bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a sustainability rating tool for heritage buildings: future implications
Authors: Al-Sakkaf Abobakr , Zayed Tarek , Bagchi Ashutosh , Mahmoud Sherif , Pickup David
Published: August 2020

Purpose

Heritage buildings are significant for their historical and architectural value. Due to the lack of rating systems designed specifically for heritage buildings, it is essential to develop and validate a heritage building assessment tool that considers its specific characteristics. The purpose of this study is to provide an extensive review of research on Sustainability of Heritage Buildings (SHBs).

Design/methodology/approach

This review highlights methodologies applied in SHBs research and analyzes major global rating systems in order to identify their deficiencies for SHBs assessment. A systematic review was employed and articles from the top 10 high impact factor journals were studied. Twelve major global rating systems and their assessment criteria were identified.

Findings

Significant variability was observed among the assessment tools since each tool assesses several criteria, factors and indicators that fit its local context. Part of this variability can also be seen in the rating scales, threshold values and accreditation titles. As a result, the final sustainability ranking for a given building cannot be compared among the 12 rating systems. Most importantly, these systems fail to analyze some factors such as energy that are considered important with respect to heritage building assessment.

Originality/value

Since no specific rating system could be identified in this review as the most appropriate for heritage buildings, a new sustainability assessment tool that is specific to heritage buildings should be developed. Such a tool will enable facility managers to evaluate and improve the sustainability of their heritage buildings while preserving them.
Tenacissoside H promotes neurological recovery of cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury in mice by modulating inflammation and oxidative stress via TrkB pathway
Authors: Zhang Rui , Liu Cui , Li Yang , Chen Liang , Xiang Jianfeng
Published: August 2020

Cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R)‐induced acute brain injury remains a troublesome condition in clinical practice. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of tenacissoside H (TH) on I/R‐induced cerebral injury in mice. Here, a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established by an improved Longa‐Zea method. TH was given by intraperitoneal injection once a day within 1 week before establishing the mouse MCAO model. The neurological functions of mice were evaluated and the apoptosis of neurons was also detected by the TUNEL method and Nissl's staining. ELISA and western blot were used to detect the expression of inflammatory factors, oxidation factors and proteins in the cerebral ischaemic cortex. The results revealed that TH dose‐dependently reduced neurological impairment, neuron apoptosis and brain oedema induced by MCAO. Furthermore, TH attenuated the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (including interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α), iNOS and nuclear factor (NF)‐κB while increased production of anti‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐4, IL‐10 and BDNF) and proteins of tropomyosin‐related kinase receptor B (TrkB) and PPARγ. Nevertheless, after the addition of TrkB inhibitor, the effects of TH above were mostly restrained. In conclusion, TH can protect mice against I/R‐induced neurological impairments via modulating inflammation and oxidative stress through TrkB signalling.
The applying functions of tax regulation for state development
Authors: Zeynalova Zivar Z.
Published: August 2020

Taxes are a complicated and influential category affecting all the economic phenomena and financial processes. To ensure a stable flow of funds to the state and local budgets, all the participants of the tax legal relations should properly perform their obligations before the state and observe the applicable legislation. The aim of the paper is to make an analysis of the positive experience of European countries in the field of taxation and their possible application in developing countries. The considered practice in the part of the luxury tax showed that almost all the developed foreign countries introduced this kind of tax, however, in some of them, it has not been established for some reasons. The experience of the majority of countries shows that social contributions are paid in the majority of cases both by the employer and the employee in a compound and in some cases – by the employee and the employer separately. In the sphere of taxation of transport, the authors suppose that the experience of the foreign states is rather progressive and has a number of positive peculiarities.
Clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality in obstetric patients with severe COVID‐19 in Brazil: a surveillance database analysis
Authors: Takemoto MLS , Menezes MO , Andreucci CB , Knobel R , Sousa L , Katz L , Fonseca EB , Nakamura‐Pereira M , Magalhães CG , Diniz CSG , Melo ASO , Amorim MMR ,   Brazilian Group for Studies of COVID‐19 and Pregnancy
Published: August 2020

Objective

To describe clinical characteristics of pregnant and postpartum women with severe COVID‐19 in Brazil and to examine risk factors for mortality.

Design

Cross‐sectional study based on secondary surveillance database analysis.

Setting

Nationwide Brazil.

Population or sample

978 Brazilian pregnant and postpartum women notified as COVID‐19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) cases with complete outcome (death or cure) up to 18 June 2020.

Methods

Data was abstracted from the Brazilian ARDS Surveillance System (ARDS‐SS) database. All eligible cases were included. Data on demographics, clinical characteristics, intensive care resources use and outcomes were collected. Risk factors for mortality were examined by multivariate logistic regression.

Main outcome measures

Case fatality rate.

Results

We identified 124 maternal deaths, corresponding to a case fatality rate among COVID‐19 ARDS cases in the obstetric population of 12.7%. At least one comorbidity was present in 48.4% of fatal cases compared with 24.9% in survival cases. Among women who died, 58.9% were admitted to ICU, 53.2% had invasive ventilation and 29.0% had no respiratory support. The multivariate logistic regression showed that the main risk factors for maternal death by COVID‐19 were being postpartum at onset of ARDS, obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, whereas white ethnicity had a protective effect.

