bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward Lightweight Cryptography: A Survey
Authors: Abujoodeh Mohammed , Tamimi Liana , Tahboub Radwan
Published: January 2023

The main problem in Internet of Things (IoT) security is how to find lightweight cryptosystems that are suitable for devices with limited capabilities. In this paper, a comprehensive literature survey that discusses the most prominent encryption algorithms used in device security in general and IoT devices in specific has been conducted. Many studies related to this field have been discussed to identify the most technical requirements of lightweight encryption systems to be compatible with variances in IoT devices. Also, we explored the results of security and performance of the AES algorithm in an attempt to study the algorithm performance for keeping an acceptable security level which makes it more adaptable to IoT devices as a lightweight encryption system.
Spectrophotometric/Titrimetric Drug Analysis
Authors: Qarah Nagib , El-Maaiden Ezzouhra
Published: January 2023

The importance of pharmaceuticals comes from their direct connection to human life. Therefore, many analysis techniques such as chromatography, spectroscopic methods, and others have been developed for one goal, which is to ensure that the drug reaches humans with high quality. Spectrophotometric and titrimetric methods have been in general use for the last 40 years and over this period have become the most important analytical instrument in the modern-day laboratory. In many applications, other techniques could be employed in pharmaceutical analysis, but none rival UV–visible spectrometry as well as titrimetry, for their simplicity, versatility, speed, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness. This chapter highlights the spectroscopic methods in the ultraviolet and visible regions, as well as the titration methods that are still widely used in the field of pharmaceutical analysis. The types of titrations, as well as the most important reactions used in spectrophotometric methods, are presented. Examples of the most important applications in the field of pharmaceutical analysis are also presented.
Toward Sustainable Teaching: Staff Perceptions of the Delivery of a Rural Medical Program during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Willems Julie , Haigh Cathy , Tare Marianne , Simmons Margaret , Reser David , McArdle Adelle , Bullock Shane
Published: January 2023

What can be learned through teaching and learning in crises, such as bushfires, floods, and the global COVID-19 disruption? How can insights gained be applied to prepare for inevitable future disruption to normal operation, especially in regions identified to be prone to natural hazards? In 2021, focus groups and individual interviews were conducted with academics, clinical tutors, and professional staff members to explore staff perceptions in a regional medical school in eastern Victoria, Australia, about their experiences of teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Strategies are suggested to sustain teaching in times of crisis or natural disaster to future-proof against inevitable change including protocols, policy, staff checklists, and staff continuing professional development.
Multicultural Society and Intercultural Citizens
Authors: Youl Hong Jong
Published: January 2023

The European Union is a diverse community with 27 member states and 24 official languages. Obviously, with such cultural diversity, the European Union should solve wisely for reconciliation. As a solution, the European Union is putting forward an intercultural policy based on interculturalism. This is a matter directly related to the solidarity of the community, which is requested in the process of the European Union integration, and its policy efforts cannot but be important. As a practical alternative to this, the European Union is making a policy of intercultural learning together with the Council of Europe. This chapter intends to examine interculturalism adopted as a philosophy along with the understanding of the intercultural learning policy proposed by the European Union as a policy alternative to cultural diversity. First, I examine the policy changes in Europe’s unique multicultural society. Second, I analyze the key differences between multiculturalism and interculturalism. In addition, I explore cultural intelligence, which is emerging as an intercultural competence. I also refer to the citizens with high intercultural competence such as cultural intelligence as intercultural citizens.
Awareness of Accrual-based Budgeting in the Malaysian Public Sector
Authors: Baba Zaharah Salwati , Muda Habsah , Wan Abdullah Wan Amalina , Wan-Mohamad Wan Izyani Adilah , Harun Mohd Hafiz , Jusoh Hashim , Abdul Ghani Muhammad Takiyuddin
Published: January 2023

Purpose: The current study hypotheses that the antecedent factors (knowledge, skills and abilities, change attitude, and training) would influence budget preparers’ awareness of accrual-based budgeting in the Malaysian public sector. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study employed a questionnaire survey to investigate three variables, namely knowledge, skills and abilities, change attitude, and training in predicting the accrual-based budgeting awareness among budget preparers in the Malaysian government sector. Before data collection, the questionnaire survey was validated by conducting expert reviews before examining 42 pilot data through exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Subsequently, multiple regression analysis was performed on 174 collected responses. Findings: The findings revealed that the three variables significantly influence budget preparers’ awareness of accrual-based budgeting in the Malaysian public sector. Specifically, fundamental knowledge is essential to assist in implementing accrual-based budgeting, while skills and capabilities, including communication, analytical, interpersonal, and technical skills, are integral to participating in the planning, preparation, negotiation, and monitoring of accrual-based budgeting activities. Simultaneously, budget preparers’ commitment to change, self-efficacy, and valence would be critical in transforming from cash-based to accrual-based budgeting. Furthermore, robust training is pivotal to increasing accrual-based budgeting awareness. Practical Implications: The present study contributed theoretical evidence to the existing literature by addressing the knowledge gap due to limited studies on the relevant topic. This study also provided instrumental insights into accrual-based budgeting awareness determinants which supported the Malaysian government in executing the economic transformation agenda. Originality/Value: The study is among the first to examine antecedent factors influencing accrual-based budgeting awareness to bridge the knowledge gap in the current literature. Keywords: Awareness, knowledge, skills and abilities (KSA), change attitude, training, accrual-based budgeting.
Landscape Discussion of Oil Rents and Primary Government Expenditure Budget
Authors: Zakaria Nor Balkish , Kazi Musa , Mohamed Norazida , Abdul Rahman Rahayu , Azmi Nurul Azlin
Published: January 2023

