bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global crises of childhood: rights, justice and the unchildlike child
Authors: Aitken Stuart C.
Published: March 2003

This paper traces how the notion of childhood changes as part of other social transformations. Globalization and the disillusion of public and private spheres are related to contemporary crises of childhood. Visible working children and child violence are highlighted as examples of unchildlike behaviour that suggests indeterminacy in the constitution of the global child. Issues of children's rights and new forms of justice are raised as potentially liberatory ways of viewing the crisis.
Risky subjects: changing geographies of employment in the automobile industry
Authors: Butz David , Leslie Deborah
Published: March 2003

This paper examines employment in the Canadian automobile industry in terms of Beck's (1992) Risk Society. We demonstrate that risk transcends terms of employment, to encompass injury, lay‐off, and displacement. Work becomes increasingly risky with the blurring of employment relations within and among three geographic scales: the globe, the locale and the plant. We argue for an embodied account of the experience of risk which emphasizes the inscription of different temporal and spatial configurations of work on the body.
An evaluation of financial globalization under fund‐manager capitalism: the case of the UK unit trust industry
Authors: Williams Colin C.
Published: March 2003

Drawing upon evidence from the UK unit trust industry, this paper evaluates the extent and nature of financial globalization. It finds that despite this rapidly growing and prominent form of fund‐manager capitalism operating with increasingly mobile capital in a more inter‐connected deregulated world, this does not signal the advent of homeless capital and the end of geography.
Public cost for private gain? Recent and proposed ‘national’ stadium developments in the UK, and commonalities with North America
Authors: Jones Calvin
Published: March 2003

A number of recent and proposed stadium developments in the UK have filled a perceived ‘national’ need. Subsidies for such developments have been obtained from public sources, although in most cases the facilities are privately owned. This paper examines the debate over stadium subsidy extant in North America, and considers whether the American experience can illuminate the issue of subsidy and public good in the UK.
The Cost Structure of Australian Telecommunications
Authors: Bloch Harry , Madden Gary , Coble‐Neal Grant , Savage Scott J.
Published: March 2003

Since 1991 Australian telecommunications has undergone substantial reform. To a large extent, the economic correctness of pro‐competitive policy depends on the non‐existence of natural monopoly technology. This paper provides estimates of the Australian telecommunications system cost structure, and tests for subadditivity from 1943 to 1991. Additivity of the cost function after 1945 rejects the natural monopoly hypothesis and supports recent government policy. Diminished natural monopoly characteristics suggest that co‐ordination between firms through networking can achieve similar economies as internal co‐ordination within a monopoly. This finding is important, given the trend towards network unbundling, and service provision through interconnection.
The Dynamics of Participation in the Sole Parent Pension
Authors: Barrett Garry F.
Published: March 2003

The length of time families spent on the Sole Parent Pension (SPP) is analysed using the FaCS Longitudinal Data Set covering the period from June 1995 to June 1999. It is found that lone mothers, relatively younger and older lone parents, and those with younger children had lower exit rates from SPP. There is significant regional variation in the SPP exit rate, and there is evidence this is related to the implicit subsidy of public housing. Lone parents with greater job attachment had substantially shorter stays on SPP. Program payment levels had a relatively small effect on the length of time on SPP.
Accounting for Growth and Output Gaps: Evidence from New Zealand
Authors: Fox Kevin J. , Kohli Ulrich , Warren Jr. Ronald S.
Published: March 2003

We evaluate New Zealand’s macroeconomic performance over the 1967–1996 period, which witnessed numerous economic reforms. Using both index–number and econometric techniques, we decompose nominal GDP growth and the output gap into contributions from price level changes, productivity growth and changes in factor utilisation. Changes in domestic prices accounted for four–fifths of the growth in nominal GDP, while capital accumulation and employment growth were the most important factors determining real–output growth. Deviations in the domestic price level around its long–run trend contributed most heavily to changes in the nominal output gap. The real gap was influenced in any year variously by deviations of the terms of trade and labour input from their long–run trends, as well as by productivity shocks.
Regional tourism and South‐South economic cooperation
Authors: Ghimire Krishna B.
Published: March 2003

Regional tourism within developing countries is a growing phenomenon. Yet this aspect has been largely neglected in social science research as well as tourism planning. This paper highlights the general nature, scale and economic significance of regional tourism in three leading regions in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The topic is especially timely as economic self‐reliance and cooperation are increasingly reiterated in the context of the emergence of regional groupings. A key question addressed is whether regional tourism development represents any new and viable prospects for regional economic improvement and partnership, especially compared to international tourism centred on attracting visitors from industrialized countries. Based on a critical assessment of the experiences of three regional blocs (ASEAN – the Association of South‐East Asian Nations; SADC – the Southern African Development Community; and Mercosur – a common market comprising Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, with Chile being an associated member), the paper suggests that a basic appreciation of the prospects of regional tourism is not enough to produce perceptible benefits. Regional tourism development is occurring in a haphazard manner, with little attention to managing existing socio‐economic inequalities and centre‐periphery relations. The paper is based primarily on the review of secondary literature readily available to the author combined with a few documents obtained directly from different regional organizations or through Internet search. A small amount of material, especially concerning emerging tourism trends and outcomes, is drawn from a research project on national mass tourism in developing countries coordinated by the author at the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, Geneva.
Electoral behaviour in a two‐vote system: Incentives for ticket splitting in German Bundestag elections
Authors: Pappi Franz Urban , Thurner Paul W.
Published: March 2003

