Multimessenger observations of a flaring blazar coincident with high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A
Authors:   The IceCube Collaboration,   Fermi-LAT,   MAGIC,   AGILE,   ASAS-SN,   HAWC,   H.E.S.S.,   INTEGRAL,   Kanata,   Kiso,   Kapteyn,   Liverpool Telescope,   Subaru,   Swift/NuSTAR,   VERITAS,   VLA/17B-403 teams, Aartsen Mark , Ackermann Markus , Adams Jenni , Aguilar Juan Antonio , Ahlers Markus , Ahrens Maryon , Al Samarai Imen , Altmann David , Andeen Karen , Anderson Tyler , Ansseau Isabelle , Anton Gisela , Argüelles Carlos , Auffenberg Jan , Axani Spencer , Bagherpour Hadis , Bai Xinhua , Barron Jared , Barwick Steve , Baum Volker , Bay Ryan , Beatty James , Becker Karl Heinz , Tjus Julia , BenZvi Segev , Berley David , Bernardini Elisa , Besson David , Binder Gary , Bindig Daniel , Blaufuss Erik , Blot Summer , Bohm Christian , Boerner Mathis , Bos Fabian , Boeser Sebastian , Botner Olga , Bourbeau Etienne , Bourbeau James , Bradascio Federica , Braun Jim , Brenzke Martin , Bretz Hans-Peter , Bron Stephanie , Brostean-Kaiser Jannes , Burgman Alexander , Busse Raffaela , Carver Tessa , Cheng Edward , Chirkin Dmitry , Christov Asen , Clark Ken , Classen Lew , Coenders S. , Collin Gabriel , Conrad Janet , Coppin Paul , Correa Pablo , Cowen Doug , Cross Robert , Dave Pranav , Day Melanie , de Andre Joao Pedro A M , De Clercq Catherine , Delaunay James , Dembinski Hans , DeRidder Sam , Desiati Paolo , de Vries Krijn , DeWasseige Gwenhael , DeWith Meike , DeYoung Ty , Díaz-Vélez Juan Carlos , Di Lorenzo Vincenzo , Dujmovic Hrvoje , Dumm Jonathan , Dunkman Matt , Dvorak Emily , Eberhardt Benjamin , Ehrhardt Thomas , Eichmann Bjorn , Eller Philipp , Evenson Paul , Fahey Sam , Fazely Ali , Felde John , Filimonov Kirill , Finley Chad , Flis Samuel , Franckowiak Anna , Friedman Elizabeth , Fritz Alexander , Gaisser Tom , Gallagher Jay , Gerhardt Lisa , Ghorbani Kevin , Glauch Theo , Gluesenkamp Thorsten , Goldschmidt Azriel , Gonzalez Javier , Grant Darren , Griffith Zachary , Haack Christian , Hallgren Allan , Halzen Francis , Hanson Kael , Hebecker Dustin , Heereman David , Helbing Klaus , Hellauer Robert , Hickford Stephanie , Hignight Joshua , Hill Gary , Hoffman Kara , Hoffmann Ruth , Hoinka Tobias , Hokanson-Fasig Benjamin , Hoshina Kotoyo , Huang Feifei , Huber Matthias , Hultqvist Klas , Huennefeld Mirco , Hussain Raamis , In Seongjin , Iovine Nadège , Ishihara Aya , Jacobi Emanuel , Japaridze George , Jeong Minjin , Jero Kyle , Jones Benjamin , Kalaczynski Piotr , Kang Woosik , Kappes Alexander , Kappesser David , Karg Timo , Karle Albrecht , Katz Uli , Kauer Matt , Keivani Azadeh , Kelley John , Kheirandish Ali , Kim JongHyun , Kim Myoungchul , Kintscher Thomas , Kiryluk Joanna , Kittler Thomas , Klein Spencer , Koirala Ramesh , Kolanoski Hermann , Koepke Lutz , Kopper Claudio , Kopper Sandro , Koschinsky Jan Paul , Koskinen Jason , Kowalski Marek , Krings Kai , Kroll Mike , Krueckl Gerald , Kunwar Samridha , Kurahashi