bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The risk of COVID-19 infection in medical workers of a clinical hospital during a pandemic
Authors: Kuzmina Lyudmila P. , Leskina Lyudmila M. , Golovkova Nina P. , Tolmachev Dmitry A. , Izmerova Natalia I. , Osmanova Patimat Sh.
Published: November 2024

In occupational health, scientists view the COVID-19 as a biological factor that can occur not only in the environment, but also in industrial conditions. In this regard, the spread of a new coronavirus infection requires addressing issues of preserving and strengthening the health of medical workers who make up the risk group.
The study aims to assess the risk of COVID–19 infection during the pandemic in medical workers of a clinical hospital, depending on working conditions and the degree of contact with infectious patients.
The object of the study was medical workers of the state budgetary healthcare institution of the Moscow region. The total number of medical workers amounted to 495 people. According to the degree of probability of medical workers' contact with an infectious agent, the following groups were identified: a high–risk zone of infection; an average risk zone of infection; a comparison group — a group that did not come into contact with patients with COVID-19. Within each of the above groups, three production and professional groups were formed: doctors; secondary medical personnel; junior medical personnel. The authors studied the frequency of temporary disability due to COVID-19 in medical workers who performed their professional duties during the pandemic. To assess the risk of infection of medical workers with COVID-19, they calculated the relative risk (RR).
The study showed that the incidence of temporary disability among medical personnel during the pandemic period was 64.6±2.1 per 100 employees. Morbidity rates with temporary disability in the group of doctors who performed work duties in the high-risk area of COVID-19 infection amounted to 60.9±10.2 and in the medium-risk area of COVID-19 infection 63.2±4.0, which is significantly higher compared to workers in the comparison group 40.0±8.9 who had no contact with infectious patients. At the time of the study, the presence of a history of chronic diseases of the circulatory system in medical workers increases the risk of infection with COVID-19 (OR=3.9 with DI=2.62–5.78). The presence of chronic diseases of the endocrine system, eating disorders and metabolic disorders also increases the risk of COVID-19 infection (OR=3.3 with DI=2.08–5.13).
The data obtained as a result of the performed study indicate an increased risk of infection for doctors employed in areas of high and medium risk of COVID-19 infection, which are the most vulnerable professional group.
Limitations. The present study requires further study of the issue and verification of the data obtained due to the limited observation period.
Ethics. All medical workers have given informed consent to the use of personal data for statistical processing.
Human Resources Management Practice and Firm Performance in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industries
Authors: Ekwutosi Ozims , Chukwubuike Alugbuo Cosmas
Published: November 2024

The study explores the relationship between human resource management (HRM) practices and firm performance in the Nigerian oil and gas industry, addressing a critical gap in understanding how staff orientation impacts organizational outcomes. Despite extensive research on HRM, limited attention has been given to its influence on employee retention, customer retention, and productivity in this sector. Using a survey of 714 HR professionals and managers, the research identifies significant correlations between effective staff orientation and enhanced employee retention, which subsequently improves customer retention and productivity. These findings underscore the importance of comprehensive orientation programs, employee-focused strategies, and continuous HRM evaluation to boost firm performance. The study provides valuable insights for practitioners and policymakers, emphasizing the need for customer-centric cultures and robust HRM practices to drive organizational success.
Exact Analytical Expressions for the Floor Function and the Modulo Function
Authors: Alhargan Fayez
Published: November 2024

Periodic discontinuous functions, such as the floor function, the modulo function, the square wave function, the delta function, and the sawtooth wave function, are ubiquitous in various fields of mathematics and engineering. Traditional representations of these functions often rely on Fourier series expansions, which can be inefficient and exhibit convergence issues like the Gibbs phenomenon. In this paper, an exact analytical expressions for these functions is introduced using a novel approach based on Cauchy's argument principle. This method provides closed-form representations that overcome the limitations of Fourier series, offering precise calculations and well-defined derivatives. Also, sample examples and illustrations using Julia code are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed expressions.
El desempeño ambiental de los predios incluidos en la Encuesta Ganadera Nacional 2016: Una línea de base para una transición sostenible de la ganadería
Authors: Paruelo José , BALDASSINI PABLO , Aguirre Emilio , Sans Gonzalo Camba , Dieguez Hernán , Gallego Federico , Staiano Luciana , Baethgen Walter E.
Published: November 2024

