bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatores de risco para hipertensão em jovens universitários
Authors: Santos Alan Magalhães , Porelli Júlia Prata , Jesus Kelvin Edson Marques , Magalhães-Santos Isis Fernandes
Published: July 2018

RESUMO

 Estudos referentes a fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças coronarianas são bastante discutidos na literatura, pois a hipertensão é considerada uma patologia crônica e que pode atingir indivíduos de diferentes faixas etárias. Portanto o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar fatores de risco para hipertensão em jovens universitários, sendo realizado um inquérito epidemiológico com 60 estudantes de farmácia acerca da dieta, atividade física, histórico familiar para hipertensão, tabagismo, etilismo e período noturno de sono. Dados antropométricos como idade, sexo, Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e aferição da Pressão Arterial (PA) foram avaliados. Os resultados revelaram que universitários do sexo masculino apresentaram maior prevalência de IMC (31,82%) associado à maior percentual de casos de hipertensão (9,1%), porém sem relevância estatística. O tabagismo, etilismo, atividade física, histórico familiar, período de sono e dieta não foram considerados fatores de risco estatisticamente relevantes para a hipertensão nessa população. Os dados sugerem que embora os rapazes apresentem tendência a desenvolver hipertensão mais que as moças, o fato de serem estudantes da área de saúde pode estar contribuindo para uma maior consciência da importância referente aos cuidados com a saúde.

 
Biomateriais de substituição óssea para procedimentos de reconstrução alveolar em implantodontia
Authors: Pilger Alan Dal´Alba , Schneider Luis Eduardo , Da Silva Gabrielle Mello , Schneider Kalinka Crivellaro Crusius , Smidt Ricardo
Published: July 2018

Introdução: a reconstrução do processo alveolar para a reabilitação de pacientes edêntulos com implantes dentários vem se tornando uma realidade segura e previsível. Desta forma, conhecer as características destes tecidos e biomateriais é fundamental para o sucesso. Contudo, a diversidade de marcas e produtos presentes no mercado geram dúvidas na seleção do biomaterial. Objetivo: este estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar os biomateriais disponíveis no mercado brasileiro para procedimentos de reconstrução óssea em implantodontia. Metodologia: Foram incluídos 18 biomateriais de substituição óssea disponíveis no mercado nacional (Brasil), registrados e regulamentados pela agência nacional de vigilância sanitária (ANVISA). As empresas fabricantes foram contatadas para fornecer as informações dos seus respectivos produtos. Resultados: Após a análise dos 18 biomateriais encontrados no mercado nacional, as informações obtidas segundo os fabricantes foram classificadas nos seguintes itens: produto e empresa, granulometria, porosidade, forma de apresentação, composição, origem, propriedade biológica e se for fe procedência nacional ou importado. Discussão: conforme as propriedades de cada tecido ou material, ele pode possuir um ou mais mecanismos de formação óssea. A composição química, forma física e as diferenças de superfície resultam em diferentes níveis de reabsorção. Dessa forma, é importante para o clínico conhecer a natureza variada dos biomateriais disponíveis que vão determinar a velocidade e sua forma de reabsorção. Conclusão: Este estudo tabulou os biomateriais estudados, quanto suas principais características biológicas, visando orientar os profissionais da saúde na escolha do biomaterial mais adequado para alcançar seus objetivos no tratamento.
Infecções endodônticas persistentes: causas, diagnóstico e tratamento
Authors: Rocha Thais Aparecida De França , Martins Joana Dourado , Carvalho Erica Dos Santos
Published: July 2018

Introdução: Microrganismos subsecivos de infecções endodônticas primárias ou secundárias são a causa das infecções persistentes ou refratárias. Objetivo: realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre as infecções endodônticas persistentes, descrevendo a microbiota mais comumente associada ao insucesso da terapia endodôntica, bem como ressaltar o diagnóstico e tratamento dessas infecções. Metodologia: Foram realizadas buscas bibliográficas eletrônicas utilizando base de dados como Pubmed, Lilacs e Bireme que abordassem o tema proposto no período de 2000 a 2016. Para tanto, foram utilizados os seguintes descritores de assunto na língua portuguesa: “Endodontia”, “Infecção persistente”, “Periodontite apical” e na língua inglesa: “Endodontics”, “Persistent infection”,“Apical Periodontitis”. Resultados: Os artigos selecionados foram lidos criteriosamente e mostraram que esses microrganismos resistem aos procedimentos intracanais de desinfecção, resultando em uma periodontite apical persistente, com ou sem sintomatologia clínica e radiográfica evidente. O diagnóstico e tratamento são dificultados devido à complexidade anatômica do sistema de canais radiculares e capacidade de resistência bacteriana e o tratamento envolve um tratamento endodôntico efetivo, com necessidade cirúrgica em alguns casos. Conclusão: A análise desses patógenos é crucial nas infecções refratárias, tornando-se necessário avançar nas pesquisas para a determinação de novas técnicas de desinfecção associadas a novas medicações que tornarão a Endodontia cada vez mais eficaz e com resultados ainda mais previsíveis.
‘The potent magic of verisimilitude’: Edgar
Allan Poe within the mechanical age
Authors: TRESCH JOHN
Published: July 2002

