bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Critical Analysis and Appraisal of the World Bank Project of Healthcare System in Montenegro: An International Project Management Perspective
Authors: Adoromike Ebere Florence , Zeshung Nadege , Ogirri Kenneth O.
Published: August 2024

International interventional projects exert great impact on the target countries. This study appraises the World Bank’s healthcare system improvement project in the Republic of Montenegro. From the perspective of international project management appraisal of an overseas project, the study makes a systematic thematic review and a critical objective exposition of the Bank’s publication on the project, drawing evidential insights from professional and experiential knowledge and methods. It also relied on relevant secondary data, sourced from the internet and several offline libraries. Based on the nature of the study, descriptive survey and qualitative analysis are employed alongside suitable analytic techniques. The analysis demonstrates that regardless of the inherent country-based challenges that confronted the project, its overall impact is huge and the attained success is satisfactory, though not very satisfactory. It concludes that the project has significantly and sustainably changed the narratives of the erstwhile healthcare system of Montenegro, as operations, practices and access to healthcare services in Montenegro got improved till date. The study calls on World Bank and other like institutions to do more for developing nations in dire needs of lifesaving projects. They are charged to have post-project completion monitoring mechanisms and programs that allow for sustenance and maintenance of the projects, such as that on healthcare system improvement in Montenegro.
Effect of Financial Factors on Saving Decision of Z Generation
Authors: Nurrafi Daffa Ammar , Purwidianti Wida , Tubastuvi Naelati , Alfalisyado
Published: August 2024

Aims: This study aims to analyze the influence of financial literacy, materialism, financial behavior, and financial attitude on saving decisions in Generation Z.
Study Design: This study uses a quantitative approach and purposive sampling technique. The sample used was 105 respondents who met the requirements.
Place and Duration of Study: This study uses a sample, namely in generation Z in Banyumas Regency and the research was conducted within the time frame of January 2024 to June 2024.
Methodology: This research method uses the SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) analysis method with the Partial Least Square (PLS) approach. Each hypothesis is tested to understand the relationship between the variables. To test the validity and reliability of the research using the outer model. Hypothesis testing uses the inner model.
Results and Conclusion: The results of this study show that financial literacy does not affect saving decisions, materialism has a positive and significant effect on saving decisions, financial behavior has a positive and significant effect on saving decisions, and financial attitude has a positive and significant effect on saving decisions.
Practical Implications: This study contributes to Generation Z in considering the factors that determine the decision to save to face financial problems in the future. The managerial and practical implications of this study provide information to stakeholders (financial institutions and government) the importance of paying attention to financial behavior and financial attitudes to improve saving behavior in Generation Z.
Evaluation of Turfgrasses for Qualitative and Quantitative Traits in Varanasi Region of India
Authors: Shakywal Vikash Kumar , Sisodia Anjana , Singh Anil K.
Published: August 2024

The present experiment was conducted at Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. This study was carried out to evaluate performance of eleven turfgrass genotypes for qualitative traits, quantitative traits and their genetic variability under same climatic condition. The experimental design was a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Eleven genotypes consist of Bermuda grass, Centipede grass, Panama grass, Bargusto grass, Tiftdwarf 419 grass, Local grass, Palma grass, Bahia grass, Manila grass, Crow Foot grass and Tanu Variant grass. These were assessed for their suitability to be used as turfgrass under Varanasi region. All the grasses exhibited semi prostrate growth habit except local grass having upright growth habit. Panama and Local grass showed fine leaf texture whereas, Manila grass exhibited coarse texture. Dark green colour was observed in Local, Crow Foot and Panama grass whereas, Centipede grass showed light green colour. Local grass exhibited maximum canopy height, leaf length, leaf width, chlorophyll content, stolen internode diameter, culm length, shoot length and shoot diameter. The maximum genotypic (187.22) and phenotypic variance (197.80) was observed for parameters like fresh weight. Canopy height showed maximum phenotypic coefficient of variation (47.04) and genotypic coefficient of variation (46.16) over all the parameters. Genetic advance maximum (27.49) for parameter fresh weight and genetic advance as a percentage of mean was maximum also for fresh weight (93.30). The maximum heritability at broad sense was observed for the parameter dry weight (98.25).
Effects of Sugarcane Bagasse Biochar on Ammonium and Nitrate Adsorption and Leaching in a Japanese Tropical Soil Cropped with Japanese Mustard Spinach (Brassica rapa)
Authors: Kinoshita Shunsuke , Kohira Yudai , Sato Shinjiro
Published: August 2024

