bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inattentional blindness is influenced by exposure time not motion speed
Authors: Kreitz Carina , Furley Philip , Memmert Daniel
Published: June 2015

Inattentional blindness is a striking phenomenon in which a salient object within the visual field goes unnoticed because it is unexpected, and attention is focused elsewhere. Several attributes of the unexpected object, such as size and animacy, have been shown to influence the probability of inattentional blindness. At present it is unclear whether or how the speed of a moving unexpected object influences inattentional blindness. We demonstrated that inattentional blindness rates are considerably lower if the unexpected object moves more slowly, suggesting that it is the mere exposure time of the object rather than a higher saliency potentially induced by higher speed that determines the likelihood of its detection. Alternative explanations could be ruled out: The effect is not based on a pop-out effect arising from different motion speeds in relation to the primary-task stimuli (Experiment 2), nor is it based on a higher saliency of slow-moving unexpected objects (Experiment 3).
Mitotic chromosome length scales in response to both cell and nuclear size
Authors: Ladouceur Anne-Marie , Dorn Jonas F. , Maddox Paul S.
Published: June 2015

Multicellular development requires that cells reduce in size as a result of consecutive cell divisions without increase in embryo volume. To maintain cellular integrity, organelle size adapts to cell size throughout development. During mitosis, the longest chromosome arm must be shorter than half of the mitotic spindle for proper chromosome segregation. Using high-resolution time-lapse microscopy of living Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, we have quantified the relation between cell size and chromosome length. In control embryos, chromosome length scaled to cell size. Artificial reduction of cell size resulted in a shortening of chromosome length, following a trend predicted by measurements from control embryos. Disturbing the RAN (Ras-related nuclear protein)-GTP gradient decoupled nuclear size from cell size and resulted in chromosome scaling to nuclear size rather than cell size; smaller nuclei contained shorter chromosomes independent of cell size. In sum, quantitative analysis relating cell, nuclear, and chromosome size predicts two levels of chromosome length regulation: one through cell size and a second in response to nuclear size.
Feared and Problem Foods
Authors: Apple Robin F. , Agras W. Stewart
Published: June 2015

Chapter 7 discusses feared and problem foods, including definitions, identification, introduction of feared and problem foods into the diet, homework, and self-assessment questions.
Session 1: Introduction / Rationale / Self-Recording
Authors: McCrady Barbara S. , Epstein Elizabeth E.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 1 outlines the first session of the alcohol behavioral couple therapy (ABCT). The focus of Session 1 is a discussion of the client’s drinking patterns to enhance motivation, as well as the rationale for treatment and what the sessions will be like. Feedback from the intake assessment will be explored with the client, as well as ways that the partner can provide support. An abstinence plan and treatment contract is constructed with the client.
Session 4: Partner Functional Analysis Part II / Enhancing Motivation to Change
Authors: McCrady Barbara S. , Epstein Elizabeth E.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 4 discusses Session 4 of the ABCT program. This session outline includes continued self-management planning and functional analysis of partner-related behavior patterns. Participants are encouraged to make a plan regarding having alcohol in the house, and decision matrices and motivation enhancement for the drinker are also discussed.
Session 7: Dealing With Alcohol-Related Thoughts / Communication Part I
Authors: McCrady Barbara S. , Epstein Elizabeth E.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 7 discusses Session 7 of the ABCT program on dealing with alcohol-related thoughts, how to identify them and challenge dangerous thoughts that could trigger drinking. Communication training is also introduced, and positive and negative communication patterns are explored.
Session 11: Relapse Prevention Part III / Acceptance Framework
Authors: McCrady Barbara S. , Epstein Elizabeth E.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 11 outlines Session 11 of the ABCT program. This session further discusses relapse prevention techniques, as well as how to handle slips and relapses, and the partner’s role in this process. The session also explores an acceptance/change framework, which identifies ways that partners can learn to tolerate behaviors that may not change.
Session 12: Review / Relapse Prevention Part IV
Authors: McCrady Barbara S. , Epstein Elizabeth E.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 12 outlines the twelfth and final session of the ABCT treatment program. The goal of this session is to give the couple a positive set or expectancy that the client now has the skills to remain abstinent, the partner has better ways to cope with issues related to drinking, and the couple has begun to learn how to have a happier relationship. In addition, the goal is to let the couple know that they have learned a set of skills that can be applied in the day-to-day environment to deal with high-risk situations and that relapse-prevention techniques will help the client maintain gains made during treatment.
Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Adolescents with PTSD Therapist Guide
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Chrestman Kelly R. , Gilboa-Schechtman Eva
Published: June 2015

