bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Lateglacial-Early Holocene dynamics of the sedimentation environment based on the multi-proxy abiotic study of Lieporiai palaeolake, Northern Lithuania
Authors: Gedminienė Laura , Šiliauskas Laurynas , Skuratovič Žana , Taraškevičius Ričardas , Zinkutė Rimantė , Kazbaris Mindaugas , Ežerinskis Žilvinas , Šapolaitė Justina , Gastevičienė Neringa , Šeirienė Vaida , Stančikaitė Miglė
Published: January 2021

New data were obtained from the sedimentary sequence study of Lieporiai palaeolake, Northern Lithuania, employing a multi-proxy abiotic approach, for the description of the Lateglacial-Early Holocene palaeoenvironmental dynamics in the basin. The study reveals significant differences in sediments deposited in the Lateglacial, at the end of Lateglacial/Early Holocene and in the Late Holocene time periods. Six main environmental stages are described. After glacial retreat, the formed landscape was re-organized by very fast currents that might have appeared later than previously thought. Rapid water flow stabilized and lacustrine sedimentation began together with the appearance of scarce pioneer vegetation shortly before 14 600 cal yr BP, (GI-1e). The development of the lake with mostly undisturbed sedimentation continued up to the final stages of the Lateglacial Interstadial. The warm period caused maximum precipitation of Ca and Sr carbonates, which strongly affected sediment saturation with other components. Increase in humidity in the later Lateglacial Stadial (GS-1) period is indicated by the abrupt appearance of the coarser-sized mineral matter accompanied by weathering elements, i.e. Ti, Al, Si, Mg, and the early immigration of Picea. About 11 500 cal yr BP, the mineral matter input started decreasing, and stabilization of the climate regime began about 10 200 cal yr BP. (A)biotic proxies highlight slow sedimentation mechanisms that recover shallow- and trophic-lake stages. The Lieporiai palaeolake record clearly shows the sedimentation hiatus between the Early and the Middle Holocene. Further stages are characterized by paludification processes. Finally, peat accumulation was interrupted by humans.
Petrography and mineral chemistry of the Varena Iron Ore deposit, southeastern Lithuania: implications for the evolution of carbonate and silicate rocks and ore mineralization
Authors: Skridlaitė Gražina , Šiliauskas Laurynas , Prušinskienė Sabina , Bagiński Bogusław
Published: January 2021

The large Varena Iron Ore deposit of southeast Lithuania lies beneath 200–400 m thick sedimentary cover in the East European Craton. Several drilling projects have revealed that it contains ca. 70–200 million tons of iron ore. A metasomatic origin has been proposed by several investigators, with an igneous (mafic, ultramafic carbonatitic) origin also considered. Detailed micropetrography on a variety of ore-bearing and skarnitised samples through backscattered electron imaging, along with mineral chemical analysis and monazite dating by electron microprobe, provide support for a metasomatic origin. High-grade temperature (ca. 700–750° C) skarns containing forsterite, enstatite, spinel and diopside were formed preferentially in carbonate-rich rocks and were subsequently overprinted by amphibole-bearing (tremolite, actinolite, anthophyllite and hornblende) skarns. A low-temperature hydrous influx and changing redox conditions not only caused the serpentinization of the earlier skarns, but also deposited a considerable amount of iron ore in the form of magnetite. Iron was derived from various sources and was accompanied by sulphide, apatite, REE and other mineralizations. The ca. 1.78 Ga monazite grew during the regional metamorphism, while ca. 1.54 Ga is attributed to the last mineralization phases.
Competencia intercultural en el ámbito de las drogodependencias
Authors: Arza Porras Javier , Carrón Sánchez José
Published: January 2021

En este artículo partimos de una concepción multidimensional o biopsicosocial de las drogodependencias. Dentro de este marco de análisis, abogamos por una mayor visibilización de la dimensión intercultural, ya que es imprescindible para el diseño y desarrollo de procesos de intervención integrales. Proponemos la competencia intercultural como un modelo de trabajo que puede permitir el incremento en las capacidades de instituciones y profesionales para abordar eficazmente la dimensión intercultural aludida. Tras una amplia revisión de la literatura científica, hemos definido cinco procesos que pueden contribuir a reforzar la competencia intercultural de una institución y cuatro procesos que pueden contribuir a incrementar la competencia intercultural de un o una profesional. Aunque han sido seleccionados para su aplicación en el ámbito de las drogodependencias, todos estos procesos también pueden servir para mejorar la atención a cualquier otro tipo de persona o grupo culturalmente diverso.
Diseño y Evaluación de Actividades Intruccionales Conducentes a las Estrategias de Aprendizaje Elaborativa y Profunda
Authors: Pérez Fuentes Fernando , Truffello Camponovo Irene
Published: January 2021

Con el propósito de conseguir que los estudiantes de 3° año medio de cinco establecimientos de Santiago, de niveles socio-económicos bajo y medio bajo superaran los niveles de procesamiento superficial y reiterativo de la información y se iniciaran en el procesamiento elaborativo y profundo, se diseñaron y aplicaron

actividades instruccionales para la asignatura de Castellano.

