bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modulation of HSP25 expression during anterior horn motor neuron degeneration in the paralysé mouse mutant
Authors: Pieri Isabelle , Cifuentes‐Diaz Carmen , Oudinet Jean Paul , Blondet Brigitte , Rieger François , Gonin Sandrine , Arrigo André‐Patrick , Thomas Yolène
Published: September 2002

The paralysé spontaneous mutation in mice involves degeneration and death of anterior horn motor neurons. Mutant mice are not viable past postnatal day 16. At present, the mechanisms involved in motor neuron death are unknown. Here, we investigate the expression of the small heat shock protein Hsp25, in the spinal cord of paralysé at two different stages during postnatal development, i.e., day 11 and day 14. Western blot analysis reveals that the level of Hsp25 was strikingly different in paralysé as compared to control littermates. Hsp25 expression level in paralysé at day 11 was much lower than in control mice. At day 14, an opposite pattern was observed. Such pattern seems to be restricted to spinal cord, since level of Hsp25 in other tissues (lung, brain, liver, and heart) was quite similar. Immunofluorescence examination of the lumbar spinal cord sections reveals that in control mice, Hsp25 was expressed at high level in motor neurons located in the ventral horn at both day 11 and day 14. By contrast, in paralysé mice, Hsp25 staining within the motor neurons was barely detectable except as a spot in the nucleolus (day 11). At the end stage of the disease (day 14), not only was Hsp25 staining even less intense in motor neurons, but also a strong Hsp25 staining was observed in reactive astrocytes within the gray matter. Taken together, these data suggest that Hsp25 expression is differently modulated in neuronal and glial cells during neurodegenerative processes leading to motor neuron death. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:247–253, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IL‐6 deficiency allows for enhanced therapeutic value after bone marrow transplantation across a minor histocompatibility barrier in the twitcher (globoid cell leukodystrophy) mouse
Authors: Biswas Sangita , Pinson David M. , Bronshteyn Illya G. , LeVine Steven M.
Published: September 2002

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has therapeutic value for twitcher (globoid cell leukodystrophy) mice, which suffer from a genetic deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme galactosylceramidase that leads to progressive demyelination and early death. Preliminary investigations indicated that a semiallogeneic BMT resulted in graft vs. host disease (GVHD) in twitcher mice but not normal mice. Increased production of the cytokine IL‐6 has been demonstrated in twitcher mice, and it has been linked with induction of GVHD. We investigated the effects of BMT in twitcher/IL‐6 deficient mice and compared these findings with those from transplanted twitcher and control mice. After a semiallogeneic BMT, 11.4% of controls died within few weeks while the rest survived >100 days without GVHD. In contrast, 85% of the transplanted twitcher mice died by 70 days and 65% developed clinical signs of GVHD, e.g., alopecia and weight loss. In transplanted twitcher/IL‐6 deficient mice, only 21% died by Day 70, none had alopecia, and 23% had weight loss. There was no difference in the onset day and severity of twitching between twitcher and twitcher/IL‐6 deficient mice after BMT. In transplanted twitcher/IL‐6 deficient mice, there was improvement of BBB integrity and a decrease in globoid cell number compared with nontransplanted twitcher/IL‐6 deficient mice. In summary, these results demonstrate that an underlying pathology like globoid cell leukodystrophy leads to activation of GVHD responses in a donor–host combination that would not normally induce GVHD. Furthermore, IL‐6 seems to play a key role because a deficiency of IL‐6 results in a better prognosis. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:298–307, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin‐18 by axonal injury
Authors: Menge Til , Jander Sebastian , Stoll Guido
Published: September 2002

Interleukin‐18 (IL‐18) is an important cytokine in innate immunity and in the induction phase of autoimmunity. We report the expression of IL‐18 mRNA and protein after nerve crush during Wallerian degeneration (WD) of the rat nervous system. In normal optic nerves (ON) constitutive IL‐18 mRNA levels as revealed by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction were higher than in sciatic nerves (SN). After nerve crush, steady‐state levels moderately increased in the distal nerve part of the SN but not the ON. By immunocytochemistry no SN or faint ON IL‐18 protein expression was detectable in normal nerves. In contrast, IL‐18 expression dramatically increased after SN and ON crush. On the cellular level, ED1+ macrophages infiltrating the crush site strongly expressed IL‐18 at days 2 and 4 after SN crush. By days 4 and 8, in addition, the entire distal nerve part was covered by IL‐18+ macrophages. At day 16, IL‐18 immunoreactivity had disappeared despite the presistence of large numbers of ED1+ macrophages. A similar infiltration of IL‐18+ macrophages was seen at the crush site in the ON. Moreover, microglia in the distal ON stump lacking macrophage infiltration and undergoing delayed myelin degradation up‐regulated IL‐18. In conclusion this study shows that IL‐18 is involved in the cytokine network associated with the robust inflammatory response during WD of the SN. Despite up‐regulation of the proinflammatory cytokine IL‐18, major histocompatiblity complex class II, and CD4 molecules similar to macrophages in the PNS, microglial activation after ON injury appears to be insufficient to mount an effective phagocytic response as a prerequisite for successful regeneration in the CNS. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:332–339, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CB1 cannabinoid receptor‐mediated neurite remodeling in mouse neuroblastoma N1E‐115 cells
Authors: Zhou Dan , Song Z.H.
Published: September 2002

