bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of the ASPSCR1–TFE3 gene fusion in paraffin‐embedded alveolar soft part sarcomas
Authors: Aulmann S , Longerich T , Schirmacher P , Mechtersheimer G , Penzel R
Published: June 2007

Aims:  Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare soft tissue tumour with unique morphology and a recurrent, non‐reciprocal translocation der(17)t(X;17)(p11.2;q25) leading to the fusion of ASPSCR1 (also known as ASPL) to the transcription factor TFE3. Although diagnosis is straightforward in classical cases, tumours with atypical morphological features may be difficult to classify solely on the basis of conventional histopathology. The aim of this study was to analyse the chromosomal breakpoints in paraffin‐embedded tissue.

Methods and results:  Three male and two female ASPS patients including one case with uncommon histology were investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization with split‐ and fusion‐probes. The presence of the resulting ASPSCR1–TFE3 fusion transcripts was assessed by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. Hybridization results showed a t(X;17)(p11.2;q25) in all tumours with a duplication of the telomeric part of chromosome Xp. In addition to wild‐type TFE3, ASPSCR1–TFE3 fusion transcripts (three type 1 and two type 2 transcripts) were detected in all cases.

Conclusions:  Molecular confirmation of ASPSCR1–TFE3 gene fusion is applicable to routinely processed archival and diagnostic tumour samples and aids in the differential diagnosis of ASPS.
Chromatin assembly factor‐1 (CAF‐1)‐mediated regulation of cell proliferation and DNA repair: a link with the biological behaviour of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue?
Authors: Staibano S , Mignogna C , Lo Muzio L , Mascolo M , Salvatore G , Di Benedetto M , Califano L , Rubini C , De Rosa G
Published: June 2007

Aims:  Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue shows aggressive behaviour and a poor prognosis. Clinicopathological parameters fail to provide reliable prognostic information, so the search continues for new molecular markers for this tumour. Chromatin assembly factor‐1 (CAF‐1) plays a major role in chromatin assembly during cell replication and DNA repair and has been proposed as a new proliferation marker. The aim of this study was to investigate its expression in SCC of the tongue.

Methods and results:  The immunohistochemical expression of the p60 and p150 subunits of CAF‐1 were evaluated in a series of SCCs of the tongue. The findings were correlated with the expression of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and patients' clinicopathological and follow‐up data. CAF‐1/p60 was expressed in all the tumours, whereas CAF‐1/p150 was down‐regulated in a number of cases. Overexpression of CAF‐1/p60 and down‐regulation of CAF‐1/p150 identified SCCs with poor outcome, in addition to the classical prognostic parameters.

Conclusions:  Simultaneous CAF‐1‐mediated deregulation of cell proliferation and DNA repair takes place in aggressive SCC of the tongue. Therefore, the evaluation of CAF‐1 expression may be a valuable tool for evaluation of the biological behaviour of these tumours. This may be relevant to the introduction of improved follow‐up protocols and/or alternative therapeutic regimens.
Heritability of diurnal type: a nationwide study of 8753 adult twin pairs
Authors: KOSKENVUO MARKKU , HUBLIN CHRISTER , PARTINEN MARKKU , HEIKKILÄ KAUKO , KAPRIO JAAKKO
Published: June 2007

Twin studies suggest a genetic component in diurnal types. In 1981, a questionnaire sent to the Older Finnish Twin Cohort yielded responses from 2836 adult monozygotic (MZ) and 5917 like‐sexed dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs with four category self‐report on diurnal type. We used structural equation modelling to estimate genetic and environmental components of variance in morningness and eveningness. The model fitting was best when the morningness and the eveningness were analysed together. The ADE‐model (including additive genetic, dominant genetic and non‐shared environmental effects) fitted best to the data. ADE‐models for men and women separately did not differ in a statistically significant manner from the combined model, and similarly ADE‐models for young and old age groups separately did not differ either. The estimate for overall genetic effect (broad sense heritability) was 49.7% (95% confidence interval 46.4–52.8), with the remainder accounted for by environmental factors not shared by siblings. The variance component estimates for the underlying liability to diurnal type were 11.7% (95% CI 0–23.7) for additive genetic factors, 38.0% (24.7–51.3) for genetic factors due to dominance. Genetic effects thus account for about one‐half of the interindividual variability in diurnal type in adults.
Robust circadian rhythm in heart rate and its variability: influence of exogenous melatonin and photoperiod
Authors: VANDEWALLE GILLES , MIDDLETON BENITA , RAJARATNAM SHANTHA M. W. , STONE BARBARA M. , THORLEIFSDOTTIR BJORG , ARENDT JOSEPHINE , DIJK DERK‐JAN
Published: June 2007

Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) undergo marked fluctuations over the 24‐h day. Although controversial, this 24‐h rhythm is thought to be driven by the sleep–wake/rest–activity cycle as well as by endogenous circadian rhythmicity. We quantified the endogenous circadian rhythm of HR and HRV and investigated whether this rhythm can be shifted by repeated melatonin administration while exposed to an altered photoperiod. Eight healthy males (age 24.4 ± 4.4 years) participated in a double‐blind cross‐over design study. In both conditions, volunteers were scheduled to 16 h–8 h rest : wake and dark : light cycles for nine consecutive days preceded and followed by 29‐h constant routines (CR) for assessment of endogenous circadian rhythmicity. Melatonin (1.5 mg) or placebo was administered at the beginning of the extended sleep opportunities. For all polysomnographically verified wakefulness periods of the CR, we calculated the high‐ (HF) and low‐ (LF) frequency bands of the power spectrum of the R–R interval, the standard deviation of the normal‐to‐normal (NN) intervals (SDNN) and the square root of the mean‐squared difference of successive NN intervals (rMSSD). HR and HRV variables revealed robust endogenous circadian rhythms with fitted maxima, respectively, in the afternoon (16:36 hours) and in the early morning (between 05:00 and 06:59 hours). Melatonin treatment phase‐advanced HR, HF, SDNN and rMSSD, and these shifts were significantly greater than after placebo treatment. We conclude that endogenous circadian rhythmicity influences autonomic control of HR and that the timing of these endogenous rhythms can be altered by extended sleep/rest episodes and associated changes in photoperiod as well as by melatonin treatment.
The use of actigraphy for assessment of the development of sleep/wake patterns in infants during the first 12 months of life
Authors: SO KEVIN , MICHAEL ADAMSON T. , HORNE ROSEMARY S. C.
Published: June 2007

