bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical and microbiological changes in postmortem crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) stored at 4 °C and 25 °C
Authors: Yan Sunjie , Yu Dawei , Tang Chuhan , Shen Jiandong , Xu Yanshun , Xia Wenshui , Jiang Qixing , Yang Fang
Published: February 2022

The physicochemical and microbiological parameters of postmortem crayfish stored at 4 °C and 25 °C were evaluated in order to reduce safety risks of crayfish from temperature abuse during transportation and storage. Results showed that hepatopancreas of postmortem crayfish had significantly higher contents of total volatile basic nitrogen, biogenic amines (BAs) and higher microbial loads than tail meat, regardless of storage temperature. Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas counts reached log 6.41 log10 CFU g−1 and 6.31 log10 CFU g−1 in hepatopancreas of crayfish at 25 ℃ for 6 h. Putrescine and cadaverine were the main BAs in tail meat with levels of 28.18 ± 0.73 mg kg−1 and 187.32 ± 3.57 mg kg−1, respectively, whilst cadaverine, spermidine and spermine were the major BAs in hepatopancreas, reaching 283.45 ± 3.95 mg kg−1, 62.87 ± 9.02 mg kg−1 and 155.31 ± 4.55 mg kg−1, respectively, after postmortem storage at 25 °C for 12 h. With time increasing, Acinetobacter, Flavobacterium, Aeromonas and Chryseobacterium at 25 °C and Acinetobacter, Flavobacterium, Psychrobacter at 4 °C in tail meat as well as Bacteroides and Muribaculaceae at 25 °C, and Acinetobacter, Psychrobacter at 4 °C in hepatopancreas, gradually became the major genus at the end of storage. Based on the results of spoilage microorganisms and biogenic amines, crayfish stored at 4 °C and 25 °C could be edible within 24 h and 6 h, respectively.
Improving the nutraceutical value of mango during ripening by postharvest irradiation with blue LEDs via enhancing of antioxidant enzyme activities
Authors: Chávez‐Zaragoza Karen , Morales‐Guerrero Alejandro , Colín‐Chávez Citlali , Tovar‐Díaz Luis , Ornelas‐Paz José de Jesús , Osuna‐Castro Juan A. , Vargas‐Arispuro Irasema , Martínez‐Téllez Miguel A. , Virgen‐Ortiz Jose J.
Published: February 2022

Light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are emerging as a clean technology for improving the postharvest preservation of fruits. Mangoes were irradiated with blue LEDs (75 µmol s‐1 m−2) and then stored for 15 days. The fruit quality, including the content of antioxidant compounds and activities of antioxidant enzymes, was evaluated during storage. The treatment with blue LEDs delayed the changes associated with the senescence processes, including the changes in softening, weight loss, total soluble solids content, and titratable acidity. Treatment also caused increases in the antioxidant capacity (1.33‐fold), ascorbic acid (1.69‐fold), total phenolic (1.33‐fold), flavonoids (1.50‐fold), and carotenoids content (1.18‐fold) compared to control. At the end of storage, blue LEDs treatment maintained higher phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (1.28‐fold), peroxidase (1.58‐fold), catalase (2.21‐fold), and ascorbate peroxidase (1.51‐fold) activities. Our findings indicate that blue LEDs might be a potential elicitor that modulates oxidative homeostasis and improves the antioxidant and nutritional status of mango by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes.
Exploring the effect of microwave treatment on phenolic flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic in vitro bioaccessibility of sorghum
Authors: Li Ren , Wang Qi , Peng Hui , Zhao Guoliang , Zhang Dongjie , Li Zhijiang
Published: February 2022

The effect of microwave treatment on phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic in vitro bioaccessibility of white and red sorghum was evaluated. After microwave treatment for 40 s, the contents of free, bound, and total phenolics in white and red sorghum increased by 15.6–42.6, 4.0–23.4, and 19.7–66.0 mg gallic acid equivalents 100 g−1 dry weight (DW), respectively, and the contents of free, bound, and total flavonoids increased by 9.4–11.2, 4.8–5.4, and 14.2–16.6 mg rutin equivalents 100 g−1 DW, respectively. With increasing microwave treatment time, the contents of phenolic acids and flavonoids in white and red sorghum first increased and then decreased. Additionally, the changes in antioxidant capacity indicated a similar trend with phenolic contents for white and red sorghum. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion indicated that microwave treatment had no effect on the phenolic bioaccessibility of white and red sorghum but increased the release amount of phenolic acid and antioxidant capacity.
Annealing processing technique divergently affects starch crystallinity characteristic related to resistant starch content: a literature review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Anugerah Maria Putri , Faridah Didah Nur , Afandi Frendy Ahmad , Hunaefi Dase , Jayanegara Anuraga
Published: February 2022

