bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seed phytate content and phosphorus uptake and distribution in dry bean genotypes
Authors: Coelho Cileide Maria Medeiros , Santos Júlio Cesar Pires , Tsai Siu Mui , Vitorello Victor Alexandre
Published: April 2005

Phytic acid is the major storage form of phosphorus in seeds of legumes and cereals. Since phytate can form complexes with proteins and minerals, reducing the digestive availability of these nutrients, it is usually regarded as an antinutrient, although recent work indicates that it has important beneficial roles as an antioxidant and anticarcinogen. Therefore, there is an interest in the assessment and manipulation of phytate contents in important food grains such as beans. The objective of this work was to compare eleven dry bean genotypes with regard to grain contents of P, phytate, inorganic P and protein and to examine if differences between genotypes could be explained by differences in grain protein content or in uptake and partitioning of P. Plants were grown in a greenhouse in pots containing soil and commercial substrate amended with 7.4 and 37 mg P.dm-3. The experimental setup was a random, complete block design with five replications. Genetic variability in grain phytate contents was observed. At the higher dose of P fertilization, genotype Una presented the highest phytate content (1.48 %) and the highest fraction of P as phytate (72 %), whereas these features were lowest in Paraiso (0.70 % and 47 %, respectively). Inorganic P made up 8 % of total P in Paraiso. A correlation between phytate and protein contents among genotypes was significant (r = 0.73) only under the higher dose of P fertilization. With the exception of genotype 4AP, differences in phytate content could not be explained by differences in uptake and partitioning of P in the plant. In the case of Paraiso, it is inferred that the lower phytate contents were due to differences in the metabolism of P and dry matter accumulation in the grain.
Gas exchanges and carbohydrate metabolism in orangetrees with citrus variegated chlorosis
Authors: Gomes Mara de Menezes de Assis , Lagôa Ana Maria Magalhães Andrade , Machado Eduardo Caruso , Medina Camilo Lázaro , Machado Marcos Antônio
Published: April 2005

Gas exchanges, sucrose, starch and reducing sugar contents were analyzed in leaves of orange trees with and without Citrus Variegated Chlorosis (CVC), a disease caused by the bacteria Xylella fastidiosa. Healthy plants (HP) and diseased plants (DP) were evaluated 20 and 26 months after bacterial inoculation, in October 1998 and April 1999, respectively. On the first evaluation date, CO2 assimilation rates for HP were greater than DP in the early morning and midday, but on the second date they were greater in HP all along the day. On the first date, there was an increase in the sucrose content of DP at 15:00 h and 17:00 h in relation to HP. On the second evaluation date, DP presented greater reducing sugar content only in the early morning while sucrose content showed a decrease at 15:00 h. Also, on the second date, the concentrations of starch were always lower for DP compared to HP. It is suggested that this variation in starch levels might be related to energy availability in DP, as they also showed lower photosynthetic rates. Soluble sugars did not show any correlation with the disease and photosynthetic parameters.
Leaf optical properties as affected by shade in saplings of six tropical tree species differing in successional status
Authors: Souza Rogéria Pereira , Válio Ivany F. M.
Published: April 2005

Tree species differing in successional status may present different responses to shade. Adjustments at leaf level may affect their optical properties, leading to changes in PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) absorbance. The aim of this study was to evaluate leaf optical properties as affected by understory shade in saplings of six tropical tree species differing in successional status and degree of shade tolerance. Chlorophyll content and specific leaf area (SLA) were also evaluated. The effects of shade on leaf optical properties and chlorophyll content differed among the studied species, whereas increased SLA was a common response for all species, reflecting the occurrence of thinner leaves under shade. The three studied shade-tolerant species - Esenbeckia leiocarpa, Myroxylon peruiferum and Hymenaea courbaril - presented a greater PAR absorbance under shade. The response of the shade-intolerant species was varied. While Schizolobium parahyba also showed a greater PAR absorbance under shade, Chorisia speciosa did not alter its spectral properties and Cecropia pachystachya presented an opposite pattern, with smaller absorbance under shade. Increases in leaf chlorophyll content were significant in the shade-tolerant species, whereas they were absent or of small magnitude in the shade-intolerant ones. Although the shade-induced decrease of leaf reflectance was the only response that safely discriminated tolerant from intolerant species, the adjustments in leaf chlorophyll content and optical properties were more consistent for the tolerant species.
Plant BiP gene family: differential expression, stress induction and protective role against physiological stresses
Authors: Carolino Sonia Madali Boseja , Vaez Juliana Rocha , Irsigler André Southernman Teixeira , Valente Maria Anete S. , Rodrigues Leonardo Augusto Zebral , Fontes Elizabeth Pacheco Batista
Published: April 2005

