bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reactivity Study of Bimetallic Fe-Mn Oxides with Addition of TiO2 for Chemical Looping Combustion Purposes
Authors: Ksepko Ewelina , Lysowski Rafal
Published: November 2021

The objective of the research was to prepare Mn-based materials for use as oxygen carriers and investigate their reactivity in terms of their applicability to energy systems. The family of Fe2O3-MnO2 with the addition of TiO2 was prepared by mechanical mixing method and calcination. Five samples with addition of Fe2O3 (20, 30, 35, and 50 wt.%) to MnO2 (65, 55, 50, 35, and 85 wt.%) with constant amount of inert TiO2 (15 wt.%) were prepared. The performance of TiO2 supported Fe-Mn oxides oxygen carriers with hydrogen/air in an innovative combustion technology known as chemical looping combustion (CLC) was evaluated. Thermogravimetric analysis was used for reactivity studies within a wide temperature range (800–1000 °C). Comprehensive characterization contained multipurpose techniques for newly synthesized materials. Moreover, post-reaction experiments considered morphology analysis by SEM, mechanical strength testing by dynamometry, and crystal phase study by XRD. Based on wide-ranging testing, the F50M35 sample was indicated as the most promising for gaseous fuel combustion via CLC at 850–900 °C temperature.
Shape-Dependent Catalytic Activity of Gold and Bimetallic Nanoparticles in the Reduction of Methylene Blue by Sodium Borohydride
Authors: Stolle Heike Lisa Kerstin Stephanie , Kluitmann Jonas Jakobus , Csáki Andrea , Köhler Johann Michael , Fritzsche Wolfgang
Published: November 2021

In this study the catalytic activity of different gold and bimetallic nanoparticle solutions towards the reduction of methylene blue by sodium borohydride as a model reaction is investigated. By utilizing differently shaped gold nanoparticles, i.e., spheres, cubes, prisms and rods as well as bimetallic gold–palladium and gold–platinum core-shell nanorods, we evaluate the effect of the catalyst surface area as available gold surface area, the shape of the nanoparticles and the impact of added secondary metals in case of bimetallic nanorods. We track the reaction by UV/Vis measurements in the range of 190–850 nm every 60 s. It is assumed that the gold nanoparticles do not only act as a unit transferring electrons from sodium borohydride towards methylene blue but can promote the electron transfer upon plasmonic excitation. By testing different particle shapes, we could indeed demonstrate an effect of the particle shape by excluding the impact of surface area and/or surface ligands. All nanoparticle solutions showed a higher methylene blue turnover than their reference, whereby gold nanoprisms exhibited 100% turnover as no further methylene blue absorption peak was detected. The reaction rate constant k was also determined and revealed overall quicker reactions when gold or bimetallic nanoparticles were added as a catalyst, and again these were highest for nanoprisms. Furthermore, when comparing gold and bimetallic nanorods, it could be shown that through the addition of the catalytically active second metal platinum or palladium, the dye turnover was accelerated and degradation rate constants were higher compared to those of pure gold nanorods. The results explore the catalytic activity of nanoparticles, and assist in exploring further catalytic applications.
Recent Advances in the Mitigation of the Catalyst Deactivation of CO2 Hydrogenation to Light Olefins
Authors: Weber Daniel , He Tina , Wong Matthew , Moon Christian , Zhang Axel , Foley Nicole , Ramer Nicholas J. , Zhang Cheng
Published: November 2021

The catalytic conversion of CO2 to value-added chemicals and fuels has been long regarded as a promising approach to the mitigation of CO2 emissions if green hydrogen is used. Light olefins, particularly ethylene and propylene, as building blocks for polymers and plastics, are currently produced primarily from CO2-generating fossil resources. The identification of highly efficient catalysts with selective pathways for light olefin production from CO2 is a high-reward goal, but it has serious technical challenges, such as low selectivity and catalyst deactivation. In this review, we first provide a brief summary of the two dominant reaction pathways (CO2-Fischer-Tropsch and MeOH-mediated pathways), mechanistic insights, and catalytic materials for CO2 hydrogenation to light olefins. Then, we list the main deactivation mechanisms caused by carbon deposition, water formation, phase transformation and metal sintering/agglomeration. Finally, we detail the recent progress on catalyst development for enhanced olefin yields and catalyst stability by the following catalyst functionalities: (1) the promoter effect, (2) the support effect, (3) the bifunctional composite catalyst effect, and (4) the structure effect. The main focus of this review is to provide a useful resource for researchers to correlate catalyst deactivation and the recent research effort on catalyst development for enhanced olefin yields and catalyst stability.
Synthesis of Ce/MgO Catalysts for Direct Oxidation of Hibiscus cannabinus Stalks to Vanillin
Authors: Khairul Anuar Nur Akila Syakida Idayu , Ramli Anita , Jun Wei Lim
Published: November 2021

