bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flat Laxity, Optimization, And Rounding In The Selection Of Class Intervals
Authors: MONMONIER MARK STEPHEN
Published: April 2007

Optimization methods for the selection of class intervals for choropleth maps commonly yield class breaks with more significant digits than the map user would prefer or the accuracy of the data warrants. Round-number class breaks, which are more easily remembered and which promote mental arithmetic, are readily introduced as constraints on an optimal solution. Specific inherently meaningful breaks, such as the worldwide or regional mean for the mapped distribution, may be mandated to provide an even more effective classification. As predicted by the principle of flat laxity, the resulting suboptimal, constrained solutions generally increase classification error only slightly beyond the minimum error of a so-called optimal set of class intervals.
DECONSTRUCTING THE MAP
Authors: HARLEY J B
Published: April 2007

The paper draws on ideas in postmodern thinking to redefine the nature of maps as representations of power. The traditional rules of cartography â€“ long rooted in a scientific epistemology of the map as an objective form of knowledge â€“ will first be reviewed as an object of deconstruction. Second, a deconstructionist argument will explore the textuality of maps, including their metaphorical and rhetorical nature. Third, the paper will examine the dimensions both of external power and of the omnipresence of internal power in the cartographic representation of place.
Integrating Thematic, Geometric, and Topological Information in the Generalization of Road Networks
Authors: Richardson D. , Thomson R.
Published: April 2007

A technique is presented for determining and quantifying the functional importance of road segments in a road network, according to a set of source/destination ["source and destination"?] points that reflect the user's context. This technique is an important element in a scheme for the automatic structuring, classification, and coding of unstructured road data — necessary steps in creating a database to support contextually sensitive generalization. The quantification technique employs graph-theoretic methods, and includes the integration of thematic, geometric, and topological information. In the generalization methods, two aspects of data integration are addressed

• the integration of spatial and thematic data in establishing input-cost data and consequences of data uncertainty and error, and

• the design of a suitable data model to support the analysis.
The Socialization of GIS
Authors: McLafferty Sara
Published: April 2007

The ‘socialization’ of GIS describes the increased use of GIS to manage and disseminate data about people and their characteristics, interactions, and everyday concerns. I briefly summarize the technical, political, and institutional issues raised by the increasing socialization of GIS, including concerns about privacy and confidentiality, data dissemination and analysis, population diversity, and social power and influence. I discuss how the articles in this special issue address these issues and contribute to the progressive use of GIS in the social arena.
Visual Search Processes Used in Map Reading
Authors: Lloyd Robert
Published: April 2007

This paper discusses visual search theories that explain how humans search for objects on maps. A mapreading experiment considered variations in visual search processes ref ated to searching for targets with unique features and mrgets that share features with other objects. Experimental objects differing in colour, shape, size, and orientation were constructed. The importance of these characteristics was evaluated, as was the effect of the location of the target on the map. The time needed to find a target in a display and the proportion of incorrect decisions were measures of efficiency in spatialsearch studies. The most efficient spatial searches occur when targeu 'pop out' of the map. These searches use parallel processes and are indicated bv reaction times being independent of the number of symbols on the map. 'Pop-out' effecu occur when targets have some unique charact~ristics that distinguish them from other symbols. Results indicated that 'pop-out' effects could he produced by colour differences between targets and distractor symbols, or by differences that combined colour with other dimensions. The location of the target on the map also had a significant effect on reaction time. This could be partially explained by the size of the map relative to people's fields of vision.
Recent Developments In Cartography In The People's Republic Of China
Authors: TAYLOR D R F
Published: April 2007

Cartography has a long and impressive history in China and the paper begins by setting the context for a consideration of recent developments by referring briefly to some of the landmarks in the development of cartography since earliest times. This is followed by a description of the cartographic agencies and organizations nationwide. An assessment of recent achievements and the major challenges facing cartography in China is then made. China is one of the most active countries in the development of cartography especially as it applies to the challenge of socio-economic progress.
Automated Cognitive Mapping
Authors: Cromley Robert , Raitz Karl , Ulack Richard
Published: April 2007

Completion test cognitive maps based on a standardized base map can yield valuable information for large population subgroups that can be objectively compared. By automating the tedious chore of manual measurement of the designative characteristics on this type of cognitive map, large samples can be manipulated. A computer program, COGMAP, was developed to use a scan line technique that allows coding of any enclosed mapped image. The program will produce aggregate cognitive maps of the study region for any subgroup that can be identified through coded information. A case study of Appalachian cognitive maps is presented to demonstrate the procedure.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE COMMUNICATION EFFECTIVENESS OF PUBLIC PLANNING MAPS
Authors: Delucia Alan A
Published: April 2007

