistance to certain antimicrobials commonly used to treat B microti infections based on an evaluation of 9 patients with relapsing infection.
Control of porphyria cutanea tarda with anti-IL-17 secukinumab in a person with psoriasis living with HIV
Authors: Bedier Helbies , Isnard Stéphane , Thomas Réjean , Routy Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2023

A 65-year-old woman successfully treated for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C virus was diagnosed with porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) and treated by phlebotomies. She developed extensive psoriatic skin lesions resistant to topical treatments and methotrexate. She then received the anti-interleukin-17 (IL-17) secukinumab (Cosentyx) which improved her psoriatic skin lesions. Unexpectedly, her PCT skin lesions healed, allowing phlebotomy discontinuation over 2 years. Without lesions, the patient decided to discontinue secukinumab, leading to the recurrence of psoriatic and PCT skin lesions, which were controlled upon therapeutical rechallenge. No AIDS-related manifestations or infections developed, her CD4 count remained elevated and her HIV viral load was controlled under antiretroviral therapy. Both skin conditions and consequently the patient’s quality of life have improved with secukinumab, allowing exposure to sunlight and phlebotomy discontinuation for >4 years. Likely, the IL-17 pathway is involved in the clinical manifestations of PCT, opening new avenues for therapeutical interventions.
Delayed diagnosis of severe diabetic ketoacidosis associated with a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor: a case report
Authors: Taniguchi Hiroaki , Terayama Takero , Seno Soichiro , Kiriu Nobuaki , Kato Hiroshi , Sekine Yasumasa , Kiyozumi Tetsuro
Published: July 2023

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus but may induce diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Owing to their pharmacological mechanisms, they cause a different pathogenesis to that of typical DKA and require special attention in terms of blood glucose concentrations and acidosis. We describe a case of prolonged acidosis because of failure to immediately discover the use of an SGLT2 inhibitor. Compared with typical DKA, SGLT2 inhibitor-associated DKA requires earlier and longer glucose supplementation. SGLT2 inhibitors are specific aetiological factors in DKA, and their use should be suspected when the patient presents with mild hyperglycaemia or prolonged acidosis.
Immersive Reflexivity
Authors: Jordan Randolph
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines Peter Mettler’s film Picture of Light (1994) as an exploration of what is at stake in the debates about the documentary recording practices essential to soundscape research. Mettler and his crew travel to Churchill, Manitoba, and attempt to capture the aurora borealis on film. They take an overtly reflexive strategy that foregrounds the filmmaking process while continually questioning if our experience of the lights on film could be anything like being there in person. Asking what it might mean to hear the lights, they stage the soundscape of Churchill in ways that continually challenge the limits of documentary representation while meditating upon the role of media in shaping our engagement with the world they seek to document. This chapter argues that Mettler’s use of sound calls attention to how we perform with our media as the very basis of our engagement with the world, a strategy the author calls immersive reflexivity: the foregrounding of mediality as a tool for engagement rather than distanciation. This chapter situates Mettler’s strategy within the long history of experimental film, particularly visual music, and its attempts at generating more holistic experiences through self-conscious means, particularly with respect to sound/image relationships. By framing Picture of Light through the discourses of documentary and experimental film, this chapter demonstrates how Mettler’s film teaches us to address the practice of field recording in soundscape research as highly staged material that can, nevertheless, provide faithful means of engaging with the world that presents itself to the microphones.
The Schizophonographic Imagination
Authors: Jordan Randolph
Published: July 2023

This chapter focuses on one particular sound technology, the phonograph, as a highly visual marker of the myth of vanishing mediation at the crux of the fidelity thesis, ideal for cinematic evocations of the schizophonic condition. With David Lynch and Mark Frost’s Twin Peaks saga as a case study, the author uses the term schizophonographics to refer to cinema’s capacity to represent the split between sound and source through graphic representation of the materiality of phonographic processes. Lynch’s career-long interest in phonography inverts the fidelity thesis by fetishizing the materiality of the medium as the basis for its capacity to vanish. With reference to scholarship on early twentieth century anxieties surrounding sound and image recording technologies, and late twentieth century anxieties around the shift to digital processes, this chapter demonstrates where Twin Peaks sits in the context of Lynch’s history of schizophonographics to bind alternate modes of perception to medium-specific materiality. Twin Peaks ties its schizophonographics to questions of neurodivergence in its narrative focal point: the figure of Laura Palmer, the high school senior found murdered in the opening minutes of the pilot episode, and whose troubled life unfolds through the police investigation that follows. Her character’s psychological instability drives much of the formal experimentation with sound and image in the series, but through it we find a more productive way to engage with Schafer’s negative evocation of schizophrenia in articulating the presence of sound technologies in our daily lives that moves beyond aging critiques of the postmodern condition.
Jeremiah and the Prophetic Book as Narrative
Authors: Mastnjak Nathan
Published: July 2023

