bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Periodic density functional theory study of spin crossover in the cesium iron hexacyanochromate prussian blue analog
Authors: Wojdeł Jacek C. , Moreira Ibério de P. R. , Illas Francesc
Published: January 2009

This paper presents a detailed theoretical analysis of the electronic structure of the CsFe[Cr(CN)6] prussian blue analog with emphasis on the structural origin of the experimentally observed spin crossover transition in this material. Periodic density functional calculations using generalized gradient approximation (GGA)+U and nonlocal hybrid exchange-correlation potentials show that, for the experimental low temperature crystal structure, the t2g6eg0 low spin configuration of FeII is the most stable and CrIII (S=3/2, t2g3eg0) remains the same in all cases. This is also found to be the case for the low spin GGA+U fully relaxed structure with the optimized unit cell. A completely different situation emerges when calculations are carried out using the experimental high temperature structure. Here, GGA+U and hybrid density functional theory calculations consistently predict that the t2g4eg2 FeII high spin configuration is the ground state. However, the two spin configurations appear to be nearly degenerate when calculations are carried out for the geometries arising from a GGA+U full relaxation of the atomic structure carried out at experimental high temperature lattice constant. A detailed analysis of the energy difference between the two spin configurations as a function of the lattice constant strongly suggests that the observed spin crossover transition has a structural origin with non-negligible entropic contributions of the high spin state.
Flow of artificial microcapsules in microfluidic channels: A method for determining the elastic properties of the membrane
Authors: Lefebvre Yannick , Leclerc Eric , Barthès-Biesel Dominique , Walter Johann , Edwards-Lévy Florence
Published: January 2009

The paper deals with a method to characterize the membrane mechanical properties of microcapsules. The technique consists in flowing microcapsules into a microchannel of comparable dimensions, observing the deformation as a function of the flow rate, and deducing the membrane elastic modulus by means of an inverse method based on a numerical model of the flowing capsule. The method is tested on liquid-filled microcapsules (average diameter of 67 μm) with a membrane made of crossed-linked ovalbumin flowing inside a cylindrical channel. For a neo-Hookean constitutive law, the method yields a constant value for the membrane shear elastic modulus independently of capsule size or deformation. When the capsules are flowed into a square-section microchannel, an approximate analysis of the deformation yields the same value of the membrane shear modulus provided that the size ratio between the capsule and the channel is of order unity.
Unsteady fronts in the spin-down of a fluid-filled torus
Authors: del Pino C. , Hewitt R. E. , Clarke R. J. , Mullin T. , Denier J. P.
Published: January 2009

We report the results of an experimental investigation into fluid motion induced by the deceleration to rest of a rigidly rotating fluid-filled torus. Transition to a transient turbulent state is found where the onset of the complicated motion is triggered by a small-scale wavelike instability. The wave forms on a front that propagates from the inner wall of the toroidal container after it is stopped. We reveal the origins of the front through a combination of careful experimental measurements, boundary-layer analysis, and computation of the axisymmetric Navier–Stokes equations.
Separate charge transport pathways determined by the time of flight method in bimodal polytriarylamine
Authors: Barard S. , Heeney M. , Chen L. , Cölle M. , Shkunov M. , McCulloch I. , Stingelin N. , Philips M. , Kreouzis T.
Published: January 2009

Time of flight photocurrent transient studies on thin films of bimodal polytriarylamine (PTAA) show two distinct and separate arrival times for hole transport in the same sample at a single field. The corresponding mobilities differ by two orders of magnitude, typically μfast∼10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 and μslow∼10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1 at room temperature, and are measured parametric in electric field and temperature. The mobility data are analyzed using the correlated disorder model by Novikov, yielding a fitting parameter set. The two conduction paths are believed to come about as a result of phase segregation between the shorter and longer polymer chains with the shorter chains giving rise to the faster conduction pathways (as confirmed by results obtained for monomodal, shorter, and longer chain PTAA, by sample thickness scaling of the photocurrents and by reversal of the illuminated electrode). Separate arrival times are also obtained in a blend of the two short and long chain monomodal polymers. The phase separation within the film is inferred by the appearance of two glass transition temperatures using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis.
A broadband permeability measurement of FeTaN lamination stack by the shorted microstrip line method
Authors: Chen Xin , Ma Yungui , Xu Feng , Wang Peng , Ong C. K.
Published: January 2009

