bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Reformation Potential of the Policy of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine in the Field of General Secondary Education (2000 – early 2005)
Authors:   The Institute of Pedagogy of the NAPS of Ukraine, Dichek Nataliia
Published: January 2021

Grounded on the historiographic analysis of legislative, documentary, scientific, sociological sources, carried out on the basis of systemic and interdisciplinary approaches, the deployment of state policy in the field of secondary general education in Ukraine is presented in chronotopic integrity. The subject of the research is the activities of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (within the chronological boundaries of 2000 – early 2005) as a representative and generator of the state policy in the field of school education development. The issue of analysis were the concepts of «reforming of education» as the development of a strategy for changes in the school policy of the state and the concept of «modernization of education» as the production and implementation of conceptually new tactical tasks aimed at the implementation of strategic plans. It is substantiated that the activities of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine in the period under study had an active reformatory character and became the second period of reforming the school educating sphere in the history of independent Ukraine. In our opinion, the first is the period of 1991-1993. The work of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine in 2000 – early 2005 years was aimed at implementing a new European integration strategy by means of radically modernized tactical steps (introducing and developing state standards of education, an individualized 12-point scale for assessing students' educational achievements, updating the content of the secondary education and ensuring its variability, the transition to a 12-year period of school education and gradual profile of the senior school, the producing of general educational concepts for the modernization of a secondary school, primarily in the aspect of its informatization and computerization, the purposeful formation of the civic qualities, an ecological worldview in children and youth), which corresponded to the realities of globalization processes. The European integration path of development of both the state itself and the education system was combined with the establishing the pedocentric paradigm in school education. At the same time, the reform activities of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine retained elements of rational continuity in developing of the previous modernization changes in the field of school education (increasing the number of schools with the Ukrainian language of learning, deepening the processes of individualization of education). The projects of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine during the period under the study also concerned the urgent educational and social aspects of school modernization – the beginning of the implementation of the «School Bus» program, the state «Teacher» program aimed at improving the social status of the teacher.
Diseño y transformaciones de la gobernanza electoral en Costa Rica
Authors: Picado León Hugo
Published: January 2021

Este trabajo describe el diseño de la gobernanza electoral en Costa Rica y señala las principales transformaciones que ha experimentado en la última década. En primer término se señalan las dimensiones elementales de la administración electoral. Luego se explican las particularidades del diseño electoral costarricense. Finalmente se describen los principales cambios contextuales y las adaptaciones experimentadas por la administración electoral en la última década. La administración electoral involucra un conjunto de interacciones, formales e informales, entre los agentes que participan en el proceso electivo, que incide en su diseño y en sus ulteriores transformaciones
El impacto de la justicia electoral sobre el sistema político brasileño
Authors: Fleischer David , Barreto Leonardo
Published: January 2021

En este artículo se describen los procedimientos y el desempeño del órgano de administración electoral de Brasil –TSE– después de su instalación definitiva en 1946, y la gestión de las elecciones antes de esa fecha. Este análisis pone de relieve el papel del TSE en la conciliación política durante períodos críticos, antes y después del golpe militar de 1964, durante la transición del régimen militar (1974-1985) y durante el período posterior a 1985. Los «perdedores» en las elecciones durante estas tres etapas nunca cuestionaron la legitimidad del sistema de gestión electoral. En varias ocasiones, el TSE implementó la modernización del proceso electoral para reducir la tutela sobre los votantes y mejorar la confianza en el sistema. Por último, desde 2002, el TSE viene practicando la «judicialización» de la política
Estrategias de campaña política: eslóganes y retóricas en elecciones para alcalde en Brasil
Authors: Souza Telles Helcimara de
Published: January 2021

El objetivo de este artículo es indagar cómo las estrategias de las campañas electorales televisivas constituyen un factor que influencia los resultados de una elección por sobre otros factores. Para ello, se analizarán las elecciones para alcalde realizadas en la ciudad de Salvador de Bahía, Brasil. Se examinarán los mensajes políticos definidos en los eslóganes de la coalición del candidato del oficialismo y de los oponentes para, a partir de ello, hacer inferencias respecto de las representaciones ideológicas, valorativas y las expectativas acerca del comportamiento del elector contenidas en los eslóganes
La violencia homicida en América Latina
Authors: Briceño-León Roberto
Published: January 2021

RESUMEN: El artículo analiza la situación de la violencia homicida en América Latina, cuál es su ubicación en la situación mundial de violencia y cuáles serían las posibles explicaciones para el lugar que ocupa. Utilizando la base de datos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud se clasifican las regiones por su tasa de homicidios y se ubica a América Latina como la región más violenta. Los países de América Latina son clasificados en cuatro grupos de acuerdo a la relación de su tasa de homicidios con la tasa media mundial y se caracterizan socialmente las víctimas.Para interpretar esa situación se relacionan con los niveles de urbanización y pobreza y se presentan los factores que pueden originar, fomentar y facilitar el incremento o disminución de los homicidios y su potencial utilidad en las políticas públicas.ABSTRACT: This article explores the situation of homicide violence in Latin America, its position within the worlds violence situation and the possible explanations for that position. Using the data bases of the World Health Organization, regions are classified by their homicide rates, which puts Latin America as the most violent region. Latin American countries are set in four groups according to the relation of their homicide rates with the world’s rate, and a social classification of victims is built. For interpreting this situation, those factors are put in relation with the levels of urbanization and poverty, and the possible causes of the increase or decrease of homicides are presented, as well as their potential utility for public policy making.
Presidencias latinoamericánas interrumpidas
Authors: Valenzuela Arturo
Published: January 2021

