bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Generalized Architecture for Academic and Industrial Automation and Control via Internet
Authors: Salam Ahmed O. Abdul ,   School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
Published: April 2016

Automation via the internet has recently received considerable attention. The prime objective of internetbased process automation underlies, amongmany others, the feasibility of remote monitoring and control of a wide range of distributed and collaborative experimental and manufacturing tools and machineries. Such emphasis would adopt the recent software and hardware development technologies. This paper investigates the minimal hardware and software requirements to design and implement a fully functional academic and industrial automation system that can be readily attached to the available internet/intranet infrastructure. Three tiers mainly constitute the proposed system, the instrumentation and measurement tier, the software platform (for data collection, processing, displaying, and communication), and the client-server tier. The common controllerbased techniques, such as PLC (Programmable Logic Controllers), SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition), and DAQ (Data Acquisition) platforms can be very well employed in such applications without sophistication burdens. Eventually, the ultimate intentions of having engineers and technical operators to monitor, control, maintain, and calibrate factory equipment, or students involved in lab experimentation, from local or remote distances can be successfully achieved around the clock. Previous and current practical implementation examples will be verified to assess the feasibility range of existing techniques and their implications.
Special Issue on Design and Manufacturing for Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Umeda Yasushi
Published: April 2016

This issue focuses on design and manufacturing theories and methodologies aimed at achieving environmental sustainability. It has been two decades since environmental sustainability and related issues have been discussed as main issues in design and manufacturing. In these 20 years, theories and methodologies have been developed on environmentally conscious design, including the design of disassembly and life cycle assessment, and manufacturing techniques for saving energy and resources and low emission. In spite of these efforts, the seriousness of the environmental issues, e.g., global warming, is getting harder and harder and new issues continuously arise. It has gradually been recognized that essential problems reside within the manufacturing industry structure and the center of the manufacturing industry has shifted from developed countries such as Japan and US to developing countries with accelerating mass production and mass consumption. Based on this recognition, this special issues deals with rather novel topics emerging in the domain of design and manufacturing for environmental sustainability. The first five papers provide a global scope on the relationship between environmental sustainability and manufacturing industry, including global energy consumption patterns, manufacturing industry scenario writing, informative reviews on lean remanufacturing, urban mining, and education on resource scarcity. The second three papers focus on human recognition and behavior – emerging topics in this domain – including socially responsible investment, customer choice, and the routing of electric vehicles. The last five papers propose new methods or technologies of environmentally conscious design and sustainable manufacturing, including ecobusiness design, electric vehicle heating systems, and the sustainability evaluation of manufacturing processes. Some papers, revised and extended in response to the editor’s invitations, were originally presented at EcoDesign 2013: 8th International Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing (Jeju, Korea). The editor sincerely thanks the authors and reviewers for their devoted work in making this special issue possible. We hope that these articles will encourage further research on design and manufacturing for environmental sustainability.
Challenges and Opportunities of Lean Remanufacturing
Authors: Kurilova-Palisaitiene Jelena ,   Division of Manufacturing Engineering, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, SE-58381, Linköping, Sweden, Sundin Erik
Published: April 2016

Lean philosophy, which promotes business excellence through continuous improvement, originates from the Japanese car manufacturer, Toyota’s Production System (TPS). An area where lean has not been fully explored is remanufacturing, a process that brings used products back to useful life. Remanufacturing is often a more complex process than manufacturing due to the uncertainty of process steps/time and part quality/quantity. This study explored remanufacturing by identifying its challenges and opportunities in becoming lean. The challenges of a lean remanufacturing system do not exceed its advantages. Although some researchers state that it is difficult or even impossible to apply lean principles to remanufacturing, this research utilizes lean as a continuous improvement philosophy that focuses on improving the remanufactured products’ quality, process lead times, and inventory levels.
A Study on How Investors Decide on Socially Responsible Investments: Classification of Investment Behavior According to Companies’ Environmental Activities
Authors: Nishino Nariaki ,   The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan, Kihara Kaoru , Akai Kenju , Honda Tomonori , Inaba Atsushi ,   National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan,   Kogakuin University, 1-24-2 Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163-8677, Japan
Published: April 2016

Environmental problems must be solved urgently, and sustainable production activities are desired. This study focuses on environmental finance, which is a method of promoting sustainable corporation activities. Environmental finance allows socially responsible investment to directly contribute to corporate activities and sustainable production activities. To clarify the mechanism of eco-friendly investment decision making, 4,843 respondents took a questionnaire survey on investment decision making, based on the framework of prospect theory. The results showed that prospect theory did not always work for environment issues and that people’s attitudes when they decide on eco-friendly investments could be classified to four clusters.
Green Modular Design by the Concept of Chemical Activation Energy
Authors: Smith Shana S. ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C), Wang Wei-Zhe
Published: April 2016

