bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinimetric properties of the Nociception Coma Scale (‐Revised): A systematic review
Authors: Vink P. , Lucas C. , Maaskant J.M. , van Erp W.S. , Lindeboom R. , Vermeulen H.
Published: June 2017

The Nociception Coma Scale is a nociception behaviour observation tool, developed specifically for patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) due to (acquired) brain injury. Over the years, the clinimetric properties of the NCS and its revised version (NCS‐R) have been assessed, but no formal summary of these properties has been made. Therefore, we performed a systematic review on the clinimetric properties (i.e. reliability, validity, responsiveness and interpretability) of the NCS(‐R). We systematically searched CENTRAL, CINAHL, Embase, PsycInfo and Web of Science until August 2015. Two reviewers independently selected the clinimetric studies and extracted data with a structured form. Included studies were appraised on quality with the COSMIN checklist. Eight studies were found eligible and were appraised with the COSMIN checklist. Although nearly all studies lacked sample size calculation, and were executed by the same group of authors, the methodological quality ranged from fair to excellent. Important aspects of reliability, construct validity and responsiveness have been studied in depth and with sufficient methodological quality. The overview of clinimetric properties in this study shows that the NCS and NCS‐R are both valid and useful instruments to assess nociceptive behaviour in DOC patients. The studies provide guidance for the choice in NCS‐R cut‐off value for possible pain treatment and cautions awareness of interprofessional differences in NCS‐R measurements.

Significance

This systematic review provides a structured overview of the clinimetric properties of the Nociception Coma Scale (‐Revised) and provides insights for a solid evidence‐based nociception behaviour assessment and treatment plan.
Safety assessment and global regulatory requirements for genetic toxicity evaluations of medical devices
Authors: Przygoda Robert T.
Published: June 2017

Medical devices have the potential to leach substances which, depending on the contact category of the device, can directly contact the human body. Hence, appropriate evaluation for genetic toxicity as part of the biocompatibility risk assessment is critical. The biocompatibility risk assessment of medical devices is guided by the ISO 10993 series of standards. The recently revised ISO 10993‐3 (2014) provides guidance on evaluating the genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity potential of medical devices. The revised standard includes the use of risk assessments and chemical characterization in addition to traditional genetic toxicity tests. The ISO 10993‐3 standard provides guidance on the selection and preparation of test samples, and the selection of tests to evaluate genetic toxicity. Although conformance to ISO 10993‐3 is required by various national regulatory agencies for specific medical device categories, there are still differences in the interpretation of the requirements within the standard which may require additional testing. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:375–379, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Temperature‐dependent extraction kinetics of hydrolyzed collagen from scales of croaker fish using thermal extraction
Authors: Olatunji Ololade , Denloye Adetokunbo
Published: June 2017

This study investigates the kinetics of hydrolyzed collagen extraction from the scales of the croaker fish (Pseudotolitus elongatus) at temperature ranging from 60°C to 90°C. Extraction was carried out using hydrothermal treatment over a period of 8 hr, during which the mass of hydrolyzed collagen extracted was obtained every hour. The rate order of extraction was temperature‐dependent within the times investigated. At 60°C no measurable extraction was achieved, between 70°C and 80°C the extraction was a zero order while at 90°C and 100°C the extraction was a first order process. The rate constants for 70, 80, 90 and 100°C were 0.56 g s−1, 1.03 g s−1, 0.019 s−1 and 0.04 s‐1, respectively. The overall yield increased as temperature is increased with the highest increase in yield occurring between 90 and 100°C. The yield increased from 6% at 70°C to 30% at 100°C, thus indicating that temperature has significant effect on the yield as well as kinetics. These findings are relevant in the predictive assessment as well as design and optimization of processes for extraction of hydrolyzed collagen from fish scales.
How do reinforcers affect choice? Preference pulses after responses and reinforcers
Authors: Gomes‐Ng Stephanie , Elliffe Douglas , Cowie Sarah
Published: June 2017

In concurrent schedules, reinforcers are often followed by a brief period of heightened preference for the just‐productive alternative. Such ‘preference pulses’ may reflect local effects of reinforcers on choice. However, similar pulses may occur after nonreinforced responses, suggesting that pulses after reinforcers are partly unrelated to reinforcer effects. McLean, Grace, Pitts, and Hughes (2014) recommended subtracting preference pulses after responses from preference pulses after reinforcers, to construct residual pulses that represent only reinforcer effects. Thus, a reanalysis of existing choice data is necessary to determine whether changes in choice after reinforcers in previous experiments were actually related to reinforcers. In the present paper, we reanalyzed data from choice experiments in which reinforcers served different functions. We compared local choice, mean visit length, and visit‐length distributions after reinforcers and after nonreinforced responses. Our reanalysis demonstrated the utility of McLean et al.'s preference‐pulse correction for determining the effects of reinforcers on choice. However, visit analyses revealed that residual pulses may not accurately represent reinforcer effects, and reinforcer effects were clearer in visit analyses than in local‐choice analyses. The best way to determine the effects of reinforcers on choice may be to conduct visit analyses in addition to local‐choice analyses.
Effects of water on epoxy cure kinetics and glass transition temperature utilizing molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Sharp Nathan , Li Chunyu , Strachan Alejandro , Adams Douglas , Pipes R. Byron
Published: June 2017

Effects of water on epoxy cure kinetics are investigated. Experimental tests show that absorbed water in an uncured bisphenol‐F/diethyl‐toluene‐diamine epoxy system causes an increase in cure rate at low degrees of cure and a decrease in cure rate at high degrees of cure. Molecular simulations of the same epoxy system indicate that the initial increase in cure rate is due to an increase in molecular self‐diffusion of the epoxy molecules in the presence of water. Effects of water on the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the crosslinked thermoset are also studied. Both experiments and simulations show that water decreases Tg. Both types of results indicate that Tg effects are small below 1% water by weight, but that Tg depression occurs much quickly with increasing water content above 1%. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 1150–1159
Properties of In situ polymerized poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/alumina composites for energy storage applications
Authors: Saborío Mari Cruz G. , Estrany Francesc , Alemán Carlos
Published: June 2017

