bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Demotion and Dissent in the Canadian Liberal Party
Authors: KAM CHRISTOPHER
Published: May 2006

Those who have not witnessed the making of a government have reason to be happier than those who have. It is a thoroughly unpleasant and discreditable business in which merit is disregarded, loyal service is without value, influence is the most important factor and geography and religion are important supplementary considerations.

The Borden Ministry was composed under standard conditions, and was not, therefore, nearly as able, honest, or as industrious an administrative aggregation as could have been had from the material available … There were some broken hearts – in one instance, literally. In others, philosophy came to the rescue, but the pills were large and the swallowing was bitter.

Paul Bilkey

Prime ministers can typically rely on ideological agreement and norms of loyalty to deliver them a modicum of party cohesion. Beyond that, they have at their disposal a variety of institutional tools with which to enforce discipline. The powers to invoke the confidence convention and to dissolve parliament are the most well known and powerful of these tools, but these heavy-handed measures are ill-suited for securing unity on an on-going basis. The prime minister's monopoly over the distribution of preferment is a far more reliable means of ensuring members' loyalty. The rules of the game are simple: if the member of parliament (MP) wishes to climb the parliamentary career ladder, he or she must toe the party line. The prime minister's power over MPs' parliamentary careers is not without limit, of course. Some MPs must be brought into cabinet because they are too powerful and dangerous to leave on the backbench where they can openly challenge the prime minister.
PERIOD AND COHORT DYNAMICS IN FERTILITY NORMS AT THE ONSET OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION IN KENYA 1978–1998
Authors: WHITE R. G. , HALL C. , WOLFF B.
Published: May 2006

A characteristic of African pre-transitional fertility regimes is large ideal family size. This has been used to support claims of cultural entrenchment of high fertility. Yet in Kenya fertility rates have fallen. In this paper this fall is explored in relation to trends in fertility norms and attitudes using four sequential cross-sectional surveys spanning the fertility transition in Kenya (1978, 1984, 1989 and 1998). The most rapid fall in the reported ideal family size occurred between 1984 and 1989, whilst the most rapid fall in the total fertility rate occurred 5 to 10 years later, between 1989 and 1998. Thus these data, spanning the fertility transition in Kenya, support the traditional demographic model that demand for fertility limitation drives fertility decline. These data also suggest that the decline in fertility norms over time was partly a period effect, as the reported ideal family size was seen to fall simultaneously in all age cohorts, and partly a cohort effect, as older age cohorts reporting higher ideal family sizes were replaced by younger cohorts reporting lower ideal family sizes. These data also suggest that a new fertility norm of four children may have developed by 1989 and continued until 1998. This is consistent with, and perhaps could have been used to predict, the stall in the Kenyan fertility decline after 1998.
Why are head and neck cancer clinicians not measuring quality of life?
Authors: Mehanna H M , Morton R P
Published: May 2006

Aim: To quantify and qualify the use of quality of life (QOL) measures by head and neck cancer clinicians and to identify any impediments to the use of these measures.

Methods: Questionnaire survey of members of the Australia and New Zealand Head and Neck Society.

Results: One hundred and twenty-eight of 187 (68.5 per cent) responded. Only 43 (34 per cent) had ever used a QOL questionnaire (QLQ), and only 17 (13 per cent) were currently using one. Impediments to QLQ use included clinicians' perceptions that QLQs were too time-consuming and conferred no proven benefit for clinical management. Nevertheless, 113 (88 per cent) respondents indicated willingness to use a minimum core QLQ – for routine clinical use and for research – but indicated a preference for a short (10–15 questions), quick (less than 10 minutes) questionnaire.

Conclusions: Most head and neck cancer clinicians did not use a QOL measure routinely, with impediments to routine use being mainly clinician-based. Most respondents would use a minimum core QOL measure, especially if it were a short, quick consensus questionnaire.
Unusual otological manifestations in Camurati-Engelmann's Disease
Authors: Moumoulidis I , De R , Ramsden R , Moffat D
Published: May 2006

Camurati-Engelmann's disease (CED) is a rare hereditary disorder affecting mainly the diaphysis of long bones but multiple cranial nerve deficits may also develop secondary to bony sclerosis of their foramina, including visual loss, facial palsy, deafness, vestibular disturbances and sensory deficits along the distribution of the trigeminal nerve. Deafness has been reported in about 18 per cent of these cases due to narrowing of the internal auditory canals caused by bony encroachment on nerves and vessels. We report an extremely rare case of a patient with CED who presented with deafness due to gross abnormalities affecting both middle ear and cochlea. The issues relating to the management of these patients with temporal bone involvement are discussed.
Instability of anomalous viscosity disks around young stellar objects
Authors: YAO Z. R. , LI X. Q.
Published: May 2006

An accretion disk with vertical structure around a young stellar object is investigated, considering anomalous magnetic viscosity. It was found that the I-mode was unstable in the outer disk, and sometimes turned stable in the inner disk, for the standard α model. However, we find that the I-mode is always unstable in the inner disk, owing to the anomalous magnetic viscosity.
Pre-morbid IQ and response to routine outcome assessment
Authors: SLADE MIKE , LEESE MORVEN , GILLARD MATT , KUIPERS ELIZABETH , THORNICROFT GRAHAM
Published: May 2006

Background. Routine use of standardized outcome measures within adult mental health services is compulsory in many countries, but not common in clinical practice. As well as political and professional factors, one reason may be that there is little empirical evidence of benefit for patients. It is therefore important to identify predictors of response. Pre-morbid intellectual functioning has predicted response to other interventions. This paper tests the hypothesis that pre-morbid IQ impacts on the effectiveness of routine assessment and feedback of outcome measures.

