bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macroreentrant Atrial Tachycardia in Patients without Previous Atrial Surgery or Catheter Ablation: Clinical and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Scar‐Related Left Atrial Anterior Wall Reentry
Authors: FUKAMIZU SEIJI , SAKURADA HARUMIZU , HAYASHI TAKEKUNI , HOJO RINTARO , KOMIYAMA KOTA , TANABE YASUHIRO , TEJIMA TAMOTSU , NISHIZAKI MITSUHIRO , KOBAYASHI YOUICHI , HIRAOKA MASAYASU
Published: November 2012

Scar‐Related Left Atrial Anterior Wall Reentry. Introduction: Macroreentrant atrial tachycardia (MRAT) has been described most frequently in patients with prior cardiac surgery. Left atrial tachycardia and flutter are common in patients who undergo atrial fibrillation ablation; however, few reports describe left atrial MRAT involving the regions of spontaneous scarring. Here, we describe left atrial MRAT in patients without prior cardiac surgery or catheter ablation (CA) and discuss the clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of tachycardia and outcome of CA.

Methods and Results:
An electrophysiological study and CA were performed in 6 patients (3 men; age 76 ± 6 years) with MRAT originating from the left atrial anterior wall (LAAW). No patient had a history of cardiac surgery or CA in the left atrium. Spontaneous scars (areas with bipolar voltage ≤ 0.05 mV) were observed in all patients. The activation map showed a figure‐eight circuit with loops around the mitral annulus (4 counterclockwise and 2 clockwise) and a low‐voltage area with LAAW scarring. The mean tachycardia cycle length was 303 ± 49 milliseconds. The conduction velocity was significantly slower in the isthmus between the scar in the LAAW and the mitral annulus than in the lateral mitral annulus (0.17 ± 0.05 m/s vs 0.94 ± 0.35 m/s; P = 0.003). Successful ablation of the isthmus caused interruption of the tachycardia and rendered it noninducible in all patients.

Conclusion:
Spontaneous LAAW scarring is an unusual cause of MRAT, showing activation patterns with a figure‐eight configuration. Radiofrequency CA is a feasible and effective treatment in such cases. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 24, pp. 404‐412, April 2013)
Effect of Catheter Tip‐Tissue Surface Contact on Three‐Dimensional Left Atrial and Pulmonary Vein Geometries: Potential Anatomic Distortion of 3D Ultrasound, Fast Anatomical Mapping, and Merged 3D CT‐Derived Images
Authors: OKUMURA YASUO , WATANABE ICHIRO , KOFUNE MASAYOSHI , NAGASHIMA KOICHI , SONODA KAZUMASA , MANO HIROAKI , OHKUBO KIMIE , NAKAI TOSHIKO , SASAKI NAOKO , KOGAWA RIKITAKE , MARUYAMA AYAKO , HIRAYAMA ATSUSHI
Published: November 2012

Anatomic Distortion of 3D Mapping. Background: Although catheter tip‐tissue contact is known as a reliable basis for mapping and ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF), the effects of different mapping methods on 3‐dimensional (3D) map configuration remain unknown.

Methods and Results:
Twenty AF patients underwent Carto‐based 3D ultrasound (US) evaluation. Left atrium (LA)/pulmonary vein (PV) geometry was constructed with the 3D US system. The resulting geometry was compared to geometries created with a fast electroanatomical mapping (FAM) algorithm and 3D US merged with computed tomography (merged 3D US‐CT). The 3D US‐derived LA volumes were smaller than the FAM‐ and merged 3D US‐CT‐derived volumes (75 ± 21 cm3 vs 120 ± 20 cm3 and 125 ± 25 cm3, P < 0.0001 for both). Differences in anatomic PV orifice fiducials between 3D US‐ and FAM‐ and merged 3D US‐CT‐derived geometries were 6.0 (interquartile range 0–9.3) mm and 4.1 (0–7.0) mm, respectively. Extensive encircling PV isolation guided by 3D US images with real‐time 2D intracardiac echocardiography‐based visualization of catheter tip‐tissue contact generated ablation point (n = 983) drop‐out at 1.9 ± 3.8 mm beyond the surface of the 3D US‐derived LA/PV geometry. However, these same points were located 1.5 ± 5.4 and 0.4 ± 4.1 mm below the FAM‐ and merged 3D US‐CT‐derived surfaces.

Conclusions:
Different mapping methods yield different 3D geometries. When AF ablation is guided by 3D US‐derived images, ablation points fall beyond the 3D US surface but below the FAM‐ or merged 3D US‐CT‐derived surface. Our data reveal anatomic distortion of 3D images, providing important information for improving the safety and efficacy of 3D mapping‐guided AF ablation. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 24, pp. 259‐266, March 2013)
Weight bias among UK trainee dietitians, doctors, nurses and nutritionists
Authors: Swift J. A. , Hanlon S. , El‐Redy L. , Puhl R. M. , Glazebrook C.
Published: November 2012

Background

Trainee dietitians, nutritionists, nurses and doctors will direct the future of obesity treatment and prevention. To do so effectively, they must be willing and able to engage empathically with overweight and obese people. The present study aimed to assess weight bias among UK trainee healthcare professionals and to investigate the factors predicting weight bias, both static and potentially modifiable.

