bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cambridge
Authors: Echard Siân
Published: June 2017

Cambridge is a city on the River Cam, in the east of England and some 65 kilometers north of London. Important as a strategic and trading center from at least the ninth century, it came into heightened prominence through its university (founded in 1209) and the Stourbridge Fair (first held in 1211).
Gower:French Poetry
Authors: Echard Siân
Published: June 2017

John Gower was a trilingual poet who wrote in English, French, and Latin. This entry presents an overview of his French poetry: a long allegorical poem called theMirour de l'Omme, and two collections of lyricalbalades, theCinkante Baladesand theTraitié pour essampler les amantz marietz.
W
elsh Triads
Authors: Wood Juliette
Published: June 2017

The Triads of the Island of Britain (
Trioedd Ynys Prydein
) provide an index of persons, events, objects, and places gathered into groups of three. They provide a unique record of the narrative tradition available to the poets and story‐tellers of medieval Wales and reflect a shared sense of a shared past in Wales based on a common descent from the ancient Britons.
D
ánta
G
rádha

/Love Poems
Authors: Mathúna Séamus Mac
Published: June 2017

Irish love poetry, known as
Dánta Grádha
, composed in the Early Modern Irish period, was influenced by courtly love poetry and by early love poetry embedded in Old Irish sagas. Influence from English poetry became increasingly strong from the late Middle Ages. The poetry dates from about 1200 to 1650 and is mainly anonymous, with a small number of poems attributed to members of the Anglo‐Irish aristocracy in Ireland who were the main audience and patrons of the poetry.
Immram Brain/
The Voyage of Bran
Authors: Mathúna Séamus Mac
Published: June 2017

The Old Irish tale,
Immram Brain
(The voyage of Bran), describes a sea journey to the Irish Otherworld in the form of an earthly paradise. It belongs to a genre of early Irish voyage tales which developed from the religious practice of pilgrimage. The tale is mainly in verse with some prose sections and describes the adventures of the Irish hero Bran and his companions. There are strong Christian elements in the tale along with traditional Irish mythological elements.
Ship of Fools
Authors: Evans Geraint
Published: June 2017

The ship of fools is an allegory of human frailty in which a ship, or a fleet of ships, is adrift on the sea of life without direction or purpose. This image is the structural conceit of a satire on the varieties of human sin and folly by the German writer Sebastian Brant (1457–1521). Translated into many of the major languages of Europe, and into English by Alexander Barclay (c. 1476–1552),
The Ship of Fools
was one of the most popular printed books of the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
S
trathclyde
Authors: Foley Áine
Published: June 2017

Strathclyde was an early medieval kingdom located in what is now southern Scotland and northern England. This kingdom was in existence from the mid‐fifth century, and was incorporated into the kingdom of Scotland in the eleventh century.
Táin Bó Cuailnge/The Cattle Raid of Cooley
Authors: Fulton Helen
Published: June 2017

Táin Bó Cuailnge(The Cattle Raid of Cooley), is a series of stories told in Old Irish prose about the Ulster hero Cú Chulainn and his successful defeat of Ailill and Medb, the rulers of Connaught. First written down in the eighth or ninth century, the text survives in two twelfth‐century manuscripts and forms the centerpiece of the group of Old Irish tales known as the Ulster Cycle.
Multivariate Kriging
Authors: Wackernagel Hans
Published: June 2017

Kriging is a special type of optimal linear prediction applied to random functions, with the particular requirement that the covariance structure of the random function should be known. Kriging may be extended to several variables by specifying a corresponding system of direct and cross‐covariance functions to be used in cokriging. Alternatively, secondary variables known at all sample and prediction locations can be included into (co‐)kriging as external drift.
Biochemical Genetic Analysis of Metabolic Pathways
Authors: Cobbett Christopher S.
Published: June 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Nitrogen and Amino Acids

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Glycerolipids and Waxes

Metabolic Pathways Involved in Responses to Stress

Other Metabolic Pathways

Conclusion

Acknowledgements
Hormone Regulated Development
Authors: Bennett Malcolm , Kieber Joe , Giraudat Jérôme , Morris Peter
Published: June 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Auxins

Ethylene

Gibberellins

Abscisic Acid

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements
Biosynthesis of Phenylpropanoids and Related Compounds (FromAPRVolume 2)
Authors: Petersen Maike , Strack Dieter , Matern Ulrich
Published: June 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

General Phenylpropanoid Pathway and Hydroxycinnamate Conjugates

Coumarins

Lignans

Gallotannins and Ellagitannins

Flavonoids, Anthocyanins, Proanthocyanidins, Condensed Tannins and Isoflavonoids
Introduction: Biochemistry, Role and Biotechnology of Secondary Metabolites (From
APR
Volume 3)
Authors: Wink Michael
Published: June 2017

The sections in this article are

Function of Secondary Metabolites

Presence of Defence and Signal Compounds at the Right Time and Place

Biotechnology of Secondary Metabolites

Conclusions
Production of Secondary Metabolites in Cell and Differentiated Organ Cultures
Authors: Walton N.J. , Alfermann A.W. , Rhodes M.J.C.
Published: June 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Production of Natural Products by Plant Cell Cultures

Differentiated Organ Cultures

Outlook
A New Horizon for Barreling Compression Test: Exponential Profile Modeling
Authors: Fardi Mehdi , Abraham Ralph , Hodgson Peter D , Khoddam Shahin
Published: June 2017

