bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional Cluster’s development
Authors: Vladut Gabriel
Published: October 2016

The European Commission aims to ensure coherence between environmental, climate, energy and industrial policy to create optimal business environments for sustainable growth and innovations, in a way that enhances the competitiveness of European industry, while moving towards a more resource efficient, circular economy. Sustainability needs to be mainstreamed into all areas of industrial policy to help European businesses to unlock first mover advantage and gain a competitive edge. The Dorothy project is inspired by the contents of the “Flagship Initiative for a resource-efficient Europe under the Europe 2020 strategy”. The Dorothy Project is targeted to develop the potential of innovation and research in the four Regions composing the Consortium in the field of Urban Logistics, which represent the specific application topic of the proposal, and is one of the main focuses of attention of the Flagship Initiative. The industrial environnent is the main actor on the research and innovation regional driven Clusters The Dorothy project has achieved the result of setting up three Regional Innovation Clusters in: Valencia – Spain, Lisbon – Portugal and Craiova – Romania, under the mentoring action of the already existing Tuscany Cluster in Firenze. They operate in the field of Urban Logistics. This achievement must be made durable in time and the cooperation among the Dorothy Clusters must be ensured over the time after the end of the project. For this reason, among the other activities carried out by the project, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) have been defined and signed among the four Clusters in form of a multilateral and mutual agreement among them. This paper explain the contents and the importance in the JAP – Joint Action Plan, of the thematic area 3 about regional clusters development, the target of the overall Thematic Area, why has been chosen as a Thematic Area, shortly remind the actions that are contained in the Thematic Area. The action fields and related actions are organized under 6 areas:1. Innovative ICT solutions to support advanced UL regulation schemes2. Open data architectures to support urban logistics3. Proximity delivery areas4. Cooperation agreement among the Dorothy Clusters5. Reverse logistics6. Cooperation with other existing Clusters and networks.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4262
Comparison of the factors of the built environment influencing the decision to walk for short trips in two Spanish cities: Valencia and Granada
Authors: Ferrer Sheila , Ruiz Sánchez Tomás
Published: October 2016

In this study, we use a qualitative methodology to identify and compare factors of the built environment influencing the decision to walk for short trips in two different Spanish cities: Valencia and Granada. Three focus groups were held in Valencia and two in Granada with participants who undertook, at least once a week, one short non-shopping trip in any travel mode (were “short trip” is defined as less than 30-45 minutes walking distance). A thematic analysis of the data using the software QSR NVivo was performed after the transcription of the video recordings. Results show that participants perceive more facilitators to walking in Granada than in Valencia, explained by the smaller size of the former city and the driving restriction policy in the city centre of Granada for private cars. The main common barriers to walking in the two cities were: insecurity from crime (absence of people, a poor street lighting or walking along a conflictive are), a high density of traffic lights and walking along large avenues. In the city of Valencia, crossing multilane avenues and large-diameter roundabouts are deterrents to walking. In Granada, very steep streets motivate the use of alternative travel modes.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4263
PLAN ESTRATÉGICO DE MOVILIDAD SOSTENIBLE DE LA COMUNIDAD DE MADRID 2013-2025
Authors: Martínez Palencia Luis Miguel , Martín Duque Domingo , Gómez López Francisco Javier , González García Dionisio
Published: October 2016

En la Comunidad de Madrid se producen diariamente más de 16 millones de viajes de los que, aproximadamente, el 70% se realiza en modos motorizados (vehículos privados y transporte colectivo). A ello cabe sumar una intensa actividad de transporte de mercancías que, en su mayor parte, se realiza por carretera. El sistema de transporte tiene una incidencia directa en el desarrollo económico de la región y en la calidad de vida de sus ciudadanos. Se hace imprescindible el esfuerzo coordinado entre las distintas  administraciones para el desarrollo de los programas y acciones necesarias para la consecución de un sistema de transportes regional eficiente, seguro y sostenible. En este contexto, el Consorcio Regional de Transportes de Madrid ha desarrollado el Plan Estratégico de Movilidad Sostenible, con un horizonte de 12 años (2013 – 2025), que contempla más 50 programas, englobados en 12 medidas maestras. El Plan se ha desarrollado en colaboración con las diferentes administraciones, siguiendo las directrices establecidas en la Estrategia Española de Movilidad Sostenible (2009) y las principales recomendaciones europeas en materia de movilidad sostenible y transporte. Asimismo, el Plan Estratégico de Movilidad incorpora los objetivos establecidos en la Estrategia de Calidad del Aire y Cambio Climático de la Comunidad de Madrid 2013-2020 (Plan Azul +), así como los Planes sectoriales vigentes en materia energética derivados de la Estrategia 20-20-20 de la Unión EuropeaDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4270
Integración de la bicicleta en el sistema de transporte público de la Comunidad de Madrid
Authors: Delgado Ruiz Miguel Ángel , Criado Fernández Luis , Rodríguez Ranz Javier , Moya Porras Javier
Published: October 2016

