bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristic aroma analysis of finger citron in four different regions based on GC–MS‐HS‐SPME and ROAV
Authors: Xu Ying , Wang Yi , Li Ruixiang , Sun Ping , Chen Da , Shen Jiansheng , Feng Tao
Published: September 2022

Finger citron (Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle), a type of citrus with high ornamental and medicinal values, were used as raw material for beverage and wine making. Depends on the origin, the key aroma compounds of the fruit may vary. The aim of this study is to identify interspecific differences in finger citron and to provide a reference for the evaluation of finger citron fruit flavor, variety improvement and selection of new varieties. In the present study headspace solid phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were used to analyze and identify the volatiles of 4 different varieties of finger citron from four different locations (Zhejiang, Guangzhou, Yunnan and Sichuan). Their similarities and differences were further analyzed by Venn diagram. The relative odor activity value (ROAV), heat map, radar map and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were used to determine the key volatiles of finger citron. The results showed that 68 volatiles were detected in different varieties of finger citron, among which 16 key volatiles had ROAV ≥1. Geraniol and d‐limonene had a greater influence on the aroma of finger citron. The main aroma of finger citron in the four regions was the citrus aroma. ZFC had the most abundant flavor, with obvious woody and herbal flavors, which was suitable for the breeding of finger citron with partial herbal flavor. GFC was suitable for breeding finger citron which was on the sweet side. Compared with SFC, YFC was more suitable for breeding finger citron with floral flavor. This study mainly investigates the flavor differences of different varieties of finger citron to provide theoretical support for the subsequent product development.

Novelty Impact Statement

This study found that finger citron from Zhejiang, Sichuan, Guangdong, and Yunnan provinces in China had different aroma characteristics. The odor of finger citron from Guangdong was sweet, the odor of finger citron from Zhejiang was more herbal, and the odor of finger citron from Yunnan and Sichuan was more floral. This provided a theoretical basis for the subsequent application and breeding of finger citron.
Comparison of the effect of general anesthesia and spinal anesthesia technique combined with general anesthesia on intraabdominal volume during gynecological laparoscopy
Authors: Kızılet Hakan , Cömert Ercan , Taflan Şener , Doğan Ozan , Beşir Ahmet , Kart Cavit
Published: September 2022

Purpose

We aimed to investigate the effect of spinal anesthesia which will be performed simultaneously with general anesthesia on the site of operation with the same pressure.

Material and method

This study was conducted as a randomized, prospective clinical study on 40 patients who were randomly divided into two groups. Twenty women underwent general anesthesia (Group GA) and 20 women underwent spinal anesthesia with general anesthesia (Group SGA). For all cases, preoperative height, weight, waist circumference, body mass index (kg/m2), the distance between both spina iliaca anterior superior, the distance of the intersection of both ribs with an imaginary line drawn over the anterior axillary line, suprapubic bone‐umbilical, umbilical‐xiphoid, and suprapubic bone‐xiphoid distance from the midline of the abdomen were measured. Moreover, while the patient was lying in the neutral position on the operating table, the height of the highest point of the abdomen to the operating table was also measured. These measurements were repeated at intra‐abdominal pressure (IAP) 14 and 25 mmHg. The amount of intra‐abdominal insufflated CO2 was also recorded at IAP 14 and 25 mmHg.

Results

When the intra‐abdominal insufflation volumes of both groups were compared at 14 and 25 mmHg, respectively, there was no statistical difference (p: 0.54, p: 0.40). When 14 and 25 mmHg were compared in all cases, a statistically significant difference was observed in other measurements except in xiphoid‐umbilical distance (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

We found that spinal anesthesia combined with GA had no effect on the abdominal volume and anthropometric measurements in laparoscopic procedures.
Australasian paediatric gastroenterologist practices of coeliac disease diagnosis before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Ho Shaun S C , Evans Helen M , Roberts Amin J , Thapar Nikhil , Dutt Shoma , Thacker Kunal , Krishnan Usha , Ooi Chee Y , Yap Jason , Sharma Ajay , Day Andrew S ,   the PEDiatric Australasian Gastroenterology Research NEtwork (PEDAGREE)
Published: September 2022

Aim

To explore the perceptions and practices of Australasian paediatric gastroenterologists in diagnosing coeliac disease (CD) before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

Paediatric gastroenterologists in Australasia were invited via email to complete an anonymous online questionnaire over a 2‐week period in 2021.

Results

The questionnaire was completed by 39 respondents: 33 from Australia and six from New Zealand (NZ) equating to a 66% response rate. Thirty‐four (87%) of the 39 respondents reported they currently practised non‐biopsy diagnosis of CD in eligible children, while the rest diagnosed CD using biopsy confirmation only. All NZ respondents practised non‐biopsy CD diagnosis. A majority of responders (76%) who practised non‐biopsy CD diagnosis followed the 2020 European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) guidelines. Twenty‐two (56%) respondents reported that they started using a non‐biopsy CD diagnosis protocol before the pandemic and did not change their practice during the pandemic, 10 (26%) started diagnosing non‐biopsy CD during the pandemic, 5 (13%) stated their practices of CD were not impacted by the pandemic and 2 (5%) did not respond on whether the pandemic changed their practice.

