bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factional Competition, Sociopolitical Development, and Settlement Cycling in Ìlàrè District (ca. 1200-1900): Oral Traditions of Historical Experience in a Yorùbà Community
Authors: Ogundiran Akinwumi O.
Published: May 2006

This paper is an assessment of the local historical model of sociopolitical development and settlement history in Ìlàrè community, southwest Nigeria. Ìlàrè was at the nucleus of an early sociopolitical formation in Ìjèsàland. The formation, known as Éka Òsun, held sway over the area of northern Ìjèsàland between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. The study forms part of the ongoing archeological and historical investigations on the settlement history and regional interactions in central Yorùbàland.

The episodes of settlement cycling are the hallmarks around which the historical experiences of Ìlàrè are organized. In other words, the trajectories of Ìlàrè's historical experience parallel the shifts in its settlement location (habitus). Moreover, the oral traditions stress intersocietal conflict and intergroup alliance as the important factors in the earliest sociopolitical transformations in northern Ìjèsàland. The traditions also highlight how factional competitions resulted in the continuous shift in the settlement of Ìlàrè within an area of about eight kilometers in diameter over an 800-year period. The oral historical narratives not only draw on kinship idioms in the construction of hierarchical social relations, but the narratives also emphasize intercommunity relations as the plot of historical experience and social actions.

The attempt here is to outline the historical trajectories of events that heralded Ìlàrè as the political center and that characterized its transformations to a political periphery in northern Ìjèsàland. This study also historicizes the long-term patterns of relationship between factional competition and regional inter-community relations on the one hand and sociopolitical development and settlement cycling on the other.
An Introduction to an Oral History and Archive Project by the Anglican Church of Congo
Authors: Wild-Wood Emma
Published: May 2006

Congo has for decades faced sustained neglect of all its institutions and now suffers a protracted conflict. Most Congolese attempt to survive hunger, sickness, and war. In this context the preservation of historical information is fraught with difficulties. Nevertheless, the oral history and archive project detailed in this paper set out to collect historical sources from one Christian denomination in Congo. It is but a small part of a huge depository of historical data held by churches in the country.

Mission and Church bodies have significantly contributed to nation-building and the establishment of social structures throughout the twentieth century. In Congo the churches continue to run many of the schools, hospitals, and community development programs in the country and provide a conduit for relief aid. They are involved in the daily negotiations for survival on which life depends. While there is significant overlapping of religious adherence between ‘traditional’ beliefs, Christianity, and Islam, over 90% of the population acknowledge allegiance to a Christian denomination. For this reason church bodies provide invaluable resources to the historian. This project sought not only to protect the bureaucratic documents produced by one particular denomination, but to gather oral testimonies from a wide range of individuals connected with that church in order to begin a process of historical reflection. When finally collated and cataloged, it will be of use to Africanists and social anthropologists interested in the eastern half of Congo, as well as those with a particular interest in church history in Africa.
Association of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-N1 Polymorphisms With Coronary Calcified Plaque in the Diabetes Heart Study
Authors: Burdon Kathryn P. , Bento Jennifer L. , Langefeld Carl D. , Campbell Joel K. , Carr J. Jeffery , Wagenknecht Lynne M. , Herrington David M. , Freedman Barry I. , Rich Stephen S. , Bowden Donald W.
Published: May 2006

Individuals with type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and display increased levels of subclinical CVD. Genetic variation in PTPN1, a diabetes susceptibility gene, was investigated for a role in diabetic atherosclerosis. The PTPN1 gene encodes protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B, which is ubiquitously expressed and plays a role in the regulation of several signaling pathways. Subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed in 590 Caucasian participants with type 2 diabetes in the Diabetes Heart Study using B-mode ultrasound measurement of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and computed tomography measurement of carotid calcified plaque (CarCP) and coronary calcified plaque (CorCP). Twenty-three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PTPN1 were genotyped and assessed for association with IMT, CarCP, and CorCP. A total of 12 SNPs within a block of linkage disequilibrium encompassing the coding sequence of PTPN1 were significantly associated with CorCP (P values from <0.0001 to 0.043) and 3 SNPs also within the block approached significance (P values from 0.058 to 0.066). In addition, a nine-SNP haplotype (GACTTCAGO) was also associated with increased CorCP under a dominant model (P = 0.01). No association was detected with IMT or CarCP. The associated SNPs and haplotype are the same as those observed to be associated with type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and fasting glucose in previous studies. With the inclusion of the most likely haplo-genotype for each individual, the heritability estimate of CorCP increased from 0.53 ± 0.1 to 0.57 ± 0.1 (P = 8.1 × 10−10), suggesting a modest but detectable effect of this gene on the phenotype of CorCP in type 2 diabetic patients.
IRS-1 Serine Phosphorylation and Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle From Pancreas Transplant Recipients
Authors: Bouzakri Karim , Karlsson Håkan K.R. , Vestergaard Henrik , Madsbad Sten , Christiansen Erik , Zierath Juleen R.
Published: May 2006