In contrast to yeast or mammalian counterpart, BiP (Binding Protein) from several plant species, such as maize, tobacco, Arabidopsis and soybean, is encoded by a multigene family. A systematic characterization and analysis of soybean BiP expression have provided evidence for the existence of multiple, complex regulatory mechanisms controlling plant BiP gene expression. In support of this observation, the soybean BiP gene family has been shown to exhibit organ-specific expression and differential regulation in response to abiotic stresses through distinct signaling pathways. As a member of the stress-regulated HSP70 family of protein, the elucidation of plant BiP function and regulation is likely to lead do new strategies to enhance crop tolerance to environmental stress. Consistent with this observation, transgenic plants overexpressing soybean BiP have demonstrated to exhibit increased tolerance to ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stressors during seed germination and enhanced tolerance to water deficit during plant growth.
Plant insulin or glucokinin: a conflicting issue
Authors: Xavier-Filho José , Oliveira Antônia Elenir A. , Silva Luciana Belarmindo da , Azevedo Cassiana Rocha , Venâncio Thiago Motta , Machado Olga Lima T. , Oliva Maria Luiza , Fernandes Kátia Valevski S. , Xavier-Neto José
Published: April 2005

The presence of insulin in plants is not accepted by the scientific community in general. In this review we discuss this paradigm and retrieve information that strongly suggests that insulin is indeed found in plants. We present results, which indicate that a protein molecule with the same amino acid sequence as bovine insulin is expressed in leguminous plants. Additionally, we provide evidence that proteins associated with insulin signalling pathways in vertebrates are also found in association with insulin-like molecules in plants.
Endogenous auxin and cytokinin contents associated with shoot formation in leaves of pineapple cultured in vitro
Authors: Mercier Helenice , Souza Beatriz Maia , Kraus Jane Elizabeth , Hamasaki Regina Mayumi , Sotta Bruno
Published: April 2005

The in vitro culture of pineapple leaves on a shoot induction medium (SIM) results in the formation of protuberances and further development in shoots, and plantlets. The contents of endogenous indoleacetic acid (IAA) and five cytokinins (Cks), N6(2-isopentenyl)adenine (iP), N6(2-isopentenyl)adenosine (iPR), zeatin (Z), zeatin riboside (ZR) and N6-benzyladenine (BA), present in the basal portion of those leaves, were correlated to the organogenic response that occurs over 15 days of culture. The endogenous auxin/cytokinins ratio was lowest on the 3rd day, mainly due to a strong increase in the iP level. It seems that endogenous iP concentration triggered the induction signal for an organogenic response in pineapple leaf bases. The rise in iP content required the presence of BA and a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in the medium, suggesting that endogenous iP production is regulated in response to these growth regulator uptakes.
Germination of dormant seeds of Stylosanthes humilis as promoted by ethylene accumulation in closed environments
Authors: Ribeiro Dimas Mendes , Barros Raimundo Santos
Published: April 2005

Germination of scarified dormant seeds of Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis) is very low in Petri dishes, but may be appreciable in sealed Erlenmeyer flasks if ethylene accumulates in their atmospheres. When ethylene in the flask atmosphere was fixed by a mercuric perchlorate solution, emanation of the gaseous regulator and germination of dormant seeds were drastically decreased. On the other hand, ethylene produced by dormant seeds and accumulated in the flask atmosphere led to a further enhancement of ethylene accumulation and a corresponding increased seed germination. Germination of both dormant and non-dormant seeds did not occur when ethylene biosynthesis was completely blocked.
Isolation of enzymes involved in threonine biosynthesis from sorghum seeds
Authors: Ferreira Renato Rodrigues , Vendemiatti Ariane , Meinhardt Lyndel Wayne , Lea Peter John , Azevedo Ricardo Antunes
Published: April 2005

Cereal seeds are poor in essential amino acids, particularly lysine, tryptophan and threonine. The amino acids lysine and threonine are synthesized in the aspartate pathway. Although most of the enzymes of the aspartate pathway have been isolated and characterized in higher plant species, the metabolism of lysine and threonine is totally unknown in sorghum. We have isolated two enzymes, aspartate kinase (AK) and homoserine dehydrogenase (HSDH) from sorghum. Optimum assay conditions were established for the determination of AK and HSDH activities. The highest level of activity was observed in immature seeds. AK was shown to be inhibited by threonine and lysine indicating the existence of at least two isoenzymes, one sensitive to threonine inhibition and the other sensitive to lysine inhibition with the latter being predominant in sorghum seeds. HSDH was shown to be inhibited by threonine indicating the existence of a threonine-sensitive HSDH, however, most of the activity was not inhibited by threonine, suggesting the existence of a second predominant isoenzyme of HSDH resistant to threonine inhibition.
Effect of 0.02% NaF solution on enamel demineralization and fluoride uptake by deciduous teeth in vitro
Authors: Chedid Silvia José , Cury Jaime Aparecido
Published: April 2005

The application of 0.02% NaF solution on teeth with a cotton swab instead of brushing with fluoride dentifrice has been suggested for young children to reduce the risk of dental fluorosis, but its anticariogenic effect has not been evaluated. Thus, we studied the in vitro effect of 0.02% NaF solution on enamel demineralization and fluoride uptake in deciduous teeth; non-fluoride dentifrice and fluoride dentifrice (1,100 mg F/g) were used, respectively, as negative and positive controls. The treatment with fluoride dentifrice was more effective in reducing enamel demineralization (p < 0.05) and on fluoride uptake by the enamel (p < 0.05) than the non-fluoride dentifrice and the 0.02% NaF solution. Data suggest that the alternative use of 0.02% NaF solution instead of fluoride dentifrice should be reevaluated especially if dental caries are to be controlled.
The influence of vinegars on exposure of dentinal tubules: a SEM evaluation
Authors: Zandim Daniela Leal , Corrêa Fernanda Oliveira Bello , Sampaio José Eduardo Cezar , Rossa Júnior Carlos
Published: April 2005

