bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive Measures should be Taken for Exterior Window Thermal Insulating Energy-Saving
Authors: Zhang Jie , Dong Su Fen
Published: August 2013

EPS thermal insulation system is one of the wider applications of exterior insulation system in the area of North China. In engineering applications, it is extremely important to improve the thermal insulation engineering quality to familiar with the structure principle, strengthen strict re-inspection of the material properties , standardized operation and fine construction, but also conducive to ensure its energy-saving effect and durability.
Vanadium Dioxide Thin Films Deposited on ZnO Buffer Layer for Smart Thermochromic Glazing of Windows
Authors: Ma Jian Wei , Song Ya Rui , Xu Gang , Miao Lei
Published: August 2013

Vanadium oxide thin films have been deposited on glass and ZnO-coated glass substrates by reactive RF-magnetron sputtering deposition at different substrate temperature. The introduction of ZnO buffer layer could increase the transmittance. The buffer layer ZnO could lead to the increase of the crystallinity quality of VO2 films and substrate temperature could be decreased to 100°C for the obtaining of polycrystalline VO2 structure. The structure of VO2/ZnO/glass is considered to be potentially applicable to smart windows of high total energy efficiency in architectures or automobiles.
Application of PV Roof on Large Space Structure System
Authors: Di Peng , Shen Wei
Published: August 2013

Future development of solar energy technology will focus on photovoltaic (PV) component. Analyzing the application of PV roof on large space structure system, this paper points out that key points of application of this technology are PV cells and roof bearing body. Besides, the discussion of what is important in structure design of PV roof shows that the calculation of Building-attached Photovoltaic roof (BAPV roof) should consider the influence of load applied on the windward side and leeward side, the synergic action of panels and supporting frames and whipping effect; while the calculation of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic roof (BIPV roof) should put bearing load on the first place and satisfy insulation work as well as waterproof work of roof. The conclusion is that the future development direction of roof is the two-in-one PV roof.
Is the NZEB Benchmarking Approach Suitable for Assessing Energy Retrofit Design?
Authors: Beccali Marco , Galatioto Alessandra , Leone Giuliana , Longo Sonia
Published: August 2013

Currently, many effort have been done to enable energy saving issues in building design and many definitions have been introduced for most performing constructions based on energy balance between energy demand and supply. Recently, the Net Zero Energy Building theory has bypassed old Passive House concept but many questions still remain open. Present work aims to estimate how NZEB requirements matching could be affected by the choice of their definition and the choice of weighting factor system, to be count in the energy balance. NZEB concept is mainly referred to new buildings design. Its application to existing buildings is for sure an hard task provided the architecture and physical constraints are often problematic. Nevertheless, the benchmarking approach able to assess the building performance according to the NZEB objective can be utilized for other two purposes. The first one is to assess how an existing building is far from the performances of a NZEB. The second one is to assess the contribution of a conventional retrofit in improving its energy balance.
Energy-Efficient Design of Super High-Rise Building in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone
Authors: Qu Wan Ying
Published: August 2013

With advances in technology and development, it has become very important to raise the citys land resource utilization. Super high-rise building is not only save the land, but also destruct the living environment. According to the climatic characteristics and geographical position of Hot Summer and Cold Winter, present situation of energy-saving in super high-rise buildings, this paper analyses energy-efficient design strategy of super high-rise building from natural ventilation, and energy efficiency of building envelope and renewable green space.
Quality Control Measures of EPS External Thermal Insulation Board
Authors: Zhang Jie , Xue Yun
Published: August 2013

EPS thermal insulation system is one of the wider applications of exterior insulation system in the area of North China. In engineering applications, it is extremely important to improve the thermal insulation engineering quality to familiar with the structure principle, strengthen strict re-inspection of the material properties , standardized operation and fine construction, but also conducive to ensure its energy-saving effect and durability.
The Study of Interior Design Sustainable Development
Authors: Gaowa Wu Jin , Yan Gao
Published: August 2013

The sustainable development becoming more reliable and more acceptable when facing with the reality of environment and ecology gradually getting worse, it can be concluded that interior design would be on the sustainable road by discussing the develop character of interior design in aspects such as resource saving, harmlessness, ecology, humanization and so on.
A Study on Urban Furniture Design Based on Landscape Imagery
Authors: Kuang Fu Chun , Wu Zhi Hui , Liu Xin
Published: August 2013

As same as indoor space, the urban space meets the user’s needs and reflects a city’s characteristics and culture, only through the reasonable furniture settings. This paper firstly started from the system of urban furniture, made a study of the connotation and type, and then discussed the relationship between urban furniture and landscape imagery. Based on research dates and design examples, it proposed design strategies based on landscape imagery from the following aspects: the deeply shaping of functions, styles with the overall and continuous creating, nature factors running through design and the culture’s reconstruction.
Study on Thermal Environment of Sports Field in Different Materials
Authors: Xiao Yong Qiang , Cao Ying Xue
Published: August 2013

