bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Porcionamento dos principais alimentos e preparações consumidos por adultos e idosos residentes no município de São Paulo
Authors: Carlos Jackeline Venancio , Rolim Silvia , Bueno Milena Baptista , Fisber Regina Mara
Published: October 2008

OBJETIVO: Identificar o tamanho das porções dos alimentos e das preparações mais consumidas ou que mais contribuem com o valor energético total da dieta de adultos e idosos. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se inquérito domiciliar de base populacional em 2003, com amostra representativa de 1 477 indivíduos acima de 20 anos residentes no município de São Paulo. O consumo alimentar foi verificado pelo recordatório de 24 horas, digitado no programa Nutrition Data System. Os alimentos e as preparações selecionados para averiguação da porção foram os consumidos por, no mínimo, 10% da população de estudo ou que contribuíram com até 80% do valor energético total. As porções médias, obtidas pelo percentil 50, foram comparadas segundo sexo e estado nutricional, por meio do teste de Kruskal Wallis. RESULTADOS: Arroz e feijão foram os alimentos mais consumidos e que mais contribuíram para o valor energético da dieta. Os homens consumiram maior porção destes alimentos, quando são comparados às mulheres. Observou-se que a porção de leite está abaixo do estipulado pelo Guia Alimentar Brasileiro, porém a maior diferença encontrada foi em relação à alface e ao tomate. Verificou-se que indivíduos com excesso de peso consomem maiores porções de peito de frango. CONCLUSÃO: O tamanho das porções de alguns alimentos é maior entre homens, porém, na prática, não há como diferenciar, em medidas caseiras, valores tão próximos como os encontrados na maioria dos alimentos. As porções dos principais alimentos dos grupos de verduras e legumes e leite e derivados são menores que o proposto pelo Guia Alimentar.
Associação entre risco de disfagia e risco nutricional em idosos internados em hospital universitário de Brasília
Authors: Maciel Juliana Rolim Vieira , Oliveira Carlos Jorge Rocha , Tada Cristiane de Melo Pantaleão
Published: October 2008

OBJETIVOS: Investigar a associação entre o grau de risco de disfagia e o risco nutricional dos pacientes idosos internados na clínica médica do Hospital Universitário de Brasília. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, analítico, original, observacional, não-controlado, com amostra de conveniência e estratificada. Foram aplicados a Mini Avaliação Nutricional e o questionário de risco de disfagia em 49 pacientes idosos nas primeiras 48 horas após admissão na clínica médica, em setembro de 2006. RESULTADOS: A freqüência de idosos foi maior na faixa etária entre 60-74 anos 11meses (78%), com média de idade de 69 anos, sendo 41% mulheres e 59% homens. A proporção de risco de disfagia dos pacientes idosos foi de 69% e do estado nutricional inadequado de 71%, valor elevado principalmente entre as mulheres. Ambos os sexos se encontram em risco nutricional, masculino (20,5, Desvio-padrão - DP=5) e feminino (19, DP=6). O estudo mostrou que as mulheres apresentam uma tendência maior para risco de disfagia, porém os homens apresentam um quadro de maior gravidade (risco moderado). Foi encontrada uma correlação negativa moderada entre os valores de risco de disfagia e seus respectivos scores da Mini Avaliação Nutricional. CONCLUSÃO: Foi verificado neste estudo que os idosos apresentam dois agravantes de sua qualidade de vida: estado nutricional e disfagia, que podem ser agudizados na internação hospitalar.
Discrepâncias na imagem corporal e na dieta de obesos
Authors: Kanno Patrícia , Rabelo Misael , Melo Gislane Ferreira de , Giavoni Adriana
Published: October 2008

OBJETIVO: Este estudo avaliou a discrepância entre a imagem real e a imagem ideal de indivíduos obesos e procurou relacionar possíveis alterações no comportamento alimentar na busca desse corpo ideal. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 25 sujeitos, sendo 76% do sexo feminino e idade média de 39,24 (desviopadrão=5,01) anos. Dois instrumentos foram utilizados: a Escala de Aparência Física, cuja análise fatorial extraiu um único fator "Aparência Física" com precisão de α=0,74 para mulheres e α=0,73 para homens e o Questionário de Prioridade Alimentar elaborado para agrupar itens nas categorias que compõem a Pirâmide Alimentar. Foram realizados testes t pareados para comparar diferenças entre as imagens real e ideal e para comparar os comportamentos alimentares real e ideal. RESULTADOS: Os resultados apresentaram diferenças entre as imagens ideal e real, sendo a primeira representada de forma mais positiva que a última. Com relação ao comportamento alimentar, os resultados demonstraram diminuição no consumo de carnes e café preto e aumento no consumo de frutas e vegetais para atingir o corpo ideal. Porém, a amostra não mudaria os seus hábitos em relação ao consumo de cereais, laticínios, óleos e gorduras, doces e refrigerantes. CONCLUSÃO: Embora os resultados apresentem diferenças na percepção da imagem corporal, a amostra não mudaria os seus hábitos em relação às categorias do topo da pirâmide alimentar.
Abordagem metabólica e nutricional da lipodistrofia em uso da terapia anti-retroviral
Authors: Dutra Claudia Daniele Tavares , Libonati Rosana Maria Feio
Published: October 2008