In this paper, the microwave characteristics of a FeTaN lamination stack are studied with a shorted microstrip line method. The FeTaN lamination stack was fabricated by gluing 54 layers of FeTaN units with epoxy together. The FeTaN units were deposited on both sides of an 8 μm polyethylene terephthate (Mylar) film as the substrate by rf magnetron sputtering. On each side of the Mylar substrate, three 100-nm FeTaN layers are laminated with two 8 nm Al2O3 layers. The complex permeability of FeTaN lamination stack is calculated by the scattering parameters using the shorted load transmission line model based on the quasi-transverse-electromagnetic approximation. A full wave analysis combined with an optimization process is employed to determine the accurate effective permeability values. The optimized complex permeability data can be used for the microwave filter design.
Electron dynamics in the process of mode switching in gyrotrons
Authors: Dumbrajs O. , Kominis Y. , Nusinovich G. S.
Published: January 2009

The present paper is devoted to the analysis of electron interaction process in the course of gyrotron switching from one mode to another. This analysis is based on the use of the Hamiltonian formalism that allows one to construct Poincaré plots for different instants of switching time. The study is carried out for a 170GHz, MW-class gyrotron for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) [ITER web site: http://www.iter.org].
Dynamical density functional theory for molecular and colloidal fluids: A microscopic approach to fluid mechanics
Authors: Archer A. J.
Published: January 2009

In recent years, a number of dynamical density functional theories (DDFTs) have been developed for describing the dynamics of the one-body density of both colloidal and atomic fluids. In the colloidal case, the particles are assumed to have stochastic equations of motion and theories exist for both the case when the particle motion is overdamped and also in the regime where inertial effects are relevant. In this paper, we extend the theory and explore the connections between the microscopic DDFT and the equations of motion from continuum fluid mechanics. In particular, starting from the Kramers equation, which governs the dynamics of the phase space probability distribution function for the system, we show that one may obtain an approximate DDFT that is a generalization of the Euler equation. This DDFT is capable of describing the dynamics of the fluid density profile down to the scale of the individual particles. As with previous DDFTs, the dynamical equations require as input the Helmholtz free energy functional from equilibrium density functional theory (DFT). For an equilibrium system, the theory predicts the same fluid one-body density profile as one would obtain from DFT. Making further approximations, we show that the theory may be used to obtain the mode coupling theory that is widely used for describing the transition from a liquid to a glassy state.
Comparison between solutions of the general dynamic equation and the kinetic equation for nucleation and droplet growth
Authors: Holten V. , van Dongen M. E. H.
Published: January 2009

A comparison is made between two models of homogeneous nucleation and droplet growth. The first is a kinetic model yielding the master equations for the concentrations of molecular clusters. Such a model does not make an explicit distinction between nucleation and droplet growth. The second model treats nucleation and growth separately, fully ignoring stochastic effects, and leads to the continuous general dynamic equation (GDE). Problems in applying the GDE model are discussed. A numerical solution of the kinetic equation is compared with an analytic solution of the GDE for two different cases: (1) the onset of nucleation and (2) the nucleation pulse. The kinetic model yields the thickness of the condensation front in size space as a function of supersaturation and dimensionless surface tension. If the GDE is applied properly, solutions of the GDE and the kinetic equation agree, with the exception of very small clusters, near-critical clusters, and the condensation front.
Disorder effects in half-metallic Sr2FeMoO6 single crystals
Authors: Panguluri Raghava P. , Xu Sheng , Moritomo Yutaka , Solovyev I. V. , Nadgorny B.
Published: January 2009

Double perovskites such as Sr2FeMoO6 (SFMO) have been predicted to be half-metallic (100% spin polarized). However, this conclusion is reached under the assumption that SFMO has a perfect crystalline structure. We measure the values of spin polarization P for SFMO single crystals with 11%, 15%, and 16% of B-site disorder using the point contact Andreev reflection technique. The highest spin polarization of P≈70% was determined. Using local spin density approximation, we compute P≈53% for the degree of B-site disorder of 12.5% in good agreement with the experimental results. While our results show that imperfect SFMO is not a half-metal, the observed correlation between the degree of antisite disorder, the magnetic properties, and the values of spin polarization implies that a perfectly ordered SFMO crystal might be half-metallic.
Very large anisotropy in the dc conductivity of epitaxial VO2 thin films grown on (011) rutile TiO2 substrates
Authors: Lu Jiwei , West Kevin G. , Wolf Stuart A.
Published: January 2009

In this letter, we reported a very large anisotropy in dc conductivity of epitaxial VO2 thin films deposited on a (011) TiO2 substrate. The VO2 film grew epitaxially on TiO2 and x-ray diffraction showed that VO2 had the tetragonal symmetry due to the substrate clamping effect at room temperature. There was a compressive strain of −1.2% along the c-axis of the rutile VO2. We observed a very strong angular dependence of in-plane dc conductivity. We calculated that σ1/σ3∼5.14, which was anomalously large. We attributed the drastic increase to the compressive strain along the c-axis of the rutile VO2 due to substrate clamping. This very large anisotropy disappeared above the metal-insulator transition.
Electronic functionalization of solid-to-liquid interfaces between organic semiconductors and ionic liquids: Realization of very high performance organic single-crystal transistors
Authors: Uemura T. , Hirahara R. , Tominari Y. , Ono S. , Seki S. , Takeya J.
Published: January 2009

