bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communication: Light driven remote control of microgels’ size in the presence of photosensitive surfactant: Complete phase diagram
Authors: Schimka Selina , Gordievskaya Yulia D. , Lomadze Nino , Lehmann Maren , von Klitzing Regine , Rumyantsev Artem M. , Kramarenko Elena Yu. , Santer Svetlana
Published: July 2017

Here we report on a light triggered remote control of microgel size in the presence of photosensitive surfactant. The hydrophobic tail of the cationic surfactant contains azobenzene group that undergoes a reversible photo-isomerization reaction from a trans- to a cis-state accompanied by a change in the hydrophobicity of the surfactant. We have investigated light assisted behaviour and the complex formation of the microgels with azobenzene containing surfactant over the broad concentrational range starting far below and exceeding several times of the critical micelle concentration (CMC). At small surfactant concentration in solution (far below CMC), the surfactant in the trans-state accommodates within the microgel causing its compaction, while the cis-isomer desorbs out of microgel resulting in its swelling. The process of the microgel size change can be described as swelling on UV irradiation (trans-cis isomerization) and shrinking on irradiation with blue light (cis-trans isomerization). However, at the surfactant concentrations larger than CMC, the opposite behaviour is observed: the microgel swells on blue irradiation and shrinks during exposure to UV light. We explain this behaviour theoretically taking into account isomer dependent micellization of surfactant within the microgels.
The stretching force on a tethered polymer in pressure-driven flow
Authors: Szuttor Kai , Roy Tamal , Hardt Steffen , Holm Christian , Smiatek Jens
Published: July 2017

We use mesoscopic lattice-Boltzmann/molecular dynamics simulations to study the stretching behavior of a single tethered polymer in micro- and nanochannels. In particular, we are interested in the connection between fluid flow properties and the force on the polymer chain. An analytical expression for the stretching force is proposed, which linearly depends on the number of monomers and the boundary shear rate. In agreement with theory, the numerical findings reveal that the influence of hydrodynamic interactions can be ignored, which is also supported by results of additional Langevin dynamics simulations. Our simulation data coincide with the analytical expression for the fractional extension of the chain and further indicate that even weak Poiseuille flow profiles induce a strong alignment of the chain along the channel walls. The numerical results are in good agreement with experimental data obtained by microfluidic stretching of tethered λ-DNA.
High mobility yttrium doped cadmium oxide thin films
Authors: Kelley Kyle P. , Sachet Edward , Shelton Christopher T. , Maria Jon-Paul
Published: July 2017

Donor doped CdO thin films on c-plane sapphire are prepared by reactive co-sputtering from Cd-metal and Y-metal targets which are driven using pulsed-dc and RF power respectively. Intrinsic CdO exhibits a carrier density of 1.8 × 1019 cm−3 and a mobility of 330 cm2 V−1 s−1. By increasing the Y-flux, carrier density values can be increased smoothly and reproducibly to a maximum value of 3.3 × 1020 cm−3. Mobility increases with Y flux, and exhibits a broad plateau between approximately 5 × 1019 cm−3 and 2 × 1020 cm−3. Higher carrier concentrations produce a sharp drop in mobility. The increase in mobility is attributed to a reduction of intrinsic donors (i.e., oxygen vacancies) with increasing carrier density while the ultimate decrease in mobility results from a combination of factors including cadmium vacancies, reduced crystal quality, and smaller crystallite sizes, all of which accompany carrier density values greater than the mid 1020 cm−3 range. This work demonstrates that CdO thin films can be prepared by magnetron sputtering with transport properties and crystal quality that are comparable to those grown using molecular beam epitaxy.
Theoretical and experimental investigations of efficient light coupling with spatially varied all dielectric striped waveguides
Authors: Yilmaz Y. A. , Tandogan S. E. , Hayran Z. , Giden I. H. , Turduev M. , Kurt H.
Published: July 2017

Integrated photonic systems require efficient, compact, and broadband solutions for strong light coupling into and out of optical waveguides. The present work investigates an efficient optical power transferring the problem between optical waveguides having different widths of in/out terminals. We propose a considerably practical and feasible concept to implement and design an optical coupler by introducing gradually index modulation to the coupler section. The index profile of the coupler section is modulated with a Gaussian function by the help of striped waveguides. The effective medium theory is used to replace the original spatially varying index profile with dielectric stripes of a finite length/width having a constant effective refractive index. 2D and 3D finite-difference time-domain analyzes are utilized to investigate the sampling effect of the designed optical coupler and to determine the parameters that play a crucial role in enhancing the optical power transfer performance. Comparing the coupling performance of conventional benchmark adiabatic and butt couplers with the designed striped waveguide coupler, the corresponding coupling efficiency increases from approximately 30% to 95% over a wide frequency interval. In addition, to realize the realistic optical coupler appropriate to integrated photonic applications, the proposed structure is numerically designed on a silicon-on-insulator wafer. The implemented SOI platform based optical coupler operates in the telecom wavelength regime (λ = 1.55 μm), and the dimensions of the striped coupler are kept as 9.77 μm (along the transverse to propagation direction) and 7.69 μm (along the propagation direction) where the unit distance is fixed to be 465 nm. Finally, to demonstrate the operating design principle, the microwave experiments are conducted and the spot size conversion ratio as high as 7.1:1 is measured, whereas a coupling efficiency over 60% in the frequency range of 5.0–16.0 GHz has been also demonstrated.
Stability limits for the supercooled liquid and superheated crystal of Lennard-Jones particles
Authors: Loscar Ernesto S. , Martin Daniel A. , Grigera Tomás S.
Published: July 2017