Traumatic events, including sexual abuse, experiencing or witnessing violence, and natural disasters, are common among adolescents, and this online therapist guide presents a proven treatment for PTSD that has been adapted for the adolescent population. It applies the principles of Prolonged Exposure (PE) to help adolescents emotionally process their traumatic experiences and follows a four-phase treatment where the patients complete each module at their own rate of progress. It includes modules on motivational interviewing, case management, the rationale for treatment, information-gathering about the trauma, common reactions to trauma, and explains that by systematically confronting situations associated with the trauma, adolescents can overcome avoidance and fear. It covers how memory of the traumatic event can help distinguish the past from the present and promote feelings of mastery, and also includes modules on relapse prevention and treatment termination. It covers the importance of the adolescent's age and developmental level while in therapy, and includes developmentally appropriate materials and guidance on tailoring the treatment to each client's unique situation, including trauma type and family structure.
Assessment and Special Considerations in Treating Adolescent Trauma Survivors
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Chrestman Kelly R. , Gilboa-Schechtman Eva
Published: June 2015

Not every traumatized adolescent is a candidate for PE-A. Chapter 2 presents some guidelines for assessing adolescent trauma survivors, identifying and monitoring target symptoms, and determining the client's readiness for treatment. We also discuss some of the challenges of working with traumatized adolescents using PE-A.
Treatment Rationale Module
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Chrestman Kelly R. , Gilboa-Schechtman Eva
Published: June 2015

The purpose of this module is to present the framework of the treatment. The patient and the parents are provided with the general outline of the therapy and are briefed on the rationale for the treatment.
Gathering Information Module
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Chrestman Kelly R. , Gilboa-Schechtman Eva
Published: June 2015

This module gathers information about the trauma, identifies unhelpful thoughts that may interfere with the patient's recovery, and, if necessary, motivates the patient by assessing her strengths and resources. The information gathered here will help you understand the patient's view of the trauma and how her cognitions may be playing a role in maintaining PTSD symptoms.
Common Reactions to Trauma Module
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Chrestman Kelly R. , Gilboa-Schechtman Eva
Published: June 2015

This module provides information regarding common reactions to trauma and normalizes the patient's symptoms. This discussion is designed to clearly map out the patient's specific symptoms and to constitute the basis for the imaginal and real-life exposure hierarchies.
Recounting the Memory Module
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Chrestman Kelly R. , Gilboa-Schechtman Eva
Published: June 2015

In this module, the patient practices the second exposure technique, recounting the memory. Recounting the memory can be done in several ways; however, the preferred method is imaginal exposure. After each exposure, time is spent emotionally processing the memory, and challenging unhelpful thoughts as necessary.
Worst Moments Module
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Chrestman Kelly R. , Gilboa-Schechtman Eva
Published: June 2015

Chapter 10 continues utilising the exposure technique with increasing focus on the emotional processing of the 'worst moments', or most distressing parts of the trauma as the general recounting of the trauma memory becomes easier.
Tailoring Treatment to the Individual
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Chrestman Kelly R. , Gilboa-Schechtman Eva
Published: June 2015

Chapter 13 discusses alterations that can be made to tailor the treatment program to the individual client, depending on the nature of their trauma, age, and level of family involvement, and provides practical advice based on the conceptual model underlying PE, as well as our extensive experience adapting the treatment for a wide variety of patients.
Overview
Authors: Gilson Mark , Freeman Arthur , Yates M. Jane , Freeman Sharon Morgillo
Published: June 2015

Chapter 1 presents general information about depression and this cognitive therapy program to treat depression. This includes a background on the program methodology and cognitive therapy (CT), what depression is (as well as major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, adjustment disorder with depressed mood, bipolar disorder), how to identify symptoms of depression, thoughts of self-harm and suicidal thoughts.
Understanding the Impact of Emotion: The E of the BEAST
Authors: Gilson Mark , Freeman Arthur , Yates M. Jane , Freeman Sharon Morgillo
Published: June 2015

Chapter 5 discusses the emotions aspect of the BEAST model. This includes the ABC (activating event, belief, consequences) model of emotion, the importance of feelings in maintaining depression, the differences between thoughts and feelings, interventions focusing on emotion and feelings (including self-compassion and emotion, identifying and naming feelings, awareness exercises, techniques for appreciating changes in mood intensity, and the relationship between feelings and thoughts). Ways to evaluate progress are also discussed.
Life Situations and Vulnerability: The S of the BEAST
Authors: Gilson Mark , Freeman Arthur , Yates M. Jane , Freeman Sharon Morgillo
Published: June 2015

Chapter 7 explores the situation component of the BEAST model. This component includes discussions of the relationship between mood and life circumstances, how to identify personal stressors and vulnerability factors, strategies to cope with difficult life situations, and prioritize stressors.
Relapse Prevention
Authors: Gilson Mark , Freeman Arthur , Yates M. Jane , Freeman Sharon Morgillo
Published: June 2015

