bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Linguistic Situation in the Lake Chad Area in Central Africa
Authors: Lukas J.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Our knowledge of the linguistic groups in the Lake Chad area of Central Africa is very incomplete. In many respects the work of H. Barth, Central-African Vocabularies, 1862, is our only source of information. This source is incomplete, especially phonetically, and therefore of little value. The study of the sounds of African languages has developed very much recently, and there is no important school of African linguistics in which descriptive phonetics does not play an outstanding role.
Les Implications Psychologiques dans la Structure du Processus de l'Improvisation: Concernant le Folklore Musical Roumain
Authors: Suliţeanu Ghizela
Published: April 2006

En abordant la psychologie, le côté interdisciplinaire de l'ethnomusicologie nous met en évidence l'une des plus importantes voies de recherche du phénomène folklorique musical. La nature de loi de la réflexion affective nous apparaît dans absolument toutes les manifestations folkloriques et aux différents niveaux d'intensité, en dépendant autant de la fonction et des modalités de développement des catégories respectives dans le milieu de la communauté détentrice, que de la personnalité artistique et le tempérament des praticiens chanteurs.
Taqsim Nahawand: A Study of Sixteen Performances by Jihad Racy
Authors: Nettl Bruno , Riddle Ronald
Published: April 2006

This study is an attempt to gain insight into an aspect of the process of improvisation in Middle Eastern music. In contrast to a number of studies which generalize about this topic, the purpose here is to provide concentrated documentation on the way in which a single Arabic performer improvises in one maqam, using one form or genre. In this respect, our study is somewhat similar to Nettl and Foltin, which attempts to show the range of improvisatory techniques and of performance types used by Persian musicians when performing one portion of a dastgāh or mode, the darāmad of chahārgāh. It is also related to a study by Ruth Katz which compares two generations of singers from a limited population group, performing one genre in an Arabic-Jewish musical tradition.
Polyphony in Touloum Playing by the Pontic Greeks
Authors: Ahrens Christian
Published: April 2006

The Pontic Greeks, refugees from their traditional homelands that today lie within the borders of Turkey and the USSR respectively, brought with them two folk music instruments, aside from other widely diffused instruments that are almost unknown in present-day Greece: the lira (‘a three-stringed, bowed lute’) and the touloum (‘bagpipe’). While the Greeks clearly distinguish the lira from the remaining Greek instruments by calling it the ‘Pontic Lira,’ the Greeks from Pontus simply call it lira. On occasion, mainly in song texts, one discovers the Turkish designation kementze (kemençe). The name touloum (Turkish tulum) originally meant “… a tube or sack made of sheep or goat skin which serves as a vessel for oil, cheese and the like.” Curiously, in western Macedonia the ancient Greek word angion (‘vessel’) is often used in place of touloum, which, on the other hand, is totally unknown in eastern Macedonia. The reason for this difference in terminology cannot be clarified.
Population-based study of prognostic factors in stage II colonic cancer
Authors: Morris M , Platell C , de Boer B , McCaul K , Iacopetta B
Published: April 2006

Background

Adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II colorectal cancer may be considered for patients whose tumours have poor prognostic features. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of commonly reported clinical and pathological features of stage II colonic cancer.

Methods

A population-based observational study of all patients with stage II colonic cancer diagnosed in the state of Western Australia from 1993 to 2003 was performed. A total of 1306 patients treated by surgery alone were identified, with a median follow-up of 59 (range 0–145) months.

Results

Multivariable analysis revealed that the only independent prognostic factors for disease-specific survival were stage T4 (hazard ratio (HR) 1·75 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 1·32 to 2·32); P < 0·001) and vascular invasion (HR 1·63 (95 per cent c.i. 1·15 to 2·30); P < 0·001). In younger patients (aged 75 years or less), who are more likely to be considered for chemotherapy, these two features showed independent prognostic significance but with higher HR values (1·96 for stage T4 and 2·73 for vascular invasion). Stage T4 and/or the presence of vascular invasion identified a ‘poor’ prognostic group, comprising 26·6 per cent of younger patients and with a 5-year survival rate of 71·2 per cent. The remaining ‘good’ prognostic group had a survival rate of 84·3 per cent at 5 years' follow-up.

Conclusion

This study highlights the importance of accurate pathological assessment of tumour stage and vascular invasion for the prognostic stratification of patients with stage II colonic cancer. The results provide clarification of guidelines for the management of stage II disease in relation to recommendations for chemotherapy.
Novel μ5‐Coordination Modes of Aryl and Alkyl Ethynides and Classification of Metal–Ligand Interactions in Silver(I) Complexes
Authors: Zhao Liang , Wong Wai‐Yeung , Mak Thomas C. W.
Published: April 2006