Annealing is one of starch physical modification techniques that can increase resistant starch (RS) content. However, the effect of annealing on RS varies based on botanical sources. Starch crystal type and relative crystallinity are two important characteristics of starch. This study aimed to compare the influence of annealing on starch crystallinity and different starch crystal type (A, B and C) and investigate its effect on RS content by literature meta‐analysis study. The literature review was carried out using 22 research articles and 101 data points. The result showed relative crystallinity increase from the highest changes to the lowest, respectively; C‐type crystal (18.98%) followed by B (13.60%) and A‐type crystal (8.17%). Meta‐analysis study results showed a significant increase of RS content on starches with A‐type crystal (SMD = 6.46; 95% CI: 3.22–9.70; P < 0.01) and a positive relationship between the degree of crystallinity and RS content after annealing modification.
Oxidative characteristics and gel properties of porcine myofibrillar proteins affected by l‐lysine and l‐histidine in a dose‐dependent manner at a low and high salt concentration
Authors: Guo Xiuyun , Wu Junjun , Meng Xiangren , Zhang Yawei , Peng Zengqi
Published: February 2022

This study investigated the effects of l‐lysine (Lys) and l‐histidine (His) on the oxidative characteristics and gel properties of porcine myofibrillar proteins (MP). Results showed that Lys and His had a strong ferrous ion‐chelating ability and hydroxyl radical‐scavenging activity. Moreover, Lys and His inhibited the protein carbonyl formation and MP aggregation at 0.2 M and 0.6 M NaCl, respectively, in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, 2 and 4 mg mL−1 Lys and His decreased the oxidation‐induced loss of the tertiary structure of MP accompanied by the lower surface hydrophobicity. The water‐holding capacity and gel strength of MP gels increased with increasing Lys and His concentrations due to more regular and lamellar structures with smaller and homogeneous pores at 0.6 M NaCl and more orderly crosslinking via fibrous filament at 0.2 M NaCl. In summary, Lys and His chelated the ferrous ions and scavenged hydroxyl radicals, decreased the oxidation‐induced physicochemical changes, thus preventing oxidative damage during the formation of a three‐dimensional gel network, which resulted in better gel quality.
Nanoencapsulated Lippia origanoides essential oil: physiochemical characterisation and assessment of its bio‐efficacy against fungal and aflatoxin contamination as novel green preservative
Authors: Tiwari Shikha , Upadhyay Neha , Singh Bijendra Kumar , Dubey Nawal K. , Dwivedy Abhishek K. , Singh Vipin Kumar
Published: February 2022

The study explores in vitro antifungal and aflatoxin B1 inhibitory potency of chemically characterised Lippia origanoides EO (LOEO) encompassed in chitosan nanoparticle (CS‐LOEO‐Np). CS‐LOEO‐Np was physico‐chemically characterised through XRD, SEM and FTIR analyses. CS‐LOEO‐Np exhibited improved antifungal and AFB1 inhibitory efficacy (0.05 and 0.045 µl mL−1, respectively) in contrast to LOEO (0.30 and 0.25 µl mL−1, respectively). Bioactivity of LOEO loaded nanoparticle was enhanced as reflected by depletion in ergosterol content, rapid cellular ion release and reduced methylglyoxal content. IC50 value equivalent to 4.17 µl mL−1 displayed better antioxidant potency of CS‐LOEO‐Np as compared to LOEO (IC50 = 6.20 µl mL−1). CS‐LOEO‐Np preserved sensorial attributes of stored Nigella sativa (model food matrix) samples and have higher lethal toxicity dose, that is LD50 = 8832 mg kg−1. Hence, CS‐LOEO‐Np could serve as novel green candidate to ensure food security with better nutritional and sensorial features.
Enrolment in workplace multimodal training programmes: The weight of trainee reactions to previous training experiences
Authors: Chauvin Rachel , Yennek Nora , Laurent Pauline , Lôrant Sonia , Fenouillet Fabien
Published: February 2022

This study investigated the extent to which trainees’ perceptions about previous training experiences determine their decision to re‐enrol in future multimodal training programmes. A post‐training reaction instrument adapted to multiple training modalities was developed. The results showed that trainees’ perceptions of the training design and utility for professional activities had an impact on their intention to attend training, which in turn affected the decision to re‐enrol in English as a foreign language training programme measured four months later. Trainees less satisfied with their training experience also considered it less useful to reach their goals and were less likely to re‐enrol in future programmes on the same topic. Nevertheless, the level of pre‐training motivation to learn and task self‐efficacy should be monitored, as they can strongly affect perceived training usefulness. Practical and research implications are proposed in the discussion.
Academic staff within vocational education responding to learners needs
Authors: Carlyon Tracey , Naufahu Margaret
Published: February 2022

The establishment of Te Pūkenga—New Zealand Institute of Skills and Technology, in 2019 was a result of the Review of Vocational Education (ROVE) undertaken in Aotearoa New Zealand. ROVE was committed to hearing the voices of all stakeholders to ensure excellence for all New Zealanders in vocational education. Against the backdrop of this review, research was undertaken by an Institute of Technology Polytechnic to learn more about how academic staff perceive they respond to their learners needs. In particular, the research focussed on the relationships academic staff have with their students; current feedback practices; and how authentic and engaging opportunities for learning occurs. Findings, as reported on in this article, showed academic staff are acutely aware of the central role they play in meeting their students’ needs and have a strong commitment towards student success. Nonetheless, data also highlighted some clear tensions and constraints for academic staff, including lack of time, high workloads, insufficient support, and inadequate resources. The authors suggest in addition to accessing professional learning opportunities, that overcoming some of these challenges may require fundamental, high level changes within vocational education institutions.
White Noise Test from Ordinal Patterns in the Entropy–Complexity Plane
Authors: Chagas Eduarda T. C. , Queiroz‐Oliveira Marcelo , Rosso Osvaldo A. , Ramos Heitor S. , Freitas Cristopher G. S. , Frery Alejandro C.
Published: February 2022