Purpose: This study compares Malaysia’s oil rent dynamics and primary government approved budget (PGEB) with other major oil-exporting countries. This study reviews the annual time series data from 2005 to 2020 of oil rents and PGEB. Methodology: The outcomes derived from meta-analysis approach are presented in graphical comparisons of oil rents and PGEB of Malaysia with other oil exporters. A horizontal comparison was also carried out. Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, Kazakhstan, Brazil, and the Russian Federation were selected as relevant oil exporters. Findings: Referring to the historical graphical presentation, the oil market fluctuations were linearly aligned to the budget figure among oil exporters. The study results portray historical connections between oil rents and PGEB in the context of Malaysia and other oil exporters, which may be beneficial to policymakers and practitioners in their decision-making process. Practical Implications: The findings that display the historical connections of Malaysian oil rents and PGEB with other oil exporters serve as a guideline to policymakers and practitioners. Originality/Value: In addition to the Malaysian setting, the scenario of other oil exporters amplifies the dynamics of oil rents on PGEB formulation. Keywords: Oil rents, primary government, approved budget, crude oil, Malaysian economy.
EOQ MODEL WITH NATURAL IDLE TIME AND WRONGLY MEASURED DEMAND RATE
Authors: Kumar De Sujit
Published: January 2023

The traditional concept of economic order quantity (EOQ) inventory model is that, the demand rate is continuous throughout the cycle time. But through clinical inquiry anybody can notice something different from that assumption. In reality, for any inventory we usually observe that each day has an unavoidable natural leisure/closing time and at that time no demand rate is viewed. Considering this phenomenon in an EOQ model we may split a day into two parts, one is the opening time period and the other one is closing time period. However, the demand rate which is out-flowed from the system has a measuring error. In the basis of low, zero and excessive measuring error, the model itself is divided into three parts, for a finite cycle time (counted in days only). Due to the flexible nature of the opening and closing time period of the model, a general Fuzzy set and Intuitionistic Fuzzy Optimization (IFO) technique have been analyzed to illustrate the model. Numerical examples and sensitivity analysis have been made with the help of LINGO software and got a wonderful optimum solution near 12-hour opening time duration in a day. Finally a conclusion is made keeping some scope of future work.
Student-teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge preparedness for mathematics instruction
Authors: Addico Anita Larteley , Ali Clement Ayarebilla , Adzifome Nixon Saba
Published: January 2023

The study aimed to assess student-teachers preparedness for technological pedagogical content knowledge of Mathematics instruction. The design was the survey, and the sampling technique was the simple random technique. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data to analyze the research questions. The data for research question one was analyzed using means and standard deviations, while we used a One-way Multivariate Analysis of Variance to analyze data for research question two. The results and findings revealed that student-teachers were generally prepared. However, they were more prepared for technological knowledge. This was depicted in the significant differences in preparedness. It was concluded that stakeholders assess the content needs and include mathematical models that address needs, pedagogy, and content knowledge. This finding calls for continuous updates of the mathematics curriculum to ensure comprehensive and effective preparedness.
Escritura epistolar, edición digital y anotación de corpus
Authors: Vaamonde Gael
Published: January 2023

En este trabajo presentamos el proyecto de investigaciónPost Scriptum, que tiene por objeto la búsqueda, edición y estudio históricolingüísticode cartas privadas escritas en España y Portugal durante la EdadModerna. Post Scriptum reúne una amplia colección epistolar y la ofrece endos formatos preparados para la búsqueda: el de la edición crítica digital yel del corpus lingüísticamente anotado. En esta presentación se exponenlos aspectos fundamentales sobre el diseño y elaboración de Post Scriptum,desde la búsqueda de los manuscritos en archivos históricos hasta la edicióndigital y anotación semiautomática de los textos y su publicación enlínea; también se recogen resultados definitivos y se aportan algunos ejemplosde explotación del corpus en diferentes niveles de análisis.In this paper we present the project Post Scriptum, whichaims to build up a campaign of collection, edition and historical-linguisticstudy of private letters written in Portugal and Spain along the Early ModernAges. Not only does the Post Scriptum project present a wide collectionof private letters, but it also makes it available as a scholarly digital editionand as an annotated corpus. Key aspects about the development of PostScriptum are explained in this paper, from the finding of manuscripts in
El Old Spanish Textual Archive, diseño y desarrollo de un corpus de textos medievales: el corpus textual
Authors: Gago Jover Francisco , Pueyo Mena F. Javier
Published: January 2023