Durante el primer año los profesores de esos centros estudiaron la teoría que sustenta el Inventario de Estrategias de Aprendizaje de Schmeck y elaboraron y

probaron 10 módulos en consonancia con esa teoría, los módulos corregidos fueron el material usado, en el segundo año (1995), por los estudiantes en sus

clases de Castellano.

Pese a que los niños participantes en la experiencia carecen de buenas bibliotecas, laboratorios, textos de estudio y de cualquier otro apoyo educacional y que en el

resto de las asignaturas se les siguió sometiendo a clases expositivas y a pruebas de memorización, los promedios obtenidos en los factores procesamiento

elaborativo y profundo fueron significativamente distintos entre la 1ª y 2ª mediciones. Sus resultados finales superaron o igualaron a los parámetros nacionales de colegios de condición superior. Paralelamente, las mediciones de autoestima dejaron constancia de una ganancia significativa entre una y otra mediciones.
Camino para un Eficaz Encuentro Interpersonal
Authors: Lolas Nazrala Mercedes
Published: January 2021

"El lenguaje es la casa del ser. En su morada habita el hombre. Los poetas y pensadores son habitantes de esa casa y su vigilia consiste en poner en sazón la apertura del Ser, el hombre se comunica para dejar en la Verdad la luz misma del Ser". Este pensamiento de Heidegger (1987) se complementa con el de Santa Teresa (1944) que dice que: "El conocimiento, aquello que pone en la luz de la verdad al Ser, es camino pero es morada, la morada es el amor."
Sistema Escolar y Educación Pública
Authors: Truffello Camponovo Irene
Published: January 2021

Chile, en su historia y desarrollo educacional, ha llevado a la práctica diversas reformas educativas de particular relevancia y algunas de ellas con elementos de cambio decisivos para el logro de mejores resultados, junto con la incorporación de acciones francamente innovadoras que han definido la realidad de nuestra educación.
Antropología cultural y educación en la cultura mapuche
Authors: Grebe Vicuña Ester
Published: January 2021

Nota: La autora incluye, en forma selectiva, algunos conceptos previamente expuestos en su obra "Culturas Indígenas en Chile: Un Estudio Preliminar". Pehuén. Santiago. 1998.
Validación test de comprensión oral del idioma inglés
Authors: Valderrama Reyes Hortensia , Riquelme del Solar Gladys
Published: January 2021

En la investigación Calidad da la Enseñanza del idioma Inglés N° 94.61.21-1.3. patrocinada par la Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Concepción, para los niveles de competencias lingüísticas de alumnos de 8° año básico, se diseñó un Test tomando como referencia la prueba aplicada en el Reino Unido: Report on 1985 Sutvey of French. Este test permite examinar la habilidad lingüística de comprensión oral del idioma Inglés, concordante con los objetivos vigentes en el programa oficial del MINEDUC.

La prueba está estructurada, siguiendo un ordenamiento coherente con las siete habilidades lingüísticas contempladas. Los reactivos corresponden a estímulos auditivos, figurativos y de completación. La administración de la prueba es grupal, las instrucciones las da el examinador. Cada alumno tiene su formato de respuesta y la audición se realiza a través de grabaciones. La prueba tiene un Manual de Administración para el profesor examinador y un tiempo límite para su desarrollo por parte del alumno, que es simultáneo con la audición de la cinta.

La validación fue estudiada en una muestra de 134 estudiantes de 8° básico pertenecientes a establecimientos de diferente dependencia. Se hizo un análisis de factores con rotación Varimax para observar la validez cíe la estructura interna, confirmando la existencia de siete factores que explican la variabilidad de la prueba. La naturaleza de ellos corresponde a cada una de las habilidades consideradas. La confiabilidad se determinó a partir de Kuder Richardson 2.0, el valor fue de 0, 990, lo cual es significativo. El grado de correlación entre las habilidades es significativo al 5%. El índice de facilidad de la prueba es adecuado así como el índice de discriminación general (rpbis=0, 345).
Teoría implícita y formación inicial del profesorado de Educación Media
Authors: Rodríguez Zedán Eduardo
Published: January 2021

El propósito del estudio es profundizar sobre la incidencia de las teorías implícitas del profesorado, con el fin de continuar investigando el proceso de inserción profesional de los futuros docentes. Nos planteamos como objetivo aportar

elementos de interpretación del actual proceso de formación de profesores, en el marco de la reforma propuesta por los Centros Regionales de Profesores, a partir del análisis de las opiniones, percepciones y concepciones pedagógicas de los futuros docentes. Luego de presentar una síntesis conceptual sobre las teorías implícitas y los avances de la investigación sobre el pensamiento del profesor analizamos información de un universo total de 87 estudiantes de 3er. año del CERP del Litoral, ubicado en la ciudad de Salto, Uruguay. Aplicamos un modelo de investigación que integra los paradigmas cuantitativo y cualitativo. Entre otras conclusiones, se demuestra que las teorías implícitas de los docentes y sus creencias epistemológicas se presentan como variables determinantes para explicar los estilos pedagógicas que adoptan en su práctica educativa, siendo esta una de las principales dificultades para promover cambios en los paradigmas de la formación docente.
Analisis psicométrico de las Escalas de Inteligencias Múltiples Midas-Teens
Authors: Pizarro Sánchez Raúl , Redondo Rojo Jesús María , Castillo Narvaéz Julio , Alarcón Quezada Dina , Saavedra María de los Ángeles
Published: January 2021

