bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical investigation of wall-pressure fluctuations for Mach 2 turbulent shock-wave boundary layer interactions
Authors: Lee Sunyoung , Gross Andreas
Published: November 2023

Implicit large-eddy simulations of Mach 2.05 turbulent boundary layer interactions with oblique impinging shock-waves were carried out for shock generator angles of 8° and 9°. Both the streamwise extent of the separated region and the intensity of the velocity fluctuations are augmented when the strength of the impinging oblique shock-wave is increased from 8° to 9°. Temporal Fourier transforms of the spanwise-averaged wall-pressure coefficient indicate low-frequency unsteadiness at separation and mid-frequency content downstream of reattachment. The wall-pressure fluctuations were analyzed with the proper orthogonal decomposition. The modal analysis reveals pronounced 3D low-frequency wall-pressure fluctuations for the stronger interaction. Overall, the present findings provide advanced perspectives on low-frequency wall-pressure fluctuations in turbulent shock-wave boundary layer interactions that may lead to spanwise non-uniformity of the separation and shedding with possible implications for the design of structural panels on high-speed vehicles.
Computational study of lateral jet interaction in hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium flows using nonlinear coupled constitutive relations
Authors: Zeng Shuhua , Yang Junyuan , Zhao Wenwen , Huang Yifeng , Jiang Zhongzheng , Chen Weifang
Published: November 2023

The present study reports the numerical analyses of lateral jet interaction around a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense-type (THAAD-type) model in hypersonic rarefied flows, with the real gas effect incorporated. The computation approach employed is the recently developed thermochemical non-equilibrium nonlinear coupled constitutive relations (NCCR) model. Regarding the simulation conditions, the flight velocity and height are set to 20 Ma and 80 km, respectively. To disclose the flow mechanism of lateral jet interaction, the complex flowfield characteristics and surface pressure distributions are discussed at length. Additionally, the research explores the impact of two key factors, namely, the jet pressure ratio and the jet Mach number, on the control performance of an in-flight vehicle's reaction control system (RCS). The results demonstrate that the complicated flowfield structures in lateral jet interaction are successfully reproduced by the NCCR model. With an increase in either the jet pressure ratio or the jet Mach number, the force and moment amplification factors decrease, while the absolute value of the normal force coefficient increases. Notably, it is found that the rarefied gas effect captured by the NCCR model against the Navier–Stokes–Fourier solution affects the lateral jet interaction flowfield, e.g., weakening the compressibility of the barrel shock and the expansibility of the Prandtl–Meyer expansion fan, as well as strengthening the jet wraparound effect. Importantly, the rarefied gas effect also exerts a prominent influence on the performance of RCS, with the degree of influence diminishing as the jet Mach number or the jet pressure ratio increases.
Mechanism of the anisotropic nitroguanidine crystal arrangement on triple-base propellant failure by impact and strategy of structural enhancement
Authors: Zhu Yao , Fu You , Wang Xijin , Chen Qian , Yang Jing , Xu Bin , Liu Zhitao , Chen Feiyun , Wei Xiaoan , Liao Xin
Published: November 2023

Nitroguanidine (NQ) in solvent-based triple-base propellants (STP) has a propensity to peel off and detach from the matrix, leading to significant defects, such as interface debonding within the propellant’s microstructure. This ultimately results in reduced and unstable mechanical properties. To address this critical issue, an efficient and eco-friendly manufacturing process was employed to successfully produce solventless triple-base propellants (SLTPs) as a comparison to conventional STPs. SLTP samples exhibit a mutually supportive three-dimensional spatial structure, with NQ crystals within the propellant matrix more securely bonded to the interface. They also demonstrate higher relative density (1.68 g·cm−3), more stable molding dimensions (no contraction), and enhanced tensile strength (41.92 MPa). Quasi-static structural failure tests reveal that the standard deviation of compressive strength for SLTP samples in three axes is smaller, registering at 1.10. The dynamic structural damage performance analysis indicates that the failure of energetic composite materials is attributable to separation fracture damage after the appearance of cracks on the tensile surface at −40 and 25 °C. Furthermore, the structural failure of these materials occurs due to significant collapse failure after the compression surface bends inward at 50 °C. Consequently, the present study offers a reliable theoretical foundation and procedural strategy for enhancing the structural strength of triple-base propellants.
Osteoblast-lineage calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase 2 delta and gamma regulates bone mass and quality
Authors: Leser Jenna M. , Torre Olivia M. , Gould Nicole R. , Guo Qiaoyue , Buck Heather V. , Kodama Joe , Otsuru Satoru , Stains Joseph P.
Published: November 2023

