bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Team problem solving and motivation under disorganization – an agent-based modeling approach
Authors: Herath Dinuka , Costello Joyce , Homberg Fabian
Published: April 2017

Purpose

This paper aims at simulating on how “disorganization” affects team problem solving. The prime objective is to determine how team problem solving varies between an organized and disorganized environment also considering motivational aspects.

Design/methodology/approach

Using agent-based modeling, the authors use a real-world data set from 226 volunteers at five different types of non-profit organizations in Southwest England to define some attributes of the agents. The authors introduce the concepts of natural, structural and functional disorganization while operationalizing natural and functional disorganization.

Findings

The simulations show that “disorganization” is more conducive for problem solving efficiency than “organization” given enough flexibility (range) to search and acquire resources. The findings further demonstrate that teams with resources above their hierarchical level (access to better quality resources) tend to perform better than teams that have only limited access to resources.

Originality/value

The nuanced categories of “(dis-)organization” allow us to compare between various structural limitations, thus generating insights for improving the way managers structure teams for better problem solving.
Escape from the factory of the robot monsters: agents of change
Authors: Richards Dale
Published: April 2017

Purpose

The increasing use of robotics within modern factories and workplaces not only sees us becoming more dependent on this technology but it also introduces innovative ways by which humans interact with complex systems. As agent-based systems become more integrated into work environments, the traditional human team becomes more integrated with agent-based automation and, in some cases, autonomous behaviours. This paper discusses these interactions in terms of team composition and how a human-agent collective can share goals via the delegation of authority between human and agent team members.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper highlights the increasing integration of robotics in everyday life and examines the nature of how new novel teams may be constructed with the use of intelligent systems and autonomous agents.

Findings

Areas of human factors and human-computer interaction are used to discuss the benefits and limitations of human-agent teams.

Research limitations/implications

There is little research in (human–robot) (H–R) teamwork, especially from a human factors perspective.

Practical implications

Advancing the author’s understanding of the H–R team (and associated intelligent agent systems) will assist in the integration of such systems in everyday practices.

Social implications

H–R teams hold a great deal of social and organisational issues that need further exploring. Only through understanding this context can advanced systems be fully realised.

Originality/value

This paper is multidisciplinary, drawing on areas of psychology, computer science, robotics and human–computer Interaction. Specific attention is given to an emerging field of autonomous software agents that are growing in use. This paper discusses the uniqueness of the human-agent teaming that results when human and agent members share a common goal within a team.
Agent-based models of bounded rationality
Authors: Secchi Davide
Published: April 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this editorial is to introduce the Special Issue “Agent-Based Models of Bounded Rationality” and to provide an overview of its rationale and main objectives.

Design/methodology/approach

After outlining the overall framework to justify the choice of agent-based modeling in relation to bounded rationality, an overview of the six papers published in the Special Issue is presented.

Findings

The paper argues that simulation of complex adaptive social systems is a way to set the ground for updating the concept of bounded rationality and prepare for it to still play a significant role in the years to come.

Originality/value

After its introduction, bounded rationality remained mostly used but seldom discussed in both its assumptions and its meaning. The originality of this introduction is to unveil some of the points that keep rationality still at the core of organization and team research.
Evaluation of physicochemical, microbiological, sensory properties and aroma profiles of goat cheeses provided from Canakkale
Authors: Ozmen Togay Sine , Guneser Onur , Karagul Yuceer Yonca
Published: April 2017

The purpose of this study was to determine physicochemical and sensory properties, aroma‐active compounds and number of lactic acid bacteria in goat cheeses. High variation was observed among the cheeses in terms of fat %(w/w) and salt %(w/w) contents and titratable acidities %(w/w). Average counts of lactococci lactobacilli and enterococci were 6.90, 6.43 and 5.26 log cfu (colony‐forming unit)/g, respectively. The following compounds had high aroma intensity in the cheeses: acetic acid, butanoic acid, hexanoic acid, p‐cresol and phenyl acetic acid. Cooked, whey, creamy, animal‐like, waxy, salty and sour were the characteristic sensory descriptors.
Traditional milk processing and value‐added dairy products in selected Arab countries
Authors: Wilson Richard Trevor
Published: April 2017

The 22 countries of the Arab League occupy a combined area of 13.13 million square kilometres extending from the Atlantic coast of Africa in the west to Mesopotamia in the east. The total human population is of the order of 356.8 million people. Livestock (camel, sheep, goat and cow) have been kept by the Arabs for thousands of years and continue to be important in household and national economies. This article identifies and describes traditional milk processing activities and their derived products in a selection of countries of the area.
Incidence of secondary glaucoma after treatment of uveal melanoma with robotic radiosurgery versus brachytherapy
Authors: Siedlecki Jakob , Reiterer Veronika , Leicht Simon , Foerster Paul , Kortüm Karsten , Schaller Ulrich , Priglinger Siegfried , Fuerweger Christoph , Muacevic Alexander , Eibl‐Lindner Kirsten
Published: April 2017

Purpose

Different modalities of radiation therapy nowadays allow for effective treatment of uveal melanoma combined with the advantage of eye preservation. However, this advantage can secondarily be impaired by radiation‐related side effects. After local recurrence, secondary glaucoma (SG) has been described as second most frequent complication leading to need of enucleation. This study compares the incidence of SG after conventional Ruthenium (Ru)‐106 brachytherapy (BT) versus CyberKnife robotic radiosurgery (RRS) which has been gaining importance lately as an efficient treatment option offering improved patient comfort.