Conclusion

The majority of Australasian gastroenterologist respondents reported they routinely utilised the 2020 ESPGHAN diagnostic criteria in eligible children; half of them started prior to the pandemic and another quarter started this approach due to the pandemic. A minority of practitioners routinely rely only on biopsy confirmation to diagnose CD.
Configurations of social media‐enabled strategies for open innovation, firm performance, and their barriers to adoption
Authors: Barlatier Pierre‐Jean , Josserand Emmanuel , Hohberger Jan , Mention Anne‐Laure
Published: September 2022

The use of social media offers tremendous innovation potential. Yet, while current research emphasizes success stories, little is known about how firms can leverage the full potential of their social media use for open innovation. In this paper, the authors address this gap by conducting a configurational analysis to develop an integrative taxonomy of social media‐enabled strategies for open innovation. This analysis stems from the integration of internal and external variables such as social media communication activities, organizational innovation seekers, potential innovation providers, the stages of the open innovation process, and their relationship with different performance outcomes and barriers to social media adoption for open innovation. Through an empirical study of 337 firms based in eight countries, four clusters have been identified that are characterized as distinct strategies: “marketing semi‐open innovators,” “cross‐department semi‐open innovators,” “cross‐department full process semi‐open innovators” and “broad adopters open innovators.” The findings reveal the trade‐offs associated with different strategies for implementing social media for open innovation and provide insights of the use of these strategies. By doing so, they suggest a more nuanced approach that contrasts with the traditionally positive (or even rosy) depiction of the effects of social media on open innovation. Accordingly, managers are encouraged to contemplate their organizational competencies, capabilities, and their strategic intent when drafting social media strategies for open innovation. Selective approaches, along with greater adoption leading to greater benefits, are shown to be more rewarding than a middle way that spreads things too thin. Avenues for further research include qualitative explorations of the trajectories unfolding through implementing social media strategies for innovation activities and the use of objective performance measures rather than subjective perceptions from informants to understand the complex relationships between social media adoption and performance.
Floral scent emission is the highest at the second night of anthesis in Lonicera japonica (Caprifoliaceae)
Authors: Feng Hui‐Hui , Wang Xiao‐Yue , Luo Yi‐Bo , Huang Shuang‐Quan
Published: September 2022

Floral color change in diverse plants has been thought to be a visual signal reflecting changes in floral rewards, promoting pollinator foraging efficiency as well as plant reproductive success. It remains unclear whether olfactory signals co‐vary with floral color change. We investigated the production rhythms of floral scent and nectar associated with floral color change in Lonicera japonica. The flowers generally last 2–3 days. They are white on opening at night (N1) and become light yellow the following day (D1), yellow on the second night (N2), and golden on the second day of flowering (D2). Our measurements in the four stages indicated that nectar production decreased significantly from N1 and D1 to N2 and D2, tracking the floral color change. A total of 34 compounds were detected in floral scent and total scent emission was significantly higher in N2 than in the other three stages. The scent emission of three major compounds, Linalool, cis‐3‐Hexenyl tiglate, and Germacrene D was also significantly higher in N2, but the relative content of Linalool decreased gradually, cis‐3‐Hexenyl tiglate increased gradually, and the relative content of Germacrene D did not differ among the four measured stages. Greater scent emission by night than by day suggested a strong olfactory signal to attract nocturnal hawkmoths, the effective pollinators. However, floral scent rhythms in the four stages did not match the color change and nectar secretion, suggesting that floral color (visual) and scent (olfactory) in this species may play different roles in attracting or filtering various visitors.
The Pyrenees as a cradle of plant diversity: phylogeny, phylogeography and niche modeling of Saxifraga longifolia
Authors: Pomeda‐Gutiérrez Fernando , García María Begoña , Leo María , Fernández‐Mazuecos Mario , Alaoui Mostafa Lamrani , Terrab Anass , Vargas Pablo
Published: September 2022

The current distribution of most species results from ecological niche, past distribution, and migrations during glacial–interglacial periods and in situ evolution. Here, we disentangle the colonization history of Saxifraga longifolia Lapeyr., a limestone plant abundant in the Pyrenees and rare in other Iberian mountains and the African Atlas. Our working hypothesis is that the current distribution results from the shrinkage of a more extensive distribution in previous cold periods. We sampled 160 individuals of 32 populations across the whole distribution range and sequenced four DNA regions (rpl32‐trnL, rps16‐trnQ, trnS‐trnG, and ITS). Ecological conditions were modeled to identify factors promoting high genetic diversity and long‐term persistence areas for S. longifolia. In addition, we inferred phylogenetic relationships, phylogeographic divergence, genetic diversity, and migration routes. Seven plastid haplotypes were found, of which six occur in the Pyrenees and one in the High Atlas (Morocco). Discrete phylogeographic analysis (DPA) estimated migration routes predominantly from the Pyrenees to the other areas. Colonization events to those areas appear to have taken place recently given that the rest of the Iberian mountains do not harbor exclusive haplotypes. Iberian–Northern African distribution was inferred to be the result of long‐distance dispersal because the split between Iberian and High Atlas haplotypes is estimated to have taken place in the last 4 million years ago when the Strait of Gibraltar was already open. Migrations from the Pyrenees to the south may have been favored by a corridor of predominant limestone rocks along Eastern Iberia, followed by successful overcoming the Strait of Gibraltar to reach northern Africa.
Improving the weaning of larval giant kōkopu, Galaxias argenteus: An emerging aquaculture species
Authors: McKay William J. G. , Jeffs Andrew G.
Published: September 2022

