bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of the Field Herbicide Dissipation by Cover Crop Mulch in Conservation Agriculture
Authors: Douibi Marwa , Carpio María José , Rodríguez-Cruz M. Sonia , Sánchez-Martín María J. , Marín-Benito Jesús M.
Published: October 2024

The effects of mulch on the dissipation of S-metolachlor-SMOC, foramsulfuron-FORAM, and thiencarbazone-methyl-TCM and the formation of their main degradation metabolites were studied here. The herbicides were jointly applied in preemergence of maize on two separate occasions to two agricultural soils under conventional tillage (CT) and non-tillage (NT) over two wheat-maize cycles. Herbicide concentrations were determined in topsoil samples at different times after both applications, and they were fitted to kinetic models. The half-life (DT50) values for SMOC were higher under CT management than under NT (mean values: 25.6 and 7.38 days, respectively) in both soils over the two years. The faster herbicide dissipation with mulch could be because it is partially intercepted and strongly adsorbed/retained through different potential pathways, especially biodegradation, which was supported by the detection of SMOC-ESA and SMOC-OA metabolites. The mean DT50 values for FORAM (6.15 and 6.07 days, respectively) were very close for both soils under NT and CT management over the two-year experiment. The mulch had a lesser impact than for SMOC due to the former’s higher water solubility and lower adsorption, with dissipation being controlled mainly by biodegradation and likely also by leaching. TCM recorded intermediate DT50 values (mean value 20.8 days) in both soils+CT in the two-year experiment compared to SMOC and FORAM. The mulch effect on TCM dissipation was observed only after the second application because the DT50 values were higher in soils+NT after the first application (mean value: 26.9 days) than after the second one (mean value: 5.9 days). The amount of soil surface covered by the mulch controlled the herbicide dissipation, and soil and herbicide properties determine their adsorption behaviour by both mulch and soils.
Long-Term Optimization of Agronomic Practices Increases Water Storage Capacity and Available Water in Soil
Authors: Chang Feng , Yang Wenjia , Wang Shiwen , Yin Lina , Deng Xiping
Published: October 2024

In drylands, where the annual precipitation is low and erratic, improving the water storage capacity and the available water in the soil is crucial for crop production. To explore the effect of long-term agronomic management on water storage capacity and available water in the soil, four agronomic management systems were used (including the farmer’s management model (FM), the high nitrogen input model (HN), the manure amendment model (MM), and the biochar amendment model (BM)) for eight consecutive years, and the variation in wheat yield and soil hydraulic, physical, and chemical properties in the 0–100 cm soil profile were investigated. The management practices varied in terms of seeding rates, nitrogen (N)-application strategies, and the application of manure or biochar. The results showed that, under the manure amendment model (MM), the wheat yield was increased by 17–35%, and the water-use efficiency was increased by 14–29% when compared to the farmer’s management model (FM) and the high nitrogen input model (HN). However, no significant differences in wheat yield and water-use efficiency were found under the biochar amendment model (BM) compared to the HN. The high yield and water-use efficiency under the MM were mainly due to the higher saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil saturated water content, field capacity, and soil available water content, which led to an increase in the available water storage in the 0–100 cm soil profile by 29–48 mm. Furthermore, the MM also improved soil organic matter, porosity, root length density, and root weight density and reduced the soil bulk density, which are beneficial for the improvement of the above soil hydraulic properties. Therefore, it is a practical way to ensure high yield and high efficiency of crops in dryland by improving water storage capacity and the available water in the soil, which can be profoundly regulated by agronomic management.
Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of the BES1 Gene Family in Medicago sativa
Authors: Chen Zhengqiang , Chen Fangqi , Jia Ruifang , Qin Yaxuan , Zhang Yuanyuan , Lin Kejian
Published: October 2024

Brassinosteroid (BR) signaling is regulated by BRI1-EMS SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1) transcription factors, which are crucial for plant growth, development, and stress responses. Despite their importance, BES1 gene studies in Medicago sativa L. are limited, hindering our understanding of the BR signaling in this species. This study identified four BES1 genes in M. sativa; characterized their properties, conserved motifs, cis-regulatory elements, and chromosomal location; and explored their functions in development and stress responses. A phylogenetic analysis grouped these genes into two subfamilies. Transcript profiling showed widespread and tissue-specific expression patterns. A qRT-PCR analysis unveiled that most MsBESI genes were upregulated under salt and drought treatments, except MsG0280009980, which was suppressed. This research lays the groundwork for enhancing M. sativa stress resistance and understanding the BES1 gene family’s function.
Integrating Deficit Irrigation Strategies and Soil-Management Systems in Almond Orchards for Resilient Agriculture
Authors: García-Tejero Iván Francisco , Herencia-Galán Juan Francisco , Cárceles Rodríguez Belén , Calderón-Pavón Abel , Aldana Navarro Javier , Rubio-Casal Alfredo Emilio , Durán Zuazo Víctor Hugo
Published: October 2024

