bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential role of Anitschkow cells in cardiovascular disease in human and veterinary medicine: A review of the literature
Authors: Colombino Elena , Biasato Ilaria , Biasibetti Elena , Sereno Alessandra , Chiappino Laura , Evangelista Rocchina , Cenacchi Giovanna , Guarda Franco , Capucchio Maria Teresa
Published: February 2019

Anitschkow cells (AC) are a peculiar type of stromal cells observed in myocardium, cardiac valves and coronary vessels wall whose origin, characterization and role remain controversial. In human heart, they represent a histological hallmark of Aschoff nodules in rheumatic fever, but they have also been observed in other myocardial pathologies. Firstly, they have been considered a myocyte‐derived cells, but light microscopy, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies pointed out that a macrophagic/histiocytic origin cannot be excluded. Many authors also reported extracardiac AC or an Anitschkow nuclear pattern, thus suggesting that these cells may represent a chromatin pattern rather than a specific cell type. In veterinary medicine, AC were described in myocarditis, myocardial necrosis, degenerative and inflammatory endocardial diseases of several species. Recently, AC have been observed in intramural coronary arteries of different animals (including cattle and fish) affected by arteriosclerotic processes. Stress related to the intensive livestock farming could represent a mechanotransduction promoting factor of arteriosclerotic changes allowing the development of Anitschkow chromatin pattern. Further studies both in human and veterinary medicine are needed to confirm the origin and role of these peculiar cells.
Evidence for compromised data integrity in studies of liberal peri‐operative inspired oxygen
Authors: Myles P. S. , Carlisle J. B. , Scarr B.
Published: February 2019

In 2016 the World Health Organization recommended intra‐operative ventilation with 80% inspired oxygen to reduce surgical site infection rates, based upon a meta‐analysis of 15 randomised controlled trials, of which two were by Mario Schietroma's research group. Five trials by this group have been retracted for duplication, plagiarism, statistical error and lack of ethical approval. We analysed 40 papers by this group: 24 randomised controlled trials (5064 participants) and 16 observational studies (1847 patients). There was evidence that data integrity was compromised in 38 out of the 40 analysed papers. The distribution of baseline characteristics in randomised controlled trials was unlikely, p = 1.5 × 10−8: continuous variables within trials were heterogeneous, p = 1.9 × 10−9, and categorical variables were homogeneous, p = 8.5 × 10−20. Effects of interventions varied less than expected between studies: for categorical variables, for instance postoperative wound infection, p < 1 × 10−7, and for continuous variables, for instance HLA‐DR concentration, p = 0.00001. Of 184 calculable p values, for baseline variables or results, 179 (98%) were incorrect, ranging from three orders of magnitude too small to 10 orders of magnitude too large. Twenty‐one graphs occurred 81 times in 23 out of 40 papers. Liberal peri‐operative oxygen did not reduce surgical site infection in a meta‐analysis of 20 trials that excluded seven trials by Mario Schietroma and colleagues (odds ratio (95%CI) 0.89 (0.73‐1.08); p = 0.23). An update by the World Health Organization has now excluded trials of liberal oxygen by Schietroma's group, four of which have not been retracted. We conclude that Mario Schietroma's work should not inform practice until investigated.
Effects of the side chain density of polycarboxylate dispersants on dye dispersion properties
Authors: Gharanjig Hamid , Gharanjig Kamaladin , Khosravi Alireza
Published: February 2019

Comb‐like polycarboxylates were synthesised by copolymerisation of methacrylic acid and nonylphenol polyethylene glycol methacrylate ester, and can be used as dye dispersants. In order to achieve good dispersive ability, three polycarboxylates were synthesised, each having a different side chain density. The side chain density of polymers was controlled by different ratios of monomers in the copolymerisation process. Acidic polymers were neutralised using sodium hydroxide. These polymers exhibit good dispersing performance, such that carboxylate groups are adsorbed onto the dye particle surface and the side chains enable the formation of a thick layer, thus providing the steric hindrance effect. Improvement of dye dissolution in the presence of polycarboxylates was studied. Polymers with a lower side chain density demonstrated a higher dye dissolution in water, which could be as a result of more effective adsorption of dispersant on the dye surface (CI Disperse Blue 79). The dyeing performance of the prepared dye dispersions on polyester was investigated. Spectrophotometric analysis of dyed fabrics using synthesised polycarboxylates demonstrates that there should be an optimum side chain density of polymer in order to control both dye solubility and dispersive ability. The result of turbidimetry and particle size analysis have proven this phenomenon. A comb‐like polycarboxylate with optimum side chain density was a better dye dispersant compared with a commercial sodium naphthalene sulphonate compound, as a result of its better heat stability.
Chronological changes in skeletal muscle mass following living‐donor liver transplantation: An analysis of the predictive factors for long‐term post‐transplant low muscularity
Authors: Pravisani Riccardo , Soyama Akihiko , Isola Miriam , Sadykov Nariman , Takatsuki Mitsuhisa , Hidaka Masaaki , Adachi Tomohiko , Ono Shinichiro , Hara Takanobu , Hamada Takashi , Baccarani Umberto , Risaliti Andrea , Eguchi Susumu
Published: February 2019

Aim

Sarcopenia is associated with high morbidity and mortality before and after liver transplantation (LT). The aim of the study was to evaluate the chronological changes in skeletal muscle mass (SMM) at different time points post‐LT and to identify the risk factors for long‐term low SMM.

