bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vouchers in Hong Kong: A New Milestone of Early Childhood Education?
Authors: Yuen Gail W.K.
Published: November 2007

The Hong Kong government has recently introduced a voucher system to early childhood education, indicating that the new policy is a milestone in the field. The overall goal of the policy is to improve the provision of early childhood education for the benefit of the children. Public debates reveal the unfamiliar nature of the subject to the local community and as a result, it has left many issues and assumptions unexamined and unchallenged. In effect, the new policy is an obvious neoliberal response to complex issues in the field. The present article describes and highlights the latest policy change and concerns in Hong Kong.
Evidence of an Influence of a Polymorphism Near the INSIG2 on Weight Loss During a Lifestyle Intervention in Obese Children and Adolescents
Authors: Reinehr Thomas , Hinney Anke , Nguyen Thuy Trang , Hebebrand Johannes
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE—Homozygotes for the C-allele of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs7566605, located ∼10 kb upstream of insulin-induced gene 2 (INSIG2), showed a slightly increased risk of becoming obese. The aim of this study was to analyze whether children homozygous for the C-allele lose less weight in an intervention than children with the GG- or GC-genotype.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We genotyped rs7566605 in 293 obese children (mean age 10.8 years, 45% male, mean BMI 28.1 kg/m2) who presented for a 1-year intervention. The reduction of SD score (SDS) BMI was compared based on an intention-to-treat analysis between the children with different genotypes. Blood pressure, triglycerides, insulin and glucose concentrations, and total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol were measured before and after intervention.

RESULTS—After 1 year, obese children with the CC-genotype had reduced their SDS BMI to a lower extent than obese children with GC- or GG-genotypes (recessive model P = 0.007). There was no evidence for an association of rs7566605 with the cardiovascular risk factor profile (nominal P > 0.1).

CONCLUSIONS—CC-homozygotes at SNP rs7566605 in the vicinity of INSIG2 lost less weight in this lifestyle intervention. This finding further implicates this polymorphism in weight regulation.
The Role of Free-Living Daily Walking in Human Weight Gain and Obesity
Authors: Levine James A. , McCrady Shelly K. , Lanningham-Foster Lorraine M. , Kane Paul H. , Foster Randal C. , Manohar Chinmay U.
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE—Diminished daily physical activity explains, in part, why obesity and diabetes have become worldwide epidemics. In particular, chair use has replaced ambulation, so that obese individuals tend to sit for ∼2.5 h/day more than lean counterparts. Here, we address the hypotheses that free-living daily walking distance is decreased in obesity compared with lean subjects and that experimental weight gain precipitates decreased daily walking.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—During weight-maintenance feeding, we measured free-living walking using a validated system that captures locomotion and body movement for 10 days in 22 healthy lean and obese sedentary individuals. These measurements were then repeated after the lean and obese subjects were overfed by 1,000 kcal/day for 8 weeks.

RESULTS—We found that free-living walking comprises many (∼47) short-duration (<15 min), low-velocity (∼1 mph) walking bouts. Lean subjects walked 3.5 miles/day more than obese subjects (n = 10, 10.3 ± 2.5 vs. n = 12, 6.7 ± 1.8 miles/day; P = 0.0009). With overfeeding, walking distance decreased by 1.5 miles/day compared with baseline values (−1.5 ± 1.7 miles/day; P = 0.0005). The decrease in walking that accompanied overfeeding occurred to a similar degree in the lean (−1.4 ± 1.9 miles/day; P = 0.04) and obese (−1.6 ± 1.7 miles/day; P = 0.008) subjects.

CONCLUSIONS—Walking is decreased in obesity and declines with weight gain. This may represent a continuum whereby progressive increases in weight are associated with progressive decreases in walking distance. By identifying walking as pivotal in weight gain and obesity, we hope to add credence to an argument for an ambulatory future.
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Reduces CD4+ T-Cell Activation in Type 1 Diabetes Through Regulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Short Isoform I.1 and CD69
Authors: Srinivasan Suseela , Bolick David T. , Lukashev Dmitriy , Lappas Courtney , Sitkovsky Michail , Lynch Kevin R. , Hedrick Catherine C.
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVES—Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice develop spontaneous type 1 diabetes. We have shown that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) reduces activation of NOD diabetic endothelium via the S1P1 receptor. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that S1P could inhibit CD4+ T-cell activation, further reducing inflammatory events associated with diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—CD4+ T-cells were isolated from diabetic and nondiabetic NOD mouse splenocytes and treated in the absence or presence of S1P or the S1P1 receptor-specific agonist, SEW2871. Lymphocyte activation was examined using flow cytometry, cytokine bead assays, and a lymphocyte:endothelial adhesion assay.

