bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Capacity of the Chilean mixed diet to meet the protein and energy requirements of young adult males
Authors: Yáñez Enrique , Uauy R. , Ballester D. , Barrera G. , Chávez N. , Guzmán E. , Saitúa M. T. , Zacarías I.
Published: May 2005

1. The capacity of the Chilean mixed diet to meet the daily protein and energy needs was tested in eight subjects aged from 20 to 31 years using the nitrogen balance method. This diet was tested at the protein levels of 0.40. 0.55 and 0.70 g/kg body-weight per d.

2. An egg reference diet providing 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60 g protein/kg per d was also assayed.

3. The mean daily energy intake was 207 kJ/kg per d according to subjects’previous intake and activity pattern.

4. The N balance response to each dietary protein level was taken as a measure of adequacy of protein intake, and regression analyses of N balance (Y) v. N intake (X) were calculated to estimate protein needs. The equations found were Y = 0.70X–68.7 for the egg diet, and Y = 0.74–92 for the mixed diet.

5. From these equations the mean protein requirements for equilibrium were estimated to be 0.61 g/kg for egg and 0.78 g/kg for the mixed diet.

6. If the coefficient of variation is 15, the protein requirement for N equilibrium of 97.5% of the population would be 0.8 g/kg per d for egg and 1.0 g/kg per d for the mixed diet.
Obligatory urinary and faecal nitrogen losses in young Chilean men given two levels of dietary energy intake
Authors: Uauy R. , Yáñez E. , Ballester D. , Barrera G. , Guzmán E. , Saitúa M. T. , Zacarías I.
Published: May 2005

1. The obligatory nitrogen losses were measured in young adult males of the low socio-economic group, consuming an N-free diet at 192 kJ (46 kcal)/kg per d from day 1 to 10 and 243 kJ (58 kcal)/kg per d from day 11 to 18.

2. All subjects, except one, lost weight compatible with N loss.

3. A kinetic evaluation of the results showed that the asymptotically derived urinary N loss after stability had been reached was 35·8 mg N/kg per d. The mean time to stability was 6·5 d. The subjects showed a trend toward decline in N loss while consuming the high-energy N-free diet.

4. The obligatory faecal N loss for days 1–10 was 16·1 mg N/kg per d and 8 mg N/kg per d for days 11–18.

5. Based on the factorial approach the total obligatory N loss of our subjects, for the initial 10 d, was 57·5 mg N/kg per d.
A study of the thermic responses to a meal and to a sympathomimetic drug (ephedrine) in relation to energy balance in man
Authors: Morgan Jane B. , York David A. , Wasilewska Amanda , Portman Jan
Published: May 2005

1. Sixteen adult male volunteers were selected on the basis of body size and customary food intake: half could be described as‘lean’and habitually consuming large amounts of food (group mean ± SEM: 15·03± 1·13 MJ/d), the high-energy-intake group (HEI group), and half though‘lean’admitted to a weight problem and regularly consumed a lower than average food intake (group mean ± SEM: 6·90 ± 0·39 MJ/d), the low-energy-intake group (LEI group).

2. Energy expenditure was measured by open-circuit indirect calorimetry. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was recorded. A meal (Complan, either 2·1 MJ or 4·2 MJ), ephedrine hydrochloride (0·25 mg and 0·50 mg/kg body-weight) or a water control were then administered and metabolic rate (MR) was measured for 4 h. Blood was collected before and 1 h after the meal or drug, and the serum analysed for various hormones and blood metabolites.

3. The size of the thermic response to feeding but not the time-course was related to meal size in both groups. MR increased by 21·6 and 28·6% in the HEI group and by 8·2 and 20·0% in the LEI group in response to the 2·1 and 4·2 MJ Complan meals respectively. Fasting insulin levels were similar in both groups but showed a significantly higher level in the LEI than HEI group after the Complan meals.

4. The mean RMR increased by 5·2 and 10·3% in the LEI in response to ephedrine and by 15·7 and 11·2% in the HEI groups after 0·25 mg and 0·50 mg ephedrine/kg respectively. The rise in serum-free fatty acids in response to ephedrine was significantly higher in the HEI group than in the LEI group.

5. These results suggest (1) the meal size required to promote a maximum thermic effect is smaller in energetically inefficient individuals (2) the sensitivity to a sympathomimetic drug is also increased in energetically-inefficient individuals.

6. We conclude that in energetically-efficient individuals both the thermic response to a meal and the sympathetic-mediated thermogenesis are lower than in energetically-inefficient ones.
Adsorption of bile salts by soya-bean flour, wheat bran, lucerne (Medicago sativa), sawdust and lignin; the effect of saponins and other plant constituents
Authors: Calvert G. D. , Yeates Rosemary A.
Published: May 2005

1. The adsorption of bile salts from aqueous solution on to soya-bean flour, wheat bran, fine dry sawdust and lucerne (Medicago sativa) wasmeasured. Adsorption on to the residuum after the first three of these substances had been extracted with organic solvents, pronase or solvents, pronase and acid (to produce lignin) was also measured.

