bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
QUESTIONS OF EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION
Authors: Brummitt R. K.
Published: April 2006

Problems of defining “effective publication” in relation to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature are discussed. Modern technological developments make the definition of “printed matter” obscure, and the number of copies and mode of dispersal of them similarly make “publication” difficult to define. Special problems created by theses, symposium handouts and correction slips are discussed. Two proposals are made to clarify the existing Article 29 of the Code, and a further proposal is made that a special committee be set up to consider ways in which “effective publication” might be restricted in future.
IN REPLY TO MR. WELCH, OR THE STATUS AND RELATIONSHIP OF CULTIVAR AND BOTANICAL CATEGORIES OF INFRASPECIFIC RANK
Authors: Spongberg Stephen A. , Shaw Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2006

When dealing with ornamental woody plants, the term cultivar is most often applied to clones. Under the International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants, however, cultivar has a much wider conceptual definition and a potentially wide range of application. As a category without rank, cultivars may be selected from within a botanical category at any infraspecific rank, may comprise the entire ranked category, or may cut across botanical categories of the same or different rank. Botanical epithets that have been assigned to garden varieties (cultivars), if correctly proposed as botanical combinations, cannot be repudiated because they were based on cultivars. It is not the function of nomenclature to dictate what can and cannot be recognized in the infraspecific classification of a species. Because the intent of botanical nomenclature and the nomenclature of cultivated plants is not the same, the use of Latin epithets should be restricted to botanical considerations. New cultivars, even if they comprise ranked botanical categories, should be given fancy or vernacular names to point out this difference of intention.
ANALYSES OF DIGITISED LEAF IMAGES OF THE DODONAEA VISCOSA COMPLEX IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: West J. G. , Noble I. R.
Published: April 2006

Dodonaea cuneata, D. angustissima and D. viscosa form the Dodonaea viscosa complex in Australia. An electronic digitiser was used to trace outlines of leaves of the D. viscosa complex, and the digitised images were stored on computer thus allowing rapid data access and retrieval. Characters usually measured by hand were derived from the stored images, along with a number of characters which are difficult to measure manually (such as area, curvature and indices of symmetry and shape). Multivariate analyses showed the full set of computer derived characters to be better in discriminating between and in clustering the 173 individuals than the hand measurable character set. However, the analysis showed that the differences between the three taxa of this complex are not sufficiently significant to warrant recognition at the species level, thus supporting the conclusions drawn from flower and fruit morphology.

The advantages of the digitiser as a technique include fast data collection (1 minute to digitise each leaf), accessible and readily retrievable computer data, the potential for deriving and measuring more complex characters, and the ability to plot the leaf images for visual interpretation.
CONSIDERACIONES SOBRE EL GENERO DUGANDIODENDRON (MAGNOLIACEAE)
Authors: Lozano C. Gustavo
Published: April 2006

The characters of the genus Dugandiodendron are discussed in the light of the new findings, and other characters previously reported by the author, supporting the position of the genus.
ORNITHOPUS SATIVUS BROTERO (LEGUMINOSAE) ‐ PROPOSTA DE NOVO NEOTIPO
Authors: da Silva A. R. Pinto
Published: April 2006

The neotypification of Ornithopus sativus Brot. (1804) by Mercedes Alsina Aser (1987) is contested. A new neotype is proposed according to Art. 8.1(b).
GERARD AND JAUME: TWO NEGLECTED FIGURES IN THE HISTORY OF JUSSIAEAN CLASSIFICATION (PARTS ONE AND TWO)
Authors: Williams Roger L.
Published: April 2006

Part I: Louis Gérard (1733–1819); his development of a system of natural classification; the Flora Gallo‐Provincialis (1761) and its fate. Part II: The progress of the idea of natural classification in the later eighteenth century; the cult of sensibility vs. the cult of reason; and the academic politics of the French Revolution. Part III: Jean Henri Jaume Saint‐Hilaire (1772–1845) and his Exposition des families naturelles (1805); the task of popularizing natural classification; and a new role for botany in the democratization of society in the nineteenth century.
TYPE SPECIMEN OF BOUTELOUA RAMOSA SCRIBN. EX VASEY (GRAMINEAE)
Authors: Reeder John R.
Published: April 2006

Vasey, in his Grasses of the Southwest (13 Oct. 1890), described and illustrated Bouteloua ramosa, crediting the authorship to Scribner. No specimen is cited, but in an account of G. C. Nealley's Texas grass collections published three months earlier (18 July 1890), Vasey lists B. ramosa, along with the note: “Chenate Mountains (Presidio County).” Comments in the literature are somewhat vague regarding the type of B. ramosa, although most authors state that it was a Nealley collection. Nevertheless, a Wilkinson specimen (at US) from Chihuahua, Mexico (not mentioned by Vasey) bears a note in Hitchcock's hand: “Taken as the type of B. ramosa Scribn… . .” It is argued here that the Nealley Chenate Mt. specimen is the type of B. ramosa since it was designated by Vasey as representing that species, even though in a publication which antedates his original description by three months.
NOMENCLATURE OF THE CARDINAL CLIMBER (CONVOLVULACEAE) RECONSIDERED
Authors: Eckenwalder James E.
Published: April 2006

Recent literature has adopted the combination Ipomoea multifida (Rafin.) Shinn. for the Cardinal Climber, a tetraploid ornamental morning glory. This name actually applies to the sterile diploid hybrids between I. coccinea L. and I. quamoclit L. that were the progenitors of the cultivated species. They cannot be considered conspecific with the latter and the combination I. sloteri (House) van Ooststr. should once again be adopted for the cultivated plant. The synonymy and typification of the two taxa are presented.
NOMENCLATURAL READJUSTMENTS IN MEXICAN JUNIPERUS (CUPRESSACEAE)
Authors: Johnston Marshall C.
Published: April 2006

