bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supplementary Lighting and CO2 Mist Influence Rooting of Camellia japonica
Authors: French Christopher J. , Alsbury James
Published: September 2022

Supplementary irradiance from high-pressure sodium lamps (HPS) at 75 μmol·s-1·m-2 stimulated rooting of difficult-to-root Camellia japonica ‘Lady Clare’ when applied from sunrise to sunset in a heavily shaded greenhouse (20% light transmission). There was no effect of HPS on the easy-to-root cultivar Blood of China. Irradiance from HPS either at 45 μmol·s-1·m-2 for 16 hr/day or at 75μmol·s-1·m-2 from sunrise to sunset had little effect on rooting in a 35% transmission greenhouse. CO2 mist inhibited rooting of both cultivars when applied in fall propagation. In spring, CO2 mist during the day stimulated root number of ‘Lady Clare’ when combined with a night-break treatment from incandescent lamps (INC). Carbon dioxide mist had little effect under a natural photoperiod. With ‘Blood of China’, plants under CO2 mist had more roots only under a natural photoperiod, and CO2 mist was ineffective when INC were used. The effects of supplementary CO2, irradiance, and increased photoperiod on rooting varied with season and cultivar.
Predicting Nut Maturity of the Pecan from Heat Units
Authors: Sparks Darrell
Published: September 2022

Nut maturity of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] was predicted with high precision (r2 = 0.9547, SE = ± 0.9 day) from heat units (base 65F, 18.5C) accumulated in March plus April based on an equation developed from 11 years of data encompassing various cultivars and orchards over a three-county area. The temperature effect appears to be due to altering the time of budbreak and subsequent rate of shoot elongation that affects the time of stigma receptivity.
Grass Control in Container-grown Ornamentals with Pre- and Postemergence Herbicide Combinations
Authors: Wilcut John W. , Gilliam Charles H. , Wehtje Glenn R. , Fare Donna C.
Published: September 2022

Control of large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] and goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] was evaluated with the preemergence herbicides oryzalin (Surflan), oxyfluorfen (Goal), and metolachlor (Dual) and the postemergence herbicides quizalofop (Assure), fenoxaprop-ethyl (Whip), haloxyfop (Verdict), poppenate-methyl (Trophy), fluazifop-P (Fusilade 2000), and sethoxydim (Poast) when applied alone or in combination. Oryzalin combinations provided maximum preemergence control compared to oxyfluorfen or metolachlor combinations. Greatest preemergence and post-emergence control was obtained with oryzalin or metolachlor applied with poppenate-methyl. Antagonism of preemergence or postemergence control occurred with several combinations of preemergence and postemergence herbicides. In some instances, control was enhanced by using other herbicide combinations. Chemical names used: 4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide (oryzalin); 2-chIoro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-ni-trophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (oxyfluorfen); 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methyl-phenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide (metolachlor); ½(±)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxyalinyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid¼ (quizalofop); (±)-ethyl 2-[4-[(6-chIoro-2-benzoxazolyl) oxy] phenoxy] propanoate (fenoxaprop-ethyl); 2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid (haloxyfop); methyl 3-hydroxy-4-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]-pentanoate (poppenate-methyl); (R)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid (fluazifop-P); and 2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio) propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one (sethoxydim).
Fertilization Practice and Foliar-bract Calcium Sprays Reduce Incidence of Marginal Bract Necrosis of Poinsettia
Authors: Harbaugh Brent K. , Woltz S. S.
Published: September 2022

Foliar-bract calcium (Ca) sprays and fertilization practices that altered Ca availability and supply were evaluated for their effect on marginal bract necrosis incidences of ‘Gutbier V-14 Glory’ poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.). About 90% fewer marginal necrotic lesions were observed on plants receiving an 81% NO3-N and 903-ppm Ca soluble fertilizer with 10% of the total nutrients foliar-applied than on plants grown with medium-applied Osmocote 19N-2.6P-10K (47% NO3-N) or with medium-applied liquid fertilizer containing 30% or 65% NO3-N and 0 ppm Ca. Addition of 354 ppm Ca in a 53% NO3-N, or 964 ppm Ca in a 75% NO3-N medium-applied fertilizer did not significantly reduce the number of lesions compared to the same fertilizer with 0 ppm Ca or the equivalent rate of a 53% NO3-N Osmocote 14N-6.1P-11.6K. Weekly foliar-bract sprays of 432 ppm Ca from Ca(NO3)2·4H2O reduced numbers of lesions by 94% (<1.5 lesions per plant), regardless of fertilization practice. Thus, soil applications of Ca were not effective in preventing marginal bract necrosis, whereas foliar applications of Ca were highly efficacious.
Storage of ‘Spartan’ and ‘Delicious’ Apples in a Low-ethylene, 1.5% O2 plus 1.5% CO2 Atmosphere
Authors: Lau O. L.
Published: September 2022

In a 3-year study, commercially produced ‘Spartan’ and ‘Delicious’ (Malus domestica Borkh.) apples held at 1.5C in a 1.5% O2 + 1.5% CO2 controlled atmosphere (CA) with a high level of C2H4 (0 μl·liter-1 initially and gradually increased to 1173 μl·liter-1) retained a satisfactory level of flesh firmness for 9 to 10 months. Maintaining a low level of C2H4 (<1.0 μl·liter-1 during the first 3 months of storage and rising to 6.3 μl·liter-1) in the 1.5% O2 + 1.5% CO2 storage atmosphere did not improve the retention of flesh firmness in these two cultivars and, on many occasions, led to a small decrease in flesh firmness in ‘Spartan’ apples. Low-C2H4 storage augmented the effect of diphenylamine in reducing scald in ‘Delicious’ apples in 1 year during shelf-life test, but also increased the incidence of coreflush in ‘Spartan’ apples in 1 year during poststorage holding in air at 0C and during subsequent shelf-life test.
Potato Growth in Response to Relative Humidity
Authors: Wheeler R. M. , Tibbitts T. W. , Fitzpatrick A. H.
Published: September 2022

Potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. cvs. Russet Burbank, Norland, and Denali) were grown for 56 days in controlled-environment rooms under continuous light at 20C and 50% or 85% RH. No significant differences in total plant dry weight were measured between the humidity treatments, but plants grown under 85% RH produced higher tuber yields. Leaf areas were greater under 50% RH and leaves tended to be larger and darker green than at 85% RH.
Rapid Method for Determining Amylose Using a Microplate Reader
Authors: Cobb B. G. , Schoelles D. B.
Published: September 2022

The microplate reader is becoming a common research laboratory instrument that can be adapted to accelerate many colorimetric assays. A colorimetric method has been modified to allow the use of a microplate reader for determining amylose levels in starch from potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). The time needed for measuring the absorbance of many amylose samples was significantly reduced over the spectro-photometric method. The method has been shown to be accurate and reproducible.
Fruit Anthocyanins in Three Sections of Prunus (Rosaceae)
Authors: Werner D. J. , Maness E. P. , Ballinger W. E.
Published: September 2022

Fruit anthocyanins (ACY) of eight Prunus spp. representing two subgenera (subg.) and three sections (sect.) were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fruit of P. angustifolia Marsh., P. hortulana Bailey, and P. maritima Marsh. all North American members of subg. Prunus sect. Prunocerasus, were qualitatively identical in ACY composition, containing cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside. Fruit of P. cerasifera Ehrh. and P. spinosa L., both Eurasian members of subg. Prunus sect. Prunus, contained small amounts of peonidin-3-gIuco-side and peonidin-3-rutinoside, in addition to the 3-glucoside and 3-rutinoside of cyanidin. Fruit of P. besseyi Bailey and P. pumila L. (subg. Lithocerasus sect. Microcerasus) contained cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside. Fruit of P. pumila also contained trace amounts of peonidin-3-rutinoside. Fruit of P. japonica Thunb., a Chinese member of subg. Lithocerasus sect. Microcerasus, showed a complex ACY profile distinct from P. besseyi and P. pumila.
Inheritance of Floral Necrosis in Dendrobium Induced by Cymbidium Mosaic Virus
Authors: Kobayashi Ruth S. , Kamemoto H.
Published: September 2022

Cymbidium mosaic virus (CyMV) is a serious disease of Dendrobium orchids in Hawaii. Symptoms of the disease include foliar pitting or streaking and floral necrosis. Some plants do not express floral necrosis even though they are infected with the virus. These necrosis-free plants were defined as resistant for this study. Crosses were made between resistant and susceptible plants, and seedlings were inoculated with the virus. Susceptible × susceptible crosses produced susceptible offspring, resistant × resistant crosses produced resistant offspring, and susceptible × resistant crosses produced susceptible offspring, with the exception of one cross that segregated for susceptible and resistant. Expression of floral necrosis is genetically controlled and expression of necrosis is dominant to nonexpression.
Shoot Proliferation of Euphorbia fulgens in Vitro Affected by Medium Components
Authors: Zhang Baolin , Stoltz L. P.
Published: September 2022

Effects of trans-zeatin, sucrose, myo-inositol, and medium pH on shoot proliferation of Euphorbia fulgens Karw. ex Klostch were studied in vitro. Maximum shoot production occurred on media supplemented with 5 μΜ zeatin, but maximum shoot length with 5 to 15 μΜ. Shoot production increased with sucrose concentration, and was maximal at 131.5 mM. myo-lnositol concentration up to 0.6 mM did not have a significant effect on shoot production, but >1.1 mM reduced it. The optimal medium pH was 5.3 for shoot proliferation, but lower pH values stimulated shoot growth. Chemical names used: trans-2-methyl-4-(1H-purin-6-ylamino)-2-buten-l-ol (trans-zea-tin), α-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-fructofuranoside (sucrose).
Grapevine Micropropagation Through Shoot Tips and Minicuttings from in Vitro Cultured One-node Cuttings
Authors: Martinez Eduardo A. , Tizio Ricardo
Published: September 2022

In vitro shoot-tip culture of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) was used first to eliminate some viruses (6) and, more recently, for rapid micropropagation (2-4). In vitro culture was successful when the shoot tips were taken from plants grown in glasshouse or shaded conditions. Shoot tips from field grown plants died within 2 days of culture (5).
Leaf Greenness Meter to Assess Ozone Injury to Tomato Leaves
Authors: Tenga Albert Z. , Marie Beverley A. , Ormrod Douglas P.
Published: September 2022