2. The removal of saponins from soya-bean flour did not affect bile salt adsorption, and bile salts were adsorbed on to lignin and on to wheat bran (deficient in saponins). Although our methods differed from Oakenfull & Fenwick (1978) we were unable to substantiate their conclusions that saponins are responsible for most bile salt binding to fibrous substances in vitro.
The effect of dietary methyl branched-chain fatty acids on aspects of hepatic lipid metabolism in the rat
Authors: Wahle K. W. J. , Hare W. R.
Published: May 2005

1. Rats were fed to appetite on a stock laboratory diet or on diets consisting of the stock diet and in addition 50 or 200 g triolein/kg, 50 g palmitic acid/kg or 50 g/kg of a concentrate mixture of methyl branched-chain fatty acids (Me-BCFA) which had been prepared from sheep adipose triacylglycerols.

2. No differences could be detected in the Δ9-desaturase activity or fatty acid synthetase activity of liver preparations from rats which had been fed on either the stock diet, the 50 g palmitic acid/kg or the 50 and 200 g triolein/kg diet; the palmitic acid diet was therefore taken as the control diet in subsequent experiments.

3. Rats consuming the 50 g Me-BCFA/kg diet exhibited a marked reduction in the capacity of their liver microsomes for Δ9-desaturation when compared with animals receiving the control diet. The Δ6-desaturase activity also showed an inhibitory trend with the Me-BCFA diet.

4. Microsomal ω-oxidation of fatty acids, mitochondrial succinate oxidation and the activity of cytosolic fatty acid synthetase (FAS) were unaffected by the ingestion of the Me-BCFA mixture compared with the diet which included palmitic acid.

5. There were no differences in the plasma concentrations of thyroxin, insulin and glucagon between animals fed on the diets containing palmitic acid or the Me-BCFA.

6. For a given concentration of fatty acids the Me-BCFA had a greater inhibitory effect when added to incubations of liver microsomes from rats fed on the standard diet than did the addition of palmitic acid.

7. The observations in vivo and in vitro strongly suggested that the Me-BCFA were having a specific inhibitory effect on the desaturation reaction.
Motility of the reticulum and rumen of sheep given juice-extracted pasture
Authors: McLeay L. M. , Kokich D. C. , Hockey H-U. , Trigg T. E.
Published: May 2005

1. Sheep were fed on different diets of juice-extracted herbage to determine what effect juice-extraction had on reticulo-rumen motility.

2. The frequency of A and B sequences of contraction of the reticulo-rumen were recorded during eating, rumination and inactivity for continuous periods of 24–72 h by using integrated electromyograms obtained from electrodes implanted in the musculature of the reticulum and cranial dorsal rumen.

3. Animals were fed on herbage in which approximately 200 g/kg dry matter had been removed in juice extracted from ryegrass (Lolium perenne), white clover (Trifolium repens), mixed ryegrass–white clover and lucerne (Medicago saliva).

4. Over all the frequency of A sequences of contraction did not differ in animals fed on pressed herbage or the unpressed material from which it was derived, although it was slower during rumination on some of the pressed material. In contrast, the frequency of B sequences was higher on the pressed material. The frequencies of contraction of A and B sequences in animals fed on pressed herbage was related to the activity of the animals in the order eating > rumination > inactivity.

5. Changes in reticulo-rumen motility due to juice extraction were small and the frequencies of A and B sequences of contraction in sheep fed on pressed herbage were in the range encountered in ruminants consuming more conventional foods.
Glucose metabolism in vivo in fed and 48 h starved goats during pregnacy and lactation
Authors: Chaiyabutr N. , Faulkner Anne , Peaker M.
Published: May 2005

1. Glucose turnover (i.e. glucose entry and utilization rates) in fed and 48 h starved goats during pregnancy and lactation was determined using a continuous infusion of [U-14C]- and [3-3H]glucose.

2. Glucose synthesis and utilization increased during pregnancy and lactation in fed but not in starved goats.

3. Recycling of giucosc-C was approximately 10% in fed animals and 15–20% in starved animals and was unaffected by the stage of pregnancy or lactation.

4. Plasma glucose concentrations were maintained during pregnancy and lactation in fed goats but decreased during 48 h starvation in pregnant goats. Little change was seen in the plasma concentration of lipids and their metabolites during pregnancy and lactation in fed goats, but increases were observed after 48 h starvation.

5. The control of glucose metabolism in ruminants during pregnancy and lactation is discussed.
The polyunsaturated fatty acid status of the twin foetal lamb and the effect of maternal nutrient intake
Authors: Payne E. , Rattray P. V.
Published: May 2005

1. Restriction of food to ewes bearing twin lambs showed a trend to decrease the level of ω6 fatty acids in muscle phospholipids of the foetus though this was not significant statistically (P < 0·05).

2. There was a significant increase in the fatty acid ratio, 20:3ω9:20:4ω6 in the twin lambs as compared with single lambs.

3. There were no symptoms of polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency.
The origin of urinary aromatic compounds excreted by ruminants 1. The metabolism of quinic, cyclohexanecarboxylic and non-phenolic aromatic acids to benzoic acid
Authors: Martin A. K.
Published: May 2005

1. The contribution of dietary constituents to the large urinary output of benzoic acid characteristic of ruminants and some herbivores is not well understood.

2. Methods for the analysis of quinic, cyclohexanecarboxylic, benzoic, phenylacetic, 3-phenylpropionic and cinnamic acids in urine and in rumen fluids were developed.

3. The urinary output of aromatic acids by sheep given seven rations was determined: benzoic acid output varied between 2·8 and 7·8 g/d; phenylacetic acid output between 0·16 and 1·3 g/d; cinnamic acid between 0·08 and 0·25 g/d and small amounts of 3-phenylpropionic acid were found in some samples.

