bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Na/K-ATPase Signaling Regulates Natriuresis in Renal Proximal Tubule
Authors: Liu Jiang , Yan Yanling , I. Shapiro Joseph
Published: October 2020

For decades, the Na/K-ATPase has been proposed and recognized as one of the targets for the regulation of renal salt handling. While direct inhibition of the Na/K-ATPase ion transport activity and sodium reabsorption was the focus, the underlying mechanism is not well understood since decreases in basolateral Na/K-ATPase activity alone do not appear sufficient to decrease net sodium reabsorption across the renal tubular epithelium. The newly appreciated signaling function of Na/K-ATPase, which can be regulated by Na/K-ATPase ligands (cardiotonic steroids (CTS)) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been widely confirmed and provides a mechanistic framework for natriuresis regulation in renal proximal tubule (RPT). The focus of this review aims to understand, in renal proximal tubule, how the activation of Na/K-ATPase signaling function, either by CTS or ROS, stimulates a coordinated reduction of cell surface Na/K-ATPase and sodium/hydrogen exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) that leads to ultimately decreases in net transcellular sodium transport/reabsorption.
Helicopter Parenting and Adolescent Development: From the Perspective of Mental Health
Authors: Srivastav Deepika , Lal Mathur M.N.
Published: October 2020

Helicopter parenting is a unique form of parenting style that is generally described as highly intensive and highly involved with the children. A particular parenting style influences all phases of development and life style of adolescent. Helicopter parents overly protect their children from the difficulties by setting some set of instructions without consideration of the uniqueness of their children. Recent literature has got huge attention on this parenting style and debating the pros and cons on the development of child. Higher life satisfaction and better psychological wellbeing have been found in the children of highly intrusive parents. When there are positive effects of helicopter parenting, there are negative outcome and impacts that have also been studied. The difficulties in emotional regulation, academic productivity, and social skills among children raised by helicopter parenting have been reported in the literature. Low self-efficacy, lack of trust on peers, and alienation from peers have also been associated with helicopter parenting. The chapter highlights the associated aspects of childhood and adolescence, raised by helicopter parenting. As parents have their own concern about raising their children in certain manner, it is important to understand the underlying mechanism of parenting style. Therefore, this chapter also describes the theoretical framework. The associated mental health issues and supportive psychological intervention to be also discussed.
Dengue Immunopathogenesis: A Crosstalk between Host and Viral Factors Leading to Disease: PART II - DENV Infection, Adaptive Immune Responses, and NS1 Pathogenesis
Authors: Puerta-Guardo Henry , B. Biering Scott , Harris Eva , Pavia-Ruz Norma , Vázquez-Prokopec Gonzalo , Ayora-Talavera Guadalupe , Manrique-Saide Pablo
Published: October 2020

Severe disease is associated with serial infection with DENV of different serotypes. Thus, primary DENV infections normally cause asymptomatic infections, and secondary heterotypic infections with a new DENV serotype potentially increase the risks of developing severe disease. Despite many proposed hypotheses trying to explain it, the exact immunological mechanism leading to severe dengue disease is unknown. In turn, severe manifestations are believed to be a consequence of the combinations of many immunopathogenic mechanisms involving viral and host factors leading to increased pathogenesis and disease. Of these mechanisms, the adaptive immune response has been proposed to play a critical role in the development of severe dengue manifestations. This includes the effect of non-neutralizing but enhancing antibodies produced during primary infections, which results in enhanced-DENV infection of Fc-γ-receptor-expressing cells (e.g. monocytes and macrophages) during DENV heterotypic exposure in a phenomenon called antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE); the increased activation of memory T cells during secondary infections, which has low affinity for the current infecting serotype and high affinity for a past infection with a different serotype known as the original antigenic sin; the unbalanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have a direct effect on vascular endothelial cells resulting in plasma leak in a phenomenon known as cytokine storm; and the excessive activation of the complement system that causes exacerbated inflammatory responses, increasing disease severity. In addition to the adaptive immune responses, a secreted viral factor known as the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) has been recently proposed as the missing corner piece of the DENV pathogenesis influencing disease. This Part II of the chapter will discuss the interplay between the distinct host adaptive immune responses and viral factors that together contribute to the development of DENV pathogenesis and severe disease.
An Investigation of the Metal Additive Manufacturing Issues and Perspective for Solutions Approach
Authors: Ahmed Al-Shebeeb Omar
Published: October 2020

Metal Additive Manufacturing (MAM) is delivering a new revolution in producing three-dimensional parts from metal-based material. MAM can fabricate metallic parts with complex geometry. However, this type of Additive Manufacturing (AM) is also impacted by several issues, challenges, and defects, which influence product quality and process sustainability. In this chapter, a review has been made on the types of small to medium-sized metallic parts currently manufactured using the MAM method. Then, investigation was undertaken to analyze the defects, challenges, and issues inherent to the design for additive manufacturing, by using MAM method. MAM-related obstacles are discussed in depth in this chapter and these obstacles occur in all size of metal printed parts. The reasons and solutions presented by previous researchers of these obstacles are discussed as well. A potential approach based on the author’s knowledge and analysis for solving these issues and challenges is suggested in this chapter. Based on the author’s conclusion, the MAM is not limited by part size, material, or geometry. In order to validate the potential solutions developed by the author of this work, performing actual MAM process is required and a local visit to manufacturing factories are also important to visualize these challenges and issues.
Anorectal Melanoma
Authors: Gupta Rahul , Bansal Nalini , Ammar Houssem , Gupta Jyoti
Published: October 2020

