bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El derecho ambiental en la cualificación del espacio. Añoranza y virtualidad de las áreas metropolitanas
Authors: Martín Mateo Ramón , Cantó López M.ª Teresa
Published: October 2008

El objeto de este artículo se centra en las áreas metropolitanas desde una doble perspectiva: funcional como prestadoras de servicios locales de carácter supramunicipal relacionados con el medio ambiente, y territorial, no sólo porque los entornos metropolitanos se convierten en el sustrato básico de la ordenación territorial, sino también porque la utilización de los instrumentos de gestión territorial más avanzados pueden ayudar a evitar los efectos ambientales causados por las aglomeraciones urbanas. Con todo ello, se propone que la evolución de las áreas metropolitanas existentes cumplan los compromisos establecidos a nivel comunitario en relación con el desarrollo sostenible mediante una política de ordenación urbana y territorial sostenible.
Conflicto de valores en la investigación farmacéutica: Entre la salud pública y el mercado
Authors: Ausín Txetxu
Published: October 2008

Millones de personas viven atrapadas en el círculo crónico de la enfermedad y la pobreza y no tienen acceso a los medicamentos esenciales que podrían aliviar o curar sus enfermedades. El motivo es doble: la falta de investigación en enfermedades de pobres (enfermedades olvidadas) y el rígido sistema de propiedad intelectual farmacéutica (patentes). Sin embargo, el derecho a la atención sanitaria primaria y su corolario, el derecho a los medicamentos esenciales, constituyen la piedra angular del derecho humano fundamental y primario: el derecho a la vida. Por ello, han de primarse las consideraciones de salud pública frente a la lógica del mercado en el ámbito de la investigación farmacéutica, buscando fórmulas que estimulen la innovación y la viabilidad empresarial junto con el desarrollo y la distribución de fármacos para el mayor número de enfermos.
Caracterización de los espacios de conocimientos: Trayectorias en la gobernanza del desarrollo tecnológico español
Authors: Muñoz Emilio
Published: October 2008

A partir de las reflexiones filosóficas sobre la política científica, se ha constatado la existencia de una crisis en esa política que se trata de superar con el recurso a nuevos conceptos como “espacios” y “gobernanza”. La aplicación de esta línea de análisis al caso español nos ha llevado a intentar caracterizar los espacios de conocimientos en términos estructurales y funcionales. El espacio del desarrollo tecnológico, identificado como un espacio en que es fundamental la gestión de los conocimientos, ofrece un buen modelo en el caso español para explorar esta dirección. La utilización de una metodología histórica-analítica ha permitido identificar procesos de modernización en el espacio del desarrollo tecnológico en España, aunque los resultados no han sido totalmente satisfactorios. La posible relevancia de las improntas culturales en estos éxitos/fracasos relativos nos lleva a proponer la necesidad de acomodar políticas e instrumentos revolucionarios, en los que el gobierno debe tomar la iniciativa para orientar las estrategias temáticas y organizativas (véase García Arroyo y colaboradores, Arbor, vol. CLXXXIII, n.º 727, pp. 637-654, 2007).
La transferencia de tecnología revisitada: conceptos básicos y nuevas reflexiones a partir de un modelo de gestión de excelencia
Authors: Molero José
Published: October 2008

El tema que se plantea en estas páginas es el de la transferencia de tecnología desde las universidades y los centros públicos de investigación al mundo productivo. Para ello considera la tecnología como una forma de conocimiento, por lo que aquella transferencia es una forma de transferir conocimiento. Para llevar a cabo este análisis se parte de dos fundamentos: de una parte, algunos avances conceptuales y empíricos en el análisis económico de la innovación y el cambio tecnológico y, de otra, los resultados alcanzados en la elaboración de un Sistema de Gestión y Medida de Rendimiento en Centros de I+D (Modelo SIGRID). Este planteamiento anticipa lo que será una demanda metodológica en este tipo de análisis: las reflexiones de carácter más teórico y generales pueden y deben ser enriquecidas por otras que se sustentan en trabajos de carácter práctico que en su desarrollo pormenorizado y “pegado al terreno” pueden aportar interesantes complementos sobre el funcionamiento de la creación y transferencia de tecnología, y los factores que facilitan o dificultan esos procesos.
Procesos de transferencia de conocimientos en el ámbito de la biotecnología
Authors: Albert Martínez Armando
Published: October 2008

La Biotecnología es una tecnología estratégica basada en el conocimiento científico. La obtención y análisis de indicadores, mediante consulta a bases de datos, permite conocer los recursos científicos, los resultados de la investigación y de actividad tecnológica del sector Publico de I+D. La transferencia de estos conocimientos y de tecnología a las empresas se lleva a cabo a través de: a) La investigación cooperativa del sector público de I+D con la empresa, mediante proyectos de investigación, servicios y consultorías y las cesiones a las empresas de personal investigador. b) La gestión de la propiedad intelectual en el sistema público de I+D. c) La creación de nuevas empresas de base tecnológica por las universidades y CPIs. Traducir el conocimiento científico en innovaciones con éxito comercial requiere: Establecer una buena relación entre la investigación académica y la industria, incluir el papel de la ciencia en la estrategia de negocios de las empresas y utilizar las alianzas estratégicas como transferencia de tecnología entre empresas.
Innovación, transferencia de conocimientos y desarrollo económico territorial: una política pendiente
Authors: Alburquerque Llorens Francisco
Published: October 2008

