bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The pathogenicity for mice of group B streptococci of bovine origin
Authors: Pattison I. H.
Published: May 2009

The following conclusions were drawn from these experiments with bovine group B streptococci:

1. A relationship existed between lethal power and the number of living organisms inoculated, and, therefore, the number of living organisms inoculated must be determined when the killing power of a strain is under investigation.

2. Equal doses of the same strain were likely to kill more mice, but less rapidly, when inoculated intravenously than when inoculated intraperitone-ally.

3. Virulence for mice might be related to serological type.

4. The disease caused by intraperitoneal inoculation of strain S 13 was a rapidly fatal peritonitis with concomitant bacteraemia.

5. The disease caused by intravenous inoculation of strain S13 was a fatal bacteraemia with a tendency for the streptococci to form dense clumps in widely separated tissues.
Feeding and breeding of laboratory animals. IX. A complete cubed diet for mice and rats
Authors: Bruce H. M. , Parkes A. S.
Published: May 2009

A simple cubed diet is described, completely adequate to sustain rapid growth and intensive reproduction in mice and rats.
The plague of the philistines
Authors: Shrewsbury J. F. D.
Published: May 2009

‘And the hand of the Lord was heavy upon the Azotians, and he destroyed them, and afficted Azotus and the coasts thereof with emerods. And in the villages and fields in the midst of that country, there came forth a multitude of mice; and there was the confusion of a great mortality in the city.
The use of the haemagglutination-inhibition test in epidemiological influenza-virus studies
Authors: Wolff Hendrik L.
Published: May 2009

The importance of the haemagglutination-inhibition test does not need to be stressed. It is a fact that the inhibition titre of a single serum has no constant value, but may vary in repeated estimations. This may be due to the use of different virus or erythrocyte suspensions or to differences in environmental circumstances, such as temperature. Duplicate tests carried out at the same time and with the same materials yield identical results. This makes it necessary to compare a serum obtained during convalescence from the same case. The ratio between the two titres shows whether an influenza infection has taken place or not. Although it is commonly accepted that a titre rising by two twofold dilutions (a fourfold rise) is significant, some workers will accept even a twofold rise (Sartwill & Long, 1948; Rasmussen, Stoles & Smadel, 1948). Such observations have been made on pairs of sera taken from the same indicidual with not more than a 5-week interval between them.
A concentrate of red squill as a rat poison, and its toxicity to domestic animals
Authors: Barnett S. A. , Blaxland J. D. , Leech F. B. , Spencer Mary M.
Published: May 2009

1. A preparation containing 0·7% scilliroside (the glucoside of red squill) had been tested as a poison for Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus.

2. The preparation has been found to be effective in the field against norvegicus but not against rattus.

3. Assayed against a strain of white rats, the preparation had an LD 50 for males of about 25mg./kg., and for feamales of about 5 mg./kg.

4. The LD 50 for adult Rhode Island Red fowls was greater than 400 mg. /kg. Pigs, dogs and cats were treated with doses up to 16mg./kg. without fatal results.

5. Silmurine was unpalatable to pigs, dose and cates, but fowls readily consumed a mash containing 1% Slimurine.
The survival of bacteria in dust. II. The effect of atmospheric humidity on the survival of bacteria in dust
Authors: Lidwell O. M. , Lowbury E. J.
Published: May 2009

Dust from scarlet-fever wards was exposed to a controlled range of atmospheric humidities by enclosure in metal boxes containing anhydrous calcium chloride and saturated solutions of potassium carbonate, sodium nitrite, potassium bromide and sodium sulphate.

The death-rate of total organisms,Staphylococcus aureusandStreptococcus pyogenesin the dust was assessed by periodic sampling of series of twenty 10mg. portions. A positive correlation between atmospheric humidity and death-rate was observed for the three groups of organisms counted in three specimens of dust.
How the Malaria Service in Indonesia came into being, 1898–1948
Authors: Swellengrebel N. H.
Published: May 2009

In the present lecture I shall have to go back to the very beginning of modern knowledge on malaria. I shall incur grave risks of telling you things you know already; as a matter of fact, it is more than a risk, it is a certainty. But I cannot help myself. All I can do is to pass over the initial stages as summarily as possible.
Some errors in gas analysis using the Haldane apparatus
Authors: Renbourn E. T. , Ellison J. McK. , Croton L. M.
Published: May 2009

1. The paper represents an attempt to estimate the error of the standard 10 ml. Haldane gas analysis apparatus under routine conditions of use.

2. The ultimate error of the instrument under optimum conditions has been obtained from duplicate mercury calibrations of the same instrument and corresponds tos.d.= 0·013% gas. A significant day-to-day variation in calibration was found.

3. The accuracy in routine use has been determined by replicate estimations of CO2and O2in air and from estimation of CO2in designed experiments. The data show an error corresponding tos.d.= 0·027 to 0·13%. This is far larger than that described by Haldane.

4. Examination of the distribution of terminal digits in burette readings shows that the smallest scale division is in fact not being divided into ten parts by the worker. Preference for certain digits varies with the individual, with time, and with the accuracy required.

