bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prism[2]dihydrophenazines: Synthesis, Configurational Analysis, and Supramolecular Tessellation through Exo‐Wall Interactions
Authors: An Shenglong , Gong Kehui , Yang Chuanxing , Su Jianhua , Zhang Zhiyun
Published: March 2024

Macrocyclic arenes have gained considerable attention for their structural diversity and widespread applications. In this research, a new kind of macrocyclic arenes, namely prism[2]dihydrophenazines (anti‐P2P20, syn‐P2P20, and P2P22), composed of two dihydrophenazine derivatives subunits bridged by methylene groups, were conveniently synthesized by AlCl3‐catalyzed one‐pot condensation in 1,2‐dichloroethane. Both anti‐P2P20 and its isomer syn‐P2P20 exhibited flexible and convertible conformation with narrow cavity, while P2P22 possessed rigid and rhombic‐like skeleton due to the more steric hindrance on subunits. In addition, the selection of electron‐deficient guest was found to influence the outside binding behavior of syn‐P2P20. Fantastic regular supramolecular tessellation was fabricated by tiling of syn‐P2P20 with tetrafluoro‐1,4‐benzoquinone (TFB) through the exo‐wall interactions. Using 1,5‐difluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene (DFN) as a linker, only the regular 2D network superstructure with periodic units in a plane was obtained through cocrystallization. This work not only reports the construction of supramolecular tessellations by using prism[2]dihydrophenazines as building blocks, but also provides a new perspective for the design of macrocyclic arenes and fabrication of 2D supramolecular materials.
A Flexible Mouse Model of Autoimmune Thyroiditis Induced by Immunization with an Adenovirus Containing Full‐Length Thyroglobulin cDNA
Authors: Kozhakhmetova Aizhan , Tomer Yaron , Stefan‐Lifshitz Mihaela
Published: March 2024

The main challenge in the “post‐GWAS” era is to determine the functional meaning of genetic variants and their contribution to disease pathogenesis. Development of suitable mouse models is critical because disease susceptibility is triggered by complex interactions between genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that cannot be modeled by in vitro models. Thyroglobulin (TG) is a key gene for autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TG coding region have been associated with AITD. The classical model of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT), based on immunization of genetically susceptible mouse strains with purified TG protein in adjuvant, does not allow testing the impact of TG sequence variants on the development of autoimmune thyroiditis. Here we describe a protocol for the induction of EAT by immunization of mice susceptible to thyroiditis with an adenovirus vector carrying full‐length human TG cDNA (Ad‐TG EAT). We also provide support protocols for evaluation of autoimmune thyroiditis including serological assessment of TG antibodies, in vitro splenocyte proliferation assay and cytokines secretion, thyroid histology, and evaluation of thyroid lymphocytic infiltration by immunostaining. This protocol for EAT induction allows manipulation of the TG cDNA to introduce variants associated with AITD, enabling the testing of the functional effects of susceptible variants and their haplotypes on the immunogenicity of TG. Furthermore, the Ad‐TG EAT mouse model is a valuable model for studying the interactions of the TG variants with non‐genetic factors influencing AITD development (e.g., cytokines, iodine exposure) or with variants of other susceptible genes (e.g., HLA‐DRβ1). © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol: Development of a mouse model of autoimmune thyroiditis induced by immunization with adenovirus containing full‐length thyroglobulin cDNA

Support Protocol 1: Splenocytes isolation

Support Protocol 2: T cell stimulation and carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) based cell proliferation assay

Support Protocol 3: Cytokine assays: measuring levels of interferon gamma (IFNγ) and interleukins IL‐2, IL‐4, and IL‐10 in splenocyte supernatants

Support Protocol 4: Evaluating thyroid histology and infiltration with immune cells: hematoxylin‐eosin staining of mice thyroid glands

Support Protocol 5: Immunohistochemistry of thyroid tissues: Immunofluorescence protocol of paraffin‐embedded thyroid sections

Support Protocol 6: Anti‐thyroglobulin antibody measurement in mice sera by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Advances in Carbamazepine Cocrystals: A Review
Authors: Kalantri Sandesh S. , Yadav Manishkumar D.
Published: March 2024

Carbamazepine (CBZ), a widely used antiepileptic drug, is known for its therapeutic efficacy but exhibits suboptimal physicochemical characteristics, including limited bioavailability, low solubility, and poor dissolution rates. In recent years, cocrystallization has emerged as a promising approach to improve these properties and enhance the overall performance of CBZ. This review paper presents a comprehensive exploration of the advances in CBZ cocrystals, focusing on their role in enhancing bioavailability, solubility/dissolution rates, morphology, and stability compared to raw CBZ. It delves into the in‐depth examination of computational techniques, such as molecular modelling and crystal structure prediction, that play a pivotal role in the rational design and prediction of CBZ cocrystals, thereby expediting the development process. Additionally, the morphological attributes of CBZ cocrystals are discussed, shedding light on how the unique crystal structures affect their physical properties. Stability is another critical aspect addressed in this review, encompassing thermal, physical, and chemical stability. The thermal behavior of CBZ cocrystals is analyzed through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and their crystal structures are characterized by techniques such as X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). These analyses reveal the stability and structural changes of CBZ cocrystals under various conditions, providing valuable insights for formulation and storage. In summary, this comprehensive review paper amalgamates the latest advancements in CBZ cocrystals, demonstrating their capacity to significantly improve bioavailability, solubility, dissolution rates, and stability.
Effectiveness of auditory distraction on the management of dental anxiety in patients undergoing tooth extraction at a tertiary care hospital in Islamabad
Authors: Qazi Sheze Haroon , Masoud Saba , Tariq Khadija , Khan Minahil , Emrani Reza , Ashraf Javed
Published: March 2024

Objectives

The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of anxiety reduction protocol using auditory distraction in alleviating dental anxiety among patients undergoing tooth extraction.

