bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly Stable Lithium−Sulfur Batteries Promised by Siloxene: An Effective Cathode Material to Regulate the Adsorption and Conversion of Polysulfides
Authors: Wang Yang , Zhou Liping , Huang Jingyun , Wang Xinyang , Xu Xinling , Lu Jianguo , Tian Yang , Ye Zhizhen , Tang Haichao , Lee Shuit‐Tong , Lu Yingying
Published: February 2020

Designing an appropriate cathode is still a challenge for lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) to overcome the polysulfides shuttling and sluggish redox reactions. Herein, 2D siloxene nanosheets are developed by a rational wet‐chemistry exfoliation approach, from which S@siloxene@graphene (Si/G) hybrids are constructed as cathodes in Li‐S cells. The siloxene possesses corrugated 2D Si backbone with abundant O grafted in Si6 rings and hydroxyl‐functionalized surface, which can effectively intercept polysulfides via synergistic effects of chemical trapping capability and kinetically enhanced polysulfides conversion. Theoretical analysis further reveals that siloxene can significantly elevate the adsorption energies and lower energy barrier for Li+ diffusion. The LSBs assembled with 2D Si/G hybrid cathodes exhibit greatly enhanced rate performance (919, 759, and 646 mAh g−1 at 4 C with sulfur loading of 1, 2.9, and 4.2 mg cm−2, respectively) and superb durability (demonstrated by 1000 cycles with an initial capacity of 951 mAh g−1 and negligible 0.032% decay rate at 1 C with sulfur loading of 4.2 mg cm−2). It is expected that the study presented here may open up a new vision toward developing high‐performance LSBs with siloxene for practical applications.
Synthesis of Benzothiazoles via Photooxidative Decarboxylation of α‐Keto Acids
Authors: Monga Aparna , Bagchi Sourav , Soni Raj Kumar , Sharma Anuj
Published: February 2020

Herein, synthesis of benzothiazoles via decarboxylative cross‐coupling between α‐keto acids and 2‐aminothiophenols under blue LED irradiation without using any photocatalyst or metal at room temperature is described. The formation of benzothiazole is driven by the EDA (electron donor‐acceptor) complex formed between α‐keto acid and 2‐aminothiophenol. This methodology gives easy access to 2‐substituted and ‐unsubstituted benzothiazoles in moderate to good yields. α‐Keto acids and 2‐aminothiophenols bearing different functional groups were easily transformed under the given conditions.

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Melanin‐Like Nanomaterials for Advanced Biomedical Applications: A Versatile Platform with Extraordinary Promise
Authors: Liu Heng , Yang Youyuan , Liu Yu , Pan Jingjing , Wang Junqing , Man Fengyuan , Zhang Weiguo , Liu Gang
Published: February 2020

Developing efficient, sustainable, and biocompatible high‐tech nanoplatforms derived from naturally existing components in living organisms is highly beneficial for diverse advanced biomedical applications. Melanins are nontoxic natural biopolymers owning widespread distribution in various biosystems, possessing fascinating physicochemical properties and playing significant physiological roles. The multifunctionality together with intrinsic biocompatibility renders bioinspired melanin‐like nanomaterials considerably promising as a versatile and powerful nanoplatform with broad bioapplication prospects. This panoramic Review starts with an overview of the fundamental physicochemical properties, preparation methods, and polymerization mechanisms of melanins. A systematical and well‐bedded description of recent advancements of melanin‐like nanomaterials regarding diverse biomedical applications is then given, mainly focusing on biological imaging, photothermal therapy, drug delivery for tumor treatment, and other emerging biomedicine‐related implementations. Finally, current challenges toward clinical translation with an emphasis on innovative design strategies and future striving directions are rationally discussed. This comprehensive and detailed Review provides a deep understanding of the current research status of melanin‐like nanomaterials and is expected to motivate further optimization of the design of novel tailorable and marketable multifunctional nanoplatforms in biomedicine.
Giant Asymmetric Transmission and Circular Dichroism with Angular Tunability in Chiral Terahertz Metamaterials
Authors: Liu Changji , Huang Yuanyuan , Hu Fangrong , E Yiwen , Dong Xiaoxiang , Yang Yong , Jin Yanping , Xu Xinlong
Published: February 2020

Inspired by the chiral structure from mode interaction, a chiral terahertz metamaterial and its complementary structure with the coexistence of asymmetric transmission and circular dichroism response are designed. The asymmetric transmission happens in the presence of electric and magnetic modes perpendicular to each other, resulting from intrinsic chirality under normal incidence. Circular dichroism exists in the presence of electric and magnetic modes parallel to each other under oblique incidence because of extrinsic chirality. Both asymmetric transmission and circular dichroism are enhanced by complementary structures, benefitting from the coupling between adjacent units. The maximum of chiral parameter κ can achieve 450, which is one hundred times higher than previously reported. The chiral response can be tuned by the incident angle and is sensitive to the environmental refractive index. The results highlight the potential applications of these metamaterials in chiral sensing and polarization transformation devices.
Autocatalytic Carbonyl Arylation through In Situ Release of Aryl Nucleophiles from N‐Aryl‐N′‐Silyldiazenes
Authors: Chauvier Clément , Finck Lucie , Irran Elisabeth , Oestreich Martin
Published: February 2020

