bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use the Transcendental Function in Estimating Potato Productivity for the Fall Season 2021(Baghdad Governorate - Abu Ghraib District, an Applied Model)
Authors: Alzobaee Mustafa Maged Soleman , Al-Samurai Hassan Thamir Zanzal
Published: December 2023

The research aims to estimate the productivity function of the potato crop according to the cultivar grown in the fall season 2021 in Baghdad Governorate - Abu Ghraib district, measure its elasticity and find out the impact of the independent factors on the dependent factor, (181 questionnaires) were obtained through a random personal interview conducted by the researcher with farmers affiliated with the Nasr and Peace Agriculture Division in Abu Ghraib district, It represents (30.2%) of the sample farmers who numbered (599 farmers) according to the statistics of the mentioned division, Use the Eviews 10 program to estimate the transcendental function and to represent the relationship between the productivity of a dunum of crop and the independent factors (Amount of seeds, urea fertilizer, Dab fertilizer, human labor and mechanical work), The modified coefficient of determination showed that 91% of the change in the level of productivity is caused by the independent variables, and that 9% of the change in productivity is caused by variables not included in the model, The total production elasticity of 0.641 indicates that production takes place according to diminishing returns to capacity, The results also showed the superiority of the Purina variety and similar varieties over the rest of the varieties in terms of productivity, so we recommend planting this variety and similar varieties.
Measuring and Analyzing the Impact of the Agricultural Price Policy on the Production of Barley Crop in Nineveh Governorate - Iraq, using the Policy Analysis Matrix for the Production Season 2022
Authors: Al-Dulaimi Bahaa Kamel Awad , Sharif Mohamed Omar
Published: December 2023

In this manuscript, an economic analysis was conducted of barley crop farms in Nineveh Governorate - Iraq, for the productive season 2022, through a random sample of barley crop producers in the study area, which included (160) producers out of a total study population of (1606), as the research depend on policy analysis. The price of production inputs and output prices by adopting the Price Analysis Matrix (PAM), which included the prices of traded production inputs and the prices of non-traded productive inputs, as well as the quantities of stored productive inputs and the quantities of non-traded productive inputs, and depending on the private prices and social prices of production requirements, the research reached a group of The most important results are that the return of one dunum at special prices amounted to (188) thousand dinars. As for the return of a dunam at social prices, it amounted to (111) thousand dinars, and the total cost of inputs traded per dunam at special prices was calculated, which amounted to (61) thousand dinars, and the cost of a dunam at social prices amounted to (54) thousand dinars. As for the total cost of non-traded inputs per dunum, by adopting special prices and social prices, they amounted to (91) and (97) thousand dinars, respectively. Based on the conclusions, it was recommended to increase government support for production requirements such as fertilizers and fuel, as well as to develop the efficiency of marketing outlets, as well as to regulate the use of the water resource.
Estimating the Reality of Broiler Production Projects in Iraq for the Period (2003-2021)
Authors: Al-Jubouri Saif Majeed Hamad , Al-Jumaili Jadoua Shehab Ahmed
Published: December 2023

About 1582.5 thousand tons of chicken meat were produced domestically between 2003 and 2021, while 4678.14 thousand tons of poultry meat were imported overall during this time. Due to increased local production and an increase in the sufficiency rate of the local product to reach 49.8% and 50.7%, respectively, as a result of the agricultural sector’s support in 2008, import quantities decreased in 2012 and 2013, reaching 90.7 and 98.4 thousand tons, respectively. Approximately 16.9% of local production was self-sufficient in 2021, which is the amount that can be consumed. As a result, just 16.9% of the food consumed by Iraqis is produced locally, while 83.1% is imported from other countries. The average per-person consumption was estimated. The amount of chicken meat produced in Iraq that may be consumed in 2021 is approximately 20.5% kg/year, and between 2003 and 2021, average per capita consumption levels fluctuated and fell short of what was needed on a worldwide scale. For the time period, the population growth rate was predicted to be 2.6%. Domestic production of chicken meat increased by 5.3%, domestic consumption increased by 14.6%, and import growth increased by 41.9%. The expected number of poultry production projects in Iraq for the year 2021 was estimated to be 3965, while the estimated number of projects that were suspended was 1338, or 33.8%, smaller than the previous year in 2020 when it was 3013 at the time. 57 projects were under construction at a pace of 1.4%, which is lower than its predecessor’s rate of 48.7%, which was reached at the time (71) and (1.5%) in 2020. A rise in the number of projects for the year 2020 was predicted at the time to be 2403; at that time, it constituted 49.8% of the projects in that year, while the number of projects that were actually generated in the year 2021 was estimated to be around 2570, at a rate of 64.8%. A variety of specializations, including (2166) fattening projects, (368) breeding projects, and (67) hatching projects, received a share of the total number of projects created in 2021. Baghdad governorate ranks second among the governorates in Iraq with 425 projects, followed by Nineveh governorate with 252 projects, Babil governorate with 227 projects, and Qadisiyah governorate with 225 projects. With 118 projects, Salah al-Din Governorate moved up from eleventh place in the prior year (2020), when it had 86 projects, to tenth place overall among the governorates in Iraq.
Predicting the Food Gap of White Sugar in Iraq using (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) (ARIMA) Models
Authors: Alrawi Sarmed Saadi Salih , Al-Najjar Eman Younis Mahmoud , Mukhlif Thamer Zedan
Published: December 2023

