bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1122. Early Infectious Diseases Consultation and Procalcitonin-Guided Therapy Limits Unnecessary Antibiotic Use in COVID-19
Authors: Kammeyer Joel A , Deutsch Meghan M , Starnes Victoria R , Ibaraki Makoto , Soewarna Victoria , Khalil Basmah , Girdhar Katherine K , Fabian Riaz , Franco Justin H , Staten Stephanie L , Berry Julia T , Setia Abhishiek , Williams Kada K , Asher Rebecca A , Rostad Kylie R , Hollingshead Caitlyn M
Published: December 2022

Background

Antibiotic stewardship has been a central challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic. Empiric antibiotic therapy is offered in 56.6%-74.6% of inpatients with COVID-19, with microbiologically confirmed bacterial pneumonia reported in only 3.5%-16% of cases. Procalcitonin (PCT) as a biomarker for bacterial infection is of interest in improving antibiotic use. PCT-guided antibiotic stewardship initiatives have demonstrated reduction in the use of antibiotics in the COVID-19 pandemic.  

 An Infectious Diseases (ID) consultation was obtained on most patients at our institution throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. We report a significant reduction in antibiotic use among COVID-19 patients in the setting of near-universal ID consultation in COVID-19 patients. 

Methods

We evaluated the records of 1346 patients with COVID-19 from March 2020 – May 2021 at four hospitals with ID consultant availability. We assessed the inclusion of an ID consultant, antibiotic indication, initiation and discontinuation, PCT levels, radiologic images, and changes to therapy decisions. A chi-square test of independence and simple logistic regression were conducted to determine whether an association exists between the PCT level and the decision to discontinue antibiotics. 

Results

Of 1346 patients with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis, 64.6% (870/1346) received antibiotics on admission. The most common diagnosis associated with initial antibiotic administration was bacterial pneumonia (692/870, 79.5%).  An ID consultation was obtained on 97.8% (677/692) of the patients that received antibiotics for suspected bacterial pneumonia. In 48.1% (326/677) of these patients, antibiotics were discontinued within the first 48 hours of the ID consultation. A statistically significant difference was noted between the PCT level and continuation of antibiotics (Χ2= 67.02, p < .01). The odds of discontinuing antibiotics for the upper (PCT > 0.51) and middle (PCT = 0.26-0.50) groups were 0.22 and 0.37, respectively, when compared to the lower (PCT ≤ 0.25) group.

Conclusion

Early consultation of an ID specialist and evaluation of PCT levels leads to significant reductions in inappropriate antibiotic use. PCT may be a useful adjunct in assisting with the decision to discontinue antibiotics.

Disclosures

All Authors: No reported disclosures.
1126. Effect of Remdesivir on Recovery, Quality of Life, and Long-COVID Symptoms One Year after Hospitalization for COVID-19 Infection: A Randomized Controlled SOLIDARITY Finland Trial
Authors: Nevalainen Olli P O , Horstia Saana , Laakkonen Sanna , Rutanen Jarno , Mustonen Jussi , Kalliala Ilkka , Ansakorpi Hanna , Kreivi Hanna-Riikka , Kuutti Pauliina , Paajanen Juuso , Parkkila Seppo , Paukkeri Erja-Leena , Perola Markus , Pourjamal Negar , Renner Andreas , Rosberg Tuomas , Rutanen Taija , Savolainen Joni , Haukka Jari K , Guyatt Gordon H , Tikkinen Kari A
Published: December 2022

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients frequently suffer from long-term sequelae, often called “long COVID” or “post COVID-19 condition”. Remdesivir, given in early disease, decreases the risk of hospitalization and potentially mortality. No randomized trials have thus far published long-term follow-up data on any COVID-19 drug treatment. We investigated the effects of remdesivir on a range of patient-important outcomes at one year.

Methods

Between July 2020 and January 2021, an open-label randomized multicenter trial in Finland recruited 208 adult patients from 11 Finnish hospitals. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) to standard of care (SoC)with remdesivir (median duration of remdesivir treatment 5 days) or SoC alone. Primary outcomes were self-reported recovery, exertional dyspnea, fatigue, and quality of life at one year. Secondary outcomes were overall mortality and several potential long-COVID symptoms.

Results

At one year, 5 (4.4%) of 114 patients in the remdesivir and 5 (5.3%) of 94 in the SoC group had died (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.25-2.76; absolute difference: -0.9%, 95% CI -7.9-5.3); 181 (92% of survivors) completed the follow-up. Self-reported recovery (fully or largely) occurred in 85% in remdesivir and in 86% in SoC (RR 0.94, 0.47-1.90; absolute difference: -0.9%, 95% CI -11%-10%). Exertional dyspnea occurred in 5% in remdesivir and 8% in SoC (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.20-1.85; absolute difference -3.3%, 95% CI -12%-4.4%). We found no convincing difference between remdesivir and SoC groups in quality of life or symptom outcomes (p > 0.05 for all). Of the 21 potential long-COVID symptoms, patients often reported moderate or major bother from fatigue (26%), joint pain (22%), persistent respiratory mucus (21%), and problems with memory (19%) and attention/concentration (18%) (Figure).