Natural lawn and artificial turf, which have a great difference on practical function and thermal environment characteristics, are widely used in sports field. In order to obtain the quantitative differences on thermal environment in summer, instrumental measurement and questionnaires are used in this paper to investigate the thermal environmental characteristics of natural lawn and artificial turf, respectively. Meanwhile human thermal sensation in the two lawns was also evaluated. The results show that the foliar surface temperature and mean air temperature in artificial turf is significantly higher than that of natural lawn in early summer. Due to thermal discomfort and the potential hurt for athletes on artificial turf field, cooling methods such as sprinkle are recommended.
Evaluation Approaches of Urban Freeway Greening
Authors: Zhang Hang , Li Chao , Cheng Shao Long , Li Wei
Published: August 2013

Urban freeway greening can beautify the environment, and provide other functions such as anti-glare capability in median area, visual line guidance, accident protection, and environmental ecologic protection. However, the traditional greening evaluation limits to the appraisal of landscape. Therefore, this paper attempts to establish a scientific and reasonable evaluation indexes system of urban freeway greening. On the basis of analysis and summary, this article puts forward the appraisal principles and methods of urban freeway greening. Taking the road section as the appraisal unit and choosing 8 indicators as primary indicators, the paper develops the framework of the evaluation system for urban freeway greening, by using methods of the expert appraisal and principle component analysis. . To a certain extent, this evaluation approaches can scientifically, objectively measure and evaluate the current status and developing level of ecological greening of urban freeway in a certain area.
Design of Extension Project of Huangpu Road Wastewater Treatment Plant in Wuhan City
Authors: Zhang Lei , Wang Xun
Published: August 2013

Efficient sedimentation tank and Biological Aerated Filter are introduced in extension project in Wuhan Huangpu road WWTP,the first-stage project pretreatment capacity of which is 10×104m3/d.This process provides high treatment efficiency while occupying a small footprintnoise reduction and has little environmental impact.The effluent quality meets the first level A criteria specified in Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002).This project demonstrates the successful handling of the environmental issues arising from the construction of wastewater treatment plantin highly urbanized area
The Treatment and Disposal of Produced Water from Onshore Oilfields
Authors: Liu Zhong Min , Jin Yong Qing , Yuan Guo Qing , Law Malcolm J
Published: August 2013

As the worldwide demand for crude oil and gas increases and the oilfields age, the annual production of produced water is rising dramatically. Environmental restrictions on the disposal of this waste water have become more stringent in recent years with the result that disposal costs are also raising rapidly.
This paper examines the various options for the treatment of this produced water prior to its disposal together with the possible consequences of getting it wrong, such as corrosion and scaling of process piping and equipment, together with fouling of the oilfield rock formation and disposal wells.
Study on the Development of Urban Historical Area and the Conservation of Cultural Heritages from the Viewpoint of the Participation of Local Organization
Authors: Lu Chi Pang , Chen Shih Ming
Published: August 2013

The historical areas are frequently early-developed districts in the city. Due to the urban modernization, the cultural heritages composed the historical area are demolished and then replaced by communal facilities to upgrade the urban faculties. However, the urban context is the outcome of the social transition of the city; therefore, the spatial characteristic of historical area responds to the process of the development of the city. The value of the cultural heritages is not only the its own historical significance but the contemporary living culture of the city. Because of the large spatial scale, the conservation and regeneration of historical area needs a long-term process with interdisciplinary professional issues. As a result, the current problems are that the policy is dominated by government and scholars while local people are difficult to participate, and is more emphasis on the outsiders and tourists than inhabitants. By several years participant observation, this research found out that the participant process of the activities can bring local groups and residents to identify themselves with the historical area; and the participant model with multiple and integrated local organization brings themselves up on professional knowledge and ability in the aspect of the cultural heritages. To present and to interpret autonomously the cultural connotation of the activity by the local people is helpful to continue the development of the dynamic culture. On the other hand, the transformed and multi-used places for the activity can respond to the dilemma of the modernization and the conservation. The cultural heritages related to activities may become supportive environment during the development process of the historical area in the city.
Research on Influencing Factors of Photoreactivation in Urban Sewage Treatment by UV Disinfection
Authors: Zhang Ji Ku , Wang Hui Ye , Shao Hui Ting , Dong Zhi Biao
Published: August 2013

Test using CS-type UV sterilizer to do experimental study on the urban sewage , mainly research the influence of the placement time under natural light and the UV dose on photoreactivation. The results show that when disinfection ultraviolet dose is equal, bacteria photoreactivation phenomenon is more obvious with the increase of the placement time of water samples under natural light . When the placement time reaches at 3h, bacteria photoreactivation phenomenon is the most obvious. Under the same placement time, the ratio of bacteria photoreactivation decreases gradually with the increase of UV dose. When UV dose reaches at 80mJ /cm2 or the higher doses, the bacteria does not basically happen photoreactivation phenomenon. Photoreactivation phenomenon in E. coli is more obvious than that in bacteria under the same conditions.
Inactivation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Drinking Water by Ozone
Authors: Ran Zhi Lin , Li Shao Feng
Published: August 2013