Conclusions

Negative outcomes of COVID‐19 in this population are affected by clinical characteristics but social determinants of health also seem to play a role. It is urgent to reinforce containment measures targeting the obstetric population and ensure high quality care throughout pregnancy and the postpartum period.

Tweetable abstract

A total of 124 COVID‐19 maternal deaths were identified in Brazil. Symptoms onset at postpartum and comorbidities are risk factors.
Effects of restorative justice pre‐file diversion legislation on juvenile filing rates: An interrupted time‐series analysis
Authors: Sliva Shannon M. , Plassmeyer Mark
Published: August 2020

Research Summary

This study uses an interrupted time‐series design to analyze the impacts of legislatively supported restorative justice pilot projects in Colorado on overall juvenile filing rates in implementing districts, and it compares those outcomes with nonimplementing districts. On average, pilot districts demonstrate statistically significant reductions in juvenile filing rates during the first year of funding, and significant rates of decline are sustained in the years after initiation. The effects of restorative justice pre‐file diversion systems, however, vary by judicial district, and they can be partially explained by differences in implementation.

Policy Implications

Restorative justice pre‐file diversion programs accompanied by funding supports and accountability measures—introduced by the Colorado legislature in 2014—are associated with varying declines in juvenile court filings. Implementation matters, however. States considering the use of similar reforms should account for how to best support pilot sites’ localized characteristics. Funding restorative justice pre‐file diversion presents one mechanism for reducing court involvement, but it should not be offered as a panacea.
An analysis of cellulose‐ and dextrose‐based radicals in sweet potatoes as irradiation markers
Authors: Tonyali Bade , Sommers Christopher , Ceric Olgica , Smith J. Scott , Yucel Umut
Published: August 2020

Dried sweet potatoes (SPs) are often irradiated for improved safety and shelf life. Formation of irradiation‐derived radicals was analyzed using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. These irradiation‐specific radicals can be used to characterize the irradiation history of dry plant‐based foods containing cellulose and sugars. The signal characteristics (intensity and peak shape) were evaluated at different sample locations (skin and flesh), as a function of sample preparation method (grinding, sieving, and pelletizing). The signal intensity was quantified using a double integration method of the peaks based on the area under the curve. The sieving caused ca. 50% decrease in total signal intensity as compared to nonsieved samples due to loss of cellulose‐based radicals. The flesh of irradiated SP showed complex EPR spectra with multiple satellite peaks of cellulose radicals (333.5 and 338.8 mT) and split peak of dextrose radicals (337.4 mT); while skin spectra were distinctive of cellulose radicals. In this study, we demonstrated the effects of sample composition and preparation method on formation and analysis of irradiation‐specific radicals based on EPR.

Practical Application

In the last decade or so, there have been health concerns related to the consumption of irradiated pet food products. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy can be used to analyze the irradiation history of dry products containing cellulose and sugar, such as the popular dog treat dried sweet potatoes, to ensure the products were irradiated within safe limits. This work demonstrates that the formation of irradiation‐specific radicals is affected by the sample location (skin and flesh) and moisture content.
Development and verification of a quantitative real‐time PCR method to identify and quantify gelatin derived from animal hide
Authors: Yang Yange , Li Li , Wang Hongyue , Liu Minchang , Wu Yajun
Published: August 2020

The species origin of hide gelatin is a crucial issue with respect to health concerns and religious restrictions. Analysis of the animal‐derived ingredients of gelatin by reliable methods is necessary to ensure its authenticity. However, due to the highly processed nature of gelatin, it remains a challenge to identify gelatin end products accurately and robustly. Our study established and verified a quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) method based on careful selection of target genes and a DNA extraction method. The middle products of the gelatin production streamline were investigated to explore the influence of each critical processing step on the method. Gelatin reference samples were used to quantify the levels of target species. Commercial gelatin commodities were surveyed to highlight the mislabeling situation. In summary, the qPCR method was demonstrated to be highly specific and sensitive, with limits of detection (LOD) of 0.1 to 1 pg/µL and gelatin LODs of 0.1% to 5% (w/w). The transition from decoction to concentrated gel was found to have the most severe effect on the qPCR. Intensification of pressure or temperature or employment of enzyme hydrolysis aggravated the DNA damage, resulting in elevated Cq values. Quantitation of gelatin products was feasible; gelatin products produced from 5% target hide and 95% matrix hide mixtures showed 2.9% to 5.2% target species. The 26% relative error for low gelatin content is acceptable for semiquantitation purposes. A market survey showed that 52.6% of the gelatin products were mislabeled as being of animal origin.
High‐dose proton pump inhibitor and amoxicillin dual therapy with or without bismuth for 14 days as rescue therapies after Helicobacter pylori treatment failure
Authors: Goh Khean‐Lee , Chang Joven , Leow Alex H.‐R.
Published: August 2020

Objective

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) treatment failures are difficult to treat. In this study we aimed to test the efficacy of two high‐dose dual therapy regimens with or without bismuth for 2 weeks as a rescue therapy for patients with previous H. pylori treatment failure.