This work was conducted over three-year monitoring seasons of three almond cultivars (Guara, Marta, and Lauranne) subjected to deficit irrigation in combination with cover crops in a Mediterranean semiarid area (SW, Spain). Four water–soil treatments were evaluated based on the conjunction of two irrigation strategies: fully irrigated (FI), covering 100% of the ETC, and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), with two soil-management systems: bare soil (BS) and cover crop based on a mixture of vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) (CC). Throughout the study period in trees, the yield, the stem water potential (Ψstem), leaf nutrient content (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu) in soils, organic carbon, microbial biomass, fluoresceine diacetate, and enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, protease, β-glucosidase, and alkaline phosphatase) were determined. In addition, the dry matter and carbon fixation by plant covers were evaluated. For Guara and Lauranne, yield reductions (22 and 26%, respectively) were found for water-stressed (RDI-CC) plots with respect to non-stressed combination (FI-CC) plots, contrasting with cv. Marta, without a significant impact on productivity in all combinations. That is, the RDI (~3.000 m3 ha−1) strategy enabled acceptable productivity, offering promising possibilities for cultivation performance under water-scarcity scenarios. Important differences in Ψstem could be observed and ascribed to irrigation strategies, especially for Guara and Lauranne, but without significant effects due to the soil-management systems applied. No differences were observed in the tree nutritional status due to the presence or absence of CC; however, its presence increased the fixation of atmospheric carbon, which was not the case under BS conditions. Additionally, CC significantly fostered the microbial processes and enzymatic activities, particularly in upper soil layers (0–10 cm) and with plenty of water supply in FI-CC plots and to a lesser extent in RDI-CC plots, which could encourage prominent aspects for soil quality and health restoration. Thus, the cover crop is congruent with RDI to facilitate soil functionality and water savings in a changing climate, contributing to resilient farming systems in the Mediterranean environment.
Unveiling the Genetic Architecture of Semen Traits in Thai Native Roosters: A Comprehensive Analysis Using Random Regression and Spline Function Models
Authors: Daryatmo Iin Mulyawati , Juiputta Jiraporn , Chankitisakul Vibuntita , Boonkum Wuttigrai
Published: October 2024

Improving reproductive traits, particularly semen quality and quantity, is crucial for optimizing poultry production and addressing the current limitations in native chicken reproduction. The aim of this study was to develop a genetic model to estimate genetic parameters guiding the selection of individual Thai native roosters. Using data collected from 3475 records of 242 Thai native grandparent roosters aged 1–4 years, we evaluated semen traits (mass movement, semen volume, and sperm concentration) over 54 weeks. A random regression test–day model incorporating five covariance functions, including a linear spline function with four, five, six, and eight knots (SP4, SP5, SP6, and SP8) and second-order Legendre polynomial function (LG2), was used to estimate genetic parameters. The results showed that the SP8 model consistently outperformed the other models across all traits, with the lowest mean square error, highest coefficient of determination, and superior predictive ability. Heritability estimates for mass movement, semen volume, and sperm concentration ranged from 0.10 to 0.25, 0.22 to 0.25, and 0.11 to 0.24, respectively, indicating moderate genetic influence on these traits. Genetic correlations between semen volume and sperm concentration were highest in the SP8 model, highlighting a strong genetic association between these traits. The SP8 model also revealed a high genetic correlation between mass movement and semen volume, supporting the potential for selecting mass movement as a predictor of semen volume. In conclusion, this study highlights the effectiveness of random regression models with linear spline functions to evaluate the genetic parameters of semen traits in native Thai roosters. The SP8 model is a robust tool for breeders to enhance the reproductive performance of native Thai chickens, contributing to sustainable poultry production systems.
Impact of High-Dose Supplemental Paprika Extract Feeding on Egg Storage and Biochemical Parameters in Laying Hens
Authors: Kojima Sadao
Published: October 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of paprika extract supplementation on egg storage and blood biochemical parameters in 63-week-old Rhode Island Red (RIR) and Silky Fowl (SF) hens. The hens were divided into three groups: a control group with a basal diet and two groups receiving the basal diet with paprika extract. The trial lasted 28 days, with egg quality (yolk color and albumen pH) assessed after storing eggs at 25 °C for 21 days. A total of 144 eggs were used in 42 treatments (two breeds, three diets, and seven storage periods) with three eggs examined each (four eggs were used on day 0 and five eggs on day 21). Additionally, the yolk carotenoid content, yolk color, and pH of eggs stored at 4 °C and 25 °C were compared. Results showed that yolk color fan score (YCFS) decreased with storage, and SF had a higher albumen pH than RIR, with both breeds exhibiting an increase in pH over time. HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and the HDL-C to total cholesterol ratio were significantly influenced by breed, diet, and their interaction. The HDL-C level in SF was affected linearly and quadratically by diet, while no such trend was observed in RIR. The study concluded that paprika extract affects egg quality and blood lipid profiles differently in different breeds, highlighting breed-specific responses to dietary supplementation.
Proteomic Analysis of Crimped and Straight Wool in Chinese Tan Sheep
Authors: Shi An , Ma Sijia , Yang Zhuo , Ding Wei , Tian Jinyang , Chen Xin , Tao Jinzhong
Published: October 2024

