bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antiepileptic drugs combined with high‐frequency electrical stimulation in the ventral hippocampus modify pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus in rats
Authors: Cuellar‐Herrera Manola , Peña Fernando , Alcantara‐Gonzalez David , Neri‐Bazan Leticia , Rocha Luisa
Published: October 2009

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of high‐frequency electrical stimulation (HFS) in both ventral hippocampi, alone and combined with a subeffective dose of antiepileptic drugs, during the status epilepticus (SE) induced by lithium‐pilocarpine (LP).

Methods: Male Wistar rats, stereotactically implanted in both ventral hippocampi, were injected with pilocarpine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) 24 h after lithium (3 mEq/kg) administration. One minute following pilocarpine injection, HFS (pulses of 60 μs width at 130 Hz at subthreshold intensities and applied during 3 h) was applied alone or combined with subeffective doses of antiepileptic drugs.

Results: HFS alone reduced the incidence of severe generalized seizures. This effect was not evident when HFS was combined with phenytoin (33.3 mg/kg, i.p.). HFS combined with diazepam (0.41 mg/kg, i.p.) or phenobarbital (10 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced the incidence of severe generalized seizures and mortality rate, and augmented the latency to first forelimb clonus, generalized seizure, and status epilepticus (SE). When combined with gabapentin (46 mg/kg, i.p.), HFS reduced the incidence of severe generalized seizures, enhanced latency to SE, and decreased mortality rate.

Discussion: Subeffective doses of antiepileptic drugs that increase the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurotransmission may represent a therapeutic tool to augment the HFS‐induced anticonvulsant effects.
Neonatal seizures and long QT Syndrome: A cardiocerebral channelopathy?
Authors: Heron Sarah E. , Hernandez Marta , Edwards Caitlin , Edkins Edward , Jansen Floor E. , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Berkovic Samuel F. , Mulley John C.
Published: October 2009

We identified a patient with electrophysiologically verified neonatal long QT syndrome (LQTS) and neonatal seizures in the presence of a controlled cardiac rhythm. To find a cause for this unusual combination of phenotypes, we tested the patient for mutations in seven ion channel genes associated with either LQTS or benign familial neonatal seizures (BFNS). Comparative genome hybridization (CGH) was done to exclude the possibility of a contiguous gene syndrome. No mutations were found in the genes (KCNQ2, KCNQ3) associated with BFNS, and CGH was negative. A previously described mutation and a known rare variant were found in the LQTS‐associated genes SCN5A and KCNE2. Both are expressed in the brain, and although mutations have not been associated with epilepsy, we propose a pathophysiologic mechanism by which the combination of molecular changes may cause seizures.
Racism, Sexism, and Candidate Evaluations in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election
Authors: Dwyer Caitlin E. , Stevens Daniel , Sullivan John L. , Allen Barbara
Published: October 2009

In an attempt to understand the extent to which racism and sexism influenced affect toward Barack Obama and Sarah Palin, we analyze data from a national survey conducted in October 2008. Situating our investigation in previous examinations of modern racism and modern sexism, we test competing hypotheses about the role of these attitudes in the 2008 presidential election. Our results suggest that racism had a significant impact on candidate evaluations while sexism did not. We find that respondents who hold racist attitudes expressed negative attitudes toward Obama and positive attitudes toward Palin. When interacted with party identification, racism continued to exert a strong effect, indicating findings that are robust across partisan affiliations. Sexism, on the other hand, did not significantly influence evaluations of either Palin or Obama.
Effect of Dysphasia and Dysphagia on Inpatient Mortality and Hospital Length of Stay: A Database Study
Authors: Guyomard Veronique , Fulcher Robert A. , Redmayne Oliver , Metcalf Anthony K. , Potter John F. , Myint Phyo K.
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effect of dysphasia and dysphagia on stroke outcome.

DESIGN: Retrospective database study.

SETTING: Norfolk, United Kingdom.

PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand nine hundred eighty‐three men and women with stroke admitted to the hospital between 1997 and 2001.

MEASUREMENTS: Inpatient mortality and likelihood of longer length of hospital stay, defined as longer than median length of stay (LOS). Dysphagia was defined as difficulty swallowing any liquid (including saliva) or solid material. Dysphasia was defined as speech disorders in which there was impairment of the power of expression by speech, writing, or signs or impairment of the power of comprehension of spoken or written language. An experienced team assessed dysphagia and dysphasia using explicit criteria.

RESULTS: Two thousand nine hundred eighty‐three patients (1,330 (44.6%) male), median age 78 (range 17–105), were included, of whom 77.7% had ischemic, 10.5% had hemorrhagic, and 11.8% had undetermined stroke types. Dysphasia was present in 41.2% (1,230) and dysphagia in 50.5% (1,506), and 27.7% (827) had both conditions. Having either or both conditions was associated with greater mortality and longer LOS (P<.001 for all). Using multiple logistic regression models controlling for age, sex, premorbid Rankin score, previous disabling stroke, and stroke type, corresponding odds ratios for death and longer LOS were 2.2 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.8–2.7) and 1.4 (95% CI=1.2–1.6) for dysphasia; 12.5 (95% CI=8.9–17.3) and 3.9 (95% CI=3.3–4.6) for dysphagia, 5.5 (95% CI=3.7–8.2), 1.9 (95% CI=1.6–2.3) for either, and 13.8 (95% CI=9.4–20.4) and 3.7 (95% CI=3.1–4.6) if they had both, versus having no dysphasia, no dysphagia, or none of these conditions, respectively.