One of the more subtle plant responses to ozone may be a reduction in chlorophyll content of leaf tissue (3). Existing chlorophyll may degrade (premature senescence) or chlorophyll synthesis may decline. This reduction of chlorophyll may impair photo-synthetic processes, leading to a reduction in carbon fixation. Reduced chlorophyll concentration may be reversible over time following ozone exposure. A nondestructive method of repeatedly measuring the greenness of a leaf can assess initial response and recovery of a leaf from ozone exposure. The unitless numbers generated by a portable chlorophyll meter (SPAD-501, Minolta Corp.) correlate with actual chlorophyll concentration determined by traditional extraction methods (1). The unitless readings may themselves constitute a useful response variable, without conversion using a standard curve. This instrument is potentially very useful for making rapid, repeated, in situ measurements of the same leaf over time, and is therefore suited to studying plant recovery from ozone exposure. The chlorophyll meter may also be useful for measuring leaf greenness prior to environmental stress. These values may be used as a covariate to adjust the post-treatment observations, potentially reducing the variability of the data and increasing the precision of data analysis (2). The SPAD-501 portable chlorophyll meter was used to determine greenness of intact leaves before and following exposure of Tiny Tim’ and ‘New Yorker’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plants to ozone. The usefulness of these SPAD-501 readings as a covariate in analysis of covariance (2) was evaluated.
Response of Oriental Hybrid Lilies to Ancymidol and Uniconazole
Authors: Bailey Douglas A. , Miller William B.
Published: September 2022

Oriental hybrid lilies (Lilium speciosum Thunb.) are grown as flowering potted plants or cut flowers (Ball, 1985). However, a major problem with oriental hybrid lilies grown as pot plants is plant height greater than desired for an appropriate aesthetic ratio (Sachs et al., 1976). Uniconazole is an effective chemical growth retardant on other lily species and has the advantage over ancymidol of high activity at very low dosages (Hol-comb and McDowell, 1987; Shumac et al., 1988). With the present work, we evaluated the effectiveness of uniconazole in controlling height of two L. speciosum hybrids and compared uniconazole with ancymidol.
‘Starry Nights’ Dieffenbachia
Authors: Henny R. J. , Poole R. T. , Conover C. A.
Published: September 2022

Relatively few Dieffenbachia cultivars have become widely grown, although they have been important ornamental tropical foliage plants for many years. Most new cultivars have originated from private plant collections or by mutation from commercial cultivars, with breeding playing a minor role. A Dieffenbachia breeding program was initiated in 1976 at the Central Florida Research and Education Center at Apopka, which resulted in three previous cultivar releases (Henny et al., 1987a, 1987b, 1988). ‘Starry Nights’, herein described, is the fourth Dieffenbachia hybrid to be released from that program.
Research and Extension’s Role in the Future of Dry Bean Production in the United States
Authors: Coyne Dermot P.
Published: September 2022

Bowen (1988) reported that the first large scale production of dry edible beans in the United States started in Orleans County, N.Y., in 1839. Later, the crop spread to many other areas in the midwestern Great Lake states and finally to many western states as the country developed. The United States became one of the most productive and efficient producers of dry beans in the world in this century. The following states, in ranked order, had the most area planted to the dry bean crop in 1986: Michigan, North Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, California, and Idaho (Table 1). Average yields in the United States reached 1509 kg-ha-1, while yields in Brazil and Mexico, which produce 78% of South America’s dry beans, were 500 and 578 kg·ha-1, respectively, during 1977–1979 (CIAT, 1981). Brazil is the largest producer of dry beans in the world (2,222,0001) (CIAT, 1981), while the United States produced ≍968,000 (5-year average, 1982 to 1986) (Table 2). The differences in yields between the two regions is that, in South America, beans are generally produced on small farms on infertile soils with limited inputs and using landraces in association with other crops (CIAT, 1981). Beans in the United States are generally grown in monoculture on large farms on fertile soils using productive cultivars and generally under high management inputs.
Origin and Significance of Florida Hybrid Bunch Grapes and Rootstocks
Authors: Halbrooks Mary C. , Mortensen John A.
Published: September 2022

Early settlers from the northeastern and midwestern United States brought popular grape cultivars such as ‘Concord’ and ‘Niagara’ (Vitis labrusca L.) to Florida in the mid-1800s. In the 1890s, the opportunity to ship fresh fruit by rail to northern markets provided an incentive to establish commercial plantings of these cultivars. Declining productivity of these vines, caused by a disease known then as vine degeneration, and the high cost of shipping eventually forced growers out of business. Nearly 30 years later, cultivars with improved resistance to fungal diseases of fruit and foliage, developed by T.V. Munson (1909) of Texas, were introduced to Florida. Subsequently, several thousand hectares of grapes were established in central Florida for the home wine-making market of the prohibition era. Vine degeneration disease once again caused Florida’s grape industry to fail (Truskett, 1926).
Introduction to the Colloquium
Authors: Rosen Carl J. , Korcak Ronald F.
Published: September 2022

Genotypic variation in the capacity of plants to absorb, translocate, and use mineral nutrients has been the subject of many investigations since initial reports in the 1920s and 1930s (5, 6) However, it has only been within the past 15 to 20 years that researchers have made concerted efforts to understand and exploit genetic differences in plant nutrition as a means to improve crop production. Slow progress in this area can be attributed to emphasis on amending soils for plants rather than selecting plants for particular soil conditions (1–3, 7, 17). Lack of a clear understanding of mechanisms involved at cellular, tissue, and whole-plant levels has also impeded progress. Breeding for desirable nutritional traits in plants is, with few exceptions, a complex process, likely to involve more than one gene, and greatly affected by various environmental factors. Despite these challenges, there has been some success in breeding nutritionally improved genotypes (3, 7, 17). The use of soil amendments to replenish nutrients used by plants will always be an integral part of crop production, but it is now recognized that selecting plants for improved nutritional characteristics can be a viable and, at times, necessary alternative for increasing crop pro
Combined High Temperature and Ultraviolet Radiation Injuiy of Red Raspberry Fruit
Authors: Renquist A. Richard , Hughes Harrison G. , Rogoyski Matthew K.
Published: September 2022