En este trabajo ofrecemos un breve panorama históricodel desarrollo de OSTA, desde la idea inicial (Nitti 1978) hasta la BibliotecaDigital de Textos del Español Antiguo (Gago Jover 2015), su más reciente precedente.Exponemos además los problemas encontrados y las solucionespropuestas para el procesado de transcripciones, códices y obras.
Aportaciones léxicas del DINESO para la documentación del Archivo General de Indias
Authors: García-Macho Alonso de Santamaría María Lourdes
Published: January 2023

El léxico de una ciencia o de cualquier oficio lleva consigoel enfrentamiento entre lo que es la lengua común y lo que es la lenguade un grupo de profesionales.En esta ocasión me propongo analizar dentro del léxico de la navegaciónalgunos subcampos que considero representativos del mismo. Enlos textos de Chaves, Cortés, Medina, Moya y García de Palacio, se tratandiversos temas, lo que conlleva a la utilización de un vocabulario distintoo al menos con matizaciones diferentes. Creo que en esta etapa de miestudio no me resulta imprudente afirmar que las obras de Chaves y deGarcía de Palacio son quizá las más fecundas en cuanto al léxico náutico;sin embargo, en el campo de los fenómenos atmosféricos, Chaves y Cortésson los escritores más prolíficos, y el mismo resultado se observa enel campo de la astronomía, pues son Cortés, Medina, además de Chavesy Palacio, los más productivos; en cambio, los topónimos e hidrónimos,los nombres de costas y puertos, los orónimos, etc., están muy bien representadosen Enciso y Poza, pero también en Chaves.
Consideraciones filológicas y lexicográficas en torno al Tratado breve de la cultivación y cura de las colmenas (1586) de Luis Méndez de Torres
Authors: Quirós García Mariano
Published: January 2023

Con el Tratado breve de la cultivación y cura de las colmenas (Juan Íñiguez de Lequerica, Alcalá de Henares, 1586) de Luis Méndez de Torres se inaugura la tratadística apícola en castellano. La falta de una edición filológica ha provocado que la obra haya pasado desapercibida para buena parte de la crítica especializada, por lo que hasta el momento actual no se ha valorado convenientemente su carácter pionero, su situación en la historia de la ciencia y de la técnica o su aportación a la historia del léxico. El presente estudio pretende ser una contribución sólida que permita, entre otras cosas, apreciar al autor y el texto en su justa medida, tanto en el marco de la producción especializada del siglo XVI como en el de la historia del tecnolecto de la apicultura. Una futura visión de conjunto depende, en definitiva, de la paulatina recuperación y análisis de este patrimonio bibliográfico.
La creación terminológica en el ámbito de la técnica renacentista: entre la metáfora y el cultismo
Authors: Mancho Duque Mª Jesús
Published: January 2023

En este trabajo se ofrece una selección de voces que testimonian los esfuerzos de los autores renacentistas por crear una terminología adecuada y precisa para nuevas designaciones científicas y técnicas. Los procedimientos terminológicos, corresponden, por una parte, a las metáforas, con la dotación de nuevos sentidos a voces patrimoniales, especialmente relativas al cuerpo humano, pero también a acciones e incluso sentimientos, mediante la aplicación de la analogía; por otro, a los préstamos de términos grecolatinos, impulsados por la fuerte corriente traductora. Aportamos una serie de ejemplos, como garganta, gola, lengüeta, vientre, guiñar, dar guiñadas, sudar, amistad, enemistad, afecto; meteoro, meteoroscópica, planisferio, maquinación, maquinatoria, escenografía, icnografía o dióptrica, y cultismos empleados a veces con nuevos sentidos, como ortografía y geografía. Incluimos, además, una serie de imágenes ilustrativas de estos fenómenos.
Notas sobre el Diccionario tecnológico de ciencias médicas de José María Caballero y Villar (1886)
Authors: Gutiérrez Rodilla Bertha M. , Pascual José Antonio
Published: January 2023

Se da cuenta del diccionario que sirvió de base al Diccionario tecnológico de ciencias médicas de José María Caballero (1886): el Diccionario enciclopédico de la editorial Gaspar y Roig (1853- 1855), así como se proporciona una muestra sobre las novedades que aporta Caballero.
Sobre la histeria listeria y el papel de las fuentes digitales para la reconstrucción de la historia del léxico médico
Authors: Molina Sangüesa Itziar
Published: January 2023

El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en estudiar una serie de términos médicos y su impacto en la sociedad. Concretamente, analizaremos el haz de derivados eponímicos que, a partir de las pesquisas del cirujano británico Joseph Lister (1827-1912), se divulgan en lengua española durante el último siglo. Entre los mismos sobresale, como expondremos, la voz listeria, pero también la alarma o pánico social que esta desencadena: la denominada «histeria listeria», expresión que se populariza a finales del siglo XX y que prolifera en la prensa internacional. En efecto, como certificaremos, las hemerotecas y bibliotecas digitales (BDH, BVPH, HNDM, entre otras) se revelan como un recurso imprescindible para los historiadores de la lengua y lexicólogos diacrónicos, en general, así como para la reconstrucción de la historia del léxico médico en español, en particular.
Metacognitive skills and emotions in the construction of Personal Learning Environments
Authors: Ramírez-Mera Urith , Tur Gemma
Published: January 2023

The metacognitive processes during learning are linked to different aspects such as emotions and motivation which in turn contribute to students’ performance. In this research paper, we identified the role of emotions on the learning experience while performing learning of online Higher Education students during the construction of their Personal Learning Environments (PLE) in Mexico. The study was carried out through mixed research in which the CAPPLE questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were implemented. Results show that emotions related to happiness and surprise motivate students to develop their PLE, while emotions such as fear or sadness motivate students to develop metacognitive skills and abilities. Additionally, it was identified that there is a correlation between some metacognitive processes for learning planning and emotions. Conclusions reflect on the need to support both metacognitive and emotional processes for successful online learning and PLE construction.