Dentin hypersensitivity is a common painful condition observed in clinics. Dietary habits have been much associated with its development and persistence during and following periodontal treatment. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of vinegars on the removal of smear layer and exposure of dentinal tubules. Extracted human teeth were submitted to manual scaling with Gracey curettes in order to remove the cementum as well as to form a smear layer. Dentin samples with 3 mm² were obtained and distributed into six experimental groups: one control and five types of vinegars (alcohol, apple, rice, white wine and balsamic). Each group included two methods of vinegar application: topical and friction. After routine preparation for SEM analysis, photomicrographs were assessed by a calibrated and blind examiner using an appropriate index system. Kruskal-Wallis test indicated a significant influence of vinegars on smear layer removal. There was a statistically significant difference between groups treated with apple, white and rice vinegars and the control group (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, Mann-Whitney test indicated that removal of smear layer did not vary with the method of application (topical versus friction) for any of the tested substances. We can conclude that the contact of vinegar may remove smear layer and expose dentinal tubules, regardless of the type of application. However, balsamic vinegar was associated with less removal of smear layer after both methods of application.
Effect of cadmium on the floor of the mouth on rats during lactation
Authors: Picoli Lara Cristina , Watanabe Ii-Sei , Lopes Ruberval Armando , Sala Miguel Angel , Picoli Fábio
Published: April 2005

Cadmium (Cd) present in the air, drinking water and food has the potential to affect the health of people, mainly those who live in highly industrialized regions. Cd affects placental function, may cross the placental barrier and directly modify fetal development. It is also excreted into milk. The body is particularly susceptible to Cd exposure during perinatal period. The effect on rat oral epithelium (floor of the mouth) after continuous exposure to drinking water containing low levels of Cd during lactation was studied. Female rats were supplied with ad libitum drinking water containing 300 mg/l of CdCl2 throughout the whole lactation period. Control animals received a similar volume of water without Cd. Lactating rats (21 day-old) were killed by lethal dose of anesthetic. The heads were retrieved, fixed in "alfac" solution (alcohol, acetic acid and formaldehyde) for 24 h, serially sectioned in frontal plane, at the level of the first molars. The 6 µm sections were then stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Nuclear epithelium parameters were estimated, as well as cytoplasm and cell volume, nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, numeric and surface densities, and epithelial thickness. Mean body weight was 34.86 g for the control group and 18.56 g for the Cd-treated group. Histologically, the floor of the mouth epithelium was thinner in the treated group, with smaller and more numerous cells. In this experiment, Cd induced epithelial hypotrophy, indicating a direct action in oral mucosa cells, besides retarded development of the pups.
Dental pain prevalence and association with dental caries and socioeconomic status in schoolchildren, Southern Brazil, 2002
Authors: Nomura Lincon Hideo , Bastos João Luiz Dornelles , Peres Marco Aurélio
Published: April 2005

The objective of this study was to assess the relation between dental pain, dental caries and socioeconomic status among 12- and 13-year-old schoolchildren enrolled in a public school in Florianópolis, SC, Brazil in 2002. This study was a cross-sectional study involving 181 schoolchildren. Dental pain experience was the dependend variable analyzed. Socioeconomic data of the children's families were obtained through a questionnaire. Dental caries experience was registered according to the DMFT index (WHO, 1997). The field workteam consisted of an examiner and a recorder. The statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test and the non-conditional multiple logistic regression. The response rate was 93.4%. The intraexaminer agreement measured on a tooth by tooth basis was high (kappa > 0.73). Dental pain prevalence was 33.7% (CI95% 26.0-42.0). The multiple regression analysis, adjusted by sex and other variables, showed that children with DMFT > 1 presented 2.9 (OR CI95% 1.4-6.1, p < 0.01) more chances of having dental pain when compared with those with DMFT < 1. Children whose mother's schooling level was equal or less than 4 years presented 2.5 (OR CI95% 1.2-5.6, p = 0.02) more chances of having dental pain when compared with others whose mothers had more than 5 years of schooling and, finally, children whose family income was up to U$ 67.00 showed 3.2 (OR CI95% 1.2-8.4, p = 0.02) more chances of having dental pain when compared with the ones whose families had higher income. High levels of caries attack, low mother schooling level and low family income were associated to dental pain.
Tomographic evaluation of TMJ in adolescents with temporomandibular disorders
Authors: Pereira Luciano José , Gavião Maria Beatriz Duarte
Published: April 2005

This study evaluated the TMJ images of normal subjects and of those who presented TMD (temporomandibular disorders) using linear tomography at rest position. Craniomandibular Index (CMI) and a questionnaire on subjective symptoms were used to assess 217 subjects aged 12 to 18 years. Those with the highest and the lowest scores were divided into Control (n = 20) and TMD groups (n = 20), respectively. Corrected tomography was used to measure the narrowest anterior, superior and posterior joint spaces, to determine the condyle position in all 40 subjects. The distance means did not correlate with CMI scores (p > 0.05). The number of posteriorly positioned condyles was significantly higher in TMD patients (p = 0.05), especially in females. It was concluded that condyle position in linear tomography at rest position cannot yield TMD diagnosis.
The influence of chemical activation on hardness of dual-curing resin cements
Authors: Fonseca Renata Garcia , Cruz Carlos Alberto dos Santos , Adabo Gelson Luis
Published: April 2005

