bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Minimally invasive approaches to the management of anastomotic leakage following restorative rectal cancer resection
Authors: Creavin B. , Ryan É. J. , Kelly M. E. , Moynihan A. , Redmond C. E. , Ahern D. , Kennelly R. , Hanly A. , Martin S. T. , O'Connell P. R. , Brophy D. P. , Winter D. C.
Published: June 2019

Aim

Management of anastomotic leakage (AL) following rectal resection has evolved with increasing use of less invasive techniques. The aim of this study was to review the management of AL following restorative rectal cancer resection in a tertiary referral centre.

Method

A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database was performed. The primary outcome was successful management of AL. The secondary outcome was the impact of AL on oncological outcome.

Results

Five hundred and two restorative rectal cancer resections were performed during the study period. The incidence of AL was 9.9% (n = 50). AL occurred more commonly following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (n = 31/252, 12.3%) than in those who did not receive neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (n = 19/250, 7.6%; P = 0.107); however, this was not statistically significant. Successful minimally invasive drainage was achieved in 28 patients (56%, radiological n = 24, surgical n = 4). Trans‐rectal drainage was the most common drainage method (n = 14). The median duration of drainage was longer in the neoadjuvant group (27 vs 18 days). Surgical intervention was required in 11 patients, with anastomotic takedown and end‐colostomy formation was most commonly required. Successful management of AL with drainage (maintenance of the anastomosis without the need for further intervention) was achieved in 26 of the 28 patients. There were no significant differences in overall or disease‐free survival when patients with AL were compared with patients without AL (69.4% vs 72.6%, P = 0.99 and 78.7% vs 71.3%, P = 0.45, respectively).

Conclusion

In selected patients, AL following restorative rectal resection can be effectively controlled using minimally invasive radiological or surgical drainage without the need for further intervention.
Lichenoid dermatitis from immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: An immune‐related adverse event with mycosis‐fungoides‐like morphologic and molecular features
Authors: Tetzlaff Michael T. , Tang Sherry , Duke Taylor , Grabell Daniel A. , Cabanillas Maria E. , Zuo Zhuang , Yao James C. , Nagarajan Priyadharsini , Aung Phyu P. , Torres‐Cabala Carlos A. , Duvic Madeleine , Prieto Victor G. , Huen Auris , Curry Jonathan L.
Published: June 2019

Cutaneous immune‐related adverse events (irAEs) are a known consequence of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy and may exhibit a spectrum of morphologic features both clinically and histologically. Lichenoid dermatitis associated with ICI therapy (LD‐ICI) is the most frequently encountered histopathologic type of irAE biopsied by dermatologists. There is frequent clinical and histologic overlap between irAEs and several reactive and neoplastic dermatologic disorders; thus, clinical information is essential. LD‐ICI with histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features typical of mycosis fungoides (MF) are unique. Here, we report a patient who developed LD‐ICI with MF‐like morphologic features with monoclonal T‐cell receptor gene rearrangement on consecutive biopsies during ICI therapy. The development of monoclonal LD‐ICI is important for clinicians and pathologists to recognize in patients receiving ICI therapy.
Pharmacological treatment for Type 2 diabetes integrating findings from cardiovascular outcome trials: an expert consensus in the UK
Authors: Bain S. C. , Bakhai A. , Evans M. , Green A. , Menown I. , Strain W. D.
Published: June 2019

In people with Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Thus, as well as controlling glucose, reducing the risk of cardiovascular events is a key goal. The results of cardiovascular outcome trials have led to updates for many national and international guidelines. England, Wales and Northern Ireland remain exceptions, with the most recent update to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines published in 2015. We reviewed current national and international guidelines and recommendations on the management of people with Type 2 diabetes. This article shares our consensus on clinical recommendations for the use of sodium‐glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT‐2is) and glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) in people with Type 2 diabetes and established or at very high risk of cardiovascular disease in the UK. We also consider cost‐effectiveness for these therapies. We recommend considering each person's cardiovascular risk and using diabetes therapies with proven cardiovascular benefits when appropriate to improve long‐term outcomes and cost‐effectiveness.
The Asian‐Melanesian bambusicolous genus Myriodiscus is related to the genus Tympanis, the North American‐European tree pathogen
Authors: Quijada Luis , Mitchell James K. , Popov Eugene , Pfister Donald H.
Published: June 2019

Species of Tympanis are well‐known pathogens in Holarctic forests, but we know little about their relationship to other genera in Tympanidaceae. The genus Myriodiscus, remarkable macroscopically and a possible pathogen on bamboo, has a complicated taxonomic history and has not been conclusively placed phylogenetically. Species of Myriodiscus have been described under two other generic names, Ascotremellopsis and Gelatinomyces, the latter being related to the pathogenic genus Collophorina. There has been no formal synonymy of these three bambusicolous genera or agreement on their systematic positions. We combine accurate micromorphology and DNA sequence data to show the link between Tympanis and Myriodiscus and reveal previously unrecognized features of the latter. These two genera show a type of ascus development unique in the Leotiomycetes. With this new data, we have resolved past confusions over the identity of these fungi, determined their systematic position and have proposed the proper synonymies for Myriodiscus sparassoides and one new combination (M. conus).
Can increasing infestations by Rhynchophorus ferrugineus threaten endemic Chamaerops humilis in Sardinia (Italy)?
Authors: Cocco A. , Pusceddu M. , Lentini A. , Floris I.
Published: June 2019

