bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disease Manifestation and Inflammatory Activity as Modulators of Th17/Treg Balance and RORC/FoxP3 Methylation in Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Almanzar Giovanni , Klein Matthias , Schmalzing Marc , Hilligardt Deborah , El Hajj Nady , Kneitz Hermann , Wild Vanessa , Rosenwald Andreas , Benoit Sandrine , Hamm Henning , Tony Hans-Peter , Haaf Thomas , Goebeler Matthias , Prelog Martina
Published: November 2016

Background: There is much evidence that T cells are strongly involved in the pathogenesis of localized and systemic forms of scleroderma (SSc). A dysbalance between FoxP3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells (Tregs) and inflammatory T-helper (Th) 17 cells has been suggested. Methods: The study aimed (1) to investigate the phenotypical and functional characteristics of Th17 and Tregs in SSc patients depending on disease manifestation (limited vs. diffuse cutaneous SSc, dcSSc) and activity, and (2) the transcriptional level and methylation status of Th17- and Treg-specific transcription factors. Results: There was a concurrent accumulation of circulating peripheral IL-17-producing CCR6+ Th cells and FoxP3+ Tregs in patients with dcSSc. At the transcriptional level, Th17- and Treg-associated transcription factors were elevated in SSc. A strong association with high circulating Th17 and Tregs was seen with early, active, and severe disease presentation. However, a diminished suppressive function on autologous lymphocytes was found in SSc-derived Tregs. Significant relative hypermethylation was seen at the gene level for RORC1 and RORC2 in SSc, particularly in patients with high inflammatory activity. Conclusions: Besides the high transcriptional activity of T cells, attributed to Treg or Th17 phenotype, in active SSc disease, Tregs may be insufficient to produce high amounts of IL-10 or to control proliferative activity of effector T cells in SSc. Our results suggest a high plasticity of Tregs strongly associated with the Th17 phenotype. Future directions may focus on enhancing Treg functions and stabilization of the Treg phenotype.
Gene Expression Profiling and Functional Characterization of Macrophages in Response to Circulatory Microparticles Produced during Trypanosoma cruzi Infection and Chagas Disease
Authors: Chowdhury Imran H. , Koo Sue-jie , Gupta Shivali , Liang Lisa Yi , Bahar Bojlul , Silla Laura , Nuñez-Burgos Julio , Barrientos Natalia , Zago Maria Paola , Garg Nisha Jain
Published: November 2016

Background: Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are hallmarks of chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCM). In this study, we determined if microparticles (MPs) generated during Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc) infection carry the host's signature of the inflammatory/oxidative state and provide information regarding the progression of clinical disease. Methods: MPs were harvested from supernatants of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro incubated with Tc (control: LPS treated), plasma of seropositive humans with a clinically asymptomatic (CA) or symptomatic (CS) disease state (vs. normal/healthy [NH] controls), and plasma of mice immunized with a protective vaccine before challenge infection (control: unvaccinated/infected). Macrophages (mφs) were incubated with MPs, and we probed the gene expression profile using the inflammatory signaling cascade and cytokine/chemokine arrays, phenotypic markers of mφ activation by flow cytometry, cytokine profile by means of an ELISA and Bioplex assay, and oxidative/nitrosative stress and mitotoxicity by means of colorimetric and fluorometric assays. Results:Tc- and LPS-induced MPs stimulated proliferation, inflammatory gene expression profile, and nitric oxide (∙NO) release in human THP-1 mφs. LPS-MPs were more immunostimulatory than Tc-MPs. Endothelial cells, T lymphocytes, and mφs were the major source of MPs shed in the plasma of chagasic humans and experimentally infected mice. The CS and CA (vs. NH) MPs elicited >2-fold increase in NO and mitochondrial oxidative stress in THP-1 mφs; however, CS (vs. CA) MPs elicited a more pronounced and disease-state-specific inflammatory gene expression profile (IKBKB, NR3C1, and TIRAP vs. CCR4, EGR2, and CCL3), cytokine release (IL-2 + IFN-γ > GCSF), and surface markers of mφ activation (CD14 and CD16). The circulatory MPs of nonvaccinated/infected mice induced 7.5-fold and 40% increases in ∙NO and IFN-γ production, respectively, while these responses were abolished when RAW264.7 mφs were incubated with circulatory MPs of vaccinated/infected mice. Conclusion: Circulating MPs reflect in vivo levels of an oxidative, nitrosative, and inflammatory state, and have potential utility in evaluating disease severity and the efficacy of vaccines and drug therapies against CCM.
The Presence of HPV DNA in Neck Lymph Node Metastasis Correlates with Improved Overall Survival of Patients with Oropharyngeal Cancer Undergoing Surgical Treatment
Authors: Shimura Eiji , Hama Takanori , Suda Toshihito , Ikegami Masahiro , Urashima Mitsuyoshi , Kojima Hiromi
Published: November 2016