Esta investigación metodológica-métrica es una parte del proyecto FONDEF D00I1047, Universidad de Chile. Se analizan las Escalas MIDAS-Teens de Shearer, : 1999, aplicadas a 429 Alumnos, 2°. Medio Científico-Humanista, 12 Colegios, Santiago de Chile, 2001. Las Escalas presentaron excelente calidad métrica: Dificultad Media = 57,22 %; Discriminación Media = 81,7 %; Confiabílidad Media = 0,8124. Se computaron 9 Rs con lógicas backward y stepwise, resultando todos significativos. El menor R contempló a la IM Lingüística con explicación del 69,40 % (F = 970,489; SIG,= 0,0000) de la dispersión del Puntaje Total. Excluyendo las IMs Interpersonal y Naturalista, existió diferenciación significativa entre las 3 tipologías de Colegios. Las IMs CinestésicoCorporal, LógicoMatemática y Espacial favorecieron significativamente a los Hombres. La IM Interpersonal, a las Mujeres. Se realizó Análisis Factorial comprobatorio vía componentes principales, rotación Varimax con normalización Kaiser y corte item-factor 0,30: 7 IMs fueron comprobadas; pero, la IM Intrapersonal apareció inmersa en 3 Factores (Lingüístico, Interpersonal, LógicoMatemático. .
Currículum y descolonización: La construcción de un currículum crítico emergente en una Escuela Básica Comunitaria Mapuche Lafquenche, Llaquepulli, Región de la Araucanía (Chile)
Authors: Pinto Contreras Rolando
Published: January 2021

En el contexto político conservador de la Educación Nacional de Chile, en el año 2010 surge el interés de algunas comunidades Mapuche Lafquenche de Llaguepulli, Región de La Araucanía (Chile) de afirmar su identidad cultural ancestral y elaborar para sus Escuelas Básicas Comunitarias un Curriculum Autóctono, que rescate los saberes y las prácticas ancestrales de vida del pueblo mapuche. En esta experiencia constructiva, que duró 8 años (2011-2018), tuvimos la preocupación epistemológica y política de no reproducir la racionalidad técnica instrumental que hubiese significado continuar con una visión neocolonialista, que siempre ha tenido, al menos en Chile, la acción de diseñar y desarrollar currículos diferentes al oficial. Con este artículo recogemos parte de esa experiencia y la reflexionamos como “aportes a una política curricular descolonizadora” que haga más pertinente la educación a las necesidades e intereses de liberación, en este caso, del pueblo Mapuche Lafquenche.
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR POLYMER INJECTION TO IMPROVE HEAVY OIL RECOVERY – SMALL-SCALE SIMULATION STUDY
Authors: Zampieri M. F. , Quispe C. C. , Moreno R. B. Z. L.
Published: January 2021

Polymer flooding has been widely used for enhancing oil recovery, due to the growing number of successful applications around the world. The process aims to increase water viscosity and, thus, decrease the water/oil mobility ratio, thereby improving sweep efficiency. The understanding of the physical mechanisms involved in this enhanced oil recovery process allows us to forecast the application potential of polymer flooding. This work aims to assess physical phenomena associated with heavy oil recovery through polymer flooding using 1D small-scale simulation models. We evaluate the influence of different levels of adsorption, accessible pore volume, residual resistance factor, and polymer concentration on the results and compare their magnitude effect on the results. The models used in this study were built using data from previous lab work and literature. For each one of the mentioned parameters, this work compares the histories of water cut, cumulative water-oil ratio, average pressure, and oil recovery factor. Additionally, water saturation, water viscosity, and water mobility profile were determined for specific periods of the flooding process. The sensitivity analyses showed that high levels of adsorption influence the polymer loss of the advance front, delaying oil recovery. Low values of accessible pore volume lead to a slightly faster polymer breakthrough and oil recovery anticipation. A high residual resistance factor increases the average pressure and improves oil recovery. Higher polymer concentration enhances the displacement efficiency and enhances the recovery factor.
Market's Reaction to Analytical Information From Brokerage Institutions: Empirical Evidence From Stock Market in Vietnam
Authors: Bui Van Huy , Nguyen Van Manh Ha , Tran Dang Thanh Minh , Tram Bich Loc , Phan Gia Quyen , Nguyen Tran Thai Ha
Published: January 2021

This paper examines the market’s reaction to brokerages’ recommendations on the Vietnamese stock market. The results indicate that stock analysts tend to show a drastically positive bias, with the overwhelming number of optimistic recommendations compared to negative ones. The abnormal rate of return following upscaling recommendations is positive, incremental, and statistically significant from the offered moment to a month later, which is consistent with results from different measures of the standard portfolio. However, the study has not found cogent evidence of the market reaction to downgrading recommendations. This research emphasizes the significant role of analytical information on the stock market in Vietnam, and the implications are discussed based on this study’s findings. The study results are the foundation for investors’ considerations about brokerages’ proposals before their trades.
Some aspects of the strengthening of earthquake risk buildings
Authors: Toomath William
Published: January 2021

