bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medullary structure differences in Gelidium and Pterocladia (Gelidiales, Rhodophyceae): Taxonomic meaning
Authors: Rodriguez Dení , Santelices Bernabé
Published: February 2006

Study of the apical portions of vegetative thalli of 21 species of the genera Gelidium and Pterocladia (Gelidiales‐Rhodophyta) revealed the existence of six patterns of medullary structure. Each pattern is characterized by the organization of the medullary tissue and the changes in cellular dimensions from apex to subapex. These characters can be used to separate groups of species within each genus.
A re‐examination of the morphology, ultrastructure and classification of genera in the Lemaneaceae (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Sheath Robert G. , Müller Kirsten M. , Vis Morgan L. , Entwisle Timothy J.
Published: February 2006

Vegetative and reproductive morphology and ultrastructure were examined for the three genera of the freshwater red algal family Lemaneaceae: Lemanea (two species, seven populations), Paralemanea (two species, three populations) and Psilosiphon (one species, one population). Psilosiphon is readily distinguished from the other two genera in having an outer cortex composed of well‐defined filaments interconnected with a dense medulla (both cell types being little vacuolated), spores cleaving off obliquely, putative spermatangia scattered on the thallus surface and reproduction by adventitious filaments. Based on the distinctness of this genus (and corroborated by molecular phylogenies in preparation), a new family is described, the Psilosiphonaceae. Lemanea and Paralemanea appear to be closely related, with an outer cortex that has cells of increasing size and vacuolation from the periphery to the interior and not in obvious rows, a central lumen that contains few ray cells but no medullary filaments, sexual reproduction with spermatangia in distinct clusters, and carpospores in chains, some of which can germinate in the thallus lumen. Lemanea and Paralemanea have distinguishing characteristics that the other genus does not: for Lemanea, hair cells, ray cells abutting the outer cortex and spermatangia in patches; for Paralemanea, no hair cells or ray cells appressed to the outer cortex, inner cortical filaments surrounding the central axis and spermatangia in rings.
Typification of species of Codium (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) described by Okamura
Authors: Silva Paul C. , Yoshida Tadao , Shimada Satoshi
Published: February 2006

Type specimens of six species of Codium described by Okamura are illustrated, including the holotype of Codium barbatum and lectotypes of Codium coactum, Codium intricatum, Codium pugniforme, Codium saccatum, and Codium subtubulosum. All species are currently recognized except C. pugniforme, which is indistinguishable from the previously described Codium spongiosum Harvey, Codium subtubulosum was abandoned by Okamura in favor of the previously described Codium divaricatum Holmes, but because of the prior existence of C. divaricatum (C. Agardh) Biasoletto, C. subtubulosum is the correct name for this species.
Effects of light photon flux density and spectral quality on photosynthesis and respiration in Porphyra yezoensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Zhang Xuecheng , Brammer Eric , Pedersén Marianne , Fei Xiuging
Published: February 2006

A comparative study on the effects of photon flux density and spectral quality on photosynthesis and respiration in the marine red alga Porphyra yezoensis Ueda was conducted using a light dispenser. Results showed that the photosynthetic response, expressed in light utilization efficiency (LUE) for preselected wave bands of photosynthetically active radiation, could be ranked as follows: white > green > red > blue. Differences in LUE were also found between conchocelis and gametophyte stages and different strains of the alga. Pre‐illumination light compensation, post‐illumination light compensation, light saturation, respiration and photorespiration were also measured and compared. The relationships between light exposure, photosynthetic capacity, and the natural environmental conditions are discussed.
Microhabitat and plant structure of Batrachospermum (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta) populations in four streams of São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil
Authors: Necchi Orlando
Published: February 2006

Microhabitat and plant structure of seven Batrachospermum populations (four of Batrachospermum delicatulum (=Sirodotia delicatula), one of Batrachospermum macrosporum and two of the ‘Chantransia’ stage), including the influence of physical variables (current velocity, depth, irradiance and substratum), were investigated in four streams of São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. The populations of B. delicatulum and the ‘Chantransia’ stage occurred under very diverse microhabitat conditions, which probably contributes to their wide spatial and seasonal distribution in Brazilian streams. Results suggest branch reconfiguration as a probable mechanism of adaptation to current velocity based on the occurrence of: (i) B. macrosporum (a large mucilaginous form with presumably little ability for branch reconfiguration) under lower current velocity than B. delicatulum; (ii) only dense plants in populations with high current velocities (> 60 cm s−1), whereas 53–77% of dense plants were seen in populations exposed to lower currents (< 40 cm s−1); (iii) positive correlations of plant length with internode length in populations under low current velocities and negative correlation in a population with high velocity (132 cm s−1); and (iv) negative correlations of current velocity with plant diameter and internode length in a population under high flow. This study, involving mainly dioecious populations, revealed that B. delicatulum displayed higher fertilization rates than B. macrosporum. A complementary explanation for a dioecious species to increase fertilization success was proposed consisting of outcrossing among intermingled male and female adjacent plants within an algal spot.
Natural populations of the Closterium ehrenbergii (Desmidiales, Chlorophyta) species complex in Nepal
Authors: Ichimura Terunobu
Published: February 2006