Methods

A self‐completed questionnaire collected data on demographics, weight and height, the Fat Phobia Scale (F‐scale), and the Beliefs about Obese People (BOAP) scale from 1130 students.

Results

Overall, participants demonstrated significant levels of fat phobia [F‐scale score mean (SD) = 3.8 (0.5)]. Only 1.4% of participants could be said to have expressed ‘positive or neutral attitudes’ (i.e. achieved a F‐scale score ≤ 2.5). Hierarchical multiple regression revealed that lower fat phobia (as measured by the F‐scale) was uniquely predicted by a higher self‐reported body mass index, being on the Nursing BSc course and a stronger perception that obesity is not under a person's control (as measured by the BOAP scale).

Conclusions

There are unacceptable levels of weight bias among UK students training to become nurses, doctors, nutritionists and dietitians. The results of the present study suggest that a promising approach for future interventions would be the provision of balanced education about the controllability of obesity, focusing upon genetic and environmental factors, as well as diet and exercise.
The effects of sex steroids on thyroid C cells and trabecular bone structure in the rat model of male osteoporosis
Authors: Filipović Branko , Šošić‐Jurjević Branka , Ajdžanović Vladimir , Pantelić Jasmina , Nestorović Nataša , Milošević Verica , Sekulić Milka
Published: November 2012

Androgen deficiency is one of the major factors leading to the development of osteoporosis in men. Since calcitonin (CT) is a potent antiresorptive agent, in the present study we investigated the effects of androgen deficiency and subsequent testosterone and estradiol treatment on CT‐producing thyroid C cells, skeletal and hormonal changes in middle‐aged orchidectomized (Orx) rats. Fifteen‐month‐old male Wistar rats were either Orx or sham‐operated (SO). One group of Orx rats received 5 mg kg−1 b.w. testosterone propionate (TP) subcutaneously, while another group was injected with 0.06 mg kg−1 b.w. estradiol dipropionate (EDP) once a day for 3 weeks. A peroxidase–antiperoxidase method was applied for localization of CT in the C cells. The studies included ultrastructural microscopic observation of these cells. The metaphyseal region of the proximal tibia was measured histomorphometrically using an imagej public domain image processing program. TP or EDP treatment significantly increased C cell volume (Vc), volume densities (Vv) and serum CT concentration compared with the Orx animals. Administration of both TP and EDP significantly enhanced cancellous bone area (B.Ar), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and trabecular number (Tb.N) and reduced trabecular separation (Tb.Sp). Serum osteocalcin (OC) and urinary Ca concentrations were significantly lower after these treatments in comparison with Orx rats. These data suggest that testosterone and estradiol treatment in Orx middle‐aged rats affect calcitonin‐producing thyroid C cells, which may contribute to the bone protective effects of sex hormones in the rat model of male osteoporosis.
Psoriasis and Sexual Behavior in U.S. Women: An Epidemiologic Analysis Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
Authors: Armstrong April W. , Follansbee Matthew R. , Harskamp Caitlin T. , Schupp Clayton W.
Published: November 2012

Introduction

Although sexual behavior is an integral part of most adults' overall well-being, this aspect of psoriasis patients' quality of life is rarely explored.

Aim

The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between psoriasis and sexual behavior in U.S. women.

Methods

We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2003 to 2006. Our study focuses on responses to the dermatology and sexual behavior questionnaires of the NHANES.

Main Outcome Measures

This study examines the association between psoriasis and sexual behavior in U.S. women with regard to sexual orientation, age of first sexual encounter, number of sexual partners, and frequency of unprotected sex.

Results

A total of 3,462 women provided responses to their psoriasis status: 2,753 (80%) women were heterosexual and 709 (20%) were nonheterosexual. Among them, 2.7% reported a physician-given diagnosis of psoriasis. On multivariate analyses, psoriasis was not associated with differences in sexual orientation (odds ratio [OR] 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62–2.01). Among nonheterosexual women, multivariate analysis revealed a lower number of lifetime female sexual partners in women with psoriasis (rate ratio [RR] 0.11, 95% CI 0.04–0.33, P = 0.001). Among heterosexual women, no significant differences existed between those with and without psoriasis in age of first sexual encounter (weighted difference −0.54 years, 95% CI −1.27 to 0.19), number of lifetime male sexual partners (RR 1.19, 95% CI 0.69–2.06), or number of lifetime male oral sex partners (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.40–1.29). Heterosexual women with psoriasis had 1.13 times more unprotected sex (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02–1.24, P = 0.03) compared with those without psoriasis.