RESUMEN:Casi 25 años han pasado desde que América Latina inició lo que ha resultado ser la experiencia más completa y duradera que haya tenido con una democracia constitucional.Sin embargo, la euforia que acompañó al advenimiento de la democracia ha comenzado a decaer.Particularmente conflictiva es la continuidad del patrón de inestabilidad que afecta la gobernanza en los niveles más altos. En varios países, los presidentes han visto decaer los niveles de aprobación a su gestión mientras que los de los legisladores y líderes partidistas han decaído de manera aún más abrupta. Muchos presidentes han dejado el cargo dando como resultado un legado de esperanzas rotas e instituciones debilitadas, pero al menos lo han hecho acorde a lo previsto. Sin embargo, catorce presidentes no lo han hecho.ABSTRACT: Almost 25 years have passed since Latin America began what has turned out to be the fullest and most enduring experience it has ever had with constitutional democracy.Nonetheless, the euphoria that accompanied democracy’s rise has begun to wane. Particularly troubling is a continuing pattern of instability that affects governance at the highest levels. In country after country, presidents have seen their job-approval ratings plummet while those of legislators and party leaders have tumbled even more steeply. Many a president has left office trailing dashed hopes and enfeebled institutions, but at least has left according to schedule. Fourteen presidents, however, have not.
Las consecuencias sobre el régimen de las interrupciones presidenciales en América latina
Authors: Marsteintredet Leiv
Published: January 2021

RESUMEN: Este artículo trata el fenómeno de las interrupciones presidenciales durante la Tercera Ola de la democratización en América Latina. En este periodo ha habido 18 casos de esos tipos de interrupciones en la región. El artículo plantea que las interrupciones presidenciales demuestran que los regímenes presidenciales, contrariamente a los argumentos de Linz, son capaces de manejar conflictos políticos intensos mediante el uso de procedimientos flexibles y en algunos casos cuasiparlamentarios y que las interrupciones presidenciales constituyen formas nuevas de mantener al presidente responsable por sus acciones.ABSTRACT: This article deals with the phenomenon of presidential interruptions in democracies during the Third Wave in Latin America. During the Third Wave there have been eighteen cases of presidential interruptions in Latin America. The article argues that the presidential interruptions demonstrate that presidential regimes, contrary to Linz’s arguments, are capable of handling intense political conflicts through the use of flexible and in some cases quasi-parliamentary procedures, and that the presidential interruptions constitute new forms of holding presidents to account for their actions.
Instituciones, coaliciones callejeras e inestabilidad política: perspectivas teóricas sobre las crisis presidenciales
Authors: Pérez-Liñán Aníbal
Published: January 2021

RESUMEN: En las últimas dos décadas, trece presidentes electos han sido removidos del cargo en América Latina. ¿Cómo debemos conceptualizar este nuevo patrón de inestabilidad política y cómo explicarlo? En la primera sección de este artículo se identifican una serie de categorías (renuncia anticipada, juicio político y golpe legislativo) que permiten delimitar con mayor claridad al fenómeno de interés. En la segunda sección se presentan dos perspectivas analíticas para entender el origen de estas crisis (una institucional y otra basada en los movimientos sociales) y se explora el papel de otras causas remotas, como los factores económicos. La sección tercera presenta varios problemas en la identificación de las causas de las crisis y presenta un modelo empírico que sugiere que la protesta popular y las condiciones institucionales interactúan para definir el resultado del proceso político. En las conclusiones se exploran las consecuencias de estas crisis para la democracia y el presidencialismo.ABSTRACT: In the past two decades, thirteen elected presidents have been ousted in Latin America. How should we conceptualize this emerging pattern of political instability and how can we explain it? The first section of the paper identifies some categories (early resignation, impeachment, and legislative coup) that help us delimit the phenomenon of interest. The second section reviews two analytical perspectives that seek to explain the origins of recent crises (one emphasizing institutions and the other one based on social movements) and discusses the relevance  of more remote explanations such as economic conditions. The third section introduces some of the problems confronted by those trying to identify causes of political crises and presents an empirical model suggesting that popular protest and institutional conditions interact to determine the outcome of political processes. The conclusions explore the consequences of recent crises for democracy and presidentialism in the region.
Las preferencias ideológicas y políticas judiciales: un modelo actitudinal sobre el voto en el tribunal constitucional de ecuador
Authors: Basabe Serrano Santiago
Published: January 2021