5. There is a marked tendency for a worker to obtain an ‘expected result’, whether this is derived from a previous estimation of the same sample or from knowledge of the expected result; such bias tends to reduce the apparent error of estimation. Bias of replication—‘prejudice error’—may play a part in many forms of measurement.

6. The results and conclusions are discussed in relation to other published data on errors of measurement in general.
Vaginal corynebacteria
Authors: Laughton Nancy
Published: May 2009

1. Thirty-four vaginal Corynebacteria have been grouped and subgrouped according to their cultural and biochemical characters. Owing to their instability and to the rigid taxonomy of the Corynebacteria, the exact identity of many of the strains is uncertain, but their characters have been compared with some of the Corynebacteria which have been given specific rank.

2. The majority of strains were carbohydrate-fermenters and many were of the hyperacid type. These may be associated in some way with a normal high vaginal acidity.

3. Many instances of resemblances toC. diphtheriaein morphology, in staining reactions, and in cultural appearances relating to the different dissociative phases, were encountered in the examination of these strains, and, in fact, some of the cultural types seen were analogous to those ofC. diphtheriaedescribed by Mcleod.

4. Intradermal tests on rabbits showed that many of these strains, including some from each group, were capable of inciting inflammatory reactions in their tissues, and it is suggested that they may play a secondary part in some infections.
The anti-globulin technique applied to the detection of non-agglutinating antibody against salmonella typhi O in human sera
Authors: Stewart F. S. , McKeever J. D.
Published: May 2009

A technique for carrying out the anti-globulin test with Salm. typhi O suspension in described; this technique has been used to examine a number of human sera. The degree of amplification of agglutinin titre and the final titres obtained were appreciably greater in the sera of individuals with a history of Salm. typhi infection, some of whom were carriers, than in the sera of normal individuals.
Brucellabacteriophage
Authors: Pickett M. J. , Nelson Eric L.
Published: May 2009

Filtrates prepared from suspensions and broth cultures ofBrucellavaŕiants were examined for the presence ofBrucellabacteriophage. SmoothBrucella, when mixed with decimal dilutions of these filtrates in broth, (1) contained typical bacteriophage plaques when inoculated on solid medium, and (2) gave a heavy turbidity in broth after suitable incubation, but frequently failed to yield visible growth upon plating these broth cultures to a solid medium. These data were discussed in terms ofBrucellabacteriophage, and it is concluded that the presence of this virus best accounted for the phenomena observed.
George Stuart Graham-Smith (25 September 1875–30 August 1950)
Authors: Spooner E. T. C.
Published: May 2009

G. S. Graham-Smith was born on 25 September 1875, the son of a colonel in the Indian Army. He expressed a wish, during his life-time and in his Will, that no obituary notices should be published about him, because so few of those with whom he was intimately associated during the most active period of his working life now remain. It has, nevertheless, seemed proper to submit the following account of him, because many friends and students and some contributors or subscribers to the Journal who knew him only as editor, will wish to see such details of his life and work recorded.
The estimation of bacterial densities from dilution series
Authors: Finney D. J.
Published: May 2009

A transformation devised by Mather is applied to give a new scheme for computing the maximum likelihood estimate of a bacterial density from the evidence of a dilution series. Tables are provided to expedite the application of the method; with their aid, the calculations take a from similar to, but much simpler than, those for probit analysis of quantal responses.

Maximum likelihood estimation is compared with the method proposed by Fisher. The latter has the advantage of extreme simplicity, at least for series to which existing tables can be applied, and the loss of information involved in its use may often be compensated by the saving of time in calculation. An experimenter who has fairly reliable prior indications of an approximate value for the density, however, ought to concentrate his attention on dilutions that he believes will contain between 4 and 1/4 organisms per sample; he must not apply Fisher's method to his results, but the maximum likehood estimate will be so much more precise than any estimate from an experimental design using more extreme dilutions as to repay the small additional labour in computation.
The life cycle ofActinomyces bovis
Authors: Morris E. O.
Published: May 2009

Actinomyces bovispasses through a complete life cycle. The spore germinates to produce a haploid generation, from which a diploid generation arises by conjugation of two specialized haploid cells. A haploid spore is produced from the diploid generation by reduction division.
A statistical analysis of Cambridge University Health Service records, 1948–50
Authors: Bailey Norman T. J.
Published: May 2009

The Cambridge University Health Service started work in October 1948. So far it has been restricted to preventive measures and has been confined to new entrants to the University on an entirely voluntary basis. The Service provides a clinical examination and a chest X-ray. A general survey of the scope of the Service and the results obtained have been given in the annual reports of the Senior Health Service Officer, Sir Alan Rook (1950, 1951). In addition to the original clinical records a Hollerith punched-card record system has been used since the inception of the Service to facilitate detailed investigations. In Appendix I to the first annual report mentioned above (Rook, 1950) I gave a few preliminary results on various physical measurements for the first 900 men examined. It has now been possible to complete a much more extensive investigation, the results of which are given in the present paper. In some cases this has been based on the completed records for the year 1948–9, while in others the records for the two years 1948–50 have been utilized. I have already given a brief summary of the contents of this paper in Appendix I to the second annual report (Rook, 1951).
Studies on a lysogenic Bacillus strain. I. A Bacteriophage specific for Bacillus anthracis
Authors: McCloy Elinor W.
Published: May 2009

A bacteriophage is described which attacks almost exclusively strains of Bacillus anthracis, and attacks all the strains of this species which have been tested.

