bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skin sepsis in meat handlers: observations on the causes of injury with special reference to bone
Authors: Barnham M. , Kerby J.
Published: March 2010

Outbreaks of wound infection withStreptococcus pyogenesandStaphylococcus aureusoccurred in an abattoir and a pork-processing factory in Autumn 1980. Investigations showed that staff handling the meat before de-boning were particularly affected and that bone was the cause of 48 % of the wounds which became clinicially infected. Of the total isolates ofStrep. pyogenesandStaph. aureusfrom wounds of known cause 75% were from lesions caused by bone. In one outbreak streptococcal infection was seen principally in newly-employed staff. Group L streptococci were found in several sites in the pork factory and were isolated from infected lesions in two workers.Strep. pyogenesandStaph. aureuswere cultured from tap handles in the lavatories.

Sixty-six workers were examined in a non-epidemic period and 59 % were found to have current wounds on the hand or wrist; 13% of wounds were infected butStrep. pyogeneswas not isolated. Bone was the commonest of the many causes of injury, accounting for 31 % of all wounds. Butchers had the highest rates of wounding and most bone-inflicted injury was seen in this group. Packers were the only group to wear protective gloves regularly. Damaged fingernails were found in 50% of workers, including a high proportion of nail-biters (33% of all workers). The epidemic strain ofStaph. aureuswas cultured from bitten fingernails. Three of four infected workers carrying epidemic organisms in the throat were examined and all were nail-biters. Sharp-edged bone was produced by rotary saws early in the production line and bone dust contaminated the carcasses and adjacent surfaces. It is suggested that bone fragments could contaminate wounds and that this might have implications for the initiation of infection and the development of outbreaks.
Escherichia coli resistant to tetracyclines and to other antibiotics in the faeces of U.K. chickens and pigs in 1980
Authors: Smith H. Williams , Lovell Margaret A.
Published: March 2010

A survey conducted in 1980, 9 years after the banning of the use of tetracyclines as feed additives in the U.K., indicated that table chickens and pigs were still a large reservoir of tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli; the incidence of transferable tetracycline resistance was greater in chicken E. coli strains (68%) than in pig E. coli strains (20%). Large amounts of sulphonamide-resistant and of furazolidone-resistant E. coli were found in the faeces of chickens; E. coli resistant to both sulphonamides and streptomycin were common in the faeces of chickens and pigs. E. coli with transferable or mobilizable trimethoprim resistance were present in the faeces of most pigs and in the faeces of 10 % of chickens.
A modified radioimmunoassay for antibodies against Brucella abortus
Authors: Chappel R. J. , Hayes J. , Brain G. J. , McNaught D. J.
Published: March 2010

The radioimmunoassay for brucellosis previously reported from this laboratory was a sensitive and useful method for detecting antibody against Brucella abortus in bovine serum. Changes in the procedure have improved sensitivity, have apparently increased interassay precision, and have made the assay easier to perform.
Campylobacter jejuniand salmonella in raw red meats. A Public Health Laboratory Service Survey
Authors: Turnbull P. C. B. , Rose Phyllis
Published: March 2010

Thirty-one laboratories examined a total of 6169 meat samples, 1236 from abattoirs and 4933 from retail and other outlets.Campylobacter jejuniwas isolated from 98 (1·6%). A higher isolation rate of 49/1236 (4·0%) was found among abattoir than among retail and other samples (49/4933–1·0%). Twenty-two of the laboratories looked for salmonella; although 94/4002 (2·3%) were positive, in only one sample of minced beef were campylobacter and salmonella found together. Isolation rates for salmonellae were 75/3576 (2·1%) from retail and 19/426 (4·5%) from abattoir samples.

Analysis of the results revealed that (1) the contamination rate of raw red meat byC. jejuniis, in general, very low; (2) when contaminated, numbers of organisms are generally also very low; (3) enrichment procedures were of some value; 41/98 (42%) isolates were detected by enrichment only, but, on the other hand 8 (8%) were direct plate positive/enrichment negative; (4) practice at looking for the organism and increased seasonal temperatures over the survey period did not result in a noticeable increase in isolations; (5) there was no apparent correlation between campylobacter and salmonella isolations.
The sanitary condition of rural drinking water in a Nile Delta village. I. Parasitological assessment of ‘zir’ stored and direct tap water
Authors: Khairy Amal E. M. , Sebaie Olfat El , Gawad Aleya Abdel , Attar Laila El
Published: March 2010

Drinking water is a recognized mode of transmission of various parasitic and bacterial infections and high prevalence rates of water-borne infection have been found during past studies in rural areas of the Nile Delta (Farag et al. 1979; Khairy. Barakat & Omar, 1978).
Influenza surveillance in England and Wales using routine statistics: Development of ‘cusum’ graphs to compare 12 previous winters and to monitor the 1980/81 winter
Authors: Tillett Hilary E. , Spencer Inge-Lise
Published: March 2010

Surveillance of influenza in England and Wales is made by monitoring weekly data. Principal indices are deaths, sickness-benefit claims (SBC), laboratory reports and observations from general practitioners (GPs). The 12 winters 1968/9 to 1979/80 have been studied to see which indices best described size and timing of influenza epidemics. A method of plotting the data (called cusums) is suggested which makes it easier to see the effect of small epidemics.