Maturation of sleep/wake patterns is one of the most important physiological developments during the first year of life. In this study, we aimed to compare the use of actigraphy and parental sleep diaries (SD) for recording the development of sleep/wake patterns longitudinally in term infants in their own home environments over the first 12 months of life. Twenty healthy term infants (7F/13M) were studied for 3 days each month in their own homes over the first 12 months of life. Sleep/wake patterns were recorded using both SD and actigraphy (AW) (AW64, Mini Mitter Co. Inc., Sunriver, OR, USA). The development of sleep and wake was analysed over 24 h, during the day (08:00–20:00 hours) and during the night (20:00–08:00 hours). A total of 186 studies had complete data sets for both analysis methods. Overall, there was no difference between methods of measurement for determination of the total percentage of sleep or wake over 24 h, or for the total percentage of sleep or wake during the day. However, at night, AW scored less time asleep (73.3 ± 0.9%) and more time awake (26.7 ± 0.9%) compared with the SD (80.7 ± 1.04% and 19 ± 1.0%, respectively, P < 0.001). Mean percentage sleep during the day decreased from 51% at 1 month to 28% at 12 months with the 1‐month values being significantly higher than all other ages, while mean percentage sleep at night was only different between 1 month and 11 and 12 months. In conclusion actigraphy provides a useful tool for assessing the development infant sleep.
Immediate error correction process following sleep deprivation
Authors: HSIEH SHULAN , CHENG I‐CHEN , TSAI LING‐LING
Published: June 2007

Previous studies have suggested that one night of sleep deprivation decreases frontal lobe metabolic activity, particularly in the anterior cingulated cortex (ACC), resulting in decreased performance in various executive function tasks. This study thus attempted to address whether sleep deprivation impaired the executive function of error detection and error correction. Sixteen young healthy college students (seven women, nine men, with ages ranging from 18 to 23 years) participated in this study. Participants performed a modified letter flanker task and were instructed to make immediate error corrections on detecting performance errors. Event‐related potentials (ERPs) during the flanker task were obtained using a within‐subject, repeated‐measure design. The error negativity or error‐related negativity (Ne/ERN) and the error positivity (Pe) seen immediately after errors were analyzed. The results show that the amplitude of the Ne/ERN was reduced significantly following sleep deprivation. Reduction also occurred for error trials with subsequent correction, indicating that sleep deprivation influenced error correction ability. This study further demonstrated that the impairment in immediate error correction following sleep deprivation was confined to specific stimulus types, with both Ne/ERN and behavioral correction rates being reduced only for trials in which flanker stimuli were incongruent with the target stimulus, while the response to the target was compatible with that of the flanker stimuli following sleep deprivation. The results thus warrant future systematic investigation of the interaction between stimulus type and error correction following sleep deprivation.
Validation of actigraphy for determining sleep and wake in children with sleep disordered breathing
Authors: HYDE MELISSA , O'DRISCOLL DENISE M. , BINETTE SONIA , GALANG CECILLE , TAN SHEAU K. , VERGINIS NICOLE , DAVEY MARGOT J. , HORNE ROSEMARY S. C.
Published: June 2007

There have been limited studies of the validation of actigraphy for the determination of sleep and wake in children and in this study we aimed to compare wrist actigraphy with polysomnography (PSG). We studied 45 children (29 M/16 F), aged between 1 and 12 years (5.8 ± 2.7 years, mean ± SD). Actigraphic data were collected during standard overnight PSG. Data from the actiwatch were analysed over four separate activity threshold settings (low, medium, high, auto). Actigraphic data were compared epoch‐by‐epoch with the matching PSG. Sleep time was not different from PSG values for the low or auto activity thresholds, but was significantly less on the medium and high activity thresholds (P < 0.05). In contrast, the low and auto activity thresholds significantly underestimated wake time (P < 0.05), whilst that recorded on the medium and high activity thresholds were not different to PSG values. Agreement rates across the thresholds were all high ranging from 85.1% to 88.6%. Predictive value for sleep and sensitivity were also high with values ranging from 91.6% to 94.9% and 90.1% to 97.7%, respectively. In contrast, predictive value for wake and specificity were low ranging between 46.7–65.6% and 39.4–68.9%, respectively. There was no effect of subject age, OAHI or PSG arousal index on AR for any of the activity thresholds. We conclude that actigraphy is a reliable method for determining sleep in children when compared against PSG. Actigraphy may be a useful tool in paediatric sleep clinics and research.
The Human Immunomodulatory CD25+ B Cell Population belongs to the Memory B Cell Pool
Authors: Amu S. , Tarkowski A. , Dörner T. , Bokarewa M. , Brisslert M.
Published: June 2007

We have shown that human CD20+25+ B cells display immunomodulatory properties. The aim of this study was to investigate if CD25+ B cells are found within the CD27 memory B cell population, and to analyse pattern of their cytokine production.