Several natural populations of the Closterium ehrenbergii Meneghini ex Ralfs species complex were collected in Nepal, in October–December 1982. Water temperature and pH were also recorded. Clonal isolates from these populations were identified to one of four mating groups (H, I, J and M) by test crossing with standard mating‐type strains of known mating groups. Groups H and M have smooth walled zygospores, while Groups I and J have scrobiculated zygospore walls. Several undetermined isolates were found in some population samples. In contrast to the previously reported population samples from Nepal, especially from dried soil samples, some of these populations appeared to be rather heavily loaded with mutations that are deleterious to the sexual cycle (i.e. sexual compatibility, zygospore formation and germination). By genetic analysis, a zygote maturation‐defective mutation (zym) was detected. One reason for such a heavy genetic load was suggested to be that most population samples had been maintained exclusively by asexual reproduction for a long period in large lakes and nearby ponds, or left‐over vegetative populations in paddy fields after other members entered into dormancy through sexual reproduction. The significance of studying such mutations at sexual gene loci is discussed in the light of speciation problems in microalgae.
Hidden deleterious genetic factors affecting post‐meiotic viability in zygospore progeny of a unicellular haplontic alga, mating group A of the Closterium ehrenbergii species complex (Chlorophyta)
Authors: Ichimura Terunobu
Published: February 2006

In a haplontic green alga, mating group A of the Closterium ehrenbergii Meneghini ex Ralfs species complex, viability of meiotic progeny was studied by isolating two gone cells from a single germinating zygospore. In F1 progeny of a cross between mating‐type plus M‐16‐4a and mating‐type minus M‐16‐4b, studied in six independent experiments, percentage survivals varied little from 86 to 96 with a mean of 93 ± 1.4 SE. In F2 progenies of crosses among eight mating‐type plus and eight mating‐type minus F1 clones of the M‐16‐4a · M‐16‐4b cross, percentage survival varied considerably from 24 to 100, with a mean of 70.8 ± 2.2. In B1 progenies of the above eight mating‐type plus F1 clones, survival values were significantly different between backcrosses to the recurrent M‐16‐4b (range = 32–83, mean ± SE = 58.3 ± 6.8) and backcrosses to a genetically unrelated mating‐type minus, R‐13‐20, (85–97, 92 ± 1.6). Also in B1 progenies of the above mating‐type minus F1 clones, survival values were significantly different between backcrosses to the recurrent M‐16‐4a (56–90, 68.3 ± 4,4) and backcrosses to a genetically unrelated mating‐type plus, R‐13‐131 (78–93, 86.1 ± 1.6). Clearly, viabilities of meiotic progeny differed considerably between outbreedings (M‐16‐4a × M‐16‐4b, and F, clones × R‐13‐20 or R‐13‐131) and inbreedings (F2 and F1 clones × M‐16‐4a, or M‐16‐4b). These data suggest the presence of hidden deleterious genetic factors that may reduce viability of zygospore progeny if inbred between a pair of wild‐type strains from the normally outbreeding mating group A of the C. ehrenbergii species complex.
Temperature responses of macroalgae from the tropical island Hainan (P.R. China)
Authors: Bischoff‐Bäsmann Bettina , Bartsch Inka , Xia Bangmei , Wiencke Christian
Published: February 2006

The temperature tolerances of 24 tropical macroalgae collected on Hainan Island (P.R. China) were investigated. For some isolates, growth response curves were also determined. The upper survival temperatures (USTs, 32–37°C) of these tropical west Pacific strains are similiar to those of tropical Atlantic species. With regard to their lower survival temperatures (LSTs) the species investigated show high variations: 12 species have LSTs between 16 and 7°C (Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) Lamx. var esperi J, Ag., Centroceras clavulatum (C. Ag) Mont., Falkenbergia hillebrandii (Bornet) Falkenberg, Gelidiopsis intricata (Ag.) Vickers, Halymenia maculata J. Ag., Hypnea cenomyce J. Ag., Hypnea spinella (C. Ag.) Kütz., Gracilaria changii (Xia et Abott) Abott, Chang et Xia, Dictyopteris repens (Okam.) Boerg., Laurencia cartilaginea Yamada, Gelidium pusillum (Stackh.) Le Jol., Laurencia sp.). Their LSTs and temperature requirements for growth (range: 15–30 °C, optimum: 25–30 °C) are mostly similar to those of tropical west Atlantic and amphi‐Atlantic (sub)tropical macroalgae as well as to tropical isolates of species with an Atlantic tropical to warm‐temperate distribution. The remaining 12 species have LSTs between 6 and 1 °C (Ulva conglobata Kjellm., Ulva fasciata Delile, Padina boryana Thivy, Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (Forssk.) Boerg., Boodlea composita (Harv.) Brand, Boergesenia forbesii (Harv.) Feldm., Cladophora vagabunda (L.) van den Hoek, Enteromorpha compressa (L,) Grev., Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Link, Gracilaria tenuistipitata Chang et Xia, var liui Chang et Xia, Monostroma nitidum Wittr. and Valonia aegagropila C. Ag.). Their LSTs are mostly similar to those of Atlantic macroalgae with a tropical to (warm‐) temperate distribution. The results are discussed with respect to the factors which may have triggered the development of the temperature requirements of the various species.
Ultrastructure of carpogonia and carpogonial branches of Batrachospermum helminthosum and Batrachospermum involution (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Sheath Robert G. , Müller Kirsten M.
Published: February 2006

