bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Geometric Parameters on Intake Performance of 3D Ramp‐Type Scramjet Inlet
Authors: Kang Sunoh , Kwon Sung Ha , Park Donghun
Published: December 2024

The methods based on the assumption of inviscid flow are typically used for the initial design of the scramjet inlet geometry, but the presence of a viscous boundary layer can degrade the validity of the results and lead to nonoptimal operation. This study explored the design space of three‐dimensional ramp‐type scramjet inlet geometry and investigated the intake performance including the viscous effect based on computational fluid dynamics. The baseline scramjet inlet was defined, and Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) analysis was performed to identify the basic flow structure and the intake performance. The major geometric parameters of the inlet were defined, and the one‐factor‐at‐a‐time (OFAT) method was applied to the baseline geometry to investigate the changes in intake performance according to changes in each geometric parameter. The variations of the intake performance as a function of multiple geometric parameters are also examined through the surrogate model generated for the response surface of the intake performance parameters. The combinations of geometric parameters were sampled by using Latin hypercube sampling, RANS analysis was performed for sampled points, and the surrogate model was generated using ordinary kriging. The overall tendency of intake performance from the response surfaces was compared to observation from OFAT analysis. The optimal inlet geometries were explored by selecting appropriate objective functions and applying the genetic algorithm‐based multiobjective optimization. Several optimal solutions were selected from the resulting Pareto front, and their intake performance was evaluated.
Characteristics and Effectiveness of XP‐Endo Files and Systems: A Narrative Review
Authors: Alkahtany Sarah M. , Alfadhel Rana , AlOmair Aseel , Durayhim Sarah Bin
Published: December 2024

Background: XP‐endo files are composed of Max‐Wire alloy, which was developed by FKG Dentaire (La Chaux‐de‐Fonds, Switzerland). This alloy, known as Martensite‐Austenite Electropolish Flex, is the first NiTi alloy used in endodontics to combine the shape memory effect with superelasticity for use in clinical practice.

Objective: This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing knowledge and evidence regarding different XP‐endo files and systems, XP‐endo Finisher (XPEF), XP‐endo Shaper (XPES), XP‐endo Retreatment (XPER), XP‐endo Rise (XPE‐Rise), and XPE‐Rise Retreatment (XPE‐Rise‐R), to help clinicians understand their different properties and recommended clinical uses. Moreover, this review aims to identify future research opportunities in this field.

Materials and Methods: A search was performed in the PubMed database using the keywords “XP endo” or “XP‐endo”. A total of 309 studies were identified during the initial search, and then initial abstract screening was conducted. The inclusion criteria included any study that aimed to evaluate XP endo files and systems on permanent teeth, either in vivo or in vitro. We excluded studies that were unrelated to the subject, literature reviews, case studies, and studies that employed deciduous teeth. Finally, we performed an extensive review of the selected 130 studies, which we assessed, summarized, and classified based on the specific XP‐endo file used.

Conclusion: Overall, XP‐endo files offer significant improvements in endodontic treatment. XPEF excels in irrigation activation and medicament removal, and XPES succeeds in canal cleaning, shaping, and retreatment. The XPER system, which incorporates the XPEF‐R file, shows promise in removing root‐filling materials, but its performance is inconsistent compared to other retreatment systems. We have found limited information regarding the latest XPE‐Rise and XPE‐Rise‐R systems, additional research is required to fully determine their comparative effectiveness and optimize their clinical application.
Young‐Onset Diabetes in Sri Lanka: Experience From the Developing World
Authors: Arambewela Maulee Hiromi , Mathara Diddhenipothage Shani A. D. , Subasinghe Chandrika Jayakanthi , Wijenayake Umesha Nuwanrasee , Jayakody Surangi , Ratnayake Gowri M. , Antonypillai Charles , Abhayaratne Sachith , Garusinghe Chaminda , Katulanda Prasad , Somasundaram Noel , Bulugahapitiya Uditha , Sumanatilleke Manilka , Wijesinghe Achini , Muthukuda Dimuthu , Pathmanathan Sivatharshya , Samarasekara Tharanga , Kaluarachchi V. T. S. , Samarasinghe Gayani , de Silva Nipun Lakshitha , Seneviratne Sumudu Nimali , Suntharesan Jananie , Gunatilake Sonali Sihindi Chapa
Published: December 2024

Background: Young‐onset diabetes (YOD) is characterised by unique diagnostic and management challenges more pronounced in resource‐limited settings like Sri Lanka.

Aims: We aimed to ascertain the prevalence, patterns and characteristics of YOD in Sri Lanka and describe the state of care.

Methods: Retrospective review of baseline data of all patients enrolled in the prospective multicentre Database for Young‐Onset Diabetes, Sri Lanka (DYOD‐SL), was performed, from April 2021 to April 2023.