Materials and Methods

A randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Oral Surgery Department at Islamabad Dental Hospital from July to December 2022, involving 50 patients scheduled for tooth extraction. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: an interventional group, exposed to auditory distraction, and a noninterventional group, without exposure to auditory distraction before the dental extraction. Dental anxiety was measured using the modified dental anxiety scale (MDAS) questionnaire, which scores anxiety levels on a range from 5 (not anxious) to 25 (extremely anxious). Anxiety levels were assessed in the waiting room and just before extraction, and the results were compared across both groups to evaluate the effectiveness of auditory distraction in reducing dental anxiety.

Results

The sample size of 50 was randomly and equally allocated to the interventional and noninterventional groups. The study population consisted of 28 (56%) female and 22 (44%) male participants. No significant difference was observed between the anxiety scores of interventional and noninterventional groups at baseline. A significant reduction in anxiety scores was observed in the intervention group during postintervention assessment, while no significant difference was seen in the noninterventional group's anxiety scores.

Conclusions

The study supports the efficacy of anxiety reduction protocol using auditory distraction as a practical tool for reducing dental anxiety among patients undergoing tooth extraction.
Mallampati score in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders: A pilot case‐control study
Authors: Mirmortazavi Amirtaher , Madani Azam Sadat , Hassanzadeh Saeed , Shakiba Reza
Published: March 2024

Objectives

Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) is defined as any functional abnormalities in different parts of the face and neck. The Mallampati index is an indicator for determining the extent of airway blockage. No study has examined the relationship between TMD and Mallampati score. Most studies have investigated the relationship between temporomandibular joint problems and sleep problems. This pilot study aimed to assess the Mallampati index scores among TMD patients.

Material and Methods

Eighty‐four people were divided into the case (based on RDC/TMD) and control groups. Demographic information, neck circumference, tongue size, Mallampati score, and other variables were asked of people. STOP‐BANG and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were also completed for each patient. Data were analyzed with Chi‐square, Fisher's exact, and Mann–Whitney tests.

Results

The Mallampati and PSQI questionnaire scores in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.001). The results showed that larger tongue and neck circumference patients had a higher Mallampati score. Pearson correlation coefficient showed that the Mallampati score had a direct and significant relationship with body mass index and PSQI (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The results of this study show that Mallampati scores were significantly higher among patients with TMD than among healthy individuals.
The scholarship of honorifics
Authors: Davis John M. , Angle J. Scott , Ferl Robert J. , Gilbert Robert A. , Grunden Amy M. , Rials Tim G. , Senseman Scott A. , Thompson Gary A. , Toews Michael D.
Published: March 2024

Nomination is a scholarly activity, not unlike writing a manuscript or grant proposal.

Nomination is elevated by recognizing both recipients and nominators.

A nominagraph adds a dimension to the pairwise listing of recipients and nominators on ASA/CSSA/SSSA directories.
Production of Biomass‐Derived p‐Hydroxybenzamide: Synthesis of p‐Aminophenol and Paracetamol
Authors: Karlen Steven D. , Timokhin Vitaliy I. , Sener Canan , Mobley Justin K. , Runge Troy , Ralph John
Published: March 2024

As we work to transition the modern society that is based on non‐renewable chemical feedstocks to a post‐modern society built around renewable sources of energy, fuels, and chemicals, there is a need to identify the renewable resources and processes for converting them to platform chemicals. Herein, we explore a strategy for utilizing the p‐hydroxybenzoate in biomass feedstocks (e. g., poplar and palm trees) and converting it into a portfolio of commodity chemicals. The targeted bio‐derived product in the first processing stage is p‐hydroxybenzamide produced from p‐hydroxybenzoate esters found in the plant. In the second stage a continuous reaction process converts the p‐hydroxybenzamide to p‐aminophenol via the Hofmann rearrangement and recovers the unreacted p‐hydroxybenzamide. In the third stage the p‐aminophenol can be acetylated to form paracetamol, which is readily isolated by liquid/liquid extraction at >95 % purity and an overall p‐hydroxybenzamide‐to‐paracetamol process yield of ~90 %. We explore how utilization of protecting groups alters the challenges in this process and expands the portfolio of possible products to include p‐(methoxymethoxy)aniline and N‐acetyl‐p‐(methoxymethoxy)aniline. These target compounds could become value‐added renewably‐sourced platform chemicals that could be used to produce biodegradable plastics, pigments, and pharmaceuticals.
A new shadow resistance to frequency converter as a read‐out circuit for resistive sensors
Authors: Al‐Absi Muneer A.
Published: March 2024

