bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Cestode Genus Mesocestoides Vaillant
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: November 2009

The genus Mesocestoides was created in 1863 by Vaillant to receive a new species of cestode found by him in Viverra genetta and named M. ambiguus. Unfortunately, the description of this form is such that, although the generic characters can be recognised, it is impossible to say to which of the several species found in mammals it should be referred, and therefore Fuhrmann (1908) regarded it as a species inquirenda. Weiss (1910), in redescribing a form of Mesocestoides from the same host, gives no details which would enable the parasite to be distinguished from the other members of the genus. He notes that his form is only 50 mm. long, while that described by Vaillant was 160 to 240 mm. long. However, as Neumann (1896) points out, M. lineatus has a size varying between 30 and 250 mm. The size of M. ambiguus therefore is only of use in showing that it does not belong to the species M. bassarisci or M. cæstus referred to later in this paper. It still leaves its identity a matter of speculation as, in addition to M. lineatus, M. mesorchis has dimensions which fall within these limits.
Heterodera schachtii (Schmidt) and Soil Acidity
Authors: Peters B. G.
Published: November 2009

1. The possibility of correlating the acidity of the soil with the distribution of cysts of Heterodera schachtii is investigated by a colorimetric method of hydrogen ion determination. The variety of this eelworm which infests potatoes is alone considered, the material being derived from South Lincolnshire—in particular from Kirton and the district around Boston. The samples, general notes and cyst-concentration data are due to Morgan, to whom the writer is greatly indebted.

2. A brief account of the life-history of H. schachtii is given, and also:

3. A note on the theoretical aspect of hydrogen ions and of the colorimetric methods for determining their concentrations.

4. The technique involved is fully discussed, and after various tests is standardized as follows : 2 grams of dry, finely-sieved soil are shaken up with 10 c.c. of twice-distilled water for ¼ hour. The mixture is centrifuged for 5 minutes and diluted with water in the ratio 1:9. A suitable indicator is added, aeration of the solution follows, and the pH-value is read by comparison with indicator-standards in a Walpole Comparator.

It is pointed out that at most the results give the pH-value of the solutions. The pH-value of the soil itself, in situ, is not determined, so that the results are only of relational value.
The Effect of the Period of Service upon Parasitic Infection amongst the Cairo City Police Force
Authors: Khalil M.
Published: November 2009

The Cairo City Police is a force consisting of more than 5,300 men. They are recruited principally from the Egyptian Army Reserve or by direct conscription. They are mostly derived from the poorest classes of the agricultural population and the artisans of the towns. Any individual can be exempted from enlistment in the Army on paying £E.20, and it is only those who cannot afford to pay that sum that are enlisted if medically fit.
Some Stages in the Development of Œsophagostomum dentatum from the Pig
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

In an earlier paper (Goodey, 1924), the writer has given an account of the morphology of the adults of Œsophagostomum dentatum, the development and structure of the free-living larvæ and the biology of the ensheathed infective stage. So far, however, the parasitic larval stages have not been described. In the present paper some of the gaps in our knowledge of the complete life-history of the worm represented by these stages are filled in, not as completely as could be desired owing to the absence from the material of specimens showing the 3rd and 4th ecdyses. The worms found, however, show that the 4th stage larva has a provisional buccal capsule essentially similar to that found in 4th stage larvæ of O. radiatum (Marotel, 1908) and O. columbianum (Veglia, 1924), and in this respect is in line with certain other 4th stage larvæ of the Strongyloidea such as Ancylosloma duodenale (Looss, 1897), and Triodontophorus tenuicollis (Ortlepp, 1925), in which provisional buccal capsules built on the same general plan have been observed.
On the Arthropod Intermediate Hosts of Hymenolepis diminuta (Rudolphi 1819)
Authors: Oldham J. N.
Published: November 2009

Hymenolepis diminuta (Rudolphi, 1819), a normal inhabitant of thesmall intestine of the rat and other rodents and occasionally to be foundin man, has* received attention from several investigators desirous ofcontributing knowledge towards the life history of this cestode. Asa result of these researches it is now a well established fact that severalarthropods belonging to the Lepidoptera, Dermaptera, Coleoptera, Siphonaptera and Myriapoda can function as intermediate hosts althoughthis wide range of vectors is somewhat unusual.
On a Species of Trichostrongyle from the Tasmanian Devil
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: November 2009

In a Tasmanian Devil (Sarcophilus harisii) which died last year in the Scottish Zoological Park, there were found examples of Oochoristica dasyuri, Alaria sp., and the following species of Trichostrongyle worm which appears to be new to science.
On Anguillulina oryzae (v. Breda de Haan, 1902) Goodey, 1932, a nematode parasite of the roots of Rice, Oryza sativa L.
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