Composites formed by poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) and alumina (PEDOT/Al2O3) have been prepared by in situ anodic polymerization. For this purpose, the stability of 1:1 and 4:1 monomer:alumina aqueous solutions has been examined as a function of the pH (2.3, 4.0, 7.0, 8.8, or 10.8). Results indicate that the monomer behaves as a dispersant that remains stable at the studied basic pHs despite they are close to the isoelectric point of alumina. Although the thermal stability of the composites is considerably affected by the pH of the reaction medium, its influence on the surface morphology is very small. Independently, of the synthetic conditions, the electrochemical properties were better for PEDOT/Al2O3 than for pure PEDOT, reflecting that alumina particles promote the charge mobility. The highest specific capacitance (SC; 141 F/g), which was 55% higher than that obtained for pure PEDOT, was achieved for the composite prepared at pH = 8.8 using a 4:1 monomer:alumina ratio. These conditions favor the participation of OH– groups as secondary doping agents without degrading the polymer matrix and enhance the specific surface of the films, facilitating the ionic mobility. On the other hand, application of a multi‐step polymerization strategy has shown that interfaces originated by consecutive steps enhance the SC. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 1131–1141
Implications for Drug Characterization in Glucose Tolerance Tests Without Insulin: Simulation Study of Power and Predictions Using Model‐Based Analysis
Authors: Sheikh Ghadzi SM , Karlsson MO , Kjellsson MC
Published: June 2017

In antihyperglycemic drug development, drug effects are usually characterized using glucose provocations. Analyzing provocation data using pharmacometrics has shown powerful, enabling small studies. In preclinical drug development, high power is attractive due to the experiment sizes; however, insulin is not always available, which potentially impacts power and predictive performance. This simulation study was performed to investigate the implications of performing model‐based drug characterization without insulin. The integrated glucose‐insulin model was used to simulate and re‐estimated oral glucose tolerance tests using a crossover design of placebo and study compound. Drug effects were implemented on seven different mechanisms of action (MOA); one by one or in two‐drug combinations. This study showed that exclusion of insulin may severely reduce the power to distinguish the correct from competing drug effect, and to detect a primary or secondary drug effect, however, it did not affect the predictive performance of the model.
3‐1: Invited Paper: 3 Stack‐3 Color White OLEDs for 4K Premium OLED TV
Authors: Han Chang-Wook , Han Mi-Young , Joung Seung-Ryong , Park Jung-Soo , Jung Young-Kwan , Lee Jae-Man , Choi Hong-Seok , Cho Gwi-Jeong , Kim Dong-Hyuk , Yee Moon-Ky , Kim Hong-Gyu , Choi Hyun-Chul , Oh Chang-Ho , Kang In-Byeong
Published: June 2017

We report an improved 3‐stacked white organic light emitting
diode (WOLED) structure comprised of layers emitting red and
yellow‐green phosphorescence in the 2nd stacked device. We
focused on developing the WOLED devices to realize 4K premium
OLED TV displaying very high brightness and excellent color
characteristics, with the optimized color layer. The WOLED has a
high current efficiency of 83 cd/A, and cool white color whose
color coordinate is (0.297, 0.317). 65‐inch 4K premium OLED TV
employing the new WOLED shows 800 nit of peak brightness, and
99 percent color gamut in DCI color space.
6‐3: Quantum Dot LEDs: Problems & Prospects
Authors: Titov Alexandre , Acharya Krishna , Wang Chenggong , Hyvonen Jake , Tokarz Jean , Holloway Paul H.
Published: June 2017

Colloidal quantum‐dot hybrid light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs)
have been demonstrated that exhibit external quantum
efficiencies >12% for all three colors (21% from green), both
positive and negative ageing, and good charge injection. The
role of nanoparticles in QLED charge injection was
illustrated.
7‐1: Invited Paper: Application of Low‐Frequency Clock Signals to Gate Driver Circuits
Authors: Lin Chih-Lung , Cheng Mao-Hsun
Published: June 2017

This paper collates design concepts of low‐power gate driver
circuits, and our related work is reviewed. Many approaches to
power consumption amelioration have been developed and focus
on different parts of circuit structures. Recently, low‐frequency
clock signals are adopted to further reduce both power
consumption and thin‐film transistor (TFT) threshold voltage
shifts (ΔVTH).
4‐2: Invited Paper: Project Alloy: An All‐In‐One Virtual and Merged Reality Platform
Authors: Diakopoulos Dimitri , Bhowmik Achintya K.
Published: June 2017

We present Project Alloy, a new mobile platform for merged‐reality
experiences. We discuss three areas in developing the
Alloy device. Firstly, virtual reality demands low‐latency
sensing and a high‐fidelity visual experience. Secondly,
immersive merged‐reality is not a solved problem and key
aspects like proprioception and presence need new
technologies to accelerate ecosystem adoption. Lastly, thermal
limitations on mobile processors require that sensing and
algorithms be accelerated in hardware. This paper presents
Intel’s advances in each of these domains, while also
considering Alloy’s utility in applications beyond gaming.
10‐1: Invited Paper: OLED Lifetime Improvement with Exciplex Sensitized Triplet‐Triplet Annihilation
Authors: Lin Bo-Yen , Tseng Po-Chen , Lee Ming-Zer , Hsiao Yi-Ze , Chiu Tien-Lung , Lin Chi-Feng , Hsieh Julie , Chen Stanley , Lee Jiun-Haw
Published: June 2017