A disorder of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) in an area exposed to high temperature and solar radiation has been identified as a form of solar injury. Specific fruit maturity stages were defined and susceptibility to injury was found to rapidly increase as fruit matured from the “green” to the “white” to the “pink” stage. Appreciable injury (more than two unpigmented drupelets per fruit) only occurred at 42C and higher with 4 or more hours of UV radiation at the fluence level used. While the injury at 42C was proportional to UV exposure, the radiation environment in the laboratory was not designed to simulate solar radiation. Therefore, no quantitative function relating injury to fruit temperature and UV radiation is presented. The results indicated that attenuating UV absorption alone, without lowering temperature, is likely to protect raspberries in the field.
Yield Component Responses of ‘Hull Thornless’ Blackberry to Nitrogen and Mulch
Authors: Archbold Douglas D. , Strang John G. , Hines Danita M.
Published: September 2022

The response of ‘Hull Thornless’ blackberry (Rubus spp.) to annual applications of three N rates (0, 41, and 123 kg N/ha) and straw or wood chip mulch plus 41 kg N/ha was studied. Pruning weight per plant increased linearly with increasing N rate in 1986 and 1987 and with straw mulch in 1987. Plants mulched with wood chips had the largest mean cane cross-sectional area, while neither N rate or straw mulch had an affect. Number of lateral branches per cane was not affected by any treatment. Yield increased linearly with N rate. Plants that received straw mulch produced yields that were greater than or equal to the high N rate. Mean fruit weight increased in response to straw mulch and increasing N levels in 1986, but only to the straw mulch in 1987. The number of flowers per cane and per inflorescence increased with increasing N rate, but inflorescence number per cane and fruit set were not affected. As N rates increased, yield per square centimeter of cane basal cross-sectional area increased. Both mulches decreased inflorescence number per square centimeter of cane basal cross-sectional area, but did not influence any other components of yield. Mean cane cross-sectional area, lateral branches per cane, inflorescences per cane, flowers per inflorescence, and mean fruit weight were significantly and positively correlated with yield per plant in 1987. Averaged over years, as the fertilizer N rate increased, primocane foliar N content increased, P declined, and K, Ca, Mg, and Mn were not affected. Mulching had no effect on nutrient element content.
Creeping Bentgrass Response to P and K on a Sand Medium
Authors: Fry Jack D. , Harivandi M. Ali , Minner David D.
Published: September 2022

Media used in golf green construction are typically at least 75% sand by volume. This field study was conducted over 8 years on a sand medium to determine creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) quality response to P and K. Phosphorus (0, 5, and 11 kgha-1) and K (0, 4, and 8 kg-ha-1) treatments were arranged factorially and applied monthly to creeping bentgrass receiving uniform N (49 kg/ha per month). A significant (quadratic) response of creeping bentgrass quality to increasing P level was observed each year. Creeping bentgrass fertilized at 5 or 11 kg P/ha per month was similar in quality. Potassium had no effect on visual quality of creeping bentgrass. This study demonstrated the importance of P in maintaining creeping bentgrass quality on a sand-based medium.
Use of Heat-shrinkable Plastic Film to Extend Shelf Life of ‘Russet Burbank’ Potatoes
Authors: Shetty Kiran K. , Kochan Walter J. , Dwelle Robert B.
Published: September 2022

Freshly harvested ‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) were individually wrapped in heat-shrinkable polymer film and stored for 12 weeks at 8C, 24C, and room temperature (RT), which ranged from 22 to 25C. Film-wrapped potatoes in Cryovac D 950, Cryovac D 955, and Dupont EHC 75 stored at 24C or RT lost less fresh weight than the nonwrapped controls. Wrapped potatoes lost 5% to 7% of their initial fresh weight when stored at RT for 12 weeks, compared to 26% for nonwrapped potatoes. Potatoes wrapped in Cryovac D 955 and stored at RT lost less ascorbic acid and starch and accumulated smaller amounts of total sugars. Lack of major change in the physical, chemical, or physiological characteristics of individually shrink-wrapped potatoes stored at warm temperatures, especially when compared to the nonwrapped controls, suggests that this is a suitable packaging technique for maintaining potato quality.
Pressure- and Transpiration-induced Flow Methods for Estimating Hydraulic Resistance in Peach
Authors: Rieger Mark
Published: September 2022

Pressure-induced flow (PIF) and transpiration-induced flow (TIF) methods were used to obtain estimates of root hydraulic resistance (Rroot), stem hydraulic resistance (Rstem), and total hydraulic resistance (Rtotal = Rroot + Rstem) of ‘Lovell’, ‘Nemaguard’‚and ‘Siberian C’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] rootstocks. Estimates of Rtotal did not differ significantly between the PIF and TIF methods, and Rroot differed between methods for ‘Siberian C only. However, Rstem was about three times lower and velocity of flow was greater in the PIF than in the TIF method for all three rootstocks. Lower Rstem in the PIF than the TIF method was not due to water moving in non-xylem pathways (i.e., pith, cortex) of stems in PIF determinations. Rroot and Rtotal were highly correlated in all cases, except TIF determinations with ‘Nemaguard’. Rroot accounted for 64% to 73% of Rtotal in TIF determinations, but significantly more (90% to 91%) of Rtotal in PIF determinations.
Convergent-Divergent Selection for Cucumber Fruit Yield
Authors: Wehner Todd C. , Lower Richard L. , Staub Jack E. , Tolla Greg E.
Published: September 2022

