bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Artery Sarcoma Diagnosed by Transbronchial Endosonographic (EBUS-TBNA) Approach
Authors: Sratakos Grigoris , Frangia-Tsivou Konstantina , Alsaid Abir , Karetsi Eleni , Koukaki Evangelia , Sratakos Grigoris , Anagnostopoulos Nektarios
Published: March 2020

Background: Pulmonary Artery Sarcomas are the rarest and the most aggressive vascular tumors. Their accurate diagnosis is challenging due to the lack of specific symptoms and clinical manifestations and they are often initially misdiagnosed and managed as chronic pulmonary thromboembolic disease until an alternate diagnosis is suspected based on the lack of response to anticoagulants. Proper management is thus often delayed until histological confirmation. Moreover, the lack of consensus regarding their diagnosis and
treatment further contributes to their reported high mortality [1].
Case Presentation: We present the case of a 34-year-old male, nonsmoker, who presented with hemoptysis, fatigue and dyspnea on exertion 3 months prior to admission. His chest x-ray showed enlargement of the left hilum and chest CT revealed a large intraluminal low attenuation filling defect at the level of the left PA. Chest MRI confirmed the presence of a large endovascular tumor of the left PA. Before referring the patient for surgical biopsy, he underwent bronchoscopy during which the vascular tumor was successfully located, observed and sampled by endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA). Tissue biopsy through EBUS-TBNA revealed an intimal sarcoma of the PA. The patient was subsequently referred for surgical excision with curative intent.
Conclusion: Bronchoscopy and EBUS-TBNA may safely and accurately diagnose even rare pathologies of the mediastinal vasculature adjacent to the airways through transbronchial approach.
MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MUCOUS MEMBRANE OVER IMPACTED TEETH DEPENDENING ON CONDITIONS OF THEIR POSITION
Authors: Tkachenko P.I. , Starchenko I.I. , Dmytrenko M.I. , Cholovskyi M.O.
Published: March 2020

Impacted teeth are rather common and complex dentofacial anomaly, which requires a balanced approach not only in differential diagnosis of its specific nosological form, but also in a choice of rational treatment methods. Taking into account the multi-factor nature of conditions formation for delay of teeth eruption, an approach to treatment should be directed towards guiding links of pathogenesis.

The aim of the study is to increase effectiveness of surgical and orthodontic treatment of patients with impacted teeth of anterior maxillary region by studying morphological features of mucous membrane over impacted teeth, depending on conditions of their positioning.

A group of 21 individuals aged from 15 to 17 years was formed to evaluate objectively the results of our work. Clinical situation in all the patients was the same according to diagnostic criteria as presence of impacted maxillary canines and medium level of vertical depth of impaction (in alveolar process); root formation: completely formed, with deviation of longitudinal axis of impacted tooth from correct axis of eruption from 15º to 45º. During further analysis, clinical subgroups were identified depending on conditions of impacted teeth positioning in vestibular-oral direction.

Moderate dystrophic changes in stratified squamous epithelium, moderate sclerotic changes in papillary layer of lamina propria were found based on findings of microscopic structure of mucous membrane over palatal positioning of teeth.

During investigation of morphological structure of mucous membrane over labially positioning of impacted teeth, there were phenomena of hyperkeratosis, an increase in the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes, presence of epithelial cells in the basal layer with signs of hydropic degeneration. In papillary layer of lamina propria of mucous membrane, sclerotic changes were observed, which were more pronounced in comparison with palatal positioning of impacted teeth.

Complex analysis of results of morphological studies showed that in mucous membrane positioning over impacted teeth there is deterioration with anemia in filling conditions of microcirculatory bed, discirculatory disorders, which leads to formation of ischemic zones and development of dystrophic and sclerotic processes.

Morphological features of the structure of mucous membrane over impacted teeth is an important to consider while planning surgical and orthodontic treatment, and to some extent, it is possible to adjust management tactics of such patients, taking into account labial or palatal positioning of impacted teeth.
Identifikasi Prioritas Masalah Unit Rekam Medis di Puskesmas Nusukan
Authors: Listyorini Puguh Ika
Published: March 2020

