bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Drosophila homolog of Aut1 is essential for autophagy and development
Authors: Juhász Gábor , Csikós György , Sinka Rita , Erdélyi Miklós , Sass Miklós
Published: May 2003

The Drosophila homolog of yeast Aut1, CG6877/Draut1, is a ubiquitously expressed cytosolic protein. Draut1 loss of function was achieved by expression of an inverted repeat transgene inducing RNA interference. The effect is temperature‐dependent and resembles an allelic series as described by Fortier, E. and Belote, J.M. (Genesis 26 (2000) 240–244). Draut1 loss of function larvae are unable to induce autophagy and heterophagy in fat body cells before pupariation and die during metamorphosis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a multicellular animal lacking the function of a gene participating in the protein conjugation systems of autophagy.
The ‘magic tail’ of G protein‐coupled receptors: an anchorage for functional protein networks
Authors: Bockaert Joël , Marin Philippe , Dumuis Aline , Fagni Laurent
Published: May 2003

All cell types express a great variety of G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are coupled to only a limited set of G proteins. This disposition favors cross‐talk between transduction pathways. However, GPCRs are organized into functional units. They promote specificity and thus avoid unsuitable cross‐talk. New methodologies (mostly yeast two‐hybrid screens and proteomics) have been used to discover more than 50 GPCR‐associated proteins that are involved in building these units. In addition, these protein networks participate in the trafficking, targeting, signaling, fine‐tuning and allosteric regulation of GPCRs. To date, proteins that interact with the GPCR C‐terminus are the most abundant and are the focus of this review.
Chromatin proteins surrounding the d(G‐T)n repeats and polyamine influence as revealed by photoaffinity labeling with reactive pd(A‐C)6 derivatives
Authors: Bozhenok L.N , Khazina E.B , Chernolovskaya E.L , Kobets N.D
Published: May 2003

The complementary‐addressed modification of DNA and proteins in chromatin using photoreactive derivatives of pd(AC)6 has been studied. These oligonucleotides form complementary complexes with specific DNA sequences and modify both DNA and proteins in the vicinity of these regions, and can be used for investigation of the protein environment in DNA. We have demonstrated that photoreactive derivatives of oligonucleotides can quickly and efficiently modify chromatin proteins and seem to be promising for investigation of perturbations in chromatin structure during the cell cycle. A comparison between modified chromatin from synchronized cells has demonstrated differences in the sets of proteins modified in the S and G1/S phases of the cell cycle. An increase in spermine and spermidine concentrations leads to an increase in modification of definite chromatin proteins. It can be supposed that the B‐Z transition that can be stabilized by the presence of natural polyamines is one of the reasons for the presence of single‐stranded DNA regions, containing sets of (dG‐dT)n and accessible for interaction with complementary oligonucleotides.
Product activation of human erythrocyte AMP deaminase
Authors: Mosharov E.V , Vitvitsky V.M , Ataullakhanov F.I
Published: May 2003

IMP was found to activate AMP deaminase in crude glucose‐depleted human erythrocyte lysates. Activation of the enzyme by IMP is due to prevention of the inhibitory effect of inorganic phosphate. At 1 mM AMP and 2–3 mM phosphate the addition of 2–5 mM IMP accelerates the AMP deamination two to three times.
Identification of a retinoic acid responsive aldoketoreductase expressed in HL60 leukaemic cells
Authors: Mills K.I , Gilkes A.F , Sweeney M , Choudhry M.A , Woodgate L.J , Bunce C.M , Brown G , Burnett A.K
Published: May 2003

Neutrophil and monocyte differentiation can be induced in HL60 leukaemia cells by all‐trans‐retinoic acid (ATRA) and 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (D3), respectively, whose differentiating effects can be enhanced by exposure to ‘anti‐inflammatory agents' and steroids. We have provided evidence that this potentiation is via inhibition of the activity of an enzyme of the aldoketoreductase (AKR) family, but had failed to identify expression of known AKRs in HL60 cells. In this study, we have identified a previously unclassified aldoketoreductase family member (termed HAKR e) that is expressed in HL60 cells. HAKR e is dramatically and transiently up‐regulated in HL60 cells within 24 h of exposure to ATRA, further supporting the proposition that a member(s) of this family of enzymes play(s) a role in controlling cell growth and/or differentiation.
Involvement of the Fanconi anemia protein FA‐C in repair processes of oxidative DNA damages
Authors: Lackinger Dagmar , Ruppitsch Werner , Ramirez Maria Helena , Hirsch-Kauffmann Monica , Schweiger Manfred
Published: May 2003

Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by skeletal abnormalities, pancytopenia and a marked predisposition to cancer. FA cells exhibit chromosomal instability and hypersensitivity towards oxygen and cross‐linking agents such as diepoxybutane and mitomycin C. An increased level of reactive oxygen intermediates and an elevation of 8‐oxoguanine in FA cells point to a defective oxygen metabolism in FA cells. We investigated the repair activity of oxidatively damaged DNA in lymphoblastoid cells from FA patients of complementation groups A–E. The repair activity for oxidatively damaged DNA was significantly reduced in lymphoblastoid cell lines of complementation groups B–E. Complementation of the FA‐C cell line with the wild type FA‐C gene restored the repair activity to normal. This indicates that the FA‐C protein participates in the repair of oxidatively damaged DNA.
From β‐glucanase to β‐glucansynthase: glycosyl transfer to α‐glycosyl fluorides catalyzed by a mutant endoglucanase lacking its catalytic nucleophile
Authors: Malet Carles , Planas Antoni
Published: May 2003

