bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Academic and Psychosocial Predictors of Performance in Medical School on Coefficients of Determination
Authors: Hojat Mohammadreza , Vogel Wolfgang H. , Zeleznik Carter , Borenstein Bette D.
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to answer the following questions: (1) Does a set of selected noncognitive variables predict medical school performance measures? (2) Is there a significant increase in the coefficients of determination when noncognitive measures are added to the conventional cognitive predictors in regression models? Complete data on all measures were available for 88 sophomore medical students. Cognitive (academic) predictors were undergraduate GPA in science and nonscience courses, and scores on science problems, reading and quantitative scales of the Medical College Admission Test. Noncognitive (psychological) predictors were scores on scales of stressful life events, general anxiety, test anxiety, emotionality, external locus of control, intensity and chronicity of loneliness, sociability, self-esteem, perception of early relationships with mother, father and peers, and indices of over- and underconfidence. Criterion measures were freshman and sophomore GPAs in medical school and scores on Part I of the National Board examinations. Results indicate that (1) noncognitive predictors could significantly predict criterion measures and (2) inclusion of noncognitive measures in a model of cognitive predictors could substantially increase the magnitude of the relationships.
Preferences and Perceived Social Norms for Division of Work and Family Responsibilities among Japanese College Students
Authors: Morinaga-Okada Yasuko , Koshi Ryoko
Published: August 2011

225 female and 172 male college students were asked to rate their preferences and perceived social norms for division of paid work, housework, and childcare between husband and wife. More women than men preferred to divide paid work equally. Differences between perceived social norms and personal preferences were nearly the same quantitatively for female and male students; however, women's preferences tended to be more egalitarian than perceived social norms while men's preferences were in opposite direction
Meaningful Life Experiences for Elderly Persons
Authors: Baum Steven K.
Published: August 2011

50 elderly persons from two settings were assessed for objective purpose scores as well as the sources of meaningful experiences. The noninstitutionalized elders felt younger than their institutionalized peers, reported more meaningful life events, and had higher Purpose-In-Life scores, but did not differ from each other with respect to the events in life that were most meaningful. The categories that evolved were Love and Marriage, Births, Career/Education, Separations/Divorce, Accidents/ Illnesses/Deaths, Other/Miscellaneous Pursuits, and Major Purchases. No meaningful experiences (except Accidents/Illnesses/Deaths) were reported by either group after the age of 40 yr. The lack of meaningful experience in the second half of life is addressed with respect to consequences for both institutionalized and noninstitutionalized elderly.
Parents' Strategies for Limiting Children's Television Watching
Authors: Sarlo Gregory , Jason Leonard A. , Lonak Cheryl
Published: August 2011

83 families were surveyed to assess whether parents were aware of problems with their children's television watching and the extent to which the parents tried to remedy the situation. Analysis indicated that children watched an average of 6.5 hr. per week more than their parents wished. Also, the parents had tried to reduce the amounts of television viewing by placing limits on the location of the set or the hours of viewing permitted, by making viewing conditional upon first completing some prosocial act, or by fighting with their children.
Fear of Failure and the Zeigarnik Effect
Authors: Moot S. A. , Teevan R. C. , Greenfeld N.
Published: August 2011

The present study was a partial replication of one by Atkinson in 1953 and an attempt to assess the effect of strength of fear-of-failure motivation on recall of interrupted and completed tasks. 81 freshman men enrolled in introductory psychology classes were administered the Thematic Apperception Test under typical “neutral” conditions. At a later date, the test for Zeigarnik effect was given and scores obtained. Correlational analyses suggested (1) a successful replication of the Atkinson study, (2) a strikingly similar relationship between nAch and the dependent variables and between fear of failure and these variables, and (3) the independence of nAch and fear-of-failure motives.
Career Maturity, Organizational Rank, and Political Behavioral Tendencies: A Correlational Analysis of Organizational Politics and Career Experience
Authors: Du Brin Andrew J.
Published: August 2011

An investigation was made of the relations among career maturity, organizational rank, and the tendency of people to engage in organizational politics. Tendencies toward political behavior were measured by the 50-item Political Orientation Questionnaire developed by DuBrin. Subjects were 243 employed adults from a wide variety of private and public firms, engaged in managerial, professional and technical, sales, clerical and support, semiskilled, and unskilled occupations. Modest support was found for the hypotheses that younger and lower-ranking workers have stronger political behavior tendencies.
Social Network Analysis for Mildly Mentally Retarded Adults
Authors: Hough Sigmund
Published: August 2011

A pilot study was conducted in preparation for an extensive analysis of the social network characteristics of mildly mentally retarded adults. From a total of 10 clients (aged 25 to 67 yr.) living in residences which were a part of the agency's supportive living program, five were administered the Arizona Social Support Interview Schedule and five were administered the Children's Inventory of Social Support. Recommendations regarding the implementation of social network analysis with mildly mentally retarded adults were discussed.
The Content of Orthographic Images of Second and Third Graders
Authors: Elshout J. J. , Langereis M. P.
Published: August 2011