The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, is the most devastating pest of the Canary palm, Phoenix canariensis, in the Mediterranean Basin. Sporadic infestations have also been observed in other cultivated palm species and, above all, in the endemic European fan palm, Chamaerops humilis. Considering the high ecological importance of C. humilis in coastal ecosystems, the present paper gives an update on the status of R. ferrugineus infestations on the European fan palm in Sardinia (Italy). Since the introduction of R. ferrugineus into Sardinia, attacks of this pest on C. humilis have been limited but have increased in the last 2 years, including infestations on eight naturally growing palms in a Natura 2000 site. Male and female red palm weevils that emerged from C. humilis were similar in size to those of P. canariensis, indicating that the quality of these two feeding substrates is similar. The limited number of infested European fan palms observed so far suggests caution when predicting a rapid spread of this pest in cultivated and non‐cultivated C. humilis palms. Nonetheless, natural populations of C. humilis along western Mediterranean shores should be monitored in order to highlight the potential establishment of R. ferrugineus in these habitats.
Crystal structure of the aminoglycosides N‐acetyltransferase Eis2 from Mycobacterium abscessus
Authors: Ung Kien Lam , Alsarraf Husam M. A. B. , Olieric Vincent , Kremer Laurent , Blaise Mickaël
Published: June 2019

Mycobacterium abscessus is an emerging human pathogen that is notorious for being one of the most drug‐resistant species of Mycobacterium. It has developed numerous strategies to overcome the antibiotic stress response, limiting treatment options and leading to frequent therapeutic failure. The panel of aminoglycosides (AG) usually used in the treatment of M. abscessus pulmonary infections is restricted by chemical modification of the drugs by the N‐acetyltransferase Eis2 protein (Mabs_Eis2). This enzyme acetylates the primary amine of AGs, preventing these antibiotics from binding ribosomal RNA and thereby impairing their activity. In this study, the high‐resolution crystal structures of Mabs_Eis2 in its apo‐ and cofactor‐bound forms were solved. The structural analysis of Mabs_Eis2, supported by the kinetic characterization of the enzyme, highlights the large substrate specificity of the enzyme. Furthermore, in silico docking and biochemical approaches attest that Mabs_Eis2 modifies clinically relevant drugs such as kanamycin and amikacin, with a better efficacy for the latter. In line with previous biochemical and in vivo studies, our work suggests that Mabs_Eis2 represents an attractive pharmacological target to be further explored. The high‐resolution crystal structures presented here may pave the way to the design of Eis2‐specific inhibitors with the potential to counteract the intrinsic resistance levels of M. abscessus to an important class of clinically important antibiotics.

Database

Structural data are available in the PDB database under the accession numbers: 6RFY, 6RFX and 6RFT.
Challenging hegemonic masculinity by performance of ethnic habitus
Authors: Grosswirth Kachtan Dana
Published: June 2019

The aim of this article is to examine the effect of ethnic habitus, in a specific setting, on the construction of alternative dominant masculinity and the challenge of hegemonic masculinity. Based on Bourdieu's notion of habitus, the article will show that in a specific ethno‐cultural setting, characterized by ethnic habitus, marginalized groups construct and perform situated dominant masculinity. The study is based on the military, which is a central organization for the construction of masculine identities, and will focus specifically on combat soldiers, who constitute the most significant model of idealized masculinity. Based on semi‐structured interviews, this micro‐level study demonstrates the part of self‐performance in the construction of masculinity and the challenge of hegemonic masculinity. Furthermore, illustrating the performance of worthy dominant masculinity by inferior ethnic groups in effect exposes the separation between the social status and the masculine status. Separation between social status and masculine status gives emphasis to masculinity as relational and contextual social practice and enables alternative dominant masculinities to be detected that challenge hegemonic masculinity within different settings.
Fabrication of TiO2 photocatalytic electrode and contamination control with atmospheric pressure O2 plasma jet
Authors: Song Chan‐Geun , Kim Tae Hwan , Yoon Jong‐Won , Lee Ho-Jun , Won Jonghwan , Lee Seung Whan
Published: June 2019

In this study, we demonstrate the fabrication of TiO2 photocatalytic electrode by sol‐gel and electrospinning technique. The anatase TiO2 nanofiber is successfully formed after thermal annealing at 260°C. As‐prepared TiO2 photocatalytic electrode contains surface contamination, which includes a polymer binder such as ethyl cellulose, carbon by carbonization of polyvinylpyrrolidone, and residue polyvinylpyrrolidone. To efficiently remove the surface contaminants from the TiO2 photocatalytic electrode, we employ an atmospheric‐pressure O2 plasma jet and the exposure time is controlled by the scanning rate. As the results, photodegradation efficiency of methylene blue is significantly enhanced with a scanning rate in the range of 100‐500 μm/s and was saturated with a scanning rate in the range of 10‐100 μm/s.
Effect of floating bead on the manufacturing process of fly ash ceramics
Authors: Qi Liqiang , Teng Fei , Liu Kunyang , Zhang Yajuan
Published: June 2019