The transformation of the Jeremiah collection into the book of Jeremiah happened at least twice, giving us the significantly different books attested in the LXX and MT. Chapter 6 examines both versions of Jeremiah as independent bookmaking acts. An examination of the arrangement of each book as well as particular plusses unique to each text-type shows the Jeremianic bookmakers editing and arranging the Jeremiah collection in the interest of a narrative reading of the book. The two books of Jeremiah tell different stories. MT Jeremiah tells a story of the last days of the kingdom of Judah that is ultimately oriented toward hope for the future. The LXX, by contrast, tells a story that emphasizes the finality of the destruction of Judah and limits the scope of any future restoration to the exiles of 597 bce.
Narrative in the Books of Ezekiel
Authors: Mastnjak Nathan
Published: July 2023

Like the books of Jeremiah, the manuscript evidence for the Ezekiel traditions attests two distinct books. The late second-/early third-century Papyrus 967 attests an arrangement of the Greek version of Ezekiel that differs from the arrangement of the MT and LXX. This chapter explores these two books of Ezekiel and explains their differences in light of the collection-model of material textuality. The two books of Ezekiel arose as independent efforts at creating a single book-scroll out of the multi-scroll Ezekiel literature. This chapter also examines unique textual features of each book that suggest the Hellenistic Ezekiel bookmakers, like those responsible for the books of Jeremiah, organized and edited the Ezekiel corpus in the interest of its narrative shape. The narrative impulses of these bookmakers participate in larger cultural trends within Hellenistic Judaism that were deeply concerned with incorporating Israel’s literary patrimony into large-scale accounts of Israel’s history.
Capitalizing on Waiting
Authors: Datta Arunima
Published: July 2023

Chapter 4 studies the ways some travelling ayahs, often those more experienced in the trade, used periods of waiting creatively to improve their situation in material or symbolic ways, by increasing their wealth or status. In particular, it focuses on those travelling ayahs who capitalized on entrepreneurial and other socio-cultural opportunities that waiting in the imperial metropolis offered them. The cases discussed in this chapter become particularly interesting and inspiring because they help us to understand how waiting, which was an unavoidable and potentially threatening part of their professional experience, could be turned into a space of opportunity for the realization of their aspirations. In such cases, travelling ayahs interrupted the colonial gaze with their own colonized gaze on the metropole, where they saw opportunities that they could exploit for their advantage. This is not to suggest that travelling ayahs were the ideal entrepreneurs of recent neoliberal ideology: they remained marginalized and racialized subalterns and their schemes were often confronted with challenges from the hegemonic power of an empire that saw them as inferior subjects as a result of both their skin colour and gender. Yet the evidence that emerges from the archives suggests that whilst they may sometimes have been discouraged, they were never deterred from pursuing their own goals.
Needlecraft Feminism
Authors: Elkins Amy E.
Published: July 2023

What is the relationship between trauma and feminism in needlecrafts? How do needlework metaphors in literature underscore feminist experiences of confinement and agency, resistance and creative expression? This chapter continues the thread of world war in H.D. ’s writing and craftwork, but expands the temporal dimension of textile crafts to ancient Egypt (where the oldest needleworks have been preserved). H.D. ’s needlework practice gave her the aesthetic resources to rewrite patriarchal conceptions of history on a massive scale. In her work, women rule, with mythic crafters such as Helen and Penelope at the forefront of rebellion and leadership. Needlework circulates in her work as an anti-patriarchal medium, a claim manifested in the art objects she made (and unmade) and collected during her years living in London during the World War II bombings. The chapter demonstrates alternative feminist power structures, showing how needlework functions as a queer aesthetic of willful resistance through the paradoxes of trauma and repair across time.
Inky Depths
Authors: Elkins Amy E.
Published: July 2023

How do transnational histories connect to craft? What is the value of experimental praxis to literary studies? How might transnational craft archives intersect with the natural history of places? The third interchapter describes an experiential approach to these questions, discussing how the author learned traditional bobbin lacemaking on the Isle of Wight and collected lace bobbins in Ireland alongside experiments with ink and pigment. These archival experiences help theorize Jamaican writer Lorna Goodison’s writing about craft and her Irish ancestry. Examining a broadside crafted to commemorate Goodison’s retirement, this interchapter traces the endurance of fifteenth-century ink recipes alongside diasporic, Irish-Caribbean connections in feminist writing.
Handmaking the Digital
Authors: Elkins Amy E.
Published: July 2023