One possible method of producing vanillin from biomass is through controlled oxidation of lignin. Direct oxidation of kenaf stalks was chosen without having to separate the cellulose and hemicellulose components from the lignocellulosic biomass. This makes the process greener, as well as saving time. In this paper, Ce/MgO catalysts were developed for oxidation of kenaf stalks and kenaf lignin under microwave irradiation. The catalysts were characterized for their physicochemical properties using XRD and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms. The synthesized MgO showed the presence of diffraction peaks assigned to cubic MgO while the 30Ce/MgO catalysts showed the presence of cubic fluorite of CeO2. N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms showed that all catalysts possess Type III isotherm according to IUPAC classification, indicating a nonporous structure. All catalysts were tested for direct oxidation of kenaf stalks under 300 W of microwave irradiation using H2O2 as the oxidizing agent at pH 11.5 and temperatures between 160 and 180 °C for 10–30 min with 5–15% catalyst loading. The highest vanillin yields of 3.70% and 2.90% for extracted lignin and direct biomass oxidation were achieved using 30Ce/MgO-48. In comparison, 7.80% and 4.45% were obtained using 2N of NaOH homogeneous catalyst for extracted lignin and direct biomass, respectively, at 170 °C for 20 min. The reusability test shows that 30Ce/MgO can be used up to three cycles without significant loss in catalytic activity. Other compounds detected were 4-vinylguaiacol, syringol and syringaldehyde.
Optimized 3D Culture of Hepatic Cells for Liver Organoid Metabolic Assays
Authors: Gamboa Christian Moya , Wang Yujue , Xu Huiting , Kalemba Katarzyna , Wondisford Fredric E. , Sabaawy Hatem E.
Published: November 2021

The liver is among the principal organs for glucose homeostasis and metabolism. Studies of liver metabolism are limited by the inability to expand primary hepatocytes in vitro while maintaining their metabolic functions. Human hepatic three-dimensional (3D) organoids have been established using defined factors, yet hepatic organoids from adult donors showed impaired expansion. We examined conditions to facilitate the expansion of adult donor-derived hepatic organoids (HepAOs) and HepG2 cells in organoid cultures (HepGOs) using combinations of growth factors and small molecules. The expansion dynamics, gluconeogenic and HNF4α expression, and albumin secretion are assessed. The conditions tested allow the generation of HepAOs and HepGOs in 3D cultures. Nevertheless, gluconeogenic gene expression varies greatly between conditions. The organoid expansion rates are limited when including the TGFβ inhibitor A8301, while are relatively higher with Forskolin (FSK) and Oncostatin M (OSM). Notably, expanded HepGOs grown in the optimized condition maintain detectable gluconeogenic expression in a spatiotemporal distribution at 8 weeks. We present optimized conditions by limiting A8301 and incorporating FSK and OSM to allow the expansion of HepAOs from adult donors and HepGOs with gluconeogenic competence. These models increase the repertoire of human hepatic cellular tools available for use in liver metabolic assays.
Influence of Light of Different Spectral Compositions on the Growth, Photosynthesis, and Expression of Light-Dependent Genes of Scots Pine Seedlings
Authors: Pashkovskiy Pavel , Kreslavski Vladimir D. , Ivanov Yury , Ivanova Alexandra , Kartashov Alexander , Shmarev Alexander , Strokina Valeriya , Kuznetsov Vladimir V. , Allakhverdiev Suleyman I.
Published: November 2021

Varying the spectral composition of light is one of the ways to accelerate the growth of conifers under artificial conditions for the development of technologies and to obtain sustainable seedlings required to preserve the existing areas of forests. We studied the influence of light of different quality on the growth, gas exchange, fluorescence indices of Chl a, and expression of key light-dependent genes of Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings. It was shown that in plants growing under red light (RL), the biomass of needles and root system increased by more than two and three times, respectively, compared with those of the white fluorescent light (WFL) control. At the same time, the rates of photosynthesis and respiration in RL and blue light (BL) plants were lower than those of blue red light (BRL) plants, and the difference between the rates of photosynthesis and respiration, which characterizes the carbon balance, was maximum under RL. RL influenced the number of xylem cells, activated the expression of genes involved in the transduction of cytokinin (Histidine-containing phosphotransfer 1, HPT1, Type-A Response Regulators, RR-A) and auxin (Auxin-induced protein 1, Aux/IAA) signals, and reduced the expression of the gene encoding the transcription factor phytochrome-interacting factor 3 (PIF3). It was suggested that RL-induced activation of key genes of cytokinin and auxin signaling might indicate a phytochrome-dependent change in cytokinins and auxins activity.
Night Photostimulation of Clearance of Beta-Amyloid from Mouse Brain: New Strategies in Preventing Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya Oxana , Penzel Thomas , Blokhina Inna , Khorovodov Alexander , Fedosov Ivan , Yu Tingting , Karandin Georgy , Evsukova Arina , Elovenko Dariya , Adushkina Viktoria , Shirokov Alexander , Dubrovskii Alexander , Terskov Andrey , Navolokin Nikita , Tzoy Maria , Ageev Vasily , Agranovich Ilana , Telnova Valeria , Tsven Anna , Kurths Jürgen
Published: November 2021

The deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Therefore, new strategies for the stimulation of Aβ clearance from the brain can be useful in preventing AD. Transcranial photostimulation (PS) is considered a promising method for AD therapy. In our previous studies, we clearly demonstrated the PS-mediated stimulation of lymphatic clearing functions, including Aβ removal from the brain. There is increasing evidence that sleep plays an important role in Aβ clearance. Here, we tested our hypothesis that PS at night can stimulate Aβ clearance from the brain more effectively than PS during the day. Our results on healthy mice show that Aβ clearance from the brain occurs faster at night than during wakefulness. The PS course at night improves memory and reduces Aβ accumulation in the brain of AD mice more effectively than the PS course during the day. Our results suggest that night PS is a more promising candidate as an effective method in preventing AD than daytime PS. These data are an important informative platform for the development of new noninvasive and nonpharmacological technologies for AD therapy as well as for preventing Aβ accumulation in the brain of people with disorder of Aβ metabolism, sleep deficit, elderly age, and jet lag.
COVID-19 and Rheumatoid Arthritis Crosstalk: Emerging Association, Therapeutic Options and Challenges
Authors: Dewanjee Saikat , Kandimalla Ramesh , Kalra Rajkumar Singh , Valupadas Chandrasekhar , Vallamkondu Jayalakshmi , Kolli Viswakalyan , Dey Ray Sarbani , Reddy Arubala P. , Reddy P. Hemachandra
Published: November 2021

Hyperactivation of immune responses resulting in excessive release of pro-inflammatory mediators in alveoli/lung structures is the principal pathological feature of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The cytokine hyperactivation in COVID-19 appears to be similar to those seen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease. Emerging evidence conferred the severity and risk of COVID-19 to RA patients. Amid the evidence of musculoskeletal manifestations involving immune-inflammation-dependent mechanisms and cases of arthralgia and/or myalgia in COVID-19, crosstalk between COVID-19 and RA is often debated. The present article sheds light on the pathological crosstalk between COVID-19 and RA, the risk of RA patients in acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in RA development. We also conferred whether RA can exacerbate COVID-19 outcomes based on available clinical readouts. The mechanistic overlapping in immune-inflammatory features in both COVID-19 and RA was discussed. We showed the emerging links of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-dependent and macrophage-mediated pathways in both diseases. Moreover, a detailed review of immediate challenges and key recommendations for anti-rheumatic drugs in the COVID-19 setting was presented for better clinical monitoring and management of RA patients. Taken together, the present article summarizes available knowledge on the emerging COVID-19 and RA crosstalk and their mechanistic overlaps, challenges, and therapeutic options.
Benefits and Toxicity of Disulfiram in Preclinical Models of Nephropathic Cystinosis
Authors: Taranta Anna , Elmonem Mohamed A. , Bellomo Francesco , De Leo Ester , Boenzi Sara , Janssen Manoe J. , Jamalpoor Amer , Cairoli Sara , Pastore Anna , De Stefanis Cristiano , Colucci Manuela , Rega Laura R. , Giovannoni Isabella , Francalanci Paola , van den Heuvel Lambertus P. , Dionisi-Vici Carlo , Goffredo Bianca M. , Masereeuw Rosalinde , Levtchenko Elena , Emma Francesco
Published: November 2021

Nephropathic cystinosis is a rare disease caused by mutations of the CTNS gene that encodes for cystinosin, a lysosomal cystine/H+ symporter. The disease is characterized by early-onset chronic kidney failure and progressive development of extra-renal complications related to cystine accumulation in all tissues. At the cellular level, several alterations have been demonstrated, including enhanced apoptosis, altered autophagy, defective intracellular trafficking, and cell oxidation, among others. Current therapy with cysteamine only partially reverts some of these changes, highlighting the need to develop additional treatments. Among compounds that were identified in a previous drug-repositioning study, disulfiram (DSF) was selected for in vivo studies. The cystine depleting and anti-apoptotic properties of DSF were confirmed by secondary in vitro assays and after treating Ctns-/- mice with 200 mg/kg/day of DSF for 3 months. However, at this dosage, growth impairment was observed. Long-term treatment with a lower dose (100 mg/kg/day) did not inhibit growth, but failed to reduce cystine accumulation, caused premature death, and did not prevent the development of renal lesions. In addition, DSF also caused adverse effects in cystinotic zebrafish larvae. DSF toxicity was significantly more pronounced in Ctns-/- mice and zebrafish compared to wild-type animals, suggesting higher cell toxicity of DSF in cystinotic cells.
Glycation Interferes with the Expression of Sialyltransferases in Meningiomas
Authors: Selke Philipp , Bork Kaya , Zhang Tao , Wuhrer Manfred , Strauss Christian , Horstkorte Rüdiger , Scheer Maximilian
Published: November 2021

