bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hackerspace Network: Prefiguring Technopolitical Futures?
Authors: R. Murillo Luis Felipe
Published: November 2019

Under the practical symbol of “hacking,” computer expertise has been translated into renewed forms of political action in the past two decades. In this article, I examine this phenomenon through the study of self‐organized collectives for technoscientific experts who identify as “hackers.” Based on multisited field research in global cities of the Pacific Rim, I describe the formation of a network of community spaces called “hackerspaces” with a focus on their exchange practices and transnational ties. The alternative globalization of hacking through these convivial spaces for socialization and self‐training has created new political locations and horizons, shifting the moral valence of hacking toward more open and collaborative practices. The hackerspace network is one of the key sites for the observation of this transformation for prefiguring new technical and political practices, hence its relevance for anthropological studies of technology and politics in the contemporary moment. [computing, expertise, hacking, technopolitics, hackerspaces]
An update on clinical and surgical interventions to reduce sperm DNA fragmentation in infertile men
Authors: Esteves Sandro C. , Santi Daniele , Simoni Manuela
Published: November 2019

Background

Sperm chromatin integrity is essential for normal embryo development and pregnancy outcome. Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) testing constitutes a diagnostic tool to measure the proportion of spermatozoa with damaged chromatin in the ejaculate. SDF is associated with potentially treatable conditions, including varicocele, male accessory gland infections, inadequate lifestyle, and gonadotoxin exposure, thus prompting their treatment as a means of improving sperm DNA quality and the reproductive outcomes.

Objective

To provide an up‐to‐date review of the role of clinical and surgical interventions on SDF values in subfertile men.

Materials and methods

An extensive search of studies examining the relationship between male infertility conditions associated with SDF was performed using PubMed and MEDLINE, with a focus on interventional therapy. The start date for the search was not defined, whereas the end date was March 2019. Randomized and non‐randomized controlled trials, observational studies, systematic and narrative reviews, and case series were evaluated.

Results

Treating the underlying male infertility factor seems a promising way to alleviate SDF and to increase the likelihood of achieving natural and assisted conception, but data remain limited. The best evidence relates to varicocele repair and hormonal therapy with the follicle‐stimulating hormone. Antioxidant therapy and lifestyle changes might alleviate oxidative sperm markers and decrease SDF but their effects on pregnancy outcomes are still unclear. Among men with high SDF undergoing assisted reproductive technology, the use of testicular spermatozoa in preference over ejaculated spermatozoa for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has been shown to improve pregnancy rates possibly owing to the better sperm chromatin quality in testicular spermatozoa than in ejaculated spermatozoa.

Conclusion

Current evidence supports interventional therapy as a means to alleviate sperm DNA damage. Identification of the conditions associated with SDF remains important to enable treatment to potentially improve pregnancy outcomes but given the limited data further research is needed to determine the exact role of specific interventional therapy for subfertile men with impaired sperm chromatin.
Three‐dimensional printed dry lab training models to simulate robotic‐assisted pancreaticojejunostomy
Authors: Wei Fangqiang , Xu Mingen , Lai Xuecong , Zhang Jiye , Yiengpruksawan Anusak , Lu Yi , Liu Junwei , Wang Zhifei
Published: November 2019

Background

This pioneering study is aimed to design training models for robotic pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ) and to assess their usefulness using quality improvement exercise in the dry lab.

Methods

Three dry lab models were developed including the anastomosis model of a transected silicon pancreatic stent (model 1), a rough model (model 2) simulating PJ, and an advanced three‐dimensional printed model (model 3) more vividly simulating PJ. Three surgeons (A, B, C) with same specialty and levels of expertise in surgery were enrolled in the training which was divided into three rounds of tasks. In the first round, all three surgeons (A, B, C) participated in the training on basic technical tasks before moved on to the next rounds. While surgeons A, B participated in the second round on model 1, only surgeon A worked on model 2 in the third round. Their proficiency of performance was evaluated on model 3.

Results

The results of the first and second rounds between surgeons are similar. Surgeon A practiced with model 2 for 6 h, completing 10 cases. In model 3, the times of attempts before achieving a consecutively three times of satisfactory anastomosis procedures were compared, for surgeon A, six cases, 20 for B and 25 for C.

Conclusions

The specifically designed series of dry lab training models may be a potential training tool for advancing the robotic PJ through quality improvement exercise in dry lab. Further larger and well‐designed studies are warranted to validate this issue.
Pumping new life into old ideas: Preservation and rehabilitation of the liver using ex situ machine perfusion
Authors: Raigani Siavash , De Vries Reinier J. , Uygun Korkut , Yeh Heidi
Published: November 2019

