bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on conductivity and tribological properties of polyaniline/molybdenum disulfide composites in lithium complex grease
Authors: Feng Xin , Hu Chenglong , Xia Yanqiu , Wang Yuanhui
Published: February 2022

Polyaniline/molybdenum disulfide (PANI/MoS2) composites doped with hydrochloric acid were synthesised by in situ polymerisation and characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The tribological properties of PANI/MoS2 as composite lithium grease additive were investigated by MFT‐R4000 current‐carrying friction and wear tester. SEM observed the surface morphologies of the wear scars, and energy dispersive spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysed the element distribution and chemical state. The results show that PANI/MoS2 composites have better tribological and electrical properties than PANI and MoS2 additives alone and in the same proportion. Therefore, it can be concluded that MoS2 and synergism of polyaniline modifier.
Study of dispersion stability and wear property of lubricating oil blends added with nanographene for a diesel engine
Authors: Kuang Xin , Yin Bifeng , Yang Xiping , Wang Jian , Jia Hekun
Published: February 2022

Good dispersion stability of lubricating oil blends added with graphene is the premise of playing its superior tribology property. In this paper, the dispersion stability of modified graphene in lubricating oil and the wear property of nanolubricating oil on the key friction pair for a diesel engine was studied by simulation and experiment. The results showed that the dispersion of modified graphene in lubricating oil was improved at ambient temperature and pressure and at high temperature and pressure. However, the dispersion effect of graphene at high temperature was slightly worse than that at ambient temperature. The wear property of lubricating oil blends added with modified graphene with a concentration of no more than 100 ppm was improved. With the increase of graphene addition, the wear reduction effect increased first and then decreased. The lubricating oil blend added with 25 ppm modified graphene is the best for wear reduction.
Detection of germline mosaicism in fathers of children with intellectual disability syndromes caused by de novo variants
Authors: Frisk Sofia , Wachtmeister Alexandra , Laurell Tobias , Lindstrand Anna , Jäntti Nina , Malmgren Helena , Lagerstedt‐Robinson Kristina , Tesi Bianca , Taylan Fulya , Nordgren Ann
Published: February 2022

Background

De novo variants are a common cause to rare intellectual disability syndromes, associated with low recurrence risk. However, when such variants occur pre‐zygotically in parental germ cells, the recurrence risk might be higher. Still, the recurrence risk estimates are mainly based on empirical data and the prevalence of germline mosaicism is often unknown.

Methods

To establish the prevalence of mosaicism in parents of children with intellectual disability syndromes caused by de novo variants, we performed droplet digital PCR on DNA extracted from blood (43 trios), and sperm (31 fathers).

Results

We detected low‐level mosaicism in sperm‐derived DNA but not in blood in the father of a child with Kleefstra syndrome caused by an EHMT1 variant. Additionally, we found a higher level of paternal mosaicism in sperm compared to blood in the father of a child with Gillespie syndrome caused by an ITPR1 variant.

Conclusion

By employing droplet digital PCR, we detected paternal germline mosaicism in two intellectual disability syndromes. In both cases, the mosaicism level was higher in sperm than blood, indicating that analysis of blood alone may underestimate germline mosaicism. Therefore, sperm analysis can be clinically useful to establish the recurrence risk for parents and improve genetic counselling.
Whole‐exome sequencing facilitates the differential diagnosis of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS)
Authors: Yang Fang , Yang Rong‐Juan , Li Qian , Zhang Jing , Meng Yan‐Xin , Liu Xiao‐Jun , Yao Yong‐Feng
Published: February 2022

Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDSs) are a group of rare monogenic conditions with strong heterogeneity and can be caused by 20 genes associating with the essence of the extracellular matrix (ECM). This study enrolled three cases with various subtypes of EDS. Clinical evaluation and genetic testing with whole‐exome sequencing (WES) were performed. The clinical manifestations of all three patients were thoroughly monitored; and three de novo diagnostic variants, namely COL5A1: NM_001278074.1: c.4609‐2A>C, COL3A1: NM_000090.3: c.3554G>T(p.Gly1185Val), and COL1A1: NM_000088.3: c.545G>T(p.Gly182Val) were identified from them, respectively. The findings in this study expanded the mutation spectrum of EDS and strengthened the efficiency of WES in the differential diagnosis on disorders with overlapping phenotypes and various pathogenesis.
Rational solutions of multi‐component nonlinear Schrödinger equation and complex modified KdV equation
Authors: Wang Lihong , He Jingsong , Erdélyi Róbert
Published: February 2022

In this paper, the crucial condition to achieve rational solutions of the multi‐component nonlinear Schrödinger equation is proposed by introducing two nilpotent Lax matrices. Taking the series multisections of the vector eigenfunction as a set of fundamental eigenfunctions, an explicit formula of the nth‐order rational solution is obtained by the degenerate Darboux transformation, which is used to generate some new patterns of rogue waves. A conjecture about the degree of the nth‐order rogue waves is summarized. This conjecture also holds for rogue waves of the multi‐component complex modified Korteweg–de Vries equation. Finally, the semi‐rational solutions of the Manakov system are discussed.
FBR for Polyolefin Production in Gas Phase: Validation of a Two‐Phase Compartmentalized Model by Comparison with CFD
Authors: Sabia Carmine , Buffo Antonio , Casalini Tommaso , Marchisio Daniele L. , Barbato Maurizio C. , Storti Giuseppe
Published: February 2022