Results: A total of 2531 patient data were included from 28 centres island‐wide. Females were 57.6%. The median age was 20 years (interquartile range (IQR) 17, 23), and the age at diagnosis was 15 years (IQR 12, 18). Type 1 diabetes (T1D) was the commonest (57.6%), followed by Type 2 diabetes (T2D) at 34.3%. Younger age at disease onset (p < 0.001), lower BMI (p < 0.001), and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at presentation (p < 0.001) favoured T1D. In the total cohort, the median HbA1c was 9.8% (IQR 7.8, 12.1) with younger patients having poorer control (p = 0.001). Prevalence of nephropathy was 8.1%, retinopathy was 6.6%, neuropathy was 4.1%, moderate–high‐risk diabetic foot disease was 1.9%, and macrovascular complications were 0.5%. Hypertension and dyslipidaemia occurred in 2.7% and 14%, respectively. Among patients > 18 years, overweight and obese were 22.2% and 10.4%. Corresponding prevalence in the 5–18‐year age group was 20% and 14.7%. Among the insulin users (76%) in the total cohort, the majority (64.7%) were on premixed‐based insulin regimens delivered by syringes. Self‐monitoring of blood glucose (BG) was reported in 71.3% of the total population. None were on continuous/flash glucose monitoring or insulin pumps.

Conclusion: T1D was the commonest subtype of YOD in this hospital‐based population. However, T2D was notably higher and is of significant concern. Overall, suboptimal glycaemic control and high rate of complications were noted along with substandard insulin regimens and BG monitoring.
Cytotoxicity, Antiadipogenic, Low‐Density Lipoprotein Oxidation Inhibitory Activities, and Acute Toxicity Study of Psychotria densinervia Hydroethanolic Leaf and Bark Extracts
Authors: Mba Jean Romuald , Zouheira Djamila , Guetchueng Stephanie Tamdem , Daïrou Hadidjatou , Djouonzo Paul Toukam , Ayong Lawrence , Kuiate Jules-Roger , Agbor Gabriel A.
Published: December 2024

Background: Obesity is increasingly taking an important stage as a cause of death worldwide, and interventions with a good cost‐effectiveness ratio are needed. Psychotria densinervia is one of these natural products with health benefits. Objective. The present study evaluated the cytotoxicity, antiadipogenic, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), oxidation inhibitory activities, and acute toxicity of Psychotria densinervia hydroethanolic leaf and bark extracts.

Methods: The cytotoxicity evaluation of the extracts (62.5, 125, 250, and 500 μg/mL) using the MTT assay and the antiadipogenic activity (25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL) using oleic acid were carried out in SW‐872 cells. Copper sulfate (CuSO4)‐induced oxidation was used in the evaluation of the effect of extracts (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL) against LDL oxidation. The oral acute toxicity evaluation of a single dose of 2000 mg/kg of the extracts was performed in Wistar albino rats weighing 127 ± 2 g.

Results: The leaf and bark extracts did not show any sign of cytotoxicity at the tested concentrations. The best antiadipogenic activity was observed by the standard orlistat (38.45 ± 1.70 μg/mL), followed by the leaf extract (IC50: 41.47 ± 0.50 μg/mL) and the least the bark extract (IC50: 107.50 ± 0.90 μg/mL). At a concentration of 1 mg/mL, the leaf extract presented an oxidation lag time of 130 min, which was higher and better than that of the bark extract (120 min). Quercetin (standard) presented an oxidation lag time longer than 3 h. The oral acute toxicity evaluation did not show any signs of toxicity indicating that the LD50 was greater than 2000 mg/kg.

Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, the P. densinervia hydroethanolic leaf extract possesses a better antioxidant and antiadipogenic activities than the bark extract.
Descriptive Mappings of Global‐Related Research Studies on Invertebrates in the Context of Agriculture
Authors: Idamokoro Emrobowansan Monday , Niba Augustine Suh
Published: December 2024

Invertebrates form a vital component of agricultural ecosystems, and they are chief actors in sustaining the functions of the ecosystem and soil health. Scholarly publications that concentrated on visualizing the research outputs and trends on invertebrates and agriculture are scarce. In this paper, we adopted a bibliometric model to extract trends/research studies on invertebrates and agriculture between 1991 and 2022, using scholarly studies retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) databank. Therefore, the aim of the study is to assess and analyse publications and findings on research studies/trends on invertebrates and agriculture. A total of 1201 articles were recovered from the WoS databank with average citations per doc and coauthors per document ratio of 31.22 and 4.79, respectively. Studies on invertebrates and agriculture research studies were positively correlated with the number of years (R2 = 0.7803; y = 3.4661x − 19.659) signifying an upsurge in the amount of publications on this topic in the near future. The United States maintained a top position in terms of published outputs (n = 312) and citations (n = 14,113), followed by Germany (n = 75; n = 3686) and the United Kingdom (n = 70; n = 3117), respectively. Articles from the United States (n = 67) and China (n = 32) had strong networks with other nations of the world. Top subject priorities in this research field in terms of author keywords are agriculture (n = 141), biodiversity (n = 66), arthropods (n = 66) and biological control/ecosystem services (n = 46). From our findings, economically stable nations such as the United States, Germany, China, the United Kingdom and Australia are carrying out more research on this subject matter compared to the developing countries. We also found out that from the thematic evolution and literature results, invertebrate research in the context of agriculture is tending towards biogeography, farmland biodiversity, insecticides and organic agriculture, which are of immense importance to scientists and researchers in this research domain, thus signifying the direction/path of future research.
Association of Baseline Mitral Valve Area With Procedural and Clinical Outcomes of Mitral Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair: Insights From the OCEAN-Mitral Registry
Authors: Mushiake Kazunori , Kubo Shunsuke , Ono Sachiyo , Maruo Takeshi , Nishiura Naoki , Osakada Kohei , Kadota Kazushige , Yamamoto Masanori , Saji Mike , Asami Masahiko , Enta Yusuke , Nakashima Masaki , Shirai Shinichi , Izumo Masaki , Mizuno Shingo , Watanabe Yusuke , Amaki Makoto , Kodama Kazuhisa , Yamaguchi Junichi , Izumi Yuki , Naganuma Toru , Bota Hiroki , Ohno Yohei , Yamawaki Masahiro , Ueno Hiroshi , Mizutani Kazuki , Otsuka Toshiaki , Hayashida Kentaro ,   on behalf of the OCEAN-Mitral Investigators
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND:

