bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular markers reveal diversity in composition of Megastigmus (Hymenoptera: Megastigmidae) from eucalypt galls
Authors: Le Ngoc Hoan , Nahrung Helen F. , Morgan Jess A. T. , Ogbourne Steven , Lawson Simon A.
Published: September 2020

Since outbreaks of the invasive blue gum chalcids Leptocybe spp. began, the genus Megastigmus (Hymenoptera: Megastigmidae) has been increasingly studied as containing potential biocontrol agents against these pests. Megastigmus species have been collected and described from Australia, the presumed origin of Leptocybe spp., with M. zvimendeli and M. lawsoni reported as Leptocybe spp. parasitoids established outside of Australia. Parasitic Megastigmus have been reported to occur locally in the Neotropics, Afrotropic, Palearctic, and Indomalaya biogeographic realms, and in many cases described as new to science. However, molecular tools have not been used in studying parasitic Megastigmus, and difficulties in morphological taxonomy have compromised further understanding of eucalypt‐associated Megastigmus as well as the Megastigmus‐Leptocybe association. In this study, we used molecular markers to study the species composition and phylogeny of Megastigmus collected from eucalypt galls in Australia and from Leptocybe spp. galls from South Africa, Kenya, Israel, China, and Vietnam. We record thirteen discrete species and a species complex associated with eucalypt galls. A summary of morphological characters is provided to assist morphological delimitation of the studied group. A phylogeny based on 28S rDNA identified species groups of importance to Leptocybe spp. biocontrol agents from four clades with nine species. Relationships between Megastigmus from eucalypt galls and their phytophagous congeners were unresolved. Further molecular work is needed to clarify the identity of many species.
Observer‐oriented approach improves species distribution models from citizen science data
Authors: Milanesi Pietro , Mori Emiliano , Menchetti Mattia
Published: September 2020

Citizen science platforms are increasingly growing, and, storing a huge amount of data on species locations, they provide researchers with essential information to develop sound strategies for species conservation. However, the lack of information on surveyed sites (i.e., where the observers did not record the target species) and sampling effort (e.g., the number of surveys at a given site, by how many observers, and for how much time) strongly limit the use of citizen science data. Thus, we examined the advantage of using an observer‐oriented approach (i.e., considering occurrences of species other than the target species collected by the observers of the target species as pseudo‐absences and additional predictors relative to the total number of observations, observers, and days in which locations were collected in a given sampling unit, as proxies of sampling effort) to develop species distribution models. Specifically, we considered 15 mammal species occurring in Italy and compared the predictive accuracy of the ensemble predictions of nine species distribution models carried out considering random pseudo‐absences versus observer‐oriented approach. Through cross‐validations, we found that the observer‐oriented approach improved species distribution models, providing a higher predictive accuracy than random pseudo‐absences. Our results showed that species distribution modeling developed using pseudo‐absences derived citizen science data outperform those carried out using random pseudo‐absences and thus improve the capacity of species distribution models to accurately predict the geographic range of species when deriving robust surrogate of sampling effort.
Bi2S3 Nanorods Hosted on rGO Sheets from Pyrolysis of Molecular Precursors for Efficient Li‐Ion Storage
Authors: Li Zhongshuang , He Mengmeng , Bo Bing , Wei Huijuan , Liu Yanyan , Wen Hao , Liu Yushan , Zhang Ke , Zhang Panke , Li Baojun
Published: September 2020

Bismuth‐based compounds with high capacity and durability are still challenging in Li‐ion batteries (LIBs). In this article, Bi2S3 nanorods hosted on reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (Bi2S3/rGO, BSG) are successfully prepared using molecular precursor pyrolysis strategy. 1D nanorod architecture possesses preeminent kinetic characteristics, shortening the ion diffusion path and increasing the contact area between electrode and electrolyte. The large specific surface area and charge polarization of rGO at the interface promote charge transfer. The capacity of material (BSG‐400) reaches 558.4 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 after 200 cycles. The anode properties of the composite outperform those of pristine Bi2S3. The introduction of graphene enables the interfacial interaction between rGO and Bi2S3. The closely contact interface improves the conductivity and lithium storage performances of Bi2S3. The regulatory effect of rGO on the electronic density of states and band gap of Bi2S3 has been demonstrated by theoretical calculation. The synthetic approach has the advantages of universality, simple operation procedure, and strong repeatability. This research provides some ideas for the preparation of other metal sulfides/rGO nanomaterials and their application in battery research.
The problem of underpowered rivers
Authors: Worrall Fred , Burt Tim P. , Hancock Gregory R. , Howden Nicholas J.K. , Wainwright John
Published: September 2020

This study has hypothesized that for many rivers the trade‐off between flow accumulation and the decrease in slope along channel length means that stream power increases downstream and, moreover, that given the low slope angles in headwater and low‐order streams, they would have insufficient stream power to erode let alone transport sediment. The study considered the stream power profile, the particle travel distances and the application of the Hjulström curve based on the velocity profile of nine, large UK catchments. The study showed that:

Some rivers never showed a maximum in their longitudinal stream power profile, implying that some rivers never develop a deposition zone before they discharge at the tidal limit.