This article serves two purposes. Firstly, it surveys the Bandt and Pompe methodology for the statistical community, stressing topics that are open for research. Secondly, it contributes towards a better understanding of the statistical properties of that approach for time series analysis. The Bandt and Pompe methodology consists of computing information theory descriptors from the histogram of ordinal patterns. Such descriptors lie in a 2D manifold: the entropy–complexity plane. This article provides the first proposal of a test in the entropy–complexity plane for the white noise hypothesis. Our test is based on true white noise sequences obtained from physical devices. The proposed methodology provides consistent results: It assesses sequences of true random samples as random (adequate test size), rejects correlated and contaminated sequences (sound test power) and captures the randomness of generators previously analysed in the literature.
Postoperative pain after primary molar pulpectomy using rotary or reciprocating single files: A superior, parallel, randomized clinical trial
Authors: Elheeny Ahmad Abdel Hamid , Abdelmotelb Mahmoud Ahmed
Published: February 2022

Aim

To compare postoperative pain intensity between two single‐file systems with different kinetics (the OneShape file with continuous rotation vs. the WaveOne Gold file with reciprocation movement) after primary molar pulpectomy.

Design

This superiority, parallel, randomized clinical trial included 164 healthy children aged 6 to 8 years with asymptomatic, necrotic, maxillary primary second molars due to caries. An equal number of children were assigned to the two groups. The teeth of children in Group 1 were instrumented with the OneShape rotary system (Micro‐Mega), whereas teeth of children in Group 2 were instrumented with the WaveOne Gold reciprocating system (Dentsply Maillefer). Postoperative pain intensity was assessed using a 4‐point pain scale at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h and 1 week after treatment. The parent of each participant received 6 flashcards that included four faces and a word describing each face. A chi‐square test was used to compare postoperative pain intensity. The level of significance was set to 5%.

Results

Over the follow‐up period, no significant difference in postoperative pain intensity was found between the two groups (p > .05). Although the absolute risk reduction maximum limit of 95% CI equal or exceeded the predetermined proportional difference of 0.15, pain intensity was inconclusive at 6, 24, and 48 hours denoting that the superiority of the OneShape single‐file over the WaveOne Gold single‐file could not be declared.

Conclusions

Postoperative pain intensity associated with a rotary vs. reciprocating file system was nearly similar.
Combination of fractional carbon dioxide laser and topical triamcinolone vs intralesional triamcinolone for keloid treatment: A randomised clinical trial
Authors: Tawaranurak Niti , Pliensiri Pitchaya , Tawaranurak Krongthong
Published: February 2022

To compare the therapeutic effect of fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser + topical triamcinolone (TA) with intralesional TA on keloids. Twenty‐two participants were randomised into two groups: group A, treated with fractional CO2 laser + topical TA, and group B, treated with intralesional TA. The interventions were performed at every 4‐week interval until the keloids were resolved or at the completion of 1 year. At each session, the scar volume, Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) were assessed. Recurrence was observed for 1 year. The mean scar volumes and VSS scores were not significantly different between the two groups. After 1 year, the scar volume change in group B was greater than group A (86.5% vs 59.1%, P‐value = .016). The mean VSS scores were significantly decreased in group A (8.0 ± 1.5 to 4.8 ± 1.6, P‐value <.001) and group B (8.4 ± 0.8 to 4.8 ± 1.6, P‐value <.001). The keloids were completely resolved in 63.6% and 72.7% of the patients, and recurrence was observed in 9.1% and 18.2% of the patients in groups A and B, respectively. The combination of fractional CO2 laser with topical TA was an alternative option for the treatment of keloids.
Theoretical estimation of dielectric loss of oxide glasses using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Urata Shingo , Hijiya Hiroyuki , Niwano Kazuhiko , Matsui Jun
Published: February 2022

To theoretically explore amorphous materials with a sufficiently low dielectric loss, which are essential for next‐generation communication devices, the applicability of a nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation employing an external alternating electric field was examined using alkaline silicate glass models. In this method, the dielectric loss is directly evaluated as the phase shift of the dipole moment from the applied electric field. This method enabled us to evaluate the dielectric loss in a wide frequency range from 1 GHz to 10 THz. It was observed that the dielectric loss reaches its maximum at a few THz. The simulation method was found to qualitatively reproduce the effects of alkaline content and alkaline type on the dielectric loss. Furthermore, it reasonably reproduced the effect of mixed alkalines on the dielectric loss, which was observed in our experiments on sodium and/or potassium silicate glasses. Alkaline mixing was thus found to reduce the dielectric loss.
A survey of fermentation parameters, bacterial community compositions and their metabolic pathways during the ensiling of sorghum
Authors: Wang Siran , Shao Tao , Li Junfeng , Zhao Jie , Dong Zhihao
Published: February 2022

Aims

To investigate the fermentative products, bacterial community compositions and their metabolic pathways of sorghum (Sorghum dochna Snowden) during ensiling.

