bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is there a single beta oscillation band interfering with movement in Parkinson's disease?
Authors: Belova Elena M. , Semenova Ulia , Gamaleya Anna A. , Tomskiy Alexey A. , Sedov Alexey
Published: April 2021

Beta oscillations in basal ganglia are considered to contribute to motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, there is a high variety in frequency borders for beta oscillations between studies, which complicates the comparison and interpretation of results. Here we aimed to study the homogeneity of oscillations in the broad “beta” range (8–30 Hz) and their implication to motor functioning in PD. For this purpose, we recorded local field potentials (LFP) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) during 34 deep brain stimulation surgeries. We identified spectral features of LFP recordings in the range 8–30 Hz to search for candidate sub‐regions of stable oscillations and assessed their association with clinical scores on the contralateral side of the body and sensitivity to motor tests. Lower frequency oscillations (8–16 Hz) had a significant positive association with bradykinesia score. During voluntary movements, we observed a significant increase in LFP power in the 12–16 Hz range and a decrease in the 18–26 Hz range. We may conclude that the 8–30 Hz oscillation range includes oscillations with different functional features—sensitivity and responsiveness to movement, and clinical symptoms, which should be taken into account in further studies of beta oscillations association with PD pathophysiology. These data assume the coexistence of several frequency domains within beta range that are modulated in different ways under dopaminergic regulation and motor processing in human STN.
Convolutional neural network for diagnosis of viral pneumonia and COVID‐19 alike diseases
Authors: Umar Ibrahim Abdullahi , Ozsoz Mehmet , Serte Sertan , Al‐Turjman Fadi , Habeeb Kolapo Salahudeen
Published: April 2021

Reverse‐Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT‐PCR) method is currently the gold standard method for detection of viral strains in human samples, but this technique is very expensive, take time and often leads to misdiagnosis. The recent outbreak of COVID‐19 has led scientists to explore other options such as the use of artificial intelligence driven tools as an alternative or a confirmatory approach for detection of viral pneumonia. In this paper, we utilized a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) approach to detect viral pneumonia in x‐ray images using a pretrained AlexNet model thereby adopting a transfer learning approach. The dataset used for the study was obtained in the form of optical Coherence Tomography and chest X‐ray images made available by Kermany et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.17632/rscbjbr9sj.3) with a total number of 5853 pneumonia (positive) and normal (negative) images. To evaluate the average efficiency of the model, the dataset was split into on 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20 and 90:10 for training and testing respectively. To evaluate the performance of the model, 10 K Cross‐validation was carried out. The performance of the model using overall dataset was compared with the means of cross‐validation and the currents state of arts. The classification model has shown high performance in terms of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. 70:30 split performed better compare to other splits with accuracy of 98.73%, sensitivity of 98.59% and specificity of 99.84%.
Parent–Child Relationship Quality in the Family of Origin and Later Romantic Relationship Functioning: A Systematic Review
Authors: River Laura M. , O’Reilly Treter Maggie , Rhoades Galena K. , Narayan Angela J.
Published: April 2021

A large and diverse literature has shown that parent–child relationship quality shapes development to affect later romantic relationship functioning. Guided by the developmental psychopathology framework, the current systematic review aimed to characterize the links between two major subtypes of parent–child relationship quality (parent–child attachment security and interaction quality) and several romantic relationship outcomes (i.e., adjustment, attachment security, aggression, and observed interaction quality), as well as to identify mechanisms accounting for these associations. We focused on studies that included both members of a couple/partnership for dyadic assessment of romantic relationship functioning, to more accurately and fully capture both partners’ perspectives. A total of 40 articles met inclusion criteria, most of which sampled early/emerging adult couples between the ages of 18 and 26 years. Findings suggest that parent–child attachment security and interaction quality have similar associations with dyadic romantic relationship functioning, with the strongest evidence of effects on romantic relationship adjustment and observed interactions between romantic partners. Many studies found gender differences in effects, as well as cascading effects across development and over the course of a relationship. We argue that it is important for future studies to explore effects of one partner’s parent–child relationship quality history on the other partner’s romantic relationship adjustment and behavior, and to evaluate the extent to which parent–child attachment security mediates associations between parent–child interaction quality and romantic relationship functioning.
G‐quadruplex regulation of neural gene expression
Authors: Cave John W. , Willis Dianna E.
Published: April 2021

G‐quadruplexes are four‐stranded helical nucleic acid structures characterized by stacked tetrads of guanosine bases. These structures are widespread throughout mammalian genomic DNA and RNA transcriptomes, and prevalent across all tissues. The role of G‐quadruplexes in cancer is well‐established, but there has been a growing exploration of these structures in the development and homeostasis of normal tissue. In this review, we focus on the roles of G‐quadruplexes in directing gene expression in the nervous system, including the regulation of gene transcription, mRNA processing, and trafficking, as well as protein translation. The role of G‐quadruplexes and their molecular interactions in the pathology of neurological diseases is also examined. Outside of cancer, there has been only limited exploration of G‐quadruplexes as potential intervention targets to treat disease or injury. We discuss studies that have used small‐molecule ligands to manipulate G‐quadruplex stability in order to treat disease or direct neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation into therapeutically relevant cell types. Understanding the many roles that G‐quadruplexes have in the nervous system not only provides critical insight into fundamental molecular mechanisms that control neurological function, but also provides opportunities to identify novel therapeutic targets to treat injury and disease.
Comparative analysis of the accuracy of periapical radiography and cone‐beam computed tomography for diagnosing complex endodontic pathoses using a gold standard reference – A prospective clinical study
Authors: G Keerthana , Singh Natwar , Yadav Ritika , Duhan Jigyasa , Tewari Sanjay , Gupta Ambika , Sangwan Pankaj , Mittal Shweta
Published: April 2021