The identity and status of the nematode described by van Breda de Haan (1902) from the roots of diseased rice plants in the Dutch East Indies under the name of Tylenchus oryzae have remained more or less conjectural owing to the inadequacy of the original description and the absence of any drawings showing its appearance and structure. The present writer was so doubtful of its validity as a species that in his monograph on the genus Anguillulina (1932) he listed it under “species inquirendae.” In April 1934, Dr. J. van der Vecht of the Institute of Plant Diseases, Buitenzorg, Java, visited this Institute and in the course of conversation informed the writer that in his opinion the species was a valid and distinct one. He kindly promised that on his return to Buitenzorg he would collect specimens of the parasite and forward them for examination. In due course a good number of adult specimens, preserved in 5% formalin, were received and on these it has been possible to base the observations embodied in the following pages. The writer desires to express his thanks to Dr. P. van der Goot, Director of the Institute of Plant Diseases, Buitenzorg and to Dr. van der Vecht for their kindness in making this interesting material available for investigation.
Field Experiments in Lincolnshire on the Chemical Treatment of Soil infected with Heterodera schachtii
Authors: Hurst Richard H. , Franklin Mary T.
Published: November 2009

This communication is concerned with the field trials of substances which in previous small-scale experiments had shown promise of controlling “potatò-sickness” when they were mixed with infected soil.
On some New Hosts of the Stem Eelworm, Anguillulina dipsaci
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

During the past two or three years the writer has had an opportunity of making observations on certain plants which are new hosts of the stem eelworm, Anguillulina dipsaci. In the present paper four such plants are dealt with, three of which are cultivated garden plants and one a common weed. Of the garden plants, one is a useful food plant, namely the parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.) and the other two are Primulas, namely Primula pulverulenta Duthie and P. polyantha Mill, (polyanthus primrose). The weed is swine-cress or wart-cress (Coronopus Ruellii All., syn. Senebeira Coronopus Poir.)
On a New Amphistome Cercaria (Diplocotylea) from Planorbis exustus
Authors: Buckley J. J. C.
Published: November 2009

A new species of amphistome cercaria from Planorbis exustus in Cachar District, Assam, is described.

Feeding experiments with the encysted cercariae to two calves and a pig proved negative.
On a Sex Difference in the Infection Rate of Birds with Syngamus trachea
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: November 2009

In 1937 a short paragraph by Whitlock appeared in the Journal of Parasitology commenting on the fact that there appeared to be a sexual difference in the degree of infection with Syngamus trachea of some Hungarian partridges which were being confined at the Michigan State Game Farm. Of 34 infected birds that he examined, 32 were females. He puts forward the suggestion that the strain of egg laying had lowered the vitality of the females to such an extent as to allow of the establishment of the parasite. We must assume therefore that all these birds were fully adult and that they were examined in the spring or early summer.
Studies on the Saline Requirements of the Larvae ofAscaris suum
Authors: Fenwick D. W.
Published: November 2009

Until comparatively recently, the greater part of research work in helminthology progressed along three main lines, investigation into the life histories of parasitic helminths, the study of their morphology as well as an empirical investigation into the efficiency or otherwise of different substances as anthelmintics. Research into the physiology of these animals was only rarely attempted and even then was only very casual and never by any means thorough. In recent years, however, there has been a gradual change over, and increased attention has been paid to their physiology, both from a purely scientific and also an applied standpoint. Early work on anthelmintics was concerned only with the discovery of substances which would expel the worms from their hosts and could be used empirically. This attitude has of recent years, given place to a more scientific approach in which investigations into physiological processes have been undertaken in the hope that knowledge gained might show some method of rendering the worms more susceptible to anthelmintics, or alternatively, indicate new anthelmintics more lethal to them and less harmful to the hosts.
On the Identification of Strains of Heterodera schachtii
Authors: Franklin Mary T.
Published: November 2009

Three methods of differentiating the various strains of Heterodera schachtii are tried out in an attempt to find a quick means of identifying the strains.

Infection experiments using possible host plants, though they are the final test of strain, require careful handling and take some weeks to carry out. In a limited number of such experiments a strain of eelworm occurring on wild clovers appears to be distinct from the pea, oat and beet strains. A strain parasitic on Myosotis appears to be distinct from the clover strain.
Digestion in Parasitic Nematodes. 1. The Digestion of Carbohydrates
Authors: Rogers W. P.
Published: November 2009

Amylolytic enzymes have been extracted from the intestines and contents ofStrongylus edentatusandAscaris lumbricoides(pig strain). The saccharogenic and amyloclastic actions of these enzymes have been examined in relation to the salts present and hydrogen ion concentration.
A Controlled Experiment with Phenothiazine in Sheep
Authors: Leiper J. W. G. , Peters B. G. , Clapham P. A.
Published: November 2009

In an experiment previously reported (1941) we were able to show little anthelmintic effect against the gastro-intestinal nematodes of sheep after using phenothiazine powder in single doses up to 0·3 gm. per Kg. body weight. In view of our experience and its contrast with that of many" other workers, we felt it desirable to test a much larger dose, to compare it with another brand of the drug, and (because of the very large variation in worm burden from lamb to lamb) to use not less than four lambs in each treatment group.

Accordingly, 12 lambs from a flock known to be naturally infested were purchased last November, and these were divided at random into three groups as follows: A, untreated controls; B, given compressed 5 gm. tablets of phenothiazine (recently placed on the market by a well-known firm) at the rate of 5 gm. per 5 Kg. body weight; and C, given phenothiazine powder in water as a drench, at the same dosage rate, with the addition to each dose of 1 gm. sodium glycocholate as a wetting agent. This powder was from the same batch as that used in our previous experiment. In each case the full amount was given as a single dose.