Exponential Profile Model (EPM) has been recently proposed to interpret barreling compression test's (BCT) data. A basic solution of EPM enables estimation of friction factor and to calculate distributions of strain rate (and strain) in the sample. These critical pre‐requisites allow to identify material's flow behavior and to indirectly measure static, dynamic, and meta‐dynamic recrystallization properties of the material based on the behavior. In this work, EPM's basic solution is employed in a fixed friction factor mode, the model is assessed and its potentials are outlined. The assessment includes comparing EPM's sample solutions with two reference solutions. The references are a non‐isothermal finite element model of BCT and the commonly used solution of the test; Cylindrical Profile Model (CPM). It is shown that despite variations of strain, strain rate, and temperature in Al1050 and AISI 304 stainless steel BCT samples, EPM's solutions agree reasonably well with the finite element solutions. This is particularly true for effective strains bellow 0.7 and friction factors bellow 0.2. It is concluded that EPM presented a far more reliable solution than CPM.
Cotransporting Ion is a Trigger for Cellular Endocytosis of Transporter‐Targeting Nanoparticles: A Case Study of High‐Efficiency SLC22A5 (OCTN2)‐Mediated Carnitine‐Conjugated Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery of Therapeutic Drugs
Authors: Kou Longfa , Yao Qing , Sun Mengchi , Wu Chunnuan , Wang Jia , Luo Qiuhua , Wang Gang , Du Yuqian , Fu Qiang , Wang Jian , He Zhonggui , Ganapathy Vadivel , Sun Jin
Published: June 2017

OCTN2 (SLC22A5) is a Na+‐coupled absorption transporter for l‐carnitine in small intestine. This study tests the potential of this transporter for oral delivery of therapeutic drugs encapsulated in l‐carnitine‐conjugated poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (LC‐PLGA NPs) and discloses the molecular mechanism for cellular endocytosis of transporter‐targeting nanoparticles. Conjugation of l‐carnitine to a surface of PLGA‐NPs enhances the cellular uptake and intestinal absorption of encapsulated drug. In both cases, the uptake process is dependent on cotransporting ion Na+. Computational OCTN2 docking analysis shows that the presence of Na+ is important for the formation of the energetically stable intermediate complex of transporter‐Na+‐LC‐PLGA NPs, which is also the first step in cellular endocytosis of nanoparticles. The transporter‐mediated intestinal absorption of LC‐PLGA NPs occurs via endocytosis/transcytosis rather than via the traditional transmembrane transport. The portal blood versus the lymphatic route is evaluated by the plasma appearance of the drug in the control and lymph duct‐ligated rats. Absorption via the lymphatic system is the predominant route in the oral delivery of the NPs. In summary, LC‐PLGA NPs can effectively target OCTN2 on the enterocytes for enhancing oral delivery of drugs and the critical role of cotransporting ions should be noticed in designing transporter‐targeting nanoparticles.
Anionic Redox in Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
Authors: Li Biao , Xia Dingguo
Published: June 2017

The extraordinarily high capacities delivered by lithium‐rich oxide cathodes, compared with conventional layered oxide electrodes, are a result of contributions from both cationic and anionic redox processes. This phenomenon has invoked a lot of research exploring new kinds of lithium‐rich oxides with multiple‐electron redox processes. Though proposed many years ago, anionic redox is now regarded to be crucial in further developing high‐capacity electrodes. A basic overview of the previous work on anionic redox is given, and issues related to electronic and geometric structures are discussed, including the principles of activation, reversibility, and the energy barrier of anionic redox. Anionic redox also leads to capacity loss and structural degradation, as well as voltage hysteresis, which shows the importance of controlling anionic redox reactions. Finally, the techniques used for characterizing anionic redox processes are reviewed to aid the rational choice of techniques in future studies. Important perspectives are highlighted, which should instruct future work concerning anionic redox processes.
High‐Throughput Electrical Potential Depth‐Profiling in Air
Authors: Rietwyk Kevin J. , Keller David A. , Majhi Koushik , Ginsburg Adam , Priel Maayan , Barad Hannah‐Noa , Anderson Assaf Y. , Zaban Arie
Published: June 2017

The operation of thin‐film electronic devices is dictated by the band alignment at the interfaces of the various layers. While a number of methods for measuring the depth profile of the electrical potential at interfaces have emerged, these are typically arduous to perform and involve the use of ultrahigh vacuum, complicated sample preparation, and/or suffer from poor resolution. Here a method to directly map the depth profile of the electrical potential is presented at an interface in air by growing a sample with an intentional thickness gradient and correlating the surface potential, measured using (macroscale) scanning Kelvin probe, to the thickness at each point. The approach is nondestructive and rapid, is ideal for large substrates and films grown with an inherent thickness gradient. It enjoys very high depth (2 nm) and energy resolution (5 meV), comparable to other methods. In this work, the method is developed and demonstrated on a TiO2|Co3O4 all‐oxide junction and a depletion width of only 8.6 ± 3.8 nm in the Co3O4 layer is shown.
Lithium‐Metal Foil Surface Modification: An Effective Method to Improve the Cycling Performance of Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Becking Jens , Gröbmeyer Albert , Kolek Martin , Rodehorst Uta , Schulze Susanne , Winter Martin , Bieker Peter , Stan Marian Cristian
Published: June 2017

