bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and insecticidal activities of novel pyrazole oxime ether derivatives with different substituted pyridyl rings
Authors: Fu Cuirong , Pei Jiang , Ning Yu , Liu Min , Shan Pengcheng , Liu Jun , Li Yongqiang , Hu Fangzhong , Zhu Youquan , Yang Huazheng , Zou Xiaomao
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

Pyrazole oxime ether derivatives with different substituted pyridyl rings represent new types of compounds that possess good insecticidal and acarcidal activity against Aphis laburni Kaltenbach and Tetranychus cinnabarinus.

RESULTS

In total, 82 novel pyrazole oxime ether derivatives were synthesized and identified by 1H NMR, elemental analysis or high‐resolution mass spectrometry, and their insecticidal and acarcidal activities were tested against A. laburni Kaltenbach and T. cinnabarinus. Bioassays showed that at a 200 mg L−1 dosage, one‐third of the compounds displayed high insecticidal activity against A. laburni Kaltenbach (> 90%), whereas most of of the compound II series exhibited excellent acarcidal activity against T. cinnabarinus (> 92%). Most compound II series exhibited good activity in both insecticidal and acarcidal tests. In addition, at a low concentration of 10 mg L−1, the insecticidal activity of compounds IB9 and IE4 exceeded 90%, and the acarcidal activity of compounds IIB1 and IIB2 was ≥ 95%.

CONCLUSION

Structure–activity relationships were also examined. Results suggested that the tert‐butoxycarbonyl group, as well as the position between tert‐butoxycarbonyl and the atom N of the pyridyl ring, were essential to obtaining the acarcidal activity of the title compounds. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
URTIs: recommended diagnosis and treatment in general practice
Authors: Baker Isabel , Barton Edward
Published: October 2013

Although antibiotics have only a minor role to play in the management of most upper respiratory tract infections, it can be difficult to recognise when there might be serious complications. In our Drug review the authors describe the features and usual treatment of common URTIs, followed by sources of further information.
From the NIS to the NHS via the Floating Sixpence
Authors: Baines Darrin
Published: October 2013

In our new series on the history of prescribing policy, Professor Darrin Baines traces how successive governments have attempted to curb drug costs. Here, he outlines some of the measures introduced in the earliest days.
Current recommended diagnosis and management of headache
Authors: Fontebasso Manuela
Published: October 2013

Headache is a common presentation and patients need careful and detailed assessment and examination. Our Drug review focuses on key points and recent guidelines on the diagnosis and management of headache, followed by sources of further information and a review of the prescription data.
Routine shingles vaccination in 70 and 79 year olds
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Johnson Robert
Published: October 2013

Steve Chaplin and Dr Robert Johnson provide an overview of the properties of the shingles vaccine, which is now to be routinely offered to 70 and 79 year olds.
Zoely: new COC with a higher rate of amenorrhoea
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Searle Stephen
Published: October 2013

Zoely is a new COC containing estradiol and nomegestrol, a novel progestogen. In our New products review Steve Chaplin presents the clinical data relating to its efficacy and adverse events and Dr Stephen Searle discusses its place in therapy.
Is the tide going out on fish oil supplements for CVD?
Authors: Thompson Angus
Published: October 2013

Angus Thompson weighs up the evidence for taking daily fish oil supplementation in the primary and secondary prevention of heart disease.
Local structure analysis of Zn1‐xMgx O thin films by soft X‐ray absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Ogata K. , Kozub M. , Koike K. , Sasa S. , Inoue M. , Yano M. , Tamenori Y.
Published: October 2013

X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra in soft X‐ray region were utilized for the characterization of Zn1‐xMgx O films. Zn L ‐edge XANES spectra of Zn1‐xMgx O films changed as increasing Mg composition x, suggesting that local structure of the Zn atom in ZnO was influenced by the alloying with MgO. Mg K ‐edge XANES spectra of Zn1‐xMgx O films did not show any dependence on growth methods, but was different from that of MgO bulk, showing 4‐fold symmetry of Mg atoms. Similarly, O‐K edge XANES spectrum in Zn1‐xMgx O film showed 4‐fold symmetry of O atoms, and depicted a slight difference from that of ZnO, probably due to the contribution of 6‐fold Mg‐O bond formation. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Oriented growth of beta gallium oxide thin films on yttrium‐stabilized zirconia substrates
Authors: Kaneko Kentaro , Ito Hiroshi , Lee Sam‐Dong , Fujita Shizuo
Published: October 2013

(‐201)‐oriented beta gallium oxide (β‐Ga2O3) thin films were grown on yttrium‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrates using a mist chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The lowest full‐width at half maximum value in ω‐scan X‐ray diffraction was 0.50°, obtained for the growth temperature of 650 °C on a YSZ(100) substrate. Observation by a secondary electron microscope (SEM) revealed flat surface including large‐scale precipitates. Electron diffraction patterns suggested that thin films basically possess β‐type crystal structure though crystal precipitates were formed by poly‐crystal. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spin Hall reduction of Josephson effect in InAs two‐dimensional electrons
Authors: Nakamura Taketomo , Takahashi Yuichi , Hashimoto Yoshiaki , Yun DongHa , Kim SunWoo , Iye Yasuhiro , Katsumoto Shingo
Published: October 2013

