bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lift force on a spherical droplet in a viscous linear shear flow
Authors: Shi Pengyu , Climent Éric , Legendre Dominique
Published: December 2024

We study numerically the flow around a spherical droplet set fixed in a linear shear flow with moderate shear rates (

$Sr\leq 0.5$

,

$Sr$

being the ratio between the velocity difference across the drop and the relative velocity) over a wide range of external Reynolds numbers (

$0.1<{{Re}}\leq 250$

,

${{Re}}$

based on the slip velocity and the viscosity of the external fluid) and drop-to-fluid viscosity ratios (

$0.01\leq \mu ^\ast \leq 100$

). The flow structure, the vorticity field and their intrinsic connection with the lift force are analysed. Specifically, the results on lift force are compared with the low-

${{Re}}$

solution derived for droplets of arbitrary

$\mu ^\ast$

, as well as prior data at finite

${{Re}}$

available in both the clean-bubble limit (

$\mu ^\ast \to 0$

) and the solid-sphere limit (

$\mu ^\ast \to \infty$

). Notably, at

${{Re}}=O(100)$

, the lift force exhibits a non-monotonic transition from

$\mu ^\ast \to 0$

to

$\mu ^\ast \to \infty$

, peaking at

$\mu ^\ast \approx 1$

. This behaviour is related to an internal three-dimensional flow bifurcation also occurring under uniform-flow conditions, which makes the flow to evolve from axisymmetric to biplanar symmetric. This flow bifurcation occurs at low-but-finite

$\mu ^\ast$

when the internal Reynolds number (

${{Re}}^i$

, based on the viscosity of the internal fluid) exceeds approximately 300. In the presence of shear, the corresponding imperfect bifurcation enhances the extensional rate of the flow in the wake. Consequently, the streamwise vortices generated behind the droplet can be more intense compared with those behind a clean bubble. Given the close relation between the lift and these vortices, a droplet with

${{Re}}=O(100)$

and

$\mu ^\ast \approx 1$

typically experiences a greater lift force than that in the inviscid limit.
Darcy–Forchheimer gravity currents in porous media
Authors: Majdabadi Farahani Sepideh , Chiapponi Luca , Longo Sandro , Di Federico Vittorio
Published: December 2024

We theoretically and experimentally study gravity currents of a Newtonian fluid advancing in a two-dimensional, infinite and saturated porous domain over a horizontal impermeable bed. The driving force is due to the density difference between the denser flowing fluid and the lighter, immobile ambient fluid. The current is taken to be in the Darcy–Forchheimer regime, where a term quadratic in the seepage velocity accounts for inertial contributions to the resistance. The volume of fluid of the current varies as a function of time as

$\sim T^{\gamma }$

, where the exponent parameterizes the case of constant volume subject to dam break (

$\gamma =0$

), of constant (

$\gamma =1$

), waning (

$\gamma <1$

) and waxing inflow rate (

$\gamma >1$

). The nonlinear governing equations, developed within the lubrication theory, admit self-similar solutions for some combinations of the parameters involved and for two limiting conditions of low and high local Forchheimer number, a dimensionless quantity involving the local slope of the current profile. Another parameter

$N$

expresses the relative importance of the nonlinear term in Darcy–Forchheimer's law; values of

$N$

in practical applications may vary in a large interval around unity, e.g.

$N\in [10^{-5},10^{2}]$

; in our experiments,

$N\in [2.8,64]$

. Sixteen experiments with three different grain sizes of the porous medium and different inflow rates corroborate the theory: the experimental nose speed and current profiles are in good agreement with the theory. Moreover, the asymptotic behaviour of the self-similar solutions is in excellent agreement with the numerical results of the direct integration of the full problem, confirming the validity of a relatively simple one-dimensional model.
Changing Urban Movements Repertoires Following the Erosion of Porto Alegre’s Participatory Budgeting: From Institutionalized Participation to Deinstitutionalization
Authors: Lefebvre Jonas
Published: December 2024

In Brazil, numerous participatory institutions have been suspended over the past decades, including many participatory budgeting (PB) programs at the municipal level. Since the introduction of PB in Porto Alegre in 1989, extensive literature has discussed its effects on the way urban social movements make demands. However, the suspension of many PBs across Brazil raises a new question: how do these movements adapt following the loss of an arena that had become central to their efforts? Looking at the pioneering experience of Porto Alegre’s PB, whose progressive erosion started in 2002, I argue that urban movements have since shifted away from institutionalized participation routines, and adopted new routines that combine bureaucratic activism with proximity politics. Focusing on these movements’ repertoires of interactions I argue that the erosion of PB led to the deinstitutionalization of urban social movements.
Generic properties of topological groups
Authors: Elekes Márton , Gehér Boglárka , Kátay Tamás , Keleti Tamás , Kocsis Anett , Pálfy Máté
Published: December 2024

We study generic properties of topological groups in the sense of Baire category.

