bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Distraction on Schizophrenic Performance (1) Perception and Immediate Memory
Authors: McGhie Andrew , Chapman James , Lawson J. S.
Published: August 2008

In recent years an increasing number of workers investigating schizophrenic behaviour have concluded that many of the symptoms found in schizophrenia are related to a disturbance in the selective and inhibitory functions of attention. One of the earliest statements of this argument is found in Norman Cameron's (1938, 1939, 1944) concept of “over-inclusion”, which he used to describe the schizophrenic patient's tendency to include many elements irrelevant to the central idea in his thinking. Shakow (1962) reached the following conclusions in summarizing his own psychological studies of schizophrenia—“It is as if, in the scanning process which takes place before the response to stimulus is made, the schizophrenic is unable to select out the material relevant for optimal response. He apparently cannot free himself from the irrelevant among the numerous possibilities available for choice.” Weckowicz and Blewett (1959), in their studies of alterations in perceptual constancy in schizophrenic patients, interpreted their findings as suggesting that the patient's basic difficulty was that of “an inability to attend selectively or to select relevant information“. Venables and his colleagues (1959, 1962, 1963), in a series of studies on the arousal level of schizophrenic patients, also concluded that many of the behavioural abnormalities demonstrated were due to variations in the range of attention. In a series of investigations carried out by Payne and his colleagues (1960, 1961, 1963) to develop Cameron's concept of over-inclusive thinking in schizophrenia, the authors utilized Broad-bent's (1958) model of selective attention to postulate that this form of thought disorder is basically due “to a defect in some hypothetical central filter mechanism, the function of which

is to screen out irrelevant data both internal … and external … to allow for the most efficient processing of incoming information”.
Senile Dementia—Some Aetiological Factors
Authors: Oakley Donald P.
Published: August 2008

It has been accepted that the major factor in the aetiology of senile dementia is the organic brain disease which can be demonstrated histologically (Corsellis, 1962). The work of Rothschild (1936) suggested that psychological differences between individuals might be contributory, and Sands and Rothschild (1952) claimed evidence that senile psychotics have similar pre-morbid personality traits to those found in involutional melancholies and that hypochondriasis, dependency and rigidity were prominent features in both. A similar opinion is given by Noyes and Kolb (1958), who believe that, “the person who develops senile dementia has often been characterized by rigid and static habits”.
Some Changes in the Composition of a Mental Hospital Population
Authors: Hassall Christine , Spencer A. M. , Cross K. W.
Published: August 2008

The future of the psychiatric services, in particular of the mental hospital, has been the source of much speculation since the publication of the Hospital Plan for England and Wales (1962). According to the Plan there would, by 1975, be psychiatric accommodation in each Region at the level of 1·;8 beds per 1,000 population, as estimated by Tooth and Brooke (1961).
Witchcraft, Psychopathology and Hallucinations
Authors: Barnett Bernard
Published: August 2008

The urgent need to act and explain one's reasons is less pressing now in connection with witchcraft than in the days when it seemed to present an immediate menace to society. It has however always evoked intense reactions without a corresponding intense examination of the available evidence. The subject seems to invite partisan treatment.
A Study in Family Health: (2) a Comparison of the Health of Fathers, Mothers and Children
Authors: Hare E. H. , Shaw G. K.
Published: August 2008

This paper deals with information obtained from nearly five hundred families in which at least one parent was living with one or more children aged 15 or under. It examines the association between the health of fathers and mothers, and also between that of parents and children. Elsewhere (Hare and Shaw, 1965a) we showed that, in the sample population from which these families came, there was a strong tendency for persons with poor mental health to have poor physical health as well.∗ We took this to support the view that in any population there tends to be a group of persons, comprising some 10 to 15 per cent, of the whole, who are particularly prone to ill-health of all kinds and who make a correspondingly high call on the facilities of the health service. One of the objects of the present study was to try and determine if there were families, as well as persons, prone to ill-health—in other words, whether a high rate of ill-health in (say) fathers was associated with high rates in other members of the family.
The Relationships Between Sleep Patterns and Reactive and Endogenous Depressions
Authors: Costello C. G. , Selby M. M.
Published: August 2008

In the British Journal of Psychiatry for July, 1963, Costello and Smith described an investigation based on the prediction that “… reactive depressions would sleep more at the end than at the beginning of a set period of sleep and that endogenous depressions would sleep more at the beginning than at the end of a set period for sleep …”. Hourly observation by nurses of the sleep of 18 patients with endogenous and 41 with reactive depression failed to confirm the prediction.
Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: May Philip R. A. , Tuma A. Hussain
Published: August 2008

The clinician is deeply concerned with the difficulties of selecting a treatment method that will accomplish the goals which he wishes to achieve for a particular patient with specific symptoms and characteristics in a particular treatment setting, knowing that it is unlikely that any one single treatment will be universally and equally effective in all situations. The research investigator should attempt to help him by furnishing objective evidence as to the specific efficacies and limitations of methods of treatment in common use under the conditions that prevail where large numbers of patients are treated—in public mental hospitals. Adequate comparative information obtained under controlled experimental conditions is essential not only to therapists but also to patients and their families and to those responsible for the support and administration of treatment centres.
The use of Rating Scales in Clinical Research
Authors: Jacobsen M.
Published: August 2008