The paper used the fluorescence staining method to study the effect of O3 inactivating Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water. The results indicated that O3 had the stronger inactivating ability. When the dosages of O3 were above 3.0 mg /L and exposure time was 7 min, the extinct rate can be achieved 99.9%. The turbidity and concentration of organics were found to be statistically significant in artificial water. With the increasing of turbidity and temperature, the inactivating effect decreased. The inactivating ability of O3 was stronger under acidic conditions than in alkalic circumstance. When the concentration of the organic in the reaction system is high, competition between Cryptosporidium, Giardia and organics with O3 which reduced inactivation ratio might take place.
Measures to Relieve the Stress of Water
Authors: Duan Shi Kai , Shen Guo Shi , Shan Zhen Dong , Dong Yan , Zheng Kai , Guo Jin Peng , Xiong Shuang Ka
Published: August 2013

In order to develop realistic water resources strategy, we initially analyze the situation of water resources in the United States which present a significant regional difference. Then on the basis of previous studies, we propose the cost formulas of water storage, movement and desalinization. By analyzing the practical application, along with pros and cons of the above three solutions accordingly, we consider that a comprehensive utilization of these measures will be the best water strategy for America to solve the water shortage problem. Later we apply the conclusion to a case study of Southern California, we propose an optimization model which aims to minimize the total cost of the water strategy, and then use Lingo to solve the problem. Results show that 5.946 billion cubic meters of water by transferring is the best way to make up for the water use gap in 2025 and the total cost is 2.94 billion dollars. Finally, we summarize the strengths and weaknesses of our paper. What needs to be emphasized is that our model can also be adapted into the analysis of other states, which shows great flexibility.
Research on the Morphological Evolution of Sanye House Village Located in Farming-Pastoral Zone of Eastern Inner Mongolia
Authors: Kong Jing , Qiu Li , Ma Ming , Wang Juan , Zhang Ming , Wang Wen Ming , Su Hao , Li Yong , Kang Jing , Chen Wen
Published: August 2013

San ye House Village are located in Farming-pastoral zone of eastern Inner Mongolia after a hundred years of development history, from mainly nomadic settlements into agricultural and pastoral settlements. The evolution of the settlements' pattern experienced a total of three stages. With the combination of different periods of settlement pattern analysis, the characteristics of San ye House village settlement pattern development is studied and the reasons for its formation and evolution process are presented.
Application of Ferrate for the Treatment of Organic Matters in Wastewater
Authors: Song Ya Rui , Ma Jian Wei
Published: August 2013

Fe (VI) was evaluated to treat municipal secondary effluents derived from wastewater treatment plants. Organic matter and reactive phosphate compounds in wastewater was oxidized by Fe (VI) l, and the formation of adsorbable organic haloids (AOX) as by-products in this study. Additionally, the most probable number (MPN) of cultivable heterotrophic bacteria was also determined. In every case for 100% bacterial inactivation a low Fe (VI) concentration (5 mg L.1) was enough and by this concentration 40% chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 20% total organic carbon (TOC) removal could be obtained on average. Higher Fe (VI) concentration (715 mg L.1) resulted in an even higher organics reduction (depending on the water matrix up to 79% COD and 45% TOC removal). Monitoring AOX concentration during Fe (VI)-treatment, it could be stated that AOX formation was in linear relationship with the applied Fe (VI) concentration, but at higher than about 10 mg L-1 Fe (VI) concentration this increase became much less than at lower Fe (VI) concentration.
Development of Ferrate(VI) Salt as an Oxidant and Coagulant for Water and Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Song Ya Rui , Ma Jian Wei
Published: August 2013

This paper reviews the use of ferrate (VI) for water and wastewater treatment. The literature revealed that due to its unique properties (viz. strong oxidizing potential and simultaneous generation of ferric coagulating species), ferrate (VI) salt can disinfect microorganisms, partially degrade and/or oxidise the organic and inorganic impurities, and remove suspended/colloidal particulate materials in a single dosing and mixing unit process. However, challenges have existed for the implementation of ferrate (VI) technology in practice due to the instability of a ferrate solution or high production cost of solid ferrate products. Fundamental study is thus required to explore the new preparation methods focusing on increasing the production yield and products stability and avoiding using hypochlorite or chlorine as the oxidant. Also, the application of ferrate (VI) in drinking water treatment has not been studied systematically and future work in this field is recommended.
Oxidation of Inorganic Contaminants by Ferrates (VI) - A Review
Authors: Song Ya Rui , Ma Jian Wei
Published: August 2013

This review makes a critical assessment of the oxidation a series of inorganic compounds by ferrates eFeVIO42_ ; Inorganic contaminants are found in water, wastewaters, and industrial effluents and their oxidation using iron based oxidants is of great interest because such oxidants possess multi-functional properties and are environmentally benign. Case studies are presented which demonstrate that inorganic contaminants can be degraded in seconds to minutes by ferrate (VI) with the formation of non-toxic products.
Coal Mining Influences on the Soil Water Content in Mao Wusu Sand Land
Authors: Zhou Rui Ping , Wu Yan Ru
Published: August 2013

