bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematics in Baseball
Authors: Battista Michael T.
Published: December 2020

In the traditional instructional approach to school mathematics, students Jearn and practice a series of separate mathematical skills, then perhaps use them to solve simple, usually unrealistic, application problems. This approach has produced students whose mathematical knowledge is not only unconnected to the real world but unconnected within itself. Students seldom make intuitive sense out of mathematics approached this way. It is no wonder that they do not believe that mathematics can help them make sense of the world around them and are always asking, “When are we ever going to use this?”
The Shape of a Baseball Field
Authors: Eisner Milton P.
Published: December 2020

Daniels (1993) gives several solutions to the problem of determining the shape of a baseball outfield fence, given the distances along the foul lines (325 ft.) and to straightaway center field (400ft.). This article continues this line of inquiry and uses conic sections, trigonometric functions, and polar coordinates to solve the same problem. These models could serve to give students practice with graphing programs or graphing calculators. The diagrams accompanying this article were plotted using MPP, graphing software developed at the U.S. Naval Academy.
Sharing Teaching Ideas
Authors: Drake Bob M. , Johnson Millie J. , Lavric Boris
Published: December 2020

Dice are a common tool of teachers when statistics and probability are taught. A typical introductory activity involves repeatedly rolling a pair of dice and graphing the results to discover that seven is the most frequently rolled sum of the numbers on the top faces of the dice and that the final graph of all outcomes approximates the familiar bell-shaped curve. This observation is interesting for students who never realized that the sums do not occur with equal frequency. For more experienced students, or for those whose teachers have had a penchant for using dice to illustrate probability concepts, an activity will often involve answering the question of why the sums occur in the frequencies observed. This activity usually includes creating a chart to illustrate the possible outcomes and counting the number of times each sum appears to determine its probability.
Connecting Research to Teaching: Proportional Reasoning
Authors: Cramer Kathleen , Post Thomas , Graeber Anna O.
Published: December 2020

The attainment of proportional reasoning is considered a milestone in students' cognitive development. According to the NCTM's Curriculum and Evaluation Standards (1989), this ability is “of such great importance that it metits whatever time and effort must be expended to assure its careful development” (p. 82). As teachers and researchers know, students' understanding of proportionality develops slowly over a number of years. This article reports research findings regarding the learning and teaching of proportional reasoning that have potential for making contributions to classroom practice.
Soundoff: Mathematics Teaching—a Student's View
Authors: Quaal Debbie
Published: December 2020

My anger over mathematics and the lack of enthusiasm some educators take in teaching it is not just a recent annoyance but a deep-rooted frustration that has been burning inside me for as long as I can remember.
America's Pastime
Authors: Watson James O.
Published: December 2020

Sports statistics, especially those from baseball, furnish interesting and motivating problems for algebra students. The following problem was chosen from Fundamentals of College Algebra (Swokowski 1989) and presented to a class of algebra students to give an example of an application of linear equations.
Hidden Behaviors in Graphs
Authors: Donley H. Edward , George Elizabeth Ann
Published: December 2020

Through the use of graphing calculators or computers, instructors can expose students to richer examples in algebra and exploit the relationship between algebraic analysis and graphical analysis. The NCTM's Commission on Standards for School Mathematics (NCTM 1989) recommends incorporating this technology into the curriculum, thereby supplying students with new approaches in the investigation of mathematical ideas. Changes in both our curriculum and instructional methods are necessary to create an environment wherein students can develop the new problem-solving strategies that this technology makes possible.
The Golden Ratio: A Golden Opportunity to Investigate Multiple Representations of a Problem
Authors: Dickey Edwin M.
Published: December 2020

Teachers of algebra have spent adequate amounts of time teaching two major representations of mathematics—verbal and algebraic, but have spent too little time on two other critical representationsgraphical and numerical. Furthermore, the infusion of computer and calculator technology into teaching and learning algebra has not been realized. The study of the golden ratio allows teachers and learners to explore a well-known problem through four important representations, as well as to incorporate technology in a manner that illuminates different aspects of the problem. The setting for the activities described herein is any algebra class in which quadratic equations are studied. Interest in the goldenratio problem can be generated by consulting one of the many articles and books on the subject; the Bibliography offers a few suggestions. A computer algebra system is the petfect technological environment for algebraic, graphical, and numerical representations of the problem though electronic spreadsheets, and graphing utilities including graphing calculators can be used to reach the same end.
Applications: A Mathematical Model for the Height of a Satellite
Authors: Thoemke Sharon S. , Shriver Pamela A. , Anthony Joby M.
Published: December 2020

This manuscript was developed from the work done in a 1990 summer in-service institute for secondary school teachers. The ideas presented have been used in numerous other in-service institutes and workshops in Florida. We would like to thank our fellow institute participants for their help in analyzing the situation and developing this model. The institute was designed by William H. Caldwell, intetim director of the Florida Institute of Education. The instructor for the two-week program wa Joby Anthony.
Analyzing Energy and Resource Problems: An Interdisciplinary Approach with Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Fishman Joseph
Published: December 2020