Due to increasing environmental concerns, natural resource use must become more efficient. As a result, green design is now an important research topic. The goal of this study was to create a green modular design method using the concept of chemical activation energy. The method uses five product functions and five product attributes that affect green performance to group parts into functional modules and then group parts into green modules within each functional module. Considering both product functions and environmental factors ensures the functional feasibility of the modules that are created and also improves the green performance of the product. The method developed in this study was used to group parts into functional modules and green modules for an LCD monitor. The study results can be used to help designers create new green products or improve the green performance of existing products.
Fuel Operated Heaters Applied to Electric Vehicles
Authors: Mimuro Tetsushi ,   Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, 84-4 Ebinokuchi, Tsuchiya, Yurihonjo, Akita 015-0055, Japan, Takanashi Hiroyuki ,   College of Engineering, Nihon University, 1 Nakagawara, Tokusada, Tamuramachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8642, Japan
Published: April 2016

In recent years, numerous automobile manufacturers have been pursuing the development of Electric Vehicles (EVs) as a response to environmental problems such as global warming. Such EVs usually have shorter ranges than Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles because of their limited battery capacity. This problem is exacerbated in the winter, especially in cold districts, as the need for electricity to heat vehicle cabins results in drastic mileage reductions. One readily available solution to this problem is the use of Fuel-Operated Heaters (FOHs), and in this study we have performed field operation tests on such heaters retrofitted into mass-produced EVs. The pros and cons of FOH use with EVs will be discussed in comparison with Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) and heat pump heaters from the viewpoints of energy efficiency, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, heating performance, mileage influence, and usability.
Mini Special Issue on Machining Control and Process Monitoring
Authors: Aoyama Tojiro
Published: April 2016

Control and process monitoring are key technologies supporting high machining accuracy and efficiency. This special issue features six papers taking novel approaches to controlling machine and cutting tools and monitoring the machining process. The motion control of machine tools and cutting tools are introduced. A new challenge for monitoring the machining process by referring to NC control servo signals implements a practical proposal. The precise identification of friction at driving elements of machine tool components is an important factor in improving machine tool control motion accuracy. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the authors and reviewers whose invaluable efforts have helped make the publication of this manuscript possible.
Tool Motion Control Referring to Voxel Information of Removal Volume Voxel Model to Achieve Autonomous Milling Operation
Authors: Kobayashi Tomokazu ,   Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., 1-1 Morinosatoaoyama, Atsugi 243-0123, Japan, Hirooka Toshihiko , Hakotani Atsushi , Sato Ryuta , Shirase Keiichi ,   Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan,   Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd., 1-1 Kawasaki-cho, Akashi 673-8666, Japan
Published: April 2016

In order to achieve flexible and autonomous milling operation, a system called Digital Copy Milling (DCM) was developed in our previous studies. Additionally, tool motion control, in which the voxel information of the removal volume voxel model is referred to, is performed in DCM. In this study, a feed speed control function and tool posture control function are integrated with the DCM by referring to the feed speed and tool posture parameters stored in the voxel properties of the removal volume voxel model. It is assumed that these parameters change gradually as a diffusion phenomenon to automatically determine the voxel properties using a diffusion equation. In order to calculate the diffusion equation, the voxel in the removal volume corresponds to a calculation grid of the diffusion equation and not just to the storage of the feed speed and tool posture parameters. For experimental verification, the feed speed and tool posture parameters were automatically determined, and the tool motion was successfully controlled independent of the tool path generation to perform the milling operation.
Analysis of Measured Friction of Rolling Balls in Raceway Grooves
Authors: Matsubara Atsushi ,   Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan, Sayama Atsuko , Sakai Taku , Reuss Matthias ,   Kyoto Works, Mitsubishi Electric, Babazusyo, Nagaokakyo-shi, Kyoto 617-0828, Japan,   ISG Industrielle Steuerungstechnik GmbH, Rosenbergstrasse 28, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
Published: April 2016

Friction in linear guideways has an influence on the motion accuracy of machine tool drives. As feedback control has a lag to the friction change in reverse motion, a feedforward compensation is generally used in friction models. However, it is difficult to estimate the friction of rolling balls in raceway grooves because it involves both stick and differential slip characteristics. In this paper, a measurement method is presented using an analytical procedure to clarify micro stick and slip factors in rolling friction. In the measurement test, four balls and two raceway grooves are used to measure the friction force under dry and lubricated conditions. The locomotive bristle model is then applied to identify the stick and slip parameters, which are then compared between the various conditions of lubrication.
Elliptical Vibration Cutting of Hardened Steel with Large Nose Radius Single Crystal Diamond Tool
Authors: Wang Yilong ,   Makino Milling Machine Co. Ltd., 4023 Nakatsu, Aikawa-Machi, Aiko-Gun, Kanagawa 243-0303, Japan, Shamoto Eiji ,   Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
Published: April 2016