High-performance electronic function of current amplification is realized with the use of solid-to-liquid interfaces between organic semiconductors and ionic liquid. To hold in place the ionic liquid of 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide known for low viscosity and high ionic conductivity, an elastomeric well structure is fabricated with polydimethylsiloxane on which organic single crystals of rubrene are electrostatically attached. As the result of rapid formation of electric double layers in the ionic liquid interfacing, the high-mobility organic semiconductor crystals’ fast-switching transistor function is demonstrated with the application of gate voltage, realizing the highest sheet transconductance, namely, amplifying performance, ever achieved.
Work softening and annealing hardening of deformed nanocrystalline nickel
Authors: Zhang X. Y. , Liu Q. , Wu X. L. , Zhu A. W.
Published: January 2009

We reported that work softening takes place during room-temperature rolling of nanocrystalline Ni at an equivalent strain of around 0.30. The work softening corresponds to a strain-induced phase transformation from a face-centered cubic (fcc) to a body-centered cubic (bcc) lattice. The hardness decreases with increasing volume fraction of the bcc phase. When the deformed samples are annealed at 423 K, a hardening of the samples takes place. This hardening by annealing can be attributed to a variety of factors including the recovery transformation from the bcc to the fcc phase, grain boundary relaxation, and retardation of dislocation gliding by microtwins.
Luminescent properties in the strain adjusted phosphor-free GaN based white light-emitting diode
Authors: Fang H. , Sang L. W. , Zhao L. B. , Qi S. L. , Zhang Y. Z. , Yang X. L. , Yang Z. J. , Zhang G. Y.
Published: January 2009

A kind of phosphor-free GaN based white light-emitting diode was fabricated with a strain adjusting InGaN interlayer. The origin of the strain adjusted white luminescent properties was studied with cathodoluminescence, asymmetrically reciprocal space mapping with high resolution x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The yellow and blue components of the electroluminescence spectrum were attributed to the high indium core and the adjacent indium depleted region in the inverted pyramidal pits on the device surface, respectively. These pits existed at the end of the dislocations induced by the strain relaxation process of the InGaN interlayer.
Zm401p10, encoded by an anther-specific gene with short open reading frames, is essential for tapetum degeneration and anther development in maize
Authors: Wang Dongxue , Li Chengxia , Zhao Qian , Zhao Linna , Wang Meizhen , Zhu Dengyun , Ao Guangming , Yu Jingjuan
Published: January 2009

In flowering plants, the tapetum is proposed to play a vital role in the early stages of pollen development. Disruptions to tapetum development and degeneration typically result in male sterility. The present study characterised a maize (Zea mays L.) anther-specific gene, Zm401, which only contains short open reading frames (sORFs). The longest ORF of the Zm401 gene encodes a small protein designated Zm401p10 that accumulates in the nucleus. Overexpression of Zm401p10 in maize retarded tapetal degeneration and caused microspore abnormalities. A microarray analysis identified 278 downregulated and 150 upregulated genes in anthers overexpressing Zm401p10. These results indicate that the Zm401 gene is one of the major components of the molecular network regulating maize anther development and male fertility, and that Zm401p10 is expressed from the longest ORF of the gene.
Impacts of global change on diseases of agricultural crops and forest trees.
Authors: Sukumar Chakraborty Sukumar Chakraborty , Luck J. , Hollaway G. , Freeman A. , Norton R. , Garrett K. A. , Percy K. , Hopkins A. , Davis C. , Karnosky D. F.
Published: January 2009

The fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projects rising levels of greenhouse gas and global temperature. The well-known dependence of plant diseases on weather has long been exploited for predicting epidemics and to time applications of control measures for tactical disease management. Fingerprints of inter-annual climatic variation on pathogens have recently been shown in literature linking pathogen abundance to atmospheric composition. Past reviews have dealt with impacts of changing atmospheric composition and climate on diseases, regional or country-wide assessments of climate change impacts and impacts on specific disease/pathogen or pathogen groups. All agree on paucity of knowledge prompting a need to generate new empirical data on host-pathogen biology under a changing climate. Focused on experimental research, the purpose of this review is to summarize published and unpublished studies on plant pathogens and diseases in free-air CO
2
enrichment (FACE) facilities and open top chambers and other current non-FACE research to offer a summary of future research needs and opportunities. Critical review of recent literature on the influence of elevated CO
2
and O
3
on agriculture and forestry species forms a major part of the treatise. Summaries of unpublished or ongoing experimental research on plant pathogens from FACE studies are included as a catalogue of work in this neglected area. The catalogue and knowledge gaps are intended as a resource for workers initiating research in this area as well as the general scientific community grappling with the design and scope of next generation of FACE facilities.
CREDIBILITY
Authors: Grinnell Frederick
Published: January 2009