Abstract. The ballot structure of German Bundestag elections allows two votes: one for a constituency candidate and the second for a party list. About one‐fifth of the voters usually split their ticket. Several hypotheses are derived about incentives for ticket splitting and tested with survey data from a 1998 pre‐election poll. We argue that an explanation of split tickets in the German system has to take into account both party rankings and coalition preferences. One of the most important incentives is a preference or top ranking of a minor party like the FDP or Greens, if it is combined with a preference for a coalition with either the CDU/CSU or SPD. Contrary to this finding, the hypothesis of threshold insurance voting of CDU/CSU or SPD supporters choosing the party list of their prospective minor coalition partner is rejected for the 1998 election.
Internationalisation and the nation‐state: Four issues and three non‐issues
Authors: Goldmann Kjell
Published: March 2003

Abstract. The significance of the nation‐state in an era of globalisation and European integration remains the subject of competing conventional wisdoms: what some consider obvious is to others a myth. The issue is both explanatory and prescriptive: it is about the significance of state action for explaining outcomes as well as about the validity of arguments put forward in defence of the nation‐state against the threat of internationalisation. From an explanatory point of view, attention needs to be devoted to the power of states relative to other actors, the autonomy of states in the sense of their possibilities for action, and the collective identity of states decisive for their viability. Since these are complex matters of degree, and since there is reason to expect variation between countries as well as policy areas, broad generalisation needs to be replaced with detailed empirical research. From a prescriptive point of view, there is a need for the detailed study of the relation between the nation‐state, on the one hand, and psychological wellbeing, cultural pluralism, welfare policy, and democracy in various senses, on the other.
Voting in the 1997 Scottish and Welsh devolution referendums: Information, interests and opinions
Authors: Denver David
Published: March 2003

Abstract. The rarity of referendums in the United Kingdom makes them unusual events for voters, parties and students of voting behaviour. The 1997 devolution referendums in Scotland and Wales were highly significant since they led to major constitutional changes. In the novel circumstances of a referendum, political parties and the media played an important role in providing voters with information to guide their voting decisions. Longstanding identities and opinions relating to the pros and cons of the issue involved and attitudes towards the government influenced voting. Reassuringly, opinions about the effects of devolution were highly influential.
Nursing Home Case‐Mix Reimbursement in Mississippi and South Dakota
Authors: Arling Greg , Daneman Barry
Published: March 2003

Objective.To evaluate the effects of nursing home case‐mix reimbursement on facility case mix and costs in Mississippi and South Dakota.

Data Sources.Secondary data from resident assessments and Medicaid cost reports from 154 Mississippi and 107 South Dakota nursing facilities in 1992 and 1994, before and after implementation of new case‐mix reimbursement systems.

Study Design.The study relied on a two‐wave panel design to examine case mix (resident acuity) and direct care costs in 1‐year periods before and after implementation of a nursing home case‐mix reimbursement system. Cross‐lagged regression models were used to assess change in case mix and costs between periods while taking into account facility characteristics.

Data Collection.Facility‐level measures were constructed from Medicaid cost reports and Minimum Data Set‐Plus assessment records supplied by each state. Resident case mix was based on the RUG‐III classification system.

Principal Findings.Facility case‐mix scores and direct care costs increased significantly between periods in both states. Changes in facility costs and case mix were significantly related in a positive direction. Medicare utilization and the rate of hospitalizations from the nursing facility also increased significantly between periods, particularly in Mississippi.

Conclusions.The case‐mix reimbursement systems appeared to achieve their intended goals: improved access for heavy‐care residents and increased direct care expenditures in facilities with higher acuity residents. However, increases in Medicare utilization may have influenced facility case mix or costs, and some facilities may have been unprepared to care for higher acuity residents, as indicated by increased rates of hospitalization.
Relationship between Regulatory Status, Quality of Care, and Three‐Year Mortality in Canadian Residential Care Facilities: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Bravo Gina , Dubois Marie‐France , De Wals Philippe , Hébert Réjean , Messier Lise
Published: March 2003

Objectives. To compare the mortality rate in regulated and unregulated facilities, controlling for confounding variables, and investigate the effect of care quality on residents' length of survival.

Data Sources/Study Setting. At baseline, subjects were assessed in their living environment with respect to their functional autonomy, cognitive abilities, and quality of care. Vital status, disease‐related information, and hospitalization data were retrieved three years later from the subjects' medical files.