Insulin-dependent diabetic recipients of successful pancreas allografts achieve self-regulatory insulin secretion and discontinue exogenous insulin therapy; however, chronic hyperinsulinemia and impaired insulin sensitivity generally develop. To determine whether insulin resistance is accompanied by altered signal transduction, skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from pancreas-kidney transplant recipients (n = 4), nondiabetic kidney transplant recipients (receiving the same immunosuppressive drugs; n = 5), and healthy subjects (n = 6) before and during a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Basal insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 Ser (312) and Ser (616) phosphorylation, IRS-1–associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, and extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 phosphorylation were elevated in pancreas-kidney transplant recipients, coincident with fasting hyperinsulinemia. Basal IRS-1 Ser (312) and Ser (616) phosphorylation was also increased in nondiabetic kidney transplant recipients. Insulin increased phosphorylation of IRS-1 at Ser (312) but not Ser (616) in healthy subjects, with impairments noted in nondiabetic kidney and pancreas-kidney transplant recipients. Insulin action on ERK-1/2 and Akt phosphorylation was impaired in pancreas-kidney transplant recipients and was preserved in nondiabetic kidney transplant recipients. Importantly, insulin stimulation of the Akt substrate AS160 was impaired in nondiabetic kidney and pancreas-kidney transplant recipients. In conclusion, peripheral insulin resistance in pancreas-kidney transplant recipients may arise from a negative feedback regulation of the canonical insulin-signaling cascade from excessive serine phosphorylation of IRS-1, possibly as a consequence of immunosuppressive therapy and hyperinsulinemia.
Clopidogrel Withdrawal Is Associated With Proinflammatory and Prothrombotic Effects in Patients With Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Angiolillo Dominick J. , Fernandez-Ortiz Antonio , Bernardo Esther , Ramírez Celia , Sabaté Manel , Jimenez-Quevedo Pilar , Hernández Rosana , Moreno Raul , Escaned Javier , Alfonso Fernando , Bañuelos Camino , Costa Marco A. , Bass Theodore A. , Macaya Carlos
Published: May 2006

Inhibition of the P2Y12 pathway by the platelet antagonist clopidogrel is associated with a marked reduction in platelet reactivity. Recent reports have shown that P2Y12 inhibition has anti-inflammatory effects as well. However, whether clopidogrel withdrawal is associated with proaggregatory and proinflammatory effects has not yet been explored. Since diabetic subjects are characterized by a prothrombotic and proinflammatory status, we hypothesize that these patients may be more vulnerable to these effects. A total 54 patients with diabetes on long-term (12 months) dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin plus clopidogrel) were studied. Platelet aggregation (following 6 and 20 μmol/l ADP stimuli) and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and P-selectin expression) were assessed before and 1 month following clopidogrel withdrawal. Following clopidogrel withdrawal, aspirin responsiveness using platelet function analyzer–100 was determined as well. A significant increase in all the assessed platelet (P < 0.0001 for 6 and 20 μmol/l ADP-induced aggregation) and inflammatory (P < 0.05 for C-reactive protein, P < 0.001 for P-selectin expression in resting platelets, and P < 0.0001 for P-selectin expression in ADP-stimulated platelets) biomarkers was observed following clopidogrel withdrawal. Low responders to aspirin had increased platelet aggregation profiles (P < 0.05 for 6 and 20 μmol/l ADP-induced aggregation) but no differences in inflammatory markers. In conclusion, clopidogrel withdrawal is associated with an increase in platelet and inflammatory biomarkers in diabetic patients, supporting pleiotropic effects coupled with P2Y12 receptor antagonism.
Insulin Signaling in Human Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue In Vivo
Authors: Laviola Luigi , Perrini Sebastio , Cignarelli Angelo , Natalicchio Annalisa , Leonardini Anna , De Stefano Francesca , Cuscito Marilena , De Fazio Michele , Memeo Vincenzo , Neri Vincenzo , Cignarelli Mauro , Giorgino Riccardo , Giorgino Francesco
Published: May 2006

In this study, we evaluated the activation of various insulin signaling molecules in human fat in vivo and compared signaling reactions in visceral and subcutaneous fat depots. Paired abdominal omental and subcutaneous fat biopsies were obtained from nonobese subjects with normal insulin sensitivity under basal conditions and 6 and 30 min following administration of intravenous insulin. Insulin receptor phosphorylation was more intense and rapid and insulin receptor protein content was greater in omental than in subcutaneous adipose tissue (P < 0.05). Insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt also occurred to a greater extent and earlier in omental than in subcutaneous fat (P < 0.05) in the absence of significant changes in Akt protein content. Accordingly, phosphorylation of the Akt substrate glycogen synthase kinase-3 was more responsive to insulin stimulation in omental fat. Protein content of extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 was threefold higher in omental than in subcutaneous fat (P < 0.05), and ERK phosphorylation showed an early 6-min peak in omental fat, in contrast with a more gradual increase observed in subcutaneous fat. In conclusion, the adipocyte insulin signaling system of omental fat shows greater and earlier responses to insulin than that of subcutaneous fat. These findings may contribute to explain the biological diversity of the two fat depots.
Evaluation of surgical treatment for signs of acute abdominal pain in draft horses: 72 cases (1983–2002)
Authors: Rothenbuhler Ryan , Hawkins Jan F. , Adams Stephen B. , Lescun Timothy B. , Weil Ann B. , Glickman Lawrence T. , Fessler John F. , Glickman Nita G.
Published: May 2006