The same three criteria of efficacy were used as before: three eggcountings and lamb-weighings before and after treatment, and post mortem worm-counts. Eggs were counted by the same modified McMaster technique, the individual counts representing the eggs in 0·005 gm. of faeces, but on this occasion only three cells were counted per sheep per day.
The Effect of Phenothiazine on the Weights of Worm-free Sheep and Goats
Authors: Leiper J. W. G. , Peters B. G.
Published: November 2009

A total dose of 30 gm. of phenothiazine, given as tablets in one dose of 15 gm. and three of 5 gm. to three goats and six sheep known to be worm-free, had no effect on the weights of the animals in comparison with equal numbers of worm-free controls, over a period of 15 weeks from the first dose.

It is concluded that weights can validly be used as a criterion of anthelmintic efficacy; they not only constitute an obvious economic criterion, but also are statistically more sensitive than egg-counts when subjected to analysis of covariance.
Infestation with Liver Fluke among 73,000 Cattle slaughtered in Great Britain during June, 1942
Authors: Peters B. G. , Clapham P. A.
Published: November 2009

An analysis of slaughter-house returns, covering over 73,000 cattle slaughtered during three weeks in June, 1942, reveals evidence of heterogeneity and interaction in respect of all the five categories involved: time, area, class, origin and degree of infestation with liver fluke. By heterogeneity is here meant that the differences between the various sub-divisions of any one category are too large to be ascribed to chance; by interaction is meant that the relative proportions between the subdivisions under any one category do not remain steady (within the limits of random variation) over the co-ordinate subdivisions of a second category. This makes the data difficult to interpret clearly.
Some New Nematodes from the Australian Wallaby (Macropus rufogrisea fruticus) with a Note on the Synonymy of the Genera Zoniolaimus, Labiostrongylus and Buccostrongylus
Authors: Kung C. C.
Published: November 2009

The present paper consists of descriptions of an encysted developing stage of Asymmetricostrongylus dissimilis, and of four newz species, Globocephaloides trifidospicularis, Pharyngostrongylus longibursaris, Zoniolaimus cobbi and Labiostrongylus australis. With the exception of L. australis, which is doubtfully recorded from Python spilotus, all the species came from the alimentary canal of the Australian wallaby, Macropus rufogrisea fruticus.
The Control of Anguillulina dipsaci on the seed of Teazle and Red Clover by Fumigation with Methyl Bromide
Authors: Goodey J. Basil
Published: November 2009

The stem eelworm Anguillulina dipsaci (Kühn) Gerv. & v. Ben., is responsible for disease in numerous plants, amongst which are teazle, Dipsacus fullonum L., the type host and red clover, Trifolium pratense L. In both cases seed harvested from infected plants will often be infected by the stem eelworm in spite of the greatest care in dressing the seed.

Kühn (1857) in describing the parasite for the first time said:— The seeds of the diseased teazles differ from those of the healthy ones. They are not half so large nor so sharply angular. Whilst the pappus of the healthy seed is stalked that of the diseased seed is sessile and almost twice as large. The worms do not completely fill the diseased seed but occur within the atrophied ovule and also as small clumps of worms within the tissue of the abnormally thickened seed coat. The worms are found not only within the diseased seeds but in all other parts of the head including the pith where they cause not only abnormal growth but death and brown discolouration of the tissues.
A Survey of the Helminths of Scottish Hill Sheep
Authors: Parnell I. W. , Rayski C. , Dunn A. M. , Mackintosh G. M.
Published: November 2009

A survey of the helminths of Scottish hill sheep, made by collecting over seven hundred viscera from sheep which died from disease or accidents on over eighty farms, has shown that worms are the direct or indirect cause of the death of many sheep, and of loss in condition of many more.

Infestations of H. contortus increase in incidence and severity in the late spring, but the majority of hill sheep are not infested with it and it is not a serious problem unless lack of herding, bad weather, etc. harm the sheep.

Ostertagia spp. are often the most numerous species found in Scottish hill sheep; their numbers increase considerably for several weeks in the spring and to a less extent and for a shorter time in the autumn. Any prophylactic dosing programmes for lambs, hoggs or adult sheep must include Ostertagia spp. in the species against which they are directed.

The numbers of T. axei increase in Scottish hill sheep during the winter and for some weeks from March onwards contribute to the pathogenic effect of clinical and subclinical helminthiasis of sheep.
A Further Description of Nematodirus battus Crofton and Thomas, 1951
Authors: Crofton H. D. , Thomas R. J.
Published: November 2009

A brief description of Nematodirus battus has been given elsewhere (Crofton and Thomas, 1951), but this included only sufficient details for specific diagnosis. A more detailed account is given below.

