bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel role of microglial NADPH oxidase in mediating extra‐synaptic function of norepinephrine in regulating brain immune homeostasis
Authors: Jiang Lulu , Chen Shih‐Heng , Chu Chun‐Hsien , Wang Shi‐Jun , Oyarzabal Esteban , Wilson Belinda , Sanders Virginia , Xie Keqin , Wang Qingshan , Hong Jau‐Shyong
Published: March 2015

Although the peripheral anti‐inflammatory effect of norepinephrine (NE) is well documented, the mechanism by which this neurotransmitter functions as an anti‐inflammatory/neuroprotective agent in the central nervous system (CNS) is unclear. This article aimed to determine the anti‐inflammatory/neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of NE in inflammation‐based dopaminergic neurotoxicity models. In mice, NE‐depleting toxin N‐(2‐chloroethyl)‐N‐ethyl‐2‐bromobenzylamine (DSP‐4) was injected at 6 months of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced neuroinflammation. It was found that NE depletion enhanced LPS‐induced dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra. This piece of in vivo data prompted us to conduct a series of studies in an effort to elucidate the mechanism as to how NE affects dopamine neuron survival by using primary midbrain neuron/glia cultures. Results showed that submicromolar concentrations of NE dose‐dependently protected dopaminergic neurons from LPS‐induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting microglia activation and subsequent release of pro‐inflammatory factors. However, NE‐elicited neuroprotection was not totally abolished in cultures from β2‐adrenergic receptor (β2‐AR)‐deficient mice, suggesting that novel pathways other than β2‐AR are involved. To this end, It was found that submicromolar NE dose‐dependently inhibited NADPH oxidase (NOX2)‐generated superoxide, which contributes to the anti‐inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of NE. This novel mechanism was indeed adrenergic receptors independent since both (+) and (−) optic isomers of NE displayed the same potency. We further demonstrated that NE inhibited LPS‐induced NOX2 activation by blocking the translocation of its cytosolic subunit to plasma membranes. In summary, we revealed a potential physiological role of NE in maintaining brain immune homeostasis and protecting neurons via a novel mechanism. GLIA 2015;63:1057–1072
Addressing Missing Data in Patient‐Reported Outcome Measures (PROMS): Implications for the Use of PROMS for Comparing Provider Performance
Authors: Gomes Manuel , Gutacker Nils , Bojke Chris , Street Andrew
Published: March 2015

Patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) are now routinely collected in the English National Health Service and used to compare and reward hospital performance within a high‐powered pay‐for‐performance scheme. However, PROMs are prone to missing data. For example, hospitals often fail to administer the pre‐operative questionnaire at hospital admission, or patients may refuse to participate or fail to return their post‐operative questionnaire. A key concern with missing PROMs is that the individuals with complete information tend to be an unrepresentative sample of patients within each provider and inferences based on the complete cases will be misleading. This study proposes a strategy for addressing missing data in the English PROM survey using multiple imputation techniques and investigates its impact on assessing provider performance. We find that inferences about relative provider performance are sensitive to the assumptions made about the reasons for the missing data. © 2015 The Authors. Health Economics Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
A Grounded Theory of Master's‐Level Counselor Research Identity
Authors: Jorgensen Maribeth F. , Duncan Kelly
Published: March 2015

A grounded theory approach was used to examine the research identity of 17 master's‐level counseling trainees and practitioners. The emergent theory gave an understanding to sources of variation in the process and outcome of research identity. The authors provide recommendations for counselor educators to use with current and former students.
EGF Suppresses the Initiation and Drives the Reversion of TGF‐β1‐induced Transition in Hepatic Oval Cells Showing the Plasticity of Progenitor Cells
Authors: Wang Ping , Yang AI‐Ting , Cong Min , Liu Tian‐Hui , Zhang Dong , Huang Jian , Tong Xiao‐Fei , Zhu Sheng‐Tao , Xu Yong , Tang Shu‐Zhen , Wang Bao‐En , Ma Hong , Jia Ji‐Dong , You Hong
Published: March 2015

Transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) induces hepatic progenitors to tumor initiating cells through epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), thus raising an important drawback for stem cell–based therapy. How to block and reverse TGF‐β1‐induced transition is crucial for progenitors’ clinical application and carcinogenic prevention. Rat adult hepatic progenitors, hepatic oval cells, experienced E‐cadherin to N‐cadherin switch and changed to α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) positive cells after TGF‐β1 incubation, indicating EMT. When TGF‐β1 plus EGF were co‐administrated to these cells, EGF dose‐dependently suppressed the cadherin switch and α‐SMA expression. Interestingly, if EGF was applied to TGF‐β1‐pretreated cells, the cells that have experienced EMT could return to their epithelial phenotype. Abruption of EGF receptor revealed that EGF exerted its blockage and reversal effects through phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt. These findings suggest an important attribute of EGF on opposing and reversing TGF‐β1 effects, indicating the plasticity of hepatic progenitors. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 2362–2370, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Se‐catalyzed process of sodium bisulfite disproportionation
Authors: Chai Liyuan , Yang Bentao , Liu Hui , Xiang Kaisong , Yang Shu , Peng Cong
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

SO2 is an important gaseous pollutant that seriously affects the environment and human health. The most common method for SO2 removal is absorption by NaOH solution and then forming HSO3−. Since generation of high‐value products and reduction of alkali consumption are important for the economy and practical application, selenium‐catalyzed HSO3− disproportionation was developed in this study.