Removal of the catalytic nucleophile Glu134 of the retaining 1,3‐1,4‐β‐glucanase from Bacillus licheniformis by mutation to alanine yields an enzyme with no glycosidase activity. The mutant is able to catalyze the regio‐ and stereospecific glycosylation of α‐laminaribiosyl fluoride with different glucoside acceptors through a single‐step inverting mechanism. The main advantage of the mutant as glycosylation catalyst with respect to the kinetically controlled transglycosylation using the wild‐type enzyme is that the reaction products cannot be hydrolyzed by the mutant enzyme, and glycosylation yields rise to 90%.
Polylysine decelerates kinetics of negatively charged gramicidin channels as shown by sensitized photoinactivation
Authors: Krylov Andrey V , Antonenko Yuri N , Kotova Elena A , Rokitskaya Tatiana I , Yaroslavov Alexander A
Published: May 2003

Effect of a cationic polymer, poly(l‐lysine), on the kinetic properties of ionic channels formed by neutral gramicidin A (gA) and its negatively charged analogue O‐pyromellitylgramicidin (OPg) in a bilayer lipid membrane is studied using a method of sensitized photoinactivation. This newly developed method is based on the analysis of transmembrane current transients induced by a flash in the presence of a photosensitizer. It has been shown previously that the time course of the flash‐induced current decrease in most cases follows a single exponential decay with an exponential factor (τ, the characteristic time of photoinactivation) that correlates well with the single‐channel lifetime. Addition of polylysine does not affect τ for gA channels, but causes a substantial increase in τ for OPg channels. This effect is reversed by addition of polyacrylic acid. The deceleration of the photoinactivation kinetics is ascribed to electrostatic interaction of polylysine with OPg probably resulting in OPg clustering. The latter can stabilize the channel state by reducing the rotational and lateral mobility of OPg monomers and dimers, and thus increase the single channel lifetime.
Detection of the local H+ gradients on the internal mitochondrial membrane
Authors: Krasinskaya Inna P , Lapin Mikhail V , Yaguzhinsky Lev S
Published: May 2003

Respiration‐dependent responses of a pH probe (fluorescein isothiocyanate, FITC), covalently bound to the membrane proteins of mitochondria and submitochondrial particles (SMP) have been studied. A spectral shift indicating FITC deprotonation was observed when respiration was activated in coupled mitochondria. Such a response was increased by valinomycin and reduced by uncoupler. Some FITC deprotonation was detected in the presence of excess of an uncoupler, but the response was smaller and insensitive to valinomycin. FITC deprotonation was also observed in submitochondrial particles after succinate addition. In this case it was not affected by uncoupler. Increase in the buffer concentration was found to (i) decrease the FITC response and (ii) increase the rate of uncoupled respiration in both mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. The results are consistent with the assumption that respiration initiates appearance of local H+ activity gradients on the inner side of the internal mitochondrial membrane during the steady‐state H+ pumping. We suggest that the formation of this gradient is due to kinetic barrier to proton transfer from the bulk phase to the respiratory proton pump vicinity.
Biotin synthase mechanism: on the origin of sulphur
Authors: Tse Sum Bui Bernadette , Florentin Dominique , Fournier Françoise , Ploux Olivier , Méjean Annick , Marquet Andrée
Published: May 2003

Biotin synthase catalyses the last step of the biosynthesis of biotin in microorganisms and plants. The active protein isolated from Bacillus sphaericus and Escherichia coli contains an iron‐sulphur (FeS) cluster. The native enzymes were depleted of their iron and inorganic sulphide and the resulting apoenzymes were chemically reconstituted with FeCl3 and Na2[34S] to give labelled (Fe34S) enzymes. These enzymes were functional and when assayed in vitro produced labelled biotin containing about 65% of 34S. These data strongly support the hypothesis that the sulphur of biotin is derived from the (FeS) centre of the enzyme.
A continuous record of Holocene eolian activity in West Greenland
Authors: Willemse Nico W. , Koster Eduard A. , Hoogakker Babette , van Tatenhove Frank G.M.
Published: May 2003