During the cementation of metallic restorations, the polymerization of dual-curing resin cements depends exclusively on chemical activation. This study evaluated the influence of chemical activation compared with dual-curing (chemical and light activation), on the hardness of four dual-curing resin cements. In a darkened environment, equal weight proportions of base and catalyst pastes of the cements Scotchbond Resin Cement, Variolink II, Enforce and Panavia F were mixed and inserted into moulds with cavities of 4 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height. Subsequently, the cements were: 1) not exposed to light (chemical activation = self-cured groups) or 2) photoactivated (dual-curing = dual-cured groups). The Vickers hardness number was measured at 1 hour, 24 hours and 7 days after the start time of cements' spatulation. For all the cements, the hardness values of self-cured groups were lower than those of the respective dual-cured groups at 1 hour and 24 hours. At 7 days, this behavior continued for Variolink II and Panavia F, whilst for Scotchbond Resin Cement and Enforce there was no statistical difference between the two activation modes. All cements showed a significant increase in their hardness values from 1 hour to 7 days for both activation modes. Of the self-cured groups, Scotchbond Resin Cement and Variolink II presented the highest and the lowest hardness values, respectively, for all three times tested. Within the limitations of this study, up to the time of 24 h, chemical activation alone was unable to promote similar hardness as to that obtained with dual-curing.
Dentine bond strength of a composite resin polymerized with conventional light and argon laser
Authors: Lloret Patricia Ramos , Rode Kátia Martins , Turbino Míriam Lacalle
Published: April 2005

The use of argon laser (488 nm) has been suggested as a new alternative for polymerizing adhesive materials. This study aimed to evaluate the tensile bond strength of a microfilled composite (A110, 3M) inserted by incremental technique (3 increments of 1 mm) and by single increment (3 mm) polymerized by argon laser for 10, 20 and 30 seconds and halogen light for 40 seconds. Eighty (8 groups of 10 teeth) freshly extracted bovine teeth were stored in a freezer in distilled water for one week. The crowns were cross-sectioned from the roots. Pulpectomy was performed and the pulp chambers were sealed with wax. The buccal surfaces of the teeth were ground with wet sandpaper (grains: 120, 400, and 600) to expose the surface dentin, and the teeth were then included in acrylic resin. A metal device was used to fix each sample and a black propylene matrix25 (3 mm high with an internal millimetric delimitation) was used to insert the material according to the groups studied. The polymerization intervals were of 10, 20 and 30 seconds for the laser polymerization and 40 seconds for the conventional polymerization. Tensile tests were performed by a Universal Testing Machine 4442 (Instron) at a speed of 0.5 mm/min and 500 N load. According to the methodology used, the incremental technique increased bond strength values. There was no difference between the studied polymerization techniques when resin was filled in 3 increments.
Domestic Violence: A Review for Case Managers of Regulations, Women’s Center Services, and Referral Questions
Authors: Zeman Laura Dreuth
Published: April 2005

The need for knowledge about domestic violence is woven into the case management’s aim to strike a balance between quality and cost and its goal to coordinate care with community providers. The purpose of this article is to provide information for case managers on the current regulations that influence service delivery to victims of domestic battery, to provide an understanding of services provided by women’s centers, and to understand referral questions that may support referrals to domestic violence services.
Long-Term Care Insurance: Care Management Practice Issues
Authors: Quinn Joan , Pannone Patricia , Gruman Cynthia , Roja Maria
Published: April 2005

There are numerous articles about the pros and cons of long-term care insurance. However, for many people it is a solution for funding long-term care when they are in need of these services. The provision of appropriate care management to individuals, providers, and insurers results in a “win-win” for everyone. The article discusses the issues surrounding long-term care financing and delivery from the perspective of the groups mentioned previously.
Molecular mechanisms of RNAi: Implications for development and disease
Authors: Rao Meenakshi , Sockanathan Shanthini
Published: April 2005

Research over the past few years has led to dramatic new discoveries on the role of double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) in the cell. RNA duplexes have been shown to orchestrate epigenetic changes, repress translation, and direct mRNA degradation in a sequence‐specific manner. These diverse effects of dsRNA on gene expression have been termed RNA interference (RNAi). In addition to playing a role in viral defense and silencing transposons, RNAi also has a critical function in a number of developmental processes in the embryo. In this review, we explore these roles and discuss the molecular mechanisms behind dsRNA‐mediated gene silencing. Further, we address the use of RNAi as a tool to study gene function in biology, and as a strategy for treating human disease. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 75:28–42, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence in patients with previous partial spinal injury including disc prolapse
Authors: Jarrett M E D , Matzel K E , Christiansen J , Baeten C G M I , Rosen H , Bittorf B , Stösser M , Madoff R , Kamm M A
Published: April 2005

Background

This study examined the use of sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) to treat faecal incontinence in patients with partial spinal injury.

Methods

Patients selected for SNS had experienced more than one episode of faecal incontinence per week to liquid or solid stool for more than 1 year and had failed maximal conservative treatment. All patients had an intact external anal sphincter.

