bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing surgical outcomes of da Vinci SP and da Vinci Xi for endometrial cancer surgical staging in a propensity score-matched study
Authors: Seon Ki Eun , Lee Yong Jae , Lee Jung-Yun , Nam Eun Ji , Kim Sunghoon , Kim Young Tae , Kim Sang Wun
Published: July 2023

The number of studies comparing robotic systems in endometrial cancer staging is limited. This retrospective study analyzed the medical records of 42 consecutive endometrial cancer patients, who underwent robotic staging using the da Vinci SP (SP) system, and 126 propensity score-matched patients who underwent staging using the da Vinci Xi (Xi) system. Median console and total operation times were longer in the SP group than those in the Xi group (125 vs. 77 min, p < 0.001; 225 vs. 154.5 min, p < 0.001, respectively). Notably, the median console time of the first 10 cases using SP was 184 min; it subsequently decreased to 99.5 min in the fourth 10 cases. SP had lesser postoperative hemoglobin (Hb) change (0.6 ± 0.7 g/dL vs. 1.8 ± 0.9 g/dL in Xi, p < 0.001) and lower median pain score at 6 h after surgery (2 vs. 3 in Xi, p = 0.046). Moreover, median postoperative hospital stay was shorter in the SP group (2 days) than that in the Xi group (6 days) (p < 0.001). Although SP was correlated with lower postoperative Hb change, shorter postoperative hospital stay, and lower pain score than those in Xi, it required longer operation times. Further prospective randomized studies are needed to validate the benefits of SP compared to other robotic platforms.
Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from cystic fibrosis patients with chronic infections
Authors: Iwańska Agnieszka , Trafny Elżbieta Anna , Czopowicz Michał , Augustynowicz-Kopeć Ewa
Published: July 2023

Patients with cystic fibrosis are predisposed to chronic respiratory tract infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. As the disease progresses, the microorganism diversifies into genotypically and phenotypically different strains which may coexist in the patient's airways for years. Adaptation of the microorganism to the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis probably occurs in response to the host's airway environment, the elements of the immune system and antibiotic therapy. Due to the chronic persistence of the microorganism in the airways, a comprehensive molecular analysis was conducted. The analysis included 120 strains isolated from 10 adult cystic fibrosis patients with chronic P. aeruginosa infection. The aim of the study was to analyze the molecular patterns of P. aeruginosa strains and to trace their transmission in the population of cystic fibrosis patients, as well as to study a relationship of the disease with specific phenotypic features. In the research, a genotypic analysis of P. aeruginosa was performed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The results of a number of phenotypic features of the strains were added to the outcomes of the molecular studies. As a result, 28 different genotypes were distinguished. The study also showed cross-transmission of strains between patients. 3 transmissible clusters were identified, including IG1 and IG2 clusters with 9 strains of P. aeruginosa each, obtained from 2 patients and IG3 cluster with 6 strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from 3 patients. Moreover, it was found that in some patients, several unrelated strains of P. aeruginosa may transiently or permanently infect the respiratory tract. A comprehensive understanding of the P. aeruginosa adaptation may help to develop more effective antimicrobial therapies and to identify new targets for future drugs in order to prevent progression of the infection to chronic stages.
Rolle der Tranexamsäure in der Plastischen Chirurgie: eine
systematische Überprüfung
Authors: Isaev Raya , Frey Elena , Motamedi Melodi , Allert Sixtus
Published: July 2023

Hintergrund Blutungsereignisse in der Chirurgie stellen ein Problem dar
und können zu Revisionsoperationen und Blutungsanämie
führen, welche zum Teil mittels Bluttransfusionen therapiert werden
müssen. Tranexamsäure ist ein antifibrinolytischer Wirkstoff,
der bereits für die Prävention und Therapie von perioperativen
Blutungen aus der Orthopädie, kardiovaskulären Chirurgie sowie
Gynäkologie bekannt ist. In der Plastischen Chirurgie nimmt die
Anwendung von Tranexamsäure an Popularität zu und wurde bereits
in einzelnen Studien beschrieben.

Material und Methoden Es wurde eine Literaturrecherche mit Hilfe der
Datenbank MEDLINE der National Library of Medicine (NLM) der Vereinigten Staaten
durchgeführt. Dabei wurden Schlagwörter „Tranexamic acid
in plastic surgery“, „intravenous tranexamic acid in plastic
surgery“, „topical tranexamic acid in plastic surgery“
sowie „subcutaneous tranexamic acid in plastic surgery“
verwendet. Die Suche wurde auf den Zeitraum 2010 bis 2023 begrenzt. Die Arbeiten
wurden nach Evidenzgrad, Aussagekraft und Verfügbarkeit analysiert und
in 3 Gruppen für die topische, intravenöse oder subkutane
Anwendung von Tranexamsäure aufgeteilt. Es wurden randomisierte
kontrollierte Studien sowie nicht randomisierte pro- und retrospektive
Kohortenstudien in die systematische Überprüfung inkludiert.
Studien aus anderen Fachbereichen, Review Artikel, technical notes,
experimentelle Studien, Briefe an den Editor, Kommentare und Case reports wurden
exkludiert.

