bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MicroRNA‐206 enhances antitumor immunity by disrupting the communication between malignant hepatocytes and regulatory T cells in c‐Myc mice
Authors: Liu Ningning , Steer Clifford J. , Song Guisheng
Published: October 2021

Background and Aims

Intertumoral accumulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of HCC. Because of poor understanding of the immunosuppression mechanism(s) in HCC, immunotherapy is largely unsuccessful for the treatment of HCC.

Approach and Results

Hydrodynamic injection (HDI) of c‐Myc into mice resulted in enlarged spleens and lethal HCC associated with an increase in hepatic Tregs and depletion of CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes). Malignant hepatocytes in c‐Myc mice overproduced TGFβ1, which enhanced the suppressor function of Tregs and impaired the proliferation and cytotoxicity of CTLs. In addition to activating TGFβ signaling, c‐Myc synergized with Yin Yang 1 to impair microRNA‐206 (miR‐206) biogenesis. HDI of miR‐206 fully prevented HCC and the associated enlargement of the spleen, whereas 100% of control mice died from HCC within 5‐9 weeks postinjection. Mechanistically, by directly targeting errant kirsten ras oncogene (KRAS) signaling, miR‐206 impeded the mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) axis that drives expression of Tgfb1. By blocking the KRAS/MEK/ERK axis, miR‐206 prevented TGFβ1 overproduction, thereby impairing the suppressor function and expansion of Tregs, but enhancing the expansion and cytotoxic program of CTLs. Disrupting the interaction between miR‐206 and Kras offset the roles of miR‐206 in inhibiting immunosuppression and HCC. Depletion of CD8+ T cells impaired the ability of miR‐206 to inhibit HCC.

Conclusions

c‐Myc‐educated hepatocytes promoted immunosuppression by overproducing TGFβ1, which promoted HCC development. miR‐206, by attenuating TGFβ1 overproduction, disrupted the communication of malignant hepatocytes with CTLs and Tregs, which prevented HCC. miR‐206 represents a potential immunotherapeutic agent against HCC.
Voluntary and non‐voluntary blood donations among doctors
Authors: Saleh Rana Ahmed , Khalil Hala , Alsaleh Mahasen , Almeharish Amani , Mohammed Viqaruddin , Alhumaidan Hind , Saleh Renad
Published: October 2021

Background

Physicians may be an important source of blood donations as they are more likely to be familiar with the importance of donating and the donation process. The aim of this study is to report physicians' knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards voluntary and non‐voluntary blood donations.

Study Design and Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study conducted at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&RC), Saudi Arabia. One‐hundred‐and‐sixteen physicians and dentists responded to an online structured questionnaire sent to their institutional emails.

Results

Sixty‐eight percent of participants (79% of males and 43% of females) reported previously having donated blood. Eighty‐six percent of donors had previously donated on a voluntary basis, whereas 31% of donors had previously donated for a specific person. A recent donation within 5 years was associated with the younger age group and knowledge of the minimum interval between donations. Fifty‐six percent of participants agreed with using replacement donations. Compared to participants in the youngest age group (25‐35 years), older participants in the age groups (46‐55 years) and (>55 years) were less likely to express intention to donate in the next 6 months (OR 0.289, P = .022 and OR 0.083, P = .004, respectively). Participants reporting poor nutritional status or other medical reasons as a barrier to donating blood were less likely to intend to donate (OR 0.146, P < .001). Among previous donors, intention to donate was associated with a recent donation within 1 year (OR 27.13, P = .002) and having had a pleasant donation experience (OR 14.98, P < .001).

Conclusion

Blood donation practices are strongly tied to physicians' gender and age and their knowledge of the donation process. The most significant barrier to blood donation was found to be nutritional and medical status.
Rare bone sarcomas: A retrospective analysis of 145 adult patients from the French Sarcoma Group
Authors: Boudou‐Rouquette Pascaline , Martin Elodie , Kempf Emmanuelle , Penel Nicolas , Toulmonde Maud , Bompas Emmanuelle , Duffaud Florence , Firmin Nelly , Bertucci François , Kurtz Jean‐Emmanuel , Chaigneau Loïc , Isambert Nicolas , Saada‐Bouzid Esma , Dubray‐Longeras Pascale , Larousserie Frédérique , Anract Philippe , Chevreau Christine , Blay Jean‐Yves , Piperno‐Neumann Sophie ,   the GSF‐GETO, ResOs and NETSARC+
Published: October 2021

The benefit of chemotherapy (CT) in rare bone sarcomas is not documented in prospective studies. Our retrospective study from the French sarcoma network for bone tumors ResOs was performed in adult patients (pts) from 1976 to 2014, with histologically verified diagnosis of leiomyosarcomas (LMS), undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) or radiation‐associated sarcomas of bone. The median follow‐up was 4.7 years (95% CI: 3.7‐6.5). Clinical features, treatment modalities and outcomes were recorded and analyzed from 145 pts (median age 53 years [range 20‐87]). Site of disease was extremities (66%) or axial skeleton (34%), 111 (77%) presented with localized and potentially resectable disease. The most common histological subtypes were UPS (58%) and LMS (33%); 58% were high‐grade tumors. Surgery was performed in 127 pts. In the 111 localized pts, 28 pts (25%) underwent upfront surgery or exclusive radiotherapy (RT; >50 Gy) without CT, whereas 83 pts (75%) received either neoadjuvant (n = 26) or adjuvant CT (n = 13) or both (n = 44). Neoadjuvant and adjuvant CT was mostly doxorubicin‐based (95%/86%) and cisplatin‐based (67%/63%). R0 resection was achieved in 59 pts, and a good histological response in 15 patients (25%). Adjuvant RT was performed in 24 (22%) pts. For the whole cohort (n = 145), the 5‐year overall survival (OS) rate was 53% [42; 62]. In univariate analysis, age ≤ 60 was associated with a longer disease‐free survival (DFS) (P = .0436). Neoadjuvant and adjuvant CT tended to be associated with better DFS (P = .056) with no significant impact on OS in this retrospective series.
Detecting and Mitigating Social Dysfunction within Systems of Systems
Authors: Yokell Mike
Published: October 2021