Cusums for GP statistics and respiratory deaths were found to be the most helpful indices for describing both size and timing of the epidemics, followed by total deaths and SBC, which were less specific to influenza, and influenza deaths, which lagged behind other indices. Deaths certified as pneumonia have been increasing over these years, whereas bronchitis deaths have been decreasing and these indices should not be used separately for monitoring.

The laboratory reporting system is important. It confirms the presence of influenza virus in the community and indicates prevalent strains. Because it is a voluntary system with no defined population base the reports are not reliable numerically for estimating relative size of epidemics or for developing cusums.

Cusum plots were unanimous in describing the winter of 1980/1 as one of little influenza activity.
Influence of multiple plating from fluid media on salmonella isolation from animal feeding stuffs
Authors: Harvey R. W. S. , Price T. H.
Published: March 2010

The influence of multiple plating of fluid cultures on salmonella isolation from animal feeding stuffs was examined. Four platings were made from broth culture after 24 h at 37 °C and four platings from selenite enrichment from 24 h at 43 °C. Selenite enrichment followed broth culture which was used as a pre-enrichment stage. Brilliant green MacConkey agar plates were employed for broth subculture and brilliant green MacConkey and desoxycholate citrate agars for selenite subculture. The eight brilliant green plates subcultured from broth and selenite were examined for salmonellas after incubation for 24 h at 37 °C. The four desoxycholate citrate agars after 24 h at 37 °C were used for motility enrichment. The food sample size was a single 100 g instead of 4 x 25 g cultured in an earlier study. This pooling of samples aimed at technical economy. Quadruple plating played an important part in salmonella isolation from 100 g specimens. The combination of multiple plating with motility enrichment was the most successful technique used.
Characterization of resistance plasmids and carried phages in an epidemic clone of multi-resistantSalmonella typhimuriumin India
Authors: Frost J. A. , Rowe B. , Ward L. R. , Threlfall E. J.
Published: March 2010

Hospital outbreaks of severe gastroenteritis caused by multi-resistantSalmonellatyphimuriumhave occurred in a number of cities throughout India since 1977. The strains involved belong to phage types 66 or 122, or are untypable; the latter are derived from types 66 or 122 by acquisition of one or more of a number of temperate bacteriophages. Types 66 and 122 are closely related and react with the same phages of theS. typhimuriumtyping scheme.

A plasmid belonging to compatibility group FImeencoding resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, sulphonamides, spectinomycin, tetracyclines, gentamicin and trimethoprim (R-type ACKSSuSpTGTm) is present in all of the multi-resistant strains. Several other plasmids have been identified including an SSu resistance determinant, a group I2, transfer factor and an R factor coding for resistance to kanamycin, streptomycin and sulphonamides which is compatible with plasmids of all the standard compatibility groups. These plasmids are only present in a proportion of the strains examined.

Examination of strains from other sources has identified a paediatric hospital outbreak in Saudi Arabia and a number of sporadic infections in Great Britain which have been caused by the same organisms. These studies show that, despite differences in phage type and plasmid content, this group of strains belongs to a single clone which has become widespread in India with some extension to other countries.
An outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by both rotavirus andShigella sonneiin a private school in Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Sutmoller F. , Azeredo R. S. , Lacerda M. D. , Barth O. M. , Pereira H. G. , Hoffer E. , Schatzmayr H. G.
Published: March 2010

In May 1980 an extensive outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred in a private school in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Examination of faeces and paired sera showed that this outbreak was caused by both rotavirus and a virulent strain ofShigella sonnei. In the first 19 stool samples collected seven (37%) had rotavirus only, six (32%) hadSh. sonneionly, while four (21 %) had both agents. Examination of the second and third stool collections revealed only the presence ofSh. sonnei. The 18 paired sera showed seroconversion for rotavirus in four cases (22%) and in seven cases (39 %) forSh. sonnei. The overall attack rate of the disease was approximately 75 %, the nursery and kindergarten having higher attack rates. Students in all grades became sick at the same time, and the unimodal curve of the onset dates of symptoms indicates a common source outbreak. Evidence suggested a contaminated water supply.
Hand carriage of aerobic Gram-negative rods by health care personnel
Authors: Adams Brian G. , Marrie Thomas J.
Published: March 2010

A quantitative culture technique (hand washed in a glove containing broth for 30 s) was used to determine the frequency of hand carriage of aerobic Gram-negative rods by various groups of health care workers and 104 control subjects. Overall, 31 % of health care workers carried aerobic Gram-negative rods on their hands compared to 59% of control subjects (P< 0.001).Enterobacter agglomeransaccounted for 40% of the isolates, and otherEnterobacterspp. 7%. Other organisms includedAcinetobacter calcoaceticus21%, Serratiaspp. 11%,Klebsiellaspp. 10%,Moraxellaspp. 3%,Pseudomonasspp. 3%,Proteusspp. 1.5%,Escherichia coli1%;Morganella morganii, Citrobacter freundii, Aeromonassp. and an isolate that was not speciated accounted for 0.5% each. We conclude that endemic hand carriage of aerobic Gram-negative rods by health care personnel is common, but significantly less than that of control subjects.Enterobacter agglomeransis found so frequently on the hands of control subjects that it must be considered part of the normal hand flora.
Salmonella organisms in garden fertilizers of animal origin
Authors: Smith H. Williams , Tucker J. F. , Hall M. L. M. , Rowe B.
Published: March 2010

