bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practice patterns and clinical outcomes among non‐ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE‐ACS) patients presenting to primary and tertiary hospitals: Insights from the EARLY glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition in NSTE‐ACS (EARLY‐ACS) trial
Authors: Toleva Olga , Westerhout Cynthia M. , Senaratne Manohara P.J. , Bode Christoph , Lindroos Magnus , Sulimov Vitaly A. , Montalescot Gilles , Newby L. Kristin , Giugliano Robert P. , Van de Werf Frans , Armstrong Paul W.
Published: June 2014

Objectives

We evaluated patients at tertiary [both percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) capable] and primary hospitals in the EARLY‐ACS trial.

Background

Early invasive management is recommended for high‐risk non‐ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndromes.

Methods

We evaluated outcomes in 9,204 patients presenting to: tertiary sites, primary sites with transfer to tertiary sites (“transferred”) and those who remained at primary sites (“non‐transfer”).

Results

There were 348 tertiary (n = 7,455 patients) and 89 primary hospitals [n = 1,749 patients (729 transferred; 1,020 non‐transfer)]. Significant delays occurred in time from symptom onset to angiography (49 hr), PCI (53h), and CABG (178 hr) for transferred patients (P < 0.001). Non‐transfer patients had less 30‐day death/myocardial infarction [9.4% vs. 11.7% (tertiary); adjusted odds ratio (OR): 0.78 (0.62–0.97), P = 0.026]; transferred (14.0%) and tertiary patients were similar [adjusted OR: 1.23 (0.98–1.53), P = 0.074]. Non‐transfer patients had lower 1‐year mortality [4.3% vs. 6.3% (tertiary); adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 0.64 (0.47–0.87), P = 0.005]: there was no difference between transferred and tertiary patients [5.2% vs. 6.3%; adjusted HR: 0.80 (0.58–1.12), P = 0.202]. Despite similar rates of catheterization, GUSTO severe/moderate bleeding within 120 hr was less in non‐transfer [3.1% vs. 6.7% (tertiary); adjusted OR: 0.47 (0.32–0.68), P < 0.001], whereas transferred (6.1%) and tertiary patients were similar [adjusted OR: 0.94 (0.68–1.30), P = 0.693]. There was no difference in non‐CABG bleeding.

Conclusions

Timely angiography and revascularization were often not achieved in transferred patients. Non‐transferred patients presenting to primary sites had the lowest event rates and the best long‐term survival. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemical‐Free Control of Pests in Wood by Means of Dielectric Heating with Radio Waves and Microwaves
Authors: Hoyer Christian , Pfütze Christian , Plarre Rudy , Trommler Ulf , Steinbach Steffen , Klutzny Kerstin , Holzer Frank , Rabe Carsten , Höhlig Björn , Kopinke Frank‐Dieter , Schmidt Detlef , Roland Ulf
Published: June 2014

Die thermische Bekämpfung von Holzschädlingen erfordert wegen der geringen Wärmeleitfähigkeit von Holz lange Behandlungszeiten und kann zur Rissbildung führen. Hier wurde die thermische Behandlung mittels Radio‐ und Mikrowellen untersucht. Die direkte, dielektrische Erwärmung hat den Vorteil einer größeren Homogenität der Aufheizung. Die mit Radiowellen erzielten Temperaturprofile waren homogener als die mit Mikrowellen realisierten. Untersuchungen zeigten, dass die Abtötung nicht auf die direkte Einwirkung von elektromagnetischen Feldern, sondern auf die Temperaturerhöhung zurückzuführen ist.
Glucocerebrosidase Enhancers for Selected Gaucher Disease Genotypes by Modification of α‐1‐C‐Substituted Imino‐D‐xylitols (DIXs) by Click Chemistry
Authors: Serra‐Vinardell Jenny , Díaz Lucía , Casas Josefina , Grinberg Daniel , Vilageliu Lluïsa , Michelakakis Helen , Mavridou Irene , Aerts Johannes M. F. G. , Decroocq Camille , Compain Philippe , Delgado Antonio
Published: June 2014

A series of hybrid analogues was designed by combination of the iminoxylitol scaffold of parent 1C9‐DIX with triazolylalkyl side chains. The resulting compounds were considered potential pharmacological chaperones in Gaucher disease. The DIX analogues reported here were synthesized by CuAAC click chemistry from scaffold 1 (α‐1‐C‐propargyl‐1,5‐dideoxy‐1,5‐imino‐D‐xylitol) and screened as imiglucerase inhibitors. A set of selected compounds were tested as β‐glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) enhancers in fibroblasts from Gaucher patients bearing different genotypes. A number of these DIX compounds were revealed as potent GBA1 enhancers in genotypes containing the G202R mutation, particularly compound DIX‐28 (α‐1‐C‐[(1‐(3‐trimethylsilyl)propyl)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)methyl]‐1,5‐dideoxy‐1,5‐imino‐D‐xylitol), bearing the 3‐trimethylsilylpropyl group as a new surrogate of a long alkyl chain, with approximately threefold activity enhancement at 10 nM. Despite their structural similarities with isofagomine and with our previously reported aminocyclitols, the present DIX compounds behaved as non‐competitive inhibitors, with the exception of the mixed‐type inhibitor DIX‐28.
Threshold Dynamics for Networks with Arbitrary Surface Tensions
Authors: Esedoḡ Lu Selim , Otto Felix
Published: June 2014

We present and study a new algorithm for simulating the N‐phase mean curvature motion for an arbitrary set of (isotropic) surface tensions. The departure point is the threshold dynamics algorithm of Merriman, Bence, and Osher for the two‐phase case.