The prediction process it considered one of the important responsibilities of the decision makers in any institution as they conduct the prediction with the future demand based on the available historical data related to the phenomenon in question. One of the techniques of the economic prediction and the most prominent of them is the Auto regression and the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA). This research aims at investigating the future predictions of the white sugar in Iraq for the period (2023-2037) by relying on the ARIMA model. The results showed the continuity of the gap of the sugar that will occur in the future to reach (611) thousand metric tons in (2037) and this entails finding certain ways to decrease this gap. The time series for the period (1990-2022) for the production and consumption of sugar it used to analyze the quantity of sugar consumed on the level of Iraq. The results of the quantitative analysis showed that the average growth in the quantity consumed is more than the quantity of sugar consumed and this indicates that there is a food gap for this material, due to the increase of the growth in population, the increase in the people’s income and the change in their daily consumption. The average annual consumption and the average annual production were (7.06) (0.12) respectively, with an average annual growth of the food gap which was (2.390) to the positive direction for the same period.
The Impact of some Climatic Variables on the Iraqi Agricultural Output Duration of 1990-2021
Authors: Al-Hashemi Zaidoun Sami Hamed , Al-Bajari Yusra Tariq Bakr
Published: December 2023

Water scarcity, high temperatures, and a lack of resources necessary to achieve sustainable balance in the agricultural sector all pose clear threats to food security in Iraq, which are exacerbated by climatic conditions. During the years 1990-2021, the climate in Iraq played a variety of effects in determining the country’s agricultural output. Time series data and several climate factors were utilized to assess their effect on agricultural output in Iraq over the specified time frame, and the research hypothesis was confirmed using the Dickie-Fuller test and the unit root test, respectively. least squares method, which provides the most accurate unbiased linear estimates, and stability via an expanded test for determining whether or not a time series is stationary using the program E-viewst12. It was determined that a number of factors, including a decline in Iraq’s agricultural land area due to a lack of dams, the drying up of secondary rivers, and the expansion of desertified areas due to high temperatures and salinity, contributed to these effects. Negative effects on farm productivity. Important suggestions include developing a plan to deal with climate change, increasing the importance of agricultural technology in this context, creating new varieties of high-yielding crops that can thrive in the climate of Iraq, and increasing agricultural output through the use of fertilizers and mechanized farming techniques.
Production and Marketing Risks for Tomato Growers in Halabja and Sulaymani Governorates in the Kurdistan Region / Iraq
Authors: Rashid Debar A. , Hasan Tahir M. L.
Published: December 2023

The study aimed to identify the level of production and marketing risks facing tomato growers in the governorates of Halabja and Sulaymani, As well as determining the discrepancy between the independent variables studied for the respondents and the production and marketing risks, The data was collected using a questionnaire and the method of personal interview by taking a multi-stage random sample by selecting four regions famous for tomato cultivation in Halabja and Sulaymani governorates with (2050) farmers. Then, in the second stage, a proportional stratified random sample (16%) of the research population was taken. The sample size was (328) farmers. The results showed that the level of production and marketing risks facing tomato growers is high and tends to be medium. The result showed that there is no discrepancy in the opinions of farmers about the production and marketing risks facing tomato growers according to the research variables (Age, Size of farm holding, Type of farm holding, and Contact with the Agricultural Extension Worker), Conversely, disparities arise in relation to the research variables (Educational level, Years of agricultural experience, Volume of tomato production during the year, Involvement in training programs, Sources of agricultural information). Therefore, the researchers recommend intensifying specialized Involvement in training programs in the field of tomato production, marketing, and distributing production and marketing requirements to farmers at reasonable prices or supported by the government.
The Prevalence of some Heavy Metal Resistance Genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Hospital Environments
Authors: Muslim Huda Bayan , Al-Saadi Aamal Ghazi Mahdi
Published: December 2023

Metal resistance genes were phenotyped in a group of 31 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains gathered from medical facilities, such as clinical and environmental samples. The strains were evaluated for resistance based on their origin and the likelihood of exposure to heavy metals and chemicals. To determine the presence of metal resistance-encoding genes, PCR was conducted using specific primers for copA, copB, czcA, and merA. Positive amplification signals were obtained for copA, copB, and czcA genes in all 5 (100.0%) strains gathered from clinical samples, while the merA gene was detected in only 40% of strains found in clinical specimens. Metal resistance genes were found in all 7 (100.00%) environmental sample isolates for czcA and in 6 (85.7%) for copA and copB. Unfortunately, none of the environmental isolate amplified with merA. The current isolates containing resistance-encoding genes suggest a possible correlation to gaining resistance traits from external determinants.
Comparative Anatomical Studies of Leaves of C. sinensis Lam. as a New Record and C. myxa L., Endemic Species (Boraginaceae) from Basrah, Iraq
Authors: Al-Rudainy Yusra T. , Al-Mayah Abdulridha A.
Published: December 2023