A new emission mechanism was proposed to enhance the OLED
operation lifetime by using exciplex emission to sensitize the
triplet‐triplet annihilation blue emission. 3‐times improvement
in operation lifetime was achieved due to the alleviation of
electron accumulation at the interface of the hole‐transporting
layer and the emitting layer.
8‐1: Three Primary Color LD Module
Authors: Nagahara Seiji
Published: June 2017

We introduce a three‐primary‐color‐LD module, which includes
LDs to emit laser lights of wavelength of around 640 nm, 525
nm, and 455nm, respectively. The estimated output from the
module is equivalent to be over 2,000 lumens at around 6,500 K,
and covers about 95.6 % of the BT.2020 color space.
5‐3: Distinguished Paper: Power Saving through State Retention in IGZO‐TFT AMOLED Displays for Wearable Applications
Authors: Steudel Soeren , van der Steen Jan-Laurens P.J. , Nag Manoj , Ke Tung Huei , Smout Steve , Bel Thijs , van Diesen Karin , de Haas Gerard , Maas Joris , de Riet Joris , Rovers Madelon , Verbeek Roy , Huang Yen-Yu , Chiang Shin-Chuan , Ameys Marc , Roose Florian De , Dehaene Wim , Genoe Jan , Heremans Paul , Gelinck Gerwin , Kronemeijer Auke Jisk
Published: June 2017

We present a qHD (960x540 with 3 sub‐pixels) top‐emitting
AMOLED display with 340ppi resolution using a self‐aligned
(SA) IGZO TFT backplane on polyimide‐foil with humidity
barrier. The back plane process flow is based on a 7 layer
photolithography process with a CD=4um. We implement a
2T1C pixel engine and use commercial source driver IC made
for LTPS. By using IGZO TFT and leveraging the extremely
low off‐current, we can switch‐off the power to the source and
gate driver while maintaining the image un‐changed for
several minutes. We demonstrate that, depending on the image
content, low‐refresh operation yields reduction in power
consumption of up to 50% compared to normal (continuous)
operation. We show that with further increase in resolution,
the power saving through state retention will be even more
significant.
5‐4: Stretchable Oxide TFTs for Wearable Electronics
Authors: Li Xiuling , Hasan Md. Mehedi , Jeon Jaekwon , Jang Jin
Published: June 2017

We report a simple method to realize stretchable oxide TFTs by
selectively modifying the surface properties of PDMS elastic
substrate. The devices can be stretched up to 50% with negligible
degradation in the electrical performances, making it a promising
approach to wearable electronics.
6‐2: Invited Paper: Key Challenges towards the Commercialization of Quantum‐Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Qian Lei , Yang Yixing , Cao Weiran , Xiang Chaoyu , Xie Xiangwei , Liu Zheng , Chen Song , Wu Longjia , Yan Xiaolin
Published: June 2017

Recent progress has been reported regarding high color gamut
blue QDs development, improvement of QLEDs performance
including efficiency and lifetime, and development of printable
QD inks and ink‐jet printing technique of QLEDs, in order to
solve those key challenges towards QLED display technology
commercialization.
9‐4: Simple Gate Driver Circuit with Inserted Stage for In‐Cell Touch TFT‐LCD Applications
Authors: Chen Fu-Hsing , Chang Ching-Heng , Tu Chun-Da , Lin Chih-Lung
Published: June 2017

This work proposes a new gate driver circuit for use in in‐cell
touch panels driven with the time division driving method. The
charges are stored in the inserted stage of the gate driver circuit
during the suspended display operation for activating the
following stage. According to the measured transfer
characteristics of the amorphous indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide thin‐film
transistor (a‐IGZO TFT), stable and uniform output
waveforms can be generated after the touch sensing period.
9‐5L: Late‐News Paper: 6Gb/s Ultra Definition Display Interface (UDDI) for Large‐size 8K Displays
Authors: Amirkhany Amir , Hekmat Mohammad , Sankaranarayanan Sabarish , Jose Anup , Abramzon Valentin , Jaffari Nancy , Saito Keisuke , Elzeftawi Mohamed , Wang Michael , Moballegh Shiva , Malhotra Gaurav , Kamali Jalil , Xiong Wei
Published: June 2017

A 6Gb/s per lane ultra‐definition display interface (UDDI) system
is presented to reduce the production cost and to improve the form‐factor
of Quad‐UHD TV panels. The receiver (RX) is implemented
in a 0.18um Source IC process. The transmitter (TX) is fabricated
in a low‐leakage 65nm process for integration with a Timing
Controller (TCON) ASIC. The analog front‐end of the receiver is
equipped with a continuous‐time linear equalizer and a 5‐tap
decision feedback equalizer. Continuous calibration and
adaptation engines in the receiver ensure reliable communication
over an extended operation period. The transmitter employs 3‐tap
pre‐emphasis for channel equalization and a dual‐VCO LC PLL
for low jitter transmission. System link layer employs a low‐overhead
error correction code to protect video data against
random errors and to limit worst‐case run‐length. The system also
deploys scrambling to reduce EMI. Noise‐free video quality was
achieved at 6Gb/s over 65” display Source PCBs and at 4Gb/s over
105” display Source PCBs. The UDDI system improves the highest
existing intra‐panel interface speed by nearly a factor of 2.
20‐2: Mixed‐Cation Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes with High Brightness and High Current Efficiency
Authors: Xu Bing , Zhang Xiaoli , Wang Weigao , Hao Junjie , Deng Jian , Sun Xiaowei , Wang Kai
Published: June 2017