Results

Temporary SNS was performed in 13 patients (median age 58·5 (range 39–73) years). The spinal insults were disc prolapse (six), trauma (four), spinal stenosis (one) or occurred during neurosurgery (two). Twelve patients (eight women and four men) had successful temporary stimulation and proceeded to permanent implantation. The median follow-up time was 12 (range 6–24) months. The mean(s.d.) number of episodes of incontinence decreased from 9·33(7·64) per week at baseline to 2·39(3·69) at last follow-up (P = 0·012). The number of days per week with incontinence and staining decreased significantly (both P < 0·001). Ability to defer defaecation improved from a median of not being able to defer (range 0–1 min) to being able to defer for 5–15 (range 0 to over 15) min (P = 0·022).

Conclusion

SNS can benefit patients with faecal incontinence following partial spinal injury.
Incidence and prognostic significance of lateral lymph node metastasis in patients with advanced low rectal cancer
Authors: Ueno M , Oya M , Azekura K , Yamaguchi T , Muto T
Published: April 2005

Background

Lateral lymph node metastases occur in some patients with low rectal cancer and may cause local recurrence after total mesorectal excision. The aims of this study were to identify risk factors for lateral node metastases in patients with pathological tumour (pT) stage 3 or pT4 low rectal adenocarcinoma, and to evaluate the prognostic significance of lateral node metastases.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed of the outcome of 237 patients with pT3 or pT4 low rectal adenocarcinoma who underwent R0 resection with systematic lateral node dissection.

Results

Lateral lymph node metastases were found in 41 patients (17·3 per cent). Increased risk of lateral lymph node metastases was associated with a distal tumour margin close to the anal margin, histological type other than well or moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, and the presence of mesenteric lymph node metastases. Patients with lateral node metastases had a significantly shorter postoperative survival (5-year survival rate 42 versus 71·6 per cent; P < 0·001) and an increased risk of local recurrence (44 versus 11·7 per cent; P < 0·001) compared with those without lateral node metastases.

Conclusion

Tumour site, histological type and the presence of mesenteric lymph node metastasis are factors predicting the risk of lateral node metastasis. The poor prognosis of patients with lateral lymph node metastases after systematic lateral dissection suggests the need for adjuvant therapy.
Crystal structure, thermal behavior and IR investigation of 1,6‐diammonium hexan dihydrogenodiphosphate dihydrate
Authors: Charfi M. , Jouini A.
Published: April 2005

Physicochemical properties of (C6H18N2)H2P2O7·2H2O denoted DHDP are discussed on the basis of X‐ray crystal structure investigation. The compound crystallises in the triclinic system with P$\bar1$ space group. Its unit cell dimensions are a = 13.719(1) Å, b = 14.188(3) Å, c = 9.177(1) Å, α = 108.50(1)°, β = 91.11(1)°, γ = 115.47(1)°, V = 1503.8(4) Å3 and Z = 4. The structure has been solved using direct methods and refined to a reliability R factor 0.0401 for 4778 reflections. The main feature of the atomic arrangement of DHDP is the existence of infinite rows, parallel to the c direction of the unit cell, composed of H2P2O7 groups. These phosphoric rows are organised to create, with the help of the organic cation, large rectangular channels in which the unstable water molecule are located since they have high thermal parameters. Phosphoric anions and organic cations have no internal symmetry. DSC and TG‐DTA show that dehydration occurs in one step. Such dehydration process may be related to the similar environments on the water molecules residing in the channel. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Some New Nazarov Chemistry
Authors: Tius Marcus A.
Published: April 2005

The Nazarov cyclization is a 4π‐electron conrotatory cyclization of a pentadienyl cation that leads to a five‐membered ring, typically a cyclopentenone. Because the mechanism is well defined, it is often possible to make accurate and useful stereochemical predictions regarding the course of the reaction. Because the reaction intermediates are carbocations, it is also possible to devise tandem processes whereby the initial cyclization is followed by one or more C–C bond forming processes. In recent years, a number of advances have been made in the asymmetric version of the Nazarov cyclization, adding to its usefulness in total synthesis. It is the goal of this review to introduce the reader to some of the newer methodological advances roughly spanning the past ten years, and to do so within a mechanistic framework. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
The essential oil of the fruit of Garcinia huillensis Welw. ex. Oliv. from Zimbabwe
Authors: Chagonda Lameck S. , Chalchat Jean‐Claude
Published: April 2005

The edible fruits of Garcinia huillensis Welw. ex. Oliv. growing wild in the Gutu and Rusape areas of Zimbabwe were collected, hydrodistilled and examined by GC–MS for essential oil composition. The main components from the fruit collected from the Rasa area, Gutu, were α‐humulene (23.0%), valencene (18.2%), β‐caryophyllene (12.6%), caryophyllene oxide (6.3%) and δ‐selinene (5.0%). The Rusape oil contained β‐caryophyllene (53.9%), α‐humulene (10.1%) and valencene (4.0%) as the major components. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced and innovative chromatographic techniques for the study of citrus essential oils
Authors: Dugo Giovanni , Tranchida Peter Quinto , Cotroneo Antonella , Dugo Paola , Bonaccorsi Ivana , Marriott Philip , Shellie Robert , Mondello Luigi
Published: April 2005