Ergebnisse Die Literaturrecherche ergab insgesamt 135 Arbeiten. Davon
wurden 56 Arbeiten als relevant für die Plastische Chirurgie beurteilt.
Nach weiterer Analyse wurden 41 Arbeiten anhand der oben beschriebenen
Exklusionskriterien ausgeschlossen. 15 Studien wurden letztendlich in die
vorliegende Arbeit inkludiert und daraus Empfehlungen für die
Anwendungsmöglichkeiten wie intravenöse, topische und subkutane
Applikation von Tranexamsäure, inklusive der Indikationen,
Kontraindikationen und Dosierungsformeln erarbeitet.

Diskussion Die aktuelle Studienlage über die Anwendung der
Tranexamsäure ist zwar limitiert, jedoch zeigen die Ergebnisse mehr
Vorteile als Nachteile für die perioperative Anwendung. Die Etablierung
der Anwendung von Tranexamsäure in der Plastischen Chirurgie
könnte die Reduktion der perioperativen Blutung sowie das
präzisere Operieren erleichtern und eine zügige Entfernung von
Drainagen ermöglichen. Jedoch sind nach der Analyse von Nutzen- und
Risikofaktoren weitere randomisierte Kontrollstudien für die Anwendung
in der Plastischen Chirurgie erforderlich.
Introduction
Authors: Jordan Randolph
Published: July 2023

The introduction lays out the basic theoretical framework for acoustic profiling, a method for listening to films by way of acoustic ecology (and vice versa). On the one hand, a sound ecology of the cinema entails the application of acoustic ecology’s prescribed listening practices to film sound studies. On the other hand, a new way of thinking about acoustic ecology is born of film studies, a way to consider acoustic ecology’s practice through film studies’ long history of dealing with problems of fidelity and realism through recording technologies. This intersection of fields offers a necessary critical discourse for handling the challenges inherent in navigating acoustic ecology’s media practices. The four dimensions of acoustic ecology are described as documentation, analysis, prescription, and composition, and it is explained how these can intersect with a variety of standard concepts in film sound theory. In turn, this introduction explains how the films analyzed across the book will demonstrate, enact, and challenge these dimensions through their mediality, a mode of reflexivity that emphasizes the role of media technologies in engaging with, rather than acting as barrier to, real-world space. The films expose the myths inherent to the discourse of fidelity and invite audiences to reflect upon their approaches to the audiovisual construction of space so they may carry this reflection to the world beyond the frame of the screen and its surrounding walls. The intersection of acoustic ecology and film sound studies can make films work as both extensions of acoustic ecology and means for critically rethinking the field.
Audible Transparency
Authors: Jordan Randolph
Published: July 2023

Chapter 1 introduces Schaferian acoustic ecology through an analysis of Jacques Tati’s film Playtime (1967). The film is a meditation on the spaces of modernist architecture as exemplified by the use of glass as building material in the International Style, emphasizing the fact that glass enclosures are visually transparent while blocking the passage of sound, wherein the view out the window is dissociated from its soundscape, an example of what R. Murray Schafer calls the glazed soundscape to lament the current state of acoustic design. In this way, architecture is understood as a sound media technology just like any electronic device that shapes the way sound moves through space. Playtime challenges Schaferian critique of modernist architecture by setting up a rigorously contained environment in the first hour, only to subvert it in the second: by film’s end Tati presents a total reversal of the architectural imperative, glass becoming highly reflective while sound is allowed to pass through unhindered. The dramatic reversal in the representation of architectural space is the film’s mediality on display, emphasizing the fabricated nature of the ideologies that govern not only the construction of physical space but also our habits of experiencing it, in line with what the Situationists would describe as a psychogeographical shift. The author refers to the film’s architectural theme as audible transparency, the glass on display acting as both literalization of, and challenge to, the metaphor of transparency in hi-fi stereo culture that also forms the basis for Schaferian acoustic ecology.
Unsettled Listening
Authors: Jordan Randolph
Published: July 2023

This chapter considers how film sound can become an essential part of soundscape research conducted by acoustic ecology, and how folding the discourse of film sound theory back onto acoustic ecology can correct for a variety of gaps in the field’s foundational texts. The chapter focuses on media produced in the city of Vancouver, birthplace of acoustic ecology and longest running case study of the World Soundscape Project, as an example of how the sonic environment of a specific geographical locale can be researched through film and audiovisual media. The author uses the sound of trains as represented in Vancouver-based films as the foundation for addressing how sound is tied to geographical specificity in local media: given that the sounds of trains have become a defining characteristic of the city, we can say that the entire city becomes the acoustic profile across which these sounds can be heard. The work of acoustic profiling in this chapter engages with the emerging practice of unsettled listening, whereby listener positionality is taken into account when trying to understand the relationship between sound and culture within a given acoustic profile. This analysis demonstrates why film sound design should be an important area of consideration for soundscape research.
Travellers’ Tales
Authors: Datta Arunima
Published: July 2023

