bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Actions on the case for defamation
Authors: Baker John
Published: September 2019

The orthodoxy before 1500 was that the only remedy for defamatory words was a prosecution in the ecclesiastical courts. But it was a hard to deny a remedy if untrue words caused temporal damage, since damages could not be recovered in those courts. This chapter shows how actions on the case came to be available for causing temporal loss by words, and how indeed they became so common in the sixteenth century that the judges tried to discourage them by construing apparently defamatory words in a milder sense (‘in mitiori sensu’). Objections that such actions should not lie in respect of spiritual subject-matter, such as heresy or fornication, were overruled where temporal damage resulted. The final cases in the chapter show that the distinction between libel and slander was not the same, in its consequences, as that which became settled in later times.
Corpus Before Erasmus, or the English Humanist Tradition and Greek Before the Trojans
Authors: Rundle David
Published: September 2019

This chapter looks at aspects of identity and emotion in life at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, as envisaged by its founder and as experienced in its early decades. Many historians now strive to discern emotions from the past and to understand the lives of their subjects as experienced in bodies and with feeling. To study emotions is to understand what inspired fear, love, anger, or anxiety, while acknowledging that both the triggers for these emotions and the ways they were expressed are historical indeed. Thinking of Corpus Christi, such embodied experiences happened at its dining tables, in its chapel and library, and in the chambers shared by pupils and teachers; outdoors too, along the paths that led from task to task, and in the gardens. The chapter then considers the spaces inhabited by Corpus members, and the objects which helped form the experiences that made Corpus an ‘emotional community‘.
Building Corpus Christi
Authors: Whyte William
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes musical participation in Corpus Christi College. Richard Fox’s apparently modest provision for liturgical music at Corpus is intelligible once the chapel ministers are viewed within their wider collegiate community. The musical capabilities of this mixed community can in turn be mapped onto the genres and repertoires cultivated in Henrician England. Plainsong formed the bedrock of the liturgy: all members of college except the domestic staff were to be proficient in cantus planus, which would have constituted most of what was sung in chapel. Indeed, all members of college should, at least in theory, have been able to participate in the singing of chant. Ultimately, Fox’s economy of means at Corpus arguably represents neither a repudiation of more demonstrative forms of ritual expression, nor an ascetic disavowal of the spiritual worth of church music; instead, it can be read as a serious attempt to engage the whole community as active participants in worship.
Living in a Sixteenth-Century College
Authors: Reid Julian
Published: September 2019

This chapter details the building of Corpus Christi College. Richard Fox was a staggeringly wealthy individual. A mere fortnight of his earnings as the richest bishop in England was enough to buy the site of Corpus Christi. Fox was also a far from indifferent patron. Even as Corpus was being built, he was employing the very best workmen to construct his own chantry chapel and reconstruct the east end of Winchester cathedral. Ultimately, the choices he made in Winchester and in Cambridge reveal a sensitive and creative use of style. He was one of the very first to import Renaissance designs into England, but also employed older forms when he considered that they were appropriate. For that reason, the choices he made when building Corpus Christi offer a particularly useful way of understanding what he hoped the college might amount to.
Corpus Christi College, the City, and the Court in the Reign of Henry VIII
Authors: Brigden Susan
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the living conditions in Corpus Christi College. At Corpus Christi, the private chambers were not regarded as living quarters but bed chambers since, on most days, from first light until after supper, all members of the community—whether engaged in scholarly, liturgical, or domestic activity—would have had little leisure to spend in their room. Chambers were, as the statutes stated, ‘places of quiet and sleep and places to retreat to after cares and labours‘. Part of the day of the members of the college would naturally be spent in the chapel, but on a working day the greater part of the liturgical burden would have been carried by members of the chapel establishment. Much of the rest of the day would have been spent in studying, teaching, or examining—depending on academic status—much of it taking place in hall, although certain members were required to attend lectures elsewhere.
A Dynamic Model of Corporate Campaigns
Authors: Abito Jose Miguel , Besanko David , Diermeier Daniel
Published: September 2019

This chapter introduces a finite-horizon (three-period) model of corporate campaigns in which an activist targets a single firm. The activist cares solely about the social benefits generated by the private regulation the firm is capable of undertaking. A firm can undertake costly effort in each period to improve its reputation in the subsequent period. The activist could undertake costly effort to impair the firm's reputation. As compared to a setting in which the firm faced no activist, the firm chooses a higher level of private regulation in the first period and, in expectation, a higher level of private regulation in the second period as well. The authors interpret this increase as self-insurance against reputational harm. The activist has a strategic effect on the firm in the second period: if the campaign impairs the firm's reputation, the firm will undertake more private regulation than it would have had its reputation remained the same or even improved.
Compromised Potentials
Authors: Bisht Suman , Agrawal Nand Kishor
Published: September 2019

