bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Libraries, licensing and the challenge of stewardship.
Authors: Farb Sharon
Published: May 2013

Stewardship has always figured predominantly in the mission of libraries. This paper discusses major findings and implications of a study of licensing in U.S. academic libraries. The data suggests that not all libraries are accepting their heritage role — that is, they are not planning for long–term preservation and access for their growing licensed digital collections and resources. Instead they rely increasingly on third parties to perform this fundamental function. This shift may have far–reaching implications for long–term preservation and access to the world’s knowledge and cultural and historical record.
Openness, access to government information and Caribbean governance
Authors: Durrant Fay
Published: May 2013

As governments worldwide move towards openness and transparency, the development of legislation to facilitate access to information is an essential requirement for modernization of the public sector and for effective governance.
Access to information legislation is one way to ensure integrity in public life. Over 68 countries have approved national legislation and many are actively involved in the implementation of these laws.
Globally the move to openness is supported by statements aimed at ensuring universal and equitable access to information as a basic human right. Factors influencing the approval of this legislation have included internal and external pressures from civil society, local and international press associations, and regional and international organizations.
These laws mainly have an overall objective of mitigating corruption and provide the general public with the ability to request documents and other materials held by all government agencies and other agencies receiving public funds. The exemptions identified under the laws are usually based on ensuring national security.
In the English–speaking Caribbean, Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago have passed access legislation and several countries including the British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, and Guyana are discussing their own draft legislation.
This paper assesses the main elements and current status of the legislation from global surveys including that done by Banisar in 2004, and will examine in detail the progress in implementing the access legislation in the Caribbean. The research will examine the context of access legislation, complementary legislation, information infrastructure, administrative procedures, and the impact of new technologies on access to information services.
Ethical and economic issues surrounding freely available images found on the Web
Authors: Morgan Eric Lease
Published: May 2013

By reverse engineering Google queries and by tracing back the referrer values found in Apache log files, the use of images made available from infomotions.com is examined. Ethical and economic questions questions are then asked. While all the images from the site are “freely” available under the GNU Public License, they are not always used in the intended manner. This raises interesting questions regarding the time spent making the images available, the expense of the hardware and network connections, and whether or not the application of the images is put to good and moral purposes. This essay addresses these questions in an attempt to come to an understanding regarding the place of data, information, and knowledge in an “open” environment.
Moving towards shareable metadata
Authors: Shreeves Sarah L. , Riley Jenn , Milewicz Liz
Published: May 2013

A focus of digital libraries, particularly since the advent of the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting, is aggregating from multiple collections metadata describing digital content. However, the quality and interoperability of the metadata often prevents such aggregations from offering much more than very simple search and discovery services. Shareable metadata is metadata which can be understood and used outside of its local environment by aggregators to provide more advanced services. This paper describes shareable metadata, its characteristics, and its importance to digital library development, as well as barriers and challenges to its implementation.
Who supports Internet censorship?
Authors: Depken, II Craig A.
Published: May 2013

Censorship is the moral or legislative process by which society “agrees” to limit what an individual can do, say, think, or see. Recent attempts to regulate, i.e., censor, what is viewed on the Internet have polarized the general population. Unfortunately, beyond the anecdotal, the characteristics of those who support Internet censorship are unknown. In this study, the support for Internet censorship is empirically analyzed using survey data. Notwithstanding the potential limitations of survey data, the results indicate the characteristics of those who tend to favor and disfavor Internet censorship. Specifically, concerns over pornography and concerns over government regulation on the Internet are the two most polarizing elements of the relative support for censorship, which suggests that the debate over this issue will not be easily resolved.
Sexual and pornographic Web searching: Trends analysis
Authors: Spink Amanda , Partridge Helen , Jansen Bernard J.
Published: May 2013

The level of sexual or pornographic Web searching is a major subject of political debate, particularly in the United States. United States federal prosecutors recently, as of 2006, requested that the major Web search engines, Yahoo, American Online (AOL), MSN and Google provide a sampling of their search queries and indexes of Web sites, in order to allow the examination of various aspects of pornographic searching and retrieval. This paper examines studies that have analyzed Web search logs to determine the level of sexual or pornographic searches on publically available Web search engines from 1997 to 2005. Results show that sexual or pornographic queries have declined as a proportion of all Web queries since 1997 and currently represented less than four percent of Web queries. In conclusion, the paper provides perspectives on the results, including issues of self–regulated choice and human mating behavior.
Public access computing and Internet access in public libraries: The role of public libraries in e-government and emergency situations
Authors: Bertot John Carlo , Jaeger Paul T. , Langa Lesley A. , McClure Charles R.
Published: May 2013