It has been verified that ultra-precision diamond machining of hardened steel can be realized by applying the elliptical vibration cutting process. This innovative machining technology enables direct machining of steel dies and molds with a single crystal diamond tool and makes the indispensable nickel-plating step in the conventional diamond machining process unnecessary. This not only increases mold tool life, but also reduces the machining cost and cycle time. Therefore, elliptical vibration cutting has been considered as a very promising manufacturing technology for high precision die and mold machining. However, progress in elliptical vibration cutting has been hampered by bottlenecks in machining of large-size steel workpieces owing to the low machining efficiency. This study proposed an efficient machining method, elliptical vibration cutting with a large nose radius single crystal diamond tool. Experimental findings revealed that the proposed machining method had great potential to realize efficient ultra-precision diamond machining of hardened steel. However, it was found that the ploughing phenomenon affected the finished surface quality significantly. To minimize the ploughing effect an analytical model was developed. This model enabled minimization of the ploughing effect by optimizing the machining conditions. Finally, the analytical model was qualitatively validated with a series of plane cutting experiments and the experimental results demonstrated good agreement with the analytical model.
Research on the Form Recognition of Fabric Products: Acquiring the Shapes of Flat, Limp Materials
Authors: Osawa Fumiaki ,   Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Daido University, 10-3 Takiharu-cho, Minami-ku, Nagoya 457-8530, Japan, Kanou Kazunori , Yamada Yasushi
Published: April 2016

In the apparel, medical and welfare, and nursing care industries, working with cloth items is highly dependent on manual work, so many people have hoped that such work could be automated. However, there are still no established ways for robots to handle cloth. In this paper, a method for acquiring developed shapes is proposed for the purpose of form recognition and classification operations of flat, limp materials. Experiments are performed to acquire developed shapes of materials by actively searching for contours of cloth using a sensor embedded in the finger of a robot.
Adaptive Integral-Type Neural Sliding Mode Control for Pneumatic Muscle Actuator
Authors: Ba Dang Xuan ,   University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-gu, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea, Ahn Kyoung Kwan , Tai Nguyen Trong ,   Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Str, Dist. 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Published: April 2016

This paper presents an integral-type adaptive sliding mode controller integrated into a neural network for position-tracking control of a pneumatic muscle actuator testing system. Stability of the closed-loop system is covered by the sliding mode algorithm while both control error and control energy are minimized by the neural network. With only four weight factors in the hidden layer and two weight factors in the output layer, the network provides a very high calculation speed. Then, the approach is successfully verified on a real-time system under different working conditions. By comparing it with a proportional-integraldifferential controller on the same system and under the same working conditions, the effectiveness of the designed controller is confirmed.
Modeling of Process Mechanisms in Pulsed Laser Micro Machining on Lithium Niobate Substrates
Authors: Onuki Teppei ,   Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan, Murayama Ippei , Ojima Hirotaka , Shimizu Jun , Zhou Libo
Published: April 2016

The mechanism behind the laser ablation of LN is investigated using near infrared pico-second-pulsed laser. A model of the mechanism is developed, deriving the mechanical, thermal, and photonic properties of LN in addition to doing preliminary experiments on laser ablation with controlled laser fluence. β is material removal using the nonthermal process via multiphoton ionization, γ is nonthermal material removal with chipping or cracking produced by generated heat (but at temperatures below the melting point), and δ is material removal using the thermal process with temperatures above the melting point, resulting in resolidification at the surface and the adhesion of oncemolten burrs around the processed area. In a process modes map constructed through exhaustive experiments on laser ablation under various irradiation conditions (at specific energy ρ and with number of pulse shotsN’), different contributions of ρ andN’ in the machining process are found. In terms of machining quality, desirable conditions in the control of laser irradiations are the use of weaker ρ and increasedN’ to keep thermal damage to a minimum and to raise the removal rate.
Investigation of Flow and Sink Initiation Process in Mold Shapes in Injection Molding
Authors: Kaburagi Tetsushi ,   Gunma Industrial Technology Center, 884-1 Kamesato-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 379-2147, Japan, Kurose Masashi , Ogawa Takahiro , Kuroiwa Hiroki , Iwasawa Tomoyuki ,   Institute of National College of Technology, Gunma, 580 Toriba-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8530, Japan,   Yamaguchi Co., Ltd., 2309-25 Kamiuekihon-machi, Isesaki, Gunma 372-0013, Japan
Published: April 2016