A new energetic interpretation of this algorithm allows us to extend it in a natural way to the case of N phases, for arbitrary surface tensions and arbitrary (isotropic) mobilities. For a large class of surface tensions, the algorithm is shown to be consistent in the sense that at every time step, it decreases an energy functional that is an approximation (in the sense of Gamma convergence) of the interfacial energy. A broad range of numerical tests shows good convergence properties.

An important application is the motion of grain boundaries in polycrystalline materials: It is also established that the above‐mentioned large class of surface tensions contains the Read‐Shockley surface tensions, both in the two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional settings.© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Customer satisfaction‐aware scheduling for utility maximization on geo‐distributed data centers
Authors: Jing Chao , Zhu Yanmin , Li Minglu
Published: June 2014

With the increasingly growing amount of service requests from the world‐wide customers, the cloud systems are capable of providing services while meeting the customers' satisfaction. Recently, to achieve the better reliability and performance, the cloud systems have been largely depending on the geographically distributed data centers. Nevertheless, the dollar cost of service placement by service providers (SP) differ from the multiple regions. Accordingly, it is crucial to design a request dispatching and resource allocation algorithm to maximize net profit. The existing algorithms are either built upon energy‐efficient schemes alone, or multi‐type requests and customer satisfaction oblivious. They cannot be applied to multi‐type requests and customer satisfaction‐aware algorithm design with the objective of maximizing net profit. This paper proposes an ant‐colony optimization‐based algorithm for maximizing SP's net profit (AMP) on geographically distributed data centers with the consideration of customer satisfaction. First, using model of customer satisfaction, we formulate the utility (or net profit) maximization issue as an optimization problem under the constraints of customer satisfaction and data centers. Second, we analyze the complexity of the optimal requests dispatchment problem and rigidly prove that it is an NP‐complete problem. Third, to evaluate the proposed algorithm, we have conducted the comprehensive simulation and compared with the other state‐of‐the‐art algorithms. Also, we extend our work to consider the data center's power usage effectiveness. It has been shown that AMP maximizes SP net profit by dispatching service requests to the proper data centers and generating the appropriate amount of virtual machines to meet customer satisfaction. Moreover, we also demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach when it accommodates the impacts of dynamically arrived heavy workload, various evaporation rate and consideration of power usage effectiveness. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanically Adaptive and Shape‐Memory Behaviour of Chitosan‐Modified Cellulose Whisker/Elastomer Composites in Different pH Environments
Authors: Wu Tongfei , Su Yuli , Chen Biqiong
Published: June 2014

Biomimetic polymer composites with water‐active mechanically adaptive and shape‐memory behaviour in different pH environments are synthesised by using chitosan‐modified cellulose whiskers (CS‐CWs) as the stimulus‐responsive phase and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) as the resilient matrix. The effect of surface modification on the mechanically adaptive behaviour of CS‐CW/TPU composites is investigated by using three representative solutions with various pH values. The results show that surface modification significantly enhances the modulus contrast under wet and dry conditions with the acidic solution as the stimulus, while maintaining the high modulus contrast with the basic solution as the stimulus. CS‐CW/TPU composites also exhibit excellent shape‐memory effects in all three solutions that are comparable to those pristine CW/TPU composites. Furthermore, activation of force generation in the stretched CS‐CW/TPU composites by water absorption/desorption was observed.
Role of Reduced Graphene Oxide in the Critical Components of a CdS‐Sensitized TiO2‐Based Photoelectrochemical Cell
Authors: Selvaraj Josephine , Gupta Satyajit , DelaCruz Steven , Subramanian Vaidyanathan (Ravi)
Published: June 2014

Nitrogen (N)‐doped reduced graphene oxide (nRGO) is systematically incorporated into a TiO2–CdS photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell and its role is examined in the three main components of the cell: 1) the CdS‐sensitized TiO2 photoanode, 2) the cathode, and 3) the S2−/S.− aqueous redox electrolyte. The nRGO layer is sandwiched between TiO2 nanorods (deposited by using a solvothermal method) and CdS (deposited by using the successive ionic‐layer‐adsorption and ‐reaction method). Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDS) reveals the spatial distribution of CdS and nRGO, whereas nRGO formation is evident from Mott Schottky analysis. Chronoamperometry and PEC analysis indicate that upon incorporation of nRGO, a photocurrent density that is at least 27 times higher than that of pristine TiO2 is achieved; this increase is attributable to the ability of the nRGO to efficiently separate and transport charges. Stability analysis performed by continuous photoillumination over ∼3 h indicates a 26% and 42 % reduction in the photocurrent in the presence and absence of the nRGO respectively. Formation of SO42− is identified as the cause for this photocurrent reduction by using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is also shown that nRGO‐coated glass is as effective as a Pt counter electrode in the PEC cell. Unlike the benefits offered by nRGO at the anode and cathode, introducing it in the redox electrolyte is detrimental. Systematic and complementary electrolyte and film‐based studies on this aspect reveal evidence of the capacitive behavior of nRGO. Competition between the nRGO and the oxidized electrolyte is identified, based on linear‐sweep voltammetry analysis, as the limiting step to efficient charge transport in the electrolyte.
Post‐Synthetic Modification of Hangman Porphyrins Synthesized on the Gram Scale
Authors: Graham Daniel J. , Zheng Shao‐Liang , Nocera Daniel G.
Published: June 2014

