bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genomic charting of ribosomally synthesized natural product chemical space facilitates targeted mining
Authors: Skinnider Michael A. , Johnston Chad W. , Edgar Robyn E. , Dejong Chris A. , Merwin Nishanth J. , Rees Philip N. , Magarvey Nathan A.
Published: October 2016

Significance

Natural products and their derivatives are essential to the treatment of many diseases. Ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a class of natural products noted for their bioactivities. Genome sequencing has revealed that most natural products remain undiscovered, but the complexity and diversity of RiPPs has challenged the systematic identification of these molecules from genomic data. Here, we present an algorithm for RiPP structure prediction from prokaryotic genomes and systematically investigate the chemical space occupied by genetically encoded RiPPs. We reveal widespread biosynthesis of RiPPs by prokaryotes, identify candidates for targeted discovery, and isolate a RiPP from a rare family.
Environmental change explains cichlid adaptive radiation at Lake Malawi over the past 1.2 million years
Authors: Ivory Sarah J. , Blome Margaret W. , King John W. , McGlue Michael M. , Cole Julia E. , Cohen Andrew S.
Published: October 2016

Significance

Tropical African lakes are well-known to house exceptionally biodiverse assemblages of fish and other aquatic fauna, which are thought to be at risk in the future. Although the modern assemblages are well-studied, direct evidence of the origin of this incredible wealth of species and the mechanisms that drive speciation are virtually unknown. We use a long sedimentary record from Lake Malawi to show that over the last 1.2 My both large-scale climatic and tectonic changes resulted in wet–dry transitions that led to extraordinary habitat variability and rapid diversification events. This work allows us to understand the environmental context of aquatic evolution in the most biodiverse tropical lake.
System crash as dynamics of complex networks
Authors: Yu Yi , Xiao Gaoxi , Zhou Jie , Wang Yubo , Wang Zhen , Kurths Jürgen , Schellnhuber Hans Joachim
Published: October 2016

Significance

System crash, as an essential part of system evolution, sometimes happens in peculiar manners: Weakened systems may survive for a surprisingly long time before suddenly meeting their final ends, whereas seemingly unbeatable giants may drastically crash to virtual nonexistence. We propose a model that describes system crash as a consequence of some relatively simple local information-based individual behaviors: Individuals leave networks according to some most straightforward assessment of current and future benefits/risks. Of note, such a simple rule may enable a single push/mistake to cause multistage-style system crash. Our study helps to make sense of the process where complex systems go into unstoppable cascading declines and provides a viewpoint of predicting the fate of some social/natural systems.
Negative cooperativity in the nitrogenase Fe protein electron delivery cycle
Authors: Danyal Karamatullah , Shaw Sudipta , Page Taylor R. , Duval Simon , Horitani Masaki , Marts Amy R. , Lukoyanov Dmitriy , Dean Dennis R. , Raugei Simone , Hoffman Brian M. , Seefeldt Lance C. , Antony Edwin
Published: October 2016

Significance

Nitrogenase catalyzes N
2
reduction to ammonia, the largest N input into the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle. This difficult reaction involves delivery of electrons from the Fe protein component to the catalytic MoFe protein component in a process that involves hydrolysis of two ATP per electron delivered. MoFe contains two catalytic halves, each of which binds an Fe protein. The prevailing picture has been that the two halves function independently. Here, it is demonstrated that electron transfer (ET) in the two halves exhibits negative cooperativity: Fe→MoFe ET in one-half partially suppresses ET in the other. These findings thus show that conformational coupling in nitrogenase not only gates ET within each half, as shown previously, but introduces negative cooperativity between the two halves.
A competing hydrophobic tug on L596 to the membrane core unlatches S4–S5 linker elbow from TRP helix and allows TRPV4 channel to open
Authors: Teng Jinfeng , Loukin Stephen H. , Anishkin Andriy , Kung Ching
Published: October 2016

Significance

Approximately 25% of the human proteome is integral membrane proteins, comprising most drug targets; these include ion channels, which change shape to open and close. There are some general descriptions on the role of surrounding lipids in such shape change, but few specifics. We have previously shown that a channel (TRPV4) uses hydrogen bonding between specific residues on the TRP helix and S4–S5 linker elbow as a latch enforcing closure. Here, by using mutations,
Xenopus
oocyte electrophysiology, budding-yeast phenotypes, and molecular simulations, we discovered that the side chain of one of the partner amino acids binds lipids at the inner polar–nonpolar interface and that this binding counteracts the hydrogen bonds, thus helping to unlatch and open the channel.
Simple dynamical models capturing the key features of the Central Pacific El Niño
Authors: Chen Nan , Majda Andrew J.
Published: October 2016

Significance

The Central Pacific El Niño (CP El Niño) has been frequently observed in recent decades. The phenomenon is characterized by an anomalous warm sea surface temperature (SST) confined to the central Pacific and has different teleconnections from the traditional El Niño with major societal impact. Here, a simple modeling framework is developed and shown to capture the key mechanisms of the CP El Niño. In addition to the SST, other major characteristics of the CP El Niño such as the rising branch of the anomalous Walker circulation being shifted to the central Pacific and the eastern Pacific cooling with a shallow thermocline are all captured by this simple coupled model. Key features of the model are nonlinear advection of SST and effective stochastic wind bursts.
Some non-canonical switch reference systems and the fundamental functions of switch reference
Authors: de Sousa Hilário
Published: October 2016