RESUMEN: El estudio del comportamiento, dinámicas e interacciones de los jueces es un campo de la Ciencia Política que, a pesar de su fertilidad, ha sido analizado residualmente en América Latina. Frente a ello, este trabajo propone un modelo formal sobre el comportamiento de los vocales del Tribunal Constitucional de Ecuador (TC) a través del que se argumenta que las preferencias políticas de los jueces influyen en la dirección que asumen sus votos. Analizado en un amplio período de actividades del TC (1999-2003), y recurriendo a una base de datos de 441 observaciones, el modelo de regresión lineal produce resultados que verifican empíricamente la hipótesis propuesta. Recurriendo a una metodología múltiple, en la que destaca la construcción de un indicador independiente para medir la ubicación ideológica de los jueces, el trabajo concluye sugiriendo criterios a partir de los que se abona el terreno para la posterior exploración, no sólo del voto judicial sino también de las lógicas que conducen los procesos de toma de decisiones en cortes y tribunales de justicia.ABSTRACT: The study of the behavior, dynamic and interactions of the judges, is a field of the Political Science that, in spite of its fertility, has been analyzed residually in Latin America. As opposed to it, this work proposes an formal model of the behavior of the judges of the Constitutional Court of Ecuador (TC) in which is argued that the political preferences of the judges influence in the direction who assume their votes. Tested in an ample period of activities of the  TC (1999-2003), and resorting to a data base of 441 observations, the model of linear regression produces results that verify the propose explanatory hypothesis empirically. Resorting to a multiple methodology, in which it emphasizes the construction of an independent indicator to measure the ideological location of the judges, the work also concludes suggesting criteria from whom the land for the later exploration is paid, not only of the judicial vote but of the logics that the processes of decision making in courts of justice lead.
La desigualdad de la distribución de la renta en América Latina: situación, evolución y factores explicativos
Authors: Milanovic Branko , Muñoz De Bustillo Rafael
Published: January 2021

RESUMEN: El presente trabajo analiza el nivel de desigualdad en la distribución de la renta existente en América Latina a comienzos del siglo XXI así como su evolución en las últimas décadas, todo ello desde una perspectiva comparada tanto intracontinental (entre los distintos países de América Latina), como entre ésta y otras regiones del mundo. En segundo lugar se estudia cuál ha sido el comportamiento de la desigualdad en las últimas décadas. En tercer lugar se revisan los factores que están detrás de esa mayor desigualdad que hace de América Latina la región más desigual del mundo, prestando especial atención al modelo colonizador y al desigual acceso a la propiedad de la tierra consagrado por el mismo; a la desigualdad de acceso a la educación; al escaso papel redistribuidor del sector público y a factores demográficos. Por último se apuntan los potenciales efectos negativos que se derivan de este estado de cosas.ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the level of inequality in the rent distribution in Latin America at the beginning of the 21st century, as well as its evolution through the last decades, from a comparative intra-continental perspective (analyzing the different Latin American countries), and also comparing the region with others. In second place it studies the behavior of inequalitythrough the last decades. In third place, it revises the factors behind that inequality, since those factors make Latin America the most unequal region in the world, paying special attention to the colonization model and to the unequal access to land ownership, as well as to the unequal access to education, to the poor redistributing role of the public sector and to demographic factors. Lastly, it describes the potentially negative effects produced by this state of things.
Las relaciones entre equidad y crecimiento y la nueva agenda para América latina
Authors: Carrera Troyano Miguel , Antón José Ignacio
Published: January 2021

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los cambios ocurridos en la teoría económica acerca de las relaciones entre equidad y crecimiento y su influencia sobre las nuevas agendas propuestas para el desarrollo de América Latina. Para ello se parte de la elipsis de las cuestiones distributivas en las recomendaciones de política económica formuladas en las décadas de 1980 y 1990, comenzando por el Consenso de Washington. A continuación se presentan las propuestas teóricas (y los ejercicios empíricos realizados a partir de ellas) que analizan el nexo entre crecimiento y desigualdad y que ponen en cuestión la existencia de una «curva de Kuznets». También se exponen los distintos postulados sobre el efecto que la desigualdad tiene sobre el crecimiento económico y se abordan los cambios en la teoría del crecimiento y los resultados de los ejercicios empíricos que han llevado a la consolidación de una relación negativa entre desigualdad y crecimiento. Finalmente se analiza el impacto de estos cambios sobre las propuestas de política económica que se han realizado en los últimos años para renovar la agenda latinoamericana.ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to analyse the changes in economic theory regarding the relationship between equity and growth and their influence on the development agendas proposed for Latin America. We departed from the ellipsis of distributional issues in the advised economic policies formulated in the 80s and 90s, beginning with the Washington Consensus. Then, the theoretical proposals (and the corresponding empirical evidence) that analyse the nexus between growth and equity and that question the existence of the «Kuznets Curve» are presented.
Un reto de iberoamérica en el siglo XXI: la extensión de la cobertura de la seguridad social
Authors: Mesa-Lago Carmelo
Published: January 2021