A method for the catalytic generation of functionalized aryl alkali metals is reported. These highly reactive intermediates are liberated from silyl‐protected aryl‐substituted diazenes by the action of Lewis basic alkali metal silanolates, resulting in desilylation and loss of N2. Catalytic quantities of these Lewis bases initiate the transfer of the aryl nucleophile from the diazene to carbonyl and carboxyl compounds with superb functional‐group tolerance. The aryl alkali metal can be decorated with electrophilic substituents such as methoxycarbonyl or cyano as well as halogen groups. The synthesis of a previously unknown cyclophane‐like [4]arene macrocycle from a 1,3‐bisdiazene combined with a 1,4‐dialdehyde underlines the potential of the approach.
Heteroleptic [Cu(NN)P2]+‐type cuprous complexes and their structural modulation on phosphorescent color: Synthesis, structural characterization, properties, and theoretical calculations
Authors: Wang Dan‐Dan , Song Li , Wang You‐Yu , Guo Jia‐Yu , Shen Hang‐Yan , Wang Xiao‐Rong , Chai Wen‐Xiang
Published: February 2020

Four new heteroleptic [Cu(NN)P2]+‐type cuprous complexes—1‐TPP, 2‐POP, 3‐Xantphos, and 4‐DPPF—were designed and synthesized using a diimine ligand 2‐(2′‐pyridyl)benzoxazole (2‐PBO) and different phosphine ligands (TPP, triphenylphosphine; POP, bis[2‐(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether; Xantphos, 4,5‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐9,9‐dimethylxanthene; DPPF, 1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐ferrocene). All complexes were characterized using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, spectroscopic analysis (infrared, UV–Vis.), elemental analysis, and photoluminescence (PL). Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction revealed complexes 1–4 as isolated cation complex structures with a tetrahedral CuN2P2 coordination geometry and diverse P–Cu–P angles. Their UV–Vis. absorption spectra exhibited a blue‐shift sequence in wavelength with an enlarged P–Cu–P angle from 4 to 2 then to 3 and then to 1. The PL emission peaks of 1–3 also exhibited a similar blue‐shift sequence (2 → 3 → 1). Their PL lifetime in microseconds (~7.5, 5.1, and 4.7 μs for 1, 2, and 3, respectively) indicated that their PL behavior represents phosphorescence. Time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) calculation and wavefunction analysis revealed that S1 and T1 states of 1–3 should be assigned as metal–ligand and ligand–ligand charge‐transfer (ML + L'L)CT states. Their UV–Vis. absorption and phosphorescence should be attributed to the charge transfer from the P–Cu–P segment to the 2‐PBO ligand. Therefore, as the P–Cu–P angle increased (lower HOMO), the energy of S1 and T1 states also increased, following the change of PL color.
Toward an understanding of how red phosphorus and expandable graphite enhance the fire resistance of expandable polystyrene foams
Authors: Ji Wenfei , Yao Yuan , Guo Jia , Fei Bin , Gu Xiaoyu , Li Hongfei , Sun Jun , Zhang Sheng
Published: February 2020

Flame retardant expandable polystyrene (EPS) foams were prepared by coating method. Red phosphorus (RP) and expandable graphite (EG) were chosen as the flame retardants to be coated on the surface of expanded PS beads. By the presence of 33 phr RP/EG with a mass ratio of 1:1, the limiting oxygen index of EPS foam could reach up to 26.9%, with V‐0 rating obtained in UL‐94 test. The peak heat release rate could also decrease to 180.67 kW/m2, which was 72.9% lower than that of neat EPS sample. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed an obvious increase of thermal stability and residue char amount by the presence of RP and EG. From the observation and analysis of char residue, it could be proposed that there existed a significant synergistic effect between RP and EG. RP could be oxidized and further react with graphite by the presence of oxygen at high temperature, forming isolated char layer and releasing nonflammable gases. Moreover, P radicals were generated at high temperature and could capture the radicals formed during the combustion of polystyrene and eliminate the burning chain reactions.
Fabrication of nonextruded recycled rubber–polyethylene composites
Authors: Soleimani Majid , Cree Duncan , Olson Landon , Tabil Lope G. , Panigrahi Satya
Published: February 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of one‐stage molding process skipping compounding extrusion for the fabrication of cross‐linked polyethylene (PE)‐ground tire rubber (GTR) composites. The process resulted in a wide range of composites with various properties. Response surface methodology technique based on central composite design was employed with variables: polyethylene content (PE: % per polymer fraction), dicumyl peroxide (DC: % per polymer fraction), molding residence time (RT: min), and filler content (F: % per total mass). A quadratic model was able to significantly describe tensile strength, elongation at break (EB), and impact resistance/energy of the composites as a function of PE, DC, RT, and F. Tensile strength (TS) was positively affected by PE, DC, and RT; however, it was negatively affected by the filler content. Tensile EB and impact resistance of the composites were improved by DC and RT, while reduced by PE and filler increment. Composites with TS, ultimate elongation, and impact resistance of 11.5 MPa, 140%, 244 MJ/m2, respectively, were obtained under optimized conditions. The nonextrusion molding process is recommended for the fabrication of PE‐GTR composites due to the higher stiffness/tensile modulus and a slightly lower strength of nonextruded composites compared to the extruded composites.
Preparation and properties of chitosan/acidified attapulgite composite proton exchange membranes for fuel cell applications
Authors: Hu Fuqiang , Li Ting , Zhong Fei , Wen Sheng , Zheng Genwen , Gong Chunli , Qin Caiqin , Liu Hai
Published: February 2020