The Curriculum and Evaluation Standards (NCTM 1989) recommends that students learn to recognize and formulate problems, develop problem-solving strategies, and apply the process of mathematical modeling to real-world problems. It recommends that secondary school students have the opportunity to experience the pervasiveness of functions through real-world relationships and sketching graphs of data. Gathering and analyzing data and developing models can generate interest among students at different levels of mathematical abilities and facilitate cooperative learning-important aspects of the core curriculum advocated in the curriculum standards.
Using the TI-81 to Analyze Sports Data
Authors: Plummer Robert , Levine Maita , Rolwing Raymond H.
Published: December 2020

Our objective is to use the TI-81 calculator to solve several familiar problems, to develop insight into sophisticated mathematical ideas without being encumbered by excess computational difficulty, and Students who know little algebra can observe trends and 636 discuss results to become familiar with the increasingly affordable and user-friendly technology of the hand-held graphing and programmable calculator. In this article, we will analyze several sports examples and obtain and interpret standard statistics for these examples.
Building Fractal Models with Manipulatives
Authors: Coes Loring
Published: December 2020

Fractals are a source of puzzlement and wonder, but they also furnish an opportunity to look at some common ideas from uncommon perspectives. Similarity, for example, is at the heart of our thinking about fractals, and it is also a key strand in high school geometry. Fractals offer a strange twist on similarity, however, and give students an opportunity to look at objects that are similar to themselves or that have self-similarity. Coming to grips with the oddities of self-similarity can give students a much deeper insight into the more conventional concepts of similarity in plane geometry.
Connections: A Lottery, a Computer, and the Number e
Authors: Flores Alfinio
Published: December 2020

I mportant mathematical constants, like π and e. which are encountered first in specific contexts, appear throughout different branches of mathematics. Students are surprised to find rr, which they know as the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle, in such a probabilistic context as Buffon's needle problem (Hirsch 1981). This article links Euler's constant e-the base of natural logarithms, which students usuaUy encounter in relation to compound-interest problems-with an experiment simulating a drawing. Establishing mathematical connections among different mathematical fields is one of the standards stressed throughout the K-12 mathematics curriculum in NCTM's Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (1989).
The Case of Video Viewing, Reading, and Writing in Mathematics Class: Solving the Mystery
Authors: Curcio Frances R. , McNeece J. Lewis
Published: December 2020

The element of mystery can be a naturally intriguing component of a mathematics lesson for middle school students. Mystery stories capture students“ interest and attention and contribute to developing critical-reading skills (Crouse and Bassett 1975; Curcio 1982; Scalzitti 1982). When presenting mystery stories within the context of a mathematics lesson, students often ask, “What does this have to do with mathematics?” Significant connections can be made between solving a mystery and solving a mathematics problem that supply a rationale for incorporating mystery stories in the mathematics class. In particular, similarities in the questions a problem solver asks when confronting a problem (Polya 1973) and the questions a detective asks in solving a mystery can be found in figure 1. After solving short mystery stories, students will see the connection between solving a mystery and solving a mathematics problem.
Mathematical Modeling in a Feast of Rabbits
Authors: Jones Graham A.
Published: December 2020

This article was developed while the author was teaching a course on mathematical modeling in the Middle School Mathematics Program at Illinois State Unjversity. This program was developed under Grant #TEI-865203 from the National Science Foundation; however, the views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the funding agency.
Factors affecting the attitude toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment of nurses working at long-term care hospitals
Authors: Kim Mi Sook
Published: December 2020

Purpose: This study was a descriptive study to identify factors affecting the attitude toward life-sustaining treatment of nurses working at long-term care hospitals. Methods: Data were collected through structured questionnaires from August 2nd to 27th, 2019. Study participants consisted of 163 nurses who were working for at least 6 months from 7 long-term care hospitals in B and K city. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe' test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and hierarchical regression with SPSS WIN v 21.0.Results: There were significantly positive correlations between awareness of good death (r=.46, p<.001) and perception of patients’ rights (r=.32, p<.001). The factors affecting participants’ attitude toward life-sustaining treatment were awareness of good death (β=.35, p<.001) and their own view of death (β=.24, p=.001), which explained about 27.0% of the attitude toward life-sustaining treatment.Conclusion: Based on these results, it is necessary to develop nursing educational materials that can establish values for deaths, and cultivate legal and ethical knowledge related to attitude toward life-sustaining treatment. In addition, since the severity of a patient’s condition varies and the characteristics of the institution vary depending on the type of hospital, a study is needed on the relevance of variables considering the hospital environment.
Experiences of nurses at a general hospital in Seoul which is temporarily closed due to COVID-19
Authors: Jin Dalrae , Lee Gyuyoung
Published: December 2020

