bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complications associated with cannula insertion techniques used for laparoscopy in standing horses
Authors: Desmaizières Louis‐Marie , Martinot Stephane , Lepage Olivier M. , Bareiss Emmanuel , Cadoré Jean‐Luc
Published: January 2005

Objective—To report our experience and complications associated with different cannula insertion techniques for laparoscopy in standing horses.

Study Design—Retrospective study.

Sample Population—Forty horses that had laparoscopy for diagnostic or surgical purposes.

Methods—After a physical examination, including rectal palpation, standing laparoscopy was performed in 40 sedated horses. Local anesthetic was injected at each site of cannula insertion in the left flank. Horses were divided into 5 groups: Pneumoperitoneum was induced before cannula insertion using a Verres needle (group 1,n = 3) or a 12‐g catheter (group 2,n = 14); the cannula was inserted before inducing a pneumoperitoneum (group 3,n = 9); the cannula was inserted under visual control, using an operating laparoscope (group 4,n = 2) or a Visiport Optical Trocar (group 5,n = 12). Horses were observed for 7 days.

Results—Problems with insufflation or cannula insertion occurred in 12 horses: 6 had peritoneal detachment, 4 had a splenic puncture, and 2 had descending colon puncture. Eleven of these complications occurred in groups 1 to 3 and only 1 in groups 4 and 5.

Conclusions—The Visiport optical device allows controlled insertion of the initial trocar, and thus avoided potential problems associated with “blind” cannula insertion techniques and was used effectively in horses that had feed withheld for 12 hours. This technique enables direct insertion of a cannula directly into the right flank.

Clinical Relevance—Complications associated with initial cannula insertion in the paralumbar fossa, for laparoscopy, in standing horses can be minimized with the use of an optical cannula.
The effect of topical tripeptide‐copper complex on healing of ischemic open wounds
Authors: Canapp Sherman O. , Farese James P. , Schultz Gregory S. , Gowda Santosh , Ishak Anthony M. , Swaim Steven F. , Vangilder James , Lee‐Ambrose Linda , Martin Frank G.
Published: January 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effects of topical glycyl‐L‐histidyl‐L‐lysine tripeptide‐copper complex (TCC; Iamin 2% Gel; Procyte Corporation, Redmond, WA) on healing in ischemic open wounds.

Study Design—Experimental study.

Sample Population—Twenty‐four adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats.

Methods—Rats were divided into 3 groups: topical TCC, topical TCC vehicle (hydroxypropyl‐methylcellulose), and no treatment (control). Six‐mm‐diameter, full‐thickness wounds were created within an ischemic bipedicle skin flap on the dorsum of each rat. Each day, for 13 days, wound margins were traced, and the TCC and TCC vehicle groups were treated topically. Tracings were scanned, and wound perimeter and area were calculated. On days 6, 10, and 13, selected wounds were biopsied and analyzed for tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and 9.

Results—A significant decrease in wound area was seen in the TCC group, but not the vehicle group, when compared with the control group on days 3 to 5, 6 to 9, and 11 to 13 and when TCC was compared with TCC vehicle on days 3 and 9. On day 13, initial wound area had decreased by 64.5% in the TCC group, 45.6% in the vehicle group, and 28.2% in the control group. On days 6, 10, and 13, TCC‐treated wounds contained significantly lower concentrations of TNF‐α and MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 than control wounds.

Conclusion—Topical TCC resulted in accelerated wound healing in ischemic open wounds.

Clinical Relevance—Topical TCC is an effective stimulant of healing of ischemic open wounds in rats and may have an application for the treatment of chronic wounds in other species. Clinical evaluation of topical TCC is warranted.
Life‐threatening hemorrhage from enterotomies and anastomoses in 7 horses
Authors: Doyle Aimie J. , Freeman David E. , Rapp Hans , Murrell Jose A. Verocay , Wilkins Pamela A.
Published: January 2005

Objective—To report our experience with horses that presumptively had severe intraluminal hemorrhage from enterotomy or anastomosis.

Study Design—Clinical study.

Animals—Six adult horses and 1 adult donkey.

Methods—A retrospective study was conducted at the University of Illinois (April 1994 to December 2001) to determine the clinical course and outcome of horses with melena and/or anemia and evidence of life‐threatening hemorrhage from intestinal incisions. Medical records of all horses that had colic surgery were reviewed to determine the proportion of horses with this complication. In addition, horses that fit the same criteria identified in 3 other veterinary clinics were included.

Results—Three horses (1.3%) of those that had enterotomy or anastomosis at the University of Illinois and 4 horses from other clinics had complications presumptively related to severe hemorrhage from these intestinal procedures. Melena became evident within 72 hours of surgery and lasted 12 to 96 hours. Six horses had an acute and severe drop in packed cell volume (PCV), increased heart rates, and other signs of acute hemorrhage, and 1 horse had signs of colic postoperatively. Horses were administered intravenous formalin (3 horses) and whole blood transfusions (4 horses). Repeat celiotomy was performed on 2 horses. In 1 of these horses, a bleeding artery was ligated in the edge of the original enterotomy, and, in the other, a 25‐cm‐diameter intraluminal blood clot was found occluding the pelvic flexure. A horse that had jejunocolostomy for cecal impaction was not treated for hemorrhagic shock but was euthanatized and necropsied. Necropsy revealed blood‐filled bowel from the jejunocolostomy to the anus. One of the remaining 6 horses died of enterocolitis and 5 survived to discharge.

