bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasmodium falciparum exoerythrocytic forms require the PTEX translocon for development in human hepatocytes
Authors: McConville Robyn , Krol Jelte , Steel Ryan , O'Neill Matthew , Davey Bethany , Hodder Anthony , Nebl Tom , Cowman Alan , Kneteman N. M. , Boddey Justin
Published: March 2023

Plasmodium falciparum assembles a protein translocon (PTEX) at the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) of infected erythrocytes, through which several hundred proteins are exported. The preceding Plasmodium liver stage develops in hepatocytes within a PVM; however, the importance of PTEX and identification of exported proteins in P. falciparum liver stages remains unexplored. Here, we apply the FlpL/FRT system to P. falciparum NF54 to conditionally excise genes in sporozoites, enabling studies at the liver stage. Conditional disruption of PTEX components PTEX150 and EXP2 in sporozoites does not affect their development or infectivity but attenuates liver stage growth. While PTEX150-deficiency significantly reduces liver load in humanized mice, EXP2-deficiency conferred a severe fitness cost, demonstrating that PTEX is essential for P. falciparum liver stage development. We show that liver specific protein 2 (LISP2) and circumsporozoite protein (CSP) contain putative PEXEL sequences cleaved by plasmepsin V, yet they localize to the PVM of infected hepatocytes. The abundance of LISP2 is reduced in PTEX-deficient liver stages, suggesting this protein is degraded in the absence of a functioning PTEX complex. This study employs the FlpL/FRT system for functional analysis of P. falciparum pre-erythrocytic biology, revealing that the protein export translocon required for growth in erythrocytes is essential for P. falciparum development in hepatocytes and normal LISP2 expression. It also describes two P. falciparum proteins that contain putative PEXEL motifs that are targeted to the PVM.
Sediment yield modelling using SDR and MUSLE with high resolution satellite precipitation dataset in an ungauged basin
Authors: Sampath Vinoth Kumar , Radhakrishnan Nisha
Published: March 2023

Erosion has become one of the extreme ecological dangers in up to date. Decrease of minerals in the upper layer of soil leads to failure in sustainable crop practices. Many researchers have developed prediction models of Sediment Yield (SY) in gauged basins. But modelling for an ungauged basin is very difficult due to the difficulty in validating the predicted model. The primary goal of the study was to identify the sedimentation in the study area using multiple(SY) methodologies, including Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) and Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE), in an ungauged basin with a high-resolution satellite precipitation dataset.. Different attributes such as LULC (land use / land cover), soil texture, precipitation, topography, etc. was incorporated to estimate the SY in Ponnaniyar river basin,. The generated SY map from SDR and MUSLE was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). The SDR model was found to be an efficient method for determining the SY for Ponnaniyar river basin, and also satisfied the criteria of AUC value of 0.752. The severely affected sub-watershed of Ponnaniyar river basin was identified with the help of erosion and yield spatial map. The obtained results will help prioritize the sub-watershed for locating water harvesting structures in further studies. This study suggests placing the gauging station in Ponnaniyar river basin to monitor the daily observation of discharge and SY estimation to prevent soil loss during flash flooding.
Personnel Management System in Healthcare Institutions: Foreign and Domestic Experience
Authors: Slatvytska Nataliia , Myroshnychenko Iuliia , Kobushko Iana , Rekunenko Ihor
Published: March 2023

The primary role in the organisation of healthcare facilities belongs to the medical worker, and the development of an effective personnel management system is the main task of personnel management managers in this field. The current health care system in Ukraine faces the difficult task of adapting to market conditions of business through systematic restructuring and improvement of its state regulation mechanisms, and most importantly, implementation of the integrated development and management of medical personnel, on which the performance of the system’s tasks depends. The article aims to compare the personnel management system in healthcare institutions, considering foreign and domestic experience. In addition, the authors carried out a scientific and theoretical justification of the place and role of personnel management in the healthcare field in the current conditions of the European integration of Ukraine. Within the framework of this study, the authors investigated the directions of scientific publications devoted to personnel management systems in the healthcare field. Data containing bibliographic information about scientific publications in peer-reviewed publications were obtained from the Scopus database. The results showed that scholars research human resources management in healthcare institutions, mainly focusing on personnel development, HRM, total quality management, organisational culture, personal loyalty, leadership, gender issues, and psychological aspects. The analysis of the experience of European countries with a developed healthcare system allows us to conclude that there is a need to implement optimal mechanisms for the development of human resources aimed at training, support, preservation and effective use of available resources, which is one of the important areas of personnel management of the institution. In addition, the reform strategy emphasises the need for cross-sectoral linkages (between education, health, labour and finance sectors), practical analytical justification and alignment of political decisions between sectors of the economy.
A Note on End-User Requirements Elicitation for Electronic Medical Records Implementations
Authors: Mahurkar Arnav
Published: March 2023

