bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conversion to Alzheimer's disease dementia from normal cognition directly or with the intermediate mild cognitive impairment stage
Authors: Lu Xinlin , Zhang Yahui , Tang Yichen , Bernick Charles , Shan Guogen
Published: November 2024

INTRODUCTION

Progression to Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia from normal cognition (NC) can follow different trajectories, with most progressing through a recognizable mild cognitive impairment stage (NC–MCI–AD), while some individuals transition quickly from NC to AD dementia (NC–AD).

METHODS

We compared demographic characteristics, health factors, and cognitive and functional assessments across three time points: the first NC visit, the last NC visit, and the first AD dementia visit.

RESULTS

The NC–MCI–AD group showed greater impairment in cognitive and functional scores at AD dementia diagnosis, despite maintaining better cognitive function during the NC stage. Analysis of yearly changes revealed negligible differences during NC. However, the yearly change during the AD dementia stage suggested potentially more rapid functional decline in the NC–AD group.

DISCUSSION

These findings highlight the heterogeneity in AD disease progression and emphasize the importance of considering diverse progression patterns in AD research and clinical practice.

Highlights

We investigated the disease progression difference between patients who converted to Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia from normal cognition (NC) directly or through the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stage.

We found that the NC–MCI–AD group showed greater impairment in cognitive and functional scores at AD dementia diagnosis.

We discovered that the NC–AD group had rapid functional decline once patients were confirmed with AD onset.
Visual read of [F‐18]florquinitau PET that includes and extends beyond the mesial temporal lobe is associated with increased plasma pTau217 and cognitive decline in a cohort that is enriched with risk for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Rea Reyes Ramiro Eduardo , Cody Karly A. , Wilson Rachael E. , Zetterberg Henrik , Chin Nathaniel A. , Jonaitis Erin M. , Bahr Melissa , Mandel Olivia , Wintlend Madilynn , Bendlin Barbara B. , Okonkwo Ozioma C. , Clark Lindsay R. , Zammit Matt , Asthana Sanjay , Christian Bradley T. , Betthauser Tobey J. , Eisenmenger Laura , Langhough Rebecca E. , Johnson Sterling C.
Published: November 2024

INTRODUCTION

Patterns of signal from tau positron emission tomography (tau‐PET) confined to the medial temporal lobe (MTL) or extended into the neocortex may be relevant for Alzheimer's disease (AD) research if they are linked to differential biomarker levels and cognitive decline.

METHODS

Visual assessment of Tau‐PET [F‐18]florquinitau (FQT) exams from 728 initially non‐demented older adults yielded four uptake groups: tau‐negative (T−), MTL‐only (T+MTL), neocortex‐only (T+Neo), or both (T+MTL&Neo). Mixed effects models assessed group differences in retrospective cognitive and plasma pTau217 trajectories.

RESULTS

T+MTL&Neo was the most common T+ group (n = 97; 93% A+) and exhibited the sharpest worsening in cognitive and pTau217 trajectories before tau PET.

DISCUSSION

The T+MTL&Neo category represents an intermediate to advanced stage of AD preceded by rising ptau217 and progressive cognitive decline. The pTau217 finding suggests that A+, T+ in MTL or neocortex could represent early AD stages, with a higher likelihood of progressing to more advanced stages.

Highlights

Visual assessments of Tau‐PET FQT revealed four distinct uptake groups: tau‐negative (T−), MTL‐only (T+MTL), neocortex‐only (T+Neo), or both (T+MTL&Neo).

Amyloid positive participants in the T+MTL and T+MTL&Neo categories showed a retrospectively faster decline in their cognitive trajectories, and a sharper increase in pTau217 levels in plasma, compared to T−.

The T+MTL&Neo group displayed sharper trajectories compared with the other Tau positive groups in both their cognitive scores and pTau217 plasma levels.

Our results suggest that participants with Tau present in both MTL and neocortex represent an intermediate to advanced stage of AD, whereas participants with signals confined to either MTL or neocortex could represent earlier AD stages.
Methanolierung von Olefinen: Niederdruck‐Synthese von Alkoholen durch die formale Addition von Methanol an Olefine
Authors: Stahl Sebastian , Vossen Jeroen T. , Popp Stephan , Leitner Walter , Vorholt Andreas J.
Published: November 2024

In dieser Arbeit wird die Methanolierung von Olefinen als neue Niederdruck Synthese von C1‐verlängerten Alkoholen eingeführt. Formal wird H3COH an die C=C‐Bindung mit einer 100 %igen Atomeffizienz hinzugefügt. Mechanistisch gesehen, läuft die gesamte Umwandlung als Tandemreaktion ab, wobei Methanol zu Synthesegas in einem CO : H2 Verhältnis von 1 : 2 dehydriert wird, welches anschließend in der Hydroformylierung vom Olefin zum Aldehyd und der Hydrierung zum Alkohol umgesetzt wird. Die Dehydrierung von Methanol und die Hydrierung des Aldehyds werden durch einen Mn/Pincer‐Komplex katalysiert, während die Hydroformylierung mit einen Rh/Phosphin‐Katalysator erfolgt. Mit 1‐Octen als Modellsubstrat wurde eine Ausbeute von 80 % Nonanol mit einer n : iso‐Selektivität von 93 : 7 von linearen zu verzweigten Alkoholen erreicht, und es konnte eine Turn Over Number (TONRh ) von mehr als 17 000 in Bezug auf Rhodium erzielt werden. Das integrierte katalytische System ermöglicht den direkten Zugang zu Alkoholen aus Olefinen und “grünem” Methanol, wobei keine Handhabung von CO und H2 unter Druck oder spezielle Hochdruckanlagen notwendig sind, da die Prozessbedingungen 10 bar nicht überschreiten und die Partialdrücke des Synthesegases nur im Bereich von1–2 bar liegen.
Formally Zerovalent Bis(arene) Germylene Complexes of Zirconium and Hafnium
Authors: Eberhardt Max J. , Baum Mira , Clewing Stefan F. , Schubert Hartmut , Wesemann Lars
Published: November 2024

