bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The HMG-box transcription factor SoxNeuro acts with Tcf to control Wg/Wnt signaling activity
Authors: Chao Anna T. , Jones Whitney M. , Bejsovec Amy
Published: February 2007

Wnt signaling specifies cell fates in many tissues during vertebrate and invertebrate embryogenesis. To understand better how Wnt signaling is regulated during development, we have performed genetic screens to isolate mutations that suppress or enhance mutations in the fly Wnt homolog, wingless (wg). We find that loss-of-function mutations in the neural determinant SoxNeuro (also known as Sox-neuro,SoxN) partially suppress wg mutant pattern defects. SoxN encodes a HMG-box-containing protein related to the vertebrate Sox1, Sox2 and Sox3 proteins, which have been implicated in patterning events in the early mouse embryo. In Drosophila, SoxN has previously been shown to specify neural progenitors in the embryonic central nervous system. Here, we show that SoxN negatively regulates Wg pathway activity in the embryonic epidermis. Loss of SoxN function hyperactivates the Wg pathway, whereas its overexpression represses pathway activity. Epistasis analysis with other components of the Wg pathway places SoxN at the level of the transcription factor Pan (also known as Lef, Tcf) in regulating target gene expression. In human cell culture assays, SoxN represses Tcf-responsive reporter expression, indicating that the fly gene product can interact with mammalian Wnt pathway components. In both flies and in human cells, SoxN repression is potentiated by adding ectopic Tcf, suggesting that SoxN interacts with the repressor form of Tcf to influence Wg/Wnt target gene transcription.
Recommendations for Further Reading
Authors: Taylor Timothy
Published: February 2007

This section will list readings that may be especially useful to teachers of undergraduate economics, as well as other articles that are of broader cultural interest. In general, the articles chosen will be expository or integrative and not focus on original research. If you write or read an appropriate article, please send a copy of the article (and possibly a few sentences describing it) to Timothy Taylor, c/o Journal of Economic Perspectives, Macalester College, 1600 Grand Ave., Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55105.
Reforming emergency care: Primary Care Trust power in action research
Authors: Crilly Tessa , Plant Marilyn
Published: January 2007

Objectives: A Primary Care Trust (PCT) used its position as lead commissioner in a health economy to search for efficiency gains and to improve the patient journey through accident and emergency (A&E) services in a hard-pressed acute hospital. The project generated an action research approach. As a by-product, we developed a model of the hospital system based on a case study that can be replicated and used to set utilization targets at the micro-level of the hospital organization. This addresses a gap in the literature on hospital utilization that currently focuses on macro-population levels of analysis or simulation models that demand complex data. Primary and secondary care services, in contrast, require a pragmatic model of utilization supported by a few key, readily available data items.

Methods: Mixed quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted in an approach of collaborative enquiry among stakeholders of the health economy. We used the flexible planning tenet of action research that evolved into the subjective meaning tenet by which, to achieve authoritative findings, it was necessary to broaden the line of enquiry to address participants' perceptions.

Results: We have described the current patient flow and a redesigned pathway through A&E services together with targets and action required to reduce admissions, delayed discharges and diagnostic waits in the emergency hospital system. Primary care had a key role in changing the culture, communication and treatment within A&E services.

Conclusion: (i) This study was rapid and sustained a high level of energy and purpose among stakeholders. Action research is an appropriate method to apply to transformational change in the modernization of health-care systems; (ii) Modelling of system dynamics is a critical dimension to the success of whole system change; (iii) Primary care commissioning power is an under-used, but influential, lever for change. At a point when the PCT commissioning structure is under threat, this project exemplifies primary care's ability to engineer change in acute hospital services.
Modular organization and hospital performance
Authors: Kuntz Ludwig , Vera Antonio
Published: January 2007

The concept of modularization represents a modern form of organization, which contains the vertical disaggregation of the firm and the use of market mechanisms within hierarchies. The objective of this paper is to examine whether the use of modular structures has a positive effect on hospital performance. The empirical section makes use of multiple regression analyses and leads to the main result that modularization does not have a positive effect on hospital performance. However, the analysis also finds out positive efficiency effects of two central ideas of modularization, namely process orientation and internal market mechanisms.
A case study into labour turnover within an NHS Trust
Authors: Bamford David , Hall Catherine
Published: January 2007

This paper investigates turnover in a British NHS Trust, to find out why staff left and whether factors identified in the literature with regards to improving turnover were pertinent to the organization. The research also investigated staff groups with high turnover - staff with less than 12 months service, and the unqualified nursing staff group - to ascertain whether there were any reasons for leaving or areas of dissatisfaction particular to these groups. The outcomes of the research complied with much of the published research with some interesting differences. The main reasons for leaving were identified as moving house, promotion or career development and taking up education and training opportunities elsewhere. There was no evidence of 'level of pay', commonly given as a significant influence behind turnover, as a reason for leaving. It was also found that the retention strategies identified in the published research were mainly applicable to the research, with evidence to support the improvement of line management skills, training and development, career development, appraisal, communications and induction in order to reduce turnover. There was less evidence for introducing work-life balance policies, improving communications, pay and working relationships as retention strategies. Recommendations for future management of labour turnover within the NHS Trust and elsewhere are made, with observations about the validity of some existing models. The core contribution of this research is in adding to the body of knowledge about labour turnover issues. This is of value to those working in the UK health-care and wider public sector. Specific recommendations for future research are made.
Conjugate systems in the construction of heterocycles and quaternary stereocenters
Authors: González-Romero Carlos , Bernal Pablo , Jiménez Fabiola , Cruz María del Carmen , Fuentes-Benites Aydeé , Benavides Adriana , Bautista Rafael , Tamariz Joaquín
Published: February 2007

