bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Free‐Radical Pathways in the Decomposition of Ketones over Polycrystalline TiO2: The Role of Organoperoxy Radicals
Authors: Carter Emma , Carley Albert F. , Murphy Damien M.
Published: December 2006

The oxidative decomposition of various ketones (including acetone, 2‐butanone, 4‐heptanone, cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone) over dehydrated TiO2 (P25) powder is investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. For the first time, a series of thermally unstable radical intermediates are observed both on the activated and reduced TiO2 surface, depending on the adopted experimental conditions. These radical intermediates are identified as organoperoxy‐based species of general formula ROO. and RCO3.. They are formed by reaction of photogenerated charge carriers (either trapped electrons or trapped holes) with the adsorbed ketones in the presence of molecular oxygen. The organoperoxy intermediates are thermally unstable and decompose at temperatures in the region of 180–250 K. This work demonstrates that free‐radical pathways involving both organoperoxy and superoxide radicals can be responsible for the thermal‐ and photodecomposition of ketones over polycrystalline TiO2 (P25).
Treatment intensity and regularity in early outpatient psychotherapy and its relation to outcome
Authors: Kraft Susanne , Puschner Bernd , Kordy Hans
Published: December 2006

The distribution of treatment sessions (number of interruptions, weeks without psychotherapy and number of sessions) during the first three months of psychodynamic psychotherapy (PD), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychoanalytic psychotherapy (PAP) was analyzed prospectively over two years in a sample of 256 outpatients.

Number of weeks without psychotherapy in early treatment was predicted by initial helping alliance in PD and by initial quality of interpersonal relations in CBT. Level of initial psychological or physical impairment showed no effect on distribution of sessions during early treatment. In PD and CBT, session distribution early in treatment did not predict subsequent course of improvement. Only in PAP did weeks without psychotherapy and number of sessions affect rate of symptom change, in that participants showed better outcome when treatment started continuously at a rather slow pace. Implications for psychotherapy practice and research are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high grade intraepithelial lesion (ASC‐H): Does HPV matter?
Authors: Reid‐Nicholson Michelle , Gatscha Rose Marie , Riedel Elyn R. , Lin Oscar
Published: December 2006

The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in cases diagnosed as atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high squamous grade intraepithelial lesion (ASC‐H) in cervical specimens is not well established. The objective of this study is to evaluate the role of HPV status in cases of ASC‐H in a major cancer center. One hundred thirty‐two patients with a diagnosis of ASC‐H were identified over a 4‐yr period in our institution. Forty–four of 132 cases were evaluated for high‐risk HPV and had biopsy follow‐up. The positive predictive value (PPV) of ASC‐H for high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions overall was 32% while PPV of ASC‐H with associated HR HPV was 42%. This increase was statistically significant with P = 0.003 and suggest that HPV testing might be useful to increase the PPV of ASC‐H. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:1–5. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Review of Penner's criteria for proficiency testing in cytopathology: Implications for the redesign of the federally mandated proficiency testing in cytopathology
Authors: Nagy George K. , Newton Louise E.
Published: December 2006

Thirty‐three years ago Penner advocated six criteria for the performance of proficiency testing in cytopathology (PTC). Since that time, several further requirements have been added by other authors. The present article critically evaluates and modifies the original criteria and adds two more principles, validity and reliability, that we recognize as crucially important in the performance of PTC. The revised criteria should be taken into consideration in the planned technical redesign of the nationwide PTC. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:61–64. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
1‐Alkoxy‐2,5‐diphenylphospholane and ‐phospholanium Salts in Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation
Authors: Galland Aurore , Paris Jean Marc , Schlama Thierry , Guillot Régis , Fiaud Jean‐Claude , Toffano Martial
Published: December 2006

A series of chiral enantiopure phosphinites was synthesized in four steps starting from phosphinic acid. New species were obtained as alkoxyphosphonium compounds. They can be used in the asymmetric hydrogenation of functionalized alkenes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Nuclear‐Spin Polarization in Electron‐Transfer Reactions of Amines
Authors: Roth Heinz D.
Published: December 2006

Chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP) observed during electron transfer (ET) reactions of tertiary amines such as DABCO (1) or Et3N (2) with a wide range of electron acceptors support the involvement of amine radical‐cations (e.g., 1.+ or 2.+) as key intermediates. Radical ions such as 2.+ may be deprotonated, generating neutral aminoalkyl radicals (e.g., 2.). When generated by reaction with an electron acceptor of energetically low triplet state such as naphthalene (1Naph*), the resulting pair 2.+/Naph.− reacts mostly by reverse electron transfer (RET) from triplet pairs populating the naphthalene triplet state.
Thioglucosides from the Seeds of Raphanus sativus L.
Authors: Duan Li‐Xin , Feng Bao‐Min , Wang Wei , Chen Fang , Cai Guang‐Ming , Pei Yue‐Hu , Wang Yong‐Qi
Published: December 2006