Novel μ5‐η1,η1,η1,η1,η2 and μ5‐η1,η1,η1,η2,η2 coordination modes of alkyl and aryl ethynide moieties are found in silver(I) complexes 1–5, and the metal–ligand distances can be classified into σ, π and mixed (σ,π) types. With the consistent square‐pyramidal capping Ag5 baskets of the ethynide moiety as supramolecular synthons, a series of two‐ and three‐dimensional coordination networks are obtained.
Intranasal immunisation with inactivated RSV and bacterial adjuvants induces mucosal protection and abrogates eosinophilia upon challenge
Authors: Etchart Nathalie , Baaten Bas , Andersen Svein Rune , Hyland Lisa , Wong Simon Y. C. , Hou Sam
Published: April 2006

We have previously shown that following intranasal exposure to influenza virus, specific plasma cells are generated in the nasal‐associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and maintained for the life of the animal. However, we also showed that following infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), specific plasma cells are generated in the NALT but wane quickly and are not maintained even after challenge, even though RSV‐specific serum antibody responses remain robust. Only infection with influenza virus generated sterilising immunity, implying a role for these long‐lived plasma cells in protection. We show here that the RSV‐specific IgA NALT plasma cell population and lung antibody levels can be substantially boosted, both at acute and memory time points, by intranasal immunisation with inactivated RSV (iRSV) in combination with bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMV) compared to live RSV alone. Finally, challenge with live RSV showed that immunisation with iRSV and OMV protect against both virus replication in the lung and the eosinophil infiltrate generated by either live RSV or iRSV alone. These data show that immunisation with iRSV and OMV maintains a NALT RSV‐specific plasma cell population and generates an efficient protective immune response following RSV infection.

See accompanying commentary: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636118
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Performance under Severe Operating Conditions
Authors: Koch S. , Hendriksen P. V. , Mogensen M. , Liu Y.‐L. , Dekker N. , Rietveld B. , de Haart B. , Tietz F.
Published: April 2006

The performance and degradation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) were studied under severe operating conditions. The cells studied were manufactured in a small series by ECN, in the framework of the EU funded CORE‐SOFC project. The cells were of the anode‐supported type with a double layer LSM cathode. They were operated at 750 °C or 850 °C in hydrogen with 5% or 50% water at current densities ranging from 0.25 A cm–2 to 1 A cm–2 for periods of 300 hours or more. The area specific cell resistance, corrected for fuel utilisation, ranged between 0.20 Ω cm2 and 0.34 Ω cm2 at 850 °C and 520 mV, and between 0.51 Ω cm2 and 0.92 Ω cm2 at 750 °C and 520 mV.

The degradation of cell performance was found to be low (ranging from 0 to 8%/1,000 hours) at regular operating conditions. Voltage degradation rates of 20 to 40%/1,000 hours were observed under severe operating conditions, depending on the test conditions.

Data analysis revealed a critical cell voltage of ca 750 mV, above which the degradation rates were trivial, but below which they were significant.

Some cells were also tested using a different procedure to that usually applied at Risø. This gave a different aging behaviour, indicating that the detailed test circumstances may be decisive to the outcome.
Synthesis and Characterization of Styrene/Butyl Acrylate Linear and Star Block Copolymers via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Huang Jinyu , Jia Shijun , Siegwart Daniel J. , Kowalewski Tomasz , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof
Published: April 2006

Summary: Well‐defined styrene (S) and butyl acrylate (BA) linear and star‐like block copolymers are synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using di‐ and trifunctional alkyl halide initiators employing the Cu/PMDETA (N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine) catalyst system. Initial addition of CuII deactivator and utilization of halogen exchange techniques suppresses the coupling of radicals and improves cross‐propagation to a large extent, which results in better control over the polymerization. Two types of star‐like PBA/PS block copolymers are prepared by using core‐first techniques: a trifunctional PBA or PS macroinitiator extended with the other monomer. Block copolymers with a well‐defined structure and low polydispersity (PDI = $\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$) are obtained in both cases. A trifunctional PBA3 macroinitiator with $\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 136 000 g · mol−1 and PDI = 1.15 is extended to (PBA‐PS)3 star‐like block copolymer with $\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 171 100 g · mol−1 and PDI = 1.15. A trifunctional PS3 macroinitiator with $\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 27 000 g · mol−1 and PDI = 1.16 g · mol−1 is extended to (PS‐PBA)3 with $\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 91 500 g · mol−1 and PDI = 1.40. The individual star‐like macromolecules as well as their aggregates are visualized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) where the PS and PBA adopt the globular and extended conformation, respectively. For the PBA core star block copolymers, PS segments tend to aggregate either intramolecularly or intermolecularly. PS core star block copolymers form aggregates with a PS core and emanating PBA chains. Most aggregates have ‘n × 3’ arms but minor amounts of ‘defective’ stars with 4, 5, 8, or 11 arms are also observed. The AFM analysis shows that PS core star block copolymers contain about 92% three‐arm block copolymers, and the efficiency of cross‐propagation is 97.3%.

