bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combating SARS-CoV-2: leveraging microbicidal experiences with other emerging/re-emerging viruses
Authors: Ijaz M. Khalid , Sattar Syed A. , Rubino Joseph R. , Nims Raymond W. , Gerba Charles P.
Published: September 2020

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan City, China, late in December 2019 is an example of an emerging zoonotic virus that threatens public health and international travel and commerce. When such a virus emerges, there is often insufficient specific information available on mechanisms of virus dissemination from animal-to-human or from person-to-person, on the level or route of infection transmissibility or of viral release in body secretions/excretions, and on the survival of virus in aerosols or on surfaces. The effectiveness of available virucidal agents and hygiene practices as interventions for disrupting the spread of infection and the associated diseases may not be clear for the emerging virus. In the present review, we suggest that approaches for infection prevention and control (IPAC) for SARS-CoV-2 and future emerging/re-emerging viruses can be invoked based on pre-existing data on microbicidal and hygiene effectiveness for related and unrelated enveloped viruses.
Export Diversification in Sub-Saharan Africa: What are the Explanatory Factors in Country Groups?
Authors: Ibrahim Ngouhouo Nji , Veronique Demgne Pouokam , Gautier Tchoffo Tameko
Published: September 2020

This study empirically analyses the determinants of export diversification, as measured by the Theil Diversification Index, which takes into account the different margins of diversification. The pooled mean group method is applied to a sample of 23 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries divided into three distinct groups according to their natural resource endowments. The results show that the quality of government negatively determines export diversification in all groups of countries while total resource rent negatively determines export diversification in resource-rich countries. In contrast to this result, the level of democracy and stability of government positively determines export diversification in non-oil resource-rich countries and trade openness promotes diversification in oil-exporting countries. As for foreign direct investment, it promotes export diversification in oil-exporting countries and resource poor countries. Thus, policymakers should focus on promoting industrialization in the agricultural and processing sectors by better targeting foreign direct investment or by investing resource income in productive infrastructure to improve the competitiveness and productivity of economies.
Constraints to the Development of Ecotourism Potentials along the Babessi-Oku Axis, North West Region of Cameroon
Authors: Frederick Nfor , Nguh Balgah Saunders
Published: September 2020

Tourism has become one of the world’s largest industries, with an estimated US$ 3 trillion in annual revenues and expanding at an average rate of 4-5 per cent annually. Since the 1950s, the global market for international travel and tourism has exhibited uninterrupted growth. As the world is becoming a global village, (eco) tourists are looking for new attractions and these are well represented in Cameroon at large and in the Bamenda Highlands in particular. The Bamenda Highlands, on which the Babessi-Oku Axis is found, is one of the most spectacular ecotourism destinations in the country characterized by gentle undulating hilly savanna, patches of forest, lakes, waterfalls, mountains and an amazing cultural diversity. The main objective of this study was to examine the constraints to the development of ecotourism sector along the Babessi-Oku Axis and to develop a sustainable ecotourism management model to address these constraints. Data for this study were obtained through primary and secondary sources. Primary sources of data included: personal interviews, field observation, the use of camera, Geographic Positioning Systems (GPS), questionnaires and the use of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Secondary sources included: materials from published and unpublished works related to the current study, maps and the exploitation of aerial photographs. Findings revealed that there are a plethora of constraints plaguing the ecotourism sector along the Babessi-Oku Axis and these include: degradation of the Oku Montane Forest, poaching, forest destruction for agricultural purposes, extinction of fauna biodiversity, and lack of community participation among others. An ecotourism development model for the study area has been developed in order to sustainably address these ecotourism constraints along the Babessi-Oku Axis.
An Empirical Survey on Damages Caused by Erosional Depositions on Farmlands along Jimeta-Yola Road, Adamawa State Nigeria
Authors: Sadiq A. A. , Abdullahi Maryam , Bello Abubakar
Published: September 2020

Aim: To empirically survey the damages caused by erosional deposition on farmlands along Jimeta-Yola road, Adamawa state Nigeria.

Place and Duration of Study: It was conducted in June-July 2020 rainy season due to the unprecedented depositions on three farmlands (Abattoir, Garage and Yola Bridge) in the area.

Methodology: Data was obtained in three phases which include on-farm interviews and questionnaires, direct measurement of depositions using simple bathymetric method and collection of three representative soil samples from the profiles for determination of some physico-chemical properties.

Results: The result indicated that rice was major crop grown in the area for about 30 years with an average yield ranges from 2000-8000 kg (20-80 bags). The number of farmlands damaged was 11 with total of 22 acres, at Abattoir, 5 farmlands at Garage having a total of 15 acres and 7 farmlands were also damaged with about 10 acres respectively. Fine sandy soil was deposited to an average depth of 55 cm with an estimated volume of 48.96 m3 at Abattoir area, debris and clay loam was deposited to an average of 20 cm at Garage having an estimated of 12.14 m3 and at Yola Bridge farm location about 4.24 m3 volume of loamy soils were also deposited to an average depth of 10 cm. The depositional soils have pH values ranges from 5.23-6.23, organic matter content of 0.43-2.33%, water holding capacity 35-55%  with rapid to moderate permeability.