The morphological remodeling of neuronal cells influences neurogenesis and brain functions. We hypothesize that psychoactive and neurotoxic effects of cannabinoids may be mediated, at least in part, by their morphoregulatory activities. In the present study, mouse neuroblastoma N1E‐115 cells were used as an in vitro model to investigate cannabinoid‐induced neurite remodeling effects and to identify the involvement of cannabinoid receptors in this neurite remodeling process. Using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence microscopy, the endogenously expressed CB1, but not CB2, cannabinoid receptors were detected in morphologically differentiated N1E‐115 cells. Activation of these natively expressed CB1 cannabinoid receptors by cannabinoid agonist HU‐210 led to a concentration‐dependent inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. Importantly, HU‐210 treatment induced neurite retraction in a concentration‐dependent manner. Pretreatment of N1E‐115 cells with a CB1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) suppressed HU‐210‐induced inhibition of forskolin‐stimulated cAMP accumulation, indicating that the knocking down of functional CB1 cannabinoid receptor expression was achieved. Antisense ODN pretreatment also abolished HU‐210‐induced neurite retraction, demonstrating the involvement of CB1 cannabinoid receptors in mediating the neurite remodeling effects of HU‐210. In addition, reversing HU‐210‐induced intracellular cAMP declination by 8‐Br‐cAMP partially prevented HU‐210‐induced neurite retraction, indicating the involvement of cAMP‐dependent signaling pathways in mediating the neurite remodeling function of CB1 cannabinoid receptors in N1E‐115 cells. These data demonstrate that neurite remodeling is a newly discovered function of CB1 cannabinoid receptors. This morphoregulatory function of CB1 cannabinoid receptors might be a new mechanism that mediates the psychoactive and neurotoxic effects of cannabinoids in developing and adult brain. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:346–353, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethanol exposure inhibits the cytotoxic effect induced by gp120 in CHP100 human neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Navarra Michele , Romano Caterina , Lorenzon Tatiana , Rotiroti Domenicantonio , Di Renzo Gianfranco
Published: September 2002

The aim of present study was to investigate the acute effects of ethanol on cytotoxicity induced by HIV‐1 coat protein gp120 in CHP100 human neuroblastoma cell line. We demonstrate that ethanol, within a range of clinically relevant concentrations (15–90 mM) prevents cell death elicited by gp120 (10 pM) in a dose dependent manner. This protective action seems to be mediated by a reduction of free intracellular Ca2+ levels because ethanol, at concentrations ranging from 0.1–0.5%, is able to decrease gp120‐stimulated Ca2+ uptake up to 24%. Furthermore, our data show an involvement of NO/cGMP messenger system pathway, because ethanol is also able to reduce gp120‐stimulated NO release (up to 45%) and cyclic GMP accumulation (up to 73%). These findings suggest that the protective effect of ethanol against gp120‐induced cytotoxicity in CHP100 cells underlies a Ca2+‐activated, NO/cGMP‐dependent mechanism. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:354–361, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identity salience: a moderator of the relationship between group gender composition and work group conflict
Authors: Randel Amy E.
Published: September 2002

This study proposes and tests models in which the salience of gender serves as a moderator of the relationship between group gender composition and work group conflict. The numerical distinctiveness of gender group composition was found to trigger the salience of group members' gender identities for men in the group. Identity salience was found to affect work group conflict beyond what one would predict on the basis of gender diversity alone. Support was found for gender identity salience as a moderator variable with respect to the linkage between numerical distinctiveness in gender work group composition and relationship conflict in work groups for men. This study offers an explanation for the differing effects found across studies regarding the effect of group composition on work group conflict: the extent to which gender is relied upon by group members in describing those in their group. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
To stay or to go: voluntary survivor turnover following an organizational downsizing
Authors: Spreitzer Gretchen M. , Mishra Aneil K.
Published: September 2002

This paper examines the relationship between survivor reactions to a downsizing and retention subsequent to a downsizing. We hypothesize that survivors who experience the downsizing as distributively, procedurally, and interactionally just and who see top management as trustworthy will feel more attached to the organization because each reduces the threat inherent in downsizing. In addition, we hypothesize that survivors who feel empowered will also feel more attached to the organization because they feel better able to cope with the downsizing. We further hypothesize that those survivors who feel more attached to the organization following the downsizing will be more likely to remain with the organization in the coming year. The theoretical model is tested on a sample of aerospace employees who survived an organizational downsizing. The trustworthiness of management, distributive justice, procedural justice, and three dimensions of empowerment are found to facilitate more organizational attachment. Higher levels of attachment are found, in turn, to facilitate less voluntary turnover in the year following the downsizing. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of large‐scale atmospheric circulation on the surface energy balance of the King George Island ice cap
Authors: Braun Matthias , Saurer Helmut , Vogt Steffen , Simões Jefferson Cardia , Goßmann Hermann
Published: September 2002