Bother from potential long-COVID symptoms at one year from COVID-19 hospitalization between the standard of care and standard of care plus remdesivir groups.

Conclusion

After a one-year follow-up of hospitalized patients (with a very high participation rate), approximately one in four reported substantial bother from fatigue, and one in six reported that they had not recovered well from COVID-19. We found no convincing evidence of a remdesivir effect, but confidence intervals were wide and included possible substantial benefit and substantial harm.

Disclosures

Hanna-Riikka Kreivi, MD, PhD, Pfizer: Advisor/Consultant|Roche: Advisor/Consultant Tuomas Rosberg, MD, PhD, AstraZeneca: Honoraria|Boehringer-Ingelheim: Honoraria|GSK: Honoraria.
1143. Prophylactic and Therapeutic Activity of AZD7442 (Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab) in SARS-CoV-2 Hamster Challenge Models
Authors: Loo Yueh-Ming , Herbert Andrew S , Kuehne Ana I , McTamney Patrick M , Roque Richard , Moreau Alicia M , Bakken Russell , Stefan Christopher P , Koehler Jeffrey W , Delp Korey L , Coyne Susan R , Kane Christopher D , Dye John M , Cai Yingyun , Esser Mark T
Published: December 2022

Background

AZD7442—a combination of 2 human, extended–half-life, SARS-CoV-2–neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (tixagevimab/cilgavimab)—has received US Food and Drug Administration emergency use authorization for COVID-19 prevention in immunocompromised individuals. We evaluated the effect of AZD7442 in prevention and treatment settings in Syrian hamsters challenged with SARS-CoV-2.

Methods

Hamsters received intraperitoneal isotype control mAb (2 mg) or AZD7442 (0.002–2 mg) 1 day before intranasal (IN) SARS-CoV-2 challenge (USA-WA1/2020; 1x105 plaque-forming units) in prevention; OR control mAb (5 mg) or AZD7442 (0.5–5 mg) 1 day after IN SARS-CoV-2 challenge in treatment. The impact of AZD7442 on lung viral RNA and pathology and AZD7442 serum levels was assessed on Days 3 and 7 post infection. Body weight was recorded daily through Day 7.

Results

With AZD7442 prevention, lower lung viral loads were observed compared to controls; at Day 3 post infection, lowest infectious virus titer and viral subgenomic mRNA (sgmRNA) levels were seen with doses ≥0.2 mg AZD7442. Concomitantly, increased serum levels of AZD7442 were observed. By Day 7, infectious virus titer and sgmRNA fell below the level of detection (LOD) at all doses tested. Moreover, AZD7442 at doses ≥0.2 mg protected hamsters from weight loss versus controls. Lung pathology scores (scale: 0 [normal] to 25 [most severe]) were generally dose dependent, with mean scores of < 2 for AZD7442 versus 10 for controls, indicating less SARS-CoV-2–induced inflammation and alveolar damage in hamsters given AZD7442. Lower AZD7442 doses were associated with mean pathology scores similar to controls. With AZD7442 treatment, infectious virus titers were below the LOD at Day 3 post infection and at Day 7 for sgmRNA, for all doses tested. Mean lung pathology score was <2 for AZD7442 versus 12 for controls. AZD7442 doses ≥0.5 mg protected against weight loss relative to controls.

Conclusion

In a SARS-CoV-2 challenge model, AZD7442 administered as prevention or treatment led to significantly lower lung viral loads and improved lung pathology, without weight loss. There was also no evidence that AZD7442 mediated antibody-dependent enhancement of disease or infection.

Disclosures

Yueh-Ming Loo, PhD, AstraZeneca: Employee|AstraZeneca: Stocks/Bonds Patrick M. McTamney, PhD, AstraZeneca: Employee Richard Roque, B.S., AstraZeneca: Employee|AstraZeneca: Stocks/Bonds Yingyun Cai, PhD, AstraZeneca: Employee|AstraZeneca: Stocks/Bonds Mark T. Esser, PhD, AstraZeneca: Employee|AstraZeneca: Stocks/Bonds.
1144. Rate of Infusion Reactions Among Patients Receiving Casirivimab/Imdevimab in the Home Setting
Authors: Simpson Michelle , Haines Danell
Published: December 2022

Background

Monoclonal antibodies used in the treatment and prevention of COVID 19 infection are an emerging area of infectious disease. Casirivimab/imdevimab received emergency use authorization (EUA) for the prophylaxis and treatment of COVID 19 disease. Infusion reactions may occur with the administration of monoclonal antibodies and can be relieved by slowing or stopping the infusion rate. During the casirivimab/imdevimab EUA, the National Home Infusion Foundation (NHIF) collected data to determine patient outcomes and the incidence of infusion reactions. Infusion rate and premedication protocols were also studied.

Methods

Home infusion companies nationwide were invited to participate in this study by completing a short survey to determine eligibility. The data variables investigated included infusion time, adverse events, and whether standard orders for premedications were used. The data was collected using an Excel® spreadsheet and a follow-up survey verified the relationship between the length of infusion and ADR incidence. The data was imported to IBM SPSS® (Statistical Product and Service Solutions®) for additional analysis.

