bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of surface-based hippocampal registration using ground-truth subfield definitions
Authors: DeKraker Jordan , Palomero-Gallagher Nicola , Kedo Olga , Ladbon-Bernasconi Neda , Muenzing Sascha E.A. , Axer Markus , Amunts Katrin , Khan Ali R. , Bernhardt Boris , Evans Alan C.
Published: September 2023

The hippocampus is an archicortical structure, consisting of subfields with unique circuits. Understanding its microstructure, as proxied by these subfields, can improve our mechanistic understanding of learning and memory and has clinical potential for several neurological disorders. One prominent issue is how to parcellate, register, or retrieve homologous points between two hippocampi with grossly different morphologies. Here, we present a surface-based registration method that solves this issue in a contrast-agnostic, topology-preserving manner. Specifically, the entire hippocampus is first analytically unfolded, and then samples are registered in 2D unfolded space based on thickness, curvature, and gyrification. We demonstrate this method in seven 3D histology samples and show superior alignment with respect to subfields using this method over more conventional registration approaches.The methodological advancements described here are made easily accessible in the latest version of open source software HippUnfold
1
. Code used in the development and testing of these methods, as well as preprocessed images, manual segmentations, and results, are openly available
2
.Hippocampal subfields contain microcircuits that are critical for memory and vulnerable to neurological disease.Hippocampi have variable folding patterns between individuals, making them hard to register or parcellate.We present a surface-based hippocampal registration method that is analogous to neocortical inflation to a sphere and registration.Testing in seven detailed 3D histology samples revealed successful registration with respect to hippocampal subfields, and outperformed more conventional methods.This method provides groundwork for detailed multimodal hippocampal mapping across subjects and datasets in the future.
Vglut2-based glutamatergic signaling in central noradrenergic neurons is dispensable for normal breathing and chemosensory reflexes
Authors: Chang Yuan , Lusk Savannah , Ray Russell
Published: September 2023

Central noradrenergic (NA) neurons are key constituents of the respiratory homeostatic network. NA dysfunction is implicated in several developmental respiratory disorders including Central Congenital Hyperventilation Syndrome (CCHS), Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and Rett Syndrome. The current unchallenged paradigm in the field, supported by multiple studies, is that glutamate co-transmission in subsets of central NA neurons plays a role in breathing control. If true, NA-glutamate co-transmission may also be mechanistically important in respiratory disorders. However, the requirement of NA derived glutamate in breathing has not been directly tested and the extent of glutamate co-transmission in the central NA system remains uncharacterized. Therefore, we fully characterized the cumulative fate maps and acute adult expression patterns of all three Vesicular Glutamate Transporters (
Slc17a7
(Vglut1),
Slc17a6
(Vglut2), and
Slc17a8
(Vglut3)) in NA neurons, identifying a novel dynamic expression pattern for Vglut2 and an undescribed co-expression domain for Vglut3 in the NA system. Our functional studies showed that loss of Vglut2 throughout the NA system failed to alter breathing or metabolism under room air, hypercapnia, or hypoxia in unrestrained and conscious mice, which demonstrates that Vglut2-based glutamatergic signaling within the central NA system is not required for normal baseline breathing and hypercapnic, hypoxic chemosensory reflexes. These outcomes challenge the current understanding of central NA neurons in the control of breathing and suggests that glutamate may be not a critical target to understand NA neuron dysfunction in respiratory diseases.
Statistical examination of shared loci in neuropsychiatric diseases using genome-wide association study summary statistics
Authors: Spargo Thomas P , Gilchrist Lachlan , Hunt Guy P , Dobson Richard JB , Proitsi Petroula , Al-Chalabi Ammar , Pain Oliver , Iacoangeli Alfredo
Published: September 2023

Continued methodological advances have enabled numerous statistical approaches for the analysis of summary statistics from genome-wide association studies. Genetic correlation analysis within specific regions enables a new strategy for identifying pleiotropy. Genomic regions with significant ‘local’ genetic correlations can be investigated further using state-of-the-art methodologies for statistical fine-mapping and variant colocalisation. We explored the utility of a genome-wide local genetic correlation analysis approach for identifying genetic overlaps between the candidate neuropsychiatric disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and schizophrenia. The correlation analysis identified several associations between traits, the majority of which were loci in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region. Colocalisation analysis suggested the presence of a shared causal variant between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease in this region. Our study identified candidate loci that might play a role in multiple neuropsychiatric diseases and suggested that disease-implicated variants in these loci often differ between traits. Accordingly, this suggests the role of distinct mechanisms across diseases despite shared loci. The fine-mapping and colocalisation analysis protocol designed for this study has been implemented in a flexible analysis pipeline that produces HTML reports and is available at: https://github.com/ThomasPSpargo/COLOC-reporter.
C9orf72 polyPR directly binds to various nuclear transport components
Authors: Jafarinia Hamidreza , Van der Giessen Erik , Onck Patrick R.
Published: September 2023

