bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Boosting Ionic Conductivity and Air Stability in Bromide‐Rich Thioarsenate Argyrodite Solid Electrolytes
Authors: Zhou Ruihua , Gautam Ajay , Suard Emmanuelle , Li Shenghao , Ganapathy Swapna , Chen Kai , Zhang Xin , Nan Ce‐Wen , Wang Shuo , Wagemaker Marnix
Published: January 2025

Lithium argyrodite thiophosphate superionic conductors are being explored as promising solid electrolytes for all‐solid‐state batteries, primarily due to their high ionic conductivity and ease of processing. Yet, these electrolytes present challenges such as chemical instability in humid conditions and incompatibility with cathode materials. Although some lithium argyrodites show improved air stability, their ionic conductivity deteriorates below the practically required value. Herein, based on hard soft acid base theory, a new family of lithium argyrodite, as solid solution Li6−xAsS5−xBr1+x (for 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6), has been proposed to address these issues. Through a combination of neutron diffraction, NMR spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, it has been determined that the partial substitution of S2− by Br− weakens interactions within the Li+ “cage”, facilitating long lithium‐ion movement throughout the structure. An additional T4 Li+ site is identified, offering a lower energy barrier for inter‐cage jumps. Consequently, the Li5.5AsS4.5Br1.5 member of the composition series exhibits a higher Li‐ion diffusivity resulting in a remarkable ionic conductivity of 15.4 mS cm−1. Compared with lithium thiophosphates, the Li5.5AsS4.5Br1.5 also shows excellent air stability. This research opens a new avenue for developing air‐stable sulfide solid electrolytes with high ionic conductivity necessitated for practical application in solid‐state batteries.
Controlling Crystallization Dynamics of the Perovskite by Restricted Assembly Strategy Enables High‐Performance Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Haozhe , Yang Qu , Jiang Zhuojun , Liu Xuncheng , Liu Cheng , Liu Zonghao , Gao Xingyu , Shen Hui , Su Zhenhuang , Gong Xiu
Published: January 2025

Multifunctional polymer materials are extensively applied to regulate the crystallization process of perovskite films. However, a comprehensive understanding of the correlations among spatial structure of polymers, crystallization modulation, and device performance is still lacking. Here, a restricted assembly strategy is proposed to prepare high‐quality perovskite films by systematically studying the effect of space configurations of polymers on modulating the crystallization of cesium lead triiodide (CsPbI3) perovskite. The results confirm the importance of high backbone coplanar space configurations in promoting nucleation, accelerating phase transitions, and enhancing crystalline orientation. The polymer with the high backbone coplanar structure not only facilitates the formation of uniform and dense nucleation sites by precisely controlling the spatial distribution of colloidal particles but also enhances the crystal orientation through the orientational growth induced by the coplanar structure. As a result, the efficiency of the CsPbI3 solar cells increases from 17.84% to 20.39%. Additionally, the unencapsulated devices show excellent storage and operational stability.
Multifunctional FA‐Triflate Treatment for Efficiency and Reliability Enhancements of Quasi‐2D Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Kwak Do‐Hyun , Cho Seung‐Beom , Li Chang‐Xu , Choi Yu‐Na , Park Il‐Kyu
Published: January 2025

The quasi‐2D perovskite family, PEA₂(FA0.7Cs0.3) n‐1PbnBr₃n+1 (n = 2, 3, …, ∞), has emerged as an efficient emission layer for next‐generation perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) due to its self‐aligned multi‐quantum well structure of mixed phases, facilitating efficient energy transfer from lower to higher n‐phases compared to bulk perovskites. However, despite their advantageous energy transfer characteristics, quasi‐2D perovskites have suffered from efficiency and stability issues. During the formation of quasi‐2D perovskite films, internal defects arise, and the predominant presence of lower n‐phase domains in the internal phase distribution leads to susceptibility to external environmental conditions, which are crucial for stability. Here, an approach is proposed to simultaneously enhance the emission efficiency and stability of quasi‐2D perovskites by introducing formamidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate (FA‐Triflate). FA‐Triflate effectively suppresses the formation of lower n‐phases, passivates intrinsic defects, and enhances humidity resistance by improving hydrophobicity. This approach increased the photoluminescence quantum yield of quasi‐2D perovskite films from 52.2% to 70.4%. PeLEDs with FA‐Triflate‐treated quasi‐2D perovskites show an improvement in external quantum efficiency from 6.4% to 16.6%, along with a device lifetime extension of over 3 000%. These findings demonstrate that FA‐Triflate treatment significantly enhances the overall emission efficiency and stability of quasi‐2D perovskite films for optoelectronic applications.
A Slimming/Excavating Strategy for Enhanced Intratumoral Penetration of Acid‐Disassemblable NO‐Releasing Nanomedicines
Authors: Jiang Lingdong , Wu Anbang , Zeng Lingting , Zhou Bin , Zhao Min , Fan Mingjian , Jin Zhaokui , He Qianjun
Published: January 2025