RESUMEN: Analiza la disminución en la cobertura de los programas de pensiones y salud de la Seguridad Social iberoamericana, por dos causas: la transformación del mercado laboral (caída del sector formal cubierto y aumento de sector informal no cubierto), «unida a la flexibilización» en la contratación laboral, y el propio sistema de Seguridad Social que no se ha adaptado a dicha transformación. Estima tres tipos de cobertura: de la fuerza laboral por los sistemas de pensiones privados (antes y después de las reformas estructurales) y públicos; de la población total antes de las reformas de salud y a comienzos del actual decenio, y de las personas de la tercera edad por las pensiones; la cobertura menor de las mujeres y baja prioridad a los pobres son también examinadas. Las recomendaciones para extender la cobertura incluyen las prioridades de los organismos internacionales y sugerencias del autor.ABSTRACT: The article analyzes the problem of decline of the labor force and the total population by Social Security pensions and health care systems in Latin America, as a result of two causes: the labor market transformation (decline of the formal sector, covered, and expansion of the informal sector, uncovered), as well as the liberalization of labor hiring, and the social security system failure to adapt to such transformation. Three types of coverage are estimated: of the labor force by private pension systems (before and after structural reforms) and by public systems; of the total population before the health reforms and early in the current decade, and of the old-age population on pensions; the lower coverage of women and low priority to protect the poor are also studied. Recommendations to extend coverage include the priorities of international organizations and the author's own suggestions.
Compromiso cívico y participación ciudadana en México: una perspectiva nacional y regional
Authors: Espinoza Valle Víctor Alejandro
Published: January 2021

RESUMEN: La transición a la democracia en México no conoció rupturas ni pactos fundacionales, siendo conducida por una serie de reformas electorales. El sistema de partido hegemónico privilegió el intercambio corporativo entre gobierno y sociedad, lo que se tradujo en un histórico retraimiento de la participación ciudadana. La cultura política nacional evidencia un déficit en el compromiso cívico y en la participación electoral. En este trabajo se analizan los resultados de tres encuestas de cultura política aplicadas en 2001, 2003 y 2005 y que nos permiten avanzar en el entendimiento de las formas de participación y pertenencia ciudadana. La información posibilita desarrollar un análisis nacional y regional que muestra que la cultura cívica no sigue patrones homogéneos. Para lograr valorar en su justa dimensión el compromiso cívico y su traducción en participación plural, elementos básicos para avanzar en la dirección de la consolidación de la democracia mexicana, se requiere estudiar lo que sucede en las diferentes realidades estatales o locales.ABSTRACT: Mexico's transition to democracy did not experience a political crisis or was not a result of founding compromises. Its path was paved by a series of electoral reforms. The dominant party system gave preference to a corporativist exchange between government and society, a practice which explains the historical aloofness of citizen political participation. The national political culture reflects a deficit of civic responsibility and electoral participation. This study analyzes the results of three political culture surveys undertaken in the years 2001, 2003 and 2005. These surveys give us a better understanding of the various ways in which citizens belong to and participate in community and political organizations. The data facilitates a regional and national analysis which shows that the civic culture does not have homogeneous patterns throughout Mexico. In order to asses the civic involvement in their correct dimension and their materialization in plural political participation, necessary prerequisites for the advancement and consolidation of Mexican Democracy, one must study the course of events on this matter within the various local and state conditions.
Violencia y melodrama en la novela colombiana contemporánea
Authors: Segura Camila
Published: January 2021

RESUMEN: El artículo plantea las maneras en que algunas novelas colombianas contemporáneas de violencia utilizan diferentes elementos del modo melodramático para darle sentido a la violencia social y política colombiana. El contexto histórico del melodrama clásico se emparenta con el de la Colombia contemporánea en tanto que ambos períodos comparten un sentimiento generalizado de inestabilidad, inseguridad y ambigüedades morales. Así, el modo melodramático se presenta como un espacio en donde se intentan resolver las ansiedades que contagian a estos contextos al invocar legibilidad moral en un mundo en donde el mal se presenta como una fuerza real, irreducible y siempre amenazante. En narrativas sobre las diferentes facetas de la violencia colombiana, esta búsqueda de moralidad servirá para legitimar todo el ejercicio literario.ABSTRACT: The article describes the ways in which some contemporary Colombian novels use different elements of the melodramatic mode to make sense of the country’s social and political turmoil. The historical context of the classic melodrama is comparable to that of contemporary Colombia in that both periods share a generalized feeling of instability, insecurity, and moral ambiguity. The melodramatic mode constitutes a space that strives to resolve the anxieties plaguing these contexts by invoking moral legibility in a world where evil is a real, ineluctable force. In narratives that deal with the various facets of Colombian violence, this moral quest serves to legitimize the entire literary enterprise.
Intelectuales y poder en méxico
Authors: Palou Pedro Ángel
Published: January 2021