From a study by Ehri in 1980 it may be concluded that silent letters are more often represented in the orthographic images of beginning readers than pronounced letters. However, as she noted, the experimental results on which this conclusion is based may have been confounded by the fact that silent and pronounced letters did not occur in the same position in the test words. The present study is an extended replication of Ehri's investigation, but here positions of the different types of letters were controlled. The results differed from those of Ehri and support the conclusion that silent and pronounced letters are equally represented in the orthographic images of beginning readers.
Contributions to Psychohistory: XIII. Courtly Love Today: Romance and Socialization in Interpersonal Scripts
Authors: Rechtien John G. , Fiedler Edna
Published: August 2011

This pilot study measured current acceptance of medieval rules of love operationalized in two scales adapted from an important 12th-century Latin treatise about courtly love. One item about a doctrine in the treatise was added to measure “perfect” love. Subjects were Hispanic and Caucasian students at a southwestern Catholic university (45% men, 55% women). Scores on the scales of 11 Male Courtesy Norms did not significantly correlate with those for Rubin's romantic love scale, but scores for 31 Action Norms did. There was general acceptance that women expect men to follow medieval rules of love concerning Male Courtesy. Some significant sex and ethnic differences were found, especially in regard to Action Norms. Results were interpreted to modify current understanding of courtly love by identifying men's courtesy as a prerequisite for love. Demographic variables were interpreted as evidence of cultural scripts that program romantic experience to give women social and personal control of men.
Relationship between Achievement Motivation and Academic Performance of College Students in a Developing Country
Authors: Ali M. R.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relationship between achievement motivation and academic performance of 67 college students in Zambia. Achievement motivation was measured by applying a modified version of Lynn's achievement motivation questionnaire and academic performance was measured by averaging the grades of term examinations. A Pearson product-moment correlation indicated a significant positive relation between achievement motivation and academic performance. The practical significance was discussed. It is suggested that achievement motivation training programs for underachieving students in developing countries might improve their academic performances.
Attitudes, Social Choices and Substance Use
Authors: Moore J. William , Hauck William E. , Erford Bradley , Clark Beteeta
Published: August 2011

This research investigated the effects of four conditions on attitudes and social choices regarding substance use, i.e., involvement with smoking, drinking, and drugs. Three conditions, the treatment dimension, consisted of the presentation of negative evaluations, legal consequences, and physical consequences of substance use, and the remaining condition, a stratification variable, comprised the social reasoning ability of the subjects. The data, produced by 160 students in the 4th and 11th grades, were analyzed in a repeated-measures design which included the treatments, stratification, and the repeated variable, retention. The results indicated, generally, that young children's attitudes and social choices were more negative than those of adolescents and also showed greater resistance to change. Surprisingly, legal threats to drinking produced greater positive attitudes toward drinking among adolescents and were more effective than physical punishment in this respect for all students. Of importance was the outcome that over time, all students made more favorable social choices for substance use with the exception that young children's social choices for drinking remained negative. Because of the significant interactions which occurred, many of the results can be explained in terms of differences in both social reasoning ability and developmental levels. Implications for practitioners and researchers are discussed.
Comparative Analysis of the Influence of Stress-Related Variables on Adaptation to a New Work Setting
Authors: Zahrly Jan , Tosi Henry
Published: August 2011

The incremental effects of stress-related variables on adaptation to a new work setting were compared after 4 and 8 mo. Adaptation to the new work setting was assessed by job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion. Baseline predictor variables were shift, mode of entry (individual or group), job variety, and level of skills used by the organization. Stress-related predictor variables were role conflict, role ambiguity, and perceived symptoms of stress. Subjects were 80 employees at a new manufacturing facility. Comparative analysis indicated that role conflict was a significant factor in the prediction of job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion; symptoms of stress influenced emotional exhaustion. Role ambiguity was a poor predictor of job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion.
Relations among Four Individual Difference Measures Associated with Cardiovascular Dysfunction and Anger Coping Style
Authors: Croyle Robert T. , Jemmott John B. , Carpenter Brian D.
Published: August 2011

Scores on four individual difference instruments used in investigations of hypertension and coronary heart disease were compared. 112 college undergraduates completed a Thematic Apperception Test to assess power motivation, the student form of the Jenkins Activity Survey to assess Type A behavior pattern, a version of the Harburg Anger-out Scale, and a new instrument, the Anger Expression Scale. Analyses yielded modest but significant correlations among some of the scales. Students scoring higher on anger-out coping style, as indexed by the anger-out subscale of the Anger Expression Scale and the Harburg Anger-out Scale, had higher scores on power motivation, global Type A, and the Speed and Impatience subscale of the Jenkins Activity Survey. Neither power motivation nor inhibited power motivation was significantly associated with Type A behavior pattern. Implications of the results are discussed within the context of recent findings in personality assessment and health psychology.
Further Evidence of Construct and Discriminant Validities for the Malouff and Schutte Belief Scale
Authors: Zgourides George D. , Warren Ricks
Published: August 2011