A heterogeneous cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) population (mostly gynoecious) was evaluated at five locations for single-plant fruit yield at the mature-fruit stage in 1981. Seeds from the highest-yielding plants were then harvested, combined, and partitioned into five lots. Seeds were combined such that each location received only the superior genotypes from the other four locations. This procedure was continued for an additional four cycles using two types of selection: single-plant selection for fruit number at the mature-fruit stage (1981–82) and half-sib family selection at the once-over harvest stage (1983–84). In 1985, yield improvement from selection was measured by compositing the seeds of the selected plants or families from each of the four cycles and five locations and planting them at the five locations. No progress was made for total, marketable, or early yield. Percentage of culls was reduced an average of 0.7% per cycle. Genotype by environment interaction among the diverse locations may have prevented progress for yield.
In Vitro Production of Garlic Plants and Field Acclimatization
Authors: Matsubara S. , Chen D.
Published: September 2022

Effects of NAA and BA in media on plantlet vigor and suitable methods of acclimatization to field conditions for garlic (Allium sativum L. ‘Katei’), obtained from shoot apices in vitro, were studied. After 60 days of culture, plantlet growth was normal and vigorous when produced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing both NAA and BA at 0.01 mg·liter-1. Bulb formation was observed in plantlets after 60 days by transferring to the medium containing both NAA and BA at 0.01 mg·liter-1 or NAA at 0.1 mg·liter-1 and BA at 0.01 mg·liter-1. For acclimatization, aseptic bulb-lets were transferred to subculture medium containing both NAA and BA at 0.1 mg liter-1; plants were obtained after 50 days of acclimatization on rockwool, vermiculite, or soil. All of the plants survived under acclimatization conditions of 20C with a 16-hr day-length of 20 μmol·s-1m-2. Rockwool was found to be the best medium for acclimatization, followed by soil and vermiculite. Chemical names used: 2-(l-naphthyl)acetic acid (NAA); N-phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA).
Rapid Moisture Content Determination of Macadamia Nuts by Microwave Diying
Authors: Tsang Marcel M. C. , Furutani Sheldon C.
Published: September 2022

A fast and accurate method for determining the percentage of moisture content of macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche) nuts using a household microwave oven is described. Drying time was reduced from 48 hr for the forced-draft oven method to 16 min. No statistical difference in percent moisture values was detected between microwave drying and forced-draft drying.
An Initial Survey of the United States for Races of Fursarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum
Authors: Martyn R. D. , Bruton B. D.
Published: September 2022

Forty-two isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, causal agent of fusarium wilt of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai], from eight states and one foreign country were race-typed based on the disease reaction of three differential cultivars. F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum race 1 was identified from each of the eight states and accounted for 45% of the isolates. Race 2 was identified from only three states (Texas, Oklahoma, and Florida), but accounted for 33% of the isolates. Race 0 was also found in these same three states, but only accounted for 9% of the isolates. Race 2 was first described in the United States from Texas in 1981 and appears to be spreading within the southern states.
Postproduction Effects of Light Level and Duration on Flowering and Quality of Crossandra
Authors: Gibbs Melissa M. , Blessington Thomas M. , Price James A. , Wang Yin-Tung
Published: September 2022

Flowering performance of crossandra, a potted flowering plant rising in popularity, is not always satisfactory under low interior light levels. However, research has not been conducted to determine the response of this species to low light levels and lighting duration. The response of plants to light conditions is variable. Aphelandra plants were taller but had suppressed flowering under low light (5).
‘TexSprout’ Mungbean
Authors: Miller J. C. , Barineau S. M. , Smallwood D. G. , Scheuring D. C. , Fernandez G. C J. , Park H. G. , Ahn Chang-Soon , Tschanz A. T. , Shanmugasundaram S.
Published: September 2022

The mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is an important short-duration annual grain legume. Mungbean is grown principally for its edible dry seeds, which are high in protein, easily digested, and prepared in numerous forms for human consumption; e.g., as a green vegetable and for sprouts. Other attributes of the crop include drought tolerance, high lysine content as compared to cereal grains, low production of flatulence, and wide adaptability. Commercial production occurs throughout Asia, Australia, the West Indies, South America, and tropical and subtropical Africa. In North America, production is centered in northern Texas and Oklahoma. Annual world mungbean production is estimated at 1.4 million t harvested from ≈3.4 million ha (1). In the United States >50 million kg of bean sprouts are produced annually from 8.3 million kg of mungbean seeds (4).
Modifying a Technical Course to Meet Baccalaureate Objectives
Authors: Lohr Virginia I.
Published: September 2022

Several recent reports have been critical of the quality of general education in the United States (Assn, of American Colleges, 1985; Geiger, 1980; Schwerin, 1983). Baccalaureate education has not been spared from negative evaluation (Boyer, 1987). A report of the Assn, of American Colleges (1985) stated that the bachelor’s degree had lost its intrinsic value: undergraduate education was being dominated by a marketplace philosophy and universities were not promoting rigorous thinking.
Acclimation and Low-temperature Tolerance of Eight Woody Taxa
Authors: Lindstrom Orville M. , Dirr Michael A.
Published: September 2022