Lithium metal as an electrode material possesses a native surface film, which leads to a rough surface and this has a negative impact on the cycling behavior. A simple, fast, and reproducible technique is shown, which makes it possible to flatten and thin the native surface film of the lithium‐metal anode. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images are presented to verify the success of the method and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements reveal that the chemical composition of the lithium surface is also changed. Furthermore, galvanostatic measurements indicate superior cycling behavior of the surface modified electrodes compared to the as‐received ones. These results demonstrate that the native surface film plays a key role in the application of lithium metal as an anode material for lithium‐metal batteries and that the shown surface modification method is an excellent tool to obtain better performing Li metal electrodes.
Carboxylate Salt Bridge‐Mediated Enamine Catalysis: Expanded Michael Reaction Substrate Scope and Facile Access to Antidepressant (R)‐Pristiq
Authors: Nugent Thomas C. , Hussein Hussein Ali El Damrany , Ahmed Shahzad , Najafian Foad Tehrani , Hussain Ishtiaq , Georgiev Tony , Aljoumhawy Mahmoud Khalaf
Published: June 2017

We report broad guidance on how to catalyze enantioselective aldehyde additions to nitroalkene or maleimide Michael electrophiles in the presence of unprotected acidic spectator groups, e.g., carboxylic acids, acetamides, phenols, catechols, and maleimide NH groups. Remarkably, these l‐threonine and l‐serine potassium salt‐catalyzed reactions proceed even when the nucleophilic and electrophilic Michael partners simultaneously contain acidic spectator groups. These findings begin to address the historical non‐compatibility of enantioselective catalytic reactions in the presence of acidic moieties and simultaneously encroach on the spectator group tolerances normally associated with cellular environments. A carboxylate salt bridge, from the catalyst enabled enamine to the Michael electrophile, is thought to facilitate the expanded Michael substrate profile. A practical outcome of these endeavours is a new synthetic route to (R)‐Pristiq, (−)‐O‐desmethylvenlafaxine, an antidepressant, in the highest yield known to date because no protecting groups are required.

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A review of endophenotypes in schizophrenia and autism: The next phase for understanding genetic etiologies
Authors: DiLalla Lisabeth F. , McCrary Megan , Diaz Emma
Published: June 2017

Many psychiatric disorders are caused by multiple genes and multiple environmental factors, making the identification of specific genetic risk factors for these disorders difficult. Endophenotypes are behaviors or characteristics that are intermediate between the genotype and a phenotype of interest. Because they are more directly related to the gene action than is the endpoint disorder, they may be useful in the identification of specific genes related to psychiatric disorders and the classification of disorders or traits that share an underlying genetic etiology. We discuss genetic and endophenotype research on schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in this review. Some of the psychophysiological endophenotypes that have been studied for schizophrenia include prepulse inhibition of the startle response, the antisaccadic task assessing frontal lobe function, inhibition of the P50 event‐related potential (ERP), and other auditory ERP measures. Potential ASD endophenotypes include theory of mind, language skills (specifically, age at first spoken word and first spoken phrase), social skills, and certain brain functions, such as asynchronization of neural activity and brain responses to emotional faces. Because the link between genes and specific psychiatric disorders is difficult to determine, identification of endophenotypes is useful for beginning the search to identify specific genes that affect these disorders.
Anomalous Minimum and Scaling Behavior of Localization Length Near an Isolated Flat Band
Authors: Ge L.
Published: June 2017

Using one‐dimensional tight‐binding lattices and an analytical expression based on the Green's matrix, we show that anomalous minimum of the localization length near an isolated flat band, previously found for evanescent waves in a defect‐free photonic crystal waveguide, is a generic feature and exists in the Anderson regime as well, i.e., in the presence of disorder. Our finding reveals a scaling behavior of the localization length in terms of the disorder strength, as well as a summation rule of the inverse localization length in terms of the density of states in different bands. Most interestingly, the latter indicates the possibility of having two localization minima inside a band gap, if this band gap is formed by two flat bands such as in a double‐sided Lieb lattice.
Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer in a Multiple‐Component, Self‐Assembled Supramolecular Hydrogel
Authors: Gorai Tumpa , Maitra Uday
Published: June 2017

Cascade energy transfer from a sensitizer to TbIII then to fluorescent dyes was studied for the first time in a supramolecular hydrogel. Efficient energy transfer from TbIII to the dyes was observed, as established by time‐delayed emission and excitation spectral analysis, lifetime data, and microscopic studies.
Kupfer‐vermittelte Topologieänderung und Thrombin‐Inhibierung mit telomerischen DNA‐G‐Quadruplexen
Authors: Engelhard David M. , Nowack Julia , Clever Guido H.
Published: June 2017