During the austral summer 1997–1998 three automatic weather stations were operated at different altitudes on the sub‐Antarctic ice cap of King George Island (South Shetland Islands). Snowmelt was derived from energy balance computations. Turbulent heat fluxes were calculated from meteorological measurements using the bulk aerodynamic approach, with net radiation being measured directly. Modelled ablation rates were compared with readings at ablation stakes and continuously measured snow height at a reference site. Snow depletion and daily snowmelt cycles could be well reproduced by the model. Generally, radiation balance provided the major energy input for snowmelt at all altitudes, whereas sensible heat flux was a second heat source only in lower elevations. The average latent heat flux was negligible over the entire measuring period. A strong altitudinal gradient of available energy for snowmelt was observed. Sensible heat flux as well as latent heat flux decreased with altitude. The measurements showed a strong dependence of surface energy fluxes and ablation rates on large‐scale atmospheric conditions. Synoptic weather situations were analysed based on AVH RR infrared quicklook composite images and surface pressure charts. Maximum melt rates of up to 20 mm per day were recorded during a northwesterly advection event with meridional air mass transport. During this northwesterly advection, the contribution of turbulent heat fluxes to the energy available for snowmelt exceeded that of the radiation balance. For easterly and southerly flows, continentally toned, cold dry air masses dominated surface energy balance terms and did not significantly contribute to ablation. The link between synoptic situations and ablation is especially valuable, as observed climatic changes along the Antarctic Peninsula are attributed to changes in the atmospheric circulation. Therefore, the combination of energy balance calculations and the analysis of synoptic‐scale weather patterns could improve the prediction of ablation rates for climate change scenarios. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Retro‐active skill of multi‐tiered forecasts of summer rainfall over southern Africa
Authors: Landman Willem A. , Mason Simon J. , Tyson Peter D. , Tennant Warren J.
Published: September 2002

Sea‐surface temperature (SST) variations of the oceans surrounding southern Africa are associated with seasonal rainfall variability, especially during austral summer when the tropical atmospheric circulation is dominant over the region. Because of instabilities in the linear association between summer rainfall over southern Africa and SSTs of the tropical Indian Ocean, the skilful prediction of seasonal rainfall may best be achieved using physically based models. A two‐tiered retro‐active forecast procedure for the December–February (DJF) season is employed over a 10‐year period starting from 1987/1988. Rainfall forecasts are produced for a number of homogeneous regions over part of southern Africa. Categorized (below‐normal, near‐normal and above‐normal) statistical DJF rainfall predictions are made for the region to form the baseline skill level that has to be outscored by more elaborate methods involving general circulation models (GCMs). The GCM used here is the Centre for Ocean–Land–Atmosphere Studies (COLA) T30, with predicted global SST fields as boundary forcing and initial conditions derived from the National Centres for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data. Bias‐corrected GCM simulations of circulation and moisture at certain standard pressure levels are downscaled to produce rainfall forecasts at the regional level using the perfect prognosis approach.

In the two‐tiered forecasting system, SST predictions for the global oceans are made first. SST anomalies of the equatorial Pacific (NIÑO3.4) and Indian oceans are predicted skilfully at 1‐ and 3‐month lead‐times using a statistical model. These retro‐active SST forecasts are accurate for pre‐1990 conditions, but predictability seems to have weakened during the 1990s. Skilful multi‐tiered rainfall forecasts are obtained when the amplitudes of large events in the global oceans (such as El Niño and La Niña episodes) are described adequately by the predicted SST fields. GCM simulations using persisted August SST anomalies instead of forecast SSTs produce skill levels similar to those of the baseline for longer lead‐times. Given high‐skill SST forecasts, the scheme has the potential to provide climate forecasts that outscore the baseline skill level substantially. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
In search of zonal circulations in the equatorial Atlantic sector from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis
Authors: Hastenrath Stefan
Published: September 2002

The National Center for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) 1958–1997 upper‐air dataset has been evaluated for evidence of equatorial zonal circulation cells over the Atlantic and adjacent continents. For January, April, July and October, maps are presented of mid‐tropospheric vertical motion, upper‐tropospheric divergent flow, and zonal–vertical cross‐sections of vertical and divergent zonal motion and total zonal flow. In the boreal winter half‐year, a centre of intense ascending motion and upper‐tropospheric, mainly northward‐directed outflow is located off the mouth of the Amazon. From this centre there is also some outflow into centres of upper‐tropospheric convergence and subsidence over the equatorial eastern Pacific and eastern Atlantic, respectively. From January to April, the near‐equatorial band of ascending motion shifts southward, and the upper‐tropospheric convergence centre is displaced from the Equator into the South Atlantic. In the boreal summer half‐year, the band of strongest ascending motion is displaced northward, and two separate centres of upper‐tropospheric divergent outflow are found over northern hemispheric Africa and the Central American Seas. From these centres, the outflow is directed approximately southward into the southern hemisphere. The analysis points to the existence of an equatorial zonal circulation cell in the Atlantic sector confined to around January. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Millennial to multi‐decadal variability in the climate of southern Africa
Authors: Tyson P. D. , Cooper G. R. J. , McCarthy T. S.
Published: September 2002

Wavelet analysis has been used to determine changes in the variability of southern Africa climate over the last three millennia. The structure of the variability in a 3000‐year δ18O record has been compared with that in tree ring data for the last 600 years and both to the variability in annual rainfall and runoff during the 20th century. Preferred modes of variability are shown to have occurred in all the data sets. For overlap periods, the variability modes are in phase where the data are for a common seasonal rainfall regime.