Conclusion: To combat the damaged imposed by soil erosions on farmlands in the area both preventive and conservative measures should adopted by the government and the farmers with the aim of restoring and sustaining the good soil health that will support food production for growing population.
Physico-chemical Characterization and Identification of Wood Species in Benin with High Bio-thermal Conversion for Carbonization
Authors: Fagbemi Latif Adéniyi , Ganhoun Gaston , Adamon David Gildas F. , Ekouedjen Evrard Karol
Published: September 2020

Physico-chemical characteristics of ten tropical wood species in Benin were determined to identify the species with high bio-thermal conversion for carbonization (charcoal production).  The wood species were obtained from Dassa-Zoume, Dan, and Djidja localities in Central region, where charcoal production is a major economic activity.  The physico-chemical properties determined were elemental composition, fixed carbon content, volatile matter content, ash content, and calorific value.  The species selection criteria was quantified using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) statistical method implemented by R-software package. The three wood species identified as most suitable for bio-thermal conversion were Burkea africana (Wild Syringa), Prosopis africana (Mesquite Iron Tree) and Bridelia ferruginea (Bridelia Yellow Cassia), which exhibited high calorific values, high fixed carbon levels and relatively low proportions of ash and volatile matter.
Analysing the Exchange Rate Volatility Relative to Trade Balance: The Case of SACU Countries
Authors: Haansende Christine M. , Nyambe Jacob M.
Published: September 2020

The term exchange rate volatility is widely used in the financial market. The exchange rate is determined in the foreign exchange market, which is said to be the largest market in the world and it trades in financial assets. The main focus of this study is to analyse the nature of the relationship between exchange rate and trade balance in the selected member states of the SACU region in which the selected countries are Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland and South Africa. This study uses time series data from the period of 1986 to 2016. The Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model, the impulse response functions and variance decompositions are used in the analysis. Results show that there is a short-run relationship between exchange rate volatility and trade balance. It was found that there is a positive and negative impact between these two variables, with high volatility. Furthermore, this study recommends all Central Banks in the SACU region to intervene in order to mitigate exchange rate volatility.
Antifungal Activity of Senna alata, Senna bicapsularis and Pityrogramma calomelanos
Authors: Guerra Florencia , Ansari Abdullah Adil , Kurup Rajini , Subramanian Gomathinayagam
Published: September 2020

Aims: Senna alata (Carrion crow bush), Senna bicapsularis (Money bush) and Pityrogramma calomelanos (Wild maran) are known for their value in traditional medicine. The study was an effort to identify, environment friendly antifungal compounds from these locally available plants against fungal pathogen Curvularia lunata.

Study Design: An experiment based study done to identify antifungal property and phytochemical identification of C. lunata.

Place and Duration of Study: Plants were collected from the coastal areas of Guyana and identified at the Biodiversity Center, University of Guyana, Guyana between January 2017- May 2017.

Methodology: Phytochemical extraction was conducted using soxhlet and rotovap apparatus. Hexane, methanol and aqueous extracts of plants were analyzed for antifungal properties. Antifungal activity was tested using the poisoned food and well diffusion technique. Data analysis of the study was done using R-Studio Program for statistical computing and graphics. A Tukey test was done along with ANOVA and Boxplots.

Results: Methanol extract of P. calomelanos showed maximum antifungal activity with an inhibition percentage of 60.3% at 400 µl, with poison food technique. With well diffusion method, P. calomelanos showed an inhibition zone of 54 mm at 500 µl. Saponins, steroids and glycosides were identified with methanol extract of P. calomelanos.

Conclusion: The finding of this study indicates, the possible use of P. calomelanos extract as an antifungal agent against C. lunata and its potential to control fungal plant diseases.
Superior Durability of Dissimilar Material Joint between Steel and Thermoplastic Resin with Roughened Electrodeposited Nickel Interlayer
Authors: Arai Susumu , Sugawara Ryo , Shimizu Masahiro , Inoue Junki , Horita Masaomi , Nagaoka Takashi , Itabashi Masami
Published: September 2020

The durability of the dissimilar material joint between a steel coated with a roughened nickel plating‐film and a thermoplastic resin is assessed. The roughened nickel film is fabricated by electrodeposition using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the roughening agent and a polyphenylenesulfide (PPS) resin as the thermoplastic resin. The plated steel and PPS resin are joined by injection molding without adhesive. The bonding strength is determined by a tensile lap shear strength test during the durability tests that includes a high‐temperature and high‐humidity test (85 ± 2 °C, 85 ± 2% relative humidity; 0–2000 h) and a thermal shock test (−50 °C–150 °C; 0–1000 cycles). During the high‐temperature and high‐humidity test, the bonding samples maintain their initial bonding strength (>40 MPa) even after 2000 h. By contrast, during the thermal shock test, although the bonding strength gradually decreases with increasing number of cycles, it remains above 20 MPa even after 1000 cycles. The mechanism of the deterioration of the bonding strength during the thermal shock test is analyzed in detail. The present joining method, which uses a roughened plating film as an interlayer, offers a way to achieve not only high initial bonding strength but also bonding durability for dissimilar material joining between steels and resins.
Integrating Conductivity, Captivity, and Immobility Ability into N/O Dual‐Doped Porous Carbon Nanocage Anchored with CNT as an Effective Se Host for Advanced K‐Se Battery
Authors: Zhou Xuefeng , Wang Lifeng , Yao Yu , Jiang Yu , Xu Rui , Wang Haiyun , Wu Xiaojun , Yu Yan
Published: September 2020