The synthetic application of 4,5-bis-alkylidene-1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones led to the efficient and regioselective synthesis of 2-(3H)-benzoxazolones and diarylamines with a short methodology. They were also valuable synthons in a total synthesis of naturally occurring carbazoles. New enantiopure 4-oxazoline-2-one and 4-methylene-2-oxazolidinone were prepared via a one-pot microwave (MW)-promoted condensation of α-ketols and an enantiopure isocyanate. These enamides were efficient nucleophiles when added to Michael acceptors to give a series of compounds with quaternary stereocenters in fairly good stereoisomeric ratios. The novel approach for the synthesis of benzofurans and indoles by intramolecular cyclization of enaminones has been applied in the preparation of furobenzofurans starting from benzo-bis-enaminones.
The Evolution of the Utraquist Mass, 1420-1620
Authors: Graham Barry F. H. (Barry Frederic Hunter)
Published: January 2007

The description of the evolution of the Mass is based on liturgical documents of the period whose authenticity as witnesses of the Utraquist Mass is guaranteed by their former use in worshiping communities. The Utraquists retained the (Latin) Prague use of the Roman Catholic Church, but with Czech readings, until 1538. Thereafter, the use of Czech and the diversity of liturgical practice from church to church increased. There is no sign of Lutheran influence on the Utraquist Mass, unless one argues that Luther influenced the increased use of the vernacular after 1538. Language apart, later Utraquist books are direct descendants of the original fourteenth-century Prague Use. The promulgation of the new Roman Missal in 1570 had no discernible effect on later Utraquist books.
Relationship between Self-Report and Performance Measures of Function: A Systematic Review
Authors: Coman Liliana , Richardson Julie
Published: January 2007

The authors conducted a systematic review of studies examining correlations between assessments of function obtained using self-report and those obtained using performance-based measures for community-dwelling older adults.

METHODS

Articles for this review were identified using electronic searching in MEDLINE, CINHAL, and AGELINE and hand-searching techniques. Two reviewers selected the studies that met the inclusion criteria, extracted the data, and assessed the methodological quality of the data.

RESULTS

Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria for review. Correlations between self-report and performance ranged from −0.72 to 0.60. Sixty per cent of the studies compared self-report instruments measuring disability with performance measures addressing functional limitations. In studies that assessed the same functional tasks and functional limitations using the two methods, the correlation varied between 0.60 and 0.86.

CONCLUSION

When the construct measured by the two methods was the same, the correlations were moderate to large and, therefore, measurement of functional limitations by self-report or performance probably reflected a similar assessment of function.
Access to Bathtub Grab Bars: Evidence of a Policy Gap
Authors: Edwards Nancy , Birkett Nicholas , Nair Rama , Murphy Maureen , Roberge Ginette , Lockett Donna
Published: January 2007

This paper examines access to bathtub grab bars in privately and publicly owned apartment buildings and explores the profile of seniors who have access to bathtub grab bars. Results indicate that bathtub grab bars were significantly more prevalent in apartments that were publicly owned (91.3%) as compared to privately owned (37.8%) (p< 0.05). Results of a logistic regression for participants residing in non-universal-access buildings indicated that seniors were more likely to have grab bars in their bathtubs if they were older, were in poor health, had had a fall in the previous year, or used a mobility aid. Among those who did not have bathtub grab bars, 33 per cent reported fear of falling while bathing, 20 per cent reported difficulty bathing, and 23 per cent were found to have impaired balance. Findings are discussed in light of policy implications for universal access to grab bars, with apartment buildings being a logical place to start.
Rural and Urban Canadians with Dementia: Use of Health Care Services
Authors: Forbes Dorothy A. , Morgan Debra , Janzen Bonnie L.
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this research was to examine the characteristics of older Canadians with dementia (compared to those without dementia), their use of health care services, and the impact of place (rural/urban) on use of services. Andersen and Newman's Behavioural Model of Health Services Use (1973) guided the study. A cross-sectional design used data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) Cycle 1.1 (N=49,995 older Canadians; those with dementia =313). Results indicated that among Canadian females between the ages of 50 and 64, those with dementia were more likely than those without dementia to live in rural areas. Among females 80 years of age and over, those with dementia had higher levels of education and income than those without dementia. In addition, a higher proportion of white than of visible minority Canadians was afflicted with dementia. The results further suggest that Canadians with dementia primarily required support services and that they were more likely than persons without dementia to report that their health care needs were unmet. It is recommended that publicly funded national home care programs be expanded to ensure that the supportive services needed by this population are available.
Carole B. Cox. Community Care for an Aging Society: Issues, Policies, and Services. New York: Springer, 2005.
Authors: McColl Mary Ann
Published: January 2007

