bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Density Functional Theory Insights into Conduction Mechanisms in Perovskite-Type RCoO3 Nanofibers for Future Resistive Random-Access Memory Applications
Authors: Hu Quanli , Luo Hanqiong , Song Chao , Wang Yin , Yue Bin , Liu Jinghai
Published: December 2024

In the era of artificial intelligence and Internet of Things, data storage has an important impact on the future development direction of data analysis. Resistive random-access memory (RRAM) devices are the research hotspot in the era of artificial intelligence and Internet of Things. Perovskite-type rare-earth metal oxides are common functional materials and considered promising candidates for RRAM devices because their interesting electronic properties depend on the interaction between oxygen ions, transition metals, and rare-earth metals. LaCoO3, NdCoO3, and SmCoO3 are typical rare-earth cobaltates (RCoO3). These perovskite materials were fabricated by electrospinning and the calcination method. The aim of this study was to investigate the resistive switching effect in the RCoO3 structure. The oxygen vacancies in RCoO3 are helpful to form conductive filaments, which dominates the resistance transition mechanism of Pt/RCoO3/Pt. The electronic properties of RCoO3 were investigated, including the barrier height and the shape of the conductive filaments. This study confirmed the potential application of LaCoO3, NdCoO3, and SmCoO3 in memory storage devices.
In Silico Conotoxin Studies: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Li Ruihan , Hasan Md. Mahadhi , Wang Dan
Published: December 2024

Cone snails of the genus Conus have evolved to produce structurally distinct and functionally diverse venom peptides for defensive and predatory purposes. This nature-devised delicacy enlightened drug discovery and for decades, the bioactive cone snail venom peptides, known as conotoxins, have been widely explored for their therapeutic potential, yet we know very little about them. With the augmentation of computational algorithms from the realms of bioinformatics and machine learning, in silico strategies have made substantial contributions to facilitate conotoxin studies although still with certain limitations. In this review, we made a bibliometric analysis of in silico conotoxin studies from 2004 to 2024 and then discussed in silico strategies to not only efficiently classify conotoxin superfamilies but also speed up drug discovery from conotoxins, reveal binding modes of known conotoxin–ion channel interactions at a microscopic level and relate the mechanisms of ion channel modulation to its underlying molecular structure. We summarized the current progress of studies in this field and gave an outlook on prospects.
Pressure-Induced Assembly of Organic Phase-Change Materials Hybridized with Expanded Graphite and Carbon Nanotubes for Direct Solar Thermal Harvesting and Thermoelectric Conversion
Authors: Ji Jie , Liu Yizhe , Li Xiaoxiang , Xu Yangzhe , Hu Ting , Li Zhengzheng , Tao Peng , Deng Tao
Published: December 2024

Direct harvesting of abundant solar thermal energy within organic phase-change materials (PCMs) has emerged as a promising way to overcome the intermittency of renewable solar energy and pursue high-efficiency heating-related applications. Organic PCMs, however, generally suffer from several common shortcomings including melting-induced leakage, poor solar absorption, and low thermal conductivity. Compounding organic PCMs with single-component carbon materials faces the difficulty in achieving optimized comprehensive performance enhancement. Herein, this work reports the employment of hybrid expanded graphite (EG) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to simultaneously realize leakage-proofness, high solar absorptance, high thermal conductivity, and large latent heat storage capacity. The PCM composites were prepared by directly mixing commercial high-temperature paraffin (HPA) powders, EG, and CNTs, followed by subsequent mechanical compression molding. The HPA-EG composites loaded with 20 wt% of EG could effectively suppress melting-induced leakage. After further compounding with 1 wt% of CNTs, the form-stable HPA-EG20-CNT1 composites achieved an axial and in-plane thermal conductivity of 4.15 W/m K and 18.22 W/m K, and a melting enthalpy of 165.4 J/g, respectively. Through increasing the loading of CNTs to 10 wt% in the top thin layer, we further prepared double-layer HPA-EG-CNT composites, which have a high surface solar absorptance of 92.9% for the direct conversion of concentrated solar illumination into storable latent heat. The charged composites could be combined with a thermoelectric generator to release the stored latent heat and generate electricity, which could power up small electric devices such as light-emitting diodes. This work demonstrates the potential for employing hybrid fillers to optimize the thermophysical properties and solar thermal harvesting performances of organic PCMs.
Effect of Bias Voltage on the Microstructure and Photoelectric Properties of W-Doped ZnO Films
Authors: Mei Haijuan , Wang Wanli , Zhao Junfeng , Zhong Weilong , Qiu Muyi , Xu Jiayang , Gao Kailin , Liu Ge , Liang Jianchu , Gong Weiping
Published: December 2024