Switch reference [sr] is complex; doing a truly-comprehensive typology of sr is difficult due to the plethora of “non-core” functions that different sr systems have. Inspired by the difference in usage of the sr system by older and younger speakers in the Papuan language of Menggwa Dla (de Sousa 2006a, b, c), I propose a (somewhat wide) definition of “canonical sr”. Canonical sr systems have two primary functions: the grammatico-semantic function of reference tracking, and the grammatico-discourse function of indicating participant continuity versus discontinuity of the sr pivots (the interclausal references monitored by a sr marker). Three types of non-canonical sr systems found in different parts of the world will also be discussed; we will see how they are non-canonical based on the two primary functions of canonical sr.
Chickasaw switch-reference revisited
Authors: Munro Pamela
Published: October 2016

Chickasaw, an endangered Western Muskogean language spoken in south-central Oklahoma, has SOV order, active verb agreement, nominative-accusative case marking, and a pervasive switch-reference system that is used in almost every non-finite clause. Chickasaw examples have appeared in many general discussions of switch-reference and other grammatical phenomena, but this paper presents the first comprehensive description of Chickasaw switch-reference, drawing on data and analyses in earlier work as well as original field data. Important questions for Chickasaw include what counts as a subject, which subordinate clauses are not marked for switch-reference, the interaction of switch-reference with the language’s internally-headed relative clauses, and how switch-reference works in multi-clause sentences.
Indian English in Uganda
Authors: Rathore-Nigsch Claudia , Schreier Daniel
Published: October 2016

The Indian community in Uganda represents a special case of migration.
During the colonial period, there were several major immigration waves that
were sociologically and sociolinguistically heterogeneous. In Uganda, Indian
migrants were mostly endocentric and concentrated, often with very little
interaction with the British elite and the local African populations, and came
to represent ‘a society within a society’, economically successful and socially
mobile. Their situation changed dramatically, however, when Idi Amin expelled
the community in 1972. In this chapter, we look into the social and socio-demographic
history of Indian migrants in Uganda and outline its sociolinguistic
consequences. We argue that due to their status, they maintained Indian English
features and did not accommodate to British or East African varieties.
ARResT/Interrogate: an interactive immunoprofiler for IG/TR NGS data
Authors: Bystry Vojtech , Reigl Tomas , Krejci Adam , Demko Martin , Hanakova Barbora , Grioni Andrea , Knecht Henrik , Schlitt Max , Dreger Peter , Sellner Leopold , Herrmann Dietrich , Pingeon Marine , Boudjoghra Myriam , Rijntjes Jos , Pott Christiane , Langerak Anton W , Groenen Patricia J. T.A , Davi Frederic , Brüggemann Monika , Darzentas Nikos ,   EuroClonality-NGS
Published: October 2016

Motivation

The study of immunoglobulins and T cell receptors using next-generation sequencing has finally allowed exploring immune repertoires and responses in their immense variability and complexity. Unsurprisingly, their analysis and interpretation is a highly convoluted task.

Results

We thus implemented ARResT/Interrogate, a web-based, interactive application. It can organize and filter large amounts of immunogenetic data by numerous criteria, calculate several relevant statistics, and present results in the form of multiple interconnected visualizations.

Availability and Implementation

ARResT/Interrogate is implemented primarily in R, and is freely available at http://bat.infspire.org/arrest/interrogate/

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Safety huddles to proactively identify and address electronic health record safety
Authors: Menon Shailaja , Singh Hardeep , Giardina Traber D , Rayburn William L , Davis Brenda P , Russo Elise M , Sittig Dean F
Published: October 2016

Objective: Methods to identify and study safety risks of electronic health records (EHRs) are underdeveloped and largely depend on limited end-user reports. “Safety huddles” have been found useful in creating a sense of collective situational awareness that increases an organization’s capacity to respond to safety concerns. We explored the use of safety huddles for identifying and learning about EHR-related safety concerns.

Design: Data were obtained from daily safety huddle briefing notes recorded at a single midsized tertiary-care hospital in the United States over 1 year. Huddles were attended by key administrative, clinical, and information technology staff. We conducted a content analysis of huddle notes to identify what EHR-related safety concerns were discussed. We expanded a previously developed EHR-related error taxonomy to categorize types of EHR-related safety concerns recorded in the notes.

Results: On review of daily huddle notes spanning 249 days, we identified 245 EHR-related safety concerns. For our analysis, we defined EHR technology to include a specific EHR functionality, an entire clinical software application, or the hardware system. Most concerns (41.6%) involved “EHR technology working incorrectly,” followed by 25.7% involving “EHR technology not working at all.” Concerns related to “EHR technology missing or absent” accounted for 16.7%, whereas 15.9% were linked to “user errors.”