This paper summarises the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of the implementation of Electronic Medical Records (EMR). The primary purpose of the research is to present a framework for gathering end-user requirements in EMR system implementation. The cross-geographical literature review demonstrates EMR system implementation to be a complicated task to manage. A systematic review of literature sources and approaches for solving the problem indicates that a lack of end-user participation often results in technology rollbacks. The failures to implement electronic medical records are considered to be the reasons for financial losses, followed by the rearrangements of key personnel. The author of the article investigates the role of the main actors involved in the healthcare process. Consequently, as the market adoption of EMRs grows and its impact as a workflow management tool in care facilities increases, focusing on end-user requirements during the implementation phase becomes essential. Investigation of the topic reveals that the opposing points of view, learning investments, and the embedded nature of older technologies deter users from accepting new technology. Methodological research tools involved studying the workflows in a regular outpatient journey. Taking the case of a standard outpatient facility, the paper attempts to present its results through a framework for requirement gathering in the pre-implementation stages. A plan of action for eliciting end-user requirements for the users in a three-stage framework is being proposed. Considering the diverse number of actors in the standard outpatient journey, the three-stage framework breaks down requirements by roles and educational backgrounds and gathers into 1) antecedent or existing conditions; 2) formal and informal communication channels; 3) user and system-generated requirements. This framework relies on synthesising existing frameworks and arranging them in sequential order for real-world implementations based on existing research papers.
Postharvest Handling of Lily of the Nile Flowers
Authors: Mor Yoram , Halevy Abraham H. , Kofranek Anton M. , Reid Michael S.
Published: March 2023

A range of postharvest treatments was applied to cut flowers of the Lily of the Niie, Agapanthus orientalis Hoffmanns cvs, Mooreanus (blue) and Albidus (white), in an effort to improve flower bud opening, vase life, and to reduce floret abscission. Basal treatment of partially opened flowers (2 to 5 florets open) with solutions containing 10–20% sucrose and a bactericide improved bud opening. A 60% to 120% increase in vase life and a substantial reduction in bud abscission (to 20% of the control) was obtained by treating the flowers with the anionic silver-thiosulfate complex (STS) as a basal “pulse” (4 mm Ag+, 3 hr), and spraying the inflorescence with 30 ppm naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) prior to the sucrose pulse. These treatments also were effective in flowers subjected to short-term cold storage (4 days at 1°C).
Master of Science in Medical Statistics Programme at Universiti Sains Malaysia: 20 Years Ongoing
Authors:   Unit of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Bachok Norsa’adah , Yaacob Najib Majdi ,   Unit of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Abdullah Sarimah ,   Unit of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Kueh Yee Cheng ,   Unit of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Ab Hamid Siti Azrin ,   Unit of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Ghazali Anis Kausar ,   Unit of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Arifin Wan Nor ,   Unit of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
Published: March 2023

Health and medical research are important parts of the curriculum of medical and health programmes in universities and play an important role in the functioning of organisations related to health care. There is a shortage of well-trained health and medical research statisticians. This article describes the courses and structure of the Master of Science in Medical Statistics programme at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), as well as the graduates’ achievements. It is a 2-year programme that prepares qualified and competent graduates in statistical methods and data analysis for research in health and medical sciences. The Biostatistics and Research Methodology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, USM has been running the programme since 2003. It is currently the only medical statistics programme available in Malaysia. There have been 97 graduates since 2005, with an employment rate of 96.7% and a successful subsequent doctorate rate of 21.1%. Most of the students returned to their previous employments, mainly with the Ministry of Health of Malaysia and several others became lecturers, statisticians or research officers. The employability of graduates from this programme is very high and their professional future is bright. We hope our graduates will impart their knowledge and skills to the nation.
Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant System in Selected Skin Disorders
Authors:   Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia, Md Jaffri Juliana
Published: March 2023

The skin has a solid protective system that includes the stratum corneum as the primary barrier and a complete antioxidant defence system to maintain the skin’s normal redox homeostasis. The epidermal and dermal cells are continuously exposed to physiological levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) originating from cellular metabolic activities. Environmental insults, such as ultraviolet (UV) rays and air pollutants, also generate ROS that can contribute to structural damage of the skin. The antioxidant defence system ensures that the ROS level remains within the safe limit. In certain skin disorders, oxidative stress plays an important role, and there is an established interplay between oxidative stress and inflammation in the development of the condition. Lower levels of skin antioxidants indicate that oxidative stress may mediate the pathogenesis of the disorder. Accordingly, the total antioxidant level was also found to be lower in individuals with skin disorders in individuals with normal skin conditions. This review attempts to summarise the skin oxidant sources and antioxidant system. In addition, both skin and total antioxidant status of individuals with psoriasis, acne vulgaris, vitiligo and atopic dermatitis (AD), as well as their associations with the progression of these disorders will be reviewed.
Pubic Symphysiotomy
Authors: Harsch Jerry
Published: March 2023

With your indulgence, I will refer to this subject as “pelvis splitting.” This procedure is done obviously to relieve dystocia in heifers.

