bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Una experiencia de diseño de una tarea de evaluación sumativa en formato transmedia para formación inicial de profesorado
Authors: Castañeda Linda
Published: May 2021

La importancia de llevar a cabo procesos de evaluación formativa y sumativa que se complementen y enriquezcan la experiencia de aprendizaje del estudiantado, es una de las premisas de los modelos de evaluación de aprendizajes de los últimos 40 años. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los esfuerzos en investigación se han centrado en potenciar la evaluación formativa y la retroalimentación derivada de ella, y muy poco se ha escrito sobre experiencias de evaluación sumativa que vayan más allá del control y que desafíen las prácticas evaluativas tradicionales en Educación Superior. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo identificar las características principales que describen una tarea de evaluación sumativa concreta que cumple con las expectativas de certificación propias de un curso universitario, pero que a la vez ofrece una experiencia potencialmente educativa para los estudiantes, tanto desde el punto de vista cognitivo como metacognitivo. Para ello se presenta bajo el enfoque de investigación naturalista basada en el diseño (IBD), un estudio de caso a lo largo de 8 años y 5 iteraciones –4 de diseño y 1 de implementación de prototipo final– en el que se ha diseñado una tarea de evaluación sumativa final individual y transmedia y en el que se usan evidencias no intrusivas para la colección de los datos. En el diseño final, destacan los elementos de diseño de contenidos de la tarea que se describen en las conclusiones de este trabajo, y elementos como la reflexión, la comunicación de los objetivos de logro a través de rúbricas, el manejo del tiempo y la complementariedad de los medios expresivos, que aparecen como características destacadas de un diseño que pretende acercarse a los principios del aprendizaje conectado como ideal para encarar los condicionantes del momento en que nos encontramos.
Molecular docking analysis of antimicrobial peptides with the CXCL1 protein target for colorectal cancer
Authors:   Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore - 641046, Tamil Nadu, India, Kumar Praveen Kumar
Published: May 2021

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play a prominent role in drug discovery due to the rapid increase in drug resistant infections. Hence, we report the molecular docking analysis of antimicrobial peptides MREEKKERKRD and MVQGAKRGGRLHRV with the target protein CXCL1 in the context of colorectal cancer for further consideration in drug discovery.
Survey data on dental treatment during the covid-19 outbreak at Patna in the state of Bihar, India
Authors:   Buddha institute of dental science and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India, Singh Amit KR
Published: May 2021

It is of interest to assess the level of knowledge on dental treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic at Patna, Bihar, India. The study population consisted of Indian subjects with a minimum qualification of high school. An online questionnaire was sent to a sample of 650 subjects consisting of both male and female in March 2020. The questionnaire comprised of a series of questions about subjects’demographic characteristics; their awareness of the COVID-19 and their perception towards dental treatment. This study included a total of 650 members aged 20-70 years (mean 36.9 years with a standard deviation of 10.5 years) participants. A total of 446 subjects responded to questionnaire. A total of 29.1% subjects had completed their masters, 52.2% had knowledge of corona virus from news, and 30.5% had read about COVID-19 from official websites. A total of 71.3% participants showed reluctance in undertaking dental treatment during pandemic. The majority of participants (60.5%) believed that dental setups could be a potential source of infection of COVID-19 and thus avoided visiting dentists. Most of them (69.7%) adhered to medicines instead of dental treatment. Most of them (96.6%) agreed not to hide any symptoms of COVID-19 from the dentist. 54.7% agreed to undergo a screening test for the virus. 93.7% participants refrained from cosmetic and aesthetic procedures during pandemic and 54.7% believed that at these unprecedented times would affect the cost of dental procedures. Subjects were aware of COVID-19 symptoms, mode of transmission of the virus, screening test and in-home precautions/measures to be taken. However, subjects had limited comprehension of the extra precautionary measures that protect them during dental procedures. It should be noted that most of them refrained from visiting dentists and avoided aesthetic procedures.
Dorsal periaqueductal gray ensembles represent approach and avoidance states
Authors: Reis Fernando MCV , Lee Johannes Y , Maesta-Pereira Sandra , Schuette Peter J , Chakerian Meghmik , Liu Jinhan , La-Vu Mimi Q , Tobias Brooke C , Ikebara Juliane M , Kihara Alexandre Hiroaki , Canteras Newton S , Kao Jonathan C , Adhikari Avishek
Published: May 2021

Animals must balance needs to approach threats for risk assessment and to avoid danger. The dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) controls defensive behaviors, but it is unknown how it represents states associated with threat approach and avoidance. We identified a dPAG threatavoidance ensemble in mice that showed higher activity farther from threats such as the open arms of the elevated plus maze and a predator. These cells were also more active during threat avoidance behaviors such as escape and freezing, even though these behaviors have antagonistic motor output. Conversely, the threat approach ensemble was more active during risk assessment behaviors and near threats. Furthermore, unsupervised methods showed that avoidance/approach states were encoded with shared activity patterns across threats. Lastly, the relative number of cells in each ensemble predicted threat avoidance across mice. Thus, dPAG ensembles dynamically encode threat approach and avoidance states, providing a flexible mechanism to balance risk assessment and danger avoidance.
On GPS spoofing of aerial platforms: a review of threats, challenges, methodologies, and future research directions
Authors: Khan Shah Zahid , Mohsin Mujahid , Iqbal Waseem
Published: May 2021