CONCLUSION: Patients with dysphagia have worse outcome in terms of inpatient mortality and length of hospital stay than those with dysphasia. When both conditions are present, the presence of dysphagia appears to determine the likelihood of poor outcome. Whether this effect is related just to stroke severity or results from problems related directly to dysphagia is unclear.
The Dialogical Imagination
Authors: GARDELS NATHAN
Published: October 2009

NPQ has never been a traditional journal. Rather we have engaged in a continuing conversation over the last two decades with the most interesting minds and authoritative voices anywhere that can shed light on the frictions and fusions of our globalizing civilization. Instead of reporting the dots, we have sought to connect them with perspective and draw correspondences between ideas. As one reviewer put it, “with its editor traveling from country to country around the world, NPQ cross‐pollinates at a dizzying pace.”
Man Does Not Live by Reason Alone
Authors: Kolakowski Leszek
Published: October 2009

Leszek Kolakowski, who died in 2009, was professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago and a fellow of All Souls College at Oxford University. His critical, magisterial study of the history of Marxism and his perpetual doubt and self‐questioning, which led to a preoccupation with “the revenge of the sacred” in secular life, earned him a reputation as modern Europe's Erasmus.

Just after he published Modernity on Endless Trial in 1991, Kolakowski sat down with me in his study at All Souls College. The following conversation was also published in Kolakowski's last book, My Correct Views on Everything.
Ancient Postmodernism
Authors: Umehara Takeshi
Published: October 2009

Takeshi Umehara, director general of the International Research Center for Japanese Studies in Kyoto, is Japan's most famous philosopher, controversial for his idea of Japanese “uniqueness.” Umehara, also a playwright, is author of such books at The Concept of Hell, The Exiling of the Gods and Japan's Deep Strata.

Back in 1990, I sat down with him in his office amid the bamboo forests that cover the hills surrounding Kyoto to get an Eastern view of the theme raised by Western thinkers from Arnold Toynbee to Lewis Mumford: the central role of the religious imagination in the rise and fall of civilizations.

Here, he sets out his ideas in an essay tracing his disillusionment with Western philosophy and his rediscovery of Japan's Shinto roots. Our conversation follows.
The Shadow Our Future Throws
Authors: Illich Ivan
Published: October 2009

Because of his groundbreaking critique of mass industrial society in such books as Energy and Equity, Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health, Toward a History of Needs and Deschooling Society Ivan Illich was considered a founding thinker of the alternative and ecological movements, the prophet of an “era of limits.”

This conversation took place at Illich's rustic retreat in Ocotopec, Mexico, in the spring of 1989. (The title of the second chapter of Al Gore's 1992 book, The Earth in Balance is taken from this interview—“The Shadow Our Future Throws.”)

Illich was no armchair witness but lived what he preached. In the early 1990s he developed a large tumor that protruded from his right temple. Claiming the right not to be a patient but to “die without diagnosis” as part of “hygienic autonomy,” he was never treated, smoking opium to ease the pain over his last years. He died—without diagnosis—in 2002 in Bremen, Germany.
The Return of the Middle Kingdom in a Post‐American World
Authors: Gardels Nathan
Published: October 2009

Not long after the conclusion of the Beijing Summer Olympics in 2008, I was invited by my friend Eric Xu, an editor at Shanghai's largest paper, The Xinmin Evening News, to attend a seminar in Shanghai with some of China's top philosophers and scholars. They had gathered to assess the “powershift” in China's self‐image and in global esteem as a result of such a successful execution of the games. The following short essay reports on their views and puts them in historical perspective.
Geomorphology of snow avalanche impact landforms in the southern Canadian Cordillera
Authors: JOHNSON ALEXIS L. , SMITH DAN J.
Published: October 2009

Snow avalanche impact landforms (SAILs) are typically elliptical‐shaped depressions bounded by an arcuate ridge located at the base of avalanche paths. The geomorphology of these features is controlled by the topography of the avalanche path, the availability of unconsolidated debris in the impact area and the ability of the avalanche impacts to displace the available debris in the direction of avalanche flow. Ground‐based snow avalanches move debris by bulldozing, and airborne snow avalanches move sediment by excavation on impact.