We use this primarily in cases where we have an oversized calf, and I should preface this by saying primarily in beef cattle. We have used this technique in some dairy cattle but we mostly reserve it for beef animals. I am in an almost exclusively beef practice. We also use it when the heifer has a particularly narrow pelvis. It is of little or no value for the really fat young heifer with a normal pelvis. This procedure is absolutely of no value in a case of limited dilatation of the cervix.
Preconditioning
Authors: Herrick John B.
Published: March 2023

“Condition” means to process, to prepare. “Pre” means before; before some event. “Precondition” means, in reference to cattle, going to the feedlot, to prepare them so they can best withstand the adjustment they undergo when they leave their point of origin to the feedlot. This, in general, refers to their first start—their origin, whether they are calves or older animals. It does not refer to the animal that has already moved into the channels of trade.

“Backgrounding” means processing the animal to best withstand the stresses of feedlot adaptation after leaving its point of origin and has entered the channels of trade.

Preconditioning is not new in that a number of cattlemen have been employing different procedures related to, or leading to, preconditioning for years.
Mineral Sources for Bovines
Authors: Burkitt William H.
Published: March 2023

Since grass tetany will be covered by a later speaker, I will confine my remarks primarily to our experience in reducing the incidence and severity of grass tetany (hypomagnesemia) under spring and fall green grass grazing conditions by force-feeding magnesium oxide. Magnesium oxide is preferred to magnesium sulfate (Epsom Salt) because of lower cost and better palatability of magnesium oxide compared to magnesium sulfate. Also, magnesium oxide contains approximately 54 percent magnesium compared to approximately 10 percent in magnesium sulfate and the magnesium is reported to be more available in magnesium oxide
Management Program for Improving Reproductive Performance
Authors: Wiltbank J. N.
Published: March 2023

What do we expect of a beef cow as far as reproduction is concerned? We would like to have every cow in the herd wean a calf every year and have all the calves dropped early in the calving season. All cows don’t wean a calf and we have late calvers. Therefore, we need to find ways to improve this situation. This paper will point out some of the reasons for poor reproductive performance and then outline ways to improve reproduction. Three steps can be taken to improve reproduction performance:

1. Shorten the breeding season2. Develop replacement heifers properly3. Feed proper level of nutrition.
Feedlot Nutrition
Authors: McCann Chester
Published: March 2023

It is certainly a pleasure to have an opportunity to visit with you gentlemen this afternoon concerning the area of feedlot nutrition. We will take a look at the various routes which the weaning calf might follow in reaching the position of a beef carcass with particular emphasis on the general aspects of nutrition in feedlot cattle.
Therapy In Practice
Authors: Simons John C.
Published: March 2023

In the early days of World War II a general of marines named Smedley Butler said to the President, “Give me a dollar and I will produce a dollar and ten cents worth of soldier.” Such is the kind of accountability that is the challenge of food animal practice and in no place do we cut it finer than in the prevention and treatment of the calf diarrhea complex.

By way of attempted prevention we can balance the ration of the cow. We can immunize against the clostridial entities that are part of the problem. We can insure that the calf gets a healthy dose of colostrum shortly after birth and we can provide some welfare precedures at times of difficult birth and inclement weather. But in spite of what we do, the results remain disappointing and frustrating. The best hope would seem to lie in long-time selection of breeding stock that have not even shown symptoms of the disease, as suggested by Mr. Lasater.

This presentation is directed towards therapy, particularly in advanced cases of calf diarrhea.
Incidence
Authors: Burtsman F. E.
Published: March 2023

First of all, why should we be concerned about internal parasites in cattle. Figures released by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1965 compared the losses over a ten-year period. Losses jumped in cattle from about 27 million dollars to about 147 million. Almost the opposite occurred in other species, and to me it indicates that up to 1965 we had not been too concerned with internal parasites in cattle. We did do a pretty good job of controlling them in all the other species.

These things are hard to see. The largest are about one to one and a quarter inches long. They are roughly about the size of a hair on your eyebrow. They lay eggs at a very rapid rate. They can lay up to 10,000 eggs a day, or seven eggs a minute and 1 am sure that if you had some chickens that would perform that well, you would soon have the egg market cornered!
Acidosis in Ruminants
Authors: Pierson Robert E.
Published: March 2023

Noninfectious diseases of ruminants are more common than infectious diseases. The digestive system is more vulnerable to disorder than any other system. Disorders ranging from stomatitis, choke, bloat, indigestion, intoxications, and displacements are observed in ruminants almost daily. It is doubtful that any animal ever reaches maturity without suffering at some time or another from some kind of digestive dysfunction. Changes in feed are among the most common causes of digestive dysfunction in ruminants.