Methods

The skeletal muscle index at L3 level (L3‐SMI) was used for muscle mass measurement, and the recommended cutoff values of the Japanese Society of Hepatology guidelines were used as criteria for defining low muscularity.

Results

Preoperative low SMM was recognized in 35.1% of cases. At 1 year after LDLT, 28.9% of patients showed low SMM, without any significant prevalence change in comparison with the preoperative phase (35.1%) or 1 month post‐LT (30.7%). Post‐LT intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (OR 1.14, P = 0.03), biliary complications (OR 5.88, P = 0.02), pre‐LT low SMM (OR 3.36, P = 0.05), and 1 month post‐LT low SMM (OR 10.16, P < 0.01) were found to be independent risk factors for low SMM at 1 year post‐LT in multivariate analysis. The development of de novo low SMM at 1 year post‐LT was a negative prognostic factor for OS (HR 9.08, P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Intensive care unit length of stay, biliary complications and preoperative and 1 month post‐LT low SMM were predictive factors for long‐term low SMM. Newly developed low SMM at 1 year post‐LT was a prognostic factor for a poor patient survival.
A proliferation‐inducing ligand increase precedes IgA nephropathy recurrence in kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Martín‐Penagos Luis , Benito‐Hernández Adalberto , San Segundo David , Sango Cristina , Azueta Ainara , Gómez‐Román Javier , Fernández‐Fresnedo Gema , López‐Hoyos Marcos , Ruiz Juan C. , Rodrigo Emilio
Published: February 2019

Background

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) may recur in kidney transplant recipients. B‐cell‐activating factor (BAFF), a proliferation‐inducing ligand (APRIL), and α‐defensins are involved in the pathogenesis of native IgAN; however, their role on IgAN recurrence has not been previously analyzed.

Methods

Thirty‐five patients with IgAN who received a kidney transplant in our center between January 1, 1993, and December 31, 2015, were included. Recurrence was diagnosed and ruled out in 14 and 11 patients, respectively, by indication biopsies. Pre‐transplant, 6‐month, 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year sera selected to measure BAFF, APRIL, and defensin by ELISA.

Results

Six months post‐transplantation, APRIL levels (300.1 vs 1203.8 pg/mL, P = 0.033) and the mean APRIL values from 6 months to 3 years (409.8 vs 1258.0 pg/mL, P = 0.003) were higher in recurrent patients. Both 6‐month APRIL levels (AUC‐ROC 0.753, P = 0.033) and mean APRIL values (AUC‐ROC 0.844, P = 0.004) discriminated patients with recurrence risk. By logistic regression, APRIL at 6 months (P = 0.044) and mean APRIL (P = 0.021) related to the risk of IgAN recurrence independently. Neither BAFF nor defensin related to recurrence.

Conclusions

Serum APRIL increased at 6 months and mean APRIL remained higher the first 3 years in patients in whom IgAN was going to recur.
Erysiphe diffusa causing powdery mildew on Mimosa caesalpiniifolia in Brazil: A soya bean pathogen found on an important native Brazilian tree
Authors: Luz Juliane , Barreto Robert W. , Macedo Davi M.
Published: February 2019

Mimosa caesalpiniifolia: Fabaceae (sansão‐do‐campo or sabiá, in Brazil) is a small tree or shrub native to the Brazilian semi‐arid forest and widely used as a hedge plant in Brazil. Although of economic relevance, little is known of fungal pathogens infecting this plant. Recently, plants growing in an urban situation at Ouro Preto, and also on the roadside in Viçosa (state of Minas Gerais, Brazil), were found to be severely attacked by a powdery mildew which led to progressive leaf blight and serious defoliation. Based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear rDNA sequences, the fungus was identified as Erysiphe diffusa—a pathogen best known attacking soya bean, particularly in highland plantings.
First report of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium proliferatum causing teak die back in Costa Rica
Authors: Méndez‐Álvarez Dawa , Rodríguez Arantxa , Badilla‐Valverde Yorleny , Murillo‐Gamboa Olman
Published: February 2019

Teak plantation productivity and economic value have risen significantly since 2000; however, teak dieback syndrome in commercial plantations is becoming worse every year. We isolated, characterized and identified the causal agents of teak dieback, based on morphological characteristics in culture and DNA sequencing. The pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium proliferatum (separate and together) was confirmed in inoculations of teak elite genotypes, fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of L. theobromae and F. proliferatumcausing teak dieback syndrome in Costa Rica.
Real‐world insights into risk of developing cardiovascular disease following GnRH agonists versus antagonists for prostate cancer: a methodological protocol to a study using five European databases
Authors: George Gincy , Scailteux Lucie‐Marie , Garmo Hans , Balusson Frédéric , Cardwell Christopher , Coster Greet De , Schutter Harlinde De , Kuiper Josephina G. , McMenamin Úna , Verbeeck Julie , Van Hemelrijck Mieke
Published: February 2019

One of the more recently investigated adverse long‐term side effects of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists for prostate cancer (PCa) is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Studies suggest lower risk of CVD following GnRH antagonists (degarelix) than GnRH agonists. This protocol describes precise codes used to extract variables from five European databases for a study that compares risk of CVD following GnRH agonists and antagonists for PCa.