The worms are long, slender and more or less straight. The cuticle is smooth except in the cephalic region where it is inflated and is lightly striated. The cephalic inflation extends 0.12 mm. from the anterior end and is 0.06 mm. in diameter (see Fig. 1). In some specimens the cephalic inflation may be reduced and relatively inconspicuous. Although this variation may be due to fixation, it occurs in members of a batch which have been fixed simultaneously. The head is 0.03 mm. in diameter and bears six papillae round the mouth. The “mouth capsule” is small and bears a tooth on the dorsal side. This tooth is not easily visible in Fig. 1 because of contraction of the oesophagus. (The term mouth capsule is retained because it has been used by other workers (see Rajewskaja, 1918, Travassos, 1987) but if the definitions of Baylis and Daubney (1926) are adopted it would be more correct to refer to the tooth as lying in an oesophageal funnel). The oesophagus is relatively short, 0.35–0.54 mm. in length.
Functional Deformation in the Head of the Genus Allodapa (Nematoda)
Authors: Inglis William G.
Published: November 2009

1. The structure of the head in four samples of the genus Allodapa from Madagascar birds is described and shown to represent stages in the functional deformation of the pharyngeal portions.

2. All the specimens are considered to belong to Allodapa suctoria (Molin, 1860) s.l. and are described. Their hosts are: Margaroperdix sp. Centropus toulou, Coua caerulea and C. raynandii.

3. The species of the family Subuluridae known from Madagascar hosts are discussed and it is shown that they represent a minor parasite fauna which has most probably been secondarily introduced.

4. It is reported that Subulura prosimiae Baer, 1935 is indistinguishable from Primasubulura distans (Rudolphi, 1819) and that the record of the former species given by Chabaud and Petter (1958), based only on females, is that of a Subulura species and not a Primasubulura.

5. A Subulura species is reported from Coua gigas.
Pathological Changes and Vitamin B12 Metabolism in Sheep Parasitised by Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia spp. and Trichostrongylus colubriformis
Authors: Gardiner M. R.
Published: November 2009

Groups of helminth-free weaner sheep were equilibrated on a ration containing almost no cobalt for 3 months. Cobalt supplementation was given orally thrice weekly to provide the minimum requirement for sheep. Infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Ostertagia spp. were given at two dosage levels to each of three groups, respectively, for 18 days, followed after a lapse of 30 days by small daily dosings of a mixed suspension of these helminths. Serum vitamin B12 was determined for a month before parasitization and for up to 12 weeks thereafter for every sheep. Sheep parasitized with higher numbers of T. colubriformis and Ostertagia spp. were significantly affected with loss of weight and in three cases, death, although there were no changes in the serum levels of vitamin B12 which remained fairly constantly at the lower end of the normal range during most of the parasitic stage. Sheep dying from these infestations showed terminal rises of serum vitamin B12 whilst those surviving showed falls in the last few weeks of the trial associated with significant decreases in liver cobalt levels. Morphological changes of some severity were found in the abomasum and intestines of the sheep receiving T. colubriformis and Ostertagia spp. and appeared to limit the uptake of vitamin B12. It is concluded that mild to moderate infestations of intestinal trichostrongyles and to a lesser degree Ostertagia spp. will interfere with the absorption of vitamin B12 and that these helminths may precipitate cobalt deficiency syndromes if cobalt is at or near the critical level in the feed.
Scanning electron microscopic observations on the tegumental surfaces of two rumen flukes (Trematoda: Paramphistomata)
Authors: Tandon Veena , Maitra S. C.
Published: November 2009

The surface microtopography ofCalicophoron papillosum(Stiles & Goldberger) andC. calicophorum(Fischoeder), inhabiting the rumen of sheep, has been studied by SEM. InC. papillosum, conspicuous transverse ridges encircle the mid-body, gradually lessening dorsally towards the posterior end. The general body surface is aspinose and smooth except for minute bead-like tubercles in the circumoral area. Two types of putative sensory structures—domed aciliate papillae and tegumental pits—are present. Their characteristic aggregation in certain regions and their distribution in other parts of the body is described. A unique pattern of ridges, confined only to the base of the genital papilla and the genital atrium, has been observed. InC. calicophorum, tegumental folds encircle the body, these are more numerous near the anterior end and fewer posteriorly. The oral area has numerous concentric folds with domed aciliate papillae; between or on the papillae are tegumental elevated pits from the centre of which a knob-like structure protrudes. These sensory structures occur to a lesser extent in the acctabular area.
A comparison of the efficiency of the percutaneous and per-oral routes of infection in caprineSchistosoma bovisinfections
Authors: Kassuku Ayub , Nansen Peter , Christensen Niels Ø.
Published: November 2009

The comparative efficiency of the percutaneous and per-oral routes of infection was studied in goats experimentally infected withSchistosoma bovis.The heaviest infection was obtained by the percutaneous route, but a relatively high parasite load was also achieved by the per-oral route, i.e., where goats were allowed to drink a cercarial suspension, volume of 0·9 to 1·7 litre per animal. Studies using radio-isotopically labelled cercariae were designed to clarify the cercarial penetration sites following uptake by drinking. Radioactivity could be demonstrated in the outer lips, buccal cavity, oesophagus and the reticulum, omasum and rumen. Highest counts were recorded in outer lips, reticulum and rumen constituting 41·2, 22·1 and 20·6%, respectively, of total radioactivity recovered. It is concluded that the per-oral infection route may play a larger role than hitherto anticipated in infection of ruminants, and possibly also in other mammals, with schistosomes. The epidemiological implications of the present findings are discussed.
Behaviour and enzyme release by Anisakis sp. larvae (Nematoda: Ascaridida)
Authors: Matthews Bernard E.
Published: November 2009