A new type of ceramic material was prepared by adding flux with floating beads and kaolin. The influence of the characteristics of floating beads on the properties of fly ash ceramics was discussed. The best sintering conditions were determined through experiments. The optimum floating bead content was 16.7%‐28.6%, and the sintering properties of the ceramic improved when the iron oxide content in the floating beads was 2.59%. The ceramic sintered at 1100°C for 5 hours showed excellent properties. A ceramic body with high porosity, low volume density, and appropriate resistance to bending strength can be sintered by using floating bead with particle size of 0.12‐0.18 mm. Moreover, a ceramic that is highly resistant to bending can be obtained when the particle size was 0.08‐0.096 mm, which is suitable under a high mechanical demand.
Multi‐scale domain structure observation and piezoelectric responses for [001]‐oriented PMN‐33PT single crystal
Authors: Fang Kaiyue , Jing Wenqi , Fang Fei
Published: June 2019

Multiple phase coexistence contributes to the extraordinary piezoelectric behavior of (1‐x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–xPbTiO3 (PMN–xPT) near the morphotropic phase boundaries (MPBs). By incorporating an optical path of crossed polarized light (PLM) into the commercialized Piezoelectric Force Microscope (PFM) (named as PLM‐PFM system), in situ domain structure observation from micro‐ to nanoscale, as well as measurement of the piezoelectric behavior for individual domains can be realized. For [001]‐oriented single crystal of 67Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐33PbTiO3 (PMN‐33PT), fine domain boundary structures of rhombohedral (R), tetragonal (T), and monoclinic (M) phases are revealed. Measurements of the electric field‐induced displacement as a function of the applied DC electric field (VDC) are performed for domains with different polarization vectors. Values for the electric field‐induced displacement are in descending order for c‐domains of the M, R, and T phases. For an individual phase of T or M, the displacement increases when the angle between the polarization vector and the applied electric field decreases. The multi‐scale perspective of the domain structures and the corresponding piezoelectric response helps in understanding the ultra‐high piezoelectric performance for PMN‐PT single crystals near MPB.
Randomized control trial of adenoma detection rate in Endocuff‐assisted colonoscopy versus transparent hood‐assisted colonoscopy
Authors: Imaeda Hiroyuki , Yamaoka Minoru , Ohgo Hideki , Soma Hiromitsu , Ashitani Keigo , Miyaguchi Kazuya , Tsuzuki Yoshikazu , Hosoe Naoki , Nakamoto Hidetomo
Published: June 2019

Background and Aim

Transparent hood‐assisted colonoscopy (TAC) has been reported to improve the cecal insertion rate and adenoma detection rate (ADR). An endoscopic cap (Endocuff) with two rows of soft wings was recently developed to improve ADR, by flattening the mucosal folds during withdrawal. This randomized prospective control study aimed to compare ADR between Endocuff‐assisted colonoscopy (EAC) and TAC.

Methods

A total of 513 patients undergoing colon adenoma screening were included. EAC was performed in 256 patients and TAC in 260 patients. Cecal intubation rate, cecal intubation time, ADR, and mean adenoma number per patient (MAP) were investigated in both groups (clinical trial registration: UMIN000016278).

Results

We excluded six patients in the EAC group and two patients in the TAC group because of colonic stenosis due to colonic adenocarcinomas. Finally, 250 patients (151 men/99 women, median age 62.1 years) were assigned to EAC and 258 patients (165 men/93 women, median age 64.3 years) were assigned to TAC. There were no significant differences in cecal intubation rate, intubation time, withdrawal time, and cleanliness score between groups. The ADR was 50.8% in EAC and 52.7% in TAC, with no significant difference (P = 0.666). The MAP was 1.35 in EAC and 1.20 in TAC, with no significant difference (P = 0.126). However, The MAP of diminutive adenomas (< 5 mm) tended to be higher in EAC than in TAC (P = 0.077). There was no significant difference in MAP in each segment between groups.

Conclusions

Endocuff‐assisted colonoscopy might be equivalent to TAC in cecal intubation time, ADR, and MAP.
A role for Numb in Protein kinase M (PKM)‐mediated increase in surface AMPA receptors during facilitation in Aplysia
Authors: Farah Carole A. , Dunn Tyler W. , Hastings Margaret H. , Ferguson Larissa , Gao Cherry , Gong Katrina , Sossin Wayne S.
Published: June 2019