La actual fase de desarrollo económico, basada en la incorporación de conocimientos, muestra la importancia de la introducción de innovaciones en los procesos productivos, un hecho que no es únicamente tecnoeconómico sino que incorpora, igualmente, un proceso social, político y cultural. Este proceso de incorporación de innovaciones no es lineal sino complejo, y requiere asegurar la vinculación territorial entre poseedores de conocimiento y usuarios del mismo. El debate sobre la construcción de sistemas territoriales de innovación no ha sido suficientemente amplio entre nosotros y, mucho menos aún, la incorporación de algunas de las recomendaciones que se derivan del nuevo enfoque interactivo de la innovación, razón por la cual parece oportuno reflexionar acerca de la necesidad de eliminar algunas de las rutinas de funcionamiento aún presentes, como el sistema de evaluación de la actividad de investigación, que no incentiva la vinculación con los sistemas productivos locales a fin de lograr un avance más sustantivo de la transferencia de conocimientos
Los trabajos de la ciencia
Authors: Sabrovsky Jauneau Eduardo
Published: October 2008

Esta comunicación pretende mostrar la identidad ciencia/ técnica desde el interior del lenguaje tecnocientífico. Se revisa brevemente la argumentación filosófica tradicional al respecto, cuyo exponente paradigmático es Heidegger. Luego, siguiendo a Henri Atlan (“Ordres et Significations”, Le cristal et la fumée. Essai sur l’organisation du vivant, Éd. Du Seuil, Paris, 1979) se analiza la definición científica de orden y desorden; enseguida se discute la formulación estadística de Boltzmann de la 2.ª Ley de la Termodinámica, hasta mostrar que tal ley sólo pudo surgir en el contexto de la Modernidad y la Revolución Industrial; de hecho, en el concepto de “trabajo” se encontraría el “eslabón perdido” que permitiría asimilar la ciencia a la tecnociencia, a la tecnología. La comunicación discute también las consecuencias de esta identidad y las resistencias que despierta, derivadas de la pérdida del carácter incondicional de la verdad científica. Se discute el concepto de “incondicionalidad”, su genealogía y relevancia éticas al interior del pensamiento filosófico moderno, desde Kant hasta Wittgenstein, y su negación en Spinoza. Finalmente, se introduce el pensamiento de Emmanuel Lévinas, para quien el restablecimiento de la incondicionalidad de lo ético (también de la verdad cognitiva) requiere más bien tomar en consideración el carácter dialógico de todo enunciado.
Género, ciencia, ¿paridad es equidad?
Authors: Fernández Rius Lourdes
Published: October 2008

El final del siglo XX ha estado acompañado de transformaciones socioculturales que han permitido que las mujeres empiecen a acceder a los ámbitos en los que históricamente habían estado excluidas, y con ello a la posibilidad de jugar un papel activo dentro de la academia y las ciencias. ¿Qué las hizo interesarse en la academia?, ¿cómo tuvieron acceso?, ¿cómo hicieron sus descubrimientos y contribuciones?, ¿qué reconocimientos han tenido por parte de la comunidad científica y universitaria y/o de la sociedad? ¿Por qué tantas mujeres se van y abandonan su preparación en distintas etapas del camino? ¿Cómo conciliar el desempeño académico y la propia vida? ¿Cómo explicar la incongruencia entre la igualdad presencial de mujeres y hombres en el ámbito científico y las diferencias en el acceso a puestos de toma de decisión y de reconocimiento en este ámbito? Ante estas interrogantes se impone hoy entender mejor la situación de las académicas, evidenciar y difundir sus aportaciones en los distintos campos del conocimiento y analizar con mayor detalle los obstáculos que aún impiden su creciente desarrollo profesional y realización personal.
Inserción de las mujeres en el sector científico-tecnológico en la Argentina (1984-2006)
Authors: Franchi Ana , Atrio Jorge , Maffia Diana , Kochen Silvia
Published: October 2008

En el presente trabajo se analizó el ingreso, la permanencia y la promoción de dos grupos de investigadoras/es entre los años 1984 y 2006 en el CONICET, principal organismo dedicado a la investigación científica en la Argentina. En el período estudiado notamos que las desigualdades entre mujeres y varones persisten aunque se observa una evolución favorable en la inserción de las mujeres en el sector científico-tecnológico.
La mujer colombiana en la ciencia y la tecnología ¿Se está cerrando la brecha?
Authors: Tovar Rojas Patricia
Published: October 2008

Este documento presenta evidencia cuantitativa y cualitativa sobre las desigualdades de género en el acceso a la educación superior y al sistema de ciencia y tecnología en Colombia. Se presentan los resultados de un proyecto donde se recogieron los principales indicadores, como el acceso a los recursos para la investigación, a los puestos de decisión, los salarios, las becas, los ascensos y en general las posibilidades de crecimiento que tienen las mujeres frente a los hombres, en sus carreras como científicas. Además de la información estadística se recogieron datos etnográficos relacionados con las trayectorias personales, entrenamiento, desarrollo laboral, y los asuntos relacionados con la familia y cómo éstos las afectan; con el fin de identificar los principales obstáculos que ellas encuentran en su trabajo científico. Uno de los hallazgos de este proyecto fue que a pesar de que los grandes prejuicios y sesgos de género están casi fuera del sistema de ciencia y tecnología en Colombia, pero aún son muy comunes las prácticas discriminatorias de bajo nivel.
Haciendo género en la biología brasileña: obstáculos y prejuicios en la producción del conocimiento del Proyecto Genoma FAFESP
Authors: Mayumi Osada Neide , Conceição da Costa Maria
Published: October 2008