First, we investigate countably infinite groups. We extend a classical result of B. H. Neumann, H. Simmons and A. Macintyre on algebraically closed groups and the word problem. Recently, I. Goldbring, S. Kunnawalkam Elayavalli, and Y. Lodha proved that every isomorphism class is meager among countably infinite groups. In contrast, it follows from the work of W. Hodges on model-theoretic forcing that there exists a comeager isomorphism class among countably infinite abelian groups. We present a new elementary proof of this result.

Then, we turn to compact metrizable abelian groups. We use Pontryagin duality to show that there is a comeager isomorphism class among compact metrizable abelian groups. We discuss its connections to the countably infinite case.

Finally, we study compact metrizable groups. We prove that the generic compact metrizable group is neither connected nor totally disconnected; also it is neither torsion-free nor a torsion group.
Sparking Freedom: Enslaved Resistance in Fredericksburg and Stafford, Virginia
Authors: Sims Gaila
Published: December 2024

Inspired in large part by the author’s residence on the grounds of a former plantation in Stafford County, Virginia, Sparking Freedom highlights local stories of enslaved resistance. The program incorporates stops at multiple National Park Service sites, as well as several other historic locations and the Fredericksburg Area Museum. Combining historical documentation and archival research, the tour features accounts of enslaved resistance including an uprising of enslaved men at Chatham Plantation in the winter of 1805, the story of Anthony Burns, an enslaved man who escaped to Boston in 1853 but was later apprehended under the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, and enslaved individuals like Bethany Veney who resisted sales and auctions. Sparking Freedom is a highly personal example of innovative and engaging public history work honoring enslaved communities.
ON NEIGHBOURHOODS IN THE ENHANCED POWER GRAPH ASSOCIATED WITH A FINITE GROUP
Authors: LEWIS MARK L. , MONETTA CARMINE
Published: December 2024

We investigate neighbourhood sizes in the enhanced power graph (also known as the cyclic graph) associated with a finite group. In particular, we characterise finite p-groups with the smallest maximum size for neighbourhoods of a nontrivial element in its enhanced power graph.
LOWER BOUNDS FOR THE MAHLER MEASURE AND INERTIA DEGREES OF PRIMES
Authors: LAISHRAM SHANTA , PRASAD GOREKH
Published: December 2024

We investigate the relationship between lower bounds for the Mahler measure and splitting of primes, and prove various lower bounds for the Mahler measure of algebraic integers in terms of the least common multiples of all inertia degrees of primes. The results generalise work of the second author and Kumar [‘Lehmer’s problem and splitting of rational primes in number fields’, Acta Math. Hungar.169(2) (2023), 349–358].
Persistent properties from the Gromov–Hausdorff viewpoint
Authors: Khan Abdul Gaffar , Morales Carlos Arnoldo , Das Tarun
Published: December 2024

In this paper, we introduce topologically IGH-stable, IGH-persistent,average IGH-persistent and pointwise weakly topologically IGH-stable homeomorphisms of compact metric spaces. We prove that every topologically IGH-stable homeomorphism is topologically stable and every expansive topologically stable homeomorphism of a compact manifold is topologically IGH-stable. We further prove that every equicontinuous pointwise weakly topologically IGH-stable homeomorphism is IGH-persistent and every pointwise minimally expansive IGH-persistent homeomorphism is pointwise weakly topologically IGH-stable. Finally, we prove that every mean equicontinuous pointwise weakly topologically IGH-stable homeomorphism is average IGH-persistent.
Analysis of the mitochondrial genome to determine the origins and pathways of entry of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in continental Europe (Valencia, Spain)
Authors: Gómez-Samblás Mercedes , Navarro-Dominguez Beatriz , Sáez-Durán Sandra , Osuna Antonio , Bueno-Marí Rubén , Galán-Puchades María Teresa , Fuentes Màrius V.
Published: December 2024

Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm, is a zoonotic parasite mainly of rats which act as definitive hosts. If humans become accidentally infected, the nematode is capable of migrating to the brain causing meningoencephalitis. Intermediate hosts are snails and slugs. Although originating from mainland China, A. cantonensis has now spread to various countries and continents. The precise timing of its departure from mainland China remains uncertain although it is often associated with significant historical events or migratory movements. The exit of A. cantonensis from mainland China is believed to have occurred in a singular event, followed by its divergence into 2 distinct clades: clade I, originating from mainland China, and clade II, representing global spread. Angiostrongylus cantonensis was first identified in continental Europe in 2021, specifically in Valencia, Spain. Illumina genome sequencing of 7 individuals isolated from rats captured in 2 different districts in the city of Valencia was carried out. The complete mitochondrial genome was assembled and compared with published A. cantonensis mitochondrial genomes through Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, both for complete mitochondrial genomes and for the cytochrome c oxidase I gene, given its widespread use for identification of the species. The findings revealed the presence of 2 different A. cantonensis haplotypes in the rats studied in Valencia, both belonging to clade II. In 2 rats both clades were present.
Cognitive impairment in the schizophrenia spectrum: exploring the relationships of the g-factor with sociodemography, psychopathology, neurodevelopment, and genetics
Authors: Yeh Delphine , He Qin , Krebs Emma , Iftimovici Anton , Martinez Gilles , Bourgin-Duchesnay Julie , Mouaffak Fayçal , Danset-Alexandre Charlotte , de Gasquet Marie , Jantac Célia , Bendjemaa Narjes , Chaumette Boris , Krebs Marie-Odile , Scoriels Linda
Published: December 2024

Background

Cognitive impairment constitutes a prevailing issue in the schizophrenia spectrum, severely impacting patients' functional outcomes. A global cognitive score, sensitive to the stages of the spectrum, would benefit the exploration of potential factors involved in the cognitive decline.

