bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hospital factors that predict intention of health care workers to leave their job during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Chen Yi‐Chuan , Wu Hsueh‐Ching , Kuo Feng‐Tze , Koh David , Guo Yue‐Liang Leon , Shiao Judith Shu‐Chu
Published: February 2022

Purpose

To identify factors responsible for hospital health care workers' intention to leave their job during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Design

A cross‐sectional study was performed.

Methods

A self‐administered questionnaire was delivered to solicit hospital health care workers' demographics, intention to leave, workplace environment, and changes related to COVID‐19 from July to November 2020 in Taiwan. Principal component analysis was performed to compare group‐related factors. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the risk factors for the intention of health care workers to leave their job.

Findings

Among the 1209 health care workers (mean age, 36.3 years) who participated in the study, intention to leave the job was found to be related to factors relating to COVID‐19, including perceived risk, affected social relationships, and increased workload and job stress, after adjustment for demographic and work factors. Supportive administration/management were protective factors against leaving the job. These results were supported by sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the intention of health care workers to leave their job during a pandemic is related to potentially modifiable factors relating to the infection itself and work environment.

Clinical relevance

High perceived risk of COVID‐19, affected social relationaops, and increased workload and job stress were positively associated with the intention of health care workers to leave their job, whereas supportive administration and management were protective factors against leaving the job. Development of workplace strategies is important to help mitigate these above factors, improve psychological wellbeing, and promote workforce stability.
Effectiveness of mindfulness‐based interventions on psychological well‐being, burnout and post‐traumatic stress disorder among nurses: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ramachandran Hadassah Joann , Bin Mahmud Muhammad Shaheed , Rajendran Priyadharshni , Jiang Ying , Cheng Li , Wang Wenru
Published: February 2022

Aims and objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness‐based interventions on psychological well‐being, burnout and post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms among working registered nurses.

Background

Nurses account for nearly half of the global healthcare workforce and are considered significant contributors in multi‐disciplinary healthcare teams. Yet, nurses face high levels of psychological distress, leading to burnout and post‐traumatic stress disorder. Mindfulness‐based training is a strategy that has been introduced to foster a state of awareness of present physical, emotional and cognitive experiences to regulate behaviour.

Design

This systematic review of randomised controlled trials was designed according to PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies were screened and extracted. Methodological quality was evaluated by two researchers, independently. RevMan 5.4 was used to conduct the meta‐analysis.

Results

Fourteen studies including a total of 1077 nurses were included, of which only eleven were included in the meta‐analysis as the remaining had missing or incomplete data. Meta‐analysis revealed that MBI was more effective than passive comparators in reducing psychological distress, stress, depression and burnout—personal accomplishment. When compared to active comparators, MBI was also found to be more effective in reducing psychological distress and was as effective in reducing stress, anxiety, depression and burnout.

Evidence on the effects of MBIs on PTSD was scarce.

Conclusion

Mindfulness‐based interventions can effectively reduce psychological distress, stress, depression and some dimensions of burnout. However, evidence remains scarce in the literature. There is a need for more methodologically sound research on mindfulness‐based training among nurses.

Relevance for clinical practice

An important aspect that relates to the success of mindfulness‐based interventions is the continued and dedicated individual practice of the skills taught during mindfulness training amidst demanding clinical work environments. Therefore, relevant support for nurses must be accounted for in the planning, design and implementation of future mindfulness‐based interventions.
Beyond (low) Agreeableness: Toward a more comprehensive understanding of antagonistic psychopathology
Authors: Scholz David D. , Hilbig Benjamin E. , Thielmann Isabel , Moshagen Morten , Zettler Ingo
Published: February 2022

In clinical psychopathology research, up to seven traits have been suggested as instances of antagonistic psychopathology. Those antagonistic traits, in turn, are commonly viewed as reflections of low Agreeableness as per the Big Five (BF‐AG). However, specific theoretical differences between antagonistic traits suggest that other broad, basic dimensions beyond BF‐AG ought to provide further points of correspondence. Specifically, whereas primarily affective antagonistic traits are closely aligned with BF‐AG, primarily behavioral antagonistic traits are better aligned with Honesty‐Humility (HH) from the HEXACO model and primarily cognitive antagonistic traits are better aligned with the common core of aversive traits (the Dark Factor of Personality, D). Indeed, from a theoretical perspective, D seems to be the only candidate sufficiently covering all aspects of antagonistic traits (affect, behavior, and cognition) to a comparable extent and thus affording a balanced representation of antagonistic psychopathology. We critically test these conjectures in a large and heterogeneous online sample (N = 3,396), investigating the overlap between antagonistic traits and basic personality via structural equation modeling. Results show that BF‐AG, HH, and D each yield particularly strong ties to one group of antagonistic traits (affective, behavioral, and cognitive, respectively), while D offers the most balanced representation of all (groups of) antagonistic traits.
Outcome of stereotactic body radiation for treatment of nasal and nasopharyngeal lymphoma in 32 cats
Authors: Reczynska Alicja I. , LaRue Susan M. , Boss Mary‐Keara , Lee Ber‐In , Leary Del , Pohlmann Kelsey , Griffin Lynn , Lana Susan , Wormhoudt Martin Tiffany
Published: February 2022

Background

The safety and efficacy of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in the treatment of localized nasal lymphoma in cats has not been described.