Chapter 9 discusses relapse prevention strategies. The chapter explores what relapse is, and common factors that cause relapse, along with techniques to develop a relapse prevention plan and a crisis coping plan, to perform continued assessments of progress that has been made, and other strategies to decrease the potential for relapse (including mindfulness).
Session 2: Common Reactions to Trauma and Craving Awareness
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 4 presents the second session of the COPE treatment program. This session discusses common reactions to trauma (such as anxiety, flashbacks, increased vigilance, avoidance, guilt, and depression), as well as the importance of developing an awareness of cravings and triggers.
Session 4: Initial Imaginal Exposure
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 6 outlines the fourth COPE treatment session. This session explored imaginal exposures, their purpose, and how they help overcome PTSD. The first imaginal exposure exercise takes place with the help of the therapist and the experience is discussed.
Session 5: Imaginal Exposure Continued and Planning for Emergencies
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 7 outlines session five of the COPE treatment program, which continues to focus on imaginal exposure techniques, reviews their purpose and benefits, and performs a second imaginal exposure exercise. Planning for emergencies is also explored, including the development of strategies to deal with triggers that can emerge from stressful life events.
Session 9: Imaginal Exposure Continued and Seemingly Irrelevant Decisions (SIDs)
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 11 discusses the ninth session of the COPE treatment sessions. This session introduces the concept of seemingly irrelevant decisions (SIDs),which may not involve making a direct choice of whether to use, but can move you one step at a time closer to using. Common SIDs are presented, as well as strategies for recognizing SIDs.
Session 10: Imaginal Exposure Continued and Anger Awareness
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 12 outlines session ten of the COPE program. This session reviews the purpose of imaginal exposure, and explores anger (including the constructive and destructive effects of anger, triggers for anger, internal and external signs of anger, and activities to help minimise anger).
Session 12: Review and Termination
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 14 explores the twelfth and final COPE program treatment session, which reviews the progress that has been made since the beginning of treatment on both PTSD symptoms and substance use. Steps for the patient to take to continue progress following the conclusion of the treatment sessions are also explored.
Session 2: Common Reactions to Trauma and Craving Awareness
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

This chapter describes session 2 of the COPE therapy. It guides the therapist through the common reactions to traumatic experiences, such as fear and anxiety, avoidance, intrusive memories, trouble concentrating, sleep impairment, and irritability. Next, cravings for alcohol or drugs are reviewed for the therapist, as well as common triggers, including PTSD-related triggers, for cravings.
Session 3: Developing the In vivo Hierarchy and Craving Management
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

This chapter describes session 3 of the COPE therapy. The therapist will be guided in this chapter on how to provide the rationale for in vivo exposure exercises and will generate an in vivo hierarchy with the patient. This chapter provides the therapist with instructions for how to teach patients to use the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS). Cognitive behavioral techniques for how to manage cravings to use are reviewed for the therapist, such as decision delay, healthy distracting activities, breathing retraining exercise, play it out technique, cognitive restructuring, and urge surfing.
Session 4: Initial Imaginal Exposure
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

This chapter describes session 4 of the COPE therapy. This session is dedicated to conducting the first imaginal exposure. The therapist will be guided in this chapter on how to provide the rationale for imaginal exposure, as well as how to conduct and process the imaginal exposure. In addition, the therapist will be guided on how to handle problems that may arise (e.g. under-engagement, over-engagement, avoidance).
Session 9: Imaginal Exposure Continued and Seemingly Irrelevant Decisions (SIDs)
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

This chapter describes session 9 of the COPE therapy. This chapter instructs the therapist to conduct and process the imaginal exposure. Then, the therapist is shown how to help patients increase their awareness and understanding of ‘seemingly irrelevant decisions.‘
Session 11: Final Imaginal Exposure and Anger Management
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

This chapter describes session 11 of the COPE therapy. This chapter instructs the therapist to conduct and process the final imaginal exposure. Next, this chapter shows the therapist how to teach the patient effective anger management techniques.
Session 12: Review and Termination
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