Chapter 3 describes how, through the credibility process, the individual's mine, here, now transforms into the community's anyone, anywhere, anytime. The possibility of credible knowledge represents a fundamental belief of science that originates in the repeatability, continuity, and intersubjectivity of everyday life experience. The credibility process involves insiders and outsiders with respect to every discovery claim. Interaction and confrontation of their respective thought styles becomes the dialectic of this process. Discovery claims made credible will be incorporated into and refashion the community's prevailing thought style — the more novel a discovery claim, the greater its potential impact. Novelty also challenges intersubjectivity, and highly novel discovery claims sometimes are received with skepticism by the research community. What appears credible one day may be viewed as error the next, and vice versa, hence the self-correcting feature of science.
INFORMED CONSENT AND RISK
Authors: Grinnell Frederick
Published: January 2009

Chapter 5 presents an overview of ethical challenges to human research, especially the paradoxical relationship between research risks (mostly to the subject) and benefits (mostly to society and science), and the problem of informed consent (distinguishing research from therapy). Informed consent and risk/benefit analysis are particularly complicated in genetics research, with its eugenics implications, uncertainties about disease likelihood, and controversies about who should be considered a subject and who should provide informed consent. Obtaining truly informed consent may be an unreachable ideal for human genetics research or, indeed, for any human research. Increased public participation in decision making and establishing compensation for research-related injuries would provide additional needed protections to human subjects at the beginning and the end of every human research study.
Role Perceptions of Kinship and Other Foster Parents in Family Foster Care
Authors: Pecora Peter J. , Le Prohn Nicole S. , Nasuti John J.
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses the results of two related studies that examined the characteristics, role conceptions, agency involvement, and satisfaction of relative and nonrelative foster parents. The two studies involved relative and nonrelative foster parents from the Casey Family Program and public and child welfare foster parents in Louisiana. It is shown the relative and nonrelative foster families have distinct differences. Relative foster families are likely to have lower family incomes, to be headed by older single women, have slightly younger foster children, and to be persons of color. These demographic differences and characteristics indicate the need for increased support the establishment of a plan for the child in the event of a death of one or both parents.
Behavior Problems of Teens in Kinship Care
Authors: Starr Raymond H. , Dubowitz Howard , Harrington Donna , Feigelman Susan
Published: January 2009

This chapter examines the nature of cross-informant reports of behavior programs of teens in kinship care. Specifically, it looks at the behavior problem rating differences between kinship care providers and the youths who are in their care. Cross informants differ in their evaluation of externalizing problems. Caregivers of boys and boys themselves tend to report higher levels of problem behavior than caregivers of girls or girls themselves. The most significant finding is that more than a quarter of caregivers characterized the teenager in their care as having an Externalizing problem, while only nine percent of the youth reported a problem.
From Welfare to Work
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson
Published: January 2009

This chapter begins with a brief discussion of the debates over welfare reform. It then considers the changes in welfare policy in response to changing social and economic realities. The importance of training to prepare welfare recipients for work, private sector involvement in training and creating work opportunities, common stereotypes about welfare recipients, and lessons from past programs are discussed.
Where Do We Go From Here?
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson
Published: January 2009

This chapter considers the future directions for both public and private sector leaders in policy and corporate arenas. It examines the implications, raises questions, and makes suggestions based on the Blue Shield experience. It discusses the lesson from the Blue Shield program and corporate social responsibility of the Tasty Baking Company.
Theories of Practice with Vulnerable Populations
Authors: TURNER FRANCIS J.
Published: January 2009

This chapter examines the four factors related to the challenge of how best to tap the contemporary theoretical richness available to the human service practitioner in working with vulnerable populations. In addition to traditional understanding of theory, the implications of viewing theory from a political and sociological perspective are considered. The implications of the current diversity of theory and how this can be viewed as a resource for practice are discussed. An approach to comparing theories for application in a differentially useful manner is presented, followed by a discussion of the research challenges facing human services to make theories more effective and responsible for use with vulnerable populations.
Social Work Practice in Nontraditional Urban Settings
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