Two different modeling approaches are applied in this work to the simulation of fluidized bed reactors containing solid particles of Geldart A‐B type and operated at typical conditions for polyolefins production. On one side, a fully detailed computational fluid‐dynamics (CFD) model is developed, considering a 2D planar geometry and a multi‐fluid description with kinetic theory of granular flows. On the other, a conventional three‐phase, 1D compartmentalized model (SCM) is also developed, implementing the fluid dynamic description based on popular, semi‐empirical relationships available in the literature. Given the huge difference of computational effort associated with the corresponding numerical solutions, our aim is to confirm the reliability of the simplified model by comparison with the results of the detailed CFD model. The results show that the oversimplified compartmentalized approach is capable to predict the solid mixing features established inside the reactor operated in bubbling fluidization regime with good reliability for non‐reactive polyethylene particles. Average solid volume fractions are particularly close to the values predicted by the CFD model when monodisperse particles are considered inside the examined range of gas velocity values. A generally good agreement is also found when solids with broad size distribution are analyzed.
Food Intake Visual Scale—A practical tool for assessing the dietary intake of hospitalized patients with decompensated cirrhosis
Authors: Saueressig Camila , Ferreira Pâmela Kremer , Glasenapp Joana Hoch , Dall'Alba Valesca
Published: February 2022

Background

The aim of this study was whether the Food Intake Visual Scale (FIVS) can be used in clinical practice to measure food intake in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was performed with patients with cirrhosis between April 2017 and July 2019. The food intake was assessed through the 1‐day diet record (DR) and according to FIVS, which consists of pictures of four plates of food at different levels of consumption: “about all,” “half,” “a quarter,” or “nothing.” The analysis of variance test with Bonferroni multiple comparison analysis was used to compare the mean energy intake through the DR according to the FIVS categories.

Results

This study included 94 patients with a mean age of 60.29 ± 9.33 years. Patients with lower food intake according to the FIVS categories also had lower mean energy and macronutrient intake according to the DR: patients eating “about all” (n = 49, 52.1%) consumed a mean of 1526.58 ± 428.27 kcal/day, patients eating “half” (n = 16, 17%) consumed a mean of 1282.08 ± 302.83 kcal/day, patients eating “a quarter” (n = 25, 26.6%) consumed a mean of 978.96 ± 468.81 kcal/day, and patients eating “nothing” (n = 4, 4.3%) consumed a mean of 353.59 ± 113.16 kcal/day (P < .001).

Conclusion

The results of this study demonstrate that FIVS can be implemented in clinical practice to measure food intake in patients with decompensated cirrhosis as a substitute for the DR because it is a noninvasive, low‐cost, quick, reliable, and easy bedside method for obtaining data.
Nutrition management in adults with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Shape Jessica M. , Sala Marc A.
Published: February 2022

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal, monogenic, autosomal recessive disease with manifestations in multiple organ systems, including the lungs and gastrointestinal tract, that impact adequate nutrition. This review discusses important aspects of nutrition in adults with CF with a focus on exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, CF‐related diabetes, and gastrointestinal motility, as well as how advanced lung disease, CF transmembrane conductance regulator modulators, and aging impact nutrition in CF.
Development and characterization ofHevea brasiliensisparticulates filled polyethylene composites
Authors: Ayyanar Chinnappan Balaji , Marimuthu Krishnaswamy , Gayathri B. , Bharathiraj C. , Mohan S. K. Pradeep , M R Sanjay , Khan Anish , Siengchin Suchart
Published: February 2022

Hevea brasiliensis(HB) flower particulates were filled high‐density poly ethylene (HDPE) composite was molded through a vertical injection molding process. The molded composite specimens were carried out X‐ray powder diffraction analysis and found the HB filler crystal size of 12.63 nm. The morphology of the HB/HDPE composite was analyzed through field emission scanning electron microscope and the presence of different elements was found through energy dispersive X‐ray. The HB/HDPE composite was carried out thermo gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetric, and found its melting point and its degradation. The HB/HDPE composite was carried out and found its mechanical properties. The observed result suggests that the newly developed composites could be used for low‐strength applications.
Nanocomposites of PLA/ZnO nanofibers for medical applications: Antimicrobial effect, thermal, and mechanical behavior under cyclic stress
Authors: Nonato Renato C. , Mei Lucia H. I. , Bonse Baltus C. , Leal Claudenete V. , Levy Carlos E. , Oliveira Flavio A. , Delarmelina Camila , Duarte Marta C. T. , Morales Ana R.
Published: February 2022