La integración de la bicicleta como parte del sistema de transporte público es un desafío y, a la vez, una oportunidad histórica para favorecer un modelo de transporte más sostenible. La bicicleta ha de ser tomada como aliada y complementaria a otros modos de transporte en una estrategia global de movilidad. En el caso de la Comunidad de Madrid, desde hace muchos años no ha existido una gran tradición de ciclismo urbano aunque el ciclismo deportivo sí que ha mantenido una amplia base social cimentada sobre todo en el boom de la bicicleta de montaña. Una serie de prejuicios, como la célebre afirmación de que “Madrid no es una ciudad para la bicicleta” están siendo afortunadamente superados y no hay más que salir a nuestras calles para constatarlo. Tanto en la capital como en el resto de la región madrileña, la visibilidad de la bicicleta es cada día mayor.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4271
LA REORDENACIÓN DEL SISTEMA DE TRANSPORTE PÚBLICO ANTE EVENTOS ESPECIALES, UN EJERCICIO PRÁCTICO DE COORDINACIÓN INTERMODAL
Authors: Galindo González Pedro , Blanco Caballero Nuria , Moreno Muñoz Carmen , Chico González Alejandro
Published: October 2016

El Consorcio Regional de Transportes de Madrid (CRTM), como autoridad de transporte público de la región, coordina los más de 40 operadores públicos y privados para dar una respuesta óptima a las necesidades de movilidad de los ciudadanos.El transporte público en la Comunidad de Madrid constituye un sistema complejo de carácter intermodal, en el que operan modos de transporte urbanos e interurbanos, conectados mediante un conjunto de intercambiadores o áreas intermodales que canalizan la movilidad radial entre la corona metropolitana y la capital.En este contexto, el CRTM ha puesto en servicio su Centro de Innovación y Gestión del Transporte Público, CITRAM, que representa un nuevo paso en la integración del sistema, modificando el papel de la autoridad de transporte, que pasa de ser un mero observador del sistema a un componente activo del mismo. La misión de CITRAM es proporcionar servicios de información integrada, conectividad y cooperación entre todos los agentes implicados en el sistema de transporte público de la región.Es una prioridad para el CRTM estar preparado para la gestión multimodal ante eventos especiales que puedan suponer una reordenación del sistema de transporte: grandes afecciones en superficie que afecten a las redes de autobuses, restricciones de tráfico por episodios de contaminación atmosférica, cortes de metro por obras, etc..La gestión de este tipo de situaciones exige un nivel de coordinación e información muy complejo, que implica una planificación adecuada de las alternativas de transporte de los usuarios, así como la coordinación de todos los agentes involucrados (autoridad de transporte público, agencias de gestión de tráfico, operadores de transporte, servicios de emergencias, etc.). Además, a través del uso de TICs, la implantación dinámica de las acciones coordinadas es más ágil y flexible y se aumenta la capacidad de reacción para su despliegue.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4272
Chemical ionization of clusters formed from sulfuric acid and dimethylamine
or diamines
Authors: Jen Coty N. , Zhao Jun , McMurry Peter H. , Hanson David R.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Chemical ionization (CI) mass spectrometers are used to study atmospheric nucleation by detecting clusters produced by reactions of sulfuric acid and various basic gases. These instruments typically use nitrate to deprotonate and thus chemically ionize the clusters. In this study, we compare cluster concentrations measured using either nitrate or acetate. Clusters were formed in a flow reactor from vapors of sulfuric acid and dimethylamine, ethylene diamine, tetramethylethylene diamine, or butanediamine (also known as putrescine). These comparisons show that nitrate is unable to chemically ionize clusters with high base content. In addition, we vary the ion–molecule reaction time to probe ion processes which include proton-transfer, ion–molecule clustering, and decomposition of ions. Ion decomposition upon deprotonation by acetate/nitrate was observed. More studies are needed to quantify to what extent ion decomposition affects observed cluster content and concentrations, especially those chemically ionized with acetate since it deprotonates more types of clusters than nitrate.Model calculations of the neutral and ion cluster formation pathways are also presented to better identify the cluster types that are not efficiently deprotonated by nitrate. Comparison of model and measured clusters indicate that sulfuric acid dimers with two diamines and sulfuric acid trimers with two or more base molecules are not efficiently chemical ionized by nitrate. We conclude that acetate CI provides better information on cluster abundancies and their base content than nitrate CI.
Air–snow exchange of nitrate: a modelling approach to investigate physicochemical processes in surface snow at Dome C, Antarctica
Authors: Bock Josué , Savarino Joël , Picard Ghislain
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Snowpack is a multiphase (photo)chemical reactor that strongly influences the air composition in polar and snow-covered regions. Snowpack plays a special role in the nitrogen cycle, as it has been shown that nitrate undergoes numerous recycling stages (including photolysis) in the snow before being permanently buried in the ice. However, the current understanding of these physicochemical processes remains very poor. Several modelling studies have attempted to reproduce (photo)chemical reactions inside snow grains, but these have relied on strong assumptions to characterise snow reactive properties, which are not well defined. Air–snow exchange processes such as adsorption, solid-state diffusion, or co-condensation also affect snow chemical composition. Here, we present a physically based model of these processes for nitrate. Using as input a 1-year-long time series of atmospheric nitrate concentration measured at Dome C, Antarctica, our model reproduces with good agreement the nitrate measurements in the surface snow. By investigating the relative importance of the main exchange processes, this study shows that, on the one hand, the combination of bulk diffusion and co-condensation allows a good reproduction of the measurements (correlation coefficient r = 0.95), with a correct amplitude and timing of summer peak concentration of nitrate in snow. During winter, nitrate concentration in surface snow is mainly driven by thermodynamic equilibrium, whilst the peak observed in summer is explained by the kinetic process of co-condensation. On the other hand, the adsorption of nitric acid on the surface of the snow grains, constrained by an already existing parameterisation for the isotherm, fails to fit the observed variations. During winter and spring, the modelled concentration of adsorbed nitrate is respectively 2.5 and 8.3-fold higher than the measured one. A strong diurnal variation driven by the temperature cycle and a peak occurring in early spring are two other major features that do not match the measurements. This study clearly demonstrates that co-condensation is the most important process to explain nitrate incorporation in snow undergoing temperature gradient metamorphism. The parameterisation developed for this process can now be used as a foundation piece in snowpack models to predict the inter-relationship between snow physical evolution and snow nitrate chemistry.
Integrating canopy and large-scale atmospheric effects in convective boundary-layer dynamics during CHATS experiment
Authors: Shapkalijevski Metodija M. , Ouwersloot G. Huug , Moene F. Arnold , Vilà‐Guerau Arellano Jordi
Published: October 2016

