bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Values of Risks to Life and Health
Authors: Kip Viscusi W
Published: October 2023

The wage-risk studies considered in Chapter 3 outline the basic approach that has been reflected in what is now a considerable literature on the valuation of risks to life and health. Over the past two decades, there have been a large number of studies using a variety of data sets to assess the tradeoff between worker wages and fatality risks. These studies address not only risks to U.S. workers but also the implicit values of life reflected in the behavior of workers in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and Japan. A straightforward extension of these models has been to include a measure of nonfatal risks faced by the worker, enabling analysts to impute an implicit value per statistical injury in the workplace. There have also been attempts to analyze the price-risk tradeoff for several consumer products, yielding results somewhat similar to those reflected in wage equations.
Consumer Behavior and the Safety Effects of Consumer Product Safety Regulation
Authors: Kip Viscusi W
Published: October 2023

A recurring issue in the economic analysis of risk regulation agencies is whether these efforts have had any significant favorable effect on safety. Although the existence of such an effect would not necessarily imply that these efforts were worthwhile, without an enhancement in safety there is no potential rationale for these regulations.
Litigation and Inequality
Authors: Purcell Edward A
Published: October 2023

Purcell explores the dynamic relationship between legal and social change through the prism of litigation practice and tactics. He examines changing litigation patterns in suits between individuals and national corporations over tort claims for personal injuries and contract claims for insurance benefits. In this volume, Purcell refines the progressive claim that the federal courts favoured business enterprises during this time, and identifies specific ways and particular time periods in which the federal courts both advantaged and disadvantaged national corporations. He also identifies 1892-1908 as a critical period in the evolution of the 20th century federal judicial system.
The Federal Common Law
Authors: Purcell Edward A
Published: October 2023

Tort and contract actions, whether brought in state or federal court, were governed by state law. Absent a controlling state statute, they were governed by the state ‘s common law, that is, by judge-made rules and principles embodied in earlier decisions of the state ‘s courts. Although legislation increased in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the common law remained a dominant force in both tort and contract law. And even when legislation altered or abrogated judge-made rules, the common law continued to provide the methodological and conceptual tools that the courts used to construe and apply statutory enactments.
The Battle for Forum Control, I: The Jurisdictional Amount and the Limits of Corporate Liability
Authors: Purcell Edward A
Published: October 2023

Although most individuals who had claims against corporations never brought them to court, hundreds of thousands did. As the system of corporate diversity litigation formed in the 1870s and early 1880s, plaintiffs quickly recognized the disadvantages that removal imposed. The burdens of distance and delay were immediately obvious; the procedural and institutional disadvantages of removal quickly became apparent; and by the late 1880s and early 1890s the federal common law grew noticeably unfavorable in an increasing number of states. Plaintiffs felt ever more keenly the desirability, and in many cases the necessity, of avoiding removal at all costs. “It is a well recognized fact in judicial history, “ wrote a Nebraska federal judge in 1912, “that plaintiffs, in actions brought by employees against railway companies for damages resulting from personal injuries, have quite generally and for many years sought to bring and retain their actions in the state courts. “ The judge acknowledged frankly the practical motives at work. “The expense of trials and appeals in the federal courts have been deterrents, and the variance in the rules of law in such cases has also been well understood. “1 The threat of removal confronted every individual who sued a foreign corporation, and the dangers and burdens of a federal litigation often gave the threat compelling force. The pivotal legal issue in the system of corporate diversity litigation, then, was jurisdictional: Could plaintiffs somehow shape their actions to avoid federal jurisdiction and prevent removal? The system ‘s archetypal battle for forum control, the Nebraska federal judge noted, was “well attested by the multitude of applications to remand such cases which have been constantly presented to the federal courts. “
Contraction and Evolution: The System After 1910
Authors: Purcell Edward A
Published: October 2023

As the system of corporate diversity litigation began to take shape in the 1870s and reached its harshest phase after 1890, so it began to contract in the years after 1910 while at the same time acquiring dynamic new characteristics. The overall scope of the system shrank; many of its major legal and nonlegal elements became less unfavorable to plaintiffs; and the tactics of its adversaries escalated sharply.
Tactical Escalation in Insurance Litigation
Authors: Purcell Edward A
Published: October 2023

Although state statutes continued to encroach incrementally on the common law of insurance contracts, no legislation, state or federal, altered the law relevant to insurance actions in the system to the extent that the Federal Employers ‘ Liability Act (FELA) and workmen ‘s compensation statutes did for tort suits. Congress continued to leave insurance regulation to the states, and the Supreme Court continued to give the states broad but not unlimited regulatory freedom. For their part, the states maintained their general efforts to foster the private insurance system while protecting policyholders from harsh provisions.
Early Childhood
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice
Published: October 2023