Method. The Feedback of Outcomes to Users and Staff (FOCUS) single-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) investigated routine completion and feedback of outcome measures for 160 (101 intervention, 59 control) adult mental health service patients in Croydon, South London (International Standard RCT Number 16971059).

Results. Patients in the top quarter (pre-morbid IQ>110) differentially improved in patient-rated unmet need (adjusted difference 3·4, 95% CI 0·8 to 5·9, p=0·012) and in the top half (pre-morbid IQ>99) in quality of life (adjusted difference −0·6, 95% CI −1·1 to −0·1, p=0·02). The top quarter result remained when controlling for the influence of baseline (p=0·004) and baseline plus follow-up variables (p=0·047).

Conclusions. Feedback of routine outcome measures may improve outcome for patients with higher pre-morbid IQ. There is a need to understand more how routine outcome information is used by staff and patients to inform care. If the goal of routine use of outcome measures is to benefit patients directly, then targeted policies are required.
A pilot study of positive mood induction in euthymic bipolar subjects compared with healthy controls
Authors: FARMER ANNE , LAM DOMINIC , SAHAKIAN BARBARA , ROISER JONATHON , BURKE AILBHE , O'NEILL NATHAN , KEATING SAM , SMITH GEORGIA POWELL , McGUFFIN PETER
Published: May 2006

Background. Demonstrating differences between euthymic bipolar subjects and healthy controls in response to positive (happy) mood induction may help elucidate how mania evolves. This pilot study evaluates the Go task in a reward paradigm as a method for inducing a happy mood state and compares the response of euthymic bipolar subjects and healthy controls.

Method. The Sense of Hyperpositive Self Scale, the Tellegen positive and negative adjectives, the Global-Local task and a visual analogue scale for measuring positive affect were administered to 15 euthymic bipolar subjects and 19 age-and-sex-matched healthy control subjects before and after they had performed the Go task in a reward paradigm.

Results. Significant differences were found between subjects and controls on several measures at each time-point but there were no differences across the groups across time except for the visual analogue scales, where subjects had a more sustained duration in self-reported happiness compared with controls.

Conclusions. This pilot study has shown that a positive affect can be induced in bipolar subjects and controls which can be demonstrated by changes in scores on several tasks. However, only the visual analogue scales showed a significant difference between cases and controls over time. Such tests may prove valuable in furthering understanding about the evolution of manic mood states.
Guidance from the gaps: the Holy Spirit, ecclesial authority, and the principle of juxtaposition
Authors: Lösel Steffen
Published: May 2006

Recent ecumenical dialogues have focused on the question of ecclesiastical offices. At the heart of this debate lies the question of how to relate the Holy Spirit's guidance of the church to its structures. Two alternative visions frame the debate. The Roman Catholic Church insists on the authority of the church's teaching office, as the channel through which the Holy Spirit guides the church. In contrast, Protestant churches emphasize the self-sufficiency of scripture, the normative function of the Gospel vis-à-vis the church, and the freedom of the Holy Spirit in, with, and over against all ecclesiastical structures. My essay engages this ecumenical debate through fundamental ecclesiological reflections on the relation between the Holy Spirit on the one hand, and the scriptural witness and ecclesial authority on the other. I argue that no ecclesial structure must be identified undialectically with the voice of the Holy Spirit, but that the church must discern the guidance of the Spirit in the context of the Christian assembly, as it emerges ever anew from the “gaps” left open in the assembly's juxtapositions of texts, bath, and shared meal. In order to develop my thesis, I first retrieve Karl Barth's christological foundation of ecclesiology, his definition of divine freedom over against the church, and his introduction of scripture as the critical principle for the church's permanently needed self-reform. Second, I discuss Walter Kasper's insistence on the incarnational and sacramental nature of the church and his threefold understanding of the church's apostolicity in terms of succession, tradition, and communion. Finally, I develop Gordon Lathrop's reading of the Christian assembly of worship in terms of liturgical juxtapositions for my ecclesiastical purposes.
Baptism, Trinity, and ecclesial pedagogy in the thought of Gregory of Nyssa
Authors: Mikoski Gordon S.
Published: May 2006