Malignant melanoma is an aggressive disease. The anorectal region is the most common site of primary gastrointestinal malignant melanoma. Due to its low incidence, the diagnosis is often delayed. The most characteristic clinical feature of this tumor is its brown-black appearance due to the melanin pigment. However, the pigmentation may be absent in up to 20% cases. Timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial for achieving good long-term outcomes. Surgical excision remains the treatment of choice for localized disease. However, the extent of surgery has been a matter of debate. Anorectal melanoma is a highly malignant disease, and more than 50% cases have metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Targeted therapies especially immune check point inhibitors have brought about a paradigm shift in the management of cutaneous melanoma. They are being increasingly used for mucosal melanomas, and their role in anorectal melanoma is being investigated in various clinical trials.
Characteristic Aspects of Metal Wear: Wear-Induced Wear Transition and Characteristics of Wear Track Profiles
Authors: Hiraoka Naofumi
Published: October 2020

This chapter describes two characteristic phenomena of metal wear that are usually not often considered but are related to the basic aspects of wear. The first is a mild-to-severe wear transition caused by the wear itself. Convex sliding pairs are usually accompanied by rolling sliding motion, but rolling sliding motion sometimes produces a peculiar wear profile, leading to high contact pressure. When the contact pressure exceeds a certain value that depends on the material, the wear mode changes to severe wear. This is a common wear transition for convex sliding pairs, but it can also occur for other pairs. The second is the similar appearance of wear tracks on various friction pairs. Rubbing metal under relatively severe conditions creates streaked wear tracks. We found the width and depth of these streaks, that is, wear track profiles are similar regardless of the sliding conditions and the material, which leads to similar appearance of the wear tracks. This suggests the existence of a general mechanism for producing wear tracks.
Epileptic EEG Classification by Using Advanced Signal Decomposition Methods
Authors: Karabiber Cura Ozlem , Akan Aydin
Published: October 2020

Electroencephalography (EEG) signals are frequently used for the detection of epileptic seizures. In this chapter, advanced signal analysis methods such as Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), Ensembe (EMD), Dynamic mode decomposition (DMD), and Synchrosqueezing Transform (SST) are utilized to classify epileptic EEG signals. EMD and its derivative, EEMD are recently developed methods used to decompose nonstationary and nonlinear signals such as EEG into a finite number of oscillations called intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). In this study multichannel EEG signals collected from epilepsy patients are decomposed into IMFs, and then essential IMFs are selected. Finally, time- and spectral-domain, and nonlinear features are extracted from selected IMFs and classified. DMD is a new matrix decomposition method proposed as an iterative solution to problems in fluid flow analysis. We present single-channel, and multi-channel EEG based DMD approaches for the analysis of epileptic EEG signals. As a third method, we use the SST representations of seizure and pre-seizure EEG data. Various features are calculated and classified by Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), Naive Bayes (NB), Logistic Regression (LR), Boosted Trees (BT), and Subspace kNN (S-kNN) to detect pre-seizure and seizure signals. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approaches achieve outstanding validation accuracy rates.
Disaster Relief Supply Management
Authors: Ye Yusen , Yan Hong
Published: October 2020

Disaster relief supplies (DRS) play a vital role in natural disaster rescue and relief operations. Often DRS management is initiated and supported by the government, yet the related cost issues have not been fully emphasized. In the face of highly uncertain disaster locations and timing, these supplies are usually prepositioned without proper consumption, which causes enormous waste in practice both economically and environmentally. This chapter highlights the potential to bring the reverse logistics strategies in conventional business practice into DRS management. Incorporating the reverse flow of removed relief items with DRS supply chain management not only benefits in cost reduction and environmental protection, but also enhance the daily management and quality control of DRS. Relying on social trust and efficient marketing network provided by government coordination and international cooperation, the stable quality level and relatively integrated inventories of the removed DRS can achieve economies of scale in the reverse supply chain operations. This chapter aims to develop an understanding of DRS reverse logistics, which energizes the responsible management of DRS for economic, social, and environmental sustainability.
Testosterone
Authors: Omona Kizito
Published: October 2020

Testosterone is a hormone produced majorly by the testicles in adult human _ men. The hormone affects a man’s appearance and sexual development, stimulates sperm production and regulates a man’s sex drive. It also helps build muscles and bone mass. Testosterone production decreases with age. Its production is at its highest in a man’s early adulthood and drops slowly each year afterwards. The normal range of testosterone in the body is typically 300 to 1000 ng/dL for men and 15 to 70 ng/dL for women. A range of symptoms can occur if its production drastically drops below normal. Men with low T can experience a range of symptoms if its decrease becomes significant. Low testosterone, or low T, is diagnosed when levels fall below 300 ng/dL. A blood test, called ‘a serum testosterone test’, is used to determine the level of circulating testosterone. When the body does not produce the right amount of testosterone, the condition is called hypogonadism. This is sometimes called “low T”. Men diagnosed with hypogonadism can benefit from testosterone therapy. However, therapy is not usually recommended, unless testosterone level falls quite below the normal range for age. This is because there are some natural remedies which can help.
Epigenetics and DNA Repair in Cancer
Authors: José López-Ibarra María , Elena Hernández-Caballero Marta
Published: October 2020