Methods

First, we performed principal component analysis on cognitive scores from 768 individuals across the schizophrenia spectrum, including first-degree relatives of patients, individuals at ultra-high risk, who had a first-episode psychosis, and chronic schizophrenia patients, alongside 124 healthy controls. The analysis provided 10 g-factors as global cognitive scores, validated through correlations with intelligence quotient and assessed for their sensitivity to the stages on the spectrum using analyses of variance. Second, using the g-factors, we explored potential mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment in the schizophrenia spectrum using correlations with sociodemographic, clinical, and developmental data, and linear regressions with genotypic data, pooled through meta-analyses.

Results

The g-factors were highly correlated with intelligence quotient and with each other, confirming their validity. They presented significant differences between subgroups along the schizophrenia spectrum. They were positively correlated with educational attainment and the polygenic risk score (PRS) for cognitive performance, and negatively correlated with general psychopathology of schizophrenia, neurodevelopmental load, and the PRS for schizophrenia.

Conclusions

The g-factors appeared as valid estimators of global cognition, enabling discerning cognitive states within the schizophrenia spectrum. Educational attainment and genetics related to cognitive performance may have a positive influence on cognitive functioning, while general psychopathology of schizophrenia, neurodevelopmental load, and genetic liability to schizophrenia may have an adverse impact.
Major depression symptom severity associations with willingness to exert effort and patch foraging strategy
Authors: Bustamante Laura A. , Barch Deanna M. , Solis Johanne , Oshinowo Temitope , Grahek Ivan , Konova Anna B. , Daw Nathaniel D. , Cohen Jonathan D.
Published: December 2024

Background

Individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) can experience reduced motivation and cognitive function, leading to challenges with goal-directed behavior. When selecting goals, people maximize ‘expected value’ by selecting actions that maximize potential reward while minimizing associated costs, including effort ‘costs’ and the opportunity cost of time. In MDD, differential weighing of costs and benefits are theorized mechanisms underlying changes in goal-directed cognition and may contribute to symptom heterogeneity.

Methods

We used the Effort Foraging Task to quantify cognitive and physical effort costs, and patch leaving thresholds in low effort conditions (reflecting perceived opportunity cost of time) and investigated their shared versus distinct relationships to clinical features in participants with MDD (N = 52, 43 in-episode) and comparisons (N = 27).

Results

Contrary to our predictions, none of the decision-making measures differed with MDD diagnosis. However, each of the measures was related to symptom severity, over and above effects of ability (i.e. performance). Greater anxiety symptoms were selectively associated with lower cognitive effort cost (i.e. greater willingness to exert effort). Anhedonia and behavioral apathy were associated with increased physical effort costs. Finally, greater overall depression was related to decreased patch leaving thresholds.

Conclusions

Markers of effort-based decision-making may inform understanding of MDD heterogeneity. Increased willingness to exert cognitive effort may contribute to anxiety symptoms such as worry. Decreased leaving threshold associations with symptom severity are consistent with reward rate-based accounts of reduced vigor in MDD. Future research should address subtypes of depression with or without anxiety, which may relate differentially to cognitive effort decisions.
Inferring the proportion of undetected cholera infections from serological and clinical surveillance in an immunologically naive population
Authors: Finger Flavio , Lemaitre Joseph , Juin Stanley , Jackson Brendan , Funk Sebastian , Lessler Justin , Mintz Eric , Dely Patrick , Boncy Jacques , Azman Andrew S
Published: December 2024

Most infections with pandemic Vibrio cholerae are thought to result in subclinical disease and are not captured by surveillance. Previous estimates of the ratio of infections to clinical cases have varied widely (2 to 100 infections per case). Understanding cholera epidemiology and immunity relies on the ability to translate between numbers of clinical cases and the underlying number of infections in the population. We estimated the infection incidence during the first months of an outbreak in a cholera-naive population using a Bayesian vibriocidal antibody titer decay model combining measurements from a representative serosurvey and clinical surveillance data. 3,880 suspected cases were reported in Grande Saline, Haiti, between 20 October 2010 and 6 April 2011 (clinical attack rate 18.4%). We found that more than 52.6% (95% Credible Interval (CrI) 49.4-55.7) of the population ≥2 years showed serologic evidence of infection, with a lower infection rate among children aged 2-4 years (35.5%; 95%CrI 24.2-51.6) compared with people ≥5 years (53.1%; 95%CrI 49.4-56.4). This estimated infection rate, nearly three times the clinical attack rate, with underdetection mainly seen in those ≥5 years, has likely impacted subsequent outbreak dynamics. Our findings show how seroincidence estimates improve understanding of links between cholera burden, transmission dynamics and immunity.
A child with spontaneous resolution of idiopathic mid-aortic syndrome presented with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Kim Beom Jae , Kim Gi Beom , Lee Sang Yun
Published: December 2024

