bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Colonial to Sovereign Status: Some Problems of Transition with Special Reference to India
Authors: Spear Percival
Published: April 2006

Since the Second World War transitions from colonial to sovereign status have become so frequent as to be almost commonplace. The royal family in England has had an extra chore added to its duties in inaugurating new constitutions. Britain, which was thought by many before the war to be regulating the speed of inevitable gradualness by that of the tortoise, or even the glacier rather than the hare, has in recent years been sometimes accused of headlong haste and even Gadarene precipitation. Some of this proper speed or improper haste has been the result of lessons hardly learnt. Since there is much ground to be covered before the last colonial regime passes into independence, or some newly enfranchised states achieve stability, it is worth examining more closely the experience of one colonial region, for which purpose I propose to consider India.
Asian Studies and the American Colleges
Authors: Borton Hugh
Published: April 2006

On the celebration of the tenth anniversary of the founding of the Association for Asian Studies, it is appropriate that we should pause to analyze both the role which Asian studies should play in our institutions of higher learning and also the responsibilities which we as individuals and as a learned society have in the challenge which confronts contemporary American education. On April 2, 1948, about two hundred specialists on Asia gathered at Columbia University to complete the organization of a new scholarly, non-political, non-profit, professional association and to elect Dr. Arthur W. Hummel as the first President of the Far Eastern Association. In this decade, we have been singularly fortunate in the widespread interest and support which we have received. Fortunately, other newly established groups having scholarly interest in Asia have joined us, and last year the name was officially changed to signify better the area of our interest. As the Association of Asian Studies, we have a bright future ahead if we are willing to rise to the challenge that is before us.
An Outline History of Korean Confucianism: Part I: The Early Period and Yi Factionalism
Authors: Yang Key P. , Henderson Gregory
Published: April 2006

The Confucian system of thought, society, and government has a long JL history in Korea. Knowledge of some of its forms can be traced in the earliest days of our real knowledge of the peninsula. For many centuries, its influence on Korea was continuous but not pervasive. With the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, however, its influence on government and society began to be decisive and, especially from the sixteenth century on, it dominated almost completely the thought and philosophy of the peninsula, continuing to do so until the opening of the present century. So closely were Confucianism and Korea intertwined during this latter long period, that Korean history cannot be understood without Confucianism while the study of Confucianism itself will be greatly enriched by resort to its Korean experience.
Early Socialist Currents in the Chinese Revolutionary Movement: Sun Yat-sen Versus Liang Chʽi-chʽao
Authors: Scalapino Robert A. , Schiffrin Harold
Published: April 2006

After a decade in power, the Chinese Communists have had enough time to change the past as well as the present. Voluminous documentary collections, monographs, and general treatises on modern Chinese history have been published. Many of these works are designed to tell how socialism was victorious over evil and oppression, why the Communists deserved to inherit the mantle of heaven. Modern Chinese history is being reconstructed, with one eye always focussed upon those impersonal and inexorable forces of dialectical materialism and economic determinism, while the other is fixed upon the very personal if enormously heroic qualities of Chairman Mao. In the opening stages of a Communist revolution (and perhaps of most revolutions), a cult of personality comes so naturally and serves so many strategi c purposes, it is difficult to avoid, whatever the logic in second generation criticisms.
Formative Elements in the Japanese Poetic Tradition
Authors: Brower Robert H. , Miner Earl Roy
Published: April 2006

The poetry of every nation and age is a complex expression of the history, spirit, and individual genius of a people; and, as each successive generation evaluates a native or an alien poetic tradition from its own historical and cultural vantage-point, it discovers meanings and values as well as limitations and weaknesses in the poetry it reads. Each generation must reassess for itself the glory that was Greece or the grandeur of Japan—so that the attempt to describe the formative elements which underlie Japanese poetic expression is more than a single essay, individual, or generation can accomplish. But the undertaking nevertheless seems necessary today, when we can no longer be satisfied with the older extremes of Victorian condescension towards “Japanese epigrams”; the exclusively historical or biographical treatment which evades direct analysis of the poetry; or that simple-minded exoticism which prefers ignorant rapture to the disciplined effort of literary criticism. For the Westerner as well as for the Japanese, poetry lives only as it is understood and felt, and our experience of Japanese poetry today must reflect contemporary critical standards and techniques of analysis—the means of understanding given us by our own age and culture.
South Asia in Vernacular Publications: Modern Indian-Language Collections in the British Museum and the India Office Library, London
Authors: Barrier N. Gerald
Published: April 2006

The discovery and use of vernacular sources is a critical task for South Asia specialists. Area centers have produced scholars who are dissatisfied with English books and records as the primary source for understanding South Asia. The development of vernacular materials, however, has not kept pace with the new interests and attainment of language skills. Although individuals have unearthed caches of vernacular documents, no systematic effort is being made to publicize existing collections or to locate additional ones.
The Place of International Law in Chinese Strategy and Tactics: The Case of the Sino-Indian Boundary Dispute
Authors: Stahnke Arthur A.
Published: April 2006