Health services consist of two kinds, namely medical and non-medical services. One of the non-medical services provided by the medical record unit. In providing medical record unit services do not always run well, therefore it is necessary to identify the priority determination of the problem to find out what problems must be solved first. The Multiple Criteria Utility Assessment (MCUA) method is a method of determining priority problems with scoring techniques. The purpose of this study was to determine the priority of problems in the medical record unit of the Nusukan Health Center using the MCUA Method. This research uses descriptive research design with 4 speakers. According to the results of the identification of problems carried out by the Group Group Discussion (FGD) that there are 3 problems in the medical record unit of the Nusukan Public Health Center, namely the lack of resources for medical records, medical record documents, and the availability of rooms for managing medical records that are still limited. The priority problem with the MCUA method shows that the problem with the highest value is the lack of medical record personnel. Before making additional workforce, it is recommended to calculate the workforce needs in the medical record unit according to the workload of the medical record officer so that the additional workforce is in accordance with the workload of the officer.AbstrakPelayanan kesehatan terdiri dari dua macam yaitu pelayanan medis dan non medis. Pelayanan non medis salah satunya diberikan  oleh unit rekam medis.  Dalam memberikan pelayanan unit rekam medis tidak selalu berjalan dengan baik, oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan identifikasi penentuan prioritas masalah untuk mengetahui masalah apa saja yang harus diselesaikan terlebih dahulu. Metode Multiple Criteria Utility Assessment (MCUA) adalah salah satu metode penentuan prioritas masalah dengan tekhnik scoring. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui prioritas masalah di unit rekam medis Puskesmas Nusukan menggunakan Metode MCUA. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian deskriptif dengan 4 orang narasumber. Menurut hasil identifikasi masalah yang dilakukan dengan Forum Group Discussion (FGD) bahwa terdapat 3 masalah di unit rekam medis Puskesmas Nusukan, yaitu kurangnya sumber daya tenaga rekam medis, missfile dokumen rekam medis, dan ketersediaan ruagan untuk penggelolaan rekam medis yang masih terbatas. Prioritas masalah dengan metode MCUA menunjukkan masalah dengan nilai paling tinggi adalah kurangnya sumber daya tenaga rekam medis. Sebelum melakukan penambahan tenaga kerja, maka disarankan agar menghitung kebutuhan tenaga kerja di unit rekam medis menurut beban kerja petugas rekam medis agar penambahan tenaga kerja sesuai dengan beban kerja petugas.
“Children Who Drill, Seldom Are Ill.” Drill, Movement and Sport: The Rise and Fall of a Female Tradition in Ontario Elementary Physical Education (1850s to 2000)
Authors: Francis Nancy R. , Lathrop Anna H.
Published: March 2020

This paper presents an analysis of the Province of Ontario’s elementary school physical education curriculum with respect to the dominant discourses that framed policy documents from the 1850s to 2000. Through an examination of curriculum documents, archival materials, and interviews with those who were teachers and lecturers at the time, the paper argues that a male-centered physical education agenda—dominated by fitness and competitive sport—eclipsed a female-centered tradition, characterized by more broadly conceived movement curriculum of dance, games and gymnastics. This paper examines these competing ideologies in the waves of curriculum reform that characterized Ontario elementary school physical education curriculum during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Labour income inequality in Mexico: Puzzles solved and unsolved
Authors: Campos-Vazquez Raymundo M. , Lustig Nora
Published: March 2020

We analyse the evolution and proximate determinants of labour income inequality in Mexico between 1989 and 2017. Labour income inequality increased between 1989 and 1994 and declined between 1994 and 2006. What happened after 2006 is subject to uncertainty. The national labour force survey shows a steady decline and the income expenditure survey suggests that inequality increased. We correct for high and rising item (labour income) non-response and under-representation of high-wage earners through a ‘hot deck’ imputation method and, for workers in the formal sector, through post-survey weight adjustments. We obtain the new weights for formal workers from tabulations recently released by the Mexican social security administration. With corrected data, inequality no longer declines between 2006 and 2017.
Jamileh Under the Cedars
Authors: Ghurayyib Rose
Published: March 2020

Jamileh under the cedars. Book by Henry Bordeaux
Women: Children and Artists
Authors: Barsoumian-Dadoyan Seta
Published: March 2020

In art history and criticism the margin for interpretation is wide. But underlying issues and the themes of some artistic phenomena and events become lucid and explicit when presented in a perfect arrangement of time and space. The Lebanese public was offered this "perfect" moment in Beirut on the 20th of March.
Biological and Learning Dialectics of Gender Differences
Authors: Abul-Husn Randa
Published: March 2020

Early belief was that male and female brains were different as were their bodies. Women had the smaller brain size, and size being an indicator of intelligence they were believed to be less intelligent than men.(l) This biological argument for gender differences overlooked the correlation between the size of the brain and that of the body, whereby men's slightly larger brain is directly related to an average larger size of the body.
Violence Against Women in Croatia
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

The violence against women in former Yougoslavia is chilling. Below are excerpts from one of the many tragedies reported. These were transmited to Al-Raida from the International PEN Women's Committee and a Women's Group in Croatia. Women's groups all over the world are networking the news and planning for action and protest.
Women in Saudi Arabia / The Veil and the Male Elite
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

Women in Saudi Arabia: Soraya Altorki,Women in Saudi Arabia, Ideology & Behavior Among the Elite. New York: Columbia University Press. 1986. ISBN 0-231-06182-X.The Veil and the Male Elite: Fatima Memissi. The Veil and the Male Elite.: A Feminist Interpretation of Women's Rights in Islam. New York. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
Arab Women and Literary Creativity
Authors: Abul-Husn Randa
Published: March 2020

The streets of Beirut filled with banners announcing the opening of the long awaited Conference on Arab Women and Creativity. For four days the Conference hall filled with Arab scholars and writers some of whom had not visited Beirut in years. They came together with their Lebanese colleagues to share ideas, knowledge, praise and encouragement to the quality and quantity of women's participation in Arab literature.
Rio News Briefs
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