The specific name Juniperus monticola used in recent revisions is not correct according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. The name Juniperus sabinoides is restored for this species. Three forms are retained. One form requires a new name, J. s. forma monticola M. C. Johnst. One requires a new combination, J. s. forma orizabensis (Martínez) M. C. Johnst.
NEW INFORMATION ON FERDINAND J. H. MUELLER'S EARLY TAXONOMIC PAPERS (1854‐1856)
Authors: Seberg Ole
Published: April 2006

The alterations made by W. J. Hooker while republishing Ferdinand Mueller's taxonomic papers (1854‐1855) are treated. Mueller's rare preprint, “Definitions of rare or hitherto undescribed Australian plants,” ignored by Australian botanists, from new evidence, predates most journal issues.
BLUME'S “MELANGES BOTANIQUES” EFFECTIVELY PUBLISHED IN 1855
Authors: van Steenis C. G. G. J.
Published: April 2006

Printed copies of C. L. Blume, Mélanges botaniques (1855) have been located.
THE HOMEOTYPE: A PLEA FOR RESPECTABILITY
Authors: Burman Alasdair G.
Published: April 2006

In view of increasing difficulty of access to type material and the problems of sending type material through the mail, use of correctly prepared homeotypes is suggested as a possible aid to taxonomists.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF COWANIA SUBINTEGRA KEARNEY, BASIONYM OF PURSHIA SUBINTEGRA (KEARNEY) HENRICKSON (ROSACEAE)
Authors: Schaack Clark
Published: April 2006

Examination of the type collections of Purshia subintegra (Kearney) Henrickson, a critical and necessary step, during the study of apparent hybridization between central Arizona Purshia, revealed that a holotype had not been designated by Kearney for the basionym, Cowania subintegra. Additionally, it was found that, though a holotype had not been designated, isotypes had been recognized. Label data of all specimens bearing the isotype designation was found to be discordant with Kearney's protologue in site location and, excepting POM 282632, collection number. The specimen accessioned as ARIZ 93633, one of two Cowania subintegra specimens (Darrow and Benson 10891) at ARIZ, is designated lectotype.
RE‐ESTABLISHMENT OF THE GENUS BENKARA ADANSON (RUBIACEAE): SECOND CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS THE PLANTS DESCRIBED IN RHEEDE'S “HORTUS MALABARICUS”
Authors: Tirvengadum D. D.
Published: April 2006

Benkara Adans., a validly published generic name based on “Benkara” Rheede, taxonomically cast aside for more than 200 years because of its incorrect application to Melastomataceae, is here reinstated having priority and being congeneric with Griffithia Wight and Arn., a segregate genus of Randia Houst. ex L. The genus is lectotypified and illustrated. A new combination is made and complete synonymy of the species is given.
GENERIC BOUNDARIES IN THE SENECIONEAE
Authors: Barkley T. M.
Published: April 2006

Since the time of Bentham the traditional view of the Senecioneae has been that of one huge genus (Senecio) plus numerous segregate genera of varying degrees of distinctiveness, plus a few entities of uncertain affinities. Data have accumulated to support the exclusion of some genera from the tribe (e.g. Arnica, Liabum, Munnozia, Schistocarpha, etc.) and to tease botanists about the circumscriptions and affinities of others. Senecio sensu lato incorporates several semi‐distinctive natural assemblages that usually have been treated as sections or subgenera. The naturalness of these assemblages is generally acknowledged, as is the fact that the boundaries separating them are imprecise by whatever suites of characters are used to measure them. In several recent studies many segregate genera have been recognized, often with the circumscriptions derived from selected representative species. It is yet unclear that the recognition of numerous segregate genera provides a better taxonomy than treating the variation patterns as infrageneric taxa. A respectable case can be made for maintaining Senecio as a broad concept, at least until revisionary studies at the species level are carried out and the results subjected to critical analyses.
MICROMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS AS GENERIC MARKERS IN THE ASTEREAE
Authors: Sundberg Scott
Published: April 2006

An investigation of the style base, filament collar, endothecium, and carpopodium was conducted in order to evaluate their utility as generic markers in the tribe Astereae. The distribution of character states for these microcharacters does not correspond to generic (or, in some cases, infrageneric) limits as they are recognized by recent authors. Use of the microcharacters considered here for delimiting genera would necessitate widespread realignments of the genera in the tribe and would obscure relationships amongst species groups.
FEATURES OBSERVED BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AS GENERIC CRITERIA
Authors: Lane Meredith A.
Published: April 2006

The advantages of greater resolution and depth of field provided by the scanning electron versus the light microscope have led to both a re‐evaluation of the usual microcharacters and discovery of novel ones not easily observed by other means. Comparative studies of SEM‐level characters in taxa of Compositae have shown that they are taxonomically useful, but that they are neither more nor less valuable as a means of generic delimitation than are macro‐ or micromorphological ones. As is true of taxonomic data from any source, it is the consistent occurrence of one or more SEM‐observed features as a part of a suite of correlated characters that provides sufficient information on which to base systematic decisions. Within this context, it is the newly discovered characters that prove most useful: the chance of finding correlated character suites rises with the number of characters observed. However, because the extent of infraspecific variation in these features has not been thoroughly explored, they should be employed with caution and in conjunction with numerous others in making taxonomic decisions at the generic (or any other) rank.
A COMPARISON OF TWO NEW METHODS OF PREPARING CACTI AND OTHER STEM SUCCULENTS FOR STANDARD HERBARIUM MOUNTING
Authors: Baker Marc A. , Mohlenbrock Mark W. , Pinkava Donald J.
Published: April 2006

