bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients in chewing tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and their residual effect on sunflower (Helianthus annuus) under different fertility levels
Authors: M. KUMARESAN   A.V.S.R. SWAMY  , P. HARISHU KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the farm of Central Tobacco Research Institute-Regional Station, Vedasandur, during 200810, to evaluate the organic and inorganic sources of nutrients in chewing tobacco (Nic- otiana tabacum L.) and their residual effect on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under different fertility levels. Three levels of organic manures, viz. sunhemp green-manuring and ploughing in-situ at 45 days, 75% of recom- mended farmyard manure (FYM), 100% of FYM with 2 levels of fertilizers, viz. 75% recommended dose of fertil- izer (RDF) and 100% RDF were tested in chewing tobacco. The residual effect of the organic manures and fertil- izers applied to chewing tobacco was tested in the succeeding sunflower. Three levels of fertilizers, viz. 50% RDF, 75% RDF and 100% RDF, were tested for sunflower. First-grade leaf yield and total cured leaf yield of chewing to- bacco increased significantly by 15% and 16%, respectively, with sunhemp green manuring over the 75% RFYM. The first grade leaf yield and total cured leaf yield recorded was 2.99 and 3.55 t/ha respectively. Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) at 100% level significantly increased the First-grade leaf yield (FGLY) and total cured leaf yield (TCLY) by 9 and 5%, respectively, over the 75% RDF. Sunhemp green manuring to chewing tobacco signifi- cantly increased the sunflower seed yield and oil yield by 18 and 25%, respectively, over the 75% recommended farmyard manure. The RDF at 100% level to sunflower increased the seed and oil yield by 16 and 25%, respec- tively, over the 75% RDF to chewing tobacco. The seed and oil yield recorded were 1.39 t/ha and 474 kg/ha. To- bacco-equivalent yield significantly increased by 16% over the 75% RFYM. The tobacco-equivalent yield (TEY) was 4.32 t/ha. Application of 100% RDF to tobacco significantly increased the net returns by 6% over the 75% RDF. The net returns recorded was 98,300/ha. The residual soil organic-C status varied between 0.48 and 0.53%. The phosphorus balance showed that the net gain of P was higher (2.02.2 kg/ha), when RDF was added to chewing tobacco as well as sunflower. The potassium balance showed that the net gain of K was higher (1216 kg/ha) with 100% recommended farmyard manure under various nutrient level.
Production potential of intercropping spices in elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius)
Authors: M. NEDUNCHEZHIYAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Regional Centre of Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Dumuduma, Bhubanehswar, Odisha, during 201011 to 201213, to study production potential of intercropping spices in el- ephant foot yam [Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson]. The experiment consisted of 7 treatments, viz. elephant foot yam (EFY) (sole crop), ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) (sole crop), turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) (sole crop), EFY + ginger (1:1 in additive series), EFY + ginger (1:2 in additive series), EFY + turmeric (1:1 in addi- tive series) and EFY + turmeric (1:2 in additive series), and was laid out in randomized block design with 4 replica- tions. In intercropping, elephant foot yam full population was maintained. The intercrops were planted in intra-row spacing. Introduction of intercrops and increasing their population significantly increased pseudostem height and decreased pseudostem girth, canopy spread and production of leaflets in elephant foot yam. Incidence of collar rot was found decreased in the intercropping and minimum of 6.0% was observed in elephant foot yam + turmeric (1:2) intercropping. The intercropping systems showed superiority to sole cropping in total productivity and starch content, and reduction in calcium oxalate content. The highest corm equivalent yield (39.6 t/ha), gross ( 3,96,000) and net returns ( 2,33,000) and benefit: cost ratio (2.43) were noticed in elephant foot yam + ginger (1:2).
Production potential, economics and energetics of rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes under different methods of production in organic management conditions of Sikkim Himalayas
Authors: SUBHASH BABU  , RAGHAVENDRA SINGH  , R.K. AVASTHE  , G.S. YADAV  , TIRTHA KUMARI CHETTRI
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were conducted at Research Farm, ICAR Sikkim Centre during two consecutive rainy sea- sons (kharif ) of 2012 and 2013 with the objective to select the efficient methods and rice (Oryza sativa L.) geno- types in terms of productivity, profitability and energetics for mid hill ecosystems of Sikkim Himalayas. The experi- ment was laid out in 3 times replicated split plot design, assigning 3 methods of rice production, viz. System of rice intensification (SRI), Integrated crop management (ICM) and Conventional planting (CP) to main plots and 6 rice genotypes, viz. Pusa Sugandh-2, Satyaranjan, Geetanjali, Rajendra Bhagwati, Krishna Bhog and Shahsarang in sub-plots. The results revealed that among the methods of rice production, significantly higher val- ues of all the yield attributes {productive tillers/hill, panicle length (cm), panicle weight (g), grains/panicle, 1,000 grain weight (g)} and grain yield (3.97 t/ha) were recorded with SRI followed by ICM and conventional method of planting. The increase in yield with SRI was 25 and 55% higher over the ICM and conventional planting, respec- tively. Gross returns, net returns, benefit: ratio and energy use efficiencies were also higher under SRI. Amongst the genotypes, maximum values of yield attributing characters and grain yield (4.15 t/ha) were recorded with the Satyaranjan which was significantly superior to other genotypes.