The disruption of nucleocytoplasmic transport (NCT) is an important mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases. In the case of C9orf72-ALS, trafficking of macromolecules through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) might get frustrated by the binding of C9orf72-translated arginine-containing dipeptide repeat proteins (R-DPRs) to the Kapβ family of nuclear transport receptors. Beside Kapβs, several other types of transport components have been linked to NCT impairments in R-DPRs expressed cells, but the molecular origin of these observations has not been clarified. Here, we adopt a coarse-grained molecular dynamics model at amino-acid resolution to study the direct interaction between polyPR, the most toxic DPR, and various nuclear transport components to elucidate the binding mechanisms and provide a complete picture of potential polyPR-mediated NCT defects. We found polyPR to directly bind to several isoforms of the Impα family, CAS (the specific exporter of Impα) and RanGAP. We observe no binding between polyPR and Ran. Longer polyPRs at lower salt concentrations also make contact with RanGEF and NTF2. Analyzing the polyPR contact sites on the transport components reveals that polyPR potentially interferes with RanGTP/RanGDP binding, with cargo-NLS binding to Impα, with cargo-NLS release from Impα, and with Impα export from the nucleus. The abundance of polyPR binding sites on multiple transport components combined with the inherent polyPR length dependence makes direct polyPR interference of NCT a potential mechanistic pathway of C9orf72 toxicity.
Attention Modulates Human Visual Responses to Objects by Tuning Sharpening
Authors: Doostani Narges , Hossein-Zadeh Gholam-Ali , Cichy Radoslaw Martin , Vaziri-Pashkam Maryam
Published: September 2023

Visual stimuli compete with each other for cortical processing and attention biases this competition in favor of the attended stimulus. How does the relationship between the stimuli affect the strength of this attentional bias? Here, we used functional MRI to explore the effect of target-distractor similarity in neural representation on attentional modulation in the human visual cortex using univariate and multivariate pattern analyses. Using stimuli from four object categories (human bodies, cats, cars and houses), we investigated attentional effects in the primary visual area V1, the object-selective regions LO and pFs, the body-selective region EBA, and the scene-selective region PPA. We demonstrated that the strength of the attentional bias towards the target is not fixed but decreases with increasing distractor-target similarity. Simulations provided evidence that this result pattern is explained by tuning sharpening rather than an increase in gain. Our findings provide a mechanistic explanation for behavioral effects of target-distractor similarity on attentional biases and suggest tuning sharpening as the underlying mechanism in object-based attention.
Efectos de los shocks en los flujos de remesas en una economía pequeña y abierta
Authors:   ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Economía, Velásquez Torres Luis Fernando
Published: September 2023

Este documento estudia el rol de los shocks de los flujos de remesas, para una economía pequeña y abierta, donde las remesas representan un nivel importante de ingresos. Para lo anterior se utiliza un modelo estructural de vectores autorregresivos (S-VAR), así como el desarrollo de un modelo de economía abierta, de 4 sectores que incluye a las remesas como flujo externo que incrementa los recursos disponibles para consumir, ahorrar e invertir. Dicho modelo es calibrado para la economía hondureña, los resultados muestran efectos procíclicos respecto al producto, consumo e inversión, mientras la balanza comercial resulta tener una relación negativa respecto al shock. Al analizar la descomposición de varianza se obtiene que los shocks de remesas explican cerca del 8.7 % y 6.8 % de la variabilidad del producto y consumo respectivamente, mientras el nivel de explicación en la variabilidad de la inversión asciende a 47.8 %, siendo la variable más afectada por dichos flujos. Los efectos sobre el tipo de cambio son escasos debido en parte a las rigideces de variación de los países considerados en el estudio, sin embargo, las importaciones tienen movimientos importantes al alza que explican la reacción negativa de la balanza comercial.
Assessing the Impact of Mobile Money Interoperability on Small and Medium Scale Enterprises Payments and Receipts in Ghana
Authors: Acheampong Winnifred , Boateng Williams Kwame
Published: September 2023

Background: The study examines the influence of mobile money interoperability on the payment and receipts of small and medium-sized businesses, with case studies from the Ga Central Municipal Assembly. The findings are intended to provide insight into how mobile money interoperability has benefited SMEs, as well as the level of awareness among SMEs and the challenges they face in using the mobile money interoperability service in their daily operations, in order to make recommendations to relevant stakeholders to improve service delivery in the municipal assembly and throughout Ghana.

Methods: The research design for the study is quantitative in nature specifically a survey design. The study established that mobile money interoperability has a positive effect on payment and receipts of SMEs in many ways.

Results: Accessibility, efficiency, and dependability, as well as transaction prices and transaction time, are all elements that influence SMEs' decision to use mobile money interoperability, according to the report. The study also discovered that mobile money interoperability has an impact on SMEs' profitability, sales turnover, credit sales/purchase payments, and daily sales.