Background: Few studies have addressed how human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) affects the outcome of surgical therapy; furthermore, the relationship between the presence of HPV DNA and neck lymph node (LN) metastasis has not been well established. Methods: A total of 65 patients who underwent surgery as a first-line therapy for OPSCC were enrolled in this study. In HPV-positive patients, the presence of HPV DNA in metastatic neck LN lesions was evaluated. Results: The HPV-positive patients had significantly better overall survival than the HPV-negative patients (log-rank test, p = 0.04), whereas HPV infection status did not significantly affect disease-free survival (log-rank test, p = 0.65). In all of the HPV-positive OPSCC patients who developed cervical LN metastasis, the same HPV DNA type was found in both the primary tumour and the metastases. Conclusions: The present results suggest that HPV infection is a determining factor for good prognosis in patients undergoing first-line surgical therapy for OPSCC.
Large Artery Stiffness Assessment Using SphygmoCor Technology
Authors: Butlin Mark , Qasem Ahmad
Published: November 2016

Large artery stiffness assessment has been an integral part of the SphygmoCor technology since 1998. Aortic stiffness is approximated with non-invasive measurement of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, with improvements made with time to make the assessment procedure quicker and more user independent. Also standard in the devices is the ability to reliably calculate the central aortic waveform shape from a peripheral pressure waveform from either the brachial or radial artery. This waveform contains much information beyond peak and trough (systolic and diastolic pressure). Relative waveform features such as the augmentation index, wave reflection magnitude, reflection time index, and subendocardial viability ratio are parameters that are influenced by the stiffness of systemic arteries. This article briefly describes these parameters related to large artery stiffness and provides reference to validation and repeatability studies relative to the clinical use of the SphygmoCor devices. It is beyond the scope to review here the 424 original research articles that have employed SphygmoCor devices in measuring arterial stiffness. Instead, the method of measurement across the devices is described, including tonometry, volumetric displacement through cuff placement around limbs, and ambulatory monitoring. Key population and subpopulation studies are cited where the average stiffness parameter progression with age and gender, as measured by SphygmoCor devices, is quantified in the healthy and general population. Finally, with reference to guidelines from working groups on arterial stiffness and hypertension, the clinical utility of large artery stiffness measurement is discussed in the context of the arterial stiffness parameters provided by the SphygmoCor systems.
Altered Systemic Adipokines in Patients with Chronic Urticaria
Authors: Trinh Hoang Kim Tu , Pham Duy Le , Ban Ga-Young , Lee Hyun-Young , Park Hae-Sim , Ye Young-Min
Published: November 2016

Background: Increasing evidence suggests that adipokines affect immune responses and chronic urticaria (CU) is associated with an altered immune response related to chronic systemic inflammation. Our objectives were to investigate whether adipokines are involved in CU pathogenesis and to outline relationships between adipokines and urticaria severity and quality of life. Methods: Serum adiponectin, leptin, lipocalin-2 (LCN2), interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in 191 CU patients and 89 healthy controls. The effect of LCN2 on N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced neutrophil chemotaxis was assessed using migration assays. CU severity was assessed based on the urticaria activity score (UAS). To explore relationships between adipokines and UAS and the chronic urticaria-specific quality of life (CU-QoL) questionnaire, a structural equation model was used. Results: Mean levels of serum LCN2, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 were significantly higher in CU patients than in controls. Adiponectin levels were significantly lower in patients with CU than in controls. While serum IL-6 levels were significantly higher in refractory CU patients, compared to responsive CU individuals, LCN2 levels were significantly lower. LCN2 inhibited fMLP-induced neutrophil migration. LCN2 showed a direct relationship with UAS (β = -0.274, p < 0.001), and UAS was found to contribute to CU-QoL (β = 0.417, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results highlighted an imbalance in pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines in CU patients. We suggest that LCN2 could be a differential marker for disease activity and the clinical responses to antihistamine treatment in CU patients. Modulation of systemic inflammation may be a therapeutic strategy for treating severe, refractory CU.
Association of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein With Prognosis of Stroke and Stroke Subtypes
Authors: Wang Anxin , Yang Yuling , Su Zhaoping , Yue Wei , Hao Hongjun , Ren Lijie , Wang Yongjun , Cao Yibin , Wang Yilong
Published: November 2016

Background and Purpose—

The association between oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and the long-term prognosis of stroke is unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate whether oxLDL levels contribute to the prognosis of stroke and stroke subtypes.

Methods—

All patients with ischemic stroke were recruited from the SOS-Stroke (Study of Oxidative Stress in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke) and classified into 5 different subtypes, according to the TOAST criteria (Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment). We measured oxLDL levels and followed up with patients at 1 year after stroke onset. We analyzed the association between oxLDL and the clinical outcomes of death and poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score of 3–6) of stroke and different stroke subtypes.

Results—

Among the 3688 patients included in this study, 293 (7.94%) were deceased at the 1-year follow-up and 1020 (27.66%) had a poor functional outcome. Patients in the highest oxLDL quartile had a higher risk of 1-year stroke mortality (hazard ratio, 1.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.10–2.33;
P
<0.001) and a poor functional outcome (odds ratio, 1.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.15–1.89;
P
<0.001) compared with the lowest oxLDL quartile. In the subgroup analyses, oxLDL was only significantly associated with death and poor functional outcome in the large-artery atherosclerosis subgroup (
P
<0.05) and small-artery occlusion subgroup (
P
<0.05).

