bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of Phenolic Contents by HPLC, and Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antityrosinase, and Anticholinesterase Activities of Psephellus huber-morathii
Authors: Korkmaz Nuriye , Sener Sıla Ozlem , Balturk Nuray , Kanbolat Seyda , Badem Merve , Aliyazicioglu Rezzan , Ozgen Ufuk , Kandemir Ali , Karaoglu Sengul Alpay
Published: March 2019

The goal of our study was to examine of antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase activities, and phenolic composition of Psephellus huber-morathii. The antioxidant activities of extracts have been assessed by Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging. Phenolic constituents were measured using reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and antimicrobial activity was investigated using the agar well diffusion method. Total phenolic content, FRAP, and CUPRAC results of aqueous extract have been better than methanolic extract, except for DPPH activity. Benzoic acid, and p-coumaric acid as major phenolic compounds were specified. Methanolic extract was especially effective against all microorganisms tested except for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The methanolic extract have been displayed inhibitory effect on tyrosinase. All extracts have been exhibited lower acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities than galantamine. P. huber-morathii can be considered in the food, and drug industries due to antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activities of the species. It can be potential source as anti-browning agents  because of its average tyrosinase inhibitory activity.
Geographic Disparities in Gynecologic Oncology Clinical Trial Availability in the US
Authors: Boland Mary Regina , Tubridy Elizabeth , Solorzano Sebastian Spataro , Simpkins Fiona , Smith Anna Jo Bodurtha , Ko Emily M.
Published: November 2024

Importance

Disparities in minoritized racial and ethnic populations’ participation in gynecologic cancer clinical trials are well documented despite the high rates of endometrial cancer in these populations. Geographic proximity to trials is a critical component to ensure equitable trial access.

Objective

To characterize the geographic distribution of gynecological cancer trials across the US and identify disparities.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This study is a cross-sectional analysis of trials first posted on ClinicalTrials.gov from January 1, 2013, through January 10, 2024. This study involved a state-level analysis of clinical trials located in the US. Enrollment criteria of clinical trials for ovarian, uterine, cervical, endometrial, vaginal and/or vulvar, and other gynecological cancers were reviewed to exclude nongynecological cancers (1643 trials) or noninvasive gynecological conditions (224 trials).

Exposure

The number of gynecological trials per 100 000 persons in each state.

Main Outcomes and Measures

A state-level analysis was performed to determine whether gynecologic cancer clinical trial availability in the US is associated with other state-level characteristics to identify areas of increased need. Census data, state-level total population size, percentage of non-Hispanic White persons, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency expected annual loss per state as a measure of social vulnerability were aggregated. The association between these variables and the number of gynecological trials per 100 000 persons was measured using Spearman rank correlation.

Results

Of the 1561 invasive gynecological cancer trials that met the inclusion criteria, most cancer trials were ovarian (911 trials [58.4%]), followed by cervical (438 trials [28.1%]), and endometrial (385 trials [24.7%]). Predominantly minoritized population–serving states (ie, those with <50% non-Hispanic White persons) had fewer than 4 trials per 100 000 persons, but this was not significant nationally (ρ = 0.20; 95% CI, −0.08 to 0.45; P = .16). States with higher Federal Emergency Management Agency expected annual loss had lower numbers of gynecological trials per 100 000 persons, which was significant nationally (ρ = −0.53; 95% CI, −0.70 to −0.29; P < .001).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study of female gynecological cancer trials by state, states with particularly high economic vulnerability and minoritized populations had low clinical trial availability. Further efforts are needed to address disparities identified in this study to ensure equitable trial access.
Alcohol Use and Antiobesity Medication Treatment
Authors: Miller-Matero Lisa R. , Yeh Hsueh-Han , Ma Lisiyu , Jones Rebecca A. , Nadolsky Spencer , Medcalf Adam , Foster Gary D. , Cardel Michelle I.
Published: November 2024

This cohort study examines the association of antiobesity medication use and alcohol use among participants enrolled in a weigh loss program.
Electrically Generated Exciton Polaritons with Spin On‐Demand
Authors: Wang Yutao , Adamo Giorgio , Ha Son Tung , Tian Jingyi , Soci Cesare
Published: November 2024

Generation and manipulation of exciton polaritons with controllable spin could deeply impact spintronic applications, quantum simulations, and quantum information processing, but is inherently challenging due to the charge neutrality of the polariton and the device complexity it requires. Here, electrical generation of spin‐polarized exciton polaritons in a monolithic dielectric perovskite metasurface embedded in a light‐emitting transistor is demonstrated. A finely tailored interplay of in‐ and out‐of‐plane symmetry breaking of the metasurface allows to lift the spin degeneracy through the polaritonic Rashba effect, yielding high spin purity with normalized Stokes parameter of S3 ≈ 0.8. Leveraging on spin‐momentum locking, the unique metatransistor device architecture enables electrical control of spin and directionality of the polaritonic emission. Here, the development of compact and tunable spintronic devices is advanced and an important step toward the realization of electrically pumped inversionless spin‐lasers is represented.
Deciphering the Causes of the Rapid Electroluminescence Loss in Blue Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Azadinia Mohsen , Aziz Hany
Published: November 2024