Rio News Briefs
Miscellaneous
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

Miscellaneous worlwide news on Women
Letters to Al-Raida
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

Letters to Al-Raida
Quote
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

Women's Liberation will not have been achieved until ..... a woman can become paunchy and bald and still think she's attractive to the opposite sex!
Women in Mass Communication Challenging Gender Value, Edited by Pamela J. Greedon
Authors: Zankoul Rima
Published: March 2020

Women in Mass Communication Challenging Gender ValueEdited by Pamela J. Greedon
A Thank You Note
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

A Thank You Note
L'Excisee
Authors: Accad Evelyne
Published: March 2020

Burner. David K. «Translator's Preface» L'Excisee, the first English Edition . Washington D.C.: Three Continents Press. 19R9. (ISBN: 0-89410-596-5).
A New Arab Woman?
Authors: Shaaban Dr. Bouthaina
Published: March 2020

Feminists in the Arab World were predicting great achievements in the region by the end of the decade.Yet, little in the way of real progress has actually been recorded.
Women In Charge of State Power In Third World Countries
Authors: Abul-Husn Randa
Published: March 2020

Ms. Corazon Aquino, President of the Philippines (1986); Ms. Benazir Bhutto, Prime Mip.ister of Pakistan (1989- August 1990); Ms. Violeta Chamorro, President of Nicaragua (1990) ; Ms. Ertha Pascal-Trouillot, President of Haiti (1990).All four women came to power through opposition movements against the ruling leaders and the prevailing politics in their countries.
Feminism On The Rise In Poland
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

At last, two women are members of the Solidarity Government in Poland. One carries the title of speaker and the other is the Minister of Culture.
Women and Law
Authors: Abul-Husn Randa
Published: March 2020

When discussing women and the law in the Arab World, it is imperative to remember that in most of these countries, unlike western countries, a Personal Status Code rather than civil codes legislates the rights and duties of women.
Maternal Thinking: Toward A Politics of Peace, by Sara Ruddick
Authors: Accad Evelyne
Published: March 2020

Maternal Thinking: Toward A Politics of Peace, by Sara Ruddick Beacon Press, Boston MA, US$ 24,95.
The Arab Apocalypse, by Etel Adnan
Authors: Accad Evelyne
Published: March 2020

Etel Adnan writes both in English and French. At a conference in 1987, she mentioned how painting was the language she liked best because it is «international. »
Becoming Liberated in Beirut
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

By the middle of the twentieth century, modernismwas gaining ground in Lebanon through the influence offoreign schools including French, American, British andother missionary ones. It meant for Lebanese women agrowing interest in education and in work.
The Key to a Brighter }'uture in India
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

Asia, the largest continent in the world: 3.5 billion inhabitants, contained a total of 850 million illiterates in 1985. In Asia lies Japan, the world's biggest creditor nation, and in that continent we find the largest number of people bordering on destitution and poverty.
Shedding Light Upon the Contemporary Women's Movement, by Rose Ghurayyib
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

In Arabic Adbwa' ala-I-Harakat-ln-Nlsa'iyya-i-Mu'asira byRose Ghurayyib, Publisher Institute for Women's Studies in the Arab World. Beirut, 1988.
Development of Arab Women and the Concept of «self-image»
Authors: Abu Nasr Julinda
Published: March 2020

Comments made by lulinda Abu Nasr at a meeting of thePopulation Council, American University of Beirut.
Income Generating Activities for Displaced Lebanese Women
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

Project Implemented by the Institute for Women's Studies in the Arab World. Recent literature on development 'questions' the efficacy of past and present income generating projects with respect to women. The main argument centers around the definition of the term «Income generating activities» which usually «connotes small activities irrelevant to the stream of national economic development» (ISIS, 1983; p. 95).
IWSAW: Fourteen Years of Sustained Effort
Authors: Ghurayyib Rose
Published: March 2020

«In your school, do you organize cleaning campaigns for the purpose of arousing social consciousness among bothstudents and community?»
Women in the Arab World
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

The Book Women in the Arab World* is an important reference on the position of Arab Women in different societies. It presents eight studies by women specialists from Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Libya-Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, and Sudan.
La Maison Sans Racines «The House Without Roots»
Authors: Stephan Wafa
Published: March 2020

La Maison Sans Racines «The House Without Roots», by Andree Chedid
Alifa Rifaat - Egypt
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

Alifa Rifaat - Egypt
Leila Abou Zeid - Morocco
Authors: Al-Arabi Al Watan
Published: March 2020

Leila Abou Zeid - Morocco
Nazik Saba Yared: Teaching During the War
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

Dr. Nazik Yared is an Assistant Professor of Arabic at Beirut University College. She previously taught Arabic for many years at one of the most prestigious secondary schools in west Beirut. She is the author of several books of literary criticism and of a novel, «Nuktat ad Daira», which tells the story of a young woman caught in a conflict between her love for a man and her love for her career.
Etel Adnan: Poetess and Painter
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