Particle travel distances during a bankfull discharge event showed that for some rivers 91% of the upper main channel would not be cleared of sediment. Furthermore, while some rivers could transport a 2 mm particle their entire length in one bankfull event, for another river it would take 89 such events.

The Hjulström curve shows that for three of the study rivers the upper 20 km of the river was not capable of eroding a 2 μm particle.

The study has shown that for all rivers studied, erosion is focused downstream and deposition upstream. Many UK rivers have a dead zone where, on time scales of the order of centuries, no erosion or transport occurs and erosion only occurs in the lower courses of the channel where discharge rather than slope dominates – we propose these as underpowered rivers.

© 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Gentiobiose and cellobiose content in fresh and fermenting cucumbers and utilization of such disaccharides by lactic acid bacteria in fermented cucumber juice medium
Authors: Ucar Redife Aslihan , Pérez‐Díaz Ilenys M. , Dean Lisa L.
Published: September 2020

The content of cellobiose and gentiobiose, cellulose‐derived dissacharides, in fresh and fermented cucumber was evaluated along with the ability of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus brevis to utilize them during and after fermentation. The disaccharide content in fresh and fermenting cucumbers was below the detection level (10 µM) using HPLC for analysis. Utilization of cellobiose and gentiobiose by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was tested in fermented cucumber juice medium (FCJM), a model system for the bioconversion and postfermentation lacking glucose and fructose. Changes in the fermentation metabolites were followed using HPLC and pH measurements as a function of time. The disaccharides were utilized by L. plantarum, L. pentosus, and L. buchneri in FCJM at pH 4.7 ± 0.1, representative of the active fermentation period, and converted to lactic acid. The disaccharides were not utilized in FCJM at pH 3.7 ± 0.1, representative of the end of fermentation. While L. brevis was unable to utilize cellobiose efficiently in FCJM, they were able to remove gentiobiose at pH 4.7 ± 0.1. Some strain level differences in cellobiose utilization were observed. It is concluded that the disaccharides are absent in the fresh cucumber and the typical fermentation. The LAB prevalent in the bioconversion utilizes cellobiose and gentiobiose, if available, at pH 4.7 ± 0.1. The LAB would not remove the disaccharides, which could become available from cellulose degradation by the acid resistant indigenous microbiota, after the pH is reduced to 3.7 ± 0.1.
Structure and in vitro digestibility on complex of corn starch with soy isoflavone
Authors: Wang Siqi , Wu Tianhao , Cui Weijian , Liu Meihong , Wu Yuzhu , Zhao Chengbin , Zheng Mingzhu , Xu Xiuying , Liu Jingsheng
Published: September 2020

Rapid starch digestion rate is negative for the normal level of human blood glucose. This study investigated the protective effects of corn starch (CS) complexed with soy isoflavone (SI) on the control of starch digestibility and glycemic index (GI). The structure of the corn starch–soy isoflavone (CS‐SI) complexes was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the complexes digestibility was evaluated using in vitro digestion model. The results of FT‐IR spectrum showed that, compared with corn starch, new characteristic peaks were not occurred in CS‐SI complexes, and the value of R1047/1022 was decreased, which indicated the short‐range structure of CS‐SI complexes had been reduced. The V‐shaped structure characteristic peaks occurred obviously in CS‐SI complexes detected by XRD patterns, which formed a new crystalline structure. The thermal stability was improved in CS‐SI complexes revealed by TGA and DTG curves that the thermal cracking temperature increased from 315°C to 320°C. The enthalpy (ΔH) of CS‐SI complexes decreased from 2.34 J/g to 1.75 J/g showed by DSC data, which indicated that the ordered structure of starch was destroyed. Furthermore, the content of resistant starch increased from 10.53% to 21.78% and predicted glycemic index (pGI) reduced in CS‐SI complexes. In conclusion, the digestibility and pGI of starch can be improved by complexed with soy isoflavone.
Services for people with young onset dementia: The ‘Angela’ project national UK survey of service use and satisfaction
Authors: Stamou Vasileios , La Fontaine Jenny , Gage Heather , Jones Bridget , Williams Peter , O'Malley Mary , Parkes Jacqueline , Carter Janet , Oyebode Jan
Published: September 2020

Objectives

Young onset dementia is associated with distinctive support needs but existing research on service provision has been largely small scale and qualitative. Our objective was to explore service use, cost and satisfaction across the UK.

Methods

Information about socio‐demographic characteristics, service use and satisfaction were gathered from people with young onset dementia (YOD) and/or a family member/supporter via a national survey.

Results

Two hundred and thirty‐three responses were analysed. Diagnosis was most commonly received through a Memory Clinic or Neurology. The type of service delivering diagnosis impacted on post‐diagnostic care. Those diagnosed in specialist YOD services were more likely to receive support within the first 6 weeks and receive ongoing care in the service where they were diagnosed. Ongoing care management arrangements varied but generally care was lacking. Around 42% reported no follow‐up during 6‐weeks after diagnosis; over a third reported seeing no health professional within the previous 3 months; just over a third had a key worker and just under a third had a care plan. Satisfaction and quality of care were highest in specialist services. Almost 60% of family members spent over 5 h per day caring; median costs of health and social care, 3 months, 2018, were £394 (interquartile range £389 to 640).