The subject is babies. There may be nothing in the modern Western world on which there is more unanimity. Apart from a few pathological monsters, we all, it seems, adore babies. If they get on our nerves or present us with problems, we make generous allowances for them and get back as quickly as possible to positive feelings.
The Emotional Role of the Family
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice
Published: October 2023

Today the emotional role of the family receives most attention. Things that could be done by other institutions (like feeding, sheltering, and “socializing” the young) are said to be done by the family in such a distinctive way that not to grow up in a family is to be deprived of something vital to emotional health. Even people who may not think that families are necessarily good pay them the tribute of blaming them for a great deal of psychological damage.
Between Strain and Boredrnn
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor
Published: October 2023

Modern economics and psychology originated with the rationalist philosophers of the eighteenth century. Both disciplines claim Jeremy Bentham as an ancestor, although soon after his day they went their very separate ways. One of Bentham’s shrewd psychological observations was that the second cup of coffee or the second helping of a dish is less enjoy­ able than the first, and the economists enshrined it into their celebrated Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility. But in the twentieth century they expurgated even that tiny bit of psychology, and today the economist’s theory of consumer behavior is limited to exploring the logical implications of the assumption of man’s rationality. The same eighteenth-century philosophers who explained man’s behavior by the proud assumption of rationality at­ tributed the not very different behavior of dumb animals to instinct; the psychologists, luckily for them, chose instinct as their starting point for studying the motivation of behavior.
Comfort Venus Pleasure
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor
Published: October 2023

So far we have been concerned with behavior aimed at securing comfort or, what is the same thing, relieving or forestalling dis­ comfort. That includes behavior which satisfies various bodily and mental needs and so lowers arousal that is too high; it also includes behavior which combats boredom and so raises arousal that is too low. Though somewhat different and of opposite sign, the two kinds of behavior are alike in that both aim at securing a negative good: freedom from pain, unpleasantness, or discomfort. The positive good is pleasure, and it is very different from comfort. Twenty years ago, neurophysiologists who were mapping the brain discovered the brain centers for reward and punishment. Working with animals wired so that by pressing a bar they could give mild electric shocks to specific areas of their own brains, researchers located one area whose stimulation is avoided and gives every sign of being painful, and two other, separate areas whose stimulation is sought and therefore must be pleasant.
The End of Sexism and Revival of the Generalist?
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor
Published: October 2023

God has created man and woman and tied them together by mutual attraction; but man has tried to keep them asunder by dividing their labor into man’s specialist and woman’s generalist tasks. He may have aimed at securing the lion’s share of leisure and comfort for himself, but that sexist division of labor had three other undesirable effects as well: it has tended to limit the sexes’ mutual attraction and enjoyment of each other’s company to the physical sphere, it has deprived women of economic independence, and it has deprived men of the stimulus satisfaction that accompanies the generalist’s tasks.
1968: Rip Tidese
Authors: Anderson Terry H
Published: October 2023

On January 30, 1968, enemy troops launched a ferocious attack on almost every ARYN and American outpost and most towns and villages controlled by the South Vietnamese government. In Saigon, the Vietcong stormed into the city, blasted government positions, and broke into the symbols of security-Tan Son Nhut Airport, national radio station, presidential palace, and the courtyard of the U.S. Embassy. In Hue, more than 7000 troops overran the city and hoisted their flag above the Citadel, the historic capital of the Annam Emperors. Fighting was brutal, door to door, and the beautiful city was left a “shattered, stinking hulk, its streets choked with rubble and rotting bodies.” The battle raged for over three weeks, and all the while the onslaught continued at Khe Sanh, an American outpost near the Laotian border. Since the end of 1967 crack units of the North Vietnamese Army had been assaulting the hill, conducting a diversion for Tet, and during February they intensified their attack in an attempt to repeat their famous victory over the French at Dienbienphu.
Chapter VI
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

Next day, at the usual hour, Dorcasina again prepared to meet her lover in the grove; and again she desired the attendance of Betty, who, silently and reluctantly followed her. There, firm to his purpose, she found her Hibernian; who, as soon as he descried her, flew towards her with all the raptures of an impassioned lover. “Divine charmer,” cried he, “how shall I ever repay this kind condescension? With what raptures my heart is filled, only at the sound of your foot-steps! I live, I breathe, I exist but in your presence. Separated from you, I should be in a state of annihilation, did not your idea, filling my mind, inform me that I still have an existence. I hope, my heavenly charmer, life of my soul, and light of my eyes, that you have now come with a determination to put an end to the torture of my suspense; for I am well assured, that so heavenly a form, and so immaculate a mind, can never take pleasure in tormenting the meanest of mankind; much less a person who adores her as I do.” Dorcasina was so delighted with this rhapsody, which she thought exceeded all that she had ever read of the most violent love, that she could scarcely refrain from throwing herself into his arms, and confessing a mutual flame. But having some shadow of discretion still left, she checked herself. One mystery hung upon her mind, which she wished to have cleared up before she consented to be his forever.
Chapter IX
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

