bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous Cardiomyopathy and Exophthalmos in Cotton Rats (Sigmodon hispidus)
Authors: Sorden S. D. , Watts T. C.
Published: March 2010

Exophthalmos and clinical signs of heart failure occurred sporadically in 3- to 12-month-old cotton rats ( Sigmodon hispidus) in a colony originally derived from three male and four female littermates. Macroscopic lesions in severely affected animals included subcutaneous edema, hydrothorax, right ventricular dilatation, unilateral or bilateral atrial thrombosis, and exophthalmos. Hearts from 17 cotton rats that were found dead or were euthanatized because of exophthalmos or dyspnea and 33 control cotton rats were examined microscopically. Myocardial lesions were present in 46 of 46 cotton rats ≥ 1 month of age and consisted of multifocal cardiac myocyte necrosis, mineralization, and mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration. Cotton rats ≥ 5 months of age also had foci of interstitial fibrosis and myocyte atrophy. Twelve of 24 (50%) necropsied cotton rats had chronic pulmonary congestion, and livers from eight of 24 (33%) had chronic periacinar congestion and atrophy. Thrombi were present in one or both cardiac atria in nine of 50 (18%) hearts, and in at least one orbital venous sinus in 14 of 24 (58%) necropsied cotton rats and in 12 of 14 (86%) with exophthalmos. Exophthalmos in this colony of cotton rats appears to have resulted predominantly from orbital venous sinus thrombosis caused by stasis of venous blood secondary to right heart failure associated with a heritable cardiomyopathy.
A Retrospective Study of Pancreatic Tumors in Slaughter Cattle
Authors: Kelley L. C. , Harmon B. G. , McCaskey P. C.
Published: March 2010

Sixteen primary pancreatic tumors were found in a retrospective study of bovine pancreatic lesions detected in slaughtered cattle. Eleven islet cell tumors and three pancreatic exocrine carcinomas were identified based on light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Nine of 11 islet cell tumors were classified as malignant. Metastatic sites included iliac, mediastinal, hepatic, and mesenteric lymph nodes, peritoneum, mesentery, and liver. Six cows with multiple islet cell tumors also had pheochromocytomas. All 11 islet cell tumors had positive immunoreactivity to insulin and somatostatin. Three tumors also contained cells immunoreactive for glucagon and two tumors contained pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactive cells. Immunoreactivity of tumor cells in metastatic sites was similar to their respective primary tumors. All exocrine pancreatic carcinomas metastasized widely and were immunonegative for insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide. No mixed endocrine-exocrine tumors were identified. None of the endocrine or exocrine tumors contained amyloid. Additional primary tumors of the bovine pancreas included one neurofibroma and one neurofibrosarcoma. Additional cases with lesions of the bovine pancreas included nodular hyperplasia in 15 cows, exocrine acinar atrophy and fibrosis in four cows (two of which also had pancreatic lithiasis), pancreatitis in one cow, peripan-creatic fibrosis in two cows, pancreatic steatosis in one animal, and pancreatic hemorrhages in one cow.
Lesions of Experimental Genital Tritrichomonas foetus Infections in Estrogenized BALB/c Mice
Authors: Andel R. A. Van , Franklin C. L. , Claire M. C. St. , Riley L. K. , Besch-Williford C. L. , Hook R. R.
Published: March 2010

Ninety-seven BALB/c mice were inoculated intravaginally with 8.0 X 105 Tritrichomonas foetus organisms, using either isolate ATCC 30003 or field isolate MU Y22 2 days after estrogenization with 15 μg 17β-estradiol. Reproductive tracts were examined at several time points post-inoculation to determine gross and histologic responses to trichomonad infection as compared to estrogenized, uninfected control animals. The two isolates varied greatly in ability to maintain chronic infection; no ATCC 30003-inoculated animals remained culture-positive beyond 7 weeks post-inoculation, whereas MU Y22-inoculated animals were infected for greater than 26 weeks. Lesions were seen in 40-60% of animals prior to 10 weeks post-inoculation and included moderate uterine dilation and glandular atrophy, uterine gland abscesses, pyometra, intramural perivascular lymphoid infiltrates, and ovarian bursitis. The severity of lesions was independent of the T. foetus isolate. Lesions became more severe at 10 weeks post-inoculation, and at 10 and 26 weeks post-inoculation, lesions were seen in 60% and 75% of animals, respectively. In addition to lesions described above, epithelial changes were marked at these late necropsies, including ulceration, flattening, hypertrophy, and squamous metaplasia. The lesions seen in these mice closely resemble those described in natural bovine infection, suggesting that the estrogenized BALB/c mouse is an excellent model for study of bovine trichomoniasis.
A Platelet Activation-specific Monoclonal Antibody that Recognizes a Receptor-induced Binding Site on Canine Fibrinogen
Authors: Boudreaux M. K. , Panangala V. S. , Bourne C.
Published: March 2010