From the combined proxy and instrumental data it appears that an ∼1500‐year oscillation in rainfall variability may have been present during the late Holocene. Considerable variability in South African climate has been shown to reside in the bands 500–800 and 60–120 years. The latter is manifest in stable isotope and tree ring proxy data and in measured rainfall and runoff, and shows a distinctive latitudinal variation over southern Africa. The ∼80‐year variability has been present for at least 600 years in the tree ring data and at least 3000 years in the stable isotope data. During the 20th century, the variability in the 60–120‐year range was confined south of 20° S in southern Africa.

The existence of considerable multi‐decadal climate variability in the range 16–20 years has been confirmed south of 15° S. Tree ring data show that the ∼18‐year oscillation in climate has been present for at least 600 years. The 500–800‐year, ∼80‐year and ∼18‐year variability has been both frequency‐ and amplitude‐modulated over time, but never to the extent that the variability bands have lost their integrity. Their persistence is a striking feature of southern African climate.

The millennial, centennial and multi‐decadal variability in climate over southern Africa finds counterparts with temporal variability in similar time ranges reported elsewhere. Spatial teleconnections in variability likewise have been shown to occur. The changes in climate variability over the subcontinent are part of variability changes affecting the Earth system in many other regions. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Norwegian sea‐surface palaeoenvironments of marine oxygen‐isotope stage 3: the paradoxical response of dinoflagellate cysts
Authors: Eynaud F. , Turon J. L. , Matthiessen J. , Kissel C. , Peypouquet J. P. , de Vernal A. , Henry M.
Published: September 2002

High‐resolution marine palynological data have been obtained from two very long sediment cores (MD952009 and MD952010) retrieved from the southern Norwegian Sea. The dinoflagellate cyst assemblages show pronounced fluctuations in composition, which correlate strongly with magnetic susceptibility records and also mimic the δ18O signal of the GISP2 Greenland ice‐core. If focusing on the period from 48 to 30 cal. kyr BP, this correlation suggests a paradoxical response of the sea‐surface environments to the atmospheric conditions over Greenland: when the Greenland δ18O signal reflects warm interstadial conditions, the Norwegian Sea depicts cold sea‐surface temperatures with quasi‐perennial sea‐ice cover (based on dinoflagellate cysts). In contrast, when the Greenland δ18O records cold stadial periods, the Norwegian Sea‐surface temperatures are warm (based on dinoflagellate cysts), probably linked to inflow of the North Atlantic Drift. These results, similar in both cores, are contrary to those of previous studies and shed light on a possible decoupling of Norwegian sea surface‐water conditions and atmospheric conditions over Greenland. This decoupling could be linked to an atmosphere–ocean system behaving similar to that which the Northern Hemisphere is experiencing at present, i.e. strongly variable owing to the North Atlantic Oscillation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depositional history of the North Taymyr ice‐marginal zone, Siberia—a landsystem approach
Authors: Alexanderson Helena , Adrielsson Lena , Hjort Christian , Möller Per , Antonov Oleg , Eriksson Saskia , Pavlov Maksim
Published: September 2002

The sediment–landform associations of the northern Taymyr Peninsula in Arctic Siberia tell a tale of ice sheets advancing from the Kara Sea shelf and inundating the peninsula, probably three times during the Weichselian. In each case the ice sheet had a margin frozen to its bed and an interior moving over a deforming bed. The North Taymyr ice‐marginal zone (NTZ) comprises ice‐marginal and supraglacial landsystems dominated by thrust‐block moraines 2–3 km wide and large‐scale deformation of sediments and ice. Large areas are still underlain by remnant glacier ice and a supraglacial landscape with numerous ice‐walled lakes and kames is forming even today. The proglacial landsystem is characterised by subaqueous (e.g. deltas) or terrestrial (e.g. sandar) environments, depending on location/altitude and time of formation. Dating results (OSL, 14C) indicate that the NTZ was initiated ca. 80 kyr BP during the retreat of the Early Weichselian ice sheet and that it records the maximum limit of a Middle Weichselian glaciation (ca. 65 kyr BP). During both these events, proglacial lakes were dammed by the ice sheets. Part of the NTZ was occupied by a thin Late Weichselian ice sheet (20–12 kyr BP), resulting in subaerial proglacial drainage. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topographically‐independent ice flow in northwestern British Columbia: implications for Cordilleran Ice Sheet reconstruction
Authors: McCuaig S. J. , Roberts M. C.
Published: September 2002