We have studied the limits of stability in the first order liquid-solid phase transition in a Lennard-Jones system by means of the short-time relaxation method and using the bond-orientational order parameter Q6. These limits are compared with the melting line. We have paid special attention to the supercooled liquid, comparing our results with the point where the free energy cost of forming a nucleating droplet goes to zero. We also indirectly estimate the dimension associated to the critical nucleus at the spinodal, expected to be fractal according to mean field theories of nucleation.
Note of clarification: Potential risks to offspring of intrauterine exposure to maternal age-related obstetric complications
Authors: Tarín Juan J. , García-Pérez Miguel A. , Cano Antonio
Published: July 2017

Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the negative effects of delayed motherhood on an offspring’s morbidity later in life. However, these hypotheses are not supported by clinical and epidemiological evidence. Because advanced maternal age is associated with increased risk of obstetric complications, the aim of the present study was to ascertain whether the negative effects on offspring of intrauterine exposure to maternal age-related obstetric complications may explain the reported negative effects of delayed motherhood on offspring. To this end, a literature search was performed to identify relevant publications up to March 2016 on PubMed; references cited in relevant articles were also searched. There was a direct correlation between the risks to offspring conferred by intrauterine exposure to at least one of the obstetric complications present at the time of delivery in women aged ≥35 years and the risks to offspring of delayed motherhood. This correlation was not observed when comparing the risks to offspring of delayed motherhood and the risks associated with maternal transmission of defective mitochondria, chromosomal anomalies or DNA double-strand breaks. Most of the effects on offspring of intrauterine exposure to maternal age-related obstetric complications may be induced by epigenetic DNA reprogramming during critical periods of embryo or fetal development. Women wanting to enrol in a fertility preservation program to offset age-related declines in fertility should be informed not only about their chances of pregnancy and the percentage of live births, but also about the risks to themselves and their prospective offspring of delaying motherhood.
Global analysis of depletion and recovery of seabed biota after bottom trawling disturbance
Authors: Hiddink Jan Geert , Jennings Simon , Sciberras Marija , Szostek Claire L. , Hughes Kathryn M. , Ellis Nick , Rijnsdorp Adriaan D. , McConnaughey Robert A. , Mazor Tessa , Hilborn Ray , Collie Jeremy S. , Pitcher C. Roland , Amoroso Ricardo O. , Parma Ana M. , Suuronen Petri , Kaiser Michel J.
Published: July 2017

Significance

Bottom trawling is the most widespread source of physical disturbance to the world’s seabed. Predictions of trawling impacts are needed to underpin risk assessment, and they are relevant for the fishing industry, conservation, management, and certification bodies. We estimate depletion and recovery of seabed biota after trawling by fitting models to data from a global data compilation. Trawl gears removed 6–41% of faunal biomass per pass, and recovery times posttrawling were 1.9–6.4 y depending on fisheries and environmental context. These results allow the estimation of trawling impacts on unprecedented spatial scales and for data poor fisheries and enable an objective analysis of tradeoffs between harvesting fish and the wider ecosystem effects of such activities.
An invasive foundation species enhances multifunctionality in a coastal ecosystem
Authors: Ramus Aaron P. , Silliman Brian R. , Thomsen Mads S. , Long Zachary T.
Published: July 2017

Significance

The accelerating loss of coastal foundation species impairs the delivery of vital ecosystem services on which nearly half the human population depends. Recognizing how loss of habitat-forming species such as seagrasses and oysters can be offset is therefore essential. This paper demonstrates that in areas where native foundation species are absent, nonnative habitat formers can amplify the production of diverse ecosystem functions that underpin provisioning of services to humans, such as food production. Our findings suggest that in areas where native foundation species have been lost, invasive habitat formers may be considered as a tool to enhance multiple ecosystem functions.
VAMP3 and SNAP23 mediate the disturbed flow-induced endothelial microRNA secretion and smooth muscle hyperplasia
Authors: Zhu Juan-Juan , Liu Yue-Feng , Zhang Yun-Peng , Zhao Chuan-Rong , Yao Wei-Juan , Li Yi-Shuan , Wang Kuei-Chun , Huang Tse-Shun , Pang Wei , Wang Xi-Fu , Wang Xian , Chien Shu , Zhou Jing
Published: July 2017