Electroluminescence (EL) loss mechanisms in quantum dot light‐emitting devices (QLEDs), especially blue (B) emitting ones, remain unclear. Here, it is identified that – aside from some partially reversible deterioration in the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of the quantum dots‐emissive layer (QDs‐EML) – the rapid EL loss in B‐QLEDs is caused mainly by an increase in electron leakage‐across the hole transport layer (HTL) and a subsequent damage to the hole injection layer (HIL), resulting in a deterioration in hole supply to the QDs EML. EL and PL measurements on devices with marking layers (MLs) placed in different locations uncover that electron supply to the QDs‐EML is easier than hole supply in B‐QLEDs in general, causing the electron (e)/hole (h) to be >1 and significant electron leakage to the HIL, even in fresh devices. Under electrical stress, this electron leakage increases further, causing the charge imbalance in the QDs‐EML to deteriorate further and more electrons to reach the HIL. The selective peel‐off‐and‐rebuilt experiment verifies the HIL changes and the role of electrons in inducing them. Modified devices with reduced electron supply show 30X longer EL lifetime, proving the role of excess electrons in the rapid EL loss in B‐QLEDs.
Hybrid Plasmonic‐GeTe Active Metasurfaces with High Tunability
Authors: Kim Hyeonggyun , Liu Xiu , Wang Zexiao , Fang Xinyi , Piazza Gianluca , Shen Sheng
Published: November 2024

A novel hybrid plasmonic‐germanium telluride (GeTe) metasurface design, which demonstrates single‐peak on/off tunability across a spectral range of 2.5–7.5 μm is developed. Unlike previous metasurface designs utilizing GeTe layers as spacers, this study integrates GeTe as part of the meta‐atoms with gold (Au), significantly reducing the amount of GeTe required while achieving substantial on/off contrast. By varying the sizes of the meta‐atoms, different resonant wavelengths are achieved. This work represents a significant advancement in chalcogenide‐based active metasurfaces, providing precise and dynamic control over thermal emission properties.
Optical Second‐ and Third‐Order Nonlinearities in Plasma‐Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition‐Grown Silicon Oxides and Silicon Nitrides
Authors: Wardenberg Laurids , Kühling André , Schilling Jörg
Published: November 2024

Optical second‐ and third‐order nonlinearities ( and ) in nonstoichiometric silicon oxides and silicon nitrides grown by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition are investigated by second‐harmonic generation (SHG) and electric field‐induced second‐harmonic (EFISH) measurements. The free‐space SHG measurements with a fundamental wavelength of 1030 nm allow us to determine the bulk values of both material platforms for various material compositions. It is demonstrated that the bulk values can be strongly enhanced by increasing the silicon content, reaching maximum values of the main tensor component of for silicon‐rich nitrides and for silicon‐rich oxides. EFISH measurements demonstrate that the values can be pushed even further by adding a static electric field to the materials. Similar to the values, the values are strongly enhanced by increasing the silicon content, leading to a maximum value of m2 V−2 for the silicon‐rich nitrides and m2 V−2 for the silicon‐rich oxides.
Self‐Healing COCu‐Tac Hydrogel Enhances iNSCs Transplantation for Spinal Cord Injury by Promoting Mitophagy via the FKBP52/AKT Pathway
Authors: Tian Zhenming , Hu Han‐Jian , Chan Chun Cheung , Hu Tian , Cai Chaoyang , Li Hong , Rong Limin , Jiang Gang‐Biao , Liu Bin
Published: November 2024

In the realm of neural regeneration post‐spinal cord injury, hydrogel scaffolds carrying induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) have demonstrated significant potential. However, challenges such as graft rejection and dysfunction caused by mitochondrial damage persist after transplantation, presenting formidable barriers. Tacrolimus, known for its dual role as an immunosuppressant and promoter of neural regeneration, holds the potential for enhancing iNSC transplantation. However, systemic administration of tacrolimus often comes with severe side effects. This study pioneers the development of a self‐healing hydrogel with sustained‐release tacrolimus (COCu‐Tac), tailored specifically for iNSC transplantation after spinal cord injury. This research reveals that the sustained release of tacrolimus enhances axonal growth and improves mitochondrial quality control in iNSCs and neurons. Further analysis shows that tacrolimus targets FKBP52 rather than FKBP51, enhancing mitophagy via the FKBP52/AKT pathway. This advanced system demonstrates significant efficacy in promoting neural regeneration and restoring motor function following spinal cord injury.
ZFP36 Regulates Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction and Maintains Blood Pressure
Authors: Cui Xiuru , Wang Yawei , Lu Hanlin , Wang Lei , Xie Xianwei , Zhang Shenghao , Kovarik Pavel , Li Shuijie , Liu Shanshan , Zhang Qunye , Yang Jianmin , Zhang Cheng , Tian Jinwei , Liu Yan , Zhang Wencheng
Published: November 2024