Crimped wool in Tan sheep gradually transitions to straight wool after 35 days (the er-mao stage), which reduces its commercial value. To investigate the changes in wool proteins during this stage, we performed comparative proteomic analysis of the straight and crimped wool using tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantification. The mean fur curvature (MFC) of crimped wool was significantly greater than that of straight wool (p < 0.001). We identified 1218 proteins between the two types of wool, including 50 keratins (Ks) and 10 keratin-associated proteins (KAPs). There were 213 differentially expressed proteins, including 13 Ks and 4 KAPs. Crimped wool showed relatively high abundances of KAP24-1, K84, K32, K82, and intermediate filament rod domain-containing protein (IRDC), whereas straight wool had relatively high abundances of K6A, K27, K80, KAP16-1, KAP27-1, and trichohyalin (TCHH). The expression levels of KAP16-1, KAP24-1, and KAP27-1 were related to the ratio of paracortex, which may be associated with wool crimp formation. Additionally, high expressions of TCHH, K27, and K6A in the inner root sheath (IRS) were linked to fiber fineness in straight wool. These findings provide insight into the overall expression and distribution patterns of Ks and KAPs, offering opportunities to improve wool quality and enhance its economic potential in the textile industry.
An Assessment of the Impact of Insect Meal in Dry Food on a Dog with a Food Allergy: A Case Report
Authors: Cesar Cinthia Gonçalves Lenz , Marchi Pedro Henrique , Amaral Andressa Rodrigues , Príncipe Leonardo de Andrade , Carmo Adrielly Aparecida do , Zafalon Rafael Vessecchi Amorim , Miyamoto Nelson Nobuhiro , Garcia Nury Aymée Collona Rodriguez , Balieiro Júlio Cesar de Carvalho , Vendramini Thiago Henrique Annibale
Published: October 2024

Food allergy triggers an immune response to dietary proteins, resulting in food rejection and dermatological and gastrointestinal manifestations. The preferred therapies include diets with hydrolyzed proteins or unusual single-source proteins, with insect protein emerging as a promising option, with no reported allergic reactions in dogs with a food allergy. In this case study, the effects of including black soldier fly larva (BSFL) meal were observed in a 5-year-old spayed beagle previously diagnosed with a food allergy. The objective was to assess the potential of BSFL meal as an adjunct in treating a food allergy. As part of the protocol, two nutritionally very similar diets were used, differing only in the protein source: the control diet, with poultry by-product meal; and the BSFL diet, which completely replaced the poultry by-product meal. After a 12-day adaptation period to the BSFL diet, the dog showed no gastrointestinal changes, maintaining an adequate fecal score and no clinical signs of the disease. A challenge test with the control diet resulted in episodic gastrointestinal symptoms, which were reversed within two days by reintroducing the BSFL diet. The BSFL protein-based diet was effective in controlling the dog’s clinical signs.
Australian Alpaca Demographics and Management: A National Survey
Authors: Boughey Imogen , Hall Evelyn , Bush Russell
Published: October 2024

The Australian alpaca industry has continued to grow since the introduction of alpacas in the 1980s. Little is known about the geographical distribution of alpacas or on-farm management practices. This study aimed to address this and identify key producer knowledge through an online survey. The survey consisted of 25 questions grouped into 3 areas: demographics, farm production and alpaca nutrition. The highest concentration of alpaca producers was along the east coast of Australia, primarily in high-rainfall zones, which could be attributed to more consistent year-round pasture availability and market access opportunities. The Huacaya breed accounted for 93% of the animal numbers reported in this survey. Respondents identified 12 key pasture species being grazed, with Kikuyu being the most common, followed by Subterranean Clover and Phalaris, likely due to the majority of respondents being located in suitable high-rainfall environments. Pasture species were not identified by 25% of respondents. There are no registered anthelmintics or vaccinations for alpacas, resulting in a variation in dosage rates and administration frequency, raising concerns for effective disease and parasite management. This survey has identified key knowledge gaps in alpaca management practices in Australia that will be further investigated to provide industry recommendations to improve alpaca production.
Characterisation of Three Ovine KRTAP13 Family Genes and Their Association with Wool Traits in Chinese Tan Sheep
Authors: Bai Lingrong , Zhou Huitong , He Jianning , Tao Jinzhong , Hickford Jon G. H.
Published: October 2024

