bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Efficacy of Tranexamic Acid in Reduction of Blood Loss and Postoperative Blood Transfusions Following Orthopedic Trauma Surgery
Authors: Kingsly Paul , Sathish Muthu , Ismail Naina Muhammad Deen Muhammad
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Perioperative and postsurgical hemorrhage is common in invasive surgical procedures, including orthopedic surgery. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a pharmacologic agent that acts through an antifibrinolytic mechanism to stabilize formed clots and to reduce active bleeding. It has been used successfully in orthopedics to reduce perioperative blood loss, particularly in total hip and knee arthroplasty and spine surgery. Ischemia increases fibrinolysis, related to the proteolytic action of plasmin, with a subsequent fibrinogen scission, which limits postoperative coagulation and favors bleeding. Tranexamic acid being antifibrinolytic acts to prevent this effect from taking place. This study was designed to assess the efficacy of TXA in reducing blood loss and postoperative blood transfusions following the fixation of fracture of both bones of leg with intramedullary interlocking nailing of tibia done by open method.

Study design

Randomized, prospective, comparative study.

Materials and methods

In this study, patients were randomly allocated into two groups of 25 each. Group I received inj. TXA and group II received inj. normal saline. Preoperative hemoglobin (Hb), postoperative Hb, total blood volume (BV), blood loss, and Hb loss were compared between two groups. Statistical analysis was done with Fisher'sttest and Fisher's exact test.

Results

The mean blood loss in TXA and placebo group was 249.02 ± 57.04 mL and 543 ± 83.64 mL, respectively, and found to be highly significant (pvalue < 0.001). A number of patients required blood transfusion were significantly low in TXA group than in placebo group (p< 0.01).

Conclusion

This study indicated that TXA results in significant reduction in blood loss (nearly 60%) and amount of blood transfusion required in patients undergoing surgery. Routine administration of TXA may benefit patients undergoing surgery where significant blood loss is expected.

How to cite this article

Kingsly P, Sathish M, Ismail NMDM. Analysis of Efficacy of Tranexamic Acid in Reduction of Blood Loss and Postoperative Blood Transfusions Following Orthopedic Trauma Surgery. J Orth Joint Surg 2019;1(1):27–30.
Democracia e direitos humanos no contexto da reformulação da teoria do discurso
Authors: Dias do Carmo Luís Alexandre
Published: January 2020

Nessa pesquisa iremos tratar do projeto democrático de sociedade e os direitos humanos, no contexto da reformulação da teoria do discurso de Habermas em Direito e democracia (DD) e no seu ensaio O conceito de dignidade humana e a utopia realista dos direitos humanos (DH): as implicações da interpretação habermasiana da sua própria teoria dos direitos fundamentais (exposta em DD) à luz do conceito de dignidade humana (no ensaio DH). Conclusão: tal reformulação não é livre de problemas! Na fundamentação do direito enquanto tal, e especificamente dos direitos humanos, em DD, tal fundamentação não é posta de forma explícita e no outro texto, apresenta-se uma série de dificuldades, o que revela o caráter insatisfatório, do ponto de vista filosófico, de sua teoria do direito e dos direitos humanos.
Variações sobre o Conceito de Homem em Heidegger
Authors: Santos Eder Soares
Published: January 2020

O objetivo deste artigo é perpassar os diferentes momentos da compreensão do conceito de homem na obra de Heidegger, abarcando o que se costumou chamar de primeiro e segundo período de seus escritos. Nesse intuito, realizar-se-á pequenos incursos mostrando primeiro o que se entende por Dasein (ser-aí) e homem em Ser e tempo, a fim de destacar que nesta obra “homem” é um conceito de menor importância. Em seguida, apresenta-se a reintrodução do conceito de homem na filosofia heideggeriana já, agora, com uma abordagem fenomenológico-hermenêutica e seus desdobramentos. Posteriormente, ver-se-á qual papel o conceito de homem assume no pensamento sobre a verdade do ser pós-virada (Kehre). E, por fim, mostra-se a centralidade deste conceito para a reflexão sobre o acontecimento apropriativo do ser (Ereignis).
Integrating Personal Involvement, Goal Orientation, and Characteristics of Innovations to Inform Fertilizer Best Practice Video Communcations
Authors: Warner Laura A. , Rumble Joy N. , Rogers-Randolph Tiffany
Published: January 2020

Water quality is a complex issue and residential fertilizer can be one of the many contributors to poor water quality. Working with residential audiences to help them understand and reduce their impacts on water quality is an important task among many agricultural education and Extension professionals. In order to effectively work with residential audiences, we must first understand what influences their intent to engage in fertilizer best management practices. In this research, we paired the Diffusion of Innovations and Elaboration Likelihood Model to examine the influence of perceptions of an innovation’s characteristics, personal involvement with water, and communication on intent to engage in fertilizer best management practices. The communication was presented to experimental groups as a 35-second video about fertilizer best management practices. Data were collected via a survey instrument and were analyzed using inferential procedures. Four of the five characteristics of innovations significantly influenced intent to engage in fertilizer best management practices among the control group. However, all five characteristics were significant among the entire sample but the influence was less compared to the control group. Involvement increased intent while the video treatments had little effect. The results of the research support existing findings, but also offer areas of new discovery as well as insights for practice and additional study. Future research should examine the repetition of communication as well as different dimensions of involvement.
Examining Agricultural Mechanics Projects and Their Use as Supervised Agricultural Experiences
Authors: Doss William , Rayfield John , Murphy Tim , Frost Keith J.
Published: January 2020