This Coda constellates work by Zadie Smith and multimedia artist Sarah Sze to examine the confluence of the handmade and digital making. Working back through Virginia Woolf’s cartographic modernisms, it shows how contemporary artists and writers expand Woolf’s work into the global, multimedia present. Restructuring media hierarchies, Smith’s writing makes for a particularly striking comparative case study as she reroutes characters through Woolf’s fictional landscapes, developing ideas of art and craft into the technological present. Coming full circle to Woolf, the Coda exposes interwoven threads of craft, from early photographic negatives to recent digital forms, foregrounding the feminist complexity of transmedia making. Smith and Sze take familiar territory and begin to test its parameters, a conceptual and material practice central to contemporary craft studies’ interest in technological hybridity as an archival practice.
The Politics of Fin-de-Siècle Individualism
Authors: Murray Alex
Published: July 2023

This chapter explores the politics of individualism as manifest across literature and politics at the fin de siècle. It argues that individualism was both central to the articulation of conservatism in opposition to the reforming zeal of liberalism and essential to Decadent literature’s challenge to the ‘tyranny of the majority’. The chapter takes as its focal point the importance of individualism for Oscar Wilde and the MP and later prime minister Arthur Balfour. Wilde was fascinated by Parliament and MPs, regularly lampooning them in his writings, while seeking out their favour in society. In his philosophical works Balfour was attempting to articulate an aestheticist conservatism that could preserve the stability of the past, while being open to evolutionary change and development. It was only, he intimates, by embracing social change that Victorian Britain could simultaneously preserve the past and avoid decline, a position he shared with Wilde.
Coda
Authors: Murray Alex
Published: July 2023

This short coda concludes the book by comparing two different responses to the campaigns for women’s suffrage. The first is Arthur Symons’s unpublished farce The Superwomen, which lambasts women’s attempts to claim the franchise. Written when Symons was undergoing a nervous breakdown, the play is aesthetically challenging and unambiguously sexist. The second is Michael Field’s more nuanced concern that the struggle for political equality might threaten feminine emotional receptivity. These two responses provide an object lesson in the argument the book has made that Decadent conservatism is a complicated and multi-faceted response to modernity that should be taken seriously by scholars.
Turning Historian
Authors: Sloan John
Published: July 2023

In the years from 1894 to 1900, Lang caused a stir with his defence of the saintly Joan of Arc against the charge of imposture or delusion and with his sympathetic biography of John Gibson Lockhart at the expense of Blackwood’s Magazine. Lang’s ‘Pickle’ books, identifying the notorious spy for the Hanoverian government at the time of 1745 Jacobite uprising to be a respected Jacobite clan chief, outraged many in Scotland. Lang’s own loyalties were tested in writing the DNB entry on his grandfather, Patrick Sellar, and the part his grandfather had played in the Sutherland Clearances. More contentious still, Lang’s evidence in The Making of Religion for ‘high gods’ and belief in an ‘All-Father’ among ‘low races’ succeeded in offending both rational secularists and Catholic theologians, and brought him into dispute with the Folklore Society and anthropological circles. He continued to divide his time between combative scholarly works and the calmer waters of popular literature and journalism, collaborating with A. E. W Mason on a Jacobite thriller, Parson Kelly, penning a weekly causerie for the Illustrated London News, and giving rein to his cross-disciplinary interests in a bi-monthly ‘Notes on New Books’ in the newly launched Cosmopolis magazine. In 1899, after a delay caused by the Boer War, he published the first volume of his revisionary History of Scotland.
United Europe: The Historical Background
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

The movement toward a united Europe derived from the trials and consequences of the Second World War, the post-war fear of Germany, and the growing fear of Soviet Russia. Jean Monnet and many of the other founders of the European integration movement were exiles in London in 1940–1944, and they resolved to learn from the errors that had led to the war and its devastation. Diplomatic precautions against a revived German threat were soon followed by the establishment of the International Ruhr Authority in 1949 and the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951. The failure of the European Defense Community deliberations (1950–1954) opened the way to extending the Brussels Treaty to Italy and the Federal Republic of Germany and pursuing the latter’s armament within the NATO framework. The 1956 Spaak Report shifted the emphasis of the integration movement to the supranational principle endorsed in the 1957 Rome Treaty. De Gaulle championed a distinct approach, one of “residual nationalism,” sometimes called a “Europe des patries,” in which “the various fatherlands do not lose their identity, and indeed if truth be told do not lose their sovereignty.” The values of a united Europe are implicitly those of Western civilization, including essential concepts such as social justice and the “inherent dignity” of man. However, such “ideals have only matured fully in the countries of northern Europe” and constitute “a minority report by European history.” Platonic ideals and Christian revelation have been exploited to justify autocratic governments in Europe.
Eastern Europe in The World in March 1939
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