Conclusions

Variation across diagnostic and post‐diagnostic care pathways for YOD leads to disparate experiences, with specialist young onset services being associated with better continuity, quality and satisfaction. More specialist services are needed so all with YOD can access age‐appropriate care.
Assessment of Adenosine Triphosphatase Phospholipid Transporting 8B1 (ATP8B1) Function in Patients With Cholestasis With ATP8B1 Deficiency by Using Peripheral Blood Monocyte-Derived Macrophages
Authors: Mizutani Ayumu , Sabu Yusuke , Naoi Sotaro , Ito Shogo , Nakano Satoshi , Minowa Kei , Mizuochi Tatsuki , Ito Koichi , Abukawa Daiki , Kaji Shunsaku , Sasaki Mika , Muroya Koji , Azuma Yoshihiro , Watanabe Satoshi , Oya Yuki , Inomata Yukihiro , Fukuda Akinari , Kasahara Mureo , Inui Ayano , Takikawa Hajime , Kusuhara Hiroyuki , Bessho Kazuhiko , Suzuki Mitsuyoshi , Togawa Takao , Hayashi Hisamitsu
Published: September 2020

Adenosine triphosphatase phospholipid transporting 8B1 (ATP8B1) deficiency, an ultrarare autosomal recessive liver disease, includes severe and mild clinical forms, referred to as progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 (PFIC1) and benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 (BRIC1), respectively. There is currently no practical method for determining PFIC1 or BRIC1 at an early disease course phase. Herein, we assessed the feasibility of developing a diagnostic method for PFIC1 and BRIC1. A nationwide Japanese survey conducted since 2015 identified 25 patients with cholestasis with ATP8B1 mutations, 15 of whom agreed to participate in the study. Patients were divided for analysis into PFIC1 (n = 10) or BRIC1 (n = 5) based on their disease course. An in vitro mutagenesis assay to evaluate pathogenicity of ATP8B1 mutations suggested that residual ATP8B1 function in the patients could be used to identify clinical course. To assess their ATP8B1 function more simply, human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) were prepared from each patient and elicited into a subset of alternatively activated macrophages (M2c) by interleukin-10 (IL-10). This was based on our previous finding that ATP8B1 contributes to polarization of HMDMs into M2c. Flow cytometric analysis showed that expression of M2c-related surface markers cluster of differentiation (CD)14 and CD163 were 2.3-fold and 2.1-fold lower (95% confidence interval, 2.0-2.5 for CD14 and 1.7-2.4 for CD163), respectively, in patients with IL-10-treated HMDMs from PFIC1 compared with BRIC1. Conclusion: CD14 and CD163 expression levels in IL-10-treated HMDMs may facilitate diagnosis of PFIC1 or BRIC1 in patients with ATP8B1 deficiency.
Cytogenetic study in primary myelofibrosis at diagnosis: Clinical and histological association and impact on survival according to WHO 2017 classification in an Italian multicenter series
Authors: Iurlo Alessandra , Palandri Francesca , Maria Elli Elena , Cattaneo Daniele , Bucelli Cristina , Sciumè Mariarita , Vincelli Donatella , Brioschi Filippo , Auteri Giuseppe , Croci Giorgio Alberto , Guerneri Silvana , Isimbaldi Giuseppe , Sabattini Elena , Cortinovis Ivan , Bossi Anna , Rosti Vittorio , Martino Bruno , Baldini Luca , Gianelli Umberto
Published: September 2020

We analyzed cytogenetic data at diagnosis in 395 primary myelofibrosis (PMF) patients to evaluate any possible association between karyotype and WHO 2017 classification and its impact on prognosis. All the cases were diagnosed and followed at five Italian Hematological Centers between November 1983 and December 2016. An abnormal karyotype (AK) was found in 69 patients and clustered differently according to bone marrow fibrosis grade as it was found in 31 (27.0%) cases with overt fibrotic and 38 (13.6%) with pre‐fibrotic PMF (p = 0.001). Sex, anemia, thrombocytopenia, circulating blasts ≥1%, higher lactate dehydrogenase, and International Prognostic Scoring System risk classes were all significantly associated with karyotype. At a median follow‐up of >6 years, 101 deaths were recorded. Survival was different between AK and normal karyotype (NK) patients with an estimated median overall survival (OS) of 11.6 and 25.7 years, respectively (p = 0.0148). In conclusion, in our cohort around 20% of patients had an AK, more frequently in subjects with an advanced bone marrow fibrosis grade and clinical‐laboratory features indicative of a more aggressive disease. This study shows that an AK confers a more severe clinical phenotype and impacts adversely on OS, thus representing an additional parameter to be considered in the evaluation of PMF prognosis.
Ibrutinib in relapsed hairy cell leukemia variant: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Visentin Andrea , Imbergamo Silvia , Trimarco Valentina , Pravato Stefano , Romano Gargarella Leila , Frezzato Federica , Scapinello Greta , Bertorelle Roberta , Piva Elisa , Facco Monica , Semenzato Gianpietro , Piazza Francesco , Trentin Livio
Published: September 2020