The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine current agricultural mechanics project construction and its use as a supervised agricultural experience in Texas and was conducted using survey methods. The population was composed of agricultural education teachers who had students with an agricultural mechanics project at one or more of four selected agricultural mechanics project shows from the state. The sampling strategy was purposive in nature and all teachers were surveyed (N = 324). A response rate of 45.1% (n = 146) was achieved. Participants reported 2,626 agricultural mechanics projects were constructed for exhibition by students. Agricultural education teachers reported the majority of the projects used as a student’s SAE were classified under the entrepreneurship category. Results indicate teachers believe in-class hours should count toward a student’s SAE, agricultural mechanics projects should be used for SAEs, and record books were kept on about half of the projects. Recommendations include using more agricultural mechanics projects as SAEs and providing professional development for teachers in the area of SAE classification and using group projects for SAEs.
Comparing Experiential Learning Techniques and Direct Instruction on Student Knowledge of Agriculture in Private School Students
Authors: Bradford Jr. , Hock Gaea , Greenhaw Laura , Kingery William L.
Published: January 2020

Currently, less than 3% of the U.S. population lives on a farm (Riedel, 2006). Technological advances and mechanization coupled with other societal factors, have led to the decline of an agriculturally literate population (Kovar & Ball, 2013). Blair (2009) identified one strategy for increasing agricultural literacy as implementing education that promotes agricultural activities via experience. This quantitative study was conducted at three private schools in Mississippi during the spring of 2015. The primary investigator (PI) taught six (6) lessons contextualized in agriculture to tenth grade students enrolled in advanced biology courses. The study consisted of a control group (no instruction), and two experimental groups; one received direct instruction only, and one was led through various experiences relevant to plant science and agricultural production with a high-tunnel greenhouse. Pre and post-tests assessed knowledge gain. Participants’ knowledge scores increased significantly among experimental groups (p < .001). Multivariate analysis revealed post-test scores between experimental groups were significantly different (p = .016). Further analysis of the data displayed that 67% of the variance in scores was attributed to method of instruction and a strong correlation existed between post-test scores and treatment group (R = .820).
Seeking and Engaging: Case Study Integration to Enhance Critical Thinking About Agricultural Issues
Authors: Akins Jessica L. , Lamm Alexa J. , Telg Ricky , Abrams Katie , Meyers Courtney , Raulerson Becky
Published: January 2020

The agriculture and natural resources (ANR) sectors are facing many complex and controversial issues today, including animal health, biotechnology, climate change, food safety, food security, invasive species, marketing and trade, and water. Undergraduate students, as the future ANR workforce, must use critical thinking skills to find solutions to these issues. This study sought to determine if a course that integrated case studies, as opposed to a classroom with no case study integration, influenced students’ critical thinking. A pretest/posttest, quasi-experimental research design was used to determine if undergraduate students' critical thinking styles changed as a result of the case study integration. Three undergraduate communication courses focused on issues education at three universities were the sample. Based on the results, students were more willing to seek out information and engage with their peers about the issues facing ANR after the course with the case studies integrated. Case studies should be integrated into the classroom to encourage critical thinking based on these findings. Future research should include investigating the effects of using case studies in other undergraduate courses not focused on issues, in graduate courses, and extension education programs that could determine the effect in a non-formal education setting.
Teacher Self-Efficacy in SBAE Methods Coursework: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Sheehan C. Zane , Moore Lori L.
Published: January 2020

As novice teachers gain experience, they are more efficacious and likely to overcome adversity. The more authentic, rigorous, and frequent the experience in preservice methods coursework, the better prepared candidates are to teach. We used a mixed methods, convergent, nested design to examine the Teacher Self-Efficacy (TSE) of 21 SBAE preservice teaching candidates prior to student teaching. In a teaching methods course that emphasized student engagement and the contextual conditions of learning, we used the Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale to quantitatively measure efficacy, while qualitatively measuring TSE using open-ended reflections. We concurrently analyzed data using paired sample t-tests, and deductive open coding and frequency counts. Students were more efficacious, particularly within student-engagement efficacy, following the methods course. While participants most frequently discussed instructional strategies, their richest discussion focused on the value of interest approaches and student engagement. Our study provides evidence that preservice teaching experiences embedded within a methods course significantly shape efficacy. When instructors emphasize student engagement, it is possible to develop student engagement efficacy to a similar, or even greater degree, as both instructional strategies and classroom management efficacy under the same conditions, which may reduce teacher burn out and improve teacher satisfaction.
Predictors of Job Satisfaction Among Extension Program Assistants
Authors: Windon Suzanna R.
Published: January 2020