Mid-aortic syndrome is an uncommon vascular disease characterised by lower thoracic and upper abdominal aorta stenosis and can occur even in neonatal or infant periods. Here, we report an interesting case of a 2-month-old female with diffuse hypoplasia of the lower abdominal aorta and secondary dilated cardiomyopathy. In our patient, her abdominal aortic narrowing spontaneously normalised over time with the administration of consistent and goal-directed heart failure therapy, supporting adequate growth and natural recovery.
How antipsychotics work in schizophrenia: a primer on mechanisms
Authors: Meyer Jonathan M.
Published: December 2024

Antipsychotics effective for schizophrenia approved prior to 2024 shared the common mechanism of postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptor antagonism or partial agonism. Positive psychosis symptoms correlate with excessive presynaptic dopamine turnover and release, yet this postsynaptic mechanism improved positive symptoms only in some patients, and with concomitant risk for off-target motor and endocrine adverse effects; moreover, these agents showed no benefit for negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. The sole exception was data supporting cariprazine’s superiority to risperidone for negative symptoms. The muscarinic M1/M4 agonist xanomeline was approved in September 2024 and represents the first of a new antipsychotic class. This novel mechanism improves positive symptoms by reducing presynaptic dopamine release. Xanomeline also lacks any D2 receptor affinity and is not associated with motor or endocrine side effects. Of importance, xanomeline treated patients with higher baseline levels of cognitive dysfunction in clinical trials data saw cognitive improvement, a finding likely related to stimulation of muscarinic M1 receptors. Treatment resistance is seen in one-third of schizophrenia patients. These individuals do not have dopamine dysfunction underlying their positive symptoms, and therefore show limited response to antipsychotics that target dopamine neurotransmission. Clozapine remains the only medication with proven efficacy for resistant schizophrenia, and with unique benefits for persistent impulsive aggression and suicidality. New molecules are being studied to address the array of positive, negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia; however, until their approval, clinicians must be familiar with currently available agents and be adept at prescribing clozapine.
Inside the multilingual and bidialectal mind: an investigation of the cognitive effect on executive function
Authors: Antoniou Kyriakos , Spanoudis George
Published: December 2024

Whether speaking two or more languages (multilingualism) or dialects of one language (bidialectalism) affect executive function (EF) is controversial. Theoretically, these effects may depend on at least two conditions. First, the multilingual and bidialectal characteristics; particularly, (second) language proficiency and the sociolinguistic context of language use (e.g., Green & Abutalebi, 2013). Second, the EF aspects examined; specifically, recent accounts of the locus of the multilingual effect propose a general EF effect rather than an impact on specific processes (Bialystok, 2017). We compared 52 “monolingual” (with limited additional-language/dialect experience), 79 bidialectal and 50 multilingual young adults in the diglossic context of Cyprus, where bidialectalism is widespread and Cypriot and Standard Greek are used in different everyday situations. Three EF processes were examined via seven tasks: inhibition, switching and working memory (Miyake et al., 2000). We found better multilingual and bidialectal performance in overall EF, an effect moderated by high (second) language proficiency.
Bilingual speakers are less sensitive to gender stereotypes in their foreign language
Authors: Jankowiak Katarzyna , Naranowicz Marcin , Pawelczyk Joanna , Drążkowski Dariusz , Gruszecka Justyna
Published: December 2024

Little is known about the interplay between the language of operation and gender stereotype processing. In this study, Polish–English (L1–L2) male and female bilinguals made meaningfulness judgments on L1 and L2 stereotypically congruent and incongruent as well as semantically correct and incorrect sentences. The results showed gender- and language-dependent modulations by sentence type within the N400 and Late Positive Complex (LPC) time frames. In females, semantically correct sentences converged with stereotypically congruent and incongruent conditions in both languages, indicating a deep-rooted internalization of gender stereotype-laden content. Conversely, males displayed a heightened gender-stereotypical bias only in L1. In L2, they exhibited a reduced sensitivity to gender stereotypes, whereby semantically incorrect sentences converged with both stereotypically congruent and incongruent conditions in the N400 time window and with stereotypically incongruent sentences in the LPC time frame. Altogether, the study extends the foreign language effect to the context of bilingual gender stereotype processing.
Verbal fluency in Greek: Performance differences between L1Greek-L2English late bilingual and Greek monolingual speakers
Authors: Lazaridou-Chatzigoga Dimitra , Alexiadou Artemis
Published: December 2024