We demonstrate facile synthesis of perovskite nanocrystal
based on (CH3NH3)1‐xCsxPbBr3. The as‐obtained (CH3NH3)1‐xCsxPbBr3 nanocrystals are employed as emission layer in
perovskite light emitting diodes, and the device shows high
luminescence of 24000 cd/m2, and high current efficiency of 4 cd/A.
20‐4: High‐efficiency Perovskite QLED Achieving BT.2020 Green Chromaticity
Authors: Hirose Tomoya , Tsunoi Toshiaki , Aoyama Eriko , Ishigaki Ayumi , Suzuki Tsunenori , Inoue Hideko , Nakashima Harue , Seo Satoshi , Tsutsui Tetsuo
Published: June 2017

A green perovskite‐quantum‐dot (Per‐QD) light‐emitting
diode with high efficiency and color purity was fabricated.
This device exhibited a narrow spectrum with a half width
of 19 nm and covered the BT.2020 color gamut. Improving
an electron‐transport layer increased the external quantum
efficiency to 6.2%.
13‐4: Invited Paper: Charge Generation Junction for Quantum‐dot Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Kim Hyo-Min , Hwang Eunsa , Kim Jeonggi , Jang Jin
Published: June 2017

Charge generation junction (CGJ) is widely used in tandem
organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), mainly fabricated by
vacuum deposition. But solution processed CGJs are used for
quantum‐dot light emitting diodes (QLEDs). It is demonstrated
in this work that the QLEDs with top and bottom CGJs have
similar device performance with conventional QLED. The
current and power efficiencies of the QLED with top and bottom
CGLs are almost independent on the work function of cathode
metal, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the CGJs. Double
stack QLED is designed and fabricated with the same three
CGJs with 3 kinds of materials and two different quantum‐dots
materials.
21‐3: Reliability of Coplanar Oxide TFTs : Analysis and Improvement
Authors: Baeck Ju-Heyuck , Oh Saeroonter , Lee Dohyung , Park Taeuk , Bae Jong Uk , Park Kwon-Shik , Yoon SooYong , Kang InByeong
Published: June 2017

We confirm that the PBTS instability of coplanar InGaZnO
TFTs can be improved through the minimization of
Non‐Bridging Oxygen Hole Centers (NBOHC) and
optimization of hydrogen passivation in the GI/ACT interface
region. The quantitative analysis of hydrogen and oxygen in
each region are obtained from physical property measurements.
Trap density in GI/ACT interface layer is obtained by photonic
capacitance‐voltage measurements which are correlated with
PBTS characteristics. A decrease of under coordinated bonding
states lessens electron trap density, which brings improvement
in PBTS from Vth = 2.61V to 0.21V by process optimization.
14‐2: Towards Commercial Organic Electronics and Comprehensive Comparison of Device Performance and Reliability of Organic and a‐Si:H Thin‐Film Transistor Technologies
Authors: Liu Kuan-Hsien , Chen Wei-Han , Tsai Chia-Hung , Wu An-Ju , Hsu Shih-Hua , Tu Chun-Hao , Liu Chu-Yu , Chiang Ming-Feng , Lin Yu-Chieh
Published: June 2017

Organic thin‐film transistor (OTFT) with solution‐process, low
process temperature (< 120°C), high performance, good
uniformity and excellent stability is achieved. Also, a systematic
comparison of device performance and reliability of OTFT and
a‐Si:H TFT is performed in this research. Due to the excellent
device characteristics, especially of the bias stability, the OTFT
technology nowadays is comparable even overwhelming to the
mass production a‐Si:H TFT technology. The commercialization
of organic electronics driven by OTFT backplane is expected.
26‐1: Invited Paper: Effects of Visual Motion and Viewing Conditions on Visually Induced Motion Sickness
Authors: Ujike Hiroyasu , Watanabe Hiroshi
Published: June 2017

Recent advanced image technology enables us to utilize moving images in various environments including in‐vehicle environments, which may sometimes induce visually induced motion sickness (VIMS). Our research indicates combination effects of image size, image resolution, and fixation point on VIMS, while total dose of visual motion also affects VIMS severity. The findings can be one of the bases of future guidelines for reducing VIMS in various environments including in‐vehicle environments.
22‐1: Invited Paper: Biological Effects of Light: Can Self‐luminous Displays Play a Role?
Authors: Figueiro Mariana G.
Published: June 2017

Light is the major synchronizer of circadian rhythms to local
time on earth. Light can also elicit an acute alerting effect on
humans. This paper discusses lighting characteristics that
affect the circadian system and how self‐luminous displays can
be used to promote entrainment and alertness.
15‐4: Invited Paper: Transparent Ultra‐Barrier Films for OLED Devices
Authors: Prasad Ravi
Published: June 2017

Vitriflex has developed transparent flexible ultra‐barrier films for
use in OLED displays and lighting. We will present our current
results including scale‐up of optically tuned barrier films. We will
describe the end‐application needs that drive the selection of
substrates to be used for flexible ultra‐barriers.
28‐3: Distinguished Paper: New Pixel Driving Circuit Using Self‐discharging Compensation Method for High‐Resolution OLED Microdisplays on a Silicon Backplane
Authors: Kimura Kei , Onoyama Yusuke , Tanaka Taizo , Toyomura Naobumi , Kitagawa Hideyuki
Published: June 2017

A novel 4T2C pixel circuit is proposed to realize a high‐resolution 7.8‐µm pixel pitch OLED microdisplay. In order to achieve high luminance uniformity, the pixel circuit compensates its Vth variation of the MOSFET for the driving transistor internally by using self‐discharging method. 0.5‐inch Quad‐VGA and 1.25‐inch Wide Quad‐XGA microdisplays with the proposed compensation architecture are also presented.
28‐4L: Late‐News Paper: An Ultra High Density 1.96”UHD 2250ppi Display
Authors: Lee Hyun Sup , Jang Sanghee , Noh Junghun , Jeon Hyungll , Choi Byung-Seok , Jeon Yeon Mun , Song Keunkyu , Song Junho , Chu Hye Yong , Kim Sungchul
Published: June 2017