Conclusions: The report recommends that SMEs improve their awareness of mobile money interoperability payment and receipt systems in order to increase usage and educate SMEs on interoperability theft, usage, and benefits in order to make it safer and more beneficial for them. Finally, the study recommended that mobile money providers make conscious efforts to strengthen the security characteristics of mobile money interoperability systems in order to prevent theft cases.
Influence of Boron and Molybdenum on Growth, Yield and Economics of Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer kabulium L.)
Authors: Padol Shivam Prakash , C. Umesha , Nayak Ridhi Das , Kiran V. Uday
Published: September 2023

A Field experiment titled “Influence of Boron and Molybdenum on growth, yield and economics of Kabuli chickpea (Cicer kabulium L.)” was conducted during Rabi 2022-2023 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P). The soil of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.4), low in organic carbon (0.58%), available N (225 kg/ha), available P (32.30 kg/ha) and available K (350 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with ten treatments each replicated thrice. The result showed that growth parameters of Kabuli Chickpea viz., Higher plant height (68.49 cm), dry weight (24.34 g), number of nodules per plant (41.03) and the yield attributes namely pods per plant (14.29), seeds per pod (2.00), seed yield (3.29 t/ha), stover yield (3.36 t/ha) and harvest index (43.80%) were recorded significantly higher with application of treatment 9 Boron 2 kg/ha + Molybdenum 1.5 kg/ha. The higher net returns (122,782 INR/ha), gross return (165,977 INR/ha) and B:C ratio (2.84) was recorded with application of Boron 2 kg/ha + Molybdenum 1.5 kg/ha.
Determination of Combustion Characteristics of Densified Biomass Fuels from Agricultural and Domestic Wastes
Authors: Obi, O. E.  , Mong, O. O.  , Nleonu, E. C.  , Kalu, P. N.  , Onyeocha, C. E.  , Ndubuisi, C. O.  , Onwukwe, I. E.
Published: September 2023

The combustion characteristics of two carbonized biomass briquettes fuels samples (sample A and B) from two bio-wastes have been presented. Sample A is comprised of Agro-waste (residues) mainly rice husk, groundnut shell, corn cob, bagasse, rice straw, coconut coir, branches, wheat straw, maize husk, grass from the field, cassava stem while Sample B comprised of decaying domestic wastes material from wastes disposal/collection points mainly garbage, vegetables/fruits, protein, groundnut shell, maize cob, waste papers, all sorts of discarded foods etc. Analysis of briquettes fuels samples in terms of proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and calorific values were necessary to determine suitability of such material as reliable and sustainable energy sources. These parameters analyzed are unique fundamental code that characterizes and determines the properties, quality, potential applications and environmental problems related to any fuel. The result of the analysis placed sample B above sample A in terms of heating value. The proximate analysis indicated that the sample B had a better ignition characteristic at 77% volatile matter against 44% of sample A. Also, sample B have better heating value with fixed carbon 32% against 21% of sample A. This was also confirmed by ultimate analysis where sample B recorded a higher value of percentage Carbon and percentage Oxygen at 47.04% and 41.6% respectively. The bulk densities were in the range of 499kg/m2 to 502kg/m2 which is very good in terms of handling and transportation of the fuels. Moreso, calorific value of both samples were appreciably high at 18704 KJ/Kg for sample A and 18901.3 Kj/Kg by sample B. The ratio FC:VM for sample A is 0.477 which is higher than that of sample B, indicating that sample A will have a better yield and formation of biochar. Therefore the carbonised biomass briquettes are of good quality and exhibited good combustion properties as an alternative energy feedstock for domestic and industrial applications. It is a better source of energy for cooking, replacing fuel wood (firewood) and it is eco friendly.
Hospital Readmissions by Variation in Engagement in the Health Care Hotspotting Trial
Authors: Yang Qiang , Wiest Dawn , Davis Anna C. , Truchil Aaron , Adams John L.
Published: September 2023

Importance

Variability in intervention participation within care management programs can complicate standard analysis strategies.

Objective

To evaluate whether care management was associated with reduced hospital readmissions among individuals with higher participation probabilities.

Design, Setting, and Participants

A total of 800 hospitalized patients aged 18 years and older were randomized as part of the Health Care Hotspotting randomized clinical trial, which was conducted in Camden, New Jersey, from June 2014 to September 2017. Data were collected through October 2018. In this new analysis performed between April 6, 2022, and April 23, 2023, the distillation method was applied to account for variable intervention participation. A gradient-boosting machine learning model produced predicted probabilities of engaged participation using baseline covariates only. Predicted probabilities were used to trim both intervention and control populations in an equivalent manner, and intervention effects were reevaluated within study population subsets that were increasingly concentrated with patients having higher participation probabilities. Patients had 2 or more hospitalizations in the 6-month preenrollment period and documented evidence of chronic illness and social complexity.

Intervention

Multidisciplinary teams provided services to patients in the intervention arm for a mean 120 days after hospital discharge. Patients in the control group received usual postdischarge care.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Hospital readmission rates and counts 30, 90, and 180 days postdischarge.

Results

Of 800 eligible patients, 782 had complete discharge information and were included in this analysis (mean [SD] age, 56.6 [12.7] years; 395 [50.5%] female). In the intent-to-treat analysis, the unadjusted 180-day readmission rate for treatment and control groups was 60.1% vs 61.7% (adjusted odds ratio, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.71-1.28; P = .73) and the mean (SD) number of 180-day readmissions was 1.45 (1.89) vs 1.48 (1.94) (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 0.99, 95% CI, 0.88-1.12; P = .86). Among the population with the highest participation probabilities, the mean (SD) 180-day readmission count was 1.22 (1.74) vs 1.57 (1.74) and the incidence rate ratio attained statistical significance (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.56-0.99; P = .045). Adjusted odds ratios and adjusted incidence rate ratios for 30- and 90-day outcomes reached statistical significance after population distillation.