Poor tumor penetration is the major predicament of nanomedicines that limits their anticancer efficacy. The dense extracellular matrix (ECM) in the tumor is one of the major barriers against the deep penetration of nanomedicines. In this work, a slimming/excavating strategy is proposed for enhanced intratumoral penetration based on an acid‐disassemblable nanomicelles‐assembled nanomedicine and the NO‐mediated degradation of ECM. The nanomedicine is constructed by cross‐linking nanomicelles, which are self‐assembled with two kinds of dendrimers containing phenylboronic acid and lactobionic acid, through borate esterification. In the acidic tumor microenvironment, the pH‐sensitive borate ester bonds among the nanomicelles are hydrolyzed, triggering the disassembly of nanomedicine (≈150 nm) into small nanomicelles (≈25 nm). In response to the intratumoral over‐expressed glutathione (GSH), the NO donor loaded in the nanomicelles produces NO, which mediates the expression of matrix metalloproteinases for the degradation of ECM in the tumor. By collaboration of the disassembling behavior of nanomedicine with the NO‐mediated degradation of ECM, the designed nanomedicine can penetrate a long distance in tumors. The proposed slimming/excavating strategy will provide inspiration for overcoming the challenge of nanomedicines in tumor penetration.
Pseudotunnel Magnetoresistance in Twisted van der Waals Fe3GeTe2 Homojunctions
Authors: Obata Reiji , Sun Haiming , Samanta Kartik , Shahed Naafis Ahnaf , Kosugi Mioko , Kikkawa Takashi , Abdallah Alaa , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Suenaga Kazu , Saitoh Eiji , Maruyama Shigeo , Hirakawa Kazuhiko , Belashchenko Kirill D. , Tsymbal Evgeny Y. , Haruyama Junji
Published: January 2025

Twistronics, a novel engineering approach involving the alignment of van der Waals (vdW) integrated two‐dimensional materials at specific angles, has recently attracted significant attention. Novel nontrivial phenomena have been demonstrated in twisted vdW junctions (the so‐called magic angle), such as unconventional superconductivity, topological phases, and magnetism. However, there have been only few reports on integrated vdW layers with large twist angles θt, such as twisted interfacial Josephson junctions using high‐temperature superconductors. Herein, vdW homojunctions of the thin‐magnetic flakes, Fe3GeTe2 (FGT), with large θt ranging from 0° to 90°, without inserting any tunnel barriers are assembled. Nevertheless, these vdW homojunctions exhibit tunnel‐magnetoresistance (TMR) like behavior (pseudo‐TMR (PTMR) effect) with the ratios highly sensitive to the θt values, revealing that the vdW gap at the junction interface between the twisted FGT layers behaves like a tunnel barrier and the θt serves a control parameter for PTMR by drastically varying magnitudes of the lattice‐mismatch and the subsequent appearance of antiferromagnetic (AFM) spin alignment. First‐principles calculations considering vacuum gaps indicate strong dependence of TMR on the θt driven by the sixfold screw rotational symmetry of bulk FGT. The present homojunctions hold promise as a platform for novel AFM spin‐dependent phenomena and spintronic applications.
Plasma–Liquid‐Induced Synthesis of Scandium–Metalloporphyrin Frameworks for Boosted Sensing and Photosensitization
Authors: Zhang Zhankuo , Liu Zhanxin , Chen Xueshan , Wei Yingnan , Yu Huimin , Zhang Jinyi , Zheng Chengbin
Published: January 2025

Inserting metal ions into the porphyrin ring is one of the primary strategies to enhance the properties of porphyrin‐based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). However, the straightforward, rapid, and energy‐efficient synthesis of porphyrin‐based MOFs with high metallization for the porphyrin ring remains challenging. Herein, a solution anode glow discharge (SAGD) microplasma is presented for the one‐step synthesis of scandium‐metalloporphyrin frameworks (ScMPFs). The substantial number of electrons provided by the plasma–liquid interface not only accelerated the rapid nucleation and growth of MOFs but also promoted the incorporation of scandium (Sc3+), which has a small ionic radius and strong coordination ability, into the N atoms in the porphyrin ring, and enhanced the metallization of MOFs. The sufficient Sc3+ in frameworks inhibited the recombination of electron–hole pairs, resulting in boosted reactive oxygen species yield and a low fluorescence background of MOFs. Consequently, the ScMPFs are employed for the sensitive and rapid detection of F− in water with a detection limit of 0.24 µm and for efficient bacteriostasis at low doses (10 µg mL−1, 12 mW cm−2 light irradiation for 10 min).
Transforming Plastics to Single Atom Catalysts for Peroxymonosulfate Activation: Axial Chloride Coordination Intensified Electron Transfer Pathway
Authors: Ren Shiying , Wang Yantao , Shi Lei , Xu Xin , Zhong Shuang , Hu Kunsheng , Zhou Hongyu , Zhu Zhong‐Shuai , Zhou Peng , Tian Wenjie , Zuo Jian , Yi Jiabao , Guan Xiaohong , Duan Xiaoguang , Wang Shaobin
Published: January 2025

Transforming plastics into single‐atom catalysts is a promising strategy for upcycling waste plastics into value‐added functional materials. Herein, a graphene‐based single‐atom catalyst with atomically dispersed FeN4Cl sites (Fe─N/Cl─C) is produced from high‐density polyethylene wastes via one‐pot catalytic pyrolysis. The Fe─N/Cl─C catalyst exhibited much higher turnover frequency and surface area normalized activity (Kac) compared with the Fe─N─C catalyst without axial Cl modulation. Both experiments and density functional theory (DFT) computations demonstrated that the axial incorporation of chloride fine‐tuned the coordination environment of FeN4 sites and enhanced peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation because of improved conductivity and modulated spin state. In situ, Raman, and infrared spectroscopic techniques revealed that PMS is activated by the Fe─N/Cl─C catalyst through an electron transfer process. The formation of a key PMS* intermediate at the Fe site effectively elevated the redox capacity of the catalyst surface to realize a fast degradation of diverse pollutants. The non‐radical oxidation manner secures high selectivity toward target pollutants and high chemical utilization efficiency. A continuous operation in a column reactor also demonstrated the high efficiency and stability of the (Fe─N/Cl─C + PMS) system for practical water treatment.
Rational Design of NIR‐II Fluorescence/Photoacoustic Nanosensor Tailored for Mechanisms of Diabetes‐Related Breast Cancer
Authors: Zhang Rui‐Rui , Ran Xiao‐Yun , Yu Kang‐Kang , Zhao Yu , Zhang Li‐Na , Lv Xiao‐Fang , Zhang Hong , Yu Xiao‐Qi , Li Kun
Published: January 2025

Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cause of cancer induced death worldwide. Current statistics has disclosed that the diabetic BC patients have significantly worse survival rate compared with nondiabetic BC patients. However, the specific mechanism is still being explored. Herein, a novel NIR‐II nanosensor DNPS for nitric oxide (NO) with fluorescence/photoacoustic (FL/PA) imaging capability is developed to explore the mechanism by which diabetes promoting breast cancer progression. In diabetic BC model, DNPS exhibits great advantages of low intrinsic background, high sensitivity, and deep tissue penetration and successfully confirmed the expression level of NO is higher than BC model, indicating that diabetes causes elevated nitric oxide levels in the tumor microenvironment. RNA‐seq analysis results show that hyperglycemia caused by diabetes leads to weakened immune response and initiates the transcription and translation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene to produce NO. Besides, the increased expression of carcinogens related to Nitric oxide synthase 2 (Nos2), such as Spp1, Mmp11, and Kitl, causes breast cancer to develop more rapidly. Here, NIR‐II imaging probe is applied first to study diabetes‐related breast cancer and certain reference value is provided for subsequent research on the mechanism of diabetes promoting the progression of breast cancer.
High‐Throughput Screening and General Synthesis Strategy of Single‐Atom Nanozymes for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Therapy
Authors: Shen Ji , Zhang Guanmeng , Zhang Zedong , Zhang Ludan , Zhuang Zechao , Qian Yuping , Dou Yuhai , Wang Shibin , Wang Dingsheng , Wang Yuguang
Published: January 2025

Single‐atom nanozymes (SAzymes), with their superior enzyme‐like catalytic activity, have emerged as promising candidates for oncology therapeutics. The well‐defined structures of SAzymes make them well predictable by experiences and theoretical calculation. However, the effects of metal center species and coordination environments on enzyme‐like activity are variable, and screening catalytic activity by artificial experiments is challenging. High‐throughput screening can rapidly select the activity center structures of SAzymes with optimal enzyme‐like activity, thus their better application in tumor therapy is highly desirable. Herein, a “high‐throughput screening‐SAzymes structures” system is established for efficient oncology drug preparation by density functional theory for oxidase‐like processes and screened the differences brought about by different metals and coordination environments. Through this screening process, SAzymes with transition metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) as active centers are synthesized and then tested the multi‐enzyme activities. It is found that the SAzyme with Co as the active metal center exhibited the best oxidase‐like activity, and the system further showed good anti‐oral squamous cell carcinoma properties both in vitro and in vivo. This study opens up a new avenue for the rational design of SAzymes in oral cancer therapy by combining computational screening and experimental validation.
Recent Advances in Next‐Generation Textiles
Authors: Tian Yucheng , Ding Ruida , Yoon Sam Sukgoo , Zhang Shichao , Yu Jianyong , Ding Bin
Published: January 2025

Textiles have played a pivotal role in human development, evolving from basic fibers into sophisticated, multifunctional materials. Advances in material science, nanotechnology, and electronics have propelled next‐generation textiles beyond traditional functionalities, unlocking innovative possibilities for diverse applications. Thermal management textiles incorporate ultralight, ultrathin insulating layers and adaptive cooling technologies, optimizing temperature regulation in dynamic and extreme environments. Moisture management textiles utilize advanced structures for unidirectional transport and breathable membranes, ensuring exceptional comfort in activewear and outdoor gear. Protective textiles exhibit enhanced features, including antimicrobial, antiviral, anti‐toxic gas, heat‐resistant, and radiation‐shielding capabilities, providing high‐performance solutions for healthcare, defense, and hazardous industries. Interactive textiles integrate sensors for monitoring physical, chemical, and electrophysiological parameters, enabling real‐time data collection and responses to various environmental and user‐generated stimuli. Energy textiles leverage triboelectric, piezoelectric, and hygroelectric effects to improve energy harvesting and storage in wearable devices. Luminous display textiles, including electroluminescent and fiber optic systems, enable dynamic visual applications in fashion and communication. These advancements position next‐generation textiles at the forefront of materials science, significantly expanding their potential across a wide range of applications.
Linear Enhanced 3D Nanofluid Force‐Electric Conversion Device
Authors: He Wenbin , Xu Li , Yu Gengchen , Wang Kai , Bao Dian , Tang Xincao , Zhou Xin , Zhang Jun , Huang Tao , Li Ning , Guo Mengdi , Yue Yang , Ma Yanan
Published: January 2025

The inherent trade‐off between permeability and selectivity has constrained further improvement of passive linear force‐electric conversion performance in nanofluidic pressure sensors. To overcome this limitation, a 3D nanofluidic membrane with high mechanical strength utilizing aramid nanofibers/carbon nanofiber (ANF/CNF) dual crosslinking is developed. Due to the abundant surface functional groups of CNF and the high mechanical strength of ANF, this large‐scale integrated 3D nanofluidic membrane exhibits advantages of high flux, high porosity, and short ion transport path, demonstrating superior force‐electric response compared to conventional 1D and 2D configurations. The enhancement mechanism of the ANF/CNF membrane is systematically investigated through experimental results and theoretical calculations. The optimized device has a sensitivity of 111 nA cm−2 kPa−1, a response/recovery time of 63/68 ms, and a stability of 45 000 cycles. This study successfully overcomes the inherent performance limitations of traditional nanofluidic membranes, offering promising potential for applications across artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and smart wearable devices.
Synthesis and Characterization of Coated CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles with Biocompatible Compounds and In Vitro Toxicity Assessment on Glioma Cell Lines
Authors: Ozer Sevil , Dogan Nurcan , Canim‐Ates Sezen , Bingolbali Ayhan
Published: January 2025