Methods and Results

Sorghum was harvested at soft dough stage and ensiled in laboratory-scale silos (10 L capacity). Triplicate silos were sampled after 1, 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days of ensiling, respectively. The bacterial communities on day 3 and 60 were assessed through high-throughput sequencing technology, and 16S rRNA gene-predicted functional profiles were analysed according to the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) using Tax4Fun. The sorghum silages had high lactic acid (~85.4 g kg−1 dry matter [DM]) contents, and low pH (~3.90), butyric acid (~1.27 g kg−1 DM) and ammonia nitrogen (~86.3 g kg−1 total nitrogen [TN]) contents. During the ensiling, glucose was the first fermentable substrate, and the contents of xylose and arabinose were increased. The dominant genus Lactococcus on day 3 was replaced by Lactobacillus on day 60. The metabolism of amino acid, energy, cofactors and vitamins was inhibited, whilst the metabolism of nucleotide and carbohydrate was promoted after ensiling. 1-Phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase of bacterial community played important roles in stimulating the lactic acid fermentation.

Conclusions

Knowledge about bacterial community dynamics and their metabolic pathways during sorghum ensiling is important for understanding the fermentative profiles and may promote the production of nutritious and stable sorghum silage.

Significance and Impact of the Study

The high-throughput sequencing technology combined with 16S rRNA gene-predicted functional analyses revealed the differences in silages not only for distinct bacterial community but also for specific functional metabolites. This could provide some new insights into bacterial community and functional profiles to further improve the silage quality.
Testing the association of positive and negative extended contact with intergroup contact intentions in China: The mediating role of intergroup anger, empathy, and happiness
Authors: Wang Changcheng , Cocco Veronica Margherita , Vezzali Loris
Published: February 2022

A large corpus of research has investigated extended contact and its psychological mechanisms. However, research taking into account the valence of extended contact, as well as the psychological mechanisms underlying the effects of negative extended contact, is lacking. We examined the associations of Chinese people with rural origins’ (N = 1287) positive and negative extended contact with contact intentions toward Chinese people with urban origins. Three affective variables (empathy, happiness, and anger) were tested as mediators. Results revealed that the associations of positive and negative extended contact with contact intentions were mediated by empathy, happiness, and anger. This research highlights the importance of examining both positive and negative extended contact as well as affective variables as extended contact mediators.
MicroRNA‐495‐3p diminishes doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity through activating AKT
Authors: Meng Jun , Xu Can
Published: February 2022

Doxorubicin (Dox) is a broad‐spectrum antitumour agent; however, its clinical application is impeded due to the cumulative cardiotoxicity. The present study aims to investigate the role and underlying mechanisms of microRNA‐495‐3p (miR‐495‐3p) in Dox‐induced cardiotoxicity. Herein, we found that cardiac miR‐495‐3p expression was significantly decreased in Dox‐treated hearts, and that the miR‐495‐3p agomir could prevent oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, cardiac mass loss, fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction upon Dox stimulation. In contrast, the miR‐495‐3p antagomir dramatically aggravated Dox‐induced cardiotoxicity in mice. Besides, we found that the miR‐495‐3p agomir attenuated, while the miR‐495‐3p antagomir exacerbated Dox‐induced oxidative stress and cellular injury in vitro. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that miR‐495‐3p directly bound to the 3′‐untranslational region of phosphate and tension homology deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), downregulated PTEN expression and subsequently activated protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) pathway, and that PTEN overexpression or AKT inhibition completely abolished the cardioprotective effects of the miR‐495‐3p agomir. Our study for the first time identify miR‐495‐3p as an endogenous protectant against Dox‐induced cardiotoxicity through activating AKT pathway in vivo and in vitro.
Chronic alcohol exposure induces hepatocyte damage by inducing oxidative stress, SATB2 and stem cell‐like characteristics, and activating lipogenesis
Authors: Yu Wei , Ma Yiming , Shrivastava Sushant K. , Srivastava Rakesh K. , Shankar Sharmila
Published: February 2022

Alcohol is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the molecular mechanism by which chronic alcohol consumption contributes to HCC is not well understood. The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the effects of chronic ethanol exposure on the damage of human normal hepatocytes. Our data showed that chronic exposure of hepatocytes with ethanol induced changes similar to transformed hepatocytes that is, exhibited colonies and anchorage‐independent growth. These damaged hepatocytes contained high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and showed induction of the SATB2 gene. Furthermore, damaged hepatocytes gained the phenotypes of CSCs which expressed stem cell markers (CD133, CD44, CD90, EpCAM, AFP and LGR5), and pluripotency maintaining factors (Sox‐2, POU5F1/Oct4 and KLF‐4). Ethanol exposure also induced Nanog, a pluripotency maintaining transcription factor that functions in concert with Oct4 and SOX‐2. Furthermore, ethanol induced expression of EMT‐related transcription factors (Snail, Slug and Zeb1), N‐Cadherin, and inhibited E‐cadherin expression in damaged hepatocytes. Ethanol enhanced recruitment of SATB2 to promoters of Bcl‐2, Nanog, c‐Myc, Klf4 and Oct4. Ethanol also induced activation of the Wnt/TCF‐LEF1 pathway and its targets (Bcl‐2, Cyclin D1, AXIN2 and Myc). Finally, ethanol induced hepatocellular steatosis, SREBP1 transcription, and modulated the expression of SREBP1c, ACAC, ACLY, FASN, IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, GPC3, FLNB and p53. These data suggest that chronic alcohol consumption may contribute towards the development of HCC by damaging normal hepatocytes with the generation of inflammatory environment, induction of SATB2, stem cell‐like characteristics, and cellular steatosis.
Genetic analysis of potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in ferroptosis from coronary artery disease
Authors: Wu Xun , Qin Kele , Iroegbu Chukwuemeka Daniel , Xiang Kun , Peng Jun , Guo Jianjun , Yang Jinfu , Fan Chengming
Published: February 2022