Objective—To determine whether heavy (≥ 680 kg [≥ 1,500 lb]) draft horses undergoing surgical treatment for acute signs of abdominal pain were at a greater risk for anesthetic and postoperative complications and lower postoperative survival rates than light (< 680 kg) draft horses.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—72 draft horses.

Procedures—Medical records of draft horses that underwent exploratory celiotomy for signs of acute abdominal pain from October 1983 to December 2002 were reviewed. Medical records of draft horses in which a celiotomy was performed for correction of reproductive abnormalities were not included in the study.

Results—When compared with light draft horses, heavy draft horses had longer durations of anesthesia, more postoperative complications, and lower survival rates. Seventy-six percent of horses that recovered from anesthesia had postoperative complications. Postoperative complications associated with low survival rates included myopathy and neuropathy, ileus, diarrhea, and endotoxemia. All horses with postoperative myopathy and neuropathy died or were euthanized. The short-term survival rate for horses that recovered from anesthesia was 60%. Horses undergoing small intestinal surgery had a worse prognosis for short-term survival than those undergoing large intestinal surgery. The survival rate for horses for which long-term (> 1 year) follow-up information was available was 50%.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Draft horses weighing > 680 kg that underwent surgery because of acute signs of abdominal pain had longer durations of anesthesia, more postoperative complications, and higher mortality rates than draft horses weighing < 680 kg.
A Small‐Molecule–Protein Interaction System with Split‐Ubiquitin as Sensor
Authors: Dirnberger Dietmar , Unsin Gabriele , Schlenker Stephan , Reichel Christoph
Published: May 2006

The identification of receptors for small molecules is of great pharmaceutical importance for drug‐discovery research. Several systems for the identification of protein–small‐molecule interactions have been developed in the past. These were modifications of the classical yeast two‐hybrid system, relying on a transcriptional read‐out following nuclear translocation of the complex. Here we present a novel three‐hybrid technology based on the split‐ubiquitin system for the analysis of protein–small‐molecule interactions independently of a nuclear translocation of the complex. The performance of the system is compared to a method based on the classical yeast two‐hybrid system by using a chemical inducer of dimerization (CID) comprised of methotrexate linked to dexamethasone. Steric issues are addressed by varying the linker length of the compounds, as well as by comparing the orientation of fusion proteins. The system is further extended to the analysis of a small‐molecule inhibitor of human PCTAIRE protein kinase 3, which is related to cyclin‐dependent kinases (CDKs), an important class of pharmaceutical targets.
Cytocompatibility and Antibacterial Activity of a PHBV Membrane with Surface‐Immobilized Water‐Soluble Chitosan and Chondroitin‐6‐sulfate
Authors: Yu Da‐Guang , Lin Wen‐Ching , Lin Chien‐Hong , Yang Ming‐Chien
Published: May 2006

Summary: A water‐soluble chitosan (WSC)/chondroitin‐6‐sulfate (ChS) polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) is covalently immobilized onto the surface of poly(3‐hydroxybutyric acid‐co‐3‐hydroxyvaleric acid) (PHBV) membranes via ozone‐induced oxidation and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) graft polymerization. To characterize the modified membranes, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and water contact angle measurements are performed. It is shown that by coupling WSC as a spacer, the amount of ChS immobilized can be significantly increased. The water contact angle decreases with the amount of PAA, WSC, and ChS immobilized, which indicates the improving hydrophilicity. After WSC‐ and PEC‐immobilization modification, the PHBV membranes possess antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and Methicilin resistant Staphylococus aureus (MRSA). According to the L929 fibroblast cell growth inhibition index, the as‐prepared PHBV membranes are non‐cytotoxic. In addition, the in‐vitro evaluation of L929 fibroblast attachment, proliferation, and viability of PEC‐immobilized PHBV membranes are ascertained to be superior to those of immobilized WSC or ChS alone. The overall results demonstrate that WSC/ChS PEC immobilization can not only improve the hydrophilicity and cytocompatibility of the PHBV membrane, but also endows antibacterial activity.

The bacterial survival ratio of as‐prepared PHBV membranes (n = 3).

