bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversification of rice (Oryza sativa) - wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system for sustainable production in eastern Uttar Pradesh
Authors: ALOK KUMAR  , H.P. TRIPATHI  , R.A. YADAV  , D.S.YADAV
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Faizabad during 2000-05 to find out the feasibility of diversification of tra- ditional rice (Oryza sativa L.) - wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) cropping system. Rice - potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) - greengram [(Phaseolus radiatus (L.) Wilczek)] sequence was found the most efficient for production (18.1 tlhalyear), employment generation (1.18 mandayslhalday), monetary return (Rs 43,180lhal year) and water-use efficiency (20.1 kglhalmm), followed by rice-onion (Alliurn cepa L.). Berseem [(Trifoliurn alexandrinum (L.) Tuslen.] may be taken as a break crop successfully for reducing weed problem (weed-control ef- ficiency 88.7%) in continuous rice-wheat system without any monetary loss. Rice - berseem sequence was also found the most efficient in terms of nitrogen-use efficiency (80.2 kg grainlkg N). Inclusion of potato or onion (veg- etable crops) was found quite stable with stability index of 0.86 and 0.83 respectively. The sequences including greengram or berseem (leguminous crops) improved the availability of NPK and organic C of the soil.
Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal, Haryana 132 001
Authors: S.C. TRIPATHI  R.P. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field study with eight crop sequences was conducted at Karnal during 2001 -06 to diversify or intensify the rice (Oryza sativa L.) - wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system and to select suitable cropping system based on productivity and profitability. Combined analysis of the data of 6 years showed that rice - vegetable pea - wheat - greengram sequence produced 27.91 % higher wheat equivalent yield than rice - wheat system. Diversification or intensification of rice - wheat system, once in 3 years, improved the net returns when all the crops (except rice) were grown on raised-bed in a system approach. Inclusion of oilseed or pulses in rice - wheat system once in 3 years or intensification by growing vegetable pea in between rice and wheat or greengram after wheat showed higher net returns and sustainable value index (SVI) compared with rice - wheat system. Maximum SVI (0.92) and net returns (Rs 38.6 x 1 O3 Ihdyear) were recorded in rice - Indian mustard - greengram - rice - wheat - greengram - rice - wheat - greengram crop sequence. Benefit : cost ratio (1.74) and profitability (Rs 124lhdday) were highest in pigeon pea - wheat - rice - wheat - rice - wheat crop sequence. Growing of berseem in the rotation reduced the weed population in the subsequent wheat cycle. After 6 years, rice - vegetable pea - wheat - greengram, rice - In- dian mustard - greengram - rice - - - - greengram and pigeonpea - wheat - rice - wheat greengram - rice wheat wheat - rice - wheat showed 37.5, 25.0 and 20.0% increase, respectively in organic C content (0-1 5 cm) than con- tinuous rice-wheat system.
Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on rice (Oryza sativa) - wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: B.S. MANKOTIA  , J. SHEKHAR  , R.C  , THAKUR  , S.C. NEGl
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2002-03 to 2004-05 at Malan, Himachal Pradesh, to explore the possibility of an alternative to farmyard manure (FYM) as a component of integrated nutrient management in rice (Oryza sativa L.) - wheat (Trticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) system. Five organic sources, viz. FYM 5 Uha gobhi sarson straw 5 Uha, mushroom spent compost 2.5 Uha, FYM 2.5 tlha t gobhi sarson straw 2.5 Uha, FYM 2.5 Uha t mushroom spent compost 1.25 Uha, were applied in all possible combinations at three fertility levels, viz. 50, 100 and 150% of recommended fertilizer dose (RDF) to rice crop. Direct and residual effects of organic sources significantly affected the productivity of rice-wheat cropping system. Statistically equal rice and wheat yields were obtained with application of FYM 5 tlha (5.03 Uha rice, 2.48 Uha wheat) and FYM 2.5 Uha t mushroom spent com- post 1.25 Uha (4.94 Uha, 2.33 Uha), whereas gobhi sarson straw 5 Uha recorded lower yields (4.24 Uha, 1.99 tiha). Rice responded significantly up to 100% recommended dose (4.77 Uha); residual effects of fertility levels on wheat did not differ significantly. Standard control (1 00% RDF to both crops) resulted in significantly higher grain yield of wheat compared with mean of others receiving only 50% RDF. Nutrient uptake uptake (1 59.1 kg N, 35.0 kg P and 147.9 kg Wha) and net returns (Rs 41,5351ha) from the rice-wheat cropping system recorded higher values with FYM 5 Uha, followed by FYM 2.5 Uha t mushroom spent compost 1.25 Uha (1 55.0 kg N, 32.5 kg P and 139.0 kg W ha; Rs 39,132lha). The soil-available NPK status remained fairly constant under different treatments. Thus, FYM 2.5 tlha t mushroom spent compost 1.25 tlha applied to rice helped in sustained productivity and profitability of the cropping system statistically equal to that with FYM 5 tlha.