We report a multi‐gram scale synthesis of methyl 6‐formyl‐4‐dibenzofurancarboxylate and its subsequent use in the gram scale synthesis of a dibenzofuran‐functionalized hangman porphyrin containing a pendant carboxylic acid (HPD‐CO2H). HPD‐CO2H can be isolated as a free carboxylic acid in high purity with minimal purification. Post‐synthetic modification of HPD‐CO2H allows for the introduction of any desired pendant group in good yields, resulting in a practical amount of hangman porphyrin ligand with an easily customizable second coordination sphere. The cobalt complexes of these hangman porphyrins are shown to be active proton reduction electrocatalysts.
Transcriptional profiling of genes involved in steviol glycoside biosynthesis in Stevia rebaudiana bertoni during plant hardening
Authors: Modi Arpan , Litoriya Nitesh , Prajapati Vijay , Rafalia Rutul , Narayanan Subhash
Published: June 2014

Background: Stevioside is a diterpene glycoside found in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Asteraceae) and is 200–300 times sweeter than sucrose. It is synthesized through a plastid localized 2‐C‐methyl‐D‐erythritol‐4‐phosphate (MEP) pathway. Fifteen genes are involved in the formation of steviol glycosides (stevioside and rebaudioside A). In the present investigation, micropropagated plants were allowed to harden for one month during which transcriptional profiling of candidate genes was carried out. Sampling from all the plants was carried out during hardening at different time intervals (day 10, 20, and 30) along with control plants (day 0). Stevioside content was also measured. Results: Of 15 genes, 9 were up‐regulated two‐fold or greater. Nine genes were expressed at higher levels after 30 days than in the untreated controls. Moreover, these transcriptional differences were correlated with a significant enhancement in stevioside content from 0‐ (11.48%) to 30‐ (13.57%) day‐old plants. Conclusions: MEP pathway genes in stevia are expressed at higher levels during hardening, a change to vegetative growth from reproductive growth. Although there were higher transcript levels of candidate genes at the initial phase of hardening, the highest stevioside content was found after 30 days of hardening, suggesting translational/posttranslational regulatory mechanisms. Developmental Dynamics 243:1067–1073, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Persistent angina pectoris in ischaemic cardiomyopathy: increased rehospitalization and major adverse cardiac events
Authors: Mentz Robert J. , Broderick Samuel , Shaw Linda K. , Chiswell Karen , Fiuzat Mona , O'Connor Christopher M.
Published: June 2014

Aims

The impact of refractory angina pectoris (AP) in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) is unknown. We investigated the characteristics and outcomes of ICM patients with persistent AP following cardiac catheterization.

Methods and results

Patients who underwent coronary angiography at Duke from 2000 to 2009 with an EF <40% and ICM with persistent AP were compared with similar patients without persistent AP. Persistent AP was defined by patient report of ischaemic symptoms within 1 year of index catheterization. Time‐to‐event was examined using Kaplan–Meier or cumulative incidence and Cox proportional hazards modelling methods for death/myocardial infarction (MI)/revascularization [i.e. major adverse cardiac events (MACE)], death/MI, death, and cardiovascular death/hospitalization. Of 965 ICM patients, 298 (31%) had persistent AP. These patients were younger and had more previous revascularization than patients without persistent AP. Both groups had high use of aspirin, beta‐blockers, ACE inhibitors, and statins, but modest nitrate use. Over a median follow‐up of >5 years, patients with persistent AP had increased rates of MACE, and cardiovascular death/hospitalization compared with patients without persistent AP [5‐year cumulative event rates of 53% vs. 46% (P = 0.013) and 73% vs. 60% (P < 0.0001), respectively], but similar rates of death (P = 0.59) and death/MI (P = 0.50). After multivariable adjustment, persistent AP remained associated with increased MACE [hazard ratio (HR) 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.57], and cardiovascular death/hospitalization (HR 1.36; 95% CI 1.14–1.62).

Conclusion

Persistent AP is common despite medical therapy in patients with ICM and is independently associated with increased long‐term MACE and rehospitalization. Future prospective studies of persistent AP in ICM patients are warranted.
Point‐Functionalization of Ionic Liquids: An Overview of Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Chiappe Cinzia , Pomelli Christian Silvio
Published: June 2014

In recent years, the designer nature of ionic liquids (ILs) has driven their exploration and exploitation in numerous fields. Undoubtedly, the most attractive feature of ILs is their tunability and the incorporation of functional groups into the cations or anions is the most efficient way to impart a particular property. Functionalized ILs are generally named “task‐specific ionic liquids” (TSILs). In this review, we survey some of the classes of TSILs, generally characterized by the presence of only one “common” functional group, arising from slight modifications (here, defined as “point‐functionalization”) that can be achieved through simple synthetic procedures. In particular, we will discuss their synthesis, immobilization and applications in some specific fields. Among these, we consider their use as solvent catalysts in organic synthesis and metal‐catalysed processes, and as fluids in metal extraction processes and gas capture, highlighting their possible uses in materials sciences. The aim of this review is to provide, through a careful survey of the literature, indications of sustainable and rational developments in this extremely prolific field.
Noninvasive online biomass detector system for cultivation in shake flasks
Authors: Schmidt‐Hager Jörg , Ude Christian , Findeis Michael , John Gernot T. , Scheper Thomas , Beutel Sascha
Published: June 2014