This chapter describes the last session (session 12) of the COPE therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders. In this chapter, the therapist is instructed to assess the patient’s progress since the beginning of treatment and review areas in need of continued work. Finally, this chapter instructs the therapist on how to elicit and provide the patient feedback, and treatment is terminated.
Assessing Hoarding
Authors: Steketee Gail , Frost Randy O.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 3 guides clinicians through the process of assessing clients with hoarding disorder (HD) in order to design the therapy and prepare clients for treatment. Clinicians begin with a detailed interview and also collect information on standardized forms to assess the severity and consequences of hoarding and acquiring behaviors. In addition to assessing severity of HD symptoms, assessment focuses on clients’ beliefs about hoarding, their daily living activities, and the safety of their homes. Clients are asked to record information from each session on a personal session form from the workbook. A home visit helps assess the condition of the home and likely steps for planning treatment. Options for clients to work with a family member, friend or other “coach” are discussed, along with homework which is agreed upon with clients at every session.
Enhancing Motivation
Authors: Steketee Gail , Frost Randy O.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 5 briefly discusses insight and motivation problems, and guides clinicians through the use of motivational enhancement methods with clients who experience and display ambivalence about working on their hoarding and acquiring problems. Clinicians begin with a detailed discussion of clients’ personal values and goals to provide a firm foundation. Following Miller and Rollnick’s work on motivational interviewing, basic assumptions of this approach are described. The chapter describes a variety of specific strategies to help clients resolve ambivalence whenever this occurs during the therapy process.
Planning Treatment
Authors: Steketee Gail , Frost Randy O.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 6 beging treatment planning with the use of photos from the initial home visit, a review of the client’s conceptual model of hoarding, and the goals of treatment. Clinicians discuss rules by which they will proceed during the therapy so that clients make all of the decisions about their possessions. Clients learn to visualize their rooms in a cluttered and uncluttered state and develop an initial practice plan for how to work on the acquiring, organizing and difficulty discarding problems with regard to the order of the items and rooms. Clinicians may use problem-solving strategies if needed and can include the coach if appropriate in the planning sessions.
Training Skills
Authors: Steketee Gail , Frost Randy O.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 8 encourages clinicians to assist clients in learning various skills to assist them in sorting and organizing the clutter items. Several forms are used to assist in the organizing process, including a list of tasks, a plan for where to keep objects and papers, including suggestions for how long to keep certain types of important papers. Preparation for organizing includes assembling materials needed for filing and storing items. Clinicians train clients in problem-solving skills to enable them to move forward when challenges to organizing and sorting arise. Decision-making practice occurs in concert with training in how and where to keep wanted items, as well as where to put unwanted items to remove them from the home.
Cognitive Strategies
Authors: Steketee Gail , Frost Randy O.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 10 provides clinicians with various cognitive therapy methods that can assist clients during the process of non-acquiring, sorting, and discarding activities. These include a review of problematic thinking styles, a list of self-generated questions about possessions, a review of advantages and disadvantages, the downward arrow method, using brief and longer versions of thought records, defining the importance and the value of objects using rating scales, and use of a perfection scale. Methods that appear to work best for clients can be selected for use during office and homework sessions.
Maintaining Gains
Authors: Steketee Gail , Frost Randy O.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 12 provides forms to assist clinicians and clients in re-evaluating the severity of hoarding and related daily activities to determine progress made during therapy. Clients review their hoarding model and their initial goals in therapy to consider how much progress they have made. A careful review of all of the treatment methods used during the therapy helps clients decide which methods worked best for them and which ones they should continue to use in the coming months following treatment. Clinicians help clients develop specific strategies for continuing to work on hoarding and whether to schedule booster sessions. They try to anticipate potential problems that might occur in the coming months and to develop ways clients can cope when setbacks and lapses occur.
Introductory Information for Therapists
Authors: Barlow David H. , Farchione Todd J. , Fairholme Christopher P. , Ellard Kristen K. , Boisseau Christina L. , Allen Laura B. , Ehrenreich-May Jill T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 1 provides introductory information for therapists on a background to the unified protocol (UP), its efficacy, who will benefit from the program, how to use UP if other emotional problems are present, assessment and monitoring, medication, who should administer the program, and the benefits of using a workbook.
The Nature of Emotional Disorders
Authors: Barlow David H. , Farchione Todd J. , Fairholme Christopher P. , Ellard Kristen K. , Boisseau Christina L. , Allen Laura B. , Ehrenreich-May Jill T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 2 discusses the nature of emotional disorders (empirical and data-driven conceptions of anxiety and major emotional disorders, emerging research, the body of evidence), etiology (including the triple vulnerabilities theory), and the role of emotion regulation.
Basic Principles Underlying Treatment and Outline of the Treatment Procedures
Authors: Barlow David H. , Farchione Todd J. , Fairholme Christopher P. , Ellard Kristen K. , Boisseau Christina L. , Allen Laura B. , Ehrenreich-May Jill T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 3 addresses the basic principles underlying treatment, its basis in traditional cognitive-behavioral principles, core skills, and premise, and outlines the treatment procedures and modules (motivation enhancement for treatment engagement, psychoeducation and tracking of emotional experiences, emotion awareness training, cognitive appraisal and reappraisal, emotion avoidance and emotional-driven behaviors (EDBs), awareness and tolerance of physical sensations, interoceptive and sicuation-based emotion exposures, and relapse prevention).
Module 2: Understanding Emotions
Authors: Barlow David H. , Farchione Todd J. , Fairholme Christopher P. , Ellard Kristen K. , Boisseau Christina L. , Allen Laura B. , Ehrenreich-May Jill T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 6 discusses the second module on understanding emotions, psychoeducation and the nature of emotions, definitions of emotions and examples of emotion-driven behaviors (EDBs), and the three-component model of emotional experiences (physiological, cognitive, behavioral).
Module 3: Emotion Awareness Training: Learning to Observe Experiences
Authors: Barlow David H. , Farchione Todd J. , Fairholme Christopher P. , Ellard Kristen K. , Boisseau Christina L. , Allen Laura B. , Ehrenreich-May Jill T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 8 discusses the third module of therapy on emotional awareness training, and introduces nonjudgmental, present-focused emotion awareness, (the importance of emotion awareness, reactions to emotions, judgments about emotions) along with a demonstration of how to practice nonjudgmental emotion awareness, and an emotion induction exercise.
Module 6: Awareness and Tolerance of Physical Sensations
Authors: Barlow David H. , Farchione Todd J. , Fairholme Christopher P. , Ellard Kristen K. , Boisseau Christina L. , Allen Laura B. , Ehrenreich-May Jill T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 12 outlines the sixth module on awareness and tolerance of physical sensations, physical sensations and the emotional response, avoidance of physical sensations, symptom induction exercises, and repeated exposures.
Module 8: Accomplishments, Maintenance, and Relapse Prevention
Authors: Barlow David H. , Farchione Todd J. , Fairholme Christopher P. , Ellard Kristen K. , Boisseau Christina L. , Allen Laura B. , Ehrenreich-May Jill T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 15 explores the eighth and final module on reviewing the treatment skills, evaluating progress and accomplishments that have been made, maintenance, relapse prevention, anticipating future difficulties, continuing practice, and establishing long-term goals.
The Body Project
Authors: Stice Eric , Rohde Paul , Shaw Heather
Published: June 2015