Rating scales are used a great deal, particularly in psychiatric medicine, for the assessment of severity of a patient's condition, to assist with diagnosis and classification, and for the comparison of results of treatments. Much time and effort is expended in the construction of such scales, in analysis of their meaning and in verification of their reliability. However, even the best scale gives unreliable results if it is not used correctly.
Psychoneurosis in Marital Partners
Authors: Buck Carol W. , Ladd Katherine Laughton
Published: August 2008

Some years ago, we reported a study of the illness experience of children according to the presence or absence of a psychoneurotic condition in each of their parents (Buck and Laughton, 1959). It was stated to be part of a larger study of family patterns of illness, including that of possible similarities in the psychiatric histories of husbands and wives. Although the latter was investigated with rather interesting results the work was not published upon completion because we hoped to add to the data. In the last few years, interest in this subject has been revived, particularly by the work of Pond et al. (1963) and Kreitman (1964). It now seems desirable that our results should be published because of their interesting relationship to those of the more recent investigations.
Some Psychiatric Observations on Pregnancy in the Unmarried Student
Authors: Giel Robert , Kidd Cecil
Published: August 2008

The health of the young unmarried primigravida has attracted enquiry from obstetricians, psychiatrists, psychologists and social workers. Generally, by virtue of their youth and tissue resilience these girls are at an excellent physiological age for the processes of pregnancy and labour. Stewart (1952) showed in a carefully documented survey of 3,019 primigravidae that anomalous marital status did not appear to influence the occurrence of difficult labour which in fact was found more frequently among those who had been married before conception than among either the “illegitimate” group or the pre-marital conception group. Young unmarried women, therefore, may well be physiologically fit for child-bearing, but they may be psychologically unprepared for it. Emotional reactions during pregnancy are common, especially among unmarried women. Yet in our clinical management of disturbed pregnant women who are not married we have been impressed by the frequency with which emotional ill health has antedated their pregnancies. In many cases we have been tempted to view the psychiatric concomitants of their pregnancies as part of a continuum of morbidity recognized long before. It has been shown by Eysenck (1961) from psychological testing that unmarried mothers tend to be more neurotic and more extraverted than the general population, and among women students who were pregnant while at university Finlay (1962) has reported significantly more instability than among other women student patients. Illegitimate pregnancy may be accepted as the norm among some subgroups, while viewed as a catastrophe among others. For the purposes of study, however, it is difficult to find a group of young women in whom pregnancy could be less welcome, less acceptable, less manipulative or more disastrous than among university students. The very low pregnancy rates among students in Britain suggest that this may be so (Brown, 1962), as does the high correlation between unplanned pregnancy and student wastage among university students (Brown, 1962; Kidd and Dinwoodie, 1964).
A Study of One Hundred Chronic Psychiatric Patients Identified in General Practice
Authors: Cooper Brian
Published: August 2008

It has long been recognized as a shortcoming of much of the psychiatric literature that it is based on the study of highly selected case-material, drawn from hospital and private consultant practice. This criticism, which has important implications for the interpretation of hospital statistics (Cooper, 1965), may be of equal relevance in the field of clinical description. Studies undertaken in general practice (Shepherdet al.,1959; Ryle, 1959) point to the existence in the community of large numbers of cases of minor psychiatric disturbance of a kind which is clinically identifiable, but which for the most part does not come under the scrutiny of trained psychiatrists. Whether such cases conform to the standard text-book descriptions of psychiatric illness, or can be incorporated into the existing nosology, is very much open to question. There seems little doubt that clinical studies in general practice are of great potential value in the study of mental disorder, and in particular that they may help to throw new light on the natural history of this group of affections.
Suicide and the Hospital Service
Authors: Jones Kingsley
Published: August 2008

Suicide is obviously in part a medical problem and various writers have suggested that action on the part of doctors might reduce its incidence. In particular, attention has been directed towards recognizing and promptly treating depressive illness and in the management of such illness suicide is regarded as a significant risk.
Effects of Chorionic Gonadotrophin on Adolescent Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Bullmore G. H. L. , Coppen Alec
Published: August 2008

This investigation was prompted by the work of the late Dr. D. E. Sands and his colleagues on the boys in the Adolescent Unit at St. Ebba's Hospital, Epsom. As a result of a variety of endocrinological investigations and studies on physique they concluded that a substantial proportion of these children showed evidence of physical immaturity. It was consequently decided that certain boys might benefit from a course of injections of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophs (H.C.G.) in order to hasten their physical maturity, as it was felt that this could have a beneficial effect on their psychological development.
The Eysenck Personality Inventory: Some Considerations
Authors: Knowles J. B. , Kreitman Norman
Published: August 2008