There is considerable evidence from both vertebrates and invertebrates that persistently active protein kinases maintain changes in synaptic strength that underlie memory. In the hermaphrodite marine mollusk, Aplysia californica, truncated forms of protein kinase C (PKC) termed protein kinase Ms have been implicated in both intermediate‐ and long‐term facilitation, an increase in synaptic strength between sensory neurons and motor neurons thought to underlie behavioural sensitization in the animal. However, few substrates have been identified as candidates that could mediate this increase in synaptic strength. PKMs have been proposed to maintain synaptic strength through preventing endocytosis of AMPA receptors. Numb is a conserved regulator of endocytosis that is modulated by phosphorylation. We have identified and cloned Aplysia Numb (ApNumb). ApNumb contains three conserved PKC phosphorylation sites and PKMs generated from classical and atypical Aplysia PKCs can phosphorylate ApNumb in vitro and in cells. Over‐expression of ApNumb that lacks the conserved PKC phosphorylation sites blocks increases in surface levels of a pHluorin‐tagged Aplysia glutamate receptor measured using live imaging after intermediate‐ or long‐term facilitation. Over‐expression of this form of ApNumb did not block increases in synaptic strength seen during intermediate‐term facilitation, but did block increases in synaptic strength seen during long‐term facilitation. There was no effect of over‐expression of this form of ApNumb on other putative Numb targets as measured using increases in calcium downstream of neurotrophins or agonists of metabotropic glutamate receptors. These results suggest that in Aplysia neurons, Numb specifically regulates AMPA receptor trafficking and is an attractive candidate for a target of PKMs in long‐term maintenance of synaptic strength.

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YOLO: Mortality Beliefs and Household Finance Puzzles
Authors: HEIMER RAWLEY Z. , MYRSETH KRISTIAN OVE R. , SCHOENLE RAPHAEL S.
Published: June 2019

We study the effect of subjective mortality beliefs on life‐cycle behavior. With new survey evidence, we document that survival is underestimated (overestimated) by the young (old). We calibrate a canonical life‐cycle model to elicited beliefs. Relative to calibrations using actuarial probabilities, the young undersave by 26%, and retirees draw down their assets 27% slower, while the model's fit to consumption data improves by 88%. Cross‐sectional regressions support the model's predictions: Distorted mortality beliefs correlate with savings behavior while controlling for risk preferences, cognitive, and socioeconomic factors. Overweighting the likelihood of rare events contributes to mortality belief distortions.
Breastfeeding Practices in Georgia: Rural‐Urban Comparison and Trend Analyses Based on 2004‐2013 PRAMS Data
Authors: Hamilton Whitney N. , Tarasenko Yelena N.
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identified rural mothers as a priority population for targeted breastfeeding promotion programs. In Georgia, breastfeeding rates lag behind the national ones. This study examines rural‐urban differences and trends over time in breastfeeding initiation and continuation (breastfeeding for at least 8 weeks) among women with a live birth from 2004 to 2013 in Georgia.

Methods

This observational study is based on the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data. The National Center for Health Statistics urban‐rural continuum codes were used to operationalize mother's county of residence. Prevalence of breastfeeding was estimated from the logistic regression models, unadjusted and adjusted for sociodemographic and health‐related characteristics.

Findings

In both unadjusted and adjusted analyses, significantly fewer rural (60.2%, 95% CI: 57.5‐62.9 and 64.5%, 95% CI: 61.3‐67.6, respectively) than urban (74.9%, 95% CI: 73.4‐76.4 and 72.9%, 95% CI: 71.1‐74.6, respectively) mothers initiated breastfeeding (P < .001). Similar rural‐urban differences persisted throughout the 10‐year study period—approximately 15 percentage points (pps) in unadjusted and over 8 pps in adjusted analyses (Ps < .001). Fewer rural (35.9%, CI: 32.4‐39.3) than urban (44.7%, CI: 42.7‐46.7) mothers continued breastfeeding, but this difference was significant overall and over time in unadjusted analyses only (P < .001).

Conclusions

Interventions increasing breastfeeding initiation in rural mothers can be expected to lead to cumulative increase in breastfeeding practices among Georgia women. Equally important, however, is to increase the rates of breastfeeding initiation in all women and support for all women to continue breastfeeding for longer duration.
Association of the canine ATP7A and ATP7B with hepatic copper accumulation in Dobermann dogs
Authors: Wu Xiaoyan , Mandigers Paul J. J. , Watson Adrian L. , van den Ingh Ted S. G. A. M. , Leegwater Peter A. J. , Fieten Hille
Published: June 2019

Background

Hepatic copper accumulation causes chronic hepatitis in dogs. Mutations in the copper transporters ATP7A and ATP7B were, respectively, associated with attenuation and enhancement of hepatic copper concentrations in Labrador Retrievers. There is a predisposition of Dobermanns to hepatitis with increased hepatic copper concentrations.

Objectives

To investigate whether the ATP7A:c.980C>T and ATP7B:c.4358G>A mutations identified in Labrador Retrievers were associated with hepatic copper concentrations in Dobermanns.

Animals

Dobermanns from the Netherlands (n = 122) and the United States (n = 78).

Methods

In this retrospective study, mutations in ATP7A and ATP7B were investigated as risk factors for hepatic copper accumulation in Dobermanns. Liver biopsies of 200 Dobermanns were evaluated by histochemical copper staining, quantitative copper measurement, or both modalities. ATP7A and ATP7B genotypes were obtained by Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR. A linear regression model was used to investigate an association between genotype and hepatic copper concentrations.