We developed the world's highest resolution panel (2250ppi, 1.96 "UHD) with glass‐based process technology. A new pixel design and architecture has been devised to integrate TFT, contact hole, and data / gate lines in a small pixel pitch. A small TFT has been implemented and an extreme process has been developed. These technologies are expected to be applied mainly to VR, AR and Hologram platform.
22‐3: Invited Paper: Color Quality Evaluation Methods for (Tunable) White‐Light Sources
Authors: Teunissen Kees
Published: June 2017

Solid‐state lighting has enabled configurable and tunable white‐light
sources. The available specification criteria, such as CCT,
ΔuV, and CRI, are insufficient to characterize the color quality
properties for these emerging technologies. An overview of new
characterization methods will be presented with their potential for
successful adoption by the lighting industry.
23‐4: Invited Paper: Depth from Asymmetric Defocus using Color‐Filtered Aperture
Authors: Moriuchi Yusuke , Sasaki Takayuki , Mishima Nao , Mita Takeshi
Published: June 2017

We propose a new method, Depth from Asymmetric Defocus using a Color‐Filtered Aperture inserted into the camera lens aperture. The proposed method provides a highly accurate depth map from a single input image by combining a depth from defocus approach with color‐filtered aperture photography.
28‐1: Invited Paper: Effect of Channel Defining Layer on the Vertical Oxide TFTs for the Application to the Ultra High Resolution Display
Authors: Lee Seung-Hee , Lee Kwang-Heum , Nam Yunyong , Ko Jong-Beom , Yeom Hye-In , Hwang Chi-Sun , Park Sang-Hee Ko
Published: June 2017

We investigated the effect of back channel material which plays as a channel defining layer in vertical TFT for the application to the TFT of ultra‐high resolution display. Although the IGZO vertical TFT with polyimide back channel has low mobility, it shows good on/off ratio higher than 107 , low gate leakage current, and hard saturation behavior with channel length of 1 um.
32‐3: Stability Enhancement of Light Emitting Diode Based on Quantum Dots through Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Lu Rui , Chen Wei , Chen Yulong , Yang Lei , Hao Junjie , An Na , Ma Haoyue , Bian Dun , Wu Dan , Wang Kai , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: June 2017

In this work, atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique has been used as an efficient method to improve the operational stability of quantum dots (QDs) optimized white light emitting diode (WLED), by depositing an alumina layer on the outer surface layer. The luminescent microspheres (LMS) were also employed as QDs composite which had been integrated with yellow phosphors on‐chip packed on blue LED to achieve white light with high color rendering.
32‐4: In‐situ Polymerization of Polystyrene for Synthesis of Quantum Dots Composite Particle for Wide Color Gamut Display
Authors: Yang Lei , Liu Haochen , Lu Rui , Chen Wei , Hao Junjie , An Na , Ma Haoyue , Wu Dan , Bian Dun , Wang Kai
Published: June 2017

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots with multi‐shell structure had been synthesized and employed in polymer particle fabrication by an in‐situ polymerization method. The composites with red and green emission had been utilized in on‐chip packaging of display light emitting diodes, reaching a 110% NTSC for display color gamut.
33‐1: Invited Paper: Metrological Challenges of Curved Displays
Authors: Wolf Martin , Becker Michael E. , Neumeier Jürgen
Published: June 2017

New display technologies and recent trends may also enter the vehicle industry and correspondingly demand adaptations or new solutions for their standardized, i.e. comparable optical characterization. Amongst these, curved displays are most likely to be adopted because curvature opens up the possibility of actually integrating the displays into a car’s interior design. Here, we explain the basic differences between planar and cylindrical display screens during measurement of lateral and directional uniformity of luminance and chromaticity for both, imaging light measurement devices (ILMD) and spot measurement devices. The metrological differences also influence established uniformity analyses as described in the Black Mura standard “Uniformity Measurement Standard for Displays” of the German car industry. In addition, this paper describes the effects of alternative measurement approaches including light field imaging.
33‐2: Development of the Free‐Form Curved IPS LCD using Stress Retardation Analysis for Automotive Applications
Authors: Park SeHong , Park JongSin , Lee TaeRim , Jun MyungChul , Kang InByeong
Published: June 2017

The Curved TFT‐LCDs on glass are mainly single curved shape, while the free‐form curved displays (FFCDs) are mainly OLED displays on plastic substrate. Multi‐curvature TFT‐LCDs using glass are difficult to manufacture due to substrate interaction, breakage and mura caused by stress from curving of the glass. Particularly, the waterfall shape which simultaneously consists of concave and convex forms causes the light leakage that increases the retardation of LCDs due to the substrate interaction. The TFT‐LCDs can implement the multi‐curved shape if the stress retardation is improved. Therefore, we tried to simulate stress retardation through the light leakage analysis of curved LCDs. We have developed IPS LCDs with the 25‐inch waterfall‐like curved 500R, the 21.5‐inch L‐curved 600R and the 14.45‐inch convex curved 1000R of trapezium shape for the automotive platform design
30‐2: The Crystallization Monitor: Enabling Accurate Metrology of Excimer‐Laser Annealed Si Films
Authors: van der Wilt Paul C. , Passinger Sven
Published: June 2017

The requirements to the quality and uniformity of excimer‐laser annealed Si films has increased significantly with the advent of high‐resolution AMOLED displays. Here, we present a newly developed optical inspection device that enables accurate metrology inside and outside the ELA process chamber.
30‐3: Deciphering ELA via Transient Reflectance Analysis
Authors: Wong Vernon K. , Yu Miao , Pan Wenkai , Song Ruobing , Suresh Akhilesh K. , Choi Insung , Im James S.
Published: June 2017