A sudden change of feed components as occurs in feedlot animals, over-feeding during production competition, or preparing animals for competition showing are examples of causes of feeding troubles resulting in acidosis.
Enterotoxemia in Cattle
Authors: Baker John
Published: March 2023

Enterotoxemia is an acute infectious but non-contagious disease caused by the toxins of Clostridium perfringens Type D or C, or both and characterized by sudden death. This disease is often suspected and diagnosed clinically quite frequently in feedlot cattle. A definitive diagnosis is difficult in most cases.
Nitrate and Urea Problems
Authors: Scott Robert
Published: March 2023

The objective of this treatise is to discuss the following questions relative to nitrate poisoning: What is nitrate poisoning? How does it affect animals? What can be done about it?
Right Paralumbar Omentopexy for the Correction of Left Displaced Abomasum
Authors: Hoffsis Glen F.
Published: March 2023

Left displacement of the abomasum (LDA) is a very important disease of dairy cattle. Until effective and economical preventive measures are discovered veterinarians will be asked to treat a large number of these cases. The most effective treatment at present is surgical correction. Rolling is recommended only on average cows since about 50% of these cows redisplace in two to three days. This results in lost time and added expense especially if they eventually require surgery. Therefore, valuable cows are operated immediately. All of the highly successful surgical procedures for LDA involve correction of the displacement and fixation of either abomasum or omentum (1,2,3).

Cows are not fasted prior to surgery because the ketosis which most cows have would be aggravated and the displacement can be corrected with little difficulty from the right flank approach even if the rumen is full. Cows which are very dehydrated and/or suffering from other concurrent diseases such as metritis are also operated immediately. Attempts at building them up with fluid therapy and antibiotics is usually ineffective as long as the displacement exists.
Non-Surgical Treatment of Displaced Abomasum
Authors: Fox Francis H.
Published: March 2023

I feel embarrassed to be here before you because what little I can offer on the subject of non-surgical treatment of abomasal displacement is classified by the finest as 90% quackery and 10% hope, and that doesn’t leave much to the scientific world! I did not originate this deal. I use it occasionally. I am not going to imply in the least that it should be used when you are confronted with a case of displaced abomasum and the client evaluates the cow for you as one of his best, and do your best, and this would be any one of the acceptable and highly successful surgical techniques.
Endocrine Control of Calcium Metabolism and Parturient Hypocalcemia in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Capen Charles C.
Published: March 2023

Calcium plays a key role in many fundamental biologic processes including neuromuscular excitability, membrane permeability and blood coagulation in addition to being an essential structural component of the skeleton. The precise control of calcium ions in extracellular fluids is vital, therefore, to the health of animals and man. To maintain a constant concentration of calcium, despite marked variations in intake and excretion, endocrine control mechanisms have evolved that primarily consist of the interactions of three major hormones. Although the direct roles of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and vitamin D frequently are emphasized in the control of blood calcium, other hormones such as adrenal corticosteroids, estrogens, thyroxine, somatotrophin and glucagon may contribute to the maintenance of calcium homeostasis under certain conditions. The objectives of this report are: (a) to summarize and illustrate some recent findings on the structure and function of calcium control mechanisms under normal and pathologic conditions; and (b) to relate these findings where indicated to the pathogenic mechanisms of parturient hypocalcemia and paresis in dairy cattle.
Beef Calf Deficiencies in Practice
Authors: Ward J. K.
Published: March 2023

One of the most serious and economically important deficiencies of beef calves in my practice is selenium deficiency. The area is in a mountain valley in Western Montana. Soils vary greatly within a quarter to half mile.

When I first entered practice in 1958, vitamin E was used widely in capsule form in the prevention of white muscle disease with a fair degree of success, but it failed to control the disease as effectively as desired. During the past 25 years, the deficiency has increased in severity, occurring on ranches that previously were not troubled with the problem. With the advent of commercial fertilizers, primarily phosphates and sulfates, it has been shown that these prohibit the forage from utilizing the element selenium in an already borderline deficient soil. I do not recommend the cessation of using commercial fertilizers because of benefits received in the quantity and quality of feeds.
Breeding for Performance and Resistance to Disorders
Authors: Lasater Tom
Published: March 2023

It is certainly an honor to be included in this program as one of your speakers. After attending a number of sessions here I sincerely doubt my ability to fill the bill! You have had some wonderful papers; and we have learned a lot and the humor that has gone along with it has been breathtaking! It really has been 'outstanding. The topic assigned to me today was “Breeding for Performance and Resistance to Disorders.” What we try to do in essence is to cooperate with nature. We follow natural routes in both management and our conservation practices. Many years ago we found that nature is much smarter than all of us put together, and we try to leave as many decisions as possible to nature. We come in for the kill, so to speak. We select on results but we let nature try to figure out how to produce those results, and she has certainly done a spectacular job. All livestock should be bred, born, raised, production tested and sold under conditions in which they will be used. That should be obvious to all of us, but unfortunately the registered cattle industry in this country has not followed that in the past!
Panel Discussion
Authors: Lloyd Herb , Allen Barry , Jackson Robert
Published: March 2023