B cells isolated from healthy subjects, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients were analysed regarding the frequency of CD25+ B cells within certain B cell subsets. Purified CD25+ B cells from healthy subject were used in vitro to evaluate their production of immunomodulatory cytokines.

In healthy subjects the majority (60%) of memory B cells (CD20+27+) also co‐expressed CD25 while only 10–20% of the naïve B cells (CD20+27−) and plasmablasts (CD20–27+) expressed CD25. In RA and SLE patients, we found that 51% and 48%, respectively, co‐expressed CD25 in the memory population, whereas only 11% and 9% co‐expressed CD25 in the naïve B cell population.

Phenotypic analysis of the CD20+25+27+ and CD20+25+27− cells using CD10, CD24, CD38, CD45, CD71, CD80, CD86, CD95, CD138, BAFF‐R, TACI, IgA, IgD, IgG and IgM showed that CD20+25+27+ B cells preferentially represent highly activated, Ig class switched memory B cells.

Cytokine profile analysis showed that CD25+ B cells secreted significantly higher levels of IL‐10 versus CD25− B cells. In contrast, TGF‐β1 secretion was similar between the CD25+ and CD25− sub‐populations.

In conclusion, CD20+25+ B cells constitute a unique subpopulation preferentially occurring among CD20+27+ memory B cells. We suggest that CD25 can be used as a marker for a memory B cell subset.
Frovatriptan for The Prevention of Postdural Puncture Headache
Authors: Bussone G , Tullo V , d'Onofrio F , Petretta V , Curone M , Frediani F , Tonini C , Omboni S
Published: June 2007

Efficacy of 5–day treatment with oral frovatriptan 2.5 mg/die for the prophylaxis of post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) was tested in 50 in-patients. A mild headache occurred in 7 (14%) patients for a total of 9 days (p < 0.01 vs. no-PDPH). Most episodes of PDPH occurred in the first days of treatment (only 1 patient had headache at dismissal): 5 patients had only 1 episode, while 2 had headache for 2 consecutive days. No other symptoms were recorded. Occurrence of PDPH in a subgroup of 6 (12%) patients previously submitted to a diagnostic lumbar puncture was also examined: 4 of them reported a PDPH on the previous lumbar puncture in absence of triptans. In only 1 of these 4 patients PDPH recurred under treatment with frovatriptan. In conclusion, our non-randomized open-label study suggests efficacy of oral frovatriptan for PDPH prevention. These results need to be confirmed in a randomized, controlled, double-blind study.
Potassium‐ and capsaicin‐induced release of agmatine from spinal nerve terminals
Authors: Goracke‐Postle Cory J. , Overland Aaron C. , Riedl Maureen S. , Stone Laura S. , Fairbanks Carolyn A.
Published: June 2007

Agmatine (decarboxylated arginine) was originally identified in the CNS as an imidazoline receptor ligand. Further studies demonstrated that agmatine antagonizes NMDA receptors and inhibits nitric oxide synthase. Intrathecally administered agmatine inhibits opioid tolerance and hyperalgesia evoked by inflammation, nerve injury, and intrathecally administered NMDA. These actions suggest an anti‐glutamatergic role for agmatine in the spinal cord. We have previously reported that radiolabeled agmatine is transported into spinal synaptosomes in an energy‐ and temperature‐dependent manner. In the present study, we demonstrate that agmatine is releasable from purified spinal nerve terminals upon depolarization. When exposed to either elevated potassium or capsaicin, tritiated agmatine (but not its precursorl‐arginine or its metabolite putrescine) is released in a calcium‐dependent manner. Control experiments confirmed that the observed release was specific to depolarization and not due to permeabilization of or degradation of synaptosomes. That capsaicin‐evoked stimulation results in agmatine release implicates the participation of primary afferent nerve terminals. Radiolabeled agmatine also accumulates in purified spinal synaptosomal vesicles in a temperature‐dependent manner, suggesting that the source of releasable agmatine may be vesicular in origin. These results support the proposal that agmatine may serve as a spinal neuromodulator involved in pain processing.
Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Focal Cortical Dysplasia: A Critical Review of Human Tissue Studies and Animal Models
Authors: Najm Imad M. , Tilelli Cristiane Q. , Oghlakian Roger
Published: June 2007

Summary: Cortical dysplasia (CD, also known as malformations of cortical development) are the pathological substrates in a large percentage of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy who may be amenable to surgical treatment. Therefore, research on the mechanisms of dysplastic lesion formation and epileptogenicity is of paramount importance for the prevention, detection, and treatment of CD‐induced epilepsy. The purpose of this review is to discuss and critically evaluate the current state and results of human tissue experimentation (focusing on reported results of studies done on neocortical dysplastic tissue resected from patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy), and to discuss some of the concerns related to research that uses surgically resected epileptic human tissue. The use of better animal models of CD as a tool toward the better understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenesis, epileptogenesis, and epileptogenicity of dysplastic lesions will be reviewed from the perspective of their usefulness in a model of translational research that should ultimately result in better diagnostic and therapeutic techniques of CD.
Epileptogenic Channelopathies: Experimental Models of Human Pathologies
Authors: Avanzini Giuliano , Franceschetti Silvana , Mantegazza Massimo
Published: June 2007