Evidence for construct and discriminant validities for the Malouff and Schutte Belief Scale is presented for 83 male and 42 female students who completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Neuroticism and the Beck Depression Inventory. rs for scores on the Belief Scale were 0.60 and 0.46, respectively, with the Eysenck and Beck scales. rs were significantly different.
A Field Study of Rating Conditions and Leniency in Performance Appraisal
Authors: Waldman David A. , Thornton George C.
Published: August 2011

Performance appraisal ratings of 89 secretarial and clerical employees of a large university were studied. Most recent administrative ratings, used to make personnel decisions, were obtained for all employees. In addition, research ratings were collected under one of two conditions. For approximately half of the employees, confidential ratings were obtained from the employees' supervisors whereby the supervisors were told that only the researchers would see their ratings. For the other half of the employees, ratings were obtained under sharing conditions whereby supervisors were told that copies of their ratings would be sent to their respective employees. As expected, administrative ratings showed relatively more leniency than corresponding confidential research ratings but did not show more leniency than corresponding sharing research ratings. Findings were discussed in terms of the cognitive dynamics which may cause more lenient ratings to occur.
The Childcare Attitude Inventory: Preliminary Norms, Reliability and Construct Validity
Authors: Fay Lisa M. , Jones John W.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this research note is to present preliminary norms and evidence of reliability and validity for the Childcare Attitude Inventory, a new research instrument being designed to identify adults who are emotionally capable of providing childcare of quality.
Early-Developmental Exposure to Nuclear Fallout Radiation: Interpretive Considerations for Epidemiological Studies of Violent Death
Authors: Pellegrini Robert J.
Published: August 2011

Significant positive correlations have been found between the proportion of the US population constituted by 15- to 24-yr.-olds and incidence of homicide and suicide deaths in this age group. Holinger, Offer, and Ostrov recently proposed explanations of these findings at three conventional conceptual levels: (a) the epidemiological-sociologic, (b) the psychodynamic-clinical, and (c) the nosological. Based on recent exploratory data, a fourth, distinctively unconventional, alternative is suggested here for consideration in multivariate, epidemiological studies of violent death, namely, the possible effects due to early-developmental exposure to toxic radiation.
Cognate and Context: University-Based Doctoral Programs in Professional Psychology and the Use of Nonpsychological Diversity
Authors: Morgan Robert F.
Published: August 2011

In a survey, 44 randomly selected APA accredited doctoral programs in professional psychology from 150, all university-based, reported that a median of two of every three students never took a cognate course outside their department (8 of every 9 never took more than one cognate). Only a fifth of the programs offered any courses within their program by nonpsychology faculty. Only 22% of the programs required a nonpsychology cognate (usually Statistics in the Mathematics or Statistics Department) although 37% favored such a requirement Freestanding professional schools, challenged to demonstrate diverse educational opportunity for accreditation procedures, have routinely developed avenues for multidisciplinary stimulation that many more advantaged university-based programs ignore. Diversity of educational model as well as of curriculum is advocated.
Work Performance, Ability, and Voluntary Turnover among Psychiatric Aides
Authors: Distefano M. K.
Published: August 2011

No significant differences in work performance or verbal ability were found between psychiatric aides who stayed ( n = 139) and those who voluntarily left ( n = 41) during a 1-yr. follow-up of new hires The findings were important to the two hospitals involved in the study since voluntary leavers were not higher in performance or ability than those who stayed. While there were no differences between the two groups on age, sex, or education, lower turnover was found among black than among white aides. No consistent relation of performance to turnover was similar to that reported in recent literature. It is evident from the 1985 research of Wells and Muchinsky that a simple relation between performance and turnover may not exist but may be dependent upon specific organizational practices of rewarding performance and external market conditions.
Limbic System-Frontal Lobes' Role in Subtypes of “Atypical Rape”
Authors: Pontius Anneliese A.
Published: August 2011

Two possible subtypes of fronto-limbic dysfunctioning are implicated in certain cases of rape involving extreme change in the perpetrator's sexual preference regarding the victim's gender, age group or kind of sexual act: (1) temporal lobe epilepsy, supported by electroencephalogram and brain electrical activity mapping (BEAM), both showing bilateral temporal lobe dysfunction, left more than right, and (2) a newly proposed Limbic Psychotic Trigger Reaction which is reminiscent of “kindling”: a moderate, though frequently repeated experience is suddenly revived by a specific stimulus, unwittingly provided by a stranger, the victim-to-be. The trigger stimulus evokes a sudden (20 min. long) seizure-like episode, typically with first-time hallucinations and autonomic nervous system symptoms, and there is no (significant) alteration of consciousness with full recall of the sexual and/or homicidal attack.
Influence of Positive Affect upon Creative Thinking and Problem Solving in Children
Authors: Greene Terry R. , Noice Helga
Published: August 2011