The aim of this paper is to report our experience with a new psychometric test, the Eysenck Personality Inventory, or E.P.I. (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1964).
The Significance of Intra-Individual Diagnostic Levels
Authors: Foulds G. A.
Published: August 2008

The Symptom-Sign Inventory (SSI) consists of 80 questions presented orally. The administration and part of the scoring have already been described in some detail (Foulds, 1962); but, since then, a continuum has been suggested from neurosis through integrated psychosis to non-integrated psychosis. This continuum is considered to represent increasing degrees of failure to maintain or establish mutual personal relationships (Foulds, 1965). Measurement of this continuum, which has only been completed for women, involves three scales.
Pain and the Psychiatrist
Authors: Stengel Erwin
Published: August 2008

I am sincerely grateful for the honour you have bestowed on me by the invitation to deliver this year's Maudsley Lecture. It means all the more to me as this Association made me feel at home almost from the day I came to this country more than twenty-six years ago.
Conceptual Thinking in Schizophrenics and their Relatives
Authors: Phillips James E. , Jacobson Naomi , Turner Wm. J.
Published: August 2008

It probably goes without dispute at the present time that the precise content of a schizophrenic's thought, like that of anyone else, is derived from experience. Even the remarkable mélange of Schreber's memoirs could in large part be traced to his childhood experiences (Niederland, 1959). There is generally little doubt that the exact form and the course may be determined by age and experience; the effects of genetically determined intellectual endowment are uncertain (Elsässer, 1952; Rosenthal, 1963). The very occurrence of schizophrenia as a clinical phenomenon challenges the investigator, and there are many who question whether experience alone could result in schizophrenia in any and all human beings. They ask rather to what extent and by what mechanisms is the occurrence of schizophrenia determined by genetic factors.
Comparison of the Effect of Imipramine and Desipramine on Some Symptoms of Depressive Illness
Authors: Edwards Griffith
Published: August 2008

The possibility that desipramine might prove to be a rapidly acting antidepressant was first raised by laboratory studies. In 1959 desipramine was isolated as a metabolite of imipramine (Hermannet al.,1959; Hermann and Pulver, 1960), and a series of papers then followed (Brodieet al.,1961; Gilletteet al.,1961; Sulseret al.,1962) in which it was shown that reserpine-induced inactivity in the rat can be more rapidly reversed by desipramine than by imipramine. This was referred to (Gilletteet al.,1961) as an experimental demonstration of the relative rapidity of the “antidepressant” action of the two drugs. Other experimental reports should however warn against incautious interpretation of laboratory findings. Garattiniet al. (1962) showed that desipramine is not responsible for all the actions of imipramine: in mice, leptazol convulsions are inhibited by the latter but not by the former drug. Dingellet al. (1964) were able to show considerable species differences in the rate at which imipramine is converted to desipramine and in the rate at which desipramine is then destroyed. Their paper also emphasizes the paucity of information on the metabolism of imipramine in human subjects.
A Regional Psychiatric Rehabilitation Hospital
Authors: Morgan R. , Cushing D. , Manton N. S.
Published: August 2008

St. Wulstan's Hospital, Malvern, opened in November, 1961. It is the first hospital in Great Britain to be given the specific function of rehabilitating selected chronic psychiatric patients from other hospitals. The original plans for its use were made by the Mental Health Services Advisory Panel of the Birmingham Regional Hospital Board. In 1959 this panel was confronted with overcrowding in the Board's twelve existing mental hospitals; it was offered the use of a tuberculosis sanatorium that would shortly be closing for lack of patients, and it was impressed by the results reported from other hospitals of giving chronic patients industrial work to do. Accordingly the panel formulated plans to reopen the former sanatorium as a psychiatric rehabilitation hospital. The execution and development of these plans are described in this paper.
Plasma Viscosity in Mental Deficiency and Down's Syndrome
Authors: Eastham R. D. , Jancar J. , Duncan Ethel H. L.
Published: August 2008

Increase in serum gamma globulin concentration with reciprocal reduction in serum albumin concentration is commonly found in patients suffering from Down's syndrome (mongolism) (Carver et al., 1959; Nelson, 1961; Pritham et al., 1963). It is possible that gamma globulin of relatively less effective composition than normal is produced, and that hospitalized living increases production of this faulty protein (Pritham et al., 1963). On the other hand, Polani (1962) suggested that in Down's syndrome there is either exaggerated or diminished response to drugs and hormones, and the raised gamma globulin levels could result from an excessive production of normal gamma globulin, possibly in response to infection.
Pathologic Jealousy and Psychochemotherapy
Authors: Mooney Horace B.
Published: August 2008