PCa men on primary GnRH agonists or antagonists were identified from the UK THIN (The Health Improvement Network) database, National Health Service (NHS) Scotland, Belgian Cancer Registry (BCR), Dutch PHARMO Database Network and French National Database (SNIIRAM). Cohort entry was defined as date of treatment initiation. CVD event was defined as any first incident or fatal CVD after cohort entry. Readcodes in THIN and ICD codes in NHS Scotland, BCR, PHARMO and SNIIRAM were used to extract variables. Risk of Bias in Non‐randomised studies of Interventions (ROBINS‐I) tool was used to assess the potential risk of biases in this study. 51 572 men with a median follow‐up time of 2 years started on GnRH agonists and 2 417 men with a median follow‐up time of 1 year started on GnRH antagonists between 2010 and 2017 in the UK, Scotland, Belgium, the Netherlands and France. Data from five countries improved the study power and internal validity required to compare risk of CVD between GnRH agonists and antagonists, the latter being a fairly new drug with limited data in individual countries.
Predator‐mediated effects of severe drought associated with poor reproductive success of a seabird in a cross‐ecosystem cascade
Authors: Thomsen Sarah K. , Green David J.
Published: February 2019

Despite the profound impacts of drought on terrestrial productivity in coastal arid ecosystems, only a few studies have addressed how drought can influence ecological cascades across ecosystem boundaries. In this study, we examine the consequences of rainfall pulses and drought that subsequently impact the breeding success of a threatened nocturnal seabird, the Scripps's Murrelet (Synthliboramphus scrippsi). On an island off the coast of southern California, the main cause of reduced nest success for one of their largest breeding colonies is egg predation by an endemic deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus elusus). Mice on the island have an opportunistic diet of primarily terrestrial sources, but drastic declines in terrestrial productivity from drought might be expected to increase their reliance on marine resources, including murrelet eggs. We compiled data on terrestrial and marine productivity between 1983 and 2013 to determine how conditions in these ecosystems influence murrelet nest success. We found that the severity of drought had the strongest negative impact on murrelet nest success. We calculated that the reduction in fecundity during drought years due to increased egg predation by mice was substantial enough to produce a declining population growth rate. Nest success was much higher under normal or high rainfall conditions, depending on whether oceanic conditions were favorable to murrelets. Therefore, the more frequent and severe drought that is projected for this region could lead to an increased risk of murrelet population decline on this island. Our study highlights the need for understanding how species interactions will change through the effects of increasing drought and altered rainfall regimes under global change.
Cattle select against the invasive grass tall fescue in heterogeneous pastures managed with prescribed fire
Authors: Maresh Nelson Scott B. , Coon Jaime J. , Schacht Walter H. , Miller James R.
Published: February 2019

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is a Eurasian forage grass extensively planted in the United States. However, an endophytic fungus in tall fescue, Epichloë coenophiala, causes health problems in cattle. We predicted that cattle prefer to graze alternative forages when available. We also predicted that cattle use tall fescue more intensively in recently burned areas, as fire can increase forage quality. We tested these predictions in four diverse‐forage pastures in Iowa, comparing use by cattle of tall fescue and four alternative forages (non‐fescue cool‐season grasses, native warm‐season grasses, non‐leguminous forbs and legumes) to their availabilities at the pasture scale. We also examined how tall fescue influences the distribution of grazing at a fine scale (0.1‐m2 quadrats). Tall fescue was the most abundant forage (46% of plants), but composed only 26% of grazed vegetation. In contrast, legumes composed 12% of available forage but 25% of grazed vegetation. Other forages were used in proportion to availability. At a fine scale, total grazing frequency (proportion of plants grazed) was lower in quadrats containing abundant tall fescue, and higher in quadrats with abundant warm‐season grasses. Grazing frequency of tall fescue and other cool‐season grasses was greatest in recently burned quadrats, but total grazing frequency did not increase after burning. Our results show that although cattle graze tall fescue, particularly following burns, they limit their use of this grass. Given that tall fescue is underused, creates health risks for cattle, and degrades wildlife habitat quality, it may be advisable to reduce tall fescue in pastures.
Bioactive peptides with antidiabetic properties: a review
Authors: Yan Jiai , Zhao Jianguang , Yang Ruijin , Zhao Wei
Published: February 2019

