bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empathy Is Associated With Dynamic Change in Prefrontal Brain Electrical Activity During Positive Emotion in Children
Authors: Light Sharee N. , Coan James A. , Zahn‐Waxler Carolyn , Frye Corrina , Goldsmith H. Hill , Davidson Richard J.
Published: July 2009

Empathy is the combined ability to interpret the emotional states of others and experience resultant, related emotions. The relation between prefrontal electroencephalographic asymmetry and emotion in children is well known. The association between positive emotion (assessed via parent report), empathy (measured via observation), and second‐by‐second brain electrical activity (recorded during a pleasurable task) was investigated using a sample of one hundred twenty‐eight 6‐ to 10‐year‐old children. Contentment related to increasing left frontopolar activation (p < .05). Empathic concern and positive empathy related to increasing right frontopolar activation (ps < .05). A second form of positive empathy related to increasing left dorsolateral activation (p < .05). This suggests that positive affect and (negative and positive) empathy both relate to changes in prefrontal activity during a pleasurable task.
Causal Supports for Early Word Learning
Authors: Booth Amy E.
Published: July 2009

What factors determine whether a young child will learn a new word? Although there are surely numerous contributors, the current investigation highlights the role of causal information. Three‐year‐old children (N = 36) were taught 6 new words for unfamiliar objects or animals. Items were described in terms of their causal or noncausal properties. When tested only minutes after training, no significant differences between the conditions were evident. However, when tested several days after training, children performed better on words trained in the causal condition. These results demonstrate that the well‐documented effect of causal information on learning and categorization extends to word learning in young children.
Recognition of Moving and Static Faces by Young Infants
Authors: Otsuka Yumiko , Konishi Yukuo , Kanazawa So , Yamaguchi Masami K. , Abdi Hervé , O’Toole Alice J.
Published: July 2009

This study compared 3‐ to 4‐month‐olds’ recognition of previously unfamiliar faces learned in a moving or a static condition. Infants in the moving condition showed successful recognition with only 30 s familiarization, even when different images of a face were used in the familiarization and test phase (Experiment 1). In contrast, infants in the static condition showed successful recognition only when the familiarization duration was lengthened to 90 s and when the same image was used between the familiarization and test phase (Experiments 2 and 3). Furthermore, presentation of multiple static images of a face did not yield the same level of performance as the moving condition (Experiment 4). These results suggest that facial motion promotes young infants’ recognition of unfamiliar faces.
Regional governmentality: Neoliberalization and the Caribbean Community Single Market and Economy
Authors: Newstead Clare
Published: July 2009

Formally launched on 30 January 2006, the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Single Market and Economy (CSME) is, like many other regional economic initiatives, designed to create an economic space in which the uninhibited flow of goods, capital and skills across the borders of member states is anticipated to generate competitive business opportunities and external investment. Despite the intensification of such regional programmes, promoters and critics alike continue to consider CARICOM to be an intergovernmental organization dependent on the political will of member states as they negotiate the pressures of neoliberal globalization. In this paper, I argue that such a framing of regional integration in the Caribbean misses some of the tangible ways that CARICOM works beyond the sovereign intent of member states to enable the encroachment of neoliberal‐style economic orders across the space of the region. I adopt a Foucauldian analytics of governmentality to unhinge CARICOM from the governments of its member states. Once freed from a persistent statism it becomes possible to consider the technical competencies through which CARICOM initiatives increasingly connect and cohere with neoliberal rationalities. My goal in developing such an analytics is not to suggest CARICOM operates as a superstate but rather to broaden the sites considered relevant to understanding the encroachment of neoliberalism in the Caribbean.
The new Caribbean complexity: Mobility systems, tourism and spatial rescaling
Authors: Sheller Mimi
Published: July 2009

The Caribbean region is being respatialized, rescaled and reterritorialized in the face of contemporary processes of neoliberal development, shifting mobilities and spatial restructuring. Drawing on the field of mobilities research, this paper argues that new transregional approaches to spatial dynamics are needed to describe the complex, polymorphic, and multiscalar geographies in the neoliberalizing Caribbean. It first analyzes how new spatializations of Caribbean mobilities are part of larger transnational processes of urban restructuring. It then examines how neoliberalizing policies have promoted the ‘opening’ of once publicly owned infrastructures such as ports, airports, and telecommunications, contributing to a rescaling of Caribbean territoriality. Finally it considers how tourism mobilities associated with the cruise ship industry and private luxury property developments facilitate interlocality competition and outside access to the region while circumscribing local access and mobility rights. The paper proposes a postcolonializing island studies that recognizes the complexity of contemporary Caribbean rescaling and the subtle ways in which modernized built environments and infrastructures of mobility and connectivity contribute to the weakening of island‐state sovereignty, territorial integrity and democratic citizenship.
A maroon legacy? Sketching African contributions to live fencing practices in early Spanish America
Authors: Duvall Chris S.
Published: July 2009