Cells can use chemical modifications in chromatin to regulate accessibility to DNA to the repair complexes and to prevent transcription in case of damage. We analyzed the relationship between repair systems and epigenetic mechanisms in DNA and RNA. We searched the PubMed database for genes involved in DNA damage response (DDR) and methylation in mRNA and DNA repair, in cancer. Epigenetic modifications, particularly histone modifications and nucleosome remodeling, trigger a signaling cascade of kinases in DNA damage response (DDR) toward efficient repair. SWI/SNF remodelers promote the recruitment of repair factors in DNA, such as DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that activate kinases in DDR. RNA methylation via m6A has recently attracted attention as a possible alternative pathway for repairing DNA damage. m6A is a dynamic methylation mark on mRNA that accumulates after UV irradiation and regulates transcription to facilitate DNA repair. Currently, studies seek to understand how signaling pathways activate proteins in the early response to damage. The repair maintains DNA integrity, which is a challenge in cancer because this process also represents a potential barrier to anticancer agents. The impact that epigenetic regulation can have on DNA repair is beginning to be understood.
Molecular Investigation of Etiologic Agents Causing Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
Authors: Farahyar Shirin , Ghahri Mobaser Zahra , Razmjou Elham , Roudbary Maryam , Rahimi Maryam , Fattahi Azam
Published: October 2020

Background: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an ordinary infection caused by Candida species. Meanwhile, a shift towards non-albicans Candida (NAC) species has been detected in VVC patients. Objectives: This study aimed at molecular identification of Candida isolates, causing VVC. Methods: Vaginal secretion samples of 320 non-pregnant vaginitis patients at Shahid Akbar-Abadi Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in Tehran (Iran) were collected. Samples were evaluated using mycological and molecular approaches. Vaginitis isolates were analyzed with the PCR using NL1 and NL4 primers, and the D1/D2 region of the large-subunit rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced. Results: In total, 100 Candida isolates were identified from VVC and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). Candida albicans was the most frequent (51%), followed by C. glabrata (36%), C. krusei (Pichia kudriavzevii) (8%), and C. kefyr (Kluyveromyces marxianus) (5%). 51 and 49% of isolates had C. albicans and NAC, respectively. Conclusions: Candida albicans and C. glabrata were the most common agents of vulvovaginal candidiasis. NAC spp. (49%) was found as an important agent associated with VVC.
COVID-19 with Pneumomediastinum and Emphysema, A Case Report
Authors: Samimagham Hamid Reza , Kazemi Jahromi Mitra , Kazemi Jahromi Leila
Published: October 2020

: COVID-19 may have various radiological manifestations on the patient’s chest computed tomography (CT) scan. Few cases with COVID-19 and pneumomediastinum have been reported to date. Here we present a patient with COVID-19, pneumomediastinum and emphysema.
Integrating multiple microarray dataset analysis and machine learning methods to reveal the key genes and regulatory mechanisms underlying human intervertebral disc degeneration
Authors: Chang Hongze , Yang Xiaolong , You Kemin , Jiang Mingwei , Cai Feng , Zhang Yan , Liu Liang , Liu Hui , Liu Xiaodong
Published: October 2020

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), a major cause of lower back pain, has multiple contributing factors including genetics, environment, age, and loading history. Bioinformatics analysis has been extensively used to identify diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for IDD diagnosis and treatment. However, multiple microarray dataset analysis and machine learning methods have not been integrated. In this study, we downloaded the mRNA, microRNA (miRNA), long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA) expression profiles (GSE34095, GSE15227, GSE63492
GSE116726, GSE56081 and GSE67566) associated with IDD from the GEO database. Using differential expression analysis and recursive feature elimination, we extracted four optimal feature genes. We then used the support vector machine (SVM) to make a classification model with the four optimal feature genes. The ROC curve was used to evaluate the model’s performance, and the expression profiles (GSE63492, GSE116726, GSE56081, and GSE67566) were used to construct a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network and explore the underlying mechanisms of the feature genes. We found that three miRNAs (hsa-miR-4728-5p, hsa-miR-5196-5p, and hsa-miR-185-5p) and three circRNAs (hsa_circRNA_100723, hsa_circRNA_104471, and hsa_circRNA_100750) were important regulators with more interactions than the other RNAs across the whole network. The expression level analysis of the three datasets revealed that BCAS4 and SCRG1 were key genes involved in IDD development. Ultimately, our study proposes a novel approach to determining reliable and effective targets in IDD diagnosis and treatment.
Differentially expressed transcripts and associated protein pathways in basilar artery smooth muscle cells of the high-salt intake–induced hypertensive rat
Authors: Huang Junhao , Zhang Lesha , Fang Yang , Jiang Wan , Du Juan , Zhu Jinhang , Hu Min , Shen Bing
Published: October 2020