Schematic representation of the synthesis of BA/S star‐like block copolymers by ATRP, and their resultant AFM images.

image

Schematic representation of the synthesis of BA/S star‐like block copolymers by ATRP, and their resultant AFM images.
A study of the influence of tunnel oxide thickness on the performance of flash memory based on ion‐beam synthesized silicon nanocrystals
Authors: Ng C. Y. , Chen T. P. , Du A.
Published: April 2006

In this work, we have fabricated silicon nanocrystal (nc‐Si) based Flash memories with two different tunnel‐oxide thicknesses (3 and 7 nm). The nc‐Si is synthesized with very‐low energy ion implantation and subsequent thermal annealing. The endurance and retention characteristics of the memory devices are investigated. For the thick tunnel oxide (7 nm), a memory window of ∼0.5 V is achieved with the program/erase (P/E) operation at +12 V/–12 V for 1 ms; and for the thin tunnel oxide (3 nm), a memory window of ∼0.6 V can be obtained at +9 V/–9 V for 1 μs. For both oxide thicknesses, good endurance with a small threshold voltage drift after 105 P/E cycles is observed. For the thick and thin tunnel oxides, the device is expected to show ∼20% and ∼70% charge loss after 10 years, respectively. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural resilience of Cu nanoclusters deposited softly on an Au(001) surface
Authors: Jiménez‐Sáez J. C. , Pérez‐Martín A. M. C. , Jiménez‐Rodríguez J. J.
Published: April 2006

The soft deposition of Cu clusters with Wulff‐shape on an Au(001) surface is studied by constant‐temperature molecular dynamics. The influence of the kinetic energy, the substrate, the temperature and the cluster orientation is analyzed. Bombardment energy ranges between 1 and 100 meV/atom. At low energy the deposition is mainly elastic, while at higher it is plastic. Randomly rotated clusters suffer a less violent collision. Only in some aligned clusters, epitaxia is found. In the rest of systems, the [$ 00 \bar 1 $] axis of the cluster is at an angle of 45° to the same axis of the substrate. The temperature modifies the horizontal planes such that the Cu main grain matches to the substrate surface. The number of grains is larger in the aligned systems at low temperature. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Predicting the low energy landscape of nanoscale silica using interatomic potentials
Authors: Bromley S. T.
Published: April 2006

The energies of 52 of the lowest lying structural isomers of the (SiO2)12 nanocluster are accurately calculated via energy minimisations employing density functional theory (DFT) and also with two silica interatomic potentials (IPs). Of the tested IPs, one was specifically parameterised with respect to small silica nanoclusters, and the other was biased to accurately recover bulk silica properties, although having been applied numerous times to silica nanosystems. The predicted energetic ordering of the nanocluster isomers resulting from the IP optimisations are compared with respect to their deviance from benchmark nanocluster energies from DFT calculations. Although both IPs predict the DFT ground state isomer to be a very low energy cluster and thus are of use in global optimisation studies, large fluctuations in the IP energies of other low lying isomers (relative to the respective DFT energies) shed doubt on their wider applicability to nanoscale silica systems. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic properties of nanocrystalline FeNiN thin films
Authors: Prieto P. , Camarero J. , Sacristan N. , Boerma D. O. , Sanz J. M.
Published: April 2006

FeNiN thin films with a Ni content varying between 5 and 36 at% (as determined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy) have been deposited in a Dual Ion Beam Sputtering System at room temperature. The structure and crystalline size were studied by X‐ray diffraction while the magnetic properties were investigated by vectorial kerr magnetometry. In general, the deposited films present a nanocrystaline cubic structure and well defined in‐plane magnetic anisotropy. The variation of the magnetic properties was attributed to changes in composition and nanocrystalline structure. FeNiN thin films with a Ni content of about 15 at% show the better soft magnetic properties with a minimum in the coercivity of 9 Oe. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evaluation of anxiolytic activity of spray dried powders of two South Brazilian Passiflora species
Authors: Reginatto Flávio H. , De‐Paris Fernanda , Petry Raquel D. , Quevedo João , Ortega George González , Gosmann Grace , Schenkel Eloir P.
Published: April 2006

The Passiflora extracts have been used in folk medicine because of its reputed sedative and anxiolytic properties. The present study aimed to compare the potential anxiolytic activity of two Passiflora spray‐dried powders obtained from P. alata and P. edulis, known in Brazil as ‘maracujá’. Male adult Swiss rats were treated with 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of spray‐dried powders p.o. and anxiolytic activity was evaluated using the elevated plus‐maze test. The spray‐dried powders showed anxiolytic activity in doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg. Our results support the potential anxiolytic effect of Passiflora spray‐dried powders (P. alata and P. edulis). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protective effects of sugar cane extract on endotoxic shock in mice
Authors: Motobu Maki , Amer Said , Koyama Yukari , Hikosaka Kenji , Sameshima Toshiya , Yamada Manabu , Nakamura Kikuyasu , Koge Kenji , Kang Chung‐Boo , Hayasidani Hideki , Hirota Yoshikazu
Published: April 2006