Hypertension remains a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Zinc finger protein 36 (ZFP36) is an RNA‐binding protein that regulates mRNA stability by binding to adenylate‐uridylate‐rich elements in the mRNA 3′‐untranslated region. This study reveals that ZFP36 expression is highly elevated in the arteries of hypertensive patients and rodents. In cultured vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC), angiotensin II (AngII) activates poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerases1 (PARP1) to stimulate Zfp36 expression at the transcriptional level. VSMC‐specific ZFP36 deletion reduces vessel contractility and blood pressure levels in mice. Mechanistically, ZFP36 regulates G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs)‐mediated increases in intracellular calcium levels through impairing the mRNA stability of regulator of G protein signaling 2 (RGS2). Moreover, the VSMC‐specific ZFP36 deficiency attenuates AngII‐induced hypertension and vascular remodeling in mice. AAV‐mediated ZFP36 knockdown ameliorates spontaneous hypertension in rats. These findings elucidate that ZFP36 plays an important role in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction and blood pressure through modulating RGS2 expression. ZFP36 inhibition may represent a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hypertension.
Tubular MYDGF Slows Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease by Maintaining Mitochondrial Homeostasis
Authors: Liu Xiaohan , Zhang Yang , Wang Youzhao , Yang Yujie , Qiao Zhe , Zhan Ping , Jin Huiying , Xu Qianqian , Tang Wei , Sun Yu , Zhang Yan , Yi Fan , Liu Min
Published: November 2024

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key event driving the maladaptive repair of tubular epithelial cells during the transition from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Therefore, identifying potential targets involved in mitochondrial dysfunction in tubular epithelial cells is clinically important. Myeloid‐derived growth factor (MYDGF), a novel secreted protein, plays important roles in multiple cardiovascular diseases, but the function of MYDGF in tubular epithelial cells remains unknown. In the present study, it is found that MYDGF expression is significantly reduced in the cortex of the kidney, especially in the proximal tubules, from mice with CKD. Notably, lower expression of MYDGF is observed in tubules from patients with CKD and the level of MYDGF correlated with key factors related to kidney fibrosis and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with CKD. Tubule‐specific deletion of Mydgf exacerbates kidney injury in mice with CKD; however, Mydgf overexpression attenuates kidney fibrosis by remodeling mitochondrial homeostasis in tubular epithelial cells. Mechanistically, renal tubular MYDGF positively regulates the expression of isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2), restores mitochondrial homeostasis, and slows CKD progression. Thus, this study indicates that MYDGF derived from tubules may be an effective therapeutic strategy for patients with CKD.
Engineering Magnetic Heterostructures with Synergistic Regulation of Charge‐Transfer and Spin‐Ordering for Enhanced Water Oxidation
Authors: Hao Chongyan , Wu Yang , Zheng Xiaobo , Du Yumeng , Fan Yameng , Pang Weikong , Tadich Anton , Zhang Shujun , Frauenheim Thomas , Ma Tianyi , Li Xiaoning , Cheng Zhenxiang
Published: November 2024

The design of heterojunctions offers a crucial solution for energy conversion and storage challenges, but current research predominantly focuses on charge transfer benefits, often neglecting spin attribute regulation despite the increasing recognition of spin‐sensitivity in many chemical reactions. In this study, a novel magnetic heterostructure, CoFe2O4@CoFeMo3O8, is designed to simultaneously modulate charge and spin characteristics, and systematically elucidated their synergistic impact on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Experimental results and density functional theory calculations confirmed that the magnetic heterostructure exhibits both charge transfer and spin polarization. It is found that the charge‐transfer behavior enhances conductivity and adsorption ability through band structure regulation. Meanwhile, magnetically polarized electrons promote triplet O2 generation and accelerate electron transport via spin‐selective pathways. Moreover, the heterostructure's effective response to external alternating magnetic fields further amplifies the spin‐dependent effect and introduces a magnetothermal effect, locally heating the active sites through spin flip, thereby boosting catalytic activity. Consequently, the OER activity of the magnetic heterostructure is improved by 83.8 times at 1.5 V compared to its individual components. This magnetic heterojunction strategy presents a promising avenue for advanced catalysis through synergistic regulating of charge‐transfer and spin‐ordering.
Incorporation of Lewis basic sites into Zn‐pyrazolate frameworks for efficient methane/nitrogen separation
Authors: Liu Jiaqi , Miao Jiafeng , Ma Lulu , Li Jinping , Li Jing , Wang Hao
Published: November 2024

The separation of methane (CH4) and nitrogen (N2) in coalbed methane (CBM) is a crucial process to produce methane as a clean energy source. Given the similar physicochemical properties of the two gases, efficient adsorptive separation of CH4 and N2 has stringent requirements on the pore chemistry and geometry of the adsorbents. In this study, we report two Zn‐pyrazolates frameworks, HIAM‐213 and HIAM‐214, which possess Lewis basic sites that exhibit precise recognition of CH4 over N2. The capability of these compounds in extracting CH4 from binary CH4/N2 mixtures has been confirmed through column breakthrough measurements, demonstrating a high recovery rate under mild regeneration conditions. Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations and in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy experiments provide insights into the selective adsorption mechanism by revealing stronger interactions between CH4 and Lewis acid sites.
Elucidating Confinement and Microenvironment of Ru Clusters Stably Confined in MFI Zeolite for Efficient Propane Oxidation
Authors: Wang Jingjing , Jiang Zeyu , Xu Hengyue , Li Xinzhe , Jian Yanfei , Xia Lianghui , Su Pei , Liu Qiyuan , Chai Shouning , Ma Mudi , Amedlous Abdallah , Barreau Mathias , Hao Zhengping , Yu Jiaguo , He Chi
Published: November 2024