Tetrachlorides of zirconium and hafnium form adducts (2, 3) with an intramolecular germylene phosphine Lewis pair. Two electron reduction treating the adducts with [MesNacnacMg]2 gives the low‐valent metal complexes (4, 5) featuring η6‐Trip coordination at the Zr(II) and Hf(II) metal atom. Reduction of the M(II)‐complexes gives the zerovalent metal complexes of zirconium (6) and hafnium (7), which have been structurally characterized. Two arene moieties and the germylene exhibit metal coordination. Puckered coordination of a P‐phenyl unit was observed for both derivatives 6 and 7. Four electron reduction of a reaction mixture of metal tetrachloride with the germylene phosphine Lewis pair also gives the zerovalent complexes in good yield. Carbonyl complexes were synthesized treating the reduced metal complexes with carbon monoxide. Dimethylbutadiene shows a reaction with an arene moiety and the coordinated germylene ligand of the zerovalent complexes. A cyclohexadienyl and a triorganogermate ligand are formed. For zirconium this reaction is reversible at room temperature.
Molecular Components and Molecular Modelling for Asphalt: A Review
Authors: Wang Zhijin , Zhou Yuanbin , Zhang Jiandong , Ji Xinlv , Zhan Haifei
Published: November 2024

Asphalt is a complex, heterogeneous organic mixture increasingly used in modern pavement. With the rising traffic load and sustainable strategies, developing high‐performance asphalt materials becomes crucial, which relies on the understanding of the relationship between the physical chemical properties of asphalt and its constituent molecular components. This work aims to review the progress on the identification of asphalt molecular components, as well as different types of molecules being employed in various molecular dynamics simulations to assess the physical properties of asphalt. The state‐of‐the‐art techniques for the separation of molecular components for asphalt materials are first introduced, followed by common characterization techniques for asphalt molecules and microstructural features, which serve as the foundations for molecular modeling for asphalt materials. Various asphalt molecular models being employed in molecular dynamics simulations are summarised, covering pristine asphalt, modified asphalt, and aged asphalt. Different factors that impact the physical properties of asphalt as uncovered from these simulations are also discussed. This work provides a comprehensive overview on the molecular components of asphalt and the corresponding modeling as atomistic scale, which can guide the preparation of asphalt materials with on‐demand properties for sustainable development.
Pre‐Procedural Virtual Reality Guiding Catheter Simulation Navigating Successful Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of a Chronic Total Occlusion of an Anomalous Origin of the Right Coronary Artery
Authors: Yoshinaga Masataka , Muramatsu Takashi , Higami Hiroki , Nasu Kenya
Published: November 2024

We report two cases of successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of a chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesion with an anomalous origin of the right coronary artery (AORCA) and challenging guiding catheter engagement using a new 3D virtual reality (VR) guiding catheter simulation system. Appropriate guiding catheter selection is critical for a successful complex PCI. A more suitable guiding catheter size, shape, and position with a robust backup force often leads to the successful completion of more accessible and safer procedures. The present case report highlights that VR simulation provides a greater possibility than usual of pre‐procedural planning when selecting appropriate guiding catheters and vascular access. The present VR simulation system is based on three‐dimensional volume rendering reconstructions of the computed tomography (CT) imaging data; thus, another strength of this technology is that it does not require radiation or radiocontrast exposure to patients. Therefore, transcatheter interventionalists who usually perform complex PCI should be familiar with this innovative system.
Manganese‐Modified Metal Nanoparticle Catalysts for Syngas to C2+‐Oxygenates
Authors: Xiao Jiale , Meng Haotian , Wang Chengtao , Xiao Feng‐Shou
Published: November 2024

Syngas to oxygenates, in particular to alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms (i.e., C2+‐oxygenates), is one of the important research subjects in syngas conversion. The key to this process is the design and synthesis of efficient catalysts. Metal nanoparticle catalysts such as Rh‐based and Co‐based catalysts in the presence of Mn promoter are popular candidates for the syngas to C2+‐oxygenates, where the Mn effectively optimizes the dispersion of metal species and significantly influences the C─O dissociation and *CO insertion activity, thereby enhancing the yield of C2+‐oxygenates. In this review, the mechanism on the formation of C2+‐oxygenates from syngas was briefly discussed, typical examples were highlighted, design of efficient RhMn‐based and CoMn‐based catalysts for enhancing the C2+‐oxygenates yields was summarized, and the perspectives and challenges for catalyst design in this area were suggested.
The Emissive and Electrochemical Properties of Hypervalent Pyridine‐Dipyrrolide Bismuth Complexes
Authors: Deuter Katharina L. , Kather Felix , Linseis Michael , Bodensteiner Michael , Winter Rainer F.
Published: November 2024