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la participación de las mujeres en la producción de conocimiento del proyecto genoma financiado por la FAPESP (Fundación de Apoyo a la Investigación del Estado de São Paulo). Entre 1997 y 2003, FAPESP invirtió aproximadamente 33 millones de euros en el desarrollo del Proyecto Genoma Fapesp (PGF), provocando importantes cambios en la Biología Molecular brasileña: las instituciones de fomento a la investigación comenzaron a promoverla con grandes financiaciones; la bioinformática se tornó uno de los campos con mayor demanda de profesionales y, por fin, los resultados del Proyecto Genoma de la Xylella Fastidiosa, primer organismo vivo secuenciado en Brasil, se publicaron en revistas científicas internacionales, como Nature. Con ello se convierte en el primer país fuera de la tríada EUA-Europa-Japón en desarrollar proyectos genoma. Como consecuencia del proceso, las mujeres están perdiendo espacio como “portavoces de esta nueva ciencia”, ocupando papeles secundarios en el proyecto.
Pensar en español
Authors: Villoro Luis
Published: October 2008

Por su doble herencia ibérica e indígena América Latina constituye un lugar marginal y diferente dentro de la modernidad occidental, de la misma manera que la lengua española alberga experiencias históricas opuestas. Pensar en español significa entonces asumir esta marginalidad conflictiva y expresar lo que en ella hay de silenciado, en el marco de un Occidente multicultural aún por construir.
¿Qué puede significar pensar en español?
Authors: Garzón Valdés Ernesto
Published: October 2008

La expresión “Pensar en español” puede ser entendida en dos sentidos diferentes: como una exhortación o una descripción de un estado de cosas. En el primer caso tiene un carácter normativo: puede significar algo así como “¡hay que pensar en español!”. En el segundo caso, sería una formulación más o menos vaga sobre la existencia de una tradición intelectual relevante en lengua española. La primera interpretación es engañosa y puede tener consecuencias excluyentes o triviales. La segunda es parcialmente cierta. Propongo una tercera interpretación: “pensar en español” podría entenderse como una invitación a no olvidar nuestro entorno hispano-parlante en el doble sentido del lugar físico e intelectual de nuestros esfuerzos para pensar con una cierta afirmación de originalidad.
¿Pensamiento crítico en español?. De la dominación al exilio
Authors: Sánchez Cuervo Antolín
Published: October 2008

El planteamiento de un pensamiento en español, en términos críticos, tropieza con la experiencia histórica del compromiso de dicha lengua con el proyecto cultural y político de exclusión y expansión imperial significado en torno a 1492, así como con las inercias autoritarias generadas a partir de entonces. De ahí la relevancia del exilio en el mundo hispánico, como clave hermenéutica fundamental de un pensamiento crítico que responde no sólo ante dichas inercias, sino también ante el eurocentrismo enajenante. Mención especial merece el exilio español del 39, dada su significación iberoamericana, ligada además a la crisis radical por la que entonces atraviesa la civilización europea. Obras como las de José Gaos, Eduardo Nicol o Joaquín Xirau, entre otros, plantearon respuestas en este sentido.
Pensar en español en el mundo iberoamericano multiculturalista
Authors: Velasco Gómez Ambrosio
Published: October 2008

A partir de la idea gadameriana de la implicación entre lenguaje y tradición, en este artículo se pregunta sobre cuál es la tradición que ha conformado el pensar en español en el mundo iberoamericano? En cuanto Iberoamérica se conforma a partir de la Conquista y dominación de España y Portugal sobre el Nuevo Mundo, no puede ocultarse que el pensamiento en español en América tiene un origen imperial y violento, pues esta lengua, específicamente el castellano desplazó a las lenguas autóctonas de América y con ello a sus culturas originales. Pero desde el mismo siglo XVI, los naturales, mestizos castellanizados, empezaron a utilizar la lengua impuesta para conformar junto con los criollos una auténtica cultura nacional, dentro de la cual el pasado de las culturas prehispánicas vencidas por las armas, la religión y la lengua españolas cobra un nuevo significado dentro de la abigarrada cultura barroca con una enorme originalidad y un gran potencial emancipador. En el caso de México esta cultura barroca magistralmente pensada y escrita en español durante los siglos XVII y XVIII por Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Sigüenza y Góngora, Clavijero, Alegre y Marqués, entre otros, dio lugar a lo que varios autores han llamado “el nacionalismo criollo”, originaria ideología de la independencia. Así pues, el castellano originariamente una lengua imperial y conquistadora, se ha convertido a lo largo de los siglos en un espacio cultural de construcción de identidades y de recurso para la emancipación de los pueblos y naciones hispanoamericanas. Pero habrá que reflexionar sobre los riesgos del español, o más específicamente del castellano, de reproducir el papel excluyente y colonialista que ha tenido en diferentes momentos históricos. En el ámbito latinoamericano es particularmente importante que la lengua que hablamos se abra en diálogo intercultural con las lenguas, culturas y saberes indígenas que han sobrevivido quinientos años de dominación. Esta fue la actitud y la tarea de los primeros humanistas que vinieron a evangelizar y castellanizar. A esta comunidad de diálogo intercultural pertenecen desde Vives, Vitoria, de la Veracruz y Las Casas, hasta los republicanos del exilio español como Xirau, Sánchez Vázquez, José Gaos, Gallegos Rocaful, Wenceslao Roces, Eduardo Nicol, León Felipe, entre otros mucho. Todos ellos han sido forjadores de un diálogo intercultural que constituye lo más valioso del pensar en español aún en nuestros días.
Filosofía, lengua castellana y modernidades
Authors: Bertomeu María Julia
Published: October 2008