Ferroptosis plays a key role in the death of cells including cardiomyocytes, and it is related to a variety of cardiac diseases. However, the role of ferroptosis‐related genes (FRGs) in coronary artery disease (CAD) is not well characterized. We downloaded CAD‐related information and FRGs from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database and Ferroptosis Database (FerrDb) respectively. A total of 10 CAD‐related DE‐FRGs were obtained, which were closely linked to autophagy regulation and immune response. Subsequently, CA9, CBS, CEBPG, HSPB1, SLC1A4, STMN1 and TRIB3 among the 10 DE‐FRGs were identified as marker genes by LASSO and SVM‐RFE algorithms, which had tolerable diagnostic capabilities. Subsequent functional enrichment analysis showed that these marker genes may play a corresponding role in CAD by participating in the regulation of immune response, amino acid metabolism, cell cycle and multiple pathways related to the pathogenesis of CAD. Furthermore, a total of 58 drugs targeting 7 marker genes had been obtained. On the contrary, the ceRNA network revealed a complex regulatory relationship based on the marker genes. Also, CIBERSORT analysis showed that the changes in the immune microenvironment of CAD patients may be related to CBS, HSPB1 and CEBPG. We developed a diagnostic potency and provided an insight for exploring the mechanism for CAD. Before clinical application, further research is needed to test its diagnostic value for CAD.
LRRK2‐G2019S mice display alterations in glutamatergic synaptic transmission in midbrain dopamine neurons
Authors: Skiteva Olga , Yao Ning , Sitzia Giacomo , Chergui Karima
Published: February 2022

The progressive degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra compacta (SNc) leads to the emergence of motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). To propose neuroprotective therapies able to slow or halt the progression of the disease, it is necessary to identify cellular alterations that occur before DA neurons degenerate and before the onset of the motor symptoms that characterize PD. Using electrophysiological, histochemical, and biochemical approaches, we have examined if glutamatergic synaptic transmission in DA neurons in the SNc and in the adjacent ventral tegmental area (VTA) was altered in middle‐aged (10–12 months old) mice with the hG2019S point mutation (G2019S) in the leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene. G2019S mice showed increased locomotion and exploratory behavior compared with wildtype (WT) littermates, and intact DA neuron integrity. The intrinsic membrane properties and action potential characteristics of DA neurons recorded in brain slices were similar in WT and G2019S mice. Initial glutamate release probability onto SNc‐DA neurons, but not VTA‐DA neurons, was reduced in G2019S mice. We also found reduced protein amounts of the presynaptic marker of glutamatergic terminals, VGLUT1, and of the GluA1 and GluN1 subunits of AMPA and NMDA receptors, respectively, in the ventral midbrain of G2019S mice. These results identify alterations in glutamatergic synaptic transmission in DA neurons of the SNc and VTA before the onset of motor impairments in the LRRK2‐G2019S mouse model of PD.

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Up‐regulation of miR‐335 and miR‐674‐3p in the rostral ventrolateral medulla contributes to stress‐induced hypertension
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Xing Mengyu , Chen Gaojun , Tong Lei , Zhang Haili , Du Dongshu
Published: February 2022

The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) is known as the vasomotor center that plays a crucial role in mediating the development of stress‐induced hypertension (SIH). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in many different biological processes and diseases. However, studies that evaluated the roles of miRNAs in the RVLM during SIH do not exist. Here, we performed RNA sequencing to explore the genome‐wide miRNA profiles in RVLM in an SIH rat model established by administering electric foot‐shocks and noises. The function of miRNAs in blood pressure regulation was determined in vivo via the intra‐RVLM microinjection of the agomir or antagomir. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of miRNAs on SIH were investigated through in vitro and in vivo experiments, like gain‐of‐function. We discovered 786 miRNA transcripts among which 4 were differentially expressed. The over‐expression of miR‐335 and miR‐674‐3p in RVLM dramatically increased the heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (ABP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) levels of normotensive rats, whereas the knockdown of miR‐335 and miR‐674‐3p in RVLM markedly reduced the HR, ABP, SBP, DBP, and MAP levels of SIH rats. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation revealed that miR‐335 and miR‐674‐3p participated in regulating the development of SIH from different aspects, like apoptosis‐multiple species pathway. Sphk1, whose expression was markedly decreased in SIH, was identified as a novel target of miR‐335. MiR‐335 over‐expression substantially reduced the expression of Sphk1 and promoted neural apoptosis, and its inhibition had opposite effects. Re‐introduction of Sphk1 dramatically abrogated the apoptosis induced by miR‐335. This study provides the first systematic dissection of the RVLM miRNA landscape in SIH. MiR‐335 and miR‐674‐3p act as SIH promoters, and the identified miR‐335/Sphk1/apoptosis axis represents one of the possible mechanisms. These miRNAs can be exploited as potential targets for the molecular‐based therapy of SIH.