Conclusions—Hemorrhage from incisional edges, particularly in the large intestine, should be considered a rare but possibly fatal complication of enterotomy or anastomosis in horses.

Clinical Relevance—To prevent fatal hemorrhage from incisional edges during enterotomy or anastomosis, large vessels should be ligated at the original surgery, and hemostatic effects of different closure techniques should be considered. No intraoperative or postoperative findings were useful to predict this complication, and response to supportive medical therapy was favorable.
Bone gentamicin concentration after intra‐articular injection or regional intravenous perfusion in the horse
Authors: Werner Laura A. , Hardy Joanne , Bertone Alicia L.
Published: January 2005

Objective—To compare intra‐articular (IA) and bone gentamicin concentrations achieved after intra‐articular administration or regional intravenous perfusion (RIP).

Study Design—Experimental study.

Animals—Twelve healthy adult horses.

Methods—Horses were assigned to 2 treatment groups (n = 6/group): Group 1, 1 g gentamicin administered simultaneously in both left and right metacarpophalangeal joints and group 2, 1 g gentamicin administered simultaneously in both left and right lateral palmar veins. Serum, synovial fluid, and bone biopsy specimens were collected. Gentamicin concentrations were determined by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Bone, synovial fluid, and serum gentamicin concentrations were compared over time and between groups using 2‐way ANOVA. Significance of all tests were evaluated atP< .05.

Results—IA metacarpophalangeal joint administration resulted in higher concentration of gentamicin in synovial fluid than RIP administration. Synovial fluid concentration remained above minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for common pathogens for over 24 hours with IA and RIP administration. Bone gentamicin concentration remained above MIC for 8 hours with both methods; there was no significant difference in gentamicin concentration in bone with either method. Neither IA nor RIP administration had a significant effect on serum concentration of gentamicin.

Conclusions—In normal horses, there is no difference in bone gentamicin concentration obtained with IA or RIP administration.

Clinical Relevance—Based on MIC for common equine pathogens, administration of gentamicin intra‐articularly or by regional intravenous perfusion should be useful for treatment of osteomyelitis.
Effect of fenoldopam on renal function after nephrotomy in normal dogs
Authors: Zimmerman‐Pope Nancy , Waldron Don R. , Barber Don L. , Forrester S. Dru , Wilcke Jeff R. , Marini Michele
Published: January 2005

Objective— To evaluate effects of fenoldopam on renal function in normal dogs subjected to bisection nephrotomy. In addition, effects of bisection nephrotomy on renal function in normal dogs were evaluated.

Study Design— Controlled, randomized, blinded experiment.

Sample Population— Sixteen mixed‐breed adult dogs.

Methods— Dogs were paired for sex, body weight, and approximate age and assigned to 1 of 2 groups: fenoldopam (F) or placebo (P). Baseline glomerular filtration rate (GFR) based on quantitative renal scintigraphy using 99mTc‐DTPA, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), urinalysis, and urine culture were performed before surgery. Left nephrotomy was performed via median celiotomy. Group F dogs were administered intravenous (IV) fenoldopam (0.1 μg/kg/min) for 90 minutes, whereas group P dogs were administered an equivalent volume of saline (0.9 % NaCl) solution for 90 minutes. Temperature, heart rate, respiration, direct arterial blood pressure, and urine volume were recorded during anesthesia. Renal function was assessed by measuring SCr, BUN, and GFR at 1, 21, and 42 days after surgery.

Results— There was no significant difference between groups in measured physiologic variables. No significant difference in GFR, BUN, or SCr between groups or between operated or control kidneys was detected.

Conclusions— Bisection nephrotomy in normal dogs with renal arterial occlusion of 15 minutes and using a simple continuous capsular closure does not adversely affect renal function.

Clinical Relevance— Bisection nephrotomy, as described in this study, does not decrease renal function; perioperative administration of renoprotective agents is not necessary in normal dogs.
Evaluation of a vessel‐sealing device for small intestinal resection and anastomosis in normal horses
Authors: Rumbaugh Marilyn L. , Burba Daniel J. , Natalini Claudio , Hosgood Giselle , Moore Rustin M.
Published: January 2005

Objectives— To compare arterial bursting pressure after vessel closure using a vessel‐sealing device (LigaSure Atlas Laparoscopic Sealer/Divider Instrument; Valleylab, Boulder, CO), a ligate‐and‐divide stapling device (LDS), and 2‐0 polydioxanone suture. To evaluate the LigaSure Atlas as a method for ligation of the mesenteric vasculature during small intestinal resection in normal horses.

Study Design— Experimental study.

Animals— Part A: jejunal segments from 19 horses. Part B: 6 horses, aged 1 to 18 years, weighing 330 to 509 kg.

Methods— Part A: Jejunal segments with mesenteric vessels were collected from 19 horses. After closure by 1 of 3 methods (LigaSure Atlas, LDS, 2‐0 polydioxanone) arteries were cannulated, and bursting pressure was measured by incrementally increasing intraluminal pressure until failure. Part B: Six horses had jejunal resection and anastomosis using a vessel‐sealing device (LigaSure Atlas) to provide hemostasis of the mesenteric vasculature. Horses were monitored clinically for 4 weeks.

