bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Intracanal Smear Layer Removal after Passive Microvolume Irrigation with Sodium Hypochlorite and Rotary NickelTitanium Instruments: An In-vitro Study
Authors: Priyadarshini MS , Varma K Madhu , Satish R Kalyan , Durga Indukuri Sai Lakshmi , Praveen Dalavai , Sowmya M
Published: October 2023

Introduction: Passive Microvolume Irrigation (PMI) with Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) has been proposed as a new method for root canal disinfection. It is based on the concept that irregular surface characteristics of endodontic instruments can carry NaOCl into the canal space with controlled fluid volume, without applying any pressure. Aim: To compare and evaluate the efficacy of 3% and 5% NaOCl PMI, Saline PMI, and 3% NaOCl Standard Irrigation (SI) in removing the Smear Layer (SL) from the root canal walls at the cervical, middle, and apical thirds of single-rooted teeth. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics at Vishnu Dental College, Andhra Pradesh, India. The study was conducted in February 2018. Forty maxillary central incisors with a single canal, extracted within three months of the study, were collected. The teeth were divided into four groups (n=10) based on the irrigation method: Group-1 (3.0% NaOCl SI), Group-2 (3.0% NaOCl PMI), Group-3 (5.0% NaOCl PMI), and Group-4 (Saline PMI). All samples were instrumented upto F4 size with Protaper rotary files, and a final rinse of 17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) was used. SL removal was evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 21.0. Statistical tests used were Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney-U tests. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant for all comparisons. Results: There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in SL removal between 3.0% NaOCl SI, 3.0% NaOCl PMI, and 5.0% NaOCl PMI in the middle and apical thirds of the root canals. However, 5.0% NaOCl PMI showed significantly higher efficiency in SL removal at the cervical third compared to the other groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Passive microvolume irrigation with 3% and 5% NaOCl showed comparable efficacy to 3% hypochlorite SI in the middle and apical thirds of the root canal.
Impact of Polluted Soil on Herbivory of Leaves and Pneumatophore Growth of Black Mangroves (Laguncularia racemosa) at Eagle Island, River State, Nigeria
Authors: Ohia Peace K. , Numbere Aroloye O. , Gbarakoro Tambeke N. , Dick-Abbey Ibiene W.
Published: October 2023

Mangroves are ecosystem along the shoreline of Nigerian coast and area of active oil exploration in Nigeria. This study is on the impact of pollution on herbivory and pneumatophore growth in black mangrove at Eagle Island. Leave herbivory, pneumatophore growth, THC and heavy metal concentration in soil, root and leave were determined. The sample site was divided into: plot A (high muddiness), plot B (low muddiness), plot C (slight muddiness) and Control (little or no pollution). Random sampling was used in obtaining leaves, soil and pneumatophore from each plot. Pneumatophore height was taken with meter rule and the weight with weighing balance. The leaf image was taken using a digital handy scanner and was uploaded in a software called Image J to measure the area consumed. EPA Method 418 was used to test for Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC). Heavy metals (Cadmium, Lead, Zinc) were determined using AAS- Atomic Absorption Spectrometric method. Results revealed that control plot had highest leaf consumption (2.200±0.33cm2) compared to other plots. The heavy metals and THC concentrations in different plant parts (leaves and roots) revealed that THC was high in leaves (250.88±95.33mg/kg), while heavy metals were high in root  The pneumatophores were taller and heavier in Plot A compared to Plots B and C. This study shows that pollution affects herbivory and pneumatophores growth in mangroves forest. Mitigation measures should be taken to prevent these pollutants.
Amended Crop Wastes Compost Affect Soil Chemical Properties and Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Nigeria Savanna
Authors: Kekong, M. A.
Published: October 2023

Aims: To evaluate the efficacy of poultry droppings amended cocoa pod husk and rice mill wastes, as a substitute for costly inorganic fertilizers on some soil properties and yield of maize.

Study Design: Experiment was laid in randomized complete block design.

Place and Duration of Study: Two year field study was conducted at the Research Farm of the Cross River University of Technology during 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons.

