bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Operationalisierung der Metapher zur quantifizierenden Untersuchung deutschsprachiger literarischer Texte im Übergang vom Realismus zur Moderne
Authors: Herrmann J. Berenike
Published: March 2023

Der vorliegende Beitrag möchte eine ganz spezifische Antwort auf die Frage ‚Wozu eine Digitale Literaturwissenschaft?‘ geben. Ausgehend von dem Desiderat, Literarizität in einem digitalen, datengetriebenen Forschungsparadigma beschreiben, modellieren und mittels Verfahren der Künstlichen Intelligenz eventuell auch vorhersagen zu können, widme ich mich dem Phänomen metaphorischen Sprachgebrauchs in literarischen Texten. Es handelt sich um eine induktive Studie an einem kleineren Korpus deutschsprachiger Eingangspassagen narrativer fiktionaler Texte im Übergang vom Realismus zur literarischen Moderne. Im Vordergrund steht nicht die Beschreibung des auffälligen, abweichenden oder kreativen metaphorischen Ausdrucks – sondern eine Bestandsaufnahme des gesamten Spektrums zwischen konventionalisiert-lexikalisiertem und abweichend-neologischem Metapherngebrauch.
Diskussionsbericht Sektion III. Textanalyse
Authors: Horstmann Jan
Published: March 2023

In der Sektion Textanalyse wurde besonders hervorgehoben, dass strategische Argumentation von der Diskussion der methodischen Organisation und Umsetzung wissenschaftlicher Verfahren unterschieden werden sollten. Die Digital Humanities tendierten stark dazu, sich auf den zweiten Punkt zu konzentrieren. Auch formale, digitale Analysen in den Literaturwissenschaften agierten jedoch vor dem Hintergrund einer etablierten disziplinären Theorie und Praxis, zu der sie sich bewusst verhalten sollten.
Literaturwissenschaft und Bibliothek – Eine Beziehung im digitalen Wandel
Authors: Stäcker Thomas
Published: March 2023

Literaturwissenschaft und Bibliothek scheinen schon immer eng verbunden gewesen zu sein. Die Gründe dafür liegen auf der Hand. Die Literaturwissenschaft ist in besonderer Weise auf Literatur angewiesen. Die Bibliothek wiederum ist der Aufbewahrungsort für Literatur. Doch das Verhältnis ist nicht so eindeutig und einfach, wie es scheint. Der Beitrag versucht das komplexe Verhältnis von Literaturwissenschaft und Bibliothek unter digitalen Bedingungen zu beleuchten. Er nimmt die traditionell typischen Funktionen der Bibliothek in den Blick und zeigt insbesondere am Begriff der Schnittstelle auf, wie sich die Bibliothek und ihr Verhältnis zur Literaturwissenschaft ändern.
Die Lesbarkeit der Welt. Digitalität als Herausforderung der Literaturwissenschaft
Authors: Stolz Michael
Published: March 2023

Digitalität, verstanden als die „Verwendung digitaler Verfahren und Technologien in der geisteswissenschaftlichen Forschungspraxis“, konfrontiert die Betroffenen mit Herausforderungen, deren Ausmaß zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt noch schwer absehbar ist. Chancen und Risiken liegen in diesem Bereich sehr eng beisammen. Bestandsaufnahmen haben deshalb unter Bedingungen, in denen sich immer mehr Forschende auf die technischen und methodischen Möglichkeiten der Digitalität einlassen und diese damit dynamisch weiterentwickeln, notgedrungen einen vorläufigen Charakter.
Netzliteratur als Soziales Medium. Zur Kritik des Werkbegriffs
Authors: Ernst Thomas
Published: March 2023

Dieser Beitrag deckt sich zu großen Teilen mit dem ursprünglich zur Konferenz eingereichten Beitrag. Auf Basis der Präsentationen und Diskussionen in der Villa Vigoni habe ich allerdings Ergänzungen und begriffliche Modifikationen vorgenommen. Insbesondere geht es dabei um eine stärkere Nutzung des ‚Netzwerk‘-Begriffs (so wurde u. a. im gekürzten Beitragstitel ‚Digitale Literatur‘ durch ‚Netzliteratur‘ ersetzt), um die Ersetzung des ‚offenen Werkbegriffs‘ durch einen ‚dynamischen Werkbegriff‘ und um eine stärkere Relativierung der Werk- und Textbegriffe von Roland Barthes in meinen Ausführungen
Diskussionsbericht Sektion IV. Schnittstellen
Authors: Baum Constanze
Published: March 2023

Eine Schnittstelle ist einerseits ein technisches Protokoll zur Nachrichtenübermittlung, andererseits bezeichnet sie im übertragenen Sinne die Übergangsstelle zwischen verschiedenen in sich geschlossenen Systemen. Durch definierte Rahmenbedingungen bzw. Standards ermöglicht sie den Austausch von Daten, vermittelt aber auch ein Verständnis zwischen unabhängigen, miteinander kommunizierenden Systemen. Digitale Schnittstellen bestehen auf den Ebenen ‚von Maschine zu Maschine‘ und ‚von Mensch zu Maschine‘.
Innovation im Zwischen-Raum. Wie Innovationen gelingen! Anmerkungen zum Forschungsprojekt MARGE 2017 bis 2019
Authors: Kegelmann Jürgen
Published: March 2023