Of 120 specimens of garden fertilizers of animal origin purchased in retail shops, 40 (33·3%) were found to be contaminated with salmonella organisms. Untreated bone meal (53·1%) was the most heavily contaminated but 25% of specimens of this product classed as heat-treated or sterilized were positive. In all, 32 serotypes were identified.
Rapid single-tube confirmatory test forEscherichia coli
Authors: Smith J. L. , Rockliff S.
Published: March 2010

A single-tube confirmatory test that allows a result to be obtained in 4 h has been developed from the single-tube confirmatory test recommended by the Joint Committee of the Public Health Laboratory Service and the Standing Committee of Analysts (PHLS/SCA, 1980). A variety of river, lake and reservoir samples were examined for the presence ofE. coliusing either most probable number (MPN) or membrane filtration (MF) technique, and the PHLS/SCA recommended confirmatory medium (LTMB) was evaluated against traditional methods. To improve the performance of LTMB, the medium was modified and this modified medium when used in 0·1 ml volumes and incubated for 4 h at 44°C provided 99% agreement with traditional methods.
Bovine tuberculosis in domestic and wild mammals in an area of Dorset. III. The prevalence of tuberculosis in mammals other than badgers and cattle
Authors: Little T. W. A. , Swan C. , Thompson H. V. , Wilesmith J. W.
Published: March 2010

A large sample of the wild mammals found on a farm in South Dorset were trapped and examined for the presence ofMycobacterium bovisfollowing the discovery of widespread infection in cattle and badgers.M. boviswas isolated from the lymph nodes of two out of 90 rats (Rattus norvegicus) and one out of seven foxes (Vulpes vulpes) but no lesions of tuberculosis were observed. It was concluded that the badger was the only species of wild mammal which was a reservoir ofM. bovisin this area.
Studies on the growth of Vibrio cholerae biotype eltor and biotype classical in foods
Authors: Kolvin Jennifer L. , Roberts Diane
Published: March 2010

The growth of Vibrio cholerae biotype eltor and biotype classical was studied in a range of cooked foods, shellfish and raw vegetables, incubated at 22°, 30° and 37°C. Both biotypes grew in all cooked foods but growth was not demonstrated on raw shellfish. The organism multiplied on some vegetables to levels of the order of 105/g. The classical biotypes of V. cholerae showed a longer lag period than the eltor biotypes in some foods particularly when incubated at 22°C. The eltor biotypes reached a higher level in the stationary phase than the classical biotypes.
Vi serology in screening of typhoid carriers: improved specificity by detection of Vi antibodies by counterimmunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Chau P. Y. , Tsang R. S. W.
Published: March 2010

A purified soluble Vi antigen was used in counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), passive haemagglutination (HA) and solid phase radio-immunoassay (SPRIA) for detection of serum Vi antibody. Serum Vi antibody was detected in 13 of 14 chronic typhoid carriers by both CIE and HA. SPRIA studies showed that Vi antibodies in sera of these carriers were mainly of the IgG class. Successful treatment with amoxycillin in one carrier, who initially showed a positive Vi test, resulted in a reversion in 6 months to seronegativity as measured by Vi CIE. However, Vi antibody was also detected in 10 sera (3%) from 329 control subjects by HA but not by CIE. When the CIE assay was applied to 1030 serum specimens obtained from hospitalized patients, it was able to detect one typhoid carrier, but one (0·1%) non-carrier also gave a positive Vi CIE test. It is thus concluded that Vi CIE is more specific and no less sensitive than Vi HA for the detection of the typhoid carrier state. The finding by SPRIA that the anti-Vi antibodies present in typhoid carriers' sera were mainly of the IgG class further justified the use of CIE as a precipitation test for their detection.
Immunological enhancement and the pathogenesis of dengue haemorrhagic fever
Authors: Porterfield J. S.
Published: March 2010

Laboratory studies have provided evidence that the replication of dengue viruses in preparations of primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells of human or simian origin, or in macrophage-like cell lines of human or murine origin, may be enhanced by sub-neutralizing concentrations of homotypic dengue antibody, by heterotypic dengue antibody, or by antibody against heterologous flaviviruses. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is discussed in the context of dengue haemorrhagic fever and the dengue shock syndrome.
An outbreak of cowpox in captive cheetahs: virological and epidemiological studies
Authors: Baxby D. , Ashton D. G. , Jones D. M. , Thomsett L. R.
Published: March 2010

This paper describes virological and epidemiological features of an infection which killed two of three affected cheetahs at Whipsnade Park in 1977. Two animals had profuse skin lesions and the third had an acute haemorrhagic pneumonia. The outbreak was shown to be caused by cowpox virus. Cowpox virus is believed to circulate in small wild animals, but the source of infection was not traced despite virological and serological tests on 93 captive and 102 wild animals.