4. Increments in urinary aromatic acid excretion were determined when the acids listed in paragraph 2 were infused via rumen or abomasal cannulas.

5. When cyclohexanecarboxylic acid was infused 40% of the dose was excreted as urinary benzoic acid after either route of infusion. Quinic acid was completely metabolized in the rumen: following rumen infusion between 16 and 53% of the infused acid was recovered as urinary benzoic acid; none was so recovered after abomasal infusion.

6. Urinary recoveries of rumen- and abomasally-infused aromatic acids were: benzoic acid 90 and 88% respectively as benzoic acid, phenylacetic acid 78 and 83% respectively as phenylacetic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid 96 and 105% respectively as benzoic acid and cinnamic acid, 70 and 70% respectively as benzoic acid.

7. The concentration of aromatic acids in rumen fluid varied with time after feeding: cyclohexanecarboxylic acid was maximal (7 mg/l) 1 h after feeding, benzoic acid was always a minor component (0·5 ± 0·5 mg/l), phenylacetic acid varied between 0 and 35 mg/1 and 3-phenylpropionic acid between 25 and 47 mg/l. Cinnamic acid was not found in rumen fluid but on rumen infusion of this acid the concentration of 3-phenylpropionic acid in rumen fluid increased by 10 mg/l rumen fluid per g infused per d.

8. The incomplete metabolism of quinic and cyclohexanecarboxylic acids to urinary benzoic acid is discussed. It is concluded that the principal dietary precursors of urinary benzoic acid in ruminants are compounds yielding 3-phenylpropionic acid on microbial fermentation in the rumen. The small amount of cinnamic acid characteristic of ruminant urine arises as an intermediate in the β-oxidation of 3-phenylpropionic acid in the body tissues.
The effects of physical exercise on metabolic rate and dietary-induced thermogenesis
Authors: Gleeson M. , Brown J. F. , Waring J. J. , Stock M. J.
Published: May 2005

1. The energy metabolism of ad lib.-fed adult male Wistar rats receiving daily running exercise (0·9 km/d; 8° incline) on a motor-driven treadmill, over a period of 56 d, was compared with that of sedentary ad lib.-fed rats and sedentary restricted-fed rats of similar body-weight (approximately 420 g).

2. The metabolizable energy of the diet (Oxoid 41B) was 11·44 ± 0·05 kJ/g. This value was not affected by restricted feeding (70% ad lib.), exercise training or exercise itself.

3. Exercise-trained rats ate 5% more food than the sedentary ad lib.-fed rats but their equilibrium body-weight was 60 g lower than that of the latter group.

4. Resting metabolic rate, measured over 22 h in a respiration chamber was increased by 10% in exercise-trained animals.

5. Feeding increased energy expenditure (dietary-induced thermogenesis) and this effect was potentiated by performance of an exercise task.

6. Exercise-trained rats exhibited anticipatory rises in energy expenditure (approximately 40%) when placed on a stationary treadmill.

7. Treadmill work increased energy expenditure by a factor of 1·9–2·4.

8. The energy cost of the exercise, determined by respiration calorimetry was 66–80 J/g per km. These energy costs did not account for all the differences observed in food energy consumption of exercise-trained and sedentary rats of equal body-weight.

9. It is concluded that regular physical exercise increases energy expenditure by factors additional to the energy requirement directly related to the physical work. These factors include an increased resting metabolic rale in exercise-trained rats, increased dietary thermogenesis induced by exercise and anticipatory increases in energy metabolism during the period preceding exercise.
Studies on the response ofLactobacillus caseito different folate monoglutamates
Authors: Phillips D. R. , Wright A. J. A.
Published: May 2005

1. The response ofLactobacillus caseiwas measured for a number of the monoglutamyl forms of folate derivatives.

2. At the concentrations of folate commonly used in the assay of folate vitamin in foods the response ofL. caseito folic acid, (pteroyl glutamic acid) and 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolic acid was similar, but 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolic acid gave as little as half the response of folic acid.

3. The response was modified by altering pH but not by concentration of ascorbate.

4. These results have implications for the assays of foods for folate where mixtures of folate derivatives are present.

5. A modified procedure is suggested in which the monoglutamates give similar responses.
A longitudinal cross-over study of serum cholesterol and lipoproteins in rabbits fed on semi-purified diets containing either casein or soya-bean protein
Authors: Terpstra Anthony H. M. , Woodward Christopher J. H. , West Clive E. , Van Boven Henk G.
Published: May 2005

1. Two groups, each of six rabbits, were fed on semi-purified diets containing either 400 g casein or 400 g soya-bean protein/kg for 20 d and then the diets of the two groups were crossed-over.

2. Just before the cross-over, the serum cholesterol concentration (mean ± SE) was 3068 ± 592 and 800 ± 143 mg/l for the groups fed on casein and soya-bean protein respectively.

3. Changes in the serum cholesterol concentration were observed 1 d after crossing-over the diets. By 10 d, the cholesterol levels in the two groups had also crossed-over.

4. The changes in serum cholesterol level after the cross-over were reflected in the very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL).

5. Lipoprotein protein concentrations in the LDL changed in the same way as cholesterol. In the VLDL however, the protein concentration decreased in both groups after the change in diet.

6. The cholesterol:protein values for the LDL and VLDL markedly increased in the rabbits changed from the soya-bean-protein diet to the casein diet, reaching a maximum 2 d after the cross-over. In the animals switched from casein to soya-bean protein, the values progressively declined.