Results

With this patient sample, the infusion time was either 20, 30, or 50 minutes with most (62.60%) being 20 minutes (Exhibit: Infusion Time). Infusion rates were based on organization protocols, standard prescriber orders, or the clinical needs of the patient. Of the 464 patient cases, 95.26% (n=442) had no reported adverse event. Of the 22 cases with a reported event, the most common symptoms were fever (6) and hypotension (4). Premedications were not routinely included in standard prescribing orders and were based on patient specific situations.

Conclusion

Administration of casirivmab/imdevimab in the home setting showed a low incidence of adverse drug reactions, and the incidence of infusion reactions were not directly related to infusion time or premedication use.

Disclosures

All Authors: No reported disclosures.
Biomarker Development Trial of Satraplatin in Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Liaw Bobby C , Tsao Che-Kai , Seng Sonia , Jun Tomi , Gong Yixuan , Galsky Matthew D , Oh William K
Published: December 2022

Background

In the phase III SPARC trial, satraplatin, an oral platinum analogue, demonstrated anticancer activity in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Repeat biopsies are uncommon in mCRPC, limiting the feasibility of tissue–based biomarkers. This phase II study sought to evaluate the feasibility and utility of blood–based biomarkers to identify platinum–sensitive mCRPC.

Methods

Patients with mCRPC who had progressed on docetaxel were enrolled at a single center from 2011 to 2013. Subjects received satraplatin 80 mg/m2 by mouth daily on days 1-5 and prednisone 5 mg PO twice daily, on a 35-day cycle. Serial peripheral blood samples were collected for biomarker assessment.

Results

Thirteen docetaxel-refractory mCRPC patients were enrolled, with a median age of 69 years (range 54-77 years) and median PSA of 71.7 ng/mL (range 0.04-3057). Four of 13 patients (31%) responded to satraplatin (defined as a PSA decline of ≥30%). Responders demonstrated improved time to disease progression (206 vs. 35 days, HR 0.26, 95% CI, 0.02-0.24, P = .003). A 6-gene peripheral blood RNA signature and serum tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) levels were assessed as biomarkers, but neither was significantly associated with response to satraplatin.

Conclusion

In this small series, one-third of mCRPC patients responded to platinum–based chemotherapy. Peripheral blood biomarker measurement is feasible in mCRPC, though the biomarkers we investigated were not associated with platinum response. Other biomarkers, such as DNA damage repair mutations, should be evaluated.
Nominalism
Authors: Panaccio Claude
Published: December 2022

Chapter 1 proposes a definition of what nominalism is taken to be in this book. On this proposal, “nominalism” is construed as a relational term: a doctrine is said to be nominalist with respect to certain linguistic units. The chapter then enumerates six theses of Ockham that can be so labeled, especially stressing what his position is on universals, relations, and quantities, as well as those relating to syncategorematic terms, abstract terms, and sentences. The last part of the chapter shows why a nominalist program must include (1) a critique of the relevant forms of realism; (2) an ontology; (3) a semantics; and (4) a theory of mind and knowledge.
Semantics
Authors: Panaccio Claude
Published: December 2022

Chapter 4 outlines Ockham’s nominalist semantics. It aims to show how affirmative general statements, relational statements, and quantitative statements can be true, for Ockham, in a world in which only singular substances and qualities exist. The chapter first explains his conception of the signification and reference (or “supposition”) of natural kind terms and his general theory of truth-conditions. The distinctive features of relational terms and relational statements are then explained, with an insistence on Ockham’s notion of “connotation.” The last part of the chapter discusses three semantic ideas that Ockham uses in his analysis of quantitative terms: the idea that entire propositions are sometimes connoted, the idea of pseudo-names and the idea of collective terms.
Conclusion
Authors: Panaccio Claude
Published: December 2022

The Conclusion recalls some of the main theoretical components of Ockham’s nominalism: the rejection of various forms of realism on the basis of certain general principles such as the principle of ontological separability and the Razor principle; a pluralistic ontology that combines essentialism, hylomorphism, and possibilism with the acceptance of an ordered world with no special relational things in it; a semantics which is altogether atomistic, referentialist, mentalist, and externalist; a conception of the human mind as a singular being endowed with innate capacities and related to individual objects of cognition through direct causal connections; and an externalist epistemology that allows for both contingent and necessary knowledge. Ockham’s nominalism comes out in the end as a form of metaphysical realism.
Formation of Regional Clusters
Authors: Dore Poornima , Narayanan K.
Published: December 2022

This Chapter undertakes a cluster analysis to identify possible clusters that evolve across regions over the study period. While it is not possible to discuss all clusters of all regions in detail, the six regions of Maharashtra are illustrated as a case in point to explain the similarities and differences between clusters and regions. The analysis point towards possibilities for a ‘aspirational regions’ perspective in development initiatives.
Oz and the Musical
Authors: Bunch Ryan
Published: December 2022