Significance

Vascular homeostasis is regulated by the interactions between endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Our previous study demonstrated that endothelial microRNA-126-3p conveys the EC-to-SMC signaling that is regulated by hemodynamic shear stress to ECs. Here we show that the mechanisms by which shear stress modulates microRNA secretion include the regulations on vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 (VAMP3) and synaptosomal-associated protein 23 (SNAP23). Endothelial inhibition of VAMP3/SNAP23 reduces microRNA-126-3p secretion and rescues the SMC phenotype altered by atherogenic shear. Our findings provide a mechanistic explanation of the noncoding RNA mediation of detrimental effects of oscillatory shear on vascular function and suggest therapeutic potential of targeting the endothelial vesicular transport system in the control of smooth muscle proliferative diseases.
Structural insights into the extracellular recognition of the human serotonin 2B receptor by an antibody
Authors: Ishchenko Andrii , Wacker Daniel , Kapoor Mili , Zhang Ai , Han Gye Won , Basu Shibom , Patel Nilkanth , Messerschmidt Marc , Weierstall Uwe , Liu Wei , Katritch Vsevolod , Roth Bryan L. , Stevens Raymond C. , Cherezov Vadim
Published: July 2017

Significance

Highly selective monoclonal antibodies recognizing the extracellular 3D epitope of G protein-coupled receptors represent valuable tools for elucidating receptor function and localization in the cell and show promise for a range of therapeutic applications. Here we present the structure of a complex between the human serotonin 2B receptor, captured in an active-like state, and an antibody Fab fragment, bound to the extracellular side of the receptor. The structure uncovers the mechanisms of receptor activation and of extracellular receptor recognition by antibodies.
Visualizing context-dependent calcium signaling in encephalitogenic T cells in vivo by two-photon microscopy
Authors: Kyratsous Nikolaos I. , Bauer Isabel J. , Zhang Guokun , Pesic Marija , Bartholomäus Ingo , Mues Marsilius , Fang Ping , Wörner Miriam , Everts Stephanie , Ellwart Joachim W. , Watt Joanna M. , Potter Barry V. L. , Hohlfeld Reinhard , Wekerle Hartmut , Kawakami Naoto
Published: July 2017

Significance

Before invading the central nervous system, encephalitogenic T cells cross a series of microenvironments where they interact with local cells. T-cell activation was visualized by specific calcium signals using a combination of a genetic calcium reporter, Twitch1, and in vivo two-photon microscopy. In peripheral immune organs, short-lived calcium signaling indicated antigen-independent interactions. By contrast, in the CNS, saturated long-lived calcium signaling was induced by endogenous autoantigens presented by a subset of local antigen-presenting cells. Because T-cell trafficking is controlled at serial checkpoints, our findings may help to identify therapeutic targets for preventing CNS inflammation.
Methylcytosine dioxygenase TET3 interacts with thyroid hormone nuclear receptors and stabilizes their association to chromatin
Authors: Guan Wenyue , Guyot Romain , Samarut Jacques , Flamant Frédéric , Wong Jiemin , Gauthier Karine Cécile
Published: July 2017

Significance

Thyroid hormone (T3) controls both developmental and physiological processes. Its nuclear receptors (TR) are transcription factors. Methyl dioxygenase ten-eleven translocation protein 3 (TET3) is characterized here as a TR coregulator. It stabilizes and promotes TR chromatin association in a dioxygenase-independent manner, thus increasing the sensitivity of the cell to T3. Mutations in TR cause the resistance to thyroid hormone syndrome (RTH) symptom, the severity of which varies with the particular mutation. Only some mutated TR can be stabilized by TET3. The availability of TET3 is therefore a parameter modulating TR activity, and its differential interaction with mutated TR might explain different severity of RTH. Furthermore, TET3 is likely to function as a general coregulator for nuclear receptors, as it enhances chromatin association of additional members of this superfamily.
Body ownership determines the attenuation of self-generated tactile sensations
Authors: Kilteni Konstantina , Ehrsson H. Henrik
Published: July 2017

Significance

When we touch one hand with the other, the touch feels less intense than identical touches generated by another person or robot. This is because our brain predicts the contact between our hands and attenuates the expected sensation. Here, we describe how the attenuation of self-touch depends on the experienced ownership of the touching hand. We found that illusory self-touch with a rubber hand that feels like one’s own is attenuated. We also found the reverse: The attenuation of real self-touch is reduced when the rubber hand that feels like one’s own is far from the receiving hand. These findings are important because they demonstrate that sensory predictions and sensory attenuation depend on the sense of ownership of the body.
Nitric oxide is an obligate bacterial nitrification intermediate produced by hydroxylamine oxidoreductase
Authors: Caranto Jonathan D. , Lancaster Kyle M.
Published: July 2017