The application of biodegradable and biocompatible polymer poly(lactic acid) (PLA) in the medical field has been widely studied. In this study, films of neat PLA and PLA containing 1 wt% ZnO nanofibers obtained by electrospinning (PLA/ZnO) were successfully molded by solvent‐cast three‐dimensional (3D) printing. Mechanical behavior was assessed by conventional dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and by adapting the equipment conditions to simulate a mechanical fatigue test at human body temperature—cyclic stress in isotherm at 36.5°C. DMA results showed that for temperatures above 30°C, the storage module of PLA/ZnO was higher when compared to neat PLA, and in the fatigue test, PLA/ZnO withstood more than 3600 cycles while neat PLA failed after an average of 1768 cycles. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests revealed that cyclic stress did not cause changes in the degree of crystallinity of the PLA. The microdilution and plating methods were applied to bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli) and to yeast (Candida albicans) and revealed the antimicrobial effect of ZnO nanofibers and the PLA/ZnO composite. The antimicrobial activity and fatigue resistance of PLA/ZnO nanocomposites indicate that the material has potential for application in bone implants.
Physicochemical properties of pullulan/chitosan/graphene oxide composite films
Authors: Román‐Doval Ramón , Gómez‐Sánchez Alejandro , Millán‐Casarrubias Elmer Joel , Prokhorov Evgen , Montejo‐Alvaro Fernando , de Luna Bugallo Andres , Hernández‐Iturriaga Montserrat , Leal‐Cervantes Marla , Luna‐Barcenas Gabriel , Mendoza Sandra
Published: February 2022

We report the production of pullulan (Pul)/chitosan (Chi)/graphene oxide (GO) composite films (CF‐Pul/Chi + GO). We observed that the addition of GO increases the film's roughness while keeping good GO dispersion. Both the strong interactions between Pul and Chi and the formation of hydrogen bonds between Chi and GO seem to be responsible for the formation of the composite film. The dielectric constant, Young's modulus and the tensile strength of the CF‐Pul/Chi + GO films exhibit maximum values at 1 μg mL−1 GO concentration. At GO concentrations higher than 1 μg mL−1, the interfacial layers between the polymer matrix and GO overlap, affecting the value of the dielectric constant and the mechanical properties of the films. Moreover, the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay carried out on LL47 fibroblast cells reveals that the CF‐Pul/Chi + 1 μg mL−1 GO films are not cytotoxic. In this regard, CF‐Pul/Chi 50/50 + 1 μg mL−1 GO has remarkable properties to be considered for a safe film with potential uses in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. © 2022 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Factors that influence time to prosthesis receipt after lower limb amputation: A Cox proportional hazard model regression
Authors: Miller Taavy A. , Paul Rajib , Forthofer Melinda , Wurdeman Shane R.
Published: February 2022

Background

Early mobility, functional independence, and ambulation are associated benefits after lower limb amputation (LLA), whereas an increased risk of clinical complications is associated with no prosthesis.

Objective

To describe time to prosthesis receipt after amputation and to assess the impact of patient demographic and health factors on the rate of prosthesis receipt within 12 months post LLA.

Design

A retrospective cohort analysis using commercial administrative claims data. Kaplan‐Meier and Cox proportional‐hazards models were applied to assess time to prosthesis receipt.

Setting

Watson/Truven administrative database 2014‐2016.

Participants

Adults aged 18‐64 years with LLA who maintained their current insurance enrollment for 12 months after amputation.

Interventions

Independent variables included diabetes/vascular disease status, amputation level, age, gender, and region.

Main Outcome Measures

Prosthesis receipt was defined based on the presence of codes billed for prosthesis services. Time was measured in days from date of amputation surgery.

Results

Among the sample, 510 individuals maintained insurance enrollment for 12 months after amputation, of which 443 individuals received a prosthesis within that period (79% below knee and 21% above knee). The adjusted average rate of time to prosthesis receipt was 138 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 113–185) days. Individuals with diabetes/vascular disease were 22% (hazard ratio: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.02–1.49) more likely to receive a prosthesis earlier than individuals without diabetes/vascular disease and women received a prosthesis later than men at 141 (95% CI: 126–162) days versus 106 (95% CI: 96–119) days, respectively.

Conclusions

This study expands the understanding of factors that influence the likelihood of receiving a prosthesis along with the timing of prosthesis receipt after LLA among commercially insured adults. At least half of this sample received a prosthesis within 5 months or less. Disparities in timing and access to a prosthesis based on amputation level and gender were noted; future efforts are needed to address these issues.
Preparation and support for physical activity following hospital discharge after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A survey of current practice in New Zealand
Authors: Gray Emily Anne , Skinner Margot Alison , Hale Leigh Anne , Bunton Richard Waldron
Published: February 2022

Background and Purpose

Engagement in physical activity following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery has many benefits and also many potential barriers, especially during the first few months. It is important to explore current clinical practice before investigating ways to optimally prepare and support people to progressively increase their physical activity post‐hospital discharge and to navigate the challenges. The aim of the study was to explore current practice in New Zealand hospital services for preparing and supporting people who have had CABG surgery to engage in physical activity following hospital discharge.

Methods

Locality authorisation to participate in the study was sought from all 11 hospitals providing cardiac surgery services in New Zealand. The most senior health professional responsible for preparing people to engage in physical activity following CABG surgery was invited to participate by completing a purpose designed questionnaire on behalf of their hospital service. Respondents were also requested to provide any patient information handouts regarding progressive physical activity engagement following CABG surgery.