Hypothesis

Stereotactic body radiation therapy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy is an effective and well‐tolerated treatment for localized nasal lymphoma in cats.

Animals

Thirty‐two client owned cats referred to Colorado State University for the treatment of nasal lymphoma.

Methods

Retrospective study of cats treated with SBRT between 2010 and 2020 at Colorado State University. Diagnosis of nasal lymphoma was obtained via cytology or histopathology. Signalment, radiation protocol, concurrent treatments, adverse effects, and survival were recorded.

Results

Progression free survival was 225 days (95% CI 98–514) and median survival time (MST) was 365 days (95% CI 123–531). No significant difference in survival was identified between cats that received 1 versus greater than 1 fraction (MST 427 vs. 123 days, P = 0.88). Negative prognostic factors included cribriform lysis (MST 121 vs. 876 days, P = 0.0009) and intracalvarial involvement (MST 100 vs. 438 days, P = 0.0007). Disease progression was noted in 38% (12/32), locally in 22% (7/32), and systemically in 16% (5/32). No cats developed acute adverse effects. Ten cats developed late adverse effects: keratitis/keratitis sicca (n = 2), alopecia (n = 4), and leukotrichia (n = 4). Twenty‐four cats (75%) had signs consistent with chronic rhinitis.

Conclusions

SBRT is effective and well tolerated for treating localized nasal lymphoma in cats. Outcomes for cats with lower stage disease (canine modified Adam's stage 3 and lower) are comparable to historic data of cats treated with fractionated radiation therapy.
A case of ganglioglioma grade 3 withH3 K27Mmutation arising in the medial temporal lobe in an elderly patient
Authors: Fujii Yutaro , Hatae Ryusuke , Hata Nobuhiro , Suzuki Satoshi O. , Sangatsuda Yuhei , Takigawa Kosuke , Funakoshi Yusuke , Fujioka Yutaka , Kuga Daisuke , Mizoguchi Masahiro , Iwaki Toru , Yoshimoto Koji
Published: February 2022

The mutation p.K27M inH3F3A(H3K27M mutation) is mainly detected in diffuse midline glioma. However, recent studies have demonstrated thatH3K27M mutation could also be observed in a subset of gangliogliomas. Importantly, mostH3K27‐mutated ganglioglioma cases also harborBRAFV600E mutation. Herein, we report a rare case ofH3K27M‐mutated ganglioglioma grade 3 withoutBRAFmutation arising in the medial temporal lobe in an elderly man. A small biopsy specimen was sampled. The pathological diagnosis was diffuse astrocytoma. The tumor progressed gradually during an 18‐month follow‐up period. Gadolinium enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging was noted 36 months after the biopsy. The patient was referred to a hospital for tumor resection. Histological analysis of resected specimens led to a diagnosis of ganglioglioma grade 3 with H3 K27M mutation. The patient underwent concurrent temozolomide chemotherapy with radiotherapy. Although the patient's condition deteriorated after chemotherapy due to disease progression, he survived for more than 23 months after tumor resection. We present this rare case and discuss the involvement ofH3K27M mutation in ganglioglioma grade 3.
Guidelines and standards for the study of death and recalled experiences of death––a multidisciplinary consensus statement and proposed future directions
Authors: Parnia Sam , Post Stephen G. , Lee Matthew T. , Lyubomirsky Sonja , Aufderheide Tom P. , Deakin Charles D. , Greyson Bruce , Long Jeffrey , Gonzales Anelly M. , Huppert Elise L. , Dickinson Analise , Mayer Stephan , Locicero Briana , Levin Jeff , Bossis Anthony , Worthington Everett , Fenwick Peter , Shirazi Tara Keshavarz
Published: February 2022

An inadvertent consequence of advances in stem cell research, neuroscience, and resuscitation science has been to enable scientific insights regarding what happens to the human brain in relation to death. The scientific exploration of death is in large part possible due to the recognition that brain cells are more resilient to the effects of anoxia than assumed. Hence, brain cells become irreversibly damaged and “die” over hours to days postmortem. Resuscitation science has enabled life to be restored to millions of people after their hearts had stopped. These survivors have described a unique set of recollections in relation to death that appear universal. We review the literature, with a focus on death, the recalled experiences in relation to cardiac arrest, post–intensive care syndrome, and related phenomena that provide insights into potential mechanisms, ethical implications, and methodologic considerations for systematic investigation. We also identify issues and controversies related to the study of consciousness and the recalled experience of cardiac arrest and death in subjects who have been in a coma, with a view to standardize and facilitate future research.
The effect of peripheral defocus on axial growth and modulation of refractive error in hyperopes
Authors: Beasley Ian G , Davies Leon N , Logan Nicola S
Published: February 2022

Purpose

To establish whether axial growth and refractive error can be modulated in hyperopic children by imposing relative peripheral hyperopic defocus using multifocal soft contact lenses.