Recent advances in machine perfusion technology have reinvigorated the field of liver transplantation with the possibilities of vastly improving the efficiency and safety of the life‐saving procedure. With this improved preservation technology, transplant surgeons are now able to use previously untransplantable donor livers without significantly compromising patient outcomes. Early clinical studies demonstrate the ability to extend preservation times and assess a graft’s potential viability using normothermic machine perfusion, in addition to restoring the energy supply in donor livers by supporting metabolism through circulation of vital nutrients and blood‐based oxygen carriers. Future endeavors for surgeons and scientists should focus on improving criteria to assess viability, optimizing protocols for perfusion research, investigating mechanisms of poor graft viability, and targeting these mechanisms with novel therapies to improve graft function prior to transplantation. Long‐term goals include extending preservation times on the scale of days to weeks, enabling long‐distance organ sharing, and establishing regional organ perfusion centers to streamline the procurement, perfusion, and transplantation process.
Contested notions of disaster justice during the 2011 Bangkok floods: Unequal risk, unrest and claims to the city
Authors: Marks Danny , Connell John , Ferrara Federico
Published: November 2019

The 2011 Bangkok floods, a slow onset event, flooded significant parts of the city. The state's response to flooding followed a traditional cultural and hierarchical approach to justice within Thailand, stemming from Buddhist values, an informal caste system and monarchical order. This resulted in a spatially uneven outcome, with the ‘preservation’ of the central city and two‐month‐long floods in outer suburbs, exacerbated by inadequate management and coordination. Suburban communities sought a more egalitarian notion of disaster justice, with hazard burdens shared more equitably and people having adequate access to decision‐making over the distribution of disaster risk and compensation for damage. Extensive damage, and reduced livelihoods, caused friction between the two views, and protests, contestations and conflicts during the floods, in four different community contexts in northern Bangkok. By generating alternative discourses, challenging the hierarchical notion of justice and taking direct action to removing floodwalls, protesters sought to reshape the spatiality of the floodwater and claim inclusive citizenship and their right to the city. Existing perceptions of disaster justice, usually focused on liberal state responses to understanding disasters as natural episodes, are alone inadequate to explain the outcomes of and responses to disasters in different cultural contexts.
Clinical efficacy of bowel perfusion assessment during laparoscopic colorectal resection using laser speckle contrast imaging: A matched case–control study
Authors: Kojima Shigehiro , Sakamoto Tsuguo , Matsui Yutaka , Nambu Kyojiro , Masamune Ken
Published: November 2019

Introduction

Disadvantages of bowel perfusion assessment with indocyanine green fluorescence angiography include the need for a fluorophore and the subjective nature of the assessment. This study was performed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of bowel perfusion assessment using laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) during laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

Methods

The study population comprised the first 27 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic left‐sided colorectal resection with intraoperative perfusion assessment using LSCI. The operative outcomes of these patients were compared with those of a matched group of patients without perfusion assessment. We analyzed the flux data expressed in laser speckle perfusion units.

Results

After propensity score matching, we found no significant between‐group differences in the patients' characteristics with the exception of the cancer stage. No patients undergoing LSCI perfusion assessment developed anastomotic leakage, but five (18.5%) patients in the control group did, at a significantly higher rate in male patients (P = .042). There were no significant differences in other operative outcomes. The laser speckle perfusion unit values after ligating marginal vessels were significantly lower than before ligation (P < .01).

Conclusions

With respect to anastomotic leakage, LSCI may improve patient outcomes after colorectal surgery. This technique appears to be a superior tool with the advantages of measurement repeatability and quantitativity and no need for a fluorophore.
Hospital bans on trial of labor after cesarean and antepartum transfer of care
Authors: Rosenstein Melissa G. , Norrell Laura , Altshuler Anna , Grobman William A. , Kaimal Anjali J. , Kuppermann Miriam
Published: November 2019

Background

Hospital policies restricting access to trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) are prevalent. Many women with a previous cesarean birth are affected by these bans, but there are limited data on the effect of these bans and whether women would consider changing delivery hospitals in the setting of a real or hypothetical TOLAC ban.

Methods

This was a survey of TOLAC‐eligible women receiving prenatal care at four hospitals where TOLAC is available, and 1 non‐TOLAC site. Participants were asked about their likelihood of switching hospitals to pursue TOLAC if it were unavailable. Women at the non‐TOLAC site had their medical records reviewed to ascertain final location and approach to delivery.

Results

A total of 297 women were interviewed, 48 from the non‐TOLAC site. 162 (54%) participants indicated they would transfer care if TOLAC were unavailable. Among women at the non‐TOLAC site, 57% who indicated an intention to switch hospitals did so. In a multivariable logistic regression model, variables associated with transferring care included race/ethnicity other than Latina (aOR 25.20 [95% CI 2.23‐284.26]), being unaware of the TOLAC ban (19.81 [1.99‐196.64]), and perceiving that a close friend/relative thought they should undergo TOLAC (17.31 [1.70‐176.06]).