Musical adaptations of L. Frank Baum’s The Wizard of Oz highlight the utopian performance of American identity. The symbolic national mythology of The Wizard of Oz, the “American fairy tale,” is manifestly embodied and participatory when translated into the conventions and expressive gestures of the “American art form,” the musical. These performances evoke an American utopia implying inclusions and exclusions related to race, class, gender, childhood, and disability. In the 1903 Broadway extravaganza based on The Wizard of Oz, ethnic specialty acts and minstrel tropes portray Oz as a carnival of theatrical performance, reflecting the diversity of the United States at the turn of the century. These performances simultaneously destabilize and reinforce racial lines and gender norms. In the MGM film adaptation of 1939, the conservatism of the 1930s family musical is subverted by the musical’s queer camp and ethnic theatrical traditions. Audiences’ reception of these elements results in multivalent cultural meanings. The stage and screen versions of The Wiz (1975 and 1978), use Black performance traditions to stake a claim on the American fairy tale for African Americans. The soul aesthetic contributes to this musical’s concept of home and importance in the Black community. Wicked (2003) allegorizes difference, exporting performative Americanism for a global audience and staging the ideas of goodness and wickedness in the gendered performances of its diva witches. Finally, continued negotiations and contestations of American place and identity are musically and choreographically enacted in community theater performances, home Oz play, and themed environments.
Introduction
Authors: Bunch Ryan
Published: December 2022

The Wizard of Oz has served as the basis for several popular American musicals with the result that Oz and musicals have defined each other. Oz and musicals are utopian performances of America, with implications for who belongs in the American performance based on age, gender, race, and disability. The figure of the humbug of the Wizard serves as a guiding principle, in which performance is conscious and necessary for navigating American life. In parallel, divas and witches are models of feminine empowerment in performance. Fairy tale tropes collude with gestures of musical theater, such as the “I want” song, in the expression of a theatrical American dream. Utopian performances destabilize the notions of home and Oz as representations of an American ideal in stage and screen musicals as well as in home, school, and community performances. The author’s personal reflections and interviews with others inform the close readings of the musicals.
Wicked
Authors: Bunch Ryan
Published: December 2022

The Broadway musical Wicked combines the big feelings of the megamusical with metatheatrical musical comedy to explore questions of goodness, wickedness, gender, and performance in twenty-first-century America. Based on Gregory Maguire’s novel, which retells the story of The Wizard of Oz from the perspective of the Wicked Witch of the West, it engages with a feminine politics and American utopianism speaking to a core audience of young women. Elphaba, the Wicked Witch, becomes the protagonist of the musical, singing powerfully the types of musical theater songs, such as “I want” songs, that express complexity of character and motivation. Metaphors of difference represent and complicate American ideals of tolerance in domestic and international productions of the musical.
“And Then There Was Oz Again”
Authors: Bunch Ryan
Published: December 2022

Musical theater conventions shape make-believe play and performance with Oz at home, in school theater productions, at community events, and in themed environments. These are participatory performances in which children and adults transform local spaces by reenacting Oz, often in the form of a musical. In Oz play, a common practice after television broadcasts of the MGM film, the home becomes both the theater and the Land of Oz. Oz musicals are an important part of the school and community theater repertoire, where reflexive performances transform the Oz repertoire, its characters, and the possibility of who is included in the American utopia. Themed environments and community events use the conventions of Oz and musical theater in local expressions of the American fairy tale and its American performances.
Epilogue
Authors: Bunch Ryan
Published: December 2022

The Wizard of Oz and musicals serve as partial guides to each other. They to speak to American modes of performance and utopianism in the twenty-first century, which has been characterized by fraudulent leadership in the form of Trumpism, a nefarious form of humbug. The reopening of Wicked was emblematic of the return of Broadway after the closing of theaters during the COVID-19 pandemic. An Oz-themed meme parodying Hamilton further evidences the continuing influence of Oz in musical theater culture. Similar uses of Oz in political cartoons have a history going back to a William Randolph Hearst caricature as the Scarecrow from the Oz extravaganza of the early twentieth century. What Oz and musicals teach about “acting American” is as important as ever when it comes to questions about who is included or excluded in the American fairy tale and the American utopia.
Democracy as Therapy
Authors: Chettiar Teri
Published: December 2022

The first chapter focuses on the crucial set of developments in interwar and WWII British medicine and psychiatry that made it possible to forge a new, and much more proximate, relationship between the politics of democratic citizenship and the private world of intimate emotional relationships. It focuses especially on key areas of wartime psychiatric activity that established a broad range of social applications for British psychiatry in guiding post-WWII reconstruction. These included the world’s first “therapeutic community” at Northfield military hospital; the development of new social psychological techniques for officer selection and enemy interrogation; and research using German POWs that investigated the psychological appeal of Nazi ideology. The book’s opening chapter sheds light on the roots of a profoundly influential departure in the environmental politics of the family during the mid-twentieth century decades that resisted biological or hereditarian determinism.
Coda. Yeats’s Epitaphs
Authors: Quin Jack
Published: December 2022