Methods

H. pylori‐positive patients were randomly assigned to either dexlansoprazole 60 mg twice a day and amoxicillin 1 g 4 times a day without (high‐dose dual therapy [HDDT]) or with colloidal bismuth subcitrate 240 mg twice a day (HDDT‐Bi) for 14 days. Eradication of H. pylori was tested using the 13C‐urea breath test at least 4 weeks (HDDT) or 8 weeks (HDDT‐Bi) after the completion of therapy.

Results

H. pylori was eradicated in 84.6% (33/39) of patients (95% confidence interval [CI]: 70.3‐92.8%) in the HDDT group, compared with 80.5% (33/41) (95% CI: 66.0‐89.8%) in the HDDT‐Bi group on an intention‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis, and in 89.2% (33/37) (95% CI: 75.3‐95.7%) in the HDDT group compared with 82.5% (33/40) (95% CI: 68.1‐91.3%) in the HDDT‐Bi group on a per‐protocol (PP) analysis. There was no significant difference in the eradication rates in both groups on ITT and PP analysis. Both treatment regimens were well tolerated.

Conclusions

Adding bismuth to HDDT did not increase H. pylori eradication rates after treatment failure. HDDT and HDDT‐Bi achieved a satisfactory eradication rate of more than 80% as rescue therapies. Both treatment regimens were well tolerated by patients and compliance with treatment was good.
Nursing Diagnoses for Coronavirus Disease, COVID‐19: Identification by Taxonomic Triangulation
Authors: González‐Aguña Alexandra , Jiménez‐Rodríguez María Lourdes , Fernández‐Batalla Marta , Herrero‐Jaén Sara , Monsalvo‐San Macario Enrique , Real‐Martínez Verónica , Santamaría‐García José María
Published: August 2020

PURPOSE

To identify the nursing care problems related to the clinical process of disease by COVID‐19.

METHOD

The study applied the taxonomic triangulation technique on a clinical management guide to coronavirus disease, COVID‐19, from the World Health Organization. The technique is divided into the phases: extraction of knowledge in natural language about assessment, planning and intervention, translation into standard language NOC and NIC, linking to NANDA‐I diagnoses, triangulation looking for diagnostic matches in the three sets, and, finally, validation by a panel of experts from a hospital and a university.

FINDINGS

The extraction identified 159 terms in natural language that were translated into 173 variables: 34 NOC for assessment, 19 NOC for planning, and 120 NIC for intervention. The relationships to NANDA‐I diagnoses recorded 2,182 links and the triangulation returned 109 diagnoses, 54 of them for a critical situation. The panel of experts unanimously validated the 29 diagnoses with the highest number of links.

CONCLUSION

Coronavirus disease, COVID‐19, involves a complex situation with multiple associated care problems that can be identified using the taxonomic triangulation technique.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE

The links between taxonomies and the taxonomic triangulation technique are an important tool for generating knowledge. The results of this study may guide the diagnosis and treatment of coronavirus disease, COVID‐19, as well as similar processes that occur with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Compulsory Versus Voluntary Insurance: An Online Experiment
Authors: Zhang Peilu , Palma Marco A.
Published: August 2020

Agricultural insurance can be classified into two broad categories: Compulsory (government/public) and Voluntary (market/private) insurance. In practice, the vast majority of compulsory insurance is partially compulsory, where compulsory insurance provides only partial coverage, and it allows for supplemental voluntary purchases (mixed insurance). In this article, we use the Balloon Analogue Risk Task as the assessment of risk‐taking and insurance context to conduct an online experiment. The main objective is to compare compulsory, voluntary and mixed insurance in terms of adverse selection and moral hazard. We find adverse selection in purely voluntary insurance, but advantageous selection in mixed insurance. Moral hazard exists in all three types of insurance, but it is smaller in mixed insurance. Our ancillary results suggest that under the combined effects of significant moral hazard and “no adverse selection” in purely compulsory insurance make it the insurance type with the lowest social earnings. Overall there is no crowding‐out effect of the compulsory part on residual voluntary purchases in mixed insurance.
Temporizing management vs immediate delivery in early‐onset severe preeclampsia between 28 and 34 weeks of gestation (TOTEM study): An open‐label randomized controlled trial
Authors: Duvekot Johannes J. , Duijnhoven Ruben G. , van Horen Eva , Bax Caroline J. , Bloemenkamp Kitty W. , Brussé Ingrid A. , Dijk Peter H. , Franssen Maureen T. , Franx Arie , Oudijk Martijn A. , Porath Martina M. , Scheepers Hubertina C. , van Wassenaer‐Leemhuis Aleid G. , van Drongelen Joris , Mol Ben W. , Ganzevoort Wessel ,   the TOTEM study collaboration group
Published: August 2020

Introduction

There is little evidence to guide the timing of delivery of women with early‐onset severe preeclampsia. We hypothesize that immediate delivery is not inferior for neonatal outcome but reduces maternal complications compared with temporizing management.