This paper presents a new resistance to frequency converter. The design is based on a shadow signal generator that produces square and triangular waveforms. The oscillator frequency can be changed using an external circuit (shadow oscillator). This method will make the conversion speed better than the conventional oscillators, and the frequency varies linearly with the resistance variation. The circuit is built using widely available commercial integrated circuits, and powered from a ±5‐V DC supply. The recommended setup is suitable for instrumentation where the oscillation frequency is directly proportional to the variation in the resistance of the sensor. The functionality of the proposed design was confirmed by experimentation and simulation. The oscillation's frequency can be changed to be nearly 10 times greater than its starting value, according to the results.
Examining the impact of prenatal maternal internalizing symptoms and socioeconomic status on children's frontal alpha asymmetry and psychopathology
Authors: Hernandez Alexis , Sania Ayesha , Bowers Maureen E. , Leach Stephanie C. , McSweeney Marco , Yoder Lydia , Fifer William , Elliott Amy J. , Shuffrey Lauren , Rauh Virginia , Him Deana Around , Fox Nathan A. , Morales Santiago
Published: March 2024

Prenatal maternal internalizing psychopathology (depression and anxiety) and socioeconomic status (SES) have been independently associated with higher risk for internalizing and externalizing problems in children. However, the pathways behind these associations are not well understood. Numerous studies have linked greater right frontal alpha asymmetry to internalizing problems; however, findings have been mixed. Several studies have also linked maternal internalizing psychopathology to children's frontal alpha asymmetry. Additionally, emerging studies have linked SES to children's frontal alpha asymmetry. To date, only a limited number of studies have examined these associations within a longitudinal design, and the majority have utilized relatively small samples. The current preregistered study utilizes data from a large prospective study of young children (N = 415; Meanage = 7.27 years; Rangeage = 5–11 years) to examine the association between prenatal maternal internalizing symptoms, children's frontal alpha asymmetry, and behavior problems. Prenatal maternal internalizing symptoms did not predict children's frontal alpha asymmetry, and there was no association between frontal alpha asymmetry and behavior problems. However, mothers’ internalizing symptoms during pregnancy predicted children's internalizing and externalizing outcomes. Non‐preregistered analyses showed that lower prenatal maternal SES predicted greater child right frontal alpha asymmetry and internalizing problems. Additional non‐preregistered analyses did not find evidence for frontal alpha asymmetry as a moderator of the relation between prenatal maternal internalizing psychopathology and SES to children's behavior problems. Future research should examine the impact of SES on children's frontal alpha asymmetry in high‐risk samples.
Functional movement variability to maintain delivery speed in cricket fast bowling
Authors: Andrews Max H. , Gorman Adam D. , Crowther Rian H.
Published: March 2024

Fast bowling in cricket involves a complex multiarticular action performed at high speed. Functional movement variability plays an important role in helping the performer to maintain the consistency of performance outcomes, although this has not previously been examined in cricket fast bowling in relation to maintaining consistent delivery speed. Therefore, this study investigated how variability of delivery stride movement timings contributes to maintaining consistent bowling speed. Footage of six deliveries from 92 male fast bowlers were analyzed. Delivery speed was recorded, and the time of back foot contact, front foot contact and ball release were identified. The variability of movement timings and the delivery speed were determined using the coefficient of variation. Results showed greater variability in delivery stride movement timings compared to delivery speed. These findings suggest that bowlers may use movement variability to adjust their functional movement coordination pattern during the bowling action to achieve consistent bowling speed.
Are pre‐race serum blood biomarkers associated with the 24‐h ultramarathon race performance?
Authors: Amatori Stefano , Sisti Davide , Bertuccioli Alexander , Rocchi Marco B.L. , Luchetti Francesca , Nasoni Maria Gemma , Papa Stefano , Citarella Roberto , Perroni Fabrizio , Benedetti Serena
Published: March 2024

The 24‐h ultramarathon (UM) race is one of the most demanding competitive sports in terms of muscular and physiological exertion. In this context, predictors of UM athletes' physical performance are in high demand; however, data on the predictive capabilities of hematological variables are still sparse. In the present paper, we retrospectively took into consideration the pre‐race blood biomarker levels (including basic blood count, leukocyte subpopulations, markers of inflammation and organ function, metabolic profile, and electrolytes) of 50 UM athletes (M = 33, F = 17) who completed a 24‐h competition in order to identify a combination of analytes capable of predicting the athletic performance in terms of distance covered during the 24‐h run. The multiple regression analysis produced a model that explained a significant portion of the variance in the dependent variable, with an adjusted R‐squared value of 0.783 (F(13, 36) = 14.58, p < 0.001). A greater race distance was correlated with higher pre‐race values of hematocrit, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total cholesterol, HDL/LDL ratio, and triglycerides and lower levels of monocytes, eosinophils, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT), total proteins, and sodium. This study represents the first of its kind conducted on 24‐h UM athletes that investigated the association between blood markers and endurance performance. Our model, given its promising predictive power, would serve as a starting point that will require refinement and integration with other traditional performance prediction measures, in order to support athletes and coaches in better managing the training loads during the race‐approaching phases.
Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Structures: Design, Fabrication, 3D Printing Techniques, State‐of‐the‐Art Studies, and Prospective Thermal Applications for Efficient Energy Utilization
Authors: Gado Mohamed G. , Al‐Ketan Oraib , Aziz Muhammad , Al‐Rub Rashid Abu , Ookawara Shinichi
Published: March 2024