Methods

Medical records of all patients diagnosed with uveal melanoma in the Eye Clinic of the Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University Munich between 2007 and 2013 were reviewed. A total of 268 eyes of 268 patients treated with Ru‐106 BT or CyberKnife‐RRS as monotherapy were entered in this retrospective cohort study. Incidence of SG was correlated with treatment modality and baseline tumour characteristics.

Results

Fifty‐three patients (19.8%) developed SG. At 5 years, SG was significantly more frequent after RRS (46.7%) than BT (11.1%); however, tumour thickness (maximum apical height) as a marker of tumour progress was more pronounced in the RRS group. Subgroup analysis of 178 patients for tumours amenable to both BT and RRS (thickness ≤6 mm) revealed comparable results at 3 years (RRS: 13.8 versus BT: 11.2%), but a trend towards increased incidence after RRS beyond year three. However, this difference was not significant at 5 years (28.2% versus 11.2%, p = 0.138). Tumour thickness was significantly associated with incidence of SG.

Conclusion

In tumours ≤6 mm thickness, RRS and BT seem to offer a comparable safety profile in terms of SG. Beyond year three, SG was tendentially, but not significantly more frequent after RRS. Increasing tumour thickness is associated with risk of SG.
Laparoscopy‐assisted full‐thickness resection of the duodenum for patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor with ulceration
Authors: Abe Nobutsugu , Hashimoto Yoshikazu , Takeuchi Hirohisa , Ohki Atsuko , Nagao Gen , Suzuki Yutaka , Masaki Tadahiko , Mori Toshiyuki , Sugiyama Masanori
Published: April 2017

Introduction

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) with ulceration may potentially disseminate into the peritoneal cavity after laparoscopic local wedge resection (full‐thickness resection) when the intestinal wall is opened under the aeroperitoneum. To prevent this intraoperative tumor seeding, we developed laparoscopy‐assisted full‐thickness resection (LAFTR) of the duodenum for GIST with ulceration. Here, we present the preliminary results of LAFTR.

Methods

Three patients with duodenal GIST with ulceration underwent LAFTR. LAFTR consists of four major procedures: (i) a laparoscopic Kocher maneuver (mobilization of the pancreatoduodenum); (ii) the creation of a small upper median laparotomy; (iii) the extracorporeal completion of the full‐thickness resection under direct vision; and (iv) extracorporeal hand‐sewn closure of the duodenal defect.

Results

LAFTR was successfully performed without any intraoperative adverse events. The mean operating time and estimated blood loss were 182 min and 34 mL, respectively. Postoperative contrast roentgenography showed neither duodenal deformity nor disturbance of gastroduodenal emptying in any of the patients. None of the patients developed peritoneal recurrence.

Conclusions

LAFTR can eliminate the possibility of peritoneal or port‐site seeding of tumor cells because the duodenotomy and tumor excision are performed extracoporeally. Meticulously hand‐sewn closures of the duodenal defect can minimize the possibilities of anastomotic insufficiency and deformity. LAFTR is a feasible, safe, and minimally invasive treatment for patients with GIST with ulceration in the first and second portions of the duodenum.
CD49d associates with nodal presentation and subsequent development of lymphadenopathy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Strati Paolo , Parikh Sameer A. , Chaffee Kari G , Achenbach Sara J. , Slager Susan L. , Call Timothy G. , Ding Wei , Jelinek Diane F. , Hanson Curtis A. , Kay Neil E. , Shanafelt Tait D.
Published: April 2017

CD49d is a surface integrin that is expressed on chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells, and strongly correlates with more aggressive disease. Given its association with cell‐cell adhesion and leucocyte trafficking, we hypothesized that patients with high CD49d expression would experience a clinical course dominated by lymphadenopathy. CD49d expression was measured by flow cytometry and considered positive if expressed by ≥30% of CLL cells. The study included 797 newly diagnosed CLL/small lymphocytic leukaemia patients; 279 (35%) were CD49d positive. CD49d‐positive patients were more likely to present with lymphadenopathy (P < 0·001); a finding that persisted after adjusting for fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and IGHV mutation status [odds ratio (OR) 2·51; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·64–3·83; P < 0·001]. Among CLL Rai 0 patients, CD49d positivity was associated with shorter time to development of lymphadenopathy (3·2 years vs not reached, P < 0·01). This association was maintained after adjusting for either FISH [hazard ratio (HR) 2·18; 95% CI 1·25–3·81; P = 0·006) or IGHV status (HR 2·02; 95% CI 1·11–3·69; P = 0·02) individually, but was attenuated when adjusting by both (HR 1·72; 95% CI 0·88–3·38; P = 0·11).These data demonstrate that CD49d‐positive CLL patients experience a disease course dominated by lymphadenopathy. These findings could have implications for therapy selection and disease monitoring.
Pouch excision: indications and outcomes
Authors: Lightner A. L. , Dattani S. , Dozois E. J. , Moncrief S. B. , Pemberton J. H. , Mathis K. L.
Published: April 2017

Aim

Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal‐pouch anal anastomosis is the procedure of choice for ulcerative colitis. Unfortunately, up to 10% of pouches will fail, requiring either reconstruction or excision. While several series have reported on the aetiology of pouch failure, no study to date has focused on the postoperative complications associated with pouch excision.