This paper elucidates the connections in Gregory of Nyssa's thought between the rite of baptism, the doctrine of God as Trinity, and practices of ecclesial pedagogy. These components formed a dynamic and differentiated whole for Gregory. To consider one element in isolation from the others runs the risk of interpretive distortion of Gregory's work. This means that the current tendency to harvest Gregory's trinitarian ideas abstracted or disembodied from the rite of baptism and practices of ecclesial pedagogy perpetuates the false notion that the doctrine of the Trinity can be adequately treated apart from liturgical and pedagogical concerns.
Forester, bricoleur and country bumpkin: rethinking knowledge and habit in Aquinas's ethics
Authors: Hovey Craig
Published: May 2006

The ways that Thomism has historically thought about knowledge and habit in Thomas Aquinas's ethics have become increasingly destabilised. This article briefly documents this destabilisation before considering three images that have emerged in recent engagements with the ethics of Aquinas on moral knowledge and action. The three images are brought to bear on a discussion of what Aquinas may have meant by calling synderesis a ‘natural habit’. The first image is John Milbank's and Catherine Pickstock's image of God as country bumpkin and it follows Aquinas's own description of the way God knows particulars out of divine simplicity. They argue that human knowledge of particulars comes from participation in the mind of God. This is participation in eternal law from which natural law is derived and so natural law cannot constitute a separate, sufficient system of moral knowledge. With the second image, the bricoleur, Jeffrey Stout argues that system-building was far from the kind of work that Aquinas was about, despite appearances that have disguised how freely Aquinas himself made use of the moral resources at his disposal. The third image, the forester, is deployed by Charles Pinches intentionally to improve on some of the problems with Stout's image. The Christian moral agent develops habits of mind that both aid in right perception, and hence right knowledge, and depend on right perception for right action. A discussion of this apparent paradox reveals something of the complexity of theoretical knowledge and practical skills that are involved in moral reasoning for Aquinas.
Beyond Theologies of Resentment: An Appreciation of Jeffrey Stout's Democracy and Tradition
Authors: Fergusson David
Published: May 2006

Jeffrey Stout's latest book is likely to command even wider attention amongst theologians than Ethics after Babel (1988). Written in three parts and comprising material some of which has already appeared in other contexts, the book argues several theses. The modern democratic tradition is richer and more complex than exponents and critics of Rawlsian liberalism tend to recognise. This tradition should continue to accommodate religious voices, although these need to be more patient of democratic politics than recent theologies of ‘resentment’. A moral pragmatism provides the best philosophical framework for promoting the discourse and practices of democracy. Each of these claims merits further elaboration before some critical remarks are ventured.
Action and/or contemplation? Allegory and liturgy in the reception of Luke 10:38–42
Authors: Grumett David
Published: May 2006

The brief account of the hospitality offered by Martha and Mary to Jesus has been interpreted allegorically in at least three different ways. The majority tradition has identified the figure of Mary with contemplation, and considered this to be the ‘one thing necessary’ to Christian life. Meister Eckhart suggests, however, that Martha, representing action, has chosen the better part, and Aelred of Rievaulx that action and contemplation are both commended. Feminist and other recent interpretations continue, sometimes unconsciously, to draw on this allegorical tradition. The theological importance and significance of the passage has been due largely to its use as the gospel reading for the feast of the Assumption of Mary the mother of Jesus.
Forest policies, management and conservation in Soviet (1920–1991) and post-Soviet (1991–2005) Armenia
Authors: SAYADYAN HOVIK Y. , MORENO-SANCHEZ RAFAEL
Published: May 2006

The extent and condition of forest ecosystems in Armenia have decreased drastically since the disintegration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). This decline is not only a consequence of the recent history of the area, but also the result of decades of forest policies, management and forest-use practices. To reverse the negative trends, it is important for stakeholders, scientists, resource managers and policy makers (in Armenia and abroad) to understand the influential factors in the decline, yet such information is scarce, highly fragmented, written in Armenian or Russian, and inaccessible to the international community. This paper aims to contribute to the knowledge base of the international community by presenting and contrasting the most important issues and processes that have affected forest cover in Armenia during the USSR (1920–1991) and independence periods (1991–to date). For each period, the legal framework, the forest inventory practices, forest use, management and conservation practices, the forestry education, and the perception of the forests by forest communities and society at large are presented and discussed. Except for the social perception of the forests, the most relevant aspects of these issues have scarcely changed from one period to the next. There is a need to address the most pressing problems and improve the current conditions of the forests and the forestry sector in Armenia.
Potential biases in estimates of hepatitis C RNA clearance in newly acquired hepatitis C infection among a cohort of injecting drug users
Authors: AMIN J. , LAW M. G. , MICALLEF J. , JAUNCEY M. , VAN BEEK I. , KALDOR J. M. , DORE G. J.
Published: May 2006