A study was designed to assess whether positive affect may promote creativity and facilitate problem solving of children. The task used to measure creativity involved word generation. Subjects were presented a category name and asked to generate as many exemplars as possible. Duncker's (1945) candle task was used to assess problem-solving skills. Eighth grade students were randomly assigned to the Positive Affect or Neutral condition. A positive mood was induced in subjects in the Positive Affect condition by presenting compliments and gifts before the experimental session began. Subjects in the Neutral condition began the experiment without compliments or gifts. Subjects in the Positive Affect condition generated more exemplars for the categories and more unusual exemplars than did subjects in the Neutral condition. More subjects in the Positive Affect condition correctly solved the candle problem than did those in the Neutral condition. These results suggest that positive affect may promote creativity and facilitate problem solving by young adolescents.
Effectiveness of Peers Who Reentered College in a Program to Enhance Retention
Authors: Jewell Leona Rivers , Lubin Bernard
Published: August 2011

To study the effects of counseling by reentered peers on the 1-yr. retention rate of nontraditional college students, 77 female students were randomly assigned to a group who received peer counseling and 78 were randomly assigned to a control group who did not receive peer counseling. Although a higher percentage of the counseled group than of the control group (57 vs 53) were retained, the difference was nonsignificant. Suggestions for improving a replication of the study were made
Memory for Material Presented in the Media: The Superiority of Written Communication
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Proctor Eddie , Gunter Barrie
Published: August 2011

The superiority of written communication presented in the print (about 500 words) modality was tested by showing a television holiday programme to 63 subjects in its original audiovisual modality (narrative plus film), in auditory only (narrative soundtrack minus film), or print (written transcript of soundtrack). Immediately after presentation recall was best from the written communication in the print modality.
Evaluation of the MacDonald, Kessel, and Fuller Self-Report Trust Scale
Authors: Lagace Rosemary R. , Rhoads Gary K.
Published: August 2011

An assessment of the dimensionality and reliability of the Self-report Trust Scale developed by MacDonald, Kessel, and Fuller in 1972 was made. Using 287 full-time employed adults as subjects, the initial confirmatory factor analysis of a one-factor solution was soundly rejected. Further analyses supported a two-factor solution with four items each. It is recommended that both dimensions (trust and suspicion) be investigated in research.
Discriminating between Substance Abusers with Single and Dual Diagnoses Using MMPI Profiles and the MAC Andrews Alcoholism Scale: Axis I and Axis II Subtypes
Authors: Rozensky Ronald H. , Neirick Barbara , Slotnick Gary M. , Morse Debra
Published: August 2011

The MacAndrews Scale of the MMPI differentiated 21 dual-diagnosis substance abusers with a DSM-III—R, Axis I diagnosis from a group of 21 single-diagnosis substance abusers and 18 dual-diagnosis substance abusers with an Axis II diagnosis. Subjects were 50 substance-abuse only and 39 dual-diagnosis, hospitalized men. Research must take into account the heterogeneous nature of psychiatric diagnoses within the substance-abusing population.
Disagreement between Therapists and Subsequent Suicide of the Patient
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Two cases of suicide are reported for clients whose treating therapists disagreed about treatment. Therapists treating depressed and suicidal clients should be aware of the dangers to the client should such disagreement occur. Therapists should work together to formulate a treatment plan that is in a client's best interest.
Machiavellianism and Job Satisfaction of Retailing Executives in a Specialty Store Chain
Authors: Gable Myron , Topol Martin T.
Published: August 2011

The Mach TV scale and the Job Descriptive Index were administered to 60 managers of specialty stores. Female store managers scored significantly higher on the Mac IV scale, and no significant differences were observed between men and women on the five subscales of the Job Descriptive Index. A significant relation for women was observed between Machiavellianism and satisfaction with opportunities for promotion. This was the only significant finding of 15 regression analyses examining the relations between Machiavellianism and job satisfaction for the entire sample, for men and for women.
Learning in Mice Selectively Bred for High and Low Aggressiveness
Authors: Kvist Béatrice
Published: August 2011

Male mice selectively bred for aggressiveness (TA) and nonaggressiveness (TNA) were compared on maze performance and passive avoidance behavior The two lines performed the learning tasks in separate ways but the significant differences in performance were probably due to factors other than the brightness of one particular line.
Effects of Prior Knowledge, Crowding, and Congruence of Subjects' and Others' Goals on Question Asking in an Unfamiliar Setting
Authors: Fuhrer Urs
Published: August 2011