Los procesos metacognitivos durante el aprendizaje están ligados a diferentes aspectos como las emociones y la motivación, que a su vez contribuyen al desempeño de los estudiantes. En este trabajo de investigación se identificó el papel de las emociones en la experiencia de aprendizaje durante el desempeño del alumnado en modalidad en línea de Educación Superior durante la construcción de sus Entornos Personales de Aprendizaje (PLE por sus siglas en Inglés) en México. El estudio se realizó a través de una investigación mixta en la que se aplicó el cuestionario CAPPLE y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los resultados muestran que las emociones relacionadas con la felicidad y la sorpresa motivan a los estudiantes a desarrollar su PLE, mientras que emociones como el miedo o la tristeza motivan a los estudiantes a desarrollar habilidades y destrezas metacognitivas. Además, se identificó que existe una correlación entre algunos procesos metacognitivos para la planificación del aprendizaje y emociones al momento de utilizar herramientas digitales. Las conclusiones reflexionan sobre la necesidad de apoyar tanto los procesos metacognitivos como los emocionales para el éxito del aprendizaje en línea y la construcción del PLE.
La competencia digital del profesorado universitario durante la transición a la enseñanza remota de emergencia
Authors: Pérez López Eva , Yuste Tosina Rocío
Published: January 2023

The forced migration of face-to-face universities to a distance education model due to COVID-19 has highlighted the shortcomings of teachers’ digital competence. Using a descriptive and inferential cross-sectional design, this study analyzes the digital competence level with which teachers transitioned to emergency remote teaching during confinement and explores digital training’s impact on the proficiency of such competence and identifies the digital teacher profiles. For this purpose, a questionnaire was applied to a sample of 220 teachers from a Spanish public university. The main findings reveal an intermediate level of digital competence with fluctuations among the competency areas. It was found that previous digital training seems to have been a necessary but not sufficient condition for optimal migration. Finally, five digital profiles are detected: objectors, laggards, confident, learners and avant-gardists. It concludes with the need to establish training plans based on a digital competency diagnosis, the implementation of technological tools in teaching, and the use of innovative pedagogical and methodological approaches. It is recommended to further expand the research by incorporating other variables to validate these preliminary findings.

La migración forzosa de las universidades presenciales a un modelo de educación a distancia a causa del COVID-19 ha evidenciado los déficits existentes en relación con la competencia digital docente. Mediante un diseño descriptivo e inferencial de corte transversal, este estudio analiza el nivel de competencia digital con el que los docentes transitaron a la enseñanza remota de emergencia durante el confinamiento, explora la incidencia de la formación en el dominio de dicha competencia e identifica los perfiles digitales docenes. Para ello, se aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra de 220 docentes de una universidad pública española. Los principales hallazgos revelan un nivel intermedio en la competencia digital con oscilaciones en las diferentes áreas competenciales. Además, se constata que la formación digital previa parece haber sido una condición necesaria pero no suficiente para realizar una migración óptima. Finalmente, se detectan cinco perfiles digitales: objetores, rezagados, confiados, aprendices y vanguardistas. Se concluye con la necesidad de establecer planes de formación cuyo diseño pivote en torno a un diagnóstico de las competencias digitales, la aplicación de herramientas tecnológicas a la enseñanza y la adopción de nuevos enfoques pedagógicos y metodológicos. Se recomienda ampliar la investigación incorporando otras variables para validar estos hallazgos preliminares.
Organizational Forms of "Containment of China" in US Foreign Policy at the Present Stage.
Authors: Borisov Denis Alekseevich , Tarkhina Ekaterina Aleksandrovna
Published: January 2023

The trilateral defense alliance AUKUS has taken the US-China conflict to a new level. The authors record consistent steps in US foreign policy with the aim of military and economic containment of the PRC in the Asia-Pacific region. The article traces the connection between growing power of the PRC and US attempts to organize a united anti-Chinese front with countries of the Indo-Pacific region. Further aggravation of relations between Washington and Beijing motivates further rapprochement of Russian-Chinese relations, both in sphere of economic and military cooperation with China.
Ground state of Rydberg-dressed Bose gas confined in periodic moiré lattices
Authors: Xu Li , Chen Si-Lin , Yang Xue-Ying , Zhang Xiao-Fei ,   Department of Basics, Shanxi Institute of Technology, Yangquan 045000, China,   Department of Physics, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China,   College of Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
Published: January 2023