This study investigated the dynamics of ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3–-N) adsorption and leaching in a Japanese tropical soil amended with sugarcane bagasse biochars (SBBs) in the presence of plant. Adsorption and column leaching studies were conducted in a laboratory in Japan, and the column study was performed for 21 days. Biochar was produced from sugarcane bagasse at the maximum pyrolysis temperatures of 400°C (SBB400) and 800°C (SBB800) for use in the experiments. Adsorption isotherms for NH4+-N and NO3–-N were developed for soil only, SBB400-amended soil, and SBB800-amended soil. Column leaching study included 6 treatments: fertilizer only, fertilizer and plant, fertilizer and SBB400, fertilizer and SBB400 and plant, fertilizer and SBB800, fertilizer and SBB800 and plant. This study showed that soil and SBBs-amended soils fitted well into the Langmuir adsorption model for NH4+-N and NO3–-N (r2= 0.983–0.994 and 0.956–0.970, respectively). Application of SBBs to soil significantly decreased cumulative NH4+-N leached from the soil (P < 0.05) because of increased adsorption capacity due to high acid functional groups and increased soil water holding capacity (WHC) due to high specific surface areas and pore volumes, regardless of the presence of plant. However, the SBBs application did not affect the adsorption capacity for NO3–-N because of negatively charged surfaces. However, cumulative NO3–-N leached was significantly reduced (P< 0.05) due to increased soil WHC, regardless of the presence of plant. Therefore, more soil water contents retained and less NO3–-N leached from the soil may have contributed to greater plant growth with the SBBs application. This study showed that the SBBs application to soil could enhance adsorption capacity for NH4+-N but not for NO3–-N, nevertheless increase soil WHC and reduce leaching of both NH4+-N and NO3–-N, thus contributed to increased plant growth.
Anti-Hyperglycemic Effects of Moringa oleifera: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Dwomoh Joshua , Ofori Samuel A. , Aggrey Martin L. , Frimpong Dennis Kwabena , Atakora Peter , Yeboah Enoch Owusu
Published: August 2024

In recent years, the price of westernized medication for the treatment of diabetes in developing countries has increased, which has led to an increase in the search for indigenous medicinal plants that have the potential to be utilized for the treatment and management of diabetes. Previous studies have demonstrated that Moringa oleifera Lam., belonging to the Moringaceae family, possesses promising anti-diabetes potency. These properties include its ability to reduce hyperglycemia, the regeneration of β-cells, and a rise in blood insulin levels. On the other hand, there is a striking lack of evidence concerning its anthological discoveries. In the course of this review, we attempted to compile and analyze research that investigated the efficacy of MO in the treatment of diabetes. A thorough literature search was conducted using the terms "Diabetes," "Diabetes Mellitus," and "MO Lam" in conjunction with the Boolean operator "AND." The search was conducted on various scientific electronic libraries and databases, including Google Scholar, Research Gate, Elsevier, Science Direct, Springer, PubMed, and WHO, among others. The inclusion criteria required that the research be conducted on the effectiveness of MO in treating diabetes, and the abstracts had to be written in English at the very least. Mo extract was found to increase insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, and restore insulin levels, in addition to lowering lipid abnormalities and promoting weight normalization, according to an analysis of the data that was extracted. Additionally, it has been demonstrated to defend against oxidative stress, which demonstrates its effectiveness in treating the oxidative stress that is associated with diabetes. Furthermore, the intake of MO extract promoted the regeneration of the pancreatic tissues. There are a variety of phytochemical components found in MO, which have been associated to the plant's ability to inhibit the development of diabetes. The qualities of the plant have the potential to impact metabolic parameters that are linked to diabetes mellitus, hence preventing the development of complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular disorders. In the future, research should be conducted with the purpose of determining the optimal dosage of MO that is capable of exerting hypoglycemic effects.
Efficacy of Various Insecticides against Gram Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera) Hubner in Chickpea
Authors: Mishra Vaishnavi , Chauhan Saroj , Kumar Ritesh , Mourya Pradumn Kumar
Published: August 2024

The investigation sought to examine the efficacy of several pesticides on the larval population of the gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) in chickpea  plants,  as  well  as  the  corresponding cost-benefit ratio. The experiment was carried out in the Entomology Research Field, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Deeksha Bhawan, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with seven treatments replicated three times using Pusa 362 variety in a plot size of (3 m×2 m) at a spacing of (20×10 cm). The treatments used during the observation were T1 Spinosad, T2 NSKE, T3 Bt, T4 Beauveria bassiana, T5 Neem oil, T6 Emamectin benzoate and T7 control plot (without any treatment). From the study it was noted that the highest reduction was reported in plots treated with Spinosad 0.20ml/l which proved to be superior among the rest of the treatments and the next effective treatment is Emamectin benzoate 0.4 g/l, followed by Beauveria bassiana 2x 10 CFU@ 5ml/l, Bacillus thuringiensis 1.5g/l and maximum population of pod borer was observed in untreated control plot. The data on the yield of chickpea revealed that the highest yield recorded in the treatment Spinosad (0.20ml/l) and it was superior over all the other treatment followed by Emamectin benzoate 0.4g/l with the yield was obtained in the control. The data on the increase in yield over control of chickpea revealed that the highest increase in yield over control was recorded in the treatment Spinosad (0.20ml/l) and it was superior over all the other treatments and followed by Emamectin benzoate 0.4g/l with the lowest increase in yield over control was reported in plot treated with NSKE 5% with, respectively. The maximum cost-benefit ratio was obtained in the plot treated with 0.20ml/l spinosad 45 SC next effective treatment in terms of cost-benefit ratio was Emamectin benzoate 0.4g/l and the lowest cost-benefit ratio was found in Neem oil 3%treated plot.
Effect of Cold Plasma Treatment on Seed Quality Parameters under Cold Stress in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Shilpa B. , Priya P. Bindu , Pallavi M. , Rao P. Jagan Mohan
Published: August 2024