We present a series of six hypervalent bismuth complexes Bi(R1PDPR2)X bearing ligands characterized by the pyridine‐2,6‐bis(pyrrolide) (PDP) structural motif. While bismuth holds considerable potential for facilitating efficient intersystem crossing (ISC), reports on phosphorescent molecular bismuth complexes are still scarce and mostly based on systems that exhibit inter‐ or intraligand charge transfer character of their optical excitations. Herein, the UV/vis absorptive, luminescent, and electrochemical properties of complexes Bi(R1PDPR2)X are explored, where the substituents R1 and R2, as well as the halide ligand X are varied. These compounds are characterized by an intense HOMO→LUMO transition of mixed ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer (LMCT) and interligand charge transfer (LL'CT) character, as shown by time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) calculations. At 77 K in a 2‐MeTHF matrix, these compounds exhibit red, long‐lived phosphorescence with lifetimes ranging from 479 to 14 μs. Cyclic voltammetry measurements and TD‐DFT calculations show that the substituents influence HOMO and LUMO energies to almost equal extent, resulting in nearly constant emission wavelengths throughout this series. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies of four of the six complexes exemplify the inherent Lewis acidity of the coordinated Bi3+ ion, in spite of its hypervalency.
In‐situ Reduced Cu3N Nanocrystals Enable High‐Efficiency Ammonia Synthesis and Zinc‐nitrate Batteries
Authors: Chen Shanshan , Wang Zhiwei , Zhang Quan , Qiu Shiming , Liu Yifan , Hu Guangzhi , Luo Jun , Liu Xijun
Published: November 2024

Nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) involves an 8‐electron transfer process and competes with the hydrogen evolution reaction process, resulting in lower yields and Faraday efficiency (FE) in the process of NH3 synthesis. Especially, Cu‐based catalysts (Cu0 and Cu+) have been investigated in the field of NO3RR due to the energy levels of d‐orbital and the least unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) π* of nitrate's orbital. Based on the above, we synthesized a Cu‐based compound containing Cu3N (Cu+) through a simple one‐step pyrolysis method, applied it to electrocatalytic NO3RR, and tested the performance of the Zn‐NO3− battery. Through various characterization analyses, Cu‐based catalysts (Cu+) are the key active sites in reduction reactions, making Cu3N a potential catalyst for ammonia synthesis. The research results indicate the application of Cu3N catalyst in NO3RR shows the best NH3 yield of 173.7 μmol h−1 cm−2 with FENH3 reaching 91.0 % at −0.3 V vs. RHE, which is much higher than that of Cu catalyst without N. In addition, the Zn‐NO3− battery based on Cu3N electrode also exhibits an NH3 yield of 39.8 μmol h−1 cm−2 63.0 % FENH3, and a power density of 2.7 mW cm−2 as well as stable cycling charge‐discharge stability for 5 hours. This work guides the application of Cu3N enhanced regulation of the active site in the electrocatalytic synthesis of NH3 from NO3RR.
Divergent Synthesis of Novel 3(5)‐Aminoazole–Benzopyrone Hybrids and their Evaluation as α‐Glucosidase Inhibitors
Authors: Myshko Andrii S. , Mrug Galyna P. , Bondarenko Svitlana P. , Demydchuk Bohdan A. , Kobzar Oleksandr L. , Buldenko Vladyslav M. , Vovk Andriy I. , Frasinyuk Mykhaylo S.
Published: November 2024

An efficient approach has been developed for the trapping in situ generated benzopyrone‐based ortho‐quinone methide intermediates by 3‐ and 5‐amino pyrazoles or isoxazoles. In cases of naturally occurring phenolic Mannich bases, hybrid compounds between the azole and flavonoid, namely, coumarin, chromone, isoflavone, and aurone were synthesized in moderate to good yields. It is remarkable that depending on 3‐ or 5‐position of the amino group, the reaction led to the formation of C‐4 or 3‐NH substituted azole derivatives, respectively. In vitro studies showed that some of the obtained compounds bearing 5‐aminoisoxazole part exhibit inhibitory activity towards α‐glucosidase with IC50 values in the micromolar range.
American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline update on palliative care for patients with cancer: Addressing the reality gap
Authors: Crowley Fionnuala , Smith Cardinale B. , Arnold Robert M. , Afezolli Debora
Published: November 2024

Plain Language Summary

We commend the American Society of Clinical Oncology for their sweeping recommendations and advocacy for integrated palliative care as part of oncologic care. The literature that exists is heterogeneous and at times difficult to interpret, and the panel has clearly described their systemic review process and subsequent rationale for their recommendations.

Although we agree with the overall recommendations, there are significant practical limitations to their application that renders them aspirational. We worry that the guidelines may be impossible for most programs to fully achieve due to a variety of factors including specialty palliative care workforce shortages, limited health care system resource allocation to integrate palliative care widely in cancer care, and lack of financial support for the research necessary to better answer outstanding clinical and implementation questions.