Social scientists viewed job satisfaction as a worker’s emotions and experience at workplace and his or her responses to that experience. The program assistants are essential extension employees who help extension educators recruit clientele and deliver educational programs. This study was conducted to determine the factors affecting program assistants’ job satisfaction. An online questionnaire was utilized to collect data from 149 Ohio State University Extension program assistants. Findings showed that employees job satisfaction does not relate to age, years of service, gender, children living at home under 18, education, program areas, and marital status. Approximately 98% of the variation in overall job satisfaction can be explained by program assistants’ satisfaction with pay, promotions, fringe benefits, rewards, organizational procedures, co-workers, the work itself, and communication. The employees showed less satisfaction with pay and promotions. Organization leaders and human resource development professionals should explore all possible alternative ways to enhance the job satisfaction levels of extension program assistants. Moreover, they need to consider addressing issues related to extension program assistants pay and promotion opportunities.
Magnetospheric Multiscale observations of energetic oxygen ions at the duskside magnetopause during intense substorms
Authors: Zeng Chen , Duan Suping , Wang Chi , Dai Lei , Fuselier Stephen , Burch James , Torbert Roy , Giles Barbara , Russell Christopher
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Energetic oxygen ions (1–40 keV) observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale
(MMS) satellites at the duskside magnetopause boundary layer during phase 1
are investigated. There are 57 duskside magnetopause crossing events identified during
intense substorms (AE>500 nT). These 57 events of
energetic O+ at the duskside magnetopause include 26 events during the
expansion phase and 31 events during the recovery phase of intense
substorms. It is found that the O+ density in the duskside
magnetopause boundary layer during the recovery phase (0.081 cm−3) is
larger than that during the expansion phase (0.069 cm−3). The 26 events
of energetic O+ ions at the duskside magnetopause during intense
substorm expansion phase are all under the southward interplanetary magnetic
field (IMF). There are only seven events under northward IMF, and they all
occurred during the intense substorm recovery phase. The density of
energetic O+ at the duskside magnetopause ranges from 0.007 to 0.599 cm−3. The maximum density of O+ occurred during the intense
substorm recovery phase and under southward IMF. When the IMF is southward,
the O+ density shows an exponential increase with the IMF Bz
absolute value. Meanwhile, the O+/H+ density ratio shows an
exponential growth with the IMF By. These results agree with previous
studies in the near-Earth magnetosphere during intense substorm. It is
suggested that O+ abundance in the duskside magnetopause boundary
layer has a close relation to O+ variations in the near-Earth
magnetosphere during intense substorms.
Investing During the Recession: How County Governments Utilized Idle Cash
Authors: Modlin Steve
Published: January 2020

This article examines the investing practices of North and South Carolina county governments during the recession. Unlike many local governments across the country, county governments in both states reported that there were indeed funds available for investing at any given time. Initial findings indicate that investors were concerned for safety and liquidity as the local government investment pool (LGIP) for both states along with certificates of deposit (CDs) were the preferred instruments. Regression models of the four most widely used instruments were analyzed. Findings indicate lower property tax collections and an external primary bank of business were associated with higher LGIP investment; whereas, a significant relationship was also found between those with less experience and official educational background other than accounting and an increase in money market funds and federal government securities.
El lugar de la Auffassung en el seno de la disputa por la esencia de la fantasía: elaboración y autocrítica de Husserl
Authors: Guerrero Cordero Felipe
Published: January 2020

Este breve ensayo busca lo siguiente: exponer de manera sintética el lugar que tiene el llamado esquema acto/contenido de aprehensión en la tematización de la esencia de la fantasía y la posterior crisis de este. La pregunta que nos conduce es la que interroga por los límites del esquema acto/contenido. Para ello dispondremos tres momentos. En el primero tendrá lugar una aclaración de la noción de aprehensión [Auffassung] desde las Investigaciones lógicas. El segundo momento busca dar cuenta del rol de la aprehensión en el camino hacia la dilucidación de la esencia peculiar de la fantasía [Phantasie] en la tercera parte de las Hauptstücke aus der Phänomenologie und Theorie der Erkenntnis. El tercer y último tendrá como objeto presentar brevemente lo que pone en jaque al esquema acto/contenido y preparar el camino hacia la comprensión de la fantasía como modificación intencional.
La domesticación como entrecruzamiento entre los mundos humano y animal. Una perspectiva fenomenológica y naturalista
Authors: Martínez Bravo Cristián
Published: January 2020

La domesticación puede ser entendida como un entrecruce entre seres humanos y animales. Fenomenológicamente hablando, esta corresponde a un caso en el cual los animales adquieren ciertos rasgos humanos que surgen a partir de la convivencia que se da entre ellos y los seres humanos. En la ciencia encontramos casos de orangutanes, tales como el de Chantek y Puti, los cuales adquirieron ciertas capacidades de lenguaje no verbal a partir de su exposición en diversos grados a contextos humanos. No obstante, tales capacidades dependían de la fuerza y la riqueza de tal convivencia. En este trabajo quiero mostrar el modo en que la domesticación, entendida como este entrecruzamiento entre la vida humana y animal, puede tener consecuencias ontológicas y éticas para la constitución de las subjetividades animales y humanas dependiendo de la fuerza y la riqueza de su convivencia.
Del insomnio en Blanchot al quiasmo en Merleau-Ponty: figuras del exceso
Authors: Morales Guzmán Paulina
Published: January 2020