Owing to the collapse of four empires (Habsburg, Hohenzollern, Ottoman and Romanov) in the First World War, Eastern Europe in 1918–1939 included several new states. These successor states faced competition among themselves, internal social and political conflicts, and intervention by France, Italy, Germany, and the Soviet Union. To a greater degree than in Western Europe, Eastern European elites and peasantries retained memories of national grievances, glories, and “historic rights.” The hope that the weak states of Eastern Europe could combine to constitute a great power to block Soviet and German expansion was an illusion. Aside from the rivalries among these small states, one or more of them generally preferred alignment with a great power, partly owing to the influence of national minorities. Germany had economic advantages as the principal market for Eastern Europe’s agricultural surpluses and the most potent supplier of industrial products. Italy conducted “an active policy of intervention and disruption that was the conditioning factor in Balkan and Danubian politics until she was eclipsed by Nazi Germany.” Britain and France abdicated their responsibilities, notably to Czechoslovakia, at the 1938 Munich conference. Germany and Russia became the most influential determinants of the consequences for Eastern Europe. For example, Ukraine’s brief independence after Germany’s conquests could not be sustained; and Ukraine “was then swallowed up again in the Russian Power as a member of the Soviet Union—tracing a path which was to be followed or approached within a generation by most of the other successor states of Eastern Europe.”
Note on Partition
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

In the late eighteenth century Austria, Prussia, and Russia partitioned Poland. In 1878 Albert Sorel predicted that these three powers “would be led by their jealousies and greed to find other fields of territorial expansion, other objects of partition.” The First World War devastated the great powers that had divided Poland: “Russia by revolution, Germany by defeat, Austria by defeat and national disintegration. The belt of small successor-states that appeared in Eastern Europe, half of whom were the debris of Austria-Hungary, became a new field of partition between Germany and Russia once they had resumed their Great Power status.” Germany and Russia partitioned Poland yet again in 1939–1940, and in the ensuing combat Moscow “acquired suzerainty, if not territorial possession, of the greater part of Eastern Europe, including most of the former domain of Austria.”
Review of Herbert Butterfield, History and Human Relations (London: Collins, 1951)
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

Wight reports that this book has “two central themes”: “Human history is ultimately tragic in character, not melodramatic; compassion, not censure, is the right attitude towards it.” Wight points out that “Butterfield distinguishes two kinds of historiography: ‘heroic’ history—polemical, partisan, engagé—and ‘technical’ history. The latter term is misleading, since the real difference does not lie in techniques of documentary criticism so much as in moral purpose. Technical history unravels with compassionate comprehension the whole system of necessity within which past actions were framed, and seeks a reconciling synthesis. Technical history in this sense presupposes Christian conceptions of truth and personality, and general freedom of research; and consequently it is in considerable danger today from the erosion of beliefs and from subtle threats to the historian’s independence. Any historian who does not enjoy the seductions of Government patronage will like Butterfield’s urbane onslaught on ‘official history.’” Butterfield “gently asks” whether being “animated by hatred of Germany” can be “conducive to a comprehensive and durable historical interpretation.” In Wight’s view, Butterfield’s “chapter on history as a branch of literature is an admirably original and detached contribution to an old controversy.… The reader is left wishing that in due course Butterfield would illustrate his own principles in the grand manner, redeem technical history from his own reproaches, and reunite it with literature, by undertaking a large-scale history of, let us say, the Reformation, for which this rich, judicious and sensitive book will be the programme notes.”
Review of L. B. Namier, Avenues of History (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1952)
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

Wight praised Namier’s “unique combination of technical accomplishment with span. Beside him, other historians seem either narrowly specialized (e.g. Neale, Rowse, Woodward) or eccentric in doctrine and method (e.g. Butterfield, Toynbee).” As Wight points out, Namier developed “the new technique which has already come to be known as ‘namierisation’—detailed comparative biography of parliamentary figures within their institutional setting.” Namier has worked in several fields, Wight notes: “Half this book consists of essays on European history since 1789. These are by the Namier who is our supreme authority both on the revolutions of 1848 and on the diplomatic prelude to the Second World War. And since he, alone of our historians, has Eastern Europe in his bones, it is proper that these essays should be informed by a judicial severity towards the monstrous history of German nationalism. The other half of the book is by the Namier who is the English conservative—who is, in a deep and serious sense, the most insular of living British historians. This is the master of parliamentary history.… But there is a third and ultimate spring, which becomes explicit in a just and sympathetic essay on Toynbee. As the great Swiss historian Burckhardt, though not formally a believer, worked within the pattern of his Christian inheritance, so Namier stands to Judaism.… It is from this source, beside which most other modern inspirations seem parvenu, strident and jejune, that this regal and rhadamanthine writer draws his central strength.”
Fictions of Fictitious Capital
Authors: Godden Richard
Published: July 2023