Direct and residual effect of nutrient management in maize (Zea mays) - wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: ASHOK KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at New Delhi to investigate the response of maize (Zea mays L.) - wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] cropping system to different nutrient-management practices during 2003-04 and 2004-05. The highest leaf-area index (LAI), yield attributes and yield of maize were recorded with the application of 120 kg N + 26.2 kg P + 41.5 kg Wha, closely followed by 120 kg N + 5 kg Zn + 10 t FYMIha. The LAI, yield attributes and yield of wheat were found maximum at the residual fertility of 5 kg Zn + 20 t FYMlha. Wheat gave 22.7% more yield at residual fertility of 5 kg Zn + 20 t FYMIha. The data on maize-wheat system indicated that when 120 kg N + 5 kg Znlha was applied with 10 t FYMIha, production efficiency (46.0 kglha-day), total pro- ductivity (10.8 tlha), net returns (Rs 46,784lha) and benefit : cost ratio (2.17) were the maximum. The Zn uptake by maize and wheat was the highest at 120 kg N + 5 kg Zn + 10 t FYMIha and 5 kg Zn + 20 t FYMIha, respectively. Except available P at 60 kg N + 10 t FYMIha, 5 kg Zn + 10 t FYMIha and 5 kg Zn + 20 t of FYMIha, all the nutrients increased in the soil at different fertility levels. Higher residual organic C and available N, P, K and Zn in the soil were obtained with 5 kg Zn + 20 t FYMIha. It was concluded that combined application of 120 kg N + 5 kg Zn +I 0 t wheat cropping system. FYMIha was essential for higher productivity and profitability of maize -
Response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) to seeding time and phosphorus and their after-effects on succeeding baby corn (Zea mays)
Authors: B. GANGAIAH  , .f.S. AHLAWAT
Published: December 2023

A field study conducted during 2005-07 on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)-baby corn (Zea mays L.) cropping system on sandy loam soil at New Delhi revealed that chickpea cv 'ICCV 96029' produced higher mean green- seed (chholia) yield (1.20 tlha) than 'ICCV 96030' (0.93 tlha). The maximum chholia production was recorded when the crop was sown on 7 October (1.31 Vha), and the least (0.82 Vha) when it was sown on 15 October. Appli- cation of 26.4 kg Plha recorded significantly more chholia production (1 .I5 tlha) than 13.2 kg Plha (1.09 tlha) and unfertilized crop (0.94 tlha). The performance of the succeeding baby corn was not influenced by chickpea culti- vars. Baby corn raised after chickpea sown on 15 October recorded higher yield than that after chickpea grown af- ter two other dates of seeding. Baby corn after chickpea fertilized with 26.4 kg Plha produced the highest yield. The chickpea-baby corn cropping system on an average removed 16.47 kg Plha, whereas the cropping system received 39.6 kg Plha, resulting in build-up of available soil P by 0.73 kglha. The net returns followed the trend of chholia production. Thus sowing chickpea cv 'ICCV 96029' on 7 October with 13.2 kglha for chholia with the suc- ceeding baby corn receiving the recommended dose of fertilizers is best for productivity and returns of chickpea- baby corn cropping system.
Evaluation of toria (Brassica campestris) and lentil (Lens culinaris) varieties in intercropping system with wheat (Triticum aestivum) under rainfed conditions
Authors: NARENDRA KUMAR  , VED PRAKASH  , B.L. MINA  , K.A. GOPINATH  , A.K. SRIVASTVA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) season of 2003-04 and 2004-05 at Almora to evaluate the varietal performance of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) and toria (Brassica campestris L. var. black toria) with wheat (Triicum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) intercropping system. Intercropping of wheat + lentil and wheat + toria showed an added advantage over sole and mixed cropping. In intercropping systems, lentil yield was higher with 'VL Masoor 4' (0.35 tlha) than with 'VL Masoor 120'. Similarly, 'VL Toria 2' gave higher yield (0.35 tlha) than 'VL Toria 1'. The highest wheat-equivalent yield (5.87 tlha), net return (Rs 19,65l/ha), benefit : cost ratio (2.1), mon- etary advantage (5,172) and land-equivalent ratio (1.26) were obtained under wheat + lentil ('VL Masoor 4') inter- cropping, followed by wheat + toria 'VL Toria 2'. Negative values of aggressivity under intercrop showed that wheat was dominant, and lentil and toria were the dominated crops in the systems. Competitive ratio and relative crowd- ing coefficient of wheat was higher under intercropping of wheat with lentil 'VL Masoor 120' and toria 'VL Toria 1'. Relative crowding coefficient of the system was highest for wheat + lentil ('VL Masoor 4') (5.72), followed by wheat + toria ('VL Toria 2') (4.77). Thus lentil 'VL Masoor 4' and toria 'VL Toria 2' were found suitable under intercropping system with wheat in comparison with other varieties.
Fodder productivity and economics of multi-cut pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum) intercropped with clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)
Authors: K.C. SHARMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during summer seasons of 2006 and 2007 at Bikaner, Rajasthan to find out the effect of sole, mixed and intercropping in different row ratios (1:1, 1:2, 2:2 3:2 and 3:3) of pearlmillet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br. emend. Stuntz] and clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] on fodder productivity and its economics. Green and dry fodder yields of both the component crops, viz. pearlmillet and clusterbean, were substantially reduced under intercropping system compared with their sole crop yields. Pooled analysis of 2 years showed that intercropping of pearlmillet and clusterbean with a row ratio of 2:2 recorded the maximum values of growth parameters, viz. height and number of plants or tillers per unit area, green fodder (59.7 tlha), dry matter (13.18 tlha), crude protein (1.27 tlha), land-equivalent ratio (1.35), price-equivalent ratio (1.44), net returns (Rs 47,300lha) and benefit : cost ratio (3.27) than other intercropping row ratios, mixed cropping and sole stands of pearlmillet and clusterbeen. However, maximum aggressivity index (0.66) and relative crowding co- efficient (12.37) were obtained with mixed seed sowing of pearlmillet and clusterbean. Thus intercropping system of multi-cut fodder pearmillet and clusterbeen in a row ratio of 2:2 may be adopted for higher productivity, better quality and profitability in hot arid conditions.