What are systems engineers supposed to do when social dysfunction leads to operational dysfunction? This article elaborates on a means of assessing the managerial relationships between the organizations that own constituent systems (CS) within a system of systems (SoS), with a goal of detecting social dysfunction that could adversely affect operations. For each of the relationship types, or affinity options, tangible, actionable guidance is offered that could help mitigate the social and operational dysfunctions. Results from a case study are included to illustrate the application, detection, and successful mitigation of social dysfunction within a system of systems.
Trust in Private and Common Property Experiments
Authors: Cox James C. , Ostrom Elinor , Walker James M. , Castillo Antonio Jamie , Coleman Eric , Holahan Robert , Schoon Michael , Steed Brian
Published: October 2021

We report the results from a series of experiments designed to investigate behavior in two settings that are frequently posited in the policy literature as generating different outcomes: private property and common property. The experimental settings closely parallel earlier experimental studies of the investment or trust game. The primary research question relates to the effect of the initial allocation of property rights on the level of trust that subjects will extend to others with whom they are linked. We find that assigning the initial endowments as common property of each of N pairs of a first mover and second mover leads to marginally greater trust than when the initial endowments are fully owned by the two individual movers as their respective private property. Subjects' decisions are also shown to be correlated with attitudes toward trust and fairness that are measured in post‐experiment questionnaires.
Understanding Predictors and Withdrawal Symptoms of Internet Gaming Disorder
Authors: Holm Jessica M. , Prosek Elizabeth A. , Bennett Caitlyn McKinzie , Sims Meredith K.
Published: October 2021

This study examined gender and social intelligence as predictors of internet gaming. Results indicate that gender was associated with internet gaming, whereas social intelligence was not. We also explored withdrawal symptoms for internet gaming. Among those who identified as gamers, 59% reported withdrawal symptoms.
Application of nondestructive mechanical characterization testing for creating in vitro vessel models with material properties similar to human neurovasculature
Authors: Norris Nicholas G. , Merritt William C. , Becker Timothy A.
Published: October 2021

Vessel models are a first step in developing endovascular medical devices. However, these models, often made from glass or silicone, do not accurately represent the mechanical properties of human vascular tissue, limiting their use to basic training and proof‐of‐concept testing. This study outlines methods to quantify human vascular tissue mechanical properties and synthetic biomaterials for creating representative vessel models. Human vascular tissue was assessed and compared to silicone and new UV‐cured polymers (VC‐A30) using the following eight mechanical tests: compressive, shear, tensile dynamic elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, hardness, radial force, compliance, and lubricity. Half of these testing methods were nondestructive, allowing for multiple mechanical and histological characterizations of the same human tissue sample. Histological evaluation of the cellular and extracellular matrix of the human vessels verified that the dynamic moduli and Poison's ratio tests were nondestructive. Fluid absorption by VC‐A30 showed statistically significant softening of mechanical properties, stabilizing after 4 days in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS). Human vasculature exhibited notably similar results to VC‐A30 in five of eight mechanical tests (≤30% difference) versus two of eight for standard silicone (≤38% difference). Results show that VC‐A30 provides a new option for 3D‐printing translucent in vitro vascular models with anatomically relevant mechanical properties. These new vessel analogs may simulate patient‐specific vessel disease states, improve surgical training models, accelerate new endovascular device developments, and ultimately reduce the need for animal models.
Mattering in the community: Domain and demographic differences in a US sample
Authors: Scarpa Michael P. , Zopluoglu Cengiz , Prilleltensky Isaac
Published: October 2021

Mattering is defined as experiences of feeling valued and adding value in different domains of life: self, relationships, work, and community. Mattering is a construct with great relevance across psychological and social issues. Research has suggested there may be value in understanding group differences in mattering. Following the recent validation of a scale which measures mattering across multiple domains of life (MIDLS), the present study analyzed a representative US sample to identify demographic group differences in domain‐specific mattering. Despite the presence of few differences in Overall Mattering, significant differences were found among all domains and between groups for each demographic variable. Overall, high incomes, advanced degrees, and employment were most consistently associated with higher mattering across domains. In addition, individuals across demographic groups and domains were more likely to report adding value than feeling valued. Age, gender, ethnicity, and marital status correlations were found in certain domains. These results demonstrate the value of a multidimensional conception of mattering and provide initial insight into demographic differences in mattering in a United States, English‐speaking sample.
The broad pathogenetic role of TCF7L2 in human diseases beyond type 2 diabetes
Authors: del Bosque‐Plata Laura , Hernández‐Cortés Eduardo Pavel , Gragnoli Claudia
Published: October 2021