Understanding the genetic basis of wool traits is crucial for improving wool production. In this study, we investigated the ovine KAP13 gene family, which in humans contains multiple members, while only one member has been identified to date in sheep. Three ovine KRTAP13 genes, likely representing KRTAP13-1, KRTAP13-2, and KRTAP13-4, were identified through sequence analysis and phylogenetic comparisons. These genes are positioned on chromosome 1, between KRTAP15-1 and KRTAP27-1, in a pattern that is like the arrangement in humans but not identical. Analyses revealed multiple sequence variants of each gene in 356 sheep from a variety of wool, meat, and dual-purpose breeds. The effect of these genes on four fibre traits: mean fibre curvature (MFC), mean fibre diameter (MFD), coefficient of variation of fibre diameter (CVFD), and fibre diameter standard deviation (FDSD), was assessed in 240 lambs of the Chinese Tan sheep breed. An allele of KRTAP13-2 was revealed to be associated with a decrease in FDSD and CVFD in heterotypic fibres. No associations were found between KRTAP13-4 variation and wool traits, and an association analysis for KRTAP13-1 was not conducted because no variation was found in this gene in the Chinese Tan sheep studied. These findings suggest a potential role for KRTAP13-2 in regulating wool traits, particularly fibre diameter uniformity in larger heterotypic hair fibres, and suggest its potential use as a marker for improving wool traits.
Use of Precision Feeding during Lactation Improves the Productive Yields of Sows and Their Piglets under Commercial Farm Conditions
Authors: Aparicio María , Yeste-Vizcaíno Natalia , Morales Joaquín , Soria Nerea , Isabel Beatriz , Piñeiro Carlos , González-Bulnes Antonio
Published: October 2024

Adequate nutritional management in maternities is one of the most challenging aspects of swine production. This study reports the results of two studies aiming to determine, under commercial farm conditions, the effects of precision feeding (electronic sow feeders, ESFs) on the production and economic yields of lactating sows and possible nutritional and metabolic differences when compared to a control group fed with traditional feeders. The first trial showed that sows fed with ESFs weaned heavier piglets than sows fed with traditional feeders. Feed intake during the lactation period was similar in the sows of both groups; consequently, the amount of feed per kg of weaned piglet was lower in the sows fed with ESFs, which is a remarkable economic output. The second trial confirmed these findings and showed that, despite similar feed intakes, the sows fed with ESFs had lower bodyweight losses during the lactation period, but there were no major differences in milk composition or metabolic traits of sows and piglets.
Evaluation of Synthetic GnRH-Analog Peforelin with Regard to Oocyte Differentiation and Follicular Development in C57BL/6J Mice
Authors: Amberger Lena , Wagner Daniel , Höflinger Sonja , Zwicker Frederik , Matzek Dana , Popper Bastian
Published: October 2024

In biomedical research, ovulation induction is a critical step in the reproductive biology of laboratory animals. This study evaluates the efficacy of peforelin, a synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog, in comparison to pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG, synonym: eCG), traditionally used for ovulation induction in mice. PMSG is derived from the serum of pregnant horses, and its production is becoming increasingly problematic due to animal welfare concerns and regulatory restrictions. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate an ethically acceptable and less invasive alternative to PMSG. Female C57BL/6J mice, aged 3–4 weeks, were divided into two groups to receive either peforelin at three different concentrations or PMSG, followed by an injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to induce ovulation. Key outcomes included the number and quality of oocytes collected, fertilization rates, ovary morphology, and follicular differentiation. Although the number of oocytes was significantly lower in the peforelin cohort, the fertilization rate was high. Ovarian morphology was not significantly altered compared to the PMSG cohort. This study showed that peforelin is suitable for superovulation in mice. These results suggest that peforelin could be an ethically acceptable alternative to PMSG stimulation for inducing superovulation in mice.
Analyzing Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria from Wastewater in Pakistan Using Whole-Genome Sequencing
Authors: Sattar Fazal , Hu Xiao , Saxena Anugrah , Mou Kathy , Shen Huigang , Ali Hazrat , Ghauri Muhammad Afzal , Sarwar Yasra , Ali Aamir , Li Ganwu
Published: October 2024

Background: Wastewater is a major source of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) and a hotspot for the exchange of Antibiotic-Resistant Genes (ARGs). The occurrence of Carbapenem-Resistant Bacteria (CRB) in wastewater samples is a major public health concern. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze Antibiotic resistance in bacteria from wastewater sources in Pakistan. Methods: We analyzed 32 bacterial isolates, including 18 Escherichia coli, 4 Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 10 other bacterial isolates using phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility assay and whole-genome sequencing. This study identified the ARGs, plasmid replicons, and integron genes cassettes in the sequenced isolates. One representative isolate was further sequenced using Illumina and Oxford nanopore sequencing technologies. Results: Our findings revealed high resistance to clinically important antibiotics: 91% of isolates were resistant to cefotaxime, 75% to ciprofloxacin, and 62.5% to imipenem, while 31% showed non-susceptibility to gentamicin. All E. coli isolates were resistant to cephalosporins, with 72% also resistant to carbapenems. Sequence analysis showed a diverse resistome, including carbapenamases (blaNDM-5, blaOXA-181), ESBLs (blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM), and AmpC-type β-lactamases (blaCMY). Key point mutations noticed in the isolates were pmrB_Y358N (colistin) and ftsI_N337NYRIN, ftsI_I336IKYRI (carbapenem). The E. coli isolates had 11 different STs, with ST410 predominating (28%). Notably, the E. coli phylogroup A isolate 45EC1, (ST10886) is reported for the first time from wastewater, carrying blaNDM-5, blaCMY-16, and pmrB_Y358N with class 1 integron gene cassette of dfrA12-aadA2-qacEΔ1 on a plasmid-borne contig. Other carbapenamase, blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-72, were detected in K. pneumoniae 22EB1 and Acinetobacter baumannii 51AC1, respectively. The integrons with the gene cassettes encoding antibiotic resistance, and the transport and bacterial mobilization protein, were identified in the sequenced isolates. Ten plasmid replicons were identified, with IncFIB prevalent in 53% of isolates. Combined Illumina and Oxford nanopore sequencing revealed blaNDM-5 on an IncFIA/IncFIC plasmid and is identical to those reported in the USA, Myanmar, and Tanzania. Conclusions: These findings highlight the environmental prevalence of high-risk and WHO-priority pathogens with clinically important ARGs, underscoring the need for a One Health approach to mitigate ARB isolates.
Simulation of Epidemic Dynamics Using a Multi-Agent Model: Analysis of Social Distancing Strategies and Their Impacts on Public Health and Economy
Authors: Lima Cloves Alberto Chaves de , Silva Luis Augusto , Tedesco Patricia Cabral de Azevedo Restelli
Published: October 2024