Three new thioglucosides, (4E)‐5‐{6‐O‐[(2E)‐3‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)prop‐2‐enoyl]‐β‐glucopyranosylsulfanyl}pent‐4‐enenitrile (1), (4E)‐5‐{6‐O‐[(2E)‐3‐(4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)prop‐2‐enoyl]‐β‐glucopyranosylsulfanyl}pent‐4‐enenitrile (2) and its (4Z)‐isomer 3, were isolated from the seeds of Raphanus sativus L. (radish), together with two known compounds. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods, including UV/VIS, 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, FAB‐ and HR‐FAB‐MS experiments.
Targeting of Single‐Stranded Oligonucleotides through Metal‐Induced Cyclization of Short Complementary Strands
Authors: Freville Fabrice , Richard Tristan , Bathany Katell , Moreau Serge
Published: December 2006

A new strategy to cyclize short synthetic oligonucleotides on DNA or RNA target strands is described. The approach is based on metal‐templated cyclization of short synthetic oligonucleotides conjugated with two chelating 2,2′ : 6′,2′′‐terpyridine (Tpy) moieties at their 3′‐ and 5′‐ends. Cyclization after metal addition (Zn2+, Fe2+) was demonstrated by means of thermal‐denaturation experiments, MALDI‐Q‐TOF‐MS, and gel electrophoresis (PAGE). 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR Experiments were performed to analyze the association of complementary strands after metal‐mediated cyclization. Our protocol allows the efficient circularization of synthetic oligonucleotides. Thereby, the hybridization on a complementary strand was more efficient with an RNA target strand and a 2′‐O‐methylated circularized oligomer.
C19 and C20 Diterpene Alkaloids from Aconitum toxicumRchb.
Authors: Csupor Dezső , Forgo Peter , Csedő Károly , Hohmann Judit
Published: December 2006

Acotoxinine (1), a new norditerpene alkaloid, was isolated from the roots of Aconitum toxicum Rchb., together with the structurally related C19 diterpene alkaloids neoline (2) and aconitine (3) and C20 diterpene alkaloids songorine (4) and songoramine (5). The structures were elucidated by HR‐MS and advanced NMR methods, including 1H‐NMR, JMOD, 1H,1H‐COSY, HSQC, and HMBC experiments. This is the first report of C20 diterpenoid alkaloids in Aconitum toxicum.
Correlated response in yolk testosterone levels following divergent genetic selection for social behaviour in Japanese quail
Authors: Gil Diego , Faure Jean‐Michel
Published: December 2006

Maternal effects are a powerful tool that parents can use to modify the phenotype of their offspring. In birds, the amount of androgens that females deposit in their eggs has been shown to influence early development and adult behavioural phenotypes. Differences in such behavioural strategies have been used as the target of artificial selection programmes with a view to improve animal welfare. In this study, we tested whether artificial selection for divergent social behaviour in Japanese quail had resulted in correlated changes in yolk androgen levels. We used lines that had been selected at the chick stage for high and low motivation to regain contact with a group of conspecific chicks. This procedure has led to important behavioural differences in the high and low line in a suite of behavioural correlates of sociality. We found that eggs laid by the line selected for high motivation for social reinstatement contained more than twice the amount of yolk testosterone of eggs laid by females from the low line, while the unselected line laid eggs with intermediate levels. This finding strongly suggests a functional link between these two traits, and underlines the possible role of yolk androgen modulation in promoting the evolution of behavioural syndromes. J. Exp. Zool. 307A:91–94, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Manganese‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) of rat brain after systemic administration of MnCl2: Changes in T1 relaxation times during postnatal development
Authors: de Sousa Paulo L. , de Souza Sandra L. , Silva Afonso C. , de Souza Ricardo E. , de Castro Raul Manhães
Published: December 2006

Purpose

To measure regional T1 changes in the postnatal rat brain following systemic administration of the contrast agent manganese chloride (MnCl2).

Materials and Methods

MnCl2 (120 mM) was administered intravenously (i.v.) at 1.25 mL/hour to a dose of 175 mg/kg body weight. MRI experiments were performed on anaesthetized animals (32 male Wistar rats, postnatal days (PDs) 11, 16, 21, and 31) at 2.0 T. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn in sagittal slices and placed over five brain regions: olfactory bulb, cerebellum, cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The signal intensities of each ROI were measured and fitted to a three‐parameter function to estimate T1 values.

Results

In the brains of animals who did not receive the contrast agent (control group), we observed a consistent age‐dependent decrease in T1 values. In the brains of manganese‐infused animals (manganese group), however, T1 values were significantly lower than in the control group, indicating the uptake of manganese, but no dependence of T1 on age was found.