Sub-clinical infections did not occur in susceptible contact cheetahs. Immune globulin did not influence the outcome and smallpox vaccine does not take in cheetahs. Management of any future outbreak will rely on prompt diagnosis and segregation of infected animals.
Arginine deprivation and the generation of white variants in cowpox virus-infected cell cultures
Authors: Williamson J. D. , Mackett M.
Published: March 2010

The white pock variant of cowpox virus shows limited growth in chick embryo fibroblasts maintained in arginine-deprived culture medium. Since these conditions inhibit the growth of parental virus, there is a marked increase in the frequency of the white variant in the virus population recovered after passage in the absence of arginine. The variants generated in this system have been characterized by restriction endonuclease analysis of virus DNA in the total DNA recovered from infected cell cultures. Such analysis shows that the white variants arise as deletion mutants of the parental virus, but there was considerable heterogeneity in the restriction patterns of different isolates examined shortly after their generation. Further passage selected white cowpox virus populations with a stable genome configuration comparable with the DNA of pock-purified white variants.
The pathogenicity of a newly discovered human mycoplasma (strain G37) for the genital tract of marmosets
Authors: Taylor-Robinson D. , Furr Patricia M. , Hetherington C. M.
Published: March 2010

In an attempt to demonstrate the pathogenicity of a newly discovered mycoplasma (strain G37) isolated from the human genital tract, six female marmosets (Callithix jacchus) were inoculated intravaginally. Four of the animals were infected as indicated by repeated recovery of the organisms on vaginal swabbing, and infection persisted for 72–149 days or more. In addition, the infected marmosets exhibited a serum antibody response detected most easily by an immunofluorescence technique, and a persistent vaginal polymorphonuclear leucocyte response not seen in two uninfected and in two uninoculated animals.
Effects of chloramphenicol onChlamydia trachomatisinfection in neonatal conjunctivitis and in McCoy cell cultures
Authors: Hobson D. , Stefanidis D. , Rees E. , Tait I. A.
Published: March 2010

It was found that 26 of 127 infants with chlamydial conjunctivitis had previously received chloramphenicol eye drops. This treatment had delayed the onset and reduced the degree of oedema, congestion and discharge compared with infected infants with no ‘first-line’ chemotherapy, but eye swabs remained positive in 22 (85 %) of the chloramphenicol treated infants.

The problems of designing laboratory tests which might accurately forecast the clinical value, or lack of value of antibiotics in chlamydial infections were investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of chloramphenicol, againstChlamydia trachomatisin McCoy cell cultures varied widely according to the antibiotic preparation used, the timing and duration of its exhibition in relation to the single step growth cycle ofC. trachomatis, and, in particular, the method of examination of infected tissue cultures for residual chlamydial growth after incubation with chloramphenicol.
Characterization of the major antigens ofHaemophilus equigenitalis(contagious equine metritis organism)
Authors: Corbel M. J. , Brewer R. A.
Published: March 2010

Immunoelectrophoresis of ultrasonically disrupted Haemophilus equigenitalis (contagious equine metritis organism) cells against rabbit and equine antisera disclosed at least 11 precipitating antigens. Two of these, a polysaccharide and a lipopolysaccharide–protein complex, were of high molecular weight and located on the cell surface. The remaining antigens were intracellular and were small- to medium-sized proteins.

The surface antigens were the most significant in relation to the serological response in infected horses. They also reacted with sera from apparently healthy cattle, but the reason for this was not determined. No serological cross-reaction betweenH. equigenitalisand species ofAchromobacterandMoraxellawas detected.
Human astrovirus serotypes
Authors: Lee T. W. , Kurtz J. B.
Published: March 2010

Two serotypes of human astroviruses are described. It is proposed that these should be called serotype 1 and serotype 2. Using antisera to these two types, 13 of 15 other community-acquired strains were able to be typed, 12 as serotype 1 and one as serotype 2.
Successional changes in epiphytic rainforest lichens: implications for the management of rainforest communities
Authors: MORLEY Sharon E. , GIBSON Maria
Published: March 2010

We explored lichen species richness and patterns of lichen succession on rough barkedNothofagus cunninghamiitrees and on smooth barkedAtherosperma moschatumtrees in cool temperate rainforests in Victoria, Australia.Nothofagus cunninghamiitrees from the Yarra Ranges, andA. moschatumtrees from Errinundra were ranked into size classes (small, medium, large and extra-large), and differences in species richness and composition were compared between size classes for each tree species.Nothofagus cunninghamiisupported a rich lichen flora (108 trees, 52 lichen species), with the largest trees supporting a significantly higher number of species, including many uncommon species. This success was attributed to varying bark texture, stand characteristics and microhabitat variations as the trees age.Atherosperma moschatumsupported a comparable number of species (120 trees, 54 lichen species). Indeed on average, this host supported more lichen species thanN. cunninghamii. However, successional patterns with increasing girth were not as clear forA. moschatum, possibly due to the more stable microclimate that this smooth barked host provided. Victorian cool temperate rainforests exist primarily as small, often isolated pockets within a sea of Eucalypt-dominated, fire-prone forest. Many are regenerating from past disturbance. We find that protection of Victoria's oldest rainforest pockets is crucial, as they represent sources of rare, potentially threatened lichen species, and may be acting as reservoirs for propagules for nearby ageing rainforests. Indeed, even single, large old trees have conservation importance, as they may provide exceptional microhabitats, not found elsewhere in the regenerating rainforest environment.
Lecanographa uniseptata, a new species from Gabon and Guatemala (Ascomycota, Arthoniales)
Authors: ERTZ Damien , van den BOOM Pieter P. G. , TEHLER Anders , DEGREEF Jérôme
Published: March 2010