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Income and geographically constrained generosity
Authors: Zhao Yujie , Zhou Xinyue
Published: February 2022

How to target individuals for charitable behavior to distant others is a major challenge. This paper tests the possibility that individuals with higher income engage in more charitable behavior toward distant beneficiaries relative to individuals with lower income. A multi‐method approach offers evidence for this prediction. Survey data (N = 2957) demonstrates that income is positively related to allocations of money to distant beneficiaries (foreign medical staff). Richer (vs. poorer) individuals are also more likely to volunteer to assist distant beneficiaries (Study 2, N = 397; Study 3, N = 250). Moreover, we tested this prediction with data from 66,669 respondents across 49 countries and found that those with higher income have higher global identity, which, in turn, leads to proffering more help toward distant others (Study 4).
Characterizing the time course of cerebrovascular reactivity in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Lincoln John A. , Hasan Khader M. , Gabr Refaat E. , Wolinsky Jerry S.
Published: February 2022

Background and Purpose

Changes in cerebral perfusion occur early in relapsing and progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, though whether cerebral blood flow (CBF) can be altered by therapy is unknown. We sought to characterize the time course of change in CBF (cerebral vascular reactivity [CVR]), following intravenous (IV) acetazolamide (ACZ) in whole brain and within various gray and white matter brain regions in MS patients.

Methods

We enrolled five relapsing MS patients on injectable therapies. Participants received a 1000 mg IV bolus of ACZ and CBF was measured using pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling MRI. To quantify differences in time course between patients, we calculated the numerical integration of CVR over time using the trapezoidal rule to estimate area under the curve (AUC(CVR)).

Results

A change in whole brain CBF of 30%‐65% was seen in all participants at 15 minutes after ACZ challenge. CBF increases >20% above baseline were sustained for 90 minutes within whole‐brain, normal‐appearing white matter and total T2‐hyperintense lesioned tissue. AUC(CVR) values for both gray (cortical and deep gray matter) and white (normal‐appearing and T2‐lesioned) matter regions were similar between patients.

Conclusion

Our findings show a prolonged time course in vascular reactivity after ACZ stimulus in MS patients with a similar time course for both gray and white matter brain regions, including in previously injured tissue. Our preliminary results suggest that blood flow can be augmented in the established MS lesion suggesting that even previously injured tissue might be responsive to treatment.
Oral motor function in obesity
Authors: Castro Mariana Cristina Zanin , Santos Carla Manfredi dos , Lucas Raquel Eduardo , de Felício Claudia Maria , Dantas Roberto Oliveira
Published: February 2022

Background

Obese individuals may have impaired oral sensory functioning and abnormal oral motor function, a consequence of fat deposition in muscles.

Objective

To evaluate the oral motor function in obese individuals.

Material and Methods

Three observational cross‐sectional studies were performed. In total, 140 participants were evaluated: (1) orofacial myofunctional evaluation (OMES) was performed in 26 obese and 26 control subjects; (2) time taken for suction of 50 ml of water through straws of 3 mm and 6 mm of diameter was measured in 30 obese and 30 control subjects; (3) the oral phase of swallowing of 5 ml moderately thick and 5 ml extremely thick boluses was analysed by videofluoroscopy in 14 obese and 14 control subjects. Obese and non‐obese control subjects had body mass index ≥40 kg/m2and <30 kg/m2, respectively.

Results

Obese subjects had worse oral myofunctional evaluation scores in posture/appearance (lips, jaw, cheeks, tongue and hard palate), in mobility (lips, tongue, jaw and cheeks) and in breathing, deglutition and mastication functions (p ≤ .020). The OMES total score was 73.5 ± 5.5 in obese and 92.8 ± 3.7 in controls subjects (p < .001). There was no difference between the groups in the time taken for 50 ml of water suction through the 3‐mm‐ or 6‐mm‐diameter straw. Videofluoroscopic evaluation of the bolus swallowed demonstrated a longer oral preparation time in obese individuals for both boluses (p ≤ .040) and no difference in oral transit time (p ≥ .140).

Conclusion

A moderate change in oral motor function was observed in obese individuals with BMI ≥40 kg/m2.
Beliefs about the nature of knowledge shape responses to the pandemic: Epistemic beliefs, the Dark Factor of Personality, and COVID‐19–related conspiracy ideation and behavior
Authors: Rudloff Jan Philipp , Hutmacher Fabian , Appel Markus
Published: February 2022

Objective

Global challenges such as climate change or the COVID‐19 pandemic have drawn public attention to conspiracy theories and citizens' non‐compliance to science‐based behavioral guidelines. We focus on individuals' worldviews about how one can and should construct reality (epistemic beliefs) to explain the endorsement of conspiracy theories and behavior during the COVID‐19 pandemic and propose the Dark Factor of Personality (D) as an antecedent of post‐truth epistemic beliefs.