Conclusion

Our T1 measurements indicate that the relative Mn2+ concentrations are higher in neonates and decrease with brain development. An estimate of the relative cortical concentration of manganese shows a two‐fold drop from PD 11 to PD 31. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel alternatively spliced endoplasmic reticulum retention signal in the cytoplasmic loop of Proteolipid Protein‐1
Authors: Southwood Cherie , Olson Kevin , Wu Chia‐Yen , Gow Alexander
Published: December 2006

Increased awareness about the importance of protein folding and trafficking to the etiology of gain‐of‐function diseases has driven extensive efforts to understand the cell and molecular biology underlying the life cycle of normal secretory pathway proteins and the detrimental effects of abnormal proteins. In this regard, the quality‐control machinery in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has emerged as a major mechanism by which cells ensure that secreted and transmembrane proteins either adopt stable secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures or are retained in the ER and degraded. Here we examine cellular and molecular aspects of ER retention in transfected fibroblasts expressing missense mutations in the Proteolipid Protein‐1 (PLP1) gene that cause mild or severe forms of neurodegenerative disease in humans. Mild mutations cause protein retention in the ER that is partially dependent on the presence of a cytoplasmically exposed heptapeptide, KGRGSRG. In contrast, retention associated with severe mutations occurs independently of this peptide. Accordingly, the function of this novel heptapeptide has a significant impact on pathogenesis and provides new insight into the functions of the two splice isoforms encoded by the PLP1 gene, PLP1 and DM‐20. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heavy‐metal displacement in chelate‐treated soil with sludge during phytoremediation
Authors: Liphadzi M. Stanley , Kirkham M. B.
Published: December 2006

Heavy metals (HMs) in domestic sewage sludge, applied to land, contaminate soils. Phytoremediation is the use of plants to clean‐up toxic HMs from soil. Chelating agents are added to soil to solubilize the metals for enhanced uptake. Yet no studies report the displacement of HMs in soil with sludge following solubilization with chelates. The objective of this work was to determine the uptake or leaching of HMs due to a chelate added to a soil from a sludge farm that had received sludge for 25 y. The soil was placed in long columns (105 cm long; ∅︁ 39 cm) in a greenhouse. Columns either had a plant (hybrid poplar; Populus deltoides Marsh. × P. nigra L.) or no plant. After the poplar seedlings had grown for 144 d, the tetrasodium salt of the chelating agent EDTA was irrigated onto the surface of the soil at a rate of 1 g per kg of soil. Drainage water, soil, and plants were analyzed for three toxic HMs (Cd, Ni, Pb) and four essential HMs (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn). At harvest, extractable and total concentrations of each HM in the soil with EDTA were similar to those in soil without EDTA. The chelate did not affect the concentrations of HMs in the roots or leaves. With or without plants, EDTA mobilized all seven HMs and increased their concentrations in drainage water. Lower concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn in leachate from columns with EDTA and plants compared to columns with EDTA and no plants showed that poplars can reduce groundwater contamination by intercepting these HMs in the soil. But the poplar plants did not reduce Pb and Mn in the leachate from columns with EDTA. Concentrations of Cd and Pb in the leachate mobilized by EDTA remained above drinking‐water standards with or without plants. The results showed that a chelate (EDTA) should not be added to a soil at a sludge farm to enhance phytoremediation. The chelate mobilized HMs that leached to drainage water and contaminated it.
A dynamic stress analyzer for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based on Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Xue Chenyang , Zheng Lina , Zhang Wendong , Zhang Binzhen , Jian Aoqun
Published: December 2006

This paper presents a new type of dynamic stress analyzer for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based on Raman spectroscopy. The technique uses a combination of high‐frequency modulation and Raman spectroscopic techniques; the dynamic stress analyzer is designed on the basis of the two techniques mentioned above, combined with signal multiplexing. The error of the analyzer is about 10 MPa. Using the analyzer, the dynamic stress at a certain point at the base of a microresonator was measured. The dynamic stress decreases in a linear fashion with increasing values of the driving voltage, and is sinusoidal when the resonator is driven by a sinusoidal signal. The result of the measurement is in agreement with the theory and indicates that this analyzer can perfectly meet the needs of dynamic stress measurement in MEMS devices. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Innovation lock‐in: unlocking research and development path dependency in the Australian wine industry
Authors: Aylward David
Published: December 2006

Innovation within the Australian wine industry is at a crossroads. More specifically, under the influence of fundamental change, the objectives, extension and uptake of research and development (R&D) within the industry's current innovation framework are being subjected to rather schizophrenic forces.

At one level, industry organizations are directing the R&D agenda from within a national, ‘Brand Australia’ context. At another level, the firms being serviced by these organizations are demanding region‐specific R&D extension in response to global pressure for differentiation and products at higher price‐points.

This paper explores these contradictory forces and the degree to which they signal an emergence of innovation lock‐in within the industry. It also proposes a model for the effective distribution of R&D at a regional or local level.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composite aqueous microgels: an overview of recent advances in synthesis, characterization and application
Authors: Pich Andrij Z , Adler Hans‐Juergen P
Published: December 2006

In the last decade there has been a steady increase in the number of publications describing the synthesis, characterization and applications of hybrid particles. Colloidal aqueous microgels form an important subdivision of polymer colloids used for the deposition of different functional materials. Due to their numerous attractive properties, microgel particles have been used as templates for the synthesis, storage and transportation of nanostructured materials. This paper reviews the important developments in the area of composite microgels over the last decade, and is limited to microgel particles operating in aqueous media. The patent literature is not included in the review. Different synthetic approaches as well as some properties and applications of composite microgels are discussed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and properties of ZnS/ polyimide nanocomposite films
Authors: Lü Xiaodan , Lü Na , Gao Junfang , Jin Xin , Lü Changli
Published: December 2006