Farmers of Salla village in Uttarakhand State in India have great potential of niche products on condition that several obstacles to production is removed, the most serious of which are wild animals, seasonal water scarcity, and improved market access. The danger is that present out-migration will accelerate unless these bottlenecks are attended to, resulting in increasing depopulation and regrowth of agricultural land.
Introduction
Authors: Thomas Pradip Ninan
Published: September 2019

This chapter introduces some of the key themes related to digital India against the background of India’s political economy and digital geopolitics. It introduces the contributions made by David Harvey to understanding the new forms of imperialism and Karl Polanyi’s critique of the all-sufficient, self-correcting market. Both their contributions provide a framework to understand the rollout of the digital in India. The Indian State’s many digital entanglements reflect its ambitions to become a knowledge superpower, although, as this chapter argues, these ambitions sit uneasily within the multifaceted reality of an unevenly developing India and pressure from one of its strongest trade partners, the USA. India has developed extraordinary capacities in some areas such as satellites, but its complexities are a legion. This chapter argues that the rollout of the digital simply has to contend with the country’s many complexities.
Conclusion
Authors: Thomas Pradip Ninan
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides a background to some of the challenges faced by the Indian State in its attempt to remain a sovereign nation in matters related to the digital. It specifically highlights the IP challenges that it faces, and also illustrates Indian successes in the digital realm. Simultaneously, it highlights the fact that poverty, the agrarian crisis, Maoism, and other ruptures in Indian society cannot be wished away or solved with more injections of technology and the digital. The chapter attempts to ground India’s tryst with the digital within its local politics and geopolitical compulsions, but also importantly against its contemporary political economy and reality of uneven development. It argues that India’s digital future, to an extent, will depend on how best it invests in bridging other divides in the society.
Coming of Age
Authors: Khandkar Arundhati C. , Khandkar Ashok C.
Published: September 2019

Laxmanshastri was born in 1901 and spent the first years living a very traditional life in the small town of Wāi, where society was ordered by caste-based hierarchy handed down from generation to generation over two millennia. His transformation into a Sanskritist and Vedic scholar began when he entered Prādnapāthshālā, a gurukul noted for traditional learning and weaving current political events in the curriculum. In this milieu, inspired by his guru and Lokmanya Tilak, Laxmanshastri developed an abiding commitment to social and religious reforms. Encouraged to learn English by Vinoba Bhave, with whom he developed a friendship, he became keenly aware of the groundswell for swarāj, or freedom from the British. From an early stage he had developed a sense that simply embracing Untouchables was not action enough. It was equally important to speak out and actively work against untouchability. Drawing on Buddha’s public discourses, he began campaigning for removing untouchability.
Know Thyself
Authors: Khandkar Arundhati C. , Khandkar Ashok C.
Published: September 2019

Having won acclaim with his receiving India’s highest literary honour, the Sahitya Academy Award, he set his sights on encouraging Dalit writers and thinkers to express themselves in their own words, helping them find their own authentic voices, without regard to the vast literature that was essentially canonical and brahminical in origin. He hoped that this would help heal the wounds that the Untouchables felt deeply as a result of the deprivations that they had experienced for generations. At the same time, he also pointed to the varied and opposing interpretations of stories and parables from the great Indian epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata. His distillation of the vast span of Vedic and Vedantic literature offered depth and meaning extending from the ancient Sanskrit to the contemporary nascent Dalit literature. Marathi Dalit literature blossomed during this time and saw extraordinary growth. He expanded his analysis and thinking into other creative realms including the aesthetics of art, poetry, and drama.
Climate of Conquest
Authors: Nath Pratyay
Published: September 2019

What can war tell us about empire? Climate of Conquest is built around this question. Pratyay Nath eschews the conventional way of writing about warfare primarily in terms of battles and technologies. Instead, he unravels the deep connections that Mughal war-making shared with the broader dynamics of society, culture, and politics. In the process, he offers a new analysis of the Mughal empire from the vantage point of war. Climate of Conquest closely studies the dynamics of the military campaigns that helped the Mughals conquer North India and project their power beyond it. In the first part, Nath argues that these campaigns unfolded in constant negotiation with the diverse natural environment of South Asia. The empire sought to discipline the environment and harness its resources to satisfy its own military needs. At the same time, environmental factors like climate, terrain, and ecology profoundly influenced Mughal military tactics, strategy, and deployment of technology. In the second part, Nath makes three main points. Firstly, he argues that Mughal military success owed a lot to the efficient management of military logistics and the labour of an enormous non-elite, non-combatant workforce. Secondly, he explores the making of imperial frontiers and highlights the roles of forts, routes, and local alliances in the process. Finally, he maps the cultural climate of war at the Mughal court and discusses how the empire legitimized war and conquest. In the process, what emerges is a fresh interpretation of Mughal empire-building as a highly adaptive, flexible, and accommodative process.
Environment and the Heterogeneous Conquest of North India
Authors: Nath Pratyay
Published: September 2019