Conclusions: Safety huddles promoted discussion of several technology-related issues at the organization level and can serve as a promising technique to identify and address EHR-related safety concerns. Based on our findings, we recommend that health care organizations consider huddles as a strategy to promote understanding and improvement of EHR safety.
Labor Supply Shocks, Native Wages, and the Adjustment of Local Employment*
Authors: Dustmann Christian , Schönberg Uta , Stuhler Jan
Published: October 2016

By exploiting a commuting policy that led to a sharp and unexpected inflow of Czech workers to areas along the German-Czech border, we examine the impact of an exogenous immigration-induced labor supply shock on local wages and employment of natives. On average, the supply shock leads to a moderate decline in local native wages and a sharp decline in local native employment. These average effects mask considerable heterogeneity across groups: while younger natives experience larger wage effects, employment responses are particularly pronounced for older natives. This pattern is inconsistent with standard models of immigration but can be accounted for by a model that allows for a larger labor supply elasticity or a higher degree of wage rigidity for older than for young workers. We further show that the employment response is almost entirely driven by diminished inflows of natives into work rather than outflows into other areas or nonemployment, suggesting that “outsiders” shield “insiders” from the increased competition.
Theory Description, Critical Reflection, and Theory Evaluation of the Transitions Theory of Meleis et al according to Chinn and Kramer (2011)
Authors: Bohner Katja
Published: October 2016

Transitions Theory (TT) states that change and transition are phenomena that make humans more vulnerable to health risks. Transitions Theory was evaluated through a text analysis of 4 publications, 3 nursing expert focus group interviews in Switzerland, and a mapping review of the transition literature of the last 5 years. Although the implementation of TT into Swiss nursing practice seems problematic due to conceptual deficiencies, transition is a meaningful nursing topic. The connection between TT, research, and practice is weak. Yet guidelines for theory description, theory analysis, and theory actualization could enhance and strengthen the body of knowledge in nursing.
Altered nocturnal blood pressure profiles in women with insomnia disorder in the menopausal transition
Authors: de Zambotti Massimiliano , Trinder John , Javitz Harold , Colrain Ian M. , Baker Fiona C.
Published: October 2016

Objective:

Insomnia disorder is a risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) pathology. It is unknown whether insomnia that develops in the context of the menopausal transition (MT) impacts the CV system. We assessed nocturnal blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) profiles in women with insomnia disorder in the MT.

Methods:

Twelve women meeting DSM-IV criteria for insomnia in the MT (age, mean ± SD: 50.5 ± 3.6 y) and 11 controls (age, mean ± SD: 49.0 ± 3.0 y) had polysomnographic recordings on one or two nights during which beat-to-beat BP and HR were assessed and analyzed hourly from lights-out across the first 6 hours of the night and according to sleep stage. Physiological hot flashes were identified from fluctuations in sternal skin conductance.

Results:

Women with insomnia and controls had similar distributions of sleep stages and awakenings/arousals across hours of the night, although insomnia participants tended to have more wakefulness overall. More women in the insomnia group (7 of 12) than in the control group (2 of 11) had at least one physiological hot flash at night (P < 0.05). Both groups showed a drop in BP in the first part of the night; however, systolic and diastolic BP patterns diverged later, remaining low in controls but increasing in insomnia participants 4 to 6 hours after lights-out (P < 0.05). Both groups showed a similar pattern of decline in HR across the night.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest altered regulatory control of BP during sleep in the MT insomnia. The causes and long-term consequences of this altered nocturnal BP profile remain to be determined.
Human Trafficking, Sexual Assault, or Something Else? A Complicated Case With an Unexpected Outcome
Authors: Scott-Tilley Donna , Crites Heather
Published: October 2016

This case report presents a patient who presented multiple times with vaginal injuries and bleeding, reporting sexual assault with a foreign object. Findings from her history and physical examination were consistent with sexual assault and human trafficking. The outcome of this case was not what we initially expected when the patient first presented for care. However, the patient ultimately received the care she needed. This case illuminates the need for excellent continuing education, interdisciplinary communication, and continuity of care.
Five Incredible Gifts of a Life-Changing Illness
Authors: Llewellyn Anne
Published: October 2016

Life-changing illness or experiencing a catastrophic injury changes one's outlook on life. This is a story of one case manager's journey.
Age, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Factors Impacting Infant and Toddler Fall-Related Trauma
Authors: Shimony-Kanat Sarit , Benbenishty Julie
Published: October 2016

Objective

To characterize trauma-related falls in infants and toddlers aged 0 to 3 years over a 4-year period and develop a risk stratification model of causes of fall injuries.

Methods

Data on falls of 0 to 3 year olds from 2009 to 2012 were identified from a Jerusalem tertiary hospital trauma registry (N = 422) and the National Trauma Registry of Israel (N = 4,131).