Injection molding has faults, or sinks, caused by the shrinkage ofmaterials. Sinks should be inhibited since they greatly affect the dimensions of moldings. In this study, a mold that allows visual observation is employed, and the sink initiation process is analyzed and predicted based on the results of that analysis. This mold has two sections, one flat and one curved. The difference between the deformations in the flat and curved sections is investigated. Methods of inhibiting sinks are considered from the results of the analysis and injection molding experiments. Packing pressure is found to have a great effect on sinks.
Mini Special Issue on Virtual Manufacturing
Authors: Altintas Yusuf
Published: April 2016

Traditional manufacturing is based on process-planning by experienced engineers, who iteratively try their methods in the shop until the results are satisfactory. This trial-and-error-based approach increases the product costs due to high scrap rates and conservative manufacturing strategies. The trend is to digitally simulate, optimize, and plan manufacturing before costly physical trials. The quality of virtual manufacturing depends on the accuracy of process models based on scientific principles. The aim of this special issue is to show how the manufacturing process physics can be incorporated into digital engineering steps to achieve virtual manufacturing. This special issue has four articles illustrating sample virtual machining strategies. Process plans are automatically generated by considering the part features; machining of flexible thin walls is planned by considering their static stiffness; the environmental impact is considered in simulating machining costs of parts and chatter free conditions are predicted in milling metallic parts with robots. I thank the authors and reviewers for their valuable contributions to the special issue. We hope to trigger digital modeling of various, challenging machining operations in the future.
Development of a CAD-CAM Interaction System to Generate a Flexible Machining Process Plan
Authors: Isnaini Mohammad Mi’radj ,   Kobe University, Shinoki Yusaku , Sato Ryuta , Shirase Keiichi
Published: April 2016

A unique machining knowledge has led to several different perspectives between planners and operators as regards in designing a machining process plan. All precedents have shown the need to maintain a suitable machining process plan. Commercial Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) systems have facilitated the manipulation of 3D models to generate a machining process plan. The open Advanced Programming Interfaces (APIs) are also helpful in tailoring decision support systems to determine process plans. This study proposes an emergent system to generate flexible machining process plans. The proposed system considers the integration between design and manufacturing perspective to produce relevant machining process plan. The generation of process plans begins by considering the total removal volume of the raw material, estimating the removal features, thus analyzing and ordering several candidates of machining process plans. The total machining time and number of setups from each machining process plan candidate is analyzed and evaluated. Eventually, the proposed system is tested using several prismatic 3D models of a workpiece to show the outcomes.
Energy-Saving Machining of Multi-Functional Machine Tools
Authors: Oda Yohei ,   DMG MORI SEIKI CO., LTD., Fujishima Makoto , Takeuchi Yoshimi ,   Cyubu University
Published: April 2016

The purpose of the study described in this paper was to develop an energy-saving strategy for machining of multi-functional machine tools by pairing various turning and milling processes with various cutting conditions. The amounts of electric energy consumed during turning, facing, end milling, and drilling were measured and analyzed. Based on the experimental results, the most efficient machining processes and methods for reducing electric energy were identified. It was found to be important to employ severe cutting conditions as much as possible and to reduce the electric energy associated with machining of multi-functional machine tools during standby periods.
Back-Pressure Forging Using a Servo Die Cushion
Authors: Kawamoto Kiichiro ,   Advanced Processing Group, Komatsu Industries Corp., Yoneyama Takeshi , Okada Masato ,   Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University
Published: April 2016

The application of a servo die cushion to the back-pressure forging process improves the shape accuracy of forged parts. Servo die cushions have excellent performance in precise motion control and high responsiveness to set loads. To use a servo die cushion to obtain these features, back pressure is applied to the bottom outer punch during forward extrusion-type forging. Without back pressure, material flow delay around the central counter punch corner results in an unfilled corner at the bottom outer punch. Applying back pressure to the outer punch reduces the area of the unfilled corner. However, extensive back pressure at the beginning of the forming process causes burrs at the bottom because of the clearance between the counter punch and the outer punch; variable back-pressure settings along the punch stroke effectively remove burrs while also providing a smaller unfilled area by allowing for low back pressure at the beginning of the forming process and high back pressure during the forming process. Furthermore, using the flexible slide motion of the servo press to vary the punch motion leads to even further reduction in the unfilled area.
An Exact Method for Robust Capacity Requirements Planning
Authors: Morita Daisuke ,   Takachiho University, Suwa Haruhiko ,   Setsunan University
Published: April 2016

