bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zeichen und Freiheit
Authors: Leeten Lars
Published: September 2014

Wo von »Freiheit« gesprochen wird, geht es gewöhnlich um das Handeln. Legt man aber zugrunde, dass wir uns die Welt aktiv in Zeichen erschließen, so ist damit auch für das Erkennen und Verstehen Freiheit vorausgesetzt. Lars Leetens Buch geht dem Sinn dieser Voraussetzung nach. Dabei zeigt sich, dass Freiheit im Verstehen nicht als Willkür gedacht werden kann. Das theoretische Weltverhältnis als frei zu begreifen, bedeutet vielmehr, sich die Verantwortung zu vergegenwärtigen, mit der alles Denken und Verstehen von Anfang an verbunden ist.
Sowjetisch wohnen
Authors: Evans Sandra
Published: September 2014

Als Quintessenz sowjetischen Alltagslebens stellt die Kommunalwohnung einen »intimen« und liminalen Raum dar, in dem es unweigerlich zur zwischenmenschlichen Interaktion einander fremder Personen unter bedrohlichen, ambivalenten und konfliktreichen Umständen kommt. Anhand von Themen wie Raum-/Zeit(losigkeit), Müll, Magie, Solidarität und Privatheit/Öffentlichkeit betrachtet Sandra Evans das Eigenartige an dieser Lebens- und Erfahrungswelt aus unterschiedlichen literarischen und extraliterarischen Perspektiven, um geistige und soziokulturelle Räume zu erschließen und miteinander in Zusammenhang zu bringen.
Romantische Liebe aus dem Fernsehen
Authors: Lau Janna
Published: September 2014

Wird Liebe überall gleich gefühlt und gelebt? Wie gehen indonesische Bugis-Frauen in einer Kultur, in der »romantische Liebe« traditionell negativ als Krankheit betrachtet wird, mit ihren »verbotenen« Gefühlen um? Welchen Sinn schreiben sie westlichen Filmen zu, die romantische Liebe zelebrieren? Verändern globale Medien die Art und Weise, in der Liebe vor Ort gefühlt und gelebt wird? Janna Laus ethnologische Studie beschäftigt sich mit romantischer Liebe als Aushandlungsfeld kultureller Identität bei jungen Frauen auf Sulawesi in Indonesien, die über den Diskurs von Liebe Bedeutungen von »Tradition« und »Modernität« im veränderten Umfeld der Großstadt Makassar neu aushandeln.
Alter, Migration und Soziale Arbeit
Authors: Hahn Kathrin
Published: September 2014

Wird die Forderung nach »kultursensibler Altenhilfe« den Lebenslagen hilfesuchender Migrantinnen und Migranten im Alter gerecht? Oder unterliegt sie der Gefahr, sich in ethnischen Zuschreibungen zu verstricken? Kathrin Hahn untersucht den Stellenwert von Ethnizität und Kultur im sozialpädagogischen Handeln. Sie geht der Frage nach, inwiefern ethnische Differenzierungen in Beratungen der Altenhilfe Geltung erlangen und wirksam werden. Anhand der Rekonstruktion von Beratungsinteraktionen zeigt sie auf, wie ethnische Differenz situativ bedeutsam gemacht wird und auf die Beziehungsgestaltung sowie den inhaltlichen Hilfeprozess entscheidend Einfluss nimmt.
Kulturen der Gesundheit
Authors: Wiencke Markus
Published: September 2014

Die individuumszentrierte Sicht auf Gesundheit und Krankheit wird in diesem Buch um soziale und bedeutungshaltige Dimensionen ergänzt. Markus Wiencke zeigt, wie die soziale Perspektive auf Gesundheit mit dem entwickelten Konzept des »geteilten Sinnerlebens« in kulturellen Settings mit ihren jeweils speziellen Ressourcen und Machtstrukturen wurzelt. Er zeichnet die Umrisse einer psychologischen Anthropologie der Gesundheitsförderung an Beispielen des Umgangs mit psychischem Kranksein in Deutschland, Chile und Brasilien und macht deutlich, dass die Positionierung innerhalb von sozialen Praktiken, Sinnwelten und moralischen Ordnungen ein wichtiger Schritt auf dem Weg zu einer umfassenden Gesundheitswissenschaft ist, die von »individual« bis zu »public health« reicht.
Moderne als Weltbewusstsein
Authors: Kozlarek Oliver
Published: September 2014

Oliver Kozlarek arbeitet die Grundlagen einer innovativen Sozialtheorie der globalen Moderne heraus, die neue theoretisch-begriffliche Impulse (Weltbewusstsein, Humanismus) zu setzen und die Soziologie in origineller Weise mit Diskursen etwa des Postkolonialismus und einer Poetik der Erfahrung zu verbinden vermag. Dieser eigenwertige Beitrag soll nicht zuletzt der Soziologie neue Reflexionschancen in ihrem möglichen Übergang zu einer vielstimmigen, aber an Übersetzungschancen ausgerichteten »Weltsoziologie« eröffnen. Einen ersten Schritt in diese Richtung geht der Autor, indem er zeigt, was die Sozial- und Kulturwissenschaften vom Werk des mexikanischen Dichters und Essayisten Octavio Paz lernen können.
Handlungstheorie
Authors: Bonß Wolfgang , Dimbath Oliver , Maurer Andrea , Nieder Ludwig , Pelizäus Helga , Schmid Michael
Published: September 2014