«This is what I call tribal behaviour», she adds. «Identification with the group begins as a feeling of solidarity, but when they (the individuals of a group) are at war, the only solution is total eradication of the enemy, his wife and children.
Pain
Authors: Salibi Nuha Salib
Published: March 2020

Nuha Salib Salibi is an instructor of English at BUe. She is theauthor of The Lebanon I love. published by Naufal in 1980.She also writes poetry and books for children.
Women In Industry
Authors: Abu Nasr Julinda
Published: March 2020

Under the sponsorship of the Institute for Women's Studies in the Arab World a Workshop on Arab Women in Industry was held in Ayia Napa Cyprus from May 21 to 23, 1984.
Women's Dream of Modernity in the Fiction of Tayeb Salih
Authors: Amyuni Mona Takkiedine
Published: March 2020

This is a revised excerpt from a paper entitled "City and Women in the fiction of Tayeb Salih». forthcoming in the«Sudanese Publication Series». Washington. D.C. Tayeb Salih is recognized as one of the best modem Arab writers.
1984, the Beginning of a New World Communication Order?
Authors: Stephan Wafa
Published: March 2020

Last year was declared by the UN General Assembly and by the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) as World Communication Year. Talking about World Communication leads us to mention the First Conference of Non-Aligned Information Ministers (COMINAC) which was held on the 26th of January 1984 in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Report on a Research Trip
Authors: Accad Evelyne
Published: March 2020

Between September and December of 1983 sponsored by a Fulbright award, I visited seven African and North African countries conducting interviews with women from various social classes, occupations and experiences.
Educational Material on Primary Health Care
Authors: Khoury Nada
Published: March 2020

It was a colorful spectacle. The exhibit looked more like a children'S fair than like a serious health care exhibit. But, after all, that is what the whole thing was about. It was a non-formal approach to health education.
Andalusian Love Poems by Women
Authors: Authors Various
Published: March 2020

Andalusian Love Poems by Women
Women's Participation in Development
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

It is now government policy in many 3rd world countries to mobilize women to help implement development plans. This policy has met a favorable reaction from the majority of respondents, although a few groups, responding specifically to the issue of housewives working outside the home, have reacted negatively. There is no doubt that the efforts spent by the U.N.O. toward the affirmation of the Rights of Man, including sexual equality, have been largely responsible for the promotion of this policy.
Traditional lranian Women: How They Cope
Authors: Hegland Mary Elaine
Published: March 2020

Abstract of an article by Mary Elaine Hegland, based onpersonal and other anthropologic fieldworks in Iran between 1975 and 1980, published in The Middle East Journal, Vol. 36, no. 4, Autumn 1982.
Famille et Travail Domestique Elements d'Approche Theorique
Authors: Dalila Bousalah
Published: March 2020

Memoire de licence, presented and defended by Mme. Bousalah Dalila, Universite d'Oran, Institut des Sciences Sociales, Departement de Sociologie, September 1981 .
World Campaign for Peace
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) organized on March 8, 1982, under the slogan "STAR» (Stop The Arms Race), a campaign for peace led by women delegates from all parts of the United States.
More about the Elderly in Lebanon
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

There are in Lebanon five major institutions that take care of the aged and three resthouses where they are accepted: one at Arayya, another at Bhannes, a third one at Zouq Musbeh (Convent of Christ King). Other new homes are being built for them: one on the hills overlooking the plain of Damour, another called Oznam House, at Batroun.
La Repudiation
Authors: Hafid Gafaiti
Published: March 2020

"La Repudiation" by Rachid Boudjedra, Algerian novelist,editions Denoel, Paris, 1969
Influence of the Arab Woman's Education in Helping Achieve General Development
Authors: Sankar Dr. Saliha
Published: March 2020

Condensed from a paper presented at the Second RegionalConference for women of the Gulf Countries. 28-31 march 1981 . See Al·Raida nov. 1. 1981 , vol. IV. no. 18. p. 4.
Fallen Idols
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

At a meeting which grouped a number of university women interested in modern social problems, a question was raised regarding the nature and evolution of family relations. One of the group mentioned a study recently made by Dr. Munir Chamoun, a well-known Lebanese sociologist, who concluded that the women of this country «are asexual individuals whoselives revolve around motherhood, a function which absorbs their whole being.
The Dowry in Algeria
Authors: Marouf Chafika
Published: March 2020

Abstract of a study made by Chafika Marouf, in "Actes des Journees d'Etude et de Reflexion sur les Femmes Aigeriennes », Centre de Documentation des Sciences Humaines, Universite d'Oran, 3, 4, 5, et 6 Mai 1980; Oran, pp. 295-329. See AI-Raida, May 1, 1981 , Vol. IV No. 16 p. 9.
Development of 3 to 6 Year-Old Children and Their Environment
Authors: Abu Nasr Julinda
Published: March 2020

Monographs of the Institute for Women's Studies in the ArabWorld, No.3, 1980, Principal Investigators: Julinda Abu Nasr,Mary Makhouli, Irini Lorfing .
Editorial
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