The TCF7L2 protein is a key transcriptional effector of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway, regulating gene expression. It was initially identified in cancer research and embryologic developmental studies. Later, the TCF7L2 gene was linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D), implicating TCF7L2 and Wnt‐signaling in metabolic disorders and homeostasis. In fact, TCF7L2‐T2D variants confer the greatest relative risk for T2D, unquestionably predicting conversion to T2D in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance. We aim to describe the relevance of TCF7L2 in other human disorders. The TCF7L2‐single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and T2D‐risk association have been replicated in numerous follow‐up studies, and research has now been performed in several other diseases. In this article, we discuss common TCF7L2‐T2D variants within the framework of their association with human diseases. The TCF7L2 functional regions need to be further investigated because the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which TCF7L2 contributes to risk associations with different diseases are still not fully elucidated. In this review, we show the association of common TCF7L2‐T2D variants with many types of diseases. However, the role of rare genetic variations in the TCF7L2 gene in distinct diseases and ethnic groups has not been explored, and understanding their impact on specific phenotypes will be of clinical relevance. This offers an excellent opportunity to gain a clearer picture of the role that the TCF7L2 gene plays in the pathophysiology of human diseases. The potential pleiotropic role of TCF7L2 may underlie a possible pathway for comorbidity in human disorders.
Combination therapy of iPSC‐derived conditioned medium with ceftriaxone alleviates bacteria‐induced lung injury by targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome
Authors: Wann Shue‐Ren , Chi Pei‐Ling , Huang Wei‐Chun , Cheng Chin‐Chang , Chang Yun‐Te
Published: October 2021

The lung is the first and most frequent organ to fail among sepsis patients. The mortality rate of sepsis‐related acute lung injury (ALI) is high. Despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy, no treatment strategies are available for sepsis‐induced ALI. Stem cell‐mediated paracrine signaling is a potential treatment method for various diseases. This study aimed to examine the effects of induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived conditioned medium (iPSC‐CM) combined with antibiotics on ALI in a rat model of Escherichia coli‐induced sepsis. Rats were administered either iPSC‐CM or the vehicle (saline) with antibiotics (ceftriaxone). After 72 h, liquid biopsy, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and tissues were harvested for analysis. Survival rates were observed for up to 3 days. Furthermore, we examined the effects of iPSC‐CM on cytokine production, metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9) expression, and NLRP3–ASC interaction in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide/interferon‐γ (LPS/IFN‐γ). Combined treatment of iPSC‐CM with antibiotics significantly improved survival in E. coli‐infected rats (p = 0.0006). iPSC‐CM ameliorated E. coli‐induced infiltration of macrophages, reducing the number of cells in BALF, and suppressing interleukin (IL)‐1β, MIP‐2, IL‐6, and MMP‐9 messenger RNA in lung sections. iPSC‐CM treatment attenuated NLRP3 expression and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation by disrupting NLRP3‐mediated ASC complex formation in LPS/IFN‐γ‐primed RAW264.7 cells. This study reveals the mechanisms underlying iPSC‐CM‐conferred anti‐inflammatory activity in ALI through the attenuation of macrophage recruitment to the lung, thus inactivating NLRP3 inflammasomes in macrophages. iPSC‐CM therapy may be a useful adjuvant treatment to reduce sepsis‐related mortality by ameliorating ALI.
Time Above All Else: Pharmacodynamic Analysis of β‐Lactams in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Landmesser Katie B. , Clark Justin A. , Burgess David S.
Published: October 2021

β‐Lactams are the most commonly used antibiotics in intensive care units (ICUs). As critically ill patients often experience pharmacokinetic aberrations, and rates of antimicrobial resistance vary between hospital settings, reliance on tertiary sources or package labeling to guide empiric dosing often results in suboptimal β‐lactam exposure. The primary objective was to identify β‐lactam regimens capable of achieving ≥90% cumulative fraction of response (CFR) against 7 Gram‐negative pathogens within 4 ICUs at our institution. Unit‐specific minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) distribution data was used in combination with published pharmacokinetic parameters in critically ill patients to perform Monte Carlo simulations. The percentage of time for which the unbound concentration of antibiotic remained above the MIC (%ƒT > MIC) was used as the pharmacodynamic target: 70%ƒT >MIC for cefepime, 40%ƒT > MIC for meropenem, and 50%ƒT > MIC for piperacillin/tazobactam. Regimens were modeled to determine the likelihood of achieving ≥90% CFR. Overall, intermittently dosed cefepime, meropenem, and piperacillin/tazobactam failed to achieve ≥90% CFR for every organism. Cefepime 2 g intermittent bolus every 8 hours failed to achieve ≥90% CFR for Klebsiella pneumoniae or Enterobacter cloacae despite susceptibility rates exceeding 90%. Piperacillin/tazobactam 4.5 g prolonged infusion (PI) every 6 hours achieved <85% CFR for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and <50% CFR for Acinetobacter baumannii in every ICU. Meropenem 2 g PI every 8 hours and meropenem 2 g PI every 6 hours were the only regimens capable of achieving ≥90% CFR for P aeruginosa in all units. Use of Monte Carlo simulations, with incorporation of local MIC distribution data, provides a mechanism to effectively predict optimal agent and dose selection within specific hospital systems, thereby enhancing pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic optimization and improving clinical efficacy.
Intensification of potash ore flotation by the introduction of industrial oils
Authors: Osipova Elena , Shevchuk Vyacheslav , Stromski Anatoly , Romanovski Valentin
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

The paper comprises the study of the enrichment process of potash ore with the addition of industrial oils I‐8A, I‐12A, I‐30A to the base complex collector as an additional hydrophobizator.