Si el castellano fue la primera lengua vulgar volcada a la filosofía desde el siglo XII; si España fue el primer Estado moderno desde fines del XV; si España dispuso, en consonancia con su temprana estatalización moderna, de la primera gramática concebida con el explícito empeño de imponer el castellano como lengua de “vencedores” a “otras peregrinas lenguas” de pueblos “subyugados”; si España abrió la primera página de la Era moderna –y a lo que se ha visto, del pensamiento político-social moderno– con la “conquista y destrucción” de los pueblos americanos; ¿por qué la infertilidad del castellano filosófico moderno? El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar estos diferentes “tópicos” sobre la supuesta infertilidad del pensamiento filosófico español moderno.
Lipid emulsions
Authors: Robins Margaret M.
Published: October 2008

Emulsions are liquid-liquid mixtures with one liquid contained as droplets within the other. The droplets are typically 1mm in diameter, and the properties of the emulsions are very dependent on the droplet structure, which is stabilised by surface-active emulsifier molecules. Most food emulsions are made from the raw ingredients using an homogenisation process to form small droplets. The paper describes methods of measuring droplet size and emulsion stability, and discusses the physical origin of emulsion texture, flavour and appearance.
The role of lipids in nonenzymatic browning
Authors: Hidalgo Francisco J. , Zamora Rosario
Published: October 2008

The role of lipids in nonenzymatic browning is studied by reviewing oxidized lipid/protein reactions in comparison with other reactions where the production of browning is known: the Maillard reaction, the ascorbic acid browning, and the quinone/amine reactions. The mechanisms proposed in these reactions for production of color and fluorescence, as well as the formation of melanoidins, lipofuscins, and low molecular weight colored products are discussed comparatively, concluding that the role of lipids in these reactions does not seem to be very different to the role of carbohydrates in the Maillard reaction or the phenols in the enzymatic browning. These carbonyl-amine reactions seem to be a group of gradual, partially reversible, universal, and inevitable side reactions in both food and biological systems. However, most of these results were obtained in model systems and additional studies should be carried out in systems closer to real foods or living beings, which should provide a more complete understanding of nonenzymatic browning, and, therefore, to afford a much more comprehensive knowledge of food and human biochemistry.
Protein-lipid interactions at interfaces
Authors: Fillery-Travis A. , Mills E. N.C. , Wilde P.
Published: October 2008

Foams and emulsions are both types of multiphase foods and are a dispersion of one immiscible phase (e.g. air or oil) in another (e.g. water). Amphiphilic molecules (either proteins or chemical compounds) are able to stabilise the interface between these phases and are termed emulsifiers. The ability of protein emulsifiers to bind lipid is reviewed, and the mechanisms underlying the behaviour of these and low molecular weight surfactants (LMWS) at the interface are summarised. New research, exploiting atomic force microscopy, has given fresh insights into the mechanisms by which proteins and LMWS interact when both are present at the interface, compromising the stability of foams and emulsions stabilised by these mixtures. The understanding of component interactions at the interfacial level is essential if advances are to be made in the control and manipulation of multiphase foods during production and storage.
The role of lipids in controlling microbial growth
Authors: Brocklehurst Tim F. , Wilson Peter D.G.
Published: October 2008

Many foods are, or contain, emulsions. Growth of microorganisms in emulsions may lend to spoilage by bacteria, yeasts, moulds or food-poisoning bacteria. In biphasic foods (e.g. oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions), food structure may influence both rate of growth and conditions under which growth is initiated. The site of occupancy of microorganisms is the aqueous phase. Therefore the chemical composition of this phase is what has a direct influence on the survival and growth of microorganisms. This paper describes the chemical effects of organic acids used as preservatives in oil-in-water (acetic and lactic acids) and water-in-oil (sorbic and benzoic acids) emulsions as well as the influence of their structures on the food stability.
Study of thermal behaviour and composition of oils for leather tanning
Authors: Correa-Cabrera R. , Capote A. , Grompone M. A.
Published: October 2008

The leather industry uses fatty materials to give leather certain characteristics. Neatsfoot oil, a material with variable cost and disponibility, has been used traditionally. Samples of neatsfoot, chicken, fish and rice bran oils are studied in this work. They are evaluated as potential raw materials for leather tanning derivatives, according to their thermal behaviour (Cold Test and DSC) and main fatty acids composition (GC). Some seem adequate for that purpose, while others could be modified through thermal fractionation.
Studies on seed of Hypochaeris variegata L. (Baker): seed oil and residual seed meal
Authors: Quiroga O. , Wiese B. , Vigo M. S. , Nolasco S. M.
Published: October 2008