Conclusion

Psoriasis is associated with a significantly reduced number of sexual partners in nonheterosexual women. Psoriasis may differentially impact sexual behavior based on sexual orientation in women.
Altered cortical and subcortical local coherence in obstructive sleep apnea: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Santarnecchi Emiliano , Sicilia Isabella , Richiardi Jonas , Vatti Giampaolo , Polizzotto Nicola Riccardo , Marino Daniela , Rocchi Raffaele , Van De Ville Dimitri , Rossi Alessandro
Published: November 2012

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is the most common sleep‐related breathing disorder, characterized by excessive snoring and repetitive apneas and arousals, which leads to fragmented sleep and, most importantly, to intermittent nocturnal hypoxaemia during apneas. Considering previous studies about morphovolumetric alterations in sleep apnea, in this study we aimed to investigate for the first time the functional connectivity profile of OSA patients and age–gender–matched healthy controls, using resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty severe OSA patients (mean age 43.2 ± 8 years; mean apnea–hypopnea index, 36.3 h−1) and 20 non‐apneic age–gender–body mass index (BMI)‐matched controls underwent fMRI and polysomnographic (PSG) registration, as well as mood and sleepiness evaluation. Cerebro‐cerebellar regional homogeneity (ReHo) values were calculated from fMRI acquisition, in order to identify pathology‐related alterations in the local coherence of low‐frequency signal (<0.1 Hz). Multivariate pattern classification was also performed using ReHo values as features. We found a significant pattern of cortical and subcortical abnormal local connectivity in OSA patients, suggesting an overall rearrangement of hemispheric connectivity balance, with a decrease of local coherence observed in right temporal, parietal and frontal lobe regions. Moreover, an increase in bilateral thalamic and somatosensory/motor cortices coherence have been found, a finding due possibly to an aberrant adaptation to incomplete sleep–wake transitions during nocturnal apneic episodes, induced by repetitive choke sensation and physical efforts attempting to restore breathing. Different hemispheric roles into sleep processes and a possible thalamus key role in OSA neurophysiopathology are intriguing issues that future studies should attempt to clarify.
Efficacy of Low‐ and High‐Dose Trilostane Treatment in Dogs (< 5 kg) with Pituitary‐Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Cho K.‐D. , Kang J.‐H. , Chang D. , Na K.‐J. , Yang M.‐P.
Published: November 2012

Background

Trilostane is commonly used to treat pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) in dogs. There are differing opinions regarding the dose and frequency of trilostane administration in dogs withPDH.

Objectives

To compare the efficacy of 2 trilostane protocols in the treatment of dogs withPDH.

Animals

Sixteen client‐owned dogs withPDHand a body weight <5 kg.

Methods

Prospective observational study. Group A (n=9; low‐dose treatment group) received 0.78 ± 0.26 mg of trilostane/kg PO every 12 h and group B (n = 7; high‐dose treatment group) 30 mg of trilostane/dog PO every 24 h. All of the dogs were reassessed at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24 weeks after the initiation of treatment.

Results

An improvement in bothACTH‐stimulated serum cortisol concentrations and clinical signs occurred more slowly in group A than in group B; however, after 20 weeks of treatment, 2/7 dog in group B had clinical signs and abnormal laboratory findings consistent with hypoadrenocorticism. At 24 weeks, an improvement in the clinical findings of all of the dogs in both groups was detected.

Conclusions and clinical importance

In dogs withPDH, twice‐daily administration of low‐dose trilostane is an effective approach to the management ofPDH. In addition, our results suggest fewer potential adverse effects if trilostane is administered twice daily in the lower dose.
Liver manipulation during liver surgery in humans is associated with hepatocellular damage and hepatic inflammation
Authors: van den Broek Maartje A. J. , Shiri‐Sverdlov Ronit , Schreurs Joris J. W. , Bloemen Johanne G , Bieghs Veerle , Rensen Sander S , Dejong Cornelis H C , Olde Damink Steven W M
Published: November 2012

Background

Manipulation of the liver during liver surgery results in profound hepatocellular damage. Experimental data show that mobilization‐induced hepatocellular damage is related to hepatic inflammation. To date, information on this link in humans is lacking. As it is possible to modulate inflammation, it is clinically relevant to unravel this relationship.

Aim

This observational study aimed to establish the association between liver mobilization and hepatic inflammation in humans.

Methods

Consecutive patients requiring mobilization of the right hemi‐liver during liver surgery were studied. Plasma samples and liver biopsies were collected prior to and directly after mobilization and after transection of the liver. Hepatocellular damage was assayed by liver fatty acid‐binding protein (L‐FABP) and aminotransferase levels. Hepatic inflammation was determined by (a) immunohistochemical identification of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and CD68‐ positive cells and (b) hepatic gene expression of inflammatory and cell adhesion molecules (IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, VCAM‐1 and ICAM‐1).

Results

A total of 25 patients were included. L‐FABP levels increased significantly during mobilization (301 ± 94 ng/ml to 1599 ± 362 ng/ml, P = 0.008), as did ALAT levels (36 ± 5 IU/L to 167 ± 21 IU/L, P < 0.001). A significant increase in MPO (P = 0.001) and CD68 (P = 0.002) positive cells was noticed in the liver after mobilization. The number of MPO‐positive cells correlated with the duration of mobilization (Pearson correlation=0.505, P = 0.033). Hepatic gene expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β and IL‐6, chemo‐attractant IL‐8 and adhesion molecule ICAM‐1 increased significantly during liver manipulation.

Conclusions

Liver mobilization is associated with hepatocellular damage and liver inflammation, as shown by infiltration of inflammatory cells and upregulation of genes involved in acute inflammation.
Role of MAP Kinases and PI3K‐Akt on the cytokine inflammatory profile of peritoneal macrophages from the ascites of cirrhotic patients
Authors: Tapia‐Abellán Ana , Ruiz‐Alcaraz Antonio J. , Hernández‐Caselles Trinidad , Such José , Francés Rubén , García‐Peñarrubia Pilar , Martínez‐Esparza María
Published: November 2012

Aims

Several new approaches targeting inflammation associated with different diseases are in clinical development.