In this paper, the anatomical characteristics of Cordia myxa and C. sinensis leaves was studied in Basrah in Iraq using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). C. myxa is a cultivated endemic species while C. sinensis is a wild species recorded for the first time in Iraq. Transverse sections for leaves show uniseriate Layer in upper and lower epidermis. The mesophyll was unifacial and the midrib have many vascular bundles and the dimensions of these characteristics vary between both species. In C. sinensis, stomata and unicellular hairs were distributed in both upper and lower epidermis, while in C. myxa, they were distributed in the lower epidermis only. Epidermis has two types of stomata: Anomocytic and Hemiparacytic.
Testing the Possibility of Using Iron (II) Sulfate (FeSO4) as a Support Material for Thick Film PMMA in Sensing Some Air Pollutants
Authors: Al-Shammam Muther Mohamed Kasim , Mahmood Ahmad Noori
Published: December 2023

In this research, poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) was used as the base material, with chloroform as the pure solvent at (99.8%), in addition to iron (II) sulfate (FeSO4) as the reinforcing material for the base material in proportions (25%, 50%, and 75%) of the weight of the base material (5gm) the models were made by the casting method, the models were subjected to several tests, including (XRD) spectrometry, where some characteristic peaks appeared, giving the characteristic of crystallization at the reinforcement ratio (25%), with a random spectrum of (50%) cementation, which gave the highest value of association with the base material, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the effects as nodular structures with larger dimensions (82.86nm‑92.82nm) at the reinforcement ratio (50%), which are sites of gas liberation as a result of interactions with virtual materials mode and the highest response of the sensor was at (25%) reinforcement, which is clear in color change.
Study the Effect of some Air Pollutants (Ammonium Sulfate - Cadmium Sulfate) on Thick Films PMMA Supported by Al2O3
Authors: Al-Shammam Muther Mohamed Kasim , Mahmood Ahmed Noori
Published: December 2023

In this research, the materials used are poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) as base material with chloroform as pure solvent (99.8%) aluminum oxide (Al2O3) as support material as base material in percentages (25%, 50%, and 75%) several tests were carried out on the models, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the results showed the characteristic of crystallization through the characteristic peaks with a reinforcement percentage (75%) while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the highest effect (ammonium sulfate, cadmium sulfate) in the form of nodular structures dimensions (84.45nm - 88.84nm) with a support reinforcement percentage (75%) representing gas liberation sites as a result of surface reactions with (ammonium sulfate, cadmium sulfate) atomic force microscopy (AFM) images showed that the thick film surface had a lower roughness with a reinforcement percentage (25%) which gave the highest stability of the thick film surface.
Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality Correlation in Hospitals of Al-Qadisiyah Governorate, Iraq
Authors: Al-Rudha Yaqoob Yousif Abid , Kadhum Safaa A.
Published: December 2023

People spend the vast majority of their time inside buildings, including hospitals. In the Al-Qadisiyah Governorate, seven distinct locations were chosen to assess the air quality inside and outside of hospitals. The quality of the air both indoors and outside was analyzed, examining PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM10 levels, as well as HCHO, TVOC, CO2, temperature, and relative humidity. According to the results of the measurements that were carried out, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 both inside and outside were found to be greater than the threshold limits that are specified by WHO for international standards. Moreover, the levels of formaldehyde were found to be higher than those recommended by the WHO at every site of the hospitals, with the exception of Al Hussein and the hospitals for women and children. During the spring, a strong positive association between indoor and outdoor particulate matter, total volatile organic compounds, and formaldehyde was detected. This correlation indicates that there may be serious health effects for healthcare staff and patients who are exposed to the inside settings of hospitals.
Associated Petroleum Gas: Environmental, Utilization, and Economic Rationale
Authors: Al-Rubaye Ameer H. , Jasim Dheyaa J. , Jassam Safiyya A. , Jasim Hayder M. , Ameen Hawzhen Fateh M. , Khoshnaw Farhad A.
Published: December 2023

This study intends to shed light on associated gas from an economic standpoint, due to its various applications instead of oil, and from an environmental standpoint, due to the damage it does when burned during crude oil extraction. APG is a key raw material in the production of electricity and heating energy, as well as a variety of petrochemical products. Furthermore, APG has higher levels of water, which is known as wet gas, and hydrogen sulphide, which is known as sour gas. Helium, a marginally useful by-product, may be discovered in significant quantities. Different countries(Russia, Iraq, Iran, the US, Algeria, Venezuela, and Nigeria) have been the most prominent flare-ups over the past nine years. Also, these countries produced approximately 40% of the world’s oil per year, however they are also responsible for almost two-thirds (65%) of the world’s gas flaring. Flaring associated petroleum gas occurs for a variety of causes, which may be divided into difficult causes and soft causes. On another hand, When gas is flared, a considerable amount of pollutants are emitted. Flare stack smoke indicates an inefficient combustion process, which increases the volume of harmful pollutants generated into the surrounding environment, such as volatile organic compounds.
Assessment the Efficiency of the Bioagent Bacillus velesensis and the Biohealth Formula with Fungicide Beltanol in Control of Fusarium solani Causing Pepper Root Rot
Authors: Khudier Nibras H.T. , Abdalmoohsin Rajaa G.
Published: December 2023