The attributes of an ethanol bath method of preparing cacti and other stem succulents for mounting on standard herbarium sheets are compared to a microwave method.
LOUIS CUTTER WHEELER (1910‐1980) IN CALIFORNIA AND CEYLON
Authors: Ewan Joseph
Published: April 2006

The life history of a taxonomist, with asides, from his student years at UCLA to his search for euphorbs in Ceylon, is presented.
A PROPOS DES TECHNIQUES DE PRÉPARATION DES SPÉCIMENS DE RICCIACEAE (HÉPATIQUES)
Authors: Jovet‐Ast Suzanne
Published: April 2006

The techniques proposed in Taxon 32, 4: 616–617 for preparing Riccias for herbarium study seem inadequate. The author says what we must do and what we must not do to keep Riccias in good conditions on account of their biology, of the specific value of some morphological characters and the possible studies at the present time and in the future.
ISONYMS OF PETRORHAGIA OBCORDATA (CARYOPHYLLACEAE)
Authors: Rabeler Richard K.
Published: April 2006

Petrorhagia obcordata (Margot & Reuter) S. M. Thomas is shown to be unnecessary.
SARRACENIA HYBRIDS RAISED AT GLASNEVIN BOTANIC GARDENS, IRELAND: NOMENCLATURE AND TYPIFICATION
Authors: Nelson E. Charles
Published: April 2006

Sarracenia x moorei Masters is shown to have priority over S. x mooreana Veitch, as the binomial for the hybrid between S. flava L. and S. leucophylla Raf. A neotype for S. x moorei is designated. Previously designated neotypes for S. x mooreana and S. x popei Masters, being in conflict with the ICBN, are superseded and a lectotype is designated for 5. x popei.
ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF GOTTSCHEA NEES EX MONT. 1843 (SCHISTOCHILACEAE, JUNGERMANNIALES)
Authors: Grolle Riclef , Zijlstra Gea
Published: April 2006

Gottschea Nees ex Mont. 1843 has been published without generic description. It is valid there by indirect reference to Jungermannia sect. Nemorosae [subsect.] Aligerae Reinw. et al. 1824 only. The type of both is J. aligera Nees et Blume (Art. 22.4). Schistochilaster H. Miller 1970 is a nomenclatural synonym and Paraschistochila Schust. 1963 and Tegulifolium Hassel 1973 are taxonomic ones. 18 new combinations are proposed under Gottschea.
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON GREWIA MICROCOS L. NOM. ILLEG. (TILIACEAE)
Authors: Panigrahi G.
Published: April 2006

Microcos L. is treated as a subgenus of Grewia L. Grewia microcos L. (1767) is recognized as nom. superfl. illeg., because Linnaeus (1767) cited M. paniculata L. (1753) as an obligate synonym. Due to prior existence of G. tomentosa Juss. (1804), G. paniculata Roxb. ex DC. (1824) has to be considered a ‘nom. nov.‘ for M. tomentosa Smith (1813), although Candolle cited the latter as a direct synonym. In the circumstances, Grewia nervosa (Lour.) comb. nov. based on Fallopia nervosa Lour. (1790), the earliest available synonym, is proposed to replace G. microcos L. (≡ M. paniculata L.).
ON THE IDENTITY OF IRIDAEA PUNICEA POSTELS & RUPRECHT (GIGARTINACEAE, RHODOPHYTA)
Authors: Gabrielson Paul W.
Published: April 2006

An examination of type material of Iridaea punicea Postels & Ruprecht revealed that the specimens belong in Turnerella mertensiana (Postels & Ruprecht) Schmitz. Type material of Iridophycus whidbeyanum Setchell & Gardner, currently considered a synonym of Iridaea punicea, appears to be conspecific with Iridaea sanguinea (Setchell & Gardner) Hollenberg & Abbott. In the northeast Pacific there appears to be only one red, foliose species of Iridaea, I. sanguinea, distributed from Kodiak Island, Alaska (Gulf of Alaska) to south‐central California (San Luis Obispo County).
THE REINSTATEMENT OF HYDROPUNTIA MONTAGNE (GRACILARIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA)
Authors: Wynne Michael J.
Published: April 2006

The red algal generic name Hydropuntia Montagne (1842: 7), typified by H. urvillei Mont., is reinstated and circumscribed to include Polycavernosa Chang & Xia (1963: 120) and a number of its species. Up to now Hydropuntia has been regarded as a heterotypic synonym of Gracilaria Greville (1830) nom. cons. but is shown to be the earliest validly published name for those species separated from Gracilaria on the basis of both spermatangial and cystocarpic criteria.
Nomenclatural notes on some Mediterranean algae, I: Phaeophyceae
Authors: Gallardo Tomás
Published: April 2006

Gallardo, T.: Nomenclatural notes on some Mediterranean algae, I: Phaeophyceae. ‐ Taxon 41: 324–326. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Nineteen new combinations for taxa of Mediterranean algae are validated.
Problems of types with duplicate specimens
Authors: Phillips S. M. , Brummitt R. K. , Molloy B. P. J.
Published: April 2006

Phillips, S. M., Brummitt, R. K. & Molloy, B. P. J.: Problems of types with duplicate specimens. ‐ Taxon 41: 728‐730. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The definitions of the various categories of types in the Code are somewhat ambiguous, and have been interpreted in conflicting ways by different authors. In particular, problems have arisen where a single type collection cited in the protologue consists of a series of duplicates. When is lectotypification necessary? How should the term ‘syntype’ be interpreted? Amendments to the wording of the Code are suggested with the aim of achieving uniformity of practice.
Regarding gender and number of generic names supposedly ending in ‐anthema
Authors: Tjaden W. L.
Published: April 2006