Studies in southern British Columbia have shown that Cordilleran Ice Sheet flow was controlled by topograph, even in full glacial time. New ice‐flow evidence from the Nass River region, northern British Columbia, however, indicates that ice was thicker there and that the continental ice‐sheet phase of glaciation was reached. Inspection of high elevation sites has revealed a suite of ice‐flow indicators (mainly striae) undetected by earlier work. These suggest that at the Last Glacial Maximum (Fraser Glaciation), ice flowed southwestward across the Nass River region from an ice divide that probably was located in the Skeena Mountain area. Comparisons with adjacent work allow this divide to be mapped over a wide area. The results suggest that maximum ice thicknesses in the northern part of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet were larger than reported previously. The location of storm tracks in full glacial time may have played an important role in the production of an ice sheet that was thicker in northern British Columbia than it was in the southern half of the province. During deglaciation, ice thinned and gradually became confined to fiords and valleys, resulting in numerous and variable ice‐flow directions at that time. Topographic control was thus exerted on ice flow only after the glacial maximum was reached, despite the significant amount of relief in this region. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multiproxy record of Holocene environmental changes in the central Kola Peninsula, northwest Russia
Authors: Solovieva Nadia , Jones Vivienne J.
Published: September 2002

A sediment core from Chuna Lake (Kola Peninsula, northwest Russia) was studied for pollen, diatoms and sediment chemistry in order to infer post‐glacial environmental changes and to investigate responses of the lake ecosystem to these changes. The past pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of the lake were inferred using diatom‐based transfer functions. Between 9000 and 4200 cal. yr BP, slow natural acidification and major changes in the diatom flora occurred in Chuna Lake. These correlated with changes in regional pollen, the arrival of trees in the catchment, changes in erosion, sediment organic content and DOC. During the past 4200 yr diatom‐based proxies showed no clear response to changes in vegetation and erosion, as autochthonous ecological processes became more important than external climate influences during the late Holocene. The pollen stratigraphy reflects the major climate patterns of the central Kola Peninsula during the Holocene, i.e. a climate optimum between 9000 and 5400/5000 cal. yr BP when climate was warm and dry, and gradual climate cooling and an increase in moisture during the past 5400/5000 yr. This agrees with the occurrence of the north–south humidity gradient in Fennoscandia during the Holocene. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro and in vivo identification of ‘pseudocatalase’ activity in Dead Sea water using Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Schallreuter Karin U. , Moore Jeremy , Behrens‐Williams Stefanie , Panske Angela , Harari Marco , Rokos Hartmut , Wood John M.
Published: September 2002

Balneotherapy with Dead Sea water has been reported as a successful treatment modality for psoriasis, atopic eczema and vitiligo, but the precise mode of action has escaped definition so far. The saturating salt concentration (346 g/litre) together with the unique UV spectrum have been suggested to trigger the release of pro‐inflammatory and chemotactic mediators. The results of our study show for the first time a high content of transition metal ions (manganese, iron and copper) in Dead Sea water. Using in vitro Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy, we were able to identify ‘pseudocatalase’ activity by observing the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) over time by Dead Sea water. Since patients with vitiligo accumulate millimolar levels of H2O2 in their skin, we followed the degradation of H2O2 in vivo again utilizing the same technique. The results of this in vitro and in vivo study show for the first time a ‘pseudocatalase’ activity of Dead Sea water and provide evidence that the antioxidant properties of Dead Sea water bathing could play an important role in this unique treatment modality. Furthermore, the use of non‐invasive in vivo FT‐Raman spectroscopy introduces an excellent biomedical application in investigative dermatology. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman excitation wavelength investigation of single red blood cells in vivo
Authors: Wood Bayden R. , McNaughton Don
Published: September 2002

Raman spectra are reported for oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin contained within a single red blood cell in vivo using excitation wavelengths of 488, 514, 568 and 632.8 nm. The peak assigned in previous work to ν4 is observed at 1376 cm−1 in oxygenated cells and 1356 cm−1 in deoxygenated cells with the results from 488 nm excitation consistent with earlier Raman studies on isolated haem proteins. Exciting the cells with 514 nm radiation revealed two bands appearing in this region at 1372 and 1356 cm−1 in the oxygenated state, whereas in the deoxygenated state only one band at 1356 cm−1 is observed. At 632.8 nm excitation bands in the ν4 region appeared at 1367 and 1365 cm−1 in the oxygenated and deoxygenated states, respectively. Our results clearly show that the enhancement of bands in the vicinity of ν4 within single erythrocytes is influenced by the excitation wavelength. Furthermore, many other bands observed in oxygenated erythrocytes using 632.8 nm excitation were dramatically enhanced compared with the bands observed with other excitation wavelengths. Ruling out other explanations, it is hypothesized that the enhancement observed at 632.8 nm results from excitonic coupling between aligned porphyrins. The high concentration of haemoglobin in a single cell enables the porphyrins to be in close proximity to permit charge transfer between the haem moieties. The high signal‐to‐noise ratio and excellent reproducibility obtained using Raman water immersion microspectroscopy on single erythrocytes in vivo shows potential as a diagnostic tool for a variety of haemopathies. However, judicious choice of the excitation wavelength is a prerequisite especially if the technique is applied to diagnose oxidation status within erythrocytes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPLC flavonoid profiles as markers for the botanical origin of European unifloral honeys
Authors: Tomás‐Barberán Francisco A , Martos Isabel , Ferreres Federico , Radovic Branka S , Anklam Elke
Published: September 2002