Results

Almost half of falls occurred during the first year of life, and 57% of the children were Jewish. The majority of the children lived in low socioeconomic environments, both in the Jewish (59.2%) and Arab (97.6%) samples. Most (74%) of the falls resulted in head injury. A classification and regression tree analysis indicated that falls from furniture were the leading cause of injury in 0 to 12 month olds (estimated probability of 37.9%), whereas slipping is the leading cause in 13 to 36 month olds (estimated probability of 38.4%). Age and ethnicity emerged as the leading predictors of the nature of a fall; Injury Severity Score and the child's sex were secondary. Compared with the national data, Jerusalem children had a higher incidence of falls from buildings (9.3%; 2.4%), a higher moderate-severe Injury Severity Score (>16), a higher incidence of traumatic brain injury, and a longer hospital length of stay (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The leading determinants of fall injuries in children below the age of 3 years are age, ethnicity, and low socioeconomic status. Future outreach community interventions should target these risk groups and be tailored to their defining characteristics.
Severe Neck and Face Edema in an Adolescent—Delayed Hypersensitivity Reaction to Hair Dye
Authors: Işik Sakine , Caglayan-Sözmen Sule , Anal Özden , Karaman Özkan , Uzuner Nevin
Published: October 2016

Allergic contact reactions to hair dyes arise mostly due to sensitization to para-phenylenediamine (PPD). Para-phenylenediamine, a derivative of p-nitroanaline, is widely used as an oxydizable hair dye and is also found in black henna tattoo. Subsequent exposure to PPD may lead to delayed type IV hypersensitivity reaction manifesting as acute contact dermatitis. Here, a 15-year-old girl is presented, who developed a hypersensitivity reaction after first exposure to hair dye. She was found to have been sensitized to PPD before, through application of black henna tatto.
Cost Minimization Analysis of Different Strategies of Management of Clinically Significant Scorpion Envenomation Among Pediatric Patients
Authors: Sinha Madhumita , Quan Dan , McDonald Fred W. , Valdez André
Published: October 2016

Objective

Scorpion antivenom was recently approved for use in patients with clinically significant scorpion envenomation in the United States; no formal economic analysis on its impact on cost of management has been performed.

Methods

Three different strategies of management of scorpion envenomation with systemic neurotoxic symptoms in children were compared for cost minimization from a societal perspective. In strategy I, patients were managed with supportive care only without antivenom. In strategy II, an aggressive strategy of full-dose antivenom (initial dose of 3 vials with the use of additional vials administered 1 vial at a time) was considered. In strategy III, a single-vial serial antivenom dosing strategy titrated to clinical response was considered. Clinical probabilities for the different strategies were obtained from retrospective review of medical records of patients with scorpion envenomation over a 10-year period at our institution. Baseline cost values were obtained from patient reimbursement data from our institution.

Results

In baseline analysis, strategy I of supportive care only with no antivenom was least costly at US $3466.50/patient. Strategy III of single-vial serial dosing was intermediate but less expensive than strategy II of full-dose antivenom, with an incremental cost of US $3171.08 per patient. In a 1-way sensitivity analysis, at a threshold antivenom cost of US $1577.87, strategy III of single-vial serial dosing became the least costly strategy.

Conclusions

For children with scorpion envenomation, use of a management strategy based on serial dosing of antivenom titrated to clinical response is less costly than a strategy of initial use of full-dose antivenom.
Emergency Point-of-Care Ultrasound Diagnosis of Diaphragmatic Hernia in the Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Desjardins Marie Pier , Weerdenburg Kirstin D. , Fischer Jason W.
Published: October 2016

We present a case series of 2 patients who presented to a pediatric emergency department with history and symptoms suggestive of diaphragmatic hernia. Point-of-care ultrasound was used at the bedside to demonstrate the presence of bowel in the thorax and accurately guided the care of these children.
Skull-Embedded Earring due to a Fall
Authors: Helleman Krista , Andres Kathleen , Lee Jooho , Forward Karen Elaine , Lim Rodrick
Published: October 2016

Although earring-related injuries are well described, an earring becoming forcefully embedded in the skull is unusual and has not previously been reported in the literature. We present the case of an 11-year-old child who posed interesting therapeutic considerations given this presentation.
Essentials of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Fellowship
Authors: Kim In K. , Zuckerbraun Noel , Kou Maybelle , Vu Tien , Levasseur Kelly , Yen Kenneth , Chapman Jennifer , Doughty Cara , McAneney Constance , Zaveri Pavan , Hsu Deborah
Published: October 2016

This article is the sixth in a 7-part series that aims to comprehensively describe the current state and future directions of pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) fellowship training from the essential requirements to considerations for successfully administering and managing a program to the careers that may be anticipated upon program completion. This article provides a broad overview of administering and supervising a PEM fellowship program. It explores 3 topics: the principles of program administration, committee management, and recommendations for minimum time allocated for PEM fellowship program directors to administer their programs.
Point-of-Care Ultrasound Diagnosis of Diaphragmatic Hernia in an Infant With Respiratory Distress
Authors: Rankin Jessica H. , Elkhunovich Marsha , Seif Dina , Chilstrom Mikaela
Published: October 2016

Neonatal respiratory distress is an emergent condition with a wide differential diagnosis. A 12-day-old newborn presented to the emergency department in respiratory distress. Point-of-care ultrasound allowed clinicians to rapidly exclude cardiac disease and pneumothorax as possible causes of the patient's respiratory distress, and expedited the identification of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. The ultrasound findings and technique, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and radiological diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia are reviewed.
Importance of Urine Dipstick in Evaluation of Young Febrile Infants With Positive Urine Culture
Authors: Velasco Roberto , Benito Helvia , Mozun Rebeca , Trujillo Juan E. , Merino Pedro A. , de la Torre Mercedes , Gomez Borja , Mintegi Santiago
Published: October 2016

Background and Objectives

Guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics define urinary tract infection (UTI) as the growth of greater than 50,000 ufc/mL of a single bacterium in a urine culture with a positive urine dipstick or with a urinalysis associated. Our objective was to evaluate the adequacy of this cutoff point for the diagnosis of UTI in young febrile infants.