The aim of this study was isolating and diagnosing the causative agent of root rot of pepper in Karbala province and control it using some biological applications. The results showed that the main pathogenic fungus of root rot and damping-off pepper in Karbala Province was Fusarium solani. This fungus was highly pathogenic by inhibition germination of all pepper seeds on the culture medium and in plastic pots. The treatment of integration between among Bacillus velesensis + Biohealth + Beltanol displayed the highest effectiveness in control of the pathogenic F.solani, as it reduced the disease incidence and severity to 9.00, 6.66%, respectively, compared to the pathogenic fungus alone, which amounted to 100%, 86.6%, respectively.
Study of Thermal Requirements for the Development of Two-Spotted Mites Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acariformes: Tetranychidae), Reared on Castor Leaves (Ricinus communis L.) Under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Rahif Farah Saeed , Al-Sweedi Taha M. M.
Published: December 2023

The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acariformes: Tetranychidae) is an important pest affecting several important oil crops in Iraq. The aim of this study was to determine the minimum temperature and calculate the necessary heat units for the time of development of the duration of these mites stages. The application was carried out in incubators with different temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 +2 °C), relative humidity (50-60 +5%) and light: 8: 16 hours dark period on the lower surface of the grown castor leaves. newly. The results showed that the development time of the egg incubation, the larval stage, the first nymphal(protonymph) stage (active + quiescence), and the second nymphal (deutonymph) stage (active + quiescence) at temperatures 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C. It decreased gradually with increasing temperature. Moreover, the egg incubation period was 8.533 and 2.067 days, the larval stage (active + quiescence) 5.821 and 1.298 days, the first nymph (protonymph) (active + quiescence) 5.521 and 1.309 days, and the second nymph (deutonymph) (active + quiescence) 5.417 and 1.150. days to the effect of 15 and 35 degrees Celsius. In addition, the development time from egg to adult was 24.972 and 5.833 days at 15 and 35 °C, respectively. The temperature threshold was 9.763, 10.693, 9.543, 10.314, and 9.957 degrees Celsius, respectively. Finally, the accumulated heat units required for the growth time of each mite cycle differed according to the different temperature threshold and growth time and the mite could not grow and develop at 10 and 40 °C.
The First Record of the Fungus Fusarium incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc., (1886) as a Potential Pathogen of Leaf Spot Disease on the Broad Bean Vicia faba L. in Iraq
Authors: Ofi Baidaa G. , Abass Mohammed H. , Salih Yehya A.
Published: December 2023

Isolation of the fungus Fusarium incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc. was performed at the laboratories of the College of Agriculture at the University of Basrah from infected bean plants showing symptoms of fungal leaf. The fungus identity was revealed depending on phenotypic and microscopic examination, as well as a molecular technique have been applied using an ITS primer (Its1 and 4), the results of phylogenetic analysis with a similarity index of 98% according to NCBI –BLAST tool (LC769967). The pathogenicity was determined according to Koch’s postulates, and severe symptoms were examined on the leaves of the broad bean plants during testing. This record is a significant as it is the first report of F. incarnatum causing spot symptoms on broad bean plants in Iraq and worldwide.
New Report of Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) Simmons and Ulocladium alternariae (Cooke) Simmons as seed-borne fungi of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Iraq
Authors: Oun Ameer Ghani Abd , Abass Mohammed Hamza
Published: December 2023

The objective of the present study is to determine fungal speciesStemphylium vesicariumandUlocladium alternariaeassociated with seeds of five wheat cultivars called Wefia (WAF), Eba 99 (EBA), Adena (ADN), Bohooth (BTH) and Mahmoudia (MHD). Those fungi were identified by using morphological and microscopic features as well as molecular sequencing. Molecular identification was carried out relying on internal transcribed spacer primers (ITS1 and ITS4). This is a new report recordingS. vesicariumandU. alternariaeas seed-borne fungi of wheat seeds in Iraq.
Chemical and Molecular Detection of New Strains of Xanthomonas Campestris pv. Vesicatoria and Pseudomonas putida Associated with Tomato Crop
Authors: Al-Rubaie Ghosoun Habib Sabri , Al-Fallooji Saba Abd Al-Hadi Kadhim
Published: December 2023