In an era of diminishing resources, communities that have historically been served by professionals in established social service settings can no longer rely on outside resources and assistance to meet their needs. This book focuses on the importance of developing models that are specific to urban areas, models which help facilitate and promote conversation and advice and reduce the stigma for those seeking assistance. The book suggests that communities can best be served through their own, already-established recreational, social, and cultural centers. It describes how these non-traditional settings can be used — beauty shops, bars, and grocery stores — to reach out to the communities that need help. This allows social work service to be based on the community's own strengths, while developing the community's capacity to help itself with assistance from professionals. These institutions play influential and very active roles in providing assistance to community residents in need, offering social workers the unique opportunity to identify, engage, and plan services with communities. Often these centers are staffed by people that have a similar ethnic, socio-economic, and racial background to the rest of the community, thereby maximizing their psychological, geographical, and cultural accessibility to the community. The book offers a paradigm shift for social workers, showing that service delivery can take place in any setting, formal or informal. It integrates a multicultural perspective which highlights and identifies a variety of innovative methods, stressing that there is no one way of providing assistance to a community in need.
Urban Communities
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter focuses on how the profession of social work has historically failed to fill a vacuum in urban-based practice. It calls for a new paradigm that builds community capacity as a central goal. The definition of urban community, demographic profile of the four major groups of color in the United States (African Americans, Asians, Latinos, and Native Americans), and the challenges faced by the social work profession are discussed.
Nontraditional Settings: Literature and Case Illustrations
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter reviews literature on nontraditional settings and provides examples of how these settings provide assistance in the daily life of a community. Literature reviews were undertaken on nine nontraditional settings: bath houses, beauty parlors/barber shops, botanical shops, eating establishments, ethnic businesses, houses of worship, laundromats, liquor establishments, and single-room occupancy hotels.
Identification and Assessment
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses the identification and assessment phase of the framework developed in Chapter 7. Case studies are used to illustrate key practice principles and considerations for work in nontraditional settings. Each stage in the process consists of description of goals, a brief overview, challenges and rewards, and key practice concepts.
Application of the Framework to Practice: Assessment
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses the assessment phase the community capacity-enhancement framework. It provides various perspectives on and approaches to assessment from an assets viewpoint. The assessment phase generally consists of multiple strategies, activities, and tasks and is greatly influenced by the goals of the organization that undertakes the assessment. Consequently, no “magic” formula can be recommended because local factors dictate the nature of the assessment.
Introduction
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E.
Published: January 2009

This introductory chapter summarizes the nature of mental health and vocational services during the period preceding the development of IPS supported employment. Deinstitutionalization failed to change treatment attitudes. Clients were transferred to community settings that replicated aspects of previous hospital care with close supervision and a lack of meaningful activities. Vocational rehabilitation programs similarly provided protected and segregated work experiences.
Introduction to IPS
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E.
Published: January 2009

This chapter starts the second section of the book on practice guidelines for implementing supported employment. It provides a brief overview of IPS services. In IPS, employment is viewed as therapeutic and normalizing. Working in regular jobs with people who don't have mental illness enhances people’s lives. Vocational assessment is based on real work experiences. Employment specialists help people access benefits counseling in order to make good decisions about working. Employment specialists encourage people to do as much in the job search process as possible. They assist the person as needed to gain competitive employment so as not to let the job search and interviewing become barriers to employment. A vignette is provided to illustrate how one person was able to return to a working life with the support of IPS services.
Highly Trained Individuals and Work
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E.
Published: January 2009

People who develop severe mental illness later in life may have advanced education and successful careers. The goal of returning to work for a highly trained individual has different challenges than for people who are starting entry-level jobs. This chapter includes an illustration of an individual who developed severe mental illness after working successfully as a professor and wanted to return to his career. The employment specialist and the rest of the team provide hope and encouragement for people to achieve their goals. The team makes recommendations about specific steps toward reaching the goal. While respect and dignity should be part of every encounter a client has with the employment specialist and other practitioners, the team needs to recognize and respond to the sense of loss in societal and economic status that many people who have had careers and advanced training experience.
Work and Cultural Competence
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E.
Published: January 2009

People from different cultural and ethnic backgrounds have a right to receive services that are culturally competent. Cultural competence refers to services that are sensitive to and tailored for the cultural context of the person receiving services. The illustration in this chapter highlights some of the key features of cultural competence when a young man expresses interest in returning to school. The workforce of the mental health agency must include employment specialists and other practitioners who are bilingual/bicultural to provide services to people with similar backgrounds. The agency provides education and training to all staff members to sensitize them to their own cultural beliefs and biases and to introduce them to the customs, values, belief systems, social networks, communication, and behaviors of clients from different cultures and backgrounds. For example, the meaning of work is different for people from different cultures and backgrounds. Similarly, family roles and responsibilities are different and need to be understood by employment specialists who are trying to help with goals of school and work.
Special Education: Best Practices and First Step to Success
Authors: Epstein Michael H. , Walker Hill M.
Published: January 2009