We outline briefly some practical ways in which these recommendations can be applied by existing cancer centers and health care systems. Ultimately, both financial and quality incentives will be necessary to push forward the expansion and integration of palliative care within our national health care system as a whole.
Yield determination of temperate maize hybrids with different end‐uses: An ecophysiological analysis
Authors: Chazarreta Yésica D. , Alvarez Prado Santiago , Giménez Víctor D. , Carcedo Ana J. P. , López César G. , Ciampitti Ignacio A. , Otegui Maria E.
Published: November 2024

Maize (Zea mays L.) production in Argentina changed markedly during the last decade due to the widespread adoption of late sowing dates, expanding its productive area, and diversifying crop end‐uses. This study was conducted to assess how the sowing date and nitrogen (N) availability affect grain yield, its physiological determinants (biomass and its partitioning), and numeric components (kernel number and kernel weight) of maize hybrids marketed for different end‐uses. Field experiments were conducted in two growing seasons (2019–2020 and 2020–2021) and two sowing dates within each season (early and late) at a site in the main maize‐producing region of Argentina. Within each season × sowing date combination, eight commercial maize hybrids (commercialized as grain, dual‐purpose, or silage) were tested under two N levels (N0: no N applied; N250: fertilized with 250 kg N ha−1). The greatest grain yield, biomass, kernel number, and harvest index corresponded to the grain hybrids. Dual‐purpose hybrids showed an intermediate grain yield, the highest kernel weight, and a more “silage” than “graniferous” behavior. Silage hybrids had improved light interception up to silking + 15 days (R2) but exhibited the lowest grain yield. Differences in end‐use steered crop breeding efforts toward different physiological strategies. The improved understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying the productivity among maize hybrids with varying end‐uses will assist in the selection and management of suitable cultivars to be grown under different systems and environmental variations associated with an extended sowing date period.
PuraStat as secondary therapy for hemostasis in Mallory−Weiss syndrome with oral antithrombotic medication
Authors: Higashino Makoto , Murakami Hidehiro , Hirata Tetsu , Miyaoka Hiroaki
Published: November 2024

Mallory−Weiss syndrome (MWS) is a common cause of gastroesophageal bleeding. Vomiting increases intra‐abdominal and intra‐esophageal pressures, causing hyperextension of the esophagogastric junction and laceration. Most affected patients respond well to conservative treatment; however, those with active bleeding require endoscopic intervention. Upon contacting blood, PuraStat gels and coats the bleeding point to achieve hemostasis. PuraStat is reportedly effective for non‐variceal bleeding and bleeding associated with endoscopic procedures. However, there have been no reports on the use of PuraStat in MWS. Here we report a case in which PuraStat was useful for achieving hemostasis in a patient with MWS and difficult‐to‐achieve hemostasis. The patient was a 67‐year‐old man who had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting 1 month earlier and was taking an antithrombotic drug. He visited our hospital with bloody vomiting and melena in the evening and was diagnosed with upper gastrointestinal bleeding for which he underwent endoscopy. MWS with active bleeding was observed in the lower esophagus extending to the esophagogastric junction. We treated the patient with clipping; however, the oozing did not stop because of the large laceration. We applied PuraStat to the bleeding site and confirmed that the oozing had resolved; therefore, the procedure was terminated. The endoscope was reinserted the next day and confirmed the hemostasis. The patient was discharged without further deterioration. In patients with MWS with active bleeding, endoscopic hemostasis is commonly achieved using clips or endoscopic band ligation. However, PuraStat can achieve complete hemostasis when these techniques fail.
Endoscopic features of the duodenal pyloric gland adenoma: A case series of 14 patients
Authors: Uozumi Takeshi , Nonaka Satoru , Mizuguchi Yasuhiko , Suzuki Haruhisa , Abe Seiichiro , Yoshinaga Shigetaka , Sekine Shigeki , Saito Yutaka
Published: November 2024

Background

Pyloric gland adenoma (PGA) is a distinct subtype of duodenal adenoma. PGA has been increasingly recognized as a histologically and molecularly distinct entity; however, its endoscopic features have not been precisely described. This study aims to investigate the endoscopic characteristics of duodenal PGA, including the association of their putative precursors, Brunner's gland hyperplasia (BGH), and gastric epithelial heterotopia/metaplasia (GEM/H).

Methods

This study was a single‐center, retrospective case series. Fourteen consecutive patients with duodenal PGA were retrieved from the pathological database. PGA was diagnosed according to the World Health Organization classification.

Results

The median tumor size was 22.5 mm (range: 12–40 mm), and 79% of cases were located in the first part of the duodenum. Six PGAs demonstrated high‐grade dysplasia. PGA could be classified into two subtypes based on their appearance: villous lobulated type and smoothly protruding type. BGH and GEM/H were identified in the background mucosa in 28% and 7% of the cases, respectively. BGH was more abundant in the background mucosa of the PGA group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Six PGAs (43%) exhibited high‐grade dysplasia, and no significant difference was observed in the endoscopic findings between low‐ and high‐grade dysplasia.