A series of ZnS/polyimide (PI) nanocomposite films with different ZnS contents have been successfully fabricated by incorporating ZnS nanoparticles with a diameter of 2–5 nm into polyamic acid, followed by a stepwise thermal imidization process. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results confirm the successful introduction of ZnS particles into PI matrix. Transmission electron microscopy images show that the ZnS nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix without aggregation. The incorporation of ZnS nanoparticles can improve the mechanical properties and the glass transition temperature of nanocomposites, while the thermal degradation temperature of nanocomposites decreases with increasing ZnS content. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry Society of Chemical Industry
Cyclin I and p53 are differentially expressed during the terminal differentiation of the postnatal mouse heart
Authors: Liu Ye , Tang Mei Kuen , Cai Dong Qing , Li Ming , Wong Wan Man , Chow Pak Ham , Lee Kenneth K. H.
Published: December 2006

In this study, we have used Ki‐67 and MF20 mAb to determine how extensively cardiomyocytes proliferate in the postnatal mouse heart. It was established that the cardiomyocytes divided rapidly in 2‐day‐old hearts. However, at 13 days, the majority of cardiomyocytes had entered into terminal growth arrest and differentiation. We exploited this finding in order to identify proteins that were associated with cardiomyocyte growth and differentiation. The protein profiles of 2‐ and 13‐day‐old hearts were established by two‐dimensional electrophoresis and compared. Seventeen protein spots were found to be differentially expressed at day 13. Eight of them were up‐regulated while the remaining nine protein spots were down‐regulated. We focused our attention on 2 of the proteins identified by MALDI‐TOF MS, cyclin I and p53, because they are both believed to be involved in cell cycle regulation. Western blot analysis confirmed that both proteins were positively up‐regulated in the 13‐day‐old postnatal heart. To determine directly whether these proteins were associated with cell proliferation, we examined their expression patterns in H9c2 cardiomyocytes maintained in vitro. We established that cyclin I expression was low during the growing phase of H9c2 culture and high during the growth arrest/differentiation phases. In contrast, p53 expression was unchanged during both phases. The various growth phases were confirmed by the presence of cyclin A and growth arrest‐specific 1 proteins. We investigated whether silencing cyclin I expression using cyclin I‐siRNA could promote an increase in H9c2 cell proliferation. It was determined that silencing cyclin I could enhance a small, but significant, increase in H9c2 cell division. Similar results were obtained for cardiomyocytes extracted from 13‐day‐old hearts. These results imply that the reason why cardiomyocytes in 13‐day‐old hearts increased cyclin I expression was probably associated with terminal growth arrest. However, the increase in p53 expression was probably associated with cardiomyocyte differentiation, rather than growth arrest.
Novel polymers based on atom transfer radical polymerization of 2‐methoxyethyl acrylate
Authors: Bednarek Melania , Jankova Katja , Hvilsted Søren
Published: December 2006

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been employed in the polymerization of 2‐methoxyethyl acrylate (MEA) initiated by ethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate in bulk or in toluene solution at 90–95 °C with the catalytic systems Cu(I)Br/PMDETA or HMTETA. Kinetics investigations revealed that ATRP of MEA proceeds in a controlled manner with a first‐order plot of monomer consumption, an almost linear molecular weight evolution and polydispersities < 1.29 in the entire conversion range. Well‐defined diblock copolymers with PMMA, PMEA‐b‐PMMA have been produced by use of both PMEA and PMMA macroinitiators, however, for the latter the controlled conditions were somehow difficult to maintain. The amphiphilic behavior of the diblock copolymers lead to phase separation resulting in two glass transition temperatures as detected by DSC. Contact angle (Θ) investigations with water on PMEA, PMMA, and diblock copolymers surfaces reveal PMEA as an intermediate hydrophilic with Θ ∼ 50°, whereas PMMA and the diblock copolymers all fall in the hydrophobic region with Θ > 70°. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part Polym Chem45: 333–340, 2007
Ring‐opening polymerization of substituted ε‐caprolactones with a chiral (salen) AlOiPr complex
Authors: Breteler Mark R. Ten , Zhong Zhiyuan , Dijkstra Pieter J. , Palmans Anja R. A. , Peeters Joris , Feijen Jan
Published: December 2006

The ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL), 4‐methyl‐ε‐caprolactone (4‐MeCL), and 6‐methyl‐ε‐caprolactone (6‐MeCL) with a single‐site chiral initiator, R,R′‐(salen) aluminum isopropoxide (R,R′‐[1]), was investigated. The kinetic data for the ROP of the three monomers at 90° in toluene corresponded to first‐order reactions in the monomer and propagation rate constants of kε‐CL > k4‐MeCL ≫ k6‐MeCL. A notable stereoselectivity with a preference for the R‐enantiomer was observed in the ROP of 6‐MeCL with R,R′‐[1], whereas for 4‐MeCL, no stereoselectivity was found. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 429–436, 2007.
Steiner minimal trees, twist angles, and the protein folding problem
Authors: Smith J. MacGregor , Jang Yunho , Kim Moon K.
Published: December 2006