An analysis of how newcomers learn to act in an unfamiliar setting was aimed at uncovering the use of the competence of one particular member of the setting by asking questions of him. The study was designed to test the effects of high vs low setting-specific prior knowledge, high vs low densities and high vs low congruence of subjects' and others' goals in a field setting (career planning and placement center) on both the number of questions asked and social anxiety by 64 first-time users (freshmen). The present study shows that a setting-specific cognitive means, such as prior knowledge, and congruence of subjects' and others' goals reduce the experience of stress from crowding and social anxiety which, in turn, leads to an increase in question-asking. Although there is strong evidence that both prior knowledge and congruence of subjects' and others' goals reduce the newcomer's perception of social anxiety, it is also possible that they enhance the newcomer's knowledge of others' competence which, in turn, affects social anxiety and influences question-asking.
Ecological Dissonance and Organizational Climate
Authors: Miller Duane I. , Topping Jeff S. , Wells-Parker Elisabeth N.
Published: August 2011

Using some of the principles of cognitive dissonance theory, a theoretical corollary to Barker's 1968 ecological theory was developed. The result, referred to as ecological dissonance, was proposed as a theoretical explanation for several of the phenomena associated with the concept of organizational climate. The theory was also offered as an explanation of behaviors that can result from the introduction of stringent penalties for such offenses as driving-under-the-influence.
Adolescents' Self-Esteem Measured as a Specific Score on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory
Authors: Cates Barbara L. , Miller Mark J. , Cowger Ernest L.
Published: August 2011

Scores on the “Your Characteristics” section of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) of 178 high school students (80 boys, 98 girls) were analyzed to determine if what we know about adolescents' self-esteem will predict scores. These adolescents obtained means similar to those of average adults. Implications for counselors are noted.
Social Skills and Birth Order
Authors: Riggio Ronald E. , Sotoodeh Yass
Published: August 2011

This study examined differences in bask dimensions of social skill among birth orders. 205 undergraduate students completed a questionnaire that asked about family sibling structure and family income along with a standardized, self-report measure of social skills/social competence, the Social Skills Inventory. Analyses indicated no significant birth-order effects on any of the social skills dimensions, even when controlling for factors of age spacing, subjects' sex, family income, and family size.
Effects of Diazepam on a Belief-Updating Task
Authors: De Wit Harriet , Hogarth Robin M. , Koehler Jonathan J. , Luchins Daniel J.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effects of a minor tranquilizer, diazepam, on a cognitive task that involved the updating of beliefs. On this task, subjects are first asked to express their strength of belief in a hypothesis and then to update this on the basis of new evidence. Past research has shown that revision of beliefs can be affected by many variables including the strength with which the initial belief is held, whether new information is perceived as positive or negative vis-à-vis the hypothesis, and the order in which evidence is processed. The purpose of this study was to assess whether a tranquilizer, diazepam, would affect the updating of beliefs, and specifically whether it would dampen the extent to which people revise their opinions. 12 healthy subjects participated in four experimental sessions, in which they received diazepam (0.14 mg/kg) or placebo and completed an updating task in which they received information in either of two orders, positive-negative or negative-positive. In each session, subjects saw a different experimental stimulus determined by a Latin-square design, and also completed pre- and postdrug mood questionnaires. Analysis showed order of presentation induced a recency effect similar to that obtained in previous studies, and the diazepam produced significant tranquilizer-like effects on self-report questionnaires. However, the diazepam had no effect on the updating task. These findings indicate that previously reported order effects in the belief updating task are robust and unaffected by a drug that has known sedative and memory-impairing properties.
The Stress-Arousal Checklist as a Measure of Situational Stress versus Simple Arousal
Authors: Duckro Paul N. , Korytnyk Natalie X. , Vandenberg Brian R.
Published: August 2011

The Stress-Arousal Checklist was developed as a self-report measure both of arousal and of the favorable or unfavorable appraisal of that arousal. Previous studies with the checklist showed differential sensitivity of the two subscales to experimental manipulations. In the present study, the convergent and discriminant validity were further explored by comparing scores with those on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State. The results supported the validity of the two-factor structure.
Hair Mineral Analysis: Biochemical Imbalances and Violent Criminal Behavior
Authors: Cromwell Paul F. , Abadie Ben R. , Stephens Jay T. , Kyler Marilee
Published: August 2011

Trace mineral analysis of human hair was utilized to determine whether violent and nonviolent criminals could be differentiated on the basis of concentrations of levels of major and trace minerals. 40 violent and 40 nonviolent inmates from a prison population were selected for study. 27 mineral levels were analyzed and a discriminant function analysis correctly classified 86% of the violent and 78% of the nonviolent inmates. The results lent support to the hypothesis that significantly different levels of trace minerals could be found between the two groups.
Depression, Learning Disability, and School Behavior Problems
Authors: Weinberg Warren A. , McLean Anne , Snider Robert L. , Nuckols Anne S. , Rintelmann Jeanne W. , Erwin Paul R. , Brumback Roger A.
Published: August 2011

