bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The links between pedagogical competence, instructional quality, and mathematics achievement in the lower secondary classroom
Authors: König Johannes , Blömeke Sigrid , Jentsch Armin , Schlesinger Lena , née Nehls Caroline Felske , Musekamp Frank , Kaiser Gabriele
Published: January 2021

It is widely assumed that teachers play a key role in providing high-quality learning opportunities to students and fostering students’ learning. Yet it is still unclear how specific teacher knowledge facets as part of their professional competence contribute to classroom processes and learning outcomes. Focusing on mathematics education at the secondary level, this study investigates the links between teachers’ pedagogical competence (i.e., cognitive pedagogical facets of their professional competence), instructional quality, and students’ mathematics achievement. The sample comprises mathematics teacher and student data from 59 classrooms in Germany. Student mathematics achievement was measured across two time points (grade 7 and 8). Teachers’ pedagogical competence was tested using two tests measuring their general pedagogical knowledge (GPK) and situation-specific classroom management expertise (CME). Instructional quality was measured using observational rating data from in vivo rating in mathematics classrooms. Research questions on the relation of teachers’ competence and students’ mathematics achievement were answered using multilevel models. Results from multilevel regression analyses indicate that both GPK and CME predict instructional quality. Direct statistical effects on students’ mathematical progress were identified, whereas no indirect statistical effects via instructional quality could be identified. Although teachers’ measured pedagogical competence is not subject-specific, it serves as a significant predictor for cognitive activation as an indispensable part of quality-oriented mathematical teaching and learning processes in the lower secondary mathematics classroom, and it contributes to students’ mathematical progress.
3D-Volume Rendering of the Pelvis with Emphasis on Paraurethral Structures Based on MRI Scans and Comparisons between 3D Slicer and OsiriX®
Authors: Durnea C. M. , Siddiqi S. , Nazarian D. , Munneke G. , Sedgwick P. M. , Doumouchtsis S. K.
Published: January 2021

The feasibility of rendering three dimensional (3D) pelvic models of vaginal, urethral and paraurethral lesions from 2D MRI has been demonstrated previously. To quantitatively compare 3D models using two different image processing applications: 3D Slicer and OsiriX. Secondary analysis and processing of five MRI scan based image sets from female patients aged 29–43 years old with vaginal or paraurethral lesions. Cross sectional image sets were used to create 3D models of the pelvic structures with 3D Slicer and OsiriX image processing applications. The linear dimensions of the models created using the two different methods were compared using Bland-Altman plots. The comparisons demonstrated good agreement between measurements from the two applications. The two data sets obtained from different image processing methods demonstrated good agreement. Both 3D Slicer and OsiriX can be used interchangeably and produce almost similar results. The clinical role of this investigation modality remains to be further evaluated.
The poetics of vulnerability: creative writing among young adults in treatment for psychosis in light of Ricoeur’s and Kristeva’s philosophy of language and subjectivity
Authors: Synnes Oddgeir , Romm Kristin Lie , Bondevik Hilde
Published: January 2021

There is a growing interest in the application of creative writing in the treatment of mental illness. Nonpharmacological approaches have shown that access to poetic, creative language can allow for the verbalisation of illness experiences, as well as for self-expressions that can include other facets of the subject outside of the disease. In particular, creative writing in a safe group context has proven to be of particular importance. In this article, we present a pilot on a creative writing group for young adults in treatment for psychosis. We set the texts and experiences from the writing group in dialogue with Paul Ricoeur’s and Julia Kristeva’s philosophies onpoetic languageas meaning making and part of subject formation. The focus is on language as materiality and potentiality and on the patient’s inherent linguistic resources as founded in a group dynamic. As a whole, the project seeks to give an increased theoretical and empirical understanding of the potentiality of language and creativity for healing experiences, participation and meaning-making processes among vulnerable people. Furthermore, a practice founded in poetic language might critically address both the general and biomedical understanding of the subject and disease.
Oxygen Removal from a Hydrocarbon Containing Gas Stream by Plasma Catalysis
Authors: Urbanietz T. , Stewig C. , Böke M. , von Keudell A.
Published: January 2021

Hydrocarbon exhaust gases containing residual amounts of oxygen may pose challenges for their conversion into value added chemicals downstream, because oxygen may affect the process. This could be avoided by plasma treating the exhaust to convert $$\hbox {O}_2$$

O
2

in presence of hydrocarbons into CO or $$\hbox {CO}_2$$

CO
2

on demand. The underlying reaction mechanisms of plasma conversion of $$\hbox {O}_2$$

O
2

in the presence of hydrocarbons are analysed in a model experiment using a radio frequency atmospheric pressure helium plasma in a plug flow design with admixtures of $$\hbox {O}_2$$

O
2

and of $$\hbox {CH}_4$$

CH
4

. The plasma process is analysed with infrared absorption spectroscopy to monitor $$\hbox {CH}_4$$

CH
4

as well as the reaction products CO, $$\hbox {CO}_2$$

CO
2

and $$\hbox {H}_2$$

H
2

O. It is shown that the plasma reaction for oxygen (or methane removal) is triggered by the formation of oxygen atoms from $$\hbox {O}_2$$

