bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and construction of a sensor analytic system for the monitoring of the parameters of a plastic injection mould
Authors: Babalola Akinloluwa Samuel
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Values of parameters such as temperature, humidity, number of plastic products and the location of plastic injection moulds are required to determine the efficiency of plastic injection moulds with a view to improving the quality of the outputs. This article determined the appropriate sensors for the measurement of these essential parameters in the most suitable form of representation of the data to aid a proficient analysis of the data.

Design/methodology/approach

The outputs of these sensors were obtained by connecting the sensors to the general-purpose input/output (GPIO) pins of a Raspberry Pi and writing a Python programme for the connected GPIO pins. The values of the outputs of these sensors were represented in a graphical form. The connection of the Raspberry Pi and the sensors were done with a full-sized breadboard and jumper wires. A computer-aided design (CAD) of the connections was produced using Fritzing software.

Findings

The appropriate sensors determined are MLX90614 infrared thermometer sensor, DHT11 humidity sensor, pixy2 vision sensor and Neo-6m GPS sensor. This study proposed that the sensors analytic system be applied on an industrial plastic injection mould to measure and display the various parameters of the injection moulds for the purpose of understanding and improving the performance of the injection mould

Originality/value

An electronic system that provides the continuous values of essential parameters of a plastic injection mould in operation.
Impact of perceived brand authenticity on consumer behavior: an evidence from generation Y in Asian perspective
Authors: Safeer Asif Ali , He Yuanqiong , Lin Yuanyuan , Abrar Muhammad , Nawaz Zubair
Published: May 2021

Purpose

In the modern era, brand authenticity is one of the most powerful positioning strategies for sustainable business growth. This study investigated the impacts of perceived brand authenticity dimensions (i.e., quality commitment, heritage, sincerity) on brand love to predict Generation Y's behavior from the Asian context.

Design/methodology/approach

This is new empirical research that tested the proposed hypotheses through PLS-SEM, as PLS is the most robust technique for predicting consumer behavior. Importantly, consumers (of Generation Y) from five Asian countries contributed to this study, and data collected from 427 Asian millennials on global brands.

Findings

The results analysis revealed that perceived brand authenticity dimensions significantly impacted brand love, which positively affected Asian millennials' behavioral outcomes (i.e., continuous purchase intention and price premium).

Research limitations/implications

This study investigated dimensions of perceived brand authenticity to predict Asian millennials' behavioral outcomes in a broader perspective. Future researchers may investigate a specific culture with a larger sample size to predict millennials behavior.

Practical implications

This study has several implications that guide the global managers of several service and manufacturing industries to develop various positioning and relationship strategies for global brands to target Asian markets effectively.

Originality/value

Using attribution theory, this is the first novel research study that empirically discussed the dimensions of perceived brand authenticity, brand love, and Asian millennials' behavior toward global brands.
Shaping bricolage behaviour: the role of personality traits among female entrepreneurs in an emerging economy
Authors: Rahman Syed Abidur , Alam Mirza Mohammad Didarul , Khan Golam Mostafa , Kennedy Rowan Elodie
Published: May 2021

Purpose

This paper examines the predictive role of personality traits on the entrepreneurial bricolage behaviour of female entrepreneurs in a resource-constrained setting.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected using a structured survey questionnaire from female entrepreneurs owning and operating micro-small firms. The analysis and hypotheses testing were performed adopting SEM-PLS3.0 software.

Findings

The results showed that all dimensions of the Big Five personality traits significantly influence entrepreneurial bricolage. In addition, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and intellect were found to be the most important traits in female entrepreneurs for bricolage behaviour.

Practical implications

The results can help provide a better understanding of the linkages between entrepreneurial traits and bricolage. Development agencies may take up this result to ensure the appropriate social inclusion by supporting female entrepreneurs.

Originality/value

To the authors' best knowledge, this paper is the first empirical study that has investigated the relationship between personality traits and entrepreneurial bricolage.
Understanding the influence of servitization on global value chains: a conceptual framework
Authors: Gölgeci Ismail , Gligor David Marius , Lacka Ewelina , Raja Jawwad Z.
Published: May 2021

Purpose

This paper examines the servitization phenomenon in the context of global value chains (GVCs) and presents a conceptual framework by connecting the two literature streams—servitization and GVCs—to depict the interconnected multilevel processes by which the influence of servitization on GVC structure and governance is manifested.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing on cross-disciplinary literature, the authors develop a multilevel conceptual framework. The theoretically informed framework advances research on servitization and GVCs and provides a line of inquiry to be explored as avenues for future research opportunities.