Lecanographa uniseptata is described as new to science. It is characterized by having small rounded to lirellate ascomata, and 1-septate ascospores. The species is known from tropical Africa (Gabon) and tropical America (Guatemala).
Labrocarpongen. nov. forMelaspilea canariensis, with the description ofBuelliella protoparmeliopsissp. nov. from South America
Authors: PÉREZ-ORTEGA Sergio , ETAYO Javier
Published: March 2010

The new genusLabrocarponis introduced for the speciesMelaspilea canariensisbased on the presence of excipular periphysoids. In addition,Buelliella protoparmeliopsisis described from Chile, the twelfth species of the genus. Notes on the two new taxa and related species are provided.
Population genetics and the detection of immunogenic and drug-resistant loci inPlasmodium
Authors: Hastings I. M
Published: March 2010

Host immunity will result in increased homozygosity at immunogenic loci if they encode products that elicit allele-specific immune responses. This increased homozygosity can be detected by comparison to ‘neutral’ (i. e. unselected) loci in the same genome which act as controls for the various epidemiological factors, such as biting rate, which affect homozygosity. Numerical results suggest that homozygosity should be 20 to 500 % higher at immunogenic loci, a result which is robust to changes in host death rate and the degree of linkage between the immunogenic and neutral loci. The same logic applies to loci which encode drug resistance: treated individuals with resistant infections will transmit zygotes homozygous for the resistance allele. It is argued that this increased homozygosity at putative immunogenic loci can act as a diagnostic feature to test using field data. The method also serves as a potentially very powerful method of identifying immunogenic and drug-resistant loci in laboratory studies of species such as the murine malariaPlasmodium chabaudi.
Molecular forms of tegumental and muscle acetylcholinesterases of Schistosoma
Authors: Camacho M. , Alsford S. , Agnew A.
Published: March 2010

Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) is present in the muscle and on the tegument of schistosomes. Molecular forms of schistosome AChE were examined because particular AChEs are found in tissues of distinct function elsewhere. The dimeric globular form (G2) is the only form evident in adult Schistosoma haematobium: 32 % of the muscle AChE is hydrophilic and 61 % is membrane associated. A substantial amount of this enzyme is phosphatidylinositol (PI) anchored since it could be released by PI-specific phospholipase C from both muscle and tegumental membranes.
Changes in gas composition in the swimbladder of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) infected withAnguillicola crassus(Nematoda)
Authors: Würtz J. , Taraschewski H. , Pelster B.
Published: March 2010

The effectof Anguillicola crassus(Nematoda) on gas composition in the swimbladder of eels (Anguilla anguilla) was studied using mass spectrometry in feral eels from two German rivers and in experimentally infected eels. In both naturally and experimentally infected eels significant correlations were observed between the proportion of oxygen in the swimbladder and level of infection withAnguillicola crassus. In swimbladders of naturally infected feral eels the contribution of oxygen to swimbladder gas was reduced by 36–62·9% and in experimentally infected eels it was reduced by 11·4–57% compared to uninfected controls. The proportion of CO2appeared to be lower in infected swimbladders compared to uninfected ones. However, this change was not significant. The findings are discussed in relation to an altered structure of the swimbladder wall due to the parasite.
Charity and Discrimination: The Misericórdia of Goa
Authors: dos Guimarães Sá Isabel
Published: March 2010

Domination is not hegemony, and no stable colonial system can survive on the basis of permanent physical violence over the local populations; a fiction of generosity has to be installed in order to create a bond between the rulers and the ruled. In order to establish a rhetoric based on disinterested giving, colonial powers had to make available to the colonised populations some “benefits” that could be claimed as being advantageous for the recipients and testify to the generosity of the givers. The “gift” on the part of the Portuguese in the Asian colonial context was their effort to convert the local populations to Christianity, a major enterprise that was undertaken with the help of the religious orders, and most especially the Jesuits. As a result of efforts to convert the masses, newly baptised populations could be granted some degree of integration in colonial society. One of such instances of integration was charity, although, as we shall see, converts were taken care of in a luminal social space that was well below that awarded to the colonists. The example of the Misericórdia of Goa can illustrate the point I am trying to make. The charity provided to the converted populations by this confraternity was directed mainly to the Portuguese-born elites, or their descendants, but did nevertheless include those willing to be integrated in the Catholic Church through conversion.
Language and Culture of the Jesuit “Early Modernity” in India during the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Zupanov Ines G.
Published: March 2010