Meningiomas are the most common non-malignant intracranial tumors and prefer, like most tumors, anaerobic glycolysis for energy production (Warburg effect). This anaerobic glycolysis leads to an increased synthesis of the metabolite methylglyoxal (MGO) or glyoxal (GO), which is known to react with amino groups of proteins. This reaction is called glycation, thereby building advanced glycation end products (AGEs). In this study, we investigated the influence of glycation on sialylation in two meningioma cell lines, representing the WHO grade I (BEN-MEN-1) and the WHO grade III (IOMM-Lee). In the benign meningioma cell line, glycation led to differences in expression of sialyltransferases (ST3GAL1/2/3/5/6, ST6GAL1/2, ST6GALNAC2/6, and ST8SIA1/2), which are known to play a role in tumor progression. We could show that glycation of BEN-MEN-1 cells led to decreased expression of ST3Gal5. This resulted in decreased synthesis of the ganglioside GM3, the product of ST3Gal5. In the malignant meningioma cell line, we observed changes in expression of sialyltransferases (ST3GAL1/2/3, ST6GALNAC5, and ST8SIA1) after glycation, which correlates with less aggressive behavior.
Recent Advances in Adipose Tissue Dysfunction and Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Wang Xiaoxiao , Rao Huiying , Liu Feng , Wei Lai , Li Honggui , Wu Chaodong
Published: November 2021

Obesity is a serious ongoing health problem that significantly increases the incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). During obesity, adipose tissue dysfunction is obvious and characterized by increased fat deposition (adiposity) and chronic low-grade inflammation. The latter has been implicated to critically promote the development and progression of NAFLD, whose advanced form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is considered one of the most common causes of terminal liver diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge on obesity-related adipose dysfunction and its roles in the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis and inflammation, as well as liver fibrosis. A better understanding of the crosstalk between adipose tissue and liver under obesity is essential for the development of new and improved preventive and/or therapeutic approaches for managing NAFLD.
Potential of E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer Immunity: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Ye Peng , Chi Xiaoxia , Cha Jong-Ho , Luo Shahang , Yang Guanghui , Yan Xiuwen , Yang Wen-Hao
Published: November 2021

Cancer immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and immune pathway–targeted therapies, are promising clinical strategies for treating cancer. However, drug resistance and adverse reactions remain the main challenges for immunotherapy management. The future direction of immunotherapy is mainly to reduce side effects and improve the treatment response rate by finding new targets and new methods of combination therapy. Ubiquitination plays a crucial role in regulating the degradation of immune checkpoints and the activation of immune-related pathways. Some drugs that target E3 ubiquitin ligases have exhibited beneficial effects in preclinical and clinical antitumor treatments. In this review, we discuss mechanisms through which E3 ligases regulate tumor immune checkpoints and immune-related pathways as well as the opportunities and challenges for integrating E3 ligases targeting drugs into cancer immunotherapy.
Acidic and Hypoxic Microenvironment in Melanoma: Impact of Tumour Exosomes on Disease Progression
Authors: Boussadia Zaira , Gambardella Adriana Rosa , Mattei Fabrizio , Parolini Isabella
Published: November 2021

The mechanisms of melanoma progression have been extensively studied in the last decade, and despite the diagnostic and therapeutic advancements pursued, malignant melanoma still accounts for 60% of skin cancer deaths. Therefore, research efforts are required to better define the intercellular molecular steps underlying the melanoma development. In an attempt to represent the complexity of the tumour microenvironment (TME), here we analysed the studies on melanoma in acidic and hypoxic microenvironments and the interactions with stromal and immune cells. Within TME, acidity and hypoxia force melanoma cells to adapt and to evolve into a malignant phenotype, through the cooperation of the tumour-surrounding stromal cells and the escape from the immune surveillance. The role of tumour exosomes in the intercellular crosstalk has been generally addressed, but less studied in acidic and hypoxic conditions. Thus, this review aims to summarize the role of acidic and hypoxic microenvironment in melanoma biology, as well as the role played by melanoma-derived exosomes (Mexo) under these conditions. We also present a perspective on the characteristics of acidic and hypoxic exosomes to disclose molecules, to be further considered as promising biomarkers for an early detection of the disease. An update on the use of exosomes in melanoma diagnosis, prognosis and response to treatment will be also provided and discussed.
Regulation of Hypoxic Signaling and Oxidative Stress via the MicroRNA–SIRT2 Axis and Its Relationship with Aging-Related Diseases
Authors: Kaitsuka Taku , Matsushita Masayuki , Matsushita Nobuko
Published: November 2021

The sirtuin family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase and ADP-ribosyl transferases plays key roles in aging, metabolism, stress response, and aging-related diseases. SIRT2 is a unique sirtuin that is expressed in the cytosol and is abundant in neuronal cells. Various microRNAs were recently reported to regulate SIRT2 expression via its 3′-untranslated region (UTR), and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the miRNA-binding sites of SIRT2 3′-UTR were identified in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. The present review highlights recent studies into SIRT2-mediated regulation of the stress response, posttranscriptional regulation of SIRT2 by microRNAs, and the implications of the SIRT2–miRNA axis in aging-related diseases.
Sperm Inspection for In Vitro Fertilization via Self-Assembled Microdroplet Formation and Quantitative Phase Microscopy
Authors: Atzitz Yuval , Dudaie Matan , Barnea Itay , Shaked Natan
Published: November 2021