Methods

A prospective controlled study with hyperopic participants allocated to a control or test group. Control group participants were corrected with single vision spectacles and changes to axial length and refractive error were followed for 3 years. For the test group, axial growth and post‐cycloplegic refractive error were observed with participants wearing single vision spectacles for the first 6 months of the trial and then corrected with centre‐near multifocal soft contact lenses with a 2.00 D add for 2 years. The central ‘near’ portion of the contact lens corrected distance refractive error while the ‘distance’ portion imposed hyperopic defocus. Participants reverted to single vision spectacles for the final 6 months of the study.

Results

Twenty‐two participants, mean age 11.13 years (SD 1.72) (range 8.33–13.92), completed the trial. Axial length did not change during the first 6 months in either group (p = 1.00). Axial growth across the 2‐year intervention period was 0.17 mm (SEM 0.04) (p < 0.0005) in the test group versus 0.06 mm (SEM 0.07) (p = 0.68) in the control group. Axial length was invariant during the final 6 months in either group (p = 1.00). Refractive error was stable during the first 6 months in both groups (p = 1.00). Refractive error change across the 2‐year intervention period was −0.26 D (SEM 0.14) (p = 0.38) in the test group versus −0.01 D (SEM 0.09) (p = 1.00) in the control group. Neither the test (p = 1.00) nor control (p = 0.63) group demonstrated a change in refractive error during the final 6 months.

Conclusions

The rate of axial growth can be accelerated in children with hyperopia using centre‐near multifocal soft contact lenses.
Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II associated with aplasia cutis congenita in a neonate
Authors: Tripodi Giuseppe Daniele , Dickerman Deanna I. , LeMosy Ellen K. , Davis Loretta S.
Published: February 2022

Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) was diagnosed in a newborn with dysmorphic facial features, oligodactyly of the bilateral feet, and hip instability. The neonate's clinical abnormalities in addition to genetic testing confirmed a diagnosis of trichorhinophalangeal syndrome (TRPS) type II. The possibility of concurrent Adams–Oliver syndrome (AOS) is raised.
Overexpression of the vacuolar sugar importer BvTST1 from sugar beet in Camelina improves seed properties and leads to altered root characteristics
Authors: Okooboh Gloria O. , Haferkamp Ilka , Valifard Marzieh , Pommerrenig Benjamin , Kelly Amélie , Feussner Ivo , Neuhaus Horst Ekkehard
Published: February 2022

Overexpression of the vacuolar sugar transporter TST1 in Arabidopsis leads to higher seed lipid levels and higher total seed yield per plant. However, effects on fruit biomass have not been observed in crop plants like melon, strawberry, cotton, apple, or tomato with increased tonoplast sugar transporter (TST) activity. Thus, it was unclear whether overexpression of TST in selected crops might lead to increased fruit yield, as observed in Arabidopsis. Here, we report that constitutive overexpression of TST1 from sugar beet in the important crop species Camelina sativa (false flax) resembles the seed characteristics observed for Arabidopsis upon increased TST activity. These effects go along with a stimulation of sugar export from source leaves and not only provoke optimised seed properties like higher lipid levels and increased overall seed yield per plant, but also modify the root architecture of BvTST1 overexpressing Camelina lines. Such mutants grew longer primary roots and showed an increased number of lateral roots, especially when developed under conditions of limited water supply. These changes in root properties result in a stabilisation of total seed yield under drought conditions. In summary, we demonstrate that increased vacuolar TST activity may lead to optimised yield of an oil‐seed crop species with high levels of healthy ω3 fatty acids in storage lipids. Moreover, since BvTST1 overexpressing Camelina mutants, in addition, exhibit optimised yield under limited water availability, we might devise a strategy to create crops with improved tolerance against drought, representing one of the most challenging environmental cues today and in future.
Leading women pulmonologists in India: Beacons of change
Authors: Thanasekaraan Vijayalakshmi , Krishnaswamy Uma Maheswari
Published: February 2022

See related Editorial
Spatial propagation in a within‐host viral infection model
Authors: Wang Xinjian , Lin Guo , Ruan Shigui
Published: February 2022

Recent experimental evidence suggests that spatial heterogeneity plays an important role in within‐host infections caused by different viruses including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). To examine the spatial effects of viral infections, in this paper we study the asymptotic spreading in a within‐host viral infection model, which describes the spatial expansion speeds of viruses and infected cells within an infected host. We first establish the boundedness of solutions to the Cauchy problem via local ‐estimates and dual arguments. Then the spreading speed is estimated when the basic reproduction number of the corresponding kinetic system is larger than one. More precisely, the upper bounds of the spreading speed are given by constructing suitable upper solutions while the lower bounds of the spreading speed are obtained by introducing an auxiliary equation with nonlocal delay. When the basic reproduction number of the corresponding kinetic system is less than or equal to one, the virus dies out uniformly. Finally, we present some numerical simulations to illustrate our theoretical findings and discuss the biological relevance of these results.
Validation of a dedicated positron emission tomography scanner for imaging of the distal limb of standing horses
Authors: Spriet Mathieu , Edwards Lisa , Arndt Stefanie , Wilson Sabrina S. , Galuppo Larry D. , Stepanov Pavel , Beylin David
Published: February 2022