An activation-specific monoclonal antibody (MoAb) termed “Canine Activated Platelet 1” (CAP1) has been developed and partially characterized. Flow cytometric studies of isolated canine platelets, using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and platelet activating factor (PAF) as agonists, demonstrated that CAP1 binding site number was proportional to agonist strength and agonist concentration. MoAb CAP1 binding was diminished by ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid, suggesting that the antigen was either stabilized by calcium or antigen binding to the platelet surface was mediated by calcium. ADP-activated gel-filtered platelets also demonstrated reduced binding of MoAb CAP1 even in the presence of 1 mM CaCl2. Binding of MoAb CAP1 could be partially restored by activating gel-filtered platelets with PAF, suggesting that the antigen was either present within platelet granule membranes or was exposed after binding of released protein(s) with a platelet receptor. A monoclonal antibody to human platelet glycoprotein IIIa (GPIIIa), which cross-reacts with canine platelet GPIIIa regardless of platelet activation status, did not inhibit binding of MoAb CAP1. MoAb CAP1 bound to isolated canine fibrinogen captured on polystyrene microtiter plates in the absence of platelet proteins. Immunoblots indicated that MoAb CAP1 recognizes nonreduced fibrinogen as well as a plasmin digest of isolated canine fibrinogen. Results of the present studies suggest that MoAb CAPI recognizes a receptor-induced binding site on canine fibrinogen.
Biliary Coccidiosis in a Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)
Authors: Williams B. H. , Chimes M. J. , Gardiner C. H.
Published: March 2010

This report documents the first case of biliary coccidiosis in the ferret. Multiple life stages of a coccidian parasite, including meronts, gametocytes, and oocysts were present in the epithelium of hepatic bile ducts and the gallbladder. Based on morphologic characteristics, the organisms were identified as Eimeria sp., most likely E. furonis.
Renal Coccidiosis with Cystic Tubular Dilatation in Four Bats
Authors: Gruber A. D. , Schulze C. A. , Brügmann M. , Pohlenz J.
Published: March 2010

Renal coccidiosis was diagnosed in four bats of different species ( Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Myotis mystacinus, M. nattereri. and Nyctalus noctula). Multiple white and partly indented foci up to 2 mm in diameter were visible on the renal surface. Histologically, the foci appeared as cystic dilated tubules with proliferated epithelium. Asexual and sexual coccidian stages were seen in the epithelial cells, and the extremely distended tubular lumina were filled with schizonts, free zoites, microgamonts, macrogamonts, and unsporulated oocysts. Because the majority of the renal tissue appeared uninvolved in the disease process at the gross and histologic levels and there was no evidence for uremia in other organs, renal function was probably not impaired. Precise classification of the coccidia was impossible because no sporulated oocysts were available. The parasite morphology and the hitherto unreported cystic dilatation of infected tubules containing all developmental stages differ from renal coccidioses reported previously and therefore suggest an undescribed coccidian species.
Morphological Evidence of a Filamentous Cilia-associated Respiratory (CAR) Bacillus in Goats
Authors: Fernández A. , Orós J. , Rodríguez J. L. , King J. , Poveda J. B.
Published: March 2010

A filamentous cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus was discovered in 12 3-4 month-old goats experimentally infected with two different strains of mycoplasmas belonging to the Mycoplasma mycoides type. The CAR bacilli were always arranged parallel to the cilia, and the morphology of these bacilli is very similar to that of other bacilli described previously in other species from various parts of the world.
Juvenile Rhabdomyosarcomas in Two Dogs
Authors: Kim D. Y. , Hodgin E. C. , Cho D. Y. , Varnado J. E.
Published: March 2010

Juvenile rhabdomyosarcomas were diagnosed in two young dogs based on the results of histopathology, phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin stain, immunohistochemistry, and the age of the dogs. One dog, an 11-month-old Rottweiler, had tumor masses in the maxillary gingiva and the urinary bladder. Histologically, the gingival mass was an alveolar type of rhabdomyosarcoma and the urinary bladder mass was an embryonal type. The other dog, a 1.5-year-old Basset Hound, had an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma involving the oropharynx and the temporal muscles, with metastasis to the regional lymph node and lungs.
Diabetes Mellitus in a Dog with a Growth Hormone-producing Acidophilic Adenoma of the Adenohypophysis
Authors: Keulen L. J. M. van , Wesdorp J. L. , Kooistra H. S.
Published: March 2010

A 9-year-old male Doberman Pinscher was referred to the Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, for polyuria/polydipsia, anorexia, and vomiting. Laboratory examination of blood and urine revealed hyperglycemia, glucosuria, and acidosis. Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed but was very resistant to subsequent insulin treatment. At the owners' request, the dog was euthanatized and a postmortem examination was performed. In addition to hepatic, pancreatic, and renal changes compatible with diabetes mellitus, an acidophilic adenoma of the adenohypophysis was found. Immunohistochemical staining for growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and prolactin showed a strong immunolabeling for growth hormone within the cytoplasm of the tumor cells. Although growth hormone level was not measured in the plasma, our findings suggest that the diabetes mellitus in this dog was caused by excess growth hormone secreted by the pituitary neoplasm.
Mucinous Adenocarcinoma in the Abomasum of a Cow
Authors: Ritchey J. W. , Marshall C. , David C. , Brown T. T.
Published: March 2010