Tjaden, W.: Regarding gender and number of generic names supposedly ending in ‐anthema. – Taxon 44: 213‐216. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Generic names apparently ending in ‐anthema, such as Trianthema (Aizoaceae) and Dendranthema (Asteraceae), are neuter plural in Latin and are to be corrected to neuter singular ‐anthemum, thus Trianthemum and Dendranthemum.
The Quito herbarium (QCA): 100,000 important collections from Ecuador
Authors: J⊘rgensen Peter M⊘ller , Ulloa Carmen Ulloa , Pedersen Henrik Borgtoft , Luteyn James L.
Published: April 2006

J⊘rgensen, P. M., Ulloa Ulloa, C., Borgtoft Pedersen, H. & Luteyn. J. L.: The Quito herbarium (QCA): 100,000 important collections from Ecuador. ‐ Taxon 41: 51–56. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The herbarium of the Department of Biologial Sciences of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador in Quito (QCA) holds more than 100,000 specimens and is increasing by 11,500 sheets per year, making it the largest in Ecuador and one of the most important collections of Ecuadorean plants in the world. The history and progress of this herbarium during its first 20 years of existence are presented. Information about the development of the collections, herbarium infrastructure, important collections, and the exchange program is also given.
On Aloysia Palau (Verbenaceae)
Authors: Armada Juan , Barra Alfredo
Published: April 2006

Armada, J. & Barra, A.: On Aloysia Palau (Verbenaceae). ‐ Taxon 41: 88–90. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Aloysia was first published by Palau, not Jussieu nor Persoon as commonly listed. Subsequently L'Héritier published Verbena triphylla for the same species. The correct name for the economically important lemon verbena in Aloysia is A. citrodora Palau, and in Lippia it is L. triphylla (L'Hér.) Kuntze.
Lectotypification of names of taxa described by J. Thore
Authors: Lazare J.‐J. , Charpin A.
Published: April 2006

Lazare, J.‐J. & Charpin, A.: Lectotypification of names of taxa described by J. Thore. – Taxon 45: 99‐103. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Original material of Agrostis elegans, Allium ericetorum, Anagallis crassifolia, Avena longifolia, Hibiscus roseus, Ornithopus estipulatus, Potamogeton variifolius, Silene armulata, S. bicolor, S. crassifolia and Sison verticillato‐inundatum was examined and the names lectotypified. No original material was found for three other names validated by Thore.
Recognition of the New World Disporum section Prosartes as Prosartes (Liliaceae) based on the sequence data of the rbcL gene
Authors: Shinwari Zabta Khan , Terauchi Ryohei , Utech Fredrick H. , Kawano Shoichi
Published: April 2006

Shinwari, Z. K., Terauchi, R., Utech, F. H. & Kawano, S.: Recognition of the New World Disporum section Prosartes as Prosartes (Liliaceae) based on the sequence data of the rbcL gene. – Taxon 43: 353‐366.1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

A review of the morphological and karyological data relevant to the problem of the generic distinctness of Disporum and Prosartes is presented. The chloroplast gene encoding rbcL for two species of each Disporum and Prosartes plus one of each Uvularia, Streptopus and Tricyrtis was sequenced. The data clearly separate two genera Prosartes (N. America) and Disporum (E. Asia) that were traditionally combined under the latter name. There is much more divergence between Disporum and Prosartes than between each pair of their component species, and considerably more than between Disporum and Uvularia or between Prosartes and Streptopus. The rbcL sequence data thus support the restoration of the genus Prosartes. A synonymic conspectus of Prosartes is given, and one new combination is proposed.
Notes on the microfaunal complement and pollination mechanisms of Poellnitzia rubriflora (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae): an example of mite‐flower domatia association
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , Theron P. D. , Loots G. C.
Published: April 2006

Smith, G. F., Theron, P. D. & Loots, G. C: Notes on the microfaunal complement and pollination mechanisms of Poellnitzia rubriflora (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae) : an example of mite‐flower domatia association. — Taxon 41: 437–450. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.

The monotypic Poellnitzia Uitewaal is one of seven genera recognized in the subfamily Alooideae (Asphodelaceae). It is endemic to a small area in the Robertson Karoo, southwestern Cape Province, South Africa. A synthesis of natural history observations, breeding experiments and all available information on, amongst others, inflorescence architecture, flower morphology, floral attractants and rewards and several floral inhabitants and visitors, suggest that a newly described species of mite, Adhaerenseius floralis Loots & Theron, and its phoretor(s) probably fulfil the role of pollination agents. It is also proposed that the connivent flowers of Poellnitzia serve as seasonal “acarodomatia” and that this association is comparable in scope to the widely recognized mite‐leaf domatia associations.
What is a specimen?
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. , Molloy B. P. J. , Brummitt R. K. , Short P. S. , Breteler F. J.
Published: April 2006

Molloy, B. P. J., Brummitt, R. K., Short, P. S. & Breteler, F. J.: What is a specimen? — Taxon 41: 505–507. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.