Results— Part A: Mean ± SEM bursting pressure after 2‐0 polydioxanone ligation (1,014.50 ± 279.05 mm Hg) was significantly greater than mean bursting pressure after LigaSure (554.25 ± 228.79 mm Hg), which was significantly greater than the mean bursting pressure after LDS (373.25 ± 183.69). Part B: No major operative or postoperative hemorrhage occurred after application of the LigaSure Atlas for sealing and transecting mesenteric vasculature during small intestinal resection in normal horses.

Conclusions— The LigaSure Atlas appears to be a safe method for hemostasis of the mesenteric vasculature during small intestinal resection in normal horses.

Clinical Relevance— Benefits of the LigaSure Atlas vessel‐sealing device include reduced time required to provide hemostasis, acceptable arterial bursting pressure, no remaining foreign material, and no risk for ligature slippage. In our experience, use of the LigaSure Atlas during small intestinal resection and anastomosis in horses is safe for ligation of vessels less than or equal to 7‐mm diameter.
An ex vivo mechanical evaluation of single versus double semitubular plate fixation of a transverse distal‐third scapular osteotomy in the dog
Authors: Mair Jacqueline J. , Belkoff Stephen M. , Boudrieau Randy J.
Published: January 2005

Objective—To compare single versus double semitubular plate fixation for scapular body fractures.

Study Design—Ex vivo mechanical study.

Sample Population—Eighteen paired cadaveric canine scapulae.

Methods—Transverse scapular body osteotomies were created in the distal third of 18 pairs of scapulae. One scapula of each pair was repaired with a single plate, whereas the contralateral scapula was repaired with 2 plates. Initial strength and stiffness of the constructs were measured in 10 pairs of scapulae. Eight pairs of scapulae underwent cyclic loading and then were subjected to failure testing.

Results—Double‐plate fixation was significantly stronger (3,899 ± 632 N) but not stiffer (614 ± 130 N/mm) than the single‐plate fixation (3,238 ± 935 N and 537 ± 202 N/mm, respectively). Cyclic loading variables were not significantly different between the 2 methods of fixation. After cyclic loading, double‐plate fixation was significantly stronger (2,916 ± 618 N) than single‐plate fixation (2,347 ± 495 N). There was no significant difference (P= .11) in stiffness between double‐ versus single‐plate fixations: 734 ± 247 N/mm and 595 ± 139 N/mm, respectively.

Conclusions—Double‐plate fixation was generally stronger and stiffer than single‐plate fixation. Because all constructs failed at loads that greatly exceeded those estimated to occur clinically, any difference between the 2 methods of fixation probably is not clinically relevant.

Clinical Relevance—Single‐plate fixation may be of sufficient strength for fixation of scapular body fractures.
Validation of the Bech–Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale and the Hamilton Depression Scale in patients with major depression; is the total score a valid measure of illness severity?
Authors: Licht R. W. , Qvitzau S. , Allerup P. , Bech P.
Published: January 2005

Objective:  Evaluation of antidepressant drug efficacy requires adequate rating scales for measuring the severity of depression. However, to measure the illness severity by such a total score, the scale needs to fulfil criteria of unidimensionality. On this background, we aimed at comparing the unidimensionality of the Bech–Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale (MES) and the 17‐item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM‐D17).

Method:  A total of 1629 patients aged between 18 and 65 years with a major depressive episode were treated openly with sertraline at a fixed oral dose of 50 mg daily during 4 weeks. The HAM‐D17 and the MES were applied at baseline and at weeks 2 and 4. Unidimensionality was tested with Mokken and Rasch analysis.

Results:  Unidimensionality of the HAM‐D17 could not be confirmed. However, the 6‐item Hamilton Depression Subscale (HAM‐D6), was accepted by the Rasch analysis both at baseline and after 2 and 4 weeks of therapy. For the MES (as well as for the HAM‐D6), a Loevinger coefficient of homogeneity above 0.40 (suggesting acceptance) was found at week 4.

Conclusion:  The HAM‐D6 and the MES did fulfil criteria for unidimensionality while the HAM‐D17 did not. Therefore, the extended use of the HAM‐D17 in drug trials may be questioned.
Randomized double blind comparison of olanzapine vs. clozapine on subjective well‐being and clinical outcome in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Naber D. , Riedel M. , Klimke A. , Vorbach E.‐U. , Lambert M. , Kühn K.‐U. , Bender S. , Bandelow B. , Lemmer W. , Moritz S. , Dittmann R. W.
Published: January 2005

Objective:  This randomized double‐blind multicenter trial evaluated the effects of olanzapine vs. clozapine on subjective well‐being, quality of life (QOL) and clinical outcome.

Method:  The primary objective was to demonstrate non‐inferiority of olanzapine, mean dosage 16.2 ± 4.8 (5–25 mg/day) vs. clozapine, mean dosage 209 ± 91 (100–400 mg/day) regarding improvement on the ‘Subjective Well‐Being under Neuroleptic Treatment’ (SWN) Scale after 26 treatment weeks in 114 patients with schizophrenia. Secondary outcome parameters included: Munich QOL Dimension List (MLDL), Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), Clinical Global Impression (CGI).

Results:  SWN scores improved significantly in both groups, olanzapine was non‐inferior to clozapine (group difference 3.2 points in favor of olanzapine; 95% CI: 4.2;10.5). MLDL‐satisfaction, PANSS and CGI‐S improved similarly, olanzapine yielded a higher CGI Therapeutic Index. Individual SWN and PANSS changes correlated only moderately (r = −0.45).

