bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concept-Scale and Concept-Component Interaction in the Semantic Differential
Authors: Kubiniec Cathleen M. , Farr S. David
Published: September 2011

A variation of concept-scale interaction in the semantic differential, labeled concept-component interaction, is discussed. A comparison is made of various methods of analyzing semantic differential data, and an alternative method is introduced which provides evidence of concept-component interaction. Implications for semantic differential measurement are discussed.
Implications of Recent Work in Philosophy of Science for the Role of Operational Definition in Psychology
Authors: Wallach Lise
Published: September 2011

Philosophers of science have recently shown that not only extreme operationism but any operationist position faces very serious difficulties. Psychology has tended to take for granted that only one kind of terms, terms in the “data language” or “observation terms,” have direct empirical meaning, and that the empirical meaning of all other terms is given by their operational definitions. Strong arguments have now been put forth indicating both that such “observation terms” are impossible to distinguish and that there are other indirect sources of empirical meaning besides operational definitions. If these arguments are correct, two conclusions follow: (a) It can no longer be maintained that psychological concepts must be “reconstructed” in terms of operational definitions; and (b) There is no longer any basis for failing to require the justification of operational definitions used in psychological research.
Two-Point MMPI Code Types and Academic Achievement
Authors: Kokosh John
Published: September 2011

In a previous MMPI study (Kokosh, 1969) of 4-yr. graduates in physics, zoology, sociology, and history the 34–43 is the modal two-point MMPI code type in sociology and the 49–94 in history. In this study an attempt was made to relate the two-point code types to academic achievement. The highest GPA was obtained by 5 physics-zoology majors having the 27–72 code, and the lowest GPA was obtained by 7 sociology-history majors having the 89–98 code. Speculation as to why certain code types are attracted more to one major than another and why they perform well or poorly in one major as compared to another was presented. A study of personality types and the relation of these to academic and vocational behavior may be a fruitful approach rather than using personality traits alone as measured by particular scales.
Some Determinants of Anti-Establishment Career Goals: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Pearson Barbara , Levin Jack
Published: September 2011

Responses to a questionnaire by 125 students suggested that students using home-and-family as a reference group tended to be more establishment-oriented as were career-minded students, especially males.
Multidimensional Scaling Used to Evaluate Students Residing in a Rehabilitation Unit
Authors: Stone Leroy A. , Coles Gary J. , Sinnett E. Robert , Sherman Gail L.
Published: September 2011

The Stone-Coles revision of Ekman's “content” model of multidimensional similarity analysis was applied to judgments of person similarity made by four mental health professionals. The person-stimuli evaluated were college student clients (disturbed Ss) and volunteers (normal Ss). Two students in the latter category also served as judges. All judges appeared to share a common frame of reference, as only one factor emerged from a factor analysis of interjudge correlations. The factor analysis of a matrix of correlational similarities calculated from a matrix of mean similarities yielded four factors. These factors were first interpreted using clinical judgment and subsequently these interpretations were checked by correlations with MMPI variables. The first three factors were labeled: I. Action-oriented vs Overcontrolled, II. Sex, and III. Severity of Disturbance. A small fourth factor was uninterpretable.
Heart-Rate Variability in Creative Functioning
Authors: Bowers Kenneth S. , Keeling Kenneth R.
Published: September 2011

Average creativity scores for each of 20 Ss in this experiment correlated .49 with a measure of heart-rate variability monitored during an inkblot task. It was suggested that cardiac variability may be greater in the more creative Ss because they shift more from realistic to imaginal modes of thinking than do relatively less creative Ss.
Self-Validation of Programmed Feedback Statements
Authors: Bringmann Wolfgang G. , Balance William D. G. , Sandberg Sonny S.
Published: September 2011

46 men and 42 women of college age received 6 statements representing each S's own highest scales on the Personality Research Form and MMPI and randomly selected items. The ranks given items showed greater endorsement of items from their own profiles.
Reinforcement and Learning in Schizophrenics
Authors: Klein Bernard
Published: September 2011

Three groups of 7 chronic schizophrenics were tested on a word-association task under conditions of verbal reinforcement, non-verbal reinforcement, or no reinforcement. Both verbal and non-verbal reinforcement were significantly more effective than no reinforcement in conditioning patients to the task but equally effective. Implications for the effectiveness of the token-economy paradigm in facilitating adequate response to abstract reinforcement by schizophrenics was contrasted with results of previous studies not employing the paradigm.
Political Participation as a Function of Internal-External Locus of Control
Authors: Rosen Barney , Salling Robin
Published: September 2011