We have experimentally investigated excimer‐laser‐induced melting of ELA‐prepared polycrystalline Si films using in situ transient reflectance and transmission analysis. The results clearly reveal that melting can proceed in a predominantly 2‐D manner for these thin and small‐columnar‐grained polycrystalline Si films. Based on considering the presently and previously obtained experimental results, as well as considering the thermal, thermodynamic, and kinetic aspects of the melting‐transition‐relevant details, we present a model that consists of (1) the prompt initiation of melting taking place at grain boundaries and junctions, and (2) the melting proceeding laterally into the transiently superheated interior of the grains. We briefly discuss how the present model can account for the evolution of columnar‐grained polycrystalline Si films observed during ELA processing of the films.
34‐1: Invited Paper: Can LCDs Outperform OLED Displays in Motion Picture Response Time?
Authors: Peng Fenglin , Chen Haiwei , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: June 2017

A simple correlation between MPRT and LC response time, TFT frame rate, and duty ratio is established. At 120‐Hz frame rate, if the LC’s response time is <2ms, then its MPRT would be comparable to OLED. To achieve CRT‐like MPRT, we could increase the frame rate or decrease the duty ratio.
16‐4: Invited Paper: Acquiring longer AMOLED Lifetime with Digital Aging Compensation
Authors: Xu Chihao , Volkert Pascal , Jiang Xingtong
Published: June 2017

AMOLED displays are still facing the two major challenges after
one decade of intensive researches. They are low yield
particularly for large panels and modest lifetime due to image
sticking. The low yield issue is caused by the analog driving
scheme and the image sticking issue is due to the active emitting
nature of OLED. With digital driving scheme, the yield of
AMOLEDs can be lifted to the level of LCDs. On the other hand,
the image sticking issue is getting even severer. It is caused by
both, OLED I–V drift and its efficiency loss. In this paper, a
method based on aging model is shown which compensates the
reduced efficiency of aged OLED pixels. Image sticking artifacts
can be deferred and the lifetime of an AMOLED display can
significantly be extended. It may ease the penetration of
AMOLEDs in TVs and automotive displays performing the high
image quality of AMOLEDs with even longer lifetime.
34‐2: Invited Paper: Novel Four‐Transistor Pixel Circuit Using Source‐Follower Structure for Field‐Sequential‐Color Blue‐Phase Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Hung Chia-Che , Hsieh Hsiang-Yuan , Lin Ya-Ting , Yu Fang-Cheng , Tsao Tzu-I , Lu Min-Yao , Tseng Bo-Shiang , Hung Ching-Lang , Huang Pu-Jung , Chen Yi-Ting , Hsieh Chia-Ting , Lin Ching-Hsiang , Lan Yi-Fen , Yen Ze-Yu , Chuang Chin-Tang , Ozawa Tokuro , Tsai Cheng-Yeh , Kuo Chia-Wei , Lin Ching-Huan , Chen Po-Hsun , Lin Chih-Lung , Sugiura Norio
Published: June 2017

We propose a novel pixel circuit using source‐follower structure to be independent of frequency effect of blue‐phase liquid crystal displays (BPLCDs). Simulation results indicated that required gray‐level‐voltages across the BPLC could be achieved accurately when a proper threshold voltage of the driving TFT was chosen. We also successfully fabricated a 12.7‐inch prototype BPLCD using the proposed pixel circuit driven with a field‐sequential‐color method of 240 Hz.
31‐1: Invited Paper: Novel Technologies for Flexible Displays and Electronics
Authors: Lee Cheng-Chung , Tsai Chen-Chu , Chang Kai-Ming , Chuang Kun-Lin , Chen Janglin
Published: June 2017

A novel edge sealing with solution coated gas barrier was successfully developed for the foldable AMOLED to improve reliability and reduce manufacturing cost. The foldable AMOLED with edge sealing passed reliability tests including 240 hours storage at 85°C /85% R.H. and outward folding at 3mm radius / 100k times. Besides, a mechanical debonding technology with low debonding stress was proposed and 18 inch OLEDs were successfully debonded.
34‐3: New Blue‐Phase Liquid Crystal Optimized for Color‐Sequential Displays
Authors: Huang Yuge , Chen Haiwei , Tan Guanjun , Tobata Hitoshi , Yamamoto Shin-ichi , Okabe Eiji , Lan Yi-Fen , Tsai Cheng-Yeh , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: June 2017

An optimized blue‐phase liquid crystal (BPLC) with a moderate dielectric constant, manageable capacitor charging time, high voltage holding ratio, and submillisecond gray‐to‐gray response time at room temperature is developed. Using protruded triangular IPS electrodes, the operation voltage can be reduced to 15V while keeping ~74% transmittance. Such a BPLC enables single‐TFT addressing and 240‐Hz operation. Potential application for color‐sequential displays is emphasized. Our new approaches have solved the most critical charging time issue and would accelerate the emergence of the long‐awaited blue‐phase LCDs. The primetime for BPLCD is around the corner.
17‐3: Towards Flexible Glass: Ultra‐Thin Glass with Tight Dimensional Tolerance and High Strength Achieved by Ion Exchange
Authors: He Feng , Jotz Matthias , Wegener Holger , Hahn Michael , Da Ning , Zimmer Jose
Published: June 2017