Influence of integrated weed-management practices on productivity and profitabil- ity of wet-seeded rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: N. RAVISANKAR  , B. CHANDRASEKARAN  , R. RAJA  , M. DIN  , S. GHOSHAL CHAUDHURI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Coimbatore during 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 to study the effect of seeding methods (surface and anaerobic), in-situ incorporation of dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) and time of pretilachlor-plus application on productivity and profitability of wet-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). Treatments in- cluded two seeding methods, viz. surface wet seeding and anaerobic seeding, with two intercropping levels, viz. sole rice and rice + dhaincha; and four weed-control treatments, viz. pretilachlor-plus @ 0.30 kg/ha 2 days after sowing (DAS) followed by (fb) 1 hand-weeding (HW) at 45 DAS, pretilachlor-plus @ 0.30 kg/ha 5 DAS fb 1 hand- weeding at 45 DAS, hand-weeding twice at 20 and 45 DAS, and unweeded check. Surface and anaerobic drill seeding were comparable in terms of weed density, growth and productivity of rice. Conjoint cropping of rice + dhaincha and incorporation of the latter at 37 DAS using con0 weeder proved better in terms of reducing the total weed density, increasing the crop growth, productivity (5.1 tlha) and weed-smothering efficiency (25.5%) of wet- seeded rice. Pre-emergence application of pretilachlor-plus @ 0.30 kg/ha on 2 DAS + hand-weeding at 45 DAS registered lower total weed density (53.6/m2) and higher weed-control efficiency, as well as markedly improved the growth and yield parameters and grain yield (5.6 ttha). Anaerobic seeding, rice + dhaincha and pretilachlor-plus at 2 DAS gave better profit (Rs 13,892lha). It was concluded that anaerobic seeding, dual cultivation of rice + dhaincha and pretilachlor plus @ 0.30 kg /ha on 2 DAS + hand-weeding at 45 DAS is an efficient method for im- proving weed control, productivity and profitability of wet-seeded rice.
Bio-efficacy of herbicide mixtures against complex weed flora in wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: N.K. CHOPRA  , NlSHA CHOPRA  , HARPAL SlNGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Baraut in Uttar Pradesh during 2001 -02 and 2002-03 to study the effect of different herbicides as sole and their tank mixtures on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.). The highest grain yield of 4.49 t/ha was recorded with fenoxaprop-p-ethyl + carfentrazone (100 + 10 glha) applied 30 days after sowing, which was at par with weed-free treatment. The lowest dry weight of weeds (22.0'g/m2) and highest weed-control efficiency (84.7%) were observed with fenoxaprop-p-ethyl + carfentrazone due to control of grassy and broad-leaf weeds. Although the tank mixture of isoproturon + carfentrazone showed greater control of broad-leaf weeds, it gave significantly lower control of grassy weed (Phalaris -minor) compared with fenoxaprop-p-ethyl + carfentrazone. Metsulfuron alone at 4 and 8 g/ha was found superior to 2,4-D and carfentrazone 10 g/ha for dry weight of weeds and weed-control efficiency. There was reduction of 25.7% in seed yield under weedy check conditions. None of herbicide alone or in mixture showed residual effect on suc- ceeding crops of fodder maize and mungbean.
Effect of tillage and weed management on productivity and nutrient uptake of maize (Zea mays)
Authors: PANKAJ CHOPRA  , N.N. ANGIRAS
Published: December 2023

An investigation was carried out at Palampur during rainy season of 2002 and 2003 to assess the influence of three tillage methods (zero tillage, conventional tillage and raised seed-bed) and four weed-control methods (unweeded check, acetachlor 0.75 kglha, acetachlor 1.25 kglha and atrazine 1.5 kg/ha) on nutrient uptake and productivity of maize (Zea mays L.). Zero tillage resulted in significantly higher soil-moisture content and bulk density than conventional tillage and raised seed-bed. Raised seed-bed resulted in significantly lowest count and dry matter of weeds. Compared with zero tillage, the conventional tillage and raised seed-bed methods being statistically at par, resulted in significantly higher N, P and K uptake by maize crop (18.1, 25.0 and 20.2% by the former and 16.1, 36.2 and 16.7% respectively by the latter method) and lower depletion of these nutrients by weeds (13.5, 15.6 and 10.8% by the former and 30.3, 30.3 and 29.0%, respectively by the latter method), in- creasing the average grain yield of the crop by 16.9 and 13.7% by these methods. Among weed-control meth- ods, atrazine 1.5 kglha, being statistically on a par with acetachlor 1.25 kg/ha, significantly reduced the popula- tion and dry matter of total weeds. Compared with the unweeded check, atrazine 1.5 kglha and acetachlor 1.25 kglha, being statistically at par, significantly increased the N, P and K uptake by the crop (93.3, 105.3 and 95.4% by the former and 87.0, 88.8 and 88.9%, respectively by the latter) and lower depletion of N, P and K by weeds (79.4, 87.2 and 81.5% by the former, and 81.9, 88.7 and 83.5% respectively by the latter herbicide), increasing in the grain yield of maize by 75.2 and 71.7% by these two herbicides.