Results

Responses were received from all nine hospitals that granted locality authorisation. All nine hospitals prepared people to engage in aerobic exercise prior to discharge, predominantly through the provision of a walking schedule. In contrast, no hospitals provided information about engagement in resistance exercise. There was wide variability in both the advice provided regarding sternal precautions and time to return to activities of daily living. Additionally, the facilitation of some elements of self‐management for physical activity, in particular problem solving and providing follow up support outside of the cardiac rehabilitation setting was provided infrequently.

Discussion

The findings demonstrated variability in service delivery in a number of areas and highlighted potential areas for improvement in light of what is known from the literature. Provision of follow up support for those unable to access outpatient cardiac rehabilitation is a key need.
Structure and dynamics of the SARS‐CoV‐2 envelope protein monomer
Authors: Kuzmin Alexander , Orekhov Philipp , Astashkin Roman , Gordeliy Valentin , Gushchin Ivan
Published: February 2022

Coronaviruses, especially severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), present an ongoing threat to human wellbeing. Consequently, elucidation of molecular determinants of their function and interaction with the host is an important task. Whereas some of the coronaviral proteins are extensively characterized, others remain understudied. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations to analyze the structure and dynamics of the SARS‐CoV‐2 envelope (E) protein (a viroporin) in the monomeric form. The protein consists of the hydrophobic α‐helical transmembrane domain (TMD) and amphiphilic α‐helices H2 and H3, connected by flexible linkers. We show that TMD has a preferable orientation in the membrane, while H2 and H3 reside at the membrane surface. Orientation of H2 is strongly influenced by palmitoylation of cysteines Cys40, Cys43, and Cys44. Glycosylation of Asn66 affects the orientation of H3. We also observe that the monomeric E protein both generates and senses the membrane curvature, preferably localizing with the C‐terminus at the convex regions of the membrane; the protein in the pentameric form displays these properties as well. Localization to curved regions may be favorable for assembly of the E protein oligomers, whereas induction of curvature may facilitate the budding of the viral particles. The presented results may be helpful for a better understanding of the function of the coronaviral E protein and viroporins in general, and for overcoming the ongoing SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic.
Designing moulded pulp packaging using a topology optimization and superimpose method
Authors: Bahlau Jacob , Lee Euihark
Published: February 2022

Moulded pulp is a paper‐based packaging solution that is fully biodegradable and has been growing in demand due to environmental considerations. While demand has been growing, many moulded pulp packaging designs are based on the experience and knowledge of the package designer, which can lead to avoidable design issues. To solve this issue, this paper introduces a moulded pulp packaging design method using topology optimization. Topology optimization provides a systematic way to find the conceptual optimum design by minimizing strain energy. Taking the results of the topology optimization and implementing a superimpose method, the design process can be more efficient than the conventional design method. As a result, the proposed method provides a design that reduces the maximum stress of the packaging structure. With the reduction in stress, an exhaustive search method is then used to reduce the thickness of the package to decrease material usage while maintaining stress reduction.
Robust discrete‐time fractional‐order control for an unmanned aerial vehicle based on disturbance observer
Authors: Shao Shuyi , Chen Mou
Published: February 2022

In this article, a robust discrete‐time fractional‐order tracking control scheme based on a discrete‐time disturbance observer (DTDO) is proposed for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system in the presence of unknown bounded variation disturbances. A DTDO is first constructed to estimate the unknown bounded disturbance. On the basis of the output of the DTDO and the discrete‐time fractional‐order theories, a robust discrete‐time fractional‐order control scheme is then designed by using the backstepping control technique for a discrete‐time UAV system with disturbances. The proposed control scheme is expected to guarantee the stability of the closed‐loop system with all system signals bounded. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
A Novel Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Anode via Oxygen and Boron Codoped Honeycomb Carbon Skeleton
Authors: Xie Yiwen , Zhang Haiyan , Yu Jiale , Liu Zhenjiang , Zhang Shangshang , Shao Huaiyu , Cao Yuliang , Huang Xifeng , Li Shengkai
Published: February 2022

Lithium (Li) metal is an excellent anode of Li ion batteries because of its high theoretical capacity and the low redox potential compared to other anodes. However, the uncontrollable growth of Li dendrites still incurs serious safety issues and poor electrochemical performances, leading to its limited practical application. An oxygen and boron codoped honeycomb carbon skeleton (OBHcCs) is reported and a stable Li metal‐based anode is realized. It can be coated on a copper foil substrate to be used as a current collector for a dendrite‐free Li metal anode. OBHcCs effectively reduces the local current density owing to the high surface area and inhibits Li dendrite growth, which is explored by scanning electron microscopy and an X‐ray photoelectron spectra depth profile. The abundant lithiophilic oxygen and boron‐containing functional groups reduce the potential barrier of nucleation and lead to the homogeneous Li ions flux as confirmed by the density functional theories. Therefore, the Li metal anode based on OBHcCs (OBHcCs@Li) stably runs for 700 h in a symmetric cell with a Li stripping capacity of 1 mAh cm−2 at 1 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the OBHcCs@Li|LiFePO4 full cell shows a good capacity retention of 84.6% with a high coulombic efficiency of 99.6% at 0.5 C for 500 cycles.
Assessing Fire‐Damage in Historical Papers and Alleviating Damage with Soft Cellulose Nanofibers
Authors: Völkel Laura , Beaumont Marco , Johansson Leena‐Sisko , Czibula Caterina , Rusakov Dmitrii , Mautner Andreas , Teichert Christian , Kontturi Eero , Rosenau Thomas , Potthast Antje
Published: February 2022