RESULTS—Diabetic T-cells secreted twofold more γ-interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-17 than nondiabetic lymphocytes. Pretreatment with either S1P or SEW2871 significantly reduced cytokine secretion by ∼50%. Flow cytometry analysis showed increased expression of CD69, a marker of lymphocyte activation, on diabetic T-cells. Both S1P and SEW2871 prevented upregulation of CD69 on CD4+ cells. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that lymphocytes from diabetic NOD mice had 2.5-fold lower hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α short isoform I.1 (HIF1αI.1) mRNA levels than control. HIF1αI.1 is a negative regulator of lymphocyte activation. S1P significantly increased HIF1α I.1 mRNA levels in both control and diabetic groups. IFN-γ production and surface CD69 expression was significantly increased in lymphocytes of HIF1αI.1-deficient mice. S1P did not reduce either CD69 or IFN-γ expression in lymphocytes from HIF1αI.1-deficient mice.

CONCLUSIONS—S1P acts through the S1P1 receptor and HIF1α I.1 to negatively regulate T-cell activation, providing a potential therapeutic target for prevention of diabetes and its vascular complications.
Inhibition of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Protects Pancreatic β-Cells From Cytokine-Mediated Apoptosis and CD8+ T-Cell–Induced Cytotoxicity
Authors: Riboulet-Chavey Audrey , Diraison Frédérique , Siew L. Khai , Wong F. Susan , Rutter Guy A.
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE—Apoptotic destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells is involved in the etiology of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy charge whose sustained activation has recently been implicated in pancreatic β-cell apoptosis and in islet cell death posttransplantation. Here, we examine the importance of β-cell AMPK in cytokine-induced apoptosis and in the cytotoxic action of CD8+ T-cells.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Clonal MIN6 β-cells or CD1 mouse pancreatic islets were infected with recombinant adenoviruses encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP/null), constitutively active AMPK (AMPK-CA), or dominant-negative AMPK (AMPK-DN) and exposed or not to tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interferon-γ. Apoptosis was detected by monitoring the cleavage of caspase-3 and DNA fragmentation. The cytotoxic effect of CD8+ purified T-cells was examined against pancreatic islets from NOD mice infected with either null or the AMPK-DN–expressing adenoviruses.

RESULTS— Exposure to cytokines, or expression of AMPK-CA, induced apoptosis in clonal MIN6 β-cells and CD1 mouse pancreatic islets. By contrast, overexpression of AMPK-DN protected against the proapoptotic effect of these agents, in part by preventing decreases in cellular ATP, and lowered the cytotoxic effect of CD8+ T-cells toward NOD mouse islets.

CONCLUSIONS— Inhibition of AMPK activity enhances islet survival in the face of assault by either cytokines or T-cells. AMPK may therefore represent an interesting therapeutic target to suppress immune-mediated β-cell destruction and may increase the efficacy of islet allografts in type 1 diabetes.
Islet Expression of M3 Uncovers a Key Role for Chemokines in the Development and Recruitment of Diabetogenic Cells in NOD Mice
Authors: Martin Andrea P. , Grisotto Marcos G. , Canasto-Chibuque Claudia , Kunkel Steven L. , Bromberg Jonathan S. , Furtado Glaucia C. , Lira Sergio A.
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE—Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by a local inflammatory reaction in and around islets followed by selective destruction of insulin-secreting β-cells. We tested the hypothesis that chemokines affect different mechanisms responsible for the development of diabetes in NOD mice.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We examined chemokine expression in islets of NOD mice and tested their functional relevance to development of diabetes using transgenic mice expressing the mouse herpesvirus 68–encoded chemokine decoy receptor M3 (NOD-M3 mice) in insulin-secreting β-cells.

RESULTS—Multiple chemokines were expressed in pancreatic islets of NOD mice before development of diabetes. Islet-specific expression of the pan-chemokine inhibitor M3 dramatically reduced leukocyte infiltration and islet destruction and completely blocked development of diabetes in NOD-M3 mice. M3 blocked diabetes by inhibiting the priming of diabetogenic cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes and their recruitment into the islets. This effect was specific to the pancreatic islets because M3 expression did not affect other ongoing autoimmune processes.

CONCLUSIONS—These results demonstrate that chemokines mediate afferent and efferent immunity in type 1 diabetes and suggest that broad chemokine blockade may represent a viable strategy to prevent insulitis and islet destruction.
Attenuation of Counterregulatory Responses to Recurrent Hypoglycemia by Active Thalamic Inhibition
Authors: Arbelaez Ana Maria , Powers William J. , Videen Tom O. , Price Joseph L. , Cryer Philip E.
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE—Hypoglycemia, the limiting factor in the glycemic management of diabetes, is the result of the interplay of therapeutic insulin excess and compromised glycemic defenses. The key feature of the latter is an attenuated sympathoadrenal response to hypoglycemia that typically follows an episode of recent antecedent iatrogenic hypoglycemia, a phenomenon termed hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) in diabetes. We investigated the role of cerebral mechanisms in HAAF by measuring regional brain activation during recurrent hypoglycemia with attenuated counterregulatory responses and comparing it with initial hypoglycemia in healthy individuals.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We used [15O]water and positron emission tomography to measure regional cerebral blood flow as a marker of brain synaptic activity during hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemic clamps (55 mg/dl [3.0 mmol/l]) in the naïve condition (day 1) and after ∼24 h of interval interprandial hypoglycemia (day 2) in nine healthy adults.