Methodology: Two compost types: cocoa pod husk and rice mill wastes both amended with poultry droppings at the ratio of 3:1 for cocoa pod husk + poultry droppings and rice mill waste + poultry droppings respectively. Each compost type was applied at rate of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 t ha-1 with absolute control (0 t ha-1 compost) and optimal control NPK 20.10.10 at 300 kg ha-1 making a total of 10 treatments replicated three times. The effect of the amendments were assessed on soil pH, OM, N, P, exch. Ca, K, Mg, EA, ECEC and maize yield.

Results: The compost rates increased soil pH, OM, N, P and the exch. K, Ca, EA, and ECEC over the pre-treatment soils and the controls. Cocoa pod compost amendments with poultry droppings at rate of 7.5 t ha-1 produced highest plant dry matter 8.21gplant-1 and 8.08 gplant-1 in 2019 and 2020 (P = .05) respectively and the highest grain yield of 3.92 t ha-1 and 3.89 t ha-1 respectively in 2019 and 2020. The least grain yield was in the absolute control, which yield was 0.38t ha‑1 and 0.42 t ha-1, respectively in 2019 and 2020.

Conclusion: Amended cocoa pod husk compost is a suitable soil amendment for optimum yield of maize and improvement of soil chemical properties in the study area and a substitute for mineral fertilizers for resource poor farmers.
Exploitation of Wheat Genome through Triticale x Wheat Cross for Improvement and Identification of Large Anther
Authors: Khare Vikrant , Srivastava Puja , Sharma Achla , Bains N. S.
Published: October 2023

Triticale is a man-made cereal crop that combines the rye and wheat genome in a single crop.  Rye is a cross pollinated cereal crop that has large anther size in comparison of wheat. To improve wheat anther size, cross with triticale is a noble practice to combine the A, B, D and R genome. In the current investigation wheat (AABBDD) were crossed with triticale (AABBRR) with the help of Ph suppressor Chinese Spring. Subsequently triticale wheat derivative lines populations were developed. The BC2F7 generations of the derived population were planted in alpha lattice design to further evaluation. With the help of fixative, the fresh spikes were collected from individual derivative lines to measure anther the size. The anther size was measured in millimeter by the help of ocular micrometer. Twenty-two triticale wheat derivative lines were identified with grater anther size in comparison of triticale anther. The TWD26 (5.7mm) has larger anther size followed by TWD18 (5.4mm) and TWD36 (5.3mm). These derivative lines may use as a donor parent in hybrid wheat breeding programme.
Plant Hormones- Natural Growth Regulators
Authors: Vashi Jal D.
Published: October 2023

Plant hormones are compounds that can regulate the overall growth and development of plants and have a great influence throughout the lifecycle of plants. Various hormones act on the plant at different points of time depending on the vegetative or reproductive state of the plant. The effects of hormones on plants are quite complex to understand and a single plant hormone can have multiple effects on the growth and development of plants. They can help to regulate the homeostasis of plants under stress from both biotic and abiotic factors. Plant hormones have a very complex mode of interaction among themselves and how they influence plant development. There has always been more research done on understanding the individual plant hormone and their mechanism. More recent work focuses on complex problems like how different hormones work together to regulate the growth of plants. This mini-review article will focus on the five main hormones, their role in the growth and development of plants and their commercial uses in modern agriculture.
Intravenous Hyoscine Butylbromide “Scopolamine” for the Treatment of Extrapyramidal Symptoms: A Case Report
Authors: Alanazi Saleh Farhan M.
Published: October 2023

Aim: Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) represent motor disturbances frequently induced by medications that impact the dopamine pathways. Although not traditionally employed for addressing EPS, there is potential in using hyoscine butylbromide, an anticholinergic antispasmodic, owing to its mechanism of action that influences cholinergic receptors.

Presentation of Case: We present a 34-year-old female patient, post-haemorrhoidectomy under spinal anaesthesia, who developed post-lumbar puncture headache with nausea and vomiting. A single dose of metoclopramide (10 mg) led to rapid onset of EPS—tremor, restlessness, and akathisia. Intravenous hyoscine butylbromide (20 mg) resulted in prompt alleviation of EPS.