The aim was to determine whether a person's political participation is a function of his “locus of control.” Ss completed Rotter's I-E scale (1966), a political activity scale, and a self-rating of political activity. Political participation was positively correlated with internal locus of control.
Personality Changes of Hospitalized Alcoholics after Treatment
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to study changes in personality structure after psychotherapy and to assess how stable the personality structure of 127 alcoholics was after they had gone through detoxification. Personality structure was measured by Jackson's (1967) Personality Research Form (PRF). Statistically significant but not meaningful changes were found in scores on the personality test after psychotherapy, personality structure seemed quite stable or reliable for alcoholics.
Associative Learning by Mentally Retarded Ss as a Function of Grammatical Structure of Pairs
Authors: Billigmeier Andrea H. , Drew Clifford J.
Published: September 2011

The facilitative effects of grammatical structure on learning in normal Ss has been demonstrated. The associative learning rate of 48 mentally retarded males was investigated as a function of grammatical structure of the pairs. Data analysis showed that S's acquisition rate did not vary as a function of the grammatical structure of pairs. Also, syntagmatic versus non-syntagmatic pairs, within each grammatical group, did not affect performance.
On the Evaluation of Short-Term Memory Data
Authors: Standing Lionel , Samson Janet
Published: September 2011

A short-term memory experiment is reported in which S attempted to recall trigrams after a retention interval of 3 to 18 sec.; a subtraction task was performed by S during this interval. As with the similar study of Peterson and Peterson (1959), evidence was found that the probability of correct response declines during the retention interval (though to a lesser extent than previously reported). However, it is shown that the shape of the retention function is greatly changed by the method adopted for scoring the data; under the appropriate system of scoring, retention of unrehearsed items in STM is quite high.
Stimulus Adaptation as an Alternative to Latent Learning
Authors: Haraway Maury M. , Bailey William N. , Maples Ernest G.
Published: September 2011

The experiment investigated the hypothesis that latent learning effects may be based on simple stimulus adaptation. Three groups of rats were reinforced for left-turning responses on an elevated T-maze. Prior to the onset of reinforcement, a latent-learning group was given a number of nonreinforced trials on the T-maze, and an adaptation group was given the same number of nonreinforced trials on the maze segments assembled as a runway. A regular learning group was given reinforcement from the outset. Both of the former groups showed a typical latent learning effect, reaching criterion in fewer reinforced trials than the regular learning group ( Ps < .05). It was suggested that stimulus adaptation increases responsiveness to the reinforcer and thus promotes rapid learning. Such adaptation may be considered the basis of latent learning effects in most cases.
Seating Preferences: Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Moore Robert J. , Feller Erika E.
Published: September 2011

The seating preferences demonstrated by 66 Ss in the presence/absence of another supported the salience of the adjacent position and the relevance of a concept of individual distance in seat selection.
Note on Cognitive Factors Related to Factor B of the 16 Pf Test
Authors: Fleishman Joseph J. , Fine Bernard J.
Published: September 2011

A selection of 21 tests from the French, Ekstrom, and Price battery of cognitive tests and the Cattell 16 PF Test were administered to 54 Army enlisted men. Product-moment correlations and multiple linear regression equations were computed between 16 PF Factor B scores (considered a measure of intelligence) and the 21 cognitive tests. The multiple linear regression equation indicated that 70% of the variance of Factor B scores could be accounted for by the selected cognitive tests.
Rate of Return for Closed versus Open-Ended Questions in a Mail Questionnaire Survey of Industrial Organizations
Authors: Falthzik Alfred M. , Carroll Stephen J.
Published: September 2011

The 200 largest firms in the nation with respect to number of employees were surveyed by mail questionnaire about the relative importance of various college graduate personal characteristics in college recruiting. Of 100 firms receiving an “open-ended” question, 27% returned them while 78% of the 100 receiving a “closed” question returned them.
Intensity of Meaning Discrimination in Academic Achievers and Underachievers
Authors: Snider James G. , Drakeford Grant C.
Published: September 2011

Academic achievers and underachievers were compared on an index of meaning discrimination to see whether achievers would display a finer degree of discrimination between high and low meaningful verbal stimuli than underachievers. The hypothesis stems from a previous finding that underachievers tend to be linguistically rigid, from which it was inferred that underachievers may be poor in discriminating the uniquely meaningful features of their environment. When the index of meaning discrimination was administered to 25 achievers and 25 underachievers, defined according to predicted performance in university, data supported the hypothesis, showing for these Ss definite differences in discrimination of meaningfulness.
Effects of Gaining Control over Aversive Stimuli after Differing Amounts of No Control
Authors: Fosco Eleanor , Geer James H.
Published: September 2011

60 male undergraduates were given 4 levels of experience with insoluble problems. Solutions of problems avoided shock while non-solution resulted in shock. Increasing amounts of prior non-solution were associated with retardation of solving problems once solution became possible. The results were cast in a “learned helplessness” framework. S's speed of reaction increased as problems became soluble. There were no detectable changes in S's skin responses.
Influence of Drive Level on Various Feedback Combinations
Authors: Hutchison Sam , Lair Charles V.
Published: September 2011

