bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jewish-Iranian Identities in the Pahlavi Era
Authors: Sternfeld Lior
Published: July 2014

A few years ago, while conducting archival research on Pahlavi-era Iranian newspapers, I came across a photo from the anti-shah demonstrations that took place in late 1978 and early 1979. It showed a large group of Armenians protesting against the shah. In these years many Iranians and Westerners considered the shah's policies beneficial for religious minorities in Iran. Around the same time, I found a sentence that made this discovery more intriguing. In his seminal workIran between Two Revolutions, Ervand Abrahamian mentions that throughout the Muhammad Riza Pahlavi era, the opposition to the communist Tudeh party accused it of being controlled by “Armenians, Jews, and Caucasian émigrés.” I tried to find references in the current scholarship to Jews participating in the party, which could have earned them their part in this propaganda campaign, but found very little. Having read the important works of Joel Beinin, Orit Bashkin, and Rami Ginat on Jewish revolutionaries, including communists, in the Middle East, I wondered where the Jewish radicals in Iran were. Several factors may contribute to this silence in the historiography: the writing of Iranian history from a Zionist vantage point, a lack of interest in the history of the Iranian left in the postrevolutionary historiography, and an inability to conceptualize the transregional and global nature of the Iranian Jewish community.
Chlorophyll estimation in field crops: an assessment of handheld leaf meters and spectral reflectance measurements
Authors: CASA R. , CASTALDI F. , PASCUCCI S. , PIGNATTI S.
Published: July 2014

The widespread adoption by agronomists and researchers of handheld leaf chlorophyll meters stimulates enquiries on instrumental calibration issues, given the necessity, for some applications, of inferring actual chlorophyll concentrations from the readings provided. This is especially required for recently developed and more innovative devices such as the Dualex (Force-A, France), which unlike the more common SPAD-502 (Minolta, Japan) has not undergone extensive (published) calibration tests. Additionally, devices for spectral reflectance measurements are also becoming increasingly available. In the present paper, the calibration of SPAD on maize (Zea mays L.) and of Dualex on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.), horse bean (Vicia faba L.) and maize, was compared to spectral reflectance indices and full spectral information (400–2500 nm) acquired by a spectroradiometer (ASD FieldSpec) equipped with a contact probe and leaf clip. Full spectral data were exploited using partial least squares regression (PLSR). The measurements were performed in the field at Maccarese (Central Italy) in 2012, gathering a specific experimental dataset. The calibration models obtained on experimental data for SPAD (on maize) and Dualex (on four crops) showed intermediate or high estimation accuracy with root-mean-square error (RMSE) values ranging between 7 and 11 μg/cm2 depending on the species. These results were slightly better than those achieved using spectral reflectance indices, which were inferior though to those provided by PLSR using full spectral resolution. A synthetic database, generated by the physically based PROSPECT model, simulating hemispherical leaf reflectance and transmittance, was used to compare the performances of the reflectance indices and the chlorophyll meters for a wider range of leaf properties. The results confirmed the substantial equivalence of reflectance-based and transmittance-based (i.e. simulated SPAD and Dualex) indices and the advantage of exploiting the full spectral information, e.g. through PLSR, if available.
Do Happy People Make Optimistic Investors?
Authors: Kaplanski Guy , Levy Haim , Veld Chris , Veld-Merkoulova Yulia
Published: July 2014

Do happy people predict future risk and return differently from unhappy people, or do individuals rely only on economic facts? We survey investors on their subjective sentiment-creating factors, return and risk expectations, and investment plans. We find that noneconomic factors systematically affect return and risk expectations, where the return effect is more profound. Investment plans are also affected by noneconomic factors. Sports results and general feelings significantly affect predictions. Sufferers from seasonal affective disorder have lower return expectations in the autumn than in other seasons, supporting the winter blues hypothesis.
Operational modelling to guide implementation and scale-up of diagnostic tests within the health system: exploring opportunities for parasitic disease diagnostics based on example application for tuberculosis
Authors: LANGLEY IVOR , ADAMS EMILY , DOULLA BASRA , SQUIRE S. BERTEL
Published: July 2014

Research and innovation in the diagnosis of infectious and parasitic diseases has led to the development of several promising diagnostic tools, for example in malaria there is extensive literature concerning the use of rapid diagnostic tests. This means policymakers in many low and middle income countries need to make difficult decisions about which of the recommended tools and approaches to implement and scale-up. The test characteristics (e.g. sensitivity and specificity) of the tools alone are not a sufficient basis on which to make these decisions as policymakers need to also consider the best combination of tools, whether the new tools should complement or replace existing diagnostics and who should be tested. Diagnostic strategies need dovetailing to different epidemiology and structural resource constraints (e.g. existing diagnostic pathways, human resources and laboratory capacity). We propose operational modelling to assist with these complex decisions. Projections of patient, health system and cost impacts are essential and operational modelling of the relevant elements of the health system could provide these projections and support rational decisions. We demonstrate how the technique of operational modelling applied in the developing world to support decisions on diagnostics for tuberculosis, could in a parallel way, provide useful insights to support implementation of appropriate diagnostic innovations for parasitic diseases.
Sustained release of recombinant surface antigen 2 (rSAG2) from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles extends protective cell-mediated immunity against Toxoplasma gondii in mice
Authors: CHUANG SHU-CHUN , YANG CHUNG-DA
Published: July 2014