A cow with mucinous adenocarcinoma of the abomasum presented to the teaching hospital with a markedly distended abdomen from which 80 liters of fluid was drained during trocharization. An exploratory laparotomy allowed removal of an additional 80 liters of fluid from the peritoneal cavity and revealed a diffusely thickened parietal peritoneum and a palpable cranial abdominal mass. The cow was euthanatized. At necropsy, the abomasum was diffusely thickened and firm. The peritoneal and pleural surfaces were covered with numerous coalescing, firm white nodules. Microscopically, the thickened abomasum was multifocally effaced by aggregates, cords, and acini of neoplastic cells separated by amphophilic, foamy to wispy periodic acid-Schiff- and alcian blue-positive material. Cell boundaries were indistinct and large, clear, colorless intracytoplasmic vacuoles were common.
An Atypical T-Cell Lymphosarcoma in a Calf with Bovine Immunodeficiency-like Virus Infection
Authors: Rovid A. H. , Carpenter S. , Miller L. D. , Flaming K. P. , Long M. J. , Maaten M. J. Van der , Frank D. E. , Roth J. A.
Published: March 2010

An 11-month-old Holstein calf experimentally infected with bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV) developed T-cell lymphosarcoma 5 months postinoculation, concurrent with progressive monocytosis. Tumors were found in the thymus, multiple lymph nodes, and brain. Tumor cells were CD2+, CD4-, CD8-T cells. Infectious BIV could be recovered from splenic tissue and blood mononuclear cells. Bovine leukemia virus was not present. Because this calf was part of an ongoing experiment on the pathogenesis of BIV infection, immune function data were also available both before and after lymphosarcoma developed. Neutrophil and monocyte function were normal, but lymphocyte blastogenesis was enhanced before the development of lymphosarcoma. Follicular hyperplasia in lymphoid tissues was also seen. This case raises the possibility that BIV infection may cause or be associated with some cases of atypical T-cell lymphosarcoma, without evidence of immune suppression at the time of tumor onset.
Morphologic Alterations in the Cilia of a Cat
Authors: Roperto F. , Brunetti A. , Saviano L. , Galati P.
Published: March 2010

Based upon ultrastructural findings and computed tomography, a presumptive diagnosis of feline primary ciliary dyskinesia was made in a 2.5-year-old cat. The cat demonstrated morphologic alterations in the ultrastructure of oviductal cilia. In the oviduct, axonemal abnormalities were detected in 132 (20%) of 660 cross-sectioned cilia. The main ultrastructural ciliary defects were a lack of central microtubules, transposition of peripheral doublets to the center of the axoneme, supernumerary microtubules, and morphologic abnormalities of peripheral doublets. Computed tomography of the chest was consistent with early lesions of bronchiectasis, suggesting chronic stagnation of respiratory secretions, attributed to abnormal function of respiratory cilia. Specifically, the cranial branches of the cat's bronchi were wider and thicker than those of five healthy controls. Foci of pleural thickening and interstitial enlargement were also observed.
Status Spongiosis, Optic Neuropathy, and Retinal Degeneration in Helichrysum argyrosphaerum Poisoning in Sheep and a Goat
Authors: Lugt J. J. van der , Olivier J. , Jordain P.
Published: March 2010

Lesions of natural Helichrysum argyrosphaerum poisoning were studied in eight sheep and one goat. Light microscopic examination revealed widespread, bilaterally symmetrical status spongiosis of the white matter of the brain consistently present in the subependymal area adjacent to the lateral ventricles, cerebellar peduncles, and brain stem in all animals. In three animals, the ultrastructural finding of intramyelinic vacuolation due to splitting of the myelin lamellae at the intraperiod lines indicated myelin edema. There was also mild distension of perivascular and extracellular spaces in the severely affected areas. Significant changes were absent in neurons, glial cells, axons, or blood vessel walls. Myelin edema associated with degeneration and loss of axons and myelin and astrocytic gliosis was present in the intraorbital and intracranial portions of the optic nerves. In the intracanalicular portions of the nerves in three animals that were studied, more chronic lesions consisting of fibrosis and atrophy of the nerve suggested that the optic neuropathy follows compression of the nerve in the optic canal as a result of myelin edema. The toxic principle of the plant also caused a degenerative retinopathy in five animals. The essential histopathologic change was degeneration and loss of the photoreceptor outer segments predominantly in the nontapetal retina. These retinal lesions were associated with hyperplasia and hypertrophy and with migration of the pigmented epithelium, focal retinal separation, and depletion and loss of the nuclear layers.
Histopathologic Evaluation of Feline Inflammatory Liver Disease
Authors: Gagne J. M. , Weiss D. J. , Armstrong P. J.
Published: March 2010

To better define the histopathologic features of feline inflammatory liver disease, we studied feline liver biopsies evaluated at the University of Minnesota Veterinary Teaching Hospital over a 10-year period. Of 175 liver sections examined, 45 had portal inflammatory infiltrates. Of these, 60% had infiltrates consisting of lymphocytes and plasma cells, 24% had infiltrates consisting of neutrophils, and 16% had mixed infiltrates consisting of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. Lymphocytic-plasmacytic portal infiltrates were characterized by various degrees of bile duct proliferation and fibrosis without evidence of bile duct infiltration or periportal necrosis. Sections with portal neutrophilic infiltrates were characterized by bile duct infiltration, bile duct epithelial degeneration, periportal necrosis, and infiltration of neutrophils into adjacent lobules. We propose that hepatitis characterized by portal lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration be termed lymphocytic portal hepatitis and that hepatitis characterized by cholangitis and portal neutrophilic infiltrates with or without lymphocytes and plasma cells be termed cholangiohepatitis.
Number of Nucleoli and Nucleolar Organizer Regions per Nucleus and Nucleolus — Prognostic Value in Canine Mammary Tumors
Authors: BratuliĆ M. , GrabareviĆ Ž , ArtukoviĆ B. , Capak D.
Published: March 2010