Methods

Patients who had excision of ileoanal reservoir with ileostomy (CPT code 45136) were included. Data abstracted included preoperative, operative and postoperative variables. A Kaplan–Meier curve of pouch survival was performed.

Results

In all, 147 patients met the inclusion criteria for the study. The median age of patients was 47 years (73 women), and 132 had a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis at the time of colectomy. The most common indications for pouch excision were sepsis (n = 46; 31%) and Crohn's disease (n = 37; 25%). 84 (57%) patients experienced short‐term (< 30 days) postoperative complications, the most common of which was a surgical site infection (n = 32; 21%); 55 (37%) patients had long‐term complications (> 30 days) postoperatively, the most common of which was a return to the operating room (n = 19; 13%) largely for perineal wounds. Thirty‐day mortality was zero. 4.8%, 47.6%, 65.3% and 84.4% of patients had undergone pouch excision by 1, 5, 10 and 20 years from the time of pouch construction, respectively.

Conclusions

Pouch excision has a high rate of both short‐ and long‐term postoperative complications. Patients should be appropriately counselled to set expectations accordingly. In view of these findings we suggest that this operation should ideally be performed at a high volume centre with the availability of a multidisciplinary surgical team.
Hypoplasia of the posterior mitral leaflet: A rare cause of mitral regurgitation in adulthood
Authors: Bacich Daniela , Braggion Gabriele , Faggian Giuseppe
Published: April 2017

Hypoplasia of the posterior mitral valve leaflet (PMVL) is a rare congenital heart disease, usually presenting in infancy and childhood with severe mitral regurgitation, either in isolation or associated with other cardiac lesions. We report a case of a 69‐year‐old woman with recent‐onset exertional dyspnea and severe mitral regurgitation. Two‐ and three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography showed severe hypoplasia of the PMVL, confirmed by surgical inspection.
Systolic collapse of aortic composite graft after Bentall operation: A sign of pseudoaneurysm formation
Authors: Nagai Tomoo , Arakawa Junko , Tabata Hirotsugu
Published: April 2017

Although aortic root replacement using a composite graft including the Bentall operation is the treatment of choice for a diseased aortic valve and root dilatation, composite graft endocarditis can occur as a life‐threatening complication with a high mortality rate. When aortic pseudoaneurysm occurs due to composite graft endocarditis, it usually indicates that saccular bulging of the surrounding tissue of the composite graft is present. Furthermore, another sign and a clue of the diagnosis of pseudoaneurysm is the collapse of the composite graft due to the outer compression pressure of the leaking blood flow. Additionally, right parasternal view is useful to get the clear images of this phenomenon. Echocardiographic evaluation will contribute to the early recognition of this highly critical pathology.
Locking out predators by silk, a new counterattack behaviour in a social spider mite
Authors: SAITO YUTAKA , ZHANG YANXUAN
Published: April 2017

1. A type of arms race that includes predation, counterattacks and cross‐counterattacks occurs between the phytophagous mite Stigmaeopsis nanjingensis (Ma et Yuan), which lives in self‐woven nests and exhibits cooperative sociality, and its specialised phytoseiid mite predator, Typhlodromus bambusae Ehara.

2. First, the efficiency of the S. nanjingensis (prey) counterattacking T. bambusae (predator) was observed. The prey females frequently locked the immature predators out of their nests using silk web, and the predators subsequently died of starvation. Furthermore, the prey males often killed immature T. bambusae mites after they invaded the nests.

3. This reversal of roles in the predator–prey system was then re‐reversed (returned to a normal state) by the behaviour of T. bambusae females. Immature predators could maintain their predacious natures due to the presence of attending adult females, which are able to cope with the prey counterattack behaviours.
Introduction—Pediatric epilepsy surgery techniques
Authors: Rydenhag Bertil , Cukiert Arthur
Published: April 2017

This supplement includes the proceedings from the Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery Techniques Meeting held in Gothenburg (July 4–5, 2014), which focused on presentations and discussions regarding specific surgical technical issues in pediatric epilepsy surgery. Pediatric epilepsy neurosurgeons from all over the world were present and active in very fruitful and live presentations and discussions. These articles represent a synopsis of the areas and subjects dealt with there.
Technical descriptions of four hemispherectomy approaches: From the Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery Meeting at Gothenburg 2014
Authors: Baumgartner James E. , Blount Jeffrey P. , Blauwblomme Thomas , Chandra P. Sarat
Published: April 2017

Hemispherectomy is a complex multistep procedure with a steep learning curve. Several surgical approaches have been developed, but each requires considerable practice to master. Four experienced pediatric neurosurgeons, who participated in the 2014 Gothenburg Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery Meeting, provided succinct technical summaries of four hemispherectomy approaches: modified functional hemispherectomy, peri‐insular hemispherotomy, parasagittal hemispherotomy, and endoscopic‐assisted hemispherotomy. No clinical or outcome data are included. Our intention is to reduce the slope and length of the learning curve for surgeons and to improve the understanding of the technical details of hemispherectomy surgery by nonsurgeonmembers of epilepsy teams.
Corpus callosotomy—Open and endoscopic surgical techniques
Authors: Smyth Matthew D. , Vellimana Ananth K. , Asano Eishi , Sood Sandeep
Published: April 2017