Summary: The discovery of genetically determined epileptic syndromes associated with specific mutations of genes codifying for subunits of voltage or ligand‐activated ion channels highlights the role of ion channels in epileptogenesis. In vitro and in vivo models of channel pathology have been used to define the functional consequence of the mutations identified in human epilepsies. The evaluation of gene‐channel mutations based on molecular and physiological techniques have provided significant knowledge on the cellular mechanisms leading to inherited human epilepsies, and possibly to nongenetic human epilepsies due to “acquired” channel pathologies. We review some of the studies that have explored human epileptic disorders through experimental manipulations of these channels, highlighting some of the difficulties that have arisen using “in vitro” preparations or rodent models. These findings underscore the need for further studies to address the mechanisms involved in mutated‐channel dysfunctions.
Merkel cell carcinoma metastasizing to the kidney mimicking primary neuroendocrine renal cancer
Authors: POLLHEIMER VERENA S. , BODO KOPPANY , POLLHEIMER MARION J. , ZIGEUNER RICHARD , LANGNER CORD
Published: June 2007

A 56‐year‐old male with a history of cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma presented with a solid mass of the left kidney, measuring 10 cm in largest diameter. On histology, the tumour was composed of loosely packed uniform cells with round‐to‐oval nuclei and scant cytoplasm. Immunohistochemically, the tumour cells diffusely expressed pancytokeratin and neuroendocrine markers, such as chromogranin A, synaptophysin and CD56 (NCAM). Distinct paranuclear dot‐like expression of cytokeratin 20 showed the lesion to be metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. This is the first reported case of Merkel cell carcinoma metastatic to the kidney mimicking primary neuroendocrine renal cancer. We discuss the differential diagnosis of the tumour and perform a systematic literature review, including potential indications for renal tumour biopsy in patients with a history of nonrenal malignancy.
AMACR is highly expressed in gastric adenomas and intestinal‐type carcinomas
Authors: CHO EUN YOON , KIM KYOUNG‐MEE , PARK CHEOL KEUN , KIM JAE J. , SOHN TAE SUNG , KIM DUK WHAN
Published: June 2007

α‐Methylacyl‐CoA racemase (AMACR) is a novel tumor biomarker expressed in a number of neoplasms, including colorectal and prostatic adenocarcinomas. However, AMACR expression has not been investigated in preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the stomach. Using immunohistochemistry we studied the expression of AMACR in normal gastric mucosa (n=32), intestinal metaplasia (n=26), adenomas (n=29) and adenocarcinomas (n=132) of the stomach from 135 patients. Synchronous adenocarcinomas arising in the background of adenomas were observed in 26 cases. AMACR immunoreactivity was not observed in all normal gastric mucosa. Tissue from intestinal metaplasia, adenomas, and adenocarcinomas was positive in 7.7% (2/26), 79.3% (23/29), and 62.9% (83/132) of cases, respectively. The difference in AMACR expression between adenomas or adenocarcinomas and non‐neoplastic mucosa was statistically significant (p=0.0001). Moreover, intestinal‐type carcinomas showed significantly higher expression of AMACR (69.8%) compared to diffuse‐type carcinomas (47.2%) (p=0.02). Our results indicate that as well as being an additional diagnostic tool, altered AMACR expression in gastric adenomas and intestinal‐type carcinomas suggests that AMACR may be involved early in the development of intestinal‐type gastric carcinomas.
Carcinosarcoma ex recurrent pleomorphic adenoma of the submandibular gland
Authors: TANAHASHI JIN , DAA TSUTOMU , KASHIMA KENJI , KONDO YOSHIYUKI , YADA NAOMI , KURATOMI EIJI , HIROKAWA MITSUYOSHI , YOKOYAMA SHIGEO
Published: June 2007

We report a case of carcinosarcoma ex recurrent pleomorphic adenoma in the submandibular region of a 56‐year‐old Japanese man. He presented with a 2‐year history of a rapidly growing mass in the submandibular region. He reported undergoing excision of a nodule in the same region 10 years earlier. Incisional biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma. The lesion was excised surgically. The resected tumor measured 40×20 mm and was composed of two large nodules and multiple small satellite nodules in the subcutaneous tissue. Histopathologically, one large nodule was carcinosarcoma while the other large nodules and small satellite nodules were pleomorphic adenoma. The former large nodule showed a variegated pattern with carcinomatous components (poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, salivary duct carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma) and sarcomatous components (spindle cell sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, liposarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma). Based on the clinical history and histopathology, we consider the lesion to have originated from recurrent pleomorphic adenoma.
The Death of King Arthur and the Waning of the Feudal Age
Authors: Bloch R. Howard
Published: June 2007

“The Death of King Arthur and the Waning of the Feudal Age” contains a discussion of La Mort Artu in terms of the rapidly changing social and philosophical ethos of thirteenth century France. Although Arthur's kingdom is, politically speaking, a model of the feudal world, its values and institutions—the judicial duel, entrapment in flugrunte delicto, system of vendetta and private war—no longer function to insure the unity of the realm. More importantly, the crisis that besets Logres extends to the basic pattern of feudal organization, vassalage, and to the feudal notion of state. Mordret's manipulation of fealty for personal gain points to a fatal flaw within the system as a whole: that the barons can only relate to the ultimate source of power, Arthur, through individuals like Mordret; their singular position in a vertical hierarchy of command gives them sovereignty over its lower echelons. In short, the collapse of Arthurian kingship is the direct result of Arthur's and Gauvain's unawareness of and inability to make crucial distinctions between state‐right and kin‐right, between public and private loyalties and policies: categories that are becoming increasingly important with the reconstitution of the Capetian monarchy and the revival of Aristotelian notions of the state. Only Lancelot is able to distinguish personal and clannish interest from general social interest; because he is willing to sacrifice both Guinevere and the right of his family to avenge his death for the sake of the common good he stands as a new type of individual within the Arthurian world. He seems much closer to the citizen of the modern state than to the subject of the feudal monarchy. Arthur, on the other hand, represents the old king at the end of his reign. His fatigue, blindness and madness reflect, two centuries after the beginning of the end of feudalism in France, the weariness of the feudal world.
Samuel Butler: A Literary Venture into Atheism and Beyond
Authors: Bisanz Adam John
Published: June 2007

