bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VIRAL INFECTION OF EMILIANIA HUXLEYI (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE) LEADS TO ELEVATED PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES1
Authors: Evans Claire , Malin Gillian , Mills Graham P. , Wilson William H.
Published: September 2006

The effect of viral infection of Emiliania huxleyi (Lohman) Hay and Mohler on the concentration of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) excretion and cell photosynthetic capacity (CPC) was examined. During the crash of an E. huxleyi culture induced by viruses intracellular ROS concentrations were generally elevated and reached levels of approximately double those observed in non‐infected control cultures. H2O2 concentrations also increased in the media of the infected cultures from background levels of around 130 nM to approximately 580 nM while levels in the controls decreased. These data suggest that oxidative stress is elevated in infected cells. Although the precise mechanism for ROS production was not identified, a traditional defense related oxidative burst was ruled out, as no evidence of a rapid intracellular accumulation of ROS following addition of the virus was found. CPC declined substantially in the infected culture from a healthy 0.6–0 arbitrary units. Clearly infection disrupted normal photosynthetic processes, which could lead to the production of ROS via interruption of the electron transport chain at the PSII level. Alternatively, ROS may also be a necessary requirement for viral replication in E. huxleyi, possibly due to a link with viral‐induced cell death or associated with general death processes.
FUNCTIONAL COMPLEMENTATION OF AN ARGININE AUXOTROPHIC YEAST MUTANT BY AN ARGININOSUCCINATE SYNTHETASE FROM PORPHYRA YEZOENSIS (RHODOPHYTA)1
Authors: Endo Hirotoshi , Ootsuka Shuuji , Fukuda Satoru , Kitade Yukihiro , Saga Naotsune
Published: September 2006

The objective of this study was to develop a tool for studying Porphyra yezoensis Ueda gene function using the yeast transformation system. The gene encoding argininosuccinate synthetase (EC 6345) of P. yezoensis (PyARG1) was obtained by PCR using an expressed sequence tag clone as a template, and subcloned into the yeast expression vector pYES2. The gene was expressed when the vector harboring PyARG1 was introduced into an ARG1‐deficient strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which resulted in successful complementation of the mutant phenotype. The transformed cells could survive on a selective medium lacking arginine, and transcripts of PyARG1 were detected by reverse transcription‐PCR. A quantitative comparison showed that the rescued mutant cells grew in the selective liquid medium with a minor reduction in growth rate relative to wild‐type cells. This is the first report in which the function of a P. yezoensis gene has been directly demonstrated. This technique will provide new opportunities for further investigations into the functions of various genes in P. yezoensis and other macroalgal species.
USING QUANTITATIVE PCR TO DETERMINE THE DISTRIBUTION OF A SEMICRYPTIC BENTHIC DIATOM, NAVICULA PHYLLEPTA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Créach Véronique , Ernst Anneliese , Sabbe Koen , Vanelslander Bart , Vyverman Wim , Stal Lucas J.
Published: September 2006

Evidence has accumulated during the last decade showing that many established diatom morpho‐species actually consist of several semicryptic or truly cryptic species. As these species are difficult or even impossible to differentiate by microscopic analysis, there is virtually no information on how they behave in natural environments. In this study, we developed a quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) assay using TaqMan probes® targeted to the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) to assess the spatial distribution and seasonal dynamics of an important component of the microphytobenthos of intertidal sediments. Navicula phyllepta Kützing is a brackish‐marine morpho‐species with a cosmopolitan distribution. Axenic clones of this species were isolated from natural assemblages of benthic diatoms at different intertidal stations in the Westerschelde estuary (The Netherlands). At least two distinct semicryptic species of N. phyllepta were present, as shown by differences in the quantity of DNA per cell, the ITS1 sequences and the copy number of ITS per cell. DNA and chl a concentrations extracted from sediment surface samples were closely correlated, showing that the DNA used for subsequent analysis mostly belonged to the microalgal community. The results of real‐time qPCR from sites throughout the estuary and over several seasons agreed well with microscopic counts. Additionally, the seasonal pattern of the two forms of N. phyllepta showed an overlapping, but unique distribution along the estuary.
Walter Cronkite High School: A Culture of Freedom and Responsibility
Authors: Morocco Catherine Cobb , Clay Karen , Parker Caroline E. , Zigmond Naomi
Published: September 2006

Walter Cronkite High School is a comprehensive high school of nearly 4,000 students, located in New York City. The population of students with disabilities includes many students with severe and low‐incidence disabilities, including 70 students with visual or hearing impairments and 20 students with orthopedic impairments. Cronkite High School's academic program reflects the belief that if students with disabilities can choose among a motivating set of intellectual options, receive appropriate academic support, and assume responsibility for their learning, they will be successful. The school puts that belief into practice through an “assembled puzzle” of academic opportunities, academic supports, and social opportunities designed to respond to highly varied student interests and academic needs. We describe “how the school works” through case studies of three students with learning disabilities and through an analysis of the high school transcripts of 36 students with disabilities who are recent graduates.
Middletown High School: Equal Opportunity for Academic Achievement
Authors: Aguilar Cynthia Mata , Morocco Catherine Cobb , Parker Caroline E. , Zigmond Naomi
Published: September 2006