College Ss were divided according to sex, high- or low-MAS score and into various verbal reinforcement groups. On a two-choice discrimination task, overt verbal reinforcement following every response was significantly more effective feedback than a combination of covert and overt feedback regardless of pre-experimental instructions about the meaning of the covert cue. While this appeared to support an information hypothesis, rate of learning as measured by trials to criterion was affected by the nature of the overt cue in high-MAS but not low-MAS Ss, suggesting that there is also an affective component involved in verbal feedback that may be associated with experience of success or failure.
Varied Shock and Simple Escape
Authors: Osborne Francis H.
Published: September 2011

5 groups of rats were trained on an operant escape task under high, intermediate, or low shock conditions. Each of 3 groups received one of these intensities on all days and trials. The fourth group alternated between high and low shock intensities on consecutive days and the fifth group between high and low shock intensities randomly on consecutive trials within a day. High-intensity shock elicited faster escape responding than did low-intensity shock. Responding at a given shock level was similar regardless of the schedule of shock presentation (i.e., constant, alternated, or random). It was concluded that drive level on a given trial was the major determinant of performance.
Reliability Study of the Defense Mechanism Inventory
Authors: Weissman Herbert N. , Ritter Kenneth , Gordon Robert M.
Published: September 2011

Aims of this study are to replicate and elucidate reliability characteristics of the Defense Mechanism Inventory (Gleser & Ihilevich, 1969). College students (Men = 47, Women = 47) were administered the Defense Mechanism Inventory on two occasions separated by a 17-day interval. Whereas test-retest reliabilities for both the total and the women approximated the ranges reported by Gleser and Ihilevich (1969), the range of correlations for the men had a much lower limit. Significant sex differences were found on four of the five dimensions.
Birth Order and Political Success: A Study of the 1970 Illinois General Elections
Authors: Forbes Gordon B.
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire was used to obtain the birth order of all candidates for contested seats in the Illinois State Senate and General Assembly. It was hypothesized that firstborn and lastborn Ss would be more likely to enter political life and more likely to win their contests. Results indicated that no birth rank was overrepresented among these candidates but proportionally more firstborn and lastborn candidates won their contests than did middle-born candidates. Winners were more likely to return their questionnaires than were losers, and the data suggested that it might be possible crudely to predict election outcome on the basis of the proportion of questionnaires returned prior to the election.
Use of the Semantic Differential in the Study of Motivation
Authors: Miller Stuart , James Carol , Rytten Barbara , Tansill Roy , Thompson Chris
Published: September 2011

Separate groups of students in general psychology were told that they had either failed or succeeded on a test which presumably measured their general background knowledge. Educationally related words were then rated on the semantic differential by these Ss and were compared to the ratings of a control condition. Words were rated significantly more active by the success group, but no experimental-control difference was found for the failure group on the activity dimension. Neither the evaluative nor the potency dimension showed any difference between groups. An approach to the study of motivation through analysis of changes in word meanings was proposed.
Effects of Four Sets of Instructions on Ability Groups Predetermined by an Intelligence Scale
Authors: English Richard A. , Fulton Barbara
Published: September 2011

342 Ss were administered the Kuhlmann-Anderson Test using 4 different sets of instructions to 3 predetermined ability groups within each of 3 grade levels. Analysis of variance considering variation in response related to ability levels, grade level (age), instruction, and sex was used. Instructional sets and sex differences were not significant; however, ability and grade level (age) were.
Lettter Reading by English SS as a Function of Order of Approximation to French and English
Authors: Muise J. Gerard , Leblanc Renaud S. , Jeffrey Clarence J.
Published: September 2011

Ss, predominantly English persons, were required to read in English strings of 240 letters at each of 5 levels of approximation to English and French texts. It was found that only order of approximation affected performance. The interpretation that the differential redundancy of the French and English language interacts with previous language habits was substantiated.
Correlates of Adult Locus of Control
Authors: Powell Arnold , Vega Manuel
Published: September 2011

Correlations between scores on the Adult Locus of Control Scale and a number of personality scales supported the hypothesis that the control scores are related to need achievement, anxiety, psychopathology, socioeconomic status, ethnic group membership, and intellectual ability. There was some evidence that locus of control scores are also related to teacher effectiveness.
Effects of Stress on Group versus Individual Problem Solving
Authors: Renner John , Renner Vivian
Published: September 2011

Four-person groups and single individuals solved a moderately difficult concept-formation problem while working under one of 4 levels of shock-threat induced stress. It was hypothesized that (1) performance, for both individuals and groups, would be related in a curvilinear manner to level of stress, and (2) that groups would have a higher stressor tolerance which would enable them to perform effectively under levels of shock which would prove debilitating for individual performances. Both hypotheses were supported with the qualification for hypothesis 1 that group performance showed no significant variation over stress levels.
Emotionality of Rats Stimulated in Infancy: Effects of Intensity and Predictability of Shock
Authors: Dmitruk Victor M. , Roossien Jack R.
Published: September 2011