As soon as the day dawned, Dorcasina arose to pour into the faithful billet her disappointment and sorrow. Sitting down to her bureau, with nothing but a morning gown thrown about her, she penned the following lines to her adored lover: The receipt of this billet threw O’Connor into the utmost perplexity. He cursed the person, whoever it might be, that had informed Mr. Sheldon of his designs upon his daughter; and wished, from his soul, he had died when he was so near it, and not have returned again to life, to blast the fair expectations which he had been so near realizing. This was what he had always feared, as he was sure of meeting with infinitely greater difficulties, in managing a man who knew the world, than in deceiving his fond and credulous daughter.
Chapter XVI
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

We will now return to the mischief loving scholar, who, as the reader must have conjectured, was the identical person in woman’s clothes, that had so terrified her whom he had pretended so passionately to love. He returned to his lodgings extremely well pleased with his evening’s adventure; and set his brain immediately at work to invent some new plan, which would afford him equal amusement.
Chapter VIII
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

About three years after Mr. Cumberland’s unsuccessful attempt upon Dorcasina, Harriot Stanly received a pressing invitation from an intimate boarding school acquaintance, who was lately married, to pass the winter with her in Philadelphia. As she was fond of the city, and never had been there, except a few days at a time, since she left school, the request was highly gratifying to her. Her parents knowing the lady to be perfectly discreet, amiable and polite, and willing to gratify their beloved daughter, cheerfully consented to her accepting her friend’s invitation; though they were sensible they should severely feel the privation of her company.
Chapter X
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

The first symptom which Dorcasina shewed of recovery did not take place till towards spring; which was her calling for some of her favourite authors. This was to her affectionate maid, matter of great consolation, as she had for a long time despaired of her life. The book on which Betty happened to lay her hand was Roderic Random. As this was not so much to Dorcasina’s taste, as novels of a more modem date, it had lain untouched in her closet for more than twenty years; but being now in a manner new to her, she perused it with great avidity.
Beginnings
Authors: Clark E Culpepper
Published: October 2023

Understanding how “the system” works comes earlier for children of the disadvantaged. For African-Americans growing up in the segregated South, it is remembered from particular moments. It comes sharply, recalling what it meant to be ugly, to look in the mirror and wish to be different. Pollie Anne Myers knew what it meant to be ugly. Even in her all-black high school it always seemed that “the lighter-skinned girl got all the breaks.” She heard them call her “a black so and so” in the same way whites called her “nigger.” She saw it in the skin of her mother. Alice Myers did things Pollie ‘s darker-skinned father could not. Pollie remembered the bill collectors who called at their home and said, “Alice, where ‘s Henry?” It always began cheerfully enough. Alice would say, “He ‘s not here,” even though he was hiding in the house.
An Uneasy Calm
Authors: Clark E Culpepper
Published: October 2023

Except that February comes hard on its heels, January is the unhappiest of months. It is an ideal time for penance. Praying and fasting come easier in January because there are fewer alternatives. But January 1956 called for something more down South, especially for blacks. On the night of the 27th, a young black minister who found himself thrust to the front of the Montgomery bus boycott sat alone in his kitchen in total despair. He prayed for deliverance. Epiphany came instead. What else could God give? There was no escaping the white man ‘s system, no Red Sea beyond which lay a promised land. So epiphany would have to do, some divine manifestation that could bring inner peace for those about to enter the storm. What Martin Luther King, Jr., experienced that evening, all blacks similarly situated would have to find.1 Epiphany was becoming a necessary class action.
American Judaism: Changing Patterns in Denominational Self-Definition
Authors: Eisen Arnold
Published: October 2023

American Judaism has been significantly transformed in the past two decades. All four of the principal religious movements-Reform, Conservatism, Reconstructionism and Modem Orthodoxy-have adopted new prayer books for use in their congregations. All but the Orthodox have issued new statements of principles; all, including the Orthodox, have engaged in an unprecedented degree of public self scrutiny and self-explanation. Thus, although we still know next to nothing about the religious beliefs and experiences of the average American Jew-survey data about synagogue attendance and ritual performance being of little help in this regard-we can document the transformation in the religious options among which American Jews may choose.
State and Real Estate: Territoriality and the Modern Jewish Imagination
Authors: Ezrahi Sidra DeKoven
Published: October 2023