Study Design. A three‐year follow‐up study of 299 residents from 88 long‐term care facilities located in the province of Quebec, Canada. The effect of regulatory status and quality of care on length of survival was investigated by means of multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models, from both traditional and competing risks perspectives.

Principal Findings. Controlling for age, comorbidity, and baseline functional abilities, a resident's length of survival is not significantly influenced by the regulatory status of the facility in which he or she lived at baseline. However, residents with poor quality ratings at baseline had shorter survival times than those provided with good care. Median survival was 28 months among residents classified as receiving inadequate care compared to 41 months for those adequately cared for (p=0.0217).

Conclusions. The study suggests that quality of care has a much stronger influence on resident outcomes than regulation per se. This finding underscores the relevance of testing innovative interventions aimed at improving the quality of care provided in long‐term care facilities, regardless of their regulatory status.
Comment on “The Millennium Survey: How Economists View the U.S. Economy in the 21st Century”
Authors: Jaffee David
Published: March 2003

This comment is in response to Frederic L. Pryor (2000). “The Millennium Survey: How Economists View the U.S. Economy in the 21st Century.”The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 59 (January), pp. 3‐33.
A Reply to the Comments: The Millennium Survey Again
Authors: Pryor Frederic L.
Published: March 2003

Professor Frederic L. Pryor responds to his critics, Professors Patrick McGuire, Joan Huber, Paul M. Hirsch, Jonathon Mote, David Jaffee, Arthur L. Stinchcombe, Dennis Wrong, Judith Treas, Patrick Baert, Olav Velthuis, and John B. Davis. These comments are in The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, this issue, pp. 35‐78.
Henry George's Land Reform: A Comment on Pullen
Authors: Andelson Robert V.
Published: March 2003

Henry George described his proposal to tax land rent as tantamount to abolition of the private ownership of land. However, Pullen's suggestion that it might better be described as “conditional, modified, or restricted ownership” falls foul of the fact that all ownership is conditional, modified, or restricted in some sense. Whereas, for George, the private ownership of labor products may be positivelyjustified on grounds of equity, and is subject only to conditions that apply to ownership in general, the private ownership of land may be permitted, but only on grounds of social utility, and only if a radical condition (social appropriation of most of its rent) is met that satisfies the demands of equity.
Do Reservation Native Americans Vote with Their Feet? A Re‐examination of Native American Migration, 1985–1990
Authors: Geib Elizabeth Zahrt
Published: March 2003

Native Americans suffer some of the highest rates of poverty and unemployment and the lowest rates of human capital attainment among racial minority groups in the United States, but economists understand very little about the impact these conditions have on the migration patterns of Native Americans. In 1994, a seminal article on this topic appeared in this journal (Cebula and Belton 1994). In their article, the authors suggest that the low levels of human capital and poor conditions in Native American reservations should make Native American migration sensitive to interstate differences in AFDC spending levels. Their hypothesis is confirmed for Native American migration over the 1985–1990 period. This paper refines their analysis by using micro‐level rather than aggregate data, and by controlling for reservation residence and the impact of informal social safety nets in the source region. It is found that human capital factors and expected wage differences overwhelm interstate differences in public welfare spending and that informal safety nets in the source region dampen off‐reservation migration. These findings suggest that state AFDC spending levels cannot explain contemporary Native American migration patterns.
Fiscal Sociology: What For?
Authors: Backhaus Jurgen
Published: March 2003

In discussing the question, Fiscal sociology: What for? we shall first give a short sketch of the history of thought of the field. We will next identify main issues. In discussing the concept of the tax state, we emphasize issues in constitutional public finance. One of the fields in which fiscal sociology has been most important is taxation, and notably income taxation. In citing applications and issues, we identify an entire alphabet of fiscal sociological issues. We conclude by discussing the future of the field in both instruction and research.
Political Culture, Economic Structure and Policy: The Laffont‐Tirole Model Extended to Modern Japan
Authors: Young Warren , Meijaard Joris
Published: March 2003

This paper deals with two issues. By linking culture and political systems, we develop alternatives to the “Developmental State” approach and propose, among other types, the “Bureaucratic State” for explaining the case of Japan. We extend the Laffont‐Tirole (L‐T) model of regulatory capture and propose a “bureaucratic capture” model. Variations of capture are shown to apply, given particular cultural predispositions. The case of atomic energy in Japan and the United States is then studied to assess the predictive efficacy of the extended L‐T model. We conclude that cultural predispositions and the corresponding state types affect the degree to which capture takes place.
Schumpeter 1911: Farsighted Visions on Economic Development
Authors: Becker Markus C. , Knudsen Thorbjørn
Published: March 2003