Conclusion:  Olanzapine was non‐inferior to clozapine. The lack of a marked correlation between PANSS and SWN improvements indicates that patients and psychiatrists perceive treatment differently.
Pregnancy Outcome in Recurrent Aborters is Not Influenced by Chlamydia IgA and/or G
Authors: Sugiura‐Ogasawara Mayumi , Ozaki Yasuhiko , Nakanishi Tamao , Kumamoto Yoshiaki , Suzumori Kaoru
Published: January 2005

Problem:  It is unclear whether chlamydia infection influences the miscarriage rate and immunological factors in patients with recurrent miscarriage.

Method of study:  Chlamydia DNA, IgA and IgG to Chlamydia trachomatis, natural killer cell activity, complement 3 (C3), C4, hemolytic complement, antinuclear antibodies, antiphospholipid antibodies, prolactin, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time and fibrinogen were examined in 504 patients with a history of two or more consecutive first‐trimester miscarriages. Subsequent pregnancy outcomes were compared between cases with and without antibodies to C. trachomatis.

Results:  Totals of 10 of 30 and 48 of 201 patients receiving no medication miscarried subsequently with and without chlamydia infection. Chlamydia IgA and/or IgG were associated with a high level of C3 but not other immunological and coagulatory parameters.

Conclusion:  Antibodies to C. trachomatis do not influence subsequent pregnancy outcome in patients with a history of recurrent miscarriage.
Gonadotropin‐releasing Hormone Agonist Administration Affects the Thymopoiesis in Adult Female Rats Independently on Gonadal Hormone Production
Authors: Leposavić Gordana , Pekić Sandra , Kosec Duško
Published: January 2005

Problem:  In addition to having an indirect effect on the T‐cell development by controlling the production of ovarian steroids, an accumulating body of evidence suggest that GnRH analogue (GnRH‐A) administration may exert a thymopoietic regulatory effect that is not mediated by ovarian hormones.

Method of study:  In non‐ovariectomized (non‐OVX) and OVX adult female AO rats treated s.c. with GnRH‐A or saline (controls), over 14 days, were estimated the thymic cellularity and thymocyte expression of CD4/CD8/TCRαβ by stereological analysis and three‐color flow cytometry, respectively.

Results:  GnRH‐A in both groups of rats diminished the thymic cellularity. In non‐OVX rats GnRH‐A increased the relative numbers of immature cells (CD4‐8‐TCRαβ−, CD4‐8‐TCRαβlow and CD4+8‐TCRαβlow), and reduced those of positively selected CD4+8+TCRαβhigh and mature (CD4‐8+TCRαβhigh, CD4+8‐TCRαβhigh) cells, suggesting decelerated expression of TCRαβ followed by less efficient positive selection and further maturation of the selected cells. Differently, in OVX rats GnRH‐A decreased the percentage of immature (CD4‐8‐TCRαβ−, CD4+8+ TCRαβ−) cells and increased those of all TCRαβhigh subsets, suggesting an increased rate of early thymocyte differentiation, more efficient positive selection and further maturation of the selected cells.

Conclusions:  The effect of GnRH‐A administration is affected by the presence of ovarian steroids.
Monoclonal Antibodies against Sperm Intra‐acrosomal Antigens as Markers for Male Infertility Diagnostics and Estimation of Spermatogenesis
Authors: Peknicova Jana , Chladek David , Hozak Pavel
Published: January 2005

Problem:  To determine the ability of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against acrosomal antigens to detect physiology and pathology of human spermatozoa and to detect spermatids in ejaculates of infertile male with azoospermia.

Method of study:  Sperm antigens detected with prepared MoAbs were partially characterized by biochemical and immunocytochemical methods. The acrosomal status of spermatozoa was compared in men with normal and pathological spermiograms and in sperm before and after induced acrosome reaction (AR). Ejaculates from patients were tested for the presence of spermatids.

Results:  MoAbs specifically bind to intra‐acrosomal sperm antigens with quantitative difference between ejaculates with normal and pathological spermiograms. These antigens are released from the acrosome after induced AR. MoAbs labeled acrosomal proteins in round and elongated spermatids in the ejaculates of patients with azoospermia.

Conclusion:  MoAbs against intra‐acrosomal sperm antigens are useful for human sperm diagnosis and prediction of spermatogenesis. The spermatids can be utilized in assisted reproduction.
Analysis of the Contributions of l‐Selectin and CXCR3 in Mediating Leukocyte Homing to Pregnant Mouse Uterus
Authors: Xie Xuemei , Kang Zhumei , Anderson Laura N , He Hong , Lu Bao , Anne Croy B.
Published: January 2005

Problem:  Dynamic changes occur in endometrial immune cell populations during pregnancy but regulatory events promoting cell recruitment to the uterus are not established. Ovarian steroid hormones promote l‐selectin and α4‐integrin‐mediated interactions between human peripheral natural killer (NK) cells and uterine endothelium while CXCR3, CXCR4 and their ligands are implicated in homing of human uNK cells to decidua.

Method of study:  Mice genetically‐ablated for l‐selectin or CXCR3 were studied. Morphometric analyses of implantation sites and assays of cell function (in vitro adhesion; in vivo homing following adoptive cell transfer) were undertaken.

Results:  Leukocytes home to anti‐mesometrial decidua with l‐selectin making an early (<6 hr in vivo) contribution. Unexpectedly, CXCR3 deletion had no effect on homing but reduced the ability of uNK cells to modify placental spiral arterioles.