The tradition of projecting into their offspring their likes and dislikes, just like the transmission of titles and property, plays a primary role in the parents' socialization of children. Consciously or unconsciously, the children absorb the parents' ideas and manners. At a certain age, they may develop a sense of revolt against the parents' possessiveness, but the atmosphere of the home, which predominates their early years, leaves its stamp on them and determines the molding of their personalities.
Rose Mary Ghannoun
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

Rose Mary Ghannoun is probably the first woman in Lebanon to occupy a position allowing her direct contact with rural women for the purpose of encouraging their participation in developing and realizing economic independence.
Maternal deaths In Bangladesh
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

An article published on Dec. 13th 1976 in the Bangladesh Times by Mrs. Shahida Hassan contains an ardent plea for the abol ition of an antiquated 1860 law making abortion illegal. "This law," she said, "has shielded private doctors rather than the cause of humanity or women."
Woman's Image in the Lebanese Press 1935-1975
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

Woman's image in Lebanese textbooks, in Egyptian mass media and in the Egyptian cinema has been treated in brief reports published in former issues of AI -Raida)_ Woman's image in the Lebanese press has been contributed through the Institute for Women's Studies in the Arab World in a detailed study project recently made by Mr. Richard Allouche, assistant professor at Lyon University " (France), on the image of woman in the Lebanese press between 1935 and 1975.
Role of Radio Broadcasts in Modifying Traditional Attitudes Toward Women
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

The above is the title of an extensive field study carried out in a South Egyptian village by Mr. Atef el-Abd,who presented it in 1979 to the I nformation Department,Broadcasting Service, at the University of Cairo, as arequirement for obtaining an M.A. degree in mass communication.
Facts about IWSAW
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

The Institute for Women's Studies in the Arab World (IWSAW) was created for the purpose of enlightening people in the Arab world and elsewhere regarding the actual status of woman in these countries, the problems derived from traditional laws and attitudes which society has adopted toward her, and the ways of handl ing these problems.
Survey on College Women
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

What kinds of women are attending college or university today? Why are they coming to study and where are they heading after the degree? This was the purpose of a BUC Sophomore Rhetoric project in fall, 1979.
Women and Health
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

There is scarcely any need to prove that woman's concern with health, on an individual or a general level, has always been one of her chief occupations. As a wife and mother, as a nurse, midwife or social worker, she has always had the responsibility of caring for the husband's and the child's physical well-being, for the sick in her home and in hospitals, and for the wounded on battlefields.
Child Welfare in Lebanon
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

Before the Lebanese war which started in 1975, private social organizations in this country attained relatively large proportions. This reflected a high degree of social consciousness among the population, especially among women, and a desire of each of the multiple Lebanese communities to participate in general development.
Impact of War on Moral Values in Lebanese Children
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

During the Lebanese War, 1975-1976, children were heavily exposed to various forms of violence.' Starting with the well-known belief that children are greatly influenced by example and easily led to imitate older people, the IWSAW research group, directed by Dr. Julinda Abu-Nasr, decided to undertake a study attempting to determine the influence of war, not on children's behavior, 'but on their moral judgment or conception of right and wrong.
Pink Curtains
Authors: Azzam Sameera
Published: March 2020

Sameera Azzam, a Palestinian short story writer who died in 1967, published several collections of short stories which show her ability to describe details and bring out local color. Many of her stories give a living picture of the life of unprivileged classes and common people.
Research Projects on Women’s Status: A Pressing Need in the Arab World
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

General information and sweeping statements are no longer compatible with the mentality and demands of our present age. It would be easy to say in a casual manner that illiteracy in the Arab World reaches high proportions, especially among women, but we cannot impress people by general, superficial statements.
Formation and Development of Women's Studies in the United States
Authors: Tanaka Kazuko
Published: March 2020

In 1969, the number of courses in women's studies given in the United States were less than 100. Within two years (1971), the number rose to 610, then to 2000 in 1973, 5000 in 1975, the Woman's year. In 1976, the number of universities offering the Women's Studies program grew to between 250 and 300.
What is Female Imagery?
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

Should we judge women's artistic production by manmade criteria or by those inspired from its intrinsic qualities? Should a woman artist try to imitate men's work and vie with it, or is she called to express herself and create her own style 1 The following paragraphs are excerpts from a panel on the topic, conducted by 5 women artists and art critics.
Middle East Regional Seminar for the Training and Education of the Rural Woman
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

The Middle East "Regional Seminar for the Training and Education of the Rural Woman" met in Cairo, May 2-9, 1978, through the joint convocation of the Women's International Union, the Ministry of Social Affairs of the Arab Egyptian Republic, Huda Shaarawi Association for Woman's Emancipation, Unesco, and the International Cooperative Union.
Character Builders
Authors: Abou-Khadra Intissar Tabsh
Published: March 2020