Using live feed in fish larviculture is more expensive and challenging than formulated feeds, incentivizing the early weaning of larvae. In New Zealand, the aquaculture of larval giant kōkopu, Galaxias argenteus, is being commercialized because of its high value and to supplement the wild fishery. As an emerging aquaculture species, inefficiencies remain in the production process, inhibiting financial viability. This study reports on the ability of these larvae to consume formulated larval diets across four ages (18, 21, 25, and 28 days after hatching, DAH) at each of the three daily feeding events (Morning, Midday, and Afternoon) during commercial production. At 18 DAH, little to no formulated feed was consumed at either of the three feeding events throughout the day. At 21 DAH, mean gut fullness increased and the number of fish with empty stomachs reduced by the end of the Morning and Afternoon feeding events. Both variables improved further for larvae at 25 and 28 DAH. Formulated feed consumption did not differ between larvae aged 25 and 28 DAH indicating that 3 days of feeding live feed could be removed from the feed regime. This change would save 13% on the cost of live feed; however, further research is required to determine the potential impacts on growth and survival.
Application of cinnarizine in migraine prevention: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Shafie'ei Mohammad , Kouhanjani Mohsen Farjoud , Akbari Zahra , Sarvipour Nastaran , Shekouh Dorsa , Gholampour Mohammadhasan , Ardestani Pooneh Memar , Nemati Hamid
Published: September 2022

Objective

To investigate and analyze the available data on the prophylactic effectiveness of cinnarizine in migraine disorder.

Background

Cinnarizine has demonstrated encouraging potential in preventing the attacks of migraine. Therefore, we opted to evaluate whether its sole administration leads to positive outcomes.

Methods

The PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases were searched for English‐only original interventional studies published until April 2022, then screened for relevancy and eligibility. The resulting data from the included studies, including the primary (ie, headache episode frequency, intensity, duration, monthly timing, and analgesic intake frequency) and secondary (ie, reported adverse events, quality of life, and activities of daily living) outcome changes compared to placebo and active controls (e.g., sodium valproate and propranolol) were then recorded by two independent assessors. Ultimately, these data were synthesized qualitatively and quantitatively (achieved by determining the mean difference via the random‐effects model).

Results

A total of 10 studies comprising seven randomized controlled trials and three quasi‐experimental studies were included. Compared to placebo, cinnarizine demonstrated significant improvements in migraine episode frequency (Mean difference = −3.10; Confidence interval = [−3.33, −2.88]; p‐value < 0.001; I2 < 0.001%), and intensity (Mean difference = −1.54; Confidence interval = [−2.08, −0.99]; p‐value < 0.001; I2 < 37.97%). Moreover, cinnarizine led to similar or better results when compared to active controls, including sodium valproate, topiramate, and propranolol.

Conclusions

Cinnarizine can be considered a safe and effective medication for migraine prophylaxis. However, the relatively small sample size made reaching a definite conclusion impossible. Therefore, a higher number of randomized controlled trials are recommended to be taken place to clarify the situation further.
Simultaneous detection of miRNA and mRNA at the single‐cell level in plant tissues
Authors: Wu Chi‐Chih , Hsieh Kun‐Ting , Yeh Su‐Ying , Lu Yen‐Ting , Chen Liang‐Jwu , Ku Maurice S. B. , Li Wen‐Hsiung
Published: September 2022

Detecting the simultaneous presence of a microRNA (miRNA) and a mRNA in a specific tissue can provide support for the prediction that the miRNA regulates the mRNA. Although two such methods have been developed for mammalian tissues, they have a low signal‐noise ratio and/or poor resolution at the single‐cell level. To overcome these drawbacks, we develop a method that uses sequence‐specific miRNA‐locked nucleic acid (LNA) and mRNA‐LNA probes. Moreover, it augments the detection signal by rolling circle amplification, achieving a high signal‐noise ratio at the single‐cell level. Dot signals are counted for determining the expression levels of mRNA and miRNA molecules in specific cells. We show a high sequence specificity of our miRNA‐LNA probe, revealing that it can discriminate single‐base mismatches. Numerical quantification by our method is tested in transgenic rice lines with different gene expression levels. We conduct several applications. First, the spatial expression profiling of osa‐miR156 and OsSPL12 in rice leaves reveals their specific expression in mesophyll cells. Second, studying rice and its mutant lines with our method reveals opposite expression patterns of miRNA and its target mRNA in tissues. Third, the dynamic expression profiles of ZmGRF8 and zma‐miR396 during maize leaf development provide evidence that zma‐miR396 regulates the preferential spatial expression of ZmGRF8 in bundle sheath cells. Finally, our method can be scaled up to simultaneously detect multiple miRNAs and mRNAs in a tissue. Thus, it is a sensitive and versatile technique for studying miRNA regulation of plant tissue development.
Adjunctive perampanel therapy for patients with epileptic spasms
Authors: Matsuura Ryuki , Hamano Shin‐ichiro , Ikemoto Satoru , Daida Atsuro , Takeda Rikako , Horiguchi Ayumi , Hirata Yuko , Koichihara Reiko , Kikuchi Kenjiro
Published: September 2022