Objective

To explore the role played by MAPK and PI3K‐Akt pathways on the release of cytokines in monocyte‐derived macrophages (M‐DM) obtained from the ascites of cirrhotic patients to identify novel targets for pharmaceutical intervention to prevent hepatic damage.

Methods

M‐DM were isolated from the ascites of cirrhotic patients and stimulated in vitro with LPS and heat‐killed Candida albicans in the presence or absence of the inhibitors for MEK1, p38 MAPK, JNK and PI3K. The MAPK phosphorylation levels were determined by Western Blot. Cell culture supernatants were assayed by ELISA for TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐10.

Results

The release of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐6 and TNF‐α at baseline was more effectively reduced by the MAPK inhibitors, while the basal IL‐10 anti‐inflammatory cytokine secretion was only and strongly (90.3%) affected by the PI3K inhibitor. The incubation of peritoneal M‐DM in the presence of LPS and C. albicans increased the release of IL‐6, TNF‐α and IL‐10. LPS‐induced pro‐inflammatory cytokines secretion was more sensitive to MAPK inhibitors, whereas that induced by C. albicans was more susceptible to inhibition of PI3K. Finally, inhibition of PI3K almost completely suppressed the secretion of IL‐10 in stimulated M‐DM.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that pro‐inflammatory cytokines release in M‐DM from this clinical setting strongly depends on the MAPK signalling pathways, differs depending on the microbial stimulus added and confirms the prominent role of the PI3K‐Akt pathway in the modulation of IL‐10‐mediated anti‐inflammatory function.
Quality of Life Questionnaires for the Assessment of Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Use in Clinical Practice
Authors: AL‐BADR Ahmed
Published: November 2012

Over the past decade, the use of quality of life (QOL) questionnaires in the evaluation of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) has become a standard part of most clinical studies. Investigators have attempted to correlate QOL scores with objective findings and treatment efficacy and as outcome measures in comparing different treatment modalities. Many of the QOL questionnaires are available in short forms, making them easier to adapt to clinical settings. This article includes an overview of several validated QOL questionnaires and their application in studies whose results provide useful guidelines for health care professionals who diagnose and manage women with POP.
Field‐testing of guidance on the appropriate labelling of processed complementary foods for infants and young children inSouthAfrica
Authors: Sweet Lara , Jerling Johann , Van Graan Averalda
Published: November 2012

There is a lack of formal guidance from international normative bodies on the appropriate marketing of processed complementary foods. Such guidance is necessary to protect and promote optimal infant and young child feeding practices. The aim of this study was to field‐test, inSouthAfrica, the interim guidance provided by theMaternal,Infant andYoungChildNutritionWorkingGroup'sDraftGuide forMarketingComplementaryFoods as a potential tool for use by manufacturers and national governments for guiding the appropriate labelling (as a subset of appropriate marketing practices) of complementary foods. This guidance was used to develop a checklist of questions and criteria for each possible answer, which was tested using a comprehensive database of labels from products purchased inSouthAfrica fromJune toAugust 2011. One hundred and sixty product labels of 35 manufacturers were analysed, none of which complied with all checklist criteria. Fifty‐six (35%) labels did not provide an appropriate age of introduction while 37 (23%) used images of infants appearing younger than 6 months. Nineteen (12%) labels suggested a daily ration too large for a breastfed child, and 32 (20%) potentially promote the manufacturer's infant formula. Only 58 (36%) labels were easy to read. The majority (69% and 92%) of labels provided instructions for safe and appropriate preparation/use and storage, respectively. TheDraftGuide forMarketingComplementaryFoods was found to be a useful tool for guiding the appropriate labelling of complementary foods, although some changes and additions are recommended to improve understanding, ease of use and to minimise the subjective interpretation of the guidance.
The relation between age of attainment of motor milestones and future cognitive and motor development inBangladeshi children
Authors: Hamadani Jena Derakhshani , Tofail Fahmida , Cole Tim , Grantham‐McGregor Sally
Published: November 2012

There is a need for easily administered, low‐cost measures to assess child development in large field studies. Many researchers evaluate the age of attainment of motor milestones, but there is little information on their validity. A large longitudinal study (MINIMat) was conducted in a poor rural area ofBangladesh and we assessed the age of attainment of motor milestones in a subsample of over 2000 children. We examined their association with scores on theBayley psychomotor development index (PDI) and mental development index (MDI) at 18 months and with scores on theMovementAssessmentBattery forChildren and with intelligence quotient (IQ) on theWechslerPreschool andPrimaryScale ofIntelligence at 64 months. A field worker visited the children's homes monthly from 3 to 12 months of age and then at 15 months and examined the children. Mothers recorded the date of attainment of the milestones. Age of attainment of walking and standing alone was moderately correlated with thePDIand had significant but low associations with later motor development. They were as good as thePDIin predicting later motor development and could be used in field studies for that purpose. Milestone age of attainment had significant but low correlations withMDIand laterIQ. Height for age at 15 months was related to milestones and laterIQand motor development and accounted for some of the association between milestones andIQ. Milestone age of attainment may not be sensitive enough to be used as an indicator of laterIQ.
Where do you come from, where do you go? Directional migration rates in landscape genetics
Authors: Holderegger Rolf , Gugerli Felix
Published: November 2012