O
2

by electron. Oxygen atoms are efficiently converted into CO, $$\hbox {CO}_2$$

CO
2

and $$\hbox {H}_2$$

H
2

O with CO being an intermediate in that reaction sequence. However, at very high oxygen admixtures to the gas stream, the conversion efficiency saturates because electron induced $$\hbox {O}_2$$

O
2

dissociation in the plasma seems to be counterbalanced by a reduction of the efficiency of electron heating at high admixtures of $$\hbox {O}_2$$

O
2

.
The impact of a typical industrial manganese oxide catalyst is evaluated for methane conversion. It is shown that the conversion efficiency is enhanced by 15–20% already at temperatures of 430 K.
Topological Data Analysis Approaches to Uncovering the Timing of Ring Structure Onset in Filamentous Networks
Authors: Ciocanel Maria-Veronica , Juenemann Riley , Dawes Adriana T. , McKinley Scott A.
Published: January 2021

In developmental biology as well as in other biological systems, emerging structure and organization can be captured using time-series data of protein locations. In analyzing this time-dependent data, it is a common challenge not only to determine whether topological features emerge, but also to identify the timing of their formation. For instance, in most cells, actin filaments interact with myosin motor proteins and organize into polymer networks and higher-order structures. Ring channels are examples of such structures that maintain constant diameters over time and play key roles in processes such as cell division, development, and wound healing. Given the limitations in studying interactions of actin with myosin in vivo, we generate time-series data of protein polymer interactions in cells using complex agent-based models. Since the data has a filamentous structure, we propose sampling along the actin filaments and analyzing the topological structure of the resulting point cloud at each time. Building on existing tools from persistent homology, we develop a topological data analysis (TDA) method that assesses effective ring generation in this dynamic data. This method connects topological features through time in a path that corresponds to emergence of organization in the data. In this work, we also propose methods for assessing whether the topological features of interest are significant and thus whether they contribute to the formation of an emerging hole (ring channel) in the simulated protein interactions. In particular, we use the MEDYAN simulation platform to show that this technique can distinguish between the actin cytoskeleton organization resulting from distinct motor protein binding parameters.
Resistance performance of four principal apple cultivars to woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hemiptera: Pemphigidae), by simulated seasonal temperature in northern China
Authors: Tan Xiu-Mei , Yang Zhuo-Shi , Zhou Hao , Yang Qin-Min , Zhou Hong-Xu
Published: January 2021

Woolly apple aphid (WAA),Eriosoma lanigerum(Hausmann) (Hemiptera: Pemphigidae), is a worldwide quarantine pest of apples. Understanding the resistance mechanism of various cultivars to WAA is important for the selection for durable resistance. Few studies have examined the resistance of different apple cultivars to WAA in China; among common varieties produced in China, Red Fuji is highly sensitive to WAA. In this study, the resistance to WAA of Red Fuji and three other common cultivars—Starkrimson, Jonagold, and Ralls Genet—was assessed based on the developmental and reproductive biological characteristics of aphids, assessed under four fixed temperatures: 20, 25, 30, and 35 ℃. We found the optimal temperature for WAA growth and reproduction to be 20–25 ℃, at which temperature, aphids on Red Fuji showed the highest rate of reproduction, the highest number of colonies, and the greatest area covered by aphid colonies among the four cultivars. These attributes of WAA were significantly higher at 20–25 ℃ than at 30 ℃. On Red Fuji, the most favorable variety, WAA showed its highest net reproductive rate (127.3 ± 13.3), intrinsic growth rate (0.30 ± 0.01), highest growth rate of the colony area (1.35 ± 0.02), and the lowest average generation time (16.1 ± 0.8 day) at 25 ℃. The aphids inoculated onto the four tested cultivars all died within 1 week at 35 ℃. Overall, Red Fuji was highly susceptible, while Starkrimson, Jonagold, and Ralls Genet were partially resistant.
Recognize fish as food in policy discourse and development funding
Authors: Bennett Abigail , Basurto Xavier , Virdin John , Lin Xinyan , Betances Samantha J. , Smith Martin D. , Allison Edward H. , Best Barbara A. , Brownell Kelly D. , Campbell Lisa M. , Golden Christopher D. , Havice Elizabeth , Hicks Christina C. , Jacques Peter J. , Kleisner Kristin , Lindquist Niels , Lobo Rafaella , Murray Grant D. , Nowlin Michelle , Patil Pawan G. , Rader Douglas N. , Roady Stephen E. , Thilsted Shakuntala H. , Zoubek Sarah
Published: January 2021

The international development community is off-track from meeting targets for alleviating global malnutrition. Meanwhile, there is growing consensus across scientific disciplines that fish plays a crucial role in food and nutrition security. However, this ‘fish as food’ perspective has yet to translate into policy and development funding priorities. We argue that the traditional framing of fish as a natural resource emphasizes economic development and biodiversity conservation objectives, whereas situating fish within a food systems perspective can lead to innovative policies and investments that promote nutrition-sensitive and socially equitable capture fisheries and aquaculture. This paper highlights four pillars of research needs and policy directions toward this end. Ultimately, recognizing and working to enhance the role of fish in alleviating hunger and malnutrition can provide an additional long-term development incentive, beyond revenue generation and biodiversity conservation, for governments, international development organizations, and society more broadly to invest in the sustainability of capture fisheries and aquaculture.
Fishers’ knowledge detects ecological decay in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Veneroni Benedetta , Fernandes Paul G.
Published: January 2021