This review highlights the latest developments of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures with the aim of the system's energy utilization. TPMS structures have gained widespread recognition due to their significant heat transfer (e.g., enhanced surface area) and diverse mechanical properties (e.g., structural stability), making them highly valuable in numerous thermal applications. A comprehensive survey of the design approaches, software tools, commercial materials, and 3D printing techniques of TPMS‐based structures is provided. Research gaps and future perspectives for the commercialization of TMPS structures are identified. Moreover, the potential applications of TPMS‐based structures for heat transfer augmentation and thermal management are discussed. TPMS‐based structures are promising topologies for heat exchangers on account of their intrinsically outstanding specific surface area. In this context, TPMS‐based structures have received considerable attention for various applications, including heat exchangers, latent heat storage, hydrogen storage, battery cooling/thermal management, and membrane distillation. Besides, distinct potential applications of TPMS‐based structures are proposed for heat transfer intensification and thermal management of photovoltaic/thermal collectors and fuel cells. Meanwhile, new proposals for using TPMS‐based structures for different sorption‐based applications, notably adsorption cooling/desalination systems, adsorption atmospheric water harvesting, thermochemical energy storage, and desiccant air conditioning, are nominated for forward‐looking perspectives.
Emergence of lingual dystonia and strabismus in early‐onset SCN8A self‐limiting familial infantile epilepsy
Authors: Ancora Caterina , Ortigoza‐Escobar Juan Dario , Valletti Margherita Aluffi , Furia Francesca , Nielsen Jens Erik Klint , Møller Rikke S. , Gardella Elena
Published: March 2024

Pathogenic variants in SCN8A are associated with a broad phenotypic spectrum, including Self‐Limiting Familial Infantile Epilepsy (SeLFIE), characterized by infancy‐onset age‐related seizures with normal development and cognition. Movement disorders, particularly paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia typically arising after puberty, may represent another core symptom. We present the case of a 1‐year‐old girl with a familial disposition to self‐limiting focal seizures from the maternal side and early‐onset orofacial movement disorders associated with SCN8A‐SeLFIE. Brain MRI was normal. Genetic testing revealed a maternally inherited SCN8A variant [c.4447G > A; p.(Glu1483Lys)]. After the introduction of valproic acid, she promptly achieved seizure control as well as complete remission of strabismus and a significant decrease in episodes of tongue deviation. Family history, genetic findings, and epilepsy phenotype are consistent with SCN8A‐SeLFIE. Movement disorders are an important part of the SCN8A phenotypic spectrum, and this case highlights the novel early‐onset orofacial movement disorders associated with this condition. The episodes of tongue deviation and protrusion suggest focal oromandibular (lingual) dystonia. Additionally, while infantile strabismus or esophoria is a common finding in healthy individuals, our case raises the possibility of an ictal origin of the strabismus. This study underscores the importance of recognizing and addressing movement disorders in SCN8A‐SeLFIE patients, particularly the rare early‐onset orofacial manifestations. It adds to the growing body of knowledge regarding the diverse clinical presentations of SCN8A‐associated disorders and suggests potential avenues for clinical management and further research.
Privacy‐preserving WiFi‐based crowd monitoring
Authors: Rusca Riccardo , Carluccio Alex , Casetti Claudio , Giaccone Paolo
Published: March 2024

The process of estimating the number of individuals within a defined area, commonly referred to as people counting, is of paramount importance in the realm of safety, security and crisis management. It serves as a crucial tool for accurately monitoring crowd dynamics and facilitating well‐informed decision‐making during critical situations. In our current study, we place a special emphasis on the utilization of the WiFi fingerprint technique, leveraging probe request messages emitted by smart devices as a proxy for people counting. However, it is essential to recognize the evolving landscape of privacy regulations and the concerted efforts by major smart‐device manufacturers to enhance user privacy, exemplified by the introduction of MAC addresses randomization techniques. In this context, we designed a crowd monitoring solution that exploits Bloom filters for ensuring a formal deniability, aligning with the stringent requirements set forth by regulations like the European GDPR. Our proposed solution not only addresses the essential task of people counting but also incorporates advanced privacy‐preserving mechanisms. Importantly, it seamlessly integrates with trajectory‐based crowd monitoring, offering a comprehensive approach to managing crowds while respecting individual privacy rights.
Forecasting Consumer Price Index with Federal Open Market Committee Sentiment Index
Authors: Eklund Joshua , Kim Jong‐Min
Published: March 2024