A composite proton exchange membrane chitosan (CS)/attapulgite (ATP) was prepared with the organic–inorganic compounding of ATP and CS. The composite membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The mechanical properties, thermal stability, water uptake, and proton conductivity of the composite membranes were fully investigated. The composite membranes exhibited an enhanced mechanical property, dimensional and thermal stability compared to CS membrane, owing to the interface interaction between ATP and CS. The maximum tensile strength of 53.1 MPa and decomposition temperature of 223.4°C was obtained, respectively. More importantly, the proton conductivity of the composite membrane is also enhanced, the composite membrane with 4 wt% ATP content (CS/ATP‐4) exhibited the highest proton conductivity of 26.2 mS cm−1at 80°C with 100% relative humidity, which is 25.1% higher than pure CS membrane. These results may explore a simple and green strategy to prepare CS‐based PEMs, which have a great potential in the application of proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrazolone analogues as potential anti‐inflammatory agents targeting cyclooxygenases and 5‐lipoxygenase
Authors: Shabaan Mohamed A. , Kamal Aliaa M. , Faggal Samar I. , Elsahar Ayman E. , Mohamed Khaled O.
Published: February 2020

New pyrazolone derivatives structurally related to celecoxib and FPL 62064 were synthesized and biologically evaluated for their inhibitory activity against cyclooxygenases (COXs) and 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LOX) and their selectivity indices were calculated. The results showed that compounds 3f, 3h, 3l, and 3p have an excellent COX‐2 selectivity index. Moreover, they showed potent 5‐LOX inhibitory activity relative to celecoxib and zileuton, as positive controls. These promising candidates were further investigated for anti‐inflammatory activity using the carrageenan‐induced rat paw edema method and ulcerogenic liability. The results showed no ulceration, which implies their gastric safety profile. Moreover, these compounds were evaluated for prostaglandin (PGE2) production in rat serum. Molecular docking in the COX‐2 and 5‐LOX active sites was performed to rationalize their anti‐inflammatory activities. Strong binding interactions and effective docking scores were identified. The results indicated that these derivatives are good leads for dual‐acting COX‐2/5‐LOX inhibitors to be used as potent and safe anti‐inflammatory agents.
Verbinder aus Kunstharzpressholz mit veränderter Oberfläche zur Erhöhung der Reibung in der Scherfuge
Authors: Aurand Simon , Blaß Hans Joachim
Published: February 2020

Im Rahmen der Entwicklung neuartiger Hauptträger‐Nebenträger‐Verbinder aus Kunstharzpressholz (KPH) wurden im ersten Teil eines laufenden Forschungsvorhabens verschiedene Arten der Oberflächenbehandlung der Verbinder untersucht. Diese umfassten Schleifen und Sandstrahlen, Beschichten mit Mineralkörnern und unterschiedlichen Bindemitteln sowie das Fräsen mit verschiedenen Werkzeugen. In Versuchen wurden die jeweiligen Reibbeiwerte zwischen behandeltem KPH und Nadelholz ermittelt. Dabei konnten mittlere Haftreibungskoeffizienten von über 1,0 und charakteristische Werte bis etwa 0,9 bestimmt werden. Dies bedeutet eine signifikante Steigerung gegenüber dem Wert von 0,25, der im Eurocode 5 zur Berücksichtigung des Seileffekts angegeben ist. Aufbauend auf den Reibversuchen wurde in weiterführenden Versuchen das Verhalten der modifizierten Oberflächen in Verbindungen mit schräg eingedrehten Vollgewindeschrauben untersucht. Hierbei konnten der tragfähigkeitssteigernde Einfluss der modifizierten Oberflächen bestätigt und Steigerungen der Tragfähigkeit von bis zu 40 % erzielt werden.
Engineering repeat proteins of the immune system
Authors: McCord Jennifer P. , Grove Tijana Z.
Published: February 2020

Limitations associated with immunoglobulins have motivated the search for novel binding scaffolds. Repeat proteins have emerged as one promising class of scaffolds, but often are limited to binding protein and peptide targets. An exception is the repeat proteins of the immune system, which have in recent years served as an inspiration for binding scaffolds which can bind glycans and other classes of biomolecule. Like other repeat proteins, these proteins can be very stable and have a monomeric mode of binding, with elongated and highly variable binding surfaces. The ability to target glycans and glycoproteins fill an important gap in current tools for research and biomedical applications.
Indocyanine green fluorescence lymphography during gastrectomy after initial endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer
Authors: Roh C K , Choi S , Seo W J , Cho M , Son T , Kim H-I , Hyung W J
Published: February 2020

Background

Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence lymphography can be used to visualize the lymphatic drainage of gastric cancer. Few studies have been performed to identify lymphatic drainage patterns after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). ESD results in changes to lymphatics owing to fibrosis of the submucosal layer. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ICG fluorescence lymphography for visualization of lymphatic drainage after ESD, and to assess its clinical application in additional gastrectomy after ESD for early gastric cancer.

Methods

All patients who underwent gastrectomy after ESD between 2014 and 2017 in a single centre were reviewed. ICG was injected endoscopically into the submucosal layer around the ESD scar the day before surgery. At the time of surgery, lymph nodes (LNs) were visualized and lymphadenectomy was performed with near-infrared imaging. Ex vivo, all LNs were examined for the presence of fluorescence. Number of LNs resected and number of tumour-positive LNs were compared between patients who underwent near-infrared imaging and those who had conventional lymphadenectomy without intraoperative imaging.