RESULTS—Interval hypoglycemia produced attenuated sympathoadrenal, symptomatic, and other counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia on day 2, a model of HAAF. Synaptic activity in the dorsal midline thalamus during hypoglycemia was significantly greater on day 2 than day 1 (P = 0.004).

CONCLUSIONS—Greater synaptic activity associated with attenuated counterregulatory responses indicates that the dorsal midline thalamus plays an active inhibitory role in reducing sympathoadrenal and symptomatic responses to hypoglycemia when previous hypoglycemia has occurred, the key feature of HAAF in diabetes.
On the Dimension Formula for the Hyperfunction Solutions of Some Holonomic D-modules
Authors: Schürmann Jörg
Published: November 2007

In this short note we improve a recent dimension formula of Takeuchi for the dimension of the hyperfunction solutions of some holonomic D-modules. Besides the constructibility result and the local index formula of Kashiwara for the holomorphic solution complex, we only use a vanishing theorem of Lebeau together with a simple calculation in terms of constructible functions.
On the Structure of Isometries between Noncommutative $L^p$ Spaces
Authors: Sherman David
Published: November 2007

We prove some structure results for isometries between noncommutative

L^p

spaces associated to von Neumann algebras. We ﬁnd that an isometry

T : L^p(\mathcal M_1) → L^p(\mathcal M_2)

(

1 ≤ p < ∞

,

p ≠ 2

) can be canonically expressed in a certain simple form whenever

\mathcal M_1

has variants of Watanabe’s extension property. Although these properties are not fully understood, we show that they are possessed by all “approximately semiﬁnite” (AS) algebras with no summand of type

\mathrm I_2

. Moreover, when

\mathcal M_1

is AS, we demonstrate that the canonical form always deﬁnes an isometry, resulting in a complete parameterization of the isometries from

L^p(\mathcal M_1)

to

L^p(\mathcal M_2)

. AS algebras include much more than semiﬁnite algebras, so this classiﬁcation is stronger than Yeadon’s theorem (and its recent improvement), and the proof uses independent techniques. Related to this, we examine the modular theory for positive projections from a von Neumann algebra onto a Jordan image of another von Neumann algebra, and use such projections to construct new

L^p

isometries by interpolation. Some complementary results and questions are also presented.
The Topology of the Space of Holomorphic Maps with Bounded Multiplicity
Authors: Yamaguchi Kohhei
Published: November 2007

For a complex (quasi-) projective variety

X ⊆ ℂP^N

with

π_2(X) = ℤ

and an integer

d ≥ 0

, let

\mathrm{Hol}_d^∗(S^2, X)

denote the space consisting of all basepoint preserving holomorphic maps

f

from

S^2

to

X

with degree

d

. We study the topology of certain subspaces of

\mathrm{Hol}_d^∗ (S^2, X)

deﬁned using the concept of
multiplicity
of roots, and we d show that the Atiyah–Jones–Segal type theorem ([1], [11]) holds for these subspaces if

X

is belong to a certain family of complex quasi-projective varieties.
Remarks on Central Limit Theorems for the Number of Percolation Clusters
Authors: Sugimine Nobuaki , Takei Masato
Published: November 2007

We consider percolation problems on regular trees and some pre-fractal graphs. Central limit theorems for the number of open clusters in a ﬁnite box are obtained. For regular trees and some classes of Sierpiński carpet lattices, we can prove the central limit theorems for all

p \in (0, 1)

.
Time Local Well-posedness for the Benjamin–Ono Equation with Large Initial Data
Authors: Kita Naoyasu , Segata Jun-ichi
Published: November 2007

This paper studies the time local well-posedness of the solution to the Benjamin–Ono equation. Our aim is to remove smallness condition on the initial data which was imposed in Kenig–Ponce–Vega’s work [13].
Semi-graphs of Anabelioids
Authors: Mochizuki Shinichi
Published: November 2007

In this paper, we discuss various “general nonsense” aspects of the geometry of semi-graphs of proﬁnite groups [cf. [Mzk3], Appendix], by applying the language of anabelioids introduced in [Mzk4]. After proving certain basic properties concerning various
commensurators
associated to a
semi-graph of anabelioids
, we show that the geometry of a semi-graph of anabelioids may be recovered from the category-theoretic structure of certain naturally associated
categories
— e.g., “
temperoids
” [in essence, the analogue of a Galois category for the “tempered fundamental groups” of [André]] and “
categories of localizations
”. Finally, we apply these techniques to obtain certain results in the
absolute anabelian geometry
[cf. [Mzk3], [Mzk8]] of
tempered fundamental groups
associated to hyperbolic curves over p-adic local ﬁelds.
Computations of Nambu–Poisson Cohomologies: Case of Nambu–Poisson Tensors of Order 3 on $\mathbb R^4$
Authors: Nakanishi Nobutada
Published: November 2007