A positron emission tomography (PET) scanner, with an openable ring of detectors, was specifically designed to image the distal limb of standing horses. The goals of this prospective, preclinical, experimental, methods comparison study were to validate the safety of the scanner, assess image quality, and optimize scanning protocols. Six research horses were imaged three times (twice standing, once anesthetized) and six horses in active race training were imaged once under standing sedation. Multiple scans of both front fetlocks were obtained with different scan durations and axial fields of view. A total of 94 fetlock scans were attempted and 90 provided images of diagnostic value. Radiotracer uptake was the main factor affecting image quality, while motion did not represent a major issue. Scan duration and field of view also affected image quality. Eight specific lesions were identified on PET images from anesthetized horses and were all also independently recognized on the PET images obtained on standing horses. Maximal standardized uptake values (SUVmax) had good repeatability for the assessment of specific lesions among different scans. Three feet and six carpi were also successfully imaged. This study validated the safety and practicality of a PET scanner specifically designed to image the distal limb in standing horses. Proper preparation of horses, similar to bone scintigraphy, is important for image quality. A 4‐min scan with 12 cm field of view was considered optimal for clinical fetlock imaging. Evaluation of a larger clinical population is the next step for further assessment of the clinical utility of PET imaging in horses.
Load Capacity and Time Relations for Squeeze Films
Authors: Archibald F. R.
Published: February 2022

The transient load capacity of a fluid film between two surfaces having a relative normal velocity is often of importance and the term squeeze film applied to such a situation is an accurate and descriptive one. Although the subject is far from new in the literature of lubrication it does not seem to have been treated very fully by any one author. It is the purpose here to show how the transient load capacity and the time to change thickness of various film configurations can be calculated and to catalog a number of results of practical interest some of which do not seem to have been given previously. There is also an interesting analogy to the torsion problem and to the problem of the flow of viscous fluids in prismatical tubes which is described.
Heat Transfer to Turbulent Boundary Layers With Variable Free-Stream Velocity
Authors: Seban R. A. , Doughty D. L.
Published: February 2022

Local heat-transfer coefficients have been determined for the turbulent boundary layer of a two-dimensional subsonic air flow over the surface of a flat plate, with the air velocity variable over the plate length. The boundary layer, formed with almost constant velocity, was then subjected to a strong acceleration which produced a three to fourfold increase in the free-stream velocity, and after this maximum there was a gradual deceleration of the flow. Maximum velocities ranged from 200 to 900 fps. The use of the results, obtained for a particular kind of variation of velocity, is primarily as a check of methods of predicting heat transfer under circumstances of this type. It is shown that adequate predictions can be made from an analysis based on constant properties, and that the most important element of the analysis is an account of the thermal energy in the boundary layer at any point along the plate. Results are given also for constant velocity along the plate, both for a completely turbulent flow and for turbulent flow occurring after natural transition. The heat-transfer coefficients so obtained for the turbulent boundary layer agree best with the prediction of the von Karman analogy.
Study of Pneumatic Processes in the Continuous Control of Motion With Compressed Air—I
Authors: Shearer J. L.
Published: February 2022

A pneumatic servomotor consisting of a 4-way control valve and double-acting ram is analyzed to determine the effective use of this system for continuous control of ram motion. Special emphasis is placed on studying the dynamic behavior of the fluid in the ram chambers and the pressure-flow characteristics of the control valve. Comparisons are made of the measured and theoretical characteristics of a typical control valve. The results of a simple experiment with a control valve and tank determine the validity of the ram-chamber analysis. A subsequent paper will show how the complete servomotor system, including mass load, is analyzed for its response to small changes of valve opening and to changes of external load force, and a simple electronic analog of the system is used to study means of providing adequate system damping.
Determination of System Characteristics from Normal Operating Records
Authors: Goodman T. P. , Reswick J. B.
Published: February 2022

Some new techniques are presented for experimentally determining the dynamical characteristics of linear systems. These techniques are based on analysis of random variations in the operating variables during the normal course of operation of the system. Particular attention is paid to the effects of uncorrelated variations (noise) on the methods. The use of the “delay-line synthesizer” as a device for discovering system characterizations is presented. Results obtained for the determination of a transfer operator for a human being engaged in tracking a target are presented as an example of the effectiveness of the random-data-analysis approach.
Power Removal from Boiling Nuclear Reactors
Authors: Zmola P. C. , Bailey R. V.
Published: February 2022

The principal features of a nuclear reactor from which power is removed by boiling of the coolant within the active core are discussed. For most applications, the coolant is also the moderator and possibly the fuel carrier, and the objective is to devise a core arrangement which will permit operation at the highest power density for a given average fluid density. Calculations based on simple theoretical models are presented in performance-chart form to display the relation of influencing variables. Experimental results obtained from systems in which boiling was produced by electrical resistance heating of the liquid or simulated by bubbling air through the apparatus are summarized. A method for calculating the density distribution in a boiling system which takes into consideration explicitly the relative velocity of the vapor and liquid is presented.
Analysis of Elliptical Bearings
Authors: Pinkus Oscar
Published: February 2022