There is some ambiguity in what is meant by the word “specimen” in the International code of botanical nomenclature. Some cases are discussed and the need for amending the Code, as well as adding certain examples, is considered.
Typification of the class name Chlorophyceae
Authors: Christensen Tyge
Published: April 2006

Christensen, T.: Typification of the class name Chlorophyceae. – Taxon 43: 245‐246. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The class name Chlorophyceae, with Chlorococcum Menegh. as the type, is proposed as an equivalent of the earlier descriptive name Chlorophyceae Wille.
On the identity of Aloe penduliflora Baker (Liliaceae/Aloaceae)
Authors: Newton Leonard E.
Published: April 2006

Newton, L. E.: On the identity of Aloe penduliflora Baker (Liliaceae/Aloaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 53–60. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

A recent suggestion that the poorly known Aloe penduliflora Baker is identical with Aloe confusa Engler is refuted. Living material collected in south‐east Kenya is shown to be a closer match with all that is known of A. penduliflora. An amplified description of A. penduliflora is provided, and A. confusa is reinstated as a separate taxon.
The identity of Dichapetalum beckii and D. prancei, formerly Dichapetalaceae, now Icacinaceae
Authors: Breteler F. J.
Published: April 2006

Breteler, F. J.: The identity of Dichapetalum beckii and D. prancei, formerly Dichapetalaceae, now Icacinaceae. ‐ Taxon 40: 111–112. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Owing to their peculiar characteristics two species from South America, recently published by Fernández Casas in Dichapetalum, were investigated. Each proved to represent a different species of Icacinaceae: Dichapetalum beckii is a new species in Casimirella Hassler, Dichapetalum prancei is a synonym of Casimirella guaranitica Hassler.
DNA specimens and the International code of botanical nomenclature'
Authors: Reynolds Don R. , Taylor John W.
Published: April 2006

Reynolds, D. R. & Taylor, J. W.: DNA specimens and the ‘International code of botanical nomenclature‘. ‐ Taxon 40: 311–315. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Existing rules of the ‘International code of botanical nomenclature’ apply to the nomenclature of a DNA‐based species concept. DNA can serve as the type element. Two hypothetical examples of validation of fictitious new mycological species are given, one for a mix of DNA and morphological type materials and the other for DNA type material only. It is recommended that herbaria prepare to curate genomic DNA material as types.
JANICE CARSON BEATLEY (1919‐1987): TAXONOMIST AND ECOLOGIST
Authors: Stuckey Ronald L.
Published: April 2006

Janice Carson Beatley, native Ohio botanist of the United States, will be remembered for her contributions toward the understanding of the wintergreen herbaceous flora of the deciduous forest region, the primeval forests of the unglaciated plateau in southeastern Ohio, and the ecological relationships of the vascular‐plant flora of the Atomic Test Site in south‐central Nevada. Throughout her professional life, Dr. Beatley was an outspoken advocate for ecological and environmental concerns while employed in seven different academic and research institutions and through active memberships in seven societies, whose mission is to save habitats and environments of natural areas. In her last academic appointment as a professor of biological sciences at the University of Cincinnati (1973‐1987), Dr. Beatley taught courses in plant ecology and field botany and continued her research on the flora of the Nevada Test Site. In that capacity she fulfilled a long dream of returning to Ohio and teaching in the same department where Dr. E. Lucy Braun, the eminent plant ecologist, taught for 34 years and maintained her lifetime affiliation. Death came to Janice at age 68, on 14 November 1987 in Cincinnati, Ohio.

As a lasting memorial in recognition of Janice C. Beatley's research in plant systematics and ecology, her brother and sister, Charles E. and Mary A. (Beatley) Jordan, presented a gift of $50,000 to the Herbarium of The Ohio State University, 16 November 1988. This donation provides for a permanent endowment from which the generated interest money will be available for field research by graduate students in the plant systematics and plant ecology programs within the Department of Botany at The Ohio State University.
A TALE OF TWO SYNTHYRIS (SCROPHULARIACEAE), THE FIRST COLLECTED, S. MISSURICA (RAF.) PENNELL AND THE TYPE SPECIES, S. RENIFORMIS (DOUGLAS) BENTH.: A CASE OF MISTAKEN IDENTITY
Authors: Schaack Clark
Published: April 2006

The historical circumstances that have led to the confusion of Synthyris missurica (Raf.) Pennell, reputed type of Synthyris [which is based on the first known synthyris collection (Lewis and Clark, 26 June 1806)], and Synthyris reniformis (Douglas) Benth., the first species listed by Bentham in the protologue of Synthyris, are chronicled. One hundred and forty‐four years after circumscription, the type of Synthyris, S. reniformis, is correctly identified.
CORRECT AUTHOR CITATION FOR THE TRIBAL NAME INDIGOFEREAE (FABACEAE: FABOIDEAE)
Authors: Lievens Alan W. , Urbatsch Lowell E.
Published: April 2006

Several recent works which include the tribe Indigofereae have used author citations which are incorrect. The correct citation, Indigofereae Benth., is given and a summary of the relevant taxonomic history of the name for this taxon is presented.
LECTOTYPIFICATIONS IN ALLIUMS. SUBG. MELANOCROMMYUM (WEBB & BERTH.) ROUY (ALLIACEAE)
Authors: Fritsch Reinhard M.
Published: April 2006

Lectotypes are designated for 31 species, mostly from Middle Asia, and a neotype for A. verticillatum Regel, from the materials housed at the V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute at Leningrad. Six other species can not yet be typified.
LUZULA MULTIFLORA AND ALLIED SPECIES (JUNCACEAE): A NOMENCLATURAL STUDY
Authors: Kirschner Jan
Published: April 2006