Identifying landscape elements that influence gene flow and migration in wild species is the current main topic of landscape genetics. Most landscape genetic studies infer gene flow and migration from genetic distances among populations or individuals and statistically relate these measurements to landscape composition and configuration. This approach assumes symmetrical gene flow between pairs of populations. Such an assumption, however, will often be violated, especially in source–sink systems. Source populations provide more emigrants than they receive immigrants, and sink populations get many immigrants, but release few emigrants. Source–sink dynamics cannot be explored using common landscape genetic approaches relying on genetic distances. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Andreasen et al. () apply an alternative approach allowing them to infer asymmetrical migration. They use a Bayesian assignment test among objectively defined populations of mountain lions (Puma concolor) in western USA to estimate recent and directional migration rates. The study shows that an area with a high amount of wildlife refuges and low hunting pressure harbours a source population for mountain lion dispersal, while areas with high hunting pressures form sink populations; a result helpful in making informed decisions in conservation management.
Genome sequence of dwarf birch (Betula nana) and cross‐species RAD markers
Authors: Wang Nian , Thomson Marian , Bodles William J. A. , Crawford Robert M. M. , Hunt Harriet V. , Featherstone Alan Watson , Pellicer Jaume , Buggs Richard J. A.
Published: November 2012

New sequencing technologies allow development of genome‐wide markers for any genus of ecological interest, including plant genera such as Betula (birch) that have previously proved difficult to study due to widespread polyploidy and hybridization. We present a de novo reference genome sequence assembly, from 66× short read coverage, of Betula nana (dwarf birch) – a diploid that is the keystone woody species of subarctic scrub communities but of conservation concern in Britain. We also present 100 bp PstI RAD markers for B. nana and closely related Betula tree species. Assembly of RAD markers in 15 individuals by alignment to the reference B. nana genome yielded 44–86k RAD loci per individual, whereas de novo RAD assembly yielded 64–121k loci per individual. Of the loci assembled by the de novo method, 3k homologous loci were found in all 15 individuals studied, and 35k in 10 or more individuals. Matching of RAD loci to RAD locus catalogues from the B. nana individual used for the reference genome showed similar numbers of matches from both methods of RAD locus assembly but indicated that the de novo RAD assembly method may overassemble some paralogous loci. In 12 individuals hetero‐specific to B. nana 37–47k RAD loci matched a catalogue of RAD loci from the B. nana individual used for the reference genome, whereas 44–60k RAD loci aligned to the B. nana reference genome itself. We present a preliminary study of allele sharing among species, demonstrating the utility of the data for introgression studies and for the identification of species‐specific alleles.
‘Transient’ genetic suppression facilitates generation of hexose transporter null mutants in Leishmania mexicana
Authors: Feng Xiuhong , Rodriguez‐Contreras Dayana , Polley Tamsen , Lye Lon‐Fye , Scott David , Burchmore Richard J.S. , Beverley Stephen M. , Landfear Scott M.
Published: November 2012

The genome of Leishmania mexicana encompasses a cluster of three glucose transporter genes designated LmxGT1, LmxGT2 and LmxGT3. Functional and genetic studies of a cluster null mutant (Δlmxgt1‐3) have dissected the roles of these proteins in Leishmania metabolism and virulence. However, null mutants were recovered at very low frequency, and comparative genome hybridizations revealed that Δlmxgt1‐3 mutants contained a linear extrachromosomal 40 kb amplification of a region on chromosome 29 not amplified in wild type parasites. These data suggested a model where this 29‐40k amplicon encoded a second site suppressor contributing to parasite survival in the absence of GT1‐3 function. To test this, we quantified the frequency of recovery of knockouts in the presence of individual overexpressed open reading frames covering the 29‐40k amplicon. The data mapped the suppressor activity to PIFTC3, encoding a component of the intraflagellar transport pathway. We discuss possible models by which PIFTC3 might act to facilitate loss of GTs specifically. Surprisingly, by plasmid segregation we showed that continued PIFTC3 overexpression was not required for Δlmxgt1‐3 viability. These studies provide the first evidence that genetic suppression can occur by providing critical biological functions transiently. This novel form of genetic suppression may extend to other genes, pathways and organisms.
The response regulator SypE controls biofilm formation and colonization through phosphorylation of the syp‐encoded regulator SypA in Vibrio fischeri
Authors: Morris Andrew R. , Visick Karen L.
Published: November 2012