Effect of fertilizer levels and organic sources of nitrogen on production potential of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa) and soil properties under system of rice intensification
Authors: V.K. SRIVASTAVA  , J.K. SINGH  , J.S. BOHRA  , S.P. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2010 and 2011 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, to study the performance of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) PHB 71 to fertilizer levels and nitrogen levels applied through organic sources on production potential, nutrient uptake and soil physic-chemical properties un- der system of rice intensification (SRI). The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design keeping 3 fertilizer levels [50%, 75% and 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF)] in main plots and three levels of nitrogen (15, 30 and 45 kg N/ha) applied through 2 organic sources (FYM, farmyard manure and VC, vermicompost) in sub-plots com- prising 18 treatment combinations replicated thrice. An application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) increased effective tillers/m2 (10.1%), filled grains/panicle (18.6%), test weight (11.0%), grain yield (19.0%) and straw yield (24.2%) over the 50% RDF. As regards the 3 levels of N (15, 30 and 45 kg/ha) through organic sources, an application of 45 kg N either through VC or FYM resulted in higher values of yield attributes, grain and straw yields than 30 kg N/ha either through VC or FYM. Further, increasing fertilizer levels from 50% to 100% RDF, significantly enhanced the nutrient uptake (NPK) by grain and straw as well as soil organic carbon content and available NPK at harvesting. However, 45 kg N/ha applied either through FYM or VC resulted in the maximum NPK uptake by the crop and enhanced soil electrical conductivity, organic carbon as well as available N, P and K content of the soil, but reduced the soil pH at the end of two crop cycles. Interactive effect on grain yield was found significant between fertilizer levels and organic sources applied at varied N levels. Application of 75% RDF + 45 kg N/ha through VC resulted in markedly higher grain yield but remained at par with 100% RDF applied in con- junction with 30 or 45 kg N/ha as FYM and VC both. The integration of 100% RDF accompanied with 30 kg N/ha through VC gave the maximum net returns ( 59,804/ha).
Studies on impact of phosphoenriched compost, chemical fertilizer and method of zinc application on yield, uptake and quality of maize (Zea mays)
Authors: V. PARAMESH  , SHIVA DHAR  , A.K. VYAS  , ANCHAL DASS
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2012 and 2013 at New Delhi to examine the effect of phosphorus (P) sources and zinc (Zn) application on yield, uptake and quality of maize (Zea mays L.). Application of P -phosphoenriched compost (PEC) + P -fertilizer (F) recorded higher yield attributes, grain yield 50 50 (4.3 t/ha) and protein (9.2%) with amino acids content in grain. The P50- PEC + P50- F recorded higher P, Zn and Fe uptake in grain, stover and total (grain + stover) than the control. The application of 12.5 kg/ha of ZnSO + 1 fo- 4 liar spray of ZnSO @ 0.5% recorded the highest values of yield attributes and grain yield (4.2 t/ha) of maize. The 4 P and Zn uptake in grain and stover were found highest in soil + foliar-applied plots. The higher Fe uptake in grain was found with 2 foliar sprays of Zn. The higher crude protein (9%) and amino acids were found in 25 kg/ha of ZnSO and it was on a par with soil + foliar application of Zn. Overall, combined application of PEC and chemical 4 fertilizer with soil + foliar application of Zn proved promising in for higher yield with increased tissue uptake of nu- trients and for higher protein and amino acids content in grain.
Tillage and integrated nutrient management in rainy-season grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Authors: J.S. MISHRA  , N.S. THAKUR  , PUSHPENDRA SINGH  , V.S. KUBSAD  , R. KALPANA  , U.N. ALSE  , S.M. NEMADE
Published: December 2023

A field experiments was conducted under All India Coordinated Sorghum Improvement Project (AICSIP) at 6 lo- cations during the rainy seasons of 2009 and 2010 in a split-plot design having 3 tillage systems in main plots and 4 nutrient-management practices in subplots with 3 replications, to find out their effects on productivity, profitability and energetics of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Conventional tillage resulted in higher grain yield (3.12 t/ha), N, P and K uptake, net returns ( 23.5 103/ha) and output energy (251 103 MJ/ha) than reduced and mini- mum tillage systems. Application of recommended dose of nutrients (80: 40: 40 N: P O , K O kg/ha) through inor- 2 5 2 ganic fertilizers proved significantly superior in terms of grain yield (3.32 t/ha), net returns ( 26.6 103/ha) and output energy (267 103 MJ/ha) over rest of the treatments.
Effect of herbicides and their tank mixture on weed dynamics and yield of zero- tilled wheat (Triticum aestivum) under rice (Oryza sativa)wheat cropping system of eastern Uttar Pradesh
Authors: S.K. TOMAR  , T.S. TOMAR
Published: December 2023

An on-farm trial was conducted at Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh during the winter seasons of 201011 and 2011 12, to assess the efficacy of sulfosulfuron, Clodinofop, metribuzin, mesosulfuran + idosulfuron and tank mixture of sulfosulfuron with 2,4-D, metsulfuron and carfentrazone ethyle as well as clodinofop with metsulfuron in zero-tilled wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] crop. All herbicidal treatments reduced the weed density and weed dry weight significantly compared to weedy check. In general, tank-mix application of herbicides proved bet- ter than their alone application in suppressing weed number and dry weight. Highest grain yield (5.17 t/ha) and straw yield (5.79 t/ha) were recorded in weed-free plot, which was at par with clodinofop + metsulfuron (60+2.5 g a.i./ha). Uncontrolled growth of weeds caused 45.3% reduction in the crop yield compared to weed-free treatment. Tank-mix application of clodinofop with metsulfuron and sulfosulfuron with metsulfuron, carfentrazone ethyl and 2, 4-D proved better, showing an increase in grain yield of 14.7% than their alone application. Tank mix application of clodinofop with metsulfuron remaining at par with sulfosulfuron + carfentrazone ethyl significantly reduced the weed density and weed dry weight compared to rest of the herbicides tested. Tank-mix application of clodinofop + metsulfuron remaining at par with sulfosulfuron mix with either carfentrazone ethyl, metsulfuron or 2, 4-D was most effective in enhancing yield attributes, grain and straw yield. Highest net returns ( 33,660/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.91) were also obtained using clodinofop + metsulfuron. Application of metribuzin in spite of better weed-control efficiency recorded the lowest grain yield amongst the herbicides tested which was at par with mesosulfuron + idosulfuron.