Methods

Subanalysis of a prospective multicenter study developed in RISeuP-SPERG Network between October 11 and September 13. To carry out the study, it was performed a comparison of analytical and microbiological characteristics of patients younger than 90 days with fever without focus, taking into account the results of urine dipstick and urine culture.

Results

Of a total of 3333 infants younger than 90 days with fever without focus which were included in the study, 538 were classified as UTI in accordance with American Academy of Pediatrics' guidelines. These patients were similar to those who had a positive urine dipstick and a urine culture yielding of 10,000 to 50,000 ufc/mL, and they were different from those who had a normal urine dipstick and a urine culture >50,000 ufc/mL, being focused on the isolated bacteria and blood biomarkers values. Forty-five invasive bacterial infections were diagnosed (5.9% of the 756 with a urine culture >10,000 ufc/mL). Half of the infants with a normal urine dipstick diagnosed with invasive bacterial infections were younger than 15 days.

Conclusions

It might be inadequate to use a threshold of 50,000 cfu/mL to consider a urine culture as positive in young febrile infants given the fact that it would misdiagnose several UTIs.
Web-Based Tools for Educating Caregivers About Childhood Fever
Authors: Hart Lara , Nedadur Rashmi , Reardon Jaime , Sirizzotti Natalie , Poonai Caroline , Speechley Kathy N. , Loftus Jay , Miller Michael , Salvadori Marina , Spadafora Amanda , Poonai Naveen
Published: October 2016

Objectives

Fever is a common reason for an emergency department visit and misconceptions abound. We assessed the effectiveness of an interactive Web-based module (WBM), read-only Web site (ROW), and written and verbal information (standard of care [SOC]) to educate caregivers about fever in their children.

Methods

Caregivers in the emergency department were randomized to a WBM, ROW, or SOC. Primary outcome was the gain score on a novel questionnaire testing knowledge surrounding measurement and management of fever. Secondary outcome was caregiver satisfaction with the interventions.

Results

There were 77, 79, and 77 participants in the WBM, ROW, and SOC groups, respectively. With a maximum of 33 points, Web-based interventions were associated with a significant mean (SD) pretest to immediate posttest gain score of 3.5 (4.2) for WBM (P< 0.001) and 3.5 (4.1) for ROW (P< 0.001) in contrast to a nonsignificant gain score of 0.1 (2.7) for SOC. Mean (SD) caregiver satisfaction scores (out of 32) for the WBM, ROW, and SOC groups were 22.6 (3.2), 20.7 (4.3), and 17 (6.2), respectively. All groups were significantly different from one another in the following rank: WBM > ROW > SOC (P< 0.001).

Conclusions

Web-based interventions are associated with significant improvements in caregiver knowledge about fever and high caregiver satisfaction. These interventions should be used to educate caregivers pending the demonstration of improved patient-centered outcomes.
Detecting Neonatal Seizures With Computer Algorithms
Authors: Temko Andriy , Lightbody Gordon
Published: October 2016

It is now generally accepted that EEG is the only reliable way to accurately detect newborn seizures and, as such, prolonged EEG monitoring is increasingly being adopted in neonatal intensive care units. Long EEG recordings may last from several hours to a few days. With neurophysiologists not always available to review the EEG during unsociable hours, there is a pressing need to develop a reliable and robust automatic seizure detection method—a computer algorithm that can take the EEG signal, process it, and output information that supports clinical decision making. In this study, we review existing algorithms based on how the relevant seizure information is exploited. We start with commonly used methods to extract signatures from seizure signals that range from those that mimic the clinical neurophysiologist to those that exploit mathematical models of neonatal EEG generation. Commonly used classification methods are reviewed that are based on a set of rules and thresholds that are either heuristically tuned or automatically derived from the data. These are followed by techniques to use information about spatiotemporal seizure context. The usual errors in system design and validation are discussed. Current clinical decision support tools that have met regulatory requirements and are available to detect neonatal seizures are reviewed with progress and the outstanding challenges are outlined. This review discusses the current state of the art regarding automatic detection of neonatal seizures.
Peripheral Nerve Ultrasound Imaging Shows Enlargement of Peripheral Nerves Outside the Brachial Plexus in Neuralgic Amyotrophy
Authors: Abraham Alon , Izenberg Aaron , Dodig Dubravka , Bril Vera , Breiner Ari
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

Neuralgic amyotrophy is characterized by acute or subacute onset of shoulder and arm pain, followed by muscle atrophy and weakness, and variable sensory abnormalities. Historically, the site of inflammation has been localized to the brachial plexus, although the involvement of individual nerve branches has been well recognized.

Methods:

We describe ultrasound findings in two cases with a clinical presentation suggestive of neuralgic amyotrophy, involving individual peripheral nerves, correlating with clinical and electrophysiological findings.

Results:

In the first case, selective fusiform enlargement of the left radial nerve in the proximal forearm is shown, whereas in the second case, fusiform enlargement of the left median nerve in the antecubital fossa is shown.