Bone regulates its mass and quality in response to diverse mechanical, hormonal, and local signals. The bone anabolic or catabolic responses to these signals are often received by osteocytes, which then coordinate the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces. We previously established that calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase 2 (CaMKII) is required for osteocytes to respond to some bone anabolic cues in vitro. However, a role for CaMKII in bone physiology in vivo is largely undescribed. Here, we show that conditional codeletion of the most abundant isoforms of CaMKII (delta and gamma) in mature osteoblasts and osteocytes [Ocn-cre:
Camk2d
/
Camk2g
double-knockout (dCKO)] caused severe osteopenia in both cortical and trabecular compartments by 8 wk of age. In addition to having less bone mass, dCKO bones are of worse quality, with significant deficits in mechanical properties, and a propensity to fracture. This striking skeletal phenotype is multifactorial, including diminished osteoblast activity, increased osteoclast activity, and altered phosphate homeostasis both systemically and locally. These dCKO mice exhibited decreased circulating phosphate (hypophosphatemia) and increased expression of the phosphate-regulating hormone fibroblast growth factor 23. Additionally, dCKO mice expressed less bone-derived tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase protein than control mice. Consistent with altered phosphate homeostasis, we observed that dCKO bones were hypo-mineralized with prominent osteoid seams, analogous to the phenotypes of mice with hypophosphatemia. Altogether, these data reveal a fundamental role for osteocyte CaMKIIδ and CaMKIIγ in the maintenance of bone mass and bone quality and link osteoblast/osteocyte CaMKII to phosphate homeostasis.
One-to-two internal resonance in a micro-mechanical resonator with strong Duffing nonlinearity
Authors: Yu Jun , Donmez Ata , Herath Hansaja , Cho Hanna
Published: November 2023

This paper investigates the implementation of 1:2 internal resonance (InRes) in a clamped–clamped stepped beam resonator with a strong Duffing effect, focusing on its potential for frequency stabilization in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) resonators. InRes can arise in a nonlinear system of which mode frequencies are close to an integer ratio, facilitating the internal exchange of energy from an externally driven mode to an undriven mode. The presence of 1:2 InRes and Duffing hardening nonlinearity can result in frequency saturation phenomena, leading to a flat amplitude-frequency response range, which forms the basis for frequency stabilization. The stepped beam resonator design, combined with thermal frequency tuning, enables precise alteration of the frequency ratio between the second and third flexural modes required to achieve the desired 1:2 ratio for InRes. Experimental characterization and theoretical analysis revealed that frequency mismatch plays a significant role, with larger mismatch conditions leading to stronger energy exchange and a wider range of drive force for frequency saturation. The study highlights the frequency saturation mechanism utilizing 1:2 InRes and emphasizes the advantage of Duffing nonlinearity and larger intermodal frequency mismatch for broader frequency stabilization, providing valuable insights for the design and optimization of MEMS resonators.
Suppression of dielectric surface flashover induced by strong electromagnetic field at multiple spatial scales based on above/sub-surface discharge development mechanisms
Authors: Yang Xiong , Zhou Rundong , Song Baipeng , Sun Guangyu , Wang Chao , Zhao Xin , Zou Fangzheng , Lian Ruhui , Li Wenrui , Liu Haoyan , Li Wendong , Zhang Guanjun
Published: November 2023

Spacecraft charging and electrostatic discharging (ESD) are prone to occur in harsh space environments. In particular, in the case of coupling strong electromagnetic field (EMF), ESD damages may occur at a low charging potential, posing a serious threat to on-orbit spacecraft missions. To investigate the mechanism and the pertinent suppression method for vacuum surface discharge induced by EMF, a specially-designed platform for EMF-induced surface discharge was set up. Surface structures with various spatial scales were created separately by using different surface engineering strategies, including direct fluorination, mechanical polishing, and 3D-printed grooving. The resulting surface physicochemical characteristics of the samples were examined. Furthermore, the surface discharge characteristics for different methods induced by strong EMF were systematically analyzed, considering the surface trap state distribution and secondary electron yield (SEY). The findings indicate that the proposed surface treatment methods demonstrate varying levels of improvement in mitigating EMF-induced discharge. Direct fluorination was found to produce lower SEY and to accelerate surface charge dissipation due to an elevated shallow trap density, making it favorable for suppressing the EMF-induced discharge. In addition, suitable surface roughness and groove size can effectively impede the development of the multipactor, thereby preventing EMF-induced discharge. This research is expected to provide valuable insights into the protection design of EMF-induced discharge on spacecraft.
Magnetic field sensitivity of transition edge sensors
Authors: Harwin R C , Goldie D J , Thomas C N , Withington S
Published: November 2023

Understanding the magnetic field sensitivity of transition edge sensors (TESs) is vital in optimising the configuration of any magnetic shielding as well as the design of the TESs themselves. An experimental system has been developed to enable the investigation of the applied magnetic field direction on TES behaviour, and the first results from this system are presented. In addition, measurements of the effect of applied magnetic field magnitude on both supercurrent and bias current are presented. The extent to which the current theoretical framework can explain the results is assessed and finally, the impact of this work on the design of TESs and the design of magnetic shielding is discussed.
Simple quantification of elastomers’ deformation-induced entropy changes through maxwell relation implementation
Authors: Li Yuchen
Published: November 2023

An upper division experimental method to determine the configurational entropy change using an approximated Maxwell relation for short fiber reinforced polymers is presented. This approach mainly integrates two regression models in data analysis, respectively being the phenomenological Mooney-Rivlin model and the linear tension-temperature relation; the former simulates the tensile performance under various isothermal conditions, while the latter is used to measure the partial differential value

∂
S

∂
l

T

in the Maxwell relation. To further correct tensile data to accurately measure the minute configurational entropy change in loading, a linear-form segmented compensation function was used to correct the dynamic fatigue effect in repetitive tensile testing. With corrected Mooney-Rivlin fits under various temperature conditions graphed, one may focus on a fixed strain and investigate its corresponding linear tension-temperature relation to establish the numerical value of

∂
S

∂
l

T

.