RESULTS

Selenium decreased the reaction temperature of HSO3− disproportionation from >433 K to 343 K. The effects of HSO3− concentration, temperature, selenium dosage, and stirring intensity were investigated. Selenium could be used at least five times with stable catalytic performance, indicating satisfactory reusability. More importantly, a catalytic mechanism was proposed using dynamic light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry and UV‐visible transmittance spectrophotometry. Results showed that selenium‐catalyzed HSO3− disproportionation experienced a solid–liquid–solid phase transformation process. During this process, SeSO32− and HSe− were identified as the intermediates. Furthermore, products, i.e. sulfur and sodium bisulfate, were characterized to demonstrate their structure and composition.

CONCLUSION

Selenium was an efficient catalyst for HSO3− disproportionation. This catalytic process offered the advantages of less consumption of alkali and production of high‐valuable products, and thus was a potential alternative to other technology for SO2 removal in practical applications. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Chromatic polymer assays for the analysis of lipid and lipoprotein peroxidation
Authors: Jelinek Raz , Kolusheva Sofiya , Mann Ella , Aviram Michael
Published: March 2015

Evaluation of the extent of lipoprotein oxidation and the effects of therapeutic and dietary agents upon lipid peroxidation processes are critical in understanding and combating atherosclerotic diseases. Bioanalytical chromatic assays based upon polydiacetylene (PDA) have recently emerged as a useful platform for analysis of lipoprotein oxidation. This article describes the principles of PDA‐based sensing, and its application to the study of lipids peroxidation, both in purified lipoprotein samples, as well as in blood plasma specimens.
Ecological niches of open ocean phytoplankton taxa
Authors: Brun Philipp , Vogt Meike , Payne Mark R. , Gruber Nicolas , O'Brien Colleen J. , Buitenhuis Erik T. , Le Quéré Corinne , Leblanc Karine , Luo Ya‐Wei
Published: March 2015

We characterize the realized ecological niches of 133 phytoplankton taxa in the open ocean based on observations from the MAREDAT initiative and a statistical species distribution model (MaxEnt). The models find that the physical conditions (mixed layer depth, temperature, light) govern large‐scale patterns in phytoplankton biogeography over nutrient availability. Strongest differences in the realized niche centers were found between diatoms and coccolithophores. Diatoms (87 species) occur in habitats with significantly lower temperatures, light intensity and salinity, with deeper mixed layers, and with higher nitrate and silicate concentrations than coccolithophores (40 species). However, we could not statistically separate the realized niches of coccolithophores from those of diazotrophs (two genera) and picophytoplankton (two genera). Phaeocystis (two species) niches only clearly differed from diatom niches for temperature. While the realized niches of diatoms cover the majority of niche space, the niches of picophytoplankton and coccolithophores spread across an intermediate fraction and diazotroph and colonial Phaeocystis niches only occur within a relatively confined range of environmental conditions in the open ocean. Our estimates of the realized niches roughly match the predictions of Reynolds' C‐S‐R model for the global ocean, namely that taxa classified as nutrient stress tolerant have niches at lower nutrient and higher irradiance conditions than light stress tolerant taxa. Yet, there is considerable within‐class variability in niche centers, and many taxa occupy broad niches, suggesting that more complex approaches may be necessary to capture all aspects of phytoplankton ecology.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation follow‐up study in early Parkinson's disease: A decline in compensation with disease progression?
Authors: Kojovic Maja , Kassavetis Panagiotis , Bologna Matteo , Pareés Isabel , Rubio‐Agusti Ignacio , Beraredelli Alfredo , Edwards Mark J. , Rothwell John C. , Bhatia Kailash P.
Published: March 2015

Background

A number of neurophysiological abnormalities have been described in patients with Parkinson's disease, but very few longitudinal studies of how these change with disease progression have been reported. We describe measures of motor cortex inhibition and plasticity at 6 and 12 mo in 12 patients that we previously reported at initial diagnosis. Given the well‐known interindividual variation in these measures, we were particularly concerned with the within‐subject changes over time.

Methods

Patients were assessed clinically, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to measure motor cortical excitability, inhibition (short interval intracortical inhibition, cortical silent period), and plasticity (response to excitatory paired associative stimulation protocol) in both hemispheres. All measurements were performed 6 mo and 12 mo after the baseline experiments.

Results

Asymmetry in clinical motor symptoms was reflected in asymmetry of plasticity and inhibition. In the group as a whole, little change was seen in any of the parameters over 12 mo. However, analysis of within‐individual data showed clear correlations between changes in clinical asymmetry and asymmetry of response to paired associative stimulation protocol and cortical silent period.