A terapia anti-retroviral altamente ativa, usada contra o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana, vem possibilitando a melhora do quadro clínico-laboratorial de portadores da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida. Contudo, alterações metabólicas e complicações morfológicas, associadas ao uso da terapia, vêm sendo investigadas. A utilização prolongada desta terapia tem um impacto importante sobre o estado nutricional dos pacientes. Antes da sua utilização, a perda de peso e a desnutrição, conseqüências das infecções oportunistas, eram os maiores problemas nutricionais. Atualmente, o foco principal das discussões têm sido as complicações metabólicas e morfológicas, dentre elas a lipodistrofia, com a dislipidemia, a resistência à insulina, a osteopenia, e a distribuição alterada da gordura corporal, aumentando assim os riscos de doenças cardiovasculares. A nutrição desempenha um papel fundamental no suporte da saúde desses pacientes, integrando as equipes multiprofissionais, promovendo a melhora da adesão à terapia anti-retroviral e do prognóstico da doença. No entanto, para que se tenha mais conhecimento sobre a terapia, as proporções de seus efeitos adversos, e o perfil nutricional desses pacientes, a curto e a longo prazos, é de suma importância que se estude mais sobre este assunto, a fim de permitir perspectivas de um regime terapêutico mais seguro dentro de seus alcances metodológicos, proporcionando uma melhor qualidade de vida aos pacientes.
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS): prognostic factors and scoring systems
Authors: Souto Elizabeth Xisto , Chauffaile Maria de Lourdes Lopes Ferrari , Moncau José Eduardo Cajado , Niero-Melo Lígia , Braga Gisele Wally , Silva Maria Regina Regis , Kerbauy José
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the score systems of Cassano and Sanz and suggest a new one. DESIGN: Case series. LOCATION: Teaching hospitals: EPM UNIFESP and Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu. PARTICIPANTS: 59 patients diagnosed from 1979 to 1992. INTERVENTION: Evaluation of clinical-laboratorial data. MEASUREMENT: Statistical comparison, uni and multivariate analysis and actuarial survival curves. RESULTS: Cassano's system divided the patients into high and low risk (p=0.0966) while, Sanz's gave high, intermediate and low risk (p=0.0108). The univariate analysis showed hemoglobin, WBC count, E/M ratio, liver size and blast percentage in BM as statistically significant. The multivariate analysis showed blast percentage in BM (p=0.004) and Hb (p=0.050) as significant. Our system, considering the multivariate analysis data, divided the patients into high, intermediate and low risk (p=0.0038). CONCLUSIONS: Sanz's system was more functional than Cassano's, while ours showed predictive survival value and ease of use in clinical practice.
Evaluation of staging, cytoreduction and second-look operation of 119 ovarian cancer patients
Authors: Murta Eddie Fernando Candido , Andrade Jurandyr Moreira de , Freitas Maurício Mesquita Sabino de , Bighetti Sérgio
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE:This study was conducted on patients with ovarian cancer in order to evaluate survival. DESIGN: A retrospective study of 119 cases of ovarian cancer from January 1977 to December 1992 with observation until 1993. LOCATION: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, São Paulo University. PARTICIPANTS: Of the 119 cases, 70 (58.8%) presented epithelial carcinomas and 21 (17.6%) tumors of the sexual girdle/stroma. DATA SOURCE: The data were obtained from the medical records of the patients. MEASUREMENT: Statistical analysis of survival time was based on the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test with the level of significance set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: The patients with a negative second look had a mean survival of 79.4 ± 48.5 months versus 24.2 ± 15.1 months for patients with a positive second look (P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that patients with a negative second look present a better prognosis compared to those with residual disease.
Ovarian abscess with spontaneous vaginal drainage
Authors: Souza Gustavo A. de
Published: October 2008

The occurrence of a rare ovarian abscess, spontaneously drained through the vagina after an abdominal hysterectomy is described.The treatment was an oophorectomy.The various forms of primary ovarian abscess are discussed in connection with these observations. This case illustrates the need for adequate manipulation of the gonad during pelvic surgery in order to avoid parenchymal contamination and the subsequent formation of such abscesses.
Peritoneal borderline cystoadenocarcinoma
Authors: Girão Manoel João Batista Castello , Sartori Marair Gracio Ferreira , Gonçalves Wagner José , Lima Geraldo Rodrigues de
Published: October 2008

Carcinomas of peritoneal origin represent a seldom diagnosed entity of unknown etiology, with important implications in terms of prophylactic oophorectomy. Initially described in patients belonging to families at high risk for ovarian cancer, it possibly has a pathogeny similar to that of endosalpingiosis and of some cases of endometriosis. We report a case of peritoneal borderline mucinous carcinoma with an anatomopathological diagnosis of normal ovaries.
Corrosion resistance performance of high-volume fly-ash self-compacting concretes
Authors: Dinakar P. , Babu K.G. , Santhanam M.
Published: October 2008