Jealousy is a complex emotion which most people have experienced at some time in life, at least during adolescence, and yet it is hard to describe precisely. Freud (13) said it is compounded of grief over the loss of a loved object, pain due to the narcissistic wound, feelings of enmity against the successful rival, and of a greater or lesser amount of self-criticism in holding oneself accountable for the loss. Even normal jealousy, Freud said, is by no means rational and is neither under conscious control nor necessarily proportionate to the external situation out of which it seems to arise.
Ethnopsychiatry in Central Australia
Authors: Cawte J. E. , Kidson M. A.
Published: August 2008

Psychiatrists who have written about the Australian Aborigines have been less concerned with the psychiatry of this people than with the significance of their practices and beliefs for psychological and psychoanalytic theory. (Freud, 1913; Roheim, 1945; Fry, 1953). This outlook is reflected in the subsidiary title of Freud'sTotem and Taboo: “Resemblances Between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics”. It was hoped that the analogies between “primitive” practices such as sub-incision or totemism and the repressed complexes of modern civilized peoples might shed light into the recesses of the modern mind.
Murder in the West of Scotland
Authors: Gillies Hunter
Published: August 2008

It has been increasingly the practice in Scotland for Procurators-Fiscal to obtain psychiatric opinions on the mental state of all persons accused of murder. Between 1953 and 1964 I made 66 such examinations, mainly in the Glasgow area; because of other commitments none were carried out between July 1955 and March 1958. The official Criminal Statistics for England and Wales (1) show that during the eleven years from 1953 to 1963 the number of persons found guilty of murder was 395 and of manslaughter 969; comparable figures for Scotland (3) were 43 and 148.
A Controlled Trial of Mebanazine (‘Actomol’) in Depression
Authors: Barker J. C. , Jan I. A. , Enoch M. David
Published: August 2008

Mebanazine (‘Actomol’) introduced in 1960 for the treatment of depression is a monoamine-oxidase inhibitor hydrazine derivative having the following structural formula:
Depression—An Analysis of a Follow-up Study
Authors: Kessell A. , Holt N. F.
Published: August 2008

The year 1957 heralded a significant advance in the treatment of depressive states. It was then that Loomeret al.(1957), and Crane (1957), published their findings on the use of iproniazid, and Kuhn (1957), published his findings on the use of imipramine. Iproniazid was the first of a series of monoamine oxidase inhibitors which were rapidly developed and used in the treatment of depressive states. In the last few years, their use, especially in “endogenous” depression, has been eclipsed by the iminodibenzyl derivatives; first imipramine, then amitriptyline and later the demethylated derivatives, desipramine and nortriptyline. However, the later monoamine oxidase inhibitors are still widely used, especially in “reactive” depression and some neurotic states.
Androgyny in Schizophrenics and their Relatives
Authors: Kelsey F. D.
Published: August 2008

Androgyny is an expression of relative masculinity and femininity in body-build. Tanner (1962) states “Androgyny can be perhaps best measured by means of scales constructed so as to give the best discrimination between men and women, and the simplest of such scales measures a masculinity score as 3 Biacromial—1 Bi-iliac diameter. This score gives men a mean of around ninety-three units with a standard deviation of about five, and women a mean of about seventy-eight with a similar standard deviation”.
An Experimental Study of Atypical Phantom Pain
Authors: Pilowsky I. , Kaufman A.
Published: August 2008

A number of writers have drawn attention to the importance of emotional factors in phantom limb pain (Kolb, 1950, 1952; Simmel, 1956; Russell, 1959; Von Hagen, 1963). Kolb (1950, 1952) reported an association between the discussion of certain emotionally loaded topics and accesses of pain in the phantom. Stengel (1965), in his Maudsley Lecture, discussed the role played in these experiences by the psychological mechanism of identification with others. He briefly referred to the patient whom we have studied.
Industrial Units in Psychiatric Hospitals
Authors: Kidd H. B.
Published: August 2008

The recent development of industrial therapy (Early 1960 and 1963; Wadsworth 1958, 1961, 1962 and Smith 1963) in British mental hospitals reflects our current therapeutic optimism and takes advantage of a period of full employment in industry. Industrial therapy has been found to be an important weapon in the prevention or cure of institutional neurosis (Barton 1959). It is, of course, well known that during the past two decades institutional neurosis has been markedly reduced by a more permissive and non-authoritarian approach to patients, including amongst other things greater freedom, more enlightened nursing and the use of group techniques and occupational therapy in various forms. However, if patients are to be rehabilitated and the best use made of their personality resources, their lives within the hospital should be as close as possible to normal life in the community, and it follows that like normal citizens they should be employed at productive, useful and satisfying work for which they should receive proper economic rewards. This work may be in a factory setting, but need not exclude in some circumstances work in certain hospital departments. However, in order to prevent confusion the term industrial therapy should only be used when “patients are employed in factory-type work under medical and nursing supervision which aims at their rehabilitation and/or resettlement, the nature of the work being related to the needs of the individual patient, giving him both psychological and economic satisfaction”. It appears that in the United States the traditional employment of patients in hospital departments without pay (except token payments in kind) is now being called industrial therapy; it is likely, however that American interest in the totally different British concept of industrial therapy will lead there to a change in approach. It should, therefore, be stressed that an integral part of industrial therapy is financial reward for work done according to ability, motivation and production. Thus “economic satisfaction” is an essential part of any definition.
Survey of In-Patient Referrals to an American Psychiatric Department
Authors: Eilenberg M. D.
Published: August 2008