The Body Project is an empirically based eating disorder prevention program that offers young women an opportunity to critically consider the costs of pursuing the ultra-thin ideal promoted in the mass media, and it improves body acceptance and reduces risk for developing eating disorders. Young women with elevated body dissatisfaction are recruited for group sessions in which they participate in a series of verbal, written, and behavioral exercises in which they consider the negative effects of pursuing the thin-ideal. This online resource provides information on the significance of body image and eating disorders, the intervention theory, the evidence base which supports the theory, recruitment and training procedures, solutions to common challenges, and a new program aimed at reducing obesity onset, as well as intervention scripts and participant handouts. It is the only currently available eating disorder prevention program that has been shown to reduce risk for onset of eating disorders and received support in trials conducted by several independent research groups.
Significance of Body Image and Eating Disturbances
Authors: Stice Eric , Rohde Paul , Shaw Heather
Published: June 2015

Eating disorders are one of the most prevalent classes of psychiatric disorders for adolescent and young-adult females, affecting approximately 10% of young women. Approximately 40-50% of women experience body dissatisfaction, which is a key risk factor for eating disorders. Unfortunately, less than 50% of those with eating disorders receive treatment and treatment can be very expensive. Thus, developing and disseminating effective prevention programs has become a public healthy priority. Of the many eating disorder prevention programs that have been created, very few have significantly reduced eating disorder risk factors and symptoms in controlled trials, and only two (Body Project, Project Health) have significantly reduced the risk for future onset of eating disorders.
Recruitment Procedures
Authors: Stice Eric , Rohde Paul , Shaw Heather
Published: June 2015

The Body Project targets toward young women with body image concerns because they are at elevated risk for eating pathology, and prevention effects tend to be larger for individuals at higher risk for eating disorders. The intervention is characterized as a body acceptance class, rather than an eating disorder prevention program, to facilitate recruitment and avoid stigmatization. We recommend a multi-pronged approach to recruitment, with at least one form of individual/direct contact. One question can screen for the presence of at least a moderate degree of body dissatisfaction. The Body Project is not intended as a stand-alone treatment, particularly for individuals with anorexia nervosa, whom should be referred to a clinic or therapist for treatment.
Training, Supervision, and Quality Assurance
Authors: Stice Eric , Rohde Paul , Shaw Heather
Published: June 2015

Various training models can be effective, and the optimal training approach depends on the availability of experienced group leaders and other resources (e.g., supervisors). Ongoing supervision can be very helpful and enhance the training experience, which can occur via email, telephone, or face-to-face meetings. Recording the intervention sessions is recommended for supervision and quality assurance monitoring, as well as to enhance dissonance induction. With appropriate screening procedures, excellent group leaders can be recruited, trained, and supervised to maximize the success of Body Project groups. We have found that most facilitators with whom we have worked have expressed an enthusiastic interest in continuing to deliver the intervention.
Intervention Script for Four-Session Enhanced-Dissonance Body Project
Authors: Stice Eric , Rohde Paul , Shaw Heather
Published: June 2015

