bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Space weather effects on Earth's environment associated to the 24–25 October 2011 geomagnetic storm
Authors: Blanch E. , Marsal S. , Segarra A. , Torta J. M. , Altadill D. , Curto J. J.
Published: April 2013

Space weather studies have increased due to human society dependence on spaceborne and terrestrial infrastructure vulnerable to its effects. In this paper, we present an interdisciplinary study of the effects of solar activity on the Earth's environment; specifically, we focus on the effects on the ionosphere and the geomagnetic field. A timeline of effects occurring on the Earth produced by one of the first relevant events of the present solar cycle (24–25 October 2011) is given. We have analyzed the solar wind shockwave from satellite data, the storm‐time development, the ionospheric effects at global and local scales using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model fed with geomagnetic field‐aligned current data from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment, and ground ionosonde data from both hemispheres, at Ebre Observatory and Port Stanley locations. We have compared observed geomagnetic variations at high latitudes with those modeled by the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model. We have analyzed rapid geomagnetic variations (e.g., solar flare effect, storm commencement, Pi2) also on both hemispheres, at Ebre Observatory and Livingston Island locations. Finally, we have estimated geoelectric field and geomagnetically induced currents in the northeast of Spain (Catalonia) produced by this geomagnetic disturbance.
Overlapping nuclei segmentation using direction‐based flow tracking
Authors: Surut Yunyong , Phukpattaranont Pornchai
Published: April 2013

In medical image processing, the segmentation of overlapping nuclei is one of the challenging topics, which relates to its application in diagnostic pathology. To achieve the quantification accuracy (ACC) of the diagnosis, we propose an overlapping nuclei segmentation algorithm using the principle of direction‐based flow tracking (DBFT). The DBFT, which consists of direction field preparation and direction field tracking, is performed to provide the direction field and the labeled distinct single nucleus. Its performance is validated with 6375 nuclei from 29 images and compared with two popular overlapping objects segmentation methods, i.e., traditional watershed (TWS) and marker‐controlled watershed (MCWS). While the sensitivity (SS) of the DBFT, TWS, and MCWS is 0.981, 0.990, and 0.966, respectively, and the corresponding positive predictive value (PPV) is 0.948, 0.831, and 0.910. The ACC values and F1 measures obtained from the combination of SS and PPV are used as the total performance measures. While the ACC values from DBFT, TWS, and MCWS are 0.930, 0.824, and 0.882, respectively, the corresponding F1 measures are 0.964, 0.904, and 0.937. The results clearly show that the DBFT is the best among three methods because it provides the maximum numbers on both ACC and F1 values. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Culture and negotiation
Authors: Bangert David C. , Pirzada Kahkashan
Published: April 2013

Negotiation has three elements: predisposing factors, process, and outcomes. Process is the art and outcomes is the science of negotiation. Culture adds a new consideration that affects each element. Culture's effects on negotiation are studied using Geert Hofstede's dimensional model of culture. The negotiation process and Hofstede's culture model are combined in four settings. The settings are defined by two factors, if the negotiation is within or between cultures and the role of the participant as a negotiator or intervener. The predicted effects of culture on the process and outcome are detailed for each setting. Then the outcomes of the negotiation decision are discussed in terms of Hofstede's model, especially “Uncertainty Avoidance” and “Masculinity‐Femininity” dimensions. Culture clearly influences each aspect of negotiation. Understanding culture can make the participants more effective negotiators and interveners.
Minor Components in Canola Oil and Effects of Refining on These Constituents: A Review
Authors: Ghazani Saeed Mirzaee , Marangoni Alejandro G.
Published: April 2013

Crude canola oil is composed mainly of triacylglycerols but contains considerable amounts of desirable and undesirable minor components. Crude canola oil is refined in order to remove undesirable minor compounds that make this oil unusable in food products. However, refining can also cause the removal of desirable health‐promoting minor components from the oil. The first section of this review describes the chemical composition of canola oil, followed by a brief introduction to the effects of minor components on canola oil quality and stability. Following a review of traditional canola oil refining methods, the effects of individual refining stages on the removal of both desirable and undesirable components from canola oil are presented and contrasted with other common vegetable oils.
Loss of runt‐related transcription factor 3 induces gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Horiguchi Shigeru , Shiraha Hidenori , Nagahara Teruya , Kataoka Jyunnro , Iwamuro Masaya , Matsubara Minoru , Nishina Shinichi , Kato Hironari , Takaki Akinobu , Nouso Kazuhiro , Tanaka Takehiro , Ichimura Koichi , Yagi Takahito , Yamamoto Kazuhide
Published: April 2013

Background & Aim

Runt‐related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) is a tumor suppressor gene that is expressed in gastric and other cancers including pancreatic cancer. However, the precise function of RUNX3 in pancreatic cancer has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of decreased RUNX3 expression in pancreatic cancer.

Methods

This study included 36 patients with primary pancreatic cancer, who had undergone pancreaticoduodenectomy. All patients were treated with 1000 mg/m2 gemcitabine after the surgery.