Conclusions:  Redundant mechanisms underlie homing of leukocytes to the uterus and their importance can be evaluated by an in vivo approach described herein.
Loss of Surface CD200 on Stored Allogeneic Leukocytes may Impair Anti‐abortive Effect In Vivo
Authors: Clark David A. , Chaouat Gerard
Published: January 2005

Problem:  Prevention of spontaneous abortion by allogeneic mononuclear leukocyte immunotherapy has proven ineffective in the CBA × DBA/2 murine abortion model if the leukocytes are stored overnight before inoculation. The mechanism and generality of the phenomenon has not been elucidated.

Methods:  As prevention of recurrent abortion in the CBA × DBA/2 model requires allogeneic BALB/c lymphoid cells bearing paternal antigens and the tolerance‐signaling molecule CD200 (OX‐2), we evaluated effects of cell storage on cell surface CD200 expression using flow cytometry of fresh or stored cells stained with monoclonal anti‐CD200 antibody. Release of putative CD200 molecules into culture supernatant during storage was tested by the ability of supernatants to block binding of anti‐CD200 to freshly isolated cells. Similar studies were done using human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes. Possible binding of soluble CD200 to immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules in plasma as a basis for the anti‐abortive effect of intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) was tested using the standard peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) natural killer (NK) cell lysis of 51Cr‐labeled K562 cells and monoclonal anti‐human CD200 antibodies.

Results:  Loss of anti‐abortive effect of BALB/c cells with overnight storage at 4°C and blocking of protective effect of freshly isolated cells with anti‐CD200 antibody was confirmed. Supernatants of stored cells acquired a low level of protective activity against abortion in the CBA × DBA/2 model. Cell surface CD200 was lost with overnight storage at 4 or 22°C, and supernatants acquired the ability to block binding of anti‐CD200 antibody to fresh cells. Similar results were obtained using human PBL. However, if cells were stored overnight in IgG containing plasma, binding was not blocked. Suppression of NK cell lysis by PBL was abrogated if anti‐CD200 antibody was added to the assay.

Conclusions:  Loss of the tolerance signal CD200 from allogeneic cells occurs with storage overnight, and their ability to protect against abortion is lost. CD200 appears to be shed into the supernatant, and may associate with IgG molecules rendering IVIG suppressive.
Skeletal effects of bite jumping therapy on the mandible – removable vs. fixed functional appliances
Authors: Shen G , Hägg U , Darendeliler MA
Published: January 2005

Structured Abstract

Authors – Shen G, Hägg U, Darendeliler MA

Objective – Based on an extensive review of the literature, the aim of this study was to explore the mainstream consensus on the controversial topic of whether the bite jumping treatment could enhance mandibular growth.

Design – The data for removable and fixed functional appliances were respectively comprehended and analyzed with regard to their attributes in mandibular growth modification. Furthermore, numerous reported findings were assessed by relating them to some important factors influencing the effects of bite jumping, such as treatment timing, treatment duration and post‐treatment follow‐up, to allow for a more objective and accurate evaluation.

Results – The key differences between removable and fixed appliances are working hours (intermittent vs. continuous), length of treatment time (long vs. short), optimal treatment timing (before puberty growth vs. at or after puberty spurt), and mode of bite‐jumping (considerable vertical opening vs. limited vertical opening). These different features lead to different treatment effects on mandibular and TMJ growth, such as the intensity of possibly increased growth (clinically less significant vs. significant), the direction of enhanced growth (vertical vs. horizontal), and the stability of treatment changes (unstable vs. stable). The short‐term or long‐term post‐treatment relapse mainly relates to the rebound of dental position.

Conclusion – The immediate effects of bite jumping functional appliances on the mandibular growth enhancement are convincing during actual treatment. This extra gain of growth might be sustainable during the short‐term and long‐term post‐treatment period.
The role of type X collagen in facilitating and regulating endochondral ossification of articular cartilage
Authors: Shen G
Published: January 2005

Structured Abstract

Author – Shen G

Objective – This review was compiled to explore the role of type X collagen in growth, development and remodeling of articular cartilage by elucidating the linkage between the synthesis of this protein and the phenotypic changes in chondrogenesis and the onset of endochondral ossification.

Design – The current studies closely dedicated to elucidating the role of type X collagen incorporating into chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification of articular cartilage were assessed and analyzed to allow for obtaining the mainstream consensus on the bio‐molecular mechanism with which type X collagen functions in articular cartilage.

Results – There are spatial and temporal correlations between synthesis of type X collagen and occurrence of endochondral ossification. The expression of type X collagen is confined within hypertrophic condrocytes and precedes the embark of endochondral bone formation. Type X collagen facilitates endochondral ossification by regulating matrix mineralization and compartmentalizing matrix components.

Conclusion – Type X collagen is a reliable marker for new bone formation in articular cartilage. The future clinical application of this collagen in inducing or mediating endochondral ossification is perceived, e.g. the fracture healing of synovial joints and adaptive remodeling of madibular condyle.
Transverse maxillary deficiency in Class II and Class III malocclusions: a cephalometric and morphometric study on postero‐anterior films
Authors: Franchi L , Baccetti T
Published: January 2005

Structured Abstract

Authors – Franchi L, Baccetti T

Objectives – The aim of the present study is to evaluate the dentoskeletal features of subjects with either Class II or Class III malocclusions in the mixed dentition using both conventional cephalometric analysis and TPS morphometric analysis applied to posteroanterior (PA) cephalograms.