Discussion and Conclusion: This case highlights hyoscine butylbromide's potential in managing medication-induced EPS, even in unconventional cases. Rapid symptom resolution and a 7-day follow-up without side effects underscore its short-term efficacy and safety. While broader application and mechanisms necessitate further research, hyoscine butylbromide could be a valuable option for EPS management.
Psychedelics to treat SUDs: Still growing as an option, but many barriers
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2023

When we weren't looking, the annual “Innovations” issue crept up on us. And coincidentally, so did advances in the use of psychedelics to treat substance use disorders (SUDs). ADAW reviewed its own archives, as well as the medical literature, attended a conference and found that indeed, psychedelics can be used not only to treat post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but to treat SUDS, in particular, alcohol use disorder (AUD).
Technology addiction: 12 steps to the rescue
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2023

There is a fellowship organization called Internet and Technology Addicts Anonymous (ITAA), that embraces a 12‐step program which, as a recent article in The Guardian explains, is based on the principles of Alcoholics Anonymous. Like alcoholics (if ADAW can be forgiven the use of that word), internet and technology addicts (there's another politically incorrect word) use their products compulsively. Launched in 2017, there are now thousands of members internationally, with meetings that are (of course) online, and some in person. Meetings involve sharing experiences and support. Unlike alcohol, however, the internet is a necessary tool for functioning, making internet addiction similar to food addiction. You can't be abstinent from eating. The internet can spawn problems like television binge‐watching, video‐gaming constantly, compulsive social media scrolling, and too much online shopping. The DSM‐5 does not recognize internet and technology addiction, but it is similar, according to research, to alcoholism and other addictions. Studies have found structural brain changes, the dopamine reward cycle, and gaming cues leading to cravings all supporting internet addiction as a category. So far, the only behavioral addiction recognized by the DSM‐5 is gaming disorder (eating disorder is not necessarily an addiction).
3d‐Orbital Regulation of Transition Metal Intercalated Vanadate as Optimized Cathodes for Calcium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhao Xu , Li Linyuan , Zheng Lirong , Fan Longlong , Yi Yong , Zhang Guobin , Han Cuiping , Li Baohua
Published: October 2023

Vanadate materials are feasible cathodes for metal–ion batteries due to their stable layered structure, abundant valence states, and high capacity. However, much uncertainty still exists about precisely modulating intercalants to facilitate ion storage. Here, V2O5 pre‐intercalated with various transition metal ions M2+ (M═Ni, Co, Mn) are developed as model materials to analyze the coupling effect between guest ions and host material. Through density functional theory simulations, it is found that M2+ interacts with V–O chain via M 3d‐O 2p covalent bonds, and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure reveals the Ni─O interatomic distance at 1.56 Å shorter than Co─O (1.60 Å) and Mn─O (1.72 Å), suggesting the M–O band type with different covalency degree can optimize VOx polyhedron and local electronic structure. Furthermore, NiVO cathode materials with the smallest layer spacing shows higher redox voltage and better rate/cycling performance for Ca2+ storage than CoVO/MnVO, elucidating that Ni has stronger tendency to attract electrons and bonds with V–O layer tightly, thus supplying a reliable ion diffusion channel for Ca2+. Through ions pre‐intercalated techniques, this work highlights both layer spacing and physicochemical properties of intercalants affect electrochemical process, which is significant for developing high‐performance vanadate cathode materials.
Application of Digital Methods in Polymer Science and Engineering
Authors: Schuett Timo , Endres Patrick , Standau Tobias , Zechel Stefan , Albuquerque Rodrigo Q. , Brütting Christian , Ruckdäschel Holger , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: October 2023