Discussion:

These cases confirm that the site of nerve inflammation may lie outside the brachial plexus, keeping with previous reports, and suggests that peripheral nerve ultrasound imaging might aid in the diagnosis of neuralgic amyotrophy and exclude mimicking conditions.
Pygopagus Conjoined Twins: A Neurophysiologic Intraoperative Monitoring Schema
Authors: Cromeens Barrett P. , McKinney Jennifer L. , Leonard Jeffrey R. , Governale Lance S. , Brown Judy L. , Henry Christina M. , Levitt Marc A. , Wood Richard J. , Besner Gail E. , Islam Monica P.
Published: October 2016

Conjoined twins occur in up to 1 in 50,000 live births with approximately 18% joined in a pygopagus configuration at the buttocks. Twins with this configuration display symptoms and carry surgical risks during separation related to the extent of their connection which can include anorectal, genitourinary, vertebral, and neural structures. Neurophysiologic intraoperative monitoring for these cases has been discussed in the literature with variable utility. The authors present a case of pygopagus twins with fused spinal cords and imperforate anus where the use of neurophysiologic intraoperative monitoring significantly impacted surgical decision-making in division of these critical structures.
The Healthy Brain Network Serial Scanning Initiative: A resource for evaluating inter-individual differences and their reliabilities across scan conditions and sessions
Authors: O’Connor David , Vega Potler Natan , Kovacs Meagan , Xu Ting , Ai Lei , Pellman John , Vanderwal Tamara , Parra Lucas , Cohen Samantha , Ghosh Satrajit , Escalera Jasmine , Grant-Villegas Natalie , Osman Yael , Bui Anastasia , Craddock R. Cameron , Milham Michael P.
Published: October 2016

Background

Although typically measured during the resting state, a growing literature is illustrating the ability to map intrinsic connectivity in task and naturalistic viewing fMRI paradigms. These paradigms are drawing excitement due to their greater tolerability in clinical and developing populations and because they enable a wider range of analyses (e.g. inter-subject correlations). To be clinically useful, the test-retest reliability of connectivity measured during these paradigms needs to be established. This resource provides data for evaluating testretest reliability for full-brain connectivity patterns detected during each of four scan conditions that differ with respect to level of engagement (rest, abstract animations, movie clips, flanker task). Data is provided for thirteen participants, each scanned in twelve sessions with 10 minutes for each scan of the four conditions. Diffusion kurtosis imaging data was also obtained at each session.

Findings

Technical validation and demonstrative reliability analyses found that variation in intrinsic functional connectivity across sessions was greater than that attributable to scan condition. Between-condition reliability was generally high, particularly for the frontoparietal and default networks. Between-session reliabilities obtained separately for the different scan conditions were comparable, though notably lower than between-condition reliabilities.

Conclusions

The described resource provides a test-bed for quantifying the reliability of connectivity indices across conditions and time. The resource can be used to compare and optimize different frameworks for measuring connectivity and data collection parameters such as scan length. Additionally, investigators can explore the unique perspectives of the brain’s functional architecture offered by each of the scan conditions.
Crystal structure of an HgII coordination polymer with an unsymmetrical dipyridyl ligand: catena-poly[[[dichloridomercury(II)]-μ-N-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)pyridin-3-amine-κ2
N:N′] chloroform hemisolvate]
Authors: Moon Suk-Hee , Kang Donghyun , Park Ki-Min
Published: October 2016

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, {[HgLCl2]·0.5CHCl3}
n
(L = N-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)pyridin-3-amine, C11H11N3), contains one HgII ion, one bridging L ligand, two chloride ligands and a chloroform solvent molecule with half-occupancy that is disordered about a crystallographic twofold rotation axis. Each HgII ion is coordinated by two pyridine N atoms from two symmetry-related L ligands and two chloride anions in a highly distorted tetrahedral geometry with bond angles falling in the range 99.05 (17)–142.96 (7)°. Each L ligand bridges two HgII ions, forming polymeric zigzag chains propagating in [010]. In the crystal, the chains are linked by intermolecular N/C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds together with weak C—H...π interactions, resulting in the formation of a three-dimensional supramolecular network, which is further stabilized by C—Cl...π interactions between the solvent chloroform molecules and the pyridine rings of L [chloride-to-centroid distances = 3.442 (11) and 3.626 (13) Å]. In addition, weak Cl...Cl contacts [3.320 (5) Å] between the chloroform solvent molecules and the coordinating chloride anions are also observed.
Properties of high‐methoxyl pectin extracted from “Fuji” apple pomace in China
Authors: Jiang Yang , Du Jinhua
Published: October 2016

Apple pectin (AP) was acid‐extracted from “Fuji apple” pomace, in which the pectinases had been inactivated by hot‐compressed steam, followed by purification using ethanol washing and dialysis. The yield and GalA content of the AP were 15.42% and 83.14%, respectively. In order to investigate the physicochemical properties of the AP, comparisons were made with commercial pectin A (CP‐A) and B (CP‐B). The esterification of AP (DE, 82.76%) was higher than that of the CP‐A and CP‐B, which was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. In texture analysis, AP demonstrated the highest gel rupture strength, confirming its better gelling properties. All three pectins exhibited shear‐thinning properties under steady‐shear rheological conditions, with more elastic–solid characteristics (G′ > G″) as the concentration and frequency increased; this was especially true for the AP. Furthermore, in contrast to the CP‐A and CP‐B, AP maintained its viscosity at relatively high temperatures. Our results suggest that AP has great potential for use as a thickener and stabilizer in food processing, especially at higher temperatures and pH values. AP also exhibited superior thickening and stabilizing properties at lower concentrations.