One of the mechanisms to cause the Josephson effect between two superconductors through a normal conductor is virtual traversal of electrons and holes through Andreev bound states. The spin Hall effect, on the other hand, disturbs the formation of Cooper pairs at the interfaces through the discrimination of up and down spins. We have found that the Josephson effect is strongly suppressed with the spin Hall effect caused by an electric current crossing transversally through the normal strip. This result proposes a spintronic control of the Josephson effect in superconducting devices. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dislocations related with the pore on P‐rich InP wafer
Authors: Liu Zhiguo , Yang Ruixia , Yang Fan , Tian Xiuwei , Wang Qiang , Wang Yang , Li Xiaolan , Li Shuai , Yang Jianye , Shao Huimin , Shi Yanlei , Kang Yong , Zhang Xin , Liu Huisheng , Sun Tongnian , Sun Niefeng
Published: October 2013

The two dimension distributions of dislocation and thermal stress of 3‐inch diameter stoichiometric and P‐rich InP wafers are investigated, and an analysis of the relation between the two distributions is given. As a result, in stoichiometric and P‐rich InP wafers, both the dislocation and thermal stress distributions are found to be circular ring shape, and where the thermal stress is stronger, the etch‐pits density (EPD) is higher, too. On the P‐rich wafers, there are some pores where EPD is much higher than other areas, around most pores, thermal stress is very strong, but around a small number of pores, the thermal stress is weaker as a contrary, that may be because the residual thermal stress can be released along the pores penetrating through the ingot during ingot annealing. Thermal stress is one of the main reasons which can contribute to dislocation. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Defect characterization in compositionally graded InGaAs layers on GaAs(001) grown by MBE
Authors: Sasaki Takuo , Norman Andrew G. , Romero Manuel J. , Al‐Jassim Mowafak M. , Takahasi Masamitu , Kojima Nobuaki , Ohshita Yoshio , Yamaguchi Masafumi
Published: October 2013

Defect characterization in molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) compositionally‐graded InxGa1‐xAs layers on GaAs substrates consisting different thickness of overshooting (OS) layers was carried out using cathodoluminescence (CL) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We found that the thickness of the OS layer influences not only stress but also lattice defects generated in a top InGaAs layer. While the top InGaAs layer with a thin OS layer is under compression and has mainly threading dislocations, the top layer with a thick OS layer is under tension and exhibits inhomogeneous strain associating with phase separation. We will discuss the mechanisms of defect generation and their in‐plane distribution based on strain relaxation at the top and OS layers. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of (GaN/AlN) alternating‐source‐feeding buffer layer in GaN growth on Al2O3 and silicon by RF‐MBE
Authors: Yamaguchi Tomohiro , Tajimi Daiki , Hayashi Masato , Igaki Tatsuhiro , Sugiura Yohei , Honda Tohru
Published: October 2013

Effect of (GaN/AlN) alternating‐source‐feeding (ASF) buffer layer was investigated in the growth of GaN on Al2O3 and Si substrates by radio‐frequency plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy (RF‐MBE). The formation process of ASF buffer layer was different between the cases on Al2O3 and Si substrates. Nevertheless, GaN films with two‐dimensional surface were obtained on both ASF buffer layers on Al2O3 and Si substrates. The residual strain of GaN films was changed by changing the growth condition of the ASF buffer layers. Without any selection of substrates, it is expected to achieve the precisely controlled strain state of GaN films by adjusting the structure of the ASF buffer layer. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A mixed‐layer model perspective on stratocumulus steady states in a perturbed climate
Authors: Dal Gesso S. , Siebesma A. P. , de Roode S. R. , van Wessem J. M.
Published: October 2013

Equilibrium states of stratocumulus are evaluated for a range of free tropospheric conditions in a mixed‐layer model framework using a number of different entrainment formulations. The equilibrium states show that a reduced lower tropospheric stability (LTS) and a drier free troposphere support a thicker cloud layer. Furthermore, cooler and drier free‐tropospheric conditions promote decoupling which is the first stage of stratocumulus break‐up into cumulus. The qualitative results hold for all the considered entrainment formulations, although the precise quantitative details of the boundary‐layer state do vary with the choice of entrainment parametrization. Perturbations of the equilibrium states by increasing the sea‐surface temperature while keeping the LTS and the free‐tropospheric relative humidity constant leads to cloud thinning and an increased occurrence of decoupling regime. These results are in line with recent large‐eddy simulation studies and increase the confidence in them by showing their validity for a large range of free tropospheric conditions.
Out‐of‐Control Signals in Three‐Part Compositional T2 Control Chart
Authors: Vives‐Mestres Marina , Daunis‐i‐Estadella Josep , Martín‐Fernández Josep‐Antoni
Published: October 2013