The carpogonial branches of Batrachospermum involutum of section Batrachospermum are similar in ultrastructure to nearby fascicles, having uninucleate cells with abundant starch granules and several peripheral, well‐developed chloropiasts (up to 10 μm long). In contrast, the short carpogonial branch cells of Batrachospermum helminthosum (section Virescentia) have no visible starch and chloropiasts are reduced in size (up to 2 μm long) with few thylakoids. The breakdown of cross walls among cells of the carpogonial branch is also common in B. helminthosum but does not occur in B. involutum. As a result of cross wall breakdown in the former species, 2‐7 nuclei can occur in a continuous cytoplasm. Trichogynes in both species contain scattered mitochondria, vesicles/small vacuoles, osmiophilic globules, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and small chloropiasts. Polylamellate structures also occur in the trichogyne in B. involution. The carpogonial base was fully observed only in B. involutum and it contains a prominent nucleus, ER, chloropiasts and a pit plug connecting it to the subtending carpogonial branch cell. Partial observations of carpogonial branches and carpogonia were made on four other members of the family Batrachospermaceae.
Morphology and life history of Coelocladia arctica (Dictyosiphonales, Phaeophyceae), new to Japan*
Authors: Kawai Hiroshi
Published: February 2006

The occurrence of Coelocladia arctica Rosenvinge (Dictyosiphonales, Phaeophyceae) is reported for the first time in the Pacific Ocean, from Oshoro, Hokkaido, Japan. The field material was approximately 30 mm in height, up to 300 M‐μn in diameter, 2‐3 times irregularly branched and provided with phaeophycean hairs and plurilocular sporangia. The thallus was composed of several (usually four) large, hyaline, rounded, isodiametric inner cells, with smaller sub‐cortical and pigmented cortical cells. The plurilocular sporangia were 3‐4 celled, often branched, and protruded from the cortical cells, arranged in a crown‐shaped complex. In culture, the plurispores germinated unipolarly leaving an emptied original spore wall, and developed into a branched protonema. Cells of the protonema as well as the erect thallus contained several disc‐shaped chloroplasts with pyrenoids. Uniseriate erect filaments arose from the protonema, then became polystichous and formed branches. Unilocular sporangia were never observed in the field or in cultured material. Erect thalli were formed under culture conditions of 5‐15°C, and developed a thick parenchyma at 5‐10°C, irrespective of the day length.
Cytomorphogenesis in cenocytic green algae. V. Segregative cell division and cortical microtubules in Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (Siphonocladales, Chlorophyceae)*
Authors: Okuda Kazuo , Mine Ichiro , Morinaga Takeshi , Kuwaki Norie
Published: February 2006

Disassembly and reassembly of cortical microtubules (MT) during and after segregative cell division (SCO) in Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (Forssk.) Børgesen were observed using fluorescence microscopy. Parallel cortical MT in a mother cell were intact just after the initiation of SCD, but soon circular, MT‐free patches appeared. Protoplasmic contraction enlarged the patches, and in these areas, the protoplasm eventually became perforated. Long and undulating cortical MT were arranged densely in the reticulate protoplasm. During further protoplasmic contraction, cortical MT appeared to be random and decreased in density. Finally, short and random cortical MT were present in the segregated protoplasts. Parallel cortical MT reassembled in the expanding daughter cells. After the daughter cells came in contact with one another, a radial system of cortical MT was constructed at the side that faced the inside of the mother cell wall. A microtubule inhibitor (amiprophos methyl, APM) had no effect on SCO. Segregative cell division was not induced directly by mechanical wounding. A comparison between SCO and wound‐induced protoplasmic contraction was made.
The life history of Ahnfeltiopsis paradoxa (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) in laboratory culture
Authors: Masuda Michio , Shimizu Tetsu , Kogame Kazuhiro
Published: February 2006

The life history of the red alga Ahnfeltiopsis paradoxa (Suringar) Masuda (Phyllophoraceae, Gigartinales) from Japan was completed in laboratory culture. Carpospores isolated from field‐collected plants germinated to form circular crusts that were composed of a monostromatic hypothallium consisting of radiating filaments, a polystromatic perithallium consisting of tightly coalescent erect filaments, and hypobasal tissue derived from the hypothallium. The crusts were induced to sporulate by transferring them from short‐day to long‐day regimes at 15° and 2°C. Each crust produced several nemathecia along 1‐4 concentric rings. Intercalary, cruciately or decussately divided tetrasporangia were formed in 4‐6 (1‐2 at the margin of the nemathecium) successive cells of a single filament of the nemathecia. Tetraspore germlings gave rise to basal discs from which upright axes developed. The upright axes first grew without branches or were sparsely branched and later bore many marginal reproductive proliferations. Procarps and spermatangia were formed in the proliferations on different individuals. Carposporophytes developed on female plants that were co‐cultured with male plants. Gonimoblast filaments were formed from an auxiliary cell that fused with a carpogonium. Carposporangia developed from gonimoblast filaments and medullary cells contacted by the gonimoblast filaments. Carpospores were discharged through carpostomes formed in the thickened cortex. Tetraspores were cultured from field‐collected crusts of a morphology similar to that of cultured tetrasporophytes. They gave rise to upright gametophytic axes similar in morphology to this species as seen in the field.
Occurrence of jasmonic acid in Dunaliella (Dunaliellales, Chlorophyta)
Authors: Fujii Shuhei , Yamamoto Ryoichi , Miyamoto Kensuke , Ueda Junichi
Published: February 2006