Anisakis sp. larvae when incubated in vitro produced secretions/excretions which released the dye from an azocoll substrate, indicating protease activity. The optimal conditions for enzyme release and activity were a temperature of 37°C and a pH of 7·5. In addition the larvae showed peak behavioural activity at 37°C, the body temperature of the final, marine mammalian host. The results are discussed in relation to their possible significance to the invasion of the various hosts in the life-cycle.
Observations on Mononchus tridentatus, M. brachyuris and other species of the genus Mononchus
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

Studies carried out by the writer during the past few years on various species of the genus Anguillulina, associated chiefly with the roots of grasses, have resulted in the-collection of numerous other species of soil nematodes including many representatives of the predatory genus Mononchus. Amongst these are specimens of Mononchus tridentatus de Man, 1876, M. brachyuris Bütschli, 1873, two species in which males as well as females are known, M. muscorum (Duj. 1945), M. punctatus Cobb, 1917, M. papillatus Bast., 1865 and M. minor Cobb, 1893; all species in which females only are known. Investigation of these forms has resulted not only in the discovery of facts concerning their feeding habits but also of certain interesting anatomical features which have hitherto remained incompletely elucidated in members of this genus.
A comparison of morphology, acid phosphatase and ATPase activity in Ganeo tigrinum from hibernating and non-hibernating Rana cyanophlyctis and R. tigrina
Authors: Sharma P. N. , Mandawat Sushila
Published: November 2009

This study compares the morphology, anatomy, physiology and histochemical distribution of two key enzymes (AcPase and ATPase) in the intestinal trematode Ganeo tigrinum recovered from hibernating and non-hibernating Rana cyanophlyctis and R. tigrina. It has been shown that the torpid state of the host influences its worm so severely that it produces untanned and low quality eggs, the sperm population falls, the rate of worm infection is decreased and the worms do not grow.

AcPase has been shown to undergo significant changes during hibernation, especially in the gut, where extraordinarily high activity seems to be responsible for the autophagy of certain gastrodermal cells. ATPase similarly reveals a decrease in activity in most of the parasite tissues during hibernation. However, its high activity in the parenchyma has been related to the quick transportation of metabolites, representing the threshold concentration necessary for survival and egg production.
Kinetic and electrophoretic studies on acid and alkaline phosphatases of the metacercariae ofClinostomum complanatum(Trematoda: Digenea)
Authors: Siddiqui Afzal A. , Nizami Wajih A.
Published: November 2009

Homogenates of the metacercariae ofClinostomum complanatumshowed two peaks for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate at pH 4·5–5·0 and 11·0; specific activity at pH 5·0 was 0·017 µmol p-nitrophenol/mg protein/min and 0·0049 µmol p-nitrophenol/mg protein/min at pH 11·0 at 37°C. Maximal activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases were observed at 50° and 40°C respectively. Both enzymes reached maximal rates after 50 min of incubation. Linearity in enzyme activity was noticed with increasing homogenate concentrations for both enzymes. The Kmfor p-nitrophenyl phosphate was 1·1 mM with a Vmaxof 0·018 units/mg protein for acid phosphatase and 1·6 mM with a Vmaxof 0·0052 units/mg protein for alkaline phosphatase. Sodium arsenate and sodium fluoride inhibit and Mg++and Co++stimulate both enzymes. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed one cathodic band each for both the enzymes.
‘Art as Vehicle’: Grotowski in Pontedera
Authors: Pollastrelli Carla
Published: November 2009

In this testimony, Carla Pollastrelli charts the main stages leading to Grotowski's settlement in Pontedera in Italy and to the creation of the Workcenter of Jerzy Grotowski. As the Year of Grotowski, supported by UNESCO, draws to a close, her words provide a fitting tribute to a man whose influence has surpassed all geographical boundaries, whether those of his native Poland, adoptive Italy, or place of temporary refuge, the United States. Carla Pollastrelli is the co-director of the Fondazione Pontedera Teatro. Pontedera Teatro. From 1986 to 2000 she was an executive of the Workcenter of Jerzy Grotowski, which in 1996 was renamed the Workcenter of Jerzy Grotowski and Thomas Richards. She has edited translations of Grotowski's texts in Polish into Italian since 1978, and is the co-editor with Ludwig Flaszen of Il Teatr Laboratorium di Jerzy Grotowski, 1959–1969: testi e materiali di Jerzy Grotowski e Ludwik Flaszen con uno scritto di Eugenio Barba (Jerzy Grotowski's Laboratory Theatre, 1959–1969: Jerzy Grotowski and Ludwig Flaszen's Texts and Materials and a Text by Eugenio Barba (Fondazione Pontedera Teatro, 2001; second edition, La Casa Usher, 2007) and the collection of Grotowski's texts, Holiday e teatro delle fonti (Holiday and the Theatre of Sources, La Casa Usher, 2006).
Imagining Religious Freedom: Potentials and Pitfalls in the “Land between Two Rivers”
Authors: Tyler Aaron
Published: November 2009

This article explores the complex reality of religious freedom in post-war Iraq. It examines the constitutional parameters of religious freedom in a democratizing Iraq, while also demonstrating how the muddy realities of sectarian intolerance and violence continue to impede the realization of this essential liberty in “the land between two rivers.”
Zur röntgenologischen Darstellung der Sutura sagittalis und coronalis
Authors: Reimann F. , Bülow E.v. , Talasli U.
Published: November 2009