Infant rats were given 20 predictable or unpredictable, high or low intensity shocks at 13 or 14 days of age. The animals were subsequently tested for “emotionality” at 70 days of age in an open field. Unpredictably shocked Ss were significantly more active than Ss given predictable shocks, irrespective of shock intensity. It was suggested that the greater activity of the unpredictably shocked Ss was the result of greater emotionality in the test situation.
Group Operant Behavior in Free-Feeding Squirrel Monkeys
Authors: Harless Marion D.
Published: September 2011

Colony caged squirrel monkeys provided with ad lib. food lever pressed at high rates for Noyes pellets on CRF. 4 males had been hand shaped in individual chambers earlier but 7 females were naive; all but 2 females were observed pressing the bar on the first day.
Ratings of the Social Images of Disadvantaged Groups by Males and Females
Authors: Signori Edro I. , Butt Dorcas Susan
Published: September 2011

The study examined differences in ratings by males and females of the social images of seven disadvantaged groups in employment situations: women, hippies, North American Indians, ex-criminals, ex-mental patients, Negroes, and mental retardates. Average adults were also rated for comparative data. A 67-item Osgood-type rating scale yielded significant over-all differences between ratings by men and women of: women, hippies, mental retardates, and average adults. There were non-significant differences in the ratings of North American Indians, ex-criminals, ex-mental patients, and Negroes.
Short-Term Implosive Therapy: Case Study
Authors: McCarthy Barry W.
Published: September 2011

Effective application of implosive therapy is illustrated with a brief case description.
Effects of Parental Deprivation: An Overview of Literature and Report on Some Current Research
Authors: Weininger Otto
Published: September 2011

The present paper reviews some pertinent literature on the effects of parental deprivation during early childhood. Several studies of parental separation during early childhood are presented. These studies tend to show that separation of child from parents, either for a short or a long period, will result in significant behavioral change.
Effects and Classification of Peak Experiences
Authors: Ebersole Peter
Published: September 2011

Maslow has presented two differing views related to the effects of peak experiences. He first stated that they inevitably had lasting effects but later maintained that peaks may produce no positive benefits beyond the transitory effects of pleasure during the experience itself. From a sample of 83 peaks submitted by 78 college students, 55% of the protocols seemed to record no lasting effects, thus supporting Maslow's later position. In addition, the type of peaks obtained was contrasted with those of an earlier study.
Multiple Comparisons in a Regression Approach
Authors: Williams John D.
Published: September 2011

In using multiple regression as a data-analysis technique, one problem that might arise is the overuse of a full model with several restricted models, without adjusting the probability level. Such an approach would violate the apparent (or tabled) probability level. This has long been a concern in statistics. The intent of the present paper has been to reconceptualize two of the better known multiple-comparison procedures in a multiple regression approach. The change in the regression approach requires assessing the results of multiple uses of a full model to a correct distribution rather than a straightforward use of the F distribution.
Developmental Patterns in Production by Children Aged 9 to 19 of Original Verbal Images as Measured by Sounds and Images
Authors: Khatena Joe
Published: September 2011

The originality scores of 352 boys and 313 girls of West Virginia, aged 9 to 19, on Sounds and Images shows a statistically nonsignificant slump for girls of 11 yr., a leveling of differences between boys and girls with increasing age, and peak scores at 14 to 19 yr., with the greatest variance occurring between 10 and 12 yr. for boys and 11 and 13 yr. for girls.
Anxiety and Anger in Adolescent Girls
Authors: Kaczkowski Henry , Owen Katherine
Published: September 2011

The analysis of written descriptions of recent experiences of anxiety and anger of adolescent girls indicated that on a priori classification system of their behaviors had some validity. Anxiety and anger were conceptualized as arising in specific situations and focusing on expectations of self and others with disapproval being the catalyst for the reacting mode.
Increasing Innovation in Change Situations through Leadership Skills
Authors: Maier Norman R. F. , McRay Ellen Panza
Published: September 2011

A role-playing format was used to determine the effect of skill training in the use of leadership acts previously found to be critical. These were: (1) the degree to which the discussion issue is posed as a problem rather than a solution and (2) the readiness to share available data. Trained leaders were not permitted to make suggestions or to favor a solution. Their role was to accept ideas without evaluating them. The problem situation involved a foreman who would like to have three crew members change their work procedure so as to increase production. In 25 groups the leader was trained in the two above-mentioned leadership skills, and in 29 groups the leader was untrained. The solutions were of three types: (1) Old method, or refusal to change; (2) New method, indicated by the time-study data; and (3) an Integrative method which assimilates the facts and feelings of conflicting parties and, in addition, requires innovation. The Trained leader groups produced 68.0% Integrative solutions in contrast to the Untrained leader groups 10 3% The acceptance of their group decisions were significantly higher than in the Untrained groups, and the members of the Trained leader groups perceived their leaders in a more favorable light. The important variable in the Trained leaders was their skill rather than their knowledge.
Field Extension of the Frequency-Affect Findings
Authors: Crandall Rick
Published: September 2011