Seeds from Hypochaeris variegata L. (Baker) harvested at Olavarría (Buenos Aires, Argentine) were defatted with hexane and the raw oil obtained with a yield of 24,7% dry basis. The crude oil was examined in their physicochemical characteristics had refractive index of 1,4637 (at 25ºC), iodine value of 125,2, saponification index of 188,4, unsaponifiable matter of 8,5 % and free fatty acid content of 9,7 (mg KOH/g). Gas chromatographic analysis of the oil revealed high levels of linoleic acid (66,2%), appreciable amount of linolenic and erucic acids. The residual seed meal contained 35,49% of crude protein and 35,1% of crude fiber. Total and phytic acid phosphorous, calcium, ash, sugar and polisaccharides (non presence of starch) contents are reported.
Chemical evaluation of Geoffroea decorticans seeds as source of oil and protein
Authors: Lamarque Alicia L. , Maestri Damián M. , Zygadlo Julio A. , Guzmán Carlos A.
Published: October 2008

Proximate, fatty acid and sterol compositions of the oil were determined to ascertain the general characteristics of the seed and seed oil of Geoffroea decorticans (Leguminosae) originating from central area of Argentina. Proteins represented 21.6% (w/w) of the seed. Seed oil was extracted with n-hexane, yielding 47.2% (w/w). The saponification and iodine values indicated that the oil could be classified among the peanut group of oils. These facts were supported by the detailed fatty acid composition determined by capillary gas chromatography. The ratio of total unsaturated to total saturated fatty acids in the oil was 5.94, with oleic acid being the dominant fatty acid (53.7%). The sterol composition showed higher percentages of b-sitosterol and stigmasterol. The results obtained indicated that, with their attractive properties, G. decorticans is a good candidate for further studies to evaluate their future commercial prospect.
Use of propolis extract as a natural antioxidant for plant oils
Authors: Özcan Musa
Published: October 2008

The antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of propolis were tested in natural olive oil stored at 60ºC. The concentration of extracts in olive oil varied from 0.02 to 0.08%. Extracts at 0.06 and 0.08% concentrations had better antioxidant activity as compared to butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at 0.01% levels. The greatest antioxidant activities were exhibited by propolis balsam extract at 0.08% levels. lt can be said that the antioxidant activity of propolis increases with concentration. This product is considered as a new source of natural antioxidants.
Linear viscoelasticity of the lamellar liquid crystalline phase for a heptane/nonionic surfactant/water system
Authors: Cordobés F. , Gallegos C.
Published: October 2008

A linear viscoelastic characterization by small amplitude oscillatory shear tests was carried out for heptane/polyoxyethylene glycol nonylphenyl ether (EOa=10)/water system exhibiting a lamellar liquid crystalline structure. The influence of composition on the dynamic functions was considered. The lamellar liquid crystalline phase shows a small linear viscoelastic range. The relaxation spectrum of the lamellar liquid crystalline phase presents two regions: the transition region and the plateau region, characteristic of highly structured systems. The maximum values of the plateau modulus correspond to the systems of intermediate compositions within the realm of existence of the lamellar mesophase.
Application of the accelerated test Rancimat to evaluate oxidative stability of dried microencapsulated oils
Authors: Velasco J. , Dobarganes M. C. , Márquez-Ruiz G.
Published: October 2008

The objective of this work was to apply the oxidative test Rancimat to dried microencapsulated oils (DMO), with special emphasis on assessing the efficacy of natural antioxidants. DMO were prepared by freeze-drying emulsions containing sodium caseinate, lactose and fish or sunflower oils, with and without added the antioxidant mixture ALT (ascorbic acid, lecithin and tocopherol). Under the Rancimat working conditions selected for testing DMO (5 g sample, 100ºC and 20 L air/h), excellent repeatability was obtained. The antioxidant effect of ALT was much higher in bulk fish oil than in its counterpart DMO, either in Rancimat or at 30ºC in the dark. Further experiments using Rancimat showed that the moderate increase in stability of DMO added ALT was only attributable to tocopherol while the synergistic actions of lecithin and ascorbic acid were not observed, their action probably depending on their location and orientation in these complex lipid systems. This test enabled to compare monophasic (bulk oils and DMO-extracted oils) and heterophasic lipidic systems (DMO and DMO devoid of the accessible, free oil fraction), thus offering a rapid means to examine the influence of oil distribution and partitioning of antioxidants on oxidative stability.
Application of UV-visible spectrophotometry to study of the thermal stability of edible vegetable oils
Authors: Paz Antolín I. , Molero Meneses M.
Published: October 2008

The thermal s tabi l i ty of three ol ive oils of different characteristics, under atmosphere of air, nitrogen and oxygen has been studied, by means of simultaneous thermal analysis (TG-TGD)UV-visible spectrophotometry. The specific extinction coefficient values of the oils at 232 and 270 nm were calculated at different temperatures from room temperature to those corresponding to the 10% of the thermogravimetric curve. The results show the negative influence of the temperature and the oxidant atmosphere on the thermal stability of the oils; this is verified by the increase of the coefficients K232 and K270 and by the decreasing of the degradation beginning temperature under such atmospheres, compared with the results obtained under inert atmosphere. On the other hand, in this work is made evident a high correlation between the obtained data from thermal analysis and those obtained from UV-visible spectrophotometry.
Oxidation of free and encapsulated oil fractions in dried microencapsulated fish oils
Authors: Velasco J. , Dobarganes M. C. , Márquez-Ruiz G.
Published: October 2008