Conclusions—

High levels of oxLDL were associated with the high risk of death and poor functional outcome within 1 year after stroke onset, especially in large-artery atherosclerosis and small-artery occlusion stroke subtypes.
Air Pollution Is Associated With Ischemic Stroke via Cardiogenic Embolism
Authors: Chung Jong-Won , Bang Oh Young , Ahn Kangmo , Park Sang-Soon , Park Tai Hwan , Kim Jae Guk , Ko Youngchai , Lee SooJoo , Lee Kyung Bok , Lee Jun , Kang Kyusik , Park Jong-Moo , Cho Yong-Jin , Hong Keun-Sik , Nah Hyun-Wook , Kim Dae-Hyun , Cha Jae-Kwan , Ryu Wi-Sun , Kim Dong-Eog , Kim Joon-Tae , Choi Jay Chol , Oh Mi-Sun , Yu Kyung-Ho , Lee Byung-Chul , Lee Ji Sung , Lee Juneyoung , Park Hong-Kyun , Kim Beom Joon , Han Moon-Ku , Bae Hee-Joon
Published: November 2016

Background and Purpose—

The aim of the study was to assessed the impact of short-term exposure to air pollution on ischemic stroke subtype, while focusing on stroke caused via cardioembolism.

Methods—

From a nationwide, multicenter, prospective, stroke registry database, 13 535 patients with acute ischemic stroke hospitalized to 12 participating centers were enrolled in this study. Data on the hourly concentrations of particulate matter <10 μm, nitrogen dioxide (NO
2
), sulfur dioxide (SO
2
), ozone (O
3
), and carbon monoxide (CO) were collected from 181 nationwide air pollution surveillance stations. The average values of these air pollutants over the 7 days before stroke onset from nearest air quality monitoring station in each patient were used to determine association with stroke subtype. The primary outcome was stroke subtype, including large artery atherosclerosis, small-vessel occlusion, cardioembolism, and stroke of other or undetermined cause.

Results—

Particulate matter <10 μm and SO
2
concentrations were independently associated with an increased risk of cardioembolic stroke, as compared with large artery atherosclerosis and noncardioembolic stroke. In stratified analyses, the proportion of cases of cardioembolic stroke was positively correlated with the particulate matter <10 μm, NO
2
, and SO
2
quintiles. Moreover, seasonal and geographic factors were related to an increased proportion of cardioembolic stroke, which may be attributed to the high levels of air pollution.

Conclusions—

Our findings suggest that the short-term exposure to air pollutants is associated with cardioembolic stroke, and greater care should be taken for those susceptible to cerebral embolism during peak pollution periods. Public and environmental health policies to reduce air pollution could help slow down global increasing trends of cardioembolic stroke.
Taxonomical revision of Campylocentrum sect. Dendrophylopsis Cogn. (Orchidaceae-Vandeae-Angraecinae)
Authors: PESSOA EDLLEY , ALVES MARCCUS
Published: November 2016

This study reviews the leafless species of Campylocentrum, which belong to section Dendrophylopsis. Thirteen species are recognized. While the section has a wide distribution in the Neotropics, a majority of the species are known only from the type specimens or a few additional collections, suggesting a restricted distribution range. Members of Dendrophylopsis are easily distinguished but determination to species level is complicated by the low number of vegetative characters and similarity of the flowers, as well as the lack of a taxonomic revision of the group. These circumstances result in frequent misidentifications. This study provides typifications, complete synonymies, conservation statuses, complete descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps and an identification key to the species in question.
A new species of Pholiota subgenus Flammuloides section Lubricae (Strophariaceae, Agaricales) from Tibet, China
Authors: TIAN ENJING , BAU TOLGOR , DING YUXIANG
Published: November 2016

A new species from Tibet, Pholiota linzhiensis, is proposed. Pholiota linzhiensis is recognized by its pileus covered with radially appressed fibrillose squamules, stipe with subfloccose to recurved scales; yellow and thick-walled pleurocystidia, as well as oblong basidiospores. The species is described and illustrated, and a phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS) is presented. Both the morphology and the phylogenetic analysis showed that P. linzhiensis belongs to Pholiota subgenus Flammuloides section Lubricae.
Rediscovery of Turnera pernambucensis (Passifloraceae s.l.) in the northern Atlantic Forest and an update for its description
Authors: ZELENSKI ANDRÉIA , ROCHA LAMARCK , LOUZADA RAFAEL B.
Published: November 2016

Turnera pernambucensis is a shrub endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest previously known only from the type specimen collected 179 years ago. An extant population was found in semideciduous seasonal forest in the state of Pernambuco and new morphological and ecological information is presented here. Illustrations, conservation status and comments about its morphological variation are also provided, as well as a discussion about similarities with morphologically related species of the series Capitatae.
Understanding Overland Multisensor Satellite Precipitation Error in TMPA-RT Products
Authors: Gebregiorgis Abebe Sine , Kirstetter Pierre-Emmanuel , Hong Yang E. , Carr Nicholas J. , Gourley Jonathan J. , Petersen Walt , Zheng Yaoyao
Published: November 2016