Handlungstheorien stehen im Zentrum der gegenwärtigen soziologischen Theoriediskussion. Zugleich blicken diese Ansätze auf eine lange Tradition zurück und zählen zum unbestrittenen Kanon des Fachs. Dennoch geben die verschiedenen Theorien keine eindeutige Antwort auf die Frage, was soziales Handeln ist und inwiefern es gesellschaftlich bestimmt wird. Dieses Lehrbuch bringt mit einer systematischen und konzisen Darstellung der wichtigsten Handlungstheorien von David Hume und Max Weber über George H. Mead und Talcott Parsons bis James S. Coleman und Jürgen Habermas Klarheit in dieses unübersichtliche Theoriefeld. Das didaktische Konzept des Bandes, anhand von Leitfragen die einzelnen Positionen miteinander in Beziehung zu bringen, ist konsequent auf die Bedürfnisse eines strukturierten BA-Studiums zugeschnitten.
Radikale Individualität
Authors: Schuhmann Maurice
Published: September 2014

Bei Marquis de Sade, Max Stirner und Friedrich Nietzsche finden sich Konzeptionen von Individualität, deren Bedeutung für die Sozialwissenschaft bislang weitgehend von der Forschung ignoriert wird. Im Zentrum der interdisziplinär angelegten Untersuchung von Maurice Schuhmann steht die Analyse der von den drei Denkern entworfenen Konzeptionen sowie die Übertragung dieser Ergebnisse auf den aktuellen sozialwissenschaftlichen Diskurs über Individualisierungstendenzen in modernen Gesellschaften. Dabei wird erstmalig in kompakter Form die Individualitätsphilosophie der drei Denker dargestellt und miteinander konfrontiert. Eine innovative Analyse radikaler Positionen des modernen Individualitätsdenkens.
Ethnographie nach der »Krise der Repräsentation«
Authors: Lemke Claudia
Published: September 2014

Die Debatte um die »Krise der Repräsentation« hat in der Sozialforschung deutliche Spuren hinterlassen. In der Reflexion der Begleitforschung des kunstpädagogischen Projekts »sense&cyber« zum Einsatz Neuer Medien an vier Kunstschulen in Niedersachsen nimmt Claudia Lemke diese Spuren wieder auf. Mit Hilfe der begrifflichen Instrumente Paul Rabinows und Bruno Latours gelangt die Studie von den kleinen Beobachtungspunkten (Oligoptiken) der »Hypermedialen Ethnographie« zu den groben Umrissen einer Pädagogischen Anthropologie des Zeitgenössischen. Ein innovativer Ansatz zu einer ethnographischen Philosophie im Bereich der Erziehungswissenschaft.
Kunst als Brücke zwischen den Kulturen
Authors: Meili Jürg Martin
Published: September 2014

Globalisierung und Migration können zu interkulturellen Spannungen führen. Ist Kunst in der Lage, eine Brücke zwischen den Kulturen zu schlagen? Und wenn ja - auf welche Weise? Ausgehend von diesen Fragen beleuchtet Jürg Martin Meili Gehalt und Wirkung von Kunst im Hinblick auf ihren gesellschaftspolitischen Einfluss. Dazu werden u.a. Texte von Bürgerrechtlern wie Martin Luther King jr. und Malcolm X, Musikern wie Miles Davis, Chuck Berry und 2Pac sowie Philosophen wie John Dewey und Richard Rorty aus unterschiedlichen disziplinären Perspektiven (Philosophie, Soziologie, Geschichte sowie Anglistik/Afro-Amerikanistik) untersucht.
Der erzählte Zögling
Authors: Zaft Matthias
Published: September 2014

Dieses Buch zeigt, wie Dokumente handeln, wie Informationen literarisch zu Tatbeständen gemacht werden - kurzum: wie ein Gegenstand herausgebildet wird und sich, einer Romanfigur nicht unähnlich, fortan bewähren muss. Brisant nur, dass es sich hierbei um reale Menschen handelt - um »zu erziehende« Minderjährige zur Zeit der Weimarer Republik und des »Dritten Reichs«. Erzählt und gehandhabt wurden sie an dem Ort, der die Dokumente über sie vermeintlich nur versammelte: der Zöglingsakte. Dort setzt die Rekonstruktion der narrativen Strukturen an, in welchen die Aktenproduktion der Fürsorgeerziehung ihre jeweiligen »Akten-Zöglinge« hervorbrachte.
Russische Literatur im Internet
Authors: Schmidt Henrike
Published: September 2014

Graphomanische Laienkultur und Renaissance klassischer Regelpoetik, obszöne Gegenkultur und politisches Guerilla-Marketing - das widersprüchliche Kolorit der russischen Literatur im Internet verdankt sich dem historischen Kontext der Digitalisierung Russlands. In paradoxalen Wellenbewegungen konstituiert sich das russische Internet als autonomer Raum und marginales Experimentierfeld, als strategische Ressource im Kampf um die mediale Elite und die unterhaltungslustigen Massen. Henrike Schmidt eröffnet Einblicke in einen faszinierenden Kulturraum und diskutiert am russischen Spezialfall allgemeine Probleme der digitalen und vernetzten Literatur (Autorschaft, Fiktionalität, Medienwechsel).
Situationistische Internationale
Authors: Orlich Max Jakob
Published: September 2014

Die »Situationistische Internationale« hat eine der einflussreichsten Kritiken der Kultur der 1960er Jahre ausgearbeitet, in der das Scheitern der historischen Avantgarden als zentraler Bestandteil in die eigene Theorieproduktion eingeht. Die zentralen Theoreme der Gesellschaft des Spektakels, der dérive, des détournement und der récupération sind nicht nur der Versuch, diese Gesellschaft zu subvertieren, sondern werden selbstreflexiv auf die eigene Gruppenstruktur, deren Organisation sowie die Aktivität der Mitglieder appliziert. In Erweiterung bisheriger Ansätze zur Gruppensoziologie (Simmel, von Wiese) sowie zur Soziologie interpersoneller Beziehungen (Kracauer) stellt Max Jakob Orlich die Relevanz von intellektuellen Freundschaftsdyaden und Gruppenbindungen - sowohl für die Gruppenbewegungen als auch für die Theorieproduktion - anhand der Eintritte, Austritte und Ausschlüsse der Mitglieder dar. Das dabei verwendete umfangreiche empirische Material wird hier zum ersten Mal zugänglich gemacht.
Performative Kultur und multiple Differenzierung
Authors: Renn Joachim
Published: September 2014