The occurrence of jasmonic acid and related compounds in Dunaliella species was investigated using gas‐liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GCY MS). Jasmonic acid was identified in the ethyl acetate soluble‐acidic fraction of Dunaliella tertiolecta and Dunaliella salina (Dunal) Teodoresco, The concentration of jasmonic acid in D. salina. which is extremely halophilic, was much higher than that in D. tertiolecta Butcher, These results indicate that jasmonic acid might play an important role in salt‐tolerance in Dunaliella.
The effect of irradiance and irradiation time on the size of initial cells in vegetative cell enlargement of Coscinodiscus wailesii (Centrales, Bacillariophyceae) in culture
Authors: Nagai Satoshi , Imai Ichiro
Published: February 2006

The effect of irradiance and irradiation time were examined on rates of pseudo‐auxospore formation and the size of initial cells in vegetative cell enlargement of the giant diatom Coscinodiscus wailesii Gran in culture. The mean rate of pseudo‐auxospore formation ranged from 25.9% to 47.8% between experimental incubation conditions. No significant difference was detected in rates among different irradiances and irradiation times, and parent cell sizes. However, the mean valve diameter of the initial cells of the diatom was affected by an interaction between the light conditions and the diameter of the parent cells. Initial cells size tended to be larger with combined conditions of higher irradiance levels and longer irradiation time. There appears to be a relationship (a steady increase, although not a straight line) between the total daily irradiance and the valve diameter of the initial cells. The mean valve diameter of initial cells from larger parent cells was significantly larger than those from smaller parent cells under the same light conditions.
The number and distribution pattern of Golgi bodies in cells of Micrasterias (Conjugates, Chlorophyta) examined by fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy
Authors: Ueda Katsumi , Noguchi Tetsuko
Published: February 2006

The number and the distribution pattern of Golgi bodies in cells of Micrasterias americana and Micrasterias crux‐melitensis were examined both by fluorescence microscopy and by electron microscopy. Golgi bodies intensely absorbed the fluorescent dye DiOC6(3) and strongly radiated fluorescent light. The number of Golgi bodies nearly doubled before septum formation, and half of the Golgi bodies entered each sister cell. Many Golgi bodies migrated from the non‐growing half‐cell to the growing half‐cell where new cell walls were actively being synthesized. Most Golgi bodies were not in contact with chloroplasts in the growing half‐cell. Half of the Golgi bodies moved back to the non‐growing half‐cell 6–12 h after completion of the new half‐cell. Golgi bodies were in contact with the surfaces of chloroplasts 12 h after full growth.
Preliminary characterization of carbohydrate stores from chlorarachniophytes (Division: Chlorarachniophyta)
Authors: McFadden G. I. , Gilson P. R. , Sims I. M.
Published: February 2006

Chlorarachniophytes are amoeboid/flagellate eukaryotes that harbor reduced green algal endosymbionts. The carbohydrate stores of chlorarachniophyte algae have been investigated using methylation analysis to determine monosaccharide composition. An appreciable quantity of long chain β‐1,3 glucan occurs in these algae. Immunogold electron microscopy using an antibody specific for (β‐1,3 glucans localized (β‐1,3 glucans within a vacuole in the host cell cytoplasm. The results suggest that photosynthate produced by the endosymbiont is stored by the host. Implications of the data for endosymbiosis are discussed.
Taxonomic notes onLaurencia mariannensis(Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Masuda Michio , Kogame Kazuhiro , Kamura Shintoku
Published: February 2006

The marine red algaLaurencia mariannensisYamada (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales) is characterized by pale rose‐red, softly fleshy, slender, terete axes (up to 600 μm in diameter), arising from a loosely entangled, stoloniferous basal system among species that have the following combination of features: the presence of longitudinally orientated secondary pit‐connections between contiguous superficial cortical cells; the presence of projecting superficial cortical cells at the upper portions of branches; and the presence of lenticular thickenings in the walls of medullary cells, Furthermore, the presence of two or threecorps en ceriseper superficial cortical cell and one per trichoblast cell may characterize the species.
PorphyraandBangia(Bangiaceae, Rhodophyta) in warm temperate waters of eastern Australia: Morphological and molecular analyses
Authors: Woolcott Geoffrey W. , King Robert J.
Published: February 2006

Morphological observations confirm the presence of only three species of the Bangiaceae (Rhodophyta) in warm temperate waters of eastern Australia:Bangia atropurpurea, Porphyra columbinaandPorphyra denti‐culata. Analyses of DNA sequence data from the inter‐generic spacer region between the large‐ and small‐sub‐unit ribulose‐l,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase gene (rbcL andrbcS, respectively) and portions of the flanking regions, confirm these taxonomic conclusions for the twoPorphyraspecies: there is clear sequence divergence between the two species, and strong genetic similarity betweenP. columbinaisolates over a wide geographical region. Sequence analyses also reveal a strong similarity betweenBangiaisolates over a wide geographical range, but the taxonomy ofB. atropurpureamay need to be re‐examined in light of sequence differences between these and northern hemisphere isolates ofB. atropurpurea. Molecular analyses support the view thatBangiaandPorphyraspecies are sufficiently closely related to be placed in a single genus.
Photosynthetic use of light and inorganic carbon in air and water by the intertidal alga Petalonia fascia (Scytosiphonales, Phaeophyta)
Authors: Flores‐Moya Antonio , Fernández José A.
Published: February 2006