The pancreatic cancer cell lines PANC‐1, MIAPaCa‐2, BxPC‐3, SUIT‐2, and KLM‐1 were used for immunoblotting analysis of RUNX3 and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) expressions. Ectopic RUNX3 expression was achieved by cDNA transfection of the cells, and small interfering RNA (siRNA) against RUNX3 was used to knock down endogenous RUNX3. Cell growth in the presence of gemcitabine was assessed using the MTT assay.

Results

Patients with RUNX3‐positive and RUNX3‐negative pancreatic cancer had a median survival of 1006 and 643 days, respectively. Exogenous RUNX3 expression reduced the expression of MRP1, MRP2, and MRP5 in endogenous RUNX3‐negative cells, whereas RUNX3 siRNA increased the expressions of these genes in endogenous RUNX3‐positive cells. Exogenous RUNX3 expression decreased gemcitabine IC50 in RUNX3‐negative cells.

Conclusion

Loss of RUNX3 expression contributes to gemcitabine resistance by inducing MRP expression, thereby resulting in poor patient survival.
Distributive justice attitudes in Ukraine: Need, desert or social minimum?
Authors: Gatskova Kseniia
Published: April 2013

This paper presents research findings based on a factorial survey study of attitudes toward the justice of income distribution in Ukraine. The factorial survey design was used for the first time in a representative large-scale survey in Ukraine and provided an opportunity to investigate the effect of multiple factors concerning individual, family and enterprise characteristics in complex subjective evaluations of just earnings. The focus within this study lays on three fundamental principles, according to which the just income is assessed: equality, desert and need principles. Empirical results of the study show that Ukrainian respondents pay attention to almost all characteristics used in the vignettes, a fact which empirically supported the basic idea of the multiprinciple justice theory. Some generational differences in justice perception were uncovered and discussed. The analyses also revealed an overall domination of the need principle in the judgments on income justice. However, the need criterion loses its relative significance at the expense of the desert principle, as soon as rather large income amounts are treated. This finding leads to the reflection that the need considerations appear to be popular in the post-Soviet countries to the extent to which they find support among low-income population and not because of the Soviet ideological heritage.
Hydrogeochemical peculiarities of the composition of nitric thermal waters in the Baikal Rift Zone
Authors: Plyusnin A.M. , Zamana L.V. , Shvartsev S.L. , Tokarenko O.G. , Chernyavskii M.K.
Published: April 2013

The chemical, gas, and isotopic compositions of nitric thermal waters in the Baikal Rift Zone are considered. It is shown that the behavior of sulfate and carbonate ions in hydrothermal systems is different, which indicates that they are of two different origins. The studied thermal waters are of five chemical types formed in different geologic conditions. Special attention is given to the genesis of hydrotherms, the geologic and geomorphologic conditions of their recharge, and their equilibrium with rocks. It has been established that most of chemical elements of the waters migrated from rocks, but a significant portion of them is bound by secondary minerals, which results in their deep differentiation, accumulation, or precipitation. Thus, the so-called redundant elements appear, which were earlier considered to be of mantle origin.
Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East
Authors: Stahel David
Published: April 2013

Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, began the largest and most costly campaign in military history. Its failure was a key turning point of the Second World War. The operation was planned as a Blitzkrieg to win Germany its Lebensraum in the east, and the summer of 1941 is well-known for the German army's unprecedented victories and advances. Yet the German Blitzkrieg depended almost entirely upon the motorised Panzer groups, particularly those of Army Group Centre. Using archival records, in this book David Stahel presents a history of Germany's summer campaign from the perspective of the two largest and most powerful Panzer groups on the Eastern front. Stahel's research provides a fundamental reassessment of Germany's war against the Soviet Union, highlighting the prodigious internal problems of the vital Panzer forces and revealing that their demise in the earliest phase of the war undermined the whole German invasion.
Classified
Authors: Moran Christopher
Published: April 2013

Classified is a fascinating account of the British state's long obsession with secrecy and the ways it sought to prevent information about its secret activities from entering the public domain. Drawing on recently declassified documents, unpublished correspondence and exclusive interviews with key officials and journalists, Christopher Moran pays particular attention to the ways that the press and memoirs have been managed by politicians and spies. He argues that, by the 1960s, governments had become so concerned with their inability to keep secrets that they increasingly sought to offset damaging leaks with their own micro-managed publications. The book reveals new insights into seminal episodes in British post-war history, including the Suez crisis, the D-Notice Affair and the treachery of the Cambridge spies, identifying a new era of offensive information management, and putting the contemporary battle between secret-keepers, electronic media and digital whistle-blowers into long-term perspective.
Morality
Authors: Williams Bernard
Published: April 2013