It is possible that recurrent depression (primary affective illness) is the most significant variable related to school problems of a behavioral nature in children manifesting developmental specific learning disabilities. The association of school problems and depression was investigated at a private school for children with developmental specific learning disabilities. These children were of normal intelligence and were free of primary conduct or thought disturbances. Prior to entering school, 95% of the students fulfilled criteria for developmental specific learning disabilities and 64% for depression with or without hyperactivity. Students manifesting no diagnosable behavioral condition prior to entrance continued to be relatively free of behavioral problems during their stay at school. Students with both depression and hyperactivity showed the most problematic behavior followed by students with depression without hyperactivity.
Consumption of Attention versus Affect Elicited by Cognitions in Modifying Acute Pain
Authors: Stevens Michael J. , Heise Richard A. , Pfost Karen S.
Published: August 2011

40 subjects were randomly assigned to conditions of high pleasure, low pleasure, high anger, or low anger in a 2 × 2 (intensity × affect) design. Although subjects used highly intense cognitions more than less intense ones, pleasant cognitions produced higher tolerance for pressure pain. Modification of pain may be mediated by specific affect rather than intensity or consumption of attention.
Comparing 16 PF Scores for Two Groups of Offenders
Authors: Reuter Ellen K. , Wallbrown Fred H. , Barnett Robert W.
Published: August 2011

The 16 PF scores for 678 male offenders in a diagnostic and receiving center were compared with scores for 891 male offenders in penal institutions by t tests for independent means. Significant differences were obtained for 13 of the 16 primaries included in the 16 PF. The Penitentiary group scored significantly higher than the Reception Center group on the primaries, A, I, L, M, O, Q1, and Q4. Conversely, the Reception Center group scored significantly higher than the Penitentiary group on the primaries, B, C, F, G, N, and Q3.
Differing Sexual Practices of Men and Women Screened for HIV (AIDS) Antibody
Authors: Rickert E. J.
Published: August 2011

This study describes the results of a survey of all persons screened for antibodies to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) during a 3-mo. period at a county health department. Complete interviews and serologic analysis for antibodies to HIV using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were obtained from all 43 persons. HIV antibodies, confirmed by Western blot assay, were present in 7 or 16% of the sample. Self-reported changes in sexual practices among the 27 seronegative homosexual men occurred prior to counseling and screening, but 9 seronegative women reported no change in high-risk behaviors. The number of black men and women screened were disproportionately smaller than their representation in the community. These findings suggest that stronger educational efforts are needed to disseminate information to women and blacks who are at risk for HIV infection.
Validation of an MMPI Short Form with Literate and Illiterate Patients
Authors: Dillon Elizabeth A. , Ward L. Charles
Published: August 2011

An Improved Readability Form (IRF) of the MMPI was orally administered to 100 literate and 119 illiterate patients, and 140 literate patients were given the full MMPI with standard instructions. Profile comparisons of the MMPI with the IRF given to literates or extracted from the full MMPI yielded only small differences. The much larger differences in the IRF profiles of the illiterates were removed by controlling statistically for sex, race, age, and education. The IRF, when given to literate patients, was a good substitute for the full MMPI in predicting Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores. For the illiterates, the two most salient relationships with scores on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale were preserved, but several weaker associations were qualitatively altered. When the IRF is administered to illiterate patients, the pattern of clinical correlates may differ from those obtained with literate patients given the IRF or MMPI.
Suicides at the Casino
Authors: Lester David , Jason Donald
Published: August 2011

Suicides occurring at casinos were examined and, in a sample of six, three appeared to be gambling-related, with the individuals killing themselves after losing large sums of money.
Role Taking and Self-Image Disparity: A Further Test of Cognitive-Developmental Thought
Authors: Rosales Israel , Zigler Edward
Published: August 2011

34 seventh graders were assigned to two groups according to developmental level as defined by role-taking ability. High role-takers exhibited greater self-image disparity than low role-takers. The data support the developmental formulation that self-image disparity is positively related to developmental status. These findings indicate a positive rather than an ominous relation between self-image disparity and psychological adjustment.
Treatment of Adjustment Disorders: A Comparative Evaluation
Authors: De Leo Diego
Published: August 2011

With the aim of assessing four forms of therapy with adjustment-disordered outpatients, we randomly assigned 70 subjects to the following treatments: supportive psychotherapy (psychoanalytically oriented), viloxazine (an antidepressant), lormetazepam (a benzodiazepine), and S-adenosylmethionine (a methyl donor with antidepressive properties). A further group of 15 subjects received a placebo, orally administered. The trial lasted 4 wk. None of the treatments had clearly superior effects over others on scores on the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale. All produced a significant improvement. However, groups given S-adenosylmethionine and supportive psychotherapy had the highest mean scores.
Narcissistic Personality Features and Self-Reported Anger
Authors: McCann Joseph T. , Biaggio Mary Kay
Published: August 2011