W-doped ZnO (WZO) films were deposited on glass substrates by using RF magnetron sputtering at different substrate bias voltages, and the relationships between microstructure and optical and electrical properties were investigated. The results revealed that the deposition rate of WZO films first decreased from 8.8 to 7.1 nm/min, and then increased to 11.5 nm/min with the increase in bias voltage. After applying a bias voltage to the substrate, the bombardment effect of sputtered ions was enhanced, and the films transformed from a smooth surface into a compact and rough surface. All the films exhibited a hexagonal wurtzite structure with a strong (002) preferred orientation and grew along the c-axis direction. When the bias voltage increased, both the residual stress and lattice parameter of the films gradually increased, and the maximum grain size of 43.4 nm was achieved at −100 V. When the bias voltage was below −300 V, all the films exhibited a high average transmittance of ~90% in the visible light region. As the bias voltage increased, the sheet resistance and resistivity of the films initially decreased and then gradually increased. The highest FOM of 5.8 × 10−4 Ω−1 was achieved at −100 V, possessing the best comprehensive photoelectric properties.
Harnessing Radiation for Nanotechnology: A Comprehensive Review of Techniques, Innovations, and Application
Authors: Islam Mobinul , Ahmed Md. Shahriar , Yun Sua , Kim Hae-Yong , Nam Kyung-Wan
Published: December 2024

Nanomaterial properties such as size, structure, and composition can be controlled by manipulating radiation, such as gamma rays, X-rays, and electron beams. This control allows scientists to create materials with desired properties that can be used in a wide range of applications, from electronics to medicine. This use of radiation for nanotechnology is revolutionizing the way we design and manufacture materials. Additionally, radiation-induced nanomaterials are more cost effective and energy efficient. This technology is also having a positive impact on the environment, as materials are being produced with fewer emissions, less energy, and less waste. This cutting-edge technology is opening up new possibilities and has become an attractive option for many industries, from medical advancements to energy storage. It is also helping to make the world a better place by reducing our carbon footprint and preserving natural resources. This review aims to meticulously point out the synthesis approach and highlights significant progress in generating radiation-induced nanomaterials with tunable and complex morphologies. This comprehensive review article is essential for researchers to design innovative materials for advancements in health care, electronics, energy storage, and environmental remediation.
Constructing Dynamical Symmetries for Quantum Computing: Applications to Coherent Dynamics in Coupled Quantum Dots
Authors: Hamilton James R. , Levine Raphael D. , Remacle Francoise
Published: December 2024

Dynamical symmetries, time-dependent operators that almost commute with the Hamiltonian, extend the role of ordinary symmetries. Motivated by progress in quantum technologies, we illustrate a practical algebraic approach to computing such time-dependent operators. Explicitly we expand them as a linear combination of time-independent operators with time-dependent coefficients. There are possible applications to the dynamics of systems of coupled coherent two-state systems, such as qubits, pumped by optical excitation and other addressing inputs. Thereby, the interaction of the system with the excitation is bilinear in the coherence between the two states and in the strength of the time-dependent excitation. The total Hamiltonian is a sum of such bilinear terms and of terms linear in the populations. The terms in the Hamiltonian form a basis for Lie algebra, which can be represented as coupled individual two-state systems, each using the population and the coherence between two states. Using the factorization approach of Wei and Norman, we construct a unitary quantum mechanical evolution operator that is a factored contribution of individual two-state systems. By that one can accurately propagate both the wave function and the density matrix with special relevance to quantum computing based on qubit architecture. Explicit examples are derived for the electronic dynamics in coupled semi-conducting nanoparticles that can be used as hardware for quantum technologies.
Body Weight Changes During Childhood and Predictors of Excessive Body Weight in Adolescence—A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Lemanowicz-Kustra Aleksandra , Brzeziński Michał , Dettlaff-Dunowska Magdalena , Borkowska Anna , Materek Maciej , Jagiełło Kacper , Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz Agnieszka
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Abnormal body weight, including overweight and obesity, is a common health problem affecting children and adolescents. The present study aimed to analyse weight changes in children from preschool age to adolescence and to identify early predictors of excessive weight in adolescence, such as blood pressure and physical fitness observed in preschool children. Methodology: Data from 3075 children (1524 girls and 1594 boys), collected as part of the Gdańsk Centre for Health Promotion’s “Your Child’s Healthy Life” programme, were analysed, with each child assessed at ages 6, 10, and 14. Results: The results indicated that boys were more likely to be overweight, with a tendency for obesity to increase with age. Children who were overweight or obese at age 6 had a higher risk of remaining so for a longer period of time. In addition, low physical fitness (as measured by the KPRT test) and elevated blood pressure were significantly associated with excess body weight. Conclusions: The study underscores the importance of early intervention and consistent monitoring of childhood overweight and obesity to reduce their long-term impact on health.
Time-Restricted Eating in Real-World Healthcare Settings: Utilisation and Short-Term Outcomes Evaluation
Authors: Rathomi Hilmi , Katzenellenbogen Judith , Mavaddat Nahal , Woods Kirsty , Thompson Sandra
Published: December 2024