Un aspecto clave de las transiciones hacia sistemas sostenibles es la evaluación de la eficacia y la eficiencia de las acciones de manejo a nivel predial y de las políticas públicas. En el marco de una iniciativa lanzada en 2021 se llevó a cabo un trabajo conjunto entre el sector político y el académico para definir una serie de indicadores de la huella ambiental de la ganadería (HAG). En este proceso se incorporaron cinco indicadores sinópticos que derivan de datos provistos por sensores remotos y del uso de modelos biofísicos. La Encuesta Ganadera Nacional (EGN) 2016 recopiló información de carácter económico, tecnológico y productivo de los establecimientos ganaderos de ovinos y bovinos de Uruguay, referidos al ejercicio agrícola 2015-2016. En este artículo se caracteriza el desempeño ambiental de 6.264 padrones rurales incluidos en la EGN a partir de 3 de los indicadores sinópticos del desempeño ambiental definidos en la HAG y de un índice que los integra. En promedio, casi el 80% de la superficie de los predios encuestados correspondió a hábitats naturales. Si se considera área ocupada por pasturas, la base forrajera pastoril de los predios ganaderos cubre, en promedio, el 88% de los padrones. Más allá de los valores medios del Índice de oferta de servicios ecosistémicos, un rasgo importante del desempeño ambiental de los predios encuestados es la escasa proporción de la superficie de los padrones con tendencias negativas de este índice. Esto refleja que en los últimos 15 años la mayoría de los predios mantuvieron o incrementaron la oferta de servicios ecosistémicos. La descripción del desempeño ambiental a nivel de predio usando indicadores sinópticos puede representar un paso importante en la evaluación de la sostenibilidad del sector ganadero en particular y del agropecuario en general. El uso de estos indicadores presenta una serie de aspectos relevantes: 1) la extensión del análisis (todo el país), 2) la resolución tanto de la descripción ambiental como del nivel al que se presenta la información (un píxel Landsat o MODIS y padrón rural), 3) la cuantificación de la complementariedad/redundancia de los indicadores evaluados respecto a la resolución de las unidades de gestión, 4) la naturaleza dinámica de los indicadores y su sensibilidad a las intervenciones humanas (pueden calcularse cada estación de crecimiento y pueden seguir los cambios en los usos/gestión de la tierra) y 5) la característica global del estudio, que permite utilizar los mismos protocolos para calcular los indicadores en todas las regiones y sistemas de producción.
Contextual Gradient Interference: A Novel Mechanism for Knowledge Retention and Adaptability in Large Language Models
Authors: Ashger Michael , Rutherstone Penelope , Montmorency Jasper , Macfarlane Philippa , Molyneux Alistair
Published: November 2024

Addressing the challenge of catastrophic forgetting in large-scale neural architectures requires innovative solutions that enable models to retain prior knowledge while adapting to new tasks. The proposed Contextual Gradient Interference mechanism introduces a dual-gradient framework designed to partition parameter updates dynamically, ensuring stability for previously learned information while facilitating effective task-specific adaptations. By leveraging real-time gradient analysis and masking strategies, the mechanism mitigates interference and promotes efficient learning across sequential tasks. The integration of this approach within the Falcon model, a state-of-the-art open-source language model, demonstrated significant improvements in knowledge retention, task adaptability, and robustness under varying conditions, including noisy inputs and increasing dataset sizes. Quantitative evaluations across multiple benchmarks revealed enhanced accuracy, lower perplexity, and improved memory retention compared to existing methodologies. The scalability of the approach was further validated through its computational efficiency and performance consistency over extended training cycles. Additional experiments highlighted the ability of the model to handle multi-hop reasoning and sequential tasks with complex contextual dependencies, showcasing the versatility of the proposed mechanism. An ablation study reinforced the significance of key components, such as gradient masking and decomposition, in achieving the observed performance gains. Results also revealed areas for potential optimization, including computational trade-offs and sensitivity to hyperparameter configurations. The study advances the understanding of gradient-based learning strategies and their critical role in optimizing neural networks for dynamic and large-scale tasks. Through its novel contributions, the mechanism establishes a foundation for enhancing the stability, adaptability, and efficiency of language model training, making it an invaluable tool for future developments in machine learning.
A Theory of Multi-Attribute Search and Choice
Authors: Gluth Sebastian , Deakin Jordan , Rieskamp Jörg
Published: November 2024

Decisions problems are often characterized by the presence of many choice options described by several attributes. To behave efficiently, people are thus required to limit information search. We propose that humans search and thereby devote attention to relevant information in an efficient and goal-directed, but not necessarily optimal manner. Thereto, a novel hierarchical Bayesian cognitive model of information search in multi-attribute and multi-alternative decisions is presented and tested. The search process is assumed to be governed by the desire to quickly identify the option that meets the current choice goal best, which in turn depends on the importance and uncertainty of information as well as the accumulated evidence. The theory accounts for many empirical findings from existing research on the interplay of attention and decision making, including the positive correlation of gaze time and choice probability as well as the preference for sampling promising choice candidates. To rigorously test a series of predicted top-down effects of attention, results of a new and preregistered eye-tracking experiment on multi-attribute decisions are presented, in which the influence of bottom-up attention on visual search is minimized. The theory accounts for the various interactions of attention and choice in this experiment, while variants with different search rules fail to capture them. Furthermore, the theory predicts additional choice dynamics such as the dependency of decision speed on the number and overall value of options. Our work offers a general framework to understand the intricate dynamics of search and valuation mechanisms in multi-attribute decision making.
Vocal feedback and eye gaze patterns in Italian task-based dyadic conversations
Authors: Sbranna Simona , Savino Michelina , Baills Florence , Grice Martine
Published: November 2024

Previous research has provided evidence of the interaction between eye gaze and turn-taking, showing that turn yielding is generally signalled with mutual gaze, whereby the primary speaker assesses the interlocutor's availability, which is subsequently confirmed by the interlocutor, as the next or secondary speaker reciprocates the gaze. However, the relation between eye gaze and turn-regulating vocal feedback signals, indicating the intention to take the conversational floor or not, can be influenced by different experimental designs. In task-based conversations, turn-regulating vocal feedback reportedly occurs predominantly when speakers avert their gaze. In this study, we investigate the relation between turn-regulating vocal feedback and eye gaze patterns, extending the binary paradigm of averted versus mutual gaze to include unilateral gaze, which can be directed towards the interlocutor when feedback signals are followed by a turn. We also find by-dyad variability, which we attribute to the fact that interlocutors can use the vocal and visual channels of communication together or separately.
UK adults of lower socioeconomic status report more overall life stress, but not more daily hassles: A daily diary study
Authors: tho Pesch Fiona , Chevallier Coralie , Nettle Daniel
Published: November 2024