Conclusions

The 14 patients with PGA demonstrated characteristic endoscopic findings. BGH and GEM/H might be precursors of PGA.
ARHGAP29 promotes keratinocyte proliferation and migration in vitro and is dispensable for in vivo wound healing
Authors: Rhea Lindsey , Reeb Tanner , Adelizzi Emily , Garnica Bailey , Stein Allison , Kollash Alexis , Dunnwald Elliot , Dunnwald Martine
Published: November 2024

Background

RhoA GTPases play critical roles in actin cytoskeletal remodeling required for controlling a diverse range of cellular functions including cell proliferation, adhesion, migration and changes in cell shape, all required for cutaneous wound healing. RhoA cycles between an active GTP‐bound and an inactive GDP‐bound form, a process regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase‐activating proteins (GAPs). ARHGAP29 is a GAP expressed in skin keratinocytes and is decreased in the absence of interferon regulator factor 6, a critical regulator of cell proliferation, migration, and wound healing. However, the role for ARHGAP29 in keratinocyte biology is unknown.

Results

We generated ARHGAP29 knockdown keratinocyte cell lines and show they displayed increased filamentous actin, phospho‐myosin regulatory light chain, cell area and population doubling time. Furthermore, we found that ARHGAP29 knockdown keratinocytes displayed significant delays in scratch wound closure in both single and collective cell migration conditions; these delays were rescued by both adding back ARHGAP29 or adding a ROCK inhibitor to ARHGAP29 knockdown cells. In vivo, however, Arhgap29 heterozygotes or keratinocyte‐specific knockouts showed on‐time wound healing.

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that ARHGAP29 is required for keratinocyte morphology, proliferation and migration in vitro but is dispensable during wound healing in vivo.
Evolution of Duplicated Glutathione Metabolic Pathway in Gossypium hirsutum and Its Response to UV‐B Stress
Authors: Song Xiaolin , Yin Xiaoyu , Zhu Yingjie , Su Qi , Bao Ying
Published: November 2024

Increasing levels of UV‐B radiation caused by the greenhouse effect has become an emerging threat to crop health and yield. The glutathione (GSH) metabolic pathway is generally involved in plant stress responses through scavenging accumulated reactive oxygen species, and is therefore believed to play an essential role in enhancing plant tolerance to UV‐B stress. However, the complex evolutionary details of this pathway in polyploid plants, especially under UV‐B stress, remain largely unknown. Here, using the important allotetraploid crop, Gossypium hirsutum, as an example, we comprehensively investigated the composition and phylogenetic relationships of genes encoding 12 key structural enzymes in this pathway, and compared the expression changes of all the relevant genes under UV‐B stress (16 kJ m−2 d−1) based on six leaf transcriptomes. Consequently, we identified 205 structural genes by genome‐wide searching and predicted 98 potential regulatory genes under multiple stress conditions by co‐expression network analysis. Furthermore, we revealed that 19 structural genes including 5 homoeologous pairs and 96 regulatory genes possessing 25 homoeologous pairs were reticulately correlated without homoeologous selection preference under UV‐B stress. This result suggests a complex rewiring and reassignment between structural genes and their regulatory networks in the duplicated metabolic pathways of polyploid cotton. This study extends our understanding of the molecular dynamics of the GSH metabolic pathway in response to UV‐B stress in G. hirsutum and, more broadly, in polyploid plants.
Why Are Widely Distributed Species Widely Distributed? Understanding From a Quantified Investment Acquisition Strategy
Authors: Liu Xiao , Yi Shijie , Wu Pan , Wang Ning , Li Qiang
Published: November 2024

Research on plant functional traits have advanced our understanding of plant investment acquisition strategies. However, it is still unknown how a plant investment acquisition strategy varies or how the relative position of plants on the leaf economic spectrum changes across different habitats. Therefore, we conducted the field experiments at two long‐term ecological research sites in Shandong and Xinjiang, China, in August 2023. Twenty‐two common species in both sites and four endemics in each site were selected for leaf gas exchange traits, leaf growth traits, and leaf nutrient trait measurements. We used two different methods to quantify the leaf economic spectrum, PCA quantification and functional area quantification. We found that the 22 common species had a significantly faster investment acquisition strategy than local endemics on the leaf economic spectrum. Besides, the plasticity of the 22 common species was not coupled with the plasticity of their investment acquisition strategy. According to our results, we quantified and constructed the leaf economic spectrum of the 30 woody plant species in Shandong and Xinjiang and discussed that high plasticity and fast investment acquisition strategy may be an ecological adaptation and distribution strategy for widely distributed species.
Lambs Grazing With Adult Ewes Prefer Forbs With High‐Nutrient Content in Native Grasslands Dominated by Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis
Authors: Li Pengzhen , Zhang Zhenhao , Monaco Thomas A. , Rong Yuping
Published: November 2024