This article presents findings from the 2006 Public Libraries and the Internet study and other research that demonstrate the impact of public Internet access in public libraries on the communities and individuals that the libraries serve. This article focuses on the importance of public library Internet access in times of emergencies and for a range of electronic government (e–government) services at the individual and community–wide levels. Public access computing and Internet access in public libraries function as a first choice, first refuge, and last resort in a range of emergency and e–government circumstances, allowing individuals to engage successfully in essential e–government services such as registering for Medicare or other benefits and filing tax information. With this key centrality as agents of government services, public libraries increasingly play significant roles in times of emergencies, like the aftermath of a hurricane, in which communities rely on the public library Internet access to request aid, try to find missing family and friends, file Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and insurance claims, and begin rebuilding their lives. This article also discusses the need to revise government policy related to the role of public libraries in their support of e–government as public libraries increasingly serve as agents of e–government.
What is your claim to flame?
Authors: Lange Patricia G.
Published: May 2013

Flaming studies often argue that the assumed paucity of social cues in online environments leads to disinhibition and increased flaming online. Other studies empirically challenge the idea that flaming behaviors are an inevitable by–product of computer–mediated communication. Nevertheless, both camps share the view that a category of social phenomena called “flaming” exists and it is possible to determine what constitutes a “flame” by examining message content. Yet “flaming” is an oversaturated term that ignores the interactional nature of both flames and flame claims. Importantly, flame claims, in which interlocutors accuse others of “flaming” are just as important to study as so–called flames. Rather than determining whether a particular message is or is not a “true flame,” researchers should examine the interplay between flames and flame claims to understand how particular groups establish, negotiate, and challenge both cultural norms and micro–social hierarchies.
Sampling mobile opinion: A contextual postcard questionnaire study
Authors: Axup Jeff , Viller Stephen
Published: May 2013

Understanding requirements of mobile communities is challenging because of their geographical distribution and frequent movement. We present a study of backpackers travelling in Australia which utilizes a research method called contextual postcard questionnaires. The method uses brief, open–ended questions to solicit contextual responses from backpackers that are relevant for development of tourism and mobile communication technologies.
Eight hundred postcards were distributed via hostels and a travel agent, questioning travellers about their current situation. Questions asked how they had heard about their present location, what kinds of virtual–graffiti they would leave there, and what their greatest worry currently was, among others. Results indicated that backpackers have a great deal of practical and serious concerns to contend with as they travel. They are physically cut off from family and friends and rely on a range of communications media to stay in touch and exchange emotional support. They have a great deal of practical travel experience that would be useful to other travellers, but which is currently only conveyed haphazardly via word–of–mouth. Practical usage of the contextual postcard questionnaires is discussed and design recommendations for mobile group products are offered.
Preface
Authors: Owen Brian , Stranack Kevin
Published: May 2013

None Available
The Library as a mediator for e-publishing: A case on how a library can become a significant factor in facilitating digital scholarly communication and open access publishing for less Web-savvy journals
Authors: Elbaek Mikael K. , Nondal Lars
Published: May 2013

Denmark is a small country but with a large and diverse scholarly publishing environment. There are many small journals, mostly in English. A majority of these see the potential in online publishing but do not have the resources and capabilities to do so. Furthermore they have a conservative business model (i.e. finances!) that doesn't encourage an open access publishing strategy. The Copenhagen Business School (CBS) Library provides a low risk environment for small journals related to the business school to make a gradual transition to e-publishing/e-archiving. Whether they at a later stage take the full step towards open access publishing remains to be seen. It is our firm belief that this gradual transition is essential for these smaller journals to eventually arrive online at all.
The Looming Infrastructure Plateau? Space, Funding, Connection Speed, and the Ability of Public Libraries to meet the Demand for Free Internet Access
Authors: McClure Charles R. , Jaeger Paul T. , Bertot John Carlo
Published: May 2013

While virtually all public libraries provide free Internet access to patrons, libraries seem to be reaching a plateau in their ability to meet demands for Internet access. Based on the findings of Public Libraries and the Internet surveys, the average number of public access workstations and the average connection speeds of Internet access in public libraries have stayed the same or slightly decreased in recent years. Further, more than half of libraries do not have sufficient connection speeds to meet patron demand, while staff, space, cost, and technical/telecommunications infrastructure issues prevent a great number of libraries from increasing the number of workstations or the connection speed in the library. Moreover, the US federal telecommunications and broadband policies require revision and updating. These findings raise serious questions about the ability of public libraries to continue to meet patron needs for Internet access. As a result of early public library commitment to ensuring public Internet access, patrons rely heavily on public libraries to meet their Internet needs. However, as demands for library computers and connection speeds continue to grow, there may be a drop in the quality of Internet services that public libraries are able to provide their patrons. It would also challenge the fundamental role of the contemporary public library in the community, as libraries have become so inextricably linked to the provision of Internet access. In addition, the survey data identify a range of implications regarding the policy environment in which public libraries offer their public access Internet services.
The cost profiles of alternative approaches to journal publishing
Authors: Clarke Roger
Published: May 2013