Potassium–selenium (K‐Se) batteries have attracted increasing attention for their potential as stationary energy storage systems due to their high theoretical energy density and low cost. The major challenges of these batteries are the low utilization of active selenium, sluggish kinetics, and the volume change during cycling. Herein, a N and O dual‐doped porous carbon nanocage anchored with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (denoted as NO‐nanocage/CNT) is designed as a host for Se. This material combines multiple advantages, such as abundant N/O active sites and excellent electrical conductivity, to realize highly efficient immobilization of Se and polyselenide and fast redox kinetics. The hollow carbon skeleton, with abundant micro and mesoporous structures, shortens the diffusion distances between the ions/electrons and accommodates the volume expansion of the active materials. Density functional theory calculations further confirm that the NO‐nanocage/CNT exhibits strong chemical affinity to K2Se, which is in agreement with the experimental results. The Se@NO‐nanocage/CNT cathode displays a remarkable reversible capacity (623 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1) and an ultra‐long cycle life (274 mAh g−1 after 3500 cycles at 1.0 A g−1). The design presented in this paper offers a new approach for the design of multifunctional Se hosts for advanced alkali metal‐chalcogen batteries.
1D Nanomaterial‐Based Highly Stretchable Strain Sensors for Human Movement Monitoring and Human–Robotic Interactive Systems
Authors: Dahiya Abhishek Singh , Gil Thierry , Thireau Jerome , Azemard Nadine , Lacampagne Alain , Charlot Benoit , Todri‐Sanial Aida
Published: September 2020

This paper describes a facile strategy of micromolding‐in‐capillary process to fabricate stretchable strain sensors wherein, the sensing material is wrapped within silicone rubber (Dragon Skin [DS]) to form a sandwich‐like structure. Two different 1D sensing materials are exploited to fabricate and study strain sensing performance of such device structure, namely multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and silver nanowires (AgNWs). The fabricated strain sensors using MWCNT exhibits wide sensing range (2–180%), and moderately high sensing performance with outstanding durability (over 6000 cycles). It is found that MWCNT presents a strong strain‐dependent character in the 45–120% elongation regime. On the other hand, very high gauge factor of >106 is achieved using AgNWs at 30% strain with good stability (over 100 cycles). Sensing mechanisms for both 1D conductive sensing materials are discussed. They can be applied for human motion monitoring such as finger, knee, and wrist bending movements to enable human physiological parameters to be registered and analyzed continuously. They are also employed in multichannel and interactive electronic system to be used as a control mechanism for teleoperation for robotic end‐effectors. The developed sensors have potential applications in health diagnosis and human–machine interaction.
Higher‐Order Nonclassicality in Photon Added and Subtracted Qudit States
Authors: Mandal Kathakali , Verma Amit
Published: September 2020

Higher‐order nonclassical properties of r photon added and t photon subtracted qudit states (referred to as rPAQS and tPSQS, respectively) are investigated here to answer: How addition and subtraction of photon can be used to engineer higher‐order nonclassical properties of qudit states? To obtain the answer, higher‐order moment of relevant bosonic field operators is first obtained and subsequently used to study the higher‐order nonclassical properties (e.g., higher‐order antibunching, higher‐order squeezing, and higher‐order sub‐Poissonian photon statistics) of the corresponding states. These witnesses establish that rPAQS and tPSQS are highly nonclassical. To quantitatively establish this observation and to make a comparison between rPAQS and tPSQS, volumes of the negative part of Wigner function are computed. Finally, for the sake of verifiability of the obtained results, optical tomograms are also reported. Throughout the study, a particular type of qudit state named as a new generalized binomial state is used as an example.
Corporate social responsibility and eco‐innovation: The triple bottom line perspective
Authors: Pan Xin , Sinha Paresha , Chen Xuanjin
Published: September 2020

This article investigates the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in eco‐innovation from the triple bottom line perspective. We unpack CSR into three dimensions (financial, social, and environmental) and categorise eco‐innovation into two kinds (pollution prevention and sustainable environmental innovation) to get a comprehensive picture of the relationship. Drawing on the resource‐based view, we suggest that the environmental dimension of CSR is positively related to pollution prevention because the returns on this kind of innovation are more predictable and straightforward, which appeals to firms. We also suggest that there is a U‐shaped relationship between the environmental dimension of CSR and sustainable environmental innovation, as this kind of innovation can only be realised when environmental commitments are high. Moreover, we expect the social and financial dimensions of CSR to interact with the environmental dimension to affect eco‐innovation. Using Chinese firm data from 2011 to 2015, we find that the social and financial dimensions of CSR have a positive moderating effect on sustainable environmental innovation. However, we fail to find support for their moderating effect on pollution prevention. Theoretical and practical implications, based on the findings, are discussed.
Pincer‐Based Heterobimetallic Pt(II)/Ru(II), Pt(II)/Ir(III), and Pt(II)/Cu(I) Complexes: Synthesis and Evaluation of Antiproliferative Properties
Authors: Bertrand Benoît , Gontard Geoffrey , Botuha Candice , Salmain Michèle
Published: September 2020