This chapter begins with a brief overview of the basis of special education services, i.e., who are the students being served and what are the types of educational settings in which they are served? It then identifies the strategies that have been found to be successful with these students. The chapter describes the development, implementation, and research evidence on an early intervention program called First Step to Success.
A Profitable Conjunction: From Science to Service in Children’s Mental Health
Authors: Hoagwood Kimberly , Burns Barbara J. , Weisz John R.
Published: January 2009

This chapter begins with a discussion of the meaning of evidence-based practice and why it matters. It then identifies six categories of research in which studies are needed to amplify, strengthen, and extend the science on evidence-based services for children and adolescents. It argues that developing a science that will be serviceable for children requires a different and more iterative model of the relationship between search and practice. Such a model is then described.
Professional Challenges for Managerial Supervisors
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson , Bailey Darlyne , Netting F. Ellen
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses the pressures and paradoxes that are being experienced in human service organizations. It identifies the ideological, economic, social, and technological forces that shape our professional world and the professional challenges these present. It then focuses on possible responses of the managerial supervisor and seeks to stimulate independent thinking in meeting these challenges. It argues that the first step in managing paradoxes and devising solutions is understanding the multiple issues.
Humanizing Technology
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson , Bailey Darlyne , Netting F. Ellen
Published: January 2009

This chapter focuses on how the workplace is being transformed through technological change. It argues that a critical function the managerial supervisor must perform is to humanize technology. This means that she or he has the responsibility to work with others to make technological advances work for them. The chapter begins by defining technology and providing an overview of the ways in which technology is changing the work lives of persons in health and human service organizations. It identifies basic questions to ask in assessing one's technological needs. It then focuses on the implications of new technologies for organizational practice in human services, followed by an examination of the problems encountered by supervisory managers as they deal with technological issues.
Motivating, Appraising, and Rewarding
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson , Bailey Darlyne , Netting F. Ellen
Published: January 2009

This chapter examines the interconnection of three primary responsibilities of managerial supervisors in relationship to their staff: motivation, performance appraisal, and reward. It begins with a brief historical perspective of how people are rewarded in organizations, followed by an overview of understanding motivation. It then focuses on different types of performance appraisal systems designed to increase individuals' motivation for effective work. It then considers on the importance of rewarding positive behavior and of creating a reward-based culture. Finally, the chapter addresses the paradox inherent in evaluation: how to balance the need to motivate with the need to evaluate performance.
A Unity of Experience
Authors: Brown Joseph Epes , Cousins Emily
Published: January 2009

This chapter focuses on the unity of experience in Native American religious traditions. Native American traditions stress a unity of experience. Where such traditions are still alive and spiritually viable, the dimension and expression of the sacred is present in all of life's necessary activities. When the elements of time, place, language, art, and the metaphysics of nature come together, however, as they do in ritual activities, the experience of the sacred is intensified. The three cumulative possibilities that must be accomplished by spiritually effective rites: purification, expansion, and identity are mentioned, as are initiation rites, and humor in Native American rites.
Behavioral Parent Training with Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Authors: Corcoran Jacqueline
Published: January 2009

This chapter applies the use of behavioral parent training for the problem of Oppositional Defiant Disorder in a child. The behavioral theory basis of parent training is discussed, followed by empirical support for this approach. Techniques covered include: behaviorally specifying goals for change and tracking target behaviors; positively reinforcing prosocial conduct through the use of attention, praise, point systems, and other reinforcers; and employing alternative discipline methods, such as differential attention, natural and logical consequences, time out from reinforcement, response cost, and the removal of privileges. Methods of behavioral therapy will also be covered, including lecture, discussion, modeling, and role-playing.
Solution-Focused Therapy with Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Authors: Corcoran Jacqueline
Published: January 2009

While solution-focused therapy shares with other family therapy models a focus on the contextual nature of behavior, its unique focus is on exceptions, times when the problem is not a problem (de Shazer, Berg, Lipchick, Nunnally, Molnar, Gingerich, & Weiner-Davis, 1986). The practitioner helps the family identify resources used during exceptions and then how to amplify strengths and apply them to problem situations. This chapter discusses the beginning evidence for solution-focused therapy, followed by a delineation of the assumptions of the model. Major techniques are explained and applied to a case example.
Multisystemic Treatment with Juvenile Offending, Substance Abuse, and Prevention of Adolescent Pregnancy
Authors: Corcoran Jacqueline
Published: January 2009