In this way, the remaining unknown variable in the Maxwell relation is entropy, thereby enabling its mathematical determination. Such a simple experimental design serves as a convenient method to measure configurational entropy change with strain for basic research.
Performance evaluation of split high–K material based stacked hetero-dielectrics tunnel FET
Authors: Das Dipshika , Dhar Rudra Sankar , Ghosh Pradip Kumar
Published: November 2023

This research investigates the performance evaluation of a double gate TFET (DGTFET) by employing a hetero-dielectric gate structure featuring distinct high-K dielectrics with different work functions in a dual-material gate configuration. The gate dielectric stack is comprised of split high–K materials placed on the SiO2 dielectric. An outline of the analytical model for the validation of the novel device is developed and 2D simulations-based analysis and investigation are carried out. The impact of different high-K dielectric materials layered on top of silicon dioxide (SiO2) is examined; its effect on transfer characteristics, subthreshold swing (SS), minimum tunneling width, ratio of ON to OFF currents ION/IOFF, and energy band bending are investigated. The work functions optimization for the auxiliary and tunnel gates are made in this work to minimize OFF current, to reduce ambipolar phenomena and to enhance tunnel rate. The effects of gate potentials, source/ drain doping concentrations on the results are further studied. The threshold voltage of DGTFET is also modelled and computed for the proposed structures. The present findings revealed that the low OFF current (10−17 A μm−1) is provided by the proposed device structure, improved ratio of ION/IOFF (1011), and lowered subthreshold swing required for future era.
Exploring freeze-out and freeze-in dark matter via effective Froggatt-Nielsen theory
Authors: Mandal Rusa , Tong Tom
Published: November 2023

Motivated by the dynamical reasons for the hierarchical structure of the Yukawa sector of
the Standard Model (SM), we consider an extension of the SM with a complex scalar field, known as
`flavon', based on the Froggatt-Nielsen mechanism. In an effective theory approach, the SM fermion
masses and mixing patterns are generated in orders of the parameter related to the vacuum
expectation value of the flavon field and the cut-off of the effective theory. By introducing
right-handed neutrinos, we study the viability of the lightest right-handed neutrino as a dark
matter candidate, where the same flavon field acts as a mediator between the dark and the SM
sectors. We find that dark matter genesis is achieved both through freeze-out and freeze-in
mechanisms encompassing the 𝒪(GeV) – 𝒪(TeV) mass range of the mediator
and the dark matter particle. In addition to tree-level spin-dependent cross section, the model
gives rise to tree- and loop-level contributions to spin-independent scattering cross section at
the direct detection experiments such as XENON and LUX-ZEPLIN which can be probed in their future
upgrades. By choosing suitable Froggatt-Nielsen charges for the fermions, we also generate the
mass spectrum of the SM neutrinos via the Type-I seesaw mechanism. Flavor-changing neutral current
processes, such as radiative lepton decay, meson mixing, and top-quark decay remain the most
constraining channels and provide testability for this minimal setup that addresses several major
shortcomings of the SM.
Impact of interaction between RF waves and fast NBI ions on the fusion performance in JET DTE2 campaign
Authors: Kirov K.K. , Challis C.D. , De la Luna E. , Eriksson J. , Gallart D. , Garcia J. , Gorelenkova M. , Hobirk J. , Jacquet P. , Kappatou A. , Kazakov Y.O. , Keeling D. , King D. , Lerche E. , Maggi C. , Mailloux J. , Mantica P. , Mantsinen M. , Maslov M. , Menmuir S. , Siren P. , Stancar Z. , Van Eester D. ,   JET Contributors
Published: November 2023

This work presents a study of the interaction between radio frequency (RF) waves used for ion cyclotron resonance heating and the fast deuterium (D) and tritium (T) neutral Beam injected (NBI) ions in DT plasma. The focus is on the effects of this interaction, also referred to as synergistic effects, on the fusion performance in the recent JET DTE2 campaign. Experimental data from dedicated pulses at 3.43 T/2.3 MA heated at (i) 51.4 MHz, giving the central minority H and n = 2 D, and at (ii) 32.2 MHz for the central minority 3He and n = 2 T. Resonances are analysed and conclusions are drawn and supported by modelling of the synergistic effects. Modelling with transport code TRANSP runs with and without the RF kick operator predict a moderate increase, of about 10%, in DT rates for the case of the RF wave—fast D NBI ion interactions at the n = 2 harmonic of ion cyclotron resonance, and a negligible impact due to synergistic interaction between fast T NBI ions and RF waves. JETTO modelling gives a 29% enhancement in fusion rates due to the interction between RF waves and fast D NBI ions, and an 18% enhancement in fast T NBI ions. Analysis of experimental neutron rates compared to TRANSP predictions without synergistic effects and magnetic proton recoil neutron spectrometer indicate an enhancement of approximately 25%–28% in fusion rates due to RF interaction with fast D ions, and an enhancement of approximately 5%–8% when RF waves and fast T NBI ions are interacting. The contributions of various heating and fast ion sources are assessed and discussed.
Solving Flexible Shop Scheduling Problems Based on Improved NSGA-II
Authors: Lan Xueqi , Zhang Jianxin
Published: November 2023