Effect of organics and inorganics on productivity and uptake of nutrients in rice (Oryza sativa)-toria (Brassica campestris) cropping system
Authors: G.C. MUNDA  , MOKIDUL ISLAMJ.AND B.B. PANDA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2003-04 and 2004-05 at Umiam, Meghalaya to identify a suitable eco- nomically viable and feasible nutrient management practice for rice (Oryza sativa L.) - toria (Brassica campestris L.) cropping system. Application of farmyard manure (FYM) 2.5 tlha + Eupatorium 2.5 tlha, being on a par with Eu- patorium 5 tlha, improved significantly the grain, straw and NPK uptake by rice, registering 11.5, 13.4 and 9.7% in- crease in grain yield over FYM 5 tlha, Alnus 5 tlha and FYM 2.5 tlha + Alnus 2.5 tlha respectively. Manuring of rice with FYM 2.5 tlha + Eupatorium 2.5 tlha also significantly improved the mean rice-equivalent yield (REY) of the system (10.6-1 1.7%) compared with Alnus 5 Vha and FYM 2.5 tlha + Alnus 2.5 tlha respectively, giving the highest net returns (Rs 12.62 x 103/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (1.93). However, significantly higher mean grain yield of rice (3.52 tlha), system productivity (4.64 t REYIha) and highest monetary returns were achieved with 100% recom- mended dose of fertilizer (RDF) to rice + 50% RDF to toria among the inorganic fertilizer treatments. The rice - toria cropping system also removed the maximum N (99.7 kglha), P (19.9 kglha) and K (100.9 kg /ha) when ap- plied with 100% RDF to rice + 50% RDF to toria along with 5 t organic manure to rice. Thus the application of FYM 2.5 tlha + Eupatorium 2.5 tlha with 100% RDF to rice + 50% RDF to toria was found beneficial in terms of REY and economics of rice-toria cropping system in mid-hills dry terraces.
Effect of rice (Oryza sativa) straw management on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: D.J. RAJKHOWA  , O. BORAH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Jorhat, Assam during 2004-05 and 2005-06 to find out an effective prac- tice of rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw management in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) as a compo- nent of integrated nutrient management. Straw was incorporated @ 5 tlha with different decomposers, viz. starter N (one-third recommended dose of N), cellulose-decomposing microorganisms (CDM), earthworms culture (EC), EC + FYM, CDM + EC, FYM and starter N+ CDM + EC + lime. These decomposers significantly improved the yield and yield components in wheat compared with straw removal. Incorporation of rice straw @ 5 Vha under dual in- oculation of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms and earthworms improved the grain yield by 2.46 Vha. These also increased the nutrient uptake, available N, P, K in soil at harvest and benefit : cost ratio. Straw incorporation increased the organic C in the soil by 2-1 1% compared with straw removal. It also increased the microbial popula- tion in soil substantially irrespective of the decomposer used. Inoculation with CDM led to build-up of microbial population in the soil. Thus, rice straw incorporation with cellulose decomposing micro-organisms and earthworms resulted in higher yield, increased nutrient uptake, improved residual soil fertility and soil microorganism status and ultimately higher benefit : cost ratio of wheat.
Forage production potential and economics of maize (Zea mays) with legumes intercropping under various row proportions
Authors: R.P. SHARMA  , A.K. SINGH  , B.K. PODDAR  , K.R. RAMAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2006 and 2007 at Sabour, Bihar to assess the production potential and economic viability of intercropping of forage maize (Zea mays L.) with cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], rice bean [Vigna umbellata (Thumb) ohwi and ohashi] and clusterbean [Cyamposis tetragonaloba (L.) Taub.] under four row proportions, viz. 1 :1, 1 :2, 2:l and 2:2. lntercropping of maize and cowpea in the row proportion 2: 2 recorded significantly higher total green fodder (43.2 Vha), dry matter (9.6 t/ha) and crude-protein yield (1.1 Vha) as well as net returns (Rs 16,104/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (1.84) compared with the other treatments except maize + rice bean planted in the ratio 2:2. The association of maize and cowpea in row ra- tio 2:2 also showed the highest land-equivalent ratio (1.84) and relative crowding coefficient (7.08), followed by maize + rice bean in 2:2 ratio. Among the component crops, maize was more competitive and aggressive than le- gume intercrops. However, maize intercropped with cowpea and rice bean both in row proportion 2:l was found to be a compatible intercropping system with lower values of aggressivity (0.01) and competition ratio (1.03). Thus in- tercropping of forage maize with cowpea or rice bean both in 2:2 row ratio are the biologically and economically sustainable intercropping systems.
Effect of nitrogen sources, sulphur and boron levels on productivity, nutrient uptake and quality of sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
Authors: KAPILA SHEKH AWAT  , Y.S. SHIVAY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during spring season of 2005 and 2006 on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) at New Delhi to study the effect of N sources (prilled urea and calcium ammonium nitrate), S levels (0, 25 and 50 kglha) and B levels (0, 0.75 and 1.50 kgtha) on yield attributes, yield and the oil quality of spring sunflower. Appli- cation of N, S and B fertilizers increased significantly yield attributes, yield and the oil quality parameters of spring sunflower. Calcium ammonium nitrate proved superior to urea in terms of nutrient concentration and their uptake by sunflower. Application of 25 kg Slha was more effective in increasing the growth, yield attributes and yields than of 50 kg Slha. However, the highest seed yield (1.99 ffha) was recorded with 50 kg Slha, which was 13% higher than that of the control. Boron application Q 0.75 kg and 1.5 kglha was effective and the crop responded well up to the second dose, and the higher (1.5 kglha) level gave the highest seed yield (2.01 ffha), which was 13.5 and 6.3% more than of the control and 0.75 kg Blha respectively. It also increased the total nutrient concentration and their uptake by sunflower. Application of S and B markedly improved the content of unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and oleic) and reduced that of the saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic). S and B application reduced the sa- ponification but increased the iodine value significantly. The N sources and S and B levels did not show marked changes in the acid value of sunflower oil. Thus, application of 80 kg Nlha through calcium ammonium nitrate along with 25 kg Slha and 1.50 kg Blha would be sufficient to sustain the productivity and quality of spring sun- flower under north Indian conditions.