Platinum pincer‐based complexes [(O^N^O)Pt(L)] (L = DMSO, pyridine, triphenylphosphine or 1,3‐dimethylbenzimidazol‐2‐ylidene) carrying an (N^N) coordination site were used as starting materials to synthesize a series of seven cationic heterobimetallic Pt(II)/Ru(II), Pt(II)/Ir(III), and Pt(II)/Cu(I) presenting a [(p‐cymene)RuCl]+, a [(Cp*)IrCl]+(Cp* = η5‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl), and a [(NHCiPr)Cu]+{NHCiPr = 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazole‐2‐ylidene} moiety, respectively. The X‐ray structure of one of the bimetallic Pt(II)/Ir(III) complexes showed a distortion of the organic platform to accommodate the coordination geometry of both metal centers, as already observed for previous Pt(II)/Re(I) complexes. The antiproliferative activity of the complexes was first screened on the triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA‐MB‐231. Then the IC50of the most active candidates was determined on a wider panel of human cancer cells (MDA‐MB‐231, MCF‐7 and A2780) as well as on a non‐tumorigenic cell line (MCF‐10A). The most toxic compound, namely the Pt(II)/Cu(I) heterobimetallic complex4c, showed antiproliferative activity down to the nanomolar level.
Pitting of carbon steel in the synthetic concrete pore solution
Authors: Macdonald Digby D. , Qiu Jie , Sharifi‐Asl Samin , Yang Jie , Engelhardt George R. , Xu Yi , Ghanbari Elmira , Xu Aoni , Saatchi Alireza , Kovalov Danyil
Published: September 2020

Pitting corrosion is a possible mode of failure of the carbon steel overpack of the Belgian supercontainer concept for the isolation of high‐level nuclear waste (HLNW). However, no firm experimental data are currently available to estimate the probability of failure over the extended storage time (100,000 years). Extensive work shows that passivity breakdown results from the condensation of cation vacancies (CVs) at the metal/barrier layer (m/bl) interface, in response to the absorption of Cl− into oxygen vacancies at the surface of the barrier oxide layer. The CVs migrate across the bl to the m/bl interface where they condense, leading to the separation of the bl from the metal. The resulting blister prevents the growth of bl into the metal and dissolution results in blister rupture, marking a passivity breakdown event. Stabilization via differential aeration produces a potentially damaging, stable pit. We review our work on passivity breakdown and the nucleation of pits on P355 QL2 carbon steel in high‐pH aqueous media typical of concrete pore solution, with emphasis on the mechanistic aspects. We conclude that failure of the carbon steel overpack containing the HLNW over a storage horizon of 100,000 years is improbable.
A multicenter prospective study for overactive bladder patient treatment satisfaction with mirabegron after being unsatisfied with antimuscarinic therapy (FAVOR study)
Authors: Ko Kwang Jin , Choo Myung‐Soo , Chang Young‐Seop , Kim Joon Chul , Lee Kyu‐Sung
Published: September 2020

Aim

We investigated the satisfaction and efficacy of mirabegron in patients with overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms who were unsatisfied with previous antimuscarinic treatment.

Methods

This was a 12‐week, open‐label study of adults with OAB who had been treated with antimuscarinics within 2 years of screening and expressed dissatisfaction over poor efficacy or adverse events of antimuscarinics. All enrolled patients have received mirabegron 50 mg once daily for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients reporting treatment satisfaction questions (TSQ) at week 12 (“very satisfied” or “somewhat satisfied”). Patients completed voiding diaries, Overactive Bladder Questionnaire short form (OAB‐q‐SF), Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS), and the global response assessment (GRA) at baseline, Week 4, and Week 12. At 12‐weeks, patients were assessed for willingness to continue treatment.

Results

The response rate of treatment satisfaction at 12 weeks was 69.3% (275/397) (95% confidence interval 64.7–73.8). Significant improvements from baseline to weeks 4 and 12 were observed in the frequency, urgency due to urinary incontinence, and urgency episodes per 24 h (all p < .0001). Both OAB‐q‐SF and OABSS were significantly improved compared to baseline. At 4 and 12 weeks, 27.5% and 41.8% of patients, respectively, responded to the GRA as being moderately or markedly improved. At 12 weeks, 80.8% of patients were willing to continue mirabegron.

Conclusions

Mirabegron improved the rates of treatment satisfaction and symptoms in patients with OAB who were unsatisfied with prior antimuscarinic treatment.
Efficiency, productivity dynamics and determinants of productivity growth in Indian telecommunication industries: An empirical analysis
Authors: Sahoo Dhirendra Kumar , Sahoo Pradipta Kumar
Published: September 2020

This paper examines the efficiency and productivity dynamics of the Indian telecommunication sector with the help of non‐parametric Data Envelopment Analysis approach for the period 2008–2015. The study finds that the year‐wise mean Total factor productivity (TFP) growth is positive in 2011 and 2013 only, where the overall TFP growth is negative. From the components of TFP growth, we find that the negative growth of the firm is due to the negative technology change, not due to the change of inefficiency of the firms. However, the mean efficiency score is positive and is backed by a scale efficiency change. Further, from the dynamic‐GMM model, the study ascertains that the determinants of TFP growth are positively affected by profit intensity, advertisement intensity, import intensity and capital intensity and negatively affected by the firm's debt ratio in case of Indian telecommunication forms. This finding suggests to the policymaker that by increasing the key determinants, the performance of telecommunication firms can be increased.
Rapid screening and purification of potential inhibitors from Medicago sativa by ultrafiltration‐liquid chromatography combined with stepwise flow rate counter‐current chromatography
Authors: Hou Wanchao , Liu Chunming , Xia Jianli , Niu Huazhou , Li Sainan
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Medicago sativa contains flavonoids, saponins, coumarins, sterols, monoterpenes, and organic acids, with flavonoids being the main active constituents. Flavonoids naturally contain a 2‐phenylchromone structure with antioxidant, free radical scavenging, cardiovascular, and trace estrogen‐like effects.