Socioeconomic status (SES) is linked to psychological and behavioral outcomes like time discounting, trust, sense of control, and life satisfaction. This pre-registered study examines daily hassles—routine stressors in everyday life—as contributors to SES-related differences in stress, attitudes, decision-making, and well-being. 230 UK participants documented three negative events daily for one week, providing descriptions and subjective ratings. Text analysis using large language models supplemented these data. Despite higher overall stress among low-SES individuals, they did not experience more frequent or intense daily hassles than their high-SES counterparts. Instead, low-SES participants reported lower perceived control, more health-related stressors, and fewer work-related hassles. These findings challenge assumptions that heightened stress in low-SES groups stems from more frequent or severe routine stressors. By integrating subjective and computational analyses, this study highlights the nuanced relationship between SES and stress, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach to addressing SES disparities in well-being and decision-making.
A systematic survey on the application of federated learning in mental state detection and human activity recognition
Authors: Grataloup Albin , Kurpicz-Briki Mascha
Published: November 2024

This systematic review investigates the application of federated learning in mental health and human activity recognition. A comprehensive search was conducted to identify studies utilizing federated learning for these domains. The included studies were evaluated based on publication year, task, dataset characteristics, federated learning algorithms, and personalization methods. The aim is to provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art, identify research gaps, and inform future research directions in this emerging field.
An Analysis of Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in the Banking Sector: A Focus on Quetta, Balochistan
Authors: Ullah Abid , Ullah Hamid
Published: November 2024

This study explores the impact of service quality on customer satisfaction within the banking sector in Quetta, Balochistan. Service quality is a critical determinant of customer satisfaction, which in turn influences customer loyalty, retention, and the overall success of banks. The research examines key dimensions of service quality—tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy—and their relationship with customer satisfaction. It also highlights the role of employee satisfaction in enhancing service quality and improving customer experiences. Given the unique socio-economic and cultural context of Quetta, the study investigates how local factors such as infrastructure, demographic diversity, and cultural expectations shape the banking service delivery. A combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods, including surveys of bank customers and employees, is employed to gather data. The findings suggest that service quality, particularly in areas like responsiveness, reliability, and assurance, plays a significant role in shaping customer satisfaction. Additionally, employee satisfaction is shown to have a positive impact on the quality of service provided to customers. The study concludes with recommendations for banks in Quetta to invest in employee training, enhance infrastructure, and tailor their services to the specific needs of the local population in order to improve overall customer satisfaction. This research contributes to the understanding of service quality dynamics in emerging markets, particularly in underrepresented regions like Balochistan.
Evaluating the impact of Sure Start (Northern Ireland) using Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD): An early assessment of study validity
Authors: Zhang Meng Le
Published: November 2024

Sure Start is a place-based early years programme aimed at families and children aged 0-3. The programme includes multiple interventions that are accessible to eligible families based on their area of residence. Interventions may be delivered within Sure Start centres, other public settings or in families’ homes. The expansion of Sure Start over time presents a unique opportunity to measure the impact of the programme using a quasi-experimental method called Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD). This paper assesses the validity of the RDD approach and main study data collections ahead of data access to outcomes data. See main study registration (DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/96UZG).
Effect of a dietary iron education programme on iron status and intelligence quotient score among schoolchildren in Phatthalung province, southern Thailand
Authors:   Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Simla Witchada , Hutchinson Carol ,   Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Tansukul Supreya ,   Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Tipayamongkholgul Mathuros ,   Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Pruksa Supannee ,   Food and Nutrition Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, Loei Rajabhat University, Loei, Thailand
Published: November 2024

Introduction: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a dietary iron
education programme (DIEP) on children’s iron status and intelligence quotient
(IQ) score. Methods: This pre-test post-test quasi-experimental study with followup utilised the Health Belief Model (HBM). Participants were children who had
iron deficiency (ID) (serum ferritin <30 µg/L), with anaemia (haemoglobin 80.0 –
114.0 g/L) or without, and their caregivers. The DIEP incorporated group talks,
presentations, game-based learning, and cooking. Knowledge of ID and dietary
iron, caregivers’ perceptions of preventing anaemia and ID in their children, and
children’s dietary intake, iron status, and IQ score (based on 60-question items
adjusted for age) were determined. Statistical tests (one-way MANOVA, Friedman’s
two-way ANOVA by ranks, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Monte Carlo exact test)
determined differences between pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. Results: A total
of 32 child-caregiver dyads completed the study; 6.3% (n=2) of children met the
Thai dietary reference intake for iron at pre-test versus 28.1% (n=9) at post-test
(p=0.039) and 31.3% (n=10) at follow-up (p=0.021). Almost half of the children
(n=15) who had ID at pre-test were iron replete at post-test and half (n=16) were
iron replete at follow-up (p<0.001). Median IQ scores improved from pre-test to posttest (109.0 vs. 116.0; p=0.010) and were similar at post-test and follow-up (116.0 vs.
117.0; p=0.952). Conclusion: Iron status and IQ score improved following the
implementation of DIEP. We recommend that this programme serves as a model
for similar interventions in other schools.
Nepal Stock Exchange Index Movement
Authors: Timsina Dhakaram
Published: November 2024