Aim

To compare the diagnostic accuracy of periapical radiography (PR) and cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) for detecting pathoses of endodontic origin using the gold standard of direct surgical visualization.

Methodology

Seventy‐four patients (112 teeth) underwent radiographic examination by periapical radiography and CBCT. The presence of periapical lesions, root perforations and their locations, root fractures, different types of external root resorptive defects, apicomarginal bone defects, through and through bone defects, buccal bone status and proximity of root apices and lesions to vital anatomical structures were assessed. These same parameters were assessed intraoperatively by direct surgical visualization which served as the gold standard reference for the radiographic assessments. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, negative predictive values were determined for comparison of diagnostic accuracy between two modalities.

Results

There were no significant differences between the two imaging modalities for root resorptive defects and root fractures. However, CBCT accurately detected periapical lesions, root perforations, apicomarginal bone defects and through and through bone defects. The overall accuracy of CBCT varied from 91% to 96% in detecting dehiscence and fenestration of buccal cortical plates.

Conclusion

Overall, CBCT had a higher diagnostic accuracy in complex endodontic pathoses compared to PR. Nevertheless, CBCT failed to diagnose apicomarginal bone defects in 33% teeth. In evaluating the status of buccal cortical plate from CBCT images, observers could detect absence of bone better than its presence. Thus, limited FOV CBCT should be considered for selective cases where periapical radiography has diagnostic ambiguity.
Using an arts‐based approach to explore the building of social capital at a therapeutic recreation camp
Authors: Jay Elissa‐Kate , Moxham Lorna , Patterson Christopher
Published: April 2021

Therapeutic recreation is beneficial for people with and without disabilities, promoting an empowered, connected, and joyful life. The present study aimed to analyse canvas art created on a therapeutic recreation programme called Recovery Camp, to discover what they reveal about the shared experiences which have occurred. This study utilized an arts‐based research method and thematic analysis to discover what participants have communicated via their artwork from ten camps between 2018 and 2019. This study adheres to the COREQ guidelines for qualitative studies. Reflexive thematic analysis produced subthemes which informed three main themes and an identified core meaning of Social Capital. The three main themes were Togetherness and teamwork, Positivity, and Gratitude for Recovery Camp. Based on these findings, canvas art has revealed that shared experiences during a therapeutic recreation camp were positive and connecting. Social capital was created and bridged at Recovery Camp through teamwork and prosocial attitudes. Gratitude has also been disclosed by participants for their shared positive experience.
Variation in nitrogen accumulation in grain and leaf in spring barley genotypes
Authors: Liang Xi , Hu Gongshe , Satterfield Kathy , Evans Christopher , Jiang Wei
Published: April 2021

Requirements of barley grain protein concentration vary depending on the end‐use purpose of the grain. High protein levels are desired for high‐quality feed and food, whereas relatively low protein levels are preferred for malting. The current study evaluated variation of grain protein concentration and nitrogen (N) concentration in flag leaves among barley genotypes with diverse backgrounds. A panel of 79 spring barley genotypes was grown in field experiments under well‐watered and drought‐stressed conditions over two growing seasons. In each water regime, variation in flag leaf N concentration (only under drought‐stressed conditions), grain protein concentration, grain yield and other agronomic parameters was found among genotypes. Based on grain protein and flag leaf N concentration, four broad genotype categories were found: high values for both, low values for both, low grain protein with high flag leaf N and high grain protein with low flag leaf N. This grouping suggests variation in N remobilization from vegetative tissues to grain. Germplasm identified in the present study will enable further study of the mechanisms regulating protein accumulation in barley and contribute to the development of barley germplasm for various end uses.
Annual Research Review: Achieving universal health coverage for young children with autism spectrum disorder in low‐ and middle‐income countries: a review of reviews
Authors: Divan Gauri , Bhavnani Supriya , Leadbitter Kathy , Ellis Ceri , Dasgupta Jayashree , Abubakar Amina , Elsabbagh Mayada , Hamdani Syed Usman , Servili Chiara , Patel Vikram , Green Jonathan
Published: April 2021

Background

Autism presents with similar prevalence and core impairments in diverse populations. We conducted a scoping review of reviews to determine key barriers and innovative strategies which can contribute to attaining universal health coverage (UHC), from early detection to effective interventions for autism in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LAMIC).

Methods

A systematic literature search of review articles was conducted. Reviews relevant to the study research question were included if they incorporated papers from LAMIC and focused on children (<eight years old) with autism or their caregivers. The database search was supplemented with bibliographic search of included articles and key informant suggestions. Data were extracted and mapped onto a Theory of Change model toward achieving UHC for autism in LAMIC.