Estimates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance following acute infection range from 14 to 46%. This wide range is likely to be due to the characteristics of the populations studied and analysis methods. This paper examines how differing definitions of clearance parameters affect estimates of viral clearance in a cohort of 85 injecting drug users with newly acquired HCV infection. Kaplan–Meier estimates of time to HCV clearance were determined using varying definitions of eligible cohort, viral clearance, date of infection and date of clearance. Based on which combinations of definitions were used, the number of subjects eligible for analysis ranged from 27 to 75, clearance rate ranged from 14 to 68% and time to achieving 25% clearance ranged from approximately 5 months to 14 months. Standardized definitions and methodologies are required to enable valid comparisons of rates of clearance across newly acquired HCV infection natural history studies.
Impacts of soil quality differences on deforestation, use of cleared land, and farm income
Authors: WITCOVER JULIE , VOSTI STEPHEN A. , CARPENTIER CHANTAL LINE , DE ARAÚJO GOMES TÂMARA CLÁUDIA
Published: May 2006

Preparing regional development strategies for the Amazon Basin is a vexing task for policymakers. Forests continue to fall and agriculture to move in to a region with patchy (in terms of agronomic potential) yet broadly nutrient-poor soils. The spatial distribution of soil types is not well mapped at finer scales relevant for agriculture. There is, moreover, little evidence about how farm land use or farm household welfare varies by soil quality in this frontier setting. Despite these information gaps, regional planners continue to use soils as a basis for policy action, some of which may influence future options for the Amazon. This paper uses a farm-level bioeconomic model that captures soil-quality-specific degrading effects of agricultural activities to assess the impacts of soil quality differences on deforestation, use of cleared land, and smallholder income in the western Brazilian Amazon. Focusing on an archetypical area farm with reasonable market access but limited access to labor and credit, simulations show soil quality mattered more for income than for deforestation or land use, although extremely cash-strapped farmers on poor-quality soils could face displacement. Pasture dominated farm land use across all soil types as farm forest disappeared within a generation on successfully established farms. Good- and (viable) poor-soil farms had slightly slower deforestation rates than their medium-soil counterparts – rich-soil farms shifting small amounts of area (and labor) to the more nutrient- and labor-intensive annuals, and (even viable) poor-soil farms lacking sufficient resources to clear and farm additional land. Farms with good soils could generate about 44 per cent more income than their viable poor-soil counterparts, but the lower-income level still surpassed thresholds for meeting food security and other needs. At no combination of income level and soil quality explored did the (simulated) farmer find it worthwhile to purchase and apply chemical fertilizer; nutrients came instead from secondary forest fallow, whose area rose or fell in step with annual cropping area. The implications of these results for land-use zoning, forest conservation, poverty alleviation, and other policies are discussed.
A multi-period analysis of a carbon tax including local health feedback: an application to Thailand
Authors: LI JENNIFER C.
Published: May 2006

An ancillary benefit of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) mitigation refers to a benefit derived from GHG mitigation that is in addition to the reduction in adverse impacts of global climate change. One type of ancillary benefits of GHG mitigation is reduced local conventional pollutants, which is associated with improved health. Middle-income countries like Thailand are in unique positions to obtain large ancillary health gains from reduced local conventional pollutants when GHG is mitigated by curbing fossil fuel consumption.
Surviving from garbage: the role of informal waste-pickers in a dynamic model of solid-waste management in developing countries
Authors: MORENO-SÁNCHEZ ROCÍO DEL PILAR , MALDONADO JORGE HIGINIO
Published: May 2006

In developing countries, informal waste-pickers (known as scavengers) play an important role in solid waste management systems, acting in a parallel way to formal waste collection and disposal agents. Scavengers collect, from the streets, dumpsites, or landfills, re-usable and recyclable material that can be reincorporated into the economy's production process. Despite the benefits that they generate to society, waste-pickers are ignored when waste management policies are formulated. The purpose of this paper is to integrate the role of scavengers in a dynamic model of production, consumption, and recovery, and to show that, in an economy producing solid waste, efficiency can be reached using a set of specific and complementary policies: a tax on virgin materials use, a tax on consumption and disposal, and a subsidy to the recovery of material. A numerical simulation is performed to evaluate the impact of these policies on landfill lifetime and natural resource stocks. A discussion on the implementation of these instruments is also included.
Public intervention in a ‘take-it-or-leave-it’ transaction situation under varying interests of the intervening body
Authors: AANESEN MARGRETHE
Published: May 2006

Though there are economically based arguments for public intervention in negotiations between private agents, such intervention will often take place as a consequence of political interests. In this paper we discuss how varying political interests of an intervening body affect its intervention mechanism. We derive a unique Bayesian–Nash equilibrium for a two-step, three-player game in which the optimal intervention mechanism (subsidies) and the optimal size of the traded good are decided.