Wie kann der große Abstand zwischen den kultursoziologisch dichten Beschreibungen situierter Praktiken und den gesellschaftstheoretischen Makroperspektiven überbrückt werden? In Einzelanalysen und Stichproben zeigt Joachim Renn, wie dies auf der Grundlage einer pragmatistischen Gesellschaftstheorie gelingt. Der Band versammelt theoretische Überlegungen und historische Fallanalysen einer Soziologie der multipel differenzierten Gegenwartsgesellschaft. Im Ausgang von der Erfahrung gesellschaftlicher Intransparenz und notorisch normalisierter Fremdheit erweist Joachim Renn den heuristischen Nutzen einer Theorie sozialer Übersetzungen für die konkrete Erforschung sozialer Phänomene.
Art/Commerce
Authors: Slowinska Maria A.
Published: September 2014

This book offers a compelling perspective on the striking similarity of art and commerce in contemporary culture. Combining the history and theory of art with theories of contemporary culture and marketing, Maria A. Slowinska chooses three angles (space, object/experience, persona) to bridge present and past, aesthetic appearance and theoretical discourse, and traditional divisions between art and commerce. Beyond both pessimistic and celebratory rhetorics, »Art/Commerce« illuminates contemporary phenomena in which the aestheticization of commerce and the commercialization of aesthetics converge.
Kino der Unordnung
Authors: Sarkhosh Keyvan
Published: September 2014

Nicolas Roeg, der für Filme wie »Don't Look Now«, »Walkabout« und »The Man Who Fell to Earth« bekannt ist, war nie ein Regisseur, mit dem sich das Publikum und die Kritiker leicht getan haben. Dies ist mindestens so sehr dem Inhalt seiner Filme geschuldet wie ihrer Erzählweise, die sich dem Prinzip der Unordnung verschrieben hat. Keyvan Sarkhosh zeigt: In impliziter Auseinandersetzung mit und dezidierter Abgrenzung von den Traditionen des klassischen Hollywood-Kinos setzen Roegs Filme an die Stelle eines auf linearen Erzählkonventionen basierenden Realismus ein vielschichtiges und verzweigtes Netz, in dem sich Raum und Zeit verbinden und verdichten.
Grenzenlos guter Geschmack
Authors: Berli Oliver
Published: September 2014

Ein breit aufgestellter Musikgeschmack gilt heute für viele als Ausweis kultureller Offenheit. Die Kombination von Vorlieben für unterschiedliche Musikstile wie beispielsweise Klassik, Indie und HipHop mit der dazugehörigen Absage an Kultursnobismus bedeutet aber noch nicht, dass symbolische und soziale Abgrenzungen generell an Bedeutung verlieren. Oliver Berli rekonstruiert im Anschluss an Bourdieu die Prozesse und Formen des Ordnens und Wertens von Musik sowie des Abgrenzens mittels Musik. In Auseinandersetzungen mit empirischen Daten schlägt er eine Modifikation bestehender soziologischer Deutungen vor und untersucht »grenzüberschreitenden Musikgeschmack« auf seine Grenzen hin.
Kritik des Anthropozäns
Authors: Manemann Jürgen
Published: September 2014

»Willkommen im Anthropozän« - so titelte der »Economist« 2011 und stieß damit eine neue klimapolitische Debatte über den Menschen und das neue »Menschenzeitalter« an. Mittlerweile wandert dieser Begriff nicht nur durch die Gazetten, sondern auch durch Wissenschaft, Politik und Kultur. Was verbirgt sich hinter diesem Begriff, wo kommt er her? Jürgen Manemann führt in die Debatte ein, zeigt die Gefahren der Theorie des Anthropozäns auf und plädiert für eine neue Humanökologie, die auf eine Transformation der Zivilgesellschaft in eine »Kulturgesellschaft« (Adrienne Goehler) zielt. An der Zeit ist nicht eine weitere Hominisierung der Welt, sondern eine tiefere Humanisierung des Menschen.
Bildungswege zu »1968«
Authors: Wienhaus Andrea
Published: September 2014

Dieses Buch stellt populäre Thesen über die Protestbewegung und eine »68er Generation« in Frage. Andrea Wienhaus' Untersuchung konkreter Akteur_innen von »1968« geht erstmals über Einzelpersonen hinaus: Anhand einer Kollektivbiografie von Mitgliedern des Sozialistischen Deutschen Studentenbundes im Umfeld der Freien Universität Berlin nimmt sie die Herkunft und Bildungswege einer zentralen Gruppierung der Studentenbewegung in den Blick. Es zeigt sich, dass es sich bei der untersuchten Gruppe keineswegs um einen biografisch außergewöhnlichen Teil der Studierenden jener Zeit gehandelt hat - dass aber die Demokratisierungsbestrebungen in der jungen Bundesrepublik Einfluss nahmen auf das Selbstverständnis dieser Akteur_innen.
Medizinische Gewalt
Authors: Hedrich Markus
Published: September 2014