Nomenclatural problems of Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. are dealt with. The epithet was published by Ehrhart (1790) as Juncus campestris var. multiflorus, and the species rank was used by him in 1794–1795. The name is based on Linnaean material and the lectotype has been selected from the Paris collection of the Flora lapponica plants. Taxonomically, the traditional use of the name has been retained. The name Luzula pallescens Sw. is based on the same original material as L. multiflora and is shown to be illegitimate. The taxon originally called L. pallescens is described as a new species, L. pallidula. An account of older specific names in the section Luzula is given. Juncus intermedius Thuill., J. congestus Thuill., J. nemorosus Host, Luzula chabertii Rouy, etc. are typified, and L. stenophylla Steudel, L. pseudo‐sudetica V. Krecz., and other names are discussed.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORMAL AND INFORMAL NOMENCLATURE AND PHYLOGENY IN HIGHER TAXA: A PEDANT'S PERSPECTIVE ON THE LYCOPSIDS
Authors: Bateman Richard M.
Published: April 2006

The lycopsids exemplify the instability that characterises both formal (Linnean) and informal (colloquial) nomenclatural schemes for all supra‐ordinal plant taxa. The scheme advocated here (Division Tracheophyta, Class Lycopsida; colloquial name lycopsid) reflects two underlying general principles: 1) A wide range of formal hierarchical levels should be used to indicate putative phylogenetic relationships, and 2) colloquial names should be standardised to most accurately represent the preferred Linnean names.
BONPLAND'S MANUSCRIPT NAME FOR THE YERBA MATE AND ILEX THEEZANS C. MARTIUS EX REISSECK (AQUIFOLIACEAE).
Authors: Giberti Gustavo C.
Published: April 2006

Ilex theaezans Bonpl. ex Miers was invalidly published as a synonym of Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae). The existing information is summarized about I. theaezans, a name related to the first botanical description of the South American tree from which the yerba mate is obtained. An earlier homonym of I. theaezans Bonpl. ex Miers, Ilex theezans C. Martius ex Reisseck, which was effectively and validly published, pertains to a species clearly different from I. paraguariensis.
Lectotypification of Phyllobolus N. E. Br. (Aizoaceae s. str.)
Authors: Gerbaulet Maike
Published: April 2006

Gerbaulet, M.: Lectotypification of Phyllobolus N. E. Br. (Aizoaceae s. str.). – Taxon 43: 75‐76. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The generic name Phyllobolus N. E. Br. was untypified since the name of the species given as type, P. pearsonii N. E. Br., was not validly published. The problem is discussed in the light of unpublished Brown manuscripts on the genus, and P. resurgens (Kensit) Schwantes, here lectotypified, is designated as type.
Some proposals on the infrageneric classification of Drosera L.
Authors: Seine Rüdiger , Barthlott Wilhelm
Published: April 2006

Seine, R. & Barthlott, W.: Some proposals on the infrageneric classification of Drosera L. – Taxon 43: 583‐589. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

An infrageneric classification of Drosera L. is proposed on the basis of morphological, anatomical, palynological and cytotaxonomical data. A new subgenus, D. subg. Regiae (monotypic, D. regia) is described. D. subg. Ptycnostigma and subg. Rorella are united with subg. Drosera. De Buhr's earlier treatment of D. subg. Ergaleium is adopted. A key to the subgenera and sections of Drosera is provided.
Renewed interest in the vascular plants of Franklin County, Ohio (U.S.A.), 1882‐1899
Authors: Lowden Richard M.
Published: April 2006

Lowden, R. M.: Renewed interest in the vascular plants of Franklin County, Ohio (U.S.A.), 1882‐1899. – Taxon 47: 647‐656. 1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

During the last two decades of the 19th century a great deal of plant collecting occurred in Franklin County, led by the Columbus Horticultural Society, the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station (Columbus), and the newly formed Botany Department at the Ohio State University. A number of botanical enthusiasts and students dedicated themselves to collecting and recording plant data for a county flora, whose specimens contributed significantly to the initial formation of the herbarium at the Ohio State University. Moses Craig and Augustine D. Selby were responsible for the preparation of preliminary treatments for a vascular flora of Franklin County. 22 plants are treated as introduced in the 1880s on the grounds of the Sells Brothers Circus at Sellsville (on the west side of Columbus).
Neurolejeunea fukiensis belongs to Cheilolejeunea (Lejeuneaceae, Hepaticae)
Authors: Zhu Rui‐Liang , So May Ling , Cao Tong , Gao Qian
Published: April 2006

Zhu, R.‐L., So, M. L., Cao, T. & Gao, Q.: Neurolejeunea fukiensis belongs to Cheilolejeunea (Lejeuneaceae, Hepaticae). – Taxon 48: 663‐666. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Neurolejeunea fukiensis was hitherto the only species of Neurolejeunea found in China and the whole of Asia. It is here transferred to Cheilolejeunea, primarily on account of the following diagnostic features: a narrow stem (its ventral merophytes 2 cells wide), very shortly bifid to emarginate underleaves, the absence of ocelli, an elongate second tooth and obsolete first tooth of the leaf lobule, and a distal hyaline papilla. By this transfer, Neurolejeunea becomes a New World genus.
The potential of mitochondrial DNA for establishing phylogeny and stabilising generic concepts in the parmelioid lichens
Authors: Crespo Ana , Blanco Oscar , Hawksworth David L.
Published: April 2006

Crespo, A., Blanco, O. & Hawksworth, D. L.: The potential of mitochondrial DNA for establishing phylogeny and stabilising generic concepts in the parmelioid lichens. ‐ Taxon 50: 807–819. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