The soil water content in a region is closely related to plant growth. The coal Mining has a strong influence on the soil in Mao Wusu sand land. This study investigated the relationship between the soil water content and the collapse Degree Land of Coal Mining. Samples of the collapse land were analyzed for the soil water content in different slope locations in summer. The soil moisture changes are basically same in different slope location regardless whether it is in subsidence area or not when no rain occurs within two weeks in summer, and soil water content is relatively low in slope button, and a relative high in the other slope location, the water content in the control area and subsidence area follows from high to low by: 0a> 3a> 2a> 1a. The soil water content of the control region each layer is significantly higher than that of the subsidence region.The soil volumetric water content of the sample land on both sides of the subsidence cracks is less than that in the control land in the experimental period. The water content of relative subsidence side is higher than in the exposed side, and the water content is shown the law of the control area>light >light-exposed>medium>medium-exposed>heavy>heavy-exposed.
Organic Contaminant Types of Urban Landscape Water and Countermeasures: A Case Study of the Xuchang Moat
Authors: Li Zhong Xuan , Lü Wen
Published: August 2013

By monitoring the water quality (Dec., 2009-2011) of the three sections of the moat in Xuchang, the data show that three-year average turbidity of the water at North, East, South sections is 18.6,16.7 and 12.4 respectively, and with average COD at 43 mg / L, 37.5 mg / L and 29.5 mg / L in accordance, as well as with BOD5 content at 16.1mg / L, 15.0mg / L and 8.7 mg / L. The integrated pollution index of the three mentioned sections was 2.54,1.94 and 1.06 in December 2011, increasing by 29.6%, 22% and 34.2% in comparison with the same period in 2009. The fluorescence spectrometer tests display that the main components of organic pollutants at the northern and eastern sections are organic detergent, cooking oil and a variety of plant and animal protein in complex traits.
Coagulation Experimental Study of Coal Washing Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Fu Jin Jin , Hu Ming Zhong
Published: August 2013

Coal washing wastewater is the end of the wet coal mine coal washing process industrial water , which contains a lot of slime and silt , causing serious pollution to the environment of the mine near this study, coagulation treatment of coal washing wastewater to determine the best flocculants and optimum operating parameters : agitation intensity 90r/min, polyaluminum chloride (30mg / l) dosage of 10ml the polyacrylamide dosage 3ml , pH = 7-11 . The treated effluent can be reused , either to protect the environment , but also save water resources .
Ionic Liquid-Assisted Fabrication of ZnO with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Zheng Xing Wen , Xiao Zheng Hua , Zhong Jun Bo , Hu Wei
Published: August 2013

In this paper, ZnO photocatalyst was prepared by sol-gel method with the assistance of ionic liquid (IL). The structure, morphology and the photoinduced charge separation rate of the photocatalyst prepared (IL-ZnO) were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS), respectively. The results reveal that ionic liquid enhances the photoinduced charge separation rate. The activity of ZnO for photocatalytic decolorization of methyl orange (MO) solution was evaluated. The results show that the photocatalytic activity of IL-ZnO is higher than that of ZnO.
A Study on Bacterioplankton Community Composition in a Nature Reservoir
Authors: Liu Bing Bing , Zhang Hua Yong , Cui Song Bo
Published: August 2013

The relationship between bacterioplankton community composition and environmental factors in a constructed small-scale reservoir was studied. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting was used to detect plankton communities. Species composition of the sites was heterogeneous; 60 % of the total species were restricted to single samples and only 2 bands were found in all investigated samples. Clustering analysis illustrated a strong correlation between samples taken from same sites. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) results showed that bacterioplankton community composition was primarily correlated with NO3--N and CODCr. Bacterioplankton community composition could reflect the environmental conditions to some extent.
Critical Assessment Holistic Sustainability at Building Scale in China through Case Studies of Sustainable Tall Buildings
Authors: Liu Yu Chuan , Wan Jie , Wang Zhen Hua
Published: August 2013

In 1987, the Brundtland report defined sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The 30 percentage of the whole world greenhouse gas per year come from buildings. In many situation when architects design tall buildings, they often take into more consideration operational efficiency instead of some influence of environment. The consumption of energy ascend dramatically in developing counties, which leads to air pollutions and increase of greenhouse gas in these countries. In China, the number of tall buildings are increasing and these tall buildings take large proportion of energy consumption. The number of tall buildings was 400 until 2000 and the energy consumption of huge tall buildings is 6 to 8 times more than common buildings. Therefore, how to reduce energy consumption in tall buildings plays a vital role in sustainable development. The holistic sustainability includes three aspects which are economy, society and ecology. The purpose of this essay is critically assessing sustainable tall buildings in China and UK. Then limitation of holistic sustainability of building scale in China would be analyzed and how to enhance it.
Research on Coagulation/Sedimentation Process for Simulation of Fluorine-Containing Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Zhai Lin Zhi , Sun Yi Han , He Cheng
Published: August 2013