We present a new method for the selection of individual sperm cells using a microfluidic device that automatically traps each cell in a separate microdroplet that then individually self-assembles with other microdroplets, permitting the controlled measurement of the cells using quantitative phase microscopy. Following cell trapping and droplet formation, we utilize quantitative phase microscopy integrated with bright-field imaging for individual sperm morphology and motility inspection. We then perform individual sperm selection using a single-cell micromanipulator, which is enhanced by the microdroplet-trapping procedure described above. This method can improve sperm selection for intracytoplasmic sperm injection, a common type of in vitro fertilization procedure.
Combined Analysis of Early CD4+ T Cell Counts and CMV Serostatus May Improve CMV Risk Assessment after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
Authors: Leserer Saskia , Arrieta-Bolaños Esteban , Buttkereit Ulrike , Beelen Dietrich W. , Turki Amin T.
Published: November 2021

The incidence and severity of viral complications after cellular therapy are highly variable. Recent publications describe relevant interactions between the human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and host immunity in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Although immune monitoring is routinely performed in HCT patients, validated cut-off levels correlating with transplant outcomes such as survival or CMV reactivation are mostly limited to day +100, which is later than the median time for CMV reactivation in the absence of medical prophylaxis. To address this gap in early risk assessment, we applied an unsupervised machine learning technique based on clustering of day +30 CD4+ helper T cell count data, and identified relevant cut-off levels within the diverse spectrum of early CD4+ reconstitution. These clusters were stratified for CMV recipient serostatus to identify early risk groups that predict clinical HCT outcome. Indeed, the new risk groups predicted subsequent clinical events such as NRM, OS, and high CMV peak titers better than the most established predictor, i.e., the positive CMV recipient serostatus (R+). More specifically, patients from the R+/low CD4+ subgroup strongly associated with high CMV peak titers and increased 3-year NRM (subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) 10.1, 95% CI 1.38–73.8, p = 0.023), while patients from the R-/very high CD4+ subgroup showed comparable NRM risks (SHR 9.57, 95% CI 1.12–81.9, p = 0.039) without such an association. In short, our study established novel cut-off levels for early CD4+ T cells via unsupervised learning and supports the integration of host cellular immunity into clinical risk-assessment after HCT in the context of CMV reactivation.
The Cellular Innate Immune Response of the Invasive Pest Insect Drosophila suzukii against Pseudomonas entomophila Involves the Release of Extracellular Traps
Authors: Carrau Tessa , Thümecke Susanne , Silva Liliana M. R. , Perez-Bravo David , Gärtner Ulrich , Taubert Anja , Hermosilla Carlos , Vilcinskas Andreas , Lee Kwang-Zin
Published: November 2021

Drosophila suzukii is a neobiotic invasive pest that causes extensive damage to fruit crops worldwide. The biological control of this species has been unsuccessful thus far, in part because of its robust cellular innate immune system, including the activity of professional phagocytes known as hemocytes and plasmatocytes. The in vitro cultivation of primary hemocytes isolated from D. suzukii third-instar larvae is a valuable tool for the investigation of hemocyte-derived effector mechanisms against pathogens such as wasp parasitoid larvae, bacteria, fungi and viruses. Here, we describe the morphological characteristics of D. suzukii hemocytes and evaluate early innate immune responses, including extracellular traps released against the entomopathogen Pseudomonas entomophila and lipopolysaccharides. We show for the first time that D. suzukii plasmatocytes cast extracellular traps to combat P. entomophila, along with other cell-mediated reactions, such as phagocytosis and the formation of filopodia.
Deficiency of Cathelicidin Attenuates High-Fat Diet Plus Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury through FGF21/Adiponectin Regulation
Authors: Li Fengyuan , Chen Jenny , Liu Yunhuan , Gu Zelin , Jiang Mengwei , Zhang Lihua , Chen Shao-Yu , Deng Zhongbin , McClain Craig J. , Feng Wenke
Published: November 2021

Alcohol consumption and obesity are known risk factors of steatohepatitis. Here, we report that the deficiency of CRAMP (cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide—gene name: Camp) is protective against a high-fat diet (HFD) plus acute alcohol (HFDE)-induced liver injury. HFDE markedly induced liver injury and steatosis in WT mice, which were attenuated in Camp–/– mice. Neutrophil infiltration was lessened in the liver of Camp–/– mice. HFDE feeding dramatically increased epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) mass and induced adipocyte hypertrophy in WT mice, whereas these effects were attenuated by the deletion of Camp. Furthermore, Camp–/– mice had significantly increased eWAT lipolysis, evidenced by up-regulated expression of lipolytic enzymes, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). The depletion of Camp also increased uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-dependent thermogenesis in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) of mice. HFDE fed Camp–/– mice had elevated protein levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in the eWAT, with an increased adiponectin production, which had been shown to alleviate hepatic fat deposition and inflammation. Collectively, we have demonstrated that Camp–/– mice are protected against HFD plus alcohol-induced liver injury and steatosis through FGF21/adiponectin regulation. Targeting CRAMP could be an effective approach for prevention/treatment of high-fat diet plus alcohol consumption-induced steatohepatitis.
Disease-Modifying Adjunctive Therapy (DMAT) in Osteoarthritis—The Biological Effects of a Multi-Mineral Complex, LithoLexal® Joint—A Review
Authors: Eriksen Erik Fink , Lech Osvandre , Nakama Gilberto Yoshinobu , O’Gorman Denise M.
Published: November 2021