Results

The ATP7A:c.980C>T was identified in both Dutch (2 heterozygous individuals) and American Dobermanns. In the American cohort, the minor allele frequency of the mutation was low (.081) and a possible effect on hepatic copper concentrations could not be established from this data set. A significant association of the ATP7B:c.4358G>A variant with increased hepatic copper concentrations in Dobermanns was observed.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The ATP7B:c.4358G>A variant could be a contributor to hepatic copper accumulation underlying the risk of development of copper‐associated hepatitis in breeds other than the Labrador Retriever.
Plasma and tissue angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 activity and plasma equilibrium concentrations of angiotensin peptides in dogs with heart disease
Authors: Larouche‐Lebel Éva , Loughran Kerry A. , Oyama Mark A. , Solter Phil F. , Laughlin Danielle S. , Sánchez Melissa D. , Assenmacher Charles‐Antoine , Fox Philip R. , Fries Ryan C.
Published: June 2019

Background

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a homologue of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) and produces angiotensin peptides (APs), such as angiotensin 1‐9 and 1‐7 that are vasodilatory and natriuretic, and act to counterbalance angiotensin II.

Hypothesis

Evidence of ACE2 can be found in tissues and plasma of dogs. Equilibrium concentrations of renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) APs differ in dogs with heart disease compared to healthy dogs and recombinant human ACE2 (rhACE2) alters relative concentrations of APs.

Animals

Forty‐nine dogs with and 34 dogs without heart disease.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry and assays for tissue and plasma ACE2 activity and equilibrium concentrations of plasma RAAS APs were performed.

Results

Immunolabeling for ACE2 was present in kidney and myocardial tissue. Median plasma ACE2 activity was significantly increased in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF; 6.9 mU/mg; interquartile range [IQR], 5.1‐12.1) as compared to control (2.2 mU/mg; IQR, 1.8‐3.0;P= .0003). Plasma equilibrium analysis of RAAS APs identified significant increases in the median concentrations of beneficial APs, such as angiotensin 1‐7, in dogs with CHF (486.7 pg/mL; IQR, 214.2‐1168) as compared to those with preclinical disease (41.0 pg/mL; IQR, 27.4‐45.1;P < .0001) or control (11.4 pg/mL; IQR, 7.1‐25.3;P= .01). Incubation of plasma samples from dogs with CHF with rhACE2 increased beneficial APs, such as angiotensin 1‐9 (preincubation, 10.3 pg/mL; IQR, 4.4‐37.2; postincubation, 2431 pg/mL; IQR, 1355‐3037;P= .02), while simultaneously decreasing maladaptive APs, such as angiotensin II (preincubation, 53.4 pg/mL; IQR, 28.6‐226.4; postincubation, 2.4 pg/mL; IQR, 0.50‐5.8;P= .02).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Recognition of the ACE2 system expands the conventional view of the RAAS in the dog and represents an important potential therapeutic target.
The Mask of Neutrality: Judicial Partisan Calculation and Legislative Redistricting
Authors: Peterson Jordan Carr
Published: June 2019

Do judges ruling on redistricting litigation increase electoral competition in congressional races while simultaneously drawing districts favoring their party's congressional candidates? I offer a novel theory of judicial partisan calculation, arguing that judges draw more competitive districts than legislatures or commissions, but that judge‐drawn districts favor the electoral interests of their copartisans. These claims are reconcilable because judges target districts held by contrapartisan legislators to maximize their copartisans’ fortunes. I find that Democratic judges draw competitive districts by adding Democratic voters to Republican‐held House constituencies. Court‐administered redistricting increases competitiveness, ostensibly due to judicial neutrality. This mask of neutrality, however, conceals sophisticated partisan calculation.
The Deserving Worker: Decisions about Workplace Accommodation by Judges and Laypeople
Authors: Weinberg Jill D. , Nielsen Laura Beth , Albrecht Kathryn
Published: June 2019

Employment civil rights laws require employers to make reasonable accommodations for certain workers so that they can perform their jobs. The “reasonableness” of an accommodation request should be based largely on the cost of the accommodation relative to the company's resources, but how do people really evaluate such requests? This study examines determinations of the reasonableness of workplace accommodation requests made by trial judges and ordinary people. Using a 2 × 3 × 3 between‐subjects factorial design, we test the effect of worker identity (nursing‐mother worker, transgender worker, and Muslim worker) and cost on determinations of reasonableness. We find that (1) the identity category of the requesting worker impacts determinations of reasonableness by both judges and laypeople, (2) the cost of the accommodation impacts determinations of reasonableness, (3) judges are more likely to think that accommodation requests are reasonable than are laypeople, (4) there is a complicated relationship between accommodation cost and employee identity, and (5) the cost of the requested accommodation mitigates the effect of identity significantly for judges but less so for ordinary citizens. While judges are less influenced by the identity category of the employee‐requestor than are their lay‐counterparts, social status plays a role in determining what constitutes “reasonable accommodation.”
Keeping replication on par with division in Bacillus
Authors: Haeusser Daniel P. , Levin Petra A.
Published: June 2019

