bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fetal Tracheal Occlusion for the Treatment of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: Laberge Jean‐Martin , Flageole Hélène
Published: May 2007

Background

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) continues to be associated with significant mortality and morbidity rates despite advances in neonatal care. Fetal intervention for CDH has been studied for 25 years. After initial difficulties encountered with open fetal repair, attention has turned to tracheal occlusion (TO) as a method to correct pulmonary hypoplasia before birth. This article reviews our contribution to this field of research and outlines the current status of this treatment modality.

Materials and Methods

Using the fetal lamb model, we have studied the effects of fetal TO on tracheal fluid pressure, lung growth and type II pneumocyte maturation, and surfactant production. We developed a minimally invasive and reversible technique of TO, using a detachable balloon placed using single‐port tracheoscopy. We examined differential lung growth, structural maturation, pulmonary artery remodeling, and lung function during an 8‐h resuscitation period in lambs, comparing normal controls, lambs with a surgically created CDH, those with CDH+TO, and those with CDH+TO and release of TO 1 week before delivery. We also studied the potential benefits of maternal betamethasone administration and the administration of surfactant at birth. Using a neonatal piglet model, we examined the effect of postnatal pulmonary distension with perfluorocarbon on lung growth. More recently, we turned to the rat nitrofen‐induced CDH model to study the effects of TO on bronchial branching and some molecular markers of lung growth (Shh and LGL1).

Conclusions

Fetal TO is being used to treat human CDH, but its application remains limited by the absence of reliable and widely reproducible prenatal prognostic criteria. A better understanding of the molecular events guiding the lung growth seen with TO may help to refine its use in humans.
Disorders of Nuclear-Mitochondrial Intergenomic Communication
Authors: Spinazzola Antonella , Zeviani Massimo
Published: May 2007

In the course of evolution, mitochondria lost their independence, and mtDNA became “slave” of nDNA, depending on numerous nucleus-encoded factors for its integrity, replication and expression. Mutations in any of these factors may alter the cross-talk between the two genomes and cause diseases that affect mtDNA integrity or expression, being inherited as mendelian traits.
A Compact Bulk Dispenser Suitable for Integrated Systems
Authors: Walling Leslie A. , Provchy Justin , Mladenovic Alex , Hartmann Thomas
Published: May 2007

A compact bulk liquid dispenser was designed and constructed to enable the interleaved execution of fully automated assays on space-constricted workstations. Due to its design, multiple instances of dedicated dispensers can be integrated on the same system, providing independence, redundancy, and preservation of reagents with no carryover risk. The performance and impact of the integrated dispensers on the throughput of an automated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system are demonstrated in this article. (JALA 2007;12:166–71)
Improvements to the Sample Manipulation Design of a LEAP CTC HTS PAL Autosampler Used for High-Throughput Qualitative and Quantitative Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Assays
Authors: Drexler Dieter M. , Edinger Kurt J. , Mongillo James J.
Published: May 2007

To produce high-quality drug candidates and to support drug discovery decision making, compounds are subjected to predictive in vitro and in vivo absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicology, drug metabolism, and pharmacokinetics assays, in which samples are typically analyzed using automated liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Depending on sample preparation and clean-up efforts, matrix components such as salts, nonprecipitated small molecules, and particulate matter can remain in the sample, thus having a detrimental effect on the performance of the autosampler, especially if the sample manipulation mechanism is syringe-based. This issue is amplified in high-throughput qualitative and quantitative LC–MS-based assays due to the large sample load and associated mechanical “wear-and-tear” of the syringe, resulting in poor data quality, increased costs, and lost time as a result of sample re-analysis. Described here are improvements made to the sample manipulation design and mechanism of a LEAP CTC HTS PAL autosampler. This setup completely eliminates the contact of samples and potentially abrasive and corrosive matrix components with both the syringe plunger and barrel through the use of a Teflon tubing loop, thus significantly extending the life of the injection device. In our high-throughput in vitro assay to assess the metabolic stability of compounds, we observed a 20-fold increase in the syringe lifetime using the improved sample manipulation design versus the standard setup with similar analytical performance such as reproducibility, accuracy, and precision. (JALA 2007;12:152–6)
PRODUCTS OF IDEMPOTENT ENDOMORPHISMS OF RELATIVELY FREE ALGEBRAS WITH WEAK EXCHANGE PROPERTIES
Authors: Fountain John , Gould Victoria
Published: May 2007

If $A$ is a stable basis algebra of rank $n$, then the set $S_{n-1}$ of endomorphisms of rank at most $n-1$ is a subsemigroup of the endomorphism monoid of $A$. This paper gives a number of necessary and sufficient conditions for $S_{n-1}$ to be generated by idempotents. These conditions are satisfied by finitely generated free modules over Euclidean domains and by free left $T$-sets of finite rank, where $T$ is cancellative monoid in which every finitely generated left ideal is principal.
THE $c$-SUPPLEMENTED PROPERTY OF FINITE GROUPS
Authors: Wei Huaquan , Wang Yanming
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of $c$-supplemented minimal subgroups on the $p$-nilpotency of finite groups. We obtain ‘iff' and ‘localized' versions of theorems of Itô and Buckley on nilpotence, $p$-nilpotence and supersolvability.
BOUNDARY BEHAVIOUR OF QUOTIENTS OF MARTIN KERNELS
Authors: Hirata Kentaro
Published: May 2007