Sugar cane extract (SCE) has been shown to have an immunostimulating effect in chickens. This study evaluated the effect of SCE on Salmonella Abortusequi lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced lethal shock in d‐galactosamine (GalN)‐sensitized mice. Mice were administered intraperitoneally SCE (500 mg/kg) or phosphate buffered saline before or after injection of LPS and GalN. All the mice injected with LPS and GalN (control group) died of histopathologically congestive and hemorrhagic hepatic insufficiency within 24 h, showing significantly increased activities of plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST; 380 IU/mL) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT; 130 IU/mL). Pretreatment of mice with SCE at 3 h before challenge with LPS and GalN (SCE treated group) resulted in significantly improved survival rates (92.3%) and a decrease in liver injury. These surviving mice in the SCE treated group showed no changes in the mean levels of plasma AST (60 IU/mL) and ALT (18 IU/mL). However, the level of tumor necrosis factor‐α in the SCE treated group was not significantly different when compared with that in the control group challenged with LPS and GalN. These results suggest that SCE has protective effects on LPS‐induced mortality in this mouse model. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
St John's wort modulation and developmental expression of multidrug transporters in the rat
Authors: Garrovo Chiara , Rosati Anna , Bartoli Fiora , Decorti Giuliana
Published: April 2006

Extracts of St John's wort (SJW) (Hypericum perforatum) are a potent inducer of enzymes of the cytochrome P450 system and of the transport protein P‐glycoprotein, and interactions with a range of commonly prescribed medications have been described. In addition, recent experimental data suggest that, this otherwise safe treatment, could have some side effects when consumed during pregnancy and lactation.

The aim of this study was to investigate, in Wistar rats, the effect of a treatment with high doses of SJW extract (100 and 1000 mg/kg/day) administered prenatally and during breastfeeding, on the level of transcripts of mdr1a, mdr1b, mrp1, mrp2 and cyp3A2 genes.

All transcripts were detected in the liver, and their level of expression increased from fetuses to adults. SJW administration, at both dosages, caused a significant decrease of the levels of mdr1a, mdr1b, mrp1 and mrp2 in the livers of fetuses, and an increase in the levels of mdr1a, mdr1b, mrp2 and cyp3A2 in the mothers. In the other organs examined, a physiological regulation during ontogenesis was also evident, but SJW administration did not modify the expression level of the considered transcripts.

These data suggest that the administration of the extract together with drugs that are substrates of transport proteins could be particularly hazardous during pregnancy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exposure and acceptance in the rehabilitation of adolescents with idiopathic chronic pain – A pilot study
Authors: Wicksell Rikard K. , Melin Lennart , Olsson Gunnar L.
Published: April 2006

For chronic pain of unclear origin (idiopathic), pharmacological therapy is often insufficient. Psychological treatment strategies have been developed and evaluated for adults with chronic pain. However, few such studies are seen with youths, and to date there is limited empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of psychological treatment for generalized musculoskeletal pain syndromes in adolescents. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a development of cognitive behaviour therapy emphasizing exposure and acceptance. In this pilot study, 14 adolescents referred to the pain treatment service due to chronic debilitating pain were treated using an ACT‐based approach. It was hypothesized that avoidance of pain and related stimuli was central to the disability seen among these patients, and that exposure and acceptance strategies could increase functioning and decrease pain. In contrast to emphasizing reductions in pain and distress, the treatment objective was to improve functioning by increasing the patient's ability to act in line with personal values in the presence of negative thoughts, emotions or bodily sensations. Following treatment, and retained at 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up, improvements in functional ability, school attendance, catastrophizing and pain (i.e., intensity and interference) were seen. The outcome of this pilot study indicates that exposure and acceptance can been useful in the rehabilitation of adolescents with chronic debilitating pain. Randomized controlled studies are needed to empirically evaluate the effectiveness of this approach.
Climate and ocean variability during the middle and late Holocene recorded in laminated sediments from Alfonso Basin, Gulf of California, Mexico
Authors: Pérez-Cruz Ligia
Published: April 2006

A laminated sequence (core BAP96-CP 24°38.12′N, 110°33.24′W; 390 m depth) from the Alfonso Basin in Bay of La Paz, southern Gulf of California, contains a record of paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic changes of the past 7900 yr. Radiolarian assemblages and magnetic susceptibility are used as proxies of oceanographic and climatic variability. The records provide a regional scenario of the middle and late Holocene, suggesting two major climatic regimes and several millennial-scale events. Conditions relatively warmer and drier than today occurred from ∼7700 to 2500 cal yr BP, promoting the intensification of evaporation processes and the prevalence of the Gulf of California water in the Basin. These conditions correlate with strong droughts in the middle Holocene of North America and with minimal incursion of tropical waters into the Gulf of California. Proxies indicate a warm scenario and the dominance of the Equatorial Surface Water in the Alfonso Basin from ∼2400 to 700 cal yr BP, suggesting the intensification of ENSO cycles. A climatic signal between ∼1038 and 963 cal yr BP may be correlated with global signal of the “Medieval Warm Period.” Several cooling events are recognized at 5730, 3360, 2700, 1280 and 820 cal yr BP and are associated with intensification of northwest winds leading to upwellings and enhanced productivity in the Basin.
NEST REPRESENTATIONS OF DIRECTED GRAPH ALGEBRAS
Authors: DAVIDSON KENNETH R. , KATSOULIS ELIAS
Published: April 2006

This paper is a comprehensive study of the nest representations for the free semigroupoid algebra ${\mathfrak{L}}_G$ of a countable directed graph $G$ as well as its norm-closed counterpart, the tensor algebra ${\mathcal{T}}^{+}(G)$.