Integrated moisture stress management in wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: M.D. PATIL  , A.S. DHINDWAL  , G.A. RAJANNA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) season of 201011 and 201112 at Hisar, Haryana, to study integrated moisture stress management in wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.]. The treat- ments consisted of 4 moisture regimes in main plots, viz. irrigation at crown-root initiation (CRI) + 100 mm cumula- tive pan evaporation (CPE), CRI + 150 mm CPE, CRI + 200 mm CPE and CRI only, and 6 moisture-stress man- agement practices in sub plots, viz. no moisture stress-management, seed hardening (SH) by CaCl , SH + KCl 2 spray, SH + mycorrhizae application + KCl spray, SH + mycorrhizae + KCl spray + kaolin spray and Pusa hydrogel application. Significantly the highest plant height, numbers of tillers, leaf-area index, leaf-area duration, dry-matter accumulation and crop growth rate were recorded with irrigation at CRI + 100 mm CPE over irrigation at CRI only. Similarly significantly highest grain yield, straw yield, harvest index, spikes/m2, spike length, spikelets/spike, grains/spike, grain weight/spike, test weight and net returns were recorded with CRI + 100 mm CPE over irrigation at CRI only. The treatment SH + mycorrhizae + KCl spray + kaolin spray recorded significantly highest plant height, numbers of tillers, leaf-area index, leaf-area duration, dry-matter accumulation, crop-growth rate, spikes/ m2, spike length, spikelets/spike, grains/spike, grain weight/spike and test weight over irrigation at CRI only. Sig- nificantly the highest grain and straw yields, as well as net returns were recorded in SH + mycorrhizae + KCl spray + kaolin spray over irrigation at CRI only.
Performance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) as influenced by moisture management and zinc fortification in pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum) chickpea cropping system under limited moisture conditions
Authors: G.L. CHOUDHARY  , K.S. RANA  , D.S. RANA  , R.S. BANA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 201213 and 201314 at research farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to determine the effect of moisture management and direct as well as residual effect of zinc fortification on performance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in pearlmillet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]chickpea cropping system under limited moisture conditions. Different moisture- management practices resulted in significantly higher plant height, dry-matter accumulation, number and weight of root nodules, number of branches, pods/plant, grains/pod and 1,000-grain weight compared to flat planting. How- ever, flat bed planting recorded significantly higher values of root parameters than crop residue-applied treat- ments. Significantly higher grain (2.48 t/ha) and stover (5.98 t/ha) yields with water productivity of 116.9 kg/m3 were observed under flat bed with 5.0 t/ha crop residue over flat bed without residue and flat bed with 2.5 t/ha crop residue. Narrow bed and furrow with 2.5 t/ha crop residue cover fetched significantly higher production efficiency, whereas, flat bed with 5.0 t/ha crop residue recorded significantly higher Zn content in grain and stover of chickpea than rest of the moisture-management practices. Under direct-applied zinc fortification treatments in- creasing levels of zinc up to 5.0 kg/ha significantly enhanced the growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, water productivity, production efficiency and Zn content in both grain and stover of chickpea. Under residual effect of zinc fortification, plant height, number and dry weight of root nodules, root parameters, number of secondary branches, pods/plant, test weight, stover yield, water productivity and production efficiency of chickpea were in- creased significantly only up to 2.5 kg Zn/ha. However, application 5.0 kg Zn/ha to pearlmillet recorded signifi- cantly higher dry-matter accumulation, number of primary branches, grain yield (2.32 t/ha) and content of Zn in grain as well as in stover than lower levels.
Boron in Indian agriculture A review
Authors: RAJENDRA PRASAD  , DINESH KUMAR  , Y.S. SHIVAY  , D.S. RANA
Published: December 2023

Boron (B) is an essential plant nutrient and its specific deficiency symptoms are well documented in several crops. Boron is essential for the development of reproductive tissues and its deficiency results in low grain set or poor quality seeds and fruits. Adequate B nutrition is reported to reduce incidence of some diseases in plants. About one-third of the cultivated soils, especially in the eastern and north-eastern states of India are deficient in B. Good responses for a number of crops to B have been reported. Borax and boric acid are the common B fertiliz- ers. The average amounts of B removed (g/tonne grain or other economic produce) by some crops are: 21 in wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol], 22 in pearlmillet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Emend. Stuntz], 36 in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], 17 in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp], 16 in cotton (Gossypium spp.), 21 in cabbage [Brassica oleracea (L.) var. capitata], 15 in cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.), 14 in castor (Ricinus communis L.), 9 in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and 23 in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). Boron, possibly because of its role in lignin formation is able to reduce the incidence of several diseases in plants. High amounts of B in irrigation water could be toxic to crops and irrigation water having < 3 mg B/litre is ideal for B tolerant and semi-tolerant crops.