Community Care for an Aging Society se révèle une ressource utile pour les étudiants, chercheurs, prestataires de service et décideurs. Le livre présente une solide discussion de questions complexes liées aux soins à donner aux personnes âgées. Il aborde plus précisément trois volets: logement, aidants naturels, ethnicité, et fournit une description détaillée de la programmation associée à chacun d′eux.
The Fiji Times and the Good Citizen: Constructing Modernity and Nationhood in Fiji
Authors: Connell John
Published: January 2007

Constructing national identity has proved difï¬cult in the Paciï¬c, especially in Fiji where there are signiï¬cant ethnic divisions. The "People" column in the Fiji Times has provided a populist focus on "good citizens" who have become successful, often in commerce. Such people have demonstrated values and directions such as hard work, training, education, initiative, and cooperation outside the nuclear family. Religious values have assisted, but "tradition" plays no role. Good citizens have achieved social mobility and often transgressed gender, geographical, and ethnic constraints. They constitute part of a new, modern, moral economy and social space that provides the basis for a modern nation where history and ethnicity have limited place.
Fashion as Fetish: The Agency of Modern Clothing and Traditional Body Decoration among North Mekeo of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Mosko Mark S
Published: January 2007

Anthropologists and others have recently argued that Papua New Guineans' contemporary patterns of consumption including Western clothing fashions have become critical components of commodiï¬cation, modernization, globalization, and the creation of individualistic personal identities in alignment with the nation-state. This paper suggests, however, that among North Mekeo the contemporary adoption of Western clothing styles also embodies additional meanings continuous with preexisting indigenous practices having to do with ceremonial body decoration, courting, and love magic. Personal adornment with items of manufactured youth apparel (t-shirts, jeans, name-brand sneakers, knitted caps, etc) is nowadays regarded by villagers as ritually "hot," or capable of changing people's minds similarly to the decorations and love charms previously employed in the colorful ceremonial dress and dancing performed at the conclusion of mortuary feasts. The view of personhood, agency, and gift exchange supposedly distinctive to "traditional" Melanesian cultures (ie, the so-called "New Melanesian Ethnography") is employed in a novel way to analyze the historical transformation of bakai ceremonial dress and display into the clothing styles and fashion of villagers today. North Mekeo ritual agency in both traditional and contemporary fashions is shown to consist in the exchange dynamics of "dividual" or "partible persons" involving bodily zones of inside, outside, outside-inverted, and inside-everted, analogous to Alfred Gell's basic technical schema for Polynesian tattooing and armature (1993). This paper thus brings together for a wide circle of Paciï¬c scholars some of the more innovative theoretical developments in MelaÂ­nesian and Polynesian anthropology of recent decades, highlighting particularly their suitability for the analysis of historical change and transformation.
The Boer War (1899-1902) and British Cavalry Doctrine: A Re-Evaluation
Authors: Badsey Stephen
Published: January 2007

Among the important British Army reforms following the Boer War (1899â1902) was the introduction of a longer-range rifle for the cavalry instead of a carbine, and a tactical doctrine including dismounted fire. It remains the view of most historians that the cavalry learned dismounted tactics from their Boer opponents, and that postwar reform of the cavalry was imposed from outside. Senior cavalry officers of the period are viewed as reactionary, and their performance in the First World War judged accordingly. This view is based on a partisan interpretation of the Boer War and the cavalry's role in it, fostered by its contemporary institutional critics. In fact, a cavalry reform movement was introducing dismounted tactics before the Boer War, both sides in the war used mounted and dismounted tactics, and the cavalry's problems were largely those of supply and not of their own making. This has much wider implications for the assessment of British military doctrines up to the end of the First World War.
Cavalry, Firepower, and Swords: The Australian Light Horse and the Tactical Lessons of Cavalry Operations in Palestine, 1916-1918
Authors: Bou Jean
Published: January 2007

Despite their frequent description as mounted infantry, more than half of the Australian Light Horse finished the First World War as full sword-carrying cavalry, making use of both fire and modern shock tactics. This change ran counter to the traditions of the Australian mounted service, which had long emphasised rifle-based firepower for modern mounted troops. This article will examine the reasons why such a force adopted the sword in 1918, the nature of the change, and the experiences behind it. Even in the last year of the First World War, cavalry shock tactics still had a place on the battlefield.
The Defense of the Crown of Aragon during the War of the Two Pedros (1356-1366)
Authors: Kagay Donald J
Published: January 2007