The members of this panel are Dr. Herb Lloyd of Belle Glade, Florida, who is a mixed practitioner and an Auburn graduate; Dr. Barry Allen, Rotan, Texas, who has a very mixed practice of cow-calf, dogs, cats, feedlot and everything else; and Dr. Robert Jackson, Lancaster, Wisconsin, who we had on the program here yesterday so I know you're all well acquainted with him. We will start this by having each man say a few words about his practice so that you will all get in your own mind what their problems are and then we will try to get a good question and answer session going. I would like to start out with Dr. Allen.
Welcome and Some Insights into Georgia Livestock Production
Authors: Irvin Tommy , Jarrett James
Published: March 2023

Dr. Jarrett: A gentleman who does understand the problems of agriculture-as a farmer from the hills of North Georgia, as a member of our state legislature and very active in the area of agriculture when he was there, as our state com-missioner of agriculture Mr. Tommy Irvin has been a friend to the veterinarian as well-as a friend to Georgia agriculture. It is my pleasure to introduce to you at this time, Mr. Tommy Irvin:

APPLAUSE.

Thank you very much. It is a real pleasure to have the op port unity to welcome this very distinguished group. I understand you have representatives from practically every state of the Union, and maybe some from foreign countries here in the greatest city in America, Atlanta. He didn't tell you a whole lot about me but I am a genuine country boy and real proud of it. When you look around, especially those of you who are not residents of our state or our region, you wouldn't realize how much change has transpired in the span of the last 20-30 years.
Welcome to Georgia
Authors: Anderson Dave
Published: March 2023

Welcome to Georgia. First of all I would like to show some slides of our college. The learning resources center is used in histology, pathology, and a variety of other courses. There are now eight courses, either partially or wholly taught on the autotutorial system. The building is open from about six in the morning until 12 midnight and gets very heavy use. There are videotape systems which are handy when a student knows he has a certain surgical procedure coming up. He can pull out the tape and at his leisure review this procedure. The library reading room serves both the students and the faculty and the staff of the college. We do have the rudiments of a research farm. Again, this is an area where some research animals are kept separate from the college because of particular disease agents, or sometimes it is used as a holding area for teaching animals. As Dr. Clarkson mentioned, we do have a keen interest in the Animal Health Research Act and the one part of it that could provide some facilities, because we do not have good large animal isolation facilities. We do a lot of things with large animals but we have a pretty tough time working with any highly infectious disease because we just don't have the space or the facilities for it.
Future of Agriculture as Viewed by a Pioneer
Authors: Brooks D. W. , Anderson Dave
Published: March 2023

[Preceeded by an Introduction by Doctor Anderson, Dean, College of Veterinary Medicine, Univeristy of Georgia.]

One of the problems about an introduction is that you have to be rather careful that you don't inhale some of these things people say kindly about you. When I came in I went down to the exhibit hall first and I heard some strange language down there. It was sort of the English language, but had a sort of a peculiar twang to it, and I began to realize that all these people weren't from Georgia. Some of them evidently had gotten across the line and on the other side, so I thought I should at least mention that. You see many years ago-I'm a pioneer they say here-many years ago we were rather careful about how many Yankees we let into this area. One time a bunch came through here and when they got through there wasn't much left! They got so careless with fire that, brother, they just about did us in. So for a long period of time we were very careful, but we finally began to catch on.
Practitioner's Experience with Experimental Reo-Coronavirus Calf Diarrhea Vaccine
Authors: Blackmer Paul E.
Published: March 2023

During 197 4, several of my clients with large dairy calf raising operations suffered exceptionally heavy losses from calf diarrhea. The diarrhea, for the most part, did not pose a problem until the calves were about one week old. Starting usually at the fifth to seventh day of age and continuing until the calves died or recovered 5-10 days later, diarrhea severe enough to require treatment affected close to 90% of the calves. Diarrhea-related mortality at 30 days of age varied from 20-35%. Good sanitation, combined with antibiotic and electrolyte therapy, seemed to have little effect on the course of the disease. The calf management in these herds was considered equivalent to or better than what was working elsewhere within the area.
Immunologic Concepts Relating to the Bovine Respiratory System
Authors: Osburn Bennie I.
Published: March 2023