Chapter 8 provides the script for the refined enhanced-dissonance version of the 4-session Body Project. Each session begins with a voluntary commitment to participate—to increase accountability and dissonance. In the first session participant-led discussions introduce the thin-ideal and review costs associated with this ideal. In the second session, participants engage in role-plays to dissuade someone from pursuing the thin-ideal and debrief home exercises. In the third session, participants practice “Quick comebacks” to thin-ideal statements and debrief home exercises. Participants also discuss reasons for signing up for the class, and are asked to do a behavioral challenge. The fourth session focuses on future pressures to be thin and a discussion of the benefits of the group, as well as debriefing for home exercises. In each session, all participants are expected to talk and generate anti-thin-ideal statements in each session.Abstracts and keywords to be supplied.
Participant Handouts for Six-Session Enhanced-Dissonance Body Project
Authors: Stice Eric , Rohde Paul , Shaw Heather
Published: June 2015

Chapter 11 provides the handouts for the 6-session version of the Body Project script. There are roughly 2 home exercises for each session. These handouts are Letter to a Younger Girl, Self-Affirmation form (for the mirror exercise), the Verbal Challenge Form, the Top-10 List form, the Behavioral Exercise Form, the Body Activism Form, a Self-Affirmation Exercise Form. There are also exit exercises for the last session, which include a Letter to a Younger Girl and the Group Body Activism exercise. In addition, the 6-session version includes a handout for the Media Misrepresentation News Flash exercise and a Consequences of Eating Disorders News Flash.
Participant Handouts for Six-Session Project Health Obesity Prevention Program
Authors: Stice Eric , Rohde Paul , Shaw Heather
Published: June 2015

Chapter 13 includes all of the home and in-session exercises, and handouts used for Project Health. These are Food and Activity Change and tracking sheets, forms for: In-Session Writing Exercises, the presentation on How Society or the Food Industry Encourages Obesity, Letter about the Costs of Obesity, the Top-10 Costs of Unhealthy Foods and Sedentary Behaviors, the Refusing Unhealthy Food/Beverage Practice, Finding Healthy Food choices, Be a Healthy Body Activist, Make an Exercise Plan or Prepare a Healthy Meal, and the Exit Exercise, which involves writing a letter to one's future self about meeting goals for a healthy lifestyle. There are handouts on: calories in beverages, Tips for Eating Out, Exercise and Calorie Expenditure, Healthy Fruits and Vegetables by Color, and How to Deal with Slips.
Linking Jasmonic Acid Signaling, Root Exudates, and Rhizosphere Microbiomes
Authors: Carvalhais Lilia C. , Dennis Paul G. , Badri Dayakar V. , Kidd Brendan N. , Vivanco Jorge M. , Schenk Peer M.
Published: June 2015

Jasmonic acid (JA) is an essential hormone in plant development and defense responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Exogenous treatment with JA has recently been shown to alter root exudate profiles and the composition of root-associated bacterial communities. However, it is currently unknown whether disruptions of the JA in the rhizosphere affect root exudation profiles and the relative abundance of bacteria and archaea in the rhizosphere. In the present study, two Arabidopsis mutants that are disrupted in different branches of the jasmonate pathway, namely myc2 and med25, were cultivated in nutrient solution and soil to profile root exudates and bacterial and archaeal communities, respectively. Compared with the wild type, both mutants showed distinct exudation patterns, including lower amounts of asparagine, ornithine, and tryptophan, as well as distinct bacterial and archaeal community composition, as illustrated by an increased abundance of Streptomyces, Bacillus, and Lysinibacillus taxa in the med25 rhizosphere and an Enterobacteriaceae population in myc2. Alternatively, the Clostridiales population was less abundant in the rhizosphere of both mutants. Similarities between plant genotypes were highly correlated, as determined by operational taxonomic units in the rhizosphere and metabolites in root exudates. This strongly suggests that root exudates play a major role in modulating changes in microbial community composition upon plant defense responses.
Pathogenicity of Phytophthora capsici to Brassica Vegetable Crops and Biofumigation Cover Crops (Brassica spp.)
Authors: Krasnow Charles S. , Hausbeck Mary K.
Published: June 2015