Forgetting, like remembering, can be a collaborative effort, and may even be compounded rather than alleviated by the recuperative effort of translation. The above passage is from Saul Bellow’s famous translation of Isaac Bashevis Singer’s short story “Gimpel the Fool.” It is in this text, which has become something of a classic in modern Jewish literature, that Gimpel and his bride, the “virgin” Elka, stand under the canopy while the “master of revels makes a ‘God ‘a mercy’ in memory of the bride’s parents.” The distance between “God ‘a mercy” and El maleh ra/Jamim is, it seems, the terrain that Gimpel tam must cross in order to enter the pages of Partisan Review and become naturalized on American soil. The year is 1953.
The Postwar Economy of American Jews
Authors: Chiswick Barry R
Published: October 2023

Jews in the United States are a distinctive population. They are primarily the descendants of tum-of-the-century (1880-1924) immigrants from Eastern Europe and Russia, reinforced after the Second World War by displaced persons. They have ascended from economic deprivation to impressive achievements in cultural and economic matters. These achievements have often been cited and frequently celebrated in articles and books, both fiction and nonfiction, that recount the struggles and achievements of individual Jews in the arts, business, the professions, academia and public service.
A Test of Courage 1775-1779
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

In 1775, the Anglo-American empire collapsed, smashing a relationship cherished by four generations of Lees. The courage of the family’s earlier personalities had been tested amid circumstances very different from those that tried Richard Henry and his brothers. They would be even more sternly challenged. Having to break with England grieved them, as it did most Americans.
From Leesylrania to • 1754-1794
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

Back in 1754, Alice’s cousin Henry Lee II had left Lee Hall for Prince William County, where he established a new home he called Leesylvania. Like Stratford, it sat majestically on the Potomac and was surrounded by 2000 acres. This property had come into the family when Richard the Scholar married Laetitia Corbin. Henry’s legacy also included twenty slaves, much livestock, and nearly 3500 acres in Fairfax County, situated near where the District of Columbia would be established.
“My Country”: 1846-1861
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

By serving in the Mexican War, Robert E. Lee was parted from his family for two years, 1846 to 1848, an interval that affected him more than any other experience before 1861. He did not approve of the war, confiding to Mary his belief that America’s incitement of hostilities “dis graced” their country. As a staunch Whig, he shared the partisan view that the war with Mexico was a Democratic scheme.
The Image of Peter the Great in the Russian Enlightenment, 1700-1826
Authors: Riasanovsky Nicholas V
Published: October 2023

Images have lives of their own, sometimes over centuries and even millennia of human history. Remembrance and praise of the hero have functioned as a secular surrogate for immortality in many societies and civilizations, including our Western civilization at least from the time of the Iliad. Not all images are positive. Destroyers have stayed in man’s memory along with creators, scourges with saints; Attila probably left a greater resonance in the world than Louis IX. Moreover, in spite of the human preference for black and white, images have come down also in other colors; in fact, they seem to reflect the totality of human experience. I remember the shudder of recognition when introduced to a person whose last name was Pilate. Disturbingly for the historian, images do not have to correspond to reality: witness Horst Wessel as the incarnation of a regenerated Germany or the unbelievable content and career of Stalin’s “cult of personality.” Yet even these wayward examples were by no means merely exercises in abstract imagination. Although Horst Wessel himself apparently was not at all what Nazis wanted Germans to be, he came much nearer to representing faithfully many of the Nazis and, on the whole, was not such an inappropriate symbol for the total catastrophe of 1945.
The Image of Peter the Great in Russia in the Age of Idealistic Philosophy and Romanticism, 1826-1860
Authors: Riasanovsky Nicholas V
Published: October 2023

The Russian Enlightenment image of Peter the Great had a remarkable unity and clarity. For 125 years it was painted, explicated, and defended according to the canon of the Age of Reason. Even when it was under at­ tack, its proponents knew how to respond and exactly what was at issue. Only toward the end of the period Shcherbatov’s and Karamzin’s strange nostalgia for prePetrine morals and their praise of “natural”-organic, so to speak, although they did not use the word-patriotism seemed to carry the discussion beyond the accepted frame of reference. And Shcherbatov and Karamzin, too, as we know, paid a heavy and fundamental debt to the Enlightenment, indeed to the Russian Enlightenment image of Peter the Great. The image and the arguments changed with the transformation of the intellectual climate. In effect, one can speak of more than a single shift. Opposition to the French Revolution and Napoleon and the ensuing period of Restoration and Reaction led in Europe in general, Russia included, to a questioning of some of the cherished ideals of the Age of Reason and of its overall optimism and belief in human progress. More important still-and going quite beyond any mere moderation of Enlightenment enthusiasms-German idealistic philosophy and romanticism as a whole produced a new vision of the world and of human history, no longer subservient to the principles of utility, of practicability, or of enlightened eighteenth-century reason itself. Peter the Great’s image changed with everything else.
Brain and Behavior: A Brief History of Ideas
Authors: Stein Donald G , Brailowsky Simon , Will Bruno
Published: October 2023