Due to the features of the stock market and NEPSE index, predicting stock price movements is a challenging task. The nature of NEPSE index volatility makes it challenging for investors to booked profit from stocks. The main issues whether the trends and pattern can identify the movement of NEPSE Index or not? To address this problem, investors need to know accurate patterns of past index and make predictions about future price changes. In this study, The research design based on quantitative methods data has collected for 10 years NEPSE Index, used from January 2014 to December 2023 and technical trading tools such as Diagram and trend chart were used to determine the movement of the NEPSE index. As a result, Bullish market start after completion of long pattern of sideways market and exist 13 to 14 month only and falling towards bearish trend the NEPSE index pattern provides buy signal in March and selling signal in July. while the trader can benefit from it in the very short term, but Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
Exploring Parental Involvement in Providing Education to Children with Disabilities in Nepal
Authors: Kunwar Indra Bahadur
Published: November 2024

This study aims to explore parental involvement in community schools for providing education to children with disabilities. It is based on qualitative with phenomenological research design. Three schools conducted with resource classes were chosen purposively from the Nawalparasi district. Interviews and questionnaires were used as research instruments to collect the data. The semi-structured interview schedule was applied for resource teachers and parents; whereas, questionnaire forms were used for teachers. The results demonstrate that parents’ attitudes toward these children are gradually moving positively; and they accept, respect and value their differences. Further, the results show that schools have not adequately involved parents in activities such as planning, monitoring and decision-making processes. Parents are less familiar with inclusive education policy and legal instruments. Although they are supportive of providing education for their children, their efforts are hindered by knowledge gap, poverty and inaccessibility of schools from their residence. Finally, Epstein's framework of parental involvement partially fits with the parental involvement in community schools in Nepal. This study is equally important for policymakers and programmes designers at the federal, provincial and local level to ensure parents involvement in school education.
पूर्वीय भाषिक चिन्तन परम्परा
Authors: तिवारी Tiwari प्रेमप्रसाद Premprasad
Published: November 2024

प्रस्तुत लेखमा ऐतिहासिक भाषाविज्ञानको अवधारणाका आधारमा पूर्वीय भाषिक चिन्तनपरम्पराका बारेमा अध्ययन गरिएको छ । यस लेखमा द्वितीयक स्रोत वा सन्दर्भ स्रोतका सामग्रीको उपयोगगरिएको छ । यस लेखका लागि आवश्यक सामग्री पुस्तकालयीय कार्यका आधारमा सङ्कलन गरिएको छ। यस लेखमा पूर्वीय भाषिक चिन्तनको परम्परालाई मूलतः वैदिक संस्कृत र लौकिक संस्कृतमा विभाजनगरिएको छ । यस लेखमा पूर्वीय भाषिक चिन्तन परम्परामा देखापरेका प्रमुख वैयाकरण र सम्प्रदायकोसङ्क्षेपमा चिनारी दिई तिनले भाषिक अध्ययनका क्षेत्रमा दिएका मुख्य योगदान र तिनका विशेषताहरूकाबारेमा चर्चा गरिएको छ । यस लेखमा वैदिक संहितामा भाषाका बारेमा चिन्तन गरिएको भए पनिभाषिक चिन्तनको समृद्धशाली परम्परा लौकिक संस्कृतमा आएर मात्र देखिएको कुरा स्पष्ट पारिएको छ ।पूर्वीय भाषिक चिन्तन परम्परालाई समुन्नत गराउने कार्य पाणिनि, कात्यायन र पतञ्जिलिबाट भएकोकुरा उल्लेख गर्दै यिनैका भाषा विषयक अवधारणामा आजको भाषिक अध्ययन उभिएको छ भन्ने निष्कर्षयस लेखमा निकालिएको छ । पूर्वीय भाषिक चिन्तनमा मात्र नभई पाश्चात्य भाषिक चिन्तनलाई समेतव्यवस्थित बनाउने कार्य मुनित्रयको व्याकरणिक कार्यबाट भएको र आजको भाषाको वैज्ञानिक अध्ययनकोजग यिनै वैयाकरणले स्थापना गरिदिएको विषय यस लेखमा आएको छ । यस लेखमा पूर्वीय भाषिकअध्ययनलाई पूर्व पाणिनि युग, पाणिनि युग र उत्तर पाणिनि युग गरी तीन चरणमा विभाजन गरी पाणिनियुग नै पूर्वीय भाषिक चिन्तनको स्वर्ण युग रहेको र उत्तर पाणिनि युगमा पनि पाणिनि युगकै निरन्तरतारहेको विषय निष्कर्षका रूपमा आएको छ ।)
नेपाली भाषाको विकासमा पारसमणि प्रधान
Authors: पौड्याल Poudyal शालिकराम Shalikram
Published: November 2024

प्रस्तुत लेखमा पारसमणि प्रधानले नेपाली भाषाको विकासमा पु¥याएको योगदानका बारेमा अध्ययन गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत लेखमा प्राथमिक र द्वितीयक स्रोतका सामग्रीको सङ्कलन पुस्तकालयीय कार्यबाट गरिएको छ भने सामग्रीको विश्लेषणका व्रmममा पाठविश्लेषण विधि अवलम्बन गरिएको छ । प्रधानका निबन्ध, संस्मरण, साहित्यिक पत्रिका, बालोपयोगी साहित्य र पाठ्यपुस्तक, आत्मकथा, भाषाव्याकरण तथा कोशलेखन आदिमा भाषिक चिन्तन पाइन्छ । पारसमणि प्रधानले नेपाली भाषाको स्वरूप निर्धारण, एकीकरण, मानकीकरणका सम्बन्धमा धेरै महत्वपूर्ण काम गरी नेपाली भाषालाई विभिन्न तहका पठनपाठनमा ल्याउने, नेपाली साहित्य लेखेर भाषाको सेवा गर्ने र व्याकरण लेखेर नेपाली भाषालाई समृद्ध तुल्याउने काम गरेका छन् । यसै गरी उनले नेपाली भाषाको संरचनात्मक सेवा पनि गरेका छन् । उनको विचारमा जहाँको भए पनि नेपाली भाषा एउटै हो र यसको स्वरूप र मानक रूप एउटै हुन्छ र हुनुपर्छ भन्ने मान्यता राखेका छन् । उनले नेपाली भाषाको विकास र मानकीकरण पुर्याएको योगदानको अध्ययन यहाँ गरिएको छ ।
व्यवस्थापरक व्याकरणः आधारभूत अवधारणा तथा प्रमुख मान्यता
Authors: पौडेल Poudel शेषकान्त  Sheskanta
Published: November 2024