Conclusions

More than half of women with prior cesarean would consider transferring care if TOLAC became unavailable, and more than 1 of 3 of women at a non‐TOLAC site transferred care. More research is needed on the impact of TOLAC bans and how to facilitate transfer for those who desire TOLAC.
Intestinal pathophysiological and microbial changes in sickle cell disease: Potential targets for therapeutic intervention
Authors: Dutta Dibyendu , Aujla Amandeep , Knoll Bettina M. , Lim Seah H.
Published: November 2019

There is a large therapeutic gap in the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD). Recent studies demonstrated the presence of pathophysiological and microbial changes in the intestine of patients with SCD. The intestinal microbes have also been found to regulate neutrophil ageing and possible basal activation of circulating neutrophils. Both aged and activated neutrophils are pivotal for the pathogenesis of vaso‐occlusive crisis in SCD. In this paper, we will provide an overview of the intestinal pathophysiological and microbial changes in SCD. Based on these changes, we will propose therapeutic approaches that could be investigated for treating SCD.
The social identity approach: Appraising the Tajfellian legacy
Authors: Brown Rupert
Published: November 2019

Since its original formulation, Tajfel’s Social Identity Theory (SIT) has broadened considerably from its original focus on intergroup relations and is now applied to a wide range of phenomena. Indeed, the ‘social identity approach’ has become one of the most widely used perspectives in contemporary social psychology. In this article, I examine the popularity of Tajfel’s writings on social identity and intergroup relations, especially over the last thirty years when they started to become more generally used. I offer a critical appraisal of the original SIT, both as a theory of intergroup relations and as a theory of identity, concluding that its real value lies in its success in offering an over‐arching perspective on the importance of groups in social life and its ability to stimulate new areas of research. I then widen the discussion to consider how the social identity perspective has been used in a number of other fields of enquiry.
Capn4 is induced by and required for Epstein‐Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 promotion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis through ERK/AP‐1 signaling
Authors: Zheng Peichan , Chen Xiong , Xie Jianqin , Chen Xi , Lin Shanshan , Ye Lixiang , Chen Lingfan , Lin Jing , Yu Xiangbin , Zheng Ming
Published: November 2019

Capn4, also known as CapnS1, is a member of the calpain family, which plays a crucial role in maintaining the activity and function of calpain. We previously reported that Capn4 also plays an essential role in the migration of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells through regulation of (MMP‐2) by nuclear factor‐kappa B activation. Epstein‐Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is closely related to the malignant functions of NPC; however, the relationship between LMP1 and Capn4 in NPC remain unclear. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the level of LMP1 and Capn4 expression was high in both primary and metastatic NPC tissues, with a significantly positive correlation. We further found that LMP1 was able to upregulate the Capn4 promoter in a dose‐dependent way through the C‐terminal activation region (CTAR)1 and CTAR2 domains to activate AP‐1. Moreover, we also found that LMP1 activated AP‐1 through ERK/JNK phosphorylation. These findings indicate that Capn4 coordination with LMP1 promotes actin rearrangement and, ultimately, cellular migration. These results show that Capn4 coordination with LMP1 enhances NPC migration by increasing actin rearrangement involving ERK/JNK/AP‐1 signaling. Therapeutically, additional and more specific LMP1 and Capn4 targeted inhibitors could be exploited to treat NPC.
Families on hold: How the context of an asylum centre affects parenting experiences
Authors: Lietaert Ine , Verhaeghe Floor , Derluyn Ilse
Published: November 2019

Migration, especially under stressful circumstances, places pressure on parental capacities. At the same time, being part of a supportive family is of prime importance for the well‐being of migrating children and parents. In this paper, we highlight the impact of the living conditions in a collective asylum centre on asylum applicants' parenting experiences through in‐depth interviews with and participant observations among parents in a Belgian asylum centre. Differentiating between the influences of the organizational and physical environments of the centre, our results reveal that various organizational aspects limit parental agency and well‐being and often render parents powerless in raising and protecting their children. Their physical environment, consisting of a dilapidated building, is experienced as a nonwelcoming, dangerous environment that leaves insufficient opportunity to establish a safe and stable home. We conclude that there is almost no attention paid to asylum applicants' parental role within the collective reception facilities. Further, their individual parental responsibility is emphasized, whereas the difficult environment of the asylum centre in which they have to raise their children is not criticized.
Big City Problems: Private Equity Investment, Transnational Users, and Local Mobilization in the Small City
Authors: Schlichtman John Joe
Published: November 2019

High Point, North Carolina, once known as the “Home Furnishings Capital of the World” for its vast manufacturing complex, has suffered intense deindustrialization over the past 60 years. During this same time, however, High Point has competed with much more prominent cities to become the world's most important furniture exposition node and a major design, fashion, and merchandising center. Exploiting its inexpensive real estate—what amounts to a planetary rent gap—and its furniture design heritage, city leaders have aggressively offered the furniture world unprecedented control over its downtown landscape for the twice–annual exposition. Over the past 35 years, however, there have also been growing efforts to combat the domination of the city by exchange value considerations privileged by outside real estate interests such as private equity firms Bain and Blackstone. This article documents, first, the loss of a resident–centered downtown to the pursuit of exchange values and, second, the mobilizations to reclaim resident–centered use values. As it does, it interrogates what the High Point case can teach us about the small city in the quickly transforming global context.
Kidney function in minority children and adolescents with metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity
Authors: Arora Sumeet , Dunkley Laura , Waldman Lee M. , Chin Vivian L. , Umpaichitra Vatcharapan
Published: November 2019