Middletown High School is a comprehensive high school with 1,970 students, located in the environs of Washington, DC. It is distinguished by an open enrollment policy for all courses; a strong emphasis on inclusion of students with learning disabilities (LD) in general education classrooms; block scheduling that allows for more in‐depth and meaningful study of important concepts and ideas; and team teaching in English, mathematics, science, and social studies. In a schoolwide 30‐minute daily Learning Seminar, all students learn study skills, do homework, take tests, or go to the library, and teachers have opportunities for departmental meetings and problem solving. A visual representation of a “percolator” frames the school's system of opportunities and supports. Through case studies of two students with LD and analyses of 55 transcripts of recent graduates, we describe the academic and social opportunities, support structures, and strategies that make Middletown a “good high school” for students with disabilities.
Synthesis, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of a Novel Ti2AlC/TiC/Al2O3In SituComposite
Authors: Zhang D. L. , Cai Z. H. , Huang A. J. , Yang R.
Published: September 2006

This paper describes a novel process for synthesizing a Ti2AlC/TiC/Al2O3in situcomposite. This route utilizes TiO2, carbon, and Al powders as raw materials, and involves high‐energy mechanical milling and powder sintering. The Ti2AlC/TiC/Al2O3bulkin situcomposite produced has a phase composition of Ti2AlC–20 vol% TiC–35 vol% Al2O3with fine Al2O3particles (size: 0.5–15 μm) embedded in a Ti2AlC/TiC matrix. The Ti2AlC grains exhibit a nanometer scale lamellar structure, and most of the Al2O3grains contain fine cubic TiOmC1−mprecipitates (size: 10–200 nm). The average hardness and bending strength of the composite are in the ranges of 11–12.5 GPa and 380–440 MPa, respectively. Here we have demonstrated that the mechanical performance (mainly hardness and bending strength) of the composite is directly correlated with the size of the Al2O3particles present in the as‐fabricatedin situcomposite.
Corrosion Behavior of Sialon Ceramics in Supercritical Water
Authors: Nagae Masahiro , Koyama Yasunori , Yasutake Seita , Yoshio Tetsuo , Oda Kohei
Published: September 2006

The corrosion behavior of sialon ceramics was investigated in supercritical water at 450°C under 45 MPa for 2–50 h. α‐sialon exhibited better corrosion resistance than β‐sialon and α/β‐sialon. Pitting corrosion with the formation of corrosion products was observed in the case of β‐sialon and α/β‐sialon. By contrast, the corrosion behavior of α‐sialon was characterized by uniform corrosion with the formation of corrosion products. The degree of strength deterioration was strongly dependent on the corrosion morphology. The bending strength of α‐sialon after corrosion for 30 h was about 90% of its initial strength, while the strength of β‐sialon decreased to 65% of its original strength.
Relationship between skin response to ultraviolet exposure and skin color type
Authors: Del Bino S. , Sok J. , Bessac E. , Bernerd F.
Published: September 2006

Sun exposure is responsible for detrimental damage ranging from sunburn to photoaging and skin cancer. This damage is likely to be influenced by constitutive pigmentation. The relationship between ultraviolet (UV) sensitivity and skin color type was analyzed on 42 ex vivo skin samples objectively classified from light to dark skin, based on their values of individual typology angle (ITA) determined by colorimetric parameters. The biologically efficient dose (BED) was determined for each sample by quantifying sunburn cells after exposure to increasing doses of UV solar‐simulated radiation. Typical UV‐induced biologic markers, other than erythema, such as DNA damage, apoptosis and p53 accumulation, were analyzed. A statistically significant correlation was found between ITA and BED and, ITA and DNA damage. Interestingly, DNA lesions were distributed throughout the whole epidermal layers and the uppermost dermal cells in light, intermediate and tanned skin while they were restricted to suprabasal epidermal layers in brown or dark skin. Our data support, at the cellular level, the relationship between UV sensitivity and skin color type. They emphasize the impact of DNA damage accumulation in basal layer in relation to the prevalence of skin cancer.
THE FAMILY LAW EDUCATION REFORM PROJECT FINAL REPORT
Authors: O’Connell Mary E. , DiFonzo J. Herbie
Published: September 2006

The Family Law Education Reform Project (the FLER Project) is co‐sponsored by the Association of Family and Conciliation Courts and the Center for Children, Families and the Law at Hofstra Law School. This Final Report is based on a series of dialogues between family law academics and practitioners from many disciplines, a FLER Project survey, and research conducted by law students at Hofstra University and Northeastern University.2
WHAT SHOULD FAMILY LAWYERS KNOW? RESULTS OF A SURVEY OF PRACTITIONERS AND STUDENTS1
Authors: Hedeen Timothy , Salem Peter
Published: September 2006