Effective public participation in the formulation of plans for designing or altering the local environment requires local citizens to have an understanding of the physical setting and spatial relationships within the area in which proposed development is to take place. The method of plan presentation is vital to the achievement of the objectives of public planning participation. The presentation of plan information succeeds to the extent that it permits the local citizens to visualize how a proposed development fits into the existing physical setting with which they are, by experience, quite familiar. The most widely used visualization tool is the planning map. The purpose of the research reported herein is to create and test the relative communication efficiency of two alternative planning map designs. Pour assurer la participation effective du public dans la formulation de projets destinés à la conception ou à la modification de l'environnement local, il faut que les citoyens d'une localité comprennent mieux le cadre matériel et les relations spatiales de la zone qu'on se propose d'aménager. La méthode de présentation des projets est vitale à la réalisation des objectifs de participation du public à la planification. La présentation des renseignements donnés dans les projets est efficace dans la mesure où elle permet aux citoyens de la collectivité de visualiser comment un aménagement proposé peut être intégré au cadre existant avec lequel ils se sont bien familiarisés à force d'y vivre. L'instrument de visualisation le plus souvent utilisé est la carte de planification. Les recherches dont il est question dans le présent document ont pour but de créer et d'éprouver l'efficacité relative de communication de deux conceptions de cartes de planification.
Is GIS Technology the Present Solution for Creating Tourist Maps?
Authors: FILIPPAKOPOULOU VASSILIKI , NAKOS BYRON
Published: April 2007

In the process of creating a tourist map, six basic parameters must be considered: the purpose and duration of the visit, the amount of information that needs to be included in the tourist map, the user's culture and conceptual ability, and the various characteristics of the portrayed area. Unsuccessful consideration of these parameters in traditional tourist maps reduces their functionality. This paper discusses the above concepts, and introduces the idea of using CIS technology as the environment for creating more effective cartographic products for tourist needs.
Relative Size of Continents on World Sketch Maps
Authors: Saarinen Thomas , Parton Michael , Billberg Roy
Published: April 2007

On mental maps, at all scales, there is a tendency to exaggerate the size of the home area. To see whether there was a home continent exaggeration on sketch maps of the world, we used a subset of 438 maps from a world wide study of mental maps of the world. The subsample consisted of 20 maps from each of 22 sites, selected to include locations within each continent and dispersion latitudinally and longitudinally. On each map, the areas of the continent were calculated by means of a Numonics electronic planimeter attached to a computer. We compared the proportion of the total areas devoted to each continent to the actual proportions. Thus, we determined whether each contient tended to be exaggerated or diminished in size. The home continent was generally exaggerated. In addition, two unforeseen results were that Europe is always exaggerated, and Africa always diminished in size.
ALGORITHMS FOR THE REDUCTION OF THE NUMBER OF POINTS REQUIRED TO REPRESENT A DIGITIZED LINE OR ITS CARICATURE
Authors: DOUGLAS DAVID H , PEUCKER THOMAS K
Published: April 2007

All digitizing methods, as a general rule, record lines with far more data than is necessary for accurate graphic reproduction or for computer analysis. Two algorithms to reduce the number of points required to represent the line and, if desired, produce caricatures, are presented and compared with the most promising methods so far suggested. Line reduction will form a major part of automated generalization.
COUNTY MAPS OF THE 19TH CENTURY AS HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS/A NEW USE
Authors: SITWELL O F G
Published: April 2007

In the Nineteenth Century a number of atlases were published in Canada each of which was devoted to a single county. Many of these atlases purported to show all the houses and land holdings as they were at the time of compilation. The writer analyzed one such atlas, published in 1879, and devoted to Pictou County, Nova Scotia. This atlas contained maps of the polling sections of the day. The writer was able to show that these correspond to the twenty-six sub-divisions used in the Census of Canada 1880–81. Correlation analysis indicated that there was a close correspondence between the number of farms of ten acres or more in size recorded per polling section in the atlas, and the number recorded per sub-division in the census (r 0.98). It therefore seemed probable that the information provided in the atlas could be used as the basis of a statistical analysis of the pattern of farm location.
DISPLACEMENT IN VECTOR-AND RASTER-MODE GRAPHICS
Authors: MONMONIER MARK
Published: April 2007

Cartographic generalization often requires the displacement of features from their planimetrically correct positions. Displacement to avoid overlapping symbols, and visual clutter in general, is especially likely when the reduction in scale is substantial. Area generalization, in which the linear boundaries of land-unit or administrative polygons may be eliminated or interrupted, is inherently simpler than the generalization of linear features, such as roads or streams, for which continuity is less readily sacrificed. Either by examining features in isolation or by effecting only a small reduction in scale, attempts to automate cartographic generalization have largely ignored the need to displace line symbols. The few existing attempts to automate displacement suggest that a flexible algorithm able to cope with realistic cartographic applications must treat displacement in two phases: detection and adjustment. A redundant data structure is appropriate, with raster data to detect regions of the map requiring displacement and vector data to shift the features apart.
TREATMENT OF THE CARTOGRAPHIC LINE
Authors: BUTTENFIELD BARBARA
Published: April 2007