Grazing livestock in grasslands face the challenge of obtaining sufficient nutrition due to uneven distribution of plant species and fluctuating vegetation productivity and nutrient levels. In northern China, Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis are the dominant perennial species in native grasslands, but they provide limited nutrition compared to forbs with higher crude protein (CP) content. While dietary ingredients can affect the nutritional intake of grazing livestock, the influence of different grazing strategies on dietary selection remains unclear. In this study, three sheep grazing strategies (lambs alone, mixed lambs and ewes, and ewes alone) were used to explore dietary selection. We investigated the influence of vegetation characteristic (above‐ground biomass production, height, and species diversity) and foraging behavior (feed intake, organic matter digestibility, and daily grazing time) on the mechanisms of dietary selection (taxonomic family richness and composition). Forage consumption across the grazing strategies revealed that species from Poaceae, Rosaceae, and Cyperaceae families were frequently consumed. Both ewes and lambs in the mixed‐grazing strategy preferentially consumed forbs with diverse species composition (Jacob's D > 0), which contained higher CP than those available in the overall vegetation (p < 0.05). In addition, dietary richness was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by vegetation species diversity except for animals in the lambs alone strategy. Compared to lambs in mixed‐grazing, lambs alone had both greater daily grazing time and consumption of grass with lower digestibility (p < 0.05). Our study is the first to demonstrate that lambs can develop a similar dietary selection and behavioral pattern when grazing with adult ewes in temperate grasslands. Our study indicates that the conservation of species diversity in native grasslands is critically beneficial to livestock nutrition.
Flame‐Retarded Poly (Lactic Acid) Containing Phosphating Chitosan
Authors: Li Baochai , Sun Huijuan , Zhang Li , Zhao Xiaoya , Bakar Aznizam Abu , Mohamad Zurina
Published: November 2024

Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is a promising thermoplastic aliphatic polyester to replace petroleum‐based polymers in many fields. However, its flammability has limited its application in areas where fire safety is crucial. Chitosan (CS) is a type of natural alkaline polysaccharide with abundant content and good biocompatibility. In this study, a bio‐based flame‐retardant phosphating chitosan (PCS) was prepared and the effects of PCS on the flammability, mechanical and thermal properties of PLA were evaluated. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PLA/PCS blend containing 9 wt% PCS reached 28.9% which was relatively higher than LOI of pure PLA of 20% and passed UL‐94 V‐0 rating. PCS accelerated the carbonization of PLA matrix, and increased the char residue at 800°C. The combustion process was further investigated by cone calorimeter test, and the peak heat release rate and total heat release were significantly decreased. X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer and thermogravimetric‐infrared analysis were used to analyze the composition of char residue and pyrolysis products, which further confirmed that the flame‐retardant mechanism of PCS was the combination of condensed phase and gas phase. However, the mechanical properties of PLA/PCS blend inevitably decreased with increasing of PCS content.
When avifauna collide: the case for lethal control of barred owls in western North America
Authors: Dumbacher John P , Franklin Alan B
Published: November 2024

Forest avifauna in eastern North America have expanded their range across the Great Plains to the West, likely due to anthropogenic changes. The barred owl (Strix varia) is a focal example of the negative effects that these intracontinental range expansions can have, with this invasive species becoming a major threat to the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) and potentially larger biological communities. If barred owl populations are not managed immediately, northern spotted owl populations will likely be extirpated from large parts of their range and, ultimately, may become extinct. Of available management options, lethal control of barred owls has the greatest potential to rapidly benefit spotted owls and other impacted species. We argue that immediate action is necessary to buy time while other management options are explored and developed and that lethal control is an ethical management option. The barred owl conundrum exemplifies the challenges of managing native invasive species.
Optimizing Multiparametric MRI Protocols for Prostate Cancer Detection: A Comprehensive Assessment Aligned with PI‐RADS Guidelines
Authors: Jamshidi Mohammad Hossein , Fatemi Ali , Karami Aida , Ghanavati Sepehr , Dhruba Durjoy D. , Negarestanian Mohammad H.
Published: November 2024

Background and Aim

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) is recognized as the most indicative method for diagnosing prostate cancer. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide a comprehensive evaluation aligned with the Prostate Imaging and Reporting Data System (PI‐RADS) guidelines, offering an in‐depth insight into the various MRI sequences used in a standard mpMRI protocol. Additionally, it outlines the critical technical requirements necessary to perform a standard mpMRI examination of the prostate, as defined by the PI‐RADS specifications.

Methods

European Society of Urogenital Radiology has released PI‐RADS guideline detailing its suggestions aimed at improving the standards of the procedure. The purpose of this guideline is to establish a standard strategy for MRI protocols and image interpretation, aiming to prevent variability in each of the imaging and interpretation stages.

Results

A standard mpMRI protocol comprises morphological sequences and functional sequences. Morphological sequences which encompass T1‐ and T2‐weighted images, and various functional sequences include diffusion‐weighted imaging, and dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI. The PI‐RADS recommendations assert that having a standard and uniform protocol for all MRI centers is imperative. Furthermore, the existence of a standardized checklist for interpreting MRI images can foster greater consensus in the process of diagnosing and treating patients.

Conclusion

Standardized protocols and checklists for mpMRI interpretation are essential for achieving greater consensus among radiologists, ultimately leading to improved diagnostic outcomes in prostate cancer.
The Effectiveness of Mini‐Pulse Methylprednisolone in the Treatment of Patients With COVID‐19 in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Mohammadi‐kebar Yousef , Habibzadeh Shahram , Hoseininia Saeid , Ghobadi Hasan , Samadi Alihossein , Mohammadikebar Sousan , Azami Ahad , Fouladi Shahnaz , Amani‐marani Yousef , Habibzadeh Afshin
Published: November 2024

Objective

To investigate the effect of mini‐pulse methylprednisolone in the treatment of patients with COVID‐19 hospitalized in the intensive care units (ICU).

Methods

This is a single‐blind parallel non‐randomized clinical trial that will be carried out on 60 hospitalized COVID‐19 patients and conducted between February 2020 and December 2020 in Ardabil City Hospital, Ardabil, Iran. The t‐test and chi‐square test were used to compare the results of the two groups. A p‐value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 software.