The corrosion performance of self-compacting concretes with high-volume replacements of fly ash was evaluated by some electrochemical techniques. In this study, eight self-compacting fly-ash concretes of various strength grades were designed at desired fly ash percentages of 0, 10, 30, 50, 70 and 85%, and were compared with five different mixtures of normal vibrated concretes at equivalent strength grades. The corrosion characteristics of the developed concretes were studied through the measurement of resistivity, pH, carbonation depth, half-cell potential and corrosion rate. Results demonstrate that self-compacting concretes at all levels of fly ash replacement performed significantly better than the corresponding normal vibrated concretes. This can be mainly attributed to the pozzolanic activity of fly ash. The carbonation was, however, higher in low- and medium-strength self-compacting concretes compared to the normal concretes.
Exposure of Portland cement to multiple trace metal loadings
Authors: Dyer T. , Jones R. , Garvin S.
Published: October 2008

This paper examines the influence of combinations of lead, zinc and copper on the hydration of cement and the extent to which these metal ions are able to penetrate the surface of a cement paste in contact with solutions containing them. The overall aim of these experiments was to establish the likely outcome of placing fresh concrete in contact with soil contaminated with these metals. Isothermal conduction calorimetry was used to examine the manner in which combinations of lead, zinc and copper in solution affect the kinetics of cement hydration. Zinc and lead ions have the effect of retarding cement hydration. The influence of copper on hydration is much more complex. Penetration of metal ions into fresh cement pastes is generally dependent on the total mass of metal ions in solution. At depths greater than 7 mm from the cement paste surface it was found that metal concentrations remained very low. The results of geochemical modelling support the Authors' proposed mechanism of large-scale precipitation of metals at the surface layer which severely limits further penetration.
New Zealand Gas Development Sets New Performance and Environmental Milestones Onshore and Offshore – The Role of Drilling Fluid Selection and Performance in the Pohokura Development
Authors: Knox David , Parr Iain , Tan Ivan , de Lange Frank , Davies Jonathan , McVey Gary , Pritchard Don
Published: October 2008

The Pohokura Gas Field lies off the West Coast of New Zealand in the Taranaki Basin. To develop this field, a total of nine wells were drilled, from both onshore and offshore locations. The extended-reach wells drilled from land set new records for New Zealand, drilling to a measured depth of 7,409 m (24,309 ft) on POW 03, the longest well. The five wells drilled from the offshore drilling unit featured tortuous well paths through the reactive and dispersive shales of the Taranaki Basin. The Pohokura reservoir sands are low-porosity "tight" sandstones, notoriously susceptible to fluid-related production impairment. In addition to these challenges, the onshore and offshore environmental regulations applied both by the local regulator and self-imposed by the operator are among the most strict in Asia.

The fluids-specific challenges associated with this project included the design of a synthetic-based fluid and cuttings handling system that could maintain the fluid-on-cuttings discharge at the lowest practicable level, design of a highly inhibitive and lubricious water-based drilling fluid for the offshore drilling campaign, plus the development and testing of non-damaging drilling fluids for the reservoir sections of all wells.

To achieve these goals, extensive laboratory testing and comprehensive reviews of field experience from other operations were undertaken. Key Performance Indicators were agreed between the operator and fluids provider. These benchmarks were reviewed on a well-by-well basis and used to facilitate ongoing continuous performance improvement.
Sand Management: What Are We Sure Of?
Authors: Slayter A. G. , Byrne M. , McPhee C. A. , McCurdy P.
Published: October 2008

Sand management is an issue pertinent to all those disciplines responsible for maturing a project. It requires leadership from the asset owner, expertise from the specialists and top quality equipment from the vendors. Excellence must span all the stages of field development for, like many aspects of well construction, "9 out of 10" is usually not good enough. For this reason guidance is proposed for management and design of sand related projects.

While sanding prediction is the first step in the process, it is only briefly mentioned in this paper, where focus is more on selected design activities for an openhole production well with sand control, namely: Rock mineralogyParticle size distribution testing (sieve and laser) and the definition / issues relating to finesSelection of sand control system with review of the screen to openhole annulusSand retention testsScreen mesh size assessmentScreen failure mechanisms •Erosion•Collapse and/or bucklingScreen ratings, increasing screen strength where possibleReview of statistics

Although many of the above are relevant to other well designs, no specific reference is made to frac and packs, selective or oriented perforation, sand consolidation, execution or operation of sand control, or surface sand management.

The sand management team needs to define the tasks and activities to achieve established and shared objectives, those objectives being to achieve the required well productivity, longevity and functionality.

Although these objectives are few, they can only be achieved through careful execution of the various tasks and associated activities. Many tasks are entwined between two or three objectives and need to be done in a particular order. This paper proposes a methodical workflow framework to achieve this.