This paper reports on the geomorphology, and surface age and stability of three SAILs in the southern Canadian Cordillera. Dendrochronology and lichenometry were used to date geomorphic activity at the sites. Evidence of present SAIL stability suggests they result from episodic, high‐magnitude avalanche impact events over many hundreds of years. All three landforms share common morphologies: a water‐filled bowl‐shaped depression distally bounded by an arcuate ridge‐oriented transverse to the avalanche path. Despite sharing many attributes, field investigations revealed that the origin of each SAIL was a function of the local variations in snow avalanche path topography and availability of unconsolidated debris in the impact area. The snow avalanche path associated with the Blackhorn site has a gentle gradient, which suggests that this SAIL is a result of ground‐based avalanches. The SAIL at Spoon Lake appears to be a consequence of a resistant geologic feature that focuses snow avalanches in the impact area and results in explosive excavation. The morphology of the snow avalanche track at Peyto Lake causes large snow avalanches to become airborne prior to impacting and excavating an impact pool. All three SAILs examined in this paper are historically persistent landforms and these observations support previous findings indicating that SAILs require hundreds of years to develop.
Religiosity and Attitudes Toward Diversity: A Potential Workplace Conflict?1
Authors: Strauss Judy P. , Sawyerr Olukemi O.
Published: October 2009

The study investigates relationships between 2 measures of religiosity (immanence orientation and religious fundamentalism) and 2 measures of attitudes toward diversity (universal‐diverse orientation and attitudes toward gay men and lesbians). As expected, different conceptualizations of religiosity relate differently to diversity attitudes. Immanence orientation related positively and religious fundamentalism related negatively with both measures of diversity attitudes. However, when both measures were included in the hierarchical regression equation, immanence orientation no longer related significantly with attitudes toward lesbians and gay men; and religious fundamentalism no longer related significantly with universal‐diverse orientation. Finally, gender and immanence interacted to predict universal‐diverse orientation. Implications are discussed.
Perceived Organizational Support: An African Perspective
Authors: Gyekye Seth Ayim , Salminen Simo
Published: October 2009

The study of perceived organizational support (POS) has received considerable attention in the literature. Despite the acknowledged impact of sociocultural values on organizational behaviors, there is paucity in non‐Western work environments. The current study empirically examined supportive perceptions in an African context. Workers' demographic variables and consequences of POS were examined in light of their sociocultural values. POS were measured with the short version of Eisenberger et al.'s (1990) survey. Sociocultural values that explain the associations of demographic variables with psychological variables (e.g., job satisfaction, POS) were examined. Older workers, the married, relatively higher educated, satisfied workers, relatively long‐tenured, and supervisors expressed greater supportive perceptions. Contrary to our expectation, female workers expressed greater supportive perceptions than did their male counterparts.
The Effects of Assessment Mode and Privacy Level on Self‐Reports of Risky Sexual Behaviors and Substance Use Among Young Women1
Authors: Brown Jennifer L. , Vanable Peter A.
Published: October 2009

This study examined differences in reported behaviors by assessment mode under differing privacy levels. Females were randomized to a computer‐administered self‐interview (CASI) or self‐administered questionnaire (SAQ) assessment of sexual risk and substance use behaviors that was completed non‐anonymously or anonymously. There were few differences in reported behaviors between assessment modes and privacy levels. However, an assessment mode by privacy‐level interaction was found for 2 outcomes (unprotected oral sex, recent sexual partner). Greater disclosure occurred in the CASI‐anonymous condition than the CASI‐non‐anonymous condition. Those in the CASI condition disclosed more instances of drinking until intoxicated than did those completing the SAQ. Overall, the findings suggest that CASI and SAQ under differing privacy levels result in comparable health behavior self‐reports.
Location determinants of food manufacturers in the United States, 2000–2004: are nonmetropolitan counties competitive?
Authors: Lambert Dayton M. , McNamara Kevin T.
Published: October 2009

Infrastructure, agglomeration, product and input markets, fiscal attributes, and labor markets of local communities influenced food manufacturing location decisions in the lower 48 United States, 2000–2004. Negative binomial regression and spatial clustering methods forecast food processor location patterns at the county level. Noncore counties are at a comparative disadvantage with respect to attracting most food processors, but nonmetropolitan counties adjacent to urban areas may be attractive investment sites for footloose, supply, and demand‐oriented food manufacturers.
Capital market imperfections in economic transition: empirical evidence from Ukrainian agriculture
Authors: Zinych Nataliya , Odening Martin
Published: October 2009

This article investigates the link between financing and investment in Ukrainian agriculture during economic transition. The main contribution of the study is to provide empirical evidence for the coexistence of financial constraints and soft budget constraints (SBCs). This is of particular importance because credit constraints and SBCs have completely different economic effects. The lack of differentiation between these forms of capital market imperfections yields overlapping effects of financing on investment and may therefore cause a misinterpretation of econometric results. Our empirical analyses are based on an econometric estimation of the Euler investment equations for 529 large farms from three Ukrainian regions between 2001 and 2005. The results confirm that financial variables significantly influence farms' investment, providing empirical evidence of an imperfect capital market in Ukrainian agriculture. It turns out that credit constraints in the Ukrainian agricultural sector are more important than SBCs. We show that the estimated level of financial constraints for profitable farms with access to loans is higher if both types of capital market imperfections are appropriately distinguished.
Integration of VaR and expected utility under departures from normality
Authors: Barry Peter J. , Sherrick Bruce J. , Zhao Jianmei
Published: October 2009