Travellers’ tales, from Marco Polo onwards, were a genre of literature through which European elites learned to relate to ‘exotic others’ in a world which they were setting out to colonize. In the imperial world, however, it was not only European elites who undertook daring voyages, faced daunting challenges, and encountered ‘exotic others’. The tales told in this chapter were not written down by their protagonists for posterity but have been unearthed from the archives long after their heroes had passed from this earth. Travelling ayahs negotiated waiting in a myriad number of spaces and conditions. Previous chapters focused on their experiences within the British Empire in times of peace, in which their presence was accepted as normal, structures existed to support them even if these structures were often inadequate, and most had enough command of English to negotiate their needs. This chapter considers travelling ayahs in more ‘exotic’ spaces—European countries outside Britain (whose cases were ultimately routed through Britain)—and more dangerous times resulting from world wars.
Conclusion
Authors: Datta Arunima
Published: July 2023

This chapter sums up the arguments developed in the preceding chapters, presents answers to the questions regarding waiting posed in the introduction, and discusses the implications of these answers for the study of migrants. Emphasizing the travelling ayahs’ self-determination, survival strategies, and active engagement with the process of waiting, the chapter draws attention to the insights available to us from studying the travelling ayahs’ relationship with the Empire and their upper-class employers and shows how these insights are relevant to historicizing the present-day experiences of migrant domestic and care workers. It also brings the lives of travelling ayahs into a larger framework, noting that women’s transnational labour has been neglected within the histories of Britain, South Asia, and the British Empire, an absence which this book seeks to go some way to fill.
La Nouvelle Vague
Authors: Han Irene
Published: July 2023

Chapter 2 focuses on the utopian paradigm that we find in the Republic, the “Beauty City” (kallipolis). The chapter provides a close reading of Republic Book V, specifically, where Plato has Socrates enter into the feminine or “womanly drama” (Pl. Resp. 451c) of the performance and advances controversial arguments in three waves, for granting the same education for guardian men and women and the incorporation of philosopher-queens into the ideal city. The chapter re-evaluates “Plato’s feminism”: though the arguments for women as agents in the political theory are tenuous, for the author hardly believes that Plato is a feminist, it illuminates the feminine as an abstract force in his thought.
Introduction: The Culture of Unequal Work
Authors: Fu Huiyan
Published: July 2023

The introductory chapter first highlights the significance of the book amidst emerging trends and developments that shape precarious work and associated social inequalities. The rest of the chapter is organized into four sections, which are centred on a set of interrelated research questions. The first section lays out theoretical underpinnings that focus on culture’s relationship with institutions and its analytical importance in unpacking precarious work. The second section turns to a comparative examination of major themes arising from the research questions. This is followed by a summary of the book’s structure and chapters in the third section. The final concluding section addresses broad implications with the aim of informing policy, practice, and future research.
Gender, Precarious Labour, and Neoliberalism in Japan
Authors: Shibata Saori
Published: July 2023

Prior to the 1990s, social compromise and job security typically characterized Japan’s employment relations, although they were marked by distinctive gendered and unequal patterns. From the 1990s onwards, there has been a gradual growth of neoliberalism and increased use of flexible non-regular workers, which has deepened inequality and insecurity, particularly for female workers. By tracing the historical development, this chapter demonstrates how a lack of willingness to achieve gender equality and persistent bias against women continue to dominate Japan’s political and economic domain. In so doing, the chapter highlights obstacles to Japanese labour market reforms, which have a profound impact on women in the long term.
Teleworking in Pandemic Japan
Authors: Osawa Machiko , Kingston Jeff
Published: July 2023

Teleworking or remote working was not a panacea during the 2020–2021 pandemic, despite a significant increase in the overall rate of telework (including hybrid arrangements) from 13.3 per cent of workers in 2016 to 27.3 per cent in 2021. This doubling of the national rate was exceeded in Tokyo firms where teleworking surged from 16.9 per cent of employees in 2016 to 42.1 percent by 2021. This chapter explains how remote working has amplified existing disparities by gender, work status, and firm size, and represents a thus far missed opportunity in promoting work–life balance. Large firms have been much more successful at ramping up teleworking capacity than small and medium-sized enterprises, many non-regular workers have been excluded, and it is not suitable in jobs where physical presence is necessary. These disparities have further disadvantaged women workers and made it difficult for them to reap the fruits of flexibility inherent to teleworking.
Making Sense of Inequalities at Work
Authors: Kojima Shinji
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines how neoliberal employment institutions and gendered cultural norms combine to shape the ways in which female non-regular workers negotiate the meanings of precarious work in their everyday lives. Based on in-depth interview data, the chapter employs the concept ‘disaffected consent’ as a way of grasping the ongoing struggle to find a point of compromise between strong feelings of dissatisfaction on the one hand, and self-doubt in the legitimacy of demanding better treatment on the other. The findings from this study suggest that policies to redress inequality in treatment should not assume voicing workers. Instead, policy makers may consider instituting a stronger enforcement regime, including systematic policing to detect noncomplying employers combined with larger fines for non-compliance.
Patch Works
Authors: Elkins Amy E.
Published: July 2023