Production potential and economics of intercropping of lentil (Lens culinaris) with brown sarson (Brassica compestris) and oat (Avena sativa)
Authors: UMMED SINGH  , A.A. SAAD  , BADRUL HASAN  , P. SINGH  , S.R. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter season of 2004-05 and 2005-06 at Wadura, Jammu and Kashmir to evaluate the production potential, biological feasibility and economic viability of intercropping of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) either with brown sarson (Brassica campestris L. sub sp. oleifera var. brown sarson) or oat (Avena sativa L.) in row ratios of 1.1, 2.1, 4:l and 6:l. Lentil yield decreased by 16R68% due to intercropping, and yield of oat was inversely proportional to lentil row number, whereas yield of brown sarson was in the order 4:1, 2:1, 1 :1 and 6:l. Yield components, viz. podslplant, grainslpod and 1,000-grain weight of main crop of lentil, and siliqualplant or tillerlm row, grainslsiliqua or grainslpanicle and 1,000-grain weight of intercrops (brown sarson or oat) also decreased in the intercropping systems. Lentil with brown sarson in 4:l row proportion or oat in 2:l row proportion was most remunerative in respect of net returns (Rs : cost 20,755 and 21,782) and benefit ratio (3.13 and 2.67). These two intercropping systems showed higher lentil-equivalent yield, land-equivalent ra- tio, income-equivalent ratio, area-time equivalent ratio, biological efficiency and monetary advantage among all the intercropping systems.
Response of spring-planted sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) to phosphorus and sulphur application
Authors: NAVNIT KUMAR  , U.P. SlNHA
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during the spring season of 2003-04 and 2004-05 on sandy loam soil at Pusa, Bihar to study the effect of four levels each of phosphorus (0, 17.5, 35.0 and 52.5 kglha) and sulphur (0, 40, 80 and 120 kglha) on growth and yield of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). Application of 35.0 kg Plha to sugar- cane recorded significantly higher mean growth (tillers, 175,000lha; cane length, 221.0 cm; leaf area index, 4.04), yield attributes (millable canes, 131,100lha; single-cane weight, 570 g; cane diameter, 2.02 cm) and cane yield (73.54 Vha) over no P. The mean increase in cane yield with application of 52.5, 35.0 and 17.5 kg Plha over the control was 20.77, 18.83 and 9.97% respectively. Application of 35.0 kg Plha registered an increase of 4.4% in su- crose content in juice, 31.8% in P uptake and 22.1% in S uptake over the control. The use efficiency of P de- creased with corresponding increase in its level. However, S-use efficiency was maximum at higher level of P ap- plication. Apparent P recovery was the highest at 35.0 kg Plha (8.07 and 8.68%), whereas apparent S recovery progressively increased with increase in P levels from 0 to 52.5 kglha. The response of sulphur was also pro- nounced at 80 kglha as evident from significant increase in mean cane length (219 cm), leaf area index (4.02), number of millable canes (131,00O/ha), single cane weight (566.0 g), cane yield (73.17 Vha) and sucrose content in juice (17.3%). Sulphur levels significantly improved the uptake of P and S up to 80 kg S/ha and the increase was 21.4 and 22.2% over the control respectively. Application of 120 kg Slha recorded maximum P-use efficiency (361.6 kg canelkg S applied) and apparent P recovery (8.75%), but it recorded S-use efficiency (121.6 kg canelkg S applied) up to 80 kglha level only. There was decrease in apparent S recovery with successive increase in S level from 40 to 120 kg Slha.
Fodder and fuel-wood production through agroforestry in semi-arid Central India
Authors: J.V.N.S. PRASAD  , A.S. GILL  , M.J. BAIG  , D. BURMAN  , S.K. GUPTA
Published: December 2023

A study was conducted at Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh) during 1999ii2002 to evaluate the production potential of tree- crop systems under rainfed situations. Four tree species, viz. Azadirachta indica, Albizia lebbeck, Dalbergia sissoo and Acacia nilotica were evaluated in sole stands and intercropped with chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in 6 x 12 m spacing. The intercrop had a positive effect on the growth of Azadirachta indica and Albizia lebbeck but not on Acacia nilotica and D. sissoo. Acacia nilotica and D. sissoo produced maximum growth, Azadirachta indica pro- duced minimum growth and Albizia lebbeck intermediate growth. None of the tree species reduced the crop yield in agroforestry in the first 3 years of tree growth. In the fourth year (2001-02), 25 to 36% reduction in grain yield and 37 to 45% reduction in stalk yield across the four tree species was recorded. The highest reduction was ob- served nearer to the tree row and the negative effectdecreased with distance from the tree. Forage and crude-pro- tein yields were higher from D. sissoo and the fuel-wood yield was higher from Acacia nilotica. Benefit : cost ratio and the net present worth was the highest with Acacia nilotica system, followed by that of D. sissoo. Hence both these tree species can be grown in combination with crops in the semi-arid central India to produce fodder and fuelwood.
Crop demand-driven site-specific nitrogen applications in rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum): some recent advances
Authors: BIJAY. SINGH
Published: December 2023

Management of fertilizer nitrogen in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) in India typically consists of blanket recommendations, developed for large tracts having similar climate and land forms. It cannot help the increase N-use efficiency beyond a limit. Further improvement can be achieved only by planning strategies for fertilizer N management responsive to temporal variations in crop N demand and fieldiito- field variability in soil-N supply. Improvement in the synchrony between crop N demand and the N supply from soil or the applied N fertilizer is likely to be the most promising strategy to improve N-use efficiency. It can be achieved by following real-time N management based on periodic assessment of plant-N status and delayed application of fertilizer N until the N level goes below a critical level. Gadgets like chlorophyll-meter (SPAD-meter) and inexpen- sive leaf colour chart (LCC) have proved quick and reliable tools to decide the time when fertilizer N needs to be applied to the crop. Recently significant progress has been made in the development and on-farm evaluation of LCC-based real-time N management in rice, but there is a need to work out appropriate criteria for using need- based N-management strategy in wheat. Optical sensors offer an opportunity to take into account both plant N sta- tus (or leaf colour) as well as crop biomass for making crop-demand-driven fertilizer-N recommendations. Combi- nation of preventive location-specific split schedule with corrective LCC or SDAD-meter or optical sensor-based N management constitutes another attractive strategy for achieving high N-use efficiency in rice and wheat. The fixed-time or adjustable-dose approach seems very promising for wheat, because unlike in rice, the fertilizer appli- cations need to be synchronized with irrigation events. Appropriate preventive fertilizer-N management scenarios need to be worked out that can be used before using the SPAD meter, LCC or optical sensors to guide corrective fertilizer-N application at a given crop-growth stage.