Achieving active and stable heterogeneous catalysts by encapsulating noble metal species within zeolites is highly promising for high utilization and cost efficiency in thermal and environmental catalytic reactions. Ru, considered an economical noble metal alternative with comparable performance, faces great challenges within MFI‐type microporous zeolites due to its high cohesive energy and mobility. Herein, an innovative strategy was explored that couples hydrothermal in situ ligand protection with stepwise calcination in a flowing atmosphere to embed ultrasmall Ru clusters anchored at K+‐healed silanol sites (≡Si−Ruδ+−O−K complexes) within 10‐membered ring sinusoidal channels of MFI. Comprehensive experiments and theoretical calculations unveiled that the interplay between confined Ru clusters and MFI induces local strain in MFI, creating a unique catalytic microenvironment around the Ru clusters. This synergy interaction enhances alkane deep oxidation as the confined Ru clusters and the MFI microenvironment collectively pre‐activate C3H8 and O2, facilitate the cleavage of C−H and C−C bonds at low temperatures. Notably, the stable geometric and electronic properties of the confined Ru show exceptional thermal stability up to 1000 °C, rivaling fresh catalysts. These findings shed vital methodological and mechanistic insights for developing efficacious heterogeneous catalysts for thermal catalysis.
Ethane Triggered Gate‐Opening in a Flexible‐Robust Metal‐Organic Framework for Ultra‐High Purity Ethylene Purification
Authors: Zhang Lu , Yu Bin , Wang Meng , Chen Yang , Wang Yong , Sun Lin‐Bing , Zhang Yue‐Biao , Zhang Zhenjie , Li Jinping , Li Libo
Published: November 2024

Priority recognition separation of inert and larger ethane molecules from high‐concentration ethylene mixtures instead of the traditional thermodynamic or size sieving strategy is a fundamental challenge. Herein, we report ethane triggered gate‐opening in the flexible‐robust metal‐organic framework Zn(ad)(min), the 3‐methylisonicotinic acid ligand can spin as a flexible gate when adsorbing the cross‐section well‐matched ethane molecule, achieving an unprecedented ethane adsorption capacity (62.6 cm3 g−1) and ethane/ethylene uptake ratio (3.34) under low‐pressure region (0.1 bar and 298 K). The ethane‐induced structural transition behavior has been uncovered by a collaboration of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, in situ variable pressure X‐ray diffraction and theoretical calculations, elucidating the synergetic mechanism of cross‐section matching and multiple supramolecular interactions within the tailor‐made pore channels. Dynamic breakthrough experiments have revealed the outstanding separation performance of Zn(ad)(min) during the production of ultra‐high purity ethylene (>99.995 %) with a productivity of up to 39.2 L/kg under ambient conditions.
H Induced Metal‐Insulation Transition Boosts the Stability of High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Lin Liguang , Cai Zhiwei , Niu Yuanfei , Wu Yujie , Wang Jingjing , Li Miaoyu , Li Dong , Wang Tehua , Wang Zhengbang , Tao Li , Wang Shuangyin
Published: November 2024

High temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT‐PEMFCs) have garnered significant attention due to their expanded range of hydrogen sources and simplified management systems. However, the frequent start‐up and shut‐down (SU/SD) caused fuel starvation operation condition seriously deteriorates the performance and lifetime of the fuel cell. In this manuscript, VO2 was incorporated in the anode to restrain fuel starvation of the electrode. Under the operation condition, the insulative VO2 would reversibly transform into metallic HxVO2 by intercalating hydrogen, and HxVO2 can automatically release hydrogen, which could act as the hydrogen buffer and suppress reverse‐current degradation. After the hydrogen release, the generated insulating VO2 would prevent the side reactions during fuel starvation. Compared to the traditional Pt anode, the electrode with VO2 showed much higher output power and greatly improved durability after fuel starvation. This work demonstrates the in situ reversible hydrogen storage/release‐controlled metal‐insulator phase transition strategy to enhance the durability of fuel cells.
Skeletal Nitrogen Functionalization of Isostructural 2D Conjugated MOFs for Enhancement of the Dual‐Ion Storage Capacity
Authors: Sporrer Lukas , Guo Quanquan , Li Xiaodong , Wrzesinska‐Lashkova Angelika , Reichmayr Fanny , Fu Shuai , Wang Hai I. , Bonn Mischa , Li Xiangyu , Laval‐Schmidt Paul‐Alexander , Wang Mingchao , Lu Yang , Vaynzof Yana , Yu Minghao , Feng Xinliang , Dong Renhao
Published: November 2024

Two‐dimensional conjugated metal–organic frameworks (2D c‐MOFs) are emerging as promising electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage devices. However, a viable path to realize superior dual‐ion storage in 2D c‐MOFs has remained elusive. Here, we report the synthesis of Cu2(Nx−OHPTP) 2D c‐MOFs (x=0,1,2; OHPTP=octahydroxyphenanthrotriphenylene) with precise aromatic carbon‐nitrogen arrangements, based on the π‐conjugated OHPTP ligand incorporated with one or two nitrogen atoms. The skeletal nitrogen modification in Cu2(Nx−OHPTP) allows the synergistic introduction of additional redox sites, and thus substantially favors the unique dual‐ion adsorption capacity. Consequently, the Cu2(N2−OHPTP) cathode exhibits a largely enhanced electrochemical performance for dual‐ion storage (i.e., Li+ and Cl‐) with a high specific capacity of 53.8 mAh g−1, which is twice that of Cu2(N0−OHPTP) and 1.3 times that of Cu2(N1−OHPTP). Furthermore, the Cu2(N2−OHPTP) electrode displays a favorable rate performance of 52 % and good cycling stability of 96 % after 1000 cycles. We identify N‐centered redox sites as additional Li+ adsorption sites by combining ex situ and in situ spectroscopy measurements and theoretical calculations. In addition, calculations underline the synergistic enhancement of the Cl− adsorption energy by about 1.0 eV at the more electron‐poor CuO4 linkages after N‐incorporation. This work paves the way for the precise design of 2D c‐MOFs with superior electrochemical properties, advancing their application in dual‐ion storage applications.
Transmembrane Delivery of an Aryl Azopyrazole Photo‐switchable Ion Transporter Relay
Authors: Grählert Elin , Langton Matthew J.
Published: November 2024