Abstract. By characterizing the dynamics of a convective boundary layer above a relatively sparse and uniform orchard canopy, we investigated the impact of the roughness sublayer (RSL) representation on the predicted diurnal variability of surface fluxes and state variables. Our approach combined numerical experiments, using an atmospheric mixed-layer model including a land surface-vegetation representation, and measurements from the Canopy Horizontal Array Turbulence Study (CHATS) field experiment near Dixon, California. The RSL is parameterized using an additional factor in the standard Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory flux-profile relationships that takes into account the canopy’s influence on the atmospheric flow. We selected a representative case characterised by southerly wind conditions to ensure well-developed RSL over the orchard canopy. We then investigated the sensitivity of the diurnal variability of the boundary-layer dynamics to the changes in the RSL key scales, the canopy adjustment length scale, Lc, and the β = u*/|U| ratio at the top of the canopy, due to their stability and dependence on canopy structure. We found that the inclusion of the RSL parameterisation resulted in improved prediction of the diurnal evolution of the near-surface mean quantities (e.g. up to 50 % for the wind velocity) and transfer (drag) coefficients. We found relatively insignificant effects on the modelled surface fluxes (e.g. up to 5 % for the friction velocity, while 3 % for the sensible and latent heat), which is due to the compensating effect between the mean gradients and the drag coefficients, which are both largely affected by the RSL parameterisation. When varying Lc (from 10 to 20 m) and β (from 0.25 to 0.4), based on observational evidence, the predicted friction velocity is found to vary by up to 25 % and the modeled surface energy fluxes (SH and LE) vary up to 2 % and 9 %, respectively. Consequently, the boundary-layer height varies up to 6 %. Furthermore, our analysis indicated that to interpret the CHATS measurements above the canopy, the contributions of non-local effects such as entrainment, subsidence and the advection of heat and moisture over the CHATS site need to be taken into account.
Composition, size and cloud condensation nuclei activity of biomass burning aerosol from north Australian savannah fires
Authors: Mallet Marc D. , Cravigan Luke T. , Milic Andelija , Alroe Joel , Ristovski Zoran D. , Ward Jason , Keywood Melita , Williams Leah R. , Selleck Paul , Miljevic Branka
Published: October 2016