Given two intersecting domains, we investigate the boundary behaviour of the quotient of Martin kernels of each domain. To this end, we give a characterization of minimal thinness for a difference of two subdomains in terms of Martin kernels of each domain. As a consequence of our main theorem, we obtain the boundary growth of the Martin kernel of a Lipschitz domain, which corresponds to earlier results for the boundary decay of the Green function for a Lipschitz domain investigated by Burdzy, Carroll and Gardiner.
DIMENSIONS OF INTERSECTIONS OF THE SIERPINSKI CARPET WITH LINES OF RATIONAL SLOPES
Authors: Liu Qing-Hui , Xi Li-Feng , Zhao Yan-Fen
Published: May 2007

This paper computes the Box and Hausdorff dimensions of the intersections of the Sierpinski carpet with planar lines of rational slopes.
THE GROUP OF COVERING AUTOMORPHISMS OF A QUASI-COHERENT SHEAF ON $\bm{P}^1(K)$
Authors: Enochs E. , Estrada S. , García Rozas J. R. , Oyonarte L.
Published: May 2007

CoGalois groups appear in a natural way in the study of covers. They generalize the well-known group of covering automorphisms associated with universal covering spaces. Recently, it has been proved that each quasi-coherent sheaf over the projective line $\bm{P}^1(R)$ ($R$ is a commutative ring) admits a flat cover and so we have the associated coGalois group of the cover. In general the problem of computing coGalois groups is difficult. We study a wide class of quasi-coherent sheaves whose associated coGalois groups admit a very accurate description in terms of topological properties. This class includes finitely generated and cogenerated sheaves and therefore, in particular, vector bundles.
SPECIALIZATIONS OF DIRECT LIMITS AND OF LOCAL COHOMOLOGY MODULES
Authors: Nhi Dam Van
Published: May 2007

In this paper we introduce the specialization of an $S$-module which is a direct limit of a direct system of finitely generated $S$-modules indexed by $\mathbb{N}$. This specialization preserves the Buchsbaum property, the generalized Cohen–Macaulay property and the Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity of a module.
TRANSPLANTATION FORMULAE AND HADAMARD'S METHOD OF DESCENT
Authors: Bray William O.
Published: May 2007

We define a partial Radon transform mapping functions on $\mathbb{R}^{n+l}$ to functions on $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ which intertwines the Laplace operator on the two spaces. As a consequence, transplantation formulae relating the radial eigenfunctions of the Laplacian on Euclidean spaces of different dimensions are obtained. Our formulae provide a geometric interpretation of integral formulae for Bessel functions of Abel type, which are found useful in potential theory. The formulae portray a view of Hadamard's method of descent within the realm of harmonic analysis, allowing the transplant of local problems from even dimensions to odd dimensions and unifying the techniques of several authors.
SETS OF RANGE UNIQUENESS IN $p$-ADIC FIELDS
Authors: Boussaf K. , Boutabaa A. , Escassut A.
Published: May 2007

We study sets of range uniqueness (SRUs) for analytic functions inside a disc of an algebraically closed field $K$ complete with respect to an ultrametric absolute value. The SRUs we obtain are converging sequences. We first obtain results that look like those known in $\mathbb{C}$ but involve a weaker hypothesis than in $\mathbb{C}$: let $(a_n)$ be a sequence of limit $a$ in a disc $d(a,r^-)$ such that $|a_n-a|$ is a strictly decreasing sequence. If the sequence $(a_n)$ does not make an SRU for the set $\mathcal{A}(d(a,r^-))$ of analytic functions inside $d(a,r^-)$, then, for a certain integer $k\in\mathbb{Z}$, the sequence

$$ \bigg(\frac{a_{n+k}-a}{a_n-a}\bigg) $$

has a finite limit in $K$ and the sequence

$$ \bigg(\frac{\log|a_{n+k}-a|}{\log|a_n-a|}\bigg) $$

has a finite rational limit. Next, we show that if the sequence

$$ \frac{\log(a_{n+1}-a)}{\log(a_n-a)} $$

converges to a limit $b\geq1$ in such a way that $-b\log|a_{n}-a|\lt-b\log|a_{n+1}-a|$ and if $\log|a_{n}-a|-b\log|a_{n+1}-a|$ has limit $0$ or $+\infty$ and if $b^k\notin\mathbb{Q}$ whenever $b>1$ and $k\in \mathbb{N}^*$, then the sequence $(a_n)$ is an SRU for $\mathcal{A}(d(a,r^-))$. In particular, for every $\gamma\in\;]0,1[\;\cup\;]1,+\infty[$, $L\in\mathbb{Q}\;\cap\;]0,+\infty[$ and $b\geq 1$, there exist SRUs for $\mathcal{A}(d(a,r^-))$ of the form $\{a_n\mid n\in\mathbb{N}\}$ such that

$$ \lim_{n\rightarrow+\infty}\frac{-\log|a_n-a|}{b^nn^\gamma}=L. $$

For example, if $\gamma\in\mathbb{N}$ with $\gamma\neq0,1$, there exist SRUs of the form $\{a_n\mid n\in\mathbb{N}\}$ such that $-\log |a_n-a|=Ln^\gamma$ for all $n\in\mathbb{N}^*$. The latter result ceases to hold when $\gamma=1$. Many examples and counterexamples are provided.
COMMUTATOR ESTIMATES AND $\RR$-FLOWS IN NON-COMMUTATIVE OPERATOR SPACES
Authors: de Pagter Ben , Sukochev Fyodor
Published: May 2007