Modern advances in molecular medicine have led to the reframing of osteoarthritis as a metabolically active, inflammatory disorder with local and systemic contributing factors. According to the ‘inflammatory theory’ of osteoarthritis, immune response to an initial damage is the key trigger that leads to progressive joint destruction. Several intertwined pathways are known to induce and govern articular inflammation, cartilage matrix degradation, and subchondral bone changes. Effective treatments capable of halting or delaying the progression of osteoarthritis remain elusive. As a result, supplements such as glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate are commonly used despite the lack of scientific consensus. A novel option for adjunctive therapy of osteoarthritis is LithoLexal® Joint, a marine-derived, mineral-rich extract, that exhibited significant efficacy in clinical trials. LithoLexal® has a lattice microstructure containing a combination of bioactive rare minerals. Mechanistic research suggests that this novel treatment possesses various potential disease-modifying properties, such as suppression of nuclear factor kappa-B, interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α, and cyclooxygenase-2. Accordingly, LithoLexal® Joint can be considered a disease-modifying adjunctive therapy (DMAT). LithoLexal® Joint monotherapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis has significantly improved symptoms and walking ability with higher efficacy than glucosamine. Preliminary evidence also suggests that LithoLexal® Joint may allow clinicians to reduce the dose of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in osteoarthritic patients by up to 50%. In conclusion, the multi-mineral complex, LithoLexal® Joint, appears to be a promising candidate for DMAT of osteoarthritis, which may narrow the existing gap in clinical practice.
Hormonal Contraception and Massive Pulmonary Embolism in a COVID-19 Ambulatory Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Valenzuela-Vallejo Laura , Corredor-Orlandelli David , Alzate-Ricaurte Sergio , Hernández-Santamaría Valentina , Aguirre-Ruiz Juan Felipe , Peña-Peña Adwar
Published: November 2021

Coronavirus 19 disease (COVID-19) presents a highly variable clinical presentation and course, ranging from asymptomatic patients to rapidly progressive, fatal pneumonia. The known heterogeneous outcomes can affect both previously healthy patients and those with significant comorbidities, who develop clinical courses with possibly more multisystemic compromise. Likewise, the development of thrombotic phenomena during the acute course of the disease is associated with complications that worsen patient prognosis. We present a case report of a 45-year-old multiparous patient with a history of overweight and chronic use of oral hormonal contraception with low doses of levonorgestrel and estradiol as the only risk factors favoring the development of thrombotic events. During her outpatient COVID-19 clinical course, she developed massive pulmonary thromboembolism resulting in secondary obstructive shock, which required pharmacological thrombolysis. At discharge, hormonal contraception was considered contraindicated, and the patient was released from our institution with continued oral anticoagulant therapy. COVID-19 infection, contraceptive hormone therapy, and overweight are known risk factors for the development of thromboembolic events. The impact of their concomitance has not been studied to date. From our experience, we discuss the impact these risk factors have when present together and invite others to report similar cases.
Methods to Generate Structurally Hierarchical Architectures in Nanoporous Coinage Metals
Authors: Sondhi Palak , Stine Keith J.
Published: November 2021

The fundamental essence of material design towards creating functional materials lies in bringing together the competing aspects of a large specific surface area and rapid transport pathways. The generation of structural hierarchy on distinct and well-defined length scales has successfully solved many problems in porous materials. Important applications of these hierarchical materials in the fields of catalysis and electrochemistry are briefly discussed. This review summarizes the recent advances in the strategies to create a hierarchical bicontinuous morphology in porous metals, focusing mainly on the hierarchical architectures in nanoporous gold. Starting from the traditional dealloying method and subsequently moving to other non-traditional top-down and bottom-up manufacturing processes including templating, 3D printing, and electrodeposition, this review will thoroughly examine the chemistry of creating hierarchical nanoporous gold and other coinage metals. Finally, we conclude with a discussion about the future opportunities for the advancement in the methodologies to create bimodal structures with enhanced sensitivity.
Effect of Harvesting Stages and Calcium Chloride Application on Postharvest Quality of Tomato Fruits
Authors: Mazumder Mohammad Nurun Nabi , Misran Azizah , Ding Phebe , Wahab Puteri Edaroyati Megat , Mohamad Azhar
Published: November 2021

Tomatoes are a good source of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and enzymes, which are beneficial to human health. They are one of the most commercially high-value vegetable crops that experience a huge postharvest loss after harvest. The present experiment is conducted to investigate the effect of different maturity stages (mature green, breaker, and half-ripe stage), pre- and post-harvest treatment with different concentrations (0.0%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%, w/v) of calcium chloride (CaCl2) on the postharvest performance, antioxidant and enzymatic activity of lowland tomato fruits, stored at ambient temperature (28 ± 2  °C and 75 ± 5% RH). Tomato fruit of mature green stage treated with 2% CaCl2 significantly (p = 0.05) declined the ethylene production (15.53%), weight loss (16.43%), and delayed color development by slowly synthesizes the lycopene content as well as extended the shelf life. The maximum amount of total phenolic content (TPC) was demonstrated at the highest level of CaCl2 (2%) after 20 days of storage life at ambient conditions. The concentration of CaCl2 influenced the activity of different plant defense enzymes, and the higher doses of CaCl2 (2%) accelerated the activity of peroxidase (POD) (13%), polyphenol oxidase (POP) (7.3%), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) (8.5%) relative to that of the control samples. Therefore, the tomato producers and traders could extend the storage duration of tomato fruits by harvesting at the mature green stage and applying 2% CaCl2 in both pre-and postharvest at ambient storage conditions.
β-Ti Alloys for Orthopedic and Dental Applications: A Review of Progress on Improvement of Properties through Surface Modification
Authors: Shao Longfei , Du Yiheng , Dai Kun , Wu Hong , Wang Qingge , Liu Jia , Tang Yujin , Wang Liqiang
Published: November 2021