Twenty-eight canine mammary tumors were evaluated for histopathologic classification as recommended by the World Health Organization and silver-binding nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) and nucleolus counts. Samples of surgically excised tumors and tumors taken at necropsy were fixed in neutral formalin, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 1-3-μm-thick sections. Two sections were taken from each tumor: one was stained with hematoxylin and eosin and the other was treated with the silver staining technique for the demonstration of AgNORs. After histopathologic classification, the number of nucleoli and the number of AgNORs/nucleus and AgNORs/nucleolus were determined. Statistical analysis (Student's t-test) showed a significant difference in the mean number of nucleoli ( P < 0.005), mean number of AgNORs/nucleolus ( P < 0.001), and mean number of AgNORs/nucleus ( P < 0.005) between benign and malignant canine mammary tumors. There was no significant differences between metastatic and nonmetastatic malignant tumors.
Immunohistochemical Detection of P-glycoprotein in Formalin-fixed and Paraffin-embedded Normal and Neoplastic Canine Tissues
Authors: Ginn P. E.
Published: March 2010

Expression of P-glycoprotein, a phylogenetically conserved integral plasma membrane protein, is implicated as one of the most important factors contributing to tumor cell multidrug resistance. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded normal and neoplastic canine tissues were studied using an avidin-biotin complex technique employing three murine monoclonal antibodies (C494, C219, JSB-1) to different epitopes of the P-glycoprotein molecule. Evaluation of immunostaining of normal canine tissues revealed positive labeling detected by each antibody in the liver, proximal renal tubular epithelium, adrenal cortex, colonic epithelium, and capillary endothelial cells of the brain. A total of 166 tumors of epithelial or mesenchymal origin were evaluated for P-glycoprotein immunoreactivity. Hepatomas (4/4), colorectal adenomas (7/7), colorectal carcinomas (4/4), adrenal cortical adenomas (3/3), hemangiopericytomas (15/15), apocrine gland adenocarcinomas (4/5, 80%), and transitional cell carcinomas (2/2) consistently labeled with at least one of the antibodies. Histiocytomas (0/10), cutaneous plasma cell tumors (0/10), fibromas (0/3), fibrosarcomas (0/4), and leiomyomas (0/4) were uniformly negative with all antibodies. Malignant lymphomas (6/22, 27.3%), malignant melanomas (4/13, 30.8%), leiomyosarcomas (3/6, 50%), mammary gland carcinomas (12/19, 63.2%), mammary gland adenomas (3/9, 33.3%), squamous cell carcinomas (8/10, 80%), basal cell tumors (5/7, 71.4%), apocrine gland adenomas (1/2, 50%), cholangiocarcinomas (2/3, 66.7%), and thyroid gland carcinomas (2/4, 50%) gave variable results. The antibodies C494, JSB-1, and C219 labeled 66/166 (39.8%), 53/166 (31.9%), and 38/166 (22.9%) of all tumors studied, respectively. A total of 26/166 (15.7%), 22/166 (13.3%), and 37/166 (22.6%) of tumors were labeled by all three, just two, or one antibody alone, respectively. The antibody C494 was the only antibody labeling 28/166 (16.9%) of the cases. JSB-1 alone labeled 9/166 (5.4%) of the tumors. C219 failed to label any tumors not also labeled by either C494 or JSB-1. Labeling by C494 was more intense and specific than labeling by the other two antibodies. Results indicate that P-glycoprotein can be detected in routinely processed canine tissues. The detection of P-glycoprotein within canine liver, kidney, adrenal gland, and colon and within tumors arising from these tissues is consistent with that reported in the literature for human tissues. Variable labeling results of other tumors such as malignant lymphoma and mammary gland carcinomas also is consistent with reports of human studies. Detection of multidrug resistance markers such as P-glycoprotein in canine tissues may provide additional information upon which to base a prognosis or to design treatment regimens for canine tumors.
Chronological Immunohistochemical Detection and Localization of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Gnotobiotic Pigs
Authors: Rossow K. D. , Benfield D. A. , Goyal S. M. , Nelson E. A. , Christopher-Hennings J. , Collins J. E.
Published: March 2010