Effect of organic farming on yield, quality and soil-fertility status under basmati rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: A.S. KHARUB  , SUBHASH CHANDER
Published: December 2023

A field experiment to explore the possibility of improving the productivity and sustainability of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) through organic source was conducted at Karnal during 2004-05 to 2006-07. Rice productivity was at par under inorganic and organic fertilization where farmyard manure (FYM) application was 22.5 t/ha in rice and 20 t/ha or more in wheat. Rice grain-protein content (8.13-8.52%) was at par under all the treatments but the protein yield was significantly higher under inorganic compared to under organic source except under the highest dose (30 tlha in rice and 40 t/ha in wheat) of FYM. Wheat productivity was lower (30.5% on pooled basis) under organic than under inorganic fertilization even under the highest FYM dose. Protein content in wheat increased with increase in the dose of FYM; but the highest pro- tein content (1 1.24%) was recorded under inorganic fertilizer. FYM application for three years significantly im- proved the initial values of soil organic carbon (14.3%), available N (10.7%), P (5.4%) and K (2.6%). Systemis pro- ductivity in terms of rice-equivalent yield was 9.99 t/ha with inorganic fertiliser and 8.88 t/ha with FYM application (30 t/ha in rice and 40 t/ha in wheat). Net returns (Rs 74,170) and benefit : cost ratio (2.1) were significantly higher under inorganic fertilization.
Optimization of organic and inorganic nitrogen for rainfed maize (Zea mays) in dry sub-humid Inceptisols
Authors: VlKAS ABROL  , G.R. MARUTHI SANKAR  , PEEYUSH SHARMA  , MAHINDER SlNGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment on maize (Zea mays L.) was conducted in rainy season (kharif) during 1998 to 2005 with a set of nine fertilizer treatments in separate blocks of maize, blackgram and maize + blackgram under dry sub-hu- mid inceptisols of Jammu. An attempt was made to select an efficient treatment that has maximum sustainability over years, apart from optimizing organic and inorganic fertilizer N for different crop-seasonal rainfall situations to attain maximum maize yield. The analysis of variance indicated that treatments differed significantly from each other every year and also pooled over years. Treatment-wise regression models of yield were calibrated as a func- tion of crop-seasonal rainfall and crop-growing period to assess the sustainability of treatments. Application of N @ 60 kglha proved superior in maize and maize + blackgram blocks, whereas 15 kg N (Leucaena) + 20 kg N (urea) was superior in blackgram block. A pooled regression model of yield as a function of rainfall, crop-growing period and fertilizer N was used to derive optimum fertilizer N at different rainfall situations. The inorganic and or- ganic N ranged from 44 to 57 kglha and 23 to 27 kglha respectively at 700 mm rainfall, and from 56 to 73 kglha and 27 to 31 kglha respectively at 1,100 mm rainfall for attaining maximum maize yield in different blocks. The cor- responding doses of inorganic and organic N ranged from 39 to 49 kglha and 18 to 22 kglha at 700 mm compared with 51 to 65 kglha and 22 to 26 kglha at 1,100 mm for attaining economic yield of maize.
Integrated weed management for system productivity and economics in soybean (Glycine max)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) system
Authors: MUKESH KUMAR  , T.K. DAS
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at New Delhi during 2006-07 and 2007-08 to find out the effect of soil solar- ization, deep disking, smother crop (cowpea), glyphosate, imazethapyr and Sesbania mulch on the infestation of weeds and the productivity and profitability of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]iiwheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) cropping system. Soil solarization followed by (fb) glyphosate at 1.0 kg/ha reduced the den- sity and dry weight of weeds by 85% in soybean and 65% in wheat. It, therefore, resulted in considerably higher uptake of nutrients by soybean (92.5 kg N, 11.7 kg P and 34.3 kg Wha) with concurrent lower uptake by weeds (2.6 kg N, 0.5 kg P and 3.3 kg Wha). It also recorded 61.2% higher soybean seed yield and 28% higher wheat yield compared with those of farmersi practice (one summer ploughing). Two hand weedings among rainy-season treatments proved most superior in terms of lowest density, dry weight and nutrient uptake (2.4 kg N, 0.45 kg P and 3.1 kg Wha) by weeds and highest nutrient uptake (85.5 kg N, 10.5 kg P and 38.2 kg Wha) by soybean. It re- corded 41.3% more soybean seed yield than the unweeded control, but incurred the highest cost of cultivation (Rs 26,643). On soybean-wheat system basis, soil solarization fb glyphosate at 1.0 kg /ha incurred the highest cost of cultivation (Rs 31,519), but controlled weeds effectively and recorded the highest system productivity. However, the net income (Rs 59,926) and benefit : cost ratio (2.5) were the highest in smother crop (cowpea). lmazethapyr as a follow-up treatment in the rainy season provided the highest benefit :cost ratio (1.66). Thus, soil solarization fb glyphosate at 1.0 kglha being superior in weed control and system productivity proved to be a beneficial prac- tice in soybean-wheat system, but owing to its high cost was not as economical as the smother crop.
