bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detecting photoinduced electron transfer processes in the SERS spectrum of salicylate anion adsorbed on silver nanoparticles
Authors: Castro J. L. , Arenas J. F. , López‐Ramírez M. R. , Otero J. C.
Published: February 2006

The surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of salicylic acid (S) adsorbed on a silver sol in H2O and D2O has been investigated. At pH 5 or greater, the adsorbed species is the salicylate anion (2‐hydroxybenzoate anion) (S−), which links to the metal nanoparticle (Agn) through the carboxylate group (S−–Agn). We demonstrate that the selective enhancement of the bands is due mainly to a resonant electron or charge transfer process (ET or CT) from the metallic nanoparticle to the adsorbate, yielding the transient formation of the respective radical dianion (S·2−–Agn+). It is found that the enhanced bands, and especially mode 8a;νring, are related to the differences between the equilibrium structures of the adsorbate in its ground (S−) and CT‐excited states (S·2−). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 379–383, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Chiral interaction in peptide molecules: Effects of chiral peptide species on helix‐sense induction in an N‐terminal‐free achiral peptide
Authors: Inai Yoshihito , Ousaka Naoki , Ookouchi Yasuhiro
Published: February 2006

Noncovalent chiral domino effect (NCDE) has been proposed as terminal‐specific interaction upon a 310‐helical peptide chain, of which the helix sense is manipulated by an external chiral stimulus (mainly amino acid derivatives) operating on the N‐terminus (Inai, Y., et al. J Am Chem Soc 2000, 122, 11731–11732; ibid., 2002, 124, 2466–2473; ibid., 2003, 125, 8151–8162). We have investigated here a helix‐sense induction in an optically inactive N‐terminal‐free nonapeptide (1) through the screening of several peptide species that differ in chiral sequence, chain length, and C‐terminal group. Helix‐sense induction in peptide 1 depends largely on both the C‐terminal chirality and carboxyl group in the external peptide, in which N‐carbonyl‐blocked amino acids, “monopeptide acids,” should be the minimum requirement for effective induction. N‐Protected mono‐ to tetrapeptides of L‐Leu residue commonly induce a right‐handed helix. NMR study and theoretical computation reveal that the N‐terminal segment of peptide 1 binds the N‐protected dipeptide molecule through multipoint coordination to induce a right‐handed helix preferentially. The present findings not only will improve our understanding of the chiral roles in peptide or protein helical termini, but also might demonstrate potential applications to chirality‐responsive materials based on peptide helical fragments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 471–481, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Classification of malignant gliomas by infrared spectroscopy and linear discriminant analysis
Authors: Krafft Christoph , Thümmler Katja , Sobottka Stephan B. , Schackert Gabriele , Salzer Reiner
Published: February 2006

Gliomas are the most frequent primary brain tumors. Their malignancies are graded from 1 to 4. Malignant gliomas are astrocytoma grade 3 and glioblastoma grade 4. An IR spectroscopic approach is presented to diagnose brain tissue at the molecular level probing chemical and structural properties without external markers. IR spectroscopic maps were recorded in transmission mode by sequential acquisition of IR spectra. Training spectra of various tissue types are selected from IR spectroscopic maps in accordance with histological assessment of hematoxylin and eosin stained parallel tissue sections. A decrease of the lipid‐to‐protein ratio in IR spectra is correlated with the malignancy of gliomas. This chemical property is described by the band intensity ratio 2850 to 1655 cm–1. Two additional molecular descriptors are identified at 1545 cm–1/1655 cm–1 and (1231 + 1450) cm–1/1655 cm–1, which are associated with hemoglobin and collagen, respectively. This metric is used to train a classification model based on linear discriminant analysis. The model is applied to classify normal brain tissue, astrocytoma grade 2, astrocytoma grade 3, glioblastoma, hemorrhage, and leptomeninges in IR spectroscopic maps of cryosections from two glioma patients. As independent test samples, single IR spectra from cryosections of 51 patients are subjected to the classification model. Normal brain tissue is assigned with 100% accuracy; malignant gliomas are assigned with 93% accuracy. The high success rate demonstrates that IR spectroscopy can complement established methods such as histopathology or immunohistochemistry to characterize dried cryosections. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 301–305, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Visible Korean Human: Its techniques and applications
Authors: Park Jin Seo , Chung Min Suk , Hwang Sung Bae , Shin Byeong‐Seok , Park Hyung Seon
Published: February 2006