The contemporary practice of family law demands that lawyers know far more than the law. Results of a recent survey of professionals and law students suggest that today's family lawyer needs knowledge and skills that are often missing from law school curricula. Survey respondents emphasized the importance of strong interpersonal skills like listening, negotiation, and working with clients in emotional crisis, as well as keen understanding of financial issues in family law, the impact of separation and divorce on children, and the ethical dimensions of family law practice. Law students held contrasting views to law faculty and to practicing attorneys on a number of measures, ranking adversarial courtroom skills as more important and placing less emphasis on skills, knowledge, and attributes related to ethics.
WHAT FAMILY LAWYERS ARE REALLY DOING WHEN THEY NEGOTIATE
Authors: Schneider Andrea Kupfer , Mills Nancy
Published: September 2006

How should lawyers negotiate? This article outlines an empirical study of how lawyers rate each other in negotiation behaviors. After discussing what skills are needed for effective negotiation behavior, we then look more closely at how family lawyers in particular are negotiating. Examining some troubling data, we find that family lawyers appear to be more adversarial and less problem solving than other types of practitioners. We conclude by discussing why this might be so and what the family law bar and family law professors should be doing in the future to address this problem.
MAKING ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR) LESS ALTERNATIVE: THE NEED FOR ADR AS BOTH A MANDATORY CONTINUING LEGAL EDUCATION REQUIREMENT AND A BAR EXAM TOPIC
Authors: Cohen Dori
Published: September 2006

Divorce proceedings have had a negative reputation due to their adversarial nature. Litigation in the family law field has exacerbated an already emotionally charged atmosphere. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) has grown in importance over the past three decades and has helped to alleviate some of the animosity which accompanies divorce and child custody matters. Parents in particular are aided by the benefits of options such as mediation and collaborative divorce, obtaining increased control over their agreements in situations where the relationships will be continuous due to shared parenting responsibilities. However, much more could be done to increase the use of ADR in family law proceedings. Current family law practitioners could fill many roles, including mediator, advocate during mediation, collaborative negotiator, arbitrator, and counselor regarding which process to implement. Knowledge about these different roles, with their attendant skills and ethical issues, has become imperative. This Note will advocate for a mandatory continuing legal education requirement in ADR for matrimonial attorneys, as well as for the inclusion of ADR as a topic on state bar examinations. An increased knowledge of ADR will benefit divorcing parents and their children, ease an overcrowded court system, and lead to greater personal and professional satisfaction for the family law practitioner.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, DOVE, AND DIVORCE MEDIATION
Authors: Ellis Desmond , Stuckless Noreen
Published: September 2006

The primary objective of this article is to describe DOVE, a 19‐item instrument designed to assess and manage the risk of domestic violence between partners during and following their participation in divorce mediation. Assessing risk, more specifically how DOVE can be used to assess risk, is described first. The resulting risk scores (TOTDOVE) are used to assign individuals to risk categories. Problems associated with using categorical, frequency, and probability risk assessment formats in interpreting and communicating risk are discussed in the second segment of the article. A dual, categorical/probability format is advocated. Managing risk using Safety Plan interventions that are linked with risk category and predictor subscores on control, substance abuse, anger, relationship problems, mental health problems, and conflict is covered in the final segment.
Haro Strait geometry (sloping bottom)
Authors: Tolstoy A.
Published: September 2006

This paper is a followup to a previous JASA paper which assumed a flat bottom. New results include (i) estimations assuming a sloping bottom where, as before, the geometric parameters of various examined Haro St. scenarios are estimated based on the time domain signals alone. Additionally, this new paper considers (ii) four parts of the time domain signal (rather than the previous 2): The time differences for each phone for (1) surface reflected minus direct arrivals; (2) bottom reflected minus direct arrivals; plus (3) surface then bottom reflected minus direct arrivals; plus (4) bottom then surface reflected minus direct arrivals. Finally, (iii) 12 to 16 phones (rather than the previous eight) may now be considered as well (up to 16 phones are available for some source-array paths). The determined geometric parameters remain: source range, source depth, individual phone ranges, individual phone depths, and now include two water depths (at the source and array) per scenario. We have retained constraints to again improve realism, e.g., the array shape is restricted, sources can only be within certain ranges and depths, the top array phone depth and water depths can only be within certain regimes. Finally, as before, some of the new optimal positions are “confirmed” by simulating the signals for the predicted geometries by means of a pulse (PE) (RAMGEO) propagation code [M. D. Collins, “Generalization of the split-step Pade solution,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 96, 382–385 (1994)] and then comparing those simulated signals with the observed data. Unfortunately, based on geometric concerns alone, even with these new considerations, non-uniqueness of any solution geometry is still not guaranteed.
Voiceless affricate/fricative distinction by frication duration and amplitude rise slope
Authors: Mitani Shigeki , Kitama Toshihiro , Sato Yu
Published: September 2006