Material and methods

This Dutch multicenter open‐label randomized clinical trial investigated non‐inferiority for neonatal outcome of temporizing management as compared with immediate delivery (TOTEM NTR 2986) in women between 27+5 and 33+5 weeks of gestation admitted for early‐onset severe preeclampsia with or without HELLP syndrome. In participants allocated to receive immediate delivery, either induction of labor or cesarean section was initiated at least 48 hours after admission. Primary outcomes were adverse perinatal outcome, defined as a composite of severe respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, culture proven sepsis, intraventricular hemorrhage grade 3 or worse, periventricular leukomalacia grade 2 or worse, necrotizing enterocolitis stage 2 or worse, and perinatal death. Major maternal complications were secondary outcomes. It was estimated 1130 women needed to be enrolled. Analysis was by intention‐to‐treat.

Results

The trial was halted after 35 months because of slow recruitment. Between February 2011 and December 2013, a total of 56 women were randomized to immediate delivery (n = 26) or temporizing management (n = 30). Median gestational age at randomization was 30 weeks. Median prolongation of pregnancy was 2 days (interquartile range 1‐3 days) in the temporizing management group. Mean birthweight was 1435 g after immediate delivery vs 1294 g after temporizing management (P = .14). The adverse perinatal outcome rate was 55% in the immediate delivery group vs 52% in the temporizing management group (relative risk 1.06; 95% confidence interval 0.67‐1.70). In both groups there was one neonatal death and no maternal deaths. In the temporizing treatment group, one woman experienced pulmonary edema and one placental abruption. Analyses of only the singleton pregnancies did not result in other outcomes.

Conclusions

Early termination of the trial precluded any conclusions for the main outcomes. We observed that temporizing management resulted in a modest prolongation of pregnancy without changes in perinatal and maternal outcome. Conducting a randomized study for this important research question did not prove feasible.
Maternal breastmilk, infant gut microbiome and the impact on preterm infant health
Authors: Granger Claire L. , Embleton Nicholas D. , Palmer Jeremy M. , Lamb Christopher A. , Berrington Janet E. , Stewart Christopher J.
Published: August 2020

Aim

This narrative review summarises the benefits of maternal breastmilk to both the infant and the mother, specifically the benefits that relate to modification of the infant microbiome, and how this might vary in the preterm infant.

Methods

We used PubMed to primarily identify papers, reviews, case series and editorials published in English until May 2020. Based on this, we report on the components of breastmilk, their associated hypothesised benefits and the implications for clinical practice.

Results

Breastmilk is recommended as the exclusive diet for newborn infants because it has numerous nutritional and immunological benefits. Additionally, exposure to the maternal breastmilk microbiome may confer a lasting effect on gut health. In the preterm infant, breastmilk is associated with a significant reduction in necrotising enterocolitis, an inflammatory gastrointestinal disease and reduction in other key morbidities, together with improved neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Conclusion

These impacts have long‐term benefits for the child (and the mother) even after weaning. This benefit is likely due, in part, to modification of the infant gut microbiome by breastmilk microbes and bioactive components, and provide potential areas for research and novel therapies in preterm and other high‐risk infants.
Review: Neonatal dialysis is technically feasible but ethical and global issues need to be addressed
Authors: Ranchin Bruno , Plaisant Franck , Demède Delphine , de Guillebon Jean‐Marie , Javouhey Etienne , Bacchetta Justine
Published: August 2020

Aim

Our aim was to look at the technical, ethical and global issues related to neonatal dialysis.

Methods

We performed a PubMed research on manuscripts published from March 2010 to March 2020 and retrospectively reviewed all neonates who received dialysis in our French paediatric and neonatal intensive care units from April 2009 to March 2019.

Results

Dialysis is performed on neonates with pre‐existing renal diseases, acute kidney injuries or inborn errors of metabolism. It is required in 0.5%‐1% of neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care units. Peritoneal dialysis and extracorporeal blood purification are both feasible, with more complications, but the results are close to those obtained in older infants, at least in children without multi‐organ dysfunction. Novel haemodialysis machines are being evaluated. Ethical issues are a major concern. Multidisciplinary teams should consider associated comorbidities, risks of permanent end‐stage renal disease and provide parents with full and neutral information. These should drive decisions about whether dialysis is in child's best interests.

Conclusion

Neonatal dialysis is technically feasible, but ethically challenging, and short‐term and long‐term data remain limited. Prospective studies and dialysis registries would improve global management and quality of life of these patients at risk of chronic kidney disease.
Letter: role of probiotics in the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Aguila Enrik John T. , Lontok Marie Antoinette D. C. , Aguila Eliezer James T.
Published: August 2020

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Tian et al and Tian and Rong papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15731 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15931
Letter: is pneumococcal vaccination safe during the COVID‐19 pandemic?
Authors: Deniz Rabia , Çağatay Arif Atahan , Gül Ahmet
Published: August 2020

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Al‐Ani et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15779 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15940
Letter: faecal microbiota transplantation for irritable bowel syndrome—room for improvement
Authors: Ianiro Gianluca , Porcari Serena , Ford Alexander Charles , Gasbarrini Antonio , Cammarota Giovanni
Published: August 2020

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Lahtinen et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15740 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15942
Letter: role of probiotics in the COVID‐19 pandemic—authors' reply
Authors: Tian Yuan , Rong Long
Published: August 2020