Three recent studies have offered an unprecedented view of the human body. The Visible Human Project, the Visible Korean Human (VKH), and the Chinese Visible Human have featured the serial sectioning of whole cadavers, producing cross‐sectional images that methodically catalogue gross human anatomy. By volumetric reconstruction, these cross‐sectional images can be transformed into three‐dimensional (3D) images of anatomic structures. Compiling these 3D images would create an invaluable library for medical education and research. The goal of this report is to promote the expansion of such a library of 3D anatomic images and to help users fully understand and utilize the serially sectioned images. To do this, we will discuss the fundamental techniques and equipment used in the VKH and its preliminary experiments. We will also address new applications of the VKH, including virtual brain surgery, virtual endoscopy, and virtual cardiopulmonary resuscitation via the development of virtual dissection software. Clin. Anat. 19:216–224, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Innervation of the sacroiliac joint in rats by calcitonin gene‐related peptide‐immunoreactive nerve fibers and dorsal root ganglion neurons
Authors: Murata Yasuaki , Takahashi Kazuhisa , Ohtori Seiji , Moriya Hideshige
Published: February 2006

The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) can be a source of low back pain. Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) has been reported to play a significant role in nociceptive processing. However, the occurrence of CGRP‐immunoreactive (CGRP‐ir) sensory nerve fibers in the SIJ has not been fully defined. The present study investigated CGRP‐ir nerve fibers supplying the SIJ. CGRP‐ir nerve fibers in the vicinity of the SIJ cartilage and CGRP‐ir neurons in the bilateral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were examined immunohistochemically by administering anti‐CGRP antiserum to rats. The SIJ was decalcified and cut into sections, and the CGRP‐ir fibers around the SIJ cartilage were counted under microscopy. In another group, fluoro‐gold (F‐G), a neural tracer, was injected into the SIJ from the dorsal or ventral side with dorsal or ventral denervation. The number of F‐G‐labeled CGRP‐ir neurons was counted in individual DRG. CGRP‐ir fibers were observed more frequently in the tissues adjacent to the cranial part of the SIJ surface. In the case of dorsal denervation (ventral nerve supply), the CGRP‐ir neurons composed 18.2% of the F‐G‐labeled neurons. In the case of ventral denervation (dorsal nerve supply), the CGRP‐ir neurons composed 40.9% of the F‐G‐labeled neurons. There was a statistically significant difference in the number of CGRP‐ir neurons between the ventral and dorsal nerve supplies to the SIJ. The cranial part of the dorsal side could be the part most associated with pain in the SIJ. Clin. Anat. 20:82–88, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Absence of the medial sesamoid bone associated with metatarsophalangeal pain
Authors: Kanatli Ulunay , Ozturk Akif Muhtar , Ercan Nil Gulizar Tokgoz , Ozalay Metin , Daglar Bulent , Yetkin Haluk
Published: February 2006

Pain at the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint can result from inflammation, chondromalacia, flexor hallucis brevis tendinitis, osteochondritis dessecans, fracture of a sesamoid bone, avascular necrosis of sesamoids, inflamed bursae, intractable keratoses, infection, sesamoiditis, gout arthropathy, and rheumatoid arthritis. Congenital absence of a sesamoid bone is extremely rare. We present a 17‐year‐old male patient with pain at the plantar aspect of the right MTP joint associated with congenital absence of the medial sesamoid. There was tenderness and the range of motion was minimally restricted. He described the pain as necessitating changes in his social life. On radiographs, the medial hallucial sesamoid was absent on the right side. The MTP joint was also evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A metatarsal pad was prescribed and the patient was satisfied with the treatment at the 2 months follow‐up period. MRI revealed no pathological tissue at the medial sesamoid site. Hallucial sesamoids absorb pressure, reduce friction, protect the tendons, act like a fulcrum to increase the mechanical force of the tendons, and provide a dynamic function to the great toe by elevating first metatarsal head. Congenital absence of these bones is very rare but we must consider it in a patient with MTP joint pain. Clin. Anat. 19:634–639, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical anatomy of the dorsal venous network in fingers with regard to replantation
Authors: Sukop A. , Naňka O. , Dušková M. , Tvrdek M. , Kufa R. , Měšt'ák O. , Hauschwitcová L.
Published: February 2006

The arterial system of fingers is anatomically well described, and so, usually no difficulties arise during its preparation and the making of anastomoses in replantation surgery. Difficulties may occur, however, during manipulation in the dorsal vascular bed of fingers, known only as a random venous network. There are minimal references to its existence and the location of its valvular apparatus. Using a microscopic preparation, a contrast staining, and a histological assessment, topographic relations and the course of veins of the dorsal venous network, as well as the existence and location of their valvular apparatus, was investigated on 72 three‐phalanx fingers. The specimens were either harvested from fresh cadavers or traumatically amputated. We found that veins of rather significant caliber predominantly run along the dorsal aspect of the finger on both the radial and ulnar sides above the proximal phalanx of three‐phalanx fingers. Proximally, venous systems of respective neighboring fingers connect in the interdigital space. The valvular apparatus was found at all levels ranging from metacarpophalangeal joints to the distal phalanx. The valves were always located distally from the confluence of two veins. Aside from this confluence, the existence of valves was not observed. The exact description of architecture of this venous system, in practice, contributes to faster orientation, better preparation, and the creation of safer anastomoses of these structures, and thus, to an increased success of replantation. Clin. Anat. 20:77–81, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Collaborative learning using Internet2 and remote collections of stereo dissection images
Authors: Dev Parvati , Srivastava Sakti , Senger Steven
Published: February 2006