The pathology of cerebrovascular disorders, such as hypertension, is associated with genetic changes and dysfunction of basilar artery smooth muscle cells (BASMCs). Long-term high-salt diets have been associated with the development of hypertension. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying salt-sensitive hypertension-induced BASMC modifications have not been well defined, especially at the level of variations in gene transcription. Here, we utilized high-throughput sequencing and subsequent signaling pathway analyses to find a two–fold change or greater upregulated expression of 203 transcripts and downregulated expression of 165 transcripts in BASMCs derived from rats fed a high-salt diet compared with those from control rats. These differentially expressed transcripts were enriched in pathways involved in cellular, morphological, and structural plasticity, autophagy, and endocrine regulation. These transcripts changes in the BASMCs derived from high-salt intake–induced hypertensive rats may provide critical information about multiple cellular processes and biological functions that occur during the development of cerebrovascular disorders and provide potential new targets to help control or block the development of hypertension.
Data sharing policies of journals in life, health, and physical sciences indexed in Journal Citation Reports
Authors: Kim Jihyun , Kim Soon , Cho Hye-Min , Chang Jae Hwa , Kim Soo Young
Published: October 2020

Background

Many scholarly journals have established their own data-related policies, which specify their enforcement of data sharing, the types of data to be submitted, and their procedures for making data available. However, except for the journal impact factor and the subject area, the factors associated with the overall strength of the data sharing policies of scholarly journals remain unknown. This study examines how factors, including impact factor, subject area, type of journal publisher, and geographical location of the publisher are related to the strength of the data sharing policy.

Methods

From each of the 178 categories of the Web of Science’s 2017 edition of Journal Citation Reports, the top journals in each quartile (Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4) were selected in December 2018. Of the resulting 709 journals (5%), 700 in the fields of life, health, and physical sciences were selected for analysis. Four of the authors independently reviewed the results of the journal website searches, categorized the journals’ data sharing policies, and extracted the characteristics of individual journals. Univariable multinomial logistic regression analyses were initially conducted to determine whether there was a relationship between each factor and the strength of the data sharing policy. Based on the univariable analyses, a multivariable model was performed to further investigate the factors related to the presence and/or strength of the policy.

Results

Of the 700 journals, 308 (44.0%) had no data sharing policy, 125 (17.9%) had a weak policy, and 267 (38.1%) had a strong policy (expecting or mandating data sharing). The impact factor quartile was positively associated with the strength of the data sharing policies. Physical science journals were less likely to have a strong policy relative to a weak policy than Life science journals (relative risk ratio [RRR], 0.36; 95% CI [0.17–0.78]). Life science journals had a greater probability of having a weak policy relative to no policy than health science journals (RRR, 2.73; 95% CI [1.05–7.14]). Commercial publishers were more likely to have a weak policy relative to no policy than non-commercial publishers (RRR, 7.87; 95% CI, [3.98–15.57]). Journals by publishers in Europe, including the majority of those located in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, were more likely to have a strong data sharing policy than a weak policy (RRR, 2.99; 95% CI [1.85–4.81]).

Conclusions

These findings may account for the increase in commercial publishers’ engagement in data sharing and indicate that European national initiatives that encourage and mandate data sharing may influence the presence of a strong policy in the associated journals. Future research needs to explore the factors associated with varied degrees in the strength of a data sharing policy as well as more diverse characteristics of journals related to the policy strength.
Cytological Assessment of Vaginal Epithelial Cells in Undergraduate Females of Reproductive Age in Ogun State, South-West Nigeria
Authors: Olusegun Adepoju Paul , Adeola Solaja Anuoluwani , Isaac Adediji , Williams Nabofa , Feyikemi Adepoju Victoria
Published: October 2020

This study assessed the vaginal epithelial cells and its relationship with the reproductive hormones as a determinant for fertility. 100 students participated in this cross-sectional study. The established approach to the evaluation of ovarian function and endocrine disorders in the woman is based on serial biochemical analyses of hormones, such as estrogen, progesterone, luteinizing hormones and their metabolites. This study analyzed the ratio of parabasal, intermediate and superficial cells in comparison with the presenting hormones. The biochemical analyses can be effectively supplemented by the old-fashioned endometrial biopsies, or studies of endocervical mucus. In addition, the vaginal smear may sometimes provide useful information and has the advantage of being easy to obtain, rapidly evaluated, and inexpensive. Cytology is the study of cells collected by various means through microscopic examination. In the case of humans, the cytologic approach is particularly valuable if laboratories specializing in endocrine analysis are not readily available. The principle of the cytologic hormonal analysis is simple. The degree of maturation of the squamous epithelium of the female genital tract depends on steroid hormones, mainly estrogen. Various factors contribute to the fertility status of a woman. In the case of this study, age, abortion and use of contraceptives are the significant contributing factors (p <0.05, t >1.96).
Impact of Teacher’s Quality on Academic Performance of Students in Public Senior Secondary Schools in Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria
Authors: Ali Mustapha , Tela Mohammed Goni , Saleh Bashehu
Published: October 2020