The Northern Adriatic Sea (NAS) is one of the most overexploited marine ecosystems in Europe. Given the gaps in scientific knowledge regarding the NAS, this study sought Fishers’ Ecological Knowledge (FEK) to determine NAS’ historical baselines for conservation. By interviewing 53 fishers in three ports of northern Italy, estimates of the catch rates of four commercial demersal species were generated over a 60-year period, and perceptions of target and non-target species’ diversity and benthic diversity were analysed in three groups of fishers (i.e. novices, experienced and veterans). Results showed a significant decline in perceived abundance of sole (Solea solea),common cuttlefish(Sepia officinalis)and mantis shrimp(Squilla mantis), and evidence was found of a Shifting Baseline Syndrome (SBS) among novices. Given FEK’s ability to complement scientific knowledge, fishers’ participation in marine management policies and intergenerational communication should be enhanced, to improve the status of marine ecosystems and hinder SBS.
Correction to: Urban water and food security in this century and beyond: Resource-smart cities and residents
Authors: Drangert Jan-Olof
Published: January 2021

In the original publication, the Table 1 was processed incorrectly during the typesetting and publication process. The final column of Washing clothes should be “−10” and not “−1” in Table 1
Electrospinning of Flexible Poly(vinyl alcohol)/MXene Nanofiber-Based Humidity Sensor Self-Powered by Monolayer Molybdenum Diselenide Piezoelectric Nanogenerator
Authors: Wang Dongyue , Zhang Dongzhi , Li Peng , Yang Zhimin , Mi Qian , Yu Liandong
Published: January 2021

Two-dimensional material has been widely investigated for potential applications in sensor and flexible electronics. In this work, a self-powered flexible humidity sensing device based on poly(vinyl alcohol)/Ti3C2Tx (PVA/MXene) nanofibers film and monolayer molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) was reported for the first time. The monolayer MoSe2-based PENG was fabricated by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition techniques, which can generate a peak output of 35 mV and a power density of 42 mW m−2. The flexible PENG integrated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate can harvest energy generated by different parts of human body and exhibit great application prospects in wearable devices. The electrospinned PVA/MXene nanofiber-based humidity sensor with flexible PET substrate under the driven of monolayer MoSe2 PENG, shows high response of ∼40, fast response/recovery time of 0.9/6.3 s, low hysteresis of 1.8% and excellent repeatability. The self-powered flexible humidity sensor yields the capability of detecting human skin moisture and ambient humidity. This work provides a pathway to explore the high-performance humidity sensor integrated with PENG for the self-powered flexible electronic devices.
Ramularia leaf spot disease of barley is highly host genotype-dependent and suppressed by continuous drought stress in the field
Authors: Hoheneder Felix , Hofer Katharina , Groth Jennifer , Herz Markus , Heß Michael , Hückelhoven Ralph
Published: January 2021

Since the 1980s, Ramularia leaf spot (RLS) is an emerging barley disease worldwide. The control of RLS is increasingly aggravated by a recent decline in fungicide efficacy and a lack of RLS-resistant cultivars. Furthermore, climate change increases drought periods in Europe, enhances variable weather conditions, and thus will have an impact on severity of plant diseases. Hence, identification of RLS-resistant cultivars and understanding of disease progression under abiotic stress are important aims in integrated disease management under climate change. In the present study, we evaluated quantitative RLS resistance of 15 spring barley genotypes under drought, controlled irrigation and field conditions between 2016 and 2019 and monitored microclimatic conditions within the canopy. We identified genotypes that show robust quantitative resistance to RLS in different field environments. Our findings suggest that long-lasting drought periods create unfavourable conditions for the disease and supports that the extent and duration of leaf wetness is a key factor for RLS epidemics.
Changes in the Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuation in Patients With Lifelong Premature Ejaculation by Resting-State Functional MRI
Authors: Yubo Ma , Lianjia Huang , Cuiping Mao , Liandong Zhang , Le Liu , Meijuan Shi , Ziming Wang , Xintao Hu , Jun Zhao
Published: January 2021

Introduction

Dapoxetine is considered a first-line treatment for patients with lifelong premature ejaculation (PE), and current researches have showed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that patients with lifelong PE might have abnormal brain function, but differences in brain function before and after administration have not been reported.

Aim

The aim of this study was to determine some objective differences in brain function between patients with lifelong PE before and after administration and healthy individuals.

Methods

In this study, 17 patients with lifelong PE and 11 healthy controls underwent clinical assessments and resting-state fMRI examination. After 4 weeks of treatment with dapoxetine 30 mg as needed, patients with PE underwent the same fMRI examination again 3 hours after dapoxetine administration.

Main Outcome Measure

The data were preprocessed using a data processing assistant for resting-state fMRI, and voxelwise amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) maps was calculated to identify abnormal neural activity in the brain.

Results

(a) The ALFF of patients with PE was significantly lower in the bilateral hippocampus and thalamus and higher in the left fusiform and lingual gyrus than that of healthy controls; (b) decreased and increased ALFF in patients with PE recovered after dapoxetine administration.