The Sino-Indian boundary dispute provides an interesting test case to determine the willingness of mainland China, a revolutionary regime, to argue its position within the framework of traditional international law. Judging by Peking's official rationale for its claims in that dispute, one must conclude that its leaders demonstrated an awareness of the law's uses and limitations, and a willingness to rely upon it as an important support for its position. Thus, though the issue was viewed as a political question, Peking chose to argue that the correct answers to it should rest upon such legal or quasilegal considerations as: (1) the boundary had never been delimited through a process recognized by international law and (2) Chinese claims to contested territory were based upon historical evidence such as administrative control and official records. At the same time, China's diplomate skillfully interspersed nonlegal theses, e.g., that India was seeking to gain by the imperialist activities of the British, and underlined all of their propositions with a show of military strength on her southern frontier.
Land Property Data on Taiwan
Authors: VanderMeer Canute , VanderMeer Paul
Published: April 2006

A wealth of information about individual land properties on Taiwan appears as part of the land records of various Chinese government agencies. The records contain reliable and accessible data on lowland properties since 1904 and on upland properties since about 1925. The purposes of this paper are to describe the information and its sources and to indicate some of the types of problems related to land properties which bear examination.
The Individual and Society in Gandhi's Political Thought
Authors: Rothermund Indira
Published: April 2006

The problem of the relation of the individual to society and to the state was central to Gandhi's political thought and action. It has been said that Gandhi's “deliberate onslaught on the creed of individualism as it has been in operation during the last two or three centuries gave it a mortal blow.” How are statements like this to be reconciled with the fact that Gandhi appealed to individual conviction in his campaigns?

In analyzing this problem we should look at the main concepts of social and political philosophy which had an impact on Gandhi's life and thought. Indian philosophy is of special importance in this context and therefore a major part of this paper is devoted to the discussion of Indian concepts and ideas as they were understood and interpreted by Gandhi. Much of Gandhi's thought and action can be explained only in terms of the historical situation and the social setting of his day and age. But Gandhi's campaigns and his contribution to the Indian freedom movement have been described by many authors and therefore no attempt is made in this paper to outline the course of events.
Presidential Address—The Association for Asian Studies: Nonpolitical but not Unconcerned
Authors: De Bary WM. Theodore
Published: April 2006

This has been an important year for the Association for Asian Studies. With a membership of over 4700 we have become by far the largest organization for foreign area studies in the U.S.—and probably in the world. This growth in size has brought with it new problems of organization and new responsibilities for leadership in our profession. So as not to lose touch with our membership, we have undergone a major reorganization with the adoption of our new Constitution. This provides for four area councils, through which leadership would be shared with a much larger number of elected officers, and greater individual initiative would be allowed in the development of studies in each area.
Between North and South: The Lake Rebellion in Hunan 1130–1135
Authors: Haeger John W.
Published: April 2006

Six hundred miles west of Hang-chou the Yangtze River emerges from a mountain corridor onto the lowland plain of south-central China. Here the river bed widens sharply and loses depth; the Yangtze winds a snake-like path across a thousand miles of rich, flat, water-laced country, northeastward to Han-yang, then south toward the Po-yang Lake, north again to Chiang-ning (modern Nanking), and finally into the East China Sea at modern Shanghai. Medieval Chinese called it simply “River”—a River among rivers, the designation of an entire S-shaped area whose character depended more on water than on land, the dominant feature of the southern landscape. In the twelfth century this river region developed a strategic importance as it became first the refuge for a besieged court, then an area of contention with barbarian invaders, and finally the principal artery of Chinese control. This transformation reflected a major reorientation of the Chinese mind.
Ethnic Composition of Provincial Leadership During the Ch'ing Dynasty
Authors: Kessler Lawrence D.
Published: April 2006

The ch'ing dynasty (1644–1911) was the last and most successful of the dynasties of alien rule in China. “The key to its success,” noted Professor Ping-ti Ho, “was the adoption by early Manchu rulers of a policy of systematic sinicization.” The integration of the Manchu ruling class with their Chinese subjects was most striking in staffing the bureaucracy. Unlike preceding alien dynasties, the Manchus over the course of 268 years of rule shared a good proportion of key offices with Chinese. The system of dual appointments of Manchus and Chinese operated in the capital, while Chinese dominated the local officialdom.
India's Prospects According to Jean-Baptiste Say, 1824
Authors: Spengler Joseph J.
Published: April 2006

In 1824 Jean-Baptiste Say (1767–1832), the Adam Smith of France, undertook to forecast the future of the British Dominion in India. He did this in an essay entitled Essai historique sur I'origine, les progrès et les résultats probables de la souveraineté des Anglais aux Indes (Paris, 1824), subsequently included as a chapter in his definitive Cours complet d'economie politique pratique, first published in 1828–29. This essay thus appeared eleven years after the East India Company was given a new charter in 1813, but one stripped of its former trade monopoly, and six years before the transformation of the Company's dominion into what subsequently became the British Indian Empire. The officers of this new dominion would “have been much surprised to see the Indian flag hoisted in Delhi only a hundred and twenty-nine years later.” But would Say have been surprised?
British Intervention Against the Taiping Rebellion
Authors: Gregory John S.
Published: April 2006