Ultrathin aluminosilicate glass AS 87 eco, has been produced by
SCHOTT proprietary downdraw hot‐forming method as thin as
50 μm. A tight thickness tolerance of ± 10um, with a TTV <10
um across an area of 400×500mm, and a surface roughness
smaller than 1 nm have been achieved in mass production.
Compared with other ultrathin glass, the uniqueness of AS 87
eco lies in its the outstanding chemical strengthening
performance, where the surface compressive stress can reach
over 800 MPa after an ion‐exchange process in molten KNO3
salt bath. The high alumina content also accelerates the Na‐K
diffusion, and an ion exchange depth of 20 μm can be achieved
after toughening at 390C for 2h. Combining such chemical
strengthening with fine edge treatment results in an extremely
high bending strength over 1GPa, allowing a safe bending
radius as low as 3mm for 70 μm thick glass. As such, this ultrathin
glass enables a highly scratch‐resistant glass cover for
applications such as foldable displays and any other applications
requiring the combined properties of strength, transparency,
flexibility, and scratch‐resistance properties. Low breakage
strength is the most significant obstacle for a wide application of
ultrathin glass, and aluminosilicate glass can be strengthened
well after ion exchange. SCHOTT is the first supplier in mass
production of directly hot‐formed ultrathin aluminosilicate glass
eliminating the need for chemical thinning.
31‐3: Gas‐Barrier Adhesive Sheet as a Face‐sealing Encapsulation for Flexible OLEDs
Authors: Nishijima Kenta , Hasegawa Tatsuki , Kashio Mikihiro
Published: June 2017

We demonstrated thermal curing encapsulation adhesive sheets for the flexible organic light emitting diodes. The thermal curing adhesive sheets were newly designed for the face‐sealing encapsulation sheet and had sufficient interface adhesion between the device surface and gas barrier films, high optical transparency, and flexible properties.
35‐4: Invited Paper: Physics Based Design Tools. Key to Organic and Oxide Based Thin Film Transistor (oTFT) Technology Innovation?
Authors: Nejim Ahmed , Mijalkovic Slobodan , Binder Thomas , Kelly Sean
Published: June 2017

Physics based continuous Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) models and organic/oxide TFT compact models are key for technology innovation. The encapsulated underlying physics produce predictive models that empower designers to explore all available design space. To achieve this, a number of challenges must be met. These include stable and reproducible fabrication with quantified material parameters. A seamless software flow from TCAD to SPICE opens significant opportunities for future technology designers.
18‐2: Invited Paper: Liquid Crystal Lenses in Augmented Reality
Authors: Lin Yi-Hsin , Wang Yu-Jen
Published: June 2017

Electrically tunable lens power of liquid crystal (LC) lenses
attracts many applications. The basic mechanism, structures, and
development of LC lenses are reviewed. How LC lenses assist in
registration of images and vision correction in augmented reality
is discussed.
19‐3: Invited Paper: Key Enabling Technology for Stretchable LED Display and Electronic System
Authors: Hong Yongtaek , Lee Byeongmoon , Byun Junghwan , Oh Eunho , Kim Hyunjong , Kim Sangwoo , Lee Seunghwan , Kim Daesik , Yoon Jaeyoung
Published: June 2017

Key enabling technology for stretchable hybrid electronic is
presented, which includes rigid/soft strain‐engineered
stretchable PCB platform, inkjet‐printed programmable routing
interconnects with printed cross‐over, stable direct chip bonding,
and modulus‐gradient conductive core‐shell structured via. Pre‐stretching
combined with an inkjet‐printing process enabled us
to fabricate stretchable highly‐stable silver interconnects, which
are used stretchable LED displays, chip‐based adder/multiplier,
analog watch, and sensor/display integrated systems. All
stretchable hybrid electronic system showed highly stable
operation even under 15~20% tensile strain (maximum strain
that typical patch‐type devices undergo).
36‐2: Invited Paper: Lasers, Lamps, or Phosphors – Choices for the Future of Digital Cinema
Authors: Perkins Michael , Koebel Alen
Published: June 2017

The first generation of digital‐cinema projectors has now been deployed into the majority of movie theaters around the world. The illumination technology used for that first generation was xenon lamps. When that choice was made xenon was the only viable technology that could achieve digital cinema’s goals. Today, cinema has a new set of challenges and a new set of technologies to choose from. Now that laser and laser‐phosphor are mainstream illumination technologies cinema‐projection engineers have an entirely new set of design decisions to make.
37‐1: Invited Paper: 800 PPI FMM Processing System using Femtosecond Laser
Authors: Park Jong Kab , Hur Jungyu , Kim Boram , Kim Doh Hoon , Kim Chiwoo , Jung Kiro
Published: June 2017

Manufacturing fine metal mask (FMM) is the biggest hurdle to realize UHD grade AMOLED pixels for smartphone applications and even higher resolutions such as virtual reality displays. We have developed 800ppi or more grade fine metal mask processing system via femtosecond laser with unique thermal damage free process. Thanks to the unique processing strategy, without sacrificing the processing speed, UHD grade FMM is realized for AMOLED mobile displays.
37‐3: Low Thermal Expansion and Fine‐Pitch Metal Masks Fabricated via Invar Fe‐Ni Alloy Electroforming for Large Fine‐Pitch OLED Displays
Authors: Nagayama Tomio , Yamamoto Takayo , Nakamura Toshihiro
Published: June 2017

Fine‐pitch metal masks with approximately 10 μm thick and fine rectangular open areas (10 × 30 μm2) were fabricated via invar Fe–Ni alloy electroforming (KEEPNEXTM). The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the mask annealed at 600 °C was approximately 3 ppm/°C, i.e., four times lower than that of conventional electroformed Ni and Ni–Co alloys. The proposed alloy masks are expected to be used in vapor deposition processes to produce large fine‐pitch OLED displays.
40‐3: Ultraviolet Curable Optically Clear Silicone Resin for Automotive Displays
Authors: Yook Ju Young , Park Jong Chan , Hwang Junha , Hwang Jae Chul
Published: June 2017

Dow Corning® VE‐6001 UV is a new silicone‐based, ultraviolet curable optically clear resin, exhibiting high refractive index, low shrinkage, enhanced cure performance and stable reliability. It provides a reliable silicone solution for the fabrication of high quality display modules requiring long‐term reliability, such as automotive displays.
38‐2: eWriter with Select Erase Functionality
Authors: Braganza Clinton , Lightfoot Mark , Echeverri Mauricio , Montbach Erica , Khan Asad , Doane J. William
Published: June 2017