This paper proposes an improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) by incorporating local search techniques to address the issues of slow convergence speed and susceptibility to local optima in traditional NSGA. Multiple local search techniques are combined with NSGA-II to enhance the convergence speed and solution quality. In each generation, the algorithm selects key operations on the critical path for local search and applies the principles of minimizing costs and minimizing energy consumption to guide the local search on individuals. The optimization goals consist of reducing the longest completion time, minimizing expenses, and lowering energy usage. Experimental results on multiple instances of flexible job shop scheduling problems demonstrate that this algorithm exhibits good performance and effectiveness.
Tailoring hierarchical porous core–shell SnO2@Cu upon Cu–Sn alloys through oxygen binding energy difference for high energy density lithium-ion storage
Authors: Yang Huan , Zhang Zhijia , Zhao Yuwen , Chen Yuefang , Sun Qi , Zhang Mengmeng , Zhang Yifang , Yu Zhenyang , Li Chunsheng , Sun Yan , Jiang Yong
Published: November 2023

Rational design and construction of self-supporting anodes with high energy density is an essential part of research in the field of lithium-ion batteries. Tin oxide (SnO2) is restricted in application as a prospective high energy density anode due to inherent low conductivity and huge volume expansion of the charge/discharge process. A new strategy that combines high energy ball milling and nonsolvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method was employed to synthesize self-supporting electrodes in which porous SnO2 was encapsulated in a three-dimensional hierarchical porous copper (Cu) shell structure (3DHPSnO2@Cu). This unique structure was constructed due to the different binding energy of the alloy with oxygen, which are −0.91 eV for Cu41Sn11 and −1.17 eV for Cu5.6Sn according to the density functional theory calculation. 3DHPSnO2@Cu electrodes exhibited excellent discharge capacity with an initial reversible capacity of 4.35 mAh cm−2 and a reversible capacity of 3.13 mAh cm−2 after 300 cycles at a current density of 1.4 mA cm−2. It is attributed that the porous Cu shell encapsulated with porous SnO2 provides buffer volume. Among them, the SnO2-Cu-SnO2 interface increases the electrical conductivity and the porous structure provides ion transport channels. This strategy opens a new pathway in the development of self-supporting electrode materials with high energy density.
Impact of climate change on carbon emissions in future road design: frost protection of roads in temperate climates
Authors: Hannasvik Lisa Tronhuus , Kvande Tore , Bohne Rolf André , Gaarder Jørn Emil , Hoff Inge , Evensen Ragnar , Johansen Johnny M
Published: November 2023

The aim of this case study was to estimate the impact of future adaptation to climate change with respect to frost on emissions from road construction. Based on the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) published by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change, the Norwegian Centre for Climate Services has predicted statistical frost quantities for the years 2071–2100 in Norway. Carbon emissions in production, loading, transportation, and construction related to the frost protection of roads were estimated based on the predictions and compared with frost protection based on frost quantities for the years 1981–2010. The case study covered two recently constructed four-lane highways in Norway that represent areas with minor and major frost quantities. Three alternative power sources for machinery and transportation were studied: fossil fuel, biofuel, and electricity. These alternatives were combined with two scenarios for climate change (RCPs): one intermediate (RCP4.5) and one business-as-usual scenario (RCP8.5). Based on the combined alternatives and RCPs, the estimated reduction in CO2-equivalents ranged from 22% to 90%.
Architecture of Actinoplanes missouriensis sporangia and zoospores visualized using quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy
Authors: Hu Shixuan , Tahara Yuhei O , Tezuka Takeaki , Miyata Makoto , Ohnishi Yasuo
Published: November 2023

The architecture of sporangia and zoospores of Actinoplanes missouriensis was analyzed at a high resolution using quick-freeze deep-etch replica electron microscopy. This analysis revealed that (i) sporangia were surrounded by at least 2 membranous layers with smooth surfaces, (ii) zoospores were enclosed by a fibrillar layer, and (iii) flagella were generated in a restricted area on the zoospore surface.
EPIK: precise and scalable evolutionary placement with informativek-mers
Authors: Romashchenko Nikolai , Linard Benjamin , Pardi Fabio , Rivals Eric
Published: November 2023

Motivation

Phylogenetic placement enables phylogenetic analysis of massive collections of newly sequenced DNA, when de novo tree inference is too unreliable or inefficient. Assuming that a high-quality reference tree is available, the idea is to seek the correct placement of the new sequences in that tree. Recently, alignment-free approaches to phylogenetic placement have emerged, both to circumvent the need to align the new sequences and to avoid the calculations that typically follow the alignment step. A promising approach is based on the inference of k-mers that can be potentially related to the reference sequences, also called phylo-k-mers. However, its usage is limited by the time and memory-consuming stage of reference data preprocessing and the large numbers of k-mers to consider.