Verbal fluency data for semantic (animals, fruit and vegetables and objects) and formal fluency (X [Chi], Σ [Sigma] Α [Alpha]) were collected from 32 L1Greek-L2English late bilingual speakers and 32 Greek monolinguals. The verbal fluency task has been used in both language attrition and bilingualism studies. Language attrition studies, which mostly employ only the semantic task, show that bilinguals perform worse than monolinguals. In bilingualism studies, which employ both the semantic and formal tasks, we find greater variance and the results are mixed (bilinguals perform similarly, better or poorly compared to monolinguals). In our study, we investigated quantitative measures (number of correct responses) and strategic processes (clustering, switching). In the quantitative measures, monolinguals outperformed bilinguals in both tasks with the difference being more pronounced in the semantic task. In clustering, both groups behaved similarly, while in switching monolinguals performed better than bilinguals. The implications of these results are discussed.
Intersample variance of second-language readers should not be overlooked
Authors: Kuperman Victor
Published: December 2024

Much of the literature on first (L1) second language (L2) reading agrees that there are noticeable behavioral differences between L1 and L2 readers of a given language, as well as between L2 speakers with different L1 backgrounds (Finnish vs German readers of English). Yet, this literature often overlooks potential variability between multiple samples of speakers of the same L1. This study examines this intersample variance using reading data from the ENglish Reading Online (ENRO) database of English reading behavior comprising 27 university student samples from 15 distinct L1 backgrounds. We found that the intersample variance within L2 readers of English with the same L1 background (e.g., two samples of Russian speakers) often overshadowed the difference between samples of L2 readers with different L1 backgrounds (Russian vs Chinese speakers of English). We discuss these and other problematic methodological implications of representing each L1 background with a single participant sample.
Psychometric properties of Farsi version of Demoralization Scale-II (DS-II) in Iranian cancer patients
Authors: Mousavi Nazanin , Piryaei Mandana , Nooripour Roghieh , Kissane David , Hooshyari Zahra , Effatpanah Mohammad , Ghanbari Nikzad
Published: December 2024

Objectives

Demoralization, a prevalent form of psychological distress, significantly impacts patient care, particularly in terminally ill individuals, notably those diagnosed with cancer. This study aimed to assess psychometric properties of Farsi version of Demoralization Scale-II (DS-II) in Iranian cancer patients.

Methods

This study was descriptive-analytical cross-sectional research. The statistical population was cancer patients who sought treatment at Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran throughout the 2021–2022. In the initial phase of the study, a preliminary sample comprising 200 patients was carefully selected through convenience sampling. After applying these criteria, 160 patients satisfactorily completed the questionnaires, forming the final study sample. They completed series of questionnaires that included sociodemographic information, DS-II, Scale of Happiness of the Memorial University of Newfoundland, and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). The evaluation included exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), assessments of convergent validity, and internal consistency reliability.

Results

The CFA revealed a 2-factor model consistent with the original structure. The specific fit indices, including the Comparative Fit Index, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, and Goodness-of-Fit Index, were 0.99, 0.051, and 0.86, respectively. Significant correlation coefficients (p < 0.05) were found between the DS-II and the Beck Depression and MUNSH Happiness scales. The internal consistency of the DS-II, as measured by Cronbach’s alpha, yielded values of 0.91 for the meaning and purpose factor, 0.89 for the coping ability factor, and 0.92 for the total score.

Significance of results

The Farsi version of DS-II has demonstrated reliability and validity in evaluating demoralization among cancer patients in Iran. This tool can offer valuable insights into the psychological problems of terminally ill patients. Further research opportunities may include conducting longitudinal studies to track demoralization over time and exploring the impact of demoralization on the overall well-being and care of terminally ill patients in Iranian society.
Delegated investment in retirement savings: is there value added?
Authors: Huang Tiancheng , Khemka Gaurav , Chong Wing Fung
Published: December 2024

We study a discrete-time life cycle retirement planning problem for individual workers with four distinct investment options: self-management with dynamic investment (S), self-management with benchmark investment (B), hire-management with flexible allocation (

$\text{H}_{1}$

), and hire-management with alpha focus (

$\text{H}_{2}$

). We examine the investment strategies and consumption patterns during the defined contribution fund accumulation period, ending with a life annuity purchase at retirement to finance post-retirement consumption. Based on the calibrated model using US data, we employ numerical dynamic programming technique to optimize worker’s financial decisions. Our analysis reveals that, despite the agency risk, delegated investments can add value to a worker’s lifetime utility, with the

$\text{H}_2$

option yielding the best lifetime utility outcome. However, after taking the fund management fee into consideration, we find that both the

$\text{H}_1$

and

$\text{H}_2$

options may not offer additional value compared to the S option, yet they still surpass the B option in performance.
Financial hardship and caregiver and child mental health during the 3 years of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia
Authors: Price Anna M.H. , Measey Mary-Anne , Goldfeld Sharon , Rhodes Anthea
Published: December 2024