The digital era is having substantial impacts on journal publishing. In order to assist in analysing these impacts, a model is developed of the costs incurred in operating a refereed journal. Published information and estimates are used to apply the model to a computation of the total costs and per-article costs of various forms of journal-publishing. Particular attention is paid to the differences between print and electronic forms of journals, to the various forms of open access, and to the differences between not-for-profit and for-profit publishing undertakings.

Insight is provided into why for-profit publishing is considerably more expensive than equivalent activities undertaken by unincorporated mutuals and not-for-profit associations. Conclusions are drawn concerning the current debates among conventional approaches and the various open alternatives.
Transliteracy: Crossing divides
Authors: Thomas Sue , Joseph Chris , Laccetti Jess , Mason Bruce , Mills Simon , Perril Simon , Pullinger Kate
Published: May 2013

Transliteracy might provide a unifying perspective on what it means to be literate in the twenty-first century. It is not a new behavior but has only been identified as a working concept since the internet generated new ways of thinking about human communication. This article defines transliteracy as “the ability to read, write and interact across a range of platforms, tools and media from signing and orality through handwriting, print, TV, radio and film, to digital social networks” and opens the debate with examples from history, orality, philosophy, literature, and ethnography. We invite responses, expansion, and development.
Many, many maps: Empowerment and online participatory mapping
Authors: Tulloch David L.
Published: May 2013

The convergence of public participatory mapping and cybertography is having far-reaching impacts through a variety of creative applications. This paper presents three different types of Internet mapping applications — Google Earth and Google Map API, Common Census, and a design exercise in Second Life — with a public participatory geographic information system (PPGIS) and cybercartography perspective. Each of these examples empowers users in a different way. The spatial applications and the supporting information that is being made available through Internet map applications represent a unique set of examples of the democratization possible through Internet applications.
The Hirsch index applied to topics of interest to developing countries
Authors: Group STIMULATE Six
Published: May 2013

This article deals with an application of the h-index for topics. The h-index as defined by Hirsch is the number h such that, for a general group of papers, h papers received at least h citations while the other papers received no more than h citations. This definition has been extended by Banks to apply to topics. In this article the Web of Science, Google Scholar and Exalead are used to determine h-indices for topics of interest to developing countries. It is shown that there are important differences between searches performed in a specialized database (here the Web of Science) and the public, freely available, Web. It is further shown that country rankings for articles in the Web of Science and Google Scholar may show huge differences. Correlation coefficients between Google Scholar article rankings and Exalead website rankings are generally higher than between the Web of science and Exalead.
The genesis and emergence of Education 3.0 in higher education and its potential for Africa
Authors: Keats Derek , Schmidt J. Philipp
Published: May 2013

This paper presents a scenario in which education is approaching a potential tipping point, where major changes are about to happen as a result of developments in technology, social networking, deeper understanding of educational process, as well as new legal and economic frames of reference. The set of changes constitute what we refer to as Education 3.0, and it impacts on the roles and behavior of key stakeholders. Education 1.0 is mainly a one-way process, Education 2.0 uses the technologies of Web 2.0 to create more interactive education but largely within the constraints of Education 1.0. Education 2.0 is laying the groundwork for Education 3.0, which we believe will see a breakdown of most of the boundaries, imposed or otherwise within education, to create a much more free and open system focused on learning. The scenario we describe suggests that Africa can shape these changes to benefit its own development, but that if it fails to do so, it will be left behind and will end up impacted negatively by the changes that are inevitable. We list the adjustments required at the level of institutions of higher education to become leaders of Education 3.0 and present some of the activities that the University of the Western Cape is undertaking in this area. Finally, we offer a fictional short story to provide an Education 3.0 narrative.
Metadata for all: Descriptive standards and metadata sharing across libraries, archives and museums
Authors: Elings Mary W. , Waibel Günter
Published: May 2013