Background

Perampanel is an antiepileptic drug. Some studies have documented the efficacy of perampanel in epileptic spasms. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adjunctive perampanel therapy (PT) in patients with epileptic spasms.

Methods

We retrospectively surveyed the efficacy and safety of adjunctive PT in 14 patients with epileptic spasms at the Saitama Children's Medical Center between June 2016 and September 2021. Seizure outcomes and safety were evaluated 12 months after commencing PT. Response to perampanel was defined as complete remission of epileptic spasms for more than 3 months.

Results

The median age at onset of epileptic spasms was 0.4 years (range, 0.1–1.3 years). The etiology was structural in 11 patients, genetic in two, and unknown in one. The median age at the commencement of PT was 3.2 years (1.5–10.3 years). The initial and maintenance doses of perampanel were administered at 0.04 (range, 0.02–0.05) mg/kg/day and 0.12 (range, 0.03–0.24) mg/kg/day, respectively. Five of the 14 patients (35.7%) showed remission of epileptic spasms for more than 3 months at 12 months after PT; these patients had a structural etiology. The median duration between commencement of perampanel and spasm remission was 2 months (range, 1–6 months). No serious adverse effects occurred.

Conclusions

This is the first case series evaluating adjunctive PT for epileptic spasms. PT is worth investigating to treat epileptic spasms in patients with structural etiologies. As our study population primarily comprised children aged 2 years and older, PT may be useful for epileptic spasms beyond infancy.
Photodynamic Priming Overcomes Per‐ and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS)‐Induced Platinum Resistance in Ovarian Cancer†
Authors: Rickard Brittany P. , Tan Xianming , Fenton Suzanne E. , Rizvi Imran
Published: September 2022

Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widespread environmental contaminants linked to adverse outcomes, including for female reproductive biology and related cancers. We recently reported, for the first time, that PFAS induce platinum resistance in ovarian cancer, potentially through altered mitochondrial function. Platinum resistance is a major barrier in the management of ovarian cancer, necessitating complementary therapeutic approaches. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a light‐based treatment modality that reverses platinum resistance and synergizes with platinum‐based chemotherapy. The present study is the first to demonstrate the ability of photodynamic priming (PDP), a low‐dose, sub‐cytotoxic variant of PDT, to overcome PFAS‐induced platinum resistance. Comparative studies of PDP efficacy using either benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) or 5‐aminolevulinic acid‐induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) were conducted in two human ovarian cancer cell lines (NIH:OVCAR‐3 and Caov‐3). BPD and PpIX are clinically approved photosensitizers that preferentially localize to, or are partly synthesized in, mitochondria. PDP overcomes carboplatin resistance in PFAS‐exposed ovarian cancer cells, demonstrating the feasibility of this approach to target the deleterious effects of environmental contaminants. Decreased survival fraction in PDP + carboplatin treated cells was accompanied by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, suggesting that PDP modulates the mitochondrial membrane, reducing membrane potential and re‐sensitizing ovarian cancer cells to carboplatin.
Prospective associations of lifestyle patterns in early childhood with socio‐emotional and behavioural development and BMI: An outcome‐wide analysis of the EDEN mother–child cohort
Authors: Descarpentrie Alexandra , Bernard Jonathan Y. , Vandentorren Stephanie , Melchior Maria , Galéra Cédric , Chia Airu , Chong Mary F.‐F. , Charles Marie‐Aline , Heude Barbara , Lioret Sandrine
Published: September 2022

Background

Children's energy balance‐related behaviours (EBRB), comprising diet, screen time, physical activity, and sleep, combine into “lifestyle patterns”, which may exert a synergistic effect on health. To date, studies investigating this synergy have primarily focused on obesity risk, without addressing other facets of health.

Objectives

To examine the prospective associations of preschoolers' lifestyle patterns with socio‐emotional, behavioural, and body mass index (BMI) outcomes at 8 years.

Methods

Participants were 876 children from the EDEN mother–child cohort. Three lifestyle patterns (unhealthy, healthy, and mixed) were previously identified at age 5, separately in boys and girls. At age 8, height and weight measures generated BMI z‐scores while social–emotional and behavioural development was assessed by parents using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Drawing from the outcome‐wide approach, sex‐ and outcome‐specific adjusted linear regressions were fitted.