RESULTS

Comparative studies of flotation using liquid paraffins and industrial oils have shown the effectiveness of the latter. Physical research methods showed the effect of hydrophobizing additives on the adsorption of amine on potassium chloride crystals.

CONCLUSION

The research found that introducing industrial oils into the flotation system ensures potassium chloride extraction at the same level 93.25–94.86% as when using a collective mixture with liquid paraffins. It was 10.2–11.5% higher than when using a collective mixture without apolar reagents. Thus, the best flotation performance using industrial oils was possible due to increased apolar reagent consumption. The optimal consumption of industrial oil under laboratory conditions was 20–25 g t–1 ore. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Efficient synthesis of 4‐phenacylideneflavenes using recyclable gelified Brønsted acidic ionic liquid under solvent‐free and column chromatography‐free conditions: a green method and mechanistic insight
Authors: Nguyen Xuan‐Trang T , Nguyen The T , Nguyen Long H , Nguyen Hai T , Tran Phuong H
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

Synthetic routes involving recyclable catalysts, solvent‐free conditions and chromatography‐free purification are becoming more popular as favorable substitutes for conventional ones. We report here the exciting possibility of producing selective functionalization of 4‐phenacylideneflavenes using an efficient gelified Brønsted acidic ionic liquid (BAIL) as a recyclable catalyst from available and cheap starting materials.

RESULTS

This one‐pot cascade approach allowed the synthesis of various 4‐phenacylideneflavenes in good yields with operational simplicity and easy workup. Moreover, the condensation of salicylaldehyde and acetophenone on a gram scale gave the desired product in 78% yield using our optimized conditions. In addition, the reaction mechanism in which two crucial intermediates were identified using high‐resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was also proposed in the present work.

CONCLUSION

This method represents the first example of using BAIL gel recyclable catalyst in a straight and clean synthesis of various 4‐phenacylideneflavenes from cheap and available starting materials, namely acetophenones and salicylaldehyde. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Telehealth genetic services during the COVID‐19 Pandemic: Implementation and patient experiences across multiple specialties in Nebraska
Authors: Rezich Brianna M.Z. , Malone Jaime A. , Reiser Gwen , Zimmerman Holly H. , Blase Terri L. , Fishler Kristen P.
Published: October 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has altered the delivery of genetics services. In response to the pandemic, our genetics department offered telehealth visits to all outpatients, regardless of their physical proximity to Omaha, Nebraska. Traditionally, our department did not offer telehealth visits to patient's homes or to patients who lived in close proximity to a genetics clinic. Therefore, we designed a survey to gain insight into the patient experience with remote genetic counseling appointments during the pandemic. Any patient referred to see a genetics provider in pediatrics, prenatal, adult, or cancer between March 16, 2020 and October 28, 2020 was eligible for the study. The survey included both quantitative and qualitative measures to assess patient demographics, patient experience, stressors during the COVID‐19 pandemic, and anxiety and depression. We hypothesized that patients would report they received quality care by telehealth despite the presence of COVID‐19‐related stressors or anxiety/depression. From the 143 survey participants, 80% had their first telehealth appointment during the pandemic. The vast majority (96%) reported that they felt like they received quality care by telehealth. Additionally, more than 93% of participants strongly or somewhat agreed that their genetic providers were attentive to their emotional needs, medical needs, and privacy. Since March 2020, participants reported experiencing several COVID‐19‐related stressors including fear of illness (86%), feelings of isolation (45%), and safety concerns (33%). Relatively low levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms were recorded using the HADS questionnaire. Despite the prevalence of COVID‐19 stressors, depression, and/or anxiety, our participants felt they received quality care via telehealth. In fact, 51% agree that they prefer to receive future genetics services virtually. These results suggest the value of telehealth as an alternative service delivery model, even for local patients, and should be offered for future appointments, beyond the COVID‐19 pandemic.
A forbidden pair for connected graphs to have spanning k‐trees
Authors: Maezawa Shun‐ichi , Ozeki Kenta
Published: October 2021

For an integer , a ‐tree is a tree with maximum degree at most . A ‐tree containing all vertices of a graph is called a spanning ‐tree of . In 2010, Ota and Sugiyama gave a forbidden induced subgraph condition for a graph to have a spanning ‐tree and they posed a conjecture that is stronger than their result. In this paper, we solve their conjecture.
β‐Galactosidase therapy can mitigate blood galactose elevation after an oral lactose load in galactose mutarotase deficiency
Authors: Wada Yoichi , Arai‐Ichinoi Natsuko , Kikuchi Atsuo , Kure Shigeo
Published: October 2021