Patrick Bateman (American Psycho, 1991 [set 1989]) lives on the dash between the M’s (M−M1−M2), as represented by Marx’s formula for finance (or “fictitious”) capital. M differs from M1 (and so on) insofar as the increase (where 1 equals “more”) represents money made from money (or from financial instruments) rather than from production (or M−C−M, where C may be understood either as Commodity [produced, distributed, consumed] or as Capital [accumulated prior to investment in manufacture]). This chapter takes the financier Bateman’s preferred activities, brand display, torture, and the serial liquification of “hardbodies,” as quasi-allegorical representations of the working of finance capital during the Reagan presidency, and in a time of financial deregulation. The thin phenomenology of Bateman’s experience, an anxious experience of pain-making, fetishism, and disavowal, leaves traces of a means whereby fictitious capital might be critiqued.
Bret Easton Ellis, Lunar Park, and the Exquisite Corpse of Deficit Finance
Authors: Godden Richard
Published: July 2023

Lunar Park (2005) is read as exploring the consequences for authorship and nation of deficit finance dependency. “Ellis” presents his oeuvre as collateral for debt finance, from which securitized absence specters emerge to haunt him. Spectrality figures the key instruments (securitization and the derivative) from which finance capital accrues. Each instrument converts an absence (absence of payment; absence of underlier) into a presence, translating loss (debt unpaid; staple displaced) into an excessive something, apparently incarnated from nothing. The incarnations, whether an anthology of ghosts seeping from Ellis’s writings, or taking form as the detailed and spectacular excesses of a celebrity-author lifestyle, trail disavowed materials (that which is … and is not). Work by Freud and Nicolas Abraham and Maria Torok, on mourning and melancholia enables a consideration of the haunting of Ellis, and by extension of the national debt, as expressions of a financial “unconscious.” I understand the “unconscious” not as a transhistorical entity, but currently as a materialization of the “underthought” or “unthinkable” practices of finance.
Afterword
Authors: Godden Richard
Published: July 2023

My study has been much preoccupied with gaps, whether in the economy or in sentences and words—with breaks that punctuation seeks to negotiate in order to minimize ellipses, thereby forestalling the recognition that hesitations may be founded on omission and denial, tension between capital and labor. That which capital seeks most sustainedly to omit, deny, and condition remains the body of labor, even as it departs, a body systemically reduced, through abstraction and equivalence, to a vessel of abstract labor time and source of surplus value. Accordingly, Fictions of Finance at the End of an American Century attends to syntax, reopening gaps in order not simply to find where the broken bodies lie, but to identify the forces and relations that necessitate their breakage and secret burial. To focus on contradiction has been to dwell in a literary semantics formed from incompletion and incompatibility, read as local instances generated by an abiding and subtending class tension between capital and labor. Attuned to capital’s drive to condition or expel labor, close reading may overhear the unconditional as it forms from the conditional, doing so as a means to grounded critique. Critique, grounded by contradiction, as both participated in and registered by the subsemantic whisperings of a dialogically orientated language, takes edge from attending to the tonalities that subtend the seeming concreteness, or “real appearance” of “the sensuous [and] varied world” (Marx) produced by capital.
Prompts for (a Study of  ) Identifying with Characters
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: July 2023

Recurring features of the Homeric epics—from laudatory epithets to the descriptions of characters, from the characters’ existence as plurimedial figures to the narratological phenomenon of transference—prompt external audiences to identify with the characters. Close readings of Agamemnon’s speech in Iliad 4 to Diomedes about Tydeus and Nestor’s speech in Iliad 11 to Patroclus about his own feats as a young warrior show how characters strive to get internal audiences to identify with a character in the stories they tell. This feature of their tale telling suggests that the poet will also aim to have external audience members identify with his characters.
Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Immersion
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: July 2023

Spatially immersed recipients feel themselves in the storyworld; spatio-temporally immersed recipients feel themselves in the storyworld alongside the characters as the narrated events unfold. The Iliad encourages its audiences to experience spatial immersion in its presentation of its settings and its objects and people, in its handling of scene changes, and in its use of place names, this last item also making an essential contribution to the creation of a storyworld. The poem encourages spatio-temporal immersion by generating motor resonance and by its use of internal focalization, inclusive forms of address, similes, and various methods for presenting the speech of characters.
Introduction
Authors: Anthony David
Published: July 2023