Timing and rate of acclimation and maximum low-temperature survival of eight woody taxa were determined over six sample dates from 25 Aug. 1987 to 25 Apr. 1988. Four cultivars of Acer rubrum L. (red maple) acclimated at different rates and attained different levels of midwinter cold hardiness. ‘Red Sunset’ (RS) and ‘October Glory’ (OG), northern selections, acclimated at faster rates and attained greater degrees of cold hardiness than ‘Journalism Psychology’ (JP) and ‘Upright Crown’ (UC) selected from southern seed sources. Maximum cold hardiness levels were −8C (JP), −23C (UC), −29C (RS), and −29C (OG). Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern, (downy serviceberry) and Quercus coccinea Muenchh. (scarlet oak) developed midwinter hardiness of less than −29C and −20C, respectively. Illicium floridanum Ellis (Florida anise) and Illicium parviflorum Michx. (small anise) developed −26C and −20C midwinter hardiness, respectively. According to our data, woody taxa should be evaluated for timing and rates of acclimation and low-temperature tolerances, since performance will vary from one geographic area to another, depending on photoperiod, the timing of fall freezes, and midwinter temperatures.
In Vitro Flowering of Potato
Authors: Al Wareh Hassan , Trolinder Norma L. , Goodin J. R.
Published: September 2022

Apical meristem explants of three cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) formed flowers directly or callused and subsequently formed flower buds when cultured in vitro. Frequency of flower formation was 45%, 59%, and 55% for ‘Red LaSoda’, ‘Viking’, and ‘Norgold “M”’, respectively. Pistils and stamens were reduced in size compared to sepals, and <1% of the anthers contained mature pollen.
Shoot Proliferation and Rooting in Vitro of Liatris spicata
Authors: Stimart Dennis P. , Harbage James F.
Published: September 2022

Stem pieces from expanding spikes of Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. were cultured in vitro on a Murashige and Skoog medium containing BA to establish proliferating cultures for use in comparing BA and IBA effects on shoot proliferation. Both compounds promoted multiple shoot development. The optimum level for micropropagation was 2.7 μm BA without IBA. Greatest rooting was at 5.0 μm IBA without BA.
Control of Swamp Dodder in Cranberry
Authors: Bewick Thomas A. , Binning Larry K. , Dana Malcolm N.
Published: September 2022

Cuscuta spp. (dodder) are phanerogamic holoparasites. Swamp dodder (C. gronovii Willd. ex R. & S.) is a problem weed in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) in Wisconsin and Massachusetts, causing yield losses as high as 80% to 100% (Devlin and Deubert, 1980). At rates used in cranberry, the registered herbicides, granular chlorpropham (1-methylethyl 3-chlorophenylcarba-mate) and granular dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile), are not totally effective, causing a steady increase in swamp dodder infestation. Since chlorpropham use was discontinued in 1988, dichlobenil is the only registered herbicide for dodder control in cranberry. The objective of this research was to investigate preemergence herbicides for swamp dodder control in cranberry.
Ethylene Scrubbing Offers No Benefit to ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples Held in 1.5% O2 plus 1.5% CO2
Authors: Lau O. L.
Published: September 2022

‘Golden Delicious’ apples Malus domestica Borkh.) stored well commercially at OC in a 1.0% to 1.5% O2 + 1.5% CO2 atmosphere established by a rapid controlled atmosphere (CA) procedure (Lau, 1985). The observation that firmness of ‘McIntosh’ apples after storage in 2.5% to 3% O2 can be improved by reducing C2H4 (Forsyth et al., 1969; Liu, 1977) has generated considerable interest in the Pacific Northwest in using low C2H4 atmosphere to improve storage quality of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples. This 3-year study evaluated whether reduction of C2H4 in a rapidly established 1.5% O2 + 1.5% CO2 storage atmosphere could improve the quality and suppress the C2H4-forming enzyme (EFE) activity of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples.
Effects of Postemergence Grass Herbicides on Daylily and Hosta
Authors: Kelly John W. , Whitwell Ted
Published: September 2022

Flowering herbaceous perennials are generally grown for several years in the same location in the landscape. Weed competition reduces the vigor, as well as adversely affecting the aesthetic value of the planting. Previous experiments on perennials indicate considerable variation exists for herbicide tolerance (Bing, 1983; Bing and Macksel, 1984; Gilreath, 1985, 1986, 1987).
In Vitro Multiplication of Paramongaia weberbaueri
Authors: Dinkelman Kerry , Finnie Jeffrey F. , Drennan Philippa M. , van Staden Johannes
Published: September 2022

The bulbs of Paramongaia weberbaueri Valerde, a member of the Amaryllidaceae, are extremely rare (5, 6). This plant is indigenous to Peru, where is has a restricted habitat of ≈500 ha. The flowers of P. weberbaueri are narcissus-like in shape, measuring 15 to 23 cm in diameter, butter yellow, and fragrant (1, 7). Only recently have bulbs of this desirable plant become available for cultivation. Plant multiplication is by bulblet offsets or seed (1, 5, 7). The bulbs normally produce only two offsets per season, with a maturation period of 2 to 3 years. Propagation of P. weberbaueri by in vitro techniques has not been reported, and it would be advantageous if the multiplication rate can be accelerated using this technique.
Cell and Tissue Damage Associated with Pistillate Flower Abscission of Persian Walnut
Authors: Catlin P. B. , Polito V. S.
Published: September 2022

Pistillate flowers from walnut trees having > 80% pistillate flower abscission (PFA) were examined from the time of anthesis until shortly before abscission. In addition to normally developing flowers, two types of abortive flowers were found. One abnormal flower type, seen in only two cases, lacked a developed embryo sac and had cellular degeneration in the nucellus. The second type of damaged flowers, which were more commonly observed, had apparently normal development of the nucelli and embryo sacs, but cell and tissue necrosis became evident beginning at the tip of the stigma, in the integuments, and throughout the placental evaginations. No cell or tissue damage was observed until after ovary growth in these flowers had stopped. We conclude that this second type of damage is associated with PFA.
Embryo Sac Development in Sour Cherry During the Pollination Period as Related to Fruit Set
Authors: Furukawa Yoshishige , Bukovac Martin J·
Published: September 2022