The objective of this work was to evaluate oxidation of dried microencapsulated fish oils (DMFO) during storage at ambient temperature, and to examine the influence of oils distribution (free vs. encapsulated oil) in these complex lipidic systems. DMF0 were prepared by freeze-drying emulsions containing sodium caseinate, lactose and fish oil, with and without adding the antioxidant mixture ALT (ascorbic acid, lecithin and tocopherol). Samples were stored at 25 or 30ºC either in the dark or light with limited, accesible air or under vacuum. The progress of oxidation was followed through quantitation of triglyceride polymers, and oxidation levels of free and encapsulated oil fractions were differentiated. Results showed that oxidation was very rapid both in free and encapsulated oil fractions in all DMFOs exposed to light. In the dark, oxidation was triggered first in the free oil fraction of samples not protected with ALT but, in contrast, samples with ALT showed significantly higher oxidation levels in encapsulated than in free oil fractions, regardless of the limited or free availability of air. These results indicated that addition of the antioxidant system ALT was more effective in the free oil fraction, thus reflecting the great influence of partitioning and/or orientation of antioxidants on their efficacy in complex lipid systems.
The importance of dietary fat composition on adipose tissue metabolism
Authors: Portillo Mª del Puy , Macarulla Mª Teresa , Ruiz-Gutiérrez Valentina
Published: October 2008

Neutral energy and macronutrient balances are needed for the maintenance of a stable body weight. High-fat diets promote fat accumulation. This fact is not only due to the induction of a caloric hyperphagia, but also to the failure to adjust fat oxidation in response to an excess of fat intake. This situation does not occur with carbohydrates. In addition, the fatty acid composition of dietary fat can also be an important factor determining the resulting level of body weight and body energy stores. The modifications induced in adipocyte membrane fatty acid composition and in stored triglycerides lead to changes in the efficiency of the lipid mobilization. On the other hand, the activity of lipoprotein-lipase and lipogenic enzymes can be modulated by some fatty acids. The fate of the different fatty acids is not the same. Some of them are preferentially oxidized, others are stored and others play a structural role. Finally, diet-induced thermogenesis is increased by certain fatty acids and that contributes to an increased energy expenditure.
Changes in olive oils used as covering in preserves of eggplants (Solanum Melongena) in relation to the time and the condition of storage
Authors: De Leonardis A. , Macciola V. , De Felice M.
Published: October 2008

The use of the extra virgin olive oil as covering in food preserves presents some problems and still today object of study. With this research it was investigate the changes of some analytical parameters that occur during the storage in the olive oils used as covering in eggplant preserves. It was ascertained that in the oils in presence of the eggplants a drastic decrease of the total phenols was verified immediately after the thermal treatment affecting the oxidative processes. Besides it was observed that in all the oils stored under light the values of the K270. ΔK, the total chlorophylls and the 1,2-DG36/1,3-DG36 ratio were significantly changed.
Characterization of the oils from the pulp and seeds of avocado (cultivar: Fuerte) fruits
Authors: Bora Pushkar S. , Narain Narendra , Rocha Rosalynd V.M. , Queiroz Paulo Marçal
Published: October 2008

Avocado (Persea americana Mill) pulp and seeds of the cultivar Fuerte, cultivated in the Northeast region of Brazil, were analysed for their proximate composition. The lipid contents of the pulp and seeds were 15.39% and 1.87%, respectively. Hexane extracted oils from pulp and seeds presented similar refractive indices (1.4608 and 1.4592), specific gravity (0.9272 and 0.9300) and peroxide values (1.40 and 1.37), but different acid (2.45 and 4.12), iodine (77.6 and 69.4) and saponification values (178.3 and 231.6), respectively. Gas chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of twenty two and twenty seven fatty acids in pulp and seed oils, respectively. Palmitic acid was the principal saturated acid, present in concentrations of 21.3% in pulp and 20.8% in seed oils. The major difference between these oils was in their mono-unsaturated (C18:1 - 64.3%, for pulp and 15.4% in seed oil) and poly-unsaturated (C18:2 and C18:3 - 9.14% and 0.46%, respectively, in pulp oil and 34.39% and 5.81%, respectively, in seed oil) fatty acids composition.
Purification of black olive washed waters by aerobic biological and ozonation processes
Authors: De Heredia Alonso Jesús Beltrán , Torregrosa Anton Joaquín , Domínguez Vargas Joaquín R. , García Rodríguez Juan
Published: October 2008

The purification of black olive washed waters has been studied by an aerobic biological treatment, an ozonation process and by the combination of both sequential processes: ozone-biological and biological-ozone. Biodegradation experiments have been carried out modifying the initial substrate and biomass concentration. In the ozonation experiments, temperature, pH and ozone partial pressure has been varied. A kinetic study applying the Contois’model to the biological experimental data was performed. In the ozonation process, supposing a firsts-order kinetic reaction with respect to COD and ozone, the kinetic constant was determined. In both combined treatments, the previous stage improved the reaction rate of the second stage. For the purification of these wastewaters, an aerobic biological treatment followed by an ozonation process was the most effective sequence.
Influence of mixing and extraction parameters on virgin olive oil quality
Authors: Amirante R. , Cini E. , Montel G. L. , Pasqualone A.
Published: October 2008

The mixing time, the temperature and the degree of dilution of olive paste are the main parameters liable to change during mixing and oil ext raction. They can greatly differ from a processing run to another, with variations being observed in Tuscan oil mills, between 26ºC and 36ºC, 40’ and 90’, and 10% and 50% respectively, for the temperature, the mixing time and the water added during the centrifugal extraction. This note reports on the results of some experimental trials run during the 1998 olive oil year in Tuscany. The mixing time and temperature as well as the olive paste dilution were changed one at a time and were assessed for their influence on extraction yield and oil quality. The best conditions to optimise the product yield and quality were identified.
Structured lipids from binary and ternary blends of palm oil, palm kernel oil, and medium chaintriacylglycerols
Authors: D’Agostini Denise , Cima Ferraz Renata , Gioielli Luiz Antonio , Sotero Solis Víctor Erasmo
Published: October 2008