Objective

Screening and isolation of neuraminidase, lipoxidase, and lactate dehydrogenase inhibitors from M. sativa via ultrafiltration‐liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (UF‐LC–MS) combined with stepwise flow rate counter‐current chromatography (CCC).

Method

Utilising the medicinal plants M. sativa as the research objects and UF‐LC–MS was used for activity screening followed by isolation and purification of the inhibitors by stepwise flow rate CCC. Finally, identification of the three active compounds was achieved by MS and nuclear magnetic resonance.

Results

Three major compounds, viz. quercetin, genistein, and formononetin, were identified as potent neuraminidase, lipoxidase, and lactate dehydrogenase inhibitors, respectively. A two‐phase solvent system of ethyl acetate/methanol/n‐butanol/water (5.0:1.5:5.0:10; v/v/v/v) was subsequently selected for separation by stepwise flow rate CCC.

Conclusion

This novel approach based on UF‐LC–MS and stepwise flow rate CCC represents a powerful tool for the screening and isolation of neuraminidase, lipoxidase, and lactate dehydrogenase inhibitors from complex matrices. Therefore, a useful platform for the large‐scale production of bioactive and nutraceutical ingredients was developed herein.
“Immunolocalization and effect of low concentrations of Insulin like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) in the canine ovary”
Authors: Cardilli Diogo J. , Sousa‐Oliveira Kellen , Franchi‐João Carolina , Azevedo‐Voorwald Faviana , Machado‐Silva Marco A. , Oliveira João Ademir , Sánchez‐Calabuig María Jesús , Toniollo Gilson H. , Pérez‐Gutiérrez José F.
Published: September 2020

Insulin like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) plays an important role in the regulation of ovarian function. Despite its extensive study in several species, there is a paucity of information about IGF‐1`s function and localization in the canine ovary. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of IGF‐1 on oocyte nuclear maturation and to immunolocalize the IGF‐1 and its receptor (IGF‐1R) in the ovary. Cumulus‐oocyte complexes (COCs) were obtained from 34 bitches. The COCs from each bitch were incubated in TCM 199‐HEPES in the absence (n = 199) or presence (n = 204) of 100 ng/ml IGF‐1 for 96 hr at 38ºC in 5% CO2, stained and evaluated for nuclear maturation by fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that the addition of IGF‐1 did not have an effect (p ˃ 0.05) on the nuclear maturation under these conditions. The immunohistochemical study revealed nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for IGF‐1 and IGF‐1R, respectively. Both were localized in all ovarian structures including the corpus luteum, but not in the granulosa cells from primordial follicles. In addition, IGF‐1 was not localized in the oocytes in tertiary follicles. The results obtained show the presence of IGF‐1 through the stages of follicular growth and in the corpus luteum of the canine ovary. However, its role on oocyte nuclear maturation could not be demonstrated.
Sub-clinical thickening of the fovea in diabetes and its relationship to glycaemic control: a study using swept-source optical coherence tomography
Authors: Aitchison Ross T. , Kennedy Graeme J. , Shu Xinhua , Mansfield David C. , Shahani Uma
Published: September 2020

Background

Accumulation of multiple pockets of fluid at the fovea, as a complication of poor blood glucose control in diabetes, causes impairment of central vision. A new ability to demonstrate a pre-clinical phase of this maculopathy could be valuable, enabling diabetic individuals to be alerted to the need to improve their glycaemic control. This study aimed to use swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) to measure foveal thickness and macular volume in diabetic individuals without cystoid macular oedema, and in non-diabetic individuals, and relate these measures to participants’ glycaemic control.

Methods

Centre point thickness (CPT) and total macular volume (TMV) were measured using SS-OCT (DRI OCT Triton™, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). Participants’ glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level was also assessed (A1cNow®+ System, PTS Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA). The diabetic (n = 27) and non-diabetic (n = 27) groups were matched for age (p = 0.100) and sex (p = 0.414), and HbA1c level differed between diabetic and non-diabetic groups (p < 0.0005). The diabetic group comprised type 1 (n = 7) and type 2 (n = 20) diabetic individuals who were matched for duration of diabetes (p = 0.617) and whose glycaemic control was similar (p = 0.814).

Results

Diabetic individuals had significantly higher CPT (t(37) = 3.859, p < 0.0005) than non-diabetic individuals. In the diabetic group, multiple linear regression analysis revealed a conspicuous relationship between CPT and HbA1c level (β = 0.501, t(21) = 3.139, p = 0.005): there was a 19-μm increase in CPT for each 1% increase in HbA1c level. This relationship was not present in the non-diabetic group (β = − 0.068, t(23) = − 0.373, p = 0.712).