The lack of research on bacterial diseases and the infrequency of discovering new strains in Iraq prompted the current investigation to examine the occurrence and seriousness of bacterial spot disease on tomatoes in certain areas of Najaf City during the 2022 agricultural season. Additionally, the aim was to isolate and identify the bacterial species Pseudomonas putida. The results from the pathogenicity test revealed that the Xanthomonas Campestris pv. vesicatoria isolate, X. Campestris 2, demonstrated a higher level of disease severity (74%) on tomatoes compared to other isolates, whereas X. Campestris 18 exhibited the lowest pathogenicity (30.76%). The bacterial isolates were confirmed to be X. Campestris pv. vesicatoria species based on diagnostic keys. Microscopic and macroscopic examination confirmed the presence of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria with circular, yellow colonies on NA medium, while on YDC medium, the bacterial growth appeared as shiny, yellow, and moist colonies. The results of biochemical tests indicated that X. Campestris pv. vesicatoria tested positive for certain tests including the Catalase test, Gelatin Hydrolysis, Motility test, and Aesculin Hydrolysis. However, it tested negative for the Oxidase test, Arginine Hydrolysis, KOH Solubility, and Starch hydrolysis. As for P. putida, microscopic examination revealed Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria. On King’s B agar, the macroscopic examination showed creamy-colored growth, and the bacteria displayed a bright blue color. The test results indicated positive outcomes for the Catalase test, Oxidase test, Arginine Hydrolysis, Motility test, and fluorescence under UV light, appearing as a bright blue color. The bacteria tested negative for Starch hydrolysis, Indole test, Gelatin liquefaction, and KOH Solubility. Molecular diagnosis based on the 16S rRNA gene confirmed the presence of new strains in the analyzed isolates, which were deposited in NCBI with Accession Numbers: OM966903 for X. Campestris bacteria and OM988185 and OM988186 for P. putida isolates. Furthermore, treatment with P. putida 1 exhibited the highest rate of inhibition against the growth of X. Campestris 2, with a diameter of 26.67 mm, followed by P. putida 2 with an inhibition rate of 16.33 mm, compared to the control treatment, which showed no inhibition (0.00 mm).
New Record Species of Tytthus chinensis (Stål, 1859) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae) from Iraq
Authors: Al-Anbaki Hussein Ali Mutney , Al-Hayali Tareq Saadi Abbas , Alhadidi Sanaa N. , Shiblawi Liqaa Mohammed Ahmed
Published: December 2023

By utilizing the light traps for the purpose of analyzing two specimens Insects were gathered from Diyala and Baqubah for the purpose of this study. The species Tytthus chinensis (Stl, 1859), which was discovered in China, was discovered in Iraq for the first time in March of 2022 in Diyala. This species is classified under the Hemiptera order and the Heteroptera suborder, as well as the Miridae family and the phylinae subfamily. utilized camera Lucida to sketch bodies’ portion, and image by Dino-Lite microscope camera for diagnostic characteristics for the species are supplied with the morphological characters and male genitalia are provided.
First Report of the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda Smith and Abbot, 1797 (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) in Iraq
Authors: Alamery Salam Abbas Hussein , Mohmmed Jasim Khalaf , Budiewi Ekhlas Abdul Jabar , Al-Saeedi H. M.
Published: December 2023

In this study the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda Smith &Abbot, 1797 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was report for the first time in corn crop in Iraqi fauna. A short morphological description is also presented the larvae and adults were described, the symptoms of infestation recoded.
The Effect of Fungi Accompanying cuscuta on the Germination Rates of Ocimum and cuscuta Seeds and Their Molecular Diagnosis
Authors: Al-Zubaidi Ahmad Tariq , Al-Juboory Hurria Hussein
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted at the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / Plant Protection Department / University of Baghdad-Jadriya, with the aim of isolating fungal pathogens from samples of the parasite on different plant families (Solanum, Astragalus, Conocarpus, chenopodium, Alhagi, Ocimum) from several areas in Baghdad and Diyala Governorate and diagnosing them phenotypically and testing their pathogenicity. The results of isolation and phenotypic diagnostics from the stems and seeds of the cuscuta showed the presence of 12 genera belonging to nine species : Alternaria, sp. (F2), Alternaria sp. (F4), Aspergillus sp. (F6), Aspergillus sp. (F12), Chaetomium sp. (Amesia sp.) (F7), Cladosporium sp. (F8), Curvularia sp. (F5), Helminthosporium sp. (F10), Penicillium sp. (F9), Rhizoctonia solani (F1), Stemphylium sp. (F3), Stemphylium sp. (F11). The results showed that the fungus Aspergillus sp., Curvularia sp., Chaetomium sp. Helminthosporium sp. and SP. Stemphylium was first recorded on the Cuscuta plant in Iraq. The results of the pathogenetic assessment showed that all the tested isolates (F1-F12) were pathogenic to Porter and Ocimum seeds, as they caused a significant reduction in seed germination rates compared to the control treatment (without inoculation with fungal vaccine). it was found that there was a difference between fungal isolates in reducing the percentage of seed germination, as some fungal isolates achieved the highest reduction in the percentage of germination of carrier seeds. the effect of their fungal filters on the germination of Porter and Ocimum seeds was tested and diagnosed in part. The results showed that the leached fungus Chaetomium sp. With concentrations of 20, 40 and 60%, it significantly reduced the percentage of germination of Porter seeds and differed significantly with the coefficients of Aspergillus SP.(F6) fungal filters, Stemphylium sp.(F3), Alternaria sp.(F4), Curvularia sp.(F5) by analogy with the comparison treatment, while there are no significant differences between the fungal filtrate at the three concentrations. The results also showed that the fungus leached Chaetomium sp.(F7). And Aspergillus sp. sp.(F6) in concentration, it had a significant effect in reducing the percentage of germination of Ocimum seeds compared to the comparative treatment. She showed that the isolates belong to fungi (F2 Aspergillus Flavus and(F4) Alternaria alstroemeria and that F5 Curvularia spicifera and F3 Stemphylium vesicarium and F7 belong to Amesia atrobrunneum and the name was changed instead of the old name Chaetomium atrobrunneum and deposited in the gene bank Gene Bank and NCBI under the accession numbers oq746923, Oq746924, Oq746925 and Oq74692.
The Effect of Different Culture Media and Different Environmental Conditions on the Alternaria solani Sporulation
Authors: Ahmed Abdul Jabbar S. , Aljarah Neran Salem , Merzah Nazar R.
Published: December 2023

