Surgeons’ perspectives on artificial intelligence to support clinical decision-making in trauma and emergency contexts: results from an international survey
Authors: Cobianchi Lorenzo , Piccolo Daniele , Dal Mas Francesca , Agnoletti Vanni , Ansaloni Luca , Balch Jeremy , Biffl Walter , Butturini Giovanni , Catena Fausto , Coccolini Federico , Denicolai Stefano , De Simone Belinda , Frigerio Isabella , Fugazzola Paola , Marseglia Gianluigi , Marseglia Giuseppe Roberto , Martellucci Jacopo , Modenese Mirko , Previtali Pietro , Ruta Federico , Venturi Alessandro , Kaafarani Haytham M. , Loftus Tyler J. ,   Team Dynamics Study Group, Abbott Kenneth Lyle , Abdelmalik Abubaker , Abebe Nebyou Seyoum , Abu-Zidan Fikri , Adam Yousif Abdallah Yousif , Adamou Harissou , Adamovich Dmitry Mikhailovich , Agresta Ferdinando , Agrusa antonino , Akin Emrah , Alessiani Mario , Alexandrino Henrique , Ali Syed Muhammad , Mihai Vasilescu Alin , Almeida Pedro Miguel , Al-Shehari Mohammed Mohammed , Altomare Michele , Amico Francesco , Ammendola Michele , Andreuccetti Jacopo , Anestiadou Elissavet , Angelos Peter , Annicchiarico Alfredo , Antonelli Amedeo , Aparicio-Sanchez Daniel , Ardito antonella , Argenio Giulio , Arvieux Catherine Claude , Askevold Ingolf Harald , Atanasov Boyko Tchavdarov , Augustin Goran , Awad Selmy Sabry , Bacchiocchi Giulia , Bagnoli Carlo , Bahouth Hany , Baili Efstratia , Bains Lovenish , Baiocchi Gian Luca , Bala Miklosh , Balagué Carmen , Balalis Dimitrios , Baldini Edoardo , Baraket oussama , Baral Suman , Barone Mirko , Barranquero Alberto Gonzãlez , Barreras Jorge Arturo , Bass Gary Alan , Bayhan Zulfu , Bellanova Giovanni , Ben-Ishay Offir , Bert Fabrizio , Bianchi Valentina , Biancuzzi Helena , Bidoli Chiara , Radulescu Raluca Bievel , Bignell Mark Brian , Biloslavo Alan , Bissacco Daniele , Bini Roberto , Boati Paolo , Boddaert Guillaume , Bogdanic Branko , Bombardini Cristina , Bonavina Luigi , Bonomo Luca , Bottari Andrea , Bouliaris Konstantinos , Brachini Gioia , Brillantino Antonio , Brisinda Giuseppe , Bulanauca Maloni Mamada , Buonomo Luis Antonio , Burcharth Jakob , Buscemi Salvatore , Calabretto Francesca , Calini Giacomo , Calu Valentin , Campanile Fabio Cesare , Campo Dall′Orto Riccardo , Campos-Serra Andrea , Campostrini Stefano , Capoglu Recayi , Carvas Joao Miguel , Cascella Marco , Casoni Pattacini Gianmaria , Celentano Valerio , Centonze Danilo Corrado , Ceresoli Marco , Chatzipetris Dimitrios , Chessa Antonella , Chiarello Maria Michela , Chirica Mircea , Chooklin Serge , Chouliaras Christos , Chowdhury Sharfuddin , Cianci Pasquale , Cillara Nicola , Cimbanassi Stefania , Cioffi Stefano Piero Bernardo , Colak Elif , Colás Ruiz Enrique , Conti Luigi , Coppola Alessandro , Correia De Sa Tiago , Dantas Costa Silvia , Cozza Valerio , Curro’ Giuseppe , Dabekaussen Kirsten Felicia Ann-Sophie Aimee , D’Acapito Fabrizio , Damaskos Dimitrios , D’Ambrosio Giancarlo , Das Koray , Davies Richard Justin , De Beaux Andrew Charles , De Lebrusant Fernandez Sara Patricia , De Luca