Bernard Williams's remarkable essay on morality confronts the problems of writing moral philosophy, and offers a stimulating alternative to more systematic accounts which seem nevertheless to have left all the important issues somewhere off the page. Williams explains, analyses and distinguishes a number of key positions, from the purely amoral to notions of subjective or relative morality, testing their coherence before going on to explore the nature of 'goodness' in relation to responsibilities and choice, roles, standards, and human nature. The final chapters make a fascinating enquiry into what morality is about, looking beyond happiness to other human aims and ideals. This re-issue of a classic in moral philosophy includes a new foreword by the author.
Corporate Governance in the Common-Law World
Authors: Bruner Christopher M.
Published: April 2013

The corporate governance systems of Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States are often characterized as a single 'Anglo-American' system prioritizing shareholders' interests over those of other corporate stakeholders. Such generalizations, however, obscure substantial differences across the common-law world. Contrary to popular belief, shareholders in the United Kingdom and jurisdictions following its lead are far more powerful and central to the aims of the corporation than are shareholders in the United States. This book presents a new comparative theory to explain this divergence and explores the theory's ramifications for law and public policy. Bruner argues that regulatory structures affecting other stakeholders' interests - notably differing degrees of social welfare protection for employees - have decisively impacted the degree of political opposition to shareholder-centric policies across the common-law world. These dynamics remain powerful forces today, and understanding them will be vital as post-crisis reforms continue to take shape.
An Environmental History of Russia
Authors: Josephson Paul , Dronin Nicolai , Mnatsakanian Ruben , Cherp Aleh , Efremenko Dmitry , Larin Vladislav
Published: April 2013

The former Soviet empire spanned eleven time zones and contained half the world's forests; vast deposits of oil, gas and coal; various ores; major rivers such as the Volga, Don and Angara; and extensive biodiversity. These resources and animals, as well as the people who lived in the former Soviet Union - Slavs, Armenians, Georgians, Azeris, Kazakhs and Tajiks, indigenous Nenets and Chukchi - were threatened by environmental degradation and extensive pollution. This environmental history of the former Soviet Union explores the impact that state economic development programs had on the environment. The authors consider the impact of Bolshevik ideology on the establishment of an extensive system of nature preserves, the effect of Stalinist practices of industrialization and collectivization on nature, and the rise of public involvement under Khrushchev and Brezhnev, and changes to policies and practices with the rise of Gorbachev and the break-up of the USSR.
Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio
Authors: Cicero Marcus Tullius
Published: April 2013

Pro Marco Caelio is perhaps Cicero's best-loved speech and has long been regarded as one of the best surviving examples of Roman oratory. Speaking in defence of the young aristocrat Marcus Caelius Rufus on charges of political violence, Cicero scores his points with wit but also with searing invective directed at a supporter of the prosecution, Clodia Metelli, whom he represents as seeking vengeance as a lover spurned by his client. This new edition and detailed commentary offers advanced undergraduates and graduate students, as well as scholars, a detailed analysis of Cicero's rhetorical strategies and stylistic refinements and presents a systematic account of the background and significance of the speech, including in-depth explanations of Roman court proceedings.
Matrix Methods in the Design Analysis of Mechanisms and Multibody Systems
Authors: Uicker John J. , Ravani Bahram , Sheth Pradip N.
Published: April 2013

This book is an integrated approach to kinematic and dynamic analysis. The matrix techniques presented are general and fully applicable to two- or three-dimensional systems. They lend themselves to programming and digital computation and can act as the basis of a usable tool for designers. Techniques have broad applicability to the design analysis of all multibody mechanical systems. The more powerful and more flexible the approach, and the less specialisation and reprogramming required for each application, the better. The matrix methods presented have been developed using these ideas as primary goals. Matrix methods can be applied by hand to such problems as the slider-crank mechanism, but this is not the intent of this text, and often the rigor required for such an attempt becomes quite burdensome in comparison with other techniques. The matrix methods have been extensively tested, both in the classroom and in the world of engineering industry.
Travels of Lady Hester Stanhope
Authors: Meryon Charles Lewis
Published: April 2013

The adventurous and unconventional Lady Hester Stanhope (1776–1839) set off to travel to the East in the early nineteenth century. She had been hostess to her uncle, British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger, and after his death she received a government pension and decided to leave England. Her personal physician Charles Meryon (1783–1877) wrote this three-volume memoir of their travels, first published in 1846. She had a reputation as an eccentric, but thought of herself as the 'Queen of the desert' and indeed achieved considerable influence in the places she travelled to. Eventually she settled in the Lebanon, where she lived out the remainder of her life. Volume 2 begins in Damascus, and includes Lady Hester's dangerous trip to Palmyra, where she had been advised it would be impossible for a woman to go. It also includes accounts of plague in Syria, and of Bedouin life.
Memorials of Cambridge
Authors: Cooper Charles Henry
Published: April 2013