Effect of integrated nutrient management on production of seed tubers from true potato (Solanum tuberosum) seed
Authors: S.K. YADAV  , A.K. SRIVASTAVA  , T.K. BAG
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during autumn seasons of 2011 and 2012 at Central Potato Research Sta- tion, Shillong, to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on production of seed tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) from true potato seed. There were 6 treatments of integrated nutrient management, viz. 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF 120 kg N +52.8 kg P + 50 kg K/ha), 75% RDF and 25% recom- mended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through farmyard manure (FYM), 50% RDF and 50% RDN through FYM, 25% RDF and 75% RDN through FYM, 100% RDN through FYM and control (without application of fertilizer and ma- nure). Integrated use of synthetic fertilizers and organic manures showed the significant impact on growth and yield attributes of potato. Highest average number (984.2 103/ha) and yield of tubers (12.4 t/ha) were recorded with application of 75% RDF through fertilizers and 25% RDN through FYM which was significantly superior over rest of treatments. However, the lowest tuber numbers (478.3 103/ha) and tuber yield (3.3 t/ha) were observed in control plot (no application of any nutrients). Similarly, the maximum net returns were with application of 75% RDF and 25% RDN through FYM. The application of 100% RDN through FYM on nitrogen basis significantly improved soil-fertility status over 100% RDF through fertilizers and control plot but remained at par with other integrated nu- trient sources. Application of 75% RDF through synthetic fertilizers and 25% RDN through FYM was more remu- nerative for sustainable production of potato.
Comparative performance of gypsum and micro-ionized sulphur on wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: MADHULIKA PANDEY  , V.P. SINGH  , RAJEEW KUMAR  , D.S. PANDEY  , I.P. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 201011 at Pantnagar, to compare the response of gypsum and micronized sulphur in variety PBW 502 of wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.]. Microionized sulphur as soil application@ 60 kg/ha gave higher value of shoot count, plant height, dry-matter ac- cumulation and yield attributes and yield, NPK and S uptake, quality parameters like grain protein, starch, wet glu- ten, sedimentation value, hectolitre weight and economics parameters, viz. gross returns, net return, benefit: cost ratio compared to gypsum. However, foliar application of gypsum @ 2% gave higher value of the above-men- tioned parameter than foliar application @ 2% of microionized sulphur. At 60 kg S application rate, micro-ionized S gave about 8% more grain yield than gypsum; however, in case of foliar application 1.5% higher yield was noticed in gypsum than micro-ionized S. Application of 40 and 60 kg S/ha either through gypsum or microionized S failed to give significant difference on wheat performance.
Agrotechniques to enhance the productivity of niger (Guizotia abyssinica) under rainfed conditions
Authors: K.M. VASANTHA KUMAR  , V.S. KUBSAD
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2012 at Dharwad, Karnataka, to study the effect of 3 sowing dates [first fortnight (FN) of July, second FN of July and 1 FN of August], 2 plant geometries (45 cm 10 cm and 60 cm 10 cm) and 2 doses of Cycocel spraying (500 ppm and 1,000 ppm at 30 days after sow- ing) on growth and yield of rainfed niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.). Sowing of niger in I fortnight of July at a plant geometry of 45 cm 10 cm with application of cycocel @ 1,000 ppm at 30 DAS significantly enhanced the plant height (123.5 cm), branches (21.2), dry-matter accumulation (61.2 g/plant), number of capitula (59.9/plant), 1,000- seed weight (4.22 g), seed yield (0.675 t/ha), oil yield (275 kg/ha), uptake of major nutrients (42.1, 10.2 and 14.2 kg NPK/ha), net returns ( 17,673/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.00).
Evaluation of different integrated farming systems under irrigated situations of Maharashtra
Authors: U.S. SURVE  , E.N. PATIL  , J.B. SHINDE  , P.S. BODAKE  , A.D. KADLAG
Published: December 2023

Three farming system models were evaluated during 200809 and 200910 at Rahuri, Maharashtra, to study their effect on the economic returns, water productivity, employment generation, energy balance and soil health improvement. On-station integrated farming system (IFS), model-I, involving field crops, horticulture, dairy, poultry and fishery was developed at the research farm. Similarly, an on-farm IFS model involving crop, dairy, poultry was developed in Digraj village of Ahmednagar district (model-II). An on-station cropping sequence model involving soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] was taken for comparison (model-III). These models were developed in 2.0 ha area under irrigated condition. On-station and on-farm IFS models were found more remunerative than the on-station cropping sequence model, showing maximum net re- turns of 1,99,848, water productivity ( 991/ha-cm), employment generation (1,275 mandays/ha/year) and en- ergy balance (4,11,949 MJ/ha), while the on-farm IFS model resulted 48,477, 406/ha-cm, 657 man-days/year and 3,25,528 MJ/ha values of these parameters respectively. These values for the Model-III were the minimum with 32,613, 375/ha-cm, 227 man-days and 1,53,379 MJ respectively. Thus, integrated farming system (IFS) proved promising and remunerative to soybeanwheat cropping system with higher net returns, water productivity, employment generation and energy output.