A small mitral valve area (MVA) is one of the challenging anatomies for transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) for mitral regurgitation, but the relationship between baseline MVA and clinical outcomes remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the association of baseline MVA with procedural and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing TEER with MitraClip from the OCEAN-Mitral registry (Optimized Catheter Valvular Intervention-Mitral).

METHODS:

A total of 1768 patients undergoing TEER were divided into 3 groups according to baseline MVA: group 1: <4.0 cm
2
, n=358; group 2: 4.0–5.0 cm
2
, n=493; and group 3: ≥5.0 cm
2
, n=917. The primary end point was a composite of all-cause death and heart failure hospitalization within 2 years of TEER and compared between the 3 groups.

RESULTS:

Patients with smaller MVA had significantly fewer clips implanted and higher postprocedural transmitral mean pressure gradient. There was no significant difference in the acute procedural success rate and postprocedural mitral regurgitation severity between the 3 groups. The incidence of the primary end point was similar in group 1 compared with groups 2 and 3 (35.2% versus 34.5% versus 34.0%;
P
=0.96) and was also similar in patients with MVA <3.5 cm
2
and those with MVA 3.5 to 4.0 cm
2
. The adjusted risk of MVA <4.0 cm
2
relative to MVA of 4.0 to 5.0 cm
2
and MVA ≥5 cm
2
for the primary end point remained insignificant (hazard ratio, 1.06 [95% CI, 0.79–1.41];
P
=0.68; hazard ratio, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.75–1.31];
P
=0.96, respectively). At 1 year, no significant difference in the proportion of residual mitral regurgitation 3+/4+ was observed between the 3 groups (7.2% versus 4.4% versus 6.5%;
P
=0.49).

CONCLUSIONS:

In patients undergoing TEER, a small MVA <4.0 cm
2
may limit the number of clips implanted and increase the transmitral pressure gradient after TEER, but baseline MVA was not associated with mitral regurgitation reduction and clinical outcomes.

REGISTRATION:

URL:
https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgiope n-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000027188
; Unique identifier: UMIN000023653.
Between Believing and Not Believing
Authors: Barbierato Frederico
Published: December 2024

This article, focusing on the Venetian context, aims to provide an overview of atheism, particularly of a ‘popular’ nature, with a special emphasis on the seventeenth century. By analyzing a few cases and the evolution of historiographical developments on early modern Italy, it seeks to demonstrate that unbelieving and openly atheistic points of view were indeed present in popular, non-academic circles, and that the dynamics of contamination between levels of culture were constant and not always linked to top-down acculturation processes.
Motives for Becoming a Christian in the Second and Third Centuries
Authors: Roukema Riemer
Published: December 2024

Initially a valedictory lecture, this essay discusses the question for which motives people joined the Christians in the second and third centuries. It analyzes the conversion accounts of Justin Martyr, Tatian the Assyrian, Clement of Alexandria, Gregory the Wonderworker, Cyprian of Carthage, and the story about Thecla of Iconium. Next, it pays attention to the role of simple preachers, the Roman persecutions, and especially the love and care that Christians displayed to both fellow-believers and non-Christian friends and neighbors during plagues. With reference to Cyprian of Carthage and Dionysius of Alexandria and in agreement with Rodney Stark it is argued that someone who was supported was more likely to survive the pandemic than those who were abandoned by their relatives and friends. It is likely that therefore such non-Christians have converted thanks to their experiences with Christians.
Simultaneous duplicate species descriptions of isopods from Brazilian caves (Crustacea, Isopoda, Styloniscidae)
Authors: CARDOSO GIOVANNA MONTICELLI , BASTOS-PEREIRA RAFAELA , SOUZA LEILA APARECIDA , FERREIRA RODRIGO LOPES
Published: December 2024