Conclusions and Relevance

This secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial found that care management was associated with reduced readmissions among patients with higher participation probabilities, suggesting that program operation could be improved by addressing barriers to participation and refining inclusion criteria to identify patients most likely to benefit.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02090426
Frequency‐dependent community dynamics driven by sexual interactions
Authors: Yamamichi Masato , Tsuji Kaoru , Sakai Shoko , Svensson Erik I.
Published: September 2023

Research in community ecology has tended to focus on trophic interactions (e.g., predation, resource competition) as driving forces of community dynamics, and sexual interactions have often been overlooked. Here we discuss how sexual interactions can affect community dynamics, especially focusing on frequency‐dependent dynamics of horizontal communities (i.e., communities of competing species in a single ecological guild). By combining mechanistic and phenomenological models of competition, we place sexual reproduction into the framework of modern coexistence theory. First, we review how population dynamics of two species competing for two resources can be represented by the Lotka–Volterra competition model as well as frequency dynamics, and how niche differentiation and overlap produce negative and positive frequency‐dependence (i.e., stable coexistence and priority effect), respectively. Then, we explore two situations where sexual interactions change the frequency‐dependence in community dynamics: (1) reproductive interference, that is, negative interspecific interactions due to incomplete species recognition in mating trials, can promote positive frequency‐dependence and (2) density‐dependent intraspecific adaptation load, that is, reduced population growth rates due to adaptation to intraspecific sexual (or social) interactions, produces negative frequency‐dependence. We show how reproductive interference and density‐dependent intraspecific adaptation load can decrease and increase niche differences in the framework of modern coexistence theory, respectively. Finally, we discuss future empirical and theoretical approaches for studying how sexual interactions and related phenomena (e.g., reproductive interference, intraspecific adaptation load, and sexual dimorphism) driven by sexual selection and conflict can affect community dynamics.
Loss of the adaptor protein Sh3bgrl initiates ovarian fibrosis in zebrafish
Authors: Jin Ziwei , Wang Dongxia , Lv Haimei , Wu Bo , Li Zhe , Guo Xiaoling , Wang Haihe , Yang Shulan
Published: September 2023

Ovarian fibrosis is a reproduction obstacle leading to female infertility in vertebrates, but the cause underlying the cellular events is unclear. Here, we found that the small adaptor protein SH3‐domain‐binding glutamate‐rich protein like (Sh3bgrl) plays an important role in female reproduction in zebrafish. Two sh3bgrl mutant alleles that result in sh3bgrl depletion contribute to female spawning inability. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that sh3bgrl knockout mechanistically causes the upregulation of genes associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) and fiber generation in the zebrafish ovary. Consequently, extra ECM or fibers accumulate and are deposited in the ovary, resulting in eventual spawning inability. Our findings thus provide insights into understanding the underlying mechanism of infertility by ovarian fibrosis and provide a novel and valuable model to study female reproduction abnormality.
Agent Nominalizations
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis
Published: September 2023

This is a survey entry on agent nominalizations. It will discuss controversial issues surrounding their interpretation and formation. An important part of the discussion will be devoted to the differences and similarities between agent nominalizations and other derived nominals that license argument structure, which are labelled complex event nominals by Grimshaw. Agent nominalizations will also be compared to instrumental nominalizations, as in many languages the same affix that builds agent nominalizations is also used for the formation of instrumental nominals. Finally, the entry will address the question of the reduced mixed properties of agent nominalizations and present Baker and Vinokurova's typology, according to which, agent nominalizations seem to come in just two types across languages.
Agreement and the Realization of Arguments
Authors: Yuan Michelle , Tyler Matthew
Published: September 2023

Agreement is a grammatical phenomenon whereby the form of a morpheme or word co‐varies with the morphosyntactic properties of another word or phrase, typically a noun. Although agreement is, by definition, conditioned by the ϕ‐features (e.g. person, number, gender features) of a noun, a broader survey of cross‐linguistic patterns reveals that thesurface realizationof a noun may similarly have an effect on agreement, even when its ϕ‐features are kept constant. Focusing on noun–verb agreement dependencies, we provide several case studies that illustrate this idea and we show that the relevant factors range from a noun's morphological case to its structural position. Although in many cases these effects may be analysed in purely syntactic terms – that is, they are derivable from conditions on the syntactic process that underlies agreement – we also highlight cross‐linguistic patterns that seem to involve non‐structural factors.
Clipping and Truncation
Authors: Alber Birgit , Arndt‐Lappe Sabine
Published: September 2023