Eolian landforms are widespread alongside proglacial valley-sandurs in West Greenland and comprise low-relief sand sheets, climbing dunes, and upland loess. Sedimentary facies mainly reflect distance to outwash-source zones and the influence of vegetation cover. The sediments show stratification types typical for poorly to moderately vegetated sand-sheets, alternately laminated silt/peat sequences, and unstratified loess. Twenty-five accelerator mass spectrometry14C dates provide the basis for the chronostratigraphy of the inland eolian deposits.14C dates from interstratified sand-sheets suggest that the bulk of eolian sands were deposited prior to 3400 cal yr B.P. and after 550 cal yr B.P. This two-phase formation for the inland dunes most likely reflects local changes in proglacial floodplain development and meltwater rerouting associated with a significant recession of the Greenland ice sheet during the mid Holocene climate optimum. Subsequent floodplain regeneration and renewed sand-sheet formation after 550 cal yr B.P. followed when the ice margin readvanced to its present position. In contrast, atmospheric deposition of regionally derived silt in upland peat mires has been continuous since at least 4750 cal yr B.P. Silt influx data demonstrate a strongly episodic history of the intensity of eolian activity over the past five millennia, which tentatively reflects alternating periods of (winter) aridity associated with the variable incursion of maritime air masses over the interior ice-free areas of West Greenland.
Electromyographic analysis of a modified maneuver for quadriceps femoris muscle setting with co‐contraction of the hamstrings
Authors: Nakajima Masaaki , Kawamura Kenji , Takeda Isao
Published: May 2003

A „quadriceps femoris muscle setting”︁ is isometric quadriceps femoris exercise which can be widely used in early knee rehabilitation. However this exercise cannot obtain enough co‐contraction of the hamstrings. Isolated quadriceps femoris contraction in knee extension imposes severe strain to anterior cruciate ligament. We succeeded in developing a simple training maneuver that is effective in obtaining co‐contraction of the hamstrings—a modified maneuver for the quadriceps femoris muscle setting with the contralateral lower limb raised (MQS). In this study, we analyzed the effect of this maneuver by EMG quantification. Twenty‐eight healthy young adult men performed sequential trials consisting of normal quadriceps femoris muscle setting (NQS) and MQS. Electromyographic activity was recorded from surface electrodes on the gluteus maximus, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, semitendinosus and biceps femoris (long head), and normalized to values derived from maximal isometric trials. The % maximal voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC) of the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and rectus femoris did not vary in the each maneuver. However, the %MVIC of the hamstrings varied significantly in the MQS. This study suggests that effective co‐contraction of the hamstrings can be obtained in MQS by adjusting the load to the raised lower limb.

© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Variability and repeatability of the flexion axis at the ulnohumeral joint
Authors: Duck Teresa R. , Dunning Cynthia E. , King Graham J. W. , Johnson James A.
Published: May 2003

Previous investigations have implemented screw displacement axes (SDAs) to define the elbow flexion axis for proper positioning of dynamic external fixators and endoprostheses. However, results across studies vary, which may be attributed to forearm position (pronation–supination) during elbow motion, or the mode of loading (active/passive) employed to generate flexion. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the influence of the flexion mode employed and forearm position on individual variation and repeatability of SDAs throughout elbow flexion. With the forearm pronated, the location of the average SDA was similar whether elbow flexion was generated actively or passively. In contrast, with the forearm supinated, the average SDA was 2.4° and 1.4° more valgus (p < 0.001) and internally rotated (p < 0.001), respectively, and positioned 1.6 and 0.8 mm further proximally (p < 0.002) and anteriorly (p < 0.005) relative to the capitellum, respectively, during active compared to passive flexion. During active flexion, the location of the average SDA was independent of forearm position. Conversely, during passive flexion, the average SDA angle was 3.4° and 1.0° more valgus (p <0.001) and internally rotated (p < 0.009), respectively, and 1.7 and 0.7 mm more proximal (p < 0.001) and anterior (p < 0.001) relative to the capitellum, respectively, with the forearm held pronated rather than supinated. SDAs calculated throughout flexion deviated from the average SDA in both orientation and position, demonstrating that elbow flexion behaves similar to a loose hinge joint. These factors suggest that to encompass the location of all SDAs throughout flexion, and therefore properly mimic normal elbow joint motion, an endoprosthesis should be modeled similar to a „loose”︁ rather than „pure”︁ hinge joint. This would allow for dependencies of SDA angulation on forearm position and muscle activation, and slight freedom of movement to account for variances in SDA location. These factors should also be considered during soft‐tissue reconstructions.

© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Homeopathic treatment of Japanese patients with intractable atopic dermatitis
Authors: Itamura R , Hosoya R
Published: May 2003

The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of homeopathic treatment of intractable atopic dermatitis (IAD). Seventeen IAD patients were given individualized homeopathic treatment in addition to conventional dermatological therapy from 6 months to 2 years and 7 months. Although all of the patients had previously been treated with conventional medicine and various psychological approaches, they had had severe conditions and shown no significant sign of improvement. The efficacy of homeopathic treatment was measured by objective assessments of the skin condition and the patients’ own assessments, using a 9 point scale similar to the Glasgow Homeopathic Outcome Scale, was used. Over 50% improvement was reported in overall impression and in their skin conditions by all patients, in itchiness by 15 of the patients, in sleep disturbance by 10 out of 13 patients, in satisfaction in daily life by nine out of 12, in fulfillment at work by seven out of 11 and in satisfaction with human relations by 10 out of 14. Two detailed case histories are reported.
Effect of dietary inclusion of goat milk on the bioavailability of zinc and selenium in rats
Authors: Alférez M José M , Aliaga Inmaculada López , Barrionuevo Mercedes , Campos Margarita S
Published: May 2003