Method and Results

This model is tested in four pre‐registered studies. In Study 1 (N = 321), we found first evidence for a positive association between D and post‐truth epistemic beliefs (Faith in Intuition for Facts, Need for Evidence, Truth is Political). In Study 2 (N = 453), we tested the model proper by further showing that post‐truth epistemic beliefs predict the endorsement of COVID‐19 conspiracies and disregarding COVID‐19 behavioral guidelines. Study 3 (N = 923) largely replicated these results at a later stage of the pandemic. Finally, in Study 4 (N = 513), we replicated the results in a German sample, corroborating their cross‐cultural validity. Interactions with political orientation were observed.

Conclusion

Our research highlights that epistemic beliefs need to be taken into account when addressing major challenges to humankind.
Integrating hepatitis C virus screening of baby boomers at a community hospital emergency department
Authors: Wu Gregory , Zhou Aiqi , Kwon Steve
Published: February 2022

Approximately 2.4 million Americans are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), and persons born from 1945 through 1965 (i.e. baby boomers) account for nearly three‐fourths of all HCV infections. The purpose of this study was to implement HCV screening for baby boomers presenting to a community hospital emergency department (ED) and to facilitate linkage to care. We developed a process within our electronic medical record system to screen patients for HCV testing eligibility, link eligible patients to laboratory orders, notify patients of HCV test results (via patient navigator) and track follow‐up care. We tracked performance from February 2016 to December 2018. Sociodemographic compositions and linkage to care rates of all participants were evaluated. A total of 14,927 patients from the birth cohort of 1945–1965 were screened for HCV. Of those tested, 555 (3.7%) had a positive HCV antibody test and 147 were HCV RNA‐positive patients (1.0%) demonstrating that only 27% of HCV antibody‐positive individuals were chronically infected. Males, black race and USA‐born baby boomers had a higher prevalence of HCV antibody and viral load positivity (p < 0.05). Initially, only 17.6% of patients were ultimately linked to care, which improved to over 94% after the implementation of patient navigation support. There is a need for HCV screening protocol in the community. The cost of implementing an HCV screening programme must include information technology and a team of care coordinators to improve screening rates and facilitate linkage to continual care using the four pillars framework.
Recombinant human thrombopoietin increases platelet count in severe thrombocytopenic patients with hepatitis B‐related cirrhosis: Multicentre real‐world observational study
Authors: Feng Ru , Liu Yi , Zhu Xiao‐Lu , Zhai Wan‐Yi , He Yun , Fu Hai‐Xia , Jiang Qian , Jiang Hao , Lu Jin , Liu Hui , Wang Jing‐Wen , Wang Hao , Xie Yan‐Di , Ma Hui , Huang Xiao‐Jun , Zhang Xiao‐Hui
Published: February 2022

Patients with hepatitis B‐related cirrhosis complicated with thrombocytopenia have a higher risk of bleeding, which may lead to higher mortality. We aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTPO) in the treatment of hepatitis B‐related cirrhosis complicated with severe thrombocytopenia. Patients with hepatitis B‐related compensated liver cirrhosis complicated with severe thrombocytopenia were divided into four groups according to the treatment method for thrombocytopenia. Platelet counts, the appearance of bleeding symptoms and adverse events were evaluated during the observation period. Also during the observational period, the platelet counts in the prednisone group, rhTPO group and prednisone plus rhTPO group were higher than those in the no treatment group. Patients without splenomegaly reacted better to rhTPO. Fewer bleeding events of grade 2 or worse were observed in the three treatment groups compared to the no treatment group. The platelet counts at baseline and treatment with rhTPO and/or prednisone were factors associated with bleeding events of grade 2 or worse in multivariate analysis. There could be a potential advantage for the use of rhTPO plus prednisone based on higher platelet counts and fewer bleeding events. Treatment with rhTPO was more effective in patients without splenomegaly.
The biliary microbiome in ischaemic‐type biliary lesions can be shaped by stenting but is resilient to antibiotic treatment
Authors: Klein Friederike , Wellhöner Freya , Plumeier Iris , Kahl Silke , Chhatwal Patrick , Vital Marius , Voigtländer Torsten , Pieper Dietmar H. , Manns Michael P. , Lenzen Henrike , Solbach Philipp , Heidrich Benjamin
Published: February 2022

This study aims to characterize the biliary microbiome as neglected factor in patients with ischaemic‐type biliary lesions (ITBL) after liver transplantation. Therefore, the V1–V2 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced in 175 bile samples. Samples from patients with anastomotic strictures (AS) served as controls. Multivariate analysis and in silico metagenomics were applied cross‐sectionally and longitudinally. The microbial community differed significantly between ITBL and AS in terms of alpha and beta diversity. Both, antibiotic treatment and stenting were associated independently with differences in the microbial community structure. In contrast to AS, in ITBL stenting was associated with pronounced differences in the biliary microbiome, whereas no differences associated with antibiotic treatment could be observed in ITBL contrasting the pronounced differences found in AS. Bacterial pathways involved in the production of antibacterial metabolites were increased in ITBL with antibiotic treatment. After liver transplantation, the biliary tract harbours a complex microbial community with significant differences between ITBL and AS. Fundamental changes in the microbial community in ITBL can be achieved with biliary stenting. However, the effect of antibiotic treatment in ITBL was minimal. Therefore, antibiotics should be administered wisely in order to reduce emerging resistance of the biliary microbiome towards external antibiotics.
Adverse effects of Diptera flies on northern ungulates: Rangifer, Alces, and Bison
Authors: Benedict Bridgett M. , Barboza Perry S.
Published: February 2022

Flies (Diptera) damage ungulates far beyond the injury of their bite wounds: they are vectors of diseases and cause ungulates to lose foraging opportunities due to avoidance behaviour. We can use the behavioural and physiological responses of bison Bison spp. (Artiodactyla: Bovidae), caribou/reindeer Rangifer tarandus (Artiodactyla: Cervidae), and moose/elk Alces alces (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) to assess the impacts of flies on these ungulates.

