bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Hybrid Ant Colony Algorithm in Urban Traffic Path Planning
Authors: Zhou Yu
Published: January 2021

To plan the urban traffic path using the ant colony algorithm, the composition and functional division of the mobile robot are analyzed. The TSP (Traveling Salesman Problem) is used to deeply understand the traditional ant colony algorithm. Then, based on this, the improvement scheme of the traditional ant colony algorithm is analyzed. The results showed that the artificial potential field method and the A* algorithm improved the performance of the ant colony algorithm. At the initial stage of the search path, the blindness and randomness of the ant colony algorithm due to insufficient pheromone concentration in each path were solved. The local optimal path is avoided with the development of algorithm iteration. Therefore, the improved ant colony algorithm is superior to the traditional ant colony algorithm.
Old Aleppo: Upgrading an Historic Residential Environment
Authors: Qudsi Adli
Published: January 2021

The Old City of Aleppo, a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage site, a living town of 110,000 inhabitants residing in thousands of historical courtyard houses and an important commercial centre is now the subject of an internationally recognized rehabilitation scheme. This paper describes the history of this project and identifies a series of lessons to be learnt about the complex process of rehabilitation in a living historic environment.
Requalification of Old Places in Brussels: Increasing Density, Improving Urbanity
Authors: Ananian Priscilla , Declève Bernard
Published: January 2021

Brussels Capital Region has to deal with urban conflicts arising from the different kinds of land uses. On the one hand the process of metropolisation has intensified the inner city's land use through residential, economic and urban development and on the other hand this same process has contributed to the expansion and sprawling of the city beyond its administrative borders. The city's main challenge is to ensure the cohabitation of different urban forms and densities in a multi-scale level related to metropolitan and local functions (Ananian P. 2010). Brussels, originally an industrial city, has become an administrative centre, generating a series of disaffected areas. Urban regeneration and sustainable development policies aim to improve the standard of living through urban, social and economic enhancements. Indeed, these policies deal with the construction, renovation and requalification of obsolete areas into new dwelling complexes. In this context, the present article shows the results of a broader research commissioned by the Brussels Capital Region on residential densification between 1989 and 2007(Declève B. Ananian P. et al 2009). Through the analysis of this inventory, we have identified three main techniques concerning the requalification of old places into residential uses: firstly the reurbanisation of brownfields generated by the delocalisation of large facilities; secondly the requalification and reconversion of isolated buildings (abandoned and obsolete industrial and office buildings) and last but not least, the recycling of terrains merged into the urban fabric of old neighbourhoods. Following two methodological approaches (morphological observation and analysis of social perception), this research has shown us that, in the last twenty years of housing production in Brussels, the main abandoned buildings and sites that were available were requalified, increasing density and improving urbanity through the diversity of the urban forms adopted for the public and private spaces.
Book Reviews
Authors: Hürol Yonca
Published: January 2021

PLANET OF SLUMS

DESIGNING HIGH-DENSITY CITIES FOR SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

THE WHOLE BUILDING HANDBOOK : How to Design Healthy, Efficient and Sustainable Buildings
Flexibility of Traditional Buildings and Craftsmanship in China
Authors: Beisi Jia , Yingying Jiang
Published: January 2021

Although an important facet of modernist architecture in which function plays a prominent role, building flexibility is not entirely a new concept. Its relevance transcends generations, allowing space and structure to evolve through time. This paper investigates the relationship among main building structures, infill elements, and space by studying examples in ancient Chinese architecture. It reveals the role of building owners, users, and craftsmen from a survey of historical documentation. In studying these examples, it is concluded that craftsmen in ancient China were involved not only during the construction phase but throughout the period of use as well. Thus, in select cases, the relationship between craftsmen and owners or users had been preserved for generations. Finally, this paper suggests potential strategies for the building industry and technology in the move towards sustainable development.
Interview: N. J. Habraken Explains The Potential of The Open Building Approach in Architectural Practice
Authors: Nascimento Denise Morado
Published: January 2021

Interview with Dutch architect N. John Habraken; his Supports' theory is made explicit aligned with the approach of the Open Building movement. It aims to understand it in order to make it possible into the context of Brazilian contemporary architecture.
Summertime Impact of Climate Change on Multi-Occupancy British Dwellings
Authors: Shikder Shariful , Mourshed Monjur , Price Andrew
Published: January 2021

Recent climate change projections estimate that the average summertime temperature in the southern part of Great Britain may increase by up to 5.4°C by the end of the century. The general consensus is that projected increases in temperature will render British dwellings vulnerable to summer overheating and by the middle of this century it may become difficult to maintain a comfortable indoor environment, if adaptation measures are not well integrated in the design and operation of new dwellings, which are likely to remain in use beyond the 2050s. The challenge is to reduce overheating risks by integrating building and user adaptation measures, to avoid energy intensive mechanical cooling. Developing guidelines and updating building regulations for adaptation, therefore, requires an understanding of the baseline scenario; i.e. the performance of existing buildings in future climates.