Corpus callosotomy is a palliative surgical procedure for patients with refractory epilepsy. It can be performed through an open approach via a standard craniotomy and the aid of an operating microscope, or alternatively via a mini‐craniotomy with endoscope assistance. The extent of callosal disconnection performed varies according to indications and surgeon preference. In this article, we describe both open and endoscopic surgical techniques for anterior and complete corpus callosotomy.
Deep brain stimulation targeting in refractory epilepsy
Authors: Cukiert Arthur , Lehtimäki Kai
Published: April 2017

Deep brain stimulation has been used in increasing frequency to treat refractory epilepsy. Different targets have been tried, and different epileptic syndromes have been addressed in different ways. We describe the current targeting techniques for the structures presently most often implanted, namely the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus, and the hippocampus.
Placental passage of antiepileptic drugs at delivery and neonatal outcomes
Authors: Bank Anna M. , Stowe Zachary N. , Newport D. Jeffrey , Ritchie James C. , Pennell Page B.
Published: April 2017

Children of women treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are at increased risk of adverse outcomes detectable in the neonatal period, which may be associated with the amount of AEDs in the fetal circulation. Placental passage of AEDs can be measured by calculating the ratio of umbilical cord to maternal AED concentrations collected at delivery. The aims of this study were to determine the umbilical cord concentrations and umbilical‐to‐maternal ratios for AEDs, and whether higher cord concentrations are associated with increased risk of neonatal complications. AED cord and maternal blood concentrations from 70 mother–newborn dyads and neonatal complications were recorded. Logistic regressions were performed to determine the association between AED concentrations and complications. Mean umbilical‐to‐maternal ratios for total concentrations ranged from 0.79 for carbamazepine to 1.20 for valproic acid, and mean umbilical‐to‐maternal ratios for free concentrations ranged from 0.86 for valproic acid to 1.42 for carbamazepine, indicating complete placental passage. Neither umbilical cord concentrations nor umbilical‐to‐maternal ratios were associated with adverse neonatal outcomes. Additional investigations are warranted to delineate the relationship between quantified fetal AED exposure and neonatal complications.
Cdh13 and AdipoQ gene knockout alter instrumental and Pavlovian drug conditioning
Authors: King C. P. , Militello L. , Hart A. , St. Pierre C. L. , Leung E. , Versaggi C. L. , Roberson N. , Catlin J. , Palmer A. A. , Richards J. B. , Meyer P. J.
Published: April 2017

Genome‐wide association studies in humans have suggested that variants of the cadherin‐13 (CDH13) gene are associated with substance use disorder, subjective response to amphetamine, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. To examine the role of the Cdh13 and its peptide ligand adiponectin (AdipoQ) in addiction‐related behaviors, we assessed Cdh13 knockout (KO) rats and AdipoQ KO mice using intravenous cocaine self‐administration and conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigms. During intravenous cocaine self‐administration, male Cdh13 heterozygous (+/−) and KO (−/−) rats showed increased cue‐induced reinstatement compared with wild‐type (WT) rats when presented with a cocaine‐paired stimulus, whereas female Cdh13 rats showed no differences across genotype. Cdh13 −/− rats showed higher responding for a saccharin reinforcer and learned the choice reaction time (RT) task more slowly than WTs. However, we found no differences between Cdh13 −/− and +/+ rats in responding for sensory reinforcement, number of premature responses in the RT task, tendency to approach a Pavlovian food cue, CPP and locomotor activation to cocaine (10 or 20 mg/kg). In AdipoQ −/− mice, there was a significant increase in CPP to methamphetamine (1 mg/kg) but not to a range of d‐amphetamine doses (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg). Taken together, these data suggest that Cdh13 and AdipoQ regulate sensitivity to psychomotor stimulants and palatable rewards without producing major changes in other behaviors. In humans, these two genes may regulate sensitivity to natural and drug rewards, thus influencing susceptibility to the conditioned drug effects and relapse.
Sphenopalatine Ganglion (SPG): Stimulation Mechanism, Safety, and Efficacy
Authors: Tepper Stewart J. , Caparso Anthony
Published: April 2017

Objective

To describe the history of and available data on sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) neuromodulation in the treatment of headache up to the present.

Background

The SPG has been a therapeutic target to treat primary headache disorders for over 100 years. Multiple destructive lesions have also been tried with variable rate and duration of success. Neurostimulation of the SPG for cluster headache was first described in 2007.

Methods

This is not a systematic review. The authors review the anatomy and pathophysiology of the SPG and cluster headache and the important clinical trials, relating a history of how SPG neuromodulation reached the current state of approval in the European Union (EU) and pivotal registration study for cluster headache in the US.

Results

The EU approved SPG stimulation for cluster headache with a CE Mark in February of 2012. Since then, several EU countries have elected to reimburse implantation for cluster headache, and over 300 patients have been implanted worldwide.