RESUMEN: El artículo comienza con un planteamiento teórico acerca de la figura del intelectual, de su posición dentro del tiempo histórico en el que vive y, específicamente, de su relación con el poder. A continuación se introduce en la particularidad del caso mexicano; para ello establece diversas etapas históricas y describe la situación y las características de los grupos o movimientos intelectuales sobresalientes en cada uno de esos períodos: la Colonia, la Independencia, el tiempo que media entre ésta y la restauración de la República, el Porfiriato, el México revolucionario, la postrevolución y la segunda mitad del siglo XX. El autor concluye con una reflexión acerca de las diversas posturas del poder frente a la cultura, y puntualiza la importancia de mantener vivo el ejercicio de la cultura como instrumento para resistir al poder.ABSTRACT: The article begins with a theoretical development about the intellectual figure, about his o her position within the historical time in which lives and, specially, about the relationship with power. Next, the particularities of the Mexican case are introduced. Different historical phases are established, the situation and characteristics of the most important intellectual’s groups or movements in each period (Colony, Independence, period between the last and the Republic restoration, the Porfiriato, the revolutionary Mexico, the post-revolution and the second half of the Twentieth Century) are described. The author finalized with a thought about the diverse perspectives of power regarding culture and emphasized the importance of keeping alive the exercise of culture as an instrument for resisting power.
Lo que fue ya no es y lo nuevo aún no toma forma: elecciones 2006 en perspectiva histórica
Authors: Raventós Vorst Ciska
Published: January 2021

RESUMEN: Este artículo analiza el proceso de cambio político que se inició en Costa Rica en 1998 y que aún no concluye, ubicándolo en el contexto de la historia política de la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Revisa luego las explicaciones que se han dado para el brusco quiebre en el comportamiento electoral de 1998, analiza la relación entre abstención y declive de los dos partidos tradicionales en el período 1998-2006 y se detiene a estudiar algunos rasgos del comportamiento electoral de los ciudadanos en el 2006. Concluye planteando una interpretación preliminar sobre el momento político en que se encuentra el país.ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the process of ongoing political change that has taken place in Costa Rica since 1998. It is analyzed in the context of the political history of the second half of the 20th century. This article reviews the explanations of the sudden shift in electoral behaviour in 1998, analyzes the relationship between electoral abstention and the decline of the two traditional parties between 1998 and 2006, and it studies some characteristics of voting behaviour in 2006. The paper concludes with a preliminary interpretation of the current political situation.
Anatomía del entusiasmo: la revolución como espectáculo de ideas
Authors: Rojas Rafael
Published: January 2021

RESUMEN: La Revolución Cubana, como evento ideológico de la izquierda latinoamericana, europea y estadounidense, representó un «espectáculo de ideas» para los intelectuales contemporáneos. El artículo explica cómo este acontecimiento histórico e ideológico marcó el pensamiento intelectual de algunos autores de la época, para lo cual se fundamenta en sus obras escritas sobre la isla. La crítica al régimen opresor es identificada por el autor en textos que en un momento apoyaban la Revolución en algún sentido, el artículo muestra el análisis desde la perspectiva de la descolonización y el subdesarrollo, donde hace latente este antagonismo en las opiniones intelectuales estudiadas.ABSTRACT: The Cuban revolution, as an ideological event from the Latin American, European and American left, represented a «show of ideas» for the contemporary intellectuals. The article explains how this historic and ideological situation made an impact on the intellectual thinking of some authors in the period. This is based on their writings about the island. The criticism to the oppressor regime is identified by the author in texts that sometimes supported the revolution in any way. The article shows the analysis from the decolonization and the underdevelopment perspective in which it becomes latent this antagonism in the studied intellectual opinions.
Novel in vitro and in vivo anti-Helicobacter pylori effects of pomegranate peel ethanol extract
Authors: Mayyas Amal , Abu-Sini Mohammad , Amr Rula , Akasheh Rand T. , Zalloum Waleed , Khdair Ayman , Hamad Islam , Aburjai Talal , Darwish Rula M. , Abu-Qatouseh Luay
Published: January 2021

Background and Aim: Interest in plants with antimicrobial properties has been revived due to emerging problems associated with using antibiotics to eradicate Helicobacter pylori. Accordingly, this study aims to assess the antibacterial effects of Punica granatum and the possible synergistic effect of its extract along with metronidazole against H. pylori.

Materials and Methods: Pomegranate peel ethanol extracts (PPEE) was tested against a control strain of H. pylori (NCTC 11916) in vitro and in vivo in female Wistar rats. Moreover, the synergistic effect of PPEE in combination with metronidazole was tested in vitro.

Results: The PPEE exhibited a remarkable activity against H. pylori with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.156 mg/mL. Furthermore, the extract exhibited a pronounced urease inhibitory activity (IC50 ∼6 mg/mL) against the tested strain. A synergistic effect between PPEE and metronidazole was also observed (fractional inhibitory concentrations <0.5). Oral treatment of rats with PPEE for 8 days produced a significant reduction in H. pylori gastritis and a significant decrease in both lymphocytic and positive chronicity.

Conclusion: Pomegranate extract is probably safe and represents a potential alternative and complementary therapy for reducing H. pylori associated with gastric ulcers.
SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN THE CONTENT OF METABOLITES IN LICENSES OF CETRARIA LAEVIGATA AND FLAVOCETRARIA CUCULLATA
Authors: Prokopyev Il'ya Andreyevich , Sleptsov Igor' Vital'yevich , Poryadina Lena Nikolayevna , Rozhina Sakhayana Mikhaylovna
Published: January 2021