When Charles Henry Cooper (1808–66) undertook to revise the text of the 1841 Memorials of Cambridge, illustrated by the engraver John Le Keux (1783–1846), he was under the impression that 'only a slight amount of labour' would be imposed on him. However, this three-volume work was altered and modified so extensively that it may be considered as entirely re-written. Containing over 250 photographs, engravings and etchings, Volumes 1 and 2 of the work are a comprehensive guide to the Cambridge colleges, while Volume 3 is almost entirely concerned with the history of other landmarks throughout the city, such as the Fitzwilliam Museum, the Guildhall and the Botanic Garden. It was published in 1860, just six years before Cooper's death, and stands as a detailed and fully illustrated guide to Cambridge at that time. Volume 1, dealing with the colleges in order of their foundation, covers Peterhouse to Jesus.
Life of the Amir Dost Mohammed Khan of Kabul
Authors: Lal Mohan
Published: April 2013

In this two-volume biography of 1846, Indian diplomat and author Mohan Lal (1812–77) describes the life of Amir Dost Mohammed Khan (1793–1863), the ruler of Afghanistan. The work also includes an eye-witness account of the disastrous First Anglo-Afghan War. Lal, who was attached to the British mission to Kabul, had prepared an account in English and Persian which was lost during the chaos of the war, but he later put the story together again. In his Preface, Lal apologises to the reader for his abundant errors both in grammar and idiom and explains that anecdotes about the Amir's adventures and morals were generally communicated to him second-hand. However, the book, which contains illustrations and draws personal correspondence, is a fascinating account of the ruler himself and of his political dealings with the English, Russian and Persian governments at the time of the 'Great Game' in Central Asia.
The Golden Bough
Authors: Frazer James George
Published: April 2013

This work by Sir James Frazer (1854–1941) is widely considered to be one of the most important early texts in the fields of psychology and anthropology. At the same time, by applying modern methods of comparative ethnography to the classical world, and revealing the superstition and irrationality beneath the surface of the classical culture which had for so long been a model for Western civilisation, it was extremely controversial. Frazer was greatly influenced by E. B. Tylor's Primitive Culture (also reissued in this series) and by the work of the biblical scholar William Robertson Smith, to whom the first edition is dedicated. The twelve-volume third edition, reissued here, was greatly revised and enlarged, and published between 1911 and 1915; the two-volume first edition (1890) is also available in this series. Volumes 7 and 8 (1912) discuss the relationship of human sacrifice to the fertility of crops.
A Primer of Botanical Latin with Vocabulary
Authors: Short Emma , George Alex
Published: April 2013

Latin is one of two acceptable languages for describing new plants, and taxonomists must be able to translate earlier texts in Latin. Providing a simple explanation of Latin grammar along with an in-depth vocabulary, this is an indispensable guide for systematic botanists worldwide. All relevant parts of speech are discussed, with accompanying examples as well as worked exercises for translating diagnoses and descriptions to and from Latin. Guidelines for forming specific epithets are also included. The authors cross-reference their grammar to Stearn's Botanical Latin and to articles in the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants. The comprehensive vocabulary is enhanced with terms from recent glossaries for non-flowering plants – lichens, mosses, algae, fungi and ferns – making this an ideal resource for anyone looking to hone their understanding of Latin grammar and to translate botanical texts from the past 300 years.
Coherence in Three-Dimensional Category Theory
Authors: Gurski Nick
Published: April 2013

Dimension three is an important test-bed for hypotheses in higher category theory and occupies something of a unique position in the categorical landscape. At the heart of matters is the coherence theorem, of which this book provides a definitive treatment, as well as covering related results. Along the way the author treats such material as the Gray tensor product and gives a construction of the fundamental 3-groupoid of a space. The book serves as a comprehensive introduction, covering essential material for any student of coherence and assuming only a basic understanding of higher category theory. It is also a reference point for many key concepts in the field and therefore a vital resource for researchers wishing to apply higher categories or coherence results in fields such as algebraic topology or theoretical computer science.
Laser requirements for a laser fusion energy power plant
Authors: Bodner Stephen E. , Schmitt Andrew J. , Sethian John D.
Published: April 2013

We will review some of the requirements for a laser that would be used with a laser fusion energy power plant, including frequency, spatial beam smoothing, bandwidth, temporal pulse shaping, efficiency, repetition rate, and reliability. The lowest risk and optimum approach uses a krypton fluoride gas laser. A diode-pumped solid-state laser is a possible contender.
Beam positioning stability analysis on large laser facilities
Authors: Liu Fang , Liu Zhigang , Zheng Liunian , Huang Hongbiao , Zhu Jianqiang
Published: April 2013

Beam positioning stability in a laser-driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) facility is a vital problem that needs to be fixed. Each laser beam in the facility is transmitted in lots of optics for hundreds of meters, and then targeted in a micro-sized pellet to realize controllable fusion. Any turbulence in the environment in such long-distance propagation would affect the displacement of optics and further result in beam focusing and positioning errors. This study concluded that the errors on each of the optics contributed to the target, and it presents an efficient method of enhancing the beam stability by eliminating errors on error-sensitive optics. Optimizations of the optical system and mechanical supporting structures are also presented.
Lateral controls on grounding-line dynamics
Authors: Pegler Samuel S. , Kowal Katarzyna N. , Hasenclever Leonard Q. , Worster M. Grae
Published: April 2013