Infectious disease epidemics have played a crucial role in shaping public health responses, particularly in global health crises. This study emerges as part of the efforts to prepare effective responses to potential future pandemics, leveraging lessons learned during the COVID-19 crisis. The research uses an adapted compartmental epidemiological model and a synthetic multi-agent community to investigate how social variables influence epidemic forecasts in socioeconomically vulnerable regions. Focusing on the simulation of epidemic dynamics in the socio-economically disadvantaged neighbourhood of Ilha Joana Bezerra in Recife, this study examines the impacts of social distancing strategies and other control measures, such as face masks and moderate social isolation. Through the adapted SEPAI3R3O model, which includes compartments for pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic states, this study provides a detailed analysis of disease dynamics in contexts characterised by high social vulnerability. The results underscore the importance of public health policies adapted to socio-economic factors, emphasising the need for continuous preparedness to manage future epidemic threats in vulnerable communities effectively.
Enhancing Grout Filling Quality Assessment in Precast Concrete Sleeve Connections through a Collaborative Sensing Approach
Authors: Jiang Bolin , Wu Shanshan , Xiong Qidong , Yao Yongsheng
Published: October 2024

This study presents a collaborative sensing approach that integrates the pre-embedded sensor method and the impact-echo technique to enhance the accuracy of grout filling quality assessment for precast concrete sleeve connections. The pre-embedded sensor method, which relies on vibration energy attenuation, enables continuous monitoring of the grout filling process; however, its accuracy is limited at low filling degrees, as vibration energy values remain constant at approximately 255 when the filling degree is below 70%. In contrast, the impact-echo technique, based on the principle of impact elastic wave propagation, demonstrates high accuracy in evaluating grout filling degrees across various levels, with reflected waveform amplitude increasing accordingly. This collaborative approach establishes a functional relationship between vibration energy values from the pre-embedded sensor method and grout filling degree, allowing for a comprehensive assessment of grout filling quality. In field demonstrations, the calculated grout filling degree values deviated by less than 5% from the set values. Practical guidelines for implementing the collaborative sensing approach are also provided. The method developed in this study offers a reliable solution for assessing grout filling quality in precast concrete sleeve connections, addressing the limitations of individual testing methods.
Analysis of the Organic Chemical Fractions of Three Coal Extracts
Authors: Wang Xiaohua , Zhu Zhongchao , Li Xiaojun
Published: October 2024

Coal is an important fossil energy source in the world, which provides important support for the development of industry. However, the chemical composition of coal is complex, and it may cause harm to the human body and environment during the process of mining and utilization, especially some aromatic hydrocarbons in coal that are strongly carcinogenic to human beings; thus, it is necessary to analyze the organic chemical compositions of coal so as to realize the clean and harmless utilization of coal. In this article, three different coal samples were extracted by seven solvent-graded extractions, and then the extracts were tested by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). According to the results of the GC-MS test, it was found that CS2 could dissolve a large amount of aromatic hydrocarbons in the coal, n-hexane could dissolve a larger amount of aliphatic hydrocarbons, methanol could dissolve a larger amount of ketones, benzene could extract phenolic compounds in the coal, acetone could dissolve alcoholic compounds, and the mixed solvent methanol/THF could dissolve coal esters. Then, by analyzing these extracts, researchers can clearly understand the microscopic organic components of coal, which have a significant role in the development of the coal chemical industry and ecological environment protection.
A Multimodal Recurrent Model for Driver Distraction Detection
Authors: Ciesla Marcel , Ostermayer Gerald
Published: October 2024