Die topologische Diversität von DNA‐G‐Quadruplexen scheint eine entscheidende Rolle für ihre biologische Funktion zu spielen. Reversible Kontrolle über eine spezifische Faltungstopologie wurde durch die Synthese eines chiralen Glykol‐basierten Pyridylliganden und dessen vierfachen Einbau in eine menschliche Telomersequenz über DNA‐Festphasensynthese erreicht. Die quadratisch‐planare Koordination eines CuII‐Ions führte zur Bildung einer stark stabilisierenden intramolekularen Metallbasen‐Tetrade, welche die Position einer G‐Tetrade aus dem zugrundliegenden unimolekularen G‐Quadruplex einnimmt. Für die telomerische Wiederholungseinheit aus der Gattung Tetrahymena wurde eine CuII‐induzierte Schaltung von einer Hybrid‐dominierten Konformermischung zu einer antiparallelen Topologie beobachtet. CuII‐abhängige Kontrolle über eine Protein‐G‐Quadruplex‐Wechselwirkung konnte für das Thrombin‐Thrombinbindungsaptamer‐Paar gezeigt werden.
Rational Engineering of Photoconvertible Fluorescent Proteins for Dual‐Color Fluorescence Nanoscopy Enabled by a Triplet‐State Mechanism of Primed Conversion
Authors: Mohr Manuel Alexander , Kobitski Andrei Yu. , Sabater Lluc Rullan , Nienhaus Karin , Obara Christopher John , Lippincott‐Schwartz Jennifer , Nienhaus Gerd Ulrich , Pantazis Periklis
Published: June 2017

Green‐to‐red photoconvertible fluorescent proteins (pcFPs) are powerful tools for super‐resolution localization microscopy and protein tagging. Recently, they have been found to undergo efficient photoconversion not only by the traditional 400‐nm illumination but also by an alternative method termed primed conversion, employing dual wavelength illumination with blue and far‐red/near‐infrared light. Primed conversion has been reported only for Dendra2 and its mechanism has remained elusive. Here, we uncover the molecular mechanism of primed conversion by reporting the intermediate “primed” state to be a triplet dark state formed by intersystem crossing. We show that formation of this state can be influenced by the introduction of serine or threonine at sequence position 69 (Eos notation) and use this knowledge to create “pr”‐ (for primed convertible) variants of most known green‐to‐red pcFPs.
Synthesis and characterization of the novel diamine‐functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2 nanocatalyst and its application for one‐pot three‐component synthesis of chromenes
Authors: Maleki Ali , Ghalavand Reza , Firouzi Haji Razieh
Published: June 2017

Fe3O4@SiO2@propyltriethoxysilane@o‐phenylendiamine as an environmentally‐benign functionalized silica‐coated magnetic organometallic nanomaterial has been synthesized and characterized by Fourier transforms infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analyses. Then, its catalytic activity was investigated for the one‐pot three‐component condensation reaction between dimedone, malononitrile and various substituted aromatic aldehydes to afford the corresponding 2‐amino‐4H‐chromene derivatives under mild reaction conditions. This nanocatalyst can be easily recovered from the reaction mixture by using a magnet and reused for at least five times without significant decrease in catalytic activity.
Ferrocene based chiral binuclear η6‐benzene‐Ru(II)‐phosphinite complexes: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity in asymmetric reduction of ketones
Authors: Abdlhmed Al‐bayati Yaser W. , Karakaş Duygu Elma , Meriç Nermin , Aydemir Murat , Durap Feyyaz , Baysal Akın
Published: June 2017

In the present study, a series of chiral C2‐symmetric ferrocenyl based binuclear η6‐benzene‐Ru(II) complexes bearing diphenylphosphinite and diisopropylphosphinite moieties have been synthesised. The new binuclear η6‐benzene‐Ru(II)‐phosphinite complexes were characterised based on nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C, 31P–NMR), FT‐IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Then, these complexes have been screened as catalytic precursors in the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone with 2‐propanol as both the hydrogen source and solvent in the presence of KOH. The corresponding optically active secondary alcohols were obtained in excellent conversion rates between 96 and 99% and moderate to good enantioselectivities (up to 78% ee). The complex 5 was the most efficient catalyst among the four new complexes investigated herein.
Simultaneous formation of platinum‐based nanocatalysts and degradation of dyes at oil/water interface: Comparative morphological and kinetic studies
Authors: Bahrami Mehrangiz , Jafar Hoseini S.
Published: June 2017

To decrease the water pollution of textile industries with a large amount of toxic and non‐biodegradable colored dye effluents, an efficient technique is required to safely remove harmful pollutants. In this paper, the reaction between azo dyes and NaBH4 catalyzed by nanoparticles (NPs) thin films has been studied. We report insitu degradation of methyl orange (MO) and methyl red (MR) by using Pt‐based thin films monitored by UV–Vis spectroscopy. We have synthesized different thin films such as Pt, PtPd, PtFeFe2O3, PtNi and PtAu films from Pt organometallic precursor in the MO and MR medium (dye degradation and NPs formation is happened simultaneously) and activity of these films were compared in the complete degradation of MO and MR dyes. Rate constants for the catalyzed reactions have been determined. PtPd NPs thin film has shown the highest rate constant for the degradation of MO and MR within only a few seconds due to its well‐ordered structure. Furthermore, the effect of presence of MO on the morphology of NPs was investigated.
Electronic structures and photophysical properties of phosphorescent platinum (II) complexes with tridentate C^N*N cyclometalated ligands
Authors: Li Wenqian , Wang Jian , Yan Xi , Zhang Huize , Shen Wei
Published: June 2017