As well as attacking typical strains of this species it attacks atypical variants.

Strains of B. anthracis are not attacked by this phage when they are in a muciod state.

A few strains of B. anthracis are only feebly attacked by this phage. Some experiments, conducted in an attempt to discover the reason for this, are described.

The results are discussed and arguments in favour of regarding B. anthracis as a valid species are put forward.
The reaction of H-substance with rabbit antisera
Authors: Johns R. G. S. , Marrack J. R.
Published: May 2009

Quantitative methods have been used in several investigations by Kabat and his colleagues (1945–50) in the study of serological relations of various preparations of blood-group substances. The investigations have taken twoforms: (1) the amounts of antibody nitrogen precipitated from a standard volume of an antiserum by varying amounts of the blood-group substances have been plotted against the amount of blood-group substance added; (2) the hexosamine has been measured in the precipitates formed with antiserum in the zone of antibody excess and the ratio of hexosamine precipitated to hexosamine in the blood-group substance added has been calculated; the amount of methyl-pentose precipitated has also been measured (Kabat, Baer &Knaub, 1949) and the ratio of methyl-pentose precipitated to methyl-pentose added hasbeen calculated.
Incidence and penicillin sensitivity ofStaphylococcus aureusin the nose in infants and their mothers
Authors: Ludlam G. B.
Published: May 2009

1. Among infants attending Child Welfare Clinics there was a steady decline in the incidence of nasal carriage ofStaph. aureusover the first year of life.

2. Infants born in hospital showed a much higher incidence ofStaph. aureusin the first 2 months of life than infants born at home. A similar difference was also very distinct in the later part of the first year of life.

3. Mothers delivered 2 weeks to 2 months previously had a higher incidence of nasal carriage ofStaph. aureuswhen delivered in hospital than when delivered at home. After this interval the incidence was similar in all groups of mothers throughout the rest of the year.

4. In the first few months of life there was a tendency for carriage in infants to be associated with carriage in the mother, but towards the end of the year there was no such relationship. This association appeared most clearly in infants born at home and in infants 2–5 months old born in hospital F.

5. A very high proportion (25 out of 30) of the strains tested from infants born in hospital F less than 5 months previously were penicillin-resistant. Infants born at home had a much lower incidence of resistant strains.

6. A high proportion of strains ofStaph. aureusisolated from mothers delivered in hospital F were resistant throughout the first year. Strains from mothers delivered in hospital C or at home showed a much lower proportion of resistant strains.

7. Phage-typing showed a great variety of types, but those found among the penicillin-resistant strains were rather less varied than among the sensitive strains. WhenStaph. aureuswas found both in infant and mother, although the same phage type was commonly present in both, in 16 out of 35 couples different types were found.

8. Investigation in maternity hospitals C and F showed a high proportion of penicillin-resistant strains ofStaph. aureusamong the nurses and infants and in the dust of the nurseries, but not among the mothers. There was no important difference between the two hospitals as regards the incidence of resistant strains isolated from nurses and infants in spite of the differences found in babies from the two hospitals when swabbed at the clinics.

9. The significance of these results is discussed.
Clostridium welchiifood poisoning
Authors: Hobbs Betty C. , Smith Muriel E. , Oakley C. L. , Warrack G. Harriet , Cruickshank J. C.
Published: May 2009

1. Outbreaks of mild food poisoning have been investigated in which heat-resistantCl. welchiiappeared to be the causative organism. The outbreaks were characterized by colic and diarrhoea without vomiting, commencing 8–20 hr. after ingestion of the contaminated food.

2. The strains ofCl. welchiiconcerned are only feebly toxigenic, and apart from the heat-resistance of their spores, and some colonial characters, fit well intoCl. welchiiType A. The toxin production and the serology of the strains is uniform within an outbreak.

3. Mild food poisoning similar to that seen in natural epidemics has been produced in volunteers by ingestion of cultures of heat-resistantCl. welchiiisolated from contaminated meat.

4. Infection is almost invariably due to meat which has been boiled, steamed, braised, stewed or insufficiently roasted, allowed to cool slowly, and eaten the next day, either cold or reheated.

5. Outbreaks of this kind should be prevented by cooking meat immediately before consumption; or, if this is impossible, by cooling the cooked meat rapidly and keeping it refrigerated until it is required for use.
Routine typing of Clostridium welchii
Authors: Oakley C. L. , Warrack G. Harriet
Published: May 2009

During the investigation of a number of epidemics of Clostridium welchii food poisoning (Hobbs, Smith, Oakley, Warrack & Cruickshank, 1953) the opportunity arose of examining some 500 different strains of Cl. welchii for toxigenicity. Work on so large a scale made it essential to develop a routinefor this purpose, and after several trials we devised the folio whig sequence of tests, which have proved entirely satisfactory in our hands, and may be of interest to others.
Incidence and importance of streptococci in an institution for rheumatic children
Authors: Doxiadis S. A. , Stewart Sheila M.
Published: May 2009

1. The incidence of haemolytic streptococci in the patients of a Hospital School for rheumatic children was determined over a period of 1 year.