Metabolic syndrome and/or body mass index (BMI) ≥40 kg/m2 are risk factors for kidney function decline in the general population. To compare creatinine (Cr), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) between minority children and adolescents with metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO), a chart review was conducted on subjects aged 4 to 20 years with BMI ≥95th percentile from July 2014 to April 2017. They were stratified into MHO and MUO groups. Cr, eGFR and BUN were studied. Total n = 277: MHO n = 105 vs MUO n = 172. Cr was higher and BUN was lower in MUO whereas eGFR did not differ between the groups. Using general linear model, we found that metabolic status predicted BUN (P = .009) but not Cr or eGFR. When age, sex and Tanner stage matched, BUN, Cr and eGFR were similar between the groups. Higher BUN in MHO could be due to higher dietary protein intake. Subjects were divided into BMI ≥40 vs <40 kg/m2, BUN and eGFR were not different. A trend towards higher Cr in those with BMI ≥40 kg/m2 (P = .054) was found; the group being older and taller. After age and height matching, all outcomes were not different. Higher Cr was found in those with elevated blood pressures vs the MHO (P = .047). Those with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90th percentile had higher Cr than those with systolic blood pressure ≥90th percentile (P = .017). Children and adolescents with MUO, and those with BMI ≥40 kg/m2 did not appear to have early diminished kidney function. Higher Cr, although in normal range, occurred in those with abnormal DBP.
Accelerated weathering performance of Scots pine preimpregnated with copper‐based chemicals before varnish coating Part:1 coated with cellulosic and polyurethane varnishes
Authors: Gunduz Ahmet , Baysal Ergun , Turkoglu Turkay , Altay Caglar , Kucuktuvek Mustafa , Toker Hilmi , Peker Huseyin
Published: November 2019

This study aimed to determine the effect of accelerated weathering on gloss, surface hardness and colour changes of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Test samples were impregnated with Adolit KD‐5, Wolmanit CX‐8 and Celcure AC‐500 covered with cellulosic and polyurethane varnishes. The results showed that the values of surface hardness and gloss increased after accelerated weathering. While the surface hardness of Scots pine was increased for impregnated and polyurethane‐coated varnish, it decreased for impregnated and cellulosic varnish‐coated Scots pine after 1000 hours of accelerated weathering exposure. Copper‐based chemical impregnation and varnish coating developed the gloss of Scots pine specimens relative to the surface characteristics observed in single‐coated Scots pine specimens. While the most appropriate chemical was Celcure AC‐500 for surface hardness, it was Adolit KD‐5 for the gloss of Scots pine after 1000 hours of accelerated weathering exposure. Wood specimens impregnated prior to the application of varnish were more effective in stabilising the colour of Scots pine than Scots pine only coated with varnish. Polyurethane varnish‐treated Scots pine showed better colour stability for each partial and total accelerated weathering exposure period. The total colour changes were lowest for polyurethane varnish‐coated Scots pine impregnated with Celcure AC‐500 after 1000 hours of accelerated weathering exposure.
Resource utilization of cytomegalovirus immune globulin in prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus infection in pediatric heart transplantation
Authors: Asante‐Korang Alfred , Carapellucci Jennifer , Krasnopero Diane , Brown Brian , Kiskaddon Amy , Wisotzkey Bethany , Blyumin Gabriella , Berman David M. , Namtu Katie
Published: November 2019

Background

There is debate whether cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin (CMV‐Ig) is also needed for CMV prevention in heart transplant recipients in the era of good anti‐viral drugs.

Methods

We conducted a cost‐savings quality initiative on CMV‐Ig eventually leading to discontinuation of routine use of CMV‐Ig for CMV prevention. Subsequently, a retrospective cohort study was conducted, comparing patients in cohort I (CMV‐Ig plus anti‐viral drugs, 2013‐2015) to cohort II (anti‐virals alone, 2015‐2017). The medication acquisition costs and outcomes of CMV infection were assessed.

Results

There were 39 total patients: 22/39(56%) in cohort I, with mean follow‐up of 35.14 ± 17.38 months and 17/39(44%) in cohort II, mean follow‐up of 19.12 ± 7.08 months. In cohort I, 5/22(22.7%) patients died from causes unrelated to CMV and 0/17 in cohort II died. There were 5/22(22.7%) patients in cohort I, and 2/17(9%) patients in cohort II that developed CMV infection (P = .508). Freedom from rejection was 81.8% (18/22) in cohort I, and 71% (12/17) in cohort II (P = .46), and 100% for allograft vasculopathy. There was significant reduction in medication acquisition cost following the protocol change of $260 839 or $15 343 per patient.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated an acquisition cost savings with similar clinical outcomes utilizing anti‐viral CMV prophylaxis alone vs anti‐viral prophylaxis plus CMV‐Ig.
Cutaneous spindled follicle center cell lymphoma with abundant mucin: A diagnostic pitfall
Authors: Li Lin , Majerowski Jacquelyn , Sokumbi Olayemi
Published: November 2019