It is suggested that a graded system of strengthening earthquake risk buildings based on public risk and the feasibility and economics of strengthening should be adopted. The social responsibility of the Architect in the strengthening project is also discussed.
Common lands within the meaning of the common lands act of 29 june 1963 – selected civil law issues
Authors: Wolak Grzegorz
Published: January 2021

The article will discuss the general issues related to common land - the term applied in the Common Lands Act of 29 June 1963 and its legal nature. In addition, an attempt will be made to
answer the question about an entity that should be disclosed in the second section of the land and mortgage register in the case of real property being a part of the common land. Currently,
land and mortgage registers may be established for common land. The question is whether it should be the common land itself or natural and legal persons entitled to hold shares therein,
or maybe a company established to manage and develop such a common land. It seems that the legislator itself has been unable to deal with this issue. There are no legal acts where it would
indicate directly or indirectly an entity that should be disclosed in the second section of the land and mortgage register as an owner (co-owner).
Assessment of the size of VaR backtests for small samples
Authors: Kaszyński Daniel , Kamiński Bogumił , Pankratz Bartosz
Published: January 2021

The market risk management process includes the quantification of the risk connected with defined portfolios of assets and the diagnostics of the risk model. Value at Risk (VaR) is one of the most common market risk measures. Since the distributions of the daily P&L of financial instruments are unobservable, literature presents a broad range of backtests for VaR diagnostics. In this paper, we propose a new methodological approach to the assessment of the size of VaR backtests, and use it to evaluate the size of the most distinctive and popular backtests. The focus of the paper is directed towards the evaluation of the size of the backtests for small-sample cases – a typical situation faced during VaR backtesting in banking practice. The results indicate significant differences between tests in terms of the p-value distribution. In particular, frequency-based tests exhibit significantly greater discretisation effects than duration-based tests. This difference is especially apparent in the case of small samples. Our findings prove that from among the considered tests, the Kupiec TUFF and the Haas Discrete Weibull have the best properties. On the other hand, backtests which are very popular in banking practice, that is the Kupiec POF and Christoffersen’s Conditional Coverage, show significant discretisation, hence deviations from the theoretical size.
The application of selected methods of multivariate statistical analysis to study objective quality of life in Polish and Belarusian regions
Authors: Lialikava Valiantsina , Skrodzka Iwona , Kalinina Alena
Published: January 2021

The concept of life quality has been studied by specialists from a variety of scientific fields: economics, social geography, sociology, psychology, medicine, political sciences, and others. This contributes to the complementariness of the notion and broadens its interdisciplinary perspective, but on the other hand, it leads to a lack of unanimity in terms of the definition and measurement of the quality of life. Meanwhile, all developed countries in the world regard enhancing life quality as a priority of state policy. With the further advancement of our civilisation, quality of life will become a major issue in economic development. Therefore, monitoring this aspect of economic life, at both country and regional level, seems to be of particular significance. The paper aims to assess the suitability of selected methods of multivariate statistical analysis for the construction of a synthetic measure of objective quality of life. The study employs two methods of constructing synthetic measures of objective life quality: the linear ordering method – TOPSIS, and factor analysis. The results obtained by means of multivariate statistical analysis methods made it possible to create ratings of Polish and Belarusian regions in terms of objective quality of life and to further divide the regions into typological groups.
POLITICAL CRISIS: CURRENT IMPACT OF THE '1/11' (ONE-ELEVEN) EVENT IN BANGLADESH AND ITS FUTURE
Authors: Islam Md Saiful
Published: January 2021

Since 2009, after the December 2008 elections, the government has changed its political motives to hold power a long time and has taken a more conciliatory approach towards the political oppositions. Even the political crisis in Bangladesh is an everyday affair since the birth of this country. The fear of the blot '1/11' (one-eleven) event led to the current political crisis (such as undemocratic electoral process, violence, and conflicts, violation of human rights, blocking the freedom of speech, corruption, money laundering, and so on). The primary objective is to identify how the blot '1/11' (one-eleven) event has affected Bangladesh's political process. The study also focuses on the current political crisis's challenges through the existing scenery and realities in Bangladesh. The descriptive and quantitative method was adopted, and data was collected via existing survey reports, official statistical records, and published sources. The study's result revealed no proper democratic process in Bangladesh, but the country is in an autocratic regime. The research suggests that all stockholders of government, opposition parties, and international communities should care about Bangladesh's current political crisis for ensuring more committed, free and fair, and credible elections.
Resenha: livro Novos caminhos para a construção da paz
Authors: Toledo Aureo , Facchini Julia
Published: January 2021

Resenha do livro FIRCHOW, Pamina. 2018. Reclaiming Everyday Peace: local voices in measurement and evaluation after war. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 206 p.
Handbuch Sachverwahrung
Authors: Ebert Frank
Published: January 2021

Das heutige Leben bringt es häufig mit sich, dass anderen Personen oder Institutionen Gegenstände überlassen werden müssen - aus unterschiedlichen Gründen. Zu denken ist an Gaststätten, Arztpraxen, Krankenhäuser, Pflegeheime oder Verkehrsmittel. Nicht selten kommt es dabei zu Beschädigungen, Entwendungen oder Verwechslungen.