Die »Elektroschocktherapie« (EST) erlebt aktuell auch in Deutschland ein - wenn auch hoch umstrittenes - Comeback. Markus Hedrich spürt den hiermit verbundenen diskursiven Verflechtungen von Körper, Elektrizität und staatlicher Gewalt nach. Er zeigt, dass der elektrische Stuhl 1890 eine Folgeentwicklung aus der psychiatrischen Elektrotherapie war - und wiederum ab 1940 die Einführung der EST in den USA befördert hat. Streng restringierte Krankenakten erlauben zudem erstmals eine Analyse der »Elektroschocktherapie« im forensischen Stationsalltag, was tiefe Einblicke in die Dialektik von staatlicher Gewalt und Individuum - und damit in die conditio humana - erlaubt.
Die phantastische Gabe des Gegen-Gedächtnisses
Authors: Meyer Thomas
Published: September 2014

Bislang gingen die meisten Interpreten davon aus, dass die »Auslöschung« das einzige tatsächlich realisierte Wahnsinnsprojekt eines bernhardschen Protagonisten ist. Viele kritisierten diese »ungeheure Schrift«, in der alles ausgelöscht und zugleich an ein KZ-Opfer erinnert werden soll, als moralischen Fehltritt. Thomas Meyer zeigt jedoch: Die Memorialpolitik der »Auslöschung« fördert ganz anderes zutage: ein Gegen-Gedächtnis, ein anderes (Ge-)Denken, das die gutgläubige Ideologie der Erinnerungsimperative durchkreuzt. »Auslöschung« ist eine unmögliche Möglichkeit, ein phantastischer Traum(a)text, der seine Realisierung nur träumt und trotzdem ein ethisches und literarisches Programm verfolgt.
A Tribute to Barbara Kulik
Authors: Board Editorial
Published: September 2014

We would like to take this opportunity to express our appreciation to Dr.Barbara Kulik for all of her hard work and dedication to the field of Physicaland Health Disabilities and over 50 years of service to the Council forExceptional Children (CEC) and the Division for Physical, Health andMultiple Disabilities (DPHMD).
Teacher's knowledge and support systems regarding students with terminal illness
Authors: Heller Kathryn Wolff , Coleman Mari Beth , Best Sherwood J. , Emerson Judith
Published: September 2014

This study examined teachers’ knowledge and support when working with students with terminal illness or having experienced a student death. One hundred and ninety teachers of students with physical or multiple disabilities responded to a 40 item questionnarionnaire that was distributed nationally. Results indicated that teachers have greater knowledge and support in this area than 21 years ago, although there continues to be deficits. For teachers receiving support, the school nurse was identified as their primary source of support, as well as the primary source to answer questions, and discuss the teachers’ role. School counselors were identified as the primary support for classmates (in addition to receiving support from their teacher). Teachers identified several areas in which they wanted assistance and support which have implications for future research and training.
Another Tool in the Belt: Self-Directed Professional Learning for Teachers of Students with Moderate and Severe Disabilities
Authors: Shurr Jordan , Hirth Marilyn , Jasper Andrea , McCollow Meaghan , Heroux JoDell
Published: September 2014

Chronic shortages, high attrition rates, the unique demands of the job, and geographic isolation from colleagues have been identified as unique challenges within the profession for teachers of students with moderate and severe disabilities. Many different forms of professional development exist for educators; however, these experiences do not always adequately meet the specific needs of individual teachers. This article presents an additional tool for professional learning utilizing a framework for selecting, monitoring and assessing progress toward self-identified areas of professional growth. The proposed model considers teacher development in three dimensions including school-based, community-based, and universal growth.
Health Care Use, Out-of-Pocket Expenditure, and Macroeconomic Conditions during the Great Recession
Authors: Du Juan , Yagihashi Takeshi
Published: September 2014

We study how macroeconomic conditions during the Great Recession affected health care utilization and out-of-pocket expenditures of American households. We use two data sources: the Consumer Expenditure (CE) Survey and the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); each has its own advantages. The CE contains quarterly frequency variables, and the SIPP provides panel data at the individual level. Consistent evidence across the two datasets shows that utilization of routine medical care was counter-cyclical, whereas hospital care was pro-cyclical during the Great Recession. When we examine the pre-recession period, the relationship between macroeconomic conditions and health care use was either non-existent or in opposite directions, suggesting that this relationship may have been unique to the Great Recession.
A case of congenital brain teratoma extending into the orbit
Authors: Yamasaki Yui , Miyahara Yoshiya , Morita Hiroki , Morioka Ichiro , Ebina Yasuhiko , Yamada Hideto
Published: September 2014

Congenital tumors arising from the central nervous system are uncommon. A 31-year-old pregnant woman had an uneventful course until 33 weeks of gestation (GW). An ultrasonographic examination at 35 GW first demonstrated an increase in fetal head size. The brain midline shifted to the left side due to the intracranial tumor extending into the orbit in the right hemisphere at 36 GW. The brain teratoma in the fetus was suspected by magnetic resonance imaging of the heterogeneous enhancement and calcification. The male baby was delivered by cesarean section at 36 GW and he had facial dimorphism with right exophthalmos. The tumor volume continued to increase after surgery and the baby died at 123 days of life.
Incentives for Conditional Aid Effectiveness
Authors: Candel-Sánchez Francisco
Published: September 2014

Can sanctions against foreign aid donors enhance the credibility of conditional aid policies? If such policies suffer from time inconsistency, the answer is positive. This paper proposes a mechanism to overcome the lack of credibility of conditional aid donations to developing countries. A scheme of policy-dependent transfers to the donor country is shown to achieve an optimal commitment outcome by improving the credibility of conditional aid programs. The scheme is devised to cover situations in which the cost of structural reforms is information privately owned by the recipient government.
100 years of metal coordination chemistry: from Alfred Werner to anticancer metallodrugs
Authors: Barry Nicolas P. E. , Sadler Peter J.
Published: September 2014