Purpose: This study is aimed at preparing basic data to increase professionalism in nursing and effective counter-strategies against future infectious diseases. For that purpose, this study investigated the experiences of nurses in a general hospital with an 800-bed size, temporarily closed after a confirmed case of COVID-19.Methods: This study was a qualitative study using individual in-depth interviews, and data were collected from 10 nurses in a university hospital temporarily closed from May 1 to June 13, 2020.Results: As a result of this study, the subjects were classified into ‘COVID-19 and nursing’, ‘nursing work and vocation’ and ‘life changed with COVID-19’.Conclusion: In conclusion, there is a need for education that nurtures the ability of nurses to screen patients with infectious diseases well and to skillfully wear and remove protective clothing. In addition, in order to cultivate the expertise of nurses and respond efficiently to infectious diseases, a separate compensation, such as a risk allowance, is required along with the establishment of an infrastructure that fully supports personnel and supplies. A mental health program to relieve stress is also required.
The lived experience of health-management in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Son Hye Gyeong , Park Hyun-Joo , Kim Sang Jin , Han A-Leum
Published: December 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the health care experiences among patients with Parkinson’s disease.Methods: Of the qualitative research methods, Colaizzi’s phenomenological method was used in this study. A total of nine patients, who were diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease and receiving outpatient treatment, were selected as the subjects of this study. Subsequently, data were collected through individual in-depth interview.Results: The four categories obtained as a result were ‘strenuous efforts to control my own body,’ ‘subject of health that no one can replace,’ ‘focus on the current while expecting a breakthrough in health management,’ and ‘human dignity that cannot be lost to the end.’Conclusion: The study results are expected to help health care providers deeply understand the experiences in health care among patients with Parkinson’s disease and to provide source data for nursing intervention development that can be helpful in managing the health status of patients with Parkinson’s disease.
Working and knowing in technology-mediated environments
Authors: Parolin Laura Lucia
Published: December 2020

Comprehensions of how technology-mediated environments work are marked by a lack of theoretical sophistication about how expertise emerges and develops. Using a practice-based approach to workplace learning and knowing, a case of telecardiological consultation is discussed, where a dedicated call center works by connecting general practitioners (GPs) with remote cardiologists. The service allows GPsto send electrocardiogram traces (ECGs) and discuss the needs of patients with a cardiologist. The role of materials (ECG traces, the recording machine, infrastructure), and communication (synchronous communication in the form of a phone call) are considered in the practical application of the service. It is argued that being an expert telecardiologist entails the ability to align heterogeneous elements, and co-construct, a reliable interpretation of the patient’s situation alongside a doctor. To do that when the situation is not immediately clear, necessitates both doctors discursively mobilize different bio-physiological, chemical, material, social and psychological aspects of a patient’s condition, in order to arrive at a reliable interpretation. Thanks to a practice-based sensitivity, I analyze the case study reading these interactions as competent material-discursive practices.
Odpowiedzialność przebijająca w ramach private enforcement
Authors: Dąbroś Mateusz
Published: December 2020

In the context of private enforcement of competition law, the issue of piercing the corporate veil, that is, the possibility of holding a non-direct infringer liable becomes particularly important. Pursuant to the thesis of the CJEU ‘Skanska’ judgment, civil courts adjudicating in cases of damages for infringements of competition law should understand the concept of ‘undertaking’ in accordance with Article 101 TFEU and its established interpretation by the Court, which may mean also adopting, under private law, the doctrine of economic succession (economic continuity) and the concept of a single economic unit. Individual member states, such as Spain and Portugal, have already adopted relevant legal regulations regarding the issue in question. In other countries, this matter has become the subject of judicial considerations. In Poland, neither of these two situations occurs. One should opt for the broad adoption of the concept of piercing the corporate veil in the context of liability for damages arising from an infringement of competition law – with both EU and national dimension.
Odpowiedzialność a swoboda przepływu osób, towarów i usług w ramach UE – próby unifi kacji odpowiedzialności na przykładzie ubezpieczeń.Zarys problemu
Authors: Kozioł Aleksandra A.
Published: December 2020

The article is an attempt to present the problem of the impact of building the Security, Freedom and Justice Space on the institution of responsibility. Works on the codifi cation of private law within groups and teams have been analyzed. A special place in these works was occupied by works on codifying tort liability. The European Union is also trying to sort out liability issues in the form of legal acts resolutions. The Court of Justice of the European Union also plays an important role in interpreting the application of law.
Pilsētu izturētspējas dinamika pret dabas draudiem
Authors:   , Feofilovs Maksims
Published: December 2020