If someone were to ask you what organ in the body controls blood circulation, you would immediately say, “The heart does that.” In the same way, most of us have pretty fixed ideas about what structure in the body controls behavior-the brain. Indeed, we certainly take it for granted that the brain is the “organ of the mind,” and we know, for example, that when people have brain damage, their behavior is often affected. So, there is apparently good reason to believe strongly that the brain is the seat of behavior. How we think about the brain and what it does will certainly have an impact on the kinds of medicine we would apply to the treatment of head injury and brain damage. Thus, to treat mental illness, we must have a working concept of what mental illness is and how it is caused. For example, it wouldn’t make much sense to give drugs to change the specific chemistry of nerve cells if we believed that hallucinations were really due to evil spirits invading the body. How we treat disease is very much influenced by what we believe about causality and what we take to be “good” scientific data. But what is good at one time may be considered laughable or even dangerous at another period in history. It wasn’t all that long ago that patients had holes drilled in their heads to relieve headache or to release evil spirits thought to have been causing their problems.
The Injured Brain
Authors: Stein Donald G , Brailowsky Simon , Will Bruno
Published: October 2023

When an injury or disease of the brain begins to kill neurons, a cascade of events takes place, disturbing the fine balance of neuronal functioning. Although the damage may be limited to only a small region of brain tissue, the effects are quite widespread, so that, eventually, the whole brain participates in the repair processes that, in turn, may continue for months or even years after the initial injury.
Introduction
Authors: Ball Howard
Published: October 2023

Jacob Landynski, among scores of scholars, observed that Hugo L. Black was “one of a half dozen of the greatest Justices in the history of the U.S. Supreme Court in terms of the influence he exerted on the shaping of our law.”The challenge for any author writing about Hugo Black is to place him in a context, in a time and in a place. Further, the task is to try to capture all of him; to paint a portrait of an exceedingly complex man and his times, his family, his contemporaries, both friends and enemies, and to assess his impact on the republic he loved.

Hugo Black thought that such a task would be a difficult one, in part because, as will be shown, he was a very private, very self-disciplined person. When, less than a year before he died, Hugo wrote to his sister-in-law, telling her that, “as a matter of fact I think that [my biographers] are terribly over-estimating the possibility of the success of a biography about me,” it was his acknowledgment of the reality of his largely self-contained, lonely life.
Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior
Authors: Ball Howard
Published: October 2023

How does one begin the story of a great man, someone whose life was full of ironies and paradox? Hugo Black’s eighty-five years were eminently successful ones, although just about each year evidenced discord of some kind for him. Black, however, overcame every crisis in his life in a masterful way. Indeed, Black was outstanding in every role he played–with one exception. He was a harsh, at times cruel, father to his two sons, especially his oldest child, and namesake, Hugo Jr.

To understand Hugo Black is to come to grips with his unique and resolute personality. Almost always, he was in absolute control of his physical, intellectual, social, and emotional self. As a compulsive, driven, singularly focused man, he never lost sight of the particular goal he had set for himself, and more often than not he achieved his objective. Perhaps the best way to understand Black’s temperament is to examine one important incident in his life.
Montage, Collage, and Broken Narrative
Authors: Israel Frank
Published: October 2023

Some Writers have described my work as quintessential southern California, although I have little idea of what that adjective implies. However, it is true that much of my work is influenced by the place where I work and where the particular work is located. Other factors of course influence the work, often to a greater extent. Before preparing this presentation, I anticipated discussing a series of projects that I had done prior to moving to California, in relation to the projects I have been working on since I moved here a dozen years ago. However, preparing for this seminar helped me clarify my thoughts on the various projects, and I decided in the end not to discuss my earlier work, which I now find inappropriate to this discussion. I now feel that while there can be important relationships between the place where one works and the projects themselves, often there are more underlying features that serve to unite different projects in different locations.
Keynote Address
Authors: Gehry Frank
Published: October 2023

I FOUND OUT EARLIER [from David Neuman] that this was to be a keynote address, and I thought, God, I would be the last guy in the world who anybody would pick to give a keynote address, especially one on linguistic architecture: I dropped out of linguistics back with “language in-action.” Anyway, my wife studies it, and so we talk. I was at Peter Eisenman’ s office in New York a few years ago, and he and Jacques Derrida were in intense conversation for three or four hours. I sat very obediently and listened to both of them, and then Derrida and I walked out together and got in the elevator. I said, “Mr. Derrida, do you understand what Peter Eisenman was talking about?” He said, “Not really.” And I said, “God, that makes me feel good, ‘ cause I didn’ t either.”
Transaction Cost Economics and the Carnegie Connection
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: October 2023