Abstract. The vast majority of Australia's fires occur in the tropical north of the continent during the dry season. These fires are a significant source of aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the region, providing a unique opportunity to investigate the biomass burning aerosol (BBA) in the absence of other sources. CCN concentrations at 0.5 % supersaturation and aerosol size and chemical properties were measured at the Australian Tropical Atmospheric Research Station (ATARS) during June 2014. CCN concentrations reached over 104 cm−3 when frequent and close fires were burning; up to 45 times higher than periods with no fires. Both the size distribution and composition of BBA appeared to significantly influence CCN concentrations. A distinct diurnal trend in the proportion of BBA activating to cloud droplets was observed, with an activation ratio of 40 % ± 20 % during the night and 60 % ± 20 % during the day. BBA was, on average, less hygroscopic during the night (κ = 0.04 ± 0.03) than during the day (κ = 0.07 ± 0.05), with a maximum typically observed just before midday. Size-resolved composition of BBA showed that organics comprised a constant 90 % of the aerosol volume for aerodynamic diameters between 100 nm and 200 nm. The photochemical oxidation of organics led to an increase in the hygroscopic growth and an increase in daytime activation ratios. Modelled CCN concentrations assuming typical continental hygroscopicities produced very large overestimations of up to 200 %. Smaller, but still significant over predictions up to ~100 % were observed using AMS and H-TDMA derived hygroscopicities as well as campaign night and day averages. The largest estimations in every case occurred during the night when the small variations in very weakly hygroscopic species corresponded to large variations in the activation diameters. Trade winds carry the smoke generated from these fires over the Timor Sea where aerosol-cloud interactions are likely to be sensitive to changes in CCN concentrations, perturbing cloud albedo and lifetime. Dry season fires in north Australia are therefore potentially very important in cloud processes in this region.
Assessment of lidar depolarization uncertainty by means of a polarimetric
lidar simulator
Authors: Bravo-Aranda Juan Antonio , Belegante Livio , Freudenthaler Volker , Alados-Arboledas Lucas , Nicolae Doina , Granados-Muñoz María José , Guerrero-Rascado Juan Luis , Amodeo Aldo , D'Amico Giusseppe , Engelmann Ronny , Pappalardo Gelsomina , Kokkalis Panos , Mamouri Rodanthy , Papayannis Alex , Navas-Guzmán Francisco , Olmo Francisco José , Wandinger Ulla , Amato Francesco , Haeffelin Martial
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Lidar depolarization measurements distinguish between spherical and non-spherical aerosol particles based on the change of the polarization state between the emitted and received signal. The particle shape information in combination with other aerosol optical properties allows the characterization of different aerosol types and the retrieval of aerosol particle microphysical properties. Regarding the microphysical inversions, the lidar depolarization technique is becoming a key method since particle shape information can be used by algorithms based on spheres and spheroids, optimizing the retrieval procedure. Thus, the identification of the depolarization error sources and the quantification of their effects are crucial. This work presents a new tool to assess the systematic error of the volume linear depolarization ratio (δ), combining the Stokes–Müller formalism and the complete sampling of the error space using the lidar model presented in Freudenthaler (2016a). This tool is applied to a synthetic lidar system and to several EARLINET lidars with depolarization capabilities at 355 or 532 nm. The lidar systems show relative errors of δ larger than 100 % for δ values around molecular linear depolarization ratios (∼ 0.004 and up to ∼  10 % for δ = 0.45). However, one system shows only relative errors of 25 and 0.22 % for δ = 0.004 and δ = 0.45, respectively, and gives an example of how a proper identification and reduction of the main error sources can drastically reduce the systematic errors of δ. In this regard, we provide some indications of how to reduce the systematic errors.
Trends in soil solution dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations across
European forests
Authors: Camino-Serrano Marta , Graf Pannatier Elisabeth , Vicca Sara , Luyssaert Sebastiaan , Jonard Mathieu , Ciais Philippe , Guenet Bertrand , Gielen Bert , Peñuelas Josep , Sardans Jordi , Waldner Peter , Etzold Sophia , Cecchini Guia , Clarke Nicholas , Galić Zoran , Gandois Laure , Hansen Karin , Johnson Jim , Klinck Uwe , Lachmanová Zora , Lindroos Antti-Jussi , Meesenburg Henning , Nieminen Tiina M. , Sanders Tanja G. M. , Sawicka Kasia , Seidling Walter , Thimonier Anne , Vanguelova Elena , Verstraeten Arne , Vesterdal Lars , Janssens Ivan A.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in surface waters is connected to DOC in soil solution through hydrological pathways. Therefore, it is expected that long-term dynamics of DOC in surface waters reflect DOC trends in soil solution. However, a multitude of site studies have failed so far to establish consistent trends in soil solution DOC, whereas increasing concentrations in European surface waters over the past decades appear to be the norm, possibly as a result of recovery from acidification. The objectives of this study were therefore to understand the long-term trends of soil solution DOC from a large number of European forests (ICP Forests Level II plots) and determine their main physico-chemical and biological controls. We applied trend analysis at two levels: (1) to the entire European dataset and (2) to the individual time series and related trends with plot characteristics, i.e., soil and vegetation properties, soil solution chemistry and atmospheric deposition loads. Analyses of the entire dataset showed an overall increasing trend in DOC concentrations in the organic layers, but, at individual plots and depths, there was no clear overall trend in soil solution DOC. The rate change in soil solution DOC ranged between −16.8 and +23 % yr−1 (median  = +0.4 % yr−1) across Europe. The non-significant trends (40 %) outnumbered the increasing (35 %) and decreasing trends (25 %) across the 97 ICP Forests Level II sites. By means of multivariate statistics, we found increasing trends in DOC concentrations with increasing mean nitrate (NO3−) deposition and increasing trends in DOC concentrations with decreasing mean sulfate (SO42−) deposition, with the magnitude of these relationships depending on plot deposition history. While the attribution of increasing trends in DOC to the reduction of SO42− deposition could be confirmed in low to medium N deposition areas, in agreement with observations in surface waters, this was not the case in high N deposition areas. In conclusion, long-term trends of soil solution DOC reflected the interactions between controls acting at local (soil and vegetation properties) and regional (atmospheric deposition of SO42− and inorganic N) scales.
MODIS vegetation products as proxies of photosynthetic potential along a gradient of
meteorologically and biologically driven ecosystem productivity
Authors: Restrepo-Coupe Natalia , Huete Alfredo , Davies Kevin , Cleverly James , Beringer Jason , Eamus Derek , van Gorsel Eva , Hutley Lindsay B. , Meyer Wayne S.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. A direct relationship between gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) estimated by the eddy covariance (EC) method and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) vegetation indices (VIs) has been observed in many temperate and tropical ecosystems. However, in Australian evergreen forests, and particularly sclerophyll and temperate woodlands, MODIS VIs do not capture seasonality of GEP. In this study, we re-evaluate the connection between satellite and flux tower data at four contrasting Australian ecosystems, through comparisons of GEP and four measures of photosynthetic potential, derived via parameterization of the light response curve: ecosystem light use efficiency (LUE), photosynthetic capacity (Pc), GEP at saturation (GEPsat), and quantum yield (α), with MODIS vegetation satellite products, including VIs, gross primary productivity (GPPMOD), leaf area index (LAIMOD), and fraction of photosynthetic active radiation (fPARMOD). We found that satellite-derived biophysical products constitute a measurement of ecosystem structure (e.g. leaf area index – quantity of leaves) and function (e.g. leaf level photosynthetic assimilation capacity – quality of leaves), rather than GEP. Our results show that in primarily meteorological-driven (e.g. photosynthetic active radiation, air temperature, and/or precipitation) and relatively aseasonal ecosystems (e.g. evergreen wet sclerophyll forests), there were no statistically significant relationships between GEP and satellite-derived measures of greenness. In contrast, for phenology-driven ecosystems (e.g. tropical savannas), changes in the vegetation status drove GEP, and tower-based measurements of photosynthetic activity were best represented by VIs. We observed the highest correlations between MODIS products and GEP in locations where key meteorological variables and vegetation phenology were synchronous (e.g. semi-arid Acacia woodlands) and low correlation at locations where they were asynchronous (e.g. Mediterranean ecosystems). However, we found a statistical significant relationship between the seasonal measures of photosynthetic potential (Pc and LUE) and VIs, where each ecosystem aligns along a continuum; we emphasize here that knowledge of the conditions in which flux tower measurements and VIs or other remote sensing products converge greatly advances our understanding of the mechanisms driving the carbon cycle (phenology and climate drivers) and provides an ecological basis for interpretation of satellite-derived measures of greenness.
Whole-lake spatial variability of organic matter molecular composition and elemental inorganic properties in a small boreal Swedish lake
Authors: Tolu Julie , Rydberg Johan , Meyer-Jacob Carsten , Gerber Lorenz , Bindler Richard
Published: October 2016