Interpretation of out‐of‐control signals in multivariate control charts is a persistent problem. Identifying the variables contributing to the signal is of crucial importance for process control. Both procedures turn out to be more complicated when observations are compositions (variables adding to a constant sum). Compositional T2 control chart () is suitable for monitoring compositions because it is based on a transformation of the data, which moves it from restricted to real space. This paper proposes a method for interpreting the out‐of‐control signals of the control chart for three‐part compositions on the basis of an appropriate selection of the transformation. An example of industrial application illustrates the introduced techniques. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PPGJ: A privacy‐preserving general join for outsourced encrypted database
Authors: Ma Sha , Yang Bo , Zhang Mingwu
Published: October 2013

In outsourced database, it is desirable to store sensitive data in an encrypted form to reduce security and privacy risks because the server may not be fully trusted. Several approaches have been proposed in recent literatures to efficiently support queries on encrypted databases. Most researches focus on keywords search and range query while few works study on join query because of a lack of related cryptography primitives. We propose a solution of a privacy‐preserving general join supporting both equality tests and simple non‐equality tests on ciphertexts by using the revised Boneh–Goh–Nissim encryption algorithm and a Bloom filter. Finally, we analyze its advantages and disadvantages by the comparison with existing method on the performance and the newly introduced security notions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cash is surprisingly valuable as a strategic asset
Authors: Kim Changhyun , Bettis Richard A.
Published: October 2013

Academics, politicians, and journalists are often highly critical of U.S. firms for holding too much cash. Cash holdings are stockpiled free‐cash flow and incur substantial opportunity costs from the perspectives of economics. However, behavioral theory highlights the benefits of cash holdings as fungible slack resources facilitating adaptive advantages. We use the countervailing forces embodied in these two theories to hypothesize and test a quadratic functional relationship of returns to cash measured by Tobin's q. We also build and test a related novel hypothesis of scale‐dependent returns to cash based on the competitive strategy concept of strategic deterrence. Tests for both of these hypotheses are positive and show that returns to cash continue to increase far beyond transactional needs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chiral 38‐Gold‐Atom Nanoclusters: Synthesis and Chiroptical Properties
Authors: Xu Qian , Kumar Santosh , Jin Shenshen , Qian Huifeng , Zhu Manzhou , Jin Rongchao
Published: October 2013

Enantioselective synthesis of chiral Au38 nanoclusters is achieved with chiral 2‐phenylpropane‐1‐thiol (abbreviated as R/S‐PET, organic soluble), captopril and glutathione (water soluble) as the respective ligand. The circular dichroism (CD) spectra of Au38(R‐PET)24 and Au38(S‐PET)24 show multiple bands which are precisely mirror‐imaged, while their normal optical absorption spectra are identical with each other and also superimposable with that of the racemic Au38(SCH2CH2Ph)24 nanoclusters. The observed CD signals are not from the chiral ligands themselves (which only give rise to CD signals in the UV (<250 nm), rather than in the visible wavelength region). Chiral Au38 nanoclusters with different types of ligands are further compared. Although the Au38 core is intrinsically chiral, different chiral ligands are found to largely influence the chiroptical response of the overall nanocluster. Thus, the chiral response of ligand‐protected nanoclusters has both contributions from the metal core and the ligand shell around it. These optically active nanoclusters hold promise in future applications such as chiral sensing and catalysis.
Concise Review: Harmonies Played by MicroRNAs in Cell Fate Reprogramming
Authors: Moradi Sharif , Asgari Sassan , Baharvand Hossein
Published: October 2013

It is now well-established that somatic cells can be reprogrammed to alternative cell fates by ectopic coexpression of defined factors. Reprogramming technology has uncovered a huge plasticity besides gene regulatory networks (GRNs) of differentiated cell states. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are an integral part of GRNs, have recently emerged as a powerful reprogramming toolbox. They regulate numerous genes, thereby modulating virtually all cellular processes, including somatic cell reprogramming. Not only can miRNAs provide novel opportunities for interrogating mechanisms of induced pluripotency and direct lineage reprogramming but they also offer hope for the efficient creation of safe cell sources for regenerative medicine. In reviewing landmark roles of miRNAs in cell reprogramming, we offer suggestions for evolution of the reprogramming field. Stem Cells  2014;32:3–15
WKYMVm-Induced Activation of Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 Stimulates Ischemic Neovasculogenesis by Promoting Homing of Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells
Authors: Heo Soon Chul , Kwon Yang Woo , Jang Il Ho , Jeong Geun Ok , Yoon Jung Won , Kim Chi Dae , Kwon Sang Mo , Bae Yoe-Sik , Kim Jae Ho
Published: October 2013

Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) are recruited to the sites of ischemic injury in order to contribute to neovascularization and repair of injured tissues. However, therapeutic potential of ECFCs is limited due to low homing and engraftment efficiency of transplanted ECFCs. The G-protein-coupled formyl peptide receptor (FPR) 2 has been implicated in regulation of inflammation and angiogenesis, while the role of FPR2 in homing and engraftment of ECFCs and neovascularization in ischemic tissues has not been fully defined. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of WKYMVm, a selective FPR2 agonist isolated by screening synthetic peptide libraries, on homing ability of ECFCs and vascular regeneration of ischemic tissues. WKYMVm stimulated chemotactic migration, angiogenesis, and proliferation ability of human ECFCs in vitro. Small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of FPR2, but not FPR3, abrogated WKYMVm-induced migration and angiogenesis of ECFCs. Intramuscular injection of WKYMVm resulted in attenuation of severe hind limb ischemia and promoted neovascularization in ischemic limb. ECFCs transplanted via tail vein into nude mice were incorporated into capillary vessels in the ischemic hind limb, resulting in augmented neovascularization and improved ischemic limb salvage. Intramuscular injection of WKYMVm promoted homing of exogenously administered ECFCs to the ischemic limb and ECFC-mediated vascular regeneration. Silencing of FPR2 expression in ECFCs resulted in abrogation of WKYMVm-induced in vivo homing of exogenously transplanted ECFCs to the ischemic limb, neovascularization, and ischemic limb salvage. These results suggest that WKYMVm promotes repair of ischemic tissues by stimulating homing of ECFCs and neovascularization via a FPR2-dependent mechanism. Stem Cells  2014;32:779–790
New Hexanuclear Niobium Cluster Compounds with Pyridine and N‐Methylpyrrolidone Ligands: [Nb6Cl12(Pyr)6][AlCl4]2 and [Nb6Cl12(NMP)6][GaCl4]2
Authors: Flemming Anke , König Jonas , Köckerling Martin
Published: October 2013

The study is focused on the preparation, characterization, and structure elucidation of two new molecular cluster complexes of niobium, one with an aromatic N donor ligand, the other one with an O‐carboxamide ligand: [Nb6Cl12(Pyr)6][AlCl4]2 (1) (Pyr = pyridine) and [Nb6Cl12(NMP)6][GaCl4]2 (2) (NMP = N‐methyl‐pyrrolidone). The synthesis of such substituted niobium cluster compounds, starting from easily accessible A4I[Nb6Cl18] (AI = alkali metal cation) materials is best done using a two‐step protocol. First the solid state precursor is heated together with acetonitrile and in the second step the ligand exchange is performed. The molecular structures of 1 and 2 in the solid state were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The infrared spectrum of 1 was recorded as well.
Doubly-fluctuating BPS solutions in six dimensions
Authors: Niehoff Benjamin E. , Warner Nicholas P.
Published: October 2013

Abstract

We analyze the BPS solutions of minimal supergravity coupled to an anti-self-dual tensor multiplet in six dimensions and find solutions that fluctuate non-trivially as a function of two variables. We consider families of solutions coming from KKM monopoles fibered over Gibbons-Hawking metrics or, equivalently, non-trivial T
2 fibrations over an
$ {{\mathbb{R}}^3} $
base. We find smooth microstate geometries that depend upon many functions of one variable, but each such function depends upon a different direction inside the T
2 so that the complete solution depends non-trivially upon the whole T
2. We comment on the implications of our results for the construction of a general superstratum.
Patient Blood Management: Use of Topical Hemostatic and Sealant Agents
Authors: Ozawa Sherri
Published: October 2013

Patient blood management is the scientific use of safe, effective medical and surgical techniques designed to conserve blood, prevent anemia, decrease bleeding, and optimize coagulation in an effort to improve patient outcomes. Perioperative and primary care nurses play a vital role in promoting and making the best use of patient blood management and can play a key role in implementing effective strategies that decrease or eliminate patient exposure to allogeneic blood. The fast and effective minimization of intraoperative bleeding is integral in an effective blood management program. Topical hemostatic and sealant agents can be used to improve blood conservation, reduce overall procedure time, and contribute to faster patient recovery based on specific clinical situations. The proper selection of hemostatic agents can greatly influence the patient's clinical outcomes.
Safety Planning for Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Hemingway Maureen , Kilfoyle Marguerite
Published: October 2013

An intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suite (ie, a type of hybrid OR) is a high‐risk zone that requires well‐defined safety procedures to avoid adverse events related to magnetic forces. At one facility, the opening of an MRI suite necessitated the creation of a safety plan to establish guidelines, procedures, education, and nursing care specific to the use of MRI technology in the operative environment. Formation of a steering committee enabled a multidisciplinary approach to planning and implementation. The addition of two new perioperative nursing roles (ie, MRI control room monitor, MRI safety nurse) addressed staffing challenges related to strictly enforcing MRI safety procedures and delineating duties different from those of the RN circulator. Benefits of a safe approach to an MRI‐integrated operative setting included the elimination of an entire surgical experience for patients who underwent additional resection of the tumor during their initial surgical procedure instead of postoperatively or during a subsequent return to the OR.
Standardization of rehabilitation after limb salvage surgery for sarcomas improves patients' outcome
Authors: Shehadeh Ahmad , Dahleh Mostafa El , Salem Ahmed , Sarhan Yousef , Sultan Iyad , Henshaw Robert M , Aboulafia Albert J
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

The purpose of this study is to establish a standardized postoperative rehabilitation protocol following limb salvage surgery (LSS) in patients with primary bone sarcoma in five major anatomical locations: distal femur, proximal tibia, proximal and total femur, humerus and shoulder girdle and pelvic resections.

SETTING AND DESIGN:

Retrospective study.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

All LSSs were performed by an orthopedic oncology surgeon, and rehabilitation of all patients was based on a devised standardized rehabilitation protocol. Patient outcomes were measured using the modified Musculoskeletal Tumor Society–International Symposium on the Limb Salvage (MSTS–ISOLS) scoring system.