The HPLC phenolic profiles of 52 selected unifloral honey samples produced in Europe were analysed to detect possible markers for the floral origin of the different honeys. Lime‐tree (five markers), chestnut (five markers), rapeseed (one marker), eucalyptus (six markers) and heather (three markers) honeys had specific markers with characteristic UV spectra. In addition, the flavanone hesperetin was confirmed as a marker for citrus honey, as well as kaempferol for rosemary honey and quercetin for sunflower honey. Abscisic acid, which had been reported to be a possible marker for heather honey, was also detected in rapeseed, lime‐tree and acacia honeys. Ellagic acid in heather honey and the hydroxycinnamates caffeic, p‐coumaric and ferulic acids in chestnut, sunflower, lavender and acacia honeys were also detected. The characteristic propolis‐derived flavonoids pinocembrin, pinobanksin and chrysin were present in most samples in variable amounts.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Physicochemical and colorimetric evaluation of local varieties of tomato grown in SE Spain
Authors: Gómez Ricardo , Costa Joaquín , Amo María , Alvarruiz Andrés , Picazo Marta , Pardo José E
Published: September 2002

The different physicochemical and colorimetric parameters which define fruit quality were evaluated in 12 varieties of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) from several localities in SE Spain, using three widely grown commercial (F1) hybrids as controls. Several local varieties were identified with better scores for specific quality parameters (fruit firmness, soluble solids content, pH, citric and malic acids and lycopene) than the commercially grown hybrids. These may find a place in the market as distinctive quality fruits or as source material for optimal quality characteristics in breeding programmes. The correlations obtained in the overall study of the results point to the advantages and disadvantages of choosing certain quality parameters. The colorimetric study showed that the ratio between the chromatic co‐ordinates of the CIELAB system (a*/b*) separated the fruits of the different varieties as a function of their external colour better than the tomato colour index (TCI).

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
β‐Cyclodextrin‐catalyzed decomposition of Caro's acid
Authors: Ramachandran M. S. , Lathakannan
Published: September 2002

The kinetics and mechanism of decomposition of peroxomonosulphate (PMS) in aqueous sodium hydroxide medium in the presence β‐cyclodextrin has been investigated. The rate of decomposition of PMS is considerably enhanced by the added β‐cyclodextrin. The reaction follows first order kinetics with respect to [PMS]. The experimental results suggest the formation of β‐cyclodextrin peroxy anion by the interaction between SO52−, and β‐cyclodextrin anion (BCDO−). β‐Cyclodextrin peroxy anion subsequently reacts with PMS to give O2, SO42− and β‐cyclodextrin anion. The rate constant for the β‐cyclodextrin‐catalyzed decomposition of SO52− (BCD + SO52−) is of the same order of magnitude as that of the reaction HSO52− + SO52− products. © 2002 Wiley Periodic mals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 508–513, 2002
Legitimacy and quality of multi‐criteria environmental policy analysis: a meta analysis of five MCE studies in Norway
Authors: Wenstøp Fred , Seip Knut
Published: September 2002

This paper argues for multi‐criteria decision analysis (MCDA) as a tool in environmental policy analysis. From an ethical point of view, neither rule‐based methods, nor benefit–cost analyses (BCA) are sufficient. Multi‐criteria decision analysts need, however, to be concerned about the legitimacy and quality of their applications. Neuro‐physiological evidence indicates that a necessary, but not sufficient, criterion for quality is that the decision‐makers experience emotions in the valuation process. Without emotions, and in contrast to popular belief, its valuation part is liable to be out of proportion with the range of values held by reasonable selections of the society. This paper proposes criteria for evaluation of legitimacy and quality, reviews five applications in Norway of MCDA for environmental policy, but finds that there is no clear relationship between the legitimacy and quality of the studies and their significance for decision‐makers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A dynamic interval goal programming approach to the regulation of a lake–river system
Authors: Hämäläinen Raimo P. , Mäntysaari Juha
Published: September 2002

This paper describes a model and a decision support tool for the regulation of a lake–river system using both goal sets and goal points for the water level over the year. The inflow forecast is updated periodically, which results in a series of dynamic rolling horizon goal programming problems. This involves heavy computation, and yet it can be successfully done with the spreadsheet program. The related decision support tool with a graphical user interface is called Interactive analysis of dynamic water regulation Strategies by Multi‐criteria Optimization (ISMO). The Finnish Environment Institute (FEI) actively uses it in the generation of regulation policy alternatives when considered from the different perspectives of the stakeholders. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hanford waste blending and the value of research: stochastic optimization as a policy tool
Authors: Johnson Timothy Lawrence , Diwekar Urmila M.
Published: September 2002