Practically all accounts of British intervention in support of the Manchu rulers of China against the Taiping rebellion present it as a calculated and deliberate change of policy by the British government which followed more or less immediately upon the ratification of the Treaty of Tientsin and of the Convention of Peking at the end of 1860. Having forced extensive commercial and diplomatic concessions from the Manchu government by these treaties, so the usual argument runs, the Western powers in China, led by Great Britain, quickly set about helping this just-defeated enemy suppress a domestic rebellion which, in the view of many modern historians, offered a more hopeful and progressive alternative to the Chinese people than did the continuance of Manchu rule, but which was regarded as a threat to their interests by these powers.
Overseas Chinese and Economic Nationalization in the Philippines
Authors: Appleton Sheldon
Published: April 2006

A key economic, social, and political problem for the nations of Southeast Asia is posed by the economically important and abundantly organized Chinese minorities in their midst. The “economic stranglehold” of the “clannish” Chinese is often cited as the root of all evil by resentful local peoples, and on occasion these feelings have exploded in anti-Chinese demonstrations or riots.
Silent Trade: Myth and Historical Evidence
Authors: de Moraes Farias P.F.
Published: April 2006

Since it is related by so many we can accept it

Ca da Mosto

There have been several accounts of the practice known as ‘silent trade’ in west Africa during the last thousand years. The oldest known account, that of Herodotus, is almost twenty-five hundred years old–although it probably refers to northwest rather than west Africa. Such accounts purport to describe exchanges of imported goods for gold from sub-Saharan Africa. These exchanges are said to have been made according to very particularized rules: two (and only two) trading parties would transact business with one another. They would do this not only without the help of middlemen but also without speaking to one another, or coming face to face or even within sight of each other. Elaborate precautions would in fact be taken to prevent any kind of direct visual contact. Despite this mutual avoidance and the resulting impossibility of negotiating rates of exchange, agreement presented no serious difficulties. Bargaining was carried out through gradual adjustment of quantities, arrived at by alternate moves by the two parties. Though each of the two in turn would have to leave his goods unguarded in a place accessible to the other, neither would take advantage of this for dishonest purposes. A shared table of market and moral values, as well as (and in spite of) silence and mutual invisibility, were thus the trademarks of such exchanges.

The available accounts may conveniently be grouped into two categories. One category represents the exchanges as taking place between traders coming from what are assumed to be ‘more developed’ cultures (e.g., Carthage or medieval north Africa) and ‘less developed’ barely known cultures outside the sphere of direct influence of the greater sub-Saharan pre-colonial states. The other category refers to contacts between those barely known cultures of the hinterland and black Africans (e.g., Wangara, ‘Accanists’) playing the role of middlemen between the gold producers and the Arabs and Moors or Europeans. It is on the information provided by these middlemen that the second category of accounts depends.
On Ganda Historiography
Authors: Twaddle Michael
Published: April 2006

“And so,” commented Goody and Watt in their celebrated discussion of the consequences of literacy,

not long after the widespread diffusion of writing throughout the Greek world, and the recording of the previously oral cultural tradition, there arose an attitude to the past very different from that common in non-literate societies. Instead of the unobtrusive adaptation of past traditions to present needs, a great many individuals found in the written records, where much of their traditional cultural repertoire had been given permanent form, so many inconsistencies in the beliefs and categories of understanding handed down to them that they were impelled to a much more conscious, comparative, and critical attitude to the accepted world picture, and notably to the notions of God, the universe and the past.

However applicable these remarks may be to classical Greece, they are not applicable to colonial Buganda without considerable emendation. This paper attempts to suggest why this is so, paying particular attention to the development of indigenous historical writing. It is therefore more narrow in analytical focus than Rowe's recent survey of historical writings in Luganda. On the other hand, it is somewhat broader in intent than Kiwanuka's introduction to his translation into English of the early part of Apolo Kagwa's Ekitabo kya Basekabaka be Buganda, the only other substantive study in this field.
Seasonal changes in canopy structure in two mediterranean dune shrubs
Authors: Diaz Barradas M. C. , Garcia Novo F.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The annual cycle of canopy structure in two mediterranean shrubs in a pioneer zone of the mobile dune system in the Donana National Park, Scrophularia frutescens and Halimium halimifolium, has been analyzed. Destructive methods were used as well as a new non‐destructive method, based on frequency analysis of organ distribution within the plant canopy.

S. frutescens shows strong seasonal changes of photo‐synthetic biomass, but little annual increment in dry weight. In H. halimifolium, seasonal changes are not as strongly differentiated as in S. frutescens, but a higher annual increment is shown.