Background: Time-restricted eating (TRE) shows promise for managing weight and metabolic issues, yet its application in real-world healthcare settings remains underexplored. This study aims to assess the real-world utilisation and short-term outcomes of TRE in clinical practice. Methods: This observational study used a retrospective chart review of 271 adults who attended a metabolic specialist clinic between 2019 and 2023. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with TRE adoption, while paired sample t-tests evaluated changes in outcomes among those who received TRE advice. Results: Among the 271 patients, 76% were female, 90% Caucasian, and 94% overweight/obese. Of all patients, 47.2% received TRE advice, mainly using the 16:8 method, alongside additional dietary guidance for 60% of patients. Working status and baseline metabolic profiles were the only factors significantly associated with TRE adoption. Among those who followed TRE, 81% experienced modest but significant reductions in weight (−1.2 kg, p < 0.01), BMI (−0.4 kg/m2, p < 0.01), and waist circumference (−3.7 cm, p < 0.01). Conclusions: This study highlights TRE as a feasible and practical dietary strategy for improving metabolic health in healthcare settings. However, further research and improved data capture are needed to explore long-term adherence, potential adverse effects, and the effectiveness of TRE across diverse patient populations.
From Childhood Interpersonal Trauma to Binge Eating in Adults: Unraveling the Role of Personality and Maladaptive Regulation
Authors: Bellehumeur-Béchamp Lily , Legendre Maxime , Bégin Catherine
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Binge eating (BE) is associated with physical and psychological consequences, such as obesity and reduced quality of life. The relationship between binge eating and childhood experiences of interpersonal trauma has been explored, yet few studies focus on the processes that may explain this association. In this regard, some personality traits and maladaptive cognitive-emotional regulation may help explain this relationship, as they have been associated, respectively, with BE and childhood interpersonal trauma. The purpose of this study is to explore the complex processes that link childhood interpersonal trauma and BE in a French-Canadian clinical adult population with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). Methods: This cross-sectional study included 148 participants aged 21 to 72, predominantly women of White ethnic background with a university degree, who were seeking treatment for eating or weight-related issues. They completed self-report questionnaires assessing maltreatment and bullying, BE, maladaptive cognitive-emotional regulation, and personality. Two multiple mediation models were tested to examine the indirect effects of personality and maladaptive regulation in the relationship between bullying and BE, as well as between maltreatment and BE. Results: The results revealed a significant indirect relationship between maltreatment and binge eating (BE), with personality traits and maladaptive cognitive-emotional regulation partially explaining this association. No direct effect was found for bullying, but a significant total indirect effect indicated that personality traits and maladaptive cognitive-emotional regulation play a mediating role in the relationship between bullying and BE. Finaly, self-directedness was found as a unique and significant contributor in both mediation models. Conclusions: This study draws attention to the multiple contributing factors in the relationship between interpersonal trauma and BE in adults with obesity. Further research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of the role of personality and maladaptive cognitive-emotional regulation in this relationship by focusing on individuals’ experiences.
Causal Mediation Analysis of Foodborne Salmonella Outbreaks in the United States: Serotypes and Food Vehicles
Authors: Buyrukoğlu Gonca , Moreira Juan , Topalcengiz Zeynal
Published: December 2024

Various Salmonella serotypes have caused numerous foodborne outbreaks associated with food vehicles in different categories. This study provides evidence on the occurrence and inter-relations between Salmonella serotypes and the number of deaths mediated by the number of illnesses and hospitalizations. Confirmed foodborne outbreaks of Salmonella serotypes (n = 2868) that occurred between 1998 and 2021 were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Outbreak Reporting System. Causal mediation analysis was performed based on 500 bootstrap samples. The serotypes and the Interagency Food Safety Analytics Collaboration (IFSAC) food categories as confounding effects were considered as categorical variables. A total of 106 single Salmonella serotypes were associated with foodborne outbreaks. Foodborne outbreaks caused by Salmonella serotypes resulted in 81,996 illnesses, 11,018 hospitalizations, and 115 deaths between 1998 and 2021 in the United States. The serotypes Enteritidis (815 outbreaks, 28.42%), Typhimurium (359 outbreaks, 12.52%), and Newport (220 outbreaks, 7.67%) accounted for almost half of Salmonella-linked outbreaks. Poultry products, “chickens”, “eggs”, and “turkey”, were the leading IFSAC food categories, accounting for 14.02% of total outbreaks and 10.44% of total deaths. Certain serotypes had a significant effect on illness, hospitalization, and death counts. Two serotypes, Heidelberg and Saintpaul, and “fruits” as the food vehicle in IFSAC categories had a significant direct effect on the number of illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths as outcomes of Salmonella outbreaks (p ≤ 0.05). There was strong evidence that illness and hospitalization counts played a key role in the pathway from serotype to death counts on foodborne outbreaks caused by Salmonella based on causal mediation analysis. The findings of this study can help outbreak investigations and lead to prevention and control measures by providing insightful information about the frequencies of Salmonella serotypes and the associated food vehicles causing foodborne diseases.
Effects of Hispidulin on the Osteo/Odontogenic and Endothelial Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells
Authors: Kim Yeon , Park Hyun-Joo , Kim Mi-Kyoung , Kim Hyung Joon , Kim Yong-Il , Bae Soo-Kyung , Bae Moon-Kyoung
Published: December 2024