This paper proposes a robust method of capacity requirements planning (CRP) that can generate a stable load plan against dynamic changes in a manufacturing environment. In our study, robustness refers to the degree of stability in the load plan for the occurrence of unexpected events. The purpose of the proposed method is to determine the processing periods of operation orders with the aim of minimizing the probability that the resource requirement of each operation order will exceed the capacity of corresponding resources. Through numerical experiments, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed CRP method in terms of its robustness.
Autonomous Assembly Process Planning According to the Production Line Configuration
Authors: Sudo Yasuhiro ,   Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Matsuda Michiko
Published: April 2016

In this study, a virtual production line is used to present a method for generating assembly process-relational plans for a product according to the configurations of the production line and verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. In an autonomous production system, process-relational plans are generated dynamically by agents based on process-relation graphs. Usually, such process-relation graphs are not determined uniquely and often have some degrees of freedom. Therefore, more practical and efficient assembly process-relational plans would be obtained if process-relation graphs were rewritten according to changes in the configurations of actual production lines. In the proposed method, process-relation graphs are rewritten dynamically by agents using two simple rewriting rules. The results from simulations on a virtual assembly line provided that the progress of the assembly job differs with the quantities of invested jobs and machine layouts. Accordingly, the simulation results prove the usefulness of rewriting process-relation graphs according to the configurations of actual shop floors.
An EOQ Model for Reuse and Recycling Considering the Balance of Supply and Demand
Authors: Nonaka Tomomi ,   Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Fujii Nobutada ,   Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University
Published: April 2016

Inventory management in reverse logistics is more complex than that in conventional logistics because of uncontrollable factors such as inventory levels increasing from reverse logistics, greater-than-expected disposal, and balance of supply and demand with changing market trends. This paper proposes a new economic order quantity (EOQ) model for reuse and recycling by expanding the EOQ model proposed by Dobos and Richter, 2004. The proposed model introduces a sequentially accumulated marginal reuse rate as a parameter in considering the balance of product demand and supply. The marginal reuse rate is calculated by using data on production distribution and disposal distribution of products for every discretized period. This model considers the sequence among recovery options: reuse, recycle and disposal. Parts are reused after having been inspected to determine whether they are reusable or not. Remaining nonreusable parts are recycled and any remaining nonrecycled parts disposed of. The extended EOQ model is applied to a case study using different scenarios for length of use and multiple generations of products. Results of computer experiments confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method.
R-Test Analysis Software for Error Calibration of Five-Axis Machine Tools – Application to a Five-Axis Machine Tool with Two Rotary Axes on the Tool Side –
Authors: Ibaraki Soichi ,   Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Nagai Yu , Otsubo Hisashi , Sakai Yasutaka , Morimoto Shigeki , Miyazaki Yosuke ,   Otsubo Engineering Research Center, Fukuyama, Japan,   Fukuda Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
Published: April 2016

The R-test measures the three-dimensional displacement of a precision sphere, attached to a machine spindle, by using three displacement sensors fixed to the machine’s table. Its application to error calibration for five-axis machine tools has long been studied. This paper presents software for analyzing the measured R-test trajectories for error diagnosis and numerical compensation for rotary axis location errors and error motions. The developed software first graphically presents the measured R-test trajectories to help a user intuitively understand error motions of the rotary axes. It also numerically parameterizes the rotary axis geometric error parameters, and then generates a compensation table that can be implemented in some latest-generation commercial CNC systems. An actual demonstration of its application to a five-axis machine tool with a universal head (two rotary axes on the spindle side) is presented.
Optical Measuring and Laser Technologies for Scientific and Industrial Applications
Authors: Chugui Yuri V. ,   Technological Design Institute of Scientific Instrument Engineering,, Verkhoglyad Alexander G. , Zavyalov Petr S. , Sysoev Evgeny V. , Kulikov Rodion V. , Vykhristyuk Ignat A. , Zavyalova Marina A. , Poleshchuk Alexander G. , Korolkov Victor P. ,   Novosibirsk State University,   Novosibirsk State Technical University,   Institute of Automation and Electrometry,
Published: April 2016