In many cases the answers to design questions are dispersed amoungst an unmanageable number of papers, manuals, guidelines, training and conference proceedings and this paper goes some way to draw the threads together for some of the common design issues. In some areas, work is still to be done by our industry to clarify equipment specification, standardising definitions, test methods, and modeling techniques.
Massive Annular Fracturing Practices in BJC Gas Field, Sichuan, China
Authors: Zhenhui Xing , Pfaff Andrew , Weller Thomas , Weller Thomas , Wendt David
Published: October 2008

Massive hydraulic fracturing has been successfully applied in tight gas reservoir development. Economic completion of tight gas sands with large hydraulic fracturing treatments requires cost effective and time saving operations. Traditional large fracturing jobs usually pump down 5.5" or 4.5" casing to meet the requirement of high pumping rate (30~55bpm). Post-frac snubbing operations are often needed to run tubing and clean out wellbores. Snubbing operations can be costly in terms of investment and time. Annular fracs have been applied in the industry as an alternative completion strategy. However, previously documented annular jobs are small size and range from 40k to 200k lbs of proppant pumped at relatively low injection rates of 15-25 BPM (3-4m3/min).

This paper describes the practices of massive annular fracturing treatments down 5-1/2" by 2-3/8" annulus used at the Bajiaochang Gas field, Sichuan Basin, China, to replace fracturing down casing and subsequent snubbing operations. Three treatments have been performed since October 2005. The first job had to be terminated with 70% of the designed proppant (394k lbs) pumped because of the failure of the blast joint. Lessons learned were outlined and modifications were made to the blast joint and wellhead. Subsequent treatments were performed without mechanical failures with 350k and 282k lbs of proppant pumped at 30 to 35 bpm injection rates. The completion cycle time was reduced about 20% with substantial savings of up to $260k in well completion costs. Improved monitoring of BHP from static tubing for 3D fracturing modeling and effective treatment evaluation were also a benefit. This data has aided fracture design in highly complex fracture stimulation applications. Additional advantages also include: easily circulating out proppant if screen outs occur and more efficient flowing back for lower rate wells.
Optimum Formulation of Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Systems for Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Mandal Ajay , Ojha Keka
Published: October 2008

The primary objective of this paper is to obtain an optimized condition where different concentrations of alkali, surfactant and polymer can produce desirable rheological properties and interfacial tension for its use in enhanced oil recovery. In the present study, the aqueous solutions of polyacrylamide were used to improve the mobility ratio by increasing the viscosity of the solution. A series of experiments were conducted to examine the effects of various salts, alkali and surfactants on the viscosity polymer solutions. The experiments were also performed to measure the reduction of surface tension of aqueous solutions of surfactants and alkali at different concentration, in presence and absence of polymer. The experimental data on viscosity and surface tension were analyzed and an optimum formulation of the alkali, surfactant and polymer were designed, which provide optimum properties with respect to both mobility and interfacial tension between oil and water.
A Fibre Optic Multi-Component Seismic Acquisition System for Permanent Reservoir Monitoring
Authors: Maas Steve , Bunn Brett , Hendrick Natasha
Published: October 2008

A fibre optic multi-component seismic acquisition system for permanent installation on the sea floor has been developed and tested. Permanent seafloor seismic installations are an alternative to other marine seismic acquisition methods for time-lapse (or 4D) seismic reservoir monitoring. 4D seismic can assist reservoir engineers to monitor fluid injection and drainage of the reservoir, and help determine detailed reservoir fluid-flow models. The new fibre optic system uses a Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing telemetry scheme to optically power the seismic sensors. This methodology allows for channel counts in excess of 2000 per cable. Furthermore, the fibre optic system has a very broad processing bandwidth that yields exceptional dynamic range (> 140dB), which together with low channel crosstalk and distortion, will produce high quality seismic images. The multi-component sensors at each receiver station are optical transducers made using Michelson interferometers. Avoiding in-sea electronics creates a safe and robust system, and utilisation of standard telecommunication components ensures an economically viable reservoir monitoring tool. Field trials conducted in hydrocarbon provinces demonstrate the reliability and excellent response of the fibre optic system to the seismic source. The seismic data acquired by the new fibre optic acquisition system show good correlation with data acquired in parallel using a conventional electrical seafloor acquisition system.
Applications of Multiphase Technologies Optimize Upstream Operations in Saudi Aramco
Authors: Hamoud A. A. , Al-Ghamdi S. M.
Published: October 2008

New oil fields are hard to develop and mature oil fields are becoming more challenging and costly to operate. Advances in multiphase technologies have made significant impact on the way oil and gas companies managing and optimizing their upstream oil business. Multiphase technologies, including multiphase pumping, multiphase flow metering and compact separation systems, have been recognized to provide the critical need to alleviate production decline, optimize production operation, and reduce capital and operating costs.

In this regard, Saudi Aramco has undertaken a number of new production related initiatives, developments and projects involving multiphase technologies that are deemed to provide advantages in achieving corporate goals and objectives. The company has invested and implemented significant new multiphase technologies with the goal of maximizing production and minimizing capital investment and operating costs.