The Introduction examines economic antisemitism in antebellum culture, and in sensationalism most specifically. After tracing the historical background of the stereotype of the Jew as threatening moneylender and usurer, this section outlines the ways in which the sensational Jew acts less as a figure of alterity than as a doppelgänger for Gentile capitalist culture. In this, the sensational Jew embodies two fears. The first is “proteophobia”—the fear not of Otherness, but rather of disorder and ambivalence. The second is capitalist alienation. Narratives that stage the persecution of financially straitened Gentiles by Shylock-styled villains are in fact stories of Christian self-hatred. But the Introduction also outlines how stories about the threatening sensational Jew involve the fantasy of a capitalist economy that can be purged somehow of greed and avariciousness, that is, the very qualities said to inhere in the Jew. This notion of “capitalism without capitalism” is especially evident in sensationalism. The conceptual foundation for this book is that sensationalism is the cultural space that frequently offers the emotionally harrowing but also reassuring fantasy of the Jew as effigy, one that is burned down or driven out. But this oft-repeated dynamic reflects the anxiety by which it is driven. Ultimately, these texts give the lie to the ideal of a cleansable monetary system in the US and reflect instead a culture contending with a flawed and often chaotic capitalist world.
Rebuilding the World
Authors: Bollard Alan
Published: July 2023

This chapter covers the later Second World War years when a group of US ‘New Dealer’ economists helped set the scene for the post-war economic revival; this included the Bretton Woods institutions, the Marshall Plan in Europe, and the various plans for German economic recovery. It highlights the role of Harry Dexter White, the US Deputy Treasury Secretary, who debated the institutions for the new world economy with British economist Maynard Keynes. White was also one of a covert group of Soviet sympathizer economists: he wanted a bipolar world led by the United States and the Soviet Union, but he ran into the era of anti-communist McCarthyism.
East Asian Growth
Authors: Bollard Alan
Published: July 2023

Chapter 6 is about the Japanese economic recovery after the war. Many economists had spent the war years helping to provide the voracious Japanese war machine with resources. After the war, Saburo Okita and other economists led a national push to rebuild the domestic economy with policies such as the Income Doubling Plan helping to raise living standards. This approach was copied by many other East Asian economies, joining together in trade agreements, the so-called ‘flying geese’ pattern. Okita argued with Chinese Premier Chou En-lai about the real purpose of economic development: living standards for citizens or national security against invasion.
Sustainable Investment in Retirement Funds
Authors: Mitchell Olivia S. , Hammond P. Brett , Maurer Raimond
Published: July 2023

Since its green shoots first emerged around 50 years ago, acceptance of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations in institutional investing—especially in pension funds—has evolved with distinct shifts in investor preferences. This Pension Research Council volume traces these shifts and their implications, leading up to the present day. The book notes that investors have diverse reasons for devoting attention to ESG criteria when deciding where to invest their money. Some have had religious motives, such as Quakers who focus on values; this approach can offer some risk mitigation. Nevertheless, studies that look at whether divestment actually changes behaviors of companies show that this rarely occurs. Accordingly, this book offers a variety of distinct viewpoints from a variety of countries, on whether, how, and when ESG criteria should, and should not, drive pension fund investments. Authors also find that policymakers should consider fund consolidation in private sector retirement systems, along with whether service-provider incentives could be better be aligned with sustainability incentives. For instance, boosting transparency in these markets would help generate better-informed policies, while providing beneficiaries with information relevant to their savings choices.
ESG and Expected Returns on Equities
Authors: Geczy Christopher C. , Guerard Jr. John B.
Published: July 2023

Using conventional models for expected returns of US equities, we show that firm environmental ratings interact with those forecasted returns to produce excess returns both unconditionally and conditionally. Well-known factor models do not incorporate either environmental-related return differentials or expected return premia from those scores and models. In addition, combining information from both inputs—expected return models and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) information—may provide an advantage in selecting investments. The evidence shifts the conversation about ESG reflecting only constraints to one of an expanded information and possibly investment opportunity set. Yet while we demonstrate that ESG scores can provide important information to investors about expected return, we do not evaluate whether portfolios formed from only high scoring ESG firms maximize Sharpe ratios. Future work will explore this point.
Global Pensions and ESG
Authors: Nikulina Luba
Published: July 2023