This article identifies the level of the expected utility (EU) risk aversion and Value‐at‐Risk (VaR) confidence level that yield the same choice from a given distribution of outcomes, and thus allow for consistent application of the two criteria. The result for a given distribution is an explicit mapping between risk aversion under EU and VaR, for both normal and nonnormal distributions. The Cornish–Fisher expansion is used to establish adjusted mean‐deviates for nonnormal outcome distributions and the investor's preference function is expanded to include elements for variance, skewness, and excess kurtosis. A farm‐level application with nonnormal revenue distribution illustrates these approaches.
TheRoman de la roseand Middle English Poetry
Authors: Viereck Gibbs Kamath Stephanie A.
Published: October 2009

The late medieval French allegory,Le Roman de la rose[The Romance of the rose], the conjoined production of Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun, has long been recognized as an important literary influence on Middle English poetry. The majority of recent studies focus on Geoffrey Chaucer’s translation, citation, and adaptation of theRose. Directions in scholarly study include increasing attention to the formal complexity and polyvalence the model of theRoseprovides, on‐going interest in constructions of sexuality and gender, and a greater emphasis on the inter‐relation of Chaucer’s response to theRosewith the responses of French and Italian poets, including Guillaume de Machaut, Eustache Deschamps, Guillaume de Deguileville (or Digulleville), Christine de Pizan, and Giovanni Boccaccio. The discovery of a new manuscript fragment of the Middle EnglishRomaunt of the Roseand the re‐assessment of earlier linguistic exchange also set forth interesting possibilities for future exploration. Beyond the field of Chaucer studies, scholars of late medieval England’s alliterative poems, notablyCleannessbut alsoPiers Plowman, have re‐examined the ways theRosemay have shaped the construction of devotional, sexual, and social ideologies within this poetic tradition. The growing interest in Chaucer’s contemporary John Gower and in the English poetry of the fifteenth century, especially the works of Thomas Hoccleve and John Lydgate, has brought further recognition of theRose’s widespread influence, as well as the continued influence ofRose‐inspired intermediaries, including not only Guillaume de Deguileville and Christine de Pizan but also Evrart de Conty, Alain Chartier, and Charles d’Orléans. Recalling the attribution of theRose’s authorship to an English ‘John Moon’ in early literary histories demonstrates one curious later misreading of Hoccleve’s Middle English response to theRoseand may also provoke a deeper appreciation for the strong continuity of interest in theRoseshared by French and English readers during the turbulent era of the Hundred Years War.
Tritium planigraphy study of structural alterations in the coat protein of Potato virus X induced by binding of its triple gene block 1 protein to virions
Authors: Lukashina Elena , Badun Gennady , Fedorova Natalia , Ksenofontov Alexander , Nemykh Maria , Serebryakova Marina , Mukhamedzhanova Anna , Karpova Olga , Rodionova Nina , Baratova Lyudmila , Dobrov Evgeny
Published: October 2009

Alterations in Potato virus X (PVX) coat protein structure after binding of the protein, encoded by the first gene of PVX triple gene block (triple gene block 1 protein, TGBp1), to the virions were studied using tritium planigraphy. Previously, it has been shown that TGBp1 molecules interact with the PVX particle end, containing the 5′‐terminus of PVX RNA, and that this interaction results in a strong decrease in virion stability and its transformation to a translationally active state. In this work, it has been shown that the interaction of TGBp1 with PVX virions leads to an increase of ∼ 50% in tritium label incorporation into the 176–198 segment of the 236‐residue‐long PVX coat protein subunit, with some decrease in label incorporation into the N‐terminal coat protein region. According to the new ‘sandwich’ variant of our recently proposed model of the three‐dimensional structure of the intravirus PVX coat protein, the 176–198 segment is assigned to the β‐sheet region located at the subunit surface, presumably participating in coat protein interactions with the intravirus RNA and/or in protein–protein interactions, whereas the N‐terminal coat protein region corresponds to the other part of the same β‐sheet. For the remaining segments of the PVX coat protein subunit, no significant difference between tritium incorporation into untreated and TGBp1‐treated PVX was observed. A detailed description of the ‘sandwich’ version of the intravirus PVX coat protein model is presented.
Protein folding and disulfide bond formation in the eukaryotic cell
Authors: Benham Adam M.
Published: October 2009

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a critical role as a compartment for protein folding in eukaryotic cells. Defects in protein folding contribute to a growing list of diseases, and advances in our understanding of the molecular details of protein folding are helping to provide more efficient ways of producing recombinant proteins for industrial and medicinal use. Moreover, research performed in recent years has shown the importance of the ER as a signalling compartment that contributes to overall cellular homeostasis. Hamlet’s castle provided a stunning backdrop for the latest European network meeting to discuss this subject matter in Elsinore, Denmark, from 3 to 5 June 2009. Organized by researchers at the Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, the meeting featured 20 talks by both established names and younger scientists, focusing on topics such as oxidative protein folding and maturation (in particular in the ER, but also in other compartments), cellular redox regulation, ER‐associated degradation, and the unfolded protein response. Exciting new advances were presented, and the intimate setting with about 50 participants provided an excellent opportunity to discuss current key questions in the field.
Factors Influencing Partial and Complete Adoption of Organic Farming Practices in Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: Khaledi Mohammad , Weseen Simon , Sawyer Erin , Ferguson Shon , Gray Richard
Published: October 2009