Findings

The authors argue that servitization instigates the formation of new ecosystems and collaborative structures within GVCs, reduces the fragmentation of the overall network structure and increases embeddedness within the subclusters of GVCs. These changes are expected to be reflected in the increase in the complexity of firms' GVC governance tasks, a greater reliance on relational governance, and an increase in the dependency on local partners in terms of the governance of GVCs.

Originality/value

This conceptual paper establishes the link between servitization and GVCs, anchors the servitization phenomenon in GVCs, explains how servitizing firms can engage in and shape GVCs and offers insights into the servitization-driven changes in GVCs. The conceptual framework is intended to lay the foundation for future empirical research on the link between servitization and GVCs.
Boundary negotiations: a paradox theoretical approach for efficient and flexible modular systems
Authors: Davies Philip , Parry Glenn , Phillips Laura Anne , Ng Irene C.L.
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the interplay between firm boundary decisions and the management of both efficiency and flexibility and the implications this has for modular design in the provision of advanced services.

Design/methodology/approach

A single case study in the defence industry employs semi-structured interviews supplemented by secondary data. Data are analysed using thematic analysis.

Findings

The findings provide a process model of boundary negotiations for the design of efficient and flexible modular systems consisting of three phases; boundary ambiguity, boundary defences and boundary alignment.

Practical implications

The study provides a process framework for boundary negotiations to help organisations navigate the management of both-and efficiency and flexibility in the provision of advanced services.

Originality/value

Drawing upon modularity, paradox and systems theory, this article provides novel theoretical insight into the relationship between firm boundary decisions and the management of both-and efficiency vs. flexibility in the provision of product upgrade services.
Productivity improvement and multiple management controls: evidence from a manufacturing firm
Authors: Güldenpfennig Michael , Hald Kim Sundtoft , Hansen Allan
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The present paper explores the multiple management control systems (MCSs) involved in productivity improvement (PI) in manufacturing and how they interrelate. Research has largely neglected the multiplicity and interrelationships of these MCSs.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing on an abductive case study approach, the authors collected empirical data from a global automotive supplier that produces complex systems for passenger cars. Recent PI activities are analysed to identify and explain the interrelationships among the multiple MCSs affecting these activities.

Findings

The study shows how a broad range of MCSs are involved in PI. The study identifies and explores both complementary and conflicting relationships among the MCSs and demonstrates how managers rely on a set of mechanisms to alleviate tensions and strengthen complementarities among these MCSs.

Research limitations/implications

As this paper is based on a single case study, future research can contribute further generalisations (analytical and statistical) with respect to the MCSs involved in PI, how they are interrelated and which mechanisms managers use to manage their interrelationships.

Practical implications

Managers seeking to control and improve productivity should consider the complete control package and its interrelationships instead of focussing on each MCS separately.

Originality/value

The present paper contributes to the knowledge of the multiplicity and interrelationships of MCSs involved in PI and the type of managerial work required to manage their interrelationships.
Effects of market orientation, innovation strategies and value-based pricing on market performance
Authors: De Toni Deonir , Reche Ricardo Antonio , Milan Gabriel Sperandio
Published: May 2021

Purpose

This study aims to propose and test a theoretical model that contemplates antecedent constructs of organizational performance, as well as the interaction among them.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey was conducted with 151 Brazilian exclusive stores in the planned furniture segment. The data analysis was performed using two statistical techniques, focused on hierarchical regression and mediation and moderation tests.

Findings

Among the main results of the survey are the direct and significant effects of value-based pricing and innovation strategies and the indirect effect of market orientation on market performance. As for moderation, the authors identified that profitability moderates the relationship between value-based pricing and market performance, and the degree of sales projection moderates the relationship between market orientation and market performance.

Originality/value

The insertion of value-based pricing as a variable in quantitative analysis of market performance meets the lack of academic research. When the constructs are combined or interacted with each other, they have a stronger and more significant effect on performance. In addition, this work proposes two moderating variables that can interfere in the relationship between the analyzed constructs (profitability and sales projection). It was identified that the relationships between the constructs and that the orientation towards the market (despite not directly impacting market performance) interfere with the relationship based on mediation of variable innovation strategies and value-based pricing.
The impact of civil liberties, global health security, median age and population size on the spread of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)
Authors: Legese Habtamu , Biru Wondmagegn , Tilahun Frezer , Semaw Henock
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of civil liberties, global health security, median age and population size on the spread of COVID-19 across the globe.

Design/methodology/approach

This study was done by taking data from 166 different countries from the Economist Intelligence Unit, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, World Bank, Johns Hopkins University and United Nations Population Division (UNPD). After conducting all the necessary standard econometric tests, the study was analyzed using the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression.

Findings

The finding of the study indicated that COVID-19 tests per million people (LTT/PM), Population Size (LPOP), Civil Liberty Index (CLI) are statistically significant and positively affect the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases; on the other hand, the Health Security Index (HSI) negatively affects the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases.