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The bacterial survival ratio of as‐prepared PHBV membranes (n = 3).
SBS/Polyaniline or Carbon Black System: Finding the Optimal Process and Molding Temperatures Through Experimental Design
Authors: Souza Fernando G. , Soares Bluma G. , Pinto José C.
Published: May 2006

Summary: The optimum mixing and molding conditions for processing of styrene‐butadiene‐styrene (SBS) triblock copolymer filled with carbon black (CB) or polyaniline doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (Pani.DBSA) were determined. The mechanical performance of SBS/CB and SBS/Pani.DBSA composites were characterized in terms of strain and stress responses at break condition. In order to reach this goal, two mixed two‐ and three‐level factorial designs were employed. The obtained data show that the molding temperature is the most important parameter to affect the mechanical behavior of the systems. Among the systems analyzed, the SBS/Pani.DBSA blends presented the highest sensitivity to the process and molding conditions.

Elongation of composites as a function of molding temperature.

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Elongation of composites as a function of molding temperature.
Properties of PZT/SiC composites processed by solid state diffusion
Authors: Chen Heng , Yang Hong , Dong Xianlin , Wang Yongling
Published: May 2006

PZT/SiC composites were fabricated by a heterogeneous precipitation followed by a solid state diffusion process. The content of SiC increased with increasing heating temperature of the solid state diffusion process. SEM showed that microstructures of PZT ceramics and composites were similar, and TEM and EDS showed that SiC only located at the grain boundaries. The mechanical properties were improved markedly, and the dielectric breakdown voltage of PZT/SiC composites increases by 80% compared to that of uncomposited PZT ceramics, which can bring a 200% increase in the energy storage density while maintaining the level of dielectric constant, piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evolutionary modal identification utilizing coupled shear–flexural response—implication for multistory buildings. Part II : Application
Authors: Alimoradi Arzhang , Naeim Farzad
Published: May 2006

A novel solution of dynamic response of multistory buildings is utilized in an evolutionary system identification algorithm for rapid and robust estimation of dynamic characteristics of instrumented structures. The method is fully automated such that it can be used virtually without delay in the aftermath of an urban earthquake. The application of the proposed method and its capabilities are exhibited through numerous examples of building structures shaken by multiple earthquakes in their lives; a number of them are amongst the most intensively studied instrumented buildings. The introduction of stiffness ratio into the reduced‐order dynamic response algorithm that is used in this study (Miranda and Taghavi, 2005) makes it possible to monitor any loss of flexural and/or shear stiffness in a structure subject to strong ground shaking. The system identification scheme presented here is part of a comprehensive structural health‐monitoring software system that is developed for the instrumented building structures at the R&D Department of John A. Martin & Associates with collaboration with research universities. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
To those who have made Polar Record
Authors: Riffenburgh Beau
Published: May 2006

It is often an advantage of retiring that one finally is able to say things that have long been on one's mind and to acknowledge those who have contributed to one's career or profession. Better yet is retiring as an editor of a journal or magazine, because then those thoughts and the mention of significant individuals can be recorded on paper for posterity. Having just retired after some 14 years as editor of Polar Record, I am pleased to be in that position now, because there are many people — both before my tenure and during it — who deserve mention for their contributions to what this special and very visible aspect of the Scott Polar Research Institute has become and to how it will develop.
Focal adhesions are hotspots for keratin filament precursor formation
Authors: Windoffer Reinhard , Kölsch Anne , Wöll Stefan , Leube Rudolf E.
Published: May 2006

Recent studies showed that keratin filament (KF) formation originates primarily from sites close to the actin-rich cell cortex. To further characterize these sites, we performed multicolor fluorescence imaging of living cells and found drastically increased KF assembly in regions of elevated actin turnover, i.e., in lamellipodia. Abundant KF precursors (KFPs) appeared within these areas at the distal tips of actin stress fibers, moving alongside the stress fibers until their integration into the peripheral KF network. The earliest KFPs were detected next to actin-anchoring focal adhesions (FAs) and were only seen after the establishment of FAs in emerging lamellipodia. Tight spatiotemporal coupling of FAs and KFP formation were not restricted to epithelial cells, but also occurred in nonepithelial cells and cells producing mutant keratins. Finally, interference with FA formation by talin short hairpin RNA led to KFP depletion. Collectively, our results support a major regulatory function of FAs for KF assembly, thereby providing the basis for coordinated shaping of the entire cytoskeleton during cell relocation and rearrangement.
Böhm‐Bawerk’s Goods Characteristics Reactivated
for Modern Austrians
Authors: Leen A.R.
Published: May 2006

Austrians are essentialists, one of their questions being what
makes a thing good? Menger and Böhm‐Bawerk gave different
answers to this question. Böhm‐Bawerk directed attention
explicitly to the condition of knowing how to utilise a thing. Both
Menger and Böhm‐Bawerk played down their difference. The goods
characteristic added by Böhm‐Bawerk to the four characteristics
formulated earlier by Menger is stressed to be of value to a better
understanding of modern Austrianism. A paradox that arises (the consumer
is sovereign in theory but not in practice) is solved.
Strategic Issues in the Automated Factory
Authors: Attaran Mohsen
Published: May 2006