Das Handbuch wendet sich an alle, denen die Verwahrung fremden Eigentums anvertraut ist. Es behandelt zivilrechtliche Verwahrungsverhältnisse, aber auch Fragen der persönlichen Sachverwahrung und den Ausgleich von Schäden über Sachversicherungen.

Dazu zählen unter anderen Dachverbände (z. B. Deutscher Hotel- und Gaststättenverband), Ärztekammern, öffentliche und private Träger im Gesundheits- und Pflegewesen, Transportunternehmen, Taxiverbände, Luftfahrtgesellschaften, Busverbände, Verbände für Sicherheit in der Wirtschaft, Rechtsanwälte, Justiz.
Comparing the Effect of Two Methods of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and High-Intensity Continuous Training (HICT) on Damage and Antioxidant Indices of Liver in Male Wistar Rats
Authors: Ghasemnian Aghaali , Usefpour Mozhgan , Rahmani Ahmad , Iddehloei Zeinab
Published: January 2021

Background: Nowadays, one of the widely used training methods is high-intensity interval training (HIIT). In addition, researchers have stated that long-term, high-intensity training is associated with the production of free radicals in the body. Free radicals also damage liver cells, resulting in increased liver enzymes. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of HIIT, compared to high-intensity continuous training (HICT), on damage and antioxidant indices of the liver in male Wistar rats. Methods: Twenty-two adult male rats were randomly divided into three groups of control (n = 6), HIIT (n = 8), and HICT (n = 8). Training protocols included HIIT and HICT on a treadmill for eight weeks (five days in a week). Standard water and food were provided for rats ad libitum. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, blood and tissue samples were collected, and serum enzymes were measured by the methods recommended by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) method. The level of enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase in the liver tissue was measured by Randox Commercial Kit (Cat. No. SD 126). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc tests were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that eight weeks of HIIT and HICT had no effect on the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level (P = 0.14), but eight weeks of HIIT significantly decreased the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level compared to the control group (P = 0.04). The level of liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity significantly increased in the HIIT and HICT groups compared to the control group (P = 0.001). HICT also led to a significant increase in the SOD level compared to HIIT (P = 0.03). Conclusions: The research results suggested that eight weeks of HIIT led to a significant reduction in serum AST levels, and HIIT had a lower effect on the increased SOD activity in liver tissue compared to HICT. It might be stated that HIIT is safer than HICT, and it has fewer destructive effects on liver tissue.
Josef Velenovský a František Mareš o světě techniky
Authors: Pavličiková Helena
Published: January 2021

Accidentally, Josef Velenovský and František Mareš were both natives of South Bohemia and both carved their careers in science moving from physiology to philosophy as evident from conclusions drawn from their scientifi c research. Th us by the same token but each in his own way, they refl ected on man’s limited capacity for gaining knowledge and, by contrast, on the special signifi cance of technology which could not exist without thorough human understanding. On that account technology, which had made man’s work easier or helped him travel vast distances, at the same rate became a phenomenon that enabled man to force his will upon his surroundings. Th e inevitable eff ect of such conduct was the confl ict between man -created technology and man’s existential dependence on Nature. In view of the fact that the two scientists published their observations about the eventuality of technology being turned against man no later than the turn of the twentieth century, the topicality of their ken is even more surprising.
Helmholtz and the nature of geometrical axioms: a segment in the history of mathematics
Authors: Kenner Morton R.
Published: January 2021

It was a hard struggle for mankind to free himself from the notion that geometry had anything to do with the real world.
Variation—a process of discovery in geometry
Authors: Heinke Clarence H.
Published: January 2021

Variation as a process whereby interesting geometric theorems are suggested is explored in this paper and its advantages noted.
Student achievement of functional competence three years after completing algebra or general mathematics
Authors: Renner John W.
Published: January 2021

Data are analyzed to see if some light can he shed on whether algebra or general mathematics best attains functional competence objectives.
The fifth year of teacher education for teachers of mathematics
Authors: Small Dwain E.
Published: January 2021

This study indicates teacher preference as to the type of work that should constitute a fifth year of study. It is notable that teachers still give a high rank to courses in mathematics as courses which fulfill their needs.
Progress in mathematics instruction
Authors: Mayor John R.
Published: January 2021

Teachers of mathematics and science will be interested in a brief report on the proceedings of the recent Conference on Mathematics Instruction sponsored by the AAAS.
Testing Time: College board examinations and curriculum change
Authors: Douglas Edwin C.
Published: January 2021

The mathematics achievement tests of the College Entrance Examination Board are thoroughly discussed in two pamphlets available to all teachers.1 It would be presumptuous for the author to suppose he could add anything to the information in these excellent documents. However, it is quite possible that many readers of this column have not had the opportunity to become fully acquainted with College Board tests.
A comparison of American- with European-Schooled Youngsters—a Challenge
Authors: Doremus Albert F.
Published: January 2021