Practical implications

In emergency circumstances, the government ought to have a special responsibility to align civil rights with the protection of public health cautiously. However, measures to restrict civil liberties must be proportionate.

Originality/value

Besides other variables, the study included and considered civil liberties as a significant factor to affect the spread of COVID-19, which is a new contribution to the existing body of knowledge in the field.
Technostress and the entitled employee: impacts on work and family
Authors: Harris Kenneth J. , Harris Ranida B. , Valle Matthew , Carlson John , Carlson Dawn S. , Zivnuska Suzanne , Wiley Briceön
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of techno-overload and techno-invasion on work and family. Specifically, we focus on intention to turnover in the work domain, work-family conflict in the work-family domain, and family burnout in the family domain. Furthermore, this study examines the moderating role of entitlement, a personality variable, in this process.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a sample of 253 people who were using technology to complete their work over two time periods, the relationships were examined using hierarchical moderated regression analysis.

Findings

The results revealed that both techno-overload and techno-invasion were significantly related to greater turnover intentions, higher work-family conflict, and greater family burnout. In addition, entitlement played a moderating role such that those who were higher in entitlement had stronger techno-overload-outcome and technostress invasion-outcome relationships.

Practical implications

These findings may provide managers key insights to help manage employees, especially those with an inflated sense of entitlement, to mitigate the serious negative outcomes associated with techno-overload and techno-invasion. In particular, both techno- overload and techno-invasion had minimal impact on negative outcomes when employee entitlement was lower. However, when employee entitlement was higher, techno-overload and techno-invasion had considerable negative effects.

Originality/value

Due to the ubiquitous nature of information-communication technology (ICT) in organizations today, individuals often experience techno-overload and techno-invasion. This research utilized conservation of resources theory to examine these relationships. This study established the relationships of both techno-overload and techno-invasion with key organizational and family outcomes and points to the critical role of the personality variable, entitlement, in this process. The results provide theoretical and practical advancement in the role of technology with people in organizations today.
Capturing rich person-centred discharge information: exploring the challenges in developing a new model
Authors: Taylor Nyree J. , Lederman Reeva , Bosua Rachelle , La Rosa Marcello
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Capture, consumption and use of person-centred information presents challenges for hospitals when operating within the scope of limited resources and the push for organisational routines and efficiencies. This paper explores these challenges for patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) and the examination of information that supports successful hospital discharge. It aims to determine how the likelihood of readmission may be prevented through the capturing of rich, person-specific information during in-patient care to improve the process for discharge to home.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors combine four research data collection and analysis techniques: one, an analysis of the patient record; two, semi-structured longitudinal interviews; three, an analysis of the patient's journey using process mining to provide analytics about the discharge process, and four, a focus group with nurses to validate and confirm our findings.

Findings

The authors’ contribution is to show that information systems which support discharge need to consider models focused on individual patient stressors. The authors find that current discharge information capture does not provide the required person-centred information to support a successful discharge. Data indicate that rich, detailed information about the person acquired through additional nursing assessments are required to complement data provided about the patient's journey in order to support the patients’ post-discharge recovery at home.

Originality/value

Prior research has focused on information collection constrained by pre-determined limitations and barriers of system design. This work has not considered the information provided by multiple sources during the whole patient journey as a mechanism to reshape the discharge process to become more person-centred. Using a novel combination of research techniques and theory, the authors have shown that patient information collected through multiple channels across the patient care journey may significantly extend the quality of patient care beyond hospital discharge. Although not assessed in this study, rich, person-centred discharge information may also decrease the likelihood of patient readmission.
Director attributes and institutional investor choices: evidence in Latin America
Authors: Pombo Carlos , De La Hoz Maria Camila
Published: May 2021

Purpose

This paper examines how the board of directors' attributes in terms of educational and professional backgrounds –that is board capital-, and demographics influence institutional ownership across listed companies in Latin America.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on unique hand-collected information of directors' educational and professional attributes across 427 firms in Latin America, the authors analyze the effects of directors' educational attainment, professional experience and demographic diversification on institutional investors' holdings.

Findings

Results show that grey investor ownership favors directors with graduate studies and diverse boards regarding gender and nationality. Independent investors value the directors' professional experience like former founders of a firm. Grey investors are more concerned with firm corporate governance mechanisms, consistent with the agency view. In contrast, independent institutional investors focus on business opportunities following the board of directors' resource-based view.

Research limitations/implications

This study shows that board capital becomes a key determinant for institutional ownership in emerging markets.