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAVs, Drones), initially known only for their military applications, are getting increasingly popular in the civil sector as well. Over the military canvas, drones have already proven themselves as a potent force multiplier through unmanned, round-the-clock, long-range and high-endurance missions for surveillance, reconnaissance, search and rescue, and even armed combat applications. With the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), commercial deployments of drones are also growing exponentially, ranging from cargo and taxi services to agriculture, disaster relief, risk assessment and monitoring of critical infrastructures. Irrespective of the deployment sector, drones are often entrusted to conduct safety, time and liability critical tasks, thus requiring secure, robust and trustworthy operations. In contrast, the rise in UAVs’ demand, coupled with market pressure to reduce size, weight, power and cost (SwaP-C) parameters, has caused vendors to often ignore security aspects, thus inducing serious safety and security threats. As UAVs rely on Global Positioning System (GPS) for positioning and navigation, they can fall prey to GPS jamming and spoofing attacks. The vulnerability of GPS to spoofing has serious implications for UAVs, as victim drones using civil GPS can be misdirected or even completely hijacked for malicious intents, as already demonstrated in several academic research efforts using commercially available GPS spoofing hardware. Beside UAVs, GPS spoofing attacks are equally applicable to other GPS-dependent platforms, including manned aircraft, ground vehicles, and cellular systems. This paper conducts a comprehensive review of GPS spoofing threats, with a special focus on their applicability over UAVs and other GPS-dependent mobile platforms. It presents a novel taxonomy of GPS spoofing attacks and critically analyzes different spoofing techniques based upon placement of spoofing device, attack stealthiness, attack methodologies, and objectives of the attacker. We also discuss some of the recent experiments from open literature which utilized commercially available hardware for successfully conducting spoofing attacks.
Cranial anatomy ofBesanosaurus leptorhynchusDal Sasso & Pinna, 1996 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic Besano Formation of Monte San Giorgio, Italy/Switzerland: taxonomic and palaeobiological implications
Authors: Bindellini Gabriele , Wolniewicz Andrzej S. , Miedema Feiko , Scheyer Torsten M. , Dal Sasso Cristiano
Published: May 2021

Besanosaurus leptorhynchusDal Sasso & Pinna, 1996 was described on the basis of a single fossil excavated near Besano (Italy) nearly three decades ago. Here, we re-examine its cranial osteology and assign five additional specimens toB. leptorhynchus, four of which were so far undescribed. All of the referred specimens were collected from the Middle Triassic outcrops of the Monte San Giorgio area (Italy/Switzerland) and are housed in various museum collections in Europe. The revised diagnosis of the taxon includes the following combination of cranial characters: extreme longirostry; an elongate frontal not participating in the supratemporal fenestra; a prominent ‘triangular process’ of the quadrate; a caudoventral exposure of the postorbital on the skull roof; a prominent coronoid (preglenoid) process of the surangular; tiny conical teeth with coarsely-striated crown surfaces and deeply-grooved roots; mesial maxillary teeth set in sockets; distal maxillary teeth set in a short groove. All these characters are shared with the holotype ofMikadocephalus gracilirostrisMaisch & Matzke, 1997, which we consider as a junior synonym ofB. leptorhynchus. An updated phylogenetic analysis, which includes revised scores forB. leptorhynchusand several other shastasaurids, recoversB. leptorhynchusas a basal merriamosaurian, but it is unclear if Shastasauridae form a clade, or represent a paraphyletic group. The inferred body length of the examined specimens ranges from 1 m to about 8 m. The extreme longirostry suggests thatB. leptorhynchusprimarily fed on small and elusive prey, feeding lower in the food web than an apex predator: a novel ecological specialisation never reported before the Anisian in a large diapsid. This specialization might have triggered an increase of body size and helped to maintain low competition among the diverse ichthyosaur fauna of the Besano Formation.
BACPHLIP: predicting bacteriophage lifestyle from conserved protein domains
Authors: Hockenberry Adam J. , Wilke Claus O.
Published: May 2021

Bacteriophages are broadly classified into two distinct lifestyles: temperate and virulent. Temperate phages are capable of a latent phase of infection within a host cell (lysogenic cycle), whereas virulent phages directly replicate and lyse host cells upon infection (lytic cycle). Accurate lifestyle identification is critical for determining the role of individual phage species within ecosystems and their effect on host evolution. Here, we present BACPHLIP, a BACterioPHage LIfestyle Predictor. BACPHLIP detects the presence of a set of conserved protein domains within an input genome and uses this data to predict lifestyle via a Random Forest classifier that was trained on a dataset of 634 phage genomes. On an independent test set of 423 phages, BACPHLIP has an accuracy of 98% greatly exceeding that of the previously existing tools (79%). BACPHLIP is freely available on GitHub (https://github.com/adamhockenberry/bacphlip) and the code used to build and test the classifier is provided in a separate repository (https://github.com/adamhockenberry/bacphlip-model-dev) for users wishing to interrogate and re-train the underlying classification model.
El fluido eléctrico y la búsqueda de materialidad: tecnología y visiones de la energía en la publicidad de los primeros alumbrados eléctricos. Santiago de Chile. 1900-1920
Authors:   Universidad de Chile, Zacarías Yohad
Published: May 2021