Dabas katastrofu statistika un iedzīvotāju skaita pieaugums pasaulē kopā ar urbanizācijas līmeņa pieaugumu liecina par katastrofu riska palielināšanos pilsētās. Turklāt tiek prognozēts, ka klimata pārmaiņu ietekme palielinās dabisko apdraudējumu aktivitātes pieaugumu. Pētījumi, kuru mērķis ir sniegt atbalstu katastrofu riska mazināšanas politikai šobrīd ir ļoti svarīgi. Jautājumi, kas saistīti ar to, kā izmērīt pilsētu izturētpsēju pret dabisko apdraudējumu, praksē ir aktuāla problēma. Katastrofu riska mazināšanas politikas plānošanai ir nepieciešams konsekvents atbalsts alternatīvu politikas stratēģiju izvērtēšanai, kuru mērķis ir uzlabot izturētspēju. Pašreizējās pilsētas izturētsējas novērtēšanai izmantotās metodes nespēj aptvert svarīgu aspektu kopumu vienā mērījumā. Daudzdimensionalitāte, dinamika, īstermiņa un ilgtermiņa perspektīva un dažādas katastrofu iespējamības vēl nav ietvertas kopā vienā rīkā. Tādējādi promocijas darba mērķis ir radīt jaunu instrumentu pilsētu izturētspējas pret dabisko apdraudējumu novērtēšanai. Promocijas darbā tiek izmantotas trīs metodes izturētspējas novērtēšanai vietējā gadījumu izpētē: saliktais indikators, varbūtības simulācija un sistēmdinamika. Gadījumu izpēte ļauj izprast katras metodes vājās un stiprās puses. Rezultātā šīs metodes tiek integrētas vienā rīkā, lai pārvarētu katras metodes ierobežojumus. Promocijas darbs ir izstrādāts angļu valodā, tajā ir ievads, trīs nodaļas, diskusija, secinājumi un rekomendācijas, literatūras saraksts, pieliktas 7 publikācijas, 53 attēli, astoņas tabulas, kopā 180 lappuses. Literatūras sarakstā ir 160 nosaukumi. Ievadā ir izklāstīts promocijas darba mērķis, izstrādātā rīka zinātniskā un praktiskā nozīme kopā ar zinātniskajiem rakstiem, kas publicēti par darba tēmu. Apstiprinātie rezultāti tiek pasniegti kā publikāciju saraksts un prezentācijas, kas veiktas starptautiskās zinātniskās konferencēs. Tiek pieminētas arī citas autora publikācijas. Promocijas darba pamatā ir tematiski vienotas septiņas zinātniskās publikācijas, kas veltītas gadījumu izpētei un rīka attīstībai. Ar publikāciju palīdzību šajā darbā izstrādātās zināšanas tiek nodotas plašākām zinātnieku aprindām. Publikācijas tiek publicētas starptautiskos zinātniskos žurnālos un citētas starptautiskās zinātniskās datu bāzēs. Tās ir pievienotas Promocijas darba beigās. Promocijas darbs sastāv no trim galvenajām nodaļām, kurās aprakstīta literatūra, metodoloģija un rezultāti no zinātniskajām publikācijām. Promocijas darba 1. nodaļa ir literatūras apskats par pētījuma jomas pašreizējo aktualitāti, pētāmā termina izturētspēja terminoloģisko dažādību un epistemoloģiskās disjunkcijām un mērīšanas metodēm. 2. nodaļā aprakstīts katrs promocijas darba metodoloģijas posms, iepazīstinot ar galvenajiem soļiem, kas veikti katrā atsevišķā gadījumu pētījumā. 3. nodaļā ir sniegts rezultātu izklāsts. Rezultātu nodaļā tiek prezentēts izstrādātais pilsētu izturētspējas pret dabisko apdraudējumu novērtēšanas rīks. Visbeidzot, darba beigās tiek sniegti secinājumi, kas izriet no rīka izveidošanas un testēšanas.
Dynamics of Urban Resilience to Natural Hazards
Authors:   , Feofilovs Maksims
Published: December 2020

The statistics of natural disasters, growing population and increasing urbanization rate is indicate a potential increase of disaster risk in urban areas. Research aiming to provide support to disaster risk reduction policies currently is of high importance. The question how to measure urban resilience to natural hazard is an actual problem in research and urban policy planning. A consistent support for assessing urban resilience and evaluating alternative policy strategies for strengthening resilience in required. The current methods applied for assessment of urban resilience are failing to capture the set of important aspects in one measurement. Multidimensionality, short-term and long-term perspective and different likelihoods of disaster occurrence are not captured yet in one single tool. Thus, the Doctoral Thesis aims at creating a novel tool for urban resilience to natural hazard assessment. Three methods ‒ composite indicator, probabilistic simulation, and system dynamics ‒ are applied in a local case study for resilience assessment. Case studies allow understanding the limitations and strengths of the methods. As a result, these methods are integrated into a single tool to overcome limitations of each method. The Doctoral Thesis has been written in English. It consists of an Introduction; 3 Main Chapters; Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations; 53 figures; 8 tables and 7 publications in appendices; the total number of pages is 180. The Bibliography contains 160 titles. The introduction presents the aim of the Doctoral Thesis, the scientific and practical importance of the developed tool together with the scientific articles published on the topic of the Thesis. The approbated results are presented as a list of publications and presentation made at international scientific conferences. In addition, other publications of the author that are not in line with the Thesis are mentioned. The Doctoral Thesis is based on thematically unified seven scientific articles dedicated to case studies and development of the tool. With help of publications the developed knowledge within this Thesis is transferred to broader scientific community. The publications are published in international scientific journals and are indexed in international scientific databases. The Thesis itself consists of three main chapters. Chapter 1 of the Doctoral Thesis is a literature review on the current topicality of the research field, the terminological variety and epistemological disjunctions of the studied term “resilience” and methods used to measure resilience. Chapter 2 describes each step of methodology of the Doctoral Thesis, presenting the main steps performed in each of the separate studies made within thematic publications. Chapter 3 presents the achieved result. The focus of the chapter is the construct and application of the developed assessment tool of dynamic urban resilience to natural hazards. Finally, conclusions are given at the end of the Thesis resulting from the development and testing of the tool.
A Variational Model for Historical Systems of Rural Settlement (on the Example of the Derevskaya Pyatina on the Territory of Novgorod)
Authors: Shpirko Sergey
Published: December 2020