The role and status of writing in scientific practice have become
central concerns in the
history and philosophy of science. Investigations into the rhetoric of
scientific texts, the
‘language games’ of calculation, experimentation and
proof, and the uses of textbooks,
reports and specialized journals in the formation of scientific
communities have all brought
a growing awareness of what the American author Edgar Allan Poe
(1809–49) heralded as
‘The Power of Words’. In discussing several works of this
author, who perhaps more than
any of his ‘literary’ contemporaries grappled with the
growing dominance of science and
technology in his time, this paper shows the potential ambiguity and
polyvalence of the
rhetoric of science. Poe's writings exploit this increasingly
powerful language in a variety
of ways: through logical proofs, satires, hoaxes, and the analysis of
mysteries, codes and
poetry, notably his own. Poe's unorthodox use of scientific
rhetoric highlights the
importance of historically specific modes of discourse for the
consolidation of truth.
Obituary: Professor Donald Cardwell
(4 August 1919–8 May 1998)
Authors: PICKSTONE JOHN
Published: July 2002

Before the Second World War, few scholars
knew how to incorporate science, technology and medicine into social, political or
economic history. Nowadays many historians know the methods: university courses,
books and (some) museums manifest
their skills. For the ‘greats’ of science, and
for many lesser figures and groups, we are
able to relate scientific ‘works’ to ‘lives’,
contexts and audiences, with an analytical
sophistication matching the best of current
intellectual and cultural history. This progress in historiography owes much to the
intellectual and institutional bases built in
the 1950s and 1960s, not least in the
universities of northern England. Among
the pioneers, Donald Cardwell was a
perspicacious and persistent innovator,
especially in Manchester, where he helped
develop both a school of historians and a
marvellous museum of science and industry.
MALICIOUSLY PROCURING THE ISSUE AND EXECUTION OF A SEARCH WARRANT:
EASIER ACCESS TO A REMEDY?
Authors: DAVIDSON LAURA
Published: July 2002

Until recently, it was not certain whether or not the malicious procurement of the issue and execution of a search warrant was an actionable tort. Indeed, the only reported successful claim for damages in English law in such an action was the ancient case of Elsee v. Smith (1822) 2 Chit. 304. However, judicial confirmation of the existence of the tort has finally been given in a landmark Privy Council case, Brian Gibbs and others v. John Mitchell Rea (The Times, 4 February 1998).
HOW THE TRADE MARKS ACT SHAPES UP TO PERPETUAL MONOPOLIES
Authors: DAVIS JENNIFER
Published: July 2002

In British Sugar plc v. James Robertson & Sons Ltd. [1996] RPC 281, Jacob J. asked whether the 1994 Trade Marks Act enables “big business to buy ordinary words of the English language at comparatively little cost”. His answer was a resounding “no”. In Philips Electronics NV v. Remington Consumer Products, 22 December 1997, he asks whether trade mark law, by conferring a perpetual monopoly, can interfere with the freedom to manufacture artefacts of a “desirable and good engineering design”. The educated reader might hazard that he would again answer in the negative. And so it transpires. The thrill of the chase is to see how Jacob J. interprets the Act to reach this conclusion.
FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH APPLIED IN A PROJECT ON FEEDING OF CROP RESIDUES IN INDIA
Authors: SCHIERE J. B. , SINGH KIRAN , DE BOER A. J.
Published: July 2002

Increased use of prime agricultural land for cropping and non-agricultural uses in many tropical countries implies that crop residues become more important as a source of feed for livestock. Traditionally, much research on crop residue feeding was done by focusing on laboratory measurements of feed quality but neglect of farmers' perceptions led to disappointing results in the transfer of straw feeding technologies based upon laboratory results. Farming Systems Research (FSR) provides methodologies and concepts that bridge the gap between formal commodity research (including crop residues and by-products) and field application. This paper reports the experiences of a project in India that changed the emphasis from a commodity research approach on improved crop residue feeding to a system approach by using three types of FSR. The paper first reviews the achievements of on-station research on feeding systems for crop residues in terms of treatments (biological, chemical, physical) and in terms of breeding and managing cereal crops for more and better straw. Next, it discusses definitions and problems of FSR as encountered in the project's reorientation of livestock research and development programmes. Finally it summarizes the overall results of the three FSR approaches used in the project.
PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY OF MAIZE + GROUNDNUT ROTATIONS COMPARED WITH CONTINUOUS MAIZE ON SMALLHOLDER FARMS IN ZIMBABWE
Authors: WADDINGTON S. R. , KARIGWINDI J.
Published: July 2002