Rapid advances in the development of nanotechnology in recent years have led to functional magnetic nanoparticle types (MNPs) with different properties. The diverse applications of these nanoparticles make them a desirable candidate for use in biomedical areas due to their exclusive chemical and physical properties. The present work is conducted to study the in vitro biocompatibility of CoFe2O4@shell with different surface coatings (shell: ascorbic acid (AA), dextran (DEX), and polyethyleneimine (PEI). The cytotoxicity of coated nanoparticles is screened toward the glioma cancer line (C6) and fibroblast cell line (L929) using an MTT assay. CoFe2O4 NPs are synthesized using the co‐precipitation method together with hydrothermal synthesis and characterized regarding their structural and magnetic properties using state‐of‐the‐art techniques. Results showed the particles are consistent with the crystal structure of CoFe2O4 and the average crystallite size in the range of 16–18 nm. For the coated NPs, only a slight increase in the Hc is found except for the CoFe2O4@PEI NPs. The comparative analysis of the cytotoxic effects of CoFe2O4@shell NPs on L929 fibroblast and glioma cells shows that the cytotoxicity of samples is much more specific in brain tumor cells, especially it also indicates the significant efficacy of CoFe2O4@PEI in cancer cells.
A Flexible‐Substrate 5‐µm‐Diameter Needle Electrode: Minimizing Neuronal Death and Enabling Year‐Long Neural Recording
Authors: Sasaki Hinata , Yamashita Koji , Shimizu Sayaki , Sakamoto Kensei , Numano Rika , Koida Kowa , Kawano Takeshi
Published: January 2025

Long‐term quantitative observations of the physiological state of the brain are essential technologies in various fields. In vivo electrophysiology with microelectrodes enables high spatiotemporal recordings of neuronal activities; however, tissue damage occurs due to electrode penetration, which limits the recording period. A neural recording technology is introduced that uses a 5‐µm‐diameter microneedle electrode device. The electrode implanted in the mouse cortex shows in vivo recording capabilities 1 day after implantation, which exceeds the year‐long duration. The electrode does not significantly increase neuronal death compare with tissue without electrode implantation. A noise‐reduced recording configuration is also demonstrated for the microneedle electrode, which enhances the recording performance for freely moving animals.
α‐Fe2O3 Nanocubes as High‐Performance Anode for Supercapacitor
Authors: Singh Umisha , Patra Mitali , Chakraborty Amit K. , Shukla Shobha , Saxena Sumit
Published: January 2025

The ability to store charge through both Faradaic and non‐Faradaic mechanisms in transition metal oxide‐based nanomaterials have made them a popular choice for use as electrode materials in energy storage devices. Of these nanostructured iron oxides, especially Fe2O3, forms one of the most preferred choices of material as supercapacitor anode due to low cost, non‐toxicity, high abundance and availability of variable oxidation states. In this study, the synthesis of nanostructured Fe2O3 nanocubes is presented via the hydrothermal method using a mixed solvent system. The annealed α‐Fe2O3 nanocubes show a superior specific capacitance of 908 F g−1 as compared to 796 F g−1 for the as prepared samples at a current density of 2A g−1, The high specific capacity of Fe2O3 nanocubes can be ascribed to the availability and exposure of active sites for charge storage, low charge transfer resistance (Rct) and reversible electrochemical reactions involving Fe2+/Fe3+ ions. Further, the assembled two‐electrode asymmetric device α‐Fe2O3//NiO shows the energy density of 25.31Wh Kg−1 at a power density of 759.3 W Kg−1, with capacitance retention of 70% after 1000 cycles. These findings underscore the viability of α‐Fe2O3 nanocubes as a promising material for the development of next‐generation supercapacitors, with profound implications for the advancement of sustainable energy storage solutions.
High Captured Carbon Content Bioplastic Film from Spirulina
Authors: Yeo Jia Bin , Jang Jun Ho , Koo Jeong Woo , Jo Young In , Yoon So Eun , Kim Jeong Eun , Hong Jung Sug , Balamurugan Mani , Nam Ki Tae
Published: January 2025

Bioplastics offer a solution to the problem of increasing atmospheric CO2 levels contributed by the linear production and consumption pattern of fossil‐derived plastics by closing the carbon loop with material sourcing from biomass and bioplastic's biodegradability. Spirulina, a genus of cyanobacteria that is capable of rapid CO2 uptake, can be the key to realizing a circular plastic economy by converting atmospheric CO2 to value‐added high protein content biomass, from which the protein can be extracted and processed to produce protein‐based bioplastics with high captured carbon content that is biodegradable, releasing CO2 after decomposition to be returned to the cycle. To demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing the self‐assembling capabilities of Spirulina protein to fabricate bioplastics, a simple procedure is proposed that involves protein isoelectric point precipitation followed by solvent casting to produce an entirely Spirulina protein‐based bioplastic film containing glycerol as the plasticizer without blending with other types of conventional plastics. By further crosslinking with carboxymethylcellulose and Ca2+ cations, are able to obtain films with the highest average tensile strength of 5.5MPa. Additionally, the Spirulina protein films showed potential in UV‐blocking applications and exhibited good biodegradability.
Hyper‐CVAD and Sequential Blinatumomab Without and With Inotuzumab in Young Adults With Newly Diagnosed Philadelphia Chromosome‐Negative B‐Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Kantarjian Hagop , Short Nicholas J. , Jain Nitin , Haddad Fadi G. , Kadia Tapan , Yilmaz Musa , Ferrajoli Alessandra , Sasaki Koji , Alvarado Yesid , Pemmaraju Naveen , Senapati Jayastu , Garris Rebecca , Ravandi Farhad , Jabbour Elias
Published: January 2025