The present paper is a three months survey of psychiatric referrals from the hospitals constituting the in-patient services of the Mayo Clinic, and discusses some clinical and administrative implications. The data were obtained from November 1st, 1961, to January 31st, 1962 inclusive. All referrals were seen by one of three consultants, two of whom (including the author) were responsible for the in-patient unit of 50 beds.
Auditory Hallucinations in a Case of Hysteria
Authors: Levinson Harold
Published: August 2008

The following case study offers an exceptional opportunity to illustrate the wish-fulfilling nature of auditory hallucinations in a hysteric (Breuer and Freud, 2; Freud, 11), the conditions under which these hallucinations are experienced, and their response to treatment.
Perseveration—The Clinical Symptoms—In Chronic Schizophrenia and Organic Dementia
Authors: Freeman Thomas , Gathercole C. E.
Published: August 2008

In the controversy over the nature of schizophrenic “dementia” the weight of opinion has fallen on the side that emphasizes the differences which exist between this state and organic cerebral degenerations. While acknowledging these differences, it is important also to draw attention to the similarities between the impairment of chronic schizophrenia and the defect of organic dementia as it occurs in the elderly. We have chosen to compare the extent of perseveration in the two groups because this is a neglected field and because objective tests of such behaviour are readily devised.
Psychoses in Norwegians with a Background of Higher Education
Authors: Noreik Kjell , Ödegård Örnulv
Published: August 2008

In 1963 Ödegård published a catamnestic study of the 5,010 boys and girls who graduated (i.e. left after obtaining the “graduation certificate” by examination) from the high-schools (Gymnasiums) of Norway 1916–20. When this population group was followed until 1950, 117 were found to have been admitted to psychiatric hospitals for a psychosis. This material proved too small for a detailed statistical analysis, and the conclusions, although interesting and suggestive, remained inconclusive.
A Comparative Study of Psychiatric Morbidity among Students at Two Different Universities
Authors: Kidd Cecil B. , Caldbeck-Meenan J.
Published: August 2008

Psychiatric disorders occur among all groups of the general population, but it would be difficult to suggest a group of young people in whom the consequences are more serious than that of university students. So much is at stake during the short time spent at university that students cannot afford to be ill for any reason, least of all from psychiatric disorders where the ability to study, the first requirement of all students, is especially impaired. Much of the concern with which university authorities view the mental health of their students is due not only to the widely-assumed relationship between psychological illness and poor academic performance, but also to an increasing awareness of the central role played by emotional factors in the adjustment of the young adult to the new, competitive and often demanding world of higher education. Certainly the suicide rate is one criterion of mental illness which suggests that students are exposed to special risk: it is many times greater for undergraduates than for the equivalent age groups of the general population (Carpenter, 1959; Parnell, 1951; Parnell and Skottowe, 1957). While the suicide rates are high, particularly among students at the older English universities, the actual numbers are very small, and suicide is fortunately only a rare expression of psychological illness among students. Carpenter's (1959) analysis, showing that suicide rates differ in different universities (annual rates of 0.2 per 1,000 living students at Oxford and Cambridge, 0.06 per 1,000 at other British universities), has prompted speculation by university physicians as to whether the case load of psychiatric morbidity among students varies from university to university, and whether this is influenced, adversely or beneficially, by differing cultural and environmental factors in the universities and differing social and demographic characteristics of the student populations.
Neurotic Symptoms in Women: Attendances in a General Practice
Authors: Kellner Robert
Published: August 2008

In investigations in general practice it has been invariably found that the prevalence of neurosis in women is higher than in men. Logan (1960) found that housewives without family responsibilities had the lowest patient-consulting rate for psychoneurosis, and married part-time workers with family responsibilities had the highest rate. Tonge, Cammock, Winchester and Winchester (1961) found no significant difference in prevalence rates of neurosis between housewives and employed women.
A Comparative Study of Pseudohallucinations, Imagery and True Hallucinations
Authors: Sedman G.
Published: August 2008

Since the time of Esquirol (1838) a discrimination has been made between illusions and hallucinations. The latter are generally taken to be perceptions that spring into being in a primary way and not transpositions or distortions of any genuine perception (Jaspers, 1962). There are, however, various phenomena comparable to hallucinations proper (as defined above), such as various forms of imagery and pseudohallucinations, which may be part of normal experience. This paper is concerned with a comparison of various types of hallucinatory phenomena differentiated on phenomenological grounds.
A Controlled Trial of Prothipendyl (Tolnate) in Mentally Subnormal Patients
Authors: McKenzie Margaret E. , Roswell-Harris Daphne
Published: August 2008