Neilson Naoko , Kuwabara Takao , Kyriacou Alexander , Labare Mathieu , Lanfranchi Justin , Larson Michael , Lauber Frederik , Leonard Kayla , Lesiak-Bzdak Mariola , Leuermann Martin , Liu Qinrui , Lozano Mariscal Cristian Jesús , Lu Lu , Luenemann Jan , Luszczak William , Madsen James , Maggi Giuliano , Mahn Kendall , Mancina Sarah , Maruyama Reina , Mase Keiichi , Maunu Ryan , Meagher Kevin , Medici Morten , Meier Maximilian , Menne Thorben , Merino Gonzalo , Meures Thomas , Miarecki Sandy , Micallef Jessie , Momente Giulio , Montaruli Teresa , Moore Roger , Morse Robert , Moulai Marjon , Nahnhauer Rolf , Nakarmi Prabandha , Naumann Uwe , Neer Garrett , Niederhausen Hans , Nowicki Sarah , Nygren Dave , Pollmann Anna , Olivas Alex , Murchadha Aongus Ó , O'Sullivan Erin , Palczewski Tomasz , Pandya Hershal , Pankova Daria , Peiffer Peter , Pepper James , de los Heros Carlos , Pieloth Damian , Pinat Elisa , Plum Matthias , Price Buford , Przybylski Gerald , Raab Christoph , Raedel Leif , Rameez Mohamed , Rauch Ludwig , Rawlins Katherine , Rea Immacolata Carmen , Reimann Rene , Relethford Ben , Relich Matt , Resconi Elisa , Rhode Wolfgang , Richman Mike , Robertson Sally , Rongen Martin , Rott Carsten , Ruhe Tim , Ryckbosch Dirk , Rysewyk Devyn , Safa Ibrahim , Saelzer Tobias , Sanchez Sebastian , Sandrock Alexander , Sandroos Joakim , Santander Marcos , Sarkar Sourav , Sarkar Subir , Satalecka Konstancja , Schlunder Philipp , Schmidt Torsten , Schneider Austin , Schoenen Sebastian , Schoneberg Sebastian , Schumacher Lisa , Sclanfani Stephen , Seckel Dave , Seunarine Suruj , Soedingrekso Jan , Soldin Dennis , Song Ming , Spiczak Glenn , Spiering Christian , Stachurska Juliana , Stamatikos Michael , Stanev Todor , Stasik Alexander , Stein Robert , Stettner Joeran , Steuer Anna , Stezelberger Thorsten , Stokstad Robert , Stoessl Achim , Strotjohann Nora Linn , Stuttard Thomas , Sullivan Greg , Sutherland Michael , Taboada Ignacio , Tatar Joulien , Tenholt Frederik , Ter-Antonyan Samvel , Terliuk Andrii , Tilav Serap , Toale Pat , Tobin Moriah , Toennis Christoph , Toscano Simona , Tosi Delia , Tselengidou Maria , Tung ChunFai , Turcati Andrea , Turley Colin , Ty Bunheng , Unger Lisa , Usner Marcel , Van Driessche Ward , Van Eijk Daan , van Eijndhoven Nick , Vandenbroucke Justin , Vanheule Sander , van Santen Jakob , Vogel Eric , Vraeghe Matthias , Walck Christian , Wallace Alexander , Wallraff Marius , Wandler Frank , Wandkowsky Nancy , Waza Aatif , Weaver Chris , Weiss Matthew , Wendt Chris , Werthebach Johannes , Westerhoff Stefan , Whelan Ben , Whitehorn Nathan , Wiebe Klaus , Wiebusch Christopher , Wille Logan , Williams Dawn , Wills Lizz , Wolf Martin , Wood Joshua , Wood Tania , Woschnagg Kurt , Xu Donglian , Xu Xianwu , Xu Yiqian , Yanez Juan Pablo , Yodh Gaurang , Yoshida Shigeru , Yuan Tianlu , Abdollahi Soheila , Ajello Marco , Angioni Roberto , Baldini Luca , Ballet Jean , Barbiellini Guido , Bastieri Denis , Bechtol Keith , Bellazzini Ronaldo , Berenji Bijan , Bissaldi Elisabetta , Blandford Roger , Bonino Raffaella , Bottacini Eugenio , Bregeon Johan , Bruel Philippe , Büehler Rolf , Burnett Toby , Burns Eric , Buson Sara , Cameron Rob , Caputo Regina , Caraveo Patrizia A. , Cavazzuti Elisabetta , Charles Eric , Chen Sina , Cheung Teddy , Chiang James , Chiaro Graziano , Ciprini Stefano , Cohen-Tanugi Johann , Conrad Jan , Costantin Denise , Cutini Sara , D'Ammando Filippo , de Palma Francesco , Digel Seth , Di Lalla Niccolò , Di Mauro Mattia , Di Venere Leonardo , Domínguez Alberto , Favuzzi Cecilia , Franckowiak Anna , Fukazawa Yasushi , Funk Stefan , Fusco Piergiorgio , Gargano Fabio , Gasparrini Dario , Giglietto Nico , Giomi Matteo , Giommi Paolo , Giordano Francesco , Giroletti Marcello , Glanzman Thomas , Green David , Grenier Isabelle , Grondin Marie-Hélène , Guiriec Sylvain , Harding Alice , Hayashida Masaaki , Hays Liz , Hewitt John , Horan Deirdre , Jóhannesson Guölaugur , Kadler Matthias , Kensei Shiki , Kocevski Daniel , Krauss Felicia , Kreter Michael , Kuss Michael , La Mura Giovanni , Larsson Stefan , Latronico Luca , Lemoine-Goumard Marianne , Li Jian , Longo Francesco , Loparco Francesco , Lovellette Michael , Lubrano Pasquale , Magill Jeffrey , Maldera Simone , Malyshev Dmitry , Manfreda Alberto , Mazziotta Mario Nicola , McEnery Julie , Meyer Manuel , Michelson Peter , Mizuno Tsunefumi , Monzani Maria Elena , Morselli Aldo , Moskalenko Igor , Negro Michela , Nuss Eric , Ojha Roopesh , Omodei Nicola , Orienti Monica , Orlando Elena , Palatiello Michele , Paliya Vaidehi , Perkins Jeremy , Persic Massimo , Pesce-Rollins Melissa , Piron Frederic , Porter Troy , Principe Giacomo , Rainò Silvia , Rando Riccardo , Rani Bindu , Razzano Massimiliano , Razzaque Soebur , Reimer Anita , Reimer Olaf , Renault-Tinacci Nicolas , Ritz Steve , Rochester Leon , Parkinson Pablo Saz , Sgrò Carmelo , Siskind Eric J. , Spandre Gloria , Spinelli Paolo , Suson Dan , Tajima Hiro , Takahashi Mitsunari , Tanaka Yasuyuki , Thayer Jana , Thompson David J. , Tibaldo Luigi , Torres Diego F. , Torresi Eleonora , Tosti Gino , Troja Eleonora , Valverde Janeth Verónica , Vianello Giacomo , Vogel Matthew , Wood Kent , Wood Matthew , Zaharijas Gabrijela , Ahnen Max Ludwig , Ansoldi Stefano , Antonelli Lucio Angelo , Arcaro Cornelia , Baack Dominik , Babić Ana , Banerjee Biswajit , Bangale Priyadarshini , Barres de Almeida Ulisses , Barrio Juan Abel , González Josefa Becerra , Bednarek Wlodek , Bernardini Elisa , Berti Alessio , Bhattacharyya Wrijupan , Biland Adrian , Blanch Oscar , Bonnoli Giacomo , Carosi Roberto , Carosi Alessandro , Ceribella Giovanni , Chatterjee Anshu , Colak Sidika Merve , Colin Pierre , Colombo Eduardo , Contreras Jose Luis , Cortina Juan , Covino Stefano , Cumani Paolo , Da Vela Paolo , Dazzi Francesco , De Angelis Alessandro , De Lotto Barbara , Delfino Manuel , Delgado Jordi , Di Pierro Federico , Domínguez Alberto , Dominis Prester Dijana , Dorner Daniela , Doro Michele , Einecke