Conclusions

Longitudinal changes in cortical silent period and response to paired associative stimulation protocol in Parkinson's disease reflect dynamic effects on motor cortex that are related to progression of motor signs. They are useful objective markers of early disease progression that could be used to detect effects of disease‐modifying therapies. The decline in heightened plasticity that was present at disease onset may reflect failure of compensatory mechanisms that maintained function in the preclinical state. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
A method to build non‐scattering perturbations of two‐dimensional acoustic waveguides
Authors: Bonnet‐Ben Dhia A. S. , Lunéville E. , Mbeutcha Y. , Nazarov S. A.
Published: March 2015

We are interested in finding deformations of the rigid wall of a two‐dimensional acoustic waveguide, which are not detectable in the far field, as they produce neither reflection nor conversion of propagative modes. A proof of existence of such invisible deformations has been presented in a previous paper. It combines elements of the asymptotic analysis for small deformations and a fixed‐point argument. In the present paper, we give a systematic presentation of the method, and we prove that it works for all frequencies except a discrete set. A particular attention is devoted to the practical implementation of the method. The main difficulty concerns the building of a dual family to given oscillating functions. Advantages and limits of the method are illustrated by several numerical results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding anti‐polyelectrolyte behavior of a well‐defined polyzwitterion at the single‐chain level
Authors: Wang Fei , Yang Jingfa , Zhao Jiang
Published: March 2015

A study was made of the anti‐polyelectrolyte effect of a model polyzwitterion at the single‐chain level and from the point of view of comparison with inorganic salts and organic inner salts. A well‐defined polymer of sulfobetaine was synthesized and fluorescently labeled. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy was adopted to probe diffusion and chain size of polyzwitterion single chains in extremely dilute aqueous solutions over a broad concentration range of added salts. By the introduction of inorganic salts and organic inner salts, the single chains of polyzwitterions expanded with an increase of salt concentration. This observation indicates that the break‐up of the dipole–dipole attraction between the zwitterion units is the mechanism of the anti‐polyelectrolyte effect of polyzwitterions. The difference in the strength of the anti‐polyelectrolyte effect induced by inorganic salts and organic inner salts also indicates the partial contribution from the asymmetric adsorption of ions onto polyzwitterion chains. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Single-Cell XIST Expression in Human Preimplantation Embryos and Newly Reprogrammed Female Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Briggs Sharon F. , Dominguez Antonia A. , Chavez Shawn L. , Reijo Pera Renee A.
Published: March 2015

The process of X chromosome inactivation (XCI) during reprogramming to produce human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), as well as during the extensive programming that occurs in human preimplantation development, is not well-understood. Indeed, studies of XCI during reprogramming to iPSCs report cells with two active X chromosomes and/or cells with one inactive X chromosome. Here, we examine expression of the long noncoding RNA, XIST, in single cells of human embryos through the oocyte-to-embryo transition and in new mRNA reprogrammed iPSCs. We show that XIST is first expressed beginning at the 4-cell stage, coincident with the onset of embryonic genome activation in an asynchronous manner. Additionally, we report that mRNA reprogramming produces iPSCs that initially express XIST transcript; however, expression is rapidly lost with culture. Loss of XIST and H3K27me3 enrichment at the inactive X chromosome at late passage results in X chromosome expression changes. Our data may contribute to applications in disease modeling and potential translational applications of female stem cells. Stem Cells  2015;33:1771–1781
Review of catalytic syngas production through steam or dry reforming and partial oxidation of studied liquid compounds
Authors: Abatzoglou Nicolas , Fauteux‐Lefebvre Clémence
Published: March 2015

Although natural gas is the main feedstock for the production of hydrogen and syngas, liquid hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds are of interest for reasons associated with their local availability and their easiness to be stored and transported. This review focuses on steam, dry, and partial oxidation of liquid feedstock. The vast research work published in these fields does not allow for a full coverage of the entire literature. Instead, the authors present from both scientific and technical stand points the knowledge which seems more promising toward eventual improvements of commercial units and utilization of new catalytic formulations. Since traditional steam reforming is relatively very well covered by other reviews, this review has mainly focused on the relatively recent works on glycerol, a biodiesel production by‐product, and the widely available and distributed commercial diesel/biodiesel. New promising catalytic formulations are proposed and are actually under testing for eventual commercial use. Nevertheless these catalysts might be eventually efficient for gaseous (e.g., CH4) hydrocarbons conversion to syngas. Dry and partial oxidation has also been reviewed both globally and in an incremental way. All liquid feedstock tested are reported. Finally, this review tries to bridge the gap between fundamental and factual research in this field. Both are important but the interpretation of the results remains a strong function of each paper's main focus. This review does not pretend that this gap is fully bridged but it has the ambition to help the researchers as well as the practitioners in this area to synthesize the existing knowledge. WIREs Energy Environ 2016, 5:169–187. doi: 10.1002/wene.167

This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Science and Materials

Fuel Cells and Hydrogen > Science and Materials
Oligomer‐dependent and ‐independent chaperone activity of sHsps in different stressed conditions
Authors: Liu Liang , Chen Jiyun , Yang Bo , Wang Yonghua
Published: March 2015