The paper has been motivated by the negotiations between a Russian processing plant, causing transboundary, polluting emissions, and Nordic companies offering technology which will reduce the emissions significantly. Nordic governments have intervened in the negotiations and offered subsidies, which is subtracted from the seller's price if trade takes place. Combining the theoretical results and empirical facts we conclude that the Norwegian government seems to have had stronger political interests in this case than did the Finnish government.
Negatively correlated local and global stock externalities: tax or subsidy?
Authors: YANG ZILI
Published: May 2006

Fossil fuel combustion generates both CO2 and SO2. CO2 is the most important greenhouse gas; SO2 can cause serious local pollution. But it can alleviate the potential global warming because of negative radiative forcing. Such a phenomenon can be characterized as negatively correlated local and global stock externalities. In this paper, we set up an optimal control problem of negatively correlated local and global stock externality provision. The efficiency conditions for this problem are derived. These conditions modify the Samuelson rules for optimal provision of externalities. In addition, we examine several policy related scenarios of negatively correlated local and global stock externality provisions. Finally, we discuss policy implications and limitation of the theoretical results derived in this paper. We also indicate applications of the theoretical results here to empirical research, particularly to economic analysis of multiple-gas issues in climate change.
Human Perception of Structure in Shaded Space-Filling Visualizations
Authors: Irani Pourang , Slonowsky Dean , Shajahan Peer
Published: May 2006

Very early in the object recognition process the human visual system extracts shading information. While shading can enhance the visibility of structures, it can have a negative impact on the judgment of sizes of elements in a structure. In certain visualization systems the underlying hierarchical structure is not noticeably explicit, such as in space-filling techniques. We hypothesize that in such cases, shading can make the structure more explicit. In this paper, we report the results of two experiments designed to investigate the effects of shading information on extracting the structure in space-filling visualizations. In the first experiment subjects performed better with the visualization tool with shading on structure-based tasks. Our results do not show that shading impairs users' judgment on size-based tasks. A subjective evaluation shows that users preferred interacting with the system when shading was available. The second experiment was designed to investigate further users' capacity to identify structural elements within the space-filling visualization. A substructure recognition task was employed in this experiment and results show that users are capable of identifying sub-structures quicker and with fewer errors when the visualization tool was equipped with shading information than without. The results of both experiments provide evidence that shading information can be used to effectively obtain structural information from spacefilling visualizations.
Business Process Impact Visualization and Anomaly Detection
Authors: Hao Ming C. , Keim Daniel A. , Dayal Umeshwar , Schneidewind Jörn
Published: May 2006

Business operations involve many factors and relationships and are modeled as complex business process workflows. The execution of these business processes generates vast volumes of complex data. The operational data are instances of the process flow, taking different paths through the process. The goal is to use the complex information to analyze and improve operations and to optimize the process flow. In this paper, we introduce a new visualization technique, called VisImpact that turns raw operational business data into valuable information. VisImpact reduces data complexity by analyzing operational data and abstracting the most critical factors, called impact factors, which influence business operations. The analysis may identify single nodes of the business flow graph as important factors but it may also determine aggregations of nodes to be important. Moreover, the analysis may find that single nodes have certain data values associated with them which have an influence on some business metrics or resource usage parameters. The impact factors are presented as nodes in a symmetric circular graph, providing insight into core business operations and relationships. A cause-effect mechanism is built in to determine ‘good’ and ‘bad’ operational behavior and to take action accordingly. We have applied VisImpact to real-world applications, fraud analysis and service contract analysis, to show the power of VisImpact for finding relationships among the most important impact factors and for immediate identification of anomalies. The VisImpact system provides a highly interactive interface including drilldown capabilities down to transaction levels to allow multilevel views of business dynamics.
Matrices or Node-Link Diagrams: Which Visual Representation is Better for Visualising Connectivity Models?
Authors: Keller René , Eckert Claudia M. , Clarkson P. John
Published: May 2006

Adjacency matrices or DSMs (design structure matrices) and node-link diagrams are both visual representations of graphs, which are a common form of data in many disciplines. DSMs are used throughout the engineering community for various applications, such as process modelling or change prediction. However, outside this community, DSMs (and other matrix-based representations of graphs) are rarely applied and node-link diagrams are very popular. This paper will examine, which representation is more suitable for visualising graphs. For this purpose, several user experiments were conducted that aimed to answer this research question in the context of product models used, for example in engineering, but the results can be generalised to other applications. These experiments identify key factors on the readability of graph visualisations and confirm work on comparisons of different representations. This study widens the scope of readability comparisons between node-link and matrix-based representations by introducing new user tasks and replacing simulated, undirected graphs with directed ones employing real-world semantics.
Magnetostrictive hysteresis of TbCo∕CoFe multilayers and magnetic domains
Authors: Jay J.-Ph. , Petit F. , Ben Youssef J. , Indenbom M. V. , Thiaville A. , Miltat J.
Published: May 2006