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Tian et al and Aguila et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15731 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15898
Letter: is pneumococcal vaccination safe during the COVID‐19 pandemic? Authors’ reply
Authors: Al‐Ani Aysha H. , Johnson Doug , Christensen Britt
Published: August 2020

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Al‐Ani et al and Deniz et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15779 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15903
Letter: faecal microbiota transplantation for irritable bowel syndrome—room for improvement. Authors' reply
Authors: Lahtinen Perttu , Jalanka Jonna , Hartikainen Anna , Mattila Eero , Hillilä Markku , Punkkinen Jari , Koskenpato Jari , Anttila Veli‐Jukka , Tillonen Jyrki , Satokari Reetta , Arkkila Perttu
Published: August 2020

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Lahtinen et al and Ianiro et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15740 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15923
Letter: optimising response to ustekinumab therapy for patients with Crohn’s disease
Authors: Hudson Joshua , Herfarth Hans H. , Barnes Edward L.
Published: August 2020

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Kopylov et al and Kopylov papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15784 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15974
Letter: optimising response to ustekinumab therapy for patients with Crohn’s disease—author's reply
Authors: Kopylov Uri
Published: August 2020

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Kopylov et al and Hudson et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15784 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15961
Letter: sequential or combined systemic treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma—authors' reply
Authors: Kirstein Martha M. , Scheiner Bernhard , Pinter Matthias , Vogel Arndt
Published: August 2020

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Kirstein et al and Mo et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15789 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15952
Editorial: treating hepatorenal syndrome—a window and the views. Authors' reply
Authors: Allegretti Andrew S. , Jamil Khurram , Moore Kevin
Published: August 2020

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Moore et al and Palaniyappan and Aithal et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15836 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15943
Letter: risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in immune‐tolerant phase of chronic hepatitis B—authors’ reply
Authors: Lee Han Ah , Kim Seung Up
Published: August 2020

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Lee et al and Gattani et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15741 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15966
Estimates of the global reduction in liver disease‐related mortality with increased coffee consumption: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Dataset
Authors: Gow Paul , Spelman Tim , Gardner Sarah , Hellard Margaret , Howell Jessica
Published: August 2020

Background

Epidemiological data suggest that coffee has a dose‐dependent protective effect on liver‐related mortality.

Aim

To estimate the potential impact of increased per capita coffee consumption on global liver‐related mortality.

Methods

Using the Global Burden of Disease 2016 dataset (adults > 15 years), we modelled the impact of increased per capita coffee consumption on liver‐related mortality in 2016 for 194 countries using published risk ratios for >2 cups coffee/ day (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.42‐0.69) and ≥4 cups/ day (RR 0.29, 95% CI 0.17‐0.50), adjusted for confounders and tested model assumptions using sensitivity analyses.

Results

Worldwide, there were an estimated 1,240,201 (95% CI 118 4300‐1 354 410) adult liver‐related deaths in 2016. Median global liver mortality rate in 2016 was 15 deaths/ 100 000 population/ year (all ages, both genders; IQR 11‐21 deaths per 100 000). If all countries with per capita coffee intake ≤2 cups/ day increased to >2 cups/ day, the predicted total number of liver‐related deaths would have been 630 947 in 2016 (95% CI 629 693‐631 861) with 452 861 (95% CI 451 948‐454 116) deaths averted (PPR 7.8 liver‐related deaths/ 100 000/ year). If per capita consumption was ≥ 4 cups/ day, the predicted number of liver‐related deaths in 2016 would have been 360 523 (95% CI 359 825‐361 992) with 723 287 (95% CI 721 817‐723 984) deaths averted (PPR 12.1 liver‐related deaths/100 000/year).

Conclusion

Increasing per capita coffee consumption to > 2 cups per day on a population level has the potential to avert hundreds of thousands of liver‐related deaths annually if the impact of coffee on liver‐related mortality is confirmed in clinical trials.
Regularized matrix data clustering and its application to image analysis
Authors: Gao Xu , Shen Weining , Zhang Liwen , Hu Jianhua , Fortin Norbert J. , Frostig Ron D. , Ombao Hernando
Published: August 2020

We propose a novel regularized mixture model for clustering matrix‐valued data. The proposed method assumes a separable covariance structure for each cluster and imposes a sparsity structure (eg, low rankness, spatial sparsity) for the mean signal of each cluster. We formulate the problem as a finite mixture model of matrix‐normal distributions with regularization terms, and then develop an expectation maximization type of algorithm for efficient computation. In theory, we show that the proposed estimators are strongly consistent for various choices of penalty functions. Simulation and two applications on brain signal studies confirm the excellent performance of the proposed method including a better prediction accuracy than the competitors and the scientific interpretability of the solution.
Diagnostic pathways in multiple myeloma and their relationship to end organ damage: an analysis from the Tackling Early Morbidity and Mortality in Myeloma (TEAMM) trial
Authors: Atkin Catherine , Iqbal Gulnaz , Planche Tim , Pratt Guy , Yong Kwee , Wood Jill , Raynes Kerry , Low Eric , Higgins Helen , Neal Richard D. , Dunn Janet , Drayson Mark T , Bowcock Stella ,   TEAMM Trial Management Group,   Trial Investigators
Published: August 2020