Integrating digital content from libraries, archives and museums represents a persistent challenge. While the history of standards development is rife with examples of cross-community experimentation, in the end, libraries, archives and museums have developed parallel descriptive strategies for cataloguing the materials in their custody. Applying in particular data content standards by material type, and not by community affiliation, could lead to greater data interoperability within the cultural heritage community.
In making this argument, the article demystifies metadata by defining and categorizing types of standards, provides a brief historical overview of the rise of descriptive standards in museums, libraries and archives, and considers the current tensions and ambitions in making descriptive practice more economic [1].
Assessing the value of cooperation in Wikipedia
Authors: Wilkinson Dennis M. , Huberman Bernardo A.
Published: May 2013

Since its inception six years ago, the online encyclopedia Wikipedia has accumulated 6.40 million articles and 250 million edits, contributed in a predominantly undirected and haphazard fashion by 5.77 million unvetted volunteers. Despite the apparent lack of order, the 50 million edits by 4.8 million contributors to the 1.5 million articles in the English–language Wikipedia follow strong certain overall regularities. We show that the accretion of edits to an article is described by a simple stochastic mechanism, resulting in a heavy tail of highly visible articles with a large number of edits. We also demonstrate a crucial correlation between article quality and number of edits, which validates Wikipedia as a successful collaborative effort.
What is popular on Wikipedia and why?
Authors: Spoerri Anselm
Published: May 2013

This paper analyzes which pages and topics are the most popular on Wikipedia and why. For the period of September 2006 to January 2007, the 100 most visited Wikipedia pages in a month are identified and categorized in terms of the major topics of interest. The observed topics are compared with search behavior on the Web. Search queries, which are identical to the titles of the most popular Wikipedia pages, are submitted to major search engines and the positions of popular Wikipedia pages in the top 10 search results are determined. The presented data helps to explain how search engines, and Google in particular, fuel the growth and shape what is popular on Wikipedia.
Election bloggers: Methods for determining political influence
Authors: Elmer Greg , Ryan Peter Malachy , Devereaux Zach , Langlois Ganaele , Redden Joanna , McKelvey Fenwick
Published: May 2013

This paper discusses early findings and methodological pitfalls of a study of a hyper–mediated election campaign in Canada. Web logs — or “blogs” — serve as the primary object of study. The paper focuses on possible sources of large scale data (aggregated blogger posts) and methods of determining the political influence of bloggers. A series of methodologies are proposed to resolve the over–reliance upon information aggregators and blog search engines provided by Google and Technorati.
Open educational resources in a global context
Authors: Stacey Paul
Published: May 2013

Can open educational resources help solve the global education shortage? Will a social authoring process enable developing and developed countries to create educational resources together? This paper analyzes these and other questions around the emerging use of open educational resources in a global context. Global perspectives are provided via analysis and extracts from discussion and case studies that took place in a UNESCO online discussion forum involving 480 participants from 90 countries. Open educational resource types, benefits, business models, and futures are explored
Change of state: Information, policy and power
Authors: Braman Sandra
Published: May 2013

None Available.
Acting with technology: Activity theory and interaction design
Authors: Kaptelinin Victor , Nardi Bonnie
Published: May 2013

None Available.
Real genders choose fantasy characters: Class choice in world of warcraft
Authors: DiGiuseppe Nicholas , Nardi Bonnie
Published: May 2013

Gender stereotypes inflect discussions about character choice in World of Warcraft (WoW), an online multiplayer video game. We interviewed 47 players, 33 males and 14 females, about why they chose their characters. We found the stereotypes contained a grain of truth as stereotypes often do, but that they mask interesting dimensions of gender in character choice.
Open science grid: Building and sustaining general cyberinfrastructure using a collaborative approach
Authors: Avery Paul
Published: May 2013

I describe in this paper the creation and operation of the Open Science Grid (OSG [1]), a distributed shared cyberinfrastructure driven by the milestones of a diverse group of research communities. The effort is fundamentally collaborative, with domain scientists, computer scientists and technology specialists and providers from more than 70 U.S. universities, national laboratories and organizations providing resources, tools and expertise. The evolving OSG facility provides computing and storage resources for particle and nuclear physics, gravitational wave experiments, digital astronomy, molecular genomics, nanoscience and applied mathematics. The OSG consortium also partners with campus and regional grids, large projects such as TeraGrid [2], Earth System Grid [3], Enabling Grids for E–sciencE (EGEE [4]) in Europe and related efforts in South America and Asia to facilitate interoperability across national and international boundaries.