Effect of tillage practices and crop diversification on productivity, resource-use efficiency and economics of maize (Zea mays)/soybean (Glycine max)-based cropping systems
Authors: DASHARATH PRASAD  , D.S. RANA  , K.S. RANA  , SUDHIR KUMAR RAJPOOT
Published: December 2023

The field experiment was conducted at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi in a permanent layout, during the rainy, winter and spring/summer season of 201012 and rainy season of 2012; to study the effect of 2 tillage practices {Conventional tillage (CT) and minimum tillage (MT) with mulching of crop residue @ 5 tonnes/ha in each crop) and 10 cropping systems with 300% cropping intensity (Maize (Zea mays L.)/soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] in rainy seasonwheat {Triticum aestivum (L.) emend Fiori & Paol.}/coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)/(fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)/vegetable pea {Pisum sativum (L.) var hortense }/potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in winter season and green gram {Vigna radiata (L.) Wilezek} after wheat/coriander/fenugreek and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) after vegetable pea/potato during spring/summer seasons) on system productiv- ity, resource-use efficiency and economics. MT with mulching resulted in 5.4% higher system productivity than CT during 2010-11, which increased to 7.4% in 201112. On an average, system productivity of soybean-based crop- ping systems was higher than the respective maize-based cropping systems. With intervention of vegetable pea and potato during winter and sunflower during spring, the productivity of maize/soybeanvegetable pea/potato sunflower systems increased up to 128% over maize/soybeanwheatgreen gram system. Similarly replacement of wheat with coriander in maize/soybeanwheatgreen gram system also improved system productivity mark- edly. MT with crop residue cover recorded 12.7% increase in production efficiency (45.2 and 40.1 kg/ha/day, aver- age of 2 years under minimum and conventional tillage) and 27.5 % in water productivity (3.06 and 2.40 kg/m3 , average of 2 years under minimum and conventional tillage) over CT. In maize as well as soybean based cropping systems production efficiency {71.1 and 78.6 kg maize grain equivalent yield (MGEY)/ha/day average of 2 years under maize and soybean respectively} and water productivity (4.11 and 4.04 kg MGEY/m3) were the highest with vegetable pea during winter and sunflower during spring, followed by potatosunflower. The employment genera- tion was the maximum with potatosunflower followed by vegetable peasunflower. MT resulted in higher net profit ( 119.2103) and economic efficiency ( 326/ha/day) than CT. Among cropping systems, maximum net re- turns ( 230103/ha), benefit : cost ratio ( 3.93) and economic efficiency ( 631 ha/day) were recorded in soy- beanvegetable peasunflower system followed by maizevegetable peasunflower system ( 204103; 3.62; 573/ ha/day, respectively). Based on the study, minimum tillage with crop residue cover and maize/soy- beanvegetable peasunflower system followed by maize/soybeanpotatosunflower system were found more productive, resource-use efficient and remunerative under irrigated condition of north-west part of India.
Effect of sunflower stover and nutrients management on energetics, nutrient acquisition and soil nutrient balance of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)sunflower (Helianthus annuus) cropping system
Authors: SUBHASH BABU  , D.S. RANA  , ANIL K. CHOUDHARY
Published: December 2023

A fixed plot field experiment was carried out during rainy (kharif) and spring seasons of 200809 and 200910 at New Delhi, to assess the effect of sunflower stover and nutrients management on energetics, nutrient acquisi- tion and soil-nutrient budgeting of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) crop- ping system. Direct effect of sunflower stover incorporation had negative impact on pigeonpea productivity; how- ever; it excreted positive effect on productivity of succeeding sunflower crop in system mode. With respect to ener- getics, sunflower stover incorporation in pigeonpea under pigeonpeasunflower cropping system reduced the gross and net energy output, energy-use efficiency and energy intensity in economic terms. Among the various levels of P imposed to pigeonpea only, an application of 30 kg P/ha recorded significantly higher values of gross energy output (160.02 103 MJ/ha), net energy output (144.88 103 MJ/ha), energy-use efficiency (10.56) and energy intensity in economic terms ( 5.61MJ/ ) of pigeonpea-sunflower cropping system. Significantly higher val- ues of gross energy output (146.24 103 MJ/ha), net energy output (128.36 103 MJ/ha) and energy intensity in economic terms (4.86 MJ/ ) lower values of energy use efficiency (8.17%) were recorded with the recommended dose of NP (80 kg N+15 kg P/ha) applied to sunflower crop in pigeonpeasunflower cropping system. With re- spect to nutrient acquisition, sunflower stover incorporation in pigeonpea only recorded the higher nutrients uptake by the pigeonpeasunflower cropping system compared to the control. Among the P levels applied to pigeonpea and NP to sunflower, application of 30 kg P/ha and recommended dose of NP to pigeonpea and sunflower, re- spectively, recorded the maximum N, P and K uptake by pigeonpeasunflower cropping system. With regards to NPK balance in soil, direct and residual effect of sunflower stover, N and P management exerted positive impact on NPK balance sheet at the end of experiment.
Efficient cropping systems and their energetics for sustainable irrigated tropical ecosystems
Authors: S.N. HONNALI  , B.M. CHITTAPUR
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted at Bheemarayanagudi, Karnataka, during 201011, 201112 and 201213 to find out efficient cropping systems and to know energetics of different cropping systems. Ten cropping systems, viz. sole Bt cotton ( Gossypium spp.), Bt cottongreengram [Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek], Bt cottongreen-manure crop sun hemp (Crotalaria juncea (L.), Bt cottonsesame (Sesamum indicum L.), maize (Zea mays L.)chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) Emend. Fiori & Paol.], sun- flowerchickpea, chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) + onion (Allium cepa L.) (1:2 row proportion), transplanted Bt cot- ton and ricerice (Oryza sativa L.) as check were evaluated under irrigated condition to find out efficient cropping systems. The transplanted Bt cotton gave the maximum cotton-equivalent yield (2.73 t/ha ) and was significantly superior to that of ricerice (2.29 t/ha), while Bt cottongreengram (2.53 t/ha), Bt cottonsesame (2.61 t/ha), maizechickpea (2.47 t/ha) and chilli + onion (2.41 t/ha ) were at par with transplanted Bt cotton as well as rice rice. All cropping systems gave significantly higher net returns over ricerice cropping system ( 44,730/ha) ex- cept sunflowerwheat or chickpea; highest being with transplanted cotton ( 79,507/ha). All the systems were sig- nificantly superior to ricerice (0.96) in benefit: cost ratio and maizechickpea recorded the highest benefit: cost ratio (3.31). Energetics revealed different trend, wherein protein yields were higher with maizechickpea (0.73 t/ ha), while carbohydrate yield (6.32 t/ha) was higher with rice-rice. Among all the systems, the highest land-utiliza- tion index was observed with Bt cottonsesame cropping system (76.7%).