Samuel Butler's life‐long endeavour to come to terms with the problems of faith and reason, Christianity and iconoclasms is to be considered an integral part of his literary work, of which the two “Erewhons” are but two outstanding examples. On the basis of his major works, the present paper makes an attempt to view Butler's religious peregrination from orthodox theism to atheism and ultimately toward a transcendental vision of polytheism. At the same time, it strives to show the development of Butler's thought against the background of what later became known as the philosophy of pragmatism.
Camus' Vision of Greatness
Authors: Curtis Jerry L.
Published: June 2007

This study is a concise analysis of Albert Camus' concept of heroism. Attention is drawn to the fact that as a means of depolarking the antipodean forces of both modem Christianity and contemporary Atheism, Camus invoked three Grecian figures ‐ ‐ Sisyphus, Prometheus and Nemesis ‐ ‐ as paradigms from which he declined his own heroes. Seen as prototypes of humanity, these legendary figures embody the absurdity, revolt and moderation which correspond to stages in the development of Camus' own concept of greatness. By cross‐referral of Camus' essays with his plays and novels, the heroes are discussed in an attempt to illustrate how they, like their Grecian counterparts, desire to transcend the absurdity of their various predicaments while realizing the impossibility of their quest. Thus from unawareness to consciousness, from consciousness to revolt and from revolt to re‐integration with life's absurdities, Camus' vision of greatness is presented as consistently maintaining a sacred respect for life, and for the absurd ways of living which preserve it.
Betrifft: Rezeptionsformalismus
Authors: Hübner Dietmar
Published: June 2007

Hümlbners Randbemerkungen zu Lümlthes ‘Rezeptionsformalismus’ anhand der Leserkonstitution von Fiktionalitämlt werten diesen als Symptom eines verbreiteten Abstrahierens von sozialen Grund‐tatsachen, zugunsten oberflämlchenhaft formaler, dazu unabgeleiteter Bestimmungen, zuschaden aber einer denkbaren methodenintegrativen Literaturtheone. Am Schluß bibliographische Querverweise auf weitere Arbeiten zur Rezeptionsforschung zur weitergehenden Sichtung.
Methodologischer Pluralismus
Authors: Jørgensen John Chr.
Published: June 2007

Die Absicht dieser Abhandlung: eine neue, systematische Auffassung des Begriffs und Phänomens »Lite‐rarische Methode« vorzulegen. Erne Methode ist der Zusammenhang oder die Einheit von Forschungsmaterial, Forschungsverfahren, Ziel und Wertungen. Eine Reihe von verschiedenen Methoden werden envähnt, und sie werden innerhalb vier Methodenbereiche angebracht und beschrieben: der komparative Methodenbereich, der biographisch‐psychologische Methodenbereich, der soziologische und marxistische Methodenbereich und der strukturalistische Methoden‐bereich. Das konkrete Beispiel ist die Forschung in Hans Christian Andersens Märchen »Die Nachtigall«. Der Pluralismus von Methoden wird sowohl als wissenschaftlicher Lehrzweig und als padagogisches Hilfsmittel behandelt. Das System der Klassi‐ fizierung ist dasselbe wie in »Littemr Metodelære« (vgl. Biographical Note). Die Aufhandlung baut auf Erfahrungen aus praktisch‐pädagogischer Arbeit mit literarischen Methoden durch 5 Jahre, an der Universität in Copenhagen.
The Obsolescent Critical Language of Today
Authors: Strauch Edward H.
Published: June 2007

The heritage of dualism hinders meaningful discussion in literary criticism. The use of terms as subjective and objective have become so ambiguous as to be of questionable utility. Critical theories accentuating the subjective or objective also prove to offer misleading distinctions. The debate centering on the disadvantages in narration of telling versus showing is further revealed as an artificial conceptual confrontation. Whereas telling is an “objectification” of events, showing is a “concretization” of them, yet both are subjective and objective.

Ancient mimetic theory defined two different views of objectivity (Aristotle versus Plato), which correspond to the two conceptions of objectivity as embraced in the expressive theory of English romanticism (Wordsworth and Coleridge).

Used to discuss artists and their works, the terms subjective and objective also result in vague semantics. Thus the terms should be eliminated from critical discussion, except as a part of historical criticism.

To render more precisely the modus vivendi of the human experience in literature, a new language rooted in man's monistic apperception is needed. The criteria for this new vocabulary given, the reader is invited to pursue his own meaningful research.
“El cuento de cuentos:” Quevedo's Anticipation of a Genre
Authors: Soons Alan
Published: June 2007

Shorter fictional genres were by no means well distinguished in post‐Renaissance preceptive writings. The Cuento de cuentos(1626) of Quevedo, reduced to its elements of plot, can never‐theless be adequately marked off from the facetia, the literary anecdote and the novella. Experimentally one might examine this story as a foreshadowing of the largely nineteenth‐century genre of the Humoresque, with its avoidance of the didactic and the satirical, and with its directionless layout.