The conservation of historical paper objects with high cultural value is an important societal task. Papers that have been severely damaged by fire, heat, and extinguishing water, are a particularly challenging case, because of the complexity and severity of damage patterns. In‐depth analysis of fire‐damaged papers, by means of examples from the catastrophic fire in a 17th‐century German library, shows the changes, which proceeded from the margin to the center, to go beyond surface charring and formation of hydrophobic carbon‐rich layers. The charred paper exhibits structural changes in the nano‐ and micro‐range, with increased porosity and water sorption. In less charred areas, cellulose is affected by both chain cleavage and cross‐linking. Based on these results and conclusions with regard to adhesion of auxiliaries, a stabilization method is developed, which coats the damaged paper with a thin layer of cellulose nanofibers. It enables the reliable preservation of the paper and—most importantly—retrieval of the contained historical information: the nanofibers form a flexible, transparent film on the surface and adhere strongly to the damaged matrix, greatly reducing its fragility, giving it stability, and enabling digitization and further handling.
Glutathione‐Bioimprinted Nanoparticles Targeting of N6‐methyladenosine FTO Demethylase as a Strategy against Leukemic Stem Cells
Authors: Cao Kunxia , Du Yangyang , Bao Xin , Han Mingda , Su Rui , Pang Jiuxia , Liu Shujun , Shi Zhan , Yan Fei , Feng Shouhua
Published: February 2022

The N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase FTO plays an oncogenic role in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Despite the promising recent progress for developing some small‐molecule FTO inhibitors, the clinical potential remains limited due to mild biological function, toxic side effects and low sensitivity and/or specificity to leukemic stem cells (LSCs). Herein, FTO inhibitor‐loaded GSH‐bioimprinted nanocomposites (GNPIPP12MA) are developed that achieves targeting of the FTO/m6A pathway synergized GSH depletion for enhancing anti‐leukemogenesis. GNPIPP12MA can selectively target leukemia blasts, especially LSCs, and induce ferroptosis by disrupting intracellular redox status. In addition, GNPIPP12MA increases global m6A RNA modification and decreases the transcript levels in LSCs. GNPIPP12MA augments the efficacy of the PD‐L1 blockade by increasing the infiltration of cytotoxic T cells for enhanced anti‐leukemia immunity. This study offers insights for a GSH‐bioimprinted nanoplatform targeting m6A RNA methylation as a synergistic treatment strategy against cancer stem cells that may translate to clinical applications.
Surface and interface chemistry in metal‐free electrocatalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction
Authors: Zhang Wei , Jia Baohua , Liu Xue , Ma Tianyi
Published: February 2022

The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) into value‐added fuels and chemicals presents a sustainable route to alleviate CO2 emissions, promote carbon‐neutral cycles and reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. Considering the thermodynamic stability of the CO2 molecule and sluggish reaction kinetics, it is still a challenge to design highly efficient electrocatalysts for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). It has been found that the surface and interface chemistry of electrocatalysts can modulate the electronic structure and increase the active sites, which is favorable for CO2 adsorption, electron transfer, mass transport, and optimizing adsorption strength of reaction intermediates. However, the effect of surface and interface chemistry on metal‐free electrocatalysts (MFEs) for CO2RR has not been comprehensively reviewed. Herein, we discuss the importance of the surface and interface chemistry on MFEs for improving the electrochemical CO2RR performance based on thermodynamic and kinetic views. The fundamentals and challenges of CO2RR are firstly presented. Then, the recent advances of the surface and interface chemistry in improving reaction rate and overcoming reaction constraints are reviewed from regulating electronic structure, active sites, electron transfer, mass transport, and intermediate binding energy. Finally, the research challenges and prospects are proposed to suggest the future designs of advanced MFEs in CO2RR.
Connecting Elementary Students Through Grid Pals to Develop Literacy Skills
Authors: Gurjar Nandita
Published: February 2022

The article provides practical tips on using Flipgrid in elementary classrooms. The sociocultural approach to learning leverages global collaboration and inclusivity to honor student voices. Authentic instructional activities and cultural literacy practices are aligned with Literacy Common Core standards to promote children's literacy development.
Risk factors influencing brumation success in captive tortoises in the United Kingdom
Authors: Baldrey Vicki , Guezennec Louis , Hedley Joanna
Published: February 2022

Background

This survey of tortoise owners was performed to investigate the factors contributing to morbidity and mortality during and post‐brumation in captive Testudo species in the United Kingdom.

Methods

Information regarding a total of 270 tortoises was included in the study, from 252 completed surveys. Binary logistic regression and multivariate modelling were used to evaluate the potential predictors associated with brumation mortality and those associated with post‐brumation problems.