Significance

The enzymatic reactions that occur during nitrification are nature’s means to use ammonia as cellular fuel. Complete understanding of nitrification and related processes are vital to sustainable agriculture and renewable energy technologies. The prevailing view of the first phase of nitrification is that ammonia oxidizing bacteria use two enzymes, ammonia monooxygenase and hydroxylamine oxidoreductase, to oxidize ammonia to nitrite via hydroxylamine as an obligate intermediate. Our work reveals nitric oxide as an additional obligate intermediate. The presented findings necessitate revision of a key biogeochemical process, identify a new bioenergetic role for nitric oxide, predict participation of a third enzyme in the biological oxidation of ammonia to nitrite, and will inform models toward sustainable agriculture.
Antibody-based assay discriminates Zika virus infection from other flaviviruses
Authors: Balmaseda Angel , Stettler Karin , Medialdea-Carrera Raquel , Collado Damaris , Jin Xia , Zambrana José Victor , Jaconi Stefano , Cameroni Elisabetta , Saborio Saira , Rovida Francesca , Percivalle Elena , Ijaz Samreen , Dicks Steve , Ushiro-Lumb Ines , Barzon Luisa , Siqueira Patricia , Brown David W. G. , Baldanti Fausto , Tedder Richard , Zambon Maria , de Filippis A. M. Bispo , Harris Eva , Corti Davide
Published: July 2017

Significance

Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus with homology to dengue virus (DENV), has become a public health threat, particularly because of its association with severe congenital birth defects. The high level of cross-reactivity among flaviviruses and their cocirculation has complicated serological approaches to detect ZIKV infections. Thus, there is an urgent need for a specific serological assay to discriminate ZIKV infection from other flaviviruses. This study demonstrates that the antibody-based assay we developed and implemented in five countries has high specificity and sensitivity in the detection of recent and past ZIKV infections. The ZIKV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) blockade-of-binding ELISA assay is a simple, robust, and low-cost solution for Zika surveillance programs, seroprevalence studies, and intervention trials in flavivirus-endemic areas.
Reassessing the atmospheric oxidation mechanism of toluene
Authors: Ji Yuemeng , Zhao Jun , Terazono Hajime , Misawa Kentaro , Levitt Nicholas P. , Li Yixin , Lin Yun , Peng Jianfei , Wang Yuan , Duan Lian , Pan Bowen , Zhang Fang , Feng Xidan , An Taicheng , Marrero-Ortiz Wilmarie , Secrest Jeremiah , Zhang Annie L. , Shibuya Kazuhiko , Molina Mario J. , Zhang Renyi
Published: July 2017

Significance

Aromatic hydrocarbons account for 20 to 30% of volatile organic compounds and contribute importantly to ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in urban environments. The oxidation of toluene, the most abundant aromatic compound, is believed to occur mainly via OH addition, primary organic peroxy radical (RO2) formation, and ring cleavage, leading to ozone and SOA. From combined experimental and theoretical studies, we show that cresol formation is dominant, while primary RO2production is negligible. Our work reveals that the formation and subsequent reactions of cresols regulate the atmospheric impacts of toluene oxidation, suggesting that its representation in current atmospheric models should be reassessed for accurate determination of ozone and SOA formation. The results from our study provide important constraints and guidance for future modeling studies.
Infants possess an abstract expectation of ingroup support
Authors: Jin Kyong-sun , Baillargeon Renée
Published: July 2017

Significance

We examined whether one mechanism contributing to ingroup favoritism might be an abstract and early-emerging sociomoral expectation of ingroup support. In violation-of-expectation experiments, 17-mo-old infants first watched third-party interactions among unfamiliar adults identified (using novel labels) as belonging to the same group, to different groups, or to unspecified groups. Next, one adult needed help, and another adult either did or did not provide it. Infants expected help to be provided when the two adults belonged to the same group, but held no expectation when the adults belonged to different groups or to unspecified groups. Infants thus already possess an abstract expectation of ingroup support, and this finding sheds light on one of the mechanisms underlying ingroup favoritism in human interactions.
Visualiser la variation et le changement valenciel
Authors: Mazziotta Nicolas
Published: July 2017

Il est possible de modéliser la variation et le changement valenciel à l’aide des structures formelles que nous nommons
polygraphes. Ces derniers étendent les arbres syntaxiques dépendanciels en autorisant des relations à porter
sur d’autres relations. En prenant l’exemple de l’expression prépositionnelle ou non du datif en ancien français et en français
moderne (complément des verbes donner, aider, et pardonner), nous montrons comment les
polygraphes peuvent être employés pour montrer géométriquement la différence entre une préposition obligatoire et une préposition
facultative. Le potentiel de ces structures permet également de visualiser l’évolution et de comparer le comportement des
lexèmes.
Clitics as input to the acquisition of verbal transitivity in French
Authors: Pérez-Leroux Ana Teresa , Pirvulescu Mihaela , Roberge Yves , Strik Nelleke
Published: July 2017

We investigate the effect of French clitic construction on verb learning. In French, object pronouns precede the verb, and the canonical direct object position remains empty. We test whether children treat such contexts as input for transitivity (since a direct object is morphologically identified) or optional transitivity (due to the empty direct object position). Forty-eight monolingual French preschoolers heard verb input with clitics and noun phrases as direct objects, in two input conditions: obligatory transitivity, and mixed optional transitivity. Results show that children are sensitive to the input, but produce more sentences with null implicit objects in the clitic conditions. This provides evidence that specific properties of a language (e.g. clitic constructions), affect the acquisition of verbal classes.
Development of Striped Bass Relative Condition Models with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Associated Temperature Corrections
Authors: Haus William O. , Hartman Kyle J. , Jacobs John M. , Harrell Reginal M.
Published: July 2017