This paper aims to investigate the performance of new-build multi-occupancy British dwellings for human thermal comfort in the present-day and projected future climates in four regional cities: Birmingham, Edinburgh, London and Manchester. Evaluations are carried out by a series of dynamic thermal simulations using widely adopted threshold temperature for overheating, as well as adaptive thermal comfort standards. This study thus offers a unique perspective on regional variations of performance and provides a clearer snapshot because of the use of more appropriate adaptive comfort standards in the evaluations. Finally, the paper sheds light on possible personal and building adaptation measures to alleviate overheating risks.
Editorial: Evolving Urbanism of Cities on the Arabian Peninsula
Authors: Salama Ashraf M. , Wiedmann Florian
Published: January 2021

Covering about three million square kilometres, the Arabian Peninsula is mainly a diverse landscape of hot humid sandy coasts, arid desert, sparse scrubland, stone-strewn plains, and lush oases, as well as rocky and sometimes fertile mountain highlands and valleys. In addition to the indigenous local populace, the population is composed of large groups of expatriate Arabs and Asians, in addition to smaller groups of Europeans and North Americans; these expatriate groups represent a major workforce community of skilled professionals and semi-skilled or unskilled labourers from over sixty countries. The region's contemporary economy, dominated by the production of oil and natural gas has created unprecedented wealth, which in turn has led to a momentous surge in intensive infrastructural development and the construction of new environments (Wiedmann, 2012). The ensuing impact of this fast track development on the built environment, in conjunction with the continuous and seemingly frantic quest for establishing unique urban identities (Salama, 2012), is seen as a trigger for introducing this special edition of Open House International.
Manufacturing the Image of Doha: From the Public Face of Architecture to the Printed Media
Authors: Salama Ashraf M.
Published: January 2021

This paper explores image-making efforts in the city of Doha. A multi-layered critical discussion is employed and articulated in a number of procedures that include conceptualizing theoretical underpinnings for understanding image making in terms of contextual and critical approaches, identifying the types of efforts that took place and that are currently taking place towards image making, mapping the contextual and critical approaches on actual examples from the city, and examining the printed media by conducting a content analysis study of two widely acknowledged magazines in an attempt to answer the question of how the country wants to portray its capital city through image-making to the global community. The results of this exploration convey a commitment toward image making, presenting an image of Doha as an emerging international hub. The paper concludes by arguing for the need of critical consciousness in response to that fact that image making practices in Doha continue to subdue the profession to client aspirations through oversimplified imaging while ignoring the professional discourse that scrutinizes the quality of those images and the meanings they convey.
Urban Transformation in the City of Riyadh: A Study of Plural Urban Identity
Authors: Al Naim Mashary A.
Published: January 2021

Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia, has been witnessing rapid urban transformation processes during the 20th century, which have had various kinds of impact on the evolution of its urban identity. This paper therefore attempts to investigate how the new urban concepts, which were introduced by modernization and globalization, caused a conflict of identities and how this has resulted in dividing Riyadh into opposing urban entities. The main challenge in establishing a cohesive urban identity in Riyadh is based on the long-term conflict between traditional forms of urbanism and modern ways of urban development. The paper thus investigates the urban transformation of Riyadh from the beginning of the twentieth century until the present day. The main objective of this historic analysis is to capture the various ways inhabitants have perceived surrounding urban environments and how this has been influencing urban planning activities. The applied methodologies include the evaluation of historic documents, such as official reports and plans.
Place Identity: A Theoretical Reflection
Authors: Azmi Nur Farhana , Ahmad Faizah , Ali Azlan Shah
Published: January 2021

Each place possesses characteristics that confer on it a sense of place and identity through the meanings and values that they provide. The role of the physical built environment in place and identity development has not received adequate attention in built environment literature. This paper attempts to identify the unique and exceptional characteristics of places which create a unique environment and make a continuing contribution to the overall sense of the place. A preliminary survey was conducted in Kuala Kubu Bharu (KKB), a small town in the northern part of the Malaysian state of Selangor; to examine the characteristics of the place that influence and contribute to the identity of the town. The survey results demonstrate that the cultural heritage of the physical built environment acts as an important trigger for the town’s identity. While it is undeniable that cultural heritage is indeed greatly the product of non-visual sources; subjective meanings, experiences, beliefs, ideology and past history of the place, this paper highlights the significance of the physical built environment in influencing the very individuality of the place.
Post-Occupancy Investigation of two Open Building Projects
Authors: Shanshan LI
Published: January 2021

Under the concept that housing was an act instead of a product, John Habraken launched a campaign against mass housing in the 1960s. His counterattack was architecturally and institutionally developed afterwards, and fully expressed by the so-called Open Building, in which users could make decision regarding their dwellings and easily re-arrange them. A number of experimental projects were subsequently constructed worldwide.