The science of immunology has moved from the area of serology to the study of cells and antibodies within the animal during the last 15 years. Information gleaned from studies during this period has provided us with a better basis for understanding the reason for bacterial and viral diseases. A summary of some of these advances and an indication of where this knowledge has assisted us in gaining a better understanding of defense against disease processes will be reviewed. Consideration of the antigens associated with the microorganisms, the organs and cells involved in the immune responses and means of resistance or interaction within the host resulting in disease will be discussed.
Management of Dairy Cows Following Induced Parturition, Abortion and Dystocia
Authors: Bierschwal C. J.
Published: March 2023

The induction of parturition with high potency corticoids in dairy cattle at this time can only be considered when in the best judgement of the veterinary practitioner it is of therapeutic value to the individual patient. The label warning of the effective drugs available clearly states that the use in late pregnancy may precipitate premature parturition followed by dystocia, fetal death, retained placenta and metritis. Anyone using these drugs for parturition induction clearly is assuming any liability which may result from such use and presumably has no recourse to the drug manufacturer. The objective of this paper is to discuss the use of products available, their advantages and disadvantages, and the after-care of the individual patient.
Gross Pathology of Thoracic Viscera
Authors: Kadel Wade L.
Published: March 2023

The clinical signs for the various types of pneumonia are so similar that a post-mortem ex-amination and/or diagnostic laboratory testing is required to determine the eitology. Most practitioners have determined through education and trial and error effective methods of therapy for bovine pneumonia. Assistance is requested from the diagnostic laboratory when standard methods of therapy have failed. Unfortunately, many times the request from the owner for practitioner assistance comes after the owner has tried his hand at therapy. The gross examination of thoracic viscera is sufficient in many cases to reveal a tentative diagnosis sufficient to indicate appropriate therapy.

The purpose of this presentation is to compare the clinical signs and gross lesions for a few commonly misdiagnosed causes of bovine pneumonia. Effective therapy must be preceded by a prompt and accurate diagnosis. The data presented are to assist in deter-mining the diagnosis. Methods to effect prophylaxis and therapy for bovine pneumonia are not included in this presentation. The types of pneumonia to be com-pared are viral pneumonia, Pasteurellu pneumonia, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, verminous pneumonia and atypical interstitial bovine pneumonia
Adult Vaccination for Brucellosis
Authors: Nicoletti Paul
Published: March 2023

The title of this presentation suggests a parody of the "good news, bad news" stories. Since we are dealing with a serious subject, no comedy is intended and the author will attempt to discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of adult vaccination against brucellosis.
Problems Encountered with Retaining Yearling Calves on Farms in the North
Authors: Ward J. K.
Published: March 2023

The practice of shipping or retaining calves in the Northwest in recent years has reached full cycle. The practice a number of years ago of some ranchers was to ship the heavy calves (400-500# approx.) at weaning, and retain the lighter calves, winter them and sell them in July and August as long yearlings.

For a number of years the feedlot operator kept dipping into the lighter calves because of the demand. In the past two years a complete turnabout has occurred due to the economics of the cattle industry from the standpoint of price and feed. So at present we have completed a cycle and are now where we were a few years back.
Nutrition and Feedlot Health
Authors: McCullough M. E.
Published: March 2023

The treatment was successful, but the animal starved. This may be an extreme example but, in ruminants, one cannot divorce nutrition from therapy in sick animals. It might be useful to briefly review the chain of events which are nutritionally related to an infectious disease resulting in fever.

Fever can be defined as any condition of positive heat balance not due solely to food, exercise or environment. From a nutritional point of view, the important item is the increase in basal metabolism. Since the velocity of biochemical reactions follows van Hoff’s law, basal metabolism should increase 10 to 20% per 1°C in body temperature. If so, then the use of nutrients for basal metabolism can easily double in a very sick animal. Since high fevers are usually accompanied by a decline or loss of appetite, the rapid decline in body stores is easily understood.
Ensiling Poultry Manure as a Feedstuff for Ruminants
Authors: Dobbins Charles N.
Published: March 2023

The nutritional value of poultry manure has been well documented by many researchers but Fontenot, et al., at Virginia Polytechnic Institute has done more in recent years to substantiate the nutritional value of poultry manure in ruminant feeding.
Welcome to California
Authors: Ozanian Charles
Published: March 2023

I do want to welcome all of you to the meeting. This city is unique because of its beautiful sights. If you go up to about the fortieth or fiftieth floor and look around, you can see Berkeley Hill, etc. The Golden State is a beautiful area to be in. I always enjoy it. I was married in San Francisco and I always look forward to coming back from L.A. Many people from Los Angeles just fly up here to have dinner and fly back, so that's how good the food is here! I imagine you people have seen this the last few nights.
Johne's Disease (Paratuberculosis) in 1976
Authors: Larsen Aubrey B.
Published: March 2023

The purpose in presenting this paper is to review recent developments in research on paratuberculosis. Some of the more recent findings that should be of interest to the bovine practitioner are discussed.