The principal results in this paper are concerned with the description of domains of infinitesimal generators of strongly continuous groups of isometries in non-commutative operator spaces $E(\mathcal{M},\tau)$, which are induced by $\mathbb{R}$-flows on $\mathcal{M}$. In particular, we are concerned with the description of operator functions which leave the domain of such generators invariant in all symmetric operator spaces, associated with a semi-finite von Neumann algebra $\mathcal{M}$ and a separable function space $E$ on $(0,\infty)$. Furthermore, we apply our results to the study of operator functions for which $[D,x]\in E(\mathcal{M},\tau)$ implies that $[D,f(x)]\in E(\mathcal{M},\tau)$, where $D$ is an unbounded self-adjoint operator. Our methods are partly based on the recently developed theory of double operator integrals in symmetric operator spaces and the theory of adjoint $C_{0}$-semigroups.
THE REPRESENTATION OF RESIDUE CLASSES BY PRODUCTS OF SMALL INTEGERS
Authors: Garaev M. Z. , Karatsuba A. A.
Published: May 2007

For a large integer $m$, we obtain asymptotic formulae for the number of solutions of certain congruences modulo $m$ with several variables, where the variables belong to special sets of residue classes modulo $m$. In particular, we obtain new information on the exceptional set of the multiplication table problem in the residue ring modulo $m$.
A heterologous prime-boost vaccination regime using DNA and a vaccinia virus, both expressing GRA4, induced protective immunity againstToxoplasma gondiiinfection in mice
Authors: ZHANG G. , HUONG V. T. T. , BATTUR B. , ZHOU J. , ZHANG H. , LIAO M. , KAWASE O. , LEE E. G. , DAUTU G. , IGARASHI M. , NISHIKAWA Y. , XUAN X.
Published: May 2007

The dense granule antigen 4 (GRA4) is known as an immundominant antigen ofToxoplasma gondiiand, therefore, is considered as a vaccine candidate. For further evaluation of its vaccine effect, a recombinant plasmid and vaccinia virus, both expressing GRA4, were constructed, and a heterologous prime-boost vaccination regime was performed in a mouse model. The mice immunized with the heterologous prime-boost vaccination regime showed a high level of specific antibody response against GRA4 and a significantly high level of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production and survived completely against a subsequent challenge infection with a lethal dose ofT. gondii. In addition, the formation of cysts was inhibited in the mice vaccinated with the heterologous prime-boost vaccination regime. These results demonstrate that the heterologous prime-boost vaccination regime using DNA and a vaccinia virus, both expressing GRA4, could induce both humoral and cellular immune responses and provide effective protection against lethal acute and chronicT. gondiiinfections in mice.
Growth pattern and risk of schizophrenia
Authors: Haukka J. , Suvisaari J. , Häkkinen L. , Lönnqvist J.
Published: May 2007

Background

Foetal nutrition and growth seem to affect the risk of developing schizophrenia. Exposure to famine during foetal development and low birthweight increase the risk. However, few studies have investigated the association between schizophrenia and adult height and weight or patterns of growth.

Method

The study population consisted of two subpopulations: families with at least one member with schizophrenia, and families of offspring of mothers with psychotic disorder, and controls. Using a seven-parameter model of height growth curves, we compared the parameters of persons who later developed schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings from the same families. We also studied how growth curve parameters differed in children with genetic risk for schizophrenia and controls, and whether weight, height and body mass index (BMI) at different ages predicted later development of schizophrenia.

Results

The predicted growth curves based on a parametric model were nearly identical for persons with schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings. Adult height of daughters of mothers with psychoses was borderline significantly (p=0.0536) lower compared to controls, while no difference was detected among sons (p=0.3283).

Conclusions

No association between growth characteristics and schizophrenia in families with at least one member with schizophrenia was found. Family-related factors should be taken into account as possible confounders in future studies on growth and schizophrenia.
The Actor's Second Nature: Stanislavski and William James
Authors: Whyman Rose
Published: May 2007

This article considers the origins of Stanislavski's system and his insistence that the actor's skills, like the musician's, must be honed through daily exercises. Such practice must become the actor's ‘second nature’, as Stanislavski terms it. Rose Whyman here compares what Stanislavski has to say about skill acquisition with the psychologist William James's discussion of the role of habit in learning. This raises some problems in theorizing the system today, as it was rooted in the science of more than a century ago, when much less was known about the mechanisms of memory and learning. Rose Whyman worked previously in community and experimental theatre and is now a lecturer in Drama and Theatre Arts at the University of Birmingham. Her book The Stanislavski System of Acting: Legacy and Influence in Modern Performance is to be published by CUP later this year.
Celebrity versus Tradition: ‘Branding’ in Modern British Pantomime
Authors: Lipton Martina
Published: May 2007