Thus whereas the other social sciences-political science, organization theory, aspects of sociology and social psychology, parts of the law-have regularly availed themselves of economics, economics was always special: It was self-contained; it was the queen of the social sciences; it played hardball. Dick Cyert did not think that any of the social sciences (economics included) were self-contained, and he and others at Carnegie were determined to correct this misconception. The Cyert and March book, A Behavioral Theory of the Firm (1963), joined economics and organization theory to pry open what had been a black box, in order to examine the business firm in more operationally engaging ways.
Chester Barnard and the Incipient Science of Organization
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: October 2023

This chapter argues that an incipient science of organization has been taking shape over the past ten and fifteen years and that it is inspired, directly and indirectly, by Chester Barnard’s classic book, The Functions of the Executive. Interestingly, Barnard observed in the last chapter of that book that there was a need for, but that we did not have, a “science of organization” (1938, p. 290). Although that unrealized need remains today, we have nonetheless made recent progress.
Strategizing, Economizing, and Economic Organization
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: October 2023

Business strategy is a complex subject. It not only spans the functional areas in business-marketing, finance, manufacturing, international business, etc. but it is genuinely interdisciplinary-involving, as it does, economics, politics, organization theory, and aspects of the law. Business strategy has become increasingly important with the growth of the multinational enterprise and of international trade and competition.
The Institutions and Governance of Economic Development and Reform
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: October 2023

Complex economic organization in general, and such ambitious undertakings as economic development and reform in particular, are usefully informed from several perspectives. The New Institutional Economics (NIE) has recently been invited to speak to the issues of development and reform. What does the NIE have to offer? The first and most candid response is that the NIE provides few answers. Partly, however, that is because the NIE is still young and has only recently entered the development arena. As discussed later (see especially Sections 5 and 6), recent efforts to apply the NIE to privatization and to development and reform have made real headway, and more is expected. At best, however, the NIE is but one useful perspective among many.
The United States and the Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-1933
Authors: Powaski Ronald E
Published: October 2023

World War I was the catalyst of the Russian Revolution. Repeated mobilizations of some 15 million men during the war contributed to the disruption of industrial and agricultural production, the breakdown of the transportation network, and severe shortages of food and fuel, especially in the cities. All of these problems were aggravated by the ineptitude and corruption of Czar Nicholas II’s regime, which rendered it incapable of solving them.
Truman and Containment, 1945-1953
Authors: Powaski Ronald E
Published: October 2023

Harry S. Truman entered the White House in April 1945 expecting to continue Roosevelt’s effort to build a collaborative relationship with the Soviet Union. Yet, within a year, the Grand Alliance was in shreds and the United States and the Soviet Union had again become enemies. Primarily because of a drastic intensification of the Cold War during Truman’s presidency, the United States would abandon its prewar isolationism once and for all and adopt a policy of containing the expansion of communism in Europe and the Far East. Historians have argued about the reasons for the breakdown of the Grand Alliance ever since.
The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly: 1960-1988 and Beyond
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

Claims that campaigns aren’t doing what they ought are often mistaken for dissatisfaction with the person elected. If voters ultimately do vote in what they and political scientists perceive as their best interest, what difference does the process that got them to that point make? When the structural theories of political scientists are borne out year after year in the vote-with peace and prosperity, for example, producing a majority for the incumbent-why worry about the process? An alternative position holds that how we elect is as important as who we elect. The process of election, goes this line of reasoning, either provides or denies citizens the opportunity to ratify their own futures by participating in a discussion of the challenges facing the country and the ways and means of addressing them. Out of open discussion of the ends and means of national policy, a campaign can forge a consensus. In the clash of alternatives will emerge a stronger final plan and a better president. And one to whom even those who voted for the loser can pledge allegiance.
Images at Work
Authors: brio allegro con
Published: October 2023