Experiments to assess the yield and economic performance of a maize-groundnut rotation compared with continuous maize (both when inorganic fertilizer was applied to maize and when not), were conducted under management by smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe over six years. The experiment was planted on-station near Harare and at six smallholder sites in northeast Zimbabwe, predominantly on sandy soils. Fertilizer rates and practices were those used by farmers, as described in surveys. On-farm grain yields from continuous maize without fertilizer were generally in the range 0.5–0.8 t ha−1 over five years. Maize yield responses to inorganic fertilizer on smallholder farms were highly variable, but moderate (up to 29 kg grain per kg N) with adequate rainfall. With no inorganic fertilizer applied to maize, the on-station groundnut crop (producing 0.260–0.355 t ha−1 shelled grain) almost doubled the grain yield of the following maize crop (in 1995–96), increasing output from 2.46 t ha−1 to 4.61 t ha−1. Where inorganic fertilizer was applied to maize, the rotation produced even more additional maize grain (an increase of 2.93 t ha−1). Up to 0.50 t ha−1 extra grain was obtained in the second year of maize following groundnut (1996–97). With inorganic fertilizer, groundnut improved the grain yield of following maize crops at only two of five on-farm sites. Without fertilizer, the groundnut rotation increased maize grain yields at five on-farm sites by an average of only 0.28 t ha−1. For the on-station groundnut and two subsequent years with maize, discounted net benefits (DNBs) over cash costs (seed and fertilizer) were greater for the rotation than for continuous maize, irrespective of whether or not inorganic fertilizer was applied. When labour costs were added, continuous maize plus fertilizer showed better returns than did the rotation, while the returns for the rotation and continuous maize without fertilizer were almost the same. On-farm the rotation was far less profitable. At only two sites, DNBs over cash costs were higher for the rotation whereas DNBs over all costs (including labour valued at a local casual-worker wage) were always negative or close to zero. At three sites, it was far more profitable to grow continuous maize, especially with fertilizer. These findings of low groundnut yield, marginal to zero profitability, and high labour cost of groundnut-maize rotations, support and explain the general trend by smallholder farmers to reduce groundnut area in Zimbabwe.
SIMULATION OF INTEGRATED CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR OROBANCHE SPP. BASED ON A LIFE CYCLE MODEL
Authors: KEBREAB E. , MURDOCH A. J.
Published: July 2002

A computer simulation model was developed to investigate strategies for control of the parasitic weed species of Orobanche. The model makes use of data from published literature and predicts infestation levels in a dynamic and deterministic way. It is predicted that sustainable control of the parasite can only be achieved by reducing the soil seed bank to levels of 1000–2000 seeds m−2 and maintaining it at that level in subsequent years. When cultural control methods such as hand weeding, trap/catch cropping, delayed planting, resistant cultivars and solarization were considered individually, a relatively high level of effectiveness was required to contain the soil seed bank. An integrated approach with a selection of appropriate cultural methods is therefore recommended for further testing and validation in the field. The simulations demonstrate the importance of preventing new seeds entering the soil seed bank and that although reducing the soil seed bank may not increase yield for the first few years, it will ultimately increase production.
Genetic study of the production of sexually dimorphic cuticular hydrocarbons in relation with the sex-determination gene transformer in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: SAVARIT FABRICE , FERVEUR JEAN-FRANÇOIS
Published: July 2002

In Drosophila melanogaster, the main cuticular hydrocarbons (HCs) are some of the pheromones involved in mate discrimination. These are sexually dimorphic in both their occurrence and their effects. The production of predominant HCs has been measured in male and female progeny of 220 PGal4 lines mated with the feminising UAS-transformer transgenic strain. In 45 lines, XY flies were substantially or totally feminised for their HCs. Surprisingly, XX flies of 14 strains were partially masculinised. Several of the PGal4 enhancer-trap variants screened here seem to interact with sex determination mechanisms involved in the control of sexually dimorphic characters. We also found a good relationship between the degree of HC transformation and GAL4 expression in oenocytes. The fat body was also involved in the switch of sexually dimorphic cuticular hydrocarbons but its effect was different between the sexes.
The biological improbability of a clone
Authors: LUSHAI GUGS , LOXDALE HUGH D.
Published: July 2002

Emperical evidence for intraclonal genetic variation is described here for clonal systems using a variety of molecular techniques and implicating a diversity of mechanisms. However, clonal systems are still generally perceived as having strict genetic fidelity. As concepts of genetic variability move from primary sequence data to include epigenetic and structural influences on genetic expression, the ability to detect changes in the genome at short intervals allows precedence to be given to inherent biological variation that is often analytically ignored. Therefore, the advent of powerful molecular techniques, like genome mapping, mean that our concepts of genetic fidelity within eukaryotic clones and the whole philosophy of the ‘clone’ needs to be re-evaluated and re-defined to replace old unproven dogma in this aspect of science.
A MICROCOSM OF DECLINE: BRITISH LOSS OF NERVE AND MILITARY

INTERVENTION IN JORDAN AND KUWAIT, 1958 AND 1961
Authors: ASHTON NIGEL JOHN
Published: July 2002

This article reinterprets the post-Suez British role in the Middle
East

through a

comparison of the military interventions in Jordan in 1958 and Kuwait in
1961.

Moreover, it places

these operations in the broader context of the debate about British decline.

It is argued that in addition

to the familiar constraints on British action imposed by limited resources
and

the changing

international climate, the projection of power in the region proved to
be a

great test of nerve for British

ministers and officials. Paradoxically, this proved to be true as much

of the successful interventions in

Jordan and Kuwait as of the earlier failure over Suez. Utilizing very

recently released documents from

British and American archives, the article aims to shed light on the

dynamics of decline at the

microcosmic level, in the belief that insights gleaned here may well be

of value in revising macrocosmic theories of the process.
LICENSING THE PRESS: THE CAREER OF G. R. WECKHERLIN DURING THE
PERSONAL RULE OF CHARLES I
Authors: THOMPSON ANTHONY B.
Published: July 2002