Geographers have generally neglected African influences in attempting to understand the historical development of cultural landscapes in the tropical and subtropical Americas. In this paper, I analyze the early post‐Columbian history of live fencing in the Americas, focusing on Spanish‐held areas in the 1500s and 1600s. Live fences characterize many modern landscapes in the tropical and subtropical Americas, but the historical geography of these landscape features is poorly known. I show that live fences bear Native American, European and African inheritances, but argue that the African contribution was particularly significant. Specifically, escaped slaves – or maroons – like many contemporaneous communities in Africa, experienced conditions of endemic warfare and labour shortage. Live fences were an effective and labour‐efficient means of defence, and all descriptions of live fences in the tropical and subtropical Americas before about 1800 were observed in maroon settlements. As African communities integrated into the multicultural societies of tropical and subtropical America other benefits of live fencing came to be more widely valued and integral to land management throughout the region – though its African inheritance has been forgotten. To understand more completely the historical cultural ecology of the Americas, geographers must challenge the deeply rooted belief that Africans contributed only labour in the development of New World landscapes.
Proximity in a Ghanaian savanna: Human reactions to the African palm civet Nandinia binotata
Authors: Campbell Michael
Published: July 2009

Understanding human reactions to wildlife, including the differing reactions of different groups to different species, is important given that expanding human population and settlements increasingly result in natural habitat loss or modification and, consequently, wildlife adaptation and encroachment into cleared and created human spaces such as wastelands and farms. This paper examines the importance of gender and age in the responses of rural coastal villagers in Ghana to the presence of African palm civets. Social data gathered from 450 residents in six villages indicated that women and young people were significantly more fearful of civets, seeing them as village marauders, food thieves and livestock predators. Women were also more likely to carry sticks and beat thick vegetation to dispel civets out of concern for the safety of their children and homes. These findings may inform both rural development and conservation debates and policies.
Muslim geographies and the politics of purification in Sri Lanka after the 2004 tsunami
Authors: Hasbullah Shahul , Korf Benedikt
Published: July 2009

In this paper, we argue that the politics of aid in Sri Lanka ‘after’ the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami accentuated what we call the ‘politics of purification’– the fragmented ethnic politics of territoriality – in Sri Lanka's east. The politics of purification entail geographical imaginations of a nation as ‘the same people living in the same place’. We illustrate this with a case study on Muslim geographies in Kalmunai Divisional Secretariat division, on the coast of Ampara District, southeast Sri Lanka, where the politics of relocating Muslim families from the buffer zone created the conditions for the geographical imaginations of the politics of purification to play out. At the same time, our study indicates the antinomies of purification and the political fragmentation of Muslim geographies.
ENTRY PATTERNS OVER THE PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE*
Authors: GUTIÉRREZ ÓSCAR , RUIZ‐ALISEDA FRANCISCO
Published: July 2009

We study a game‐theoretic real options model of new market entry based on empirical evidence of demand for a new product growing over time and eventually falling. Yet, firms do not know ex ante when this will occur, which creates incentives to update information by delaying irreversible entry. By assuming that the construction of a new productive plant takes some time and is unobservable in the meantime, while operation in the market is not, we show that entry rates increase or decrease under certain conditions related to the rate at which flow profits decrease as more firms enter the industry.
MONEY AND CREDIT, TWELVE MONTHS ON
Authors: TUCKER PAUL
Published: July 2009

As many people have said, this is a challenging time for policymakers. But the real challenge is for households and firms in the real world who are having to navigate the fallout from the extraordinary combination of financial and commodity shocks rippling through the world economy. Our job as policymakers is to make that process as smooth as it can be over the medium term. And having our eye on the medium term means we must ensure that the gains of the past 10–15 years in stabilizing inflation are not frittered away. In confronting that task, policymakers are having both to make big picture judgments about the balance of forces buffeting the UK economy, and to apply areas of economic theory that stretch the frontiers of existing research. So, I want to sketch, broadly, what the current conjuncture suggests, from the policymaker's perspective, should feature in the future research agenda of monetary economists.
THE ILLUSION OF STABILITY—LOW INFLATION IN A BUBBLE ECONOMY
Authors: MILLER MARCUS , MOHANTY ISHITA , ZHANG LEI
Published: July 2009

Econometric studies show that changes in real house prices are strongly autocorrelated in the UK, giving rise to prolonged departures from equilibrium. What happens when arbitrage is ‘broken’ and house prices no longer reflect future fundamentals? Adding a bubble to capture the disequilibrium behaviour picked up by econometricians, we show that a narrow focus on consumer price inflation—while neglecting house price disequilibrium—may for some time create the appearance of stability. But, with the bubble distorting policy and the economy on the way up and wreaking havoc on the banking system when it bursts, this is an illusion. For a bubble economy, new instruments of policy (such dynamic capital requirements and loan‐to‐value limits) are clearly needed—together with clear mandates as to who regulates what.
Biosynthesis in vitro of high‐molecular mass fructan by cell‐free extracts from tuberous roots of Viguiera discolor (Asteraceae)
Authors: ITAYA NAIR M. , BUCKERIDGE MARCOS S. , FIGUEIREDO‐RIBEIRO RITA C. L.
Published: July 2009