Traditionally, cartographic generalization has been considered in the context of eliminating map detail. In recent situations, however, details have been introduced to enhance the map message, as an aid in visual recognition. Enhancements are increasingly prevalent in displays of computer-generated lines, surfaces, and landscapes: some of the better known examples of this technique are fractal representations. The justification cited for this enhancement centers on improving the efficiency with which such displays may be constructed; the arguments against it focus on the visual characteristics which a map reader expects to see. A reconsideration of trends in cartographic research is presented, to explain how the change in generalization from 'elimination' to 'enhancement' has developed.
User Perceptions of Bi-Symbol Maps
Authors: AMEDEO DOUGLAS , KRAMER PAUL
Published: April 2007

Cartographers continue to be concerned with differences that arise between what a designer intends a map to communicate and what users perceive the map to convey. Symbol choice and presentation, in relationship to the process by which users apprehend maps, appear to be the core issues in this concern. This paper examines designer-user disparity within the context of perceptual and task-related responses to two-symbol map depictions of a single theme. It assesses users' perceptions of differences among versions of a bi-symbol map with regard to their usefulness for point estimating. To elicit users' perceptions, the study employed three series of this bi-symbol map, each created by varying the presentation of one or the other or both symbols. The study used a multi-dimensional scaling design to examine the participants' perceptions for their universality and for what they may say about this type of map, symbol choice and symbol presentation. The results from such an examination, while not surprising, prove to have implications for all of these issues.
PHOTO MAPS FOR RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN CANADA
Authors: SEBERT L. M.
Published: April 2007

The present-day exploitation of natural resources demands up-to-date large-scale maps at a rate that exceeds the capability of traditional methods of map production. The writer suggests that the modern photomap may provide the answer to the map-makers' dilemma, and he describes the five different types of photomaps now being produced by Surveys and Mapping Branch, Ottawa, ranging in accuracy and cost from the orthophoto map to the uncontrolled mosaic.
PUTTING ACADIA ON THE MAP / THE 'TRANSITIONAL' CARTOGRAPHY OF NOVA SCOTIA 1600â€“1755
Authors: DAWSON JOAN
Published: April 2007

During the period 1604â€“1755, on-the-spot mapping of Acadia/Nova Scotia developed from Champlain's exploratory coastal charting to Charles Morris' surveying and general mapping. This development is traced chiefly through manuscript maps reflecting the presence of civil, naval and military officials of first the French and then the English governments. Publication of engraved maps derived from this material was sporadic throughout the period, but became more frequent in the 1750s as the English and French boundary claims were documented by means of maps. With Morris' appointment as Chief Surveyor for Nova Scotia, systematic surveying of areas designated for settlement meant that English map-makers would no longer be dependent on French sources for information on the new colony.
COMMEMORATING THE THREE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE "GODUNOV MAP" OF SIBERIA
Authors: POLEVOY B P
Published: April 2007

The author, a specialist on the history of Siberian exploration and cartography, discusses the origin, context, fate, and significance of the "Godunov map" of Siberia of 1667. He concludes that this general map and a gazetteer, together with a number of detailed river route maps that are listed in the gazetteer but which have not survived, actually constituted an atlas of Siberia. L'auteur, un spécialiste en histoire de l'exploration et de la cartographie sibérienne, traite de l'origine, du contexte, du sort et de l'importance de la "carte de Godunov" de Sibérie qui date de 1667. Il conclut que cette carte générale ainsi qu'un répertoire géographique, et des cartes détaillées de routes fluviales qui sont mentionnées dans le répertoire mais qui n'existent plus aujourd'hui, constituaient un atlas de la Sibérie.
The Third Domain: The Spread and Use of gis within Social Science
Authors: Couclelis Helen
Published: April 2007

Discussions of geographic information systems (gis) and society have usually revolved around the uses and effects of gis in the real world, in contradistinction to its uses in the ivory towers of academia by geographers and other spatially aware researchers.
Market-Modelled Home Care: Impact on Job Satisfaction and Propensity to Leave
Authors: Denton Margaret , Zeytinoglu Isik , Kusch Karen , Davies Sharon
Published: April 2007

Responding to increasing health-care costs, deficit financing and the aging of the population, many OECD nations are exploring new cost-efficient health-care models. One such model, designed to manage the home-based health-care system through the application of quasi-market principles has been adopted by the province of Ontario. Findings from a case study of 835 Ontario home-care workers indicate that a market-modelled approach to health-care restructuring may be leading to decreased levels of job satisfaction and a greater propensity to leave among workers in the home-care sector.
THE BOS ATLAS / A CENTENARIAN BESTSELLER
Authors: ORMELING SR F J
Published: April 2007