A great number of studies have proven that sHsps protect cells by inhibiting protein aggregation under heat stress, while little is known about their function to protect cells under acid stress. In this work, we show that Hsp20.1 and Hsp14.1 oligomers dissociated to smaller oligomeric species or even dimer/monomer at low pH (pH 4.0 and pH 2.0), whereas no prominent quaternary structural changes were seen at 50 °C. Both oligomers and smaller oligomeric species exhibited abilities to suppress client aggregation at low pH and at 50 °C. These results suggest that sHsps may function in different modes in different stressed conditions.
Unrecognised Acute Rupture of the Achilles Tendon in Severe Ankle Sprain
Authors: Wai Lam Kin , Hing Lui Tun
Published: March 2015

Inversion ankle sprain is a common sport injury. It commonly refers to the injury of lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle. Failure to detect the concomitant injuries would lead to inappropriate treatment and suboptimal result. A case of unrecognised rupture of the Achilles tendon in a patient with severe inversion ankle sprain is reported.
Palatal bone thickness and associated factors in adult miniscrew placements: A cone‐beam computed tomography study
Authors: Poon Yi‐Ching , Chang Hong‐Po , Tseng Yu‐Chuan , Chou Szu‐Ting , Cheng Jung‐Hsuan , Liu Pao‐Hsin , Pan Chin‐Yun
Published: March 2015

Palatal bone thickness measurements obtained by cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) in 30 men and 28 women were evaluated for associated factors. Palatal bone thickness was measured at 20 locations unilateral to the midpalatal suture and posterior to the incisive foramen. Tongue position, presence of posterior crossbite, and palatal morphology were recorded. Lateral cephalograms acquired from CBCT data were used to calculate Frankfort‐mandibular plane angles (FMA). At almost all sites, bone thickness was greater in males than in females, but the difference was statistically significant at only seven sites. Bone thickness showed no associations with tongue position, palatal morphology, or presence of posterior crossbite. In women, FMA significantly correlated with bone thickness at 12 locations. In conclusion, palatal bone thickness is unassociated with tongue position, posterior crossbite, or palatal morphology. In hyperdivergent women, however, available bone may be smaller than normal in the middle and posterior palatal areas; in such cases, a shorter than normal miniscrew may be needed to avoid penetrating the nasal cavity.
Inventing Gregory “the Great”: Memory, Authority, and the Afterlives of the Letania Septiformis
Authors: Latham Jacob A.
Published: March 2015

In modern scholarship, Pope Gregory I “the Great” (590–604) is often simultaneously considered the final scion of classical Rome and the first medieval pope. The letania septiformis, a procession organized into seven groups that Gregory instituted in 590 in the face of plague and disease (and performed only once thereafter in 603), has similarly been construed as the very moment when Antiquity died and the Middle Ages were born. However, his Roman contemporaries in the papal curia largely ignored Gregory and his purportedly epochal procession. In fact, memory of the procession languished in Italy until the late-eighth century when Paul the Deacon made it the center of his Life of Gregory. At Rome, remembrance of the procession lay dormant in the papal archives until John the Deacon dug it out in the late-ninth century. How then did the letania septiformis come to be judged so pivotal? Over the course of centuries, the letania septiformis was inventively re-elaborated in literature, liturgy, and legend as part of the re-fashioning of the memory of Gregory. Shorn of its context, the letania septiformis gained greater imaginative power, becoming the emblem of Gregory's pontificate, if not also of an historical era.
Social Gospels Thrived Outside the Church
Authors: Carter Heath W.
Published: March 2015

Three vignettes underscore that, in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century United States, social gospels often fared best outside the walls of the institutional churches. They also reveal diverging interpretations of Christianity and the church that begin to explain the divergence between religious liberalism and social progressivism during this time.
Effect of anti-heart failure therapy on diastolic function in children with single-ventricle circulations
Authors: Yim Deane L.S. , Jones Bryn O. , Alexander Peta M.A. , d’Udekem Yves , Cheung Michael M.H.
Published: March 2015

Background

Children with functionally univentricular circulations have chronic volume loading of the systemic ventricle, potentially affecting ventricular function. Medications including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and β-blockers are used to treat ventricular dysfunction, despite limited evidence of their efficacy in this population.

Objective

To determine the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on elevated filling pressures in children with single ventricle physiology.

Methods

We performed a single-centre, retrospective review of patients with single ventricle physiology who underwent multiple cardiac catheterisations between 1991 and 2013. Study population comprised of patients who commenced or had optimised dosing of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors between assessments in response to high ventricular filling pressures. Patients undergoing interventions influencing loading conditions between assessments were excluded.

Results

A total of 17 patients were identified, with dominant morphologic right ventricle in eight patients (47.1%). Among them, 11 (64.7%) were pre-Fontan and six (35.3%) were post-Fontan completion. Median inter-assessment interval was 9.4 months (range 7.3–19.1). There was a reduction in end-diastolic pressure from 13 to 10 mmHg (p=0.002), mean pulmonary artery pressure from 16 to 13 mmHg (p=0.049), and mean atrial pressure from 12 to 9 mmHg (p=0.001). There was one cardiac transplant, and there were no patient deaths at median follow-up after 31 months.