This interchapter, written somewhat in the style of a patchwork quilt, begins with a consideration of raw materials—their gathering, melting together, and giving them shape—in the history of alchemy. Zadie Smith’s writing at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic calls upon the temporal organization of crafted feminist responses such as scraps of metal, fabric, or paper. How might the pieces of a year—still in progress—comment on themselves as material remnants of something, collected but not yet fully assembled? And how might we imagine archival practices as collaborations? In readings of Mina Loy, Chet’la Sebree, Lucille Clifton, Layli Long Soldier, Thom Gunn, and others, this interchapter embraces thinking associatively about intellectual work. Assemblage, collage, and quilting circulate as ways of both teaching and theorizing the placements and ruptures of feminist writing.
Digital Turns
Authors: Elkins Amy E.
Published: July 2023

Where do traditional crafts and digital forms intersect? How might adaptation and assemblage be forms of handiwork? This interchapter studies the work of Kabe Wilson, a multimedia artist who rearranged Virginia Woolf’s 1929 long essay on women’s rights and creativity, A Room of One’s Own, into the anagrammatical work Of One Woman or So by Olivia N’Gowfri. The author compares Wilson’s transmedia adaptations of Woolf to the multiple levels of methodology involved in studying craft. Extending craft studies to the postdigital present through processes such as 3-D scanning, this interchapter theorizes tactility and artistic encounters between media and across time.
Common Threads
Authors: Elkins Amy E.
Published: July 2023

The final interchapter culminates in a practice-based discussion of the archive as a feminist argument about craft and community—foregrounding the chaos and urgency of connection. Even when working in solitude, there is a communal dimension to the history of craft practices that brings people together and reveals collectives (bonds, recognition, solidarity) in places readers might not expect, as writers respond to craft’s capacity for disorientation and empowerment. How might fragments, glitches, and other traces of transmedia craft processes reveal important sites of queer vulnerability? The interchapter concludes the book with a reading of craft’s associative and serendipitous capacity to network historical and activist contexts.
A Protean Moral? Aristotelian Metamorphoses in the Figures of Icarus, Daedalus, and Phaethon
Authors: Rabone Richard
Published: July 2023

This chapter analyses the myths of Icarus and Phaethon, arguing that their ability to illustrate different facets of Aristotle’s mean underpins their remarkable popularity in literature. It uses emblems, mythography, and Renaissance commentaries to construct an interpretative framework for moralizing references to these tales, covering: their use to evoke either the general triadic model of virtue or the specific vice of temerity; their association specifically with a modified understanding of temerity that was commonplace in the Renaissance; and further ambivalence in the figure of Daedalus, who may be a figure of the prudential mean (contrasting Icarus), or a second cautionary figure of temerity. This framework clarifies multi-voiced Golden-Age poems that blend several aspects of this heritage, including sonnets by Herrera and Arguijo, and Villamediana’s ‘Fábula de Faetón’. The chapter subsequently examines Icarus and Phaethon’s literary deployments more broadly, demonstrating that their frequent use in key literary contexts depends on the revised definition of temerity which they represent. Such contexts include: discussions of literary endeavour and poetic imitation; the unrequited sentiment of the Petrarchan lover; and the impossible love of socially mismatched couples in drama. Examples are drawn from Villamediana, Herrera, Gracián, Lope, Cervantes, Garcilaso, and Cetina, with a particular focus on Lope’s El perro del hortelano. A concluding section extends this temerity logic to contexts where Icarus and Phaethon need not appear, such as theatre’s concern with providentially assigned social roles (exemplified by Calderón’s El gran teatro del mundo), and picaresque obsession with social ascent (playfully explored in the Lazarillo).
Remedia amoris? Love and the Problem of Excess in the Poetry of Garcilaso de la Vega
Authors: Rabone Richard
Published: July 2023

This chapter analyses Garcilaso’s dissent from Petrarchan norms and rejection of emotional excess. It sees Garcilaso’s engagement with metriopatheia and the mean as a literary strategy designed to signal his dissent from previous traditions, particularly in Petrarchan and pastoral poetry; and it argues that a significant strand of his poetic corpus is animated not by advocacy of emotional moderacy, but by the narrator’s struggle to enact it. After outlining Garcilaso’s broader tendency towards emulative imitation and dissent from convention, and the view of Petrarchan or elegiac love as an emotional extreme to which metriopatheia is a key response, the chapter examines three areas of Garcilaso’s poetry. In the sonnets, several narrators attempt ‘remedies’ for the lover’s excess; but those sonnets’ poetic interest lies in their dramatization of the narrators’ struggle to enact potentially viable, ‘moderate’ cures. The Second Elegy is Garcilaso’s most explicit engagement with the mean, and has been read as an attack on its viability; instead, this poem really again dramatizes the narrator’s struggle, misapplying the legitimate logic of metriopatheia and the mean because his own perceptions are distorted as a figure of extremes. The centrepiece of the chapter is a re-reading of Garcilaso’s most substantial poem, the Second Eclogue, as this struggle to cure excessive, elegiac love is the key to the poem’s relationship with a specific imitative tradition encompassing Theocritus, Virgil, and Sannazaro. That tradition of the pastoral pharmakon/medicina defines Garcilaso’s poem, and allows the long-controversial generic shift from pastoral to epic/panegyric to be newly explained.
Speculum prudentiae? Means of Kingship and the Functioning of Tragedy in Calderón’sEl médico de su honra
Authors: Rabone Richard
Published: July 2023