We compute Nambu–Poisson cohomology for Nambu–Poisson tensors of order three which are deﬁned on

ℝ^4

. In particular, we prove that Nambu–Poisson cohomology of exact Nambu–Poisson tensors is equivalent to relative cohomology.
On High-power Operator Inequalities and Spectral Radii of Operators
Authors: Lin Chia-Shiang , Dragomir Sever S.
Published: November 2007

For some different types of operators on a Hilbert space, we present new high-power operator inequalities, and their corresponding operator inequalities involving spectral radii of operators. In particular, we show that Halmos’ two operator inequalities, Reid’s inequality and many others hold easily. In applications we obtain a new generalized classical Löwner inequality; and a slightly generalized Löwner–Heinz inequality is given.
Decay of Solutions of Wave-type Pseudo-differential Equations over $p$-adic Fields
Authors: Zúñiga-Galindo W. A.
Published: November 2007

We show that the solutions of

p

-adic pseudo-differential equations of wave type have a decay similar to the solutions of classical generalized wave equations.
Equivariant Surgery Theory for Homology Equivalences under the Gap Condition
Authors: Morimoto Masaharu
Published: November 2007

In the present paper, we discuss an obstruction theory to modify equivariant framed maps on even-dimensional compact smooth manifolds to homology equivalences by equivariant surgery. In 1974, Cappell–Shaneson already developed such obstruction theory in the nonequivariant setting. Our deﬁnition of the surgeryobstruction group presents a new aspect of Cappell–Shaneson’s group in the nonequivariant setting and enables us to deﬁne directly the surgery obstructions of certain framed maps that are not necessarily connected up to the middle dimension. Using our framework deﬁning the equivariant surgery obstruction, we prove a basic conjecture related to geometric connected sums and algebraic sums of surgery obstructions.
Limit Orders and Multilinear Forms on $\ell_p$ Spaces
Authors: Carando Daniel , Dimant Verónica , Sevilla-Peris Pablo
Published: November 2007

Since the concept of limit order is a useful tool to study operator ideals, we propose an analogous deﬁnition for ideals of multilinear forms. From the limit orders of some special ideals (of nuclear, integral,

r

-dominated and extendible multilinear forms) we derive some properties of them and show differences between the bilinear and

n

-linear cases (

n ≥ 3

).
Another Proof of Gustafson’s $C_n$-type Summation Formula via ‘Elementary’ Symmetric Polynomials
Authors: Ito Masahiko
Published: November 2007

We introduce new symmetric polynomials which induce a

q

-difference equation associated with a basic hypergeometric sum of type

C_n

investigated by Gustafson. Using them we give another proof for Gustafson’s

C_n

-type summation formula.
Radon Transforms of Constructible Functions on Grassmann Manifolds
Authors: Matsui Yutaka
Published: November 2007

P. Schapira studied Radon transforms of constructible functions and obtained a formula related to an inversion formula. We generalize this formula to more complicated cases including Radon transformations between any Grassmann manifolds. In particular, we give an inversion formula for the Radon transformation and characterize images of Radon transforms of characteristic functions of Schubert cells.
Low Rank Cohomology of the Classifying Spaces of Gauge Groups over 3-manifolds
Authors: Kaji Shizuo
Published: November 2007

The purpose of this paper is to calculate the cohomology of the function space Map(
M
,
BG
) for degree less than or equal to 3, where
G
is a simply connected compact Lie group and
M
is a closed orientable 3-manifold. The calculation enables us to obtain a simple proof and an improvement of the result [4, Theorem 1.2].
Integrality of Gopakumar–Vafa Invariants of Toric Calabi–Yau Threefolds
Authors: Konishi Yukiko
Published: November 2007

The Gopakumar–Vafa invariants are numbers deﬁned as certain linear combinations of the Gromov–Witten invariants. We prove that the GV invariants of a toric Calabi–Yau threefold are integers and that the invariants for high genera vanish. The proof of the integrality is based on elementary number theory and that of the vanishing uses the operator formalism and the exponential formula.
A Similarity Degree Characterization of Nuclear $C^∗$-algebras
Authors: Pisier Gilles
Published: November 2007

We show that a

C^∗

-algebra

A

is nuclear iff there is a number

α < 3

and a constant

K

such that, for any bounded homomorphism

u : A → B(H)

, there is an isomorphism

ξ : H → H

satisfying

‖ξ^{−1}‖ ‖ξ‖ ≤ K ‖u‖^α

and such that

ξ^{−1} u(.)ξ

is a

∗

-homomorphism. In other words, an inﬁnite dimensional

A

is nuclear iff its length (in the sense of our previous work on the Kadison similarity problem) is equal to 2.
Belyi-Extending Maps and the Galois Action on Dessins d’Enfants
Authors: Wood Melanie Matchett
Published: November 2007