Results

We suggest a filtering method for selecting informative phylo-k-mers based on mutual information, which can significantly improve the efficiency of placement, at the cost of a small loss in placement accuracy. This method is implemented in IPK, a new tool for computing phylo-k-mers that significantly outperforms the software previously available. We also present EPIK, a new software for phylogenetic placement, supporting filtered phylo-k-mer databases. Our experiments on real-world data show that EPIK is the fastest phylogenetic placement tool available, when placing hundreds of thousands and millions of queries while still providing accurate placements.

Availability and implementation

IPK and EPIK are freely available at https://github.com/phylo42/IPK and https://github.com/phylo42/EPIK. Both are implemented in C++ and Python and supported on Linux and MacOS.
Applications of artificial intelligence in power system operation, control and planning: a review
Authors: Pandey Utkarsh , Pathak Anshumaan , Kumar Adesh , Mondal Surajit
Published: November 2023

As different artificial intelligence (AI) techniques continue to evolve, power systems are undergoing significant technological changes with the primary goal of reducing computational time, decreasing utility and consumer costs and ensuring the reliable operation of an electrical power system. AI techniques compute large amounts of data at a faster speed than numerical optimization methods with higher processing speeds. With these features, AI techniques can further automate and increase the performance of power systems. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of diverse AI techniques that can be applied in power system operation, control and planning, aiming to facilitate their various applications. We explained how AI can be used to resolve system frequency changes, maintain the voltage profile to minimize transmission losses, reduce the fault rate and minimize reactive current in distributed systems to increase the power factor and improve the voltage profile.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Reactivation and CMV-Specific Cell-Mediated Immunity After Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy
Authors: Kampouri Eleftheria , Ibrahimi Sarah S , Xie Hu , Wong Elizabeth R , Hecht Jessica B , Sekhon Mandeep K , Vo Alythia , Stevens-Ayers Terry L , Green Damian J , Gauthier Jordan , Maloney David G , Perez Ailyn , Jerome Keith R , Leisenring Wendy M , Boeckh Michael J , Hill Joshua A
Published: November 2023

Background

The epidemiology of cytomegalovirus (CMV) after chimeric antigen receptor–modified T-cell immunotherapy (CARTx) is poorly understood owing to a lack of routine surveillance.

Methods

We prospectively enrolled 72 adult CMV-seropositive CD19-, CD20-, or BCMA-targeted CARTx recipients and tested plasma samples for CMV before and weekly up to 12 weeks after CARTx. We assessed CMV-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMV-CMI) before and 2 and 4 weeks after CARTx, using an interferon γ release assay to quantify T-cell responses to IE-1 and pp65. We tested pre-CARTx samples to calculate a risk score for cytopenias and infection (CAR-HEMATOTOX). We used Cox regression to evaluate CMV risk factors and evaluated the predictive performance of CMV-CMI for CMV reactivation in receiver operator characteristic curves.

Results

CMV was detected in 1 patient (1.4%) before and in 18 (25%) after CARTx, for a cumulative incidence of 27% (95% confidence interval, 16.8–38.2). The median CMV viral load (interquartile range) was 127 (interquartile range, 61–276) IU/mL, with no end-organ disease observed; 5 patients received preemptive therapy based on clinical results. CMV-CMI values reached a nadir 2 weeks after infusion and recovered to baseline levels by week 4. In adjusted models, BCMA-CARTx (vs CD19/CD20) and corticosteroid use for >3 days were significantly associated with CMV reactivation, and possible associations were detected for lower week 2 CMV-CMI and more prior antitumor regimens. The cumulative incidence of CMV reactivation almost doubled when stratified by BCMA-CARTx target and use of corticosteroids for >3 days (46% and 49%, respectively).

Conclusions

CMV testing could be considered between 2 and 6 weeks in high-risk CARTx recipients.
Transcriptome analysis of Lantana camara flower petals reveals candidate anthocyanin biosynthesis genes mediating red flower color development
Authors: Parrish Stephen Brooks , Paudel Dev , Deng Zhanao
Published: November 2023

Flower color plays a crucial role in the appeal and selection of ornamental plants, directly influencing breeding strategies and the broader horticulture industry. Lantana camara, a widely favored flowering shrub, presents a rich palette of flower colors. Yet, the intricate molecular mechanisms governing this color variation in the species have remained largely unidentified. With the aim of filling this gap, this study embarked on a comprehensive de novo transcriptome assembly and differential gene expression analysis across 3 distinct lantana accessions, each showcasing a unique flower color. By harnessing the capabilities of both PacBio and Illumina sequencing platforms, a robust transcriptome assembly, encompassing 123,492 gene clusters and boasting 94.2% BUSCO completeness, was developed. The differential expression analysis unveiled 72,862 unique gene clusters that exhibited varied expression across different flower stages. A pronounced upregulation of 8 candidate core anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in the red-flowered accession was uncovered. This was further complemented by an upregulation of candidate MYB75 (PAP1) and bHLH42 (TT8) transcription factors. A candidate carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD4a) gene cluster also manifested a marked upregulation in white flowers. The study unveils the molecular groundwork of lantana's flower color variation, offering insights for future research and potential applications in breeding ornamental plants with desired color traits.
Responsibility without Choice: Harare’s Baptist Christians and Normative Freedom Amidst Uncertainty
Authors: Williams Green Leanne
Published: November 2023