In October 1977 the centenary of the Grote Bosatlas (Great Bos Atlas), the most widely used of Dutch school atlases, was celebrated by its publishers, the Geographical Cartographic Institute Wolters-Noordhof of Groningen. The author of this article, himself a former editor of the Bos Atlas, accredits its long and successful life to a combination of factors: (1) the Netherlands secondary education system in which geography was solidly anchored; (2) careful management and clever marketing, aided by the founding of a 'family of atlases' which enabled a multiple use of its maps; (3) recruitment of editors from the world of geography teachers in secondary education, with experience in the use of atlases for classroom tuition; (4) close contacts with atlas users, careful noting of trends and changing concepts in school geography, willingness to introduce innovations wherever desirable; (5) good legibility and up-to-date maps; (6) cautiousness in the repro and printing sector, relying on tried and tested techniques. En octobre 1977, la société d'édition Wolters-Noordhof BV de Groningue, a célébré le centenaire de son Grote Bosatlas (Grand Atlas de Bos), le plus utilisé de tous les atlas scolaires aux Pays-Bas. L'auteur de cet article, lui-même ancien rédacteur de l'Atlas de Bos, accrédite aux facteurs suivants le succès et la longévité de cet ouvrage : 1) au système d'enseignement secondaire néerlandais qui réserve à la géographie une place solidement implantée ; 2) à une gestion soigneuse et à une étude clairvoyante du marché, soutenues par la création d'une "famille d'atlas", qui permet un usage multiple des cartes; 3) au recrutement des rédacteurs parmi les professeurs de l'enseignement secondaire, qui ont une expérience dans l'utilisation didactique des atlas; 4) au maintien de contacts étroits avec les utilisateurs, à la notation soigneuse des tendances et de l'évolution des idées générales qui concernent la géographie scolaire, à la volanté d'introduire des innovations toutes les fois qu'il est souhaitable; 5) à la bonne lisibilité et à la mise à jour constante des cartes; 6) à la prudence dans le domaine de la reproduction et de l'impression qui ne reposent que sur des techniques sures et éprouvées.
The Mountain Panorama and Its Significance in the Scottish Context
Authors: WOOD MICHAEL
Published: April 2007

The panorama is an art form, which grew significantly in importance during the nineteenth century. A summary of this evolution is offered, especially with relation to the Alps. Although some similarities exist between the Alps and the Scottish mountains in their history and growth of mountaineering and tourism, perhaps surprisingly this does not include the tourist panorama. Some examples of Scottish panoramas (and of similar pictorial forms) from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are described, but there is no evidence of a demand for their mass production as occurred in the Alps. The nature and significance of more recent panoramic images of Scottish mountains are examined, and their potential value for both visitors and the environment in the future. Le panorama est une forme d'art qui a significativement prit de l'importance durant le 19e sicle. Un rsum de cette volution est propos ici, et traite plus particulirement des Alpes. Il existe des similarits entre les Alpes et les montagnes cossaises en ce qui concerne leur histoire et l'augmentation du tourisme et des activits de montagne. Cependant, il n'y   aucune similitude concernant les panoramas touristiques. En effet, mªme s'il existe en Ecosse quelques exemples de panoramas ou de formes picturales comparables au 19e et au dbut du 20e sicle, il n'existe aucune preuve vidente de leur fabrication en srie, comme dans les Alpes. La nature et la signification de panoramas cossais plus rcents sont analyss ici, ainsi que leur valeur potentielle pour les utilisateurs et l'environnement futur.
THE HISTORY OF THE 1:250,000 MAP OF CANADA
Authors: SEBERT L M
Published: April 2007

This paper traces the progress and development of the 1:250,000 map series of Canada from its inception in 1923 through to publication of the final map sheet in 1970. Originally, the maps were published at 1:253,440 up until 1949 when, by international agreement, Canada converted its basic map series from duodecimal scales to the present 1:50,000, 1:250,000 and 1:500,000 scales. Commencement of the series in 1923 marked the beginning of a national mapping program to a uniform sheet-line system that replaced the previous uncoordinated mapping of the country by different government agencies. The author discusses the selection of a map projection for the series, former topographic mapping methods, the development of the photo-topographic technique, the impact of air photography on the mapping of Canada, and the extension of ground control.
Image Processing Of Space-Time Graphs/ An Example Using The Toronto-Montreal Train Schedule
Authors: Scott Darren M , Pazner Micha
Published: April 2007

The likelihood of accidents and the response mechanisms devoted to the preservation of human life in the event of such disasters is a crucial problem associated with any public means of transportation. By visualizing the Canadian Corridor train schedule using a raster-based geographic information system (GIS) and assuming that the probability of train-with-train collisions is a function of intersection density, sections of space and time can be classified according to the likelihood of such disasters. This information can be of value to emergency planners who must determine the optimal locations, in both space and time, for their scarce resources.
THE INVERSE MODIFIED POLYCONIC PROJECTION
Authors: HAINES G V
Published: April 2007