Der Artikel reflektiert das Forschungsprojekt MARGE von 2017 bis 2019 und legt die Innovationsmuster des Forschungsprojektes offen. Dabei wird mithilfe der aktuellen Innovationsliteratur ein Innovationsrahmen entwickelt, der dann exemplarisch „gefüllt“ wird. Auch wird auf Innovationsbarrieren eingegangen und es wird gezeigt, dass es eine Grundspannung zwischen Innovations- und klassischen Verwaltungslogiken gibt. Aber genau an den Grenzen und Nahtstellen, im „Zwischenraum“, ist der Ort der Innovation. Dort wo sich „Eigenes“ und „Fremdes/Anderes“ berühren, begegnen und dadurch Kommunikation und (Selbst)Reflektion entsteht.
Die Rolle von Sozialer Arbeit beim Gestalten von Räumen für marginalisierte Gruppen in der Stadt anhand von zwei Wiener Fallbeispielen
Authors: Kirsch-Soriano da Silva Katharina , Stoik Christoph
Published: March 2023

Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet, was Marginalisierung für unterschiedliche Menschen in der Stadt bedeutet und wie sich dies im urbanen Raum zeigt – welche Räume marginalisierten Gruppen zur Verfügung stehen oder verwehrt bleiben, welche Räume sie brauchen oder sich aneignen können. Dabei werden auch die Handlungsmöglichkeiten der Sozialen Arbeit und Gemeinwesenarbeit in den Blick genommen, Räume für marginalisierte Menschen zu erhalten, zu öffnen und zu gestalten. Konkret werden zwei Wiener Fallbeispiele betrachtet: der „Praterstern“ als öffentlicher Platz, der in den letzten Jahren zum Schauplatz von Interessenskonflikten und demonstrativer politischer Intervention wurde, und die „Herbststraße 15“ als ein Erdgeschosslokal, das temporär als kooperatives offenes Stadtteilzentrum fungierte.
Families and the Law: Taking Account of Children’s Evolving Capacities in Analogue and Digital Contexts
Authors: Dethloff Nina
Published: March 2023

New media have a fundamental influence on families and their lives. Especially for children, the process of digital transformation encompasses both substantial potential as well as a new range of risks. It thus challenges existing normative orders. During the last century and in particular the past decades, the position of children in families, in society, and in law has changed considerably. This requires legislators to increasingly take the child’s evolving capacities into account, both in analogue and digital contexts.
Lost Between Data and Family? Shortcomings of Current Understandings of the Law
Authors: Blecher-Prigat Ayelet
Published: March 2023

Children’s right to privacy is recognized under the laws of various jurisdictions and under international treaties, most notably the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (hereinafter: “CRC”). However, in today’s world, there is a growing concern for children’s privacy in digital contexts, and when closely examining how children’s right to privacy is implemented in practice in various legal systems, doubts arise as to whether legal recognition is indeed accorded to children’s interest in privacy.
Positionings, Challenges, and Ambivalences in Children’s and Parents’ Perspectives in Digitalized Familial Contexts
Authors: Kutscher Nadia
Published: March 2023

Digital media use has long been part of families’ everyday lives. Various studies show that digital media is not only a component of the everyday lives of children and parents, but also raises new questions—or, rather, old questions in a new context. Everyday practices in families combine with digital practices with media, sometimes changing their form and reach and interlocking with other contexts and effects. In parent blogs, Instagram posts, and YouTube channels, families document their everyday lives in a plethora of ways. In the process, a great deal of information about children, young people, and adults, as well as pictures and videos of them, are published and shared with others via social networks or apps such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, YouTube, and Snapchat. Many parents post pictures to let relatives and friends participate in their family life or in their child(ren)’s development. Some make a living from this and reach a large public audience.
The Case of “Sharenting”—Parental Action Strategies in the Contested Field of Visualizing Children in Online Environments
Authors: Autenrieth Ulla
Published: March 2023

The discussion about the presence of children’s photos on social networks flares up again and again. At the center of this is the question of whether and which photos and videos parents may or should not show of their children on platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube. The discussions are supported by campaigns and actions that point to a violation of rights on the part of children by their parents.
Banning Children’s Image Online—a Portuguese Perspective
Authors: Vítor Paula Távora
Published: March 2023

The questions raised by the reality of parents sharing photos and personal data of their children online, particularly in social networks, are now widespread. In today’s globalized world, the issues posed by the use of social networks (its risks, dangers, but also advantages) are fundamentally the same. And, at least in the European context, there are common backgrounds in terms of of legal culture and of the protection of human rights afforded by international organizations and their instruments, the way parental responsibilities and children as subjects of their own rights are regarded. However, how each country and each legal system puts the same legal principles into practice may differ particularly in the field of family relations and personal rights. In this chapter I intend to present the Portuguese perspective on the public display of children’s image, particularly online, resorting to the analysis of case law in order to reach a more accurate picture of the law in action.
Civilizing Parents in the Digital Age
Authors: Bucholc Marta
Published: March 2023