Abstract. The composition of organic matter (OM) exerts a strong control on biogeochemical processes in lakes, such as for carbon, nutrients and trace metals. While between-lake spatial variability of OM quality is increasingly investigated, we explored in this study how the molecular composition of sediment OM varies spatially within a single lake, and related this variability to physical parameters and elemental geochemistry. Surface sediment samples (0–10 cm) from 42 locations in Härsvatten – a small, boreal forest lake with a complex basin morphometry – were analyzed for OM molecular composition using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and for the contents of twenty-three major/trace elements and biogenic silica. 160 organic compounds belonging to different biochemical classes (e.g., carbohydrates, lignins, lipids) were identified. Close relationships were found between the spatial patterns of sediment OM molecular composition and elemental geochemistry. Differences in the source types of OM (i.e. terrestrial, aquatic plant and algal OM) were linked to the individual basin morphometries and chemical status of the lake. The variability in OM molecular composition was further driven by the degradation status of these different source-pools, which appeared to be related to sedimentary physico-chemical parameters (e.g., redox conditions) and to the molecular structure of the organic compounds. Given the high spatial variation in OM molecular composition within Härsvatten and its close relationship with elemental geochemistry, the potential for large spatial variability across lakes should be considered when studying biogeochemical processes involved in the cycling of carbon, nutrients and trace elements or when assessing lake budgets.
Multiresponse modeling of variably saturated flow and isotope tracer transport
for a hillslope experiment at the Landscape Evolution Observatory
Authors: Scudeler Carlotta , Pangle Luke , Pasetto Damiano , Niu Guo-Yue , Volkmann Till , Paniconi Claudio , Putti Mario , Troch Peter
Published: October 2016

Abstract. This paper explores the challenges of model parameterization and process representation when simulating multiple hydrologic responses from a highly controlled unsaturated flow and transport experiment with a physically based model. The experiment, conducted at the Landscape Evolution Observatory (LEO), involved alternate injections of water and deuterium-enriched water into an initially very dry hillslope. The multivariate observations included point measures of water content and tracer concentration in the soil, total storage within the hillslope, and integrated fluxes of water and tracer through the seepage face. The simulations were performed with a three-dimensional finite element model that solves the Richards and advection–dispersion equations. Integrated flow, integrated transport, distributed flow, and distributed transport responses were successively analyzed, with parameterization choices at each step supported by standard model performance metrics. In the first steps of our analysis, where seepage face flow, water storage, and average concentration at the seepage face were the target responses, an adequate match between measured and simulated variables was obtained using a simple parameterization consistent with that from a prior flow-only experiment at LEO. When passing to the distributed responses, it was necessary to introduce complexity to additional soil hydraulic parameters to obtain an adequate match for the point-scale flow response. This also improved the match against point measures of tracer concentration, although model performance here was considerably poorer. This suggests that still greater complexity is needed in the model parameterization, or that there may be gaps in process representation for simulating solute transport phenomena in very dry soils.
Risk assessment in the North Caucasus ski resorts
Authors: Komarov Anton Y. , Seliverstov Yury G. , Glazovskaya Tatyana G. , Turchaninova Alla S.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Avalanches pose a significant problem in most mountain regions of Russia. The constant growth of economic activity, and therefore the increased avalanche hazard, in the North Caucasus region lead to demand for the development of large-scale avalanche risk assessment methods. Such methods are needed for the determination of appropriate avalanche protection measures as well as for economic assessments.The requirement of natural hazard risk assessments is determined by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation (Federal Law 21.12.1994 N 68-FZ, 2016). However, Russian guidelines (SNIP 11-02-96, 2013; SNIP 22-02-2003, 2012) are not clearly presented concerning avalanche risk assessment calculations. Thus, we discuss these problems by presenting a new avalanche risk assessment approach, with the example of developing but poorly researched ski resort areas. The suggested method includes the formulas to calculate collective and individual avalanche risk. The results of risk analysis are shown in quantitative data that can be used to determine levels of avalanche risk (appropriate, acceptable and inappropriate) and to suggest methods to decrease the individual risk to an acceptable level or better. The analysis makes it possible to compare risk quantitative data obtained from different regions, analyze them and evaluate the economic feasibility of protection measures.
Los paradigmas del Derecho y los modelos de la física
Authors: Molina-Ricaurte Carlos Jesús
Published: October 2016