Results

Some 290 patients underwent gastrectomy after ESD, 98 with fluorescence lymphography-guided lymphadenectomy and 192 with conventional lymphadenectomy. Fluorescence lymphography visualized lymphatic drainage in all patients, without complications related to ICG injection or near-infrared imaging. Fluorescence lymphography visualized all stations containing metastatic LNs. The sensitivity for detecting LN metastasis in fluorescent stations was 100 per cent (9 of 9 stations), and the negative predictive value was 100 per cent (209 of 209). One patient with LN metastasis had one non-fluorescent metastatic LN within a fluorescent station.

Conclusion

Fluorescence lymphography successfully visualized all draining LNs after ESD, with high sensitivity and negative predictive value for detecting LN metastasis. Fluorescence lymphography-guided lymphadenectomy could be an alternative to systematic lymphadenectomy during additional surgery after ESD.
Shopping less with shopping lists: Planning individual expenses ahead of time affects purchasing behavior when online grocery shopping
Authors: Davydenko Mariya , Peetz Johanna
Published: February 2020

How do shopping lists affect purchasing behavior? On the one hand, breaking down a shopping task into its subcomponents might increase predicted budget for the shopping trip and consequently increase the number of purchases made and dollars spent. On the other hand, a shopping list may function as a concrete action plan for the shopping task and decrease the number of purchases made and dollars spent. In two studies, participants were randomly assigned to make a shopping list for their next grocery trip or not make a list and then completed the shopping trip virtually without the shopping list (Study 1) or with the shopping list (Study 2), using a popular online grocery store website. Those who were induced to make a shopping list prior to shopping bought marginally (Study 1) or significantly fewer (Study 2) items in an online grocery trip and spent marginally less money (Study 1). Simply making an overall spending prediction did not have the same effect as writing an itemized shopping list (Study 2), and purchases in this condition did not differ from those in the control group. We also document descriptive information on frequency of use and beliefs about functionality of shopping lists.
Formation of Aluminum‐Doped Zinc Oxide Nanocrystals via the Benzylamine Route at Low Reaction Kinetics
Authors: Ungerer Julian , Thurm Ann-Kathrin , Garnweitner Georg , Nirschl Hermann
Published: February 2020

The influence of essential process parameters on the adjustability of specific process and particulate properties of aluminum‐doped zinc oxide (AZO) nanocrystals during synthesis via the benzylamine route at low reaction kinetics is demonstrated by enabling time‐resolved access of the selected measurement technique. It is shown that the validity of the pseudo‐first‐order process kinetics could be extended to the minimum operable reaction kinetics. On the other hand, the impacts of the process temperature and the initial precursor concentration on both the process kinetics and the particle morphology are discussed. The obtained data provide a versatile tool for precise process control by adjusting defined application‐specific particle properties of AZO during synthesis.
Patients with adenoid cystic carcinomas of the salivary glands treated with lenvatinib: Activity and quality of life
Authors: Locati Laura D. , Galbiati Donata , Calareso Giuseppina , Alfieri Salvatore , Singer Susanne , Cavalieri Stefano , Bergamini Cristiana , Bossi Paolo , Orlandi Ester , Resteghini Carlo , Platini Francesca , Granata Roberta , Quattrone Pasquale , Mancinelli Moela , Mariani Luigi , Lo Vullo Salvatore , Licitra Lisa F.
Published: February 2020

Background

The treatment of patients with recurrent and/or metastatic (R/M) salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) remains an unmet need.

Methods

Patients with R/M disease with a history of clinical or symptomatic disease progression within 6 months and a maximum of 1 previous line of chemotherapy or a multiple kinase inhibitor received oral lenvatinib at a dose of 24 mg/day. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate; secondary endpoints included quality of life (QOL) (according to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire‐Core 30 Items [EORTC QLQ‐C30] and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire–Core Module Head and Neck Module [EORTC QLQ‐H&N35]), progression‐free survival and overall survival, duration of response, and toxicities.

Results

Twenty‐eight patients with R/M ACC were enrolled. Among 26 evaluable patients, 3 partial responses (11.5%) were reported. Target lesion reductions between 23% to 28% were observed in 4 of 20 patients with stable disease. Treatment‐related adverse events were frequent (all grades, 96%; grade≥3 in 50% of cases according to version 4.03 of the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events). The dose of lenvatinib was reduced in 24 patients, whereas in 21 patients the dose was reduced within the first 12 weeks and 4 patients maintained the full dose throughout treatment. The QOL deteriorated between baseline and 6 months with regard to Fatigue and Dry Mouth. There was no evidence of changes in Swallowing and Physical Functioning. At a median follow‐up of 29 months, 2 patients remained on treatment, 10 patients were off protocol for disease progression and were alive with disease, and 14 patients had died of disease progression. The median overall survival, progression‐free survival, and duration of response were 27 months, 9.1 months, and 3.1 months, respectively.