Alessandro , De Stefano Francesca , Degrate Luca , Demetrashvili Zaza , Demetriades Andreas Kyriacou , Detanac Dzemail Smail , Dezi Agnese , Di Buono Giuseppe , Di Carlo Isidoro , Di Lascio Pierpaolo , Di Martino Marcello , Di Saverio Salomone , Diaconescu Bogdan , Diaz Jose J. , Dibra Rigers , Dimitrov Evgeni Nikolaev , Dinuzzi Vincenza Paola , Dios-Barbeito Sandra , Diyani Jehangir Farman Ali , Dogjani Agron , Domanin Maurizio , D’Oria Mario , Duran Munoz-Cruzado Virginia , East Barbora , Ekelund Mikael , Ekwen Gerald Takem , Elbaih Adel Hamed , Elhadi Muhammed , Enninghorst Natalie , Ernisova Mairam , Escalera-Antezana Juan Pablo , Esposito Sofia , Esposito Giuseppe , Estaire Mercedes , Farè Camilla Nikita , Farre Roser , Favi Francesco , Ferrario Luca , Ferrario di Tor Vajana Antonjacopo , Filisetti Claudia , Fleres Francesco , Cordeiro Fonseca Vinicius , Forero-Torres Alexander , Forfori Francesco , Fortuna Laura , Fradelos Evangelos , Fraga Gustavo P. , Fransvea Pietro , Frassini Simone , Frazzetta Giuseppe , Pizzocaro Erica , Frountzas Maximos , Gachabayov Mahir , Galeiras Rita , Garcia Vazquez Alain A. , Gargarella Simone , Garzali Ibrahim Umar , Ghannam Wagih Mommtaz , Ghazi Faiz Najmuddin , Gillman Lawrence Marshall , Gioco Rossella , Giordano Alessio , Giordano Luca , Giove Carlo , Giraudo Giorgio , Giuffrida Mario , Giulii Capponi Michela , Gois Emanuel , Gomes Carlos Augusto , Gomes Felipe Couto , Gonsaga Ricardo Alessandro Teixeira , Gonullu Emre , Goosen Jacques , Goranovic Tatjana , Gracia-Roman Raquel , Graziano Giorgio Maria Paolo , Griffiths Ewen Alexander , Guagni Tommaso , Hadzhiev Dimitar Bozhidarov , Haidar Muad Gamil , Hamid Hytham K. S. , Hardcastle Timothy Craig , Hayati Firdaus , Healey Andrew James , Hecker Andreas , Hecker Matthias , Hernandez Garcia Edgar Fernando , Hodonou Adrien Montcho , Huaman Eduardo Cancio , Huerta Martin , Ibrahim Aini Fahriza , Ibrahim Basil Mohamed Salabeldin , Ietto Giuseppe , Inama Marco , Ioannidis Orestis , Isik Arda , Ismail Nizar , Ismail Azzain Mahadi Hamid , Jailani Ruhi Fadzlyana , Jang Ji Young , Kalfountzos Christos , Kalipershad Sujala Niatarika Rajsain , Kaouras Emmanouil , Kaplan Lewis Jay , Kara Yasin , Karamagioli Evika , Karamarkovia Aleksandar , Katsaros Ioannis , Kavalakat Alfie J. , Kechagias Aristotelis , Kenig Jakub , Kessel Boris Juli , Khan Jim S. , Khokha Vladimir , Kim Jae Il , Kirkpatrick Andrew Wallace , Klappenbach Roberto , Kluger Yoram , Kobe Yoshiro , Lymperis Efstratios Kofopoulos , Kok Kenneth Yuh Yen , Kong Victor , Korkolis Dimitris P. , Koukoulis Georgios , Kovacevic Bojan , Kruger Vitor Favali , Kryvoruchko Igor A. , Kurihara Hayato , Kuriyama Akira , Landaluce-Olavarria Aitor , Lapolla Pierfrancesco , Leppäniemi Ari , Licari Leo , Lisi Giorgio , Litvin Andrey , Lizarazu Aintzane , Bayo Heura Llaquet , Lohsiriwat Varut , Lopes Moreira Claudia Cristina , Lostoridis Eftychios , Tovar Luna Agustãn. , Luppi Davide , V. Gustavo Miguel Machain , Maegele Marc , Maggiore Daniele , Magnone Stefano , Maier Ronald V. , Major