The photosynthetic performance of the intertidal alga Petalonia fascia (0. F. Muller) Kuntze (Scytosiphona‐ceae, Phaeophyta) has been investigated, both in air and water, by analyzing the relationship between apparent photosynthesis rate and photon irradiance and inorganic carbon. In relation to the use of photon irradiance, it was found that the net photosynthetic capacity in water was 5.7 times that in air (fully hydrated thallus). The light compensation point was achieved at 5.9 and 3.0 μmol photons m−2 s−1 in air and water, respectively. The light onset‐saturation parameter and the photosynthetic efficiency were 77% and 25% greater in water than in air, respectively. The dark respiration rate was one‐third greater when emersed in comparison to submersion conditions. These data suggest that the photosynthetic response to irradiance in P. fascia is similar to that in infralittoral species rather than the intertidal species. This assessment can be explained by the winter seasonality of the bladed stage of growth, when storms and waves permit a permanent hydrated status of P. fascia that in the intertidal zone. Moreover, the minimum tissue water content that permitted active photosynthesis in the alga was around 20%. The net photosynthetic capacity as a function of inorganic carbon (C) concentration in water was 1.5 times that in air. Photosynthesis was saturated in both media with respect to the availability of inorganic C in natural conditions. The affinity to inorganic C, and the carbon conductance, were two orders of magnitude higher in air than in water. However, the higher photosynthetic capacity when submerged in comparison to emersion conditions suggests that P. fascia can assimilate the external HCO3,– or the occurrence of a CO2 concentrating mechanism in this species.
Caulerpa sedoides f. geminata (Codiales, Chlorophyta) from Papua New Guinea, and a reappraisal of the different forms of C. sedoides
Authors: Coppejans Eric , De Clerck Olivier , Leliaert Frederik
Published: February 2006

Study of the type specimen of Caulerpa sedoides f. geminata shows that the original description and illustrations of this taxon are not correct and induce confusion. The type specimen is compared with recent collections from Papua New Guinea. A corrected and more complete description, as well as illustrations are given and a comparison is made with other Caulerpa species with opposite ramuli. Other forms of C. sedoides (f. crassicaulis, f. tasmanica, f. mixta) as well as the bio‐geographical distribution of this species, are discussed.
Relationships between dynamics of red tide‐causing raphidophycean flagellates and algicidal micro‐organisms in the coastal sea of Japan
Authors: Imai Ichiro , Kim Mu‐Chan , Nagasaki Keizo , Itakura Shigeru , Ishida Yuzaburo
Published: February 2006

Temporal fluctuations of algicidal micro‐organisms against the red tide causing raphidophycean flagellates Chattonella antiqua (Hada) Ono and Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada ex Hara et Chihara were investigated using the microplate most probable number (MPN) method in northern Hiroshima Bay and Harima‐Nada, the Seto Inland Sea, in 1992 and 1993. In Har‐ima‐Nada, both flagellates appeared at low levels (< 1 cell mL−1), and killer micro‐organisms against the two flagellates (C‐killer for C. antiqua and H‐killer for H. akashiwo) also appeared at low densities (< 2 mL−1). In northern Hiroshima Bay, C. antiqua cells were scarce (< 1 cell mL−1), and C‐killers occurred at a low level (≤ 3.4 mL−1). Conversely, red tides of H. akashiwo occurred there in June of both years. The dynamics of H‐killers revealed a close relationship with that of H. akashiwo populations. H‐killers followed the increase of H. akashiwo cells, reached a maximum level after the beginning of decline of H. akashiwo, maintained a high level for at least 1 week after the crash of bloom, and then decreased. C‐killers consistently remained at low densities during the period of H. akashiwo red tides in both 1992 and 1993. Hence, algicidal micro‐organisms specifically associated with the occurrence and crash of H. akashiwo red tides, and presumably contributed to the rapid termination of the red tides in the coastal seas such as northern Hiroshima Bay.
Sensitivity of the surface coat of the halotolerant green alga Dunaliella parva (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae) to lysozyme
Authors: Hatanaka Yoshiro , Inaoka Kokoro , Kobayashi Osamu , Higashihara Masataka , Hiyama Keiichiro
Published: February 2006

The surface coat of Dunaliella parva Lerche was investigated using several techniques. Degradation by several cell lytic enzymes and ultrastructural observation revealed that D. parva has a specialized cell surface structure containing a glycoprotein that is sensitive not only to proteinases but also to lysozyme. This sensitivity was also demonstrated by electrophoresis of the cells and measurement of released glycerol after enzyme treatment. Immunochemical labeling indicated that the surface glycoprotein of D. parva is analogous to pepti‐doglycan.
Assessment of the seaweed‐seagrass resource of Mararison Island, Culasi, Antique, Philippines*
Authors: Hurtado‐Ponce A. Q. , Chavoso E. A. J. , Parami N. P.
Published: February 2006