British pantomime between 1985 and 2005 has undergone an evolutionary reconstruction based on practices of branding. Within this broad field, Martina Lipton distinguishes two competing pantomime models, investigating the contrasting ideological and cultural positioning of dominant representations of modern pantomime by a major production group, Qdos Entertainment, and the Nottingham Playhouse and York Theatre Royal repertory companies. She reads these models as identifying collective experiences and taste communities after the categories identified by Pierre Bourdieu as conferring ‘distinction’. While these companies both offer a somewhat similar mediatized product, they successfully co-exist within a dynamic and competitive marketplace by branding their pantomimes as respectively embracing and resisting the influence of mass-media popular culture. Both branding practices have succeeded in restoring the genre to high visibility and economic success. Martina Lipton is working on a PhD at the University of Queensland.
The Short, Astonishing History of the National Theatre of Scotland
Authors: Leach Robert
Published: May 2007

The National Theatre of Scotland was constituted in 2003, following a debate in the newly devolved Scottish Parliament. Its first artistic director was appointed in 2004, and its inaugural production was presented in February 2006. Within another year, some twenty productions had been seen in over forty urban and rural locations – a rate of development in marked contrast to the slow crawl over more than half a century towards a National Theatre in London. Personal and political drive apart, a major reason for the speed with which the National Theatre of Scotland has not only established itself but gained respect far beyond national boundaries is the simple fact that it does not possess a theatre building, so that all its work must of necessity tour nationwide – or involve co-productions with building-based companies. Home, the opening event, was in fact a multiplicity of different shows tailored to ten different locations; later work has ranged from the classic Mary Stuart to Anthony Neilson's surrealist Wonderful World of Dissocia, from a reinvention of Macbeth to Gregory Burke's astonishing Black Watch, which interweaves the history of the famous but doomed Scottish regiment with the raw actuality of young soldiers serving in Iraq. In this article, based on a paper presented to the fourth Forum for Arabic Theatre in Sharjah in January 2007, Robert Leach surveys both the brief history of the company and the highlights of its prolific first year's work. Robert Leach lives in Scotland but teaches in England, at Cumbria Institute of the Arts in Carlisle. His latest book is Theatre Workshop: Joan Littlewood and the Making of Modern British Theatre, published by Exeter University Press in 2006.
New Theatricality and Old in Seoul
Authors: Herbert Ian
Published: May 2007

Ian Herbert reports on the fiftieth anniversary congress of the International Association of Theatre Critics, held in Seoul during the Seoul Performing Arts Festival, 7–29 September 2006.
A Farewell to Peter Hepple
Authors: Herbert Ian
Published: May 2007

Peter Hepple, who died on 12 October 2006, had been an Advisory Editor of New Theatre Quarterly from the first issue of the relaunched journal back in 1985, and worked with us in the late 1970s during the old Theatre Quarterly's successful campaign to recreate a British Centre of the International Theatre Institute, of which he remained a council member. Here, in a tribute first published in The Independent on 14 October 2006, Ian Herbert remembers the man in the mac who was welcomed everywhere.
Invasive pneumococcal disease in New Zealand 1998–2005: capsular serotypes and antimicrobial resistance
Authors: HEFFERNAN H. M. , MARTIN D. R. , WOODHOUSE R. E. , MORGAN J. , BLACKMORE T. K.
Published: May 2007

Isolates from 3903 cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) were referred to the national reference laboratory over the 8 years, 1998–2005, as part of the laboratory-based surveillance of this disease in New Zealand. All isolates were serotyped and their antimicrobial susceptibility was tested. The incidence of IPD was highest in young children, with an average annual incidence of 100·8/100 000 in infants aged <2 years. There were changes in the prevalence of several of the serotypes during the 8-year period. Overall the seven serotypes included in the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F, were the most common serotypes and accounted for 80·9% of the disease in infants aged <2 years. There was no overall change in penicillin resistance or non-susceptibility during the 8 years, and rates were 7·1% and 17·1%, respectively, in 2005. In contrast, cefotaxime and erythromycin resistance increased to reach 3·1% and 12·2%, respectively, by 2005.
Investigation into the seasonal salmonellosis in lactating dairy cattle
Authors: EDRINGTON T. S. , ROSS T. T. , CALLAWAY T. R. , MARTINEZ C. H. , HUME M. E. , GENOVESE K. J. , POOLE T. L. , ANDERSON R. C. , NISBET D. J.
Published: May 2007

Sporadic salmonellosis has been reported in mature lactating dairy cattle in the southwestern United States and is an intriguing problem in thatSalmonellacan be cultured from faecal samples of these cattle throughout the year. However, it is pathogenic only during late summer/early autumn and in certain years. We sampled apparently healthy (n=10) and diarrhoeic (n=10) cattle during an outbreak on a 2000 head dairy in 2003. The following year, monthly faecal (from the same 30 head), total mixed ration, water, and pen soil samples were collected forSalmonellaculture. No serogroup, serotype, genetic, or antimicrobial susceptibility differences were observed in comparison of isolates from healthy and sick cattle. During year 2 of the study,Salmonellawas routinely cultured (although highly variable from month to month) from the cattle and the environment, although no outbreak of salmonellosis was observed.
Introduction: Divo worship
Authors: HENSON KAREN
Published: May 2007