The coda considers engraving and epitaphs as Yeats’s final experiment in sculptural analogies for poetry. This includes an 1891 love poem to Maud Gonne, his deliberative naming of the Rising leaders in “Easter, 1916,” multiple versions of “To be Carved on a Stone at Thoor Ballylee,” and his self-epitaph in the final lines of “Under Ben Bulben.” Yeats’s analogy of writing as carving invites comparison with Wordsworth’s Essays upon Epitaphs, John Ruskin’s lecture on engraving as “the Art of the Scratch,” and Walter Pater’s essay on “Style.” In an echo of poems discussed previously in the monograph, the “epitaphic” verses under consideration reflect on the practice of engraving, and what remains or endures beyond the grave. Yeats’s reserve and economy of language in poems written to be engraved suggests a mode of writing that is distinct from the elegy, as Wordsworth asserts in his essays.
The New Preemption
Authors: Briffault Richard
Published: December 2022

Recent years have witnessed heightened conflict between American cities and their states. Even as some cities are actively pursuing progressive agendas on workplace equity, environmental regulation, anti-discrimination, public health, and the treatment of immigrants, their states have veered right. These states have not only rejected progressive policies at the state level but have moved aggressively to preempt city action. This ‘new preemption’ is distinctively deregulatory, ideological, and—in some cases—punitive. The new preemption highlights the failure of American federalism to recognize cities. It also illustrates the tension within federalism theory as to whether federalism is about the protection of the specific polities that constitute the federal union or represents a broader commitment to subsidiarity. The new preemption underscores how American federalism, despite the subsidiarity rhetoric often used by the Supreme Court, is a commitment to the states per se. The new preemption also provides an opportunity to consider the role of subnational constitutions in protecting cities. American states have their own constitutions, and many have ‘home rule’ provisions that offer some protection to their cities. To the extent these constitutions create a kind of intrastate federalism, they are based on the subsidiarity model. In federal systems in which cities something other than constitutive components of the federal union constitutional recognition of cities is likely to resemble the softer subsidiarity-type protections found in American state constitutions and may be achieved through the constitutions (or equivalent rules) of the subnational units that make up the federal structure.
Competition, trade war, and its modern causes
Authors: Oermann Nils Ole , Wolff Hans-Jürgen
Published: December 2022

The chapter shows the often seamless transition from economic competition to political rivalry. It shows that even peaceful ‘creative destruction’ may lead to widespread human suffering. It describes how predatory trade wars and European colonialism since 1500 led to exploitation, mass murder, and slavery. It shows how industrialization increased the demand for slaves, namely in the cotton industry. It describes important changes in the history of ideas about trade, from mercantilism to free trade theory. It analyses whether modern imperialism, which started around 1870, was mainly driven by capitalist interests, as argued by Marxist-Leninist writers, or by power politics. It concludes that political rivalries rather than commercial interests were the decisive factor, and that technological supremacy enabled the aggressors to act ruthlessly. It deals with President Wilson’s policy before the USA entered the First World War and with the writings of John A. Hobson, Rudolf Hilferding, Rosa Luxemburg, and Vladimir I. Lenin.
‘Sanctions’, ‘trade war’, and ‘economic warfare’
Authors: Oermann Nils Ole , Wolff Hans-Jürgen
Published: December 2022

The chapter defines the terms economic sanction, trade war, and economic warfare. It describes the motives behind them and the instruments employed. It highlights the sanctions regimes of the United Nations, the United States, and the European Union. It shows that every armed conflict has its economic dimension. Regarding ‘economic warfare’, it distinguishes three meanings of the term: armed conflict started for economic goals, war against the enemy’s economic potential during armed conflict, and war against an adversary’s economic potential without armed conflict. It shows that war for economic goals has been rare in the past 120 years, and how in the First and Second World Wars war was waged against the enemy’s economy and trade. It warns not to speak lightly of the third kind of economic warfare, the one without armed conflict, since that would inflate the term and poison international relations. Still, economic warfare may be waged in peace, if there are interstate, polemical, and strategic dimensions in what is going on. Examples given pro and contra are the Suez Crisis of 1956 and the US Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930. The most blatant current example of economic warfare without armed conflict is the sanctions against Russia because of its war of aggression in Ukraine.
Trade wars, economic warfare, and the law
Authors: Oermann Nils Ole , Wolff Hans-Jürgen
Published: December 2022

The chapter describes the rules in force of international law concerning sanctions, trade war, and economic warfare as practised until 1945. It deals with the UN Charter, the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions, the San Remo Manual on the Law for Armed Conflict at Sea, the judgement by the International Court of Justice with regard to US measures against Nicaragua, and the rules of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). It explains the principles of most-favoured-nation and of national treatment and examines the state of the law regarding trade restrictions for reasons of national security. It describes the WTO procedures for settling trade disputes and reports the criticism of WTO practice and the cause for WTO reform. It highlights the positions of the United States and the European Union regarding reform and regarding Chinese behaviour that may violate the letter or the spirit of the WTO regime.
Inclusive Growth without Structural Transformation?
Authors: Firpo Sergio , Pieri Renan , Nogueira Rafaela
Published: December 2022