व्यवस्थापरक व्याकरण संरचनात्मक भाषावैज्ञानिक अध्बययनकै श्रृङ्खलामा बेलायती भाषाशास्त्री ह्यालिडेले स्थापना गरेको व्याकरणिक सम्प्रदाय हो । यो व्याकरणमा व्यवस्था भन्नाले कुनै पनि भाषाको व्याकरणमा उपलव्ध विकल्पहरूका सूचीमध्ये कुनै एउटा विकल्पको छनौट हो र यस प्रकारका विकल्पहरूको व्यवस्थापन तथा प्रकार्यको विश्लेषणमा केन्द्रित भएकाले यो व्याकरणलाई व्यवस्थापरक व्याकरण भनिएको हो । भाषाको विश्लेषणमा सामाजिक सन्दर्भको प्रयोग गर्ने, भाषिक व्यवस्थाको विश्लेषण गर्ने सन्दर्भमा सैद्घान्तिक र वर्णनात्मक कोटिका माध्यमबाट भाषिक व्यवस्थाको सूक्ष्म विश्लेषण गर्ने, वस्तु रूप र स्थितिजस्ता कार्यमूलक तह तथा अन्र्ततहका माध्यमबाट भाषिक संरचनाको सूक्ष्म विश्लेषण गर्ने र भाषाका प्रकार्यात्मक पक्षको समेत विश्लेषण गर्ने व्याकरणिक सम्प्रदायका रूपमा व्यवस्थापरक व्याकरण स्थापित छ । समग्रमा भन्नुपर्दा भाषाको विश्लेषणमा सामाजिक सन्दर्भको प्रयोग गर्ने, भाषिक व्यवस्थाको विश्लेषण गर्ने सन्दर्भमा सैद्घान्तिक र वर्णनात्मक कोटिका माध्यमबाट भाषिक व्यवस्थाको सूक्ष्म विश्लेषण गर्ने, वस्तु रूप र स्थितिजस्ता कार्यमूलक तह तथा अन्र्ततहका माध्यमबाट भाषिक संरचनाको सूक्ष्म विश्लेषण गर्ने र भाषाका प्रकार्यात्मक पक्षको समेत विश्लेषण गर्ने व्याकरणिक सम्प्रदायका रूपमा व्यवस्थापरक व्याकरणका स्थापना महत्त्वपूर्ण मानिन्छ ।
Inconsistencies of Political Movements in Nepal: An Overview
Authors: Gautam Dilli Raj
Published: November 2024

Using qualitative, analytical, and historical research methodology, this article examines the inconsistencies of the political movements that occurred in Nepal for the institutionalization of a democratic system of governance. For many years, the political movement for social change in Nepal has struggled against the immediate government's authoritarian rule. The majority of people have organized together and revolted over time for the attainment of democracy, freedom, equality, and the rule of law in addition to human rights. There have been several turmoil observed between the social revolution and the political movement. It scrutinizes the origin, nature, dynamics, and mobilization of political movements as it was targeted to transform prevailing dominant social, economic, and political disorder. Every political shift ought to be in the best interests of millions of people. The study has extensively been more historical, descriptive and analytical. This paper suggests ways to solve the expectations of the people awaken after the political transformation in different stages with the critical study and analysis of historical and legal primary and secondary sources manifested by the political forces pre and post-political transitoriness.
Comparison of Nutritional Status between Brahmin and Bote Children at Devghat Rural Municipality
Authors: Sapkota Madhabi
Published: November 2024

This paper aims at comparing the nutritional status of Brahmin and Bote children. Descriptive design was used to garner and analyze the data collected from different sources. In this study, 25 children from the Brahmin community and 25 from the Bote community (altogether 50 children) and their mothers were selected as the sample by using the purposive sampling method. The study was especially based on primary sources of data. Data were collected by using an interview schedule and document analysis. This study depicted that the socio-economic and demographic status, knowledge, and attitude of Brahmin mothers towards nutrition were found quite better than Bote mothers. The practices of health behaviors regarding colostrum feeding, time of first pregnancy, frequency of breastfeeding, knowledge of preparing super flour, provision of additional food to children, and immunization practice in the Brahmin community were found quite good in the comparison of health behaviors that were found in Bote community. Most of the females from the Bote community faced early pregnancy than Brahmin females. In the Brahmin community, the majority of the mothers became pregnant for the first time at the age of 20 years and above. Similarly, in the Bote community, only 21.74 percent of mothers became pregnant at the age of 20 and above. Bote mothers were found less knowledgeable about the advantages of colostrum than the mothers who come from the Brahmin community.
Comprehensive Teaching Strategies: Learning Ecosystems for Twenty-first Century
Authors: Regmi Bhim Nath
Published: November 2024