This study examined the impact of teacher quality on academic performance among public senior secondary schools, Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State. Two (2) objectives and Two (2) null hypotheses were used for the study. Correlational design was used. The total population of the study was 1,236 teachers and 10,349 students out of which 371 teachers and 3,105 students were sampled through simple random sampling. SSCE results for five consecutive years (2014-2018) were obtained for the study. Questionnaire and Pro-forma were used for data collection at reliability index of 0.74. Data collected were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation coefficient at 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed a significant impact of teachers’ qualification, teaching experience on students’ academic performance. Based on the findings, it was recommended that ministry of education should organize workshops and seminars to re-train teachers in senior secondary schools in Borno State, Teaching Service Board should ensure that qualified and well trained are recruited in the schools in Borno state.
Diurnal Variations in Soil Temperature during Lockdown amid COVID-19 Pandemic in Mid Hills of Rajouri District, Jammu & Kashmir Union Territory, India
Authors: Sharma Rohit , Vikas Vishaw , Singh Mahender , Kumar Deepak , Sharma Vikas , Sharma Vishal
Published: October 2020

Aim: A preliminary analysis was done to evaluate the impact of lockdown on soil temperature at different depths and comparison with year 2018 and 2019.

Methodology and Results: In order to describe the basic features of the data in study, descriptive statistics method was opted. The deviation in soil temperature from mean value at 5 cm depth observed during lockdown was -8.58 % and -4.77 % compared to year 2018 and 2019. However the deviation observed from mean value at 10 cm depth was -10.72 % and -9.28 %. The deviation from mean value at 20 cm depth observed was -2.34 % and -1.98 %.

Conclusion: The study concluded that due to lockdown, there was significant change in soil temperature values at variable depths compared to year 2018 and 2019 in the study region.
Effect of Gas Flare on Some Clinical Enzyme Biomarkers of Eleme Residents in Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Odinga Tamuno-boma , Igwe Felix U. , Gabriel-Brisibe Christine U. , Dimkpa P. C.
Published: October 2020

Background: Gas flaring, an environmental harmful practice, is prevalent in Eleme and most communities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.

Aim: This study explored the impact of gas flaring on some clinical enzyme biomarkers of Eleme residents who are constantly exposed to the flared gas.

Study Design/Place of Study: Volunteer subjects were randomly selected from representative groups resident in Eleme, an oil and gas producing and refining area, for over 15 years, while similar volunteer subjects resident in Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, a non-gas flaring community, served as the control.

Methodology: Blood samples were collected from the subjects and analyzed for selected clinical enzyme biomarkers including Creatine kinase (CK), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) using standard enzyme activity and Randox test kit methods.

Results: Results obtained revealed that CK levels for female Eleme subjects increased by 61.20% when compare with the female control subjects. This increase was statistically significant (p<0.05). The CK levels for Eleme male subjects also increased by 37.36% compared to control. However, this increase was not statistically significant (p<0.05). LDH increased by 23.21% in the male subjects and 18.58% in the female subjects compared to control, while AST increased by 42.11% in the male subject and 11.32% in the female subjects compared to control. The results suggest that there could be impending damage to organs for which an increase in the biomarkers-Creatine kinase, Lactate Dehydrogenase and Aspartate Aminotransferase suggest an ongoing pathologic process.

Conclusion: These results therefore suggest that the continuous exposure to gas flare is causing an increase in some critical tissue and organ function enzyme biomarkers in blood. This may eventually affect the health status of the residents, increase the tendency of developing ill health and generally reduce their quality of life.
Redox Chemistry and Nutrient Release from Organic Amended Terrace Soil under Anaerobic Incubation
Authors: Sharmin Sumaya , Kader Md. Abdul , Islam Md. Rezwanul , Faruquee Muhiuddin
Published: October 2020

Aims: To examine the changes in pH and Eh values of terrace soils during anaerobic incubation when amended with different organic materials, and to study N, P and S release from different manure and bio-slurry in terrace soil under anaerobic condition.

Study Design: The experiment was carried out following Complete randomized design (CRD) with two replications.

Place and Duration of Study: A laboratory incubation study was conducted in Soil Science Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh in December 2014 for 98 days.

Methodology: The surface (0-15 cm) soil sample was collected from rice growing field of a selected area of Bhaluka, Mymensingh. The incubation study was carried out using four different sources of organic manures with two replications and five treatment combinations. The changes in soil pH, Eh and release pattern of N, P, and S from some organic materials in terrace soil under anaerobic incubation were investigated during December 2014 to April 2015. The soil was amended with all the treatments at 2g 100 g-1 (air dry basis) soil and incubated for 14 weeks at 25° C. The N, P and S release were determined by the measurement of NH4-N, phosphate P and SO4-S on destructive sampling at every two weeks.