Los cambios por los que atraviesa el Derecho en la actualidad se deben no solo a transformaciones sociales, económicas y políticas experimentadas recientemente, sino también a las condiciones propias de la disciplina. Para la mayoría de estudiosos han pasado desapercibidos elementos que hoy denotan mayor importancia. Para retomar estos elementos no es necesario escribir una nueva historia del Derecho, basta adoptar un enfoque naturalista integrando los elementos hasta ahora ignorados a fin de lograr una mirada de conjunto. En el mundo natural, los gases exhiben características tales como la fluidez e invisibilidad; un nuevo enfoque del Derecho debe considerar estas mismas características. En razón de los problemas que enfrenta y de nuevos paradigmas epistemológicos, para abordar el mismo conviene hablar de un Derecho gaseoso, como aquel capaz de entender estas dinámicas, frente a formas tales como el Derecho sólido y el Derecho líquido. Nuevo Derecho a nuevas circunstancias. Ahora bien, para entender ese nuevo Derecho deben renovarse las formas de enseñanza de sus juristas e intérpretes, sobre todo, los enfoques epistemológicos para abordar la materia.
Constitución y familia. Un estudio comparado
Authors: Villabella-Armengol Carlos Manuel
Published: October 2016

El presente artículo brinda una panorámica de la evolución del Derecho constitucional, significando las mutaciones que ha tenido el concepto de constitución en relación con los cambios en sus contenidos, la renovación de sus teorías y el replanteo de sus roles. En un segundo momento, estudia el proceso de constitucionalización de la familia en Europa y América Latina, citando textos referentes y caracterizándolo de manera general. En ese punto, valora también la regulación de la institución en el Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos y la incidencia que ha tenido la jurisprudencia de los órganos de justicia supranacionales de ambas regiones en la conformación ius commune familiar.
Cognitive Function May be a Predictor of Retinopathy Progression in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Trento Marina , Charrier Lorena , Salassa Martina , Merlo Stefano , Passera Pietro , Baltatescu Anatolie , Cavallo Franco , Porta Massimo
Published: October 2016

Purpose

Microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes, such as retinopathy and nephropathy, progress over time and may be associated with cognitive decline. In this article, we aim to gain further insight into the association between cognitive function and retinopathy in type 2 diabetes.

Methods and Results

In this observational 8-year prospective study of 498 outpatients, demographic and clinical variables were monitored, along with retinopathy, depression, anxiety, and cognitive function. Baseline fundus photographs were available in 477 patients, 240 with no retinopathy, 110 with mild retinopathy, and 127 with moderate/more severe retinopathy. Of the first 2 groups, 279 patients were reevaluated after 8 years, of whom 181 still had no/mild retinopathy and 98 had progressed to more severe stages. On multivariate analysis, retinopathy progression was associated with being insulin-treated (p = 0.036), and worse cognitive function (p = 0.025) at baseline.

Conclusions

Cognitive function may be an independent predictor of retinopathy progression.
Twelve-Month Quality of Life Improvement and All-Cause Mortality in Elderly Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: Kleczyński Paweł , Bagieński Maciej , Dziewierz Artur , Rzeszutko Łukasz , Sorysz Danuta , Trębacz Jarosław , Sobczyński Robert , Tomala Marek , Stąpór Maciej , Dudek Dariusz
Published: October 2016

Purpose

Restoration of quality of life (QoL) and improvement of clinical outcomes is crucial in elderly patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). We sought to evaluate changes in QoL and all-cause mortality 12 months after TAVI.

Methods

A total of 101 patients who underwent TAVI were included. Patients were followed for 12 months. QoL was assessed at baseline and at 1, 6 and 12 months after TAVI using EQ-5D-3L with a visual analog scale (VAS).

Results

Patients who reported some problems with mobility at baseline showed better mobility after 12 months (p = 0.001). On the other hand, those who reported issues with self-care, usual activity or pain did not show significant improvement (p = 0.41; p = 0.12; p = 0.27, respectively). Patients reporting anxiety at baseline improved 12 months later (p = 0.003). VAS score showed an incremental increase during follow-up (p<0.001). Transfemoral access was associated with higher VAS score values after 1 month (median (IQR): 65.0 (50.0–75.0) vs. 54.0 (50.0–60.0); p = 0.019) but not after 12 months (70.0 (62.5–80.0) vs. 67.5 (55.0–70.0); p = 0.07) as compared to non-transfemoral access. In multivariable regression analysis, only age and the presence of coronary chronic total occlusion were independently associated with VAS score at 12 months. In-hospital, 1-, 6- and 12-month mortality rates were 6.9%, 10.9%, 15.8 and 17.8%, respectively.