Current development efforts of subunit vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii, the aetiological agent of toxoplasmosis, have been focused mainly on tachyzoite surface antigens (SAGs) such as SAG2, due to their attachment roles in the process of host-cell invasion. In the present study, we aimed to produce poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) microparticles (MPs) containing recombinant SAG2 (rSAG2) to induce improved immunity against T. gondii. The resulting PLG-encapsulated rSAG2 (PLG-rSAG2) MPs, 2·14–3·63 μm in diameter, showed 74–80% entrapment efficiency and gradually released antigenic rSAG2 protein (88·3% of the total protein load) for a long 33-day period. Peritoneal immunization with PLG-rSAG2 MPs in BALB/c mice resulted in not only sustained (10 weeks) lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ production but also an improved protective capacity (87%) against a lethal subcutaneous challenge of 1×104 live tachyzoites of T. gondii (RH strain). In conclusion, the sustained release of rSAG2 protein from PLG-rSAG2 MPs extends Th1 cell-mediated immunity (lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ production) and induces improved protection against T. gondii tachyzoite infection in mice.
The effects of co-morbidity in defining major depression subtypes associated with long-term course and severity
Authors: Wardenaar K. J. , van Loo H. M. , Cai T. , Fava M. , Gruber M. J. , Li J. , de Jonge P. , Nierenberg A. A. , Petukhova M. V. , Rose S. , Sampson N. A. , Schoevers R. A. , Wilcox M. A. , Alonso J. , Bromet E. J. , Bunting B. , Florescu S. E. , Fukao A. , Gureje O. , Hu C. , Huang Y. Q. , Karam A. N. , Levinson D. , Medina Mora M. E. , Posada-Villa J. , Scott K. M. , Taib N. I. , Viana M. C. , Xavier M. , Zarkov Z. , Kessler R. C.
Published: July 2014

Background.

Although variation in the long-term course of major depressive disorder (MDD) is not strongly predicted by existing symptom subtype distinctions, recent research suggests that prediction can be improved by using machine learning methods. However, it is not known whether these distinctions can be refined by added information about co-morbid conditions. The current report presents results on this question.

Method.

Data came from 8261 respondents with lifetime DSM-IV MDD in the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. Outcomes included four retrospectively reported measures of persistence/severity of course (years in episode; years in chronic episodes; hospitalization for MDD; disability due to MDD). Machine learning methods (regression tree analysis; lasso, ridge and elastic net penalized regression) followed by k-means cluster analysis were used to augment previously detected subtypes with information about prior co-morbidity to predict these outcomes.

Results.

Predicted values were strongly correlated across outcomes. Cluster analysis of predicted values found three clusters with consistently high, intermediate or low values. The high-risk cluster (32.4% of cases) accounted for 56.6–72.9% of high persistence, high chronicity, hospitalization and disability. This high-risk cluster had both higher sensitivity and likelihood ratio positive (LR+; relative proportions of cases in the high-risk cluster versus other clusters having the adverse outcomes) than in a parallel analysis that excluded measures of co-morbidity as predictors.

Conclusions.

Although the results using the retrospective data reported here suggest that useful MDD subtyping distinctions can be made with machine learning and clustering across multiple indicators of illness persistence/severity, replication with prospective data is needed to confirm this preliminary conclusion.
Risk of suicide and suicide attempts associated with physical disorders: a population-based, balancing score-matched analysis
Authors: Bolton J. M. , Walld R. , Chateau D. , Finlayson G. , Sareen J.
Published: July 2014

Background

The association between physical disorders and suicide remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between physical disorders and suicide after accounting for the effects of mental disorders.

Method

Individuals who died by suicide (n = 2100) between 1996 and 2009 were matched 3:1 by balancing score to general population controls (n = 6300). Multivariate conditional logistic regression compared the two groups across physician-diagnosed physical disorders [asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), ischemic heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease], adjusting for mental disorders and co-morbidity. Secondary analyses examined the risk of suicide according to time since first diagnosis of each physical disorder (1–90, 91–364, ⩾ 365 days). Similar analyses also compared individuals with suicide attempts (n = 8641) to matched controls (n = 25 923).

Results

Cancer was associated with increased risk of suicide [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.91, p < 0.05] even after adjusting for all mental disorders. The risk of suicide with cancer was particularly high in the first 90 days after initial diagnosis (AOR 4.10, 95% CI 1.71–9.82, p < 0.01) and decreased to non-significance after 1 year. Women with respiratory diseases had elevated risk of suicide whereas men did not. COPD, hypertension and diabetes were each associated with increased odds of suicide attempts in adjusted models (AORs ranged from 1.20 to 1.73).