We have investigated collaborative learning of anatomy over Internet2, using an application called remote stereo viewer (RSV). This application offers a unique method of teaching anatomy, using high‐resolution stereoscopic images, in a client–server architecture. Rotated sequences of stereo image pairs were produced by volumetric rendering of the Visible female and by dissecting and photographing a cadaveric hand. A client–server application (RSV) was created to provide access to these image sets, using a highly interactive interface. The RSV system was used to provide a “virtual anatomy” session for students in the Stanford Medical School Gross Anatomy course. The RSV application allows both independent and collaborative modes of viewing. The most appealing aspects of the RSV application were the capacity for stereoscopic viewing and the potential to access the content remotely within a flexible temporal framework. The RSV technology, used over Internet2, thus serves as an effective complement to traditional methods of teaching gross anatomy. Clin. Anat. 19:275–283, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypnosis treatment of sleeping problems in children experiencing loss
Authors: Hawkins Peter , Polemikos Nikitas
Published: February 2006

There is considerable research and clinical evidence that children who experience loss become traumatized. The results of traumatization include sleeping problems, for example difficulties in initiating sleep and sleep terrors. Psychological intervention programmes, including hypnotherapy, have been shown to have some success in helping children to overcome their sleeping problems. In the present study, a new paradigm qualitative methodology was used in which a small group of children were taught self‐hypnosis to manage their sleep difficulties. Within the group, the children's experiences of utilizing self‐hypnosis at home were discussed, and a consensus reached concerning its effects. Complementary data were collected through interviews with caregivers and by completion of the Southampton Sleep Management Schedule (Bartlet and Beaumont, 1998). From the study it was concluded that young children can be taught self‐hypnosis in order to manage their sleeping problems effectively. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that children can be involved in a collaborative research group. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnosis in the treatment of a case of dissociative amnesia for a 12‐year period
Authors: Degun‐Mather Marcia
Published: February 2006

A 51‐year‐old woman presented with dissociative amnesia for a 12‐year period from the age of 37 to 49. The amnesia seemed to be triggered by a car accident at age 49. She sustained no serious physical injury, nor did she have symptoms of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There was no evidence of organic factors causing her memory loss. A method of hypnotic uncovering was used to facilitate retrieval of significant personal memories, and to help her resolve traumatic events, which she related as having happened during that 12‐year period. She regained a meaningful autobiographical history, which enabled her to get on with her life. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnotic mirrors and phantom pain: a single case study
Authors: Oakley David A. , Halligan Peter W.
Published: February 2006

Using hypnosis, two main approaches to modifying phantom limb pain experience can be identified: ipsative imagery, which makes use of the patient's own imaginative interpretation of how the pain is generated, and a simulated movement approach. The latter approach shares many similarities with the ‘mirror’ technique recently advocated and used by Ramachandran (in non‐hypnotic settings) to create the experience of movement and in some (but not all cases) relief from pain in patients with a phantom limb. In this case study, we report the use of a hypnotically induced ‘virtual’ mirror experience that modified long standing intractable phantom limb pain despite generating a qualitatively inferior experience of movement in the phantom limb compared to that produced with an actual mirror. These preliminary findings suggest that the use of hypnotic movement imagery for the management of phantom limb pain is worth further investigation both in terms of its comparative ease of use and because of its potential for informing discussion as to the possible neurocognitive mechanisms involved. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Editorial commentary
Authors: Gruzelier John
Published: February 2006

No Abastract.
Chronic psychosomatic pain alleviated by brief therapy
Authors: Williamson Ann
Published: February 2006

A case is presented of a male patient with intractable pain that responded very rapidly to the therapeutic release of a suppressed negative emotion (anger) and a re‐vivification of a previously experienced successful use of acupuncture for pain relief. The case demonstrates the mind–body link found in somatization or psychosomatic disorders and shows how this was used in its resolution. The interventions involved seeding, anchoring, utilization and re‐vivification, silent abreaction and imagery. During hypnosis the patient no longer complained of his pain, a state which continued after hypnosis had been reversed. Clinical outcome in routine evaluation (CORE) forms were used both before and two weeks after the therapeutic session and showed a dramatic change to normalization, which was maintained at a four‐month follow‐up. The treatment, which consisted of 15 minutes in surgery and a therapy session of one hour, demonstrates that sometimes very brief therapy can be very productive. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Are recommendations to avoid hypnotic aftereffects being implemented?
Authors: Page Roger A. , Green Joseph
Published: February 2006

To assess whether recommendations that have been made over several years to avoid hypnotic sequelae are being implemented, a short seven‐item survey was mailed to 1050 names drawn from the latest directory of the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis (1998). Of the 881 surveys that were deliverable, 60.3% were completed and returned. Results indicate that some recommendations are being employed by almost all of those currently using hypnosis, while other recommendations are being employed by a lesser, but still large, percentage of hypnosis practitioners. In many of these cases, valid rationales were cited to exclude their use. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Dialogical components in theory‐building: contributions of Hilgard, Orne and Spanos
Authors: Sarbin Theodore R.
Published: February 2006