Stephen Daldry’s Billy Elliot (2000), a British film about a boy from the industrial north-east who forsakes his roots to train as a professional dancer, opens and closes with two almost mythic scenes of male dancing. In the first, the film’s opening, the eleven-year-old Billy lays the stylus on a T-Rex LP and, after a scratchy false start, the soundtrack begins with the 1978 ‘Cosmic Dancer’. Hopping onto his bed, Billy starts to leap up and down – first as any boy would, but then higher and higher, his body caught in slow motion in a variety of abstract poses. In the film’s final scene, we return to Billy dancing, this time as a mature, muscular adult arriving in the wings of a London theatre. This is the first and only time we see the grown-up Billy, and his face is kept from us so that we can focus on the strength and immensity of his limbs, the astonishing athletic body. At the climactic statement of a soaring late Romantic phrase – the music is now Swan Lake – Billy leaps onto the stage. Boy becomes man, adolescent energy is transformed into athleticism and film and soundtrack freeze, capturing Billy in another abstract leap.
The pathological voice of Gilbert-Louis Duprez
Authors: BLOCH GREGORY W.
Published: May 2007

The tenor Gilbert-Louis Duprez is today remembered for his invention of the ‘C from the chest’, first presented to Parisian audiences in 1837. This has retrospectively been mythologised as the origin-point of modern tenor technique, though recent research has thrown the exact nature and significance of Duprez’s achievement into doubt. Nonetheless, one context in which Duprez was understood as revolutionary was in the scientific work of two Lyonnais doctors, Paul Diday and Joseph Pétrequin, whose 1840 essay ‘Mémoire sur une nouvelle espèce de voix chantée’ offers a unique perspective not only on what Duprez sounded like, but also on developments in the understanding of the physiological phenomenon of singing itself. Placing this work in the context of earlier medical writings on the voice, and of the authors’ subsequent debate with the singing teacher Manuel Garcia Jr., suggests that the late 1830s were a period of flux in the history of the understanding of singing, one in which long-held certainties were being questioned. Duprez thus arrived in Paris at a unique moment. The changing conceptual background shaped the understanding of Duprez’s voice even as the tenor was used by the doctors as a ‘living experiment’ to reach conclusions about the function of the voice generally.
The disappearing danseur
Authors: SMITH MARIAN
Published: May 2007

The notion of studying the nineteenth-century danseur is problematic because of an anti-male strain in dance historiography that has led some to suggest that he virtually disappeared from the stage. André Levinson is largely responsible for the danseur’s poor reputation: he minimised the narrative aspect of nineteenth-century ballet and declared in 1929 that the ballerina Marie Taglioni had ‘evicted’ men from the stage. Levinson also canonised La Sylphide (1832), a ballet that he, like his nineteenth-century predecessors Théophile Gautier and Jules Janin, gendered as feminine. He promulgated the term ‘ballet blanc’, a feminising but misleading term now in common use and rarely interrogated. And yet men danced on the stage throughout the nineteenth century. In the case of the Paris Opéra, men contributed to ballet as principal dancers, soloists and in the corps de ballet. A brief study of La Jolie Fille de Gand, a ballet contemporaneous with La Sylphide, shows a rich set of male roles calling on men’s skill as mimes and dancers in various styles. Further studies of the long-maligned nineteenth-century danseur are needed.
Verdi, Victor Maurel and fin-de-siècle operatic performance
Authors: HENSON KAREN
Published: May 2007

This article begins with a late Verdian conundrum, one that is arguably distinctive of the fin de siècle: even as Verdi seemed to be withdrawing from the stage, he turned repeatedly to a small group of practical musicians, among them the French baritone Victor Maurel, the first Iago and Falstaff and creator in 1881 of the revised role of Simon Boccanegra. An exploration of the circumstances in which Maurel first made an impression on the composer, as Hamlet and Amonasro at the Paris Opéra in 1880, suggests a significant role for the baritone in late Verdian historiography. In particular, Maurel’s case reveals a Verdi interested in and even actively encouraging new approaches to operatic acting and declamation, a fact we might want to relate to the composer’s larger trajectory in this period. It also reveals a fin de siècle in which singers continued to be important, in spite of composers’ anti-performance rhetoric.
Response: Men with a past
Authors: LAQUEUR THOMAS W.
Published: May 2007

It seems a very long way from a dog howling in pain on François Magendie’s laboratory table in 1816 to Gilbert-Louis Duprez’s more-or-less novel accomplishment at the Paris Opéra two decades later: the tenor’s high C from the chest; the darkened voice; the sound of the future first heard in a performance of Guillaume Tell. Most obviously, the sounds of the dog were horrible and horrifying. When Magendie’s teacher, the great Xavier Bichat, tried the experiment some years earlier, his cleaning lady asked to move her chambers from near the scene because she could not bear the dog’s cries. Duprez’s sound was, arguably, beautiful; at least some people thought so, even if two doctors, driven to study the physiology of singing by the occasion, claimed that most people thought the voice was forced and false. Whether it was ‘pathological’ or not – I’d prefer, at worse, ‘pathogenic’ in the sense that so many unnatural new activities of the nineteenth century, like sitting long hours at a desk or riding on a train, were thought to make one ill – the tenor’s high C did, even its detractors admitted, ‘transport and dominate with its power’. It was musical and in the minds of many opened up radically new interpretative possibilities.
Cultural Logic and Practical Reason: the Structure of Discard in Ancient Maya Houselots
Authors: Hutson Scott R. , Stanton Travis W.
Published: May 2007

