bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intraosseous infusion of liposome‐encapsulated hemoglobin (HbV) acutely prevents hemorrhagic anemia‐induced lethal arrhythmias, and its efficacy persists with preventing proarrhythmic side effects in the subacute phase of severe hemodilution model
Authors: Takase Bonpei , Higashimura Yuko , Asahina Haruka , Masaki Nobuyuki , Kinoshita Manabu , Sakai Hiromi
Published: January 2022

Background

Artificial oxygen carriers (HbV) can treat hemorrhagic shock with lethal arrhythmias (VT/VF). No reports exist on subacute HbV’s effects.

Methods

Acute and subacute resuscitation effects with anti‐arrhythmogenesis of HbV were studied in 85% blood exchange rat model (85%‐Model). Lethal 85%‐Model was created by bone marrow transfusion and femoral artery bleeding in 80 SD rats in HbV‐administered group (HbV‐group), washed erythrocyte‐administered group (wRBC‐group), and 5% albumin‐administered group (ALB‐group). Survival rates, anti‐arrhythmic efficacy by optical mapping system (OMP) with electrophysiological study (EPS) in Langendorff heart, cardiac autonomic activity by heart rate variability (HRV) and ventricular arrhythmias by 24‐h electrocardiogram telemetry monitoring (24 h‐ECG) in awake, and left ventricular function by echocardiography (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF]) were measured.

Results

All rats in HbV‐ and wRBC‐groups survived for 4 weeks, whereas no rats in ALB‐group. HbV and wRBC acutely suppressed VT/VF in Langendorff heart through ameliorating action potential duration dispersion (APDd) analyzed by OMP with EPS. For subacute analysis, 50% blood exchange by 5% albumin was used (ALB‐group 50). Subacute salutary effect on APDd and VT/VF inducibility was confirmed in HbV‐ and wRBC‐groups. 24 h‐ECG showed that HbV and wRBC suppressed none‐sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) and sympathetic component of HRV (LF/HF) with preserved LVEF (HbV‐group, wRBC‐group vs. ALB‐group 50; NSVT numbers/days, 0.5 ± 0.3, 0.4 ± 0.3 vs. 3.9 ± 1.2*; LF/HF, 1.1 ± 0.2, 0.8 ± 0.2 vs. 3.5 ± 1.0*; LVEF, 84 ± 5, 83 ± 4, vs. 77 ± 4%*; *p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Collectively, HbV has sustained antiarrhythmic effect in subacute 85%‐Model by ameliorating electrical remodeling and improving arrhythmogenic modifying factors (HRV and LVEF). These findings are useful in now continuing clinical trials of HbV.
Pro‐inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, TNF‐α, IL‐6 and MCP‐1, as biomarkers for the nephro‐ and pneumoprotective effect of silibinin after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion: Confirmation by immunohistochemistry and qRT‐PCR
Authors: Kyriakopoulos Georgios , Lambropoulou Maria , Valsami Georgia , Kostomitsopoulos Nikolaos , Konstandi Ourania , Anagnostopoulos Konstantinos , Tsalikidis Christos , Oikonomou Panagoula , Simopoulos Konstantinos , Tsaroucha Alexandra K.
Published: January 2022

The present study investigated the potential nephro‐ and pneumoprotective effect of silibinin (Si) after hepatic ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury, by measuring pro‐inflammatory factors. Sixty‐three rats were randomly assigned into three groups, as follows: (a) the sham group (n = 7 rats), subjected to opening and closing the abdomen; (b) the control group (n = 28 rats), subjected to 45‐min hepatic ischemia followed by reperfusion; and (c) the silibinin group (n = 28), subjected to 45‐min hepatic ischemia followed by intravenous administration of lyophilised SLB‐HP‐β‐CD before reperfusion. Control and silibinin groups were further subdivided into time‐point groups, according to the duration of reperfusion. TNF‐α, IL‐6 and MCP‐1 expressions were determined immunohistochemically and by qrT‐PCR at each time‐point. Kidney TNF‐α expression was significantly lower at 180 and 240 min, while lung TNF‐α expression was significantly lower at 240 min. Comparison between the control and Si group at the same time‐points showed very strong evidence of difference at 240 min, with the levels of IL‐6 shifting towards lower values in the Si group. Finally, we found a high MCP‐1 expression after 120 min. We conclude that hepatic I/R injury remotely increases pro‐inflammatory mediators in the kidney and lung, whereas silibinin shows a time‐dependent nephro‐ and pneumoprotective effect.
Financial return or social responsibility? An investigation into the stakeholder focus of institutional investors
Authors: Einig Sandra
Published: January 2022

Since the financial crisis, regulators have put emphasis on encouraging institutional investors to take their governance responsibilities more seriously. In the UK, the Stewardship Code was introduced to enhance the engagement of institutional investors with shareholdings in UK listed companies. In the literature, institutional investors have been predominantly conceptualised as owners, although a number of authors have rejected this view, arguing that traders would be more appropriate. The UK Stewardship Code adds a third view: the institutional investor as steward. The literature generally considers the stewardship concept to be the ownership role combined with wider stakeholder responsibilities. By focussing primarily on this new stakeholder element, this study examines empirically the new stewardship concept by undertaking a content analysis of the published Stewardship Statements of 81 asset managers. The results find support for both the ownership and stewardship role but also highlight significant variations in practices that point toward different competitive strategies.
Special supplemental nutrition programme for women, infants and children participation and unmet health care needs among young children
Authors: King Christian , Mancao Henry J.
Published: January 2022