Hairy cell leukemia variant (HCLv) is a provisional disease in the 2016 WHO classification of lymphomas, characterized by unfavorable prognosis and early relapse following conventional purine analog‐based regimens. In this study, we report 2 patients with relapsed HCLv treated with ibrutinib. The first patient achieved a partial response following ibrutinib treatment and received the drug for 16 months, without severe adverse events. However, at disease progression venetoclax was not clinically active. The second patient discontinued the drug early due to intolerance. Ibrutinib was active in our patients with HCLv and deserve further investigations.
Outcomes of second hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using reduced‐intensity conditioning in an outpatient setting
Authors: Jaime‐Pérez José Carlos , Picón‐Galindo Ernesto , Herrera‐Garza José Luis , Gómez‐Almaguer David
Published: September 2020

Relapse and graft failure after autologous (auto) or allogeneic (allo) hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are serious and frequently fatal events. A second HSCT can be a life‐saving alternative, however, information on the results of such intervention in an outpatient setting is limited. Outpatient second hematoprogenitors transplant after reduced‐intensity conditioning (RIC) at a single academic center was analyzed. Twenty‐seven consecutive adults who received an allo‐HSCT after an initial auto‐ or allo‐HSCT from 2006 to 2019 were included. Data were compared using the χ2‐test. Survival analysis using Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazard models was performed; cumulative incidence estimation of transplant‐related mortality (TRM) was assessed. Hodgkin lymphoma was the most frequent diagnosis for the group with a first auto‐HSCT with 5/12 (41.7%) cases, and acute myeloid leukemia for those with a first allo‐HSCT with 6/15 (40%). One‐year overall survival and disease‐free survival (DFS) was 66.7% (95% CI 27.2–88.2) and 59% (95% CI 16–86) for 12 patients with a first auto‐HSCT; and for 15 patients with a first allo‐HSCT, it was 43.3% (95% CI 17.9–66.5) and 36% (95% CI 13.2–59.9), respectively. Eight (29.6%) patients died of TRM and the cumulative incidence of TRM at 1 year was 22% (95% CI 8.6–39.27). Chronic graft‐versus‐host disease and late (>10 months) second transplantation were protective factors for longer survival. Neutropenic fever was more common in the group with a first allo‐HSCT (p = 0.01). In conclusion, outpatient second allo‐HSCT using RIC after auto‐ or allografting failure or relapse is feasible and offers a reasonable alternative for patients with severe life‐threatening hematological diseases.
Prophylactic corticosteroid use prevents engraftment syndrome in patients after autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: Betticher Christophe , Bacher Ulrike , Legros Myriam , Zimmerli Stefan , Banz Yara , Mansouri Taleghani Behrouz , Pabst Thomas
Published: September 2020

Engraftment syndrome (ES) following autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) at the time of neutrophil recovery may comprise fever, rash, pulmonary edema, or diarrhea. Usually, ES is easily manageable using corticosteroids but may prolong hospitalization. In two consecutive cohorts of subsequent patients with myeloma, lymphomas, and testicular/germ cell cancer, we assessed the benefit of corticosteroid use to prevent incidence and severity of ES following ASCT. Whereas Cohort A (82 patients) received no prophylactic corticosteroids, corticosteroids (4 mg dexamethasone oral daily) were started in Cohort B (60 patients) at day +9 until day +13 following ASCT. Steroid prophylaxis significantly reduced the incidence of ES (6/60; 10% vs. 33/82; 40%; p < 0.001). Hospitalization duration was longer in patients with ES than in patients without ES within both cohorts (in Cohort A: p = 0.007; and B: p = 0.011), but did not differ significantly between cohorts A and B. Finally, in Cohort A, there was a trend to an inferior 2‐year overall survival rate in patients without ES compared to patients with ES (p = 0.067), but definite conclusions are not yet allowed. Our results suggest that corticosteroid prophylaxis from days +9 to +13 following ASCT significantly reduces the risk of ES and shortens hospitalization duration.
How investment in public health has impacted the prevalence of tuberculosis in China: A study of provincial variations between 2005 and 2015
Authors: Liu Jie , Han Ziqiang , Veuthey Justin , Ma Ben
Published: September 2020

How do public investments in public health actually impact health outcomes? This question has not been investigated enough, especially regarding infectious diseases. This study investigates the correlations between public health expenditure and the incidence of tuberculosis in China using a provincial panel dataset. The analysis focuses on the correlations between public health expenditure and tuberculosis incidence, using the fixed effects models and Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) method. Overall, a 10% increase of public health expenditure per capita is associated with a 0.0019% decrease of tuberculosis incidence. A series of robustness tests show that the correlation between public health expenditure and TB incidence is valid. Future research should focus more on the performance of public health, particularly infectious diseases like tuberculosis, and provide references for health policymakers.
Bioethics and healthcare policies. The benefit of using genetic tests of BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 in elderly patients
Authors: Fonseca Vasco , Caeiro Joaquim
Published: September 2020

This study focuses on the role of bioethics in designing public healthcare policies towards elderly patients with cancer. The general overview of public administration and healthcare approach to treatment. Interpretation of how the EU public administration faces the challenges of an ageing population and extended human longevity. The significant emotional impact a genetic cancer test holds, both in the patients and their families, is to be explained. From the bioethics' perspective, artificial intelligence and transhumanism are dangerous concerning its absence of boundaries. As a result of daily contact with cancer, we acknowledge the immediate and relevant impact science produces in a patient's life. We converge these subjects to the improvement of public policies and governmental efforts in increasing society's positive results.
Refining image‐velocimetry performances for streamflow monitoring: Seeding metrics to errors minimization
Authors: Pizarro Alonso , Dal Sasso Silvano Fortunato , Manfreda Salvatore
Published: September 2020