Tuberous roots of Viguiera discolor accumulate up to 80% of their dry mass as fructans. The distribution pattern of oligomers suggests the predominance of anabolic reactions at the beginning of dormancy, when a continuous series of fructans between sucrose and higher polymers is present. This paper describes the synthesis in vitro of fructans of high molecular mass by enzyme extracts prepared from growing tuberous roots of V. discolor at the beginning of dormancy. Sucrose: sucrose fructosyl transferase activity was characterized by the synthesis of 1‐kestose from sucrose and fructan: fructan fructosyl transferase activity by the production of nystose from 1‐kestose. The optimal temperature for both activities was 30°C and the optimal pH range was between 5.5 and 6.0. The apparent Km for sucrose with respect to 1‐kestose synthesis was 173 mol m−3, whereas the Km for nystose synthesis from 1‐kestose was much higher (592 mol m−3). Long incubation periods (up to 264 h) with sucrose, 1‐kestose or nystose produced fructans of high molecular mass in vitro that resembled those found in vivo. Our data show that the higher the molecular mass of the substrate, the higher the average molecular mass of the product that was formed.
Fructan biosynthesis in excised leaves of Lolium temulentum
Authors: CAIRNS ANDREW J. , BONNETT GRAHAM D. , GALLAGHER JOSEPH A. , SIMPSON RICHARD J. , POLLOCK CHRISTOPHER J.
Published: July 2009

A partially purified enzyme preparation from leaves of Lolium temulentum L. was previously shown to catalyse the net synthesis of oligofructans and polyfructans from sucrose. Here the same preparation is shown to catalyse the hydrolysis of both sucrose and oligofructans. The magnitude and properties of these hydrolytic activities have been determined. The significance of these catabolic activities for studies of fructan polymerization both in vitro and in tissues in a physiologically anabolic state are discussed.

The preparation hydrolysed 1‐kestose, 6‐kestose, neokestose, inulin oligosaccharides of low degree of polymerization (DP 4 and 5) and endogenous oligofructans from L. temulentum, with the concomitant release of monosaccharide. The preparation also released reducing sugar at low rates from high molecular weight inulin but had no detectable activity against bacterial levan. Simultaneous incubation of sucrose and Neosugar (a commercially available mixture of predominantly β‐2, 1 linked tri‐, tetra‐ and penta‐saccharides) showed that sucrose was preferentially hydrolysed by the preparation, with Neosugar fructans being protected from hydrolysis at sucrose concentrations > 30 mol m−3. The kinetic properties for hydrolysis of both sucrose and Neosugar were determined. For sucrose and Neosugar respectively, Michaelis constants at 30°C and pH 6.0 were 7.7±0.5 and 14.1± 1.1 mol m−3 (as terminal fructose) and maximum velocities were 6.5 ± 0.1 and 2.7 ± 0.1 mg g−1 fr. wt h−1 (equivalent to 10.0 and 4.2 nkat g−1 as reducing sugar release). Maximal temperatures for activity were 45 and 44°C, and Arrhenius activation energies were 39.9 and 46.9 kJ mol−1. Preincubations for 1 h at 49 and 48°C caused 50% loss of activity in subsequent assays at 30°C. The pHs for maximal activity for the two substrates were 5.2 ± 0.1 and 5.5±0.1.

Using size exclusion chromatography (SEC), an activity catalysing the formation of fructan oligosaccharides and another catalysing sucrose hydrolysis, were not fully resolved, but exhibited distinct profiles of elution indicating Mr of 57 and 133 kD respectively. When assayed for the hydrolysis of Neosugar, the SEC eluate exhibited two peaks of activity indicative of Mr values of 57 and 133 kD.
Fructo‐oligosaccharide content and fructosyltransferase activity during growth of onion bulbs
Authors: SHIOMI NORIO , ONODERA SHUICHI , SAKAI HIDEKI
Published: July 2009

The accumulation of fructo‐oligosaccharides and the activities of fructosyltransferase (sucrose: sucrose 1F‐fructosyltransferase (SST), 1F‐fructosyltransferase (1F‐FT) and 6G‐fructosyltransferase (6G‐FT)) in the bulbs of three onion cultivars were investigated from June to September 1993. The total fructo‐oligosaccharide content increased from June until August, then decreased in September, except in one cultivar. The levels of neokestose and its related tetrasaccharides (lF,6G‐di‐β‐d‐fructofuranosyl sucrose and 6G(1‐β‐d‐fructofuranosyl)2 sucrose) were higher than those of 1‐kestose and nystose throughout growth. The activities of 6G‐FT, 1F‐FT and SST were high in June and July, then decreased; SST activity was very low in September. The activity ratios of 6G‐FT to 1F‐FT varied between 1.86 and 2.65 over the growth period. Two trisaccharides, three tetrasaccharides and four pentasaccharides were identified, together with a mixture of hexa‐ and heptasaccharides, all of which were synthesized in vitro from 0.1 M sucrose by an enzyme preparation of onion bulbs harvested in August. Octa‐ and nonasaccharides other than the saccharides formed from sucrose were also synthesized from O.1 m 1‐kestose or 0.1 m neokestose. All the saccharides produced from sucrose, 1‐kestose or neokestose by the crude enzyme prepared from onion bulbs were identical to the saccharides occurring naturally in onion bulbs.
Fructan storage in tubers of Jerusalem artichoke: characterization of sink strength
Authors: SCHUBERT SVEN , FEUERLE ROBERT
Published: July 2009