The potential benefits that a firm can expect from an automated
factory, the economic justification and the steps for implementing
flexible manufacturing systems are discussed. Some British companies are
used as case examples. They all point to the need for the UK to
implement the automated factory. For success in this, attention must be
given to management practices, support systems, performance measurement,
cost management and data collection.
Information Theory in Practice: An Interdisciplinary
Framework
Authors: Levy Steven , McInturff Patrick
Published: May 2006

To generate effective long‐term solutions to contemporary
management problems, information from a multitude of disciplines, not
just economics, must be employed. The difficulties of integrating these
different kinds of information is discussed. A six‐step model for
implementing a multi‐disciplinary approach to management decision making
is presented. The model also yields a by‐product which may ultimately
prove more significant than the model′s output, namely, promotion of a
genuinely integrative perspective towards generating and implementing
managerial strategies.
The ESS Revolution: Decision Support Software Reaches the
Boardroom
Authors: Anderson Gary
Published: May 2006

A trend originating in the United States, and now migrating to
Europe, is for chief executives of the larger organisations, and their
close colleagues, to be provided with Executive Support Systems. These
are desk‐top computers which provide an instant information overview of
their companies, via numerous links with mainframes, minis, and
commercial on‐line data services. Equipped with powerful analytical,
planning and presentation tools, ESS systems permit senior managers to
detect and investigate variances from budgets and predictions for all
corporate data, and also to model hypothetical corporate scenarios in
order to develop management strategy. ESS systems generally necessitate
little training or computer literacy.
Marketing Organisation in the UK Financial Services
Industry
Authors: Piercy Nigel , Morgan Neil
Published: May 2006

The emerging role of the formal marketing organisation in financial
services companies in the UK is examined here. Using new survey data,
the study demonstrates the existence of several different phototypical
forms of marketing organisation in the financial services field and an
attempt is made to link the form of marketing organisation to the
strategic direction of financial services organisations.
A Central Limit Theorem for Assessing Average Quality
Authors: Barnett Neil S.
Published: May 2006

How to describe, reliably and effectively, the quality of a continuous stream is a problem facing many companies in the chemical industry. The average quality estimated from an average of individual test sample values is most useful if its distribution is known or can be estimated. A simple extension of the Central Limit Theorem is given that provides a means of estimating the distribution which, when coupled with the variogram method of variance estimation of Saunders et al., enables the calculation of probabilities of closeness of lot mean to the nominal value. The result “sits well” with the current emphasis being placed on the importance of “conformance to target”.
What British Management can Reasonably Expect from a Quality Circle Programme
Authors: Hill Frances M.
Published: May 2006

One of the main difficulties with the Quality Circle (QC) technique is that, to the uninitiated, it appears attractively simple in concept. This attraction has been enhanced by the many claims made for it in the management literature. Such claims though, are often based on experiential rather than research evidence. However, a longitudinal study covering the four‐year period 1981‐1984 did indicate that QCs can survive for reasonable periods of time, and with varying degrees of success, outside Japan, providing the organisational environment and circumstances are conducive. The study also showed that the QC technique is not universally applicable; it has real limitations as well. The article aims to examine some of these limitations and to suggest what may be reasonably expected from a QC programme.
Posterior Analysis of Inspector Accuracy
Authors: Jaraiedi Majid , Iskander Wafik H.
Published: May 2006

Signal Detection Theory (SDT) has recently been used to evaluate the performance of imperfect inspectors. SDT model is based on a priori probabilities and perceived payoffs and penalties to study inspectors′ behaviour. In this article, Bayes′ theorem is used to compute posterior probabilities of the two types of inspection error. These posterior probabilities give rise to the definition of Receiver Analysis Curves (RAC), which depict the “after the facts” consequences of inspection error. A cost model is also developed that reflects the true benefits and costs of inspection accuracy to the organisation.
Human Factors behind the Implopment of Japanese Product Quality
Authors: Saha Arunoday
Published: May 2006

This article presents the view that the remarkable post‐war improvement of Japanese product quality is attributable primarily to human factors in addition to experience gained in war‐time manufacture of military hardware. Other factors responsible for the phenomenon include organisation for quality at various levels, emphasis upon training, a policy of technological modernisation and innovations in production management such as just‐in‐time, total productive maintenance, inspection by workmen, continuous process development. Characteristics derived from Japanese culture, such as an overly moralistic outlook regarding the sale of defective merchandise, as well as group orientation, leading to better co‐operation among workers, and between the parent company and its subcontractors, are also relevant in this respect.
On Three Non‐Ideological Consequences of Specialisation among Economists
Authors: Raiklin Ernest
Published: May 2006

With the process of continuous specialisation within economics and
with its incessant subdivision into different schools, the practitioners
of the discipline are becoming more and more alienated from each other.
The need and opportunity to communicate are disappearing. When a
dialogue takes place, one side is often unable to hear the other. And
even when the other side is heard, it is simply not understood. No
attempt is made to explain the causes of such compartmentalisation among
economists. Rather, the aim is to underline the three non‐ideological
consequences of specialisation within the economics profession. The
effects of a mutual misunderstanding are: (1) various names are used to
define the same concept; (2) the same name is employed to describe
different notions; and (3) the relative character of a given approach is
not recognised. Several examples are utilised to underscore the major
points. It is concluded that, unless generalisation supersedes
fragmentation, no coherent picture of the economic world is possible.
The Structure and Characteristics of the Chinese Co‐operative System: 1928–49
Authors: Lai Cheng‐chung
Published: May 2006