Stimuli‐responsive synthetic ionophores allow for spatial and temporal control over ion transport, with promise for applications in targeted therapy. Relay transporters have emerged as a new class of ion transporters ‐ these are anchored carriers that sit in both leaflets of the bilayer and mediate transport across the membrane by passing ions between them. The relays are themselves membrane impermeable, and so must be incorporated into the membrane during vesicle preparation. Here we show that relay transporters can be delivered to both sides of the membrane of vesicles using a synthetic flippase. By incorporating an aryl azopyrazole photo‐switch into the movable arm of the relay transporters the ion transport activity can be very efficiently and reversibly switched between off and on states. This control is achieved by extension and contraction of their movable arms via photo‐isomerization of the central aryl azopyrazole moiety, hence modulating the ability of the relays to pass ions across the membrane.
Ultraviolet Radiation Driven Multifunctional Polyvinyl Alcohol Based Hybrid Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Kavitha C. M. , Eshwarappa K. M. , Shetty Shivakumar Jagadish , Gurumurthy S. C. , Mallikarjuna I.
Published: November 2024

Herein we report the tailoring of the band gap of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/graphene oxide (GO), PVA‐Ag (silver), PVA/GO‐Ag, and PVA/GO/Ag/GA (glutaraldehyde) employing ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Nanocomposites were fabricated by the in situ solution casting method. Among fabricated, PVA/GO/Ag/GA was identified as the nanocomposite having enhanced properties. The structural and chemical studies confirm enhanced interfacial interaction and crosslinking between PVA and GO in the presence of GA. GA crosslinked PVA/GO‐Ag nanocomposite shows a reduction in band gap and enhanced dc conductivity compared to other composites. Post‐UV irradiation studies show PVA/GO/Ag/GA exhibits mechanical stability and good conductivity. The band gap of PVA/GO/Ag/GA decreased from 5.27 eV (unirradiated) to 2.66 eV for 24 h of UV exposure. As the exposure time increased to 48 h, the band gap increased to 5.16 eV and finally band gap decreased to 4.47 eV for 72 h of UV exposure. This reveals that though there is no linear variation in the energy gap with UV exposure time but accurate reproducibility was observed. This brings about the possibility of tailoring the band gap of PVA/GO/Ag/GA with better electrical conductivity (3.4 × 10−9 Sm−1) and good mechanical stability which is very crucial for optoelectronic applications. Additionally, for 72 h of UV radiation exposure, the PVA/GO/Ag/GA composite demonstrates UV transmittance of 3.3%, underscoring its UV shielding capability.
Modulation of diurnal variation in rainfall associated with tropical cyclones over the East Asia–Western North Pacific region by environmental vertical wind shear
Authors: Wei Na , Wang Qian , Zhang Xinghai , Zhao Dajun
Published: November 2024

Vertical wind shear (VWS), as an important dynamic factor influencing tropical cyclone rainfall (TCR), has a remarkable diurnal cycle of variation over the East Asia–western North Pacific region. The magnitude of tropical cyclone (TC)‐experienced VWS has enhanced amplitude but different phases over the South China Sea (SCS) and coastal East China (CEC) compared with that over the open ocean. Diurnal variation in TCR over the SCS shows statistically significant correlation with that of VWS. The convection concentrated in the downshear‐left quadrant strengthens markedly when VWS becomes large, thereby delaying the peak rainfall in the inner core of the TC and enhancing the amplitude of the diurnal cycle of TCR at ~09 local standard time. Over CEC, the diurnal signal of TCR is very weak but statistically significant in the downshear‐left and upshear‐right quadrants with opposite phase, illustrating the change in asymmetry of the spatial distribution of TCR induced by the large VWS diurnal cycle. The findings of this study could provide reference for improved forecasting of TCR on the fine temporal scale.
Protective Role of Vitamin B6 Against Teratogenic Effects Induced by Lead in Chick Embryo
Authors: Ahmad Waheed , Kanwal Muhammad Ali , Inayat Iram , Ahmad Syeda Nadia , Batool Aima Iram , Ghazanfar Nazish , Idrees Rabia , Suleman Sadia , Younis Asma , Ahmad Khawaja Raees
Published: November 2024

Background

Heavy metals like lead (Pb) have been used by humans for a very long time, but throughout the industrial revolution, their use expanded, increasing exposure to the metal. Lead, however, has no biological purpose in the human body and is hazardous when it gets into soft tissues and organs. Lead is still used in a variety of industries, including battery manufacturing and car maintenance, despite efforts to limit its usage.

Objective

This study investigates the teratogenic and morphometric effects of lead on chick embryos and the potential ameliorative effects of vitamin B6.

Methods

Two hundred fertilized eggs from the golden black chicken were divided into four groups: control, lead acetate, vitamin B6, and lead + vitamin B6.