7. The source of dietary protein exerts a rapid effect on the composition of both the VLDL and LDL which is proposed to be attributed to changes in the number and size of lipoprotein particles.
Content of phospholipids in human diets studied by the duplicate-portion technique
Authors: Åkesson Björn
Published: May 2005

1. The phospholipid intake by eight healthy women was studied by the duplicate-portiontechnique, i.e. chemical analyses of duplicates of the food consumed. Their intake of phospholipids was 1·5–2·5 mmol lipid-phosphorus/d, which correspondsto 0·023–0·059 mmol lipid-P/g dietary fat and 0·24–0·45 mmol lipid-P/MJ respectively.

2. Choline phosphoglyceride constituted 480–700 mmol/mol and ethanolamine phosphoglyceride 170–240 mmol/mol total lipid-P. Most of the choline in nature occurs as choline phospholipids, the intake of which ranged between 0·91–1·85 mmol/d or 0·15–0·33 mmol/MJ.

3. Palmitate, stearate, oleate, and linoleate were the four major fatty acids both in choline phosphoglyceride and ethanolamine phosphoglyceride. Significant amounts of highly unsaturated, C20and C22fatty acids were also observed. It was calculated that 13–33 mg/g total dietary fatty acids was consumed as phospholipids. Together with bile phospholipids, dietary phospholipids and their degradation products may be important in the digestion and absorption processes.
Thepost mortemdiagnosis of fatal hypoglycaemia using the fatty liver and kidney syndrome of chicks as a model
Authors: Bannister D. W. , O'Neill Iris E. , Whitehead C. C.
Published: May 2005

1. The concentrations of vitreous humour and plasma glucose were closely correlated in both healthy and fatty liver and kidney syndrome-affected chicks at time of death.

2. The values of vitreous humour glucose and lactate decreased rapidly after death, such that they were not reliable indicators of the presence of hypoglycaemia immediatelyante mortem.

3. Hepatic glycogen was extremely low in fatty liver and kidney syndrome-affected birds, whereas significant quantities remained in healthy birds up to at least 24 hpost mortem.
The effect of different levels of wheat bran on iron absorption in rats from bread containing similar amounts of phytate
Authors: Fairweather-Tait S. J.
Published: May 2005

1. Iron absorption was studied in weanling rats using balance techniques from semi-synthetic diets containing dried white bread (60·5 g dietary fibre/kg, White & Southgate, unpublished results), brown bread (130·2 g dietary fibre/kg) or wholemeal bread (221·2 g dietary fibre/kg) at a level of 300 g/kg and compared with a control group given a diet containing added FeSO4 at a similar Fe level to that for the bread groups. The dried bread contained 6·2–6·4 g phytate/kg.

2. Absorption of Fe was significantly higher (P < 0·001) in the control group (0·45) than in the white (0·28), brown (0·31) or wholemeal (0·24) groups.

3. A second experiment was carried out on 6-week-old rats in which the dried bread was extrinsically labelled with 59Fe and absorption from a single meal measured by both faecal excretion and incorporation of 59Fe into the blood. Control animals were given 59FeSO4 for comparison.

4. The excretion of 59Fe (% of administered dose) was significantly lower (P < 0·001) in the control group (31) than in the white (48), brown (45) or wholemeal (47) groups. After 10 d the control group had significantly more 59Fe in the blood than the bread groups, but there were no differences between the bread groups.

5. It appears that wheat bran fibre itself has no effect on the retention of Fe from the diet in the rat, when supplied in amounts similar to those found in commercially-available bread.
Comparative digestion of timothy (Phleum pratense) fibre by ruminants, equines and rabbits
Authors: Udén Peter , Van Soest Peter J.
Published: May 2005

1. The abilities of cattle, sheep, goats, equines and rabbits to digest mature timothy (Phleum pratense) hay were compared. Apparent digestibilities were partitioned into true digestibility, metabolic faecal output (MFO) and fibre digestibility. The aim of the study was to determine the relative effects of fermentation site (among groups) and of body-weight (within groups) on the efficiency of digestion.

2. The ruminants were superior to equines, which were in turn superior to rabbits, in digesting fibre components of the hay. A large individual variation in digestibility was noted only for the equines. Increasing body-weight was associated with higher digestibility in ruminants, but no such trends were seen in the non-ruminants.

3. The MFO expressed as a proportion of dry matter intake gave similar values for all groups (0·085–0·118). As a proportion of available microbial substrate originating from the feed, the values were found to be 0·167 for the ruminant, 0·425 for the equines and 2·13 for the rabbits. The value for the rabbits shows that their lower tract microflora must obtain energy from non-fibre components of the feed. No appreciable digestion of the generated microbes by the host was suggested by the values obtained for the equines.
The effect of dietary raw and autoclaved soya-bean protein fractions on growth, pancreatic enlargement and pancreatic enzymes in rats
Authors: Naim Michael , Gertler Arieh , Birk Yehudith
Published: May 2005

1. Raw soya-bean meal (RS) was fractionated into soya-bean lyophilized extract (SLE), soya-bean lyophilized residue (SLR), acid-precipitated proteins (APP) and whey proteins.

2. Trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) and chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) inhibitors (TI) were soluble at pH 8 and remained soluble after the extract was acidified to pH 4·4. Except for whey, heating abolished, almost totally, their inhibiting activity.

3. Feeding SLE diet (high TI content) and APP diet (low TI content) resulted in growth depression below the RS level. Feeding the SLR diet resulted in an optimal growth. Feeding diets containing heated fractions improved the growth rate though not to the level observed with heated RS (HS) diet.