River streamflow monitoring is currently facing a transformation due to the emerging of new innovative technologies. Fixed and mobile measuring systems are capable of quantifying surface flow velocities and discharges, relying on video acquisitions. This camera‐gauging framework is sensitive to what the camera can “observe” but also to field circumstances such as challenging weather conditions, river background transparency, transiting seeding characteristics, among others. This short communication paper introduces the novel idea of optimizing image velocimetry techniques selecting the most informative sequence of frames within the available video. The selection of the optimal frame window is based on two reasonable criteria: (a) the maximization of the number of frames, subject to (b) the minimization of the recently introduced dimensionless seeding distribution index (SDI). SDI combines seeding characteristics such as seeding density and spatial clustering of tracers, which are used as a proxy to enhance the reliability of image velocimetry techniques. Two field case studies were considered as a proof‐of‐concept of the proposed framework, on which seeding metrics were estimated and averaged in time to select the proper application window. The selected frames were analysed using LSPIV to estimate the surface flow velocities and river discharge. Results highlighted that the proposed framework might lead to a significant error reduction. In particular, the computed discharge errors, at the optimal portion of the footage, were about 0.40% and 0.12% for each case study, respectively. These values were lower than those obtained, considering all frames available.
Glyphosate Toxicity to Native Nontarget Macrophytes Following Three Different Routes of Incidental Exposure
Authors: Sesin Verena , Davy Christina M , Stevens Kevin J , Hamp Rebekah , Freeland Joanna R
Published: September 2020

A major goal of invasive plant management is the restoration of native biodiversity, but effective methods for invasive plant control can be harmful to native plants. Informed application of control methods is required to reach restoration goals. The herbicide glyphosate, commonly applied in invasive plant management, can be toxic to native macrophytes. Our study assessed the response of 2 macrophytes that are endangered in our study area (Ammannia robusta and Sida hermaphrodita) to glyphosate concentrations that mimic incidental exposure from nearby invasive plant control: spray drift of 4 × 10−7% to 5% glyphosate; pulse and continuous immersion in water containing 2 to 41 µg/L glyphosate; and rhizosphere contact with 5%-glyphosate-wicked invasive plants. We assessed macrophyte sensitivity at 14-d postexposure, and quantified abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Glyphosate spray concentrations as low as 0.1% reduced macrophyte growth. Ammannia was more sensitive overall to glyphosate spray than Sida, although sensitivity varied among measured endpoints. Conversely, macrophytes were not affected by immersion in low concentrations of glyphosate or rhizosphere contact with a glyphosate-wicked plant. Likewise, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi abundance in roots was similar among glyphosate-sprayed and control plants. Based on our results, we recommend that invasive plant managers reduce risks to native nontarget plants through implementing measures that limit off-target spray drift, and consider the feasibility of more targeted applications, such as with wick equipment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:597–613. © 2020 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC)

KEY POINTS

We assessed the response of nontarget, endangered macrophytes and associated mycorrhizal fungi to glyphosate exposures that mimicked realistic scenarios encountered during invasive plant control. Glyphosate toxicity to macrophytes varied with the exposure pathway, where spray at low concentrations reduced native macrophyte growth, but no effects were detected from low-level surface water residues or adjacent wick-application. Mycorrhizal fungi in macrophyte roots were not affected by glyphosate spray. We recommend that glyphosate-based invasive plant management implements measures to limit off-target spray drift, and that risk assessment procedures for nontarget macrophytes consider adding spray exposure tests with emergent species to their repertoire.
Physical activity before and during pregnancy: A cohort study
Authors: Román‐Gálvez María Rosario , Amezcua‐Prieto Carmen , Salcedo‐Bellido Inmaculada , Olmedo‐Requena Rocío , Martínez‐Galiano Juan Miguel , Khan Khalid S. , Bueno‐Cavanillas Aurora
Published: September 2020

Objective

To estimate physical activity (PA) in healthy women before and during pregnancy and to evaluate the features associated with moderate PA (MPA).

Methods

A prospective cohort study was conducted on women selected 14 weeks of pregnancy during 2013–2015 in primary public health service centers in southern Spain. Type, duration, and frequency of PA (IPAQ questionnaire in first, second, and third trimesters [T1, T2, T3]) were measured. Variables associated with MPA were evaluated using multiple logistic regressions controlling for age, pre‐pregnancy obesity, level of education, number of living children, pre‐pregnancy PA, and adherence to Mediterranean diet (AMD).

Results

Out of 463 women, MPA was estimated in 64% pre‐pregnancy, and 54%, 61%, and 59% in T1, T2, and T3, respectively. MPA was associated with greater AMD in T2 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–1.33) and T3 (aOR 1.16, 95% CI 1.02–1.31), previous PA (aOR 13.5, 95% CI 8.12–22.5 in T1; aOR 2.61, 95% CI 1.72–3.96 in T2; aOR 2.59, 95% CI 1.65–4.05 in T3), and pre‐pregnancy obesity (aOR 2.97, 95% CI 1.28–6.89 in T1; aOR 2.69, 95% CI 1.23–3.60 in T3).