Conclusions

We observed a reduction in ventricular end-diastolic pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, and mean atrial pressure following treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with single ventricle physiology. Our study provides insights into the potential impact of anti-heart failure therapy in single ventricle circulations and calls for larger, controlled studies to assess for a therapeutic response.
Recollections and Reflections on Organised Sound
Authors: Risset Jean-Claude
Published: March 2015

In this contribution to the twentieth anniversary issue of Organised Sound, I first recall the reasons for dedicating a periodical to organised sound which I mentioned in my answer to inquiries from Cambridge University Press before the journal existed. The digital era is still in its infancy and it will permit a host of new ways to organise sound. I suggest in particular the development of an intimate relationship between acoustic and digital sounds; the extension of structural notations of sound and music and their exploitation for novel musical transformation; the amplification of the use of functions and combinations of functions. I evoke some issues discussed in Organised Sound, elaborating in more detail some problematic topics: analysis and reconstruction of computer music, live electronic music performance, perception of musical sound and sensory aesthetics.
Past and Current Tendencies in Technology-Based Music
Authors: Rudi Jøran
Published: March 2015

This article will, in a broad sense, discuss technology-based music from its early radio beginnings to the current participation practices, and seek to place both technical and musical development within broader trends of social development. The introduction of new technologies in industry, composition, mediation and consumption has, in a lasting manner, changed the way most of us listen to, participate in and make use of music in our daily lives. Electronic aesthetics has finally, following a development of nearly a hundred years, started to fulfil its initial promise of becoming widely accepted and popular outside of the narrow circles of musical expertise – a ‘democratic’ music unhindered by the hierarchies of the fine arts in their different configurations. But has it really fulfilled the original promise? Is it rather not so that both the music and its promise have changed over the years?

One thing is certain, our pre-adaption to aesthetic experiences has undergone extreme changes over the last twenty years or so. A paradigm shift brought about by digital media and distribution, as well as the networking of things, has directed large parts of humanity towards a new existence in the cross-section of technology and humanity, an existence where cyborgian qualities increase day by day.
Technique, Creation, Perception and Experience in the Learning of Electroacoustic Music: Some practical proposals
Authors: Cipriani Alessandro , Core Vincenzo , Giri Maurizio
Published: March 2015

This article arises from the need to reflect upon the possibility of developing new ways of teaching electroacoustic music, based on the opportunities recently offered by technology and the theories about learning that have been developed in recent decades. After taking into consideration the limits of the current teaching methods, the article examines various theories and approaches that involve questioning the objectivity of the learning process, the concept of multiple intelligences, the concentration on the experience as the focal point of learning and so forth. On the basis of these reflections, and after evaluating various teaching experiences over the past twenty years, the authors make some practical proposals, without imagining a curriculum, but rather by outlining several possible activities within an organic teaching project. To this end, a software program is described and realised in which the learner is engaged through the use of an interactive game format that can be played by the individual or in a group, and that encourages the development of the capacities of analysis, perception, practical skill, knowledge, imagination and creativity.
Developing Telematic Electroacoustic Music: Complex networks, machine intelligence and affective data stream sonification
Authors: Whalley Ian
Published: March 2015

This paper proposes expanding telematic electroacoustic music practice through the consideration of affective computing and integration with complex data streams. Current telematic electroacoustic music practice, despite the distances involved, is largely embedded in older music/sonic arts paradigms. For example, it is dominated by using concert halls, by concerns about the relationship between people and machines, and by concerns about geographically distributed cultures and natural environments. A more suitable environment for telematic sonic works is found in the inter-relationship between ‘players’ and broader contemporary networked life – one embedded in multiple real-time informational data streams. These streams will increase rapidly with the expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT), and with the increasing deployment of algorithmic decision-making and machine learning software. While collated data streams, such as news feeds, are often rendered visually, they are also partly interpreted through embodied cognition that is similar to music and sonic art interpretation. A meeting point for telematic electroacoustic music and real-time data sonification is in affective composition/performance models and data sonification. These allow for the sonic exploration of participants’ place in a matrix of increasingly networked relationships.
The Role of Apps in Electroacoustic Music: A new dimension for music through tablets and other devices
Authors: Chadabe Joel
Published: March 2015

This article describes the potential of apps as a platform for composers of electroacoustic music to present their work. It traces a history of changing concepts of structure in music from objects and symmetrical forms to dynamic systems that provide a basis for interactive instruments. Early examples of interactive instruments are presented and discussed. The opening up of music to all sounds is discussed in the context of the origins and growth of global communities within the music world. The structure of an app format for electroacoustic compositions is described and examples of various music apps are discussed from the perspective of the electroacoustic app format.
Paradigm Shifts and Electroacoustic Music: Some personal reflections
Authors: Truax Barry
Published: March 2015