Nutritional condition is a valuable metric in ecosystem‐based fisheries management. However, the need for lethal sampling for the most accurate indicators ethically and logistically limits sample sizes. Percent moisture has been recommended for management of Striped Bass Morone saxatilis. We sought to develop bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) models for five size‐classes of Striped Bass across three temperatures in a controlled laboratory setting. Results suggest that BIA is an accurate and robust method for estimating percent dry weight in Striped Bass, with model adjusted R2 values in the range of 0.70–0.89. Temperature correction models successfully removed a significant relationship (P < 0.0001) between temperature and BIA model residuals (P = 0.48). We recommend that these models be tested with independent data collected in a field setting.

Received October 16, 2016; accepted April 5, 2017 Published online July 18, 2017
Materials science and engineering of phase change random access memory
Authors: Sarwat Syed Ghazi
Published: July 2017

Having monopolised the optical data storage industry since the very beginning, phase change materials are now being intensively explored for next-generation electronic data storage, referred to as phase change random access memory (PCRAM). Because phase change materials are electrically programmable; capable of reversibly switching between two stable structural phases of contrasting electrical properties, besides data storage they also enable data computation. For these reasons, PCRAM envisages to overcome both miniaturisation and data flow bottlenecks, challenges which current silicon charge-based technology is failing to cope with. This review, while reasoning the need for a switch to a newer data storage technology, and comparing PCRAM with other data storage and computation platforms, comprehensively takes stock of the benefits and challenges associated with PCRAM. This review also critically investigates and associates the materials science and physics, such as the atomic structure and bonding, thermodynamics and kinetics of the phase transformation, with the PCRAM device characteristics and performance. Various device design-concepts and requirements are reviewed. Recent advances, and evolution of newer platforms, including those relating to neuromorphic computing and photonic memory are also described.

This is the winning review of the 2017 Materials Literature Review Prize of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, run by the Editorial Board of MST. Sponsorship of the prize by TWI Ltd is gratefully acknowledged
Swimming Performance of Rock Carp Procypris rabaudi and Prenant's Schizothoracin Schizothorax prenanti Acclimated to Total Dissolved Gas Supersaturated Water
Authors: Wang Yuanming , An Ruidong , Li Yong , Li Kefeng
Published: July 2017

Total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation is becoming an increasingly serious problem in the upper Yangtze River basin and has been identified as a potentially negative environmental effect of hydropower development and operations. Juvenile Rock Carp Procypris rabaudi and Prenant's Schizothoracin Schizothorax prenanti dwell in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and were selected as experimental fish to evaluate the impact of TDG supersaturation on swimming performance. The results showed that the swimming speeds of Rock Carp and Prenant's Schizothoracin differed significantly under different exposure times to TDG-supersaturated water (129–131%). Exposure of fish to supersaturated TDG for 2 and 4 h with no recovery resulted in significantly lower critical swimming (Ucrit) and burst swimming (Uburst) speeds compared with those of fish not exposed to supersaturated TDG. The Ucrit and Uburst values for Rock Carp not exposed to supersaturated TDG were 1.4–1.6 times higher than those of fish exposed to supersaturated TDG for 2 h and 1.9–2.0 times higher than those of fish exposed for 4 h. Similarly, the Ucrit and Uburst values for Prenant's Schizothoracin not exposed to supersaturated TDG were 1.4–1.8 times higher than those of fish exposed to supersaturated TDG for 2 h and 2.5–3.1 times higher than those of fish exposed for 4 h. Fish that were exposed to supersaturated TDG for 2 and 4 h and then allowed to recover for 2 d swam better than fish exposed to supersaturated TDG for the same amount of time without recovery. Although a 2-d recovery improved swimming performance over that of fish not allowed to recover, only the Rock Carp (and not the Prenant's Schizothoracin) returned to the swimming speeds observed in the control fish not exposed to supersaturated TDG. The results of our research can be applied to the operation of hydropower stations and can contribute fundamental data for establishing water-related environmental standards in China.

Received December 4, 2016; accepted July 1, 2017 Published online October 11, 2017
Mitochondria deliver a gut check to intestinal stem cells
Authors: Short Ben
Published: July 2017

Mitochondrial turnover regulates stem cell proliferation and tissue homeostasis in Drosophila intestines.
Platelets as autonomous drones for hemostatic and immune surveillance
Authors: Li Jackson LiangYao , Zarbock Alexander , Hidalgo Andrés
Published: July 2017

Platelets participate in many important physiological processes, including hemostasis and immunity. However, despite their broad participation in these evolutionarily critical roles, the anucleate platelet is uniquely mammalian. In contrast with the large nucleated equivalents in lower vertebrates, we find that the design template for the evolutionary specialization of platelets shares remarkable similarities with human-engineered unmanned aerial vehicles in terms of overall autonomy, maneuverability, and expendability. Here, we review evidence illustrating how platelets are uniquely suited for surveillance and the manner in which they consequently provide various types of support to other cell types.
Two cases of small bowel obstruction due to a shiitake mushroom
Authors: Tan Jinfu , Yuan Kaitao , Zuo Jidong , Dai Weigang , Yuan Yujie , Feng Weidong , Tan Min , Ma Jinping
Published: July 2017

The shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes), known as Xiang-gu in China, has been an important component of Asian cuisine for hundreds of years. Although not easily digestible, there are few reports of them causing bowel obstruction. We present two cases of small bowel obstruction due to a shiitake mushroom requiring surgical intervention. Two patients who did not have any teeth and did not use dentures presented with intestinal bowel obstruction and were referred to the Emergency Department of our hospital after eating a meal including shiitake mushrooms without cutting. The first patient underwent an emergency laparotomy and a semental small bowel resection and the other underwent laparoscopic small bowel incision for removal of a foreign body. The causes of the small bowel obstruction for the two patients were uncut shiitake mushrooms in the small bowel. The two patients recovered uneventfully post-operatively.
Wyoming Producer Priorities and Perceptions of Alfalfa Insect Pests
Authors: Jabbour Randa , Noy Shiri
Published: July 2017

Although insect pest management in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. [Fabales: Fabaceae]) hay remains a major challenge in the Western United States, we know comparatively little about the producer priorities and perceptions of alfalfa insect pests. Given the importance of alfalfa to Wyoming agriculture, we sought to better understand producer priorities regarding insect pest management in alfalfa. We developed a survey instrument that was mailed to 3,141 individuals by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). We received 634 returned surveys, a response rate of 20.7% of all Wyoming alfalfa producers. Respondents were asked to list all insect pests they had encountered in their experience growing alfalfa, and then to select the most problematic from the list they generated. Sixty-six percent of respondents named alfalfa weevil Hypera postica (Gyllenhal; Coleoptera: Curculionidae) as the most problematic insect pest they had encountered. Eighteen percent of respondents named grasshoppers (Orthoptera) as most problematic, and 8% of respondents named aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Producers indicated a variety of agronomic, economic, biological, and weather-related reasons that rendered these insects as problematic pests. For each of the three most problematic pests, insecticide application and early harvest of hay were practiced by the largest number of Wyoming producers according to our survey results. For all three of these pests, insecticides are both used most often and considered most effective by the most respondents. These findings suggest an important opportunity for future research on integrated insect pest management.
Mindfulness for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Luiggi-Hernandez José G , Woo Jean , Hamm Megan , Greco Carol M , Weiner Debra K , Morone Natalia E
Published: July 2017

Objective

Mindfulness is a nonpharmacologic mind-body therapy that has been shown to be effective in older adults with chronic low back pain (cLBP). There are few first-person accounts in the literature that describe the older adult experience and perspective while learning mindfulness and meditation to treat pain. The objective of this study was to investigate dominant themes present in the experiences of older adults applying mindfulness and meditation to cope with cLBP.

Design

Qualitative analysis of four focus groups.

Subject

Twenty-five adults age 65 years or older who had completed an eight-week mindfulness program.

Methods

The focus groups met for a comprehensive discussion session about their experience with mindfulness and meditation. The audio for each session was recorded, and the discussions were transcribed. Codebook development, qualitative coding, and thematic analysis were performed. The coders each coded all four transcripts, following which they met to adjudicate all coding differences until they were in complete agreement on coding.

Results

Several key themes were brought up by older adults utilizing mindfulness as a means of coping with pain, which included overcoming fear of pain (“Before [learning mindfulness], I used to dread pain”), pain awareness (“You’re focusing more on being aware than the pain; now that’s what helps me”), and pain significance (“It becomes insignificant”).

Conclusions

The themes identify several ways mindfulness impacts older adults with cLBP, including decreased negative emotions related to chronic pain such as fear of pain, a different perspective or change in awareness about pain, and reducing the significance of pain.
Forearm Pronation Osteotomy for Supination Contracture Secondary to Obstetrical Brachial Plexus Palsy: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Gladstein Aharon Z. , Sachleben Brant , Ho Emily S. , Anthony Alison , Clarke Howard M. , Hopyan Sevan
Published: July 2017

Background:

Obstetrical brachial plexus palsy can lead to fixed forearm supination contracture. Fixed supination may lead to functional deficits as the affected hand cannot be positioned optimally for activities on a desk such as writing and typing, or for using tools including utensils, which require a neutral or pronated forearm. Forearm pronation osteotomy has been used to address this problem, although the functional benefit over nonoperative management has not been clearly defined. Potentially deleterious consequences on hand function that requires supination or fine motor skills are also uncertain.

Methods:

Patients with fixed forearm supination contracture were selected from our institutional brachial plexus database. Those who underwent both bone forearm rotational osteotomy were analyzed for age at time of surgery, preoperative forearm resting position, active and passive supination and pronation, and preoperative function assessed by the brachial plexus outcome measure (BPOM) and active movement scale (AMS). Preoperative results were compared with values obtained at follow-up at least 12 months postoperatively. A matched cohort of children with fixed forearm supination contracture that were treated nonoperatively and followed for at least 12 months, was also selected. For this group, forearm resting position, movement, AMS, and BPOM scores were analyzed at a baseline clinic visit and the most recent follow-up. Changes in forearm resting position, AMS, and BPOM activity scale scores were then compared between groups.