Previous psychophysical studies have shown that the perceptual distinction between voiceless fricatives and affricates in consonant-vowel syllables depends primarily on frication duration, whereas amplitude rise slope was suggested as the cue in automatic classification experiments. The effects of both cues on the manner of articulation between /ʃ/ and /tʃ/ were investigated. Subjects performed a forced-choice task (/ʃ/ or /tʃ/) in response to edited waveforms of Japanese fricatives /ʃi/, /ʃu/, and /ʃɑ/. We found that frication duration, onset slope, and the interaction between duration and onset slope influenced the perceptual distinction. That is, the percent of /ʃ/ responses increased with an increase in frication duration (experiments 1–3). The percent of /ʃ/ responses also increased with a decrease in slope steepness (experiment 3), and the relative importance between slope portions was not even but weighted at onset (experiments 1 and 2). There was an interaction between the two cues of frication duration and steepness. The relative importance of the slope cue was maximum at a frication duration of 150ms (experiment 3). It is concluded that the frication duration and amplitude rise slope at frication onset are acoustic cues that discriminate between /ʃ/ and /tʃ/, and that the two cues interact with each other.
A boundary element method for porous media
Authors: Tanneau Olivier , Lamary Pierre , Chevalier Yvon
Published: September 2006

This paper deals with a new method for solving coupled acoustical problems such as those arising from the study of insulation panels with porous linings. The main idea is to use the boundary element method (BEM) for modeling porous media in order to simplify problem solving in mid-frequency range. This approach reduces the entire problem to only unknowns on the boundaries. Developments have been oriented in a bi-dimensional formulation with a constant element discretization scheme. A multi-region assembly of porous subdomains and a coupling procedure with structural finite elements complete this approach. Comparisons between the finite element method (FEM) and the present solution (mixed FEM and BEM) show a close agreement. Moreover, the analysis of a multi-layer system through this mixed numerical method results in faster processing time and less memory usage than a conventional full finite element method.
An experimental evaluation of regular polyhedron loudspeakers as omnidirectional sources of sound
Authors: Leishman Timothy W. , Rollins Sarah , Smith Heather M.
Published: September 2006

Multiple-driver dodecahedron loudspeakers are commonly used in room acoustics measurements as omnidirectional sources of sound. Yet they and other regular polyhedron loudspeakers become “multidirectional” above their omnidirectional cutoff frequencies (often near 1kHz). Because these cutoff frequencies normally fall within common measurement bandwidths, one might question whether anything is really extraordinary about the dodecahedron loudspeaker or whether another regular polyhedron geometry would actually produce better average omnidirectionality over these bandwidths. This paper explores these questions through measured data, analysis, and comparison of frequency-dependent directivities of several regular polyhedron loudspeaker prototypes. It provides insights into their radiation properties and introduces an alternative method of quantifying omnidirectionality: the area-weighted spatial standard deviation of radiated levels over a free-field measurement sphere. It compares this method to the ISO 3382:1997(E) standard method, revealing certain discrepancies between the two approaches. A dodecahedron loudspeaker is shown to produce a relatively high cutoff frequency and reasonable radiation uniformity over measurement bandwidths. However, it does not necessarily excel as a better omnidirectional source than other regular polyhedron loudspeakers. A tetrahedron loudspeaker with an equal midradius provides the best average radiation uniformity over a 4kHz bandwidth, even though it exhibits the lowest cutoff frequency.
Adjoint modeling with a split-step Fourier parabolic equation model
Authors: Smith Kevin B
Published: September 2006

Previous work on adjoint modeling of underwater acoustic propagation for the purposes of environmental inversions developed the necessary numerical algorithms based on a finite difference implementation of the parabolic equation. In this letter, the corresponding formulation for the split-step Fourier implementation is presented. Although no calculations have yet been made with this approach, the method is completely consistent with previous work, and the final form of the tangent linear model is exactly the same. However, the formulation of the operators in the split-step Fourier approach provides a simple means of estimating both local and global effects on uncertainty. This letter is then provided for anyone who may wish to attempt adjoint modeling with a split-step Fourier model.
Temporal characteristics of nasalization in children and adult speakers of American English and Korean during production of three vowel contexts
Authors: Ha Seunghee , Kuehn David
Published: September 2006

The purpose of this study was to identify and compare the temporal characteristics of nasalization in relation to (1) languages, (2) vowel contexts, and (3) age groups. Two distinct acoustic energies from the mouth and nose were recorded during speech production (/pamap, pimip, pumup/) using two microphones to obtain the absolute and proportional measurements on the acoustic temporal characteristics of nasalization. Twenty-eight normal adults (14 American English and 14 Korean speakers) and 28 normal children (14 American English and 14 Korean speakers) participated in this study. In both languages, adults showed shorter duration of nasalization than children within all three vowel contexts. The high vowel context revealed longer duration of nasalization than the low vowel context in both languages. There was no significant difference of temporal characteristics of nasalization between American English and Korean. Nasalization showed different timing characteristics between children and adults across vowel contexts. The results are discussed in association with developmental coarticulation and the relationship between acoustic consequences of articulatory events and vowel height.
The ability of the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea to distinguish sounds in the vertical plane
Authors: Arthur Ben J. , Hoy Ronald R.
Published: September 2006