A new approach to stochastic, combinatorial optimization is presented through its application to a contemporary policy problem: cleanup of radioactive wastes stored underground at the US Government's Hanford, WA, nuclear fuels processing site. Current plans call for the tank contents to be selectively combined prior to their immobilization in glass; such blending of wastes reduces the amount of extra material required for vitrification, therefore, decreasing the costs of processing and disposal. Uncertainty in the tank contents, the error inherent in the glass property models governing vitrification, and the computationally intensive nature of the problem, however, render determination of an optimal tank‐blend assignment a challenge to existing optimization techniques. Previous studies have focused exclusively on minimization of processing and disposal costs, ignoring such policy‐related dimensions as the value of reducing select sources of uncertainty. In addition, the stochastic framework employed by these studies could not guarantee that the glass property requirements (in the guise of model constraints) were met on more than a probabilistic basis. This paper presents a novel stochastic annealing‐nonlinear programming framework that incorporates variance—a proxy for the opportunity costs of reducing uncertainty—as an attribute in its objective function. Compared with conventional mathematical programming algorithms, the new optimization framework is seen to be more robust, flexible, and efficient. The algorithm also facilitates analysis of the trade‐off between minimizing processing and disposal costs, and reducing the expenses of achieving these savings. Specifically, the prediction error of the glass property models is found to be a more significant source of uncertainty than variation in tank component mass fraction estimates, and constraint violations are traced to specific requirements of the glass property models. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term results after lymphatic‐venous anastomoses for the treatment of obstructive lymphedema
Authors: Campisi Corradino , Boccardo Francesco , Zilli Angelo , Macciò Alberto , Napoli Francesco
Published: September 2002

Over the past 25 years, 665 patients with obstructive lymphedema have been treated with microsurgical lymphatic‐venous anastomoses; of these, 446 patients were available for long‐term follow‐up study. Objective assessment was undertaken by water volumetry and lymphoscintigraphy. Lymphangioscintigraphy, lymphangiography (in patients with gravitational reflux pathology), and echo‐Doppler were used preoperatively. Subjective improvement was noted in 578 patients (87%). Objectively, volume changes showed a significant improvement in 552 patients (83%), with an average reduction of 67% of the excess volume. Of those patients followed up, 379 patients (85%) have been able to discontinue the use of conservative measures, with an average follow‐up of more than 7 years and average reduction in excess volume of 69%. There was a 87% reduction in the incidence of cellulitis after microsurgery. In those patients who improved, drainage resulted in increased softness of the limbs. Peripheral edema (hand and foot) diminished considerably in most patients. These long‐term results indicate that lymphatic‐venous anastomoses have a place in the treatment of obstructive lymphedema and should be the therapy of choice in patients who are not sufficiently responsive to nonsurgical treatment. Improved results can be expected with earlier operations because patients referred earlier usually have fewer lymphatic alterations.
Sequential transplantation induces islet allograft tolerance
Authors: Sun Junhong , Wang Xiaoyang , Wang Chuanmin , Sheil A.G. Ross
Published: September 2002

Liver transplantation (LT) in some rat strain combinations can induce tolerance to other organ grafts of liver donor strain. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of LT on islet allografts. Islets were isolated by collagenase digestion and purified by dextran‐gradient separation. Islets from two donor animals (>2,000) were transplanted under the left kidney capsule of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. The liver was implanted orthotopically. The results showed that concurrent LT and islet transplantation (IT) prolonged survival of islet allografts modestly, but islet allografts survived indefinitely when LT was performed before or after IT. LT delayed or reversed ongoing islet graft rejection. IT could trigger rejection in otherwise tolerated liver grafts. We conclude that sequential IT‐LT or LT‐IT can induce islet allograft tolerance or liver rejection and that the mechanisms involved may differ from those involved with LT simultaneously with either IT or vascularized organ grafts. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 21:148–152 2001
Liver microcirculation after selective denervation
Authors: Pedrosa Marcelo E. , Montero Edna F.S. , Nigro Amaury J.T.
Published: September 2002

Microcirculatory disturbances have been related to a decrease in survival after liver transplant. Because innervation is involved in liver hemodynamics regulation, we decided to evaluate microcirculatory hepatic perfusion. Thirty rats were divided into three groups: denervated (DG), hepatic microsurgical denervation; manipulated (MG), hepatic manipulation; control (CG), laparotomy. Hepatic microcirculation was assessed in the median lobe using laser Doppler flowmetry in the following moments: T0, after laparotomy and T1, after denervation; and in the following moments after denervation: T2, 10 minutes, T3, 20 minutes, T4, 30 minutes, T5, 1 hour, T6, 1.5 hours, and T7, 2 hours for DG, and in same moments for MG and CG. DG showed a decrease in hepatic perfusion for 20 minutes after denervation, different from MG and CG. After that, there was recovery in hepatic perfusion in MG and DG (Kruskal‐Wallis and Friedman tests). Therefore, denervation and manipulation alter hepatic microcirculation, but denervation promotes a more severe decrease than manipulation. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 21:163–165 2001
Syngeneic consecutive rat spleen transplantation bearing infantile testis
Authors: Lee S. , Yoo C.H. , Hong I.C. , Bai S. , Nam S. , Lee D. , Sileshi B. , Nozawa M. , Niewiadomski S. , Fazi M. , Wolf P. , Tatum T. , Gittes R.F.
Published: September 2002

Seventy‐seven Lewis adult rats received autologous testicular implants in the spleen. These spleens were retransplanted in a consecutive transplant fashion as we described earlier. Some were observed as long as 26 to 27 months. Although earlier splenic‐testicular transplants showed benign granulosa cell tumors, some of the long‐term follow‐ups showed a seminoma‐like transformation. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 21:166–169 2001
Rat auxiliary liver transplantation without portal vein reconstruction: Comparison with the portal vein‐arterialized model
Authors: Rong Xiu Dian , Hishikawa Shuuji , Sato Munekatu , Nagai Hideo , Uchida Hiroo , Kobayashi Eiji
Published: September 2002