Using a sample of organic producers in Saskatchewan, Canada, this study uses a Tobit model to identify the factors that discourage or encourage the complete adoption of organic farming and to assess why farmers differ in the share of total cultivated crop area they allocate to organic practices. In particular, the study evaluates the effect of transaction costs on the decision to convert partially or completely from conventional to organic practices. The results highlight the importance of lowering certain transaction costs to encourage the adoption of organic management practices. Significant transaction costs were found to include infrastructure and services, satisfaction with marketer performance, marketing problems, and Internet use. Results suggest that farmers with smaller land holdings are more inclined to undertake complete adoption. While the education levels of organic farmers show no significant effect on the probability of adoption, younger organic farmers allocate significantly less of their cultivated area to organic practices.

À partir d'un échantillon de producteurs de cultures biologiques de la Saskatchewan, au Canada, nous avons utilisé un modèle Tobit pour déterminer les facteurs qui encouragent ou découragent l'adoption totale des pratiques agricoles biologiques et les raisons pour lesquelles le pourcentage des superficies consacrées aux cultures biologiques varie d'un producteur à l'autre. Nous avons également examiné les répercussions des coûts de transaction sur la décision de passer, en totalité ou en partie, des pratiques conventionnelles aux pratiques biologiques. Les résultats ont fait ressortir l'importance de réduire certains coûts de transaction afin d'encourager l'adoption des méthodes agronomiques biologiques. Les coûts de transaction les plus importants incluaient les infrastructures et les services, l'efficacité des intermédiaires, les problèmes liés à la mise en marché et l'utilisation d'Internet. Les résultats autorisent à penser que les producteurs agricoles qui possèdent de petites superficies sont plus enclins à adopter en totalité l'agriculture biologique. Alors que le niveau de scolarité des producteurs ne semble pas avoir de répercussions sur la probabilité d'adopter l'agriculture biologique, les jeunes producteurs de cultures biologiques consacrent beaucoup moins de leurs superficies cultivées à la culture biologique.
Transitory Connections: The Reception and Rejection of Jean Piaget's Psychology in the Nursery School Movement in the 1920s and 1930s
Authors: Beatty Barbara
Published: October 2009

In 1927, nursery school educator Lucy Sprague Mitchell heralded Jean Piaget's psychology as of “outstanding interest” and wrote inProgressive Educationthat it should be of “immense service” to psychologists, teachers, and parents. In 1929, psychologist Lois Meek praised Piaget's research in the National Society for the Study of Education's yearbook on preschool and parental education. In 1931, the National Association for Nursery Education bibliography on nursery school-based research, for which Meek was on the editorial board, included no mention of Piaget at all.
A Maverick in the Field: The Oram Group and Fundraising in the Black College Community during the 1970s
Authors: Gasman Marybeth , Drezner Noah D.
Published: October 2009

The Oram firm was really a different animal. We cherished a strong anticorporate corporate culture, we were cause-driven, and we served liberal and left-wing counter-cultural organizations.

Since its founding in 1939, the Oram Group has been a maverick in the field of fundraising, lending its expertise to the areas of education, welfare, social action, civil rights, the arts, and the environment. Beginning with the organization's founder, Harold Oram, continuing to the current president and chief executive officer Henry Goldstein, Oram staff members have had an interest in supporting progressive (i.e., social justice-oriented) causes. Influenced by Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies and Lyndon B. Johnson's vision of a Great Society, the Oram Group staff has been steadfast in its dedication, with founder Harold Oram referring to the organization's work as “saving the world.” This approach was different from that of earlier fundraising organizations, such as Marts and Lundy or John Price Jones—firms that worked, by and large, with elite white institutions and with black colleges under the direction of white philanthropists. For example, according to Robert L . Payton, for Arnaud C. Marts [and his colleagues at Marts and Lundy],

Philanthropy [was] closely linked to the free market economy, local government, and individual responsibility. The emerging civil rights movement, the decay of the inner cities, environmental pollution, and the radical challenges to authority were not yet part of Mart's [sic] consciousness nor of the general public's. Freedom and patriotism were the dominant slogans rather than equality and justice.
Unequal Pieces of a Shrinking Pie: The Struggle between African Americans and Latinos over Education, Employment, and Empowerment in Compton, California
Authors: Straus Emily E.
Published: October 2009