Results

Boys' adherence to a healthy lifestyle pattern (combining a nutrient‐dense diet and limited screen time) at 5 years was positively associated with prosocial behaviours (β = 0.14; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01, 0.26) and inversely related to hyperactivity‐inattention symptoms (β = −0.12; 95% CI −0.23, −0.01) at 8 years. Girls' mixed lifestyle pattern (sugar or artificially sweetened beverages, high screen, physical activity and low sleep times) was associated with prosocial behaviours (β = 0.12; 95% CI 0.01, 0.23). There was no evidence of associations between lifestyle patterns and BMI z‐scores.

Conclusions

Findings suggest synergistic benefits of engaging in a combination of optimal EBRBs, especially in boys, and support intervention efforts at preschool age to enhance some dimensions of their later socio‐emotional and behavioural development.
Labor by design: contributions of David Card, Joshua Angrist, and Guido Imbens*
Authors: Hull Peter , Kolesár Michal , Walters Christopher
Published: September 2022

The 2021 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was awarded to David Card “for his empirical contributions to labor economics” and to Joshua Angrist and Guido Imbens “for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships”. We survey these contributions of the three laureates, and discuss how their empirical and methodological insights transformed the modern practice of applied microeconomics. By emphasizing research design and formalizing the causal content of different econometric procedures, the laureates shed new light on key questions in labor economics and advanced a robust toolkit for empirical analyses across many fields.
Elevated ischaemia‐associated lysyl oxidase activity in delayed graft failure 6–12 months after renal transplantation
Authors: Chen Zhi , Li Yiyang , Xu Hongmei , Ma Fuzhe , Li Jia , Zhao Lei , Xu Ying
Published: September 2022

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

What potential biochemical changes are associated with renal parenchyma 6–12 months after renal transplantation and delayed graft failure?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Tissue fibrosis, mediated by tissue ischaemia‐induced induction of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α and fibronectin and consequent activation of lysyl oxidase, is a major underlying pathophysiological mechanism that contributes to delayed graft failure several months after renal transplantation.

The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the potential biochemical changes associated with renal parenchyma 6–12 months after renal transplantation and delayed graft failure. Serum concentrations of transforming growth factor‐β in these subjects always remained elevated. In addition, examination of tissue from needle biopsies confirmed that there were consistent changes in the enzyme lysyl oxidase, which functions as an amine oxidase, modifies lysine residues on collagen and cross‐links in a process of modulation of the extracellular matrix. Parenchymal levels of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α and fibronectin were elevated, as detected by Western blotting. These findings indicate an ongoing ischaemic insult, which might result from increased tissue fibrosis or, in some cases, might be additive with pre‐existing pathophysiological factors that constrain proper renal haemodynamics. Thus, increased lysyl oxidase activity, which we assayed, is a potential unfavourable mechanism occurring in these kidneys that are undergoing failure and probably causes increased fibrosis within the organ and causes ischaemia, renovascular hypertension and a cascade leading to renal dysfunction and failure.
ADRENAL CORTICAL SECRETION IN RESPONSE TO NICOTINE IN CONSCIOUS AND ANAESTHETIZED DOGS
Authors: Suzuki T. , Ikeda H. , Narita S. , Shibata O. , Waki S. , Egashira K.
Published: September 2022

In both conscious and anaesthetized dogs the adrenal cortical secretion in response to nicotine was directly measured. In conscious dogs the adrenal 17‐hydroxycorticosteroid secretion rate increased, after the intravenous injection of 0·1 mg/kg of nicotine, from 0·12 ± 0·025 µg/kg/min to 1·61 ± 0·22 µg/kg/min (mean ±S.E.M.). Similar results were obtained in dogs anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. After hypophysectomy no increase in adrenal cortical secretion was observed following the administration of the same dose of nicotine. It is suggested that the adrenocortical response to nicotine is mediated through the adrenocorticotrophin release of the pituitary gland.
Biomechanical Evaluation of Stair Ambulation Using Impedance Control on an Active Prosthesis
Authors: Camargo Jonathan , Bhakta Krishan , Herrin Kinsey , Young Aaron
Published: September 2022

Active prostheses can provide net positive work to individuals with amputation, offering more versatility across locomotion tasks than passive prostheses. However, the effect of powered joints on bilateral biomechanics has not been widely explored for ambulation modes different than level ground and treadmill walking. In this study, we present the bilateral biomechanics of stair ascent and descent with a powered knee-ankle prosthesis compared to the biomechanical profiles of able-bodied subjects at different configurations of stair height between 102 mm and 178 mm. In addition, we include reference profiles from users with passive prostheses for the nominal stair height of 152 mm to place our findings in relation to the typical solution for individuals with transfemoral amputation (TFA). We report the biomechanical profiles of kinematics, kinetics, and power, together with temporal and waveform symmetry and distribution of mechanical energy across the joints. We found that an active prosthesis provides a substantial contribution to mechanical power during stair ascent and power absorption during stair descent and gait patterns like able-bodied subjects. The active prosthesis enables step-over-step gait in stair ascent. This translates into a lower mechanical energy requirement on the intact side, with a 57% reduction of energy at the knee and 26% at the hip with respect to the passive prosthesis. For stair descent, we found a 28% reduction in the negative work done by the intact ankle. These results reflect the benefit of active prostheses, allowing the users to complete tasks more efficiently than passive legs. However, in comparison to able-bodied biomechanics, the results still differ from the ideal patterns. We discuss the limitations that explain this difference and suggest future directions for the design of impedance controllers by taking inspiration from the biological modulation of the knee moment as a function of the stair height.
Multi-Objective Optimization of Parallel-Connected Double-Effect Mechanical Vapor Recompression System Based on Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Jiang Hua , Zhang Zihui , Zhang Ziyao , Gong Wuqi
Published: September 2022