The parasitic fly Ormia ochracea localizes its host, field crickets, by homing in on their calling song. Previous phonotactic studies indicate that their sound localization ability in azimuth is extraordinarily acute, but the fly’s ability to localize the elevation of sound sources has not been tested to date. Here we show that in a freely-walking closed-loop Y-maze task elevational performance is well above chance, but slightly below the fly’s performance in azimuth. Immobilizing the head or the halteres (sensory organs of balance) slightly lowered elevational discrimination, but performance was still well above chance. Because ormiine ears are thought to be symmetric and the pure-tone models of a cricket’s call used in these experiments contained little to no spectral bandwidth, additional studies will be needed to elucidate the underlying cues. Nonetheless, it is clear that while walking, Ormia flies are capable of distinguishing sound sources that differ only in elevation.
Coupled integral equations for sound propagation above a hard ground surface with trench cuttings
Authors: Li Wang Gong , Cho Chew Weng , White Michael J.
Published: September 2006

A set of coupled integral equations is formulated for the investigation of sound propagation from an infinitesimal harmonic line source above a hard ground surface corrugated with cuttings. Two half-space Green’s functions are employed in the formulation. The first one defined for the upper half space is used to reduce the problem size and eliminate the edge effect resulting from the boundary truncation; the other one for the lower half space is to simplify the representation of the Neumann-Dirichlet map. As a result, the unknowns are only distributed over the corrugated part of the surface, which leads to substantial reduction in the size of the final linear system. The computational complexity of the Neumann-Dirichlet map is also reduced. The method is used to analyze the behavior of sound propagation above textured surfaces the impedance of which is expectedly altered. The effects of number and opening of trench cuttings, and the effect of source height are investigated. The conclusions drawn can be used for reference in a practical problem of mitigating gun blast noise.
Vocal development in captive harbor seal pups,Phoca vitulina richardii: Age, sex, and individual differences
Authors: Khan Christin B. , Markowitz Hal , McCowan Brenda
Published: September 2006

The goal of this research was to determine when harbor seal pup vocalizations become sufficiently distinctive to allow individual recognition. A total of 4593 calls were analyzed from 15 captive pups. Nineteen were harsh, broadband, staccato calls used in an aggressive context. The rest were tonal “mother attraction calls,” having an inverted “v”- or “u”-shaped spectrogram with harmonics and a fundamental frequency around 200–600Hz. Calls were individually distinctive even in pups less than 2weeks old, suggesting that mothers may be able to recognize pup vocalizations at this early age. Classification rates from discriminant function analysis were generally comparable to those of other phocids and less than in otariids, supporting the theory that recognition is more highly developed in otariids. Significant differences were found between male and female pup calls, and there were significant interactions between pup sex and age. The results of this study should be interpreted with caution until the findings are verified in wild harbor seal pups.
Estimated communication range of social sounds used by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)
Authors: Quintana-Rizzo Ester , Mann David A. , Wells Randall S.
Published: September 2006

Bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, exhibit flexible associations in which the compositions of groups change frequently. We investigated the potential distances over which female dolphins and their dependent calves could remain in acoustic contact. We quantified the propagation of sounds in the frequency range of typical dolphin whistles in shallow water areas and channels of Sarasota Bay, Florida. Our results indicated that detection range was noise limited as opposed to being limited by hearing sensitivity. Sounds were attenuated to a greater extent in areas with seagrass than any other habitat. Estimates of active space of whistles showed that in seagrass shallow water areas, low-frequency whistles (7–13kHz) with a 165dB source level could be heard by dolphins at 487m. In shallow areas with a mud bottom, all whistle frequency components of the same whistle could be heard by dolphins travel up to 2km. In channels, high-frequency whistles (13–19kHz) could be detectable potentially over a much longer distance (>20km). Our findings indicate that the communication range of social sounds likely exceeds the mean separation distances between females and their calves. Ecological pressures might play an important role in determining the separation distances within communication range.
Preliminary evidence for signature vocalizations among free-ranging narwhals (Monodon monoceros)
Authors: Shapiro Ari D.
Published: September 2006

Animal signature vocalizations that are distinctive at the individual or group level can facilitate recognition between conspecifics and re-establish contact with an animal that has become separated from its associates. In this study, the vocal behavior of two free-ranging adult male narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in Admiralty Inlet, Baffin Island was recorded using digital archival tags. These recording instruments were deployed when the animals were caught and held onshore to attach satellite tags, a protocol that separated them from their groups. The signature content of two vocal categories was considered: (1) combined tonal/pulsed signals, which contained synchronous pulsatile and tonal content; (2) whistles, or frequency modulated tonal signals with harmonic energy. Nonparametric comparisons of the temporal and spectral features of each vocal class revealed significant differences between the two individuals. A separate, cross-correlation measure conducted on the whistles that accounted for overall contour shape and absolute frequency content confirmed greater interindividual compared to intraindividual differences. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that narwhals produce signature vocalizations that may facilitate their reunion with group members once they become separated, but additional data are required to demonstrate this claim more rigorously.
Comparison of the roex and gammachirp filters as representations of the auditory filter
Authors: Unoki Masashi , Irino Toshio , Glasberg Brian , Moore Brian C. J. , Patterson Roy D.
Published: September 2006