Just days after the start of the 1994-1995 school year, almost a quarter of the student body at McKinley Elementary School in Compton, California did not show up for class. Latino organizers had asked parents to keep their children out of school to protest what they perceived as school administrators' inadequate response to Latino educational needs. Parents of approximately one hundred of the school's 431 students heeded the call. Although one out of four was only slighdy above the daily absentee rate for a normal school day, the nature of these absences forced district administrators to take notice. The rhetoric that Latino activists used when describing the management of Compton's public schools served as the most disquieting aspect of the walkout. “The Compton Unified School District is like Mississippi,” asserted John Ortega, the lead counsel for the Union of Parents and Students of Compton United, the association that organized the attendance strikes. “In Mississippi, they didn't want to educate blacks in the ‘50s, and in the ‘90s, Compton doesn't want to educate Latinos.”
Action‐Oriented Evaluation of an In‐Home Family Therapy Program for Families At Risk for Foster Care Placement
Authors: McWey Lenore M. , Humphreys Julie , Pazdera Andrea L.
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this study was to conduct an action‐oriented evaluation of an in‐home family therapy program serving families deemed at risk for the placement of children in foster care. In this study, feedback was solicited from both clients and therapists. Results indicate “duality” associated with several aspects of in‐home family therapy, including the opportunity to observe families in their own homes versus the vulnerability some families feel when therapy is conducted in‐home; therapists suggesting that sufficient training is required for in‐home family therapy to be effective versus clients' opinions that therapists' lived experiences are more relevant; and the importance of the therapeutic alliance versus feelings of abandonment upon termination. Implications for researchers and practitioners are discussed.
A Model for Partial Product Complementarity and Strategic Production Decisions under Demand Uncertainty
Authors: Fang Xiang , Wang Yunzeng
Published: October 2009

This paper considers a general industrial setting where multiple manufacturers each produce a different product and sell it to the markets. These products are partially complementary in the sense that there is a common demand stream that requests all these products as complementary sets and there are streams of individual demands each requesting only one of the products. All demands are uncertain and may follow any general, joint distributions. Facing demand uncertainties, the manufacturers each choose a production quantity for its product with an objective to maximize its own expected profit. We formulate the problem as a non‐cooperative game to study the strategic interactions of such firms and their implications to supply chain performance. We show that such a game may have numerous equilibria. Among all the possible equilibria, however, we prove that there always exists a unique one that maximizes each and every manufacturer's profit, and we derive an explicit solution for this Pareto‐optimal equilibrium point. We further study the optimal solution for a centralized system and compare it with the decentralized solution. Managerial insights are drawn as to how system parameters and control mechanisms affect firms' decisions and performance.
Motor cortex plasticity induced by paired associative stimulation is enhanced in physically active individuals
Authors: Cirillo John , Lavender Andrew P. , Ridding Michael C. , Semmler John G.
Published: October 2009

Recent evidence indicates that regular physical activity enhances brain plasticity (i.e. the ability to reorganise neural connections) and improves neurocognitive function. However, the effect of regular physical activity on human motor cortex function is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine motor cortex plasticity for a small hand muscle in highly active and sedentary individuals. Electromyographic recordings were obtained from the left abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle of 14 active and 14 sedentary subjects (aged 18–38 yrs). The extent of physical activity was assessed by questionnaire, where the physically active subjects performed >150 min per day moderate‐to‐vigorous aerobic activity on at least 5 days per week, whereas the sedentary group performed <20 min per day of physical activity on no more than 3 days per week. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the right hemisphere was used to assess changes in APB motor‐evoked potentials (MEPs), input–output curve (IO curve), short‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and cortical silent period (CSP). Neuroplastic changes were induced using paired‐associative stimulation (PAS), which consisted of 90 paired stimuli (0.05 Hz for 30 min) of median nerve electrical stimulation at the wrist followed 25 ms later by TMS to the hand area of motor cortex. The IO curve slope was 35% steeper in individuals with increased physical activity (combined before and after PAS, P < 0.05), suggesting increased motor cortex excitability, although there was no difference in SICI or CSP between groups. PAS induced an increase in MEP amplitude in the physically active subjects (54% increase compared with before, P < 0.01), but no significant facilitation in the sedentary subjects. We conclude that participation in regular physical activity may offer global benefits to motor cortex function that enhances neuroplasticity, which could improve motor learning and neurorehabilitation in physically active individuals.
Rotating Stall and Surge
Authors: Stenning A. H.
Published: October 2009

Safe off-design operation of compressors is limited to the region in which the flow is stable. Flow instabilities can be of two types, rotating stall and surge. The first of these subjects the blading to high oscillating stresses while the second may also have a disastrous effect on the whole system of which the compressor is a component. In this paper, the properties of these two types of instability are discussed and some simple criteria for determining system stability are presented.
An Omnidirectional Wall Shear Meter
Authors: Tennant M. H. , Pierce F. J. , McAllister J. E.
Published: October 2009

An omnidirectional wall shear meter has been developed which is capable of the direct measurement of both magnitude and direction of wall shear stress. Linearity, resolution, and accuracy have been demonstrated analytically and experimentally by static and dynamic calibration. The floating element device works on the cantilevered beam principle. Eddy current probes, set at right angles to the beam and to each other, sense the magnitude and direction of deflection which can be calibrated against known force loadings. The device is used to measure wall shear stress in three-dimensional flows, and was specifically developed as a means of validating proposed three-dimensional near-wall similarity laws.
Sensitizing the Dissipation Equation to Irrotational Strains
Authors: Hanjalic´ K. , Launder B. E.
Published: October 2009