A novel online sensor system for noninvasive and continuous monitoring of cell growth in shake flasks is described. The measurement principle is based on turbidity measurement by detecting 180°‐scattered light and correlation to OD by nonlinear calibration models. The sensor system was integrated into a commercial shaking tablar to read out turbidity from below the shake flasks bottom. The system was evaluated with two model microorganisms, Escherichia coli K12 as prokaryotic and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as eukaryotic model. The sensor allowed an accurate monitoring of turbidity and correlation with OD600 ≤ 30. The determination of online OD showed relative errors of about 7.5% for E. coli K12 and 12% for S. cerevisiae. This matches the errors of the laborious offline OD and thus facilitates to overcome the drawbacks of the classical method as risk of contamination and decreasing volumes through sampling. One major challenge was to ensure a defined, nonvarying measurement zone as the rotating suspension in the shake flask forms a liquid sickle which circulates round the flasks inner bottom wall. The resulting alteration of liquid height above the sensor could be compensated by integration of an acceleration sensor into the tablar to synchronize the sensor triggering.
Trophodynamics of current use pesticides and ecological relationships in the Bathurst region vegetation-caribou-wolf food chain of the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Morris Adam D. , Muir Derek C.G. , Solomon Keith R. , Teixeira Camilla , Duric Mark , Wang Xiaowa
Published: June 2014

The bioaccumulation of current use pesticides (CUPs) and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen were investigated in vegetation-caribou-wolf food chain in the Bathurst region (Nunavut, Canada). Volumetric bioconcentration factors (BCFv) in vegetation were generally greatest for dacthal (10–12) ≥ endosulfan sulfate (10–11) > ß-endosulfan (>9.0–9.7) ≥ pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB; 8.4–9.6) > α-endosulfan (8.3–9.3) > chlorpyrifos (8.0–8.7) >chlorothalonil (7.6–8.3). The BCFv values in vegetation were significantly correlated with the logarithm of the octanol–air partition coefficients (log KOA) of CUPs (r2 = 0.90, p = 0.0040), although dacthal was an outlier and not included in this relationship. Most biomagnification factors (BMFs) for CUPs in caribou:diet comparisons were significantly less than 1. Similarly, the majority of wolf:caribou BMFs were either significantly less than 1 or were not statistically greater than 1. Significant trophic magnification factors (TMFs) were all less than 1, indicating that these CUPs exhibit trophic dilution through this terrestrial food chain. The log KOA reasonably predicted bioconcentration in vegetation for most CUPs but was not correlated with BMFs or TMFs in mammals. Our results, along with those of metabolic studies, suggest that mammals actively metabolize these CUPs, limiting their biomagnification potential despite entry into the food chain through effective bioconcentration in vegetation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:1956–1966. © 2014 SETAC
Hunger macht langsam
Authors: Gronemeyer Reimer , Fink Michaela
Published: June 2014

Im südlichen Afrika leben über 15 Millionen AIDS‐Waisen. Wie in Namibia werden die meisten bislang von ihren Großfamilien versorgt. Doch die traditionellen Strukturen zerfallen — statt ihrer müssen zivilgesellschaftliche Initiativen versuchen, die Not zu lindern.
Fibronectin Peptides as Potential Regulators of Hepatic Fibrosis Through Apoptosis of Hepatic Stellate Cells
Authors: Mòdol Teresa , Brice Natalia , Ruiz de Galarreta Marina , García Garzón Antonia , Iraburu María J. , Martínez‐Irujo Juan J. , López‐Zabalza María J.
Published: June 2014

The turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) components can generate signals that regulate several cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. During liver injury, matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) production is enhanced and increased levels of peptides derived from extracellular matrix proteins can be generated. Synthetic peptides with sequences present in extracellular matrix proteins were previously found to induce both stimulating and apoptotic effects on several cell types including the inflammatory cells monocytes/macrophages. Therefore, in inflammatory liver diseases, locally accumulated peptides could be also important in regulating hepatic fibrosis by inducing apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells (HSC), the primary cellular source of extracellular matrix components. Here, we describe the apoptotic effect of fibronectin peptides on the cell line of human hepatic stellate cells LX‐2 based on oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation, caspase‐3 and ‐9 activation, Bcl‐2 depletion, and accumulation of Bax protein. We also found that these peptides trigger the activation of Src kinase, which in turn mediated the increase of JNK and p38 activities. By the use of specific inhibitors we demonstrated the involvement of Src, JNK, and p38 in apoptosis induced by fibronectin peptides on HSC. Moreover, fibronectin peptides increased iNOS expression in human HSC, and specific inhibition of iNOS significantly reduced the sustained activity of JNK and the programmed cell death caused by these peptides. Finally, the possible regulatory effect of fibronectin peptides in liver fibrosis was further supported by the ability of these peptides to induce metalloprotease‐9 (MMP‐9) expression in human monocytes. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 546–553, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company
Distinct Effects of Inorganic Phosphate on Cell Cycle and Apoptosis in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Rahabi‐Layachi Haifa , Ourouda Roger , Boullier Agnes , Massy Ziad A. , Amant Carole
Published: June 2014