An immunogold-silver immunohistochemical technique was used to determine the chronological distribution and localization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in experimentally infected gnotobiotic pigs. Thirty-two pigs were randomly allocated to infected ( n = 24) or control ( n = 8) groups. Pigs in infected groups were inoculated at 3 days of age by nasal instillation of PRRSV isolate ATCC VR-2332 (total dose = 102.64 TCID50), and control pigs were exposed in the same manner to uninfected cell culture supernatant. Three infected and one control pigs were euthanatized at 12 hours and at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days postexposure (DPE). Bronchiolar epithelial cells, arteriolar endothelial cells, monocytes, and interstitial, alveolar, and intravascular macrophages stained for PRRSV antigen at 12 hours postexposure. Staining for PRRSV antigen in endothelial cells, monocytes, and alveolar, interstitial, and intravascular macrophages was most intense and widespread in lung sections from 14 and 21 DPE. In the heart, macrophages in the interstitial and subendocardial spaces and endothelial cells in a few arterioles stained for PRRSV antigen at 14 and 21 DPE. Tonsillar macrophages and mucosal epithelium stained for PRRSV antigen at 12 hours postexposure and sporadically with less intensity in subsequent sampling periods. In the nasal turbinate, PRRSV antigen was identified in macrophages within the mucosal epithelium at 12 hours postexposure and again at 14 and 21 DPE. There was focal staining for PRRSV antigen in the choroid plexus in one pig at 14 DPE. Based on the results of this experiment, the pathogenesis of PRRSV infection in gnotobiotic pigs can be described as initial virus entry through nasal epithelial, tonsillar, and pulmonary macrophages, with viremia occurring by 12 hours postexposure followed by the development of pneumonia, myocarditis, encephalitis, rhinitis, vasculitis, and lymphoid necrosis. Although PRRSV can infect macrophages in heart, tonsil, turbinate, and choroid plexus, pulmonary macrophages are predominantly and consistently infected and are the predominant cells for virus replication in gnotobiotic pigs.
Minding the regional news gap
Authors: Barnett Steven
Published: March 2010

This year’s general election could see the future of the local media becoming one of the central issues of debate. Steven Barnett, an advisor to the House of Lords Communications Committee’s investigation into news and media ownership, suggests that the election will take place against a backdrop of “probably the most cataclysmic financial crisis in journalism since the beginnings of an unfettered press”. In particular he draws attention to the parlous state of regional news on ITV, which, combined with the crises facing local newspapers, could result in major reductions in professional journalism at the local level – a real threat to democracy.
TV’s political host with the most
Authors: Hagerty Bill
Published: March 2010

Bill Hagerty profiles the host of The Andrew Marr Show, whom he describes as “the man politicians know they cannot afford to ignore in this election year and the anchor of what is arguably the most influential political programme on British television”. Marr discusses his interviewing technique, his previous career in newspaper journalism, his stint as BBC political editor, and the relationship between the media and the political process.
You go to war with the press you’ve got
Authors: McNally Steve
Published: March 2010

Most journalists are not experts in military equipment, so when “informed sources” tell them that the Government is sending in troops to Afghanistan with sub-standard gear, they tend to believe them. But in most cases, says Steve McNally, they’re wrong. And he should know: as a Territorial he served with the Royal Artillery in Helmand Province last year. Journalists, he says, are all too keen to take the bait of a “bungling government” sending poorly-equipped soldiers into battle, because it fits their particular narrative; but in so doing they are misinforming their audiences, misrepresenting the Government and undermining the serving troops.
Silence as Tiger’s tale unfolds
Authors: Fay Stephen
Published: March 2010

Stephen Fay examines why it took a car crash for the press to explore the rumours about Tiger Woods’s marital problems, which had been circulating among golfing correspondents for some time before the crash. Citing sports journalists’ similar reticence in the past to focus on incidents in the lives of Ian Botham, Don Revie and Bob Stokoe, Fay concludes that “many sports reporters have felt a greater loyalty to the people they wrote about than to the people they wrote for”. However, he also argues that radical changes in the culture of journalism, in particular its increasingly adversarial nature, allied with the widespread media obsession with the private lives of celebrities, have increasingly made such reticence a thing of the past.
Libel: fear should be the spur
Authors: Page Bruce
Published: March 2010

Bruce Page takes issue with current arguments that libel law should be made rather more defendant-friendly. In Page’s view, fear, including fear of prosecution, is proper to modern investigative journalism, and, “especially if well controlled and well concealed, should be welcome as an aid to precision”. He also advances the argument that “journalism exists to do harm. Put another way, to do good to some people, investigative work must always damage others … Investigation and defamation are social hygiene, and must be astringent to have salutary effect”.
Why freelancing is now a dead loss
Authors: Brown Maggie
Published: March 2010

In contrast to Rowland’s reasonably optimistic tone, Maggie Brown is much more downbeat in her assessment of the daunting task facing today’s freelance journalists. She talks to a number of formerly well-paid columnists as well some new faces, and concludes that life is tougher than it has ever been for today’s freelances. While there are pockets of well-paid and reasonably secure commissions, most have to battle hard against a rising number of experienced former Fleet Street specialists while having to accept reduced fees, and be fearful even of going on holiday.
Moving beyond binary opposition: Exploring the tapestry of gender in consumer research and marketing
Authors: Bettany Shona , Dobscha Susan , O'Malley Lisa , Prothero Andrea
Published: March 2010