The soilborne oomycete Phytophthora capsici causes root, crown, and fruit rot of many vegetable crops in the Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae families. P. capsici is a persistent problem in vegetable fields due to long-lived oospores that survive in soil and resist weathering and degradation. Vegetable crops in the Brassicaceae family have been considered nonhosts of P. capsici and are planted as rotational crops in infested fields. Brassica spp. are also grown as biofumigation cover crops to reduce inoculum levels of P. capsici and other soilborne pathogens, and this use has increased concurrent with restrictions on soil fumigation. Oriental mustard (Brassica juncea), oilseed rape (B. napus), and oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus var. oleiferus) contain high levels of glucosinolates and are widely recommended for biofumigation and as cover crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate vegetables and biofumigation cover crops in the Brassicaceae family for susceptibility to P. capsici. Brassica spp. used as vegetable crops and for biofumigation were grown in P. capsici-infested potting soil in the greenhouse and disease incidence and severity were recorded. In greenhouse trials, infection by the pathogen reduced the fresh weight of all Brassica spp. tested and resulted in plant death of 44% of plants of B. juncea ‘Pacific Gold’. P. capsici isolates exhibited differences in virulence (P < 0.0001), and were reisolated from the roots of all Brassica spp. included in the study. The biofumigation cover crop Pacific Gold mustard may not reduce populations of P. capsici in soil and, instead, may sustain or increase pathogen levels. Further research is necessary to test this possibility under field conditions.
Fitness and Competitive Ability of Alternaria alternata Field Isolates with Resistance to SDHI, QoI, and MBC Fungicides
Authors: Fan Zhen , Yang Jing-Hui , Fan Fei , Luo Chao-Xi , Schnabel Guido
Published: June 2015

Field isolates of Alternaria alternata from peach were previously characterized for their sensitivity to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides and the underlying molecular basis of resistance was determined. In the present study, we report that isolates resistant to the SDHI fungicide boscalid, regardless of genotype, were also resistant to pyraclostrobin and thiophanate-methyl. Resistance to pyraclostrobin was due to the G143A mutation in cytochrome b and resistance to thiophanate-methyl was due to 167Y in β-tubulin. Representatives of the two most commonly isolated SDHI resistance genotypes, H277Y in sdh subunit B and H134R in sdh subunit C, as well as genotype D123E in sdh subunit D, were selected for fitness evaluations. Genotypes H277Y and H134R suffered no fitness penalties based on mycelial growth on potato dextrose agar, spore production in vitro, osmotic sensitivity, oxidative sensitivity, germination ability, or the ability to cause disease on peach fruit. Hypersensitivity to oxidative stress and weak sporulation was observed only in genotype D123E. No competitive advantage was detected for sensitive isolates over the course of five consecutive transfers on peach fruit when spores were mixed with genotypes H277Y or H134R. Results suggest that, in the absence of fungicide pressure, A. alternata isolates resistant to methyl benzimidazole carbamate, quinone outside inhibitor, and SDHI fungicides carrying the H277Y mutation in SDHB and the H134R mutation in SDHC may effectively compete with the boscalid-sensitive populations.
Efficacy of Whole-Lung Lavage in Treatment of Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
Authors: Zhang Hai-tao , Wang Chun , Wang Cai-ying , Fang Shen-cun , Xu Bin , Zhang Ying-ming
Published: June 2015

The aim of the study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of whole-lung lavage (WLL) for pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). The cohort studies that investigated the therapeutic effect of WLL for PAP were selected strictly on the basis of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The statistical analysis was performed using STATA statistical software (version 12.0; Stata Corporation, College Station, TX). Twelve studies were included in this meta-analysis. Totally, 206 PAP patients who received WLL were recruited in the 12 studies. We compared the differences in blood gas analysis and lung function before and after the treatment in this meta-analysis. The results indicated that there were statistical differences in the levels of diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity, and arterial partial pressure of oxygen after the treatment of WLL for patients with PAP, whereas there were no evident differences in the levels of arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide and arterial oxygen saturation. In conclusion, WLL can evidently improve the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity, and arterial partial pressure of oxygen of patients with PAP, thus WLL may be an important treatment of PAP.
Arctic sea ice trends, variability and implications for seasonal ice forecasting
Authors: Serreze Mark C. , Stroeve Julienne
Published: June 2015

September Arctic sea ice extent over the period of satellite observations has a strong downward trend, accompanied by pronounced interannual variability with a detrended 1 year lag autocorrelation of essentially zero. We argue that through a combination of thinning and associated processes related to a warming climate (a stronger albedo feedback, a longer melt season, the lack of especially cold winters) the downward trend itself is steepening. The lack of autocorrelation manifests both the inherent large variability in summer atmospheric circulation patterns and that oceanic heat loss in winter acts as a negative (stabilizing) feedback, albeit insufficient to counter the steepening trend. These findings have implications for seasonal ice forecasting. In particular, while advances in observing sea ice thickness and assimilating thickness into coupled forecast systems have improved forecast skill, there remains an inherent limit to predictability owing to the largely chaotic nature of atmospheric variability.
Sea-ice thermodynamics and brine drainage
Authors: Worster M. Grae , Rees Jones David W.
Published: June 2015