Conclusion

PA decreased at the beginning of pregnancy, but compliance remained over 50%. MPA was associated with diet, pre‐pregnancy PA, and obesity.
Maternal mental health and coping during the COVID‐19 lockdown in the UK: Data from the COVID‐19 New Mum Study
Authors: Dib Sarah , Rougeaux Emeline , Vázquez‐Vázquez Adriana , Wells Jonathan C. K. , Fewtrell Mary
Published: September 2020

Objective

To assess how mothers are feeling and coping during lockdown, and to identify the potential pathways that can assist them.

Methods

A descriptive analysis of maternal mental health, coping, support, activities, lockdown consequences was conducted. Women living in the UK with an infant aged ≤12 months completed an online survey. Linear regression was used to identify predictors of maternal mental health and coping.

Results

A majority of the 1329 participants reported feeling down (56%), lonely (59%), irritable (62%), and worried (71%) to some extent since lockdown began, but 70% felt able to cope. Support with her own health (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.004–0.235), contacting infant support groups (95% CI −0.003 to 0.252), and higher gestational age of the infant (95% CI 0.000–0.063) predicted better mental health. Travelling for work (95% CI −0.680 to −0.121), the impact of lockdown on the ability to afford food (95% CI −1.202 to −0.177), and having an income <£30 000 (95% CI −0.475 to −0.042) predicted poorer mental health. Support with her own health and more equal division of household chores were associated with better coping.

Conclusion

There is a need to assess maternal mental health and identify prevention strategies for mothers during lockdown.
Preoperative monocyte‐to‐HDL‐cholesterol ratio predicts early recurrence after radiofrequency maze procedure of valvular atrial fibrillation
Authors: Adili Ailiya , Wang Yali , Zhu Xiyu , Cao Hailong , Fan Fudong , Tang Xinlong , Zhou Qing , Wang Dongjin
Published: September 2020

Background

Monocyte‐to‐high‐density lipoprotein (M/H) ratio has emerged as a novel cardiovascular prognostic biomarker. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic values of M/H with early recurrence in persistent valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) patients after radiofrequency (RF) maze procedure.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 131 consecutive persistent AF patients with valvular heart diseases who were followed up 3 months after RF maze procedure. Their clinical data were recorded. Logistic regression analyses were performed for significant predictors. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used for validation with corresponding area under the curve.

Results

70 (53.4%) patients experienced early recurrence after procedure. Patients with early recurrence were older, have longer AF duration history, larger left atria diameter (LAD), higher plasma C‐reactive protein (CRP), lower triglycerides (TG), lower cholesterol (TC), increased monocyte counts, lower HDL cholesterol, and increased M/H ratio. In multivariate analysis, age (OR 1.1 95% CI 1.0‐1.1 P = .003), LAD (OR 2.1, 95%CI 1.2‐3.5, P = .006), TG (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.15‐0.84, P = .019), M/H (OR 6.1, 95% CI 2.9‐13.0, P < .001) were significantly independent predictors of AF early recurrence. M/H ratio demonstrated a significant predictive value (AUC = 0.77, sensitivity 89.0%, specificity 54%). Further, there was a positive correlation of M/H ratio with CRP and white blood cell.

Conclusion

Preoperative M/H ratio was an independent risk factor of AF early recurrence following RF maze operation. M/H ratio should be considered in prediction of early recurrence for valvular AF patients.
Populus ciliata mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial activity
Authors: Hafeez Muhammad , Zeb Maryum , Khan Abdullah , Akram Bilal , Abdin Zain‐ul , Haq Sirajul , Zaheer Muhammad , Ali Shaukat
Published: September 2020

Design and synthesis of bactericidal and fungicidal agents is very important to protect human beings from different diseases. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess good bactericidal properties. Synthesis of these nanoparticles (NPs) via green route is cost‐effective and environmentally harmonious as compared to the chemical and physical approaches. In this work, AgNPs were synthesized through green synthesis method using Populus ciliata leaf extract. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by x‐ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive x‐ray (EDX) techniques. The XRD pattern depicted the characteristic Bragg's peaks of (111), (200), (220), and (311) planes which are the features of face centered cubic (FCC) geometry of the synthesized AgNPs. TEM micrographs revealed the spherical shaped particles having average size of 4 nm. The AgNPs showed inhibitory effects against selected gram positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogenes) and gram negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes). The maximum zone of inhibition (26 mm) was observed for gram negative bacterium (Serratia marcescens) when 25 mg/ml solution of AgNPs was used and for similar concentration of these NPs, the maximum zone of inhibition (25 mm) was observed against gram positive bacteria (S. pyogenes). The results indicated good bactericidal potential of the synthesized AgNPs.

Research Highlights

Populus ciliata leaf extract mediated synthesis of AgNPs.

Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed very small size of the synthesized AgNPs (4 nm).