The improvement shown by a group of severely subnormal patients after treatment with prothipendyl (Tolnate) was the reason for conducting a double-blind trial to assess the effects of the drug, while attempts were made to control the environment. The preliminary group studied consisted of 35 patients of both sexes, of all ages, who all exhibited pronounced behaviour disorders and presented acute problems in nursing and management. None had responded adequately to the more widely used tranquillizers and sedatives, but all except two patients with superadded depression, responded to prothipendyl in some measure without side effects.
Cerebral Biopsy in the Investigation of Presenile Dementia
Authors: Smith W. Thomas , Turner Eric , Sim Myre
Published: August 2008

This investigation is concerned with the histological changes found in cerebral biopsy specimens taken from 59 patients with presenile dementia. We have defined the presenile dementias as organic dementing diseases occurring before the age of 65; although 5 of the patients were a few years older than this at the time of biopsy, in all cases there was unequivocal evidence that the dementia was established before the 65th year. The clinical findings in 56 of these patients are described in the preceding paper (Sim, Turner and Smith, 1966).
Lumbar Air Encephalography in Chronic Schizophrenia: A Controlled Experiment
Authors: Storey P. B.
Published: August 2008

The lumbar air encephalogram (L.A.E.G.) was introduced by Dandy in 1919, and in 1929 the first report of its use in schizophrenia was published by Jacobi and Winkler. Since then numerous papers have appeared, most of which have claimed to demonstrate cerebral atrophy in chronic schizophrenic patients. All these studies have suffered from the fact that no adequate series of normal controls has yet been collected. Most of the authors concerned made no attempt to use controls, nor did they consider the possibility of observer error or of the bias which may exist when the reporting radiologist knows the diagnosis and is looking for abnormalities.
The Reproducibility of the Mecholyl Test
Authors: Ingram Charles G. , Brovins Walter G.
Published: August 2008

The blood pressure response to the injection of the parasympathomimetic drug methacholine (Mecholyl) has been used extensively in psychiatry to delineate various aspects of mental disease. Although originally used in diagnostic classification (Altman et al., 1943), its use, following the investigations of Funkenstein and his co-workers (1948, 1952), has more often been as an aid in prognosis or as a guide to the most useful type of somatic therapy. Investigations into this aspect of the test have resulted in many contradictory reports, and even after so many years there is still no agreement on the test's validity or usefulness.
Clinical and Psychometric Characteristics of the Wives of Alcoholics
Authors: Rae John B. , Forbes Alan R.
Published: August 2008

Observations on the wife of the alcoholic have been made from various standpoints. Bailey (1961), reviewing the literature, points out that interest has moved from the simple need to include her in her husband's treatment regime to seeing her as an individual who is herself handicapped, and emphasis has been placed on her dependency needs.
The Schizophrenic Rehabilitee
Authors: Gittleson Neville L.
Published: August 2008

It has been shown (Wing and Giddens 1959, Wing 1960) that schizophrenics may benefit from a course at a Ministry of Labour Industrial Rehabilitation Unit. Psychiatric cases make “special demands on the staff time” (Ministry of Labour Gazette 1962) and if they comprise too high a proportion, may alter the atmosphere of the Unit from “industrial” to “hospital”. There follows a need for limitation by selection of such cases. Selection procedures however have not been fully worked out (Wing 1960).
Changes in Ward Behaviour of Severely Disabled Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Ekdawi M. Y.
Published: August 2008

The effects of institutional environment have been recognized as constituting a major influence on the picture presented by chronic schizophrenic patients. These effects, and measures to mitigate them, have been described by May (1956), Freeman et al. (1958), Barton (1959) and others, and a review of the literature was made by Wing (1962). Many of these studies have suffered from the disadvantages that the degree of the patients' disability was not directly measured, and that the majority were not followed up over a reasonable period of time. This paper examines the results of environmental modification on a ward of severely disabled chronic schizophrenic patients over a period of four years. It also attempts to assess the effects of phenothiazine treatment on the behaviour of these patients.
A Marital Patterns Test for use in Psychiatric Research
Authors: Ryle Anthony
Published: August 2008

The importance of personality in determining the likelihood and form of psychiatric and psychosomatic disease is recognized, but relatively little attention has been paid to the intimate personal relationships of adults which both express and to some extent modify their personalities. The neglect of this field in psychiatry has been underlined recently by Post and Wardle (1962) and by Kreitman (1964).
Severe Agoraphobia: A Controlled Prospective Trial of Behaviour Therapy
Authors: Gelder M. G. , Marks I. M.
Published: August 2008

Severe agoraphobia is difficult to treat. Encouraging immediate results have been reported with diverse treatments, including intensive psychotherapy (Friedman, 1959), acetyl choline injections (Sim, 1964), antidepressant drugs (King, 1962) and more recently with behaviour therapy (Wolpe, 1958). It is this latter claim which this paper examines. Early reports (e.g. Meyer, 1957; Wolpe, 1958) suggested that behaviour therapy might prove to be a rapid and effective treatment, but a small series studied by Meyer and Gelder (1963) demonstrated that results were not always as effective as single case reports suggested, and showed clearly that the treatment was often lengthy, taking 80 hours on the average. A retrospective investigation of a larger series (Marks and Gelder, 1965; Cooper, Gelder and Marks, 1965) again failed to support the early claims, although it was shown that behaviour therapy is an effective treatment for circumscribed phobias such as fears of animals and insects.
The Psychogenesis of Schizophrenia
Authors: Kind Hans
Published: August 2008