The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) has provided the global community a widely used multisatellite (and multisensor type) estimate of quasi-global precipitation. One of the TMPA level-3 products, 3B42RT/TMPA-RT (where RT indicates real time), is a merged product of microwave (MW) and infrared (IR) precipitation estimates, which attempts to exploit the most desirable aspects of both types of sensors, namely, quality rainfall estimation and spatiotemporal resolution. This study extensively and systematically evaluates multisatellite precipitation errors by tracking the sensor-specific error sources and quantifying the biases originating from multiple sensors. High-resolution, ground-based radar precipitation estimates from the Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) system, developed by the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL), are utilized as reference data. The analysis procedure involves segregating the grid precipitation estimate as a function of sensor source, decomposing the bias, and then quantifying the error contribution per grid. The results of this study reveal that while all three aspects of detection (i.e., hit, missed-rain, and false-rain biases) contribute to the total bias associated with IR precipitation estimates, overestimation bias (positive hit bias) and missed precipitation are the dominant error sources for MW precipitation estimates. Considering only MW sensors, the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) shows the largest missed-rain and overestimation biases (nearly double that of the other MW estimates) per grid box during the summer and winter seasons. The Special Sensor Microwave Imagers/Sounders (SSMIS on board F17 and F16) also show major error during winter and spring, respectively.
Major Contribution Reaction
Authors: Singh Anneliese A.
Published: November 2016

The author of this invited reaction comments on the four articles within the Major Contribution titled “Research on Trans People and Issues.” The Major Contribution authors have successfully met the three goals they set for this work: to (a) review the current state of psychosocial trans scholarship and identify next directions, (b) propose a critical research approach to decision making in trans study activities, and (c) exemplify how this critical research approach may be applied within an empirical study with trans participants. The Major Contribution is a next step in the long history of advocacy for trans researchers to be more attentive to centering the voices of trans people. In this reaction, I enthusiastically support the spirit of the Major Contribution, provide feedback on the articles, and encourage the trans research field to implement the authors’ recommendations and continue to look for ways to reach further toward supporting trans liberation.
Beyond Phonology: Visual Processes Predict Alphanumeric and Nonalphanumeric Rapid Naming in Poor Early Readers
Authors: Kruk Richard S. , Luther Ruban Cassia
Published: November 2016

Visual processes in Grade 1 were examined for their predictive influences in nonalphanumeric and alphanumeric rapid naming (RAN) in 51 poor early and 69 typical readers. In a lagged design, children were followed longitudinally from Grade 1 to Grade 3 over 5 testing occasions. RAN outcomes in early Grade 2 were predicted by speeded and nonspeeded visual processing measures, after controlling for initial (Grade 1) RAN, matrix reasoning, phonological awareness, and word decoding abilities. A predictive influence of backward visual masking—a speeded visual discrimination task—was found for nonalphanumeric RAN in early Grade 2 but not for alphanumeric RAN or subsequent RAN ability in Grades 2 and 3. A nonspeeded predictor involving controlled visual attention accounted for significant variance in early Grade 2 RAN in the poor early reader group. Results are discussed in relation to Wolf, Bowers, and Biddle’s conceptualization of rapid naming—in particular, on the roles of visual processes in speeded low and nonspeeded high spatial frequency visual information in predicting RAN.
Police and public involvement
Authors: Evans Linda
Published: November 2016

Public involvement is an ill-defined but important part of government policy. This paper suggests that there are lessons police agencies can learn from the National Health Service in the UK with regard to evaluating public involvement, which is a fundamental activity within the democratic policing model. A study undertaken by the author has enabled an understanding of public and patient involvement (PPI) in terms of its real nature. The study recognises the value of PPI for patients, members of the public and the National Health Service (NHS), and suggests that it is critical to evaluate the outcomes of PPI interventions in order to ensure that the rhetoric of PPI becomes reality and is of value. An evaluation model is outlined which the author suggests could be adapted for use by police agencies not only for the purpose of public involvement but also in relation to improving all services delivered by the police.
Modeling and simulation of customer dissatisfaction in waiting lines and its effects
Authors: Alvarado-Valencia Jorge A , Tueti Silva Gabriela C , Montoya-Torres Jairo R
Published: November 2016

A combination of discrete-event and agent-based simulation analysis using a field-tested psychological model for evaluating the effects of customer dissatisfaction in waiting lines beyond balking and reneging was developed. The proposed model assessed the effects that different psychological parameter values and business decisions in waiting lines have on the evaluation of waiting and, therefore, in customer satisfaction and mid-term profit. This model hence becomes a decision-support tool for businesses wanting to model their costs of customer dissatisfaction due to waiting lines in repetitive and competitive environments.
A utility threshold model of herding–panic behavior in evacuation under emergencies based on complex network theory
Authors: Wang Jinghong , Chen Manman , Yan Wenyu , Zhi Youran , Wang Zhirong
Published: November 2016