Modern industry and science require novel 3D optical measuring systems and laser technologies with micrometer/nanometer resolutions. To solve actual problems, we have developed a family of these optical measuring systems and technologies. An optical system for the 3D inspection of ceramic parts is described. A new approach to the formation of 3D laser templates using diffractive optics is presented for large objects, such as ~30 m antennas. The performance specifications of a 3D super resolution, optical low-coherent micro/nano profilometer are given. Using a perfectly smooth atomic mirror as a reference object, a breakthrough depth measurement with resolution of 20 picometers is achieved. The newest results in the field of laser technologies for the high-precision synthesis of microstructures by an updated laser circular image generator using the semiconductor laser is presented. The measuring systems and the laser image generator have been tested by customers and are used in different branches of industry and science.
Study on Nanoparticle Sizing Using Fluorescent Polarization Method with DNA Fluorescent Probe
Authors: Hayashi Terutake ,   Kyushu University, Ishizaki Yuki , Michihata Masaki , Takaya Yasuhiro , Tanaka Shin-ichi ,   Osaka University,   Kure National College of Technology
Published: April 2016

Fluorescent polarization methods are used to detect complementary base pairing of DNA in biological fields. These methods work by measuring the rotational diffusion coefficient of Brownian motion of the fluorescent particles in solution. The rotational diffusion coefficient corresponds to the inverse third power of diameter according to the Debye-Stokes-Einstein equation for nanoparticles as hard spheres. We develop a novel method to measure the rotational diffusion coefficient using a fluorescent probe with a DNA spacer connected to a gold nanoparticle. We studied the physical characteristics of this probe to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. The rotational diffusion coefficients of gold nanoparticles with diameters ranging between 5–20 nm were measured using this developed system. In this manuscript we describe a novel fluorescent polarization method for nanoparticle sizing using a fluorescent DNA probe.
Calibration Using Cylindrical Artifacts for 3D Laser Measurement System
Authors: Enami Kazuhiro ,   Mechanical Engineering Center, High Energy Accelerator Research  Organization
Published: April 2016

We propose a new calibration method for 3D laser measurement systems used for inspecting the insides of industrial parts such as vessels and pipes. We developed the proposed calibration system using a cylindrical artifact such that the calibration is simple and easy to perform. We simulated and analyzed the proposed cylindrical artifact calibration method and the results demonstrate its adequacy.
Property Evaluation of Eccentric Astigmatic Method to Apply Micro Tactile Probe
Authors: Shimizu Hiroki ,   Kyushu Institute of Technology, Ogawa Atsuo , Sasaki Yoshinori , Tamaru Yuuma
Published: April 2016

Displacement detection of a small sphere with high sensitivity is required for realizing the micro tactile probe used in micro-coordinate-measuring machines (CMMs). Therefore, the authors have proposed a new technique for detecting the three-dimensional displacement of a small sphere by a kind of astigmatic method, termed the “eccentric astigmatic method (EAM).” In the EAM, a spherical mirror as a spherical tactile probe is placed on the focus of an objective lens. At this position, three eccentric beams, focused by the objective lens, are incident on the mirror surface at right angles and the reflected rays return on the incident paths. In contrast, when the sphere moves from this position even by a small distance, the return path of each reflected ray changes drastically. This change can be detected by the EAM using a condenser lens and a photodetector. The changes in the spot radius caused by the EAM were calculated using a ray-tracing code. As a result, a change in the spot shape was found to occur only for displacement along one axis. Moreover, simulations based on wave optics were performed, whose results confirmed the feasibility of detection of the three-dimensional displacement of a sphere by the EAM.
High-Speed Measurement of Complex Shaped Parts at Elevated Temperature by Laser Triangulation
Authors: Schöch Alexander ,   Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Salvadori Alessandro , Germann Ivo , Balemi Silvano , Bach Carlo , Ghiotti Andrea , Carmignato Simone , Maurizio Andrea Lelio , Savio Enrico ,   Institute for Production Metrology, Materials and Optics, NTB Interstate University of Applied Sciences of Technology Buchs,   Zumbach Electronic AG,   Department of Engineering and Management, University of Padua,   Pietro Rosa TBM Srl
Published: April 2016

The increasing quality expectations and the global competition push manufacturing industry to adopt strategies of lean manufacturing and precision engineering. In order to reach these aims it is necessary that the measuring process is integrated in the production chain to provide timely feedback for process control. Nowadays, however, forged products are typically measured after the cool-down process, which can take several hours. The advantages obtainable if forgings would be measured online are clear: deviations in the production process would be recognized earlier and the production process could be promptly adjusted. On-line measurement capabilities have the potential to reduce overall production costs and consequently are of interest to many forging industries, including those producing complex products such as turbine blades. Under these circumstances, the HOTGAUGE project was initiated: an international EUROSTARS project with the goal to develop a measuring system, capable of measuring freeform shaped parts at elevated temperature (approx. 800°C) directly after the forging step. The output of the measuring system is a 3D model of the hot part including temperature information. The 3D coordinate measuring system is composed by two main subsystems: a 2D laser-triangulation system capable to scan a complete section of the part, and a moving platform, which moves the part through the measuring plane. The architecture and the components of the measurement system as well as measurement results are presented in this paper.
Development of a Wide-Range Precision Positioning Sensor Based on Image Analysis of Diffracted Light
Authors: Uchida Yoshihisa ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology
Published: April 2016