The Editor of theBritish Journal of Psychiatryhas been kind enough to ask me to write a summary and a critical survey of the objective data bearing on the causation of schizophrenia by environmental factors, especially those of a psychogenic nature. I was also asked to combine with this a general assessment of our knowledge in this field. At first sight the task as defined seems a simple and easy one, namely to collect together all those facts which point to the probability of schizophrenia being caused by the psychogenic influences of the patient's environment. But almost at once, a number of serious doubts arise. What are we to understand by the concept of “Schizophrenia“—should we take it in its widest sense as including all the “schizophrenic reaction types”, as do many American authors, or in the far narrower sense favoured by Scandinavian psychiatrists, who recognize only a central or “nuclear group” as true schizophrenia, and describe all related conditions as “schizophreniform psychoses“? Further, what do we mean here by “causation”, and what do we call “objective data”? We shall see later that if we were to collect as data only such as a “non participant observer” (H. Stierlin) thinks he can perceive in the schizophrenic's environment, we should miss the significance of those very factors which are most relevant to the development of the psychosis. It is indeed a complex question—and one which has been the subject of much philosophical reflection— whether it is at all legitimate to assume the existence of “causes” for psychological processes, and whether a search for “causes” is a meaningful undertaking. This, however, lies outside the scope of the present survey; all we need to do is to bear in mind that the use of a one-sided conception of causality might from the very start greatly restrict our field of enquiry, so that essential processes by which schizophrenia arises might not even come to our notice.
Theories of Learning and the Psychotherapeutic Process
Authors: Marmor Judd
Published: August 2008

In a number of previous communications (10, 11, 12) I have advanced the thesis that in successful psychotherapy what goes on is a unique kind of learning process in which the therapist employs his particular theoretical frame of reference as a rational basis for explaining the patient's past and present difficulties, and by non-verbal as well as verbal cues uses the instrument of a warm empathic human relationship as a means of helping the patient to persist in the difficult task of combating his anxieties, overcoming his resistance to change, and learning more mature patterns of adaptation. This underlying modus operandi is essentially the same in different “schools” of dynamic psychiatry, despite their ideological variations. In the present communication I propose to outline some of the significant areas in which the findings from learning theory experiments are applicable to what goes on in psychotherapy.
Acting-Out as a Mode of Communication in the Psychotherapeutic Community
Authors: Crocket Richard
Published: August 2008

The significance of observations made in clinical work can really only be found by reference to a hypothetical position. It is necessary therefore first to indicate very briefly the theoretical constructs relating to therapeutic community work.
The Experiences of an Addiction Unit
Authors: Merry Julius
Published: August 2008

In view of recommendations for the establishment of Units for the treatment of addiction to Heroin and Cocaine (H & C) (1) and (2), it may be of interest to relate our experiences of treating addicts to H & C and to alcohol in an Addiction Unit.
Some Experiments in the Chemistry of Normal Sleep
Authors: Oswald Ian , Ashcroft G. W. , Berger R. J. , Eccleston D. , Evans J. I. , Thacore V. R.
Published: August 2008

Sleep is essential for physical and mental health. In the last 15 years there has grown up the concept of the brain stem reticular activating system. Electroencephalographic studies have shown two qualitatively different and alternating kinds of sleep, the orthodox (“slow wave”, or “forebrain“) and the paradoxical (”hind-brain“, “rapid eye movement”, “activated“, or “dreaming”) phases (Akertet al., 1965). It may be predicted that in the next decade attention will turn increasingly to the chemical basis of sleep. If a man is deprived of sleep for 100 hours, it is extremely difficult to keep him awake and one may suppose that an abnormal biochemical state exists within his central nervous system.
Questionnaire Measures and Psychiatrists' Ratings of a Personality Dimension
Authors: Barrett William , Caldbeck-Meenan John , White John Graham
Published: August 2008

Foulds (1961) has drawn what appears to be a useful distinction between personality traits and neurotic and psychotic symptoms and signs. This distinction is helpful both in diagnosis and in the assessment of treatment. Within the framework of this personality-trait and symptom-sign differentiation, Caine and Hawkins (1963) introduced a measure of what they describe as the hysteroid-obsessoid dimension of personality; and reasons in defence of this admittedly rather ugly terminology have been stated recently by Caine and Hope (1964). The self assessment hysteroid-obsessoid questionnaire (HOQ) was developed as a refinement of the hysteroid-obsessoid rating scale previously devised by Foulds and Caine (1958), which they had not found to be adequate in differentiating between groups of obsessoid and groups of hysteroid persons. The questions in the HOQ are framed in simple language and require only a true-false response. Caine and Hawkins have reported the results they obtained from administering this questionnaire to neurotic in-patients, some of whom also completed the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI), albeit at different stages of treatment. Although the MPI has been used extensively with samples drawn from non-psychiatric populations, both in the United States and the United Kingdom, Caine's questionnaire, a relatively new instrument, has not been as widely tested.
Parental Deprivation in Depressive Patients
Authors: Munro Alistair
Published: August 2008