This paper aims at boosting the effectiveness of teaching ecosystems in addressing the problems of the twenty-first century. It collects facts and required information from primary and secondary sources. Ten informants involved in teaching at AB, BC, CD, DE, and EF campuses; and twenty-five learners from these institutions were taken to discuss teaching strategy and learning satisfaction.  The rapid change in society and technology in the twenty-first century poses unique challenges for human beings. Recognized it as a dynamic process, learning procedure encompasses memory, reasoning, individual mindset, habits, goals, and motivation. The findings of this paper indicate that the positive remarks on preferred teaching strategies, and cooperative learning affect students’ satisfaction. Research on teaching strategies suggests that learning transcends cognitive aspects, extending into social-emotional dimensions and unfolding within environmental and cultural contexts throughout an individual's lifespan. Effective learning and teaching strategies focus on cooperative, resourceful, interactive, and self-regulatory practices. Effective instruction involves a learner-centric approach and concentrates on conceptual understanding, metacognition, assessment, and technology integration, cognitive, social, and emotional development within a supportive environment. The responses gathered from tutors and learners limit the accepted applicability of the results, and the study sheds light on combined teaching strategies focusing on active teaching-learning activities in the twenty-first century.
ऐतिहासिक कानुनी दस्तावेज: न्याय विकासिनी
Authors: खनाल विष्णुप्रसाद
Published: November 2024

प्रस्तुत लेखको शिर्षक ऐतिहासिक कानूनी दस्तावेज ः न्याय विकसिनि रहेको छ । यसको मुख्य उद्देश्य ऐतिहासिक प्राचीन कानूनी ग्रन्थ ः न्याय विकसिनी भित्रका विभिन्न कानूनी व्यवस्थाहरुको विवेचना गर्नु र यसको प्रभाव बारे व्याख्या गर्नु रहेको छ । अध्ययन विधि अन्तर्गत ऐतिहासिक, वर्णनात्मक र व्याख्यात्मक विधिको प्रयोग गरिएको छ । लेखलाई ऐतिहासिक कानूनी दस्तावेज न्यायविकसिनी व्यवस्थाको अध्ययनमा सीमित गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत दस्ताबेज नेपोलीयनको सिभिलकोड भन्दा ५०० वर्ष पुरानो मानिएको छ । समाज सञ्चालनका दृष्टिले आवश्यक पर्ने मूलभूत नियम कानुन उल्लेखित उक्त न्याय विकासिनीमा फौज्दारी कानुन, देवानी कानुन, कार्यविधि कानुन, वाणिज्य कानुन, क्षतिपूर्ति तथा प्रमाण कानुन सँग सम्बन्धित पक्ष र गल्ती गर्नेहरुलाई दण्ड सजाय समेतको व्यवस्था गरिएको छ क्ष् तत्कालीन समयमा निर्माण गरिएका कानुनलाई नेपालको सन्दर्भमा त्यस पछि बन्ने कानुनहरुले अंगिकार गर्दै आएको पाइएबाट वर्तमान कानुनहरुमा उल्लेखित कुराहरु न्यायविकासिनी कै परिस्कृत रुप हुन भन्न सकिने अवस्था छ जुन वर्तमान नेपालका सन्दर्भमा पनि उपयुक्त मानिदै आएको छ । यही महत्वपूर्ण ऐतिहासिक कानुनी दस्तावेज न्याय विकासिनीमा उल्लेखित मूलभूत कानुनी विषयवस्तुको अध्ययनको विश्लेषणमा प्रस्तुत लेख केन्द्रित रहेको छ ।
UNDERSTANDING CERTAIN ASPECTS OF MILITARY STRATEGY
Authors: Oyuntsetseg Densmaa  , Baasankhuu Suren
Published: November 2024

Strategy is the most sophisticated form of military art, encompassing the theory and practice of organizing a nation's armed forces for war and managing large-scale military operations (known as strategic operations). Strategy is derived from and follows political policy, serving as a unified plan for all branches of the military. Military strategy involves diminishing an adversary’s physical capacity and willingness to fight, continuing this effort until one’s objectives are met. It occurs in both wartime and peacetime and may involve the use of force, either directly or indirectly, as a threat. Military strategy is typically divided into four components: ends (objectives), ways (courses of action), means (resources), and risk. The practice of military strategy is described alongside military power, which is enhanced by nine “principles of war”: objective, maneuver, surprise, mass, economy of force, offensive, security, simplicity, and unity of command. A general will likely employ combinations of military strategies, integrating them into a series of operations or campaigns. The term "strategy" originates from the ancient Greek "Strategos," meaning military leader. It is derived from the words "Stratos" (soldier, army) and "Ago" (management, leadership). The practice of military strategy involves the planning and execution of operations aimed at achieving specific objectives in warfare. Military power is bolstered by nine key principles of war: First of all, focus efforts on a clearly defined goal and position forces effectively to gain a tactical advantage. Also, strike the enemy unexpectedly to disrupt their plans and concentrate combat power at the decisive point to overwhelm the enemy. Furthermore, allocate resources efficiently to maximize effectiveness and take the initiative to seize and maintain the advantage. Next principles are the protection one's own forces and information from enemy actions and ensure plans and orders are straightforward and clear. Finally, maintain a centralized command structure for coherent strategy execution. These principles guide military leaders in crafting strategies that effectively utilize available resources and achieve desired outcomes in conflict scenarios.
ALGORITHM FOR OPTIMIZING ORGANIC CARBON AND NITROGEN FLOWS ON RECLAIMED LANDS
Authors:   All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture – branch of the Federal Scientific Center of Hydraulic Engineering and Land Reclamation named after A. N. Kostyakov, Volgograd, Russian Federation, Lytov Mikhail N.
Published: November 2024