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is an essential nutrient to all living organisms. Nevertheless, hyperphosphatemia is now recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular events and mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. To our knowledge, the mechanisms by which elevated Pi alters smooth muscle cell proliferation have been poorly addressed. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of Pi on cell cycle regulation and apoptosis in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HAoSMC). HAoSMC were treated with physiologic (1 mM) or high (2 and 3 mM) Pi concentrations. We showed that Pi not only decreased significantly cell viability (P < 0.001) but also induced apoptosis of HAoSMC. Moreover, Pi treatment blocked G1/S cell cycle progression by increasing cell number in G0/G1 phase up to 82.4 ± 3.4% for 3 mM vs 76.2 ± 3.1% for control (P < 0.01) while decreasing cell number in S phase. Accordingly, this was associated with a decrease protein expression of cyclin E and its associated CDK (CDK2), and phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein. Moreover, we observed an increase of protein expression of cell cycle inhibitors p15, p21, and p27. Interestingly, we also found that induction of cell cycle arrest was partially dependent on phosphate uptake. Our results demonstrated that Pi reduced HAoSMC proliferation by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Indeed, we showed for the first time that Pi affected HAoSMC cell cycle by blocking G1/S progression. These findings would be useful for a better understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in vascular complications observed in CKD patients. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 347–355, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coronary artery indexed diameter and z score regression equations in healthy Chinese Han children
Authors: Zhang Yu‐qi , Chen Shu‐bao , Huang Guo‐ying , Zhang Hong‐yan , Huang Mei‐rong , Wang Shan‐shan , Wu Lan‐ping , Hong Wen‐jing , Shen Rong , Liu Yi‐qing , Zhu Jun‐xue , Lu Zhao‐hui
Published: June 2014

Objective

In children with coronary disease, clinical decision should be based on detailed measurements of the coronary arteries by two‐dimensional echocardiography. We aimed to establish coronary artery reference indexed diameter and z scores regression equations in a large cohort of Chinese Han children.

Methods

We measured the diameter of the proximal right (RCA), left main (LMCA), left anterior descending, and left circumflex coronary artery, and of the aortic annulus, and calculated the coronary‐aorta index (coronary artery‐to‐aortic annulus ratio) in 506 Chinese Han children with normal hearts whose ages ranged from 1 day to 18 years. Regression analyses were performed, relating the coronary artery dimensions to body surface area (BSA). Several models were used, and the best model (yielding the maximum adjusted R2) was chosen to establish a z score calculator.

Results

Based on cubic regression, (M) = β0 + β1 × BSA + β2 × BSA2 + β3 × BSA3, the adjusted R2 values were 0.515, 0.553, 0.505, and 0.518 for the RCA, LMCA, left anterior descending, and left circumflex coronary artery models, respectively. RCA/aortic annulus was 0.14 ± 0.02 (range, 0.07–0.24) and LMCA/AOA was 0.15 ± 0.03 (range, 0.10–0.28).

Conclusions

Our results provide reference values of coronary artery z scores, regression equation, and coronary‐aorta index as a quick guide to determine coronary dilation in Chinese Han children. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 43:39–46, 2015
Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of placenta accreta—Impact on maternal and neonatal outcomes
Authors: Hall Tania , Wax Joseph R. , Lucas F. Lee , Cartin Angelina , Jones Michael , Pinette Michael G.
Published: June 2014

Purpose

To compare maternal and neonatal outcomes of prenatally diagnosed versus undiagnosed cases of placenta accreta.

Methods

This retrospective study included all pathology‐proven placentas accreta/increta/percreta from a single tertiary center from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2012. Outcomes were compared between prenatally diagnosed and undiagnosed cases.

Results

Thirty‐six cases of abnormal implantations were identified, of which 19 (53%) were prenatally diagnosed by ultrasound. Prenatal detection was more likely with a percreta (7/19 versus 2/17, p = .07), parity (18/19 versus 9/17, p = .01), prior cesarean (17/19 versus 4/17, p = .0001), shorter cesarean‐conception interval (22.8 ± 21.4 versus 108 ± 7.6 months, p = .01), and spontaneous conception (19/19 versus 12/17, p = .03). Cases diagnosed prenatally more frequently received steroids for fetal maturity (13/20 versus 3/19, p = .003), delivered by cesarean (19/19 versus 11/17, p = .01) under general anesthesia (14/19 versus 4/17, p = .002) with a cell saver (5/19 versus 0/17, p = .06). There were no statistically significant differences by group in maternal blood loss, transfusion, intensive care admission or length of stay, operative injury, or severe composite morbidity (reoperation, coagulopathy, thromboembolism, wound infection, multiorgan failure, transfusion reaction, fistula, or chest compressions). There were no statistically significant differences in 5‐minute Apgar <7, neonatal intensive care unit admission or length of stay, or severe composite morbidity.