OSG’s experience broadly illustrates the breadth and scale of effort that a diverse, evolving collaboration must undertake in building and sustaining large–scale cyberinfrastructure serving multiple communities. Scalability — in resource size, number of member organizations and application diversity — remains a central concern. As a result, many interesting [5] challenges continue to emerge and their resolution requires engaged partners and creative adjustments.
Cyberinfrastructure and patent thickets: Challenges and responses
Authors: Clarkson Gavin
Published: May 2013

None Available
Conference Keynote Address
Authors: Bement Jr. Arden L.
Published: May 2013

None Available
The Health Heritage Index findings on digital collections
Authors: Laise Kristen Overbeck
Published: May 2013

The Heritage Health Index, the first comprehensive survey of the condition of U.S. collections, concluded that immediate action is needed to save millions of artifacts held by archives, historical societies, libraries, museums, and archaeological and scientific research organizations. The study, conducted by Heritage Preservation in partnership with the Institute of Museum and Library Services, revealed new and compelling data on the preservation needs of digital materials. While the recommendations of A Public at Risk: The Heritage Health Index Report on the State of America’s Collections (http://www.heritagepreservation.org/HHI/summary.html) apply to all types of collections, the extensive dissemination and publicity that the study has received makes it an effective advocacy tool for digital preservation.
The Electronic Records Archives Program at the National Archives and Records Administration
Authors: Thibodeau Kenneth
Published: May 2013

The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is responsible for preserving historically valuable records of the U.S. Government. In the digital realm, that encompasses an exponentially growing volume of electronic record in a great variety of increasingly complex formats. To address this challenge, NARA is developing the Electronic Records Archives system [1].
The promise of noöpolitik
Authors: Ronfeldt David , Arquilla John
Published: May 2013

As the information age deepens, a globe-circling realm of the mind is being created - the "noösphere" that Pierre Teilhard de Chardin identified 80 years ago. This will increasingly affect the nature of grand strategy and diplomacy. Traditional realpolitik, which ultimately relies on hard (principally military) power, will give way to the rise of noöpolitik (or noöspolitik), which relies on soft (principally ideational) power. This paper reiterates the authors' views as initially stated in 1999, then adds an update for inclusion in a forthcoming handbook on public diplomacy. One key finding is that non-state actors -- unfortunately, especially Al Qaeda and its affiliates -- are using the Internet and other new media to practice noöpolitik more effectively than are state actors, such as the U.S. government. Whose story wins -- the essence of noöpolitik -- is at stake in the worldwide war of ideas.
The Internet and youth political participation
Authors: Kann Mark E. , Berry Jeff , Grant Connor , Zager Phil
Published: May 2013

In this article, the authors examine how American youths' contributions to three online worlds - participatory culture, political consumerism, and civic engagement - function as possible gateways to their increased political participation. Youth involvement in these three online worlds suggests that the Internet creates opportunities for youth involvement in politics and provides a measure of motivation, facilitation, and invitation for that involvement. Nonetheless, for reasons discussed, it remains an open question whether youths will take full advantage of these opportunities.
Beyond Google: How do students conduct academic research?
Authors: Head Alison J.
Published: May 2013

This paper reports findings from an exploratory study about how students majoring in humanities and social sciences use the Internet and library resources for research. Using student discussion groups, content analysis, and a student survey, our results suggest students may not be as reliant on public Internet sites as previous research has reported. Instead, students in our study used a hybrid approach for conducting course-related research. A majority of students leveraged both online and offline sources to overcome challenges with finding, selecting, and evaluating resources and gauging professors' expectations for quality research.
Mining the Blogosphere: Age, gender and the varieties of self-expression
Authors: Argamon Shlomo , Koppel Moshe , Pennebaker James W. , Schler Jonathan
Published: May 2013

The growth of the blogosphere offers an unprecedented opportunity to study language and how people use it on a large scale. We present an analysis of over 140 million words of English text drawn from the blogosphere, exploring if and how age and gender affect writing style and topic. Our primary result is that a number of stylistic and content-based indicators are significantly affected by both age and gender, and that the main difference between older and younger bloggers, and between male and female bloggers, lies in the extent to which their discourse is outer- or inner-directed. In fact, the linguistic factors that increase in use with age are just those used more by males of any age, and conversely, those that decrease in use with age are those used more by females of any age.
Internet politics: A comparative analysis of U.S. and South Korea presidential campaigns
Authors: Hara Noriko , Jo Youngmin
Published: May 2013

To investigate the role of information and computer technologies (ICTs) in political campaigns, this paper discusses three areas of influence in particular (fundraising, civic participation, and e-mobilization), identifying similarities and differences between the U.S. and South Korea. The result of our analysis shows that the impact of the Internet on the two presidential elections differed in all three areas. The Internet provides ordinary citizens with political resources and opportunities to expand their political participation in a democratic environment. Moreover, Internet-based collective action can lead to political changes, both positive and negative, depending on the interaction pattern between the state and society. While the political implications of ICTs come to the fore, the predominant factor in the recent presidential elections remained traditional representative mechanisms. These results will shed light on social and organizational practices with respect to the potential political utilization of ICTs in two different countries.
Social enterprise and aspiration: Atherton Gardens and the e-ACE network
Authors: Meredyth Denise , Thomas Julian
Published: May 2013