Possible limitations of sink strength for fructan storage in tubers of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L. cv. Waldspindel) were studied in 2‐yr field experiments. Treatments included the removing of side branches and the breaking of apical dominance in unbranched plants. Data from both treatments and the comparison of results obtained for 2 yr, which differed in temperature and total irradiance, indicated that fructan storage in tubers during the storage phase was not limited by supply of assimilate (sucrose). Moreover, fructan concentrations were very constant despite large variations in tuber yields and yield components (e.g. number of tubers per plant, tuber length). However, stimulation of cell expansion and diameter of tubers increased fructan concentrations, probably owing to a larger vacuolar volume in the storage cells. We concluded that fructan storage in tubers of Jerusalem artichoke is not source‐limited as far as carbon import into tubers is concerned. However, a strong shoot control, most probably regulated via phytohormones, limits sink strength. Fructan concentrations in tubers might not only be increased by sink activity (fructan‐synthesizing enzymes) but also by sink capacity (vacuolar volume). In this respect the shoot might play a decisive role not only as a temporary storage pool for carbohydrates but also as a source of native growth‐regulators which control sink capacity.
Fructan to nitrogen ratio as an indicator of nutrient stress in wheat crops
Authors: McGRATH V. B. , BLAKENEY A. B. , BATTEN G. D.
Published: July 2009

Wheat stems serve as a store for fructans to buffer the plant against nutritional and environmental influences. It has been suggested that fructan storage influences yield stability and tolerance of environmental factors. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) analysis provides a rapid and accurate assessment of the fructan content of the wheat stem, as well as allowing detection of growth‐limiting nutrient stresses, and so is proving to be a useful technique for making crop management decisions. Commercial laboratories using NIR analysis have been tissue‐testing crops in the eastern Australian wheat belt since 1993. In healthy, normally developing crops not under stress there is a predictable relationship between nitrogen and fructan. Investigation of the nitrogen and fructan concentrations in commercial crops has confirmed an inverse relationship between these two constituents. The function: Fructan (%) = a +bN %+cN %2 accounted for up to 81% of variation in tissue fructan concentration. In commercial tissue‐testing this relationship is used to detect crops under stresses other than nitrogen deficiency. If the fructan concentration deviates by more than 4 %, cereal growers are advised that their crop might be subject to other stresses which might reduce its response to applied nitrogen.
The impact of cross‐border reproductive care or ‘fertility tourism’ on NHS maternity services
Authors: McKelvey A , David AL , Shenfield F , Jauniaux ER
Published: July 2009

High order multiple pregnancies have substantial morbidity and mortality. Fertility treatment is commonly responsible for their conception and is available globally with variable regulation. We investigated cross‐border fertility treatment in these pregnancies in a UK fetal medicine unit, recording mode of conception, country of fertility treatment, reason for non‐UK treatment and fetal reduction. Over an 11‐year period, 109 women had a high order multiple pregnancy. Ninety‐four women (86%) conceived with fertility treatment of whom 24 (26%) had this performed overseas. Cross‐border fertility treatment poses an increasing challenge to obstetricians. National data on its occurrence is urgently needed.
Right atrial thrombus due to internal jugular vein catheter
Authors: RAM Rapur , SWARNALATHA Gudithi , RAKESH Yarlagadda , JYOSTNA Maddury , PRASAD Neela , DAKSHINAMURTY Kaligotla Venkata
Published: July 2009

Right atrial thrombus is rare complication of hemodialysis central venous catheter. Literature survey revealed 49 documentations of right atrial thrombus due to a central venous catheter. We report a 58‐year‐old type 2 diabetic, hypertensive, end‐stage renal disease patient, who 2 months after initiation of hemodialysis through a right internal jugular vein catheter, developed clinical features suggestive of pulmonary thromboembolism. An echocardiography revealed presence of a serpentine thrombus in right atrium. The internal jugular vein catheter was removed and unfractionated heparin was initiated. At the end of 6 weeks he was symptom free. We compared conservative treatment with surgery for RAT. Conservative management with central venous catheter removal and anticoagulation therapy is not inferior to the surgery.
Psychotic‐like experiences are associated with suicidal feelings and deliberate self‐harm behaviors in adolescents aged 12–15 years
Authors: Nishida A. , Sasaki T. , Nishimura Y. , Tanii H. , Hara N. , Inoue K. , Yamada T. , Takami T. , Shimodera S. , Itokawa M. , Asukai N. , Okazaki Y.
Published: July 2009

Nishida A, Sasaki T, Nishimura Y, Tanii H, Hara N, Inoue K, Yamada T, Takami T, Shimodera S, Itokawa M, Asukai N, Okazaki Y. Psychotic‐like experiences are associated with suicidal feelings and deliberate self‐harm behaviors in adolescents aged 12–15 years.

Objective:  Psychotic disorders are a significant risk factor for suicide, especially among young people. Psychotic‐like experiences (PLEs) in the general population may share an etiological background with psychotic disorders. Therefore, the present study examined the association between PLEs and risk of suicide in a community sample of adolescents.