The influence of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors has been growing exponentially in the last five years. This chapter explores whether purpose with multiple stakeholders, responsibility for the impact of investments, and systems-level engagement apply to global pension funds. Aside from government spending, global pension assets represent the largest pool of capital on the planet with the longest time horizon and multiple stakeholders across different generations. The power of influence of this capital is enormous. Many international challenges can only be solved with a global intergenerational mindset. Global pensions have great potential to address global critical issues, but our global investment value chain has mostly been missing the ‘voice from the top.’ Society would be amiss not to harness the power of this capital, but for this to happen, pension funds need to go through a transformational change which involves strengthened governance, system-wide collaboration, and innovation.
SOME USEFUL AND HARMFUL TENDENCIES WHICH RESULT FROM THE JOINT EFFECTS OF PLAN INSTRUCTIONS AND INCENTIVES
Authors: Kornai János
Published: July 2023

This chapter looks into the result of the joint effects of plan instructions and incentives in the economy. It mentions instructions and reliance on economic motives as the essential elements in the interconnected factors. The systems of instructions and incentives jointly result in a very powerful product leading to production increases. However, the fulfilment of plans depends primarily on doing good work. The chapter looks into the occurrence of uneven production within the machinery industry, coal mining, and light industry. It also considers the conflict of risking the future development of their enterprises for the sake of fulfilling or overfulfilling the quarterly plans of a current period.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ENTERPRISES
Authors: Kornai János
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses the relationship between enterprises by looking into the roles of enterprises as buyers and sellers. When enterprises take the role of sellers, they dispose of their products. On the other hand, enterprises purchase the means of production they require for the manufacturing process when they act as buyers. The chapter then explains the relationship between light industry and domestic commerce, and the achievement of a proper balance between production and consumption. It elaborates on the model of economic mechanism wherein the system of centralized instructions and incentives regulates the productive activity of enterprises from day to day.
The Making of Black Lives Matter
Authors: Lebron Christopher J.
Published: July 2023

The Making of Black Lives Matter presents a condensed and accessible intellectual history that traces the genesis of the ideas that have built into the #BlackLivesMatter movement. Drawing on the work of revolutionary black public intellectuals, including Frederick Douglass, Ida B. Wells, Langston Hughes, Zora Neal Hurston, Anna Julia Cooper, Audre Lorde, James Baldwin, and Martin Luther King Jr., the author clarifies what it means to assert that "Black Lives Matter" when faced with contemporary instances of anti-black law enforcement. The book also illuminates the crucial difference between the problem signaled by the social media hashtag and how we think that we ought to address the problem. As the author states, police body cameras, or even the exhortation for civil rights mean nothing in the absence of equality and dignity. To upset dominant practices of abuse, oppression and disregard, we must reach instead for radical sensibility. Radical sensibility requires that we become cognizant of the history of black thought and activism in order to make sense of the emotions, demands, and arguments of present-day activists and public thinkers. Only in this way can we truly embrace and pursue the idea of racial progress in America.
World War I
Authors: Chafe William H.
Published: July 2023

This chapter focuses on the influence of World War I on Black American activists. It starts with President Woodrow Wilson mandating a system of Jim Crow segregation in the government while declaring war to promote self-determination and equal rights around the world. W. E. B. Du Bois took a risk and encouraged African Americans to “close ranks” in support of the war effort. While Black people engaged in the war effort, the war also triggered changes in increased membership and mobilization within the NAACP, mass migration of Blacks toward the North and toward cities within the South, and greater employment opportunities for Blacks. The chapter also mentions how white Southerners and Northerners resisted Black demands for equity, violently repressed Black migrants, and defended the politics of white supremacy.
Why Didn't Nietzsche Get His Act Together?
Authors: Millgram Elijah
Published: July 2023

Nietzsche did his philosophizing while he was coming apart at the seams. His writing is hard for readers to find their way around because he was all over the place when he produced it. But it’s philosophy of coming apart at the seams and being all over the place, and also philosophy as a way of coping with that predicament—which makes it both fascinating and important. Why Didn’t Nietzsche Get His Act Together? has three main tasks on its agenda. Nietzsche is hard to make sense of; this is a guide, a book that shows you how to read him for yourself. Second, Nietzsche coped with his disintegrating self by philosophizing, and so this is a work that takes up disunified agency through Nietzsche’s own engagement with the topic. Third and finally, Nietzsche managed his fragmenting personality by inventing one after another meaning of life for himself; examining those inventions and the job they did for him is an occasion to ask what a meaning of life is for.
Who Was the Author of Nietzsche’sZarathustra?
Authors: Millgram Elijah
Published: July 2023