This chapter studies the Mughal conquest of the heart of North India. It argues that the heterogeneous geography of this landmass shaped the course and nature of military engagements. The vast open plains of the Punjab and the Gangetic Basin allowed large-scale cavalry manoeuvres. Hence, the Mughals were able to engage their adversaries in a number of battles and skirmishes here. In contrast, the broken terrain of the forested highlands of central India restricted free movement of troops and encouraged fortress warfare. For this reason, Mughal expansion entailed a greater number of sieges here. This environmental heterogeneity also made it impossible for either cavalry or firearms to spearhead Mughal military conquests uniformly or single-handedly. Thus, even within the fairly contiguous region that was to eventually comprise the political heartland of the Mughal empire, the natural environment left a deep imprint on the conduct of warfare and the course of empire-formation.
Moving East, Moving West
Authors: Nath Pratyay
Published: September 2019

By 1570, Akbar’s armies established their hold over the heart of North India. Using this landmass as their base, they projected their power in different directions in the following decades. As they ventured increasingly away from their political heartland, they encountered new adversaries as well as radically different environmental conditions. The result was very different military experiences and political results across the different theatres of war. The present chapter unravels these diverse histories by focusing on six regions—the Bengal Delta, the Brahmaputra Basin, the Lower Indus Basin, the Himalayas, Qandahar, and Balkh–Badakhshan. It shows that varying conditions of terrain, ecology, and climate precipitated tremendous military heterogeneity with respect to tactics, strategy, logistics, and deployment of technology. In light of this, it becomes necessary to understand Mughal war-making and empire-building as highly adaptive and accommodative processes that constantly evolved in response to the diverse conditions they encountered.
Consecutive Stages of Conflict of Laws
Authors: Govindaraj V.C.
Published: September 2019

Conflict of laws comes into operation if, and only if, an issue or issues in a dispute presented before a municipal court for adjudication contain(s) a foreign element. Then, in that case, the adjudicating court chooses the appropriate rule of law that is directly relatable to the issue or issues to be resolved. This chapter discusses the four distinct stages in the conflict resolution process: (i) determination by the adjudicating court of its jurisdictional competence; (ii) classification or characterization of the cause of action with a view to determining the legal category to which the disputed issue; (iii) identification by the court of the lex causae (that is, the law that governs the cause of action) based on which judgment is rendered; and (iv) recognition and enforcement of the judgment by the concerned court, if that be warranted, for its due execution.
Domicile and Residence
Authors: Govindaraj V.C.
Published: September 2019

Domicile denotes a relationship between a person and a country, but can never arise from membership of a group as distinguished from the country in which the group is domiciled. However, the municipal law of the country of domicile, as is the case with India, may itself distinguish between different classes of its subjects such as Hindus, Muslims, Christians, etc., and apply different rules based on religion. This chapter discusses the following: the meaning and function of domicile; limits of domicile areawise; determination of acquisition of domicile; domicile as a must for everyone; domicile of origin and domicile of choice; domicile of dependent persons (i.e., married women, minors and mentally retarded persons), domicile of corporations; domicile, nationality, and residence; and ordinary residence and habitual residence.
The Law of Obligations
Authors: Govindaraj V.C.
Published: September 2019

The law of obligations consists of the law of contracts and the law of torts. The law of obligations, whether it be contract or tort, is the outcome of the act of parties which gives rise to a legal obligation. This chapter discusses the following: foreign contracts and the conflicts resolution process; express choice of law; informed or implied intention; inferred choice of law; inference as to the validity of a contract in case of conflict; absence of express or inferred choice of law; presumptions relating to the proper law doctrine; whether the proper law signifies connection with a country or with the system of law; time factor as an aid to interpretation; the doctrine of renvoi vis-à-vis the proper law; and foreign torts.
Negotiable Instruments
Authors: Govindaraj V.C.
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the law relating to negotiable instruments as interpreted and applied by Indian courts. The legal requirements and the legal effects of a negotiable instrument such as a bill of exchange or a promissory note or cheque are governed by the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. Section 134 of the Act lays down the rule that in the absence of a contract to the contrary in respect of a negotiable instrument, the liability of the maker or drawer of a promissory note, bill of exchange, or cheque is regulated in all essential matters by the law of the place where he made the instrument.
Hague Conventions on Private International Law
Authors: Govindaraj V.C.
Published: September 2019