2. In the total of 1644 throat and 1644 nasal swabs, group A strains were isolated from 20 throat and two nasal swabs. Eighty-seven strains of Lancefield's groups C and G and 54 strains of groups other than A, C, or G were isolated

3. There was no evidence of cross-infection.

4. Factors contributing to the low incidence of group A strains and the absence of cross-infection are discussed.

5. The carriage of groups C and G strains did not appreciably affect the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

6. Although no direct evidence is available, the experience of the present study suggests that the incidence of streptococci in an institution for rheumatic children may be reduced by: (a) bacteriological screening before admission; (b) regular swabbing and Lancefield's grouping of streptococci isolated for the early detection of group A strains; and (c) administration of penicillin or sulphadiazine prophylactically to even a limited number of children.

We thank Prof. R. S. Illingworth for his advice in the writing of this paper, Dr J. L. Emery for laboratory facilities, Dr R. E. O. Williams for his advice in the planning of the investigation, and the matron and sisters of Ash House Hospital School, Sheffield, for their assistance.

The expenses of the investigation were defrayed by a grant from the Medical Research Council.
Studies on the causative agent of an epizootic amongst Manx shearwaters (Puffinus P. Puffinus)
Authors: Stoker M. G. P. , Miles J. A. R.
Published: May 2009

Evidence for the isolation of a virus from this epizootic disease of shearwaters is based upon the reproduction of a similar condition in ducklings and pigeons and upon the development of characteristic histological changes with cytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions in inoculated chorio-allantoic membranes of chick embryos.It was not possible to reproduce the original disease exactly by inoculation of shearwaters with egg-passage virus from the previous season because the birds did not develop blisters at the site of inoculation of the web. Nevertheless, three out of four birds died and the agent was re-isolated from the spleen of one of them.The ability of the virus to cause blisters on duckling webs was neutralized by shearwater serum taken at the convalescent but not at the acute stage of the disease, and complement fixation was obtained with convalescent shearwater serum.

Previous studies on natural virus infections of birds have been mainly limited to psittacosis and ornithosis, the pox viruses, Newcastle disease virus and some of the neurotropic viruses. However, the failure to infect mice by any route, and the ability of the shearwater virus to pass through filters with an A.P.D. of 48 mμ, seemed to rule out the psittacosis group as a cause of the infection. The ability of the virus to cause vesicles and the intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies suggested a member of the pox group of viruses, but the small size of the agent renders a relation to either the pox group or Newcastle disease virus unlikely. Several of the neurotropic viruses which infect birds, for example, Japanese B virus, are about the size of the shearwater virus, but they do not cause the formation of inclusion bodies and they are all pathogenic for mice. Foot and mouth disease virus is also of small size and produces vesicular lesions, but it is unlikely that the shearwater virus is the same since it was unable to infect a cow or the pad of a guinea-pig, and it grew in eggs more readily than foot and mouth disease virus.

There has obviously been insufficient work on the agent to postulate a new virus, but the properties described do not justify its classification in any of the known virus groups. The name puffinosis which was originally suggested still seems suitable for this disease of Puffinus puffinus puffinus.
On the Rôle of Bacteria in the Biological Methods of Sewage Purification, with special reference to the Process of Denitrification
Authors: Mair William
Published: May 2009

The investigations described in the present paper were carried out in connection with the experimental plant laid down by the Corporation of Belfast with a view to discover the most suitable method of dealing with the sewage of that city. The necessity of some form of sewage purification arises in Belfast in connection with what is known as the “foreshore nuisance” in Belfast Lough.
The Principles involved in the Standardisation of Disinfectants and the Influence of Organic Matter upon Germicidal value
Authors: Chick Harriette , Martin C. J.
Published: May 2009

In any method of standardisation it is necessary that the test shall be carried out at a constant temperature, as the disinfection process has a high temperature coefficient. For any method to be of general application, it is also necessary that the temperature selected shall be adhered to in all determinations, since the temperature coefficient of disinfection varies for different disinfectants. The temperature adopted was 20° C.

In the case of vegetative organisms a disinfectant varies in efficiency as much as ten times according to the organism against which it is tested. Some disinfectants are more efficient against one vegetative species of bacteria, others against another.