After years, the actual situation of use of these projects is, to a certain extent, unknown. Their facades may have faded, their pipelines may be ageing, and the design may be out of fashion. Correspondingly, various changes are expected. Could these changes be controlled in the original design? Were these projects enhanced after the changes? Did the users have a positive response? These questions are far from being answered.

This article is based on the post-occupancy investigation of two Open Building projects, the “Molenvliet Project” in the Netherlands and the “Wuxi Experimental Project” in China, which played an exemplary role, especially in the early years. In this study, the users’ assessment of their living environment was highly emphasised, and the changes to the both exterior and interior were specifically recorded. The purpose of the investigation is to determine how the architects’ intention was practised, and to learn from them.
Editorial: Forging Advances in Sustainable Architecture and Urbanism
Authors: Grierson David , Salama Ashraf M.
Published: January 2021

Sustainability has been an important topic in many disciplines over two decades, and its urgency is rising. At the same time, a conceptual understanding of sustainability remains rather vague, posing a challenge for research in this area. Nevertheless the term ‘sustainability’ is increasingly used in the context of ecological, economic, and social studies. In green economics it is often used interchangeably with the term ‘sustainable development’, defined by the World commission on environment and development in 1987 as, “development which meets he needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” this underlines sustainability’s ethical dimension where a normative view implies treating sustainability as a form of intergenerational equity and fairness. The question of intergenerational equity constitutes a growing concern, and our obligation to future generations requires us to look beyond short-term public policy preoccupations to anticipate building a better future for all.
Reframing the Notion of Sustainable Urban Development in the Middle East
Authors: Bagaeen Samer
Published: January 2021

In offering reflections on key themes affecting sustainability in the Middle East, this paper explores how an imprecise concept such as sustainability can, co-constituted with other powerful political and economic systems, such as nation building, drive forward new agendas for urban development. Rather than focus on specific empirical findings, the paper reflects instead on some of the assumptions underpinning competing approaches to sustainability highlighting multiple alternate visions of urban sustainability. In doing so, the paper engages with the literature on sustainability, master-planning and real estate development inviting the reader in the process to think about and ponder on the role of vision in the process. The reader is therefore invited to consider the aggregate impact of individual master planned projects on the urban fabric of fast growing cities and to think about how projects such as Masdar City in Abu Dhabi and the Msheireb downtown redevelopment in Doha demonstrate how sustainability and nationalist discourses are intertwined offering competing visions of what a sustainable city might become while at the same time hiding urban inequalities in plain sight with the help of the ‘forward looking’ facade of sustainability.
Pedagogy of Architectural Education on Sustainability in Malaysia – Student Perspective
Authors: Keumala Nila , Younus Mohammed Amer , Kuan Yong , Razak Asrul Sani Bin Abdul , Ismail Muhammad Azzam , Al-Obaidi Karam M.
Published: January 2021

The increasing global concerns about the environmental degradation and climate changes oblige architecture students to apply sustainable design approaches in their studio projects. Therefore, renewable energy raises the expectation of providing sustainable solutions for their architectural design proposals. This paper aims to investigate the learning of students in knowledge, awareness and applicability on sustainability during their first three years of the part 1 architecture programme. Surveys were conducted on 500 students from eight architecture schools from the local universities, two architecture schools from the polytechnic colleges and three architectural schools from the overseas universities. These survey results from 335 respondents confirmed that the learning on sustainability through self (51.6%), peer (48.6%) and design studio lecturers (37.0%). These results confirmed also that most respondents did rely on pre-design assessments to develop sustainable design strategies in their final architectural design proposals. These results concluded that the perception of architecture students on learning sustainability is based mainly on other sources. These findings provide knowledge for educationists and practitioners towards the planning of architecture curriculum and the implementation of pedagogical approach in sustainability. This paper determines the most important source of learning on sustainability knowledge for students in the pedagogy at university level.
Building Affordable Housing in Urban Malaysia: Economic and Institutional Challenges to Housing Developers
Authors: Tan T H , Samihah H. K. , Phang S. N.
Published: January 2021

Affordable housing has become an important issue with the greatest need being in urban centres. Currently, an increase in urban population growth is higher than the supply of affordable housing, and this has resulted in a severe shortage of affordable housing as house builders are unable to construct houses at prices which are low enough for urban middle income households. Despite efforts by the Malaysian government to launch homeownership schemes for first-time homebuyers, most private housing developers might not be motivated to participate in these schemes. One of the major reasons for the disappointing supply affordable house under these schemes is mainly due to institutional and economic issueslinked to the construction of such houses in the country. This paper looks at the challenges facing private housing developers in affordable housing provision and makes recommendations to address housing affordability in the country.
Maintaining Character Through Urban Morphology Analysis
Authors: Imam Sahar Hassan
Published: January 2021