Results

A 7.78% mortality rate was found, with 7.22% of surviving tortoises reported to have post‐brumation health concerns. Brumation in a garden and an uncontrolled reduction of temperature prior to brumation were the main risk factors for morbidity and mortality in the study.

Conclusions

Veterinarians should be aware of these risk factors to ensure they target husbandry and brumation advice to owners of tortoises to reduce these risks.
Potential applications of N6‐methyladenosine modification in the prognosis and treatment of cancers via modulating apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis
Authors: Zhi Yuan , Zhang Shanshan , Zi Moxin , Wang Yian , Liu Yuhang , Zhang Mi , Shi Lei , Yan Qijia , Zeng Zhaoyang , Xiong Wei , Zhi Keqian , Gong Zhaojian
Published: February 2022

N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most abundant modifications determining the fate of RNA. Currently, m6A modification is tightly connected with tumorigenesis and presents novel promise in clinical applications. Regulated cell death (RCD) is a programmed mechanism that plays a complicated role in malignant transition. Regarding the main forms of RCD, aberrant levels of m6A modification have been detected during the progression of apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis in several diseases. However, few reviews have elucidated the correlation between m6A‐modified RCD and carcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize the regulators of m6A methylation and their functions in carcinogenesis through an overview of m6A‐modified RCD. Additionally, we assume the potential role of m6A modification regulators as novel biomarkers for chemotherapies and precision medicine. Furthermore, we review the controversies and conflicts in m6A explorations and predict future orientations of m6A‐modified RCD for clinical applications.

This article is categorized under:

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs
Stability of generalized Einstein-Maxwell-scalar black holes
Authors: Gannouji Radouane , Baez Yolbeiker Rodríguez
Published: February 2022

Abstract

We study the stability of static black holes in generalized Einstein-Maxwell-scalar theories. We derive the master equations for the odd and even parity perturbations. The sufficient and necessary conditions for the stability of black holes under odd-parity perturbations are derived. We show that these conditions are usually not similar to energy conditions even in the simplest case of a minimally coupled scalar field. We obtain the necessary conditions for the stability of even-parity perturbations. We also derived the speed of propagation of the five degrees of freedom and obtained the class of theories for which all degrees of freedom propagate at the speed of light. Finally, we have applied our results to various black holes in nonlinear electrodynamics, scalar-tensor theories and Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton theory. For the latter, we have also calculated the quasinormal modes.
Effekte der gesetzlichen Qualitätssicherung in der akutstationären Versorgung
Authors: Geraedts Max , de Cruppé Werner
Published: February 2022

Hintergrund

Die gesetzliche Qualitätssicherung (QS) dient der Sicherung und Weiterentwicklung der Qualität der Leistungserbringung. Besonders prominent in Deutschlands akutstationärer Versorgung sind die verpflichtend anzufertigenden Qualitätsberichte (QB) und die Beteiligung an externen Qualitätsvergleichen (eQS). Deren Effekte wurden bisher nicht umfassend evaluiert.

Fragestellung

Mit welchen Effekten auf die Versorgungsqualität gehen eQS und QB einher?

Material und Methode

Auf der Basis einer selektiven Literaturrecherche wurden internationale Erkenntnisse zu den Effekten der QS zusammengestellt. Diese wurden durch Analysen der Qualitätsreporte der seit 2001 für die eQS zuständigen Institutionen, der Bundesgeschäftsstelle Qualitätssicherung (BQS), des Instituts für angewandte Qualitätsförderung und Forschung im Gesundheitswesen (AQUA) und des Instituts für Qualitätssicherung und Transparenz im Gesundheitswesen (IQTIG) ergänzt.

Ergebnisse

Laut internationaler Literatur können höchstens schwache Effekte dieser Maßnahmen vor allem auf die Prozessqualität erwartet werden. Studien aus Deutschland beobachten zumeist nur unkontrolliert zeitliche Trends und weisen zum Teil verbesserte Qualitätsindikatoren nach. Nur je eine kontrollierte Studie konnte für die eQS bzw. die QB jeweils schwache positive Effekte auf die Ergebnis- bzw. Prozessqualität zeigen.

Diskussion

Weder für die QB noch die eQS liegen überzeugende Evaluationsergebnisse vor. Als potenzielle Ursachen können Mängel der adressatenorientierten Gestaltung der QB und der rückgemeldeten Indikatorergebnisse in Bezug auf deren Validität, Risikoadjustierung und zeitliche Verfügbarkeit angeführt werden. Die gesetzliche QS sollte überarbeitet werden, indem die Voraussetzungen für erfolgreiche Leistungsrückkopplungen stärker beachtet werden und wieder Raum für eine intrinsisch motivierte Auseinandersetzung mit der eigenen Versorgungsqualität geschaffen wird.
Validity of the Algorithm for Liver Resection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Caudate Lobe
Authors: Yoshida Nao , Midorikawa Yutaka , Higaki Tokio , Nakayama Hisashi , Moriguchi Masamichi , Aramaki Osamu , Tsuji Shingo , Okamura Yukiyasu , Takayama Tadatoshi
Published: February 2022

Background

We aimed to validate our algorithm for resecting Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the caudate lobe based on tumor location, tumor size, and indocyanine green clearance rate.