Conclusions

SS-OCT is the only way to measure macular thickness in vivo. Diabetic individuals en bloc had higher CPT compared with non-diabetic individuals. Moreover, in the diabetic group, HbA1c level significantly predicted CPT. Our results suggest that, in diabetes, sub-clinical thickening may occur at the fovea before cystoid macular oedema becomes clinically evident. This could provide diabetic individuals with an early warning of disease progression and motivate them to improve control of their diabetes, with a view to avoiding the need of intra-vitreal injections with their attendant risks.
The effect of replacing sand with aggregate from sanitary ceramic waste on the durability of stucco mortars
Authors: Klimek Beata , Szulej Jacek , Ogrodnik Paweł
Published: September 2020

During processing and transport, the ceramic industry generates big amounts of waste. In order to limit the number of landfills and to minimise consequences of such waste that is clearly noxious for the environment, this industry remains under great pressure to find effective recycling methods for its waste and by-products. What is more, given the limited resources of traditional aggregate, energy savings and protection of the environment, the construction industry is seeking for new sources of aggregate. For this reason, ceramic waste is increasingly frequently used as coarse and fine aggregate, both in mortars and in concrete mixtures. The goal of studies presented in the paper was to analyse the impact of recycled ceramic aggregate on the frost and salt spray resistance of stucco mortar used in the construction industry. Mortar recipes also contained admixtures that modify properties of the mixture and of the hardened product, such as copolymer of vinyl acetate and methylcellulose with a hydrophobic admixture. Elementary testing was performed related to mechanical and physical parameters of mortars. Among others tests were carried out of compressive strength and flexural strength, a determination was made of density, open and total porosity, absorbability, resistance to salt spray corrosion and frost resistance after 25 freeze–thaw cycles of samples. Replacement of sand by recycled ceramic aggregate causes a change in physical parameters of mortars. It has a positive impact on strength parameters of mortars with concurrent reduction in absorbability and capillary action. Testing of mortar with the addition of ceramic aggregate has proved better frost resistance and resistance to salt crystallisation as compared to mortar to which sand had been added.

Graphic abstract
Organisational Resource Capacity and ISO 9001 QMS Implementation in the Local Government. Evidence from Poland
Authors: Ćwiklicki Marek , Pawełek Barbara , Pilch Kamila
Published: September 2020

The aim of the paper is to answer the research question regarding the relations between the resources that are related to organisational capacity and the implementation of the ISO 9001 QMS in local governments. In the case of poviats (counties), the significance of the resources under consideration for the implementation of the ISO 9001 QMS has not been confirmed. On the other hand, the significance of the selected indicators appeared in the case of gminas (municipalities), including human resources, skills, money and the complexity of the structure. The differences in the importance of the resources under consideration in the case of dividing gminas into urban, rural and urban-rural (semi-urban) gminas was also observed. Our theory-testing research work weakens the common assumptions about the significance of resource availability, as not all are equally important.
Estimate of Plasma Temperatures Across a CME-Driven Shock from a Comparison Between EUV and Radio Data
Authors: Frassati Federica , Mancuso Salvatore , Bemporad Alessandro
Published: September 2020

In this work, we analyze the evolution of an EUV wave front associated with a solar eruption that occurred on 30 October 2014, with the aim of investigating, through differential emission measure (DEM) analysis, the physical properties of the plasma compressed and heated by the accompanying shock wave. The EUV wave was observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) and was accompanied by the detection of a metric Type II burst observed by ground-based radio spectrographs. The EUV signature of the shock wave was also detected in two of the AIA channels centered at 193 Å and 211 Å as an EUV intensity enhancement propagating ahead of the associated CME. The density compression ratio $X$
X
of the shock as inferred from the analysis of the EUV data is $X \approx 1.23$
X
≈
1.23
, in agreement with independent estimates obtained from the analysis of the Type II band-splitting of the radio data and inferred by adopting the upstream–downstream interpretation. By applying the Rankine–Hugoniot jump conditions under the hypothesis of a perpendicular shock, we also estimate the temperature ratio as $T_{\mathrm{D}}/T_{\mathrm{U}} \approx 1.55$

T
D

/

T
U

≈
1.55
and the post-shock temperature as $T_{\mathrm{D}}\approx 2.75$

T
D

≈
2.75
MK. The modest compression ratio and temperature jump derived from the EUV analysis at the shock passage are typical of weak coronal shocks.
Effects of Antimalarial Drugs on Neuroinflammation-Potential Use for Treatment of COVID-19-Related Neurologic Complications
Authors: Ong Wei-Yi , Go Mei-Lin , Wang De-Yun , Cheah Irwin Kee-Mun , Halliwell Barry
Published: September 2020