Abiotic stresses impinge rice production all over the world. Low temperature stress is one among the major abiotic stresses in crop plants significantly affecting plant growth, survival, reproduction, and dispersal. Therefore an experiment was carried out on rice variety BPT 5204 to study the effects of cold plasma treatment under cold stress. Attempt was made to standardize appropriate stage of exposure (dry seeds, sprouted seeds), voltage (30kv, 20kv) and duration of exposure (10min, 20min) based on the performance in vigour tests i.e., germination, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour index-II, field emergence test, abnormality and imbibition tests at a temperature of 18°C. Results indicated that exposure of sprouts of BPT 5204 at 20kv for 20min has given highest germination (88%), seedling dry weight (68.10 mg), seedling vigour index II (597), field emergence (77%), imbibition rate (0.495) and lowest abnormality (12%) in comparison to control and other treatments. This indicates that cold plasma treated at 20kv for 20min on paddy sprouts had a greater stimulatory effect on plant growth and development under cold temperature conditions.
An Integrated Fuzzy-Rule and Case-Based Reasoning System for Enhanced Automobile Maintenance and Repair
Authors: Obot Okure , Obike Peter
Published: August 2024

Automated systems have become essential in assisting motorists with vehicle maintenance and repair, yet many still require technician intervention for output validation. This study introduces a novel framework for integrating fuzzy logic with case-based reasoning (CBR) to enhance the reliability of such systems, especially in handling ambiguous cases. The system efficiently retrieves similar cases from a comprehensive case base, applying proven solutions to new problems. In scenarios where no exact match is found, fuzzy logic approximates a viable solution. We tested this framework on 134 real-world cases from Akwa Ibom Transport Company, demonstrating its effectiveness in resolving vehicle issues by leveraging and approximating solutions. This research significantly advances the accuracy and reliability of automated vehicle maintenance systems, offering a more autonomous approach to diagnostics.
Assessment of Different Organic Manures on Morphological and Floral Attributes of Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)
Authors: Abhishek  , Singh Harpal , Ahirwar G.K , Dushyant
Published: August 2024

Aims: The organic content in manure helps soil retain moisture, increases gas exchange, and introduces beneficial bacteria, loosens clayey soil, promoting root growth. Soil with a higher organic content is more resistant to erosion and produces superior crops. Using organic manure decreases farming's environmental impact. Unlike synthetic fertilizers, it recycles waste materials, nourishes the soil, and nurtures crops.
Methods: This experiment was carried out during Rabi 2023-24 at the Organic Research farm Kargunwan ji, Jhansi, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bundelkhand University Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh). African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cultivar ‘Hazara’ was sown under randomized block design (RBD) with 09 treatment viz., Control, FYM at 10t/ha, FYM at 20t/ha, Compost 10t/ha, Compost 20t/ha, Poultry manure10t/ha, Poultry manure20t/ha, Vermicompost 10t/ha and Vermicompost 20t/ha with 3 replication accommodating spacing (40 × 45) cm2, plot size  (2.5 × 2.5) m = 5.0 m2 with total gross experimental area of (23.5 x 9.6) m = 225.06 m2.
Results: Results shows that at harvest, increasing the organic doses at recommended doses  clearly expressed maximum morphological characters and floral attributes and was reported under the treatment T9 (vermicompost 20t/ha) followed by treatment T8 (vermicompost 10t/ha) and T6 (poultry manure 10t/ha). The minimum plant height was noticed with the treatment T7 (Water spray).
Conclusion: The results clearly revealed that on application of organic manure in marigold had a positive and significant impact on morphological characters and floral attributes in Marigold. Thus it is recommended to opt for organic cultivation in place of in organic cultivation.
A method for multiscale optimal analysis with application toArgo data
Authors: Gray Alison R. , Riser Stephen C.
Published: May 2015

This study presents an optimal analysis method for estimating the large‐ and small‐scale components of a field from observations. This technique relies on an iterative generalized least squares procedure to determine the statistics of the small‐scale fluctuations directly from the data and is thus especially valuable when such information is not known a priori. The use of spherical radial basis functions in fitting the large‐scale signal is suggested, particularly when the domain is sufficiently large. Two test cases illustrate several of the properties of this procedure, demonstrate its utility, and provide practical guidelines for its use. This method is then applied to observations collected by the Argo array of profiling floats to produce global gridded absolute geostrophic velocity estimates.
Modeling long‐term change of planktonic ecosystems in the northern South China Sea and the upstream Kuroshio Current
Authors: Li Qian P. , Wang Yanjun , Dong Yuan , Gan Jianping
Published: May 2015