A wired community for low-income public housing tenants has been established on the Atherton Gardens estate in Melbourne, Australia. It was created by Infoxchange, a non-profit technology company with the slogan 'Technology for social justice'. This paper summarises the results of a four-year evaluation of the social impact of the e-ACE network.
Reading Books in the Digital Age subsequent to Amazon, Google and the long tail
Authors: Hillesund Terje
Published: May 2013

Presenting a wide range of literature, this article explores the state of art in book research, paying particular attention to John B. Thompson's interpretation of digital transformations within the book industry, as depicted in Books in the Digital Age (2005). Claiming that Thompson's analyses are one-sided, the article applies alternative perspectives and a model of a text cycle, contending that the diminishing role of paper in text production and text distribution makes the dominant position of printed books particularly vulnerable to advances in digital reading technologies.
Editors' Introduction
Authors: Valauskas Edward J. , Dyson Esther , Ghosh Rishab Aiyer
Published: May 2013

First Monday is an electronic, peer-reviewed journal covering issues about Internet and the Global Information Infrastructure submitted by experts and colleagues from around the world.
The Social Life of Documents; introduction by Esther Dyson
Authors: Brown John Seely , Duguid Paul
Published: May 2013

Documents are evolving as means for structuring and navigating information space, and resources for constructing and negotiating social space.
Law and Borders - The rise of law in Cyberspace
Authors: Johnson David R. , Post David
Published: May 2013

Global computer-based communications cross geographic boundaries creating a need for new laws and legal institutions to govern cyberspace.
Differential Pricing and Efficiency
Authors: Varian Hal R.
Published: May 2013

The classic prescription for economically efficient pricing---set price at marginal cost---is not relevant for technologies that exhibit the kinds of increasing returns to scale, large fixed costs, or economies of scope found in the telecommunications and information industries. The appropriate guiding principle in these contexts should be that the marginal willingness to pay should be equal to marginal cost. This condition for efficiency can be approximated using differential pricing, and will in fact, be a natural outcome of profit-seeking behavior.
Trust in electronic markets
Authors: Reagle, Jr. Joseph M.
Published: May 2013

Relative to information security and electronic commerce, trust is a necessary component. Trust itself represents an evaluation of information, an analysis that requires decisions about the value of specific information in terms of several factors. Methodologies are being constructed to evaluate information more systematically, to generate decisions about increasingly complex and sophisticated relationships. In turn, these methodologies about information and trust will determine the growth of the Internet as a medium for commerce.
Editors' Introduction
Authors: Valauskas Edward J. , Dyson Esther , Ghosh Rishab Aiyer
Published: May 2013

First Monday is a peer-reviewed journal whose themes encompass commerce, copyright, privacy and other developments involving and surrounding the Internet.
Indonesia: From mainstream to alternative media
Authors: Harsono Andreas
Published: May 2013

Open and accessible to a global audience, the Internet represents a vehicle by which information can be disseminated quickly in comparison to newspapers and magazines. The open and democratic nature of the Internet can sometimes be at odds with policies and practices of certain governments and officials. In this article, the impact of the Internet in Indonesia is discussed, relative to a history of governmental control of the traditional media.
Book Reviews
Authors: Valauskas Edward J. , Hodson James
Published: May 2013

Children, computers and the Internet: New books and software
Revisiting a strategic assessment of the Internet
Authors: Swett Charles
Published: May 2013

The political process is moving onto the Internet. Both within the United States and internationally, individuals, interest groups, and even nations are using the Internet to find each other, discuss the issues, and further their political goals. The Internet has also played an important role in recent conflicts. As a result, overseas segments of the Internet can be a useful tool for U. S. Department of Defense, both for gathering and for disseminating information. By monitoring public message traffic and alternative news sources from around the world, early warning of impending significant developments could be developed, in advance of more traditional means of indications and warning. Commentary placed on the Internet by observers on the scene of low-intensity conflicts overseas could be useful to U. S. policy making. During larger scale conflicts, when other conventional channels are disrupted, the Internet can be the only available means of communication into and out of the affected areas. Internet messages originating within regions under authoritarian control could provide other useful intelligence. Public messages conveying information about the intent of overseas groups prone to disrupting U. S. military operations can provide important counterintelligence. The Internet could also be used offensively as an additional medium in psychological operations campaigns and to help achieve unconventional warfare objectives. Used creatively as an integral asset, the Internet can facilitate many U. S. Department of Defense operations and activities.
FM Interviews: Reva Basch
Authors: Valauskas Edward
Published: May 2013