We prove that the finite-dimensional nest representations separate the points in ${\mathfrak{L}}_G$, and a fortiori, in ${\mathcal{T}}^{+}(G)$. The irreducible finite-dimensional representations separate the points in ${\mathfrak{L}}_G$ if and only if $G$ is transitive in components (which is equivalent to being semisimple). Also the upper triangular nest representations separate points if and only if for every vertex $x \in {\mathcal{T}}(G)$ supporting a cycle, $x$ also supports at least one loop edge.

We also study faithful nest representations. We prove that ${\mathfrak{L}}_G$ (or ${\mathcal{T}}^{+}(G)$) admits a faithful irreducible representation if and only if $G$ is strongly transitive as a directed graph. More generally, we obtain a condition on $G$ which is equivalent to the existence of a faithful nest representation. We also give a condition that determines the existence of a faithful nest representation for a maximal type ${\mathbb{N}}$ nest.
Current Policies and New Directions for Speech-Language Pathology Assistants
Authors: Paul-Brown Diane , Goldberg Lynette R.
Published: April 2006

This article provides an overview of current American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) policies for the appropriate use and supervision of speech-language pathology assistants with an emphasis on the need to preserve the role of fully qualified speech-language pathologists in the service delivery system. Seven challenging issues surrounding the appropriate use of speech-language pathology assistants are considered. These include registering assistants and approving training programs; membership in ASHA; discrepancies between state requirements and ASHA policies; preparation for serving diverse multicultural, bilingual, and international populations; supervision considerations; funding and reimbursement for assistants; and perspectives on career-ladder/bachelor-level personnel. The formation of a National Leadership Council is proposed to develop a coordinated strategic plan for addressing these controversial and potentially divisive issues related to speech-language pathology assistants. This council would implement strategies for future development in the areas of professional education pertaining to assistant-level supervision, instruction of assistants, communication networks, policy development, research, and the dissemination/promotion of information regarding assistants.
Concomitant Disorders in School-Age Children Who Stutter
Authors: Arndt Jennifer , Healey E. Charles
Published: April 2006

Purpose:
The purposes of this survey study were to (a) determine the number of children who stutter with verified concomitant phonological and language disorders, (b) determine the number of children who stutter with suspected concomitant phonological and language disorders, and (c) determine the type of treatment clinicians use with these children.

Method:
A systematic sampling plan was used to obtain survey responses from 241 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)-certified, school-based speech-language pathologists from 10 states that were considered to have similar state verification criteria for fluency, articulation/phonology, and language disorders. Respondents were asked to provide information concerning verified and suspected concomitant disorders in children who stutter. They also were asked to select one of four types of intervention approaches suggested by Bernstein Ratner (1995) in treating concomitant disorders in stuttering (i.e., blended, cyclic, sequential, and concurrent).

Results:
The speech-language pathologists reported on 467 children who stuttered. Of that total, 262 (56%) children had a fluency disorder
only
and 205 (44%) had a verified concomitant phonological and/or language disorder. A subgroup of children with verified fluency-only disorders were
suspected
of having a concomitant disorder. When treating a fluency and a concomitant phonological and/or language disorder, the majority of clinicians used a blended approach.

Clinical Implications:
Using similar state verification guidelines, this survey showed that a large percentage of preschool through high school students possessed a verified fluency disorder and a phonological and/or language disorder. Thus, clinicians need to be aware of the strong possibility that school-age children who stutter might have a phonological disorder and/or a language disorder. Additionally, because the majority of respondents used a blended treatment approach when treating children with a fluency and a verified concomitant phonological and/or language disorder, it appears that many school-based clinicians believe it is best to address both problems simultaneously.
A Framework for Managing Controversial Practices
Authors: Duchan Judith Felson , Calculator Stephen , Sonnenmeier Rae , Diehl Sylvia , Cumley Gary D.
Published: April 2006

Every day, speech-language pathologists working in schools make difficult, life-impacting decisions regarding which assessment and intervention approaches to use with their clients. These decisions can become even more difficult when the approaches being considered for use are controversial. The risks involved in making choices about controversial practices are likely to have increased significance simply because the approach being considered is not widely accepted. The increased professional risk may cause decisions to be made based on risk avoidance rather than on a careful consideration of the pros and cons of the approach itself. This article offers a clinical practice framework for gathering information about controversial approaches and for implementing and monitoring their use. The framework will be illustrated using facilitated communication as an example of a controversial practice.
Theory-Guided Spelling Assessment and Intervention
Authors: Apel Kenn , Masterson Julie J.
Published: April 2006

Purpose
: Current research and theory in spelling development and best practices for literacy instruction were reviewed to develop a set of theoretically guided assessment and intervention procedures. These procedures were applied to the case of a 13-year-old student with spelling difficulties.