Field studies suggested that the biogeochemical settings and community structures are substantial different between the central Northern South China Sea (NSCS) and the upstream Kuroshio Current (KC). In particular, the water column of KC is characterized by substantially lower nutrients and productivity but higher Trichodesmium abundance and nitrogen fixation compared to the NSCS. The mechanism driving the difference of the two marine ecosystems, however, remains inadequately understood. Here, a one‐dimensional biogeochemical model was developed to simulate the long‐term variability of lower‐trophic planktonic ecosystem for two pelagic stations in the NSCS and the KC near the Luzon Strait. The physical model included the vertical mixing driven by air‐sea interaction and the Ekman pumping induced by wind stress curl. The biological model was constructed by modifying a nitrogen‐based NPZD model with the incorporation of phosphorus cycle and diazotroph nitrogen fixation. After validation by several field data sets, the model was used to study the impact of long‐term physical forcing on ecosystem variability in the two distinct stations. Our results suggested that nutrient transport above nitracline during summer was largely controlled by vertical turbulent mixing, while Ekman pumping was important for nutrient transport below the nitracline. Our results also indicated that diazotroph community structure and N2 fixation in the NSCS and the KC could be strongly influenced by physical processes through the impacts on vertical nutrient fluxes. The disadvantage of diazotroph in the NSCS in compared to the KC during the summer could be attributed to its high nitrate fluxes from subsurface leading to outcompete of diazotrophs by faster growing nondiazotroph phytoplankton.
Measurement and simulation of subsurface tracer migration to tile drains in low permeability, macroporous soil
Authors: Bishop Joshua M. , Callaghan Michael V. , Cey Edwin E. , Bentley Larry R.
Published: May 2015

Multiyear monitoring and simulation of a conservative tracer was used in this study to investigate preferential flow and macropore‐matrix interactions in low permeability, macroporous soil. 2,6‐Difluorobenzoic acid (DFBA) tracer was applied to a 20 × 20 m drip irrigated test plot situated over two tile drains. Tracer movement over the 2009 and 2010 field seasons was monitored using tile drain effluent, suction lysimeters, monitoring wells, and soil cores. Despite similar volumes of water application to the plot in each season, 10 times more water and 14 times more DFBA were captured by the drains in 2010 due to wetter regional hydrologic conditions. The importance of preferential flow along macropores was shown by rapid DFBA breakthrough to the tile (<47 h), and DFBA detections in sand units below the tile drains. Preferential flow resulted in less than 8% of the DFBA mass being captured by the tiles over both years. With much of the DFBA mass (75%) retained in the upper 0.25 m of the soil at the end of 2009, numerical simulations were used to quantify the migration of this in situ tracer during the subsequent 2010 field season. Dual permeability and dual porosity models produced similar matches to measured tile drain flows and concentrations, but solute leaching was captured more effectively by the dual permeability formulation. The simulations highlighted limitations in current descriptions for small‐scale mass transfer between matrix and macropore domains, which do not consider time‐dependent transfer coefficients or nonuniform distributions of solute mass within soil matrix blocks.
The spatial and temporal evolution of contributing areas
Authors: Nippgen Fabian , McGlynn Brian L. , Emanuel Ryan E.
Published: May 2015

Predicting runoff source areas and how they change through time is a challenge in hydrology. Topographically induced lateral water redistribution and water removal through evapotranspiration lead to spatially and temporally variable patterns of watershed water storage. These dynamic storage patterns combined with threshold mediation of saturated subsurface throughflow lead to runoff source areas that are dynamic through time. To investigate these processes and their manifestation in watershed runoff, we developed and applied a parsimonious but spatially distributed model (WECOH—Watershed ECOHydrology). Evapotranspiration was measured via an eddy‐covariance tower located within the catchment and disaggregated as a function of vegetation structure. This modeling approach reproduced the stream hydrograph well and was internally consistent with observed watershed runoff patterns and behavior. We further examined the spatial patterns of water storage and their evolution through time by building on past research focused on landscape hydrologic connectivity. The percentage of landscape area connected to the stream network ranged from less than 1% during the fall and winter base flow period to 71% during snowmelt. Over the course of the 2 year study period, 90% of the watershed areas were connected to the stream network for at least 1 day, leaving 10% of area that never became connected. Runoff source areas during the event shifted from riparian dominated runoff to areas at greater distances from the stream network when hillslopes became connected. Our modeling approach elucidates and enables quantification and prediction of watershed active areas and those active areas connected to the stream network through time.
Policies, Frameworks, and Legislation: The Conditions Under Which English Museums Operate
Authors: Selwood Sara , Davies Stuart
Published: May 2015