The world has to acknowledge the contribution the Hague Conference on Private International Law has hitherto made and continues to make in its endeavour to obtain from the world community approval and acceptance of the outcome of its efforts to unify rules of conflict of laws. India has become an active member of the Hague Conference. This chapter discusses the recognition of decrees of divorces and judicial separation and maintenance obligations; child custody and child abduction; the law relating to succession; the law relating to service of summons abroad; Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirement of Legalization for Foreign Public Documents, 1961; and Hague Convention on Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters, 1970.
The Trend-setting Developments in Conflict of Laws
Authors: Govindaraj V.C.
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the ‘vested or acquired rights’ theory of Professor A. V. Dicey in England and Professor J. H. Beale in the United States, which is traceable to Ulrich Huber (1635-94), a Dutch jurist-cum-judge. Huber’s formulations in respect of the binding force of law in general and conflict of laws in particular is derived from the sovereignty of states which, according to him, is unlimited and absolute. This view is in keeping with Hobbesian theory of sovereignty of states. The chapter aims to impress upon the Indian legal fraternity that it is high time to reorient their attitude and approach to conflict of laws or private international law.
Learning and Happiness
Authors: Dhareshwar Vivek
Published: September 2019

This chapter outlines a framework within which to understand the link between practical knowledge and sociality. The objective is to understand the audacity and profundity of the attempts by Indian traditions to organize the social and natural spaces, relations, and events/acts as learning experiences. Developing that framework through the notion of practitional matrix, this chapter shows how Western normative thinking carves up Indian sociality into domains that render our experience unintelligible to us. Through a discussion of the Gandhi–Tagore debate it is argued that the actional frame is the only way to resist the normative frame. A brief characterization of normativity is offered to explain the emergence of entities such as ‘sexuality’ and ‘the caste-system’. The sketch of the alternative conceptualization of Indian sociality shows why we need to choose between history and the past, philosophy and adhyatma, religion and tradition, the caste system and the practitional matrix.
Darsana as Theoria
Authors: Rao D. Venkat
Published: September 2019

Plato’s Republic can be read as a philosophical defense of a new education, of a radical turn in the tradition of paideia. The traditional Homeric learning aimed at cultivating the best in man beyond the transient allurements of wealth, fame, and power. Abandoning the Homeric mnemocultural modes, Plato configured Truth, Good and Beauty as ends of learning and posited dialectics (dianoia against muthos) as the only means of attaining such ends. Judeo-Christian religion appropriated such configuration of learning for the spiritual foundation of man by means of the Word of God (Logos) and put an end to ancient pagan traditions. Over three and half millennia Indian traditions of learning have remained resolutely mnemopraxial: cultural memory put to work in actional lives. These traditions were drawn neither toward the dianoiac force nor the theological power of logos. This chapter attempts to undertake two tasks: (i) configure the modes and means of mnemopraxial traditions of learning and their heterogeneous dispersal; and (ii) the genocidal implications today of the epistemic rupture of these traditions unleashed by the European invasion.
Sree Narayana Iconography
Authors: Sivanand Sujit
Published: September 2019

This study of visual imagery characterizing Narayana Guru (1855–1928) lays open engaging insights into the use of imagery in the spiritual and political domains. Often imagery is used by opposing interest groups, each one representing the Guru as champion of selective aspects of their own ideology. The paper explores how these obvious contradictions find room in the continuing legacy of the Guru. Also sketches, paintings and sculptures of the Guru continue to be forceful media in shaping these different narratives of the Guru, whether used as an object of a wishful visual (darsan) for believers, or used on captivating book covers meant for questioning students of philosophy. Imagery continues to drive storylines of this Guru, who upheld universal humanistic values, without mapping political, religious, or ethnic dividing lines anywhere on the globe.
Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter
Published: September 2019

Chapter 4 reviews the basic notions of equilibrium statistical mechanics and begins with its fundamental postulate and outlines the structure of the theory using the most important of the various statistical ensembles, the microcanonical, the canonical, and the grand canonical ensemble and their corresponding thermodynamic potential, the internal energy, the Helmholtz free energy, and the grand canonical potential. The notions of temperature, pressure, and chemical potential are obtained and it introduces the laws of thermodynamics, the Gibbs entropy, and the concept of the partition function. It also discusses quantum statistical mechanics using the density matrix and as applied to non-interacting Bosonic and Fermionic quantum gases, the former showing Bose–Einstein condensation. The mean-field theory of interacting magnetic moments and the transfer matrix to exactly solve the Ising model in one dimension serve as applications.
Conformal Symmetry in Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter
Published: September 2019

The core of the exposition of the theory of conformal symmetry in statistical mechanics are the concepts of correlation functions of order parameter fields, whose behaviour under conformal transformations are the defining characteristic of conformal field theories. Chapter 7 discusses the transformation properties of the energy-momentum tensor, the conformal Ward identities, and the operator product expansion lead to the loop or Witt algebra with central extension, the Virasoro algebra, allowing the characterization of the possible universality classes, in particular through the conformal anomaly or central charge. It discusses how the finite-size corrections to thermodynamic quantities, obtained from conformal transformations to finite geometries, can be used to determine critical parameters, especially the central charge.
Six-Vertex Model
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter
Published: September 2019