A Boogie Board® eWriter with selective erase functionality has been developed. Using an eraser stylus and a small electric field, the eWriter is capable of erasing portions of a written image without affecting the image meant to be retained. The optical and erase performance of this eWriter is robust enough to be used in the semitransparent mode allowing template and tracing capabilities.
41‐3: Novel Pl‐Less Vertical Alignment Technology Using Hydrogen Bonding of Nonionic Amphiphiles
Authors: Son Intae , Lee Jun Hyup
Published: June 2017

We propose a novel method for Pl‐less vertical alignment of liquid crystals (LCs) using nonionic amphiphiles that form hydrogen bond with the ITO substrates. Excellent homeotropic alignment of LCs was obtained with a simple mixing process, and its electro‐optical performance was similar to that of the conventional polyimide method.
44‐3: Novel COP Optical Film with Durability for Flexible Displays
Authors: Inoue Kyosuke , Yoda Kenji , Murakami Toshihide , Kikukawa Masaru , Komoto Sogo
Published: June 2017

Zeon Corporation has developed new crystalline Cyclo‐Olefin‐Polymer (COP). Also, we have succeeded in making novel optical film made from the polymer. This film shows low thermal shrinkage and good bending stress durability which are realized by the features of the crystalline COP. Our novel COP film was designed for polarizers and touch sensors which are used for flexible displays.
45‐1: Invited Paper: Advanced Molecular Design for Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters
Authors: Lin-Song Cui , Hiroki Noda , Hiroko Nomura , Yan Geng , Jong Uk Kim , Hajime Nakanotani , Chihaya Adachi
Published: June 2017

A new family of deep‐blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters based on donor‐acceptor architecture was developed. The electronic interaction between donor and acceptor plays the key role in TADF mechanism. Deep‐blue OLEDs fabricated with these TADF emitters achieved high external quantum efficiencies over 19% with CIE coordinates of (0.148, 0.098).
50‐1: Invited Paper: Recent Advances in Measuring and Understanding the Influence of Molecular Alignment on the Light Extraction Efficiency of OLEDs
Authors: Murawski Caroline , Graf Arko , Liehm Philipp , Neferu Ana , Zysman-Colman Eli , Gather Malte C.
Published: June 2017

We review recent progress in controlling the alignment of the transition dipole moment of electroluminescent molecules to maximize the light extraction efficiency in OLEDs. Particular focus devoted to ways of measuring molecular orientation and on linking molecular structure to alignment.
50‐2: Invited Paper: Highly Efficient OLEDs using Exciplex Hosts
Authors: Kim Kwon-Hyeon , Kim Jang-Joo
Published: June 2017

An exciplex is an excited state charge transfer complex formed between a donor molecule and an acceptor molecule upon excitation of the donor or acceptor molecule. Because of the charge transfer characteristics, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the exciplex are considered to be located on the donor and acceptor molecules, respectively. Since the overlap between the HOMO and the LUMO of the exciplex is small, the energy difference between the singlet and the triplet excited states can be very small. Therefore, exciplex forming materials have been used to harvest triplet as well as the singlet energy in OLEDs. Exciplex forming systems can also be used as co‐hosts of phosphorescent dyes for efficient OLEDs. An exciplex forming co‐host can be considered as a quasi‐host material possessing its singlet and triplet excited state energy close to the energy difference between the LUMO of the electron transporting material (acceptor) and the HOMO of the hole transporting material (donor) of the co‐host materials, which can be utilized to achieve high efficiency and low driving voltage in OLEDs. In this talk, we will present highly efficient phosphorescent and TADF OLEDs using exciplex host doped with phosphorescent dyes with preferred emitting dipole orientation along horizontal direction to realize the external quantum efficiency over 30%, low driving voltage, and low efficiency roll‐off by doping.
47‐1: Invited Paper: Automotive Interior Lighting Redefined
Authors: Isele Robert , Neumann Roland , Blankenbach Karlheinz
Published: June 2017

Car interiors have been under development now for over 100 years, leading to a modern environment and the so‐called driver working place. Within this long period of time, several major changes have taken place, e.g., entertainment systems, driver assistance, displays, and light design have revolutionized the design as well as the expectations of drivers and passengers. Now, car sharing, electrification, and autonomous driving have brought additional focus to the interior. Material, displays, and ambient light will create a new environment for passengers in the future.
50‐4: High‐Performance Pyrimidine‐Based TADF Emitters Realizing Pure Blue‐to‐Green Emission with EQE of 25%
Authors: Sasabe Hisahiro , Komatsu Ryutaro , Nakao Kohei , Ohsawa Tatsuya , Hayasaka Yuya , Kido Junji
Published: June 2017

A series of pyrimidine‐based pure blue‐to‐green emitters are developed, and investigated the structure‐property relationships. A pure blue emitter realized a power efficiency of 20 lm W‐1 at CIE of (0.16, 0.15), and a green emitter exhibited a power efficiency of over 110 lm W‐1 at CIE of (0.36, 0.58).
83‐1L: Late‐News Paper: Electro‐optic Characteristics of OZ‐IPS LCD Utilizing an Application‐Type, Zero‐Azimuth Anchoring Material
Authors: Maeda Tsuyoshi , Kawamura Joji , Adachi Isao , Okuno Harumi , Sato Osamu , Iwata Naoto , Watanabe Junji , Tokita Masatoshi , Sakakibara Keita , Goto Atsushi , Tsujii Yoshinobu
Published: June 2017

In this study, a one‐side zero‐anchoring in‐plane switching (OZ‐IPS) liquid crystal display that used an application‐type, zero‐azimuth anchoring material as a substitute for polymer brushes was successfully developed. The transmission efficiency of this OZ‐IPS cell was also improved by optimizing its optical design.