We study the absolute Galois group by looking for invariants and orbits of its faithful action on Grothendieck’s dessins d’enfants. We deﬁne a class of functions called
Belyi-extending maps
, which we use to construct new Galois invariants of dessins from previously known invariants. Belyi-extending maps are the source of “new-type” relations on the injection of the absolute Galois group into the Grothendieck–Teichmüller group. We make explicit how to get from a general Belyi-extending map to formula for its associated invariant which can be implemented in a computer algebra package. We give an example of a new invariant differing on two dessins which have the same values for the other readily computable invariants.
Lie Tori—A Simple Characterization of Extended Aﬃne Lie Algebras
Authors: Yoshii Yoji
Published: November 2007

We show the existence of a nonzero graded form on a Lie torus by the existence of a nonzero graded form on a structurable torus. This gives a simple characterization of the core of an extended aﬃne Lie algebra (EALA). Namely, the core of any EALA is a Lie torus, and any centreless Lie torus is the centreless core of some EALA. We also show that a graded form on a Lie torus is unique up to scalars.
Monodromy at Inﬁnity and Fourier Transform II
Authors: Sabbah Claude
Published: November 2007

For a regular twistor

\mathscr D

-module and for a given function

f

, we compare the nearby cycles at

f = ∞

and the nearby or vanishing cycles at

τ= 0

for its partial Fourier–Laplace transform relative to the kernel

e^{−τf}

.
Excursion Measure Away from an Exit Boundary of One-Dimensional Diffusion Processes
Authors: Yano Kouji
Published: November 2007

A generalization of the excursion measure away from an exit boundary is deﬁned for a one-dimensional diffusion process. It is constructed through the disintegration formula with respect to the lifetime. The counterpart of the Williams description, the disintegration formula with respect to the maximum, is also established. This generalized excursion measure is applied to explain and generalize the convergence theorem of Kasahara and Watanabe [8] in terms of the Poisson point ﬁelds, where the inverse local time processes of regular diﬀusion processes converge in the sense of probability law to some Lévy process, which is closely related to a diffusion process with an exit boundary.
Cover Picture: Liquid Crystalline Peptide Nanowires (Adv. Mater. 22/2007)
Authors: Han T. H. , Kim J. , Park J. S. , Park C. B. , Ihee H. , Kim S. O.
Published: November 2007

Liquid‐crystalline peptide nanowires consisting of aromatic dipeptides are easily prepared by a sonication in a volatile organic solvent, report Hyotcherl Ihee, Sang Ouk Kim, and co‐workers on p. 3924. The colloidal nematic liquid crystalline phase of the rigid nanowires allows for a macroscopically ordered morphology of the nanowires under an external electric field. The cover image presents a broad field view of nanowires oriented by an electric field between two electrodes.
Preparation and properties of natural rubber nanocomposites with solid‐state organomodified montmorillonite
Authors: Sun Yuhai , Luo Yuanfang , Jia Demin
Published: November 2007

A novel organomodified montmorillonite prepared by solid‐state method and its nanocomposites with natural rubber were studied. The nanocomposites were prepared by traditional rubber mixing and vulcanizing process. The properties of solid‐state organomodified montmorillonite were investigated by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The dispersion of the layered silicate in rubber matrix was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the nanocomposites consisting of solid‐state organomodified montmorillonite and natural rubber are obtained. The solid‐state organomodified montmorillonite can not only accelerate the curing process, but also improve the mechanical and aging resistance properties of NR. The properties improvement caused by the fillers are attributed to partial intercalation of the organophilic clay by NR macromolecules. In addition, the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) results showed a decrease of tanδmax and increase of Tg when the organoclay is added to the rubber matrix, which is due to the confinement of the macromolecular segments into the organoclay nanolayers and the strong interaction between the filler and rubber matrix. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preconcentration and matrix elimination for the determination of Pb(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), and Co(II)by 8‐hydroxyquinoline anchored poly(styrene‐divinylbenzene) microbeads
Authors: Aşkun Hakan , Gülbakan Basri , Çelikbıçak Ömür , Uzun Cengiz , Güven Olgun , Salih Bekir
Published: November 2007

Poly(styrene‐divinylbenzene), PS‐DVB, microbeads were modified with 8‐hydroxyquinoline (8‐HQ) following nitration, reduction of NO2 to NH2, and conversion of NH2 to diazonium salt. Characterization of pristine, NO2, NH2, NN+Cl−, and 8‐QH functional groups modified microbeads was made by Fourier transform‐infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and porosimetry. Total reflectron‐X‐ray florescence spectrometer (TXRF) was used to test the affinity of the 8‐HQ modified microbeads to toxic metal ions. 8‐HQ‐modified microbeads were used to examine the adsorption capacity, recovery, preconcentration, and the matrix elimination efficiency for Pb(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), and Co(II) ions as a function of changing pH, initial metal‐ion concentrations, and also equilibrium adsorption time of the studied metal ions. Preconcentration factors for the studied toxic metal ions were found to be more than 500‐fold and recovery between 93.8% and 100.6%. Ultratrace toxic metal‐ion concentrations in sea water were determined easily by using modified microbeads. Reference sea‐water sample was used for the validation of the method, and it was found that recovery, preconcentration, and the matrix elimination were performed perfectly. For the desorption of the toxic metal ions, 3M of HNO3 was used and desorption ratio shown to be more than 96%. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Application of chitosan solutions gelled by melB tyrosinase to water‐resistant adhesives
Authors: Yamada Kazunori , Aoki Toshihiro , Ikeda Naoya , Hirata Mitsuo , Hata Yoji , Higashida Katsuya , Nakamura Yukihiro
Published: November 2007