To realize multi-objective optimization of the parallel-connected double-effect mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) system, this article established an optimization model based on the Strength Pareto Evolution Algorithm 2 (SPEA2), where the total power consumption and the heat exchange area were taken as the optimization objectives. The optimal combination of evaporation temperature, compression temperature rise, and emission concentration was obtained by employing the SPEA2-based multi-objective evolutionary algorithm together with the fuzzy set theory. The emission concentration was added as a variable on the basis of the original optimization, and the optimization results were compared with the original operation conditions. The results showed that the total power consumption of the system lowered by 22.9 kW, and the heat exchange area was reduced by 110.5m2; the coefficient of performance (COP) and exergy efficiency heightened by 8.4% and 24.0%, respectively, and the exergy destruction decreased by 84.6 kW. These results indicate that the established model for system optimization can make up for the deficiency of evaluating and optimizing system performance by manipulating a single-decision variable and improve the energy utilization and thermodynamic perfection of the target system.
Physics-Assisted Long-Short-Term-Memory Network for Forecasting of Fouling in a Regenerative Heat Exchanger
Authors: Gupta Ashit , Jadhav Vishal , Deodhar Anirudh , Runkana Venkataramana
Published: September 2022

Air Preheater (APH) is a regenerative heat exchanger employed in power plants for improving the boiler thermal efficiency. Fouling of APH is a serious problem as it deteriorates heat transfer efficiency and causes unplanned shutdowns. This complex physico-chemical phenomenon is governed by APH operating conditions, flue gas composition and ambient conditions. We propose a physics-assisted Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM) network model to forecast the fouling of APH. A physics-based soft sensor, indicative of chemical deposition within the APH, is used as an additional feature. The physics-assisted basic and autoregressive LSTM models are found to be more accurate than the basic and autoregressive LSTM models, owing to additional insights coming from the physics-based soft sensor. They can help in effective predictive maintenance of APH by preempting forced outages of the plant due to fouling, up to three months in advance. The proposed framework can be easily adapted for forecasting of fouling in heat exchangers used in diverse industries.
Boundary Conditions for Modeling of a Lead Reverberatory Furnace
Authors: Walla Nicholas J. , Anisiuba Vitalis , Silaen Armin K. , Anderson Alexandra , Grogan Joseph , Zhou Chenn Q.
Published: September 2022

The use of lead reverberatory furnaces is a common part of the lead recycling process, wherein a solid feed material comprising various lead compounds is directly exposed to combustive and radiative heat sources to melt the feed material and produce lead product. Furnace design decisions ranging from burner inputs to burner placement and furnace shape are difficult to trial without risking costly losses in productivity. The use of modern computational fluid dynamics approaches can allow for more-accurate modeling of the reverberatory furnace process. A steady state simulation of the reverberatory furnace has been created for this purpose. The direct modeling of the melting and smelting reactions is bypassed as this effort would be very computationally expensive and require detailed kinetic data, a large portion of which is unknown. However, as these reactions are largely endothermic, their influence on the overall temperature profile of the furnace cannot be ignored and is critical to both validation and usefulness of the model. To this end, a multi-variable artificial heat sink boundary condition has been placed on several key boundary surfaces within the furnace for the purpose of representing the heat consumption caused by the melting and smelting reactions. This boundary condition is tuned through parameter adjustment in the base study until the temperature profile matches sample data taken from furnace operation measurements.
Supervised and Unsupervised Learning Models for Detection of Critical Heat Flux During Pool Boiling
Authors: Dunlap Christy , Pandey Hari , Hu Han
Published: September 2022