This article focuses on the general strategy of defense developed by the Aragonese king Pere III during the War of the Two Pedros (1356â66) between the Crown of Aragon and Castile, headed by Pedro I "the Cruel." After eight years of fiscal creativity and defensive luck, Pere retained most of his territory but had lost some sovereignty to his parliaments. He then went on the offensive but never effectively defeated Pedro; this was achieved by his ally Enrique de Trastámara, Pedro's stepbrother. What the war did accomplish, however, was the establishment of administrative and military forces that would ultimately lead toward a Spanish statehood in the fifteenth century.
Interpreting Published Environmental Guidelines for Preservation in Libraries
Authors: Morris Patricia S
Published: January 2007

NISO's 1995 guidelines for preserving paper records set narrow parameters for changes in temperature and relative humidity for existing library buildings. Although these guidelines are feasible in new structures designed to maintain stable environmental conditions, they are impractical for older facilities such as the University of Colorado's Norlin Library, a 65 year-old building in a semi-arid climate. Because Norlin's HVAC system uses evaporative cooling, its relative humidity is impossible to stabilize. Yet its collections are well preserved. Damage has occurred only to one collection—and only during a period when humidity, though higher than normal, was relatively stable. Norlin's experience reinforces the need to interpret the NISO's guideline for relative humidity, taking into account the different types materials within the collections as well as the building's HVAC system.
New Observations on Bone Quality in Mild Primary Hyperparathyroidism as Determined by Quantitative Backscattered Electron Imaging
Authors: Roschger Paul , Dempster David W , Zhou Hua , Paschalis Eleftherios P , Silverberg Shonni J , Shane Elisabeth , Bilezikian John P , Klaushofer Klaus
Published: February 2007

Bone mineralization density distribution, an important aspect of bone material quality, was determined in mild primary hyperparathyroidism using quantitative backscattered electron imaging. A strong correlation between bone turnover status and degree and heterogeneity of mineralization was found. Further studies are needed before we can draw conclusions about fracture risk in this disorder.

Introduction: Mild primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is best characterized by asymptomatic hypercalcemia, most commonly in the absence of classical signs and symptoms. Hence, there is need to characterize this disorder with particular attention to the skeleton.

Materials and Methods: We analyzed bone mineralization density distribution (BMDD) in iliac crest bone biopsies from patients with PHPT in 51 subjects (16 men, 28–68 years of age; 35 women, 26–74 years of age) by quantitative backscattered electron imaging (qBEI). The BMDD variables quantified are as follows: CaMEAN, the weighted mean calcium concentration; CaPEAK, the most frequent Ca concentration; CaWIDTH, the width of the distribution, a measure of the mineralization homogeneity; CaLOW, the percentage of bone area that is mineralized below the fifth percentile in the reference range. The results were compared with a reference range that we have previously established.

Results: The greatest differences were found in CaWIDTH (+15.7%, p < 0.0001) and CaLOW (+44.7%, p < 0001), both of which were significantly higher in PHPT than control. CaMEAN was significantly lower (−2.5%, p < 0.0001) in PHPT compared with controls. These differences were reversed in seven patients who underwent parathyroidectomy. CaMEAN and CaPEAK variables were negatively, whereas CaWIDTH and CaLOW were positively, correlated with dynamic variables of bone formation: mineralizing surface and bone formation rate as determined by histomorphometry. (r = ±0.3–0.8; p = 0.05–0.0001). These results, which represent the first BMDD measurements in mild PHPT using qBEI, show a reduction in the average mineralization density and an increase in the heterogeneity of the degree of mineralization. These changes correlate significantly with the bone turnover rate.

Conclusions: The results are consistent with our previous observations of increased bone turnover in this disease, and consequently, reduced mean age of bone tissue. Reduced mineralization density in patients with PHPT would be expected to reduce the stiffness of bone tissue. These observations are relevant to considerations of fracture risk in PHPT.
Benjamin Franklin's Canada Pamphlet or The Ravings of a Mad Prophet: Nationalism, Ethnicity and Imperialism
Authors: Lena Alberto
Published: February 2007

Written in response to the political debate generated by the London press after the fall of Quebec in 1759, and establishing Benjamin Franklin's notion of American nationalism before the American Revolution, The Canada Pamphlet stands as one of the most complex and sophisticated pieces
of pre-revolutionary American thought. In it Franklin entertained the idea of an homogeneous American population in manners, language and religion as a reaction against ethnic and political warfare within Europe. Drawing on the ideas of Hobbes, Hume and Spinoza, Franklin believed that political
and ethnic relations were exclusively dominated by power, leaving no room for multi-culturalism in America, preferring instead the implementation of the British Crown model in the colonies to foster internal peace there.
Lester Ziffren and the road to war in Spain
Authors: Wurtzel David
Published: February 2007

On the night of 17 July 1936, Lester Ziffren, the United Press correspondent in Madrid, broke the news of Franco's uprising. Within 36 hours the Spanish civil war had begun. Ziffren had been the UP representative for three years. During that time his diaries, radio broadcasts and articles
plotted the gathering political crisis. These documents and the author's conversations with him tell the story of a young journalist, imbued with his principles of getting to the objective truth, who level-headedly reported on a country in which there was increasingly no middle ground, and
who moved from the Hemingway circle of artists and bull-fighters to the political elite and to a social life spent among the grandees. He vividly describes the road to war through industrial and political conflict, and as a correspondent he reported on the horror of modern warfare while not
being allowed to lose sight of the human cost.
Selective Visual Attention to Emotion
Authors: Schupp Harald T. , Stockburger Jessica , Codispoti Maurizio , Junghöfer Markus , Weike Almut I. , Hamm Alfons O.
Published: February 2007