Conclusions

People diagnosed with cancer are at increased risk of suicide, especially in the 3 months following initial diagnosis. Increased support and psychiatric involvement should be considered for the first year after cancer diagnosis.
Fractionation of visuo-spatial memory processes in bipolar depression: a cognitive scaffolding account
Authors: Gallagher P. , Gray J. M. , Kessels R. P. C.
Published: July 2014

Background

Previous studies of neurocognitive performance in bipolar disorder (BD) have demonstrated impairments in visuo-spatial memory. The aim of the present study was to use an object-location memory (OLM) paradigm to assess specific, dissociable processes in visuo-spatial memory and examine their relationship with broader neurocognitive performance.

Method

Fifty participants (25 patients with BD in a current depressive episode and 25 matched healthy controls) completed the OLM paradigm which assessed three different aspects of visuo-spatial memory: positional memory, object-location binding, and a combined process. Secondary neurocognitive measures of visuo-spatial memory, verbal memory, attention and executive function were also administered.

Results

BD patients were significantly impaired on all three OLM processes, with the largest effect in exact positional memory (d = 1.18,p < 0.0001). General deficits were also found across the secondary neurocognitive measures. Using hierarchical regression, verbal learning was found to explain significant variance on the OLM measures where object-identity was present (the object-location binding and combined processes) and accounted for the group difference. The group difference in precise positional memory remained intact.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that patients with bipolar depression manifest deficits in visuo-spatial memory, with substantial impairment in fine-grain, positional memory. The differential profile of processes underpinning the visuo-spatial memory impairment suggests a form of ‘cognitive scaffolding’, whereby performance on some measures can be supported by verbal memory. These results have important implications for our understanding of the functional cognitive architecture of mood disorder.
A typology of care-giving across neurodegenerative diseases presenting with dementia
Authors: ROLAND KAITLYN P. , CHAPPELL NEENA L.
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this study is to develop and extend our understanding of dementia care-giving by introducing a typology of informal care-giving across four different diseases. Care-giving factors were examined with respect to specific dementia presentation in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease-associated dementia. Informal care-giving literature in the four diseases was systematically searched to identify specific disease symptoms and resultant care-giving strains and outcomes. Key concepts were extracted and grouped thematically. The first classification, ‘role-shift’, reflects care-giving where cognitive deterioration results in changing roles, uncertainty and relational deprivation among married partners. The second classification, ‘consumed by care-giving’, refers to those caring for persons with dementia-motor decline that greatly increases worry and isolation. Finally, in the ‘service use’ classification, formal support is needed to help care-givers cope with daily responsibilities and behaviour changes. In each case, the dementia presentation uniquely impacts care-giver strains. A major conclusion is that the same support to all care-givers under the umbrella term ‘dementia’ is unwarranted; the development of targeted support is required.
Clandestine marriage in early modern London: when, where and why?
Authors: NEWTON GILL
Published: July 2014

Marriage ceremonies in London were easily available at a wide range of locations before Hardwicke's Marriage Act put a stop to clandestine marriages in 1754. Not constrained to their own parish church, many wed at centres of clandestine marriage such as the Fleet, or in other churches by licence. For particular parish populations, focusing mainly on the suburban majority but with comparisons with the mercantile city centre, this paper considers the relationship between demographic, geographic and social factors (age, residential location, and propensity to engage in premarital sex) and choice of marriage location between 1610 and 1753.
Agricultural specialisation and the land market: an examination of the dynamics of the relationship in the Swiss Alps, c.1860–1930
Authors: LORENZETTI LUIGI
Published: July 2014

From the latter half of the nineteenth century, mixed farming in the Alpine regions of Switzerland underwent a gradual process of specialisation. Cereal crops were phased out in favour of feed crops, livestock, viticulture and fruit farming. This article analyses the way in which the land market was affected by this increasingly specialised primary sector and asks whether this market became more efficient as a result of reduced transaction costs. Surveys have shown that the land market remained bound by the inertia inherent in the nature of landed property in the Alpine area. The connection between agricultural diversification and the land market appears to have been only partial and this suggests that the modernisation of farming did not so much alter the main balance of the market itself, as boost the circulation of plots more directly associated with the process of specialisation.
But: Do age and working memory influence conventional implicature processing?
Authors: JANSSENS LEEN , DROOGHMANS STEPHANIE , SCHAEKEN WALTER
Published: July 2014

Conventional implicatures are omnipresent in daily life communication but experimental research on this topic is sparse, especially research with children. The aim of this study was to investigate if eight- to twelve-year-old children spontaneously make the conventional implicature induced by but, so, and nevertheless in ‘p but q’ sentences. Additionally, the study aimed to shed light on the cognitive effort required for these inferences by measuring working memory (WM) capacity. Our results show that children do make these inferences to a certain extent, but are sensitive to the content of the arguments. We found a significant effect of sentence type, but did not observe any developmental effect, nor any effect of WM: a higher age or WM capacity does not result in more pragmatic inferences.
China's Rural Land Politics: Bureaucratic Absorption and the Muting of Rightful Resistance
Authors: Chuang Julia
Published: July 2014