Results:

Records were obtained for 14 cases and 10 controls. Study groups were similar with respect to resting forearm position, hand function, and time from initial to final evaluation. Groups differed with respect to age and active supination. We observed a statistically significant change in resting position among operative patients compared with their preoperative status and compared with controls. Hand-specific AMS score did not change significantly in the operative group as compared with controls. The BPOM score for drums, reflective of function in neutral rotation to mild pronation, improved in the operated patients as compared with controls. There was no loss of plate holding ability (reflective of supination function, putty (grasp), or bead placement (fine motor) among the operated patients as compared with controls.

Conclusions:

By pronating resting forearm position by about 90 degrees to near neutral, osteotomy resulted in improved neutral to mild pronation-dependent function without loss of supination-dependent function or hand motor skills.

Level of Evidence:

Level III—retrospective cohort study.
Long-term Follow-up of Neonatal Brachial Plexopathy: Psychological and Physical Function in Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Butler Lesley , Mills Janith , Richard Heather M. , Riddle Russell , Ezaki Marybeth , Oishi Scott
Published: July 2017

Purpose:

The prevalence of neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) has been increasing since the early 1980s. No known studies have examined long-term psychological health and quality of life (QOL) in young adults. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychosocial and intellectual aspects of NBPP during adolescence into young adulthood.

Methods:

A total of 31 patients were enrolled in the adolescent group (16 to 18 y) and 25 in the young adult group (23 to 28 y). Clinical assessment included functional ability, range of motion and strength, weight and body mass index, and education level. Patients were administered measures of psychiatric symptomatology, self-concept, QOL, and cognitive function.

Results:

Narakas injury level for the adolescent group included 11 level I, 6 level II, 8 level III, and 6 level IV. The young adult group had 10 level I, 2 level II, 9 level III, and 4 level IV. The degree of physical impairment determined by the Modified Mallet Classification showed persistent impairment in both groups. The average DASH scores were higher than the normal range for the adolescent and young adult groups. Forty-five percent of the adolescents and 68% of the young adults were either overweight or obese. All received high school diplomas with 20 of the young adults pursuing higher education.

Scores on measures of psychiatric symptomatology and self-concept showed that both groups fell within the normal range. QOL for both groups was also within the normal range. All participants scored average to above average on the cognitive assessment. All measurements were patient reported.

Conclusions:

Patients with NBPP can adapt and participate in most activities. This patient sample demonstrated persistent functional limitations and a higher rate of comorbid obesity. However, these patients function psychologically and cognitively within the normal range and many have pursued higher education.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV.
Human Spinal Bone Dust as a Potential Local Autograft
Authors: Gao Ryan , Street Matthew , Tay Mei L. , Callon Karen E. , Naot Dorit , Lock Alistair , Munro Jacob T. , Cornish Jillian , Ferguson John , Musson David
Published: July 2017

Study Design.

In vitroStudy.

Objective.

To evaluate the effect that factors released from human posterior spinal bone dust have on primary human osteoblast growth and maturation.

Summary of Background Data.

Bone dust, created during spinal fusion surgeries, has the potential to be used as an autologous bone graft by providing a source of viable autologous osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells with osteogenic potential. Till date, no information is available on whether bone dust also provides a source of anabolic factors with the potential to enhance osteoblast proliferation and maturation, which would enhance its therapeutic potential.

Methods.

Bone dust was collected from consenting patients undergoing elective posterior spinal fusion surgeries, and primary human osteoblasts were cultured from patients undergoing elective hip or knee arthroplasty. Growth factors and cytokines released by bone dust were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Primary human osteoblast proliferation and gene expression in response to bone dust were assessed using3H-thymidine incorporation and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively.

Results.

Human bone dust released anabolic cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) and growth factors (TGF-β, VEGF, FGF-Basic, and PDGF-BB) in increasing concentrations over a 7-day period.In vitro, the anabolic factors released by bone dust increased osteoblast proliferation by 7-fold, compared with osteoblasts cultured alone. In addition, the factors released from bone dust up-regulated a number of osteoblastic genes integral to osteoblast differentiation, maturation, and angiogenesis.

Conclusion.

This study is the first to demonstrate that human posterior spinal bone dust released anabolic factors that potently enhance osteoblast proliferation and the expression of genes that favor bone healing and bone union. As bone dust is anabolic and its harvest is fast, simple, and safe to perform, spinal surgeons should be encouraged to ‘recycle’ bone dust and harness the regenerative potential of this free autologous bone graft.

Level of Evidence:N/A
Annulus Fibrosus Repair Using High-Density Collagen Gel
Authors: Pennicooke Brenton , Hussain Ibrahim , Berlin Connor , Sloan Stephen R. , Borde Brandon , Moriguchi Yu , Lang Gernot , Navarro-Ramirez Rodrigo , Cheetham Jonathan , Bonassar Lawrence J. , Härtl Roger
Published: July 2017

Study Design.