Method:  Psychotic‐like experiences, suicidal feelings, and self‐harm behaviors were studied using a self‐report questionnaire administered to 5073 Japanese adolescents. Depression and anxiety were evaluated using the 12‐item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ).

Results:  The presence of PLEs was significantly associated with suicidal feelings (OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 2.2–4.5) and deliberate self‐harm behaviors (OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 2.0–4.8) after controlling for the effects of age, gender, GHQ‐12 score, victimization, and substance use. Suicidal feelings and behaviors were more prevalent in subjects with a greater number of PLEs.

Conclusion:  Psychotic‐like experiences may increase the risk of suicidal problems among adolescents.
Periodontal health, oral health behaviours, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Wang Zuomin , Zhou Xuan , Zhang Jing , Zhang Liangqiong , Song Yiqing , Hu Frank B. , Wang Chen
Published: July 2009

Aim: To evaluate the associations of periodontal health status and oral health behaviours with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Materials and Methods: We conducted a case–control study of 306 COPD patients and 328 controls with normal pulmonary function. Their periodontal status and respiratory function were clinically examined and information on oral health behaviours was obtained using a validated questionnaire.

Results: Patients with COPD had fewer teeth and a higher plaque index than the controls. Univariate analysis showed that tooth brushing times and method, experience of dental floss use, dental visit and regular supra‐gingival scaling, and oral health knowledge were significantly related to the risk of COPD. After adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index and stratifying by smoking status, inappropriate tooth brushing method (p=0.025 among non‐smokers), lower regular supra‐gingival scaling (p=0.027 among non‐smokers and p<0.0001 among former smokers), and poorer oral health knowledge (p<0.0001 among non‐smokers and p=0.019 among former smokers and p=0.044 among current smokers) remained significantly associated with COPD.

Conclusions: Poor periodontal health, dental care, and oral health knowledge were significantly associated with an increased risk of COPD. Our findings indicate the importance of promoting dental care and oral health knowledge that can be integrated into the prevention and treatment of COPD.
Microsurgical access flap in conjunction with enamel matrix derivative for the treatment of intra‐bony defects: a controlled clinical trial
Authors: Fickl Stefan , Thalmair Tobias , Kebschull Moritz , Böhm Sonja , Wachtel Hannes
Published: July 2009

Objectives: The aims of this controlled study were to clinically and radiographically evaluate the effect of a microsurgical approach for the treatment of intra‐bony defects with and without an enamel matrix derivative (EMD). Parts of this study population were already published by Wachtel and colleagues in 2003.

Material and Methods: Seventy intra‐bony defects were randomly assigned to a microsurgical access flap with application of EMD (test group) and on the contra‐lateral side to a microsurgical access flap alone (control group). Clinical and radiographic parameters were assessed at baseline and after 6 and 12 months.

Results: Both test and control treatments resulted in a statistically significant mean clinical attachment level (CAL) gain, probing pocket depth (PPD) reduction and radiographic bone fill. The test group yielded statistically significantly more CAL gain, PPD reduction and radiographic bone fill than the control group. Gingival recession increase after 12 months averaged 0.5 and 0.7 mm for the test and control groups, and did not reach statistical significance. Two weeks after surgery, primary wound closure was maintained in 91% of the test sites and 97% of the control sites.

Conclusion: The combination of a microsurgical access flap with EMD seems to be superior to open flap debridement in terms of PPD reduction, CAL gain and radiographic bone fill. In the test as well as the control group, primary wound closure was successfully achieved.
Sox9, more than a marker of the outer root sheath: spatiotemporal expression pattern during human cutaneous embryogenesis
Authors: Krahl Dieter , Sellheyer Klaus
Published: July 2009

Background: The sex‐determining gene Sox9 was recently unexpectedly found to have an essential role in outer root sheath differentiation. It was also characterized as a general marker of basal cell carcinoma. Herein, we describe its spatiotemporal expression pattern outside the hair follicle during human cutaneous embryogenesis.

Methods: We examined immunohistochemically samples from embryonic and fetal human skin for the expression of SOX9 using standard techniques. For comparison reasons, we also included scalp skin from adults.

Results: SOX9 is expressed in the developing nail organ, eccrine glands, blood vessels and melanocytes/melanoblasts. In the nail organ, the nail bed but not the nail matrix was immunoreactive for SOX9. In plantar skin, SOX9 specifically labels the evolving eccrine glands but not the interfollicular keratinocytes.

Conclusions: The distinctive expression pattern of SOX9 during human cutaneous embryogenesis indicates a key role in skin homeostasis that includes but goes beyond its role in outer root sheath differentiation. Studying immunohistochemical markers in developing human skin has the potential to further our understanding of adult skin physiology and to deepen our concepts especially of the histogenesis of adnexal tumors (including those of the nail unit) and the relationship of the various adnexal structures to each other.