What I call the Jesuit “early modernity” is more or less an adapted translation of a concept recently used in France by historians of science who work on Jesuit materials. They call it in French “la première moderne” or “the first modernity” in order to talk about the precocious scientific interests generated within the Jesuit networks of knowledge. The “early” modernity should be taken here as an extension of the French concept in order to encompass a variety of innovative social and cultural practice.
Wanting to know everything in a complex world: An interview with Allison Blakely
Authors: De Graaf Suzanne
Published: March 2010

In the fall semester of 2007 Professor Allison Blakely visited the Netherlands, a country that he studied extensively for his acclaimed book on racial imagery, Blacks in the Dutch World: The Evolution of Racial Imagery in a Modern Society (Indiana University Press, 1994). His other work on the black experience in Europe, Russia and the Negro: Blacks in Russian History and Thought (Howard University Press, 1986), won the American Book Award in 1988. Professor Blakely published numerous articles in a myriad of national and international journals. Blakely is currently Professor of European and Comparative History and George and Joyce Wein Professor of African-American Studies at Boston University. In 2006 he was elected president of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, and in the spring of 2008 he will be a visiting fellow at Harvard University's W.E.B. Du Bois Institute.
Records in a Rival's Repository: Archives of the Dutch East India Company and Related Materials in the India Office Records (British Library), London (and the National Archives of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur)
Authors: Bes Lennart
Published: March 2010

Two of the former so-called rival empires of trade in the Orient, the Dutch and the British with their respective East India Companies, are today friendly neighbours, closely co-operating both politically and economically. Their erstwhile mercantile rivalry in the East, however, is still reflected in the fact that part of the records of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) is nowadays kept in—of all places—the department of India Office Records at the British Library in London, the very repository of the archives of the British East India Company (EIC).

This article presents an overview of the relatively unknown and unexplored materials derived, copied, or translated from the VOC and stored in that lion's den. Apart from a few miscellaneous papers, three groups of records will be described: the remaining archives of the VOC establishment at Melaka (in Malaysia), VOC documents in the Mackenzie collections, and relevant materials in the archives of the EIC. The bulk of the first group of records and parts of the second and third group are unique. In addition, the few Dutch records from Melaka that still remain in Malaysia will be dealt with in an Appendix.
The Portuguese Slave Trade to Spanish Manila: 1580–1640
Authors: Seijas Tatiana
Published: March 2010

Catarina de San Juan was a slave woman who was brought to the Philippines in the 1610s on her way to Mexico, where she became a beata of great renown. Her experiences in the slave markets of Cochin and Manila suggest that Portuguese traders played a key role as the primary suppliers of Asian slaves to the Philippines. This paper argues that Portuguese slavers made a significant contribution to the Manila economy by providing an important labour force that helped build and maintain the colony from 1580 to 1640, the years of Iberian Union or, from the Portuguese perspective, the “Spanish Captivity”. One-crown rule gave Portuguese traders free trade access to Manila, allowing them to meet the city's demand for this important commodity. The slave trade's volume and profits testify to its social and economic significance and suggests that the Portuguese helped sustain the Philippines, even as they faced the logistical difficulties and legal barriers evident in Catarina's story. This paper shows that the forced migration of individuals like Catarina was a notable outcome of “Spain's Asian presence”—less significant in economic terms than the transfer of silver and textiles, but no less important in human terms.
New Albion: Anatomy of an English Colonisation Failure, 1632–1659
Authors: Roper L.H.
Published: March 2010

Where do episodes of colonising failure fit into the historiography of European expansion? Almost by definition, this field, especially those aspects of it concerned with colonial social formation, privileges the study of those colonies which became established. Nor does an enquiry into failure have much to offer to those who have adopted the increasingly popular “Atlantic” perspective on European overseas activity. The students in this school of thought stress the importance of the commercial and social links between European-American settlements, as well as with Africa and Europe. These were forged through the unprecedented movement of people and commodities generated by early modern overseas activity, especially across the Atlantic Ocean. These connections and the corresponding mingling of peoples from four continents constitute the key elements in the development of “modernity” and the creation of a manifestly new world.
OttomanGuerre de Courseand the Indian Ocean Spice Trade: The Career of Sefer Reis
Authors: Casale Giancarlo
Published: March 2010

The middle decades of the sixteenth century witnessed one of the most dramatic and unexpected transformations in the history of long-distance intercontinental commerce: the revival of the transit spice trade through the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, following a period of nearly fifty years during which it had been redirected almost in its entirety through the Portuguese-controlled route around the Cape of Good Hope. And yet, while modern scholars have been aware of this sea change in global commerce for generations, the reasons behind it still remain a subject of debate. Numerous explanations have been proposed, ranging from changes in the international demand for spices to corruption within the Portuguese administration. Until now, however, none has taken into account what may be the most important factor of all: the rising power of Ottoman corsairs, whose predatory raids against Portuguese targets were instrumental in subverting theEstado da India'ssystem for controlling trade in the western Indian Ocean.
Storehouse of Stimulants: Opium in the Market of al-Mukhâ at the Turn of the Seventeenth Century: Statements by Dutch Eyewitnesses
Authors: Brouwer C.G.
Published: March 2010