A bimonthly sampling of the seaweed‐seagrass resource of Mararison Island, Culasi Antique, was undertaken over 1 year to assess the species composition, similarity of taxa, and biomass (dry weight [d.w.] g m−2) at seven localities. A total of 45 species was identified: 17 Chlorophyta, seven Phaeophyta, 15 Rhodophyta, one Cyanophyta and five seagrasses. Except for some Rhodophyta and Syringodium isoetifolium (Ascherson) Dandy, the occurrence of species between stations was not significantly different; however, differences in biomass between sampling time (month) were significant. Identical taxa between stations were determined. The highest (40) and lowest (22) number of species collected were in May and July, respectively. The species were most abundant from March to May (dry months) and sparse from July to September (wet months). The most abundant species were: Sargassum polycystum C. Agardh (399 g m−2) (Phaeophyta), Dictyosphaeria cav‐ernosa (Forsskat) Borgesen (43.1 g m−2) (Chlorophyta), Acanthopeitis japonica Okamura (97.2 gm−2) (Rhodophyta) and Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenberg) Ascherson (1370 g m−2; seagrass). The Phaeophyta were abundant in March, and the Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta in May, while the seagrasses were abundant in September. Some species occurred only during the dry months: two Phaeophyta, nine Chlorophyta and five Rhodophyta. All the seagrasses were found year‐round. Almost all of the seaweeds (39/45) were found associated with seagrass. The number of seaweeds in Mararison Island was higher than for seagrasses but the total biomass of the latter was much higher than the combined biomass of the seaweeds.
Selective disappearance of maternal centrioles after fertilization in the anisogamous brown alga Cutleria cylindrica (Cutleriales, Phaeophyceae): Paternal inheritance of centrioles is universal in the brown algae
Authors: Nagasato Chikako , Motomura Taizo , Ichrmura Terunobu
Published: February 2006

The behavior of centrioles in zygotes and female gametes developing parthenogenetically in the anisogamous brown alga Cutieria cyiindrica Okamura was studied using electron and immunofluorescence microscopy. Two pairs of centrioles, detected using anti‐centrin antibody, were observed in the vicinity of the male and female nuclei, respectively, just after plasmogamy. The fluorescence intensity of one of the two centrin foci became weak 6 h after plasmogamy and finally disappeared. It was impossible to determine whether the male‐ or female‐derived centrioles disappeared in zygotes, because there was nothing to detect morphological differences between the two centrioles. However, a prominent anti‐centrin staining focus was located at the condensed male nucleus in zygotes in which karyogamy had not occurred yet. As a result, it was considered that the maternally inherited centrioles had selectively disappeared during development in C. cylindrica. The paternal inheritance of centrioles in zygotes was also confirmed by electron microscopy. Considering previous observations from oogamous and isogamous species of brown algae, we concluded that the paternal inheriance of centrioles could be universal in the brown algae.
Taxonomic re‐examination of a Chinese strain labeled ‘Eudorinasp.’ (Volvocaceae, Chlorophyta) based on morphological and DNA sequence data
Authors: Nozaki Hisayoshi , Song Lirong , Liu Yongding , Hiroki Mikiya , Watanabe Makoto M.
Published: February 2006

A culture strain, CCFA 646, originating from the People's Republic of China and designated as ‘Eudorinasp.’ in the Culture Collection of Freshwater Algae at the Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, was re‐examined taxonomically based on light and electron microscopy and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Vegetative colonies of CCFA 646 were sub‐spherical or ovoid and contained 16 or 32 cells of identical size. The cells had a cup‐shaped chloroplast with a single basal pyrenoid. During asexual reproduction, each daughter colony developed within a transparent vesicle inside the parental colony. Under the electron microscope, the vegetative colony exhibited a tripartite colonial boundary of the extracellular matrix. Inside the boundary, each cell was tightly enclosed by a dense fi‐brillar layer of the matrix (cellular envelope). These morphological characteristics suggested that CCFA 646 is assignable toEudorina unicoccaG. M. Smith orYa‐magishiella unicocca(Rayburn et Starr) Nozaki. In addition, 1128 base pairs of the large subunit of ribulose‐1, 5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL) gene were sequenced from CCFA 646 and NIES‐578 ofY. unicocca. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on these sequence data as well as on the previously publishedrbcLgene sequences from five strains ofY. unicocca, six strains of fourEudorinaspecies and 28 related species. The sequence data suggested with high bootstrap values that CCFA 646 and all six strains ofYama‐gishiellaform a monophyletic group positioned outside the large monophyletic group comprisingEudorina, Pleo‐dorinaandVolvox(except for sect.Volvox). Therefore, CCFA 646 can be assigned toY. unicocca, which has not previously been reported from P. R. China.
LARGE HYPERPLASTIC POLYP DEVELOPING AFTER ENDOSCOPIC MUCOSAL RESECTION OF GASTRIC ADENOMA IN A PATIENT RECEIVING IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE THERAPY
Authors: Gwak Geum‐Youn , Kim Sang Gyun , Kim Joo Sung , Jung Hyun Chae , Song In Sung
Published: February 2006

A 59‐year‐old man underwent endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) for gastric adenoma. He had suffered from end‐stage renal disease for several years and had received renal transplantation some 5 months before EMR. Subsequently, he took immunosuppressive agents. Follow‐up gastrofiberscopy 6 months after EMR showed a sessile polyp at the resection site twice as large as the original adenoma; biopsy specimens revealed a hyperplastic nature. At the time of writing, this hyperplastic polyp has neither increased in size nor developed adenomatous or carcinomatous changes by histological examinations over the past 5 years. Therefore, this is a case of hyperplastic polyp occurring at the gastric adenoma resection site, and suggests the possible effect of immunosuppressive therapy on the post‐EMR healing process and hyperplastic polyp development.
ENDOSCOPIC STENT DRAINAGE FOR MALIGNANT BILIARY OBSTRUCTION: THE KOREAN EXPERIENCE
Authors: Kim Yong‐Tae
Published: February 2006