Are American pupils holding their own scholastically?
A mental calendar
Authors: _ _
Published: January 2021

Some teachers will find this mental calendar interesting; some will find it useful; and some will be intrigued by the explanation of how it “works.”
Mathematics in the Junior High School: An improved method of extracting square root
Authors: De Mar Richard F.
Published: January 2021

Some method of extracting the square root of a number is usually taught in the eighth or ninth grades. Its chief applications then are in using the Pythagorean Theorem and in finding numerical solutions of quadratic equations.
Testing Time: The College Entrance Examination Board's examination for Advanced Placement in mathematics
Authors: Douglas Edwin C.
Published: January 2021

In a previous article the author attempted to describe the regular achievement examination program in the field of mathematics of tho College Board (see The Mathematics Teacher, April, 1957). An attempt will be made in t his article to describe the Advanced Placement Examinations in Mathematics.
Providing for the student with high mathematical potential
Authors: Elder Florence L.
Published: January 2021

Enrichment (with a capital E) for the Gifted (with a capital G). A seminar approach in the junior high school.
The logarithm and its inverse
Authors: Yates Robert C.
Published: January 2021

An approach to any topic that is somewhat “out of the ordinary” is a good thing. Secondary teachers may use this article to refresh their knowledge of calculus and gain new insight into ideas already familiar.
Notes from the Washington Office: New membership and subscription dues
Authors: Ahrendt M. H.
Published: January 2021

“Because of the increased cost of printing …”—these were the words with which an announcement began in the April 1917 issue of The Mathematics Teacher giving notice of an increase in dues from $2.00 to $3.00 per year.
How much—or— how many?
Authors: Durkee Robert M.
Published: January 2021

An elementary discussion of digital and analogy computers which your junior and senior students might enjoy.
Facts, fancy, fabrications, and figures
Authors: Ahrendt M. H.
Published: January 2021

Here are authoritative figures on enrollments in high school mathematics classes. Note the amount of mathematics carried by scholarship-winning students.
Mathematics in the Junior High School: Organizing the mathematics department in the Montebello Junior High School
Authors: Wolfe Raphael W.
Published: January 2021

During the summer of 1957, it was my privilege to receive a grant from the National Science Foundation enabling me to attend an institute for thirty-five teachers of junior high school mathematics. This session, sponsored by State University Teachers College at Oneonta, New York, was one of about ninety such institutes held throughout our country during this summer in an effort to strengthen and advance science and mathematics teaching in the secondary schools of the United States.
Tips for Beginners: An aid to writing deductive proofs in plane geometry
Authors: Schacht John F.
Published: January 2021

In a recent article in The Mathematics Teacher, Rosskopf and Exner suggest that “… teachers and textbooks should do a better job of introducing high school students to the concepts of logic.”1
Grouping —in the normal mathematics class
Authors: Ivie Claude , Fowler Eugenia , Graham Virginia
Published: January 2021

An account of how one high school surveyed its mathematics program and how it used the results of its survey.
Let's try the “fi” system
Authors: Knowles David H.
Published: January 2021

In these days it is good to have suggestions that bring out fundamental ideas for the schools. Teachers should do more with enumeration systems.
Notes from the Washington Office: Federal Support for Mathematics Teaching
Authors: Brown Kenneth E.
Published: January 2021

One of the most extensive legislative acts for the support of education in the history of our nation was passed during the last days of the 85th Congress.
A summer mathematics program for the mathematically talented
Authors: Nichols Eugene D.
Published: January 2021

A description of a summer camp for mathematically-talented high school students.
A modest proposal
Authors: Brown Charles K.
Published: January 2021

Some advantages of concurrent study of algebra and geometry are suggested from the many years of experience with such a program at Westtown School.
Does the study of geometry help improve reading ability?
Authors: Forseth William J.
Published: January 2021

Is there any special characteristic of geometry study that helps students become better readers than they would be without geometry study?
Learning by discovery
Authors: Hendrix Gertrude
Published: January 2021

An analysis of some methods of teaching, considering the question “What is the discovery method of teaching?”
Experimental Programs: High school geometry via ruler-and-protractor axioms— report on a classroom trial
Authors: Bell Max S.
Published: January 2021

There is considerable talk these days about curriculum “reform” in secondary- school mathematics. From our past experience, however, we can infer that such reforms will be very difficult to implement; witness, for example, the stability of solid geometry as a semester course in the twelfth grade despite repeated recommendations over a number of years for change to something more fruitful and useful.
Reflections and rotations
Authors: Jones Burton W.
Published: January 2021

Any rigid motion in a plane can be accomplished by three or fewer reflections.
Trends in the education of secondary-school mathematics teachers
Authors: Schumaker John A.
Published: January 2021

What mathematics courses have been required of prospective teachers of secondary-school mathematics? Have changes in curricula for prospective mathematics teachers occurred since 1920?
HOBLADIC Mk I Mod 1
Authors: Houton George W.
Published: January 2021

Here is a refinement of the “do-it-yourself” computer known as HOBLADIC.
The geometry of space and time
Authors: Teller Edward
Published: January 2021