Diabetes mellitus is a complex disorder characterised by insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance. Disease incidence is accumulating at a rapidly increasing rate, resulting in a considerable social, health and economic burden in the modern world. Bioactive peptides show significant potential for use in health management strategies, particularly as components of drugs and functional foods for diabetes treatment. Many antidiabetic bioactive peptides have been isolated and validated. The aim of this review was to update the state of knowledge of the origin, structural characteristics and action. Additionally, the potential mechanisms of bioactive peptides on key enzymes and proteins, such as α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase, glucagon‐like peptides and dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV, that participate in glycaemic level control from the intake of carbohydrates to blood glucose regulation were overviewed. This knowledge should facilitate research and industrial efforts to better understand and evaluate the potential of bioactive peptides with antidiabetic properties for blood glucose level management.
Same‐gender and same‐race bias in assessment center ratings: A rating error approach to understanding subgroup differences
Authors: Thornton George C. , Rupp Deborah E. , Gibbons Alyssa M. , Vanhove Adam J.
Published: February 2019

This study investigated leniency and similar‐to‐me bias as mechanisms underlying demographic subgroup differences among assessees in assessors’ initial dimension ratings from three assessment center (AC) simulation exercises used as part of high‐stakes promotional testing. It examined whether even small individual‐level effects can accumulate (i.e., “trickle‐up”) to produce larger subgroup‐level differences. Individual‐level analyses were conducted using cross‐classified multilevel modeling and conducted separately for each exercise. Results demonstrated weak evidence of leniency toward White assessees and similar‐to‐me bias among non‐White assessee–assessor pairs. Similar leniency was found toward female assessees, but no statistically significant effects were found for assessee or assessor gender or assessee–assessor gender similarity. Using traditional d effect size estimates, weak individual level assessee effects translated into small but consistent subgroup differences favoring White and female assessees. Generally small but less consistent subgroup differences indicated that non‐White and male assessors gave higher ratings. Moreover, analyses of overall promotion decisions indicate the absence of adverse impact. Findings from this AC provide some support for the “trickle‐up” effect, but the effect on subgroup differences is trivial. The results counter recent reviews of AC studies suggesting larger than previously assumed subgroup differences. Consequently, the findings demonstrate the importance of following established best practices when developing and implementing the AC method for selection purposes to minimize subgroup differences.
The Economic Assimilation of African Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Tesfazion Petros , Su Yaqin
Published: February 2019

This article examines the puzzle that the earnings of African immigrants do not match their high qualifications in terms of educational attainment. We apply cohort analysis to compare the economic assimilation patterns of black African immigrants with that of black non‐African immigrants. We find results that are consistent with the idea that the lower earnings of African immigrants are due to greater difficulty with skill transferability. Africans face substantially lower earnings at entry than black natives and black non‐African immigrants, although they close a substantial part of the initial earnings gap over time. Moreover, the earnings gap at entry has narrowed for recent cohorts; and Africans who migrate during childhood and those with no college education face no disadvantage. We also find similar patterns of assimilation in labour supply and participation in welfare programmes, which indicate that Africans face greater challenges at entry but assimilate at a faster rate.
The construction of career aspirations amongst healthcare support workers: beyond the rational and the mundane?
Authors: Kessler Ian , Bach Stephen , Nath Vandana
Published: February 2019

This article engages with a literature that views the limited career aspirations of low‐paid, low‐status workers as a reasonable response to material and structural constraints. Based on four hospital trust cases studies, the article contests this view, revealing how healthcare support workers in NHS England have retained the cognitive capacity to override such constraints to develop a strong and authentic career goal to become a nurse. This goal is acknowledged by the healthcare support workers themselves as unlikely to be achieved and is therefore presented as a flight from rationality. Its emergence is explained by workplace interactions that allow such an ambition to become taken‐for‐granted. The article deepens understanding of career ambitions amongst low‐paid, low‐status workers, while adding weight to a literature suggesting that career aspirations can be driven by values and norms, not only by a means‐end rationality.
Model and methods to address urban road network problems with disruptions
Authors: Huang Yipeng , Santos Andréa Cynthia , Duhamel Christophe
Published: February 2019

Disruptions in urban road networks can quickly and significantly reduce the quality of the whole transportation network, and impact urban mobility for light vehicles, public transportation, etc. In this study, we consider both unidirectional and multidirectional road network problems with disruptions and connecting requirements. These problems aim at reconfiguring the urban network in terms of road direction in order to maintain a path among all points of the network (strong connectivity). The former is defined on simple graphs, mainly modeling part of a city such as historical centers, while the latter relies on multigraphs, modeling more general networks. Restoring the network (strong connectivity) after some disruptions may require the modification of the orientation of some streets, that is, arc reversals. Such actions can disturb users' driving habits. Thus, two objectives are considered separately: minimizing the total travel distance and minimizing the number of arc reversals. We define formally both problems and propose two metaheuristics, a biased random key genetic algorithm and an iterated local search. Numerical experiments have been performed on a set of generated instances and on the urban network of Troyes (France).
Selection of wheat genotypes for biomass allocation to improve drought tolerance and carbon sequestration into soils
Authors: Mathew Isack , Shimelis Hussein , Mutema Macdex , Clulow Alistair , Zengeni Rebecca , Mbava Nozibusiso , Chaplot Vincent
Published: February 2019