Galactose mutarotase (GALM) deficiency (MIM# 618881), also known as type IV galactosemia, is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants of GALM. Cataracts are observed in patients with GALM deficiency as well as in other conditions associated with high levels of blood galactose and can be prevented by consuming a galactose‐restricted diet or formula. Galactose restriction is the only known treatment for GALM deficiency and other types of galactosemia. We incidentally found that β‐galactosidase might reduce blood galactose levels caused by lactose loading in GALM deficiency. Consequently, we investigated the effectiveness of β‐galactosidase in decreasing the level of blood galactose in three patients with GALM deficiency. We performed two lactose loading tests per case: one with and one without β‐galactosidase. The add‐on administration of β‐galactosidase significantly mitigated blood galactose elevations after lactose loading. Although urine galactitol was mildly elevated in all patients with GALM deficiency, β‐galactosidase did not prevent increased levels of urine galactitol during the loading tests. No adverse events, including cataracts, were observed during or after the tests. Therefore, β‐galactosidase could be a potential novel treatment agent for blood galactose elevation caused by lactose in patients with GALM deficiency. The effectiveness of β‐galactosidase could possibly result in loosening of the galactose dietary restrictions or treatment for patients with GALM deficiency.
Acute SARS‐CoV‐2 alpha variant infection leading to placental insufficiency and fetal distress
Authors: Dumont Sander , Balduyck Jonas , Reynders Marijke , Vanwalleghem Lieve , Lebbe Barbara
Published: October 2021

The effect of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) Alpha variant (also known as B.1.1.7 lineage, 20I/501Y.V1, the UK variant or VOC 202012/01) infection on pregnancy is currently unknown.

We present a case of a 37‐year‐old woman admitted to our tertiary hospital at a gestational age of 29 weeks and 1 day because of oligohydramnios with reduced fetal movements for 10 days. About 20 days before admission, she tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 Alpha variant. The following day, due to abnormal cardiotocography, increased brain sparing, and absent end‐diastolic flow in the umbilical artery, an urgent cesarean section was performed. The neonate had an uneventful admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. All neonatal samples proved negative for SARS‐CoV‐2.

Pathological examination of the placenta revealed intervillous fibrin deposition, ischemic necrosis of villi and histiocytic intervillositis, corresponding with the SARS‐CoV‐2 placentitis triad. The placental tissue demonstrated a high viral load, possibly explaining the acute onset of placental insufficiently and subsequent fetal distress.

This case demonstrates the importance of seeking medical care when experiencing reduced fetal movement in SARS‐CoV‐2 infected patients since acute infection can induce significant placental and subsequent fetal pathology.
Seroepidemiology of enterovirus D68 infection in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia between 2013 and 2015
Authors: Chan Yoke Fun , Sam I‐Ching , Nayan Elena , Tan Xiu Hui , Yogarajah Thinesshwary
Published: October 2021

Enterovirus D68 (EV‐D68) is an emerging respiratory pathogen since the 2014 outbreak in the United States. A low level of virus circulation has been reported in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in the past. However, the extent of the infection in Malaysia is not known. In the present study, we determine the seroepidemiology of EV‐D68 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, before and after the United States outbreak in August 2014. A luciferase‐based seroneutralization test was developed using a clone‐derived prototype Fermon strain carrying a nanoluciferase marker. We screened the neutralization capacity of 450 serum samples from children and adults (1–89 years old) collected between 2013 and 2015. EV‐D68 seropositivity increased with age, with children aged 1–3 showing significantly lower seroprevalence compared to adults. Multivariate analysis showed that older age groups 13–49 years (odds ratio [OR] = 4.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.69–8.49; p < 0.0001) and ≥50 years (OR = 3.83; 95% CI = 2.19–6.68; p < 0.0001) were more likely to be EV‐D68 seropositive than children <13 years. Sampling post‐September 2014 compared to pre‐Sept 2014 also predicted seropositivity (OR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.04–2.65). The presence of neutralizing antibodies against EV‐D68 in the study population suggests that EV‐D68 was circulating before 2014. A higher seropositivity post‐September 2014 suggests that Malaysia also experienced an upsurge in EV‐D68 infections after the United States outbreaks in August 2014. A low seropositivity rate observed in children, especially those aged 1–3 years old, suggests that they are at risk and should be prioritized for future vaccination.
Mortality risk and temporal patterns of atrial fibrillation in the nationwide registry
Authors: Apiyasawat Sirin , Kornbongkotmas Sakaorat , Chichareon Ply , Krittayaphong Rungroj ,   for the COOL‐AF Investigators
Published: October 2021

Aims

Persistent and permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) often occurs in the presence of multiple comorbidities and is linked to adverse outcomes. It is unclear whether the sustained pattern of AF itself is prognostic or if it is confounded by underlying comorbidities. Here, we tested the association between the temporal patterns of AF and the risks of ischemic stroke and all‐cause mortality.

Methods and Results

In a prospective multicenter cohort, 3046 non‐valvular AF patients were consecutively enrolled and followed for adverse outcomes of all‐cause mortality and ischemic stroke. The risks of both outcomes were adjusted for underlying comorbidities, and compared between the patterns of AF. At baseline, the patients were classified as paroxysmal (N = 963, 31.6%), persistent (N = 604, 19.8%), and permanent AF (N = 1479, 45.6%) according to the standard definition. Anticoagulants were administered in 75% of all patients and 83% of those with CHA2DS2‐VASc score ≥2 in males or ≥3 in females. During a mean follow up of 26 (SD 10.5) months, all‐cause mortality occurred less in paroxysmal AF (2.5 per 100 patient‐years) than in persistent AF (4.4 per 100 patient‐years; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.66, 95% CI, 0.46‐0.96; P = .029) and permanent AF (4.1 per 100 patient‐years; adjusted HR 0.71, 95% CI, 0.52‐0.98; P = .036). The risk of ischemic stroke was similar across all patterns of AF.