Multiple myeloma is associated with significant early morbidity and mortality, with considerable end organ damage often present at diagnosis. The Tackling EArly Morbidity and Mortality in Multiple Myeloma (TEAMM) trial was used to evaluate routes to diagnosis in patients with myeloma and the relationship between diagnostic pathways, time to diagnosis and disease severity. A total of 915 participants were included in the study. Fifty‐one per cent were diagnosed by direct referral from primary care to haematology; 29% were diagnosed via acute services and 20% were referred via other secondary care specialties. Patients diagnosed via other secondary care specialties had a longer diagnostic interval (median 120 days vs. 59 days) without an increase in features of severe disease, suggesting they had a relatively indolent disease. Marked intrahospital delay suggests possible scope for improvement. A quarter of those diagnosed through acute services reported >30 days from initial hospital consultation to haematology assessment. Participants diagnosed through acute services had poorer performance status (P < 0·0001) and higher burden of end organ damage (P < 0·0001) with no difference in the overall length of diagnostic pathway compared to those diagnosed by direct referral (median 59 days). This suggests that advanced disease in patients presenting through acute services predominantly reflects disease aggression.
DaPeCa‐7: comparative assessment of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (CT) and conventional diagnostic CT in diagnosis of lymph node metastases, distant metastases and incidental findings in patients with invasive penile cancer
Authors: Jakobsen Jakob Kristian , Frahm Nielsen Tomas , Ipsen Pia , Albrecht‐Beste Elisabeth , Cardoso Costa Junia , Alslev Louise , Predbjørn Krarup Kim , Grønkær Toft Birgitte , Høyer Søren , Bouchelouche Kirsten , Bjerggaard Jensen Jørgen
Published: August 2020

Objectives

To evaluate diagnostic accuracy of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) compared to contrast‐enhanced CT in assessment of inguinal lymph node (ILN) metastases, distant metastases and synchronous cancers in patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma (pSCC).

Patients and Methods

During a 4‐year period, patients with pSCC were scheduled for FDG PET/CT prior to surgical treatment at two referral centres that manage all penile cancers in Denmark. The primary endpoint was diagnostic accuracy of FDG PET/CT and of CT alone with histopathology or Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) as reference.

Results

We evaluated 171 patients for distant metastases and synchronous incident cancers and examined 286 groins in 143 patients for LN metastases by FDG PET/CT. Six groins disclosed false negatives. FDG PET/CT sensitivity was 85.4% per patient. In 135 patients (270 groins), CT images were evaluated separately and 22 groins disclosed false negatives. CT sensitivity was 47.5% per patient. FDG PET/CT detected pSCC distant metastases in seven patients. Distant metastases from other cancers were newly detected in three patients. In eight patients, an incidental synchronous cancer was detected. Seven out of the 18 distant malignancies detected depended on FDG PET information.

Conclusion

This study underlines the increased diagnostic accuracy of FDG PET/CT compared to CT alone in the evaluation of ILN status. In patients with palpable LNs, the advantage of FDG PET/CT over CT is less pronounced. FDG PET/CT may play a role in penile cancer evaluation.
A novel histone deacetylase 6 inhibitor improves myelination of Schwann cells in a model of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1A
Authors: Ha Nina , Choi Young Il , Jung Namhee , Song Ju Young , Bae Dae Kwon , Kim Min Cheol , Lee Yong Jae , Song Hyeseung , Kwak Geon , Jeong Soyeon , Park Saeyoung , Nam Soo Hyun , Jung Sung‐Chul , Choi Byung‐Ok
Published: August 2020

Background and Purpose

Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease is the most common hereditary peripheral neuropathy. CMT type 1A (CMT1A) accounts for approximately 50% of CMT patients and is linked to PMP22 gene duplication. Histone deacetylase‐6 (HDAC6) has pleiotropic effects, such as regulating lipid homeostasis and cellular stress. Although HDAC6 has been regarded as a promising drug target for neurodegenerative diseases, its inhibition has not yet been tested in CMT1A. Here we have tested the therapeutic potential of CKD‐504, a clinical stage HDAC6 inhibitor, in a mouse model of CMT1A

Experimental Approach

The potency and selectivity of CKD‐504 was evaluated, using a HDAC enzyme panel assay and western blots. The therapeutic potential of CKD‐504 was evaluated using behavioural testing and electrophysiological assessments in the C22 mouse model of CMT1A. PMP22 protein expression and aggregation were analysed in mesenchymal stem cell‐derived Schwann cells from CMT1A patients and sciatic nerves from C22 mice.

Key Results

The HDAC6 inhibitor, CKD‐504, modulated molecular chaperon proteins such as HSP90 and HSP70, which are involved in the folding/refolding of proteins such as PMP22. CKD‐504 treatment restored myelination in both mesenchymal stem cell‐derived Schwann cells from CMT1A patients and sciatic nerves of C22 mice and improved the axonal integrity of the sciatic nerve, leading to behavioural, electrophysiological, and histological improvements in C22 mice.