Results

We identified 31 articles which reviewed data from over fifty countries across Africa, Latin America, Middle East, and Asia and addressed barriers across one or more of four inter‐related domains: (a) the social context and family experience for a child with autism; (b) barriers to detection and diagnosis; (c) access to appropriate evidence‐based intervention; and (d) social policy and legislation. Key barriers identified included: lack of appropriate tools for detection and diagnosis; low awareness and experienced stigma impacting demand for autism care; and the prevalence of specialist models for diagnosis and treatment which are not scalable in LAMIC.

Conclusions

We present a Theory of Change model which describe the strategies and resources needed to realize UHC for children with autism in LAMIC. We highlight the importance of harnessing existing evidence to best effect, using task sharing and adapted intervention strategies, community participation, and technology innovation. Scaling up these innovations will require open access to appropriate detection and intervention tools, systematic approaches to building and sustaining skills in frontline providers to support detection and deliver interventions embedded within a stepped care architecture, and community awareness of child development milestones.
Nuclear lipidome is altered in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A pilot study
Authors: Ramírez‐Nuñez Omar , Jové Mariona , Torres Pascual , Sol Joaquim , Fontdevila Laia , Romero‐Guevara Ricardo , Andrés‐Benito Pol , Ayala Victòria , Rossi Chiara , Boada Jordi , Povedano Mònica , Ferrer Isidro , Pamplona Reinald , Portero‐Otin Manuel
Published: April 2021

Nucleocytosolic transport, a membrane process, is impaired in motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This study analyzes the nuclear lipidome in motor neurons in ALS and examines molecular pathways linked to the major lipid alterations. Nuclei were obtained from the frozen anterior horn of the lumbar spinal cord of ALS patients and age‐matched controls. Lipidomic profiles of this subcellular fraction were obtained using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. We validated the mechanisms behind presumable lipidomic changes by exploring ALS surrogate models including human motor neurons (derived from ALS lines and controls) subjected to oxidative stress, the hSOD‐G93A transgenic mice, and samples from an independent cohort of ALS patients. Among the differential lipid species, we noted 41 potential identities, mostly belonging to phospholipids (particularly ether phospholipids, as plasmalogens), as well as diacylglycerols and triacylglycerides. Decreased expression of alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase (AGPS)—a critical peroxisomal enzyme in plasmalogen synthesis—is found in motor neuron disease models; this occurs in parallel with an increase in the expression of sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) mRNA in ALS and Scp2 levels in G93A transgenic mice. Further, we identified diminished expression of diacylglycerol‐related enzymes, such as phospholipase C βI (PLCβI) and protein kinase CβII (PKCβII), linked to diacylglycerol metabolism. Finally, lipid droplets were recognized in the nuclei, supporting the identification of triacylglycerides as differential lipids. Our results point to the potentially pathogenic role of altered composition of nuclear membrane lipids and lipids in the nucleoplasm in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in ALS. Overall, these data support the usefulness of subcellular lipidomics applied to neurodegenerative diseases.

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Clinical, biometric, and ultrasound assessment of the effects of the autologous fibroblast cells transplantation on nasolabial fold wrinkles
Authors: Nilforoushzadeh Mohammad Ali , Zare Sona , Farshi Susan , Mahmoudbeyk Mona , Nouri Maryam , Jaffary Fariba , Nikkhah Nahid
Published: April 2021

Background

Feeling beautiful and staying young have always been important to the people. Therefore, an extensive body of research has focused on the efforts made to remove the skin problems, especially wrinkles. Fibroblast cells of the skin are the various autologous cells currently used in repairing several wounds, scars, and skin aging. Thus, the present study was conducted to assess the efficacy of the transplantation of the fibroblast cells in eliminating the facial wrinkles using the biometric assessment and to optimize the application of this technique in this treatment.

Methods

The present study was conducted on 22 male and female patients aged between 35 and 60 years old. Samples were collected from the retro‐auricular region, and the fibroblast cells were isolated and cultured. Subjects received three injections with autologous fibroblasts at 2‐week intervals. The patients were followed up for 6 months, and structural changes in their wrinkles were assessed by the sonography and the VisioFace software, cutometer, tewameter, and colorimeter.

Results

The results obtained using the VisioFace software showed the significant phenotypic changes in the patients after the nasolabial injections (81.42 ± 23.97 vs. 60.91 ± 21.91, p = 0.0001). The results showed a significant increase in the total skin density (13.73 ± 6.30 vs. 26.27 ± 7.93, p = 0.0001), dermis density (11.28 ± 5.21 vs. 31.88 ± 7.96, p = 0.0001), epidermis density (27.68 ± 23.15 vs. 49.21 ± 45.68, p = 0.046), and dermis thickness (798.09 ± 133.51 μm vs. 905.59 ± 240.67 μm, p = 0.036) compared to pre‐treatment.