The experimental realization of Rydberg dressing and spin-orbit coupling greatly broadens the research field of ultracold atoms as a quantum simulation platform. Very recently, moiré lattices have attracted intensive study, ranging from condensed matter to ultracold physics. In this paper, the ground-state structure of Rydberg-dressed Bose gas with spin-orbit coupling and confined in moiré lattices is studied, and the effects of nonlocal Rydberg interaction and spin-orbit coupling on the ground state of the system are explored. Our results show that the system has no translational symmetry due to the presence of nonlocal Rydberg interaction, and more and more regular periodic structures present with the increases of the strength of nonlocal Rydberg interaction. In the presence of spin-orbit coupling, the Hamiltonian of the system has an imaginary part, and the phase of the system is not uniformly distributed. It is found that the ground state of the system with spin-orbit coupling present more abundant internal structure base on these periodic structures. The results pave the way for future study of moiré physics in ultracold atom system.
Sub-100 fs Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond Yb:CaYAlO4 laser with GHz repetition rate
Authors: Zheng Li , Tian Wen-Long , Ma Jun-Yi , Yu Yang , Xu Xiao-Dong , Han Hai-Nian , Wei Zhi-Yi , Zhu Jiang-Feng ,   School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China,   Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China,   Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China,   School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
Published: January 2023

Femtosecond lasers with GHz repetition rate play an important role in scientific and industrial applications such as spectroscopy, optical frequency combs and GHz-Burst pulse trains for micro-machining in the ablation-cooled regime. Kerr-lens mode-locked (KLM) technique and passively mode-locking based on semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) are the primary methods to generate GHz femtosecond all-solid-state lasers (ASSLs). Kerr-lens mode-locked Ti:Sapphire lasers have made significant progress benefited from the high-power green pump lasers, and repetition rate up to 10 GHz has been obtained with the average power of 1.2 W. In the early 21st century, ytterbium ion (Yb3+) doped laser crystals and ceramics with emission wavelengths near 1 μm received attention due to their high conversion efficiency and broad gain-bandwidth. Combining the customized SESAM and high-power multimode fiber-coupled laser diodes (LDs), GHz Yb-doped ASSLs with watt-level average power may be easily attained and have made rapid progress. However, GHz KLM lasers have strict requirements for the cavity design and pump sources. For satisfying mode matching and enhancing the soft aperture effect within the gain medium, a high-brightness pump source with excellent beam quality (M 2 ～ 1) is desired, such as the single-mode fiber coupled LD, however, the maximum pump power of which is only ～1 W. As a result, the average power of GHz KLM femtosecond laser is typically limited to few tens of milliwatts, which limits the further applications. In this work, we report the first GHz high-power KLM Yb:CaYAlO4 laser by using a high-power single-mode fiber laser instead of the low-power single-mode fiber coupled LDs as the pump source. On the basis of ABCD matrix, a simple four-mirror bow-tie ring cavity is built so that the laser mode can match well with the focused pump spot in the crystal. At the pump power of 8 W, stable unidirectional KLM is achieved, the laser has the average power of 2.1 W with a pulse duration of 88 fs and a repetition rate of 1.8 GHz, corresponding to the peak power of 11.57 kW. The high peak power and extremely short pulse duration are crucial for coherent octave-spanning supercontinuum generation. The powerful GHz KLM laser with sub-100 fs pulse duration provides an attractive source for realizing the optical frequency combs and micro-machining applications.
Research progress of silicon nanowires array photodetectors
Authors: Liu Xiao-Xuan , Sun Fei-Yang , Wu Ying , Yang Sheng-Yi , Zou Bing-Suo ,   Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China,   College of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
Published: January 2023

As one of the most important semiconductor materials, silicon (Si) is widely used in optoelectronic devices such as solar cells and photodetectors. Owing to the difference in refractive index between silicon and air, a large amount of incident light is reflected back into the air from the silicon surface. In order to suppress the loss caused by this reflection, a variety of silicon nanostructures with strong trapping effect have been developed. Most of the dry-etching schemes encounter the problems of high cost and complex preparation, while the silicon nanowires array prepared by the wet-etching schemes has the problems of low controllability of some parameters such as the spacing between two adjacent nanowires, and the small effective area of heterojunction. The method of using polystyrene microsphere as the mask can integrate the advantages of dry-etching method and wet-etching method, and it is easy to obtain periodic silicon nanowires (pillars) array. In this paper, first, we summarize the properties and preparation methods for silicon nanowires structure, the strategies to effectively improve the performance of silicon nanowires (pillars) array photodetectors, Then we analyze the existing problems. Further, the latest developments of silicon nanowires (pillars) array photodetector are discussed, and the structure, morphology of photosensitive layer and methods to improve the performance parameters of silicon nanowires (pillars) array photodetector are analyzed. Among them, we focus on the ultraviolet light sensitive silicon based photodetector and its method to show tunable and selective resonance absorption through leaky mode resonance, the silicon nanowires array photodetector modified with metal nanoparticles and the method of improving performance through surface plasmon effect, and plasmon hot electrons. Heterojunction photodetectors composed of various low-dimensional materials and silicon nanowires (pillars) array, and methods to improve the collection efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers through the “core/shell” structure, methods to expand the detection band range of silicon-based photodetectors by integrating down-conversion light-emitting materials and silicon nanowires (pillars) array, flexible silicon nanowires array photodetectors and their various preparation methods, are all introduced. Then, the main problems that a large number of defect states will be generated on the silicon nanostructure surface in the MACE process are briefly introduced, and several possible solutions for defect passivation are also presented. Finally, the future development for silicon nanowires (pillars) array photodetectors is prospected.
Blooming plant species diversity patterns in two adjacent Costa Rican highland ecosystems
Authors: Cristóbal-Pérez E. Jacob , Barrantes Gilbert , Cascante-Marín Alfredo , Madrigal-Brenes Ruth , Hanson Paul , Fuchs Eric J.
Published: January 2023