In recent years, the Chinese central state has launched the “new socialist countryside” campaign (NSCC), which authorizes the local state expropriation of rural land from farmers, and then incorporates evicted farmers into township residence and urban citizenship. In affected regions, this campaign enables local state officials to enact practices of bureaucratic absorption that undermine potential resistance by bringing resisters into formal channels of bargaining through both juridical and ideological means. Based on ethnographic data from Sichuan province, this article reveals an in situ process of bureaucratic absorption in “Lan-ding village,” where the incorporation of rural residents into urban citizenship enables the depoliticization of resistance to land expropriation, first by changing the citizenship-based grounds on which legitimate claims to land can be made, then by discursively reframing eviction as a normative shift towards modern wage dependence.
Sex Ratio Imbalances and China's Care for Girls Programme: A Case Study of a Social Problem
Authors: Murphy Rachel
Published: July 2014

In China, owing to many parents' preference for sons, the sex ratio at birth (SRB) is imbalanced. During the 2000s, SRB fluctuated at around 120 boys to 100 girls. In the early 2000s, to tackle the SRB imbalance, the Chinese government launched a series of policy measures under the banner of “care for girls.” This article presents a case study of the Care for Girls programme in order to explore how the construction of SRB as a social problem has led to the formulation and adoption of one set of policy responses to the exclusion of others. The analysis shows that the imbalanced SRB has been attributed to rural peoples' cultural and economic deficiencies rather than cast in terms of a need to recognize the inherent worth of girls or a need to ensure that all rural families have entitlements to basic social welfare. This construction of SRB has enabled the Party-state to advance a “care as control” policy response which comprises ideological education, conditional material benefits and sanctions, and which sidesteps the institutional underpinnings of the problem.
TheSomersetEffect: Parsing Lord Mansfield's Words on Slavery in Nineteenth Century America
Authors: Webb Derek A.
Published: July 2014

In his 1950 movieRashomon, the famed Japanese director Akira Kurosowa presented a tale of a deadly crime that took place in a grove, which was witnessed by four individuals. Each of these individuals then proceeded to report what they saw in mutually contradictory ways. The movie has since received the ultimate honor of having a phrase coined in popular culture to describe its central message. The “Rashomon effect” is used to describe those occasions when a single event is perceived in contradictory, although perhaps equally plausible, ways by the different witnesses on hand, telling us at least as much about the internal dynamics within the witnesses to the event as about the event itself.
First Nations and Self-Government: A Matter of Trust
Authors: Manderscheid Don J.
Published: July 2014

Cet article analyse la relation fiduciaire, ou de trust, créée entre les membres d'un conseil de bande de Premières Nations et ceux de la bande. La discussion porte notamment sur le fait qu'en tant que forme gouvernementale locale, le conseil de bande est analogue à un conseil municipal, dans sa composition et son mode de fonctionnement. La nature et la portée respectives de cette relation fiduciaire sont étudiées en détail, tant pour le conseil de bande que le conseil municipal. Le concept de relation fiduciaire est important dans la mesure où le modèle municipal de gouvernement autonome semble être la voie choisie par les peuples des Premières Nations pour atteindre l'autonomie. L'auteur identifie toutefois des manquements statutaires d'une telle forme de gouvernement autonome qui n'arrive pas à reconnaître ni à tenir compte de cette relation fiduciaire, et qui compromettraient l'établissement d'un gouvernement autochtone autonome fonctionnel.
Jamais deux sans trois … Once Reform, Twice Commission, Thrice Law
Authors: Macdonald Roderick A.
Published: July 2014

La décision du gouvernement canadien de cesser de financer la Commission du droit du Canada, à l'automne 2006, était du même tenant que celle de 1993, de supprimer l'ancienne Commission de réforme du droit du Canada. Comme on pouvait s'y attendre, la création de la Commission du droit du Canada fut justifiée par les mêmes arguments généraux invoqués lors de l'établissement de la Commission de réforme du droit. La clôture eut lieu, en 1993, après que la Commission de réforme du droit avait plus ou moins abandonné son mandat originel et se limita à des fonctions exercées par des organismes provinciaux de réforme du droit. Celle de 2006 advint, par contre, parce que la Commission du droit n'avait pas abandonné son mandat légal. Cette note explore les conceptions du droit, de la réforme et des commissions (comme structures institutionnelles) grâce auxquelles la participation et l'engagement publics à ré-imaginer le droit ont été poursuivis à l'échelle fédérale. Plutôt que de lamenter sur la disparition des deux Commissions, nous proposons une évaluation optimiste des choix de politiques qu'un parlement avisé et sage pourrait prendre pour la prochaine réitération de l'idée de réforme du droit.
In Memoriam: La Commission du droit du Canada/The Law Commission of Canada, 1997–2006
Authors: Rosiers Nathalie Des
Published: July 2014