This paper presents to the English‐speaking reader a sample of material contained only in Schumpeter’s first German edition (1911) of Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, material subsequently omitted from later German editions and from the English translation. The newly‐translated material, presented here for the first time in English, comprises a substantial part of the second chapter, only available in a completely rewritten version, and fully half of the famous seventh chapter, which has not been previously available at all in English. This material merits attention today because it contains remarkable and farsighted visions on economic theory that may inspire current efforts to devise models of economic and social evolution. In order to better appreciate the original text, we briefly introduce the “background” to Theorie and its revisions, briefly describing the social and intellectual environment of the time. We then discuss how the entrepreneur evolved over the three editions of Theorie (from 1911 to 1934) in view of the shift in Schumpeter’s personal and intellectual life and outline the most important implications raised by the first German edition of 1911. Finally, we use Schumpeter’s own statements to settle the obstinate confusion on the publication year of Theorie in favour of the year 1911.
Searle and Collective Intentionality
Authors: Fitzpatrick Dan
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT.Several key elements go into Searle's construction of social reality, namely, collective intentionality, constitutive rules, and status functions. But by far the most important and arguably contentious of these is collective intentionality. Searle postulates his notion of collective intentionality as a solution to a conflict between two of his own problematic claims: the irreducibility of collective intentions to singular intentions and what he sees as the requirements of methodological individualism. According to Searle, methodological individualism seems to require that we reduce collective intentionality to individual intentionality; however, this contradicts his claim that collective intentionality is irreducible to individual intentionality plus some mutual beliefs. I will show that at least part of what is really at stake here is Searle's internalism or, as he puts it, his “brain in a vat condition.” My strategy will be to examine his internalism and show that Searle's account is far more radical than other internalists in that he extends internalism beyond its usual domain of the mental to incorporate social facts. While there are no knockdown arguments in favor of either internalism or externalism as normally construed in the philosophy of mind, I will show that Searle's account of collective intentionality introduces an element of privacy to social facts that denies us the public access to the conditions on the basis of which we normally take collective facts to obtain.
Strategic FDI and industrial ownership structure
Authors: Ellis Christopher J. , Fausten Dietrich
Published: March 2003

We argue that different industrial ownership structures generate different incentives for firms to engage in FDI. A comparison is made between (partially) cooperative structures such as the Japanese kieretsu and Korean chaebol systems and competitive structures such as U.S. firms. It is found that ownership structure has significant implications for the probability of initial FDI. Whether or not a cooperative structure is also coordinated turns out to be crucial in predicting FDI behaviour. This has further implications for the optimal FDI incentives of potential host countries and for how empirical studies might be designed. JEL classification: F10, F21, F23

Stratégie d’investissements directs à l’étranger et structure de propriété de l’industrie. Les auteurs suggèrent que des structures différentes de propriété dans l’industrie engendrent des incitations diverses pour les entreprises à investir directement à l’étranger. On fait des comparaisons entre des structures partiellement coopératives comme celles des kieretsus au Japon et des chaebol en Corée, et des structures concurrentielles comme celles qui existent aux Etats–Unis. Il appert que la structure de propriété a un impact significatif sur la probabilité de faire initialement un investissement direct à l’étranger. Le fait que la structure de coopération engendre aussi une coordination s’avère d’une importance centrale pour prédire le comportement d’investissement direct à l’étranger. Voilà qui a des implications pour le design des incitations à investir par les pays hôtes potentiels, et pour le design des études empiriques de ces phénomènes.
Profit taxes and the growth of fringe firms
Authors: Vigneault Marianne , Wen Jean–François
Published: March 2003

In this paper we examine the optimal taxation of corporate profits in a multi–period limit pricing model where a dominant firm faces expansion by a competitive fringe. The optimal policy requires tax rates to vary both intertemporally and across firm sizes, and balances the benefit of fringe growth in eroding the market power of the dominant firm and the cost of displacing the dominant firm’s output with the higher cost output of the fringe. The results are relevant for assessing the policy of giving preferential tax treatment to small firms, as practised by several OECD countries. JEL Classification: H32, L11

Impôts sur les profits et croissance des entreprises périphériques. Ce texte examine la fiscalité optimale des profits des sociétés dans un modèle de tarification limite à plusieurs périodes quand une entreprise dominante fait face à l’expansion d’entreprises périphériques qui la concurrencent. La politique optimale requiert des taux d’imposition qui varient à la fois dans le temps et selon la taille des entreprises, et cherche un équilibre entre les avantages d’une croissance à la périphérie qui entame le pouvoir de l’entreprise dominante, et le coût d’un déplacement de la production de l’entreprise dominante vers des entreprises périphériques dont les coûts de production sont plus élevés. Les résultats de l’analyse sont pertinents pour l’évaluation des politiques accordant un traitement fiscal préférentiel aux petites entreprises, comme c’est le cas dans plusieurs pays de l’OCDE.
Forecasting Stock Index Futures Price Volatility: Linear vs. Nonlinear Models
Authors: Najand Mohammad
Published: March 2003