We present a theoretical and experimental study of viscous gravity currents introduced at the surface of a denser inviscid fluid layer of finite depth inside a vertical Hele-Shaw cell. Initially, the viscous fluid floats on the inviscid fluid, forming a self-similar, buoyancy-driven current resisted predominantly by the viscous stresses due to shear across the width of the cell. Once the viscous current contacts the base of the cell, the flow can be considered in two regions: a grounded region in which the current lies in full contact with the base; and a floating region. The subsequent advance of the grounding line separating these regions is shown to be controlled by the thickening of the current associated with balancing the local shear stresses. An understanding of the flow transitions is developed using asymptotic and numerical analysis of a model based on lubrication theory.
TILLAGE AND PLANTING METHODS EFFECTS ON YIELD, WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND PROFITABILITY OF SOYBEAN–WHEAT SYSTEM ON A LOAMY SAND SOIL
Authors: RAM HARI , SINGH YADVINDER , SAINI K. S. , KLER D. S. , TIMSINA J.
Published: April 2013

Continuous rice–wheat (RW) cropping with intensive tillage has resulted in land degradation and inefficient use of water in Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of South Asia. Replacement of rice with less water requiring crops such as soybean in RW system and identification of effective strategies for tillage management could result in sustainable cropping system in IGP. A field experiment was conducted for five years on an annual soybean–wheat (SW) rotation in the northwest IGP of India to evaluate effect of tillage, raised bed planting and straw mulch on yield, soil properties, water use efficiency (WUE) and profitability. In soybean, straw mulch reduced soil temperature at seeding depth by about 2.5 °C compared with no mulch. Straw mulch also resulted in slightly reduced water use and slightly higher WUE relative to their respective unmulched treatments. During wheat emergence, raised beds resulted in higher soil temperature by 1.6 °C compared with flat treatments. Bulk density and cumulative infiltration were greater in no-tillage compared with conventional tillage. Soil organic carbon in surface layer increased significantly after five years of experimentation. Soybean and wheat yields were similar under different treatments during all the years of experimentation. Soybean and wheat planted on raised beds recorded about 17% and 23% higher WUE, respectively, than in flat layout. The net returns from SW system were greater in no-tillage and permanent raised beds than with conventional tillage. Both no-tillage and permanent raised bed technologies can be adopted for sustainable crop production in SW rotation in northwest IGP. However, more studies are required representing different soil types and climate conditions for making recommendations for other regions of IGP.
Mantetsu Democracy
Authors: O'DWYER EMER
Published: April 2013

The Mantetsu Employees' Association, founded in 1926 by a group of elite university-educated employees of the South Manchuria Railway Company, was an organization of unprecedented scope and vision which provided for the development of a limited form of self-government by the Japanese in the Kwantung Leasehold and Rail Zone during Japan's occupation of northeast China. Its founding principles resembled the ideological tenets of the metropole's movement of Taishō Democracy which had since the post-Russo-Japanese War energized supporters of widened popular access to the job of national governance. This paper traces how the Mantetsu Employees' Association reflected the political zeitgeist of post World War I metropolitan society whilst simultaneously developing in response to heightened Chinese nationalism in the northeast throughout the 1920s. It shows how the Association encompassed a wide range of employee ambitions—from increased involvement in imperial decision-making to labour advocacy on behalf of the Company's lowest-ranking Japanese workers to a critique of colonial policy as dictated by Tokyo's political parties. The paper introduces key Association players and their ideas as a means of questioning the nature of democracy in an imperial setting.
Antecedents of self-regulation in driving among older drivers
Authors: CARMEL SARA , RECHAVI TALYA B. , BEN-MOSHE YOSEFA
Published: April 2013

Maintaining quality of life and wellbeing into advanced age is a major challenge to societies. Driving is one factor contributing to an ageing individual's independence. Understanding antecedents of driving-related self-regulation is important for designing interventions to preserve safe driving in old age. This paper reports on a study that investigated factors associated with two forms of self-regulation in driving (SRD) – avoidance of difficult driving conditions and voluntary cessation of driving – in a sample of 860 Israeli drivers aged 70 and over. We examined roles of health, vision, driving experience, driving-related self-efficacy (DRSE) and global self-esteem in SRD. Health and DRSE had direct effects on SRD, and effects of vision and driving experience were mediated by DRSE. Participants who had ceased driving were older, with poorer vision and health, and less driving confidence and experience than active drivers. Statistical analyses demonstrated that SRD is affected by a reduced sense of confidence due to an initial lower level of driving experience, compounded by deteriorating vision, and that older drivers are sensitive to factors affecting their ability to drive safely. Our results demonstrate that older drivers tend to self-regulate their driving. Programmes for older adults can be introduced for diagnosing driving capabilities, improving skills and confidence, and/or helping to develop self-regulation habits of avoiding driving in difficult conditions, and assisting drivers who must adjust to driving cessation.
Ethylenediamine as a bridging ligand: structure solution of two cadmium(II)-based coordination polymers from powder diffraction data
Authors: Putaj Piotr , Gaweł Bartłomiej , Łasocha Wiesław
Published: April 2013