Conclusion

The findings of the study revealed that the injection of autologous fibroblasts can be effective in restoring the aging skin, especially in the nasolabial region, and can be used as a safe rejuvenating strategy.
Hair diameter measurements for planning follicular unit extraction surgery (FUE): Is there a correlation between the micrometer caliper and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) findings?
Authors: Bayramoglu Alp , Erdogan Koray , Urhan Oguzhan , Keskinoz Elif Nedret , Acikel Elmas Merve , Hayran Mutlu , Arbak Serap
Published: April 2021

Background

Hair shaft diameter is one of the most important factors for the outcome of follicular unit extraction (FUE) surgery. In fact, the hair shaft is elliptical. Therefore, it has a long and short axis. Many hair transplantation surgeons use manual micrometer caliper for gauging hair diameter and use the results in the management of recipient and donor area.

Aim

In this study, we aimed to identify the dependability of micrometer caliper and also the hair diameter diversity pattern in the donor area.

Patients/Methods

Two hundred and seventy hairs were collected from three males with androgenetic alopecia. Hair samples were obtained from the 1 cm2 boxes from superior to inferior at the mid‐point of temporal, parietal, and occipital donor areas. The diameter of each hair was measured both with a micrometer caliper and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Results

Average diameter measured by scanning electron microscopy was 83.01 µm for the long axis and 51.51 µm for the short axis. The average value for the micrometer caliper measurement was 53.32 µm. Comparison of micrometer caliper results with the short‐axis measurements of SEM revealed a strong significant correlation. The hair diameters from superior, middle, and inferior boxes revealed a tendency to decrease toward the inferior regions.

Conclusions

A manual micrometer caliper is a dependable tool for planning FUE surgery, and it measures the short axis of the elliptical hair shaft. Hair diameter tends to decrease toward the inferior regions of the donor area.
An alternative for the treatment of vulvar syringoma: 577 nm pro‐yellow laser
Authors: Aksoy Sarac Gulhan , Onder Meltem
Published: April 2021

Background

Syringoma is a benign sweat gland tumor.

Aim

Vulvar location of syringoma is rare. Although the lesions are asymptomatic, it requires treatment due to the cosmetic concerns.

Patients/Methods

We present a 42‐year‐old woman with vulvar syringoma.

Results

The patient treated with 577 nm pro‐yellow laser with a great success.

Conclusion

A 577 nm pro‐yellow laser is a good alternative in the treatment of vulvar syringoma.
Interpreting the keyword “China” and its collocations in selected correspondence of Pearl S. Buck, 1939–1946
Authors: Christie Stuart , Kwok Tsz‐Huen
Published: April 2021

A work of digital scholarship, this essay presents the discovery of archival data obtained from unpublished correspondence written by American novelist Pearl S. Buck (1892–1973). Using digital tools, our project rendered and analyzed a keyword database in order to identify and measure the keyword “China” in relation to other value‐laden collocations—such as country, friend, and people—which Buck promulgated widely in her role as public intellectual and China expert for her time. Buck was never able to return to China in person. Even so, the globalized values attributed to “China” in her letters remained meaningful touchstones for her philanthropy, activism, and social commentary in the United States in her lifetime, personally and professionally, as she urged greater American recognition of China's emergence prior to and during the Second World War.
Pregnancy outcome of anti‐HCV direct‐acting antivirals: Real‐life data from an Egyptian cohort
Authors: AbdAllah Mohamed , Alboraie Mohamed , Abdel‐Razek Wael , Hassany Mohamed , Ammar Islam , Kamal Ehab , Alalfy Mahmoud , Okasha Ahmed , El Akel Wafaa , Shaaban Elsaied , Elbaz Tamer , Hefny Zeinab , Gomaa Ahmed , El‐Bendary Mahmoud , El‐Serafy Magdy , Esmat Gamal , Doss Wahid , El‐Sayed Manal H
Published: April 2021

We aimed to assess the pregnancy outcome in women with chronic HCV who had negative pregnancy test prior to the anti‐HCV course and had unintended pregnancy while on HCV treatment. Hundred patients with a mean age of 30 ± 6.7 y were included and advised to withhold antivirals and continue follow‐up in viral hepatitis and obstetrics centres till delivery. All patients received a 12‐weeks regimen of anti‐HCV [sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir (SOF/DCV): n = 95, SOF/DCV plus ribavirin: n = 3, and paritaprevir/ritonavir/ombitasvir plus ribavirin: n = 2]. Only nine patients completed the full antiviral course against medical advice, and 91 stopped between on‐treatment weeks 4 and 8. Eighty‐eight patients delivered full‐term babies, eight had preterm babies and two had abortions. Of the nine patients who completed the full course of DAAs, seven (77.8%) delivered normal babies, attended their post‐treatment week 12 visit, and all (100%) achieved sustained virological response. No major antiviral‐related adverse events were reported.
Functional redundancy and specific taxa modulate the contribution of prokaryotic diversity and composition to multifunctionality
Authors: Li Yan , Ge Yuan , Wang Jichen , Shen Congcong , Wang Jianlei , Liu Yong‐Jun
Published: April 2021