Alfred Werner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry just over 100 years ago. We recall briefly the era in which he was working, his co-workers, and the equipment he used in his laboratories. His ideas were ground breaking: not only does a metal ion have a primary valency (“hauptvalenz”, now the oxidation state), but also a secondary valency, the coordination number (“nebenvalenz”). At that time some refused to accept this idea, but he realised that his new thinking would open up new areas of research. Indeed it did. We illustrate this for the emerging field of medicinal metal coordination chemistry, the design of metal-based therapeutic and diagnostic agents. The biological activity of metal complexes depends intimately not only on the metal and its oxidation state, but also on the type and number of coordinated ligands, and the coordination geometry. This provides a rich platform in pharmacological space for structural and electronic diversity. It is necessary to control both the thermodynamics (strengths of metal-ligand bonds) and kinetics of ligand substitution reactions to provide complexes with defined mechanisms of action. Outer-sphere interactions can also play a major role in target recognition. Our current interest is focussed especially on relatively inert metal complexes which were very familiar to Werner (RuII, OsII, RhIII, IrIII, PtII, PtIV).
The Parietal Reach Region Selectively Anti-Synchronizes with Dorsal Premotor Cortex during Planning
Authors: Stetson Chess , Andersen Richard A.
Published: September 2014

Recent reports have indicated that oscillations shared across distant cortical regions can enhance their connectivity, but do coherent oscillations ever diminish connectivity? We investigated oscillatory activity in two distinct reach-related regions in the awake behaving monkey (Macaca mulatta): the parietal reach region (PRR) and the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd). PRR and PMd were found to oscillate at similar frequencies (beta, 15–30 Hz) during periods of fixation and movement planning. At first glance, the stronger oscillator of the two, PRR, would seem to drive the weaker, PMd. However, a more fine-grained measure, the partial spike-field coherence, revealed a different relationship. Relative to global beta-band activity in the brain, action potentials in PRR anti-synchronize with PMd oscillations. These data suggest that, rather than driving PMd during planning, PRR neurons fire in such a way that they are less likely to communicate information to PMd.
Activation of TRPML1 Clears Intraneuronal Aβ in Preclinical Models of HIV Infection
Authors: Bae Mihyun , Patel Neha , Xu Haoxing , Lee Mingwaoh , Tominaga-Yamanaka Kumiko , Nath Avindra , Geiger Jonathan , Gorospe Myriam , Mattson Mark P. , Haughey Norman J.
Published: September 2014

Antiretroviral therapy extends the lifespan of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, but many survivors develop premature impairments in cognition. These residual cognitive impairments may involve aberrant deposition of amyloid β-peptides (Aβ). By unknown mechanisms, Aβ accumulates in the lysosomal and autophagic compartments of neurons in the HIV-infected brain. Here we identify the molecular events evoked by the HIV coat protein gp120 that facilitate the intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ. We created a triple transgenic gp120/APP/PS1 mouse that recapitulates intraneuronal deposition of Aβ in a manner reminiscent of the HIV-infected brain. In cultured neurons, we found that the HIV coat protein gp120 increased the transcriptional expression of BACE1 through repression of PPARγ, and increased APP expression by promoting interaction of the translation-activating RBP heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C with APP mRNA. APP and BACE1 were colocalized into stabilized membrane microdomains, where the β-cleavage of APP and Aβ formation were enhanced. Aβ-peptides became localized to lysosomes that were engorged with sphingomyelin and calcium. Stimulating calcium efflux from lysosomes with a TRPM1 agonist promoted calcium efflux, luminal acidification, and cleared both sphingomyelin and Aβ from lysosomes. These findings suggest that therapeutics targeted to reduce lysosomal pH in neurodegenerative conditions may protect neurons by facilitating the clearance of accumulated sphingolipids and Aβ-peptides.
Form-Cue Invariant Second-Order Neuronal Responses to Contrast Modulation in Primate Area V2
Authors: Li Guangxing , Yao Zhimo , Wang Zhengchun , Yuan Nini , Talebi Vargha , Tan Jiabo , Wang Yongchang , Zhou Yifeng , Baker Curtis L.
Published: September 2014

A fundamental task of the visual system is to extract figure–ground boundaries between images of objects, which in natural scenes are often defined not only by luminance differences but also by “second-order” contrast or texture differences. Responses to contrast modulation (CM) and other second-order stimuli have been extensively studied in human psychophysics, but the neuronal substrates of second-order responses in nonhuman primates remain poorly understood. In this study, we have recorded single neurons in area V2 of macaque monkeys, using both CM patterns as well as conventional luminance modulation (LM) gratings. CM stimuli were constructed from stationary sine wave grating carrier patterns, which were modulated by drifting envelope gratings of a lower spatial frequency. We found approximately one-third of visually responsive V2 neurons responded to CM stimuli with a pronounced selectivity to carrier spatial frequencies, and often orientations, that were clearly outside the neurons' passbands for LM gratings. These neurons were “form-cue invariant” in that their tuning to CM envelope spatial frequency and orientation was very similar to that for LM gratings. Neurons were tuned to carrier spatial frequencies that were typically 2–4 octaves higher than their optimal envelope spatial frequencies, similar to results from human psychophysics. These results are distinct from CM responses arising from surround suppression, but could be understood in terms of a filter-rectify-filter model. Such neurons could provide a functionally useful and explicit representation of segmentation boundaries as well as a plausible neural substrate for human perception of second-order boundaries.
Beta Oscillation Dynamics in Extrastriate Cortex after Removal of Primary Visual Cortex
Authors: Schmiedt Joscha T. , Maier Alexander , Fries Pascal , Saunders Richard C. , Leopold David A. , Schmid Michael C.
Published: September 2014