Although the rounded-exponential (roex) filter has been successfully used to represent the magnitude response of the auditory filter, recent studies with the roex(p,w,t) filter reveal two serious problems: the fits to notched-noise masking data are somewhat unstable unless the filter is reduced to a physically unrealizable form, and there is no time-domain version of the roex(p,w,t) filter to support modeling of the perception of complex sounds. This paper describes a compressive gammachirp (cGC) filter with the same architecture as the roex(p,w,t) which can be implemented in the time domain. The gain and asymmetry of this parallel cGC filter are shown to be comparable to those of the roex(p,w,t) filter, but the fits to masking data are still somewhat unstable. The roex(p,w,t) and parallel cGC filters were also compared with the cascade cGC filter [Patterson et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 114, 1529–1542 (2003)], which was found to provide an equivalent fit with 25% fewer coefficients. Moreover, the fits were stable. The advantage of the cascade cGC filter appears to derive from its parsimonious representation of the high-frequency side of the filter. It is concluded that cGC filters offer better prospects than roex filters for the representation of the auditory filter.
The spatial unmasking of speech: Evidence for better-ear listening
Authors: Edmonds Barrie A. , Culling John F.
Published: September 2006

Speech reception thresholds (SRTs) were measured for target speech presented concurrently with interfering speech (spoken by a different speaker). In experiment 1, the target and interferer were divided spectrally into high- and low-frequency bands and presented over headphones in three conditions: monaural, dichotic (target and interferer to different ears), and swapped (the low-frequency target band and the high-frequency interferer band were presented to one ear, while the high-frequency target band and the low-frequency interferer band were presented to the other ear). SRTs were highest in the monaural condition and lowest in the dichotic condition; SRTs in the swapped condition were intermediate. In experiment 2, two new conditions were devised such that one target band was presented in isolation to one ear while the other band was presented at the other ear with the interferer. The pattern of SRTs observed in experiment 2 suggests that performance in the swapped condition reflects the intelligibility of the target frequency bands at just one ear; the auditory system appears unable to exploit advantageous target-to-interferer ratios at different ears when segregating target speech from a competing speech interferer.
Experimental investigation of coupled vibrations in piezoelectric cylindrical shells
Authors: Aronov Boris S. , Brown David A. , Regmi Sundar
Published: September 2006

An experimental investigation of the electromechanical properties of radially polarized thin-walled piezoelectric ceramic cylinders as a function of the height-to-diameter aspect ratio is presented. The focus of this investigation is on the lowest order axially symmetric modes of vibration for cylinders with free ends having aspect ratio less than 3 with emphasis on the region of strongest coupling around aspect ratio π∕2. The resonance frequencies and coupling coefficients are presented vs aspect ratio and quantify the lower, upper, and an intermediate resonance branch. It is shown that the intermediate branch is flexural in origin and clearly crosses the so-called “dead zone,” which is an inadequacy of the membrane theory applied to the vibration of thin shells [Junger and Rosato, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 26, 709–713 (1954)]. The coupling coefficient for the lower branch is shown to drop to zero at h∕2a=π∕2, whereas the coupling coefficient associated with the upper branch reaches a maximum at an aspect ratio near this region. As an example of the practical application of this study, the performance of two underwater electroacoustic transducers comprised of cylindrical elements having different aspect ratios is reported.
High-frequency measurements of blast wave propagation
Authors: Loubeau Alexandra , Sparrow Victor W. , Pater Larry L. , Wright Wayne M.
Published: September 2006

Blast wave propagation measurements were conducted to investigate nonlinear propagation effects on blast waveform evolution with distance. Measurements were made with a wide-bandwidth capacitor microphone for comparison with conventional 3.175-mm (1/8-in.) microphones with and without baffles. It was found that the 3.175-mm microphone did not have sufficient high-frequency response to capture the actual rise times in some regions. For a source of 0.57kg(1.25lb) of C-4 plastic explosive, the trend observed is that nonlinear effects steepened the waveform, thereby decreasing the shock rise time, up to a range of 50m. At 100m, the rise times had increased slightly.
Mechanisms of irregular vibration in a physical model of the vocal folds
Authors: Berry David A. , Zhang Zhaoyan , Neubauer Juergen
Published: September 2006

Previous investigations have shown that one mechanism of irregular vocal fold vibration may be a desynchronization of two or more vibratory modes of the vocal fold tissues. In the current investigation, mechanisms of irregular vibration were further examined using a self-oscillating, physical model of vocal fold vibration, a hemi-model methodology, and high-speed, stereoscopic, digital imaging. Using the method of empirical eigenfunctions, a spatiotemporal analysis revealed mechanisms of irregular vibration in subharmonic phonation and biphonation, which were not disclosed in a standard acoustic spectrum.
A CONTINUUM MODEL OF THE WITHIN-ANIMAL POPULATION DYNAMICS OF E. COLI O157
Authors: WOOD J. C. , SPEIRS D. C. , NAYLOR S. W. , GETTINBY G. , MCKENDRICK I. J.
Published: September 2006