Metabolic profiles of lichens Flavocetraria cucullata and Cetraria laevigata were obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, samples of which were taken monthly throughout the year in a pine-lingonberry forest in Central Yakutia. In the obtained metabolic profiles of the studied lichens, 77 metabolites were identified, of which 44 were identified. Among them, 5 polyols, 8 mono- and disaccharides, 8 amino acids, 8 carboxylic acids, 5 fatty acids. On the obtained statistical models, it was shown that the metabolomes of the studied lichens collected from June to August (climatic summer) differed from the samples taken from October to April (climatic winter). It was revealed that in the summer period the accumulation rate of polyols, hydroxyproline and sucrose increased, which is associated, on the one hand, with the activation of photosynthetic processes, and, on the other hand, with resistance to dehydration. While during the climatic winter, an increased accumulation of unsaturated fatty acids and glycerol was observed, which is probably due to the protective functions of these compounds when exposed to low temperatures.
FLAVONOIDS AND PHENILPROPANOIDS OF THE ABOVE GROUND ORGANS OF THE BUPLEURUM MUL-TINERVE DC. OF THE FLORA OF THE BAIKAL REGION
Authors: Mirovich Vera Mikhaylovna , Olennikov Daniil Nikolayevich , Petukhova Svetlana Andreyevna , Posokhina Alina Alekseevna
Published: January 2021

A study of the flavonoids and phenylpropanoids of the aerial organs of Bupleurum multinerve was carried out. Samples of raw materials were collected in the Baikal region in the vicinity of. Verkholensk, Irkutsk region. The raw materials were collected during the flowering period in 2019 in the herb-grass association. For analysis, raw materials were extracted with 70% ethyl alcohol in an ultrasonic bath for 30 minutes, followed by centrifugation of the extract. Compounds were identified by the UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS method in comparison with standard samples. In the aerial organs of B. multinerve, 15 compounds were identified (8 flavonoids and 7 phenylpropanoids). Flavonoids B. multinerve are derivatives of quercetin, kempferol, isoramnetin; phenylpropanoids – esters of quinic acid with coffee, ferulic, coumaric. The contents of B. multinerve compounds were first established: quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, kempferol-3-O-glucoside (astragaline), 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, 5-O-feruloylquinic acid, 3-O-feruloylquinic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid; 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid. The quantitative content of glycosides of flavonoids isoramnetin-3-O-rutinoside (narcissin) 20.74 mg/g, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin) 19.53 mg/g, quercetin-3 was determined by MK-HPLC-UV in the aerial organs of B. multinerve -O-glucoside (isocvercitrin) 2.24 mg/g, camperol-3-O-glucoside (astragaline) 0.39 mg/g, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide 0.25 mg/g; quercetin flavonoid aglycones 0.43 mg/g; isoramnetin 0.53 mg/g; the predominant phenylpropanoids were 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid 6.60 mg/g, 3,5-di-O-caffeylquinic acid 1.58 mg/g. The total content of identified flavonoids was 44.97 mg/g, phenylpropanoids 9.53 mg/g.
FLUID FLOW BODIES FOR THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
Authors: Alashkevich Yuriy Davidovich , Lur'e Mikhail Semenovich , Lur'e Ol'ga Mikhaylovna , Frolov Aleksandr Sergeyevich
Published: January 2021

The question of the use of vortex flowmeters with different versions of the flow body (TO) under operating conditions on the technological lines of pulp and paper production is considered.

It is shown that when using different TO in vortex flowmeters, an error occurs in the working range of speeds (flow rates). The observed error arises due to a change in the Strouhal number (Sh) and is associated with the measurement method. In this case, the Strouhal number begins to depend not only on the TO used as a vortex generator, but also on the flow velocity and the concentration of the fibrous suspension. As the main comparative factor for the investigated TOs, the force action on the sensitive element (flexible electrode) located inside the TO was taken.

The study was carried out in several stages using numerical modeling and experimental design method. According to the results of a numerical study, the dependence of the Strouhal number (Sh) on the flow rate (V) and the concentration of the suspension (c) is presented.

In a comparative analysis of the deviation of the Strouhal number from the average values, it was revealed that MOT No. 1 has a minimal effect on the concentration of the suspension in the working range of flow rates (± 0.5%). This circumstance makes it possible to verify and test flow meters with such maintenance in conventional pouring installations.

The analysis of the maintenance with respect to the signal-to-noise ratio shows that the purest signal is generated by the cylindrical maintenance (maintenance No. 3), and maintenance No. 2 and No. 1 have noticeably large noise. The differences are explained by the absence on the surface of a cylindrical TO of extra protrusions, faces, which leads to a smoother flow of a suspension around its surface, as well as to a decrease in internal spurious noise.
SOLID-STATE 13C NMR SPECTROSCOPY IN POLYSACCHARIDE ANALYSIS
Authors: Kostryukov Sergey Gennad'yevich , Petrov Pavel Sergeyevich
Published: January 2021