The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is a component of the Federal Reserve System responsible for overseeing open market operations. The FOMC meets roughly eight or more times per year to assess the economy of the United States. After each meeting, the FOMC releases a statement to the press outlining its assessment of the US economy and its monetary policy stance. The sentiment of these statements may have an influence on the US economy and financial markets. Using sentiment and correlational analyses, this research examines how the sentiment of these statements affects the US economy and financial markets by analyzing how FOMC statement sentiment is correlated with the Consumer Price Index (CPI), the National Financial Conditions Index (NFCI), and the Adjusted National Financial Conditions Index (ANFCI). We find evidence to suggest that there is a moderate negative correlation between an FOMC statement's sentiment and the US City Average CPI value associated with the month before and the month after the statement's release. We also find that there is no evidence to suggest there exists a correlation between an FOMC statement's sentiment and the NFCI value associated with the week before or the week after the statement's release. However, we do find evidence to suggest that there is a moderate negative correlation between an FOMC statement's sentiment and the ANFCI value associated with the week before and the week after the statement's release. We also found that out of the three models we tested (linear regression, vine copula regression, and Gaussian copula regression), the Gaussian copula regression model performs the best when forecasting the CPI and the ANFCI. Additionally, we find that when forecasting CPI values, the models that include FOMC statement sentiment are more accurate than the models that exclude FOMC statement sentiment.
Valorization of tea waste: Composition, bioactivity, extraction methods, and utilization
Authors: Çakmak Tümay Gözdem , Saricaoglu Beyza , Ozkan Gulay , Tomas Merve , Capanoglu Esra
Published: March 2024

Tea is the most consumed beverage worldwide and has many health effects. Although there are many different types of tea, black tea and green tea comprise 98% of total tea production in the world. Tea waste production consists of withering, crushing, fermentation, drying and finally packaging processes. All of the waste generated during this production line is called tea waste. Tea production results in a significant amount of waste that cannot be effectively used for value creation. This waste contains many different components including protein, fiber, caffeine, and polyphenols. Due to its rich composition, it can be revalorized for different purposes. In this study, the general composition and bioactive compounds of tea waste were reviewed. Despite the fact that there have been few studies on the bioactivity of tea waste, those studies have also been discussed. The extraction techniques that are used to separate the compounds in the waste are also covered. It has been indicated that these valuable compounds, which can be separated from tea wastes by extraction methods, have the potential to be used for different purposes, such as biogas production, functional foods, food additives, silages, soluble packaging materials, and adsorbents. Although there are some studies on the revalorization of tea waste, new studies on the extraction of bioactive compounds are necessary to improve its utilization potential.
Microbial viability and nutritional content of water kefir grains under different storage conditions
Authors: Gökırmaklı Çağlar , Şatır Gülçin , Guzel‐Seydim Zeynep Banu
Published: March 2024

Water kefir grains are an important source of probiotics, mainly containing lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in microbial and chemical properties of water kefir grains during 1‐month storage at +4°C and −18°C. The initial content of lactobacilli, lactococci, and yeast in water kefir grains was 6.06, 6.33, and 5.93 log CFU/g, respectively. The number of lactobacilli, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium spp. in the water kefir grains were comparable, with slight changes at the end of refrigerated storage (p > .05). Lactococci and yeasts decreased significantly after both storage conditions compared to the initial content (p < .05). The dry matter and ash contents remained unchanged during storage (p > .05). Water kefir grains contained significant amounts of calcium, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B7, and vitamin B12. Storage at both +4°C and −18°C did not affect the mineral and vitamin contents, except for Cu and Vitamin B2. The results indicate that the water kefir grains remained viable after storage at both temperatures. If water kefir grains need to be stored, it is recommended to store them at +4°C in sugared water as it ensures better survivability of the microbiota of the grains.
Critical route for development of medical student leadership competencies in 35 Pan American Health Organization member states: A scoping review and thematic analysis
Authors: Rodríguez‐Feria Pablo , Paric Martina , Flórez Luis Jorge Hernández , Babich Suzanne , Czabanowska Katarzyna
Published: March 2024

The Pan American Health Organization has been committed to training physicians in leadership competencies since 2008. However, four reviews on teaching leadership using competency‐based education in undergraduate medical education (UME) identified only two of 35 MS: Canada and the USA. Previous reviews did not use a systemic approach or qualitative methodology to explore factors influencing leadership education.

Therefore, this review aims to identify facilitating and inhibiting factors in teaching leadership in UME using a scoping review and thematic analysis. Six databases containing grey and indexed literature in English, Spanish, and Portuguese were searched, including a hand search and authors' consultations.