An analysis of elliptical bearings is presented based on the numerical solution of Reynolds equation for finite bearings. The solution of the differential equation was performed on a digital computer and this, supplemented by additional work on the nature of oil flow, power loss, and eccentricity in elliptical bearings, provides solutions for bearings of various L/D ratios, ellipticities, and various operating conditions. The only restriction is that the bearings have two oil grooves at the horizontal split of approximately 30 deg each. Equations and charts are presented in convenient form and an outline for performing bearing calculations is given.
Experimental Investigation of Resonant Whip
Authors: Pinkus Oscar
Published: February 2022

Resonant-whip tests were performed on two horizontal shafts having critical frequencies of 4000 and 6100 rpm and with pairs of bearings of various designs. Whip, when developed, was found to set in at speeds equal to about twice the first natural critical frequency of the shaft. With the heavier shaft, whipping stopped at speeds nearly equal to three times the first critical; with the light shaft whipping could not be stopped. The frequency of vibration in the whipping range is constant and equal to the first critical of the shaft. High loads, high viscosities, and flexible mounting gave greater stability. The load necessary to prevent whip at a viscosity of 70 centipoises is around 40 psi, but this value changes with speed and oil viscosity. The order of bearing stability is, starting with the most stable bearings, as follows: 3-lobe, tilting-pad, pressure, elliptical, 3-groove, and plain circular.
Hydraulic-Turbine Runner Vibration
Authors: Donaldson R. M.
Published: February 2022

This paper describes an investigation of the vibration characteristics of Francis-turbine runners and some experiments to determine the influence of different shapes of runner-bucket discharge edges on the excitation forces. Modifications suggested by the experiments were made to field runners and were successful in eliminating some objectionable vibration.
Stress Distribution and Design Data for Adhesive Lap Joints Between Circular Tubes
Authors: Lubkin J. L. , Reissner Eric
Published: February 2022

This paper presents stress distributions for 48 adhesive lap joints between thin circular tubes loaded in tension. The adhesive is treated as a thin elastic layer, much more flexible than the adherends, so that the analysis applies primarily to the bonding of metals and plastics. Ordinary thin-shell theory is used for the adherends. The basic theory and the calculated adhesive shear and normal stresses are given, and the significant principal stresses are discussed. The influence of the various system parameters, notably the tube curvature, is considered in some detail, and a comparison is made with previous flat lap-joint results. The applicability of the theory in joint design also is treated.
Investigation of Large Steam-Turbine Spindle Failure
Authors: Emmert H. D.
Published: February 2022

The low-pressure spindle of a 165,000-kw cross-compound steam turbine burst during a routine overspeed-trip test. An intensive investigation of the design, metallurgy, and manufacture of the spindle and of the operational history of the turbine was completed within four months of the date of the accident. The nickel-molybdenum-vanadium material currently being specified by the turbine industry for large turbine spindles and generator rotors is known to be susceptible to brittle failure in the presence of notches in heavy sections. It was determined that the initiating cause of the Ridgeland accident was flakes or thermal cracks developed in the shaft during heat-treatment. These flaws provided the notches necessary to trigger a catastrophic burst of the shaft. The incident and subsequent investigation focus attention on the metallurgy, production, and inspection of large turbine-spindle forgings.
Heat-Conduction Methods in Forced-Convection Flow
Authors: Levy S.
Published: February 2022

Transient heat-conduction solutions are used to determine the thermal characteristics of fluid flowing in circular conduits, annuli, and between parallel plates. Jaeger’s method of deriving the time lag for heat conduction in composite slabs (herewith extended to include composite cylinders) reduces the problem to a series of arithmetical calculations. Numerical results are presented for flow between parallel plates with the following boundary conditions: Constant heat rate, linear wall-temperature variation, and constant wall temperature at one of the external surfaces with constant heat rate, no heat transfer, or zero temperature at the other surface. Some solutions are extended to account for external wall resistance, and thermal entry lengths are evaluated for fluids with high or low Prandtl numbers.
Combined Forced and Free-Laminar Heat Transfer in Vertical Tubes With Uniform Internal Heat Generation
Authors: Hallman T. M.
Published: February 2022

Fully developed velocity profiles, temperature profiles, mixed-mean-to-wall temperature differences, Nusselt numbers, and pressure drops are predicted for combined forced and free-laminar convective heat transfer in vertical round pipes. Uniform internal heat generation within the fluid may or may not be present, and a uniform heating or cooling at the tube wall is considered (including the case of the insulated wall). A comparison is made between the analysis and the small amount of experimental data available in the literature.
Use of Real-World Data for Enhancing Model Credibility: Applications to Medical Device Development
Authors: Briant Paul , Bischoff Jeffrey E. , Dharia Mehul A. , Le Navéaux Franck , Li XueMei , Kulkarni Sanjeev , Levine Danny , Ramos David O. , Afshari Payman
Published: February 2022