How the Chinese Nationalist Government tried to use co‐operatives
as a socio‐economic instrument in mainland China (1928‐1949) but met
with little success is discussed. The historical background of the
Chinese co‐operative movement is presented, the structure and quality of
different types of co‐operatives examined, the performance of
co‐operatives and the benefits of being a co‐operator evaluated and the
characteristics and problems of this system considered.
“Option for the Poor” as a Socio‐economic Principle
Authors: McKee Arnold F.
Published: May 2006

The social principle of an “option for the poor” is
discussed in the light of Roman Catholic socio‐ethical thought, notably
Papal Encyclicals since Vatican II. The consequences for the economy are
outlined.
The Religious Opium of Liberation: Redemption Politicised?
Authors: Thorpe Andy
Published: May 2006

In considering the historic writings of Marx, the article seeks to
show that as religion has become institutionalised in the form of the
Catholic Church it becomes simply another component of the edifice of
the superstructure. This position is challenged chiefly through the
emergence of the Liberation Churches. The roots, institutionalisation,
and establishment of the present‐day church are described. The role of
the Liberation Churches in serving those suffering oppression is also
discussed in comparison with Marxist thought, and in some areas the two
views are seen to be irreconcilable.
The Monetarist Explanation of Inflation: The Experience of
Six African Countries
Authors: Tegene Abebayehu
Published: May 2006

The monetarist model of inflation is tested with quarterly data
over the period 1960‐1983 from six African countries: Egypt, Ghana,
Morocco, Nigeria, Sudan and Tunisia. The role of foreign factors in the
inflationary process is examined in the model, the lag length is
determined, the issue of causality is addressed and structural stability
is tested. The empirical results are, in general, consistent with the
monetarist explanation of inflation.
Partial Price Stabilisation and National Export Earnings
Instability
Authors: Nguyen D.T.
Published: May 2006

This article shows that partial price stabilisation is superior to
complete price stabilisation in stabilising national export earnings in
virtually all situations and is more likely to stabilise national than
world export earnings, in contrast to the findings of an earlier study.
It also shows that the kind of partial price stabilisation achievable in
practice is almost certain to reduce instability in the export earnings
from each commodity for every exporting country.
Networking for Real
Authors: Smith Bryan
Published: May 2006

A fundamental need in the development of managers that rarely
receives the priority attention it warrants is the process of
networking. Whatever the reasons for this, it is vital that managers
should not remain so deprived, particularly as “third‐wave”
organisations start to become a reality. Features and actions essential
to the effective development and management of a network of
relationships are identified. Managers are encouraged to make an
investment in networking as a key management activity, so that the
network becomes something which serves the manager and has a major
impact on personal effectiveness.
VHF Communication for Trainers
Authors: Townsend John
Published: May 2006

The three channels we use for our thoughts – Visual, Hearing
and Feeling (VHF) – are described, and witty suggestions are made
to assist trainers in optimising the attention and retention abilities
of trainees.
The Currency of English
Authors: Francis Richard
Published: May 2006

This article emphasises the concern that standards in the teaching,
understanding and use of the English language are in danger and that the
danger is one of confusion. The importance of teaching children the
structure of English is discussed. The role of the English language and
its use within the European context are also discussed, as is the
greater effort that should be made in teaching and learning other
European languages, particularly as 1992 approaches. Within the
Commonwealth English is a cohesive force but as an international
language it still needs to be nurtured and developed even though it may
appear to be firmly established.
Physical Distribution Management in New Zealand
Authors: Marr Norman E.
Published: May 2006

Physical distribution management in New Zealand, is still, in many
companies, subordinate to other functions in the corporate
organisational hierarchy. In this study of three industries (Menswear,
Foodstuffs and Pharmaceuticals) it was found that most distribution
executives were responsible for warehousing and transport with very
little involvement in setting customer service levels, the very essence
of physical distribution. These results were surprising considering that
it was claimed that there existed a large degree of awareness about the
importance of physical distribution in terms of a company′s overall
success. The actual level of adoption and successful implementation of
an Integrated Physical Distribution system was around 50 per cent. Here
there was considerable disagreement between top management of a company
and the senior distribution executive. These conclusions were drawn from
the response by the General Manager/CEO of participating companies,
together with independent responses from the person in the company
“responsible for the planning and control of the distribution
activities”. These responses were examined in three distinct
areas: attitudes towards distribution, adoption of integrated
distribution concept and company organisation of distribution
activities.
Marketing and Financial Influences on Inventory Levels: An Illustrative Case
Authors: Marr Norman E.
Published: May 2006