Through a fast process of urbanization, Brazil, until the beginning of the 1990s, a country with most workers in the agricultural sector, went through a strong process of structural transformation that lasted almost four decades until its economic opening at the beginning of the 1990s. For the same period, income inequality remained practically stable and at high levels, only falling at the end of the 1990s. This chapter analyses the Brazilian experience in three periods from a historical point of view: 1950–1964, 1964–1994, and 1994–2011. This analysis brings evidence that the combination of an import substitution system based on tariff and non-tariff barriers to foreign products, combined with low investment in human capital, made the structural transformation process not correlated with inclusive growth.
The Developer’s Dilemma
Authors: Alisjahbana Armida Salsiah , Sen Kunal , Sumner Andy , Yusuf Arief
Published: December 2022

This chapter pulls together the book’s chapters, each examining the developer’s dilemma or ‘Kuznetsian tension’ between structural transformation and income inequality. Developing countries seek inclusive economic growth that improves the living standards of all, especially the poor. What are the types or ‘varieties’ of structural transformation that have been experienced in developing countries? What inequality dynamics are associated with each variety of structural transformation? What policies have been utilized to manage trade-offs between structural transformation, income inequality, and inclusive growth? The different chapters discuss these questions, while employing a common analytical framework and a set of common datasets. The intellectual contribution of the book is to provide a comparative analysis of the relationship between structural transformation, income inequality, and inclusive growth; to do so empirically at regional and national levels; and to draw conclusions from the cases on the varieties of structural transformation, their inequality dynamics, and the policies have been employed to mediate the developer’s dilemma.
Slavery, Surveillance, and Genre in Antebellum United States Literature
Authors: Ross Kelly
Published: December 2022

Slavery, Surveillance, and Genre in Antebellum United States Literature argues for the existence of deep, often unexamined, interconnections between genre and race by tracing how surveillance migrates from the literature of slavery to crime, gothic, and detective fiction. Attending to the long history of surveillance and policing of African Americans, the book challenges the traditional conception of surveillance as a top-down enterprise, equally addressing the tactics of sousveillance (watching from below) that enslaved people and their allies used to resist, escape, or merely survive racial subjugation. Examining the dialectic of racialized surveillance and sousveillance from fugitive slave narratives to fictional genres focused on crime and detection, the book shows how these genres share a thematic concern with the surveillance of racialized bodies and formal experimentation with ways of telling a story in which certain information is either rendered visible or kept hidden. Through close readings of understudied fugitive slave narratives published in the 1820s and 1830s, as well as texts by Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Frederick Douglass, Hannah Crafts, and Harriet Jacobs, Ross analyzes the different ways white and Black authors take up these issues in their writing—from calming white fears of enslaved rebellion to abolishing slavery—and demonstrates how literary representations ultimately destabilize any clear-cut opposition between watching from above and below. In so doing, the book demonstrates the importance of race to surveillance studies and claims a greater role for the impact of surveillance on literary expression in the United States during the era of slavery.
White Oversight inThe Confessions of Nat Turner, Benito Cereno,andThe Heroic Slave
Authors: Ross Kelly
Published: December 2022

This chapter delineates “white oversight”: a racialized worldview that has epistemological power but assumes white invisibility. White oversight’s failure to see the reality of the Black gaze has potentially lethal consequences in the case of enslaved rebellion. The Confessions of Nat Turner, Herman Melville’s Benito Cereno, and Frederick Douglass’s The Heroic Slave all grapple with the shattering effects of the destruction of white oversight, which subtends reconstructions of the past, stabilizing historical narratives. Enslaved rebellion temporarily upends the power dynamics of watching, a reversal these authors register in their portrayals of the contingencies of veillance. When white surveillants recognize that they are not “safely” invisible, but are also objects of scrutiny, the dialectic of white surveillance and Black sousveillance breaks down, causing a rupture in narrative form.
Contested Sovereignty in Preventive Border Control
Authors: Mitsilegas Valsamis
Published: December 2022

This chapter explores attempts by states, and by the European Union, to create a hostile environment against those who are viewed as assisting migrants, and in particular lawyers, civil society organisations, and non-governmental organisations. The chapter demonstrates how state responses stem from the fact that the intervention of non-state actors in migration management is deemed as a threat to state sovereignty. The chapter addresses the uses and abuses of criminal law, including treating humanitarian action as human smuggling, in order to target civil society. It also highlights attempts to establish an environment of obedience by requiring compliance with a series of administrative and legal requirements. The chapter casts light on the negative consequences of the evolution of the hostile environment for the protection of human rights and the rule of law.
A Mundane Spectacle? (In)visibility, Normalisation, and State Power in the UK’s Migrant Escorting Contract
Authors: Bosworth Mary , Singler Samuel
Published: December 2022