Relating development control regulations to urban morphology analysis concepts is essential to deal with incremental change in existing contexts, relating urban morphology analysis to intangible factors of change such as land economics, human needs, politics and ideologies, helps protecting character and value of contexts from unguided change controlled by waves of political decisions, change of densities and land values. The first part of the paper discusses different approaches to urban morphology analysis, the need to development control regulations to protect character and value, the incremental nature of urban change, and urban morphology's non physical aspects effect on urban change. The second part of the paper reviews two case studies in France and Egypt to assess development control regulations in each case, how it affected urban change and area character, and examines whether urban morphology analysis was part of Development control regulations or not. It concludes with the evaluation of the second case, and the development of a frame work linking non physical factors affecting incremental change with morphological studies, showing the need to relate development control regulations to morphological analysis of town's form and non physical variables affecting form change to guide positively incremental change.
A Different Experience in the Build-Sell Process: Casae Study Ankara
Authors: Resuloglu Cilga
Published: January 2021

During the post-World War II period, Turkey's housing supply models were limited to individual housings. Three main trends in the construction industry helped overcome this limitation to a certain extent. These were cooperative societies, spontaneous squatter housing and the build-sell process. Build-sell process later became the most obvious reflection of urban transformation in the 1950s and 1960s. Within this context, this study examines the housing policy of the period and the build-sell process as well as the Rer-1 Apartment Block designed in line with the build-sell process. The Rer-1 Apartment Block was designed and implemented by architect Nejat Ersin between the years 1962-1964, and was constructed in Aşağı Ayrancı District in Ankara. This specific apartment block was examined as an extraordinary example of the build-sell process - which rejects architectural concerns and prioritises profits - as it still incorporated such concerns despite being designed adhering to logic of the build-sell process. For the purpose of this study, an oral history study was conducted with Nejat Ersin. It was, therefore, possible to evaluate Nejat Ersin's apartment block, presenting a new experience in the build-sell context, within the scope of era's social, cultural, political and economic conjecture. The Rer-1 Apartment Block was scrutinized from the build-sell process aspect within the scope of the architect's professional approach.
Hard/heart worker: work intensification in purpose-driven organizations
Authors: Dupret Katia , Pultz Sabina
Published: January 2021

Purpose

The paper seeks to illuminate the intersection between doing greater good in the world and the self-disciplining that comes along with it. The paper raises a discussion on how purpose-driven organizations with a sustainability focus should be concerned about internal social sustainability in order to maintain consistency between external purpose and internal well-being of employees.

Design/methodology/approach

This article investigates the interrelations between purpose-driven organizations' quest for social sustainability and internal work conditions exemplified through experiences with work intensification. A governmentality studies approach is applied to investigate how employees' perceptions of doing greater good in the world also become a productive self-disciplining strategy that potentially increases work intensification and simultaneously result in an instrumentalization of working for greater sustainability.

Findings

Working with an organizational sustainability purpose can, in some situations, create dilemmas that may decrease employee well-being as it demands continuous negotiation of boundaries between paid work and free time, meaningfulness and work devotion, self-management and work intensification.

Originality/value

The paper raises a discussion on how purpose-driven organizations with a sustainability focus should be concerned about internal (social) sustainability in order to maintain consistency between external purpose and internal well-being of employees.
Challenging absolute executive powers in times of corona: re-examining constitutional courts and the collective right to public contestation as instruments of institutional control
Authors: Eichler Jessika , Sonkar Sumit
Published: January 2021

Purpose

The CoViD-19 pandemic has brought about a panoply of institutional challenges both domestically and in the international arena. Classical constitutional theory thereby underwent a reinvention by the executive for the sake of speedy policy action and to the detriment of institutional control while favouring authoritarian forms of governance. This paper concerns itself with institutional responses to such developments, placing emphasis on the role of the judiciary and people*s in contesting emergency decrees and other executive orders, especially where fundamental rights are infringed upon. The paper aims to explore the difficulties arising with exerting absolute executive powers during the health crisis, the respective role assumed by constitutional courts and the impact of the new governance paradigm on forms of public contestation, also as a means of quasi institutional control.

Design/methodology/approach

Indeed, the right to health may be translated into political discourse and become foundational to security and public interest paradigms. This may result in a shrinking public space given the constraints to the freedom of movement. In the name of public safety, the (collective) right to assembly, expression and protest have been submitted to major limitations in that regard.