Magnetic and magnetostrictive hysteresis loops of TbCo∕CoFe multilayers under field applied along the hard magnetization axis are studied using vectorial magnetization measurements, optical deflectometry, and magneto-optical Kerr microscopy. Even a very small angle misalignment between hard axis and magnetic field direction is shown to drastically change the shape of magnetization and magnetostrictive torsion hysteresis loops. Two kinds of magnetic domains are revealed during the magnetization: big regions with opposite rotation of spontaneous magnetization vector and spontaneous magnetic domains which appear in a narrow field interval and provide an inversion of this rotation. We show that the details of the hysteresis loops of our exchange-coupled films can be described using the classical model of homogeneous magnetization rotation of single uniaxial films and the configuration of observed domains. The understanding of these features is crucial for applications (for microelectromechanical systems or microactuators) which benefit from the greatly enhanced sensitivity near the point of magnetic saturation at the transverse applied field.
Elastic properties of nanowires
Authors: da Fonseca Alexandre F. , Malta C. P. , Galvão Douglas S.
Published: May 2006

We present a model to study Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the composite material of amorphous nanowires. It is an extension of the model derived by two of us [da Fonseca and Galvão, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 175502 (2004)] to study the elastic properties of amorphous nanosprings. The model is based on twisting and tensioning a straight nanowire and we propose an experimental setup to obtain the elastic parameters of the nanowire. We used the Kirchhoff rod model to obtain the expressions for the elastic constants of the nanowire.
Cross polarization from spins I=1∕2 to spins S=1 in nuclear magnetic resonance with magic angle sample spinning
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Karthik , Bodenhausen Geoffrey
Published: May 2006

Spin locking of the nuclear magnetization of a spin with S=1 such as deuterium in the presence of a radio-frequency field under magic angle spinning (MAS) is described in terms of adiabatic modulations of the energy levels. In a brief initial period, part of the initial density operator nutates about the Hamiltonian and is dephased. The remaining spin-locked state undergoes persistent oscillatory transfer processes between various coherences with a periodicity given by the rotation of the sample. While all crystallites in the powder undergo such periodic transfer processes, the phases of the oscillations depend on the angle γ of the crystallites. The angle γ is the azimuthal angle defining the orientation of the unique axis of the quadrupolar interaction tensor in a rotor-fixed frame. The theory is extended to describe cross-polarization between spins S=1 and I=1∕2 under MAS. There are four distinct Hartmann-Hahn matching conditions that correspond to four zero-quantum matching conditions, all of which are shifted and broadened compared to their spin S=1∕2 counterparts. These matching conditions are further split into a family of sideband conditions separated by the spinning frequency. The theory allows the calculation of both shifts and broadening factors of the matching conditions, as verified by simulations and experiments.
Hartmann-Shack wave front measurements for real time determination of laser beam propagation parameters
Authors: Schäfer B. , Lübbecke M. , Mann K.
Published: May 2006

The suitability of the Hartmann-Shack technique for the determination of the propagation parameters of a laser beam is faced against the well known caustic approach according to the ISO 11146 standard. A He–Ne laser (543nm) was chosen as test beam, both in its fundamental mode as well as after intentional distortion, introducing a moderate amount of spherical aberration. Results are given for the most important beam parameters M2, divergence, and beam widths, indicating an agreement of better than 10% and for adapted beam diameter <5%. Furthermore, the theoretical background, pros and cons, as well as some features of the software implementation for the Hartmann-Shack sensor are briefly reviewed.
Semiclassical expansion of Wigner functions
Authors: Pulvirenti M.
Published: May 2006

We show that the time evolved Wigner function of a quantum particle under the action of a smooth potential can be formally expanded in powers of ℏ, where each term of the expansion can be computed in terms of the corresponding classical flow. Moreover the solution can be approximated by the N-order truncation with an error O(ℏN+1).
Formation of a stable, three-dimensional porous structure with self-assembled glass spheres using the plasma-induced electromeniscus phenomenon
Authors: Matsuura Hiroshi , Tanikawa Tamio , Ando Yasuhisa , Miyake Koji , Sasaki Shinya
Published: May 2006

We develop a method for fabricating a stable, three-dimensional porous structure with self-assembled glass spheres. This three-dimensional (3D) self-assembly of glass spheres is achieved using the electromeniscus phenomenon, which is associated with a microscale solution current. The current encloses a group of glass spheres, carries the spheres, and assembles them three dimensionally with its surface tension at the desired site. The assembled glass spheres are fixed using a plasma-induced reaction combined with thermal treatment of the solution. These assembled microscale spheres create a large number of openings with extensive surface areas. This extensive area among 3D porous structures would be particularly useful for fabricating high-performance catalysts and high-resolution hydrogen sensors.
Area-selective photoimmobilization of a two-dimensional array of colloidal spheres on a photodeformed template formed in photoresponsive azopolymer film
Authors: Watanabe Osamu , Ikawa Taiji , Kato Takahiro , Tawata Masahiro , Shimoyama Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