Conclusion

We preliminarily identified the relevant sites by analyzing changes in the ALFF in patients with lifelong PE. Analyzing ALFF changes in the brain by resting-state fMRI is an effective method to study PE, and it might provide a reference for disease diagnosis and future research.
The event data management problem: getting the most from network detection and response
Authors: Udipi Sudhir
Published: January 2021

Detecting cyberthreats has become a big data management challenge. Threat actors employ advanced strategies to hide in hard-to-find places on your network.

In order to detect these threats, you must consolidate data from your entire IT environment and analyse it. Many organisations already collect data from multiple sources but still have blind spots in their environment where they don’t have visibility. It's time to fill those gaps, argues Sudhir Udipi of Securonix.

Detecting cyber security threats has become a big data management challenge. Threat actors employ advanced strategies to hide in hard-to-find places on your network. In order to detect these threats, you must consolidate data from your entire IT environment and analyse it. Many organisations already collect data from multiple sources but still have blind spots in their environment where they don’t have visibility.
Dynamics and Control of a Novel Microrobot with High Maneuverability
Authors: Esfandbod Alireza , Nejat Pishkenari Hossein , Meghdari Ali
Published: January 2021

In this study, we introduce a novel three-dimensional micro-scale robot capable of swimming in low Reynolds number. The proposed robot consists of three rotating disks linked via three perpendicular adjustable rods, actuated by three rotary and three linear motors, respectively. The robot mechanism has an important property which makes it superior to the previously designed micro swimmers. In fact, our goal is designing a micro swimmer which its controllability matrix has full rank and hence it will be capable to perform any desired maneuver in space. After introducing the mechanism and derivation of the dynamical equations of motion, we propose a control method to steer the robot to the desired position and orientation in the presence of external disturbances in the low Reynolds number flow. Simulation results confirm the successful performance of the proposed mechanism and employed control method demonstrating high maneuverability of microrobot.
Hospital Policies: Enforcement Equals Endorsement
Authors: Greenlaw Jane
Published: January 2021

The formal role that nurses play in an institution's policy-making varies widely depending upon the institution. But regardless of their formal role, and whether they realize it or not, nurses are influencing policy-making every day by carrying out their nursing responsibilities. A nurse's influence may be positive or negative, depending upon her awareness.

Hospitals, like other large institutions, have many policies (both written and unwritten) designed to facilitate the smooth running of “business.” Since the major part of hospital business is caring for patients, most hospital policies have at least some effect upon its patients. For the purpose of discussing the nurse's role in policy-making, hospital policies which have an impact upon patient care may be divided into four categories: 1) patient care policies; 2) administrative policies; 3) business policies; and 4) “rules.”
Moral Integrity for Nurses
Authors: Shelp Earl E. , Ternes Clara
Published: January 2021

Concern for one's moral integrity is often a part of discussions about moral conflicts in health care. The presumption is that moral integrity is good, even though the full meaning of the concept and its relative worth are not completely understood.

The word “integrity” comes from the Latin integritas, which referred to a state of completeness or wholeness and a quality of purity. The subject of integritas included all of life. More recent understandings of integrity are limited in scope to specific areas of life, though the early meaning of an unimpaired condition has survived. But the scope of integrity is commonly limited to a firm adherence to a code of moral standards.
Confidentiality — The Psychotherapist's Nemesis
Authors: Greenlaw Jane
Published: January 2021

This case concerns a new strand to an old yarn, the eternal triangle. It is new in that in addition to the usual cast, le mari, la femme, et l'amant (the husband, the wife, and the lover), new characters, the husband's “psychiatric team,” have been joined as parties. In fact, the “team” has been sued for the injuries inflicted on l'amant by le mari.

This is the first paragraph of a recent opinion by the Court of Special Appeals of Maryland entitled Shaw v. Glickman. The case is noteworthy not because of its racy facts, but because it stimulates further discussion of an important issue — the duty of a psychotherapist to reveal confidential information about a patient to protect the public or a specific individual.
The Role of the Legal System in the Cesarean Childbirth Controversy
Authors: Miller Judy
Published: January 2021

The threefold increase in the cesarean birth rate in the United States during the last ten years has caused much concern among the general public and some medical professionals. Nurses particularly have shared this concern as the scope of nursing practice has expanded and nurses increasingly see themselves as patient advocates. Obviously, not all cesarean births are unwarranted. The procedure may be indicated if there is maternal or fetal risk during labor, if attempted induction of labor fails, and/or if an emergency mandates immediate delivery which is not possible or suitable vaginally.

A recent review of over 1,000 U.S. and foreign research articles cites three general reasons for the increasing cesarean birth rate: use of the operation for breech presentations and for repeat sections; the need for early intervention due to fetal distress as determined by the increasing use of fetal monitoring; and physicians' fear of malpractice suits. The first two reasons are matters of medical controversy.
Enforcing Professional Standards
Authors: Greenlaw Jane
Published: January 2021

The medical-surgical instructor was appalled when she learned that one of her students had volunteered to perform a complex wound irrigation — a procedure in which the student was thus far untrained. Throughout the semester the student had required extra supervision and guidance, and despite this her performance had been marginal at best. Written assignments were disorganized, incomplete, and revealed poor grasp of theory, while clinical skills were consistently below acceptable levels.