The author reflects on the past decades with reference to predictions of several paradigm shifts offered in the 1990s, including a broad range of issues covering acoustics, psychoacoustics, the role of the composer, compositional models, environmental sound perception, soundscape composition, and the integration of music and context. Contemporary developments that were not predicted, such as the proliferation of compressed audio, the rapid development of sound studies, the elimination of electroacoustic music from state-funded broadcasting, and the proliferation of mobile listening and online sound databases, are also discussed.
A Review of Color Blindness for Microscopists: Guidelines and Tools for Accommodating and Coping with Color Vision Deficiency
Authors: Keene Douglas R.
Published: March 2015

“Color blindness” is a variable trait, including individuals with just slight color vision deficiency to those rare individuals with a complete lack of color perception. Approximately 75% of those with color impairment are green diminished; most of those remaining are red diminished. Red-Green color impairment is sex linked with the vast majority being male. The deficiency results in reds and greens being perceived as shades of yellow; therefore red-green images presented to the public will not illustrate regions of distinction to these individuals. Tools are available to authors wishing to accommodate those with color vision deficiency; most notable are components in FIJI (an extension of ImageJ) and Adobe Photoshop. Using these tools, hues of magenta may be substituted for red in red-green images resulting in striking definition for both the color sighted and color impaired. Web-based tools may be used (importantly) by color challenged individuals to convert red-green images archived in web-accessible journal articles into two-color images, which they may then discern.
Remote access to treatment planning software for pre-registration radiation therapy education: a single-case feasibility study
Authors: Bridge Pete , Burrage Simon
Published: March 2015

Aim

This single-case feasibility study presents an undergraduate radiotherapy student’s experiences of remote access to University treatment planning software in place of on-site practical learning. With clinical sites increasingly utilising telemedicine there is interest in educational applications of this technology.

Materials and methods

This was an unplanned study with the student initiating remote access; additional tutor support was provided as requested. Subsequent discussion between the tutor and student formed the basis for the presented findings.

Results

A second-year student planned five assessment cases from home, supported by regular on-campus tutorials. The student saved a 2-hour journey per practical and gained additional planning practice time. Unit performance was 10% less than a previous Unit, but student satisfaction with the format was high.

Findings

Educational remote access to treatment planning software is logistically feasible, although strict guidelines and formal tutor support is vital. Remote access can alleviate pressure on facilities and improve student time efficiency. Controlled and supported provision of remote access to planning software could enhance on-site practical teaching sessions for more mature independent learners. Further cohort-wide studies could clarify advantages, disadvantages and possible role of remote access for radiotherapy planning education.
Suppressing weed growth after wheat harvest with underseeded red clover in organic farming
Authors: Anderson Randy L.
Published: March 2015

Organic producers are seeking alternative tactics for weed control so that they can reduce their need for tillage. In this study, we examined cover crop strategies for suppressing weed growth after harvest of wheat. Three cover crop treatments, red clover (mammoth type), a mixture of oat and dry pea, and a control were compared. Treatments were established in both winter and spring wheat, resulting in six treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design. Red clover was underseeded in wheat by drilling in the spring, and the oat/pea mixture was planted in August. Oat was planted uniformly across all treatments in the following growing season. The red clover treatment effectively suppressed weeds, reducing post-harvest weed biomass, density of volunteer winter wheat, and seed production of downy brome by more than 99% compared with the control. Oat/pea was not effective for weed management, likely because of less fall growth and competition compared with red clover. Underseeding red clover did not affect winter wheat yield, but reduced spring wheat yield by 17%. Oat yield, however, was reduced by volunteer crop plants and downy brome infestations in all treatments. Underseeding clovers in winter wheat may effectively manage weeds and, if they winterkill, can replace the need for tillage to control weeds after wheat harvest.
3-D reconstructions of active stars
Authors: Korhonen Heidi
Published: March 2015

Stars are usually faint point sources and investigating their surfaces and interiors observationally is very demanding. Here I give a review on the state-of-the-art observing techniques and recent results on studying interiors and surface features of active stars.
The effect of Helium-enhanced stellar populations on the ultraviolet upturn phenomenon of early-type galaxies
Authors: Chung Chul , Yoon Suk-Jin , Lee Young-Wook
Published: March 2015

We present new population synthesis models (Chung et al.2011) for quiescent early-type galaxies (ETGs) with UV-upturn phenomenon using relatively metal-poor and helium-enhanced subpopulations in the model. We find that the presence of helium-enhanced subpopulations in ETGs can naturally reproduce the strong UV-upturns observed in giant elliptical galaxies (Figure 1. left panel), without invoking unrealistically old ages (Park & Lee 1997). Our models with helium-enhanced subpopulations also predict that the well-known Burstein relation can be explained by the fraction of helium-enhanced subpopulation, the mean age, and the mean metallicity of the underlying stellar populations (Figure 1. right panel).
Spatially resolved molecular gas in early-type galaxies
Authors: Davis T. A. , Alatalo K. , Bureau M. , Young L. , Blitz L. , Crocker A. , Bayet E. , Bois M. , Bournaud F. , Cappellari M. , Davies R. L. , Duc P-A. , de Zeeuw P. T. , Emsellem E. , Falcon-Barroso J. , Khochfar S. , Krajnovic D. , Kuntschner H. , Lablanche P.-Y. , McDermid R. M. , Morganti R. , Naab T. , Sarzi M. , Scott N. , Serra P. , Weijmans A.
Published: March 2015