Adding inotuzumab ozogamicin (InO) to hyper‐CVAD and blinatumomab may improve outcomes in newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)‐negative B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐ALL). Patients with newly diagnosed B‐ALL received up to four cycles of hyper‐CVAD followed by four cycles of blinatumomab. Beginning with patient #39, InO 0.3 mg/m2 was added on Days 1 and 8 to two cycles of high‐dose methotrexate and cytarabine, and two cycles of blinatumomab. The primary endpoint was the relapse‐free survival (RFS) rate. Seventy‐five patients were treated (median age of 33 years; range, 18–59), of whom 37 (49%) received hyper‐CVAD with blinatumomab and InO (cohort 2). Measurable residual disease (MRD) negativity by next‐generation sequencing (sensitivity: 1 × 10−6) was achieved in 79% of patients in cohort 2. The median follow‐up was 44 months (range, 13–90) overall, and 26 months (range, 8–39) in cohort 2. For the entire cohort, the estimated 3‐year RFS rate was 82% and the 3‐year overall survival rate was 90%. These rates were 90% versus 74% (p = 0.06) and 100% versus 82% (p = 0.01) in patients who did or did not receive InO, respectively. No sinusoidal obstruction syndrome was observed. In summary, hyper‐CVAD with blinatumomab and InO improved the outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed B‐ALL.
The Developmental Origins of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Lenover Moyer Makenna B. , Jasani Krishangi , Waldman Alexandra B. , Chinchilli Vernon M. , Shenk Mary K.
Published: January 2025

Objectives

The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) framework contends that chronic diseases are attributable to behavioral and environmental risks encountered during vital periods of fetal and childhood development. Clinical research investigating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) largely focuses on adult risk factors, with emerging evidence of epigenetic contributions. Limited work considers potential childhood exposures. This paper applies a life course approach to the study of IBS, exploring the available evidence to ascertain the potential developmental origins of IBS.

Methods

A systematic literature review was conducted adhering to MOOSE and PRISMA protocols, identifying papers from 1970 through April 2024 examining all IBS risk factors during the prenatal, postnatal, childhood, and adolescent periods. Data were extracted from screened papers and analyzed via meta‐analysis using a random effects model.

Results

A total of 27 case–control, cohort, and cross‐sectional studies were identified for analysis. The meta‐analysis revealed significant childhood risk factors for adult IBS, including family history (pooled OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.89–2.49, p < 0.0001, n = 11) and the occurrence of any childhood trauma event (pooled OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.29–2.01, p < 0.0001, n = 6). Physical and sexual trauma were the strongest trauma predictors. Factors including breastfeeding and Cesarean section were not significant.

Conclusions

This study found IBS is strongly predicted by traumatic childhood experiences, as well as having an immediate family member with IBS. These demonstrated environmental and genetic components indicate a potential gene–environment interaction during childhood, suggesting a need for primary research to better understand the developmental origins of IBS.
Radar‐Terahertz‐Infrared Compatible Stealth Coaxial Silver Nanowire@Carbon Nano‐Cable Aerogel
Authors: Peng Hualong , Cai Bo , Zhang Yu , Gao Longcheng , Zhao Pei‐Yan , Zhou Lu , Zhang Shan , Liang Wenhao , Xuan Qi‐Fan , Koo Martin C. , Liang Chen‐Ming , Li Wen‐Ping , Hou Zhi‐Ling , Zhou Tao , Wang Guang‐Sheng
Published: January 2025

Achieving multi‐spectrum compatible stealth in radar‐terahertz‐infrared bands with robust performance has great prospects for both military and civilian applications. However, the progress of materials encounters substantial challenges due to the significant variability in frequency coupling properties across different electromagnetic wave bands. Here, this work presents the design of a multi‐scale structure and fabricates a lightweight aerogel (silver nanowire@carbon, AgNW@C) consisting of a regular coaxial nano‐cable, with silver nanowire as the core and amorphous‐graphitized hybrid carbon as the outer‐layer. The design utilizes the one‐dimensional conductive network and electric coupling heterogeneous interface, the low infrared emission of silver nanowires, and the thermal insulation caused by three‐dimensional pore structure found in aerogels. This conception achieves the long‐standing goal of multi‐spectrum compatible stealth in an integrated material. The AgNW@C aerogel exhibits an optimal reflection loss of −66.50 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 8.80 GHz in the gigahertz band, while an average total shielding performance of 71.92 dB and over 50.00 dB reflection loss in the terahertz band. Furthermore, the AgNW@C aerogel demonstrates remarkable thermal infrared stealth capabilities with a low infrared emissivity of 0.28 and thermal insulation up to 150 °C under 200 °C. These exceptional multispectral stealth properties allow the aerogel for potential applications in military camouflage technology and electromagnetic protection.
Reduktive Kohlenstoffmaterialien: Einstellung der chemischen und elektronischen Eigenschaften zur Verbesserung von Natrium‐Ionen‐Batterien
Authors: Begüm Yılmaz Elif , Oğuzhan Eren Enis , Horner Tim , Song Zihan , Sheidaei Yasaman , Siewert Inke , Senokos Evgeny , Giusto Paolo
Published: January 2025