A satisfactory resolution of the current instability of generic concepts in the parmelioid lichens, and particularly Parmelia s.l., has not so far emerged from molecular studies. The rDNA ITS sequence has proven too variable and the rDNA SSU too conserved to provide satisfactory discrimination around the family and generic levels in Parmeliaceae s.l. Studies of 31 new sequences of species belonging to 30 genera in the family (including the type species of 21) are reported here. These demonstrate that the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) SSU region has the potential to play a major role in establishing the phylogeny and stabilising generic concepts in some of the world's most conspicuous lichens. Some clades identified appear to correlate with differences in cell wall carbohydrates, epicortical, conidial, and other features. The emerging groupings now need to be further tested by the inclusion of sequences from additional genera and species. Nomenclatural changes should not be made until further work has been carried out.
Removal of Anchusa macedonica from Anchusa (Boraginaceae): evidence from phenetics and karyotypic analysis
Authors: Selvi Federico , Bigazzi Massimo
Published: April 2006

Selvi, F. & Bigazzi, M.: Removal of Anchusa macedonica from Anchusa (Boraginaceae): evidence from phenetics and karyotypic analysis. – Taxon 49: 765–778. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Anchusa macedonica is a rare species endemic to the historical region of Macedonia, where, since its description by A. Degen and I. Dörfler in 1897, it has been collected from only a few localities. The phenotypic distinctiveness of this poorly‐known species was already recognized by the monographer Guşuleac, who initially placed it in the monotypic Anchusa subg. Dimoniea. In later treatments, however, this subgenus was suppressed and A. macedonica included in subg. Buglossellum along with other annual taxa. The rediscovery of this species in Greece provided suitable material for detailed micromorphological, palynological and karyological observations. These revealed the strongly modified structure of pollen and stigma, which showed a surprising affinity with Gastrocotyle hispida, a monotypic genus related to Anchusa. A phenetic analysis of Anchusa s.str. summarised the distinctiveness of A. macedonica with respect to congeneric taxa. Karyotype analysis showed a diploid complement of 2n = 18 chromosomes, a number currently known for the related genus Cynoglottis but not for species of Anchusa. The occurrence in A. macedonica of a combination of morphological and karyological traits, which are otherwise separately found in unrelated species of Anchusa s.l., highlights the need for a phylogenetic analysis at the tribal level to understand better the systematic relationships and correct taxonomic placement of this species within the tribe. The original collection by I. Dörfler no. 283 (W) is here designated as lectotype.
A taxonomic information model for botanical databases: the IOPI Model
Authors: Berendsohn Walter G.
Published: April 2006

Berendsohn, W. G.: A taxonomic information model for botanical databases: the IOPI Model – Taxon 46: 283‐309. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

A comprehensive information model for the recording of taxonomic data from literature and other sources is presented, which was devised for the Global Plant Checklist database project of the International Organisation of Plant Information (IOPI). The model is based on an approach using hierarchical decomposition of data areas into atomic data elements and – in parallel – abstraction into an entity relationship model. It encompasses taxa of all ranks, nothotaxa and hybrid formulae, “unnamed taxa”, cultivars, full synonymy, misapplied names, basionyms, nomenclatural data, and differing taxonomic concepts (potential taxa) as well as alternative taxonomies to any extent desired. The model was developed together with related models using a CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering) tool. It can help designers of biological information systems to avoid the widely made error of over‐simplification of taxonomic data and the resulting loss in data accuracy and quality.
The grass subfamilies Anomochlooideae and Pharoideae (Poaceae)
Authors: Clark Lynn G. , Judziewicz Emmet J.
Published: April 2006

Clark, L. G. & Judziewicz, E. J.: The grass subfamilies Anomochlooideae and Pharoideae (Poaceae). – Taxon 45: 641‐645. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

According to recent molecular data, the Anomochloeae, Streptochaeteae, and Phareae represent the most basal lineages within the grass family. Two subfamilies, the Anomochlooideae and the Pharoideae, are resurrected and described here to accommodate these three tribes. The name Pharoideae is validated and amended from its previous circumscription.
Coprinus Pers. and the disposition of Coprinus species sensu lato
Authors: Redhead Scott A. , Vilgalys Rytas , Moncalvo Jean‐Marc , Johnson Jacqui , Hopple John S.
Published: April 2006

Redhead, S. A., Vilgalys, R., Moncalvo, J.‐M., Johnson, J. & Hopple, J. S., Jr.: Coprinus Pers. and the disposition of Coprinus species sensu lato. – Taxon 50: 203–241. 2001. –1SSN 0040–0262.

Based upon molecular studies, the genus Coprinus Pers. is subdivided into Coprinus sensu stricto (Agaricaceae), and Coprinellus P. Karst., Coprinopsis P. Karst., and Parasola gen. nov. in the new family Psathyrellaceae. The nomenclatural history and typifications of names previously treated as synonyms of Coprinus are reviewed. It is demonstrated that taxonomic characters previously considered not to be generically significant gain importance when correlated with molecular evidence. Many new combinations are proposed. A key using anatomical features to molecularly (phylogenetically) recognised coprinoid genera is provided.
Nomenclatural notes and typification in Sesleria Scop. (Poaceae)
Authors: Foggi Bruno , Nardi Enio , Rossi Graziano
Published: April 2006

Foggi, B., Nardi, E. & Rossi, G.: Nomenclatural notes and typification in Sesleria Scop. (Poaceae). – Taxon 50: 1101–1106. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040–0262.

After a close examination of the historical aspects of the typification of Sesleria caerulea, the correct names of the two allied species of the group are established as being S. caerulea (L.) Ard. and S. uliginosa Opiz. This permits unambiguous lectotypification of Sesleria. In addition, the types of the names S. albicans and S. uliginosa are designated.
Particle populations and number operators in quantum theory
Authors: Moyal J. E.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of the present paper is to give a general theory of the quantum mechanical representation of particle populations.