Findings

Ultimately, this re-opens debates on the meaning of absolute rights and contextualities of derogations, as well as the reconcilability of civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights. It also exposes social inequalities, social justice dimensions and vulnerabilities, often exacerbated by the health crisis; migrant rights demonstrably face particularly severe and intersectional forms of violations.

Originality/value

Particular values lie with the interdisciplinary approach embraced in this paper; the authors draw on a variety of social sciences disciplines to shed light on this very current issue. Both theoretical and empirical methods are used and combined here, making sense of the underlying logic of virus governance and its impacts on fundamental rights.
Mapping the path to certification of metal laser powder bed fusion for aerospace applications
Authors: Gibbons Duncan William , Serfontein Jean-Pierre Louis , van der Merwe André Francois
Published: January 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify and define the certification lifecycle of laser powder bed fusion for aerospace applications from equipment acquisition and installation to production, part acceptance and continuous improvement activities.

Design/methodology/approach

A top–down systems engineering approach is performed consisting of concept development, requirements engineering and systems architecting. This approach is taken from the perspective of a production organization.

Findings

A certification roadmap is proposed that references industry requirements at the relevant phases of the roadmap. Each phase of the roadmap acts as a decision gate for progression to the next.

Originality/value

Qualification and certification of metal laser powder bed fusion is currently a challenge within the aerospace industry. From an aerospace point of view, the qualification and certification of this relatively new manufacturing process should not have to be any different from traditional manufacturing processes, although with extensive quality control and regulatory oversight. This paper proposes a means for fulfilling these requirements chronologically and provides guidance on ensuring such quality control throughout the manufacturing system lifecycle. This roadmap provides insight into the qualification and certification of laser powder bed fusion for aerospace applications and provides value for future industrial feasibility studies.
Multi-scale damage analysis and fatigue behavior of PLA manufactured by fused deposition modeling (FDM)
Authors: Vanaei Hamid Reza , Shirinbayan Mohammadali , Vanaei Saeedeh , Fitoussi Joseph , Khelladi Sofiane , Tcharkhtchi Abbas
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) draws particular attention due to its ability to fabricate components directly from a CAD data; however, the mechanical properties of the produced pieces are limited. This paper aims to present the experimental aspect of multi-scale damage analysis and fatigue behavior of polylactic acid (PLA) manufactured by FDM. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of extruder temperature during the process, loading amplitude, and frequency on fatigue behavior.

Design/methodology/approach

Three specific case studies were analyzed and compared with spool material for understanding the effect of bonding formation: single printed filament, two printed filaments and three printed filaments. Specific experiments of quasi-static tensile tests coupled with microstructure observations are performed to multi-scale damage analysis. A strong variation of fatigue strength as a function of the loading amplitude, frequency and extruder temperature is also presented.

Findings

The obtained experimental results show the first observed damage phenomenon corresponds to the inter-layer bonding of the filament interface at the stress value of 40 MPa. For instance, fatigue lifetime clearly depends on the extruder temperature and the loading frequency. Moreover, when the frequency is 80 Hz, the coupling effect of thermal and mechanical fatigue causes self-heating which decreases the fatigue lifetime.

Originality/value

This paper comprises useful data regarding the mechanical behavior and fatigue lifetime of FDM made PLA specimens. In fact, it evaluates the effect of process parameters (extruder temperature) based on the nature of FDM that is classified as a thermally-driven process.
How multinational corporations and nonprofits collaborate for sustainability: assessing social partnerships from China
Authors: Yin Juelin
Published: January 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to understand the characteristics, factors and contingencies of social partnerships between multinational corporations (MNCs) and nonprofits in the context of sustainability that enable or impede the value creation outcome of the collaboration.

Design/methodology/approach

A multi-case study with 12 social partnerships operating in China was investigated considering their relative representativeness and different value creation outcomes.

Findings

The author presents a snapshot of the current state and unique differences of social partnerships in China, whereas the existing literature has mostly addressed the topic from a Western context. Moreover, the author highlights the key determinants and contextual features that influence the value creation outcome of social partnerships in China.

Research limitations/implications

This study concentrates on the social partnerships in the largest emerging country context of China, and the representativeness of data collected from a small sample may be challenged. Likewise, the 12 social partnerships studied are similar in design but vary in sustainability focus. To test the validity of the theorizing, the study calls for future research to apply the proposed theoretical framework across various contexts across both developing and developed world.

Practical implications

The paper provides guidance to corporate managers and nonprofit decision-makers on how to improve their social partner initiation, operations and governance so as to generate greater collaborative value out of social partnerships in the Chinese market.

Social implications

This study contributes to the social partnership literature, which has been dominant in the Western context, by offering case evidences from China.