Around the Yemeni port city of al-Mukhâ hangs the intoxicating smell of coffee. Almost no publication can be pointed out, from popularising travel guide to elaborate research report, in which mocha is not considered the export item par excellence, or rather the icon of the city. Only during the Montpellier conference on coffee, held in October 1997, was it concluded, in a contribution devoted to the emergence of the town in the early seventeenth century, that al-Mukhâ had been neither exclusively or mainly a coffee port, nor the sole one, or even the most important one. Mocha, in fact, “was not at all synonymous with al-Mukhâ”. In subsequent years, it could be demonstrated on the basis of abundant source material that spices, textiles, minerals, porcelains and aromatics were sold in the Mukhâwi market as well.
“How This Shall Be Brought About”: The Development of the SSPCK's American Policy
Authors: Grigg John A.
Published: March 2010

Reflecting broader trends in the study of colonial British America, historians have increasingly recognised the transatlantic nature of Protestant mission work. Both homeland and colonial participants shared a common worldview and goal when it came to the conversion of Native Americans. However, historians frequently present a bifurcated process: British-based mission boards and agencies provided funding and broad parameters, while colonial agents, ministers, and officials dictated the ways in which the missionaries themselves operated. In general, this is an accurate reflection of the reality of the Atlantic world, given the communication times and the normal inability of British sponsors to visit any work in progress. These limitations often led to a disconnect between goals laid out in Britain and practices on the ground in the colonies. An exception to this practice can be found in the early attempts of the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge (SSPCK) to establish a mission presence in New England.
Explaining quantitative variation in the rate of Optional Infinitive errors across languages: A comparison of MOSAIC and the Variational Learning Model
Authors: FREUDENTHAL DANIEL , PINE JULIAN , GOBET FERNAND
Published: March 2010

In this study, we use corpus analysis and computational modelling techniques to compare two recent accounts of the OI stage: Legate & Yang's (2007) Variational Learning Model and Freudenthal, Pine & Gobet's (2006) Model of Syntax Acquisition in Children. We first assess the extent to which each of these accounts can explain the level of OI errors across five different languages (English, Dutch, German, French and Spanish). We then differentiate between the two accounts by testing their predictions about the relation between children's OI errors and the distribution of infinitival verb forms in the input language. We conclude that, although both accounts fit the cross-linguistic patterning of OI errors reasonably well, only MOSAIC is able to explain why verbs that occur more frequently as infinitives than as finite verb forms in the input also occur more frequently as OI errors than as correct finite verb forms in the children's output.
Subtypes and variants ofMycoplasma pneumoniae: local and temporal changes in Germany 2003–2006 and absence of a correlation between the genotype in the respiratory tract and the occurrence of genotype-specific antibodies in the sera of infected patients
Authors: DUMKE R. , VON BAUM H. , LÜCK P. C. , JACOBS E.
Published: March 2010

Mycoplasma pneumoniaeis a frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Three subtypes and three variants ofM. pneumoniaehave been described showing sequence differences in the main P1 adhesin. Between 2003 and 2006 we collected respiratory tract samples of adult outpatients with symptoms of pneumonia in a German nationwide network and detectedM. pneumoniaeby real-time PCR in 140 specimens. The strains were typed by sequencing and demonstrated the circulation of subtypes 1 and 2 and variants 2a and 2b. The overall number of isolates belonging to the two variant genotypes increased during the investigation period but the relationship of subtypes and variants within the participating local centres varied strongly. ELISA experiments using sera of acute-phase patients with a knownM. pneumoniaetype in the respiratory tract resulted in no correlation of IgA and IgG antibodies to subtype- and variant-specific regions of theP1gene with the genotype of theM. pneumoniaestrain causing the actual infection.
On universal algebra over nominal sets
Authors: KURZ ALEXANDER , PETRIŞAN DANIELA
Published: March 2010

We investigate universal algebra over the category Nom of nominal sets. Using the fact that Nom is a full reflective subcategory of a monadic category, we obtain an HSP-like theorem for algebras over nominal sets. We isolate a ‘uniform’ fragment of our equational logic, which corresponds to the nominal logics present in the literature. We give semantically invariant translations of theories for nominal algebra and NEL into ‘uniform’ theories, and systematically prove HSP theorems for models of these theories.
Do Symptom Interpretations Mediate the Relationship Between Panic Attack Symptoms and Agoraphobic Avoidance?
Authors: Berle David , Starcevic Vladan , Milicevic Denise , Hannan Anthony , Moses Karen
Published: March 2010