Structures of [Cd(C2H8N2)Cl2]n(1) and [Cd(C2H8N2)Br2]n(2) were solved from powder diffraction data. Compound (1) crystallizes in the space group Pbam (No. 55), a = 9.9021(7) Å, b = 7.8186(6) Å, c = 4.0705(3) Å, V = 315.13(3) Å3, Z = 2. (2) is isostructural: space group Pbam (No. 55), a = 10.405(2) Å, b = 7.8634(8) Å, c = 4.2079(5) Å, V = 344.28(6) Å3, Z = 2. The investigated compounds are examples of two-dimensional hybrid coordination polymers, in which neighboring metal centers are bridged via both organic and inorganic moieties: ethylenediamine molecules and halide anions. Both crystal structures were solved ab initio from powder data using direct methods.
Electro-optical Wavelength Selection Enables Confocal Ratio
Imaging at Low Light Levels
Authors: Nitschke Roland , Spring Kenneth R.
Published: April 2013

A confocal attachment (Odyssey) to an inverted microscope was
modified to better study living cultured epithelial cells stained
with fluorescent dyes. Improvements to the instrument included
elimination of light leaks, improved electronic shielding,
reduction of thermal effects, and use of low dark current
detectors. In addition, rapid changes in illumination wavelength
and power were accomplished by replacing the original mechanical
filter changer by an acousto-optic tunable filter attached to
the argon laser light source. The addition of a liquid crystal
tunable filter to one of the two photomultiplier detectors also
permitted rapid spectral scanning of the fluorescence emission.
High-resolution, differential interference contrast transmitted
light images were formed simultaneously by replacement of the
photodiode-based transmitted light detector with a photomultiplier
tube and dichroic mirror assembly. An illumination intensity
of only 40 μW/cm2 at the back focal plane of the
microscope objective allowed high-quality fluorescence and transmitted
light images of living cells at video rates with minimal bleaching and photodynamic damage. Both excitation ratio imaging and emission spectral
scanning of living epithelial cells were accomplished. The system
performance was evaluated by optical sections of fluorescent
beads and thin films.
A Rapid Method for Viral Particle Detection in Viral-Induced
Gastroenteritis: A TEM Study
Authors: Hicks M. John , Barrish James P. , Hayes Elizabeth S. , Leer Laurie C. , Estes Mary K. , Cubitt W.D.
Published: April 2013

Infectious gastroenteritis is a common cause of hospitalization
in the pediatric population. The most frequent cause of
gastroenteritis is viral in origin. The purpose of this study
was to compare a rapid modified negative-staining TEM method
with the conventional pseudoreplica technique in detection of
viral particles in fecal samples from children with viral
gastroenteritis. The modified negative-staining method resulted
in a significantly higher (2.5 ± 0.5, p = 0.02) viral
rating score than that for the conventional pseudoreplica technique
(1.7 ± 0.4). In addition, the preparation time for the
negative-staining method was approximately one fifth that for
the conventional pseudoreplica technique. Rapid diagnosis of
viral gastroenteritis may be made by ultrastructural detection
of viral particles in fecal samples using the negative staining
technique.
Crystallographic Origin of the Alternate Bright/Dark
Contrast in 6H-SiC and other Hexagonal Crystal HREM Images
Authors: Bow J.S. , Carpenter R.W. , Kim M.J.
Published: April 2013

Alternating bright/dark anomalous subunitcell contrast
in HREM images along or near the close-packed direction of 6H-SiC,
Ti5Si3, α-Ti, and 4H-SiC, all of which
are hexagonal, was examined using computer-generated crystal
models, HREM image simulations, and digital diffractograms from
the corresponding experimental images. The primary variables
were crystal tilt and thickness. Crystal model projections showed
that the scattering potential was smeared anisotropically within
the unit cells by small crystal tilts, which reproduced the
experimentally observed anomalous subunit-cell contrast modulations
in the corresponding simulations. The effect increased with
thickness, but it did not occur in exact zone axis
simulations for any crystal thickness. Structural considerations
indicated that the contrast resulted from tilt-induced violations
of Gjonnes-Moodie dynamical extinctions and excitation of
kinematically forbidden reflections in the imaging zone. Digital
diffractograms from experimental HREM images confirmed their
presence in the imaging zone diffraction patterns. These effects
were absent in HREM images from cubic crystals in this material
system because the structurally induced requisite kinematically
forbidden reflections do not occur in the imaging zone.
The Effects of Non-Uniform Specimen Thickness on Thickness
Determination and Elemental Quantitation with Electron Energy
Loss Spectroscopy (EELS)
Authors: Ho Ruoya , Shao Zhifeng , Somlyo Andrew P.
Published: April 2013