The biomass allocation pattern of plants to shoots and roots is a key in the cycle of elements such as carbon, water and nutrients with, for instance, the greatest allocations to roots fostering the transfer of atmospheric carbon to soils through photosynthesis. Several studies have investigated the root to shoot ratio (R:S) biomass of existing crops but variation within a crop species constitutes an important information gap for selecting genotypes aiming for increasing soil carbon stocks for climate change mitigation and food security. The objectives of this study were to evaluate agronomic performance and quantify biomass production and allocation between roots and shoots, in response to different soil water levels to select promising genotypes for breeding. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out using 100 genotypes including wheat and Triticale under drought‐stressed and non‐stressed conditions. The experiments were set‐up using a 10 × 10 alpha lattice design with two replications under water stress and non‐stress conditions. The following phenotypic traits were collected: number of days to heading (DTH), number of productive tillers per plant (NPT), plant height (PH), days to maturity (DTM), spike length (SL), kernels per spike (KPS), thousand kernel weight (TKW), root biomass (RB), shoot biomass (SB), root to shoot ratio (R:S) and grain yield (GY). There was significant (p < 0.05) variation for grain yield and biomass production because of genotypic variation. The highest grain yield of 247.3 g/m2 was recorded in the genotype LM52 and the least was in genotype Sossognon with 30 g/m2. Shoot biomass ranged from 830 g/m2 (genotype Arenza) to 437 g/m2 (LM57), whilst root biomass ranged between 603 g/m2 for Triticale and 140 g/m2 for LM15 across testing sites and water regimes. Triticale also recorded the highest R:S of 1.2, whilst the least was 0.30 for wheat genotype LM18. Overall, drought stress reduced total biomass production by 35% and R:S by 14%. Genotypic variation existed for all measured traits useful for improving drought tolerance, whilst the calculated R:S values can improve accuracy in estimating C sequestration potential of wheat. Wheat genotypes LM26, LM47, BW140, LM70, LM48, BW152, LM75, BW162, LM71 and BW141 were selected for further development based on their high total biomass production, grain yield potential and genetic diversity under drought stress.
First principles predicting enhanced ductility of boride carbide through magnesium microalloying
Authors: Tang Bin , He Yi , Goddard William A. , An Qi
Published: February 2019

The low fracture toughness of strong covalent solids prevents them from wide engineering applications. Microalloying metal elements into covalent solids may lead to a significant improvement on mechanical properties and drastical changes on the chemical bonding. To illustrate these effects we employed density functional theory (DFT) to examine the bonding characteristic and mechanical failure of recently synthesized magnesium boride carbide (Mg3B50C8) that is formed by adding Mg into boron carbide (B4C). We found that Mg3B50C8 has more metallic bonding charterer than B4C, but the atomic structure still satisfies Wade's rules. The metallic bonding significantly affects the failure mechanisms of Mg3B50C8 compared with B4C. In Mg3B50C8, the B12 icosahedral clusters are rotated in order to accommodate to the extensive shear strain without deconstruction. In addition, the critical failure strength of Mg3B50C8 is slightly higher than that of B4C under indentation stress conditions. Our results suggested that the ductility of Mg3B50C8 is drastically enhanced compared with B4C while the hardness is slightly higher than B4C.
Practitioner Review: Unguided and guided self‐help interventions for common mental health disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Bennett Sophie D. , Cuijpers Pim , Ebert David Daniel , McKenzie Smith Mhairi , Coughtrey Anna E. , Heyman Isobel , Manzotti Grazia , Shafran Roz
Published: February 2019

Mental health problems are common in children and adolescents, yet evidence‐based treatments are hard to access. Self‐help interventions can increase such access. The aim of this paper was to conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the use of guided and unguided self‐help for children and young people with symptoms of common mental health disorders. In contrast to previous reviews of self‐help in children, all types of self‐help and multiple mental health disorders were investigated in order to increase power to investigate potential moderators of efficacy. Importantly, studies with control arms as well as those comparing against traditional face‐to‐face treatments were included. Fifty studies (n = 3396 participants in self‐help/guided self‐help conditions) met the inclusion criteria. Results demonstrated a moderate positive effect size for guided and unguided self‐help interventions when compared against a control group (n = 44; g = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.61, p < .01) and a small but significant negative effect size when compared to other therapies (n = 15; g = −0.17; 95% CI: –0.27 to –0.07, p < .01). Few potential moderators had a significant effect on outcome. Most comparisons resulted in significant heterogeneity and therefore results are interpreted with caution.
The impact of allergic rhinitis on gastrointestinal disorders among young adults
Authors: Ho Sai‐Wai , Lin Ching‐Pin , Ku Min‐Sho
Published: February 2019

Background

An association between allergic rhinitis (AR) and digestive diseases (DDs) has been reported; however, studies have only focused on the prevalence of DDs in populations of patients with AR. In individuals with specific DDs, the impact of AR on the frequency of clinical visits for each DD has not been studied. Moreover, the association between topical steroid usage for AR and DDs has not been investigated.