The last two decades have seen an exponential growth in research pertaining to gender issues in marketing and consumer research. This special issue of Marketing Theory, together with the ongoing Association for Consumer Research Gender, Marketing and Consumer Research conference series, now approaching its tenth iteration, demonstrates the continued interest in gender issues in our disciplines. Introducing the special issue, this paper’s remit is threefold: it maps the substantive and theoretical developments of gender research within our discipline; it locates this work on gender within its broader context in humanities and social science; and it introduces the reader to the four papers in this special issue. The paper concludes that gender research has moved from the margins to become a strong body of work within marketing and consumer research. That said, there remains substantive opportunity for further development, where gender and feminist research can offer new insights, critiques, theories and approaches.
Is advertising a barrier to male movement toward gender change?
Authors: Gentry James , Harrison Robert
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this paper is to investigate male (and father) role portrayals in advertising from a masculine theoretical perspective. We note that the traditional masculine hegemony in the US is still seen almost exclusively in television commercials, even at a time when masculine roles in society are changing rapidly. We summarize the literature on masculinity, noting its changing nature, and discuss the role of advertising in maintaining the status quo. We then present results from three content analyses of commercials during programs targeted to adult males, females, and children. Results suggest that portrayals of gender roles in commercials have not become more gender neutral. While women are being shown in less stereotypically traditional roles, male portrayals still reflect a very traditional masculine perspective. We conclude that male confusion concerning what masculine roles are expected of them is being exacerbated by their portrayals in commercials.
Glocal gender identities in market places of transition: MARIANISMO and the consumption of the telenovela Rebelde
Authors: Kjeldgaard Dannie , Nielsen Kaj Storgaard
Published: March 2010

This article follows recent calls to take the study of gender construction beyond the affluent cultural contexts of Northern America and Western Europe. The article examines the negotiation and representation of gender in the Mexican telenovela Rebelde. The study analyses the identity positions and tensions in the cultural product as well as analyzing consumer interpretive strategies to negotiate countervailing gender ideals. The article analyses how processes of market place transition and the negotiation of gender are handled by navigating between countervailing cultural meanings of tradition and modernity, conformity and rebellion, in glocalized forms.
Men on the hunt: Ecofeminist insights into masculinity
Authors: Littlefield Jon
Published: March 2010

This paper examines the various expressions of masculinity found in the deer hunting subculture by seeking insight from the feminist discourse on ecofeminism. In its broadest formulation, ecofeminism suggests that men have historically dominated women and nature to the detriment of both. Male dominance is seen as a result of social patterning that has promoted male hegemonic power and ideologies. This paper argues instead that a subtle and ambiguous set of behaviors actually define masculinity in this culture. The data are presented in the form of stories of four individual hunters with diverse expressions of masculinity.
The Obligation to bring about Good in Social Work Research
Authors: Bogolub Ellen
Published: March 2010

Ethically, social work researchers should bring about good for research respondents. Referring to the work of other researchers who support beneficent research, this article describes an activity that can bring about such good: the identification and reporting of possible service gaps affecting research respondents. I identified this activity during a pilot qualitative study of children’s views regarding foster care. Specifically, interview transcript analysis highlighted comments suggesting unanticipated questions about services children received. Because of its characteristic methods of obtaining and analyzing data, qualitative research seems particularly likely to raise such unanticipated questions. Despite fear of jeopardizing future research possibilities, I raised the unanticipated questions about services at the agency. I aimed to enable the agency to address the questions, thereby helping children. In this case impact on agency services was slight. Nonetheless, the researcher’s obligation to report possible service gaps at agencies providing research samples was underscored.
Revisiting Residential Care
Authors: Pösö Tarja
Published: March 2010

In this article, ‘revisiting’ refers to a variety of ways in which the researcher visits the research site again and in which the relations between the first and later visits are given some consideration substantially and methodologically. Revisiting may be done either for testing and/or enriching existing knowledge. It is claimed that time-aware research is needed in social work especially now when postmodern notions of continuous change are commonly present. Some ethnographic experiences of youth residential care are used to demonstrate the characteristics of revisiting. Revisiting tends to underline the importance of time, in particular biographical and institutional time and (shared) memories, as well as social relations within the field and their interwovenness. In the presented case study, revisiting highlights stability and changes equally and frames the issue of ‘change’ in a new way.
Embracing an Emerging Structure in Community Mental Health Services
Authors: Grant Jill G.
Published: March 2010

This article investigates evidence of mental health system change at two community mental health organizations. Using ethnographic methods, the study explored the relationships, culture and characteristics of organizations employing consumer-survivors in designated positions, examining the ways in which they reflect traditional medically-based services and/or more recovery, partnership-oriented services. The data suggest that two structures of mental health services are evident at the organizations: the dominant structure and the emerging structure. It is argued that relationships based on hope, respect and affection appear to encourage the presence of the emerging structure.
Drama in the Academy
Authors: Wulff Dan , George Sally St. , Faul Annatjie C. , Frey Andy , Frey Shannon
Published: March 2010

The effort of our School of Social Work’s Diversity Committee to create an engaging presentation/performance focusing on the social issue of racism to our faculty and staff colleagues is described in this article. Our journey to develop two specific performances is outlined, along with descriptions of each and the audience reactions. As we reflected on our experiences with these performances, we recognized the value of using non-traditional forms of presentations in the academic setting to create a meaningful experience that would be most engaging with our academic colleagues. Developing these performances, enacting them, and receiving critical feedback on those performances emboldened us to develop additional performances (rather than traditional formal presentations) in our academic setting.
Clinical Management of Scapulothoracic Bursitis and the Snapping Scapula
Authors: Conduah Augustine H. , Baker Champ L. , Baker Champ L.
Published: March 2010

Context:

Symptomatic scapulothoracic bursitis and crepitus are disorders of the scapulothoracic articulation that are often poorly understood. They can be a source of persistent pain and dysfunction in the active overhead throwing athlete. It is important to distinguish between scapulothoracic bursitis and scapulothoracic crepitus. Scapulothoracic bursitis refers to inflammation of the bursae secondary to trauma or overuse owing to sports activities or work. Scapulothoracic crepitus is defined by a grinding, popping, or thumping sound or sensation secondary to abnormal scapulothoracic motion.