This may not even be the only text which allows of this tenta‐tive classification. Perhaps Cervantes's Rinconete y Cortadillo and episodes of Quevedo's own Vida del buscón (also issued in 1626), about which discussion is so acrimonious at this moment, might find their places here. It would be gratifying to pursue the thought that Quevedo's little work contains the germ of a fictionally vital genre in years to come.
Camus' Attitude to Dostoevsky's Kirilov and the Impact of the Engineer's Ideas on Camus' Early Work.
Authors: Davison R.
Published: June 2007

The “ébradement” which Camus claims to have experienced when reading the work of Dostoevsky has frequently attracted the atten‐tion of scholars. The present article endeavours to assess the precise impact of Dostoevsky's hero Kirilovon the development and crystallisation of Camus' early thought. Kirilov, the philosopher‐engineer of Les Posseédés seems to have been the Dostoevskian character who most interested the Camus of the thirties and early forties and it can be argued that he provided Camus with not only a valuable point of reference in Le Mythe de Sisyphe but with a number of ideas and attitudes which may have played an important role in the elaboration of his thought from L' Envers et L' Endroit to the essay on the Absurd. There are quite striking parallels between Camus' attitudes to death, courage, lucidity, authenticity and suicide, and those embodied in Dostoevsky's hero. Moreover, the moments of ecstatic happiness which lead Kirilov to utter the words “Tout est bien” (and which for Dostoevsky represent moments of religious mysticism emanating from Kirilov's epilepsy), seem to possess a most interesting affinity withthe experiences of union, harmony and timelessness which Camus describes in Noces and which inform his thinking at the time of L' Etranger and Le Mythe de Sisyphe.
Schock und Ästhetik.‐Zu den Romanen Döblins
Authors: Sebald W. G.
Published: June 2007

Der Aufsatz sucht den Stellenwert zu ermitteln, der der Beschrei‐bung grauenhafter Szenen und Details im Rahmen von Döblins Romanen zukommt. Die Analyse spezifischer Beispiele aus den verschiedenen Stadien der Döblinschen Produktion geht öber in eine abstrakte Diskussion öber das Verhältnis von Schock und ästhetischer Ordnung. Der Essay kommt zu dem Schluß, daß wohl zwar die diskursive Analyse und möglicherweise auch die Repösentation von Grauen zu verantworten sei, nicht aber dessen rekreativ suggestive Wiederbelebung. Er versteht sich als ein fragmentarischer Beitrag zur Theorie der künstlerischen Gewalt.
Plot Structure in L'Etourdi and George Dandin
Authors: Potter E.
Published: June 2007

The first part of the present study examines the structure and function of the plot of L'Etourdi and George Dandin. It explains how structural patterning enables Molière to dramatize the gap between human wish and attainment. Despite the pain or embar‐rassment associated with unfulfilled expectations, Molière keeps his plays within the bounds of the comic. The second part of the essay, then, explains how the playwright relies on patterning to prevent spectators from becoming emotionally involved with the characters and their dilemmas.
Idea, Reality and Play ‐ Acting in Der Tor und der Tod
Authors: Bennett Benjamin
Published: June 2007

AIewyn recognized Iong ago that Death as he appears in Hof‐mannsthal's Der Tor und der Tod is not equivalentto death as a real event but rather has the character of an idea in Claudio's con‐sciousness, and this, taken together with the servant's testimony to Death's objective reality, forms the central paradox on which the play is constructed. This unbridgeable gap between death as idea and as reality has the effect of presenting us with death as a mys‐tery, which isalso the effect of the doctrine, derivable from Death's explicit vision of a fundamentally chaotic universe, thatthe whole positive character of human existence is an arbitrary human creation, a kind of play‐acting. But the mysteriousness of Death in this sense is presented with equal directness and in the same way to both Claudio and the audience, whence it follows that insofar as the play succeeds, the audience is meant to identify with Claudio, not regard him critically.
Joyce, Pre‐ Raphaelism, Art Nouveau: Pictorial Influences on Finnegans Wake
Authors: Gandelman Claude
Published: June 2007

The article sets out to explore the thematic and stylistic relation‐ship between Joyce's last work, Finnegans Wake, and the artistic currents of his youth. In particular, the similarity between the archetypal “river‐woman” figure (Anna Livia Plurabelle) and the theme of “woman as a river” in the imagery of Art Nouveau and Pre‐Raphaelism, is analyzed in detail. Another section deals with the influence of Blake as a painter (his influence on Joyce as a writer haslong been noted) and a predecessor of Art Nouveau.On the plane of stylistics proper, the question is raised whether the “spiraling” sentence structure (insofar as one can speak of “sentence” in Finnegans Wake) should not be considered the lin‐ guistic equivalent of the “linea serpentinata” of Mannerism thathas come down to Joyce through Pre‐Raphaelism and Art Nouveau. In the light of this hypothesis, the conclusive remarks suggest that the famous theory of the influence ofG.‐B. Vico on Joyce ought to be reexamined, the cycles of Finnegans Wake might equally as well be an imitation of the cyclical birth and r e birth of Water through magnification of the “linea serpentinata.”
Thomas Mann: Mario und der Zauberer Position des Erzählers und Psychologie der Herrschaft
Authors: Böhme Hartmut
Published: June 2007

Vor dem Hintergrund des faschistischen Italiens wird die Veranstaltung des Zauberers Cipolla zum Model1 der Verführbarkeit der Masse durch psychologische Manipulation. Zugleich wird im Zauberer Cipolla und dem Erzähler die Position des Irrationalismus mit der Position humaner Vernunft konfrontiert. Die Analyse des Erzählewerhaltens auf der Ebene sozialer Interaktion wie ästhetischer Organisation zeigt, daß der Status der »freischwebenden Intelligenz« (A. Weber) sich in autoritären Gesellschaften nicht halten Iäßt. Der im Zauberer Cipolla symbolisierte Totalitarismus von faschistischer Herrschaft hat in den autoritären Charakter‐strukturen der Masse und selbst des Erzählers seine psychoanalytisch erklärbare Grundlage. Die überraschende Ermordung Cipollas durch Mario wird vom Erzähler positiv als Schicksalsfügung gedeutet. Dies ermoglicht zwar die ästhetische Finalisierung des Geschehens im Sinn der klassischen Novellenstruktur, verdeckt aber auch, daß der entwickelte Widerspruch zwischen psychosuggestiver Auroritätsbildung und intellektueller Aufklärung nur durch politisch‐praktische Alternativen gelöst werden könnte.
Achim von Arnims ‘Kirchenordnung'und die religiöse Situation zu Beginn der Restaurationsepoche
Authors: Weiss Hermann F.
Published: June 2007