Die Entwicklung vielseitiger Strategien zur Herstellung funktioneller Kohlenstoffmaterialien ist entscheidend für den Fortschritt in einer Vielzahl von Anwendungen in der Materialwissenschaft. Das Design von Präkursoren spielt eine zentrale Rolle bei der Steuerung der Chemie und Struktur von Kohlenstoffmaterialien für spezifische Anwendungen. Diese Studie beschreibt die Synthese von Derivaten der Meldrum‐Säure durch Knoevenagel‐Kondensation mit aromatischen Heterocyclen wie Pyrrol, Furan und Thiophen, die als Precursoren für kohlenstoffhaltige Materialien mit maßgeschneiderten chemischen und elektronischen Eigenschaften dienen. Die thermische Kondensation dieser Precursoren erfolgt über hochreaktive, elektronenreiche Ketenzwischenprodukte, die eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Bildung der Kohlenstoffmaterialien spielen. Die resultierenden heteroatomdotierten Kohlenstoffmaterialien zeigen anpassbare chemische, physikochemische und strukturelle Eigenschaften, die wir mit ihren Energiespeicherleistungen korrelieren konnten. Wir betrachten diese Strategie als äußerst vielversprechend für die Entwicklung hochleistungsfähiger kohlenstoffhaltiger Materialien mit einstellbaren Eigenschaften für ein breites Anwendungsspektrum, von elektrochemischer Energiespeicherung und ‐umwandlung bis hin zu Wasserfiltration, Umweltreinigung und darüber hinaus.
Chlorine‐Doped SnO2 Nanoflowers on Nickel Hollow Fiber for Enhanced CO2 Electroreduction at Ampere‐Level Current Densities
Authors: Wei Yiheng , Wang Xiaotong , Mao Jianing , Song Yanfang , Zhu Huanyi , Liu Xiaohu , Luo Cheng , Li Shoujie , Chen Aohui , Li Guihua , Dong Xiao , Wei Wei , Chen Wei
Published: January 2025

Renewable energy‐driven electrochemical CO2 reduction has emerged as a promising technology for a sustainable future. However, achieving efficient production of storable liquid fuels at ampere‐level current densities remains a significant hurdle in the large‐scale implementation of CO2 electroreduction. Here we report a novel catalytic electrode comprising chlorine‐doped SnO2 nanoflowers arrayed on the exterior of three‐dimensional nickel hollow fibers. This electrode demonstrates exceptional electrocatalytic performance for converting CO2 to formate, achieving a remarkable formate selectivity of 99 % and a CO2 single‐pass conversion rate of 93 % at 2 A cm−2. Furthermore, it exhibits excellent stability, maintaining a formate selectivity of above 94 % for 520 h at a current density of 3 A cm−2. Experimental results combined with theoretical calculations confirm that the enhanced mass transfer facilitated by the hollow fiber penetration effect, coupled with the well‐retained Sn4+ species and Sn−Cl bonds, synergistically elevates the activity of CO2 conversion. The incorporation of chlorine into SnO2 enhances electron transport and CO2 adsorption, substantially lowering the reaction energy barrier for the crucial intermediate *OCHO formation, and boosting the formate production.
Photomodulated Transient Catalytic Constitutional Dynamic Networks and Reaction Circuits
Authors: Ouyang Yu , Willner Itamar
Published: January 2025

A method to photomodulate dynamically transient DNA‐based reaction circuits and networks is introduced. The method relies on the integration of photoresponsive o‐nitrobenzyl‐phosphate ester‐caged DNA hairpin with a “mute” reaction module. Photodeprotection (λ=365 nm) of the hairpin structure separates a fuel strand triggering the dynamic, transient, operation of the DNA circuit/network. By temporal photocleavage of the hairpin within the course of transient operation of the circuit, photomodulation of the systems are demonstrated. The modulation amplitude and rhythms are controlled by the time‐interval and cycle numbers of photo‐deprotecting the hairpin structure. The method is applied to transiently photomodulate the catalytic activities of a DNAzyme, enabling the photomodulation of the transient assembly of a constitutional dynamic network (CDN) and the transient reconfiguration of the CDN framework. The different systems are supported by computational kinetic models allowing to predict, and experimentally validate, the behavior of the systems under variable auxiliary conditions. Moreover, the photomodulated transient CDNs are implemented as functional frameworks guiding the thrombin‐catalyzed coagulation of fibrinogen to fibrin (fibrinogenesis) and photomodulated operation of a biocatalytic cascade.
Electrifying P(V): Access to Polar and Radical Reactivity
Authors: Jafarzadeh Mahdi , Nassir Molhm , Gherardi Luca , Raheja Nicholas , Kawamata Yu , Baran Phil S.
Published: January 2025

Electrochemical, fully stereoselective P(V)‐radical hydrophosphorylation of olefins and carbonyl compounds using a P(V) reagent is disclosed. By strategically selecting the anode material, radical reactivity is accessible for alkene hydrophosphorylation whereas a polar pathway operates for ketone hydrophosphorylation. The mechanistic intricacies of these chemoselective transformations were explored in‐depth.
Sub‐5 Ångstrom Porosity Tuning in Calixarene‐Derived Porous Liquids via Supramolecular Complexation Construction
Authors: Li Errui , Ganesan Arvind , Liu Hongjun , Ivanov Alexander S. , He Lilin , Nalaoh Phattananawee , Jenkins David M. , Steren Carlos Alberto , Mokhtari‐Nori Narges , Hu Jianzhi , Li Bo , Jiang De‐en , Mahurin Shannon M. , Yang Zhenzhen , Dai Sheng
Published: January 2025