In Memoriamest un article divisé en deux parties.In Memoriam Idresse un portrait de l'interaction entre certaines idées-phares sur la réforme du droit et la contribution de la Commission du droit du Canada. L'auteure retrace comment les travaux qui ont précédé la promulgation de laLoi sur la Commission du droit du Canada, le préambule et le texte de la loi et le modèle développé s'inscrivaient dans une tentative de moderniser, voire de démocratiser, le modèle décrit comme «endogène» de réforme du droit. Trois aspects du modèle de la Commission du droit sont présentés: la définition d'un cadre de recherche au-delà des catégories juridiques, l'utilisation d'une expertise multidisciplinaire et citoyenne, et un éventail de recommandations qui s'étendaient au-delà de la seule solution législative. L'auteure suggère que la Commission était née dans un contexte de réflexion sur les modèles institutionnels et s'est inspirée de ce contexte pour promouvoir une méthodologie plus ouverte visant une articulation plus dynamique des problèmes, invitant des expertises nouvelles, telles les expertises d'action communautaire et finalement offrant une panoplie très large d'action et de recommandations.In Memoriam IIprésente les défis de la réforme du droit entendue dans son sens large. Premièrement, celui de traduire entre les auditoires, entre les disciplines, entre le monde académique et le secteur des politiques publiques et entre le monde académique et le grand public. Un deuxième défi est déstabiliser lestatu quodans lequel l'expertise juridique et scientifique est souvent ancrée et de gérer les peurs de changement. Finalement, l'auteure suggère que le principal défi de la réforme du droit est d'habiliter les différents groupes de citoyens à demander du bon droit et à mettre en vigueur les réformes proposées. Une «éthique du soin», inspirée des travaux de différents mouvements féministes et autres, est préconisée pour permettre que les justiciables passent de l'état d'objet de recherches à celui de sujet de recherches et agent de changement.
Big and Little Brother: The Potential Erosion of Workplace Privacy in Canada
Authors: Levin Avner
Published: July 2014

Des recherches récentes révèlent que le contrôle et la surveillance des travailleurs au Canada augmentent. Parallèlement, le gouvernement fédéral canadien réclame un accès accru aux bases de données exclusives à des fins juridiques. Il existe donc une réelle possibilité que les données de contrôle et d'accès des employés soient consultées régulièrement par divers organismes gouvernementaux et judiciaires. Comme les travailleurs de bien de provinces jouissent de peu de mesures légales de protection de la vie privée, et puisqu'il est improbable que de nouvelles mesures soient adoptées, les employeurs doivent assumer leur rôle de membres socialement responsables dans une société libérale et démocratique, et respecter la règle de droit en réduisant la cueuillette de renseignements personnels des travailleurs.
Claims for Recognition and the Generalized Other: The Reasonable Person and Judgment in Criminal Law.
Authors: Young Diana
Published: July 2014

Dans cet article, j'examine l'image de la personne raisonnable dans le domaine de la loi criminelle. J'étudie cette image à l'aide des théories controversées des principes universels abstraits et des particularités de l'individu vivant dans des conditions de diversité. En me basant sur la dichotomie de Seyla Benhabib de l'autre concret et de l'autre généralisé, je soutiens que l'image de la personne raisonnable dans le contexte de la loi criminelle est à la jonction de l'abstrait et du concret, du normatif et de la raison empirique. Par conséquent, l'image de la personne raisonnable est souvent le point central de critiques des effets marginaux de l'abstrait universel de la loi criminelle. Par contre, dans certains cas, l'image de la personne raisonnable agit non pas comme un standard universel de conduite, mais comme un site à travers lequel des affirmations de reconnaissance des différents types d'expérience concrète peuvent être faites. Tandis que la personne raisonnable représente parfois un standard normatif général contre lequel des actions concrètes sont évaluées, la réalité concrète agit également comme un standard normatif contre lequel différentes présuppositions à propos de la personne raisonnable sont évaluées.
Le Psychiatre devant le juge: entre pragmatisme et captivité, une communication aléatoire.
Authors: Bernheim Emmanuelle
Published: July 2014

L'expertise psychiatrique est requise au tribunal dans plusieurs situations juridiques, tant en matière criminelle que civile et elle est soumise aux mêmes règles de preuve que n'importe quelle expertise. Pourtant, la psychiatrie et son objet sont tout à fait particuliers. La relation que peuvent entretenir le juge et l'expert-psychiatre est teintée par plusieurs éléments de nature sociale et professionnelle, mais aussi simplement juridique et procédurale.

Alors que les juristes parlent de cette relation comme d'une usurpation du rôle du juge par l'expert-psychiatre, les psychiatres croient au contraire que leur expertise est totalement pervertie dans le processus judiciaire. Mais la réalité n'est pourtant pas univoque: si l'expertise psychiatrique est de façon générale une preuve parmi les autres, elle peut également occuper une place centrale dans le mécanisme décisionnel.
Law on Australia's Northern Frontier: The Fall and Rise of Race
Authors: Chesterman John , Douglas Heather
Published: July 2014