Taken together, the abundant contributions of three recently deceased members of the hypnosis research community constitute a deferred dialogue. The dialogical format is that of advancing a claim that is answered by a counter claim supported by research and/or logical argument. Central to the dialogue is the degree of credibility to assign to subjects' self reports of their experience during hypnotically‐induced analgesia, amnesia, and hallucinations. The epistemological subtext of the dialogue centers on whether the counterexpectational behaviours of hypnosis subjects are to be construed as happenings or as doings. An analysis of the dialogue suggests that future researchers take as their point of departure the construction that the hypnosis interaction is a conversation. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Mirror, mirror on the wall
Authors: Gevertz Leon
Published: February 2006

A clinical technique is briefly described which uses (1) direct removal of negative ideation by ‘dumping mental rubbish’ and its replacement with positive ideation; and (2) age progression using imaginary mirrors, one of which moves forward in time, enabling patients to see themselves succeeding in changing. The technique is usually carried out in one session of between 1 and 1 1/2 hours duration. I have used it for smoking cessation, dental fear, gagging, needle phobia and ego‐strengthening. The technique can be tailored to the patients' needs, the only proviso being that patients must be well motivated and want to change themselves. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
The case of a woman claiming damages from a therapist trained in hypnosis by a correspondence course
Authors: Heap Michael
Published: February 2006

A case is described of a 26‐year‐old woman who consulted a private therapist for treatment for depression and anxiety. The therapist described himself as an ‘internationally recognized psychoanalyst’. His treatment lasted 21 sessions before the patient gave up in despair. He had hypnotized her on a number of occasions and asked her to imagine vividly terrifying fantasies and frightening events of her childhood. He further intimated that she had been sexually abused, although there was no evidence to support this. By the end of this treatment, the patient was considerably worse and diagnosable as suffering from post‐traumatic stress disorder. Inspection of the therapist's qualifications did not reveal anything to justify his using the designation ‘psychoanalyst’ and it appeared that he had trained in hypnotherapy by means of a private correspondence course which recommended the above procedures. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Cross‐cultural aspects of hypnotizability and imagination
Authors: Jacquith Leah , Rhue Judith W. , Lynn Steven Jay , Seevaratnam Jothiratnam
Published: February 2006

We tested 133 native Malaysian students at the University of Malaysia with the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGHSS:A, Shor & Orne, 1962), the Creative Imagination Scale (CIS; Wilson & Barber (1978), the Tellegen Absorption Scale (TA; Tellegen, 1976), and the Betts Vividness of Mental Imagery Scale (QMI, Sheehan, 1967). These subjects were compared with a sample of 55 Malaysian volunteer college students enrolled at Ohio University. The average length of enrolment was 2.5 years and 459 college students (US residents) from Ohio University were also tested. The means of measures across all samples were comparable, with the exception that the Malaysian students scored lower on the CIS. However, we failed to secure significant correlations between hypnotizability and absorption and waking suggestion (CIS) in the Malaysian sample tested in Malaysia. In contrast, when Malaysian students resided in the United States, the correlations between hypnotizability and absorption and waking suggestion were all significant, as was the case with US residents. Our results imply that culture‐based expectancies play a role in mediating the relationship between hypnotizability and measures associated with hypnotizability in Western cultures. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnosis in psychotherapy: efficacy and mechanisms
Authors: Kirsch Irving
Published: February 2006

Meta‐analyses have established that different psychotherapies have different outcomes. Cognitive‐behavioural therapies are significantly more effective than psycho‐dynamic therapies, and their superiority increases when long‐term follow‐up is assessed. Hypnosis enhances the efficacy of both psychodynamic and cognitive‐behavioural psychotherapy, and this effect is especially strong in long‐term outcome of treatment for obesity. The paucity of procedural differences between hypnotic and non‐hypnotic treatments in many of the studies demonstrating a substantial advantage for hypnosis suggests that the effect depends on the use of the word ‘hypnosis’. Hypnosis can be regarded as an empirically‐validated, non‐deceptive placebo, the effects of which are mediated by response expectancies. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
How to be a ‘good’ hypnotic subject!
Authors: West Victoria , Fellows Brian
Published: February 2006

This paper reviews a major debate within the field of hypnosis: the stability of hypnotic susceptibility. State theorists, who maintain that hypnosis is a special and unique process, believe that hypnotic responding is a stable and enduring trait (Hilgard, 1965). Non‐state theorists, who maintain that hypnosis involves psychological processes such as imaginative skills, motivation and expectancies, believe that hypnotic responding is a skill which can be acquired. Such theorists have shown that with cognitive skills training hypnotic susceptibility can be significantly enhanced (Gorassini & Spanos, 1986). However, attempts to replicate such findings in other laboratories have not always been successful (Bates, Miller, Cross & Brigham, 1988) and there has been much controversy concerning whether the training promotes ‘genuine’ changes in hypnotic responsiveness or whether it simply promotes behavioural compliance (Bates, 1990).