Conclusions

In this multicenter cohort of AF patients, persistent and permanent AF was associated with higher all‐cause mortality than paroxysmal AF, independent of baseline comorbidities.

Clinical Trial Registration

Thai Clinical Trial Registration; Study ID: TCTR20160113002 (http://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20160113002).
LGBTQ+ Structural Stigma and College Counseling Center Website Friendliness
Authors: Campbell Carolyn , Mena Jasmine A.
Published: October 2021

We examined whether the “friendliness” of college counseling center websites to students with lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer, plus other identities (LGBTQ+) varied by state‐level structural policies on hate crime, employment nondiscrimination, and religious exemption. Results from our analyses of variance showed that website friendliness was significantly higher in states that offered hate‐crime and employment nondiscrimination protections to LGBTQ+ individuals. Our findings highlight the need to intervene at multiple ecological levels to build inclusive college communities.
Predictors of Academic Distress Among Military and Nonmilitary College Students
Authors: Ghosh Arpita , Niileksela Christopher R. , Janis Rebecca , Fox Troy D.
Published: October 2021

This study assessed the mental health predictors of academic distress using the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms–34 (Locke et al., 2011) across matched pairs (N = 2,836) of military and nonmilitary students accessing counseling services between 2014 and 2016. Findings suggested the predictors of academic distress did not differ across the two groups. Practical suggestions for counselors working with military and nonmilitary students are discussed based on the findings.
Comparison of soil organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics between urban impervious surfaces and vegetation
Authors: Dou Xiaolin , Lu Meng , Chen Liding
Published: October 2021

Impervious surfaces (IS) are widespread globally due to increasing urbanization, and relatively static carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) processes are usually expected in these soils. However, an understanding of how soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil organic nitrogen (SON) dynamics under IS in comparison with urban vegetation is still lacking. Here we used soil fractionation and stable isotopic analysis to examine C and N dynamics in IS soils and soils that were vegetated for 20–30 years in Guangzhou and Shenzhen, China. Soil samples from bare land (CK) and other land uses (grass, forest, and IS) were split into different chemical fractions. The C and N content, C:N ratio, δ13C, δ15N, C and N recalcitrant indices (RIC, RIN), and mean residence time (MRT) were analyzed. The results showed that soil C and N stocks increased in the first (20 years) as reflected in the enhanced labile (LP) and recalcitrant C pools (RP), but then stabilized or decreased after 30 years with the IS ages in both cities. IS had a lower SOC decomposition rate and thus resulted in 5–10‐times longer MRT (259–465 years) than that in vegetated soils (39–55 years). The study showed that IS caused remarkable changes in soil C and N pools and turnover rates compared with vegetated lands. Our results are potentially useful for better understanding, predicting, and managing soil C dynamics under urbanization.
Hydrothermal treatments affect the development of the hard‐to‐cook defect in cowpeas
Authors: Affrifah Nicole S. , Chinnan Manjeet S. , Saalia Firibu K. , Phillips R. Dixon
Published: October 2021

The hard‐to‐cook defect is a well‐known problem in stored legumes, including cowpeas, which reduces the consumption and utilization of these nutritious foods. It is a generally held view that the enzyme, phytase is involved in the development of the defect. The effectiveness of steam treatments in preventing the characteristic hardening of cowpeas stored under unfavorable conditions was investigated. The factors considered were steaming temperature (100°C, 121°C), steaming time (2, 4, and 6 min) and initial seed moisture content (13%, 20%). The treated cowpeas were stored at either 4°C (no relative humidity [RH] control) or 42°C/80%RH. The texture of cooked treated cowpeas was comparable with the control; the peak forces were 504–639 N and 616 N, respectively, for treated and control cowpeas before storage. Although the treatments reduced the texture of cooked cowpeas prior to storage, only steaming at 121°C for 4 or 6 min prevented hardening during storage. Steaming reduced the phytase activity of cowpeas to 53%–64% of original activity; however, a significant increase occurred with storage. Steaming and storage significantly decreased water absorption from 91.28 g/100 g to 75.68–88.02 g/100 g after 24 h soaking. A decrease in phytate content and increases in electrolyte leakage and pectin loss were also recorded. A lack of significant correlation between cooked bean hardness and the physicochemical indices implies that the improved texture of cooked treated cowpeas occurred through a pathway not typically associated with the development of the hard‐to‐cook defect in cowpeas.
Prospective Cancer Therapies Using Stimuli‐Responsive DNA Nanostructures
Authors: Seitz Iris , Shaukat Ahmed , Nurmi Kurt , Ijäs Heini , Hirvonen Jouni , Santos Hélder A. , Kostiainen Mauri A. , Linko Veikko
Published: October 2021