Cet article compare les deux changements de paradigme les plus importants survenus dans l'administration des Affaires autochtones du Territoire du Nord de l'Australie. En premier lieu, l'Ordonnance de Protection de 1953 représentait, à l'époque, une tentative unique, quoique fondamentalement maladroite, de réinterpréter le statut juridique inférieur des statuts légaux des aborigènes du Territoire du Nord comme étant causé non seulement par leur héritage racial mais aussi par l'ampleur de leurs besoins sociaux. En second lieu, la législature de 2007 dans «l'intervention du Territoire du Nord» cessait de prétendre qu'une neutralité raciale existait dans l'effort du gouvernement de contrer l'affaiblissement des standards communautaires et des comportements parentaux dans plusieurs communautés indigènes lointaines. Tandis que ces deux initiatives avaient des buts fondamentalement similaires, soit d'encourager des peuples autochtones éloignés à adopter des comportements sociaux généralement acceptés dans une société non-indigène, la décision de réfuter la neutralité raciale marquait le début d'une nouvelle ère de relations raciales en Australie, où la race est ouvertement et formellement rétablie comme un indicateur d'infériorité.
Reconsecrating the Temple of Justice: Invocations of Civilization and Humanity in the Nuremberg Justice Case
Authors: Wilke Christiane
Published: July 2014

Les procès de Nuremberg constituent le fondement du droit criminel international contemporain. Néanmoins, ces procès sont rarement étudiés dans un contexte social et conceptuel plus large. Cet article examine le contexte ainsi que le rôle du concept de «civilisation» tel qu'utilisé dans le cas deU.S. v. Altstoetter, c'est-à-dire le procès de 1947 des juges et administrateurs judiciaires nazis à Nuremberg. L'auteure place la référence au concept de «civilisation» telle qu'évoqué parAltstoetterau sein d'une tradition du droit international qui définit la loi et la civilisation comme étant «co-constitutives». La courAltstoetterconceptualisait l'Allemagne comme un pays essentiellenient civilisé tombant dans une violence barbare et anarchique. Cette représentation aide la cour à établir la culpabilité des accusés, à blâmer la violence nazie sur l'absence de loi ainsi qu'à établir sa propre autorité.
Exceptional State, Pragmatic Bureaucracy, and Indefinite Detention: The Case of the Kingston Immigration Holding Centre
Authors: Larsen Mike , Piché Justin
Published: July 2014

Situé sur le site de l'Établissement de Millhaven à Bath en Ontario, le Centre de surveillance de l'immigration de Kingston (CSIK) est une prison spécialement construite pour détenir des individus sujets à des certificats de sécurité. Le CSIK fut créé en 2006 en réponse à la controverse concernant l'utilisation des établissements correctionnels de l'Ontario pour la détention à long-terme des individus en vertu d'un certificat de sécurité. Bien que le mécanisme des certificats de sécurité ainsi que les processus s'y rattachant ont été l'objet de nombreuses critiques académiques sociolégales, l'espace juridico-politique du CSIK n'a, jusqu'à présent, jamais été décrit ou problématisé en profondeur. Cette étude tente de combler cette lacune, d'une part, en présentant en détail l'historique de cet établissement et, d'autre part, en explorant les interactions au sein du champ canadien d'insécurité qui ont façonné l'émergence du CSIK, l'organisation de son administration ainsi que ses opérations quotidiennes. Puisqu'il existe une pénurie d'information officielle à propos du CSIK, notre étude se base sur de nombreux documents obtenus à l'aide de demandes faites en vertu de laLoi sur l'accès à l'information. Prenant en compte la littérature existante, nous présentons la détention en vertu de certificats de sécurité comme une contre-loi normalisée, rendue possible de manière exceptionnelle, et avançons l'idée selon laquelle celle-ci est conforme au concept juridico-politique du camp. Nous décrivons comment ce camp particulier est né, tout en mettant un accent particulier sur le rôle qu'ont jouées les interactions entre les professionnels et les institutions au sein du champ canadien d'insécurité. Nous présentons également l'accord interdépartemental contractuel entre le Service correctionnel du Canada (SCC) et l'Agence des services frontaliers du Canada (ASFC), c'est-à-dire l'accord à la base de l'administration du CSIK. Nous décrivons cet accord comme étant le résultat de la rencontre de deux pouvoirs, soit l'autorité de détenir infiniment et la capacité de détenir pragmatiquement sous la bannière de la sécurité nationale. Nous considérons les implications de cette rencontre pour le mandat correctionnel du SCC. Le CSIK émerge comme une «exception ancillaire«, c'est-à-dire une tentative institutionnelle de réformer et de normaliser le mécanisme des certificats de sécurité. Nous terminons l'article en argumentant favorablement pour l'abolissement du CSIK.
Administrative Discretion and the Spirit of Legality: From Theory to Practice
Authors: Cartier Geneviève
Published: July 2014