To get an insight into the structure–property relationships in a series of strongly phosphorescent platinum(II) complexes with tridentate C^N*N cyclometalated ligands, their electronic structures and electroluminescence properties were systematically investigated via density functional theory and time‐dependent density functional theory. Moreover, the factors related to the radiative and non‐radiative decay process, including the transition electric dipole moment μ(Sn), the energy difference between singlet and lowest triplet excited states ΔE(Sn–T1) and the spin–orbital coupling matrix elements
, as well as the energy gap between T1 and S0 states ΔE(T1–S0) and absorption–emission Stokes shifts have been calculated. Fine emission color tuning and high phosphorescence quantum yield of phosphorescent complexes may be achieved through introducing five–six‐membered metallacycle geometries and linking a substituent (such as phenyl) at bridge atoms. Additionally, phosphorescent properties of these complexes show a clear dependence on the electronegativity of bridge atoms.
Novel CuFe2O4@SiO2‐OP2O5H magnetic nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization and first catalytic application to the synthesis of 1,8‐dioxo‐octahydroxanthenes
Authors: Tajfirooz Farzaneh , Davoodnia Abolghasem , Pordel Mehdi , Ebrahimi Mahmoud , Khojastehnezhad Amir
Published: June 2017

New functionalized magnetic core–shell nanoparticles, CuFe2O4@SiO2‐OP2O5H, were prepared by grafting of phosphorus pentoxide on CuFe2O4@SiO2 nanoparticles and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and vibrating sample magnetometry. The catalytic activity of CuFe2O4@SiO2‐OP2O5H as a novel catalyst was evaluated in the synthesis of 1,8‐dioxo‐octahydroxanthenes under solvent‐free conditions. The results showed that the catalyst has high activity and the desired products are obtained in high yields within short reaction times. The catalyst is readily recovered using magnetic decantation and can be used at least four times without noticeable deterioration in catalytic activity.
Fabrication of reverse‐osmosis membranes for the desalination of underground water via the γ‐radiation grafting of acrylic acid onto polyethylene films
Authors: Oraby Hussein , Senna Magdy M. , Elsayed Mohamed , Gobara Mohamed
Published: June 2017

Research has been devoted to the desalination of saline water to fresh water suitable for human demands because of the shortage of water in some countries. Therefore, in this study, reverse‐osmosis membranes were prepared via the γ‐radiation graft copolymerization of acrylic acid onto high‐density and low‐density polyethylene. The factors that could affect the grafting process, such as the solvent type, monomer and inhibitor concentration, and irradiation dose, were investigated to determine the optimum conditions for radiation grafting. The polyethylene grafted acrylic acid copolymers (PAAc‐g‐PE) graft copolymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical, rheological, and thermal property testing to illustrate the possibility of practical use in water desalination. The prepared grafted membranes showed significant results in the reverse‐osmosis desalination method with underground saline water. The factors affecting the desalination of water, such as the water flux, operation time, and grafting percentage, were studied. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45410.
Advanced isoconversional cure kinetic analysis of epoxy/poly(furfuryl alcohol) bio‐resin system
Authors: Mohajeri Sahar , Vafayan Mehdy , Ghanbaralizadeh Roza , Pazokifard Shahla , Zohuriaan Mehr Mohammad Jalal
Published: June 2017

Furfuryl alcohol as a biomass‐derived monomer was used for synthesizing poly(furfuryl alcohol). A diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin along with 3% and 15% by weight of the poly(furfuryl alcohol) was cured using an aliphatic amine hardener. The cure kinetics of the DGEBA/poly(furfuryl alcohol)/amine systems were investigated by nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry. The kinetic triplets [Eα, Aα, and f(α)] were computed by using an integral isoconversional method. Based on the Eα‐dependency results a single‐step autocatalytic model was suggested for the reactions mechanism, however, the Aα‐dependency and f(α) analysis did not confirm the suggested model. Detailed kinetics analysis revealed that the cure reaction mechanism of the DGEBA did not change due to the presence of the poly(furfuryl alcohol) in the degree of conversion range < 0.75, nevertheless, it dramatically changed in the degree of conversion range > 0.75 due to the presence of 15 wt % poly(furfuryl alcohol). © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45432.
Effects of water on drawability, structure, and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) melt‐spun fibers
Authors: Ding Hengchun , Lin Shuidong , Li Li
Published: June 2017

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) melt‐spun fibers with circular cross‐section and uniform structure, which could support high stretching, were prepared by using water as plasticizer. The effects of water content on drawability, crystallization structure, and mechanical properties of the fibers were studied. The results showed that the maximum draw ratio of PVA fibers decreased with the increase of water content due to the intensive evaporation of excessive water in PVA fibers at high drawing temperature. Hot drying could remove partially the water content in PVA as‐spun fibers, thus reducing the defects caused by the rapid evaporation of water and enhancing the drawability of PVA fibers at high drawing temperature. The decreased water content also improved the orientation and crystallization structure of PVA, thus producing a corresponding enhancement in the mechanical properties of the fibers. When PVA as‐spun fibers with 5 wt % water were drawn at 180 °C, the maximum draw ratio of 11 was obtained and the corresponding tensile strength and modulus reached ∼0.9 GPa and 24 GPa, respectively. Further drawing these fibers at 215 °C and thermal treating them at 220 °C for 1.5 min, drawing ratio of 16 times, tensile strength of 1.9 GPa, and modulus of 39.5 GPa were achieved. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45436.
How international transracial adoptees and immigrants cope with discrimination? The moderating role of ethnic identity in the relation between perceived discrimination and psychological well‐being
Authors: Ferrari Laura , Rosnati Rosa , Canzi Elena , Ballerini Anna , Ranieri Sonia
Published: June 2017