The commitment of Charles I's government to press censorship
and the rigour with
which that censorship was enforced is the subject of the present essay.
In 1627 Georg Rudolph
Weckherlin, the Latin secretary to the privy council, became
political licenser for the press. Over the
next fourteen years he granted eighty-two licences and probably was responsible
for many more.
Drawing on his two office diaries, his personal correspondence,
and the books and pamphlets to which
he gave his imprimatur, this essay attempts a small portrait of
a ‘royal censor’ in 1630s London.
Although he occasionally allowed works implicitly critical of
government policy, he appears to have
been conscientious in his duties. (At least twice he approached
Charles for his opinion about a licence.)
Weckherlin's eventual loss of his licensing job to secretary of
state Sir Francis Windebank's staff
signalled the crown's interest in an even closer watch on
printing and publishing. The evidence of
Weckherlin's career suggests that in the decade before the Long Parliament
Charles increasingly
sought to curtail the power of the press.
CITY BANKERS, GOLD, AND BANKING PANICS
Authors: JONKERS FRANS
Published: July 2002

City Bankers, 1890–1914. By Youssef Cassis.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1994. Pp. xv+350. ISBN 0-521-44188-9. £40.00.

John Bullion's empire: Britain's gold problem and India
between the wars.
By G. Balachandran.
Richmond: Curzon Press, 1996. Pp. xii+252. ISBN 0-7007-0428-0. £40.00.

The banking panics of the Great Depression.
By Elmus Wicker. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1996. Pp. xviii+174. ISBN 0-521-56261-9. £30.00.

The front cover of Cassis's book shows the heavily bearded and
mustachioed directors
of the Bank of England, gathered in 1903 in the magnificent Court Room.
The City
was at its peak, the undisputed financial capital of the world. Its interests
were the major
determining influence on British economic policy. The Bank of England directors
were
selected, according to ancient tradition, from the City's most prestigious
trading houses,
including the merchant banks. Towards the end of the nineteenth century
it had
become obvious that banking was undergoing a radical transformation. A
revolution in
the structure of English banking had caused the near-disappearance of the
old country
banker; private family-owned banking firms were under severe pressure and
many had
been absorbed by the joint-stock banks. However, much had remained the
same. It is
one of the virtues of Cassis's book, which focuses on the top layer
of City bankers, that
it shows how much continuity there was. The old private banker fitted smoothly
into the
new, larger banks. The occupation of private banker, carried out within
a family firm,
continued to represent the ideal. Banking remained a not particularly onerous
job. The
typical City banker was a part-timer, who used his position and representation
on the
boards of other financial companies as a means of furthering his own business
interests
– he had to, because a board position alone did not pay enough to
live like a gentleman.
Banking was a respectable way of building up a fortune. The City's
strength was its
private information network of social and business relationships which
made the highly
specialized financial system possible but also created opportunities to
make money
privately. The author shows that the distribution of tasks within the City,
as well as the
reluctance of the big joint-stock banks to develop into continental-style
investment
banks, eminently suited the private interests of the board members, ‘as
though the
primary aim of the big deposit banks... was to make possible the activities
of the private
banking and trading firms and the overseas ventures of the partners of
these firms’.
What is now considered insider trading was an accepted form of business.
There were
few professional bank managers; those there were had generally risen through
the ranks
and had a lower social status. The City's playing field was never
intended to be level and
appears to have become even more slanted in the period before the First
World War.
SHALL WE TAKE THE LINGUISTIC TURN? BRITISH RADICALISM IN THE ERA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Authors: STAFFORD WILLIAM
Published: July 2002

Intertextual war: Edmund Burke and the French Revolution in the writings of Mary Wollstonecraft,
Thomas Paine, and James Mackintosh. By Steven Blakemore. Cranbury, NJ: Associated
University Presses, 1997. Pp. 256. ISBN 0-8386-3751-5. £32.

Radical expression: political language, ritual, and symbol in England, 1790–1850. By James
Epstein. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. Pp. xi+233. ISBN 0-19-506550-6.
£30.

Tom Paine: a political life. By John Keane. London: Bloomsbury, 1996. Pp. xxii+644.
ISBN 0-7475-2543-9. £8.99.

Gothic images of race in nineteenth-century Britain. By H. L. Malchow. Stanford, CA:
Stanford University Press, 1996. Pp. xii+335. ISBN 0-8047-2664-7. £35 (hb). ISBN
0-8047-2793-7. £12.95 (pb).

Popular contention in Great Britain, 1758–1834. By Charles Tilly. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1995. Pp. xvii+476. ISBN 0-674-68980-1. £31.50.

Radical culture: discourse, resistance and surveillance, 1790–1820. By David Worrall. Hemel
Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992. Pp. ix+236. ISBN 0-7450-0960-3. £40.

Most of these books are influenced by current philosophical or methodological concerns
which might be labelled, according to taste, as poststructuralism, postmodernism, or the
linguistic turn; but they are influenced to very varying degrees. At one end of the
spectrum stands Tilly's substantial study, essentially modernist, rejecting the latest
fashions. At the other stand the books by Blakemore and Malchow, their colours firmly
nailed to the mast of deconstruction. Blakemore teaches in a department of English, and
although Malchow's institutional affiliation is as an historian, his book is a hermeneutic
of literary texts. The great majority of ‘postmodern’ analyses of texts from this period
have come from the stable of literary studies, perhaps especially from scholars concerned,
as Malchow is, with the construction of gender, that great growth area of the present
time. None of these books subscribes in practice to a postmodern relativism, declaring
itself to be merely a construction or representation of the past: all arrive at some kind
of closure, explicitly or implicitly asserting the truth of their interpretations. Historians
concerned to justify their subject to funding bodies may judge this to be prudent;
nevertheless a greater degree of reflexivity, of self-doubt, would have been welcome in
some instances, as we shall see.
WORD AND DEED: WHY A POST-
POSTSTRUCTURAL HISTORY IS NEEDED,
AND HOW IT MIGHT LOOK
Authors: JONES ADRIAN
Published: July 2002