Over discharge of fluoride will cause the environment pollution and human harm. Experiments were performed with the simulated fluoride wastewater to study the removal of fluoride. The effects on the residual fluoride concentration were investigated using lime-sedimentation and coagulation/sedimentation. The results showed that the fluoride contents were among 30mg/L-50mg/L, with lime alone. The fluoride concentration decresde to 30mg/L-40mg/L, using the combination of Ca(OH)2+PAM. The residual fluoride concentrations of 600mg/L, 900mg/L, 1200mg/L fluoride wastewater remained below 10mg/L by the combination of Ca(OH)2+PAM+PAC. It suggested PAM and PAC has an important increase effect on the fluoride removal. The suitable conditions for defluoridation with Ca(OH)2+PAM+PAC: PAC was 0.2mL, fluoride-calcium ratio was 2:1.1.
A Comparative Study of Matang and Kuala Sembeling Landfills Leachate Characteristics
Authors: Zin Nur Shaylinda Mohd , Aziz Hamidi Abdul , Adlan Mohd Nordin , Ariffin Azlan , Yusoff Mohd Suffian , Dahlan Irvan
Published: August 2013

Understanding the characteristic of leachate is important since it has complexity properties because of the variation in its composition. This study, analyzed and compared two leachate from two landfill sites, namely, Matang and Kuala Sembeling landfill. Leachate raw samples were collected by grab sampling and were analyzed for 11 parameters. The average concentrations of MLS and KSLS leachate such as BOD5 (146 and 61 mg/L), COD (828 and 363 mg/L), pH (7.6 and 8), SS (407 and 220 mg/L), ammonia (868 and 367 mg/L) , BOD/COD (0.18 and 0.14), cadmium (0.19 and 0.1 mg/L), cuprum (0.09 and 0.1 mg/L), nickel (0.17 and 0.1 mg/L), manganese (0.09 and 0.22 mg/L), and ferum (2.3 and 8.3 mg/L) were recorded, respectively. The results revealed that the both landfills are categorized as partially stabilized leachate. The strength of leachate pollutants from MLS are higher than KSLS because of the higher fraction of organics concentration. There are 5 parameters (BOD5, COD, ammonia, SS and cadmium) in MLS and 7 parameters (BOD5, COD, ammonia, SS, cadmium, manganese and ferum) in KSLS exceeded the permissible limit stated by MEQA (1974), and so leachates from both landfill sites need a suitable treatment to reduce the concentration of the leachate pollutants before discharge into environment.
Shape Study on a Cubic Wooden Detached House Model for Reducing LCCO2
Authors: Sui Jie Li , Wang Shao Ling , Ren Yan Tao , Ma Tao
Published: August 2013

Among all elements of building which related to CO2 emissions, building shapes is a decisive factor. By deforming a cubic model, we achieved optimal shape of WDH reducingLCCO2 by Genetic Algorithms (GA).
Air Flow Modelling of a Multi-Storey Office Building
Authors: Wang Chong Jie , Liu Wei Wei
Published: August 2013

Indoor fresh air distribution, temperature stratification and temperature distribution are consider to be the essential indicators when comes to evaluation of the comfort level for internal ventilation environment, particularly for natural ventilated space as target office building. It can be identified that the targeting building has been well designed in the respect of natural ventilation strategies where both cross and stack strategies have been adopted, but it is also obvious that under combined buoyancy and wind driven mode alternative problems appears.
Limited Analysis the Operation Parameters of Float Glass Melting Tank and Flue Gas Desulfurization Correlation
Authors: Xu Ning , Xu Yue
Published: August 2013

The float glass melting tank is huge and complex equipment which the operation parameters are difficult to control in production line. The install of desulfurizer makes the kiln more complex and unstable. In present work, we fulfill the field experiments and obtained the optimal practical operation parameters. The obtained parameters were: aperture of wings gate: 75-85%; aperture of draft fan: 30-35% for draft fan 1, and draft fan 2 were through-type; aperture of conveying fan: 70-85%; temperature of gas into desulfurizer: 180-200°C; the water flow were controlled by thermocouple and diaphragm control valve; Velocity of gas into desulfurizer: 8-10 m/s. Our results provide the guidance for installing the desulfurizer and modifying the whole system in practice.
Comments on China's New Ambient Air Quality Standards
Authors: You Ming Qing
Published: August 2013

This article compares the new ambient quality standards adopted by China on 29 February 2012 with the previous ambient air quality standards and reveals the significance of and reasons for this revision. It points out that the new ambient air quality standards added fine particulate matters into the items to be monitored, reclassified monitored items into the group of basic items to be mandatorily monitored nationwide and the group of other pollutants to be monitored discretionally, and set the maximum concentration for each of the two categories of areas. This revision was in response to the demand of the general public for less pollution and better information on the air quality. This revision is important for the human health because it imposes a new task on local governments. The new standard shall be implemented gradually, beginning with most seriously polluted areas, and finally to be implemented nation-wide. This revision is expected to contribute to better protection of human health.
Removal of Diesel Oil from Soil Using Rhamnolipid and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfonate
Authors: Tang Chun Fang , Lian Xiang Jin
Published: August 2013