The SARS-CoV-2 virus that is the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects not only peripheral organs such as the lungs and blood vessels, but also the central nervous system (CNS)—as seen by effects on smell, taste, seizures, stroke, neuropathological findings and possibly, loss of control of respiration resulting in silent hypoxemia. COVID-19 induces an inflammatory response and, in severe cases, a cytokine storm that can damage the CNS. Antimalarials have unique properties that distinguish them from other anti-inflammatory drugs. (A) They are very lipophilic, which enhances their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Hence, they have the potential to act not only in the periphery but also in the CNS, and could be a useful addition to our limited armamentarium against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. (B) They are non-selective inhibitors of phospholipase A2 isoforms, including cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). The latter is not only activated by cytokines but itself generates arachidonic acid, which is metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX) to pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Free radicals are produced in this process, which can lead to oxidative damage to the CNS. There are at least 4 ways that antimalarials could be useful in combating COVID-19. (1) They inhibit PLA2. (2) They are basic molecules capable of affecting the pH of lysosomes and inhibiting the activity of lysosomal enzymes. (3) They may affect the expression and Fe2+/H+ symporter activity of iron transporters such as divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), hence reducing iron accumulation in tissues and iron-catalysed free radical formation. (4) They could affect viral replication. The latter may be related to their effect on inhibition of PLA2 isoforms. Inhibition of cPLA2 impairs an early step of coronavirus replication in cell culture. In addition, a secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) isoform, PLA2G2D, has been shown to be essential for the lethality of SARS-CoV in mice. It is important to take note of what ongoing clinical trials on chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can eventually tell us about the use of antimalarials and other anti-inflammatory agents, not only for the treatment of COVID-19, but also for neurovascular disorders such as stroke and vascular dementia.
Enhanced near-zero-CO2-emission chemicals-oriented oil production from coal with inherent CO2 recycling: Part I—PRB coal fast pyrolysis coupled with CO2/CH4 reforming
Authors: Wang Xingjun , Wei Bin , Huang Xin , Fan Maohong , Wang Yonggang , Chen Xueli
Published: September 2020

In this study, the Powder River Basin (PRB) coal fast pyrolysis was conducted at 700 °C in the atmosphere of syngas produced by CH4–CO2 reforming in two different patterns, including the double reactors pattern (the first reactor is for syngas production and the second is for coal pyrolysis) and double layers pattern (catalyst was at upper layer and coal was at lower layer). Besides, pure gases atmosphere including N2, H2, CO, H2–CO were also tested to investigate the mechanism of the coal pyrolysis under different atmospheres. The pyrolysis products including gas, liquid and char were characterized, the result showed that, compared with the inert atmosphere, the tar yield is improved with the reducing atmospheres, as well as the tar quality. The hydrogen partial pressure is the key point for that improvement. In the atmosphere of H2, the tar yield was increased by 31.3% and the contained BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene) and naphthalene were increased by 27.1% and 133.4%. The double reactors pattern also performed outstandingly, with 25.4% increment of tar yield and 25.0% and 79.4% for the BTX and naphthalene. The double layers pattern is not effective enough due to the low temperature (700 °C) in which the Ni-based catalyst was not fully activated.
MosaicBase: A Knowledgebase of Postzygotic Mosaic Variants in Noncancer Disease-Related and Healthy Human Individuals
Authors: Yang Xiaoxu , Yang Changhong , Zheng Xianing , Xiong Luoxing , Tao Yutian , Wang Meng , Ye Adam Yongxin , Wu Qixi , Dou Yanmei , Luo Junyu , Wei Liping , Huang August Yue
Published: September 2020

Mosaic variants resulting from postzygotic mutations are prevalent in the human genome and play important roles in human diseases. However, except for cancer-related variants, there is no collection of postzygotic mosaic variants in noncancer disease-related and healthy individuals. Here, we present MosaicBase, a comprehensive database that includes 6698 mosaic variants related to 266 noncancer diseases and 27,991 mosaic variants identified in 422 healthy individuals. Genomic and phenotypic information of each variant was manually extracted and curated from 383 publications. MosaicBase supports the query of variants with Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) entries, genomic coordinates, gene symbols, or Entrez IDs. We also provide an integrated genome browser for users to easily access mosaic variants and their related annotations for any genomic region. By analyzing the variants collected in MosaicBase, we find that mosaic variants that directly contribute to disease phenotype show features distinct from those of variants in individuals with mild or no phenotypes, in terms of their genomic distribution, mutation signatures, and fraction of mutant cells. MosaicBase will not only assist clinicians in genetic counseling and diagnosis but also provide a useful resource to understand the genomic baseline of postzygotic mutations in the general human population. MosaicBase is publicly available at http://mosaicbase.com/ or http://49.4.21.8:8000.
The role of platelet parameters in thrombosed hemorrhoids
Authors: Sahin Mutlu , Emektar Emine , Kılıç Nedim Arda , Ozturk Dogan , Bulus Hakan
Published: September 2020

Objectives The most common disease of anus is hemorrhoids. The definition of external hemorrhoids suggests the acute phase, often characterized by thrombosis or edema. External thrombosed hemorrhoid is a specific complication. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of different platelet parameters in the presence of internal or external thrombosed hemorrhoids.

Methods Patients examined were divided into two groups: Group 1: Thrombosed hemorrhoids group (THG), Group 2: Hemorrhoidectomy group (HG). Demographic and clinical data were identified. In terms of laboratory findings, preoperative hemoglobin, hematocrit and all platelet parameters were recorded.

Main results Fifty-two patients in THG, and 75 patients in HG were included in the study. In female sex and young age group, the risk of developing thrombosed hemorrhoids was statistically significant (p = 0.029, p = 0.039, respectively). When the platelet parameters were evaluated; while PDW was higher in THG (p = 0.008), any significant difference could not found in all other values (p > 0.05). Thrombosed hemorrhoids were mostly (59.25%) found to be located in the left laterodorsal part of anus.