Policy and legislation are some of the most important factors shaping the public environment within which museums work. However, “policy‐engaged” people are not that common in the museum sector, and even the more able managers are primarily partisan for their own institutions and see any benefits of government policy as somehow being “accidental windfalls.” This chapter addresses this problem by drawing on policy studies in providing a comprehensive analysis of English museums and the regulatory conditions under which they operate. After a historical background to the legislation and regulation governing museums in England, including the Thatcher and Major governments up to 1997, it focuses on New Labour's policies as they applied to museums up to 2010, and then analyzes the current Coalition government. It goes on to explore three of the most iconic manifestations of English museums’ regulatory frameworks introduced over the past 20 years – the National Lottery, launched in 1994, free admission to the national museums (from 1999), and Renaissance in the Regions (from 2001) – assessing their original intentions, their development over the long term and their perceived significance. The changing policy paradigms for museums reflect broader trends within government thinking, but evidence on the development of evidence‐based policy is slight. The chapter concludes that in order to earn the respect of government and be treated more seriously, museum professionals must engage more critically with government policy frameworks so as not to become passive victims of them.
Balancing Mission and Money: Issues in Museum Economics
Authors: Silberberg Ted , Lord Gail
Published: May 2015

During increasingly common periods of financial restraint, many museums have been forced to respond with strategies to boost earned income and control operating costs while seeking to meet their goals, both old and new. In this chapter, the authors draw on their experience in museums around the world to discuss current issues in museum economics. This requires the application of economic thinking to museum practice, while trying to achieve a balance between mission‐related and financial imperatives. The topics touched on constitute some of the major challenges professionals face: admission charges; revenue centers and operating expenses; and collaboration. The need to address these challenges puts pressure on trustees, senior management, and their advisors to achieve the right mix of mission‐related and financial imperatives for their particular museum in their specific context. The task for the current generation of museum professionals is therefore to engage in critical debates about money without losing sight of their mission.
From Idiosyncratic to Integrated: Strategic Planning for Collections
Authors: Gardner James B.
Published: May 2015

Museum studies contains much literature on collections and collecting, and on collection care and management, but there is little substantial work on collection planning – this is despite the need for a more systematic approach to this issue in contemporary museums. This chapter addresses a problem associated with institutional collecting, which is hampered by growing collections, lack of space, and dwindling resources: the lack of collection planning linked with the overall strategic direction for the museum. The author, formerly a Senior Curator and Manager at the National Museum of American History in Washington, reflects on his experience in changing the overall approach to, and rationale for collecting. With the realization that their collecting activities at the Smithsonian after 9/11 were fragmented, Gardner explains how he and his colleagues embarked on the process of reorienting collecting from an “idiosyncratic” practice to one that was “integrated.” This chapter describes that process, including establishing the rationale for collections planning, the planning process, the key components of a plan, and the need for an intellectual framework. The chapter concludes that every museum must make difficult choices about what to collect and not collect, and that those choices are likely to be better informed if made within the context of integrated, strategic planning tied to institutional mission and thematic goals.
A Critique of Museum Restitution and Repatriation Practices
Authors: Bienkowski Piotr
Published: May 2015

This chapter explores current practices in restitution and repatriation, concludes that most are adversarial, long‐winded, and costly, and argues that this runs counter to and impedes the essential purposes of museums. Those museums which have returned objects through an open and honest dialogue with claimant communities – usually avoiding legal intervention – have created good will and ongoing, sustainable relationships that also benefit their own local audiences. The first part of the chapter analyzes current restitution/repatriation practices and their drawbacks, including categories of claims, arguments against return, mechanisms for return, and the lack of measurable impact of international conventions. The second part reviews key issues addressed by recent research on restitution and repatriation: the ethics of return and cultural equity versus the notion of the universal museum; the current focus on building relationships and knowledge networks with originating communities; exploring alternative kinds of values for objects; and challenging and redefining ownership and possession. The final section draws on recent research to propose a new way forward for dialogue and decision‐making around restitution/repatriation, based on the processes of deliberative democracy. This calls on museums to acknowledge their key purpose as loci for a discourse on the values and meanings of objects and cultural identity, bringing all interested parties together to deliberate and make joint decisions about claims for return.
Translating Museum Meanings: A Case for Interpretation
Authors: Jimson Kerry
Published: May 2015

This chapter defines interpretation and gives a brief overview of the history, literature, and development of interpretation practice in museums and heritage. It then uses a generic exhibition process as a basis to discuss the function of the interpreter, their key relationships, skills, and practical issues in exhibition development. A case study, using examples from the author's experience as an interpretive writer working at Te Papa, explores a harmonious integration of curation, text, and design. The chapter concludes with an argument for the importance of interpretation as a distinct field within museum and heritage practice.
There's Something in the Air: Sound in the Museum
Authors: Cox Rupert
Published: May 2015

Sound in museums has been treated in various ways – as unwanted noise, as an educational medium, and as an art object in itself. This chapter outlines a history of museum sound through the introduction of technologies of the phonograph, the radio, audio speakers, and interactive media alongside shifts in the sensory role of listening in the museum. It describes the development of the sound archive and of sound art in the museum and through a series of examples, which include the author's own works, makes an argument for listening as a critical sense for perceiving certain social and material aspects of museum space.
Museums, Interactivity, and the Tasks of “Exhibition Anthropology”
Authors: Huhtamo Erkki
Published: May 2015