En este artículo se analiza la evolución histórica de las diversas visiones acerca de los alum­brados eléctricos que se plasmaron en los avisos publicitarios publicados en Santia­go de Chile en el período 1900-1920. Estas visiones coincidieron con la búsqueda de explicaciones sobre la materialidad de la electricidad que realizaron autoridades estatales y municipales, así como la inci­piente tecnocracia ingenieril, las cuales tendieron a definir esta energía como un “fluido”. Asimismo, las empresas eléctricas tomaron este discurso y lo utilizaron en la publicidad, resaltando las propiedades de dicha matriz energética y su supremacía técnica frente a otros tipos de iluminación, otorgándole simbolismos asociados a la reducción de consumo energético y poten­cialidades “vitamínicas”. Desde un enfoque teórico CTS, se estudia la publicidad de los alumbrados eléctricos en su primera etapa de expansión en Santiago, período en el cual se confrontaron con diferentes tipos de iluminación. Para ello, se utilizaron como fuentes los avisos publicitarios publicados en la revista Zig-Zag y el diario El Ferrocar­ril, además de las actas del Boletín de la Municipalidad de Santiago y del Instituto de Ingenieros de Chile. Junto con ello, bus­cando un análisis comparativo regional, se introducen otros casos en Latinoamérica.
Evaluation of Toxic Effect of D-alletrin Based Mosquito’s Coil on the Lungs and Selected Haematological Parameters of Adult Wistar Rats
Authors: Anyabolu A. E. , Ezejindu D. N. , Obinwa B. N.
Published: May 2021

The effect of inhaling mosquito coil smoke on the haematology and histology of rat’s lungs was studied. Mosquito coils while slowly burning emit smoke containing one or more insecticides, each coil burns for several hours and are used in close proximity to persons requiring protection against mosquitoes in order to prevent malaria, a disease of wide distribution. This study is aimed at determining the effects of mosquito coil on lungs of adult wistar rats. A total of 16 adult wistar rats were used in this study weighing 100g – 200g. They were randomly divided into four groups of four rats each. Rats in group 1 served as control and received only food and distilled water; while the experimental groups II – IV were exposed to mosquito coil smoke for 1 hour, 2 hours and 3 hours respectively for a period of 28 days. At the end of the experimental period, blood was collected from each rat through ocular puncture for blood analysis. The rats were sacrificed with the lungs harvested and fixed in 10% formal saline for routine histological analysis. The body weight of the exposed groups observed showed insignificant decrease when compared with the control group. The organ weight of lungs showed significant increase when compared to the control group. Haematological analysis for blood obtained revealed a significant (p<0.05) increase in Hb, PCV, RBC and WBC counts in all exposure groups when compared with the control group. Histological analysis of the lungs showed severe hemorrhage and severe inflammation of the lungs. Results from this study demonstrates that mosquito coil smoke not only challenges the immune system but also affects the blood oxygen regulation level through damage in the lungs.
Tspan5 promotes epithelial–mesenchymal transition and tumour metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by activating Notch signalling
Authors: Xie Qian , Guo Huiling , He Peirong , Deng Huan , Gao Yanjun , Dong Ningning , Niu Wenbo , Liu Tiancai , Li Ming , Wang Suihai , Wu Yingsong , Li Ji‐Liang
Published: May 2021

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide due to a high rate of tumour metastasis and disease recurrence. In physiological conditions, tetraspanins interact with specific partner proteins in tetraspanin‐enriched microdomains and regulate their subcellular localization and function. However, the function of Tspan5 in pathological processes, particularly in cancer biology and its clinical significance, are still unclear. Here, we describe that a high expression of Tspan5 is significantly associated with some clinicopathological features including invasive length, vascular invasion, clinical stage and poor overall survival of HCC patients. Alterations of Tspan5 expression by lentivirus transductions in HCC cells demonstrated that Tspan5 promotes wound healing and cell migration in vitro and tumour metastasis of HCC cells in vivo. Mechanistic studies revealed that Tspan5 promoted cell migration and tumour metastasis by increasing the enzymatic maturation of ADAM10 and activating Notch signalling via the increase of the cleavage of the Notch1 receptor catalysed by the γ‐secretase complex. Activation of Notch signalling by Tspan5 was shown further to enhance the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and actin skeleton rearrangement of tumour cells. In clinical HCC samples, Tspan5 expression is strongly correlated with many key molecules acting in Notch signalling and EMT, highlighting the role of Tspan5 in the regulation of Notch signalling, EMT and tumour metastasis of HCC. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of tumour metastasis and disease progression of HCC and may facilitate the development of novel clinical intervention strategies against HCC.
Sleep disturbance and memory dysfunction in early multiple sclerosis
Authors: Sumowski James F. , Horng Sam , Brandstadter Rachel , Krieger Stephen , Leavitt Victoria M. , Katz Sand Ilana , Fabian Michelle , Klineova Sylvia , Graney Robin , Riley Claire S. , Lublin Fred D. , Miller Aaron E. , Varga Andrew W.
Published: May 2021

Objective

Sleep‐dependent memory processing occurs in animals including humans, and disturbed sleep negatively affects memory. Sleep disturbance and memory dysfunction are common in multiple sclerosis (MS), but little is known about the contributions of sleep disturbance to memory in MS. We investigated whether subjective sleep disturbance is linked to worse memory in early MS independently of potential confounders.