Here are two maps showing the results of two surveys on distribution of the disease in the United States, one in 1949 and one in 1971 (Figure 1). Thirty-three states reported presence of the disease in 1949 while 46 states reported it in 1971 (3). Preliminary examination of the maps might indicate that the disease is spreading in the United States. However, this is only a partial explanation. During this period existing diagnostic laboratories have been improved and new laboratories have been built. Culturing techniques have also been improved. Veterinarians are more aware of the disease and are making greater efforts to determine the cause of chronic diarrhea. Therefore, states with widespread distribution may indicate they are showing a greater awareness of the disease rather than more diseased herds than their neighbors.
Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication Program
Authors: Nelson Claude J.
Published: March 2023

As some of you know, we have been in the business of eradicating bovine tuberculosis since December 23, 1917. We have come a long way from a five percent reactor rate in CY 1918 to .08 percent in FY 1976. We must remember, however, that the early years of any program are the years that progress is more apparent. As the incidence of a disease declines, it becomes more and more difficult to locate and eliminate foci of infection. This is the situation at present in the tuberculosis eradication program. It has become difficult and very time-consuming to locate tuberculous cattle herds.
Pathophysiology of Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Problems in the Bovine
Authors: Whitlock R. H.
Published: March 2023

The problems of the lower gastrointestinal tract in the cow can be divided into two major categories: (1) diarrhea, and (2) obstruction with lack of adequate fecal output. Less common problems would include bleeding in the intestinal tract, tenesmus or straining, and pain in the abdomen.

Diarrhea is the most prominent problem of the gastrointestinal tract facing the large animal practitioner of today. In fact, diarrhea or the complications associated with diarrhea account for 10- 15% of the mortality losses associated with calves born in the United States! Some data indicate this is the major loss to the cattle industry in the United States.
Effect of Repeat Treatments of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Cows with Ovarian Follicular Cysts
Authors: Whitmore H. L.
Published: March 2023

The isolation, characterization, and synthesis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) provided a new hormone for treatment of ovarian cysts in cattle. Since this hormone can be synthesized rather easily, relatively large amounts of the pure product are available for experimental evaluation.
Update on Prostaglandin
Authors: Mickelsen W. Duane
Published: March 2023

Much has been said and written about prostaglandins in the past few years. Two products are now commercially available for veterinary use in mares. The efficacy of prostaglandins has been well established in cattle for estrus synchronization and now therapeutic use, especially in dairy fertility work, but as yet they are not available commercially.
Clinical Experiences with White Muscle Disease
Authors: Harsch Jerry A.
Published: March 2023

For many years veterinarians saw clinical cases and read reports of primary myopathic diseases in food animals and the equine. During the 1950's and the 1960's, investigative research teams found one of the probable causes to be a deficiency of either alpha tocopherol and/or selenium in the diet. Since this breakthrough, innumerable clinical manifestations of white muscle disease (WMD), selenium responsive disease (SRD), or selenium alpha tocopherol deficiency (STD) have been encountered.
Selenium Requirements of Cattle and Means of Meeting Them
Authors: Oldfield J. E.
Published: March 2023

It is becoming much easier to talk about selenium than it was and now one is more frequently faced with the problem of what to leave out, rather than what to put in. The literature on the element has expanded at a truly remarkable rate and no less than five books, completely devoted to it, have appeared in this country in the last dozen years. The first of these, a comprehensive text published in 1964 by Rosenfeld and Beath at the University of Wyoming entitled "Selenium: Geobotany, Biochemistry, Toxicity and Nutrition," successfully bridged the gap between the toxic and essential nutrient qualities of selenium. Two years later we assembled "Selenium in Biomedicine," which was the proceedings of an international symposium held at Oregon State University. In 1971 the Committee on Animal Nutrition of the National Research Council produced "Selenium in Nutrition" which was a summary of then-current knowledge. Ralph Zingaro at Texas A&M and Charles Cooper of Noranda Mines in Canada authored the text "Selenium" which was published by Van Nostrand in 1974 and the National Academy of Sciences came out this year with "Selenium: Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental Pollutants," which incidentally lists 845 reference citations.
Nonsurgical Embryo Recovery and Transfer in Cattle
Authors: Drost Maarten , Brand Arie
Published: March 2023

Embryo transfer is a technique which makes it possible for a cow to produce more than one or two calves per year. The value of embryo transfer in cattle is two-fold. In its practical application, a considerable contribution has already been made in the multiplication of the exotic breeds and the transfer of eggs from the better animals of a herd into the poorer ones. As a research tool, it has contributed significantly toward the understanding of reproductive physiology, particularly in the areas of endocrine relationships during the estrous cycle, ovulation, fertilization and early development of the fertilized egg.
Practical and Theoretical Considerations Concerning Treatment of Bacterial Pneumonia in Feedlot Cattle, With Special Reference to Antimicrobic Therapy
Authors: Hjerpe C. A. , Routen T. A.
Published: March 2023