Observational and experimental evidence has revealed the functional importance of microbial diversity. However, the effects of microbial diversity loss on ecosystem functions are not consistent across studies, which are probably tempered by microbial functional redundancy, specific taxa and functions evaluated. Here we conducted diversity manipulation experiments in two independent soils with distinct prokaryotic communities, and investigated how the initial community traits (e.g., distinct functional redundancy and taxonomic composition) modulate the contribution of prokaryotic diversity loss and composition shift to eight ecosystem functions related to soil nutrient cycling. We found that diversity loss impaired three functions (potential nitrification rate, N2‐fixation activity and phosphatase) and multifunctionality only in the communities with low functional redundancy, but all examined functions were unaffected in the communities with high functional redundancy. All significantly affected functions belonged to specialized functions, while the broad function (soil basal respiration) was unaffected. Moreover, prokaryotic composition explained more functional variation than diversity, which was ascribed to the crucial role of specific taxa that influence particular functions. Taken together, this study provides empirical evidence for identifying the mechanism underlying the ecosystem response to changes in microbial community, with implications for improving the prediction of ecosystem process models and managing microbial communities to promote ecosystem services.
Magnetic resonance imaging‐guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor patient with a clipped cerebral aneurysm and Alzheimer's disease: A case report
Authors: Ito Hisashi , Shizuku Tatsunori , Aoki Sho , Fukutake Shigeru , Odo Takashi , Yamamoto Kazuaki , Yamaguchi Toshio
Published: April 2021

We report a 78‐year‐old, right‐handed woman with a medication‐refractory essential tremor. She underwent clipping of an unruptured cerebral aneurysm 17 years ago. Furthermore, she had suffered from Alzheimer's disease for 3 years; however, she could communicate courteously. We performed MRI‐guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) left ventral intermediate nucleus thalamotomy, which prevented ultrasound from being delivered to the aneurysm clip. We sedated her in the planning stage and calmed her down with a frequent communication in the sonication stage. She was not delirious and her right‐hand tremor improved immediately after the final sonication. Mild dysarthria and hypotonus of the right extremities occurred the next day; however, these symptoms improved with steroids. This case indicates that patients with a clipped cerebral aneurysm or dementia could undergo MRgFUS.
War Against COVID‐19: How Is National Identification Linked With the Adoption of Disease‐Preventive Behaviors in China and the United States?
Authors: Chan Hoi‐Wing , Wang Xue , Zuo Shi‐Jiang , Chiu Connie Pui‐Yee , Liu Li , Yiu Daphne W. , Hong Ying‐yi
Published: April 2021

Fighting the COVID‐19 pandemic requires large numbers of citizens to adopt disease‐preventive practices. We contend that national identification can mobilize and motivate people to engage in preventive behaviors to protect the collective, which in return would heighten national identification further. To test these reciprocal links, we conducted studies in two countries with diverse national tactics toward curbing the pandemic: (1) a two‐wave longitudinal survey in China (Study 1, N = 1200), where a national goal to fight COVID‐19 was clearly set, and (2) a five‐wave longitudinal survey in the United States (Study 2, N = 1001), where the national leader, President Trump, rejected the severity of COVID‐19 in its early stage. Results revealed that national identification was associated with an increase in disease‐preventive behaviors in both countries in general. However, higher national identification was associated with greater trust in Trump's administration among politically conservative American participants, which then was associated with slower adoption of preventive behaviors. The reciprocal effect of disease‐preventive behaviors on national identification was observed only in China. Overall, our findings suggest that although national identification may serve as a protective factor in curbing the pandemic, this beneficial effect was reduced in some political contexts.

Highlights

Policymakers should note that national identity serves as a protective factor in curbing the COVID‐19 pandemic. Narratives that highlight the collective agency of people would be useful in promoting disease‐preventive actions as long as they are also endorsed by national leaders.

National leaders should provide clear and consistent recommendations in promoting disease‐preventive actions.

Practitioners and policymakers should be aware of how the communication strategies they use would be affected by society’s political contexts. Mobilizing disease‐preventive actions through a patriotic frame might not be useful when national leaders did not unambiguously promote disease prevention.
Exits from the poverty trap and growth accelerations in a dual economy model
Authors: Berthelemy Jean‐Claude
Published: April 2021

We propose a simple theoretical dual economy model to study the dynamics of an economy in which individuals move out of a poverty trap. These dynamics are characterized by growth acceleration. This model implies that poverty reduction could, under some circumstances, cause growth, rather than the other way around. We define a measurement of the growth impulse that could be triggered by independent exits from poverty and correlate it with observed growth ccelerations. This correlation is both positive and significant, and it passes various robustness checks.
Improving the donation experience and reducing venipuncture pain by addressing fears among whole‐blood and plasma donors
Authors: Gilchrist Philippe T. , Thijsen Amanda , Masser Barbara M. , France Christopher R. , Davison Tanya E.
Published: April 2021

Background

Fear of blood donation is implicated in vasovagal reactions, donor recruitment, and retention. This study examined the extent to which fear among donors is associated with various donor outcomes in an Australian sample, and whether fear can be addressed on‐site to reduce adverse reactions and improve the donation experience.

Study design and methods

Six hundred and sixty‐four donors (age M = 33.4, SD = 12.7; 55% female) participated in a two‐center, pragmatic, parallel group, individually randomized controlled trial. Following donor registration and consent, whole‐blood (n = 539) and plasma (n = 125) donors were assigned to one of four Conditions: control; fear assessment; fear assessment + brochure; fear assessment + brochure + tailored conversation focused on any self‐reported fear and coping strategies. Post‐donation questionnaires assessed the donors' experience including positive support, donor self‐efficacy, anxiety, fear, venipuncture pain, and vasovagal reactions.