The paper recommends the addition of an extra term to the conventional approximate transport equation for the turbulence energy dissipation rate. The term may be interpreted as emphasizing the role of irrotational deformations in promoting energy transfer across the spectrum or, equivalently, of augmenting the influence of normal strains. Calculations, including the new term, are reported for the plane and round jet, and for several turbulent boundary layers. In the cases considered the addition of the new term significantly improves agreement with experiment.
Experimental Studies of External Hygrocysts
Authors: Kovac J. P. , Balmer R. T.
Published: October 2009

The three-dimensional banding phenomenon that occurs on the outside of single horizontal rotating cylinders covered with a liquid film was experimentally studied. Over 400 data sets from a variety of cylinders and liquids produced an emperical correlation between the number of bands formed and the rotational Reynolds, Weber, and Froude numbers. The average film thickness on the top of the rotating cylinder was found to be independent of the physical properties of the liquid and the centrifugal acceleration of the cylinder. The surface velocity measured in the crown of the bands was found to be nearly the same as that predicted by the steady state unbanded velocity field solution of Moffatt.
Annular Liquid Jet Experiments
Authors: Hoffman M. A. , Takahashi R. K. , Monson R. D.
Published: October 2009

Experiments have been performed to determine the length for convergence or closure of a vertical, hollow annular water jet due to the action of surface tension forces. The data agree well with theoretical predictions up to the maximum velocity where reliable data could be obtained (4.4 m/s). These experiments extend the range of confirmation of the theories in terms of the dimensionless parameter, Nc ≡ We/Fr2, from about 0.01 to over 100. The stability of the annular jet subjected to natural and external disturbances is also discussed briefly. Finally the results of a series of experiments on the flow spreading or splitting due to the presence of wedge-shaped obstacles in the path of the annular jet flow are presented.
An Increase in Base Pressure by Polymer Solutions Added to Separated Shear Layers
Authors: Kiya M. , Arie M. , Shoda S.
Published: October 2009

The change in the base pressure of a semicircular cylinder whose round side faced to the approaching stream was experimentally studied when the aqueous solutions of polyethyleneoxide (PEO) and polyacrylamide (PAM) were added to the boundary layer which eventually separated from the surface of the cylinder. The experiments were performed at a Reynolds number of 2.0 × 105, based on the base height of the cylinder. The base pressure was found to increase by 15 percent at its maximum by the injection of the polymer solutions as compared with the case of no injection. Saturation of the base-pressure increase was observed to exist with regard to the concentration of the polymer solutions and their velocity of injection.
An Axial Flow Research Compressor Facility Designed for Flow Measurement in Rotor Passages
Authors: Lakshminarayana B.
Published: October 2009

An axial-flow research compressor facility, which is designed for relative flow measurement, is described in this paper. The facility has a rotating-probe traverse mechanism which is capable of traversing hot-wire, pilot and other probes at 0.09 deg intervals across the rotor blade passage. The data transmission system includes rotating transducers, pressure transfer device, ten-channel mercury slip-ring unit, scanivalve, etc. The instrumentation includes on-line data processing capability. A brief description of probes used as well as some typical data on the rotor blade static pressure, rotor endwall flow, and rotor wake characteristics are given in the paper.
Aerodynamic Performance of a Centrifugal Compressor With Vaned Diffusers
Authors: Yoshinaga Y. , Gyobu I. , Mishina H. , Koseki F. , Nishida H.
Published: October 2009

An experimental investigation to improve the stage efficiency through the use of vaned diffusers is presented. Sixteen different vaned diffusers were tested on a model compressor rig. The results showed that the pressure recovery of the vaned diffuser increased up to the critical diffusion ratio, which was shown to be approximately 0.5. The measured pressure distribution around vanes of the well-designed diffusers which had the fair diffusion ratios, were found to agree well with the potential flow solutions. Finally, the importance of the diffuser inlet configuration to the improvement of the stage efficiency is discussed.
A Device for Measuring Very Low Pressure Differences
Authors: Nakagawa Takeo
Published: October 2009

A new technique is proposed for measuring very low pressure differences between two points in a fluid. The device combines an optical velocity measurement with the Hagen-Poiseuille relation to infer the pressure drop. A prototype model has been constructed which measures pressure differences in the range 3.07×10−5 to 1.59×10−3 cm H2O. The estimated uncertainty of this technique is approximately 4 percent. However, no accurate, independent calibration of this device has yet been achieved.
The Apparent Flapping Motion of a Turbulent Plane Jet—Further Experimental Results
Authors: Cervantes de Gortari J. , Goldschmidt V. W.
Published: October 2009

Measurements of four types of correlations in the self preserving region of a turbulent plane jet are presented. Negative correlations are noted between the two halves of the jet, exhibiting an apparent flapping like motion. That motion is noted to be self-preserving and most likely attributed to the presence of large scale organized structures.
Wake Structure of Typical Automobile Shapes
Authors: Ahmed S. R.
Published: October 2009