The Steiner Minimal Tree (SMT) problem determines the minimal length network for connecting a given set of vertices in three‐dimensional space. SMTs have been shown to be useful in the geometric modeling and characterization of proteins. Even though the SMT problem is an NP‐Hard Optimization problem, one can define planes within the amino acids that have a surprising regularity property for the twist angles of the planes. This angular property is quantified for all amino acids through the Steiner tree topology structure. The twist angle properties and other associated geometric properties unique for the remaining amino acids are documented in this paper. We also examine the relationship between the Steiner ratio ρ and the torsion energy in amino acids with respect to the side chain torsion angle χ1. The ρ value is shown to be inversely proportional to the torsion energy. Hence, it should be a useful approximation to the potential energy function. Finally, the Steiner ratio is used to evaluate folded and misfolded protein structures. We examine all the native proteins and their decoys at http://dd.stanford.edu. and compare their Steiner ratio values. Because these decoy structures have been delicately misfolded, they look even more favorable than the native proteins from the potential energy viewpoint. However, the ρ value of a decoy folded protein is shown to be much closer to the average value of an empirical Steiner ratio for each residue involved than that of the corresponding native one, so that we recognize the native folded structure more easily. The inverse relationship between the Steiner ratio and the energy level in the protein is shown to be a significant measure to distinguish native and decoy structures. These properties should be ultimately useful in the ab initio protein folding prediction. Proteins 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cooperative folding mechanism of a β‐hairpin peptide studied by a multicanonical replica‐exchange molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Yoda Takao , Sugita Yuji , Okamoto Yuko
Published: December 2006

G‐peptide is a 16‐residue peptide of the C‐terminal end of streptococcal protein G B1 domain, which is known to fold into a specific β‐hairpin within 6 μs. Here, we study molecular mechanism on the stability and folding of G‐peptide by performing a multicanonical replica‐exchange (MUCAREM) molecular dynamics simulation with explicit solvent. Unlike the preceding simulations of the same peptide, the simulation was started from an unfolded conformation without any experimental information on the native conformation. In the 278‐ns trajectory, we observed three independent folding events. Thus MUCAREM can be estimated to accelerate the folding reaction more than 60 times than the conventional molecular dynamics simulations. The free‐energy landscape of the peptide at room temperature shows that there are three essential subevents in the folding pathway to construct the native‐like β‐hairpin conformation: (i) a hydrophobic collapse of the peptide occurs with the side‐chain contacts between Tyr45 and Phe52, (ii) then, the native‐like turn is formed accompanying with the hydrogen‐bonded network around the turn region, and (iii) finally, the rest of the backbone hydrogen bonds are formed. A number of stable native hydrogen bonds are formed cooperatively during the second stage, suggesting the importance of the formation of the specific turn structure. This is also supported by the accumulation of the nonnative conformations only with the hydrophobic cluster around Tyr45 and Phe52. These simulation results are consistent with high ϕ‐values of the turn region observed by experiment. Proteins 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toxicity of azinphos‐methyl to various development stages of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Reuveny Haim , Cohen Ephraim
Published: December 2006

The response to azinphos‐methyl of different life‐stages of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) was studied. A similarity in response to azinphos‐methyl (LC50, LC90) was observed in neonate larvae obtained from the first and second generations of field populations. Mortality rates for neonate larvae of a field population cross‐bred with a laboratory colony were lower (by a factor of 1.2–2.2) in comparison with field neonate larvae. The mortality rate of larvae from a laboratory colony exposed to artificial diet containing azinphos‐methyl gradually decreased at older instars. The mortality rates of fifth‐instar larvae were remarkably low when exposed to artificial diet mixed with azinphos‐methyl or when topically treated with the insecticide. One‐ to three‐day‐old females were more sensitive than males of the same age, whereas the opposite was observed in 14–to 17‐day‐old adults. Mortality rates of 14‐ to 17‐day‐old adults were higher than those under 10 days old. No significant difference in sensitivity to the organophosphorus compound was noticed between the sexes of 7‐ to 10‐day‐old adults. Neonate larvae of the codling moth can serve as a target life‐stage for various groups of pesticides, and the importance of using such a stage as a standardized methodology for monitoring resistance in the codling moth is discussed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization and online detection of aromatic alkaloids in the ascidian Lissoclinum cf. badium by liquid chromatography/UV detection mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Hongwei , Gao Hao , Namikoshi Michio , Kobayashi Hisayoshi , Mangindaan Remy E. P. , Wang Naili , Yao Xinsheng
Published: December 2006