Abstract of the talk given by Mrs. Intissar Tabsh Abou-Khadra, BUC alumna 1950, on Founders' Day, Nov. 10, 1977.
Importance of Documentation in the Arab World
Authors: Ghurayyib Rose
Published: March 2020

IWSAW's Documentation Center, mentioned in the second issue of AI- Raida (page 12), is an essential project because it is intended to be a stepping stone for all IWSAW future projects.
Forward
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

The increasing consciousness of the important role that women can play in world-development today, finds its expression in various ways, one of which is the Women's Liberation Movement that is successfully organizing its activities in strategic areas of the more developed countries.
Helen Khal's study on "Women Artists in Lebanon"
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

This book-size study of about 150 pages aims at tracing "the background, development and documentation of the present status of women artists in Lebanon, with specific reference to those artists who have made significant contributions in the field" .
Women, a Human Resource of Development in the Arab World
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

Arab woman today shares actively in the building and rejuvenating of Arab society as well as in the modernization of its development process. In spite of the constructive role played by women and its increasing intensity, it is a role which is still limited compared with the unexploited potential of women and the needs and challenges which Arab society faces.
A Study of the Works of Lebanese Women Artists
Authors: Khal Ms. Helen
Published: March 2020

Helen Khal explores in this research the background development and present staus of women artists in Lebanon.
Statistics on Women Education in Egypt
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

Statistics on Women Education in Egypt
Statistics on Education of Girls in Qatar
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

The first legal girls schools in Qatar was founded in 1957, and sinc that date the Qatar governement is encouraging girls education.
Of Laws Tattooed in Flesh: Gendered Self-Expression through “Tounsi” in Post- Revolutionary Tunisia
Authors: Palma Agatha
Published: March 2020

They gathered outside, in the summer of 2013, at a public park in Tunis with yellow flyers attached to their arms that read Sayeb 15. They were demanding freedom for Wled al-15, a Tunisian rapper, who had recently been jailed after months of hiding for his song Bolicia Kleb, or “The Police are Dogs”. The gathering was among the first for Kalaam Charaa, a street poetry movement initiated by young Tunisian poets, which stresses the importance of poetry in Tunisian dialect, known locally as Tounsi.
Survivors, Not Victims! The Problem of the Rehabilitation of Sexually Assaulted Women
Authors: Elmohandes Amal
Published: March 2020

In Egypt, girls and women, in the private and public spheres, face varied and numerous forms of sexual violence. In the public sphere, they are exposed to violence, be they activists, human rights defenders, or normal citizens. They are also at risk as they walk through the streets and squares to take the metro, on their way to their schools and universities, or in their places of work. As soon as one of them undergoes a virginity test, is sexually abused, raped, or assaulted, gang-raped, vaginally examined, orally or anally raped, or sexually harassed, everybody, be it the family, friends, the media, medical professionals, or the judiciary rush to label or stigmatize her as a “victim”.
Review of Women’s Studies Volumes 1 (2003), 2 (2004), 3 (2005)
Authors: Sayigh Rosemary
Published: March 2020

The Review of Women’s Studies is remarkable on several counts: the level of interest of its contents; its thrust towards linking gender studies to the building of a democratic Arab society; and not least the conditions of its production under Israeli siege and closure. The year of its launching, 2002, saw the Israeli re-occupation of the whole West Bank, manifested in a situation of violence, closure, and curfew that affected every aspect of daily life. As the Introduction to the first volume notes, this was a period when Birzeit students and faculty faced a daily struggleto reach the university. That the Birzeit Institute of Women’s Studies (IWS) carried on and even expanded its teaching, research and publication program under such conditions is a sign of the dynamic that links work on gender to Palestinian resistance.
Qissat: Short Stories by Palestinian Women
Authors: Tabbara Tania
Published: March 2020

I’ve always had mixed feelings concerning anthologies on women writers. It seems to me that classifying writers by their nationality and their gender does not really do justice to the creative originality of their stories. By classifying them in that way the stories are somehow assumed to reflect a certain social and political reality, which might not at all be intended by the writers.Especially regarding female writers from the Middle East, one expects to find stories that reflect upon the suppression of women in a patriarchal society that is determined by Islamic culture. Palestinian women writers have to fight this cliché as much as the expectation that their writing is (merely) informed by their status as refugees or occupied people (which of course might be the case but not necessarily so, or maybe only partially so).
Arabs, Copts, Egyptians, Americans: An Exploration of Identity in the Diaspora
Authors: Farag Phoebe
Published: March 2020

“Coptic,” “Christian,” “Orthodox,” “Egyptian,” “American,” “North African”: All of these words describe my identity, some more than others. As a Coptic Orthodox Egyptian American woman, one word, “Arab,” is particularly problematic. Many Copts, including some of my dearest friends, vehemently deny the “Arab” label. The Copts, they say, are not Arabs, but descendents of the Pharaohs. Only Egyptian Muslims can call themselves Arab. The Egyptians who remained Christian after the Islamic invasion in the seventh century, the Copts, were not Arab. This idea was further reinforced when I read Leila Ahmed's memoir A Border Passage, and discovered that even some Egyptian aMuslims reject the Arab identity.
Reproducing Home: Arab Women's Experiences of Canada
Authors: Vallianatos Helen , Raine Kim
Published: March 2020