Baptists living in Zimbabwe’s capital city, Harare, engage with a long-standing debate in Christian theology and beyond: that of the relation between moral responsibility and human freedom. The presumption has often been that to be held morally responsible, a person must be free to choose and to act. The views of Harare’s Baptists directly challenge this understanding, with important outcomes for their political lives. I show ethnographically how they do so through the urgency of their daily moral deliberations as religious practitioners. Influenced by Augustinian theology, they treat moral responsibility as a condition of existence, irrespective of choice. I argue that they adhere to a “normative freedom” as an alternative to classically liberal perspectives or to freedom as outlined recently in anthropological discussions of ethics. I propose that attending to moral responsibility provides a key avenue for further theorizing diverse conceptions of human freedoms and the attendant political consequences.
Temporal Fascia Free Flap for Thumb Coverage in Electrical Burn Injuries: A Case Series Analysis With DASH Score Outcomes Evaluation
Authors: Lombardo Giuseppe A G , Donia Claudio , Ciancio Francesco , Russo Arcangelo , Stivala Alessio , Ranno Rosario
Published: November 2023

Electrical burns pose unique challenges in reconstructive surgery due to the extensive tissue damage they cause. The thumb is particularly susceptible to electrical burns, leading to severe functional impairment. This case series introduces the use of the temporal fascia free flap for thumb coverage in patients with electrical burn injuries. The study aims to assess the functional outcomes of this approach using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. Six male patients underwent thumb reconstruction using temporal fascia free flaps following electrical burn injuries. The extent of the injury was assessed, and necrotic tissue was debrided. Functional outcomes were evaluated using the DASH questionnaire 6 months postoperation. All procedures were conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines, and informed consent was obtained from all patients. All patients achieved successful transplants using temporal fascia free flaps. The average DASH score at the 6-month follow-up indicated satisfactory functional recovery. Patients reported improvements in thumb mobility and functionality, and the cosmetic appearance of the thumb was acceptable. The appearance of the scar in the donor area was well-received. The temporal fascia free flap proved to be an effective method for thumb reconstruction following electrical burn injuries. Its thin and flexible nature allows for optimal contouring and improved range of motion. Although one case of partial flap loss was observed, overall functional and aesthetic outcomes were satisfactory. Further research with larger sample sizes is warranted to optimize surgical techniques and postoperative care for better outcomes.
Biot's theory-based dynamic equation modeling using a machine learning auxiliary approach
Authors: Xiong Fansheng , Wang Bochen , Liu Jiawei , Guo Zhenwei , Liu Jianxin
Published: November 2023

Characterizing seismic wave propagation in a fluid-saturated porous media well enhances the precision of interpreting seismic data, bringing benefits to understanding reservoir properties better. Some important indicators, including wave dispersion and attenuation, along with the wavefield, are widely used for interpreting the reservoir, and they can be obtained from a rock physics model. In existing models, some of them are limited in scope due to their complexity, for example, numerical solutions are difficult or costly. In view of this, this study proposes an approach of establishing equivalent dynamic equations of existing models. First, the framework of the equivalent model is derived based on Biot's theory, while the elastic coefficients are set as unknown factors. The next step is to use deep neural networks (DNNs) to predict these coefficients, and surrogate models of unknowns are established after training DNNs. The training data is naturally generated from the original model. The simplicity of the equation forms, compared to the original complex model and some other equivalents such as the viscoelastic model, enables the framework to perform wavefield simulation easier. Numerical examples show that the established equivalent model can not only predict similar dispersion and attenuation, but also obtain wavefields with small differences. This also indicates that it may be sufficient to establish an equivalent model only according to dispersion and attenuation, and the cost of generating such data is very small compared to simulating the wavefield. Therefore, the proposed approach is expected to effectively improve the computational difficulty of some existing models.
Retrograde discs around one component of a binary are unstable to tilting
Authors: Overton Madeline , Martin Rebecca G , Lubow Stephen H , Lepp Stephen
Published: November 2023

With hydrodynamic simulations, we show that a coplanar disc around one component of a binary can be unstable to global tilting when the disc orbits in a retrograde direction relative to the binary. The disc experiences the largest inclination growth relative to the binary orbit in the outermost radii of the disc, closest to the companion. This tilt instability also occurs for test particles. A retrograde disc is much larger than a prograde disc since it is not tidally truncated and instead spreads outwards to the orbit of the companion. The coplanar retrograde disc remains circular while a coplanar prograde disc can become eccentric. We suggest that the inclination instability is due to a disc resonance caused by the interaction of the tilt with the tidal field of the binary. This model is applicable to Be/X-ray binaries in which the Be star disc may be retrograde relative to the binary orbit if there was a sufficiently strong kick from the supernova that formed the neutron star companion. The accretion on to the neutron star and the resulting X-ray outbursts are weaker in the retrograde case compared to the prograde case.
Neutrino-driven massive stellar explosions in 3D fostered by magnetic fields via turbulent α-effect
Authors: Matsumoto Jin , Takiwaki Tomoya , Kotake Kei
Published: November 2023