A brief description is given of advanced chromatographic techniques currently employed in citrus essential oil analysis (the interactive use of linear retention indices and MS spectra probability matching in GC–MS; on‐line ‘heart cutting’ multidimensional chromatographic techniques, comprehensive GC and LC; fast GC and GC–MS; fast HPLC; HPLC–MS). A series of applications are reported, demonstrating both the valid and the potential of these methods. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A region on human chromosome 4 (q35.1→qter) induces senescence in cell hybrids and is involved in cervical carcinogenesis
Authors: Backsch Claudia , Rudolph Bettina , Kühne‐Heid Rosemarie , Kalscheuer Vera , Bartsch Oliver , Jansen Lars , Beer Katrin , Meyer Birgit , Schneider Achim , Dürst Matthias
Published: April 2005

Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 are known to play a major role in cervical carcinogenesis. Additional genetic alterations are required for the development and progression of cervical cancer. Previously, we showed that the introduction of an entire human chromosome 4 into HPV‐immortalized cells by microcell‐mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT) can induce senescence in cell hybrids. In the present study, we established eight new murine donor cell lines harboring different fragments of the human chromosome 4. These were tested for their ability to induce senescence by MMCT into HPV16‐immortalized keratinocytes (HPK II) and cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa). By exclusion, we could identify a region for a putative senescence gene or genes at 4q35.1→qter. Further evidence that this locus may be involved in cervical carcinogenesis was obtained by studying sections of high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN2/3) and cervical cancers from 87 women using a combination of interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (I‐FISH) and microsatellite PCR. I‐FISH indicated copy number loss at 4q34→qter. Microsatellite analysis showed that loss of one or more alleles at chromosome 4 was more frequent in the cervical carcinomas than in the CINs. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) affected four areas, D4S412 (4p16.3), D4S2394 (4q28.2), D4S3041 (4q32.3), and D4S408 (4q35.1), and was highest at D4S408. LOH at terminal 4q has been reported previously for cervical carcinomas and other human malignancies. This is the first report associating allelic loss at 4q34→qter with high‐grade intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical carcinoma, and the first experimental evidence that this locus or these loci can induce senescence in cervical carcinoma cells and HPV16‐immortalized cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effective guidance and controls: A formula for success?
Authors: Reider Rob
Published: April 2005

Some businesses are successful and long‐lived. Others come and go quickly. But is there a clearcut formula for success? The closest thing, argues the author, is effective business guidance and controls. And he gives some detailed advice on how to achieve that. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anti‐sense‐mediated inhibition of expression of the novel striated tropomyosin isoform TPM1κ disrupts myofibril organization in embryonic axolotl hearts
Authors: Zajdel Robert W. , Denz Christopher R. , Narshi Aruna , Dube Syamalima , Dube Dipak K.
Published: April 2005

Striated muscle tropomyosin (TM) is described as containing ten exons; 1a, 2b, 3, 4, 5, 6b, 7, 8, and 9a/b. Exon 9a/b has critical troponin binding domains and is found in striated muscle isoforms. We have recently discovered a smooth (exon 2a)/striated (exons 9a/b) isoform expressed in amphibian, avian, and mammalian hearts, designated as an isoform of the TPM1 gene (TPM1κ). TPM1κ expression was blocked in whole embryonic axolotl heart by transfection of exon‐specific anti‐sense oligonucleotide. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) confirmed lower transcript expression of TPM1κ and in vitro analysis confirmed the specificity of the TPM1κ anti‐sense oligonucleotide. Altered expression of the novel TM isoform disrupted myofibril structure and function in embryonic hearts. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of N‐cadherin misexpression by the mammary epithelium in mice
Authors: Knudsen Karen A. , Sauer Christa , Johnson Keith R. , Wheelock Margaret J.
Published: April 2005

N‐cadherin is not typically expressed by epithelial cells. However, it is detected in breast cancers and increases tumor cell migration and invasion in vitro. To explore its misexpression, we generated transgenic mice with N‐cadherin in the mammary epithelium. Mammary glands appeared normal and no tumors arose spontaneously. To investigate N‐cadherin misexpression in mammary tumors, neu was overexpressed through breeding. Tumors developed in +/neu and N‐cadherin/neu mice, although few tumors in bitransgenic mice expressed N‐cadherin, and they did not differ from N‐cadherin‐negative tumors. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the Raman spectra of natural and synthetic K‐ and Na‐jarosites at 298 and 77 K
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Wills Rachael‐Anne , Weier Matt L. , Martens Wayde
Published: April 2005

Raman spectroscopy at 298 and 77 K was used to characterize synthetic and natural jarosites of formula M2(Fe3+)6(SO4)4(OH)12, where M = K or Na. The natural jarosites are characterized by a well‐defined hydroxyl stretching pattern, in contrast to that of the synthetic jarosites. This difference is attributed to differences in hydrogen bonding in the mineral. Multiple Raman OH stretching bands are indicative of non‐equivalent OH units in the structure. Jarosites are characterized by an intense, sharp band between 1007 and 1010 cm−1 attributed to the sulfate symmetric stretching mode. The bandwidth for K‐jarosite is 4.4 cm−1 at 298 K and 3.6 cm−1 at 77 K in comparison with the values for synthetic jarosite of 10.0 (298 K) and 7.3 cm−1 (77 K). Differences in the spectra between the natural and synthetic jarosites are found. Reasons for these differences in the spectra are provided. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Part of the plan: A holistic approach to leading in a family business
Authors: McCann Greg
Published: April 2005