Es wird eine Aufnahmetechnik beschrieben, mit deren Hilfe die Sagittalnaht fast in ihrer ganzen Ausdehnung und auch ein großer Teil der Kranznaht dargestellt wird. Auf den Aufnahmen sind Verlauf, Eigenschaften und Zustand der beiden Nähte vortrefflich zu beurteilen. Das Verfahren eignet sich deswegen, besonders in Verbindung mit den übrigen üblichen Aufnahmetechniken des Schädels, zur Untersuchung der wichtigen Schädelnähte und ihrer Qualitäten für anatomische, anthropologische und klinische Zwecke.
Ein Verfahren zur on-line-Auswertung und semiautomatischen Befundung der seitengetrennten Nierenclearance-Untersuchung
Authors: Schneider P. , Haas J. P. , Becker H. P.
Published: November 2009

Ein Vierkanal-Clearance-Meßplatz wird on-line an einen Tischrechner angeschlossen. Nach programmgesteuerter Erfassung der Meßkurven berechnet der Computer die Gesamtclearance und die Seitenverteilung. Die Ergebnisse werden zusammen mit einer semi-automatischen Beurteilung in Form eines Arztbriefes auf einer Teletype ausgegeben. Die Richtigkeit des Auswerteprogramms wurde durch manuelle Auswertung der Clearancekurven überprüft.
Some applications of the fractional Poisson probability distribution
Authors: Laskin Nick
Published: November 2009

Physical and mathematical applications of the recently invented fractional Poisson probability distribution have been presented. As a physical application, a new family of quantum coherent states has been introduced and studied. As mathematical applications, we have developed the fractional generalization of Bell polynomials, Bell numbers, and Stirling numbers of the second kind. The appearance of fractional Bell polynomials is natural if one evaluates the diagonal matrix element of the evolution operator in the basis of newly introduced quantum coherent states. Fractional Stirling numbers of the second kind have been introduced and applied to evaluate the skewness and kurtosis of the fractional Poisson probability distribution function. A representation of the Bernoulli numbers in terms of fractional Stirling numbers of the second kind has been found. In the limit case when the fractional Poisson probability distribution becomes the Poisson probability distribution, all of the above listed developments and implementations turn into the well-known results of the quantum optics and the theory of combinatorial numbers.
Pressure dependence of the large-scale structure of water
Authors: Cunsolo A. , Formisano F. , Ferrero C. , Bencivenga F. , Finet S.
Published: November 2009

We report on small-angle x-ray scattering measurements on liquid water aimed at characterizing the pressure evolution of its large-scale structure. Diffraction profiles have been fitted assuming a Lorentzian dependence on the exchanged momentum. As a result, we observe an anomalous behavior of the diffracted intensity that tends to disappear, increasing either the pressure or the temperature. This effect is discussed in detail and imputed to the ability of hydrostatic pressure to weaken hydrogen bonds.
Multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree and classical dynamics studies of the photodissociation of HF and HCl molecules adsorbed on ice: Extension to three dimensions
Authors: Woittequand S. , Toubin C. , Monnerville M. , Briquez S. , Pouilly B. , Meyer H.-D.
Published: November 2009

The 3D photodissociation dynamics of HCl and HF molecules adsorbed on ice is studied by quantum and classical simulations. The quantum calculations are carried out with the multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree (MCTDH) approach. Dynamical observables like angular distributions in the momentum space of the H fragments, absorption cross sections are computed. The results are compared with our previous 2D studies. As expected, less encapsulation of the H atom between the ice surface and the halogen atom is obtained in the 3D study, resulting in less pronounced interference structures in the photoabsorption cross sections and in a decrease of the classical rainbow peaks observed in the 2D scheme. Although the amplitudes of the oscillations corresponding to quantum interferences in the asymptotic angular distribution of the H fragment are different between the 2D and 3D results, the qualitative pattern of the oscillations is similar in the 2D and 3D approaches. In addition, a good agreement is observed for the angular distribution between the classical and the quantum calculations.
Shock tube experiments and numerical simulation of the single-mode, three-dimensional Richtmyer–Meshkov instability
Authors: Long C. C. , Krivets V. V. , Greenough J. A. , Jacobs J. W.
Published: November 2009

A vertical shock tube is used to perform experiments in which an interface is formed using opposed flows of air and SF6. A three-dimensional single-mode perturbation is created by the periodic vertical motion of the gases within the shock tube. Richtmyer–Meshkov instability is produced by an impulsive acceleration by a weak shock wave (Ms=1.2). Planar laser induced fluorescence produces still images, and planar Mie scattering produces movies of the experiment. A three-dimensional numerical simulation of this experiment utilizing the Eulerian adaptive mesh refinement code, RAPTOR, was also conducted. Good agreement is obtained between experiments and the simulations. However, existing late time models, which have a 1/t dependence, disagree with measurements of the late time instability development. In contrast, both the experiments and simulation suggest a t−0.54 late time dependence for the overall growth rate. Comparisons with individual bubble and spike velocities show the bubbles appear to decay approximately at 1/t and the spikes to decay at a much slower rate of t−0.38.
Spin-polarization dynamics in InGaAs quantum dots during pulsed electrical spin-injection
Authors: Asshoff Pablo , Löffler Wolfgang , Zimmer Jochen , Füser Heiko , Flügge Harald , Kalt Heinz , Hetterich Michael
Published: November 2009