Background

Research shows that the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) programme improves the nutrition and health of low‐income families. Recent studies have also shown that WIC improves access to health care services and use. However, no studies have reported whether WIC reduces unmet health care needs in young children.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of 2810 mostly low‐income urban mothers and their five‐year‐old children in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Mothers reported whether they received any WIC benefits since the child turned three. Unmet health care needs were operationalized through three outcomes: not having a place for routine care, not having seen a doctor for a regular checkup in the past year, and never having had a dental checkup.

Results

In adjusted logistic regressions, children in families receiving WIC benefits were less likely to not have a place for routine care (odds ratio = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.93), and less likely to never have had a dental check‐up (odds ratio = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.58–0.97). There was no association between receiving WIC benefits and the child not having a regular checkup in the past year.

Conclusions

In this study of urban children, receiving WIC benefits was associated with a lower risk of unmet health care needs. Given that only half of eligible families receive WIC benefits, the programme has the potential to reduce unmet health care needs for a large number of children of eligible families not enrolled in the programme.
The role of foster carers in England and Portugal: Is it solely a parenting role?
Authors: Pinto Vânia S. , Luke Nikki
Published: January 2022

The role of foster carers can be described as similar to the role of parents, but with some additional tasks. Through focus groups, children in care, young adults who are care‐experienced, foster carers, and social workers in England and Portugal shared their views on this role. Key themes included the need to promote children's sense of belonging and relationships with foster carers and their birth family, to support children's individual needs, and to recognise the influence of children's social care services, social workers and foster carers’ family and social network. Foster carers and social workers in the English sample talked about the complementarity between the parenting side of the role and these additional tasks. On the other hand, children and young adults in both samples, and foster carers and social workers in the Portuguese sample, focused mostly on the parenting side of the role, but also stated the importance of some additional tasks, such as collaboration with children's birth families. These findings reflect policies and alternative care context differences between England and Portugal.
Textbook surgical outcome in lung transplantation: Analysis of a US national registry
Authors: Krischak Madison K. , Au Sandra , Halpern Samantha E. , Olaso Danae G. , Moris Dimitrios , Snyder Laurie D. , Barbas Andrew S. , Haney John C. , Klapper Jacob A. , Hartwig Matthew G.
Published: January 2022

Intro

Textbook surgical outcome (TO) is a novel composite quality measure in lung transplantation (LTx). Compared to 1‐year survival metrics, TO may better differentiate center performance, and motivate improvements in care. To understand the feasibility of implementing this metric, we defined TO in LTx using US national data, and evaluated its ability to predict post‐transplant outcomes and differentiate center performance.

Methods

Adult patients who underwent isolated LTx between 2016 and 2019 were included. TO was defined as freedom from post‐transplant length of stay > 30 days, 90‐day mortality, intubation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation at 72 h post‐transplant, post‐transplant ventilator support lasting ≥5 days, postoperative airway dehiscence, inpatient dialysis, pre‐discharge acute rejection, and grade 3 primary graft dysfunction at 72 h. Recipient and donor characteristics and post‐transplant outcomes were compared between patients who achieved and failed TO.

Results

Of 8959 lung transplant recipients, 4664 (52.1%) achieved TO. Patient and graft survival were improved among patients who achieved TO (both log‐rank P < .0001). Among 62 centers, adjusted rates of TO ranged from 27.0% to 72.4% reflecting a wide variability in center‐level performance.

Conclusion

TO defined using national data may represent a novel composite metric to guide quality improvement in LTx across US transplant centers.

In this study we defined textbook outcome (TO) for lung transplantation (LTx) using US national data. We found that achievement of TO was associated with improved post‐transplant survival, and wide variability in center‐level LTx performance. These findings suggest that TO could be readily implemented to compare quality of care among US LTx centers.
Digital single‐operator cholangioscopy‐guided electronic hydraulic lithotripsy through an intraductal covered self‐expandable metallic stent for complicated hepatolithiasis
Authors: Ban Tesshin , Kubota Yoshimasa , Takahama Takuya
Published: January 2022

Watch a video of this article.
Association between maternal glucose and large for gestational outcomes: Real‐world evidence to support Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) study findings
Authors: Kaul Padma , Savu Anamaria , Yeung Roseanne O. , Ryan Edmond A.
Published: January 2022

Aims

To compare large for gestational age (LGA) rates by maternal glucose levels in a real‐world setting with those in the Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) study. To examine the association between fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 1‐ and 2‐h on a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) and LGA.

Methods

Pregnancies were categorized according to HAPO thresholds. Category‐specific LGA rates were compared to those in HAPO. Categories with glucose thresholds below or above the diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) were labelled as lower and higher/GDM, respectively. GDM pregnancies were further stratified according to FPG or post‐load elevations and logistic regression was used to examine their independent association with LGA.