The removal of No. 0 diesel oil from two kinds of soils artificially by natural rhamnolipid and synthetic sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) were performed in a batch of soil washing studies. Results showed that both surfactants could remove significant amount of diesel oil from the contaminated soil at different solution concentrations compared with water alone. The maximum removal was obtained at surfactant concentrations below or equal to the critical micelle concentration (CMC). At surfactant concentrations higher than the CMC, removal of diesel oil did not increase further. SDS remained more in solution than rhamnolipid, thus, it was expected to be more effective than rhamnolipid to remove diesel oil. However, the next washing experiment showed that rhamnolipid had more considerable ability in removing diesel oil.
The Policy Systems of Low-Carbon Economy for Jiangxi Province
Authors: Zhang Qiu Gen , Yin Yin , Wei Li'an
Published: August 2013

The low-carbon economy is an economy with externality. It has a high risk to develop low-carbon industries and low-carbon technologies. A sound policy system should be enriched and perfected in promoting the development of low-carbon economy in Jiangxi Province although there were some fiscal and taxation policies. In order to promote rapid and healthy development of low-carbon economy in Jiangxi Province, the comprehensive low-carbon economy policy systems had been proposed which including low-carbon tax policy, low-carbon finance policy, low-carbon industry policy, low-carbon investment policy, low-carbon technology policy, low-carbon consumption policy and carbon management policy.
Temperature Extremes over China Simulated by the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model (BCC_CSM1.0)
Authors: Li Jing Xin , Wang Shi Gong , Shang Ke Zheng , Li Yan , Hao Tian Yi , Wang Min Zhen
Published: August 2013

Extreme temperature events in China have been simulated by using the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model (BCC_CSM1.0). Daily observed temperature data for 1961-2006 at stations in China are used for comparison. The result shows that the value of simulation is consistent with the observation. But the consequence has a lower value especially Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; there is a good simulation for BCC_CSM1.0 for temperature and extreme indices over China in a certain range of error. Trends of indices of extreme temperature are increased.
Low-Carbon Building Assessment and Model Construction
Authors: Liu Zhong Wen , Gao Peng Zhao , Kang Ya Wen
Published: August 2013

Based on the green building, ecological architecture and sustainable development construction, this paper puts forward the idea of development of low-carbon building, which means reducing carbon emission in architecture`s life cycle. In addition, the evaluation index system of low-carbon building and assessment model which depends on AHP and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation are set up in the paper by considering from five aspects: low-carbon structure, low-carbon material, low-carbon energy, low-carbon technology and low-carbon management.
Influence of Surfactants on Biodegradation of Chlordane by Wood-Rotting Fungus
Authors: Xiao Peng Fei , You Tie Xue , Song Yu Zhen , Ying Shan , Wang Jian Qiao
Published: August 2013

Wood-rotting fungus, Phlebia lindtneri GB 1027, was tested in toxicity assays with three surfactants in order to select surfactants for degradation assays of chlordane. Tween 80 and Triton X-100 appeared to have lower effect on the fungal growth on solid medium, while higher effect of fungal growth was observed in solid medium with SDS. Tween 80 had positive effects both on the chlordane degradation and the fungal growth. When fungus was incubated on PDB liquid medium with Tween 80 of 10 CMC after 20 d, 78.6% of chlordane was removed. In the treatments with Triton X-100, this strain showed comparatively greatest degradation rate (70.8%) of chlordane at a concentration of 2 CMC. However, when Triton X-100 concentration was higher than 2 CMC (5 and 10 CMC), the enhancement for the biodegradation of chlordane decreased.
Research Progress on Resource Utilization of Urban Sludge
Authors: Li Gang , Hao Chun Hong , Jing Yu Ming , Liu Dao Xing , Li Yi
Published: August 2013

Sludge compost technology adapted to China small cities and towns, with Significant effect, widely applicable scope, lower cost The producing building materials , alternative energy , composing function materials and sludge protein reuse were suitable for applications of large and medium-sized cities, considering the economic Angle and environmental benefits.
Geological Environment Quality Evaluation with Fuzzy Mathematics
Authors: Chen Juan Nong , Wang Xin Chun
Published: August 2013

Based on features of the geological environment in Tangshan, this paper selects 14 evaluation factors like earthquake and fissure to conduct comprehensive regionalism and analysis. The result shows that the research area can be divided into four parts, Level-I (excellent) area accounting for 0.74% , Level-II (good) area accounting for 37.5%, Level-III (acceptable) area accounting for 52.26%, Level-IV(poor) area accounting for 9.5%.on one hand, the northern mountain area is characterized by collapse, landslide and debris flow. On the other hand, the southern mountain area is characterized by subsidence and seawater encroachment. On the whole, the overall geological environment is poor. Therefore, reasonable land planning and unban construction is of great importance to a coordinated and stable economy in Tangshan.
Inflammation-Mediated Notch Signaling Skews Fanconi Anemia Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation
Authors: Du Wei , Amarachintha Surya , Sipple Jared , Schick Jonathan , Steinbrecher Kris , Pang Qishen
Published: August 2013