Visual attention can be voluntarily directed toward stimuli and is attracted by stimuli that are emotionally significant. The present study explored the case when both processes coincide and attention is directed to emotional stimuli. Participants viewed a rapid and continuous stream of high-arousing erotica and mutilation stimuli as well as low-arousing control images. Each of the three stimulus categories served in separate runs as target or nontarget category. Event-related brain potential measures revealed that the interaction of attention and emotion varied for specific processing stages. The effects of attention and emotional significance operated additively during perceptual encoding indexed by negative-going potentials over posterior regions (∼200–350 ms after stimulus onset). In contrast, thought to reflect the process of stimulus evaluation, P3 target effects (∼400–600 ms after stimulus onset) were markedly augmented when erotica and mutilation compared with control stimuli were the focus of attention. Thus, emotion potentiated attention effects specifically during later stages of processing. These findings suggest to specify the interaction of attention and emotion in distinct processing stages.
Selective Bilateral Amygdala Lesions in Rhesus Monkeys Fail to Disrupt Object Reversal Learning
Authors: Izquierdo Alicia , Murray Elisabeth A.
Published: February 2007

Neuropsychological studies in nonhuman primates have led to the view that the amygdala plays an essential role in stimulus–reward association. The main evidence in support of this idea is that bilateral aspirative or radiofrequency lesions of the amygdala yield severe impairments on object reversal learning, a task that assesses the ability to shift choices of objects based on the presence or absence of food reward (i.e., reward contingency). The behavioral effects of different lesion techniques, however, can vary. The present study therefore evaluated the effects of selective, excitotoxic lesions of the amygdala in rhesus monkeys on object reversal learning. For comparison, we tested the same monkeys on a task known to be sensitive to amygdala damage, the reinforcer devaluation task. Contrary to previous results based on less selective lesion techniques, monkeys with complete excitotoxic amygdala lesions performed object reversal learning as quickly as controls. As predicted, however, the same operated monkeys were impaired in making object choices after devaluation of the associated food reinforcer. The results suggest two conclusions. First, the results demonstrate that the amygdala makes a selective contribution to stimulus–reward association; the amygdala is critical for guiding object choices after changes in reward value but not after changes in reward contingency. Second, the results implicate a critical contribution to object reversal learning of structures nearby the amygdala, perhaps the subjacent rhinal cortex.
Acute Hypoxia Activates the Neuroimmune System, Which Diabetes Exacerbates
Authors: Johnson Daniel R. , O'Connor Jason C. , Hartman Matthew E. , Tapping Richard I. , Freund Gregory G.
Published: February 2007

Acute hypoxia is experienced in an array of ailments and conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, sleep apnea, acute hypotension, and blast lung injury. Classically, infection activates the neuroimmune system, causing loss of interest in the social environment. We report that the non-infectious stimulus acute hypoxia triggers neuroimmune system activation (NSA), causing loss of interest in the social environment, and that recovery from hypoxia-induced NSA is impaired in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Importantly, recovery from the behavioral consequences of hypoxia-induced NSA was nearly ablated in MyD88 (myeloid differentiation factor 88) knock-out mice and in mice intracerebroventricularly administered the caspase-1 inhibitor ac-YVAD-CMK (ac-Tyr-Val-Asp-2,6-dimethylbenzoyloxymethylketone). Diabetic mice had prolonged recovery from NSA that could be halved by administration of subcutaneous interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist (RA). These results show that acute hypoxia activates the IL-1β arm of the neuroimmune system, which diabetes exacerbates and treatment with IL-1RA ameliorates.
Anisotropic atomic structure in a homogeneously deformed metallic glass
Authors: Kramer M.J. , Ott R.T. , Sordelet D.J.
Published: February 2007

The anisotropic atomic structure in a Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 metallic glass strained during uniaxial tensile creep at 598 K was studied at room temperature using high-energy x-ray diffraction. Changes in the atomic structure were examined by comparing the total scattering function [S(Q)] and the reduced pair distribution function [G(r)] of the creep to that of a companion specimen subjected to the same heat treatment only. Two-dimensional maps of the ΔS(Q) and its Fourier transformation demonstrate the distribution in the bond orientation anisotropy increases with increasing total strain. A fit of the reduced pair distribution function using a simplified two-component model suggests that the bond length changes in the deformed creep samples are not uniform.
Stress-life fatigue behavior and fracture-surface morphology of a Cu-based bulk-metallic glass
Authors: Freels M. , Liaw P.K. , Wang G.Y. , Zhang Q.S. , Hu Z.Q.
Published: February 2007