The study examines the relative ability of various models to forecast daily stock index futures volatility. The forecasting models that are employed range from naïve models to the relatively complex ARCH‐class models. It is found that among linear models of stock index futures volatility, the autoregressive model ranks first using the RMSE and MAPE criteria. We also examine three nonlinear models. These models are GARCH‐M, EGARCH, and ESTAR. We find that nonlinear GARCH models dominate linear models utilizing the RMSE and the MAPE error statistics and EGARCH appears to be the best model for forecasting stock index futures price volatility.
Constructing a Christian Polydoxy
Authors: Pence Gary
Published: March 2003

In another article in this issue of Dialogmy colleague Stephen Ellingson usefully summarizes social science findings about the character of spirituality and religious belief and practice among young adults in the United States today. Especially characteristic of their emerging consciousness, he notes, is the separation between personal spirituality and organized, official, institutionalized religion, on the one hand, and their “re–grounding of religious authority in experience and practice instead of in belief and doctrine,” on the other. Although Ellingson sees both “problems and possibilities” in the new forms of spirituality that he describes, he focuses on “the theological and ecclesiological challenges posed by the new religious context.” In this article I will explore their positive possibilities.
Grace, Doubt, and Evil: The Constructive Task Of Reformation Theology
Authors: Peters Ted
Published: March 2003

The Lutheran vocation is to be a friend of grace; and since the 16th century Lutheran systematic theology has built upon a foundation of grace. Two apparent barriers to grace need addressing. First, doubt in the form of agnosticism and atheism provides a metaphysical argument against God’s existence. Second, evil and suffering provide a moral argument against God’s existence. From a Lutheran point of view the question of God’s graciousness takes precedence over God’s existence.
Contextuality in the Theology of Douglas John Hall
Authors: Monge David J.
Published: March 2003

The theology of Douglas John Hall has much to offer us in a time of wanton warfare and social injustices. Hall contends that the modern paradigm, supported by an “eternal, universal theology of glory” proves inadequate for addressing the problems of the world in which we live, and offers us a “contextual theology of the cross.” This theology, unlike theologies of glory, is not afraid to “walk” into the darkness; in fact, Hall contends that is the only place where the light of God is revealed.
The influence of competing factors on the endothermic nature of bile salt binding by cationic adsorbent
Authors: Williams Celia K , Galley William C , Brown G Ronald
Published: March 2003

The binding of sodium chenodeoxycholate, a hydrophobic bile salt, by a polyacrylamide resin with N,N,N-trimethylammonium dodecyl chloride (QPDA12) pendant groups was studied in the presence of elevated concentrations of competing anions. The equilibrium bile salt concentration was determined from HPLC data for a range of initial bile salt concentrations. Binding constants extracted from the fit of the isotherms to the Langmuir equation were obtained for data for temperatures from 24 to 60°C. A reduction in chenodeoxycholate binding affinity was observed in comparison with that reported previously at lower overall anion concentrations. A van't Hoff analysis of the data revealed that a decrease in the favourable entropy of binding was responsible for this reduced affinity. Decomposition of the binding constants into specific contributions for the competing buffer anions and the chenodeoxycholate anion returned positive values of ΔH° and ΔS° for the binding of both the competing ions and bile salt. These findings reveal that the weakening of the bile salt binding that occurs with added salt is not due to Debye screening of an attraction between ions of opposite charge. A binding mechanism consistent with the thermodynamics observed was proposed in which the dominant role of hydration changes that occur on binding provides the principal driving force for the process.Key words: bile salts, endothermic binding, polymer sorbents, solvent randomization.
Mechanical Processes in Biochemistry
Authors: Bustamante Carlos , Chemla Yann R. , Forde Nancy R. , Izhaky David
Published: March 2003

▪ Abstract  Mechanical processes are involved in nearly every facet of the cell cycle. Mechanical forces are generated in the cell during processes as diverse as chromosomal segregation, replication, transcription, translation, translocation of proteins across membranes, cell locomotion, and catalyzed protein and nucleic acid folding and unfolding, among others. Because force is a product of all these reactions, biochemists are beginning to directly apply external forces to these processes to alter the extent or even the fate of these reactions hoping to reveal their underlying molecular mechanisms. This review provides the conceptual framework to understand the role of mechanical force in biochemistry.
Some remarks on growth and uniqueness in thermoelasticity
Authors: Quintanilla Ramón
Published: March 2003

We use the Lagrange identity method and the logarithmic
convexity to obtain uniqueness and exponential growth of
solutions in the thermoelasticity of type III and
thermoelasticity without energy dissipation. As this is not the
first contribution of this kind in this theory, it is worth
remarking that the assumptions we use here are different from
those used in other previous contributions. We assume that the
elasticity tensor is positive semidefinite, but we allow that the
constitutive tensor of the entropy flux vector (kij), which
is a characteristic tensor in this theory, is not sign‐definite.
The Lagrange identity method is used to obtain uniqueness in the
context of the thermoelasticity of type III. The fundamental key
to obtain exponential growth in the thermoelasticity without
energy dissipation is the use of a new functional. This
functional is inspired in that it is used when the elasticity
tensor is not sign‐definite, but (kij) is positive definite.
WRITING THE NATION: THE EMERGENCE OF EGYPT IN THE MODERN ARABIC NOVEL
Authors: Shalan Jeff
Published: March 2003