But the instructor was even more appalled when other faculty members opposed her decision to give the student a failing clinical grade. “Too harsh,” they said. “Give the poor kid a break.” The instructor followed her own judgment and conscience and failed the student, but never received any support for her decision from the school's administration or faculty. Some time later, in talking with faculty from other schools, the instructor learned that her experience was not unique. Others had similar problems: resistance to failing and even not-so-subtle pressures to pass students whose performance the instructor deemed to be substandard.
Dealing with Controversy, Part I: Nursing Grows Up
Authors: Greenlaw Jane
Published: January 2021

At a small community hospital, nurses are concerned about what they believe to be questionable medical care of one of the patients. The nurses frequently discuss the matter among themselves, but none of them approaches the patient's attending physician or the hospital administration.

At a large university school of nursing, a faculty member vehemently disagrees with opinions expressed in an article published in a widely circulated nursing journal. The faculty member writes a one-sentence letter to the journal's editors, cancelling her subscription.

And at a conference on legal aspects of nursing, a speaker discusses the entry into practice issue, including, of course, the 1985 proposal. There is very little audience discussion of this issue, although ample time has been allotted. Yet the written conference evaluations, filled out by the attendees, reveal that many of the nurses in the audience reacted strongly to the content. “What does the 1985 proposal have to do with nursing and the law?” wrote one nurse. “The 1985 discussion ruined the whole conference for me,” wrote another.
The Law of Emergency Care
Authors: Annas George J. , Glantz Leonard H. , Katz Barbara
Published: January 2021

The lesson of this column is: In an emergency, treat first and ask legal questions later. This is both good medicine and good law.

There is no universally recognized definition of an emergency, and the law will generally accept the determination of health care professionals, if consistent with accepted practice, in defining an emergency condition or situation. The most common definition is that an emergency is any injury or acute medical condition liable to cause death, disability, or serious illness if not immediately attended to.

Obvious examples of emergency conditions that require theimmediateattention of a physician or properly trained health professionalto prevent loss of lifeinclude:

Massive hemorrhage from major vessels

Cardiac arrest

Cessation or acute embarrassment of respiration

Profound shock from any cause

Rapidly acting poison

Anaphylactic reactions

Acute epidural hemorrhage

Acute overwhelming bacteremia and

toxemia

Severe head injuries

Penetrating wound of the pleura or pericardium

Rupture of an abdominal viscus

Acute psychotic states.
Respiratory failure among patients with COVID-19 in Jiangsu province, China: a multicentre retrospective cohort study
Authors: Wang Y. , Luo H. , Liu S. , Hao T. , Mortimer K. , Yang Y. , Wang D. , Ju S.
Published: January 2021

This study was a retrospective multicentre cohort study of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosed at 24 hospitals in Jiangsu province, China as of 15 March 2020. The primary outcome was the occurrence of acute respiratory failure during hospital stay. Of 625 patients, 56 (9%) had respiratory failure. Some selected demographic, epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory features as well as radiologic features at admission and treatment during hospitalisation were significantly different in patients with and without respiratory failure. The multivariate logistic analysis indicated that age (in years) (odds ratio [OR], 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–1.10; P = 0.0002), respiratory rate (breaths/minute) (OR, 1.23; 95% CI: 1.08–1.40; P = 0.0020), lymphocyte count (109/l) (OR, 0.18; 95% CI: 0.05–0.69; P = 0.0157) and pulmonary opacity score (per 5%) (OR, 1.38; 95% CI: 1.19–1.61; P < 0.0001) at admission were associated with the occurrence of respiratory failure. Older age, increased respiratory rate, decreased lymphocyte count and greater pulmonary opacity score at admission were independent risk factors of respiratory failure in patients with COVID-19. Patients having these risk factors need to be intensively managed during hospitalisation.
Low-dose radiation therapy: a treatment for pneumonia resulting from COVID-19
Authors: Ghaznavi Hamid , Elahimanesh Farideh , Abdolmohammadi Jamil , Mirzaie Meysam , Ghaderi Sadegh
Published: January 2021

Background:

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading rapidly throughout the world. Lung is the primary organ which the COVID-19 virus affects and leads to pneumonia, an acute respiratory distress syndrome. COVID-19 infects the lower respiratory system, and the lung’s response to this infection is recruiting macrophages and monocytes leading to inflammation, this response causes widespread damage to the lung’s airways.

Aim:

The purpose of this study is to review studies of using low-dose radiation as a treatment for the inflammation of the tissue and pneumonia resulting from COVID-19. These studies were compared with the risk of developing lung cancer during performed dose for the treatment of COVID-19 in radiation therapy.

Materials and methods:

Our study focused on in vitro, in vivo and clinical reports of using low-dose radiation for the treatment of inflammation, pneumonia and COVID-19. The risk of lung cancer resulting from suggested dose in these studies was also evaluated.