After almost half a century of the Internet being a part of everyday life for billions of people, the jury is still out on whether the coming of the digital age is a blessing or a curse for humanity. Even the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic—which has forced whole sectors of social life, including teaching, exercise, religious celebrations, and academic small talk over wine and cheese, into the virtual sphere—did not change the overall ambivalence of our perceptions of the role of digital media in social life. On the one hand, the benefits seem undisputable: They include the wide, if not universal, availability of low-cost communication; global connectivity; retrievability of immense loads of data, which can be processed quickly and efficiently and provide knowledge about societies which would otherwise be out of reach; and the freedom of sharing content, which is harder to control than any kind of media in existence, and thus more equal and less exclusive than any other.
Strategische Orientierung/Problemidentifizierung
Authors: Lang-Koetz Claus , Reischl Annika , Fischer Stephan , Weber Sabrina , Kusch Anina
Published: March 2023

Der Innovationsprozess im Unternehmen beginnt mit einer strategischen Orientierung und der Problemidentifizierung. In der strategischen Orientierung werden langfristige Ziele in Bezug auf Innovation gesetzt. In der Problemidentifizierung wird ermittelt, welche Probleme aus Kundensicht das Unternehmen grundsätzlich adressieren soll.
Ideengewinnung
Authors: Lang-Koetz Claus , Reischl Annika , Fischer Stephan , Weber Sabrina , Kusch Anina
Published: March 2023

In der Ideenphase werden Ideen als Grundlage für mögliche Innnovationen gewonnen. Dazu werden Ideen über Informationsquellen innerhalb und außerhalb des Unternehmens gesammelt und mit Hilfe von Kreativität und zu ihrer Anregung geeigneter Methoden generiert.
Ideenbewertung und -auswahl
Authors: Lang-Koetz Claus , Reischl Annika , Fischer Stephan , Weber Sabrina , Kusch Anina
Published: March 2023

In der Bewertungs- und Auswahlphase werden Ideen mit Hilfe geeigneter Methoden und Bewertungskriterien (wie Marktattraktivität, Umsetzbarkeit und Nachhaltigkeitswirkungen) bewertet. Attraktive/gut bewertete Ideen werden schließlich ausgewählt, um sie dann weiter zu bearbeiten.
Ideenumsetzung
Authors: Lang-Koetz Claus , Reischl Annika , Fischer Stephan , Weber Sabrina , Kusch Anina
Published: March 2023

In der Umsetzungsphase werden die vorher ausgewählten Ideen umgesetzt. Hier spielen Produktentwicklung, Aufbau von Produktion, Logistik und Vertriebswegen und eine geeignete Innovationskommunikation eine wichtige Rolle und weiterhin die Markteinführung.
Ambidextrie und das hybride Vorgehen
Authors: Lang-Koetz Claus , Reischl Annika , Fischer Stephan , Weber Sabrina , Kusch Anina
Published: March 2023

Unternehmen sind mit komplizierten und/oder komplexen Herausforderungen konfrontiert. Daraus ergibt sich die Anforderung an das Innovationsmanagement exploitativ und/oder explorativ zu sein. Zur Strukturierung des Innovationsmanagements können dabei unterschiedliche Formen der Ambidextrie genutzt werden. Diese ermöglichen verschiedene Varianten zur Nutzung klassischer, agiler oder hybrider Projektmethoden. Die Entscheidung darüber kann anhand bestimmter Kriterien getroffen werden. Relevant sind dabei Charakteristika des Projekts, aber auch Besonderheiten des Unternehmens.
Zukunft des Innovationsmanagements: Nachhaltigkeit
Authors: Lang-Koetz Claus , Reischl Annika , Fischer Stephan , Weber Sabrina , Kusch Anina
Published: March 2023

Um den Anforderungen an eine nachhaltige Entwicklung von Unternehmen gerecht zu werden, spielt die Integration von Nachhaltigkeitsaspekten in Innovationsaktivitäten eine zunehmend wichtige Rolle. In diesem Kapitel werden geeignete Konzepte und Methoden zur praktischen Umsetzung einer solchen Integration in die einzelnen Phasen des Innovationsprozesses beschrieben.
Introduction
Authors: Thrupp Martin , Seppänen Piia , Kauko Jaakko , Kosunen Sonja
Published: March 2023

Over recent decades, the Finnish education system has become regarded by many as the best in the world, generating international fascination. This introductory chapter begins by explaining that while many accounts have mainly set out to explain Finland’s success, this edited book seeks to offer a ‘warts and all’ account of education in Finland. Drawing especially on sociological and education policy perspectives, it covers diverse aspects of comprehensive schooling in Finland and is intent on addressing the challenges facing education in this Nordic country in a rigorous and balanced way. The chapter goes on to provide a general background to Finnish schooling and a description of the comprehensive school system. It looks at the place of Finland in global policy debates, considers debates about schooling that go on within Finland, and notes some of the concerns of Finnish educational researchers and scholars. Finally, this introduction also provides a brief overview of the chapters in this 28 chapter book.
Pupil Selection and Enrolment in Comprehensive Schools in Urban Finland
Authors: Seppänen Piia , Pasu Terhi , Kosunen Sonja
Published: March 2023