Two projections are used on many small-scale maps of Canada: a Lambert conformal conic projection south of 80°N and a modified polyconic projection north of 80°N. The inverse of the latter projection is mathematically derived in the present paper. Latitude is derived by the Newton-Raphson iterative method, starting with an initial linear approximation which has zero error at 80°N and at the pole. The azimuth of the projected radius vector is then calculated analytically from the iteratively derived latitude, and longitude is in turn derived analytically from the azimuth. Defining error as the spherical arc distance between correct and derived positions, the maximum error of the initial derivation is .05°. The maximum error after one Newton-Raphson iteration is .0002° and after two iterations is .00000001°. The inverse of the matching Lambert projection is derived from a power series in eccentricity squared.
Knowledge Production through Critical GIS: Genealogy and Prospects
Authors: Sheppard Eric
Published: April 2007

Over the last decade, a new research program has emerged at the interface between geographic information science and geographical social theory, now called critical GIS. In this article I analyse the emergence of critical GIS as an example of knowledge production in geography. I examine its genealogy, highlighting the key debates, events, and individuals instrumental in facilitating a rapprochement between two initially opposed scholarly communities and tracing the directions that this has since taken. Addressing its current incarnation as critical GIS, I relate it to the critical theory tradition in the social sciences and assess the pertinence of the term “critical” for describing the epistemology and philosophy of critical GIS. I examine how technology, the geography of GIS research, and politics are shaping the future trajectory of critical GIS. Drawing on Helen Longino's vision for strong knowledge production, I argue that the future of critical GIS will depend on the ability of its practitioners to remain conscious and reflexively critical of their own emergent presuppositions.
MAPPING OF CLIMATOLOGICAL ELEMENTS
Authors: MCKAY G. A. , THOMAS M. K.
Published: April 2007

Climatological maps and atlases have been in existence for only a little more than a century. Alexander von Humboldt is considered to be the innovator of climatological mapping, but it was not until the last decades of the 19th century that national and global maps of climatological elements became generally available. Maps are only as good as the basic data upon which they are constructed and analysts must be aware of the limitations of these data as well as their spatial and temporal variability. It is often possible to synthesize data when sufficient basic data are not available. Computer mapping is not yet completely acceptable since there are so many subjective factors to be considered. Isolines on climatological maps are not merely lines connecting points of equal value; the basic meteorological principles involved must be considered in any competent analysis of the data involved. On some maps, data are reduced to sea level for relativity, but for most climatological mapping actual surface data are used. The preparation of climatological maps from satellite data and pictures present a promising new field to meteorologists.
MAPS RELATING TO THE FIRST HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURY AND THEIR USE IN DETERMINING THE LOCATION OF JESUIT MISSIONS IN HURONIA
Authors: HEIDENREICH CONRAD E.
Published: April 2007

The aim of this study is twofold; firstly, to discuss all known maps relevant to Southern Ontario, and specifically to Huronia in northern Simcoe County, between the years 1615 and 1660; and secondly, to use these maps and other primary source material to reconstruct the distribution of Indian villages and Catholic missions as they were in Huronia during the first half of the 17th century. All previous attempts at such a study have been based on only one of four known contemporary maps of Huronia. Because the three additional maps furnish a considerable amount of new information, the study presented here differs radically in some ways from accepted theory. It is hoped that this study will provoke discussion in order to further our knowledge of the historical geography of 17th century Ontario.
GIS and Geographic Governance: Reconstructing the Choropleth Map
Authors: Crampton Jeremy
Published: April 2007

This paper takes up the challenge of "reconstructing gis" by examining gis and governmental rationality. As an aspect of government, mapping is a vital source of geographic knowledge that informs political decision-making. Of particular importance to geographic governance and management are population distributions such as health, wealth, education, density, or criminality. Yet how these distributions have been mapped has shifted and been contested historically. Whereas in the early nineteenth century populations merely filled in pre-existing political areas, by the early twentieth century populations were understood as themselves defining areas and boundaries. Today, gis has returned to the earlier unproblematic politics of space. I explain these shifts by identifying similar shifts between the choropleth and the dasymetric map. Although commonly used, the choropleth is inadequate and misleading. I discuss the possible reasons for these shifts by re-emphasizing mapping as an aspect of geographic governance.
GIS EDUCATION IN THE NETHERLANDS: A BIT OF EVERYTHING AND EVERYTHING ABOUT A BIT?
Authors: Toppen Fred J.
Published: April 2007