Methods

Persons with early MS (n = 185; ≤5.0 years diagnosed) and demographically matched healthy controls (n = 50) completed four memory tests to derive a memory composite, and four speeded tests to derive a cognitive efficiency composite. Z‐scores were calculated relative to healthy controls. Sleep disturbance was defined by the Insomnia Severity Index score ≥ 10. ANCOVAs examined differences in memory and cognitive efficiency between patients with and without sleep disturbance controlling for potential confounds (e.g., mood, fatigue, disability, T2 lesion volume, gray matter volume). Comparisons were made to healthy controls.

Results

Seventy‐four (40%) patients reported sleep disturbance. Controlling for all covariates, patients with sleep disturbance had worse memory (z = −0.617; 95% CI: −0.886, −0.348) than patients without disturbance (z = −0.171, −0.425, 0.082, P = .003). Cognitive efficiency did not differ between groups. Relative to healthy controls, memory was worse among patients with sleep disturbance, but not among patients without sleep disturbance.

Interpretation

Sleep disturbance contributes to MS memory dysfunction, which may help explain differential risk for memory dysfunction in persons with MS, especially since sleep disturbance is common in MS. Potential mechanisms linking sleep disturbance and memory are discussed, as well as recommendations for further mechanistic and interventional research.
Direct Writing of High‐Resolution, High‐Quality Pure Metal Patterns on Smooth Transparent Substrates by Laser‐Induced Forward Transfer Followed by a Novel Laser Treatment
Authors: Sammartino Camilla , Sedghani Cohen Sharona , Kotler Zvi , Eliaz Noam
Published: May 2021

Additive manufacturing of high‐resolution conductive metallic patterns is the current focus of interest for several different applications. The print of sensors, antennas, and screens on transparent materials enables the manufacture of smart structural electronics. Laser‐induced forward transfer (LIFT) is a direct write technique capable of depositing microdroplets of metals from the solid phase by means of laser irradiation. Patterns are achieved by printing drops in a sequential fashion. Due to high heat conductivity of metals, droplets solidify before smearing; therefore, LIFT‐printed structures exhibit high surface roughness, which harms their functioning and limits their applications. Herein, a new procedure is developed for the fabrication of continuous metallic lines at the micrometer resolution on smooth transparent substrates, using a combination of subnanosecond LIFT and a laser melting post‐treatment. The melting process is conducted using laser pulses with the timescale of a microsecond. It is shown how one can find an optimized melting process to achieve smooth lines, without introducing oxidation or balling effect. In addition, choosing the proper alloy ensures strong adhesion of the printed structure.
Switched‐On: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities in Metal Halide Perovskite Transistors
Authors: Paulus Fabian , Tyznik Colin , Jurchescu Oana D. , Vaynzof Yana
Published: May 2021

Field‐effect transistors (FETs) are key elements in modern electronics and hence are attracting immense scientific and commercial attention. The recent emergence of metal halide perovskite materials and their tremendous success in the field of photovoltaics have triggered the exploration of their application in other (opto)electronic devices, including FETs and phototransistors. In this review, the current status of the field is discussed, the challenges are highlighted, and an outlook for the future perspectives of perovskite FETs is provided. First, attention is drawn to the device physics and the fundamental processes that influence these devices, including the role of ion migration and defects, effects of temperature, light, and measurement conditions. Next, the performance of perovskite transistors and phototransistors reported to date are surveyed and critically assessed. Finally, the key challenges that impede perovskite transistor progress are outlined and discussed. The insights gained from the study of other perovskite optoelectronic devices may be adopted to address these challenges and advance this exciting field of research closer to the industrial application are examined.
Advanced Materials in Wireless, Implantable Electrical Stimulators that Offer Rapid Rates of Bioresorption for Peripheral Axon Regeneration
Authors: Guo Hexia , D'Andrea Dom , Zhao Jie , Xu Yue , Qiao Zheng , Janes Lindsay E. , Murthy Nikhil K. , Li Rui , Xie Zhaoqian , Song Zhen , Meda Rohan , Koo Jahyun , Bai Wubin , Choi Yeon Sik , Jordan Sumanas W. , Huang Yonggang , Franz Colin K. , Rogers John A.
Published: May 2021

Injured peripheral nerves typically exhibit unsatisfactory and incomplete functional outcomes, and there are no clinically approved therapies for improving regeneration. Post‐operative electrical stimulation (ES) increases axon regrowth, but practical challenges, from the cost of extended operating room time to the risks and pitfalls associated with transcutaneous wire placement, have prevented broad clinical adoption. This study presents a possible solution in the form of advanced bioresorbable materials for a type of thin, flexible, wireless implant that provides precisely controlled ES of the injured nerve for a brief time in the immediate post‐operative period. Afterward, rapid, complete, and safe modes of bioresorption naturally and quickly eliminate all of the constituent materials in their entirety, without the need for surgical extraction. The unusually high rate of bioresorption follows from the use of a unique, bilayer enclosure that combines two distinct formulations of a biocompatible form of polyanhydride as an encapsulating structure, to accelerate the resorption of active components and confine fragments until complete resorption. Results from mouse models of tibial nerve transection with re‐anastomosis indicate that this system offers levels of performance and efficacy that match those of conventional wired stimulators, but without the need to extend the operative period or to extract the device hardware.
Drug Release from Thermo‐Responsive Polymer Brush Coatings to Control Bacterial Colonization and Biofilm Growth on Titanium Implants
Authors: Choi Hongsuh , Schulte Anna , Müller Mareike , Park Mineon , Jo Suenghwan , Schönherr Holger
Published: May 2021