The stress-life fatigue behavior and fracture morphology of a (Cu60Zr30Ti10)99Sn1 bulk-metallic glass alloy was investigated under both three-point and four-point bending conditions. For all stress levels tested, the fatigue lifetimes tended to be higher for the three-point loading condition. The fatigue endurance limits (defined as 107 cycles without failure), based on the applied stress range, for three-point and four-point loading conditions were approximately 475 MPa and 350 MPa, respectively. All fracture surfaces were found to be composed of four main regions: a crack-initiation site, a stable crack-growth region, an unstable fast-fracture region, and a melting region. Finely spaced parallel marks, similar to fatigue striations found in crystalline alloys, oriented somewhat perpendicular to the direction of crack propagation were observed in the stable crack-growth region. Analyses of these marks found that their spacing increased with increasing stress-intensity-factor range. Damage was found to initiate from preexisting defects present on or near the surface.
Spall strength and Hugoniot elastic limit of a zirconium-based bulk metallic glass under planar shock compression
Authors: Yuan Fuping , Prakash Vikas , Lewandowski John J.
Published: February 2007

Results are presented on the shock response of a zirconium-based bulk metallic glass (BMG), Zr41.25Ti13.75Ni10Cu12.5Be22.5, subjected to planar impact loading. An 82.5-mm bore single-stage gas-gun facility at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, was used to conduct the shock experiments. The particle velocity profiles, measured at the back (free) surface of the target plate by using the velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR), were analyzed to (i) better understand the structure of shock waves in BMG subjected to planar shock compression, (ii) estimate residual spall strength of the BMG after different levels of shock compression, and (iii) obtain the Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) of the material. The spall strength was found to decrease moderately with increasing levels of the applied normal impact stress. The spall strength at a shock-induced stress of 4.4 GPa was 3.5 GPa while the spall strengths at shock-induced stresses of 5.1, 6.0, and 7.0 GPa were 2.72, 2.35, and 2.33 GPa, respectively. The HEL was estimated to be 6.15 GPa.
Effects of partial crystallization on compression and fatigue behavior of Zr-based bulk metallic glasses
Authors: Wang G.Y. , Liaw P.K. , Yokoyama Y. , Freels M. , Buchanan R.A. , Inoue A. , Brooks C.R.
Published: February 2007

Zr50Cu40Al10, Zr50Cu30Al10Ni10, and Zr50Cu37Al10Pd3 (in at.%) are bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) with partial crystallization that were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD). The study of mechanical properties was conducted in compression at room temperature. Four-point-bend fatigue experiments were performed on the zirconium (Zr)-based BMGs in air. Under compressive loading, after the elastic deformation, no obvious plasticity occurred before the final shear fracture. The compression strengths are comparable to those of fully amorphous alloys. However, the fatigue-endurance limits of these BMGs were much lower than those of fully amorphous alloys. These results suggested that the fatigue behavior of a BMG is very sensitive to the microstructure, while the compression strength is not.
Assessing Comprehension: A Classroom‐Based Process
Authors: Fiene Judy , McMahon Susan
Published: February 2007

Standardized tests are increasingly used to determine students' growth in reading comprehension. In some U.S. school districts, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 has led to a focus on multiple‐choice questions to better prepare students for these types of tests. Even though such questions can provide some important information, they do not enable the teacher to get at the heart of comprehension. To truly understand students' constructed meanings, teachers should use ongoing, classroom‐based assignments to distinguish variations in comprehension and adjust instruction.

This article describes an authentic classroom‐based comprehension assessment process. The authors have been collaborating with one district in Wisconsin where reading specialists and teachers have developed a unified approach to classroom‐based assessment of comprehension, and they describe how this process influenced practice. Student examples are provided that demonstrate how one teacher used this assessment process in her fourth‐grade classroom to inform instruction and support her students' individual needs.
When Opportunity Knocks: Integrating Language Arts and the Daily Calendar
Authors: Biddle Melissa
Published: February 2007

With daily classroom schedules jammed with many concepts and skills to cover, integrating subjects whenever possible offers some relief. Primary classrooms can use their daily calendar time to integrate language arts and math. This teaching approach includes the use of word walls, interactive writing, journaling, and other effective teaching strategies.

The author describes some unique activities to foster integration of language arts and the calendar. Interdisciplinary teaching allows for more to be covered in shorter blocks of time and lets the teacher decide what needs to be reviewed and revisited. This time can be used to meet goals suggested by established curricula or by state standards. Teaching occurs in a whole group, small groups, with partners, or individually to promote cooperation as well as individualized assistance. Such integration has proven to be an exciting, stimulating alternative in classroom teaching.
Demographic, Pharmacologic, and Periodontal Variables for Gingival Overgrowth in Subjects Medicated With Cyclosporin in the Absence of Calcium Channel Blockers
Authors: Oliveira Costa Fernando , Ferreira Sérgio Diniz , Lages Eugênio José Pereira , Costa José Estáquio , Oliveira Alcione Maria Soares Dutra , Cota Luís Otávio Miranda
Published: February 2007

Background: The role of cyclosporin in the absence of calcium channel blockers and the associated risk variables of development and severity of gingival overgrowth have not yet been properly established. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of potential risk variables for gingival overgrowth severity in Brazilian renal transplant subjects medicated with cyclosporin in the absence of any calcium channel blockers.

Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted in a public hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Demographic, pharmacologic, and periodontal data, recorded from 194 subjects taking cyclosporin in the absence of calcium channel blockers, were analyzed using independent sample t, χ2 statistic, or Mann‐Whitney U tests. The effects of potential risk variables of gingival overgrowth severity were determined using backward stepwise regression analysis.

Results: The prevalence of clinically significant gingival overgrowth was 34.5% (N = 67). These subjects presented a significantly higher papillary bleeding index and a higher plaque index compared to those without clinically significant gingival overgrowth. When all demographic, pharmacologic, and periodontal data were evaluated in relation to gingival overgrowth severity, time since transplant, papillary bleeding index, serum cyclosporin concentration, and prednisolone and azathioprine dosages were significant in the univariate modeling (P <0.05) and remained significant when evaluated in the multivariate modeling (P <0.0001; adjusted R2 = 39.4%).

Conclusions: In the absence of calcium channel blockers, this study showed that pharmacologic variables, such as cyclosporin serum concentration, prednisolone and azathioprine dosages, and time since transplant, are strongly related to gingival overgrowth. In addition, the periodontal variable papillary bleeding index highlighted the primary role of inflammation on the pathogenesis and severity of gingival overgrowth.
Rhetoric and Humanism in Quattrocento Venice
Authors: Cox Virginia
Published: February 2007

This essay examines the development of humanistic rhetoric in fifteenth-century Venice, taking as its starting point a remark of Ermolao Barbaro's on the inadequacy of academic rhetorical instruction as a preparation for the practical oratorical skills necessary to Venetian civic life. It is argued that the context of Barbaro's remark is a series of humanistic polemics on rhetoric that took place in Venice and Padua in the latter decades of the Quattrocento, culminating in the famous debate of the 1490s on the authenticity of theRhetorica ad Herennium. As the essay shows, a consideration of these debates reveals the way in which local, contextual factors inflected the development of humanistic rhetorical culture in Italy, the key factor here being the continuing importance in republican Venice of a live tradition of deliberative debate.
The Doctrine, Life, and Roman Trial of the Frisian Philosopher Henricus de Veno (1574?-1613)
Authors: Lüthy Christoph , Spruit Leen
Published: February 2007

This paper retraces the life of Henricus de Veno, professor of philosophy at the Frisian University of Franeker, summarizes his teaching, and documents the trial that was conducted against him by the Roman Inquisition in 1597-98. De Veno was probably the most innovative Dutch teacher of philosophy in the first years of the seventeenth century, as he combined the new Protestant metaphysics with a cosmology and physics inspired by Girolamo Cardano. Instead of admitting before his Calvinist colleagues that he had been in prison and had converted to Catholicism before the Roman Inquisition, he claimed to have obtained various university degrees abroad. His philosophical views and religious interests correspond to the Arminian demand for alibertas prophetandiand a certain doctrinal open-mindedness.
The Accademia Fiorentina and the Question of the Language: The Politics of Theory in Ducal Florence*
Authors: Sherberg Michael
Published: February 2007

Founded in 1540 as the Accademia degli Umidi, the Accademia Fiorentina quickly assumed a central role in the renewed language debate in Italy. Three Florentine protagonists of the debate, Pierfrancesco Giambullari, Giovambattista Gelli, and Carlo Lenzoni, all penned treatises in defense of contemporary Florentine as a language model, in opposition to solutions advocated by others, particularly Pietro Bembo and his followers, and Giovan Giorgio Trissino. Their writings variously support the expansionist political program of Duke Cosimo de' Medici, while at times contesting his more egalitarian domestic politics and his attempts to limit intellectual freedom.
Stand structure and regeneration in a Kamchatka mixed boreal forest
Authors: Takahashi Koichi , Homma Kosuke , Vetrova Valentina P. , Florenzev Sergey , Hara Toshihiko
Published: February 2007