Conclusions

Lenvatinib appears to have modest activity in ACC. Toxicities are common but manageable and QOL was found to deteriorate in some domains.
Comfort and reflectance properties of viscose/polyester blend fabric printed by vat/disperse dyes in visible/near‐infrared region
Authors: Salehi Seyed S. , Mehrizi Mohammad Khajeh , Bidoki Seyed M. , Shahi Zahra
Published: February 2020

In this study, a viscose/polyester fabric was printed by disperse and vat dyes to match the reflectance characteristics of the NATO black and green hues with forest environment in the visible/near‐infrared (Vis‐NIR) reflection spectrum. The black and activated carbon nanoparticles were also added to the printing paste to match the reflectance of hues. Color components and Vis‐NIR reflective behavior of printed fabrics were measured by reflection spectrophotometer. The rubbing, washing and light fastness, water absorption time, air permeability, bending length, and crease recovery angle of printed fabrics were also studied. Additionally, the strength properties of samples were measured. The reflectance behavior of the samples showed that the use of the black and activated carbon nanoparticles results in diminution of the Vis‐NIR reflection. The strength, air permeability, and bending length of printed fabrics have decreased, while the angle of crease recovery and the time of water droplet absorption have increased. The rubbing, washing, and light stabilities of printed samples were also measured as appropriate.
Optogenetic Control of RhoA to Probe Subcellular Mechanochemical Circuitry
Authors: Cavanaugh Kate E. , Oakes Patrick W. , Gardel Margaret L.
Published: February 2020

Spatiotemporal localization of protein function is essential for physiological processes from subcellular to tissue scales. Genetic and pharmacological approaches have played instrumental roles in isolating molecular components necessary for subcellular machinery. However, these approaches have limited capabilities to reveal the nature of the spatiotemporal regulation of subcellular machineries like those of cytoskeletal organelles. With the recent advancement of optogenetic probes, the field now has a powerful tool to localize cytoskeletal stimuli in both space and time. Here, we detail the use of tunable light‐controlled interacting protein tags (TULIPs) to manipulate RhoA signaling in vivo. This is an optogenetic dimerization system that rapidly, reversibly, and efficiently directs a cytoplasmic RhoGEF to the plasma membrane for activation of RhoA using light. We first compare this probe to other available optogenetic systems and outline the engineering logic for the chosen recruitable RhoGEFs. We also describe how to generate the cell line, spatially control illumination, confirm optogenetic control of RhoA, and mechanically induce cell‐cell junction deformation in cultured tissues. Together, these protocols detail how to probe the mechanochemical circuitry downstream of RhoA signaling. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Basic Protocol 1: Generation of a stable cell line expressing TULIP constructs

Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of collagen substrate for imaging

Basic Protocol 3: Transient transfection for visualization of downstream effectors

Basic Protocol 4: Calibration of spatial illumination

Basic Protocol 5: Optogenetic activation of a region of interest
Mixing it up in Alaska: Habitat use of adult female Steller sea lions reveals a variety of foraging strategies
Authors: Lander Michelle E. , Fadely Brian S. , Gelatt Thomas S. , Sterling Jeremy T. , Johnson Devin S. , Pelland Noel A.
Published: February 2020

From 2010 to 2015, satellite transmitters were deployed on 16 adult female Steller sea lions (AFSSLs; Eumetopias jubatus) in three regions of Alaska because there is limited information regarding the habitat use of this age class during winter and populations have yet to recover in western Alaska. Two approaches were used to assess how static (distance to shore, sea lion site, and continental shelf break, presence on/off the continental shelf, and bathymetric depth and slope), dynamic (proportion of daylight, fraction of lunar illumination, chlorophyll‐a, wind speed, sea surface height, eddy kinetic energy, and sea surface temperature), and other (region, distinct population segment, and season) covariates affected the habitat use of AFSSLs. Multimodel inference was first used to examine diving behaviors (mean and maximum dive depths, dive frequency) with respect to covariates using linear mixed‐effects models, whereas single model inference was used to examine kernel density estimates (KDEs) of individual monthly utilization distributions (n = 74) in western Alaska with respect to environmental covariates using generalized additive models. Additionally, weighted coefficients from these models were examined for the population as a whole, within each individual, between regions, and across monthly scales. Comparisons of foraging behaviors of AFSSLs over time and space revealed pronounced individual variability within overall broader patterns. Response variables of most models were related to various combinations of predictor variables, but distance to shore was the most influential variable across all models. As expected with a non‐migratory central place forager, frequency of diving and KDEs were greater on the shelf and near shore, though maximum dive depths increased with distance to shore. Interaction effects (proportion of day light*on/off shelf) observed for mean dive depths suggested AFSSLs were feeding on benthic species when in shelf waters near shore, whereas they were likely feeding on vertically migrating prey species while off‐shelf. Relationships regarding diving behaviors and KDEs of AFSSLs relative to dynamic oceanographic variables were not as prominent as those observed for static environmental variables, though some signals were apparent at different scales. Overall, static environmental features likely provided more consistent sources of habitat for prey resources, thereby making them more predictable for AFSSLs.
Tuning the Catalytic Activity of UiO‐66 via Modulated Synthesis: Esterification of Levulinic Acid as a Test Reaction
Authors: Wei Ruiping , Fan Jingdeng , Qu Xumin , Gao Lijing , Wu Yuanfeng , Zhang Zongqi , Hu Feng , Xiao Guomin
Published: February 2020