The synthesized AgNPs were found very effective against various bacterial pathogens.
Morphological, optical, and elemental analysis of dental enamel after debonding laminate veneer with Er,Cr:YSGG laser: A pilot study
Authors: Zanini Nathalia A. , Rabelo Thais F. , Zamataro Claudia B. , Caramel‐Juvino Amanda , Ana Patrícia A. , Zezell Denise M.
Published: September 2020

Laminate veneer removal is becoming a routine procedure at the dental clinic and the use of laser can facilitate its removal. This work aimed to evaluate the morphological, elemental, and optical changes in the remaining enamel after veneer removal using Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Forty‐four enamel slabs were prepared and randomly distributed into nine experimental groups, for bonding using lithium disilicate laminates with three different luting agents (Variolink Veneer, RelyX U200, and RelyX Veneer). Then each agent was debonded using Er,Cr:YSGG laser (2.78 μm) using two different protocols:3.5 W, 48.14 J/cm2, 20 Hz non‐contact and 3.0 W, 48.14 J/cm2, 20 Hz non‐contact. The morphological, optical, and elemental analysis of enamel was performed before cementation and after laser debonding, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS). The level of statistical significance adopted was 5%. The EDS analysis of enamel after debonding revealed a significant increase in silane and carbon, as well as a decrease in calcium and phosphate contents. Analysis showed the presence of residual cement in most experimental groups but the morphological analysis showed alteration of the enamel's prisms only in the groups that used RelyX Veneer and Variolink Veneer cements. There was no evidence of deleterious morphological changes resulting from irradiation. However, an increase in the optical attenuation coefficient by the OCT was observed due to the presence of the remaining cement. It can be concluded that the Er,Cr:YSGG laser, in the mean powers used, is efficient for veneer removal without causing deleterious effects for the enamel.
Whole exome sequencing identified a novel missense alteration in CC2D2A causing Joubert syndrome 9 in a Pakhtun family
Authors: Khan Muhammad Ismail , Latif Muhammad , Saif Maria , Ahmad Hilal , Khan Atta Ullah , Naseer Muhammad Imran , Hussain Hafiz Muhammad Jafar , Jelani Musharraf
Published: September 2020

Background

Joubert syndrome (JBTS) is a heterogenous disorder characterized by intellectual disability, developmental delays, molar tooth sign in brain imaging, hypotonia, ocular motor apraxia and overlapping features of ciliopathies. There are 36 clinical subtypes of JBTS, with an equal number of genes known so far for this phenotype.

Methods

Whole exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing were performed for the molecular diagnosis of a Pakhtun family affected with Joubert syndrome type 9 (JBTS9).

Results

A novel homozygous missense variant (c.4417C>G; Pro1473Ala) in exon 34 was identified in coiled‐coil and C2 domains‐containing the protein 2A (CC2D2A; NM_001080522) gene. The variant co‐segregated in autosomal recessive fashion within the family and was not found in 200 ethnically matched unaffected individuals. In silico analyses supported the pathogenic effect of the altered CC2D2A protein.

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of CC2D2A alteration co‐segragating with a JBTS9 phenotype in a Pakhtun family from Pakistan. Our findings broaden the pathogenic spectrum of JBTS9, adding a novel variant to CC2D2A variation pool. WES analysis is a successful molecular diagnostic tool for rare genetic disorders, especially in those populations where the marriage of cousins is more frequent. Efficient and accurate genetic testing and counselling of the affected families are helpful for patient management and for reducing the disease burden in future generations.
A concise route towards isoflavans
Authors: Basuli Suchand , Chinnabattigalla Sreenivasulu , Gupta Kshitija , Gedu Satyanarayana
Published: September 2020

Isoflavans have gained considerable interest owing to their potential health benefits. Herein, we have presented a straightforward strategy for isoflavans synthesis. The strategy features an intermolecular [Cu]‐catalyzed arylation of malonates and an intramolecular [Pd]‐catalyzed Buchwald coupling of hydroxy tethered bromoarenes as the key transformations. This protocol enabled the synthesis of a variety of isoflavan analogs.
The implementation of MOSAIQ‐based image‐guided radiation therapy image matching within radiation therapy education
Authors: Chamunyonga Crispen , Rutledge Peta , Caldwell Peter J. , Burbery Julie
Published: September 2020

Image‐guided radiation therapy (IGRT) technologies are routinely used by radiation therapists (RTs) in clinical departments. However, there is limited literature on the acquisition and assessment of IGRT image‐matching competencies in undergraduate educational environments. This commentary paper aims to share the authors’ experiences in the development of teaching IGRT and image‐matching concepts in an undergraduate radiation therapy programme. It outlines how MOSAIQ oncology information systems (OIS) have enabled the university to embed hands‐on IGRT image matching on a range of clinical cases. The hands‐on exposure to case‐based planar and volumetric kilovoltage (kV) image matching has resulted in improved teaching and better preparation of students for clinical IGRT encounters. Students are likely to benefit from critical image assessment and decision‐making as well as the improved engagement in teaching and learning.
Inhibitory effect of lignin from Canna edulis Ker residues on trypsin: kinetics and molecular docking studies
Authors: Xie Fan , Zhang Wei , Gong Shengxiang , Wang Zhengwu
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND

Lignin extracted from Canna edulis Ker residues shows a strong inhibitory effect on α‐glucosidase and a promoting effect on α‐amylase. Protease activity inhibition may play a key role in disease processes, such as metastasis, tumor invasion and bacterial colonization. Hence, in the present study, the inhibitory mechanism of lignin on trypsin was examined, including the interaction type, thermodynamic parameters, structure, reaction site and molecular docking.