Casualties during crowd evacuation in many unexpected events are closely related to panic behaviors. In this paper the evacuation crowd system is abstracted into a dynamic complex network composed of three types of people, namely calm people, panic people, and herding people, as well as their interactions. The mathematical model of these interactions is established based on complex network theory. Further, the evolution of herding people to panic people is interpreted by a specific concept of “herding–panic threshold,” as well as its utility threshold model, in which the own characteristics of herding people and the external pressure from the surrounding crowd are comprehensively considered. To verify the rationality of some assumption in the utility threshold model, a questionnaire survey about the evacuation psychological behaviors is carried out. Through theoretical analysis and simulation, the influence of some key parameters on the herding–panic behavior is discussed in detail, via analyzing the change of panic rate. Some safety measures to control herding–panic in evacuation are also suggested.
Transforming the Public Sector Into an Arena for Co-Creation: Barriers, Drivers, Benefits, and Ways Forward
Authors: Torfing Jacob , Sørensen Eva , Røiseland Asbjørn
Published: November 2016

This article explores whether co-creation offers a viable path for the public sector. After an initial account of the transformation of the public sector from a legal authority and a service provider to an arena of co-creation, it defines co-creation and provides some empirical examples. This is followed by a discussion of the risks and benefits of co-creation as well as the drivers and barriers that may stimulate or hamper its expansion. The article also reflects on how institutional design, public leadership, and systemic change can advance co-creation. The conclusion summarizes the findings by setting out some researchable propositions.
Herbert’s pepper corn: Responsibility and reciprocity in The Temple
Authors: Hillier Russell M.
Published: November 2016

In common with medieval piety and the theology of Richard Baxter, George Herbert’s lyrics express a responsive amor Dei or desire for God, required of humans if faith is to be maintained. In Herbert’s poetry his lyrical voices often become aware that they are recipients of God’s grace, but their discovery of, response to, and participation in the reception of that grace is no less paramount. Herbert’s poetry marks and celebrates this divine–human exchange. The article examines the nature of such human responsibility throughout Herbert’s poetry, and especially in the lyrics that make up The Temple: in Herbert’s attitude to Scripture and in the practice of confession; in the motif of the answered call; in patterns of symbolic actions of clasping hands and climbing; in the altered state effected by faith; and, finally, in the eschatological encounters dramatized across the final sequence of poems in The Church.
Approaching the Cross: George Herbert and R. S. Thomas
Authors: Lilford Grant
Published: November 2016

George Herbert and R. S. Thomas reveal similar understandings of the cross as a Christian emblem. Both observe its ubiquity in nature and acknowledge their reliance on the cross as a source of comfort. They observe its presence in human suffering, both in disease and in the discipline required of musicians, for example. In that respect it becomes a consoling trope, a reminder that God has shared in the suffering of His creatures. More ominously, they explore humanity’s rejection of the crucifixion and its teaching, which traps us in a cycle of returning to the cross as an instrument of oppression and torture.
Prophylactic middle lobe fixation for postoperative pulmonary torsion
Authors: Higashiyama Masahiko , Tokunaga Toshiteru , Kusu Takashi , Ishida Hiroto , Okami Jiro , Kodama Ken
Published: November 2016

Background

To prevent postoperative middle lobe torsion after a right upper lobectomy, we introduced a novel technique of interlobar fixation using collagen fleece coated with fibrin. In this study, the prophylactic effects of this method on the incidence of postoperative pulmonary torsion were analyzed.

Methods

Between April 2001 and December 2015, 3786 pulmonary resection procedures (excluding total pneumonectomy) were performed in our institution, and prophylactic interlobar fixation was selectively applied when intraoperative examination indicated that the patient was at high risk of postoperative pulmonary lobe torsion. As a control group, 842 patients who underwent pulmonary resection procedures between January 1996 and April 2001 were reviewed.

Results

During the study period, 10 (0.3%) patients underwent prophylactic middle lobe fixation (to the lower lobe after a right upper lobectomy in 9, and to the upper lobe after a right lower lobectomy in one). Pulmonary lobar (middle lobe) torsion occurred in only one patient (after right upper lobectomy); thus the incidence of this complication was 0.1% among patients who underwent a right upper lobectomy and 0.03% among all pulmonary resection procedures. The rates during the study period were marginally significantly lower than those in the control period (1.3% and 0.24%, respectively; p = 0.071 and p = 0.087, respectively).

Conclusion

Prophylactic middle lobe fixation might be useful for preventing postoperative pulmonary middle lobe torsion.
Entrepreneurial overconfidence and its impact upon performance
Authors: Invernizzi Anna Chiara , Menozzi Anna , Passarani Diana Anna , Patton Dean , Viglia Giampaolo
Published: November 2016

A hubris theory of entrepreneurship suggests that financial forecasts are often informed by the use of heuristic methods prone to overconfidence. While overconfidence can be advantageous during the start-up phase, it is also linked to overoptimistic forecasts, non-optimal outcomes and firm failure. This article uses a data set from 203 micro and small firms operating in North West Italy where overconfidence is measured as the difference between budget estimates and actual results for earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA), owner equity and borrowing costs. These measures are employed to identify the extent of overconfidence by entrepreneurs in their financial forecasts and to analyse any relationship between overconfidence and the characteristics of the entrepreneur and the firm. A probit analysis is employed to investigate any association between overconfident financial forecasts and subsequent firm failure. The results are consistent with the hypotheses, suggesting that the majority of entrepreneurs are prone to overconfident budgetary forecasts that are directly associated with firm failure. Such overconfidence is mitigated by an entrepreneur’s level of educational attainment and the use of budgetary controls.
Herbal medicine for management of the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD): A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Hyde Anna J , May Brian H , Dong Lin , Feng Mei , Liu Shaonan , Guo Xinfeng , Zhang Anthony Lin , Lu Chuanjian , Xue Charlie Changli
Published: November 2016