Design – TPS analyses of PA cephalograms on 49 Cl‐II, and 20 Cl‐III subjects. Tracings were done by hand.

Setting and Sample Population – The Department of Orthodontics, University of Florence.

Outcome Measure – Size and shape differences between Cl‐II and Cl‐III malocclusions.

Results – Maxillary width was smaller in both Cl‐II and Cl‐III subjects compared with normal as measured conventionally. The TPS analysis revealed transverse plane compression and extension in the vertical plane.

Conclusion – In Cl‐II and Cl‐III subjects the maxillary width was smaller 2.5 and 4 mm, respectively. TPS analyses corroborate these findings.
Bilaterally impacted maxillary canines and multiple missing teeth: a challenging adult case
Authors: Mesotten K , Naert I , Van Steenberghe D , Willems G
Published: January 2005

Structured Abstract

Authors – Mesotten K, Naert I, van Steenberghe D, Willems G

Objectives – Orthodontic correction of bilateral maxillary canine impaction with agenesis of the lower second premolars and extraction of the lower first molars in an adult patient.

Methods – After surgical exposure, the canines were relocated in the arch by means of immediate orthodontic traction. Endosseous Brånemark system® implants were inserted in the lower jaw with a double purpose: stabilization of orthodontic anchorage and prosthetic tooth replacement.

Results – Closure of the edentulous space in the lower arch was accomplished by a multidisciplinary approach while orthodontic correction of the initial malocclusion was achieved.

Conclusion – Implants provided anchorage control for tooth movement and created the possibility of prosthetic rehabilitation through a multidisciplinary treatment approach.
Nutrition of ostrich (Struthio camelus var. domesticus) breeder birds
Authors: COOPER Ross G. , ERLWANGER Kennedy , MAHROZE Khalid M.
Published: January 2005

This review discusses current data on nutrition in ostrich breeding birds. Nutritional demands increase during breeding particularly the calcium and phosphorus requirements for egg production. The correct balance of amino acids, vitamins and carbohydrates is important for the maintenance of high fertility after the attainment of sexual maturity at 24 months of age for female birds and 36 months of age for male birds. Most problems relating to health and performance, including fertility, hatching, chick survival, growth rates and deformities in the early weeks, are usually traced to inadequate breeder rations.
Effects of supplement feeding order on lactation, diurnal variation of ruminal ammonia and urea in the blood and milk of dairy cows
Authors: IKUTA Kentarou , SASAKURA Kazumi , NISHIMORI Kazuhiro , HANKANGA Careen , OKADA Keiji , YASUDA Jun
Published: January 2005

The present study examined the effects of feeding order of grain and protein supplements on ruminal nitrogen (N) loss through the diurnal variation of ruminal ammonia N and urea N in the blood and milk of dairy cows. Three ruminally fistulated cows were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square arrangement of treatments; that is, grain supplement fed at the first feed and then the protein supplement at the second (GS‐1st), protein supplement fed first and then the grain supplement (PS‐1st), and the grain and protein supplements mixed and divided into equal portions fed at each supplement feeding time (GP‐mix). No differences in the lactation parameters were observed among the treatments. In GS‐1st treatment, the increase in the concentration of ruminal ammonia N was inhibited after feeding, and the concentration was lower (P < 0.05) than with the other treatments 1–2 h after basal feeding. The concentrations of urea N in the blood and milk with the GS‐1st treatment were the lowest of all treatments throughout the sampling times, and were lower (P < 0.05) than with the GP‐mix treatment except for blood levels 1 h after basal feeding. The results suggest that grain feeding before protein feeding can reduce ruminal N loss.
Effects of feeding different levels of concentrate on growth and carcass characteristics in younger Japanese Black cattle
Authors: NADE Toshihiro , OKUMURA Toshiaki , MISUMI Satsuki , FUJITA Kazuhisa
Published: January 2005

The effects of a higher concentrate feed during the raising period on the growth and carcass of Japanese Black cattle being fattened at a younger age were investigated using three pairs of artificially bred identical twins and three pairs of full‐sibs. The animals were fed the concentrate at 2.4%/day (2.4% group) and 1.2%/day (1.2% group) comparative bodyweight (BW) during the raising period. The BW and subcutaneous fat thickness were measured every month using ultrasonic equipment. The animals were slaughtered at the age of 24 months. The BW of the 2.4% group from the age of 6–10 months appeared to be higher than that of the 1.2% group (P < 0.1). The subcutaneous fat of the 2.4% group from the age of 7–11 months was thicker than that of the 1.2% group (P < 0.1). After those ages, the BW and subcutaneous fat of the two groups did not differ and there was no difference in the carcass characteristics between the two groups. Using a higher concentrate feed during the raising period for younger fattening of Japanese Black cattle influenced growth from the late half of the raising period to the early part of the fattening period.
Organelle and translocatable forms of glyoxysomal malate dehydrogenase
Authors: Cox Bryan , Chit Ma May , Weaver Todd , Gietl Christine , Bailey Jaclyn , Bell Ellis , Banaszak Leonard
Published: January 2005