El presente trabajo consiste en una confrontación entre las propuestas de Maurice Merleau-Ponty y Maurice Blanchot, con el objetivo de determinar el lugar que ocupa en el pensamiento de ambos autores la crítica al subjetivismo en la expresión artística. Lo anterior se hace manifiesto en el planteamiento de un modo de existencia que desafía la constitución de un sujeto, mediante la introducción de un exceso que escapa a la interioridad subjetiva. Para ello se desarrollará, en primer lugar, la propuesta blanchoteana del insomnio para luego vincularla con su planteamiento en torno a la escritura a la luz de una suspensión del sujeto. Luego, se abordará la propuesta de Merleau-Ponty sobre el quiasmo en la sensibilidad del cuerpo, reconociendo movimientos argumentales afines entre ambos pensamientos. Realizado lo anterior, se pretende plantear una nueva forma de comprender la expresión artística en función de las propuestas que ambos autores tienen del exceso.
La superstición en Hume a partir de una lectura hegeliana: un análisis restrictivo
Authors: Cabrera Cabrera Margarita
Published: January 2020

El artículo que se presenta a continuación tiene como objetivo principal demostrar el carácter restrictivo e insuficiente que tiene Hume respecto del estudio del fenómeno religioso, específicamente, la fe entendida como mera superstición. Lo anterior se debe a que la postura humeana se caracteriza por reducir el conocimiento en general a la experiencia sensoperceptual, por lo tanto, la religión no bastaría para constituirse como un saber en sentido estricto. Para demostrar la insuficiencia del análisis humeano se contrastará con la disposición que presenta la figura del “ilustrado” en la Fenomenología del espíritu de Hegel, pues, en el carácter que presenta la Ilustración, subyace parcialmente la perspectiva que posee Hume respecto de la comprensión de la fe. En consecuencia, se extraerá que no es posible comprender la experiencia religiosa desde una postura ilustrada —o científica— en la medida que su método de estudio solo reconoce elementos rastreables empíricamente.
Asociación entre tuberculosis y diabetes mellitus en el primer nivel de atención
Authors: Magaña Revelo Marbel Alexander , Rivas Hernández Ingrid América , Morales Cruz Julio César , Alfaro Vásquez Milton Alfonso
Published: January 2020

Introducción. En octubre 2018 inició la estrategia de atención integral de pacientes con tuberculosis y diabetes mellitus en seis unidades comunitarias de salud familiar de la región metropolitana. Dicha estrategia brinda atención integral a pacientes con estas enfermedades. Objetivo. Establecer la asociación entre tuberculosis y diabetes mellitus en establecimientos que han implementado el plan de atención integral para tuberculosis y diabetes mellitus. Metodología. Estudio transversal analítico donde se estudiaron 12 casos nuevos con tuberculosis y diabetes mellitus, mayores de 10 años, sin otro factor de riesgo. Resultados. La prevalencia de diabetes mellitus en los casos de tuberculosis en los establecimientos donde se ha implementado el plan, es mayor que en la población general de El Salvador (p = 0.02). No existe diferencia significativa entre la prevalencia obtenida en los establecimientos donde se ha implementado el plan y los resultados a nivel nacional para ambos sexos (femenino 0.09 y masculino 0.07). La probabilidad de padecer tuberculosis es 11.4 veces mayor entre los diabéticos. Conclusiones. Existe una asociación significativa entre la diabetes mellitus y tuberculosis en los establecimientos donde se ha implementado el plan de atención integral para tuberculosis y diabetes mellitus. La probabilidad de enfermar de tuberculosis en los diabéticos es mayor que en los no diabéticos.Introducción. En octubre 2018 inició la estrategia de atención integral de pacientes con tuberculosis y diabetes mellitus en seis unidades comunitarias de salud familiar de la región metropolitana. Dicha estrategia brinda atención integral a pacientes con estas enfermedades. Objetivo. Establecer la asociación entre tuberculosis y diabetes mellitus en establecimientos que han implementado el plan de atención integral para tuberculosis y diabetes mellitus. Metodología. Estudio transversal analítico donde se estudiaron 12 casos nuevos con tuberculosis y diabetes mellitus, mayores de 10 años, sin otro factor de riesgo. Resultados. La prevalencia de diabetes mellitus en los casos de tuberculosis en los establecimientos donde se ha implementado el plan, es mayor que en la población general de El Salvador (p = 0.02). No existe diferencia significativa entre la prevalencia obtenida en los establecimientos donde se ha implementado el plan y los resultados a nivel nacional para ambos sexos (femenino 0.09 y masculino 0.07). La probabilidad de padecer tuberculosis es 11.4 veces mayor entre los diabéticos. Conclusiones. Existe una asociación significativa entre la diabetes mellitus y tuberculosis en los establecimientos donde se ha implementado el plan de atención integral para tuberculosis y diabetes mellitus. La probabilidad de enfermar de tuberculosis en los diabéticos es mayor que en los no diabéticos.
Difficulties in indicating appendectomy; diagnosis of appendicitis in patients with normal white blood cell count
Authors: VURAL Veli
Published: January 2020

Objectives: Even after 130 years have passed since the first appendectomy, diagnosing acute appendicitis can still be challenging. The objective of this study was to investigate clinical, imaging and laboratory findings of patients diagnosed with acute appendicitis in order to determine whether white blood cell count is helpful in the diagnosis.