Family businesses face unique problems that threaten their chances of not only success but also survival. Considering family businesses' contributions to the economy and culture, their sustainability should be a concern to everyone, including policymakers. Here are some steps that family business leaders can take to keep their companies healthy.
RAFT Polymerization of Methyl Acrylate in Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Arita Toshihiko , Beuermann Sabine , Buback Michael , Vana Philipp
Published: April 2005

Summary:Reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerizations of methyl acrylate (MA) in solution containing either 22 vol.‐% CO2or toluene were performed at 80 °C and 300 bar using cumyl dithiobenzoate (CDB) at concentrations between 1.8 × 10−3to 2.5 × 10−2mol · L−1as the RAFT agent. Product molecular weight distributions and average molecular weights indicated the successful control of MA polymerization in CO2, even at low CDB concentrations. RAFT polymerization rates were strongly retarded by CDB and were lower in CO2than in toluene solution. The enhanced fluidity associated with the addition of CO2to the polymerizing system provided access to mechanistic details of RAFT polymerization. The data of the present study into MA, together with our recent results on RAFT polymerization of styrene in solution of CO2and of toluene, suggest that self‐termination of intermediate RAFT radicals is responsible for retardation in case of high concentrations of this intermediate and in case of enhanced fluidity, which may be achieved by polymerization in solution of CO2.

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Safety in Emulsion Polymerization Reactors: An Experimental Study
Authors: Azpeitia Maider , Leiza Jose R. , Asua Jose M.
Published: April 2005

Summary: The risk parameters of the high‐solids‐content emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate/butyl acrylate/acrylic acid (78.5/18.5/3 wt.‐%) were studied. The effect of the polymer/monomer ratio, the total solids content, the initiator/monomer ratio, the non‐swollen polymer particle size, and the process temperature on the onset temperature for runaway, the adiabatic temperature increase, and the maximum temperature and pressure achieved was studied. These data are needed to determine the safety limits for the variables of this system considering the worst case scenario; namely, a runaway reaction under adiabatic conditions. It was found that the onset temperature is always below the typical process temperature for this system (70–80 °C). Therefore, in the case of a cooling system failure (i.e., electrical failure) the runaway reaction will take place. Relatively high pressures (up to 6 bar) were monitored during the runaway.

Evolution of the maximum pressures reached during all the experiments versus the polymer‐to‐monomer ratio ‘r’ and the process temperature ‘Twork’.

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Evolution of the maximum pressures reached during all the experiments versus the polymer‐to‐monomer ratio ‘r’ and the process temperature ‘Twork’.
Performance measures in tax administration: Chile as a case study
Authors: Serra Pablo
Published: April 2005

The article proposes a set of tax administration performance measures and contrasts them with measures actually used by the Chilean tax administration agency. The goals assumed for the tax administration agency (TA) are to maximize tax revenue collection and provide quality services to taxpayers. Ideal performance measures (PMs) would measure the deviation of actual outcome from a best‐practice standard, given the value of all variables affecting organisation performance that are outside management control. The key challenge is to build and calculate these best‐practice outcomes. In Chile the PM in use, for the first goal, is the ratio of actual to potential tax revenue collection. This PM does adjust revenue collection for variations in the tax structure and rate, but it fails to control other variables that affect performance such as the TA budget and per capita income. The PM in use, for the second goal, is taxpayer satisfaction measured through sample surveys. This seems the appropriate PM, as quality of taxpayer services depends directly on the TA efforts to improve them. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and characterization of a novel biodegradable poly(p‐dioxanone)/montmorillonite nanocomposite
Authors: Huang Fu‐Yun , Wang Yu‐Zhong , Wang Xiu‐Li , Yang Ke‐Ke , Zhou Qian , Ding Song‐Dong
Published: April 2005

Poly(p‐dioxanone) (PPDO)/montmorillonite nanocomposites were prepared through the in situ ring‐opening polymerization of p‐dioxanone (PDO) and three types of montmorillonites (natural sodium montmorillonite, montmorillonite modified by octadecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, and montmorillonite modified by hydroxyethylhexadecyldimethyl ammonium bromine) in the presence of triethylaluminum. Montmorillonite could accelerate the polymerization of PDO, and the viscosity‐average molecular weight of PPDO could reach 44,900 g/mol in 0.5 h. A nucleating effect of montmorillonite was observed, and the crystallization temperature of PPDO was increased by 18 °C. All three montmorillonites could improve the thermal stability of PPDO and increase the glass‐transition and melting temperatures of PPDO. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2298‐2303, 2005
Azobenzene‐based initiator for atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate
Authors: Wang Gang , Zhu Xiulin , Zhenping Cheng , Zhu Jian
Published: April 2005