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can either self-renew or differentiate into various types of cells of the blood lineage. Signaling pathways that regulate this choice of self-renewal versus differentiation are currently under extensive investigation. In this study, we report that deregulation of Notch signaling skews HSC differentiation in mouse models of Fanconi anemia (FA), a genetic disorder associated with bone marrow failure and progression to leukemia and other cancers. In mice expressing a transgenic Notch reporter, deletion of the Fanca or Fancc gene enhances Notch signaling in multipotential progenitors (MPPs), which is correlated with decreased phenotypic long-term HSCs and increased formation of MPP1 progenitors. Furthermore, we found an inverse correlation between Notch signaling and self-renewal capacity in FA hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Significantly, FA deficiency in MPPs deregulates a complex network of genes in the Notch and canonical NF-κB pathways. Genetic ablation or pharmacologic inhibition of NF-κB reduces Notch signaling in FA MPPs to near wild type level, and blocking either NF-κB or Notch signaling partially restores FA HSC quiescence and self-renewal capacity. These results suggest a functional crosstalk between Notch signaling and NF-κB pathway in regulation of HSC differentiation.
Melanoma Differentiation–Associated Gene 5 Senses Hepatitis B Virus and Activates Innate Immune Signaling To Suppress Virus Replication
Authors: Lu Hsin-Lin , Liao Fang
Published: August 2013

Retinoic acid–inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation–associated gene 5 (MDA5) belong to the RIG-I–like receptors family of pattern recognition receptors. Both RIG-I and MDA5 have been shown to recognize various viral RNAs, but whether they mediate hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the expression of MDA5, but not RIG-I, was increased in Huh7 cells transfected with the HBV replicative plasmid and in the livers of mice hydrodynamically injected with the HBV replicative plasmid. To further determine the effect of RIG-I–like receptors on HBV replication, we cotransfected the HBV replicative plasmid with RIG-I or MDA5 expression plasmid into Huh7 cells and found that MDA5, but not RIG-I at a similar protein level, significantly inhibited HBV replication. Knockdown of endogenous MDA5, but not RIG-I, in Huh7 cells transfected with the HBV replicative plasmid significantly increased HBV replication. Of particular interest, we found that MDA5, but not RIG-I, was able to associate with HBV-specific nucleic acids, suggesting that MDA5 may sense HBV. Finally, we performed in vivo experiments by hydrodynamic injection of the HBV replicative plasmid into wild-type, MDA5−/−, MDA5+/−, or RIG-I+/− mice, and found that MDA5−/− and MDA5+/− mice, but not RIG-I+/− mice, exhibited an increase of HBV replication as compared with wild-type mice. Collectively, our in vitro and in vivo studies both support a critical role for MDA5 in the innate immune response against HBV infection.
Peripheral Tissue Homing Receptors Enable T Cell Entry into Lymph Nodes and Affect the Anatomical Distribution of Memory Cells
Authors: Brinkman C. Colin , Rouhani Sherin J. , Srinivasan Nithya , Engelhard Victor H.
Published: August 2013

Peripheral tissue homing receptors enable T cells to access inflamed nonlymphoid tissues. In this study, we show that two such molecules, E-selectin ligand and α4β1 integrin, enable activated and memory T cells to enter lymph nodes (LN) as well. This affects the quantitative and qualitative distribution of these cells among regional LN beds. CD8 memory T cells in LN that express these molecules were mostly CD62Llo and would normally be classified as effector memory cells. However, similar to central memory cells, they expanded upon Ag re-encounter. This led to differences in the magnitude of the recall response that depended on the route of immunization. These novel cells share properties of both central and effector memory cells and reside in LN based on previously undescribed mechanisms of entry.
Noncovalent Association of Protein and Capsular Polysaccharide on Bacteria-Sized Latex Beads as a Model for Polysaccharide-Specific Humoral Immunity to Intact Gram-Positive Extracellular Bacteria
Authors: Colino Jesus , Duke Leah , Snapper Clifford M.
Published: August 2013