This essay reviews the contribution of Foucauldian poststructural theory to history. It
retrieves its origins as a supplement to, not a negation of, the structuralisms of the Annales. Histories
of discourses influenced by modish (Barthesian, gender, post-colonial, Cultural Studies …) paradigms
often overlook this heritage. They take, ‘il n'y a pas hors de texte’ at face value. This essay
suggests ways to re-assimilate historical studies of discourses with older historiographies of classes,
institutions, social structures, and ideologies. Poststructural historiography today tends to focus only on
discourses, confusing coherence with power, meanings with causes. Making use of Giddens's
structuration, de Certeau's reçu and Bourdieu's pratique, I suggest that historians must seek out
actions as well as words, looking for sites where discourses they find in one sphere affect another. Only
then can historians assess the importance of the discourses they find, above and beyond their mere
coherence.
SULIMAN BASHEAR, Arabs and Others in Early Islam, Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam 8 (Princeton, N.J.: Darwin Press, 1997). Pp. 169. $32 cloth.
Authors: Choksy Jamsheed K.
Published: July 2002

The earliest period of Islamic thought has emerged as a major focus of contemporary scholarship during the past few decades, with a variety of techniques—ranging from historical documentation and historiographical analysis to narrative reconstruction and source criticism—being applied to comprehend more accurately the ideas and events that fueled the rise of Muslim societies in the Middle East. Suliman Bashear has made a fascinating addition to the writing that has emerged from this scholarly quest to configure the Middle Eastern Muslim past. The book under review probes available early Arabic literature, largely on its own terms and occasionally in relation to later Arabic writings, to determine the great complexity of Arab, Muslim, and Arab–Muslim views about themselves and about members of other communities during and shortly after the 7th century. Bashear's work also endeavors to trace how such views changed over the next few centuries. At the same time, however, the book is difficult to appreciate fully. Each chapter involves mainly the analysis of a series of hadith (and, to a lesser extent, tafsir and akhbar) linked together by general themes, with little contextual framework or broader discussion of the issues' significance. As a result, the considerable erudition and informative detail that permeates this book provide disparate nuggets of knowledge that, when taken together, fall short of providing the reader with a clear overall notion of how and why the earliest Muslims perceived themselves and others in particular ways.
MAHMOUD YAZBAK, Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, 1864–1914: A Muslim Town in Transition, The Ottoman Empire and Its Heritage: Politics, Society and Economy, vol. 16 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1998). Pp. 276. $99.50 cloth.
Authors: Khalidi Rashid
Published: July 2002

The study of the history of the modern Middle East has reached the state at which scholars now have access to first-rate monographs, such as this one, even about urban centers as modest as Haifa was during the period covered by this book. This is certainly good news, particularly because books such as this one, and May Seikaly's, which covers a subsequent period of Haifa's history, are comprehensive, well written, and thoroughly grounded in local primary sources. We should be grateful in particular to Brill's “Ottoman Empire and Its Heritage” series for publishing this and other monographs covering the local history of different parts of the Ottoman Empire.
FROM THE EDITOR
Authors: Cole Juan R. I.
Published: July 2002

This is the first issue of the journal that I edited and sent off to the press, but I did so as part of a team rather than as an individual. I must offer warm thanks to my predecessor as editor, R. Stephen Humphreys, for having done much of the pre-production editing, with his usual attention to detail and search for excellence, and for consulting so closely with me on acceptances. And, of course, I am deeply in his debt for having done such a fine job with the journal for the past five years, leaving to my charge a flourishing enterprise. Thanks, too, are owed to Liz Montana and the others at the Santa Barbara office who shepherded these pieces through the editorial process, as well as to our book-review editors.
Machines and the Order of the Harbour: The Debate About the Introduction of Grain Unloaders in Rotterdam, 1905–1907
Authors: van Lente Dick
Published: July 2002

In 1905, dockworkers in Rotterdam harbour organized a great strike against the introduction of machines for the transhipment of grain. The initial success of this strike was a profound shock to the leaders of political parties and national labour organizations, who, in spite of many differences of opinion, shared a positive attitude towards mechanization and regarded strikes against machinery as reactionary. The conflict in Rotterdam provoked a national debate about the implications of mechanization, which clearly exposed the strains and contradictions in this “dominant ideology of technology”. The article shows how several local labour leaders questioned the legitimacy of this ideology and why they failed in the end to persuade their superiors.
Conscription as Military Labour: The Historical Context
Authors: Lucassen Jan , Zürcher Erik Jan
Published: July 2002

For most of the nineteenth and twentieth century, universal conscription has been by far the predominant system of military recruitment, but the phenomenon has received surprisingly little attention from social historians. This lack of attention is all the more surprising if one considers the interesting position occupied by conscription at the crossroads of wage and non-wage labour and free and unfree labour.