Distracted driving is a significant threat to road safety, causing numerous accidents every year. Driver distraction detection systems offer a promising solution by alerting the driver to refocus on the primary driving task. Even with increasing vehicle automation, human drivers must remain alert, especially in partially automated vehicles where they may need to take control in critical situations. In this work, an AI-based distraction detection model is developed that focuses on improving classification performance using a long short-term memory (LSTM) network. Unlike traditional approaches that evaluate individual frames independently, the LSTM network captures temporal dependencies across multiple time steps. In addition, this study investigated the integration of vehicle sensor data and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) to further improve detection accuracy. The results show that the recurrent LSTM network significantly improved the average F1 score from 71.3% to 87.0% compared to a traditional vision-based approach using a single image convolutional neural network (CNN). Incorporating sensor data further increased the score to 90.1%. These results highlight the benefits of integrating temporal dependencies and multimodal inputs and demonstrate the potential for more effective driver distraction detection systems that can improve road safety.
Enhancing Asphalt Performance: The Combined Influence of Trinidad Lake Asphalt (TLA) and Styrene–Isoprene–Styrene (SIS) on PG 64-22 Binder
Authors: Vigneswaran Shyaamkrishnan , Yun Jihyeon , Lee Moon-Sup , Kim Hyunhwan , Lee Soon-Jae
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the combined impact of Trinidad Lake Asphalt (TLA) and styrene–isoprene–styrene (SIS) on the performance of PG 64-22 asphalt binder. The study specifically examines how the addition of TLA and SIS affects the stiffness, viscoelastic properties, and ability to resist deformation of the asphalt binder, using the Superpave test method. The findings demonstrate that the addition of SIS improves the ability to withstand deformation, with the best results seen in the mixture containing 20% TLA and 5% SIS. This blend achieves a harmonious combination of stiffness, pliability, and ease of use. Increasing the SIS content to 10% and combining it with a 20% TLA greatly enhances resistance to rutting, but it also decreases workability. In addition, a mixture consisting of 10% TLA and 10% SIS provides excellent resistance to fatigue and possesses viscoelastic properties that are well suited for reducing oxidative aging and cracking. Although SIS typically enhances the performance of binders, an excessive quantity can result in unwanted rigidity, requiring meticulous optimization. The results highlight the importance of customizing TLA–SIS combinations according to specific environmental conditions in order to optimize advantages. Subsequent studies should investigate the prolonged impacts and alternative combinations of additives to further improve the performance of binders.
A Study on the Sound Therapy Interaction Design to Alleviate Homesickness: The HomeSeek App among Chinese Users
Authors: Zhou Ye , Nah Ken , Tan Suqin
Published: October 2024

Research in the field of psychological health care has confirmed that chronic homesickness can exacerbate emotional problems. However, there is a lack of diverse products in the design field that can effectively address the issue of alleviating homesickness. This study explores how interaction design can mitigate homesickness-related anxiety while delivering a good user experience, from an application-driven perspective. An inclusive design approach was adopted. Firstly, an online survey was conducted in China through social media platforms (WeChat and websites), and 323 responses were analyzed to examine Chinese preferences for sounds that alleviate homesickness and the influence of various characteristics on the perception of hometown sounds. Secondly, personas were created to capture user needs. Based on regional differences, local sound characteristics, and adaptation to various audience backgrounds, this study examined the effects of these sounds on alleviating homesickness across different scenarios and proposed a sound therapy design model. The practical application of this model was demonstrated through the HomeSeek app, which provides personalized therapeutic experiences. Finally, an application usability test was conducted. The findings indicated that 92.5% of participants were satisfied with the homesickness therapy experience, demonstrating its effectiveness in alleviating homesickness and providing strong support for the research model.
1-g Shaking Table Test Study on the Influence of Soil–Caisson Dynamic Interaction (SCDI) on the Caisson Foundation Motion
Authors: Wu Yicheng , Peng Tianbo , Ahmad Sohail
Published: October 2024

Caisson foundations are commonly used as the tower foundations in many long-span bridges. However, the seismic performance analysis of bridge structures using caisson foundations typically assumes that the tower is fixed at the base, applying the free-field ground acceleration to the base. Consequently, the impact of soil–caisson dynamic interaction (SCDI) on the caisson foundation motion is not considered. To investigate the SCDI effects on the motion of the caisson foundation, two different systems of 1 g shaking table model tests were carried out: a free-field system model test and a soil–caisson system model test. The test results show that an increase in the peak acceleration of the table input seismic wave is associated with a greater influence of SCDI on the motion of the caisson foundation. Compared with the free-field ground motion, the SCDI effects reduce the amplitude of the horizontal acceleration of the caisson foundation motion but introduce a significant rotational component. Additionally, both effects are frequency-dependent and become more significant with increasing frequency. The shaking table test study presented in this paper reveals several crucial features of SCDI that influence the motion of the caisson foundation, enhancing the comprehension of the mechanism of SCDI and providing essential data support for subsequent theoretical and numerical simulation studies.
Leveraging IoT Devices for Atrial Fibrillation Detection: A Comprehensive Study of AI Techniques
Authors: Pedrosa-Rodriguez Alicia , Camara Carmen , Peris-Lopez Pedro
Published: October 2024

Internet of Things (IoT) devices play a crucial role in the real-time acquisition of photoplethysmography (PPG) signals, facilitating seamless data transmission to cloud-based platforms for analysis. Atrial fibrillation (AF), affecting approximately 1–2% of the global population, requires accurate detection methods due to its prevalence and health impact. This study employs IoT devices to capture PPG signals and implements comprehensive preprocessing steps, including windowing, filtering, and artifact removal, to extract relevant features for classification. We explored a broad range of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) approaches. Our results demonstrate superior performance, achieving an accuracy of 97.7%, surpassing state-of-the-art methods, including those with FDA clearance. Key strengths of our proposal include the use of shortened 15-second traces and validation using publicly available datasets. This research advances the design of cost-effective IoT devices for AF detection by leveraging diverse ML and DL techniques to enhance classification accuracy and robustness.
Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) Probes in Fluorescent Sensing: Progress and Applications for Pesticide Detection
Authors: Zha Bowen , Li Hui , Ren Susu , Wu Jia-Rui , Wang Haitao
Published: October 2024