The development of new polymer materials is an emerging field for more than 100 years. However, it is currently facing major challenges and the application of digital methods can help to develop new processes, discover new materials and, thus, contribute to the challenges of today and the future. Though, the application of digital methods in the field of polymer science is currently very limited, when compared to other classes of materials such as small molecules or inorganic high‐performance materials. Nevertheless, there are already first, very promising approaches. The current review article focuses on the application of these methods in different aspects of polymer research including polymer design, synthesis, and characterization. Furthermore, the digital discovery of polymer engineering is highlighted in detail showing the broad range of potential applications of these methods in polymer science. Finally, future possibilities and opportunities are derived from the current state‐of‐the‐art and perspectives for a potential evolution of polymer science are provided.
Optimizing Current Collector Interfaces for Efficient “Anode‐Free” Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Molaiyan Palanivel , Abdollahifar Mozaffar , Boz Buket , Beutl Alexander , Krammer Martin , Zhang Ningxin , Tron Artur , Romio Martina , Ricci Marco , Adelung Rainer , Kwade Arno , Lassi Ulla , Paolella Andrea
Published: October 2023

Current lithium (Li)‐metal anodes are not sustainable for the mass production of future energy storage devices because they are inherently unsafe, expensive, and environmentally unfriendly. The anode‐free concept, in which a current collector (CC) is directly used as the host to plate Li‐metal, by using only the Li content coming from the positive electrode, could unlock the development of highly energy‐dense and low‐cost rechargeable batteries. Unfortunately, dead Li‐metal forms during cycling, leading to a progressive and fast capacity loss. Therefore, the optimization of the CC/electrolyte interface and modifications of CC designs are key to producing highly efficient anode‐free batteries with liquid and solid‐state electrolytes. Lithiophilicity and electronic conductivity must be tuned to optimize the plating process of Li‐metal. This review summarizes the recent progress and key findings in the CC design (e.g. 3D structures) and its interaction with electrolytes.
Micropillars in Biomechanics: Role in Guiding Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation and Bone Regeneration
Authors: Long Yicen , Sun Yujia , Jin Linlu , Qin Yixue , Zeng Ye
Published: October 2023

Efficient bone repair relies on biomaterials that exhibit superior biocompatibility and enhanced osteogenic capabilities. In recent, micropatterning technology has emerged as a robust strategy for directing stem cell differentiation, offering a notable shift from traditional chemical induction or genetic modification methods by providing environmental cues to regulate cellular behavior. Among the various types of microstructures, micropillars have garnered significant attention due to their adjustable properties and high‐throughput experimental capabilities. These structures play a pivotal role in governing nuclear deformation and deciphering cellular responses to biomechanical cues. In this comprehensive review, the influence of micropillars on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), drawing upon two decades of research findings is critically assessed. The study comprehensively evaluates how micropillar substrates impact crucial cellular processes such as deformation, migration, adhesion, and ultimately, MSC fate determination toward an osteogenic lineage. By synthesizing and analyzing past studies, the potential regulatory mechanisms through which micropillars modulate MSC behavior are aimed to be elucidated. Furthermore, the utility of micropillars as a cutting‐edge biomechanical detection tool and platform for investigating cellular behaviors is explored. By projecting future applications, the review highlights the growing significance of micropillars in the dynamic field of biomechanics, underscoring their transformative potential in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Heterofission Mechanism for Pure Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence
Authors: Sun Qi , Ren Jiajun , Peng Qian , Shuai Zhigang
Published: October 2023

Room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) from pure organic materials, whether in crystalline or film phases, has recently attracted considerable attention. Experimental evidence increasingly suggests that RTP originates from isomeric dopants (impurity) rather than pure compounds. The underlying mechanism and molecular design principles have remained elusive. Herein, the “heterofission mechanism” for RTP is proposed, wherein a singlet excited state is split into two triplets, one remains within the host, while the other migrates to the guest (dopant) molecule, satisfying Ehost(S1) ≈ Ehost(T1) + Eguest(T1). It is found that all the dopants possess a low triplet excited state, meeting the energy requirement for the heterofission process. The sum of the calculated emission spectra from these two triplets overlaps well with the experimentally measured broad phosphorescent spectra. Furthermore, the calculated heterofission rates are expected to occur at the picosecond timescale. Efficient Dexter energy transfer leads to the guest predominantly dominating the RTP. Based on this mechanism, we can predict potential host and guest candidates to expand the family of pure organic RTP materials.
Controllable Versatility in a Single Molecular System from Photoisomerization to Photocyclization
Authors: Zhu Guanqun , Liu Zhiyang , Bisoyi Hari Krishna , Li Quan
Published: October 2023