Practical applications

The pectin described in our research exhibited high esterification and GalA content. It can effectively improve the gel rupture strength of jelly when applied to the colloid jelly food, confirming its better gelling properties. Because of its wider range of suitable gelling acidity, the pectin has been more extensively used in the food industry. The results of the temperature sweeps demonstrated that the pectin could retention a relatively high viscosity at high temperatures which are significant for the thickeners and stabilizers used in the food industry, allows fluid foods requiring heating to maintain a high viscosity at high temperatures.
Anthropogenic Heat Generation and Heat Exhaust to the Ultimate Sink
Authors: Vincent Wong Kaufui
Published: October 2016

Anthropogenic heat generation in the world has been shown to be non-negligible, as it was a previous misconception. The scientific contribution of the current work is to urge scientists and engineers to develop technologies to reject heat from engineering systems to outer space. Outer space acts as a definitive heat sink since a statistical average temperature may be assigned to it as 3 K. This temperature is a lot lower than the average temperature anywhere on Earth, at any time of the year. Until recently, the concept was well known but not systematically developed nor advanced using modern engineering knowledge. Looking at recent figures of heat generated associated with power plants worldwide, a theoretical potential exists to reduce the amount of anthropogenic heat rejected in the world's environment by very significant amounts. Outer space is the ultimate sink for man's heat from engineered systems, and the upper limit is comfortably very large to not be of any concern at the present time.
Analysis of the Leakage Behavior of Francis Turbines and Its Impact on the Hydraulic Efficiency—A Validation of an Analytical Model Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics Results
Authors: Schiffer Jürgen , Benigni Helmut , Jaberg Helmut
Published: October 2016

The present contribution addresses the analysis of the leakage behavior of a small hydro Francis turbine using an analytical approach, which was validated based on the results of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). For a custom-designed Francis turbine with a specific speed of nq = 41.9 rpm, the flow chambers resulting from the labyrinth geometry were added to a traditional full CFD model of the turbine and numerical simulations were performed for several operation points ranging from part load (Qmin = 0.5 × Qopt) to over load (Qmax = 1.3 × Qopt). Consequently, the single losses occurring in the runner seals on crown and band side as well as the pressure distribution within the runner side spaces could be evaluated and compared to the results gained with an analytical approach, which was originally developed to calculate the leakage flow of centrifugal pumps. The comparison of the pressure distribution achieved with the numerical simulation and the analytical calculation shows that both approaches match well if the angular velocity of the fluid ωFluid trapped in the runner side spaces is calculated in an appropriate way. Furthermore, the achieved results demonstrate that the use of the analytical model enables the calculation of the disk friction and leakage losses with sufficient accuracy. This paper contributes to the improvement of the performance prediction of Francis turbines based on combined numerical and analytical calculations.
Chaotic Vibration Analysis of a Coaxial Rotor System in Active Magnetic Bearings and Contact With Auxiliary Bearings
Authors: Ebrahimi Reza , Ghayour Mostafa , Mohammad Khanlo Heshmatallah
Published: October 2016

In many cases of rotating systems, such as jet engines, two or more coaxial shafts are used for power transmission between a high/low-pressure turbine and a compressor. The major purpose of this study is to predict the nonlinear dynamic behavior of a coaxial rotor system supported by two active magnetic bearings (AMBs) and contact with two auxiliary bearings. The model of the system is formulated by ten degrees-of-freedom in two different planes. This model includes gyroscopic moments of disks and geometric coupling of the magnetic actuators. The nonlinear equations of motion are developed by the Lagrange's equations and solved using the Runge–Kutta method. The effects of speed parameter, speed ratio of shafts, and gravity parameter on the dynamic behavior of the coaxial rotor–AMB system are investigated by the dynamic trajectories, power spectra analysis, Poincaré maps, bifurcation diagrams, and the maximum Lyapunov exponent. Also, the contact forces between the inner shaft and auxiliary bearings are studied. The results indicate that the speed parameter, speed ratio of shafts, and gravity parameter have significant effects on the dynamic responses and can be used as effective control parameters for the coaxial rotor–AMB system. Also, the results of analysis reveal a variety of nonlinear dynamical behaviors such as periodic, quasi-periodic, period-4, and chaotic vibrations, as well as jump phenomena. The obtained results of this research can give some insight to engineers and researchers in designing and studying the coaxial rotor–AMB systems or some turbomachinery in the future.
Mobility, Singularity, and Kinematics Analyses of a Novel Spatial Parallel Mechanism
Authors: Xie Fugui , Liu Xin-Jun , Luo Xuan , Wabner Markus
Published: October 2016