A field experiment tested the effects of repeated exposure to stimuli on liking for them. “Turkish words” were exposed to two classes on the blackboard without pre-explanation. At the end of a 9-wk. exposure period people rated the words on like-dislike scales. Liking increased with frequency of exposure but the over-all shape of the relationship was different from previous studies. Other factors such as boredom, hostility and self-exposure which may have contributed to the relationship are discussed.
Dating Frequency among High School Seniors
Authors: Vockell Edward L. , Asher J. William
Published: September 2011

This study was undertaken to re-examine several variables noted in literature as theoretically related to dating frequency among high school seniors. Scholastic aptitude and achievement and school-related activities were negatively related or unrelated to dating frequency. A job, a car, and plans for marrying younger were positively related to dating frequency, but contrary to expectations, SES was not.
Quantitative Explorations in the History of Psychology in Yugoslavia: Translations
Authors: Brožek Josef
Published: September 2011

This study is a part of investigations of trends and factors in the development of psychology in Yugoslavia since 1945. Tabulation of translations from the major international languages, viewed as indicators of the available sources of information and of the currents in international relations and cultural “climate,” suggests that the Russian literature dominated the scene during the early post-war years, followed by a French and a German wave in the 'fifties. The American literature came into prominence in the 'sixties.
Methods for Compiling Lists of Minimally Related Words
Authors: Abramczyk Rudolf R. , Thompson W. Douglas , Hankins Leslie
Published: September 2011

3 procedures for selecting lists of unrelated words were evaluated in two experiments. The procedures were based on (a) Deese's (1959) normatively established “Zero” interitem associative strength, (b) the consensual judgment of several Es, and (c) random selection from a dictionary. Judged by recall criteria, all these methods were equally appropriate, random selection being least laborious. However, considerable intra-method variability in list difficulty was found. Thus, whenever comparisons involve several list conditions, more than one list should be used in each condition. Negative effects on recall of including several parts of speech or very low-frequency items in a list suggested that it is desirable to control these features in selecting stimulus words.
Some Properties of Avoidance Extinction under Concurrent Appetitive-Aversive Schedules
Authors: McIntire Roger W. , Davis Hank
Published: September 2011

The extinction of non-discriminated avoidance behavior was examined in the rat under a two-lever concurrent avoidance-variable interval 30-sec. schedule. Avoidance responses decreased to a low rate when shocks were no longer given. However, a steady continuous rate on the “avoidance-extinction lever” persisted over the 10 mo. of training and increased (1) when responses on the variable interval schedule were punished, and (2) during the delivery of “free shocks.” Avoidance-extinction response rate was reduced (1) when the variable interval schedule was reduced to 15-sec., and, to a greater extent, (2) following avoidance lever removal when responses on the variable interval schedule were punished during this period. It was concluded that factors related both to the organism's history of aversive stimulation and to the interactions occurring between concurrent temporal schedules underlie the maintenance of avoidance responding observed under the present extinction conditions.
Overtraining Extinction Effect Using a Free-Operant Procedure
Authors: Tombaugh Tom N. , Jean Pierre St.
Published: September 2011

The effects of five levels of training (210, 490, 1470, 2450, 3430 reinforced responses) on extinction performance were investigated. A free-operant bar-press paradigm was employed. A continuous reinforcement schedule was used with .12 ml. of 64% sucrose. Number of bar-presses and duration of time to reach a 1-min. non-response criterion showed that resistance to extinction was an increasing function of the number of reinforcements during training. However, the amount of time required to reach a 5-min. criterion showed the opposite relationship. It was concluded that different criteria reflected different patterns of extinction behavior and that the overtraining extinction effect (decreased resistance to extinction following extended training) could be demonstrated in a free-operant situation if the appropriate criteria were selected.
Effect of a Principal's Expectations on Test Performance of Elementary-School Children
Authors: Entwisle Doris R. , Cornell Evart , Epstein Joyce
Published: September 2011

A 17-classroom experiment shows that a (male) principal's comments conveying positive expectations to boys on a first test are followed by improved performance on a second test. No effect of comments was apparent for girls. The experiment is discussed in the context of current research on teacher expectancy.
Effects of Test-Interruption on Emotional Arousal and Performance
Authors: Morris Larry W. , Perez Therese L.
Published: September 2011