The research subject of this article is the mathematical modeling of the process of spatial settlement among medieval rural populations. Due to the heterogeneous features of land in different regions, the distribution of populations is not uniform. Along with the system of ordinary settlements, the presented model examines the system of the centers serving them. As such, there are settlements that have concentrated on themselves the functions of serving the entire surrounding population (for example, tribute collection centers or parish centers). The model assumes that the distribution of the system of centers is not uniform. The aim of the developed model is to describe the laws of such settlement systems. In order to achieve this goal, an innovative variational approach is developed, the essence of whichconsists in considering the process of historical settlement as a self-developing system, characterized by its parameters and needs. The use of the mathematical methods of variation calculations within the framework of this approach allowed the author to find the parameters of the existing systems for establishing centers and to quantitatively describe the relevant phenomena occurring within them. The testing of the proposed model is carried out on the basis of one rural settlement structure from the late 15th - early 16th centuries (Derevskaya Pyatina on the territory of Novgorod). A high degree of correspondence in the obtained theoretical results from empirical data allows the author to consider mathematical modeling as an adequate and convenient auxiliary tool for studying the process of historical settlement.
“I am a Soldier; I Have Never Meddled in Politics and Do Not Meddle Now”: General A. E. Evert and the February Revolution
Authors: Sergushkin Sergey
Published: December 2020

The article focuses on the role of A. E. Evert, the commander-in-chief of the armies of the Western Front, in the events of the February Revolution. Russia's top military leadership took a consolidated position on the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II from the throne, but the unity regarding the fate of the Empire's future was only an appearance. This is made clear through a detailed examination of the decisions made by Evert during the last crucial days for the Russian Empire and of his motives. The author pays particular attention to the period after the emperor’s abdication when, in the political vacuum, the commander-in-chief of the armies of the Western Front changed his line of conduct and proposed the bold project of transferring the country's real political power under military control. The methodological basis of this study is the principles of historicism, systematicity and scientific objectivity, while also using the comparative and historical-genetic methods.  Evert considered the constitutional monarchy with Mikhail Alexandrovich on the throne as a worthy alternative to the forceful suppression of the revolution in the rear, which cannot be said about his view on the Provisional Government and the prospect of elections to the Constituent Assembly during the war. In this regard, the commander-in-chief of the armies of the Western Front hoped, with the support of his colleagues, to impose his will on the rebellious capital. However, his project did not receive the necessary support, and his disloyalty to the Provisional Government led to his early resignation.
The Role of the Baskunchak Railway in the Development of the Salt Industry in the Astrakhan Governorate During the Second Half of the 19th Century
Authors: Khairlapova Marina Marksovna
Published: December 2020

The research subject of this article is the salt industry in the Astrakhan Governorate during the second half of the 19th century. The article's research object is the role of the Baskunchak railway in the development of the salt industry in the Astrakhan Governorate during the second half of the 19th century. The chronological framework of this study encompasses the period from the second half of the 19th century, when precisely at this time the government policy changed to the state reorganization of the entire railway system in Russia in the reign of Alexander II, and later in the reign of Alexander III, on the discussed here example, construction and operation of the Baskunchak railway. The author provides a detailed comprehensive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of transporting salt along the Baskunchak railway compared with transportation by oxen, which leads to the affirmation that after its opening this railway became the most important economic artery in Russia. This work uses the problem-chronological method, the historical-descriptive method, the historical-comparative and historical-systemic methods. The novelty of this study lies in its detailed elaboration of a previously unstudied direction, such as the influence of the new railway on the development of the salt industry in the Astrakhan Governorate during the second half of the 19th century.The role of the Baskunchak railway in the growth of the salt industry in the Astrakhan Governorate during the second half of the 19th century is indisputable. The railway connecting Lake Baskunchak with Port Vladimir has opened the most reliable and convenient form of transport. The materials used in this work are relevant for use in university education processes in the Astrakhan region for teaching general and specialized courses in Russian history and other related disciplines.
The Allegorical and Symbolic Meaning in West European Porcelain Craft of the 18th Century
Authors: Karyakina Tatyana Dmitrievna
Published: December 2020