A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the best culture media, as well as the appropriate environmental conditions to stimulate A. solani fungus to produce conidia in the shortest period of time under laboratory conditions. seven culture media were used :- Potato Dextrose Agar, Carrot Sucrose Agar, Barley Sucrose Agar, Water Agar (W.A), Tomato leaves +WA, Carnation Leaves + W.A and pine leaves + W.A. The results were showed that, the Barley Sucrose Agar (BSA) media is considered one of the best culture media in terms of the radial growth rate for A. solani colony, as the highest rate of colony diameter was 7.60 cm, While the lowest rate of the colony diameter (4.23 cm)on the tomato leaves + water agar (TLWA) after seven days of A. solani incubation. Moreover, after 48 hours of incubation, The highest average number of conidia was 14.2 × 106 on barley sucrose agar (BSA) media, while the lowest rate of sporulation was on carrot sucrose agar media, which reached to 3 × 106, whereas on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media No Sporulation were seen. The fluctuation of temperature and light inside the incubator play an important role to induced A. solani to sporulation.
Effect of Biofertilizer and Metribuzin on the Yield Traits of Potato under the Influence of Water Stress
Authors: Jarmat Elaf Hassan Ali , Kazem Sabiha Hassoun
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in Al-Mashroo area / Al-Hamzawi, affiliated to Al-Musayyib district, 35 km north of Babylon, to determine how bio-fertilizer and herbicide spraying affected potato yield and quality under different irrigation periods. The RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design) split-split plot design was used to conduct the experiment with three replications. The experiment had three factors: irrigation periods (5, 7, and 9) days for the main plots. The second element, biofertilizer, has three levels (control treatment without CO, rhizobia R, mycorrhizal M) and sub-plots. The third component, metribuzin, has four stages (no CO, preemergence, postemergence, late postemergence) and sub-sub plots. The statistical investigation indicated that it excelled the following traits: number of marketable tubers plant-1, weight of marketable tubers (g), total yield of one plant (g. plant-1), marketing yield (ton.ha-1). The number of tubers, marketing yield, and plant yield substantially impacted pre-emergence and post-emergence treatments. The (Myco) fertilizer treatment performed better in tuber quantity, weight, and marketing yield (3.26 and 3.77 tuber plant-1, 106.5 and 107.67 g, 23.17 and 24.78 tons ha-1) for both seasons. Irrigation every 7 days increased tuber quantity, weight, yield per plant, and marketing yield (3.37 and 3.89 tubers). 384.3 and 462.3 gm, Plant-1, 112.2 and 115.53 g Plant-1 (20.85 and 22.08 tons ha-1) both seasons. The bilateral interaction between irrigation periods and herbicide was significant in tuber number and marketing yield (3.66 and 3.94 tubers.plant-1, 4.28 and 4.52 tubers.plant-1, 25.57 and 22.83 tons ha-1 and 27.11 and 24.34 tons ha-1) for both seasons. The interaction between irrigation times and biofertilizer was more significant than the 7-day interaction. For both seasons, Mycox produced 4.01 and 4.64 tubers plant-1, 113.6 and 119.70 gram, 25.52 and 27.18 tons ha-1, and marketing yield. The herbicide-bio-fertilizer interaction significantly impacted tuber production, with post-Myco interaction leading to 3.89 and 4.41 tubers per plant-1 in both seasons. The triple interaction was substantial, with 7 days post-Myco resulting in a higher number of tubers (5.32 tubers plant-1) in both seasons.
Effect of Application with Fungicide Fortin Pro 25 WP on Nutrients Content in Okra Fruits
Authors: Al-Barki Ghufran Taklif Abaas , Allobawi Salwan A. Zahra Jabbar
Published: December 2023

Okra fruit systemicity and fungicide residues from Fortin Pro25WP were the focus of a field study done by the College of Agriculture at the University of Kufa in the years 2021 and 2022 AD. Treatment effects on okra fruit levels of the fungicides’ active ingredients were statistically significant (P0.05) for both propamocarb hydrochloride (ug/g) and metalaxyl (ug/g). The highest levels of the pesticide were found in the pesticide-only treatment, the next highest levels were found in the fungicide Fortin Pro + the bacteria A. chroococcum that contains the substance, and the lowest average levels were found in the bacteria A. chroococcum + Fortin Pro + R. solani treatment. The highest concentration occurred within the first hour after application, whereas the lowest occurred nine days later, at a concentration of 2.73 ug/g. On day nine of A. chroococcum + Fortin Pro + R. solani treatment, the pesticide residue content was the lowest. When applied to a plant that had not been inoculated with the pathogenic fungus, the fungicide Fortin Pro 25WP significantly increased the nitrogen content of the fruits. However, when applied to a plant that had been inoculated with the fungus, the fungicide significantly decreased the percentage of nitrogen (1.91%) in the fruits. In the fungicide treatment alone (without the pathogen), the fruit recorded the highest rate of phosphorus and potassium content, which was also significantly different from the fruit of the other treatments. Also, in the presence of Azotobacter chroococcum, the interaction treatment of Fortin Pro + R. solani yielded a fruit potassium percentage that was much lower than the control.
Laboratory Study of Fortin Pro25 WP Efficacy Against Seed Rot and Seedlings Death Causes Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium spp.
Authors: Al-Barki Ghufran Taklif Abaas , Allobawi Salwan A. Zahra Jabbar
Published: December 2023