Results

On the 14th day, embryos were analyzed. Significant reductions in body weight and size were observed in the lead‐exposed group (33.93 ± 1.27 g) compared to the control (41.12 ± 0.97 g). Pronounced deformities included rudimentary beaks, protruding eyes, tridactyl limbs, hydrocephaly, and neck deformities. Appendicular deformities like phocomelia, amelia, and abnormal phalanges growth were also noted. Vitamin B6 demonstrated therapeutic benefits, significantly improving mean embryo weight in the Lead + Vitamin B6 group (42.37 ± 0.99 g). The lead‐exposed group showed a reduction in maxilla length (3.61 ± 1.30 mm) compared to the Lead + Vitamin B6 group (7.57 ± 0.79 mm). This group also showed reduced severity of muscular dystrophy and bone thinning, with signs of recovery in beak and bone sizes.

Conclusions

The study highlights vitamin B6's beneficial impact in mitigating lead's toxic effects on chick embryonic development.
On the Crossroads of Ecology and Education
Authors: Desmarais Rosemarie
Published: November 2024

The interrelations between education at all levels, including K‐12, undergraduate, graduate, and adult education, and the field of ecology are multiple, come from both domains, often relate to social change (Wright and Hill, 2021), and build on the expansion of the field of ecology education over the past 30 years. Discussions at the crossroads of ecology and education are particularly important to all those interested in better understanding how ecology can foster change among educational institutions. In this context, this article offers a review of key discussions on how education and ecology, as distinct domains of study and application, inform each other and support transformational shifts among educational institutions at all levels. It is shown that the teaching and learning of ecology among educational institutions have been key concerns for ecologists historically and that educational philosophers and theorists have been finding it important to increase awareness of our interconnectivity with natural systems through education.
Comparison of the Antioxidant Capacity of Cell Wall‐Broken Decoction Pieces and Traditional Decoction Pieces of Astragli Radix Based on HPLC‐ABTS Analytical Method
Authors: Ma Yonglin , Zhang Yue , Zhao Yu , Wang Jiwen , Hu Qianqian , Yang Lianlin , Chen Shuzhen , Diao Yong , Ma Hongliang
Published: November 2024

In this study, an online antioxidant assay based on HPLC‐ABTS was mainly developed for screening the antioxidants of flavonoids from Astragali Radix (AR), and comparing the antioxidant capacity between traditional decoction pieces (TDP) of AR and cell wall‐broken decoction pieces (CDP) of AR. The experimental results showed that the overall antioxidant capacity of CDP of AR was about twice as much as that of TDP of AR, which was specifically expressed as the antioxidant capacity of the screened antioxidants extracted from CDP was equivalent to 1.9–5.1 times that of those extracted from TDP, and three antioxidants were successfully screened, which were calycosin‐7‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside, calycosin, and formononetin. The method established in this study is characterized by high efficiency and accuracy, which can simultaneously accomplish the screening of antioxidant components and the comparison of antioxidant capacity between samples, and provides a new method for the quality evaluation of AR from the perspective of antioxidant activity.
Mechanistic Insights into Oxygen‐Independent DNA Photodegradation by Pheophorbide a: Implications for Future Photodynamic Therapy Applications
Authors: Okamoto China , Kotani Hiroaki , Kojima Takahiko , Yamamoto Yasuhiko , Momotake Atsuya
Published: November 2024

This study explores the unique properties of Pheophorbide a (Phed a) in the photodegradation of G‐quadruplex DNA under anoxic conditions, emphasizing its potential for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in hypoxic tumor environments. We used electron spin resonance (ESR), circular dichroism (CD), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies to assess the radical generation and DNA interaction capabilities of Phed a compared to Pyropheophorbide a (Pyro a) under both oxygenated and anoxic conditions. Our results reveal that Phed a effectively degrades G‐quadruplex DNA in the absence of oxygen, whereas Pyro a does not. Under anoxic conditions, Phed a generates unique carbon‐centered radicals, as indicated by distinctive ESR signals, which are not observed in aerobic environments or with Pyro a. These radicals facilitate DNA decomposition without relying on reactive oxygen species (ROS). Phed a’s ability to degrade DNA independently of oxygen underscores its potential as a versatile and effective PDT agent, especially for hypoxic tumors where traditional photosensitizers are ineffective. This study paves the way for the development of new PDT agents that can operate under different oxygen levels. Phed a’s radical generation and oxygen‐independent DNA degradation mechanisms make it a promising candidate for future PDT applications.
Phase 1, Single‐Center, Double‐Blind, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Studies of the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Ascending Oral Doses of the Sirtuin 6 Activator SP‐624 in Healthy Adults
Authors: Rigdon Greg , Prescott Yuki , Hall John , Abernathy Kelly , Raskin Joel , Wargin William
Published: November 2024