Forty‐eight documents out of 7849 were selected based on eligibility criteria. Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis guide was used, identifying eight themes: curriculum, intended learning outcomes, teaching methods, assessment, addressing barriers, supporting organisational change, building networks, and developing expertise. Considering these themes, the authors propose a critical route for teaching leadership in UME in the Americas. First, institutional design should consider governance gaps, such as having national and international policies for leadership training in UME with inter‐professional, trans‐professional, and citizen‐focused approaches. There is a pressing need to provide leadership training for physicians and other professionals from government, academia, non‐governmental organisations, hospitals, and national and international organisations whose missions are related to health or education. Networking opportunities for stakeholders in leadership education and teacher training is also essential. Second, instructional design reveals knowledge‐do gaps in member states (MS) when incorporating leadership into the medical curriculum. This includes using leadership frameworks, defining learning outcomes, and employing assessment and monitoring tools for leadership education. Mechanisms to reduce these gaps in MS include the Equator Network and Evidence‐Informed Policy Networks fostering knowledge translation and governance.
Seasonal and decadal subsurface thaw dynamics of an Aufeis feature investigated through numerical simulations
Authors: Lainis Alexi , Neupauer Roseanna M. , Koch Joshua C. , Gooseff Michael N.
Published: March 2024

Aufeis (also known as icings) are large sheet‐like masses of layered ice that form in river channels in arctic environments in the winter as groundwater discharges to the land surface and subsequently freezes. Aufeis are important sources of water for Arctic river ecosystems, bolstering late summer river discharge and providing habitat for caribou escaping insect harassment. The aim of this research is to use numerical simulations to evaluate a conceptual model of subsurface hydrogeothermal conditions that can lead to the formation of aufeis. We used a conceptual model based on geophysical data from the Kuparuk aufeis field on the North Slope of Alaska to develop a two‐dimensional heterogeneous vertical profile model of groundwater flow, heat transport, and freeze/thaw dynamics. Modelling results showed that groundwater can flow to the land surface through subvertical high permeability pathways during winter months when the lower permeability soils near the land surface are frozen. The groundwater discharge can freeze on the surface, contributing to aufeis formation throughout the winter. We performed sensitivity analyses on subsurface properties and surface temperature and found that aufeis formation is most sensitive to the volume of unfrozen water available in the subsurface and the rate at which the subsurface water travels to the land surface. Although a trend of warming air temperatures will lead to a greater volume of unfrozen subsurface water, the aufeis volume can be reduced under warming conditions if the period of time for which air temperatures are below freezing is reduced.
Nano‐therapeutics: The upcoming nanomedicine to treat cancer
Authors: Khan Hamda , Shahab Uzma , Alshammari Ahmed , Alyahyawi Amjad R. , Akasha Rihab , Alharazi Talal , Ahmad Rizwan , Khanam Afreen , Habib Safia , Kaur Kirtanjot , Ahmad Saheem , Moinuddin
Published: March 2024

Nanotechnology is considered a successful approach for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Preferentially, cancer cell recognition and drug targeting via nano‐delivery system include the penetration of anticancer agents into the cell membrane to damage the cancer cell by protein modification, DNA oxidation, or mitochondrial dysfunction. The past research on nano‐delivery systems and their target has proven the beneficial achievement in a malignant tumor. Modern perceptions using inventive nanomaterials for cancer management have been offered by a multifunctional platform based on various nano‐carriers with the probability of imaging and cancer therapy simultaneously. Emerging nano‐delivery systems in cancer therapy still lack knowledge of the biological functions behind the interaction between nanoparticles and cancer cells. Since the potential of engineered nanoparticles addresses the various challenges, limiting the success of cancer therapy subsequently, it is a must to review the molecular targeting of a nano‐delivery system to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of cancer. This review focuses on using a nano‐delivery system, an imaging system, and encapsulated nanoparticles for cancer therapy.
Development and optimization of kaempferol loaded ethosomes using Box–Behnken statistical design: In vitro and ex‐vivo assessments
Authors: Raghav Shraddha Singh , Kumar Bhavna , Sethiya Neeraj Kumar , Pahwa Shilpa
Published: March 2024

Kaempferol (KMP) belong to flavonoid class have developed in ethosomal formulation and were evaluated for their potential to treat diabetic foot ulcers. Even though ethosomes are highly deformable, they can pass through human skin intact. KMP ethosomes were formulated using the cold method and optimized by Box–Behnken design (BBD) (three‐factor, three‐level (33)). The formulation variables used for optimization are drug concentration of KMP, soylecithin content, and ethanol percentage. The optimized formulation was examined using transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, in‐vitro release, ex‐vivo permeation studies, and storage stability. The optimized KMP ethosomes was found to have vesicle size (VS) of 283 ± 0.3 nm and zeta potential (ZP) of −29.67 ± 0.3 mV, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.36, % entrapment efficiency (%EE) of 91.02 ± 0.21%, drug loading (%) of 46.23 ± 2.5% followed by good storage stability at 4°C/60 ± 5% RH. In vitro drug release of optimized KMP ethosomes was 88.2 ± 2.75%, which was approximately double when compared with pure KMP release, that is 49.9 ± 1.89%. The release kinetics for optimized KMP ethosomes follows the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. An apparent permeation coefficient of 356.25 ± 0.5 μg/cm2 was determined and compared with pure KMP (118.46 ± 0.3 μg/cm2) for 24 h. According to the study, ethosomes can be a cutting‐edge strategy that offers a new delivery method for prolonged and targeted distribution of KMP in a variety of dosage forms including oral, topical, transdermal, and so forth.
AP‐1/C‐FOS and AP‐1/FRA2 differentially regulate early and late adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Bose Ganesh Suraj , Kalakoti Garima , Kulkarni Abhijeet P. , Mittal Smriti
Published: March 2024