Results: The pH values increased at initial stage but gradually decreased over time to neutral and the soil became reduced with the advancement of incubation, it varies (1-3 weeks) depending on the quality of organic matter used. The reduction potential showed a significant variation among the treatments. Overall, when the pH values were averaged over the weeks, the highest pH value was measured in poultry bio-slurry (PB) amended soil followed by poultry manure (PM), cow dung bio-slurry (CDB) and cow dung (CD) amended soils and the lowest was in control. In case of Eh, the most negative (-133.08) Eh value was measured in PM amended soil followed by poultry bio-slurry (PB), CD and CDB amended soils. Control soil had comparatively positive Eh value. At the end of incubation, the highest amount of NH4-N found in CDB followed by CD, PM, PB and the lowest was in control; the highest amount of phosphate P found in PB followed by PM, control, CDB and CD; the highest amount of SO4-S found in PB followed by PM, CD, CDB and the lowest was in control.

Conclusion: PB is the best source of organic amendment with respect to release of P and S, whereas CDB showed the best performance in release of N. Nutrient release and availability in reduced environment in terrace soil are a function of soil redox chemistry which is influenced by the quality and quantity of organic matter.
Aerosol Performance of Beta-carotene Supplementation Prepared by Spray and Spray-Freeze Drying
Authors: Lavanya M. N. , Deotale Shweta , Moses J. A. , Anandharamakrishnan C.
Published: October 2020

The goal of the present work is to find a suitable method for developing β-carotene aerosols by varying core (active material) to wall (excipient) ratios (1:10, 1:25, and 1:50). For this, spray freeze drying (SFD) and spray drying (SD) techniques were adopted to develop aerosols. The results revealed that aerosols from SFD had low density and free-flowing behavior; whereas, SD samples were cohesive. SFD aerosols were porous and SD samples had smooth structures, with sizes of 8.3 to 9.3 and 9.3 to 9.6 µm, respectively. All formulations exhibited good mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMADt) of 3.75 to 6.96 µm and % emitted dosage was found higher in SFD aerosols (around 57 to 60%). Release of β-carotene through the in-vitro study was found higher in SFD samples and controlled release was observed in 1:50 formulation. In 12 h release, around 64% and 74% contents were released from SD and SFD aerosol samples, respectively. Particle density, size, and morphology strongly affect particle deposition in the lungs’ and this approach can be conveniently scale-up for pulmonary supplementation of food bioactive compounds.
Integration of EMI Shielding Design for Substrate Package Isolation
Authors: Gomez Frederick Ray I. , Rodriguez Rennier S.
Published: October 2020

This paper presents a modified substrate design that would enable a bottom electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding protection for EMI sensitive integrated unit (IC). The modified substrate design is applied and incorporated to the existing and known shielding technique to fully proof the structure to external interference through the application of EMI shielding layer on the substrate configuration. The EMI shielding layer will be connected to the surface coating (EMI shielding) and ground channel of the substrate and the external board.
TRIP13 promotes metastasis of colorectal cancer regardless of p53 and microsatellite instability status
Authors: Agarwal Sumit , Behring Michael , Kim Hyung‐Gyoon , Chandrashekar Darshan S. , Chakravarthi Balabhadrapatruni V. S. K. , Gupta Nirzari , Bajpai Prachi , Elkholy Amr , Al Diffalha Sameer , Datta Pran K. , Heslin Martin J. , Varambally Sooryanarayana , Manne Upender
Published: October 2020

Overexpression of TRIP13, a member of the AAA‐ATPase family, is linked with various cancers, but its role in metastasis is unknown in colorectal cancer (CRC). In the current study, we investigated the role TRIP13 in experimental metastasis and its involvement in regulation of WNT/β‐catenin and EGFR signaling pathways. Evaluation of formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) and frozen tissues of adenomas and CRCs, along with their corresponding normal samples, showed that TRIP13 was gradually increased in its phenotypic expression from adenoma to carcinoma and that its overexpression in CRCs was independent of patient's gender, age, race/ethnicity, pathologic stage, and p53 and microsatellite instability (MSI) status. Moreover, liver metastases of CRCs showed TRIP13 overexpression as compared to matched adjacent liver tissues, indicating the biological relevance of TRIP13 in CRC progression and metastasis. TRIP13 knockdown impeded colony formation, invasion, motility, and spheroid‐forming capacity of CRC cells irrespective of their p53 and MSI status. Furthermore, xenograft studies demonstrated high expression of TRIP13 contributed to tumor growth and metastasis. Depletion of TRIP13 in CRC cells decreased metastasis and it was independent of the p53 and MSI status. Furthermore, TRIP13 interacted with a tyrosine kinase, FGFR4; this interaction could be essential for activation of the EGFR‐AKT pathway. In addition, we demonstrated the involvement of TRIP13 in the Wnt signaling pathway and in the epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Cell‐based assays revealed that miR‐192 and PNPT1 regulate TRIP13 expression in CRC. Additionally, RNA sequencing of CRC cells with TRIP13 knockdown identified COL6A3, TREM2, SHC3, and KLK7 as downstream targets that may have functional relevance in TRIP13‐mediated tumor growth and metastasis. In summary, our results demonstrated that TRIP13 promotes tumor growth and metastasis regardless of p53 and MSI status, and indicated that it is a target for therapy of CRC.
Selenoprotein N‐related myopathy: a retrospective natural history study to guide clinical trials
Authors: Silwal Arpana , Sarkozy Anna , Scoto Mariacristina , Ridout Deborah , Schmidt Anne , Laverty Aidan , Henriques Matilde , D'Argenzio Luigi , Main Marion , Mein Rachael , Manzur Adnan Y , Abel Francois , Al‐Ghamdi Fouad , Genetti Casie A , Ardicli Didem , Haliloglu Goknur , Topaloglu Haluk , Beggs Alan H , Muntoni Francesco
Published: October 2020

Objective

To describe clinical features and disease progression of Selenoprotein N‐related myopathy in a large multicenter cohort of patients.