The following articles by Khaled Fahmy, Erik Jan Zürcher and Stephanie Cronin deal with the spread of the conscription system in one specific area (the Middle East) where it has been the most prominent feature of the establishment of increased and centralized state control over societies which, until relatively recent times, consisted of largely self-sufficient agrarian communities with very little contact with the outside world. The introduction of universal conscription confronted both states and populations with entirely new demands and problems.
RACE, IDENTITY, POLITICS AND HISTORY
Authors: MUDIMBE V. Y.
Published: July 2002

Afrocentrism: Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes. By STEPHEN HOWE. London
and New York: Verso, 1998. Pp. x + 337. £22 (ISBN 1-85984-873-7); £15,
paperback (ISBN 1-85984-228-3).

Stephen Howe's book is certainly, to date, the most comprehensive study on
Afrocentrism. Its subtitle, Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes, makes quite clear
its object of analysis. Divided into three parts, it dwells successively on ancestors
of the movement and their influences, the new visions heralded by its members
and, finally, today's orientations of Afrocentrism. They are introduced by a
systematic presentation of Afrocentrism as a concept and as a space in which one
finds a multiplicity of trends. But let us suppose that there is such a thing as
Afrocentrism entertained by ‘blacks’, ‘Afro-Americans’, and ‘African-Americans’,
since Howe uses these terms interchangeably and which, as he puts it,
would reproduce in some of its expressions what Walker Connor called ‘ethnonationalism’.
In his introduction, Howe summarizes its complexity and predicaments.
As a matter of fact, this introduction exposes Howe's positions about
Afrocentrism.
Net fluxes of peptide and amino acid across mesenteric-drained and portal-drained viscera of yak
cows fed a straw-concentrate diet at maintenance level
Authors: HAN XING-TAI , XUE BAI , DU JI-ZENG , HU LING-HAO
Published: July 2002

The present experiment was conducted to quantify the net fluxes of both free and peptide amino acids
across the mesenteric and stomach portions of the portal-drained viscera (PDV) of three yak cows
(172·3±18·6 kg, BW) fed a straw-concentrate diet at maintenance level. Yaks had been fitted with
sampling catheters in the portal vein, mesenteric artery and mesenteric vein prior to its convergence
with the gastrosplenic vein. Blood flow was determined by measuring the dilution of para-aminohippurate
(PAH) infused constantly into a distal mesenteric vein. Amino acids in the
deproteinized plasma were analysed before and after acid hydrolysis. The increased amino acids after
acid hydrolysis were considered as peptide-bound amino acids (PAA). The fluxes of free amino acids
(FAA) and PAA across PDV and mesenteric-drained viscera (MDV) were calculated as the product
of venoarterial differences and plasma flow. Flux across the stomach viscera (SDV) was calculated
as the difference between portal and mesenteric fluxes. Portal blood flow was 389 l/h or
2·32 l/h kg BW, of which 37% was contributed by the mesenteric vein. There was net appearance of
a large quantity of PAA across PDV, which accounted for 92% of the total nonprotein amino acid
flux. Net release of PAA and FAA in SDV accounted for 78% and 42% of the net release in PDV,
respectively. These results suggest that in yaks, peptide possibly is the primary form of amino acid
absorption, and that the stomach area probably is the major site of peptide absorption.
Effect of supplementary feeding with protein and

energy on digestion and rumination behaviour of sheep

consuming straw diets
Authors: MAWUENYEGAH P. O. , SHEM M. N. , WARLY L. , FUJIHARA T.
Published: July 2002

The effect of supplementation on the feeding and ruminating

behaviour of sheep fed on low quality

roughage was assessed at the Shimane University Animal Farm, Japan, in
1993.

Four Japanese Corriedale wethers were used for four periods in a 4×4

Latin square design. The initial 10 days of

each period were for adaptation by the sheep to their new environment and

diets, followed by 5 and

7 days for rumination studies and digestibility trials, respectively. The
four

diets were: rice straw

alone (RSA), rice straw+soyabean meal (RSS), barley straw+molasses meal

(BSM) and barley

straw+molasses meal+soyabean meal (BSS). Animals on the RSA and BSM diets

spent less time

eating (305 and 278 min/day respectively) and ate at a slower rate

(1·8 g DM/min) than those on the

RSS and BSS diets. Although there were no significant differences between

treatments (P>0·01) in

the number of rumination periods per day, animals on the RSA and BSM diets

spent a longer time

ruminating per 100 g NDF intake and exhibited slower chewing rates than

those on the other diets.

Cyclic rate and rumination indexes were both higher for RSA than for

other treatment diets. The

results show that sheep on the RSA and BSM diets spent less time eating
and

that those on RSA spent

significantly (P<0·05) more time ruminating than those

on supplemented diets. Animals on RSA

and RSS generally regurgitated more boli but there was no significant

difference (P>0·05) in

chewing rates between the diets. However, generally, animals on RSA, in

addition to regurgitating

more boli, also had lower chewing rates, indicating more efficient

rumination activity. The judicious

use of small amounts of readily degradable nutrients, especially protein,

will improve the rumination

behaviour of sheep fed on low quality roughage diets, most probably

through an improvement in

microbial activity. This will result in a higher fibre digestion rate

and an increase in the production

of ruminal fermentation by-products, compensating for the loss in rumination

efficiency.
Quantification of the recycling of microbial

nitrogen in the rumen using a mechanistic model of rumen

fermentation processes
Authors: DIJKSTRA J. , FRANCE J. , TAMMINGA S.
Published: July 2002

The effects of dietary variations on microbial N

turnover and recycling related to protozoal activities

in the rumen were examined using a previously described

model of rumen fermentation processes.