The mathematical concept of an invariant is here applied to time and space.
Mathematics projects
Authors: Sister Margaret Cecilia C.S.J.
Published: January 2021

Mathematics teachers can use a variety of approaches to develop interest and understanding. The use of student projects can lead to independence, and inventiveness in mathematical thought
Teaching seventh-grade mathematics by television to homogeneously grouped below-average pupils
Authors: Jacobs James N. , Bollenbacher Joan , Keiffer Mildred
Published: January 2021

Several experiments in the use of television in direct instruction in the Cincinnati public schools have indicated that a single telecourse generally does not meet the needs of all pupils. In those experiments in required courses where there is a wide range of pupil ability, the typical outcome has shown a significant interaction between pupil ability level and method of instruction.
Experimental Programs: UICSM's decade of experimentation
Authors: Hale William T.
Published: January 2021

Imagine that you are visiting a beginning algebra class in one of the schools using the materials prepared by the University of Illinois Committee on School Mathematics (UICSM). Here is a discussion which you might overhear.
The mathematics scene in China
Authors: Defrancis John
Published: January 2021

Based on the examination of a number of Chinese mathematics books and several mathematics journals
Experimental Programs: A summer mathematics program for high-ability secondary-school students
Authors: Linder Alfons J. van der
Published: January 2021

At a time when the change in approach (and to some extent, the content) of secondary-school mathematics courses was hitting the curriculum with a dramatic impact, Assumption College in Worcester, Massachusetts, always eager to improve upon the traditional, was one of the first colleges to cater to youngsters gifted in the field. The National Science Foundation sponsored this effort with a substantial grant for the summer of 1959. Forty boys, primarily from the New England area, participated in this first program.
NSF summer mathematics program for gifted high-school students
Authors: Andrews John J.
Published: January 2021

For two years a summer program supported by the National Science Foundation for mathematically talented highschool juniors has been conducted at Saint Louis University. This program was for a single discipline, “mathematics,” and was designed to supplement and enrich the regular high-school instruction, not to replace it, so that neither high-school credit nor advanced standing was gained through attendance.
Historically Speaking,—: The Newton-Leibniz controversy concerning the discovery of the calculus
Authors: Schrader Dorothy V.
Published: January 2021

The seventeenth century was one of activity and advancement in the world of mathematics. Analytic methods had become familiar tools to most of the mathematicians of the period; geometry was being employed to verify and demonstrate analytic conclusions; and special attention was focused on problems dealing with the infinite.
Experimental Programs: SMSG—one point of view
Authors: Marlin Lillian
Published: January 2021

The modern world, with its emphasis on science and mathematics, has given birth to new concepts in these fields. The dire need for trained mathematicians and an informed public resulted in the recognition of the need to incorporate into the study of mathematics new material and to present the old in a new light. The School Mathematics Study Group material is a prime mover in this field; it offers the new topics and language of elementary and high school mathematics, using modern approaches to learning.
Experimental Programs: Programmed instruction in ninth-grade algebra
Authors: McGarvey Paul
Published: January 2021

There is little doubt that the ideal learning situation is the one where there is one teacher for each student. Although this ideal is obviously impossible in today's schools, it is evident that educators are aware that individual differences among students do exist. Ability grouping, team teaching, special seminars, accelerated and enriched programs, and large-scale guidance plans are among the current attempts to meet the needs of the individual learner.
Experimental Programs: Predicting students’ success in first-year algebra
Authors: Barnes Ward Ewing , Asher John William
Published: January 2021

Selection of students for ninth-grade algebra or general mathematics courses is common. The problem presented generally is who shall be advised to take algebra and who shall not. This study was conducted in a typical, large, middle-class, suburban community where, near the end of eighth grade, the guidance department recommends that about half the students take algebra and the other half take general mathematics during ninth grade. How do the guidance people arrive at their decision? Might they be better off using a different method than they are now using?
An Experiment with Programmed Instruction as a Supplement to Teaching College Mathematics by Closed-Circuit Television
Authors: Lane Bennie R.
Published: January 2021

The question is, “How best to supplement televised instruction?”
Twelfth-Grade High School Mathematics: Calculus or?
Authors: Streitmatter Kenneth , Rockwood Gerald J.
Published: January 2021

THE Rocky River (Ohio) Senior High School mathematics program is organized on a three-track basis of homogeneous grouping. With due regard for this grouping, diversity of ability, achievement, and interest still exists. This diversity is especially evident in the “high-ability track” during the twelfth grade. In an effort to meet the needs of more students, further differentiation of mathematical opportunities has been provided by designing a new high-ability course.
College Preparatory Mathematics: Preparation for What?
Authors: Eilber Charles R.
Published: January 2021

DESPITE the great amount of attention focused on the secondary school mathematics curriculum in recent years, there remains a major aspect of the teaching of college preparatory mathematics which has been consistently overlooked. While there seems to be little question that the content and approach of the modern curricula are significant and relevant to the needs and purposes of the future mathematician, engineer, physicist, and statistician, the relevance of the secondary school college preparatory mathematics curriculum to the lives of the future historian, musician, teacher of English, or any articulate layman is doubtful.
Dressing Up Mathematics
Authors: Pedersen Jean J.
Published: January 2021