This chapter proposes and demonstrates an approach that the author calls “exhibition anthropology,” explaining why it is needed and explicating its potential uses by a series of case studies. It treats the art museum as an institution that is permeated by rules and regulations. These are not necessarily automatically respected by all museum‐goers. Indeed, many of them engage themselves in acts of trial and error to find out what is allowed and what is not. Of course, there are also those who transgress the rules because of negligence or ignorance. The museum is a place where complex negotiations take place between the institution and its visitors. The task of the exhibition archaeologist is to observe such processes and to come up with theoretical explanations about their underpinnings. The exhibition archaeologist may occasionally need to engage in actions like those of the visitors he or she observes in order to make visible the invisible rules, barriers, and codes of the museum.
Transforming the Natural History Museum in London: Isotype and the New Exhibition Scheme
Authors: Perks Sue
Published: May 2015

In 1975 the Natural History Museum, led by Dr Roger Miles, adopted the 50‐year‐old concept of the Isotype transformer in the development of its “New Exhibition Scheme.” This way of working has had a fundamental influence on the design of educational exhibits ever since. The original role of the transformer stems from Isotype (the International System Of TYPographic Education) originated by Dr. Otto Neurath in 1925 for use at Gesellschafts‐ und Wirtschaftsmuseum (Social and Economic) in Vienna. The transformer mediated between academics and designers to create accessible charts and exhibits for the “general use and benefit of the public,” something that had not been considered by either museum curators or designers at the Natural History Museum before. This chapter discusses how the NHM used transformation to communicate effectively with a largely undefined general audience and to enhance a visitor‐friendly approach in the design of new exhibitions. It also discusses why this historic role was considered relevant and how the role of the transformer was applied and adapted to work on a much larger scale than originally intended for a 1970s audience. Common themes that bridge the 50 year gap are a sound emphasis on education, integrity in conveying information, and the need to communicate effectively with the audience.
Behavioral Heterochrony
Authors: Wobber Victoria , Hare Brian
Published: May 2015

Behavioral heterochrony is the study of the timing and speed of development of behavior from an evolutionary perspective. Key to studies of behavioral heterochrony is the comparison of development across different species. Such studies can illuminate whether a trait thought to be unique to a given species might in fact have its precursors in the early development of a closely related species. They can inform our understanding of how behavioral development is constrained by elements of somatic or reproductive maturation. Studies of behavioral heterochrony can also elucidate mechanisms by which behavior evolves, by targeting evolutionary shifts in developmental pathways. Finally, such studies can enrich our knowledge of human evolution, in contextualizing the vast shifts in human life history patterns relative to other primates in terms of corresponding changes in behavioral and cognitive development. On the whole then, research in behavioral heterochrony can advance our understanding of behavior through forging interdisciplinary links between anthropology, biology, and psychology.
Highly Polar Linkers (Urea, Carbamate, Thiocarbamate) for Superoleophobic/Superhydrophobic or Oleophobic/Hydrophilic Properties
Authors: Darmanin Thierry , Guittard Frédéric
Published: May 2015

Due to the much lower surface tension of oils in comparison to water, it is extremely difficult to obtain superoleophobic properties and also both oleophobic and hydrophilic properties. While the obtaining of superoleophobic properties needs extremely complex surface structures such as reentrant structures to impede the oil wetting, the obtaining of both oleophobic and hydrophilic properties needs the use of both oleophobic materials (fluorinated materials) and hydrophilic materials (charged or polar species). Here, by electropolymerization of original 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene derivatives containing both fluorinated chains (C8F17, C6F13, or C4F9) and highly polar linkers (thiocarbamate SCONH, carbamate OCONH, and urea NHCONH), the possibility to obtain superoleophobic properties and also both oleophobic and hydrophilic properties is reported for the first time. More precisely superoleophobic properties are obtained with different fluorinated chain lengths and linkers while the obtaining of both oleophobic and hydrophilic properties is possible only with the most polar urea NHCONH linkers.
A Zinc‐Dependent Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) from Thauera aromatica, Reducing Cyclic α‐ and β‐Diketones
Authors: Loderer Christoph , Morgenstern Frances , Ansorge‐Schumacher Marion
Published: May 2015