Abstract. A 1‐ha plot was established in a Betula platyphylla‐Picea ajanensis mixed boreal forest in the central Kamchatka peninsula in Russia to investigate stand structure and regeneration. This forest was relatively sparse; total density and stand basal area were 1071/ha and 25.8 m2/ha, respectively, for trees > 2.0 cm in trunk diameter at breast height (DBH). 25% of Betula regenerated by sprouting, and its frequency distribution of DBH had a reverse J‐shaped pattern. In contrast, Picea had a bimodal distribution. The growth rates of both species were high, reaching 20 m in ca. 120 yr. The two species had clumped distributions, especially for saplings. Betula saplings were not distributed in canopy gaps. Small Picea saplings were distributed irrespective of the presence/absence of gaps, while larger saplings aggregated in gaps. At the examined spatial scales (6.25–400 m2) the spatial distribution of Betula saplings was positively correlated with living Betula canopy trees and negatively with dead Picea canopy trees. This suggests that Betula saplings regenerated under the crowns of Betula canopy trees and did not invade the gaps created by Picea canopy trees. The spatial distribution of Picea saplings was negatively correlated with living and dead Betula canopy trees and positively with dead Picea canopy trees. Most small Picea seedlings were distributed under the crowns of Picea trees but not under the crowns of Betula trees or in gaps. This suggests that Picea seedlings establish under the crowns of Picea canopy trees and can grow to large sizes after the death of overhead Picea canopy trees. Evidence of competitive exclusion between the two species was not found. At a 20 m × 20 m scale both skewness and the coefficient of variation of DBH frequency distribution of Picea decreased with an increase in total basal area of Picea while those of Betula were unchanged irrespective of the increase in total basal area of Betula. This indicates that the size structure of Picea is more variable with stand development than that of Betula on a small scale. This study suggests that Betula regenerates continuously by sprouting and Picea regenerates discontinuously after gap formation and that the species do not exclude each other.
Forest plant communities of the Baohua Mountains, eastern China
Authors: An Shuqing; , Liu Maosong; , Wang Yunjing; , Li Jing; , Chen Xiaoli; , Li Guoqi , Chen Xinglong
Published: February 2007

Abstract. In the forest of the Baohua Reserve in the Baohua Mountains, eastern China, six plant communities and 11 sub‐communities were described using the Braun‐Blanquet method. These communities can be assigned to four already described Chinese vegetation types. Curtis’ Compositional Index (CI) and Shannon's diversity index were used to determine the successional stage and species diversity of the communities. The community of Brachystachyum densiflorum and Pinus massoniana and the subcommunity of Fraxinus chinensis and Quercus acutissima with Pueraria lobata had the lowest CI and would be an initial successional stage; the community of Phoebe sheareri and Cyclobalanopsis glauca had the highest CI and would be the final stage. The community of Brachystachyum densiflorum and Pinus massoniana and the sub‐community of Fraxinus chinensis and Quercus acutissima with Pueraria lobata, both pioneer successional stages, had the lowest species diversity. The climax communities had the highest diversity.
The Four Fields of Archaeology
Authors: McGimsey Charles R.
Published: February 2007

The increase in funding associated with new legislation subsequent to the late 1960s and the introduction of Cultural Resource Management (CRM) research has changed archaeology in many ways. Not the least of these changes is the first full flowering of archaeology's four fields of endeavor (research and report writing, teaching, management, and outreach) to the extent that it is now possible for individuals to devote major portions of their career to a single field, and increasingly they are doing so, though a career that entails some work in more than one field is still, and probably should remain, the rule. Within the research field, academic research and research activities related to archaeological resource management (ARM) should develop as complementary rather than as compartmentalized approaches to the database. The teaching field must emphasize training students for service in all four fields. Management and public outreach should be recognized as legitimate fields of full-time archaeological endeavor, and public accountability should be embraced.
Evaluation of cardiovascular effects of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol or a combination of ketamine-medetomidine-propofol in horses
Authors: Umar Mohammed A. , Yamashita Kazuto , Kushiro Tokiko , Muir William W.
Published: February 2007

Objective—To evaluate the cardiovascular effects of total IV anesthesia with propofol (P-TIVA) or ketamine-medetomidine-propofol (KMP-TIVA) in horses.

Animals—5 Thoroughbreds.

Procedures—Horses were anesthetized twice for 4 hours, once with P-TIVA and once with KMP-TIVA. Horses were medicated with medetomidine (0.005 mg/kg, IV) and anesthetized with ketamine (2.5 mg/kg, IV) and midazolam (0.04 mg/kg, IV). After receiving a loading dose of propofol (0.5 mg/kg, IV), anesthesia was maintained with a constant rate infusion of propofol (0.22 mg/kg/min) for P-TIVA or with a constant rate infusion of propofol (0.14 mg/kg/min), ketamine (1 mg/kg/h), and medetomidine (0.00125 mg/kg/h) for KMP-TIVA. Ventilation was artificially controlled throughout anesthesia. Cardiovascular measurements were determined before medication and every 30 minutes during anesthesia, and recovery from anesthesia was scored.

Results—Cardiovascular function was maintained within acceptable limits during P-TIVA and KMP-TIVA. Heart rate ranged from 30 to 40 beats/min, and mean arterial blood pressure was > 90 mm Hg in all horses during anesthesia. Heart rate was lower in horses anesthetized with KMP-TIVA, compared with P-TIVA. Cardiac index decreased significantly, reaching minimum values (65% of baseline values) at 90 minutes during KMP-TIVA, whereas cardiac index was maintained between 80% and 90% of baseline values during P-TIVA. Stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance were similarly maintained during both methods of anesthesia. With P-TIVA, some spontaneous limb movements occurred, whereas with KMP-TIVA, no movements were observed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cardiovascular measurements remained within acceptable values in artificially ventilated horses during P-TIVA or KMP-TIVA. Decreased cardiac output associated with KMP-TIVA was primarily the result of decreases in heart rate.