Sirtuin 6 activation is a novel epigenetic mechanism proposed for treatment of depression. Two Phase 1 studies, SP‐624‐101 and SP‐624‐102, examined the pharmacokinetics and safety of SP‐624, an orally active sirtuin 6 activator, in healthy adults. SP‐624‐101 was a single‐ascending‐dose study. In Part A, participants were randomized 6:2 to SP‐624 (single oral doses of 3, 10, or 30 mg) or placebo. Part B compared results in 8 participants receiving SP‐624 while fasting or after a high‐fat, high‐calorie breakfast. In SP‐624‐102, a multiple‐ascending‐dose study, participants were randomized 6:2 to SP‐624 (3 or 10 mg SP‐624 daily) or placebo for 5 days and 5:2 to SP‐624 20 mg daily or placebo for 10 days. At all doses, maximum concentration (Cmax) exceeded predicted target plasma concentrations of 3.28 ng/mL. Area under the concentration‐time curve and Cmax increased dose proportionally. A food effect resulted in significantly lower Cmax, later time to maximum concentration, and comparable AUC for fed versus fasting participants. No serious adverse events were observed. In SP‐624‐101 and SP‐624‐102, respectively, 3 (12%) and 5 (29%) SP‐624–treated participants experienced treatment‐emergent adverse events. SP‐624 was well tolerated and reached target concentrations in healthy adults, supporting progression of SP‐624 20 mg daily into Phase 2 studies of major depressive disorder.
Cell Zooming With Energy‐Efficient Offloading in Cellular Network: An Optimization‐Assisted Model
Authors: Prabha R. , Senthil G. A. , Suganthi Su.
Published: November 2024

With the speedy development of cellular users, conventional mobile network communications could not satisfy the requirements of rising traffic. The design of the user association approach should have the ability to balance the energy saving and traffic hotspot providence from the traffic cell sleeping system. Nevertheless, with the gradually rising denser deployment of small cells (SCs), the HetNets face novel challenges. This work aims to introduce a cell zooming (CZ) scheme that admits the EE traffic offloading. Thereby, the given model includes two phases, (i) energy efficient offloading: In this phase, appropriate traffic flow is predicted for the hybrid deep learning model that includes deep Q network (DQN) and reinforcement learning (RL). This prediction is related to the offload traffic from macrocell to small cell based on constraints like QoS and Energy, respectively. (ii) Cell zooming: After the prediction, adaptive CZ is preceded by an improved CZ factor with optimal threshold selection. For optimization, a new scaled bald eagle search optimization (SBESO) is used. The betterment of SBESO is established on throughput, SINR, and so forth.
Spectrum Monitoring in Cognitive Radio Networks for Reduced Data Loss, Resource Wastage, and Interference
Authors: Kumari Shailly , Pandit Shweta
Published: November 2024

Cognitive radio is a technology that allows the unlicensed users to access the licensed spectrum based on sensing information perceived by the users. Cognitive radio user generally attempts to access the unutilized band of licensed user. However, the emergence/reappearance of primary users during ongoing cognitive user's transmission creates the interference at the primary receiver and data loss at cognitive receiver. In this context, the spectrum monitoring is a vital process of the cognitive radio network during data transmission to continuously monitor the primary user's presence or absence on a licensed channel. In this manuscript, we have utilized the spectrum monitoring technique on earlier existing MAC protocol for CR network to detect the emergence/reappearance of primary users throughout the data transmission period of cognitive users. The spectrum monitoring is employed to reduce the interference at primary receiver, which is measured in terms of interference power (IP) and data loss at CU receiver. The closed form expressions of data loss and IP for the monitoring and without monitoring scenarios are provided. In addition, the probability of monitoring error's (which causes misinterpretation of channel's status by the cognitive users) impact on these performance parameters is also provided and simulated. Further, earlier MAC protocol has significant amount of bandwidth wastage in case primary user disappears or reappears during cognitive user's data transmission, which is shown mathematically and simulated as well. However, incorporation of the monitoring phenomenon even with significant amount of monitoring error has reduced bandwidth wastage, which is measured in bps. In addition, the throughput calculation of the proposed system and the effect of monitoring error on the throughput of the proposed system are also seen. As per the results, the maximum data loss and IP occurred at licensed channel's busy probability value of 0.5, which is 23.22 bps and 3.487 W, respectively, at maximum monitoring error value. However, minimum data loss and IP are achieved at licensed busy channel's probability values of zero and one. In addition, the resource wastage at licensed channel's busy probability value of 0.5 is varying from 2.322 to 23.22 bps for varying the monitoring error value from 0.1 to 1, respectively, giving highest resource wastage at maximum monitoring error value.
Probabilistic ecological risk assessment for deep‐sea mining: A Bayesian network for Chatham Rise, Pacific Ocean
Authors: Kaikkonen Laura , Clark Malcolm R. , Leduc Daniel , Nodder Scott D. , Rowden Ashley A. , Bowden David A. , Beaumont Jennifer , Cummings Vonda
Published: November 2024