Zinc‐dependent alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) are valuable biocatalysts for the synthesis of chiral hydroxy compounds such as α‐hydroxy ketones and diols, both valuable precursors for the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals. However, while highly active on aliphatic or phenyl‐substituted diketones, most well characterized ADHs show no significant activity on cyclic α‐ and β‐diketones. Therefore, this study aimed at the detection of a novel ADH capable to reduce these special targets. It involved a rational screening of biochemical pathways for enzymes with structurally related natural substrates. The so detected 6‐hydroxycyclohex‐1‐ene‐1‐carbonyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (ThaADH) from Thauera aromatica was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography. The characterization revealed a substrate specificity with highest activities on cyclic α‐ and β‐diketones including 1,2‐cyclohexanedione and 1,3‐cyclopentanedione. Structural reasons for this extraordinary substrate spectrum were investigated with a homology model created via Swiss Model server. Although the quality of the model may be improved, it suggests that a bulky aromatic residue, that plays a crucial role in the definition of the substrate binding pockets of most ADHs, is replaced by a glycine residue in ThaADH. We propose that this structural difference leads to the formation of one large binding pocket instead of two smaller ones and consequently to a preference for cyclic diketones over linear bulky substrates. Thus, we have achieved both provision of a novel biocatalyst with high potential in chiral synthesis, and a possible explanation for the measured differences to known ADHs. The described structural motif might be used for identification of further enzymes with a related substrate scope.

magnified image
The prevalence and risk factors of Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder among workers injured in Rana Plaza building collapse in Bangladesh
Authors: Fitch Taylor , Villanueva Gabriela , Quadir Mohammad M. , Sagiraju Hari K. R. , Alamgir Hasanat
Published: May 2015

Objectives

Prevalence and risk factors of PTSD among injured garment workers who survived a major factory collapse.

Methods

Survivors receiving treatment or rehabilitation care at one year post event were surveyed, which included Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Specific version.

Results

The respondents consisted of 181 people with a mean age of 27.8 years and a majority had less than high school education (91.2%). Multivariable logistic regression found that the odds of having PTSD was higher among married (OR: 3.2 [95% CI: 1.3–8.0]), those who used to work more than 70 hr/week (OR: 2.4 [1.1–5.3]), workers who used to hold higher job positions (OR: 2.6 [1.2–5.6]) or who had a concussion injury (OR: 3.7 [1.4–9.8]). Among the respondents, 83.4% remained unemployed, and only 57.3% (63 people) reported receiving a quarter or less of what they were promised as compensation.

Conclusions

Probable PTSD was prevalent among surviving workers of the Rana Plaza building collapse in Bangladesh. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:756–763, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of feeding behavior between two different‐sized groups of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui)
Authors: Kurihara Yosuke , Hanya Goro
Published: May 2015

Group‐living animals face intragroup scramble and intergroup contest competitions. Many studies have shown that larger groups bear the costs of intragroup scramble competition, which negatively affects the reproductive success of females. Unlike most primate species, Japanese macaques in the Yakushima coastal forest show increased reproductive success with group size. However, it remains unclear how group size affects the behavior of macaques. The present study examined the effects of group size on the feeding behavior of Japanese macaques in the Yakushima coastal forest. We investigated 9–13 adult females from two different‐sized groups via focal animal sampling during October 2012–August 2013. We compared the feeding behavior, including patch use, between the two groups. The larger group had a larger home range and spent more time feeding, especially on mature leaves. This suggests that intragroup feeding competition should be more intense in the larger group than in the smaller group. The feeding of mature leaves might enable the larger group to increase the number of co‐feeding individuals. Contrary to the predictions that the larger group travels longer distances and spends more time moving, the smaller group traveled longer distances, and spent more time moving, although the number of visited patches did not differ between the two groups. The immediate consequences of the loss of inter‐group encounters could accumulate as daily travel costs, considering that group size is associated with inter‐group dominance and that intergroup aggressive encounters occur frequently in the Yakushima coastal forest. This suggests that the smaller group has increased travel costs as a result of intergroup contest competition, which leads to decline in reproductive success. Am. J. Primatol. 77:986–1000, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acute and emergency care for thyrotoxicosis and thyroid storm
Authors: Idrose Alzamani Mohammad
Published: May 2015

Thyroid hormones affect all organ systems and, in excess, can cause increased metabolic rate, heart rate, ventricle contractility, and gastrointestinal motility as well as muscle and central nervous system excitability. Thyroid storm is the extreme manifestation of thyrotoxicosis with an estimated incidence of 0.20 per 100,000 per year among hospitalized patients in Japan. The mortality of thyroid storm without treatment ranges from 80% to 100%; but with treatment, the mortality rate is between 10% and 50%. The diagnostic strategy for thyroid storm may take into consideration Burch–Wartofsky scoring or Akamizu's diagnostic criteria. Multiple treatment aims need to be addressed in managing thyroid storm effectively. This paper puts together all aspects to be considered for the management of hyperthyroidism and thyroid storm during the acute and emergency phase as well as consideration of special populations.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Allylic Alkylation with Functionalized Organozinc Bromides
Authors: Hamilton James Y. , Sarlah David , Carreira Erick M.
Published: May 2015