Originality/value

This study extends previous literature on institutional investor preferences by providing empirical evidence that firm board capital becomes a collective asset that is central for institutional investors' investment choices for an emerging market case.
Source apportionment of SPM by positive matrix factorization and PM2.5 analysis in an urban industrial area
Authors: Khobragade Pallavi Pradeep , Ahirwar Ajay Vikram
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to monitor suspended particulate matter (SPM), PM2.5 and source apportionment study for the identification of possible sources during the year 2018–2019 at Raipur, India.

Design/methodology/approach

Source apportionment study was performed using a multivariate receptor model, positive matrix factorization (PMFv5.0) with a view to identify the various possible sources of particulate matter in the area. Back-trajectory analysis was also performed using NOAA-HYSPLIT model to understand the origin and trans-boundary movement of air mass over the sampling location.

Findings

Daily average SPM and PM2.5 aerosols mass concentration was found to be 377.19 ± 157.24 µg/m³ and 126.39 ± 37.77 µg/m³ respectively. SPM and PM2.5 mass concentrations showed distinct seasonal cycle; SPM – (Winter ; 377.19 ±157.25 µg/m?) > (Summer; 283.57 ±93.18 µg/m?) > (Monsoon; 33.20 ±16.32 µg/m?) and PM2.5 – (Winter; 126.39±37.77 µg/m³) > (Summer; 75.92±12.28 µg/m³). Source apportionment model (PMF) have been applied and identified five major sources contributing the pollution; steel production and industry (68%), vehicular and re-suspended road dust (10.1%), heavy oil combustion (10.1%), tire wear and brake wear/abrasion (8%) and crustal/Earth crust (3.7%). Industrial activities have been identified as major contributing factor for air quality degradation in the region.

Practical implications

Chemical characterization of aerosols and identification of possible sources will be helpful in abatement of pollution and framing mitigating strategies. It will also help in standardization of global climate model.

Originality/value

The findings provide valuable results to be considered for controlling air pollution in the region.
Can religiosity foster intrapreneurial behaviors? The mediating role of perceived organizational support
Authors: Farrukh Muhammad , Ghazzawi Issam , Raza Ali , Shahzad Imran Ahmed
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Religion is a system of beliefs that plays a vital role in an individual's personal and work life. Surprisingly, management researchers have not studied this area in a meaningful way. To address this gap in the existing literature, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of religiosity on intrapreneurial behaviors of employees.

Design/methodology/approach

A quantitative methodology was adopted in this study. A total of 306 responses are collected through a structured questionnaire.

Findings

Results showed a positive association between religiosity and intrapreneurial behaviors of employees and a significant mediating effect of perceived organizational support on religiosity-IB linkages

Originality/value

The study presents several implications for researchers and practitioners.
Evolutionary framework of hierarchy of effects models: exploring relevance in the shifting of customer path
Authors: Chakravarty Rishi , Sarma Nripendra Narayan
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The hierarchies of effects models have been perpetually updated across different time period. Ever since the evolution of the primary customer path indicated through the Attention, Interest, Desire, Action model in the 1900s, the hierarchical frameworks have witnessed a significant transformation in context to the present age of Web connectivity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand the transformation in the hierarchy of effects models in the age of connectivity.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is conceptual in nature and an attempt to provide an overall view of the shifting dimension in the customer path as indicated in the various hierarchies of effects models since evolution up to the age of digitalisation.

Findings

It is observed that in the age of connectivity customer loyalty is expressed in terms of brand advocacy rather than repurchase, and that the customer path has been redefined. This seems pertinent because of the swift exchange of information that occurs among the online customer communities.

Originality/value

This paper identifies a need to provide a contemporary outlook to the customer path in the age of internet connectivity.
The Problems of Starmerism
Authors: Burton‐Cartledge Phil
Published: May 2021

The 2017 and 2019 general elections showed a strong bedrock of Labour support among the working age population and particularly the under thirties. This is a consequence both of long‐term changes to the composition of class cohorts, political events, and the experience of a decade of Conservative governments, whose policies have shielded the retired and the elderly. These conditions have not changed and, under the impact of Covid‐19 are, if anything, sharpening. The challenge of the Labour Party's new leadership under Keir Starmer is keeping hold of this crucial component of the party's electoral coalition while making inroads into Tory support. Initial movement in the polls suggests he is on course for achieving the latter, but positions taken on Black Lives Matter, the government's coronavirus strategy, and a managerialist oppositional style recalls the triangulation strategy associated with the Blair years. This article considers the possibilities and dangers of adopting this approach.
Drug fatalities and treatment fatalism: Complicating the ageing cohort theory
Authors: Dennis Fay
Published: May 2021