Clippingandtruncationare terms referring to non‐concatenative word‐formation processes by which a word (the base) is truncated down to a predictable form (the truncatum) describable with the help of the categories of prosodic structure. The termclippingis usually used for processes where the base is a common noun, adjective, verb or phrase, whiletruncationis often used irrespective of the syntactic status of the base. A very productive type of truncations are name truncations such as exemplified by the namePatrícia, which can be shortened to the hypocoristicPat. In phonological theory, truncation processes have encountered much interest because of the templatic shape often realized by the truncatum, most typically a mono‐ or disyllabic foot. Truncation patterns can be classified by the type of template that they realize and by their anchoring properties, in other words by the position of the base preserved in the truncatum, usually its initial or stressed, sometimes its final syllable. In this entry, the most salient properties of truncation patterns are presented, such as the emergence of unmarked structures in the truncatum and phenomena of gradience in anchoring. Recent typological analyses of the phenomenon in the framework of Optimality Theory are discussed, as well as the hesitancy of some morphological theories to recognize truncation processes as part of grammar proper. It is concluded that truncation processes are predictable with respect to the prosodic shape of their outputs and that their meaning can be related to that of other processes of evaluative morphology. However, there is still a certain lack of research when it comes to define the meaning and function of single patterns.
Deflexion
Authors: Allen Cynthia L.
Published: September 2023

Deflexion is the loss of inflectional categories. While phonological change has been traditionally assumed to be the main cause of deflexion as affixes ‘wear away’, more recent work has pointed to the importance of language contact as another important factor in the simplification of inflectional systems. This entry gives an overview of what is known about how deflexion proceeds and presents some examples of the effects on other parts of the grammar of a language that have been treated as arising from deflexion. The role that deflexion has played in producing inflectional systems that typologists have identified as being rare is explored. In historical studies within traditional grammar, the inflection found in some stages of languages undergoing deflexion is treated as confused, but some case studies have indicated that the differences with respect to an earlier stage of the language reflect a reorganization of inflectional systems rather than confusion. A large portion of the entry is devoted to the idea that the loss of grammatical categories serves as a trigger for various syntactic changes, such as fixed word order resulting from the loss of case in English and pro‐drop becoming no longer possible in languages when they lose verbal inflectional categories. Closer scrutiny of the stages of the languages where links between deflexion and syntactic change have been proposed show that any such links are not simple, and additional detailed case studies of individual languages are needed to understand the exact nature of such links. The entry ends by looking at the role deflexion has played in the ongoing debate about the unidirectionality of grammaticalization.
Degree Morphology
Authors: De Clercq Karen , Caha Pavel , Starke Michal , Wyngaerd Guido Vanden
Published: September 2023

This entry provides a chronological overview of the treatment of degree morphology in the generative literature from the 1970s until today. Starting out from Ultan's four basic degrees of comparison, it initially widens the scope to consider other types of degree morphology. It then homes in on the expression of the positive, comparative and superlative degrees, and the way these are related to one another. It is shown how the functional superstructure of the adjective became increasingly fine‐grained, with the earliest proposals involving a partitive layer (QP) with a degree determiner (deg) on top of the lexical adjectival core. It is then shown howdegis split up into a comparative headcmprand a superlative headsprlin the work of Bobaljik, which is based on attested and unattested patterns in root suppletion in the triplet positive–comparative–superlative. Nanosyntactic treatments are discussed, which decompose Bobaljik's heads even further, on the basis of evidence from Czech comparatives and Latin superlatives. Finally, the particular position of the positive degree is discussed, in particular its relation to the comparative, both with respect to their morphological marking and their underlying structural and semantic relationship.
Elative Compounds
Authors: Hoeksema Jack
Published: September 2023

Elative compounds, also known as intensifier compounds, serve to intensify scalar adjectives in an idiomatic and often colourful way. They may give rise to prefixoids by analogical extension. Several semantic subtypes are distinguished: (i) simile‐based compounds (
rock hard = hard as a rock
), (ii) resultative compounds (German
sterbenslangweilig
‘die‐boring = boring to death’ and (iii) taboo‐based compounds (Dutch
pisnijdig
‘piss angry’). Elative compounds are extreme adjectives, a class of adjectives associated with extremes of a scale, much like non‐compound adjectives such as
gorgeous, magnificent, fantastic
. When there are several elative compounds of an adjective, the compounds are semantically more specialized than the adjective (and so serve to disambiguate polysemy) and are differentiated in the constructions in which they appear. Elative compounds may undergo further derivation, but they rarely do so. A possible link is proposed with the extreme adjective status of elative compounds. Throughout this entry, comparisons are made between elative compounding and other ways to intensify adjectives.
Mixed Categories
Authors: Sleeman Petra
Published: September 2023

This is a survey entry on mixed categories, including deverbal nominalizations, deverbal adjectivalizations and deadjectival nominalizations. Section 1 introduces the problems that mixed categories present for X' theory, and more specifically for the problem of headedness. Section 2 discusses derived and non‐derived deverbal nominalizations and shows how their analysis was first based on a distinction between syntax and lexicon, but later on formation in syntax only. In Section 3 the same is done for derived and non‐derived deverbal adjectivalizations. Section 4 focuses on deadjectival nominalizations, again with respect to their mixed properties. The article ends, in Section 5, with a short conclusion.
Morphological Restrictions on Vowel Harmony
Authors: Rebrus Péter , Szigetvári Péter , Törkenczy Miklós
Published: September 2023