The canopy structure of both species and its temporal changes are compared with existingplant strategy models.
Seedling emergence after sod cutting in grass heath
Authors: Diemont W. H.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Experimental plots in grass heath, previously subjected to various sod cutting treatments, contained a seed store of ericoid dwarf shrubs, but seeds of grasses of the former grass heath were not found. The density of emerging dwarf‐shrub seedlings in the plots was determined mainly by soil moisture, but with density of seeds stored in the soil and soil acidity as modifying factors. It is concluded that the restoration of a dwarf‐shrub heathby sod cutting is relatively successful, as compared to other measures, because the grass seeds become obsolete.
Bits of Louisiana Folk-Lore
Authors: Fortier Alcée
Published: April 2006

Folk-lore may appear to many persons as being of little importance, but the great interest which philologists take in it, is the best proof of its usefulness. I shall, therefore, give what I know of folk-lore in Louisiana, presenting the text, in the patois, of some popular tales, songs and proverbs, and making a few critical remarks about that most interesting dialect spoken by the Negroes in Lower Louisiana.
The Question of Definition
Authors: Elbourne R. P.
Published: April 2006

The conspicuous failure of folklife studies to progress far beyond the collection and classification of materials has been accompanied by a pervasive vagueness in terminology. A. L. Lloyd decries the imprecision of “folk” — “a gawky term suggesting English condescension or German soulfulness” — and Wiora suggests abandoning “ambiguous terms such as ‘folk’ and ‘folk song’ “ altogether. Maud Karpeles - a veteran of many terminological debates — concludes gloomily that “it is in the nature of the subject that we cannot draw up a precise scientific definition of folk song which will serve to differentiate it entirely from all other forms of music.” Scientific or not, this paper seeks to explore existing definitions and suggest alternatives.
Direct role of NF‐κB activation in Toll‐like receptor‐triggered HLA‐DRA expression
Authors: Lee Keun‐Wook , Lee Younghee , Kim Doo‐Sik , Kwon Hyung‐Joo
Published: April 2006

Microbial components, such as DNA containing immunostimulatory CpG motifs (CpG‐DNA) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), elicit the cell surface expression of MHC class II (MHC‐II) through Toll‐like receptor (TLR)/IL‐1R. Here, we show that CpG‐DNA and LPS induce expression of the HLA‐DRA in the human B cell line, RPMI 8226. Ectopic expression of the dominant negative mutant of CIITA and RNA interference targeting the CIITA gene indicate that CIITA activation is not enough for the maximal MHC‐II expression induced by CpG‐DNA and LPS. Additionally, nuclear factor (NF)‐κB activation is required for the CpG‐DNA‐activated and LPS‐activated HLA‐DRA expression, whereas IFN‐γ‐induced MHC‐II expression depends on CIITA rather than on NF‐κB. Comprehensive mutant analyses, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, reveal that the functional interaction of NF‐κB with the promoter element is necessary for the TLR‐mediated HLA‐DRA induction by CpG‐DNA and LPS. This novel mechanism provides the regulation of MHC‐II gene expression with complexity and functional diversity.
195Pt NMR Spectra of Head‐to‐Head and Head‐to‐Tail Amidato‐Bridged Platinum(III) Dinuclear Complexes
Authors: Iwatsuki Satoshi , Isomura Eigo , Wada Atsushi , Ishihara Koji , Matsumoto Kazuko
Published: April 2006

195Pt chemical shifts and 1JPt–Pt coupling constants were measured for a series of head‐to‐head (HH) and head‐to‐tail (HT) amidato‐bridged cis‐diammineplatinum(III) dinuclear complexes involved in the axial water substitution reactions with halide ions (X– = Cl–, Br–): HH‐[Pt2(NH3)4(μ‐amidato)2L1L2]n+ ≡ [L1–Pt(N2O2)–Pt(N4)–L2]n+ (amidato = α‐pyridonato, α‐pyrrolidonato, and pivalamidato) and HT‐[Pt2(NH3)4(μ‐α‐pyridonato)2L1L2]n+ ≡ [L1–Pt(N3O)–Pt(N3O)–L2]n+; the diaqua (L1, L2 = H2O, n = 4), the aquahalo (L1 = X–, L2 = H2O, n = 3), and the dihalo complexes (L1, L2 = X–, n = 2). The 195Pt NMR spectroscopic data were considered in relation to the lability in the axial ligand substitution reaction and the electron distribution along the Pt–Pt bond. The NMR spectroscopic data suggested different electron distributions along the Pt–Pt bonds in all the HH dimers and in the HT aquahalo dimers, such as [L1–PtIV(N2O2)–PtII(N4)–L2]n+ and [X–PtIV(N3O)–PtII(N3O)–OH2]3+, respectively. Relative shifts of the 195Pt NMR signals for each substitution step indicate that the replacement of the axial water ligand by X– affects more effectively the electron density of the opposite Pt atom than that of the substituted one. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Organ preservation for advanced laryngeal carcinoma
Authors: Foote Robert L. , Foote R. Tyler , Brown Paul D. , Garces Yolanda I. , Okuno Scott H. , Strome Scott E.
Published: April 2006

Background.

Inclusion of patients with mobile vocal cords on larynx preservation trials may lead to overstatement of larynx preservation (LPR) and survival (OS) rates.

Methods.

This is a retrospective review of patients at our institution who would have been eligible for the Department of Veterans Affairs Laryngeal Cancer Study Group (VA) and Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/Head and Neck Intergroup (RTOG 91‐11) clinical trials. No laryngeal conservation procedure could be performed in patients with mobile vocal cords.