This chapter analyses how deportation works in practice in the UK. Drawing on first-hand ethnographic observations of deportations and conversations with staff charged with removing foreign nationals from prisons and immigration removal centres, it sketches out the process in its entirety. By illuminating the sheer variety of private sector involvement, from the food provided in the vans to the airport, to the security companies who protect the deportation agents on the ground in Kabul, Mogadishu, and Baghdad, this chapter seeks to widen our understanding of the nature, scale, and implications of outsourcing border control. As we will show, the messy, everyday, nature of deportation is often hard to explain or understand, and the impact of its privatisation is not straightforward. Despite contracting out much of the logistics of enforced removal, the state remains present in the figure of the border force agent or immigration enforcement officer at the port, in the immigration officer on a charter flight, and in the human rights monitors who scrutinise all stages of the process. It is also the state that authorises, cancels, and delays movements.
Outsourcing Deterrence
Authors: Vogl Anthea
Published: December 2022

This chapter explores government outsourcing of asylum seeker welfare services, surveillance, and reporting functions to non-government organisations (NGOs). It focuses on Australia, where the government has outsourced the delivery of core welfare services for asylum seekers living in the community to NGOs. The outsourced welfare services have been appraised as ‘starving out’ asylum seekers and deploying deprivation as a means of deterrence. The government-contracted NGOs are also required to report on asylum seekers who are in breach of Australia’s Asylum Seeker Code of Behaviour, which prohibits actions such as spitting, swearing, and spreading rumours. The chapter argues that the Australian government’s outsourcing of refugee welfare services co-opts and captures NGOs as direct partners in immigration control and deterrence. Further, it analyses state capture of the NGOs as exemplifying the alliance between care and immigration control involved in humanitarian forms of governance at the border. By virtue of contractual outsourcing, the Australian government has both created new sites of discretion and control over asylum seekers and constrained the capacity of NGOs to contest government policy, instead involving them in the enforcement of sovereign borders as a condition for providing support and assistance.
Dry, Aligning, Dilute, Active Matter
Authors: Chaté Hugues , Mahault Benoît
Published: December 2022

Dry, aligning, dilute, active matter (DADAM) refers to a corner of the multidimensional, fast-growing field of active matter. This corner has both historical and theoretical importance for the entire field. This chapter first describes this particular status of DADAM. We then provide an overview of our current knowledge of DADAM. For convenience, we first describe the phenomenology of simple active particle models representing the basic DADAM classes, limiting ourselves to two spatial dimensions, where most work has been performed. Then we discuss the continuous hydrodynamic theories derived from these models using the Boltzmann-Ginzburg-Landau approach. We show in particular that they are largely faithful to the microscopic level, albeit qualitatively. Finally, we come back to the nodal situation of DADAM within active matter studies and provide perspectives on how one can expand DADAM knowledge into various directions, approaching more realistic and more complex situations in a controlled way.
Why Walking Is Easier Than Pointing: Hydrodynamics of Dry Active Matter
Authors: Toner John
Published: December 2022

Although human beings have known about the phenomenon of “flocking”- that is, the coherent movement of large numbers of creatures (flocks of birds, schools of fish, herds of woolly mammoths, etc.)- since prehistoric times, it is only in the last two decades that we have begun to truly understand this phenomenon. In particular, the surprising fact that a very large collection of organisms in two dimensions cannot all point in the same direction, but can quite easily move in the same direction, can now be explained. In these lectures, I’ll review one of the principal theoretical tools that made this possible: hydrodynamics. My intention is both to elucidate flocking- or, to use the specific technical mouthful, “polar ordered dry active fluids”-, and to use flocking as an illustration of how to use the hydrodynamic approach on new and unfamiliar systems.
Active Materials: Biological Benchmarks and Transport Limitations
Authors: Dufresne Eric R.
Published: December 2022

Recent works in cellular and molecular biophysics suggest that activity can drive dramatic changes to the properties of living materials and their fluctuations. Experimental investigations of active materials pose some challenges. In order to properly characterize active systems as materials, they need to have a homogeneous composition in steady state at experimentally accessible length scales. On the other hand, steady-state active systems require fluxes of mass and energy to fuel ongoing internal processes. Since transport rates are limited, this naturally introduces heterogeneity when the physical dimensions of the system are too large. This chapter discusses some benchmarks for the activity levels of biomimetic active materials and quantifies transport constraints on the overall size of homogeneous samples.
Modeling the Microscopic Origins of Active Transport
Authors: Frenkel Daan
Published: December 2022

Understanding non-equilibrium processes means understanding why things change, and at what rate. This chapter aims to explain simple non-equilibrium processes focusing on the physical rather than the mathematical aspects. The main ingredients are a discussion of entropy and fluctuations, followed by a brief description of the Onsager relations and their application to thermophoresis. This is followed by a simple discussion of linear response theory, and its application in the study of rare events.
Fluctuation-induced Forces In and out of Equilibrium
Authors: Kardar Mehran
Published: December 2022