Significant changes in the state of the Arctic ice cover are occurring. As the summertime extent of sea ice diminishes, the Arctic is increasingly characterized by first-year rather than multi-year ice. It is during the early stages of ice growth that most brine is injected into the oceans, contributing to the buoyancy flux that mediates the thermo-haline circulation. Current operational sea-ice components of climate models often treat brine rejection between sea ice and the ocean similarly to a thermodynamic segregation process, assigning a fixed salinity to the sea ice, typical of multi-year ice. However, brine rejection is a dynamical, buoyancy-driven process and the salinity of sea ice varies significantly during the first growth season. As a result, current operational models may over predict the early brine fluxes from newly formed sea ice, which may have consequences for coupled simulations of the polar oceans. Improvements both in computational power and our understanding of the processes involved have led to the emergence of a new class of sea-ice models that treat brine rejection dynamically and should enhance predictions of the buoyancy forcing of the oceans.
Burkholderia humisilvae sp. nov., Burkholderia solisilvae sp. nov. and Burkholderia rhizosphaerae sp. nov., isolated from forest soil and rhizosphere soil
Authors: Lee Jae-Chan , Whang Kyung-Sook
Published: June 2015

Strains Y-12T and Y-47T were isolated from mountain forest soil and strain WR43T was isolated from rhizosphere soil, at Daejeon, Korea. The three strains grew at 10–55 °C (optimal growth at 28–30 °C), at pH 3.0–8.0 (optimal growth at pH 6.0) and in the presence of 0–4.0  % (w/v) NaCl, growing optimally in the absence of added NaCl. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the three strains were found to belong to the genus Burkholderia, showing the closest phylogenetic similarity to Burkholderia diazotrophica JPY461T (97.2–97.7  %); the similarity between the three sequences ranged from 98.3 to 98.7  %. Additionally, the three strains formed a distinct group in phylogenetic trees based on the housekeeping genes recA and gyrB. The predominant ubiquinone was Q-8, the major fatty acids were C16 : 0 and C17 : 0 cyclo and the DNA G+C content of the novel isolates was 61.6–64.4 mol%. DNA–DNA relatedness among the three strains and the type strains of the closest species of the genus Burkholderia was less than 50  %. On the basis of 16S rRNA, recA and gyrB gene sequence similarities, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, the three strains represent three novel species within the genus Burkholderia, for which the names Burkholderia humisilvae sp. nov. (type strain Y-12T = KACC 17601T = NBRC 109933T = NCAIM B 02543T), Burkholderia solisilvae sp. nov. (type strain Y-47T = KACC 17602T = NBRC 109934T = NCAIM B 02539T) and Burkholderia rhizosphaerae sp. nov. (type strain WR43T = KACC 17603T = NBRC 109935T = NCAIM B 02541T) are proposed.
A Computational Modelling Approach for Deriving Biomarkers to Predict Cancer Risk in Premalignant Disease
Authors: Dhawan Andrew , Graham Trevor A. , Fletcher Alexander G.
Published: June 2015

The lack of effective biomarkers for predicting cancer risk in premalignant disease is a major clinical problem. There is a near-limitless list of candidate biomarkers and it remains unclear how best to sample the tissue in space and time. Practical constraints mean that only a few of these candidate biomarker strategies can be evaluated empirically and there is no framework to determine which of the plethora of possibilities is the most promising. Here we have sought to solve this problem by developing a theoretical platform forin silicobiomarker development. We construct a simple computational model of carcinogenesis in premalignant disease and use the model to evaluate an extensive list of tissue sampling strategies and different molecular measures of these samples. Our model predicts that: (i) taking more biopsies improves prognostication, but with diminishing returns for each additional biopsy; (ii) longitudinally-collected biopsies provide slightly more prognostic information than a single biopsy collected at the latest possible time-point; (iii) measurements of clonal diversity are more prognostic than measurements of the presence or absence of a particular abnormality and are particularly robust to confounding by tissue sampling; and (iv) the spatial pattern of clonal expansions is a particularly prognostic measure. This study demonstrates how the use of a mechanistic framework provided by computational modelling can diminish empirical constraints on biomarker development.
Golgi Isolation
Authors: Tang Danming , Wang Yanzhuang
Published: June 2015

The Golgi apparatus is a membranous organelle that modifies and packages proteins and lipids into transport carriers and sends them to the proper locations in the cell. The study of Golgi structure and function can be facilitated by the isolation of this organelle from homogenates of tissues or cells. Liver cells have abundant Golgi membranes because they actively secrete proteins and lipids; therefore, liver tissue is often the preferred source. In this protocol, Golgi membranes are purified from rat liver homogenate by two sequential sucrose gradients. The relative yield of the prepared Golgi stacks is then assessed by measuring the increase in activity of a Golgi marker enzyme, β-1,4-galactosyltransferase, over that of the total liver homogenate. A typical preparation can yield Golgi membranes that are purified 80- to 100-fold over the homogenate, and the majority (60%–70%) retain their stacked nature.