Many organelle enzymes coded for by nuclear genes have N‐terminal sequences, which directs them into the organelle (precursor) and are removed upon import (mature). The experiments described below characterize the differences between the precursor and mature forms of watermelon glyoxysomal malate dehydrogenase. Using recombinant protein methods, the precursor (p‐gMDH) and mature (gMDH) forms were purified to homogeneity using Ni2+–NTA affinity chromatography. Gel filtration and dynamic light scattering have shown both gMDH and p‐gMDH to be dimers in solution with p‐gMDH having a correspondingly higher molecular weight. p‐gMDH also exhibited a smaller translational diffusion coefficient (Dt) at temperatures between 4 and 32 °C resulting from the extra amino acids on the N‐terminal. Differential scanning calorimetry described marked differences in the unfolding properties of the two proteins with p‐gMDH showing additional temperature dependent transitions. In addition, some differences were found in the steady state kinetic constants and the pH dependence of the Km for oxaloacetate. Both the organelle‐precursor and the mature form of this glyoxysomal enzyme were crystallized under identical conditions. The crystal structure of p‐gMDH, the first structure of a cleavable and translocatable protein, was solved to a resolution of 2.55 Å. GMDH is the first glyoxysomal MDH structure and was solved to a resolution of 2.50 Å. A comparison of the two structures shows that there are few visible tertiary or quaternary structural differences between corresponding elements of p‐gMDH, gMDH and other MDHs. Maps from both the mature and translocatable proteins lack significant electron density prior to G44. While no portion of the translocation sequences from either monomer in the biological dimer was visible, all of the other solution properties indicated measurable effects of the additional residues at the N‐terminal.
Various secretory phospholipase A2 enzymes are expressed in rheumatoid arthritis and augment prostaglandin production in cultured synovial cells
Authors: Masuda Seiko , Murakami Makoto , Komiyama Kazuo , Ishihara Motoko , Ishikawa Yukio , Ishii Toshiharu , Kudo Ichiro
Published: January 2005

Although group IIA secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2‐IIA) is known to be abundantly present in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), expression of other sPLA2s in this disease has remained unknown. In this study, we examined the expression and localization of six sPLA2s (groups IIA, IID, IIE, IIF, V and X) in human RA. Immunohistochemistry of RA sections revealed that sPLA2‐IIA was generally located in synovial lining and sublining cells and cartilage chondrocytes, sPLA2‐IID in lymph follicles and capillary endothelium, sPLA2‐IIE in vascular smooth muscle cells, and sPLA2‐V in interstitial fibroblasts. Expression levels of these group II subfamily sPLA2s appeared to be higher in severe RA than in inactive RA. sPLA2‐X was detected in synovial lining cells and interstitial fibers in both active and inactive RA sections. Expression of sPLA2‐IIF was partially positive, yet its correlation with disease states was unclear. Expression of sPLA2 transcripts was also evident in cultured normal human synoviocytes, in which sPLA2‐IIA and ‐V were induced by interleukin‐1 and sPLA2‐X was expressed constitutively. Adenovirus‐mediated expression of sPLA2s in cultured synoviocytes resulted in increased prostaglandin E2 production at low ng·mL−1 concentrations. Thus, multiple sPLA2s are expressed in human RA, in which they may play a role in the augmentation of arachidonate metabolism or exhibit other cell type‐specific functions.
Modulation of IMPDH2, survivin, topoisomerase I and vimentin increases sensitivity to methotrexate in HT29 human colon cancer cells
Authors: Peñuelas Silvia , Noé Véronique , Ciudad Carlos J.
Published: January 2005

We determined differentially expressed genes in HT29 human colon cancer cells, both after short treatment with methotrexate (MTX) and after the resistance to MTX had been established. Screening was performed using Atlas Human Cancer 1.2K cDNA arrays. The analysis was carried out using Atlas image 2.01 and genespring 6.1 software. Among the differentially expressed genes we chose for further validation were inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase type II (IMPDH2), inosine monophosphate cyclohydrolase and survivin as up‐regulated genes, and topoisomerase I (TOP1) and vimentin as down‐regulated genes. Changes in mRNA levels were validated by quantitative RT‐PCR. Additionally, functional analyses were performed inhibiting the products of the selected genes or altering their expression to test if these genes could serve as targets to modify MTX cytotoxicity. Inhibition of IMPDH or TOP1 activity, antisense treatment against survivin, or overexpression of vimentin, sensitized resistant HT29 cells to MTX. Therefore, these proteins could constitute targets to develop modulators in MTX chemotherapy.
Functional analysis of two divalent metal‐dependent regulatory genes dmdR1 and dmdR2 in Streptomyces coelicolor and proteome changes in deletion mutants
Authors: Flores Francisco J. , Barreiro Carlos , Coque Juan José R. , Martín Juan F.
Published: January 2005