Evaluating the credibility of computational models used in medical device development is increasingly important as medical devices become more complex and modeling takes on a more critical role in the device development process. While bench-testing based comparisons are common for assessing model credibility and have many advantages, such as control over test specimens and the ability to quantify outputs, the credibility assessments performed with bench tests often do not evaluate the clinical relevance of key aspects of model form (such as boundary conditions, constitutive models/properties, and geometries) selected when simulating in vivo conditions. Real-world data (outcomes data generated through clinical use of a device) offer an opportunity to assess the applicability and clinical relevance of a computational model. Although real-world data are frequently less controlled and more qualitative than benchtop data, real-world data are often a direct assessment of a particular clinical complication and therefore of high clinical relevance. Further, real-world data have the potential to reveal failure modes not previously identified in preclinical failure modes analysis, thereby motivating testing advancements. To review the use of clinical data in medical device modeling, this paper presents a series of examples related to tibial tray fracture that incorporate varying levels of benchtop data and real world data when evaluating model credibility. The merits and drawbacks of the credibility assessment for each example are discussed in order to provide practical and actionable guidance on the use of real-world data for establishing and demonstrating model credibility.
Computational Modeling of Nasal Drug Delivery Using Different Intranasal Corticosteroid Sprays for the Treatment of Eustachian Tube Dysfunction
Authors: Sundström Elias , Talat Rehab , Sedaghat Ahmad R. , Khosla Sid , Oren Liran
Published: February 2022

Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) is a common otolaryngologic condition associated with decreased quality of life. The first-line treatment of ETD is intranasal corticosteroid sprays (INCS). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to study particle deposition on the Eustachian tube (ET) using two commercial INCS (Flonase and Sensimist). Simulations also considered the effects of nostril side, insertion depth, insertion angle, cone spray angle, inhaling rates, wall impingement treatment, and fluid film. Flonase and Sensimist produced different particle size distributions and sizes. Sensimist droplets are smaller, less sensitive to asymmetry in nostrils anatomy and variation in insertion angle, and therefore can reach the posterior nasopharynx more readily. Flonase produces larger particles with greater inertia. Its particles deposition is more sensitive to intrasubject variation in nasal anatomy and insertion angles. The particle deposition on the ET was sensitive to the wall impingement model. The deposition on the ET was insignificant with adherence only <0.15% but increased up to 1–4% when including additional outcomes rebound and splash effects when droplets impact with the wall. The dose redistribution with the fluid film is significant but plays a secondary effect on the ET deposition. Flonase aligned parallel with the hard palate produced 4% deposition efficiency on the ET, but this decreased <0.14% at the higher insertion angle. INCS with larger droplet sizes with a small insertion angle may be more effective at targeting droplet deposition on the ET opening.
El duelo revelado. La vida social de las fotografías familiares de las víctimas del franquismo, de Jorge Moreno Andrés
Authors: Orobitg Canal Gemma
Published: February 2022

¿Cómo cuentan las fotografías familiares, aquellas que se toman para capturar el presente y se conservan para transmitir la historia de la familia? ¿De qué manera analizar estas fotografías? ¿Como imágenes que ilustran y evocan momentos concretos del pasado? ¿También como objetos con una agencia social y política incesantemente actualizadas? ¿Qué es una imagen cuando forma parte de una colección de fotografías familiares? En las páginas de este libro se reabren los álbumes y las colecciones de fotografías familiares para mirar y recordar a quienes aparecen en ellas, las situaciones en las que se muestran y las relaciones sociales contenidas en las imágenes. Pero también se incluye el reverso de la fotografía, los textos que a menudo la completan, sin olvidar las otras fotografías de la colección familiar que se tomaron como respuesta a una determinada imagen e, incluso, aquellos objetos que las acompañan. Observar las colecciones familiares teniendo en cuenta las ilaciones entre imágenes, textos y objetos, o de las imágenes entre ellas, permite descubrir sentidos que no están contenidos en la imagen si la consideramos aisladamente y que incluso —y esta es una de las tesis de este libro— la desafían.
Improving appropriate imaging for non-specific low back pain
Authors: Al-hihi Eyad , Gibson Cheryl , Lee Jaehoon , Mount Rebecca R , Irani Neville , McGowan Caylin
Published: February 2022