A detection method based on high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet diode‐array detection and electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐UV‐ESI‐MS/MS) was developed to investigate the total alkaloids prepared from the ascidian Lissoclinum cf. badium. The aromatic alkaloids possessing polysulfide structures are the major bioactive constituents isolated from ascidians of the genera Lissoclinum, Eudistoma, and Polycitor. These compounds presented various important biological activities. The ESI‐MS fragmentation behavior of this kind of alkaloids was studied, and the fragmentation was characterized by elimination of the NH(CH3)2 moiety. The use of reversed‐phase HPLC/UV‐ESI‐MS allowed the online separation and detection of 25 aromatic alkaloids. This approach provided data that can be used for detection of biologically active aromatic alkaloids from marine organisms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of Splanchnotrophus willemi infecting Ancula gibbosa (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia: Nudibranchia)
Authors: Marshall Helen C. , Hayward Peter J.
Published: December 2006

The parasitic copepod, Splanchnotrophus willemi, is recorded infecting the nudibranch Ancula gibbosa for the first time in the UK. Seven out of twenty Ancula gibbosa sampled from Mumbles, Swansea, UK, were found to be infected with S. willemi. Light microscopy was used to investigate the effects of S. willemi on its host. In six hosts the internal damage caused was minimal. However, in one host the damage was extensive resulting in the disintegration of the digestive and reproductive viscera. One other A. gibbosa not parasitized, exhibited similar damage and it was postulated that this animal may have survived infection. In all cases of infection there was never more than one male or one female S. willemi present.
Assessment of trophic relationships between symbiotic tropical ophiuroids using C and N stable isotope analysis
Authors: Fourgon D. , Lepoint G. , Eeckhaut I.
Published: December 2006

Analyses of the natural abundance of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes were performed to investigate the feeding habits of two ophiuroids, Ophiomastix venosa and Ophiocoma scolopendrina, and to assess the potential benefit obtained by the symbiotic Ophiomastix venosa juveniles. A tracer experiment was also carried out to clarify the contribution of algae to the nitrogen uptake amongst the tested ophiuroids. Our results suggest that Ophiocoma scolopendrina adults occupy a higher position in the food web than Ophiomastix venosa and mainly feed on neuston. In contrast, O. venosa adults feed on the alga Sargassum densifolium and on organic matter associated with sediment. Free juveniles and symbiotic juveniles of O. venosa have intermediate δ13C values between both adult species. The high proportion of 13C in the symbiotic juveniles compared to the one in their conspecific adults indicates that their diet slightly differs from the latter and is closer to that of Ophiocoma scolopendrina. This raises the hypothesis that symbiotic juveniles steal neuston from their associated host, O. scolopendrina.
The folk psychology of souls
Authors: Bering Jesse M.
Published: December 2006

The present article examines how people's belief in an afterlife, as well as closely related supernatural beliefs, may open an empirical backdoor to our understanding of the evolution of human social cognition. Recent findings and logic from the cognitive sciences contribute to a novel theory of existential psychology, one that is grounded in the tenets of Darwinian natural selection. Many of the predominant questions of existential psychology strike at the heart of cognitive science. They involve: causal attribution (why is mortal behavior represented as being causally related to one's afterlife? how are dead agents envisaged as communicating messages to the living?), moral judgment (why are certain social behaviors, i.e., transgressions, believed to have ultimate repercussions after death or to reap the punishment of disgruntled ancestors?), theory of mind (how can we know what it is “like” to be dead? what social-cognitive strategies do people use to reason about the minds of the dead?), concept acquisition (how does a common-sense dualism interact with a formalized socio-religious indoctrination in childhood? how are supernatural properties of the dead conceptualized by young minds?), and teleological reasoning (why do people so often see their lives as being designed for a purpose that must be accomplished before they perish? how do various life events affect people's interpretation of this purpose?), among others. The central thesis of the present article is that an organized cognitive “system” dedicated to forming illusory representations of (1) psychological immortality, (2) the intelligent design of the self, and (3) the symbolic meaning of natural events evolved in response to the unique selective pressures of the human social environment.
Religion and morality: An anthropological comment
Authors: Bloch Maurice
Published: December 2006

This commentary criticises Bering on two counts. First, because we do not know what he attributes to natural selection and what he sees as derived representations. Second, Bering's ethnography of religion is inadequate. People who practise ancestor worship are not concerned with their own survival but with that of others. Many supernatural beings are not thought of as morally motivated.
The principle of ontological commitment in pre- and postmortem multiple agent tracking
Authors: Bullot Nicolas J.
Published: December 2006

This commentary suggests that understanding the “Folk Psychology of Souls” requires studying a problem articulating ontology with psychology: How do human beings, both as perceivers and thinkers, track and refer to (1) living and dead intentional agents and (2) supernatural agents? The problem is discussed in the light of the principle of the ontological commitment in agent tracking.
Dialectical repression theory
Authors: Gleaves David H.
Published: December 2006

Erdelyi's dialectical repression theory attempts to reconcile what appear to be incompatible perspectives in the contentious area of memory for trauma. He partially succeeds and makes a strong case that repression is “an empirical fact,” but makes a weaker case that distortions and omissions are due to the same mechanism and that recovered memories are necessarily unreliable. Available data do not suggest that the return of the repressed is any less accurate than the return of the non-repressed.
Repression and dreaming: An open empirical question
Authors: Schredl Michael
Published: December 2006