Sabrina , Elsaesser Dominik , Fallah Ramazani Vandad , Fernández-Barral Alba , Fidalgo David , Foffano Luca , Pfrang Konstantin , Fonseca Maria Victoria , Font Lluis , Fruck Christian , Galindo Daniel , Gallozzi Stefano , García López Ramon J. , Garczarczyk Markus , Gaug Markus , Giammaria Paola , Godinović Nikola , Gora Dariusz , Guberman Daniel , Hadasch Daniela , Hahn Alexander , Hassan Tarek , Hayashida Masaaki , Herrera Javier , Hose Juergen , Hrupec Dario , Inoue Susumu , Ishio Kazuma , Konno Yusuke , Kubo Hidetoshi , Kushida Junko , Lelas Damira , Lindfors Elina , Lombardi Saverio , Longo Francesco , López Marcos , Maggio Camilla , Majumdar Pratik , Makariev Martin , Maneva Galina , Manganaro Marina , Mannheim Karl , Maraschi Laura , Mariotti Mosé , Martínez Manel , Masuda Shu , Mazin Daniel , Minev Milen , Miranda Jose Miguel , Mirzoyan Razmik , Moralejo Abelardo , Moreno Victoria , Moretti Elena , Nagayoshi Tsutomu , Neustroev Vitaly , Niedzwiecki Andrzej , Nievas Rosillo Mireia , Nigro Cosimo , Nilsson Kari , Ninci Daniele , Nishijima Kyoshi , Noda Koji , Nogués Leyre , Paiano Simona , Palacio Joaquim , Paneque David , Paoletti Riccardo , Paredes Josep M. , Pedaletti Giovanna , Peresano Michele , Persic Massimo , Prada Moroni Pier Giorgio , Prandini Elisa , Puljak Ivica , Rodriguez Jezabel , Reichardt Ignasi , Rhode Wolfgang , Ribó Marc , Rico Javier , Righi Chiara , Rugliancich Andrea , Saito Takayuki , Satalecka Konstancja , Schweizer Thomas , Sitarek Julian , Šnidarić Iva , Sobczynska Dorota , Stamerra Antonio , Strzys Marcel , Surić Tihomir , Takahashi Mitsunari , Tavecchio Fabrizio , Temnikov Petar , Terzić Tomislav , Teshima Masahiro , Torres-Albà Nuria , Treves Aldo , Tsujimoto Shimpei , Vanzo Gaia , Vazquez Acosta Monica , Vovk Ievgen , Ward John E. , Will Martin , Zarić Darko , Franceschini Alberto , Lucarelli Fabrizio , Tavani Marco , Piano Giovanni , Donnarumma Imma , Pittori Carlotta , Verrecchia Francesco , Barbiellini Guido , Bulgarelli Andrea , Caraveo Patrizia , Cattaneo Paolo Walter , Colafrancesco Sergio , Costa Enrico , Di Cocco Guido , Ferrari Attilio , Gianotti Fulvio , Giuliani Andrea , Lipari Paolo , Mereghetti Sandro , Morselli Aldo , Pacciani Luigi , Paoletti Franco , Parmiggiani Nicolò , Pellizzoni Alberto , Picozza Piergiorgio , Pilia Maura , Rappoldi Andrea , Trois Alessio , Vercellone Stefano , Vittorini Valerio , Albert Andrea , Alfaro Ruben , Álvarez César , Arceo Roberto , Arteaga Velázquez Juan Carlos , Avila Rojas Daniel Omar , Ayala Solares Hugo Alberto , Becerril Ana Delia , Belmont-Moreno Ernesto , Bernal Abel , Caballero Mora Karen S. , Capistrán Rojas Tomás , Carramiñana Alberto , Casanova Sabrina , Castillo Maldonado Mario Alberto , Cotti Umberto , Cotzomi Jorge , Coutiño de León Sara , De León Acuña Cederik León , De la Fuente Eduardo , Hernandez Raquel Diaz , Dichiara Simone , Dingus Brenda , DuVernois Michael , Díaz Velez Juan Carlos , Ellsworth Robert , Engel Kristi , Fiorino Daniel W. , Fleischhack