Despite decades of biomedical advances, the colonization of implant devices with bacterial biofilms is still a leading cause of implant failure. Clearly, new strategies and materials that suppress both initial and later stage bacterial colonization are required in this context. Ideal would be the implementation of a bactericidal functionality in the implants that is temporally and spatially triggered in an autonomous fashion at the infection site. Herein, the fabrication and validation of functional titanium‐based implants with triggered antibiotic release function afforded via an intelligent polymer coating is reported. In particular, thermo‐responsive poly(di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (PDEGMA) brushes on titanium implants synthesized via a surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization with activators regenerated through the electron transfer technique (ARGET ATRP) allows for a controlled and thermally triggered release of the antibiotic levofloxacin at the wound site. Antibiotic loaded brushes are investigated as a function of thickness, loading capacity for antibiotics, and temperature. At temperatures of the infection site >37 °C the lower critical solution temperature behavior of the brushes afforded the triggered release. Hence, in addition to the known antifouling effects, the PDEGMA coating ensured enhanced bactericidal effects, as demonstrated in initial in vivo tests with rodents infected with Staphylococcus aureus.
Multifunctional and Ultrathin Electronic Tattoo for On‐Skin Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Gogurla Narendar , Kim Yisub , Cho Suyoung , Kim Jangsun , Kim Sunghwan
Published: May 2021

Epidermal electronic systems for detecting electrophysiological signals, sensing, therapy, and drug delivery are at the frontier in man–machine interfacing for healthcare. However, it is still a challenge to develop multifunctional bioapplications with minimal invasiveness, biocompatibility, and stable electrical performance under various mechanical deformations of biological tissues. In this study, a natural silk protein with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is utilized to realize an epidermal electronic tattoo (E‐tattoo) system for multifunctional applications that address these challenging issues through dispersing highly conductive CNTs onto the biocompatible silk nanofibrous networks with porous nature to construct skin‐adhesive ultrathin electronic patches. Individual components that incorporate electrically and optically active heaters, a temperature sensor (temperature coefficient of resistance of 5.2 × 10−3 °C−1), a stimulator for drug delivery (>500 µm penetration depth in skin), and real‐time electrophysiological signal detectors are described. This strategy of E‐tattoos integrated onto human skin can open a new route to a next‐generation electronic platform for wearable and epidermal bioapplications.
Light‐Induced Stark Effect and Reversible Photoluminescence Quenching in Inorganic Perovskite Nanocrystals
Authors: Cottam Nathan D. , Zhang Chengxi , Wildman Joni L. , Patanè Amalia , Turyanska Lyudmila , Makarovsky Oleg
Published: May 2021

Inorganic perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have demonstrated a number of unique optical and electronic properties for optoelectronic applications. However, the physical properties of these nanostructures, such as the dynamics of charge carriers on different timescales and their effect on the optical recombination of carriers, are not yet fully understood. This work reports on a slow (>1 s) reversible quenching of the NC photoluminescence due to a light‐induced Stark effect involving defects on the surface of the NCs and the redistribution of photoexcited carriers onto the NC surface. This phenomenon can influence the operation of optoelectronic devices based on these NCs, including hybrid photosensors based on graphene decorated with inorganic perovskite NCs, revealing their prospects and limitations.
C1‐Symmetric [Ir(C^N1)(C^N2)(O^O)]‐Tris‐Heteroleptic Iridium(III)‐Complexes with the Preferentially Horizontal Orientation for High‐Performance Near‐Infrared Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Li Wentao , Wang Baowen , Miao Tiezheng , Liu Jiaxiang , Lü Xingqiang , Fu Guorui , Shi Linxi , Chen Zhongning , Qian Pengcheng , Wong Wai‐Yeung
Published: May 2021

The development of high‐efficiency near‐infrared (NIR)‐emitting Ir(III)‐complex‐based phosphors for reliable NIR‐OLEDs (near‐infrared organic light‐emitting diodes) is still a formidable challenge. Herein, a molecule‐engineered approach is developed to afford three C1‐symmetric [Ir(C^N1)(C^N2)(O^O)]‐tris‐heteroleptic Ir(III)‐complexes ([Ir(iqbt)(dFppy)(acac)] (1), [Ir(iqbt)(ppy)(acac)] (2), and [Ir(iqbt)(dpqx)(acac)] (3)), whose good NIR‐luminescent efficiency (ΦPL = 0.18 for 1 (λem = 703 nm), 0.26 for 2 (λem = 715 nm) or 0.28 for 3 (λem = 707 nm)) originates from the strengthened 3MLCT contribution (MLCT = metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer). Moreover, the quantitative molecular orientation determination of their doped emitting layers (EMLs) reveals that the preferentially horizontal orientation of the emitting dipoles is beneficial to their highly efficient NIR‐OLEDs with light out‐coupling. Especially for the NIR‐OLED ‐2 with λem = 715 nm, a high performance (ηEQEMax = 5.30% and negligible (<2%) efficiency‐roll‐off) is realized among the reported solution‐processed NIR‐OLEDs based on Ir(III)‐complexes at similar color gamut. This result shows that C1‐symmetric [Ir(C^N1)(C^N2)(O^O)]‐tris‐heteroleptic Ir(III)‐complexes can provide a new platform to low‐cost and large‐area scalable NIR‐OLEDs.
Gallium Arsenide‐Based Active Antennas for Optical Communication Photodetection with Robustness to Voltage and Temperature
Authors: Lin Ching‐Che , Chang Bo‐Jyun , Chen Szu‐Hung , Lin Keng‐Te , Chang Sih‐Wei , Chen Wei‐Yu , Chen Bo‐Yi , Liu Ming‐Chen , Chen Hsuen‐Li
Published: May 2021

Although gallium arsenide (GaAs) is one of the most commonly used semiconductor substrate materials, its intrinsic bandgap of 1.42 eV hinders the use of GaAs photodetectors for optical communication. In this study, hot‐electron‐based GaAs active antenna devices are demonstrated, displaying photoresponses well below the bandgap at the telecommunication wavelengths. Using a deep‐trench/thin metal (DTTM) active antenna, a metallic plasmonic structure, high photoresponsivities are achieved under zero bias at wavelengths of 1310 and 1550 nm. Even though the resistance of the semi‐insulating GaAs substrate is approximately 106 times larger than that of the n‐type silicon (Si) substrate, the photoresponsivities are commensurate with most previously reported hot‐electron n‐Si‐based photodetectors operating at communication wavelengths. Furthermore, the devices can be operated under a reverse‐biased voltage with significant enhancements in the photoresponsivities; the highest photoresponsivity (19.96 mA W−1 at 1310 nm) is greater than those reported in all previous studies. Moreover, these GaAs‐based devices are sufficiently robust to be operated over a wide range of operating temperatures (from −193 to +200 °C) while displaying a relatively large bandgap, low dark leakage currents, and high electron mobilities at low temperature. Because these devices can operate at high and low temperatures and at large voltage biases, they are suitable for use under harsh environmental conditions.
Universal Strategy Integrating Strain and Interface Engineering to Drive High‐Performance 2D Material Photodetectors
Authors: Yang Mengmeng , Gao Wei , Song Qiqi , Zhou Yuchen , Huang Le , Zheng Zhaoqiang , Zhao Yu , Yao Jiandong , Li Jingbo
Published: May 2021

2D indium chalcogenides including α‐In2Se3 and InSe are promising candidates for next‐generation optoelectronic devices. However, the performance of traditional SiO2‐supported devices is limited because of the detrimental effect of the substrate, which greatly restricts charge transportation. Although the induction of an internal (built‐in) electric field can alleviate this situation, the application of conventional stacking technology required in this case inevitably introduces interface defects. Against this backdrop, in this study, a simple and universal structure for the fabrication of highly sensitive photodetectors is designed and engineered. A SiO2 window to afford a “suspended” α‐In2Se3 channel, effectively eliminating the detrimental effects of the substrate, is etched. In addition, the approach induces local strain in the suspended α‐In2Se3, which regulates the band structure and introduces intramolecular type‐II alignment. Thus, the interfacial charge transfer is optimized, and the photodetection performance is enhanced. The resulting device exhibits excellent photosensitivity (responsivity of 1672 A W−1, on/off ratio of 263, and detectivity of 7.5 × 1013 Jones), and a relatively fast response rate (12 ms for both rise and decay). This structure can also be extended to InSe devices to comprehensively enhance their photodetection performance, thereby demonstrating the broad applicability of the proposed method.
Solar Pumping of Fiber Lasers with Solid‐State Luminescent Concentrators: Design Optimization by Ray Tracing
Authors: Dottermusch Stephan , Masuda Taizo , Endo Masamori , Richards Bryce S. , Howard Ian A.
Published: May 2021

Solar‐pumped lasers (SPLs) typically couple sunlight into the laser cavity using focusing optics and solar tracking. Luminescent solar concentrators (LSC) are an alternative, fully planar, scalable pump source that can concentrate diffuse light. For liquid LSC‐based SPLs, reflective cavities have been used to trap light and pump a Nd3+‐doped silica fiber. Here, three solid‐state LSC‐based SPL designs, in addition to the reflective cavity making use of total internal reflection, are analyzed by ray‐tracing simulations. Results are compared to a liquid LSC reference, also used for validating simulations. Substituting the liquid‐state LSC for a solid‐state LSC (with the fiber placed inside) allows a 7‐fold enhancement of the gain coefficient, corresponding to a 30‐fold enhancement of the laser output power. An additional 4‐fold increase of the output power is possible with a fiber of kilometers length. These results show a roadmap for realizing SPLs with output powers on the order of 2.8 W m−2 under terrestrial sunlight, while keeping an identical reflective cavity used for the liquid LSC design. In addition, room‐temperature operation should be possible with certain solid LSC designs, and the necessity for a reflective cavity comprised of costly dielectric mirrors may be relieved.
Medium Entropy‐Enabled High Performance Cubic GeTe Thermoelectrics
Authors: Zhi Shizhen , Li Jibiao , Hu Lipeng , Li Junqin , Li Ning , Wu Haijun , Liu Fusheng , Zhang Chaohua , Ao Weiqin , Xie Heping , Zhao Xinbing , Pennycook Stephen John , Zhu Tiejun
Published: May 2021