Materials and Methods: Parameters of Alvarado score, patients’ complaints, physical examination and laboratory findings were recorded. Appendiceal diameters of patients detected with ultrasound (US) were also recorded.

Results: Of the 98 patients, 89 patients (91%) had an appendiceal diameter wider than 8 mm and 9 patients (9%) had an appendiceal diameter of 8 mm and smaller in the preoperative US. Pathology was normal in 8 out of 9 patients (89%) with a diameter of 8 mm and below; and 9 out of 89 patients (9%) with a diameter above 8 mm (p
Experience Changes Perceptions: Arabic-Speaking Students’ Perceptions Regarding the PDS Model and Teacher Training
Authors: Levental Orr , Naifeld Edni , Kharanbe Saleh , Amasha Marcel
Published: January 2020

During their studies, education students are required to engage practice-based experience in a collaborative model: Professional Development School (PDS), where there are many options for building professional and personal development processes. Through this experience, students formulate professional identity and perceptions about teaching. This study sought to examine the impact of this experience model on Arabic-speaking education students attending a Hebrew speaking college. The effect of the practice-based experience was examined on both the concept of teaching as a profession, the process of teaching instruction and social and cultural aspects. The findings of the study showed that PDS practice-based experience directly and indirectly contributes to the way students perceive teaching, the role of the teacher, the education system, as well as the importance of the practical experience in the teaching training process. However, there was no significant contribution of PDS practice-based experience to students’ perceptions of multicultural aspects of campus life.
Factors Contributing Ecological Footprint Awareness of Turkish Pre-Service Teachers
Authors: Bayraktar Şule
Published: January 2020

The purpose of this research is to determine ecological footprint awareness level of pre-service teachers who are majoring in three different programs of Teacher Education Department. The study also investigated whether there is a difference in ecological footprint awareness level based on gender, parents’ education, program of study, and longest lived place of residence. “Ecological Footprint Awareness Scale” which was developed by Coşkun & Sarıkaya (2014) was used as a data collection tool. The scale is a 5 point Likert type instrument which is composed of five dimensions related to food, shelter and mobility, water consumption, energy consumption, and waste management. One hundred and seventy pre-service teachers who are pursuing their third year in a College of Education of a medium size University located at northeast part of Turkey participated in the study. T-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data by utilizing SPSS statistical package. Results of the study revealed that the pre-service teachers’ awareness on ecological footprint is at a medium level; highest levels of awareness found in energy (X=4.15) and water consumption(X=3.83) dimensions. Least level of awareness detected in food dimension (X=3.04). Results of the study showed that pre-service teachers’ awareness level differed based on gender in food dimension of the scale (t=2.116, p
The Financial Decision Making for Tourism Hotels: Applying Real Options Approach
Authors: Shih Tung-Li , Chang Yu-Feng , Lin Tyrone T.
Published: January 2020

This paper is to evaluate the optimal threshold value for operating income uncertainty dealt with the investment strategy in tourism industry investor into Sun Moon Lake international tourist hotel market. To price the optimal project value and to provide strategy manager for another decision way of thinking is the focal point in this paper. The way of utilizing the real options approach to assess two periods’ optimal investment strategies for chartered company, to analysis the optimal investment timing for the first period and the second period and to build the optimal two periods’ investment evaluation model. The proposed model is to find the optimal thresholds for the first period and the second period under value-matching and smooth-pasting conditions and to discuss the impact of model parameters upon the investment thresholds for the first period and the second period by numerical analyses. The conclusions provide some valuable references for chartered company to make decisions with a new way of thinking for investment project.
ARTILLERY RADAR RECOGNITION
Authors: ŚWIĘTOCHOWSKI Norbert , PIONTEK Jacek
Published: January 2020

The authors present artillery radar recognition combat effectiveness and the way of its implementation in operations. Artillery firefinder radar stations are designed to provide deep reconnaissance for artillery fires. They provide information on enemy missiles, artil-lery and mortar fire positions. The first part of the article lists and describes the technical determinants which influence the operations of artillery radar stations. The factors affecting radar capabilities are the probability of the object location, coverage area and accuracy. In the other part of the article, the optional way of artillery radar operations is shown, in particular radar positioning and concealment.
FIELD ARTILLERY IN JOINT FIRE SUPPORT
Authors: RUBAJ Tomasz
Published: January 2020