Household income and caregiver mental health are important drivers of children’s health and development. The COVID-19 pandemic created huge economic and mental health disruptions. This study examines financial hardship and its relationship with caregiver and child mental health using Australia’s only representative data spanning three years of the pandemic. Analysis of the repeated, cross-sectional National Child Health Poll included 12,408 caregivers and 20,339 children over six waves (June 2020–April 2023). Caregivers reported their income (dichotomised into low versus not) and deprivation (missing one or more of eight essential items, versus not) and mental health for themselves (Kessler-6, poor versus not) and each child (Self-Rated Mental Health, poor/fair versus good/very good/excellent). Binary logistic models were fitted to predict marginal probabilities of mental health measures by low income and deprivation, over time. Results show that while low income decreased from 41% to 34% over the study period, deprivation increased from 30% to 35%. Poor mental health peaked with stay-at-home orders in 2021 before recovering. Caregivers experiencing low income or deprivation had higher rates of poor mental health throughout the study and slower recovery compared to those without financial hardship. Children in families experiencing financial hardship had slightly higher proportions of poor/fair mental health in 2021–2022, but they were mostly equivalent in June 2020 and April 2023 (range 6–8%). Addressing financial hardship may offer an avenue for improving caregiver mental health. This has implications for post-pandemic recovery and addressing contemporary issues of increasing cost of living and limited mental health supports and services.
A New Method for Analyzing Storm Event Discharge‐Concentration Hysteresis: The Upper Yangtze River as an Example
Authors: Xue Juli , Chen Li , Zhang Wei , Yuan Jing , Dong Bingjiang
Published: December 2024

The analysis of hydrological and sediment dynamics during flood events offers a new perspective on material transport within basins and the management of rivers. The literature has highlighted the hysteretic nature of material transport at the event scale, which arises from temporal differences in the transport of materials (flow and sediment). Current hysteresis research methods fall short in effectively assessing the complex events. This study leverages suspended‐sediment and discharge data from the upper Yangtze River to show proof‐of‐concept for hysteresis studies using Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm, a time series analysis tool. To evaluate the efficacy of the method, extensive assessments were undertaken using a combination of synthetic data and basin data with over 700 flood events. The proposed index effectively captures and quantifies hysteresis relationships associated with flood events, making it a versatile tool for hysteresis studies. We also similarly tested the robustness of the method and the application to complex events, and the results were satisfactory. Furthermore, we explored the hysteretic features of flood events in the studied basin. The results revealed that a proportion ranging from 50% to 60% flood events exhibit sediment peak leading pattern, indicating that in the upper Yangtze River, sediment peaks tend to occur in a leading pattern. The operation of reservoirs profoundly impacts the dynamics of sediment transport, resulting in an increased proportion (from 27% to 54%) of sediment peaks lagging behind discharge peaks. These study findings can be used to improve hysteresis study methods and contribute to the understanding of hydrological and sediment transport characteristics.
Improving Fully Distributed Snowpack Simulations by Mapping Perturbations of Meteorological Forcings Inferred From Particle Filter Assimilation of Snow Monitoring Data
Authors: Oberrauch Moritz , Cluzet Bertrand , Magnusson Jan , Jonas Tobias
Published: December 2024

Snow plays a crucial role in the water balance of mountainous regions by affecting the timing and magnitude of runoff and, thus, water availability and flood hazards. However, estimating snow water equivalent (SWE) in mountainous regions is challenging due to its substantial spatial variability, the lack of accurate distributed measurements, and the uncertainties of snow models. Model uncertainties are primarily bound to uncertainties in the meteorological forcings. This study proposes an assimilation scheme to identify and correct spatiotemporal error patterns in the meteorological forcing data. Using a particle filter, we assimilated in situ snow depth observations from 444 stations across Switzerland into an ensemble simulated by the multi‐layer, physics‐based snow model FSM2OSHD. The ensemble is created by applying traceable, fixed perturbations to the energy input and the amount and phase of precipitation. This allows us to identify and correct errors in the meteorological forcing data for each station site and each 3‐day assimilation window. Leveraging spatial correlation in these errors, we distribute the corrections across the entire model domain using a weighted three‐dimensional spatial interpolation method. The refined meteorological data then serve as forcing for improved model runs, allowing unobserved grid points to benefit from the point assimilation. A leave‐one‐station‐out cross‐validation shows marked improvements in root‐mean‐squared error and bias for estimates of snow depth and SWE over the entire elevation range and multiple winter seasons. The proposed scheme is a promising step in developing comprehensive data assimilation solutions for large‐scale, fully distributed, near real‐time snow modeling applications, taking into account operational constraints and practical considerations.
Modeling Global Electron Precipitation Driven by Whistler Mode Waves: Integrating Physical and Deep Learning Approaches
Authors: Huang Sheng , Li Wen , Ma Qianli , Shen Xiao‐Chen , Capannolo Luisa , Chu Xiangning
Published: December 2024