Spatially, division site selection is one of the most precisely controlled processes in bacterial physiology. Despite its obvious importance to the production of properly sized, viable daughter cells, the mechanisms underlying division site selection have remained largely mysterious. Molecular Microbiology, Hajduk et al. provide new insight into this essential process. Overturning previous models, including one of their own, they discover that two factors involved in chromosome remodeling – the ParB‐like protein Spo0J, and the nucleoid‐associated protein Noc – work together to coordinate early steps in DNA replication with establishment of a medial division site in the Gram‐positive bacterium, Bacillus subtilis.
Phyllotaxis: is the golden angle optimal for light capture?
Authors: Strauss Sören , Lempe Janne , Prusinkiewicz Przemyslaw , Tsiantis Miltos , Smith Richard S.
Published: June 2019

Phyllotactic patterns are some of the most conspicuous in nature. To create these patterns plants must control the divergence angle between the appearance of successive organs, sometimes to within a fraction of a degree. The most common angle is the Fibonacci or golden angle, and its prevalence has led to the hypothesis that it has been selected by evolution as optimal for plants with respect to some fitness benefits, such as light capture.

We explore arguments for and against this idea with computer models. We have used both idealized and scanned leaves from Arabidopsis thaliana and Cardamine hirsuta to measure the overlapping leaf area of simulated plants after varying parameters such as leaf shape, incident light angles, and other leaf traits.

We find that other angles generated by Fibonacci‐like series found in nature are equally optimal for light capture, and therefore should be under similar evolutionary pressure.

Our findings suggest that the iterative mechanism for organ positioning itself is a more likely target for evolutionary pressure, rather than a specific divergence angle, and our model demonstrates that the heteroblastic progression of leaf shape in A. thaliana can provide a potential fitness benefit via light capture.
Long‐term experiment manipulating community assembly results in favorable restoration outcomes for invaded prairies
Authors: Wohlwend Michael R. , Schutzenhofer Michele R. , Knight Tiffany M.
Published: June 2019

Invasive species are a common problem in restoration projects. Manipulating soil fertility and species arrival order has the potential to lower their abundance and achieve higher abundances of seeded native species. In a 7‐year experiment in Missouri, United States, we tested how nutrient addition and the timing of arrival of the invasive legume Lespedeza cuneata and seeded native prairie grass and forb species influenced overall community composition. Treatments that involved early arrival of seeded forb and grass species and late arrival of L. cuneata were most successful at creating community structure that fulfilled our restoration goals, displaying high abundance of seeded native forb species, low abundances of L. cuneata, and non‐native species. There were few treatment interactions, with the exception that timing seeded native forbs and timing of L. cuneata arrival interactively influenced the abundance of seeded native forbs. This suggests that the individual treatments are supporting the restoration goals, such as creating a community with low abundance of L. cuneate or high abundance of native seeded species, without restricting each other. This study demonstrates the importance of priority effects in disturbed habitats prone to invasion, the lasting effects of initial seeding on long‐term community composition, and the potential for fertilization to positively benefit restoration of degraded grasslands.
EPPSatisfaction on Discourse Grounds: The Case of Locative Inversion
Authors: Ojea Ana
Published: June 2019

This article approaches locative inversion as a construction resulting from valuation of the core intentional feature [DI] (fordiscourse intention) by a locative constituent to obtain an event‐reporting thetic statement that expresses a state of affairs located in some spatiotemporal coordinates. I argue that in languages where [DI] is anEPPfeature, as is the case with Spanish, the locative is internally merged in Spec,TP, competing with the subject for this position with respect to prominence conditions. Two types of locative‐inversion constructions therefore obtain: (i)corelocative inversion, where the locative phrase is structurally prominent, and (ii)deicticlocative inversion, where the locative phrase is nonprominent but must be merged in Spec,TPfor reasons of interface economy. The article explores in detail the differences between the two and the predicted differences between Spanish and other languages, such as English, where theEPPis not informational but formal in nature. It also offers empirical support for Spec,TPas the landing site of the locative in Spanish (and, it is predicted, in other discourse‐prominent languages), showing that locative inversion is not a root phenomenon in this case and can therefore be found in many contexts where standard topicalization would be ruled out.
Safety incident reports associated with blood transfusions
Authors: Vossoughi Sarah , Perez Gabriela , Whitaker Barbee I. , Fung Mark K. , Rajbhandary Srijana , Crews Nicole , Stotler Brie
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND

Patient safety remains a critical issue in health care. Adverse events related to blood transfusion constitute a threat to patient safety. The aim of this study is to compare and contrast reporting trends of patient safety events that occur during the transfusion of blood components in pediatric and adult hospital care settings.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

This is a multicenter analysis of reported patient safety incidents occurring during the administration of blood components for four children's and 21 adult hospitals from January 2010 through September 2017. Denominators were pediatric or adult transfusions per year for a subset of two pediatric and two adult hospitals able to provide denominators for the complete reporting period. Rates were calculated on the subset of four hospitals per 100,000 components transfused with Pearson's chi square for comparison (p < 0.05 as significant).