The article takes a look at the works of various porcelain manufactories: Italian Docchia, German Meissen and Nymphenburg, Viennese and French Sèvres. These works are subject to allegorical interpretation and symbolic meaning. This content feature is one of the characteristic features of Baroque and Rococo art. The author pays particular attention to the identification of allegorical attributes and specific elements of form and decor that carry symbolic meaning. Porcelain artifacts, the authors of which are prominent European masters (Soldani, Kändler, Eberlein, Bustelli, Niedermeier and Fournier), are examined in detail. These kinds of decorative and applied arts reflected the unique worldview of a person living in the 18th century - the period of Enlightenment. The following methods of art history laid the foundation for this study: the formal-stylistic and iconological analyses of porcelain artifacts, which enabled the author to identify the semantic content of examined images. The scientific novelty of this article lies in the fact that for the first time in Russian art studies, a comprehensive study of the works of 18th-century porcelain crafts from different countries was carried out in order to identify their symbolic meanings. A detailed study of these works gives the author reason to conclude that bestowing artifacts with symbolic content is characteristic of Baroque and Rococo art, and that these works reflected one of the features of the figurative art system of the 18th century.
The results of Soviet urbanization of Chita Oblast: structure, count and functional significance of urban settlements
Authors: Breslavskii Anatolii Sergeevich
Published: December 2020

  The article is dedicated to the results of urbanization of Chita Oblast in the late Soviet period. The author examines the established structure of urban settlements, count of cities and industrial townships, as well as their functional designation in the late 1980s. A brief characteristic of production base formed in the Soviet period (organizations, enterprises, etc.) is given by each city and large worker’s settlement. Calculation is conducted on separate demographic parameters of urbanization of the region: share of the urban population, share of the population of cities and industrial townships in the urban population, etc. The research leans on the official results of the All-Union Census of 1989, as well as the data from the official websites of urban settlements in Zabaykalsky Krai. It is underlined that by the end of the 1980s, on the territory of Chita Oblast was formed a broad and dispersed network of urban settlements, which for the most part scattered along Trans-Siberian Railway and southward towards the border with China. Trans-Baikal Railway and mining industry played the leading role in formation of majority of cities and workers’ settlements. The structure of urban settlements highlighted the capita of the region – Chita by demographical and functional aspects. However, nine more cities and five large townships with over 12,000 population and developed infrastructure, smoothed out the territorial imbalances in urbanization of the region.  
The dynamics of sanitary and epidemiological situation in Kemerovo Region during the 1946 – 1950s
Authors: Borovikova Zlata Vladimirovna
Published: December 2020

The subject of this research is the sanitary and epidemiological situation in Kemerovo Region during the 1946 – 1950s. The article describes the dynamics and peculiarities of sanitary state and epidemiological situation in the initial postwar years in one of the most industrialized and urbanized regions of the Soviet Union. Analysis is conducted on the factors of the severe epidemiological situation that formed in Kuzbass after the end of the Great Patriotic War. The impact of sanitary state of cities upon population health is indicated. The research is based on the concept of demographic transition; one of its implications was the modernization of mortality. Accelerated industrialization in Kuzbass predetermined the rapid growth of urban population and stagnation of the entire social and general-purpose infrastructure, which led deterioration of sanitary situation, spread of infectious diseases, and increase of mortality rate in the region during the late 1940s. The development of housing and utility sector, and improvement of the population welfare in late 1950s contributed to stabilization of sanitary and epidemiological situation in Kuzbass. However, intensive industrial development in the region significantly worsened the ecological situation, which resulted in the increase of malignant tumors among the population. Throughout the entire period under review, the unfavorable sanitary and epidemiological situation led to not only excess incidence and mortality, but also the outflow of local population to other regions, as well as low adaptability of the migrants.
Ángel María Garibay (1892-1967): the analysis of Nahuati poetic texts as a contribution to Mexican historical science
Authors: Veselova Irina
Published: December 2020

The subject of this research is scientific activity of the Mexican philologist and historian Ángel María Garibay (1892-1967), who dedicated his life to accumulation, translation and analysis of various types of texts written in the Nahuatl language during the pre-colonial period and Spanish colonization of the Americas. The goal consists in clarification of schoolar’s contribution to the development of Mexican historical science, namely the ancient history of Mexico. The article analyzes the key stages in scientific career of A. M. Garibay, as well as examines his major works. The persona of this scholar and his writings unfortunately did not receive due attention in the Russian Latin American Studies. The conclusion is made that the works of A. M. Garibay predetermined the vector of research in the area of culture of pre-Columbian period of Mexico for decades ahead. His outlook upon the history of pre-Columbian civilizations in a remarkable manner intertwines with the perception of ancient history of the region by Creole historians of the late XVIII century. Garibay alongside Creole historians analogizes the culture of ancient Mexicans with the cultures of European antiquity. This article can be valuable to national researchers dealing with Mexican historiography and Mexican history overall.
Certain aspects of functionality of Baskachestvo in Rus’: a historiographical overview
Authors: Hu Weiyang
Published: December 2020