Since the 1980s, archaeologists have challenged the idea that prehistoric actions were guided primarily by practicality and expedience. Rubbish disposal, a superficially mundane activity, provides a critical case for exploring the depth to which cultural logics penetrate. Ethnoarchaeological research on discard behaviour in Mesoamerican houselots has modelled rubbish disposal as a matter of expedience predictable by factors such as density of settlement and length of occupation. At the Classic period site of Chunchucmil, Yucatan, such models based on practical reason succeed only partly in predicting the distribution of rubbish. Ethnographic and ethnohistorical accounts of rubbish in Mesoamerica suggest that fully understanding its distribution requires attention to cultural logics. At Chunchucmil, ancient Maya cosmology explains the location of dumps within households. Thus, both practical and cultural logics structured discard. The case of Maya subsistence farming suggests that practical logic is subsumed by cultural logic, rather than the two logics conflicting. These findings show how broadly-held beliefs and predispositions are instantiated and reproduced in daily life.
Depicting the Dead: Commemoration Through Cists, Cairns and Symbols in Early Medieval Britain
Authors: Williams Howard
Published: May 2007

This article develops recent interpretations of mortuary practices as contexts for producing social memory and personhood to argue that early medieval cairns and mounds served to commemorate concepts of gender and genealogy. Commemorative strategies are identified in the composite character, shape and location of cairns and in their relationship with other commemorative monuments, namely Class I symbol-stones. The argument is developed through a consideration of the excavations of early medieval cists and cairns at Lundin Links in Fife.
Porridge and Pot, Bread and Oven: Food Ways and Symbolism in Africa and the Near East from the Neolithic to the Present
Authors: Haaland Randi
Published: May 2007

Food items are not only food ‘for the body’, they are also ‘food for thought’ about our relations to ‘others’ in the world of living people, and to cosmological forces. Ethnographic studies and historical documents show a striking difference between Africa and the Near East with regard to symbolic elaborations of food-related items. This difference is grounded in a contrast between a cooking pot theme in Africa and a baking oven theme in the Near East. It is manifested in differences in the emergence of two fundamental cultural features generally assumed to be linked elements of the Neolithic, namely domestication of cereals and invention of pottery. In the Near East, the material shows that domesticated cereals appeared about 2000 years earlier than ceramics, while in Africa the evidence indicates that pottery appeared around 2000 years earlier than cultivated cereals. This article explores different social and symbolic correlates of the different sequences of Neolithic innovations in the Near East and Africa.
Neolithic Stamps: Cultural Patterns, Processes and Potencies
Authors: Skeates Robin
Published: May 2007

Decorated clay stamps carrying a culturally filtered range of abstract designs are one of the most visually striking but problematic categories of portable art found at Neolithic and Copper Age sites in western Asia and southern Europe. This article proposes a revised account of their production, consumption and changing values across space and time, by emphasizing their biographies, human relations and cultural embeddedness. They were sometimes worn as amulets, but primarily designed to be hand-held printing and impressing tools, used to reproduce copies of powerful graphic images on the surface of other cultural materials. It is argued that their potent signatures repeatedly attached, revealed and reproduced significant cultural concepts and relations across different people and practices and across the material and supernatural worlds.
Revolution Fulfilled? Symbolic and Structural Archaeology, a Generation On. Symbolic and Structural Archaeology, edited by Ian Hodder. (New Directions in Archaeology Series.)
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007 (2nd edition); ISBN-13: 9780521035507 paperback,
£18.99 & US$34.99, 196 pp.
Authors: Hodder Ian , Leone Mark P. , Bernbeck Reinhard , Shanks Michael , Tomášková Silvia , McAnany Patricia A. , Shennan Stephen , Renfrew Colin
Published: May 2007

It is now 25 years since Symbolic and Structural Archaeology (henceforth SSA) was first published in 1982. Why run a review feature upon a book this old? Clearly not to let readers know about its now-familiar contents. One justification is historical. Very few works have had such an effect — in archaeology, the nearest parallel comes with works such as Binford and Binford's New Perspectives in Archaeology in 1968, which laid the basis for an entire agenda of New Archaeology. Like Binford and Binford's book, SSA marked a transformation of archaeology as much as, or more than, it actually transformed the field itself. It signalled the coming of age of a coherent cohort of young, energetic scholars with a strongly defined new agenda. It breached taken-for-granted limits with bold, even flagrant ambition; it consciously invoked new intellectual frames. As much as any particular publishing event can punctuate the scholarly process with the intimation of a new direction, the publication of SSA did so.

And yet, a review feature on the book would perhaps not be entirely justified as purely a historical retrospective. It is clear from the trajectory of theoretical publication in Britain (and to some extent America) over the last decades, from the content of archaeological theory courses in universities, and the vocabulary bounced around at conferences such as TAG and the SAAs, that the agenda of SSA — often termed ‘post-processualism’ — has become the dominant voice in mainstream archaeological theory. The challenger has become the establishment; the once-unthinkable has become normal science. There are many other theoretical voices, of course, but even self-proclaimed alternative movements show signs of having absorbed, osmotically, much of the theoretical agenda set by post-processualism, even if their answers differ.