Background: Human dental pulp stem cells (HDPSCs) with multi-lineage differentiation potential and migration ability are required for HDPSC-based bone and dental regeneration. Hispidulin is a naturally occurring flavonoid with diverse pharmacological activities, but its effects on biological properties of HDPSCs remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effects of hispidulin on the differentiation potential and migration ability of HDPSCs and elucidated their underlying mechanisms. Methods: The osteo/odontogenic capacity of HDPSCs was assessed using the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining. The migration ability of HDPSCs was evaluated using a scratch wound assay. Furthermore, the endothelial differentiation of HDPSCs was examined by using a capillary sprouting assay and by assessing CD31 expression. Results: Hispidulin significantly enhanced the osteo/odontogenic differentiation of HDPSCs with increased expression of osteo/odontogenic differentiation markers. Hispidulin increased the migration of HDPSCs, which was mediated by the upregulation of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4). The treatment of HDPSCs with hispidulin enhanced the differentiation of HDPSCs into endothelial cells, as evidenced by increased capillary sprouting and endothelial marker expression. In addition, we demonstrated that hispidulin activated the ERK1/2 signaling, and its inhibition by U0126 significantly suppressed the hispidulin-induced endothelial differentiation of HDPSCs. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that hispidulin effectively promotes the osteo/odontogenic and endothelial differentiation, and migration of HDPSCs. These results suggest that hispidulin may have potential therapeutic applications in dental pulp regeneration and tissue engineering.
Forty Years of the Use of Cells for Cartilage Regeneration: The Research Side
Authors: Roseti Livia , Cavallo Carola , Desando Giovanna , D’Alessandro Martina , Grigolo Brunella
Published: December 2024

Background: The treatment of articular cartilage damage has always represented a problem of considerable practical interest for orthopedics. Over the years, many surgical techniques have been proposed to induce the growth of repairing tissue and limit degeneration. In 1994, the turning point occurred: implanted autologous cells paved the way for a new treatment option based more on regeneration than repair. Objectives: This review aims to outline biological and clinical advances, from the use of mature adult chondrocytes to cell-derived products, going through progenitor cells derived from bone marrow or adipose tissue and their concentrates for articular cartilage repair. Moreover, it highlights the relevance of gene therapy as a valuable tool for successfully implementing current regenerative treatments, and overcoming the limitations of the local delivery of growth factors. Conclusions: Finally, this review concludes with an outlook on the importance of understanding the role and mechanisms of action of the different cell compounds with a view to implementing personalized treatments.
Education for Healthcare Providers: Impact of Academic Detailing on Reducing Misinformation and Strengthening Influenza Vaccine Recommendations
Authors: McKeirnan Kimberly C. , Giruzzi Megan E. , Brand Damianne C. , Giruzzi Nick R. , Vaitla Kavya , Dang Juliet
Published: December 2024

Background: Recommendations from a trusted healthcare provider have been shown to be the most effective intervention for encouraging patients to be vaccinated. However, providers have reported feeling less prepared to address vaccination questions and having less time to discuss vaccines with patients than before the COVID-19 pandemic. Providers may benefit from a brief update about the available influenza vaccines and vaccination guidelines. Academic detailing is an evidence-based approach for preparing healthcare providers to discuss getting vaccinated with patients. Methods: An academic detailing presentation was developed using influenza statistics, vaccination recommendations, and recent local and national immunization rate data. Academic detailing was conducted with physicians and community pharmacy personnel in Yakima County, Washington, between November 2023 and January 2024. Yakima County is designated as a medically underserved area due to a lack of providers. A pre-detailing survey was conducted to evaluate participant knowledge of current ACIP recommendations and gather opinions about local resident vaccination barriers. A post-detailing survey was conducted to gather participants’ opinions about the value of detailing. Results: Prior to the training, 73% of providers believed it was important to discuss influenza vaccination with patients, but only 52% felt confident in combating misinformation. Healthcare providers believed misinformation and vaccine hesitancy are the most common barriers for Yakima County patients, but recent survey results showed that online scheduling systems, long wait times, and limited appointment hours were the predominant issues reported locally. Two out of 12 community pharmacy personnel and zero resident physicians correctly named all three preferentially recommended influenza vaccines for patients 65 years and older. Overall, 96% of detailing participants reported that the session was valuable, 87% believed it would help them combat vaccine misinformation, and 65% reported planning to have more conversations with patients about influenza vaccination after participating. Conclusion: Physicians and community pharmacy immunizers found the influenza vaccines academic detailing to be valuable. Staying up to date on vaccination guidelines can prepare providers to be confident in having informed conversations with patients about getting vaccinated.
Considering Grayscale Process and Material Properties for Robust Multilevel Diffractive Flat Optics
Authors: Aguiam Diogo E. , Dias Ana , Rodrigues Manuel J. L. F. , Shanker Aamod , Camarneiro Filipe , Santos Joana D. , Valentim Pablo , Cunha Joao , Sousa Patrícia C.
Published: December 2024

Arbitrarily designed flat optics directly manipulate the light wavefront to reproduce complex optical functions, enabling more compact optical assemblies and microsystem integration. Phase-shifting micro-optical devices rely on locally tailoring the optical path length of the wavefront through binary or multilevel surface relief micro- and nanostructures. Considering the resolution and tolerances of the production processes and the optical properties of the substrate and coating materials is crucial for designing robust multilevel diffractive flat optics. In this work, we evaluate the impact of the grayscale laser lithography resolution and geometry constraints on the efficiency of surface-relief diffractive lenses, and we analyze the process parameter space that limit lens performance. We introduce a spectral bandwidth metric to help evaluate the broad-spectrum performance of different materials. We simulate and experimentally observe that the diffractive focusing is dominated by the periodic wavelength-dependent phase discontinuities arising in the profile transitions of multilevel diffractive lenses.
Two-Point Resolution of a Defocused Imaging System Based on Spatially Coherent Illumination
Authors: Massaro Gianlorenzo , de Gioia Sergio , Brunetti Adalberto , Pepe Francesco V. , D’Angelo Milena
Published: December 2024