Purpose: to develop scientific approaches and an algorithm for optimizing organic carbon and nitrogen flows on reclaimed lands.
Materials and methods. The working hypothesis of the research is that any level of agrocenosis bioproductivity requires a proportional amount of decomposable organic matter, which should not exceed a certain share of labile organic matter contained in the soil.
Results. An algorithm that operates with two main regulators: the application mass of mineral nitrogen and organic matter, and determines the optimal balance for them, ensuring at least a non-negative trend in stable humus reproduction while achieving target indicators for the level of agrocenosis bioproductivity, has been developed. The algorithm is based on forecasting the dynamics of organic matter decomposition under given conditions. The dynamics of decomposition determines the amount of nitrogen released in the soil and the bioproductivity of crops correlated with it, on the one hand, and the direction of the transformation processes of pools of stable and labile organic matter, on the other hand. To solve the optimization problem on the part of the “carbon” branch of the algorithm, a limitation of the permissible decomposition of labile forms of organic matter is established. On the part of the “nitrogen” branch of the algorithm, the target function of achieving the planned agrocenosis bioproductivity is used. As a result of the solution, the main parameters of the application of mineral forms of nitrogen and organic matter are derived, including crop-root residues, straw biomass, green manure, livestock waste and products of their processing.
Conclusion: an algorithm for optimizing the management of organic carbon and nitrogen flows is proposed, which allows solving problems of intensifying production, preserving and expanding the soil fertility reproduction on reclaimed lands.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL POTATO PLANT PROTECTION SYSTEM AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF VARIOUS WATER REGIMES DURING SPRINKLING IRRIGATION IN THE LOWER VOLGA REGION
Authors:   All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture – branch of the Federal Scientific Center of Hydraulic Engineering and Land Reclamation named after A. N. Kostyakov, Volgograd, Russian Federation, Novikov Alexey A. , Rodin Konstantin A. ,   All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture – branch of the Federal Scientific Center of Hydraulic Engineering and Land Reclamation named after A. N. Kostyakov, Volgograd, Russian Federation
Published: November 2024

Purpose: to develop optimal combinations of parameters of the soil water regime and elements of the plant protection system in conditions of region hydrothermal tension on the basis on a comprehensive assessment of the biological potential of potato varieties under irrigation.
Materials and methods. Two variants of the soil water regime (80 % of the lowest moisture capacity in the 0.6 m layer and 80 % of the lowest moisture capacity in the 0.4 and 0.6 m layer), 2 potato protection systems (chemical and biological) and three varieties (Red Scarlet, Gulliver and Lubava) were used in the research. All this was carried out at the All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture pilot site in 2022–2023. The research corresponded to the requirements of generally accepted methods.
Results. In the moderately wet 2022, the Gulliver variety, with a combination of a water regime of 80 % of the lowest moisture capacity in the 0.4 m soil layer and biological protection, formed the maximum number of commercial tubers per plant, equal to 6.9 pcs. compared to the moderately dry 2023. The minimum number was on the Red Scarlet variety plantings in 2023 with an irrigation regime of 80% of the lowest moisture capacity in the 0.4 and 0.6 m soil layers in combination with chemical treatment, it was 1.6 pcs. On the Gulliver variety plantings in the moderately wet 2022, the maximum total weight of tubers was obtained from a plant, which was 1324 g, which is 265 and 344 g more compared to other varieties.
Conclusions. In the subzone of light chestnut heavy loamy soils in the conditions of the Lower Volga region, using ridge technology for cultivating summer potato plantings, it was revealed that in the average wet year 2022, while maintaining the soil water regime of at least 80 % of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.4 m in combination with a biological protection system, the highest yield was formed compared to the average dry year 2023, which compared to the chemical one, depending on the variety, was 38.5–49.3 t/ha, which is 1.7–1.8 t/ha more tubers compared to the average dry year 2023.
FEATURES OF THE IMPACT OF ANTHROPOGENIC AND CLIMATIC FACTORS ON THE STATE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN ZAPORIZHIA REGION
Authors:   Melitopol State University, Melitopol, Russian Federation, Chebanova Yuliia V. , Korotkaya Irina A. ,   Melitopol State University, Melitopol, Russian Federation, Klipakova Yulia A. ,   Melitopol State University, Melitopol, Russian Federation, Denisova Elena M. ,   Melitopol State University, Melitopol, Russian Federation
Published: November 2024

Purpose: to substantiate the features of the impact of anthropogenic and climatic factors on the condition of agricultural lands in Zaporizhia region.
Discussion. The intensive agricultural use of soils in Zaporizhia region has led to a number of negative environmental changes and deterioration of their properties. The main factors of anthropogenic impact of agriculture on land resources are the irrational use of agricultural land, agricultural sphere pollution, plant chemicalization, scientifically unsubstantiated application of organic and mineral fertilizers. The negative impact is an increase in the disturbed lands area and the lack of reclamation. High ploughing of agricultural lands in Zaporizhia region (84.8 %), the use of heavy tillage machinery, erosion control measures neglect, as well as the ineffective use of funds aimed at erosion control, lead to an increase in eroded lands. The special military operation conducted in the Zaporizhia region also had a significant impact on the land fund structure. The region belongs to the zone of risky agriculture, which is associated with insufficient natural moisture against the background of increasing air temperature. Reduction of the negative impact of air and soil drought on the agricultural crop productivity can be achieved through irrigation. However, with the Kakhovka reservoir dam destruction, irrigation of fields became impossible.
Conclusions. Significant anthropogenic impact on the region territory is associated with agricultural production, namely, with crop production and, accordingly, high agricultural development of the territory. The intensity of adverse natural processes depends on the natural features of the territory – relief, soil type and their mechanical composition, climatic indicators and wind exposure. As a result of the analysis of soil and climatic conditions of Zaporizhia region, the relevant data is presented.
THEORETICAL STUDIES OF FILTRATION FROM IRRIGATION CHANNELS
Authors:   Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering named after N. I. Vavilov, Saratov, Russian Federation, Abdrazakov Fyarid K. , Mikheeva Olga V. ,   Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering named after N. I. Vavilov, Saratov, Russian Federation, Mirkina Elena N. ,   Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering named after N. I. Vavilov, Saratov, Russian Federation, Rukavishnikov Andrey A. ,   Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering named after N. I. Vavilov, Saratov, Russian Federation
Published: November 2024