Twenty-five is a human generation, and perhaps the closest approach to eternity in the rapidly fermenting world of theory; the current generation of students (future colleagues, really) will have known no other paradigm. Hence, we have asked our contributors not only to comment retrospectively upon the book itself, but also prospectively, on how well its agenda has weathered the years, on what roads remain untaken, and upon where they think the future might lie.
Asymmetric conflict structures
Authors: Geiß Robin
Published: May 2007

Inequality in arms, indeed, significant disparity between belligerents, has become a prominent feature of various contemporary armed conflicts. Such asymmetries, albeit not at all a new phenomenon in the field of warfare, no longer constitute a random occurrence of singular battles. As a structural characteristic of modern-day warfare asymmetric conflict structures have repercussions on the application of fundamental principles of international humanitarian law. How, for example, can the concept of military necessity, commonly understood to justify the degree of force necessary to secure military defeat of the enemy, be reconciled with a constellation in which one side in the conflict is from the outset bereft of any chance of winning the conflict militarily? Moreover, military imbalances of this scope evidently carry incentives for the inferior party to level out its inferiority by circumventing accepted rules of warfare. This article attempts tentatively to assess the repercussions this could have on the principle of reciprocity, especially the risk of the instigation of a destabilizing dynamic of negative reciprocity which ultimately could lead to a gradual intensification of a mutual disregard of international humanitarian law.
Incitement in international criminal law
Authors: Kristin Timmermann Wibke
Published: May 2007

The author critically analyses in this article the status of incitement in international criminal law. After a discussion of the relevant judgments by the Nuremberg Tribunal and related courts, including German de-Nazification courts, the travaux préparatoires of the Genocide Convention and the case-law of the International Criminal Tribunals, the international approach is criticized, particularly its practice of regarding only direct and public incitement to genocide as inchoate, whilst instigation generally is treated as not inchoate. The author recommends the adoption of an approach modelled on German and Swiss domestic law and argues that instigation per se should also be regarded as an inchoate crime.
A la guerre comme à la guerre: patterns of armed conflict, humanitarian law responses and new challenges
Authors: Reydams Luc
Published: May 2007

Continuous transformation of armed conflict since the adoption in 1864 of the first international humanitarian law treaty compels international humanitarian law to adapt accordingly. These adaptations, through either customary law or new multilateral treaties, always have been towards greater protection, greater reach. As for treaty practice, international humanitarian law historically has been substantially revised every twenty-five to thirty years. This article links those revisions to specific conflicts which laid bare deficiencies in the existing law. What follows is thus a chronicle of conflicts with their most critical humanitarian issues. From this emerges a picture of the changing face of armed conflict since the middle of the nineteenth century. The article also considers recent challenges to international humanitarian law and speculates on possible responses.
Respect for international humanitarian law by armed non-state actors in Africa
Authors: Ewumbue-Monono Churchill
Published: May 2007

This report presents the instruments and strategies used by non-state actors to respect international humanitarian law during intra-state conflicts in Africa and highlights the recognition by these non-state actors of the role of humanitarian organizations. It examines the impact of such recognition on the development of international humanitarian law and the activities of humanitarian organizations, and shows the problems encountered by non-state actors with respect to their commitments. It concludes with some suggestions as to a way forward.
International treaties against terrorism and the use of terrorism during armed conflict and by armed forces
Authors: O'Donnell Daniel
Published: May 2007

During the second half of the twentieth century the international community, facing the terrorist phenomenon, reacted with the adoption of a series of treaties concerning specific types of terrorist acts, and the obligations of states with regard to them. Alternatively terrorism-oriented legislation, which initially covered only acts affecting civilians, has gradually expanded to cover some acts of terrorism against military personnel and installations. This contribution attempts to assess the repercussions of this evolution on the status and the protection of armed forces engaged in the so-called “war on terrorism” by examining the existing dynamic between these regulations and international humanitarian law.
Precautions under the law governing the conduct of hostilities
Authors: Quéguiner Jean-François
Published: May 2007

This article presents a descriptive analysis of the precautions that are required of all belligerents in order to ensure the protection of civilian populations and objects against the effects of hostilities. The author argues that both the attacker and the defender must take precautions to avoid, or at least minimize, collateral casualties and damage. The rules imposing such precautionary measures represent clear standards of conduct. This is true even though they are worded in flexible terms to take into account the reality that mistakes or misjudgements are inevitable, and that the balance between military and humanitarian interests is not always easy to reach.
Jeder Schritt zählt: Wie viel bewegen sich unsere Patienten? Eine Pedometer-Studie
Authors: Ruckstuhl  , Vetter  , Suter
Published: May 2007