From the perspective of modern dream research, Freud's hypotheses regarding repression and dreaming are difficult to evaluate. Several studies indicate that it is possible to study these topics empirically, but it needs a lot more empirical evidence, at least in the area of dream research, before arriving at a unified theory of repression.
Evolution's lost souls
Authors: Sandelands Lloyd E.
Published: December 2006

The target article speaks loudest about what it cannot see – that man exists in God. Its claim that supernatural beliefs are “evolved errors” rests on unwarranted assumption and mistaken argument. Implications for evolutionary study are considered.
Virtual Anechoic Chamber using GPS Signals
Authors: MacLean Grant
Published: December 2006

Using GPS for animal tracking applications presents many significant challenges; not least the integration of the antenna in what is usually a miniature device. This paper describes a test setup that has been constructed to allow the user to perform something close to a full antenna gain pattern test using a simple turntable and relying on the GPS satellite motion to collect all angles required for a 3D gain plot. This has proved invaluable when predicting the expected performance of various antenna/packaging options for animal tags.
The Vector Function for Distance Travelled in Great Circle Navigation
Authors: Tseng Wei-Kuo , Lee Hsuan-Shih
Published: December 2006

Traditionally, on a great circle, the latitude or longitude of a waypoint is found by inspection. In this paper, using an elementary knowledge of vector algebra including linear combination of vectors and vector basis, we provide an easy method for finding the equation of a great circle path as a parameterized curve. By use of this vector function of distance travelled, the latitude and longitude of waypoints can be found based on the distance from departure point along a great circle. The approach is intended to appeal to the navigator who is interested in the mathematics of navigation and who, nowadays, solves his navigation problems with a personal computer.
Current slip rates on conjugate strike‐slip faults in central Tibet using synthetic aperture radar interferometry
Authors: Taylor Michael , Peltzer Gilles
Published: December 2006

We estimate the current slip rates on active conjugate strike‐slip faults in central Tibet using repeat‐pass synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR). The conjugate fault systems are centered along the east trending Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Bangong‐Nujiang suture zone and are composed of NE striking left‐slip faults to the north and NW striking right‐slip faults to the south. The surface displacement field obtained from InSAR data show 30‐ to 60‐km‐wide zones of concentrated shear that coincide with active fault traces observed in the field. The radar data indicate that, within a 200‐ to 300‐km‐wide belt, the deformation regime defined by the conjugate strike‐slip faults is accommodating ∼5 mm yr−1 of pure shear contraction oriented in the N10°E direction and ∼6 mm yr−1 of right‐lateral simple shear in the N110°E direction. The observation of localized strain along faults indicates that faulting is the dominant mode of deformation in central Tibet with seismogenic depths extending down to ∼25 km. Furthermore, extrapolating the current slip rates estimated for the central Tibet faults, the total magnitude of fault slip based on geological observations would only require the faults to have initiated sometime in the past 2–3 Myr. This appears to contradict the few geochronologic constraints on fault initiation at 8 Ma or even earlier. This discrepancy suggests that the fault slip rates may not have remained constant through time but have accelerated in the recent period. With the exception of the slip rate on the Gyaring Co fault, the slip rates that we determined on the conjugate strike‐slip faults in central Tibet are significantly slower than the rates on faults that bound the Tibetan Plateau, such as the left‐slip Altyn Tagh fault to the north. This observation suggests that although deformation is active within central Tibet, plateau‐bounding structures are dominant in absorbing Indo‐Asian convergence.
An increasing CO2 sink in the Arctic Ocean due to sea‐ice loss
Authors: Bates Nicholas R. , Moran S. Bradley , Hansell Dennis A. , Mathis Jeremy T.
Published: December 2006

The Arctic Ocean and adjacent continental shelf seas such as the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas are particularly sensitive to long‐term change and low‐frequency modes of atmosphere‐ocean‐sea‐ice forcing. The cold, low salinity surface waters of the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean are undersaturated with respect to CO2 in the atmosphere and the region has the potential to take up atmospheric CO2, although presently suppressed by sea‐ice cover. Undersaturated seawater CO2 conditions of the Arctic Ocean are maintained by export of water with low dissolved inorganic carbon content and modified by intense seasonal shelf primary production. Sea‐ice extent and volume in the Arctic Ocean has decreased over the last few decades, and we estimate that the Arctic Ocean sink for CO2 has tripled over the last 3 decades (24 Tg yr−1 to 66 Tg yr−1) due to sea‐ice retreat with future sea‐ice melting enhancing air‐to‐sea CO2 flux by ∼28% per decade.
Seasonal variation of the Korea Strait Bottom Cold Water and its relation to the bottom current
Authors: Kim Young Ho , Kim Yun‐Bae , Kim Kuh , Chang Kyung‐Il , Lyu Sang Jin , Cho Yang‐Ki , Teague William J.
Published: December 2006