Conclusion:

From the review of articles, we have found that low-dose radiation can lead to improvement in inflammation in different line cells and animals; in addition, it has been effective in treating inflammation and pneumonia caused by COVID-19 in human up to 80%. Since suggested doses do not remarkably increase the lung cancer risk, low-dose radiation can be an adjuvant treatment for COVID-19 patients.
Can Triton's Internal Heat Be Inferred From Its Ice Cap?
Authors: Sori Michael M.
Published: January 2021

Neptune's moon Triton is among the Solar System's most geologically active bodies, allowing for study of its internal dynamics through surface features. Here, I consider whether the unusually great extent of its nitrogen ice cap constrains its geothermal heat. I find that viscous spreading alone can result in a hemispheric‐scale ice sheet, which only yields a loose constraint on geothermal heat flow ≥2 mW/m2. However, if the ice cap's great extent is additionally aided by basal melting, heat flow would be constrained between 5 and 18 mW/m2. This latter range would require a significant heat source beyond radiogenic heating and be sufficient to drive vigorous geological activity, providing an explanation for the moon's youthful surface and strengthening the case for Triton as an ocean world. High‐resolution images and topographic data from a new spacecraft mission at Triton would allow for testing of these possibilities and constraints on the moon's internal heat.
Global Magnetosphere Response to Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Pulses During Northward IMF Using the Heliophysics System Observatory
Authors: Vidal‐Luengo S. E. , Moldwin M. B.
Published: January 2021

We analyzed the magnetospheric global response to dynamic pressure pulses (DPPs) using the Heliophysics System Observatory (HSO) and ground magnetometers. During northward Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) Bz conditions, the magnetosphere acts as a closed “cavity” and reacts to solar wind DPPs more simply than during southward IMF. In this study we use solar wind data collected by ACE and WIND together with magnetic field observations of Geotail, Cluster, Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS), Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission (MMS), Van Allen Probes, GOES missions, and ground magnetometer arrays to observe the magnetosphere (dayside, nightside, inner magnetosphere, magnetotail, magnetosheath, etc.) and ionosphere response simultaneously in several local time sectors and regions. A total of 37 events were selected during the period between February 2007 to December 2017. We examine the global response of each event and identify systematic behavior of the magnetosphere due to DPPs' compression, such as MHD wave propagation, sudden impulses, and Ultra Low Frequency waves (ULF) in the Pc5 range. Our results confirm statistical studies with a more limited coverage that have been performed at different sectors and/or regions of the magnetosphere. We present observations of the different signatures generated in different regions that propagate through the magnetosphere. The signature of the tailward traveling DPP is observed to move at the same solar wind speed, and in superposition of other known magnetospheric perturbations. It is observed that the DPP also generates or increases the amplitude of Pc4‐5 waves observed in the inner magnetosphere, while similar waves are observed on the ground.
A Regional, Early Spring Bloom of Phaeocystis pouchetii on the New England Continental Shelf
Authors: Smith Walker O. , Zhang Weifeng G. , Hirzel Andrew , Stanley Rachel M. , Meyer Meredith G. , Sosik Heidi , Alatalo Philip , Oliver Hilde , Sandwith Zoe , Crockford E. Taylor , Peacock Emily E. , Mehta Arshia , McGillicuddy Dennis J.
Published: January 2021

The genus Phaeocystis is distributed globally and has considerable ecological, biogeochemical, and societal impacts. Understanding its distribution, growth and ecological impacts has been limited by lack of extensive observations on appropriate scales. In 2018, we investigated the biological dynamics of the New England continental shelf and encountered a substantial bloom of Phaeocystis pouchetii. Based on satellite imagery during January through April, the bloom extended over broad expanses of the shelf; furthermore, our observations demonstrated that it reached high biomass levels, with maximum chlorophyll concentrations exceeding 16 µg L−1 and particulate organic carbon levels > 95 µmol L−1. Initially, the bloom was largely confined to waters with temperatures <6°C, which in turn were mostly restricted to shallow areas near the coast. As the bloom progressed, it appeared to sink into the bottom boundary layer; however, enough light and nutrients were available for growth. The bloom was highly productive (net community production integrated through the mixed layer from stations within the bloom averaged 1.16 g C m−2 d−1) and reduced nutrient concentrations considerably. Long‐term coastal observations suggest that Phaeocystis blooms occur sporadically in spring on Nantucket Shoals and presumably expand onto the continental shelf. Based on the distribution of Phaeocystis during our study, we suggest that it can have a significant impact on the overall productivity and ecology of the New England shelf during the winter/spring transition.
Comparing Three Approaches to the Inducing Source Setting for the Ground Electromagnetic Field Modeling due to Space Weather Events
Authors: Marshalko Elena , Kruglyakov Mikhail , Kuvshinov Alexey , Juusola Liisa , Kwagala Norah Kaggwa , Sokolova Elena , Pilipenko Vyacheslav
Published: January 2021