Findings

In our cohort of 97,032 pregnancies, rates of LGA increased with increasing maternal glucose in lower categories of FPG, 1‐ and 2‐h glucose (trend p < 0.01). However, LGA rates in higher/GDM categories were significantly lower in our study than those in HAPO for 1‐ and 2‐h glucose, but not for FPG. Elevated FPG alone was associated with an almost twofold increase in risk of LGA, while elevated post‐load glucose alone was associated with a 20% reduction in risk of LGA, compared to negative OGTT.

Conclusions

Real‐world data confirm the HAPO study findings at lower levels of maternal glycaemia. At higher levels, GDM diagnosis and treatment appear to be effective in reducing rates of LGA in pregnancies with post‐load glucose elevations, but not elevated FPG. Elevated FPG is a stronger predictor of LGA than post‐load glucose elevations.
The worldwide epilepsy treatment gap: A systematic review and recommendations for revised definitions – A report from the ILAE Epidemiology Commission
Authors: Kwon Churl‐Su , Wagner Ryan G. , Carpio Arturo , Jetté Nathalie , Newton Charles R. , Thurman David J.
Published: January 2022

Objective

In order to more appropriately apply and understand the “epilepsy treatment gap” (ETG) concept in current health systems, revised conceptual and operational definitions of ETG are timely and necessary. This article therefore systematically reviews worldwide studies of the ETG, distinguishing high‐, middle‐, and low‐income regions, and provides recommendations for an updated International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) definition of ETG.

Methods

A systematic review of the ETG was performed using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) standards. The search was conducted from January 1990 to July 2019, in the online databases of Ovid MEDLINE and Embase. Identified abstracts were reviewed in duplicate and data independently extracted using a standard proforma. Data describing treatment gap information including both diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of access to epilepsy treatment were recorded. Descriptive statistics are presented.

Results

The treatment gap reported in the 45 distinctive populations represented 33 countries. Treatment gap definitions varied widely. The reported ETGs ranged broadly from 5.6% in Norway to 100% in parts of Tibet, Togo, and Uganda. The wide range of reported ETGs was multifactorial in origin including true differences in the availability and utilization of health care among study populations, variations in operational definitions of the epilepsy treatment gap, and methodological differences in sampling and identifying representative epilepsy cases in populations.

Significance and recommendations

For the ETG to be a useful metric to compare levels of unmet epilepsy care across different countries and regions, a standardized definition must be adapted, recognizing some of the limitations of the current definitions. Our proposed definition takes into account the lack of effective health care insurance, the diagnostic gap, the therapeutic gap, quality‐of‐care, and other unmet health care needs.”
Validation of an indirect in‐house ELISA using synthetic peptides to detect antibodies anti‐gp90 and gp45 of the equine infectious anaemia virus
Authors: Russi Romina Cecilia , Garcia Lucila , Cámara María Silvia , Soutullo Adriana Rosa
Published: January 2022

Background

Equine infectious anaemia (EIA) is controlled by the identification of seropositive animals. The official diagnostic method is the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test, which detects antibodies against a viral core protein (p26). Although AGID is inexpensive and specific, the report of results takes considerable time and the test has low analytical sensitivity.

Objective

To validate our in‐house indirect ELISAgp90/45, following the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE) criteria.

Study design

Test validation.

Methods

Synthetic peptides gp90 and gp45 were used as antigens in ELISAgp90/45. Tests used for validation, calibration and linear working operating range, analytical and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, repeatability and reproducibility were assessed by comparing them with the AGID test and using 1844 equine sera grouped into five different panels.

Results

We were able to replace the National References Sera with our Internal Reference Sera. ELISAgp90/45 had acceptable repeatability and reproducibility. Analytical sensitivity of the ELISAgp90/45 was 800 times greater than that of AGID test for positive sera and 400 times greater for weak positive sera. ELISAgp90/45 also showed optimal analytical specificity, since no cross‐reactivity was detected with antibodies against other equine viruses. One sample was positive by AGID test and negative by ELISAgp90/45. ELISAgp90/45 was performed using 243 EIA positive and 878 negative equid sera, and showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 99.59% [CI 97.73%‐99.99%] and a diagnostic specificity of 90.32% [CI 88.17%‐92.19%], compared to AGID test; thus, it was demonstrated to be a robust test.

Main limitations

Samples were derived from naturally infected equid populations showing heterogeneous clinical states: therefore, their status was uncertain and some horses were sampled more than once. The AGID test may not be the most useful gold standard.