Conclusion

Prenatally undiagnosed accretas are less complex than prenatally diagnosed cases, but associated with statistically similar outcomes, suggesting benefit to prenatal recognition. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:449–455, 2014
Novel One‐Pot Three‐Component Reaction for the Synthesis of Functionalized Spiroquinazolinones
Authors: Tajbakhsh Mahdieh , Ramezanpour Sorour , Balalaie Saeed , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza
Published: June 2014

A wide variety of spiroquinazolinone derivatives have been synthesized via a one‐pot three‐component reaction of isatoic anhydride, cyclic ketones, and hydrazides in the presence of catalytic amount (20 mol%) of H3PO3 in ethanol. Mild reaction conditions, high atom economy, operational simplicity, and good to high yields are the key advantages of the present protocol.
Brain synaptosomes harbor more than one cytoplasmic system of protein synthesis
Authors: Cefaliello Carolina , Eyman Maria , Melck Dominique , De Stefano Rosanna , Ferrara Eugenia , Crispino Marianna , Giuditta Antonio
Published: June 2014

Synaptosomal protein synthesis from rat brain is selectively increased by learning and is massively enhanced during the recovery period from brain ischemia. To lay the groundwork for identification of the involved synaptic elements, we examined the effects induced by varying the concentrations of extracellular cations and endogenous calcium. Most of the recorded rate response curves exhibited biphasic profiles that suggested the presence of more than one translation system. Because comparable profiles were obtained by fully inhibiting mitochondrial translation, the data indicated the involvement of cytoplasmic translation systems present in different synaptosomal classes. Their properties may be individually investigated by exploiting the partially inhibited conditions we have described. The identification of the synaptic elements from which they originated and their newly synthesized proteins will significantly expand our understanding of the synaptic contribution to brain plastic events. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of interneurons activated at different inclines during treadmill locomotion in adult rats
Authors: Tillakaratne Niranjala J.K. , Duru Paul , Fujino Hidemi , Zhong Hui , Xiao Mei Si , Edgerton V. Reggie , Roy Roland R.
Published: June 2014

By using c‐fos as an activity‐dependent marker, we identified the cholinergic interneurons around the central canal and lumbar interneurons throughout the gray matter that were activated after a 30‐min bout of quadrupedal treadmill stepping at a 0° or 25° incline in adult rats. Increased loading (elevated treadmill incline) imposed during treadmill stepping activated more cholinergic interneurons in the proximity of the central canal, i.e., central canal cluster cells and partition neurons. Since cholinergic central canal cells are thought to modulate motoneuron excitability, these data suggest that increased load during stepping may increase motoneuronal activity through activating more cholinergic central canal cells. We identified the muscle‐specific motoneurons and afferent terminals in the spinal cord by injecting cholera toxin subunit B in the soleus and tibialis anterior muscles. The number of interneurons in lumbar segments L4 (tibialis anterior) and L5 (soleus) was higher in both groups that stepped on the treadmill compared with control and was highest in rats that stepped at a 25° incline. In a majority of laminae, the distribution of total and muscle‐specific activated interneurons was highest in the 25° incline group and lowest in the control group for both muscles. These data could reflect increased peripheral (proprioceptive) input as well as supraspinal drive associated with stepping and demonstrate the differences in 1) the activation of cholinergic interneurons near the central canal and 2) the laminar and segmental location of interneurons throughout the gray matter that play a role in generating stepping under different loading conditions in adult rats. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
GrameenPhone: Creating a Win‐Win at the Base of the Pyramid in Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Syed Abidur , Amran Azlan , Ahmad Noor Hazlina , Taghizadeh Seyedeh Khadijeh
Published: June 2014

Companies around the world have had mixed results in their efforts to reach customers at the base of the economic pyramid (BoP). GrameenPhone, the leading telecommunications firm in Bangladesh, has expanded its market reach while reducing poverty through an initiative that empowers the rural poor with access to the information and resources they need to start their own businesses. An outgrowth of the company's corporate social responsibility program, the GrameenPhone Community Information Centre offers an entrepreneurship business model well suited to the needs of those living and doing business in developing countries. ©2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rhizosphere dynamics under nitrogen‐induced root modification: The interaction of phosphorus and calcium
Authors: Makhani Mitalie , Isaac Marney E.
Published: June 2014

Optimizing root phosphorus (P) acquisition to reduce intensive fertilizer use is a crucial pathway for sustainable agriculture, particularly as P is an important plant macronutrient, often limiting in a majority of soils worldwide. Although many studies have assessed plant growth and P acquisition, few studies have investigated the interactive effects of nitrogen (N)‐induced root modification on soil P processes or the understudied effects of soil calcium (Ca) dynamics on soil P bioavailability. In this study, we investigate soil P and Ca response in the rhizosphere of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. spp. durum). Wheat grown under controlled conditions preloaded for 20 d with two N treatments [preloaded low N (1 mmol KNO3 plant−1) and preloaded high N (2 mmol KNO3 plant−1)] were transferred to rhizoboxes for 12 d [days after transfer (DAT)]. Shoot and root biomass, P and Ca concentration, and plant‐available P and extractable Ca were determined every three days (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 DAT). Significantly higher root mass (P = 0.7%), root length (P = 1.8%) and total biomass (P = 2.2%) were found at the end of the experiment but exclusively for high N preloaded wheat. This greater root biomass was associated with lower root P concentration, suggesting a dilution response, while little difference was observed in shoot P concentration over the 12 d. However, Ca accumulated in both roots and shoots under both preloading N levels. Concurrently, soil‐extractable Ca declined, and plant‐available P increased (r = –0.62; P = 0.03%), presumably due to a promoting effect of Ca uptake on soil P availability; lower soil Ca in turn increased the repulsive forces between P ions and the negatively charged soil surface, resulting in an increased P availability in the soil solution. This study contributes to the understanding of the complex interplay between multi‐nutrient dynamics within the rhizosphere.
Phase equilibrium measurements of acoustically levitated squalane–CO2 mixtures by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Baer Sebastian , Esen Cemal , Ostendorf Andreas
Published: June 2014