In around ≈25% of early-type galaxies (ETGs) UV emission from young stellar populations is present. Molecular gas reservoirs have been detected in these systems (e.g. Young et al. (2011), providing the fuel for this residual star-formation. The environment in which this molecular gas is found is quite different than that in spiral galaxies however, with harsher radiation fields, deeper potentials and high metallicity and alpha-element abundances. Here we report on one element of our multi-faceted programme to understand the similarities and differences between the gas reservoirs in spirals and ETGs. We use spatially resolved observations from the CARMA mm-wave interferometer to investigate the size of the molecular reservoirs in the the CO-rich ATLAS3D ETGs (survey described in Alatalo et al. 2012, submitted). We find that the molecular gas extent is smaller in absolute terms in ETGs than in late-type galaxies, but that the size distributions are similar once scaled by the galaxies optical/stellar characteristic scale-lengths (Fig 1, left). Amongst ETGs, we find that the extent of the molecular gas is independent of the kinematic misalignment, despite the many reasons why misaligned gas might have a smaller extent. The extent of the molecular gas does depend on environment, with Virgo cluster ETGs having less extended molecular gas reservoirs (Fig 1, right). Whatever the cause, this further emphases that cluster ETGs follow different evolutionary pathways from those in the field. Full details of this work will be presented in Davis et al. (2012), submitted.
Evolution of Massive Galaxy Structural Properties and Sizes via Star Formation
Authors: Ownsworth Jamie R. , Conselice Christopher J. , Mortlock Alice , Hartley William G. , Buitrago Fernando
Published: March 2015

We investigate the resolved star formation properties of a sample of 45 massive galaxies (M* > 1011 M⊙) within a redshift range of 1.5 ⩽ z ⩽ 3 detected in the GOODS NICMOS Survey (Conselice et al. 2011), a HST H160-band imaging program. We derive the star formation rate as a function of radius using rest frame UV data from deep z850 ACS imaging. The star formation present at high redshift is then extrapolated to z = 0, and we examine the stellar mass produced in individual regions within each galaxy. We also construct new stellar mass profiles of the in situ stellar mass at high redshift from Sérsic fits to rest-frame optical, H160-band, data. We combine the two stellar mass profiles to produce an evolved stellar mass profile. We then fit a new Sérsic profile to the evolved profile, from which we examine what effect the resulting stellar mass distribution added via star formation has on the structure and size of each individual galaxy.
Star Formation History of Early-Type Galaxies with Tidal Debris in the S4G
Authors: Ramos Beatriz H. F. , Menéndez-Delmestre Karín , Kim Taehyun , Sheth Kartik ,   S4G team
Published: March 2015

Local early-type galaxies (ETGs), despite typically being associated to old stellar populations and passive evolution, have been in some cases observed to present peculiarities in their stellar structure, like disks and shells (e.g., Kormendy et al.1997, Rix, Carollo & Freeman 1999). Moreover, it has been observed that ETGs with such tidal features may present UV emission (Rampazzo et al.2007, Salim & Rich 2010). These properties make them relevant constraints to galaxy formation models. We are analysing the structure of nearby ETGs observed in the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S4G; Sheth et al.2010), which comprises the largest mid-IR survey of galaxies in the local Universe. We perform a 2D GALFIT decomposition of the 3.6μm images of 146 ETGs and examine their residual images. We identify tidal features in 17% of these, suggesting that a non-negligible ETGs fraction may have experienced (after the formation of the bulk of their stellar budget) merger events that have left signatures (Canalizo et al.2007). For 6 of these peculiar ETGs, we also applied GALFIT decomposition to public GALEX/UV and SDSS/optical images. With measurements in multiple bands, we applied SED fitting techniques to estimate star formation rates (SFR) and stellar masses for the galaxies and their tidal features. We find that these 6 peculiar ETGs present masses in agreement with the population of non-peculiar ETGs. However, SFRs are higher than what has been measured for the average ETG population (Shapiro et al.2010, SDSS MPA-JHU catalog). Based on the Kaviraj (2010) relation, we find that for these peculiar ETGs the estimated age of the most recent star formation event is less than 3Gyrs. Despite this indication of recent star formation, we have not found evidence of prominent UV emission in the tidal features (Marino et al.2010). We are currently extending our work to the full sample of peculiar ETGs identified in our sample.
UV color-color relation of early-type galaxies
Authors: Ree Chang H. , Jeong Hyunjin , Oh Kyuseok , Chung Chul , Lee Joon Hyeop , Kim Sang Chul , Kyeong Jaemann
Published: March 2015