Chapter 4 examines Calderón’s El médico de su honra, arguing that the play is driven by widespread susceptibility to several vices of excess which are shown by Aristotle and Aquinas to be opposed to prudence and the mean, especially temerity, precipitation, negligence, and haste. The chapter begins with key Thomist definitions and the link to Aristotelian prudence, suggested by the play’s consistent foregrounding of proportion, prudence, and the mean. The first half of the chapter then focuses on King Pedro’s appearances throughout the play, to show that he repeatedly errs in precisely these ways, demonstrating negligence, precipitation, and rashness, often because of excessive sensitivity regarding his royal image. This allows for renegotiation of the traditional dichotomy of Pedro as ‘just’ vs ‘cruel’: his imprudence, read in Aristotelian-Thomist terms, provides a clearer explanation for his conduct and his controversial judgement at the play’s climax, as well as a more profound understanding of his human frailties and sensitivities. The second half of the chapter extends this Aristotelian-Thomist framework to other characters, notably Mencía, Enrique, and Gutierre, presenting Calderón’s characterization in terms which are more psychologically plausible. The chapter also illuminates the play’s model of causation, whereby repeated moral errors shared by several characters form a collective hamartia and allow harmless coincidences to spiral into a tragic conclusion that inspires pity and fear. The chapter therefore also contributes to discussion of El médico as Aristotelian tragedy, reclaiming the usefulness of particular terms from the Poetics—in modified form—for interpretation of Calderón’s techniques.
Menopause and Hysterectomy
Authors: Mishra Gita D. , Chung Hsin-Fang , Hickey Martha , Kuh Diana , Hardy Rebecca
Published: July 2023

The timing of natural menopause has been linked to numerous chronic disease risks in later life. The mean age at menopause has shown a steady increase across birth cohorts, but the trends of premature (< 40 years) and early menopause (40–44 years) are less clear. Some women do not experience natural menopause but instead undergo bilateral oophorectomy (surgical menopause) and/or hysterectomy. In this chapter, we summarise the evidence for biological and social factors across the life course that affect the timing of menopause, and the factors leading to decision-making about hysterectomy, including the presence of fibroids. The review covers the progress made as cohort studies have matured. In particular, we discuss the factors that influence age at menopause, including genetic factors, prenatal exposures, adverse childhood experiences, and reproductive, social, and behavioural factors. We also highlight evidence on vasomotor symptoms over the menopausal transition and the current guidelines on the use of menopausal hormone therapy.
A Life Course Approach to Musculoskeletal Ageing
Authors: Cooper Rachel , Ward Kate A. , Sayer Avan Aihie
Published: July 2023

Osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and osteoarthritis pose major threats to healthy ageing and are leading contributors to the burden of disease and disability in all world regions. All three musculoskeletal conditions increase in prevalence with age, and at any one age, women have higher prevalence of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis and lower mean levels of muscle mass and strength than men. Over the last 2 decades, there has been a steady increase in the number of studies using a life course approach to investigate the aetiology of these age-related musculoskeletal conditions. In this chapter, we outline recent developments in this continually evolving field of study. This includes summaries of progress made on disease definitions and on understanding changes in relevant bone and muscle phenotypes across life. Recent life course findings on key risk factors including genetics, oestrogen, growth, obesity, diet, and physical activity are then described. These findings highlight some of the opportunities that exist at each and every life stage to prevent the onset of age-related musculoskeletal conditions and the many other adverse outcomes they precipitate. We also showcase some of the ways in which these findings are beginning to be translated into policy and practice with a life course approach now widely viewed as key to prevention and mitigation.
A Life Course Perspective on Women’s Health Behaviours
Authors: Chung Hsin-Fang , Mishra Gita D.
Published: July 2023

Adult health behaviours, such as smoking, alcohol use, diet, and physical inactivity, have been linked to chronic disease risk in later life, and the need to change harmful behaviours is a key aspect of health promotion policies. Women generally engage less in health-risk behaviours than men, but health inequalities are often more pronounced among women, especially in socially and economically disadvantaged groups. Thus, it is critical to understand the socioenvironmental effects driving gender differences in health behaviours. A life course approach to women’s health behaviours considers a temporal and social perspective, highlighting the population changes in health behaviours over time and studying inequalities with respect to gender and socioeconomic position. The comprehensive nature of life course epidemiology, which allows researchers to map biological, social, psychosocial, and environmental pathways throughout life leading to adult health behaviours has major implications for developing interventions and policies. This facilitates intervention policy not only to target at-risk groups at key stages in life but to recognise the social context as an opportunity to change their health behaviours, which may be more applicable and effective. This chapter reviews evidence for the long-term effects of childhood socioeconomic environment on adult health behaviours, pathways through self-identity, role model, behavioural capital, and behavioural tracking. We then discuss health behaviour changes during the COVID-19 pandemic and conclude with a brief outline of implications for health policy and future research.
Translating Women’s Health Research into Policy and Practice
Authors: Brown Helen , Best Stephanie , Hinkley Trina
Published: July 2023