Results

Fear among donors predicted higher venipuncture pain, post‐donation anxiety, and vasovagal reactions and remained significant after controlling for other established predictors (i.e., total estimated blood volume, age, sex, and donation experience). Mediational analyses showed that exposure to brochures (with or without the tailored conversation) was associated with less pain, with this effect mediated by donor perceptions of more positive support. Venipuncture pain was also associated with vasovagal reactions, reduced likelihood of return within 6 months, and less satisfaction with the donation experience.

Conclusion

The current results underline the importance of interventions to address fear among both whole‐blood and plasma donors to secure the safety and well‐being of donors and the blood supply.
Evaluation of transpalpebral ultrasonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter for indirect assessment of intracranial pressure in anesthetized and standing healthy adult horses
Authors: Bramski Jessica H. , Reed Rachel A. , Diehl Kathryn A. , Epstein Kira L. , Ryan Clare A.
Published: April 2021

Objective

To determine whether an association exists between direct intracranial pressure (ICP) measurement and ultrasonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) in anesthetized and standing horses.

Design

Cross‐sectional study performed on a convenience sample of healthy adult horses.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Eight adult horses donated to the University. Enrolled horses were free of abnormalities on physical examination, CBC, neurological evaluation, and ophthalmological examination.

Measurements and Main Results

Horses were anesthetized in lateral recumbency for placement of an ICP transducer. Three head positions (neutral, elevated, and lowered) were used to alter ICP. ICP and ONSD in 2 directions (D1 and D2) were recorded at 5 and 10 minutes after position change to elevated and lowered. ICP and ONSD measurements were repeated in standing sedated horses 24–36 hours after recovery from anesthesia. Linear regressions were performed with ICP as the dependent variable and ONSD as the independent variable by head position and times. Linear regressions were also performed for change from neutral under anesthesia, with ONSD as the independent variable and ICP as the dependent variable, by head position and times. Significance was set atP < 0.05. There was a moderate association between ICP and ONSD in horses with head lowered at 5 and 10 minutes (R2values = 63%–78%) and weak association in head elevated at 10 minutes (R2values = 56%–63%). There was a weak association between change from neutral ICP and change from neutral ONSD in the elevated anesthetized position at 10 minutes for summed D1 + D2 (R2 = 33%).

Conclusions

Consistent associations between direct ICP and ONSD in anesthetized or standing horses were not observed. This inconsistency limits the clinically utility of transpalpebral ultrasonographic ONSD measurement for ICP monitoring in horses.
Histologic, immunohistochemical, and scanning electron microscopic comparison of pre‐iridal monocellular and fibrovascular membranes in normal and glaucomatous canine globes
Authors: Bedos Leila , Grahn Bruce H. , Philibert Helene , Campbell John , Sandmeyer Lynne
Published: April 2021

Objectives

(i) To evaluate immunohistochemical labeling of pre‐iridal monocellular and fibrovascular membranes and (ii) describe the light and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) characteristics of these membranes in glaucomatous and normal/control canine globes.

Materials and methods

All globes were evaluated with light microscopy. Immunohistochemical labeling for CD18, Smooth muscle actin (SMA), and CD117 was completed on 40 canine globes with congenital/anterior segment dysgenesis‐associated glaucoma (n = 10), primary/goniodysgenesis‐associated glaucoma (n = 10), secondary glaucoma (n = 10), and normal/control globes (n = 10). SEM was completed on 10 globes: 5 with monocellular membranes, 3 with fibrovascular membranes, and 2 without a histologically detectable membrane.

Results

Monocellular membranes were detected in all normal/control globes with light microscopy and appeared to be morphologically very similar to those in diseased globes. CD18 labeling was detected in 9/10 monocellular membranes in normal/control globes, 15/23 monocellular, and 7/8 fibrovascular membranes in globes with glaucoma. SMA and CD117 labeling was not detected in monocellular membranes of normal/control globes. SMA was expressed in 10/23 monocellular and 7/8 fibrovascular membranes of glaucomatous globes. CD117 was expressed in 7/23 monocellular and 5/8 fibrovascular membranes of glaucomatous globes. SEM of monocellular membranes revealed a continuous sheet of mostly spindle cells and few individual round cells that extended over the anterior iris face in normal/control and all glaucomatous globes.

Conclusion

Pre‐iridal monocellular membranes are a normal component of the anterior iris surface, and CD18 immunoreactivity suggests some cells within these are of leukocytic origin. SMA and CD117 labeling of monocellular membranes in glaucomatous, but not normal/control globes, suggest metaplastic cellular change secondary to intraocular pathology related to glaucoma.
Mixed xenogeneic porcine chimerism tolerizes human anti‐pig natural antibody‐producing cells in a humanized mouse model
Authors: Waffarn Elizabeth E. , Khosravi‐Maharlooei Mohsen , Vecchione Andrea , Shao Steven , Vishwasrao Paresh , HÖlzl Markus A. , Frangaj Kristjana , Sykes Megan , Li Hao Wei
Published: April 2021

Background

A major obstacle to the success of organ transplantation from pigs to humans, necessitated by the shortage of human organs, is robust humoral immune rejection by pig‐reactive human antibodies. Mixed xenogeneic hematopoietic chimerism induces xenoreactive B cell tolerance in rodents, but whether mixed pig/human chimerism could induce tolerance of human B cells to pig xenoantigens is unknown.