This article outlines how one particular company sought to bring
about inventory reductions, and hence cost savings, without reducing
customer service levels. The author′s attention was confined to the
manner by which the physical stock levels were reduced within the
constraints of existing company policy that sets service levels through
ability to supply customers.
Computer‐assisted Vehicle Routeing Systems
Authors: O’Neil Brian F. , Bommer Michael R.W.
Published: May 2006

Increasingly, companies are looking for more efficient ways of
distributing their goods and are turning to Computer‐assisted Vehicle
Routeing Systems (CAVRS) to replace manual routeing systems. The aim of
CAVRS is to reduce the cost of distribution without adversely affecting
service. A framework of criteria developed to evaluate CAVRS packages is
described, based on the proposed characteristics of an
“ideal” CAVRS. The criteria represent the most important
aspects that should be considered by potential users when selecting a
package.
Evaluating and Developing Materials Management Personnel
Authors: Niebuhr Robert E. , Adams Fred P.
Published: May 2006

Evaluation and development of personnel in the materials management
area is a major concern for today′s growth‐oriented organisations. A
model is provided for evaluating both the routine and non‐routine areas
of employee responsibilities and an effective behaviourally oriented
approach to developing individuals is presented. It is recognised by the
model that the potential aspect of a strict objective‐based performance
appraisal system is negative and the concept of a behavioural filter
designed to provide the proper developmental focus for encouraging
change in employee performance is introduced.
Conglutination and Managerial Dominance versus Diversification of Life Values
Authors: Nato Takatsugu
Published: May 2006

The view that Japanese management is not such a harmonised
solidarity as would initially appear is discussed. Three groups within
Japanese management are identified: the power elite, belongers and
survivors. The percentage each group represents and group
characteristics are given. The role of the power elite is discussed in
greater detail with particular reference to the taxation system and the
structure of wealth which operates within Japan.
Integrating Microcomputers into the Business System
Authors: Wilson Glenn T.
Published: May 2006

How can microcomputers best be integrated into the business system?
It depends on the type of application. Microcomputers allow
decentralisation and user autonomy. Large clerical data‐processing
applications can be left unaltered, and the big
“number‐cruncher” jobs will still need the mainframe
computer, but the mainframe′s time will be freed up by the
“loss” of small calculation jobs that can be done on the
microcomputers, along with spreadsheet and word processing applications.
Software and hardware needs, data security, microcomputer network
linkage, computer viruses and electronic mail are also discussed.
Computer Aided Machine Qualification
Authors: Mellichamp Joseph M. , Miller David M. , Wang Jiin
Published: May 2006

This article concerns the process of conducting a machine qualification (or process capability) study. It presents the results of a research project undertaken to investigate the shortcomings inherent in the typical team approach to machine qualification, and to design a comprehensive computer system to overcome these shortcomings. The article begins with a discussion of the steps involved in a qualification study, pointing out that inefficiencies and inaccuracies often arise due to the heavy time and statistical burden placed on the study team. The functionality and the features of the PC‐based computer system developed in the research are described. Numerous screens are provided to illustrate these features. Finally, a synopsis is given of the primary benefits of the system, as well as its limitations.
A Time to Change?
Authors: Brennan John
Published: May 2006

It is argued that schools will need to adapt their management
structures in order to meet the changing demands brought upon the
education service by new legislation. In the same way as colleges of
further and higher education, polytechnics and universities have all had
to find new structures, schools will need to do the same in the 1990s.
The Management of an Independent School
Authors: Higginbotham John E.
Published: May 2006

The establishment of a new independent school is described
retrospectively by the headmaster. As a manager he saw his constituency
as fourfold: pupils, parents, staff, governors. He must know, teach and
talk to pupils; treat every parent′s concerns with total attention;
engage his staff in every sense of the word; and satisfy his governors.
Public relations skills are of paramount importance at every level and
public relations with the world outside must be active not passive or
responsive.
Learning Styles and Education Management: Part One
Authors: Seymour Roland , West‐Burnham John
Published: May 2006

Learning styles, categorised after Kolb, are analysed in a group of
schoolteachers who occupied managerial roles by means of a Learning
Style Questionnaire. The results are compared to those in the literature
for managers in general. Amongst teachers, women and primary school
managers were found to be stronger in their tendency to be Activists and
Pragmatists, senior managers to be Pragmatists.
The Organisational Culture Assessment Inventory: A
Metaphorical Analysis in Educational Settings
Authors: Steinhoff Carl R. , Owens Robert G.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of the research was to develop a measure of the
phenomenon referred to as organisational culture. The study addressed
the following questions: (1) What are the essential facts which define
the metaphor, Organisational Culture?, and (2) How can these
facts be ascertained systematically in a given organisation? This
article describes the procedures used in the development of an
instrument, called the Organisational Culture Assessment Inventory
(OCAI), designed to address these questions. A previous article
specifies the theoretic assumptions on which the OCAI is constructed.
Strengthening Europe′s Quality Management
Authors: van Ham Kees
Published: May 2006