None available.
Editors' Introduction
Authors: Valauskas Edward J. , Dyson Esther , Ghosh, Rishab Aiyer
Published: May 2013

None available.
Intelligent Software Agents on the Internet: Chapters 6-7
Authors: Hermans Bjorn
Published: May 2013

None Available
Using an Intelligent Agent to Enhance Search Engine Performance
Authors: Jansen James
Published: May 2013

The amount of information available via networks and databases has rapidly increased and continues to increase. Existing search and retrieval engines provide limited assistance to users in locating the relevant information that they need. Autonomous, intelligent agents may prove to be the needed item in transforming passive search and retrieval engines into active, personal assistants. This proposal explores the quantity of information available that is driving the need for improved search and retrieval engines. It then reviews current information retrieval literature and agency literature. Following these reviews, it proposes that the combination of effective information retrieval techniques and autonomous, intelligent agents can improve the performance of short-term information retrieval in an existing search or retrieval engine. A review of the current status of agents in various areas including information retrieval is also presented. The proposal then presents the objectives of this research, the methodology to achieve these objectives, and concludes with the contributions of this research and a short summary.
The attention economy and the Net
Authors: Goldhaber Michael H.
Published: May 2013

If the Web and the Net can be viewed as spaces in which we will increasingly live our lives, the economic laws we will live under have to be natural to this new space.
Economics is dead, long live economics! A commentary on Michael Goldhaber's "The attention economy
Authors: Ghosh Rishab Aiyer
Published: May 2013

A commentary on the Attention economy by Michael Goldhaber evaluating economic concepts in the context of the information age.
Never Ending, Still Beginning: A Defense of Electronic Law Journals from the Perspective of the E Law Experience
Authors: Zariski Archie
Published: May 2013

This article considers the future of scholarly electronic journals (or ejournals) in the light of their short history with a particular focus on the discipline of law*. The author argues that self-publication by scholars on their own Web sites is not an adequate substitute for the peer reviewing and active dissemination which can be provided by an ejournal**. E Law - Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law is used as an example of what such journals can contribute.
Book Reviews
Authors: Valauskas Edward J. , Marmion Dan , Hodson James , Eisler Tim
Published: May 2013

None available.
Understanding the Privacy Space
Authors: Brunk Benjamin
Published: May 2013

This paper reports on an ongoing research project focusing on privacy tools, and services available on the Internet. A detailed examination of 133 different privacy-related software tools and services rendered a list of 1,241 features relating to privacy. Based on the data gathered, the ongoing work is to formulate a framework to describe this "privacy space" using grounded theory and content analytic techniques. Here, we discuss some of more interesting preliminary findings garnered from a descriptive statistical analysis of the raw data. This paper discusses what can be learned from a user-centric analysis of this increasingly important class of software tools.
Carnival Booth: An Algorithm for Defeating the Computer-Assisted Passenger Screening System
Authors: Chakrabarti Samidh , Strauss Aaron
Published: May 2013

To improve the efficiency of airport security screening, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) deployed the Computer Assisted Passenger Screening system (CAPS) in 1999. CAPS attempts to identify potential terrorists through the use of profiles so that security personnel can focus the bulk of their attention on high-risk individuals. In this paper, we show that since CAPS uses profiles to select passengers for increased scrutiny, it is actually less secure than systems that employ random searches. In particular, we present an algorithm called Carnival Booth that demonstrates how a terrorist cell can defeat the CAPS system. Using a combination of statistical analysis and computer simulation, we evaluate the efficacy of Carnival Booth and illustrate that CAPS is an ineffective security measure. Based on these findings, we argue that CAPS should not be legally permissible since it does not satisfy court-interpreted exemptions to the U.S. Constitution's Fourth Amendment. Finally, based both on our analysis of CAPS and historical case studies, we provide policy recommendations on how to improve air security.
Digital Representation: Racism on the World Wide Web
Authors: Rajagopal Indhu
Published: May 2013