Birth is more than physical reproduction; through reproductive traditions and birthing processes, social reproduction is manifested. In other words, these traditions and ceremonies highlight the values of social life. Migration to a new country may affect the ability of women and their families to perform reproductive rituals; hence, examination of women's birth stories may demonstrate the tensions between the challenges and benefits of migration. This shifting ground of multiple identities in turn contextualizes the process of acculturation as migrants strive to adapt to their new country while maintaining cultural and ethnic identities. In this article, we study experiences of reproduction to examine how Arab immigrant women shape their Canadian identities while balancing connections with their families “back home” and their ethnic/cultural identities.
Arab Americans: Between Conflicting Definitions of Belonging
Authors: Mullin Jehan
Published: March 2020

As a proud-to-be Arab American woman who has resided in Lebanon for the past few years, my interest was immediately peaked when I heard that an issue of Al-Raida was to be dedicated to “Arab diaspora women”. I could not help but wonder who exactly would be represented in the issue because, as I have learned, what the category "Arab Women" refers to and how exactly they are defined for many among Arab diasporic communities often differs with the more commonly accepted definitions in the Arab region. Of course, nothing is clear-cut when it comes to identity. Individuals of diverse ethnic, religious or cultural backgrounds often identify in numerous ways. There are, however, general patterns that can be discerned in how communities are defined or categorized amongst Arab American populations and those in the Arab Middle East; and it is the differences in these definitions that conflict with one another in rather fundamental ways.
Quote/Unquote
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

“The greater taboos against female crime stem largely from two powerful focal concerns ascribed to women: (i) nurturant role obligations and (ii) female beauty and sexual virtue. In varied settings or situations, these concerns shape the constraints and opportunities of girls' and women's illicit activities.
Women, Crime and Statistics
Authors: Daher General Dr. Fadl
Published: March 2020

Differences between societies in their approaches to understanding crime and punishment are evident, particularly with respect to differing definitions and motives. However, there is always a need to measure crime rates within these societies in order to understand the types of crimes being committed. In addition to determining what crimes are occurring, and their seriousness, there is a need to establish a valid mechanism for dealing with deviant behavior on the one hand, and with the social perceptions of deviance and crime on the other.
Gender and Crime Representations and Constructions of Deviant Femininity in Arab Cinema
Authors: Addoum Nada
Published: March 2020

Within the practice of film criticism in the Arab world, the task of providing a comprehensive view of the industrial, socio-cultural, and aesthetic factors which contribute to particular cinematographic representations of class, gender, and sexuality has never been adequately tackled. This article, however, cannot and does not pretend to fill this gap. Instead, it seeks to benefit from the opportunity present in the topic of “female criminality in the Arab world” to start examining the forces and institutions of bias, the cinematic history of various cultural groups and the relationship between film and Arab1 culture's definitions of femininity and masculinity.
Eligibility of Working Married Lebanese Women for Social Benefits
Authors: Juraysati Arlete
Published: March 2020

Article 7 of the Lebanese Constitution, which was drafted in 1926, calls for equality between men and women in rights and duties without any discrimination. Article 12also asserts the right of every Lebanese person, man or woman, to employment in the public sector.
Re-defining Feminism/s, Re-imagining Faith? Margot Badran on Islamic Feminism
Authors: Basarudin Azza
Published: March 2020

Margot Badran is a scholar-activist and specialist in gender studies in the Middle East and Islamic world. She is a Senior Fellow at the Center for Muslim- Christian Understanding at Georgetown University. She was recently Edith Kreeger Wolf Distinguished Visiting Professor in the Religion Department and Preceptor at the Institute for the Study of Islamic Thought in Africa at Northwestern University. She has lectured widely in academic and popular forums in the United States, as well as in Europe, the Middle East, and South Asia. She is also the author of numerous scholarly articles on feminism and Islam, and writes on gender issues for Al Ahram Weekly.
On Activism: An Interview with Amal Sabbagh
Authors: Sfeir Myriam
Published: March 2020

How do you define activism? Tell me about the pioneering work done by the Jordanian National Commission for Women and what it has achieved in the area of women's political rights?
Women with Disability and Employment in Egypt
Authors: Hagrass Heba
Published: March 2020

Like everyone else persons with disabilities are in need of work because work gives status and value to the person. Work provides economic security and independence. Most of all work gives purpose to life (ILO 1995). It is a way to properly integrate men and women with disabilities and make them participate in social activities, which results in their better acceptance in the community and society (Hagrass 1998).
Disability Report in Lebanon
Authors: Disabled People (LCDP) Lebanese Council of
Published: March 2020

The Lebanese Council of Disabled People (LCDP) wishes to thank all those who participated in preparing this report, and particularly the National Association for the Rights of Disabled People in Lebanon (NARD), while also commending the aid given by the Ministry of Social Affairs in helping to provide the statistics pertaining to Disability in Lebanon.
Young, Single and Employed: Jordanian Women’s Voices on Impact of Work
Authors: Kawar Mary
Published: March 2020