Vowel harmony (VH) is a phonological phenomenon. However, many aspects of VH are governed by non‐phonological factors: morphological domains, roots/stems vs. affixes, their lexical properties, and so on. In this entry, the non‐phonological restrictions on VH by a well‐studied system, that of Hungarian, are surveyed and exemplified. It is concluded that in the majority of cases the non‐phonological factors influencing the selection of harmonic alternants aim to reduce the uncertainty that neutral vowels introduce in the system by creating disharmonic sequences and it is argued that Hungarian front–back harmony is best described with reference to lexically determined paradigm classes of roots associated with different harmonic behaviour.
The relationship between anxiety and cognitive emotion regulation strategies: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Yao Yujia , Chen Jingquan , Xuan Yuyang
Published: September 2023

Previous studies have shown the correlation between anxiety and cognitive emotion regulation strategies, but they have not distinguished between state anxiety and trait anxiety. Thus, we systematically investigated the relationships among strategies, state/trait anxiety and their influencing factors by meta‐analysis. A total of 53 original studies were included, with a total of 33,165 participants. We found: (1) Trait anxiety is negatively correlated with adaptive strategies, and positively correlated with maladaptive strategies. State anxiety is positively correlated with maladaptive strategies, but is uncorrelated to adaptive strategies. (2) Sex significantly moderates the relationships between state anxiety and strategies, but not between trait anxiety and strategies. Both culture and age significantly moderate the relationships between trait anxiety and cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS). Meanwhile, culture moderates the relationships between state anxiety and CERS, and age moderates the relationships between state anxiety and maladaptive strategies. Thus, researches in the future should distinguish between the state and trait anxiety.
B‐N Covalent Bond Embedded Double Hetero‐[n]helicenes for Pure Red Narrowband Circularly Polarized Electroluminescence with High Efficiency and Stability
Authors: Meng Guoyun , Zhou Jianping , Han Xu‐Shuang , Zhao Wenlong , Zhang Yuewei , Li Meng , Chen Chuan‐Feng , Zhang Dongdong , Duan Lian
Published: September 2023

Chiral B/N embedded multi‐resonance (MR) emitters open a new paradigm of circularly polarized (CP) organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) owing to their unique narrowband spectra. However, pure‐red CP‐MR emitters and devices remain exclusive in literature. Herein, by introducing a B‐N covalent bond to lower the electron‐withdrawing ability of the para‐positioned B‐π‐B motif, the first pair of pure‐red double hetero‐[n]helicenes (n = 6 and 7) CP‐MR emitter peaking 617 nm with a small full‐width at half‐maximum of 38 nm and a high photoluminescence quantum yield of ≈100% in toluene is developed. The intense mirror‐image CP light produced by the enantiomers is characterized by high photoluminescence dissymmetry factors (gPL) of +1.40/−1.41 × 10−3 from their stable helicenes configuration. The corresponding devices using these enantiomers afford impressive CP electroluminescence dissymmetry factors (gEL) of +1.91/−1.77 × 10−3, maximum external quantum efficiencies of 36.6%/34.4% and Commission Internationale de I’Éclairage coordinates of (0.67, 0.33), exactly satisfying the red‐color requirement specified by National Television Standards Committee (NTSC) standard. Notably a remarkable long LT95 (operational time to 95% of the initial luminance) of ≈400 h at an initial brightness of 10,000 cd m−2 is also observed for the same device, representing the most stable CP‐OLED up to date.
Discovery of Unconventional Proton‐Conducting Inorganic Solids via Defect‐Chemistry‐Trained, Interpretable Machine Learning
Authors: Fujii Susumu , Shimizu Yuta , Hyodo Junji , Kuwabara Akihide , Yamazaki Yoshihiro
Published: September 2023

High‐throughput computational screening and machine learning hold significant potential for exploring diverse chemical compositions and discovering novel inorganic solids. However, the complexity of point defects, which occur in all inorganic solids and are often crucial to their functionality and synthesizability, presents significant challenges. Here, this study presents a defect‐chemistry‐trained, interpretable machine learning approach, designed to accelerate the exploration and discovery of unconventional proton‐conducting inorganic solid electrolytes. By considering dopant dissolution and hydration reactions, the machine learning models provide quantitative predictions and physical interpretations for synthesizable host–dopant combinations with hydration capabilities across various structures. Utilizing these insights, two unconventional proton conductors, Pb‐doped Bi12SiO20 sillenite and eulytite‐type Sr‐doped Bi4Ge3O12, are discovered in the first two synthesis trials. Notably, the Pb‐doped Bi12SiO20 represents an unprecedented class of proton‐conducting electrolyte composed solely of groups 14 and 15 cations and featuring a sillenite structure. It exhibits unique and fast 3D proton conduction along a loosely bonded BiO5 network. This study demonstrates an efficient approach for exploring novel inorganic materials.
Effectiveness of cardiac palliative surgery for trisomy 18 patients with increased pulmonary blood flow
Authors: Takai Akari , Yamagishi Masaaki , Ikeda Kazuyuki , Sugimoto Atsuya , Ichise Eisuke , Maeda Yoshinobu , Teramukai Satoshi , Hasegawa Tatsuji , Oda Shinichiro , Iehara Tomoko
Published: September 2023