The presence of 10% blood serum reduces the efficiency of 1% phenol about 12%. The effect upon emulsified disinfectants is somewhat greater. With mercuric chloride the reduction was much greater, a 0·5% solution being reduced to from 0·6 to 0·06 of its original value as the concentration of serum was increased from 5 to 30%.
Some points bearing on the Bacteriology of Cerebro-spinal Meningitis
Authors: Symmers W. St Clair , Wilson W. James
Published: May 2009

In determining the fermentative powers of this organism both fluid and solid cultures were used. The fluid medium was made up according to the formula employed by Dr M. H. Gordon. It consisted of Lemco ·1 gram, peptone ·1 gram, sodium bicarbonate ·1 gram, 10 per cent. watery solution of litmus 10 c.c., water to 100 c.c. This medium was sterilized by heating under pressure and to it was then added the substance to be investigated in the proportion of 1 per cent. Subsequent sterilisation was effected by heating in the steamer for 10 minutes on three successive days. In the case of laevulose, arabinose, and xylose the flasks were heated over the Bunsen flame, as in the steamer the medium turned red.
Further Observations on the Differentiation of Lactose-fermenting Bacilli, with special reference to those of Intestinal Origin
Authors: MacConkey Alfred
Published: May 2009

In a previous paper (1906) I entered a plea for the use of certain tests in the bacteriological examination of waters and food stuffs as it seemed we should thus be enabled to better differentiate the lactose-fermenting bacilli. Such differentiation seems necessary because of the importance attached toB. colias an indicator of faecal contamination, and because of the differences of opinion which exist as to the characters which justify us in identifying a bacillus asB. coli.
Varieties of the Meningococcus with special reference to a Comparison of Strains from Epidemic and Sporadic Sources
Authors: Arkwright Joseph A.
Published: May 2009

The following paper is based on the results obtained by cultivating and experimenting with strains of Meningococcus from 45 different cases of Meningitis. Twenty-five of these occurred in Epidemic areas and 20 were Sporadic cases occurring in London. The Epidemic strains are referred to throughout this paper as E. 1, E. 2, E. 3, etc., and the London strains (Sporadic) as L. 1, L. 2, L. 3, etc. For most of the Epidemic strains I am indebted to Dr M. Macdonald of the Lightburn Hospital, Shettlestone, and to Dr C. B. Ker of the Fever Hospital, Edinburgh. Also I have used strains sent to the Lister Institute by Professor Symmers from Belfast and by Dr Buchanan from Glasgow.
Some Investigations on the Toxicology of Tin, with Special Reference to the Metallic Contamination of Canned Foods
Authors: Schryver S. B.
Published: May 2009

In July 1906 attention was drawn to the fact that a large number of tinned foods returned from the South African campaign were exposed for sale on the home markets. The majority of these foods were known to have been from five to seven years in tins, and the possession of this material afforded a rare opportunity for investigating the question of metallic contamination, and for determining how far such contamination was deleterious to the public health.
On the Nature of the Cellular Elements present in Milk
Authors: Hewlett R. Tanner , Villar Sidney , Revis Cecil
Published: May 2009

That cellular elements are found normally in milk has been known for many years, but it is only comparatively recently that any importance from a public health point of view has been attached to their presence. These cellular elements being usually regarded as leucocytes or pus cells, it is natural that their occurrence in milk should be looked on as indicative of an inflammatory process in the udder of the cow or cows from which the milk was obtained. The first observers to make any attempt to arrive at the numbers of these cells in milk seem to be Stokes and Wegefarth (1) in 1897. Their method, however, was very crude, and is not suited for making a true enumeration. Stewart (2) and Slack (3) followed with a very similar method, except that special tubes were used for obtaining the deposit. This “smeared sediment method” as it is called, is, however, capable of great inexactitude. Later observers have, by the use of ordinary blood counters, made the counting of the cells in milk a scientific measurement of reasonable accuracy. To Doane and Buckley (4) belongs the credit for the first published use of such a method. Savage (5) however has made the process still more accurate by first diluting the milk before centrifugalisation, and also by counting all over the field of the blood chamber, two innovations which are of very great importance, as has been borne out by our investigations. Error is easily introduced if counting is confined to the ruled divisions of the counter. Recently, Trommsdorff 6 has used a methodbased on the measurement of the deposit obtained on rotation in agraduated tube, and this method, probably on account of its ease and speed, has found much favour in Germany. It has been severely criticised by several investigators, such as Schuppius 7 and one of us 8. Riihm 9 and some others believe that it is useful if used as a routine control method. We are of opinion that it might be used in such away as an “indicator,” but for the purposes of public health control it isquite hopeless.
An Outbreak of Acute Gastro-enteritis caused by B. paratyphosus (B.)
Authors: Bainbridge F. A. , Dudfield R.
Published: May 2009

On June 14th, 1910, the attention of one of us was directed by the House Physician of the Hampstead General Hospital, to an outbreak in Paddington of what was thought to be “food-poisoning.” Two of the patients were at the time under his care.
Wassermann's Reaction in the Serum Diagnosis of Syphilis, with Results of Mercurial and 606 Treatment
Authors: Fleet-Surgeon P. W. Basset-Smith
Published: May 2009

In this report are included a series of a thousand cases examined from Jan. 1910 to Jan. 1911, the tests being made weekly at the R. N. Hospital, Haslar. Most of the cases were under observation in the hospital when their clinical characters could be recognised; in many of the cases several tests were applied, week after week, thus making the results obtained of greater value.
Some Observations on the Anatomy and Function of the Oral Sucker of the Blow-fly (CalliPhora erythrocephala)
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: May 2009