Bacteria utilize multiple regulatory systems to modulate gene expression in response to environmental changes, including two‐component signalling systems and partner‐switching networks. We recently identified a novel regulatory protein, SypE, that combines features of both signalling systems. SypE contains a central response regulator receiver domain flanked by putative kinase and phosphatase effector domains with similarity to partner‐switching proteins. SypE was previously shown to exert dual control over biofilm formation through the opposing activities of its terminal effector domains. Here, we demonstrate that SypE controls biofilms in Vibrio fischeri by regulating the activity of SypA, a STAS (sulphate transporter and anti‐sigma antagonist) domain protein. Using biochemical and genetic approaches, we determined that SypE both phosphorylates and dephosphorylates SypA, and that phosphorylation inhibits SypA's activity. Furthermore, we found that biofilm formation and symbiotic colonization required active, unphosphorylated SypA, and thus SypA phosphorylation corresponded with a loss of biofilms and impaired host colonization. Finally, expression of a non‐phosphorylatable mutant of SypA suppressed both the biofilm and symbiosis defects of a constitutively inhibitory SypE mutant strain. This study demonstrates that regulation of SypA activity by SypE is a critical mechanism by which V. fischeri controls biofilm development and symbiotic colonization.
Humpback whale song hierarchical structure: Historical context and discussion of current classification issues
Authors: Cholewiak Danielle M. , Sousa‐Lima Renata S. , Cerchio Salvatore
Published: November 2012

Consistent and well‐defined criteria for the classification and measurement of humpback whale song features are essential for robust comparisons between investigators. Song structure terminology has been well‐established and used by many authors, though at times inconsistently. This review discusses the development of the nomenclature describing humpback song and explores the potential significance of the often‐overlooked variation in song patterns. Within the hierarchical definition of humpback song, the most problematic issues arise from the inconsistent delineation of phrase types, and the use of the metric of song duration without regards to variability in thematic sequence. With regards to the former, a set of guidelines is suggested to facilitate consistent delineation of phrases. With regards to the latter, current research demonstrates that the “song duration” metric has resulted in the disregard of variability at this level, which is more widespread than traditionally reported. An exemplar case is used to highlight the problem inherent in defining and measuring song duration. Humpback song is evaluated within the framework of avian songbird research, and a shift in analysis paradigm is recommended, towards phrase‐based analyses in which sequences of phrases are treated as a salient feature of song pattern.
Looking for Candida nivariensis and C. bracarensis among a large Italian collection of C. glabrata isolates: results of the FIMUA working group
Authors: Esposto M. C. , Prigitano A. , Romeo O. , Criseo G. , Trovato L. , Tullio V. , Fadda M. E. , Tortorano A. M. ,   FIMUA Working Group
Published: November 2012

Two recently described pathogenic Candida species, C. nivariensis and C. bracarensis, share many phenotypic characteristics with C. glabrata and are easily misidentified as such. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of these cryptic species in Italy. One thousand yeast isolates collected in 14 Italian regions and identified as C. glabrata by phenotypic and biochemical methods were included in this study: 928 were screened on CHROMagar and 72 were analysed by a multiplex PCR. None of these cryptic species was identified despite the nationwide distribution and the variety of biological origin of the isolates.
Physical sexual and intimate relationship concerns among Indonesian cervical cancer survivors: A phenomenological study
Authors: Afiyanti Yati , Milanti Ariesta
Published: November 2012

Cervical cancer often leads to sexuality and intimacy concerns for the affected woman within a marital relationship.This study aimed to explore physical sexual concerns and their impact on the intimate partner relationships experienced by cervical cancer survivors. Using a descriptive phenomenological approach, data were collected through in‐depth interviews with Indonesian women survivors of cervical cancer. Two themes and five sub‐themes were constructed from the thematic analysis. The first theme was the physical sexual concerns following cervical cancer treatment, with the subthemes: red spotting and massive vaginal discharge after having sexual intercourse; narrower, smaller and less lubricated vagina; pain during sexual intercourse; feeling of shortened vagina as if it had been cut. The second theme of impact of sexual concerns on intimate partner had five subthemes of: looking for reasons to refuse sexual intercourse; prejudice towards the spouse; feeling forced to fulfil husband's sexual needs; accepting spouse's anger; willingness to let the spouse marry another woman. The findings provide nurses with a greater understanding on how women adapt to their altered sexuality and intimacy with their partner following cancer treatments.
Phenotypic characterization of the foldase homologue PrsA in Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Guo L. , Wu T. , Hu W. , He X. , Sharma S. , Webster P. , Gimzewski J.K. , Zhou X. , Lux R. , Shi W.
Published: November 2012

Streptococcus mutans is generally considered to be the principal etiological agent for dental caries. Many of the proteins necessary for its colonization of the oral cavity and pathogenesis are exported to the cell surface or the extracellular matrix, a process that requires the assistance of the export machineries. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the S. mutans genome contains a prsA gene, whose counterparts in other gram‐positive bacteria, including Bacillus and Lactococcus, encode functions involved in protein post‐export. In this study, we constructed a PrsA‐deficient derivative of S. mutans and demonstrated that the prsA mutant displayed an altered cell wall/membrane protein profile as well as cell‐surface‐related phenotypes, including auto‐aggregation, increased surface hydrophobicity and abnormal biofilm formation. Further analysis revealed that the disruption of the prsA gene resulted in reduced insoluble glucan production by cell surface localized glucosyltransferases, and mutacin as well as cell surface‐display of a heterologous expressed GFP fusion to the cell surface protein SpaP. Our study suggested that PrsA in S. mutans encodes functions similar to those identified in Bacillus, and so is likely to be involved in protein post‐export.
Metabolic engineering of plant monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes—current status and future opportunities
Authors: Lange B. Markus , Ahkami Amirhossein
Published: November 2012