The Costa Rican Paramo is a unique ecosystem with high levels of endemism that is geographically isolated from the Andean Paramos. Paramo ecosystems occur above Montane Forests, below the permanent snow level, and their vegetation differs notably from that of adjacent Montane Forests. We compared the composition and beta diversity of blooming plant species using phenological data from functional plant groups (i.e., insect-visited, bird-visited and insect + bird-visited plants) between a Paramo and a Montane Forest site in Costa Rica and analyzed seasonal changes in blooming plant diversity between the rainy and dry seasons. Species richness was higher in the Montane Forest for all plant categories, except for insect-visited plants, which was higher in the Paramo. Beta diversity and blooming plant composition differed between both ecosystems and seasons. Differences in species richness and beta diversity between Paramo and the adjacent Montane Forest are likely the result of dispersal events that occurred during the last glacial period and subsequent isolation, as climate turned to tropical conditions after the Pleistocene, and to stressful abiotic conditions in the Paramo ecosystem that limit species establishment. Differences in blooming plant composition between both ecosystems and seasons are likely attributed to differential effects of climatic cues triggering the flowering events in each ecosystem, but phylogenetic conservatism cannot be discarded. Analyses of species composition and richness based on flowering phenology data are useful to evaluate potential floral resources for floral visitors (insects and birds) and how these resources change spatially and temporarily in endangered ecosystems such as the Paramo.
Heat treatment-induced autophagy promotes breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis via TGF-β2-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transitions
Authors: Li Zhennan , Lu Cheng , Wang Fengliang , Guo Haowei , Wang Zhipeng , Yin Hong , Li Jian
Published: January 2023

Background

Insufficient thermal ablation can accelerate malignant behaviors and metastases in some solid tumors, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and autophagy are involved in tumor metastasis. It has been found that TGF-β2 which belongs to the family of transforming growth factors often associated with cancer cell invasiveness and EMT. However, whether the interactions between autophagy and TGF-β2 induce EMT in breast cancer (BC) cells following insufficient microwave ablation (MWA) remains unclear.

Methods

BC cells were treated with sublethal heat treatment to simulate insufficient MWA, and the effects of heat treatment on the BC cell phenotypes were explored. CCK-8, colony formation, flow cytometry, Transwell, and wound healing assays were performed to evaluate the influence of sublethal heat treatment on the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and migration of BC cells. Western blotting, real-time quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy were carried out to determine the changes in markers associated with autophagy and EMT following sublethal heat treatment.

Results

Results showed that heat treatment promoted the proliferation of surviving BC cells, which was accompanied by autophagy induction. Heat treatment-induced autophagy up-regulated TGF-β2/Smad2 signaling and promoted EMT phenotype, thereby enhancing BC cells’ migration and invasion abilities. An increase or decrease of TGF-β2 expression resulted in the potentiation and suppression of autophagy, as well as the enhancement and abatement of EMT. Autophagy inhibitors facilitated apoptosis and repressed proliferation of BC cells in vitro, and thwarted BC cell tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis in vivo.

Conclusion

Heat treatment-induced autophagy promoted invasion and metastasis via TGF-β2/Smad2-mediated EMTs. Suppressing autophagy may be a suitable strategy for overcoming the progression and metastasis of residual BC cells following insufficient MWA.
Versatile Medium for the Isolation of Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria from Natural Ecotypes
Authors: Syed Nyamath , Subburamu Karthikeyan , Dananjeyan Balachandar , Suresh Meena , Kamaludeen Sara Parwin Banu
Published: January 2023

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are a diverse group of microorganisms that are commonly isolated from anoxygenic environments (lake depths, soil, or swamps) and are also found in the intestines of humans and animals. They are well known for outcompeting methanogens for common substrates thereby helping in the decrease of methane emissions and also playing a major role in sulfur cycling. Therefore, determining the cultivable methods for their isolation is important. Various media has been used for the cultivation and purification of SRB from natural wetlands. The luxuriant growth of SRB was observed in all the media tested, out of which the best suitable media to recover a maximum of colonies from the natural soil/sediment samples was discovered as a modified postage medium. The enumeration of the isolated SRB was done by the most probable number (MPN) technique. A total of twenty pure isolates of SRB were isolated from different ecotypes.
Post Flowering Management Using Plant Growth Regulators in Greengram (Vigna radiata L.)
Authors: Priya B. Kesava , Panneerselvam S. , Marimuthu S. , Subramanian K. S. , Senthil A.
Published: January 2023

Aim: The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Auxin and Zeatin-based nanoformulations in post-flowering management in greengram.