Pesticide residues pose significant risks to human health and the environment, emphasizing the need for sensitive detection and analysis methods. Fluorescence-based sensors, particularly those utilizing aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorophores (AIEgens), have demonstrated exceptional performance in this area. This review summarizes key advancements in pesticide detection sensors based on AIEgens, detailing their luminescence mechanisms and fluorescence sensing principles. It explores various applications of AIEgens in fluorescence sensors, including organic small-molecule sensors, nanocomposite sensors, metal-organic framework sensors, supramolecular sensors, fluorescent porous organic polymer sensors, and lateral flow immunoassay sensors, with specific examples illustrating their detection mechanisms and performance. This review also discusses current challenges and future perspectives for the development of these sensors. We anticipate that this review will serve as a valuable and timely resource for researchers working to advance the development and application of AIEgens-based sensors in pesticide detection.
Miyazaki Vermin Repulsion Robot and Its Adjustable Acousto-Optic Stimulus Generation Scheme
Authors: Lee Geunho , Yamane Teruyuki , Koga Tasuku , Kuga Tota
Published: October 2024

One of the most pressing issues in livestock farming is the protection of economically valuable livestock. The prevention and the treatment of infectious diseases are directly related to maintaining stable livestock output. Vermin is a primary source of livestock infection, resulting in the occurrence and expansion of epidemic diseases. To protect livestock against infections caused by epidemic diseases, this study proposes a vermin repulsion system called the Miyazaki Vermin Repulsion Robot (MiVeReR). Different from existing vermin repulsion systems, the development objective of MiVeReR is to repel vermin rather than kill them. In particular, MiVeReR generates changeable acousto-optic signals as repulsion signals for wild animals. Furthermore, MiVeReR employs image data to monitor the invasion of wild animals and their location data to track them, and accurately focuses the generated signals on them. These acousto-optic stimuli can be changed based on the reactions of the intruder through the feedback of the image data to ensure the effectiveness of the repulsion motions for vermin. Details on the hardware configuration of MiVeReR and its control scheme are explained. As a first step to develop MiVeReR, we attempted to repel vermin such as mice and wild cats from farm environments. Extensive experiments were conducted to verify the effectiveness of MiVeReR and the proposed control solution. Through experiments in wild environments, the feasibility of MiVeReR was inspected. The results of this study are concretely described.
Beyond Presence: Exploring Empathy within the Metaverse
Authors: Divakaran Anjitha , Yang Hyung-Jeong , Kim Seung-won , Shin Ji-eun , Kim Soo-Hyung
Published: October 2024

As the metaverse evolves, characterized by its immersive and interactive landscapes, it presents novel opportunities for empathy research. This study aims to systematically review how empathy manifests in metaverse environments, focusing on two distinct forms: specific empathy (context-based) and universal empathy (generalized). Our analysis reveals a predominant focus on specific empathy, driven by the immersive nature of virtual settings, such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR). However, we argue that such immersive scenarios alone are insufficient for a comprehensive exploration of empathy. To deepen empathetic engagement, we propose the integration of advanced sensory feedback mechanisms, such as haptic feedback and biometric sensing. This paper examines the current state of empathy in virtual environments, contrasts it with the potential for enriched empathetic connections through technological enhancements, and proposes future research directions. By fostering both specific and universal empathy, we envision a metaverse that not only bridges gaps but also cultivates meaningful, empathetic connections across its diverse user base.
A Reliable Aggregation Method Based on Threshold Additive Secret Sharing in Federated Learning with Quality of Service (QoS) Support
Authors: Ting Yu-Ting , Chi Po-Wen , Kuo Chien-Ting
Published: October 2024

Federated learning is a decentralized privacy-preserving mechanism that allows multiple clients to collaborate without exchanging their datasets. Instead, they jointly train a model by uploading their own gradients. However, recent research has shown that attackers can use clients’ gradients to reconstruct the original training data, compromising the security of federated learning. Thus, there has been an increasing number of studies aiming to protect gradients using different techniques. One common technique is secret sharing. However, it has been shown in previous research that when using secret sharing to protect gradient privacy, the original gradient cannot be reconstructed when one share is lost or a server is damaged, causing federated learning to be interrupted. In this paper, we propose an approach that involves using additive secret sharing for federated learning gradient aggregation, making it difficult for attackers to easily access clients’ original gradients. Additionally, our proposed method ensures that any server damage or loss of gradient shares are unlikely to impact the federated learning operation, within a certain probability. We also added a membership level system, allowing members of varying levels to ultimately obtain models with different accuracy levels.
Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Analysis of Hybrid Buckypaper-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites: A Quantum Tunneling-Informed Equivalent Circuit Approach
Authors: Tripathi Kartik , Hamza Mohamed H. , Morales Madeline A. , Henry Todd C. , Hall Asha , Chattopadhyay Aditi
Published: October 2024