We propose a wide-range micro- and nano-positioning sensor based on an image sensor. The intensity distribution of a Moiré signal is measured on the image sensor and used for position sensing via Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis. The FFT returns the frequency spectra and phase characteristics of the image. The frequencies caused by the beam divergence, the order of diffraction, and the Moiré signal can then be identified. The sensor can detect position with high accuracy using the phase shift of the Moiré signal. The results also demonstrate a measurement range of up to 6 mm and an estimated standard deviation of 3.3 nm under specified conditions. Moreover, the target position can be set arbitrarily by automatic PI control. This positioning sensor is characterized as using only one sensor to detect position with a high accuracy over a wide measurement range, making it easy to install in existing industrial machines and tools. Moreover, the accuracy and the measurement range are selectable by choosing the appropriate frequency component.
Special Issue on Micro-Nano Materials and Processing
Authors: Hata Seiichi
Published: April 2016

Industrial production processes are becoming more difficult and complex because of the need to accept or react to global requirements for ecology, energy saving, downsizing, short lead times, information technology, etc. Metrology and inspection play very important roles in production processes because these must decide the final quality of manufactured industrial goods. Laser/optical metrology is widely used in industry to maintain meter definition traceability because it is, in principle, nondestructive. This makes laser metrology a candidate for use in final industrial inspection.

This special issue originated in Laser Metrology for Precision Measurement and Inspection in Industry 2014 (LMPMI2014), also the 11th IMEKO symposium. LMPMI2014 covers a very wide area, including precision engineering, dimensional measurement, shape measurement, micro/meso/nano metrology, interferometry, and standards and calibration technology. This IJAT special issuefeatures papers selected from LMPMI2014. Advanced papers in this issue present the latest achievements in laser metrology ranging from basic research to actual industrial application. These papers should prove useful to readers seeking to share their industrial R&D knowledge and experience.

The important contributions of the authors and reviewers are most deeply appreciated and make this issue both fascinating and its ideas far-reaching.
Fabrication Process of Antimony Telluride and Bismuth Telluride Micro Thermoelectric Generator
Authors: Mizoshiri Mizue ,   Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Mikami Masashi , Ozaki Kimihiro ,   National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
Published: April 2016

This paper describes the process of fabricating micro thermoelectric generators (μ-TEGs) based on antimony telluride (Sb-Te) and bismuth telluride (Bi-Te). These materials have excellent thermoelectric (TE) conversion properties. The deposition and patterning processes for thermoelectric films are key techniques in the fabrication of μ-TEGs. However, it is difficult to form TE micropatterns using conventional semiconductor technologies because Sb-Te and Bi-Te are brittle and difficult to etch. Therefore, a semiconductor fabrication process is developed for TE film patterning. Here, various processes for depositing Sb-Te and Bi-Te TE films are described. Then, the combinations of the deposition and patterning techniques are reviewed. Finally, the generation properties of the μ-TEGs are summarized.
Error Measurement and Calibration in Developing Virtual-Reality-Assisted Microassembly System
Authors: Chang Ren-Jung ,   Mechanical Engineering Department, National Cheng Kung University, Jau Jia-Cheng
Published: April 2016

The operational error of a virtual reality (VR) assisted vision-based microassembly system is measured and calibrated during the system development stage. The vision-based microassembly system was designed and its opto-mechanical model was established in a virtual environment. By measuring the errors between the representative points in the images of virtual cameras and charge-coupled device (CCD) visual systems, the errors in the virtual environment were compensated by correcting the projection matrix parameters, the view matrix parameters, the initial components position, and the deviation angle for the working stage motion. The effectiveness of the proposed VR-assisted fine calibration method was tested by performing VR calibration on the virtual system.
Effects of Grain Size on the Groove Depths in Microlaser Cutting of Austenitic Stainless Steel SUS304
Authors: Komatsu Takafumi ,   Komatsuseiki Kosakusho Co., Ltd.
Published: April 2016