Research has consistently shown that discrimination based on ethnic group membership affects the psychological well‐being of ethnic minorities. Recent studies revealed that discrimination is also a relevant experience for international transracial adoptees, who have experienced a unique migration process. Yet, there is still a paucity of studies focused on similarities and differences between how immigrants and international transracial adoptees perceive discrimination and on how perceived discrimination impacts psychological well‐being, also depending on ethnic identity. Our study aimed to fill these gaps by investigating the moderating role of ethnic identity affirmation in the association between perceived discrimination and psychological well‐being, measured in terms of self‐esteem. A comparison between international transracial adoptees and immigrants was carried out in the Italian context. Participants were 119 international transracial adoptees and 90 immigrants, aged between 15 and 24, all categorizing themselves as Latinos. Findings revealed that immigrants perceived more discrimination and showed higher levels of ethnic identity affirmation than did adoptees, but no difference emerged with respect to self‐esteem. Ethnic identity affirmation buffered the detrimental effects of perceived discrimination on self‐esteem among international transracial adoptees but not among immigrants. Results are discussed in relation to practical implications for preventive interventions.
Chromium‐Catalyzed Highly Selective Oligomerization of Ethene to 1‐Hexene with N,N‐Bis[chloro(aryl)phosphino]amine Ligands
Authors: Höhne Martha , Peulecke Normen , Konieczny Katharina , Müller Bernd H. , Rosenthal Uwe
Published: June 2017

The front cover artwork for Issue 13/2017 is provided by the group of Uwe Rosenthal from the Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock. The image shows the structure–response dependence of coupling three or four ethene monomers on the size of the PNP ligand′s substituent R in the chromium‐catalyzed oligomerization. See the Full Paper itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201700448.
Virtual Characterization of Dense Granular Flow through a Vertically Rotating Feeding Experiment
Authors: Niedziela Dariusz , Rau Sebastian , Steiner Konrad , de Vita Simone , Lutsche Marion , Richter Meike , Schmidt Mattias , Stoltz Christopher
Published: June 2017

The applicability of continuum granular flow models relies on the characterization of the macroscopic constituting relations of such models. Recent works have presented relations especially for the granular viscosity in certain well‐defined experiments. Here, a different, highly dynamic, yet dense granular flow experiment using a vertically rotating feeding device with an off‐centered rotating bottom opening together with an inverse problem approach of model essential parameters is described. For validation purposes, glass beads are used, even though the method is developed for a broader scope of materials. The same workflow is applied to a continuum and a discrete element method (DEM) model and results with a relative error in a comparable range are obtained.
Dynamics of Capillary Wetting of Biopolymer Powders
Authors: Wangler Julia , Kohlus Reinhard
Published: June 2017

The rehydration behavior of biopolymer powders was investigated. Problems that arise during powder rehydration, e.g., floating and formation of particle aggregates, are mainly attributed to the dynamics of capillary water uptake. Common methods for analysis are too slow to assess the fast changes and do not allow conclusions about causal relationships. For a more detailed understanding, relevant powder properties were investigated. Results show that viscosity development in the rehydration liquid as well as swelling, and in particular their dynamics, are crucial for powder rehydration. The dynamic capillary rise was modeled based on the Washburn equation and results were linked to the physical powder characteristics. The approach allows the evaluation, whether viscosity or swelling effects lead to a critical rehydration behavior.
Aromatic Thioethers as Novel Luminophores with Aggregation‐Induced Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
Authors: Riebe Steffen , Vallet Cecilia , van der Vight Felix , Gonzalez‐Abradelo Dario , Wölper Christoph , Strassert Cristian A. , Jansen Georg , Knauer Shirley , Voskuhl Jens
Published: June 2017

Here we report on a novel system based on aromatic thioethers with unique luminescence properties. Fifteen different compounds were investigated in detail on their luminescence properties using UV/Vis absorption and steady‐state and time‐resolved luminescence spectroscopy. Excited state lifetimes as well as quantum yields were determined, and the toxicity towards HeLa cells was investigated. Besides X‐ray analyses also quantum chemical calculations were performed to gain deeper insights in the unique behavior of this facile system. The studied compounds reveal remarkable fluorescence emission ranging from 437 to 588 nm as well as phosphorescence (up to 5 μs).
Reversible and Efficient Sequestration of Cesium from Water by the Layered Metal Thiophosphate K0.48Mn0.76PS3⋅H2O
Authors: Rathore Ekashmi , Pal Provas , Biswas Kanishka
Published: June 2017

Water body contamination with radioactive species is an important issue due to significant developments in nuclear energy. Cesium (137Cs) radioisotope is a non‐actinide fission product of uranium and plutonium that is long‐lived. Hence, selective removal/capture of cesium is essential for managing radioactive waste. Herein, a detailed Cs+ ion‐exchange study on a potassium intercalated layered metal thiophosphate, K0.48Mn0.76PS3⋅H2O (K‐MPS‐1), is reported. The sorption of Cs+ by K‐MPS‐1 follows the Langmuir model with a high capacity of 337.5 mg g−1 and high distribution coefficients in the order of about 104 mL g−1. K‐MPS‐1 can sequester Cs+ efficiently, even from very low concentrations (ppb level). K‐MPS‐1 exhibits high cesium uptake over a broad pH range of 2–12 and the ion‐exchange process reaches equilibrium within a short time (≈15 min), following pseudo‐second‐order kinetics. Moreover, K‐MPS‐1 demonstrates selectivity towards Cs+ capture in the presence of complex solutions containing excess Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ ions; this is due to favorable interactions between Cs (soft Lewis acid) and S (soft Lewis base). K‐MPS‐1 reversibly captures Cs+ and it can be regenerated by treating Cs‐MPS‐1 with a solution of KCl.
Facile Synthesis of Pd‐Ni Nanoparticles on Reduced Graphene Oxide under Microwave Irradiation for Formic Acid Oxidation
Authors: Li Miaoyu , Liu Ruiqin , Han Gaoyi , Tian Yanni , Chang Yunzhen , Xiao Yaoming
Published: June 2017