Methods

We investigated this question using a humanized mouse model in which durable mixed (pig‐human) xenogeneic chimerism can be established.

Results

Human natural anti‐pig cytotoxic antibodies, predominantly IgM, are detectable in non‐chimeric humanized mouse serum, and pig‐reactive antibodies were reduced in mixed chimeric versus non‐chimeric humanized mice. This difference required persistent mixed chimerism and was not due to the adsorption of antibodies on pig cells in vivo. Furthermore, human B cells from spleens of mixed chimeric mice produced lower levels of anti‐pig antibodies when stimulated in vitro compared with those from non‐chimeric mice.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that mixed chimerism reduces human natural antibodies to pig xenoantigens, providing the first in vivo evidence of human B cell tolerance induction by mixed xenogeneic chimerism and supporting further evaluation of this approach for inducing human B cell tolerance to xenografts.
Comparison of the ENDF/B-VII.0, ENDF/B-VII.1, ENDF/B-VIII.0, and JEFF-3.3 Libraries for the Nuclear Design Calculations of the Nuclear Power Plant Krško With the CORD-2 System
Authors: Kromar Marjan , Kurinčič Bojan
Published: April 2021

Recently, two new nuclear reaction data evaluations have been released: ENDF/B-VIII.0 and JEFF-3.3. Since the neutron nuclear data profoundly influence predictions of the nuclear systems behavior, many researchers have been investigating new data striving for more accurate predictions. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the neutron data libraries on the nuclear design calculations of the nuclear power plant (NPP) Krško core. ENDF/B-VII.0, ENDF/B-VII.1, ENDF/B-VIII.0, and JEFF-3.3 libraries are considered. In the first part of this work the effect on the depletion of the typical NPP Krško fuel assembly in infinite geometry is investigated. In the second part, analysis of all 30 completed NPP Krško operating cycles is performed. Performed analysis has indicated differences of a few 100 pcm in multiplication factor for a fresh fuel due to differences in 235U and 238U cross sections. For a burned fuel assemblies, differences are even higher due to different rate of fission products formation, 235U burnout, and Pu production. Observed differences in libraries resulted in differences of several tens of ppm in critical Boron concentration on the core level. Differences in control rods worth and Boron coefficients were inside 1%. Some differences in isothermal temperature coefficient were observed, however, they only marginally affect core power defect going from zero to full power.
Relationship Between Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer of Fully Developed Flow in Smooth Horizontal Circular Tubes and Spiral-Coiled Tubes in the Laminar Flow Regime
Authors: Patil Rahul Harishchandra , Tendolkar Mandar Vinayak
Published: April 2021

Studies on isothermal steady-state frictional pressure drop for flow of petroleum base oils SN70, SN150, diesel, and water are carried out in spiral coils with diameter to length ratio, 0.00042, 0.00047, 0.00073, 0.00164, 0.00189, 0.003, and 0.0037. An attempt is made to correlate friction factors with a better and more appropriate dimensionless group for flow of Newtonian fluids through spiral-coiled tubes. An innovative approach of correlating heat transfer data with the newly established dimensionless group is presented. Heat transfer experiments are performed for spiral coils with diameter to length ratio 0.000474, 0.00042, 0.001896, 0.00198, 0.000942, and 0.00164 in laminar flow regime. Suitable correlations for friction factors and Nusselt numbers are proposed. Relationship between pressure drop and heat transfer is studied. The incapability of the conventional analogy equations to estimate the heat and momentum transfer coefficients for laminar flow through straight or curved tubes is explained based on the viscous and form drag existing in straight and curved pipe flow. The limitations of the existing analogy equations are examined critically. A new general analogy equation is derived for laminar flow through spiral and straight tubes considering the influencing geometrical parameters of the tube.
Multifunctional natural polymer-based metallic implant surface modifications
Authors: Pazarçeviren Ahmet Engin , Tezcaner Ayşen , Evis Zafer
Published: April 2021