Cet article examine la relation entre la discrétion administrative et la primauté du droit. L'auteure démontre comment la discrétion administrative, conçue correctement, est non seulement compatible avec une compréhension particulière du principe de la primauté du droit, mais peut aussi devenir un véhicule permettant au pouvoir exécutif d'exprimer son engagement envers ce principe. Selon l'auteure, ceci est possible, premièrement, si la discrétion est conçue selon la métaphore du «dialogue» entre le dirigeant et le dirigé et, deuxièmement, si une compréhension substantive de la primauté du droit est mise de l'avant, à savoir une définition qui considère les trois éléments constitutifs de l'État (les sphères législative, judiciaire et exécutive) comme étant impliqués dans la prévention des actions arbitraires de la part des pouvoirs publics. L'auteure explore ces dynamiques dans le contexte concret de ses expériences en tant que vice-doyenne d'une faculté de droit. Elle cherche à comprendre comment le modèle théorique du dialogue fonctionne dans la pratique et à identifier les aspects particuliers de la théorie qui pourraient nécessiter plus d'étude et de recherche empirique.
Discretion, Politics, and the Public Interest in “High-Profile” Criminal Investigations and Prosecutions
Authors: Stenning Philip C.
Published: July 2014

Dans la grande majorité des cas, la discrétion suscite peu de contestations et évoque peu de controverses lorsqu'elle est exercée convenablement dans les enquêtes ou les poursuites. Dans un petit nombre de cas notoires, par contre, les décisions discrétionnaires deviennent très controversées et le sujet de débats médiatiques animés, intenses et politiques. Cet article se penche sur ce type de cas relativement rare. Deux questions importantes sont typiquement au cœur des débats et des controverses. Quels sont les besoins de «l'intérêt public» dans ces cas? Qui, par la suite, devrait avoir le dernier mot dans la définition des besoins de l'intérêt public? La première question révèle typiquement une divergence d'opinions sur comment les différentes considérations de l'intérêt public devraient être appliquées. La deuxième question va au cœur même du concept de «l'indépendance», concept sensé représenter, au moment de prendre des décisions, les attributs essentiels fondamentaux et constitutionnels de la police et des procureurs. Dans cet article, l'auteur se penche non pas sur les décisions discrétionnaires en tant que telles, mais plutôt sur «l'économie politique» de la discrétion judiciaire, en portant une attention particulière sur les cas controversés et publics qui suscitent un questionnement important à propos des considérations de «l'intérêt public». Plus particulièrement, cet article examine qui est capable et qui devrait être capable d'exercer l'ultime autorité discrétionnaire dans de tels cas. L'auteur cherche non seulement à comprendre pourquoi cette distribution du pouvoir existe ainsi mais aussi ce qu'une telle distribution implique pour le concept prédominant de «l'indépendance» dans le contexte des poursuites. L'auteur se penche sur quatre cas controversés récents, dans le Royaume Uni et en Afrique du Sud, afin d'illustrer les différentes façons que ces questions ont été traitées ainsi que les controverses qui, subséquemment, ont eut lieu.
Targeting the Local: Policing Clandestine Methamphetamine Production in a Rural US Community
Authors: Garriott William
Published: July 2014

In the United States, state-based efforts to curtail the spread of methamphetamine (“meth”) have targeted domestic producers through heightened regulation of precursor chemicals used in the clandestine meth-production process. This article examines the impact of these efforts on the exercise of police power in a rural community affected by methamphetamine. As the author shows, the targeting of local meth production has incorporated residents of rural communities into the policing process by variously encouraging and requiring them to adopt a new way of perceiving the local landscape, centred around methamphetamine. Under the new legislation, previously benign objects such as cold medicine, batteries, and drain cleaner have been re-signified as objects with criminal potential that residents of rural communities are called upon to police. This has led to the expansion of police power within and beyond the formal domains of law enforcement. Through the targeting of local production, civic volunteers, pharmacists, retail clerks, natural resource officers, and others have been drawn into the policing of the meth problem. This reveals a key dynamic in the localization of police power: as police power is localized, the local is reimagined in terms of police power.
Multidimensionality and the Matrix: Identifying Charter Violations in Cases of Complex Subordination
Authors: Froc Kerri A.
Published: July 2014

The failure of the Supreme Court of Canada to give more than lip service to “context” when considering claims under s. 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms arises largely from the Court's analytic framework, which resists recognizing the social relations of power inherent in complex cases of oppression. The precise nature of the flaws in the Court's analysis is demonstrated in a number of thoughtful feminist critiques that received recognition in the recent decision inR. v. Kapp. While it is too soon to tell whether the Court intends to depart completely from the past decade of s. 15 jurisprudence, equality-seeking groups now have greater opportunities to advance alternative theoretical frameworks for Charter interpretation. This article discusses one such framework, multidimensionality theory, which focuses on the interaction of systems of oppression, conceptualized as an invisible matrix—a vast network of complex, overlapping, interactive, and mutually reinforcing systems. The operation of the systems obscures their effects, and their complexity renders outcomes difficult to predict when they interconnect at sites of subordination and privilege. One can expose the operation of the systems by looking at particular sites of oppression/privilege and considering the contradictions or “inexplicability” of the circumstances based on one system alone. The author argues that the failure of the Charter claim at the heart of the Supreme Court's decision inNative Women's Association of Canada v. Canadademonstrates the need for courts to employ multidimensionality theory in cases of complex oppression. InNWAC, multidimensionality theory reveals that the “dominant” Aboriginal groups were involved in the negotiation/performance of hegemonic masculinities within a racial/colonial context that provided them with justification to suppress NWAC's independent promotion of the interests of Aboriginal women in constitutional negotiations with the government, and that the government was complicit in this performance. By framing the freedom of expression issue as whether NWAC had a “special” right to a speaking platform, and the equality issue as exclusively one of determining whether NWAC could prove the other groups were “male dominated,” the Court fragmented considerations of patriarchy from those of racism and colonization, distorting the synergistic effect of the systems of oppression and reinforcing colonial ideology.
Women's Labour, Relationship Breakdown and Ownership of the Family Farm
Authors: Chambers Lori
Published: July 2014