Joint fires are defined as fires produced during the employment of forces from two or more components in coordinated action to produce desired effects in the support of a common objective. When joint fires assist air, land, maritime, and SOF to move, manoeuvre, and control territory, populations, airspace, and key waters are called Joint Fire Support (JFS).According to the latest standardization agreements, the range of capabilities to influence enemy forces has been extended to the sphere of influence in order to achieve the desired effect, not only a physical one but also a psychological one. That way Joint Fire Support (JFS) and Effects is the coordinated and integrated employment of all weapon platforms delivering fires (including land, air, naval indirect fires) to achieve the required effects on ground targets to support land operations in the full spectrum of conflict. It encompasses the integration of indirect fires and effects in order to influence the adversary forces, installations or functions. Joint Fire Support Element (JFSE) could either encompass influence elements as, for example, PSYOPS, CIMIC, EW, or be incorporated in a wider cell dealing with overall influence activities.The necessity of conducting JFS more often occurs at the tactical level because of the complexity of contemporary operational environment (non-linear and non-continuous battlespace, dispersion of forces, high operations tempo, and short time of reaction). For this reason, JFS should be coordinated, synchronized and integrated in the framework of three vital components: surveillance and target acquisition (STA), command and control (C2), weapon (delivering) systems. Among them, Field Artillery Forces possess a relevant part of each of the abovementioned subsystems and their capabilities. The article presents selected solutions from different countries, experimented so far, and experiences from current military, peace and stabilization operations, indicating the plans and directions for further development of Joint Fire Support and Effect.
TARGETING IN COMMAND AND CONTROL OF FIELD ARTILLERY
Authors: CAŁKOWSKI Tomasz
Published: January 2020

One of the most significant issues in exercising command and control is the implementation of such methods and procedures that could enable the most effective use of field artillery capabilities. One of these methods is targeting. This process has been implemented in the Command and Control Procedures of the Polish Armed Forces for several years.This article focuses on the targeting process in the Land Forces. Special attention is paid to the functions involved in this process and its significance in the command and control process. Assuming that in the near future the implementation of this process will become fact, a number of organizational and procedural arrangements in field artillery will have to change. Therefore, the article mainly attempts to determine the impact of targeting on specific aspects of the command and control of field artillery in order to identify problem areas where these changes may be necessary. As a result, the focus is on the decision problems solved as part of targeting and organizational considerations.
PSYCHOSOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF COMBAT AND OPERATIONAL STRESS
Authors: PIOTROWSKI Andrzej
Published: January 2020

Almost 3% of the Polish Armed Forces is serving abroad. The service abroad is very much different from that in Poland and may result in many specific psychological, health and social costs. The article describes the evolution of opinions regarding war stress and presents the typical stress factors of soldiers, including those from the battlefield. The article is also a review of the results of Polish research regarding the psychological and health costs of military service under operational and battle conditions.
MULTICULTURALISM IN AGE OF “POSTMODERNITY”
Authors: DOMAGALSKA Sylwia
Published: January 2020

The end of the last century, the time of ambivalence, the theoretical dimension of spread between the end of the story of Francis Fukuyama and Samuel Huntington's clash of civilizations. This period gave rise to posing a series of questions pertaining to the new social relations, especially those ones that exist between the members of different cultures. This restricted the territorial area to the European continent. The author will attempt to answer two questions related to the theme of this article: first, what is multiculturalism?; second, what is the nature of the relationship between the phenomenon of urbanization and multiculturalism? Attempting to answer these questions required the adoption of the following assumptions: 1) multiculturalism is a new phenomenon associated with the postmodern project, and therefore with the period following World War II and decolonization, 2) urbanization is a form of life enjoyed by the growing part of humanity. It encourages innovation and differentiation phenomena. Understanding the importance of these processes and bringing the issue of multiculturalism as one of the most urgent challenges of our times are necessary to prevent the development of the dangerous strategies of social conduct, present in the project of postmodernity, summarily referred to as fundamentalisms, either religious or cultural ones.
IMPACT OF WARS ON EVOLUTION OF SOCIETIES
Authors: SZTUMSKI Janusz
Published: January 2020

Armed conflicts have been accompanying the development of humankind for centuries. But wars appeared only when states were established, in which armed forces, structures specialising in fighting, were distinguished.The impact of wars on the changes of societies can be discussed by taking account of their consequences to the lifestyle and level of civilisation. The continuous improvement of empowering results in the development of not only weapons, but also the techniques of its production, which affects the development of civilization as well. In turn, the improvement of armed forces has an impact on the development of the organisation of social life and existing institutions.Of course, wars lead to the destruction of the achievements of civilization and human beings, which has a negative effect on social progress. However, the emergence of increasingly dangerous weapons, including thermonuclear and chemical ones, results in the situation in which future war becomes a serious threat not only for individual societies, but even for humankind and nature. The principle of si vis pacem - para bellum known for centuries should be modified into si vis pacem non para bellum.
CATASTROFIC CAPITALISM AS NEW BASE FOR CONFLICTS IN POSTMODERNITY
Authors: BUDNIK Monika
Published: January 2020