From the perspective of historiography, the question of functionality of the institution of Baskachestvo in Rus’ is an integral part of the major problem of relations between Rus’ and the Golden Horde. This article is dedicated to determination and interpretation of the views of Russian scholars upon the following aspects of functionality of the Organization of Baskaks in Rus’: functions and duties; life span; factors of establishment and abolishment; its location. The object of this research is the scientific works of prerevolutionary, Soviet and contemporary Russian scholars. The writings are presented in chronological order of their creation, and grouped by the topic. As a result of this research, the author invented the fullest list of scientific works dedicated to peculiarities of functionality of the Institution of Baskachestvo in Rus’. The snalysis of scientific literature on Mongolian problematic revealed various opinions of the scholars on the key aspects of functionality of the Organization of Baskaks in Rus’. Various duties are assigned to Baskaks, the main of which is the collection of tribute. The scholars are unanimous with regards to the leading role of the Institution of Baskachestvo. Majority of researchers nominate Baskaks as the viceroys of the Mongolian khans. The emergence of the Organization of Baskaks in Rus’ is usually associated with the conduct of census in Rus’. The reason for the liquidation of the Institution of Baskaks is considered the transition in of the function of collecting the Horde tribute from Mongolian officials to the Rus’ princes in the XIV century. In the Soviet historical science, wide recognition gained the idea of A. N. Nasonov on the Baskaks as the leaders of the Mongolian military units. The contemporary researchers express different points of view.
Stone industry of the Kamennobalkovsky culture – current state of research (on the materials of the 2nd cultural layer of sites Kamennaya Balka II and Tretiy Mys)
Authors: Khaikunova Nina Anatol'evna , Vinogradova Ekaterina Aleksandrovna
Published: December 2020

The subject of this research is the collection of tools from the middle cultural layers of Upper Paleolithic monuments Kamennaya Balka II and the Tretiy Mys located in the Lower Don. The monuments that have been studied over the course of 50 years by scientific archaeological expeditions of Moscow University and State Historical Museum required additional examination and clarification of the main characteristics of stone industry, according to which was determined the Kamennobalkovsky Paleolithic culture. The traditional typological method of research was applied in working with the collections. The basic categories of tools processed via morphological analysis served as the foundation for this research. The author describes and compares the main categories of instrument, such as microliths with a blunted point, incisors, scrapers, burins, scaly and denticulate tools. The author identified and verified the signs that confirm similarity of the monuments and discrepancies in morphology of the groups and categories of tools. As a result, belonging of the middle cultural layers of monuments to Kamennobalkovsky culture was verified, which implies the 1,500-2,000 years of existence and development of the culture. It is also noted that the differences can be of temporal or industrial in nature at different sites of the monuments. The inventory of the main cultural layer of Kamennaya Balka II and 2nd cultural layer of the site Tretiy Mys is characterized with individual attributes that are distinct from the earlier or later layers of Kamennaya Balka sites.
Pursuing the Need for Physical Activity in Recurrent CVA Patients During Hospitalization: A Case Report
Authors: Hermawan Stepanus Maman , Wihardja Hany
Published: December 2020

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is neurological deficit condition caused by an acute focal injury of the central nervous system by cerebral infarction or intracerebral hemorrhage. CVA patients who do not reduce risk factors after the first attack have an 8.7 times higher risk of CVA recurrence. The effect of a recurrent CVA is six times greater than the risk of a first CVA in the general population of the same age and sex, and nearly half of them remain alive but are physically disabled. This case report illustrates the process of recurrent CVA and disability experienced by a 69-year-old Malay woman, a patient at a private hospital in West Kalimantan. The nursing strategy of two post-CVA physical rehabilitation exercise programs for patients during hospitalization will be explained according to the stages in nursing theory. Abstrak Mengejar Kebutuhan Aktivitas Fisik pada Pasien CVA Berulang Selama Hospitalisasi: Laporan Kasus. Cerebrovaskuler Accident (CVA) adalah kondisi sebagai defisit neurologis karena cedera akut pada sistem saraf pusat disebabkan infark serebral atau perdarahan intraserebral. Pasien CVA yang tidak menurunkan faktor risikonya secara optimal setelah serangan pertama memiliki risiko CVA berulang sebesar 8,7 kali lebih tinggi. Efek dari CVA berulang adalah 6 kali lebih besar dari episode CVA pertama pada populasi umum, usia dan jenis kelamin yang sama, hampir setengah dari mereka tetap hidup tetapi mengalami cacat secara fisik. Laporan kasus ini menggambarkan gambaran penyakit CVA berulang dan kecacatan yang dialami seorang wanita Melayu berusia 69 tahun, seorang pasien di Rumah Sakit Swasta, Kalimantan Barat. Strategi keperawatan untuk dua program latihan rehabilitasi fisik pasca-CVA bagi pasien selama hospitalisasi akan dijelaskan sesuai dengan tahapan pada teori keperawatan. Kata Kunci: aktivitas fisik, recurrent cerebrovascular accident, hospitalisasi
Correlation between Disclosure Status and Stress in Men who Have Sex with Men with HIV
Authors: Edianto Edianto , Waluyo Agung , Yona Sri , Martiana Ina
Published: December 2020