Terpenoids (a.k.a. isoprenoids) represent the most diverse class of natural products found in plants, with tens of thousands of reported structures. Plant‐derived terpenoids have a multitude of pharmaceutical and industrial applications, but the natural resources for their extraction are often limited and, in many cases, synthetic routes are not commercially viable. Some of the most valuable terpenoids are not accumulated in model plants or crops, and genetic resources for breeding of terpenoid natural product traits are thus poorly developed. At present, metabolic engineering, either in the native producer or a heterologous host, is the only realistic alternative to improve yield and accessibility. In this review article, we will evaluate the state of the art of modulating the biosynthetic pathways for the production of mono‐, sesqui‐ and diterpenes in plants.
Fertilization affects severity of disease caused by fungal plant pathogens
Authors: Veresoglou S. D. , Barto E. K. , Menexes G. , Rillig M. C.
Published: November 2012

Commercial fertilizers are commonly applied in farming to maximize crop yield. Lifting nutrient limitation to plant growth when water and light conditions are sufficient may permit plants to grow to the maximum of their ability; however, plant ability to resist pathogen infections is also modified. A meta‐analysis was conducted on 57 articles to identify the way plant disease severity of fungal pathogen‐induced infection is modified following fertilization, and the key regulators of such an effect. The analysis largely focused on N fertilization events in order to minimize the effect of heterogeneity that could result from differences in the way different nutrient fertilizers are able to modify plant disease severity. Fungal pathogen identity and fungal pathogen lifestyle were the main significant regulators affecting the extent of the modification of plant disease resistance following N fertilization, whereas contradictory results were obtained with the susceptibility of plant species. No differences were detected between pot or field experiments and following artificial or natural infection. Although in the vast majority of instances N fertilization increased disease severity, characteristic plant species and fungal pathogens could be identified for which disease severity following N fertilization declined. It is concluded that the potential of some plant species such as Solanum spp. to show reduced disease severity following N fertilization requires further investigation, as in such cases N fertilization could potentially be used as an additional means of suppressing fungal pathogens.
Spongospora subterranea root infection assessed in two potato cultivars differing in susceptibility to tuber powdery scab
Authors: Hernandez Maldonado M. L. , Falloon R. E. , Butler R. C. , Conner A. J. , Bulman S. R.
Published: November 2012

Infection by Spongospora subterranea of roots of two potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars, either very resistant or very susceptible to powdery scab on their tubers, was studied in a glasshouse experiment. Plants grown in sand/nutrient solution culture were inoculated with S. subterranea sporosori 2 weeks after planting. Plant parameters, the intensity of zoosporangium infection in roots, numbers of Spongospora root galls and amounts of Spongospora DNA in roots, measured using quantitative PCR (qPCR), were assessed at sequential harvests. Inoculation with S. subterranea reduced water use (56 days after planting) by 26% in the tuber resistant cultivar compared with uninoculated plants, and by 60% in the susceptible cultivar. Inoculation did not affect growth of the resistant cultivar, nor shoot mass of the susceptible cultivar, but caused a 38% reduction in root mass of the susceptible cultivar. The intensities of zoosporangium development in both cultivars were similar. The susceptible cultivar had approximately four times more Spongospora root galls g−1 root mass than the resistant cultivar. Quantitative PCR detected S. subterranea DNA in roots 1 week after inoculation, and indicated a twofold greater amount of pathogen DNA in roots of the susceptible than the resistant cultivar. This study suggests that the S. subterranea zoosporangium stage in host roots is affected differently by host resistance factors than the sporosorus (root gall and tuber scab) stages. The study has also demonstrated the usefulness of qPCR for sensitive and consistent detection of S. subterranea across the duration of potato root infection.
Arabidopsis thaliana organellar DNA polymerase IB mutants exhibit reduced mtDNA levels with a decrease in mitochondrial area density
Authors: Cupp John D. , Nielsen Brent L.
Published: November 2012

Plant organelle genomes are complex and the mechanisms for their replication and maintenance remain unclear. Arabidopsis thaliana has two DNA polymerase genes, DNA polymerase IA (polIA) and polIB, that are dual targeted to mitochondria and chloroplasts and are differentially expressed in primary plant tissues. PolIB gene expression occurs at higher levels in tissues not primary for photosynthesis. Arabidopsis T‐DNA polIB mutants have a 30% reduction in relative mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels, but also exhibit a 70% increase in polIA gene expression. The polIB mutant shows an increase in mitochondrial numbers but a significant decrease in mitochondrial area density within the hypocotyl epidermis, shoot apex and root tips. Chloroplast numbers are not significantly different in mesophyll protoplasts. These mutants do not have a significant difference in total dark mitorespiration levels but exhibit a difference in light respiration levels and photosynthesis capacity. Organelle‐encoded genes for components of respiration and photosynthesis are upregulated in polIB mutants. The mutants exhibited slow growth in conjunction with a decreased rate of cell expansion and other secondary phenotypic effects. Evidence suggests that early plastid development and DNA levels are directly affected by a polIB mutation but are resolved to wild‐type levels over time. However, mitochondria numbers and DNA levels never reach wild‐type levels in the polIB mutant. We propose that both polIA and polIB are required for mtDNA replication. The results suggest that polIB mutants undergo an adjustment in cell homeostasis, enabling them to maintain functional mitochondria at the cost of normal cell expansion and plant growth.
Parents' experiences of early support
Authors: Rautio Susanna
Published: November 2012