Due to their high stabilities and tunable defects, zirconium terephthalate UiO‐66 type metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have been promising catalysts in many catalytic reactions. The catalytic activity of UiO‐66 MOFs is significantly affected by the density of defects and hydroxyl groups bonded to Zr6 nodes, which can be tuned by modulators. In this work, a series of defective UiO‐66 were synthesized via tuning the ratio of H2BDC/Zr and adding monocarboxylic acids with different chain length as modulators. The synthesized UiO‐66 MOFs were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, N2 physisorption, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Esterification of levulinic acid with ethanol was selected to reveal the influence of modulators, defects and hydroxyl groups. The results showed that UiO‐66 with 0.5 of H2BDC/Zr ratio and lauric acid as the modulator owned excellent catalytic activity. The cooperative effects, between the Lewis acid sites offered by unsaturated Zr6 nodes and Brønsted acid sites supplied by OH, has been revealed to have a significant influence on the catalytic activity.
Visible Light‐Induced Radical Iodoperfluoroalkylation of Unactivated Olefins Cooperatively Catalyzed by Enamines and Amines
Authors: Yajima Tomoko , Murase Mao , Ofuji Yu
Published: February 2020

Fluoro‐organic compounds feature prominently in functional materials and in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Herein, we report a visible light‐induced atom transfer radical addition of perfluoroalkyl iodide to alkenes/alkynes in the presence of aldehydes and amines. The metal‐free process requires mild reaction conditions and enables iodoperfluoroalkylation. The reaction proceeds via the cooperative action of an enamine and amine.
Amphiphilic PdII‐NHC Complexes on 1,3‐Alternate p‐tert‐Butylthiacalix[4]arene Platform: Synthesis and Catalytic Activities in Coupling and Hydrogenation Reactions
Authors: Burilov Vladimir A. , Gafiatullin Mr. Bulat Kh. , Mironova Diana A. , Sultanova Elza D. , Evtugyn Vladimir G. , Osin Yuri N. , Islamov Daut R. , Usachev Konstantin S. , Solovieva Svetlana E. , Antipin Igor S.
Published: February 2020

Herein we report the first example of amphiphilic PdII–NHC complexes on the thiacalix[4]arene backbone in 1,3‐alternate configuration. Relative catalytic activity of synthesized PdII–NHC complexes in Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of haloarenes with phenylboronic acid was studied. A combination of micellar and metallocomplex catalysis was observed in Suzuki–Miyaura coupling upon going from pure DMF to water/DMF 3:1: the 2‐fold increase of conversion of 4‐bromoanisole unlike pure DMF was found. Interesting feature was found using chloroarene in DMF/water: the reaction selectivity changed from heterocoupling to homo coupling of phenylboronic acid. PdII–NHC complexes demonstrated a high activity in model hydrogenation reaction of p‐nitrophenol using sodium borohydride. The most lipophilic PdII–NHC complex was found to be most active, which can be attributed with additional p‐nitrophenol preconcentration in the aggregates due to larger hydrophobic capacity of macrocycle.
Sub‐annual moraine formation at an active temperate Icelandic glacier
Authors: Chandler Benjamin M.P. , Chandler Samuel J.P. , Evans David J.A. , Ewertowski Marek W. , Lovell Harold , Roberts David H. , Schaefer Martin , Tomczyk Aleksandra M.
Published: February 2020

This paper presents detailed geomorphological and sedimentological investigations of small recessional moraines at Fjallsjökull, an active temperate outlet of Öræfajökull, southeast Iceland. The moraines are characterized by striking sawtooth or hairpin planforms, which are locally superimposed, giving rise to a complex spatial pattern. We recognize two distinct populations of moraines, namely a group of relatively prominent moraine ridges (mean height ~1.2 m) and a group of comparatively low‐relief moraines (mean height ~0.4 m). These two groups often occur in sets/systems, comprising one pronounced outer ridge and several inset smaller moraines. Using a representative subsample of the moraines, we establish that they form by either (i) submarginal deformation and squeezing of subglacial till or (ii) pushing of extruded tills. Locally, proglacial (glaciofluvial) sediments are also incorporated within the moraines during pushing. For the first time, to our knowledge, we demonstrate categorically that these moraines formed sub‐annually using repeat uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery. We present a conceptual model for sub‐annual moraine formation at Fjallsjökull that proposes the sawtooth moraine sequence comprises (i) sets of small squeeze moraines formed during melt‐driven squeeze events and (ii) larger push moraines formed during winter re‐advances. We suggest the development of this process‐form regime is linked to a combination of elevated temperatures, high surface meltwater fluxes to the bed and emerging basal topography (a depositional overdeepening). These factors result in highly saturated subglacial sediments and high porewater pressures, which induces submarginal deformation and ice‐marginal squeezing during the melt season. Strong glacier recession during the summer, driven by elevated temperatures, allows several squeeze moraines to be emplaced. This process‐form regime may be characteristic of active temperate glaciers receding into overdeepenings during phases of elevated temperatures, especially where their englacial drainage systems allow efficient transfer of surface meltwater to the glacier bed near the snout margin. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Robotic assisted transaxillary thymectomy: Novel approach to thymic surgery
Authors: Reily Robert E. , Kang Sang‐Wook , Kandil Emad
Published: February 2020

Background

We present a video case with a novel, minimally invasive approach to the thymus, which does not require a sternotomy, thoracic incision, or entry into the pleural space.

Methods

A 14‐year‐old girl was referred to our clinic with dysphagia and left sided thymic mass. A detailed video shows the operative techniques used to perform a thymectomy with robotic assistance via a transaxillary approach.

Results

The procedure was tolerated well and without complication. The patient was discharged the day after surgery and was symptom free at her 2‐week follow‐up appointment.