Men who have sex with men living with HIV (MSM-LWH) experience psychological and social issues, including depression, anxiety, fear of infecting others, frustration, and social isolation. They may also experience problems in their relationships due to a fear of social stigma, such as marital issues, family conflicts, a lack of family support, economic difficulties, and social rejection by the family. This research aimed to assess the relationship between HIV status disclosure and stress in MSM-LWH in Medan, Indonesia. Here, a cross-sectional design and the convenience sampling technique were used. A total of 176 respondents who were MSM, HIV positive, and residents of Medan City were included in this work. Data were collected by means of HIV Status Disclosure questionnaires and a Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Overall, 70.9% respondents reported disclosing their status to others and approximately half revealed experiencing stress. Moreover, HIV status disclosure was significantly associated with stress (p= 0.025). This study reveals that HIV status disclosure may result in negative effects on MSMLWH, represent a barrier to medical treatment, and increase internal stress. Abstrak Hubungan antara Status Disclosure dengan Stres pada Lelaki yang Berhubungan Seks dengan Lelaki dengan HIV. Lelaki yang berhubungan Seks dengan lelaki (LSL) yang hidup dengan HIV mengalami masalah psikologis dan sosial termasuk depresi, kecemasan, ketakutan menulari orang lain, frustasi dan isolasi sosial. Selain itu juga mengalami masalah dalam hubungan sosial karena takut akan stigma, konflik dalam keluarga, kurangnya dukungan keluarga, kesulitan ekonomi dan penolakan oleh keluarga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara status disclosure HIV dengan stress pada LSL yang hidup dengan HIV di Medan, Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah cross-sectional dengan menggunakan teknik convenience sampling. Sebanyak 176 responden LSL dengan HIV positif dan tinggal di wilayah kota Medan. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan HIV Status Disclosure Questionare dan Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa sebanyak 70,9% responden memiliki status disclosure HIV rendah, sementara itu sebanyak 55,1% resonden mengalami stress yang tinggi. Status disclosure HIV secara ber-makna dikaitkan dengan stress (p= 0,025). Penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa status disclosure HIV dapat mem-berikan efek negatif pada LSL yang hidup dengan HIV dan menjadi penghalang untuk perawatan medis dan mening-katkan stress internal.Kata Kunci: HIV, lelaki yeng berhubungan seks dengan lelaki, status disclosure, stres
Effectiveness of Peer-Assisted Learning in Nursing Student Knowledge and Compliance in the Application of Standard Precautions
Authors: Desnita Ria , Surya Defrima Oka
Published: December 2020

The learning process in higher nursing education develops student competences, such as applying standard precautions, in providing professional nursing care. To improve student knowledge and compliance related to standard precautions requires innovation from lecturers in providing appropriate learning methods. Peer-assisted learning (PAL) can enhance the active role of students and improve achievement. The PAL method involves senior students as peer teachers who help junior students. Using a questionnaire as an assessment instrument, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of PAL on knowledge and compliance in the application of standard precautions in student nurses. This study design was quasi experimental with pre and post assessment and a control group design approach. This research was conducted at the D Hospital in Padang, Indonesia, a hospital where students practice. This study was conducted in June–September 2017 with a sample size of 45. Data analysis using paired t-test showed that the average values of the level of knowledge and skills of students in the application of standard precautions before and after PAL methods differed significantly in the intervention group (p= 0.001). In conclusion, PAL can be applied in the learning process of nursing students to increase student achievement. Abstrak Efektifitas Metode Peer-Assisted Learning terhadap Tingkat Pengetahuan dan Kepatuhan Mahasiswa dalam Penerapan Kewaspadaan Standar. Proses pembelajaran dalam pendidikan tinggi keperawatan mengembangkan kompetensi siswa, seperti menerapkan tindakan pencegahan standar, dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatan profesional. Untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kepatuhan mahasiswa terkait kewaspadaan standar, dibutuhkan inovasi dari dosen dalam memberikan metode pembelajaran yang tepat. Peer-assisted learning (PAL) dapat mening-katkan peran aktif siswa dan meningkatkan prestasi. Metode PAL melibatkan mahasiswa senior sebagai peer-teacher yang membantu mahasiswa junior. Menggunakan kuesioner sebagai instrumen penilaian, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan efektivitas PAL pada pengetahuan dan kepatuhan dalam penerapan kewaspadaan standar pada maha-siswa keperawatan. Desain penelitian ini adalah quasi experiment dengan penilaian pre dan post dan pendekatan control group design. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Rumah Sakit D di Padang, Indonesia, sebuah rumah sakit tempat praktik mahasiswa. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada Juni–September 2017 dengan sampel 45. Analisis data menggunakan paired t-test menunjukkan bahwa nilai rerata tingkat pengetahuan dan keterampilan mahasiswa dalam penerapan kewaspadaan standar sebelum dan sesudah metode PAL berbeda secara signifikan pada kelompok intervensi (p= 0,001). Kesimpulan-nya, PAL dapat diterapkan dalam proses belajar siswa keperawatan untuk meningkatkan prestasi siswa. Kata kunci: kewaspadaan standar, mahasiswa keperawatan, peer-assisted learning