Whistler mode waves scatter energetic electrons, causing them to precipitate into the Earth's atmosphere. While the interactions between whistler mode waves and electrons are well understood, the global distribution of electron precipitation driven by whistler mode waves needs futher investigations. We present a two‐stage method, integrating neural networks and quasi‐linear theory, to simulate global electron precipitation driven by whistler mode waves. By applying this approach to the 17 March 2013 geomagnetic storm event, we reproduce the rapidly varying precipitation pattern over various phases of the storm. Then we validate our simulation results with POES/MetOp satellite observations. The precipitation pattern is consistent between simulations and observations, suggesting that most of the observed electron precipitation can be attributed to scattering by whistler mode waves. Our results indicate that chorus waves drive electron precipitation over the premidnight‐to‐afternoon sector during the storm main phase, with simulated peak energy fluxes of 20 erg/cm2/s and characteristic energies of 10–50 keV. During the recovery phase, plume hiss in the afternoon sector can have a comparable or stronger effect than chorus, with peak fluxes of ∼1 erg/cm2/s and characteristic energies between 10 and 200 keV. This study highlights the importance of integrating physics‐based and deep learning approaches to model the complex dynamics of electron precipitation driven by whistler mode waves.
Accelerated Basal Melt Rates of Ice Shelves in North Greenland From 2013 to 2022 Estimated With the High‐Resolution ArcticDEM
Authors: Wang Genyu , Ke Chang‐Qing , Fan Yubin , Shen Xiaoyi , Nourani Vahid , Sankaran Adarsh , Mehr Ali Danandeh , Popov Sergey V.
Published: December 2024

Basal melting of ice shelves has become one of the main causes of mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet. However, most studies have focused on individual ice shelves, making it difficult to gain a more comprehensive understanding of basal melting across Greenland ice shelves. To address this issue, we utilized timestamped ArcticDEM strip data coregistered with ICESat‐2 data to estimate the basal melt rates of the ice shelves in North Greenland at a resolution of 150 m from 2013 to 2022, employing a mass conservation approach within the Lagrangian framework. Additionally, to investigate the influence of temperature on basal melt rates, a basic analysis correlating the basal melt rates with temperatures was conducted. Overall, the mass loss caused by basal melting of the six ice shelves has amounted to 27.86 ± 35.63 Gt yr−1, accounting for approximately 90% of the non‐calving mass loss, equivalent to a sea level rise of 0.08 ± 0.10 mm yr−1, far exceeding surface mass loss and glacier calving. The two larger ice shelves, Petermann and 79° North (79N), have contributed to 85% of the basal melt mass loss. Regarding the spatiotemporal distribution, the basal melt rates have gradually decreased from near the grounding line to the ice shelf front. Apart from the Ryder ice shelves, the basal melting of the other ice shelves is in a state of accelerated ablation. Moreover, compared to the skin temperature of the ice shelf, the sea water potential temperature has a greater impact on the basal melt rate.
Scenario Superposition Method for Real‐Time Tsunami Prediction Using a Bayesian Approach
Authors: Fujita Saneiki , Nomura Reika , Moriguchi Shuji , Otake Yu , LeVeque Randall J. , Terada Kenjiro
Published: December 2024

In this study, we propose a scenario superposition method for real‐time tsunami wave prediction. In the offline phase, prior to actual tsunami occurrence, hypothetical tsunami scenarios are created, and their wave data are decomposed into spatial modes and scenario‐specific coefficients by the singular value decomposition. Then, once an actual tsunami event is observed, the proposed method executes an online phase, which is a novel contribution of this study. Specifically, the predicted waveform is represented by a linear combination of training scenarios consisting of precomputed tsunami simulation results. To make such a prediction, a set of weight parameters that allow for appropriate scenario superposition is identified by the Bayesian update process. At the same time, the probability distribution of the weight parameters is obtained as reference information regarding the reliability of the prediction. Then, the waveforms are predicted by superposition with the estimated weight parameters multiplied by the waveforms of the corresponding scenarios. To validate the performance and benefits of the proposed method, a series of synthetic experiments are performed for the Shikoku coastal region of Japan with the subduction zone of the Nankai Trough. All tsunami data are derived from numerical simulations and divided into a training data set used as scenario superposition components and a test data set for an unknown real event. The predicted waveforms at the synthetic gauges closest to the Shikoku Islands are compared to those obtained using our previous prediction method incorporating sequential Bayesian updating.
Revealing Circulation Patterns Responsible for Extreme Precipitation Events Over the Hai River Basin From Moisture Transport Perspective
Authors: Li Weidong , Li Tiejian , Zhao Jie , Cao Yuan , Li Zhaoxi , Zhong Deyu
Published: December 2024