Place and Duration of Study: Nanoformulations were standardized at the Department of Nano Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore and a field trial was carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Bhavanisagar.

Methodology: Nanoformulations were standardized by oil in water nanoemulsion technique and effect on crop is observed by foliar spray of nanoformulations during the flowering stage of crop growth.

Results: Increased chlorophyll content due to NAA and Zeatin and extended retention of chlorophyll in Auxin-based treatments has been recorded. Hence the crop can produce more assimilates leading to increased seed yield. Zeatin spray also recorded increased chlorophyll, mature pods, number of seeds pod-1, seed weight, pod setting percentage. Such an increase of yield attributes was mainly due to decreased flower shedding percentage.

Conclusion: Growth regulators such as Auxin and Zeatin exhibited a significant role in increasing plant chlorophyll content and yield of greengram. Among treatments, Nanoemulsion of NAA @ 30ppm recorded a higher number of mature pods, seed yield, seed weight and lower flower shedding percentage which is concluded as the best treatment.
Comparative study of the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of raw and pasteurized camel milk
Authors: CHETHOUNA Fatma , HAROUN BOUDJENAH Saliha , BELD Nadia
Published: January 2023

Camel milk is three times richer in vitamin C than cow's milk, it is also rich in niacin, antimicrobial factors prostaglandins and insulin. Pasteurization is an adequate option for camel milk conservation, allowing it to be consumed by people not living in arid environments. However, the obvious problem is that people prefer to consume raw camel milk for its therapeutic virtues, which they think, loses its quality after pasteurization. Therefore, the aim of this research is to study the effect of pasteurization on camel milk nutritional and hygienic quality. This work consists on analyzing four camel milk samples: a sample of raw milk and three samples of this milk , pasteurized at 63°C/30min, 72°C/15sec and at 85°C/2min under laboratory conditions. The data was subjected to Kruskal-wallis using XL-Stat software. These results show stability of the physicochemical composition (PH, acidity, density) and chemical composition (dry matter, lactose, fat, vitamine C, protein) ( p > 0.05) of camel milk pasteurized at 63°C (low pasteurization) and instability ( p < 0.05) following pasteurization high at (85°C) except the fat content which remains intact (p > 0.05). For pasteurization at (72°C) we notice a instability (p ˂ 0.05) in pH, acidity, dry matter, vitamine C and protein, a stability in the density, fat and lactose. Only low pasteurization (63°C for 30 min) can be an alternative for the conservation of

camel milk while preserving its nutritional quality. To study its hygienic quality before and after pasteurization, the reductase test was carried out; it shows a good to fair quality for the raw milk sample and good for the pasteurized milk sample. Contaminating and original flora were counted on appropriate culture media. Results obtained shows that the pasteurization caused a total inhibition of the pathogenic flora (Halotolerants, Coliforms and Enterobacteriaceae), and partial destruction of the total aerobic mesophilic flora (TAMF), psychrotrophic and thermophilic lactic acid bacteria. This study confirms that the nutritional quality can be preserved almost intact after pasteurization at 63°C for 30min. In addition, pasteurization has an important role in camel milk sanitation by inhibiting pathogenic flora.
Exertional Dyspnea in a Female Patient Aged 55 Years Without Significant Medical History
Authors: Siraj Sk Minhajuddin , Ghosh Ritwik , Roy Dipayan
Published: January 2023

This case report discusses a diagnosis of cardiac hydatid cyst in a female patient aged 55 years without significant medical history who presented with exertional dyspnea and cough for 3 months.
Trajectory Controlling and Collision Warning Device Based on Self‐Healing and Conductive Castor Oil‐Based Waterborne Polyurethane in Automated Guided Vehicles
Authors: Shen Rulin , Lei Chendong , Long Mingjun , Gao Wei , Yu Guipeng , Tang Juntao
Published: January 2023

Sustainable castor oil‐based waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) are widely applied in multiple fields, while the strategies to simultaneously realize reprocessing, self‐healing, and novel applications are attractive and highly demanded. Herein, a molecular design strategy is proposed to incorporate dynamic oxime‐carbamate bonds into the castor oil‐based WPUs. The obtained networks exhibit excellent toughness (>44 MPa), adequate stretchability, and wonderful self‐healing efficiency (>95% at 80 °C for 8 h), which stand out among the reported cases. Moreover, the WPU film retained almost 100% of the original mechanical properties after consecutive reprocessing. With the incorporation of carbon nanotubes, the films are endowed with good electric conductivity, providing a general platform for fabricating flexible electronic devices. Specifically, wonderful performance in trajectory control and collision warning is displayed, which is expected to be an alternative to minimize the utilization of expensive and complex obstacle sensors in automated guided vehicles. This study contributes to the development of sustainable and self‐healing WPU‐based flexible material and opens the gate for novel and identified applications.
Boosting Photocatalytic Water Oxidation on Photocatalysts with Ferroelectric Single Domains
Authors: He Jiandong , Liu Yong , Qu Jiangshan , Xie Huichen , Lu Ruixue , Fan Fengtao , Li Can
Published: January 2023