Simulations were performed with diets containing variable

proportions of concentrate (between 0 and

1 kg/kg diet dry matter) at a rate of daily dry matter

intake (DMI) by cattle of between 5·3 and

21·0 kg/day. The roughages examined were hay,

fresh grass and maize silage, and the concentrate

supplements included molasses, barley, maize grain, untreated

and formaldehyde-treated soyabean

meal. The simulated fractional turnover rate of microbial

N varied between 0·416 and 1·556/day, and

simulated microbial N recycling ranged from

34·9 to 76·2% of gross microbial N synthesis. High

turnover rates and recycling were observed particularly

for diets containing maize silage as roughage

and molasses and maize grain as concentrate supplements.

Increased DMI generally resulted in

reduced turnover rates with high-roughage diets, but

increased turnover rates with high-concentrate

diets. These responses of microbial N turnover and

recycling were related to substrate availability and

the substrate preferences of protozoa and, consequently,

protozoal activities in the rumen. The large

impact of recycling on the amount of organic matter

required per unit of microbial protein washed

out of the rumen was demonstrated. Thus, by quantification

of the interactions between microbial

populations in the rumen, the model can help to

interpret the differences in microbial N recycling

observed in the experiments and provide an improved

understanding of the efficiency of microbial

protein synthesis.
Development of a semiquantitative PCR assay for the
detection of the Clostridium perfringens type C beta
toxin gene in purified nucleic acid extracts from the
intestinal tract of pigs
Authors: VAHJEN WILFRIED , GOLLNISCH K. , SIMON O. , SCHULZ E.
Published: July 2002

Total DNA was extracted and purified from luminal digesta samples (1 g) of 14-week-old (c. 43 kg
bodyweight) pigs. Digoxigenin (DIG) labelled PCR products of the beta toxin gene of Clostridium
perfringens type C were generated with DIG-11-UTP and chemoluminescent signals of DIG-labelled
PCR products were detected on slot blots and recorded with a sensitive charge coupled densitometric
camera. Detection limit and correlation of chemoluminescent signals to initial target DNA
concentration were evaluated. Detection of the beta toxin gene could be achieved with 100 ag C.
perfringens DNA in the presence of 1 μg unspecific DNA. The semiquantitative DIG-PCR assay was
used to evaluate the relative abundance of the beta toxin gene of C. perfringens type C in purified
DNA extracts from intestinal samples of pigs, which were fed a wheat/barley diet (controls),
supplemented with the antibiotic avilamycin (40 mg/kg feed), a xylanase (4000 U/kg feed) or a
combination of both feed additives. The antibiotic treatment significantly reduced the amount of
PCR product in ileal and colon DNA extracts. Xylanase supplementation significantly reduced the
amount of PCR product in colon samples, but led to an increase in jejunal samples. From the results
it is concluded, that the antibiotic inhibited growth of C. perfringens type C in the ileum and colon
of pigs. The semiquantitative DIG-PCR assay can be used to sensitively monitor the relative
abundance of specific pathogens in the intestinal tract.
RELIGION AND FERTILITY AMONG THE ATYAP IN NIGERIA
Authors: AVONG HELEN NENE
Published: July 2002

Using data obtained in 1995 from 600 Atyap women in randomly selected dwellings in Kaduna State, Nigeria, multiple regression analysis shows that Catholics and Other Protestants (Anglicans and Baptists) have higher fertility than women affiliated to the Evangelical Churches of West Africa (ECWA), even net of compositional characteristics of the two groups. Above and beyond the denominational differences, the regression analysis also shows that the stronger the religious belief, the higher the fertility. Thus, the study underscores the need for researchers of the religion–fertility association in Nigeria to examine the influence of religious denomination and religiosity on fertility, within each of the main religions.
A BIOCULTURAL INVESTIGATION OF THE WEANLING’S DILEMMA IN KATHMANDU, NEPAL: DO UNIVERSAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WEANING PRACTICES MAKE SENSE?
Authors: MOFFAT TINA
Published: July 2002

The primary objective of this report is to use data from a study of infant growth and weaning practices in Kathmandu, Nepal, to investigate universal recommendations about exclusive breast-feeding up to 6 months postpartum. A secondary objective is to demonstrate the complexity of the biocultural nature of infant feeding practices. A sample of 283 children under 5 years of age and their 228 mothers living in a peri-urban district of Kathmandu participated in this study. The children’s height/length and weight were measured three times over 9 months. At each session, a demographic, child health and infant feeding survey was administered; between sessions, in-depth interviews were conducted with mothers regarding infant feeding practices. While a few of the infants under 2 months were receiving non-breast milk foods, at 3 months of age half of the sample had been introduced to non-breast milk foods and by 7 months all infants were eating non-breast milk foods. A comparison of growth indices and velocities between exclusively and partially breast-fed infants from birth to 7 months of age shows no evidence for a difference in nutritional status between the two groups. Although there are cultural rules about breast-feeding that vary by ethnic group, all mothers followed a feeding method that depended on their assessment of whether the child was getting enough breast milk. The conclusion is that exclusive breast-feeding up to 6 months may not be appropriate for all infants. In this sample, breast-feeding duration is not shortened by the early introduction of non-breast milk foods, as the median age of breast-feeding cessation is 36 months. One of the main reasons for severance was the onset of another pregnancy. Investigation of infant feeding practices must be contextualized in the local ecology of the population. While cultural beliefs about breast-feeding are relevant, mothers’ individual assessments of their children’s nutritional needs and demographic events in parents’ lives must also be considered.
Cortisol and ACTH release in dairy cows in response to machine milking after pretreatment with morphine and naloxone
Authors: TANČIN VLADIMÍR , SCHAMS DIETER , KRAETZL WOLF-DIETER
Published: July 2002