Henrike , Fraija Nissim Illich , García González José Andrés , Garfias Fernando , González Maria Magdalena , Muñoz Adiv González , Goodman Jordan A. , Hampel-Arias Zigfried , Harding J. Patrick , Cadena Sergio Hernandez , Hona Binita , Hueyotl-Zahuantitla Filiberto , Hui Michelle , Hüntemeyer Petra , Iriarte Arturo , Jardin-Blicq Armelle , Joshi Vikas , Kaufmann Sarah , Kunde Gerd J. , Lara Alejandro , Lauer Robert , Lee William , Lennarz Dirk , Vargas Hermes León , Linnemann Jim , Longinotti Anna Lia , Luis-Raya Gilgamesh , Luna-García Rene , Malone Kelly , Marinelli Samuel Stephens , Martinez Oscar , Martinez Castellanos Israel , Martínez Huerta Humberto , Martínez Castro Jesús , Matthews John , Miranda-Romagnoli Pedro , Moreno Barbosa Eduardo , Mostafa Miguel , Nayerhoda Amid , Nellen Lukas , Newbold Michael , Nisa Mehr Un , Noriega-Papaqui Roberto , Pelayo Rodrigo , Pretz John , Pérez Pérez Eucario Gonzalo , Ren Zhixiang , Rho Chang Dong , Rivière Colas , González Daniel Rosa , Rosenberg Matthew , Ruiz-Velasco Edna , Ruiz-Velasco Enrique , Greus Francisco Salesa , Sandoval Andres , Schneider Michael , Schoorlemmer Harm , Sinnis Gus , Smith Andrew James , Springer Wayne , Surajbali Pooja , Tibolla Omar , Tollefson Kirsten , Torres Ibrahim , Villaseñor Luis , Weisgarber Thomas , Werner Felix , Yapici Tolga , Yodh Gaurang , Zepeda Arnulfo , Zhou Hao , Álvarez Romero Juan de Dios , Abdalla H. , Angüner E. O. , Armand C. , Backes M. , Becherini Y. , Berge D. , Böttcher M. , Boisson C. , Bolmont J. , Bonnefoy S. , Bordas P. , Brun F. , Büchele M. , Bulik T. , Caroff S. , Carosi A. , Casanova S. , Cerruti M. , Chakraborty N. , Chandra S. , Chen A. , Colafrancesco S. , Davids I. D. , Deil C. , Devin J. , Djannati-Ataï A. , Egberts K. , Emery G. , Eschbach S. , Fiasson A. , Fontaine G. , Funk S. , Füßling M. , Gallant Y. A. , Gaté F. , Giavitto G. , Glawion D. , Glicenstein J. F. , Gottschall D. , Grondin M.-H. , Haupt M. , Henri G. , Hinton J. A. , Hoischen C. , Holch T. L. , Huber D. , Jamrozy M. , Jankowsky D. , Jankowsky F. , Jouvin L. , Jung-Richardt I. , Kerszberg D. , Khélifi B. , King J. , Klepser S. , Kluźniak W. , Komin Nu. , Kraus M. , Lefaucheur J. , Lemière A. , Lemoine-Goumard M. , Lenain J.-P. , Leser E. , Lohse T. , López-Coto R. , Lorentz M. , Lypova I. , Marandon V. , Martí-Devesa G. Guillem , Maurin G. , Mitchell A.M.W. , Moderski R. , Mohamed M. , Mohrmann L. , Moulin E. , Murach T. , de Naurois M. , Niederwanger F. , Niemiec J. , Oakes L. , O'Brien P. , Ohm S. , Ostrowski M. , Oya I. , Panter M. , Parsons R. D. , Perennes C. , Piel Q. , Pita S. , Poireau V. , Noel A. Priyana , Prokoph H. , Pühlhofer G. , Quirrenbach A. , Raab S. , Rauth R. , Renaud M. , Rieger F. , Rinchiuso L. , Romoli C. , Rowell G. , Rudak B. , Sanchez D. A. , Sasaki M. , Schlickeiser R. , Schüssler F. , Schulz A. , Schwanke U. , Seglar-Arroyo M. , Shafi N. , Simoni R. , Sol H. , Stegmann C. , Steppa C. , Tavernier T. , Taylor A. M. , Tiziani D. , Trichard