The development of the embryo sac was followed during the pollination period in ‘Montmorency’ sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) and related to fruit set. Twenty five percent to 40% of the embryo sacs were incomplete, degenerating, or contained four nuclei or fewer at anthesis and were considered nonfunctional. The effective pollination period extended for 3 to 5 days in each of two growing seasons, and fruit set ranged from 14% to 26%. The incidence of nonfunctional ovules at anthesis did not appear to be sufficient to fully account for the limited fruit set observed. Other factors, most likely physiological, play a contributing role.
Evaluation of Cherry Genotypes for Resistance to Fruit Infection by Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey
Authors: Brown Susan K. , Wilcox Wayne F.
Published: September 2022

Fruit from 33 sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) and 21 sour cherry (P. cerasus L.) genotypes were harvested at two stages of maturity (green and ripe). Unblemished fruit were inoculated with a suspension containing 103, 104, or 105 conidia of Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey per ml, misted for 24 hours at 20C, then incubated 6 days at 20C and 95% to 97% RH. Percent fruit infection was determined and analyzed separately for sweet and sour genotypes. The effects of genotype, inoculum concentration, and stage of maturity, and all interactions between these factors, were significant. Sweet cherries were significantly more susceptible to infection than sour cherries at the green fruit stage, but not at harvest maturity.
Cross-incompatibility of Two Related Rabbiteye Blueberry Cultivars
Authors: Darnell Rebecca L. , Lyrene Paul M.
Published: September 2022

Two rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) cultivars Beckyblue and its open-pollinated progeny Aliceblue, both of which are known to be highly male- and female-fertile, were self-pollinated, reciprocally cross-pollinated, and pollinated with pollen from a third cultivar, Climax, which is not closely related to the other two. Fruit set percentage on ‘Aliceblue’ and ‘Beckyblue’ averaged 65% when ‘Climax’ was the pollen parent and < 1% when the cultivars were self-pollinated. Reciprocal crosses of ‘Beckyblue’ and ‘Aliceblue’ averaged 24% set, indicating a high degree of cross-incompatibility. There was no effect of pollen parent on berry fresh weight, although seed weight and seed number were reduced by self-pollination or pollination by the related cultivar.
Selection of a Dwarf Hemerocallis through Tissue Culture
Authors: Griesbach R. J.
Published: September 2022

A procedure was developed for inducing somaclonal variation in Hemerocallis (daylily) tissue culture. The frequency of genetic variation, however, was very low. A novel dwarf clone that may have commercial potential was selected.
In Vitro Bulblet Formation in Dutch Iris
Authors: Mielke Kathryn A. , Anderson Wilbur C.
Published: September 2022

In vitro bulbing of Dutch iris (Irish xiphium × I. tingitana) was developed to facilitate transfer of tissue-cultured plant materials to greenhouse conditions. The environmental factors that increased bulb number, size, and weight were: 22C or higher for 6 months where there was no prechilling period and complete darkness. Bulblet formation was not enhanced when the culture medium was supplemented with auxins, cytokinins, or combinations of auxins and cytokinins. The most favorable medium constituents were 6% to 38% sucrose, full-strength Murashige and Skoog inorganics, and 0.6% to 0.8% Phytagar.
Use of Transparent Polyethylene Rhizo-bags to Study Growth of Peach Roots
Authors: Merhaut Donald J. F. , Latimer Joyce G. , Daniell Jeff W. , Karnok Keith J.
Published: September 2022

Nondestructive studies of plant root systems are limited to hydroponic and glass-wall-type growing systems, which are expensive and limit the ways to observe and measure root structures. The following system was adapted from agronomic studies as a convenient, cost-efficient, and sensitive method of monitoring root growth of horticultural crops.
Production of Sweet Corn from Transplants
Authors: Wyatt Jim E. , Mullins James A.
Published: September 2022

Transplanting has been one means of obtaining earlier yield in certain spring-grown vegetables (Sams, 1983; Weston and Zandstra, 1986). Studies were conducted in 1987 to investigate the feasibility of transplanting sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. rugosa Bonaf.), which is normally direct-seeded. The objectives were to determine the effects of container type on sweet corn transplant growth and subsequent plant development and ear quality and to compare transplanted and direct-seeded sweet corn under field conditions.
Use of Uniconazole to Control Height of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Authors: Newman Steven E. , Tenney Susan B. , Follett Melissa W.
Published: September 2022

Production of hibiscus commonly includes chloromequat chloride application to induce shortened plant internodes and to darken green leaves (Wilkins and Kotecki, 1985), but its application has been reported to reduce flower size and flower number of some cultivars (Ball, 1985). Therefore, we evaluated the effectiveness of (E)-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-y1)-1-pentene-3-ol (uniconazole) for control of plant height, width, leaf distortion, and the number of breaks (vegetative shoots produced from lateral buds) per plant on hibiscus.
Colored Reflective Surfaces to Control Whitefly on Poinsettia
Authors: Kelly John W. , Adler Peter H. , Decoteau Dennis R. , Lawrence Sarah
Published: September 2022

The greenhouse whitefly [Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)] is a major pest of many greenhouse crops, including poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild.). Chemical control of the greenhouse whitefly is difficult; therefore, alternative controls are needed.
‘Clare’ Strawberry
Authors: Denisen Ervin L·
Published: September 2022