Method
: The student was involved in an intensive group intervention program that focused on increasing foundational skills for spelling and on oral word-level reading. Assessment results led to an intervention program targeting phonemic and morphological awareness skills and orthographic knowledge.

Results
: The student demonstrated clinically significant growth in phonemic and morphological awareness, orthographic knowledge, spelling, and word-level reading.

Conclusion
: Results of the case study suggest that assessment and intervention procedures guided by theory and research can lead speech-language pathologists to effective participation in aspects of spelling remediation. Additionally, the case study may serve as a model for clinical services and evidence-based practice within clinical settings.
Dynamic Assessment of Diverse Children
Authors: Gutieérrez-Clellen Vera F. , Penña Elizabeth
Published: April 2006

Dynamic assessment (DA) has been advocated as an alternative and/or supplemental approach to traditional standardized testing with children who are culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD). However, there is great variability across DA methods and applications, as well as limited information concerning which methods and procedures may be best suited to differentiate language disorder from difference. In this tutorial, DA methods are compared with respect to their assessment applications. Next, an assessment protocol recommended for the identification of language disorder versus difference is described. Finally, examples of two Spanish-English bilingual children are used to show how the protocol may be useful to assess children's language-learning potential and to minimize misdiagnosis.
The Lexicon and Phonology
Authors: Storkel Holly L. , Morrisette Michele L.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this paper is to underscore the importance of the link between lexical and phonological acquisition by considering learning by children beyond the 50-word stage and by applying cognitive models of spoken word processing to development. Lexical and phonological variables that have been shown to influence perception and production across the lifespan are considered relative to their potential role in learning by preschool children. The effect of these lexical and phonological variables on perception, production, and learning are discussed in the context of a two-representation connectionist model of spoken word processing. The model appears to offer insights into the complex interaction between the lexicon and phonology and may be useful for clinical diagnosis and treatment of children with language delays.
Efficacy and Cross-Domain Effects of a Morphosyntax and a Phonology Intervention
Authors: Tyler Ann A. , Lewis Kerry E. , Haskill Allison , Tolbert Leslie C.
Published: April 2006

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was three-fold: (a) to determine the efficacy of a morphosyntax and a phonology intervention against a no-treatment control group, (b) to assess the effects of those interventions on the non-targeted domain, and (c) to evaluate sequence effects when children receive both interventions.

Method:
Twenty preschoolers with impairments in both morphosyntax and phonology were assigned randomly to an intervention of two 12-week blocks beginning with either a block of phonology first (
n
= 10) or a block of morphosyntax first (
n
= 10). Data were collected at pretreatment, after the first intervention block, and posttreatment. For a control group of 7 children, data were collected at the beginning and end of a time period equivalent to one intervention block. Changes in a finite morpheme composite and target/generalization phoneme composite were assessed.

Results:
In comparison to the control group, both interventions were effective at a statistically significant level in facilitating improvement in the target domain after 12 weeks. The morphosyntax intervention led to cross-domain change in phonology that was similar to that achieved by the phonology intervention. The morphosyntax first sequence also led to slightly better overall morphosyntactic performance.

Clinical Implications:
Clinically, results suggest targeting morphosyntax first, followed by phonology, if using a block intervention sequence for children with concomitant morphosyntactic and phonological impairments.
Factors Affecting the Development of Speech, Language, and Literacy in Children With Early Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Geers Ann E.
Published: April 2006

Purpose:
This study investigated factors contributing to auditory, speech, language, and reading outcomes in children with prelingual deafness after 4–6 years of multichannel cochlear implant use. The analysis controlled for the effects of child, family, and implant characteristics so that educational factors most conducive to maximum implant benefit could be identified.

Method:
The sample included 136 8- and 9-year-old children from across the United States and Canada who were implanted by age 5 with the Nucleus 22-channel implant. Type and amount of educational intervention since implantation constituted the independent variables. The dependent variable was performance on a battery of tests of speech perception, speech production, language, and reading administered 4–6 years postimplant. Characteristics of the child, the family, and the implant itself constituted intervening variables. A series of multiple regression analyses determined the amount of variance in each outcome accounted for by the intervening variables and the amount of additional variance attributable to independent variables.

Results:
Characteristics of the child and the family (primarily nonverbal IQ) accounted for approximately 20% of the variance in postimplant outcome. An additional 24% was accounted for by implant characteristics and 12% by educational variables, particularly oral communication mode.