The dominant story of matrimonial property law reform in English Canada treats the farming family case ofMurdoch v. Murdochas the great catalyst for change, but there are persistent inequalities affecting farm women, even in provinces that have made progressive changes in the law of relationship breakdown. The farm is the quintessential family business and is both place of residence and source of income. Since the farm is not readily divisible, it is not surprising that all the major marital property law cases to reach the Supreme Court of Canada have involved farm property. What is surprising is that most provincial property reforms, though inspired by theMurdochcase, explicitly exclude farms from division, and those that include farms in the property to be divided still have mechanisms that tend to favour husbands. This article examines Canadian courts' gendered conceptualization of what constitutes a family business by examining the cases on farm property and the related legislative reforms. Feminists, and all women who have benefited from matrimonial property law reform, have an obligation to recognize the problems created by our persistent failure to understand the farm as simultaneously home and place of business.
Research Note: Revisiting the Collection of “Justice Statistics by Race” in Canada
Authors: Owusu-Bempah Akwasi , Millar Paul
Published: July 2014

The debate over the collection of justice statistics by race continues to hinge on the same key issues that were central to the debate when it arose in the early 1990s. There has been one major change, however: whereas racial minority groups were once vehemently opposed to the collection of justice statistics by race, for fear that such statistics would be used to justify discriminatory policies, many minority groups are now advocating for the collection and publication of this data as a means to redress racial discrimination in the administration of justice. Having discussed the lack of available data on racial and ethnic statistics in the Canadian justice system, the authors sought support from the Canadian Law and Society Association (CLSA). At the 2009 annual general meeting of the CLSA, a motion for the association to take an official position in support of the collection of justice statistics by race was put forth by the authors and accepted by the association. At this time it was also decided that a committee would be established to conduct relevant research and to lobby for the collection of pertinent data. At present we are asking interested individuals or organizations who fall into one or more of the following categories to contact the first author:

(1) Those with arguments relating to the collection of justice statistics by race that have not been articulated in the debate that has taken place over the past two decades.

(2) Those with information pertaining to the collection of justice statistics by race that is not readily available or that has not been documented in the academic work referenced herein.

(3) Those who are interested in participating in the work of the committee outlined at the end of this paper.
Good, Responsible Parenting: Child-Support Guidelines in an Era of Neo-liberalism
Authors: Robson Krista
Published: July 2014

Following decades of criticism, the federal government amended the Divorce Act in 1997 to include guidelines and support tables for the determination of child-support orders. The guidelines were meant to replace a child-support system that relied heavily on judicial discretion, which was blamed for the inconsistency between awards, the inadequacy of the amounts awarded, and inequity in the system. Normative messages about parental responsibility and good behaviour were reinforced in the new child-support regime. Through an analyses of case law, government documents, and interviews with lawyers, unique insight is gained in expanding our understanding of what is happening “on the ground,” beyond the “black letter of the law,” pursuant to the child-support law reforms. This article outlines the dominant message about responsibility that parents receive when they encounter child-support law. Further, it is necessary to consider the socio-economic context in which these reforms have occurred, as they have significant implications for the family in today's society. In the current climate of neo-liberalism, the reformed child-support legislation might be seen as one strategy in the state's reconfiguration of responsibility for the welfare of children. This research demonstrates that while the rationalization of child support has achieved some key objectives, it will fail as an anti-poverty measure.
Punishing Our Way Out of Poverty: The Prosecution of Child-Support Debt in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Millar Paul
Published: July 2014

This article describes the emergence of imprisonment as part of the collection of child-support debt in Alberta, Canada. This approach to child poverty arose in the context of political conservatism, a shift in the feminist movement, and changes in the legal environment. Findings indicate that incarceration for support debt is increasing and that Blacks, Aboriginals, the unemployed, and those without post-secondary education are over-represented among those imprisoned for support debt. It is argued that child-support enforcement as an implement of social policy has limits, especially among low-income payors.
The Masculine Mystique: Living Large from Law School to Later Life
Authors: Hagan John , Kay Fiona M.
Published: July 2014

The careers of male lawyers are radically altered by their experiences in the formation of families. These understudied male experiences fuel income differences, creating a highly hierarchical profession focused around a male mystique of “living large.” This study traces these processes across a 20-year longitudinal study of Toronto lawyers. We argue that time with corporate clients is a very specialized investment that is rewarded with partnership and earnings and that, among men, bears an unexpectedly unique relationship to having children, and that this specialized investment and its relationship to family are more culturally driven than biologically derived.