We examine the physical limitations and performance of spatially coherent imaging systems under defocused conditions using a modified two-point resolution criterion. By comparing coherent and incoherent illumination regimes, in defocused conditions, we highlight the peculiar advantages of coherent systems in resolving closely spaced features while maintaining a high depth of field. The analysis identifies two primary contributions to image degradation in coherent defocused systems: image broadening and interference-related contrast reduction. Through a specifically designed analytical framework, this study confirms that resolution degradation in coherent imaging is characterized by a square root dependence on defocusing distance, irrespective of the numerical aperture. This behavior starkly contrasts with incoherent imaging, where the resolution deteriorates linearly with defocusing and exhibits a strong dependence on the system’s numerical aperture. Furthermore, we provide explicit analytical expressions for contrast loss and minimum resolvable object size under defocused coherent conditions, offering deeper insights into their relation with system parameters. These results corroborate the superior performance of coherent imaging in resolving fine details in defocused environments, challenging conventional optical paradigms. Our findings not only extend the theoretical understanding of coherent imaging but also establish practical guidelines to optimize optical systems for high-resolution applications.
Crossing and Anticrossing in Bent All-Glass Leakage Channel Microstructured Optical Fibers: The Effect of Polymer Coating
Authors: Denisov Alexander N. , Dvoyrin Vladislav V. , Semjonov Sergey L.
Published: December 2024

This paper presents the results of a detailed theoretical study of the bending properties of all-glass leakage channel microstructured optical fibers (LC MOFs) with a polymer coating over a bending radius range from 4.8 cm to 10 cm. The dependencies of the effective refractive indices of the LC MOF modes on the bending radius have a number of crossings and anticrossings for different mode pairs. A detailed analysis showed that eight modes for each polarization have to be considered to correctly calculate the bending losses. These modes can be classified into relatively strong modes (three for each polarization) and relatively weak modes. The three strong modes have the most direct effect on the loss calculation. However, the relatively weaker modes also play a role through their coupling with the stronger modes, resulting in the appearance of local loss maxima in the loss dependencies for the strong modes. At a bending radius of 10 cm, the final leakage loss of the LC MOFs with a polymer coating is approximately four times lower than that of the LC MOFs without a coating. The significant reduction in losses paves the way for further optimization of the LC MOF geometric structure, leading to a reduction in the allowable bending radius.
Correction: Mori et al. High-Dynamic-Range Absorption Spectroscopy by Generating a Wide Path-Length Distribution with Scatterers. Photonics 2024, 11, 556
Authors: Mori Ayaka , Yamashita Kyohei , Tokunaga Eiji
Published: December 2024

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Characterization of kHz Repetition Rate Laser-Driven Electron Beams by an Inhomogeneous Field Dipole Magnet Spectrometer
Authors: Zymak Illia , Favetta Marco , Grittani Gabriele Maria , Lazzarini Carlo Maria , Tassielli Gianfranco , Grenfell Annika , Goncalves Leonardo , Lorenz Sebastian , Sluková Vanda , Vitha Filip , Versaci Roberto , Chacon-Golcher Edwin , Nevrkla Michal , Šišma Jiří , Antipenkov Roman , Šobr Václav , Szuba Wojciech , Staufer Theresa , Grüner Florian , Lapadula Loredana , Ranieri Ezio , Piombino Michele , Hafz Nasr A. M. , Kamperidis Christos , Papp Daniel , Mondal Sudipta , Bakule Pavel , Bulanov Sergei V.
Published: December 2024