The objective of this study was to ascertain the fungal species responsible for inducing seed rot illnesses and seedling mortality in okra plants, a prevalent issue throughout many parts in Al-Muthanna governorate. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of the fungicide Fortin Pro25WP in inhibiting the growth and biomass of the pathogenic fungus R. solani and Pythium spp in vitro, using various mediums. The findings from the process of isolation, phenotypic characterization, and molecular identification indicate that the samples of deceased and diseased okra seedlings were linked to the presence of R. solani and Pythium spp. The results also showed the high pathogenic ability of the two fungi in reducing percentage of okra seeds germintion, especially R. solani, which did not allow any seed to germinate on the culture media, while Pythium spp. reduced germination rate from 100% in the control treatment to 68.33%. The study also showed that the fungicide showed high efficiency in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic fungi by 77.78% and 89.78% for R. solani and Pythium spp. respectively. The fungal biomass was reduced by estimating the fresh weight FW and dry weight DW, with percentages ranging from 75-92% of the FW and 74-86% of the DW value of both fungi, respectively, on the PDB liquid medium.
Role of Sucrose and Benzyladenine in Stevioside Content of Stevia Rebaudiana Leaves in Temporary Immersion Bioreactor
Authors: Alnuaimi Mustafa Raeef , Obaid Ayad Assi
Published: December 2023

The experiment was carried out in the plant tissue culture laboratory of the Department of Horticulture and landscape gardening from October 2021 to January 2023. micropropagation experiments were conducted using concentrations of BA 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg L, and an experiment with the addition of three levels of sugar (30, 60 and 90 g L) with two levels of BA (0.0 and 1.0 mg L). The results of the micropropagation showed that the concentration 1.0 mg L giving the highest average number of shoots of 3.5 shoots per plant, and giving the highest average number of leaves of 16.8 leaves of the shoot and the superiority of the comparison treatment in giving the highest average height of shoots amounting to 4.5 cm. The results showed that concentration 60 interacted with BA giving the highest average height of the shoots amounting to 4.3 plant shoots. and the concentration 60 interacted with the comparison treatment in giving the highest average shoot height of 4.4 cm and the concentration 90 interacted with BA in giving the highest average number of leaves amounting to 14.1 leaf shoot. The results indicated that the concentration 90 sucrose interacted with 1.0 mg L BA in giving the highest content of stevioside amounting 171.02
Response of Growth, Yield and Quality of Two Industrial Potato Cultivars to the Addition of some Nutrients
Authors: Awad Ahmed. A. , Mahmood Saad A.
Published: December 2023

The experiment was conducted in Abu Ghraib District, Baghdad, during the spring season of 2022 to study the response of two potato varieties, Agria and Arsinal, to eight different fertilizer levels [1-Control, 2-Full recommended dose, 3-½ recommended dose + phosphoric acid + humic acid, 4-½ recommended dose + potassium, 5-½ recommended dose + calcium, 6-½ recommended dose + phosphoric acid + humic acid + potassium, 7-½ recommended dose + humic acid + calcium, 8-½ recommended dose + phosphoric acid + humic acid + potassium + calcium]. The experimental trial was conducted according to a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with sixteen treatments and three replications. The results revealed the superiority of the Agria variety in terms of plant height, with the highest average of 77.72 cm. The results also showed the superiority of the Arsinal variety in terms of the number of stems, with the highest average of 2.50 stems plant-1. However, the Agria variety excelled in terms of the percentage of chlorophyll in potato with 66.586 SPAD. Regarding the treatments, the treatment with half recommended fertilizer + phosphoric acid + humic acid showed the highest average plant height of 80.22 cm and 3.65 stems plant-1. In terms of yield characteristics, the same treatment outperformed others with a yield of 124.60 g plant-1 for average tuber weight. It also produced the highest plant yield of 0.52 kg plant and 25.098 tons hectare-1. In terms of qualitative traits, the Arsinal variety showed superiority in most traits, with the highest average dry matter content of 20.58 % and 14.29% starch content.
Improving the Growth and Production of Beets by Fertilizing with Fish Water and Spraying Lentil Extract
Authors: Mahmood Kahlaa Thamir , Hussein Wafaa Ali
Published: December 2023