Originality/value

The study shows that social partnerships are increasingly initiated and sustained in the context of sustainability and corporate social responsibility, with the majority oriented toward “satisficing” instead of “optimizing” and represented mostly with a “philanthropic” and “transactional” approach. The author particularly notes the salience of social exchange, with social partnerships serving as an indirect relational instrument for MNCs to navigate stakeholder relationships in the Chinese market, especially with the dominant resource holder such as the government.
Effect of Zn-powder content on the property of Cu/SAC0307 powder/Cu joint under ultrasonic assisted at low temperature
Authors: Gan Gui-sheng , Jiang Liujie , Chen Shiqi , Deng Yongqiang , Yang Donghua , Jiang Zhaoqi , Cao Huadong , Tian Mizhe , Xu Qianzhu , Liu Xin
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Low-Ag SAC solder will lead to a series of problems, such as increased the melting range and declined the solderability and so on. These research studies do not have too much impact on the improvement of solders’ performance but were difficult to achieve satisfactory results. It is urgent to develop new soldering technology to avoid the bottleneck of lead-free solder. low-temperature-stirring soldering and ultrasonic-assisted soldering was developed in the authors’ early work, but slag inclusion and pore would gather and grow up to lead decreasing of the shear strength. In this paper, Cu/SAC0307 +Zn power/Cu joints with ultrasonic-assisted at low-temperature was successfully achieved.

Design/methodology/approach

45um Zn-powder and SAC0307 No.4 solder powder were mixed to fill the Cu-Cu joint, and the content of Zn-powder were 0 and 5%, 7.5% and 10%, 12.5% and 15% respectively. During the soldering process under ambient atmosphere %252C the heating platform provided a constant 220%253 F and the ultrasonic vibrator applied a constant pressure of 4 MPa to the copper substrate. The soldering process was completed after holding 70 s at 300 W.

Findings

The Zn particles made the IMC at the joint interface and in the soldering seam from scallop-type Cu6Sn5 to flat-type Cu5Zn8. The shear strength of joints without Zn was only 12.43 MPa, the shear strength of joints with 10% Zn reached a peak of 34.25 MPa, and the shear strength of joints containing 10% Zn was 63.71% higher than that of joints without zinc particles, and then the shear strength decreased. In addition, with the increase of zinc content, the fracture mode of the joint changed from the brittle fracture of the original layered tears to the mixed tough and brittle fracture.

Originality/value

A new method that Zn micron-size powders and SAC0307 micron-size powders was mixed to fill the joint, and successfully achieved micro-joining of Cu/Cu under ultrasonic-assisted without flux at low-temperature.
DMSP synthesis genes distinguish two types of DMSP producer phenotypes
Authors: McParland Erin L. , Lee Michael D. , Webb Eric A. , Alexander Harriet , Levine Naomi M.
Published: January 2021

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is an important organic carbon and sulfur source in the surface ocean that fuels microbial activity and significantly impacts Earth's climate. After three decades of research, the cellular role(s) of DMSP and environmental drivers of production remain enigmatic. Recent work suggests that cellular DMSP concentrations, and changes in these concentrations in response to environmental stressors, define two major groups of DMSP producers: high DMSP producers that contain ≥ 50 mM intracellular DMSP and low DMSP producers that contain < 50 mM. Here we show that two recently described DMSP synthesis genes (DSYB and TpMT2) may differentiate these two DMSP phenotypes. A survey of prokaryotic and eukaryotic isolates found a significant correlation between the presence of DSYB and TpMT2 genes and previous measurements of high and low DMSP concentrations, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that DSYB and TpMT2 form two distinct clades. DSYB and TpMT2 were also found to be globally abundant in in situ surface communities, and their taxonomic annotations were similar to those observed for isolates. The strong correlation of the DSYB and TpMT2 synthesis genes with high and low producer phenotypes establishes a foundation for direct quantification of DMSP producers, enabling significantly improved predictions of DMSP in situ.
Strengthening women's participation in the traditional enterprises of sub‐saharan Africa: The role of corporate social responsibility initiatives in Niger delta, Nigeria
Authors: Okolo‐Obasi Elda N. , Uduji Joseph I. , Asongu Simplice A.
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the multinational oil companies (MOCs) corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in Nigeria. Its special focus is to investigate the impact of the global memorandum of understanding (GMoU) on development of rural women's traditional enterprises in the Niger Delta region. A total of 2,400 women were sampled across the region. Results from the use of a combined propensity score matching and logit model indicate that the GMoU model of the CSR has recorded significant success in supporting farming and fishing transformation generally, but has also undermined those initiatives that focused on empowering rural women in traditional enterprises, due to the cultural and traditional context in the region. This causes both direct harm to women and their children, and wider costs to African economies. It implies that if the GMoU interventions are not targeted to raise women's economic status and to deter aggression, invariably they may contribute towards reducing the participation of women in economic, political and social development and, by extension, dampen efforts in deterring poverty and achieving the sustainable development goals in sub‐Saharan Africa.
A “Phoenix” rising from the ashes: China’s Tongqi, marriage fraud, and resistance
Authors: Tsang Eileen Y. H.
Published: January 2021