This chapter covers multisystemic therapy, which is considered a form of family therapy but extends beyond it to the numerous systems in which the adolescent is embedded that serve to maintain and impact delinquent behavior. These systems include the individual youth, the parent, the peer group, the neighborhood, and the school setting. The chapter will be organized along goals and interventions at these system levels using a case study as a basis.
Multiple-Family Psychoeducational Group for the Parents of Persons with Schizophrenia
Authors: Walsh Joseph
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses multiple family psychoeducational group interventions and their rationale for use with the family members of persons who have schizophrenia. Psychoeducation offered in multiple family groups (MFGs) for schizophrenia can be helpful in decreasing stress to family caregivers of people with severe mental illness and preventing relapse and hospitalization. Common group topics include theories of schizophrenia, its course, the positive and adverse effects of medications, the relationship between stress and symptoms, available resources for persons with schizophrenia and their families, the nature of professional interventions, managing family emotional responses to the illness, and mobilizing strengths for improved family functioning. The group process, as exemplified through a case study, is intended to help families experience less burden and stress, reduce their sense of stigma, help them assist each other with parenting, and normalize their communications.
Motivational Interviewing
Authors: CORCORAN JACQUELINE
Published: January 2009

This chapter provides an overview of motivational interviewing, which is a client-centered and collaborative, yet directive approach for working with a person's intrinsic motivation to change. Originally formulated for the treatment of alcohol use disorders, motivational interviewing — a brief treatment model (one to four sessions) — has now been applied to many problem areas. Several guiding principles underlie the techniques of motivational interviewing: expressing empathy, developing discrepancy, rolling with resistance, supporting self-efficacy, and developing a change plan. These principles are enacted through the following techniques: listening reflectively/demonstrating empathy, eliciting self-motivational statements strategies to handle resistance, and enacting a decisional balance.
Substance Abuse
Authors: MATTO HOLLY C.
Published: January 2009

This chapter describes how to apply the strengths- and skills-building model to substance use disorders after building a rationale for the use of the model with this problem area. Specifically, motivational enhancement strategies help increase client commitment to changing substance abusing behaviors, solution-focused interviewing focuses on strengths-finding, and cognitive-behavioral therapy targets skills-building. Clients are seen as agents of change, and practitioners use language that implies and encourages change. A rationale is also provided for the use of art therapy in this particular chapter as it is consistent with a strengths orientation. Art therapy uses a non-confrontational, collaborative approach and validates the client's construction of the problem. The strengths- and skills-building model is applied, along with art therapy techniques, to a case example in a short-term inpatient substance abuse treatment facility.
Working With Physical Abuse and Neglect
Authors: CORCORAN JACQUELINE , JONES AUDREY , ANKERSTJERNE CHRISTINE
Published: January 2009

This chapter continues to explore the application of the strengths- and skills-building model to work with parents in the child welfare system. It focuses on physical abuse and neglect. No matter the role of the Child Protective Services worker — investigator, ongoing worker, or foster care worker — it is essential that a collaborative relationship is set up with the client in which concern, empathy, respect, and acceptance of the individual are conveyed. Three case examples are described to illustrate techniques at the various stages of the strengths- and skills-building helping process.
Working With Nonoffending Parents of Sexual Abuse Victims
Authors: CORCORAN JACQUELINE , HART DIANNA , GARELL KRISTIN A. , BERRY-EDWARDS JANICE
Published: January 2009

This chapter covers the use of the strengths and skills-building model with non-offending parents whose children have recently disclosed sexual abuse. One important goal is to assess and enhance the parents' supportiveness of the child, using motivational and solution-focused techniques. Specifically, solution-focused scaling interventions allow parents as well as professionals to view supportiveness on a continuum rather than in a dichotomous way. Seeing a mother as either supportive or not can create cognitive dissonance in which a mother might be forced to defend a premature position of not believing and protecting her child. Another goal of the work is to provide parents with information about sexual abuse dynamics. This information needs to be relayed through a collaborative process in which the worker uses deductive questioning, adult analogies, and normalizes parents' concerns. Case examples illustrate major techniques and involve both individual and group modalities.
Theoretical Perspectives
Authors: Kurst-Swanger Karel , Petcosky Jacqueline L.
Published: January 2009

This chapter examines the historical roots of family violence research and theory. Four major theoretical models and their specific theories are presented. Theories are explored within micro, meso, and macro levels of analysis and include: psychiatric/psychopathological models; and socio-psychological theories such as traumatic bonding theory, stress theory, social conflict theory, power theory, resource theory, exchange/social control theory, symbolic interactionist theory, socio-biological/evolutionary theory, and social learning theory. Socio-cultural models are examined including: patriarchal/feminist theory, culture of violence theory, political economy theory, and environmental stress/strain theory. Multidimensional models are also presented including general systems theory/global theory and ecological theory.
Intimate Partner Abuse
Authors: Kurst-Swanger Karel , Petcosky Jacqueline L.
Published: January 2009