We investigate the influence of magnetic field amplification on the core-collapse supernovae in highly magnetized progenitors through 3D simulations. By considering rotating models, we observe a strong correlation between the exponential growth of the magnetic field in the gain region and the initiation of shock revival, with a faster onset compared to the non-rotating model. We highlight that the mean magnetic field experiences exponential amplification as a result of α-effect in the dynamo process, which works efficiently with the increasing kinetic helicity of the turbulence within the gain region. Our findings indicate that the significant amplification of the mean magnetic fields leads to the development of locally intense turbulent magnetic fields, particularly in the vicinity of the poles, thereby promoting the revival of the shock by neutrino heating.
Scrub typhus in Northeast India: epidemiology, clinical presentations, and diagnostic approaches
Authors: Konyak Beyau M , Soni Monika , Saikia Shyamalima , Chang Tochi , Gogoi Indrani , Khongstid Ibakmensi , Chang Chung-Ming , Sharma Mohan , Pandey Ramendra Pati
Published: November 2023

Scrub typhus is one of the most neglected tropical diseases, a leading cause of acute undifferentiated febrile illness in areas of the ‘tsutsugamushi triangle’, diagnosed frequently in South Asian countries. The bacteria Orientia tsutsugamushi is the causative agent of the disease, which enters the human body through the bite of trombiculid mites (also known as chiggers) of the genus Leptotrombidium deliense. Diagnosis of the disease is challenging, as its early symptoms mimic other febrile illnesses like dengue, influenza and corona viruses. Lack of rapid, reliable and cost-effective diagnostic methods further complicates the identification process. Northeast India, a mountainous region with a predominantly rural tribal population, has witnessed a resurgence of scrub typhus cases in recent years. Various ecological factors, including rodent populations, habitat characteristics and climatic conditions, influence its prevalence. Entomological investigations have confirmed the abundance of vector mites, highlighting the importance of understanding their distribution and the probability of transmission of scrub typhus in the region. Proper diagnosis, awareness campaigns and behavioural interventions are essential for controlling scrub typhus outbreaks and reducing its impact on public health in Northeast India. Further research and community-based studies are necessary to accurately assess the disease burden and implement effective prevention strategies.
Deciphering the Key Players of the Bacterial Microbiota Associated with Aerial Crown Gall Tumors on Rhododendron: Insights into the Gallobiome
Authors: Kuzmanović Nemanja , Nesme Joseph , Wolf Jacqueline , Neumann-Schaal Meina , Petersen Jörn , Fernandez-Gnecco Gabriela , Spröer Cathrin , Bunk Boyke , Overmann Jörg , Sørensen Søren Johannes , Idczak Elke , Smalla Kornelia
Published: November 2023

Tumorigenic agrobacteria are widespread plant pathogens causing crown gall and cane gall diseases in various agricultural crops. These pathogens genetically transform the host plant and thus form an ecological niche (galls) in which specific metabolites (i.e., opines) are produced. Opines provide the pathogen with multiple competitive advantages, but they can also be utilized by other bacteria colonizing galls. To gain a thorough understanding of disease processes and ecology, it is necessary to consider the pathogen in the context of its microbial environment within the diseased plant (i.e., the pathobiome). Therefore, in this study, we investigated the bacterial pathobiome associated with aerial crown gall tumors (gallobiome) on rhododendron. For this purpose, a combination of cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent approaches were applied, which also involved development of a novel amplicon sequencing approach targeting the recA housekeeping gene. The 16S rRNA and recA gene amplicon sequencing clearly indicated that Rhizobium rhododendri and the group of Agrobacterium spp. primarily belonging to the so-called “rubi” clade were the dominant members of bacterial microbiota in rhododendron galls. While the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid-harboring R. rhododendri strains are causative agents of crown gall disease, Agrobacterium spp. strains isolated in this study were nonpathogenic and carried genes for the catabolism of opines, enabling these bacteria to efficiently colonize tumor tissue. Taken together, our results clearly showed that the tumorigenic R. rhododendri and nonpathogenic opine-catabolizing Agrobacterium spp. were the key players within the bacterial microbiota associated with aerial crown gall tumors on rhododendron.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Opioid-free Anesthesia Protocol on the Early Quality of Recovery after Major Surgery (SOFA Trial): A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Léger Maxime , Perrault Tristan , Pessiot-Royer Solène , Parot-Schinkel Elsa , Costerousse Fabienne , Rineau Emmanuel , Lasocki Sigismond
Published: November 2023

Background

Opioid-free anesthesia is increasingly being adopted to reduce opioid consumption, but its impact on early postoperative recovery after major surgery has not been evaluated in comparative trials. The hypothesis was that an opioid-free anesthesia protocol would enhance the early quality of recovery for patients undergoing scheduled major surgery under general anesthesia.