We investigate the fidelity of electron spin initialization in quantum dots utilizing nanosecond-pulsed electrical spin injection through a semimagnetic spin aligner in a spin light-emitting diode. At the onset of the electroluminescence signal, the circular polarization degree of the emitted light, corresponding to the spin polarization degree, is distinctively higher than under constant-current excitation. The observed spin-polarization dynamics are attributed to state filling effects. Additional contributions due to spin-flip mechanisms within the optically active region are identified.
Fusion of epithelial cells by Epstein–Barr virus proteins is triggered by binding of viral glycoproteins gHgL to integrins αvβ6 or αvβ8
Authors: Chesnokova Liudmila S. , Nishimura Stephen L. , Hutt-Fletcher Lindsey M.
Published: November 2009

Epstein–Barr
,
virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that is causally implicated in the development of lymphoid and epithelial tumors. Entry of virus requires fusion of virus envelopes and cell membranes. Fusion with B lymphocytes requires virus glycoprotein gB and a 3-part complex of glycoproteins, gHgLgp42. It is triggered by interactions between glycoprotein 42 (gp42) and HLA class II. However, fusion with epithelial cells is impeded by gp42 and instead is triggered by interactions between an unknown epithelial protein and a 2-part complex of gHgL. We report here that gHgL binds with high affinity to epithelial cells and that affinity of binding is increased by 3 orders of magnitude in the presence of Mn
2+
. Binding and infection can be reduced by fibronectin and vitronectin, by down-regulation of integrin αv, or by a peptide corresponding to 13 aa of gH which include a KGDE motif. Fusion of cells expressing gB and gHgL can be blocked by vitronectin or triggered by addition of soluble truncated integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8. We conclude that the direct interaction between EBV gHgL and integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8 can provide the trigger for fusion of EBV with an epithelial cell.
Native state dynamics drive the unfolding of the SH3 domain of PI3 kinase at high denaturant concentration
Authors: Wani Ajazul Hamid , Udgaonkar Jayant B.
Published: November 2009

Little is known about the role of protein dynamics in directing protein unfolding along a specific pathway and about the role played by chemical denaturants in modulating the dynamics and the initiation of unfolding. In this study, deuterium-hydrogen exchange (HX) detected by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used to study the unfolding of the SH3 domain of the PI3 kinase. Unfolding on the principal unfolding pathway occurs in 2 steps, both in the absence and in the presence of 1.8 M guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl). In both cases, the first step leads to the formation of an intermediate, I
N
, with 5 fewer protected amide hydrogen sites than in N. In the second step, I
N
loses the structure protecting the remaining 14 amide hydrogen sites from HX as it unfolds completely. ESI-MS analysis of fragments of the protein created by proteolytic digestion, after completion of the HX reaction, shows that I
N
has lost protection against HX in the same segments of native structure during unfolding in the absence and presence of 1.8 M GdnHCl. Hence, GdnHCl does not appear to play a direct active role in the initiation of unfolding. However, at higher GdnHCl concentrations, a second unfolding pathway is shown to compete effectively with the N ↔ I
N
↔ U pathway. In this way, the denaturant modulates the energy landscape of unfolding.
Syntax-induced pattern deafness
Authors: Endress Ansgar D. , Hauser Marc D.
Published: November 2009

Perceptual systems often force systematically biased interpretations upon sensory input. These interpretations are obligatory, inaccessible to conscious control, and prevent observers from perceiving alternative percepts. Here we report a similarly impenetrable phenomenon in the domain of language, where the syntactic system prevents listeners from detecting a simple perceptual pattern. Healthy human adults listened to three-word sequences conforming to patterns readily learned even by honeybees, rats, and sleeping human neonates. Specifically, sequences either started or ended with two words from the same syntactic category (e.g., noun–noun–verb or verb–verb–noun). Although participants readily processed the categories and learned repetition patterns over nonsyntactic categories (e.g., animal–animal–clothes), they failed to learn the repetition pattern over syntactic categories, even when explicitly instructed to look for it. Further experiments revealed that participants successfully learned the repetition patterns only when they were consistent with syntactically possible structures, irrespective of whether these structures were attested in English or in other languages unknown to the participants. When the repetition patterns did not match such syntactically possible structures, participants failed to learn them. Our results suggest that when human adults hear a string of nouns and verbs, their syntactic system obligatorily attempts an interpretation (e.g., in terms of subjects, objects, and predicates). As a result, subjects fail to perceive the simpler pattern of repetitions—a form of syntax-induced pattern deafness that is reminiscent of how other perceptual systems force specific interpretations upon sensory input.
Inflection in Williams Syndrome
Authors: Stavrakaki Stavroula , Clahsen Harald
Published: November 2009