This work describes the phase equilibrium measurements of acoustically levitated binary mixtures with concentration measurements using Raman spectroscopy without sample extraction of the autoclave. The levitator design is implemented in a Single‐Droplet Optical Cell for levitation processes under varying atmospheres. The advantages of acoustic levitation of small droplets under increased temperatures and pressure combined with spectroscopic applications like Raman spectroscopy enable novel experiments possibly relevant to the fields of chemical engineering. To the author's knowledge, this is the first use of Raman spectroscopy for phase equilibria investigations on acoustically levitated droplets under high pressure and temperature. The results show very good agreements with literature data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of emeralds by micro‐Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Bersani Danilo , Azzi Giulia , Lambruschi Erica , Barone Germana , Mazzoleni Paolo , Raneri Simona , Longobardo Ugo , Lottici Pier Paolo
Published: June 2014

In recent years, the use of Raman spectroscopy as a gemological tool has largely increased, in particular in the conservation science field where a non‐destructive and contactless identification is required. In this work, we show the large amount of information which is possible to obtain with Raman analysis on one of the most important gems, emerald, the green variety of beryl. In particular, 14 not certified faceted emeralds have been studied by means of a standard micro‐Raman spectrometer, allowing also the identification of some fakes (garnet, glass, and quartz). All the emerald gems have been fully characterized from the vibrational point of view. In particular, the high frequency spectrum, in the OH region, has been exploited to estimate the amount of alkali ions present in the channels of the crystalline structure. In addition, solid and fluid inclusions have been identified and were useful to hypothesize the provenance of the mineral. The shape and position of the characteristic laser‐induced luminescence of chromium ions have helped to better define the origin of the gems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrafiltration liquid chromatography combined with high‐speed countercurrent chromatography for screening and isolating potential α‐glucosidase and xanthine oxidase inhibitors from Cortex Phellodendri
Authors: Li Sainan , Liu Chunming , Guo Liping , Zhang Yuchi , Wang Jing , Ma Bing , Wang Yueqi , Wang Yumeng , Ren Junqi , Yang Xiaojing , Qin Yao , Tang Ying
Published: June 2014

Cortex Phellodendri is a typical Chinese herb with a large number of alkaloids existing in all parts of it. The most common methods for screening and isolating alkaloids are mostly labor intensive and time consuming. In this study, a new assay based upon ultrafiltration liquid chromatography was developed for the rapid screening of ligands for α‐glucosidase and xanthine oxidase. The C. Phellodendri extract was found to contain two alkaloids with both α‐glucosidase‐ and xanthine oxidase binding activities and one lactone with α‐glucosidase‐binding activity. Subsequently, with the help of high‐speed countercurrent chromatography, the specific binding ligands including palmatine, berberine, and obaculactone with purities of 97.38, 96.12, and 96.08%, respectively, were successfully separated. An optimized low‐toxicity two‐phase solvent system composed of ethyl acetate/n‐butanol/ethanol/water (3.5:1.7:0.5:5, v/v/v/v) was used to isolate the three compounds mentioned above from C. Phellodendri. The targeted compounds were identified by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Therefore, ultrafiltration liquid chromatography combined with high‐speed countercurrent chromatography is not only a powerful tool for screening and isolating α‐glucosidase and xanthine oxidase inhibitors in complex samples but is also a useful platform for discovering bioactive compounds for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus and gout.
Impact of Broader Sharing on the Transport Time for Deceased Donor Livers
Authors: Gentry Sommer E. , Chow Eric K. H. , Wickliffe Corey E. , Massie Allan B. , Leighton Tabitha , Segev Dorry L.
Published: June 2014

Recent allocation policy changes have increased the sharing of deceased donor livers across local boundaries, and sharing even broader than this has been proposed as a remedy for persistent geographic disparities in liver transplantation. It is possible that broader sharing may increase cold ischemia times (CITs) and thus harm recipients. We constructed a detailed model of transport modes (car, helicopter, and fixed-wing aircraft) and transport times between all hospitals, and we investigated the relationship between the transport time and the CIT for deceased donor liver transplants. The median estimated transport time was 2.0 hours for regionally shared livers and 1.0 hour for locally allocated livers. The model-predicted transport mode was flying for 90% of regionally shared livers but for only 22% of locally allocated livers. The median CIT was 7.0 hours for regionally shared livers and 6.0 hours for locally allocated livers. Variation in the transport time accounted for only 14.7% of the variation in the CIT, and the transport time on average composed only 21% of the CIT. In conclusion, nontransport factors play a substantially larger role in the CIT than the transport time. Broader sharing will have only a marginal impact on the CIT but will significantly increase the fraction of transplants that are transported by flying rather than driving. Liver Transpl 20:1237-1243, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
Operators of Hadamard type on spaces of smooth functions
Authors: Vogt Dietmar
Published: June 2014

For an open setwe study the algebraof continuous linear operators onadmitting the monomials as eigenvectors. We give a concrete representation of these operators and evaluate it explicitly for the unit ball and the whole of. We also study the topology ofand the algebra of eigenvalue sequences.
Colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps in relation to allium vegetables intake: A meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Turati Federica , Guercio Valentina , Pelucchi Claudio , Vecchia Carlo La , Galeone Carlotta
Published: June 2014

Scope

To provide updated quantitative estimates of the associations between allium vegetables intake and risk of colorectal cancer and colorectal adenomatous polyps.