Conclusion

ELISAgp90/45 is a useful tool for the diagnosis of EIAV infection and meets validation requirements established by the OIE.
Dyadic effects of enacted stigma, internalized homophobia, and communal coping on depressive symptoms among cisgender sexual minority male couples
Authors: Curtis Michael G. , Kogan Steven , Mitchell Jason W. , Stephenson Rob
Published: January 2022

The present study investigated the dyadic direct and indirect effects of enacted stigma on depressive symptoms via internalized homophobia and whether communal coping moderated the effects of enacted stigma on internalized homophobia and depressive symptoms. Hypotheses were tested using actor–partner interdependence models with a sample of 543 cisgender sexual minority male couples. Results showed both partners’ enacted stigma experiences were associated with elevated levels of internalized homophobia via actor and partner effects. Internalized homophobia was only associated with elevated depressive symptoms via actor effects. Indirect effects analysis suggested that internalized homophobia mediated the actor and partner influence of enacted stigma on depressive symptoms. Communal coping moderated the direct effects of enacted stigma on internalized homophobia and attenuated the conditional indirect actor and partner effects of enacted stigma on depressive symptoms. Findings underscore the role of intimate relationship processes in understanding the impacts of enacted stigma on depressive symptoms.
Global divergent trends of algal blooms detected by satellite during 1982–2018
Authors: Fang Chong , Song Kaishan , Paerl Hans W , Jacinthe Pierre‐Andre , Wen Zhidan , Liu Ge , Tao Hui , Xu Xiaofeng , Kutser Tiit , Wang Zongming , Duan Hongtao , Shi Kun , Shang Yingxin , Lyu Lili , Li Sijia , Yang Qian , Lyu Dongmei , Mao Dehua , Zhang Baohua , Cheng Shuai , Lyu Yunfeng
Published: January 2022

Algal blooms (ABs) in inland lakes have caused adverse ecological effects, and health impairment of animals and humans. We used archived Landsat images to examine ABs in lakes (>1 km2) around the globe over a 37‐year time span (1982–2018). Out of the 176032 lakes with area >1 km2 detected globally, 863 were impacted by ABs, 708 had sufficiently long records to define a trend, and 66% exhibited increasing trends in frequency ratio (FRQR, ratio of the number of ABs events observed in a year in a given lake to the number of available Landsat images for that lake) or area ratio (AR, ratio of annual maximum area covered by ABs observed in a lake to the surface area of that lake), while 34% showed a decreasing trend. Across North America, an intensification of ABs severity was observed for FRQR (p < .01) and AR (p < .01) before 1999, followed by a decrease in ABs FRQR (p < .01) and AR (p < .05) after the 2000s. The strongest intensification of ABs was observed in Asia, followed by South America, Africa, and Europe. No clear trend was detected for the Oceania. Across climatic zones, the contributions of anthropogenic factors to ABs intensification (16.5% for fertilizer, 19.4% for gross domestic product, and 18.7% for population) were slightly stronger than climatic drivers (10.1% for temperature, 11.7% for wind speed, 16.8% for pressure, and for 11.6% for rainfall). Collectively, these divergent trends indicate that consideration of anthropogenic factors as well as climate change should be at the forefront of management policies aimed at reducing the severity and frequency of ABs in inland waters.
Local adaptation in a marine foundation species: Implications for resilience to future global change
Authors: DuBois Katherine , Pollard Kenzie N. , Kauffman Brian J. , Williams Susan L. , Stachowicz John J.
Published: January 2022

Environmental change is multidimensional, with local anthropogenic stressors and global climate change interacting to differentially impact populations throughout a species’ geographic range. Within species, the spatial distribution of phenotypic variation and its causes (i.e., local adaptation or plasticity) will determine species’ adaptive capacity to respond to a changing environment. However, comparatively less is known about the spatial scale of adaptive differentiation among populations and how patterns of local adaptation might drive vulnerability to global change stressors. To test whether fine‐scale (2–12 km) mosaics of environmental stress can cause adaptive differentiation in a marine foundation species, eelgrass (Zostera marina), we conducted a three‐way reciprocal transplant experiment spanning the length of Tomales Bay, CA. Our results revealed strong home‐site advantage in growth and survival for all three populations. In subsequent common garden experiments and feeding assays, we showed that countergradients in temperature, light availability, and grazing pressure from an introduced herbivore contribute to differential performance among populations consistent with local adaptation. Our findings highlight how local‐scale mosaics in environmental stressors can increase phenotypic variation among neighboring populations, potentially increasing species resilience to future global change. More specifically, we identified a range‐center eelgrass population that is pre‐adapted to extremely warm temperatures similar to those experienced by low‐latitude range‐edge populations of eelgrass, demonstrating how reservoirs of heat‐tolerant phenotypes may already exist throughout a species range. Future work on predicting species resilience to global change should incorporate potential buffering effects of local‐scale population differentiation and promote a phenotypic management approach to species conservation.
How contradictory EU policies led to the development of a pest: The story of oilseed rape and the cabbage stem flea beetle
Authors: Ortega‐Ramos Patricia A. , Cook Samantha M. , Mauchline Alice L.
Published: January 2022

Oilseed rape can be used to produce biodiesel which can substitute non‐renewable fuels for transport. In the early 2000s, the EU introduced a series of policies and market‐based incentives to encourage the production of biofuels to meet their obligations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This led to a large increase in the area of oilseed rape grown across Europe with a simultaneous rise in insect pests which were largely controlled by synthetic insecticides. However, the withdrawal of neonicotinoid seed treatments in 2013 and the development of insecticide resistance in key insect pests led to crop failures and significant yield losses. Integrated Pest Management approaches could have prevented this pest problem; however, the lack of support and clear financial mechanisms for the enforcement of the 2009 Sustainable Use of Pesticides Directive meant that the cabbage stem flea beetle (CSFB; Psylliodes chrysocephala) has become a serious pest and the area of oilseed rape grown is now falling sharply leading to the need for imports. We suggest that it is imperative for Integrated Pest Management approaches to now become written into new EU and UK policies and to incentivise the development of tools required for implementation and use by farmers.
Käte Hamburger und das Problem des fiktiven Erzählers
Authors: Farner Geir
Published: January 2022

Nach Käte Hamburger habe die Er‐Erzählung im Gegensatz zur Ich‐Erzählung keinen fiktiven Erzähler und sei die Ich‐Erzählung im Gegensatz zur Er‐Erzählung keine Fiktion. KH verwechselt in ihrer Argumentation den wirklichen Verfasser und den fiktiven Erzähler und folgert in Wirklichkeit, dass der fiktive Erzähler kein Aussagesubjekt des Textes sein könne, weil dies mit dem wirklichen Verfasser nicht der Fall ist. Die Darstellung dritter Personen als Subjekte hebt noch im Ich‐ noch Er‐Roman den fiktiven Erzähler auf, weil sich die Fiktion ihre eignen Gesetze stellt. Die Funktion der Fiktion ist nicht, einer Wirklichkeitsaussage nachzuahmen, sondern dem Leser eine fiktive Welt zu vermitteln, die eine Quelle von Lebenserkenntnis oder Unterhaltung sein soll. Darum kann der Leser dulden, dass der fiktive Erzähler des Romans »Moby Dick« allwissend wird. Die deiktischen Adverbien »heute« usw. können unter Umständen auch im Ich‐Roman Vorkommen und sind kein Argument dafür, dass die Ich‐Erzählung nicht zur Fiktion gehöre. Die Existenz eines fiktiven Erzählers in der Ich‐Erzählung lässt sich beweisen anhand des Tempus und der grammatischen Personen des Textes, die im Bewusstsein des Lesers die Vorstellung eines fiktiven Erzählers erzeugen.
Effect of functional diets on intestinal microbiota and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)
Authors: Quiroz-Guzmán Eduardo , Cabrera-Stevens Mónica , Sánchez-Paz Arturo , Mendoza-Cano Fernando , Encinas-García Trinidad , Barajas-Sandoval Diana , Gómez-Gil Bruno , Peña-Rodríguez Alberto
Published: January 2022

Aims

The present study evaluated the effect of four functional diets and a reference diet on the survival and intestinal bacterial community of shrimp Penaeus vannamei infected with acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND).

Methods and Results

After 42 days of feeding trail, shrimp were inoculated with a Vibrio parahaemolyticus (CIB-0018-3) carrying the plasmid encoding for the PirAB toxins responsible for AHPND. After 120 h postinfection (hpi), shrimp fed with a diet containing 2% of a mix with Curcuma longa and Lepidium meyenii (TuMa) and a diet containing 0.2% of vitamin C (VitC) showed a significantly higher survival (85%) compared to the remaining treatments (50%–55%) (p < 0.05). Infected shrimp fed with TuMa diet, showed a significant reduction of Vibrionales, and VitC diet promoted an increase of Alteromonadales.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the TuMa diet conferred protection against AHPND and could be attributed to a combined effect of antibacterial properties against Vibrionales, and promoting a desirable bacterial community in the shrimp intestine, while the VitC diet protection could be attributed to their antioxidant capacity and in a lower proportion to a bacterial modulation in shrimp gut.

Significance and Impact of the Study

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease is a devastating disease that significantly affects aquaculture production of shrimps. Therefore, the use of functional diets that promote resistance to AHPND represents a valuable tool to reduce the mortality of farmed shrimp.
Tenacibaculosis in Norwegian Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) cage‐farmed in cold sea water is primarily associated with Tenacibaculum finnmarkense genomovar finnmarkense
Authors: Spilsberg Bjørn , Nilsen Hanne K. , Tavornpanich Saraya , Gulla Snorre , Jansen Mona Dverdal , Lagesen Karin , Colquhoun Duncan J. , Olsen Anne‐Berit
Published: January 2022

Skin conditions associated with Tenacibaculum spp. constitute a significant threat to the health and welfare of sea‐farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norway. Fifteen presumptive tenacibaculosis outbreaks distributed along the Norwegian coast during the late winter and spring of 2018 were investigated. Bacteriological culture confirmed the presence of Tenacibaculum spp. Seventy‐six isolates cultured from individual fish were selected and subjected to whole‐genome sequencing and MALDI‐TOF MS analysis. Average nucleotide identity and MALDI‐TOF analyses confirmed the presence of T. finnmarkense and T. dicentrarchi, with further division of T. finnmarkense into genomovars (gv.) finnmarkense and ulcerans. Core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) and single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses identified the presence of a genetically conserved cluster of gv. finnmarkense isolates against a background of relatively genetically diverse gv. finnmarkense and gv. ulcerans isolates in 13 of the 15 studied cases. This clustering strongly suggests a link between T. finnmarkense gv. finnmarkense and development of clinical tenacibaculosis in sea‐farmed Norwegian salmon in the late winter and spring. Analysis of 25 Tenacibaculum isolates collected during the spring of 2019 from similar cases identified a similar distribution of genotypes. Low water temperatures were common to all cases, and most incidences involved relatively small fish shortly after sea transfer, suggesting that these fish are particularly predisposed to Tenacibaculum infection.
Uterine preserving technique in the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse: Laparoscopic pectopexy
Authors: Salman Süleyman , Kumbasar Serkan , Yeniocak Ali S.
Published: January 2022

Objective

Apical prolapse constitutes an important part of pelvic organ prolapse. In this study, our aim was to investigate the effectiveness of laparoscopic pectopexy that we made by preserving the uterus in the surgical treatment of apical prolapse.

Methods

A total of 36 patients with apical prolapse who wanted to preserve their uterus underwent laparoscopic rectopexy. Apical prolapse and sexual function of the patients were evaluated preoperatively and 12 months after surgery using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP‐Q) scale and Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire (PISQ‐12) sexual questionnaire form. Preoperative medical records and postoperative clinical results were recorded.

Results

There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications in the patients who underwent laparoscopic pectopexy. The average duration of surgery was 48.7 ± 9.8 min. Two patients had a recurrence of apical prolapse. In the Aa, Ba, C, and D points in the POP‐Q staging, significant changes were observed. Postoperative PISQ‐12 scores improved significantly (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Uterine‐preserving laparoscopic pectopexy is a safe, feasible, and effective method for treating pelvic organ prolapse. It also improved the PISQ‐12 and POP‐Q scores in POP patients. Laparoscopic pectopexy may increase a surgeon's technical perspective for pelvic organ prolapse surgery.
When is duplication of effort a good thing in law enforcement?
Authors: Liu Zhiyong (John) , Wang Zhewei , Yin Zhendong
Published: January 2022

Many studies find that public law enforcers have self‐interested reasons to maximize financial recoveries. We analyze a principal‐agent model where a social‐welfare‐maximizing government needs to motivate self‐interested law enforcers to exert enforcement effort to detect offending firms, assuming that a firm's harmful act brings a private gain to himself and a harm to the society. We find that the competitive system with effort duplication dominates that without duplication when the social harm caused by an act is sufficiently large. Our paper thus provides a rationale for the existence of multiple‐enforcer systems with effort duplications in the real world when enforcers are (fully or partially) self‐interested.
Experience of childhood cancer: A narrative inquiry
Authors: Thavakugathasalingam Megalai , Schwind Jasna K.
Published: January 2022

Purpose

To more fully understand the possible impact of childhood cancer on a young person's life through their own story.

Design and Methods

Using Connelly and Clandinin's narrative inquiry method, a participant named Noelle was engaged in a series of narrative interviews and a creative self‐expression activity about her cancer experience when she was 12. Her story was examined through the three‐dimensional space of experience (person, place, and time), and analyzed using Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development framework theoretical lens.

Results

Two significant narrative patterns emerged:identityandrelationships. Although the physical effects of the cancer were successfully treated, the impact of this disease impacted Noelle's own psychosocial development as she was trying to evolve her relationships with peers and family, while grappling with her new identity as a cancer patient.

Practice Implications

Healthcare professionals need to intentionally increase their sensitivity to adolescent patients' lived experience of cancer. More specifically, there is a need for further education of healthcare professionals on the psychosocial impact of cancer in both the immediate and long‐term trajectory of the cancer disease process.
Mandatory detention for criminal convictions: The reproduction of racial inequality throughU.S.immigration law
Authors: Tosh Sarah
Published: January 2022

Since the late 1980s, immigrants convicted of certain criminal offenses have been subject to mandatory detention during their deportation proceedings. Due to court backlog and complicated cases, noncitizens mandatorily detained in this way can be held for years at a time, without any legal right to a bail hearing. While political rhetoric and policy aims of the past three decades have painted so‐called “criminal aliens” as a highly dangerous group from whom the American public needs protecting, the criminal convictions that invoke mandatory detention and likely deportation are actually quite diverse, in large part due to the expansion of the “aggravated felony” ground of deportation to include a wide variety of less serious crimes. Drawing from 40 interviews with lawyers and other legal actors in New York City's detained immigration court from 2017 to 2018, this article explores the effects of aggravated felony–based mandatory detention. I argue that in doubly punishing immigrants who have already served time for criminal convictions, the immigration system funnels criminalized noncitizens—particularly those from poor Black and Latinx communities—toward deportation, perpetuating inequality and upholding existing racial hierarchies.
Ferroptosis and metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease: Is there a link?
Authors: Feng Gong , Byrne Christopher D. , Targher Giovanni , Wang Fudi , Zheng Ming‐Hua
Published: January 2022

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently re‐defined and re‐classified as metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), has become increasingly prevalent and emerged as a public health problem worldwide. To date, the precise pathogenic mechanisms underpinning MAFLD are not entirely understood, and there is no effective pharmacological therapy for NAFLD/MAFLD. As a newly discovered form of iron‐dependent programmed cell death, ferroptosis can be involved in the development and progression of various chronic diseases, but the pathogenic connections and mechanisms that link MAFLD and ferroptosis have not been fully elucidated. The main characteristics of ferroptosis are the accumulation of lipid peroxides and reactive oxygen species. In this brief narrative review, the mechanisms of ferroptosis and its putative pathogenic role in MAFLD are discussed to highlight potential new research directions and ideas for the prevention and treatment of MAFLD.
The evolutionary pathways for local adaptation in mountain hares
Authors: Giska Iwona , Pimenta João , Farelo Liliana , Boursot Pierre , Hackländer Klaus , Jenny Hannes , Reid Neil , Montgomery W. Ian , Prodöhl Paulo A. , Alves Paulo C. , Melo‐Ferreira José
Published: January 2022

Understanding the evolution of local adaptations is a central aim of evolutionary biology and key for the identification of unique populations and lineages of conservation relevance. By combining RAD sequencing and whole‐genome sequencing, we identify genetic signatures of local adaptation in mountain hares (Lepus timidus) from isolated and distinctive habitats of its wide distribution: Ireland, the Alps and Fennoscandia. Demographic modelling suggested that the split of these mountain hares occurred around 20 thousand years ago, providing the opportunity to study adaptive evolution over a short timescale. Using genome‐wide scans, we identified signatures of extreme differentiation among hares from distinct geographic areas that overlap with area‐specific selective sweeps, suggesting targets for local adaptation. Several identified candidate genes are associated with traits related to the uniqueness of the different environments inhabited by the three groups of mountain hares, including coat colour, ability to live at high altitudes and variation in body size. In Irish mountain hares, a variant of ASIP, a gene previously implicated in introgression‐driven winter coat colour variation in mountain and snowshoe hares (L. americanus), may underlie brown winter coats, reinforcing the repeated nature of evolution at ASIP moulding adaptive seasonal colouration. Comparative genomic analyses across several hare species suggested that mountain hares’ adaptive variants appear predominantly species‐specific. However, using coalescent simulations, we also show instances where the candidate adaptive variants have been introduced via introgressive hybridization. Our study shows that standing adaptive variation, including that introgressed from other species, was a crucial component of the post‐glacial dynamics of species.
Local selection signals in the genome of blue tits emphasize regulatory and neuronal evolution
Authors: Mueller Jakob C. , Botero‐Delgadillo Esteban , Espíndola‐Hernández Pamela , Gilsenan Carol , Ewels Phil , Gruselius Joel , Kempenaers Bart
Published: January 2022

Understanding the genomic landscape of adaptation is central to understanding microevolution in wild populations. Genomic targets of selection and the underlying genomic mechanisms of adaptation can be elucidated by genome‐wide scans for past selective sweeps or by scans for direct fitness associations. We sequenced and assembled 150 haplotypes of 75 blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) of a single Central European population by a linked‐read technology. We used these genome data in combination with coalescent simulations (i) to estimate an historical effective population size of ~250,000, which recently declined to ~10,000, and (ii) to identify genome‐wide distributed selective sweeps of beneficial variants probably originating from standing genetic variation (soft sweeps). The genes linked to these soft sweeps, but also those linked to hard sweeps based on new beneficial mutants, showed a significant enrichment for functions associated with gene expression and transcription regulation. This emphasizes the importance of regulatory evolution in the population’s adaptive history. Soft sweeps were further enriched for genes related to axon and synapse development, indicating the significance of neuronal connectivity changes in the brain potentially linked to behavioural adaptations. A previous scan of heterozygosity–fitness correlations revealed a consistent negative effect on arrival date at the breeding site for a single microsatellite in the MDGA2 gene. Here, we used the haplotype structure around this microsatellite to explain the effect as a local and direct outbreeding effect of a gene involved in synapse development.
Effect of larval density and additional anchoring surface on the life‐history traits of a laboratory colonized Anopheles funestus strain
Authors: Zengenene Munyaradzi Prince , Munhenga Givemore , Okumu Fredros , Koekemoer Lizette Leonie
Published: January 2022

Optimal rearing conditions, inclusive of larval rearing density, are critical for sustained mosquito productivity. There is limited information on favourable conditions for the larval rearing of Anopheles funestus, the dominant malaria vector in east and southern Africa. This work investigated the effects of larval rearing densities and additional anchoring surface on An. funestus development using a life table approach. Larval cohorts were reared at four different larval densities using the same rearing surface area, larval food concentrations and temperature conditions. Rearing larvae at high densities extended the larval developmental time and reduced adult productivity. Adding an extra larval anchoring surface when rearing larvae at high density resulted in extended larval developmental time, increased larval survivorship and produced bigger adults. These findings improve our understanding of the relationship between larval density and developmental traits in An. funestus and provides baseline information for An. funestus rearing under laboratory conditions.
Personalist Resonances in Robert Grosseteste's Christology
Authors: Smith Brett W.
Published: January 2022