There are significant numbers of women in China who have inadvertently married closeted gay men. Women in China who unwittingly marry closeted gay men are known as Tongqi (同妻), and these women often discover their husband's secret only after giving birth to fulfill filial obligations. These women taken into this “marriage fraud” are initially unaware of their husbands’ sexual orientation. Because China's divorce law favors men, even if the wife files for divorce, the husband often wins custody of children. The tendency to blame the woman who have unwittingly married gay men extends even to the woman's own immediate families. These women suffer heightened risk of not only physical death from AIDS and other diseases, but also psychological death through the loss of physical mobility, alienation of kin, and death of their heterosexual marriage identity. This article extends necropolitics to the social death situations of 12 educated and 47 low‐educated Tongqi and reveals how they resist and overcome their circumstances. Tongqi are the women who have unwittingly married gay men of violations involving their own marriage, but they are not simply waiting for death. Taking an ethnographical approach, this work uses the social death concept of necropolitics to provide understanding of how marriage and gender laws perpetuate these dysfunctional unions.
Structural Characteristics and its Significances on Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Yunkai Low Uplift, Pearl River Mouth Basin
Authors: YU Yixin , ZHANG Tianlong , ZHANG Zhongtao , ZHANG Gongcheng , ZENG Jianhui , YANG Haizhang , ZHAO Zhao , LIANG Weiwei
Published: January 2021

The Yunkai low uplift with low exploration degree is close to the Baiyun sag, and has hydrocarbon exploration potential in the deepwater area of the Pearl River Mouth Basin. Based on seismic and drilling data, balanced profiles and growth strata, this paper mainly discusses geological structures and formation processes of the Yunkai low uplift, and also analyzes the characteristics of fault system and their influence on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. The EW‐trending basement faults divide the Yunkai low uplift into two parts, i.e. the southern sector and the northern sector. The northern sector is a relatively wide and gentle uplift, while the southern sector is composed of two secondary half‐grabens with faulting in the south and overlapping in the north. The Yunkai low uplift experienced three major formation stages, including the rapid uplifting stage during the deposition period of the Eocene Wenchang Formation, the slow uplifting stage during the deposition period of the Late Eocene‐Middle Miocene Enping‐Hanjiang formations, and the whole burial stage from the Middle Miocene to present. The extensional faults in the Yunkai low uplift and its adjacent areas strike mainly along the NW, NWW and near‐EW directions. Also, the strikes of faults present a clockwise rotation from the deep to the shallow strata. According to effects of faults on hydrocarbon accumulation, the faults in the Yunkai low uplift and its adjacent areas can be divided into trap‐controlled faults and source‐controlled faults. The trap‐controlled faults control trap development and can effectively seal oil and gas. The source‐controlled faults connect directly source rocks and reservoirs, which are highly active during the rifting stage and weakly active since the Miocene. This activity features of the source‐controlled faults is beneficial to migration of the early crude oil from the Baiyun sag to the high part of the Yunkai low uplift, but is not good for migration of the late natural gas. In the Yunkai low uplift and its adjacent areas, the traps in the deep Zhuhai and Enping formations that are close to source rocks in the Baiyun sag should be the favorable exploration objectives.
Geochemical Characteristics and Sedimentary Control of Pinghu Formation (Eocene) Coal‐bearing Source Rocks in Xihu Depression, East China Sea Basin
Authors: SHEN Yulin , QIN Yong , CUI Min , XIE Guoliang , GUO Yinghai , QU Zhenghui , YANG Tianyang , YANG Liu
Published: January 2021

Coal‐bearing source rocks of the Pinghu Formation in the Xihu Depression comprise an important material basis of oil and gas resources in the East China Sea Basin. Based on drilling core observation results combined with the analysis and test results of macerals, trace/rare earth elements, and rock pyrolysis, the geochemical characteristics and sedimentary control of coal‐bearing source rocks formation are discussed in a high‐frequency sequence framework. The results indicate that the macerals composition of the coal‐bearing source rocks of the Eocene Pinghu Formation in the Xihu Depression is dominated by vitrinite, with low‐medium abundance of exinite and almost no inertinite. The coals and carbonaceous mudstones display higher amounts of total organic carbon (TOC) (14.90%–65.10%), S1 + S2 (39.24–136.52 mg/g), and IH (191–310 HC/g TOC) respectively, as compared to the mudstones. Organic matter is plotted in type III kerogens and partially in type II; it is mainly in the low maturity stage. The trace elements results imply that the samples were deposited in a weakly reducing to weakly oxidizing environment and were occasionally affected by seawater. The coal‐bearing source rocks were deposited in a relatively oxygen‐containing environment. The coal‐bearing source rocks development is jointly controlled by the coal accumulation environment, the water conditions affected by ocean currents in offshore basins in China, oxidation–reduction cycles of aqueous media and paleoclimate evolution in a high‐frequency sequence framework.
Distribution, Seismic Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Carbonate Platforms on the Northwestern Margin of the South China Sea
Authors: LI Lin , WANG Bin , YANG Taotao , YANG Zhili , LI Li , LU Yintao , WANG Xuefeng , WU Jingwu , SUN Guozhong
Published: January 2021