We demonstrate that colloidal spheres can be arrayed on an azobenzene-containing polymer film, which has been patterned such that it forms a template, and that in a subsequent step, the spheres can be selectively photoimmobilized on the film. The steps were made possible by utilizing two photoresponsive properties of the polymer. The first is photoinduced surface deformation, which provides a patterned indented template. The spheres were organized on the surface in accordance with the template structure. The second is photoinduced immobilization, where small objects on the film are immobilized after irradiation. The area-selective immobilized patterns were obtained after washing.
Antireflective subwavelength structures on crystalline Si fabricated using directly formed anodic porous alumina masks
Authors: Sai Hitoshi , Fujii Homare , Arafune Koji , Ohshita Yoshio , Yamaguchi Masafumi , Kanamori Yoshiaki , Yugami Hiroo
Published: May 2006

A simple fabrication technique for subwavelength structured (SWS) surfaces by means of anodic porous alumina masks directly formed on Si substrates was proposed and demonstrated. By this technique, SWS surfaces were fabricated on polished single-crystalline Si and chemically etched as-cut multicrystalline Si wafers. Smoothly tapered SWS surfaces with a periodicity of 100nm and a height of 300–400nm were obtained. A low reflectivity below 1% was observed from 300to1000nm for both of the wafers, in agreement with numerical simulation. After thermal annealing at 800°C, the reflectivity of the SWS surface increased to 3%.
Low-debris, efficient laser-produced plasma extreme ultraviolet source by use of a regenerative liquid microjet target containing tin dioxide (SnO2) nanoparticles
Authors: Higashiguchi Takeshi , Dojyo Naoto , Hamada Masaya , Sasaki Wataru , Kubodera Shoichi
Published: May 2006

We demonstrated a low-debris, efficient laser-produced plasma extreme ultraviolet (EUV) source by use of a regenerative liquid microjet target containing tin-dioxide (SnO2) nanoparticles. By using a low SnO2 concentration (6%) solution and dual laser pulses for the plasma control, we observed the EUV conversion efficiency of 1.2% with undetectable debris.
Mechanism of emission-energy tuning in InAs quantum dots using a thin upper confinement layer
Authors: Sun Z. Z. , Yoon S. F. , Loke W. K. , Liu C. Y.
Published: May 2006

The emission-energy tuning mechanism in InAs quantum dots using a thin upper confinement layer (UCL) was investigated. By comparing the emission-energy tuning ability of InGaP and InGaAs UCLs in InAs/UCL dot structures, strain adjustment rather than mass transport was identified as the dominant mechanism responsible for emission-energy tuning in the InAs quantum dots. An explanation of the general emission-energy tuning behavior by the UCL was given based on strain adjustment mechanism.
Diffusion of zinc vacancies and interstitials in zinc oxide
Authors: Erhart Paul , Albe Karsten
Published: May 2006

The self-diffusion coefficient of zinc in ZnO is derived as a function of the chemical potential and Fermi level from first-principles calculations. Density functional calculations in combination with the climbing image-nudged elastic band method are used in order to determine migration barriers for vacancy, interstitial, and interstitialcy jumps. Zinc interstitials preferentially diffuse to second nearest neighbor positions. They become mobile at temperatures as low as 90–130K and therefore allow for rapid defect annealing. Under predominantly oxygen-rich and n-type conditions self-diffusion occurs via a vacancy mechanism.
Hydrogen-related dynamic dielectric behavior of barium titanate single crystals
Authors: Chen W. P. , Wang Y. , Chan H. L. W. , Luo H. S.
Published: May 2006

Barium titanate single crystals had been placed in 0.01M NaOH solution to deposit hydrogen on their electrodes through the electrolysis of water. Two kinds of time-dependent changes in dielectric properties of the single crystals were observed: One occurred in the course of hydrogen deposition and the other lasted for a long period of time after the deposition. The diffusion of hydrogen and in and out of the single crystals may be the cause for the changes. This hydrogen-related dynamic dielectric behavior clearly shows that hydrogen is an important mobile ion other than oxygen vacancy in perovskite-type lattice. Extra attention should be paid to the role of hydrogen in time-dependent property changes, including resistance degradation and ferroelectric aging, of perovskite-type ferroelectric titanates.
Planar GaN p-i-n photodiodes with n+-conductive channel formed by Si implantation
Authors: Chen M. C. , Sheu J. K. , Lee M. L. , Kao C. J. , Chi G. C.
Published: May 2006

In this study, planar GaN p-i-n photodiodes (PDs) were fabricated by Si implantation into GaN-based p-i-n structure grown by metal organic vapor-phase epitaxy. Triple silicon implantation was performed to form a selective n+ channel through the multilayer p-i-n structure. As a result of n+-channel formation, a planar GaN p-i-n detector could be obtained. With the reverse bias below 2V, the dark current density was well below 50pA. The dark current increased significantly with an increase of reverse bias, which may be attributed to the incomplete damage (from implantation) removal and thereby result in the higher leakage current. The typical peak responsivity and the cutoff wavelength for the Si-implanted planar p-i-n PDs were around 0.13A∕W and 365nm, respectively. In addition, the visible (450nm)-to-UV (365nm) rejection ratio of around three to four orders could be extracted from the spectra response. Furthermore, the transient response measurements revealed that the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of impulse response was as low as 1.12ns.
High strength hexagonal structured dendritic phase reinforced Zr–Ti–Ni bulk alloy with enhanced ductility
Authors: Scudino S. , Das J. , Stoica M. , Kim K. B. , Kusy M. , Eckert J.
Published: May 2006