Ovine in vivo study.

Objective.

To perform lateral approach lumbar surgery in an ovine model to administer an injectable riboflavin cross-linked high-density collagen (HDC) gel and to assess its ability to mitigate intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration after induced annulus fibrosus (AF) injury.

Summary of Background Data.

Biological-based injectable gels have shown efficacy in restoring biomechanical, radiographic, and histological parameters in IVD-injured animal models. Riboflavin cross-linked HDC gel has previously demonstrated retention of nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue, reduced loss of disc height, and prevention of terminal cellular degenerative changes in rat-tail spines. However, this biological therapy has never been tested in large animal models.

Methods.

Forty lumbar IVDs were accessed from eight sheep via lateral approach surgery. IVDs were randomly assigned to healthy control, injury and HDC treatment, or negative control with injury and no treatment. IVD injury was carried out using a drill-bit through the AF followed by needle puncture of the NP. Sheep were followed for 16 weeks and underwent qualitative/quantitative magnetic resonance imaging, x-ray, and histological analyses of collagen and proteoglycan content.

Results.

The lateral approach to the ovine lumbar spine to deliver HDC gel proved to be safe and reproducible. IVDs treated with the HDC gel revealed less degenerative changes at the microscopic level based on AF and NP histology. However, mean Pfirrmann grade, T2 relaxation time, NP voxel size, and disc height index were not significantly different between the two injury groups.

Conclusion.

Injectable HDC gel can be administered safely via lateral approach surgery in an ovine AF injury model. IVDs treated with HDC gel demonstrated less degeneration at the microscopic level though radiographic changes were slight when comparing treated to untreated IVDs. Future studies will need to elucidate the role of injury technique and time frame for follow-up in correlating histological and radiographical outcomes.

Level of Evidence: N /A
Primary Cutaneous Small/Medium CD4+ T-CELL Lymphoproliferative Disorder Occurring in a Patient With Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: Davick Jonathan J. , Gaughan Elizabeth , Barry Megan , Gru Alejandro A.
Published: July 2017

Therapeutic agents designed to stimulate the immune system are now cornerstones in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. These drugs promote lymphocyte growth and survival, which could plausibly result in clinical lymphoproliferative disorders. We report the case of a 62-year-old female with metastatic melanoma who developed primary cutaneous small/medium CD4+ T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder (PC-SMTCL) after treatment with vemurafenib and recombinant high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2). The patient developed a painless red papule behind the ear. A biopsy showed a dense population of CD4+ lymphocytes with a T-follicular helper cell phenotype. Molecular studies confirmed the presence of a clonal population of T cells, and the process was classified as PC-SMTCL. The patient was diagnosed with metastatic melanoma approximately 3 years before the development of the cutaneous lymphoma and had been treated with vemurafenib followed by 2 courses of IL-2. The patient's last course of IL-2 was completed in April of 2013. She developed the cutaneous lymphoma behind her ear in December of 2015. An association between PC-SMTCL and vemurafenib treatment for advanced melanoma has been reported previously in one patient; however, an association between PC-SMTCL and IL-2 treatment has not been documented. The immunostimulatory properties of IL-2 or vemurafenib may be responsible for the development of PC-SMTCL in our patient. Additionally, antigenic stimulation of the immune system by melanoma itself could contribute to clonal selection of lymphocytes.
A National Profile of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis and Treatment Among US Children Aged 2 to 5 Years
Authors: Danielson Melissa L. , Visser Susanna N. , Gleason Mary Margaret , Peacock Georgina , Claussen Angelika H. , Blumberg Stephen J.
Published: July 2017

Objective:

Clinical guidelines provide recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with specific guidance on caring for children younger than 6 years. This exploratory study describes ADHD diagnosis and treatment patterns among young children in the United States using 2 nationally representative parent surveys.

Methods:

The National Survey of Children's Health (2007–2008, 2011–2012) was used to produce weighted prevalence estimates of current ADHD and ADHD medication treatment among US children aged 2 to 5 years. The National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs (2009–2010) provided additional estimates on types of medication treatment and receipt of behavioral treatment among young children with special health care needs (CSHCN) with ADHD.

Results:

In 2011 to 2012, 1.5% of young children (approximately 237,000) had current ADHD compared to 1.0% in 2007 to 2008. In 2011 to 2012, 43.7% of young children with current ADHD were taking medication for ADHD (approximately 104,000). In young CSHCN with ADHD, central nervous system stimulants were the most common medication type used to treat ADHD, and 52.8% of young CSHCN with current ADHD had received behavioral treatment for ADHD in the past year.

Conclusion:

Nearly a quarter million In young CSHCN have current ADHD, with a prevalence that has increased by 57% from 2007 to 2008 to 2011 to 2012. The demographic patterns of diagnosis and treatment described in this study can serve as a benchmark to monitor service use patterns of young children diagnosed with ADHD over time.