Conclusion Internal hemorrhoids are frequently seen in the ages of 45–65 with similar rates in both sexes, while external thrombosed hemorrhoids occur at a younger age (<45) and more often in women. Comparing in terms of platelet indexes, PDW value was found to be significantly higher in THG. In young people, thrombosed hemorrhoids may develop more frequently, as the connective tissue that forms the anal pads is not loose enough to form an internal hemorrhoid, as more seen in older patients.
Prehospital Use of Ketamine in Mountain Rescue: A Survey of Emergency Physicians of a Single-Center Alpine Helicopter-Based Emergency Service
Authors: Vanolli Katia , Hugli Olivier , Eidenbenz David , Suter Marc R. , Pasquier Mathieu
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Although ketamine use in emergency medicine is widespread, studies investigating prehospital use are scarce. Our goal was to assess the self-reported modalities of ketamine use, knowledge of contraindications, and occurrence of adverse events associated with its use by physicians through a prospective online survey.

Methods

The survey was administered to physicians working for Air-Glaciers, a Swiss alpine helicopter-based emergency service, and was available between September 24 and November 23, 2018. We enrolled 39 participants (participation rate of 87%) in our study and collected data regarding their characteristics, methods of ketamine use, knowledge of contraindications, and encountered side effects linked to the administration of ketamine. We also included a clinical scenario to investigate an analgesic strategy.

Results

Ketamine was considered safe and judged irreplaceable by most physicians. The main reason for ketamine use was acute analgesia during painful procedures, such as manipulation of femur fractures. The doses of ketamine administered with or without fentanyl ranged from 0.2 to 0.7 mg·kg-1 intravenously. Most physicians reported using fentanyl and midazolam along with ketamine. The median dose of midazolam was 2 (interquartile range 1–2) mg for a 70-kg adult. Monitoring and oxygen administration were used infrequently. Hallucinations were the most common adverse events. Knowledge of ketamine contraindications was poor.

Conclusions

Ketamine use was reported by mountain rescue physicians to be safe and useful for acute analgesia. Most physicians use fentanyl and midazolam along with ketamine. Adverse neuropsychiatric events were rare. Knowledge regarding contraindications to the administration of ketamine should be improved.
Introducción a la lingüística hispánica
Authors: Hualde José Ignacio , Olarrea Antxon , Escobar Anna María , Travis Catherine E. , Sanz Cristina
Published: September 2020

Written entirely in Spanish, this is the ideal introduction to Spanish linguistics for students. Using clear explanations, it covers all the basic concepts required to study the structural aspects of the Spanish language – phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics – as well as the history of Spanish, its dialects, and its linguistic variation in Latin America, Spain, and the US. This third edition incorporates new features designed to enhance its usefulness for classroom teaching: a new chapter on the teaching and learning of Spanish as a second language, expanded discussion of syntax, and more detailed coverage of Spanish semantics and pragmatics. Numerous exercises have been added throughout the text, some of which are now presented as problems for students to solve, allowing students to gain a more complete mastery of the analytical concepts at hand.
Foreword
Authors: Harrington Donna Ramirez , Heintzelman Martin
Published: September 2020

This special issue on “Environmental Regulation and Innovation in Local Communities” came out of the 2019 Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association's Post-Conference Workshop. The workshop sought to invite a conversation among researchers, think tanks, government agencies, and policy makers to enhance our understanding of (1) how local communities innovate when shaping and responding to environmental regulations, and (2) how these environmental regulations affect rural communities’ economic well-being and environmental quality. This resulting special issue includes two invited pieces from the workshop's keynote speakers, both leading scholars in the area of regulation or innovation and five manuscripts that deal with local environmental issues—issues that highlight geographically distinct environmental problems related to land use, water quality, and energy—each of which require different solutions. In various ways, these papers look at the linkages between economic and environmental objectives that define the location-specificity of the environmental issue at hand and the requisite policy solutions.
Drilling operations for the South Pole Ice Core (SPICEcore) project
Authors: Johnson Jay A. , Kuhl Tanner , Boeckmann Grant , Gibson Chris , Jetson Joshua , Meulemans Zachary , Slawny Kristina , Souney Joseph M.
Published: September 2020

Over the course of the 2014/15 and 2015/16 austral summer seasons, the South Pole Ice Core project recovered a 1751 m deep ice core at the South Pole. This core provided a high-resolution record of paleoclimate conditions in East Antarctica during the Holocene and late Pleistocene. The drilling and core processing were completed using the new US Intermediate Depth Drill system, which was designed and built by the US Ice Drilling Program at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In this paper, we present and discuss the setup, operation, and performance of the drill system.
Physicalism UnBlocked
Authors: Witmer D. Gene
Published: September 2020

What has become known asthe blockers problemis an alleged difficulty facing attempts to formulate physicalism as a supervenience thesis. A blocker is an entity, itself contrary to physicalism, with the power to disrupt an otherwise necessary connection between physical and nonphysical conditions. I argue that there is no distinct blockers problem. Insofar as a problem can be identified, it turns out to be just a rather baroque version of a distinct and familiar objection to supervenience formulations and to be of no independent interest. Work on the formulation of physicalism can thus proceed without worrying about blockers.