This chapter considers the special case of the six-vertex model on a square lattice using a trigonometric parameterization of the vertex weights. It demonstrates how, by exploiting the Yang-Baxter relations, the six-vertex model is diagonalized and the Bethe ansatz equations are derived. The Hamiltonian of the Heisenberg quantum spin chain is obtained from the transfer matrix for a special value of the spectral parameter together with an infinite set of further conserved quantum operators. By the diagonalization of the transfer matrix the exact solution of the one-dimensional quantum spin chain Hamiltonian has automatically also been obtained, which is given by the same Bethe ansatz equations.
Electronic Systems
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter
Published: September 2019

The Bethe ansatz can be generalized to problems where particles have internal degrees of freedom. The generalized method can be viewed as two Bethe ansätze executed one after the other: nested Bethe ansatz. Electronic systems are the most relevant examples for condensed matter physics. Prominent electronic many-particle systems in one dimension solvable by a nested Bethe ansatz are the one-dimensional δ-Fermi gas, the one-dimensional Hubbard model, and the Kondo model. The major difference to the Bethe ansatz for one component systems is a second, spin, eigenvalue problem, which has the same form in all cases and is solvable by a second Bethe ansatz, e.g. an algebraic Bethe ansatz. A quantum dot tuned to Kondo resonance and coupled to an isolated metallic ring presents an application of the coupled sets of Bethe ansatz equations of the nested Bethe ansatz.
Thermodynamics of the Isotropic Heisenberg Quantum Spin Chain
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter
Published: September 2019

This chapter presents the extension of the Bethe ansatz to finite temperature, the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz, for the antiferromagnetic isotropic Heisenberg quantum spin chain, the XXX quantum spin chain. It discusses how the added complications of this model arise from the more complicated structure of excitations of the quantum spin chain, the complex string excitations, which have to be included in the Bethe ansatz thermodynamics. It derives the integral equations of the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz for the XXX quantum spin chain and mentions explicit formulas for the free energy of the quantum spin chain and some interesting physical quantities, especially making contact with predictions of conformal symmetry.
Finite Heisenberg Quantum Spin Chain
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter
Published: September 2019

The Bethe ansatz genuinely considers a finite system. The extraction of finite-size results from the Bethe ansatz equations is of genuine interest, especially against the background of the results of finite-size scaling and conformal symmetry in finite geometries. The mathematical techniques introduced in chapter 19 permit a systematic treatment in this chapter of finite-size corrections as corrections to the thermodynamic limit of the system. The application of the Euler-Maclaurin formula transforming finite sums into integrals and finite-size corrections transforms the Bethe ansatz equations into Wiener–Hopf integral equations with inhomogeneities representing the finite-size corrections solvable using the Wiener–Hopf technique. The results can be compared to results for finite systems obtained from other approaches that are independent of the Bethe ansatz method. It briefly discusses higher-order corrections and offers a general assessment of the finite-size method.
High on God
Authors: Wellman James , Corcoran Katie , Stockly Kate
Published: September 2019

Humans are homo duplex, seeking to be individuals but knowing this is only possible in communities. Thus, humans struggle to integrate these two sides of their nature. Megachurches have been enormously successful at resolving this struggle. How do they do it, and what is it about their structure and rituals that makes so many feel as if they are high on God? The affective energies and emotional valences that characterize religious ecstasy are the primary focus of our study of megachurches. Empirically, humans want and desire forms of what Randall Collins calls “emotional energy.” Drawing on extensive qualitative and quantitative data on twelve nationally representative megachurches, we identify six desires that megachurches evoke and meet: acceptance, awe and spiritual stimulation, reliable leadership, deliverance, purpose, and solidarity in a community of like-minded others. Megachurches satisfy these desires through co-presence—being in the presence of other desiring people—a shared mood achieved through powerful musical worship services, a mutual focus of attention on the charismatic senior pastor who acts as an emotional charging agent, transformative altar calls, service opportunities, and small-group participation. This interaction ritual chain solidifies attendees’ commitment and group loyalty, and keeps them coming back to be recharged. Megachurches also have a dark side: they are known for their highly publicized scandals often involving malfeasance of the senior pastor. After examining the positive and negative sides to megachurches, we conclude that they successfully meet the desire of humans to flourish as individuals and to do so in a group.
Where Are the Gates?
Authors: Schain Martin A.
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the question of where the border has been controlled in Europe and the United States. The border is not a uniform area of control, but an area that is controlled at different points in different ways. Some points of control may indeed be somewhere on the lines of the map, while others may be deep within the territory of the state. Others, moreover, are far from the state itself, in the territory of other states. Border control varies and defines different aspects of the frontier. This chapter also explores variations in the regulation of people and trade. How is it possible to regulate movement of people across the border, in the face of economic forces that push for greater openness, while security concerns and powerful political forces push toward greater closure? The chapter examines whether the hardening of border control for people necessarily obstructs the growth of free trade.
Border Policies
Authors: Schain Martin A.
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines how border policies have evolved in Europe and the United States. It goes beyond law and deals more broadly with what has been termed “policy output. ” The chapter considers how policies have varied over time and space, and the author argues that in both Europe and the United States immigration policy has increasingly become focused on the border, the reinforcement of border controls, and the link between other aspects of immigration to these controls. The framing of the political problem of immigration—as one of legal entry in the United States, and integration in Europe—has been connected to questions of border control and enforcement. Even as levels of immigration have been stable, or even in decline, policy on the border has become more important. The chapter concludes by dealing with outcomes, which help us to understand the relevance of policy objectives.
The Politics of Border Control in Europe
Authors: Schain Martin A.
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the growing politicization of border control policy in Europe. It first examines why the border has become important at all at a time when some have argued that borders are increasingly less relevant. The relatively easy movement of migrants into Europe until the 1970s was matched by the easy movement across the soft northern and southern borders of the United States at the same time. How, then, did the issue of the border become increasingly salient? This chapter argues that the developing political salience of the border has been the principle result, first of the reframing of the question of immigration by political party leaders as a failure by the state to control the challenge to identity. Party leaders and electoral competition have then mobilized public opinion around issues of border control as a political priority. This has taken place in the context of cross-border population movements within Europe, and by increased numbers of asylum seekers seeking entry into Europe.
The Politics of Border Control in the United States
Authors: Schain Martin A.
Published: September 2019