Methods

Patients who underwent curative resections for solitary HCC in the caudate lobe were included. The surgical outcomes of patients with HCC in the caudate lobe were compared with those of patients with HCC in other sites of the liver.

Results

After one‐to‐one matching, the caudate‐lobe group (n = 150) had longer operation time, greater amount of bleeding, lower weight of resected specimens, and shorter distance between tumor and resection line than the other‐sites group (n = 150), but the complication rates were not different between the groups (38.0% vs. 34.1%, P = 0.719). After a median follow‐up period of 3.0 years (range, 0.3−16.2 years), the median overall survivals were 6.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.3–7.9) and 7.5 years (95% CI, 6.3–9.7) in the caudate‐lobe and other‐site groups, respectively (P = 0.430). Median recurrence‐free survivals in the caudate‐lobe group (1.9 years; 95% CI, 1.4–2.7) had a tendency to be shorter than those in the other‐sites group (2.3 years; 1.7–3.4) (P = 0.052).

Conclusions

Patients’ survival and complication rates in the caudate‐lobe group were comparable to those in the other‐sites group; therefore, our algorithm for resecting HCC in the caudate lobe is of clinical use.
Dementia and migration: culturally sensitive healthcare services and projects in Germany
Authors: Monsees Jessica , Öztürk Sümeyra , Thyrian Jochen René
Published: February 2022

Background

There are approximately 96,500 people with a migration background (PwM) with dementia in Germany. They and their families face not only dementia-related challenges but also the challenge of having little knowledge about the healthcare system and its services and thus more difficulty in accessing support. Germany’s national dementia strategy recognises these individuals as a risk group and thus aims to expand the provision of culturally sensitive information and healthcare services.

Objective

To determine the amount of culturally sensitive information and healthcare services as well as projects on dementia and migration.

Method

With a scoping review the PsycInfo, PsycArticles and Psychology & Behavioral Sciences Collection databases, Google Search, the network map (Netzwerkkarte on the website www.demenz-und-migration.de) and the websites of various research funding bodies were used to find culturally sensitive information and healthcare services as well as current projects on dementia and migration.

Results

Listed are 45 care services as well as 3 additional projects that deal with dementia and migration at the local level. The geographical distribution of the offers shows that most of the services can be found in federal states where most PwM with dementia live.

Discussion

It is necessary to provide information and healthcare services in all regions and to adapt them to PwM. Different aspects and culturally sensitive measures are important when informing PwM with dementia, as such information can enable these individuals to access the healthcare system and help to provide them with care. It is important to bring together relevant stakeholders to provide access and services that improve the situation of PwM with dementia and their families.
Toll- like receptor 2 polymorphism and IL-6 profile in relation to disease progression in chronic HBV infection: a case control study in Egyptian patients
Authors: Elbrolosy Asmaa M. , Elabd Naglaa S. , ElGedawy Gamalat A. , Abozeid Mai , Abdelkreem Mervat , Montaser Belal , Eed Emad M. , Elhamouly Moamena S.
Published: February 2022

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) has a wide range of outcomes depending on host immune responses mainly Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling and released cytokines. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) may influence the course of CHB. We aimed to elucidate the relation between TLR-2 polymorphism, IL-6 profile, and CHB progression. We analyzed TLR-2 polymorphism (SNP; rs3804099) in 185 CHB patients and 60 controls using TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. Serum IL-6 levels were assessed by ELISA. IL-6 levels were considerably higher in active CHB and cirrhotic patients compared with inactive carriers and controls (P < 0.001). IL-6 showed positive correlation with ALT and advanced fibrosis in active CHB patients (r = 0.31,P = 0.02). A significant positive correlation was noticed between IL-6 and HBV DNA PCR in all CHB groups. TT genotype of rs3804099/TLR-2 was significantly more prevalent in inactive carriers compared to active hepatitis patients (P = 0.04, OR = 0.39 and 95% CI: 0.16–0.95). Both heterozygous CT and mutant TT genotypes were significantly more frequent among inactive carriers compared to cirrhotic patients (P = 0.01, OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.13–0.81 andP = 0.009, OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.13–0.77). TT genotype was significantly related to lower IL-6 levels in active hepatitis and cirrhotic groups (P = 0.005 andP = 0.001, respectively) showing that TLR mutations would be associated with milder hepatitis activity and lower possibility for disease progression. There may be a positive association between TLR2 rs3804099 polymorphism and hepatitis B activity. IL-6 is a good indicator of CHB disease progression.
Differences in awareness of positive and negative age-related changes accounting for variability in health outcomes
Authors: Sabatini Serena , Ukoumunne Obioha C. , Brothers Allyson , Diehl Manfred , Wahl Hans-Werner , Ballard Clive , Collins Rachel , Corbett Anne , Brooker Helen , Clare Linda
Published: February 2022