The local field potential (LFP) in visual cortex is typically characterized by the following spectral pattern: before the onset of a visual stimulus, low-frequency oscillations (beta, 12–20 Hz) dominate, whereas during the presentation of a stimulus these oscillations diminish and are replaced by fluctuations at higher frequencies (gamma, >30 Hz). The origin of beta oscillationsin vivoremains unclear, as is the basis of their suppression during visual stimulation. Here we investigate the contribution of ascending input from primary visual cortex (V1) to beta oscillation dynamics in extrastriate visual area V4 of behaving monkeys. We recorded LFP activity in V4 before and after resecting a portion of V1. After the surgery, the visually induced gamma LFP activity in the lesion projection zone of V4 was markedly reduced, consistent with previously reported spiking responses (Schmid et al., 2013). In the beta LFP range, the lesion had minimal effect on the normal pattern of spontaneous oscillations. However, the lesion led to a surprising and permanent reversal of the normal beta suppression during visual stimulation, with visual stimuli eliciting beta magnitude increases up to 50%, particularly in response to moving stimuli. This reversed beta activity pattern was specific to stimulus locations affected by the V1 lesion. Our results shed light on the mechanisms of beta activity in extrastriate visual cortex: The preserved spontaneous oscillations point to a generation mechanism independent of the geniculostriate pathway, whereas the positive beta responses support the contribution of visual information to V4 via direct thalamo-extrastriate projections.
Unification of Neuronal Spikes, Seizures, and Spreading Depression
Authors: Wei Yina , Ullah Ghanim , Schiff Steven J.
Published: September 2014

The pathological phenomena of seizures and spreading depression have long been considered separate physiological events in the brain. By incorporating conservation of particles and charge, and accounting for the energy required to restore ionic gradients, we extend the classic Hodgkin–Huxley formalism to uncover a unification of neuronal membrane dynamics. By examining the dynamics as a function of potassium and oxygen, we now account for a wide range of neuronal activities, from spikes to seizures, spreading depression (whether high potassium or hypoxia induced), mixed seizure and spreading depression states, and the terminal anoxic “wave of death.” Such a unified framework demonstrates that all of these dynamics lie along a continuum of the repertoire of the neuron membrane. Our results demonstrate that unified frameworks for neuronal dynamics are feasible, can be achieved using existing biological structures and universal physical conservation principles, and may be of substantial importance in enabling our understanding of brain activity and in the control of pathological states.
Molecular Dissection of the Interaction between the AMPA Receptor and Cornichon Homolog-3
Authors: Shanks Natalie F. , Cais Ondrej , Maruo Tomohiko , Savas Jeffrey N. , Zaika Elena I. , Azumaya Caleigh M. , Yates John R. , Greger Ingo , Nakagawa Terunaga
Published: September 2014

Cornichon homologs (CNIHs) are AMPA-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR) auxiliary subunits that modulate AMPAR ion channel function and trafficking. Mechanisms underlying this interaction and functional modulation of the receptor complex are currently unclear. Here, using proteins expressed from mouse and rat cDNA, we show that CNIH-3 forms a stable complex with tetrameric AMPARs and contributes to the transmembrane density in single-particle electron microscopy structures. Peptide array-based screening andin vitromutagenesis identified two clusters of conserved membrane-proximal residues in CNIHs that contribute to AMPAR binding. Because CNIH-1 binds to AMPARs but modulates gating at a significantly lower magnitude compared with CNIH-3, these conserved residues mediate a direct interaction between AMPARs and CNIHs. In addition, residues in the extracellular loop of CNIH-2/3 absent in CNIH-1/4 are critical for both AMPAR interaction and gating modulation. On the AMPAR extracellular domains, the ligand-binding domain and possibly a stretch of linker, connecting the ligand-binding domain to the fourth membrane-spanning segment, is the principal contact point with the CNIH-3 extracellular loop. In contrast, the membrane-distal N-terminal domain is less involved in AMPAR gating modulation by CNIH-3 and AMPAR binding to CNIH-3. Collectively, our results identify conserved residues in the membrane-proximal region of CNIHs that contribute to AMPAR binding and an additional unique segment in the CNIH-2/3 extracellular loop required for both physical interaction and gating modulation of the AMPAR. Consistent with the dissociable properties of binding and gating modulation, we identified a mutant CNIH-3 that preserves AMPAR binding capability but has attenuated activity of gating modulation.
Conditional Deletion of α-CaMKII Impairs Integration of Adult-Generated Granule Cells into Dentate Gyrus Circuits and Hippocampus-Dependent Learning
Authors: Arruda-Carvalho Maithe , Restivo Leonardo , Guskjolen Axel , Epp Jonathan R. , Elgersma Ype , Josselyn Sheena A. , Frankland Paul W.
Published: September 2014

New granule cells are continuously integrated into hippocampal circuits throughout adulthood, and the fine-tuning of this process is likely important for efficient hippocampal function. During development, this integration process is critically regulated by the α-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (α-CaMKII), and here we ask whether this role is conserved in the adult brain. To do this, we developed a transgenic strategy to conditionally delete α-CaMKII from neural progenitor cells and their progeny in adult mice. First, we found that the selective deletion of α-CaMKII from newly generated dentate granule cells led to an increase in dendritic complexity. Second, α-CaMKII deletion led to a reduction in number of mature synapses and cell survival. Third, consistent with altered morphological and synaptic development, acquisition of one-trial contextual fear conditioning was impaired after deletion of α-CaMKII from newly generated dentate granule cells. Previous work inXenopusidentified α-CaMKII as playing a key role in the stabilization of dendritic and synaptic structure during development. The current study indicates that α-CaMKII plays a plays a similar, cell-autonomous role in the adult hippocampus and, in addition, reveals that the loss of α-CaMKII from adult-generated granule cells is associated with impaired hippocampus-dependent learning.
Dynamic Fidelity Control to the Central Auditory System: Synergistic Glycine/GABAergic Inhibition in the Cochlear Nucleus
Authors: Nerlich Jana , Kuenzel Thomas , Keine Christian , Korenic Andrej , Rübsamen Rudolf , Milenkovic Ivan
Published: September 2014