Conclusions

Success rates for implanted SPG neuromodulation in the experimental phase of the European randomized controlled trial, in the open label extension trial, and in the registry of patients implanted outside of the trial remain at about two‐thirds of patients implanted being responders, defined as being able to terminate at least 50% of attacks or having at least a 50% decrease in attack frequency or both. A US pivotal registration study is underway to confirm these results and obtain FDA approval for this treatment for cluster headache patients. Further studies in migraine are also underway.
A novel PCR‐based genetic marker shows that sex of offspring does not account for hatch‐order effects on growth, survival and dominance in Pūkeko Porphyrio melanotus melanotus
Authors: Healey Meghan R. , Hing Jing Sheng , Dey Cody J. , Quinn James S.
Published: April 2017

Intra‐brood competition can influence a variety of fitness‐related traits in birds. Previous research on the joint‐nesting Pūkeko Porphyrio melanotus melanotus, a New Zealand subspecies of Australasian Swamphen, showed that chicks that hatched earlier in a brood tended to grow faster, were more likely to survive and had higher dominance status as adults than later hatched nest‐mates. However, this finding could be due to changes in offspring sex ratio across hatch order (e.g. if males tend to hatch earlier), which was not previously examined because of methodological challenges associated with sexing nestling Pūkeko. Here, we report a useful PCR‐based genetic marker to determine the sex of Pūkeko. We then used new sex‐specific data to re‐examine patterns of offspring growth, survival and dominance. We found that the sex of offspring does not account for the hatching‐order patterns related to social dominance, growth or survival. Furthermore, changes in offspring sex ratio across hatching‐order were negligible and offspring sex ratios did not differ significantly between the primary female and secondary female broods (in joint‐clutch nests), or when comparing primary female and single female broods. We found no clear evidence for sex ratio bias according to hatching‐order and conclude that hatching‐order and not offspring sex explain patterns of growth, survivorship and adult dominance in Pūkeko.
Sella turcica bridging and dental anomalies: is there an association?
Authors: Scribante Andrea , Sfondrini Maria Francesca , Cassani Marco , Fraticelli Danilo , Beccari Sergio , Gandini Paola
Published: April 2017

Background

Sella turcica bridging (STB), or calcification of the interclinoid ligament of sella turcica, has been reported to be associated with some dental anomalies (palatal canine impaction and transposition).

Hypothesis or Aim

The aim of the study was to find any association between canine impaction, hyperdontia or hypodontia and sellar dimensions or bridging.

Design

Lateral cephalometric radiographs from 78 patients with impacted canines, 68 with dental agenesis and 17 with hyperdontia were collected. Linear dimensions of sella turcica were calculated and compared to those of a control group (47 individuals). A standardize scoring scale was used to quantify the extent of STB from each radiographs.

Results

The frequency of partial and complete calcifications of sella in patients with dental anomalies is increased when compared to controls. STB can influence the interclinoid distance but does not affect other linear dimensions of sella. No statistically significant difference has been found in sellar dimensions and STB expression when evaluating radiographs at different ages.

Conclusions

STB is frequently found in patients with dental abnormalities.
Ventilatory and behavioural responses of the marbled sole Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae to progressive hypoxia
Authors: Nishizawa H. , Kono Y. , Arai N. , Shoji J. , Mitamura H.
Published: April 2017

This study identified ventilatory and behavioural responses in the marbled sole Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae under experimentally induced progressive decreases in dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. Ventilation frequency showed an increase with decreasing DO levels from normoxia to 2·75 mg O2 l−1, followed by a decrease in ventilation frequency at decreased DO levels from 2·00 to 0·75 mg O2 l−1. At DO levels below 2·00 mg l−1, behaviours at the bottom were suppressed, whereas avoidance behaviours increased. A decrease in avoidance behaviours was observed from 1·00 to 0·75 mg O2 l−1. Upside‐down reversal and incapacitation at DO levels of 1·00–0·75 mg O2 l−1 suggested that sublethal effects on P. yokohamae were induced. The responses observed before the sublethal DO level could be interpreted as an effort to maintain oxygen uptake, reduce routine activities and facilitate avoidance. The observed DO level thresholds that induce behavioural responses, in addition to sublethal effects, indicate hypoxia‐tolerance that is important for understanding the effects of hypoxia on coastal ecosystems.
Esophageal mucosa in HIV infection: A“deeper” look at this little spoken organ
Authors: Werneck‐Silva Ana Luiza , Pagliari Carla , Patzina Roseli A , Takakura Cleusa Fumica Hirata , Duarte Maria Irma
Published: April 2017

Background and Aim

Although the esophagus is a common site of opportunistic infection in AIDS patients, little is known about the impact of HIV as well as opportunistic infection in the esophageal mucosa. Our aim is to analyze the esophageal immune profile in HIV+ patients with different immunological status with and without the opportunistic Candida infection.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry to CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cells, γ‐interferon, transforming growth factor‐β, interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐6, IL‐13, and IL‐17 was performed in esophageal samples of 40 chronically HIV+ patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy (16 with Candida esophagitis, 12 virologically non‐supressed with blood CD4 count < 500, and 12 virologically suppressed with blood CD4 count > 500; the latter two groups without esophageal candidiasis). The controls were 12 HIV‐negative healthy individuals.