Examining a Moebius strip (the onesided surface having a single edge, as shown below) leads rather easily to questions of whether there exist surfaces having one side and two edges or two sides and one edge. These particular questions are not difficult to resolve and, in fact, can be illustrated rather quickly.
Have You Read?
Authors: Peak Philip
Published: January 2021

You will want to read not only this article, but all the others in this same issue. It was difficult to choose which to mention, but I made an unbiased selection.
SMSG: The First Decade
Authors: Begle E. G.
Published: January 2021

The School Mathematics Study Group (SMSG), a national organization devoted to the improvement of mathematics programs in the schools of this country, came into existence on March 1, 1958. Now, ten years later, it is appropriate to recall the goals which the Study Group set for itself and to review the various activities undertaken during this decade in attempting to reach these goals.
A Nontraditional Introduction to Irrational Numbers
Authors: Andersen Harold
Published: January 2021

Introducing high school mathematics students to the set of irrational numbers is typically done in what they must feel is an artificial and contrived fahion. Most teachers and text suggest posing the quadratic x2 = 2 and challenging students to find a solution. It has been the experience of many teachers that they have to supply the answer and then convince the students that this solution is not a member of the set of rationals.
Historically Speaking- Maclaurin and Taylor and Their Series
Authors: Wollan G. N.
Published: January 2021

Brook Taylor (1685-1731) was an eminent British mathematician whose relatively short lifetime roughly coincided with the latter half of the lifetime of Isaac Newton. He was an unusually talented youth with a wide range of interests, including music and art as well as mathematics and philosophy. A derivation of the series which bears his name was included in his principal mathematical work, a book Methodus Incrementorum directa et inversa which was published in London in 1715.
A Plea for the Terminology “Flexpoint”
Authors: Mulcrone Thomas F.
Published: January 2021

There is a sense in which mathematicians more than any other savants could not care less about the denotation of the terminology that they use. What is important for mathematicians is that their technical terms have meanings that are assigned by formal definition, regardless of the meaning of the terms in everyday speech. A mathematician's principal concern is to be careful to give an unambiguous definition for each term that is employed. it may therefore seem strange to some that mathematics, probably more than any other science, has a body of terminology that is apt, helpful, suggestive of the concepts defined.
The Development of Mathematics Achievement Tests for the National Longitudinal Study of Mathematical Abilities
Authors: Romberg Thomas A. , Wilson James W.
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate by a few examples how the mathematics achievement tests used in the National Longitudinal Study of Mathematical Abilities (NLSMA)1 were developed.
Have You Read?
Authors: Peak Philip
Published: January 2021

This short article illustrates several things, such as the facts that mathematical concepts grow with added dimensions, complex ideas are built from simple ones, and mathematical ideas are all about us.
Experimental Programs: The Effect of Modified Programmed Lectures and Mathematical Games upon Achievement and Attitude of Ninth-Grade Low Achievers in Mathematics
Authors: Jones Thomas
Published: January 2021

MOST educators will agree that more should be done to attenuate student failures at all grade levels and in all subject areas. The research project to be discussed here was designed to explore classroom techniques that would be conducive to more effective learning. The present research focuses upon ninth-grade general mathematics students who had underperformed in the regular session, necessitating their participation in a summer session.
Historically Speaking— De Arithmetica, Book I, of Boethius
Authors: Schrader Dorothy V.
Published: January 2021

In the year 525 A.D., Theodoric the Ostrogoth commanded the execution of a political prisoner. When his order was carried out, the active work of Ancius Manlius Torquatus Severinus Boetius otherwise known as Boethius, came to an end. In a relatively short time, for he was but forty-three when he died1 Boethius had made a tremendous contribution to the intellectual world by his original writings and by his translations and paraphrases of the works of earlier scholars. He had written on philosophy, theology, and music; he had translated and written commentaries on works of Aristotle, Porphyry, and Cicero.
Statistical Significance— What?
Authors: O'Brien Thomas C. , Shapiro Bernard J.
Published: January 2021

The purpose of many research studies in education is to determine which of two (or more) educational policies is more effective. Excellent articles on this topic by Johnson and Brownell have appeared in The Mathematics Teacher and The Arithmetic Teacher in the recent past1 The purpose of this article is to bring to light an important though relatively neglected aspect of such research.
Have You Read …?
Authors: Peak Philip
Published: January 2021

If most people were to be asked whether intuition has a role to play in mathematics, they would give a negative reply. The author of this article has placed intuition in mathematics in what seems to me its proper perspective. He says, “I would go so far as to say that, without it, mathematical creation would well-nigh cease, aud modern methods of teaching would be difficult to justify.”
Reviews and Evaluations
Authors: Eakin Richard R.
Published: January 2021

This book is intended for a one-semester precalculus course at the freshman level. The principal topics are those to be expected in an introductory course in elementary functions— polynomials, circular functions, and the logarithmic and exponential functions.
Historically Speaking— Three Famous Mathematicians
Authors: Prielipp Robert W.
Published: January 2021

How many of the three famous mathematicians whose lives are described briefly below can you identify?