Results

The mean (±SD) age of patients was 57.53 ± 13.71 years. Thirty‐five patients (58.3%) were male and 25 (14.7%) were female. Twenty‐eight patients had fever. During admission, the mean (±SD) of the oxygen saturation was 80.73 ± 8.31. No significant relationship was observed between the study variables in the two groups at baseline.

Conclusion

The results of the present study showed that in patients treated with methylprednisolone, blood oxygen saturation increased and heart rate and breathing rate decreased significantly. Also, mini‐pulse treatment with methylprednisolone significantly reduced the number of days of hospitalization and the incidence of mortality.
Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles Utilizing Drimia indica: Insights Into Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activities
Authors: Ameen Fuad , Almalki Norah Salem , Alshalan Rawan , Sakayanathan Penislusshiyan
Published: November 2024

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have garnered significant interest as anticancer and antimicrobial agents. The aqueous extract of medicinal plant Drimia indica leaves (DI‐LAE) was used to synthesize SeNPs (DI‐SeNPs) that were extensively characterized by UV–visible absorbance, TEM, EDX, XRD, zeta potential measurements, and FTIR. DI‐SeNPs exhibited dose‐dependent toxicity against the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549; IC50 of 43.21 μg/mL). DI‐SeNPs increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in A549 cells. DI‐SeNPs caused cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and increased DNA damage in A549 cells, ultimately driving these cells toward apoptosis. DI‐SeNPs significantly increased p53 levels, decreasing Akt levels and elevating cleaved caspase 3 levels in A549 cells. Additionally, DI‐SeNPs exhibited antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi. These findings suggest that DI‐SeNPs possess significant anticancer and antimicrobial properties, mediated through mechanisms involving ROS generation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis induction.
In Situ Surface Exsolution of Chang'e‐5 Lunar Soil Architected by the Trinity Effect of Electron Beam
Authors: Jiang Zhou , Li Xiujuan , Liu Meiqi , Cao Hongtao , Yue Nailin , Zhang Rui , Hu Zhenyu , Liu Li , Zou Meng , Zhang Wei
Published: November 2024

It is known that the interaction between electron beam and material surface enables a variety of physical phenomena, which hold significant inspiration for functional application. Herein, the process of in situ surface exsolution was observed and documented for the basalt phase in the Chang'e‐5 lunar samples via scanning electron microscopy. Energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy analysis confirmed the main existence of metal oxides such as plagioclase and pyroxene. Under electron beam irradiation, these components have undergone in situ dynamic mass loss and radiation decomposition, leading to an interesting in situ surface exsolution, as the energy of the electron beam exceeds the dissociation energy of metal‐oxide bonds. It is clarified that the thermal effect of the electron beam is negligible under the experimental conditions. Alternatively, the “trinity” of electron beam‐induced electric field‐radiolysis‐electron beam deposition is the key factor driving the surface exsolution. Our result not only deepens our understanding of the physical and chemical properties of lunar soil but also lays the groundwork for future applications of lunar soil for functional application.
Room‐Temperature Synthesis, Characterization, and Protonation of Two Zinc Phthalocyanines With Unsaturated Groups
Authors: Han Mengyao , Shang Zhiqiang , Cong Fangdi , Zhang Dajuan , Shen Zhaowang , Yang Wei , Jiang Lu , Wang Yingchao , Zhang Liwang , Wang Zhongli , Liu Bingqian , Liu Daying
Published: November 2024

To explore the room‐temperature synthesis of metal phthalocyanines with unsaturated substituents, two zinc phthalocyanines with unsaturated alkoxy groups were synthesized in a reaction system composed of 4‐citronellol‐oxy‐phthalonitrile or 4‐geraniol‐oxy‐phthalonitrile, Zn(OAc)2⋅2H2O, DBU, and ethanol, at room temperature. The synthetic reactions lasted for 7 days and the yields of two phthalocyanine derivatives reached 21% and 18%, respectively, and they are inclined to protonation in a non‐coordinated organic solvent, for example, CHCl3. By the way, the phthalocyanine compounds with other metals, such as Cu, Ni, and Co, cannot be prepared. This work will provide preference for improving the synthetic method in the future, so as to synthesize many new phthalocyanine compounds in general laboratories.
Real‐World Pharmacovigilance Study Identifies Drugs Linked to Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation
Authors: Wang Jie , Jiang He , Zhang Guoqi , Dai Xiahong , Gao Hainv , Li Lanjuan
Published: November 2024

Hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBVr) can be a serious clinical complication that has not been fully characterized in terms of the drugs associated with this adverse effect. Leveraging the expansive data available in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) databases, we conducted a retrospective analysis to identify drugs significantly linked to HBVr using three disproportionality analyses. Our study identified 44 drugs associated with HBVr, of which 35 did not have warnings in their product labels. The majority of these drugs were antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents, with a tendency for early occurrence of HBVr, particularly among antineoplastic agents and systemic corticosteroids. Additionally, entecavir, tenofovir disoproxil and tenofovir alafenamide demonstrated better safety profiles in preventing HBVr. These findings enhance our understanding of the demographic characteristics of patients at risk for HBVr, the drugs that pose a high risk for HBVr, the timing of such events, and the appropriate preventive medications. This knowledge contributes to the development of better prevention and treatment strategies, ultimately optimizing patient outcomes.
Highly Intelligent Forward Design of Metamaterials Empowered by Circuit‐Physics‐Driven Deep Learning
Authors: Yan Yiming , Li Fajun , Shen Jiaqing , Zhuang Mingyong , Gao Yuan , Chen Wei , Li Yuyang , Wu Zhilin , Dong Zhaogang , Zhu Jinfeng
Published: November 2024