Polysaccharides are high molecular weight compounds represented by long linear and/or branched chains of monosaccharide residues linked by a glycosidic bond. Currently, there is a huge and rapidly-growing interest in the chemistry of polysaccharides due to their widespread use in various spheres of human life. The study of polysaccharide structure is a complex and non-trivial task, and in this area solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy are widely applied in recent years. The review analyzes the possibilities of solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy for the study of polysaccharides and natural objects containing polysaccharides. The evolution of 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy methods is shown with the main focus on the usage of the cross-polarization (CP) technique based on rotating the sample under the magic angle (MAS), since in this case the spectra are obtained without artifacts signals and with the best signal-to-noise ratio and high resolution. The review focuses on cellulose as the most widespread polysaccharide, in addition, the applicability of CP-MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy for the study of other polysaccharides, as well as plant materials, is considered. The represented examples clearly show that CP-MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy is the most powerful experimental method that allows to obtain information on both the composition and structure of polysaccharides, as well as the composition of various plant materials. Moreover, the combination of available equipment and various techniques of solid-state 13C NMR experiment will contribute to the progress of further research in the chemistry of polysaccharides and their derivatives.
ISOLATION AND STUDY OF PROANTHOCYANIDINS FROM BARK OF PINE PÍNUS SYLVÉSTRIS L.
Authors: Levdansky Vladimir Aleksandrovich , Korol'kova Irina Vladimirovna , Levdanskiy Aleksandr Vladimirovich , Kuznetsov Boris Nikolayevich
Published: January 2021

The isolation of proanthocyanidins from bark of Scotch pine Pínus sylvéstris L. by water and water-alcohol solutions containing 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% ethanol was studied for the first time. Isolation of proanthocyanidins was carried out from the initial and deresinified (extracted with hexane) pine bark. It was shown that, compared with water extraction, the use of 15–25% aqueous ethanol solutions allows one to increase the yield of proanthocyanidins from 0.44 to 0.63%. It was established that the preliminary extraction of resinous substances from the pine bark does not significantly affect the yield of proanthocyanidins. It was shown that an increase in ethanol concentration of more than 20% in the extraction solution leads to an increase in the total yield of extractives, while the yield of proanthocyanidins does not increase. A study of proanthocyanidins by UV spectroscopy after their conversion to red anthocyanidins showed that they mainly consist of procyanidin and prodelphinidine in close concentrations. The composition of the obtained proanthocyanidins mixtures was studied by IR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. It was shown that the proanthocyanidins obtained from the bark of pine Pínus sylvéstris L., in contrast to isolated from other pine species, contains gallic acid residues which can increase their antiradical activity.
PREPARATION OF WOOD FIBER SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS IN KNIFE MACHINES OF VARIOUS MODIFICA-TION
Authors: Chistova Natal'ya Geral'dovna , Matygulina Venera Nurullovna , Alashkevich Yuri Davydovich
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we consider the results of a study of the influence of the design and technological parameters of grinding machines of various modifications on the quality of wood pulp.

According to the results of processing multifactor experiments implemented according to the second-order B-plan, a mathematical description was obtained of the dependence of the degree of grinding of pulp on the gap between the grinding disks, wear of the segments, the rotational speed of the lower screw and the concentration of pulp. The obtained regression models are adequate to the process and can be applied in practice for predicting the qualitative characteristics of wood pulp depending on the parameters of the grinding process.

Analyzing the obtained experimental data, it can be noted that such factors as the state of the surfaces of grinding disks, the gap between them and the concentration of wood fiber have the greatest influence on the degree of grinding of the mass. Evaluation of graphical dependencies allows you to determine the extent to which you can vary the operating and design parameters of the grinding process to obtain wood fiber with the required grinding quality.
DEPENDENCE OF STRENGTH OF FIBERBOARDS FROM TERMS OF PREPARATION OF WOOD FIBER SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS
Authors: Matygulina Venera Nurullovna , Chistova Natalya Geraldovna , Vititnev Alexander Yuryevich
Published: January 2021

Despite the reduced demand for fiber boards, research related to their manufacture is relevant, since the production of wood-based materials significantly contributes to solving the problem of the integrated use of wood raw materials.

The paper presents the results of experimental studies reflecting the dependence of the strength characteristics of dry and wet wood fiber boards on the structural and technological parameters of grinding plants of various modifications. The experiments were carried out in laboratory facilities and in the production environment on existing industrial equipment. Based on the results of processing multifactor experiments implemented in a second-order B plan, a mathematical description was obtained of the dependence of the tensile strength during static bending of solid wood fiber boards of the dry and wet production method on the gap between the grinding disks, wear of the segments and the concentration of wood fiber mass. The obtained regression models are adequate to the process and can be applied in practice to predict the strength characteristics of fiberboards depending on the parameters of the grinding process.

As a result of the analysis of the calculated and graphical dependences obtained on the basis of studies in the production environment on the existing equipment, it is possible to determine what parameters on the grinding equipment must be set in order to obtain the necessary physical and mechanical properties of the fiberboard.
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BIOCONVERSION OF POST-EXTRACTION BIOMASS AND CELL CULTURE ORTHILIA SECUNDA (L.) HOUSE WITH BASIDIOMYCETES
Authors: Koh Zhanna Aleksandrovna , Litovka Yuliya Aleksandrovna , Enazarov Rustam Khamidzhanovich , Makolova Polina Vasil'yevna , Shimova Yuliya Sergeyevna , Pochekutov Ivan Sergeyevich , Pavlov Igor' Nikolayevich
Published: January 2021