The first part of the paper, Sections 1 to 5, is devoted to a review of mathematical principles of quantum theory, with particular emphasis on the role played by probability concepts, using an approach adapted to the subsequent development of the theory of particle populations. This approach, which goes back in its essentials to von Neumann [20], leans heavily on the subsequent work of Wigner, Mackey, Jauch, Segal, Wightman and many others (see e.g., Mackey [15], Jauch [11], Streater and Wightman [26]). Sections 6 to 9 deal with the representation of finite particle populations: i.e., quantum systems where the total number of particles is an observable. In Section 10 a brief sketch is given of the generalization of the theory to infinite populations where the total number of particles is not an observable, as e.g., in the statistical theory of an infinitely extended gas (see Ruelle [22]). Finally, Section 11 treats some simple examples.
Two-terminal series-parallel networks
Authors: Lomnicki Z. A.
Published: April 2006

This paper discusses two-terminal series-parallel networks occurring in Applied Probability and other contexts where the mathematical theory of reliability is developed. Eighty years ago Mac Mahon successfully discussed the number of different structures built of n identical components [1]; later Knödel [3] and Carlitz and Riordan [4] in the 1950's investigated the number of different structures built of n different components. However, in many new applications, engineers and statisticians have to study structures having n components with a specification defining various types of components and stating how many identical components of each kind should be used. This general problem is investigated in Section 7 whilst in Sections 1–6 results obtained earlier are presented and it is shown there how modern approaches to combinatorics (particularly Pólya's Enumerative Combinatorial Analysis) can simplify some reasoning of previous authors.
Maintaining a grade or age structure in a stochastic environment
Authors: Bartholomew D. J.
Published: April 2006

Grade and age structures in manpower systems are often far from ideal. This fact raises the question of how the flows of people — and particularly the recruitment flow — should be controlled in order to attain and maintain a more desirable structure. The problem has received considerable attention from a deterministic point of view. This paper adopts a stochastic approach to the study of maintainability and shows, among other things, that the problem is more subtle than the deterministic analysis suggests.
Approximations for the repairman problem with two repair facilities, I: No spares
Authors: Iglehart Donald L. , Lemoine Austin J.
Published: April 2006

The model considered here consists of n operating units which are subject to stochastic failure according to an exponential failure time distribution. Failures can be of two types. With probability p(q) a failure is of type 1(2) and is sent to repair facility 1(2) for repair. Repair facility 1(2) operates as a -server queue with exponential repair times having parameter μ1 (μ2). The number of units waiting for or undergoing repair at each of the two facilities is a continuous-parameter Markov chain with finite state space. This paper derives limit theorems for the stationary distribution of this Markov chain as n becomes large under the assumption that both and grow linearly with n. These limit theorems give very useful approximations, in terms of the six parameters characterizing the model, to a distribution that would be difficult to use in practice.
The steady state of a multi-server mixed queue
Authors: Slater N. B. , Kotiah T. C. T.
Published: April 2006

In a multi-server queueing system in which the customers are of several different types, it is useful to define states which specify the types of customers being served as well as the total number present. Analogies with some problems in statistical mechanics are found fruitful. Certain generating functions are defined in such a way that they satisfy a system of linear equations. Solution of the associated eigenvector problem shows that the steady-state probabilities for states in which all the servers are busy can be represented by a weighted sum of geometric probabilities.
Multiple gene identities
Authors: Thompson E. A.
Published: April 2006

The relationships between individuals may be specified by the genes which they have in common, where two genes are considered to be the same only if they are identical by descent from some common ancestor. Relationships between two individuals have been extensively studied by, amongst many others, Cotterman (1940), Malécot (1948) and Li and Sacks (1954). Less progress has been made with the more general problem of relationships between an arbitrary number of individuals. Elandt-Johnson (1971) has considered the special case of joint genotype distributions in a sibship, and Hilden (1970) has constructed an algebraic method of combining information on several individuals to give the conditional distribution of a single unborn relative, but neither of these approaches provides a general solution to the problem.
The condition for extinction by probability one in a birth, death and migration process
Authors: Helland Inge S.
Published: April 2006

For the n-dimensional birth, death and migration process with constant rates, Aksland (1975) found a necessary and sufficient condition that the extinction-probability be one. This condition is translated into the form of direct relations between the parameters of the model.
Wald's identity and random walk models for neuron firing
Authors: Kryukov V. I.
Published: April 2006

A class of probability models for the firing of neurons is introduced and treated analytically. The cell membrane potential is assumed to be a one-dimensional random walk on the continuum; the first passage of the moving boundary triggers a nerve spike, an all-or-none event. The interspike interval distribution of first-passage time is shown to satisfy a Volterra integral equation suitable for numerical evaluation. Explicit solutions as well as their Laplace (Mellin) transforms are obtained for some special cases. The main technique used in this paper is the extension of Wald's fundamental identity of sequential analysis to a wide range of additive stochastic processes with an (eventually) linear boundary function. This identity is also useful in evaluating model parameters in terms of observed firing times, as well as providing a unified exposition of many earlier results.
Simultaneous communication and control
Authors: Whittle P. , Rudge J. F.
Published: April 2006

A dynamic co-operative two-person game with imperfect information is considered, in which the conflicting aspects of an optimal policy (choice of actions to minimise ‘own cost’, and choice of actions to optimise communication of information) can to a large extent be decoupled and solved separately. In deriving a strategy which is asymptotically optimal (in a sense explained) we derive formulae for the capacity of a vector Gaussian channel and the rate-distortion of a vector Gaussian source.

It is shown that the optimal strategy is in general non-linear in observables, but a numerical example shows that, at least in one rather special but non-trivial case, the best linear strategy may be very nearly optimal. This conclusion is made explicit by the analysis of Section 7.