This study presents experimental results from elicited production and judgment tasks examining perfective past-tense forms of Greek in seven individuals with Williams Syndrome (WS) in comparison to three age groups of typically-developing children. We found that the WS group relied more on the regular (‘sigmatic’) past tense and less on the irregular (‘non-sigmatic’) one than typically-developing children. While for the sigmatic past tense, individuals with WS achieved the same or even higher scores as the controls, they had lower scores on several measures involving non-sigmatic forms and produced more overgeneralizations of sigmatic forms than the controls. We also found developmental changes in the performance of the WS group that were largely parallel to those seen for unimpaired children. Our conclusion is that apart from difficulties accessing irregular word forms in production, the inflectional system of people with WS is unimpaired.
Why are Noun-Verb-er compounds so difficult for English-speaking children?
Authors: Nagpal Jaya , Nicoladis Elena
Published: November 2009

Preschool children who attempt novel NV-er compounds (like cat brusher) often misorder the noun and the verb, arguably based on sentential phrasal ordering (e.g., Clark, Hecht, & Mulford, 1986). In this study, we test this argument by replicating Clark’s prediction that children’s attempts will fall into predictable stages based on age and by comparing children’s production of NV-er compounds with another construction that violates sentential phrasal ordering: Verb-ingNoun phrases. Our studies show that we could not replicate the stages described by Clark and that children were more likely to produce Verb-ingNoun constructions in the target order than NV-er. However, the children’s constructions showed a contingency between the order of the elements and the children’s choice of morpheme, suggesting that they were often aiming for the target form. These results suggest that children do not misorder nouns and verbs in NV-er compounds because of phrasal ordering. We discuss possible alternatives for why NV-er compounds are difficult for preschool children.
Formal description of conceptual relationships with a view to implementing them in the ontology editor Protégé
Authors: Maroto García Nava , Alcina Amparo
Published: November 2009

In this article we present a catalogue of conceptual relationships in which each relationship is defined formally in terms of its properties and the nature of the conceptual classes involved. By making explicit the conceptual relationships of the catalogue using the standard ontology editor Protégé we should be able to retrieve conceptual knowledge in an onomasiological way using the Queries function of the editor. In the final part of the article we present a sample query taken from the analysis of the terminology of finished ceramic products in order to show how information about relationships can be retrieved.
Anti‐proliferative effects of γ‐tocotrienol on mammary tumour cells are associated with suppression of cell cycle progression
Authors: Samant G. V. , Wali V. B. , Sylvester P. W.
Published: November 2009

Objectives:  Previous studies have shown that γ‐tocotrienol induces potent anti‐proliferative effects on +SA mammary tumour cells in culture; here, investigations have been conducted to determine its effects on intracellular signalling proteins involved in regulating cell cycle progression.

Materials and methods:  +SA cells were maintained in mitogen‐free defined media containing 0 or 4 μmγ‐tocotrienol, for 48 h to synchronize cell cycle in G0 phase, and then they were exposed to 100 ng/ml EGF to initiate cell cycle progression. Whole cell lysates were collected at various time points from each treatment group and were prepared for Western blot analysis.

Results and conclusions:  Treatment with 4 μmγ‐tocotrienol significantly inhibited +SA cell proliferation over a 4‐day culture period. Moreover, this treatment resulted in a relatively large reduction in cyclin D1, cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)4, CDK2 and CDK6 levels, between 4 and 24 h after EGF exposure. Tocotrienol treatment also resulted in a relatively large increase in CDK inhibitor (CKI) p27, prior to and after EGF exposure, but had little effect on levels of CKIs, p21 and p15. Tocotrienol treatment also induced a large relative reduction in retinoblastoma (Rb) protein phosphorylation at ser780 and ser807/811. These findings strongly suggest that anti‐proliferative effects of γ‐tocotrienol are associated with reduction in cell cycle progression from G1 to S, as evidenced by increased p27 levels, and a corresponding decrease in cyclin D1, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6 and phosphorylated Rb levels.
Generating support from supervisors to their subordinates in organizations under external pressure: a multilevel, multisource study of support and reciprocation in Danish elder care
Authors: Winsløw Jacob Hilden , Nielsen Karina , Borg Vilhelm
Published: November 2009

Title.  Generating support from supervisors to their subordinates in organizations under external pressure: a multilevel, multisource study of support and reciprocation in Danish elder care.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a study investigating the association between the support experienced by supervisors from superiors and from fellow supervisors, on the one hand, and the support experienced by subordinates from their supervisors, on the other hand, in organizations under external pressure.

Background.  It is known from studies in other sectors that supervisors’ support of workers is important for retaining them in the organization. From the literature on social exchange in the workplace it can be hypothesized that support from managers is one way to generate supervisor supportiveness towards their subordinates.

Methods.  A survey was conducted in 15 Danish local government services providing care for senior citizens. The data were collected in 2006.

Results.  Multilevel analyses revealed that the more supervisors felt supported by fellow supervisors, the more their subordinates felt supported by them. There was no statistically significant association between how much supervisors felt supported by their immediate superiors and how much supervisors’ subordinates felt supported by them.

Conclusion.  Under conditions comparable to those of Danish elder care today, more is to be gained in terms of generating supportive behaviour towards subordinates from supervisors by empowering them to support each other rather than by increasing support from their superiors. Research is needed to identify methods and structures of mutual support between supervisors in the healthcare sector that will aid them in supporting their subordinates.