In Gram‐positive bacteria, the expression of iron‐regulated genes is mediated by a class of divalent metal‐dependent regulatory (DmdR) proteins. We cloned and characterized two dmdR genes of Streptomyces coelicolor that were located in two different nonoverlapping cosmids. Functional analysis of dmdR1 and dmdR2 was performed by deletion of each copy. Deletion of dmdR1 resulted in the derepression of at least eight proteins and in the repression of three others, as shown by 2D proteome analysis. These 11 proteins were characterized by MALDI‐TOF peptide mass fingerprinting. The proteins that show an increased level in the mutant correspond to a DNA‐binding hemoprotein, iron‐metabolism proteins and several divalent metal‐regulated enzymes. The levels of two other proteins – a superoxide dismutase and a specific glutamatic dehydrogenase – were found to decrease in this mutant. Complementation of the dmdR1‐deletion mutant with the wild‐type dmdR1 allele restored the normal proteome profile. By contrast, deletion of dmdR2 did not affect significantly the protein profile of S. coelicolor. One of the proteins (P1, a phosphatidylethanolamine‐binding protein), overexpressed in the dmdR1‐deleted mutant, is encoded by ORF3 located immediately upstream of dmdR2; expression of both ORF3 and dmdR2 is negatively controlled by DmdR1. Western blot analysis confirmed that dmdR2 is only expressed when dmdR1 is disrupted. Species of Streptomyces have evolved an elaborated regulatory mechanism mediated by the DmdR proteins to control the expression of divalent metal‐regulated genes.
Identification of functional domains in the formyl peptide receptor‐like 1 for agonist‐induced cell chemotaxis
Authors: Le Yingying , Ye Richard D. , Gong Wanghua , Li Jianxiang , Iribarren Pablo , Wang Ji Ming
Published: January 2005

Formyl peptide receptor‐like 1 (FPRL1) is a seven transmembrane domain, G protein‐coupled receptor that interacts with a variety of exogenous and host‐derived agonists. In order to identify domains crucial for ligand recognition by FPRL1, we used chimeric receptors with segments in FPRL1 replaced by corresponding amino acid sequences derived from the prototype formyl peptide receptor FPR. The chimeric receptors were stably transfected into human embryonic kidney epithelial cells and the capacity of the cells to migrate in response to formyl peptide receptor agonists was evaluated. Our results showed that multiple domains in FPRL1 are involved in the receptor response to chemotactic agonists with the sixth transmembrane domain and the third extracellular loop playing a prominent role. Interestingly, the N‐terminus and a segment between the fourth transmembrane domain and the third intracellular loop of FPRL1 are important for receptor interaction with a 42 amino acid amyloid β peptide (Aβ42), an Alzheimer's disease‐associated FPRL1 agonist, but not with MMK‐1, a synthetic FPRL1 agonist, suggesting that diverse agonists may use different domains in FPRL1. Considering the potential importance of FPRL1 in inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases, the identification of functional domains in this receptor will provide valuable information for the design of specific receptor antagonists.
Mapping contacts between regulatory domains of skeletal muscle TnC and TnI by analyses of single‐chain chimeras
Authors: Tiroli Ana O. , Tasic Ljubica , Oliveira Cristiano L. P. , Bloch Carlos , Torriani Iris , Farah Chuck S. , Ramos Carlos H. I.
Published: January 2005

The troponin (Tn) complex is formed by TnC, TnI and TnT and is responsible for the calcium‐dependent inhibition of muscle contraction. TnC and TnI interact in an antiparallel fashion in which the N domain of TnC binds in a calcium‐dependent manner to the C domain of TnI, releasing the inhibitory effect of the latter on the actomyosin interaction. While the crystal structure of the core cardiac muscle troponin complex has been determined, very little high resolution information is available regarding the skeletal muscle TnI–TnC complex. With the aim of obtaining structural information regarding specific contacts between skeletal muscle TnC and TnI regulatory domains, we have constructed two recombinant chimeric proteins composed of the residues 1–91 of TnC linked to residues 98–182 or 98–147 of TnI. The polypeptides were capable of binding to the thin filament in a calcium‐dependent manner and to regulate the ATPase reaction of actomyosin. Small angle X‐ray scattering results showed that these chimeras fold into compact structures in which the inhibitory plus the C domain of TnI, with the exception of residues 148–182, were in close contact with the N‐terminal domain of TnC. CD and fluorescence analysis were consistent with the view that the last residues of TnI (148–182) are not well folded in the complex. MS analysis of fragments produced by limited trypsinolysis showed that the whole TnC N domain was resistant to proteolysis, both in the presence and in the absence of calcium. On the other hand the TnI inhibitory and C‐terminal domains were completely digested by trypsin in the absence of calcium while the addition of calcium results in the protection of only residues 114–137.
Herbal or Natural Medicines as Modulators of Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptors and Related Nuclear Receptors for Therapy of Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Huang Tom Hsun‐Wei , Kota Bhavani Prasad , Razmovski Valentina , Roufogalis Basil D.
Published: January 2005

Abstract: The use of herbal or natural medicines for the treatment of various disorders has a long and extensive history. Many of these herbal medicines are finding their way onto the world market as alternatives to prescribed drugs currently available to treat various disorders/ailments. In particular, hyperlipidaemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic coronary vascular disease, which can culminate in mortality in diabetes mellitus. There is overwhelming evidence that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus often have metabolic syndrome and require a multifactorial intervention including aggressive treatment of arterial hypertension and dyslipidaemia to prevent cardiovascular complications. One of the most active areas of metabolic research into potential treatments is in the role of nuclear receptors as therapeutic targets for both glucose and lipid metabolism. The purpose of this review is to highlight the recent advances made by pharmaceutical and research organizations in identifying biologically active compounds from natural plant products capable of modulating nuclear receptors such as peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors and, to a lesser extent, liver X receptor and farnesoid X receptor. The specific features presented by these receptors provide an in‐depth insight into the pathogenesis of metabolic disease and thus, a means of establishing potential mechanisms of action with traditional medicine. In hindsight, the review offers valuable information for rational drug design using known active compounds of plant origin. Further research may ultimately lead to a reduction in both the chronic microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome with the use of traditional medicine.