Ground‐based technological systems, such as power grids, can be affected by geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) during geomagnetic storms and magnetospheric substorms. This motivates the necessity to numerically simulate and, ultimately, forecast GIC. The prerequisite for the GIC modeling in the region of interest is the simulation of the ground geoelectric field (GEF) in the same region. The modeling of the GEF in its turn requires spatiotemporal specification of the source which generates the GEF, as well as an adequate regional model of the Earth’s electrical conductivity. In this paper, we compare results of the GEF (and ground magnetic field) simulations using three different source models. Two models represent the source as a laterally varying sheet current flowing above the Earth. The first model is constructed using the results of a physics‐based 3‐D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation of near‐Earth space, the second one uses ground‐based magnetometers’ data and the Spherical Elementary Current Systems (SECS) method. The third model is based on a “plane wave” approximation which assumes that the source is locally laterally uniform. Fennoscandia is chosen as a study region and the simulations are performed for the September 7–8, 2017 geomagnetic storm. We conclude that ground magnetic field perturbations are reproduced more accurately using the source constructed via the SECS method compared to the source obtained on the basis of MHD simulation outputs. We also show that the difference between the GEF modeled using laterally nonuniform source and plane wave approximation is substantial in Fennoscandia.
Determining Histories of Slip on Normal Faults With Bedrock Scarps Using Cosmogenic Nuclide Exposure Data
Authors: Goodall H. J. , Gregory L. C. , Wedmore L. N. J. , McCaffrey K. J. W. , Amey R. M. J. , Roberts G. P. , Shanks R. P. , Phillips R. J. , Hooper A.
Published: January 2021

Cosmogenic exposure data can be used to calculate time‐varying fault slip rates on normal faults with exposed bedrock scarps. The method relies on assumptions related to how the scarp is preserved, which should be consistent at multiple locations along the same fault. Previous work commonly relied on cosmogenic data from a single sample locality to determine the slip rate of a fault. Here we show that by applying strict sampling criteria and using geologically informed modeling parameters in a Bayesian‐inference Markov chain Monte Carlo method, similar patterns of slip rate changes can be modeled at multiple sites on the same fault. Consequently, cosmogenic data can be used to resolve along‐strike fault activity. We present cosmogenic 36Cl concentrations from seven sites on two faults in the Italian Apennines. The average slip rate varies between sites on the Campo Felice Fault (0.84 ± 0.23 to 1.61 ± 0.27 mm yr−1), and all sites experienced a period of higher than average slip rate between 0.5 and 2 ka and a period of lower than average slip rate before 3 ka. On the Roccapreturo fault, slip rate in the center of the fault is 0.55 ± 0.11 and 0.35 ± 0.05 mm yr−1 at the fault tip near a relay zone. The estimated time since the last earthquake is the same at each site along the same fault (631 ± 620 years at Campo Felice and 2,603 ± 1,355 years at Roccapreturo). These results highlight the potential for cosmogenic exposure data to reveal the detailed millennial history of earthquake slip on active normal faults.
Pollutant Dissipation at the Sediment‐Water Interface: A Robust Discrete Continuum Numerical Model and Recirculating Laboratory Experiments
Authors: Drouin Guillaume , Fahs Marwan , Droz Boris , Younes Anis , Imfeld Gwenaël , Payraudeau Sylvain
Published: January 2021

Pollutant exchange in the hyporheic zone is a major process controlling its degradation in river systems. Knowledge of mass transfer processes at the sediment‐water interface (SWI) remains scarce. Accurate predictive modeling of flow driving pollutant fluxes at the SWI is currently limited. We examined mass exchange at the SWI by combining laboratory tracer experiments and the development of a flow reactive transport (FRT) model. NaCl and Foron Blue 291 tracers were used as surrogates of conservative and moderately sorptive organic pollutants, respectively. Tracer experiments in the bench‐scale river channel reproduced the influence of overlying water velocities, the source of the pollutant, and its sorption capacity on pollutant exchange. A methodological framework to calibrate the FRT model against experiments was developed. Good agreement between the experimental and numerical results confirmed the robustness of the experimental setup and numerical model. The pollutant origin, either from the sediment or the overlying water, did not affect the pollutant exchange rates. The exchange rates were quasi‐proportional to the overlying water velocity. The sediment bed caused retention of more than half of the initially injected mass of Foron Blue 291. The moderately sorptive tracer partitioning retarded the equilibrium up to six times compared with the conservative tracer NaCl. Numerical tests, including both overlying and vertical velocities, showed that the latter is the main factor controlling pollutant exchange at the SWI. Altogether, the model allows capturing interactions between pollutant transport and partitioning to the rivers sediment, paving the way for systematic investigations of pollutant behavior in rivers.
Biomimetic nanofibrous hybrid hydrogel membranes with sustained growth factor release for guided bone regeneration
Authors: Yuan Qingyue , Li Lunhao , Peng Yiyu , Zhuang Ai , Wei Wei , Zhang Dandan , Pang Yan , Bi Xiaoping
Published: January 2021

A biomimetic nanofibrous membrane can immobilize growth factors or agents to obtain sustained release and prolonged effect in tissue engineering.
Role of surface termination and quantum size in α-CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) 2D nanostructures for solar light harvesting
Authors: Di Liberto Giovanni , Fatale Ornella , Pacchioni Gianfranco
Published: January 2021

Quantum confinement of CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets.
Remarkable static and dynamic NLO response of alkali and superalkali doped macrocyclic [hexa-]thiophene complexes; a DFT approach
Authors: Sajid Hasnain , Ullah Faizan , Khan Sidra , Ayub Khurshid , Arshad Muhammad , Mahmood Tariq
Published: January 2021

In this study, the nonlinear optical (NLO) response of alkali metal atom (Li, Na and K) and their corresponding superalkali (Li3O, Na3O and K3O) doped six membered cyclic thiophene (6CT) has been explored.
Design, synthesis, characterization andin vitro, in vivoandin silicoantimicrobial and antiinflammatory activities of a new series of sulphonamide and carbamate derivatives of a nebivolol intermediate
Authors: Uma priya K. , Venkataramaiah Ch. , Sreedhar N. Y. , Raju C. Naga
Published: January 2021