Piotr , Manangi Mallikarjuna , manetti andrea , Mantoglu Baris , Marafante Chiara , Mariani Federico , Marinis Athanasios , Mariot Evandro Antonio Sbalcheiro , Martines Gennaro , Perez Aleix Martinez , Martino Costanza , Mascagni Pietro , Massalou Damien , Massaro Maurizio , Matías-García Belen , Mazzarella Gennaro , Mazzarolo Giorgio , Melo Renato Bessa , Mendoza-Moreno Fernando , Meric Serhat , Meyer Jeremy , Miceli Luca , Michalopoulos Nikolaos V. , Milana Flavio , Mingoli Andrea , Mishra Tushar S. , Mohamed Muyed , Mohamed Musab Isam Eldin Abbas , Mohamedahmed Ali Yasen , Mohammed Mohammed Jibreel Suliman , Mohan Rajashekar , Moore Ernest E. , Morales-Garcia Dieter , Muhrbeck MÃ¥ns , Mulita Francesk , Mustafa Sami Mohamed Siddig , Muttillo Edoardo Maria , Naimzada Mukhammad David , Navsaria Pradeep H. , Negoi Ionut , Nespoli Luca , Nguyen Christine , Nidaw Melkamu Kibret , Nigri Giuseppe , Nikolopoulos Ioannis , O’Connor Donal Brendan , Ogundipe Habeeb Damilola , Oliveri Cristina , Olmi Stefano , Ong Ernest Cun Wang , Orecchia Luca , Osipov Aleksei V. , Othman Muhammad Faeid , Pace Marco , Pacilli Mario , Pagani Leonardo , Palomba Giuseppe , Pantalone Desire’ , Panyko Arpad , Paolillo Ciro , Papa Mario Virgilio , Papaconstantinou Dimitrios , Papadoliopoulou Maria , Papadopoulos Aristeidis , Papis Davide , Pararas Nikolaos , Parreira Jose Gustavo , Parry Neil Geordie , Pata Francesco , Patel Tapan , Paterson-Brown Simon , Pavone Giovanna , Pecchini Francesca , Pegoraro Veronica , Pellino Gianluca , Pelloni Maria , Peloso Andrea , Perea Del Pozo Eduardo , Pereira Rita Goncalves , Pereira Bruno Monteiro , Perez Aintzane Lizarazu , Pérez Silvia , Perra Teresa , Perrone Gennaro , Pesce Antonio , Petagna Lorenzo , Petracca Giovanni , Phupong Vorapong , Picardi Biagio , Picciariello Arcangelo , Piccoli Micaela , Picetti Edoardo , Pikoulis Pikoulis Emmanouil , Pintar Tadeja , Pirozzolo Giovanni , Piscioneri Francesco , Podda Mauro , Porcu Alberto , Privitera Francesca , Punzo Clelia , Quaresima Silvia , Quiodettis Martha Alexa , Qvist Niels , Rahim Razrim , de Almeida Filipe Ramalho , Ramely Rosnelifaizur Bin , Rasa Huseyin Kemal , Reichert Martin , Reinisch-Liese Alexander , Renne Angela , Riccetti Camilla , Rodriguez-Luna Maria Rita , Roizblatt Daniel , Romanzi Andrea , Romeo Luigi , Roscio Francesco Pietro Maria , Rosnelifaizur Ramely Bin , Rossi Stefano , Rubiano Andres M. , Ruiz-Ucar Elena , Sakakushev Boris Evgeniev , Salamea Juan Carlos , Sall Ibrahima , Samarakoon Lasitha Bhagya , Sammartano Fabrizio , Arteaga Alejandro Sanchez , Sanchez-Cordero Sergi , Santoanastaso Domenico Pietro Maria , Sartelli Massimo , Sasia Diego , SATO NORIO , Savchuk Artem , Sawyer Robert Grant , Scaioli Giacomo , SCHIZAS DIMITRIOS , Sebastiani Simone , Seeliger Barbara , Lohse Helmut Alfredo Segovia , Seretis Charalampos , Sermonesi Giacomo , Serradilla-Martin Mario , Shelat Vishal G. , Shlyapnikov Sergei , Sidiropoulos Theodoros , Simoes Romeo Lages , Siragusa Leandro , Siribumrungwong Boonying , Slavchev Mihail , Solaini