Describes how the European Foundation for Quality Management believes quality must become part of every organisation′s strategic business plan. Discusses how the organisation plans to develop specific quality awareness, management education and motivational programmes in close co‐operation with other European organisations and institutions of higher education. Discusses how the EFQM plans to strengthen the role of quality management in Europe. Concludes by looking at the EFQM plan to establish a European Quality Award which is to be content oriented and based on customer satisfaction.
The Internal Change Agent
Authors: Atkinson Philip
Published: May 2006

Discusses who should be the right person to direct a TQM implementation programme. Provides the answer based on experience in helping organisations plan and introduce total quality initiatives. Asserts that what is required is a leader who can create change, force issues when necessary, and make things happen. Discusses total quality from a number of managerial perspectives. Concludes by considering the need to recognise that mistakes can be made and that change is a learning process. Asserts that standing back and examining the operational issues and learning from the experience of others prevents problems arising and facilitates smooth transition to TQM.
The SAS approach to Quality
Authors: Lilja Owe
Published: May 2006

Asserts that once it is realised that quality is the key to efficiency, a “commitment to quality” becomes a natural consequence. Contends that in the future SAS will see the results ‐ increased profitability through the right quality. Describes the airline′s long‐term objectives to expand and prosper in a de‐regulated airline industry. Concentrates on three strategic development areas: service standards; operational standards; technical standards. Describes the formation of a quality information training programme. Discusses lessons learned about corporate management. Stresses the value of TQM. Asserts that the quality work will significantly influence the overall target of increased profitability and satisfied customers.
Cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitors and coronary occlusion – exploring dose–response relationships
Authors: McGettigan Patricia , Han Pearline , Henry David
Published: May 2006

Aims

To investigate the relationship between acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and ingested doses of selective cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitors and other nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Methods

Case–control study, commenced August 2003. Cases were patients admitted to hospital with ACS (myocardial infarction/unstable angina). Controls were hospital patients admitted for reasons other than acute vascular ischaemia or conditions that are believed to be complications of treatment with COX‐2 inhibitors or NSAIDs. Structured interviews were undertaken within 7 days of admission, collecting information on cardiovascular events and risk factors and all ingested drugs, including the doses of COX‐2 inhibitors and NSAID consumed in the previous week and month.

Results

An interim analysis of the data was conducted in late 2004 to inform a review of the COX‐2 inhibitors by the Australian drug regulatory agency. Between August 2003 and October 2004, we recruited 328 ACS cases and 478 controls. With non‐use of COX‐2 inhibitors or NSAIDs as the reference the adjusted odds ratios (OR) for ACS were: celecoxib 1.11 (95% confidence interval 0.59, 2.11), rofecoxib 0.63 (0.31, 1.28) and other NSAIDs 0.67 (0.41, 1.09). Among control subjects, median daily ingested doses of celecoxib and rofecoxib were 200 mg and 13.4 mg, respectively. Using these to stratify risk, adjusted ORs for ACS were: ‘low’ dose (< median) 0.44 (0.19, 1.03); ‘high’ dose (≥ median) 1.22 (0.67, 2.21). A test for interaction across doses was statistically significant, OR 2.8 (1.0, 7.7), suggesting that at low doses, COX‐2 inhibitors may be protective, becoming risk‐inducing only at higher doses.

Conclusion

The possibility that the gradient of cardiovascular risk with COX‐2 inhibitors runs from protective to risk‐inducing has biological plausibility and merits further investigation.
Structures in the Great Attractor region
Authors: Radburn-Smith D. J. , Lucey J. R. , Woudt P. A. , Kraan-Korteweg R. C. , Watson F. G.
Published: May 2006

To further our understanding of the Great Attractor (GA), we have undertaken a redshift survey using the 2-degree Field (2dF) instrument on the Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT). Clusters and filaments in the GA region were targeted with 25 separate pointings resulting in approximately 2600 new redshifts. Targets included poorly studied X-ray clusters from the Clusters in the Zone of Avoidance (CIZA) Catalogue as well as the Cen–Crux and PKS 1343−601 clusters, both of which lie close to the classic GA centre. For nine clusters in the region, we report velocity distributions as well as virial and projected mass estimates. The virial mass of CIZA J1324.7−5736, now identified as a separate structure from the Cen–Crux cluster, is found to be ∼3 × 1014-M⊙, in good agreement with the X-ray inferred mass. In the PKS 1343−601 field, five redshifts are measured of which four are new. An analysis of redshifts from this survey, in combination with those from the literature, reveals the dominant structure in the GA region to be a large filament, which appears to extend from Abell S0639 (l= 281°, b=+11°) to (l∼ 5°, b∼−50°), encompassing the Cen–Crux, CIZA J1324.7−5736, Norma and Pavo II clusters. Behind the Norma cluster at cz∼ 15-000-km-s−1, the masses of four rich clusters are calculated. These clusters (Triangulum Australis, Ara, CIZA J1514.6−4558 and CIZA J1410.4−4246) may contribute to a continued large-scale flow beyond the GA. The results of these observations will be incorporated into a subsequent analysis of the GA flow.