Background: There is little consensus as to whether agoraphobic avoidance in panic disorder is characterized by a prominence of particular symptoms and interpretations of those symptoms. Aims: We sought to clarify the relationship between symptoms and agoraphobic avoidance and to establish whether catastrophic interpretations of symptoms mediate any such relationships. Method: The Symptom Checklist 90-Revised, Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire and Mobility Inventory were administered to 117 patients with panic disorder who were attending an outpatient anxiety disorders clinic. Results: Medium to large associations were found between most symptoms and agoraphobic avoidance and between particular symptoms and the corresponding symptom interpretation items. Some interpretations of symptoms were found to mediate relationships between symptoms and agoraphobic avoidance. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the catastrophic misinterpretation model of panic disorder can to some extent be invoked to explain the extent of agoraphobic avoidance, but that there may also be other pathways leading from symptoms to agoraphobia.
Psychisch kranke und unbelastete Eltern
Authors: Stadelmann Stephanie , Perren Sonja , Kölch Michael , Groeben Maureen , Schmid Marc
Published: March 2010

Diese Untersuchung vergleicht psychisch kranke Eltern und unbelastete Eltern hinsichtlich ihrer Stressbelastung durch die Elternschaft. Zudem werden die Zusammenhänge zwischen elterlicher Stressbelastung und psychischer Symptomatik der Kinder analysiert und untersucht, inwiefern sich psychisch kranke Eltern bezüglich dieser Zusammenhänge von unbelasteten Eltern unterscheiden. In die Studie wurde eine klinische Stichprobe (N=83) mit einem psychisch kranken Elternteil sowie eine „nicht-klinische“ Vergleichsstichprobe (N=121) einbezogen. Die elterliche Stressbelastung wurde im Selbsturteil, die kindliche Symptomatik im Fremdurteil (Eltern) erfasst. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die elterliche Stressbelastung bei den psychisch kranken Eltern stärker ausgeprägt war als bei den unbelasteten Eltern. Es fand sich außerdem eine signifikante Wechselbeziehung zwischen der Ausprägung der Symptome der Kinder und dem Stresserleben der Eltern. Dieser Zusammenhang war in der Gruppe der psychisch kranken Eltern wesentlich stärker ausgeprägt als in der Vergleichstichprobe. Das Ergebnis verweist auf einen negativen Zirkel, in dem sich viele Familien mit einem psychisch kranken Elternteil befinden, und impliziert familienzentrierte Interventionen.
Prävention von Lese-Rechtschreibschwierigkeiten
Authors: Rückert Ellen Mandu , Kunze Sarah , Schillert Melanie , Schulte-Körne Gerd
Published: March 2010

Obwohl die Bedeutung des familiären Leseumfelds für den Schriftspracherwerb bekannt ist, werden familiäre Ressourcen bisher noch wenig für die Prävention von Lese-Rechtschreibschwierigkeiten genutzt. Das Elterntraining „Lass uns lesen!“ verbindet häusliches Vorlesen mit der gezielten Förderung der phonologischen Bewusstheit, das heißt der Fähigkeit, Laute und größere sprachliche Einheiten zu erkennen und mit ihnen umzugehen. Um die Effekte des Programms hinsichtlich sprachlicher Fähigkeiten zu untersuchen, wurde die Entwicklung einer Gruppe von Vorschulkindern, die das Programm über einen Zeitraum von 16 Wochen erhielt, mit der Entwicklung einer Wartekontrollgruppe verglichen. Die Kinder, die an „Lass uns lesen!“ teilgenommen hatten, verbesserten sich signifikant hinsichtlich ihrer phonologischen Bewusstheit und tendenziell in ihrem Textverständnis, während sich keine Effekte hinsichtlich Buchstabenkenntnis und Wortschatz zeigten. Eltern können demnach über ein strukturiertes Programm die phonologische Bewusstheit ihrer Kinder fördern und so einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Prävention von Lese-Rechtschreibschwierigkeiten leisten.
Size‐resolved chemical composition of aerosol emitted by Erebus volcano, Antarctica
Authors: Ilyinskaya E. , Oppenheimer C. , Mather T. A. , Martin R. S. , Kyle P. R.
Published: March 2010

Persistent, open‐vent degassing of Erebus volcano, Antarctica, is a significant point source of gases and aerosol to the austral polar troposphere. We report here on the chemical composition and size distribution of the Erebus aerosol, focusing on the water‐soluble fraction. The aerosol was sampled at the rim of the active crater using a cascade impactor, which collected and sized particles in 14 size bins from >10 to 0.01 μm. The soluble fraction of the Erebus aerosol is distinct from other volcanic sources in several respects. It is dominated by chloride‐bearing particles (over 30% of total mass) and has an unusually high Cl−/SO42− molar ratio of 3.5. Coarse particles contribute little to the total mass of the soluble fraction. Elevated concentrations of F−, Cl−, Br−, and SO42− are found in a narrow particle size fraction of 0.1–0.25 μm. The detection of particulate Br− reinforces our understanding of the potential for quiescent volcanic emissions to deplete tropospheric ozone. The small aerosol size reflects the low atmospheric temperature and humidity, which inhibit particle growth. Halide‐alkali metal salts (Na, K)(Cl, F) appear to be the most abundant species in the aerosol. The concentration of Pb is high compared to other volcanoes; its exsolution may be promoted by the high abundance of halogens in Erebus magma. Despite the previously reported high NOx content in the plume, we did not detect significant quantities of nitrate in the near‐vent aerosol. Our findings emphasize the potential regional significance of emissions from Erebus for understanding the Antarctic atmospheric composition and glaciochemical records.