The effects of dietary inclusion of freeze-dried goat and cow milk on the utilization of zinc and selenium, and on the metabolic fate of zinc, were studied in transected (control) and resected rats (resection of 50% of the distal small intestine). Intestinal resection reduced the apparent digestibility coefficient and zinc retention in the cow milk diet, whereas these biological indices were similar in transected (control) and resected rats with standard (without milk) and goat milk diets. The apparent digestibility coefficient and retention of selenium were not affected by intestinal resection in the animals fed with the three diets studied. In transected (control) and resected rats, the apparent digestibility coefficient and retention of zinc and selenium were higher for the goat milk diet than for the other two diets. Zinc deposits in the organs, expressed as μg/g dry weight were in order of decreasing concentrations: femur, testes, sternum, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, longissimus dorsi muscle and brain. Deposits were greatest with the goat milk diet, followed by the standard diet and were lowest for the rats given the cow milk diet, both for transected (control) and resected animals.

We conclude that consumption of the goat milk diet produces a greater bioavailability of zinc and selenium and a greater deposit of zinc in key organs, for both the transected (control) and the resected rats, with respect to the standard diet and the cow milk diet.
Use of an ion-selective electrode to determine free Ca ion concentration in the milk of various mammals
Authors: Silanikove Nissim , Shapiro Fira , Shamay Avi
Published: May 2003

Milk is a heterogeneous fluid in which the colloidal phase is homogeneously dispersed in the aqueous phase. Calcium is partitioned between the colloidal and aqueous phases and is in complex electrochemical equilibrium with several major milk components. In human and bovine milk, calcium is mainly distributed between the aqueous and casein micelle in the colloidal phases (Holt & Jenness, 1984; Neville et al. 1994). Caseins form a complex micelle structure that contains approximately 25000 phosphorylated monomers that react with calcium phosphate complexes in the milk to bind 20–40 mole calcium per mole casein (Holt & Jenness, 1984; Neville et al. 1994). Thus, the distribution of calcium between the colloidal and aqueous phases appears to be governed by the level of casein in the milk (Holt & Jenness, 1984; Neville et al. 1994). In human milk, the casein level is low; ∼25% of calcium is associated with casein, whereas in cows and goats the corresponding figure is higher at ∼65%. In rats, casein levels are among the highest in mammals and 95% of calcium is associated with casein (Neville et al. 1994). In the aqueous phase, calcium is divided among ionic calcium (Ca2+), calcium citrate and calcium phosphate. Calcium citrate and calcium phosphate constitute most of the aqueous calcium in bovine milk in contrast to less than 50% in human milk (Holt & Jenness, 1984; Neville et al. 1994). As the concentration of Ca2+ in milk appears to be essential in preserving the integrity of the mammary tight junctions during lactation (Neville & Peaker, 1981), it is important to follow its concentration precisely in mammary secretions in different stages of the reproduction cycle.
Prevalence of intramammary infections by major pathogens at parturition in dairy cows after intramuscular antibiotic therapy at drying-off: a preliminary report
Authors: Tarabla Héctor , Canavesio Vilma
Published: May 2003

In dry cow therapy (DCT), antibiotics are usually injected direct into the mammary gland after the last milking of the lactation. Most products are designed to eliminate existing intramammary infections (IMI) caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae and to prevent the establishment of new IMI caused by major pathogens during the early non-lactating period (Nickerson et al. 1999). Systemic therapy has been attempted as a way of improving the cure rates of intramammary treatments of clinical and subclinical mastitis during lactation (Ziv, 1980a; Calvinho et al. 1988; Owens et al. 1988). For systemic therapy to be useful, effective passage of the drug from blood to the foci of infection must be achieved. Maintaining an effective antibacterial concentration in the udder depends on the physicochemical properties of the drug, the dose, the bioavailability of the injected formulation, and the sensitivity of the pathogen (Ziv et al. 1980a, b). The theoretical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic basis for systemic DCT has been reported (Soback, 1988). When used in an attempt to improve cure rates of IMI, subcutaneous injection of tilmicosin at drying-off was ineffective against Staph. aureus IMI (Nickerson et al. 1999) and intramuscular (i.m.) oxytetracycline, in combination with intramammary cephapirin dry-cow treatment did not improve the cure rate for Staph. aureus mastitis (Soback et al. 1990a; Erskine et al. 1994). Nevertheless, i.m. tylosin treatment 2 weeks before the expected day of calving decreased IMI after calving (Zecconi et al. 1999) and subcutaneous norfloxacin nicotinate applied at the cessation of milking proved useful in controlling Staph. aureus infections (Soback et al. 1990a). Moreover, the incidence of this pathogen after systemic DCT may be significantly lower compared with untreated control groups (Soback et al. 1990a, b).
Effect of protein and temperature on cutting time prediction in goats' milk using an optical reflectance sensor
Authors: Castillo Manuel , Payne Fred A , Hicks Clair L , Laencina José , López María-Belén
Published: May 2003