Structured lipids are modified triacylglycerols to alter the fatty acid composition and/or their distribution into the glycerol molecules, by using enzymatic or chemical methods. Some of them can be classified as functional foods or nutraceuticals because they are directly associated to the prevention and treatment of many diseases. The objectives of this paper were to obtain and to characterize structured lipids by chemical interesterification of binary and ternary mixtures of vegetable fats (palm and palm kernel) and medium chain triacylglycerols (Trigliceril CM). Ten samples consisting of three individual samples, three binary mixtures, and four ternary mixtures were studied. The fatty acid composition, solid fat content and consistency at the temperatures from 10ºC to 35ºC were analysed. A mathematical model of multiple regression of the special cubic type was applied, and from the significant coefficients triangular diagrams were confectioned, which indicate curves of levels. The results showed that the interactions between the three components were not significant. The solid fat content depended on the palm and palm kernel fats, and on the binary interactions between them. The negative coefficients for the interactions showed an antagonic effect, which is characteristic of eutectic interactions between fats.
Changes of Washing Water during Debittering and the Brine during Storage of Irradiated Olive Fruits (Olea europea. L.)
Authors: Al-Bachir M.
Published: October 2008

Olive fruits (Olea europea. var. Surrany) treated with 0, 1, 2 and 3 kGy of gamma irradiation were debittered in distilled water for 8 days and stored in brine for 12 months at room temperature. Total dissolved and inorganic dissolved solids, Na, K, Ca, electric conductivity (EC) and pH values were evaluated in washing wastewater (daily), and in brine (after 6 and 12 months). The results showed that gamma irradiation increased the total and inorganic dissolved solids, Na and K in washing wastewater, and in brine throughout debittering and storage periods. Also, gamma irradiation had an effect on EC and pH values of washing wastewater and brine.
A bleaching earth from egyptian local deposits
Authors: Megahad Ola A. , El Kinawy Omayma S.
Published: October 2008

The present investigation deals with the bleaching of vegetable oils using activated clays collected from some deposits in Egypt as compared to Tonsil FF currently used by local oil industry. The comparison was made; not only on the basis of the decolourising power of the earth, but also on the basis of its effects on the oil acidity, formation of the oil peroxides and the decomposition rate of the formed peroxides to aldehydes and ketones during the bleaching process. The activation of the collected earth samples was made using 4N HCl, 6N HCl and 30 % H2SO4. The bleaching tests of the activated samples were performed using the major four oil types processed in Egypt being cottonseed, sunflower, soybean and palm oils. In addition to the laboratory-evaluation tests, the performance of the activated samples, which showed promise on the lab-scale have been also tested on an industrial scale. The industrial application has proved that the activated local earth's can be successfully used as bleaching earth of local oils. Thus it can be used as a substitute of the varieties currently imported and used by the local oil sector.
Italian and Argentine olive oils: a NMR and gas chromatographic study
Authors: Mannina Luisa , Fontanazza Giuseppe , Patumi Maurizio , Ansanelli Giuliana , Segre Annalaura
Published: October 2008

High-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography (GC) were used to analyze 16 monovarietal olive oils obtained from few matched Mediterranean cultivars grown in experimental fields located in Italy and in the Catamarca region of Argentina. The Catamarca region is characterized by extreme pedoclimatic conditions and by a wild spontaneous vegetation. The proposed sampling allows to study the effect of different pedoclimatic conditions on olive oil composition. GC gives the fatty acid profile of olive oil samples. 1H and 13C NMR techniques provide different information: the 1H NMR spectrum allows the measurement of minor components of olive oils such as b-sytosterol, hexanal, trans-2-hexenal, formaldehyde, squalene, cycloartenol and linolenic acid; the 1C NMR spectrum allows to obtain information about glycerol tri-esters of olive oils, i.e., about their acyl composition and positional distribution on glycerol moiety. All the NMR and GC results have been submitted to Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Tree Cluster Analysis (TCA). A careful analysis of the statistical results allows to select the Mediterranean cultivars less affected by the climatic conditions present in the Catamarca region. The selected cultivars produce olive oils which keep their Mediterranean characteristics and which can be proposed as colonizing plants in this wild Argentine region.
Industrial frying of crisps. Influence of the unsaturation degree of frying fat on the oxidative stability during storage
Authors: Robert Paz , Masson Lilia , Romero Nalda , Dobarganes M C , Izaurieta Macarena , Ortíz Jaime , Wittig Emma
Published: October 2008

Oxidative stability of crisps fried in two vegetable oils: sunflower oil (SO) and partially hydrogenated sunflower oil (PHSO), was studied. Crisps were stored at temperature at daylight, at 40ºC in oven, and a -23ºC as a control. Evaluation of the samples was carried out by chemical and sensory analyses. Rancid odour and flavour were detected at 180 and 49 days of storage, at room temperature and 40ºC respectively. In parallel, Peroxide value (PV), polar compounds (PC) and TGox increased, while alpha tocopherol (AT) and the induction time (IT) decreased, confirming the low oxidative stability of the crisps fried in SO. On the contrary, crisps fried in PHSO, showed a good oxidative stability in both storage conditions until the end of the storage (210 days). Chemical analyses confirmed the high stability of crisps fried in PHSO and hence the influence of fatty acid composition in crisps shelf life. Statistical analysis showed a good correlation between PV, PC, TGox and AT. Finally, shelf life of crisps fried in SO was estimated from PV and it was found that one day of storage at 40ºC was equivalent at 4.9 days at room temperature.
Spectroscopy: Developments in instrumentation and analysis
Authors: Baeten Vincent , Dardenne Pierre
Published: October 2008