Methods

Data from 16 526 men and 18 438 women, aged 21 to 30 years, were collected from a national database. Individuals were separated into the AR and non‐AR groups. Eight common DDs were studied: (1) gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), (2) gastritis and duodenitis, (3) peptic ulcers, (4) irritable bowel syndrome, (5) gastric functional disease, (6) intestinal functional disease, (7) gastroenteritis and colitis, and (8) constipation. The rate of each DD was compared between groups. In individuals with specific DDs, the frequency of clinical visits for each DD was also compared between groups. Between users and nonusers of topical steroids in the AR group, the rate of DDs was compared.

Results

Significant associations were observed between all eight DDs and AR in both sexes. In comparison to the non‐AR group, women with AR visited clinics more frequently for gastritis/duodenitis, gastric and intestinal functional disease, gastroenteritis/colitis, and constipation, while men with AR visited clinics more frequently for gastritis/duodenitis, gastric functional disease, gastroenteritis/colitis, and constipation. Female topical‐steroid users with AR had higher rates of GERD, irritable bowel syndrome, gastric or intestinal functional disease, and gastritis/colitis. Male topical‐steroid users with AR had higher rates of GERD and peptic ulcers.

Conclusion

AR was associated with DDs in both sexes. However, the influence of AR on clinical visit frequency varied among specific DD groups. Topical steroid usage for AR was associated with some DDs, but the association requires future evaluation.
Optimization of pulsed electric field‐assisted oil extraction from cannabis seeds
Authors: Haji‐Moradkhani Atena , Rezaei Rahil , Moghimi Masomeh
Published: February 2019

The purpose of this research was to study the influence of pulsed electric field (PEF) intensity (0, 3, and 6 kV/cm) and the speed of oil extraction screw press (10, 20, and 30 rpm) on the physicochemical properties of cannabis oil. This process is optimized through response surface methodology (RSM). The results indicated that applying PEF intensity up to 3 kV/cm and increase in the rotational speed of press up to 20 rpm, increased the efficiency of oil extraction but it does not have any significant influence on the refractive index, acidity, acidic index, and peroxide. The highest phenolic content (2,036 ppm) was obtained for the sample treated with PEF intensity 3 kV/cm and press speed of 20 rpm. Regarding optimization results, the sample pretreated with PEF intensity of 2.33 KV/cm and press speed of 28.69 rpm was chosen as the best sample, as a result of increased efficiency and more optimized physicochemical properties.

Practical applications

Regarding increase of demand for new techniques, PEF could be introduced as a new, fast, efficient, and environmentally friendly extraction method. Applying PEF for oil extraction is a way to moderate heat‐assisted processes and to increase sufficiency of cold processes. PEF reduced processing time and made cannabis permeable to release its oil easily, so it should be presented as an effective pretreatment to oil industry.
Vitamin D‐supplemented yogurt drink reduces Candida infections in a paediatric intensive care unit: a randomised, placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Xie J. , Zhu L. , Zhu T. , Jian Y. , Ding Y. , Zhou M. , Feng X.
Published: February 2019

Background

The prevalence of Candida infections in paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) has dramatically increased as a result of resistance to conventional anti‐fungal treatments. Because vitamin D has been shown to exhibit fungicidal activity against Candida infection in an in vitro antimicrobial screening, we aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin D on Candida infections in the PICU.

Methods

Four hundred sixteen eligible children aged between 12 months to 5 years old admitted to the PICU, who were on broad‐spectrum antibiotic therapy, participated in the study. Patients were randomly assigned to two study groups, receiving a plain yogurt drink (placebo group) or supplemented with 300 IU day−1 vitamin D (VD group). Primary outcome was defined as the incidences of Candida colonisation (Candida isolated from rectal swab) 14 days after enrollment. Secondary outcome measures were Candida growth in blood (candidaemia) and urine (candiduria).

Results

The prevalence of candiduria as well as candidaemia was significantly lower in the VD‐treated group (26 cases) than in the placebo group (62 cases). The mean (SD) length of PICU stay was obviously lowered in the VD group [11.8 (1.2) days] compared to the placebo group [15.2 (2.3 days)], whereas cases of patient death were similar between the two groups.

Conclusions

Supplementation of vitamin D effectively reduces infections of Candida in children who were critically ill and on broad‐spectrum antibiotic treatment.
Effect of a novel supplementary porridge on the nutritional status of infants and young children diagnosed with moderate acute malnutrition in Uganda: a cluster randomised control trial
Authors: Kajjura R. B. , Veldman F. J. , Kassier S. M.
Published: February 2019

Background

Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) and anaemia are prevalent among infants and young children (IYC) in Uganda. A lack of consensus regarding the most effective strategy for managing MAM among IYC resulted in the present study comparing the effect of malted sorghum‐based porridge (MSBP) (an active malt, extruded maize and soy sorghum supplementary porridge developed for the purpose of the present study) as an intervention versus an extruded maize and soy micronutrient fortified blend (CSB+) as a control and current standard care. Outcome measures were anthropometric status and haemoglobin levels.