It has come to our attention that zoological material from the same caves was independently used in two separate studies, both published in 12 December 2024 (Cardoso et al. 2024; López-Orozco et al. 2024), resulting in different names being assigned to the same species.
Competition in Collaboration: The Problem of (Mis)Aligned Perception
Authors: Thatchenkery Sruthi , Piezunka Henning
Published: December 2024

Despite the benefits associated with interorganizational collaborations, they often fail to meet partnering firms’ expectations. A common issue is competitive tension between partners. Yet, competitive tension is a well-known issue in collaboration, such that partners should be able to set expectations and manage it accordingly. Why, then, does competitive tension often derail collaborations? We suggest that whether partners perceive each other as competitors is a key but understudied aspect of how competition shapes collaboration. We hypothesize that misaligned perception—one firm perceiving the other as a competitor but not vice versa—leads to misplaced expectations about partner behavior and collaboration performance and subsequent failure to meet those expectations. We test our theory in the U.S. software industry and find that collaborations characterized by misaligned perception are less likely to be renewed, even after controlling for partner quality and market overlap (i.e., objective competitive tension). Our examination of the social structure surrounding collaborations illustrates how the perceptions of third parties can moderate the effect of misaligned perception. We examine mechanisms and find that misalignment is linked to litigation between partners and lower collaboration performance. We contribute to the literatures on interfirm collaboration and on perception in social networks.
More Liberty, More Rules? Abortion Policy and the Liberalization-Rule Nexus
Authors: Knill Christoph , Hinterleitner Markus , Fernández-i-Marín Xavier , Steinebach Yves
Published: December 2024

While conventional wisdom often equates liberalization with deregulation, theoretical arguments from different scientific backgrounds suggest that states tend to increase their rule stock when they adopt more liberal policies. This article studies the case of abortion policy to better understand the liberalization-rule nexus. By examining data from 25 countries over 50years, we empirically assess the dynamics between liberalization events and corresponding regulatory changes. Our findings reveal that while the majority of countries does indeed introduce more rules upon liberalizing abortion, the extent of these regulatory changes varies considerably. The analysis suggests that the extent of rule growth depends on the conflicts that characterize liberalization processes in particular countries and time periods. Right-leaning governments, religious groups and institutional veto players are shown to have a positive influence on rule growth. On the contrary, higher levels of liberalization reduce the necessity for additional rules. By illuminating a contested empirical relationship, the article helps to better understand the implications of liberalization in modern democracies.
Association between clinical factors and the choice of palliative care setting among cancer patients: A post-hoc analysis of a cohort study
Authors: Corli Oscar , Porcu Luca , Bosetti Cristina , Recchia Angela , De Giorgi Silvia , Lonati Giada , Rizzi Barbara
Published: December 2024

Introduction:

In the literature, the data about the factors related to the choice of the setting at patient’s first palliative care admission visit are scanty. In fact it seems that the choice between home or hospice care is mainly based on the opinions and needs of patients, families and physicians. This study aims to address the association between the clinical factors detected at the first palliative visit in advanced cancer patients and the choice of palliative care setting (i.e., hospice or home care).

Methods:

This is a monocentric, prospective cohort study. A total of 1811 consecutive patients with advanced cancer, admitted to the VIDAS Palliative Care service (hospice/ home care), Milan, Italy in 2018-2020 were included.

Results:

In the univariate analysis, several clinical comorbidities and physiological deficits were associated with hospice admittance; while patients with more severe symptoms of anxiety, asthenia, depression, and pain were associated with home care admittance. In the multivariate logistic analysis, six clinical factors were associated with the risk of hospice admission: anxiety (OR 0.16), brain metastases (OR 1.67), severe sleep-wake rhythm upset (OR 1.79), bone/vertebral fractures (OR 2.12), intestinal occlusion or sub-occlusion (OR 2.16), and cachexia (OR 2.25). The multivariate cluster analysis confirmed the link observed with the previous statistical analyses.

Conclusion:

The results of this analysis showed that some clinical factors were closely related to the chosen palliative care setting and should be taken into consideration a priori to deciding the most appropriate place of care.
Can outrage be truly moral?
Authors: Jiménez-Leal William , Cortissoz-Mora Carlos
Published: December 2024

We critically examine the concept of moral outrage within the context of contemporary psychological and moral theory. The prevailing assumption that moral outrage should be a form of disinterested anger—where the individual is uninvolved—presents significant challenges for understanding its moral character. We propose a socioconstructionist approach to moral emotions, arguing that outrage is not inherently disinterested but rather deeply embedded in social norms. By examining moral anger and outrage through this lens, we show that outrage, though often seen as subjective or selfish, can still serve prosocial functions and uphold moral standards. We discuss how norms shape the expression of moral emotions, suggesting that outrage not only responds to norm violations but also plays a role in shaping these norms. We conclude by proposing a more nuanced understanding of moral outrage that integrates personal involvement and normativity to reconcile its subjective nature with its social and moral significance. This approach provides a framework for more robust empirical studies and a deeper understanding of the relationship between emotions, morality, and social norms.
Reviewing the Impacts of Natural and Technological Disasters on the End-Stage Kidney Disease Community
Authors: El-Khoury Bashir B. , Kelly Faith R. , Sherman-Morris Kathleen
Published: December 2024