Evidence Acquisition:

This article presents the causes, diagnosis, and management of these shoulder conditions in a manner that is relevant to clinicians, athletic trainers, and physical therapists, and it reviews relevant studies to determine the consensus on nonoperative treatment, as well as open and arthroscopic surgical treatment.

Results:

The causes of scapulothoracic bursitis and crepitus include direct or indirect trauma, overuse syndromes, glenohumeral joint dysfunction, osseous abnormalities, muscle atrophy or fibrosis, and idiopathic causes. Scapulothoracic bursitis and crepitus remain primarily clinical diagnoses; however, imaging studies or local injections may also be helpful. The initial treatment of scapulothoracic bursitis and scapulothoracic crepitus should be nonoperative. Surgical treatment options include partial scapulectomy or resection of the superomedial angle of the scapula, open bursal resection, and arthroscopic bursectomy. Despite the lack of agreement among orthopaedic surgeons concerning which procedure is best for treating symptomatic scapulothoracic bursitis and crepitus, most reports have demonstrated good to excellent outcomes in a significantly high percentage of patients.

Conclusion:

Clearly, the best initial approach to these conditions is a nonoperative treatment plan that combines scapular strengthening, postural reeducation, and core strength endurance. The addition of local modalities, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and localized injections may also be helpful. If an appropriate trial of nonoperative management proves unsuccessful, surgical correction can produce good results.
Phase transformation behaviours of porous NiTi SMA fabricated as hollow and solid cylinders by SHS
Authors: Kaya M. , Orhan N. , Tosun G.
Published: March 2010

Porous NiTi shape memory alloys were fabricated as hollow and solid cylinders by self-propagating high temperature synthesis for use as implant material. The green compacted specimens were synthesised with different ignition technical, high voltage electric arcs. The pore morphologies, microstructures and phase transformation behaviours of the synthesised products at different preheating temperatures were studied. It was seen that the B2(NiTi) and B19′ (NiTi) phases were predominant phases. It was also seen that porosity decreased with the increase in preheating temperature and the orientation of the combustion channels was affected by the ignition location. Phase transformation temperatures and activation energies were not changed, but the changes at enthalpy and entropy increased with increasing porosity.
Mouse models of the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Kennedy Arion J. , Ellacott Kate L. J. , King Victoria L. , Hasty Alyssa H.
Published: March 2010

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by obesity concomitant with other metabolic abnormalities such as hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein levels, elevated blood pressure and raised fasting glucose levels. The precise definition of MetS, the relationships of its metabolic features, and what initiates it, are debated. However, obesity is on the rise worldwide, and its association with these metabolic symptoms increases the risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease (among many other diseases). Research needs to determine the mechanisms by which obesity and MetS increase the risk of disease. In light of this growing epidemic, it is imperative to develop animal models of MetS. These models will help determine the pathophysiological basis for MetS and how MetS increases the risk for other diseases. Among the various animal models available to study MetS, mice are the most commonly used for several reasons. First, there are several spontaneously occurring obese mouse strains that have been used for decades and that are very well characterized. Second, high-fat feeding studies require only months to induce MetS. Third, it is relatively easy to study the effects of single genes by developing transgenic or gene knockouts to determine the influence of a gene on MetS. For these reasons, this review will focus on the benefits and caveats of the most common mouse models of MetS. It is our hope that the reader will be able to use this review as a guide for the selection of mouse models for their own studies.
Heart failure and mouse models
Authors: Breckenridge Ross
Published: March 2010

Heart failure is a common, complex condition with a poor prognosis and increasing incidence. The syndrome of heart failure comprises changes in electrophysiology, contraction and energy metabolism. This complexity, and the interaction of the clinical syndrome with very frequently concurrent medical conditions such as diabetes, means that animal modelling of heart failure is difficult. The current animal models of heart failure in common use do not address several important clinical problems. There have been major recent advances in the understanding of cardiac biology in the healthy and failing myocardium, but these are, as yet, unmatched by advances in therapeutics. Arguably, the development of new animal models of heart failure, or at least adaptation of existing models, will be necessary to fully translate scientific advances in this area into new drugs. This review outlines the mouse models of heart failure in common usage today, and discusses how adaptations in these models may allow easier translation of animal experimentation into the clinical arena.
Novel Counter Anion Effects of Added [Co(NH3)6]X3 (X− = Cl−, Br−, I−, or ClO4−) on Surface Tension Reduction in Aqueous Solutions of Anionic Surfactants
Authors: Sovanna Sieng , Suzuki Takayoshi , Kojima Masaaki , Tachiyashiki Satoshi , Kita Masakazu
Published: March 2010