The booming interest in the applications of GIS brings a growing awareness of the lack of not only GIS specialists, but also planners, managers and decision makers with an appropriate understanding of GIS. The need for well-educated GIS specialists in a wide range of distinct areas is discussed. Attention is focused on which kind of GIS knowledge is expected to be generated by geography related GIS education in the Universities: Do we need GIS technicians or GIS geographers? Do students need a general idea of a wide range of GIS systems or do they need to specialise in one? Should GIS theory be stressed or should students focus on applications? Do students need prerequisites? Must students master programming? A crucial problem is the way in which the courses offered are appropriate for the GIS job opportunities in the labour market.
A Conceptual Model of GIS-Based Spatial Analysis
Authors: Giordano Alberto , Veregin Howard , Borak Edward , Lanter David
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this paper is to describe a taxonomy of GIS functions, focusing on analytical capabilities. The taxonomy is rooted in an abstract model describing geographic data, and an operational model describing the processing of this data in GIS. The taxonomy emphasizes the meaning of the information derived through GIS-based analysis rather than the technical mechanisms for deriving this information. In Appendices to the paper, the taxonomy is tested by mapping functions from existing GISs into the taxonomy function categories.
How Maps Work
Authors: Wood Denis
Published: April 2007

This paper proposes a new definition of the map. It is argued that a map is a weapon in the fight for social dominion, one disguised as a representation of the world, but which in reality links territory with what comes with it (with voting rights or military service obligations, with rates of rainfall or types of vegetation). The map achieves this linkage by fusing onto a common plane (that of the map) multicoded images of the very world the map itself will bring into being.
The Role Of The User In The Map Communication Process: Eye Noise And Map Design
Authors: Merriam Mylon
Published: April 2007

This paper discusses first the eye noise effect of line contrast in map design, and then the effect of line contrast on the direct picture of terrain surface as produced by shaded relief. Map reading is described in its two major steps: the enrichment of the brain image from scanning the map sheet, and the construction of map reading patterns. An experimental topographic map with accompanying psychophysical scales to study eye noise effect is proposed. Le présent mémoire traite d'abord de l'effet d'attraction visuelle des contrastes linéaires des cartes géographiques, puis de l'effet de ce contraste sur l'image directe de la surface du terrain produite par le relief ombre. L'auteur décrit les deux étapes principales de la lecture d'une carte: enrichissement de l'image produite dans le cerveau par la lecture de la carte et développement du système de lecture. Il propose une carte expérimentale accompagnée d'un barème psychophysique qui permettrait d'étudier l'effet d'attraction visuelle.
Cartographic Experience And Thinking Aloud About Thematic Maps
Authors: KULHAVY RAYMOND W , PRIDEMORE DORIS R , STOCK WILLIAM A
Published: April 2007

High school students and college geography majors studied a thematic map titled the Ancient Mayan World. During the 15-minute study period subjects produced 'think aloud' data by describing the processes they used to encode the map. An analysis of the verbal protocols yielded no important differences due to sex of subject or instructions to learn the map. Cartographically experienced college subjects tended to emphasize theme information rather than geography, displayed wider scanning ranges during initial map viewing, and produced more inference and context information during a map reconstruction task. These results suggest that cartographic experience predicts the type of information learned from a complex map. Des étudiants des niveaux secondaire et collégial, avec spécialité en géographie, ont étudié une carte thématique intitulée L'ancien monde Maya. Au cours de la période d'étude de quinze minutes, les sujets ont émis des commentaires verbaux en décrivant les processus utilisés pour encoder la carte. Les sujets du niveau collégial, qui avaient une expérience cartographique, tendaient à accentuer l'information thématique plutôt que géographique, examinaient de plus grandes portions durant l'examen initial de la carte et produisaient plus d'information déductive et contextuelle durant une tâche de reconstruction cartographique. Ces résultats suggèrent que l'expérience cartographique prédit le type d'information appris à partir d'une carte complexe.
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN HYDROGRAPHY AND OCEANOGRAPHY
Authors: BOYLE A R
Published: April 2007

Developments in geographic information systems using minicomputer interactive display systems are described. Attribute data relative to locations, areas and routes can be presented upon, or adjacent to, a selective map display of the area. Various modes of data presentation are described. The ability of the system to store disaggregated data and present them at any required degree of aggregation is noted. Stress is laid upon the ease of updating both cartographic and attribute data. Applications to hydrography and oceanography are suggested and particular attention is given to the presentation of a three-dimensional water body. The system documented here is in experimental operation at the University of Saskatchewan; it appears to have a wide range of applications due to its flexibility and low cost.
The Role Of Petrine Surveyors In The Development Of Russian Cartography During The 18th Century
Authors: FEL S YE
Published: April 2007