Conclusion

We present a novel approach to thymic surgery that does not require a neck incision, sternotomy, or entry into the pleural space. There could be several benefits from this minimally invasive approach; however, concerns related to exposure and adequacy of resection need further research prior to recommending this technique for myasthenia or malignancy.
IPK2019: David Shugar and the genesis of the IPK conferences
Authors: Pinna Lorenzo A.
Published: February 2020

A short biographical sketch of Professor David Shugar, the “father of the IPK conferences,” is presented, focusing on the growing interest of this eminent scientist for protein kinases and his farsighted perception of the extraordinary therapeutic potential of protein kinase inhibitors, after his discovery in 1986 that 5,6‐dichloro‐1‐(beta‐D‐ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole effects are mediated by inhibition of protein kinase CK2. This led David Shugar to conceive the idea of organizing a periodic international conference on protein kinase inhibitors (“IPK conference”). The first conference was held in 1998 and the 10th one under the auspices of International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in September 2019. David Shugar died at the age of 100 in 2015, shortly after having organized the eight IPK conference.
Development of a practical prediction scoring system for severe acute organophosphate poisoning
Authors: Dong Ning , Liu Junlan , Wang Zhihao , Gao Nan , Pang Li , Xing Jihong
Published: February 2020

Acute organophosphorus poisoning (AOPP) is a serious public health issue, especially in the rural areas. This study was designed to establish a scoring system to assess the risk of cases with severe AOPP. A retrospective cohort study was conducted at two independent hospitals. The derivation cohort included 444 patients with AOPP and the validation cohort included 274 patients. A risk score for patients with severe AOPP was developed. The rates of severe AOPP cases were 20.7% and 20.1% in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. A scoring system for severe AOPP risk was developed that included: (1) age >50 years, (2) white blood cell count of >15 × 109/L, (3) plasma cholinesterase of <360 U/L, (4) plasma albumin of <35 g/L, (5) blood pH <7.3, and (6) lactic acid >3.0 mmol/L. The predicted score in severe cases of AOPP had good accuracy in both the derivation (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85–0.92) and validation cohorts (AUC 0.83, 95% CI, 0.77–0.90). A practical bedside prediction scoring system was developed for patients with severe AOPP. The routine use of this scoring system could rapidly assist in identifying patients at higher risk who require more intensive care or transfer to a larger better‐equipped hospital.
Differentiation of Pectobacterium and Dickeya spp. phytopathogens using infrared spectroscopy and machine learning analysis
Authors: Abu‐Aqil George , Tsror Leah , Shufan Elad , Adawi Samar , Mordechai Shaul , Huleihel Mahmoud , Salman Ahmad
Published: February 2020

Pectobacterium and Dickeya spp. are soft rot Pectobacteriaceae that cause aggressive diseases on agricultural crops leading to substantial economic losses. The accurate, rapid and low‐cost detection of these pathogenic bacteria are very important for controlling their spread, reducing the consequent financial loss and for producing uninfected potato seed tubers for future generations. Currently used methods for the identification of these bacterial pathogens at the strain level are based mainly on molecular techniques, which are expensive. We used an alternative method, infrared spectroscopy, to measure 24 strains of five species of Pectobacterium and Dickeya. Measurements were then analyzed using machine learning methods to differentiate among them at the genus, species and strain levels. Our results show that it is possible to differentiate among different bacterial pathogens with a success rate of ~99% at the genus and species levels and with a success rate of over 94% at the strain level.
In vivo detection of venous sinus distension due to intracranial hypotension in small animal using pulsed‐laser‐diode photoacoustic tomography
Authors: Rajendran Praveenbalaji , Sahu Samiran , Dienzo Rhonnie Austria , Pramanik Manojit
Published: February 2020

Intracranial hypotension (IH) is a pathophysiological condition of reduced intracranial pressure caused by low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume due to dural injuries from lumbar puncture, surgery, or trauma. Understanding the prognosis of IH in small animal models is important to gain insights on the complications associated with it such as orthostatic headache, cerebral venous thrombosis, coma, and so forth. Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) offers a novel and cost‐effective way to perceive and detect IH in small animal models. In this study, a pulsed laser diode (PLD)‐based PAT imaging system was used to examine the changes in the venous sinuses of the rat brain due to IH, induced through CSF extraction. After the CSF extraction, an increase in the sagittal sinus area by ~30% and width by 40% ± 5% was observed. These results provide supportive evidence that the PLD‐PAT can be employed for detecting changes in sagittal sinus due to IH in rat model.
The role of nucleolar spindle‐associated protein 1 in human ovarian cancer
Authors: Zhang Yuyang , Huang Kate , Cai Huihua , Chen Siping , Sun Donghua , Jiang Pengfei
Published: February 2020

Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the deadliest malignancies of the female reproductive system. The present study focused on the role of Nucleolar spindle‐associated protein 1 (NuSAP1) in OC. Relative expression of NuSAP1 was detected in OC tissues as well as cells. After knocking down NuSAP1 with lentivirus‐mediated shRNA and verifying the knockdown efficiency via quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assays, the cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle were determined using 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide, colony formation, and flow cytometry, respectively. Transwell assay was conducted to detect the migration and invasion of OC cells. It was showed that NuSAP1 was abundantly expressed in OC tissues and cell lines. After knocking down NuSAP1 in OC cells, in addition to significantly inhibiting proliferation and colony forming ability, it also promotes apoptosis and affects cell cycle distribution. Moreover, cells in the shNuSAP1 group showed significantly suppressed migration and invasion ability compared with that in the shCtrl group. In conclusion, NuSAP1 may act as an oncogenic factor in OC and therefore might serve as an indicator for prognosis and therapeutic target for OC treatment.
The clinical impact of PCR‐based point‐of‐care diagnostic in respiratory tract infections in children
Authors: Reischl Anna Theresa , Schreiner Daniel , Poplawska Krystyna , Kidszun André , Zepp Fred , Gröndahl Britta , Gehring Stephan
Published: February 2020