78 volunteer Ss designated high or low test-anxious were administered a standard reading test under non-stressful conditions. Group I (Irrelevant interruption) was interrupted by trivial, irritating occurrences; Group II (Relevant interruption) was interrupted by occurrences which appeared to be part of the planned sequence of the experiment; Group III (control) was uninterrupted. Of the 4 situational measures of affect utilized (hostility, anxiety, worry, emotionality), only hostility was significantly aroused by the experimental manipulations and, as expected, this elevation occurred only for the Irrelevant interruption group. All indices of emotional arousal tended to be higher for high than for low test-anxious Ss, but there were no significant interaction effects between anxiety levels and treatment groups. Performance was negatively related to worry and anxiety but was not affected by experimental treatments. Results are discussed within the framework of Mandler's (1964) interruption theory.
Personality Traits in Adolescent Adjustment Reactions
Authors: Thetford William N. , Schucman Helen
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to test hypotheses advanced by the Personality Assessment System, a theoretical approach which infers personality structure and function from intelligence test data. The sample consisted of 82 emotionally disturbed adolescents who were divided into 2 groups, one considered “more disturbed” and the other “less disturbed.” 3 specific hypotheses determined in advance were tested, 2 of which were upheld. The results are thought to support some of the PAS constructs and to imply the potential value of this theoretical framework in studying emotional disturbances in adolescents.
Adjective Check List as a Measure of Self-Perception
Authors: Holroyd R. , Cohen M. , Bickley J.
Published: September 2011

The Adjective Check List (ACL) and a self-rating schedule (SRS) made up of Murray's needs taken from the ACL manual were administered to 27 graduate students in psychology on two separate occasions. Test-retest reliabilities were low for both tests, SRS reliabilities being appreciably lower than those for the ACL. Correlations between these two measures of self-description were also low and varied considerably from one testing to the next. Correcting the average cross-correlations for unreliability in the two scales still indicated that slightly less than half of their reliable variance was held in common. Reasons for the poor reliabilities and the poor cross-correlations were discussed and avenues for further research suggested.
Teacher Folklore and Sensitivity of a Course Evaluation Questionnaire
Authors: Aleamoni Lawrence M. , Yimer Makonnen , Mahan J. Maurice
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine if (a) “folklore” about a teacher contributes to his ratings on a course evaluation questionnaire and (b) changes in students' attitudes during the course of instruction can be determined with a questionnaire on course evaluation. Multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant analysis, ideally suited for this type of research, were employed. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in attitudes toward a course in educational statistics between those who took the course in 1967–1968 and those who took it in 1968–1969. This seems to indicate that students do not build a “folklore” about a course based upon the course presented a year earlier.
Effects on Pain of Experimentally Induced and Spontaneous Distraction
Authors: Barber Theodore X. , Cooper Barbara J.
Published: September 2011

A 2-min. pain stimulus was administered twice to 56 female Ss. The stimulus was first administered prior to the experimental treatments and again with either 1 or 3 distracting treatments (Listening to a Story, Adding Aloud, or Counting Aloud) or a Control treatment. The dependent variables were Ss' self-ratings of the degree of pain experienced and the percentage of time they were thinking about the pain. 16 Ss were also interviewed post-experimentally to determine their perceptions of the experiment. During the first, but not the second, minute of pain stimulation under the experimental treatments, Listening to a Story and Adding Aloud tended to reduce the degree of pain and the percentage of time Ss were thinking about it. The post-experimental interview indicated that, during the pre-treatment pain stimulation and also under the Control treatment, Ss used their own “spontaneous” distractions to reduce pain.
Probability Preferences of Gamblers and Non-Gamblers
Authors: Phillips Robert
Published: September 2011

Probability preferences of a group of gamblers were compared with those of a group of non-gamblers. In contradiction to the hypothesis the gamblers preferred bets with a higher probability of winning than those the non-gamblers chose. This is accounted for in terms of a learning factor plus a compromise between dislike of high risk and of low pay-off. The latter part of this explanation is extended to account for the results obtained by Edwards in the original studies of probability preference.
Effects of Pretraining with Fear and Escape Conditioning on Shuttlebox Avoidance Acquisition by Goldfish
Authors: Gallon Robert L.
Published: September 2011

Goldfish received 20 trials of fear conditioning with or without an escape contingency, escape conditioning, shock alone, or adaptation prior to shuttlebox avoidance acquisition. Fear conditioning facilitated acquisition as predicted by two-process theory. The result is interpreted to show that fear conditioning establishes the CS as motivational and that the present procedure enhances the effect of an aversive CS. Neither shock alone nor escape conditioning significantly affected acquisition.
Race vs Class in Teachers' Expectations
Authors: Miller Harry L
Published: September 2011