An investigation was undertaken on the application of dilute chitosan solutions gelled by melB tyrosinase‐catalyzed reaction with 3,4‐dihydroxyphenethylamine (dopamine). The tyrosinase‐catalyzed reaction with dopamine conferred water‐resistant adhesive properties to the semi‐dilute chitosan solutions. The viscosity of the chitosan solutions highly increased by the tyrosinase‐catalyzed quinone conversion and the subsequent nonenzymatic reactions of o‐quinones with amino groups of the chitosan chains. The viscosity of chitosan solutions highly increased in shorter reaction times by addition of melB tyrosinase. Therefore, in this study, the gelation of a chitosan solution was carried out without poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), which was added for the gelation of chitosan solutions using mushroom tyrosinase. The highly viscous, gel‐like modified chitosan materials were allowed to spread onto the surfaces of the glass slides, which were tightly lapped together and were held under water. Tensile shear adhesive strength of over 400 kPa was observed for the modified chitosan samples. An increase in either amino group concentration of the chitosan solutions or molecular mass of the chitosan samples used effectively led to an increase in adhesive strength of the glass slides. Adhesive strength obtained by chitosan materials gelled enzymatically was higher than that obtained by a chitosan gel prepared with glutaraldehyde as a chemical crosslinking agent. In addition, the use of melB tyrosinase led to a sharp increase in adhesive strength in shorter reaction times without other additives such as PEG. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Low‐potential electrochemical polymerization of 6‐nitroindole and characterization of its polymers
Authors: Le Zhanggao , Zeng Liqiang , Xu Jingkun , Liu Houting , Ma Mulin
Published: November 2007

Conducting polymers bearing nitro substituents are very important from both academic and industrial viewpoints. However, it is very difficult to electrosynthesize such conducting polymers because of the strong electron‐withdrawing effect of nitro groups. In this article, we describe the electrochemical synthesis of films of a new conducting polymer, high‐quality poly(6‐nitroindole) (P6NI), by direct anodic oxidation of 6‐nitroindole in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate containing 10% (v/v) diethyl ether. The oxidation potential onset of 6‐nitroindole in this medium has been measured to be just 0.98 V versus a saturated calomel electrode (SCE), which is much lower than that determined in acetonitrile containing 0.1 mol/L tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (1.6 V vs SCE). Thermal studies have revealed that P6NI displays good thermal stability. The electrical conductivity of the P6NI films has been measured to be 0.08 S/cm. Structural studies have shown that the polymerization of the 6‐nitroindole ring occurs mainly at the 2,3‐positions. Fluorescence spectral studies have shown that the principal excitation and emission peaks of P6NI are at 416 and 535 nm, respectively, with a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.05. All these properties of P6NI films may facilitate their potential applications in various fields, such as electrochemical sensors and green‐light‐emitting materials. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the electrosynthesis and characterization of 6‐nitro‐substituted polyindole films. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Total Synthesis of (+)‐Yatakemycin
Authors: Okano Kentaro , Tokuyama Hidetoshi , Fukuyama Tohru
Published: November 2007

A convergent total synthesis of (+)‐yatakemycin was accomplished by a 20‐step sequence in 13 % overall yield. The regioselective ring opening of (S)‐epichlorohydrin with a 2,6‐dibromophenyllithium derivative enabled us to introduce a chiral carbon center, which was required for the stereoselective construction of the cyclopropane ring. The five aryl–nitrogen bonds in (+)‐yatakemycin were constructed by a mild copper‐mediated aryl amination that utilized the combination of CuI with CsOAc. The efficient and chemoselective debenzylation of aryl benzyl ether with BCl3 in the presence of pentamethylbenzene was developed. With these new methodologies, the subgram‐scale synthesis of (+)‐yatakemycin was achieved.
The estimation of the Barndorff‐Nielsen and Shephard model from daily data based on measures of trading intensity
Authors: Lindberg Carl
Published: November 2007

We give a method to fit the Barndorff‐Nielsen and Shephard model [J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B 2001; 63:167–241] to daily data. Many researchers have established a connection between volatility and different measures of trading intensity, such as traded volume or number of trades. We benefit from this connection, and propose to use some measure of trading intensity as the volatility in the model in [J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B 2001; 63:167–241]. Our approach gives stable parameter estimates, and it is much easier to implement than the quadratic variation method. The efficiency of our method is illustrated by a statistical analysis on the Ericsson stock from the OMX Stockholmsbörsen during an exceptionally turbulent period of five years. The results indicate a good model fit. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycodynamers: Dynamic analogs of arabinofuranoside oligosaccharides
Authors: Ruff Yves , Lehn Jean‐Marie
Published: November 2007