Ti and Ti alloys have charming comprehensive properties (high specific strength, strong corrosion resistance, and excellent biocompatibility) that make them the ideal choice in orthopedic and dental applications, especially in the particular fabrication of orthopedic and dental implants. However, these alloys present some shortcomings, specifically elastic modulus, wear, corrosion, and biological performance. Beta-titanium (β-Ti) alloys have been studied as low elastic modulus and low toxic or non-toxic elements. The present work summarizes the improvements of the properties systematically (elastic modulus, hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, antibacterial property, and bone regeneration) for β-Ti alloys via surface modification to address these shortcomings. Additionally, the shortcomings and prospects of the present research are put forward. β-Ti alloys have potential regarding implants in biomedical fields.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Light-Wood-Framed Shear Walls Strengthened with Parallel Strand Bamboo Panels
Authors: Di Jing , Zuo Hongliang
Published: November 2021

This paper describes experimental and numerical investigations on a new type of strengthened light-wood-framed (LWF) shear wall (SW) that has parallel strand bamboo (PSB) panels at each end. The experiments are divided into two parts: (1) monotonic loading tests of panel-to-frame joints representing different positions along the wall; (2) monotonic loading tests of a group of traditional full-scale SWs and two groups of strengthened walls with nailed or screwed PSB panels. The failure modes, load–displacement curves, ultimate bearing capacity, elastic stiffness, and dissipation are analyzed, and the mechanical properties of panel-to-frame joints and the lateral performance of SWs are discussed. Moreover, nonlinear finite-element analysis shows that the numerical results are in good agreement with the test results. Our findings suggest that using LWF SWs strengthened with nailed PSB panels effectively improves the failure mode and the ductility, stiffness, and dissipation of traditional walls. Using sheathing screws on the PSB panels increases the lateral bearing capacity and the dissipation of the walls, but decreases their ductility ratio. Setting end PSB panels improves the overturning resistance capacity by restricting the uplift of studs. The LWF SWs strengthened with end PSB panels are found to meet the design requirements and reduce construction costs.
A Fault Diagnosis Method Based on EEMD and Statistical Distance Analysis
Authors: Wang Tingzhong , Zhu Tingting , Zhu Lingli , He Ping
Published: November 2021

Serious vibration or wear with large friction usually appear when faults occur, which leads to more serious faults such as the destruction of the oil film, bringing great damages to both the society and economic sector. Therefore, the accurate diagnosis of a fault in the early stage is important for the safety operation of machinery. To effectively extract the fault features for diagnosis, EMD-based methods are widely used. However, these methods spend lots of efforts diagnosing faults and require plenty of professional knowledge of diagnosis. Although many intelligent classifiers can be used to automatically diagnose faults such as wear, a broken tooth and imbalance, the combing EMD-based method, the scarcity of samplings with labels hinder the application of these methods to engineering. It is because the model of the intelligent classifier must be constructed based on sufficient samplings with a label. To solve this problem, we propose a novel fault diagnosis method, which is performed based on the EEMD and statistical distance analysis. In this method, the EEMD is used to decompose one original signal into several IMFs and then the probability density distribution of each IMF is calculated. To diagnose the fault of the machinery, the Euclidean distance between the signal acquired under an unknown fault with the other referenced signals acquired previously under various fault types is calculated. At last, the fault of the signal is the same with the referenced signal when the distance is the smallest. To verify the effectiveness of our proposed method, a dataset of bearings with different faults, and a dataset of 2009 Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) data challenge, including gear, bearing and shaft faults are used. The result shows that the proposed method can not only automatically diagnose faults effectively, but also fewer samplings with a label are used compared with the intelligent methods.
Sustainable Manufacturing Process in the Context of Wood Processing by Sanding
Authors: Očkajová Alena , Kučerka Martin , Kminiak Richard , Banski Adrián
Published: November 2021

The aim of this paper is the issue of a sustainable manufacturing process in the context of woodworking by sanding, as one of the most important technological operations before its final treatment, focusing on a selected pillar of sustainable manufacturing process, waste management. The first step of the experiment was to optimize the pressures of the sanding means on the surface. The optimal pressure of 1.04 N·cm−2 was chosen. The second level was to obtain the wear curves of the abrasive means with grain size 80 (evaluated by wood removal) and the optimal pressure in dependence on the sanding direction (along and perpendicular to the wood fibres and in the direction of 60° to the wood fibres) and different types of woods (beech, oak, alder, pine). The set parameters were suitable for beech and were not suitable for alder and pine. By extending the operating life of the sanding belts via appropriate choice of input factor settings it can be influenced metrics of pillar waste management-savings of material and waste minimization.
Fabrication and Physico-Chemical Properties of Antifungal Samarium Doped Hydroxyapatite Thin Films
Authors: Ciobanu Carmen Steluta , Predoi Daniela , Chapon Patrick , Predoi Mihai Valentin , Iconaru Simona Liliana
Published: November 2021