The field of advanced metamaterial design has witnessed the great progress of artificial intelligence (AI) for science. Typically, the widely used deep learning is a purely data‐driven approach. However, it is often assumed as a black box performing interpolation among training data in a fuzzy way, which suffers from poor generalization outside the training domain of critical physical parameters. Inspired by physics‐guided deep learning, a circuit‐theory‐informed neural network (CTINN) in order to strengthen the generalization of metamaterial design is proposed. A series of plasmonic stack metamaterials (PSMs) are taken as learning paradigms of CTINN. Compared to conventional deep learning, the scheme decreases one‐order lower test loss of spectral prediction beyond the structure training span, and it possesses an extraordinary function to predict spectra of the extrapolated wavelength range. Due to the physics‐informed mechanism, the CTINN only adopts 10% training samples of the pure data‐driven counterpart, while it reduces >50% test loss. Moreover, the CTINN design is used to guide the PSM experiments and demonstrate its great potential for metamaterial development. This work introduces the theory of equivalent circuits into the neural network, empowers physics supervision to AI, and accomplishes the smart and powerful design of PSMs.
Highly Reversible Tuning of Light‐Matter Interactions in Van der Waals Materials Coupled with Hydrogel‐Assisted Optical Cavity
Authors: Xu Lanxin , Wang Jiaqi , Li Zishun , Xie Peng , Ding Qi , An Minghao , Zhao Yingjie , Tang Yiheng , Li Lan , Guo Chengchen , Wang Wei , Zheng Xiaorui
Published: November 2024

Controlling light‐matter interactions via cavity systems manifested by Rabi splitting is paramount important for nanophotonics. However, achieving conveniently accessible and active tuning of light‐matter interactions remains a formidable challenge. Traditional approaches often necessitate either sophisticated design or meticulous nanofabrication to address this issue. Here, a handy strategy is experimentally demonstrated to build an adjustable coupling system featuring reversibly modulated responses based on dielectric‐hydrogel‐metal resonators. By controlling the top tungsten disulfide layer thickness, the flexible manipulation of weak‐intermediate‐strong transitions in exciton‐cavity interactions is revealed on a large‐scale hydrogel membrane without nanopositioning or lithography. Crucially, by leveraging the inflation sensitivity of the hydrogel, the coupling strength can be reversibly tailored with excellent reproducibility by modulating the resonator's dry/immersed states. The combined merits of captivating design and daily stimulus render the novel hydrogel‐based nanocavities as a groundbreaking step toward the development of active and practical integrated optical devices, such as polariton lasing, switches, and sensors.
A “Go Bag” for Union Elections
Authors: Wich Scott
Published: November 2024

With news coverage of the recent tragic events caused by Hurricanes Helene and Milton, much has been said and written about preparation, whether it's municipalities preparing their emergency crew, airlines preparing travel alternatives, businesses preparing for interruption, or families preparing to evacuate. The repeated theme is intended to help limit the damage that could be caused by an unwanted but unavoidable, emergent condition.
Recent Advancements in the Characterization of D‐Amino Acid and Isoaspartate Post‐Translational Modifications
Authors: Okyem Samuel , Sweedler Jonathan V.
Published: November 2024

One of the great triumphs of mass spectrometry‐based peptide and protein characterization is the characterization of their modifications as most modifications have a characteristic mass shift. What happens when the modification does not change the mass of the peptide? Here, the characterization of several peptide and proteins modifications that do not involve a mass shift are highlighted. Protein and peptide synthesis on ribosomes involves L‐amino acids; however, posttranslational modifications (PTMs) can convert these L‐amino acids into their D‐isomers. As another example, nonenzymatic PTM of aspartate leads to the formation of three different isomers, with isoaspartate being the most prevalent. Both modifications do not alter the mass of the peptide and yet can have profound impact on the physicochemical characteristics of the peptide. Several MS and ion mobility techniques are highlighted, as are other methods such as chromatography, enzymatic enrichment, and labeling. The challenges inherent to these analytical methods and prospective developments in bioinformatics and computational strategies are discussed for these zero‐dalton PTMs.
Numerical ergodicity of a full‐discrete exponential Euler scheme for stochastic Burgers–Huxley equation
Authors: Wang Xue , Wu Shang , Huang Jianhua , Zheng Jiaxing
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we mainly complete the research on approximate study of invariant measures for one‐dimensional stochastic Burgers–Huxley equations driven by additive Gaussian noise. A fully discretization scheme is proposed based on the spectral Galerkin method and the exponential Euler scheme in both spatial and temporal directions, respectively. Moreover, we establish the unique ergodicity for both the spatial semi‐discretization and the full discretization of numerical solutions, along with providing rigorous error estimations for invariant measures under approximate conditions. Some numerical experiments are presented to verify the theoretical findings.