Evidence alone is insufficient to change health-compromising behaviours. Therefore, effective Knowledge Translation (KT) is needed to maximise the uptake of evidence into practice through facilitating key evidence to be delivered as a preventive measure, identifying the most important phases of women’s lives when that evidence will influence decision-making, and determining the most effective messaging. This chapter outlines the KT process and how it can be used to ensure key messages are delivered to targeted audiences efficiently and effectively at the most relevant time in women’s lives. This includes an overview of the well-evidenced knowledge-to-action framework and three common processes within most KT frameworks: understanding the need, selecting, and trialling appropriate mechanisms for change and evaluating effectiveness. Following this, the chapter discusses how KT can be applied across women’s life course. This includes evidence that shows the necessity to consider differing biological and social influences at key stages throughout women’s lives and how this knowledge informs KT approaches that enable more appropriate mechanisms of change to be devised and implemented.
The Sino/Indian Rivalry and Indian Naval Modernization
Authors: Colley Christopher K.
Published: July 2023

From 1991 to 2020 the Indian Navy transformed from a navy largely centred on protecting India’s immediate periphery to a force capable of projecting force to distant parts of the Indian Ocean Region. The key driver behind this modernization has been the Sino/Indian strategic rivalry. As Chinese naval visits increased in the Indian Ocean Region, calls increased in New Delhi to counter the Chinese navy. Of vital importance, multiple points of rivalry escalation between China and India constituted critical junctures in the rivalry, thus further exacerbating threat perceptions in India. Importantly, other explanations for India’s naval modernization such as arguments based on bureaucratic politics and nationalism are either insufficient, or are already embedded in the strategic rivalry.
Policy Recommendations and Conclusion
Authors: Colley Christopher K.
Published: July 2023

In this concluding chapter I argue that while there are opportunities for de-escalation in the Sino/U.S. and Sino/Indian strategic rivalries, there are also many opportunities for a continuation of the status quo and for increasing escalation. For each state involved there are policies that can be followed that would increase the chances of conflict. In the current situation I argue that the prospects of rivalry termination are very low. Rivalry termination does occur, but the conditions for such a termination are extremely low in the rivalries under review. In addition, this chapter provides a solid overview of the book and reinforces the book’s main argument that strategic rivalry is the primary driver of naval modernization in China and India.
A Curious Boy
Authors: Sloan John
Published: July 2023

Lang grew up in the historic county town of Selkirk in the Scottish Borders, where his father and, before that, his grandfather, a friend of Sir Walter Scott, held office as sheriff-clerk at the county courthouse. Lang’s family were High Church Episcopalians in a Presbyterian community, which affected his views of religious difference throughout his life. Lang’s mother was from the Highlands. His maternal grandfather, Patrick Sellar, was the target of attack from the press for his brutal part in the Sutherland Clearances. As a child, Lang saw much of life beyond Selkirk. He spent a year in England, in the spa town of Clifton, near Bristol, and travelling in Scotland, he visited his grandfather’s Highland estates and relatives in North East Scotland, where he heard stories of Jacobite forebears and folk tales in broad Scots. He was a precocious reader of fiction and non-fiction, and astonished people with his prodigious memory for facts and out-of-the-way information. He was sent, aged 10, to Edinburgh Academy, where he grew to love Homer and to develop literary ambitions. At 17, he enrolled at St Andrews University, where his uncle, William Young Sellar, was Professor of Greek.
The Last Cast
Authors: Sloan John
Published: July 2023

The final years of Lang’s life showed no slackening of his activities or productivity as a writer. He made up for the loss of Longman’s Magazine by writing fiction and accepting commissions, while, on the scholarly side, he set about saying his last on long-contested issues: on the unity of Homer’s epics from archaeological evidence, on the fallacies of Frazer’s theories on totemism and exogamy, and on Joan of Arc. Lecturing on ‘Homer and Anthropology’ at Oxford, he urged the university to give the same support to anthropology as Cambridge. Controversial to the last, Lang followed up his History of Scotland by arguing that religious conflict, not economic progress or the development of constitutional government, made Scotland’s union with England inevitable. In 1908, The Book of Princes and Princesses was the first of the Langs’ annual anthologies for young people to have Nora’s name as sole author on the cover. In 1911, Lang agreed to serve as President of the SPR, hoping to extend its research to the field of cultural anthropology, but he resisted efforts to get him to stand as Oxford Professor of Poetry. Failing in health, and going blind in one eye, Lang continued working to the end, answering those who accused him of publishing lies on John Knox and the Scottish Reformation in a series of lectures at Glasgow University on ‘The Making of Scotland Presbyterian’ and completing a History of English Literature.
Epilogue
Authors: Sloan John
Published: July 2023