Iridium‐catalyzed enantioselective allylic alkylation of branched racemic carbonates with functionalized alkylzinc bromide reagents is described. Enabled by a chiral Ir/(P,olefin) complex, the method described allows allylic substitution with various primary and secondary alkyl nucleophiles with excellent regio‐ and enantioselectivities. The developed reaction was showcased in a concise, asymmetric synthesis of (−)‐preclamol.
Ag2 and Ag3 Clusters: Synthesis, Characterization, and Interaction with DNA
Authors: Buceta David , Busto Natalia , Barone Giampaolo , Leal José M. , Domínguez Fernando , Giovanetti Lisandro J. , Requejo Félix G. , García Begoña , López‐Quintela M. Arturo
Published: May 2015

Subnanometric samples, containing exclusively Ag2 and Ag3 clusters, were synthesized for the first time by kinetic control using an electrochemical technique without the use of surfactants or capping agents. By combination of thermodynamic and kinetic measurements and theoretical calculations, we show herein that Ag3 clusters interact with DNA through intercalation, inducing significant structural distortion to the DNA. The lifetime of Ag3 clusters in the intercalated position is two to three orders of magnitude longer than for classical organic intercalators, such as ethidium bromide or proflavine.
Pseudohalide‐Induced Moisture Tolerance in Perovskite CH3NH3Pb(SCN)2I Thin Films
Authors: Jiang Qinglong , Rebollar Dominic , Gong Jue , Piacentino Elettra L. , Zheng Chong , Xu Tao
Published: May 2015

Two pseudohalide thiocyanate ions (SCN−) have been used to replace two iodides in CH3NH3PbI3, and the resulting perovskite material was used as the active material in solar cells. In accelerated stability tests, the CH3NH3Pb(SCN)2I perovskite films were shown to be superior to the conventional CH3NH3PbI3 films as no significant degradation was observed after the film had been exposed to air with a relative humidity of 95 % for over four hours, whereas CH3NH3PbI3 films degraded in less than 1.5 hours. Solar cells based on CH3NH3Pb(SCN)2I thin films exhibited an efficiency of 8.3 %, which is comparable to that of CH3NH3PbI3 based cells fabricated in the same way.
Synthesis of poly(butyl acrylate‐co‐methyl methacrylate)/montmorillonite waterborne nanocomposite via semibatch emulsion polymerization
Authors: Vatansever Alican , Inan Tulay Y. , Dogan Hacer , Sirkecioglu Ahmet
Published: May 2015

Poly(butyl acrylate‐co‐methyl methacrylate)‐montmorillonite (MMT) waterborne nanocomposites were successfully synthesized by semibatch emulsion polymerization. The syntheses of the nanocomposites were performed in presence of sodium montmorillonite (Na‐MMT) and organically modified montmorillonite (O‐MMT). O‐MMT was used directly after the modification of Na‐MMT with dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium chloride. Both Na‐MMT and O‐MMT were sonified to obtain nanocomposites with 47 wt % solids and 3 wt % Na‐MMT or O‐MMT content. Average particle sizes of Na‐MMT nanocomposites were measured as 110–150 nm while O‐MMT nanocomposites were measured as 200–350 nm. Both Na‐MMT and O‐MMT increased thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties (water vapor and oxygen permeability) of the pristine copolymer explicitly. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope studies show that exfoliated morphology was obtained. The gloss values of O‐MMT nanocomposites were found to be higher than that of the pristine copolymer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42373.
Academics' responses to encountered information: Context matters
Authors: Pontis Sheila , Kefalidou Genovefa , Blandford Ann , Forth Jamie , Makri Stephann , Sharples Sarah , Wiggins Geraint , Woods Mel
Published: May 2015

An increasing number of tools are being developed to help academics interact with information, but little is known about the benefits of those tools for their users. This study evaluated academics' receptiveness to information proposed by a mobile app, the SerenA Notebook: information that is based in their inferred interests but does not relate directly to a prior recognized need. The evaluated app aimed at creating the experience of serendipitous encounters: generating ideas and inspiring thoughts, and potentially triggering follow‐up actions, by providing users with suggestions related to their work and leisure interests. We studied how 20 academics interacted with messages sent by the mobile app (3 per day over 10 consecutive days). Collected data sets were analyzed using thematic analysis. We found that contextual factors (location, activity, and focus) strongly influenced their responses to messages. Academics described some unsolicited information as interesting but irrelevant when they could not make immediate use of it. They highlighted filtering information as their major struggle rather than finding information. Some messages that were positively received acted as reminders of activities participants were meant to be doing but were postponing, or were relevant to ongoing activities at the time the information was received.
“Waiting for Carnot”: Information and complexity
Authors: Bawden David , Robinson Lyn
Published: May 2015

The relationship between information and complexity is analyzed using a detailed literature analysis. Complexity is a multifaceted concept, with no single agreed definition. There are numerous approaches to defining and measuring complexity and organization, all involving the idea of information. Conceptions of complexity, order, organization, and “interesting order” are inextricably intertwined with those of information. Shannon's formalism captures information's unpredictable creative contributions to organized complexity; a full understanding of information's relation to structure and order is still lacking. Conceptual investigations of this topic should enrich the theoretical basis of the information science discipline, and create fruitful links with other disciplines that study the concepts of information and complexity.