Purpose: theoretical analysis of filtration losses in irrigation channels when using impervious materials.
Materials and methods. The study is based on the theoretical component of the research of such scientists as S. F. Averyanov, A. N. Kostyakov, G. K. Rizen¬kampf, V. N. Lazovoy, A. P. Vasilchenko, M. S. Vyzgo and others. Filtration was considered using traditional methods of lining irrigation canals, as well as through natural soil. The hydraulic methods for calculating water filtration losses are described, and the formulas for calculating the protective (impervious) layer from local (ground) materials are provided. The need to use chemical methods to reduce water losses from channels is noted. Formalization and generalization were the main research methods.
Results. Information on possible reduction of water losses from the channel and the correlation between the indicators of filtration losses and the filtration coefficient is given. A comparative calculation of losses by two methods, taking into account the impervious layer thickness, as well as the presence or absence of lining is provided.
Conclusions. Maintaining the efficient operation of irrigation channels is possible only with the use of modern lining materials and their timely maintenance. A large selection and availability of lining materials provides the possibility of increasing the efficiency of water transportation in almost the same volume and without losses. The main advantages of modern linings are that they are much more economical and are aimed at eliminating the irrigation water losses.
THE INFLUENCE OF DRIP IRRIGATION WITH LIMITEDLY AVAILABLE WATERS ON THE SALT COMPOSITION OF DARK CHESTNUT SOIL
Authors:   Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea, Simferopol, Russian Federation, Volkova Natalya E. , Podovalova Svetlana V. ,   Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea, Simferopol, Russian Federation
Published: November 2024

Purpose: to assess the effect of drip irrigation with limitedly available waters on the salt composition of dark chestnut soil.
Materials and methods. The studies were carried out in 2022–2024 on a pilot site in the Crimean region. The influence of the distance to the drip tape on the distribution of water-soluble salts in the soil, the change in the content of total and toxic salts, the degree of salinization and the chemistry of the soil extract during irrigation with limitedly available waters were studied. The quality of irrigation water was assessed according to the soil-ameliorative classification.
Results. Significant variation in the content of water-soluble salts in the upper 20-cm soil layer was recorded with drip irrigation when laying a tape every 160 cm. The difference between the minimum and maximum values in 2023 was 0.6 %. The salinization process was most intense at a distance of 0–30 cm from the drip tape. In comparison with rainfed conditions, an accumulation of total and toxic salts was recorded closer to the middle of the row spacing, in a meter-thick soil layer, when using water with a mineralization of 2.6–3.1 g/l for irrigation; some of these salts were then washed out by autumn-winter precipitation into the underlying horizons. The use of better quality water resources in 2024 (mineralization of 1.1–1.4 g/l) contributed to a decrease in the level of negative impact on the soil, in comparison with 2023, but at the same time, an increase in the content of chlorine and sodium ions was noted during the growing season, as a result of which the degree of salinization changed (from non-saline to slightly saline) and the type of chemism (from chloride-sulfate to sulfate-chloride).
Conclusions: the technological solutions implemented on the pilot site in 2022–2024 and represented by the use of drip irrigation and the transition to the use of limitedly available waters of better quality for irrigation purposes in 2024 are generally insufficient to prevent further development of soil salinization.
EXPLORING Mn+/SILICALITE-1 AS A CATALYST FOR BIGINELLI REACTION TO PRODUCE DIHYDROPYRIMIDINONE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Suwito Hery , Zulianto Lutfan , Ul Haq Kautsar , Abdulloh Abdulloh , Erwanto Erwanto , Pebriani Fitria , N. Jihadi Al Arjun , Y. Hin Taufiq-Yap
Published: November 2024

A series of Mn+/silicalite-1 was prepared to be used as a Lewis acid heterogeneous catalyst for a one-pot multicomponent Biginelli reaction. The catalysts were characterized by FTIR, XRD, NH3-TPD, and BET. The mesoporous catalysts possess a pore diameter of 13.83 nm (138.3 Å), a surface area of 282.43 m2 /g, and a pore volume of 0.98 cm3/g, which can facilitate the transport of reactants and products smoothly during the catalytic process. Besides the acidity of the catalyst, the maximum temperature of NH3-desorption plays an important role in the catalytic activity. Cr3+/silicalite-1 showed the most active catalyst, while Zn2+/silicalite-1 showed the most selective one. Besides DHPM derivatives as a major Biginelli product, C6-styril of DHPM and Knoevenagel products were isolated if the reaction was conducted using Cr3+/- and Fe3+/silicalite-1. Catalyst Cr3+/silicalite-1 can be used to produce DHPM attaching various substituents and showed a green catalyst potential due to its reusability capacity.