2‐Bromopropionic acid 2‐(4‐phenylazophenyl)ethyl ester, 2‐bromopropionic acid 6‐(4‐phenylazophenoxy)hexyl ester (BPA6), 2‐bromopropionic acid‐(4‐phenylazoanilide), and 2‐bromopropionic acid 4‐[4‐(2‐bromopropionyloxy)phenylazo]phenyl ester (BPPE) were used as initiators with monofunctional or difunctional azobenzene for the heterogeneous atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate with a copper(I) chloride/N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine catalytic system. The rates of polymerizations exhibited first‐order kinetics with respect to the monomer, and a linear increase in the number‐average molecular weight with increasing monomer conversion was observed for these initiation systems. The polydispersity indices of the polymer were relatively low (1.15–1.44) up to high conversions in all cases. The fastest rate of polymerization and the highest initiation efficiency were achieved with BPA6, and this could be explained by the longer distance between the halogen and azobenzene groups and the better solubility of the BPA6 initiator. The redshifting of the UV absorptions of the polymers only occurred for the BPPE‐initiated system. The intensity of the UV absorptions of the polymers were weaker than those of the corresponding initiators in chloroform and decreased with the increasing molecular weights of the polymers in all cases. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2358–2367, 2005
Insecticidal activity of the pyrimidine nucleoside analogue (E)‐5‐(2‐bromovinyl)‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BVDU)
Authors: Breuer Michael , De Loof Arnold , Balzarini Jan , Huybrechts Roger
Published: April 2005

The insecticidal activity of the antiherpetic agent (E)‐5‐(2‐bromovinyl)‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BVDU) was assessed in in vivo assays against the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). BVDU, mixed into an artificial diet, caused a variety of effects, depending on the concentration used. Compared with controls, food intake was lower, larval growth was retarded and larval development was prolonged. The treated larvae formed smaller pupae and the hatching moths often showed morphogenetic defects. A higher mortality could be found in larval and pupal stages and was generally caused by moult disruption. A choice assay showed that BVDU has very slight feeding‐deterrent properties, which only partly explain the toxic effects. The agent most probably acts through its cytostatic activity that has been described previously using cell lines of different insect species. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
A molecular model to explain paclitaxel and docetaxel sensitivity changes through adduct formation with primary amines in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Iyer Sunil S. , Gao Songmei , Zhang Zong‐Ping , Kellogg Glen E. , Karnes H. Thomas
Published: April 2005

The objective of this study was to adopt a molecular modeling approach to understand changes in signal intensity due to adduct formation with short‐chain alkylamines for two anticancer agents, paclitaxel and docetaxel, during electrospray mass spectrometric analysis. We describe a simple and intuitive modeling procedure using a comparison of hydropathic interaction (HINT) scores to explain differences in responses of amine adducts formed with the two analytes. The responses of paclitaxel and docetaxel were generally enhanced considerably (up to ∼500% in some instances) on adding the amines. However, for the docetaxel adduct formed with added decylamine in the mobile phase, the response dropped by 32%. A mechanistic understanding for this behavior is proposed, and binding scores calculated from corresponding molecular models were found to be consistent with the trend obtained from mass spectrometric data. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
13C and 18O isotopic analysis to determine the origin of L‐tartaric acid
Authors: Serra F. , Reniero F. , Guillou C. G. , Moreno J. M. , Marinas J. M. , Vanhaecke F.
Published: April 2005

Due to the ever‐increasing amount of attention paid to the ‘naturalness’ of ingredients in food and beverages by both consumers and controlling authorities, the search for suitable methods for the characterisation of origin is of primary importance. Within the European Community the wine production industry is often faced with the problem of origin control of tartaric acid. This has led to the decision that only L‐tartaric acid extracted from grapes (therefore natural) should be used. In order to implement these regulations, a screening of different techniques has been carried out to assess the methodology that best identifies the origin of the tartaric acid. It has already been indicated in previous scientific literature that isotope ratio mass spectrometry is an ideal technique for this type of identification. In this paper we present the results obtained for the measurement of the isotope ratios of carbon‐13 and oxygen‐18 of natural and synthetic samples of L‐tartaric acid considering also natural samples of different geographical origin and years of production. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In‐source fragmentation and analysis of polysaccharides by capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Jianjun , Wang Zhan , Altman Eleonora
Published: April 2005

In order to develop a robust and easy‐to‐use technique for characterization of bacterial polysaccharides, a pseudo‐hydrolysis strategy was investigated. Based on in‐source collision‐induced dissociation, polysaccharide molecular ions were fragmented within the orifice‐skimmer region of an electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometer. The fragment ions thus generated were then analyzed similarly to the conventional ESI mass spectrometry approach. MS/MS scanning was applied to obtain product‐ion spectra of the primary fragments for sequencing. To further improve the sensitivity and separation of polysaccharides from other components in the samples, a pressure‐assisted capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CE/MS) system was employed. Using bacterial polysaccharides as model compounds, the mass spectra obtained for polysaccharide repeating units generated through chemical hydrolysis and in‐source fragmentation were directly compared, both in positive and negative ion modes. With the additional separation of impurities provided by CE, the success of this technique has been demonstrated for structural analysis of O‐chain polysaccharides (O‐PS) and capsular polysaccharides (CPS). In‐source fragmentation was applied to promote the formation of structurally relevant repeating units of heterogeneous CPS that would remain undetected using conventional ESI conditions. This approach was proven to be particularly useful for probing the subtle structural differences in monosaccharide composition and functionalities arising across bacterial serotypes. Copyright © 2005 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.