In July 2023, an extreme precipitation event (EPE) caused severe damage and nearly 100 fatalities in the Hai River basin, North China. Using a Lagrangian approach, we investigated the moisture transport regime and identified the circulation pattern responsible for the EPE. The primary moisture sources were the northwest Pacific (24%), southeast China (21%), and the South China Sea (20%). The circulation pattern, featuring the western Pacific subtropical high to the northeast, tropical cyclone KHANUN in the northwest Pacific, and a low‐pressure system southwest of the Hai River Basin, predominantly controlled the moisture transport. We discovered that an unprecedented EPE in 1963 exhibited a similar circulation pattern. By classifying historical EPEs into three categories based on seven atmospheric predictors, we identified circulation patterns associated with disaster‐prone events. The most frequent category is characterized by a circulation pattern with positive geopotential height anomalies in northeast Asia and negative anomalies to the south, extending from the northwest Pacific to the Hai River Basin. This classification provides insights into the atmospheric conditions conducive to severe EPEs in the region.
Spatial and Seasonal Variability of Remote and Urban Speciated Fine Particulate Matter in the United States
Authors: Hand J. L. , Prenni A. J. , Raffuse S. M. , Hyslop N. P. , Malm W. C. , Schichtel B. A.
Published: December 2024

The spatial and seasonal variability in the composition of major PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm) aerosol species in the United States were characterized using data from ground‐based aerosol monitoring networks. The IMPROVE (Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments) network and the Chemical Speciation Network (CSN) operate in mostly rural/remote or urban/suburban sites, respectively. The networks have similar sampling schedules and analysis methods. Regional, monthly, and annual mean concentrations from 2019 to 2022 were calculated for ammonium sulfate (AS), ammonium nitrate (AN), particulate organic matter (POM), elemental carbon (EC), fine dust (FD), and sea salt (SS), as well as their relative contributions to reconstructed PM2.5 mass (RCFM). Organic aerosols were the largest contributor to RCFM across the United States (>40% annually, up to 80% monthly), with significant impacts from biomass smoke on POM and EC concentrations, contributions, and seasonality. AS concentrations and contributions were similar in urban and rural regions and contributed <20% annually to RCFM, considerably less than two decades ago. In general, urban concentrations were greater for AN, POM, and EC, suggesting additional urban sources. Some species, such as POM, FD, and AN, exhibited strong seasonal variability due to episodic source impacts or seasonal formation conditions. Evaluating the urban and rural monthly variability of major aerosol species is necessary for understanding the impacts of emission sources, regional transport, and atmospheric processes governing aerosol concentrations in the atmosphere.
Organic Matter Composition as a Driver of Soil Bacterial Responses to Pig Carcass Decomposition in a Canadian Continental Climate
Authors: Pecsi E. L. , Forbes S. , Guillemette F.
Published: December 2024

Organic by‐products are released into the surrounding soil during the terrestrial decomposition of animal remains. The affected area, known as the Cadaver Decomposition Island (CDI), can undergo biochemical changes that contribute to landscape heterogeneity. Soil bacteria are highly sensitive to labile inputs, but it is unknown how they respond to shifts in dissolved organic matter (DOM) quantity and quality resulting from animal decomposition. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between soil DOM composition and bacterial activity/function in CDIs under a Canadian temperate continental climate. This was studied in soils surrounding adult pig carcasses (n = 3) that were surface deposited within a mixed forested environment (Trois‐Rivières, Québec) in June 2019. Using fluorescence spectroscopy and dissolved organic carbon analyses, we detected a pulse of labile protein‐like DOM during the summer season (day 55). This was found to be an important driver of heightened soil bacterial respiration, cell abundance and potential carbohydrate metabolism. These bacterial disturbances persisted into the cooler autumn season (day 156) and led to the gradual transformation of labile DOM inputs into microbially sourced humic‐like compounds. By the spring (day 324), DOM quantities and bacterial measures almost recovered, but DOM quality remained distinct from surrounding vegetal humic signals. All observed effects were spatially constrained to the topsoil (A‐horizon) and within 20 cm laterally from the carcasses. These findings provide valuable insight into CDI organic matter cycling within a cold‐climate ecosystem. Repeated CDI studies will however be required to capture the changing dynamics resulting from increasing global temperatures.
Spatial and Temporal Bayesian Hierarchical Model Over Large Domains With Application to Holocene Sea Surface Temperature Reconstruction in the Equatorial Pacific
Authors: Ossandón Álvaro , Gual Javier , Rajagopalan Balaji , Kleiber William , Marchitto Thomas
Published: December 2024

We present a novel space‐time Bayesian hierarchical model (BHM) to reconstruct annual Sea Surface Temperature (SST) over a large domain based on SST at limited proxy (i.e., sediment core) locations. The model is tested in the equatorial Pacific. The BHM leverages Principal Component Analysis to identify dominant space‐time modes of contemporary variability of the SST field at the proxy locations and employs these modes in a Gaussian process framework to estimate SSTs across the entire domain. The BHM allows us to model the mean field and covariance, varying in space and time in the process layers of the hierarchy. Using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method and suitable priors on the model parameters, posterior distributions of the model parameters and, consequently, posterior distributions of the SST fields and the attendant uncertainties are obtained for any desired year. The BHM is calibrated and validated in the contemporary period (1854–2014) and subsequently applied to reconstruct SST fields during the Holocene (0–10 ka). Results are consistent with prior inferences of La Niña‐like conditions during the Holocene. This modeling framework opens exciting prospects for modeling and reconstruction of other fields, such as precipitation, drought indices, and vegetation.