Higher awareness of positive age-related changes (AARC gains) is related to better mental health, whereas higher awareness of negative age-related changes (AARC losses) is related to poorer mental and physical health. So far perceived gains and losses have been explored separately, but people report gains and losses concurrently in varying degrees, and different profiles of gains and losses may be differentially associated with health. We identified profiles of gains and losses and explored whether different profiles differed in physical, mental, and cognitive health. We used cross-sectional data from the PROTECT study (N = 6192; mean (SD) age = 66.1 (7.0)). Using latent profile analysis, a four-class solution showed the best model fit. We found that 45% of people perceived many gains and few losses (Class 1); 24% perceived moderate gains and few losses (Class 2); 24% perceived many gains and moderate losses (Class 3); 7% perceived many gains and many losses (Class 4). Analysis of variance and Chi-squared tests showed that Class 1 had relatively better physical, mental, and cognitive health, followed by Classes 2, 3, and 4. Experiencing one’s ageing to a high degree as gain may be related to better health only when individuals interpret ageing as involving low levels of loss across several life domains. Risk in terms of poorer health emerged in those who perceived high losses. Considering gains and losses in parallel, rather than separately, may lead to a more fine-tuned understanding of relations with health.
Eye Gaze in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of Neural Evidence for the Eye Avoidance Hypothesis
Authors: Stuart Nicole , Whitehouse Andrew , Palermo Romina , Bothe Ellen , Badcock Nicholas
Published: February 2022

Reduced eye contact early in life may play a role in the developmental pathways that culminate in a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. However, there are contradictory theories regarding the neural mechanisms involved. According to the amygdala theory of autism, reduced eye contact results from a hypoactive amygdala that fails to flag eyes as salient. However, the eye avoidance hypothesis proposes the opposite—that amygdala hyperactivity causes eye avoidance. This review evaluated studies that measured the relationship between eye gaze and activity in the ‘social brain’ when viewing facial stimuli. Of the reviewed studies, eight of eleven supported the eye avoidance hypothesis. These results suggest eye avoidance may be used to reduce amygdala-related hyperarousal among people on the autism spectrum.
Cardiac fibroblasts secrete exosome microRNA to suppress cardiomyocyte pyroptosis in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Liu Niannian , Xie Liang , Xiao Pingxi , Chen Xing , Kong Wenjie , Lou Qiaozhen , Chen Feng , Lu Xiang
Published: February 2022

Molecular mechanisms underlying myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury and effective strategies to treat MI/R injury are both in shortage. Although pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes and the protective role of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) have been well recognized as targets to reduce MI/R injury and sudden cardiac death (SCD), the connection has not yet been established. Here, we showed that CFs protected cardiomyocytes against MI/R-induced injury through suppression of pyroptosis. A novel molecular mechanism underpinning this effect was further identified. Under hypoxia/reoxygenation condition, CFs were found to secrete exosomes, which contain increased level of microRNA-133a (miR-133a). These exosomes then delivered miR-133a into cardiomyocytes to target ELAVL1 and repressed cardiomyocyte pyroptosis. Based on this finding, we successfully developed a new strategy that used exosomes derived from CFs with overexpressed miR-133a to enhance the therapeutic outcomes for the MI/R injury. Overall, our results provide a novel molecular basis for understanding and treating MI/R injury, and our study also provides novel insight for the postmortem diagnosis of MI/R injury induced SCD by using exosome biomarker in forensic.
The role of Rho/ROCK in epileptic seizure-related neuronal damage
Authors: Wang Zhihan , Ren Dabin , Zheng Ping
Published: February 2022

Epilepsy is one of the most severe neurological disorders characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures. Although more than two-thirds of patients can be cured with anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), the rest one-third of epilepsy patients are resistant to AEDs. A series of studies have demonstrated Rho/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway might be involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy in the recent twenty years. Several related pathway inhibitors of Rho/ROCK have been used in the treatment of epilepsy. We searched PubMed from Jan 1, 2000 to Dec 31, 2020, using the terms "epilepsy AND Rho AND ROCK" and "seizure AND Rho AND ROCK". We selected articles that characterized Rho/ROCK in animal models of epilepsy and patients. We then chose the most relevant research studies including in-vitro, in-vivo and clinical trials. The expression of Rho/ROCK could be a potential non-invasive biomarker to apply in treatment for patients with epilepsy. RhoA and ROCK show significant upregulation in the acute and chronic stage of epilepsy. ROCK inhibitors can reduce the epilepsy, epileptic seizure-related neuronal death and comorbidities. These findings demonstrate the novel development for diagnosis and treatment for patients with epilepsy. Rho/ROCK signaling pathway inhibitors may show more promising effects in epilepsy and related neurological diseases.
The only ethical argument for positive δ? Partiality and pure time preference
Authors: Mogensen Andreas L.
Published: February 2022

I consider the plausibility ofdiscounting for kinship, the view that a positive rate of pure intergenerational time preference is justifiable in terms of agent-relative moral reasons relating to partiality between generations. I respond to Parfit's objections to discounting for kinship, but then highlight a number of apparent limitations of this approach. I show that these limitations largely fall away when we reflect on social discounting in the context of decisions that concern the global community as a whole, such as those related to global climate change.