Auch in der Schweiz, nimmt die Prävalenz von Übergewicht bzw. Adipositas zu, was mit einem erhöhtem Risiko für verschiedene chronische Krankheiten einhergeht. Aufgrund der bisher meist frustranen Therapieversuche der Adipositas kommt der Prävention eine zentrale Bedeutung zu. In diesem Zusammenhang spielt die Energiebilanz aus Energiezufuhr und Energieverbrauch eine wichtige Rolle, wobei der Energieverbrauch hauptsächlich durch die körperliche Aktivität moduliert werden kann. Eine Möglichkeit die körperliche Aktivität zu erfassen ist die Schrittzählung. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Anzahl Schritte bei 49 konsekutiven Patienten der Hypertonie- und Adipositassprechstunde des Universitätsspitals Zürich über eine Woche ermittelt. Zudem wurde die Selbsteinschätzung der körperlichen Aktivität mittels visueller Analogskala bei den Patienten erfragt. Die 33 Frauen und 16 Männer, wovon 29 adipös (Mittelwert ± SD BMI 35.3 ± 5.5 kg/m²), elf übergewichtig (BMI 27.6 ± 1.1 kg/m²) bzw. acht (BMI 22.7 ± 1.5 kg/m²) normalgewichtig waren, liefen durchschnittlich über eine Woche 67917 ± 33856 Schritte (Mittelwert ± SD). Die Normalgewichtigen liefen über die gesamte Woche mehr Schritte als die Übergewichtigen bzw. Adipösen, wobei diese Unterschiede nicht signifikant ausfielen. Nur am Sonntag konnte ein signifikanter Unterschied festgestellt werden: Die Normalgewichtigen liefen an diesem Tag signifikant mehr Schritte als Adipöse. Ein ähnlicher Trend liess sich in der Beziehung zwischen BMI und Anzahl Schritte im Gesamtkollektiv feststellen. Die Daten dieser Erhebung zeigen, dass die körperliche Aktivität im besonderen am Wochenende resp. in der Freizeit gefördert werden sollte.
Visualization of Multivariate Data with Tail Trees
Authors: Klemelä Jussi
Published: May 2007

We introduce graphical tools to visualize the shape, the location, and the orientation of a multivariate data set. We define a tree structure among the observations, called a tail tree. A tail tree is a tree whose root node corresponds to a center point of the data, and whose branches correspond to the tails of the data. We visualize a tail tree with a tail tree plot. Visualizing the tree structure among the observations makes it feasible to detect features from the data. A tail tree may also be used to define and enhance other visualizations. We define a tail frequency plot which visualizes the empirical probabilities of the disconnected tails of the point cloud. A tail tree induces a segmentation of the data which may be used to enhance a grand tour, graphical matrices, and parallel coordinate plots. We apply tail tree plots in exploratory data analysis of financial data.
Information Space Partitioning Using Adaptive Voronoi Diagrams
Authors: Reitsma René , Trubin Stanislav
Published: May 2007

In this paper, we present and evaluate a Voronoi method for partitioning continuous information spaces. We define the formal characteristics of the problem and discuss several well-known partitioning methods and approaches. We submit that although they all partially solve the problem, they all have shortcomings. As an alternative, we offer an approach based on an adaptive version of the multiplicatively weighted Voronoi diagram. The diagram is ‘adaptive’ because it is computed backwards; that is, the generators' weights are treated as dependent rather than independent variables. We successfully test this adaptive solution using both ideal-typical (artificial) and empirical data. Since the resultant visualizations are meant to be used by human subjects, we then discuss the results of a usability experiment, positioning the adaptive solution against a commonly used rectangular solution and the classic nonweighted Voronoi solution. The results indicate that in terms of usability, both the rectangular and the adaptive Voronoi solution outperform the standard Voronoi solution. In addition, although subjects are better able to gage rectangular area relationships, only the adaptive Voronoi solution satisfies all geometric constraints of weight-proportional partitioning.
Comparison of Visualization Methods for an Atlas of Gene Expression Data Sets
Authors: Venna Jarkko , Kaski Samuel
Published: May 2007

This paper has two intertwined goals: (i) to study the feasibility of an atlas of gene expression data sets as a visual interface to expression databanks, and (ii) to study which dimensionality reduction methods would be suitable for visualizing very high-dimensional data sets. Several new methods have been recently proposed for the estimation of data manifolds or embeddings, but they have so far not been compared in the task of visualization. In visualizations the dimensionality is constrained, in addition to the data itself, by the presentation medium. It turns out that an older method, curvilinear component analysis, outperforms the new ones in terms of trustworthiness of the projections. In a sample databank on gene expression, the main sources of variation were the differences between data sets, different labs, and different measurement methods. This hints at a need for better methods for making the data sets commensurable, in accordance with earlier studies. The good news is that the visualized overview, expression atlas, reveals many of these subsets. Hence, we conclude that dimensionality reduction even from 1339 to 2 can produce a useful interface to gene expression databanks.
Source analysis of MEG activities during sleep (abstract)
Authors: Ueno S. , Iramina K.
Published: May 2007

The present study focuses on magnetic fields of the brain activities during sleep, in particular on K-complexes, vertex waves, and sleep spindles in human subjects. We analyzed these waveforms based on both topographic EEG (electroencephalographic) maps and magnetic fields measurements, called MEGs (magnetoencephalograms). The components of magnetic fields perpendicular to the surface of the head were measured using a dc SQUID magnetometer with a second derivative gradiometer. In our computer simulation, the head is assumed to be a homogeneous spherical volume conductor, with electric sources of brain activity modeled as current dipoles. Comparison of computer simulations with the measured data, particularly the MEG, suggests that the source of K-complexes can be modeled by two current dipoles. A source for the vertex wave is modeled by a single current dipole which orients along the body axis out of the head. By again measuring the simultaneous MEG and EEG signals, it is possible to uniquely determine the orientation of this dipole, particularly when it is tilted slightly off-axis. In sleep stage 2, fast waves of magnetic fields consistently appeared, but EEG spindles appeared intermittently. The results suggest that there exist sources which are undetectable by electrical measurement but are detectable by magnetic-field measurement. Such source can be described by a pair of opposing dipoles of which directions are oppositely oriented.