Results.

One hundred one patients at our institution would have been eligible for the VA trial. The 2‐year OS was 76% for total laryngectomy and 90% for radiotherapy patients (p = .28) compared with 68% reported for the VA trial. Seventy‐three patients at our institution would have been eligible for the RTOG 91‐11 trial. The 5‐year OS was 52% for total laryngectomy and 63% for radiotherapy patients (p = .18) compared with 55% reported for the RTOG 91‐11 trial. Radiotherapy patients had an LPR of 80% (VA trial) and 86% (RTOG 91‐11 trial).

Conclusion.

It is unlikely that inclusion of patients with mobile vocal cords had a significant impact on OS or LPR for the VA and RTOG 91‐11 larynx preservation trials. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2006
Dissociation Mechanism of HNIW Ions Investigated by Chemical Ionization and Electron Impact Mass Spectroscopy
Authors: Yang Rongjie , Xiao Hemiao
Published: April 2006

Chemical Ionization (CI) with Collision‐Induced Dissociation (CID) spectroscopy and Electron Impacting (EI) with metastable Mass analyzed Ion Kinetic Energy (MIKE) spectroscopy have been applied to study ionic dissociations of Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW). Similarities and differences between EI/MIKE and CI/CID mass spectra of HNIW were analyzed. In EI mass spectra, the ions [HNIW−n NO2]+ (n=2–5), such as the ion at m/z 347, were less frequent (1–2% relative abundance), but in CI mass spectra, these ions were very abundant. For some ions of large molar mass from HNIW, their dissociations pathways from parent ions to daughter ions were built according to CID and MIKE spectra. Molecular ions of HNIW with a protonated nitro group at five‐member ring seem more stable than at six‐member ring. The HNIW ions losing five of six nitro groups are very stable based on CID spectra, which agrees with some research results for thermal decomposition of HNIW in literature.
Reactive radical scavenging and xanthine oxidase inhibition of proanthocyanidins from Carallia brachiata
Authors: Phuwapraisirisan Preecha , Sowanthip Preecha , Miles D. Howard , Tip‐pyang Santi
Published: April 2006

Antioxidant‐guided separation of Carallia brachiata bark led to a new A‐type trimeric proanthocyanidin named carallidin (1), along with mahuannin A (2) and p‐hydroxy benzoic acid (3). The structure of 1 was fully characterized by interpretation of spectroscopic data and chemical means. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited radical scavenging against DPPH (IC50 102 and 182 µm) and superoxide radical (IC50 1.47 and 9.74 µm). In addition, 1 and 2 also inhibited xanthine oxidase with IC50 values of 12.9 and 16.0 µm. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dang‐Gui Buxue Tang produces a more potent cardioprotective effect than its component herb extracts and enhances glutathione status in rat heart mitochondria and erythrocytes
Authors: Mak Duncan H. F. , Chiu P. Y. , Dong Tina T. X. , Tsim Karl W. K. , Ko K. M.
Published: April 2006

The effects of pretreatment with Dang‐Gui Buxue Tang (DBT, a decoction of Astragali and Angelica roots) and its component herb extracts on myocardial ischaemia‐reperfusion (IR) injury were examined in rats ex vivo. DBT and its component herb extracts could protect against myocardial IR injury in a dose‐dependent manner. The more potent cardioprotection afforded by DBT pretreatment than that of a mixture of Astragali and Angelica root extracts was associated with a much higher extraction yield of active ingredients from Angelica root in the herbal decoction. The high level of active ingredients might increase their bioavailability after oral administration. DBT pretreatment could enhance myocardial mitochondrial as well as red blood cell (RBC) glutathione status, thereby increasing their resistance to oxidative stress‐induced injury in rats. The measurement of RBC glutathione status may serve as a useful index for the antioxidant effect produced by DBT treatment in human subjects. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of an insecticidal coumarin from Boenninghausenia albiflora
Authors: Sharma Rajnikant , Negi Devendra S. , Shiu Winnie K. P. , Gibbons Simon
Published: April 2006

The leaves of Boenninghausenia albiflora afforded an insecticidal coumarin which was identified as murraxocin (7‐methoxy‐8‐[1′‐ethoxy‐2′‐hydroxy‐3′‐methyl‐but‐3′enyl]‐coumarin) (1), on the basis of extensive 1‐ and 2‐dimensional NMR experiments. This compound has previously been isolated from Murraya exotica but this is the first report of the full 1H and 13C data for this compound. This natural product was evaluated against important forest insect pests and was active against Plecoptera reflexa, Clostera cupreata and Crypsiptya coclesalis at different concentrations varying from 1.0% to 5% w/v. In the crude extract 70% mortality was observed, and for compound 1 80% mortality was observed at a concentration of 1.0% w/v. The percentage of insect mortality increased in a dose‐dependent manner. Coumarins are poorly studied insecticides and there is potential to exploit this chemically simple group of natural products. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survival brachiopod faunas of the end-Permian mass extinction from the southern Alps (Italy) and South China
Authors: CHEN ZHONG-QIANG , KAIHO KUNIO , GEORGE ANNETTE D. , TONG JINNAN
Published: April 2006