Deaths related to drug ‘misuse’ remain at an all‐time high in the United Kingdom (UK). Older heroin consumers are particularly at risk, with the highest rates of deaths among people aged 40–49 and the steepest rises in the over‐fifty age bracket. Accordingly, a popular theory for the UK’s increase in drug‐related deaths, made by the government, and propelled in the media, is that there is an ageing cohort of heroin users with age‐related health complications predisposing them to an overdose. However, drawing on in‐depth interviews with those people deemed to be most at risk, this article works to complicate this theory, with participants citing a shift in (a) experience and responsibility, (b) route of administration, (c) desired effects, (d) acceptance of their drug use and ‘user’ status and (e) valuing health. Disrupting age as a given risk factor, this article turns attention away from the individual and these ‘natural’ processes to what participants describe as a singular, punitive, and inflexible treatment system and its intersecting structures. Approaching life and death as a matter of sociomaterial ‘mattering’, this article rethinks a reductionist, causal link between age and drug‐related death with a treatment despondency and fatalism that could prove fatal.
Criminal mutilation in Sweden from 1991 to 2017
Authors: Guggenheimer Denise , Caman Shilan , Sturup Joakim , Thiblin Ingemar , Zilg Brita
Published: May 2021

We identified 43 cases of mutilation homicides in a nationwide population‐based study in Sweden during the period of 1991–2017. 70% of cases were classified as defensive mutilations where the main motive was disposal of the body, while 30% were classified as offensive, that is, due to an expression of strong aggression, necro‐/sexual sadism, or psychiatric illness. In comparison with a previous study covering mutilation homicides in Sweden between 1961 and 1990, we noted an increase in incidence. The percentage of cases involving mutilation had increased from 0.5% of all homicides in the 1960s to 2.4% in the 2010s. The most common cause of death was sharp force, but in 28% of the cases, the cause of death could not be determined. The clearance rate in cases of mutilation homicide was 67%, and in a large majority of the cases, the offender was known to the victim. With regards to gender women made up 44% of the victims, whilst men constituted 56% of the victims and a total of 95% of the offenders. Half of the offenders had a personality disorder, however, only 13% were sentenced to forensic psychiatric care.
How does public perception of antibiotic use on dairy farms contribute to self‐reported purchasing of organic?
Authors: Bulut Ece , Stout Alison , Wemette Michelle , Llanos‐Soto Sebastián , Schell Robert C. , Greiner Safi Amelia , Shapiro Michael A. , Moroni Paolo , Ivanek Renata
Published: May 2021

The United States regulates the use of antibiotics in agricultural settings to address the global antibiotic resistance problem. Conventional dairy cows treated with antibiotics are kept in the herd and after the withholding period milk is harvested. On organic farms, the US organic standard on antibiotic use requires sick dairy cows to be treated, but treated cows must be removed from the herd and their milk can never again be sold as certified organic. This study investigated the US public's perceptions of the organic dairy farming, antibiotic use on dairy farms, and whether these perceptions affect consumer's self‐reported purchasing behavior for organic. We used a nationally representative phone‐based survey of 1000 US adults and characterized participants’ self‐reported (i) knowledge of the legality of antibiotic use on dairy farms (conventional and organic) and (ii) frequency of purchasing organic instead of conventional dairy products, as well as several demographic and other variables. The results indicated that participants’ knowledge about antibiotic use practices in dairy farming have no effect on their self‐reported purchasing behavior for organic or conventional dairy products. However, respondents who were familiar with the regulations of antibiotic use on dairy farms were more likely to oppose the US organic standard on antibiotic use in dairy farming and thought that past antibiotic use should not permanently remove a cow's organic status. These findings contribute to understanding of public perceptions that shape the US dairy organic market.

Practical Application

Income, employment, health and political values, but not consumers’ knowledge about antibiotic use in dairy farming, affect self‐reported purchasing behavior for organic dairy products. However, consumers who are familiar with the regulations of antibiotic use on US dairy farms disagree with the US organic standard on antibiotic use mandating loss of organic status for any cattle treated with antibiotics. These findings may be useful to organic markets.
A natural knockout of the MYO7A gene leads to pre‐weaning mortality in pigs
Authors: Derks M. F. L. , Megens H.‐J. , Giacomini W. L. , Groenen M. A. M. , Lopes M. S.
Published: May 2021