A spatial parallel kinematic mechanism (PKM) with five degrees of freedom (DoFs) and three limbs is proposed in this paper. To investigate the characteristics of the proposed mechanism's DoFs, mobility analysis based on a line graph method and Grassmann line geometry is carried out. The results show that the mobile platform can rotate about a fixed point at the base and translate in a specific plane (i.e., three rotations and two translations). Therefore, the mobile platform can be located at an arbitrary point in the space and has flexible orientational capability. The orientation of the mobile platform is described by using tilt-and-torsion (T&T) angles, and the kinematics model is established with this precondition. Within the process of kinematics modeling, parasitic motion of the mobile platform is analyzed, and singularity configurations are also disclosed. On this basis, four working modes with different configurations are identified, and one of them is focused on and investigated in detail. The proposed PKM has good potential to be used in the development of movable machine centers. The kinematic analysis is very helpful for the understanding of the concept and the potential applications.
Shape Prediction for Laser Peen Forming of Fiber Metal Laminates by Experimentally Determined Eigenstrain
Authors: Zhang Zhengyu , Hu Yongxiang , Yao Zhenqiang
Published: October 2016

Laser peen forming (LPF) is a promising method to fabricate fiber metal laminates (FMLs) with its design flexibility to produce complex shapes. Eigenstrain-based modeling is a helpful method to predict deformation after LPF, while determining eigenstrain is very difficult because of its complex constituents and high-dynamic loading of process. An effective experiment-based method is proposed in this work to obtain eigenstrain induced by LPF in metal layers of FMLs. An analytical beam model is developed to relate the deflection profile generated by specific scanning strategy to equivalent bending moment. Based on the determined bending moment from the measured deflection profiles, the generated eigenstrain can be inversely calculated by the proposed beam model describing the relationship between the eigenstrain and the bending moment. Chemical etching to remove sheets layer by layer is used to obtain the relaxed deflection profile to calculate the eigenstrain in each metal layer. Furthermore, an approximate model of plate is established to predict deformation after LPF based on determined eigenstrain. The results show that the predictive deformed shape agrees very well with both experiments and finite model prediction.
Heat Transfer and Entropy Generation Characteristics of a Non-Newtonian Fluid Squeezed and Extruded Between Two Parallel Plates
Authors: Kaushik P , Mondal Pranab Kumar , Pati Sukumar , Chakraborty Suman
Published: October 2016

This study investigates the unsteady heat transfer and entropy generation characteristics of a non-Newtonian fluid, squeezed and extruded between two parallel plates. In an effort to capture the underlying thermo-hydrodynamics, the power-law model is used here to describe the constitutive behavior of the non-Newtonian fluid. The results obtained from the present analysis reveal the intricate interplay between the fluid rheology and the squeezing dynamics, toward altering the Nusselt number and Bejan number characteristics. Findings from this study may be utilized to design optimal process parameters for enhanced thermodynamic performance of engineering systems handling complex fluids undergoing simultaneous extrusion and squeezing.
An acoustic study on non-local anticipatory effects of Italian length contrast
Authors: Turco Giuseppina , Braun Bettina
Published: October 2016

The present study investigates non-local temporal adjustments before an upcoming length contrast in Italian minimal pairs that differ only in the length of the medial consonant (e.g., geminate word palla “ball” vs singleton word pala “shovel”). This contrast is reportedly signaled by the duration of the singleton/geminate consonant and of the preceding vowel. Here, it is shown that the duration adjustment extends further to the word-initial consonant, e.g., the [p] in palla is significantly longer than that in pala (experiment 1). In experiment 2, an effect of syllable structure is ruled out, an unavoidable confound when comparing singleton and geminate words. The comparison of geminate words with cluster words (e.g., as palco “stage”), both of which have a closed first syllable, shows a similar lengthening. Implications for models of speech production are discussed.
Modal damping in a finite element model (L)
Authors: Dowell Earl
Published: October 2016

Damping in vibration models is often treated on an empirical basis based upon experimental measurement of damping in the eigenmodes of the model. Thus if one starts with a finite element model, for example, the undamped eigenmodes are found and then the damping is inserted into the eigenmode model of the structure. However sometimes one wishes to return to the finite element model representation and then the question arises as to how to represent the damping consistent with the eigenmode representation. This note provides an answer to that question.
Superresolution imaging of the cytoplasmic phosphatase PTPN22 links integrin-mediated T cell adhesion with autoimmunity
Authors: Burn Garth L. , Cornish Georgina H. , Potrzebowska Katarzyna , Samuelsson Malin , Griffié Juliette , Minoughan Sophie , Yates Mark , Ashdown George , Pernodet Nicolas , Morrison Vicky L. , Sanchez-Blanco Cristina , Purvis Harriet , Clarke Fiona , Brownlie Rebecca J. , Vyse Timothy J. , Zamoyska Rose , Owen Dylan M. , Svensson Lena M. , Cope Andrew P.
Published: October 2016

The tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 redistributes from clusters to the leading edge in migrating T cells to inhibit integrin-mediated adhesion.
Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis identifies the critical role of JNK1 in neuroinflammation induced by Japanese encephalitis virus
Authors: Ye Jing , Zhang Hao , He Wen , Zhu Bibo , Zhou Dengyuan , Chen Zheng , Ashraf Usama , Wei Yanming , Liu Ziduo , Fu Zhen F. , Chen Huanchun , Cao Shengbo
Published: October 2016

Blocking JNK signaling halts neuroinflammation caused by infection with Japanese encephalitis virus.