Eight brachiopod species in seven genera are described from the Permian–Triassic boundary beds of South China and northern Italy. The brachiopods from northern Italy are described for the first time and include two new species: Orbicoelia dolomitensis Chen and Spirigerella? teseroi Chen. The Permian affinity of these brachiopods and their stratigraphical position above the extinction horizon demonstrate that they are survivors from the end-Permian mass extinction. The surviving brachiopods from South China, which was located at the eastern margin of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean, are considerably abundant and diverse and are dominated by geographically widespread generalist elements adapted to a wide variety of environments. They were mostly limited to the Upper Permian to lowest Griesbachian. In contrast, the survivors in northern Italy, which was situated at the western margin of the Palaeo-Tethys, comprise elements ranging from the Carboniferous to Permian or widespread Tethyan genera. These survivors did not occur in the pre-extinction western Tethyan oceans but migrated into this region after the end-Permian extinction event. Disaster taxon Lingula proliferated slightly earlier in western Tethyan oceans than in eastern Tethyan regions following the event. Survival brachiopods from both regions appear to have a generic affinity, although they do not share any species. Both South Chinese and Italian survival faunas support the view that the survival interval is the duration when survivors are dominated by geographically widespread generalist organisms adapted to a wide variety of ecological conditions.
Antwortmuster und Itemkennwerte: Ein unlösbares Item im KFT 4-12+R
Authors: Möller Jens , Bonerad Eva-Marie , Pohlmann Britta
Published: April 2006

Zusammenfassung. Der Kognitive Fähigkeitstest für 4. bis 12. Klassen (Revision) enthält ein unlösbares Item im Untertest Figurenanalogien in der Parallelform B. In diesem Beitrag werden Antwortmuster und Itemkennwerte von N = 1408 Schülerinnen und Schülern fünfter Klassen analysiert. Das unlösbare Item führt zu einer deutlichen Abweichung vom erwarteten Antwortmuster. Zudem zeigt sich für Schüler, die das Item nach Testmanual falsch beantworteten, eine höhere Rohwertsumme als für Kinder, die es (nach Manual) richtig beantworteten.
Wissenschafts-Praxis-Forum
Authors: Bruchmüller Sandra , Deller Jürgen
Published: April 2006

Zusammenfassung. Diese Studie untersucht, welche Elemente eines variablen Vergütungssystems als motivierend und welche als gerecht empfunden werden sowie ob zwischen diesen Wahrnehmungen ein Zusammenhang besteht. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf Leistungskriterien und Formeln zur Verknüpfung von Boni auf unterschiedlichen Organisationsebenen. Ferner werden Kriterien für ein als gerecht empfundenes Vergütungssystem ermittelt. Instrument zur Datenerhebung ist ein speziell entwickelter Fragebogen. Die Stichprobe umfasst 71 außertariflich bezahlte Fach- und Führungskräfte dreier deutscher Unternehmen. Die Ergebnisse geben erste Hinweise auf als gerecht und als motivierend empfundene Elemente variabler Vergütungssysteme. Ferner kann ein Zusammenhang zwischen als gerecht und als motivierend wahrgenommenen Elementen nachgewiesen werden. Bedeutsame Kriterien für Verfahrensgerechtigkeit sind Transparenz, Konsistenz und eine einfache Struktur.
Oral Language Expectations for African American Preschoolers and Kindergartners
Authors: Craig Holly K. , Washington Julie A.
Published: April 2006

Fundamental to improving our clinical and empirical understanding of African American students is the development of appropriate, culture-fair assessment methods. This investigation provides descriptive information in the form of means and standard deviations for the performances of 100 typically developing African American preschool and kindergarten students on selected measures of oral language production and comprehension. The measures included four derived from free-play spontaneous language samples: a dialect density measure, mean length of C-units, frequencies of complex syntax, and number of different words. Two measures were derived from responses to nonstandardized elicitations in the form of question prompts and probes of active/passive voice construction. Performances were stable for socioeconomic status on all measures. Dialect density and number of different words varied significantly by gender. Responding to requests for information in the form of question prompts showed a statistically significant increase from preschool to kindergarten. The protocol is recommended for culturefair assessment purposes with African American students as they begin formal education.
Prologue
Authors: Williams A. Lynn
Published: April 2006

The pragmatic challenge posed by the forum of completing an assessment within a 60 to 90 minute time limit challenges us to think about the theoretical perspectives that underlie our evaluation procedures. Hopefully, it will lead us to question some of our procedures in light of new theories and clinical advances and to develop stronger rationales for and greater understanding of "tried and true" procedures.
Chant Therapy For Treating Vocal Fatigue Among Public School Teachers
Authors: McCabe Daniel J. , Titze Ingo R.
Published: April 2006