Increasing interest in seabed resource use in the ocean is introducing new pressures on deep‐sea environments, the ecological impacts of which need to be evaluated carefully. The complexity of these ecosystems and the lack of comprehensive data pose significant challenges to predicting potential impacts. In this study, we demonstrate the use of Bayesian networks (BNs) as a modeling framework to address these challenges and enhance the development of robust quantitative predictions concerning the effects of human activities on deep‐seafloor ecosystems. The approach consists of iterative model building with experts, and quantitative probability estimates of the relative decrease in abundance of different functional groups of benthos following seabed mining. The model is then used to evaluate two alternative seabed mining scenarios to identify the major sources of uncertainty associated with the mining impacts. By establishing causal connections between the pressures associated with potential mining activities and various components of the benthic ecosystem, our model offers an improved comprehension of potential impacts on the seafloor environment. We illustrate this approach using the example of potential phosphorite nodule mining on the Chatham Rise, offshore Aotearoa/New Zealand, SW Pacific Ocean, and examine ways to incorporate knowledge from both empirical data and expert assessments into quantitative risk assessments. We further discuss how ecological risk assessments can be constructed to better inform decision‐making, using metrics relevant to both ecology and policy. The findings from this study highlight the valuable insights that BNs can provide in evaluating the potential impacts of human activities. However, further research and data collection are crucial for refining and ground truthing these models and improving our understanding of the long‐term consequences of deep‐sea mining and other anthropogenic activities on marine ecosystems. By leveraging such tools, policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders can work together toward human activities in the deep sea that minimize ecological harm and ensure the conservation of these environments.
Land Use and Climate Change Accelerate the Loss of Habitat and Ecological Corridor to Reeves's Pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii) in China
Authors: He Qingqing , Tian Shan , Hua Junqin , Liu Zhengxiao , Liu Yating , Jin Ting , Xu Jiliang
Published: November 2024

Human activity and climate change are widely considered to be primarily responsible for the extinction of Galliformes birds. Due to a decline in population, the Reeves's pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii), a member of the Galliformes family, was recently elevated to first‐class national protected status in China. However, determining the causal factors of their extinction and carrying out protection measures appear to be challenging owing to a lack of long‐term data with high spatial and temporal resolutions. Here, based on a national field survey, we used habitat suitability models and integrated data on geographical environment, road development, land use, and climate change to predict the potential changes in the distribution and connectivity of the habitat of Reeves's pheasant from 1995 to 2050. Furthermore, ecological corridors were identified using the minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model. The prioritized areas for habitat restoration were determined by integrating the importance indices of ecological sources and corridors. Our results indicated that both land use and climate change were linked to the increased habitat loss for the Reeves's pheasant. In more recent decades, road construction and land use changes have been linked to a rise in habitat loss, and future climate change has been predicted to cause the habitat to become even more fragmented and lose 89.58% of its total area. The ecological corridor for Reeves's pheasant will continue to decline by 88.55%. To counteract the negative effects of human activity and climate change on the survivorship of Reeves's pheasant, we recommend taking immediate actions, including bolstering cooperation among provincial governments, restoring habitats, and creating ecological corridors among important habitats.
Tree demographic drivers across temperate rain forests, after accounting for site‐, species‐, and stem‐level attributes
Authors: Jo Insu , Bellingham Peter J. , Richardson Sarah J. , Hawcroft Amy , Wright Elaine F.
Published: November 2024

Diverse drivers such as climate, soil fertility, neighborhood competition, and functional traits all contribute to variation in tree stem demographic rates. However, these demographic drivers operate at different scales, making it difficult to compare the relative importance of each driver on tree demography. Using c. 20,000 stem records from New Zealand's temperate rain forests, we analyzed the growth, recruitment, and mortality rates of 48 tree species and determined the relative importance of demographic drivers in a multilevel modeling approach. Tree species' maximum height emerged as the one most strongly associated with all demographic rates, with a positive association with growth rate and negative associations with recruitment and mortality rates. Climate, soil properties, neighborhood competition, stem size, and other functional traits also played significant roles in shaping demographic rates. Forest structure and functional composition were linked to climate and soil, with warm, dry climates and fertile soil associated with higher growth and recruitment rates. Neighborhood competition affected demographic rates depending on stem size, with smaller stems experiencing stronger negative effects, suggesting asymmetric competition where larger trees exert greater competitive effects on smaller trees. Our study emphasizes the importance of considering multiple drivers of demographic rates to better understand forest tree dynamics.
Engineering Biomimetic Sub‐Nanostructured Ion‐Selective Nanofiltration Membrane for Excellent Separation of Li+/Co2+
Authors: Wang Yanrui , Wang Haochun , Hu Yating , Zhang Meng , Ma Zixin , Jiang Shu , Wang Jinlong , Liang Heng , Tang Xiaobin
Published: November 2024

Nanofiltration (NF) membranes with exceptional ion selectivity and permeability are needed for the recovery of lithium from waste lithium‐ion batteries. Herein, inspired by the homogeneous microchannels in the skeletal structure of glass sponges, an innovative biomimetic sponge‐like sub‐nanostructured NF membrane was designed using an alkali‐induced MXene (AMXene)‐ethyl formate (EF)‐induced bulk/interfacial diffusion decoupling strategy to simultaneously improve Li+/Co2+ selectivity and membrane permeability. The Li+/Co2+ separation factor (SLi,Co = 24) of the engineered membrane was improved by an order of magnitude compared to that of an NF270 membrane (SLi,Co = 2). The selectivity of Mg2+/Na+ ( = 286) and /Cl− ( = 941) increased by 3 ~ 12 times, and the permeability (25.8 L m−2 h−1 bar−1) remained at a desirable level, beyond the current upper bound of the other cutting‐edge membranes. The superior performance was attributed to the limited release of amine in bulk phase and the boosted interfacial diffusion by reducing interfacial energy barrier during the interfacial polymerization reaction, which were realized via the synergetic effects of AMXene and EF. This approach yielded a biomimetic sponge‐like sub‐nanostructured NF membrane with controlled homogeneous pore radii (0.202 nm) and a thickness as small as 16.08 nm, which led to high ion selectivity and permeability. The engineered membrane was capable of efficient separation and recovery of Li+/metal ions.