Pd and PdxNi nanoparticles have been supported on reduced graphene oxide (Pd/rGO and PdxNi/rGO) by using the microwave‐assisted heating method in glycol. The morphology, composition and electrochemical performance have been characterized by TEM, XRD, XPS and electrochemical methods. The XRD and XPS results show that there are no PdNi alloy particles formed in PdxNi/rGO and the composites exist mostly in the form of Pd0 and NiOOH species. The electrochemical results reveal that PdxNi/rGO synthesized from the feeding source of Pd and Ni with an atomic ratio of 4∶1 exhibits higher activity, better stability and smaller electron transfer resistance toward formic acid electro‐oxidation compared with commercial Pd/C, Pd/rGO and other PdxNi/rGO samples. The excellent electrocatalytic performance indicates that the addition of appropriate amount of Ni can greatly enhance the activity and stability of Pd catalysts for formic acid oxidation.
Progressive hypofractionated carbon‐ion radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: Combined analyses of 2 prospective trials
Authors: Kasuya Goro , Kato Hirotoshi , Yasuda Shigeo , Tsuji Hiroshi , Yamada Shigeru , Haruyama Yasuo , Kobashi Gen , Ebner Daniel K. , Okada Naomi Nagatake , Makishima Hirokazu , Miyazaki Masaru , Kamada Tadashi , Tsujii Hirohiko ,   for the Liver Cancer Working Group
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of carbon‐ion radiotherapy (CIRT) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with stepwise dose escalation and hypofractionation in 2 combined prospective trials.

METHODS

Sequential phase 1/2 (protocol 9603) and phase 2 (protocol 0004) trials were conducted for patients with histologically proven HCC. The phase 1 component of protocol 9603 was a dose‐escalation study; CIRT was delivered in 12, 8, or 4 fractions. After determination of the recommended dose, 2 phase 2 trials were performed in an expanded cohort, and the data were pooled to analyze toxicity, local control, and overall survival.

RESULTS

In the phase 1 component of protocol 9603, 69.6, 58.0, and 52.8 Gy (relative biological effectiveness [RBE]) in 12, 8, and 4 fractions, respectively, constituted the maximum tolerated doses, and 52.8 Gy (RBE) in 4 fractions was established as the recommended dose regimen for the 2 phase 2 studies. In 124 patients with a total of 133 lesions, few severe adverse effects occurred, and local‐control and overall survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 94.7% and 90.3%, 91.4% and 50.0%, and 90.0% and 25.0%, respectively; this included 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year local‐control rates of 97.8%, 95.5%, and 91.6%, respectively, in the phase 2 study. In a multivariate analysis, Child‐Pugh class B and the presence of a tumor thrombus were significant factors for mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

The safety and efficacy of CIRT in 12, 8, and 4 fractions were confirmed, with 52.8 Gy (RBE) in 4 fractions established as the recommended treatment course for eligible HCC patients. Cancer 2017;123:3955‐65. © 2017 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society.
Genome‐wide association analysis identifies a GLUL haplotype for familial hepatitis B virus‐related hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Lin You‐Yu , Yu Ming‐Whei , Lin Shi‐Ming , Lee Shou‐Dong , Chen Chih‐Ling , Chen Ding‐Shinn , Chen Pei‐Jer
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

A family history of liver cancer increases the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by 2‐fold to 10‐fold among patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV). Previous genome‐wide association studies have identified many possible susceptible loci associated with sporadic HBV‐related HCC. However, despite family history being a well‐known risk factor for HBV‐related HCC, to the authors' knowledge its genetic mechanisms and associating loci remain largely unknown or unexplored, most likely due to the relative rarity of familial HCC and the difficulty of sample collection.

METHODS

The authors conducted a genome‐wide association study with 139 male cases with familial HBV‐related HCC and 139 non‐HCC male controls with chronic HBV. The results were corroborated further with an independent cohort of 101 patients with familial HBV‐related HCC and comparison with both the 1000 Genomes Project and the Taiwan Biobank.

RESULTS

A total of 51 risk single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (P≤1E‐04) were identified in the association analyses, which included 2 clusters of associated single‐nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes at 1q25.3 (glutamate‐ammonia ligase [GLUL]/transmembrane epididymal protein 1 [TEDDM1]/long intergenic non‐protein‐coding RNA 272 [LINC00272]/regulator of G‐protein signaling‐like 1 [RGSL1]) and 17q11.2 (solute carrier family 13 member 2 [SLC13A2]/forkhead box N1 [FOXN1]). Both the GLUL and SLC13A2/FOXN1 haplotypes have large effect sizes and were found to be different from those found from genome‐wide association studies of sporadic HCCs.