Ferroelectric materials are considered as promising photocatalysts due to their efficient charge separation via a polarization‐induced built‐in electric field. However, the polydomain structures hinder spatial charge separation and transfer due to the cancellation of polarization vectors in the domains. In this work, taking BiFeO3 (BFO) as a prototype, single‐domain BFO nanosheets with visible‐light absorption are prepared, as evident by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM), spatially resolved surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SRSPS), and photodeposition experiments. The single‐domain BFO nanosheets show nine times activity in photocatalytic water oxidation reaction under visible‐light irradiation, compared with that of the polydomain BFO particles. With the asymmetric driving force for charge separation in a single domain, selective deposition of cocatalysts further enhances the photocatalytic activity of single‐domain ferroelectric BFO nanosheets. These results demonstrate the role of the single‐domain structure in constructing the driving force of charge separation in ferroelectric photocatalysts. The fabrication of single‐domain structures in ferroelectric photocatalysts to achieve enhanced photocatalytic activity offers a path to efficiently utilize the photogenerated charges in solar energy conversion.
Precisely Controllable Artificial Muscle with Continuous Morphing based on “Breathing” of Supramolecular Columns
Authors: Yang Zifan , Li Jiahua , Chen Xu , Fan Yining , Huang Jin , Yu Haifeng , Yang Shuang , Chen Er‐Qiang
Published: January 2023

Skeletal muscles are natural motors executing sophisticated work through precise control of linear contraction. Although various liquid crystal polymers based artificial muscles have been designed, the mechanism based on mainly the order–disorder transition usually leads to discrete shape morphing, leaving arbitrary and precise deformation a huge challenge. Here, one novel photoresponsive hemiphasmidic side‐chain liquid crystal polymer with a unique “breathing” columnar phase that enables continuous morphing is presented. Due to confinement inside the supramolecular columnar assembly, the cooperative movements of side‐chains and backbones generate a significant negative thermal expansion and lead to temperature‐controllable muscle‐like elongation/contraction in the oriented polymer strip. The irreversible isomerization of the photoresponsive mesogens results in the synergistic phototunable bending and high‐contrast fluorescence change. Based on the orthogonal responses to heat and light, controllable arm‐like bending motions of this material, which is applicable in constructing advanced artificial muscles or intelligent soft robotics, are further demonstrated.
A Light‐Driven Actuator Enables Versatile Motion for Smart Transportation and Contactless Delivery
Authors: Hou Ke‐Xin , Zhao Pei‐Chen , Li Cheng‐Hui
Published: January 2023

Light‐driven actuators are advantageous among various actuators because it enables remote, contactless, and localized manipulation without any complex equipment. However, most of them rely solely on the Marangoni effect which is slow in velocity and would be quenched in liquid with low surface tension force. Here, a dual‐mode actuator based on both the Marangoni effect and vapor jet flow is reported through the introduction of an excellent photothermal polymer crosslinked by Fe3+/catechol coordination bonds. The light‐driven ship not only realizes multimode motions such as forward, backward, rotation and obstacle crossing at the air/water interface, but also enables smart transportation and contactless delivery which has not been realized before. Moreover, the incorporation of photothermal conversion performance and self‐healing ability into near‐infrared photo‐responsive actuators at the molecular level can guarantee facile fabrication and prolong the service time of the light‐driven actuators which is the first dual‐mode light‐driven actuator with self‐healing ability. This work provides a new strategy for the structural design and application of the liquid/air interface light‐driven self‐propelled device.
Theory of Truncation Resonances in Continuum Rod‐Based Phononic Crystals with Generally Asymmetric Unit Cells
Authors: Al Ba'ba'a Hasan B. , Willey Carson L. , Chen Vincent W. , Juhl Abigail T. , Nouh Mostafa
Published: January 2023

Phononic crystals exhibit Bragg bandgaps, frequency regions within which wave propagation is forbidden. In solid continua, bandgaps are the outcome of destructive interferences resulting from periodically alternating material layers. Under certain conditions, natural frequencies emerge within these bandgaps in the form of high‐amplitude localized vibrations near a structural boundary, referred to as truncation resonances. In this paper, the vibrational spectrum of finite phononic crystals which take the form of a one‐dimensional rod is investigated and the factors that contribute to the origination of truncation resonances are explained. By identifying a unit cell symmetry parameter, a family of finite phononic rods, which share the same dispersion relation, yet distinct truncated forms, is defined. A transfer matrix method is utilized to derive closed‐form expressions of the characteristic equations governing the natural frequencies of the finite system and decipher the truncation resonances emerging across different boundary conditions. The analysis establishes concrete connections between the localized vibrations associated with a truncation resonance, boundary conditions, and the overall configuration of the truncated chain as dictated by unit cell choice. The study provides tools to predict, tune, and selectively design truncation resonances, to meet the demands of various applications that require and uniquely benefit from such truncation resonances.