The research reported here has shown a positive training effect and has employed a qualitative technique of inquiry (the Experiential Analysis Technique: Sheehan & McConkey, 1978) in order to examine the effects of hypnotic skills training upon the strategies and cognitive processes that are employed by hypnotic subjects. Preliminary analysis of this data indicates the existence of a wide variety of complex hypnotic experiences, which confirms the findings of Sheehan and McConkey (1982). The technique has certainly provided a unique and rich insight into the experience of hypnosis and a clearer idea about how such an experience can be enhanced. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Dietary restraint, hypnotizability and body image
Authors: Wybraniec Anna , Oakley David
Published: February 2006

There is growing evidence of a correlation between bulimia nervosa and hypnotic susceptibility. The present study supports the existence of a similar relationship in non‐clinical populations between restrained eating and increased hypnotizability. In the second part of the study, a modified version of the Creative Imagination Scale was used to investigate the responsiveness of restrained and non‐restrained eaters in a non‐clinical group to suggestions of body image change. Non‐restrained eaters resisted suggestions both of increased and decreased body size. The restrained eaters also resisted suggestions of decreased body size but were more responsive to suggestions of increased body size. Implications for the aetiology and treatment of eating disorders are considered. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Induction and Inhibition of Preferential Enrichment by Controlling the Mode of the Polymorphic Transition with Seed Crystals
Authors: Tamura Rui , Mizuta Masayuki , Yabunaka Shinsuke , Fujimoto Daisuke , Ariga Tomomi , Okuhara Shinichiro , Ikuma Naohiko , Takahashi Hiroki , Tsue Hirohito
Published: February 2006

Both induction and inhibition of “preferential enrichment”, an unusual symmetry‐breaking enantiomeric‐resolution phenomenon observed upon simple recrystallization of a certain kind of racemic crystals from organic solvents, have been successfully achieved by controlling the mode of the polymorphic transition during crystallization with appropriate seed crystals. Such control of the polymorphic transition can be interpreted in terms of a novel phenomenon consisting of 1) the adsorption of prenucleation aggregates, 2) the heterogeneous nucleation and crystal growth of a metastable crystalline form, and 3) the subsequent polymorphic transition into the more stable form; these three processes occur on the same surface of a seed crystal. We refer to this phenomenon as an “epitaxial transition”, which has been confirmed by means of in situ attenuated total reflection (ATR) FTIR spectroscopy in solution and the solid state, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements of the deposited crystals, and X‐ray crystallographic analysis of the single crystals or the direct‐space approach employing the Monte Carlo method with the Rietveld refinement for the structure solution from the powder X‐ray diffraction data.
Exceptional Thermodynamic Stability of DNA Duplexes Modified by Nonpolar Base Analogues Is due to Increased Stacking Interactions and Favorable Solvation: Correlated Ab Initio Calculations and Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Řeha David , Hocek Michal , Hobza Pavel
Published: February 2006

The geometries of DNA hexamer (5′‐GGAACC‐3′) and DNA 13‐mer (5′‐GCGTACACATGCG‐3′) have been determined by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using an empirical force field. The central canonical base pair was replaced by a pair of nonpolar base analogues, 2,2′‐bipyridyl and 3‐methylisocarbostyril. The stabilization energy of the model system (model A) consisting of a central base pair (base‐analogue pair) and two neighboring base pairs was determined by the RI‐MP2 method using an extended aug‐cc‐pVDZ basis set. The geometry of the model was averaged from structures determined by MD simulations. The role of the solvent was covered by the COSMO continuum solvent model and calculations were performed for a larger model system (model B) which also contained a sugar–phosphate backbone. The total stabilization energies of the unperturbed system and the system perturbed by a base‐analogue pair (model A) were comparable to the stability of both duplexes experimentally determined. This is due to large stacking interaction energy of the base‐analogue self‐pair which compensates for the missing hydrogen‐bonding energy of the replaced adenine⋅⋅⋅thymine base pair. The selectivity of the base‐analogue pair was reproduced (model B) when their desolvation energy was included with the interaction energy of both strands determined by the approximate SCC‐DFTB‐D method.
Enhancing Heterogeneous Catalysis through Cooperative Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Interfaces
Authors: Notestein Justin M. , Katz Alexander
Published: February 2006

Active‐site/surface cooperativity can enhance heterogeneous organic and organometallic catalysis. We review the powerful role of the solid surface in this context for generating local acidity and, as an inner‐sphere ligand, for stabilizing immobilized supramolecular assemblies and unsaturated organometallic complexes that are often unstable in solution.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Tetrahydroxanthenols—Unprecedented Access to Privileged Structural Motifs
Authors: Nising Carl F. , Ohnemüller Ulrike K. , Friedrich Anne , Lesch Bernhard , Steiner Jochen , Schnöckel Hansgeorg , Nieger Martin , Bräse Stefan
Published: February 2006