Agronomic strategies for sustainable use of poor quality water in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and hybrid Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in a calcareous soil
Authors: G.S. BUTTAR  , H.S. THIND  , K.S. SEKHON  , ANUREET KAUR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted from 200506 to 200809 on calcareous soil in semi-arid area, to evaluate the response of each furrow and alternate furrow irrigation in wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] hybrid Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cropping system using irrigation waters of different qualities. Irrigation was applied to each and alternate furrow on bed-planted wheat followed by cotton for comparison with standard check-basin method of irrigation to both the crops. Three water qualities, namely good quality water (GW), sa- line-sodic water ( SSW) and pre-sowing irrigation to each crop with GW and all subsequent irrigations with SSW (GWpsi+SSW), were evaluated under 3 methods of irrigation (check-basin, each furrow and alternate furrow). The pooled results over 3 years revealed that wheat grain yield was not affected significantly by the quality of irri- gation water. However, significant wheat yield reduction was observed in alternate bed irrigation in all the water qualities. In hybrid Bt cotton, saline sodic water significantly reduced the seed-cotton yield in all the 3 methods of planting. The pre-sowing irrigation with GW and all subsequent irrigations with saline sodic water improved the seed-cotton yield as compared to the application of saline sodic water alone. However, in alternate furrow the yield increase was significant and the yield obtained was equal to the yield under alternate furrow in GW. Re- duced use of irrigation water under alternate furrow resulted in 21, 21 and 25% higher water-use efficiency in wheat under GW, SSW and GWpsi+SSW respectively. The corresponding increase under Bt cotton was 28, 19 and 36%.
System of rice (Oryza sativa) intensification for higher productivity and resource- use efficiencyA review
Authors: ANCHAL DASS  , RAMANJIT KAUR  , ANIL K. CHOUDHARY  , V. POONIYA  , RISHI RAJ  , K.S. RANA
Published: December 2023

System of rice intensification (SRI) is a new method of rice (Oryza sativa L.) culture. This is an environment and ecology benign method that increases productivity and resource-use efficiency of irrigated rice by changing the way of managing soil, plants, water and nutrients. Emerged by chance in 1980s in Madagascar, it is now practiced on research farms and farmers fields in about 60 countries world-over. A record yield of 19 tonnes/ha has been reported by China, while in India 50100% increases in yield have been reported over conventional rice culture. As per the general notion, SRI is not cultivar-specific. However, differential yield responses of cultivars have been observed under SRI at different locations in the country. SRI has been found to enhance yield of hybrids, and long- and medium-duration cultivars more than those of short-duration improved cultivars, and hence these are found more suitable for cultivation under SRI. Yield enhancement with SRI was greater under constrained soil conditions like acidic soils, red lateritic soil, etc. Wider spacing is one of the important principles of SRI and influ- ences growth and yield of rice. Initially, planting spacing ranging from 25 cm 25 cm to 50 cm 50 cm was pre- scribed, but lateron wide spread experiments across the world showed 25 cm 25 cm to be the best planting spacing for SRI. However, some studies have suggested even lower spacing 20 cm 20 cm to be ideal for SRI. Spacing of 25 cm 25 cm seems to be better in kharif season, while in rabi season in southern India, 20 cm 20 cm spacing appears to more rewarding than 25 cm 25 cm. Seedling age of 1012 days is invariably found suit- able for transplanting to obtain higher yield and resource-use efficiency. Although under SRI yields were best when irrigations were scheduled at 3 days after disappearance of ponded water (DADPW), but larger water sav- ings with some yield penalty suggests the delaying irrigations till 5 or 7 DADPW. Regarding nutrient management, it could be concluded that yield, profitability and resource-use efficiency from SRI under integrated nutrient man- agement capsule consisting of 50% RDF + 50% nutrients from organic sources were either higher or equal to those obtained from the use of 100% RDF. Weeds infestation is more in SRI, which could be managed most eco- nomically by employing integrated weed management, using cono-weeder as one of the component.