Primary cutaneous follicle center cell lymphoma is the most prevalent type of primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma and usually portends a favorable prognosis. Typically, the diagnosis can be rendered based on characteristic histopathologic features and immunohistochemical profile. Rarely, a diagnostically challenging variant with a predominant spindle morphology mimicking other malignant spindle cell neoplasms may be encountered. Even more unusual is the presence of a prominent myxoid stroma in this rare sarcomatoid variant of follicle center cell lymphoma. Herein, we present a case of a 52‐year‐old man with a slowly enlarging cyst‐like lesion on the chin with histopathologic examination revealing a malignant, predominantly spindled neoplasm within an abundant myxoid stroma. Following a broad panel of immunohistochemical stains, the strong positive staining of the spindle cells for LCA (CD45), CD20, and Bcl‐6 confirmed the diagnosis of follicle center cell lymphoma. We present this distinctive rare subtype of cutaneous follicle center cell lymphoma to increase awareness of this variant and to discuss challenging histopathologic mimics to consider while highlighting the utility of immunohistochemistry stains to avoid misdiagnosis.
915. HIERACIUM TOMENTOSUM
Authors: Hind Nicholas
Published: November 2019

Hieracium tomentosum L. (Compositae: Lactuceae: Hieraciinae) is illustrated and described, the account of the species providing a fairly full synonymy, reference to types and the complication of grexes indicated. Frequently appearing under the name of Hieracium lanatum (L.) Vill., issues with the historical naming of this species are highlighted, together with those of naming many of the European hieracia. The species has been in cultivation in the British Isles for just short of three hundred years, and is apparently only currently available from three suppliers. Cultivation and propagation requirements are discussed. The artist of the plate and the figure, Gustavo Surlo, is the youngest Margaret Mee Fellowship Programme Artist Scholar to have illustrated in Curtis's Botanical Magazine. Having won the Artist Scholarship for 2018, this is his first plate in the Magazine.
916. DORONICUM CAUCASICUM
Authors: Hind Nicholas
Published: November 2019

Doronicum caucasicum M. Bieb. (Compositae: Senecioneae) is described and illustrated for the second time in the history of Curtis's Botanical Magazine. Critical examination and reading of the works in which the protologues were published has led to the conclusion that D. caucasicum was published earlier than D. orientale Hoffm., but it is highly likely that the two names were based on the same Adams collection that Adams had annotated as Doronicum orientale. The possibility of Doronicum L. being the sole genus in the recently proposed tribe Doroniceae Panero is discussed. The lack of any present infrageneric classification is commented upon, but this is probably due to insufficient characters in the multivariate analyses used, and where the limits are drawn in molecular analyses. Cultivation and propagation guidelines for the species are provided and currently availability of cultivars is outlined, as are likely pests and diseases.
918. HAPLOPAPPUS PAUCIDENTATUS
Authors: Hind Nicholas
Published: November 2019

Haplopappus paucidentatus Phil. (Compositae: Astereae: Machaerantherinae) is described and illustrated in colour and with a black and white text figure. Cultivation and propagation are discussed, most stocks better maintained using cuttings or layering. It is not apparently available commercially, but could be searched for under the ‘catch all’ name of H. glutinosus. Haplopappus Cass. is now recognized as a South American genus, considerably smaller than originally conceived by Hall in his major revision. It consists of 56 species in three subgenera, the largest, subgenus Haplopappus, contains 2 sections, section Haplopappus containing H. paucidentatus and H. glutinosus Cass. within which it has been included in several treatments.
Biogeographic classification of streams using fish community– and trait–environment relationships
Authors: Troia Matthew J. , McManamay Ryan A.
Published: November 2019

Aim

Present a hybrid biogeographic and environmentally constrained clustering approach to classify ~853,000 stream reaches in the eastern United States. Examine the frequency of stream typologies in the landscape relative to anthropogenic stressors to identify potential stream conservation needs.

Location

Eastern United States.

Methods

Fish communities at 956 least‐disturbed sampling reaches were characterized using taxonomic and functional composition of native species. Environmental variables summarized within stream reaches included stream discharge, channel gradient, hydrologic regime, summer water temperature and boundaries of freshwater ecoregions. Multivariate regression trees were used to relate environmental variables to fish communities while simultaneously developing taxa‐ and trait‐specific biogeographic classifications. We then overlaid stream classifications with indices of anthropogenic disturbances to evaluate rarity and risk of complete loss of natural representation of stream types.

Results

Taxonomically based classes represented a combination of ecoregional boundaries and environmental gradients, whereas temperature gradients were most important in differentiating functional composition. An optimal taxonomy‐based classification contained 13 classes and explained 26.4% of community variation, and the optimal trait‐based classification contained 6 classes, explaining 25.2% of community variation. Overlaying class maps with an anthropogenic disturbance index revealed substantial variation in the severity of degradation among classes relative to their abundance in the landscape, especially rare classes (i.e., large rivers and cold headwater systems).