Nanostructures based on DNA self‐assembly present an innovative way to address the increasing need for target‐specific delivery of therapeutic molecules. Currently, most of the chemotherapeutics being used in clinical practice have undesired and exceedingly high off‐target toxicity. This is a challenge in particular for small molecules, and hence, developing robust and effective methods to lower these side effects and enhance the antitumor activity is of paramount importance. Prospectively, these issues could be tackled with the help of DNA nanotechnology, which provides a route for the fabrication of custom, biocompatible, and multimodal structures, which can, to some extent, resist nuclease degradation and survive in the cellular environment. Similar to widely employed liposomal products, the DNA nanostructures (DNs) are loaded with selected drugs, and then by employing a specific stimulus, the payload can be released at its target region. This review explores several strategies and triggers to achieve targeted delivery of DNs. Notably, different modalities are explained through which DNs can interact with their respective targets as well as how structural changes triggered by external stimuli can be used to achieve the display or release of the cargo. Furthermore, the prospects and challenges of this technology are highlighted.
Scale‐Up Synthesis of High Purity Calcium Terephthalate from Polyethylene Terephthalate Waste: Purification, Characterization, and Quantification
Authors: Li Yanyan , Yi Hongling , Ge Mingqiao , Yao Donggang
Published: October 2021

The large‐scale synthesis of calcium terephthalate (CaTP) and upcycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) are performed simultaneously by reactive processing. In the one‐pot synthesis, a spindle‐like calcium trihydrate CaTP‐80 with good crystallinity is derived and separated from PET waste by calcium hydroxide and water. Characterization techniques including Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), NMR, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) reveal that the produced CaTP‐80 with an average size of 18.8 µm is tunable in the structure after calcination. The resulting anhydrous CaTP‐350 with different bonding modes between Ca2+ and COO− exhibits high purity and thermal stability. Furthermore, an accurate quantification method operated by UV–vis is applied to define the selectivity and yield of CaTP powder from the complex intermediates. The effects of temperature, time, and concentration parameters on the yield of CaTP in the purification process are investigated. Results reveal that the optimum conditions are achieved with 88.2% conversion of PET to CaTP, 95.9% selectivity, and 84.6% yield of the synthesized CaTP‐350. The study complements the purification, characterization, and quantification of PET‐derived CaTP powder, which exhibits a model for effective and sustainable upcycling of PET waste.
Glassy Cholesteric Liquid Crystals Containing Menthyl Groups Demonstrating Tunable Visible Reflection with Temperature and Reflection Angle Dual‐Mode
Authors: Luo Congcong , Yao Bing , Lu You , Huang Chengchen , Wang Zhongfeng , Du Xihua , Zhou Jun , Reheman Aikebaier , Wang Jiwei
Published: October 2021

Responsive dual‐modal cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) optical materials demonstrating tunable optical behaviors possess significant application in optical devices. Introducing chiral groups into liquid crystal structures is a common strategy. The design of CLC optical structure by two identical menthyl elements is seldom reported. Herein, novel CLC oligomers (Gn) combining 4‐(4‐(4‐menthyloxy‐4‐oxobutanoyloxy)benzoyloxy)phenyl 4‐allyloxybenzoate (M1) and 4′‐(4‐menthyloxy‐4‐oxobutanoyloxy)biphenyl‐4‐yl 4‐allyloxybenzoate (M2) on organosilicon oligomers by molecular grafting are proposed. The as‐prepared oligomers Gn display brilliant visible light reflection in the chiral nematic (N*) phase. And when the oligomers Gn are rapidly cooled from the N* temperature to below 0 °C, the reflection color on the glassy CLC oligomers can be preserved at room temperature over 1 year. Furthermore, the glassy Gn present dual‐mode thermochromic performances, the blue (or red)‐shift reflection with the increase of temperature, and the blue‐shift reflection with the increase of reflection angle.
Highly Thermally Conductive Yet Electrically Insulative Polycarbonate Composites with Oriented Hybrid Networks Assisted by High Shear Injection Molding
Authors: Bai Yang , Shi You , Zhou Shengtai , Zou Huawei , Liang Mei
Published: October 2021

In this work, a facile strategy is proposed to construct thermal conductive network in polycarbonate (PC)/boron nitride (BN) composites via incorporating a small amount of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) assisted by high shear injection molding process. A synergy is achieved between BN and CNTs in building thermal conductive pathways within PC, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy observations and rheological analysis. The obtained thermal conductivities are well fitted with the Agari model, which further confirms the efficacy of constructing thermal conductive pathways within PC/BN/CNT composites. The thermal conductivity of PC/BN 30 wt%/CNT 2 wt% composite reaches as high as 2.05 W mK−1, which is ≈832% and 45.4% higher than that of pure PC and PC/BN 30 wt% composite, respectively. In addition, PC/BN/CNT composites exhibit excellent electrical insulation, low dielectric properties as well as reasonable mechanical performance, which show potential applications in advanced engineering fields.
Melamine‐Crosslinked Polyimide Aerogels from Supercritical Ethanol Drying with Improved In‐Use Shape Stability Against Shrinking
Authors: Chen Weiwang , Liu Sha , Sun Yueyan , Zhou Xiaomeng , Zhou Fenglei
Published: October 2021