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is common among patients with trisomy 18 (T18), but cardiac surgery has been rarely indicated for T18 patients due to their short life span. Although the therapeutic effects of aggressive interventions were recently demonstrated for T18 patients, the subjects and factors examined varied, resulting in inconsistent findings. Therefore, the effects of cardiac surgery for T18 remain unclear. We herein investigated the outcomes of cardiac palliative surgery for CHD with increased pulmonary blood flow in T18 patients. 27 patients were examined: 13 (48.1%) underwent cardiac palliative surgery and 14 (51.9%) did not. Median survival times in the no‐surgery and surgery groups were 223.0 days (95% confidence interval [CI]: 46–361 days) and 723.0 days (95% CI: 360–1447 days), respectively. The number of patients with pulmonary hypertension significantly differed between the two groups (5 of 14 in the no‐surgery group and 0 in the surgery group). Five of 14 patients in the no‐surgery group and 10 of 13 in the surgery group were discharged to home care (odds ratio: 10.8 [95% CI: 1.07–110.0]). Therefore, cardiac palliative surgery may be used to treat CHD with increased pulmonary blood flow in T18 patients.
Prevent discrimination against employees, applicants with visual and hearing disabilities
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: September 2023

The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission recently issued new guidance documents on how the Americans with Disabilities Act applies to employees and job applicants with visual (bit.ly/3Otf0oe) and hearing (bit.ly/44eidy6) disabilities.
Know when a school official's personal observations are considered education records
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: September 2023

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act generally prohibits a college or university from disclosing personally identifiable information in a student's education record to a third party without consent. However, in an April 2023 guidance document, the Student Privacy Policy Office explained that “information that a school official obtains through personal knowledge or observation … is generally not protected by FERPA's limitations on the disclosure of education records, even if that information is also contained in an education record” (Student Privacy Policy Office, Guidance for School Officials on Student Health Records, April 12, 2023, bit.ly/3Nu74UK).
Triterpenoids from Meehania fargesii with Cytotoxic Activity1
Authors: Huang Xingfei , Wang Yumeng , Li Xingyao , Yuan Feng , Zhou Guangxin , Meng Dali
Published: September 2023

In the investigation of Meehania fargesii, eighteen triterpenoids were isolated and identified, including a previously unknown compound with an 13,27‐cycloursane skeleton, using techniques like 1D and 2D NMR, and HR‐MS. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of these compounds were evaluated against HCT116, MCF‐7, and AGS cell lines using the CCK‐8 method to examine their structure–activity relationship. Remarkably, compounds 13 and 16 exhibited higher cytotoxicity across all three cell lines compared to the positive drug. Western blot analysis revealed that these compounds activated apoptosis in HCT116 cells by promoting the Bax protein and inhibiting the Bcl‐2 protein. This suggests that compounds 13 and 16 have potential as apoptosis‐inducing agents in HCT116 cells.
Gastric adenocarcinoma complicated by an intra‐abdominal abscess: A case report
Authors: Rentiya Zubir S. , Chu Carredo Carlo Kristian , Owolabi Oluwasayo , Inban Pugazhendi , Arslan Faiza , Odoma Victor Ameh , Adegbite Abiodun , Francis Maya Ann , Okobia Isioma R. , Sajjad Taha , Khan Aadil Mahmood , Kelechi Anasonye Emmanuel
Published: September 2023

Perforated gastric adenocarcinoma is a rare and challenging complication of gastric cancer, which can lead to intra‐abdominal abscesses and other complications. Management of perforated gastric adenocarcinoma with an intra‐abdominal abscess requires a multidisciplinary approach, including empiric antibiotic therapy and fluid resuscitation, partial gastrectomy with Roux‐en‐Y reconstruction, and image‐guided drainage. This case report highlights the complex and challenging nature of managing perforated gastric adenocarcinoma with intra‐abdominal abscesses. Prompt recognition and timely intervention are essential for favorable outcomes. Postoperative care and close follow‐up are also important.
Melanin, A Fungal Photosensitizer for Cellulose Oxidizing AA9‐LPMO Enzymes
Authors: Monclaro Antonielle , Gonçalves Thiago , Magri Silvia , Ovaert Justin , Decembrino Davide , Debecker Damien P. , Kadowaki Marco , Doneux Thomas , De Leener Gaël , Zarattini Marco , Luhmer Michel , Cannella David
Published: September 2023