The configurational entropy is an emerging descriptor in the functional materials genome. In thermoelectric materials, the configurational entropy helps tune the delicate trade‐off between carrier mobility and lattice thermal conductivity, as well as the structural phase transition, if any. Taking GeTe as an example, low‐entropy GeTe generally have high carrier mobility and distinguished zT > 2, but the rhombohedral‐cubic phase transition restricts the applications. In contrast, despite cubic structure and ultralow lattice thermal conductivity, the degraded carrier mobility leads to a low zT in high‐entropy GeTe. Herein, medium‐entropy alloying is implemented to suppress the phase transition and achieve the cubic GeTe with ultralow lattice thermal conductivity yet decent carrier mobility. In addition, co‐alloying of (Mn, Pb, Sb, Cd) facilitates multivalence bands convergence and band flattening, thereby yielding good Seebeck coefficients and compensating for decreased carrier mobility. For the first time, a state‐of‐the‐art zT of 2.1 at 873 K and average zTave of 1.3 between 300 and 873 K are attained in cubic phased Ge0.63Mn0.15Pb0.1Sb0.06Cd0.06Te. Moreover, a record‐high Vickers hardness of 270 is attained. These results not only promote GeTe materials for practical applications, but also present a breakthrough in the burgeoning field of entropy engineering.
2D Covalent‐Organic Framework Electrodes for Supercapacitors and Rechargeable Metal‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Kandambeth Sharath , Kale Vinayak S. , Shekhah Osama , Alshareef Husam N. , Eddaoudi Mohamed
Published: May 2021

Covalent‐organic frameworks (COFs) represent a new frontier of crystalline porous organic materials with framework structures in 2D or 3D domains, which make them promising for many applications. Herein, the fundamental structural design aspects of 2D‐COFs are reviewed, which position them as suitable electrodes for electrochemical energy storage. The ordered π–π stacked arrangement of the organic building blocks in juxtaposed layers provides a pathway for efficient electronic charge transport; the 2D structure provides a pathway for enhanced ionic diffusion, which enhances ionic transport. Importantly, the tunable pore size enables 2D‐COFs to accommodate mobile ions with different sizes and charges, positioning them as prospect materials for various types of batteries. Distinctively, the ability to functionalize their pore system with a periodic array of redox active species, enriching their potential redox chemistry, provides a pathway to control the redox and capacitive contributions to the charge storage mechanism. The strong covalently linked framework backbone of COFs is an additional merit for achieving long cycle life, and stability against the “leaching out” problem of active molecules in strong electrolytes as observed in other organic materials applied in energy storage devices.
Control of aggregated structure of photovoltaic polymers for high‐efficiency solar cells
Authors: Gao Mengyuan , Wang Wenxuan , Hou Jianhui , Ye Long
Published: May 2021

π‐Conjugated organic/polymer materials‐based solar cells have attracted tremendous research interest in the fields of chemistry, physics, materials science, and energy science. To date, the best‐performance polymer solar cells (PSCs) have achieved power conversion efficiencies exceeding 18%, mostly driven by the molecular design and device structure optimization of the photovoltaic materials. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the key advances and current status in aggregated structure research of PSCs. Here, we start by providing a brief tutorial on the aggregated structure of photovoltaic polymers. The characteristic parameters at different length scales and the associated characterization techniques are overviewed. Subsequently, a variety of effective strategies to control the aggregated structure of photovoltaic polymers are discussed for polymer:fullerene solar cells and polymer:nonfullerene small molecule solar cells. Particularly, the control strategies for achieving record efficiencies in each type of PSCs are highlighted. More importantly, the in‐depth structure–performance relationships are demonstrated with selected examples. Finally, future challenges and research prospects on understanding and optimizing the aggregated structure of photovoltaic polymers and their blends are provided.
From cataract to syndrome diagnosis: Revaluation of Warburg‐Micro syndrome Type 1 patients
Authors: Mutlu Albayrak Hatice , Elçioğlu Nursel H. , Yeter Burcu , Karaer Kadri
Published: May 2021

Warburg‐Micro syndrome (WARBM) is a rare autosomal recessively inherited neuro‐ophthalmologic syndrome. Although WARBM shows genetic heterogeneity, the pathogenic variants in RAB3GAP1 were the most common cause of WARBM. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the detailed clinical and dysmorphic features of seven WARBM1 patients and overview the variant spectrum of RAB3GAP1 in comparison with the literature who were referred due to congenital cataracts. A previously reported homozygous variant (c.2187_2188delGAinsCT) was identified in three of these patients, while the other four had three novel variants (c.251_258delAGAA, c.2606+1G>A, and c.2861_2862dupGC). Congenital cataract and corpus callosum hypo/agenesia are pathognomonic for WARBM, which could be distinguished from other similar syndromes with additional typical dysmorphic facial features. Although there is no known phenotype and genotype correlation in any type of WARBM, RAB3GAP1 gene analysis should be previously requested as the first step of genetic diagnosis in clinically suspicious patients when it is not possible to request a multi‐gene panel.
Not all yawns tell the same story: The case of Tonkean macaques
Authors: Zannella Alessandra , Stanyon Roscoe , Maglieri Veronica , Palagi Elisabetta
Published: May 2021