4. RS, SLE, APP and whey diets produced similar pancreatic enlargement which could be totally (RS, whey) or partially (SLE, APP) abolished by heating.

5. Feeding the RS diet reduced pancreatic amylase content. The factor responsible for this effect cofractionated with SLE and whey proteins.

6. Two groups of factors in the various diets were probably responsible for the elevation in pancreatic proteases. The first group were the heat-labile factors present in RS, SLE and whey whereas the second group resisted the heat treatment and were found in APP and SLR.

7. The results suggest that for optimal growth rate of rats, heat treatment should be given to the unfractionated soya-bean proteins rather than to the isolated fractions. The results further indicated that TI are not the only factors that can lead to pancreatic enlargement and changes in pancreatic enzymes composition.
Studies of the large intestine of sheep
Authors: Dixon R. M. , Nolan J. V. , Milligan L. P.
Published: May 2005

1. Experiments were undertaken to examine the errors associated with the use of indigestible markers, the 51Cr-labelled complex of chromium ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (51Cr-EDTA) and 103Ru-labelled tris-(1,10-phenanthroline)-ruthenium(II) chloride (103Ru-P), to measure liquid- and solid-phase digesta kinetics in the caecum and proximal colon of sheep.

2. First-order kinetics of markers were observed following either single injection or termination of continuous infusion. There were no differences between the half-times (T½) of marker in the caecum plus proximal colon whether calculated from marker concentration in caecal digesta or in faeces. There were also no differences in the T½ values calculated for the liquid- and solid-phase markers. When pool sizes calculated from the marker kinetics were compared with the volume of digesta present in the caecum and proximal colon at slaughter, it appeared that the 51Cr-EDTA and 103Ru-P caecal pools described the digesta contained in the entire caecum and proximal colon.

3. The flow-rates of dry matter (DM) through the caecum of sheep given 694 g lucerne (Medicago sativa) DM/d were similar whether estimated from total collection of faeces, by single injection of marker, or by the ratio, marker concentration: DM in either caecal digesta or faeces during continuous infusion of marker into either the rumen or the caecum.

4. In sheep given 553 g brome grass (Bromus inermus) DM/d the coefficient of variation of estimates of the plateau of 51Cr-EDTA marker during continuous infusion into the caecum was greater when 130 ml infusate/d were administered than with 1000 ml/d.

5. In the sheep given brome grass the lines of best fit of decline in In 51Cr-EDTA marker concentration v. time following termination of the continuous infusions described previously and following single injection of marker in 20 or 2 ml into the caecum were examined. The variation was least when 1000 ml infusate/d had been administered and was unacceptably large following a single injection of 2 ml.

6. These experiments showed that tracer techniques could provide unbiased estimates of trace kinetics in the caecum and proximal colon.
Protein metabolism in growing lambs given fresh ryegrass (Lolium perenne) – clover (Trifolium repens) pasture ad lib
Authors: Barry T. N. , Manley T. R. , Redekopp Carolyne , Davis S. R. , Fairclough R. J. , Lapwood K. R.
Published: May 2005

1. Glucose metabolism and changes in the concentrations of several hormones in jugular plasma were measured in growing lambs fed on fresh pasture ad lib. One group of lambs acted as control while the second received a continuous abomasal infusion supplying 44 g sodium caseinate + 0·5 g L-methionine/d.

2. Hormone concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay procedures and glucose irreversible loss measured from continuous infusion of D-[U–14C]glucose.

3. Protein infusion increased plasma concentrations of insulin, glucagon and thyroxine (T4), depressed those of growth hormone, prolactin and somatostatin and had no effect on triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations. Cortisol concentrations also tended to be slightly higher in the plasma of protein-infused lambs.

4. Increases in herbage intake within the ad lib. range were associated with increases in plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations and decreases in growth hormone concentration, and it is suggested that these effects could be mediated in part by the accompanying increases in protein absorption from the intestines. The T4:T3 value also decreased with increasing herbage intake, and it is suggested this was due to conversion of T4 to T3.

5. After correction by covariance to equal herbage intake, rates of irreversible glucose loss for control and protein-infused lambs were 9·2 and 10·0 mg/min per kg body-weight0·75. It was calculated that respectively 0·12 and 0·19 of the total glucose production in control and protein-infused lambs could be accounted for by net synthesis from protein.

6. It was concluded that changes in the circulating concentration of several hormones in protein-infused compared with control lambs were likely to have been implicated in protein deposition forming a greater proportion of energy retention in the infused lambs (0·41 v. 0·27).
Distribution and changes in urease (EC3.5.1.5) activity in Rumen Simulation Technique (Rusitec)
Authors: Czerkawski J. W. , Breckenridge Grace
Published: May 2005

1. The Rumen Simulation Technique (Rusitec) was used in a series of long-term experiments to study the distribution and changes of urease (EC3.5.1.5) activity in a heterogeneous fermentation system.

2. It was shown that in Rusitec the high urease activity from the inoculum decreased to low values, that the rate of decrease was consistent with simple dilution of ureolytic micro-organisms and that the urease activity could be restored to original values by infusion of urea into the reaction vessels. The magnitude of this urease activity was a direct function of the amounts of urea infused. Single daily additions of the same or greater amounts of urea in food or as solid failed to increase the urease activity significantly.