Background

Children are commonly affected by respiratory tract infections. Based on clinical symptoms, laboratory evaluation, and imaging, the causative pathogen often cannot be delineated. Point‐of‐care‐testing systems that provide an opportunity for fast detection of common viruses and some bacteria can therefore influence treatment's options. We aimed to examine whether the Biofire® FilmArray® has an effect on antibiotic treatment, duration of antibiotic therapy, and length of hospital stay within a pediatric cohort.

Methods

We included children who were admitted to inpatient treatment with an acute respiratory tract infection from 02/2017 to 04/2018 using the FA respiratory panel for pathogen detection. The study group data were compared to the retrospective data of children admitted from 02/2016 to 02/2017, using a proprietary multiplex RT‐PCR.

Results

A total of 322 children of the study group and 464 children of the control group were analyzed for clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, antibiotic treatment, and length of hospital stay. There was no significant reduction (P < .05) of antibiotic treatment and length of hospital stay. CRP, prehospital antibiotic treatment, antibiotic treatment, past medical history, age, and further pathogen detection showed a significant impact on antibiotic therapy, duration of antibiotic treatment, and length of hospital stay.

Conclusion

The use of the FA did not result in a significant reduction of antibiotic treatment or in length of hospital stay. Other parameters had a more significant impact. Therefore, we suggest that standard operation procedures with therapy guidelines are necessary to provide an effective application of POCT systems.
Nutrient removal by alginate‐immobilized Chlorella vulgaris: response to different wastewater matrices
Authors: Kube Matthew , Spedding Ben , Gao Li , Fan Linhua , Roddick Felicity
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND

Immobilized algae are a promising tool to treat wastewater within a short time (<12 h) and simplify biomass harvesting compared with suspended algae. The potential of alginate‐entrapped Chlorella vulgaris to bioremediate secondary (with and without nutrient supplementation), primary and two lagoon municipal wastewaters was investigated. The capability of the system to adapt to these wastewaters was analysed by determining biotic and abiotic nutrient removal, and further evaluated by comparison with suspended cells.

RESULTS

The algal nitrogen (N) content (4.6–7.8 wt%) was closely related to the wastewater ammonium concentration (R2 = 0.97). The algal cells did not adapt N uptake as effectively to wastewater nitrate concentration because both abiotic N and phosphorus (P) removal increased. The algal P content (1.2–3.2 wt%) varied in response to the wastewater P and was inversely related to the initial cellular P content. The algae thus adapted nutrient uptake to the wastewater N:P level and ratio when ammonium predominated. Biomass production (35–73 mg L‐1 d‐1) increased with dissolved organic and inorganic carbon with little impact from other wastewater characteristics. Immobilization did not affect N and P uptake per cell compared with suspended algae.

CONCLUSION

Decoupling biotic and abiotic removal showed adaptation to the N:P of the wastewater and luxury P uptake had significant impact during treatment of different wastewater matrices, these traits were not affected by immobilization. Immobilization enables increased N and P removal rates compared with suspended algal systems as nutrient uptake per cell is not affected and higher concentrations of algal biomass within the reactor are facilitated. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Development of peripheral eosinophilia in inflammatory bowel disease patients on infliximab treated at a tertiary pediatric inflammatory bowel disease center is associated with clinically active disease but does not result in loss of efficacy or adverse outcomes
Authors: Zabrowski Douglas , Abraham Danielle , Rosenthal Geoffrey , Kader Howard
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) consisting of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are inflammatory conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Infliximab (IFX) is a chimeric anti‐tumor necrosis factor antibody used to treat moderate to severe IBD. Eosinophils are commonly found in chronically inflamed tissues in IBD. Peripheral eosinophilia (PE) was previously implicated as a marker of disease severity at diagnosis. The main aim of this study was to investigate whether in IBD patients on IFX, development of PE is associated with adverse outcomes and poor IFX efficacy.

Methods

A comprehensive retrospective chart review of IBD patients on IFX (January 2006 to July 2015) treated at a tertiary pediatric IBD center was performed. Data was collected at time specified points over a 24 month period and included demographics, atopy, disease severity, development of PE, human antichimeric antibodies (HACA), infusion reactions, cancer, psoriasis, and loss of clinical response.

Results

One hundred twenty‐one IBD patients starting IFX (67 male), mean age of 12.4 years (range 4–22 years old), met inclusion criteria. Of them, 36.3% had ≥1 PE episode (CD: 25 male, 11 female; UC: 6 male, 2 female). Mean absolute eosinophil count (AEC) did not change over time. PE was associated with clinically active disease. Among patients who developed PE, adverse outcomes were not significantly different versus those who did not have PE.

Conclusions

In a cohort of primarily pediatric IBD patients on IFX, PE was associated with clinically active disease; however, PE was not related to increased incidence of adverse outcomes or loss of drug efficacy.