Yield, water productivity and economics of rice (Oriza sativa) as influenced by transplanting dates, varieties and irrigation regimes in central Punjab
Authors: BHARAT BHUSHAN VASHISHT  , S.K. JALOTA  , KRISHAN KUMAR VASHIST
Published: December 2023

A two-year (2008 and 2009) field experiment was conducted at Ludhiana (Punjab), to investigate the direct and interactive effects of 3 transplanting dates (5 June, 20 June and 5 July), 2 genotypes, viz. hybrid RH 257 and in- bred PAU 201, and 2 irrigation regimes (2 days drainage period after cessation of applied water and at soil water suction of 16 kPa) on the rice (Oriza sativa L.) yield attributes, yield, water productivity and economics. The results revealed that adjusting the crop cycle by shifting of transplanting towards lower evaporative demand period (from 5 June to 5 July) resulted in significant improvement in yield and yield attributes of rice and saving of irrigation wa- ter. The number of tillers/m2, biomass, harvest index and yield increased by 20, 15, 15 and 33%, respectively, by the delay in transplanting from 5 June to 5 July. Variety RH 257 showed 1.6, 5.6 and 4.5% higher biomass, har- vest index and yield, respectively, than PAU 201. In the irrigation treatment of 2-days drainage period number of tillers/m2, biomass, harvest index and yield were 1.0, 7.8, 5.6 and 10.0% respectively more than that in soil water suction treatment. The dominant yield attributes contributing to yield were biomass and number of tillers/m2. The maximum irrigation water productivity of 0.80 kg/m3 was observed in treatment combination of rice transplanted on July 5, variety RH 257 and irrigation based on soil water suction (SWS). Irrigation-water and monitory savings were relatively more under the treatments of irrigation based on SWS, shorter crop duration and cropping cycle synchronized with lower evaporative demand
Real-time nitrogen management using leaf colour chart in rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes
Authors: TAUSEEF A. BHAT  , RAJINDER KOTRU  , K.N. SINGH  , SHAHID B. DAR  , HARI RAM
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2012 and 2013 at Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, to study the re- sponse of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes to real-time nitrogen (N) management as guided by leaf colour chart (LCC). Treatments included 2 rice varieties Jhelum and SR 2 and 8 rates of N application [control (No N), rec- ommended practice (120 kg N/ha), LCC ? 3 (4 splits of 20 kg N/ha each -N and 3 splits of 30 kg N/ha each -N ), 80 90 LCC ? 4 (5 splits of 20 kg N/ha each -N and 4 splits of 30 kg N/ha each -N ) and LCC ? 5 (6 splits of 20 kg N/ha 100 120 each -N and 5 splits of 30 kg N/ha each -N )]. Variety SR 2 recorded significantly higher grain yield (7.3 t/ha) 120 150 than Jhelum (6.6 t/ha). Total N uptake and agronomic efficiency were significantly higher in SR 2 than Jhelum. LCC ?5 (150 kg N/ha applied in 5 splits) recorded significantly higher grain yields (8.2 t/ha) than recommended dose of 120 N/ha (7.1 t/ha) and LCC ? 3 (80 and 90 kg N/ha), but remained at par with 120 kg N/ha applied in 6 splits through LCC ? 5 @ 20 kg N/ha (7.9 t/ha). The LCC ? 3 (80 and 90 kg N/ha applied in 4 and 3 splits respec- tively) was statistically at par with recommended dose of 120 kg N/ha with respect to yield. The total N uptake and nitrogen-use efficiency were significantly higher with LCC-based N management than the recommended N man- agement. Further higher agronomic efficiency (33.8 kg grain/kg N applied) was recorded with LCC ?3 @ 20 kg N/ ha (80 kg N/ha) applied in 4 equal splits.
Impact of irrigation schedules and nutrient management on growth, yield and root traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties
Authors: BIPIN KUMAR  , SHIVA DHAR  , A.K. VYAS  , V. PARAMESH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season (rabi) of 201112 and 201213 at New Delhi, to find out the impact of irrigation schedules and nutrient management on wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Firoi & Paol.] varieties. Two nutrient-management practices, i.e. 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) and 50% RDF + 50% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through FYM were applied and 3 irrigation schedules i.e. irriga- tion at crown root initiation stage (CRI), CRI + flowering stage and irrigation at all critical stages were allocated to main plots and 4 wheat varieties (HD 2967, WR 544, HD 2987 and HD 2931) were allocated to sub-plots in split-plot design with 3 replications. Application of 50% RDF + 50% RDN through FYM gave significantly higher number of tillers/m2, spike length, number of spikelets/spike, grains/spike, 1,000-grain weight and grain yield. Irri- gations at all critical stages resulted in significantly higher tillers/m2, spike length, spikelets/spike, grains/spike, 1,000-grain weight and gain yield. Leaf-area index (LAI), crop-growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were found significantly higher under 50% RDF + 50% RDN through FYM and irriga- tions at all critical stages. Among the varieties, HD 2967 gave significantly higher gross returns (77.6 103 /ha) over the other varieties during the first year. However, during the second year the yield was at par with HD 2987. Between irrigations schedules, irrigations at all critical stages and application of 50% RDF + RDN 50% through FYM gave significantly the highest gross returns, net returns and benefit: cost ratio. Root length, volume and dry weight were higher under irrigations at all critical stages and application of 50% RDF + RDN 50% through FYM.
Influence of date of sowing and irrigation regimes on crop growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and its relationship with temperature in semi-arid region
Authors: RAJESH KUMAR MEENA  , S.S. PARIHAR  , MAN SINGH  , MANOJ KHANNA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201011 and 201112 on sandy-loam soil at New Delhi, to study the effect of sowing dates and irrigation regimes on growth parameters, yield attributes, yield and water-use efficiency (WUE) of wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.], and influence of pre- vailing temperature on grain yield. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with 3 replications involving 4 sowing dates, viz. S , 1 November; S , 16 November; S , 1 December; S , 16 December in main-plots and 4 irriga- 1 2 3 4 tion regimes, viz. I , 25% maximum allowable depletion (MAD) of available soil moisture (ASM); I 50% MAD of 1 2, ASM; I , 75% MAD of ASM; I , based on 4 critical growth stages, in subplots. Significantly highest grain yield was 3 4 obtained in 1 November sowing (5.20 t/ha) and was at par with 16 November sowing (5.05 t/ha). Yield attributes were also the highest under 1 November sowing. Amongst the irrigation regimes, irrigation scheduling at 25% MAD of ASM resulted significantly more grain yield (4.93 t/ha), followed by I , I and I treatments. The I treatment 2 4 3 1 resulted in 27.4% more yield than I treatment. Intermittent irrigation with small amount of water applied in I , re- 4 1 sulted higher grain and straw yields. The grain yield reduction was 43.7% due to high seasonal mean temperature (+2.2C) in 16 December sowing over 1 November sowing. The highest water-use efficiency (15.0 kg/ha/mm) and benefit: cost ratio (2.16) were recorded in 25% MAD of ASM and 50% MAD of ASM respectively.