Intact Streptococcus pneumoniae expressing type 14 capsular polysaccharide (PPS14) and type III S. agalactiae containing a PPS14 core capsule identical to PPS14 exhibit noncovalent associations of PPS14 and bacterial protein, in contrast to soluble covalent conjugates of these respective Ags. Both bacteria and conjugates induce murine PPS14-specific IgG responses dependent on CD4+ T cells. Further, secondary immunization with conjugate and S. agalactiae, although not S. pneumoniae, results in a boosted response. However, in contrast to conjugate, PPS14-specific IgG responses to bacteria lack affinity maturation use the 44.1-idiotype and are dependent on marginal zone B cells. To better understand the mechanism underlying this dichotomy, we developed a minimal model of intact bacteria in which PPS14 and pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) were stably attached to 1 μm (bacteria-sized) latex beads, but not directly linked to each other, in contrast to PPS14–PspA conjugate. Beads coated simultaneously with PPS14+[PspA], similar to conjugate, induced in mice boosted PPS14-specific IgG secondary responses, dependent on T cells and ICOS-dependent costimulation, and in which priming could be achieved with PspA alone. In contrast to conjugate, but similar to intact bacteria, the primary PPS14-specific IgG response to beads coated simultaneously with PPS14+[PspA] peaked rapidly, with the secondary response highly enriched for the 44.1-idiotype and lacking affinity maturation. These results demonstrate that noncovalent association in a particle, of polysaccharide and protein, recapitulates essential immunologic characteristics of intact bacteria that are distinct from soluble covalent conjugates of these respective Ags.
Identification of a Phage-Encoded Ig-Binding Protein from Invasive Neisseria meningitidis
Authors: Müller Maike G. , Ing Jessica Y. , Cheng Mike Kai-Wick , Flitter Becca A. , Moe Gregory R.
Published: August 2013

Ig-binding proteins are employed by a variety of organisms to evade the immune system. To our knowledge, we now report for the first time that meningococcal strains from several capsular groups exhibit Ig-binding activity that is dependent on human serum factors. A protein mediating Ig binding was identified as T and B cell–stimulating protein B (TspB) by immunoprecipitation and by mass spectroscopic analysis of tryptic peptides. Recombinant TspB and derivatives verified Ig binding, with a preference for human IgG2 Fc, and localized the IgG-binding region to a highly conserved subdomain of TspB. Antiserum produced in mice against the conserved subdomain detected the presence of TspB on the cell surface by flow cytometry when bacteria were grown in the presence of human serum. By fluorescence microscopy, we observed formation of an extracellular matrix having characteristics of a biofilm containing TspB, human IgG, DNA, and large aggregates of bacteria. TspB is encoded by gene ORF6 in prophage DNA, which others have shown is associated with invasive meningococcal strains. Knocking out ORF6 genes eliminated IgG binding and formation of large bacterial aggregates in biofilm. Reintroduction of a wild-type ORF6 gene by phage transduction restored the phenotype. The results show that TspB mediated IgG binding and aggregate/biofilm formation triggered by factors in human serum. As has been observed for other Ig-binding proteins, the activities mediated by TspB may provide protection against immune responses, which is in accordance with the association of prophage DNA carrying ORF6 with invasive meningococcal strains.
Sedimentary petrology of the Lower Cretaceous in the Naskapi N-30 and Sambro I-29 wells, Scotian basin, offshore eastern Canada
Authors: Pe-Piper G , Piper D J W
Published: August 2013

The Sambro I-29 and Naskapi N-30 wells are located about 25 km apart on the La Have Platform on the central Scotian Shelf. The Lower Cretaceous Logan Canyon and Missisauga formations are ~ 700 m thick in Naskapi N-30 and~ 600 m thick in the more
proximal Sambro I-29 well. Sedimentology and sedimentary petrography have been studied on a 9-m-long conventional core from the uppermost Missisauga Formation in Naskapi N-30 and petrographic studies were made of selected drill cuttings samples from Sambro I-29. The purpose of this work was to
understand better the provenance and diagenesis of the Lower Cretaceous sands tones in the western part of the Scotian basin and to make comparisons of provenance with previously studied wells farther east (Alma and Glenelg fields, GSC Open File 4836; Peskowesk A-99, GSC Open File 5383). This Open
File documents data collected in this study and provides preliminary interpretations. The analysed sandstones differ from those farther east in the Scotian basin in their low abundance of feldspar, predominance of polycrystalline quartz in the lithic fraction, and lack of paragonite and chromite.
They also differ in bulk geochemistry. On the other hand, they show strong mineralogical similarities to the Chaswood Formation of central Nova Scotia, notably in the composition of muscovite, ilmenite, monazite, and biotite. Based on the correlation of sand supply to the Chaswood Formation in
central Nova Scotia with sand supply to the Naskapi- Sambro deltas and published biostratigraphic data, a correlation of the major units within the Chaswood Formation with offshore stratigraphy is proposed. Major sandy intervals in the upper Mississauga Formation, Cree Member and Marmora Member
probably correlated with thick sands in the upper part of seismic packet 1, seismic packet 3 and seismic packet 4 of the Chaswood Formation.
Development of Methods for the Determination of pKaValues
Authors: Reijenga Jetse , van Hoof Arno , van Loon Antonie , Teunissen Bram
Published: August 2013

The acid dissociation constant (pKa) is among the most frequently used physicochemical parameters, and its determination is of interest to a wide range of research fields. We present a brief introduction on the conceptual development of pKaas a physical parameter and its relationship to the concept of the pH of a solution. This is followed by a general summary of the historical development and current state of the techniques of pKa determination and an attempt to develop insight into future developments. Fourteen methods of determining the acid dissociation constant are placed in context and are critically evaluated to make a fair comparison and to determine their applications in modern chemistry. Additionally, we have studied these techniques in light of present trends in science and technology and attempt to determine how these trends might affect future developments in the field.