‘Clare’ is a descendant of ‘Stoplight’, ‘Surecrop’, and ‘Sunrise’ (Fig. 1). Selection Ia. 7-75065, made in 1977, was named ‘Clare’ for my daughter Mary Clare and her grandmother, Clare Peyton. County Clare, Ireland, where I visited in 1985 exploring for breeding material, is an additional reason for the use of Clare.
‘Montecarlo’ and ‘Monterosa’, ‘Borlotto’-type Dry Beans
Authors: Allavena A. , Fadda A. , Soressi G. P.
Published: September 2022

‘Montecarlo’ (P288) and ‘Monterosa’ (P358) are ‘Borlotto’-type dry beans with determinate type I plant habit (Singh, 1982) and resistance to bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and halo blight [Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola (Burk.) Dows.] (Hill et al., 1972; Drifjhout et al., 1978). Both were developed at the Experimental Institute for Vegetable Crops, Montanaso Lombardo, Italy. ‘Borlotto’ is a shell bean traditionally grown in Italy for direct marketing of ripe pods and dry seeds or for processing. ‘Borlotto’ has seeds with red stripes on a beige background at maturity and is similar to ‘Taylor's Horticultural’ (Asgrow Seed).
Identification of Ozone-induced Injury on Field-grown Muskmelons
Authors: Simini M. , Simon J. E. , Reinert R. A. , Eason G.
Published: September 2022

Foliage of field-grown muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Ser.) is susceptible to injury induced by ambient concentrations of ozone. Foliar injury symptoms consisted of interveinal chlorosis of the adaxial surface of the leaf tissue followed by bleaching of the foliage and necrosis. Fully mature leaves were affected more than younger leaves. Controlled fumigations of muskmelon plants with known concentrations of ozone produced foliar symptoms identical to those observed in the field. A differential cultivar response to ozone is reported and potentially tolerant genotypes are identified.
Spray Chemical Deposits in High-density and Trellis Apple Orchards
Authors: Byers R. E. , Hogmire H. W. , Ferree D. C. , Hall F. R. , Donahue S. J.
Published: September 2022

Chemicals deposited on foliage varied by a factor of three to five times when sprays were applied with an airblast sprayer to apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees in various training systems. Deposits were higher with vertical than horizontal training systems, smaller tree sizes, and less-dense tree canopies of spur-type trees. The Lincoln canopy tree training system prevented good spray penetration because the airblast spray pattern was split by the horizontal nature of the canopy.
Rate and Distribution of Emergence of Sweet Corn Silk
Authors: Lancaster Donn , Pee Katharine , Story Richard
Published: September 2022

Early (Expt. 1) and mid-season (Expt. 2) field plantings of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) were used to determine a daily average rate of silk emergence per ear, a daily distribution of newly emerging silks, and an estimate of the daily amount of newly emerged silk mass in a simulated field situation. The primary silking period of Expt. 1 was 9 days [227 growing degree-days (GDD)], compared with 7 days (203 GDD) for Expt. 2. Forty-two percent of the ears in Expt. 1 showed silk emergence on days 4 and 5 of the silking period, compared with 52% on days 3 and 4 for Expt. 2. Maximum silk weight per ear was reached after ≈87 GDD in both experiments. Rate of emergence and total silk weight per ear were higher from Expt. 2 compared with Expt. 1. Daily emergence distributions and per ear rates of emergence were combined in a 10,000 ear production simulation. The mass of newly accumulating silk reached a peak extending through the 110 to 140 GDD period in Expt. 1. Silk mass reached a higher, more concentrated peak around 100 GDD in Expt. 2.
Medium and Hydrogel Affect Production and Wilting of Tropical Ornamental Plants
Authors: Wang Yin-Tung
Published: September 2022

Viterra hydrogel at rates of 0, 1.75, or 2.50 kg·m−3 was tested for the production of three tropical ornamental plant species in two or all of the three media. These were a commercial peat-lite medium (SUN), a medium consisting of equal volumes of peatmoss, bark, and sand (PBS), and a mix containing equal volumes of peatmoss and bark (PB). Codiaeum was grown in SUN and PBS, Dieffenbachia was produced in all three media, and Hibiscus was planted in SUN and PB. Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume ‘Norma’ and Dieffenbachia ‘Camille’ grew more and required a longer time to reach initial wilting when grown in SUN than PBS. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. ‘Brilliant Red’ had similar growth in SUN and PB. In general, hydrogel had no beneficial effect on plant growth in a greenhouse. Hydrogel extended the time required to reach initial wilting of C. variegatum by 3 days (from 24 to 27 days), but had no effect on Dieffenbachia. Leachate from PBS had higher pH and lower electrical conductance (EC) than that from SUN. Hydrogel had no effect on leachate pH, but decreased EC of the leachate for C. variegatum used at the 2.5 kg·m−3 rate and for H. rosa-sinensis at both rates.
Replant Management Strategies Influence Early Growth of Apple Trees in a Sand Soil
Authors: Peryea F. J. , Covey R. P.
Published: September 2022

Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of rootstock (seedling, M.26, MM.106), soil fumigation (metam-sodium, methyl bromide), and planting hole substrate (original soil, non-orchard soil, organic mix) on early growth of ‘Granny Smith’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) in a Quincy sand. Application of soil fumigants in the fall before tree planting the next spring or replacement of the original soil with non-orchard planting hole substrates having greater water-holding capacity and nutrient status significantly improved tree growth. Combination of fumigation and soil replacement had a synergistic positive effect on tree growth. The size-controlling characteristics of the rootstocks were evident in the non-orchard soil and organic mix treatments, but not when the trees were planted in the original orchard soil. Chemical name used: sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate (metam-sodium).