An objective method for determining the coagulum cutting time is needed to improve consistency and processing efficiency of goats' cheese. A fibre optic sensor was used to measure the backscatter of near-infrared radiation at 880 nm during the coagulation of skimmed goats' milk for the purpose of predicting coagulum cutting time. A randomised block design, replicated three times, was used to test the effect of three protein concentrations (3, 5 and 7% (w/w)) on diffuse reflectance parameters for cutting time prediction of milk coagulated at five different temperatures (20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C) to assure a wide range of coagulation rates. The inclusion of a protein term in the existing algorithms was essential to reduce the standard error of prediction to under 6·2 min. An algorithm including a time-based parameter and a protein term, Tcut=β0T2 min (1+γ% Protein) was found to predict cutting time with a SEP of 2·42 min and an R2 of 0·98. γ was considered constant (γ=−0·0674, goats' milk) representing the protein effect on β0. Algorithms using response-based parameters (such as change in reflectance ratio) and the composition parameter protein required additional regression parameters such as temperature and an intercept term to predict the cutting time with the same precision as algorithms using only time-based parameters. Time-based parameters were found to decrease proportionally with increasing temperature and decreasing protein concentration. Response-based and mixed-based parameters were found to decrease with decreasing temperature. Reflectance ratio at cutting time did not significantly change with protein concentration for skimmed goats' milk. The activation energy of κ-casein hydrolysis was calculated based on changes in reflectance profile parameters and was found to be in the range 63–72 kJ mol−1.
No difference in symptoms during challenges with homogenized and unhomogenized cow's milk in subjects with subjective hypersensitivity to homogenized milk
Authors: Paajanen Laura , Tuure Tuula , Poussa Tuija , Korpela Riitta
Published: May 2003

It has been hypothesized that certain consumers tolerate untreated cow's milk, but react to processed (i.e. homogenized and pasteurized) cow's milk although they do not suffer from IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy or lactose intolerance. The aim of the study was to compare the tolerance of unhomogenized and homogenized cow's milk in lactose tolerant adults who had repeatedly experienced better tolerance of unhomogenized than homogenized milk. Forty-four subjects were challenged with homogenized and unhomogenized cow's milk for five days in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study. No differences in the symptoms during the challenges were found. Roughly half the subjects tolerated the homogenized milk better and the other half tolerated the unhomogenized milk better. The results of this study show no difference in the tolerance of homogenized and unhomogenized milk in adults with self-reported symptoms suggestive of hypersensitivity to homogenized milk.
Influence of seasonal variation on kinetics of time temperature integrators for thermally processed milk
Authors: Claeys Wendie L , Van Loey Ann M , E Hendrickx Marc
Published: May 2003

In the context of identifying intrinsic time temperature integrators (TTIs) for evaluating thermal processing of milk, the possible influence of seasonal variation in milk composition on the applicability of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), lactulose and furosine for process impact assessment was studied. Hereto inactivation and formation kinetics of these indicators were analysed in milk samples collected over a one year period. Based on previous research (isothermal and non-isothermal heating conditions) it was assumed that thermal inactivation of ALP followed first order kinetics, and formation of HMF, lactulose and furosine could be described by pseudo-zero order kinetics. This allowed the use of a simplified experimental design to obtain the kinetic parameters. Based on 90% joint confidence regions, kinetic parameter values differed significantly between different batches of milk for all four indicators. Additionally, variable ALP activities and HMF concentrations were observed in the raw milk samples. Nevertheless, the observed differences did not seem to restrict the applicability of the selected TTIs as illustrated by the construction of temperature time tolerance (TTT-) diagrams. Through these diagrams, use of the TTIs implied an uncertainty of approximately 2°C between equivalent processes.
Catabolism of aromatic amino acids in cheese-related bacteria: aminotransferase and decarboxylase activities
Authors: Curtin Áine C , McSweeney Paul LH
Published: May 2003

Bacterial decarboxylases and aminotransferases may be involved in the production of flavour or off-flavour compounds from aromatic amino acids during cheese ripening. Transamination is one of the first steps in amino acid catabolism for both lactococci and lactobacilli (Gao et al. 1997; Klein et al. 2001). Biologically active amines, produced by decarboxylation, such as tyramine, phenylethylamine, tryptamine, histamine, cadaverine and putrescine, known as biogenic amines, have been found in cheese and can cause migraine and hypertension in susceptible consumers (McSweeney & Sousa, 2000).
Mechanisms of change in areal diffusion: new morphology and language contact
Authors: AIKHENVALD ALEXANDRA Y.
Published: May 2003

Borrowing, or diffusion, of grammatical categories in language contact is not a unitary process. In the linguistic area of the Vaupés in northwest Amazonia, several different mechanisms help create new contact-induced morphology. Languages which are in continuous contact belong to the genetically unrelated East-Tucanoan and Arawak families. There is a strong cultural inhibition against borrowing forms of any sort (grammatical or lexical). Language contact in the multilingual Vaupés linguistic area has resulted in the development of similar – though far from identical – grammatical structures. In Tariana, an Arawak language spoken in the area, reanalysis and reinterpretation of existing categories takes place when diffusion involves restructuring a pre-existing category for which there is a slot in the structure, such as case. A new grammatical category with no pre-existing slots may evolve via grammaticalization of a free morpheme – this is how aspect and aktionsart marking was developed. The development of a five-term tense-evidentiality paradigm involves a combination of strategies: reanalysis with reinterpretation accounts for the obligatory tense marking, and the history of visual, inferred and reported evidentials. The nonvisual evidential evolved via grammaticalization of a lexical verb while the most recent, assumed, evidential involves reanalysis and reinterpretation of an aspect marker and grammatical accommodation.
Co-occurrence restrictions on identical consonants in the Hebrew lexicon: are they due to similarity?
Authors: BERENT IRIS , SHIMRON JOSEPH
Published: May 2003