This article, written by a specialist on 18th century Russian cartography, describes the motives, character, and results of Russia's first state survey, which approximated the first half of the 1700's at the initiative of Peter the Great as part of his sweeping state reorganization. The author discusses the training of the surveyors, the founding of the country's first schools of geodesy, the Senate decrees inaugurating the district surveys, the organization and administration of the surveys, the surveyors' instructions, methods, and instruments, the number and the extent of the surveys, and the resultant district maps, especially their compilation, contents, design, coverage, and fate. The activities of several prominent individuals and the quality of a couple of particular maps are cited as examples. Cet article, écrit par un spécialiste de la cartographie russe au 18e siècle, décrit les causes, le caractère et les résultats du premier arpentage des terres de la Russie, entrepris aux environs de la première moitié du 18e siècle à la demande de Pierre-le-Grand dans le cadre de sa réorganisation complète de l'État. L'auteur décrit la formation des arpenteurs, la fondation des premières écoles de géodésie de ce pays, les décrets du Sénat inaugurant l'arpentage des districts, l'administration des levés, les instructions, méthodes et instruments de travail des arpenteurs, le nombre et l'étendue des levés effectués, et les cartes régionales établies d'après ces levés, en particulier leur compilation, leur contenu, leur aspect, leur couverture et leur sort. L'auteur cite notamment les activités d'un certain nombre de personnes de premier plan, et les qualités de deux cartes en particulier.
THE PATTERN RECOGNITION PROBLEMIMAN, MACHINE AND THEIR INTERACTION
Authors: HSU SHIN-YI
Published: April 2007

Perception of texture has long been recognized as important for pattern identification. This paper examines the interaction between machine solutions and human judgement regarding dissimilarity among map pairs by testing twenty human subjects and using four choropleth maps of population density. Judged relations among the four systematically-contrived density maps produced a 'tone-texture' model in which individual differences existed almost exclusively in terms of how these two dimensions were weighted. Since significant individual differences exist in visual pattern discrimination an efficient man-machine interactive data processing system requires careful human engineering design so that the differentiated individual abilities can be taken into consideration.
An Automated System for Multi-Scale Vegetation Mapping
Authors: Pun-Cheng Lilian , Li Zhilin , Gao Wenxiu
Published: April 2007

The geographical distribution of vegetation is commonly represented on maps. However, some map users require very detailed information down to species at individual levels, while others are satisfied with generalized data on a class or community. Representation of vegetation data at different levels of abstraction is required to satisfy the requirements of different applications. It is desirable to have an automated mapping system so that smaller-scale representations of vegetation data can be derived efficiently from larger-scale representation. This article presents the design philosophy of a prototype automated system for vegetation mapping using geo-information technology. We devised a user interface based on an extension of existing ArcMap applications with the integration of ArcObjects and Visual Basic customization. The Vegetation Mapping System (VMS) is developed with five windows of user interface: the raw data and code pages for source map data input, and the classification, tolerance, and scale pages for output at a user-desired scale. This system avoids the frequent problem of revising vegetation databases at different scales. It is different from other general mapping systems in that vegetation characteristics and spatial pattern are taken into consideration.
POPULATION MAPPING
Authors: KLAWE JANUSZ J
Published: April 2007

The author traces the development of population mapping from Crome's Grossen- Karte Von Europe of 1785 to the present day. The special characteristics of population maps are described and the various cartographic methods used in displaying population characteristics are explained. The paper concludes with a short note on the use of the computer in the preparation of population map manuscripts.
A Numerical Method for Generalizing the Linear Elements of Large-Scale Maps, Based on the Example of Rivers
Authors: Chrobak Tadeusz
Published: April 2007

In this paper, a new method is described for generalizing lines that makes use of a geometric transformation and the Douglas-Peucker method for selection and elimination of the primary line points. The selected points are assembled into segments. In each segment, the points are analysed to determine whether they should be eliminated or whether a new point should be inserted. In the segments where a new point is generated, it is possible to optimize the length or area of the line after generalization. The process terminates when the generalized line maintains the required accuracy.
A Problem of Provenance: A Technical Analysis of the "Champlain" Astrolabe
Authors: Brooks Randall
Published: April 2007

A small mariner's astrolabe has been associated with the French explorer Samuel de Champlain, almost since its recovery in Canada in 1867. That attribution, however, is not well established and is largely based on circumstantial evidence. This paper reviews that evidence, provides new documentary evidence, and presents previously unpublished data, acquired from a metallurgical analysis, which establishes that only some components of the astrolabe's composition are consistent with the date inscribed on the astrolabe, 1603, and with the smelting methods of the period. Further, an analysis of Champlain's observational data has been compared with new measurements and analysis of the scale errors of the astrolabe in an attempt to establish a link to Champlain. If this association can be confirmed, it would make the astrolabe unique in that a set of early seventeenth-century data could be attached to a specific, existing observational instrument.
MENTAL IMAGE TRANSFORMATIONS IN TERRAIN MAP COMPARISON
Authors: GOLDBERG JOSEPH H , MACEACHREN ALAN M , KORVAL XERXES P
Published: April 2007