The ultraviolet (UV) color-color relation of early-type galaxies (ETGs) in the nearby universe (0.05 < z < 0.12) is re-examined with the latest GALEX GR6 and SDSS DR7 data. By drawing the FUV – NUV (as a measure of UV temperature) versus FUV – r (as a measure of UV amplitude) color-color diagram for the morphologically-cleaned, spectroscopically-cleaned sample of ~3700 quiescent ETGs, we find that the “old and dead“ ETGs consist of a well-defined sequence in UV colors, the “UV red sequence”, so that the stronger UV excess galaxies should have a harder UV spectral shape systematically. However, the observed UV spectral slope is too steep to be reproduced by the canonical models in which the UV flux is mainly controlled by age or metallicity parameters. The observed data support the helium enhancement scenario in which the UV spectral shape of UV upturn (FUV – NUV < 0.9; FUV – r ~ 6) galaxies may be governed by the minority population of helium-enhanced horizontal-branch (HB) stars.
The Legacy of Brian G. Marsden (1937-2010)
Authors: Green Daniel
Published: March 2015

An outline of Brian Marsden's work in the field of small-body solar-system astronomy was presented.
Meteor Showers: which ones are real and where do they come from?
Authors: Jenniskens Peter
Published: March 2015

The IAU Meteor Shower Working List contains 369 showers, of which only 64 are considered established (per February 28, 2012). In this invited review, we will give an overview of international efforts to validate the remaining showers. We report on the showers that were validated in this triennium and proposed to receive the predicate “established" at the present General Assembly. The meteoroid orbit surveys characterize the meteoroid streams in terms of orbital elements and their dispersions, which is ground truth for efforts to identify their parent comets, study the fragmentation history of the (mostly dormant) comet population in the inner solar system, and understand the origin of the zodiacal cloud.
C/2002 VQ94 (LINEAR) and 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 - CO+ and N2+ rich comets
Authors: Ivanova Aleksandra , Korsun Pavlo , Afanasiev Viktor
Published: March 2015

We investigated comets active at large heliocentric distances using observations obtained at the 6-m BTA telescope (SAO RAS, Russia). Long-slit and photometric modes of the focal reducer SCORPIO were used. Two of the comets, 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 (SW1) and C/2002 VQ94 (LINEAR) were observed to be emission rich. Detection of CO+ and N2 + emissions in the comae of these comets is evidence that they were formed in the outer regions of the Solar System or in a pre-solar interstellar cloud in a low temperature environment with T ~ 25K. The ratio of N2+/CO+ is equal to 0.011 and 0.027 for SW1 and LINEAR, respectively. Comet LINEAR is the most distant object in the Solar System (7.332 AU) for which CO+ and N2+ are measured. The photometric maximum of the isolated CO+ coma in comet LINEAR is shifted by 1.4 arcsec (7.44 × 103 km) relative to the photometric maximum of the dust coma. This shift deviates from the sunward direction by 63 degrees.
The quinquennial grand shrine festival with the Nogata meteorite
Authors: Yamaoka Hitoshi
Published: March 2015

Though there are many forklore concerning meteorite falls, a few genuine meteorites have been identified. One of them, the Nogata meteorite is related to the oldest recorded meteorite fall (A.D. 861) (Shima et al., 1983).
Relativity in fundamental astronomy
Authors: Soffel M.
Published: March 2015

An overview is given over the broad field of Relativity in Fundamental Astronomy. The present status is recalled and deficiencies are pointed out that might lead to future work within IAU Commission 52.
Celestial dynamics and astrometry in an expanding universe
Authors: Kopeikin S.
Published: March 2015

The mathematical concept of the Newtonian limit of Einstein's equations in an expanding universe is formulated. The equations of motion of planets and light are compared.
Developing a pulsar-based time standard
Authors: Hobbs G.
Published: March 2015

We describe how observations of pulsars from the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA) project have been used to develop a pulsar-based timescale. This is the first such timescale that has a precision comparable to uncertainties in international atomic timescales.
Connecting terrestrial to celestial reference frames
Authors: Malkin Z.
Published: March 2015

In this paper we outline several problems related to the realization of the international celestial and terrestrial reference frames — the ICRF and ITRF — at the millimeter level of accuracy, with emphasis on ICRF issues. We consider here the current status of the ICRF, the interrelationship between the ICRF and ITRF, and considerations for future ICRF realizations.
Multiple Stellar Populations: the evolutionary framework
Authors: Cassisi Santi
Published: March 2015

In these last years a huge amount of both spectroscopical and photometric data has provided a plain evidence of the fact that Galactic globular clusters (GCs) host various stellar sub-populations characterized by peculiar chemical patterns. The need of properly interpreting the various observational features observed in the Color-Magnitude Diagrams (CMDs) of these stellar systems requires a new generation of stellar models properly accounting for these chemical peculiarities both in the stellar model computations and in the color - Teff transformations. In this review we discuss the evolutionary framework that is mandatory in order to trace the various sub-populations in any given GC.
Dynamics of Multiple Stellar Populations in Globular Clusters
Authors: Vesperini Enrico , McMillan Steve , D'Antona Franca , D'Ercole Annibale
Published: March 2015

The results of numerous spectroscopic and photometric studies have revealed the presence of multiple stellar populations in many globular clusters. In this paper we summarize the results of our recent studies on the dynamical evolution of multiple-population clusters, the implications of the structural properties of multiple-population clusters for the evolution of binary stars, and the possible contribution of globular clusters to the assembly of the Galactic halo.