Samarium doped hydroxyapatite (Ca10−xSmx(PO4)6(OH)2, xSm = 0.5, 50SmHAp) is a very promising candidate to be used for different coatings in various dental and orthopedic implants. We report, for the first time, the obtaining of 50SmHAp thin films by a cost-effective method, namely spin coating. Thin films of 50SmHAp on silicon substrate have been analyzed by various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Metallographic microscopy and Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GDOES). The stability of 50SmHAp suspension was evaluated by ultrasound measurements. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also used to evaluate the 50SmHAp suspension. The antifungal activity of 50SmHAp suspension and coatings was assessed using Candida albicans ATCC 10231 fungal strain (C. albicans). The results of the antifungal assays depicted that both 50SmHAp suspensions and coatings were effective in inhibiting the development of C. albicans fungal cells, thus making them ideal candidates for the development of novel antifungal agents. The obtained results give new perspective for possible applications of 50SmHAp thin films in various medical applications due to their antifungal properties.
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Conyza canadensis and Their Antifungal Activity against Bipolaris maydis
Authors: Yi Yueming , Wang Changjin , Cheng Xinxin , Yi Kechuan , Huang Weidong , Yu Haibing
Published: November 2021

Silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized from Conyzacanadensis leaf extract with the help of a microwave oven. The UV-vis spectrum showed the maximum absorption at 441 nm, corresponding to the surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope images showed that the synthesized silver nanoparticles were spherical or near-spherical with an average diameter of 43.9 nm. X-ray diffraction demonstrated nanoparticles with a single-phase cubic structure. As-synthesized silver nanoparticles displayed prominent antifungal activity against Bipolaris maydis. The colony inhibition rate reached 88.6% when the concentration of nanosilver colloid was 100 μL·mL−1 (v/v). At such a concentration, no colony formation was observed on the solid plate. The diameter of the inhibition zone was 13.20 ± 1.12 mm. These results lay the foundation for the comprehensive control of plant pathogens using an environmentally friendly approach.
Evaluation of Strength and Microstructural Properties of Heat Treated High-Molybdenum Content Maraging Steel
Authors: Seikh Asiful H. , Halfa Hossam , Soliman Mahmoud S.
Published: November 2021

Effect of high molybdenum content ~10% as an alloying element on the strength and microstructural properties of 11% nickel—1.25% titanium maraging steel was evaluated. To increase the homogeneity and cleanliness of produced ingot, the investigated steel sample was produced by melting the raw material in an open-air induction melting furnace followed by refining utilizing a direct current electro-slag refining machine. The produced steel samples were both forged and heat-treated in optimum condition to acquire the full capacity of mechanical properties especially the tensile properties. After Forging and heat treatment at optimum condition, steel samples were evaluated by optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The experimental data showed that this steel sample has ultimate strength ~2100 MPa and elongation around 14%. High tensile properties obtained may be attributed on one hand due to the presence of high alloying lamellar martensite phase and lamellar austenite phase which has high dislocation intensity, and on the other hand, due to the high homogeneity and cleanliness of investigated samples from large nonmetallic inclusions. The results also show that a high amount of intermetallic compounds (NiMo3 and NiTi3) which are completely round and have a very low size not more than hundred nanometers.
Preparation and Evaluation of Cu-Zn-GNSs Nanocomposite Manufactured by Powder Metallurgy
Authors: Hamed A. T. , Mosa E. S. , Mahdy Amir , El-Batanony Ismail G. , A. Elkady Omayma
Published: November 2021

Room-temperature ball milling technique has been successfully employed to fabricate copper-zinc graphene nanocomposite by high-energy ball milling of elemental Cu, Zn, and graphene. Copper powder reinforced with 1-wt.% nanographene sheets were mechanically milled with 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.% Zn powder. The ball-to-powder weight ratio was selected to be 10:1 with a 400-rpm milling speed. Hexane and methanol were used as a process control agent (PCA) during composite fabrication. The effect of PCA on the composite microstructure was studied. The obtained composites were compacted by a uniaxial press under 700 MPa. The compacted samples were sintered under a controlled atmosphere at 1023 K for 90 min. The microstructure, mechanical, and tribological properties of the prepared Cu-Zn GrNSs nanocomposites were studied. All results indicated that composites using hexane as PCA had a uniform microstructure with higher densities. The densities of sintered samples were decreased gradually by increasing the Zn percent. The obtained composite contained 10 wt.% Zn had a more homogeneous microstructure, low porosity, higher Vickers hardness, and compression strength, while the composite contained 15 wt.% Zn recorded the lowest wear rate. Both the electrical and thermal conductivities were decreased gradually by increasing the Zn content.