The increasing use of the three-dimensional terrain maps in both military and civilian systems raises a number of questions about the typical user's capabilities for encoding and comparing surfaces. Comparison between maps and these surfaces requires significant use of mental rotation about both azimuth and elevation axes. To determine whether: (1) this mental rotation can be quickly performed with high accuracy, (2) analog transformational or other strategies are used, and (3) the rotational process is similar between elevation and azimuth axes, 21 male geography students viewed computergenerated map surfaces in an experiment. A standard 3d map surface was initially presented, followed by a comparison surface which was either the same map, though rotated about azimuth and/or elevation axes, or was the mirror-image of the map. Each surface was generated using layered isolines to represent three peaks. Reaction times (RTs) were measured as subjects entered a 'same' or 'different' response. Implications for training potential map users and for system design limitations are suggested.
A Beast in the Field: The Google Maps Mashup as GIS/2
Authors: Miller Christopher C.
Published: April 2007

Over the last decade or more, geographic information systems (GIS) have proved themselves nimble and potent tools in myriad academic, civic, and political disciplines. A body of scholarship followed GIS on its rise to wider acceptance and adoption, however, that questioned its nature and the way its power was wielded. This scholarship ultimately produced various models for “GIS/2,” an amalgam of GIS's power and the grassroots democratic activity that might have been fostered by it but largely was not. This article revisits going models of GIS/2 and finds them to be so much vapourware compared to recent developments in online geospatial applications. The article argues that for all of the well-intentioned effort put into GIS/2 theory, the most progressive real-world candidate for GIS/2 has been produced only recently, by another rare combination indeed: two Austin, Texas, 20-somethings and the online search monolith Google.

The Google Maps mashup, a very twenty-first-century beast born of code from disparate Web applications, exhibits great potential to be a real live GIS/2. Moreover, there is one mashup in particular that, while perhaps not quite mature enough to realistically match 15 years of GIS/2 scholarship, is still possibly the finest working example yet of the ideas and concepts posited therein.
A New Mapping Curriculum At The University Of New Brunswick
Authors: LEE YC , DERENYI E , FAIG W
Published: April 2007

This paper describes a new mapping curriculum currently being implemented at the Department of Surveying Engineering, University of New Brunswick. Recent developments in digital mapping have highlighted the importance of spatial databases in mapping. The traditional approach to mapping sciences education, which treated the subjects as cooperating with each other sequentially to produce a map, is inadequate. The notion of data sharing under a digital database environment requires us to approach this problem from a new angle. The approach presented in this paper treats mapping as transformations among spatial models. The key feature in the new curriculum is a new two-term course at the second year on Mapping Concepts and Technology in which generic concepts of mapping, the spatial models and their transformations will be presented. This is followed by specialized courses, such as in photogrammetry, cartography, remote sensing and digital mapping.
The Role Of The User In The Map Communication Process: Designing Maps For Children
Authors: Bartz Barbara S.
Published: April 2007

Research conducted by the author on the topic of children as map users points up inadequacies in existing research in the area, from both theoretical and empirical points of view. An approach to map design for children is proposed and it consists (in part) of creating maps that match visual arrays of graphic elements to intellectual arrays of intended spatial information and related specific map use tasks. A la suite de ses recherches sur l'utilisation des cartes par les enfants, l'auteur signale certaines carences de la recherche actuelle dans ce domaine, tant du point de vue empirique que théorique. Il propose une approche a l'intention des enfants, consistant en partie à créer des cartes qui établiraient un rapport entre la présentation visuelle des éléments graphiques et la conceptualisation des données0020spatiales et des utilisations des cartes.
On the Parametric Description of the Shape of the Cartographic Line
Authors: Skopeliti Andriani , Tsoulos Lysandros
Published: April 2007

The description of the nature and shape of the cartographic line has been a challenging research area in contemporary cartography. The digital character of the line, while representing a tempting research element, reveals the extent of the problems related to line character assessment because of the practically unlimited number of forms the cartographic line can take. Recent research has resulted in a number of parameters (measures) describing the line shape qualitatively and quantitatively. This paper deals with the following two themes: (1) the quantitative description of line character through a number of parameters; and (2) the development of a methodology for the segmentation of the cartographic line into "homogeneous" parts. The identification, selection, and clustering of parameters, leading to the sufficient description of line character, is elaborated. The "knowledge" thus acquired is valuable for the objective description of line shape and constitutes the basis for addressing other problems, such as the realistic estimation of positional error in data acquisition and the efficient generalization of linear features.
An Analytical Framework to Examine Empowerment Associated with Participatory Geographic Information Systems (PGIS)
Authors: Corbett Jon M. , Keller C. Peter
Published: April 2007

Claims have been made that the application of participatory geographic information systems (PGIS) can empower disadvantaged groups. This article notes that the ongoing debate in this “GIS-empowerment-marginalization nexus” remains vague about a characterization of empowerment and that it fails to address how empowerment can be observed and recorded in a logical and structured manner. The article offers, and justifies, two working definitions of empowerment, differentiating between empowerment and empowerment capacity. It proposes a framework to structure an analysis of empowerment. The framework combines four catalysts of empowerment (information, process, skills, and tools) with two social scales (individuals and community).