The impact and severity of natural disasters and hazards have been increasing in the United States and throughout the world. With our mounting reliance and dependence on technology in our industrialized society, technological disasters also have become more commonplace. Although disasters may occur with little to no warning, these risks are felt to be acceptable despite their ability to impact large populations. Natural and technological disasters disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, including those with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). The impact of natural and technological disasters on the ESKD community has been closely examined via numerous case studies and through the lens of particular disasters, but there is a paucity of data exploring the impacts of natural and technological disasters on the ESKD community by disaster type. A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar, and relevant articles pertaining to the impacts of natural and technological disasters on the ESKD community were reviewed. More than 50 studies were reviewed in total. This review aimed to identify common patterns and trends observed in the impacts of different disaster types on the ESKD community to better prepare patients and their providers before the next disaster strikes.
Determinants of Environmental Pollution in China: Novel Findings from ARDL Method
Authors: Xuan Vu Ngoc
Published: December 2024

This study examines how EC, FF use, RC, POP growth, trade, GDP, and CO2 emissions are interrelated in China. It aims to clarify how these factors together impact environmental pollution and economic sustainability. The motivation stems from China’s dual challenge of sustaining economic growth while mitigating environmental degradation, particularly CO2 emissions. Understanding the intricate relationships among these variables is critical for shaping adequate energy and environmental policies in the context of China’s growing role as a global economic power. The empirical methodology utilizes time-series data from 2000 to 2023 and applies econometric techniques, including Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). These methods allow for exploring both long-term and short-term dynamics among the variables and identifying causal relationships. The key findings reveal a significant long-term relationship between EC, FF use, GDP, and CO2 emissions, with RC increasingly crucial in mitigating carbon emissions. In the short term, there is bidirectional causality between energy utilization and economic growth, indicating mutual feedback between energy demand and economic development. POP growth and trade activities also significantly influence energy utilization patterns and emissions. The policy implications are profound: China must prioritize promoting RC, enhancing energy efficiency, and strengthening environmental regulations to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation. Policies should also integrate sustainable urban planning and international cooperation to accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy. These strategies ensure China can meet its economic goals without compromising environmental sustainability.
DDT and Its Metabolites in Ethiopian Aquatic Ecosystems: Environmental and Health Implications
Authors: Melake Bealemlay Abebe , Alamirew Tamagnu Sintie , Endalew Salie Mulat
Published: December 2024

Background:

Despite its significant application, DDT and its metabolites pose a potential threat to the environment. Therefore, data on environmental and health concerns must thus be investigated.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to assess the environmental and human health risks posed by DDT and its metabolites in Ethiopian surface waters.

Methods:

The total amount of DDT and its metabolites consumed as a sum (∑DDT) is calculated by considering their equivalent toxicity. To calculate the human risk from drinking contaminated water, the maximum concentrations in all of Ethiopia’s surface waterways were pooled. The average concentration values were added to calculate the human risk from consuming fish contaminated with ∑DDT. Similarly, ∑DDT residues in water can be used to predict the potential environmental risk.

Results:

A higher level of ∑DDT in surface water was detected in Gilgel Gibe I hydroelectric dam reservoir and its tributaries with an average concentration of 640 ng/l. There is no health risk associated with drinking these surface waters because the concentrations of ∑DDT were below the WHO’s recommended level. In fish samples, B. intermedius accumulated a higher level of ∑DDT (21.47 ng/g ww). With the exception of local infants, ∑DDT does not pose a non-carcinogenic risk to any age group. However, consuming fish contaminated with ∑DDT poses an unacceptable risk of cancer to all age categories. The risk posed by ∑DDT on aquatic species is highly likely. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) value indicates that fish tissue does not absorb ∑DDT directly from the water.

Conclusion:

The prevalence of ∑DDT would link to both historical pollution and their current application in vector control. Ecosystems are frequently exposed to chemical mixes later in life; thus, rather than focusing on the ideal case of exposure to a single toxin, future studies can examine the mixture toxicity of numerous organic contaminants.
Long-term safety of gantenerumab in participants with Alzheimer's disease: A phase III, open-label extension study (SCarlet RoAD)
Authors: Boada Mercè , Neve Anuja , Das Bibha , Wojtowicz Jakub , Huang Zhiyue , Bullain Szofia , Watkin Michelle , Lott Dominik , Bittner Tobias , Delmar Paul , Klein Gregory , Hofmann Carsten , Kerchner Geoffrey A , Smith Janice , Baudler Monika , Fontoura Paulo , Doody Rachelle S
Published: December 2024

Background

Gantenerumab is a fully human anti-amyloid-β (Aβ) immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody for subcutaneous (SC) administration. The efficacy and safety of low-dose (105 mg or 225 mg) gantenerumab were investigated in SCarlet RoAD (SR; NCT01224106), a Phase III, double-blind (DB), placebo-controlled study in participants with prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Following a pre-planned futility analysis, SR was converted into an open-label extension (OLE) study.