This chapter analyzes the shift in border policy in the United States. The shift evolved with what was framed as the surge of undocumented immigration after 1980, and the securitization of what had been a circulation of workers from Mexico to and from the United States. The perception of failure of immigration policy emerged not from a widespread reaction to a sense of failed integration, as in Europe, but to the increased political focus on the growth of the population of undocumented immigrants. The progressive reinforcement of the border, particularly after 1992, had the perverse effect of providing an incentive for migrants to remain on the US side in larger numbers than ever before. The growth of the undocumented population weighed on the political process in three ways. First, it fed a growing perception of failure of the adequacy of southern border controls. Second, as the issue of the border became politicized, it began to undermine stable understandings of policy within the policy network on immigration. Third, the border became a growing focus for intra- and interpolitical party conflict, and was accelerated by federal dynamics.
Explaining State Preemption of Local Laws: Political, Institutional, and Demographic Factors
Authors: Flavin Patrick , Shufeldt Gregory
Published: September 2019

Despite increasing popular and media attention to the preemption of local policymaking by state governments, the empirical political science literature on preemption remains relatively scarce. After first identifying and discussing state preemption laws across twenty-one diverse public policies, we investigate how political, institutional, and demographic factors predict the implementation of these laws. Our empirical analysis reveals that states where Republicans control both legislative chambers and the governorship, with more politically conservative citizens, a higher percentage of African Americans, and a stronger conservative interest group presence passes more laws that preempt local policymaking. Our results demonstrate that state preemption efforts are more closely associated with political and demographic factors and less associated with institutional forces.
A Geometrical Regularity Criterion in Terms of Velocity Profiles for the Three-Dimensional Navier–Stokes Equations
Authors: Tran C V , Yu X
Published: September 2019

In this article, we present a new kind of regularity criteria for the global well-posedness problem of the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations in the whole space. The novelty of the new results is that they involve only the profiles of the magnitude of the velocity. One particular consequence of our theorem is as follows. If for every fixed $t\in (0,T)$, the ‘large velocity’ region $\Omega:=\{(x,t)\mid |u(x,t)|>C(q)\left|\mkern-2mu\left|{u}\right|\mkern-2mu\right|_{L^{3q-6}}\}$, for some $C(q)$ appropriately defined, shrinks fast enough as $q\nearrow \infty$, then the solution remains regular beyond $T$. We examine and discuss velocity profiles satisfying our criterion. It remains to be seen whether these profiles are typical of general Navier–Stokes flows.
Shareholder Governance and CEO Compensation: The Peer Effects of Say on Pay
Authors: Denis Diane K , Jochem Torsten , Rajamani Anjana
Published: September 2019

We document that firms whose compensation peers experience weak say on pay votes reduce CEO compensation following those votes. Reductions reflect proxy adviser concerns about peers’ compensation contracts and are stronger when CEOs receive excess compensation, when they compete more closely with their weak-vote peers in the executive labor market, and when those peers perform well. Reductions occur following peers’ disclosures of revised pay and are proportional to those needed to retain firms’ relative positions in their peer groups. We conclude that the spillover effects of shareholder voting occur through both learning and compensation targeting channels. (JEL G34, G38, J38, M12, M52)

Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Transcriptome profiling of postharvest shoots identifies PheNAP2- and PheNAP3-promoted shoot senescence
Authors: Li Xiangyu , Xie Lihua , Zheng Huifang , Cai Miaomiao , Cheng Zhanchao , Bai Yucong , Li Juan , Gao Jian
Published: September 2019

The juvenile shoots of Phyllostachys edulis have been used as a food source for thousands of years, and it is recognized as a potential source of nutraceuticals. However, its rapid senescence restricts bamboo production and consumption, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of rapid shoot senescence remain largely unclear. In the present study, transcriptome profiling was employed to investigate the molecular regulation of postharvest senescence in shoots, along with physiological assays and anatomical dissections. Results revealed a distinct shift in expression postharvest, specifically transitions from cellular division and differentiation to the relocation of nutrients and programmed cell death. A number of regulatory and signaling factors were induced during postharvest senescence. Moreover, transcription factors, including NAM, ATAF and CUC (NAC) transcription factors, basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors, basic region/leucine zipper transcription factors, MYB transcription factors and WRKY transcription factors, were critical for shoot postharvest senescence, of which NACs were the most abundant. PheNAP2 and PheNAP3 were induced in postharvest shoots and found to promote leaf senescence in Arabidopsis by inducing the expression of AtSAG12 and AtSAG113. PheNAP2 and PheNAP3 could both restore the stay-green Arabidopsis nap to the wild-type phenotype either under normal growth condition or under abscisic acid treatment. Collectively, these results suggest that PheNAPs may promote shoot senescence. These findings provide a systematic view of shoot senescence and will inform future studies on the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for shoot degradation during storage.
Population Structure and Genetic Diversity of Fungi Causing Rice Seedling Blight in Northeast China Based on Microsatellite Markers
Authors: Liu J. X. , Cai Y. N. , Jiang W. Y. , Li Y. G. , Zhang Q. F. , Pan H. Y.
Published: September 2019

Rice seedling blight, which is caused by diverse pathogenic microorganisms, occurs worldwide and is the most important seedling disease affecting rice production in Northeast China. To further characterize the population structure and genetic diversity of the fungi responsible for rice seedling blight in Northeast China, 225 fungal strains were isolated from diseased rice seedlings collected from various rice-producing areas. The isolated strains included Fusarium oxysporum (48.0%), F. verticillioides (11.6%), F. tricinctum (8.0%), F. redolens (6.7%), F. equiseti (6.2%), F. solani (6.2%), Rhizoctonia solani (6.7%), Alternaria alternata (4.0%), and Curvularia coatesiae (2.7%). F. oxysporum was the dominant fungal species causing rice seedling blight, with most isolates exhibiting moderate pathogenicity. Moreover, to our knowledge, this is the first study to identify A. alternata and C. coatesiae as causal agents of rice seedling blight in Northeast China. None of the F. oxysporum isolates were sensitive to 10 μg/ml of carbendazim, implying that carbendazim is ineffective for controlling rice seedling blight in Northeast China. The F. oxysporum isolates were divided into nine groups based on a simple sequence repeat analysis involving 14 primer pairs. In addition, an analysis of molecular variance revealed a significant correlation between the F. oxysporum population and geographical location, which had a significant effect on the differentiation of the dominant isolate population. The results of this study provide insights into the genetic diversity of F. oxysporum strains causing rice seedling blight and may be useful for selecting isolates to screen for disease-resistant rice varieties, evaluating fungicide efficacy, and developing effective disease management strategies.
Direct pulmonary delivery of solubilized curcumin reduces severity of lethal pneumonia
Authors: Zhang Boya , Swamy Samantha , Balijepalli Sanjay , Panicker Sreehari , Mooliyil Jashitha , Sherman Matthew A. , Parkkinen Jaakko , Raghavendran Krishnan , Suresh Madathilparambil V.
Published: September 2019

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the most severe form of acute lung injury, is associated with reduced lung compliance and hypoxemia. Curcumin exhibits potent anti‐inflammatory properties but has poor solubility and rapid plasma clearance. To overcome these physiochemical limitations and uncover the full therapeutic potential of curcumin in lung inflammation, in this study we utilized a novel water‐soluble curcumin formulation (CDC) and delivered it directly into the lungs of C57BL/6 mice inoculated with a lethal dose of Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP). Administration of CDC led to a significant reduction in mortality, in bacterial presence within blood and lungs, as well as in lung injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The expression of Klebsiella hemolysin gene; TNF‐α; IFN‐β; nucleotide‐binding domain, leucine‐rich‐containing family, pyrin domain‐containing‐3; hypoxia‐inducible factor 1/2α; and NF‐κB were also decreased following CDC treatment, suggesting modulation of the inflammasome complex and hypoxia signaling pathways as an underlying mechanism by which CDC reduces the severity of pneumonia. On a cellular level, CDC led to diminished cell death, improved viability, and protection of human lung epithelial cells in vitro. Overall, our studies demonstrate that CDC administration improves cell survival and reduces injury, inflammation, and mortality in a murine model of lethal gram‐negative pneumonia. CDC, therefore, has promising anti‐inflammatory potential in pneumonia and likely other inflammatory lung diseases, demonstrating the importance of optimizing the physicochemical properties of active natural products to optimize their clinical application.—Zhang, B., Swamy, S., Balijepalli, S., Panicker, S., Mooliyil, J., Sherman, M. A., Parkkinen, J., Raghavendran, K., Suresh, M. V. Direct pulmonary delivery of solubilized curcumin reduces severity of lethal pneumonia. FASEB J. 33, 13294–13309 (2019). www.fasebj.org
Humidity-dependent colour change in the green forester moth,Adscita statices
Authors: Wilts Bodo D. , Mothander Karolina , Kelber Almut
Published: September 2019