This essay focuses on the oft-neglected relationship between the beginnings of the modern Arabic novel and the rise of Arab nationalism. Taking George Antonius's classic work on the nahda as my point of departure, I first argue for the historical and ideological significance of this relationship and suggest the reasons for its neglect. I then turn to a close comparative analysis of two seminal novels, Muhammad Husayn Haykal's Zainab (1913) and Tawiq al-Hakim's 'Awdat al-ruh (Return of the Spirit [1933]) —bookends of a sort for Egypt's, and the Arab world's, first phase of cultural nationalism. I show how these works, in effect, "announce" their own modernness by encoding in their narratives signs of the emergent nationalist discourse of the time; and I argue that an attentive reading of such texts can thereby offer valuable insight into the rhetoric of nationalism, as well as its contradictions, elisions, and limits as a guiding agent of sociopolitical change. In particular, this essay explores how the narrative articulation of the nation in each novel implicates a male intellectual elite as its primary agent while working to contain the potentially disruptive forces of class and gender that mark its context.
Myeloproliferative disease in transgenic mice expressing P230 Bcr/Abl: longer disease latency, thrombocytosis, and mild leukocytosis
Authors: Inokuchi Koiti , Dan Kazuo , Takatori Miyuki , Takahuji Hidemasa , Uchida Naoya , Inami Mitsuharu , Miyake Koichi , Honda Hiroaki , Hirai Hisamaru , Shimada Takashi
Published: March 2003

P230 Bcr/Abl has been associated with indolent myeloproliferative disease (MPD). We generated transgenic mice expressing P230Bcr/Abl driven by the promoter of the long terminal repeat of the murine stem cell virus of the MSCV neo P230 BCR/ABL vector. Two founder mice exhibited mild granulocytosis and marked thrombocytosis and developed MPD. The disease of one founder mouse, no. 13, progressed to extramedullary myeloblastic crisis in the liver at 12 months old. The other founder mouse, no. 22, was found to have chronic-phase MPD with large populations of megakaryocytes and granulocytes in an enlarged spleen. The transgenic progeny of no. 22 clearly exhibited MPD at 15 months old. These results showed that P230Bcr/Abl had leukemogenic properties and induced MPD. The phenotype of the MPD caused by P230Bcr/Abl was characterized by mild granulocytosis, a high platelet count, infiltration of megakaryocytes in some organs, and a longer disease latency compared with the MPD caused by P210Bcr/Abl. (Blood. 2003;102:320-323)
The role of internal financial sources in firm financing and investment decisions
Authors: Vogt Stephen C.
Published: March 2003

A set of simultaneous equations for external financing and investment spending is developed that tests the pecking order hypothesis (Myers, 1984) against a partial stock adjustment model (Jalilvand and Harris, 1984 and Taggart, 1977). Consistent with a partial adjustment model, firms appear to adjust slowly to long‐run financial targets. However, additional financing needs follow a pecking order. This study also supports work by Fazzari, Hubbard, and Petersen (1988) and others showing that internal funds have an important influence in firm investment decisions. Finally, pecking order behavior is most (and partial adjustment behavior is least) pronounced in firms that have low long‐run dividend payout policies. This suggests that long‐run dividend policy reflects the extent to which firms face differential costs of external finance and liquidity constraints.
Contagion effects of the bank of new England's failure
Authors: Madura Jeff , Bartunek Kenneth
Published: March 2003

This paper considers the effects of the Bank of New England's failure on other banks. It is hypothesized that the more a bank's asset portfolio resembles that of the Bank of New England the more negative the response should be. The responses of different bank groups are considered, as a major factor in the Bank of New England's failure was a decline in real estate values which is often a regionalized phenomenon, over a series of announcements on the Bank of New England using a seemingly unrelated regression framework. The evidence indicates that some announcements cause bank share prices to decline significantly, particularly those in the New England area which may be expected to have asset portfolios which most closely resemble that of the Bank of New England. Finally, a cross‐sectional regression is used to determine if the bank's responses to the announcements are related to their loan to asset or capital to asset ratios. Only the latter appear to be significant for a few announcements.
Accounting data and the prediction of risk in the extremes
Authors: Ismail Badr E. , Kim Moon K. , Kirk Florence R.
Published: March 2003

In portfolio formation, the systematic risk of a security is of fundamental importance. In the traditional asset‐pricing model, the concept of beta represents anticipated systematic risk which, to be useful in the real‐world portfolio formation, can only be estimated by currently‐available data.

Prior research has revealed variation in the reliability of the prediction of beta across the risk spectrum. In this paper we focus on beta prediction in the extreme risk categories and consider the predictive contribution of accounting information across the risk spectrum. Our empirical model utilizes accounting risk measures, shown to be related to sample‐wide average betas in prior research, and incorporates the intertemporal relationship between successive period betas in predicting next‐period betas.