Melanin is a class of hetero‐polymer pigments commonly found in nature and widely in fungi. Often referred to as the “animal lignin“, melanin is a very abundant bioresource and features many catalytically interesting properties. We conceived that, upon light absorbance, the polymer could promote long‐distance electron donation to fuel redox enzymatic catalysis or controlled in‐situ generation of H2O2. Here, we report on a fungal photo‐biocatalytic system extracted from the commercially relevant A. nidulans, where photoactivated melanin acts as an electron donor for the cellulose‐degrading AnAA9A and TtAA9E metalloenzymes. Furthermore, there was a stable and significant accumulation of H2O2 when melanin was irradiated by visible light; having the peroxide functioning as a co‐substrate for the AA9 LPMO enzymes. Oxidized cellulose‐derived oligosaccharides were detected in the dark and under light conditions, confirming the potential of melanin to reduce AA9s. When placed under light conditions, they provided hydrogen peroxide as a co‐substrate for AA9s. The use of light to tune the in‐situ generation of H2O2 by natural pigments might be pivotal to enable also another peroxide‐dependent enzymatic catalysis.
Experimental comparison between threaded‐bars and single‐bolts end plate asymmetrical steel joints
Authors: Loureiro Alfonso , López Manuel , Gutiérrez Ruth , Reinosa J. Manuel
Published: September 2023

End plate beam‐column bolted joints are widely used in the field of steel structures. The usual configuration consists of individual bolts that join the end plate of the beam with the column flange. Usually, the use of stiffeners is needed in this type of joints, in order to reinforce the tension and compression zones of the column web, and to avoid local buckling problems.

This configuration, applied to asymmetric connections, gives rise to the appearance of shear stresses in the column web, even with symmetric loading conditions on both sides of the connection.

The method proposed in this work to improve the behavior of end plate asymmetrical steel joints, without using welded stiffeners (which significantly increases the cost of the joint), consists in using threaded bars as joining elements, instead of single bolts. Threaded bars have several purposes: to create the joint itself, to reinforce the tension and compression zones, and to reduce the shear stresses in the column web panel.

In the present work, two end plate steel joints made up of an HEA200 column, and IPE200 and IPE300 beams have been tested. One of them with threaded bars with double nuts (internal and external) in the traction and compression zones, and the other one with single bolts.

Symmetrical forces have been applied at the ends of the beams, subjecting the joints to symmetrical bending moments on both sides of the connection. The tests have been instrumented through the use of load cells, displacement sensors and inclinometers. The results show an important increase in the stiffness and the resistance of the joint with threaded bars, compared with the single bolts joint.

This work will serve as the basis for the calibration of the corresponding finite element models, and the subsequent parametric study of this type of joints.
Load‐deformation behavior of injection bolts for maintenance of steel structures under dynamic loads
Authors: Ungermann Dieter , Kröger Lisa
Published: September 2023

Connections of steel‐structures under dynamic loads need to be slip‐resistant according to EN 1993‐2. Bolted connections without slip can be realized with fitted bolts, preloaded high strength friction grip (HSFG) bolts or injection bolts. Injection bolts are particularly advantageous because the increased effort required for reaming the holes for fitted bolts or for special surface preparation for HSFG bolts can be avoided. The paper focuses on the experimental analysis of connections with non‐preloaded and preloaded injection bolts according to EN 1090‐2. Different resins and curing conditions are considered, as well as different surface treatments or friction coefficients. Thus, the interaction between the slip resistance and the bearing resistance of preloaded injection bolts is investigated more detailed.
I‐beam to RHS‐column joints with welded studs under cyclic loading
Authors: García Ismael , López‐Colina Carlos , Serrano Miguel A. , Wang Yong
Published: September 2023

The design of removable beam‐column joints between open structural steel beams and rectangular hollow section (RHS) columns is not easy because of the inaccessibility to the tube interior from outside. I‐beam to RHS‐column joints with threaded welded studs are of great interest due to their low‐cost assembling technique and easy on‐site execution. This study examines the cyclic performance of these joints with welded studs. A quasi‐static experimental study on the cyclic response of eight joint specimens is described. The strength of the joint and the failure modes were revealed. The ductility of the joints was also evaluated according to the rotation capacity after yielding, classifying all of them as having intermediate ductility and, therefore, implying some capacity to withstand limited plastic deformations when subjected to seismic forces. Some equations were also used to classify the joints according to the components that mainly govern the deformation of the full joint. In addition, the energy dissipation rate was assessed for all the specimens, finding the highest energy dissipation rates in the most rigid joints.
Block shear strength of high strength steel staggered bolted connections
Authors: Lin Xue‐Mei , Yam Michael C.H. , Chung Kwok‐Fai , Song Yuchen
Published: September 2023

This paper presents an experimental and numerical study of block shear strength of staggered bolted connections made of high strength steel (HSS). The study aims to examine the effect of low ductility and low tensile‐to‐yield strength ratio of HSS material on the behaviour and block shear strength of staggered bolted connections. Two Q690 HSS staggered bolted connections were tested and failed in block shear failure, which was characterised by tension fracture of the staggered net tension plane and significant shear deformation along the shear plane. The test observations were further interpreted by finite element (FE) analysis. The test results and FE analysis indicate that the block shear failure mechanism of staggered bolted connections is the fracture of the staggered net tension plane combined with the yielding of the effective shear plane. Finally, the design methods in various design codes for evaluating the block shear strength of bolted connections were assessed and the results showed that the existing design methods provided inconsistent predictions of the block shear strength of HSS staggered bolted connections. More experimental and numerical works are currently in progress to further understand the block shear strength of HSS staggered bolted connections.