3. In general, urease activity increased 2–6 h after feeding and the increases were greater with roughage diets.

4. The ureolytic activity per unit volume was always higher in compartment 2 (space occupied by micro-organisms that are loosely associated with the solid) than in compartment 1 (strained rumen contents) or compartment 3 (space occupied by microbial population that cannot be washed out of the solid matrix).

5. The distribution of urease activity between the compartments was different from the distribution of certain other enzymes (e.g. protease and alkaline phosphatase (EC3.1.3.1)).

6. Apart from the boundary region, the concentrations of urease, ammonia and volatile fatty acids in compartment 2 were constant, while the concentrations of protein, DNA and another enzyme (alkaline phosphatase) increased with the depth of the compartment. Specific urease activity (per unit weight of protein or DNA) was much higher in compartment 1 than in compartment 2 and it decreased markedly with depth of compartment.

7. The concentrations of ammonia were always much higher in the solid matrix (compartments 2 and 3) than in the free suspension of micro-organisms (compartment 1). There was a linear relation between these two quantities.

8. The results are discussed in relation to published work on the entry and metabolism of urea in the rumen.
Dietary management of obesity: evaluation of the time-energy displacement diet in terms of its efficacy and nutritional adequacy for long-term weight control
Authors: Weinsier Roland L. , Johnston Marjorie H. , Doleys Daniel M. , Bacon Jane A.
Published: May 2005

1. An unsupplemented 4200 kJ (1000 kcal) diet emphasizing large quantities of relatively unrefined complex carbohydrates was evaluated among sixty obese adults for its effectiveness and nutritional adequacy in a long-term weight-control programme. Patients were followed individually as outpatients by a physician and dietician–an average of thirteen visits over 26 weeks. Assessment of health indices included anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, lipid levels and assays for seven vitamins, β–carotene and iron.

2. Weight loss averaged 8.2 kg or 24% of excess weight during the 6 months of active treatment. Over an average of 17 months of post-treatment follow-up, 44% of patients continued to lose weight and 92% remained below pretreatment levels.

3. Average skinfold thickness fell 7mm (p< 0·001) whereas muscle mass was maintained (arm muscle circumference+10mm, not significant; creatinine-height index + 3% of standard (Bistrianet al.1975; not significant). Systolic and diastolic bleed pressure fell 7 and 5 mmHg respectively (P< 0·01). Total serum cholesterol and triglyceridesfell 200 and 660 mg/1 respectively (P< 0·01), while high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol remained statistically unchanged. Mean serum levels of retinol, β-carotene, folate, vitamin B12, ascorbic acid, Fe and transferrin saturation, and activity coefficients for thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine were within normal limits after periods of treatment ranging from 5 to 84 weeks.

4. An earlier age of onset of obesity tended to be associated with greater weight lossduring treatment and lesser weight rebound during follow-up.

5. The results indicate that the experimental diet, without supplementation, was nutritionally adequate as well as effective for long-term weight control.
Hepatic function in rats with dietary-induced fatty liver, as measured by the uptake of indocyanine green
Authors: Jahoor F. , Jackson Alan A.
Published: May 2005

1. The hepatic uptake of indocyanine green (ICG) has been measured in rats receiving a 50 g protein/kg diet for 6, 12 or 20 d or a choline-deficient diet for 2 or 6 d.

2. There was no effect on ICG uptake on the choline-deficient diet, although all the rats developed an intense fatty infiltration of the liver by 6 d.

3. The rats on the 50 g protein/kg diet showed impaired uptake of ICG at 6, 12 and 20 d, which appeared to be related to the extent of fatty infiltration.

4. It is concluded that ICG uptake is predominantly a function of the periportal zone of the liver lobule, and therefore likely to be sensitive to insults that exert their predominant effect in this zone.
Diet and health of people with an ileostomy
Authors: Bingham Sheila , Cummings J. H. , McNeil N. I.
Published: May 2005

1. People with an ileostomy experience digestive problems with some foods. Why these foods are avoided is not known nor is it certain whether this interferes with the nutritional adequacy of their diet.

2. A detailed dietary assessment has therefore been made of thirty-seven subjects with ileostomies and a similar number of age-and sex-matched healthy controls. All food and drink eaten over 1 week was weighed and recorded. In addition, a larger group of seventy-nine ileostomy subjects and seventy matched controls answered a questionnaire designed to identify foods which upset them and which they avoided.

3. Total nutrient and energy intakes were similar in the two groups but the subjects with an ileostomy ate less dietary fibre (g/d; mean ± SD: ileostomy subjects 18·0±5·9, controls 20·9±5·5; P < 0·05) mainly due to lower fruit and vegetable intakes. Iron and vitamins A and C intakes were also less.

4. A majority of ileostomy subjects had a pattern of food intake different from the controls, taking more of their energy in the morning and less at night. A variety of food items upset more than half of them including nuts, pips, seeds, skins, onions, beetroot, lettuce, raw cabbage and carrot, peas, sweetcorn, mushrooms and dried fruit.

5. On the basis of the results it is possible to formulate general dietary advice for people with an ileostomy.
Diet and health of people with an ileostomy
Authors: McNeil N. I. , Bingham Sheila , Cole T. J. , Grant A. M. , Cummings J. H.
Published: May 2005

1. Most subjects who have their large intestine removed and an ileostomy formed lead a healthy life after operation, although they are prone to a variety of metabolic problems. In order to determine the factors likely to lead to these metabolic disturbances a detailed assessment of ileostomy output and composition and of dietary intake in relation to nutritional and metabolic status has been made in a group of ileostomy patients living at home.