It is well known that Semitic languages restrict the co-occurrence of identical and homorganic consonants in the root. The IDENTITY HYPOTHESIS attributes this pattern to distinct constraints on identical and nonidentical homorganic consonants (e.g. McCarthy 1986, 1994). Conversely, the SIMILARITY HYPOTHESIS captures these restrictions in terms of a single monotonic ban on perceived similarity (Pierrehumbert 1993; Frisch, Broe & Pierrehumbert 1997). We compare these accounts by examining the acceptability of roots with identical and homorganic consonants at their end. If well-formedness is an inverse, monotonic function of similarity, then roots with identical (fully similar) consonants should be less acceptable than roots with homorganic (partially similar) consonants. Contrary to this prediction, Hebrew speakers prefer root final identity to homorganicity. Our results suggest that speakers encode long-distance identity among root radicals in a manner that is distinct from feature similarity.
On South American Indian languages: reply to Aikhenvald
Authors: CAMPBELL LYLE
Published: May 2003

My aim here is to clarify some misinterpretations in Aikhenvald's (2002) review of my book (Campbell 1997). It is an unusual review, written four years after the book appeared, and not so much a book review as a critique of one chapter, on South American languages; even here it concentrates only on languages of Amazonia.
Languages on Stage: Linguistic Pluralism and Community Formation in the
Nineteenth-Century Parsi Theatre
Authors: Hansen Kathryn
Published: May 2003

The Parsi theatre was the dominant form of dramatic entertainment in urban India from the 1860s to the 1930s. Named for its Bombay-based pioneers, the Parsi theatre blended certain European practices of stagecraft and commercial organization with Indic, Persian, and English stories, music, and poetry. Through the impact of its touring companies, it had a catalytic effect on the development of modern drama and regional theatre throughout South and Southeast Asia. Moreover, Parsi theatre is widely credited with contributing to popular Indian cinema its genres, aesthetic, and economic base. With Hindi films now the major cultural signifier for the middle classes and the ‘masses’ in South Asia and its diaspora, documentation and evaluation of the Parsi theatre is much needed, especially to connect it convincingly to the cinematic medium that followed.
J. G. Farrell's Indian Works: His Majesty's Subjects?
Authors: Goonetilleke D. C. R. A.
Published: May 2003

. . . There had always been some corner of the Empire where His Majesty's subjects were causing trouble . . .

J. G. Farrell, Troubles (London: Cape, 1990) p. 215.

J. G. Farrell has, in common with Paul Scott, an admiration for Joseph Conrad (obvious in their use of symbolism, topographical and otherwise), a fascination with the decline of Empire as a subject for fiction; a reputation that rests on a series of historical novels on this subject. Farrell died at the age of 44 whereas Paul Scott did so at 58; therefore it is not fair to compare their overall achievement. Yet it is necessary to observe that, whereas Scott portrayed one
country during a single short period in his major work, Farrell's view was global and spanned virtually a century,
lighting upon three important crises in three different countries during three different periods: Troubles (1970), set in the context of the Irish disturbances of 1919-21; The Siege of Krishnapur (1973), located during the 1857 ‘Mutiny’ in India; The Singapore Grip (1978), focusing on the period leading up to the surrender of Singapore to the Japanese during the Second World War, the first signal defeat of the might of the British Empire by an Asian power.
The Social Phobia Diagnostic Questionnaire: preliminary validation of a new self-report diagnostic measure of social phobia
Authors: NEWMAN M. G. , KACHIN K. E. , ZUELLIG A. R. , CONSTANTINO M. J. , CASHMAN-McGRATH L.
Published: May 2003

Background. The development and validation of the Social Phobia Diagnostic Questionnaire (SPDQ), a new self-report diagnostic instrument for social phobia is described in three separate studies.

Study 1. The participants were 125 undergraduates seeking help for an anxiety disorder of whom 60 had social phobia. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was conducted comparing SPDQ diagnoses and clinician-based Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule-IV (ADIS-IV) diagnoses of social phobia. Diagnoses made by the SPDQ showed an 85% specificity, an 82% sensitivity and kappa agreement with the ADIS-IV of 0·66.

Study 2. The participants were 462 undergraduates who completed the SPDQ and a battery of additional questionnaires. The SPDQ had good internal consistency (α=0·95), good split-half reliability (r=0·90) and strong convergent and discriminant validity.

Study 3. The participants were 145 undergraduates who completed the SPDQ at two time points separated by 2 weeks as well as several additional questionnaires. Scores on the SAD, FNE and SISST of SPDQ categorized undergraduates were also compared to scores on these measures from 35 clinical community participants to determine the clinical validity of the SPDQ. The SPDQ had strong 2-week test–retest reliability and good convergent and discriminant validity. Undergraduates diagnosed with social phobia by the SPDQ were not significantly different on the SAD, FNE and SISST from the socially phobic community sample, but both groups had significantly higher scores than undergraduates identified by the SPDQ as not meeting criteria for social phobia, demonstrating clinical validity of the SPDQ.