Main conclusions

We demonstrate the value of integrating local, regional and historical biogeographic factors with taxonomic and functional characteristics of freshwater biota to classify ecosystems based on mechanistic biota–environment relationships. This approach is important to addressing the challenge of developing stream classifications that reconcile the environmental drivers of community trait composition with the constraints of biogeographic regionality at large spatial scales. Furthermore, the spatially explicit and high‐resolution maps disseminated here can uniquely inform management decisions regarding anthropogenic threats to the biodiverse freshwaters of the eastern United States.
Four‐year‐olds incorporate speaker knowledge into pragmatic inferences
Authors: Kampa Alyssa , Papafragou Anna
Published: November 2019

Human communication relies on the ability to take into account the speaker's mental state to infer the intended meaning of an utterance in context. For example, a sentence such as ‘Some of the animals are safe to pet’ can be interpreted as giving rise to the inference ‘Some and not all animals are safe to pet’ when uttered by an expert. The same inference, known as a scalar implicature, does not arise when the sentence is spoken by someone with partial knowledge. Adults have been shown to derive scalar implicatures in accordance with the speaker's knowledge state, but in young children this ability is debated. Here, we revisit this question using a simple visual world paradigm. We find that both 4‐ and 5‐year‐olds successfully incorporate speaker knowledge into the derivation of scalar inferences. However, this ability does not generalize immediately to non‐linguistic communicative contexts. These findings have important implications for the development of pragmatic abilities.
How diverse are national banking systems? An analysis on banking business models, profitability, and riskiness
Authors: Caterini Giacomo , Gaffeo Edoardo , Gobbi Lucio
Published: November 2019

In this paper, we apply an algorithm developed by Martin Weitzman to quantify the extent of diversity among the business models of financial intermediaries at an international level. In particular, we investigate the relationship between the diversity of the business models of EU national banking systems and their profitability and riskiness. We show how Weitzman's approach can be generally applied to the issue at hand; as a by‐product, the analysis allows us to assess whether the diversity among banking systems was affected by the imported systemic financial crises of 2007/8 as well as its domestic sequel centered on the sovereign debt crisis that occurred in 2010–12. The motivation for this paper is twofold. First, we provide an operational measure of the diversity of business models among banking sectors. Second, we enrich the economic literature relating to banking business models by providing a macro‐founded analysis. To this end, we highlight the range of diversity of national banking business models correlated with high performances in terms of profitability and riskiness.
Network‐scale effects of invasive species on spatially‐structured amphibian populations
Authors: Manenti Raoul , Falaschi Mattia , Monache Daniele Delle , Marta Silvio , Ficetola Gentile Francesco
Published: November 2019

Understanding the factors affecting the dynamics of spatially‐structured populations (SSP) is a central topic of conservation and landscape ecology. Invasive alien species are increasingly important drivers of the dynamics of native species. However, the impacts of invasives are often assessed at the patch scale, while their effects on SSP dynamics are rarely considered. We used long‐term abundance data to test whether the impact of invasive crayfish on subpopulations can also affect the whole SSP dynamics, through their influence on source populations. From 2010 to 2018, we surveyed a network of 58 ponds and recorded the abundance of Italian agile frog clutches, the occurrence of an invasive crayfish, and environmental features. Using Bayesian hierarchical models, we assessed relationhips between frog abundance in ponds and a) environmental features; b) connectivity within the SSP; c) occurrence of invasive species at both the patch‐ and the SSP‐levels. If spatial relationships between ponds were overlooked, we did not detect effects of crayfish presence on frog abundance or trends. When we jointly considered habitat, subpopulation and SSP features, processes acting at all these levels affected frog abundance. At the subpopulation scale, frog abundance in a year was related to habitat features, but was unrelated to crayfish occurrence at that site during the previous year. However, when we considered the SSP level, we found a strong negative relationship between frog abundance in a given site and crayfish frequency in surrounding wetlands during the previous year. Hence, SSP‐level analyses can identify effects that would remain unnoticed when focussing on single patches. Invasive species can affect population dynamics even in not invaded patches, through the degradation of subpopulation networks. Patch‐scale assessments of the impact of invasive species can thus be insufficient: predicting the long‐term interplay between invasive and native populations requires landscape‐level approaches accounting for the complexity of spatial interactions.
Claymation art therapy in early phase psychosis: A qualitative study to explore participants' experiences with the program and identify outcome effects
Authors: Ursuliak Zenovia , Hughes Jean , Crocker Candice E. , MacKenzie Amy , Tibbo Philip G.
Published: November 2019

Aim

Art therapy is a complex intervention that has mixed evidence for people with schizophrenia and scant research in early phase psychosis. Benefits appear to depend on level of engagement and more qualitative studies are needed to elucidate how it works and what outcomes to measure. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of a 13‐week Claymation art therapy group intervention for young adults with early phase psychosis, and to explore participants' experiences with the program and to identify outcome effects.

Methods

Thirteen participants completed the intervention in two cohorts. The participants' experiences were explored through qualitative thematic analysis of individual interviews postintervention and at 3‐month follow‐up.

Results

The program had a 62% retention rate and an 80% attendance rate. Qualitative analysis of postintervention and 3‐month follow‐up interviews identified six themes that described program elements: (a) Claymation valued; (b) film screening fostered support; (c) getting to know each other through art; (d) connecting with others with lived experience; (e) opportunity to build skills; and (f) supportive facilitators. Five themes were identified as outcome effects from both time points: (a) stress relief; (b) self‐discovery; (c) pride in art; (d) confidence and hope; and (e) engagement in meaningful activity postintervention. Two themes were unique to the 3‐month follow‐up interviews: (a) Claymation was enabling and (b) showing my film.