All the non-biting flies examined, C. erythrocephala, M. domestica, S. carnaria, F. canicularis, L. caesar and O. anthrax, possess a filtering apparatus situated in the pseudo-tracheae of the suctorial disc. The anatomy and action of this filter have been most thoroughly studied in C. erythrocephala. The suctorial disc is grooved by pseudo-tracheae which end near its centre in closed collecting channels. The latter open into furrows or gutters formed by the peculiar disposition of the prestomal teeth on the walls of the prestomal cavity. The opening of the mouth is situated at the base of the cavity. During natural feeding the lobes of the suctorial disc are pressed together so that the lumen of the prestomal cavity is obliterated, and no food can enter the mouth except through the collecting tubes. The pseudo-tracheae are channels kept open by chitinous rings situated in their walls. Each ring has one bifid extremity, enclosing between the horns the “interbifid space”, which forms an opening of definite size into the pseudo-trachea. A fold in the cuticle, the “interbifid groove”, leads to each interbifid space.

The fluid food is sucked first along the interbifid grooves through the chitin-lined interbifid spaces into the pseudo-tracheae. Particles of larger diameter than the interbifid spaces (·006 mm.) are usually prevented from entering the mouth and are rejected. The fluid and smaller particles are drawn along the pseudo-tracheae, through the collecting channels and gutters between the prestomal teeth into the mouth. By means of strong suction two opposite interbifid grooves may be made to communicate with each other owing to the lateral fissures connecting with the longitudinal pseudo-tracheal fissure being forced open, and consequently a few larger particles, up to ·02 mm. in diameter, may be drawn into the pseudo-tracheae.

Certain relatively large and very attractive objects, such as the ova of tape-worms, too large to pass through the filter, may occasionally be swallowed. Such objects probably pass directly into the mouth, when the prestomal cavity is open, during the prolonged sucking efforts made by the flies.

The large number of experiments which have been made leave little room for doubt that under natural conditions, especially when the fly is feeding on a thin film of moisture, the filtering apparatus works with a high degree of efficiency.
The Serum Reactions (Complement Fixation) of the Meningococcus and the Gonococcus
Authors: Arkwright J. A.
Published: May 2009

The results which were obtained in the foregoing six experiments and are detailed in Tables I to VI may be summarised as follows.

It is seen then that any attempt to classify these two groups of cocci by means of complement-binding reactions would arrange them into more or less well marked sub-groups, some of which would contain both meningococcal and gonococcal strains, and some perhaps strains from only one of these groups.

It will be noticed that extracts of three strains of Meningococcus (119, 162 and 164) showed an especial tendency to give negative or feeble complement-fixation reactions with heterologous meningococcal sera, and two of these strains (119 and 162) also gave negative reactions with some of the gonococcal sera. Though the complement-fixation reactions of the strains used in this research were not fully worked out on account of the difficulty in obtaining satisfactory sera, nevertheless the following classification appears to be indicated having regard to complement-fixation alone.

Sub-group II has affinities for sub-groups I and III, but there is little, if any, affinity shown between I and III directly. M. 119 shows slight affinity for M. 141, but for no other strains.

The sub-groups are not clearly defined, but overlap and are connected with each other in various directions. For instance G. 1, M. 135 and G. 2 all appear to have common receptors, and M. 135 and G. 2 also have receptors in common with G. 4 and M. 162, but G. 1 shows no affinity for these two latter strains.

The explanation of these facts is not quite simple but they may be explained by assuming, (1) that several group antigens occur which are common to the Meningococcus and the Gonococcus, but only some of which are present in any given strain of coccus, and (2) that specific antigens which are peculiar to the Meningococcus on the one hand or to the Gonococcus on the other hand do occur, but are often absent in the case of any given strain.

The second assumption is perhaps unnecessary, and the first is almost equivalent to affirming the occurrence of special antigens peculiar to certain sub-groups which contain strains of both Meningococcus and Gonococcus.

The evidence, then, from complement-fixation experiments as also from other serum tests as far as they are of any value, appears to point to a closer relationship between some strains of Gonococcus and some strains of Meningococcus than between different sub-groups of Meningococcus. In fact rather the unity of these two groups than any essential difference between them, is suggested by these facts.

These considerations lend further support to the view that the most constant bacteriological characters available for differentiating the Meningococcus from the Gonococcus are the cultural characters seen when the organisms are grown on agar of different degrees of alkalinity.
Some Experiments on the Relative Digestibility of White and Wholemeal Breads
Authors: Newman L. F. , Robinson G. W. , Halnan E. T. , Neville H. A. D.
Published: May 2009

The problem of the comparative nutritive value of bread made from the various high grade white or “patents” flours and the so-called “standard” meal is of some interest. The inclusion of a considerable portion of the bran in standard bread is claimed to increase largely the nutritive value of the bread. It has been known for many years that wholemeal bread containing the bran particles was especially useful as an article of diet for persons suffering from constipation, the laxative effect being due partly to the mechanical presence of indigestible fibre, partly to the irritation of the intestinal wall by the sharp bran particles causing increased peristalsis. This effect is to some extent lost after prolonged feeding.
The Action of the Complement-Fractions on a Tropin-B. Typhosus System with Comparative Haemolytic Experiments
Authors: Ledingham J. C. G. , Dean H. R.
Published: May 2009