GABA and glycine are the major inhibitory transmitters that attune neuronal activity in the CNS of mammals. The respective transmitters are mostly spatially separated, that is, synaptic inhibition in the forebrain areas is mediated by GABA, whereas glycine is predominantly used in the brainstem. Accordingly, inhibition in auditory brainstem circuits is largely mediated by glycine, but there are few auditory synapses using both transmitters in maturity. Little is known about physiological advantages of such a two-transmitter inhibitory mechanism. We explored the benefit of engaging both glycine and GABA with inhibition at the endbulb of Held-spherical bushy cell synapse in the auditory brainstem of juvenile Mongolian gerbils. This model synapse enables selectivein vivoactivation of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal inputs through systemic sound stimulation and precise analysis of the input (endbulb of Held) output (spherical bushy cell) function. The combination ofin vivoand slice electrophysiology revealed that the dynamic AP inhibition in spherical bushy cells closely matches the inhibitory conductance profile determined by the glycine-R and GABAA-R. The slow and potent glycinergic component dominates the inhibitory conductance, thereby primarily accounting for its high-pass filter properties. GABAergic transmission enhances the inhibitory strength and shapes its duration in an activity-dependent manner, thus increasing the inhibitory potency to suppress the excitation through the endbulb of Held. Finally,in silicomodeling provides a strong link betweenin vivoand slice data by simulating the interactions between the endbulb- and the synergistic glycine-GABA-conductances duringin vivo-like spontaneous and sound evoked activities.
Chromophore Supply Rate-Limits Mammalian Photoreceptor Dark Adaptation
Authors: Wang Jin-shan , Nymark Soile , Frederiksen Rikard , Estevez Maureen E. , Shen Susan Q. , Corbo Joseph C. , Cornwall M. Carter , Kefalov Vladimir J.
Published: September 2014

Efficient regeneration of visual pigment following its destruction by light is critical for the function of mammalian photoreceptors. Here, we show that misexpression of a subset of cone genes in therd7mouse hybrid rods enables them to access the normally cone-specific retina visual cycle. The rapid supply of chromophore by the retina visual cycle dramatically accelerated the mouse rod dark adaptation. At the same time, the competition between rods and cones for retina-derived chromophore slowed cone dark adaptation, indicating that the cone specificity of the retina visual cycle is key for rapid cone dark adaptation. Our findings demonstrate that mammalian photoreceptor dark adaptation is dominated by the supply of chromophore. Misexpression of cone genes in rods may represent a novel approach to treating visual disorders associated with mutations of visual cycle proteins or with reduced retinal pigment epithelium function due to aging.
Perceived Depth in Natural Images Reflects Encoding of Low-Level Luminance Statistics
Authors: Cooper Emily A. , Norcia Anthony M.
Published: September 2014

Sighted animals must survive in an environment that is diverse yet highly structured. Neural-coding models predict that the visual system should allocate its computational resources to exploit regularities in the environment, and that this allocation should facilitate perceptual judgments. Here we use three approaches (natural scenes statistical analysis, a reanalysis of single-unit data from alert behaving macaque, and a behavioral experiment in humans) to address the question of how the visual system maximizes behavioral success by taking advantage of low-level regularities in the environment. An analysis of natural scene statistics reveals that the probability distributions for light increments and decrements are biased in a way that could be exploited by the visual system to estimate depth from relative luminance. A reanalysis of neurophysiology data from Samonds et al. (2012) shows that the previously reported joint tuning of V1 cells for relative luminance and binocular disparity is well matched to a predicted distribution of binocular disparities produced by natural scenes. Finally, we show that a percept of added depth can be elicited in images by exaggerating the correlation between luminance and depth. Together, the results from these three approaches provide further evidence that the visual system allocates its processing resources in a way that is driven by the statistics of the natural environment.
Opposing Brain Differences in 16p11.2 Deletion and Duplication Carriers
Authors: Qureshi Abid Y. , Mueller Sophia , Snyder Abraham Z. , Mukherjee Pratik , Berman Jeffrey I. , Roberts Timothy P.L. , Nagarajan Srikantan S. , Spiro John E. , Chung Wendy K. , Sherr Elliott H. , Buckner Randy L.
Published: September 2014

Deletions and duplications of the recurrent ∼600 kb chromosomal BP4–BP5 region of 16p11.2 are associated with a broad variety of neurodevelopmental outcomes including autism spectrum disorder. A clue to the pathogenesis of the copy number variant (CNV)'s effect on the brain is that the deletion is associated with a head size increase, whereas the duplication is associated with a decrease. Here we analyzed brain structure in a clinically ascertained group of human deletion (N= 25) and duplication (N= 17) carriers from the Simons Variation in Individuals Project compared with age-matched controls (N= 29 and 33, respectively). Multiple brain measures showed increased size in deletion carriers and reduced size in duplication carriers. The effects spanned global measures of intracranial volume, brain size, compartmental measures of gray matter and white matter, subcortical structures, and the cerebellum. Quantitatively, the largest effect was on the thalamus, but the collective results suggest a pervasive rather than a selective effect on the brain. Detailed analysis of cortical gray matter revealed that cortical surface area displays a strong dose-dependent effect of CNV (deletion > control > duplication), whereas average cortical thickness is less affected. These results suggest that the CNV may exert its opposing influences through mechanisms that influence early stages of embryonic brain development.
Impaired Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2B Activity Specifically in Oligodendrocytes Reproduces the Pathology of Vanishing White Matter Disease in Mice
Authors: Lin Yifeng , Pang Xiaosha , Huang Guangcun , Jamison Stephanie , Fang Jingye , Harding Heather P. , Ron David , Lin Wensheng
Published: September 2014