Conclusions

TAVI provides improved QoL with relatively good clinical outcomes. However, not all components of QoL may be improved. Patients treated with transfemoral access might have better QoL than those who had non-transfemoral access, especially early after TAVI.
Controlled Release of Strontium through Neutralization Reaction within a Methoxy(Polyethylene Glycol)-Polyesterc hydrogel
Authors: Peng Sydney , Lai Zhi-Teng , Hong Ding-Wei , Chu I-Ming , Lai Po-Liang
Published: October 2016

Background

The aim of this study was to develop a minimally invasive hydrogel system that can release strontium ions, an element that has been shown to increase osteoblast proliferation and prohibit bone resorption, in a controlled manner.

Methods

SrCO3 was selected as the salt of choice due to potential acid neutralization reaction between SrCO3 and degradation by-products of methoxy(polyethylene glycol)- co-poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) (mPEG-PLGA): namely, lactic acid and glycolic acid. SrCO3 was incorporated into mPEG-PLGA hydrogel, and the system was assessed for gelation properties, drug release and biocompatibility.

Results

SrCO3 incorporation at hydrogel to SrCO3 ratios of 5:1, 3:1 and 1:1 (wt%) did not compromise the thermosensitivity of mPEG-PLGA hydrogels. Furthermore, incorporation of SrCO3 at 1:1 ratio prevented copolymer self-catalysis and decreased hydrogel weight loss from 85% to 61% in vitro after 30 days. During the 30-day time frame, zero-order strontium release was observed and was correlated to hydrogel degradation and acidity. The addition of SrCO3 also improved in vivo hydrogel biocompatibility, due to moderation of acidic microenvironment and amelioration of inflammatory response.

Conclusions

These results showed that the described system is suitable for the extended release of strontium and exhibits potential for localized treatment for osteoporosis or as a bone void filler.
Bilateral Lymph Node Micrometastases and Seminal Vesicle Invasion Associated with Same Clinical Predictors in Localized Prostate Cancer
Authors: Porcaro Antonio B. , de Luyk Nicolò , Corsi Paolo , Sebben Marco , Tafuri Alessandro , Tamanini Irene , Processali Tania , Cerruto Maria A. , Migliorini Filippo , Brunelli Matteo , Siracusano Salvatore , Artibani Walter
Published: October 2016

Aim

To determine clinical factors associated with multiple bilateral lymph node micrometastases and seminal vesicle invasion (pT3b) in organ-confined prostate cancer (PCa).

Methods

The study excluded patients under androgen deprivation, with lymph node involvement (cN1 status), and having undergone unilateral pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) during radical prostatectomy (RP). Lymph node micrometastases were classified as unilateral (pN1m) and bilateral (pN1b). Analysis considered multivariate multinomial logistic regression models.

Results

Between January 2013 and March 2015, 140 patients underwent PLND during RP. Lymph node micrometastases were detected in 28 cases (20%) including pN1m in 19 (13.6%) and pN1b in 9 (6.4%). Independent clinical predictors of pN1b included prostate-specific antigen (PSA, µg/L) >12.5 (odds ratio [OR] = 43.0), proportion of positive biopsy cores (PBC) >0.57 (OR = 6.7), and biopsy Gleason grade (bGG) >3 (OR = 7.5). Independent pT3b predictors included PSA>12.5 (OR = 3.8), PBC>0.57 (OR = 4.1), and bGG>3 (OR = 3.8).

Conclusions

In cN0 patients with localized PCa undergoing PLND, a nonnegligible rate of multiple lymph node micrometastases was detected (32.2%). In the natural history of PCa, there is a close association between pT3b and pN1b disease. Prostate cancer patients who are at high risk of extraglandular extension need selective pelvic staging by multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging to assess seminal vesicle invasion. Operated patients with pT3b and pNx status need close PSA monitoring because of the high probability of occult multiple bilateral lymph node micrometastases.
Simultaneous Integrated Bilateral Breast and Nodal Irradiation with Volumetric arc Therapy: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Fiorentino Alba , Tebano Umberto , Ruggieri Ruggero , Ricchetti Francesco , Alongi Filippo
Published: October 2016

Aim

For simultaneous bilateral breast cancer (SBBC) treatment, conventional radiotherapy (RT) has a number of critical shortcomings. Thus, the usefulness of volumetric arc therapy (VMAT) for SBBC is undeniable.

Case Report

A 34-year-old woman with SBBC received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by breast-conserving surgery and bilateral lymph node dissection. Given the conservative surgery and the nodal involvement after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, bilateral adjuvant RT to the breasts and regional nodes with doses of 50 Gy in 25 fractions and a simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) of 60 Gy to the surgical bed was proposed. Monoisocentric VMAT using 2 pairs of arcs was performed with adequate target dose coverage and low doses to the organs at risk. The results of this case were compared with those of previous studies in terms of RT technique and irradiated volumes.