In Finland, support for families with children is given, as far as possible, as part of basic services. However, to support basic services, services of this kind have also been generated as the result of several projects. The public sector itself has been reorganized and reformed to more resemble a project. In this article, the experiences of parents with children receiving project‐based support are studied qualitatively. Preventive support was offered via child health and maternity clinics in the form of home visiting. The reform of the municipal and service structure has made the development of preventive services an issue of even greater current relevance. The purpose of the study was to collect and explore the experiences of parents as reported in their own voices. The research question is, how did families experience this novel support model in practice? The data consist of interviews with six client families, including mothers and fathers, nine parents in all. A qualitative and narrative approach to the interview data was used. Analysis of the interviews yielded the following themes: being critical about the support given, building trust between parents and the professionals and empowering parents through support. According to the results, parents experienced receiving early support, and especially home visiting, as useful. The purpose of home visiting was not always clear to begin with, and consequently, some parents had reservations about them. Experiences of maternity and child health clinics varied. In addition to the health professionals' skills, their personality, familiarity and supportive and trustful way of working was felt to be most important. Parents felt that their parenting skills and relationships met with approval during the family work. Further research is needed on this kind of early support, especially support delivered at home, to develop these services.
Nurses' perceptions of working according to standardized care plans: a questionnaire study
Authors: Jakobsson Jenny , Wann‐Hansson Christine
Published: November 2012

Aims

The aim of this study was to investigate nurses′ perceptions of working according to standardized care plans (SCPs), regarding usability, documentation, quality of care and the implementation process.

Background

Administrative work is an extensive part of nursing practice which leads to decreased time for the near patient‐related care. In addition, the number of very sick patients with short hospital stays has increased. This places new demands on healthcare teams to guarantee a high quality of care. For this reason development and use of standardized care plans has increased in Sweden during recent years.

Method

This was a cross‐sectional survey and 116 registered nurses who had experience of working according SCPs answered a questionnaire with the option of providing written comments.

Result

The nurses reported that the use of SCPs facilitated their daily work, especially for new employees and worked well as a checklist ensuring the quality of care. The documentation was experienced as easy, less time consuming with less redundant information. The implementation process of SCPs was reported as satisfactory but a majority reported that they were not involved in the development of the SCP. However, even though 85.5% reported a positive attitude towards working according to an SCP, it was also sometimes experienced as inflexible.

Conclusion

The nurses had overall positive perceptions of working according to an SCP mainly in terms of usability, documentation and quality of care. The implementation process was not optimal and it was doubtful whether the SCP rendered any positive side effects.
Internationally educated nurses’ experiences in a hospital in England: an exploratory study
Authors: Alexis Obrey
Published: November 2012

Background

The recruiting of internationally educated nurses (IENs) to work in the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom (UK) is not a new phenomenon. Such practices have its roots in the 1940s when the NHS was first incepted.

Objective

The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of IENs’ experiences of working in the NHS in England.

Methods

Phenomenology in particular, Heidegger, was the approach adopted, and the study consisted of two phases in which twelve individuals’ interviews were conducted in phase one. The findings from this phase informed the second phase where four focus group interviews were used. The data for both phases were thematically analysed.

Results

Six themes emerged following data analysis, namely Leaving a familiar world, Being thrown into an unfamiliar world, Encountering marginalisation and experiencing inequalities in the world, Surviving in an everyday world, Living in an everyday world and Making a new world.

Conclusion

Internationally educated nurses encountered a number of challenges to their working practices in an English hospital, and there is a need for both IENs and home‐grown nurses to adapt to each other cultural differences.
Psychological distress and subjective well‐being in partners of somatically ill or physically disabled: The Nord‐Trøndelag Health Study
Authors: BORREN INGRID , TAMBS KRISTIAN , IDSTAD MARIANN , ASK HELGA , SUNDET JON MARTIN
Published: November 2012

Borren, I., Tambs, K., Idstad, M., Ask, H. & Sundet, J. M. (2012). Psychological distress and subjective well‐being in partners of somatically ill or physically disabled: The Nord‐Trøndelag Health Study. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 53, 475–482.

This study investigated the cross‐sectional associations between various somatic conditions in one partner and the level of distress and well‐being in the spouse. The study is based on survey data from the Norwegian Nord‐Trøndelag Health Study, HUNT II (1995–1997). A sample of 9,797 married or cohabiting couples with valid data on subjective well‐being (SWB), psychological distress (Hopkins Symptom Check List (SCL)‐10) and somatic illness were identified. Regression analyses stratified by sex were conducted with SCL‐10 and SWB scores as dependent variables and a joint somatic score as predictor, including; stroke, cancer, angina, myocardial infarction and physical disability (PD). The contribution of each somatic condition was also explored. Spouses of persons previously diagnosed with at least one somatic condition scored significantly lower on SWB and significantly higher on SCL‐10 than spouses of healthy persons, though effect sizes were small. The effect seems to be at least partly mediated by the ill partner’s psychological distress. Of the specific conditions, PD had the most significant contribution for both genders, though an association between male angina and spousal distress/SWB was also demonstrated.