This review presents the characteristics, advantages, limits and potential of three spectroscopic techniques: near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The theoretical aspects related with these techniques, the information that can supplied and the main features of the instrumentation are presented and briefly discussed. The last part of the review concerns the application of the spectroscopy to food analysis, with special emphasis on the lipid analysis. The illustrations and examples have been chosen to demonstrate the importance of spectroscopic techniques both in process (on-line) control and in laboratories for the analysis of major or minor compounds.
Sensors: From biosensors to the electronic nose
Authors: García-González Diego L. , Aparicio Ramón
Published: October 2008

The recent advances in sensor devices have allowed the developing of new applications in many technological fields. This review describes the current state-of-the-art of this sensor technology, placing special emphasis on the food applications. The design, technology and sensing mechanism of each type of sensor are analysed. A description of the main characteristics of the electronic nose and electronic tongue (taste sensors) is also given. Finally, the applications of some statistical procedures in sensor systems are described briefly.
Reactivity of the biphasic trichloroacetonitrile-CH2Cl2/H2O2 system in the epoxidation of soybean oil
Authors: Gerbase Annelise E. , Brasil Márcia C. , Gregório José R. , Mendes Ana N.F. , Von Holleben Maria Luiza A. , Martinelli Márcia
Published: October 2008

In this work we report on the epoxidation of soybean oil by the trichloroacetonitrile -CH2Cl2/H2O2 byphasic system. The reaction was carried out at room temperature and, most importantly, in non acid conditions which prevent the opening of the oxirane ring. The epoxidized soybean oil was characterized by infrared, 1H and 13C NMR. A maximum conversion of 81 % was achieved in two hours with 86% of selectivity in epoxy groups
Optimization of direct acid esterification process of soybean oil deodorizer distillate
Authors: Facioli Nara Lúcia , Barrera-Arellano Daniel
Published: October 2008

In this research work, the reaction conditions for the direct acid esterification of free fatty acid from soybean oil deodorizer distillate was optimized, using anhydrous ethyl alcohol and concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst to determine the best process conditions to get the best conversion rates of free fatty acids to ethylic esters, preserving the tocopherols. The conversion extent of free fatty acids to ethyl esters was optimized using a Response Surface Methodology obtained through a second order factorial experimental design. The optima conditions for the direct acid esterification of soybean oil deodorizer distillate were: ethanol:free fatty acids from 6.4 to 11.2:1, H2SO4 concentration from 0.9 to 1.5 % and reaction time from 1.3 to 2.6 h, with conversions extent above 94 %. No significant tocopherol losses were observed during the process. Results showed a good fit between mathematical model and data obtained at different processing conditions, making this model predictive and statistically significant (p< 0,05).
Lipid oxidation in heterophasic lipid systems: oil – in – water emulsions
Authors: Velasco J. , Dobarganes M. C. , Márquez-Ruiz G.
Published: October 2008

Lipid oxidation is the major form of deterioration in foods because it decreases food quality and nutritional value, and may have negative health implications. However, variables affecting lipid oxidation in heterophasic lipid systems are scarcely known, and they are of particular interest in the case on oil-in-water emulsions since these lipid systems constitute a large number of foods, e.g., milks, creams, mayonnaise’s, soups and sauces. In this paper, the present state of the art on lipid oxidation in oil-in-water emulsions is revised, including description of the variables specifically involved in oxidation of these lipid systems (pH, presence of interface, partition of reactants and products, interaction with other components) as well as those affecting lipid oxidation in general but showing particular characteristics in their action in emulsions (oxygen, unsaturation degree, presence of antioxidants and prooxidants).
Abdominal chicken fat fractionation
Authors: Ming Chiu Chih , Gioielli Luiz Antonio , Sotero Solis Victor
Published: October 2008

The objective of this study was to determine physical and chemical properties of the products from the abdominal chicken fat fractionation. Melting point, consistency, solid fat content, fatty acid composition, iodine and saponification values were determined. Results showed that chicken fat has 67.2 % of unsaturated fatty acids. Chicken fat at 10 ºC was plastic and spreadable. A linear relationship between consistency and solid fat content was obtained. Oleins high yield (> 84 %) suggest that these fractions can be used as frying oils. Stearins can be applied as components in the fat manufacturing, in pastry and in puff-pastry margarines.
Application of the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system in the processing line of virgin olive oil
Authors: Pardo J. E. , Pérez J. I. , Andrés M. , Alvarruiz A.
Published: October 2008

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a preventive system which tries to ensure the food safety and wholesomeness and allows us product protection and flaw correction. Quality control costs are therefore reduced, since final super-control becomes almost unnecessary. In this work the hazards that can be found in a processing line of virgin olive oil are described, as well as the preventive actions which can be taken in the oil mill, the surveillance systems to be implemented, the eventual corrective actions and the records to be kept by the plant. The implementation of these principles would make possible, for any oil mill (regardless of the system used for solid-liquid separation), a production self-control based on the HACCP system.