Clinical Implications:
Auditory, speech, language, and reading skills achieved 4–6 years after cochlear implantation were most strongly associated with nonverbal IQ, implant functioning, and use of an oral communication mode.
Narrative Discourse in Bilingual Children
Authors: Fiestas Christine E. , Peña Elizabeth D.
Published: April 2006

Purpose:
This study investigated the effect of language on Spanish-English bilingual children’s production of narrative samples elicited in two ways.

Method:
Twelve bilingual (Spanish-English-speaking) children ranging in age from 4;0 (years;months) to 6;11 who were fluent speakers of English as a second language produced two narratives—one elicited by using a wordless picture book and another by using a static picture. The children produced stories for each task in each language, for a total of four stories. For the book task, the story complexities were compared across both languages. Stories were scored for complexity of story grammar and the inclusion of specific narrative elements. Both stories in each language were further analyzed for productivity (total words, number of C-units, and mean length of C-unit). The grammaticality (proportion of grammatically acceptable C-units) and the proportion of utterances influenced by the nontarget language was compared across each language and story task.

Results:
Children produced narratives of equal complexity for the book task regardless of language. However, children used more attempts and initiating events in Spanish, while producing more consequences in English. The picture task yielded mixed results, and these were not compared quantitatively. There were differences in the two task conditions with respect to the children’s use of Spanish influenced English and English-influenced Spanish. Although children were equally productive in both languages, they used proportionally more Spanish-influenced utterances in the book task.

Clinical Implications:
The results demonstrate the importance of considering the test language when eliciting narratives from bilingual children and the type of the narrative task for eliciting a productive and complex narrative.
Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Sandage Mary J. , Zelazny Sherri K.
Published: April 2006

Paradoxical vocal fold motion (PVFM) is a complex adductory disorder of the vocal folds that frequently is mistaken for asthma. PVFM typically requires behavioral intervention by a trained speech-language pathologist for complete resolution of the symptoms. Once thought to be limited to adults, PVFM has been increasingly documented and successfully treated in the child and adolescent population. Understanding PVFM requires thorough knowledge of the differential diagnoses, the clinical features of PVFM, the differentiation of PVFM from asthma, the medical professionals involved in the diagnosis and treatment, and the behavioral interventions that are commonly prescribed. Teachers, school nurses, and coaches may be the first professionals to see the symptoms in children and assume that they have asthma. Successful referral, diagnosis, and behavioral treatment requires a team of individuals in the child’s community, including the school speech-language pathologist, who can work together to ensure identification and resolution of the symptoms. This article discusses etiologies, differential diagnosis, referral, medical management, evaluation, and behavioral treatment of the child or adolescent with PVFM.
Conceptual Versus Monolingual Scoring
Authors: Bedore Lisa M. , Peña Elizabeth D. , García Melissa , Cortez Celina
Published: April 2006

Purpose:This study evaluates the extent to which bilingual children produce the same or overlapping responses on tasks assessing semantic skills in each of their languages and whether classification analysis based on monolingual or conceptual scoring can accurately classify the semantic development of typically developing (TD) bilingual children.

Method:In Study 1, 55 TD children (ages 4;0 [years;months] to 7;11) from bilingual backgrounds named characteristic properties of familiar items. The extent to which children produced overlapping responses in each of their languages and their errors were examined. In Study 2, 40 TD children (ages 5;0 to 6;1), group matched for age and bilingual language exposure, responded to the Phase 2 version of the Bilingual English Spanish Assessment (BESA; E. D. Peña, V. Gutierrez-Clellen, A. Iglesias, B. A. Goldstein, & L. M. Bedore, in development). Conceptual and monolingual scores were compared to determine the extent to which these were comparable for groups of children.

Results:The results of Study 1 indicated that TD children from bilingual backgrounds are more likely to produce unique than overlapping responses when they respond to test items. Children were more likely to code switch when tested in Spanish than in English, but they were more likely to produce errors in English. In Study 2, monolingual and bilingual children achieved comparable conceptual scores. For Spanish-speaking bilingual children, the conceptual score was more likely to be in the average range of the monolingual children than was their monolingual score. For testing in English, monolingual and conceptual scores were similar.

Clinical Implications:Bilingual children will benefit from conceptual scoring, especially when they are tested in Spanish.
Parental Recasts and Production of Copulas and Articles by Children With Specific Language Impairment and Typical Language
Authors: Proctor-Williams Kerry , Fey Marc E. , Loeb Diane Frome
Published: April 2006

In intervention, children with specific language impairment (SLI) have been shown to develop productive use of morphemes in response to target-specific recasts at rates generally equivalent to younger, language-matched children with typical language development (TL). Our previous work demonstrated that in conversation, the overall recast rates produced by parents of children with SLI and those with TL are similar. Still, despite their apparently typical ability to use recast input in intervention and their equivalent environmental exposure to recasts, children with SLI continue to demonstrate grammatical delays in comparison to children with TL.