Analysis of high resolution hydrographic and current data revealed that the Korea Strait Bottom Cold Water (KSBCW) flowed into the Korea Strait from May to January and contained two temperature minimums, one in August/September and another in December/January. With the main current flows confined within 70 km of the Korean coast, maximum southwestward bottom currents corresponded with the temperature minimums. Time‐series of bottom current and temperature near the Korean coast clearly showed that the bottom temperature decreased as the bottom current strengthened. Seasonal variation of the KSBCW was linked to the combined effects of the barotropic and baroclinic current variations in the Korea Strait. The annual minimum bottom temperature of the KSBCW was associated with the maximum southwestward baroclinic component. The KSBCW had a secondary maximum southwestward bottom current and secondary minimum temperature in December/January when the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC), flowing into the East/Japan Sea (EJS), had the minimum volume transport.
Gravity wave breaking, secondary wave generation, and mixing above deep convection in a three‐dimensional cloud model
Authors: Lane Todd P. , Sharman Robert D.
Published: December 2006

This paper documents the breakdown of gravity waves generated by deep convection in a three‐dimensional cloud‐resolving model. The convection generates gravity waves that propagate into the lower stratosphere, with horizontal wavelengths between 5 and 10 km. Above‐cloud wind shear causes part of the spectrum of these waves to break, inducing overturning. The model grid spacing is small enough (150 m) that the gravity waves are well resolved, and the turbulent cascade induced by the breakdown is partially resolved. Previous model simulations of wave breakdown above deep convection, at this resolution, have only been achieved in two‐dimensional models. The wave breakdown generates secondary waves, which have much shorter horizontal wavelengths, and different propagation characteristics compared to the primary waves. Secondary wave generation in the lower stratosphere above deep convection has not been identified in previous studies. The wave breakdown also induces irreversible mixing, which is quantified in terms of the vertical transport of water vapor.
Microearthquakes and subglacial conditions
Authors: Smith A. M.
Published: December 2006

Ten passive seismic recording stations were deployed in a 9 km by 6 km array on Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica, to detect microearthquakes from the ice stream bed. The array covered an area where a varying distribution of basal sedimentary conditions had been identified from seismic reflection surveys and interpreted as areas of both basal sliding and subglacial sediment deformation. The passive seismic experiment was designed to give an independent confirmation of this interpretation, as basal sliding is believed to be associated with the release of more acoustic energy than a deforming bed. The results show that this is the case, basal sliding producing six times more events. This confirms that the spatial pattern of basal conditions does indeed reflect the distribution of different ice flow mechanisms. It also shows that microearthquake monitoring can be a valuable new technique for mapping ice stream basal conditions over wide areas.
Particle and field measurements of the Starfish diamagnetic cavity
Authors: Dyal Palmer
Published: December 2006

Recently analyzed beta particle and magnetic field measurements obtained from five instrumented rocket payloads located around the 1962 Starfish nuclear burst are used to describe the diamagnetic cavity produced in the geomagnetic field. Three of the payloads were located in the cavity during its expansion and collapse, one payload was below, and the fifth was above the fully expanded cavity. This multipoint data set shows that the cavity expanded into an elongated shape 1840 km along the magnetic field lines and 680 km vertically across in 1.2 s and required an unexpectedly long time of about 16 s to collapse. The beta flux contained inside the cavity was measured to be relatively uniform throughout and remained at 3 × 1011 beta/cm2 s for at least 7 s. The plasma continued to expand upward beyond the fully expanded cavity boundary and injected a flux measuring 2.5 × 1010 beta/cm2 s at H + 34 s into the most intense region of the artificial belt. Measured 10 hours later by the Injun I spacecraft, this flux was determined to be 1 × 109 beta/cm2 s.
Saturn's auroral morphology and activity during quiet magnetospheric conditions
Authors: Gérard J.‐C. , Grodent D. , Cowley S. W. H. , Mitchell D. G. , Kurth W. S. , Clarke J. T. , Bunce E. J. , Nichols J. D. , Dougherty M. K. , Crary F. J. , Coates A. J.
Published: December 2006

We report the results of a coordinated Hubble Space Telescope‐Cassini campaign that took place between 26 October and 2 November 2005. During this period, Saturn's magnetosphere was in an expanded state and the solar wind was quiet, as indicated by the location of the magnetopause, in situ particle measurements, weak auroral SKR emission, and the generally low brightness of the aurora. We describe the morphology and dynamics of the aurora during this period in parallel with concurrent Cassini measurements. We show that the aurora exhibits considerable longitudinal structure and time variations over intervals of a few hours, in spite of the absence of observable external triggers and generally low intensity. In particular, enhancements of the dawn‐morning oval are seen while no apparent indication of solar wind activity is observed. These features rotate at a speed corresponding to about 65% of the planet's angular velocity. We also describe energetic neutral atom measurements indicating that an ENA acceleration event occurred in the magnetotail on 26 October without any measured signature of solar wind activation. These observations suggest an intrinsically dynamical magnetosphere where injection of hot plasma occasionally takes place in the night or dawn sector during quiet magnetospheric conditions, possibly connected with either the Dungey or the Vasyliunas convection cycle.