Methods and results

We combined all published data on the issue, using a meta‐analytic approach. Pooled relative risks (RRs) were calculated using random‐effects models. Sixteen studies (13 333 cases) were included in the meta‐analyses of colorectal cancer. Seven studies provided information on garlic, six on onion, and four on total allium vegetables. The pooled RRs of colorectal cancer for the highest versus the lowest category of intake were 0.85 (95% confidence interval; CI, 0.72–1.00) for garlic (0.76 for case‐control, 0.99 for cohort studies), 0.85 (95% CI, 0.70–1.04) for onion (0.74 for case‐control, 1.04 for cohort studies), and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.56–1.08) for total allium vegetables. Significant heterogeneity was found for the three meta‐analyses. The pooled RR of colorectal adenomatous polyps for the highest versus the lowest category of total allium vegetables intake was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.80–0.98, three studies), with no heterogeneity.

Conclusion

High garlic intake may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. However, evidence of such protection derived mainly from case‐control studies. High intake of total allium vegetables may be associated with a risk reduction of colorectal adenomatous polyps.
Changes in vitamin D target gene expression in adipose tissue monitor the vitamin D response of human individuals
Authors: Ryynänen Jussi , Neme Antonio , Tuomainen Tomi‐Pekka , Virtanen Jyrki K. , Voutilainen Sari , Nurmi Tarja , de Mello Vanessa D. F. , Uusitupa Matti , Carlberg Carsten
Published: June 2014

Scope

Vitamin D3, its biologically most active metabolite 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) are important for adipose tissue biology.

Methods and results

We extrapolated genomic VDR association loci in adipocytes from 55 conserved genome‐wide VDR‐binding sites in nonfat tissues. Taking the genes DUSP10, TRAK1, NRIP1, and THBD as examples, we confirmed the predicted VDR binding sites upstream of their transcription start sites and showed rapid mRNA up‐regulation of all four genes in SGBS human pre‐adipocytes. Using adipose tissue biopsy samples from 47 participants of a 5‐month vitamin D3 intervention study, we demonstrated that all four primary VDR target genes can serve as biomarkers for the vitamin D3 responsiveness of human individuals. Changes in DUSP10 gene expression appear to be the most comprehensive marker, while THBD mRNA changes characterized a rather different group of study participants.

Conclusion

We present a new approach to predict vitamin D target genes based on conserved genomic VDR‐binding sites. Using human adipocytes as examples, we show that such ubiquitous VDR target genes can be used as markers for the individual's response to a supplementation with vitamin D3.
Natural D‐glucose as a biodegradable MRI relaxation agent
Authors: Yadav Nirbhay N. , Xu Jiadi , Bar‐Shir Amnon , Qin Qin , Chan Kannie W.Y. , Grgac Ksenija , Li Wenbo , McMahon Michael T. , van Zijl Peter C.M.
Published: June 2014

Purpose

Demonstrate applicability of natural D‐glucose as a T2 MRI contrast agent.

Methods

D‐glucose solutions were prepared at multiple concentrations and variable pH. The relaxation rate (R2 = 1/T2) was measured at 3, 7, and 11.7 T. Additional experiments were performed on blood at 11.7 T. Also, a mouse was infused with D‐glucose (3.0 mmol/kg) and dynamic T2 weighted images of the abdomen acquired.

Results

The transverse relaxation rate depended strongly on glucose concentration and solution pH. A maximum change in R2 was observed around physiological pH (pH 6.8‐7.8). The transverse relaxivities at 22°C (pH 7.3) were 0.021, 0.060, and 0.077 s−1mM−1 at 3.0, 7.0, and 11.7 T, respectively. These values showed good agreement with expected values from the Swift‐Connick equation. There was no significant dependence on glucose concentration or pH for T1 and the diffusion coefficient for these solutions. The transverse relaxivity in blood at 11.7 T was 0.09 s−1mM−1. The dynamic in vivo experiment showed a 10% drop in signal intensity after glucose infusion followed by recovery of the signal intensity after about 50–100 s.

Conclusion

Glucose can be used as a T2 contrast agent for MRI at concentrations that are already approved for human use. Magn Reson Med 72:823–828, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fit in celebrity–charity alliances: when perceived celanthropy benefits nonprofit organisations
Authors: Ilicic Jasmina , Baxter Stacey
Published: June 2014

This study investigates the effect of celebrity–charity co‐branding fit on perceived celebrity philanthropy (celanthropy), attitude towards the celebrity and charity, as well as donation intention. We manipulate celebrity–charity functional fit through a 2 (celebrity: comedian vs athlete) × 2 (charity: comedy related vs sports related) factorial design whilst controlling for celebrity credibility (attractiveness, trustworthiness and expertise). Results show that a functional fit between the celebrity and charitable organisation encourages positive altruistic attributions in terms of perceptions of celebrity social responsibility, and egoistic attributions, with regards to celebrity and charity attitudes, and donation intention. Finally, results demonstrate that celebrity–charity fit (athlete (comedian) with sports related (comedy related) charity) can promote positive attitudes towards a celebrity and charity brand, as well as donation intention, with these relationships mediated by perceptions of celebrity social responsibility or philanthropy. Findings from this research are able to aid nonprofit organisations and celebrity brand managers in the creation of effective and persuasive co‐branding alliances. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.