Seed priming in moisture-stress conditions to improve growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: RAJ PAL MEENA  , S.C. TRIPATHI  , SUBHASH CHANDER  , R.S. CHHOKAR  , R.K. SHARMA
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201011 to 201314 at Karnal, Haryana to assess the impact of seed priming on crop establishment, growth, productivity and water-use efficiency of wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend, Fiori & Paol.] under different moisture regimes. The experiment was carried out in a split-plot design with 3 main-plot treatments (seeding at optimum moisture level, sub-optimal moisture level and in air dry soil followed by irrigation) and 3 sub-plot treatments (no seed priming, matriconditioning and sprouted seed). Sprouted seed (5.49 t/ha) and matriconditioning (5.30 t/ha) resulted in significantly higher grain yield com- pared to unprimed seeds. The difference among various seeding methods were found statistically at par. Matriconditioning and sprouted seeds germinated earlier than non-primed seeds leading to better crop establish- ment under optimum, sub-optimum soil moisture as well as air dry soil conditions having a moisture content 17.5, 10.9 and 6.2%, respectively, estimated by gravimetric method leading to higher tillering and grain yield. The re- sults showed that matriconditioning and sprouted seeds improved germination indices, seedling growth and crop establishment.
Bioefficacy of sole and tankmix of pinoxaden and clodinafop with carfentrazone and metsulfuron for control of complex weed flora in wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: N.K. CHOPRA  , NISHA CHOPRA  , DHIRENDER CHOUDHARY
Published: December 2023

A field investigation was carried out during the winter season of 201112 and 201213 at Karnal, to evaluate the effect of different grass and broad-leaf herbicides as sole and their tankmix application on weed control in wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.]. Sole application of pinoxaden both at 50 and 75 g/ha and clodinafop (60 g/ha) were found to be effective only on grasses, whereas both carfentrazone (20 g/ha) and metsulfuron (4 g/ha) showed selectivity towards broad-leaf weeds. Sole application of pinoxaden, clodinafop, carfentrazone and metsulfuron recorded lower weed-control efficiency and higher weed index compared to tankmix application of pinoxaden and clodinafop with carfentrazone and metsulfuron. Both metsulfuron and carfentrazone were compatible with pinoxaden and clodinafop and there was no adverse effect on the efficacy of both the herbicides. Significantly the highest grain yield of 5.16 and 5.00 t/ha was recorded with tankmix pinoxaden + carfentrazone (50 + 20 g/ha) and clodinafop + carfentrazone (60 + 20 g/ha), which was at par with weed-free treatment. There was an increase of 13.6,16.7 and 21.1% in grain yield with pinoxaden + carfentrazone compared to sole application of clodinafop (60 g/ha), pinoxaden, (50 g/ha) and carfentrazone (20 g/ ha) respectively. Uncontrolled weeds caused an average reduction of 36.8% in wheat grain yield. Maximum net returns and benefit: cost ratio (29.2 103 /ha and 0.90) were recorded with pinoxaden + carfentrazone followed by clodinafop + carfentrazone (27.8 103 /ha, 0.85), respectively.
Improving productivity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) by using water soluble fertilizer through drip irrigation
Authors: N.K. JAIN  , H.N. MEENA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the summer seasons of 2011 and 2012 at Junagadh, Gujarat to im- prove productivity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) by using water soluble fertilizer through drip irrigation. Re- sults indicated that maximum SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) was recorded with the application of water soluble fertilizer through drip irrigation @ 150 kg/ha at 50 DAS, while dry matter accumulation/plant, plant height and number of nodules/plant (at 75 DAS) were found higher in the treatment receiving water soluble fertilizer @ 226.5 kg/ha through drip irrigation. Similarly, number and weight of mature pods/plant, 100-kernel weight and shelling out-turn were also recorded higher with water soluble fertilizer @ 226.5 kg/ha through drip irrigation. Maxi- mum pod yield (2.67 t/ha), haulm yield (4.96 t/ha), kernel yield (1.82 t/ha), oil content (50.3%), oil yield (0.92 t/ha), protein yield (0.50 t/ha) and nutrient uptake (200.1 kg NPKB/ha) were recorded with the application of water soluble fertilizer through drip irrigation @ 226.5 kg/ha. This treatment also gave maximum net returns (50.9 103 /ha) and water productivity (787 g/m3), while maximum benefit: cost ratio (2.42) was obtained under recom- mended dose of fertilizers (25 kg N, 22 kg P and 24.9 kg K/ha) fb check basin method of irrigation. After harvest- ing of groundnut, maximum actual N (36.0 kg/ha), P (8.5 kg/ha) and K (31.4 kg/ha) gains were recorded in the treatment receiving water soluble fertilizer @ 250 kg/ha through drip irrigation compared to all other treatments. Application of water soluble fertilizers through drip also saved 3638% water over check basin method of irriga- tion.