The relationship between anger and narcissistic personality characteristics was examined for 91 students in introductory psychology courses. 35 individuals high in narcissism reported greater verbally expressed anger. Males high in narcissism were more likely to express anger physically. Results are discussed in terms of DSM-III—R criteria for narcissistic personality disorder.
Suicide among Psychologists and a Proposal for the American Psychological Association
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The response of the American Medical Association and of the American Psychiatric Association to suicide among their members is contrasted with the response of the American Psychological Association. It is suggested that an association should be concerned with suicide among its members and two proposals are suggested.
Evaluation of Behavior in a Stochastic Choice Setting
Authors: Hensch S. A. , Heth C. Donald
Published: August 2011

This note presents a result obtained during a study of concurrent variable-interval choice by rats. The evidence suggests that an animal may be able to optimize reward rate in a changing environment and that animals are sensitive to daily fluctuations in reward rates.
Dynamics of Choice Behavior: The Logical Relation between Linear Objective Probability and Nonlinear Subjective Probability
Authors: Brady Michael E. , Lee Howard B.
Published: August 2011

In choice behavior, researchers have noticed that humans have a preference for some probabilities, Most researchers in the past 40 yr. have been unable to account for the nonlinearity of this behavior. The convex shape of nonlinear subjective probabilities has been experimentally confirmed by every investigator from Preston and Baratta through Edwards, Handa, and Kahneman and Tversky. What has been lacking is a clear analysis of why the probabilities have a convex shape. Here, it is argued that Keynes provided a logical explanation and a mathematical formula for this phenomenon in 1921. Had researchers not overlooked this important work, the body of knowledge on choice behavior might be more advanced.
Sex Differences in Drinking Patterns and Behaviours among College Students in Singapore
Authors: Isralowitz Richard E. , Hong Ong Teck
Published: August 2011

The drinking patterns and behaviours of 1,160 students at the National University of Singapore were studied to assess differences among men and women. Analysis suggests men more than women use alcohol and exhibit more problem behaviour resulting from its use.
Human Physical Aggression as a Function of Magnitude of Frustration: Indirect Support and a Possible Confounding Influence
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: August 2011

An experiment was performed to test whether thwarting close to the goal leads to higher levels of frustration and higher levels of aggression than thwarting far from the goal in a slightly modified version of the Buss' “aggression machine.” Subjects first calibrated a shock scale and were then put in a situation in which they could give electric shocks to a confederate under an acceptable pretext. It was not possible to confirm the specific hypothesis directly but a positive correlation was found between over-all self-rated subjective frustration and a measure of total aggression supporting a general frustration-aggression hypothesis. However, it was also found that the initial calibration of the shock scale correlated positively with the measure of total aggression, indicating that possible confounding influences are operative in this kind of paradigm.
Social Acceptance of Mentally Retarded Children in Regular Schools in Relation to Years Mainstreamed
Authors: Brewer Neil , Smith Joanne M.
Published: August 2011

This study examined whether the social status of mainstreamed retarded children among their nonretarded peers improved as a consequence of extended contact. A sociometric questionnaire was administered to the nonretarded classmates of two groups of retarded children mainstreamed for an average of 1.7 yr. and 4 yr., respectively. Social acceptance of retarded children was low relative to their nonretarded peers. However, in contrast with previous research, retarded children did not receive higher social rejection ratings. Acceptance and rejection measures did not indicate any improvement in social status of the retarded children as a result of an extended period of mainstreaming.
College Students' Relationships with Grandparents
Authors: Kennedy Gregory E.
Published: August 2011

Literature on the role and attitudes of grandparents is increasing, even as is the number of grandparents. However, data on the attitudes of grandchildren toward their grandparents are spare. This article reports attitudes of 574 college students toward their grandparents. Their geographic closeness to at least one grandparent, and their patterns and motivations for contacting their grandparents are included.
Young Children's Counting of Numbered Objects or Numerals
Authors: Gold Ron
Published: August 2011

Following an observation by Hughes (1986), two experiments concerned the extent to which children try to make use of numbering that is already present in an array when counting it. In the first experiment 96 4- and 5-yr.-old children counted sequentially numbered circles arranged, for different experimental groups, in horizontal lines, vertical lines, circles, and random arrays. Starting consistently at the circle labelled ‘1’ was taken as evidence of an intention to count by following the printed numerals. This intention was exhibited equally by the different groups and by significantly more 5-yr.-olds than 4-yr.-olds. In the second experiment 64 4-yr.-olds counted arrays that varied, across experimental groups, in whether they were composed of sequentially numbered circles or sequential numerals, and the number of circles/numerals present. Following the counting task all children were given a numeral recognition task which tested their ability to find numerals corresponding to number labels. In the counting task the intention to follow the printed numerals was exhibited equally by the different groups. There was a strong relationship between starting consistently at the ‘1’ and performance on the recognition task. The results suggest that failure to try to make use of numbering that is already present is largely limited to preschoolers and primarily reflects an inability to read numerals.
Depersonalization, Vertigo and Ménière's Disease
Authors: Grigsby James P. , Johnston Catherine Lee
Published: August 2011