Conclusions

This group Claymation art therapy intervention effectively engaged people with early phase psychosis and the qualitative analysis identified program elements and outcome effects that can be evaluated in future studies.
Serotoninergic pain modulation from the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) in chemotherapy‐induced neuropathy: The role of spinal 5‐HT3 receptors
Authors: Costa‐Pereira José Tiago , Serrão Paula , Martins Isabel , Tavares Isaura
Published: November 2019

Chemotherapy‐induced neuropathy (CIN) is a common complication of cancer treatment. Although CIN is treated with antidepressants that act at serotonin (5‐HT) reuptake, the mechanisms of serotoninergic modulation of nociceptive transmission during CIN remain unknown, namely as to the involvement of the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM) and the role of spinal 5‐HT3 receptors (5‐HT3R). Male Wistar rats were injected with the cytostatic paclitaxel or vehicle solution. One month after CIN induction, we first studied the activation of RVM neurons, and then the activation of the local serotoninergic neurons. Immunostaining of phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (pERK) indicated increased activation in paclitaxel‐injected animals. The double immunohistochemistry of pERK and tryptophan hydroxylase (TpH) showed higher expression of TpH and increased co‐localization of TpH and pERK of paclitaxel‐injected animals, indicating that CIN is associated with increased activation of serotoninergic RVM neurons. The 5‐HT content at the spinal dorsal horn assessed by HPLC was higher in paclitaxel‐injected animals. The immunohistochemical analysis of 5‐HT also showed increased expression at the superficial dorsal horn (laminae I‐II) of paclitaxel‐injected animals. The levels of 5‐HT3R detected by immunohistochemistry were higher in the superficial dorsal horn (laminae I‐II) of paclitaxel‐injected animals. The intrathecal administration of the 5‐HT3R antagonist ondansetron reversed mechanical and cold hypersensitivity in the von Frey and cold plate tests, respectively. The results indicate that CIN is associated with increased recruitment of descending 5‐HT‐mediated modulation from the RVM which affects the spinal serotoninergic system and probably accounts for pain hypersensitivity due to the pronociceptive role of spinal 5‐HT3R.
Fairness in Measurement and Selection: Statistical, Philosophical, and Public Perspectives
Authors: Zwick Rebecca
Published: November 2019

Selection decisions have a major impact on our education, occupation, and quality of life, and the role of standardized tests in selection has always been a source of controversy. Here, I consider various definitions of fairness in measurement and selection—those emerging from within educational measurement and statistics, those from philosophy, and finally, those from the public. I use examples of public challenges to selection practices to illustrate the fact that technical and philosophical definitions of fairness do not align well with public concerns. I emphasize the importance of promoting awareness of existing standards, advocating for the fair use of testing and selection practices, and communicating in a candid and straightforward way when engaging with test takers and test users.
Efficacy of galcanezumab in patients with episodic migraine and a history of preventive treatment failure: results from two global randomized clinical trials
Authors: Ruff D. D. , Ford J. H. , Tockhorn‐Heidenreich A. , Stauffer V. L. , Govindan S. , Aurora S. K. , Terwindt G. M. , Goadsby P. J.
Published: November 2019

Background and purpose

The efficacy of galcanezumab, a monoclonal antibody for migraine prevention, has been demonstrated in two pivotal trials in patients with episodic migraine.

Methods

EVOLVE‐1 and EVOLVE‐2 were identical phase 3, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies in patients with episodic migraine. Mean migraine headache days per month at baseline was 9. Patients were randomized 2:1:1 to monthly injections of placebo, galcanezumab 120 mg/240 mg during the 6‐month double‐blind treatment period. Key efficacy outcomes were assessed in subgroups amongst patients for whom, previously, for efficacy and/or safety/tolerability reasons (i) one or more (≥1) preventives failed, (ii) two or more (≥2) preventives failed and (iii) preventives were never used, or used but not failed (no prior failure).

Results

In an integrated analysis of EVOLVE studies, galcanezumab 120 mg/240 mg versus placebo led to larger overall mean (SE) reductions in monthly migraine headache days across 6 months in patients with prior preventive failures (P < 0.001): ≥1 failure: 120 mg: −4.0 (0.4); 240 mg: −4.2 (0.5); placebo: −1.3 (0.4); ≥2 failures: 120 mg: −3.1 (0.7); 240 mg: −3.8 (0.8); placebo: −0.5 (0.6). Similar results were observed amongst patients with no prior failure, but the placebo response was larger: 120 mg: −4.7 (0.2); 240 mg: −4.5 (0.2); placebo: −3.0 (0.2) (P < 0.001 versus placebo). Significant improvements were observed with galcanezumab versus placebo for ≥50% and ≥75% reduction in monthly migraine headache days.