The epilogue considers the legacy and impact of Lang’s writings since his death in 1912 to the present, drawing attention to the recent revival of Lang’s reputation among scholars in the fields of social anthropology, literature and science, children’s writing, Scottish historiography, and cultural studies.
Review of Jacob Bronowski and Bruce Mazlish, The Western Intellectual Tradition (London: Hutchinson, 1960)
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

This “lively, competent, serviceable introduction” to the history of political and scientific ideas exhibits significant “blemishes.” First, it labors under mistaken impressions. The reader “may need to be warned that Socrates did not write dialogues, that the Middle Ages did not believe that “men cannot develop, and have nothing in them which is personal and creative,”… that there was virtually no serfdom in western Europe in the eighteenth century, [and] that George III was not “determined to impose an absolute rule on America as on England.” Second, the book’s omissions are grave. “This is an intellectual history from which we learn nothing of the importance of the Jesuits, Hooker, Grotius, Spinoza, the Bollandists, Richard Simon, Leibniz, Vico, Swift, Lessing, Herder, Coleridge, and which neglects the Counter-Reformation, the transition from natural law as a norma agendi to natural right as a facultas agendi, the quarrel of the ancients and moderns, and the origins of the idea of progress.” Third, the book is “conventional” in its ideas, with praises for merit distributed to thinkers who represent the march forward to currently favored social themes. “The Western intellectual tradition has produced another kind of history-writing, which does not judge the past by its contribution to the present, awarding marks to forward-looking minds, and which can extend the same sympathy to Pascal and Burke as to Bayle and Rousseau, because it regards every generation as equidistant from eternity.”
Review of Denis Mack Smith, Cavour and Garibaldi 1860: A Study in Political Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954)
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

Wight wrote, “In April 1860, Garibaldi, a Piedmontese subject, invaded the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies with a band of volunteers, and in six months had conquered it in the name of the Piedmontese king… It has usually been thought that the Piedmontese premier, Cavour, connived at and guided this adventure: a model of aggression by proxy. Mr. Mack Smith’s fascinating book shows that this is what Cavour in the end wanted to be believed, but that the truth is more complex.… In the last analysis his aim was not the political revolution of Italian unity, but preventing the social revolution touched off by the Red-shirts. Garibaldi was not Cavour’s instrument, but a dangerous rival whom it took all his skill to control.… Mr. Mack Smith delicately adjusts the balance between the two architects of the Kingdom of Italy and has thereby caused some scandal among Italian historians. His judgment is perfectly poised, but his sympathy is with Garibaldi.… At least he would have done better than the Piedmontese administrators who replaced him, for he knew how to evoke the enthusiasm and self-sacrifice of the common people in the cause of united ltaly… The harshness and bad faith with which the Piedmontese system was imposed on the Two Sicilies gave the Kingdom of Italy a fundamental instability, which is still perhaps the greatest problem of the Italian Republic.”
Review of A. J. P. Taylor, Rumours of Wars (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1953)
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

Wight rated Taylor’s achievements highly: “With the exception of Sir Charles Webster, he is our most distinguished international historian, the one who offers the most creative interpretation of the European balance of power and of the tensions and limitations of diplomacy.” Taylor’s “admirably sympathetic judgement on Bismarck’s political principles” stands in tension, Wight noted, with Taylor’s “adherence to the Gladstonian tradition of idealism.” In Wight’s view, this contrast is “not inconsistency on Mr. Taylor’s part; it is the capacity to evaluate by several standards that is demanded by the complex nature of international politics.” Wight acknowledged that Taylor was “occasionally wrong-headed,” exhibiting, for example, “an insular prejudice against the Americans,” and “a warm feeling towards Russia mainly because Russia has been Britain’s traditional ally against Napoleon and the Germans.” Taylor defined history as “primarily communication, a form of literature.… The historian does not only deal with men; he is a man himself, and nothing will turn him into a technician.” In other words, Wight concluded, Taylor rejected “the Butterfield doctrine of an impartial technical history.… Taylor is distinguished from so many professional historians by possessing not only a trenchant style but also a historiographical personality. This is the reason why he is so readable and worth reading.”
No End to the Work?
Authors: Godden Richard
Published: July 2023

Taking the expulsion and extension of a desired abuser as the primal scene of each of Phillips’ first three novels, I find its source in the regional distinctiveness of Phillips’ West Virginia, understood as part of a separate Southern labor market, ceasing to be a distinctive economic entity during the 50s and 60s (Phillips’ focal decades). Using the Marx of Grundrisse, on the “unevenness” of “formal subsumption,” the chapter locates Phillips’ fascination for “desired abuse,” through which a daughter “secretly” retains a blue-collar father and his receding country, as evidencing the force of Raymond Williams’ insistence that an economy is never one thing. Phillips’ preferred objects (“remainders” [Harry Harootunian]), read as sites of contested social practice and class antagonism, express the historical unevenness of capitalist development. Phillips grants access to such things via her use of free indirect discourse, a narrative form that promotes attention to two voices in one, an “oscillation” (Deleuze) that involves a formal capacity to hear “sounds … hidden under other sounds” (Shelter), as those sounds arise from and reach toward the historically uneven materiality of Southern things.
The Study of Identification
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: July 2023