Surface tension of anionic surfactant solutions, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SBS) decreases remarkably in the presence of [Co(NH3)6]X3 (2.50 mM) (X− = Cl−, Br−, I−, or ClO4−) at 298 K, depending on the kind of counter anion X−. The magnitude of reduction is in the order ClO4− ≥ I− > Br− > Cl− for SDS solutions and ClO4− > Cl− > Br− > I− for SBS solutions at 0.03 mM surfactant concentrations.
Electronic Communication in the Formation of a Quartet Molecule 2,6,10-Tris[bis(p-methoxyphenyl)aminium]triphenylene
Authors: Ibe Takeshi , Kaiho Shu , Oyaizu Kenichi , Nishide Hiroyuki
Published: March 2010

A quartet triradical molecule, 2,6,10-tris[bis(p-methoxyphenyl)aminium]triphenylene, was characterized by the electronic interaction among the three aminium sites based on the fused-aromatic, triphenylene-linked, and non-Kekulé connectivity, which lead to the stable high-spin triradical formation.
Cyclic O-Acyloximes as Novel Photolatent Bases
Authors: Suyama Kanji , Inoue Tomohiro , Shirai Masamitsu
Published: March 2010

Cyclic O-acyloximes were prepared as novel photolatent bases with good photoreactivity and thermal stability. They were transformed into cyclic imines on irradiation at 254 nm and showed higher crosslinking ability for poly(glycidyl methacrylate) compared with an O-acyloxime with noncyclic structure.
Papillamide, a Novel Fatty Acid Amide from the Red Alga Laurencia papillosa
Authors: Maru Norihito , Ohno Osamu , Koyama Tomoyuki , Yamada Kaoru , Uemura Daisuke
Published: March 2010

Papillamide (1), a novel fatty acid amide that incorporates a cyclopropyl ring, was isolated from the Okinawan red alga Laurencia papillosa, which overgrows hermatypic corals. The structure of 1 was determined by spectroscopic analyses.
One-pot Preparation of Water-soluble Blue Luminescent Silica Flakes via Microwave Heating
Authors: Iwasaki Yasuhiko , Shibata Yasuhisa , Watanabe Akihiko , Inada Mitsuru , Kawasaki Hideya , Uchino Takashi
Published: March 2010

Photoluminescent silica flakes were newly synthesized from silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) by reflux in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) without the use of any surfactants or other additives. Photoluminescence (PL) intensity was remarkably enhanced with microwave treatment. The morphology of dispersible solutes was 144 ± 16 nm flakes. It was also clarified that DMF was coordinated on the surface of the flakes and that it influences the dispersion of flakes in both aqueous and organic solvents.
Letter: Identification of Polyborate Ions in Aqueous Solution by Electrospray Ionisation Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Gaspar Andras , Schmitt-Kopplin Philippe
Published: March 2010

Ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to investigate polyborate species in aqueous solution. The mass spectrum of boric acid revealed clusters of polyborate ions. Constituents with up to 19 B atoms were assigned and 15 species and their relationship were investigated in depth with collision-induced fragmentation. Based on the observed fragments, we proposed herein a potential fragmentation pathway for the observed polyborate molecules.
Discovery of Rifampicin as a New Anti-Glycating Compound by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry-Based Insulin Glycation Assay
Authors: Golegaonkar Sandeep B. , Bhonsle Hemangi S. , Boppana Ramanamurthy , Kulkarni Mahesh J.
Published: March 2010

An in vitro insulin glycation assay was developed for screening glycation inhibitors. The assay involves the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for monitoring the formation of glycated insulin. The assay is simple, rapid and amenable for high throughput screening. Using this assay we have discovered a strong anti-glycation activity for the anti-tuberculosis drug rifampicin. These results were compared with bovine serum albumin glucose fluorescence assay. In addition, the IC50 of rifampicin was lower than that of aminoguanidine, a known anti-glycating agent, suggesting that rifampicin is a more potent glycation inhibitor.
Electron Ionization-Induced Mass Spectral Study of 5-Methylenecarboxy (5-Methylenecarbonylalkoxy)-2-Thio-(2-Alkoxycarbonylalkylthio)Uracils and 3-Oxothiazolo-[3,2-a]-Pyrimidine-6-Methylenecarbonylalkoxy-5-Ones
Authors: Bartkowiak Grażyna , Wyrzykiewicz Elżbieta , Schroeder Grzegorz
Published: March 2010

Electron ionization (EI) mass spectral fragmentation of 2-thio-5-methylenecarboxy (5-methylenecarbonylalkoxy)uracils and their derivatives, five new 2-alkoxycarbonylalkylthio-5-methylenecarboxy (5-methylenecarbonylalkoxy)uracils and three new 3-oxothiazolo-[3,2- a]-pyrimidine-6-methylenecarbonylalkoxy-5-ones are investigated. Fragmentation pathways whose elucidation is assisted by accurate mass measurements and metastable transitions are established. The correlations between the abundances of the selected fragment ions and the molecular ions of investigated compounds are discussed. The data obtained create the basis for differentiating structural isomers and can be used for distinction of the compounds investigated from the series of 2- (or 4-) alkoxycarbonylalkylthiouracils, 2-alkoxycarbonylalkylthio-6-carboxyuracils and 1-alkoxycarbonylalkyluracils from their isomers and metamers.