Robert J. Flaherty, in his early years, had no thought but to follow in the footsteps of his father, a mining engineer. The boy grew up around mining camps of northern Michigan and Canada, with miners and Indians as companions. Later the father became a prospector searching the Canadian wilderness for mineral resources-for United States Steel and other corporations. Sometimes he took young Bob with him on these explorations, traveling many weeks by canoe in summer and on snowshoes in winter, meeting Eskimos, mapping the country, learning arts of frontier survival. In 1910, at the age of twenty-six, young Robert Flaherty embarked on his own career as explorer and prospector. He was hired by Sir William Mackenzie, builder of Canadian railroads. Canada had decided on a railroad to carry wheat from its western lands to Hudson Bay, for shipment to Europe. Wheat-carrying trains and ships could also carry iron and other ores. What deposits were there in the Hudson Bay area? Young Flaherty was sent to prospect. Within a few short years, in four expeditions for Sir William Mackenzie, he won fame as an explorer, showed astounding resourcefulness and stamina, mapped unknown country, and brought back reports on mineral and pulpwood resources, as well as deposits of gypsum and lignite.
Radical Lockeanism
Authors: Ellis Richard J
Published: October 2023

American political culture is commonly portrayed, to borrow a phrase from Emerson, as the lengthened shadow of John Locke. This view of American his tory has been advanced not only by political scientists influenced by Louis Hartz1 but by generations of frustrated radicals who have tried to explain why socialism failed to take root in the United States.2 Marxist ideas, these observers maintain, could never flourish in a nation wedded to the Lockean justification of property as a “natural right.”
Rival Visions of Equality: Process Versus Results
Authors: Ellis Richard J
Published: October 2023

In a letter to a young friend, Tocqueville counseled the need for “taking pains to use words in their true sense, and so far as possible in their most limited and certain meaning, so that the reader is always sure what object or image you want to offer him.”1 Precision in the use of words is, as Tocqueville suggests, essential to good scholarship. In politics, as in life, however, the premium is on ambiguity. Avoiding spelling out precisely what one has in mind by a word or phrase enables one to reach agreements and make alliances that might not be possible were everyone to define precisely his or her terms.
Competing Conceptions of Democracy
Authors: Ellis Richard J
Published: October 2023

A central contention of the consensus interpretation of American history is that broad and deep agreement has existed in the United States on the form of government, namely, popular, representative government. As a corrective to the Progressive tendency to counterpoise democrats and aristocrats, the point is well-taken. But as a statement of the political cultural makeup of the United States it misleads by understating the different meanings that Americans have attached to terms such as “democracy” or “republic.” This chapter illustrates this point by contrasting the different meanings that Anti-Federalists and Federalists, as well as antebellum Democrats and Whigs, attached to the notions of representation and democracy. Far from being a peculiar feature of our distant past, disagreements over the meaning of democracy remain an integral part of contemporary American political life.
Hierarchy in America
Authors: Ellis Richard J
Published: October 2023

This chapter takes issue with the Hartzian thesis that there has never been a significant hierarchical political culture in the United States. My argument, it is worth stressing at the outset, is not that hierarchy is powerful in the United States. Nothing so perverse is intended. Relative to other nations of the world, America is distinguished by the weakness of hierarchy. But relative weakness is not the same thing as nonexistence. Skipping the feudal stage, as Hartz suggests, did weaken the social basis for hierarchical values. But hierarchy as a way of life is not limited to feudal social relations. Hierarchy finds support wherever social relations are highly stratified and the group has sanctions over the individual, whether this be in the army, the patriarchal family, the modem corporation, or on a large plantation.’ If such hierarchical values as deference, authority, noblesse oblige, obedience, and sacrifice of the parts for the whole have never had the same level of appeal in the United States that they have had in India, Japan, Great Britain, and other countries, neither have they been wholly without advocates.
Introduction—Phasing In
Authors: Tichi Cecelia
Published: October 2023

In a few strokes, a young writer graphs the evolution of television in the United States. His parents’ generation, the post-World War II counterparts of 1920s Flappers, confronted the exotic new TV as a novelty or curiosity, something like a gift or present that finally made them feel debauched. Their children, all the while, experienced it quite differently. The young, born into a world of ubiquitous TV sets, have understood television from the first as an unremarkable part of the natural order of things, “something to be lived with, not just looked at” (Wallace, “Fictional Futures,” 38).
Certification-As Seen on 1V
Authors: Tichi Cecelia
Published: October 2023

An extraordinary cognitive change has occurred in the TV era, as this moment from a recent novel indicates. Stylistically unremarkable, it seems at first simply to show one character, an aspirant television child actress, describing a boy TV actor she sees in an airport lobby. This girl’s world, we understand at once, divides into two categories, the ordinary (“just like any other kid”) and the televised, and it is remarkable first because of the traditional categories that do not come into play. Recognizing the boy TV actor, the girl does not begin to distinguish his image from his reality. She offers no observation on what the “boy from on television” really looks like off-screen playing checkers in street clothes, how different (or similar) he is “in person” from his TV image.
Allegory of the Republic: On Interpretation and vethod
Authors: Nackenoff Carol
Published: October 2023