Management of the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia remains a challenge worldwide. Herbal medicines may play a role in the development of new interventions. To determine effects of herbal medicines for management of the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia, meta-analysis was conducted of 31 controlled trials (3613 participants). Frequently tested herbal medicines were the Ginkgo biloba leaf extract EGb 761 (seven studies) and the multi-ingredient formula Yokukansan (eight studies). Sixteen studies tested other herbal medicines. Improvements were detected in Neuropsychiatric Inventory scores in EGb 761 groups compared to placebo (MD −3.46 [−5.94, −0.98]; I2 = 93%; n = 1757) and Yokukansan groups compared to no treatment (SMD −0.53 [−0.86, −0.21]; I2 = 0%; n = 150). Cognitive scores were improved in EGb 761 groups while Yokukansan did not appear to affect cognitive function. Of the other herbal medicines, there were improvements in the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia and cognitive outcomes in two of four placebo-controlled studies. EGb 761 and Yokukansan appeared safe and well tolerated. Adverse effects and dropouts were not reported consistently for the other herbal medicines. Weaknesses of these included short durations, small sample sizes, lack of blinding and other risks of bias. Well-designed studies are needed to further investigate the reported effects of these interventions on the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia.
Examining potential side effects of therapeutic hypothermia in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Wowk Shannon , Fagan Kelly J , Ma Yonglie , Nichol Helen , Colbourne Frederick
Published: November 2016

Studies treating intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) with therapeutic hypothermia (TH) have shown inconsistent benefits. We hypothesized that TH’s anti-inflammatory effects may be responsible as inflammatory cells are essential for removing degrading erythrocytes. Here, we subjected rats to a collagenase-induced striatal ICH followed by whole-body TH (∼33℃ for 11–72 h) or normothermia. We used X-ray fluorescence imaging to spatially quantify total and peri-hematoma iron three days post-injury. At three and seven days, we measured non-heme iron levels. Finally, hematoma volume was quantified on one, three, and seven days. In the injured hemisphere, total iron levels were elevated ( p < 0.001) with iron increasing in the peri-hematoma region ( p = 0.007). Non-heme iron increased from three to seven days (p < 0.001). TH had no effect on any measure of iron ( p ≥ 0.479). At one and three days, TH did not affect hematoma volume ( p ≥ 0.264); however, at seven days there was a four-fold increase in hematoma volume in 40% of treated animals ( p = 0.032). Thus, even when TH does not interfere with initial increases in total and non-heme iron or its containment, TH can cause re-bleeding post-treatment. This serious complication could partly account for the intermittent protection previously observed. This also raises serious concerns for clinical usage of TH for ICH.
Representation in Collaborative Governance: A Case Study of a Food Policy Council
Authors: Koski Chris , Siddiki Saba , Sadiq Abdul-Akeem , Carboni Julia
Published: November 2016

Representation is a hallmark of democratic governance. Widely studied within traditional modes of governance, representation is less studied in alternative governance settings, such as collaborative governance arrangements. Collaborative governance arrangements are specifically designed to encourage inclusion and participation among a diverse array of stakeholders in some part of the policy process. Our research contrasts different forms of representation observed in a collaborative governance arrangement and identifies factors contributing to observed patterns in representation therein. We analyze descriptive representation (i.e., “representation in form”) or substantive representation (i.e., “representation in practice”) and look for inconsistencies between them. Our case study is a regional food policy council located in the Western United States. Among our findings is that discrepancies between descriptive and substantive representation can be explained by shared goals, local norms, organizational structure, and heterogeneity in member capacity. We conclude our article with a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of this research.
Development geography II
Authors: Mawdsley Emma
Published: November 2016

Financialization is now a key area of research within Geography. Development geographers have made significant (although arguably under-recognized) contributions, notably in relation to household and ‘everyday’ financialization, as well as recent work on the financialization of nature, land, infrastructure, health and energy in the Global South. In this progress report, I argue that donors are currently seeking to accelerate and deepen financialization in the name of ‘development’. Foreign aid is being used to de-risk investment, ‘escort’ capital to ‘frontier’ markets, and carry out the mundane work of transforming objects into assets available to speculative capital flows. Financialization both permeates and goes beyond the more commonly referenced private sector-led development. Donors are pursuing these strategies and programmes with little or no reference to the threats posed by greater financialization.
Development of CGRP-dependent pain and headache related behaviours in a rat model of concussion: Implications for mechanisms of post-traumatic headache
Authors: Bree Dara , Levy Dan
Published: November 2016

Background and objective

Posttraumatic headache (PTH) is one of the most common, debilitating and difficult symptoms to manage after a mild traumatic brain injury, or concussion. However, the mechanisms underlying PTH remain elusive, in part due to the lack of a clinically relevant animal model. Here, we characterized for the first time, headache and pain-related behaviours in a rat model of concussion evoked by a mild closed head injury (mCHI) – the major type of military and civilian related trauma associated with PTH – and tested responses to current and novel headache therapies.