A novel modeling approach is developed for investigating the effectiveness of buckypaper (BP), a porous membrane made of a highly cross-linked network of carbon nanotubes, in improving the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. The methodology uses quantum tunneling-based equivalent electrical circuits and Monte Carlo simulations to predict the frequency-dependent electrical conductivity and EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of the hybrid BP/CFRP composites. The study examines a signal frequency range of 50 MHz to 12 GHz that includes the very high and X-band. The results show that at a frequency of 12 GHz, the transverse conductivity increases to approximately 12.67 S/m, while the longitudinal conductivity decreases to about 3300 S/m from an initial value of 40,000 S/m. These results are then integrated into the ANSYS High-Frequency Structure Simulator to predict SE by simulating the propagation of electromagnetic waves through a semi-infinite composite shield element. The numerical simulations illustrate that incorporating BP significantly improves the SE of CFRP composites beyond 2 GHz owing to its high conductivity in that frequency range. For instance, at 12 GHz signal frequency, adding a single BP interleaf enhances the SE of a [90, 0] laminate by up to ~64%.
Recovery of Pasteurization-Resistant Vagococcus lutrae from Raw Seafoods Using a Two-Step Enrichment, Its Presumptive Prevalence, and Novel Classification Phenotypes
Authors: Scruggs Elizabeth F. , Gulley Zaria , Steele Guadalupe , Alahmadi Mohammed , Barnawi Asim , Majrshi Hussain , Tiong Hung King
Published: October 2024

V. lutrae is an emerging human pathogen attributed to increasing hospitalization cases in humans; however, its biology and epidemiology are under-explored. The present study explored V. lutrae recovery, prevalence, and biology. A two-step enrichment method (i.e., step 1, nourishment; step 2, heat, 80 °C, 20 min) and thiosulfate–citrate–bile salts–sucrose (TCBS) agar were employed for recovering V. lutrae in raw seafood. Bacterial colonies were streaked for purification before 16S rRNA bacterial identification. Confirmed V. lutrae isolates were analyzed for their culture-challenged turbidity and virulence. Of 41 bacterial isolates, 9 confirmed V. lutrae, including regular (33%; nourished 24 h) and heat-resistant (67%; nourished 48 h plus heating) isolates, were exclusively from yellow colonies (i.e., TCBS) and were exclusively recovered from nourished shrimp (78%) and crab (22%) only. The culture and virulence biology revealed that they could diversely tolerate salinity (i.e., 0–17.5% additional NaCl), pasteurization (63 °C, 8 h), oxygen availability, and antibiotic sensitivity (i.e., erythromycin, gentamicin, and vancomycin). Further, this pathogen exhibited no visible hemolytic and alkalization activities. Emerging foodborne pathogens could readily evade the established food safety regime. The present study reveals systematic investigation and diverse phenotypes of V. lutrae to enhance its detection and contribute to public health initiatives.
Comparative Study of Fatty Acid Composition of Muscles of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua Linnaeus, 1758) with Natural Diet and Feeding near Salmon Farms
Authors: Sanchez-Jerez Pablo , Atalah Javier , Sætra Ingeborg Mathisen , Bøhn Thomas , Saether Bjorn-Steinar , Johansen Torild , Keeley Nigel , van der Meeren Terje , Bjørn Pål Arne
Published: October 2024

Coastal aquaculture and local fisheries interact in shared marine environments, influencing each other synergistically and/or antagonistically. Salmon farming, notably with open-net sea cages along the Norwegian coast, attracts wild fish due to increased food availability from uneaten feed, but it also exposes wild fish to farm emissions like waste and toxic chemicals (de-lice treatments, antifouling and medical agents). The attraction behaviour of wild fish can impact fatty acid composition in fish tissues, influenced by the high terrestrial fat content in salmon aquafeed. We study how the Atlantic cod, aggregating around salmon farms in a subarctic fjord in Northern Norway, can be affected, potentially altering their natural diet and fatty acid profiles. Our study compares the muscle-tissue fatty acid compositions of cod caught near aquaculture facilities (impact) versus fish caught in neighbouring fjords (control), and we hypothesise decreased omega-3 fatty acids near farms. The analysis revealed no significant differences in the fatty acid concentrations or categories between the impacted and control fish, challenging our initial expectations. However, differences were found for C18:1(n9)t (elaidic acid), with a higher value in the impacted fish. These findings suggest that salmon farming’s influence on cod’s fatty acid profiles in the flesh (i.e., relevant for the nutritional quality of the fillets that consumers eat) may be limited or minimal despite their aggregative behaviours around farms. The threshold levels of salmon feed consumed by wild cod before it affects the quality and survival of, e.g., sperm or other life stages, are not known and require new investigations. This study underscores the complexity of interactions between aquaculture and wild fisheries, impacting both ecological dynamics and consumer perspectives on seafood quality and health benefits.