Productivity, profitability and quality of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) plant- ratoon system in relation to planting methods and seeding rate
Authors: MS. BHULLAR  , K.S.THIND  , S.K. UPPAL  , KULDEEP SINGH
Published: December 2023

Field studies were conducted at Ladhowal, on sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) plant (2004-05 and 2005-06) and ratoon (2005-06 and 2006-07) crops to work out suitable combination of planting method and seed rate for sugar- cane plant-ratoon system. Three planting methods, viz. flat (conventional planting in 15 cm deep furrows spaced 75 cm apart), trench (planting in paired rows on both sides of trench 30 cm wide, 30 cm deep, spaced 120 cm apart), pit (60 cm dia meter, 45 cm deep, spaced 120 cm apart) along with three seeding rates, viz. 4.0 Uha (trans- planted), 8.0 t/ha (sett planting, recommended) and 16.0 t/ha (sett planting), were evaluated in split-plot design. Trench planting recorded the highest number of shoots and millable canes, whereas pit planting the highest single- cane weight. The planting method did not influence the cane and sugar yields in plant crop, but the ratoon-crop yield in trench was significantly higher than by conventional method, but was on a par with that of pit method. Use of 16.0 tlha seed significantly increased the cane and sugar yields of plant crop than both the lower seed rates, whereas the ratoon-crop yield did not vary among seed rates. The transplanted crop gave crop yield on a par with that of recommended seed. Trench planting showed significantly higher pol reading than pit method, in plant crop and, in ratoon crop 16 Uha seed gave significantly higher pol, brix and commercial cane sugar content than trans- planted crop. Trench planting using 8.0 Uha seed recorded the highest total net returns (Rs 73,800lha) as well as benefit: cost ratio (0.920) from sugarcane plant-ratoon system. Trench transplanting also gave higher economic re- turns than conventional planting with recommended seed.
Effect of planting method and drought-management technique on growth, yield and quality of sugarcane (Saccharum hybrid complex) under limited irrigation
Authors: A.K. SINGH  , MENHl LAL  , ISHWAR SINGH  , R.L. YADAV  , D.V. YADAV  ..
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during spring season of 2005-06 and 2006-07 to study the effect of planting method and drought-management technique on growth, yield and quality of spring-planted sugarcane (Saccharum hybrid complex) with limited irrigations on clay-loam soil at Lucknow. Results revealed that the highest germination (49.6%), cane length (253.2 cm), cane girth (3.09 cm), cane weight (1.30 kg) and cane yield (87.6 tlha) as well as sugar yield (9.87 tlha) were recorded under ring-pit (75 cm diameter and 45 cm depth at 120 cm spacing) planting method. This was closely followed by trench method (120 cm apart, 45 cm deep trenches). However, the highest number of tillers (242.8 thousandlha) and millable canes (149.4 thousandlha) were counted in sugarcane planted at 60 cm row spacing. The drought-management treatment involving lime soaking of setts + farmyard manure (FYM) in furrow + trash mulch at 60 days after planting (DAP) + KC1 and urea spray + additional 49.8 kg Wha at 170 DAP produced significantly highest cane yield (86.2 tlha) and improved the juice quality like brix (18.70) and pol (16.44%). The relative leaf-water content significantly improved under the management treatment involving ad- dition of 49.8 kg Wha at 170 DAP. The highest K uptake occurred under ring-pit planting method. The physical properties of the soil like bulk density and infiltration rate were improved by the application of FYM. The treatment consisting of ring-pit planting method with sett soaked in saturated lime water + FYM + trash mulching + KC1 and urea spray + additional 49.8 kglha K application fetched the highest net profit (Rs 62,791lha). Thus the ring-pit planting method and sett soaking in saturated lime water followed by adequate K nutrition imparted endurance characteristics to sugarcane plants under drought spells during the grand growth period and improved the cane productivity, its quality and profitability.
Integrated nutrient management in potato (Solanum tuberosum)-jute (Corchorus olitorius) sequence
Authors: B.K. MOHAPATRA  , S. MAm  , M.R. SATAPATHY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter season of 1999-2000 and rainy season of 2002 at Mohanpur, West Bengal to evaluate the performance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)iijute (Corchorus olitorius L.) se- quence as influenced by two complex fertilizers, viz. NPK (10:26:26) and NPK (15:15:15) in conjunction with 25% N as farmyard manure. lntegrated use of complex fertilizers either NPK (10:26:26) or NPK (15:15:15) along with FYM (7.8 t/ha), recorded higher yield in comparison with the application of straight fertilizers + FYM (7.8 t/ha) in potato. A conjunctive use of NPK (10:26:26) and FYM in potato followed by an application of 40 kg N + 8.8 kg P + 16.6 kg Wha or only 40 kg Nlha in jute recorded the maximum yield of tuber (23.77 t/ha) and jute fibre (4.18 t/ha). lntegrated use of NPK (10:26:26) and FYM in potato with a fertilizer dose of 150 kg N + 44 kg P + 83 kg Wha had total uptake of N (160.2 kglha), P (30.8 kglha) and K (190.9 kglha) by the system (potato and jute crops) per an- num. After completion of three cropping sequences, it also improved the total N (10.2%), available P (6.3%) and available K (3.9%) status over the initial soil status. lntegrated nutrient management with NPK (10:26:26) + FYM in potato followed by application of 40 kg N + 8.8 kg P + 16.6 kg Wha in jute earned maximum net returns (Rs 48,580lha) and returns per Re invested (Rs 2.21).