A series of new sulphonamide and carbamate derivatives of Nebivolol drug intermediate (5) were designed and synthesized by reacting various biopotent sulphonylchlorides and chloroformates.
Knecorticosanones C–H from the fruits of Knema globularia (Lam.) warb
Authors: Chuenban Chindawadee , Sombatsri Aonnicha , Sribuhom Thurdpong , Pornchoo Chanakan , Prawan Auemduan , Tontapha Sarawut , Amornkitbamrung Vittaya , Yenjai Chavi
Published: January 2021

Compound 1 displayed the most cytotoxic activity against HepG2 and KKU-M156 cell lines with IC50 values of 1.57 ± 0.37 and 1.78 ± 0.14 μg mL−1, respectively.
Production of giant unilamellar vesicles and encapsulation of lyotropic nematic liquid crystals
Authors: Bao Peng , Paterson Daniel A. , Peyman Sally A. , Jones J. Cliff , Sandoe Jonathan A. T. , Gleeson Helen F. , Evans Stephen D. , Bushby Richard J.
Published: January 2021

We describe a modified microfluidic method for making Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) via water/octanol-lipid/water double emulsion droplets and encapsulation of nematic lyotropic liquid crystals (LNLCs).
Hybrid perovskite-like iodobismuthates as low-cost and stable anode materials for lithium-ion battery applications
Authors: Roy Kingshuk , Li Tianyue , Ogale Satishchandra , Robertson Neil
Published: January 2021

Hybrid iodobismuthates give a new type of environmentally-friendly anode for lithium-ion batteries with impressive capacities, rate and stabilities.
Photolithography-assisted precise patterning of nanocracks for ultrasensitive strain sensors
Authors: Liu Junshan , Guo Hongji , Li Ming , Zhang Chi , Chu Yongzhi , Che Lixuan , Zhang Zhihao , Li Rui , Sun Jining , Lu Yao
Published: January 2021

A photolithography-assisted nanocrack patterning method is reported to precisely define the nanocrack pattern in metal films. This method is used to fabricate an ultrasensitive strain sensor with a gauge factor of ∼20 000 in 0–1.2% strain range.
High-temperature proton conductors based on the (110) layered perovskite BaNdScO4
Authors: Shiraiwa Masahiro , Kido Takafusa , Fujii Kotaro , Yashima Masatomo
Published: January 2021

We report the first example of proton conductors belonging to (110) layered perovskites. Neutron diffraction, DFT, BVS and bond-valence-based energy calculations indicate proton migration along thecaxisviainter- and intra-octahedral hopping.
Carrier and vacancy mediated ferrimagnetism in Cu doped rutile TiO2
Authors: Lin Qiaolu , Xu Nannan , Li Gongping , Qian Zhengfang , Liu Huan , Wang Renheng
Published: January 2021

The magnetic properties of Cu doped rutile TiO2modulated by valency, concentration and distribution of substituted impurity atoms, and subjected to O vacancy and charge carriers.
The Influence of Quantitative Intervention Dosage on Oral Language Outcomes for Children With Developmental Language Disorder: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis
Authors: Frizelle Pauline , Tolonen Anna-Kaisa , Tulip Josie , Murphy Carol-Anne , Saldana David , McKean Cristina
Published: January 2021

Purpose

The aim of this study was to examine the degree to which quantitative aspects of dosage (dose, dose frequency, and total intervention duration) have been examined in intervention studies for children with developmental language disorder (DLD). Additionally, to establish the optimal quantitative dosage characteristics for phonology, vocabulary, and morphosyntax outcomes.

Method

This registered review (PROSPERO ID CRD42017076663) adhered to PRISMA guidelines. Search terms were included in seven electronic databases. We included peer-reviewed quasi-experimental, randomized controlled trial or cohort analytical studies, published in any language between January 2006 and May 2020. Included articles reported on participants with DLD (
M
= 3–18 years); oral language interventions with phonology, vocabulary, or morphosyntax outcomes; and experimental manipulation or statistical analysis of any quantitative aspect of dosage. Studies were appraised using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool.

Results

Two hundred forty-four articles reported on oral language interventions with children with DLD in the domains of interest; 13 focused on experimentally/statistically manipulating quantitative aspects of dosage. No article reported phonological outcomes, three reported vocabulary, and eight reported morphosyntax. Dose frequency was the most common characteristic manipulated.

Conclusions

Research is in its infancy, and significant further research is required to inform speech-language pathologists in practice. Dosage characteristics are rarely adequately controlled for their individual effects to be identified. Findings to date suggest that there is a point in vocabulary and morphosyntax interventions after which there are diminishing returns from additional dosage. If dose is high (number of learning opportunities within a session), then the literature suggests that session frequency can be reduced. Frequent, short sessions (2/3 × per week, approximately 2 min) and less frequent, long sessions (1 × per week, approximately 20 min) have yielded the best outcomes when composite language measures have been used; however, replication and further research are required before clinicians can confidently integrate these findings into clinical practice.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13570934