Our results provide evidence that inclusion of accounting risk measures, alone or in combination with market beta, substantially improves beta prediction for high risk securities, but not for low and medium risk securities. These results are consistent using either traditional OLS or analytically‐corrected (Bayesian‐adjusted) beta estimation techniques.
Rapid development of an unusual peat-accumulating ecosystem in the Chilean Altiplano
Authors: Earle Lisa R. , Warner Barry G. , Aravena Ramon
Published: March 2003

Stratigraphic relationships, radiocarbon dating, sediment and peat characteristics, and rates of peat and carbon accumulation from a soligenous peatland, or “bofedal,” in the Chilean Altiplano shows the peatland to be unusually young, dynamic, and sensitive to environmental changes. The site lies in the National Park Nevado de Tres Cruces in the puna desert grassland at an elevation of 4300 m a.s.l. Eight peat cores were extracted from a 1.75-km transect yielding a maximum of 3.6 m of organic sediment. Organic matter began to accumulate 1700–1100 cal yr B.P. under a progressively arid local climate, after a period when regional climate is believed to have been more humid than at present. Areas of greater relief and better drainage in the valley bottom eventually fostered the growth of a riparian cushion plant community after water flowing down the valley began to diminish. This led to rapid lateral expansion of the riparian peatland communities over open water in topographic depressions at a rate heretofore unprecedented in the peatland literature. It appears that development of the peatland has been encouraged by autoregulation of internal hydrology. The drainage impediment created by organic mass accumulation in lower-relief areas probably reduced the amount of water arriving at the lower reaches of the peatland. These areas have become progressively drier and have since died and oxidized. Through endogenous peat accumulation and a concomitant drainage impediment, the ecosystem has been migrating upstream over the past 50 years.
Comparison of climate model results with European vegetation and permafrost during oxygen isotope stage three
Authors: Alfano Mary Jo , Barron Eric J. , Pollard David , Huntley Brian , Allen Judy R. M.
Published: March 2003

Oxygen isotope stage 3 (OIS3), an interstade between approximately 60,000 and 25,000 yr B.P., presents an ideal opportunity to compare high-resolution climate simulations with the geologic record. To facilitate this comparison, the results of a mesoscale climate model (RegCM2) embedded in the GENESIS GCM are utilized to drive a vegetation model (BIOME 3.5). The BIOME output is then compared with OIS3 compilations derived from pollen. The simulated biomes agree well with the pollen-based biomes in southern Europe; however, disagreements occur in the northern part of the domain. The most striking mismatch involves the distribution of tundra. The models fail to have tundra extend to its observed position as far south as 50°N in central Europe during OIS3. The model also fails to have permafrost extend southward to its observed position between 50°N and 55°N in western Europe during OIS3. A variety of sensitivity experiments are performed to investigate these mismatches. These experiments demonstrate the importance of annual and summer temperatures and the length of the winter season in creating improved matches between the model results and the inferred distributions of vegetation and permafrost in northern Europe.
Paleohydrology of arid southeastern Maui, Hawaiian Islands, and its implications for prehistoric human settlement
Authors: Stock Jonathan , Coil James , Kirch Patrick V.
Published: March 2003

Arid slopes on the southeastern side of Maui are densely covered with archaeological remains of Hawaiian settlement from the late prehistoric to early postcontact period (ca. A.D. 1500–1860). Permanent habitation sites, agricultural features, and religious structures indicate perennial occupation and farming in a subregion called Kahikinui, yet there is presently no year-round water source. We explore the possibility that postcontact deforestation led to the loss of either (1) perennial channel flow or (2) perennial springs or seeps. To investigate the first possibility, we estimated ancient peak flows on 11 ephemeral channels in Kahikinui using field measurements and paleohydrology. Peak-flow estimates (3–230 m3/s) for a given drainage area are smaller than those for current perennial Maui streams, but are equivalent to gauged peak flows from ephemeral and intermittent streams in the driest regions of Hawai’i and Maui islands. This is consistent with the long-term absence of perennial channel flow in Kahikinui. On the other hand, others have shown that canopy fog-drip in Hawai’i can be greater than rainfall and thus a large part of groundwater recharge. Using isolated live remnants and snags, we estimate the former extent of the forest upstream from archaeological sites. We use rough estimates of the loss of fog-drip recharge caused by deforestation and apply a simple, steady-state hydrologic model to calculate potential groundwater table fall. These order-of-magnitude estimates indicate that groundwater could have fallen by a minimum of several meters, abandoning perennial seeps. This is consistent with archaeological evidence for former perennial seeps, such as stonewalls enclosing potential seeps to protect them. Although longer-term reductions in rainfall cannot be ruled out as a factor, deforestation and loss of fog-drip recharge are obvious and more immediate reasons for a recent loss of perennial water in Kahikinui, Maui.
Causes of model–data discrepancies in European climate during oxygen isotope stage 3 with insights from the last glacial maximum
Authors: Pollard David , Barron Eric J.
Published: March 2003