The pig breeding system provides a unique framework to study recessive defects and the consequence on the phenotype. We examined a commercial synthetic Duroc population for recessive defects and identified a haplotype on chromosome 9 significantly affecting pre‐weaning mortality. To identify the causal variant underlying the mortality, we examined sequence data of four carrier animals and 21 non‐carrier animals from the same population. The results yield a strong candidate causal stop‐gained variant (NM_001099928.1:c.541C>T) affecting the MYO7A gene in complete linkage disequilibrium with the lethal haplotype. The variant leads to an impaired (p.Gln181*) MYO7A protein that truncates 2032 amino acids from the protein. We examined a litter from a carrier sow inseminated by a carrier boar. From the resulting piglets, two confirmed homozygous piglets suffered from severe balance difficulties and the inability to walk properly. The variant segregates at a carrier frequency of 8.2% in the evaluated population and will be gradually purged from the population, improving animal welfare. Finally, this 'natural knockout' will increase our understanding of the functioning of the MYO7A gene and provides a potential model for Usher syndrome in humans.
Ascriptive Characteristics and Perceptions of Impropriety in the Rule of Law: Race, Gender, and Public Assessments of Whether Judges Can Be Impartial
Authors: Ono Yoshikuni , Zilis Michael A.
Published: May 2021

Perceptions of procedural fairness influence the legitimacy of the law and because procedures are mutable, reforming them can buttress support for the rule of law. Yet legal authorities have recently faced a distinct challenge: accusations of impropriety based on theirascriptivecharacteristics (e.g., gender, ethnicity). We study the effect of these traits in the context of the U.S. legal system, focusing on the conditions under which citizens perceive female and minority judges as exhibiting impropriety and how this compares with perceptions of their white and male counterparts. We find that Americans use a judge's race and gender to make inferences about which groups the judge favors, whether she is inherently biased, and whether she should recuse. Notably, we find drastically different evaluations of female and Hispanic judges among the political right and left.
Modelling columnarity of pyramidal cells in the human cerebral cortex
Authors: Christoffersen Andreas Dyreborg , M⊘ller Jesper , Christensen Heidi S⊘gaard
Published: May 2021

For modelling the location of pyramidal cells in the human cerebral cortex, we suggest a hierarchical point process in that exhibits anisotropy in the form of cylinders extending along the z‐axis. The model consists first of a generalised shot noise Cox process for the xy‐coordinates, providing cylindrical clusters, and next of a Markov random field model for the z‐coordinates conditioned on the xy‐coordinates, providing either repulsion, aggregation or both within specified areas of interaction. Several cases of these hierarchical point processes are fitted to two pyramidal cell data sets, and of these a final model allowing for both repulsion and attraction between the points seem adequate. We discuss how the final model relates to the so‐called minicolumn hypothesis in neuroscience.
Improving health‐related quality of life in glaucoma during 11 years and its association with vision loss and treatment of the disease
Authors: Purola Petri K.M. , Nättinen Janika E. , Parkkari Minna M. , Ojamo Matti U.I. , Koskinen Seppo V.P. , Rissanen Harri A. , Sainio Päivi R.J. , Uusitalo Hannu M.T.
Published: May 2021

Purpose

To evaluate the impact of glaucoma on health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and mental health in the ageing population of Finland.

Methods

Altogether 7380 and 5774 Finnish individuals aged 30 years and older with known eye disease status were studied in 2000 and 2011, respectively, in two population‐based surveys, including an 11‐year follow‐up of 4683 participants. Data on HRQoL (EQ‐5D‐3L, 15D), depression (BDI), psychological distress (GHQ‐12) and eye disease diagnoses were obtained from self‐reported assessments. Information on glaucoma was complemented with the medication, diagnosis and eye surgery data obtained from the Finnish Health Registries. Distance visual acuity was assessed using the Snellen eye chart test. In logistic regression analyses, data were corrected for age, gender and the most common comorbidities.

Results

Glaucoma patients with verified diagnosis (n = 192 in 2000, n = 202 in 2011) and individuals with self‐suspected glaucoma (n = 100 in 2000, n = 41 in 2011) showed a significant decrease in their HRQoL. Glaucoma was also associated with worsened overall mental health based on BDI and GHQ‐12 results. Visual impairment associated with glaucoma is the major determinant of the reduced HRQoL and mental health. Neither glaucoma medication nor glaucoma surgery affected these parameters. The impact of glaucoma on HRQoL and mental health diminished between 2000 and 2011 in a cross‐sectional setting. The newly diagnosed glaucoma during the 11‐year follow‐up had a minimal effect on them.

Conclusion

Glaucoma patients show reduced HRQoL and mental health, which is associated with vision loss regardless of the awareness or treatment of the disease. However, this effect seems to be diminishing over time, and the newly diagnosed glaucoma did not show a significant effect on either HRQoL or mental health.
Neuronal underpinnings of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: A large data‐driven functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Zarp Petersen Jeff , Varo Cristina , Skovsen Cecilie F. , Ott Caroline V. , Kjærstad Hanne L. , Vieta Eduard , Harmer Catherine J. , Knudsen Gitte M. , Kessing Lars V. , Macoveanu Julian , Miskowiak Kamilla W.
Published: May 2021

Objectives

Cognitive impairment occurs in approximately 50% of remitted patients with bipolar disorder (BD). However, there exists no treatment with replicated and robust efficacy on cognition in BD. This is partially due to limited insight into the neuronal underpinnings of cognitive impairment in these patients. This is the first study to investigate neuronal underpinnings of cognitive impairment in a large functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) dataset comparing neural activity patterns between distinct neurocognitive subgroups of partially or fully remitted patients with BD.