We demonstrate a method to characterize the beam energy, transverse profile, charge, and dose of a pulsed electron beam generated by a 1 kHz TW laser-plasma accelerator. The method is based on imaging with a scintillating screen in an inhomogeneous, orthogonal magnetic field produced by a wide-gap magnetic dipole. Numerical simulations were developed to reconstruct the electron beam parameters accurately. The method has been experimentally verified and calibrated using a medical LINAC. The energy measurement accuracy in the 6–20 MeV range is proven to be better than 10%. The radiation dose has been calibrated by a water-equivalent phantom, RW3, showing a linear response of the method within 2% in the 0.05–0.5 mGy/pulse range.
Diversity and Distribution of Intertidal Cystoseira sensu lato Species Across Protection Zones in a Mediterranean Marine Protected Area
Authors: Mancuso Francesco Paolo , Sarà Gianluca , Mannino Anna Maria
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the diversity and distribution of intertidal Cystoseira sensu lato (s.l.) species across different protection zones within the “Capo Gallo-Isola delle Femmine” Marine Protected Area (MPA) in the central Mediterranean Sea. Five Cystoseira s.l. species (Cystoseira compressa, C. foeniculacea, Ericaria amentacea, E. brachycarpa and E. crinita) were observed on the intertidal rocky shores, with varied abundances across the MPA’s protection zones. Ericaria amentacea was the only species found in all zones, with a much higher cover percentage in the most protected area (zone A). However, its morpho-functional traits showed an inverse trend, with the largest thalli found in the moderately protected zone B and C. The remaining Cystoseira s.l. species were only found in zones B and C probably due to their wider area and greater habitat diversity compared to zone A. The presence of two non-indigenous species, Asparagopsis taxiformis and Caulerpa cylindracea, was observed exclusively in the less protected zones B and C. Our findings highlight the complex interactions between MPA protection levels and Cystoseira s.l. species conservation, with protection having, in some respects, a positive influence on selected Cystoseira s.l. species, indicating the importance of careful consideration in MPA design and management. Furthermore, this study provides a baseline for future monitoring of Cystoseira s.l. populations in light of ongoing environmental changes in the Mediterranean Sea.
The Crossregulation Triggered by Bacillus Strains Is Strain-Specific and Improves Adaptation to Biotic and Abiotic Stress in Arabidopsis
Authors: Galicia-Campos Estrella , Velasco Ana García-Villaraco , Lucas Jose Antonio , Gutiérrez-Mañero F. Javier , Ramos-Solano Beatriz
Published: December 2024

Plants are sessile organisms that overcome environmental stress by activating specific metabolic pathways, leading to adaptation and survival. In addition, they recruit beneficial bacterial strains to further improve their performance. As plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are able to trigger multiple targets to improve plant fitness, finding effective isolates for this purpose is of paramount importance. This metabolic activation involves the following two stages: the priming pre-challenge with no evident changes, and the post-challenge, which is characterized by a faster and more intense response. Eight Bacillus strains, obtained in a previous study, were tested for their ability to improve plant growth, and to protect Arabidopsis thaliana plants against biotic and abiotic stress. After the 16S rRNA gene sequencing, three isolates were selected for their ability to improve growth (G7), and to protect against biotic and abiotic stress (H47, mild protection, with a similar intensity for biotic and abiotic stress; L44, the highest protection to both); moreover the expression of Non-Expresser of Protein Resistance Gene 1 (NPR1) and Protein resistance (PR1) as markers of the Salicylic Acid (SA) pathway, and lipooxygenase (LOX2) and plant defensin gene (PDF1) as markers of the Ethylene/Jasmonic Acid (Et/Ja) pathway, was determined 24 h after the stress challenge and compared to the expression in non-stressed plants. The results indicated that (i) the three strains prime Arabidopsis according to the more marked and faster increases in gene expression upon stress challenge, (ii) all three strains activate the SA-mediated and the Et/Ja-mediated pathways, therefore conferring a wide protection against stress, and (iii) PR1 and PDF1, traditionally associated to Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) and Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) protection against pathogenic stress, are also overexpressed under abiotic stress conditions. Therefore, it appears that the priming of the plant adaptive metabolism is strain-dependent, although each stress factor determines the intensity in the response of the expression of each gene; hence, the response is determined by the following three factors: the PGPR, the plant, and the stress factor.
A Leucine-Rich Receptor Like Kinase LRK2 Is Involved in the Regulation of Cold Tolerance and Yield in Rice
Authors: Yi Huan , Zhao Yarui , Wu Xinting , Zhang Mengting , Pan Minwei , Ding Siyuan , Huang Jiaqi , Gu Qing , Zha Xiaojun
Published: December 2024

Low temperature affects rice growth and yield. Receptor-like protein kinases play an important role in plant growth and development. In order to reveal the role of a leucine-rich receptor like kinase LRK2 in low temperature stress and growth and development of rice. In this study, we used the obtained LRK2 overexpressing plants for experiments and the results show that the cold tolerance and yield of LRK2 overexpressing plants were higher than that of wild type. LRK2 has high homology with the phytosulfokine receptors (PSKRs) gene of different species, and LRK2 gene is responsive to phytosulfokine (PSK). In addition, we observed that the proline content of LRK2 overexpressing plants was significantly higher than that of the wild-type at low temperature, while the malondialdehyde content was significantly lower than that of the wild-type. Yeast two-hybrid screening and bimolecular fluorescence complementary analysis showed that LRK2 interacts with rice growth hormone response factor 24 (OsARF24) in vitro. These results suggest that LRK2 gene may be involved in the regulation of cold stress response and yield in rice. These findings will help us understand PSKR signaling in other grasses and support improvements in rice genetics.
A Study on the Effect of Indirect Nitrate Supply on the Nitrogen Fixation Capacity of Soybean Nodules
Authors: Li Sha , Hu Huidi , Yu Baiyang , Han Liwen , Li Wei , Liu Zhilei , Liu Xuesheng , Lyu Xiaochen , Gong Zhenping , Ma Chunmei
Published: December 2024