Here we show for the first time that the plasticity in morphology and duration of yawning in Macaca tonkeana can be associated with different functional contexts. Macaca tonkeana is classified as a tolerant macaque species characterized by social interactions minimally constrained by dominance rank or kinship. Tonkean macaques, as other egalitarian species, rely on a complex facial communicative system. We found that the degree of mouth opening (ranging from covered to uncovered tooth yawns) and the duration of yawning were not strictly dependent. The shortest uncovered tooth yawns were associated with an intense locomotor/physical activity and peaked immediately after stressful social events thus indicating an increase in arousal. In contrast, longer yawns, independently from teeth exposure, were primarily associated with a relaxed state of the subject. In conclusion, our study suggests that to explore the potential different functions of yawning, it is necessary to focus on the variability of its expression both in terms of morphology and duration, because not all yawns tell the same story.
B Cell Depletion Inhibits Fibrosis via Suppression of Profibrotic Macrophage Differentiation in a Mouse Model of Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Numajiri Hiroko , Kuzumi Ai , Fukasawa Takemichi , Ebata Satoshi , Yoshizaki‐Ogawa Asako , Asano Yoshihide , Kazoe Yutaka , Mawatari Kazuma , Kitamori Takehiko , Yoshizaki Ayumi , Sato Shinichi
Published: May 2021

Objective

We undertook this study to investigate the effect of B cell depletion on fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc) and its mechanism of action.

Methods

Mice with bleomycin‐induced SSc (BLM‐SSc) were treated with anti‐CD20 antibody, and skin and lung fibrosis were histopathologically evaluated. T cells and macrophages were cocultured with B cells, and the effect of B cells on their differentiation was assessed by flow cytometry. We also cocultured B cells and monocytes from SSc patients and analyzed the correlation between fibrosis and profibrotic macrophage induction by B cells.

Results

B cell depletion inhibited fibrosis in mice with BLM‐SSc. B cells from mice with BLM‐SSc increased proinflammatory cytokine–producing T cells in coculture. In mice with BLM‐SSc, B cell depletion before BLM treatment (pre‐depletion) inhibited fibrosis more strongly than B cell depletion after BLM treatment (post‐depletion) (P < 0.01). However, the frequencies of proinflammatory T cells were lower in the post‐depletion group than in the pre‐depletion group. This discrepancy suggests that the effect of B cell depletion on fibrosis cannot be explained by its effect on T cell differentiation. On the other hand, profibrotic macrophages were markedly decreased in the pre‐depletion group compared to the post‐depletion group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, B cells from mice with BLM‐SSc increased profibrotic macrophage differentiation in coculture (P < 0.05). In SSc patients, the extent of profibrotic macrophage induction by B cells correlated with the severity of fibrosis (P < 0.0005).

Conclusion

These findings suggest that B cell depletion inhibits tissue fibrosis via suppression of profibrotic macrophage differentiation in mice with BLM‐SSc, providing a new rationale for B cell depletion therapy in SSc.
pH‐Sensitive Oscillatory Motion of a Urease Motor on the Urea Aqueous Phase
Authors: Xu Yu , Ji Lin , Izumi Shunsuke , Nakata Satoshi
Published: May 2021

A self‐propelled object coupled with an enzyme reaction between urease and urea was investigated at the air/aqueous interface. A plastic object that was fixed to a urease‐immobilized filter paper was used as a self‐propelled object, termed a urease motor, placed on an aqueous urea solution. The driving force of the urease motor is the difference in the surface tension around the object. Oscillatory motion or no motion was triggered depending on the initial pH of the urea solution. Both the frequency and maximum speed of the oscillatory motion varied depending on the initial pH of the water phase. The mechanisms underlying the oscillatory motion and no motion were discussed in relation to the bell‐shaped enzyme activity of urease in the enzyme reaction and the surface tension around the urease motor.
Teaching water safety skills to children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Tucker Marilyse , Ingvarsson Einar T.
Published: May 2021

Public health data suggest that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at a disproportionate risk of water‐related accidents, including drowning. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of a behavioral intervention package consisting of verbal instructions, modeling, physical guidance, feedback, and differential reinforcement to teach three distinct in‐water safety skills to three boys with ASD. The targeted skills were (a) moving toward a fixed point of safety, (b) rolling from front to back, and (c) floating on back and yelling for help. Results showed that all three participants acquired the skills. For two participants, one or two of the skills had to be broken down into subcomponents for acquisition to occur. Two participants required additional intervention components to manage mild challenging behavior in the pool. Maintenance probes revealed that the skills maintained 1 week and 1 month after teaching. The findings are discussed in the context of a broader approach to accident prevention.