Methods

Patients (n = 153) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 52) underwent neuropsychological assessment and fMRI, during which they performed a verbal N‐back working memory (WM) task. Based on hierarchical cluster analysis of neuropsychological test performance, patients were grouped into one of two neurocognitive subgroups (cognitively impaired, n = 91; cognitively normal compared to HC, n = 62) that were compared on WM‐related neural activity.

Results

Cognitively impaired patients displayed WM‐related hypo‐activity in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and frontal and parietal regions within a cognitive control network (CCN) as well as hyper‐activity in the default mode network (DMN) compared to cognitively normal patients. In contrast, cognitively normal patients only exhibited hypo‐activity within a small cluster in the superior frontal gyrus relative to HC.

Conclusions

Cognitive impairment in BD seems to originate from a failure to recruit key regions in the CCN and to suppress task‐irrelevant DMN activity during cognitive performance. These results highlight modulation of aberrant dorsal prefrontal and DMN activity as a putative target for pro‐cognitive treatment in BD.
Regional subglacial quarrying and abrasion below hard‐bedded palaeo‐ice streams crossing the Shield–Palaeozoic boundary of central Canada: the importance of substrate control
Authors: Bukhari Syed , Eyles Nick , Sookhan Shane , Mulligan Riley , Paulen Roger , Krabbendam Maarten , Putkinen Niko
Published: May 2021

Three‐dimensional surface visualization models derived from high‐resolution LiDAR data provide new information about the type and scale of erosional processes below Late Wisconsin palaeo‐ice streams traversing the boundary between Canadian Shield crystalline rocks with offlapping Palaeozoic limestones in central Ontario. The hard bed is directly analogous to that found below ice streams in East Antarctica and East Greenland and provides insight into the effects of abrupt changes in substrate type on subglacial processes. Erosion of hard crystalline Canadian Shield rock was largely ineffectual consisting of areal abrasion of rounded whalebacks and local lee side plucking. In contrast, fast flow over the strike of gently dipping well‐bedded and jointed Palaeozoic limestones cut large flow‐parallel grooves and ridges akin to mega‐scale glacial lineations reflecting intense abrasion below narrow streams of subglacial debris dominated by hard crystalline Shield clasts (erodents). Regionally extensive plucking of structurally weak, well‐jointed and bedded limestone produced large volumes of rubbly carbonate debris leaving a 25‐km‐wide belt of uncontrolled hummocky rubble terrain (long known as the Dummer Moraine in Southern Ontario) some 350 km long and locally as much as 10 m thick. Subglacial plucking and abrasion under fast flowing ice were highly effective in stripping limestone cover rocks from Precambrian basement, and over many glacial cycles, may have played a role in the location and excavation of numerous large and deep lake basins around the Shield–Palaeozoic boundary zone in North America.
Diversity of murtoos and murtoo‐related subglacial landforms in the Finnish area of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet
Authors: Ojala Antti E. K. , Mäkinen Joni , Ahokangas Elina , Kajuutti Kari , Valkama Markus , Tuunainen Aleksi , Palmu Jukka‐Pekka
Published: May 2021

Murtoos are recently discovered triangular‐shaped subglacial landforms that form under warm‐based ice and in association with significant subglacial meltwater flow. They appear in distinct fields and commonly occur in the area that was covered by the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet during glacial periods. Murtoos potentially represent a transition form from non‐channelized to channelized subglacial drainage networks. In the present study, we analyse and classify murtoos and murtoo‐related landforms in the Finnish area of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet based on their characteristics and appearance in LiDAR‐based digital elevations models. Combined with morphometric analyses, the observations suggest that five types of murtoos and murtoo‐related landforms are common and widespread in Finland: (i) triangle‐type murtoos (TTMs), (ii) chevron‐type murtoos (CTMs), (iii) lobate‐type murtoos (LTMs), (iv) murtoo‐related ridges and escarpments (MREs), and (v) other murtoo‐related polymorphous landforms (PMRs) that look like small mounds and ridges. The morphometric characteristics of the different types are described here in detail, and it is shown that they are spatially and geomorphologically related. In addition, we provide examples of murtoos other than the TTMs to demonstrate that different murtoo types and murtoo‐related landforms are composed of similar sediments and architectural characteristics. The diversity of murtoo landforms and the transition between distinct murtoo types indicate rapid and complicated variations in the configuration of subglacial hydrology at different spatial and temporal scales. This study emphasizes the essential role of subglacial meltwater in the shaping of glacial landscapes and the redistribution of large volumes of sediments during the deglaciation of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet.
Inhibition of hyperactivity of the dorsal raphe 5‐HTergic neurons ameliorates hippocampal seizure
Authors: Cheng Heming , Qi Yingbei , Lai Nanxi , Yang Lin , Xu Cenglin , Wang Shuang , Guo Yi , Chen Zhong , Wang Yi
Published: May 2021

Aims

Epilepsy, frequently comorbid with depression, easily develops drug resistance. Here, we investigated how dorsal raphe (DR) and its 5‐HTergic neurons are implicated in epilepsy.