Ménière's disease is generally accepted to be a consequence of distention of the endolymphatic sac of the inner ear. Although the exact etiology is unclear, there is a body of research suggesting that Ménière's disease is of psychosomatic origin. While we do not intend to review the literature exhaustively, we briefly review several frequently cited studies. Even though this literature is so severely flawed that no solid conclusions may be drawn from it, certain questions about the psychological aspect of this disorder continue to surface. Our limited access to patients with vertigo has not allowed us to undertake a carefully designed study. However, in clinical practice we have noted that many persons who complain of vertigo (whether due to Ménière's disease or other causes) also report symptoms of depersonalization and derealization. In this paper we present the cases of two women with Ménière's disease who also experienced concurrent feelings of unreality. It appears likely that feelings of unreality may occur regularly in association with syndromes causing vertigo, presumably as a consequence of vestibular dysfunction. We argue that emotional disturbances previously identified as predisposing causes of Ménière's disease are more likely effects of the disease. Although the discussion of two uncontrolled cases can do little to help solve nagging questions about a psychosomatic component to this disorder, we believe it may suggest a different perspective from which to investigate these complex phenomena.
Secondary Enuresis in Institutionalized Conduct-Disordered Children
Authors: Pillay Anthony L. , Vawda Naseema B. M. , Pollock Leslie R.
Published: August 2011

The incidence of secondary enuresis in 16 institutionalized conduct-disordered children was examined. In contrast to a control group of 16 noninstitutionalized conduct-disordered children, the former showed significantly more enuretic behaviour. Also, enuresis began within 6 mo. of the children's separation from their families, suggesting this problem is very likely related to the emotional trauma surrounding the change in living conditions. However, the small number of subjects limits further interpretation of the findings.
Assessing Effects of Foster Care on Adults Raised as Foster Children: A Methodological Issue
Authors: Royse David , Wiehe Vernon R.
Published: August 2011

746 respondents to a statewide telephone survey were asked if they had ever spent any time in foster care. 3.4% or 26 answered affirmatively. These data were collected to establish an estimated baseline for the number of adults raised in foster care which may be helpful for research on the effects of foster care of children.
Use of the Chestnut Ridge Inventory of Personality in Teaching Psychological Testing
Authors: Cohen Ronald Jay
Published: August 2011

A 100-item personality inventory may be used to illustrate administration, scoring, and intepretation of scores, etc., in a testing course, while avoiding potential ethical issues associated with novices' use of a standardized instrument.
Work-Role Salience: Comparison of Students in Career-Directed and General Degree Courses
Authors: Watson Mark B. , Allan Marietjie M.
Published: August 2011

The work-role salience of 96 first-year South African university students enrolled for career-directed and general degrees was investigated. Equal numbers of men and women and Afrikaans- and English-speaking students were included in each group. Students enrolled for career-directed degrees obtained significantly higher scores in all but one of the four comparisons on the 1973 Work-role Salience Scale of Greenhaus. There were no significant differences for sex or language group. The implications of these results for counseling students in tertiary South African educational institutions are considered.
Further Evaluation of Merz's Psychological Reactance Scale
Authors: Hong Sung-Mook , Ostini Remo
Published: August 2011

Merz's Psychological Reactance Scale was evaluated on the basis of individual item analysis, factorial validity and reliability using responses of 379 Australian tertiary students. Several questionnaire items showed difficulties in readability, ambiguity and discriminatory power, possibly due to the effects of translation. The scale was factorially unstable, and the reliabilities of the present English version were .80 (α) and .77 (split-half) which are not as high as those for the original German version. A thorough refinement of questionnaire items was suggested to produce a more psychometrically acceptable scale.
Work Attitudes of Employed Men and Women Who are Married
Authors: Shukla Archana , Sarna Tripti , Nigam Ritu
Published: August 2011

Possible sex-related differences in work values, job perception, and job satisfaction of 100 male and 100 female respondents were examined. The analysis identified several similarities and a few differences in work attitudes between the sexes. Social implications of the findings are discussed.
Comparison of Two Types of Vocational Workshops on a Measure of Vocational Maturity
Authors: Burke Donald M. , Larson Janet L. , Pietsch Jean M.
Published: August 2011

Comparison of didactic and self-evaluative vocational workshops indicated no significant differences and only limited improvement in scores indicating vocational maturity.