This article presents the topic of the alternative courses of globalization and social conflicts developed on the ground of catastrophic capitalism. The author uses the text of Naomi Klein's thesis in the context of dualism in the area of unfulfilled promise, which is globalization. Additionally, the author focuses on the forecast of the dominance of conflicts being a consequence of the influence of globalization on the local perspective and the radicalized forms of social antagonisms.
LIBYAN CIVIL WAR AND INTERNATIONAL INTERVENTION IN 2011 - ATTITUDES OF THE PEOPLE OF LIBYA AND THE WEST
Authors: TURCZYŃSKI Paweł
Published: January 2020

The outbreak of the civil war in Libya was part of the ‘Arab Spring’: a series of instances of Arab societies against non-democratic authorities of their countries. From the per-spective of the West, it is another conflict after the Cold War era, one in which there are no two conventional armies fighting against each other, but its start is ‘asymmetric’. The Gaddafi regime's bloody crackdown on insurgents made the international community stand in the defence of the civilian population. At the same time, with the experience of wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, there was reluctance to deploy western troops in Libya. It was clearly shown in the public opinion polls: Gaddafi was being condemned and Libyan civilians were being supported, but it was refused to expose the West to military losses. Libyan rebels also demanded more armament rather than reinforcing their forces with foreign army units. Therefore, the intervention of Western countries in Libya took the form acceptable to the public: air attacks on the forces loyal to Gaddafi.
CONSUMER SOCIETY AND ARMED CONFLICTS IN CONTEMPORARY WORLD
Authors: BYLOK Felicjan
Published: January 2020

In this paper the author describes the significance of consumer society in restricting conflicts in the contemporary world. He presents the selected concepts of consumer society. In addition, he concentrates on the features typical of consumer society, particularly the role of the culture of consumption, consumerism, individualism, cultural narcissism, consumer freedom, and an ability to expand through the means of patterns and the systems of values characteristic of consumer society on the inhabitants of developing countries. The paper most frequently describes the conflicts associated with the sphere of consumption, including those related to the exclusion of large social groups from consumption. The author points to the features of consumer society which minimize the occurrence of armed conflicts in highly developed countries. By employing the concept of G. Lipovetsky concerning fashion society, the author indicates that the expansion of consumer society to Third World countries may restrict the occurrence of armed conflicts.
LIEUTENANT COLONEL JÓZEF OLSZYNA-WILCZYŃSKI IN LATVIAN CAMPAIGN (DECEMBER 1919 – FEBRUARY 1920)
Authors: JASKULSKI Waldemar
Published: January 2020

The article introduces Lieutenant Colonel Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński in the Polish and Latvian campaign conducted in winter 1920. Then, this officer commanded 3 Infantry Brigade Legions and at the same time as was Acting Commander of 1 Infantry Brigade Legions and Infantry Division, which belonged to Edward Rydz-Śmigły.During this campaign Lt. Col. Olszyna-Wilczyński commanded Grupa Przełomowa (the Breakthrough Group), which mainly carried out attacks. On 3 January he conquered Daugavpils. In the first ten days of January Gen. Rydz-Śmigły gave J. Puriņša`s Latvian Group under Lt. Col. Olszyna-Wilczyński’s command.For the Polish and Latvian campaign, conducted under very harsh conditions, he was held in high regard by the division commander Gen. Rydz-Smigly and the commander of the Lithuanian and Belarusian Front Gen. Stanislaw Sheptytsky. For conquering Daugavpils, at Stefan Dąb-Biernacki’s request, he was decorated second time with the Cross of Valour. At the beginning of February 1926, the President of the Republic of Poland permitted him to accept and wear the Latvian Cross Lacplesis (Bear Slayer) Class III.
QUALITY CONTROL OF LIQUID FUELS IN TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION CHAIN
Authors: RYCZYŃSKI Jacek
Published: January 2020

The author introduces the legal bases as well as the system of quality control of liquid fuels in Poland with special focus on the risks of quality deteriorating in the distribution process. The article presents the main assumptions of EU directives concerning the supervision and control of fuel quality. The article presents the infrastructure of the transport and distribution chain: pipelines, fuel depots, refineries etc. Furthermore, the article presents the results of fuel quality control tests in Poland from 2007 to 2010 as part of the existing system, compiled on the basis of materials obtained from the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection.
The Alpine context of the development of Polish
mountaineering up to 1914
Authors: Roszkowska Ewa
Published: January 2020

Polish Tatra tourism and its specialised form – mountaineering, experienced a dynamic period of their development in the second half of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, at a period when Poland did not exist on world maps. At that time, the Tatra Mountains for Poles, were more than a place of fascination with mountains or implementation of mountain passion, they were a symbol of freedom, a kind of sacrum, „altars of freedom” and a testimony of national pride. Perhaps for this reason, the history of mountain climbing was viewed from a local, Polish perspective. In this article, it is shown that the development of tourist activity in the Tatras as well as the origin and evolution of mountain climbing were largely conditioned by inspirations fl owing from Western European mountaineering. This infl uence was manifested in the theoretical (ideological) dimension conditioned by knowledge of mountaineering literature, direct contact between mountaineers and mountaineering achievements during climbing trips to the Alps and the Dolomites, and the support received by Polish mountaineers from active mountaineers in the Tatras. As a consequence of these inspirations, mountain climbing, with the characteristic features of Western European mountain eering, was born.
Personality and temperamental determinants of styles of coping with stress in male and female football players
Authors: Naczk-Musiał Magdalena
Published: January 2020