Methods

In mouse hippocampal kindling model, using immunochemistry, calcium fiber photometry, and optogenetics, we investigated the causal role of DR 5‐HTergic neurons in seizure of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Further, deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the DR with different frequencies was applied to test its effect on hippocampal seizure and depressive‐like behavior.

Results

Number of c‐fos+ neurons in the DR and calcium activities of DR 5‐HTergic neurons were both increased during kindling‐induced hippocampal seizures. Optogenetic inhibition, but not activation, of DR 5‐HTergic neurons conspicuously retarded seizure acquisition specially during the late period. For clinical translation, 1‐Hz‐specific, but not 20‐Hz or 100‐Hz, DBS of the DR retarded the acquisition of hippocampal seizure. This therapeutic effect may be mediated by the inhibition of DR 5‐HTergic neurons, as optogenetic activation of DR 5‐HTergic neurons reversed the anti‐seizure effects of 1‐Hz DR DBS. However, DBS treatment had no effect on depressive‐like behavior.

Conclusion

Inhibition of hyperactivity of DR 5‐HTergic neuron may present promising anti‐seizure effect and the DR may be a potential DBS target for the therapy of TLE.
Tattoos – more than just colored skin? Searching for tattoo allergens
Authors: Weiß Katharina T. , Schreiver Ines , Siewert Katherina , Luch Andreas , Haslböck Birgit , Berneburg Mark , Bäumler Wolfgang
Published: May 2021

During tattooing, a high amount of ink is injected into the skin. Tattoo inks contain numerous substances such as the coloring pigments, impurities, solvents, emulsifiers, and preservatives. Black amorphous carbon particles (carbon black), white titanium dioxide, azo or polycyclic pigments create all varieties of color shades in the visible spectrum. Some ingredients of tattoo inks might be hazardous and allergenic chemicals of unknown potential.

In Germany, about 20 % of the general population is tattooed and related adverse reactions are increasingly reported. Since tattoo needles inevitably harm the skin, microorganisms can enter the wound and may cause infections. Non‐allergic inflammatory reactions (for example cutaneous granuloma and pseudolymphoma) as well as allergic reactions may emerge during or after wound healing. Especially with allergies occurring after weeks, months or years, it remains difficult to identify the specific ingredient(s) that trigger the reaction.

This review summarizes possible adverse effects related to tattooing with a focus on the development of tattoo‐mediated allergies. To date, relevant allergens were only identified in rare cases. Here we present established methods and discuss current experimental approaches to identify culprit allergens in tattoo inks – via testing of the patient and in vitro approaches.
Representing agents, patients, goals and instruments in causative events: A cross‐linguistic investigation of early language and cognition
Authors: Ünal Ercenur , Richards Catherine , Trueswell John C. , Papafragou Anna
Published: May 2021

Although it is widely assumed that the linguistic description of events is based on a structured representation of event components at the perceptual/conceptual level, little empirical work has tested this assumption directly. Here, we test the connection between language and perception/cognition cross‐linguistically, focusing on the relative salience of causative event components in language and cognition. We draw on evidence from preschoolers speaking English or Turkish. In a picture description task, Turkish‐speaking 3‐5‐year‐olds mentioned Agents less than their English‐speaking peers (Turkish allows subject drop); furthermore, both language groups mentioned Patients more frequently than Goals, and Instruments less frequently than either Patients or Goals. In a change blindness task, both language groups were equally accurate at detecting changes to Agents (despite surface differences in Agent mentions). The remaining components also behaved similarly: both language groups were less accurate in detecting changes to Instruments than either Patients or Goals (even though Turkish‐speaking preschoolers were less accurate overall than their English‐speaking peers). To our knowledge, this is the first study offering evidence for a strong—even though not strict—homology between linguistic and conceptual event roles in young learners cross‐linguistically.
Early neuromotor performance and later cognition in children born preterm
Authors: Bos Arend F
Published: May 2021

This commentary is on the original articles by Romeo et al. and Uusitalo et al. on pages 939–946 and 947–953 of this issue.