Sub‐Ångstrom‐level porosity engineering, which is appealing in gas separations, has been demonstrated in solid carbon, polymer, and framework materials but rarely achieved in the liquid phase. In this work, a gas molecular sieving effect in the liquid phase at sub‐5 Ångstrom scale is created via sophisticated porosity tuning in calixarene‐derived porous liquids (PLs). Type II PLs are constructed via supramolecular complexation between the sodium salts of calixarene derivatives and crown ether solvents. The chemical structure variation and assembly behavior of the porous host upon PL construction are monitored by spectroscopy‐, X‐ray‐, and neutron‐scattering techniques. The presence of permanent porosity in calixarene‐derived PLs is verified by pressure swing gas uptake, altered CO2 physisorption behavior, and molecular simulations. Sub‐5 Ångstrom porosity tuning within the PL phase is achieved by introducing bulky substituted groups on the benzene ring of the calixarene host, which then greatly affects the dynamic motion and transport behavior of CO2 molecules and the Xe uptake performance. The approach being demonstrated in this work represents a promising pathway to tune and leverage the porosity effect for enhanced gas uptake capacity and selectivity in liquid sorbents.
Photothermal‐Responsive Electrospun Fibrous Membrane for Flux Tunable Oil‐In‐Water Emulsion Separation
Authors: Zhang Yixin , Chen Shuang , Cao Wenxuan , Zhang Jichao , Peng Lan , Lu Haifeng , Ma Wenjing , Xiong Ranhua , Huang Chaobo
Published: January 2025

Oil–water separation has attracted considerable concern for the increasing discharge of industrial oily wastewater and frequency of oil spill accidents. Conventional oil–water separation methods are not effective in treating emulsified oil. In this study, photothermal‐responsive polyurethane (PU)/poly(methyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PMMA‐b‐PNIPAM) fibrous membranes (denoted as PTFMs) with core‐shell structure are fabricated. The as‐prepared membranes exhibited photothermal‐modulable water wettability. Significantly, the wettability and permeation flux can be tuned by light illumination during the oil–water separation process because of the incorporation of light‐responsive Ag nanoparticles and thermal‐responsive copolymers. In addition, the as‐prepared membrane exhibited recyclability even for forty separation cycles. It was concluded that the photothermal‐responsive composite fibrous membranes provide great potential for the development of remotely operated water treatment devices.
A Gallic Acid–Acrylic Acid Graft Copolymer With High Oxygen Absorption Properties
Authors: Guo Xinyue , Tang Yali , Lu Lixin , Qiu Xiaolin , Pan Liao
Published: January 2025

Gallic acid (GA), a potential deoxidizer utilized in food packaging, exhibits a robust oxygen‐absorbing effect, yet suffers from poor stability. When integrated into polymers, its oxygen‐absorbing properties undergo a significant decline. This research is focused on graft copolymerizing GA with acrylic acid (AA) to create a water‐absorbing resin (GA‐PAA) that boasts high‐oxygen‐absorbing capabilities. This minimizes GA loss during production and eliminates the need for an alkaline environment for oxygen absorption. The single‐variable method is being employed to investigate the impact of synthesis conditions on GA‐PAA's performance. Initial findings indicate optimal performance with synthesis mass ratios of 7% GA, 0.6% initiator, and 0.2% cross‐linking agent, along with an 80% degree of neutralization and a reaction temperature of 80°C. The GA‐PAA is characterized as highly absorbent for both oxygen and water, confirming the successful grafting of GA. Well‐synthesized resins exhibit a water absorption capacity of 452.2 g/g and an oxygen scavenging of 105.3 mL/g before hydration. Posthydration, oxygen scavenging displays a pattern of an initial sudden decrease, followed by a gradual increase, dependent on the amount of water added. These findings suggest that grafting AA with GA enhances GA's stability during synthesis, enabling the production of efficient oxygen‐scavenging materials.
Facile Strategy to Construct Eugenol‐Derived Bifunctionality Epoxy Monomer for Preparation of Thermosetting Resin System With Desired Performances
Authors: Zhao Shujun , Li Yuanjian , Lian Xuebin , Qu Jiehao , Yin Shengjiong , Liu Xiangdong
Published: January 2025

Designing and preparing bio‐based epoxy monomers to substitute hazardous and nonrenewable bisphenol A (BPA)‐type epoxide are important for the development of new epoxy resins under the concept of healthy and sustainable concept. In this work, a “green” bifunctionality epoxy monomer derived from eugenol (EGE‐EP) was fabricated by epoxidation functionalization of unsaturated double bond as well as using epichlorohydrin to epoxidize phenolic hydroxyl group. The effects of different hardeners on the properties of EGE‐EP were analyzed, and the E51 epoxy cured with the same hardeners was employed as a reference. The results indicate that the EGE‐EP/hardeners present desired curing behavior, mechanical performances, and thermal stability which are comparable to the commercial E51/hardeners epoxy resin. Most importantly, all EP/hardeners samples exhibit a lower onset temperature compared to E51/hardeners systems reflecting a faster curing properties of the EGE‐EP/hardeners mixtures. Meanwhile, an obvious improvement of char yield is found in EGE‐EP/hardeners in contrast to E51/hardeners thus possessing potential for flame retardancy applications. This study proposes an innovative path to prepare bio‐based epoxy monomers as an alternative to BPA‐type epoxide, which is of significance for eco‐friendly epoxy resins and high‐value utilization of biomass.
Unveiling the Role of GPT‐4 in Solving LeetCode Programming Problems
Authors: Vishnu Sarthak , Sahil  , Garg Naman
Published: January 2025