RESULTS

There were 1902 reports for an estimated 1.1 million transfusions: 358 reports from pediatric hospitals and 1544 reports from adult hospitals. From hospitals able to provide denominator data; there were 192 reports for 128,560 pediatric transfusions and 183 reports for 377,563 adult transfusions. The reporting rate per 100,000 components from these four hospitals was 149 for pediatric and 48 for adult reports (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

This analysis demonstrates the continued need for transfusion safety practices. The type of incident reports differed in the pediatric setting compared to the adult setting. Understanding patient safety event reporting trends related to blood transfusion will help target hemovigilance education and interventions to the appropriate patient populations.
Development and Ex Vivo Validation of Novel Force-Sensing Neochordae for Measuring Chordae Tendineae Tension in the Mitral Valve Apparatus Using Optical Fibers With Embedded Bragg Gratings
Authors: Paulsen Michael J. , Bae Jung Hwa , Imbrie-Moore Annabel M. , Wang Hanjay , Hironaka Camille E. , Farry Justin M. , Lucian Haley , Thakore Akshara D. , Cutkosky Mark R. , Joseph Woo Y.
Published: June 2019

Few technologies exist that can provide quantitative data on forces within the mitral valve apparatus. Marker-based strain measurements can be performed, but chordal geometry and restricted optical access are limitations. Foil-based strain sensors have been described and work well, but the sensor footprint limits the number of chordae that can be measured. We instead utilized fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors—optical strain gauges made of 125 μm diameter silica fibers—to overcome some limitations of previous methods of measuring chordae tendineae forces. Using FBG sensors, we created a force-sensing neochord (FSN) that mimics the natural shape and movement of native chordae. FBG sensors reflect a specific wavelength of light depending on the spatial period of gratings. When force is applied, the gratings move relative to one another, shifting the wavelength of reflected light. This shift is directly proportional to force applied. The FBG sensors were housed in a protective sheath fashioned from a 0.025 in. flat coil, and attached to the chordae using polytetrafluoroethylene suture. The function of the force-sensing neochordae was validated in a three-dimensional (3D)-printed left heart simulator, which demonstrated that FBG sensors provide highly sensitive force measurements of mitral valve chordae at a temporal resolution of 1000 Hz. As ventricular pressures increased, such as in hypertension, chordae forces also increased. Overall, FBG sensors are a viable, durable, and high-fidelity sensing technology that can be effectively used to measure mitral valve chordae forces and overcome some limitations of other such technologies.
On the Relative Impact of Intraluminal Thrombus Heterogeneity on Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Mechanics
Authors: Leach Joseph R. , Kao Evan , Zhu Chengcheng , Saloner David , Hope Michael D.
Published: June 2019

Intraluminal thrombus (ILT) is present in the majority of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) of a size warranting consideration for surgical or endovascular intervention. The rupture risk of AAAs is thought to be related to the balance of vessel wall strength and the mechanical stress caused by systemic blood pressure. Previous finite element analyses of AAAs have shown that ILT can reduce and homogenize aneurysm wall stress. These works have largely considered ILT to be homogeneous in mechanical character or have idealized a stiffness distribution through the thrombus thickness. In this work, we use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to delineate the heterogeneous composition of ILT in 7 AAAs and perform patient–specific finite element analysis under multiple conditions of ILT layer stiffness disparity. We find that explicit incorporation of ILT heterogeneity in the finite element analysis is unlikely to substantially alter major stress analysis predictions regarding aneurysm rupture risk in comparison to models assuming a homogenous thrombus, provided that the maximal ILT stiffness is the same between models. Our results also show that under a homogeneous ILT assumption, the choice of ILT stiffness from values common in the literature can result in significantly larger variations in stress predictions compared to the effects of thrombus heterogeneity.
On the Euler–Lagrange Equation for Planar Systems of Rigid Bodies or Lumped Masses
Authors: Wiebe R. , Harvey P. S.
Published: June 2019

The Euler–Lagrange equation is frequently used to develop the governing dynamic equilibrium expressions for rigid-body or lumped-mass systems. In many cases, however, the rectangular coordinates are constrained, necessitating either the use of Lagrange multipliers or the introduction of generalized coordinates that are consistent with the kinematic constraints. For such cases, evaluating the derivatives needed to obtain the governing equations can become a very laborious process. Motivated by several relevant problems related to rigid-body structures under seismic motions, this paper focuses on extending the elegant equations of motion developed by Greenwood in the 1970s, for the special case of planar systems of rigid bodies, to include rigid-body rotations and accelerating reference frames. The derived form of the Euler–Lagrange equation is then demonstrated with two examples: the double pendulum and a rocking object on a double rolling isolation system. The work herein uses an approach that is used by many analysts to derive governing equations for planar systems in translating reference frames (in particular, ground motions), but effectively precalculates some of the important stages of the analysis. It is hoped that beyond re-emphasizing the work by Greenwood, the specific form developed herein may help researchers save a significant amount of time, reduce the potential for errors in the formulation of the equations of motion for dynamical systems, and help introduce more researchers to the Euler–Lagrange equation.
Laplace–Pade Parametric Homotopy Perturbation Method for Uncertain Nonlinear Oscillators
Authors: Chakraverty S. , Mahato N. R.
Published: June 2019