We determined the effect of non-uniform specimen thickness
underlying an electron probe on specimen thickness measurements
by EELS and discussed its effect on quantitation of trace element
concentrations. Our results are applicable especially, though
not solely, to biological specimens, and show that if the probed
area is not uniform, the specimen thickness measured by either
the conventional or the fitting method could deviate from the
true mean thickness by more than 30%. However, errors associated
with these two methods are in the opposite directions and,
consequently, the average of the two methods yields the best
empirical estimate of the true mean thickness. The error due
to non-uniformity of the specimen in the trace element
concentration measured in typical cryosections can reach 30%,
and its direction (overestimate or underestimate) depends on
the methods used for calculating the concentration.
From the News and Commentary Editor
Authors: Reine Barbara A.
Published: April 2013

It is with much pleasure and gratification that I encourage you to read
the messages from the presidents of the five societies for whom Microscopy
and Microanalysis is the official journal. Each of the five presidents
graciously agreed to write a message for this first issue of 1998. Writing
such messages is often a burden on an already overtaxed schedule and we very
much appreciate the effort they all have made. These contributions reflect
one of the primary goals of the News and Commentary, that is, to be an arena
for contributions from all of the societies affiliated with the
journal—contributions of interest to a broad spectrum of microscopists.
We hope to truly make this journal an endeavor reflecting international
exchange and cooperation. Again, I thank these presidents for taking the time
to write these words. So please, respect this effort and take the time to
read their comments. The five presidential messages are presented in the
order of their listing on the front cover of the journal, which reflects
the order in which the particular society became affiliated with
Microscopy and Microanalysis.
From the News and Commentary Editor
Authors: Reine Barbara A.
Published: April 2013

In this issue is an article about Albert Pre-bus, one of the pioneers
in electron microscopy who recently passed away. John Watson has written
much more than an obituary for this man, almost a biography. This kind of
article enriches our understanding of the roots of microscopy and
commemorates the contributions of an individual very important to the
development of microscopy. It is my hope that this will be the first of
such articles about individuals who've made major contributions to
technical developments or disciplines upon which our exploration and
understanding of structural and/or chemical characterization rests. If
you are interested in writing an a-rticle about such an historical figure
please contact me or if you have a suggestion of a name of someone you
think would be desirable to have profiled, please send me that suggestion
as well.
Microbeam Analysis Society Presidential Message
Authors: Marinenko Ryna
Published: April 2013

Dear Colleagues,

As we move toward the twenty-first century, the Microbeam Analysis
Society is going through a few changes, mostly for economic reasons. MAS
is not a large society, yet it is healthy due to the strong support of
members who believe that microanalysis needs its own venue for communication,
education, and growth. I want to thank all those people who contributed to
MAS, who through the years, from its beginnings more than thirty years ago
to the present, have donated their time and energy to bringing the society
to its mature position today. Thanks to these members, MAS exhibits the
ultimate in scientific professionalism and fiscal integrity which makes me
very proud to be a participant.
Net Notes
Authors: Whittaker Scott D.
Published: April 2013

E-mail messages regarding Microscopy and Microanalysis.
Mexican Microscopy Society Presidential Message
Authors: Gasga José Reyes
Published: April 2013

The Mexican Microscopy Society (MMS) wishes you all the best for 1998.
One more year is over and the MMS has achieved its 1997 goals. Last year
the MMS was very active collaborating in the organization of national and
international conferences. Our presence was felt in several universities
and colleges around our country through the organizing of courses and
seminars which strongly supported the wide spread of knowledge and use of
both electron and optical microscopies. Last but not least, we have also
established strong ties with similar societies in all America.
Calendar of Meetings and Courses
Authors: Reine Barbara , Zaluzec Nestor
Published: April 2013

Following is a list of microscopy-related meetings and courses. The
editors would greatly appreciate input to this list via the electronic
submission form found in the MSA World-Wide Web page at
http://www.msa.microscopy.com/. We will gladly add hypertext
links to the notice on the Web and insert a listing of the meeting in the
next issue of the Journal.
Applications of Ion Microscopy and In Situ Electron Microscopy to
the Study of Electronic Materials and Devices
Authors: Hull R. , Demarest J. , Dunn D. , Stach E.A. , Yuan Q.
Published: April 2013

We discuss the application of ion microscopy and in situ electron
microscopy to the study of electronic and optical materials and devices.
We demonstrate how the combination of in situ transmission electron
microscopy and focused ion beam microscopy provides new avenues for the
study for such structures, enabling extension of these techniques to the
study of dopant distributions, nanoscale stresses, three-dimensional
structural and chemical reconstruction, and real-time evolution of defect
microstructure. We also discuss in situ applications of thermal,
mechanical, electrical, and optical stresses during transmission electron
microscopy imaging.
Characterization of Involution during Sea Urchin Gastrulation Using
Two-Photon Excited Photorelease and Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Piston David W. , Summers Robert G. , Knobel Susan M. , Morrill John B.
Published: April 2013