Involving far more than seeing through the eyes of a character, identification with characters has several components and can take several forms, such as cognitive, emotional, and motivational identification. Researchers outside classical studies find various factors lying behind identification, from similarity in attitudes between character and recipient to perceptions of a narrative’s realism, from descriptions of settings to the foregrounding of a character’s perspective. Ancient critics discuss issues relevant to what we call identification. They discern, for instance, recipients’ emotional connections with characters as well as their propensity to root for a character to achieve their goals. They also stress the importance of similarity between character and recipient and of recipients’ belief that a narrative is realistic. We should use the terms “character,” “emotion,” and “emotional identification” responsibly; we should be comfortable speaking of modern recipients experiencing emotional identification with Homeric characters.
Content and Form
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: July 2023

The Iliad prompts immersion by focusing on the characters’ inner lives. Mind reading is one way we delve into inner lives, and the scholarly propensity to mind read the Iliad’s characters suggests the ubiquity of this kind of engagement among recipients. Conversely, the Iliad prompts immersion by leading audience members to think about themselves (self-referencing) and their own memories. Similarly, audience members’ knowledge of the poet’s compositional mechanisms, from formula to scripts, helps them feel immersed. Immersion can also arise not just in relation to the storyworld but in response to the formal components of the poetry. The numerous studies of the formal aspects of Homeric poetry should be aligned with this observation.
La Belle Juive, or “Jew”?
Authors: Anthony David
Published: July 2023

Chapter 2 analyzes the popular figure of the Jewess in antebellum culture. As received from European models like Rebecca in Sir Walter Scott’s Ivanhoe (1819), the cultural role of the Jewess was to mark a clear distinction between herself and her Old World father. Whether this is achieved through conversion, self-exile, or death, la belle juive assuages cultural confusion and ambivalence, and is thus quite different from the “Jew.” This chapter focuses on two examples of Jewish women who blur the distinction between Jew and Jewess in the antebellum US. The first is French actress Rachel Félix, who toured America to much acclaim and controversy in 1855. The second is Miriam Schaefer, the Jewish heroine of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Marble Faun (1860). In each case, the Jewess troubles two crucial cultural boundaries: that between norms of proper and improper forms of femininity, and that between high culture and the more debased, commercialized, and violent world of mass-culture sensationalism.
Epilogue
Authors: Bollard Alan
Published: July 2023

In this final chapter, the ideological skirmishes of the selected economists during the Cold War draw together, and their arguments provide economic ammunition and camouflage in the battle for ideas. The contributions of all the seven profiled economists are placed in the setting of one of the Cold War’s biggest ideological battlefields—Santiago. When Salvatore Allende was elected, he tried to reform the Chilean economy with nationalization on socialist principles but with a modern twist—implementing a new technical control mechanism called ‘Cybersyn’, which promised to by-pass market prices. But a military coup by General Pinochet, with US support, violently turned Chile back into a free market economy, advised by Chicago economists.
Eliciting Pension Beneficiaries’ Sustainability Preferences: Why and How?
Authors: Bauer Rob M.M.J. , Smeets Paul M.A.
Published: July 2023

We explore whether beneficiaries of pension plans should have a voice in their funds’ sustainable investments, and we hypothesize that the answer to this question depends on funds’ legal and societal contexts, benchmarking pressures, and fund-specific factors such as fund size and board composition. Only in a very limited number of funds do we find that the ultimate owners of the entrusted investments have direct involvement in decisions. Nevertheless, it is becoming increasingly clear that pension funds cannot simply ignore the many calls for action by substantial parts of their membership. In response, some pension funds have started a dialogue with their participants, mainly using survey instruments. We provide an example of a fund that gave its participants a real vote, while avoiding the pitfalls that come with hypothetical surveys on individual preferences.
Text and Textuality in Early Medieval Iberia
Authors: Barrett Graham
Published: July 2023

This book is a study of the functions and conceptions of writing and reading, documentation and archives, and the role of literate authorities in the Christian kingdoms of the northern Iberian Peninsula between the Muslim conquest of 711 and the fall of the Islamic caliphate at Córdoba in 1031. Based on the first complete survey of the over 4,000 surviving Latin charters from the period, it is an essay in the archaeology and biography of text: part one concerns materiality, tracing the lifecycle of charters from initiation and composition to preservation and reuse, while part two addresses connectivity, delineating a network of texts through painstaking identification of more than 2,000 citations of other charters, secular and canon law, the Bible, liturgy, and monastic rules. Few may have been able to read or write, yet the extent of textuality was broad and deep, in the authority conferred upon text and the arrangements made to use it. Via charter and scribe, society and social arrangements came increasingly to be influenced by norms originating from a network of texts. By profiling the intersection and interaction of text with society and culture, this book reconstructs textuality, how the authority of the written and the structures to access it framed and constrained actions and cultural norms, and proposes a new model of early medieval reading. As they cited other texts, charters circulated fragments of those texts; we must rethink the relationship of sources and audiences to reflect fragmentary transmission, in a textuality of imperfect knowledge.