RESULTS:

A total of 59 patients received LSS in the above mentioned locations; endoprostheses were used in 49, bone allograft in five, while no replacements were made in five patients. At a mean follow-up of 24 months, the mean modified MSTS–ISOLS score for all patients was 87% (95% CI; 0.85–0.89). The highest scores were encountered for patients with distal femur replacement: 93% (95% CI; 0.91–0.95). Seven patients had interruption of more than six weeks in their rehabilitation and had a mean score of 71% (95% CI; 0.64–0.82).

CONCLUSION:

The proposed rehabilitation protocol is a comprehensive, organized and applicable guideline to be used after performing LSS at the above mentioned anatomical locations. The use of standardized rehabilitation protocol resulted in improved patient functional outcome.
Mesenchymal stem cells promote leukaemic cells aberrant phenotype from B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Rodríguez-Pardo Viviana M , Aristizabal José A , Jaimes Diana , Quijano Sandra M , Reyes Iliana de los , Herrera María Victoria , Solano Julio , Vernot Jean Paul
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

The role of bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) in leukae-mic cell control is controversial. The purpose of this work was to evaluate BM-MSC role regarding the viability, proliferation and immunophenotype of normal B-cell precursors from control (Ct) patients and leukaemic cells from B-acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

BM-MSC were isolated and characterised from voluntary donors. Mononuclear cells isolated from Ct and B-ALL bone marrow samples were cultured in the presence or absence of BM-MSC for 7 days. Cell viability was determined with LIVE/DEAD and proliferation index evaluated by CFSE labelling. Cell population immunophenotypes were characterised by estimating CD19, CD10, CD20 and CD45 antigens by flow cytometry.

RESULTS:

After co-culture, B-ALL cells exhibited higher viability (20–40%) as compared to just cells (3–10%). Ct and B-ALL absolute cell counts were higher in the presence of BM-MSC (Ct: 25/mm3
cf8/mm3, B-ALL: 15/ mm3
cf3/mm3). Normal B-cell subpopulations in co-culture had increased expression of CD19 and CD10 (Pre-pre B) and CD45 and CD20 antigens (Pre-B). B-ALL cells co-cultured with BM-MSC showed an increase in CD19 and CD20, although the greatest increase was observed in the CD10 antigen.

CONCLUSIONS:

Lymphoid cell maintenance, at early stages of differentiation, was significantly promoted by BM-MSC in normal and leukaemic cells. Co-cultures also modulated the expression of antigens associated with the B-ALL asynchronous phenotype as CD10 co-expressed with CD19 and CD20. To our knowledge, this is the first time that CD10, CD19 and CD20 leukaemic antigens have been reported as being regulated by BM-MSC.
Evolution of the density self-correlation in developing Richtmyer–Meshkov turbulence
Authors: Tomkins C. D. , Balakumar B. J. , Orlicz G. , Prestridge K. P. , Ristorcelli J. R.
Published: October 2013

Turbulent mixing in a Richtmyer–Meshkov unstable light–heavy–light (air–${\mathrm{SF} }_{6} $–air) fluid layer subjected to a shock (Mach 1.20) and a reshock (Mach 1.14) is investigated using ensemble statistics obtained from simultaneous velocity–density measurements. The mixing is driven by an unstable array of initially symmetric vortices that induce rapid material mixing and create smaller-scale vortices. After reshock the flow appears to transition to a turbulent (likely three-dimensional) state, at which time our planar measurements are used to probe the developing flow field. The density self-correlation$b= - \langle \rho v\rangle $(where$\rho $and$v$are the fluctuating density and specific volume, respectively) and terms in its evolution equation are directly measured experimentally for the first time. Amongst other things, it is found that production terms in the$b$equation are balanced by the dissipation terms, suggesting a form of equilibrium in$b$. Simultaneous velocity measurements are used to probe the state of the incipient turbulence. A length-scale analysis suggests that an inertial range is beginning to form, consistent with the onset of a mixing transition. The developing turbulence is observed to reduce non-Boussinesq effects in the flow, which are found to be small over much of the layer after reshock. Second-order two-point structure functions of the density field exhibit a power-law behaviour with a steeper exponent than the standard$2/ 3$power found in canonical turbulence. The absence of a significant$2/ 3$region is observed to be consistent with the state of the flow, and the emergence of the steeper power-law region is discussed.
Electrified coating flows on vertical fibres: enhancement or suppression of interfacial dynamics
Authors: Wray A. W. , Papageorgiou D. T. , Matar O. K.
Published: October 2013

We investigate the evolution and stability of a wetting viscous fluid layer flowing down the surface of a cylinder, and surrounded by a conductive gas. The inner cylinder is an electrode kept at constant voltage, and a second, concentric electrode encloses the system whose potential is allowed to vary spatially. This induces electrostatic forces at the interface in competition with surface tension and viscous stresses. Asymptotic methods are used to derive a long-wave axisymmetric model governing the interfacial position and charge density. The resulting system of equations is investigated both analytically and numerically to determine its stability characteristics in the linear and nonlinear regimes.
Wall effects on self-diffusiophoretic Janus particles: a theoretical study
Authors: Crowdy Darren G.
Published: October 2013