Sea urchin embryos have served as a model system for the investigation
of many concepts in developmental biology. Their gastrulation consists of
two stages; primary invagination, where part of the epithelium invaginates
into the blastocoel, and secondary invagination, where the archenteron
elongates to completely traverse the blastocoel. Primary invagination
involves proliferation of cells within the vegetal plate during primary
invagination, but until recently, it was assumed that the larval
gastrointestinal (GI) tract developed without further involution of
epithelial cells. To investigate rigorously the contribution of epithelial
cell involution during archenteron and GI tract development in the sea
urchin, Lytechinus variegatus, we developed a new method for cell
tracking based on two-photon excited photorelease of caged fluorophores.
Single-cell embryos were injected with caged dye and two-photon excitation
uncaging was employed to mark small groups of cells throughout
gastrulation. Two-photon excitation allowed for noninvasive,
three-dimensionally resolved uncaging inside living cells with minimal
biological damage. Cellular involution into the archenteron was observed
throughout primary and secondary invagination, and the larval intestine
was formed by further involution of cells following secondary
invagination, which is inconsistent with the traditional model of sea
urchin gastrulation. Further, as two-photon excitation microscopy becomes
accessible to many researchers, the novel techniques described here will
be broadly applicable to development of other invertebrate and vertebrate
embryos.
Measurement and Calculation of Three-Dimensional Grain Sizes and
Size Distribution Functions
Authors: Zhao Xin Bing
Published: April 2013

Three-dimensional (3D) grain sizes and size distribution functions
(SDFs) are generally obtained by converting the 2D or ID grain sizes to 3D
with the methods based on a spherical grain shape model (S-model), which
can produce large systematic errors. In this report, a new polyhedral
grain model (P-model) is developed and experimentally checked with the
directly measured 3D grain sizes. The results show that the systematic
error originating from the S-model can be corrected by using the new
polyhedral grain model.
Logarithmic 3-Band Color Encoding: Robust Method for Display and Comparison of Compositional Maps in
Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis
Authors: Newbury Dale E. , Bright David S.
Published: April 2013

Electron-excited X-ray maps recorded with the scanning electron microscope (SEM)/electron probe
X-ray microanalyzer (EPMA) are a major method of presenting compositional information. Digitally recorded
maps are processed in a variety of ways to improve the visibility of features. Scaling of the recorded signal to
match the 8-bit gray-scale intensity range of a typical computer display system is almost always necessary.
Inherent limitations of gray-scale displays have led to other intensity-encoding methods for X-ray maps,
including clipping, histogram normalization, and pseudocolor scales. While feature visibility is improved by
applying these scales, comparisons among image sets are difficult. Quantitative comparisons must be based on
standardized intensities corrected for background to produce intensity ratio (k-value) maps. We have developed
a new logarithmic, multiband color-encoding method to view these k-value maps more effectively. Three color
bands are defined, starting with a dark primary color and grading to a bright pastel: blue = trace (0.001 to 0.01);
green = minor (0.01 to 0.1); and red = major (0.1 to 1.0). Within each band, the color is assigned according
to a logarithmic scale that depends on intensity ratio or compositional measurements. Logarithmic multiband
color encoding permits direct comparisons of maps, such as maps of different elements in the same field of view
or maps of the same element in different areas, because the color scale is identical for all maps.
Structural and Chemical Analysis of Micro-sized Particles Found in Aluminous Electrical Porcelains
Authors: Bribiesca-Vázquez S. , Quintana-Puchol R. , Reyes-Gasga J.
Published: April 2013

Abstract: Uncommon, micro-sized particles with different morphologies were found in sintered aluminous electrical porcelains. The presence of these particles seems to be relatively insensitive to changes in composition of the porcelain system as well as in firing temperatures. X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) microanalysis showed that some particles, those with very well–defined geometries, were composed of K, Si, Al, and O with empirical formula KAlSi2O6—that is, leucite particles. Other particles showed less well–defined geometries, including some composed of Na, Si, Al, and O, corresponding to a sodium aluminum silicate structure, and others of K, Si, Na, Al, and O, corresponding to the leucite composition, where some K has been substituted for Na. The well–defined geometry particles were detected most often, and diffraction analysis with backscattering electrons showed that their unit cell was cubic, with unit cell parameter a = 1.343 nm. The formation of these particles may be the result of the relatively high concentration of K2O and/or Na2O in some very localized zones of the glassy phase due to weak coupling (e.g., alkali-enriched or -depleted melts) during diffusion at a slow cooling rate in the presence of catalytic agents such as TiO2.
Analysis of Probe–Sample Interaction in Near-field Optical Image of Dielectric Structures
Authors: Wang S.
Published: April 2013

Abstract: A two-dimensional formalism is provided for analyzing the probe–sample interaction of optical near-field images in transmission mode. The numerical simulation is performed on a dielectric surface with sub-wavelength structures. The constant-height, near-field intensity through two Gaussian ridges has been calculated for p-polarized incident light. The influence on the signal by the dielectric function of the probe, the size of the scatterers, and the angle of incidence is investigated. The passive probe model is compared when equipped with and without the tip and the near-field intensity is simultaneously calculated.