Since in most cultures it is normal practice for children to be reared by their parents, there is a general consensus of opinion that it is undesirable to be deprived of one's parents in childhood. This can scarcely be disputed, but to assert, as many authorities do, that a variety of severe psychological abnormalities may arise in the child as a result of such deprivation is to make an assumption of some magnitude. It requires an even greater assumption to postulate a causal connection between a long-past occurrence like childhood bereavement and a psychiatric illness which develops in adult life. It will be contended here that, with some exceptions, the evidence for such a connection is meagre. In particular, it will be shown that there is no apparent justification for regarding parental deprivation as an aetiological factor in depressive illness.
Parental Loss and Attempted Suicide: A Further Report
Authors: Greer S.
Published: August 2008

A study of the relationship between attempted suicide and parental loss in childhood has been described in a previous publication (13).
“Inner Voices”
Authors: Sedman G.
Published: August 2008

The experience of hearing a “voice” or “loud thoughts” within the head or some other part of the body is not infrequently reported by psychiatric patients. Schneider (1959) has stipulated that “certain modes of hearing voices are of special diagnostic importance for assuming a schizophrenia: hearing one's own thoughts (or thoughts being audible), voices conversing with one another, and voices that keep up a running commentary on the patient's behaviour”. This paper is primarily concerned with the phenomena of “loud” or “audible” thoughts, “inner voices” and similar experiences. It attempts to show that various phenomena superficially resemble the schizophrenic experience of “thoughts becoming audible”, but that distinction is possible on phenomenological grounds.
The Effect of Childbirth on the Prognosis of Married Schizophrenic Women
Authors: Yarden Paul E. , Max David M. , Eisenbach Zwi
Published: August 2008

The number of married schizophrenic women living at home may be expected to increase owing to the effectiveness of modern pharmacotherapeutic methods and the trend towards social rehabilitation. Hospital admissions will be limited to short periods, thus providing greater opportunity for the schizophrenic patient to become pregnant. As each additional attack of the illness may result in further deterioration, which will increase the mother's inability to care for her children, the relationship between the schizophrenic disease process and the stresses of pregnancy and childbirth needs investigation and evaluation. The practical clinical significance of this question is mainly relevant to married women suffering from schizophrenia of an acute onset or schizophrenia which follows a more benign course, which would allow them to function at home at various intervals.
I.Q. Scores and the Problem of Classification
Authors: McKerracher D. W. , Scott J.
Published: August 2008

Since the definition of subnormality in the Mental Health Act (1959) specifically adds to its other descriptive statements, “… including subnormality of intelligence,” as part of the criteria for delineating this type of patient, it is clearly of great importance to come to some decision about the exact meaning of this phrase. One can either insist on a purely intellectual interpretation where the major emphasis is placed on the individual's estimated problem-solving ability relative to the community at large (Castell and Mittler, 1965); or one can broaden the concept to include much more than sheer intellectual ability (Shapiro, 1965) and argue that it also involves a person's social behaviour and his empirically demonstrated failure to adapt to the social and economic environment. If the purely psychometric view is taken, then reliance is placed wholly upon the use of standardized tests which are capable of arranging the population in order of intelligence, and which supply statistically defined cut-off points, according to the percentage of the whole population likely to fall beneath such limits. Conversely, if the clinical viewpoint is adopted, then intelligence levels assume a relatively minor role, and more emphasis is placed on social maturity, and behavioural control. In the absence of properly standardized, and widely accepted maturity scales, the clinical diagnosis is based mainly on subjective impression, supported by case history factors, and the knowledgeable experience of the examining medical expert.
The Use of the Maudsley Personality Inventory on University Students
Authors: Ojha A. B. , Kelvin R. P. , Lucas C. J.
Published: August 2008

In recent years, the Maudsley Personality Inventory (M.P.I.) has been widely used in experimental, psychiatric, social and applied research (Eysenck, 1959a, 1959b). Its use in a university setting has been described by Furneaux (1962) and Lynn and Gordon (1961).
Factors Predisposing to a Placebo Response in New Out-patients with Anxiety States
Authors: Black A. A.
Published: August 2008

Whenever one person seeks to influence the behaviour of another, the outcome may be affected by a multiplicity of factors. When the deliberate manipulation of one of these is followed by a given response, we regard the manoeuvre as specific and causal for that event. While this conclusion is acceptable logically, in practice it frequently proves to be misleading because certain implicit assumptions are overlooked.