Voice therapies have proven to be an effective method of helping patients avoid the symptoms of vocal fatigue. This study assesses the effect of a chant-based therapy on self-perceptive symptoms of vocal fatigue. A recitational pattern was selected and a therapy regime created from important features of this chant. It was administered along with a placebo therapy to four public school teachers who were prone to vocal fatigue. A two-hour fatiguing task was administered pre- and post-therapies, during which self-evaluative measures of "vocal effort" and "voice quality" were made by the subjects. The plots of these measures were used for the purpose of determining the effects of the chant therapy. Based on changes in the subjects' responses to the fatiguing task after the delivery of the chant therapy, we concluded that this form of functional therapy has the potential to be effective in the remediation of vocal fatigue.
Relationships Among Subjective and Objective Measures of Tongue Strength and Oral Phase Swallowing Impairments
Authors: Clark Heather M. , Henson Pamela A. , Barber William D. , Stierwalt Julie A. G. , Sherrill Michael
Published: April 2006

A growing literature documents the relationship between tongue strength and oral phase swallowing function. Objective measures of strength have been recommended as more valid and reliable than subjective measures for the assessment of tongue function, yet subjective measures remain the more commonly used clinical method for assessing tongue strength. This study assessed the relationships among subjective and objective measures of tongue strength and oral phase swallowing impairments. Both subjective and objective measures of tongue strength were observed to be good predictors of the presence of oral phase swallowing impairments. The specific oral phase swallowing functions of bolus manipulation, mastication, and clearance were moderately correlated with subjective ratings of tongue strength. Experienced and inexperienced raters appeared to judge tongue strength differently, with the ratings of experienced raters being more predictive of swallowing function.
A Clinical Measure for the Assessment of Problem Solving in Brain-Injured Adults
Authors: Marshall Robert C. , Karow Colleen M. , Morelli Claudia A. , Iden Kristen King , Dixon Judith
Published: April 2006

Rapid Assessment of Problem Solving (RAPS) is a clinical test of verbal problem-solving skills for brain-injured persons. This modification of F. A. Mosher and J. R. Hornsby’s (1966) Twenty Questions Test (20Q) reduces the memory demands of the test for brain-injured clients. This article provides background on the 20Q Test and modifications made for RAPS. It describes RAPS materials, administration, and scoring procedures and reports RAPS results for 70 normal participants. Normal participants solved RAPS problems with an average of 5 questions. Questions were predominantly constraint seeking and focused on semantic categories or features. Normal participants also reflected substantial variability in their performance on RAPS. This appeared to be related to 2 metacognitive abilities associated with problem solving, planning, and shifting set. The performance of 3 chronic traumatically brain injured individuals is also described and compared to the normal sample to illustrate clinical applications of RAPS.
Effect of Presentation Modality on Immediate and Delayed Recall in Individuals With Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Mahendra Nidhi , Bayles Kathryn A. , Harris Frances P.
Published: April 2006

Episodic memory (EM) deficits are the hall-mark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Story-retelling tasks are particularly sensitive to EM impairments and require participants to recall a short story immediately and after a delay. The purpose of this study was to determine whether presentation modality influences story recall in AD participants. Thirty AD participants and 30 healthy elders recalled short stories in (a) auditory, (b) visual, and (c) combined auditory-visual modalities. Recall was assessed immediately as well as after 15- and 30-min delays. Presentation modality significantly influenced story recall in AD participants. AD participants demonstrated better recall after silently reading a story than after hearing an examiner tell the story or simultaneously hearing and reading the story. Clinical implications of these results are discussed.
Implications From Factor Analysis for Central Auditory Processing Disorders
Authors: Schow Ronald L. , Chermak Gail
Published: April 2006

Central auditory processing disorders among school-age children have been challenging to identify and treat. Many issues remain that need to be resolved. Here, we compare and contrast findings on 331 school-age children who were given two of the more common central auditory processing disorder tests (Staggered Spondaic Word [SSW] Test and the SCAN Screening Test for Auditory Processing Disorders). These results replicate and reinforce many of the psychometric findings reported earlier. The use of factor analysis with these test results was explored. Significantly, two factors emerged, including an auditory binaural separation from competition factor and a monaural low redundancy degradation factor. These findings help us define the nature of processes probed by the SCAN screening test and the SSW test. Furthermore, these findings clarify the use of SSW and SCAN because they showed both SSW Left Competing and Right Competing loading within the same factor, whereas the three subtests on SCAN sorted into two rather than three factors.
Head Trauma and Mid-Frequency Hearing Loss
Authors: Scott Alison M. , Bauch Christopher D. , Olsen Wayne O.
Published: April 2006

Numerous reports in the literature associate head trauma with high-frequency hearing losses, often mimicking "4K notches" attributed to noise exposure. We have observed that some patients with a positive history for head trauma may show midfrequency notches in their audiometric configurations.
Low-Frequency Gain Compensation in Directional Hearing Aids
Authors: Ricketts Todd , Henry Paula
Published: April 2006