Vanishing white matter disease (VWMD) is an inherited autosomal-recessive hypomyelinating disease caused by mutations in eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B). eIF2B mutations predominantly affect the brain white matter, and the characteristic features of VWMD pathology include myelin loss and foamy oligodendrocytes. Activation of pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) has been observed in oligodendrocytes in VWMD. PERK activation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress attenuates eIF2B activity by phosphorylating eIF2α, suggesting that impaired eIF2B activity in oligodendrocytes induced by VWMD mutations or PERK activation exploit similar mechanisms to promote selective white matter pathology in VWMD. Using transgenic mice that allow for temporally controlled activation of PERK specifically in oligodendrocytes, we discovered that strong PERK activation in oligodendrocytes during development suppressed eIF2B activity and reproduced the characteristic features of VWMD in mice, including hypomyelinating phenotype, foamy oligodendrocytes, and myelin loss. Notably, impaired eIF2B activity induced by PERK activation in oligodendrocytes of fully myelinated adult mice had minimal effects on morphology or function. Our observations point to a cell-autonomous role of impaired eIF2B activity in myelinating oligodendrocytes in the pathogenesis of VWMD.
Combined Treatment with a BACE Inhibitor and Anti-Aβ Antibody Gantenerumab Enhances Amyloid Reduction in APPLondonMice
Authors: Jacobsen Helmut , Ozmen Laurence , Caruso Antonello , Narquizian Robert , Hilpert Hans , Jacobsen Bjoern , Terwel Dick , Tanghe An , Bohrmann Bernd
Published: September 2014

Therapeutic approaches for prevention or reduction of amyloidosis are currently a main objective in basic and clinical research on Alzheimer‘s disease. Among the agents explored in clinical trials are anti-Aβ peptide antibodies and secretase inhibitors. Most anti-Aβ antibodies are considered to act via inhibition of amyloidosis and enhanced clearance of existing amyloid, although secretase inhibitors reduce thede novoproduction of Aβ. Limited information is currently available on the efficacy and potential advantages of combinatorial antiamyloid treatment. We performed a chronic study in APPLondontransgenic mice that received treatment with anti-Aβ antibody gantenerumab and BACE inhibitor RO5508887, either as mono- or combination treatment. Treatment aimed to evaluate efficacy on amyloid progression, similar to preexisting amyloidosis as present in Alzheimer's disease patients. Mono-treatments with either compound caused a dose-dependent reduction of total brain Aβ and amyloid burden. Combination treatment with both compounds significantly enhanced the antiamyloid effect. The observed combination effect was most pronounced for lowering of amyloid plaque load and plaque number, which suggests effective inhibition ofde novoplaque formation. Moreover, significantly enhanced clearance of pre-existing amyloid plaques was observed when gantenerumab was coadministered with RO5508887. BACE inhibition led to a significant time- and dose-dependent decrease in CSF Aβ, which was not observed for gantenerumab treatment. Our results demonstrate that combining these two antiamyloid agents enhances overall efficacy and suggests that combination treatments may be of clinical relevance.
Abnormal High-Frequency Burst Firing of Cerebellar Neurons in Rapid-Onset Dystonia-Parkinsonism
Authors: Fremont Rachel , Calderon D. Paola , Maleki Sara , Khodakhah Kamran
Published: September 2014

Loss-of-function mutations in the α3 isoform of the Na+/K+ATPase (sodium pump) are responsible for rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism (DYT12). Recently, a pharmacological model of DYT12 was generated implicating both the cerebellum and basal ganglia in the disorder. Notably, partially blocking sodium pumps in the cerebellum was necessary and sufficient for induction of dystonia. Thus, a key question that remains is how partially blocking sodium pumps in the cerebellum induces dystonia.In vivorecordings from dystonic mice revealed abnormal high-frequency bursting activity in neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN), which comprise the bulk of cerebellar output. In the same mice, Purkinje cells, which provide strong inhibitory drive to DCN cells, also fired in a similarly erratic manner.In vitrostudies demonstrated that Purkinje cells are highly sensitive to sodium pump dysfunction that alters the intrinsic pacemaking of these neurons, resulting in erratic burst firing similar to that identifiedin vivo. This abnormal firing abates when sodium pump function is restored and dystonia caused by partial block of sodium pumps can be similarly alleviated. These findings suggest that persistent high-frequency burst firing of cerebellar neurons caused by sodium pump dysfunction underlies dystonia in this model of DYT12.
Vesicular Glutamate Transporter Expression Level Affects Synaptic Vesicle Release Probability at Hippocampal Synapses in Culture
Authors: Herman Melissa A. , Ackermann Frauke , Trimbuch Thorsten , Rosenmund Christian
Published: September 2014

The vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) plays an essential role in synaptic transmission by filling vesicles with glutamate. At mammalian synapses, VGLUT expression level determines the amount of glutamate packaged into vesicles, and the specific paralog of VGLUT expressed affects the release probability. In this study, we investigate whether there is a link between the number of VGLUTs on vesicles and release probability. We used a combination of electrophysiology and imaging techniques in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons where the VGLUT expression level has been severely altered. We found that vesicles with drastically reduced VGLUT expression were released with a lower probability. This deficit in release could only be rescued by a functional transporter, suggesting that the transport function, and not the molecular interactions, of the protein affects vesicle release. Based on these data, we propose a novel means of presynaptic vesicle release regulation—the intravesicular glutamate fill state of the vesicle.