Results

Esophageal CD4+ T‐cell expression in HIV+ patients did not differ from the control group (P = 0.50). Mucosal CD8+ T‐cell expression was significantly increased in HIV+ patients (P = 0.0018). Candida esophagitis and virologically non‐supressed HIV+ patients with CD4 < 500 showed an increased expression of IL‐17 and IL‐6 with fewer expressions of γ‐interferon, more attenuated in the latter group. Transforming growth factor‐β was increased only in virologically suppressed HIV+ patients with CD4 > 500. IL‐4 and IL‐13 were similar to the control group.

Conclusion

In contrast to CD8+ T‐cell expression, esophageal CD4+ T‐cell expression does not reflect the HIV+ patient's immunological status. T‐helper 17 (Th17) response seems to play a role in the esophageal mucosa of virologically non‐supressed HIV+ patients with blood CD4 < 500. Candida esophagitis showed a Th1/Th17 response but seems to be dominantly regulated by the Th17 pathway.
Coeliac disease and gastrointestinal symptom screening in adult first‐degree relatives
Authors: Vaquero Luis , Rodríguez‐Martín Laura , Alvarez‐Cuenllas Begoña , Hernando Mercedes , Iglesias‐Blazquez Cristina , Menéndez‐Arias Cristina , Vivas Santiago
Published: April 2017

Background and Aim

The first‐degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with coeliac disease are the main risk group for disease development. The study aims to evaluate the screening strategy in FDRs with negative coeliac serology based on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotyping, followed by duodenal biopsy, and to analyze the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms and the influence of gluten intake.

Methods

Adult FDRs with negative coeliac serology were invited to participate (n = 205), and a total of 139 completed the study protocol. HLA genotyping, transglutaminase antibody assessment, and duodenal biopsy were performed. Symptomatology was assessed using questionnaires during the various phases of dietary modification (baseline diet, gluten‐free diet, and gluten overload).

Results

The study included 139 participants (mean age, 42 years; 53.2% women). HLA‐DQ2/8 was positive in 78.4% of the participants (homozygous, 15.1%; heterozygous, 63.3%). Histopathological alterations were noted in 37.1% of participants who underwent duodenal biopsy (Marsh I, 32.7%; Marsh IIIa, 4.4%).

At baseline, symptoms were observed in 45.7% of the participants, and the proportion decreased to 24.5% after the gluten‐free diet (P < 0.001). Symptoms were not associated with the presence of histological alterations or genetic risk. However, younger age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.91), female sex (OR = 2.9), and the presence of autoimmune disorders (OR = 2.8) were independently associated with a significant symptom response to the gluten‐free diet.

Conclusions

Duodenal lymphocytosis and atrophy are frequently noted in FDRs, despite negative serological markers. In addition, gastrointestinal symptoms are commonly present and associated with gluten intake regardless of the histological pathology.
3D map distribution of metallic nanoparticles in whole cells using MeV ion microscopy
Authors: VASCO M.S. , ALVES L.C. , CORREGIDOR V. , CORREIA D. , GODINHO C.P. , SÁ‐CORREIA I. , BETTIOL A. , WATT F. , PINHEIRO T.
Published: April 2017

In this work, a new tool was developed, the MORIA program that readily translates Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) output data into visual information, creating a display of the distribution of elements in a true three‐dimensional (3D) environment.

The program methodology is illustrated with the analysis of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, exposed to copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO‐NP) and HeLa cells in the presence of gold nanoparticles (Au‐NP), using different beam species, energies and nuclear microscopy systems. Results demonstrate that for both cell types, the NP internalization can be clearly perceived. The 3D models of the distribution of CuO‐NP in S. cerevisiae cells indicate the nonuniform distribution of NP in the cellular environment and a relevant confinement of CuO‐NP to the cell wall. This suggests the impenetrability of certain cellular organelles or compartments for NP. By contrast, using a high‐resolution ion beam system, discretized agglomerates of Au‐NP were visualized inside the HeLa cell. This is consistent with the mechanism of entry of these NPs in the cellular space by endocytosis enclosed in endosomal vesicles. This approach shows RBS to be a powerful imaging technique assigning to nuclear microscopy unparalleled potential to assess nanoparticle distribution inside the cellular volume.
Trauma Exposure Among Women in the Pacific Rim
Authors: Reeves Elizabeth , de Pilar Bernal , Silva Susan G. , Jaramillo Diva , Uribe Tulia , Tiwari Agnes , Canaval Gladys Eugenia , Flores Maria Eugenia Mendoza , Belknap Ruth Ann , Humphreys Janice C.
Published: April 2017

Purpose

Healthcare professionals who provide services in the immediate or long‐term aftermath of traumatic events need to understand the nature and frequency of traumatic events in the lives of women. However, research on trauma exposure in women has only recently begun to assess events other than intimate partner and sexual violence and has not supported direct statistical comparison of cross‐national and cross‐cultural data. The purpose of this descriptive, correlational study was to describe and compare trauma exposure prevalence and type in community‐based samples of women in the United States, Colombia, and Hong Kong.

Design

Women were recruited through posted notices at community health sites, snowball sampling, and online advertisements (N = 576). The Life Stressor Checklist‐Revised (total score range 0 to 30) was used to determine the type and prevalence of trauma exposure. Data were collected by native language members of the research team.