The possibility of bioconversion after the extraction residue of the medicinal plant Orthilia secunda (initial plant biomass and callus after extraction of biologically active substances) by fast growing strains of basidiomycetes Tv2-16K Trametes versicolor and Pe-17T Pleurotus eryngii was studied. The main target products are: a mycelial-plant product with a reduced content of the indigestible fraction and enriched in protein and full-fledged fruit bodies. Fungi colonize plant waste with a radial growth rate of 2.0–2.3 mm / day and a growth rate of 65–77 units. Phenol oxidase activity is 0.7–1.2 units/g·s, depending on the type after the extraction residue. In substrates after biodegradation, the proportion of difficult hydrolysable polysaccharides, easily hydrolysable polysaccharides, and lignin is on average 1.6 times lower than in the original substrate. The content of protein and extractive substances is significantly higher, especially after the extraction residue of O. secunda callus under the influence of the T. versicolor strain Tv2-16K: 12.8 and 24.3%, respectively, of the mass of dry substrate. Fruit bodies of P. eryngii strain Pe-17T were obtained on various compositions of plant substrates. The maximum fruit formation was noted on four-component substrates containing two types after extraction residues of O. secunda, wheat bran, birch or aspen sawdust: the average weight of fruit bodies from one block was 230–236 g; biological efficiency – 46–47.2%.
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF THE SIBERIAN STRAINS OF BASIDIOMYCETES – PRODUCERS OF LIG-NOLYTIC AND CELLULOLYTIC ENZYMES
Authors: Litovka Yuliya Aleksandrovna , Pavlov Igor' Nikolayevich , Makolova Polina Vasil'yevna , Timofeev Anton Alekseyevich , Litvinova Ekaterina Alekseyevna , Vasil'eva Anastasiya Aleksandrovna , Shabanov Aleksandr Vasil'yevich
Published: January 2021

The results of a study of the wood-destroying properties of Siberian strains of xylotrophic basidiomycetes (Armillaria, Ganoderma, Fomitopsis, Heterobasidion and Porodaedalea) are presented. The growth parameters and enzymatic activity of the strains were determined during solid-phase and deep cultivation. Fomitopsis pinicola and Ganoderma lucidum are fast-growing fungi on cellulose-, tannin-containing nutrient media, coniferous and deciduous plant substrates (source and hydrodynamically activated). The growth coefficient on media with tannin and Na-carboxymethyl cellulose is more than 45; on plant substrates - more than 30. The strains exhibit a different growth reaction to the preliminary activation of birch sawdust (growth acceleration / growth slowdown / indifference). The maximum wood-destroying activity on wood of A. sibirica noted for the fungi A. borealis, G. tsugae, G. lucidum, F. pinicola, and P. niemelaei. The decrease in substrate mass was 8–11%; the amount of polysaccharides decreased on average 1.4 times mainly due to the fermentolysis of hard-hydrolyzable polysaccharides. High enzymatic activity of fungi observed during solid-phase and deep cultivation with an inducer. The maximum activity of phenol oxidase is characteristic of G. tsugae (1.21 units/g·s); carboxymethyl cellulase – for F.pinicola and G. lucidum strains (11.8 and 10.3 units/ml, respectively); xylanases – for H. abietinum (3.8 u/ml). The maximum accumulation of extracellular protein observed in F. pinicola (0.89 mg/ml). According to the totality of rapid test indicators, quantitative determination of enzymatic activity, growth parameters on lignocellulosic substrates and the degree of wood bioconversion, the most promising producer of lignolytic enzymes in vitro is the Gl4-16A Ganoderma lucidum strain; cellulolytic enzymes – strain Fp6-17 Fomitopsis pinicola.
TECHNOLOGY OF PLANT RAW MATERIALS MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCESSING WITH PLEUROTUS STRAINS FOR FEED PRODUCTS PRODUCTION
Authors: Tarnopol’skaya Veronika Valentinovna , Ryazanova Tat'yana Vasil'yevna , Demidenko Natal'ya Yur'yevna , Eryomenko Oksana Nikolayevna
Published: January 2021

A technology for pilot production of feed products via microbiological conversion of plant raw materials (mixed substrate of pine sawdust and vegetative part of Jerusalem artichoke) by Plerotus ostreatus PO-4.1 and Pleurotus djamor PD-3.2 strains is developed. The technology includes hydrodynamic activation of substrate at the seed stock production stage. The overall technology includes three key stages: submerged fermentation of pure cultures of production strains; submerged-solid phase fermentation of hydrodynamicly activated plant raw materials for seed stock production; solid-state fermentation of mechanically ground plant substrate for feed products production. A successful approbation of submerged-solid state fermentation of production strains on media containing 3% of hydrodynamicly activated raw materials allowed for obtaining seed stock with 14.5 g/l yield of submerged mycelium biomass fully adopted for this type of substrate. Further use of this seed stock biomass at the solid state fermentation stage makes the overall process duration three times shorter compared to existing technologies for direct wood waste bioconversion. The pilot plant results show valuable practicability of plant raw material hydrodynamic activation with the purpose of enhancing its bioaccessibility with consequent increase in degree of microbiological conversion. The product of bioconversion contains 14–16% of protein, biofiber, vitamins and minerals and could be considered for successful use as feed by agricultural enterprises.