Obesity is defined as an abnormal accumulation of adipose tissue in the body and is a major global health problem due to increased morbidity and mortality. Adipose tissue is made up of adipocytes, which are fat‐storing cells, and the differentiation of these fat cells is known as adipogenesis. Several transcription factors (TFs) such as CEBPβ, CEBPα, PPARγ, GATA, and KLF have been reported to play a key role in adipogenesis. In this study, we report one more TF AP‐1, which is found to be involved in adipogenesis. Human mesenchymal stem cells  were differentiated into adipocytes, and the expression pattern of different subunits of AP‐1 was examined during adipogenesis. It was observed that C‐FOS was predominantly expressed at an early stage (Day 2), whereas FRA2 expression peaked at later stages (Days 6 and 8) of adipogenesis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation‐sequencing analysis revealed that C‐FOS binds mainly to the promoters of WNT1, miR‐30a, and ANAPC7 and regulates their expression during mitotic clonal expansion. In contrast, FRA2 binds to the promoters of CIDEA, NOTCH1, ARAF, and MYLK, regulating their expression and lipid metabolism. Data obtained clearly indicate that the differential expression of C‐FOS and FRA2 is crucial for different stages of adipogenesis. This also raises the possibility of considering AP‐1 as a therapeutic target for treating obesity and related disorders.
Changing Trajectories of Alanine Aminotransferase and Risk of Antituberculosis Drug‐Induced Liver Injury in Chinese Patients: A Cohort Study
Authors: Chen Xinyu , Pan Hongqiu , Hao Zhuolu , Yi Honggang , Tang Shaowen
Published: March 2024

Antituberculosis drug‐induced liver injury (ATLI) is a major adverse effect during antituberculosis treatment. Early detection or prediction is essential to prevent ATLI in antituberculosis treatment patients. The purpose of this work is to explore the relationship between alanine aminotransferase (ALT) trajectories within 15 days of initial treatment and the risk of ATLI. Based on a historical cohort of patients hospitalized for antituberculosis treatment and group‐based trajectory modeling analysis, ALT trajectories within 15 days of initial treatment were determined. Conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate the association between different ALT trajectories and the risk of ATLI, and the corresponding odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with covariates. Based on the ALT levels within 15 days of initial treatment, a total of 853 patients were divided into four ALT trajectories. The incidence of ATLI significantly increased with the increase of ALT trajectories (2.33%, 4.38%, 5.90%, and 2.44%, respectively). Compared with trajectory 1, the adjusted OR for ATLI in trajectory 2, trajectory 3, and trajectory 4 were 2.448 (95% CI: 0.302–19.856, P = 0.402), 5.373 (95% CI: 0.636–45.411, P = 0.123), 11.010 (95% CI: 0.720–168.330, P = 0.085), respectively, and there was an increasing trend of ATLI risk (Ptrend = 0.015). Different ALT trajectories within 15 days of initial treatment were associated with different risk of ATLI, and it is necessary to pay attention to the ALT trajectory within 15 days of initial treatment to predict the occurrence of ATLI.
Patterns of vitamin D testing and supplementation for children with inflammatory bowel disease in Australasia
Authors: Vernon‐Roberts Angharad , Day Andrew S ,   the PEDiatric Australasian Gastroenterology REsearch NEtwork (PEDAGREE)
Published: March 2024

Background and Aim

For children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), optimal levels of vitamin D are ascribed anti‐inflammatory and essential immune system roles that are associated with reduced disease activity, lower postoperative recurrence, and higher quality of life. International guidelines for vitamin D testing and supplementation provide inconsistent recommendations. The aim of this study was to survey Australasian pediatric gastroenterologists to ascertain current practices of vitamin D testing and supplementation for children with IBD.

Methods

Members of the Australian Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition were invited to complete an online survey. Respondents were asked to provide information on frequency of vitamin D testing and supplementation, adherence, and benefits of vitamin D to children with IBD.

Results

Thirty‐two (54%) pediatric gastroenterologists completed the survey: 27 (84%) from Australia and 5 (16%) from New Zealand. The majority (90%) tested vitamin D levels at diagnosis and follow up, although testing frequency varied (1–3 times/year) and only 8 (28%) tested seasonally. While 28 (88%) recommended supplementation based on serum levels, inconsistent cutoff values were used. Most respondents (n = 27) recommended Stoss (single dose) or vitamin D3 (daily for 8–12 weeks). The majority (84%) rated the overall benefit of optimal vitamin D levels at ≥6/10, although fewer (54%) rated the benefit to disease activity at ≥6/10.