CONCLUSIONS

To the authors' knowledge, the current study is the first genome‐wide association study to identify genetic factors for familial HBV‐related HCC. The results identified 2 large effect susceptible haplotypes located at GLUL and SLC13A2/FOXN1. The current study findings also suggest different genetic susceptibility between familial and sporadic HBV‐related HCC. Cancer 2017;123:3966‐76. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
An analytical study for an efficient multi‐branch switched diversity receiver
Authors: Stavrianos Panagiotis G. , Bithas Petros S. , Kalivas Dimitris S.
Published: June 2017

The development of new hybrid diversity methods has been demanded by the continuous growth of information rates. These schemes achieve improved balance between hardware complexity and performance, in relation to conventional ones. In this paper, a new hybrid switched diversity system is proposed. It is called generalized multi‐branch switch and examine combining. The new scheme is a generalization of the classic one known as switch and examine combining with considerably improved performance. The performance of this scheme is analyzed over independent and identically distributed Nakagami‐m fading channels using well‐known performance and complexity measures. More specifically, important performance metrics, such as the outage probability, the average bit error rate, and the capacity under different adaptive transmission policies, have been analytically studied. It is shown that the proposed approach offers an important improvement on the performance, without considerably affecting the complexity.
Early Identification of Reading Difficulties: A Screening Strategy that Adjusts the Sensitivity to the Level of Prediction Accuracy
Authors: Poulsen Mads , Nielsen Anne‐Mette Veber , Juul Holger , Elbro Carsten
Published: June 2017

Early screening for reading difficulties before the onset of instruction is desirable because it allows intervention that is targeted at prevention rather than remediation of reading difficulties. However, early screening may be too inaccurate to effectively allocate resources to those who need them. The present study compared the accuracy of early screening before the onset of formal reading instruction with late screening six months into the first year of instruction. The study followed 164 Danish students from the end of Grade 0 to the end of Grade 2. Early screening included measures of phonemic awareness, rapid naming, letter knowledge, paired associate learning, and reading. Late screening included only reading. Results indicated that reading measures improved substantially as predictors over the first six months of Grade 1, to the point where late reading measures alone provided as much information as the early measures combined. In the light of these results and a less than perfect early screening accuracy, a new strategy for screening is introduced and discussed. The strategy proposes multi‐point screening with gradually increasing sensitivity to strike a balance between manageable screening procedures and outcomes and early identification of students who are most likely in need of extra resources. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the relationship between tychoparthenogenesis and inbreeding depression in the Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria
Authors: Little Chelsea J. , Chapuis Marie‐Pierre , Blondin Laurence , Chapuis Elodie , Jourdan‐Pineau Hélène
Published: June 2017

Tychoparthenogenesis, a form of asexual reproduction in which a small proportion of unfertilized eggs can hatch spontaneously, could be an intermediate evolutionary link in the transition from sexual to parthenogenetic reproduction. The lower fitness of tychoparthenogenetic offspring could be due to either developmental constraints or to inbreeding depression in more homozygous individuals. We tested the hypothesis that in populations where inbreeding depression has been purged, tychoparthenogenesis may be less costly. To assess this hypothesis, we compared the impact of inbreeding and parthenogenetic treatments on eight life‐history traits (five measuring inbreeding depression and three measuring inbreeding avoidance) in four laboratory populations of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, with contrasted demographic histories. Overall, we found no clear relationship between the population history (illustrated by the levels of genetic diversity or inbreeding) and inbreeding depression, or between inbreeding depression and parthenogenetic capacity. First, there was a general lack of inbreeding depression in every population, except in two populations for two traits. This pattern could not be explained by the purging of inbreeding load in the studied populations. Second, we observed large differences between populations in their capacity to reproduce through tychoparthenogenesis. Only the oldest laboratory population successfully produced parthenogenetic offspring. However, the level of inbreeding depression did not explain the differences in parthenogenetic success between all studied populations. Differences in development constraints may arise driven by random and selective processes between populations.
Metabolic control of type 2 immunity
Authors: Pelgrom Leonard R. , Everts Bart
Published: June 2017

Type 2 immune responses play key roles in protection against parasitic worm infections, whole‐body metabolic homeostasis, wound healing, and the development of allergies. As a result, there is considerable interest in understanding the pathways that regulate type 2 immunity in order to identify strategies of targeting and controlling these responses. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that the functional properties of immune cells, including those involved in type 2 immune responses, are dependent on the engagement of specific metabolic pathways such as aerobic glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation (FAO). We here discuss the latest insights in the metabolic regulation of immune cells that initiate type 2 immune responses, such as dendritic cells and innate lymphoid cells, as well as immune cells involved in the effector phase, like T helper 2 (Th2) cells, B cells and alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages). Finally, we consider whether these findings may provide new prospects for the treatment of type 2 immune response‐associated diseases.
A Method for the Analysis of Free Carbenes Present after NHC‐Organocatalyzed Transformations
Authors: Das Tamal Kanti , Biju Akkattu T.
Published: June 2017

In N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) based organocatalysis, usually, the free carbene is generated in situ by treatment of the azolium salt with a base. Described herein is a method for the analysis of the NHC present in the reaction flask after the NHC‐organocatalyzed reaction. For this, the reaction mixture was treated with elemental sulfur after the reaction and the thus‐formed thiourea/thione derivative was isolated. Common NHC‐catalyzed transformations such as benzoin reactions, Stetter reactions, homoenolate annulation reactions, and reactions proceeding via the α,β‐unsaturated acylazolium intermediate have been studied. The results indicate that after the reactions, 28–84 % of the initial carbenes exist in the free form.