Tetrahydroxanthenones, which can be easily prepared by a domino oxa‐Michael aldol condensation, offer various possibilities for diastereoselective functionalization, giving access to the stereocontrolled synthesis of stereochemical triades or tetrades, which represent privileged structural motifs. In most cases, the relative stereochemistry was unequivocally established by crystal structure analysis.
Providing research participants with findings from completed cancer‐related clinical trials
Authors: Markman Maurie
Published: February 2006

Although it is important to recognize the right of research subjects to be provided with information regarding the results of completed clinical trials in which they have been participants, there are legitimate reasons why a patient may not want to know the ultimate outcome of the study.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome‐related lymphoma
Authors: Weiss Rudolf , Mitrou Paris , Arasteh Keikawus , Schuermann Dirk , Hentrich Marcus , Duehrsen Ulrich , Sudeck Hinrich , Schmidt‐Wolf Ingo G. H. , Anagnostopoulos Ioannis , Huhn Dieter
Published: February 2006

BACKGROUND

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the survival of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome‐related lymphoma (ARL). The German ARL Study Group investigated whether HAART administered concomitantly with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) chemotherapy compromised the course of immune parameters during and after chemotherapy and exerted a positive effect on remission and survival.

METHODS

From 1997 to 2001, 72 patients with ARL were stratified prospectively into a standard‐risk group (n = 48 patients) and a high‐risk group (n = 24 patients) with either 0‐1 or 2‐3 of the following risk factors: CD4 < 50/μL, prior opportunistic infection, and/or a World Health Organization performance status ≥ 3. Patients in the high‐risk group received ≥75% of the CHOP regimen.

RESULTS

In the standard‐risk group (CD4 = 223/μL; age‐adjusted International Prognostic Index [aaIPI], 38% ≥ 2), the complete remission (CR) rate was 79%, and median survival was not reached after a median 47 months of follow‐up. CD4 counts did not change from baseline to 4 weeks after the end of chemotherapy (206/μL). In the high‐risk group (CD4 = 34/μL; aaIPI, 88% ≥ 2), the CR rate was 29%, and the median survival was 7.2 months (3 patients survived for > 3 yrs). Toxicity was moderate: Leukopenia Grade 3 or 4 occurred in 100 of 249 chemotherapy cycles (40%) in the standard‐risk group and in 70 of 102 cycles (69%) in the high‐risk group.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the aaIPI, the survival of patients in the standard‐risk group was very similar to that achieved by nonhuman immunodeficiency virus‐infected patients who had aggressive lymphomas. Concurrent CHOP plus HAART can be administered in an outpatient setting. Thus, the authors recommend using this modality as first‐line therapy for patients with ARL. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
The role of early lineage in GABAergic and glutamatergic cell fate determination in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Li Mei , Sipe Conor W. , Hoke Kristina , August Lisa L. , Wright Melissa A. , Saha Margaret S.
Published: February 2006

Proper functioning of the adult nervous system is critically dependent on neurons adopting the correct neurotransmitter phenotype during early development. Whereas the importance of cell‐cell communication in fate determination is well documented for a number of neurotransmitter phenotypes, the contributions made by early lineage to this process remain less clear. This is particularly true for γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and glutamatergic neurons, which are present as the most abundant inhibitory and excitatory neurons, respectively, in the central nervous system of all vertebrates. In the present study, we have investigated the role of early lineage in the determination of these two neurotransmitter phenotypes by constructing a fate map of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons for the 32‐cell stage Xenopus embryo with the goal of determining whether early lineage influences the acquisition of these two neurotransmitter phenotypes. To examine these phenotypes, we have cloned xGAT‐1, a molecular marker for the GABAergic phenotype in Xenopus, and described its expression pattern over the course of development. Although we have identified isolated examples of a blastomere imparting a statistically significant bias, when taken together, our results suggest that blastomere lineage does not impart a widespread bias for subsequent GABAergic or glutamatergic fate determination. In addition, the fate map presented here suggests a general dorsal‐anterior to ventral‐posterior patterning progression of the nervous system for the 32‐cell stage Xenopus embryo. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:645–657, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of soluble guanylyl cyclase in the superficial dorsal horn
Authors: Ding Jin‐Dong , Weinberg Richard J.
Published: February 2006

Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in pain processing at the spinal level, but the mechanisms mediating its effects remain unclear. In the present work, we studied the organization of the major downstream effector of NO, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), in the superficial dorsal horn of rat. Almost all neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor‐positive neurons in lamina I (a major source of ascending projections) were strongly immunopositive for sGC. Many local circuit neurons in laminae I–II also stained for sGC, but less intensely. Numerous fibers, presumably of unmyelinated primary afferent (C fiber) origin, stained for calcitonin gene‐related peptide or isolectin B4, but none of these was immunopositive for sGC. These data, along with immunoelectron microscopy results, imply that unmyelinated primary afferent fibers terminating in the superficial dorsal horn lack sGC. Double labeling showed that neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) seldom colocalized with sGC, but nNOS‐positive structures were frequently closely apposed to sGC‐positive structures, suggesting that in the superficial dorsal horn NO acts mainly in a paracrine manner. Our data suggest that the NK1 receptor‐positive projection neurons in lamina I are a major target of NO released in superficial dorsal horn. NO may also influence local circuit neurons, but it does not act on unmyelinated primary afferent terminals via sGC. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:668–678, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histamine receptors in mammalian retinas
Authors: Gastinger Matthew J. , Barber Alistair J. , Vardi Noga , Marshak David W.
Published: February 2006

Mammalian retinas are innervated by histaminergic axons that originate from perikarya in the posterior hypothalamus. To identify the targets of these retinopetal axons, we localized histamine receptors (HR) in monkey and rat retinas by light and electron microscopy. In monkeys, puncta containing HR3 were found at the tips of ON‐bipolar cell dendrites in cone pedicles and rod spherules, closer to the photoreceptors than the other neurotransmitter receptors. This is the first ultrastructural localization of any histamine receptor and the first direct evidence that HR3 is present on postsynaptic membranes in the central nervous system. In rat retinas, most HR1 were localized to dopaminergic amacrine cells. The differences in histamine receptor localization may reflect the differences in the activity patterns of the two species. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:658–667, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Feedforward inhibition regulates perirhinal transmission of neocortical inputs to the entorhinal cortex: Ultrastructural study in guinea pigs
Authors: Pinto Aline , Fuentes Cesar , Paré Denis
Published: February 2006

The rhinal cortices constitute the main route for impulse traffic to and from the hippocampus. Tracing studies have revealed that the perirhinal cortex forms strong reciprocal connections with the neo‐ and entorhinal cortex (EC). However, physiological investigations indicate that perirhinal transmission of neocortical and EC inputs occurs with a low probability. In search of an explanation for these contradictory findings, we have analyzed synaptic connections in this network by combining injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin (PHAL) into the neocortex, area 36, or area 35 with γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunocytochemistry and electron microscopic observations. Within area 36, neocortical axon terminals formed only asymmetric synapses, usually with GABA‐negative spines (87%), and less frequently with GABA‐immunopositive (GABA+) dendrites (13%). A similar synaptic distribution was observed within area 35 except that asymmetric synapses onto GABA+ dendrites were more frequent (23% of synapses). Examination of the projections from area 36 to area 35 and from both regions to the EC revealed an even higher incidence of asymmetric synapses onto GABA+ dendrites (35 and 32%, respectively) than what was observed in the neocortical projection to areas 36 and 35. Furthermore, some of the neocortical and perirhinal terminals containing PHAL and GABA immunolabeling formed symmetric synapses onto GABA‐negative dendrites in their projection sites (neocortex to area 35, 16%; area 36 to 35, 7%; areas 36–35 to EC, 12%). Taken together, these findings suggest that impulse transmission through the rhinal circuit is subjected to strong inhibitory influences, reconciling anatomical and physiological data about this network. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:722–734, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of pcp4a in subpopulations of CNS neurons in zebrafish
Authors: Mione Marina , Lele Zsolt , Kwong Camilla T. , Concha Miguel L. , Clarke Jonathan D.
Published: February 2006

The molecular organization of the zebrafish brain and its relation to neuroanatomical divisions are still largely unknown. In this study we have analyzed the expression of a small transcript encoding for the IQ containing polypeptide Pcp4a in developing and juvenile zebrafish. The transcript is exclusively expressed in neural structures with a pattern that is highly specific for restricted domains and cell populations throughout development, and it allows us to follow the development of these structures at different times. The expression of pcp4a characterizes the dorsocaudal telencephalon, dorsal habenula, pretectal nuclei, preglomerular complex, mammillary bodies, and deep layers of the optic tectum and is a hallmark of a subpopulation of reticulospinal neurons. In the telencephalon, comparison of the expression of pcp4a with other pallial markers showed a rostrocaudal gradient in the expression of these genes, which suggests that the dorsal telencephalon of zebrafish may be organized in distinct areas with different molecular natures. Pcp4 has been involved in modulating calcium signals and in binding to calmodulin, but its precise role in neuronal functions is not known. The analysis of pcp4a expression and localization in the zebrafish brain suggests that pcp4a may be a useful marker for sensory and some motor neuronal circuitries and for telencephalic areas processing sensory inputs. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:769–787, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic connection from cortical area V4 to V2 in macaque monkey
Authors: Anderson John C. , Martin Kevan A.C.
Published: February 2006