The high level of human morbidity caused by E. coli O157:H7 necessitates an improved understanding of the infection dynamics of this bacterium within the bovine reservoir. Until recently, a degree of uncertainty surrounded the issue of whether these bacteria colonize the bovine gut and as yet, only incomplete in-vivo datasets are available. Such data typically consist of bacterial counts from fecal samples. The development of a deterministic model, which has been devised to make good use of such data, is presented. A partial differential equation, which includes advection, diffusion and growth terms, is used to model the (unobserved) passage of bacteria through the bovine gut. A set of experimentally-obtained fecal count data is used to parameterize the model. Between-animal variability is found to be greater than between-strain variability, with some results adding further weight to the hypothesis that E. coli O157:H7 can colonize the bovine gastrointestinal tract.
SUFFICIENCY IN QUANTUM STATISTICAL INFERENCE: A SURVEY WITH EXAMPLES
Authors: JENČOVÁ ANNA , PETZ DÉNES
Published: September 2006

This paper attempts to give an overview about sufficiency in the setting of quantum statistics. The basic concepts are treated in parallel to the measure theoretic case. It turns out that several classical examples and results have a noncommutative analogue. Some of the results are presented without proof (but with exact references) and the presentation is intended to be self-contained. The main examples discussed in the paper are related to the Weyl algebra and to the exponential family of states. The characterization of sufficiency in terms of quantum Fisher information is a new result.
RENORMALIZED HIGHER POWERS OF WHITE NOISE (RHPWN) AND CONFORMAL FIELD THEORY
Authors: ACCARDI LUIGI , BOUKAS ANDREAS
Published: September 2006

The Virasoro–Zamolodchikov *-Lie algebra w∞ has been widely studied in string theory and in conformal field theory, motivated by the attempts of developing a satisfactory theory of quantization of gravity. The renormalized higher powers of quantum white noise (RHPWN) *-Lie algebra has been recently investigated in quantum probability, motivated by the attempts to develop a nonlinear generalization of stochastic and white noise analysis. We prove that, after introducing a new renormalization technique, the RHPWN Lie algebra includes a second quantization of the w∞ algebra. Arguments discussed at the end of this note suggest the conjecture that this inclusion is in fact an identification.
ULTRACOHERENCE AND CANONICAL TRANSFORMATIONS
Authors: KUPSCH JOACHIM , BANERJEE SUBHASHISH
Published: September 2006

The (in)finite dimensional symplectic group of homogeneous canonical transformations is represented on the bosonic Fock space by the action of the group on the ultracoherent vectors, which are generalizations of the coherent states.
LÉVY–DIRICHLET FORMS
Authors: ALBEVERIO S. , BELOPOLSKAYA Ya. , FELLER M.
Published: September 2006

We construct a Dirichlet form associated with the infinite dimensional Lévy–Laplace operator. We show that there exists a natural connection between this form and a Markov process.
ZNF652, A Novel Zinc Finger Protein, Interacts with the Putative Breast Tumor Suppressor CBFA2T3 to Repress Transcription
Authors: Kumar Raman , Manning Jantina , Spendlove Hayley E. , Kremmidiotis Gabriel , McKirdy Ross , Lee Jaclyn , Millband David N. , Cheney Kelly M. , Stampfer Martha R. , Dwivedi Prem P. , Morris Howard A. , Callen David F.
Published: September 2006

The transcriptional repressor CBFA2T3 is a putative breast tumor suppressor. To define the role of CBFA2T3, we used a segment of this protein as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen and identified a novel uncharacterized protein, ZNF652. In general, primary tumors and cancer cell lines showed lower expression of ZNF652 than normal tissues. Together with the location of this gene on the long arm of chromosome 17q, a region of frequent loss of heterozygosity in cancer, these results suggest a possible role of ZNF652 in tumorigenesis. In silico analysis of this protein revealed that it contains multiple classic zinc finger domains that are predicted to bind DNA. Coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that ZNF652 strongly interacts with CBFA2T3 and this interaction occurs through the COOH-terminal 109 amino acids of ZNF652. In contrast, there was a weak interaction of ZNF652 with CBFA2T1 and CBFA2T2, the other two members of this ETO family. Transcriptional reporter assays further confirmed the strength and selectivity of the ZNF652-CBFA2T3 interaction. The transcriptional repression of growth factor independent-1 (GFI-1), a previously characterized ETO effector zinc finger protein, was shown to be enhanced by CBFA2T1, but to a lesser extent by CBFA2T2 and CBFA2T3. We therefore suggest that each of the various gene effector zinc finger proteins may specifically interact with one or more of the ETO proteins to generate a defined range of transcriptional repressor complexes. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(9):655–65)
Endoplasmic Reticulum Vacuolization and Valosin-Containing Protein Relocalization Result from Simultaneous Hsp90 Inhibition by Geldanamycin and Proteasome Inhibition by Velcade
Authors: Mimnaugh Edward G. , Xu Wanping , Vos Michele , Yuan Xitong , Neckers Len
Published: September 2006