The landscape of programming education is undergoing a transformative shift in the era of AI and machine learning. This research delves into the role of GPT‐4, a state‐of‐the‐art language model, in solving intermediate‐level programming problems, focusing on the renowned LeetCode platform. For this, the work employs different programming problems from two LeetCode contests, providing a comprehensive evaluation of GPT‐4's capabilities. The results reveal intriguing patterns in the model's behavior. Initial attempts, when provided with all inputs simultaneously, exhibit high accuracy, but subsequent attempts show consistent fluctuations, rarely surpassing the accuracy of the first attempt. Upon closer examination, a distinct pattern emerges in GPT‐4's problem‐solving approach, where the model iteratively refines its solutions, incorporating corrections in subsequent attempts. However, the lack of a historical context for past attempts raises questions about the model's attention span and its ability to rectify mistakes. Notably, GPT‐4 consistently fails on the same test case with the same generated output, suggesting a potential limitation in addressing specific challenges. But, on leveraging human assistance to AI tools, the observations and patterns from the incorrect codes can be drawn and required adjustments to rectify the codes can be made. A direct result of this is observed in the increased success rate in problem‐solving by students, rising from 68% in the moderate learning stage to 92% in the advanced learning stage. Hence, the presented work proposes a human‐supervised methodology to leverage the AI‐assisted code generation and employs that in improving the effectiveness of AI‐assisted teaching–learning process.
Molecular Mechanisms of Synergistic Effect of PRIMA‐1met and Oxaliplatin in Colorectal Cancer With Different p53 Status
Authors: Li Xiao‐lan , Zhou Jianbiao , Tang Nicole Xin‐Ning , Chai Yi , Zhou Meng , Gao Ai‐di , Lu Zhong‐kai , Min Han
Published: January 2025

Background

The toxicity and drug resistance associated with oxaliplatin (L‐OHP) limit its long‐term use for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. p53 mutation is a common genetic trait of CRC. PRIMA‐1met (APR‐246, eprenetapopt) restores the DNA‐binding capacity of different mutant P53 proteins. PRIMA‐1met has progressed to the Phase III clinical trial. Our study explores the combination therapy of PRIMA‐1met and L‐OHP for CRC with different p53 status.

Methods

Cell viability was assessed with Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assay and combination index (CI) was calculated using The Chou‐Talalay method. We also employed wound healing assay and colony formation assay to determine the effect of L‐OHP, PRIMA‐1met and their combination. Weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA) of RNA‐seq data was conducted to identify key modules and central genes related to different treatment modalities. Xenograft CRC mouse model was used to assess the combination treatment in vivo.

Results

Our findings showed heightened cytotoxicity and inhibition of migration, and colony formation in CRC cells treated with both drugs, irrespective of p53 status, presenting a promising avenue for addressing L‐OHP resistance and toxicity. RNA‐seq analysis revealed differential responses between p53‐wide type HCT116 and p53‐mutant DLD‐1 cells, with pathway alterations implicated in tumorigenesis. WGCNA identified key modules and hub genes associated with combination therapy response. In vivo studies demonstrated enhanced efficacy of combined therapy over PRIMA‐1met alone, while mitigating L‐OHP‐induced toxicity.

Conclusions

In summary, our research reveals the differential molecular mechanisms of combined PRIMA‐1met and L‐OHP in CRC with wild type p53 and mutant p53. Our data not only demonstrate that this combined regimen exerts synergistic anti‐CRC effect in vitro and in vivo, but also suggest the benefit of PRIMA‐1met on prevention of L‐OHP‐related side effects. These findings underscore the clinical potential of PRIMA‐1met‐L‐OHP combination therapy in CRC, offering enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity, warranting further clinical investigation.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance of Exosomes and Their Components in Patients With Cancers
Authors: Moni Zinnat Ara , Hasan Zahid , Alam Md. Shaheen , Roy Nitai , Islam Farhadul
Published: January 2025

Background

Cancer is the second leading cause of human mortality worldwide. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from liquid biopsy samples are used in early cancer detection, characterization, and surveillance. Exosomes are a subset of EVs produced by all cells and present in all body fluids. They play an important role in the development of cancer because they are active transporters capable of carrying the contents of any type of cell. The objective of this review was to provide a brief overview of the clinical implication of exosomes or exosomal components in cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

Methods

An extensive review of the current literature of exosomes and their components in cancer diagnosis and prognosis were carried out in the current study.

Results

Tumor cells release exosomes that contribute to the formation of the pre‐metastatic microenvironment, angiogenesis, invasion, and treatment resistance. On the contrary, tumor cells release more exosomes than normal cells, and these tumor‐specific exosomes can carry the genomic and proteomic signature contents of the tumor cells, which can act as tools for the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with cancers.

Conclusion

This information may help clinicians to improve the management of cancer patients in clinical settings in the future.
Pregnane C21‐Steroids with Anti‐Inflammatory Activity from the Roots of Cynanchum bungei
Authors: Li Xiao‐San , Zhang Ai‐Ling , Yuan Wei‐Bin , Feng Wan‐Bi , Zheng Tong‐Xin , Cai Hai‐Tao , Lin Zi‐Xin , Zhang Yu‐Bo , Lan Cai‐Yun , Yan Chong
Published: January 2025

Five pregnane C21‐steroids, including three 5,6‐epoxy steroids (1−3) and two 8,14‐seco‐steroids (4 and 5), were isolated from the acid hydrolysate of Cynanchum bungei roots. Cynbungenins L‐O (1−4) are previously undescribed compounds. Compound 3 with a 5α,6α‐epoxy group represents the first example found in the Cynanchum plants. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by a variety of spectroscopic analysis and theoretical ECD calculations. All compounds (1–5) were evaluated for their anti‐inflammatory activity by inhibiting the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced nitric oxide (NO) released in RAW264.7 cells. The results showed that they all possessed NO inhibitory activity at 50 µM, and compounds 3 and 4 exhibited stronger NO inhibitory activity than indomethacin.
Bullous Type 2 Lepra Reaction: A Rare and Significant Case Report
Authors: Putta Nagarajan Hrithik Dakssesh , Kamaraj Balakrishnan , Selvanathan Keerthivasan , Kukunoor Pruthvi Raj , Manichandana Katta , Manideep Katta , Sah Biki Kumar
Published: January 2025

Bullous type 2 lepra reactions are a rare initial presentation in leprosy that can complicate the disease with vesiculo‐bullous lesions. Early recognition and differentiation from other bullous disorders are critical for timely corticosteroid and multidrug therapy initiation to improve patient outcomes.