Conclusions

The results indicate that standardized guidelines for vitamin D testing and supplementation for clinicians caring for children with IBD throughout Australasia are required. Consensus statements may optimize the care of children with IBD in this diverse geographical region.
Independent contributions of tropical sea surface temperature modes to the interannual variability of western North Pacific tropical cyclone frequency
Authors: Song Jinjie , Klotzbach Philip J. , Qin Nannan , Duan Yihong
Published: March 2024

This study investigates the independent contributions of three tropical sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) modes to interannual changes in summertime western North Pacific (WNP) tropical cyclone (TC) frequency from 1982 to 2022. We primarily analyse partial regressions of TC metrics and environmental variables onto the El Niño–Southern Oscillation Modoki (ENM), North Indian Ocean (NIO) SSTA and tropical North Atlantic (TNA) SSTA indices. We find that although basinwide WNP TC frequency significantly correlates with both the ENM and NIO indices, the regions with the most significant changes in TC formation induced by these two indices are well separated. During El Niño Modoki, significant increases in TC formation concentrate over the southeastern part of the WNP, while during a warm NIO, significant decreases in TC formation concentrate over the northwestern part of the WNP. By contrast, insignificant changes in TC genesis over the WNP are solely induced by TNA SSTAs. We show that the two pathways of TNA SSTA's influence on WNP TC activity through modulation of Pacific and NIO SSTAs are of comparable importance. During El Niño Modoki, significantly enhanced TC genesis over the southeastern WNP can be explained by more favourable environmental conditions, which is linked to an anomalous low‐level cyclonic circulation over the WNP. During a warm NIO, TC genesis is significantly suppressed over the northwestern WNP, due primarily to an anomalous low‐level anticyclonic circulation‐induced decrease in relative vorticity. By contrast, during a warm TNA, no notable changes in environmental variables are found over most of the WNP, while significant flow anomalies are limited to the central‐to‐eastern Pacific and the western Atlantic. These results highlight that the TNA SSTA by itself has a limited impact on WNP TC genesis and the associated large‐scale environment.
Impact of Adjuvant Radiotherapy Setting on Quality‐of‐Life in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Alapati Rahul , Wagoner Sarah F. , Lawrence Amelia , Bon Nieves Antonio , Desai Atharva , Shnayder Yelizaveta , Hamill Chelsea , Kakarala Kiran , Neupane Prakash , Gan Gregory , Sykes Kevin J. , Bur Andrés M.
Published: March 2024

Objective

To determine differences in post‐treatment QoL across treatment settings in patients receiving adjuvant radiation therapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Methods

This was a prospective observational cohort study of patients with HNSCC initially evaluated in a head and neck surgical oncologic and reconstructive clinic at an academic medical center (AMC). Participants were enrolled prior to treatment in a prospective registry collecting demographic, social, and clinical data. Physical and social–emotional QoL (phys‐QoL and soc‐QoL, respectively) was measured using the University of Washington‐QoL questionnaire at pre‐treatment and post‐treatment visits.

Results

A cohort of 177 patients, primarily male and White with an average age of 61.2 ± 11.2 years, met inclusion criteria. Most patients presented with oral cavity tumors (n = 132, 74.6%), had non‐HPV‐mediated disease (n = 97, 61.8%), and were classified as Stage IVa (n = 72, 42.8%). After controlling for covariates, patients treated at community medical centers (CMCs) reported a 7.15‐point lower phys‐QoL compared with those treated at AMCs (95% CI: −13.96 to −0.35, p = 0.040) up to 12 months post‐treatment. Additionally, patients who were treated at CMCs had a 5.77‐point (−11.86–0.31, p = 0.063) lower soc‐QoL score compared with those treated at an AMC, which was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

This study revealed that HNSCC patients treated with radiation at AMCs reported significantly greater phys‐QoL in their first‐year post‐treatment compared to those treated at CMCs, but soc‐QoL did not differ significantly. Further observational studies are needed to explore potential factors, including treatment planning and cancer resource engagement, behind disparities between AMCs and CMCs.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 134:3645–3655, 2024
Leaf stoichiometry of potassium, calcium, and magnesium in tropical plants: Responses to climatic and geographical variations—A case study from Hainan Island
Authors: Wang Zixuan , Chen Zixun , Wu Bingsun , Liang Yongyi , Wang Guoan , Lin Xiaoyan , Yang Jun , Cheng Qiwen , Wang Jingjing
Published: March 2024

Grasping how climate change will affect the tropical region's leaf potassium, calcium, and magnesium content is pivotal for enhancing our comprehension of plant stoichiometry. Currently, there is limited research on leaf potassium, calcium, and magnesium in tropical plants, which is particularly evident with the increasing importance of tropical rainforest biodiversity studies. This study investigated the impact of geographical and climatic factors on the leaf potassium, calcium, and magnesium content in 346 plants (including woody plants, herbs, and vines) on Hainan Island. The findings demonstrated that the average leaf potassium, calcium, and magnesium contents were 5.77, 11.86, and 2.92 mg·g−1, respectively, which were less than that in the Chinese flora. Mean annual precipitation (MAP) has a promoting effect on leaf potassium content (p < 0.05), suggesting that artificial potassium fertilization is needed due to the increasing MAP. Leaf potassium and magnesium content were positively correlated with latitude (p < 0.05) and longitude (p < 0.01); and there was a negative correlation between leaf calcium content and latitude (p < 0.05), showing that geographical factors have a significant impact on the potassium, calcium, and magnesium content of plant leaves. Additionally, the variables regulating leaf potassium, calcium, and magnesium varied across woody plants, herbs, and vines. Therefore, it is necessary to make corresponding adjustments according to local conditions and the plant functional types during nutrient management. In conclusion, this study sheds light on their potential responses to global changes and is instrumental in informing the management of these nutrients in tropical rainforest plants.