The aim of this paper was to determine the patterns of personality and temperament conditions for coping with stress in football players. The study examined 252 people (168 men, 84 women, the average age was 24.09 years). The athletes were representatives of the Ekstraklasa, and the I and II football Liga. They formed 3 groups: the fi rst group comprised men from the Ekstraklasa, the second - men from the II Liga and the third - women from the Ekstraklasa and the I Liga. The research made use of the following tools: NEO- FFI Personality Inventory in the Polish adaptation by Zawadzki et al. (1998), FCB - TI Temperament Questionnaire (1997), Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) by Endler and Parker, in the Polish adaptation by Strelau et al. (2007). Analysis of the results showed that agreeableness (AG), conscientiousness (CS) and perseverance (PE) proved to be important predictors of the task-oriented coping (TOC). Emotion-oriented coping (EOC) is conditioned by: neuroticism (NEU), agreeableness (AG), conscientiousness (CS) and perseverance (PE). In the case of avoidance coping (AOC), extraversion (E) and activity (A) turned out to be important predictors. However, the style of coping oriented towards engagement in substitute activities (involving in substitute activities - ISA) is conditioned by: neuroticism (NEU) and extraversion (E). Extraversion is also the predictor of dealing with stress oriented towards searching for social contacts (social contacts seeking – SCS).
Organisational development of sport
in the Volhynian province during
the Second Polish Republic
Authors: Małolepszy Eligiusz , Drozdek-Małolepsza Teresa
Published: January 2020

The aim of this paper is to present the development of organisational sport structures in the Volhynian province
in the years 1921-1939 regarding the establishment of district and sub-district associations within individual disciplines
of physical activity. During the interwar period, the Volhynian province was inhabited by, among others,
the Polish, Ukrainian, Jewish, German, Czech and Russian population. In this respect, the Volhynian province stood
out on an all-Poland level.
In the years 1921-1939, associations were set up for individual sports disciplines in the Volhynian province district and
sub-district. During this period, district sports associations were established in, among others, Volhynia, for the following
disciplines: boxing, ice hockey, track-and-fi eld, skiing, football. On the territory of the Volhynian province, sports
structures began to appear on levels lower than districts and sub-districts, within areas of physical activity. The development
of district sports associations in Volhynia was particularly noticeable in the 1930s. In the 1920s, clubs and associations,
running sports sections, mainly made up district sports associations with their seats in Lublin and Lviv. The
establishment of district and sub-district associations in the Volhynian province facilitated the development of sports
competition, making it possible to select the best sportspeople, and also increased the number of sports events.
AVALIAÇÃO IN VITRO DO POTENCIAL ANTIOXIDANTE DOS EXTRATOS ETANÓLICOS DAS CASCAS DE Spondias dulcisForst F. ESpondias purpureaL
Authors: Câmara João  Augusto  Rizzo , Araujo Caroline  de  Souza , Brito Lorrane  Davi , Rodrigues Karoline  S. , Zocoler Marcos Alberto , Kerche Leandra Ernst
Published: January 2020

The objective of this study was to identify nursing students' knowledge about long-term bladder catheterization. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional research with a quantitative approach. An instrument with multiple choice questions was applied to graduates of a university in the interior of São Paulo. The sample consisted of 81 students from the seventh term, most of them female, 20 to 30 years old, night students, singles, family income of 1 to 4 minimum salaries, no training and no experience in the area of nursing. The questions that presented the highest percentage of correct answers were the materials needed for the procedure (93.8%), a step that is not part of the end of the technique (87.7%) and part of the catheterization process (76.5%). It is concluded that most of the students have knowledge about the technique, since in most of the questions more than 50% of the group pointed out the correct alternative.
Die neunten Direktwahlen zum Europäischen Parlament: Rahmenbedingungen, Parteien und Bürger in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Authors: Braun Daniela , Tausendpfund Markus
Published: January 2020

Despite a higher turnout, the ninth elections to the European Parliament can still be considered as second-order elections . In Germany, the governing parties - in particular the CDU and SPD - experienced a significant loss compared to the 2017 Bundestag elections and the 2014 European elections, whereas the Greens are the winners . The article provides information on the conditions framing the European Parliament elections and focuses on political parties and citizens . The empirical findings show, on the one hand, that the European integration issue is more salient in the manifestos than generally assumed and, on the other hand, that citizens’ knowledge of the European Union continues to be low . Against this background, turnout, electoral choices and reasons for these are discussed . Moreover, the composition of the newly elected European Parliament and possible implications are described . [ZParl, vol . 50 (2019), no . 4, pp . 715 - 735]