Newly‐acquired seismic data reveal widespread carbonate deposits covering a large part of the northwestern South China Sea margin. Three carbonate platforms are identified to have developed on the topographic highs inherited from tectonic deformation and volcanic accretion. Across the carbonate platforms, the Miocene strata are characterized by high‐amplitude seismic reflections and distinct platform architecture that overlaps older strata. The Guangle and Xisha carbonate platforms grew on faulted blocks due to South China Sea continental rifting, while the Zhongjian carbonate platform developed on a structural high induced by early Miocene volcanism. During the late Miocene, partial drowning resulted in the inhibition of platform growth, eventual platform drowning and termination of most carbonate deposition. The drowning of the Guangle and Zhongjian carbonate platforms is shown by the supply of siliciclastic sediments during the late Miocene and seems to be closely linked to late Neogene volcanic activity, whilst the drowning of the Xisha carbonate platform is primarily related to relative eustatic changes. Our results imply that tectonic activity, volcanism and eustasy are the dominant controls on the evolution of carbonate platforms on the northwestern margin of the South China Sea.
Genesis and Characteristics of Miocene Deep‐water Clastic Rocks in Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan Basins, Northern South China Sea
Authors: FAN Caiwei , XU Changgui , XU Jie
Published: January 2021

Various deep‐water deposits developed in the Yinggehai Basin and Qiongdongnan Basin (Ying‐Qiong Basin) in the northern South China Sea, making the two basins significantly hydrocarbon‐producing areas and ideal for studying the genetic mechanism and sedimentary characteristics of deep‐water clastic rocks. Using cores, image well logging, heavy mineral assemblages, and seismic data, we thoroughly studied the geometry, tectonic background, driving mechanism, and source‐to‐sink process of deep‐water deposits in the study area. The results showed that: (1) there were five genetic mechanisms of deep‐water clastic rock, i.e., slides, slumps, debris flows, turbidity currents, and bottom currents. (2) The sliding deposits were distributed from the delta front to the continental slope toe. The slumping deposits were mainly distributed at the continental slope toe or the basin's central area, far from the delta front. The turbidity deposits were widely developed in the deep‐water area, but with huge differences in thickness. The bottom currents mainly reworked previous deposits far from the slope. (3) Slip and extension along the preexisting fault zone were the main structural factors that drive the axial channel formation at the slope foot. (4) The sand‐rich gravity sediment flows in the Ying‐Qiong basin were primarily caused by the direct supply of terrigenous debris into the marine environment over the slope break.
Automated classification of avian vocal activity using acoustic indices in regional and heterogeneous datasets
Authors: Yip Daniel A. , Mahon C. Lisa , MacPhail Alexander G. , Bayne Erin M.
Published: January 2021

Acoustic indices combined with clustering and classification approaches have been increasingly used to automate identification of the presence of vocalizing taxa or acoustic events of interest. While most studies using this approach standardize data collection and study design parameters at the project or study level, recent trends in ecological research are to investigate patterns at regional or continental scales. Large‐scale studies often require collaboration between research groups and integration of data from multiple sources to fulfil objectives, which can lead to variation in recording equipment and data collection protocols.

Our objectives were to determine how analytical approaches and variation in data collection and processing that is typical of regional acoustic monitoring programmes influences accuracy when identifying vocal activity in breeding birds. We used data from three regional datasets in Northern Alberta, Northern British Columbia, and Southern and Central Yukon, Canada to investigate the effect of analytical framework, sample size, local species richness and data collection variables on classification accuracy.

We found supervised classification approaches to be the most effective, with boosted regression trees identifying vocalizations of breeding birds in audio recordings with a 92.0% accuracy and easily able to accommodate variation in data collection and processing parameters. We also provide recommendations on effectively processing large and heterogeneous datasets including sufficient sample size, accommodating potentially confounding variables and selecting suitable model training data.

The results presented in this study can help inform decisions in data collection, data processing, and study design and analysis, maximize performance and accuracy during analysis, and efficiently process large, heterogeneous acoustic datasets to answer questions at scales previously difficult to investigate.