Krahl D and Sellheyer K. Sox9, more than a marker of the outer root sheath: spatiotemporal expression pattern during human cutaneous embryogenesis.
Cutaneous and systemic plasmacytosis in an Asian male born in the North American continent: A controversial entity potentially related to multicentric Castleman disease
Authors: Shadel Brooke N. , Frater John L. , Gapp Joshua D. G. , Hurley M. Yadira
Published: July 2009

Cutaneous and systemic plasmacytosis is a rare condition primarily affecting middle‐aged individuals of Japanese descent and has principally been reported in cases originating from Asia. Its relationship, if any, to Castleman disease, is controversial. The authors report a case of cutaneous and systemic plasmacytosis involving a 36‐year‐old man of Chinese ancestry born in North America. The biopsy of an involved lymph node revealed changes resembling Castleman disease. Significantly, this case to our knowledge represents the first case of cutaneous and systemic plasmacytosis presenting in a patient of Chinese ancestry born on the North American mainland.

Shadel BN, Frater JL, Gapp JDG, Hurley MY. Cutaneous and systemic plasmacytosis in an Asian male born in the North American continent: A controversial entity potentially related to multicentric Castleman disease.
In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy of supernumerary nipple and differential diagnosis from melanocytic lesions
Authors: Kanitakis Jean
Published: July 2009

Supernumerary nipples (SN) represent a developmental abnormality present in 1–6% of the population at large. Although the clinical diagnosis is as a rule easy, this lesion can mimic lentigos and melanocytic nevi, with which it may share some dermatoscopic features. Reflectance confocal microscopy is a new imaging technique that allows in vivo visualization of normal and pathologic skin structures, and is especially useful in the diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions. The reflectance confocal microscopic features of SN are described here, and the potential usefulness of this technique in the differential diagnosis of this lesion from its main clinical mimics is briefly discussed.

Kanitakis J. In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy of supernumerary nipple and differential diagnosis from melanocytic lesions.
The intermediate effect and the diagnostic accuracy in clinical case recall of students and experts in dental medicine
Authors: Eberhard J. , Klomp H.‐J. , Föge M. , Hedderich J. , Schmidt H. G.
Published: July 2009

Introduction:  The extensive knowledge of experts facilitates the solving of domain‐specific problems. In general, this is due to the fact that experts recall more detailed information than do novices or even advanced students. However, if physicians of different expertise levels are asked to write down the details of a given case, advanced medical students recall more information than experts. This phenomenon was called the ‘intermediate effect’ and is considered to be a specific feature of medical expertise. The aim of the here presented study was to examine this observation in the domain of dental medicine.

Materials and methods:  Sixty‐one students and 20 specialised dentists participated in this study. Three clinical case descriptions were presented and afterwards the participants were told to write down all concrete information they remembered. Finally, they had to come up with a diagnosis. Interrater agreement, diagnostic accuracy and the recall explanation protocols were analysed statistically in comparison to state‐of‐the‐art (canonical) explanations of the clinical cases.

Results:  The mean interrater agreement was 96.2 ± 3.37%. It was shown statistically that the more experienced the participants, the more accurate their diagnoses were (P < 0.001). The statistical analysis using the Games‐Howell test demonstrated significant more written recall of the 5th‐year students compared with 3rd‐ and 4th‐year students and experts (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  The results of this study suggest the existence of the intermediate effect in clinical case recall in dental medicine and thereby corroborate its importance and general applicability for different medical domains.
Integrated teaching of basic and clinical sciences in anxiety and pain management
Authors: Craddock H. L. , Carry J. A. , Kelly S.
Published: July 2009

Like many other UK Dental Schools, Leeds Dental Institute has undertaken a commitment to integrated learning within its new curriculum. From an educational viewpoint, contextualisation of learning presents opportunities for deeper levels of learning. This can be particularly useful in embedding basic sciences in the dental curriculum. The General Dental Council in their document `The First Five Years' endorse this approach to learning. The Year 1 Anxiety and Pain Management course has been designed to integrate basic and clinical sciences, interdisciplinary learning and learning with other members of the dental team. This paper describes the structure of the course, its place within the horizontal and vertical learning themes, as well as describing the response of staff and students to this type of course.
Patient satisfaction relating to implant treatment by undergraduate and postgraduate dental students – a pilot study
Authors: Harrison P. , Polyzois I. , Houston F. , Claffey N.
Published: July 2009

Recordings of patient satisfaction with provision of dental implant treatment are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate satisfaction amongst patients attending for provision of implant treatment by training undergraduate and postgraduate students at Dublin Dental School and Hospital (DDSH). A questionnaire was formulated and distributed to 100 individuals randomly selected from records of patients who had received implant treatment via student clinics in the previous 5 years. The response rate was 68%. Results showed a high overall level of satisfaction with treatment received.
cAMP response element‐binding protein (CREB) is imported into mitochondria and promotes protein synthesis
Authors: De Rasmo Domenico , Signorile Anna , Roca Emilio , Papa Sergio
Published: July 2009