Objective

To assess the long-term safety and tolerability of SC gantenerumab at doses of up to 1200 mg every 4 weeks (Q4W) in OLE participants who previously received placebo or gantenerumab in the DB part of SR.

Methods

Participants of the DB part of SR, who met the eligibility criteria for the OLE, were offered the opportunity to receive gantenerumab up-titrated to 1200 mg Q4W according to prespecified titration regimens. Safety and tolerability were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), physical and neurologic examinations, and adverse event monitoring.

Results

Overall, 154 participants were rolled over from the DB part of SR and received at least one dose of gantenerumab in the SR OLE. The median duration of treatment was 2.9 years (152.9 weeks). Forty-seven (30.5%) participants had an amyloid-related imaging abnormalities – edema (ARIA-E) MRI finding, and 51 (33.1%) had an ARIA – hemorrhage MRI finding. Most ARIA-E findings were asymptomatic and manageable by MRI monitoring and dose intervention. There were no unexpected safety findings.

Conclusions

SC gantenerumab at doses of up to 1200 mg Q4W was well tolerated with no unexpected safety findings in participants with prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT01224106
The technology multiple: The robot avatar substituting for the ill body
Authors: Nordtug Maja , Haldar Marit
Published: December 2024

In this article, we explore how a very simple telepresence robot avatar becomes a technology multiple when interacting with humans. Based on Mol’s notion of the body multiple, we explore how AV1 – a social telepresence robot avatar designed to act as a substitute in schools for homebound students – becomes a technology multiple. The analysis is based on 105 interviews, including interviews with homebound students and kindergarteners in Norway using AV1 and/or their guardians, interviews with school workers, and focus group interviews with classmates. In the analysis, we explore AV1 as a plastic bust, a toy, a creep, an avatar, and a reverse cyborg. The different perceptions come into being in interaction with human bodies, and the technology thus arguably emerges and is co-constructed with human bodies, creating a technology that is more than technological.
Comparative analysis of microstructural and nanomechanical characteristics of MIG and TIG-MIG hybrid welded inconel 718 and AISI 316 with steel and inconel fillers
Authors: Khadija  , Khan Salman , Junaid Massab , Shah Said Karim
Published: December 2024

The joining of Austenitic Stainless Steel (AISI 316) and Inconel (IN718) was carried out using Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding and hybrid TIG-MIG welding with Inconel (IN625) and steel fillers. The resulting weldments were examined for their microstructural and compositional characteristics, elastic modulus, and nano-hardness using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nanoindentation techniques. The results indicated that the base metal IN718 exhibited higher hardness and elastic modulus compared to AISI 316. Additionally, the formation of the δ-Ni3Nb phase was observed in both MIG and hybrid welding processes using IN625 filler, along with austenitic matrices of Fe and Ni. When steel filler was used, it led to the development of a finer cellular, columnar, and equiaxed dendritic microstructure compared to the IN625 filler. The highest hardness in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of IN718 was observed in hybrid welding with the steel filler, which was 7% and 5% higher compared to MIG welding with IN625 and steel fillers, respectively. Moreover, the maximum hardness in the fusion zone (FZ) of 4.55 GPa was achieved in MIG welding with the steel filler, which was 36% and 69% higher compared to hybrid welding with steel and IN625 fillers, respectively. The hardness varied between 2.74 GPa and 3.62 GPa in the HAZ of AISI 316 for MIG welding with steel and IN625 fillers, respectively. The elastic modulus was found to be 213 GPa in MIG welding with IN625 filler and 214 GPa in hybrid welding with steel filler. Pile-up behavior was observed around the nanoindents for all weldments obtained in both MIG and hybrid welding using steel and IN625 fillers.
Joint modelling of dyadic and monadic count outcomes: an application to modelling forced migration flows
Authors: Conigliani Caterina
Published: December 2024

The aim of this study is to explore the adoption of a joint modelling framework for dealing with dyadic and monadic count outcomes with excess zeros simultaneously via a common latent structure. As a case study, we consider the problem of identifying the different push and pull factors of cross-border forced migration and internal displacement. We consider a full panel data analysis and estimate a random effects joint hurdle model following the Bayesian paradigm; the resultant posterior is approximated through the integrated nested Laplace approximation.
A Framework for the Multi-Dimensional Assessment of Interoperability for Open Data Ecosystems Development
Authors: Ali Mohsan , Papageorgiou Georgios , Aziz Abdul , Loukis Euripidis , Charalabidis Yannis , Alexopoulos Charalampos , Pellicer Francisco J. Lopez
Published: December 2024