More than a century after Horatio Alger, Jr. achieved his greatest fame with Ragged Dick, the author s name stands as a symbol that has become associated with central values in the American political creed. Alger, author of over a hundred juvenile novels and stories (plus a few adult romances), which appeared from the late 850s until roughly the tum of the new century, has become a household name unlike almost any other. It is not because his works are still widely read or known, but because the name itself is a stand-in for ideas supposedly derived from his fiction that “Horatio Alger” has entered the language and discourse of daily life.
Guidebooks for Survival in an Industrializing Economy
Authors: Nackenoff Carol
Published: October 2023

The times were hard. There were thousands out of employment, and fifty applications where there was one vacancy. Day after day he answered advertisements without effect. Alger, Adrift in the City Alger characters have long been seen as symbols of success, but that success is much misunderstood. What has escaped recognition is the rootedness of Alger s discourse in the economic transformations of the second half of the nineteenth century and the extent to which his texts engage these massive changes. This context is central to the very definition of success. Alger wrote in-and for-a rapidly changing economic and social universe. The author was well-attuned to the destruction of the old order and established a correspondence to the economic environment of the reader at this level. Tales describe a world full of cares, economicpit falls, and anxieties.Hardship, disruption, and uncertainty are central to understanding the Alger formula. Alger has painted a grim world that is only too real.
Saved from the Factory
Authors: Nackenoff Carol
Published: October 2023

In an Alger story serialized beginning December, 89, Ben Bruce determines to leave the home of his mean stepfather. Ben meets a friend who is superintendent of a “factory for the manufacture of leather board.” The superintendent asks the boy how he would like to work there. Ben Bruce, expressing a desire to secure a better education, nonetheless answers: “If the choice lies between working on a farm and working in your factory, I will work for you if I can get the chance.” The starting wage is adequate, and the boy inquires whether he would be preparing himself for “higher” work; the superintendent answers in the affirmative. Just when they are about to strike a bargain, the dam which provides water power for the factory is blown up, apparently by two discharged workmen. Since the factory must be shut down until the dam is rebuilt, the boy s hope of employment there is ended. And so, Alger “blows up” this option rather than forsake Ben there. He is saved! This dramatic and unusual Algerevent disposes of the factory option and reveals a marked aversion to depositing boys and girls in industrial employments. The modern factory was generally absent from his panoply of dangers occasioned by economic and social transformation. What can be reasonably inferred from this silence? What did the author and his contemporaries think of the opportunities and dangers of industrial wage labor? The factory was already an inescapable presence in the northeastern antebellum landscape in which Alger frequently set his tales.
Reading Alger: Searching for Alger	s Audience in the Literary Marketplace
Authors: Nackenoff Carol
Published: October 2023

Your kind and flattering letter reached me just as I was starting for the Geysers ... It gives me great pleasure to find that I have friends and appreciative readers among the girls, as well as among the boys, and on the shores of the Pacific, as well as the Atlantic. I hope at an early date to write a story located in California, and I shall be glad if it proves acceptable to my friends here. Alger to Miss Harriet Jackson, March 3, 877 The marked surge in the production, dissemination, and reading of literature in the Gilded Age created new readers and new reading tastes. Rising literacy, increased leisure for some, a spreading national network of reading matter available for purchase and loan, and declining price of fiction helped make readers out of new classes. Especially after 880, these factors worked in conjunction with growing family incomes to produce changes in reading propensities, buying habits, and tastes. Much of the reading was fiction.
The Mass Fiction Writer As Producer and Consumer: Power, Powerlessness, and Gender
Authors: Nackenoff Carol
Published: October 2023

At the time Alger came out here he had published all his important books. He came out here to write a book on the gold mining days, and I cannot remember the name of it, but it never was of much importance. He was as light man with gray hair, and a gray must ache. He seemed quite elderly to me, but perhaps he was not sixty at that time. Herenteda room in a hotel on San some Street, between California and Sacramento where the Security Building now is, right across the Street from Wells-Fargo Express. It was a third class hotel as I remember, and not having to work in the Library some mornings, I would spend the mornings with him. He sat at a small marble topped table, writing on small sheets of paper. The room was terribly cold. He would write a certain length of time and complete a certain number of sheets and then we would go out to lunch. In about two weeks, he had exactly one-half of the book finished, and I remember going over to the Express office while he sent it back to the publisher. Some evenings we would walk around the lower part of town, and he would stop before some of the cheap stores and examine the goods that were on display and inquire about the prices. He had New England characteristics. He was a bachelor.
Culture Wars
Authors: Nackenoff Carol
Published: October 2023

The ancient mode of dramatic representation differed altogether from that which exists at the present day. All classes of the citizens were admitted to this entertainment, and thus was fostered that love of the beautiful and harmonious which formed a leading trait in the Athenian character.