Nonlinear oscillators have wide applicability in science and engineering problems. In this paper, nonlinear oscillator having initial conditions varying over fuzzy numbers has been initially taken into consideration. Here, the fuzziness in the uncertain nonlinear oscillators has been handled using parametric form. Using parametric form in terms of r-cut, the nonlinear uncertain differential equations are reduced to parametric differential equations. Then, based on classical homotopy perturbation method (HPM), a parametric homotopy perturbation method (PHPM) is proposed to compute solution enclosure of such uncertain nonlinear differential equations. A sufficient convergence condition of parametric solution obtained using PHPM is also proved. Further, a parametric Laplace–Pade approximation is incorporated in PHPM for retaining the periodic characteristic of nonlinear oscillators throughout the domain. The efficiency of Laplace–Pade PHPM has been verified for uncertain Duffing oscillator. Finally, Laplace–Pade PHPM is also applied to solve other uncertain nonlinear oscillator, viz., Rayleigh oscillator, with respect to fuzzy parameters.
The Construction of a Conservative Radiation Hydrodynamics Algorithm in Two-Dimensional Spherical Geometry
Authors: Lin Zhiwei , Jiang Shaoen , Zhang Lu
Published: June 2019

This paper presents the construction of a conservative radiation hydrodynamics algorithm in two-dimensional (2D) spherical geometry. First, we discretize the radiation transport equation (RTE) in that geometry. The discretization preserves the conservation of photons by integrating the original RTE in 2D spherical coordinates over both angular and spatial control volumes. Some numerical results are provided to verify the discretization for both optically thin and thick circumstances. Second, we formulate the staggered Lagrangian hydrodynamics in that geometry. The formulation preserves the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy by integrating the original hydrodynamic equations in 2D spherical coordinates over their respective control volumes. The original edge-centered artificial viscosity in 2D cylindrical geometry is also extended to be capable of capturing shock waves in 2D spherical geometry. Several 2D benchmark cases are provided to verify the scheme. The subsequent construction of the conservative radiation hydrodynamics algorithm is accomplished by the combination of the staggered Lagrangian hydrodynamics scheme and the solution of the RTE in 2D spherical geometry. Several 2D problems are calculated to verify our radiation hydrodynamics algorithm at the end.
Numerical Investigation of Interaction of Counter Flow Jet and Hypersonic Capsule Flow Via Modified DsmcFoam
Authors: Raeisi Mostafa , Mohammadi-Amin Meysam , Zakeri Ramin
Published: June 2019

In this work, numerical investigation of interaction of counter flow jet and hypersonic re-entry capsule flow has been carried out through modification of DsmcFoam solver. The DsmcFoam modification includes implementation of variable soft sphere (VSS) collision model for more accurate collision model, adjustment of nonuniform initial condition for faster convergence and nonuniform boundary condition, calculation of local Knudsen number in postprocessing for adaptive grid generation, and implementation of different gas species for multigas flow interaction simulations. Therefore, the modified DsmcFoam can be used for investigation of the effect of counter flow jet on the vehicle aerodynamics and aerothermodynamics. New validation test cases from Von Karman gas dynamics facility (VKF) tunnel data of Apollo and blunt-cone re-entry geometries are studied via DsmcFoam in which a suitable agreement of results is observed compared to experimental data and also MONACO code computations. Also, the influence of counter flow jet has been presented, i.e., changing of bow shock configuration and its distance from the vehicle. Consequently, it is observed that by increasing counter flow jet velocity or density, reduction of the drag coefficient and heat flux on the vehicle will occur. Furthermore, variation of the velocity or density of counter flow jet leads to different jet-flow interaction patterns which are presented evidently.
An Exact Solution for Transient Anisotropic Heat Conduction in Composite Cylindrical Shells
Authors: Rahmani Hossein , Norouzi Mahmood , Birjandi Alireza Komeili , Birjandi Amir Komeili
Published: June 2019

In this study, an analytical solution is proposed for the problem of transient anisotropic conductive heat transfer in composite cylindrical shells. The composite shells are considered to have directional heat transfer properties, which is due to the existence of fibers which can be winded in any direction. The composite shells usually show high conductivity in the direction parallel to fiber direction and low conductivity in other two orthogonal directions. To solve the heat transfer partial differential equation, finite Fourier transform and separation of variables method are used. The present solution is used to find the temperature distribution in a composite cylindrical vessel for which the composite material is graphite/epoxy and the vessel is prone to an external heat flux and also ambient flow. The analytical solution is verified perfectly by the data obtained from a second-order finite difference solution. The solution is used to investigate the effects of values of fiber angle and material conductivity coefficients on temperature distribution of the composite cylindrical vessel. The results show the important role of fiber angle values on the temperature distribution of vessel.
Fifteen-minute consultation: The limping child
Authors: Adamson Jonathan , Waterfield Thomas
Published: June 2019

The limping child is a common presentation to paediatric services. In most instances the cause is benign with few, if any, investigations required. There is, however, always that concern that the limping child may have an underlying limb-threatening or life-threatening disease. This poses a challenge to clinicians, who must find that balance between correctly identifying disease early and avoiding the risks and harms of overinvestigation. In this article we discuss the diagnostic approach to the limping child and present a structure for assessment, investigation and risk management.