Over the last decade, developments of fine grained materials and investigations of the effects of grain size on mechanical processing at the micro scale have been reported. There are several papers and reports on the function improvements achieved due to enhanced edge quality. However, it is difficult to identify the studies about the effects of grain size on the processed surface in laser processing because ultrafine grain materials were not supplied in the market. In this study, the effect of grain size on the depth of groove by laser processing is investigated. Microgrooves are produced using a picosecond laser machine. The grooves are observed with a non-contact 3D measuring machine, and the depth and surface conditions are determined. There are obvious differences on the depth between the different grain sizes. Specimens were cut to allow the observation of the phase transformation of grains in the cross section using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD). There are several obstacles when producing deeper grooves. As a result, smaller grained stainless steels are suitable for producing microparts by microlaser cutting.
Support Placement for Machine Tools Using Stiffness Model
Authors: Mori Kotaro ,   Kyoto University, Kono Daisuke , Yamaji Iwao , Matsubara Atsushi
Published: April 2016

The support stiffness model and the stiffness tuning technique are applied to a practical situation. The support stiffness model is integrated with finite element analysis (FEA) to simulate the rocking vibration mode. The support stiffness of a machining center prototype is calculated based on the support stiffness model. The stiffness tuning technique is used to determine the placement of support structures in the simulation. The calculated support stiffness is integrated into a three dimensional model as springs. Rocking vibration modes are obtained from simulations by using the support stiffness model. To compare the results, a simulation without the support stiffness model is conducted. An experiment is also conducted on the same machining center that is used in the simulation. Without the support stiffness model, the difference between the experimental and simulation natural frequencies was above 19%. In contrast, the difference is under 10% when the support stiffness model is included. The experimental and the simulation results were in good agreement with respect to the rocking vibration modes. These results demonstrate that incorporating the support stiffness model into finite element analysis increases the calculation accuracy of the rocking-vibration-mode natural frequencies. Consequently, the support stiffness model and the stiffness tuning technique are effective for designing the support systems of machine tools.
A Newly Developed Multi-Axis Controlled Turning Machine Equipped with a Swing Type Turret Head
Authors: Nakanishi Kenichi ,   Nakamura-Tome Precision Industry Co., Ltd., Sawada Manabu , Sakamoto Jiro ,   Kanazawa University
Published: April 2016

In order to improve the productivity and flexibility of the conventional turning machines, multi-tasking turning machines are developed to simultaneously perform several machining operations. In this study, a multi-axis controlled turning machine equipped with a swing-type B-axis turret head is developed that allows multiple turning processes to be performed. In particular, the structural design of the turret head is discussed in detail.
Development of Technology for Creating Composite Materials of Machine Tool
Authors: Tanabe Ikuo ,   Nagaoka University of Technology
Published: April 2016

A technology for creating new composite materials with hybrid properties desired by many designers was developed and evaluated. Young’s modulus, density, coefficient of linear expansion, specific heat and thermal conductivity were calculated through a newly developed software. This software has two functions which are (1) the selection of adequate materials and the calculation of their ratios to achieve specific desired properties in a new composite material (2) the calculation of resultant properties given that the component materials and their rations in a composite material are known. The new composite material for the tool post of a machine tool was manufactured and evaluated. It is concluded from the results that the technology was very effective and useful for development of a new composite material with several hybrid properties.
Development of Desktop Machine Tool with Pipe Frame Structure
Authors: Suzuki Naohiko ,   Takamatsu Machinery CO.,LTD., Morimoto Yoshitaka , Takasugi Keigo , Kobashi Ryo , Hirono Ryo , Kaneko Yoshiyuki , Tokuno Yutaka ,   Kanazawa Institute of Technology
Published: April 2016

While many components used in automobiles, household electric appliances, etc., are becoming more compact, the size of most machine tools used to work on such components remains unchanged. Therefore, to improve the efficient use of factory space and economical use of energy, machine tools that are comparable in size to workpieces are required. Thus far, we have focused our developmental efforts on the miniaturization of machine tools, e.g., a lathe with a width ten times the machining diameter of a workpiece and a lathe with a bed made of a pipe frame truss structure. Based on these past study results, we have newly developed a desktop machine tool with a pipe frame structure. This paper reports on the developmental background and overview of the developed machine tool, its characteristics, its evaluation results, and our future plans.
A Low-Profile Planar Motion Table System Driven by Steel Belt
Authors: Yoshioka Hayato ,   Department of Mechanical and Control Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Shinno Hidenori , Sawano Hiroshi ,   Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Meiji University
Published: April 2016

Machine tools and inspection systems require high performance positioning table systems that have long travel ranges, lower profile structures, multi-degree-of-freedom motion, and high speed motion, simultaneously. This paper presents a newly developed low-profile planar motion table system driven by steel belts. The driving system has two steel belts, two servo motors, and four ball spline shafts. These elements are symmetrically arranged on the same plane, and the moving table realizes planar motion. After confirming the effectiveness of the proposed driving mechanism with a one-axis table system, the planar table system developed is evaluated through the some positioning experiments. The results confirm that the developed table system is useful in material handling and other applications.