Methods

Concussion was induced in adult male rats using a weight-drop device. Characterization of headache and pain related behaviours included assessment of cutaneous tactile pain sensitivity, using von Frey monofilaments, and ongoing pain using the conditioned place preference or aversion (CPP/CPA) paradigms. Sensitivity to headache/migraine triggers was tested by exposing rats to low-dose glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). Treatments included acute systemic administration of sumatriptan and chronic systemic administration of a mouse anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody.

Results

Concussed rats developed cephalic tactile pain hypersensitivity that was resolved by two weeks post-injury and was ameliorated by treatment with sumatriptan or anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody. Sumatriptan also produced CPP seven days post mCHI, but not in sham animals. Following the resolution of the concussion-evoked cephalic hypersensitivity, administration of GTN produced a renewed and pronounced cephalic pain hypersensitivity that was inhibited by sumatriptan or anti-CGRP antibody treatment as well as a CGRP-dependent CPA. GTN had no effect in sham animals.

Conclusions

Concussion leads to the development of headache and pain-related behaviours, in particular sustained enhanced responses to GTN, that are mediated through a CGRP-dependent mechanism. Treatment with anti-CGRP antibodies may be a useful approach to treat PTH.
Collagenous Ultrastructure of the Discoid Meniscus: A Transmission Electron Microscopy Study
Authors: Choi Young-Hee , Seo Young-Jin , Ha Jong Mun , Jung Koo Hyun , Kim Jeehyoung , Song Si Young
Published: November 2016

Background:

The collagen ultrastructure of the discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) has not been precisely defined.

Purpose:

To investigate the ultrastructure of the DLM, focusing on its collagen fibers, and to compare the collagen net architecture between intact and torn DLMs using the Collagen Meniscal Architecture (CMA) scoring system.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Thirty specimens were taken from 30 patients with a diagnosis of a complete DLM using a 1-piece technique. The collagen ultrastructure of the DLMs was assessed with transmission electron microscopy. To evaluate the meniscal ultrastructure, the degree of collagen disruption, intrafibrillar edema, loss of banding, degree of collagen packing, and fibril size variability were assessed and graded from 1 (normal) to 3 (severe disarray) according to the CMA scoring system. The DLM specimens were divided into 3 groups according to the intrasubstance tear: the intact group (group I) had no tear; the simple tear group (group S) had a radial, longitudinal, or horizontal tear; and the complicated tear group (group C) had a complicated horizontal tear. Intact normal meniscus specimens (group N) were used as the control group.

Results:

There were 10 specimens in group I, 8 in group S, 12 in group C, and 13 in group N. In group I, there were 5 grade 1 and 5 grade 2 menisci; group S had 2 grade 1, 3 grade 2, and 3 grade 3 menisci; group C had 1 grade 1, 4 grade 2, and 7 grade 3 menisci; and group N had 4 grade 1, 7 grade 2, and 2 grade 3 menisci. A significant difference in the CMA score was observed between the 4 groups ( P = .009). The median CMA score was significantly lower in group I (2; range, 1-4) than in group S (4; range, 2-7) ( P = .041) and group C (4.25; range, 1.5-7) ( P = .018). No significant difference was found between groups S, C, and N.

Conclusion:

Variability existed in the collagen ultrastructure of the DLM, and some DLMs showed a nearly normal ultrastructural pattern. The degree of density and disorganization of the collagen architecture in the DLM was related to the tear.

Clinical Relevance:

The study results might provide a histological background for partial meniscectomy in the treatment of a symptomatic DLM.
Optimization of waste combinations during in-vessel composting of agricultural waste
Authors: Varma V Sudharsan , Kalamdhad Ajay S , Kumar Bimlesh
Published: November 2016

In-vessel composting of agricultural waste is a well-described approach for stabilization of compost within a short time period. Although composting studies have shown the different combinations of waste materials for producing good quality compost, studies of the particular ratio of the waste materials in the mix are still limited. In the present study, composting was conducted with a combination of vegetable waste, cow dung, sawdust and dry leaves using a 550 L rotary drum composter. Application of a radial basis functional neural network was used to simulate the composting process. The model utilizes physico-chemical parameters with different waste materials as input variables and three output variables: volatile solids, soluble biochemical oxygen demand and carbon dioxide evolution. For the selected model, the coefficient of determination reached the high value of 0.997. The complicated interaction of agricultural waste components during composting makes it a nonlinear problem so it is difficult to find the optimal waste combinations for producing quality compost. Optimization of a trained radial basis functional model has yielded the optimal proportion as 62 kg, 17 kg and 9 kg for vegetable waste, cow dung and sawdust, respectively. The results showed that the predictive radial basis functional model described for drum composting of agricultural waste was well suited for organic matter degradation and can be successfully applied.
Person-Oriented Approaches to Profiling Learners in Technology-Rich Learning Environments for Ecological Learner Modeling
Authors: Jang Eunice Eunhee , Lajoie Susanne P. , Wagner Maryam , Xu Zhenhua , Poitras Eric , Naismith Laura
Published: November 2016

Technology-rich learning environments (TREs) provide opportunities for learners to engage in complex interactions involving a multitude of cognitive, metacognitive, and affective states. Understanding learners’ distinct learning progressions in TREs demand inquiry approaches that employ well-conceived theoretical accounts of these multiple facets. The present study investigated learners’ interactions with BioWorld, a TRE developed to guide students’ clinical reasoning through diagnoses of simulated patients. We applied person-oriented analytic methods to multimodal data including verbal protocols, questionnaires, and computer logs from 78 task solutions. Latent class analysis, clustering methods, and latent profile analysis followed by logistic regression analyses revealed that students’ clinical diagnosis ability was positively correlated with advanced self-regulated learning behaviors, high confidence and cognitive strategy use, critical attention to experts’ feedback, and their positive emotional responses to feedback. The study results have the potential to contribute to a theory-guided approach to designing TREs with a data-driven assessment of multidimensional growth. Building on the study results, we introduce and discuss an ecological learner model for assessing multidimensional learner traits which can be used to design a TRE for adaptive scaffolding.
Emergency Surgical Airways Following Activation of a Difficult Airway Management Team in Hospitalized Critically Ill Patients: A Case Series
Authors: Darby Joseph M. , Halenda Gregory , Chou Courtney , Quinlan Joseph J. , Alarcon Louis H. , Simmons Richard L.
Published: November 2016

Introduction:

An emergency surgical airway (ESA) is widely recommended for securing the airway in critically ill patients who cannot be intubated or ventilated. Little is known of the frequency, clinical circumstances, management methods, and outcomes of hospitalized critically ill patients in whom ESA is performed outside the emergency department or operating room environments.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed all adult patients undergoing ESA in our intensive care units (ICUs) and other hospital units from 2008 to 2012 following activation of our difficult airway management team (DAMT).

Results:

Of 207 DAMT activations for native airway events, 22 (10.6%) events culminated in an ESA, with 59% of these events occurring in ICUs with the remainder outside the ICU in the context of rapid response team activations. Of patients undergoing ESA, 77% were male, 63% were obese, and 41% had a history of a difficult airway (DA). Failed planned or unplanned extubations preceded 61% of all ESA events in the ICUs, while bleeding from the upper or lower respiratory tract led to ESA in 44% of events occurring outside the ICU. Emergency surgical airway was the primary method of airway control in 3 (14%) patients, with the remainder of ESAs performed following failed attempts to intubate. Complications occurred in 68% of all ESAs and included bleeding (50%), multiple cannulation attempts (36%), and cardiopulmonary arrest (27%). Overall hospital mortality for patients undergoing ESA was 59%, with 38% of deaths occurring at the time of the airway event.

Conclusion:

An ESA is required in approximately 10% of DA events in critically ill patients and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Efforts directed at early identification of patients with a difficult or challenging airway combined with a multidisciplinary team approach to management may reduce the overall frequency of ESA and associated complications.
Item-by-item Versus Matrix Questions
Authors: Liu Mingnan , Cernat Alexandru
Published: November 2016

While the choice of matrix versus item-by-item questions has received considerable attention in the literature, it is still unclear in what situation one is better than the other. Building upon the previous findings, this study expands this line of research by examining whether the difference between the two question types is moderated by the number of response options. Through a web survey experiment, this study compares matrix and item-by-item questions with 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, and 11 response options. Additionally, we also investigate the impact of the device used to complete the survey on data quality. The results show that straight lining and response time are similar between the two question types across all response lengths, but item nonresponse tends to be higher for matrix than item-by-item question, especially among mobile respondents. Also measurement models reveal measurement equivalence between the two question types when there are fewer than seven response options. For matrices with 9 or 11 response options, analyses reveal substantial differences compared to item-by-item questions.
Damage detection in a composite wind turbine blade using 3D scanning laser vibrometry
Authors: Marks Ryan , Gillam Clare , Clarke Alastair , Armstrong Joe , Pullin Rhys
Published: November 2016

As worldwide wind energy generation capacity grows, there is an increasing demand to ensure structural integrity of the turbine blades to maintain efficient and safe energy generation. Currently, traditional non-destructive testing methods and visual inspections are employed which require the turbine to be out-of-operation during the inspection periods, resulting in costly and lengthy downtime. This study experimentally investigates the potential for using Lamb waves to monitor the structural integrity of a composite wind turbine blade that has been subject to an impact representative of damage which occurs in service. 3D scanning laser vibrometry was used to measure Lamb waves excited at three different frequencies both prior to, and after, impact to identify settings for an optimal system. Signal processing techniques were applied to the datasets to successfully locate the damage and highlight regions on the structure where the Lamb wave was significantly influenced by the presence of the impact damage. Damage size resulting from the impact was found to correlate well with the laser vibrometry results. The study concluded that acousto-ultrasonic-based structural health monitoring systems have great potential for monitoring the structural integrity of wind turbine blades.