A study from the University of Florida showed that race of student did not affect teachers' estimates of his achievement. In an extension and replication, the present sudy indicates that social class did influence 118 teachers' expectations, based on 1-paragraph descriptions, for black and white boys of working and middle-class families.
Use of the Mmpi Underachievement Scale as an Aid in Counseling Academic Low Achievers in College
Authors: Felton Gary S.
Published: September 2011

47 high-achieving college students and 47 college dropouts were compared on the 24-item MMPI Underachievement Scale. The high achievers' mean score of 8.00 differed significantly ( p < .001) from the low achievers' mean score of 13.44. Probabilities of academic achievement level and score on the Underachievement Scale suggest that the scale may be useful in early detection of academic low achievement.
Frustration Effect and Extent of Instrumental Response
Authors: Dunlap William P. , Hughes Larry F. , O'Brien Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

Goal-box activity of Ss run in a single alley was compared to activity of Ss placed directly into the goal box. Following nonreward significant increases in activity above rewarded activity levels were found for both Run and Placed groups. When these effects were compared to goal-box activity levels of never-rewarded control groups, however, only the activity increments in the Run group could be attributed to frustration produced by nonreward. The results are discussed in terms of Amsel's (1958) theory.
Liberal and Conservative Political Stereotypes in Terms of Belief Response Hierarchies
Authors: Udolf Roy
Published: September 2011

The stereotypes associated with liberals and conservatives were determined in a sample of 100 college students using an adjective checklist based on an open-ended pilot study. Stereotypes were expressed as a hierarchy of difference scores between the adjectives as beliefs concerning liberals and conservatives. The hierarchical stereotypes were reliable and constant between groups of Ss differing in political orientation and demographic characteristics. This demonstrated that a stereotype generated from an adjective checklist could be meaningfully represented as a hierarchy of belief responses and that it was not merely an artifact of group measurement. It was also demonstrated that the statement of a stereotype as a hierarchy of belief responses was independent of the valient or countervalient nature of the component beliefs.
Assumed Attitude Similarity and Perceived Intrafamilial Communication and Understanding
Authors: Good Lawrence R. , Good Katherine C. , Nelson Don A.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that offspring assume greater similarity of attitudes between themselves and their parents than is actually present and that degree of assumed similarity correlates positively with the amount of communication and understanding offspring perceive to have with their parents. College students filled out questionnaires assessing their own attitudes for a variety of issues, their beliefs about the attitudes held by their parents on the same issues, and rating-scales for the communication and understanding existing between themselves and each parent. To ascertain the level of actual attitude similarity, parents were mailed questionnaires and asked to return them after indicating their own opinions on each issue. The results showed that both male and female college-age offspring tend to assume more similarity between themselves and parents than there is and that variance in assumed similarity is positively correlated with ratings of communication-understanding with parents. The relevance of these predictions and findings to Newcomb's cognitive-symmetry theory was discussed.
Beliefs in Internal-External Control of Reinforcement among Blacks in Integrated and Segregated High Schools
Authors: Harris Hardie F. , Phelan Joseph G.
Published: September 2011

2 groups of 28 and 27 16- to 18-yr.-old Black high school students in Southern California, matched for age, socio-economic status, scholastic aptitude and years in a particular high school, were given the Rotter I-E Scale. Blacks in an integrated school were significantly more externally controlled than Blacks in a segregated school. Blacks in an integrated school may feel they have no power or authority to define themselves. Upgrading of schools in Black communities may facilitate redefinition.
Analysis of Length-of-Stay Data with Incomplete Observations
Authors: Gocka Edward F.
Published: September 2011

Length-of-stay data of the type used as criteria for assessing various kinds of treatment programs poses a number of data analysis problems due to Ss becoming lost to follow-up, unresponsive Ss being withdrawn at the end of the study, Ss entering the study sequentially, and observations being arbitrarily truncated at some time point for purposes of analysis. Such data are often described as data containing ‘censored’ observations. Techniques for handling such data have been worked out extensively in industrial and human survival studies but are not commonly available in quantitative psychology literature. Adaptations of such methods are suggested for assessing the results of treatment programs associated with alcoholism problems, the rehabilitation of blind veterans, recidivism among neuropsychiatric patients, and the treatment of epileptic patients. The paper focuses on 5 classes of analytic procedures: actuarial, nonparametric, stochastic-Markov, randomization, and maximum likelihood regression, and discusses such procedures with respect to assumptions, sample-size requirements, characteristics of the censored observations, types of test statistics, ability to consider ancillary variables, and ease of computation.
Sex Differences and Growth toward Self-Actualization during the Freshman Year
Authors: Schroeder Charles C.
Published: September 2011

Test-retest results using the Personal Orientation Inventory indicate initial differences for men and women ( ns = 590 and 448 pre- and post-test) on 11 of the 12 scales as well as different patterns of change during the freshman year. Practical considerations with regard to pooling POI scale scores for men and women are discussed.
Graduate Students' Semantic Judgments of Practice Methods Both before and after Their First Academic Year in Social Work
Authors: Greenwald Shayna R. , Linn Margaret W.
Published: September 2011