The generation of social and economic value from the vast quantities of data opened by governments has been much lower than the initial expectations. It requires the development and cooperation of ecosystems composed of various public, private, and non-profit actors. For the development of these ecosystems in order to generate social and economic value from open government data (OGD), necessary conditions are, on the one hand, the availability of a critical mass of OGD and, on the other hand, the existence of some level of homogeneity and interoperability among the numerous portals and websites providing them, which enables their combined exploitation that increases the potential for value generation from them. This paper focuses on the latter and develops the Technical, Semantic, Legal, and Organizational (TSLO) Interoperability Framework, a conceptual tool designed to provide a structured multi-dimensional assessment of the interoperability capabilities of OGD infrastructures, based on the ‘European Interoperability Framework’ (EIF) as well as relevant OGD literature. This TSLO framework has been applied for the assessment of the above main dimensions of the interoperability of the OGD infrastructures of the Greek local government administration institutions of all three layers (decentralized, regional, and municipal). After this application, nine interviews were conducted with nine municipalities that do not provide OGD in order to gain a deeper understanding of the reasons for this. The results of this first application of TSLO revealed not only the low participation of Greek local government institutions, and especially of the municipalities, in the OGD movement (with only 8 out of the 332 municipalities providing open data on their portals or websites), but also the inconsistent implementation of this, especially with respect to the use of semantic technologies as well as the legal frameworks under which the open data are provided, resulting in low levels of interoperability among them. The interviews that were conducted revealed that the opening of some of their data was not a priority for them, as their limited resources had to be used for the development of internal information systems for increasing their efficiency, as well as e-services for the citizens, enabling them to conduct transactions electronically (through the Internet). Our study makes a contribution to the still limited body of research on OGD ecosystems, examining an important precondition for their development that has not been researched in previous literature; also, our framework can contribute to the increase of interoperability of OGD infrastructures and therefore to the increase of social and economic value generations for the OGD they provide.
A computational framework to explore the impact of heat generation and activation energy on Marangoni convective stagnation point flow of ternary hybrid nanofluid
Authors: Abbas Munawar , Alotaibi Hammad , Muhammad Taseer , Ghazi Hafiz Muhammad
Published: December 2024

This paper investigates the influence of viscous dissipation on stagnation point flow of THNF (trihybrid nanofluid) in the existence of Marangoni convection and an activation energy. Also, the impact of heat generation and magnetic field are taken into account. Copper oxide [Formula: see text], magnesium oxide [Formula: see text], and titanium dioxide [Formula: see text] nanoparticles immersed in water [Formula: see text] make up the ternary hybrid nanofluid. It can be utilized in sophisticated electronic device cooling systems. This concept has additional applications in biomedical engineering, including in targeted drug delivery systems, where precise and effective therapeutic agent transportation can be achieved by regulated fluid flow. It also finds use in the design of lab-on-a-chip technologies and microfluidic devices, where a microscale understanding of fluid behavior is crucial. A set of non-linear ODEs (ordinary differential equations) has been generated from the problem’s governing equations by the use of similarity techniques. The consequent equations can be quantitatively solved using the shooting method. The shooting technique based on Bvp4c is used to derive the numerical solutions. An upsurge in the Marangoni convection parameter results in improvements to the velocity profile, rate of mass, and heat transmission but a decline in the thermal and concentration profiles.
Standing in-between— Gulf States in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Under New Security Dynamics: The GCC, Saudi Arabia and Qatar
Authors: Papageorgiou Maria , Jamali Ahmed Bux
Published: December 2024

The addition of Gulf states to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) has significantly altered regional dynamics. By examining two Gulf states’ foreign policy motivations for joining the SCO, through the lens of institutional balancing and hedging concepts, we argue that they engage in both hedging through multi-alignment to achieve national objectives and mitigate risks and institutional balancing in order to constrain China’s and Russia’s geopolitical ambitions within the organisation, check their regional rivals and at the same time exclude the United States from an emerging security architecture. Moreover, Gulf states’ priorities focus on strategic autonomy and have avoided taking clear-cut sides in the US–China competition, while not isolating Russia despite capitalising on its deteriorating position in the Middle East since the Ukraine war. Finally, the Gulf Cooperation Council’s reluctant position as a unitary actor in establishing relations with the SCO indicates its strategic neutrality and a cautious stance towards the United States as its security guarantor.
Count Me In: patient-partnered research to address disparities for rare cancer patients
Authors: Bhakhri Priyanka , Phelps Kolbe , Gómez Tejeda Zañudo Jorge , Gwozdz Erin , Ko Sophia , Hendrickson Taisha , Anastasio Elana , Diehl Diane M. , Painter Corrie A. , McGillicuddy Mary
Published: December 2024

Background:

Approximately 25% of cancer patients are diagnosed with rare cancers and face unique challenges. Decentralized patient-partnered research efforts, like Count Me In provide an avenue for patients to participate in research that overcomes key barriers to address disparities in rare cancer research to accelerate discovery.

Objectives:

Projects in metastatic breast cancer (The Metastatic Breast Cancer Project; MBCproject) and angiosarcoma (The Angiosarcoma Project; ASCproject) highlight disparities that exist for all cancer patients and underscore those that are compounded for rare cancer patients.

Design:

Through Count Me In’s research platform, patients visit a website to enroll in the study and complete surveys, which allows us to access their medical records and biospecimens. Clinically annotated sequencing data are de-identified and released on research platforms.

Methods:

MBCproject and ASCproject data were analyzed to identify differences between patients with a more common and rare cancer, respectively. The analysis included outreach strategies, patient-reported themes, and distance traveled for care.