In this study, dual-root soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) plants, with one side nodulated and the other nonnodulated, were used as experimental materials. The nonnodulated lateral roots were treated with excessive nitrate (200 mg·L−1 nitrogen) for three days, followed by a three-day nitrate withdrawal, and then subjected to excessive nitrate again for another three days. Meanwhile, the nodulated side was continuously supplied with nitrogen-free nutrient solution. We measured the nitrogenase activity, nodule quantity, and concentrations of sucrose, starch, and soluble sugars, along with the microstructure of the nodules. By analyzing these data, we aim to provide theoretical insights into how indirect nitrate supply affects the nitrogen fixation capacity of nodules. The results demonstrated that indirect supply of nitrate to the soybean nodules reduced the nodule nitrogen fixation ability, which was manifested in the decrease in nodule dry weight, nodule number, and nitrogenase activity. The reason was found to be related to the decrease in carbon sources (sucrose, starch, and soluble sugar) allocated to the nodules. Further observation of the internal structure of the nodules found that the number of infected cells in the nodules decreased with the addition of nitrate, and increased with its withdrawal. However, the addition and withdrawal of nitrate did not change the effect of nitrate on the structure of infected cells around the nodules after the first addition of nitrate. These may be one of the important reasons why nitrate indirectly affects the activity of nitrogenase in nodules.
Assessing the Impact of Irrigation and Biostimulants on the Yield and Quality Characteristics of Two Different St. John’s Wort Cultivars in Their Second Growing Season
Authors: Tegou Athina , Giannoulis Kyriakos D. , Zournatzis Elias , Papadopoulos Savvas , Bartzialis Dimitrios , Danalatos Nikolaos G. , Wogiatzi-Kamvoukou Eleni
Published: December 2024

The perennial species Hypericum perforatum, commonly known as St. John’s Wort, is well regarded for its medicinal attributes, particularly its strong anti-inflammatory and antidepressant effects. Hypericum perforatum L., commonly known as balsam, is extensively employed in both traditional and contemporary medicine due to its biological properties, although the plant’s medicine distribution is limited to Europe and Asia. This study pioneers the investigation of Hypericum perforatum cultivation in a Mediterranean country, specifically Greece, focusing on the effects of irrigation and biostimulants of two distinct genotypes on quantitative (height, drug yield, essential oil yield) and qualitative (essential oil content and composition) characteristics. A field trial was conducted at the experimental farm of the Agrotechnology Department at the University of Thessaly, located in the Larissa region. This study investigated various testing varieties under different irrigation levels and biostimulant applications. The results underscore the importance of customized irrigation and biostimulant strategies in improving yield and quality during the second growing season, establishing a foundation for sustainable agricultural progress. Notably, irrigated treatments significantly increased plant height, dry biomass yield, and essential oil production per hectare. Specifically, the essential oil yields for irrigated treatments were nearly double those of rainfed treatments, with 219 kg/ha for rainfed and 407 kg/ha for irrigated. The genotype played a crucial role in influencing production potential, height, flowering, and essential oil composition, with one variety demonstrating biennial blooming and modified essential oil compounds. While irrigation positively impacted yield, it also reduced certain essential oil compounds while increasing β-pinene content. The effects of biostimulants varied based on their composition, with some enhancing and others diminishing essential oil content. Notably, the biostimulant containing algae with auxin and cytokinin (B2) proved to be the most effective in improving the therapeutic profile. This study offers valuable insights into the cultivation of H. perforatum in a Mediterranean climate, highlighting the necessity for ongoing research into native populations, irrigation levels, biostimulants, fertilization, and other factors that affect crop yield and quality characteristics.
Evolution, Structural and Functional Characteristics of the MADS-box Gene Family and Gene Expression Through Methyl Jasmonate Regulation in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer
Authors: Lephoto Katleho Senoko , Wang Dinghui , Liu Sizhang , Li Li , Wang Chaofan , Liu Ruicen , Jiang Yue , Wang Aimin , Wang Kangyu , Zhao Mingzhu , Chen Ping , Wang Yi , Zhang Meiping
Published: December 2024

MADS-box genes are essential for plant development and secondary metabolism. The majority of genes within a genome exist in a gene family, each with specific functions. Ginseng is an herb used in medicine for its potential health benefits. The MADS-Box gene family in Jilin ginseng has not been studied. This study investigated the evolution and structural and functional diversification of the PgMADS gene family using bioinformatics and analyzed gene expression through methyl jasmonate (MeJA) regulation. The results revealed that the evolution of the PgMADS gene family is diverged into ten clusters of a constructed phylogenetic tree, of which the SOC1 cluster is the most prevalent with a higher number of PgMADS genes. Despite their distinct evolutionary clusters, a significant number of members contains common conserved motifs. The PgMADS gene family was functionally differentiated into three primary functional categories, biological process, molecular function, and cellular component. Their expression is variable within a tissue, at a developmental stage, and in cultivars. Regardless of the diversity of the functions of PgMADS genes and evolution, their expression correlated and formed a co-expression gene network. Weighted gene co-expression network analyses identified hub genes that could be regulating ginsenoside biosynthesis. Interestingly, the family also is involved in MeJA regulation. These findings provide a valuable reference for future investigations on PgMADS genes.
Chemical Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Green Propolis from the Brazilian Caatinga Biome
Authors: Aldana-Mejía Jennyfer A. , Ribeiro Victor Pena , Katragunta Kumar , Avula Bharathi , Tatapudi Kiran Kumar , Bastos Jairo Kenupp , Khan Ikhlas A. , Meepagala Kumudini , Ross Samir A.
Published: December 2024