Methods

Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic characteristics and trauma exposure for the total sample and each community‐based sample (location). Between‐location differences were tested using Fisher's exact tests for categorical measures and general linear models with pairwise a posteriori least squares t‐test for continuous measures. Responses to open‐ended questions were translated and categorized.

Findings

Over 99% of women in the total sample reported at least one traumatic life event. The mean number of traumatic life events per participant was 7, ranging from 0 to 24. Although there was consistency in the most commonly reported trauma exposures across locations, the rates of specific events often differed.

Conclusions

Historical, political, geographic, and cultural factors may explain differences in trauma exposure among women in the four locations studied.

Clinical Relevance

This study offers relevant knowledge for providers in diverse locations who provide services to women who have experienced traumatic events and provides evidence for the need for future research to further enhance knowledge of trauma exposure among women, and on the effects of trauma in women's lives.
Influence of negative dental experiences in childhood on the development of dental fear in adulthood: a case–control study
Authors: Oliveira M. A. , Vale M. P. , Bendo C. B. , Paiva S. M. , Serra‐Negra J. M.
Published: April 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors associated with high dental fear among Brazilian university students, especially the effect of a negative dental experience in childhood. This paired case–control study was conducted at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais in Brazil. Dental, psychology and mathematics students were divided into cases (high fear) and controls (low fear), defined by cluster analysis, according to the items of the Dental Fear Survey (DFS). Cases (n = 65) and controls (n = 260) participants were paired (1:4) by gender, undergraduate course and social vulnerability. The students self‐reported the DFS and a questionnaire about oral health. Descriptive analysis, bivariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression were used as statistical tests with a significance level of 5%. The multivariate model showed that students who reported negative dental experiences in childhood (OR = 2·97; 95% CI: 1·44–6·14), toothache in the last 12 months (OR = 11·31; 95% CI: 4·79–26·68), discomfort during dental treatment (OR = 5·36; 95% CI: 2·53–11·36) and poor self‐evaluation of oral health (OR = 3·82; 95% CI: 1·61–8·11) were more likely to have high dental fear. Negative dental experiences in childhood influence dental fear in adulthood. Oral health education should be addressed among university students to reduce dental fear.
The Interpersonal Effects of Claiming to have Depression by People not Diagnosed with Depression in Social Predicaments
Authors: Yamakawa Itsuki , Sakamoto Shinji
Published: April 2017

This study aims to examine the relative effects of making the statement, “I think I may have depressive disorder” as an excuse (i.e., insisting on depression) by comparing it with typical statements of excuse (i.e., physical illness, work requirements, and negligence). Participants were 238 Japanese undergraduates who read a scenario describing a social predicament and assessed excuse values in terms of their cognitive and behavioral reactions elicited by the excuse‐maker. The results showed that insisting on depression was evaluated as a valid excuse, as were physical illness and work requirements, albeit there was no description of any obstacle to the excuse‐maker’s progress including depressive symptoms. When these three statements were used as excuses, the participants were more likely to consider the target favorably and were motivated to behave more generously towards him than when he made no excuse or said, “I forgot” (i.e., negligence). We discuss the results while referring to recent social changes in Japan. The implications of these findings for the phenotype of people with modern type depression are discussed.
Ethical Gifts?: An Analysis of Soap‐for‐data Transactions in Malawian Survey Research Worlds
Authors: Biruk Crystal
Published: April 2017

In 2008, thousands of Malawians received soap from an American research project as a gift for survey participation. Soap was deemed an ethical, non‐coercive gift by researchers and ethics boards, but took on meanings that expressed recipients’ grievances and aspirations. Research participants reframed soap and research benefits as “rights” they are entitled to, wages for “work,” and a symbol of exploitation. Enlisting the perspectives of Malawi's ethics board, demographers, Malawian fieldworkers, and research participants, I describe how soap is spoken about and operates in research worlds. I suggest that neither a prescriptive nor a situated frame for ethics—with their investments in standardization and attention to context, respectively—provides answers about how to compensate Malawian research participants. The conclusion gestures toward a reparative framework for thinking ethics that is responsive not just to project‐based parameters but also to the histories and political economy in which projects (and ethics) are situated.
Neurosurgical management and pathology of lumbosacral lipomas with tethered cord
Authors: Morioka Takato , Murakami Nobuya , Shimogawa Takafumi , Mukae Nobutaka , Hashiguchi Kimiakai , Suzuki Satoshi O. , Iihara Koji
Published: April 2017

Lumbosacral lipomas are the most common form of occult spinal dysraphism. The development of lumbosacral lipomas is from the premature disjunction of the neural tube from the surrounding ectoderm, leaving the neural plate open posteriorly and allowing for the infiltration of mesodermal tissue, including fatty tissue. Since lumbosacral lipomas are a common cause of spinal cord tethering that can lead to progressive neurological deficits, prophylactic neurosurgery for lumbosacral lipomas, including untethering of the spinal cord, is recommended. We briefly review the embryology, classification, clinical presentation, imaging evaluation, surgical indication, neurosurgical management and pathological examination that are involved in recognizing these complicated malformative pathologies.
The persistence of short‐term cold acclimation in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors: Everman Elizabeth R. , Ledbetter Nicholus , Morgan Theodore J.
Published: April 2017