Results:

As of September 28, 2023, 3742 patients have enrolled in MBCproject and 491 patients have enrolled in the ASCproject from across the United States and Canada. Outreach strategies were tailored to resource availability. Using survey information, it was observed that patients with a rare cancer (angiosarcoma) traveled longer distances to receive care than those with a more common cancer (metastatic breast cancer) for three major cancer centers. Patients with rare and common cancers highlighted different themes when asked about their disease experience. Themes like misdiagnosis and discontent with resource availability came up more often for rare cancer patients. Data sharing and collaboration in angiosarcoma research enabled rapid discoveries with clinical impact.

Conclusion:

Count Me In’s platform has led to unprecedented data generation and findings in rare cancer through partnering with patients. Directly engaging with patients to generate and share data while emphasizing collaboration sets the foundation for a more equitable future.
Smoking cessation and harm reduction: a systematic overview of ongoing, randomized controlled trials
Authors: Derissen Mara , Scheliga Sebastian , Clemens Benjamin , Leiding Delia , Kröger Knut , Böhner Hinrich , Habel Ute
Published: December 2024

Background

Smoking remains one of the major public health threats, necessitating substantial scientific and societal interest in further developing and implementing systematic, smoking cessation trials. This review examines ongoing randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on smoking cessation and harm reduction, focusing on adherence to German S3 guidelines for tobacco dependence and identifying areas needing further research and neglected aspects in the implementation of treatment guidelines for tobacco dependence.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted on the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, comprising multiple trial registries worldwide, to identify ongoing RCTs focusing on smoking cessation and harm reduction. Utilizing the PICOS-scheme, we focused on trials targeting the general population, with biochemical verification, psychological counseling, telemedicine, and nicotine replacement therapy /smoking cessation medication or electronic nicotine delivery systems. Exclusion criteria included trials marked as "completed," "terminated," "unknown," or "withdrawn.".

Results

The review identified 30 ongoing RCTs, with a majority located in North America. A significant number of trials focus on socioeconomically disadvantaged or uninsured populations, while few address cancer survivors or individuals with smoking-related diseases. Nicotine replacement therapy or smoking cessation medication is consistently used across trials, but with varying regimens. Psychotherapeutic interventions are employed in 22 trials, with motivational interviewing being the most common method. Only four trials utilize electronic nicotine delivery systems as a harm reduction strategy. The lack of standardized reporting in trial registries was a significant barrier to synthesizing and categorizing information. Geographic representation is predominantly in North America, suggesting a need for more diverse trial locations.

Conclusions

There is a critical need for more RCTs involving electronic nicotine delivery systems and tailored psychotherapeutic interventions. Expanding trial locations beyond North America and standardizing trial reporting could enhance the global applicability of smoking cessation strategies. Future research should focus on the long-term risks and benefits of electronic nicotine delivery systems, particularly in high-risk populations. This approach will aid in developing more effective and culturally relevant smoking cessation guidelines.
First scientific research to trace the origins of Qin clay sealings
Authors: Guo Houze , Yang Lu
Published: December 2024

Clay sealing represents the key physical example of the document sealing system of the Qin dynasty in ancient China. However, only the inscriptions and aesthetic values of clay sealings have been discussed until now, and the relevant sources have not been traced from the perspective of scientific analysis. A total of 81 clay sealings unearthed in Xi’an were studied via ultra-depth field microscopy, petrographic microstructure analysis and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The relevant methods of tracing and making clay samples are discussed based on the results of the literature investigation and elemental analysis. The composition, technology and spatial links between different clay sealings collected from all over the country show that highly organized sealing materials and systematic processes are important parts of the establishment of unified China. They also provide detailed and effective scientific information that is useful for the future preservation of clay sealings protection and further archaeological research.
Swedish translation and content evaluation of the Empowerment Audiology Questionnaire (EmpAQ—15)
Authors: Larsson Josefina , Karlsson Elin
Published: December 2024

Objective

Translating the newly developed Empowerment Audiology Questionnaire, EmpAQ-15 to Swedish, and performing content validation on the Swedish version.

Design

Best-practice principles using forward and back translations which were revised by a committee prior to field testing. Field testing was conducted by cognitive interviews with hearing-aid users talking through and rating the items in the translated questionnaire. Content validation was assessed by examining equivalence, accessibility, acceptability, comprehensiveness, and relevance of interview data. Questionnaire introduction and scoring instructions were evaluated by Swedish audiologists.

Study sample

Ten adult native speaking Swedish hearing aid users, recruited with purposive sampling. Maximum variation based on age, gender, hearing aid usage, and degree of hearing loss. Seven Swedish audiologists assessing instructions for result calculations.

Results

The conceptual equivalence between the Swedish translation and the English original questionnaire was judged to be high overall. The instructions and majority of items were experienced as accessible, acceptable, comprehensive, and relevant. The audiologists showed that they could follow scoring instructions and reason about the results.

Conclusions

This content validity study was the first step towards a Swedish version of a self- report measure of Empowerment for people with hearing loss.