Green propolis, particularly from the unique flora of the Brazilian Caatinga biome, has gained significant interest due to its diverse chemical composition and biological activities. This study focuses on the chemical characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of Caatinga green propolis. Twelve compounds were isolated through different chromatographic techniques, including flavanones (naringenin, 7-O-methyleriodictyol, sakuranetin), flavones (hispidulin, cirsimaritin), flavonols (quercetin, quercetin-3-methyl ether, kaempferol, 6-methoxykaempferol, viscosine, penduletin), and one chalcone (kukulkanin B). Using liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS), a total of 55 compounds excluding reference standards were tentatively identified, which include flavonoids, phenolic acids derivatives, and alkaloids, with flavonols, flavanones, and flavones being predominant. Antimicrobial testing against pathogens revealed that the crude extract exhibited low inhibitory activity, against Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) (IC50: 148.4 and 120.98 µg/mL, respectively). Although the isolated compounds showed limited individual activity, a fraction containing sakuranetin and penduletin (Fraction 8) exhibited moderated activity against Cryptococcus neoformans (IC50: 47.86 µg/mL), while a fraction containing quercetin and hispidulin showed moderated activity against VRE (IC50: 16.99 µg/mL). These findings highlight the potential application of Caatinga green propolis as an antimicrobial agent, particularly against resistant bacterial strains, and underscore the importance of synergistic interactions between compounds in enhancing biological effects.
C2H2 Zinc Finger Protein Family Analysis of Rosa rugosa Identified a Salt-Tolerance Regulator, RrC2H2-8
Authors: Xu Yong , Shi Yuqing , Zhang Weijie , Zhu Kaikai , Feng Liguo , Wang Jianwen
Published: December 2024

Rosa rugosa is a representative aromatic species. Wild roses are known for their strong tolerance to highly salty environments, whereas cultivated varieties of roses exhibit lower salt stress tolerance, limiting their development and industrial expansion. Previous studies have shown that C2H2-type zinc finger proteins play a crucial role in plants’ resistance to abiotic stresses. In this study, 102 C2H2-type zinc finger genes (RrC2H2s) were identified in R. rugosa via a comprehensive approach. These genes were categorized into three lineages, and their motif constitutions were grouped into four classes. RrC2H2s were distributed across all seven rose chromosomes, with 15 paralogous gene pairs identified within synteny regions. Additionally, 43 RrC2H2s showed differential expression across various tissues under salt stress, with RrC2H2-8 being the only gene consistently repressed in all tissues. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the RrC2H2-8 protein was localized in the nucleus. The heterologous expression of RrC2H2-8 in Arabidopsis significantly improved its growth under salt stress compared to the wild-type (WT) plants. Furthermore, the malondialdehyde content in the roots of transgenic Arabidopsis was significantly lower than that in the WT, suggesting that RrC2H2-8 enhanced salt tolerance by reducing cellular damage. This study provides a systematic understanding of the RrC2H2 family and identifies RrC2H2-8 as a regulator of salt tolerance, laying a foundation for future research on the mechanisms of salt stress regulation by RrC2H2.
Comparative Analysis of Ca2+/Cation Antiporter Gene Family in Rosa roxburghii and Enhanced Calcium Stress Tolerance via Heterologous Expression of RrCAX1a in Tobacco
Authors: Zeng Tuo , Zhu Liyong , Su Wenwen , Gu Lei , Wang Hongcheng , Du Xuye , Zhu Bin , Wang Caiyun , Wu Di
Published: December 2024

Rosa roxburghii, a calciphilic species native to the mountainous regions of Southwest China, is renowned for its high vitamin C and bioactive components, making it valuable for culinary and medicinal uses. This species exhibits remarkable tolerance to the high-calcium conditions typical of karst terrains. However, the underlying mechanisms of this calcium resilience remain unclear. The Ca2+/cation antiporter (CaCA) superfamily plays a vital role in the transport of Ca2+ and other cations and is crucial for plant tolerance to metal stress. However, the roles and evolutionary significance of the CaCA superfamily members in R. roxburghii remain poorly understood. This study identified 22 CaCA superfamily genes in R. roxburghii, categorized into four subfamilies. The gene structures of these RrCaCAs show considerable conservation across related species. Selection pressure analysis revealed that all RrCaCAs are subject to purifying selection. The promoter regions of these genes contain numerous hormone-responsive and stress-related elements. qRT-PCR analyses demonstrated that H+/cation exchanger (CAX) RrCAX1a and RrCAX3a were highly responsive to Ca2+ stress, cation/Ca2+ exchanger (CCX) RrCCX4 to Mg2+ stress, and RrCCX11a to Na+ stress. Subcellular localization indicated that RrCAX1a is localized to the plant cell membrane, and its stable transformation in tobacco confirmed its ability to confer enhanced resistance to heavy Ca2+ stresses, highlighting its crucial role in the high-calcium tolerance mechanisms of R. roxburghii. This research establishes a foundation for further molecular-level functional analyses of the adaptation mechanisms of R. roxburghii to high-calcium environments.