Multiphase Pumping (MPP) technology provides a cost effective option to develop remote and marginal oil field discoveries. MPP showed excellent performance during field test projects and resulted in significant incremental oil production. Applications of Multiphase Flow Metering (MPFM) technology has resulted in significant capital and operating cost savings. Continuous and real-time data has enhanced production and reservoir management, which led to improved total recovery. Compact Separation technology is another area Saudi Aramco is committed to pursue its field implementation. The technology has the potential to de-bottleneck existing facilities capacity limitation, and reduce facility cost for new oil and gas field developments.

This paper will provide an overview of the multiphase technologies Saudi Aramco is considering for field applications. It will also discuss Saudi Aramco's experience and future potential applications. The applications discussed have either been implemented or are expected to be implemented in the near future.
Key Technologies of Polymer Flooding in Offshore Oilfield of Bohai Bay
Authors: Zhou W. , Zhang J. , Feng G. , Jiang W. , Sun F. , Zhou S. , Liu Y.
Published: October 2008

Bohai Bay is one of the most important offshore oil production areas in China, and 74% of oil is heavy oil. For conventional heavy oil reservoirs, water flooding is applied normally with an inverted 9-spot flood pattern. The recovery is about 18~20% because of the heterogeneous and unconsolidated reservoirs. The current strategy for application of polymer flooding to enhance heavy oil recovery is based on the fully understanding of mechanisms and core technologies of polymer flooding in the laboratory research and field practice.

Single well pilot test and 5-spot flood pattern pilot test have been conducted in Bohai oilfield. The significant increase of oil production and reduction of water cut were observed. The limited life span of offshore platforms challenges operators to more effectively develop oil, thus it is necessary to identify the appropriate enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology for use in a reservoir. Therefore, polymer flooding in early stage of oilfield development has been designed and conducted in Bohai oilfield. Five key technologies of polymer flooding concluded from the field practices were critical to the success of an EOR project and discussed in this paper. (1) Characteristics of polymer: polymer should tolerate high salinity and hardness of make-up brine. (2) Polymer injection technology: the technology should satisfy the requirement of offshore platform. (3) Modification of Polymer displacement under the big well spacing and multi-layer reservoir conditions. (4) Evaluation technology of polymer flooding in the early stage of oilfield development. (5) Production treatment technology of polymer flooding. This paper will focus on the impact of the five key technologies on development of offshore oilfields through introducing polymer flooding in Bohai Bay.
Successful Application of Innovative Fiber-Diverting Technology Achieved Effective Diversion in Acid Stimulation Treatments in Saudi Arabian Deep Gas Producers
Authors: Solares J. Ricardo , Al-Harbi Moataz , Al-Sagr Abdulaziz , Amorocho Ricardo , Ramanathan Venkateshwaran
Published: October 2008

Acid fracturing has been an integral part of Aramco's gas development strategy for the vertical wells in the Khuff carbonates over the last several years. The Khuff formation is a deep gas carbonate reservoir that is ideally suited for acid fracturing. During acid fracturing, the wormholes created by the reaction, results in excessive fluid loss. Controlling fluid loss is key to optimize acid fracturing treatments by creating longer and wider fractures. Diesel emulsified acid for deeper penetration and in-situ gelled acid, a polymer-based system, are used to control excessive leak-off at different stages of the treatment along with the alternating stages of polymer pad.

These treatments in the vertical wells target several reservoir sub-layers with varying degrees of porosity and permeability contrast. These layers are often divided by anhydrite or dolomitic streaks that make vertical communication within the reservoir challenging. Hence acid fracturing ends up stimulating the highest reservoir quality zones with minimal contribution from the other zones in many cases.

A pilot involving the use of a new degradable fiber technology designed to achieve effective acid diversion during acid fracturing was recently implemented. The pilot comprised field trials in a number of wells with similar reservoir characteristics and multiple porosity lobes. The fracturing treatments were designed and pumped with alternating stages of acid and fiber-laden polymer based pad fluid. The significant viscosity increase achieved in the pad by the addition of fibers and its particulate bridging mechanism would plug off the just stimulated zones effectively, thus diverting the new stage of acid into the non-stimulated porous zones. These fibers degrade and hydrolyze with temperature and time thus leaving the reservoir undamaged.

This paper discusses the planning and design processes leading to the successful implementation of the technology, the experience during the stimulation treatment execution and the excellent post-stimulation results. Bottomhole pressure gauge data and production logs were run on these wells to ascertain the effectiveness of the technology and the results are discussed in the paper along with production history comparisons with offset conventionally acid fractured wells, and the lessons learned throughout the pilot.
Water-Flooding Incremental Oil Recovery Study in Middle Miocene to Paleocene Reservoirs, Deep-Water Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Liu Bin , Dessenberger Richard , McMillen Kenneth , Lach Joseph , Kelkar Mohan
Published: October 2008

Many deep-water Gulf of Mexico discoveries of the past five years are older Tertiary reservoirs including Atlantis, Tahiti, Neptune, K-2, Thunder Horse, Shenzi, Great White, Trident, St Malo, Jack and Cascade. These middle Miocene to Paleocene reservoirs are characterized by high pressure and temperature, and low natural reservoir drive energy (due to compaction and cementation). In contrast, previous production experience in younger, Pleistocene through upper Miocene, reservoirs exhibit high primary oil recovery due to significant rock compressibility and aquifer influx. The requirement for water injection to supplement reservoir drive energy, improve oil rate, and maintain oil production rates is of primary consideration in development planning for the new, ultra-deep Gulf of Mexico discoveries. Unfortunately, there is limited production experience to use as guidance.