The rapid growth and scaling of electronics are causing more severe thermal management challenges. For example, the high-performance computing processors are driving the data center power density to unprecedented levels, approaching the limit of conventional air cooling. In electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs, the power conversion electronics are integrated into a compact space, leading to ultra-high heat fluxes to dissipate. Among the available thermal management mechanisms, two-phase cooling that involves the phase-change process of the working fluid can maintain electronic devices at safe operating temperatures by taking advantage of the high latent heat of the fluid. Particularly, pool boiling plays a critical role in the two-phase immersion cooling of servers and other IT hardware, integrated cooling for three-dimensional electronic packaging, cooling of the core, and used fuel in nuclear reactors. Two-phase coolers are limited by instabilities such as the critical heat flux (CHF). At the critical heat flux, the temperature increases. It is important to be able to identify the CHF in order to prevent overheating. We aim to develop and compare boiling image classification models to distinguish between 2 boiling regimes. We will leverage principal component analysis (PCA) and K-means clustering to investigate the key differences between bubbles during nucleate boiling (pre-CHF) and transition boiling (post-CHF). We will also compare the results of the unsupervised learning model against popular supervised learning models that have been used for boiling regime classification in existing studies, such as convolutional neural networks, multiplayer perceptrons, and transformers. We successfully created 4 supervised and 1 unsupervised learning models to distinguish between the two types of boiling images.
Combined ultraviolet- and electron-beam lithography with Micro-Resist-Technology GmbH ma-N1400 resist
Authors: Thoen D. J. , Murugesan V. , Pascual Laguna A. , Karatsu K. , Endo A. , Baselmans J. J. A.
Published: September 2022

We present a “mix-and-match” process to create large structures with submicrometer features by combining UV contact lithography and 100 kV electron-beam lithography in a single layer of negative-tone resist: Micro-Resist-Technology ma-N1405. The resist is successfully applied for the fabrication of an on-chip terahertz spectrometer, where the design requires 450 nm wide lines and 300 nm wide trenches in a 150 nm thick niobium-titanium-nitride layer, tolerating errors of ±30 nm. We use a resist thickness of 500 nm, optimized to allow reliable SF6/O2-based reactive ion etching of structures with 30 nm accuracy. We find that resist requires an electron-beam cross-linking dose of 1100 μC/cm2 for an acceleration voltage of 100 kV in combination with a 180 s 100 °C bake on a hot plate and 45 s development. The smallest resist bars made with our dedicated recipe are 100 nm wide, with the smallest gaps about 300 nm. The difference between the designed and realized feature size is between 2 and 30 nm for structures up to 700 nm wide. The optical exposure dose is 300 mJ/cm2 for the same development time and is optimized to produce a positive sloped edge profile allowing good step coverage for subsequent layers. The resist can be applied, shipped, and processed in a time span of a couple of days without notable deterioration of patterning quality.
Vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy of thin film interfaces
Authors: Moloney Erin G. , Azam Md. S. , Cai Canyu , Hore Dennis K.
Published: September 2022

We describe a basic theoretical treatment of how film–substrate and substrate–environment (air, water, and solution) interfaces can be selectively probed by controlling the film thickness and beam angles in a visible-infrared sum frequency generation experiment. In this model, we also account for the unique interfacial environment that may have optical properties that differ from the adjacent bulk phases. We see that this affects components of the electric field that are perpendicular to the surface such as when p-polarized light is used. We then provide an example using the glass–polydimethylsiloxane–air system and model the fields at both surfaces of the polymer. This is followed by some practical considerations for setting up such experiments and some typical experimental results.
Autonomous characterization of grain size distribution using nonlinear Lamb waves based on deep learning
Authors: Liu Lishuai , Wu Peng , Xiang Yanxun , Xuan Fu-Zhen
Published: September 2022

Characterization of grain microstructures of metallic materials is crucial to materials science and engineering applications. Unfortunately, the universal electron microscopic methodologies can only capture two-dimensional local observations of the microstructures in a time-consuming destructive way. In this regard, the nonlinear ultrasonic technique shows the potential for efficient and nondestructive microstructure characterization due to its high sensitivity to microstructural features of materials, but is hindered by the ill-posed inverse problem for multiparameter estimation induced by the incomplete understanding of the complicated nonlinear mechanical interaction mechanism. We propose an explainable nonlinearity-aware multilevel wavelet decomposition-multichannel one-dimensional convolutional neural network to hierarchically extracts multilevel time-frequency features of the acoustic nonlinearity and automatically model latent nonlinear dynamics directly from the nonlinear ultrasonic responses. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach establishes the complex mapping between acoustic nonlinearity and microstructural features, thereby determining the lognormal distribution of grain size in metallic materials rather than only average grain size. In the meantime, the integration of the designed nonlinearity-aware network and the quantitative analysis of component importance provides an acceptable physical explainability of the deep learning approach for the nonlinear ultrasonic technique. Our study shows the promise of this technique for real-time in situ evaluation of microstructural evolution in various applications.
Geographically resolved social cost of anthropogenic emissions accounting for both direct and climate-mediated effects
Authors: Burney Jennifer , Persad Geeta , Proctor Jonathan , Bendavid Eran , Burke Marshall , Heft-Neal Sam
Published: September 2022

The magnitude and distribution of physical and societal impacts from long-lived greenhouse gases are insensitive to the emission source location; the same is not true for major coemitted short-lived pollutants such as aerosols. Here, we combine novel global climate model simulations with established response functions to show that a given aerosol emission from different regions produces divergent air quality and climate changes and associated human system impacts, both locally and globally. The marginal global damages to infant mortality, crop productivity, and economic growth from aerosol emissions and their climate effects differ by more than an order of magnitude depending on source region, with certain regions creating global external climate changes and impacts much larger than those felt locally. The complex distributions of aerosol-driven societal impacts emerge from geographically distinct and region-specific aerosol-climate interactions, estimation of which is enabled by the full Earth System Modeling Framework used here.
Influence of voids on the thermal and light stability of perovskite solar cells
Authors: Wang Mengru , Fei Chengbin , Uddin Md Aslam , Huang Jinsong
Published: September 2022