Methods

The study comprised a double‐blind cluster randomised control trial with eight to 10 conveniently sampled consenting mother–IYC pairs per cluster who were randomly assigned to the intervention (n = 110) or control (n = 110) for 3 months. Weekly anthropometric measurements were taken. Haemoglobin levels were measured at baseline and end line. Mean length‐for‐age, weight‐for‐age, length‐for‐weight and mean haemoglobin levels of the treatment and control groups were compared using an independent t‐test. The Z‐test was used to compare proportions of the outcome indicators between the treatment and control groups.

Results

Difference in mean weight‐for‐age Z‐scores in the treatment group improved compared to control (P = 0.010). The change in mean haemoglobin levels was lower in the treatment versus the control group (P = 0.010). The proportion of IYC recovering from MAM between treatment and control did not differ significantly (P = 0.055).

Conclusions

Recovery rates after supplementation with MSBP versus CSB+ resulted in similar weight‐for‐length and haemoglobin levels. Therefore, MSBP has the potential for being scaled up in the management of IYC with MAM in Uganda.
Nutrition and its role in human evolution
Authors: James W. P. T. , Johnson R. J. , Speakman J. R. , Wallace D. C. , Frühbeck G. , Iversen P. O. , Stover P. J.
Published: February 2019

Our understanding of human evolution has improved rapidly over recent decades, facilitated by large‐scale cataloguing of genomic variability amongst both modern and archaic humans. It seems clear that the evolution of the ancestors of chimpanzees and hominins separated 7–9 million years ago with some migration out of Africa by the earlier hominins; Homo sapiens slowly emerged as climate change resulted in drier, less forested African conditions. The African populations expanded and evolved in many different conditions with slow mutation and selection rates in the human genome, but with much more rapid mutation occurring in mitochondrial DNA. We now have evidence stretching back 300 000 years of humans in their current form, but there are clearly four very different large African language groups that correlate with population DNA differences. Then, about 50 000–100 000 years ago a small subset of modern humans also migrated out of Africa resulting in a persistent signature of more limited genetic diversity amongst non‐African populations. Hybridization with archaic hominins occurred around this time such that all non‐African modern humans possess some Neanderthal ancestry and Melanesian populations additionally possess some Denisovan ancestry. Human populations both within and outside Africa also adapted to diverse aspects of their local environment including altitude, climate, UV exposure, diet and pathogens, in some cases leaving clear signatures of patterns of genetic variation. Notable examples include haemoglobin changes conferring resistance to malaria, other immune changes and the skin adaptations favouring the synthesis of vitamin D. As humans migrated across Eurasia, further major mitochondrial changes occurred with some interbreeding with ancient hominins and the development of alcohol intolerance. More recently, an ability to retain lactase persistence into adulthood has evolved rapidly under the environmental stimulus of pastoralism with the ability to husband lactating ruminants. Increased amylase copy numbers seem to relate to the availability of starchy foods, whereas the capacity to desaturase and elongate monounsaturated fatty acids in different societies seems to be influenced by whether there is a lack of supply of readily available dietary sources of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The process of human evolution includes genetic drift and adaptation to local environments, in part through changes in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. These genetic changes may underlie susceptibilities to some modern human pathologies including folate‐responsive neural tube defects, diabetes, other age‐related pathologies and mental health disorders.
Mosques, Churches, and Civic Skill Opportunities in Indonesia
Authors: Lussier Danielle N.
Published: February 2019

This article examines the role of houses of worship as institutions where individuals acquire civic skills that can be deployed for political participation in the world's largest Muslim‐majority democracy: Indonesia. Drawing on participant observation and interviews in Muslim, Protestant, and Catholic religious communities in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, this article investigates three questions: (1) What opportunities exist for individuals worshipping in Indonesian churches and mosques to develop and practice civic skills as part of their religious engagement? (2) Does civic skill opportunity vary across religious denominations? and (3) What factors might explain variation across different religious settings? The study shows that mosques offer fewer prospects for their worshippers to develop civic skills than do churches. These denominational differences can be explained by a house of worship's management practices, which are shaped by its degree of autonomy, style of worship, and the relative size of the religious denomination.
Luteinizing hormone concentrations in healthy horses and horses with trigeminal‐mediated headshaking over an 8‐hour period
Authors: Sheldon Shara A. , Aleman Monica , Costa Lais Rosa R. , Santoyo Ana C. , Weich Kalie M. , Howey Quinn , Madigan John E.
Published: February 2019

Background

Trigeminal‐mediated headshaking results from a low threshold for firing of the trigeminal nerve. A seasonal component has been implicated in onset of clinical signs, which occur during the spring and summer months. Geldings are overrepresented in the affected population and hormonal differences as compared to a healthy control population of geldings might contribute to headshaking.

Objective/Hypothesis

To assess concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) over an 8‐hour period in gelded healthy controls and horses affected with headshaking. Our hypothesis was that geldings with seasonal headshaking would have higher concentrations of LH over an 8‐hour period compared to control horses during the summer when affected horses manifested headshaking.

Animals

Twelve geldings (6 controls and 6 affected).