Polyimide aerogels are promising for diverse applications owing to their nano‐porous structure and superior properties. However, the shrinkage of melamine‐crosslinked polyimide (MPI) aerogels has greatly compromised their performance in practical applications. In this study, supercritical drying with ethanol rather than CO2 is employed to enhance their in‐use shape stability at high temperatures. The structure, thermal insulation, mechanical strength of the resultant aerogels as well as their shape stability are characterized. Experimental results reveal that the shape stability of MPI aerogels during use is greatly improved thanks to the in‐advance baptism of supercritical ethanol drying. The aerogel shrinks by only 2.64 vol.% after being treated at 280 °C for 72 h. Besides, the MPI aerogel shows enhanced compressive strength and can easily support a load more than 20 000 times its own weight. The thermal conductivity of these aerogels varies from 0.034 to 0.046 W m−1 k−1, indicative of remarkable performance in thermal insulation. In addition, the aerogels that started to decompose at as high as 500 °C also perform well in thermal stability and char forming. It can be envisaged that the developed MPI aerogels with greatly improved in‐use shape stability may have broad prospects for thermal insulation at high temperatures.
To earmark or not to earmark when gift‐giving: Gift‐givers' and gift‐recipients' diverging preferences for earmarked cash gifts
Authors: Givi Julian , Das Gopal
Published: October 2021

Much research has shed light on the what to give facet of gift‐giving; that is, which types of products should consumers give as gifts? However, little research has investigated the how to give component of gift‐giving; that is, holding the gift itself constant, how should it be given? In the present work, we explore the messaging aspect of how to give, thereby expanding the gift‐giving literature. Specifically, we investigate gift‐givers' and gift‐recipients' preferences regarding the practice of earmarking cash gifts (i.e., suggesting that a cash gift be used on a particular product). Across multiple studies, we demonstrate that givers are less likely to earmark cash gifts than recipients prefer, because givers view earmarking as less thoughtful compared to recipients. Moreover, consistent with a thoughtfulness account, we show that givers are more likely to earmark in situations where they view earmarking as thoughtful. We conclude by discussing how our work offers a unique contribution to the gift‐giving literature (as it is the first to document a giver‐recipient asymmetry involving how to give), suggests that givers should earmark cash gifts more often, and clears many paths for future research (on other potential giver‐recipient asymmetries tied to how to give).
Apolipoprotein E Genotype Contributes to Motor Progression in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Pu Jia‐Li , Jin Chong‐Yao , Wang Zhong‐Xuan , Fang Yi , Li Yao‐Lin , Xue Nai‐Jia , Zheng Ran , Lin Zhi‐Hao , Yan Yi‐Qun , Si Xiao‐Li , Chen Ying , Liu Yi , Song Zhe , Yan Ya‐Ping , Tian Jun , Yin Xin‐Zhen , Zhang Bao‐Rong
Published: October 2021

Background

Emerging evidence indicates that the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 exacerbates α‐synuclein pathology.

Objective

To determine whether APOE ε4 contributes to motor progression in early Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods

Longitudinal data were obtained from 384 patients with PD divided into APOE ε4 carriers (n = 85) and noncarriers (n = 299) in the Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative. Participants underwent yearly motor assessments over a mean follow‐up period of 78.9 months. Repeated measures and linear mixed models were used to test the effects of APOE ε4.

Results

The motor progression was significantly more rapid in patients with PD carrying APOE ε4 than in noncarriers (β = 0.283, P = 0.026, 95% confidence interval: 0.033–0.532). Through subgroup analysis, we found that the effect of APOE ε4 was significant only in patients with high amyloid β burden (β = 0.761, P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval: 0.0356–1.167).

Conclusions

APOE ε4 may be associated with rapid motor progression in PD. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Chromosome 9p terminal deletion in nine Egyptian patients and narrowing of the critical region for trigonocephaly
Authors: Mohamed Amal M. , Kamel Alaa K. , Eid Maha M. , Eid Ola M. , Mekkawy Mona , Hussein Shymaa H. , Zaki Maha S. , Esmail Samira , Afifi Hanan H. , El‐Kamah Ghada Y. , Otaify Ghada A. , El‐Awady Heba Ahmed , Elaidy Aya , Essa Mahmoud Y. , El‐Ruby Mona , Ashaat Engy A. , Hammad Saida A. , Mazen Inas , Abdel‐Salam Ghada M. H. , Aglan Mona , Temtamy Samia
Published: October 2021

Background

This study aimed to delineate the clinical phenotype of patients with 9p deletions, pinpoint the chromosomal breakpoints, and identify the critical region for trigonocephaly, which is a frequent finding in 9p terminal deletion.

Methods

We investigated a cohort of nine patients with chromosome 9p terminal deletions who all displayed developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, and dysmorphic features. Of them, eight had trigonocephaly, seven had brain anomalies, seven had autistic manifestations, seven had fair hair, and six had a congenital heart defect (CHD).

Results

Karyotyping revealed 9p terminal deletion in all patients, and patients 8 and 9 had additional duplication of other chromosomal segments. We used six bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones that could identify the breakpoints at 17–20 Mb from the 9p terminus. Array CGH identified the precise extent of the deletion in six patients; the deleted regions ranged from 16 to 18.8 Mb in four patients, patient 8 had an 11.58 Mb deletion and patient 9 had a 2.3 Mb deletion.

Conclusion

The gene deletion in the 9p24 region was insufficient to cause ambiguous genitalia because six of the nine patients had normal genitalia. We suggest that the critical region for trigonocephaly lies between 11,575 and 11,587 Mb from the chromosome 9p terminus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the minimal critical region reported for trigonocephaly in 9p deletion syndrome, and it warrants further delineation.