The formation of voids in perovskite films close to the buried interface has been reported during film deposition. These voids are thought to limits the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we studied the voids formed during operation in perovskite films that were optimized during the solution deposition process to avoid voids. New voids formed during operation are found to assemble along grain boundaries at the bottom interface, caused by the loss of residual solvent and conversion of amorphous phase to crystalline phase. Unexpectedly, the formation of these voids did not negatively affect the stability of PSCs. Decreasing the amorphous region in perovskites by thermal annealing decreased the positive iodide interstitial density, and improved the light stability of PSCs. The annealed devices maintained 90% of their initial efficiency and light soaking for 1900 hours at open circuit condition under 1-sun illumination at 50°C.
Catastrophic growth of totally molten magma chambers in months to years
Authors: Annen Catherine , Latypov Rais , Chistyakova Sofya , Cruden Alexander R. , Nielsen Troels F. D.
Published: September 2022

The vertical growth rate of basaltic magma chambers remains largely unknown with available estimates being highly uncertain. Here, we propose a novel approach to address this issue using the classical Skaergaard intrusion that started crystallizing from all margins inward only after it had been completely filled with magma. Our numerical simulations indicate that to keep the growing Skaergaard magma chamber completely molten, the vertical growth rate must have been on the order of several hundreds to a few thousands of meters per year, corresponding to volumetric flow rates of tens to hundreds of cubic kilometers per year. These rates are several orders of magnitude higher than current estimates and were likely achieved by rapid subsidence of the floor rocks along faults. We propose that the Skaergaard is a plutonic equivalent of supereruptions or intrusions that grow via catastrophically rapid magma emplacement into the crust, producing totally molten magma chambers in a matter of a few months to dozens of years.
Rhomboid-catalyzed intramembrane proteolysis requires hydrophobic matching with the surrounding lipid bilayer
Authors: Engberg Oskar , Ulbricht David , Döbel Viola , Siebert Verena , Frie Christian , Penk Anja , Lemberg Marius K. , Huster Daniel
Published: September 2022

Membrane thinning by rhomboid proteins has been proposed to reduce hydrophobic mismatch, providing a unique environment for important functions ranging from intramembrane proteolysis to retrotranslocation in protein degradation. We show by in vitro reconstitution and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance that the lipid environment of the
Escherichia coli
rhomboid protease GlpG influences its activity with an optimal hydrophobic membrane thickness between 24 and 26 Å. While phosphatidylcholine membranes are only negligibly altered by GlpG, in an
E. coli
–relevant lipid mix of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol, a thinning by 1.1 Å per leaflet is observed. Protease activity is strongly correlated with membrane thickness and shows no lipid headgroup specificity. We infer from these results that, by adjusting the thickness of specific membrane domains, membrane proteins shape the bilayer for their specific needs.
Timing and spatial variation of deformation along the Kanggur-Huangshan shear zone in the Chinese Tianshan: Implications for regional differential uplift and mineralization
Authors: Muhtar M.N. , Wu Chang-Zhi , Brzozowski Matthew J. , Santosh M. , Tian Rong-Song , Xie Guo-Ai , Zhang Wan-Feng , Lei Ru-Xiong , Xiao Wen-Jiao
Published: September 2022

The Chinese Tianshan experienced large-scale transcurrent tectonics, synkinematic emplacement of ultramafic to felsic intrusions, and the formation of various mineral deposits during late Paleozoic accretionary orogenesis. The relationships among the spatial variation of deformation, the distribution of Permian orogenic Au and magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits, and the kinematic evolution of crustal-scale shear zones, however, remain ambiguous. To address these ambiguities, the spatial variation in the degree of deformation in the Kanggur-Huangshan shear zone in the Chinese Tianshan was characterized using detailed structural measurements and zircon U-Pb and muscovite 40Ar/39Ar age data. The new structural data indicate that a prominent spatial variation exists in the style of deformation throughout the Kanggur-Huangshan shear zone; intense ductile deformation structures are dominant in the east, while brittle structures become progressively more dominant toward to the west. Zircon U-Pb and muscovite 40Ar/39Ar age data for syn- and postkinematic intrusions along the Kanggur-Huangshan shear zone indicate that dextral strike-slip shearing occurred between 279 Ma and 249 Ma. The spatial variation in the degree of deformation and exhumation along the Kanggur-Huangshan shear zone was potentially caused by regional differential uplift induced by the collision of the Tianshan and Beishan regions; this was likely responsible for the predominant occurrence of magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits in the eastern portion of the Kanggur-Huangshan shear zone and orogenic Au deposits in the western portion. The identified spatio-temporal relationship between deformation and distribution of orogenic Au and magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits is crucial to the future success of mineral exploration in the Central Asian orogenic belt.