Leonardo , soldini gabriele , Sopuev Andrey , Soreide Kjetil , SOVATZIDIS APOSTOLOS , Stahel Philip Frank , Strickland Matt , Sultan Mohamed Arif Hameed , Sydorchuk Ruslan , Sydorchuk Larysa , Syed Syed Muhammad Ali Muhammad , Tallon-Aguilar Luis , Tamburini Andrea Marco , Tamini Nicolò , Tan Edward C. T. H. , Tan Jih Huei , Tarasconi Antonio , Tartaglia Nicola , Tartaglia Giuseppe , Tartaglia Dario , Taylor John Vincent , Tebala Giovanni Domenico , Gonsaga Ricardo Alessandro Teixeira , Teuben Michel , Theodorou Alexis , Tolonen Matti , Tomasicchio Giovanni , Toro Adriana , Torre Beatrice , Triantafyllou Tania , Trigiante Trigiante Giuseppe , Tripepi Marzia , Trostchansky Julio , Tsekouras Konstantinos , Turrado-Rodriguez Victor , Tutino Roberta , Uccelli Matteo , Uchikov Petar Angelov , Ugarte-Sierra Bakarne , Ukkonen Mika Tapani , Vailas Michail , Vassiliu Panteleimon G. , Vazquez Alain Garcia , Vazquez Rita Galeiras , Velmahos George , Verde Juan Ezequiel , Verde Juan Manuel , Veroux Massimiliano , Viganò Jacopo , Vilallonga Ramon , Visconti Diego , Vittori Alessandro , Waledziak Maciej , Wannatoop Tongporn , Widmer Lukas Werner , Wilson Michael Samuel James , Woltz Sarah , Wong Ting Hway , Xenaki Sofia , Yu Byungchul , Yule Steven , Zachariah Sanoop Koshy , Zacharis Georgios , Zaghi Claudia , Zakaria Andee Dzulkarnaen , Zambrano Diego A. , Zampitis Nikolaos , Zampogna Biagio , Zanghì Simone , Zantedeschi Maristella , Zapsalis Konstantinos , Zattoni Fabio , Zese Monica 
Published: January 2023

Background

Artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining traction in medicine and surgery. AI-based applications can offer tools to examine high-volume data to inform predictive analytics that supports complex decision-making processes. Time-sensitive trauma and emergency contexts are often challenging. The study aims to investigate trauma and emergency surgeons’ knowledge and perception of using AI-based tools in clinical decision-making processes.

Methods

An online survey grounded on literature regarding AI-enabled surgical decision-making aids was created by a multidisciplinary committee and endorsed by the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES). The survey was advertised to 917 WSES members through the society’s website and Twitter profile.

Results

650 surgeons from 71 countries in five continents participated in the survey. Results depict the presence of technology enthusiasts and skeptics and surgeons' preference toward more classical decision-making aids like clinical guidelines, traditional training, and the support of their multidisciplinary colleagues. A lack of knowledge about several AI-related aspects emerges and is associated with mistrust.

Discussion

The trauma and emergency surgical community is divided into those who firmly believe in the potential of AI and those who do not understand or trust AI-enabled surgical decision-making aids. Academic societies and surgical training programs should promote a foundational, working knowledge of clinical AI.