The purpose of this study is to provide a risk-based estimate of the incremental oil from water flooding for these types of reservoirs. A parametric simulation study was performed using experimental design to calculate incremental recovery from water-flooding in ultra-deep Tertiary reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico. Experimental design matrices were generated for both primary and water flood scenarios, based on the selected uncertainty parameters. Proxy equations for both primary and water flood oil recovery were generated from the simulation results. Statistical Monte-Carlo simulation was run using the proxy equations. By comparing the simulation results for ten year production, water-flooding case yields a recovery factor about 20 per cent higher than no-injection case based on P50 estimate.
Natural Gas Scenario in India—The Recent Upswings, Concerns, and the Way Forward
Authors: Nischal Tinku S. , Kumar Atul
Published: October 2008

The paper reviews and evaluates the demand – supply scenario and likely trends of the emerging gas markets in India.

With recently discovered gas reserves, the country's domestic supply is expected to increase at least double by 2011–12. The demand too is expected to increase significantly by 2011–12 in keeping with the GDP growth rate of the country. This paper focuses on three main issues; The potential and limitations of domestic gas production/supply scenario in India.Opportunities arising out of policy initiatives being taken by the Government of India though skewed development of the market due to regulated gas pricing may be a deterrent.The options available to meet the increasing demand for natural gas covering LNG imports, CBM, gas hydrates and under ground coal gasification (UCG) and opportunities for importation of natural gas through pipeline vis-à-vis the existing geopolitical scenario will also be probed into.

The paper demonstrates the upcoming opportunities in the promising Indian gas business and challenges thereof.
Hydraulic Fracture Complexity: Diagnosis, Remediation, and Exploitation
Authors: Cipolla C. L. , Warpinski N. R. , Mayerhofer M. J.
Published: October 2008

Recent advances in hydraulic fracture mapping technologies have provided a wealth of information on fracture propagation in numerous geologic settings. Prior to such detailed measurements of actual fracture growth, fracture propagation was either assumed to be simple (single planar fracture) or the complexity was inferred based solely on fracturing pressure data. The nature or detail of this inferred fracture complexity and how it related to actual fracture growth (real fracture geometry) could not be determined. This resulted in significant uncertainty in fracture modeling, treatment designs, and many times, suboptimum field development. This paper illustrates the application of the various methods and techniques available to diagnose fracture complexity, including simple pressure diagnostics such as G-function pressure decline analysis and sophisticated microseismic and tiltmeter fracture mapping technologies. After identifying complexity in hydraulic fracture growth, this information must be integrated with fracture, reservoir, and geologic models to properly evaluate stimulation, completion, and develop options; however, without properly identifying the nature and detail of the fracture complexity, the solution can many times be wrong – resulting in economic loss.

This paper documents field observations of different mechanisms that result in fracture complexity and the corresponding physics that govern fracture growth in these reservoirs. These field observations of fracture complexity are supplemented by and related to results from mine-back and core-through experiments to better understand the relationship between fracture complexity, rock properties, and geology. Distinguishing between the various types of fracture complexity and properly modeling these complexities (in both reservoir and fracture models) can lead to significantly different treatment designs and field development strategies. The paper includes field case histories that document how the remediation of fracture complexity can lead to stimulation success, while in other cases it is the exploitation of fracture complexity that is the key to success.
Forecasting the Productivity of Thinly Laminated Sands with a Single Well Predictive Model
Authors: Daungkaew Saifon , Claverie Michel , Cheong Boon , Hansen Steve , Leech Richard , Azam Mohd Nor Hisham Mohd , Malim Edna , Lasman Mohd. Reza , Witjaksana Renas
Published: October 2008

As the cost of exploration wells continue to escalate, we need more than ever to evaluate each well quickly and efficiently to improve the appraisal process and avoid unnecessary expenditure. At the same time, an accurate reservoir characterization is the key to successful reservoir development. This is especially true in thinly laminated reservoirs which exhibit vertical heterogeneity and a wide range of flow properties. Therefore, it is critical to combine high resolution formation evaluation logs and formation tests to predict the well performance prior to the production test.

We present an integrated and structured approach for calculating the productivity of a laminated clastic reservoir and we illustrate the method with a field example from Malaysia. A single well predictive model incorporates logs, rock and PVT data, and formation tests to build a flow simulation model at the resolution of the petrophysical analysis. By calibrating the high resolution flow model with dynamic test data from a formation tester Interval Pressure Transient Test (IPTT), the model can be used to predict the well performance. We investigate several key characteristics of thinly laminated reservoirs that affect the well productivity, such as vertical communication between layers. In particular, we examine the effects of clay, silt and sand laminations geometry on the reservoirs productivity. For that purpose, we comment on the information from borehole electrical images, NMR logs, single probe and dual packer wireline formation testers, and production well tests.