Conclusions. These three studies provide preliminary evidence of the strong psychometric properties of the SPDQ as a measure to identify socially phobic participants.
Nonlinear δf simulation studies of intense charged
particle beams with large temperature anisotropy
Authors: STARTSEV EDWARD A. , DAVIDSON RONALD C. , QIN HONG
Published: May 2003

This article extends previous numerical studies of the stability
properties of intense nonneutral charged particle beams with
large temperature anisotropy (T⊥b
>> T∥b) to allow for nonaxisymmetric
perturbations with ∂/∂θ ≠ 0. The most unstable modes
are identified, and their eigenfrequencies, radial mode structure,
and nonlinear dynamics are determined.
Low cost automation using INS/GPS data fusion for accurate positioning
Authors: Sasiadek J. Z. , Wang Q.
Published: May 2003

Low cost automation often requires accurate positioning. This happens whenever a vehicle or robotic manipulator is used to move materials, parts or minerals on the factory floor or outdoors. In last few years, such vehicles and devices are mostly autonomous. This paper presents the method of sensor fusion based on the Adaptive Fuzzy Kalman Filtering. This method has been applied to fuse position signals from the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Inertial Navigation System (INS) for the
autonomous mobile vehicles. The presented method has been validated in 3-D environment and is of particular importance for guidance, navigation, and control of mobile, autonomous vehicles. The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and the noise characteristic have been modified using the Fuzzy Logic Adaptive System and compared with the performance of regular EKF. It has been demonstrated that the Fuzzy Adaptive
Kalman Filter gives better results (more accurate) than the EKF. The presented method is suitable for real-time control and is relatively inexpensive. Also, it applies to fusion process with sensors different than INS or GPS.
Innovative control education using a low cost intelligent robot platform
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhuang Yan , Yun Wei-min
Published: May 2003

With the fast development of the control theory and engineering, robotics and
artificial intelligence have become the focus in the field of intelligent systems. But research in this field is based on a series of experiments and requires various robot platforms which are often unaffordable by the universities in developing countries. The intention of this paper is to present the idea of applying innovative control education and building a laboratory using low cost equipments. In this paper the architecture and control system of a new kind of low cost intelligent robot, “Ability Storm”, is introduced. It not only shows the technical aspect, but also illustrates the related applications in control education. The
versatility and effectiveness of this affordable intelligent robot platform are demonstrated through a number of experiments, including both basic laboratory experiments and other innovative project-oriented design, such as robot fire fighting, which clearly show the practicality and robustness of this cost-effective robot platform.
Telecontrol system based on the Smith predictor using the TCP/IP
protocol
Authors: Baigorria Luis A. , Postigo José F. , Mut Vicente A. , Carelli Ricardo O.
Published: May 2003

In this paper, development and implementation are presented of a client software package for remote process control. The proposed software is based on a client-server model under an Intranet architecture. The architecture is proposed for a telecontrol system of a real process, which includes the possibility of integrating I/O devices with data networks based on open protocols such as TCP/IP. This protocol allows the implementation of control systems using a low-cost alternative. Also, the Smith predictor is revised for remote control applications over an Ethernet network. Some experiences on a laboratory pasteurization plant are addressed to show both developed controllers and architecture performance.
Book reviews
Authors: Andrew Alex M.
Published: May 2003

2D OBJECT DETECTION AND RECOGNITION: MODELS, ALGORITHMS AND NETWORKS, by Yali Amit, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2002, xv + 306
pp., ISBN 0-262-01194-8 (Hbk, £26.95).
Path design of redundant flexible robot manipulators to reduce residual
vibration in the presence of obstacles
Authors: Park Kyung-Jo
Published: May 2003

A method is presented for generating the path that significantly reduces residual vibration of the redundant, flexible robot manipulator in the presence of obstacles. The desired path
is optimally designed so that the system completes the required move with minimum residual vibration, avoiding obstacles. The dynamic model and optimal path are effectively formulated and computed by using
a special moving coordinate, called VLCS, to represent the link flexibility. The path to be designed is developed by a combined Fourier series and polynomial function to satisfy both the convergence and boundary condition matching problems. The concept of correlation coefficients is used to select the minimum number of design variables. A planar three-link manipulator is used to evaluate this method. Results show that residual vibration can be drastically reduced by selecting an appropriate path, in the presence of obstacles.
Sceaf, Japheth and the origins of the Anglo-Saxons
Authors: Anlezark Daniel
Published: May 2003

The Anglo-Saxons' awareness of their cultural and racial affiliation with their
continental cousins is well attested, as is their interest in the earliest migrations
of their ancestors to the British Isles from the homelands of northern
Europe. The founding figures who led the migrations from Europe across the
North Sea had names which were preserved by oral tradition well into the
Christian period, and the names of these founders of Anglo-Saxon dynasties
entered the historical record when Christian missionaries introduced the technology
of writing among the Anglo-Saxons.
The Old English Bede and the construction of Anglo-Saxon authority
Authors: Discenza Nicole Guenther
Published: May 2003