There is an increasing visibility of young urban working women in Amman, Jordan. As compared to previous generations, this group is experiencing a new life cycle trajectory of single employed adulthood. Based on qualitative interviews with young women, this paper will reflect on their experiences and perceptions regarding work, social status and marriage.
Quote/Unquote
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

As soon as soft hair began to thicken above my lips, whenever I looked in a mirror I began to imagine myself with a complete and perfect moustache. What I envisaged was a model moustache of the kind that I would have liked to have had, not as it would actually have been. I was handsome in that moustache which I added to my face like one adds a pair of sun-glasses, though I didn’t acquire a pair of those until I was past forty.
The European Project for Inter-religious Learning (EPIL)
Authors: American University Lebanese
Published: March 2020

The European Project for Interreligious Learning (EPIL) held in cooperation with theInstitute for Women’s Studies in the Arab World (IWSAW) at the Lebanese American University was the last module of an adult education programfor women which tookplace from February 4-12, 2004.
Masculinity, Modernity, and National Identity in Interwar Egypt
Authors: Jacob Wilson Chacko
Published: March 2020

On October 29, 1932 a major celebration was organized at Ankara Palace in honor of Turkish Republic Day. The Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal had invited foreign dignitaries and the local elite to the evening festivities. Among the distinguished invitees was the Egyptian ambassador, Abd al-Malik Hamza Bey. He arrived dressed in his formal regalia topped off by the symbol of Egyptian (and up to 1925, Turkish) officialdom—the tarbush.2
The Preferred Partner
Authors: Baydoun Azzah Shararah
Published: March 2020

“A girl from a good family, pretty and rich” – these are the three main criteria and in this order that have been cast in the extended family where I grew up and in that order – for evaluating men’s right choice of a bride. On these three qualities and their variations, I witnessed endless conversations in mutual visits between my maternal aunts, their relatives, and their friends. However, as far as the prospective husband for the family’s young women was concerned, I noticed a disregard of his family’s status and of his physical appearance, a disregard sometimes followed by the saying: “There’s nothing shameful for a man except his empty pocket”. Though these conversations addressed existing couples, they also referred to other prospective ones in which the man and woman seemed to satisfy the above-mentioned prescriptions. These prescriptions and criteria remained in my value frame of reference and in my cognitive repertoire, as fixed hypostases of unquestionable necessity.
Masculinity in Morocco
Authors: Dialmy Abdessamad
Published: March 2020

The social and hierarchical relationship between the sexes in Morocco is now in crisis because of the increase in the number of women in the education and employment fields, the decrease in fecundity, and the de-institutionalization of sexuality. These three unfinished processes are the main factors that define the unequal traditional relationship between sexes. Additionally, these processes redefine masculinity, which has been considered for a long time as a source of privilege and power.
The 2004 Mudawwana Reforms and the Problem of Moroccan Masculinity
Authors: Perkins Elisa
Published: March 2020

In October of 2003, King Mohammad VI announced his intention to radically improve women's rights by reforming Morocco's Mudawwana al Ahwal al Shakhsiyyah, or Code de Statut Personnel,1 and in January 2004, parliament unanimously accepted a series of dramatic changes based on his suggestions. The new set of laws, renamed the Mudawwana al Usrah, or Code de la Famille, promises to increase women's power and authority in family and public life.
Ramallah letter: I.T.’s tragedy
Authors: Jad Islah
Published: March 2020

It took me some time to collect the bits and pieces of this story. My sources are I.T.’s husband, a doctor, and three of her neighbors and friends. I.T.’s story shows how a human being can be killed twice, once psychologically and once physically. The tragedy developed like this: I.T. is a married woman with three young daughters: One is five and a half years old, the second is three and a half, and the baby is six months old. I.T. and her husband originally came from Nablus.
Women and War: An overview
Authors: Lindsey Charlotte
Published: March 2020

Frequently today’s conflicts are internal - fought within a country between different ethnic or political groups of the same "nationality" - rather than international, fought  between countries and across borders. This has led to the  civilian population becoming increasingly "caught up" in  the conflict and/or targeted by the parties to the armed conflict as part of a deliberate strategy. War at home rather than abroad has had a major impact on women as members of the civilian population. Furthermore, women are increasingly taking up arms as members of the armed forces.
The Women’s Movement in the Maghreb: with emphasis on Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria
Authors: Naciri Rabéa
Published: March 2020

Women in the Maghreb and the Arab world at large are usually represented as inferior, submissive and dependent, living in a male-dominated, patriarchal society. Apart from the fact that these women have in fact never been fully subservient, their experiences with patriarchal society vary according to their social background, their educational level, activities and professional status. They have always resorted to whatever means they had to resist their subordination. The feminist movement now emerging on the Maghrebi political and social scene constitutes a modern form of this resistance, and is the inheritor of an ancient tradition of opposition of Maghrebi women to all forms of oppression