This communication contains a record of a series of experiments undertaken primarily to elucidate tbe action of complement and its fractions on a Tropin-B. typhosus system as estimated by the phagocytic index. Haemolytic experiments were also undertaken with the combined object of testing the activity of the complement-fractions and of investigating by the use of another system, certain points which arose in the course of the phagocytosis experiments. The haemolytic experiments are recorded in Part II of this communication. The term “ Tropin ” employed throughout the paper to designate the antibody in an inactivated immune serum which, in the absence of complement, is able to effect sensitisation of micro-organisms for phagocytosis, has been adopted solely for the sake of convenience and entirely without prejudice to the conception we have formed of its relation to the immune opsonin so-called, or to the general antigen-antibody reaction which, under certain conditions of experiment, involves the fixation of complement.
On the Bacteriology of Asylum Dysentery
Authors: Tebbutt Hamilton
Published: May 2009

(1) A number of Dysentery bacilli of the mannite-fermenting type have been isolated from an English asylum.

(2) These bacilli may be divided into two sub-groups, (a) those that do, and (b) those that do not (1) ferment sorbite and (2) form indol in peptone beef broth in six days.

(3) Several attempts to infect a monkey with sorbite-fermenting strains were not successful.

(4) No Dysentery bacilli were found in an examination of a considerable number of flies infesting the surroundings of chronic and acute cases of bacillary dysentery.

My thanks are due to Dr H. de R. Morgan for kindly co-operation in part of this work, to Dr J. C. G. Ledingham for his valuable advice and assistance at all times, and to Dr W. F. Menzies for supplying the material for examination.
The Effects of the Inhalation of Coal and Stone Dusts on the Lungs of Pit Ponies
Authors: Haynes F.
Published: May 2009

The inhalation of coal and stone dust, as used in collieries, by pit ponies produces no permanent lesions of the lungs.

The dusts accumulated in the lung continue to increase during the first two years of exposure (approximately), but the rate of elimination then becomes equal to that of absorption.

The dusts accumulate, probably in the lymphatics, firstly around the blood vessels, secondly around the bronchi, and thirdly in the deep layers of the pleura.

The dusts accumulate in greater amount around the smaller blood vessels and bronchi than around the larger ones.

There is a greater deposition of dust near the pleura than deeper in the lung substance.

The dust is eliminated via the bronchi and the lymphatics.

Dust accumulates in the lymph glands and spleen. In the former, at least, it is largely intracellular.

Excessive stone-dusting causes extra accumulation of dust within the lung: this, however, causes no fibrosis.

All forms of the soft pit stone used were equally harmless.

The normal horse's lung contains very little dust.
The Radiation Integrator in Vacuo, an Instrument for the study of Radiant Heat received from the Sun
Authors: Buxton P. A.
Published: May 2009

The “Radiation Integrator in Vacuo” is an instrument designed by a biologist, to assist in the study of solar radiation, as received on the surface of the earth. The principle of the instrument is that a black bulb in vacuo is exposed to the sun's rays; the bulb, which contains alcohol, is connected to a graduated stem maintained at shade temperature; radiant heat from the sun causes alcohol to distil over the bulb into the stem where its volume is measured. In Samoa the shade temperature is practically constant throughout the year, but one believes on theoretical grounds that more radiation is received from the sun between September and March than at the other season, and that the radiation has two maxima, in October and February. This instrument, which has been observed for 12 months, confirms the expectation. The daily mean distillate, the distillate per hour of sunshine (Campbell Stokes) and the mean distillate for the three hours before noon, all show the same seasonal changes.

The instrument has been standardized against Gorczynski's pyrheliometer, so that the readings in c.c. of alcohol can be converted into calories. The instrument is not difficult to make or read, and it can be left in the open in all weathers. It integrates its results and requires to be read once a day in Samoa.
A Statistical Study of the Physique of Elementary School Children with special reference to their Mentality
Authors: Habakkuk E. G.
Published: May 2009

Comparatively few speciallised investigations of the physical development of school children seem to have been made in this country. The most comprehensive British investigation is that made by Arthur Greenwood. This enquiry, based on the published annual reports of the various Educational Authorities, as well as those that preceded it, did not touch the main problem of the present study; viz. the relation between physique and mentality. Miss E. M. Elderton, a year later, made a careful biometric study of the school populatin of Glasgow.
Potato Starch and Refection
Authors: Kazimierz Kon Stanisław
Published: May 2009

1. Refection occurs as a rule in rats receiving diets containing raw potato starch.

2. Rats were maintained for one year on a diet deficient in the vitamin B complex and containing raw potato starch. Two of them attained a weight of almost 300 grm. and made sustained gains at a rate of almost 4 grm. daily.

3. Rapid decline, symptoms of vitamin B1and B2deficiency and death were observed in these rats after their diet had been steamed.