Effect of rice (Oryza sativa) stubble and nitrogen on performance of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) in rice-tobacco cropping system
Authors: S.V. KRISHNA REDDY  , S. KASTURI KRISHNA  , P. HARISHU KUMAR  , P.R.S. REDDY  , V. KRISHNAMURTHY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabr) seasons of 2001-04 to evaluate the effect of different pre-treatment practices to hasten rice (Oryza sativa L.) stubble decomposition and of nitrogen levels on perfor- mance of FCV tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in rice-tobacco cropping system in the rainfed Vertisols. The high- est mean yields of green, cured and bright leaf of tobacco and grade index were recorded with sprays of 4% urea + cellulose degraders (Cellulomonas sp.) on stubbles and incorporation into the soil, which was 16.5, 11.6, 20.7 and 20.0% more, respectively compared with those of the stubbles incorporated without pre-treatment. Sprays of 4% urea + cellulose degraders also increased the leaf-equivalent yield of tobacco, system productivity, profitability, net returns and benefit : cost ratio; the leaf-lamina nitrogen, potassium and nicotine, and reduced sugars, and the sugars : nicotine ratio compared with those of other stubble pre-treatments. Soil-available N and P were signifi- cantly higher with sprays of 4% urea + cellulose degraders and application of 21.8 kg P/ha, respectively as com- pared with other stubble-decomposition methods. The bright leaf yield of tobacco and grade index were compa- rable with 45 and 60 kg N/ha to tobacco and significantly superior to 30 kg N/ha. Higher leaf-equivalent yield of to- bacco, system productivity, profitability, net returns and benefit : cost ratio were obtained with 60 kg N/ha, closely followed by 45 kg N/ha. Benefit : cost ratio was higher with 45 kg N/ha. Leaf lamina concentrations of nitrogen and nicotine increased while sugars, and sugars : nicotine ratio decreased with increase in the level of N from 30 to 60 kg/ha. The soil-available N increased by 6.4% with 60 kg N/ha in comparison with 30 kg N/ha during the 3 years. Nitrogen dose of 45 kg N/ha proved adequate for tobacco when rice stubbles were pre-treated with sprays of 4% urea + cellulolytic bacteria Cellulomonas sp. in rice-tobacco cropping system.
Weed management in turmeric (Curcuma longa) through integrated approaches
Authors: KlRANJlT KAUR  , M.S. BHULLAR  , JAGMOHAN KAUR  , U.S. WALlA
Published: December 2023

A field study was conducted at Ludhiana during 2006-07 and 2007-08 and at Nawanshah during 2007-08 to find out effective and economical approaches for weed management in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Pre-emer- gence pendimethalin 1.0 kg, metribuzin 0.70 kg and atrazine 0.75 kglha, each integrated with one hoeing at 60 days, paddy straw mulch 6 t and 9 tlha; paddy straw mulch 6 t (recommended), 9 tlha alone and 6 tlha + two hoe- ing at 60 and 90 days; three hoeing at 30, 60 and 90 days and unweeded control were evaluated. Losses in rhi- zome yield due to weeds vary from 63.9 to 76.5%. Straw mulch 9 tlha significantly reduced weed dry matter and recorded 29.2% higher rhizome yield than 6 tlha. Averaged over two locations, pendimethalin + straw mulch 9 tlha revealed the highest weed control efficiency (84.2%), fresh rhizome yield (29.6 tlha), herbicide efficiency index (1 1.2), net returns (103 0 l o 3 Rslha) and benefit : cost ratio (2.30) and was at par with metribuzin and atrazine, both integrated with straw mulch 9 tlha. The fresh rhizome yield with straw mulch 9 tlha + herbicide combination was 48.2, 14.9, 15.3 and 225.5% higher than straw mulch 6 t, 9 tlha alone, 6 tlha + herbicide and unweeded con- trol, respectively. Different weed control measures led to 104.8ii289.1, 72.7ii220.4 and 90.5A278.1% increase.in N, P and K uptake by crop, respectively, over unweeded control. Uncontrolled weeds removed 60.6, 59.9 and 73.6% of total nutrients utilized by both crop and weeds. Integrated use of paddy straw mulch 9 tlha with either of pendimethalin 1.0 kg, metribuzin 0.70 kg and atrazine 0.75 kglha was adjudged very effective for weed control and attaining the highest productivity and profitability in turmeric.
Productivity and profitability of sugarcane (Saccharum spp complex hybrid) in relation to organic nutrition under different cropping systems
Authors: T.K. SRIVASTAVA  , K.P. SINGH  , MENHI LAL  , ARCHNA SUMAN  , PRADIP KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Lucknow during 2003-2006 in autumn and spring-planted sugarcane ( Saccharum spp. complex hybrid) grown in different cropping systems to assess the effect of organic nutrition on productivity, profitability and on soil health. Five organic nutrition modules were compared with the control (no ma- nure or fertilizer). The highest number of millable canes (82.7 and 95.2 thousands/ha) and cane length (220.8 and 182.5 cm) were recorded with sulphitation pressmud (SPM) 10 t/ha + farmyard manure (FYM) 10 t/ha in autumn and spring planted crops respectively. SPM 10 t/ha + FYM 10 t/ha caused the highest uptake of N, P and K and produced the highest cane yield of 79.4 t/ha in autumn - and 68.8 t/ha in spring-planted sugarcane. The highest net profit (Rs 52,480) and benefit : cost (B: C) ratio (1.5) were recorded in autumn planted cane with FYM 20 t/ha + Tr ichoderma viride + lentil [ Lens culinaris (L.) medic.] intercrop (1:2). In spring planted cane, the highest net profit (Rs 45,101) and B: C ratio (1.3) was recorded with FYM 20 t/ha + Trichoderma viride + mungbean [ Vigna radiate (L.) hepper] intercrop (1:2). Significant improvement was observed over initial organic C (up to 70.7%), bulk den- sity (up to 8.4%), water-infiltration rate (up to 46.7%) and total N (up to 61.5%) at crop harvest under various treat- ments. The finding revealed profitable sugarcane cultivation under organic nutrient management with positive ef- fect on soil health.