Geldanamycin and Velcade, new anticancer drugs with novel mechanisms of action, are currently undergoing extensive clinical trials. Geldanamycin interrupts Hsp90 chaperone activity and causes down-regulation of its many client proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway; Velcade is a specific proteasome inhibitor. Misfolded Hsp90 clients within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen are cleared by ER-associated protein degradation, a sequential process requiring valosin-containing protein (VCP)–dependent retrotranslocation followed by ubiquitination and proteasomal proteolysis. Cotreatment of cells with geldanamycin and Velcade prevents destruction of destabilized, ubiquitinated Hsp90 client proteins, causing them to accumulate. Here, we report that misfolded protein accumulation within the ER resulting from geldanamycin and Velcade exposure overwhelms the ability of the VCP-centered machine to maintain the ER secretory pathway, causing the ER to distend into conspicuous vacuoles. Overexpression of dominant-negative VCP or the “small VCP-interacting protein” exactly recapitulated the vacuolated phenotype provoked by the drugs, associating loss of VCP function with ER vacuolization. In cells transfected with a VCP-enhanced yellow fluorescent protein fluorescent construct, geldanamycin plus Velcade treatment redistributed VCP-enhanced yellow fluorescent protein from the cytoplasm and ER into perinuclear aggresomes. In further support of the view that compromise of VCP function is responsible for ER vacuolization, small interfering RNA interference of VCP expression induced ER vacuolization that was markedly increased by Velcade. VCP knockdown by small interfering RNA eventually deconstructed both the ER and Golgi and interdicted protein trafficking through the secretory pathway to the plasma membrane. Thus, simultaneous geldanamycin and Velcade treatment has far-reaching secondary cytotoxic consequences that likely contribute to the cytotoxic activity of this anticancer drug combination. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(9):667–81)
Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) Based Attack on Different Watermarking Schemes
Authors: Engedy Milind , Prasad Munaga. V. N. K. , Saxena Ashutosh
Published: September 2006

Digital Watermarking is an excellent tool at the disposal of the owners of the digital content to protect their Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). In this paper we present an attack on several watermarking schemes that forgo their claims of proving ownership of digital content. The attack takes the advantage of one-to-many relationship between the Singular value matrix and the decomposing matrix. In this paper we prove that the two ways one-to-one relationship between the watermark and the watermark dependent pattern to be hidden in the image as a necessary condition to invalidate the multiple claims of ownership of digital content. We also recommend the standardization of watermarking schemes and registration of watermarks with legal authorities so as to make the system transparent.
Static Dipole Polarizability of N-Octane Calculated With MinPol Basis Sets
Authors: Maroulis George
Published: September 2006

We present a systematic study of the dipole polarizability of n-octane. Our investigation relies on the recently proposed minimally polarized basis sets (MinPOL). It is shown that these small basis sets yield values for the mean and the anisotropy of the polarizability convincingly close to the available experimental results.
An analysis of discretisations of inverse diffusion equations
Authors: Breuß M.
Published: September 2006

We discuss some important issues arising when approximating numerically stabilised inverse diffusion processes. We prove rigorously the necessity of a minmod-type stabilisation. Furthermore, we give rigorously verified assertions concerning the occurence of undesirable staircasing aka terracing artefacts. The theoretical results are supplemented by numerical tests.
Connecting Child Care Quality to Child Outcomes
Authors: Duncan Greg J. , Gibson-Davis Christina M.
Published: September 2006

Effective early childhood intervention and child care policies should be based on an understanding of the effects of child care quality and type on child well-being. This article describes methods for securing unbiased estimates of these effects from nonexperimental data. It focuses on longitudinal studies like the one developed by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development's Early Child Care Research Network. This article first describes bias problems that arise in analyses of nonexperimental data and then explains strategies for controlling for biases arising from parental selection of child care. Next, it comments on attrition in longitudinal studies and outlines some strategies for addressing possible attrition bias. Finally, it discusses the need to translate “effect sizes” derived from these studies into the kinds of cost and benefit information needed by policy makers.
Family Factors in Child Care Research
Authors: Hungerford Anne , Cox Martha J.
Published: September 2006

The purpose of this article is to review evidence concerning the joint impact of family characteristics and child care experiences in understanding children's development. Although child care experiences are related to children's development across a variety of domains, family characteristics, particularly socioeconomic status and parenting quality, are typically stronger predictors of children's outcomes. An important implication of these findings is that high-quality child care experiences are likely to have stronger effects on children who are at risk of poorer outcomes because of less optimal family environments; evidence from experimental and nonexperimental studies generally supports this conclusion. From a policy perspective, an important goal for future research is to identify subgroups of families within the heterogeneous low-income population that are in particular need of relatively more intensive services and to develop effective interventions that are tailored to their needs.
Vibrational Imaging of a Single Pollen Grain by Ultrabroadband Multiplex Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microspectroscopy
Authors: Kano Hideaki , Hamaguchi Hiro-o
Published: September 2006

Ultrabroadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microspectroscopy using supercontinuum has been applied to investigate a single pollen grain at a molecular level. The CARS images due to carotenoid derivative and lipid have been successfully obtained with different vibrational contrast.
Enhancement of Photoinduced Electron Transfer from Porphyrin to Methyl Viologen by Binding of an Antibody for Porphyrin
Authors: Onji Takeshi , Ohara Hidetaka , Yamaguchi Hiroyasu , Ikeda Noriaki , Harada Akira
Published: September 2006

Photoinduced electron transfer from porphyrins to electron acceptors was enhanced in the presence of a monoclonal antibody for porphyrin. A hydrogen evolution system was constructed by utilizing the antibody–porphyrin complex, methyl viologen, and colloidal Pt.