32 social work students were tested before and after their first year of graduate training, using a Semantic Differential to rate Caseworker, Group Worker, Research Social Worker, Social Worker, and Me-As-A-Student. Ratings from 23 faculty and field instructors were obtained (excluding Me-As-A-Student). Students rated less like their mentors at the end of one academic year. They rated Me-As-A-Student similarly to all concepts ( P < .01), except Caseworkers, at the end of one year. The Semantic Differential is considered a useful instrument for assessing students' judgments.
Effects of Severe and Inescapable Shock on Subsequent Escape Avoidance and Exploratory Behavior
Authors: MacDougall James M. , Dembroski Theodore M. , Angermeier Wilhelm F.
Published: September 2011

11 rats which experienced severe, inescapable shock were subsequently found to be impaired in the acquisition of a 2-way shuttle-box avoidance task but showed no impairment in open-field exploration. Ss initially allowed to escape/avoid the shock demonstrated enhanced exploration in the open field.
Rewarding vs Aversive Intracranial Stimulation Administered during Flooding (Response Prevention) in Rats
Authors: Baum Morrie , Leclerc Robert , St.-Laurent Jacques
Published: September 2011

3 groups of hooded rats were given daily cycles of avoidance-training-flooding-extinction for 4 consecutive days. Flooding or response prevention consisted of thwarting the learned avoidance response while forcing S to remain in the feared situation. On some days, one group received pulsing rewarding brain stimulation during flooding, while a second group received aversive intracranial stimulation (ICS). A third group also had implanted electrodes but never received any ICS during flooding. The results indicated that rewarding ICS increased the efficacy of flooding in producing cessation of avoidance-responding in extinction. Aversive ICS similarly administered had no significant effect (relative to the control group). Theoretical implications were discussed.
Transfer Test Methodology in Investigations of Stimulus Selection in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Berry Franklin M. , Baumeister Alfred A.
Published: September 2011

An empirical test was made of an earlier argument that the Postman and Greenbloom “double-criterion technique” for measuring stimulus selection leads to an underestimation of single-cue selection when the technique is employed in a within- Ss transfer design situation. The present findings confirmed the earlier argument.
Interpersonal Attraction in a Role-Played Interaction
Authors: Gatton Michael J. , Nelson Don A.
Published: September 2011

To look at the usefulness of a neutral task in studying 2-person interactions, to ascertain some behavioral correlates of experimentally manipulated attraction, to investigate the generality of the similarity-attraction hypothesis, and to examine the behavioral relevance of scores on a commonly used paper-and-pencil attraction scale, Ss interacted with confederates posing as Ss. Each S was given the impression that C had similar or dissimilar attitudes and twice S performed an incomplete sentences task administered by C. On one set of trials, S was instructed to act as if he liked C, and on the other set as if he did not. Measured behaviors were eye contact, interview length, number of words used, smiles, and both S's and C's response latencies. In the high-attraction role-playing condition, more smiles and a higher percentage of eye contact occurred than in the low-attraction role-playing condition. But no differences in the other behaviors were noted, only very mild support was obtained for the similarity-attraction hypothesis, and none of the measures were related to scores on the paper-and-pencil index of interpersonal attraction.
Acquisition under Mixed-Delay and Multiple-Delay Matching-to-Sample
Authors: Perkins David , Lydersen Tore , Beaman Dale
Published: September 2011

The acquisition of delayed matching to sample in two groups of pigeons was examined when three delay values (2, 4, and 6 sec.) were mixed across trials and when each of the three delay values was correlated with one of three standard stimuli (i.e., multiple delays). Extended training resulted in the acquisition of matching by all multiple-delay Ss, while only one of three mixed-delay Ss showed comparable performance. The one S which acquired matching under the mixed condition emitted standard, specific, delay behaviors. The results suggest that acquisition of delayed matching may be highly dependent upon the availability of some source of delay-stimuli that are consistently correlated with standard stimuli.
Effects of a Minimal Audience on Physical Aggression
Authors: Harrell W. Andrew , Schmitt David R.
Published: September 2011

In a laboratory setting 14 undergraduate Ss earned money by pulling a panel-mounted knob. In addition, Ss could avoid or escape an aversive tone by either pressing a button with a force of 1.5 lb (a non-aggressive response) or by hitting a padded cushion with a force of 20 lb (an aggressive response). Half of the Ss worked alone; half in the presence of a confederate who worked on a similar task and made no aggressive responses. Higher rates and magnitudes of punching were shown by Ss with an audience. This social facilitating effect of an audience on physical aggression tended to decline over time. Comparison of rates of aggressive and non-aggressive responses suggests that the former are more sensitive to social facilitation.