RESULTS

The isolated lignin presented an inhibitory effect on trypsin activity with an IC50 value of 1.35 μmol L–1. This inhibition was a mixed linear type with a constant Ki of 3.92 μmol L–1. The lignin could bind with the key amino acid residue Ser195 on the active site of the trypsin molecule to inhibit its activity, and the phenolic hydroxyl group and ‐OH on the β‐O‐4 structure of the lignin molecule were the major groups bound with trypsin.

CONCLUSION

These results illustrate the inhibitory effects of Canna edulis residue lignin on protease, which helps with respect to understanding the possible application of lignin in the food industry in functional foods. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Application of visible/NIR spectroscopy for the estimation of soluble solids, dry matter and flesh firmness in stone fruits
Authors: Scalisi Alessio , O'Connell Mark Glenn
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND

Soluble solids concentration (SSC), dry matter concentration (DMC) and flesh firmness (FF) are important fruit quality parameters in stone fruits. This study investigated the ability of a commercial visible/near‐infrared (NIR) spectrometer to determine SSC, DMC and FF in nectarine, peach, apricot and Japanese plum cultivars at harvest. The work was conducted in summer 2019/2020 on 14 stone fruit cultivars at Tatura, Australia. Two sub‐samples of 100 fruit each were collected before and after commercial maturity (± 5 days) in order to maximize sample variability.

RESULTS

Partial least square (PLS) regression models based on the second derivative of the absorbance in the 729–975 nm spectral region proved accurate for the prediction of SSC and DMC (R2CV > 0.750). Only the model generated for SSC in ‘Golden May’ apricot was less precise compared to other cultivars. No visible/NIR models were accurate enough to predict FF in the cultivars under study (R2CV < 0.750).

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that the visible/NIR spectrometer was a reliable tool to monitor SSC and DMC in stone fruits at harvest but proved less useful for FF estimation. These results highlight the potential of visible/NIR spectrometry to evaluate stone fruit quality both in situ pre‐harvest and in the laboratory after harvest. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) protein isolate on the heat‐induced gelation properties of pork myofibrillar protein
Authors: Li Junguang , Chen Yuhao , Dong Xiuping , Li Ke , Wang Yuntao , Wang Yu , Du Manting , Zhang Junjie , Bai Yanhong
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND

Heat‐induced composite gels were prepared with 30 mg mL−1 pork myofibrillar protein (MP) and chickpea protein isolate (CPI) (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 g kg−1) in 0.6 mol L−1 NaCl, at pH 7.0. The gel strength, water‐holding capacity, rheological properties, and microstructure of MP‐CPI composite gels were investigated.

RESULTS

Chickpea protein isolate improved (P < 0.05) gel strength and water‐holding capacity of the MP composite gels. The rheological properties of MP‐CPI composite gels were improved significantly by the addition of CPI. Meanwhile, the effects of CPI on the storage modulus of composite gels were positively correlated with the increased addition of CPI. Furthermore, according to low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF‐NMR) results, the addition of CPI reduced the relaxation time of the composite gels and the relaxation peak area of free water, indicating that CPI could improve the water‐holding capacity of MP‐CPI composite gels. The microstructure of MP‐CPI composite gels presented smaller and more uniform pores, which means that more water could be retained.

CONCLUSION

The addition of chickpea protein isolate improved the gel strength, water‐holding capacity, rheological properties, and microstructure of MP gels, indicating that CPI could be a potential protein additive to improve the microstructure, texture, and functional quality of meat products. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Dietary taurine supplementation ameliorates muscle loss in chronic heat stressed broilers via suppressing the perk signaling and reversing endoplasmic reticulum‐stress‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Ma Bingbing , Zhang Lin , Li Jiaolong , Xing Tong , Jiang Yun , Gao Feng
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND

Heat stress seriously affects animal health and induces enormous financial losses in poultry production. Exploring the appropriate means for ameliorating unfavorable effects caused by heat stress is essential. We investigated whether taurine supplementation could attenuate breast muscle loss in chronic heat‐stressed broilers, as well as its mechanism. We designed three groups: a normal control group (22 °C), a heat stress group (32 °C) and a taurine treatment group (32 °C, basal diet + 5 g·kg−1 taurine).

RESULTS

We found that taurine significantly moderated the decreases of breast muscle mass and yield, as well as the increases of serum aspartate aminotransferase activity and serum urine acid level in chronic heat‐stressed broilers. Additionally, supplementary taurine significantly alleviated elevations of the cytoplasm Ca2+ concentration, protein expressions of GRP78 and p‐PERK, mRNA expressions of Ca2+ channels (RyR1, IP3R3) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress factors (GRP78, GRP94, PERK, EIF2α, ATF4, IRE1, XBP1, ATF6 and CHOP), apoptosis (Caspase‐3 and TUNEL), protein catabolism, and the reduction of taurine transporter (TauT) mRNA expression in the breast muscle induced by chronic heat stress.

CONCLUSION

Supplementary taurine could attenuate chronic heat stress‐induced breast muscle loss via reversing ER stress‐induced apoptosis and suppressing protein catabolism. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry