bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current Nucleic Acid Extraction Methods and Their Implications to Point-of-Care Diagnostics
Authors: Ali Nasir , Rampazzo Rita de Cássia Pontello , Costa Alexandre Dias Tavares , Krieger Marco Aurelio
Published: July 2017

Nucleic acid extraction (NAE) plays a vital role in molecular biology as the primary step for many downstream applications. Many modifications have been introduced to the original 1869 method. Modern processes are categorized into chemical or mechanical, each with peculiarities that influence their use, especially in point-of-care diagnostics (POC-Dx). POC-Dx is a new approach aiming to replace sophisticated analytical machinery with microanalytical systems, able to be used near the patient, at thepoint of careorpoint of need. Although notable efforts have been made, a simple and effective extraction method is still a major challenge for widespread use of POC-Dx. In this review, we dissected the working principle of each of the most common NAE methods, overviewing their advantages and disadvantages, as well their potential for integration in POC-Dx systems. At present, it seems difficult, if not impossible, to establish a procedure which can be universally applied to POC-Dx. We also discuss the effects of the NAE chemicals upon the main plastic polymers used to mass produce POC-Dx systems. We end our review discussing the limitations and challenges that should guide the quest for an efficient extraction method that can be integrated in a POC-Dx system.
Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis Associated with HCV-Related Cryoglobulinemia
Authors: Coelho Pedro , Menezes Carlos , Gonçalves Rita , Rodrigues Pedro , Seara Elena
Published: July 2017

Purpose. To describe a case of peripheral ulcerative keratitis associated with type II cryoglobulinemia in the context of Hepatitis C infection. Methods. Case report and literature review. Results. A 36-year-old male patient presented to our emergency department with unilateral moderate pain in his right eye, associated with redness and photophobia. Medical background elicited a history of Hepatitis C and IV illicit drug abuse. Ocular examination revealed a BCVA of 20/30 of the affected eye and slight discomfort with eye movement. Biomicroscopy revealed a ring shaped peripheral corneal ulcer, with a dense white stromal infiltrate sparing the limbus, plus an adjacent area of mild anterior diffuse nonnecrotizing scleritis. No intraocular inflammation was present. Posterior segment was normal. The patient was placed under oral prednisolone (1 mg/Kg/day) with gradual tapering. A dramatic clinical response occurred, with complete resolution of the clinical condition. Systemic analytic workup aiming at autoimmune and infectious diseases was negative, except for high HCV-viral load and the presence of type 2 cryoglobulins. Conclusion. Albeit rare, cryoglobulinemia, even in the absence of systemic vasculitis, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of PUK, when systemic workout for autoimmune diseases is negative.
Pterostilbene Induces Cell Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma by Suppressing the ERK1/2 Pathway
Authors: Chang Gaomei , Xiao Wenqin , Xu Zhijian , Yu Dandan , Li Bo , Zhang Yong , Sun Xi , Xie Yongsheng , Chang Shuaikang , Gao Lu , Chen Gege , Hu Liangning , Xie Bingqian , Dai Bojie , Zhu Weiliang , Shi Jumei
Published: July 2017

Pterostilbene is a natural 3,5-dimethoxy analog oftrans-resveratrol that has been reported to have antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is one of the more aggressive yet uncommon non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Although there has been increasing research into T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, the molecular mechanisms of the antitumor effects of pterostilbene against this malignancy are still largely unknown. The aim of this study is to confirm the effects of pterostilbene in T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Jurkat and Hut-78 cells treated with pterostilbene were evaluated for cell proliferation using Cell Counting Kit-8, and apoptosis, cell cycle progression, reactive oxygen species generation, and mitochondrial membrane potential were analyzed using flow cytometry. The level of protein expression was detected by western blot. The results demonstrated that pterostilbene significantly inhibited the growth of T-cell leukemia/lymphoma cell lines in vitro and induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, pterostilbene treatment markedly induced S-phase cell cycle arrest, which was accompanied by downregulation of cdc25A, cyclin A2, and CDK2. Pterostilbene also induced the generation of reactive oxygen species and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Taken together, our study demonstrated the potential of pterostilbene to be an effective treatment for T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
Rezidivprophylaxe und Akutbehandlung chronischer Depression: Ein Behandlungskonzept für zwei Verlaufsformen?
Authors: Thinnes Isabel , Arens Elisabeth A. , Stangier Ulrich
Published: July 2017

In den letzten Jahren haben rezidivierende und chronische depressive Störungen als häufigste Verlaufsformen der Depression in der Forschung und klinischen Praxis an Aufmerksamkeit gewonnen. Aufgrund hoher Rückfall- und Chronifizierungsraten wurden neue Ansätze in der Rezidivprophylaxe aber auch in der Akuttherapie chronischer Depressionen entwickelt. Der vorliegende Artikel liefert einen Überblick über zentrale Ätiologiemodelle und Behandlungsverfahren bei rezidivierender und chronischer Depression. Dabei wird die These aufgestellt, dass ähnliche kognitive Prozesse, wie sie für die Entstehung eines Rezidivs angenommen werden, auch zur Aufrechterhaltung der depressiven Symptomatik bei chronischer Depression beitragen. Der Fokus dieses Artikels liegt auf Veränderungen solcher intrapsychischen Mechanismen durch Methoden der Dezentrierung als eine Form der bewussten Wahrnehmung kognitiver Prozesse sowie auf der Förderung motivationaler Aspekte im Hinblick auf eine effizientere Langzeitprophylaxe. Die Integration neuer Ansätze zur Modifikation kognitiver und motivationaler Prozesse stellt eine erfolgversprechende Perspektive für die Entwicklung eines wirkungsvolleren kognitiven Gesamtkonzepts dar.
Brain Metastasis from Colorectal Cancer: Predictors and Treatment Outcomes
Authors: Nozawa Hiroaki , Ishihara Soichiro , Kawai Kazushige , Sasaki Kazuhito , Murono Koji , Otani Kensuke , Nishikawa Takeshi , Tanaka Toshiaki , Kiyomatsu Tomomichi , Hata Keisuke , Watanabe Toshiaki
Published: July 2017

Objective: Difficulties are associated with the management of brain metastasis (BM), which portends a poor prognosis in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of the present study was to identify risk factors for BM in CRC and evaluate the outcomes of various treatment modalities. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data on a total of 2,238 patients with primary CRC who underwent surgical resection at our hospital between 1999 and 2014. Predictive factors for BM and prognostic factors after the diagnosis of BM were examined by univariate and multivariate analyses using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Three patients (0.1%) had BM at the initial diagnosis, and 23 patients (1.2%) developed metachronous BM during the median follow-up period of 44.6 months. Lung and bone metastases were identified as independent predictive factors for BM. Median survival after the diagnosis of BM was 7.4 months. Stereotactic radiosurgery, administered to 41% of the patients with BM, was associated with a better postdiagnostic survival. Conclusion: CRC patients with metastasis to the lung or bone were at a higher risk of BM. Because the survival is still limited, it is crucial to determine the treatment strategy in consideration of the characteristics of each therapy and quality of life in CRC patients with BM.
Impact of Intravenous P2Y12-Receptor Inhibition with Cangrelor in Patients Presenting with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Cardiogenic Shock – a Case Series
Authors: Droppa Michal , Borst Oliver , Rath Dominik , Müller Karin , Gawaz Meinrad , Bhatt Deepak L. , Geisler Tobia
Published: July 2017

Background/Aims: Patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) presenting with cardiogenic shock (CS) are at particular risk for death and adverse cardiac events. Impaired effects and absorption of oral P2Y12-receptor inhibitors due to decreased organ hypoperfusion or hypothermia and challenges regarding oral administration contribute to this risk. We report a single center experience regarding the use of intravenous P2Y12-receptor inhibitor cangrelor in patients with CS treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: Twelve patients with ACS and CS undergoing PCI, not pretreated with oral P2Y12-receptor inhibitors, were treated with cangrelor. Platelet inhibition was assessed by multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA) before and after PCI, immediately and 2 hours after stopping the cangrelor infusion. Results: Nine patients recovered from their cardiogenic shock, 3 patients died. Platelet reactivity decreased from 65.9 (SD 41.0) U before PCI to 15.8 (SD 10.8) U after PCI, 13.4 (SD 7.7) U at the end of infusion and 33.8 (SD 19.9) 2 hours after stopping the cangrelor infusion. There was no non-responder under cangrelor infusion (MEA < 46 U). Conclusions: Due to its favorable PK/PD profile, cangrelor overcomes problems with reduced absorption and effects of oral P2Y12-receptor inhibitors and should be considered for periprocedural treatment of patients with CS.
Optimal Traffic Scheduling for Intrusion Prevention Systems
Authors: Crichigno Jorge , Pourvali Mahsa , Shaikh Farooq , Rayes Ammar , Bou-Harb Elias , Ghani Nasir
Published: July 2017

A major challenge for intrusion prevention system (IPS) sensors in today’s Internet is the amount of traffic these devices have to inspect. Hence this paper presents a linear program (LP) for traffic scheduling in multi-sensor environments that alleviates inspection loads at IPS sensors. The model discriminates traffic flows so that the amount of inspected suspicious traffic ismaximized. While the LP is not constrained to integral solutions, traffic belonging to a flow is mostly scheduled for inspection to a single sensor, which facilitates the collection of state information. An analysis of how the Simplex algorithm solves the model and numerical results demonstrate that state information can be preserved without imposing integral constraints. This benefitalso prevents the LP from becoming an integer LP, and this is essential for efficiently implementing the proposed model. The paper also shows that the ratio of the total number of flows integrally inspected by a single sensor to the total number of flows inspected in a multi-sensor environment depends upon theratio of IPS sensor capacity to flow traffic rate. Finally, some practical deployment observations are also presented.
Bioprosthetic Valve Fracture Improves the Hemodynamic Results of Valve-in-Valve Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: Chhatriwalla Adnan K. , Allen Keith B. , Saxon John T. , Cohen David J. , Aggarwal Sanjeev , Hart Anthony J. , Baron Suzanne J. , Dvir Danny , Borkon A. Michael
Published: July 2017

Background—

Valve-in-valve (VIV) transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) may be less effective in small surgical valves because of patient/prosthesis mismatch. Bioprosthetic valve fracture (BVF) using a high-pressure balloon can be performed to facilitate VIV TAVR.

Methods and Results—

We report data from 20 consecutive clinical cases in which BVF was successfully performed before or after VIV TAVR by inflation of a high-pressure balloon positioned across the valve ring during rapid ventricular pacing. Hemodynamic measurements and calculation of the valve effective orifice area were performed at baseline, immediately after VIV TAVR, and after BVF. BVF was successfully performed in 20 patients undergoing VIV TAVR with balloon-expandable (n=8) or self-expanding (n=12) transcatheter valves in Mitroflow, Carpentier-Edwards Perimount, Magna and Magna Ease, Biocor Epic and Biocor Epic Supra, and Mosaic surgical valves. Successful fracture was noted fluoroscopically when the waist of the balloon released and by a sudden drop in inflation pressure, often accompanied by an audible snap. BVF resulted in a reduction in the mean transvalvular gradient (from 20.5±7.4 to 6.7±3.7 mm Hg,
P
<0.001) and an increase in valve effective orifice area (from 1.0±0.4 to 1.8±0.6 cm
2
,
P
<0.001). No procedural complications were reported.

Conclusions—

BVF can be performed safely in small surgical valves to facilitate VIV TAVR with either balloon-expandable or self-expanding transcatheter valves and results in reduced residual transvalvular gradients and increased valve effective orifice area.
The Effects of Physical Exercise and Cognitive Training on Memory and Neurotrophic Factors
Authors: Heisz Jennifer J. , Clark Ilana B. , Bonin Katija , Paolucci Emily M. , Michalski Bernadeta , Becker Suzanna , Fahnestock Margaret
Published: July 2017

This study examined the combined effect of physical exercise and cognitive training on memory and neurotrophic factors in healthy, young adults. Ninety-five participants completed 6 weeks of exercise training, combined exercise and cognitive training, or no training (control). Both the exercise and combined training groups improved performance on a high-interference memory task, whereas the control group did not. In contrast, neither training group improved on general recognition performance, suggesting that exercise training selectively increases high-interference memory that may be linked to hippocampal function. Individuals who experienced greater fitness improvements from the exercise training (i.e., high responders to exercise) also had greater increases in the serum neurotrophic factors brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor-1. These high responders to exercise also had better high-interference memory performance as a result of the combined exercise and cognitive training compared with exercise alone, suggesting that potential synergistic effects might depend on the availability of neurotrophic factors. These findings are especially important, as memory benefits accrued from a relatively short intervention in high-functioning young adults.
Gilvossius chichijimaensis Sakai, 2015 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea: Callianassidae), a junior subjective synonym of Paratrypaea bouvieri (Nobili, 1904)
Authors: KOMAI TOMOYUKI
Published: July 2017

Sakai (2015) erected a new callianassid ghost shrimp taxon Gilvossius chichijimaensis diagnosed on the basis of Komai & Tachikawa’s (2008) text and figures of a male specimen originally identified as Paratrypaea bouvieri (Nobili, 1904). A holotype was designated “CBM-ZC 7244, holotype male (cl 7.4 mm), Chichijima Island, Tokyo Prefecture”. This registration number appears to be a mistranscription from Komai & Tachikawa’s (2008) list of specimens which includes “Chichi-jima Island: … CBM-ZC 7422, 2 males (5.2 mm, 7.4 mm), 1 ovigerous female (cl 6.9 mm), Okumura River, rivermouth, tidal flat, 7 August 2002,”. It can be assumed that the second male was selected as the holotype. Although Sakai (2015) did not designate paratypes, he based his comparison of the new species on “the male specimen (CMNH-ZC 2422) identified by Komai & Tachikawa (2008) as Paratrypaea (= Gilvossius) bouvieri”, not the male he selected as holotype. By this he was probably referring to CMNH-ZC 2240.
Old World-New World differentiation of so-called “circumtropical” taxa: the case of rare genus Grimaldina Richard, 1892 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Macrothricidae)
Authors: NERETINA ANNA N. , KOTOV ALEXEY A.
Published: July 2017

The Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) is an ancient group of predominantly freshwater microscopic invertebrates. During the last three decades a cosmopolitanism paradigm in the biogeography of these animals is gradually being replaced by a concept of continental endemism. Current morphological and molecular genetic data demonstrate that many Holarctic taxa actually represent sibling species groups with localized distributions. Similarly, some circumtropical cladocerans are poorly studied and must be considered using the same concept. Grimaldina Richard, 1892 (Cladocera: Macrothricidae) is an example of such taxon. Since the first description time, this genus was considered as monotypic, including a single species Grimaldina brazzai Richard, 1892, distributed in tropical regions all around the World, but being rare everywhere across its distribution range. We carefully examined specimens of Grimaldina from different tropical water bodies, redescribed morphology of G. brazzai based on new material from Africa, supplemented the genus diagnosis, and demonstrated that G. brazzai is limited to the Old World (Africa and Asia). Population from New World tropical regions are described as Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., based on material from the collection of Prof. Dr David G. Frey and named in his honor. It clearly differs from G. brazzai in: (1) antenna II with longest endopod seta bearing more densely set spinulae and (2) limb V medial portion with a smaller ratio of seta 2 to seta 3. These traits in G. freyi sp. nov. are presumably plesiomorphic, while G. brazzai has more apomorphies. Divergence between American (G. freyi sp. nov.) and Old World (G. brazzai) populations could be related to the ancient vicariant events (Gondwana breakup) or to more recent trans-continental dispersal events.
Bryochoerus liupanensis sp. nov. and Pseudechiniscus chengi. sp. nov. (Tardigrada: Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from China
Authors: XUE JING , LI XIAOCHEN , WANG LIZHI , XIAN PANPAN , CHEN HUIQING
Published: July 2017

Two new species from China, Bryochoerus liupanensis sp. nov. and Pseudechiniscus chengi sp. nov. (Tardigrada: Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae), are reported. Bryochoerus liupanensis sp. nov. is characterized by median plates 1 and 2 divided into four parts while median plate 3 is divided into three parts, and by two lateral plates on each side of all median plates. The new species differs from Bryochoerus intermedius in having a different cuticular sculpture and different lateral plates. Pseudechiniscus chengi sp. nov. is characterized by: head plate faceted, cephalic papilla dome-shaped, pseudosegmental plate with a longitudinal median fold, all plates including the dorsal plates and plates on legs with ornamentation composed of dense round dots, differing in size, and lacking striae between the dots. Pseudechiniscus chengi sp. nov. is most similar to Pseudechiniscus santomensis but differs by: lacking striae between the round dots on dorsal plates, lacking the tiny projections on the caudal margin of pseudosegmental plate, and the divided pseudosegmental plate.
Neotypification of Onuphis fukianensis Uschakov & Wu, 1962 and description of a new species of Onuphis (Annelida: Onuphidae) from China seas
Authors: WU XUWEN , XU KUIDONG
Published: July 2017

The original description as well as illustrations of Onuphis fukianensis Uschakov & Wu, 1962 from the East China Sea is simple and no type material is available. The species is peculiar in the genus Onuphis by having very long ceratophores (40 rings on the lateral antennae) and a late start of branched branchiae (chaetiger 47) and thus transferred to the genus Heptaceras. Examination of newly collected material from the region of the type locality allowed us to demonstrate that the reassignment was incorrect. To clarify the status of the species, we designate a neotype and redescribe O. fukianensis. Our examination of historic material revealed another species of Onuphis, which also has relatively long ceratophores and pectinate branchiae that is described below as Onuphis uschakovi sp. nov. The new species highly resembles O. eremita parva Berkeley & Berkeley, 1941, a subspecies described from the southern coast of California. However, the two taxa can be easily distinguished by the number of ceratophoral rings (27–32 vs. 21), the start of subacicular hooks (chaetigers 12–13 vs. chaetiger 8) and the shape of pectinate chaetae (oblique with 8–10 teeth vs. transverse with 15 teeth).
What Is School Violence?
Authors: Henry Stuart
Published: July 2017

In the analysis of school violence, there is a tendency for commentators to define the scope of the problem narrowly. Typically, they focus on interpersonal violence: between students or by students toward their teachers. In this article, it is argued that not only does the complexity of this issue defy such a simplistic framing but dealing with the problem at that level does not go far enough. It fails to address the wider context of school violence, the wider forms of violence in schools, and the important interactive and causal effects arising from the confluence of these forces. What is demanded is an integrated, multilevel definition of the problem that will lead to a multilevel causal analysis and a comprehensive policy response that takes account of the full range of constitutive elements. In this article, the first stage of such an approach is outlined with regard to defining the nature and scope of the problem.
The Effects of School Climate on School Disorder
Authors: Welsh Wayne N.
Published: July 2017

Explanations of school disorder have suffered from at least two deficits: (1) institutional explanations of disorder (that is, school climate) have been largely ignored, and (2) insufficient attention to appropriate measures of disorder has guided research and policy. Like people, schools have their own characteristic personalities, or climates. Using survey responses from students in middle schools in Philadelphia, the author discusses the effects of school climate (such as clarity and fairness of rules) and individual student characteristics (such as age, sex, race, and dimensions of bonding) on different measures of school disorder, including victimization, avoidance, perceptions of safety, misconduct, and offending. The schools varied significantly on all measures of disorder, and school climate provided significant explanatory power for each. Results varied for different measures, though. For example, school climate predicted less serious misconduct more strongly than it predicted serious offending. School climate offers significant potential for enhancing both the understanding and the prevention of school violence.
School Tracking and Student Violence
Authors: Yogan Lissa J.
Published: July 2017

From the literature on symbolic interaction, we know that interaction between peers is important for self-development. We also know that strong bonding to schools and teachers protects against delinquency and violence. This peer interaction and social bonding must be placed in the context of societal change toward increased workplace participation by parents and the consequent increased parental role expected of schools. The result has been sharing the moral development of children with teachers; this highlights the importance of the parent-teacher relationship and its effect on the teacher as leader and guide. Moral development is also affected by school practices, not least tracking and mainstreaming. This article will explore how these changes affect peer group interaction and how schools can positively influence and channel such group formation.
Juvenile Corrections in Indiana
Authors: Cohn Edward L. , Hinkle William G.
Published: July 2017

This article argues that the growing trend toward tough penalties in corrections is not the solution to juvenile violence. Rather, policy addressing increased violence should take account of research, which suggests a focus on the home and community. Children are forced to become independent and competitive too soon. Instead, emphasis should be placed on the process, not the product. We need to support mentoring programs; community schools with facilities available after hours; family preservation programs; individual and family counseling services; substance abuse counseling and treatment; and continuing education programs. Also important is interagency cooperation rather than competition.
African American Males in Foreign Affairs
Authors: Miller Jake C.
Published: July 2017

The making and implementation of American foreign policy is a process that involves many actors, including the president, his advisers, legislators, nongovernmental organizations, and private citizens. Absent, for the most part, have been African Americans. During recent decades, however, some progress has been made in including them. A major purpose of this article is to determine the extent to which African American males have been and are involved in the foreign affairs arena, including the military. Likewise, it will seek to determine the impact that foreign policy has had and continues to have on African American males and the extent to which their involvement in the military can be considered a curse or blessing.
The Student Anti-Sweatshop Movement: Limits and Potential
Authors: Mandle Jay R.
Published: July 2017

This article analyzes the student anti-sweatshop movement in the United States and its efforts to employ codes of conduct to secure improved conditions for workers in the international apparel industry. After discussing the globalization of that industry, the article examines the content of the codes of conduct that have been suggested by the student movement, on the one hand, and the members of the Apparel Industry Partnership, on the other. It concludes with a critique of the strategy of relying on codes of conduct and suggests that the pursuit of workers' rights should be sought in a strengthened International Labor Organization.
Globalization's Cultural Consequences
Authors: Holton Robert
Published: July 2017

Globalization has been associated with a range of cultural consequences. These can be analyzed in terms of three major theses, namely, homogenization, polarization, and hybridization. The homogenization thesis proclaims that global culture is becoming standardized around a Western or American pattern. While some evidence supports this view, the presence of cultural alternatives and resistance to Western norms suggests that polarization provides a more convincing picture of global cultural development. Global interconnection and interdependence do not necessarily mean cultural conformity. Culture, it seems, is harder to standardize than economic organization and technology. Yet the idea of polarization has its limits, too. The hybridization thesis argues that cultures borrow and incorporate elements from each other, creating hybrid, or syncretic, forms. Evidence to support this view comes mainly from popular music and religious life. The cultural consequences of globalization are therefore diverse and complex.
Spaces for Feminism in Geography
Authors: Staeheli Lynn A. , Martin Patricia M.
Published: July 2017

This article examines the ways in which spaces for feminism in geography have been constructed. As with most disciplines, the increased visibility of feminist approaches in geography is related to the status of women, so, in this article, the authors briefly review trends related to women's status. The status of women in the discipline reflects the masculinist orientation of the discipline and its traditional focus on exploration of far-off places. Feminist geographers' fundamental concern, however, is with the social construction of space and place and the ways gender is implicated in those constructions. The authors examine theoretical perspectives and empirical examples within feminist geography as they are used to understand the interrelations of space, place, and gender. The authors demonstrate the implications of this approach for feminist praxis in research and teaching.
Urban Poverty: Scientific and Ethical Considerations
Authors: Earls Felton
Published: July 2017

Concentrated urban poverty in the United States is addressed from a dual perspective. The first viewpoint is derived from the social science literature. To advance the existing base of knowledge, reference is made to a specific research program, the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. This effort is currently in mid-course of a decade-long study of children from all major racial/ethnic, social class, and neighborhood groups in the city and is demonstrating the negative impacts on children's behavioral and social development of being raised in zones of concentrated poverty. The second perspective views urban poverty in the context of widening in come disparity and through the lens of the economic and social rights accorded to citizens of a democracy. Political leadership is urgently needed to challenge this level of disparity and to acknowledge concentrated urban poverty as an insidious violation of human rights, particularly those of African American children.
Exchange Rate Regimes for Emerging Market Economies: Lessons from Asia
Authors: Corden W. Max
Published: July 2017

This article discusses the role of the exchange rate regime in the 1997 East Asian crisis. Most of the countries had, more or less, fixed-but-adjustable exchange rate regimes before the crisis. The article outlines special problems of this regime when there is high capital mobility, including the loss of political credibility that results when governments cannot maintain fixed exchange rates to which they have committed. The article discusses how the crisis would have played out under alternative exchange rate regimes, namely floating rates and currency boards. There would still have been a boom followed by a crisis, though in the short run, the recessions might have been less deep. The article also discusses Hong Kong's currency board regime; the reasons the Indonesian crisis was especially severe; the reasons some Asian countries, notably India, avoided a crisis; and the role of capital controls, especially in Malaysia.
Limiting Moral Hazard and Reducing Risk in International Capital Flows: The Choice of an Exchange Rate Regime
Authors: McKinnon Ronald I.
Published: July 2017

Monetary and financial management is much more difficult in emerging markets on the periphery of the industrial world than at the center. On the periphery, the domestic term structure of finance is short, and all foreign borrowing is denominated in foreign currency--usually dollars. An acute policy issue is whether the exchange rate should be fixed or more flexible in inhibiting banks and other financial institutions from cycles of overborrowing and undue foreign exchange exposure. This article shows that a "good" fix is better than floating, which in turn is better than a "bad" fix. But even a good fix must be complemented by strict domestic regulations forcing banks to preserve their capital and hedge their net foreign exchange exposure to stay good.
Should Developing Countries Restrict Capital Inflows?
Authors: Ulan Michael K.
Published: July 2017

In the early 1990s, Chile imposed a tax on short-term inflows of foreign capital to control its current-account deficit by reducing the real exchange rate of the peso. The tax reduced capital inflows and increased the maturity of the foreign capital that entered that country, but the preponderance of the evidence is that the impost did not affect the real exchange rate of the peso. Moreover, the tax imposed considerable costs on the Chilean economy. After the 1997-98 financial crisis, some economists and politicians advocated such a tax to effect or preserve macroeconomic stability in developing countries. Aside from "second-best" arguments, imposing such a tax for that purpose can be justified only as a temporary measure to enable countries facing economic or financial crisis to reform and introduce prudential regulation and adequate supervision of their financial systems, but history shows that reforms dissipate as economic and financial conditions improve.
Shapers of Culture
Authors: Lane Michael
Published: July 2017

This article describes the functions that editors perform within publishing houses whose goals combine both economic and cultural components. It discusses the extent to which editors act as relatively passive gatekeepers of cultural forces or as active shapers of them. In light of historical evidence, it suggests that changes are currently taking place which will serve to reduce the importance of the editor in shaping the content of what is published while increasing somewhat the importance of the literary agent.
Scholarly Publishing in Western Europe and Great Britain
Authors: Russak Ben
Published: July 2017

Postwar Europe has produced a phenomenon of special interest to scholars and scientists: the use of English as the universal language of scientific communication. In the Netherlands, Scandinavia and Germany, scholarly books and journals are published in English. Huge publishing conglomerates have proliferated, all based on the English language. This medium for presenting knowledge and ideas to a world market has been an essential element of the unprecedented growth of scientific knowledge in our generation. Two other modern elements, the computer and the photocopying machine, have contributed to this growth. Now the computer and the photocopier threaten to destroy copyright—the essential basis for successful publishing— and are forcing traditional scholarly media such as monographs, proceedings publications and specialized journals out of business. Consideration is given to the possible end result that the computer and the photocopier may stifle the traditional forms of communication upon which the scientific community depends. Europe is the first arena in which an accommodation will be reached if the results of scholarship are to be unimpeded.
Publishing in the USSR and Yugoslavia
Authors: Booher Edward E.
Published: July 2017

Book publishing in Eastern Europe is a large enterprise dominated by the USSR in style and organization. While the Soviet influence is generally thought to be one of censorship principally, this influence resulted in other changes in most Eastern European nations following their communization shortly after World War II. Censorship exists wherever there is communist rule—or, for that matter, wherever there exists a single ruling party. The influence of the Soviet Union on publishing, however, also extended into the areas of author payments, publishing house organization, and the distribution of books. Yugoslavia was under this influence until her break with Russia in 1948. However, starting in the early 1950s, book publishing followed the pattern of general change in Yugoslavia's economic and political systems. Mass decentralization occurred, and the market-price system was gradually introduced. Moral censorship slowly disappeared, and political control of what was published was minimized. It is impossible to judge at this point the full impact of these two essentially different publishing systems operating under governments controlled by Communist parties. In this publisher's opinion, however, the Soviet system assists in perpetuating a closed, monolithic society, while Yugoslavia's apparently assists in developing an open society that could lead to economic and political democracy.
Restructured Families: Issues of Equality and Need
Authors: Scully Maureen , Creed W.E. Douglas
Published: July 2017

The families of gay employees have recently come onto the corporate radar screen. The needs they have in common with the families of straight employees can foster connection. There are also tensions between gay and straight employees about the meanings of family, deeply rooted in the culture outside the workplace and some times so provocative that they appear only in indirect allusions. The case of a corporate redesign of benefits surfaces both the language of these commonalities and tensions and the underlying principles of equality versus need. Providing equal benefits for all families has the advantage of honoring equally the many ways the employees define a family, but the disadvantage of creating inequalities across families of different sizes and types. A need-based distribution has the advantage of respecting differences, but the disadvantage of requiring a way to evaluate and rank relative needs, which heightens tensions. The authors discuss how these trade-offs are voiced and played out.
Work and Life Strategies of Professionals in Biotechnology Firms
Authors: Eaton Susan C. , Bailyn Lotte
Published: July 2017

Career issues of professionals working in the biotechnology industry give insight into work and life strategies of the future. Through in-depth case studies, we explore commonalities and differences between men and women. We examine individual and organizational factors that serve as barriers or enablers to full integration of work and life issues. The structure of the professionals' work itself contributes to new constructions of the employment relation and to the very concept of career in these firms. The old employment contract no longer concerns employment alone (since key workplace decisions have implications for family life, and vice versa), nor is it clearly any longer a contract, but rather an emergent, ever changing interactive set of adaptations. We argue that this requires a new conception of career, which is more fluid, more adaptable to different life stages and needs, and more variable than the traditional conception.
The Kellogg Child Development Center: High-Quality Child Care
Authors: Kellogg Lorna
Published: July 2017

After a 10-year, hands-on study of high-quality child care both in the United States and abroad, Lorna Kellogg founded a child care program intended to be a model for high standards in the field. The Kellogg Child Development Center of Boulder, Colorado, in less than four years of operation, has become renowned for its deceptively simple solutions to some of the largest problems that plague child care centers in general. This success has enabled the center to begin actively pursuing the second half of its mission, to improve the quality of care provided in child care centers everywhere. It is Lorna Kellogg's firm belief that it is absolutely possible for every child growing up outside of his or her home to have high-quality, affordable child care.
Market Constraints on Child Care Quality
Authors: Morris John R.
Published: July 2017

This article uses the data from Cost, Quality and Child Outcomes in Child Care Centers, The Study of Children in Family Child Care and Relative Care, and the Economics of Family Child Care Project to argue that most child care in the United States today is mediocre or worse and that this mediocrity is the result of supply and demand conditions in the market for child care. Imperfect knowledge on the part of suppliers and researchers about how to efficiently provide good care limits quality. More important, monopolistic competition with a broad range of modes of care, each with different cost structures, forces centers without subsidies to cut their costs in order to compete. Many parents cannot afford the cost of high-quality care, and even those who can afford it have trouble identifying it. Policy to improve quality needs to be multifaceted. Regulation, incentives, and training will help providers who either do not care about quality or do not understand how to create it. Subsidies are needed for parents who cannot afford the cost of quality care. Information and ratings of providers will help the parents who cannot identify quality or do not appreciate its importance.
Who Should Pay for the Kids?
Authors: England Paula , Folbre Nancy
Published: July 2017

This article emphasizes collective struggles over the distribution of the costs of children. Because the production of children's capabilities creates a public good that cannot be priced in the market, individuals can free ride on the efforts of parents in general and mothers in particular. We need to redesign the social contract in ways that encourage more sustainable forms of intergenerational altruism and reciprocity.
The Honest Politician's Guide to Juvenile Justice in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Feld Barry C.
Published: July 2017

Within the past three decades, judicial decisions and legal changes have transformed the juvenile court from a nominally rehabilitative social welfare agency into a scaled-down, second-class criminal court that provides young offenders with neither therapy nor justice. The migration of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North that began three-quarters of a century ago, the macrostructural transformation of American cities and the economy over the past quarter of a century, and the current linkages in the popular and political culture between race and serious youth crime provide the impetus for get-tough policies to crack down on juveniles. The procedural and substantive convergence between juvenile and criminal courts has occurred because juvenile courts attempt to combine social welfare and criminal social control in one agency. If states uncouple social welfare from social control, then they can try all of fenders in one integrated criminal justice system. But states must formally recognize youthfulness as a mitigating factor at sentencing. A youth discount—shorter sentences for reduced culpability— provides a practical administrative mechanism to recognize youthfulness as a mitigating factor.
Delinquency and Desert
Authors: Morse Stephen J.
Published: July 2017

This article addresses the moral and legal responsibility that may fairly be attributed to mid and late adolescents who commit criminal offenses and how adolescents' responsibility should affect the law's response. It offers a robust theory of responsibility that is rooted in our current moral theories and practices of blame and punishment. Next the article reviews the psychosocial and developmental literature to determine whether or to what degree mid to late adolescents are morally responsible for their conduct and whether they are less responsible than adults. Finally, the article considers the dispositional consequences implied by the theory of responsibility in general and by what we know about adolescents in particular. It concludes that neither data nor commonsense can resolve the normative issue of juvenile responsibility.
The Fork in the Road to Juvenile Court Reform
Authors: Bazemore Gordon
Published: July 2017

Juvenile justice reform efforts seeking a more criminalized juvenile court and justice system, as well as those aimed at revitalizing the individual treatment mission, have been one-dimensional in their failure to address the multiple justice needs of communities associated with youth crime, and they have been insular in their singular focus on the needs and risks of offenders. In the late 1990s, a growing number of juvenile justice professionals began to embrace a third, more holistic vision for reform based on a normative concern with repairing the harm caused by crime to individuals and relationships and a commitment to victims, communities, and offenders as primary stakeholders in the justice process. This article considers the implications of emerging practice based on a restorative community justice model for systemic reform in the context, content, and structure of juvenile justice and the response to youth crime.
The New Behavioral Economics
Authors: Thimm Alfred L.
Published: July 2017

A trenchant probe of recent and incipient movements in economics is launched by Professor Thimm. He finds economic thought an effect (victim?) of technology, meaning both the larger social technology and the methodology “hardware” of the discipline.
Phases of Career Development: Case Studies of Young Women with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Lindstrom Lauren E. , Benz Michael R.
Published: July 2017

This study investigates the career development process for young women with learning disabilities. Case study methodology was utilized to understand the key elements influencing career choices for young women with learning disabilities who had graduated from high school and entered the workforce. Case study findings revealed three distinct phases of career development that were labeled (a) unsettled, (b) exploratory, and (c) focused. Phases of career development varied along two dimensions—stability of employment and clarity of career goals. Key elements that seemed to influence the phases of career development included individual motivation and personal determination, family support and advocacy, opportunities for career exploration, on-the-job or postsecondary vocational training, and supportive work environments.
Cultural Models of Transition: Latina Mothers of Young Adults with Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Rueda Robert , Monzo Lilia , Shapiro Johanna , Gomez Juan , Blacher Jan
Published: July 2017

This study used several focus groups to examine culturally based variation in attitudes, beliefs, and meanings of transition. Sixteen Latina mothers of young adults with disabilities participated in the study, recruited from an agency serving low-income, predominantly Spanish-speaking communities. Data analysis identified five primary themes: (a) basic life skills and social adaptation, (b) the importance of the family and home rather than individualism and independence, (c) the importance of the mother's role and expertise in decision making, (d) access to information; and (e) dangers of the outside world. The overarching theme was a view of transition as home-centered, sheltered adaptation as opposed to a model emphasizing independent productivity. The findings and the implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Promoting School Completion of Urban Secondary Youth with Emotional or Behavioral Disabilities
Authors: Sinclair Mary F. , Christenson Sandra L. , Thurlow Martha L.
Published: July 2017

An experimental research design was used to examine the effectiveness of a targeted, long-term intervention to promote school completion and reduce dropout among urban high school students with emotional or behavioral disabilities. African American (67%) males (82%) composed a large portion of the sample. This intervention study was a replication of an empirically supported model referred to as check & connect. Study participants included 144 ninth graders, randomly assigned to the treatment or control group. The majority of youth were followed for 4 years, with a subsample followed for 5 years. Program outcomes included lower rates of dropout and mobility, higher rates of persistent attendance and enrollment status in school, and more comprehensive transition plans.
Promoting Self-Determination for Transition-Age Youth: Views of High School General and Special Educators
Authors: Carter Erik W. , Lane Kathleen L. , Pierson Melinda R. , Stang Kristin K.
Published: July 2017

Recent developments in policy and practice have emphasized the importance of promoting self-determination and supporting access to the general curriculum for youth with disabilities. To understand how these trends align, we examined the efforts of 340 general and special educators to promote student self-determination in high school classrooms. Educators attached considerable importance to providing instruction in skills related to self-determination and reported addressing these skills with moderate to high frequency in their classrooms. Although opportunities for students with disabilities to learn skills that promote self-determination were reported to be available across the curriculum, there were some differences across teachers and curricular area. We discuss avenues for promoting student self-determination within the general curriculum, as well as offer recommendations for future research.
IQ is Not Strongly Related to Response to Reading Instruction: A Meta-Analytic Interpretation
Authors: Stuebing Karla K. , Barth Amy E. , Molfese Peter J. , Weiss Brandon , Fletcher Jack M.
Published: July 2017

A meta-analysis of 22 studies evaluating the relation of different assessments of IQ and intervention response did not support the hypothesis that IQ is an important predictor of response to instruction. We found an R2 of .03 in models with IQ and the autoregressor as predictors and a unique lower estimated R2 of .006 and a higher estimated R2 of .013 in models with IQ, the autoregressor, and additional covariates as predictors. There was no evidence that these aggregated effect sizes were moderated by variables such as the type of IQ measure, outcome, age, or intervention. In simulations of the capacity of variables with effect sizes of .03 and .001 for predicting response to intervention, we found little evidence of practical significance.