There is a pervasive myth that education policy for comprehensive schooling in Finland is non-selective, meaning that all children attend similar schools (peruskoulu) catering for the children who live nearby. Following from this is the idea that the Finnish education system must be relatively uniform and fair, since there is no obvious ability-grouping by tracks or streams for pupils under the age of 15. In this chapter we challenge these claims by analysing the ways in which public comprehensive schools select and track their pupils through different admission criteria for different teaching classes within schools. We argue that schools’ selection of pupils and the enrolment policies of cities vary nationally in a way that raises questions about the opportunities of attending ‘one school for all’. Our results indicate that selection processes for admission to emphasised teaching classes are fierce with schools not just evaluating pupil’s aptitudes for certain subjects but applying numerous criteria when enrolling pupils to emphasised teaching. Ways of testing, and the means by which they include and exclude pupils, may include aspects which reproduce existing social and economic inequalities in comprehensive schools.
Controversies and Challenges in the History of Gender Discourses in Education in Finland
Authors: Lahelma Elina
Published: March 2023

Finland is famous for high scores in PISA league tables as well as for high scores in gender equality indexes. Sometimes these two championships seem to be competing. Since the first PISA tests, an old concern for boys’ underachievement has received new emphasis and the gender gap in results has detracted from national pride in the excellent overall results, as well as hiding a growing social and ethnic gap. In the 1980s concern about underachieving boys in Finland was matched by efforts towards gender equality in education following global declarations and resolutions of gender equality after the United Nations’ Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in 1979. Supported by the first equality projects, gender research in Finnish education took the first steps in the late 1980s. Since that time, gender researchers in education have collaborated in carrying out gender equality administration and projects. A constant task has been to challenge the simple juxtaposition of girls and boys that is sometimes evident in the concerns about boys’ achievements. In this chapter, I describe and analyse the interlinked histories of gender equality work, feminist studies in education, and the boy discourse, with reflections on changes and sustainability in Finnish education policies. The bodies of data include documents associated with gender equality projects, national PISA reports, reviews of research articles and PhD studies that draw on feminist research in education. I also use my own experience as an actor in the field since the early 1980s.
Rainbow Paradise? Sexualities and Gender Diversity in Finnish Schools
Authors: Lehtonen Jukka
Published: March 2023

The Finnish education system, welfare state and Finland’s position in respect to lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex (LGBTI) human rights have been praised. In this chapter, the utopian image of Finnish education system as a ‘rainbow paradise’ is questioned. Legislation, curricula, teachers, school textbooks, experiences of non-heterosexual, trans and intersex youth as well as LGBTI human rights organisations’ work are discussed, as well as the influence of COVID-19. All are looked at from the viewpoint of heteronormativity. Even if there have been several advancements in acknowledging sexual and gender diversity within Finnish education, particularly in the area of legislation and educational policies, there are serious everyday problems in making schools safe for LGBTI students and teachers, as well as with treating everyone equally despite their sexual orientation and gender identity or expression. Teacher training, teaching and textbooks used in schools are often still heteronormative, and teachers lack tools and motivation in resisting heteronormative starting points in their work. Youth culture has changed in recent years, it has become more diverse and less judgemental towards LGBTI youth but non-heterosexual, trans and intersex students are still clearly experiencing more violence in schools than cisgender heterosexual students. The mainly heteronormative Finnish education system creates stress and mental health problems for LGBTI youth. Counselling and health care services are still not fully able to respond to their needs. The COVID-19 pandemic has only made the situation worse. In short, it will require a sustained effort to make the Finnish education system anything close to a ‘rainbow paradise’.
Racism in Finnish School Textbooks: Developments and Discussions
Authors: Mikander Pia
Published: March 2023

While the Finnish education system has been celebrated for promoting equality, recent reports point to problems concerning racism within Finnish schools. Kristín Loftsdóttir suggests looking at racism from three angles: everyday racism, prior immobility, and structural racism. This chapter draws on this idea, showing how racism is present in Finnish school textbooks in history, social science and geography. Many textbooks seem to deviate from the curricular core values of equality by portraying the West as superior to the rest of the world. This is visible in different ways. While old racist or colonial words are removed from textbooks, the perspective may still only promote a Western worldview. Changes in textbooks might stay on a superficial level, rather than reaching the epistemological perspective. History textbook passages about colonial times might include images of racist caricatures to express the explicit racism of this era. Similar caricatures are being removed from consumer products, and we might ask whether they belong to history teaching, particularly if they do not encourage a discussion about continued racism. Using textbooks with racist content requires that teachers are aware of racism. The teacher needs to know how to lead critical reflection, while keeping the classroom safe from racist remarks. During a pandemic, when students are alone with textbooks, there is a particular concern about the democratic task of educating for anti-racism. This is especially important in a world largely influenced by a media discourse that makes certain racist opinions unremarked or seen as a matter of common sense.
Saami Language Online Education Outside the Saami Homeland—New Pathways to Social Justice
Authors: Helander Hanna , Keskitalo Pigga , Turunen Tuija
Published: March 2023