Hearing aids currently available on the market with both omnidirectional and directional microphone modes often have reduced amplification in the low frequencies when in directional microphone mode due to better phase matching. The effects of this low-frequency gain reduction for individuals with hearing loss in the low frequencies was of primary interest. Changes in sound quality for quiet listening environments following gain compensation in the low frequencies was of secondary interest. Thirty participants were fit with bilateral in-the-ear hearing aids, which were programmed in three ways while in directional microphone mode: no-gain compensation, adaptive-gain compensation, and full-gain compensation. All participants were tested with speech in noise tasks. Participants also made sound quality judgments based on monaural recordings made from the hearing aid. Results support a need for gain compensation for individuals with low-frequency hearing loss of greater than 40 dB HL.
Seton Hall University Doctor of Science Degree Program
Authors: Koehnke Janet , Besing Joan , Shea-Miller Kelly , Martin Brett
Published: April 2006

This article provides an overview of the clinical doctoral program in audiology at Seton Hall University. It is a full-time, 4-year program that includes academic course work, clinical practica, and research experience. In concert with the university mission, the program is designed to enable students to develop the skills they need to be leaders in the field of audiology, providing assessment and intervention to individuals with hearing problems and enhancing the knowledge base of the profession. As part of the School of Graduate Medical Education, students in the program have access to a wealth of resources in related health professions. The close proximity to New York City provides many opportunities for outstanding clinical education with a diverse population.
Evaluation of an Adaptive Directional System in a DSP Hearing Aid
Authors: Bentler Ruth A. , Tubbs Jill L. , Egge Jessica L. M. , Flamme Gregory A. , Dittberner Andrew B.
Published: April 2006

The effectiveness of an adaptive directional microphone design, as implemented in the Phonak Claro behind-the-ear hearing aid, is evaluated. Participants were fit bilaterally and tested in 2 environments, an anechoic chamber and a moderately reverberant classroom, with the microphones in the fixed (cardioid) setting and the adaptive setting. Five speakers were placed between 110° and 250° azimuth around the listener. Speech-weighted noise was presented from those speakers at an overall level (OAL) of 65 dB (A). Noise was increased by 8 dB from 1 speaker at a time, using 2-s modulation and random assignment, while the output from the other speakers was reduced to maintain the constant OAL. Results of 2 speech perception tasks used as outcome measures indicated that the adaptive system was not able to follow the dominant noise source in the presence of lower level noise sources. Selfreport measures obtained after blinded home trials were consistent with laboratory findings that the participants did not perceive this adaptive microphone design to be more effective than the default fixed-microphone option.
Doctor of Audiology (AuD) Program at the University of South Florida
Authors: Hurley Raymond M. , Chisolm Theresa Hnath
Published: April 2006

This article describes the doctor of audiology (AuD) program at the University of South Florida (USF). The USF AuD program has been operational since the fall of 1999 and, to date, 47 students have graduated from either the postbaccalaureate track or the post-master's track. The faculty consists of 9 full-time and 8 part-time adjunct members who provide a curriculum that covers the audiology scope of practice. Being located in a major metropolitan area allows for diverse clinical practicum experiences that result in students being prepared to become autonomous professional practitioners.
Hearing Screening Outcomes in Infants of Pregestational Diabetic Mothers
Authors: Stanton Susan G. , Ryerson Elizabeth , Moore Shana L. , Sullivan-Mahoney Maureen , Couch Sarah C.
Published: April 2006

Purpose:Hearing screening results for newborns of diabetic mothers were compared with those of nondiabetic controls.

Method:This study was a retrospective chart review of mothers with pregestational diabetes mellitus and their neonates (n=73) who received newborn hearing screening between January 1, 2000, and May 1, 2002. A group of nondiabetic mothers and their infants (n=73), with birth dates that matched the diabetic group, served as controls. A 2-tiered hearing screening protocol, employing distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) and automated auditory brainstem response (A-ABR) screening techniques, was used.

Results:The DPOAE screening failure rate was 5.5% (4/73) for babies in the nondiabetic control group and 11.0% (8/73) for infants of diabetic mothers; this difference was not statistically significant. The A-ABR failure rate was 9.1% (1/11) for the diabetic group compared with 0% (0/4) for the controls, but the A-ABR was measured for only a small number of participants in each group. The frequency of premature birth and abnormal birth weight was significantly greater for the infants of diabetic mothers compared with controls.

Conclusions:Given the greater frequency of prematurity and abnormal birth weight in the population of neonates born to diabetics, additional research using A-ABR is recommended.
Auditory Temporal Processing Performance of Young Adults With Reading Disorders
Authors: Walker Marianna M. , Shinn Jennifer B. , Cranford Jerry L. , Givens Gregg D. , Holbert Don
Published: April 2006

The present study investigated the temporal processing abilities of college students with diagnosed reading disorders. A behavioral test battery was used that involved discrimination of the pattern of presentation of tone triads in which individual components differed in either frequency or duration. An additional test involving measurement of frequency difference limens for long- and short-duration tones was also administered. The college students with reading disorders exhibited significantly higher error rates in discriminating duration patterns than the normal reading group. No group differences were found for the frequency pattern discrimination task. Both groups exhibited larger frequency difference limens with the shorter 20- and 50-ms tones than with the 200-ms tones. Significant correlations were found between reading ability measures and temporal processing abilities, specifically in word recognition and duration pattern processing, suggesting a relationship between lower level auditory temporal processing skills and decoding efficiency.