The purpose of this study was to examine three possible resolutions to this paradox. We examined target-specific copula and article recast usage by 10 parents of children with SLI and 10 parents of younger language-matched children with TL, and we examined their children’s productions of these same forms at three points across an 8-month period. The results provide strong support only for the third of the proposed hypotheses. Contrary to the predictions of the first hypothesis, a strong, positive relation was observed between the copula recasts used by parents of children with TL at Time 1 and their children’s use of copulas 8 months later. On the other hand, correlations between recasts of articles by parents and later production of articles by their children were not statistically reliable. Contrary to the second hypothesis, parents of children with SLI and those with TL produced equivalent rates of article and copula recasts. The third hypothesis received support on two essential counts. First, although significant correlations were found between parental recasts of copulas and production of this form 8 months later for the children with TL, no such relations were observed for the group with SLI. Second, the rate of parental target-specific recasts was less than a quarter of the rate provided in the successful intervention of Camarata, Nelson, and Camarata (1994). We conclude that children with SLI can benefit substantially from the grammar-facilitating properties of recasts, but only when the recasts are presented at rates that are much greater than those available in typical conversations with young children.
A Sequential Analysis of Children's Responsiveness to Parental Print References During Shared Book-Reading Interactions
Authors: Justice Laura M. , Weber Sarah E. , Ezell Helen K. , Bakeman Roger
Published: April 2006

Adults reading to preschool children have been encouraged to use print references (e.g., questions and comments about print) to stimulate children's interactions with written language. This study used sequential analysis (Bakeman & Gottman, 1997) to determine the extent to which typically developing preschoolers were responsive to parental print references during a shared book-reading interaction using a rhyming book. Participants included 15 parents and their preschool children (mean age = 4 years 6 months). A single shared reading ession was collected for each dyad following parental instruction in print-referencing behaviors. Results indicated that children responded at an overall rate of 60% to parental print references but that differential levels of child responsiveness occurred as a function of parental utterance type. That is, parental prompts were significantly more likely to elicit child responses than parental comments were. Results also indicated that children's responsiveness did not vary as a function of the early literacy topic of parental print references. For instance, children were no more likely to respond to prompts addressing alphabet knowledge than those addressing book-reading concepts or word awareness. Results may help guide intervention planning for children exhibiting low levels of early literacy skill.
Speech-Language Assessment in the Clinical Setting
Authors: Tyler Ann A. , Tolbert Leslie C.
Published: April 2006

Time constraints are a significant factor for clinic-based and school-based speech-language pathologists. Yet, with a planning process that incorporates parent information and accounts for child temperament, a comprehensive speech and language assessment can be completed within a 90-minute time frame. A parent questionnaire is completed prior to the assessment date, focusing on developmental history, including information about family history of learning difficulties and episodes of otitis media. Standardized and nonstandardized procedures are included in the assessment process in order to obtain clinically relevant information and provide parents and public service agencies with necessary qualifying scores. The Bankson-Bernthal Test of Phonology (BBTOP; Bankson & Bernthal, 1991) is the choice of instruments for standardized articulation/phonology testing, whereas the Preschool Language Scale-3 (PLS-3; Zimmerman, Steiner, & Pond, 1992) and a spontaneous language sample are recommended as language measures. A spontaneous sample also provides opportunity for clinical judgment regarding speech intelligibility, pragmatic skills, voice, and fluency. A recommendation session concludes the evaluation with a discussion of the child's performance on speech and language measures, overall impressions, and recommendations. This discussion includes strengths and weaknesses, with focus on answering parents' questions and addressing their concerns.
The Number of Individual Treatment Units Necessary to Facilitate Functional Communication Improvements in the Speech and Language of Young Children
Authors: Jacoby Gregory P. , Lee Linda , Kummer Ann W. , Levin Linda , Creaghead Nancy A.
Published: April 2006

The present study was conducted to determine the average number of treatment units needed to achieve improvements in functional communication. The subjects, ages 3 to 6 years, consisted of 234 children who received speech-language pathology services over a two-year period at Children's Hospital Medical Center (CHMC) in Cincinnati, Ohio. Subjects had disorders of articulation and/or language and were rated on all areas of deficit using the ASHA functional communication measures (FCMs) of articulation/intelligibility, spoken language production, and spoken language comprehension. Because many subjects had more than one area of deficit, a total of 394 ratings were obtained.

Results indicated that as the number of treatment units increased, the FCM level improved. These improvements were statistically significant for subjects with articulation/intelligibility and spoken language production disorders only. Younger children received the greatest benefit per units of therapy provided. Children with lower initial functional abilities generally required more units of therapy to demonstrate improvement than children with higher initial ability levels. Children with an associated factor, (i.e., anoxic brain damage, syndromes, hearing loss, etc.) generally required more units of therapy than those who had no other factors, although the results were not statistically significant. The majority of subjects (76.5%) improved by at least one FCM level following 20 hours or more of therapy. There was improvement of two FCM levels in 38.5%, and more than two levels in 18.5% of the overall group. The present study indicates that improvement in FCM abilities is made with treatment, and that the degree of improvement is correlated with the number of treatment units provided.