We present a theoretical investigation of the self-diffusiophoresis of a class of two-faced, two-dimensional Janus particles propelled by the production of gradients in the concentration of a solute diffusing into a surrounding fluid at zero Reynolds and Péclet numbers. Those concentration gradients produce a tangential boundary slip resulting in translation and rotation of the particle, as a consequence of the fact that it is free of both force and torque. The model Janus particles studied here have piecewise constant surface mobilities and surface activities over two faces. An isolated circular Janus particle is studied first and its speed of locomotion in free space is found analytically. Confinement effects are then investigated by placing such a Janus particle near a straight no-slip wall. The governing nonlinear dynamical system is found in explicit form. It is used to study how the geometry, location and orientation of the particle relative to the wall affect its motion. It is found that if the particles do not hit the wall in finite time they are eventually repelled away from it.
Parasites as biological tags of fish stocks: a meta-analysis of their discriminatory power
Authors: POULIN ROBERT , KAMIYA TSUKUSHI
Published: October 2013

The use of parasites as biological tags to discriminate among marine fish stocks has become a widely accepted method in fisheries management. Here, we first link this approach to its unstated ecological foundation, the decay in the similarity of the species composition of assemblages as a function of increasing distance between them, a phenomenon almost universal in nature. We explain how distance decay of similarity can influence the use of parasites as biological tags. Then, we perform a meta-analysis of 61 uses of parasites as tags of marine fish populations in multivariate discriminant analyses, obtained from 29 articles. Our main finding is that across all studies, the observed overall probability of correct classification of fish based on parasite data was about 71%. This corresponds to a two-fold improvement over the rate of correct classification expected by chance alone, and the average effect size (Zr = 0·463) computed from the original values was also indicative of a medium-to-large effect. However, none of the moderator variables included in the meta-analysis had a significant effect on the proportion of correct classification; these moderators included the total number of fish sampled, the number of parasite species used in the discriminant analysis, the number of localities from which fish were sampled, the minimum and maximum distance between any pair of sampling localities, etc. Therefore, there are no clear-cut situations in which the use of parasites as tags is more useful than others. Finally, we provide recommendations for the future usage of parasites as tags for stock discrimination, to ensure that future applications of the method achieve statistical rigour and a high discriminatory power.
“A Fine Mixture of Pity and Justice:” The Criminal Justice Response to Infanticide in Ireland, 1922–1949
Authors: Brennan Karen M.
Published: October 2013

MH, a domestic cook who was 26 years of age, was charged with murdering her newborn infant in September 1931. MH had been “seeing a boy” who, she stated, “took advantage” of her on one occasion, procuring her consent to sexual intercourse by a promise of marriage. She claimed that she only realized she was pregnant during the later months of her pregnancy, but did not inform the father of her child. Her employer, suspecting that MH was pregnant, enquired on several occasions whether she could do anything to help, but MH did not admit her “condition.” Although her employer was aware that MH had no family or home to go to, she gave MH notice to quit her job. A couple of weeks later, MH gave birth in her bedroom at her employer's home; she did not call out for assistance or disturb the girl with whom she shared the bedroom. MH admitted in her statement that the baby cried after birth and that she “tied a white dress belt … around its neck to kill it,” adding: “I tied it [the belt] tight. I killed the child and I know I killed it.” Afterwards, MH put the body in a suitcase, cleaned up the bloodstains, and returned to work. The suspicions of her employer eventually lead to the discovery of the dead infant. The postmortem examination showed that the infant had been born alive, but had received no attention at birth; death was the result of strangulation. MH was acquitted of murder at the Central Criminal Court.
The French Revolution, the Union of Avignon, and the Challenges of National Self-Determination
Authors: Kolla Edward James
Published: October 2013

National self-determination was one of the most important and controversial concepts in twentieth century international relations and law. The principle has had a remarkable history, from Woodrow Wilson's assertion that the peoples of Eastern Europe ought to form their own national states in place of ruined multiethnic and multilinguistic empires after the First World War; to decolonization after the Second World War, when populations worldwide invoked a right to throw off the yoke of imperialism; to the breakup of and war in the former Yugoslavia at century's end in precisely the same area in which a nation's self-determination was first intended to be a panacea for the region's diverse peoples. And yet, national self-determination, if not always called that, has a much longer lineage. Some note its earliest appearance in 1581, when the Dutch claimed independence from Hapsburg Spain. However, it was not until the French Revolution when, as Alfred Cobban remarks, “the nation state ceased to be a simple historical fact and became the subject of a theory,” that a people's right to determine its destiny in international as in domestic affairs was first articulated and applied. The clearest instance of this articulation and application during the Revolution was the union of Avignon and France.
Antimicrobial resistance in commensalEscherichia coliin veal calves is associated with antimicrobial drug use
Authors: BOSMAN A. B. , WAGENAAR J. A. , STEGEMAN J. A. , VERNOOIJ J. C. M. , MEVIUS D. J.
Published: October 2013