High energy traumas could cause critical damage to bone, which will require permanent implants to recover while functionally integrating with the host bone. Critical sized bone defects necessitate the use of bioactive metallic implants. Because of bioinertness, various methods involving surface modifications such as surface treatments, the development of novel alloys, bioceramic/bioglass coatings, and biofunctional molecule grafting have been utilized to effectively integrate metallic implants with a living bone. However, the applications of these methods demonstrated a need for an interphase layer improving bone-making to overcome two major risk factors: aseptic loosening and peri-implantitis. To accomplish a biologically functional bridge with the host to prevent loosening, regenerative cues, osteoimmunomodulatory modifications, and electrochemically resistant layers against corrosion appeared as imperative reinforcements. In addition, interphases carrying antibacterial cargo were proven to be successful against peri-implantitis. In the literature, metallic implant coatings employing natural polymers as the main matrix were presented as bioactive interphases, enabling rapid, robust, and functional osseointegration with the host bone. However, a comprehensive review of natural polymer coatings, bridging and grafting on metallic implants, and their activities has not been reported. In this review, state-of-the-art studies on multifunctional natural polymer-based implant coatings effectively utilized as a bone tissue engineering (BTE) modality are depicted. Protein-based, polysaccharide-based coatings and their combinations to achieve better osseointegration via the formation of an extracellular matrix-like (ECM-like) interphase with gap filling and corrosion resistance abilities are discussed in detail. The hypotheses and results of these studies are examined and criticized, and the potential future prospects of multifunctional coatings are also proposed as final remarks.
Noncanonical crRNAs derived from host transcripts enable multiplexable RNA detection by Cas9
Authors: Jiao Chunlei , Sharma Sahil , Dugar Gaurav , Peeck Natalia L. , Bischler Thorsten , Wimmer Franziska , Yu Yanying , Barquist Lars , Schoen Christoph , Kurzai Oliver , Sharma Cynthia M. , Beisel Chase L.
Published: April 2021

Cellular RNAs guide CRISPR-Cas9

The Cas9 nuclease widely used for genome editing is derived from natural bacterial defense systems that protect against invading viruses. Cas9 is directed by RNA guides to cut matching viral DNA. Jiao
et al.
discovered that RNA guides can also originate from cellular RNAs unassociated with viral defense (see the Perspective by Abudayyeh and Gootenberg). They rendered this process programmable, linking the presence of virtually any RNA to cutting of matching DNA by Cas9. This capability is the basis of a new CRISPR diagnostic method developed by the authors that can detect many biomarkers at once. Named LEOPARD, this method can detect, for example, RNAs from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and other viruses, thereby translating a new CRISPR discovery into a powerful diagnostic tool.

Science
, abe7106, this issue p.
941
; see also abi9335, p.
914
Development and Evaluation of a Point-of-Care Test in a Low-Resource Setting with High Rates of Chlamydia trachomatis Urogenital Infections in Fiji
Authors: Dean Deborah , Swaminathan Sumeetha , Kama Mike , Goemans Sophie , Faktaufon Daniel , Alnabelseya Noor , Spelke Dawn , Kahrizi Kamin , Black Matthew , Mitra Debkishore
Published: April 2021

Rapid and precise detection of
Chlamydia trachomatis
, the leading global cause of sexually transmitted infections (STI), at the point of care (POC) is required for treatment decisions to prevent transmission and sequelae, including pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, tubal factor infertility, and preterm birth. We developed a rapid POC test (POCT), termed LH-POCT, which uses
l
oop-mediated
amp
lification (LAMP) of nucleic acids, and performed a head-to-head comparison with the Cepheid Xpert CT/NG assay using clinician-collected, deidentified paired vaginal samples from a parent study that consecutively enrolled symptomatic and asymptomatic females over 18 years of age from the Ministry of Health and Medical Services Health Centers in Fiji.
mSphere of Influence: Whole-Genome Sequencing, a Vital Tool for the Interruption of Nosocomial Transmission
Authors: Babiker Ahmed
Published: April 2021

Ahmed Babiker’s work focuses on the clinical and genomic epidemiology of multidrug-resistant health care-associated pathogens and other high-consequence pathogens. In this mSphere of Influence article, he reflects on how the paper “Tracking a Hospital Outbreak of Carbapenem-Resistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae
with Whole-Genome Sequencing” by author Evan S.
Synthesis of CaCu3Ti4O12: How Heat Treatment Influences Morphology and Dielectric Properties
Authors: Ivanov K. V. , Noskov A. V. , Alekseeva O. V. , Agafonov A. V.
Published: April 2021

A ceramic powder, the precursor of CaCu3Ti4O12, was prepared by liquid-phase synthesis in acetic acid. The synthesized samples were calcined at 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1100°C and then characterized by a set of physicochemical methods. An increase in annealing temperature induced changes in the particle size distribution and quantitative porosity parameters of the powder. Analysis of the dielectric spectra of suspensions of synthesized materials allowed us to conclude that high-temperature annealing of the powder leads to a decrease in relaxation time.
Obtaining of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 – δ Nanopowder Using the Glycol–Citrate Method
Authors: Simonenko T. L. , Simonenko N. P. , Simonenko E. P. , Sevastyanov V. G. , Kuznetsov N. T.
Published: April 2021

The process of glycol-citrate synthesis of nanodispersed oxide with the composition La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 – δ have been studied. The resulting nanopowder has been examined using a complex of modern methods of physicochemical analysis. The thermal behavior of the obtained powder in air in the temperature range of 20–1000°C has been investigated using synchronous TGA/DSC analysis. As a result, the optimal conditions for the sample heat treatment have been determined, to lead to the formation of a single-phase nanocrystalline oxide. Using X-ray diffraction analysis, IR spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, it has been shown that the proposed synthesis method is convenient and effective for obtaining a highly dispersed powder of the specified composition with the target crystal structure. Scanning electron microscopy has been applied to analyze the morphology of the oxide nanopowder and determine the average particle and pore size.