The cAMP response element‐binding protein (CREB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor in the higher eukaryotes that, once phosphorylated, promotes transcription of cAMP response element‐regulated genes. We have studied the mitochondrial import of CREB and its effect on the expression of mtDNA‐encoded proteins. [35S]Methionine‐labelled CREB, synthesized in vitro in the Rabbit Reticulocyte Lysate system using a construct of the human cDNA, was imported into the matrix of isolated rat liver mitochondria by a membrane potential and TOM complex‐dependent process. The imported CREB caused cAMP‐dependent promotion of the synthesis of mitochondrially encoded subunits of oxidative phosphorylation enzyme complexes. Thus, CREB moves from the cytosol to mitochondria, in addition to the nucleus, and, when phosphorylated by cAMP‐dependent protein kinase, promotes the expression of mitochondrial genes.
A new and efficient method for inhibition of RNA viruses by DNA interference
Authors: Nowak Monika , Wyszko Eliza , Fedoruk‐Wyszomirska Agnieszka , Pospieszny Henryk , Barciszewska Mirosława Z. , Barciszewski Jan
Published: July 2009

We report here a new method for inhibition of RNA viruses induced by dsDNA. We demonstrated that both long dsDNA molecules and short interfering DNA with a sequence complementary to that of viral RNA inhibited tobacco mosaic virus expression and prevented virus spread. Also, the expression of the HIV‐1 gp41 gene in HeLa cells was inhibited by complementary short interfering DNA. We showed that Dicer processed dsDNA, which suggests activation of the cellular machinery involved in silencing of RNA. For the silencing of viral RNA effected with dsDNA, we coined the term DNA interference technology.
Discharge Readiness: An Integrative Review Focusing on Discharge Following Pediatric Hospitalization
Authors: Lerret Stacee M.
Published: July 2009

PURPOSE.  This review aims to identify factors associated with parental discharge readiness following pediatric hospitalization, with focus applicability to solid organ transplant patients.

DESIGN AND METHODS.  Thirty‐eight publications, including research and clinical practice papers, were identified using Cooper's methodology for conducting integrative research reviews (1982).

RESULTS.  Four concepts emerged influencing discharge readiness: support, identification of unique and individual needs, education, and communication and coordination. Synthesis of themes resulted in two overarching concepts: meaningful interactions and confidence building.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Nurses have a singular opportunity to enhance meaningful interactions and confidence building, ultimately promoting a successful transition home.
School Nursing for Children With Special Needs: Does Number of Schools Make a Difference?
Authors: Kruger Barbara J. , Toker Karen H. , Radjenovic Doreen , Comeaux Judy M. , Macha Kiran
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: Few recent studies have focused on the role of school nurses who predominantly care for children with special health care needs (CSHCN). The primary aim of this study was to explore differences related to (a) child health conditions covered, (b) direct care procedures, (c) care management functions, and (c) consultation sources used among nurses who spent the majority of their time caring for CSHCN compared to a mixed student population and among nurses who covered a single school versus multiple schools.

METHODS: A community‐based interdisciplinary team developed a 28‐item survey which was completed by 50 nurses (48.5% response) employed by health departments and school districts. Descriptive and comparative statistics and thematic coding were used to analyze data.

RESULTS: Nurses who covered a single school (n = 23) or who were primarily assigned to CSHCN (n = 13) had a lower number of students, and more frequently (a) encountered complex child conditions, (b) performed direct care procedures, (c) participated in Individualized Education Plan (IEP) development, (d) collaborated with the Title V‐CSHCN agency, and e) communicated with physicians, compared to nurses who covered multiple schools or a general child population. Benefits centered on the children, scope of work, school environment, and family relationships. Challenges included high caseloads, school district priorities, and families who did not follow up.

CONCLUSION: The number of schools that the nurses covered, percent of time caring for CSHCN, and employer type (school district or health department) affected the scope of school nurse practice. Recommendations are for lower student‐to‐nurse ratios, improved nursing supervision, and educational support.
Associations of Trying to Lose Weight, Weight Control Behaviors, and Current Cigarette Use Among US High School Students
Authors: Johnson Jonetta L. , Eaton Danice K. , Pederson Linda L. , Lowry Richard
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: Approximately one‐quarter of high school students currently use cigarettes. Previous research has suggested some youth use smoking as a method for losing weight. The purpose of this study was to describe the association of current cigarette use with specific healthy and unhealthy weight control practices among 9th–12th grade students in the United States.

METHODS: Youth Risk Behavior Survey data (2005) were analyzed. Behaviors included current cigarette use, trying to lose weight, and current use of 2 healthy and 3 unhealthy behaviors to lose weight or to keep from gaining weight. Separate logistic regression models calculated adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for associations of current cigarette use with trying to lose weight (Model 1) and the 5 weight control behaviors, controlling for trying to lose weight (Model 2).

RESULTS: In Model 1, compared with students who were not trying to lose weight, students who were trying to lose weight had higher odds of current cigarette use (AOR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.15–1.49). In Model 2, the association of current cigarette use with the 2 healthy weight control behaviors was not statistically significant. Each of the 3 unhealthy weight control practices was significantly associated with current cigarette use, with AORs for each behavior approximately 2 times as high among those who engaged in the behavior, compared with those who did not.