Fluctuation-induced forces (FIFs) are prevalent in nature, covering a plethora of phenomena spanning biophysics to cosmology. The common ingredients are: (i) A fluctuating medium that can be described by a probability distribution; and (ii) External objects whose presence constrains (or somehow modifies) these fluctuations. The overall strength of the interaction is proportional to the magnitude of undistorted fluctuations; while its range is set by the extent of correlations of the fluctuations. In this Chapter we focus on some interesting cases when the interactions are long–ranged and arise from scale free fluctuations. We first discuss the universality of FIF in equilibrium (set by $k_B T$ and $\hbar$ for thermal and quantum fluctuations) using tools from statistical mechanics and field-theory. The dependence of FIF on boundary shapes is explored next in the context of polymers; and finally we conclude by considering FIF in non-equilibrium settings with conservation laws.
Rheology of Complex and Active Fluids
Authors: Fielding Suzanne M.
Published: December 2022

Complex fluids have internal mesoscopic substructures with a typical size of order nanometers to microns. The mechanical behaviour of such materials is controlled not by strong covalent or metallic bonds, as in hard materials such as metals and ceramics, but by the physical interactions between the constituent mesoscopic substructures (chains, micelles, grains, etc). Such interactions are generically much weaker than those between atoms. This renders these materials soft and easy to reshape. Indeed, they can be subject to flows that cause a major disruption to the organisation of the internal substructures, but will (often) regain equilibrium once the flow stops, via a series of processes that span a wide range of viscoelastic timescales. The study of these fascinating deformation and flow properties is called rheology. The aim of these lectures is to introduce some basic concepts of rheology, and then to discuss their application to the study of active matter.
“Land for the People!”
Authors: O'Malley Seamus
Published: December 2022

This chapter examines the Land Wars, one of the most potent populist moments in Irish history, and how such a phenomenon appeared in fictional treatment. While the Land League’s famous phrase “Land for The People” crystalized rural opposition to British rule, the slogan signifies a heterogeneous mix of small and large landowners, agricultural laborers, and disaffected Protestant intellectuals. This coalition was held together by William O’Brien’s newspaper United Ireland, the official organ of the Land League. Key to O’Brien’s success was his populist language, and we will see how the paper produced The People, and then how three novels responded to such challenging language: Rosa Mulholland’s Marcella Grace, Emily Lawless’s, and George Moore’s A Drama in Muslin. This chapter concludes with Anna Parnell’s analysis; writing two decades after the League’s end, she crafted a bleak retrospective of the League and chided its male leadership for timidity and political cowardice.
Lady Gregory and the Voice of The People
Authors: O'Malley Seamus
Published: December 2022

This chapter turns to the writer for whom The People is most important: Lady Augusta Gregory often positioned herself as “Friend to the People,” indicating the similarities between her and figures like Jean-Paul Marat. In both Gregory’s works and David’s iconic painting, the relationship between The People and their spokesperson evokes issues of class, power, education, etc., but Gregory is also akin to David himself, forced to come up with novel ways of representing The People that are sometimes direct, sometimes oblique. Populist sentiments within the Revival put pressure on the development of her styles, we can see the influence of populism on her literary techniques and approach to her Irish subjects throughout her work. Unlike many Revival writers, Lady Gregory was open about the collaborative nature of many of her works (most famously those with Yeats), but she also presents her work as the result of a collaboration with The People.
“THE PEOPLE” of the Easter Rising
Authors: O'Malley Seamus
Published: December 2022

This chapter traces the paths that James Connolly and Patrick Pearse took to create a “Republic in trust for the people” as stated in their Proclamation. The two rebels had not only drastically different notions of The People, but also distinct relationships to the populist currents that moved throughout the Revival period. Connolly generally avoided populist discourse and, during the Lockout especially, battled against prominent populist nationalists like William Martin Murphy, self-appointed arbiter of “public opinion.” The 1913 defeat is only one instance of Connolly’s inability to outflank the coalitions of nationalist populism that aimed to speak for The People. Pearse, especially in his last years, was more receptive to populist thought, partly due to his open embrace of the irrational and mystical side of politics. While no original thinker, Pearse’s instinct for symbolism was strong, making him a powerful conductor of romantic nationalism. Pearse ultimately turns to The People via his belief in their divinity: like Christ, The People are fully human and divine, and at first he wonders if “the people itself will perhaps be its own Messiah.” Yet he ultimately decides that unlike Christ, The People can only passively witness the sacrifice of others. That left Pearse as the only logical sacrificial embodiment of The People. In a similar way, Pearse rarely attempts to portray The People in his writings, instead representing them on the political stage, acting as their substitute.
Explaining National Preferences on the Fiscalization of the EU
Authors: Woźniakowski Tomasz P.
Published: December 2022

The fifth chapter analyses the preferences of the member states regarding the EU’s fiscalization. In doing so, it examines member states’ contributions prepared as part of a debate on a strategic EU document outlining institutional options for the future of the EU, the so-called Five Presidents’ Report. The member states were grouped according to their preferences on fiscalization—to what extent the member states were mentioning a threat as a reason for fiscalization? By listing those arguments, this chapter found many contributions did not mention a threat—the main factor underpinning the hypothesis of this book. However, this is the very reason, it argues, why there is no fiscalization in the EU—the threat emerging from the euro crisis was not perceived by the member states to be large enough to trigger such a fundamental shift in the instruments of integration. As a result, fiscal regulation, and not fiscalization, has been chosen as the main instrument of fiscal integration.