Methods

The SOFA study was a monocentric, randomized, controlled, assessor- and patient-blinded clinical trial conducted from July 10, 2021, to February 12, 2022. The eligible population included male and female patients undergoing scheduled major surgery, excluding bone procedures, that typically require opioids for postoperative pain management. Patients in the intervention group received a combination of at least two drugs among ketamine, lidocaine, clonidine, and magnesium sulfate, without opioids for anesthesia. The standard group received opioids. The primary outcome was early postoperative quality of recovery, assessed by Quality of Recovery-15 score at 24 h after surgery. Secondary outcomes were Quality of Recovery-15 at 48 and 72 h after surgery, incidence of chronic pain, and quality of life at 3 months.

Results

Of the 136 randomized patients, 135 were included in the primary analysis (mean age, 45.9 ± 15.7 yr; 116 females [87.2%]; 85 underwent major plastic surgery [63.9%]), with 67 patients in the opioid-free anesthesia group and 68 in the standard group. The mean Quality of Recovery-15 at 24 h was 114.9 ± 15.2 in the opioid-free anesthesia group versus 108.7 ± 18.1 in the standard group (difference, 6.2; 95% CI, 0.4 to 12.0; P = 0.026). Quality of Recovery-15 scores also differed significantly at 48 h (difference, 8.7; 95% CI, 2.9 to 14.5; P = 0.004) and at 72 h (difference, 7.3; 95% CI, 1.6 to 13.0; P = 0.013). There were no differences in other secondary outcomes. No major adverse events were noticed.

Conclusions

The opioid-free anesthesia protocol improved quality of recovery after major elective surgery in a statistically but not clinically significant manner when compared to standard anesthesia.

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Pathology and new insights in thyroid neoplasms in the 2022 WHO classification
Authors: Lebrun Laetitia , Salmon Isabelle
Published: November 2023

Purpose of review

The assessment of thyroid nodules is a common clinical problem, linked to the high incidence of thyroid nodules in the population and the low incidence of aggressive thyroid carcinoma. The screening is therefore one of the strengths of our patient care. Recently, the 2023 Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) and 2022 WHO classification of thyroid neoplasms have been released based on the definition of new entities and the growing impact of molecular testing. The aim of this review is to analyze how these upgrades can help us in the daily routine practice diagnosis of thyroid cancer.

Recent findings

Our review is focused on the most frequent thyroid tumors derived from thyroid follicular cell. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is the gold standard for the screening of thyroid nodules with very high levels of sensitivity and specificity. These sensitivity and specificity are improved by molecular testing, which refines the risk of malignancy. The 2023 TBSRTC integrates molecular data and the upgrades integrated in the 2022 WHO classification such as the ‘low-risk neoplasms’ and the ‘high-grade follicular-cells derived carcinoma’. The morphological examination remains crucial since the capsular and/or vascular invasion are key features of malignancy in the follicular thyroid neoplasms. Low-risk neoplasms represent a clinical challenge since no specific guidelines are available. Challenges remain regarding oncocytic thyroid lesions, which are not associated with specific diagnostic molecular biomarkers. Molecular testing can help not only in deciphering the prognosis but also in the targeted therapeutic strategy.

While molecular testing has succeeded to substantially improve the pre and postoperative diagnosis and risk stratification of thyroid tumors, the morphological examination is still central in the daily routine diagnosis of thyroid pathology. Future is the integrated diagnosis of clinical, morphological, molecular and epigenetic features with the help of artificial intelligence algorithms.
A Case of Axillary Fibroadenoma That Grew Rapidly from Axillary Accessory Breast Tissue over 40 Days
Authors: Ishiguro Akira , Tosa Mamiko , Sakatani Takashi , Ohashi Ryuji , Ogawa Rei
Published: November 2023

Axillary accessory breast (AAB) occurs in 2%–6% of women. Like normal breast tissue, ABB can undergo changes, including periodic enlargement that can result in a palpable axillary mass. Fibroadenoma is the most common benign subcutaneous tumor of the breast: it occurs in approximately 25% of women and accounts for 50% of all breast biopsies. However, fibroadenoma in AAB is rare (2.6%). Here, we describe the case of a patient who was diagnosed first with left AAB on the basis of clinical and magnetic imaging resonance findings, and then 40 days later with fibroadenoma in left AAB by histopathology of the resected mass. The tumor, which had been undetectable at the initial visit, had transformed into a clinically obvious, hard, protruding mass at surgery. Thus, fibroadenomas originating from AAB can grow quickly, and imaging-based diagnosis should be confirmed with histology. Treatment should involve complete excision of the fibroadenoma and surrounding AAB.
GSM and Quality of Life Measures
Authors: Diem Susan J. , Danan Elisheva R.
Published: November 2023

The impact of bothersome vulvovaginal symptoms related to hypoestrogenism on quality of life (QOL) has been evaluated in large international surveys and qualitative studies of vulvovaginal atrophy, most of which were completed before the introduction of the term genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) and focus primarily on vulvovaginal atrophy. The QOL domain most affected in these studies is sexual function, although women also report impacts on self-confidence, self-esteem, sleep, and general enjoyment of life. Health-related QOL measures are available that evaluate the impact of some symptoms associated with GSM on QOL; new measures are in development that assess the full range of symptoms associated with GSM.