Non-specific low back pain (LBP) is a common condition in the USA, with approximately 80% of adults who will have LBP at some point during their life and roughly 30% of the adult population suffering from LBP at any given time. Although LBP is the most common cause of disability in the USA, it often has no identifiable anatomic or physiologic cause. Many patients seeking care for non-specific LBP receive X-rays and other imaging studies. However, for most acute LBP patients, symptoms resolve within 4 weeks and the use of routine imaging may result in unnecessary radiation exposure and add unnecessary costs and wasted time for patients without contributing to patient outcomes. The specific aim of the quality improvement (QI) project was to determine the effect of a multicomponent intervention to enhance the appropriate imaging utilisation for acute LBP to ≥90%. During the first 6 months of the QI project, 191 patients with LBP were seen. Of those patients, 156 (81.7%) received appropriate imaging over the 6-month intervention period, missing our targeted goal. Furthermore, this rate declined to baseline values after termination of the intervention, suggesting the need for additional prompts to sustain the initial intervention effect. Following a health system-wide deployment of practice-based alerts and quality score cards, the appropriate utilisation rate increased again and quickly to the target rate of 90%. To reduce variability in our clinical practice and to sustain an appropriate utilisation rate will require continued work. Health systems must find efficient methods to reduce LBP imaging and increase appropriate management of non-specific LBP in primary care. Increasing concordance with imaging guidelines can lessen harm associated with unnecessary radiation exposure and result in significant cost savings.
Developing an intrasalivary gland botox service for patients receiving long-term non-invasive ventilation at home: a single-centre experience
Authors: Harbottle Jessica , Carlin Hannah , Payne-Doris Thomas , Tedd Hilary M I , de Soyza Anthony , Messer Ben
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Sialorrhoea is a debilitating symptom in neurological disease and there is a growing literature for the use of intrasalivary gland Botulinum Toxin (botox) injections in its management. However, provision of intrasalivary gland botox remains inconsistent and sialorrhoea is often poorly controlled in motor neuron disease (MND).

Sialorrhoea in association with bulbar dysfunction can cause intolerance of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and respiratory infection, so its treatment is critical within a home ventilation service (HVS).

This treatment can also be used to enable tracheostomy cuff deflation to facilitate weaning from ventilation. We report on the outcomes of intrasalivary gland botox in our HVS.

Methods

In 2015, we set up an intrasalivary gland botox service for patients under our HVS. Under ultrasound guidance, we injected submandibular gland

(SMG), parotid gland (PG) or both.

Results

109 intrasalivary gland botox procedures were performed in 72 patients. Diagnostic groups included MND 32

Cerebral Palsy 8 and Weaning 14. Glands injected were, SMG (6%), PG (47%) and both (47%). The majority (84%) received the Dysport preparation with mean dose 273 units. 94% were ultrasound guided. 81% of injections resulted in a positive treatment effect, with 47% patients requesting repeat injections. Complications were angioedema (0.9%) and worsening dysphagia (3.7% following SMG injection). Mean survival following treatment was 40 months with 53% patients still alive.

Conclusions

Intrasalivary gland botox appears effective across a range of neurological conditions requiring long-term NIV with few complications. Dysphagia may be an important complication of SMG injection. A randomised controlled trial may help establish the evidence base.
Maximally chaotic dynamical systems of Anosov–Kolmogorov and fundamental interactions
Authors: Savvidy George
Published: February 2022

In this paper, we give a general review on the application of ergodic theory to the investigation of dynamics of the Yang–Mills gauge fields and of the gravitational systems, as well as its application in the Monte Carlo method and fluid dynamics. In ergodic theory the maximally chaotic dynamical systems (MCDS) can be defined as dynamical systems that have nonzero Kolmogorov entropy. The hyperbolic dynamical systems that fulfill the Anosov C-condition belong to the MCDS insofar as they have exponential instability of their phase trajectories and positive Kolmogorov entropy. It follows that the C-condition defines a rich class of MCDS that span over an open set in the space of all dynamical systems. The large class of Anosov–Kolmogorov MCDS is realized on Riemannian manifolds of negative sectional curvatures and on high-dimensional tori. The interest in MCDS is rooted in the attempts to understand the relaxation phenomena, the foundations of the statistical mechanics, the appearance of turbulence in fluid dynamics, the nonlinear dynamics of Yang–Mills field and gravitating [Formula: see text]-body systems as well as black hole thermodynamics. Our aim is to investigate classical- and quantum-mechanical properties of MCDS and their role in the theory of fundamental interactions.
On the commutator in Leibniz algebras
Authors: Dzhumadil’daev A. S. , Ismailov N. A. , Sartayev B. K.
Published: February 2022

We prove that the class of algebras embeddable into Leibniz algebras with respect to the commutator product is not a variety. It is shown that every commutative metabelain algebra is embeddable into Leibniz algebras with respect to the anti-commutator. Furthermore, we study polynomial identities satisfied by the commutator in every Leibniz algebra. We extend the result of Dzhumadil’daev in [A. S. Dzhumadil’daev, q-Leibniz algebras, Serdica Math. J. 34(2) (2008) 415–440]. to identities up to degree 7 and give a conjecture on identities of higher degrees. As a consequence, we obtain an example of a non-Spechtian variety of anticommutative algebras.
A systematic approach to find solutions of the Einstein–Maxwell field equations for static spherically symmetric spacetimes using Segre classification
Authors: Iram Aneela , Siddiqui Azad A. , Feroze Tooba
Published: February 2022