The aim of this study was to determine the association between farm management factors, including antimicrobial drug usage, and resistance in commensalEscherichia coliisolates from the faeces of white veal calves. NinetyE. coliisolates from one pooled sample per farm (n = 48) were tested for their phenotypical resistance against amoxicillin, tetracycline, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). Logistic regression analysis revealed the following risk factors (P < 0·05); farmer wearing the same work clothes for several days [ciprofloxacin, odds ratio (OR) 2·6; tetracycline, OR 2·4], administration of trimethoprim-sulfonamide combinations (TMP/SMX, OR 3·0; amoxicillin, OR 3·1; tetracycline, OR 2·6), ⩾0·3 animal daily dosage per production cycle (ADD/pc), quinolones (ciprofloxacin, OR 2·8), ⩾1·3 ADD/pc, penicillins (ciprofloxacin, OR 3·3; tetracycline, OR 3·4), 20–40 ADD/pc, tetracyclines (tetracycline, OR 3·2) and >40 ADD/pc, tetracyclines (tetracycline, OR 13·1; amoxicillin, OR 6·5). In this study antimicrobial resistance in commensalE. coliwas mainly associated with antimicrobial drug use.
The Materiality of Rock Art and Quartz: a Case Study from Mpumalanga Province, South Africa
Authors: Hampson Jamie
Published: October 2013

A San rock-art site in northeastern South Africa includes several intriguing features, including rubbed patches of pigment and a red line painted on top of a quartz vein. This article interrogates the relationships between hunter-gatherer beliefs, materiality and rock paintings, and suggests that San painters and viewers engaged with the unique Mpumalangan site for specific ritualistic purposes.
Revising Egypto-Nubian Relations in New Kingdom Lower Nubia: From Egyptianization to Cultural Entanglement
Authors: van Pelt W. Paul
Published: October 2013

Building on recent criticisms of Romanization, this contribution formulates a systematic critique of the concept of Egyptianization and suggests a different theoretical approach to cultural process in New Kingdom Nubia that benefits from the insights of ‘cultural entanglement’. This approach emphasizes multidirectional and interactive perspectives that allow for a variety of acculturative outcomes rather than one-sided assimilation. A useful epistemological framework for its application in archaeology is illustrated through two case studies, focusing respectively on representations of Egyptianized Nubians in Egyptian art and Lower Nubian burial customs. The outcomes of the case studies argue for a provocative re-reading of cultural process in New Kingdom Lower Nubia, and may help to clarify the general picture of Nubian history by explaining why and how Nubian traits re-appeared in the Napatan-Meroitic Kingdom of Kush. Finally, the article considers some broader methodological and theoretical issues relating to cultural mixture in the archaeological record.
The Emperor's New Body: Personhood, Ontology and the Inka Sovereign
Authors: Wilkinson Darryl
Published: October 2013

This article engages with current debates in archaeology with respect to matters of ontological difference — particularly in terms of bodies, personhood and the much-contested category of the individual. Drawing on early Spanish historical accounts of the material and bodily practices through which the Inka sovereign was constituted, I argue that although he was certainly not a Cartesian individual, neither was he a kind of fractal or partible person. Contrary to the growing tendency to see non-Western modes of personhood as highly ‘relational’, the Inka emperor was in my view a bounded and tightly delineated entity, albeit one not contiguous with a biological body. In archaeological theory, a growing divide appears to be emerging between relational and individual species of personhood — with the former often ascribed to non-modern societies, and the latter frequently associated with the modern West. I present a critique of this trend and argue for the need to break beyond such binaries — interpreting the Inka emperor as a form of individual that stood outside a nature/society divide and thus still very much incommensurable with Western ontologies of the person.
Semi-Strong Colouring of Intersecting Hypergraphs
Authors: BLAIS ERIC , WEINSTEIN AMIT , YOSHIDA YUICHI
Published: October 2013

For any c ≥ 2, a c-strong colouring of the hypergraph G is an assignment of colours to the vertices of G such that, for every edge e of G, the vertices of e are coloured by at least min{c,|e|} distinct colours. The hypergraph G is t-intersecting if every two edges of G have at least t vertices in common.

A natural variant of a question of Erdős and Lovász is: For fixed c ≥ 2 and t ≥ 1, what is the minimum number of colours that is sufficient to c-strong colour any t-intersecting hypergraphs? The purpose of this note is to describe some open problems related to this question.
Patent ductus arteriosus: an analysis of management
Authors: Wardle Andrew J , Osman Ahmed , Tulloh Robert , Luyt Karen
Published: October 2013

To compare differences in the management of the neonatal patent ductus arteriosus between neonatologists and paediatric cardiologists, physicians throughout the South-West were contacted. In treatment-refractory cases, neonatologists considered ligation less frequently than paediatric cardiologists (0% versus 40%; p<0.05) and held haemodynamic effects more important for ligation decisions [median: 5 (range 2–5) versus median: 4 (range 2–5); p<0.05]. Furthermore, 81% felt the current guidelines were insufficient.
Stereological Estimation of Orientation Distribution of Generalized Cylinders from a Unique 2D Slice
Authors: Da Costa Jean-Pierre , Oprean Stefan , Baylou Pierre , Germain Christian
Published: October 2013