4. Steaming under identical conditions does not alter the vitamin B (complex) content of other diets.
The Effects of the Injection of Normal Brain Emulsion into Rabbits, with Special Reference to the Aetiology of the Paralytic Accidents of Antirabic Treatment
Authors: Hurst E. Weston
Published: May 2009

The occasional occurrence of ”paralytic accidents” during the course of antirabic inoculation is well recognised as an unfortunate complication of that therapeutic measure. The cases have to be distinguished from the rare instances of paralytic rabies in which, usually after extensive bites from rabid wolves, the disease assumes an unusual form and in which the virus can be recovered from the central nervous system. The paralytic accidents on the other hand are in no way related to the date or severity of the original injury—on occasion the suspected animal has later been proved healthy—but are definitely associated in time with the commencement of the treatment; almost all occur within 7–23 days of the first inoculation, and fatal cases show no rabic virus in the nervous structures.
The Significance ofBact. aerogenesin Water
Authors: Gray J.D. Allan
Published: May 2009

1.Bact. aerogenesis practically universally present, although in small numbers in the stools of normal adult humans. The stools of one individual, however, repeatedly gave negative results. The organism has also been isolated from the faeces of horse, cow, sheep, pig, dog, cat, wild rabbit, wild rat and wild mouse.

2. The use of modifications of the citrate medium, containing lithium or barium, is useful in the isolation ofBact. aerogeneswhenB. pyocyaneusis abundant.

3.Bact. aerogenespredominates overB. coliin soil, the contamination of which by faecal material was unlikely. TheB. coliisolated from such soil do not show differences by the tests used from typicalfaecalstrains ofB. coli.

4. In the municipal water supply of Liverpool the proportion ofBact. aerogenestoB. coliis relatively high and increases on storage.

5. In water contaminated with faeces, the proportion ofBact. aerogenestoB. coliis relatively low but is rapidly reversed on storage. This is largely due to the death of theB. coli, but may in part be also due to multiplication of theBact. aerogenespresent.

6. Preponderance ofBact. aerogenesoverB. coliin a water supply is indicative of either (a) contact with soil which is not contaminated with fresh faeces, or (b) long past faecal contamination.

7. Preponderance ofBact. aerogenesoverB. coliin a water supply may, for practical purposes, be regarded as an indication of freedom on the part of the water from pathogenic organisms, includingB. typhosusandB. paratyphosusB.

8. The repeated examination of faeces during storage showed a marked increase followed by a gradual decrease in the total number of organisms present. The decrease coincided with an increase in the numbers ofBact.aerogenesrelative to the organisms present. Whether an absolute increase in the numbers ofBact. aerogenesoccurred, was not determined.

9. A plea is made for uniformity among the tests adopted by future workers for the identification of coliform organisms, and an exact statement of the methods employed.

The writer desires to thank Prof. J. M. Beattie for helpful advice throughout the course of the investigation.
The Effect of Parboiling and Milling on the Antineuritic Vitamin (B1) and Phosphate Content of Rice
Authors: Aykroyd W. R.
Published: May 2009

1. Highly milled parboiled rice was found to be rich in the antineuritic vitamin B1, while roughly milled raw rice was deficient. In estimating the content of vitamin B1 the method of Chick and Roscoe was used.

2. Exact comparison was made of the vitamin B1 potency of two samples of rice, the one raw, the other parboiled, after similar degrees of milling. The vitamin value of the unmilled samples was equal, but when each was highly milled to an equal degree, as judged by weight of polishings removed in a hand rice mill, the parboiled sample retained the vitamin while the raw sample did not.

3. Polishings from parboiled rice were found to contain less vitamin B1 than those from raw rice.

4. Parboiled rice contains more P2O5 than raw rice milled to the same degree.

5. It is probable that when rice is steamed in the process of parboiling, the vitamin B1 and some of the phosphate contained in the germ and pericarp diffuse through the endosperm.

6. The P2O5 content of raw rice is a good index of vitamin B1 value, but in parboiled rice a low percentage of phosphate is compatible with the presence of the vitamin.

Thanks are due to Miss L. M. B. Patterson who kindly made the phosphate estimations recorded in the paper. I am indebted to the Director of Agriculture, British Guiana, for a number of rice samples. The rice mill used was kindly lent by Jackson and Son, 30, Mincing Lane, E.C. 3. I am grateful to Miss Chick for her continued interest in these experiments.
Growth under Vita Glass
Authors: Sutherland Ian N.
Published: May 2009

White rats reared from the age of 30 days to 275 days under vita glass, and properly fed, do not grow at a different rate from those reared under ordinary glass.

The offspring of these rats, kept in the same environment, grow at the normal rate when compared with controls born and reared under ordinary window glass.

A short discussion of these results is given in the text.

Addendum. The temptation to use an artificial source of ultra-violet rays having proved irresistible, a further experiment was performed with 20 males, 10 under vita glass and 10 under window glass. These were exposed to the radiation of a Hanovia quartz mercury vapour lamp on alternate days, at a distance of four feet from the burner. The growth curves are shown on Chart V, and the lengths of exposure have been entered on this chart: it will be seen that the results are the same as with natural sunlight.