The workflow is fast to implement as it can be accomplished quickly and efficiently after the well is drilled, in time for planning the well completion and production tests. The high resolution simulation model permits to conduct further engineering studies, whenever required, such as designing the injection and production test for multi-layer reservoirs and water or gas coning studies.
Facilitating Data Quality Improvement in the Oil and Gas Sector
Authors: Radhay Rene
Published: October 2008

Seamless workflows among and within functional groups, and the resulting quality of inputs used for decision making, are common areas of concern in the oil and gas industry today. Sales of information management applications and methodologies are based on this definition of quality, which refers to the usefulness and direct availability when needed of known or high-quality information. The reality, however, is that increasing pressure to reduce costs, the volume and dynamic nature of E&P workflows, and the difficulty in measuring return on investment in addressing data quality have led to the existence of "siloed" workflows, databases of substandard quality, and resulting decision-making inefficiencies. These inefficiencies are frequently accepted as the nature of the job, both because of the difficulty in measuring their impact, and the challenge of effectively measuring the return on investment that would result from improvements. One solution to this situation is to apply technologies and methodologies that have been proven in other industries. This can help determine key performance indicators—from operational to executive levels—to enhance workflow and data quality, and can also facilitate fast cleanup and the trending of improvements and their impact on the bottom line and user perception. Modular technology also facilitates phased rollouts to minimize investment before value can be determined. Business Process Management and Six Sigma methodologies, proven in other industries, can help control cross-functional processes and the systematic reduction of defects to acceptable levels, opening the door to the establishment of industry-relevant quality benchmarks that can ultimately impact investor confidence in the oil and gas sector and within individual organizations.
Optimizing and Automating Pressurized Mud Cap Drilling with the Micro-Flux Control Method
Authors: Santos Helio , Muir Ken , Sonnemann Paul , Kozicz John , Holt Calvin
Published: October 2008

Pressurized Mud Cap Drilling (PMCD) is a drilling technique that has been used for over seven years in many wells where conventional drilling proved impossible or uneconomic1–5. PMCD is typically used to drill fractured carbonates, where the pore and fluid loss gradient are virtually the same, resulting in total mud losses and kicks in the same hole section. However, it is not restricted to just carbonates, it can be used on any fractured rock that is very competent in respect to wellbore stability, or formations prone to severe to total loss with good wellbore stability characteristic.

Traditional PMCD typically requires the periodic injection of sometimes large volumes of weighted mud into the annulus in order to maintain a reliable mud cap. The process is highly cyclical, often unpredictable, and can be prohibitively expensive. The process also requires highly skilled and experienced people to run it properly, an increasingly rare commodity these days.

Use of the Micro-Flux Control (MFC) method with PMCD could permit the process to be automated and controlled to a much higher level of accuracy, allowing less experienced people to confidently run the system. While continuously injecting across the wellhead, and using delta flow as the control variable, the casing back-pressure would be monitored. Casing pressure increases, indicating a loss of mud cap fluid downhole, would be automatically controlled by precise adjustment of the continuous delta flow, together with pressure monitoring, rather than by periodic injection of large volumes of fresh mud cap fluid.

This paper will briefly describe the MFC method, rig up details and operational issues. It will also describe how to apply the procedure to automate and operationally enhance PMCD, explaining the benefits when compared to the use of current procedures. PMCD case histories will be reviewed, with illustrations of costs associated with the current process and a description of how the MFC is capable of simultaneously reducing risk and costs. This increased efficiency should allow PMCD to be used when economic factors restrict its use in accessing significant hydrocarbon reserves.
First Field Applications of Downhole CO2 Measurement in Asia Pacific
Authors: Daungkaew Saifon , Harfoushian Jack , Cheong Boon , Sukahar M Wakif , Lin Tan Giok , Sun Baoli
Published: October 2008

The inherent uncertainty in establishing reservoir connectivity has always been an issue for reservoir management. Standard correlation methods using logs, cores and seismic data are sometimes inadequate, whereas an extended production test may be too expensive or non feasible. Increasingly, geochemical techniques are being deployed to determine reservoir connectivity based on the compositional differences in the reservoir fluid.

In a number of reservoirs around the world, carbon dioxide (CO2) is a critical gas composition. Examples from two such reservoirs, one from the Browse Basin in Australia and the other from the Malay Basin in Malaysia will be discussed in this paper. The CO2 content can vary from very low concentrations in one zone to significantly high in others in the same field. In addition, accurate quantification of CO2 from reservoir fluid samples can be difficult especially if some water is also present in the collected samples. This is due to the nature of CO2 which easily reacts with water, the source of which could be mud filtrate or formation water. As a result, in a well drilled with water based mud (WBM), contamination needs to be mitigated in samples captured for the purpose of quantification of CO2 in a given reservoir.