When effective antimicrobic therapy can be initiated on the first day that clinical signs are evident to an experienced observer and continued for 48 hours after fever, dyspnea and toxemia have abated, and if appropriate shelter, nutrition and nursing care are provided, mortality from acute, uncomplicated bacterial pneumonia in feedlot cattle will be negligible. Mortality is increased when disease detection is inadequate, resulting in delayed treatment, when ineffective antimicrobics are utilized, or when inappropriate dosages, routes of administration or treatment intervals are selected, and when treatment is irregularly administered or prematurely terminated. Failure to promptly reinstitute treatment when relapses occur is often a factor in excessive mortality.

Sick cattle should be kept dry and provided with shelter from cold winds or hot sun. Sick cattle penned together should be of similar size and should not be overcrowded. At least 12 linear inches and preferably 24 linear inches of feed bunk space should be provided per animal.
Abnormal Acid Production in the Rumen
Authors: Loew F. M. , Chaplin R. K.
Published: March 2023

Active research on the problem of excess or abnormal acid production in the rumin is currently being carried out in many countries: Australia, Canada, Cuba, Denmark, Germany (East and West), India, Kenya, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States. Their published findings will form the basis of this short review.
Welcome to St. Louis
Authors: Noordsy John
Published: March 2023

You know they always tell you these things after you get into it, how much work it was. So whoever gets this next year, I can warn him also. Welcome to St. Louis. We like to have you here. This is a "show me" state, the spirit of St. Louis-I am sure you are going to see this throughout the days that you are here.
Report from the Department of Agriculture
Authors: White John
Published: March 2023

I am awfully glad to be here for several reasons, and other than the official reason, I'm finally glad just to get here. You know, Doctor, you sent a Texan out to pick me up. One from the high plains, David Bechtol. Well, I don't know how many people here are from the high plains region of Texas. How many folks are here from up around Amarillo and that part of the country? David, are you the only one? The only one that made enough money this year to get out of town?
Clinical Examination of the Bovine Animal
Authors: Williams Eric I.
Published: March 2023

The clinician's primary objective in dealing with a sick animal is to make a diagnosis of the ailment as accurately and as soon as possible so that suitable treatment can be initiated.

Accurate diagnosis can only be achieved by a careful and systematic examination of the patient. It cannot be overemphasized that a thorough knowledge of, and the ability to interpret, the normal animal will greatly enhance the clinician's ability to recognize the abnormal state. The recognition of clinical symptoms which, under field conditions, are often not present in classical textbook style, can only be accomplished by the astute and patient observation of the sick animal. The ability to translate the recognition of disease symptoms to a positive diagnosis of the ailment also depends on a thorough knowledge of the major features of -the disease. A basic understanding of animal behavior is a decided asset.

This paper is a brief review of the methods available to the practicing veterinarian for the examination of the bovine organ systems, with special emphasis on the gastrointestinal tract.
Considerations in a Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Allenstein Leland C.
Published: March 2023

The topic assigned to me is "Considerations in a Differential Diagnosis," with emphasis placed on factors appearing on the farm and those I see in an individual patient that may affect the diagnosis in the individual animal or the herd as a whole. When I started to think about this subject, I really did not know how I could do justice to this subject in a short time with my abbreviated knowledge, and still make it receptive to a practitioner.
Postmortem Examination
Authors: Panciera Roger
Published: March 2023

Each of the methods that are to be or have been discussed this morning deal with the methods and approaches to provide a pool of information which, when accurately interpretated, really indicate one of three or four things. First, a list of diagnoses to be considered. And if you have a list, then obviously you need to find out more before you can decide which one on the list is the diagnosis. Secondly, it may indicate a provisional diagnosis, which most of us operate by. You know, we make a judgment decision aand then go. Third, the diagnosis, or the right one or the right two or however many things are involved. Actually a diagnosis in clinical practice is truly an intermediate goal. The ultimate goal, it seems to me in clinical practice, is to use the diagnostic decision to determine a rational and economically feasible management or therapeutic scheme to solve whatever the diagnostic problem is.
Exotic Diagnostic Procedures
Authors: Van Kampen Kent
Published: March 2023

In the subject that I have been given this morning the definition of "exotic" really depends on your repertoire of laboratory testing or diagnostic tools that you use in your particular practice. I will discuss two particular areas.

The first will be that of tests which are not commonly used but may be of importance to you as you expand your repertoire of diagnostic tools. The second area will be that of things that are on the horizon that are not yet commercially available or available in most of the diagnostic laboratories, and yet, tests which are under development and may have a significant impact on your diagnostic repertoire.
Greetings from the AVMA
Authors: Sharp Dr.
Published: March 2023

Speech by Dr. Sharp.