Ungulates rely on morphological and physiological resistance to flies at low intensities of exposure. However, as fly exposure increases, ungulates begin to react with behavioural avoidance in addition to increasing their physiological response. Rangifer tarandus are highly sensitive to flies and respond quickly to their presence by avoidance behaviours that incur fitness costs through reduced body mass. Alces alces are less reactive to fly exposure, enduring the presence of flies and maintaining a low loss of fitness, sometimes dying from the cumulative effects of exposure. Bison spp. may use a facultative strategy that depends upon the prevalence of flies and associated diseases in their environment. Among these strategies, variables such as the type of fly bite, presence and degree of infection, and heritability of resistance affect individual host survival.

Relationships between flies and ungulates can integrate multiple scales of organisation in the ecosystem to reflect system stability. Climate change is predicted to alter the species composition and seasonal phenology of flies and the associated effects of wounding and vector‐borne disease on ungulate populations that are central to the functions of Arctic and temperate ecosystems in the Northern Hemisphere.
R&D rivalry with endogenous compatibility
Authors: Heywood John S. , Wang Zerong , Ye Guangliang
Published: February 2022

A classic R&D rivalry is compared to R&D cooperation while embedded in a model of endogenous network compatibility. We show that complete incompatibility is more likely to occur with cooperative R&D. Complete incompatibility increases the advantage in R&D and profitability of the incumbent over the entrant. In our initial illustration, cooperation in network industries with endogenous compatibility generates no higher (and often lower) welfare than in non‐network industries. In our generalization, cooperation in network industries generates welfare loss for a wider range of R&D spillovers. This suggests that R&D cooperation should receive stricter policy scrutiny in network industries with endogenous compatibility.
Evolution of thermal physiology alters the projected range of threespine stickleback under climate change
Authors: Smith Sara J. , Mogensen Stephanie , Barry Tegan N. , Paccard Antoine , Jamniczky Heather A. , Barrett Rowan D. H. , Rogers Sean M.
Published: February 2022

Species distribution models (SDMs) are widely used to predict range shifts but could be unreliable under climate change scenarios because they do not account for evolution. The thermal physiology of a species is a key determinant of its range and thus incorporating thermal trait evolution into SDMs might be expected to alter projected ranges. We identified a genetic basis for physiological and behavioural traits that evolve in response to temperature change in natural populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Using these data, we created geographical range projections using a mechanistic niche area approach under two climate change scenarios. Under both scenarios, trait data were either static (“no evolution” models), allowed to evolve at observed evolutionary rates (“evolution” models) or allowed to evolve at a rate of evolution scaled by the trait variance that is explained by quantitative trait loci (QTL; “scaled evolution” models). We show that incorporating these traits and their evolution substantially altered the projected ranges for a widespread panmictic marine population, with over 7‐fold increases in area under climate change projections when traits are allowed to evolve. Evolution‐informed SDMs should improve the precision of forecasting range dynamics under climate change, and aid in their application to management and the protection of biodiversity.
Mega‐fire in redwood tanoak forest reduces bacterial and fungal richness and selects for pyrophilous taxa that are phylogenetically conserved
Authors: Enright Dylan J. , Frangioso Kerri M. , Isobe Kazuo , Rizzo David M. , Glassman Sydney I.
Published: February 2022

Mega‐fires of unprecedented size, intensity and socio‐economic impacts have surged globally due to climate change, fire suppression and development. Soil microbiomes are critical for post‐fire plant regeneration and nutrient cycling, yet how mega‐fires impact the soil microbiome remains unclear. We had a serendipitous opportunity to obtain pre‐ and post‐fire soils from the same sampling locations after the 2016 Soberanes mega‐fire burned with high severity throughout several of our established redwood–tanoak plots. This makes our study the first to examine microbial fire response in redwood–tanoak forests. We re‐sampled soils immediately post‐fire from two burned plots and one unburned plot to elucidate the effect of mega‐fire on soil microbiomes. We used Illumina MiSeq sequencing of 16S and ITS1 sequences to determine that bacterial and fungal richness were reduced by 38%–70% in burned plots, with richness unchanged in the unburned plot. Fire altered composition by 27% for bacteria and 24% for fungi, whereas the unburned plots experienced no change in fungal and negligible change in bacterial composition. Pyrophilous taxa that responded positively to fire were phylogenetically conserved, suggesting shared evolutionary traits. For bacteria, fire selected for increased Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. For fungi, fire selected for the Ascomycota classes Pezizomycetes and Eurotiomycetes and for a Basidiomycota class of heat‐resistant Geminibasidiomycete yeasts. We build from Grime's competitor–stress tolerator–ruderal (C‐S‐R) framework and its recent microbial applications to show how our results might fit into a trait‐based conceptual model to help predict generalizable microbial responses to fire.