Arnims in der Reformationszeit angesiedelte Novelle ‘Die Kirchenordnungg’ (1821) enthät eine Fülle von Anspielungen auf innerkirchliche, konfessionelle und politische Konflikte der Jahre um 1820 und stellt somit ein wichtiges Beispiel für die zeitkritische Novellistik des späten Arnim dar. Ein Vergleich mit zeitgenössischen Quellen, die sich ebenfalls mit den Problemen der preuβischen Kirchenordnung, der Wiedervereinigung der Kirchen und des Kirchenübertritts befassen, ergibt, daβ Arnim in dieser Erzählung ähnlich wie in den ‘Metamorphosen der Gesellschaftg’ (1826) die auf politischem wie auf religiösem Gebiet vielfach hervortretende Unduldsamkeit seiner Zeitgenossen kritisiert. Der Entwicklungsgang seiner Hauptfiguren soll konstruktive Haltungen aufzeigen, welche zur Beilegung der Spannungen beitragen können.
Mme. de Staël's De L'Allemagne: a Misleading lntermediary*
Authors: Furst Lilian R.
Published: June 2007

Mme. de Staël's De L'Allemagne, long recognized as a major intermediary between France and Germany, provided much real illumination, but was also in some respects misleading, notably in Mme. de Staël's presentation of the Storm & Stress as German Romanticism. Her treatment of German prose fiction clearly reveals her preference for the Storm & Stress and her disregard of the Romantics. This bias is due not to her ignorance but to a complex of outer and inner factors such as the political intent of De L'Allemagne, Mme. de Staël's working methods, her language problems and her own personality and prejudices. As her view of Germany and German literature was accepted for much of the nineteenth century, her substitution of the Storm & Stress for Romanticism had far‐reaching consequences: it led to a longlasting neglect of the Frühromantiker who were not appreciated in France until the Symbolist period.
A Crisis in Romantic Writing: Fantasio's Words vs. Chatterton's Silence
Authors: King Russell S.
Published: June 2007

The function of language‐writing, language and philosophy, language and action‐became a significant theme within romantic writing in general. More particulary Musset's Fantasio and Vigny's Chatterton offer apparently divergent “ethics of language.” Fantasio uses speech, with its rhetoric and pseudo‐philosophy, as a self‐conscious, self‐contained means of entertainment whereas Chatterton, in despair of attaining communicable knowledge, prefers silent meditation. Words, spoken rather written, become for Fantasio a perpetually renewed means of escape from metaphysical thought and action. For Vigny a disequilibrium of philosophical and poetic values leads to a negation of words and communication, that is to silence. Whereas Musset considers words as substitutes for action, Vigny conceives of writing as an activity sufficient in itself and of literary works as monuments to a writer's achievement, hence subscribing to a “new critical” view of texts. the metaphysical uncertainties of the romantic writers are intimately reflected in the uncertainties of romantic writing, of the value of words as communication or entertainment and as acts or gestures.
Noch einmal: Zu Enites Schuld in Hartmanns ‘Erec’. Mit Ausblicken auf Chrétiens Roman und das Mabinogi von ‘Gereint’
Authors: Blosen Hans
Published: June 2007

In Auseinandersetzung vor allem mit Hugo Kuhn, Peter Wapnewski und Kurt Ruh bemüht sich der Aufsatz um eine neue Antwort auf die Frage nach Enites Schuld bei Hartmann. Eine Lödsung wird in mehreren Ansätzen gesucht: von einer Analyse der Entfrem‐dungsszene, einer Analyse der Versöhnungsszene und einer Analyse des Aventiurenzugs aus, indem jeweils Chrétiens Fassung und das Mabinogi vergleichend herangezogen werden. Dazu tritt zuletzt eine Untersuchung des terminologischen Bereichs von triuwe und staete. Alle Einzeluntersuchungen deuten darauf, daβ Hartmanns Erec aus unbegründeter Eifersucht Enite der Untreue verdächtigt, sie deshalb Proben unterwirft, am Ende aber ihre Schuldlosigkeit erkennt und durch demütige Bitte ihre Verzeihung erlangt. Die Untersuchungen zeigen damit zugleich, daβ Hartmanns ‘Erec'sich teilweise von Chrétien, wo das Eifersuchtsmotiv fehlt, als Vorbild löst und Elemente der durch das Mabinogi vertretenen Stoff‐Tradition, in der das Eifersuchtsmotiv funktionswichtig ist, aufnimmt.
Titus Andronicus and Logos
Authors: Hansen Jørgen Wildt
Published: June 2007

Titus Andronicus is a humanist play, having as one of its main concerns the definition of man and human civilization. the distinguishing mark of these is logos (i.e. words and reason), which must be the ruling principle of the civilized state as well as the healthy human being. But Rome is “headless”: logos is often answered with weapons, as when Alarbus and Mutius are killed, a development which reaches its climax with the rape and mutilation of Lavinia, who, now mute and handless, becomes an emblem of Roman civilization. This degradation is emphasized by metamorphoses into beasts, stone and chaos, and by the association of the Goths with the devouring pit in the forest (Act II, Scene iii), which forms a contrast to the humanist ideal of the body politic (cf. Menenius Agrippa's famous parable of the belly and the limbs). From this wilderness Rome is gradually reclaimed as Lavinia manages to reveal the identity of her ravishers, as Titus, now able to resist the false eloquence of Tamora, punishes the enemies of civilization, and the people of Rome, responding to the true eloquence of Marcus and Lucius, choose the latter as emperor.
Salome and Elektra: Sisters or Strangers
Authors: Lewis Hanna B.
Published: June 2007