Conclusion and Implications

A novel HDAC6 inhibitor, CKD‐504, has potent therapeutic efficacy for CMT1A.
Child Temperament and Total Diurnal Cortisol in Out‐of‐Home Center‐Based Child Care and in At‐Home Parental Care
Authors: Tervahartiala Katja , Nolvi Saara , Kortesluoma Susanna , Pelto Juho , Hyttinen Sirpa , Junttila Niina , Ahtola Annarilla , Karlsson Hasse , Karlsson Linnea
Published: August 2020

The association between child temperament characteristics and total diurnal saliva cortisol in 84 children (M = 2.3 years, SD = 0.6) attending out‐of‐home, center‐based child care and 79 children (M = 2.0 years, SD = 0.5) attending at‐home parental care was examined. Saliva samples were collected during two consecutive days, that is, Sunday and Monday, with four samples taken per day. While children higher in surgency had higher total diurnal cortisol production, we did not find evidence that temperament moderated the associations between child‐care context and total diurnal cortisol. Negative affectivity and effortful control were not related to cortisol output. Our findings suggest that temperamental surgency may be associated with higher total cortisol production in early childhood across child‐care settings.
Exome sequencing in patients with microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma (MAC) from a consanguineous population
Authors: Islam Farrah , Htun Stephanie , Lai Li‐Wen , Krall Max , Poranki Menitha , Martin Pierre‐Marie , Sobreira Nara , Wohler Elizabeth S. , Yu Jingwei , Moore Anthony T. , Slavotinek Anne M.
Published: August 2020

Next‐generation sequencing strategies have resulted in mutation detection rates of 21% to 61% in small cohorts of patients with microphthalmia, anophthalmia and coloboma (MAC), but despite progress in identifying novel causative genes, many patients remain without a genetic diagnosis. We studied a cohort of 19 patients with MAC who were ascertained from a population with high rates of consanguinity. Using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays and whole exome sequencing (WES), we identified one pathogenic variant in TENM3 in a patient with cataracts in addition to MAC. We also detected novel variants of unknown significance in genes that have previously been associated with MAC, including KIF26B, MICU1 and CDON, and identified variants in candidate genes for MAC from the Wnt signaling pathway, comprising LRP6, WNT2B and IQGAP1, but our findings do not prove causality. Plausible variants were not found for many of the cases, indicating that our current understanding of the pathogenesis of MAC, a highly heterogeneous group of ocular defects, remains incomplete.
Randomized clinical trial comparing PEG‐based synthetic to porcine‐derived collagen membrane in the preservation of alveolar bone following tooth extraction in anterior maxilla
Authors: Shahdad Shakeel , Gamble Eugene , Matani Jay , Zhang Liang , Gambôa Ana
Published: August 2020

Objectives

The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to compare alveolar ridge preservation using a bone substitute material and covered with a synthetic or porcine collagen membrane.

Materials and methods

Thirty‐two sockets in the aesthetic maxillary region of 30 patients were randomized into two groups. Randomization was stratified according to bone wall defect. Flapless technique was used, and sockets were grafted with bi‐phasic calcium phosphate particulate bone substitute and covered by synthetic polyethylene glycol (PEG; test group) or porcine‐derived collagen membrane (CM; control group). No primary closure was attempted. A cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan was performed immediately after the surgical procedure and repeated 22 weeks later. OnDemand3D was used to superimpose scan images and assess changes. The mean vertical and horizontal percentage bone loss were calculated and implants placed after 6 months with or without additional augmentation.

Results

There were no baseline differences between groups or dropouts. The mean percentage loss at the labial plate and at the coronal part of the sockets was statistically significantly lower in the test group compared with controls (−2.86% [SD = 13.48] versus 7.42% [SD = 11.95]; 13.45% [SD = 11.97] versus 28.59% [SD = 16.97]). Implants were placed after 6 months, and there was no difference in need for further augmentation between PEG (n = 5) or CM (n = 4).

Conclusion

Sites treated with PEG membrane showed less percentage loss in horizontal and vertical measurements in this trial.
Atrial fibrillation after resection: a PROGRESS III study
Authors: Lee M. J. , Hawkins D. J. , Bradburn M. J. , Lee J. , Brown S. R. , Wilson M. J.
Published: August 2020

Aim

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia, and is associated with worsening quality of life and complications such as stroke. Previous work showed that 8% of patients develop new‐onset AF following colonic resection and highlighted factors that might predict the development of postoperative AF. The development of a new arrhythmia may have a negative effect on longer‐term quality of life as well as cancer survivorship. The aim of this study is to accurately quantify the incidence of AF following colorectal cancer surgery and to validate a model to predict its development.

Method

The Atrial Fibrillation After Resection (AFAR) study will recruit 720 patients aged 65 or over undergoing resection of colorectal cancer with curative intent. The primary outcome is development of AF within 90 days of surgery. Assessment of cardiac rhythm will be performed using 24‐h Holter monitors at baseline, 30 and 90 days after surgery. An electrocardiogram (ECG) will be performed on the day of discharge. Baseline descriptors including model variables and quality of life will be recorded using EQ‐5D‐5L. The occurrence of complications and other key surgical outcomes will be recorded. An additional blood test for N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) will be performed prior to surgery. Statistical analysis will validate a previously derived model and will test the incremental value of added variables such as NT‐proBNP. Finally, an exploratory analysis will assess whether changes in ECG measures between baseline and postoperative ECG can predict subsequent new‐onset AF.