Methods

Prospective controlled trial. Blood samples were drawn every 15 minutes over an 8‐hour time period during summer from all horses to measure circulating LH concentrations by using a radioimmunoassay for equine LH. All affected horses were actively affected by headshaking at the time of sample collection.

Results

No statistically significant differences in LH concentrations were found throughout the study period in headshakers as compared to control horses. Time had no significant effect, but a slight decrease in LH concentrations was observed for all horses. The main limitation of the study was the low number of horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Horses affected with headshaking did not have significant differences in circulating LH during the late summer as compared to control horses.
Sheep tickIxodes ricinusmanagement on Welsh hill farms of designated conservation importance: implications for nationally declining birds
Authors: Baines D. , Becker M. , Hart S.
Published: February 2019

Impacts of sheep ticksIxodes ricinuson livestock, gamebirds and wildlife are of concern across Europe. The present study describes livestock and tick management by 36 farmers from three upland sites of conservation importance in North Wales, where farmers consider that ticks have increased during the last 25 years. Sheep, average densities of 2.0 animals per ha were treated with pour‐on acaricides in spring, again in July, and also when removed from the moor in autumn. Given acaricide efficacy rates, sheep were susceptible to tick bites for half the period on the moor. Sheep from 17 farms were examined for ticks. Infestations were similar between farms and in relation to the acaricide used, averaging 9.3 ticks per sheep, although they were lower where the interval between successive acaricide treatments was shorter. Repeated sampling of sheep and red grouse chicks showed no annual difference in tick burdens on grouse chicks, which averaged 6.2 ticks per chick, although there were three‐fold fewer ticks on sheep in 2018 than in previous years. Tick bite rates on sheep and grouse were higher than elsewhere in the U.K. Most farmers interviewed would aim to improve their tick management using longer‐lasting acaricides and treating sheep more frequently, although they would need advice and financial help, which is currently unavailable via Government funded agri‐environment schemes.
Necrotizing sialometaplasia can hide the presence of salivary gland tumors: A case series
Authors: Zhurakivska Khrystyna , Maiorano Eugenio , Nocini Riccardo , Mignogna Michele D. , Favia Gianfranco , Troiano Giuseppe , Arena Claudia , Caponio Vito Carlo Alberto , Lo Muzio Lorenzo
Published: February 2019

Objective

Necrotizing sialometaplasia (NS) is an uncommon benign process which affects minor and, more rarely, major salivary glands. While self‐limiting, the condition might be clinically and histologically mistaken for malignancy. Furthermore, NS may accompany neoplasms. The aim of this paper was to report a series of Italian patients affected by NS associated with an unusual high presence of neoplasms of minor and major salivary glands.

Study Design

Clinical and histological features of twelve patients with NS were retrospectively evaluated.

Results

Eight patients presented NS of the minor salivary glands of the palate, and two of them had associated neoplasms (pleomorphic adenoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma) at the same site. Four patients had NS of the parotid gland associated with a history of fine‐needle aspiration biopsy performed to diagnose parotid neoplasms. These were epithelial–myoepithelial carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, Warthin's tumor, and oncocytoma, respectively.

Conclusion

Tumors of minor and major salivary glands might be associated with NS more frequently than previously reported. While NS of the parotid is generally the result of invasive diagnostic procedure and is detected after the excision of the tumor, NS of the minor salivary glands may obscure an underlying neoplasm, resulting in delays in referral or treatment.
A single nucleotide mutation in GID1c disrupts its interaction with DELLA1 and causes a GA‐insensitive dwarf phenotype in peach
Authors: Cheng Jun , Zhang Mengmeng , Tan Bin , Jiang Yajun , Zheng Xianbo , Ye Xia , Guo Zijing , Xiong Tingting , Wang Wei , Li Jidong , Feng Jiancan
Published: February 2019

Plant stature is one important factor that affects the productivity of peach orchards. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the dwarf phenotype of peach tree. Here, we report a dwarfing mechanism in the peach cv. FenHuaShouXingTao (FHSXT). The dwarf phenotype of ‘FHSXT’ was caused by shorter cell length compared to the standard cv. QiuMiHong (QMH). ‘FHSXT’ contained higher endogenous GA levels than did ‘QMH’ and did not response to exogenous GA treatment (internode elongation). These results indicated that ‘FHSXT’ is a GA‐insensitive dwarf mutant. A dwarf phenotype‐related single nucleotide mutation in the gibberellic acid receptor GID1 was identified in ‘FHSXT’ (GID1cS191F), which was also cosegregated with dwarf phenotype in 30 tested cultivars. GID1cS191F was unable to interact with the growth‐repressor DELLA1 even in the presence of GA. ‘FHSXT’ accumulated a higher level of DELLA1, the degradation of which is normally induced by its interaction with GID1. The DELLA1 protein level was almost undetectable in ‘QMH’, but not reduced in ‘FHSXT’ after GA3 treatment. Our results suggested that a nonsynonymous single nucleotide mutation in GID1c disrupts its interaction with DELLA1 resulting in a GA‐insensitive dwarf phenotype in peach.