CONCLUSION: Some students may smoke cigarettes as a method of weight control. Inclusion of smoking prevention messages into existing weight management interventions may be beneficial.
Psychosocial Distress and Alcohol Use as Factors in Adolescent Sexual Behavior Among Sub‐Saharan African Adolescents
Authors: Page Randy M. , Hall Cougar P.
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: This study examines the relationship between sexual behavior, alcohol use, and indicators of psychosocial distress (mental health) of adolescents in 6 sub‐Saharan African countries using the Global School‐based Student Health Survey (GSHS).

METHODS: The sample consisted of 22,949 adolescents from Botswana, Kenya, Namibia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe who participated in 2003 or 2004 GSHS surveys. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine whether sexual behaviors increased with levels of psychosocial distress and alcohol use.

RESULTS: Sexual behaviors (having sex or having sex with 2 or more people) were associated with both psychosocial distress and alcohol use. Odds ratios showed that both boys and girls reporting psychosocial distress and alcohol use were at higher risk for having sex. Results also indicated that the likelihood of sexual behaviors increased when there was an increase in the number of psychosocial indicators and frequency of alcohol consumption.

CONCLUSION: The results of this study are consistent with those conducted in the United States suggesting that sexual behavior, psychosocial distress, and substance use are interconnected. These findings highlight the need for school health education and health services in sub‐Saharan Africa, specifically the efforts to reduce psychosocial distress and prevent substance use in efforts to prevent the spread of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections.
Transnational Resistance: Global Justice Networks and Spaces of Convergence
Authors: Routledge Paul
Published: July 2009

This study will consider how the reconfiguration of political life in relation to globalising economic and social processes has seen renewed efforts by social movements to extend their reach beyond local or national boundaries. To achieve this, social movements are constructing multiscalar networks of support and solidarity for their particular struggles, and participating with other movements in broad networks to resist neoliberal globalisation. Much of the recent literature on transnational activism has neglected the spatial practices of transnational political activity, and presents a singular notion of what constitutes transnational resistance networks. This study will discuss how, within such networks, diverse interests and identities are constituted within geographically complex set of relations, reconfiguring politics at all scales.
Monsoon in the Americas: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Rickenbach Thomas M. , Ferreira Rosana Nieto , Rickenbach John F. , Wright Emily A.
Published: July 2009

This article presents a comparative review of the North and South America Monsoon Systems and highlights the challenges and opportunities presented to those regions by the seasonal rains. Monsoon precipitation represents a major component of the water resources available to the southwestern US and to Brazil. Although each system shares classical features of the well‐known southwest Indian monsoon, water use, agriculture, public safety, and energy policy in these two countries have been shaped by the unique regional complexities of monsoon rain across each region. A comparison between these two systems may offer perspective for ways by which these societies may adapt to current and future challenges, and take advantage of new opportunities.
Mechanical and Thermal Pretreatments of Crushed Tomatoes: Effects on Consistency and In Vitro Accessibility of Lycopene
Authors: Tibäck Evelina A. , Svelander Cecilia A. , Colle Ines J.P. , Altskär Annika I. , Alminger Marie A.G. , Hendrickx Marc E.G. , Ahrné Lília M. , Langton Maud I.B.C.
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT:  The effects of mechanical and thermal treatments on the consistency and in vitro lycopene accessibility of crushed tomatoes were evaluated. Different crushing intensities and a subsequent heat treatment carried out as a heat shock (95 °C for 8 min) or a boiling step (100 °C for 20 min) were examined. Additional homogenization was compared with milder crushing regarding the effect on lycopene content and in vitro accessibility. Textural properties, polygalacturonase and pectinmethylesterase activity, pectin degree of methoxylation, lycopene content, and in vitro lycopene accessibility were evaluated. Microstructure was studied using both light and transmission electron microscopy. Crushing and subsequent heating affected the pectin degree of methoxylation and the consistency of the crushed tomatoes. The mechanical and thermal treatments did not affect the lycopene content to any great extent; however, in vitro accessibility seemed to improve with extensive crushing followed by heating. Crushing or homogenization in itself was not enough to increase in vitro lycopene accessibility.
Quantitative X‐Ray Diffraction Determination of α‐Lactose Monohydrate and β‐Lactose in Chocolate
Authors: Thomas Nathan R. , Shumway Logan S. , Hansen Lee D.
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT:  Lactose is a constituent of milk chocolate. During processing and cooling, lactose may precipitate as α‐lactose monohydrate and β‐lactose. The presence of α‐lactose monohydrate has a deleterious effect on the quality of milk chocolate. A quantitative X‐ray diffraction method for determination of α‐lactose monohydrate and β‐lactose in chocolate is described. The α‐lactose monohydrate signal at 19.9°2θ with Cu‐Kα X‐rays is a cubic function of concentration. The β‐lactose signal at 20.9°2θ is a linear function of concentration. α‐Lactose monohydrate is detectible at about 0.1 weight% and can be quantified at >0.5 weight%. β‐Lactose is detectible at about 1 weight% and can be quantified at >3 weight%. About 10 min is required to prepare and run a sample.

Practical Application: The crystalline form of lactose affects the quality of chocolate. A rapid method for quantifying crystalline forms of lactose in chocolate is described. The method can be used for quality control and for improving chocolate quality.