Conclusion

In patients with episodic migraine treated with galcanezumab, those with ≥1 or ≥2 prior preventive failures had significantly larger improvements, versus placebo, in efficacy outcomes. Similar results were observed in patients with no prior failure, with a larger placebo response.
Idiosyncratic momentum and the cross‐section of stock returns: Further evidence
Authors: Lin Qi
Published: November 2019

In this article, we evaluate the profitability and economic source of the predictive power of the idiosyncratic momentum effect, by using five popular asset pricing models to construct the idiosyncratic momentum. We show that all five idiosyncratic momentum strategies produce similar return predictability and consistently outperform the conventional momentum strategy in the cross‐sectional pricing of equity portfolios and individual stocks. This positive effect of idiosyncratic momentum on returns is consistent with the investment capital asset pricing model (CAPM). Further analysis reveals that the firm‐level idiosyncratic momentum effect cannot extend to the aggregate stock market.
Stories We Wear: Promoting Sustainability Practices with the Case of Patagonia
Authors: Michel Gwendolyn M. , Feori Meegan , Damhorst Mary Lynn , Lee Young‐A , Niehm Linda S.
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this study was to explore why consumers wear and repair Patagonia brand apparel, thus extending the lifespan of the apparel beyond a typical period of consumption. Using a qualitative case study, we examined Patagonia’s “Stories We Wear” blog posts from 2015 to 2017. Six emergent themes were identified as consumers’ motivation to engage in sustainability practices of repairing and extending the use of Patagonia brand apparel. The findings indicate that the blog posts (a) supported brand attachment and (b) enhanced our understanding of consumer–object relations with apparel items. Recommendations for future research and businesses seeking to expand sustainability practices are provided.
Hansenula polymorpha Pex37 is a peroxisomal membrane protein required for organelle fission and segregation
Authors: Singh Ritika , Manivannan Selvambigai , Krikken Arjen M. , de Boer Rinse , Bordin Nicola , Devos Damien P. , van der Klei Ida J.
Published: November 2019

Here, we describe a novel peroxin, Pex37, in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. H. polymorpha Pex37 is a peroxisomal membrane protein, which belongs to a protein family that includes, among others, the Neurospora crassa Woronin body protein Wsc, the human peroxisomal membrane protein PXMP2, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial inner membrane protein Sym1, and its mammalian homologue MPV17. We show that deletion of H. polymorpha PEX37 does not appear to have a significant effect on peroxisome biogenesis or proliferation in cells grown at peroxisome‐inducing growth conditions (methanol). However, the absence of Pex37 results in a reduction in peroxisome numbers and a defect in peroxisome segregation in cells grown at peroxisome‐repressing conditions (glucose). Conversely, overproduction of Pex37 in glucose‐grown cells results in an increase in peroxisome numbers in conjunction with a decrease in their size. The increase in numbers in PEX37‐overexpressing cells depends on the dynamin‐related protein Dnm1. Together our data suggest that Pex37 is involved in peroxisome fission in glucose‐grown cells. Introduction of human PXMP2 in H. polymorpha pex37 cells partially restored the peroxisomal phenotype, indicating that PXMP2 represents a functional homologue of Pex37. H.polymorpha pex37 cells did not show aberrant growth on any of the tested carbon and nitrogen sources that are metabolized by peroxisomal enzymes, suggesting that Pex37 may not fulfill an essential function in transport of these substrates or compounds required for their metabolism across the peroxisomal membrane.
Dynamic architectural interplay between leucocytes and mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Hitchcock Jessica R. , Hughes Katherine , Harris Olivia B. , Watson Christine J.
Published: November 2019

The adult mammary gland undergoes dynamic changes during puberty and the postnatal developmental cycle. The mammary epithelium is composed of a bilayer of outer basal, or myoepithelial, cells and inner luminal cells, the latter lineage giving rise to the milk‐producing alveolar cells during pregnancy. These luminal alveolar cells undergo Stat3‐mediated programmed cell death following the cessation of lactation. It is established that immune cells in the microenvironment of the gland have a role to play both in the ductal outgrowth during puberty and in the removal of dead cells and remodelling of the stroma during the process of postlactational regression. However, most studies have focussed on the role of the stromal immune cell compartment or have quantified immune cell populations in tissue extracts. Our recent development of protocols for deep imaging of the mammary gland in three dimensions (3D) has enabled the architectural relationship between immune cells and the epithelium to be examined in detail, and we have discovered a surprisingly dynamic relationship between the basal epithelium and leucocytes. Furthermore, we have observed morphological changes in the myoepithelial cells, as involution progresses, which were not revealed by previous work in 2D tissue sections and whole tissue. This dynamic architecture suggests a role for myoepithelial cells in the orderly progression of involution. We conclude that deep imaging of mammary gland and other tissues is essential for analysing complex interactions between cellular compartments.
Contextual factors impacting feedback practices for non‐English L2 writing
Authors: Reichelt Melinda
Published: November 2019

Within the growing body of work on L2 writing, most of the literature on teacher feedback addresses issues related to writing in English, with relatively little literature focusing on feedback in other languages. Due to the sociolinguistic status of English versus other languages, the varying roles that writing can play in target‐language instruction, language‐specific factors, and the presence of heritage language learners in some classrooms, feedback on learners' writing in non‐English L2s differs in salient ways from that which instructors provide in ESL and EFL contexts. This article discusses these issues and provides suggestions for pedagogy as well as directions for future research.