Robert Grosseteste articulated an unusual view of Christ's death that resonates with Karol Wojtyla's personalist conception of love as self-gift. Grosseteste argued that the cause of Christ's death was not crucifixion but the active breathing forth of his spirit as he hung on the cross. Grosseteste said that in this act Christ took all the faithful into an Aristotelian friendship in which Christ is the “other self” of each one of the redeemed. As a result, the redeemed form a single mystical person with Christ. Grosseteste's account of Christ's death seems consonant with Wojtyla's personalism in three ways. First, it makes the moment of Christ's death into an active gift of self. Second, parallel to the way an ordinary self-donation depends on self-possession and results in self-discovery, Christ's self-donation depends on his power to lay down his life and results in the realization of the mystical personhood of Christ in the Church. Third, Grosseteste treats the love between the persons of the Trinity as involving the self-donation of the Son to the Father. This article contains three sections. The first two treat Grosseteste and his resonance with Wojtyla. The third draws conclusions for contemporary Christology and anthropology.
Epidemiology of cardiovascular death in kidney failure: An Australian and New Zealand cohort study using data linkage
Authors: Khou Victor , De La Mata Nicole L. , Kelly Patrick J. , Masson Philip , O'Lone Emma , Morton Rachael L. , Webster Angela C.
Published: January 2022

Aim

Cardiovascular mortality risk evolves over the lifespan of kidney failure (KF), as patients develop comorbid disease and transition between treatment modalities. Absolute cardiovascular death rates would help inform clinical practice and health‐care provision, but are not well understood across a continuum of dialysis and transplant states. We aimed to characterize cardiovascular death across the natural history of KF using a lifespan approach.

Methods

We performed a population‐based cohort study of incident patients commencing kidney replacement therapy in Australia and New Zealand. Cardiovascular deaths were identified using data linkage to national death registers. We estimated the probability of death and kidney transplant using multi‐state models, and calculated rates of graft failure and cardiovascular death across demographic factors and comorbidities.

Results

Among 60 823 incident patients followed over 381 874 person‐years, 25% (8492) of deaths were from cardiovascular disease. At 15 years from treatment initiation, patients had a 15.2% probability of cardiovascular death without being transplanted, but only 2.3% probability of cardiovascular death post‐transplant. Females had a 3% lower probability of cardiovascular death at 15 years (15.3% vs. 18.6%) but 4% higher probability of non‐cardiovascular death (54.5% vs. 50.8%). Within the first year of dialysis, cardiovascular mortality peaked in the second month and showed little improvement across treatment era.

Conclusion

Despite improvements over time, cardiovascular death remains common in KF, particularly among the dialysis population and in the first few months of treatment. Multi‐state models can provide absolute measures of cardiovascular mortality across both dialysis and transplant states.
Singular thoughts, singular attitude reports, and acquaintance
Authors: Lee Jeonggyu
Published: January 2022

It is widely accepted among philosophers that there is a tension between acquaintance constraints on singular thought and the plausible assumption that the truths of singular attitude reports ensure the subject's having singular thoughts. From this, anti‐acquaintance theorists contend that acquaintance constraints must be rejected. As a response, many acquaintance theorists maintain that there is good reason to doubt a strong connection between singular attitude reports and singular thoughts. In this paper, however, I defend the acquaintance theory by arguing that there is in fact no tension at all. I consider three objections regarding singular attitude reports against the acquaintance theory: (i) ultra‐liberal singular attitude reports, (ii) the “There is something that S believes to be F” locution, and (iii) infelicities of singular attitude reports. Then, I argue that none of them succeed in showing a genuine tension.
An assessment of the Libyan baccalaureate nursing education during political turmoil
Authors: Edwards Lori , Corley Andrew G. , Lucea Marguerite B.
Published: January 2022

Since the Libyan Revolution in 2011, the country's nursing workforce has been struggling. Libyan nursing schools have focused on rebuilding the country's supply of nurses after many emigrated. Wanting to infuse the workforce with more baccalaureate‐prepared nurses, Libyan nursing faculty invited nursing and public health representatives from a US‐based academic medical institution and a non‐governmental medical organization to collaborate with local stakeholders in a country‐wide assessment. The purpose of this article is to outline the national programs’ strengths and weaknesses and make recommendations for developing a strategy to elevate nursing education to meet international standards. This can serve as a launching point to strengthen Libya's health services provision capacity, particularly during this time of transition when opportunities may become available to move in new directions. The approach and findings may have wider application to other countries who are similarly experiencing civil and political turmoil.
Attentional and meta‐cognitive processes underlying mind wandering episodes during continuous naturalistic reading are associated with specific changes in eye behavior
Authors: Oyarzo Pablo , D. Preiss David , Cosmelli Diego
Published: January 2022

Although eye movements during reading have been studied extensively, their variation due to attentional fluctuations such as spontaneous distractions is not well understood. Here we used a naturalistic reading task combined with an attentional sampling method to examine the effects of mind wandering—and the subsequent metacognitive awareness of its occurrence—on eye movements and pupillary dynamics. Our goal was to better understand the attentional and metacognitive processes involved in the initiation and termination of mind wandering episodes. Our results show that changes in eye behavior are consistent with underlying independent cognitive mechanisms working in tandem to sustain the attentional resources required for focused reading. In addition to changes in blink frequency, blink duration, and the number of saccades, variations in eye movements during unaware distractions point to a loss of the perceptual asymmetry that is usually observed in attentive, left‐to‐right reading. Also, before self‐detected distractions, we observed a specific increase in pupillary diameter, indicating the likely presence of an anticipatory autonomic process that could contribute to becoming aware of the current attentional state. These findings stress the need for further research tackling the temporal structure of attentional dynamics during tasks that have a significant real‐world impact.