Daily and seasonal fluctuations in temperature present significant challenges for the survival of many ectothermic species that can be tempered via thermal acclimation. In the present study, we use multiple naturally derived genotypes of Drosophila melanogaster to determine the persistence of beneficial short‐term thermal acclimation on subsequent survival after cold shock. We found that the benefit of short‐term acclimation persisted for 2 h in most genotypes after a rapid cold hardening treatment. Genotype did not directly influence the persistence of short‐term acclimation benefits, indicating that environmental variation may be more important for the persistence of acclimation benefits rather than genetic capacity for acclimation. The present study extends the current understanding of the limits and importance of short‐term acclimation events, providing greater detail on the timing of the loss of short‐term acclimation benefits in a genetically variable natural population.
In Defence of Radical Restrictionism
Authors: Liggins David
Published: April 2017

Restrictionism is a response to the Liar and other paradoxes concerning truth. Restrictionists—as I will call proponents of the strategy—respond to these paradoxes by giving up instances of the schema

 is true iffp.

My aim is to show that the current unpopularity of restrictionism is undeserved. I will argue that, whilst cautious versions of the strategy may face serious problems, a radical and previously overlooked version of restrictionism provides a strong and defensible response to the paradoxes.
The factors related to early‐onset depression after first stroke
Authors: Karakus Kadir , Kunt Refik , Memis Cagdas O. , Kunt Duygu A. , Dogan Bilge , Ozdemiroglu Filiz , Sevincok Levent
Published: April 2017

Background

The biological and psychological aspects of post‐stroke depression (PSD) may vary based on the time since stroke onset. The sociodemographic and clinical correlates of early‐onset PSD are not yet well understood. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the clinical correlates of early‐onset depression following first stroke. We hypothesized that the severity of a stroke or disability (other than lesion characteristics) would likely be related to PSD in a sample of first stroke patients with single and unilateral lesions.

Methods

Post‐stroke patients with (n = 40) and without (n = 51) early‐onset depression were compared with respect to several demographic and clinical variables.

Results

There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to lesion location, lateralization, or volume. Scores on the Brief Disability Questionnaire, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and Modified Rankin Scale were significantly higher in depressed post‐stroke patients than in non‐depressed patients. The anxiety, depression, and total scores of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were positively correlated with the Modified Rankin Scale, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and Brief Disability Questionnaire scores. A previous history of depression and Brief Disability Questionnaire score were strongly associated with the occurrence of early‐onset PSD.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that early‐onset PSD is likely to be correlated with the severity of stroke and functional disability.
Second‐Order Discrimination and Generalized Lorenz Dominance
Authors: Salas Rafael , Bishop John A. , Zeager Lester A.
Published: April 2017

We propose a definition of second‐order discrimination that does not require the reference distribution to first‐order dominate the comparison one, and allows rankings of discrimination patterns when both the reference and the comparison distributions differ. It involves comparing the probabilities that randomly selected individuals in the reference and comparison distributions belong to subgroups having the same cumulative mean income, yields orderings of distributions equivalent to those from generalized Lorenz dominance, and allows orderings of discrimination patterns, partial or complete, across pairs of distributions. We compare discrimination against U.S. seniors (inter‐distributional inequality between seniors and non‐seniors) by ethnicity.
Evidence‐Based Practice Beliefs and Implementation in Doctor of Nursing Practice Students
Authors: Singleton Joanne K.
Published: April 2017

Background

Doctors of Nursing Practice focus on leadership in evidence‐based practice (EBP). EBP is influenced by one's beliefs in and implementation of EBP. Little is known to date about the EBP beliefs and implementation of Doctor of Nursing Practice students and outcomes of Doctor of Nursing Practice education.

Aims

Guided by the Advancing Research and Clinical practice through close Collaboration (ARCC) Model, the Evidence‐Based Practice Beliefs (EBPB) and Implementation (EBPI) tools were used to assess the impact of EBP as a program pillar, curricular thread, and content area on EBPB and EBPI of Doctor of Nursing Practice‐Family Nurse Practitioner students.

Methods

Five cohorts who completed the same curriculum were studied. Fifty‐four of the 89 students across the five cohorts began and completed the study.

Results

Paired t‐test for group effects showed statistical significance from pre‐ to post‐measure in students overall EBPB, t = 4.4 (52), p < .001, and EBPI, t = 8.4 (52), p < .001. A large effect size of .75 standard deviation (SD) gain above the mean for EBPB, and a very large effect size of 1 SD gain above the mean for EBPI were observed. Repeated measures ANOVA showed that all cohorts made gains across the curriculum. Effect sizes for EBPB ranged from .25 to 1 SD above the mean, and .75 to 1.5 for EBPI.

Linking Evidence to Action

DNP students who are educated to be EBP leaders must have a curriculum that supports them in the knowledge and skill‐set needed to translate evidence into practice. The ARCC Model can guide faculty in EBP curriculum development. EBPB and EBPI are valid and reliable measures to assess for gains across a curriculum. Through educational outcomes, educators can assess desired student outcomes for EBP across a curriculum and can build an evidence base for ongoing curriculum development.