The time averaged wake structure of three characteristic vehicle shapes viz. Estate, Fastback and Notchback was studied on the basis of flow visualization and wake surveys behind smooth quarter scale models in a wind tunnel. The models differed through their upper rear-end shape. Flow in the separation bubble at vehicle base and the subsequent formation of a pair of longitudinal vortices aft of this region is analysed. The kinetic energy of the rotational motion in the wake is evaluated to give a “vortex drag” rating for the vehicle shapes investigated. Effect of body details was assessed by a parallel set of experiments with detail models of same principal dimensions. Force measurements supplemented the investigations.
Wake Induced Time-Variant Aerodynamics Including Rotor-Stator Axial Spacing Effects
Authors: Fleeter S. , Jay R. L. , Bennett W. A.
Published: October 2009

The overall objective of this experimental program was to quantify the effects of rotor-stator axial spacing on the fundamental time-variant aerodynamics relevant to forced response in turbomachinery. This was accomplished in a large-scale, low-speed, single-stage research compressor which permitted two rotor-stator axial spacing ratios representative of those found in advanced design compressors to be investigated. At each value of the axial spacing ratio, the aerodynamically induced fluctuating surface pressure distributions on the downstream vane row, with the primary source of excitation being the upstream rotor wakes, were measured over a wide range of compressor operating conditions. The velocity fluctuations created by the passage of the rotor blades were measured in the nonrotating coordinate system. Data obtained described the variation of the rotor wake with both loading and axial distance from the rotor as parameters. These data also served as a reference in the analysis of the resulting time-variant pressure signals on the vane surfaces.
The Effect of Inertia on Flow Between Misaligned Rotating Disks
Authors: Bar-Yoseph P. , Solan A. , Blech J. J.
Published: October 2009

The effect of inertia on flow between a rotating and a stationary disk is studied for the case when the stationary disk is tilted with respect to the rotation axis. Based on the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations, an analytical solution is developed, with three perturbation parameters: aspect ratio, Reynolds number and tilt parameter. The noninertial hydrodynamic effect is to produce a moment which acts on the rotor and is perpendicular to both rotation and tilt axes. The effect of the inertia terms is to contribute another moment which acts on the rotor along the tilt axis. This analytical prediction explains qualitatively experimental and numerical results obtained at finite Reynolds numbers.
The Numerical Prediction of Developing Turbulent Flow in Rectangular Ducts
Authors: Gessner F. B. , Emery A. F.
Published: October 2009

Comparisons are made between experimental data and numerical predictions based on a three-dimensional length-scale model applicable to developing turbulent flow in rectangular ducts of arbitrary aspect ratio. The numerical method utilizes an explicit (Dufort-Frankel) differencing scheme for the axial momentum equation and involves no iterative procedures. Although the basic technique has been applied previously to another class of three-dimensional flows, it has not been applied until now to slender shear flows dominated by secondary flow of the second kind. The merits of the length-scale model and the computational procedure are assessed by means of comparisons with results referred to both k–ε and full Reynolds stress closure models which have been applied in recent years.
A New Probe for Measurement of Velocity and Wall Shear Stress in Unsteady, Reversing Flow
Authors: Westphal R. V. , Eaton J. K. , Johnston J. P.
Published: October 2009

Separated turbulent flows exhibit instantaneous reversals of flow direction which make measurement of the velocity field extremely difficult. A three-wire heat-tracer technique has been employed to measure streamwise velocity of a low-speed air flow very near a smooth, solid wall; the wall shear stress is calculated using a similarity hypothesis. Initial results presented show the evolution of average wall shear stress and rms fluctuation intensity of wall shear stress in a reattaching 2-D flow downstream of a backward-facing step.
The Onset of Bubble-Ring Cavitation on Hemispherical Headforms
Authors: Parkin B. R.
Published: October 2009

An approximate theory is developed to predict the onset of cavitation on hemispherical headforms for Reynolds numbers at which laminar separation is known to occur. Insofar as it is possible, the theory is based upon first principles. Fairly good agreement is obtained between the cavitation desinence trends recently measured by Holl and Carroll and the present theory. It is also found that the onset cavitation number should be less than the magnitude of the pressure coefficient at the laminar separation point and that the cavitation number increases with freestream velocity. As long as there is an appreciable concentration of dissolved air in the water, it is also found, in agreement with experiment, that the onset of bubblering cavitation is practically independent of air content. Moreover, the observed occurrence of a lowest speed for “bubble-ring” cavitation, which is the only cavitation form considered here, and the range of “cutoff” speeds predicted by the present asymptotic theory show very encouraging agreement. The present theory suggests that this cutoff speed and its accompanying cutoff cavitation number can also depend on the temperature of the water, provided that the initial size attributed to a “typical” spherical free-stream air bubble nucleus also varies with the temperature. At 80° F (26.6°C) it is estimated that the typical nucleus from which bubble-ring cavitation originates has a radius of about seven μm. At higher temperatures the nucleus radius decreases from this value while at lower temperatures the initial radius exceeds the value noted.