A Zr74.9Ti10.5Ni14.6 nanostructure-dendrite composite was prepared by copper mold casting. X-ray diffraction, and scanning and transmission electron microscopies, reveal a microstructure comprising ultrafine-scale dendrites with hexagonal structure and a two-phase interdendritic matrix, consisting of nanocrystalline hexagonal and tetragonal phases. Room temperature compression tests show evident yielding and 6% plastic strain together with work hardening up to 1622MPa. These results indicate that composite materials based on hexagonal phases might be an alternative to composites containing body-centered cubic phase reinforcements.
High photocurrent conversion efficiency in self-organized porous WO3
Authors: Berger S. , Tsuchiya H. , Ghicov A. , Schmuki P.
Published: May 2006

Self-organized porous structures of WO3 were grown on tungsten by an anodic oxidation, and their photoelectrochemical properties were characterized. The porous WO3 layers show a regular morphology with average pore sizes of approximately 70nm and a pore wall thickness of approximately 10nm. As formed layers show an amorphous structure but the layers can be altered to a crystalline monoclinic structure by thermal annealing. The annealed porous WO3 layers show a very high specific photocurrent conversion efficiency.
Carrier concentration dependence of acceptor activation energy in p-type ZnO
Authors: Lopatiuk-Tirpak O. , Schoenfeld W. V. , Chernyak L. , Xiu F. X. , Liu J. L. , Jang S. , Ren F. , Pearton S. J. , Osinsky A. , Chow P.
Published: May 2006

The characteristics of an acceptor level in Sb-doped, p-type ZnO were studied using cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy as a function of hole concentration. Variable-temperature CL measurements allowed us to estimate the activation energy of an Sb-related acceptor from temperature-induced decay of CL intensity. The values of activation energy of about 212±28, 175±20, 158±22, and 135±15meV were obtained for samples with carrier concentrations of 1.3×1017, 6.0×1017, 8.2×1017, and 1.3×1018cm−3, respectively. The involvement of acceptor levels is supported by the temperature-dependent hole concentration measurements. The possible origins of the strong temperature dependence are discussed.
Number and weight of cotton lint fibres: variation due to high temperatures in the field
Authors: Rahman Hafeez-ur
Published: May 2006

Seed surface area is the basic ground for lint production in cotton and, hence, a starting point for genetic improvement in lint yield. Experiments on upland cottons were carried out under 2 temperature regimes (April sown, high temperature regime; June sown, moderate regime) for 2 years in the field to study their modifying effect on phenotypic expression and combining ability of lint weight per seed (LW/S), lint weight per unit seed surface area (LW/SA), lint weight per unit fibre length (LW/FL), lint frequency (LF), number of spinnable fibres per seed (F/S), and number of spinnable fibres per unit seed surface area (F/SA). Variation among cultivars for relative decrease in the basic lint traits under high temperature regime indicated their differences in heat sensitivity. Genetic variation for all basic lint traits was low over environments but high within environments. Temperature regime was a stronger source of variation in basic lint traits than year. Temperature regimes modified phenotype, ranking among parents, and combining ability of basic lint traits. Relative contribution of specific combining ability to total variation decreased under high temperature regime for all the basic lint traits, except LW/FL, with a corresponding increase in general combining ability due to either female or male parents. Relative contribution of general combining ability due to female parents for LW/S and LW/SA, and that due to male parents for LW/SA, LF, F/S, and F/SA, increased substantially under high temperature regime. High temperature regime was favourable for the expression of additive genetic variability. From the breeding point of view, F/S and F/SA were more useful traits.
Mapping quantitative trait loci for resistance to Pratylenchus thornei from synthetic hexaploid wheat in the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative (ITMI) population
Authors: Zwart R. S. , Thompson J. P. , Sheedy J. G. , Nelson J. C.
Published: May 2006

Root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) is a serious pathogen of wheat in many countries. The International Triticeae Mapping Initiative (ITMI) population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was assessed for resistance to P. thornei to determine the chromosome locations of the resistance genes. The ITMI population is derived from a cross between the resistant synthetic hexaploid wheat W-7984 and a susceptible bread wheat cultivar Opata 85. Two years of phenotypic data for resistance to P. thornei were obtained in replicated glasshouse trials. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed using available segregation and map data for 114 RILs. A QTL on chromosome 6DS showed consistent effects for reduced nematode numbers (partial resistance) across years and accounted for 11% and 23% of the phenotypic variation. A second QTL for P. thornei resistance on chromosome 2BS accounted for an additional 19% and 5%. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers associated with the QTLs are physically located in regions rich in major genes at the distal ends of the short chromosome arms of 6D and 2B. SSR markers with potential for marker-assisted selection of P. thornei resistance effective in different genetic backgrounds have been identified.