The experiment was conducted in the fields belonging to the Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, at Al-Jadriya Complex / Station A, for the autumn season of 2022-2023. The aim was to study the effect of water fish irrigation and water lens plant extract foliar application on the growth and productivity of beetroot. The experiment included two factors: the first factor was water fish irrigation with five concentrations (A) Control treatment (irrigation with river water and recommended fertilization), (B) Water fish irrigation at 25% concentration, (C) water Fish irrigation at 50% concentration, (D) Water Fish irrigation at 75% concentration, (E) Water fish irrigation at 100% concentration. The second factor was the foliar application of water lens plant extract, including (T1) Control treatment, (T2) Foliar application of extract at 0.25% concentration, (T3) Foliar application of extract at 0.50% concentration, (T4) Foliar application of extract at 0.75% concentration, (T5) Foliar application of extract at 1% concentration. The experiment was designed using a completely randomized block design with three replications, and a total of 25 treatments per replication. The means were compared using the Least Significant Difference (L.S.D) test at a significance level of 0.05. The results were as follows: Water fish irrigation treatments showed significant superiority in yield indicators, including root diameter, dry weight, height, and total yield. Treatment (E) gave the highest averages in root dry weight and total yield, while the largest root diameter was observed in treatment (D). As for root height, the highest average was recorded in treatment (C). The results of water lens plant extract foliar application showed a significant effect on yield indicators, with treatment (T5) outperforming in root dry weight, root height, and total yield. The interaction treatment ET5 showed the highest average total yield per hectare, reaching 1372 kg/ha.
Effect of Spraying with NPK Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Three Hybrids of Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme)
Authors: Hussein Yasir Mohsin , Al-Tufaili Aqeel Kareem Hasan
Published: December 2023

The experiment was carried out in one of the plastic houses of the research station of the College of Agriculture / University of Kufa for the agricultural season 2022 to demonstrate the effect of spraying with N.P.K fertilizer. Four concentrations (0, 1, 2, and 4) g.l-1 were sprayed on three hybrids of cherry tomatoes (yellow, orange, and red). plots), while the treatments for spraying with the traditional NPK fertilizer were distributed in the sub-plots, and the averages of the treatments were compared with the least significant difference at the level of probability 0.05 with three replications. The results showed that the red tomato was significantly superior to the rest of the hybrids in (plant height (cm), total number of leaves (leaf-1), leaf area (cm2, leaf-1), and total yield per unit area (mcg h-1), noting that there were no significant differences. Among the hybrids in each of the number of fruits (plant fruit-1) and the leaves content of total chlorophyll (mg 100gm-1 fresh weight), as for spraying with NPK fertilizer, the concentration of 4 gm L-1 was significantly superior to all concentrations in each of (height Plant (cm), number of total leaves (leaf-1), leaf area (cm2, leaf-1), number of fruits (fruit-1), dry weight of shoots (gm plant-1), total yield per unit area (mcg e-1) and the content of leaves of total chlorophyll (mg 100g-1 fresh weight).
Influence of Spraying Potassium, Sugar Alcohol, and Boron on Yield and Quality of Melon under Protected Cultivation
Authors: Abdullah Said Khaled , Alabdaly Maath M. M.
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted in one of the plastic houses at the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, during the spring season of 2023. The experiment was designed to investigate the effects of spraying with potassium, a combination of alcohol sugar (Sorbitol), and Boron on the yield and quality of melon under protected cultivation conditions. The study included two factors: the first factor was spraying with potassium at three concentrations: 0, 4, and 8 gm/L, and it was coded as K0, K1, and K2, respectively. The second factor was spraying with a combination of sorbitol and boron at five concentrations that were coded as T0, T1, T2, T3, and T4. Potassium was sprayed when 50% of the flowers appeared and until the fruit ripened at a rate of one spray per week. The combination of Boron and Sorbitol was sprayed on the plants at age of 6-8 true leaves with three times, two weeks interval between sprays. The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment within a Complete Randomized Block Design with three replicates. The study showed that the second Potassium concentration K1 was superior and achieved the highest (fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, plant yield, and plastic house yield) of 1.238 kg, 3.887 (fruit plant-1), 4.827 (kg plant-1), and 5.793 (tons per house-1). This was compared to the lowest values achieved by the control plants, which were 1.100 kg, 3.533 (fruit plant-1), 3.900 (kg plant-1), and 5.386 (tons per greenhouse-1), respectively. The combination of boron and sorbitol had a significant effect on yield traits, as treatment T4 significantly achieved the highest values in fruit weight, number of fruits, and total greenhouse yield of 1.281 kg, 4.078 (fruit plant-1), 5.232 (kg plant-1) and 6.279 (tons greenhouse-1), compared to the control treatment, which gave the lowest values for the same traits of 1.109 kg, 3.243 (fruit plant-1), 3.604 (kg plant-1), and 4.324 (tons per greenhouse-1). Spraying plants with potassium, especially at level K1, led to a significant increase in fruit quality traits, including fruit pulp thickness, total sugar content, and beta-carotene content, and gave the highest values of 6.550 mm, 10.770 (%), and 10.770 (μg g-1 fresh weight), compared to the lowest values achieved by the control plants, which gave the lowest values of 35.815 mm, 0.7449 (%), and 19.300 (μg g-1 fresh weight) for the same traits, respectively. The combination of sorbitol and boron had a significant effect on fruit quality traits, as treatment T4 plants achieved the highest values for fruit pulp thickness, total sugar content, and beta-carotene content of 48.618 mm, 11.272 %, and 20.754 (μg g-1 fresh weight) compared to the lowest values achieved by the control plants, which were 48.618 mm, 9.434 %, and 19.020 (μg g-1 fresh weight) for the same traits, respectively.