This paper presents field examples from the Asia Pacific region where a new generation Wireline Formation Tester (WFT) tool together with an advanced Downhole Fluid Analyzer (DFA) was used to quantify CO2 in real time as well as acquire high quality PVT samples. As the analyses of hydrocarbon samples from previous exploration wells within the same regions had shown significant variation in CO2 content, new and improved sampling procedures together with advanced DFA measurements were required to accurately measure and quantify CO2 concentrations in a number of reservoirs with varying fluid compositions. In this paper operational considerations and challenges of acquiring high quality PVT samples for different reservoir fluids under varying conditions are also discussed.
Impact of Effective Stress and CH4-CO2 Counter-Diffusion on CO2 Enhanced Coalbed Methane Recovery
Authors: Chen Zhongwei , Liu Jishan , Connell Luke , Pan Zhejun , Lai Zhou
Published: October 2008

This study addresses how the competitive impact between the effective stress and the CH4-CO2 counter diffusion-induced coal matrix swelling/shrinking affects the CO2 enhanced coalbed methane recovery. This issue is important both for the extraction of methane as an energy resource and for the safe sequestration of carbon dioxide in a coal seam. Through this study, a novel fully coupled coal deformation, gas flow, and CH4-CO2 counter-diffusion finite element (FE) model was developed and applied to the quantification of the combined net effects on coal permeability among the coal matrix swelling/shrinking due to gas displacement, pore pressure and in-situ stress. These combined effects are quantified through solving a set of coupled field equations which govern the coal deformation, prescribe the transport and interaction of gas flow in a similar way to poroelastic theory, and define CH4-CO2 counter diffusion and flow in a coal seam. Numerical results demonstrate that the evolution of porosity and permeability is controlled by the competing influences between the effective stress and the CH4-CO2 counter-diffusion induced volume change. This achievement extends our ability to quantify the opposite impacts of effective stress-induced and CH4-CO2 counter diffusion-induced coal matrix deformation on the CO2 enhanced coalbed methane recovery under field conditions.
Intelligent Fields Management at Woodside: A Low-Cost Step Improvement in Field Management Using Off the Shelf Technology
Authors: James Bruce , Kerr Kevin A. , Lim Stephanie , Lewandowski Ed , Knight Craig , Bell Richard
Published: October 2008

Using improved integration, data efficiency and more informed decision making, Woodside's Intelligent Fields Management (IFM) has created a step change improvement in the way the Cossack-Wanaea-Lambert-Hermes (CWLH) fields are managed. There is tremendous value in IFM in numerous and often unexpected places. However, the greatest value likely lies within the improved integration of data and work practices and longer-term reservoir management. The benefit-cost ratio of IFM on the CWLH fields is likely in the order of ten to one. This paper demonstrates what a mid-sized oil and gas company can accomplish within 12 months and at relatively low-cost using off-the-shelf technology and starting with little pre-existing knowledge.

CWLH is four oil fields with 11 subsea wells tied back to a floating production storage offtake (FPSO) vessel located offshore on the North West Shelf of Australia. The initial focus of Woodside's Intelligent Field Management program is on near-term field management issues, including reducing well testing, daily optimisation, production allocation, and managing sand erosion. Woodside's IFM program is currently being implemented on two other oil assets, with an expansion to gas and longer-term reservoir management planned for later in 2008.

The Petroleum Experts' Integrated Field Manager™ is the calculation engine used in the IFM program, allowing for custom workflows to be automated and scheduled. For example, workflows have been created that can run every 30 minutes and automatically identify elements of an integrated asset model, where measured behaviour significantly diverges from calculated behaviour. Powerful visualisation for interpreting data, particularly across disciplines, was critical for success and was realised through ISS Group's Babelfish™ web based viewer.

Successful implementation relies on a highly motivated interdisciplinary team, dedicated IT and management support and close interaction with asset teams. Long-term success will require ongoing IT and super-user support.
A Case Study in the Successful Design and Implementation of Frac-Pack Treatments in a Challenging Workover Environment in Malaysia
Authors: Reza Mohd Shah , Shamsuddin Seri'ainatrah , Juan Lim Jit , Pathmanathan Indran
Published: October 2008

ExxonMobil Exploration & Production Malaysia Inc. (EMEPMI) operates a non-associated gas field in the offshore Malay Basin which produces from deep consolidated sands. In 2006, EMEPMI undertook a 2-well recompletion program to develop a shallower unconsolidated sand which required downhole sand control. This paper details the challenges encountered and solutions developed to successfully install frac-pack sand control treatments. The recompletion challenges included limited data to design the treatments, tight space constraints limiting frac-pack equipment capability and a platform hazardous zoning requirement that created logistical difficulties. The paper will also describe the various sand-face completion technologies investigated before the recompletions as well as the lessons learnt from these experiences that will be applied to future treatments.

These were the first successful frac-pack sand control installations in EMEPMI's history. The sustained prolific gas production obtained from these wells affirms the success of the completion method. In addition, sand-production monitoring further reinforces that downhole sand control has been achieved, since only a small amount of ultra fine particles that have no negative impact on production or surface equipment have been detected. These positive results highlight the importance of operator technical/operations personnel and service providers working as a team to develop the most appropriate solutions to the technical and operational challenges encountered.