Dynamic analogs of α‐(1→5)‐D‐oligoarabinofuranosides were prepared by oxime polycondensation. These equilibrium polymers were characterized by 1H NMR studies, NMR DOSY, and MALDI mass spectrometry. Their reversibility under mild acidic conditions was demonstrated by component exchange reaction followed by 1H NMR studies. Their size and composition can be tuned by component exchange emphasizing their constitutionally dynamic character. They represent dynamic versions of biopolymers, biodynamers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 486–496, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
From helix–coil transitions to protein folding
Authors: Scheraga Harold A.
Published: November 2007

An evolution of procedures to simulate protein structure and folding pathways is described. From an initial focus on the helix–coil transition and on hydrogen‐bonding and hydrophobic interactions, our original attempts to determine protein structure and folding pathways were based on an experimental approach. Experiments on the oxidative folding of reduced bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) led to a mechanism by which the molecule folded to the native structure by a minimum of four different pathways. The experiments with RNase A were followed by development of a molecular mechanics approach, first, making use of global optimization procedures and then with molecular dynamics (MD), evolving from an all‐atom to a united‐residue model. This hierarchical MD approach facilitated probing of the folding trajectory to longer time scales than with all‐atom MD, and hence led to the determination of complete folding trajectories, thus far for a protein containing as many as 75 amino acid residues. With increasing refinement of the computational procedures, the computed results are coming closer to experimental observations, providing an understanding as to how physics directs the folding process. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 479–485, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Characterization of the structure and dynamics of mastoparan‐X during folding in aqueous TFE by CD and NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Crandall Yvette M. , Bruch Martha D.
Published: November 2007

Mastoparan‐X, a 14‐residue peptide found in wasp venom, does not adopt a well‐defined structure in water, but it folds into an α‐helix upon addition of trifluoroethanol (TFE). At low levels of TFE, the peptide is partially folded, passing through intermediate stages of folding as the amount of TFE is increased. These partially folded states have been characterized by CD and NMR spectroscopy, and methods to estimate the helical content from CD, chemical shift, and nuclear overhauser effect (NOE) data are compared. Variation in the sign and intensity of NOE cross‐peaks is observed in different regions of the peptide, indicative of greater mobility of the sidechains compared to the backbone of the peptide. Furthermore, variation in the sidechain mobility is observed, both between sidechains of different amino acids and within the sidechain of a given amino acid. By monitoring chemical shifts and NOE intensities as the TFE concentration is increased, the initiation site for helix formation could be identified. Furthermore, details of the peptide structure and dynamics during the folding process were elucidated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 197–209, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley. com
Comment on “The Water‐Exchange Mechanism of the [UO2(OH2)5]2+ Ion Revisited: The Importance of a Proper Treatment of Electron Correlation” [F. P. Rotzinger Chem. Eur. J., 2007, 13, 800]
Authors: Vallet Valérie , Wahlgren Ulf , Grenthe Ingmar
Published: November 2007

Fulfilled satisfactorily: As a reply to the statements of F. P. Rotzinger [Chem. Eur. J., 2007, 13, 800] we demonstrate that the MP2 method can be applied to uranyl(VI) complexes because dynamic electron correlation effects dominate and static electron correlation of the near‐degeneracy type is absent.
Influences on the Regioselectivity of Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylations
Authors: Kazmaier Uli , Stolz Daniel , Krämer Katja , Zumpe Franz L.
Published: November 2007