The translator of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica faced a daunting task. His source text
had behind it the authority of a well-known, learned English saint, and a translation
of the work would inevitably be a step removed from that saint. How could
the translator convince the audience that his translation possessed authority?
Alfred's prefaces to his translations and Wærferth's preface to the Dialogues gain
the confidence of the readers or hearers through their explicit discussion of
motives and methods of translation. By contrast, the Old English Bede authorizes
itself not through any overt claims in an original preface but through strategic
translations of the Latin preface and of the text itself. The Alfredian
prefaces thus provide valuable points of comparison and contrast for the Old
English Bede. All the translations assert continuity between source text and translation
while replacing the source text in different ways. Alfred and Wærferth
reveal their identities as translators and make claims for their own authority while
the translator of the Old English Bede relies on the authority of Bede himself;
Alfred and Wærferth argue for the ability of Old English to render Latin, while
the translator of the Old English Bede simply provides a text in Old English.
The Bayeux ‘Tapestry’: invisible seams and visible boundaries
Authors: Owen-Crocker Gale R.
Published: May 2003

The embroidered hanging known as the Bayeux ‘Tapestry’ was an obvious candidate
for inclusion in an Anglo-Saxonists' conference titled ‘Imagined Endings,
Borders, Reigns, Millennia’. Almost certainly constructed in English workshops
for a Norman master, the ‘Tapestry’ illustrates a chronological period
that begins with the final years of Edward the Confessor's reign and ends with
the closing of the Anglo-Saxon era. The physical termination of the ‘Tapestry’
is missing, but this does not preclude the imagining of it, usually as a scene
showing the accession of William the Conqueror to the English throne, a new
reign and a new, Norman, era.
4. INTERPRETERS, INTERPRETING, AND THE STUDY OF BILINGUALISM
Authors: Valdés Guadalupe , Angelelli Claudia
Published: May 2003

In this chapter we present a brief overview of the literature on interpreting focused specifically on issues and questions raised by this literature about the nature of bilingualism in general. It is our position that research carried out on interpreting—while primarily produced with a professional audience in mind and concerned with improving the practice of interpreting—provides valuable insights about complex aspects of language contact that have not been thoroughly addressed by the existing literature on bilingualism. Examination of the literature emphasizing a category of bilinguals, who have been referred to as “true” bilinguals (Thiery, 1978a, b), provides perspectives on both individual and societal bilingualism that can complement, and possibly refocus, some current views of the linguistic, psycholinguistic, and sociolinguistic characteristics of language contact. For applied linguists who study language minority populations around the world, the literature on interpreting suggests important new directions for research focusing on areas such as the process of high level development of two languages in diglossic contexts; the effects of instruction on the development of nonsocietal languages; the nature of language transfer; and the characteristics of communication between speakers of societal and nonsocietal languages.
Clearwater Garden: design research and collaboration
Authors: Wigglesworth Sarah , Wernick Jane
Published: May 2003

We were approached in late spring of 2000 by Americans Beth and Charles Miller. Committed to raising awareness of sustainable development and the problems of global water shortages, the Millers were keen to bring their message to one of the largest audiences possible, and they chose the Chelsea Flower Show, the showcase of world gardening, as the place to do it.
Digital canopy: high-end computation/low-tech construction
Authors: Shea Kristina
Published: May 2003

The design and construction of this canopy and landscape for a small courtyard [1] took the form of an adventure in digital design and low-tech construction. The installation was for the end of year party in June 2002 at the Academie van Bouwkunst in Amsterdam. The courtyard occupies a central space in the school adjacent to the main lecture hall and contains a historic cobblestone court [2]. One of the design team, Neil Leach, proposed that it should be transformed into an enchanted garden suggestive of Dutch greenhouses and Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream.
A recurring theme
Authors: THE EDITORS
Published: May 2003

Over the past year, one subject has dominated the Leader and Letters pages of each and every
issue of this journal – the UK Government's last Research Assessment Exercise (RAE).
This final number in our sixth volume is no exception. Sparked off by Philip Steadman and Bill
Hillier's RAE review in arq 6/3 (pp. 203–207), three remarkable letters
appear in this issue (pp. 292–293).
Three views on the RAE Design and the computer. RAE 1: a tool for fragmentation
Authors: Coyne Richard
Published: May 2003

I read with interest the detailed arguments presented by our colleagues at the Bartlett,
complaining of the treatment of architecture by Unit of Assessment (UoA) panel 33
(arq 6/3, pp203–207). We and our colleagues from other disciplines at the
University of Edinburgh were shocked at Architecture's Research Assessment Exercise
(RAE) result. We had been confident of at least a 4, but were awarded a 3a. We spent a
disappointing day with the architectural historian on the panel to ascertain how we could
have been so wrong in the internal estimation of our rating. I also had private discussions
with another architectural panel member. Those on the panel we spoke to seemed to know little
about our work. Our portfolios of refereed designs were not called for. It seems that our
groundbreaking books linking the history of engineering and architecture were too far removed
from what engineers usually do, and were not rated. Our books and articles on theories of
design and information technology seem to have been of no interest.