The major target of the V4 projection in V2 is layer 1, where it forms a tangential spread of asymmetric (excitatory) synapses. This is characteristic of a “feedback” projection. Some axons formed discrete clusters of bouton terminaux between lengths of myelinated axon, while others were unbranched and formed a continuous distribution of en passant boutons with no intercalated myelin. Minor projections were found in layers 2/3 and 6. Dendritic spines were the most frequently encountered targets of the V4 projection (80% in layer 1 and layer 2/3, 94% in layer 6). The remaining targets were dendritic shafts. In layer 1, 69% of target dendrites (12% of all targets) had characteristics identifying them as smooth (GABAergic) cells. In layer 2/3 and layer 6 virtually all the shaft synapses were on smooth dendrites (86% and 100%, respectively). Multisynaptic boutons were rare (mean 1.1 synapses per bouton). Synapses formed in layer 6 were smaller than those of layer 1 (mean area 0.073 μm2 vs. 0.117 μm2). Synapses formed with spines had a more complex postsynaptic density than those formed with dendritic shafts. With respect to targets and synaptic type and size and morphology of synapses, the feedback projection from V4 to V2 resembles those of feedforward projections. The principal difference between the feedforward and feedback projection is in the lamina location of their terminal boutons. The concentration of the V4 projection on layer 1, where it forms asymmetric synapses mainly with spines, suggests that it excites the distal apical dendrites of pyramidal cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:709–721, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
From CR‐psychopaths to responsible corporations: waking up the inner Sleeping Beauty of companies
Authors: Ketola Tarja
Published: February 2006

Many large companies seem to fulfil the psychiatric criteria for psychopaths in their corporate responsibility (CR) practices. Are they really incurable psychopaths, or is it possible that they could be counselled into accepting their responsibilities?

CR studies have so far paid little attention to the variations in the CR emphases between different companies. This article, based on a conference paper (Ketola, 2005b), presents a CR emphasis model, pinpointing eight different approaches to corporate responsibility. Some companies do not voluntarily take any responsibilities.

Companies acting like psychopaths need a Prince of Virtues to kiss awake their inner Sleeping Beauty from its 100‐year irresponsibility sleep. All companies could take advantage of virtue ethics, which present the values shared by all humans, and hence exemplify the natural law (lex naturae). Counselling top managers and key individuals on their personal and professional values enables all personnel to integrate virtues into the company's CR practices. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Twofold control loop network‐level congestion control
Authors: Calvagna Andrea , Tropea Giuseppe
Published: February 2006

Active monitoring of a network's congestion level can be coupled with network‐level traffic control to maximise usage of bandwidth resources and avoid congestion. Explicit signalling between nodes has been introduced in literature to enable novel congestion control schemes. In this paper, we present a hybrid scheme to support distributed congestion avoidance, in which explicit feedback signalling flows along the core‐node to next core‐node closed circuit and along the core‐node to edge‐node closed circuit. Our main goals have been unresponsive traffic regulation, independent of transport protocol; max‐min fairness among end‐to‐end flows with no need for stateful core routers and friendliness to QoS router mechanisms. We present edge nodes and core nodes regulation algorithms, and show results of extensive tests done on a real implementation. Copyright © 2006 AEIT
Are 16‐month‐ahead forecasts useful? A directional analysis of Japanese GDP forecasts
Authors: Ashiya Masahiro
Published: February 2006

Past literature casts doubt on the ability of long‐term macroeconomic forecasts to predict the direction of change. We re‐examine this issue using the Japanese GDP forecast data of 37 institutions, and find that their 16‐month‐ahead forecasts contain valuable information on whether the growth rate accelerates or not. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley _ Sons, Ltd.
The importance of interest rates for forecasting the exchange rate
Authors: Bjørnland Hilde C. , Hungnes Håvard
Published: February 2006

This study compares the forecasting performance of a structural exchange rate model that combines the purchasing power parity condition with the interest rate differential in the long run, with some alternative exchange rate models. The analysis is applied to the Norwegian exchange rate. The long‐run equilibrium relationship is embedded in a parsimonious representation for the exchange rate. The structural exchange rate representation is stable over the sample and outperforms a random walk in an out‐of‐sample forecasting exercise at one to four horizons. Ignoring the interest rate differential in the long run, however, the structural model no longer outperforms a random walk. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley _ Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of two non‐parametric models for daily traffic forecasting in Hong Kong
Authors: Lam William H. K. , Tang Y. F. , Tam Mei‐Lam
Published: February 2006

The most up‐to‐date annual average daily traffic (AADT) is always required for transport model development and calibration. However, the current‐year AADT data are not always available. The short‐term traffic flow forecasting models can be used to predict the traffic flows for the current year. In this paper, two non‐parametric models, non‐parametric regression (NPR) and Gaussian maximum likelihood (GML), are chosen for short‐term traffic forecasting based on historical data collected for the annual traffic census (ATC) in Hong Kong. These models are adapted as they are more flexible and efficient in forecasting the daily vehicular flows in the Hong Kong ATC core stations (in total of 87 stations). The daily vehicular flows predicted by these models are then used to calculate the AADT of the current year, 1999. The overall prediction and comparison results show that the NPR model produces better forecasts than the GML model using the ATC data in Hong Kong. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley _ Sons, Ltd.