Chelated amino acid ester enolates are excellent nucleophiles for palladium‐catalyzed allylic alkylations. These enolates react rapidly at −78 °C and in general without isomerization of π‐allyl palladium complexes. Therefore, they are good candidates for mechanistic studies and regioselective reactions. Terminal π‐allyl palladium complexes are preferentially attacked at the least hindered position giving rise to linear products, as illustrated with several (E)‐configured allylic substrates. Under isomerization free conditions the branched products are formed preferentially from the corresponding (Z)‐allyl substrates. An interesting behavior is observed in the reaction of secondary allylic substrates. Aryl‐substituted substrates show a significant memory effect which can be explained by an asymmetric π‐allyl complex. For alkyl‐substituted substrates a strong dependence of the regioselectivity on the leaving group is observed, which can be explained by different conformations in the ionization step. Under isomerization free conditions the product ratio gives important information about this step.
Cation Substitution in Defect Thiospinels: Structural and Magnetic Properties of GaV4‐xMoxS8 (0 ≤ x ≤ 4).
Authors: Powell Anthony V. , McDowall Andrew , Szkoda Iwona , Knight Kevin S. , Kennedy Brendan J. , Vogt Thomas
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Host Structure Engineering in Thermoelectric Clathrates.
Authors: Christensen M. , Iversen B. B.
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structures and Phase Diagram for the System CaTiO3—La2/3TiO3.
Authors: Zhang Zhaoming , Lumpkin Gregory R. , Howard Christopher J. , Knight Kevin S. , Whittle Karl R. , Osaka Keiichi
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Visible‐Light Photocatalytic Properties of Weak Magnetic BiFeO3 Nanoparticles.
Authors: Gao Feng , Chen Xinyi , Yin Kuibo , Dong Shuai , Ren Zhifeng , Yuan Fang , Yu Tao , Zou Zhigang , Liu Jun‐Ming
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of Monodispersed Nanoparticles by Electrostatic Assembly of Keggin‐Type Polyoxometalates and 1,4,7‐Triazacyclononane‐Based Transition‐Metal Complexes.
Authors: Uchida Sayaka , Hikichi Shiro , Akatsuka Takeo , Tanaka Toshiyuki , Kawamoto Ryosuke , Lesbani Aldes , Nakagawa Yoshinao , Uehara Kazuhiro , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pd(SeO3), Pd(SeO4), and Pd(Se2O5): The First Palladium Oxoselenates.
Authors: Arndt Annika , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Novel System for the Synthesis of Nitriles from Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Telvekar Vikas N. , Rane Rajesh A.
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Reductive Mannich Coupling of Vinyl Ketones to N‐Sulfonylimines Mediated by Hydrogen.
Authors: Garner Susan A. , Krische Michael J.
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Reactivity of Epoxides with Lithium 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidide in Combination with Organolithiums or Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Hodgson David M. , Fleming Matthew J. , Stanway Steven J.
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Indium(III) Trifluoromethanesulfonate as an Efficient Catalyst for the Deprotection of Acetals and Ketals.
Authors: Gregg Brian T. , Golden Kathryn C. , Quinn John F.
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1,3‐Alternate Calix[4]arene Nitronyl Nitroxide Tetraradical and Diradical: Synthesis, X‐Ray Crystallography, Paramagnetic NMR Spectroscopy, EPR Spectroscopy, and Magnetic Studies.
Authors: Rajca Andrzej , Pink Maren , Mukherjee Sumit , Rajca Suchada , Das Kausik
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
From Simple Rings to One‐Dimensional Channels with Calix[8]arenes, Water Clusters, and Alkali Metal Ions.
Authors: Bergougnant Remi D. , Robin Adeline Y. , Fromm Katharina M.
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ratiometry of Monomer/Excimer Emissions of Dipyrenyl Calix[4]arene in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Kim Hyun Jung , Quang Duong Tuan , Hong Jooyeon , Kang Guipeun , Ham Sihyun , Kim Jong Seung
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bistrimethylsilylpropargylic Ether: A Versatile Ambident Synthon to Access Substituted Allenyne Ethers and α‐Substituted Bispropargylic Alcohols.
Authors: Brossat Maude , Heck Marie‐Pierre , Mioskowski Charles
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organocatalytic Sequential One‐Pot Double Cascade Asymmetric Synthesis of Wieland—Miescher Ketone Analogues from a Knoevenagel/Hydrogenation/Robinson Annulation Sequence: Scope and Applications of Organocatalytic Biomimetic Reductions.
Authors: Ramachary Dhevalapally B. , Kishor Mamillapalli
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Synthesis of 3‐Amino‐2‐hydroxyalkanoates by Mannich Reaction of Menthyl Acetate with Imines and Subsequent Oxidation.
Authors: Hata Seiji , Tomioka Kiyoshi
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Ethers: A Directly Reductive Deoxygenation of Esters Using an InBr3/Et3SiH Catalytic System.
Authors: Sakai Norio , Moriya Toshimitsu , Konakahara Takeo
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Redox‐Neutral Synthesis of β‐Amino Aldehydes from Imines by an Alkynylation/Hydration Sequence.
Authors: Labonne Aurelie , Zani Lorenzo , Hintermann Lukas , Bolm Carsten
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot Amidation of Olefins Through Pd‐Catalyzed Coupling of Alkylboranes and Carbamoyl Chlorides.
Authors: Yasui Yoshizumi , Tsuchida Sayo , Miyabe Hideto , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solvent‐Free Cyanosilylation of Carbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by NbCl5.
Authors: George Soney C. , Kim Sung Soo
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Cyanosilylation of Aldehydes Catalyzed by Mn(salen) Complex/Triphenyl Phosphine Oxide.
Authors: Kim Sung Soo , Kwak Ju Myung , George Soney C.
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chlorotrimethylsilane—Nitrate Salts as Oxidants: Direct Oxidative Conversion of Thiols and Disulfides to Sulfonyl Chlorides.
Authors: Prakash G. K. Surya , Mathew Thomas , Panja Chiradeep , Olah George A.
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Conversion of Isocyanates to Carbodiimides by Cyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl and Cyclopentadienyl Iron Dicarbonyl Dimer.
Authors: Rahman A. K. Fazlur , Nicholas Kenneth M.
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Copper‐Catalyzed Tethered Aziridination of Unsaturated N‐Tosyloxy Carbamates.
Authors: Liu Renmao , Herron Steven R. , Fleming Steven A.
Published: November 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.