C. , Tsirou M. , van Eldik C. , van Rensburg C. , van Soelen B. , Veh J. , Vincent P. , Voisin F. , Wagner S. J. , Wagner R. M. , Wierzcholska A. , Zanin R. , Zdziarski A. A. , Zech A. , Ziegler A. , Zorn J. , Zywucka N. , Savchenko V. , Ferrigno C. , Bazzano A. , Diehl R. , Kuulkers E. , Laurent P. , Mereghetti S. , Natalucci L. , Panessa F. , Rodi J. , Ubertini P. , Morokuma Tomoki , Ohta Kouji , Tanaka Yasuyuki T. , Mori Hiroki , Yamanaka Masayuki , Kawabata Koji S. , Utsumi Yousuke , Nakaoka Tatsuya , Kawabata Miho , Nagashima Hiroki , Yoshida Michitoshi , Matsuoka Yoshiki , Itoh Ryosuke , Keel William , Copperwheat Christopher , Steele Iain , Cenko S. Bradley , Evans Philip , Fox Derek , Kennea Jamie , Marshall Francis , Osborne Julian , Tohuvavohu Aaron , Turley Colin , Cowen Douglas , DeLaunay James , Keivani Azadeh , Santander Marcos , Abeysekara Anushka , Archer Avery , Benbow Wystan , Bird Ralph , Brill Aryeh , Brose Robert , Buchovecky Matthew , Buckley James , Bugaev Viatcheslav , Christiansen Jodi , Connolly Michael , Cui Wei , Daniel Michael , Errando Manel , Falcone Abraham , Feng Qi , Finley John , Fortson Lucy , Furniss Amy , Gueta Orel , Hütten Moritz , Hervet Olivier , Hughes Gareth , Humensky Thomas , Johnson Caitlin , Kaaret Philip , Kar Payel , Kelley-Hoskins Nathan , Kertzman Mary , Kieda David , Krause Maria , Krennrich Frank , Kumar Sajan , Lang Mark , Lin Tony , Maier Gernot , McArthur Steven , Moriarty Patrick , Mukherjee Reshmi , Nieto Daniel , O'Brien Stephen , Ong Rene , Otte Adam , Park Nahee , Petrashyk Andriy , Pohl Martin , Popkow Alexis , Pueschel Elisa , Quinn John , Ragan Kenneth , Reynolds Paul , Richards Gregory , Roache Emmet , Rulten Cameron , Sadeh Iftach , Santander Marcos , Scott Skyler , Sembroski Glenn , Shahinyan Karlen , Sushch Iurii , Trépanier Samuel , Tyler Jonathan , Vassiliev Vladimir , Wakely Scott , Weinstein Amanda , Wells Rita , Wilcox Patrick , Wilhelm Alina , Williams David , Zitzer Benjamin , Tetarenko Alexandra , Kimball Amy , Miller-Jones James , Sivakoff Gregory 
Published: July 2018

Neutrino emission from a flaring blazar

Neutrinos interact only very weakly with matter, but giant detectors have succeeded in detecting small numbers of astrophysical neutrinos. Aside from a diffuse background, only two individual sources have been identified: the Sun and a nearby supernova in 1987. A multiteam collaboration detected a high-energy neutrino event whose arrival direction was consistent with a known blazar—a type of quasar with a relativistic jet oriented directly along our line of sight. The blazar, TXS 0506+056, was found to be undergoing a gamma-ray flare, prompting an extensive multiwavelength campaign. Motivated by this discovery, the IceCube collaboration examined lower-energy neutrinos detected over the previous several years, finding an excess emission at the location of the blazar. Thus, blazars are a source of astrophysical neutrinos.

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