Saami languages are spoken across wide areas, from Mid-Scandinavia to Kola Peninsula, Russia, but they are all threatened Indigenous languages. Altogether, there are 10 Saami languages, of which three are represented in Finland: Northern, Inari and Skolt Saami. After centuries of assimilation policies, through broader inclusive thinking from the 1980s and the 1990s onwards, the teaching of Saami languages has begun to receive governmental support. In Finland, until the 1970s, the Finnish language was the main medium of instruction for Saami children. This has led to a language shift and assimilation over many generations. Currently, the main education task is to avoid continuing the loss of language. This chapter showcases how Saami languages are retaking their status via maintenance and revitalisation measures and displays Saami online language education as a solution for those children and young people living outside the Saami homeland. This solution is especially important because most Saami people now live outside this area. We therefore urge a swift decision on Saami education, as stipulated in the Basic Education Act about the availability of Saami language classes and support for pedagogical development in the endangered language situation. Starting to recognise Saami language education as an opportunity and a resource rather than a problem would be a key shift in language attitudes to build a path for comprehensive education based on social justice for Saami children and young people in Finland.
Education of Pupils with Migrant Backgrounds: A Systemic Failure in the Finnish System?
Authors: Helakorpi Jenni , Holm Gunilla , Liu Xiaoxu
Published: March 2023

This chapter discusses the structural issues and mechanisms behind the lower academic performance and poorer health of the pupils categorised as “pupils with migrant background” compared to other pupils in Finnish schools. In PISA 2018 migrant pupils were almost three years behind other pupils in literacy and pupils with a migrant background about two years behind. Finland has the largest gap in the OECD between migrant and migrant background students and non-migrant students in literacy. Not only do migrant students and students with migrant background perform more poorly, but they are also bullied more in school. We base our analysis on critical race and whiteness theories and also lean on theoretical constructs from intersectionality research. We have treated the findings of inequalities between pupils with and without a migrant background as symptoms of a systemic failure not of failing students, families or teachers. In order to understand the failure of educating pupils with migrant background well, an analysis of structural racism and an intersectional analysis of race, racialisation, whiteness, gender and social class in Finnish school and society are needed.
Negotiated, Given and Self-Made Paths: Immigrant Origin Girls and Post-compulsory Educational Transition in Finland
Authors: Mäkelä Marja-Liisa , Kalalahti Mira
Published: March 2023

Although Finland still has a relatively low proportion of students with a migrant background, it has not been able to ensure that immigrants and their descendants have equal educational opportunities. Education could enhance integration but migrant backgrounds have a persistent impact. In this chapter, our focus is on post-comprehensive educational decision-making processes of immigrant origin adolescent girls, with the viewpoint of the multifaceted intertwinement of gender and ethnicity. We conceptualise the educational decisions as negotiations that adolescents have to have with their families, teachers, counsellors and peers. Within these negotiations, the negotiating parties try to push the adolescent to choose those educational paths they see valued and preferred, and away from the choices they see as unfitting or less valued. As the girls ‘negotiate their identities according to situational contexts’, their agency is constructed with ongoing and reflective negotiations with other people. In this chapter, we show how adolescent girls with an immigrant background in Finland face quite similar difficulties as ethnic minorities in other European and Nordic countries when continuing their education from compulsory education. We also illustrate with three ‘transitional stories’ the key challenges that girls with immigrant backgrounds encounter when making their educational decisions and integrating to education: structural boundaries, social boundaries and acculturation.
Language Education for Everyone? Busting Access Myths
Authors: Ennser-Kananen Johanna , Kilpeläinen Erja , Saarinen Taina , Vaarala Heidi
Published: March 2023

Finland has, rather successfully, promoted an image of itself as a model of educational excellence and linguistic equity. This chapter problematises this image by analysing Finnish language education policies at the comprehensive school level. For our analysis we use a three-fold understanding of access as; (a) having the opportunity to participate in language education (getting in); (b) participating in education that is meaningful and effective for the pupil (getting it); and (c) receiving credentials that are societally legitimate and valuable assets (getting out). We elaborate on each aspect of access by debunking three myths for the Finnish context that: (a) Multilingualism is politically valued; (b) the curriculum promotes multilingual education; and (c) the education system offers equal opportunities to all, regardless of language. We conclude with a mixed picture. While initiatives have been put in place to expand participation in language learning and develop multilingual pedagogies, the societal status of national languages and constitutional bilingualism have also, somewhat paradoxically, strengthened monolingual ideologies. Such ideologies have contributed to the erasure of Indigenous and autochthonous languages from education and minimise the position of allochthonous (migrant) languages in curriculum and education. We propose several reforms in teacher education and a more systematic, long term, national supervision of (language) education policy in the service of equitable multilingual education.
Finnish Quality Evaluation Discourse: Swimming Against the Global Tide?
Authors: Pitkänen Hannele
Published: March 2023

This chapter discusses Finnish quality evaluation in comprehensive education, recognising that it frequently differs from that used by the Global Education Reform Movement (GERM) in most countries. Instead of high-stakes testing of pupil achievement, monitoring or school inspection, Finnish quality evaluation (QE) rests mainly on sample-based national testing and self-evaluations conducted in schools and municipalities. The argument presented here is that, although reform of the Finnish education system has often taken a different path from other countries, at the level of discourse, the Finnish system is increasingly caught between the more usual approach to QE and the Finnish variant approach. This follows an analysis of the emergence and formation of the present quality evaluation discourse, consisting of historical layers of discursive practices of school-based development, performance and market-oriented quality. Between the rationalities of these discursive practices but also in relation to recent political concerns about the QE system, it remains to be seen to what extent the Finnish system is able to resist the power of the discourse into which global ideas and rationalities of quality evaluation have been imprinted.
Ecological Sustainability and Steering of Finnish Comprehensive Schools
Authors: Mykrä Niina
Published: March 2023

With the climate catastrophe and biodiversity loss, our globe is facing enormous challenges: the basis of life on Earth is in danger. Eco-anxiety and global eco-social crises are also driving education to search for solutions to build a sustainable future, for instance the United Nations Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development views education as a key instrument for change. One of the key promises of the Finnish Ministry of Education is to commit to sustainable development, and the Finnish National Forum for Skills Anticipation states that important future skills should include knowledge of sustainable development. In national reports on how to carry out Agenda 2030, Finland has highlighted education as a key strength in meeting the sustainability goals. Yet the global goals of sustainability education fail to translate into concrete actions by the time they reach everyday life in Finnish schools. The 2014 Finnish national core curriculum for basic education is also insufficiently clear in the area of sustainability even though it expects sustainability to be included in school culture and teaching. In addition to this, the enactment of the curriculum in Finnish comprehensive schools meets various hindering and promoting cultural elements, which are interconnected. Change towards sustainability across levels of activity from high-level policy to everyday life within schools in Finland is complicated.
Thread/State correspondence: from bit threads to qubit threads
Authors: Lin Yi-Yu , Jin Jie-Chen
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Starting from an interesting coincidence between the bit threads and SS (surface/state) correspondence, both of which are closely related to the holographic RT formula, we introduce a property of bit threads that has not been explicitly proposed before, which can be referred to as thread/state correspondence (see [50] for a brief pre-release version). Using this thread/state correspondence, we can construct the explicit expressions for the SS states corresponding to a set of bulk extremal surfaces in the SS correspondence, and nicely characterize their entanglement structure. Based on this understanding, we use the locking bit thread configurations to construct a holographic qubit threads model as a new toy model of the holographic principle, and show that it is closely related to the holographic tensor networks, the kinematic space, and the connectivity of spacetime.
Mass spectrum of type IIB flux compactifications — comments on AdS vacua and conformal dimensions
Authors: Plauschinn Erik
Published: March 2023

Abstract

In this note we study the mass spectrum of type IIB flux compactifications. We first give a general discussion of the mass matrix for F-term vacua in four-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 supergravity theories and then specialize to type IIB Calabi-Yau orientifold compactifications in the presence of geometric and non-geometric fluxes. F-term vacua in this setting are in general AdS4 vacua for which we compute the conformal dimensions of operators dual to the scalar fields. For the mirror-dual of the DGKT construction we find that one-loop corrections to the complex-structure moduli space lead to real-valued conformal dimensions — only when ignoring these corrections we recover the integer values previously reported in the literature. For an example of a flux configurations more general than the DGKT mirror we also obtain non-integer conformal dimensions. Furthermore, we argue that stabilizing the axio-dilaton and complex-structure moduli in asymptotic regions of moduli space by fluxes implies that at least one of the corresponding mass eigenvalues diverges.
Diagnostic accuracy of automated ACR BI-RADS breast density classification using deep convolutional neural networks
Authors: Sexauer Raphael , Hejduk Patryk , Borkowski Karol , Ruppert Carlotta , Weikert Thomas , Dellas Sophie , Schmidt Noemi
Published: March 2023

Objectives

High breast density is a well-known risk factor for breast cancer. This study aimed to develop and adapt two (MLO, CC) deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) for automatic breast density classification on synthetic 2D tomosynthesis reconstructions.

Methods

In total, 4605 synthetic 2D images (1665 patients, age: 57 ± 37 years) were labeled according to the ACR (American College of Radiology) density (A-D). Two DCNNs with 11 convolutional layers and 3 fully connected layers each, were trained with 70% of the data, whereas 20% was used for validation. The remaining 10% were used as a separate test dataset with 460 images (380 patients). All mammograms in the test dataset were read blinded by two radiologists (reader 1 with two and reader 2 with 11 years of dedicated mammographic experience in breast imaging), and the consensus was formed as the reference standard. The inter- and intra-reader reliabilities were assessed by calculating Cohen’s kappa coefficients, and diagnostic accuracy measures of automated classification were evaluated.

Results

The two models for MLO and CC projections had a mean sensitivity of 80.4% (95%-CI 72.2–86.9), a specificity of 89.3% (95%-CI 85.4–92.3), and an accuracy of 89.6% (95%-CI 88.1–90.9) in the differentiation between ACR A/B and ACR C/D. DCNN versus human and inter-reader agreement were both “substantial” (Cohen’s kappa: 0.61 versus 0.63).

Conclusion

The DCNN allows accurate, standardized, and observer-independent classification of breast density based on the ACR BI-RADS system.

Key Points

• A DCNN performs on par with human experts in breast density assessment for synthetic 2D tomosynthesis reconstructions.

• The proposed technique may be useful for accurate, standardized, and observer-independent breast density evaluation of tomosynthesis.
Depth stratified light trap sampling reveals variation in the depth distribution of late-stage cryptobenthic reef fish larvae
Authors: Douglas Sophia R. L. , Tebbett Sterling B. , Choukroun Severine , Goatley Christopher H. R. , Bellwood David R.
Published: March 2023

Cryptobenthic fishes are abundant on coral reefs, and their larvae dominate the ichthyoplankton in near reef waters. However, we have a limited understanding of how pelagic and on-reef processes are linked, especially how late-stage cryptobenthic fish larvae use near reef waters. We therefore used depth-stratified light trap sampling from 2 to 27 m at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. This revealed clear depth variation in late-stage larval fish assemblages. Gobiidae larvae characterised mid-depth (13 m) samples. By contrast, larval Apogonidae were only abundant in shallow samples. Deep samples were typified by (non-target) adult apogonids. Contrary to expectations that poor-swimming cryptobenthic larvae would be flow-sheltering in deeper water, our results suggest that late-stage cryptobenthic larvae use large portions of the water column, although their preferred positions may be taxon-specific.
IL-10-providing B cells govern pro-inflammatory activity of macrophages and microglia in CNS autoimmunity
Authors: Geladaris Anastasia , Häusser-Kinzel Silke , Pretzsch Roxanne , Nissimov Nitzan , Lehmann-Horn Klaus , Häusler Darius , Weber Martin S.
Published: March 2023

B cells contribute to chronic inflammatory conditions as source of antibody-secreting plasma cells and as antigen-presenting cells activating T cells, making anti-CD20-mediated B cell depletion a widely used therapeutic option. B cells or B cell subsets may, however, exert regulatory effects, while to date, the immunological and/or clinical impact of these observations remained unclear. We found that in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, B cells contain regulatory features and that their removal enhanced activity of monocytes. Using a co-culture system, we identified B cell-provided interleukin (IL)-10 as key factor in controlling pro-inflammatory activity of peripheral myeloid cells as well as microglia. Depleting B cells via anti-CD20 in a mouse model of MS unleashed the activity of myeloid cells and microglia and accelerated disease severity; in contrast, adoptive transfer of IL-10-providing B cells restored in vivo control of central nervous system (CNS) macrophages and microglia and reversed clinical exacerbation. These findings suggest that B cells exert meaningful regulatory properties, which should be considered when designing novel B cell-directed agents.
Meteorological extremes and their impact on tinnitus-related emergency room visits: a time-series analysis
Authors: Haas Markus , Lucic Mateo , Pichler Franziska , Lein Alexander , Brkic Faris F. , Riss Dominik , Liu David T.
Published: March 2023

Purpose

Extreme weather events are rising due to the accelerating pace of climate change. These events impact human health and increase emergency room visits (EV) for many morbidities. Tinnitus is a common cause of EVs within otolaryngology in Germany and Austria. The effect of extreme weather conditions on tinnitus-related EVs is unknown.

Methods

A total of 526 tinnitus-related EVs at a tertiary care hospital in Vienna were identified. A distributed lag non-linear model with a maximum lag period of 14 days was fitted to investigate the immediate and delayed effect of single-day and prolonged (three-day) extreme atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, mean temperature, precipitation and mean wind speed on EV rates. Extreme conditions were defined as the 1st, 5th, 95th, and 99th percentile of the meteorological variables. Relative risk (RR) is defined as risk for tinnitus-related EVs at an extreme condition compared to the risk at the median weather condition. Cumulative RR (cRR) is the total cumulated EV risk for a given time period.

Results

High relative humidity increased same-day RR for tinnitus-related EVs to 1.75. Both low and high atmospheric pressure raised cRR as early as three days after an event to a maximum of 3.24. Low temperatures mitigated cRR within 4 days, while high temperatures tended to increase risk. Prolonged precipitation reduced cRR within one day.

Conclusion

Extreme meteorological conditions are associated with tinnitus-related EV rates. Further investigation into potential causative links and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is warranted.
Anthropogenically driven spatial niche partitioning in a large herbivore assemblage
Authors: Arumoogum Nikhail , Marshal Jason P. , Parrini Francesca
Published: March 2023

Understanding how human activity can influence species distributions and spatial niche partitioning between sympatric species is a key area of contemporary ecology. Extirpations of large mammalian populations, the result of a 15-year civil war, within the Gorongosa National Park in Mozambique, have been followed by an extended period of restoration. The species-specific recovery of these populations has provided an ideal system to identify how niche partitioning between coexisting species is altered as a consequence of extreme disturbance events. Here, we aimed to understand how distribution patterns of grazing herbivores, as well as spatial niche overlap between them, changed between the pre- and post-war scenarios. We focused on the following four grazer species: buffalo (Syncerus caffer); sable (Hippotragus niger); waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus); and zebra (Equus quagga). Using long-term aerial survey data, we quantified range size for each species, as well as spatial niche overlap between each species pair, for pre- and post-war periods. Range size of buffalo and zebra decreased drastically from the pre-war period; with both species inhabiting subsets of their historical distribution in the park. Sable and waterbuck have both colonised historically avoided habitat, with waterbuck doubling their pre-war range size. Spatial overlap between all four grazers pre-war was significantly high, indicating niche similarity; however, this decreased in the post-war period, with some species pairs displaying spatial niche dissimilarity. Our findings highlight how population responses to anthropogenic disturbance can result in significant alterations to species’ distributions, with consequences for patterns of niche similarity.
Reduced representations of assumed fields for Hu–Washizu solid-shell element
Authors: Wisniewski K. , Turska E.
Published: March 2023

Mixed eight-node (hexahedron) solid-shell elements based on the standard or partial version of the three-field Hu–Washizu (HW) functionals are developed for Green strain. Three reduced representations of the assumed stress/strain fields are selected. They improve effectiveness, yet retaining good accuracy and convergence properties. At the outset, the standard HW functional and the assumed stress/strain representations of the 3D solid element B8-15P (Weissman in Int J Numer Methods Eng 39:2337–2361, 1996) are used to derive a solid-shell element with 51 parameters. To eliminate locking, the ANS method is applied to the thickness strain (Betsch and Stein in Commun Numer Methods Eng 11:899–909, 1995) and to the transverse shear strain (Dvorkin and Bathe in Eng Comput 1:77–88, 1984). It is a correct element which, however, yields too large displacements for coarse meshes and trapezoidal through-thickness shapes. To improve the above formulation, the $$\zeta $$
ζ
-independent reduced representations of the assumed stress/ strain fields are selected and the transformations to Cartesian components are modified. The thickness strain is enhanced by the EAS method. The element with 35 parameters is derived from the standard/enhanced HW functional, but, to further reduce the assumed fields, partial/enhanced HW functionals are constructed from the 3D potential energy by applying the Lagrange multiplier method only to selected strain components. In the element with 27 parameters, this is applied to the constant in-plane strain and to the transverse shear strain while in the element with 19 parameters, to the constant in-plane strain only.Two other modifications are implemented to enhance the behavior of these elements: (A) the skew coordinates are used in the reduced representations of the in-plane stress/strain (Wisniewski and Turska in Int J Numer Methods Eng 90:506–536, 2012), and (B) the Residual Bending Flexibility correction of the transverse shear stiffness (MacNeal in Comput Struct 8(2):175–183, 1978) is adapted. Finally, the performance of the proposed solid-shell HW elements is demonstrated on several linear and non-linear examples for the linear elastic material and the hyper-elastic material. The proposed elements are compared to each other and to the best existing elements of this class.
Haptoglobin genotype and its relation to asymptomatic cerebral small-vessel disease in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Eriksson M. I. , Syreeni A. , Sandholm N. , Dahlström E. H. , Gordin D. , Tatlisumak T. , Putaala J. , Groop Per-Henrik , Martola J. , Thorn L. M. ,   The FinnDiane Study Group
Published: March 2023

Aim

Cerebral small-vessel disease (SVD) is prevalent in type 1 diabetes and has been associated with the haptoglobin variant allele Hp1. Contrarily, the Hp2-allele has been linked to cardiovascular disease and the role of haptoglobin-genotype in asymptomatic SVD is unknown. We, therefore, aimed to evaluate the alleles’ association with SVD.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 179 neurologically asymptomatic adults with type 1 diabetes (women 53%, mean age 39 ± 7 years, diabetes duration 23 ± 10 years, HbA1c 8.1 ± 3.2% [65 ± 12 mmol/mol]). Examinations included genotyping (genotypes Hp1-1, Hp2-1, Hp2-2) by polymerase chain reaction, clinical investigation, and magnetic resonance brain images assessed for SVD manifestations (white matter hyperintensities, cerebral microbleeds, and lacunar infarcts).

Results

SVD prevalence was 34.6%. Haptoglobin genotype frequencies were 15.6% (Hp1-1), 43.6% (Hp1-2), and 40.8% (Hp2-2). Only diastolic blood pressure differed between the genotypes Hp1-1, Hp1-2, and Hp2-2 (81 [74–83], 75 [70–80], and 75 [72–81] mmHg, p = 0.019). Haptoglobin genotype frequencies by presence versus absence of SVD were 16.1%; 46.8%; 37.1% versus 15.4%; 41.9%; 42.7% (p = 0.758). Minor allele frequencies were 39.5% versus 36.3% (p = 0.553). Hp1 homozygotes and Hp2 carriers displayed equal proportions of SVD (35.7% vs 34.4%, p > 0.999) and SVD manifestations (white matter hyperintensities 14.3% vs 17.9%, p = 0.790; microbleeds 25.0% vs 21.9%, p = 0.904; lacunar infarcts 0% vs 3.6%, p > 0.999). Hp1-1 was not associated with SVD (OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.46–2.94, p = 0.712) when adjusting for age, blood pressure, and diabetic retinopathy.

Conclusions

Although the SVD prevalence was high, we detected no significant association between SVD and haptoglobin-genotype.
Advancement in Design and Failure Analysis of Aluminium Foam-filled Honeycomb Crash Absorbers
Authors: Valente G. , Ghasemnejad H. , Srimanosaowapak S. , Watson J. W.
Published: March 2023

Honeycomb structures are frequently used as energy absorption devices in the automotive and aerospace industry. Many studies have been conducted to optimise these structures and improve crashworthiness behaviour. This paper attempts to improve the crashworthiness behaviour of a honeycomb crash box by filling the cells with open-cell aluminium foams. Experimental tests were conducted to develop the honeycomb and aluminium foam material model and, also, to validate the finite element model by experimental data. The finite element model was developed in ABAQUS, and different variables were parameterised to aim a quick implementation. The empty aluminium honeycomb crash box is used as a term of comparison with the foam-filled ones. Foam-filling the crash box allows the control of the densification zone for different impact energies using open-cell aluminium foam, which shows the main novelty of this research. In the end, the optimised structure is presented concerning the optimum number of foam-filled cells and, also, to the aluminium foam’s density that best fits this application.