Endoscopic biliary drainage (EBD) is the treatment of choice for biliary obstruction caused by unresectable pancreaticobiliary malignancies. Clogging is an unsolved problem of the plastic stent. A self‐expanding metal stent (SEMS) was developed to overcome this limitation. Total resource utilization was reported to be lower with SEMS compared with plastic stents in the West. However, in Korea, the average total cost is estimated to be higher in the metal stent group. The use of SEMS should be indicated if the survival is expected to be more than 3 months. Covered SEMS was introduced to overcome the problem of tumor ingrowth into the uncovered stent. Patency rates for covered SEMS tended to be greater than uncovered SEMS, but the complication rate in covered SEMS was higher than uncovered SEMS due to migration, occlusion of the cystic duct, of a contralateral hepatic duct, or of pancreatic duct. Stents without clogging or migration, with antitumor or biodegradable properties are being investigated. For unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC) of Bismuth type III or IV, unilateral percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) and subsequent internal stent causes less cholangitis and longer patency than EBD or PTBD alone. However, the result with EBD is good if the Bismuth type of biliary obstruction is I or II. Photodynamic therapy may improve survival of patients with unresectable cholangiocarcinoma. Preoperative biliary drainage is not usually necessary except for HC. Procedure‐related complication and inflammation of the operative field resulting from endoscopic nasobiliary drainage or endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage are expected to cause surgical difficulties and to affect postoperative complications.
UPDATE ON TECHNIQUES OF COLONIC ENDOSCOPIC MUCOSAL RESECTION
Authors: Lee Moon Sung
Published: February 2006

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), which was developed as a therapeutic method for resection of flat or depressed lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, has come to be widely accepted as an effective treatment for early colon cancer. EMR can be curative when the cancer limited to the mucosa is completely excised and lymph node metastasis is absent. In recent years, progress has been made in the development of EMR techniques. Various techniques and instruments have been devised to make EMR safer and more effective. This review provides an overview of EMR techniques.
PYLORIC STENTING FOR MALIGNANT GASTRODUODENAL OBSTRUCTION: THE KOREAN EXPERIENCE
Authors: Kim Jin Hong
Published: February 2006

Self‐expanding metal stents (SEMS) have been widely used for palliation of malignant gastrointestinal (GI) obstruction. Through‐the‐scope (TTS) stent has the advantage of direct placement through the endoscopic channel in malignant gastroduodenal and intestinal obstruction. We prospectively studied the effectiveness of a newly designed uncovered self‐expanding nitinol TTS stent (Niti‐S stent) with an 18 mm diameter and 60 or 80 mm in length, which was inserted through the 3.7 mm working channel of a therapeutic upper GI endoscope (Olympus GIF‐2T200) for palliation of malignant gastroduodenal and intestinal obstruction. However, the uncovered metal stent is apt to permit tumor ingrowth through the interstices. To overcome this limitation, a polyurethane‐covered self‐expanding nitinol TTS stent (Niti‐S covered stent) has been developed. Placement of TTS stent is an easy, rapid, and safe procedure and offers effective palliation of inoperable malignant gastroduodenal and intestinal obstruction, although tumor ingrowth remains to be resolved.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION BY COLORECTAL TISSUE CULTURE AND FLUID CULTURE AFTER COLONOSCOPIC WASHING
Authors: Suda Hiroaki , Tamayama Takaaki , Fujinuma Sumio , Sakai Yoshihiro
Published: February 2006

Background:  Inflammation of the colon is often found during colonoscopy. In order to confirm the pathogenesis of the lesion, bacterial cultures are applied. Biopsied tissue specimens are used for bacterial culture, and fluid culture after colonoscopic washing also has been used for bacterial identification. In the latter method, sterile saline solution is sprayed over the area and then is collected with the fluid. The two methods have not been compared with each other.

Methods:  The subjects comprised 89 cases with inflammatory lesions detected during colonoscopy. Samples were collected by both methods at the inflammatory site. The bacterial load was semiquantitatively evaluated as 1+, 2+, and 3+.

Results:  Pathological bacteria were found in nine cases. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was detected in one case only by tissue culture. In the other eight cases, bacteria cultures were positive by both methods. A total of 36 kinds of bacteria constituting the intestinal flora were identified. The detection rate was 83.9% by fluid culture and 70.9% by tissue culture. It was significantly larger by fluid culture than by tissue culture. Bacteria were isolated at a rate of 3.61 species per sample by fluid culture and 3.05 species per sample by tissue culture. The bacterial load per species was a median of 2.00+ by fluid culture and 1.27+ by tissue culture. The number of detected bacterial species and the bacterial load per species were significantly larger by fluid culture than by tissue culture.

Conclusion:  Fluid culture after colonoscopic washing is recommended to identify intestinal bacteria by culture.
COMMUNITY‐BASED MASS SCREENING FOR COLORECTAL CANCER BY A COMBINATION OF FECAL OCCULT BLOOD TESTING AND FLEXIBLE SIGMOIDOSCOPY
Authors: Nozaki Ryoichi , Murata Ryuji , Tanimura Syu , Ohwan Tomohisa , Ogata Syunji , Yamada Kazutaka , Takano Masahiro
Published: February 2006

Background:  There have only been a few large‐scale community‐based reports on the combination of immunological fecal occult blood testing (IFOBT) and flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS). Based on the results of mass screening at our hospital, we investigated the utility of combining IFOBT with FS to detect colorectal cancer (CRC) and analyzed the detection rates of CRC.

Subjects and methods:  The subjects comprised examinees during mass screening for CRC from 1992 to 2002. Only examinees that underwent the 2‐day IFOBT method were enrolled. During the 11 years, 117 644 subjects had negative 2‐day IFOBT and underwent FS. Cancers that were directly found by FS or by work‐up examinations with negative 2‐day IFOBT were designated as IFOBT‐FS‐detected cancers.