Methods

Cross‐sectional multicenter data analysis of 60 patients (53 families) with Selenoprotein N‐related myopathy and single‐center retrospective longitudinal analysis of 25 patients (21 families) over a median period of 5.3 years.

Results

The majority of patients (46/60, 77%) presented before age 2 years with hypotonia, poor head/neck control, and developmental delay. At last assessment (median age 14 years; range 2.5 to 36 years), 10/60 patients had minimal or no ambulation. Ventilatory support was initiated in 50/60 patients at a mean Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) of 38% and at a median age of 13 years. Forty‐five/60 patients developed scoliosis (at median age 12.1 years) and 18 had scoliosis surgery at a median age of 13.6 years. Five children needed nasogastric feeds and/or gastrostomy. Longitudinal data analysis on 25 patients showed progressive decline of Hammersmith functional motor scores (estimated annual change −0.55 point), time to walk 10 meter, time standing from sitting, and from lying. Sixteen patients had weights < 2nd centile. The estimated change in FVC % per year was −2.04, with a 95% CI (−2.94, −1.14).

Conclusions

This comprehensive analysis of patients with Selenoprotein N‐related myopathy further describes the clinical course of this rare condition. The observed functional motor and respiratory data provide evidence of the slow decline patients experience over time which is useful when considering therapeutic intervention.
DEA final rule says in‐person medical evaluation required before bupe induction
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2020

Upholding the interim final rule implementing the Ryan Haight Act from 2009, the federal Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) has reiterated its requirement that an in‐person medical evaluation be conducted prior to induction with buprenorphine.
With SAMHSA out of picture, advocates hope to identify Recovery Month funder
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: October 2020

Having overcome poor communication around the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA's) decision to step away from coordinating annual Recovery Month activity (see “After 30 years, SAMHSA walks away from Recovery Month,” ADAW, July 13, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/adaw.32770), leaders in the recovery community are taking stock of their first effort to oversee Recovery Month, surmising it won't be their last.
$20 billion includes addiction and mental health, from HHS
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2020

Providers are scrambling to get applications in for $20 billion in new grant money from the federal Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The funding, announced Oct. 1, specifically includes organizations that provide mental health and addiction recovery treatment and services. It's an allocation under the third stimulus bill.
13 Reasons Why: Evidence is in
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2020

Substance use disorder (SUD) treatment providers well know that many of their young patients are also suidical. So they are interested in the research on the Netflix series 13 Reasons Why, which dramatizes a book of the same name in which a girl who committed suicide leaves a tape giving the 13 reasons why she did. The research shows that the program's release is correlated with an increase in what is known as “copycat” suicides and suicidal behavior.
Applying Machine Learning to the Optics of Dielectric Nanoblobs
Authors: Trisno Jonathan , Wang Hao , Wang Hong Tao , Ng Ray J. H. , Daqiqeh Rezaei Soroosh , Yang Joel K. W.
Published: October 2020

Dielectric nanostructures are the basic building blocks for photonic metasurfaces exhibiting designer optical responses. As their optical responses are nonintuitive, design procedures often consider only primitive geometries such as circles, ellipses, and rectangles. Despite these simplified geometries, achieving a target response still requires the forward design problem of solving Maxwell's equations to build a database of geometric parameters and their spectral responses. Herein, this work aims to leverage on the strength of deep neural networks (DNN) in image recognition to tackle the intractable inverse design problem of complex geometries, in which geometric parameters cannot be extracted. The work focuses on nanoblob geometries, i.e., irregular structures with rounded corners. When given a desired spectral response, the work investigates the ability of a well‐trained DNN in generating suitable geometries of the dielectric nanostructure and a corresponding source polarization.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Radical Cascade Cyclizations of 1,7‐Enynes with Sulfinic Acids: Direct Access to Sulfonated Chromanes and Sulfonated Tetrahydroquinolines under Metal‐Free Conditions
Authors: Liu Qi , Mei Yousheng , Wang Lei , Ma Yongmin , Li Pinhua
Published: October 2020

Visible‐light‐induced strategy to access sulfonated chromanes and sulfonated 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolines via a radical cascade cyclization of 1‐(arylethynyl)‐2‐(vinyloxy)benzenes and N‐allyl‐2‐(arylethynyl)anilines with aromatic and aliphatic sulfinic acids has been developed. In the presence of TBHP (7.5 mol%) as an oxidant and Eosin Y (3.0 mol%) as a photocatalyst, the reactions undergo smoothly to afford the corresponding products in good yields at room temperature under metal‐free conditions. This transformation features low loading of TBHP, mild reaction conditions, simple operation, broad functional‐group tolerance, and good yields of products.