The colours of insects serve important visual functions in aiding mate recognition, camouflage and warning. The display of insects is usually static, as cuticle coloration does not (or hardly) change during the lifespan of a mature imago form. Here, we describe a case of humidity-dependent, brilliant coloration in the green forester moth,Adscita statices. We show, by employing spectroscopic and ultrastructural methods, that the moth's colour results from the interference of incident light with an unusual hydrophilic melanized-chitin multilayer present in the wing scales. Humidity changes in the environment affect the multilayer properties, causing a significant shift of the green-peaking reflectance in the dry state to a rusty colour when damp, resulting in the strong colour change between day and dusk or dawn.
Slender-body theory for plasmonic resonance
Authors: Ruiz Matias , Schnitzer Ory
Published: September 2019

We develop a slender-body theory for plasmonic resonance of slender metallic nanoparticles, focusing on a general class of axisymmetric geometries with locally paraboloidal tips. We adopt a modal approach where one first solves the plasmonic eigenvalue problem, a geometric spectral problem which governs the surface-plasmon modes of the particle; then, the latter modes are used, in conjunction with spectral-decomposition, to analyse localized-surface-plasmon resonance in the quasi-static limit. We show that the permittivity eigenvalues of the axisymmetric modes are strongly singular in the slenderness parameter, implying widely tunable, high-quality-factor, resonances in the near-infrared regime. For that family of modes, we use matched asymptotics to derive an effective eigenvalue problem, a singular non-local Sturm–Liouville problem, where the lumped one-dimensional eigenfunctions represent axial voltage profiles (or charge line densities). We solve the effective eigenvalue problem in closed form for a prolate spheroid and numerically, by expanding the eigenfunctions in Legendre polynomials, for arbitrarily shaped particles. We apply the theory to plane-wave illumination in order to elucidate the excitation of multiple resonances in the case of non-spheroidal particles.
A trio of simple optimized axisymmetric kinematic dynamos in a sphere
Authors: Holdenried-Chernoff D. , Chen L. , Jackson A.
Published: September 2019

Planetary magnetic fields are generated by the motion of conductive fluid in the planet's interior. Complex flows are not required for dynamo action; simple flows have been shown to act as efficient kinematic dynamos, whose physical characteristics are more straightforward to study. Recently, Chen
et al
. (2018,
J. Fluid Mech.
839
, 1–32. (
doi:10.1017/jfm.2017.924
)) found the optimal, unconstrained kinematic dynamo in a sphere, which, despite being of theoretical importance, is of limited practical use. We extend their work by restricting the optimization to three simple two-mode axisymmetric flows based on the kinematic dynamos of Dudley & James (1989,
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A
425
, 407–429. (
doi:10.1098/rspa.1989.0112
)). Using a Lagrangian optimization, we find the smallest critical magnetic Reynolds number for each flow type, measured using an enstrophy-based norm. A Galerkin method is used, in which the spectral coefficients of the fluid flow and magnetic field are updated in order to maximize the final magnetic energy. We consider the
t
0
1
s
0
1
,
t
0
1
s
0
2
and
t
0
2
s
0
2
flows and find enstrophy-based critical magnetic Reynolds numbers of 107.7, 142.4 and 125.5 (13.7, 19.6 and 16.4, respectively, with the energy-based definition). These are up to four times smaller than the original flows. These simple and efficient flows may be used as benchmarks in future studies.
Predictions of the transient loading on box-like objects by arbitrary pressure waves in air
Authors: Gauch H. L. , Bisio V. , Rossin S. , Montomoli F. , Tagarielli V. L.
Published: September 2019

This study investigates the transient loading on rigid, isolated, box-like objects by impinging pressure waves of variable intensity and time duration. A numerical solver is used to predict the transient flow around the object and the consequent pressure on the object's surface. An analytical model is developed which is capable of predicting the transient loading history on the faces of a box-like object; it was found in good agreement with the numerical predictions. The numerical and analytical models are then used to construct non-dimensional design maps. Different regimes of loading are identified and explored.