Conclusions

VMAT is feasible and safe in the treatment of SBBC with SIB and nodal irradiation.
Mitomycin C from Birth to Adulthood
Authors: Serretta Vincenzo , Scalici Gesolfo Cristina , Alonge Vincenza , Di Maida Fabrizio , Caruana Giovanni
Published: October 2016

Mitomycin C (MMC) intravesical therapy for “superficial” papillary bladder tumors was firstly introduced in the early seventies with promising results. In the following years, several pharmacokinetic studies investigated its mechanism of action to optimize the intravesical administration. Numerous studies confirmed thereafter both the ablative and the prophylactic efficacy and the low toxicity of MMC when intravesically given. In 1984, a complete response rate of 42% in 60 patients not responsive to thiotepa was reported with intravesical MMC at the dose of 40 mg diluted in 40 ml for 8 weeks. In the following decades, many large randomized studies showed the benefit of intravesical prophylaxis with MMC versus transurethral resection (TUR) alone. Since 2002, the role of adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy and of an early MMC instillation in preventing recurrence compared with TUR alone has been confirmed by large meta-analyses and stated by the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines. The need for further intravesical chemotherapy after the early instillation in patients at intermediate-high risk of recurrence has been proved by several trials. Although intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerìn (BCG) is considered the best choice for high-risk patients and MMC for the low-risk group, both MMC and BCG can be given to prevent recurrence in intermediate-risk patients. However, the higher efficacy of BCG over MMC is evident only if maintenance regimen is administered. Despite its proven efficacy, immediate intravesical MMC is not yet fully entered in common clinical practice and efforts should be made by the urologists to optimize its adoption.
Conservative Approach for a Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Kidney
Authors: Martini Alberto , Dattolo Eugenio , Raspollini Maria Rosaria , Villari Donata , Nicita Giulio , Paoletti Maria Cristina
Published: October 2016

Introduction

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) of the kidney represents a rare neoplasm, and its malignant potential seems to be scarce. Classically, a radical nephrectomy is regarded as the treatment of choice for this condition.

Case Report

We present the case of a 37-year-old male patient who underwent left robotic clampless partial nephrectomy of an SFT of the kidney. Our patient has been followed-up carefully, and at 15-month examination, he is free of recurrence. This is the second case of an SFT managed through a conservative approach.

Conclusions

In our opinion, according to tumor's dimensions, partial nephrectomy may be considered for treating small SFTs.
Efficacy and Safety of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy with Adult Standard Size Instruments in Children under 3 Years of Age: A 10 Years Single-Center Experience
Authors: Nouralizadeh Akbar , Basiri Abbas , Ziaee Seyed Amir Mohsen , Tabibi Ali , Sharifiaghdas Farzaneh , Narouie Behzad , Sarhangnejad Reza , Valipour Reza , Sotoudeh Mehdi , Shemshaki Hamidreza , Ketabi Nooshin , Movahed Saeed
Published: October 2016

Background

Using percutaneous nephrolitotomy (PCNL) with large adult instruments in treatment of pediatricurolithiasis is still in debate. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of PCNL with adult's instrument in treatment of patients less than 3 years old.

Methods

Data on patient characteristics and outcomes for 261 consecutive children undergoing PCNL at a Labbafinejad University Hospital were collected prospectively from September 2006 to February 2016. Thirty-two children, with 34 renal units, who were treated with PCNL were enrolled in the study. All PCNL procedures were performed via subcostal approach with one access tract in all of them. Postoperative complications were evaluated according to the modified Clavien grading system.

Results

The mean age of patients was 19.4 ± 6.2 months. Two patients had bilateral stones; thus, PCNL was performed on 34 kidney units. The mean size of the largest stone diameter was 17.5 ± 7.8 mm. The mean duration of procedures was 121.52 ± 29.05 minutes, ranging from 60 to 180 minutes. The most common complication was fever (n = 9, 26.4%), and hemorrhage that needs transfusion was the second one (n = 4, 11.7%). Seventeen patients with complications were in the first degree of Clavien complication system and five of them were in the second degree.

Conclusions

Due to our experience, utilizing PCNL with adult-sized instruments in management of urolithiasis in less than 3 years old children appeared to be effective and relatively safe.
The Impact of Core Length on Prostate Cancer Diagnosis during a Standard 14-Core Prostate Biopsy Scheme
Authors: Dell'Atti Lucio , Ippolito Carmelo
Published: October 2016

Introduction

Even if many studies in the literature purposed to evaluate the improvement of the prostate biopsy (PBx), few studies assessed the diagnostic value of core length in PBx. In this study, we evaluated the length of needle cores sampled during transrectal PBx (TRUSBx) and its impact on cancer diagnosis in a standard 14-core scheme.

Methods

Medical records of 573 patients who underwent an initial TRUSBx with 14-cores scheme for suspicious prostate cancer (PCa) at our Department were reviewed. The PBx procedure and pathological evaluation were standardized. Cores lengths were compared in patients with versus without cancer, and were divided into group A and B, respectively. Statistical analysis was done to define an acceptable cut-off for biopsy length.

Results

The mean age of the entire cohort was 62.1 ± 7.2 years, while median total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate volume were 4.2 ng/ml and 44.7 ml, respectively. PCa was showed in 33.3% of patients. Mean core length in group A versus B was 11.9 ± 3.9 versus 11.1 ± 3.2 mm (p = 0.016). Thus, core lengths were significantly longer in patients with cancer. There were no statistically significant differences when we considered the whole length of cores sampled from the right lobe (p = 0.58) and left lobe (p = 0.34).

Conclusions

The cancer detection rates in cores may be increased by core length in PCa patients during a TRUSBx. Our results suggest a core length of greater than 11.8 mm as a cut-off for quality warranty.