Results:  The detection rate of CRC was 0.16% (mucosal cancer, 0.13%; invasive cancer, 0.03%) by negative 2‐day IFOBT and FS. It was 0.27% (mucosal cancer, 0.22%; invasive cancer, 0.05%) in first‐time examinees. The detection rate was significantly higher in males than in females, and rates increased with age in both genders. Adverse events included eight cases of ischemic colitis that occurred after FS (incidence rate, 0.0068%). There were no cases of perforation, hemorrhage or infection after endoscopy.

Conclusion:  Although there are problems in introducing FS into mass screening for CRC, such as cost‐effectiveness, speed of examinations and lack of manpower, FS is expected to prevail because preparation is easier, and it is a shorter and safer procedure than colonoscopy. In particular, a combination of IFOBT with FS is effective and recommended in first‐time examinees and for individuals 50 years and older. Mass screening using the combination of IFOBT and FS provides limited benefit in those who are below 50 years of age.
LONG‐TERM FOLLOW UP OF GASTRIC ANTRAL VASCULAR ECTASIA TREATED BY ARGON PLASMA COAGULATION
Authors: Nakamura Shinichi , Mitsunaga Atsushi , Konishi Hiroyuki , Oi Itaru , Shiratori Keiko , Suzuki Shigeru
Published: February 2006

Background:  Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) is characterized by diffuse vasodilation mainly affecting the antrum and causes gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Argon plasma coagulation (APC) provides rapid coagulation of a wide region, and thus appears to be more useful than conventional methods for the treatment of extensive lesions with superficial oozing bleeding, such as GAVE. In this study, we evaluated the use of APC for GAVE.

Methods:  The study subjects were 22 patients with GAVE (10 men and 12 women, mean age 65.8 years, diffuse type (n = 19) and watermelon type (n = 3)) who developed gastrointestinal hemorrhage (melena, fall in hemoglobin (Hb, by ≥ 2.0 g/dL), or endoscopy‐confirmed bleeding) and treated with APC. Endoscopic treatment was applied weekly, and considered successful if all detectable GAVE lesions were eradicated and the Hb stabilized without further transfusion. Clinical outcome was assessed.

Results:  The median total number of treatment sessions was four (range: 2–9 times), and the median observation period was 23.5 months. The cumulative recurrence‐free rate was 49.7% after 1 year, 35.5% after 2 years, and 35.5% after 3 years. The survival rates after treatment were 94.4, 75.8 and 64.9% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. No complications of APC were observed.

Conclusion:  APC appears to be effective for temporary control of hemorrhage and anemia due to GAVE, but is not always effective over the long term. For proper management of GAVE, drug therapy, blood transfusion and control of the underlying disease are necessary in addition to achieving hemostasis temporarily by APC.
IMPROVED BALLOON‐TIPPED TRANS‐ANAL ILEUS TUBE
Authors: Inoue Nobuyuki , Nagaike Kouji , Ishihara Shinichi , Nakamura Mitsuhiko , Kuroshima Toshio
Published: February 2006

Background:  For management of bowel obstruction due to colorectal cancer, endoscopic trans‐anal decompression technique has been first reported by Lelcuk et al. in 1986 using balloon dilatation technique. Since then, various types of trans‐anal decompression tubes have been clinically used for patients suffering from left side obstructing colorectal cancer as an emergent decompressing device. At present, two types of trans‐anal ileus tube (trans‐anal decompression tube) have been available for clinical use, but they have two main problems that are late colon perforations caused by the tip of the tube and tube obstruction by stool.

Methods:  Analysis on three late colon perforations experienced with the use of conventional devices drew possible improvements to make a trans‐anal ileus tube less harmful. To overcome the pitfalls inherent to conventional tubes, the author has developed an improved trans‐anal ileus tube with a balloon installed at the very end of the tube (‘balloon‐tipped type’) made of silicone, measuring 1200 or 1700 mm in total length and 22 Fr in outer diameter. It has been used for 12 cases with obstructing colorectal cancer etc. and its outcomes were compared with those obtained by the use of conventional trans‐anal ileus tube.

Results:  No late perforations have been encountered, but tube obstruction did occur in one of 12 cases.

Conclusion:  The new trans‐anal ileus tube with a balloon installed at the tip of ileus tube is considered to be safer and especially effective in preventing late colon perforation and tube obstruction.
INVASIVE MUCORMYCOSIS WITH GASTRIC INVOLVEMENT IN A PATIENT WITH SEVERE ATHEROMATOUS VASCULAR DISEASE
Authors: Gimeno‐García Antonio Z , Parra‐Blanco Adolfo , Nicolás‐Pérez David , Manzano‐Sanz Cipriano , Méndez‐Medina Rafael , Quintero Enrique
Published: February 2006

Gastric mucormycosis involvement is a rare condition that usually occurs in inmunocompromised patients and frequently has a fatal outcome. We report the case of a 73‐year‐old woman admitted to the intensive care unit with severe bleeding after an acute pulmonary disease. Upper endoscopy disclosed wide and deep necrotic ulcers in the body and fundus of the stomach and greenish exudates with the antrum and the duodenum undamaged. Autopsy revealed an invasive mucormycosis and a severe atheromatosis. Several predisposing factors for mucormycosis infection have been reported until now. We postulate that ischemic gastritis could be a predisposing factor for colonization of zygomycete.