Many critics have noted the similarity between Oscar Wilde's Salomé and Hugo von Hofmannsthal's Elektra but few have seen the differences. Richard Strauss's operatic versions have emphasized this likeness. There is, however, a distinct difference in the atmosphere and form of the two plays, the psychological treatment of the characters, and the aesthetic purposes of the authors. the atmosphere of Salomé is multi‐colored and oriental; that of Elektra is dark and reflects the barbarity of its Bronze‐Age background. Wilde's play is language‐oriented (it is a lyric drama) whereas Hofmannsthal's play is far more dramatic, using Freudian psychology to interpret an ancient myth. Thus, Salomé displays almost no Aristotelian dianoia, while Elektra depends heavily upon it. In conclusion the plays are neither similar as the critics and Strauss thought nor as dissimilar as Hofmannsthal thought, but related all the same.
Zur Idyllenvorstellung bei Rilke
Authors: Adamy Bernhard
Published: June 2007

Rilkes Dichtung entsteht auf dem Hintergrund einer Arbeitshaltung, die die Überwindung der ≤Schwierigkeiten≥ und Bedrohungen des Alltags sucht. Die Arbeitsidylle schafft die Voraussetzung zur Kompensation des gefährdeten Selbstwertgefühls. ‐ Der junge Rilke versucht, einer brüchig gewordenen bürgerlichen Welt abgebrauchte Bilder einer harmonisierenden Poesie aufzusetzen. Die Stundenbuch‐Zeit zeigt ein Ausweichen in Sonderbezirke der Wirklichkeit, die vom modernen Alltag noch relativ unversehrt sind: durch das Rußland‐Erlebnis wird die agrarische Idylle zum Vorwurf für die reaktionäre Utopie der Wiederkunft eines archaischen Zeitalters. ‐ Die eskapistische Haltung kann der insgeheim trotzdem stattfindenden Auseinandersetzung mit dem Häßlichen des Lebens nicht genügen. Aus der Krise entsteht der Versuch, dem Zerstörenden der Wirklichkeit standzuhalten. Die Rettung des seelischen Gleichgewichts geschieht durch Quietisierung: das Häßliche wird durch die ≥multiple Aktion künstlericher Bewältigung≤ästhetisch sublimiert. In Rilkes Spätzeit ist kein Vermittlungsprozeß mehr nötig; in traditionellen Gedichtformen gestaltet, zeigt sich das Idyllische im Bild des LOCUS AMOENUS auf dem Hintergrund seines überwundenen Gegenteils.
Parody and Revolt: a reading of Janin's I'Ane mort et la femme guillotinée
Authors: Clark Roger J. B.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study is to assess the significance and value of Jules Janin's first work of fiction, l'Ane mort et la femme guillotinée (1829). the novel's contribution to the bataille romantique and Janin's attempt to chart his own path between the various literary trends current at the time are first examined; particular stress is placed on the book's anti‐Romantic bias and, alongside this, on the pre‐Balzacian elements it contains. On the social level, l'Ane mort is read for its contribution to the debate around capital punishment that raged during the last years of the Restoration; its position vis‐à‐vis the central document in this debate, Hugo's Dernier jour d'un condamné, is examined. Janin's novel is seen finally as one of the most characteristic products of l'école du désenchantement: a vigorous expression of the deep‐seated disillusionment felt by many writers at the social and ideological developments of post‐revolutionary France.
Wilhelm Raabe and the European novel
Authors: Bullivant Keith
Published: June 2007

With increasing social fragmentation in the wake of advanced capitalism the near‐consensus between the novelist and his bourgeois public was broken; in this more overtly personal position of the writer narration became increasingly problematical. This led inititally to experimentation within the conventional form of third‐person narrative and later to first‐person and stream of consciousness techniques. the central figure of the novel, previously so repre sentative of the values of the bougeoisie, became increasingly a ‘problematical hero,’searching for a lost totality in an alien, degraded world. In Germany, where modern capitalism developed later and with unique swiftness, Wilhelm Raabe ‐ so often regarded as a literary oddity ‐ showed himself most quickly to be aware of the consequences for the individual and for the novel of such change, and his Die Chronik der Sperlingsgasse, Pfisters Mühle, Stopfkuchen and Die Akten des Vogelsangs mark the point where the German novel joins the mainstream of the modern European novel.
The Logical Functions of Language as Literary Style Markers
Authors: Bryant William H.
Published: June 2007

This paper proposes a method of investigating the intentional structure of dialogue discourse as a means of literary style marking. to accomplish this, a classifactory system of five logical functions of language is postulated: the Logical function, the Practical function, the Poetic function, the Expressive function, and the Ceremonial function. Random sampling and tests of significance were used to investigate the proportional frequencies of occurrence of these sentence functions in selected texts: Camus's L'Etranger, La Chute, and La Peste. Results obtained by this inquiry show that the different language functions vary significantly in proportional use in the three novels in question. an analysis of such stylolinguistic data sheds light on the underlying semantic structure of literary discourse, and on the compositional and stylistic design of the author's message. Each author will be found to have his or her own characteristic range of varying proportional occurrences of the different language functions which, it is shown, corroborate or refute impressionistic notions of character.