The aim of the study was to examine the effect of morphine and naloxone
pretreatment on cortisol and ACTH concentrations in response to machine milking
in dairy cows. In the first part of the experiment, the effects of i.v. morphine doses
(0, 21, 70 and 210 mg, one dose each day) 10 min before morning milking were
studied in six Brown Swiss dairy cows. In the second part, four cows were treated 1 d
after the control milking with 210 mg morphine at 10 min before milking and the
next day with 210 mg naloxone at 15 min before milking followed by 210 mg
morphine at 10 min before milking. In addition, four other cows were treated 1 d
after the control milking with 210 mg naloxone at 10 min before milking.
Pretreatment with morphine significantly suppressed the machine milking-induced
increase of cortisol in blood plasma as compared with controls. Naloxone
pretreatment overcame the inhibitory effect of morphine and elevated milking-induced cortisol concentrations. Naloxone administration alone significantly increased
cortisol concentration resulting from milking as compared with controls.
However, ACTH concentrations did not change in either control or treated animals,
suggesting an ACTH-independent release mechanism for cortisol during milking. We
conclude that the release of cortisol in response to machine milking seems to be
modulated by endogenous opioids at the adrenal level and does not appear to be
under the control of ACTH.
Folate and folate-binding protein content in dairy products
Authors: WIGERTZ KARIN , SVENSSON ULLA K. , JÄGERSTAD MARGARETHA
Published: July 2002

Recent findings suggest a protective role for folates in the reduction
of
neural tube defects and possibly also coronary heart disease and cancer.

Consequently, an increase in the daily intake of folates is warranted,
which
emphasizes the need for quantitative as well as qualitative measurements
of dietary
folates. Milk plays an important part in the food chain in many Western
countries
today. Several studies suggest that folate-binding proteins might have
an impact on
folate absorption and therefore their concentrations are also important.
The mean
concentration of the predominant form of folate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate

(5-CH3THF), was determined using HPLC in thirteen
selected dairy products; skim
milk powder, two pasteurized milks, UHT milk, two fermented milks, three
whey
products and four different cheeses. All results were corrected
for recovery by spiking
the samples with 5-CH3THF. Effects of storage of dairy
products on 5-CH3THF
concentrations were also investigated; generally small and
insignificant fluctuations
were found, except for hard cheese, in which 5-CH3THF
decreased significantly.
There was a significant seasonal variation in the folate concentration
of pasteurized
milk which peaked in the summer months. The concentrations of folate-binding

protein in skim milk powder and pasteurized milk analysed using an enzyme-linked

immunosorbent assay were similar. UHT milk and fermented milk, both of
which are
processed at temperatures >90°C, contained significantly lower concentrations
of
folate-binding protein.
Characteristics of L-glutamine transport by lactating mammary
tissue
Authors: CALVERT DAVID T. , KIM TAE-GYU , CHOUNG JAI-JUN , BURNS CAROLYNN , SHENNAN DAVID B.
Published: July 2002

The transport of L-glutamine by the lactating rat mammary
gland has
been investigated using rat mammary tissue explants and the in situ
perfused rat
mammary gland. L-glutamine uptake by both explants and the perfused
mammary
gland was via both Na+-dependent and Na+-independent

pathways. It appeared that
these pathways are situated on the blood-facing aspect of the mammary gland.

L-glutamine uptake by both mammary preparations was markedly inhibited
by
2-aminobicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid in the absence
of external
Na+. This is consistent with L-glutamine uptake via
system L. The
Na+-dependent component(s)
of L-glutamine uptake remains to be precisely identified. However,
system A can be
ruled out on the basis that L-glutamine was not inhibited by (methylamino)isobutyric

acid. Mammary tissue concentrates L-glutamine with respect to
both milk and
plasma: we suggest that the Na+-dependent component(s)
of L-glutamine uptake is
responsible for generating the intracellular to extracellular concentration
gradient.
Characterization of the interface of an oil-in-water emulsion
stabilized by milk fat globule membrane material
Authors: CORREDIG MILENA , DALGLEISH DOUGLAS G.
Published: July 2002

A fraction derived from the membrane of milk fat globules (MFGM)
was
isolated from fresh raw cream. The adsorption of MFGM at the interface
of oil-in-water
emulsions was studied as well as the stability of the emulsions under different

conditions (pH, temperature treatment) and the surface potential. The emulsions

prepared with MFGM isolates were stable at neutral pH and were destabilized
at low
pH. By analysis of the protein adsorbed at the interface by polyacrylamide
gel
electrophoresis, we also determined that the MFGM that covered the surface
of the
oil-in-water emulsion could not be displaced by surfactants such as Tweens
and
Triton X-100 and was not affected by the presence of other proteins such
as caseins
and β-lactoglobulin added to the emulsion. A strong molecular interaction
between
the adsorbed MFGM, composed of phospholipid and protein, may exist at the

interface, rendering the newly formed membrane very little affected by
the presence
of other surfactants. This MFGM-stabilized emulsion was characterized by
a
behaviour very different from that of emulsions stabilized by other milk
proteins.