In the literature, several spherically symmetric static solutions of the Einstein–Maxwell field equations (EMFEs) have been obtained by taking assumptions/ansatz on the parameters involved, like electric field intensity, gravitational potential, equation of state, etc. In this paper, using the Segre classification, we present a systematic scheme that limits the number of assumptions/ansatz required to be taken. It is found that the static spherically symmetric solutions of the EMFEs can only be of Segre types [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], or [Formula: see text]. It is also shown that the type [Formula: see text] leads to the Schwarzschild de-Sitter/anti de-Sitter solutions.
Structure scalars and an extension to LTB metric
Authors: Yousaf Z. , Bamba Kazuharu , Bhatti M. Z.
Published: February 2022

The main goal of this paper is to present the Lemaître–Tolman–Bondi (LTB) spacetime for the radiating case by extending the study of [L. Herrera, A. Di Prisco, J. Ospino and J. Carot, Phys. Rev. D 82 (2010) 024021] in [Formula: see text] theory, where [Formula: see text] is the Ricci scalar and [Formula: see text] is the energy–momentum tensor trace. We will start with some fundamental equations, such as the kinematical variables, mass function introduced by Misner and Sharp, the Weyl tensor under the influence of the [Formula: see text] modified Bianchi identities. We have also considered the evolution of the modified constraint equation. Later on, we have analyzed LTB in terms of modified structure scalars emerging from the orthogonal splitting of the Riemann tensor, and the transport equation in [Formula: see text] gravity theory. We will also discuss a case in order to generalize LTB metric.
Analysis of Ballistic Impact Performance and Shear Effect on Elastomeric and Thermoset Composites
Authors: Asemani Seyedeh Samaneh , Liaghat Gholamhossein , Ahmadi Hamed , Anani Yavar , Charandabi Sahand Chitsaz , Khodadadi Amin
Published: February 2022

This study proposes a new theoretical model for high-velocity impact in two kinds of targets, Kevlar/elastomer and Kevlar/epoxy composites, and comprehensively discusses and compares these. In this analysis, with the aid of hyperelasticity theory, energy absorption equations are derived based on the linear and nonlinear behavior of constituents to assess the dependence of the ballistic limit on the interaction of the first, second, third, and fourth layers of the laminate on each other. Furthermore, to investigate the matrix effect on the in-plane shear, tensile tests were performed at [Formula: see text] direction for both Kevlar/elastomer and Kevlar/epoxy composite laminates. The results indicate that the adhesion of Kevlar fibers to the rubber matrix is more substantial than their adhesion to the epoxy matrix, increasing the failure shear strain of elastomeric composites and reducing the debonding between the fiber and the matrix which led to greater ballistic velocity. The results of the experimental tests verified the proposed model and confirmed its precision. With this verified model, the thickness effect on the ballistic behavior of the targets was investigated.
A numerical scheme for solving a class of time fractional integro-partial differential equations with Caputo–Fabrizio derivative
Authors: Mohammadpour A. , Babaei A. , Banihashemi S.
Published: February 2022

In this paper, we find the numerical solution of the time-fractional partial integro-differential equation with Caputo–Fabrizio fractional derivative. The problem is discretized by some finite difference schemes in the time direction, and then the Sinc collocation method is applied to the resulting problems in the spatial direction. The convergence and stability of the method are proved and illustrated by three test examples.
Representation of real solvable Lie algebras having 2-dimensional derived ideal and geometry of coadjoint orbits of corresponding Lie groups
Authors: Nguyen TU T. C. , Le Vu A.
Published: February 2022

Let Lie ([Formula: see text]) be the class of all [Formula: see text]-dimensional real solvable Lie algebras having [Formula: see text]-dimensional derived ideals. In 2020, Le et al. gave a classification of all non-2-step nilpotent Lie algebras of Lie ([Formula: see text], 2). We propose in this paper to study representations of these Lie algebras as well as their corresponding connected and simply connected Lie groups. That is, for each algebra, we give an upper bound of the minimal degree of a faithful representation. Then, we give a geometrical description of coadjoint orbits of corresponding groups. Moreover, we show that the characteristic property of the family of maximal dimensional coadjoint orbits of an MD-group studied by Shum et al. is still true for the Lie groups considered here. Namely, we prove that, for each considered group, the family of the maximal dimensional coadjoint orbits forms a measurable foliation in the sense of Connes. The topological classification of these foliations is also provided.
HOT, CROSS, GUNS
Authors: ROACH TRAVIS , HICKS REBECCA
Published: February 2022

The correlation between hot temperatures and crime is well documented, though the relationship between heat and gun violence faces confounding problems of misreporting and underreporting of crimes. In this research, we utilize ShotSpotter data which record the time and location of gunshots via listening devices that are distributed across select cities, and we link these data with information on temperature variation over time. These data allow us to circumvent the concern that gun violence may be underreported or unobserved in standard sources like the Uniform Crime Reporting records. Here, we show that the marginal effect of a 1F change in the daily maximum temperature increases gunshot counts within a city by approximately 0.6%, and that a 1F change increases the probability that a gunshot occurs. Under expected warming paths, this implies at least a 1.6% increase in gunshots daily, and an increase in the rate of firearm deaths due to assault and suicide.