Oxygen isotope stage 3 (OIS 3), encompassing the long middle section of the last glacial interval, has been the focus of an intensive high-resolution climate modeling effort for Europe. These model simulations produce substantially colder climates than modern simulations; however, the temperatures appear warmer than many proxy indicators suggest. In order to evaluate the importance of the model boundary conditions, comparable simulations are completed for the last glacial maximum (LGM). The LGM simulation produces a much colder European continent than OIS 3, despite similarities in the specification of sea-surface temperatures (SSTs). Ice-sheet dimension is evidently a key factor in explaining the difference in European climates over the past 40,000 yr. However, underestimates in specified OIS 3 ice sheets cannot be invoked to explain the discrepancies, since data strongly indicate small ice-sheet extents at that time; this leaves errors in specified OIS 3 SSTs as the most likely cause.
Paleoecological and archaeological implications of a Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene record of vegetation and climate from the Pacific coastal plain of Panama
Authors: Piperno Dolores R. , Jones John G.
Published: March 2003

A phytolith record from Monte Oscuro, a crater lake located 10 m above sea level on the Pacific coastal plain of Panama, shows that during the Late Pleistocene the lake bed was dry and savanna-like vegetation expanded at the expense of tropical deciduous forest, the modern potential vegetation. A significant reduction of precipitation below current levels was almost certainly required to effect the changes observed. Core sediment characteristics indicate that permanent inundation of the Monte Oscuro basin with water occurred at about 10,500 14C yr B.P. Pollen and phytolith records show that deciduous tropical forest expanded into the lake’s watershed during the early Holocene. Significant burning of the vegetation and increases of weedy plants at ca. 7500 to 7000 14C yr B.P. indicate disturbance, which most likely resulted from early human occupation of the seasonal tropical forest near Monte Oscuro and the development of slash-and-burn methods of cultivation.
Last interglacial beetle fauna from New Zealand
Authors: Marra Maureen J.
Published: March 2003

Fossil beetles from two last interglacial lake deposits from southern Wairarapa, central New Zealand are provisionally ascribed to marine oxygen isotope stages (MIS) 5a–e. Both assemblages represent ecological successions from lake margins to forest. The lower sample (MIS 5e) is characterized by species found today in northern New Zealand. These species, including Lorelus crassicornis, ‘Dasytes’ laticeps, Cryptobius nitidius, ‘Stenomalium’ sulcithorax, Psilocnaeia nana, and Microbrontes lineatus, represent a southward displacement from modern distributions by up to 700 km. Climate reconstruction indicates that temperatures at the time of deposition were 1.6–2.5°C warmer in the summer (January) and 2.3–3.2°C warmer in the winter (July) than at present. These results match local and regional pollen and phytolith findings of warmer, wetter conditions at the thermal maximum of the last interglaciation. In contrast, the upper sample is characterized by species that have widespread modern-day distributions. This indicates that modern conditions were attained later in MIS5, after the MIS 5e thermal maximum.
Minimal rearrangements of Sobolev functions: a new proof
Authors: Ferone Adele , Volpicelli Roberta
Published: March 2003

We give an alternative proof of a theorem by Brothers and Ziemer concerning extremal functions in the Pólya–Szegö rearrangements inequality for Dirichlet type integrals.

Nous donnons une autre démonstration d’un théorème de Brothers et Ziemer qui concerne les fonctions extremales dans l’inégalité de Pólya–Szegö pour les intégrales de Dirichlet.
Hyperphenylalaninemia reduces creatine kinase activity in the cerebral cortex of rats
Authors: Costabeber Elisa , Kessler Adriana , Severo Dutra‐Filho Carlos , de Souza Wyse Angela Terezinha , Wajner Moacir , Wannmacher Clóvis Milton Duval
Published: March 2003

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a metabolic disorder accumulating phenylalanine (Phe) and its metabolites in plasma and tissues of the patients. Considering that phenylalanine is the main neurotoxic metabolite, and brain energy homeostasis seems to be affected in phenylketonuria, our main objective was to investigate the effect of acute and chronic hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) on creatine kinase (CK) activity in brain cortex of Wistar rats. Hyperphenylalaninemia was induced by subcutaneous administration of 5.2 μmol phenylalanine + 2.4 μmol α‐methylphenylalanine (phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) inhibitor)/g of body weight. We also investigated the in vitro effect of phenylalanine and/or α‐methylphenylalanine on creatine kinase activity in the brain cortex of non‐treated rats. The results showed that phenylalanine significantly inhibited creatine kinase activity in vitro and reduced the enzyme activity in vivo. Considering the importance of creatine kinase for the maintenance of energy homeostasis in brain, if this enzyme inhibition also occurs in phenylketonuric patients, it is possible that creatine kinase inhibition may be one of the mechanisms by which phenylalanine is neurotoxic in phenylketonuria.