2. Thirty-six volunteers with established ileostomies (twenty-six ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and ten, Crohn's colitis (CC) patients) made a 24 h collection of urine and ileostomy effluent and kept a 7 d record of dietary intake and the frequency with which they emptied their ileostomy bag. Blood was collected for haematological and biochemical indices of nutritional status and height, weight and skinfold thickness were measured.

3. Effluent output for the whole group was 760±322 g/day (range 273–1612) and was very closely related to effluent sodium output (R 0·98). Stepwise multiple regression analysis of dietary and other variables identified the amount of ileum resected as the main determinant of both effluent output and effluent sodium. The CC group had significantly greater effluent output (1084±340 g/d) compared with the UC patients (635±215g/d) (P< 0·001); and excreted significantly more nitrogen, carbohydrate and sodium than the UC group.

4. The CC patients particularly showed evidence of salt depletion. The mean (±SD) 24 h urine Na loss for CC patients was 31±30 mmol and for UC patients 67±34 mmol (P< 0·01) with five of the ten CC patientsv. four of the twenty-six patients with UC having raised urinary or plasma aldosterone levels.

5. All subjects had normal haematological and biochemical indices of nutritional status in the blood. Height and percentage body fat were also within the normal range when compared with a control population matched for age, sex and occupation, but patients with an ileostomy weighed on average 4·1 kg less than the controls.

6. These studies show that patients with an ileostomy come within the range of the normal population for most nutritional indices although are at increased risk of salt depletion. Effluent volume, which is probably the determining factor in most metabolic complications of ileostomy, is related more to the extent of the small bowel resection than to diet.
Early life undernutrition in rats
Authors: Bedi K. S. , Birzgalis A. R. , Mahon M. , Smart J. L. , Wareham A. C.
Published: May 2005

1. Male rats were undernourished either during the geslational and suckling periods or for a period of time immediately following weaning. Some rats were killed at the end of the period of undernutrition; others were nutritionally rehabilitated for lengthy periods of time before examination. Two muscles, the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) were studied from each rat. Histochemically-stained transverse sections of these muscles were used to determine total number of fibres, the fibre cross-sectional areas and the relative frequency of the various fibre types.

2. All rats killed immediately following undernutrition showed significant deficit sin body-weight, muscle weight and fibre cross-sectional area compared to age-matched controls.

3. Animals undernourished during gestation and suckling and then fed normally for 5 months showed persistent and significant deficits in body-weight, muscle weight and total fibre number. There were also significant deficits in mean fibre cross-sectional area of each fibre type except for red fibres in the EDL. No difference in the volume proportion of connective tissue was found.

4. Rats undernourished after weaning and then fed ad lib. for approximately 7 months had normal body-and muscle weights. Their muscles showed no significant differences in total fibre number, relative frequency of the various fibre types, fibre size or volume proportion of connective lissue.

5. These results indicate that, although the effects on rat skeletal muscle of a period of undernutrition after weaning can be rectified, undernutrition before weaning causes lasting deficits.
Early life undernutrition in rats
Authors: Wareham A. C. , Mahon M. , Bedi K.S , Smart J. L.
Published: May 2005

1. The contractile properties of soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles from animals at 12 months of age whose mothers had been undernourished during pregnancy and lactation (PU rats) have been compared with those of muscles from age-matched controls.

2. Body-weight and muscle wet weight of PU rats was significantly reduced. Muscle: body-weight values were, however, no different from controls.

3. No significant alterations in whole muscle speeds of contraction or relaxation could be delected when compared with those of age-matched controls.

4. Twitch and tetanic forces of both SOL and EDL were greater per unit weight of muscle in PU rats. Apart from SOL twitch these differences were significant. The tetanus:twitch values were, however, not different.
Effects of feeding a palatable ‘cafeteria’ diet on energy balance in young and adult lean (+/?) Zucker rats
Authors: Rothwell Nancy J. , Stock Michael J.
Published: May 2005

1. The effects of feeding a palatable and varied ‘cafeteria’ diet on energy balance were studied in young (5·5 week) and adult (5·5 month) lean male Zucker (+/?) rats.

2. Estimates of metabolizable energy (ME) intake derived from food composition tables were almost identical to values obtained from bomb calorimetry of foods, urine and faeces, and ME intake was elevated by approximately 73% in all ‘cafeteria’ animals compared to stock-fed controls.

3. ‘Cafeteria’ feeding had no effect on the body-weight of young rats but induced excess weight gains in the older animals and resulted in increased deposition of fat and energy in both groups. Energy expenditure, calculated from ME intake and body-energy gain, was elevated by 77 and 57% in young and adult cafeteria rats respectively. The energy cost of fat deposition could account for only a small proportion of this increased expenditure.

4. The present results confirm previous findings in another strain of rat and show that the increased energy expenditure (i.e. diet-induced thermogenesis, DIT) which occurs in response to hyperphagia is not restricted to young animals but is also seen in older rats. Measurements of resting oxygen consumption after injections of noradrenaline or a β-adrenergic antagonist (propranolol), and changes in brown adipose tissue mass are consistent with the suggestion that the DIT of ‘cafeteria’-fed rats results from sympathetic activation of brown fat.
The distribution of ascorbic acid between various cellular components of blood, in normal individuals, and its relation to the plasma concentration
Authors: Evans Richard M. , Currie Lilias , Campbell Allan
Published: May 2005

1. A study was undertaken to investigate the distribution of ascorbic acid between various cellular components of blood, in normal individuals, and its relation to the plasma concentration. Forty-one unsupplemented individuals and sixteen supplemented (2 g/d for 5 d) individuals were studied.