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A3 Coupling Reaction in the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Volkova Yulia , Baranin Sergey , Zavarzin Igor
Published: October 2020

In recent years, the transition‐metal catalyzed three‐component coupling of an aldehyde, an alkyne and an amine, commonly called A3 coupling has become a powerful tool in organic synthesis. The aim of this review is to give a general overview of A3 coupling utility in the synthesis of heterocycles, highlighting the variety of compounds that can be directly accessed from single reactions. The diverse A3 coupling based methodologies that have been developed for the synthesis of N,O,S‐heterocycles are presented, emphasizing the influence of the reaction conditions and the use of additional reagents in the outcome of the transformations.

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Cyclization of Vinylketene Dithioacetals: A Synthetic Strategy for Substituted Thiophenes
Authors: Pan Ling , Zheng Baihui , Yang Xiaohui , Deng Liping , Li Yifei , Liu Qun
Published: October 2020

A synthetic strategy for the synthesis of substituted thiophenes is described by the one‐pot reaction of indoles with ketene dithioacetals under mild reaction conditions. Promoted by triflic acid (TfOH), the reaction of indoles with the easily available α‐acetyl ketene dithioacetals resulted in the formation of vinylketene dithioacetals via condensation instead of the well known nucleophilic addition‐alkylthio elimination process. In thepresence of CuBr2, vinylketene dithioacetals can cyclize into the corresponding substituted thiophenes. This transformation may benefit from the acidic reaction conditions and the steric effects of the 2‐substituted indoles.

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Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of N,N‐Acetals from α‐Dicarbonyl Compounds Using Chiral Imidazoline‐Phosphoric Acid Catalysts
Authors: Nakamura Shuichi , Wada Tatsumi , Takehara Tsunayoshi , Suzuki Takeyuki
Published: October 2020

The enantioselective synthesis of chiral N,N‐acetals derived from α‐dicarbonyl compounds has been achieved. Good yields and enantioselectivities were observed for the reaction with various α‐dicarbonyl compounds with 2‐aminobenzamides using chiral bis(imidazoline)‐phosphoric acid catalysts. Based on these experimental investigations, a possible transition state is proposed to explain the origin of the asymmetric induction.

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Spatiotemporal variation of common ragweed soil seed bank density in cornfields
Authors: Dong Hegan , Sun Hui , Liu Tong , Liu Zhongquan , Song Zhanli
Published: October 2020

Common ragweed (CR) (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) can reduce agricultural productivity, especially in corn (Zea mays L.) fields. The spatiotemporal variation of the soil seed bank (SSB) of CR is important for understanding the growth potential and control options of this weed. In 2018, we measured SSB density and seed germination characteristics of CR on the margins of cornfields (18 cornfields, each is >1 ha) as well as 2, 5, and 10 m inside the fields from the margin based on the year of CR invasion (2012–2017) in the Yili Valley, Xinjiang, China. From 2016–2018, we studied the effect of eradicating CR plants on reducing the SSB density of CR. Along the cornfield margins, 80.5% of the total CR seeds were viable in the 0‐to‐5‐cm soil layer (SL) after 6 yr of invasion; however, fewer were viable at 2, 5 and 10 m (respectively, 49.5, 44.1, and 42.3%) inside the cornfields. Different modes of SSB accumulation led to different distribution characteristics of the SSB. The increase in the SSB in cornfields was driven by large‐scale seed production of CR along the margins of cornfields. When there was no new CR seed input for 2 yr (in 2018), the density of the SSB at cornfield margins and 2, 5, and 10 m inside the fields decreased by 90.0, 72.9, 75.4, and 74.6%, respectively. Eradicating CR plants before their seeds mature, and doing so for several years, appears to be an effective strategy for controlling CR.
Seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen fertilization for no‐till cereal production
Authors: Caires Eduardo Fávero , Bini Angelo Rafael , Barão Leonardo Felipe Camargo , Haliski Adriano , Duart Vanderson Modolon , Ricardo Kaynnã da Silva
Published: October 2020

Cereal crops have a high N requirement in a high‐yield environment. However, N use efficiency is still low in agricultural production systems and little is known about the effects of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in a high‐yield environment. A field experiment was conducted from 2012 to 2018 with a maize (Zea mays L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation under a continuous no‐till in southern Brazil. Seeds were inoculated with A. brasilense (strains Ab‐V5 and Ab‐V6) and different levels of N fertilization were used in top dressing. Seed inoculation provided slight changes in N, P, and K concentrations in leaves and grains of maize and wheat. Increasing N input increased the leaf and grain N concentration and the maize and wheat grain yields. Seed inoculation caused varied responses on cereals in different cropping seasons. Wheat was more affected by inoculation in response to N application than maize. Rainfall distribution during the growing seasons possibly interfered on crop responses with inoculation between years and N fertilization levels. Under a similar N input, inoculation resulted in an average increase of 454 kg ha−1 yr−1 of maize and 242 kg ha−1 yr−1 of wheat by applying a higher N rate to the maize and a lower N rate to the wheat. An additional gain of US$409.72 ha−1 (2012–2018) was also achieved using this strategy. Although the possibility of inoculation causing economy with N fertilization in wheat was evident, for maize in rotation with wheat, A. brasilense inoculation was apparently more viable under higher N fertilizer input.