This chapter explores the unique characteristics of violence between intimate partners. It begins with an overview of the trends that have guided the salience of domestic violence intervention throughout history. The evolution of intervention strategies are discussed, including the institutionalization of advocacy and services for victims, police and court responses, and legislative reform. The chapter examines abuse in intimate relationships in more depth, focusing on special populations such as gay and lesbian couples, elderly couples, and men as victims. It also reviews the different forms of abuse often found in intimate partner relationships such as emotional, physical, and sexual abuse; stalking, homicide, and parental kidnapping. It concludes with a discussion of some of the key consequences of intimate partner violence including: poverty, homelessness, physical and psychological injury, and the impact such abuse has on children.
INVENTING JEWISH MUSIC
Authors: Bohlman Philip V.
Published: January 2009

As the first of three chapters on the “ontologies” of Jewish music — music’s aesthetic, cultural, and musical identities and capacity to exist in the world of modern Jewish society — this chapter includes a series of case studies that illustrate moments when Jewish music is identified as such. Invention refers to the ways in which imagining Jewish music undergoes a change to practicing and performing it. The music of the urban synagogue, therefore, passes from oral tradition to the hands of professionals in the nineteenth century, the Jewish cantors whose lives and publications the chapter details. Folk music attracts the attention of Jewish scholars, who ascribe specific attributes and categories to the music they collect in villages and publish in the cities of Europe. Above all, terms such as “Jewish music” acquire new currency by the end of the nineteenth century, inventing Jewish music for modern Jews as if that music had existed since time immemorial.
PARABLES OF THE METROPOLE
Authors: Bohlman Philip V.
Published: January 2009

Central to the chapter’s survey of emerging Jewish popular-music genres is the role of the city as a new cultural context for Jewish music making by the turn of the century. Immigrants from rural Eastern Europe, Jewish musicians entered all areas of the urban musical cultures of Vienna, Berlin, and other cities, where they performed for Jewish and non-Jewish audiences with enormous success. The city was also the site for mixing musical genres, creating new sounds in popular music and establishing new genres—for example, cabaret and Yiddish theater. The chapter analyzes numerous broadsides and hit songs such as Gustav Pick’s “Viennese Coachman’s Song.” Individual musicians, music publishers, and ensembles serve as a collective biography throughout the chapter.
JEWISHNESS IN MUSIC: MIRRORS OF SELFNESS IN JEWISH MUSIC
Authors: Bohlman Philip V.
Published: January 2009

Identifying certain forms of music as Jewish and establishing the criteria for how Jewishness in music would be recognized preoccupied ideological and aesthetic concerns of many Jews entering modernity by the end of the nineteenth century. This chapter concerns itself primarily with the ways in which Jewishness would counterbalance the nineteenth-century notion of absolute music, in which textual meaning negated contextual functions. Richard Wagner’s invective 1850 essay on “Jewishness in Music” unleashed responses until the Holocaust, and the chapter summarizes many of these, especially by leading Jewish music critics. Examples are drawn from Mahler, Jewish social organizations, and political musical traditions of Bertolt Brecht, Hanns Eisler, Kurt Tucholsky, and others from the Weimar period separating the world wars.
STAGING JEWISH MUSIC
Authors: Bohlman Philip V.
Published: January 2009

This chapter employs the metaphors of drama and the stage to bear witness to the vastly varied forms Jewish music had taken on the eve of World War II and the Holocaust. The first stages are those of popular theater, especially cabarets like the original Budapest Orpheum Society, which mixed styles and genres, and revolutionized European popular music and the music brought by immigrants to North America and used for Yiddish theater and film. By allowing hybridity, the stage also encouraged Jews and non-Jews to cross the cultural borders separating them. The Holocaust radically altered the path of border crossing, however, and the chapter concludes by examining case studies of music in the Holocaust and the concentration camps, especially that of Viktor Ullmann (1898–1944) from the camp at Terezín, which together provide transcendence in the historical drama of European Jewish music.
3 Religion and Stable Self‐Government
Authors: Farr Thomas F.
Published: January 2009

This chapter examines how a more realistic and historically accurate understanding of religion and democracy can increase the effectiveness of U.S. foreign policy in influencing the natural desire of peoples for freedom. It begins with a discussion of the nature of democracy and what makes it stable and lasting. It asks how and why U.S. diplomacy has ignored the connections between religion and democracy, and how the deficit might be remedied. It surveys America's understanding of religion at the founding and beyond. It describes concepts vital to a refurbishing of American diplomacy in an age of faith: religious pluralism and the free market, the “twin tolerations,” and social and spiritual capital. It analyzes the history of Protestant and Catholic experiences with liberal governance and provides insights into the larger question of how religious societies might accommodate themselves to democracy.
Overview of Youth-Led Community Organizing
Authors: Delgado Melvin , Staples Lee
Published: January 2009

This chapter begins with discussions of the importance of the youth to a nation, the socio-demographic profile of the youth in the United States, and youth organizing. It then discusses the book’s goals, target audience, author’s qualifications and interests, and other books on community organizing.