2. Granulocytes, mononuclear leucocytes, platelets and erythrocytes were separated by differential sedimentation and centrifugation. Ascorbic acid contents were measured by the dinitrophenylhydrazine method.

3. Ascorbic acid content per cel was higher in mononuclear leucocytes and granulocytes than in platelets and erythrocytes. Intracellular ascorbic acid concentrations, calculated from published values for cell volumes, when compared with the plasma concentration showed a marked ability to concentrate ascorbic acid in mononuclear leucocytes (80 times), platelets (40 times) and granulocytes (25 times).

4. Erythrocytes showed little ability to concentrate ascorbic acid over the normal range of plasma concentration but because of their relative numbers they and the plasma fraction accounted for most of the blood-borne ascorbic acid (> 70%).

5. The ascorbic acid content of granulocytes, platelets and erylhrocytes showed a significant positive correlation with the plasma concentration and supplementation with ascorbic acid significantly increased the content of these cell types. Mononuclear leucocytes in contrast did not show any such relationship.

6. The ability of the mononuclear leucocytes to maintain the highest levels of ascorbic acid in the cell types studied, despite variation in plasma availability, warrants further study, particularly in view of the importance of these cells in immunocompetence.
High-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol in protein–energy malnutrition
Authors: Taylor G. Oladunni , Agbedana E. O. , Johnson A. O. K.
Published: May 2005

1. Plasma total cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol total protein, albumin and globulin levels were estimated in blood samples from thirty children with kwashiorkor, thirty-five with marasmus, twenty-eight with marasmic-kwashiorkor and twenty-seven control children.

2. HDL-cholesterol was estimated after the very-low-density and low-density lipoproteins were precipitated from the plasma with heparin and manganese chloride.

3. The distribution of HDL-cholesterol in the control and in the children with PEM was skewed and the range of values was wide. The values were independent of age and sex.

4. After logarithmic transformation of the HDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol: total cholesterol values, the geometric mean values for the three groups of children with PEM were significantly decreased when compared with values for the control children.

5. The decrease in the mean HDL-cholesterol value for the children with kwashiorkor was more than for children with marasmus and marasmic-kwashiorkor.
Effect of experimental folate deficiency on lipid metabolism in liver and brain
Authors: Åkesson B. , Fehling C. , Jägerstad M. , Stenram U.
Published: May 2005

1. Rats were given a purified folate-deficient diet containing 5 g succinylsulphathiazole/kg for 4–5 months in two experiments. Control rats were supplemented with folic acid in the drinking-water.

2. Weight gain was much below normal in the folate-deprived rats after the first month. Very low folate levels were recorded in blood, liver and peripheral nerve (12–33% of control). In Ihe central nervous system, including the cerebrospinal fluid, the folate depletion was less conspicuous (50–80% of control). Only marginal signs of anaemia were found and no signs of neurological dysfunction were detected, using nerve conduction velocity measurement and co-ordination tests.

3. Light and electron microscopy of the folate deficient liver revealed fatty infiltration, and enlargement of liver parenchymal cells, nuclei and nucleoli. There was often a considerable amount of bile ductular cells in the lobuli but no cirrhosis. The morphological changes resembled those observed in choline deficiency.

4. Phospholipid N-methylation in liver was depressed in folate deficiency. This was probably due to a decreased availability of S-adenosylmethionine caused by the low concentrations of methylated folate in liver. Intraperitoneal administration of methionine did not normalize phospholipid methylation.

5. In folate deficiency the proportion of ethanolamine phosphoglyceride in liver was increased at the expense of choline phosphoglyceride, which is consistent with a decreased phospholipid methylation. Also an increase in liver triacylglycerol was noted, in accordance with the morphological observations. Brain lipid composition was unchanged.

6. After the injection of labelled ethanolamine, isotope accumulated in liver phosphoethanolamine in folate deficiency, probably due to an impairment of the CTP: ethanolaminephosphate cytidylyltransferase(EC2.7.7.14) reaction. The mechanism of this impairment is discussed.

7. Although the low concentrations of folate was the main nutritional change in the deprived animals, changes with respect to vitamin B12and maybe also choline cannot be excluded. We conclude that some of the changes in folate deficiency, i.e. fatty liver and decreased biosynthesis of liver phospholipids may be due to a precipitated deficiency of lipotropic agents, whereas other differences may be specific for deficiency of folateper se, such as changes in liver phospholipid fatty acids and some of the morphological aberrations.
Intragastric infusion of nutrients in cattle
Authors: MacLeod N. A. , Corrigall W. , Stirton R. A. , Ørskov E. R.
Published: May 2005

1. A method of continuous alimentation of cattle by total infusion of nutrients has been developed. Friesian steers within the weight range 100–400 kg live weight and dairy cows were used.

2. A multi-channel peristaltic pump was used to infuse solutions of volatile fatty acids (VFA), minerals, and buffer through a cannula in the rumen and a case in–vitamin solution into the abomasum.

3. The method described was successfully used with two cows and four steers in a series of trials over intervals of approximately 2 months. The levels of infusion were up to twice maintenance and with various relative proportions of VFA and protein. Blood metabolite levels, rumen osmotic pressure and pH were monitored and effectively controlled.