This paper argues that the various rhetorical modes in which hate is expressed on the Web are tailored to the types of messages offered. The unique technologies of the Web, that differentiate it from the earlier media of communication, facilitate the various rhetorical modes. The Web, as an unregulated medium, fosters the worldwide dissemination of both 'actionable' and 'non-actionable' hate messages. The actionable hate messages, regardless of their intensity and potential to excite violent actions, are not legally restricted through any international censorship regulations; the power of restricting such messages is national, if such messages counter national laws and conventions. The questions explored here are: Does the Internet and the Web facilitate the spreading of hate messages? Should Internet hate materials be regulated? If so, how might that be done? What criteria should be used to differentiate between hate and non-hate materials? Is it possible to draw and enforce a line between hate and non-hate messages? What input would measures against hate messages have on the Internet culture itself?
The Digital Divide or the Digital Connection: A U.S. Perspective
Authors: Lynch Beverly
Published: May 2013

Not Available
Letter from San Francisco: The Internet Bookmobile
Authors: Cisler Steve
Published: May 2013

None available
The Lives and Death of Moore's Law
Authors: Tuomi Ilkka
Published: May 2013

Moore's Law has been an important benchmark for developments in microelectronics and information processing for over three decades. During this time, its applications and interpretations have proliferated and expanded, often far beyond the validity of the original assumptions made by Moore. Technical considerations of optimal chip manufacturing costs have been expanded to processor performance, economics of computing, and social development. It is therefore useful to review the various interpretations of Moore's Law and empirical evidence that could support them.

Such an analysis reveals that semiconductor technology has evolved during the last four decades under very special economic conditions. In particular, the rapid development of microelectronics implies that economic and social demand has played a limited role in this industry. Contrary to popular claims, it appears that the common versions of Moore's Law have not been valid during the last decades. As semiconductors are becoming important in economy and society, Moore's Law is now becoming an increasingly misleading predictor of future developments.
By choice or by chance: How the Internet is used to prepare for, manage, and share information about emergencies
Authors: Putnam Laurie
Published: May 2013

Access to reliable information is essential for emergency managers, whether they're facing tornados or terrorist attacks. How well information is managed before, during, and after a disaster can have a direct influence on how well the crisis is managed.

Today the Internet plays a recurring role in all phases of emergency information management. As a communication system and an information repository, a strategic tool and a populist medium, the Internet can be a powerful element in crisis situations. It has been readily used in recent crises and it will, no doubt, be used in the next emergency, by choice or by chance. The choice must be made to use it well.

This article explores the implications of the Internet for agencies that work to mitigate, prepare for, and respond to natural and human-made disasters. It also looks at implications of the Internet for members of the general public who are directly or indirectly affected by disasters.
Control of B2B E-Commerce and the Impact on Industry Structure
Authors: Standifird Stephen , Sandvig Chris
Published: May 2013

A significant amount has been written concerning the transaction costs associated with B2B e-commerce. We take an alternative approach and explore the impact of increased use of B2B e-commerce on the structure and competitiveness of downstream industry activities.

We argue that the openness of an industry's B2B e-commerce systems will have a direct effect on the structure of downstream industry activities. Industries where the B2B e-commerce systems are largely open to participation should experience increased heterogeneity and competition in downstream industry activities. Industries where the B2B e-commerce systems are largely closed should experience increased homogeneity and decreased competition in downstream industry activities. We further argue that the openness of the B2B systems will depend on the type of B2B systems that develops within a specific industry. Correspondingly, much attention should be given to the type of B2B e-commerce systems that emerge.
Posthuman Law: Information Policy and the Machinic World
Authors: Braman Sandra
Published: May 2013

It has been an unspoken assumption that the law is made by humans for humans. That assumption no longer holds: The subject of information policy is increasingly flows between machines, machinic rather than social values play ever-more important roles in decision-making, and information policy for human society is being supplemented, supplanted, and superceded by machinic decision-making. As the barrier between the human and machinic falls with implantation of chips within the body and other types of intimate relationships, and as dependence upon the information infrastructure continues to grow, the question of the rights of technological systems themselves is entering the legal system. This paper explores information technologies as the policy subject, as determinant of the values that inform information policy, and as policy-makers. All of these are manifestations of a transformation in the legal system so fundamental that it may be said that we are entering a period of posthuman law.
Web-based Surveys: Changing the Survey Process
Authors: Gunn Holly
Published: May 2013

Web-based surveys are having a profound influence on the survey process. Unlike other types of surveys, Web page design skills and computer programming expertise play a significant role in the design of Web-based surveys. Survey respondents face new and different challenges in completing a Web-based survey. This paper examines the different types of Web-based surveys, the advantages and challenges of using Web-based surveys, the design of Web-based surveys, and the issues of validity, error, and non-response in this type of survey. The author also discusses the importance of auxiliary languages (graphic, symbolic and numeric languages) in Web surveys, and concludes with the unique aspects of Web-based surveys.
Book Reviews
Authors: Cordone Paolo G. , Gibson Nigel
Published: May 2013

None available.