Though three-dimensional (3D) imaging gives deep insight into the inner structure of complex materials, the stereological analysis of 2D snapshots of material sections is still necessary for large-scale industrial applications for reasons related to time and cost constraints. In this paper, we propose an original framework to estimate the orientation distribution of generalized cylindrical structures from a single 2D section. Contrary to existing approaches, knowledge of the cylinder cross-section shape is not necessary. The only requirement is to know the area distribution of the cross-sections. The approach relies on minimization of a least squares criterion under linear equality and inequality constraints that can be solved with standard optimization solvers. It is evaluated on synthetic data, including simulated images, and is applied to experimental microscopy images of fibrous composite structures. The results show the relevance and capabilities of the approach though some limitations have been identified regarding sensitivity to deviations from the assumed model.
Head and neck cancer patients want us to support them psychologically in the posttreatment period: Survey results
Authors: Henry Melissa , Habib Laura-Anne , Morrison Matthew , Yang Ji Wei , Li Xuejiao Joanna , Lin Shiru , Zeitouni Anthony , Payne Richard , MacDonald Christina , Mlynarek Alexander , Kost Karen , Black Martin , Hier Michael
Published: October 2013

Objectives:

No study systematically has investigated the supportive care needs of general head and neck cancer patients using validated measures. These needs include physical and daily living needs, health system and information needs, patient care and support needs, psychological needs, and sexuality needs. Identifying the unmet needs of head and neck cancer patients is a necessary first step to improving the care we provide to patients seen in our head and neck oncology clinics. It is recommended as the first step in intervention development in the Pan-Canadian Clinical Practice Guideline of the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer (see Howell, 2009). This study aimed to identify: (1) met and unmet supportive care needs of head and neck cancer patients, and (2) variability in needs according to demographics, disease variables, level of distress, and quality-of-life domains.

Methods:

Participants were recruited from the otolaryngology–head and neck surgery clinics of two university teaching hospitals. Self-administered questionnaires included sociodemographic and medical questions, as well as validated measures such as the Supportive Care Needs Survey–Short Form (SCNS-SF34), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–General (FACT-G) and Head and Neck Module (FACT-H&N) (quality of life measures).

Results:

One hundred and twenty-seven patients participated in the survey. 68% of them experienced unmet needs, and 25% revealed a clinically significant distress level on the HADS. The highest unmet needs were psychological (7 of top 10 needs). A multiple linear regression indicated a higher level of overall unmet needs when patients were divorced, had a high level of anxiety (HADS subscale), were in poor physical condition, or had a diminished emotional quality of life (FACT-G subscales).

Significance of results:

The results of this study highlight the overwhelming presence of unmet psychological needs in head and neck cancer patients and underline the importance of implementing interventions to address these areas perceived by patients as important. In line with hospital resource allocation and cost-effectiveness, one may also contemplate screening patients for high levels of anxiety, as well as target patients who are divorced and present low levels of physical well-being, as these patients may have more overall needs to be met.
THE DISAPPEARING LESION: SIGMUND FREUD, SENSORY-MOTOR PHYSIOLOGY, AND THE BEGINNINGS OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
Authors: GUENTHER KATJA
Published: October 2013

Freud's criticism of the localization project as carried out by Theodor Meynert and Carl Wernicke has usually been seen as marking his break with contemporaneous brain science. In this article, however, I show that Freud criticized localization not by turning his back on brain science, but rather by radicalizing some of its principles. In particular, he argued that the physiological pretensions of the localization project remained at odds with its uncritical importation of psychological categories. Further, by avoiding a confusion of categories and adopting a parallelist reading, Freud was able to develop a fully “physiologized” account of nervous processes. This opened up the possibility for forms of mental pathology that were not reliant on the anatomical lesion. Instead, Freud suggested that lived experience might be able to create a pathological organization within the nervous system. This critique—a passage through, rather than a turn away from, brain science—opened the possibility for Freud's theory of the unconscious and his developing psychoanalysis. On a methodological level, this article aims to show how the intellectual history of modern Europe can gain from taking seriously the impact of the brain sciences, and by applying to scientific texts the methods and reading practices traditionally reserved for philosophical or literary works.
USES AND MISUSES OF A CHINESE RENAISSANCE
Authors: GAMSA MARK
Published: October 2013

To adopt the least contentious of several definitions, the currents of thought and motifs in the arts that we associate with the Renaissance had their beginnings in fourteenth-century Florence. By the end of the fifteenth century they had spread out to other Italian cities while, during the sixteenth century, the Renaissance became a cross-European phenomenon. But was there also a “Renaissance beyond Europe”?
A WELL-TEMPERED LIBERALISM: MODERN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY AND POLITICAL THEORY
Authors: KLOPPENBERG JAMES T.
Published: October 2013

Intellectual history and the history of political thought are siblings, perhaps even twins. They have similar origins and use similar materials. They attract many of the same friends and make some of the same enemies. Yet like most siblings, they have different temperaments and ambitions. This essay explores the family resemblances and draws out the contrasts by examining two major works by one of the most prominent political theorists of the past half-century, Alan Ryan, who has recently published two big books that intellectual historians will find rewarding and provocative.