Why would Nietzsche have written a text that presents itself as the holy scripture of a nonexistent religion? Nietzsche parodied a book of prophesy in order to pose a problem for his own very ambitious agenda. Right now, humanity is teetering on the brink of being completely worthless, but it can be made valuable—by inventing values. However, introducing novel values normally requires institutionalizing them and, Nietzsche holds, that is bound to have perverse consequences. Nietzsche presumed familiarity with the Higher Criticism—the secular Bible scholarship of his time—and consequently expected Thus Spoke Zarathustra to be read as making a point about the sort of person who composes a religion’s canonical texts. Because the officials of an institutionalized religion are unable faithfully to represent the sorts of values Nietzsche hoped we would come to have, Zarathustra demos the need for an alternative means of rendering new values personally and socially effective.
What Is the Meaning of Life?
Authors: Millgram Elijah
Published: July 2023

If we follow Nietzsche’s instructions when we assess his life and accomplishments, he comes off remarkably well, not least for having invented one after another meaning of life for his own use; it emerges that the different forms a meaning for a life can be given suit different personality architectures. However, Nietzsche’s own transitions from one such architecture to another show that his famous success criterion for a life—the Eternal Return—will not do the job it is meant for. The lesson is that one should not aim to assess one’s life as a whole.
Bureaucratic Discretion and State Capacity in Russian Regions
Authors: Duvanova Dinissa
Published: July 2023

Is bureaucratic discretion a part of state capacity? The chapter argues that administrative capacity and administrative discretion do not necessarily go hand in hand. In some situations, discretion may enable corruption and undercut bureaucratic capacity to implement policy. The chapter analyzes 85 Russian provinces and finds that administrative resources, statutory constraints, and intra-agency regulatory specificity are distributed unevenly, further reinforcing the notion that discretion should be analyzed as a separate aspect of the regulatory state. My investigation shows that formal constraints of the state bureaucracy are most beneficial for macro- and micro-economic outcomes under high-capacity settings. This conclusion is supported by the examination of the bureaucracy's impact on regional private investment, development of the SME sector, and SME turnover. My investigation suggests that state capacity is the precondition and not a substitute for predation-reducing regulatory consistency.
Towards a Theory of the Authoritarian Regulatory State
Authors: Duvanova Dinissa
Published: July 2023

This final chapter connects the theory of the authoritarian regulatory state to the larger themes in the study of post-Soviet politics, economic development, authoritarianism, and state governance. It discusses how regulatory state-building in post-Soviet cases can explain ways in which modern authoritarianism oscillates between repression and appeasement, personal freedoms and state control, and the embrace of the neoliberal economic order and the statist economy. The chapter discusses how the authoritarian regulatory state theory can account for various economic, political, and social developments in modern authoritarian regimes, including their ambivalent relationship with corruption and the rule of law, and their selective embrace of neoliberal and developmental agendas. By piecing together different aspects of the regulatory environment analyzed throughout the book, this concluding chapter puts the state regulatory function at the center of the authoritarian state capacity building project.
Stage
Authors: Sharpe Will
Published: July 2023

Chapter 2 looks at the evidence for collaboration from a theatre-historical perspective. In examining the extant repertory it reconstructs the wider picture and considers the development of collaboration as a practice from the early days to the 1642 closure of the theatres, and Shakespeare’s particular part in it. It also considers how it was used in other companies’ repertories. Another section considers the evidence for the managing of collaborative projects, the logistics of their commissioning and writing, including plotting, payment structures, and ideas of apprenticeship and hierarchy. The chapter further considers the particular difficulties encountered by playwrights in a freelance model that Shakespeare as shareholder managed to work outside of.
Idealization in Epistemology
Authors: Greco Daniel
Published: July 2023

It's standard in epistemology to approach questions about knowledge and rational belief using idealized, simplified models. But while the practice of constructing idealized models in epistemology is old, metaepistemological reflection on that practice is not. In this book I argue that the fact that epistemologists build idealized models isn't merely a metaepistemological observation that can leave first-order epistemological debates untouched. Rather, once we view epistemology through the lens of idealization and model-building, the landscape looks quite different. I defend a package of epistemological views that might otherwise have looked indefensibly dismissive of our cognitive limitations—a package according to which we know a wide variety of facts with certainty, including what our evidence is, what we know and don't know, and what follows from our knowledge. This package turns out to be much more plausible once viewed through the lens of idealization.
Idealization and Modeling
Authors: Greco Daniel
Published: July 2023

In chapter one I introduce the concepts of idealization and modeling, discuss their relation, and provide some examples of model-building in philosophy. I show that idealization, at least in the broad sense in which I use the term, is ubiquitous in epistemology. I also address the question of how models can be evaluated, given that they cannot be straightforwardly true or false.