Auxiliary liver transplantation (ALT) has been reintroduced in clinical cases recently and is now believed to be a viable alternative to orthotopic liver transplantation. To provide a simple rat ALT model for studying the physiological and immunological aspects of the ALT graft, a new ALT was performed, and the comparison between this new model and the portal arterialized one that was reported by other investigators was carried out. At first, we confirmed that liver could tolerate the deprivation of its portal flow well, using a portosystemic shunted rat model. The new rat ALT model, in which the ALT graft obtained its blood inflow only from the hepatic artery, was then performed. Our results demonstrated that 50% of the hepatic artery‐alone ALT graft showed almost normal structure histologically at 1 month after grafting, with bile secretion preserved. By contrast, only 8% 1‐month graft survival was noted in the portal arterialized group, and all grafts stopped bile secretion 1 week after operation. In conclusion, with arterial blood supply alone, the ALT graft survived and demonstrated normal bile secretion function for more than 1 month. Portal vein arterialization is not an appropriate way to establish the graft's blood supply if no pressure adjustment measures were taken in advance. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 21:169–195 2001
Horseradish peroxidase retrograde labeling of primary sensory neurons: A comparison of four intraspinal applicaton methods
Authors: Dam‐Hieu Phong , Liu Song , Bonnard Anne‐Sophie , Tadie Marc
Published: September 2002

The purpose of this study was to optimize the methods of retrograde labeling of sensory neurons in demonstrating the continuity of post‐ganglionic primary sensory axons. This was accomplished by comparing four different methods of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) application into the lower thoracic spinal cord of adult rats (level T11). HRP application with a piece of Gelfoam via a dorsal myelotomy (group 1, n = 8), stereotactic injections with a 0.72‐mm tip diameter needle (group 2, n = 8), with a 0.24‐mm tip needle (group 3, n = 8), and with a 0.08‐mm tip glass micropipette (group 4, n = 5). Histological examination of the application site showed that the extent of spinal cord injury was directly proportional to the diameter of the needle tip. The mean number of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons retrogradely stained by HRP differed among the four experimental groups: 77 ± 45 (SEM) per DRG in group 1, 106 ± 24 in group 2, 652 ± 90 in group 3, and 238 ± 60 in group 4. A significant difference was found between group 3 and the other ones (P < 0.05). Intraspinal injection of HRP with a fine needle (0.24‐mm tip diameter) using a stereotactic approach can achieve effective and reliable retrograde labeling of primary sensory neurons. This reproducible method may be useful in studies dealing with regeneration of post‐ganglionic primary sensory axons. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 21:214–220 2001
Insulin growth factor‐1 decreases muscle atrophy following denervation
Authors: Day Charles S. , Buranapanitkit Boonsin , Riano Felix A. , Tomaino Matthew M. , Somogyi George , Sotereanos Dean G. , Kuroda Ryosuke , Huard Johnny
Published: September 2002

Despite modern microsurgical techniques for nerve repair, functional outcome following proximal injury is often unsatisfactory because irreversible muscle atrophy may develop before reinnervation occurs. Because insulin growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) has been shown to improve muscle regeneration after injury, and may have a role in muscle preservation following denervation, the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the histological, immunohistochemical, and electrophysiological differences between normal, denervated, and IGF‐1‐injected denervated muscle over an 8‐week period. Denervated mice gastrocnemius muscles demonstrated a decrease in muscle weight, a decrease in myofiber diameter, an absence of muscle regeneration, an early increase in the number of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), and a decrease in fast‐twitch and maximum tetanic strength as compared to normal muscle up to 8 weeks following denervation. IGF‐1‐injected denervated muscle, on the other hand, sustained muscle diameter and muscle weight, maintained a smaller number of NMJs, and relatively sustained fast‐twitch and maximum tetanic strength as compared to normal muscle over 8 weeks. These data suggest that IGF‐1 may help prevent muscle atrophy and secondary functional compromise after denervation. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 22:144–151 2002
Skeletal fixation in digital replantation
Authors: Sud Vipul , Freeland Alan E.
Published: September 2002

Although the primary objective of replantation is revascularization and ultimately viability of the amputated digit(s), skeletal stabilization is an important cornerstone of the composite repair and reconstructive process. If performed rapidly and securely, anatomic (or near anatomic) fracture reduction and fixation may contribute profoundly to the protection of the revascularization and the repair or reconstruction of nerves, tendons, and integument; reliable fracture healing; functional restoration; and final outcome. Conversely, less than anatomic (or near anatomic) reduction or unreliable and insecure fixation may deter successful early revascularization and, later, good function. This article reviews the various methods of fracture stabilization that may be employed, and their advantages and disadvantages. We believe that anatomic (or near anatomic) fracture reduction, reliable and stable fracture fixation, minimal additional dissection, and early active range‐of‐motion exercises will have a substantial effect on both viability and functional outcome in digital replantation. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 22:165–171 2002