Conclusion

This study will provide data that may allow us to stratify the risk of developing AF following colorectal cancer surgery. This may inform screening or prophylactic approaches.
Fault diagnosis in wireless sensor network using negative selection algorithm and support vector machine
Authors: Mohapatra Santoshinee , Khilar Pabitra Mohan
Published: August 2020

In this article, an improved negative selection algorithm (INSA) has been proposed to identify faulty sensor nodes in wireless sensor network (WSN) and then the faults are classified into soft permanent, soft intermittent, and soft transient fault using the support vector machine technique. The performance metrics such as fault detection accuracy, false alarm rate, false positive rate, diagnosis latency (DL), energy consumption, fault classification accuracy (FCA), and false classification rate (FCR) are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed INSA. The simulation result shows that the INSA gives better result as compared to the existing algorithms in terms of performance metrics. The fault classification performance is measured by FCA and FCR. It has also seen that the proposed algorithm gives less DL and consumes less energy than that of existing algorithms proposed by Mohapatra et al, Zhang et al, and Panda et al for WSN.
Past, Current, and Future Cancer Clinical Research Collaborations: The Case of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer
Authors: Broes Stefanie , Saesen Robbe , Lacombe Denis , Huys Isabelle
Published: August 2020

Although collaborations between academic institutions and industry have led to important scientific breakthroughs in the discovery stage of the pharmaceutical research and development process, the role of multistakeholder partnerships in the clinical development of anticancer medicines necessitates further clarification. The benefits associated with such cooperation could be undercut by the conflicting goals and motivations of the actors included. The aim of this review was to identify and characterize past, present, and future stakeholder partnership models in cancer clinical research through the lens of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Based on the analysis of several landmark EORTC trials performed across the span of three decades, four existing models of stakeholder cooperation were delineated and characterized. Additionally, a hypothetical fifth model representing a potential future collaborative framework for cancer clinical research was formulated. These models mainly differ in terms of the nature and responsibilities of the partners included and show that clinical research partnerships in oncology have evolved over time from small‐scale academia‐industry collaborations to complex interdisciplinary cooperation involving many different stakeholders.
Variability of Dosing and Number of Medications Needed to Achieve Adequate Sedation in Mechanically Ventilated Pediatric Intensive Care Patients
Authors: Tillman Emma M. , Ipe Joseph , Weaver Kelly J. , Skaar Todd C. , Rowan Courtney M. , Slaven James E.
Published: August 2020

Children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) often require multiple medications to achieve comfort and sedation. Although starting doses are available, these medications are typically titrated to the desired effect. Both oversedation and undersedation are associated with adverse events. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate cumulative medication burden necessary to achieve comfort in patients in the PICU and determine relevant predictors of medication needs. In order to account for all of the sedative medications, z‐scores were used to assess the population average dose of each medication and compare each patient day to this population average. Sedation regimens for 130 patients in the PICU were evaluated. Mean overall infusion rates of fentanyl, morphine, and hydromorphone were 1.67 ± 0.81 µg/kg/hour, 0.12 ± 0.08 mg/kg/hour, and 17.84 ± 13.4 µg/kg/hour, respectively. The mean infusion rate of dexmedetomidine was 0.59 ± 0.28 µg/kg/hour, and midazolam was 0.14 ± 0.1 mg/kg/hour. Summation z‐sores were used to rank the amount of sedation medication needed to achieve comfort for each individual patient for his/her PICU stay in relation to the entire sample. Patient age, weight, and length of mechanical ventilation were all significant predictors of sedation requirement. This study will provide data necessary to develop a model of cumulative medication burden needed to achieve appropriate sedation in this population. This descriptive model in appropriately ranking patients based on sedative needs is the first step in exploring potential genetic factors that may provide an insight into homing in on the appropriate sedation regimen.
Responsible Sourcing under Asymmetric Information: Price Signaling versus Supplier Disclosure
Authors: Shao Lusheng , Ryan Jennifer K. , Sun Daewon
Published: August 2020

Given the growth in socially conscious consumption, firms are increasingly concerned with sourcing from responsible suppliers. However, a firm's sourcing decisions are not always apparent to consumers. Therefore, we investigate two mechanisms, signaling and disclosure, which a firm can use to communicate its sourcing decisions to consumers in a setting where only some consumers care about the firm's sourcing practices. We develop a supplier selection model with an embedded game in which the firm signals its supplier choice through price. Then, motivated by the observation that some firms have begun to disclose their supplier information, we consider a model in which the firm may voluntarily disclose information, but at a cost. We find that, under signaling alone, a firm which sources from a more responsible supplier may distort its price upward to signal its responsible sourcing. This leads to reduced profit, implying that the firm may have an incentive to source from a less responsible supplier. However, if supplier disclosure is an option, the firm will choose to source responsibly if the disclosure cost is small and the proportion of socially conscious consumers is large. Our findings highlight the importance of transparency and socially conscious consumption in driving responsible sourcing.