Cyanostilbene is a typical photoresponsive group with multiple photochemical reactions. However, it is still challenging to achieve multiple photochemical reactions and versatility in the same molecular system at one wavelength excitation. The cyanostilbene‐based molecule synthesized in this work can undergo photoisomerization and photocyclization in sequence under continuous illumination at 365 nm in solution. This process is demonstrated by nuclear magnetic resonance, high‐resolution mass spectroscopies, and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The fluorescence intensity of the solution gradually increases by more than ten times with the extension of the illumination time due to the formation of a photocyclization product with a high fluorescence quantum yield. Based on this interesting phenomenon, the multifunctional applications of this system are presented. This provides a design idea for multifunctional molecules via photochemical reactions.
Classification of Metal Handwritten Digits Based on Microwave Diffractive Deep Neural Network
Authors: Gu Ze , Ma Qian , Gao Xinxin , You Jian Wei , Cui Tie Jun
Published: October 2023

Recently, optical diffractive deep neural networks (D2NNs) have shown unprecedented superiority in terms of processing speed and power consumption. However, in the microwave band, complicated classification based on D2NN needs further investigation, which may accelerate the artificial intelligent tasks and simplify systems. Here, a three‐layer D2NN is constructed for handwritten digit classification in the microwave frequency. The excited electromagnetic wave, which passes through the metal plane engraved with different digit patterns as the input, will focus on the target plane at designated focal points through the D2NN platform. A detector array is deployed to collect the target plane energy for direct digit classification. Each layer of the proposed D2NN is composed of 1024 phase modulating meta‐units, and the phase distribution is generated through the stochastic gradient descent algorithm applied on the dataset. The network realizes an accuracy rate of 90% in numeric simulations, together with a 100% accuracy rate on the eighteen fabricated samples on the built‐up platform. The average focal efficiency reaches 18.7% and 11.7% in the simulation and experiment, respectively. The system can be seen as an alternative method for seamless in situ monitoring of security checks and near‐field sensing.
Significance of Various Sensing Mechanisms for Detecting Local and Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases: A Review
Authors: Bassous Nicole Joy , Rodriguez Ashly Corona , Leal Celina Ivonne Lomeli , Jung Hyun Young , Lee Chang Kee , Joo Sangwon , Kim Sumin , Yun Changhun , Hahm Myung Gwan , Ahn Myoung‐Hwan , Kim Sang‐Woo , Oh Young Suk , Shin Su Ryon
Published: October 2023

Elucidating the capital mechanism for detecting greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere, based on sensitivity, performance, and cost‐effectiveness, is challenging, but markedly needed in the presence of global climate change caused by GHG emissions and subsequent feedback. Often measured in units of Global Warming Potential (GWP), the GHGs are linked to climate change, especially due to their intrinsic tendencies to absorb heat energy. Hence, measures for reducing GHG emissions are implemented within the context of improving energy consumption; substituting high‐GHG output fuels for more neutral alternatives; trapping and sequestering carbon; and reconditioning agricultural processes. The extent to which these curtailment methods succeed hinges on GHG detection and quantification mechanisms. However, the universal determination of GHGs is constrained by the availability of sensors; this work, therefore, highlights sensor advantages/disadvantages and potential enrichment strategies. Herein, experimental developments in GHG sensing technologies (i.e., chemiresistive, electrochemical, infrared, optical, acoustic, calorimetric, and gas chromatographic sensors) are evaluated, in terms of approaching desirable features, such as sensitivity, selectivity, stability, accuracy, and low cost. This work underscores ongoing global research to produce universal, cost‐effective methods that, with high sensitivity, proffer accurate GHG readings to allay global warming, through comparisons of recent, up‐and‐coming sensor technologies.
Breaking the Axis‐Symmetry of a Single‐Wall Carbon Nanotube During Its Growth
Authors: Zhang Lili , Xu Ziwei , Feng Tian‐liang , He Maoshuai , Hansen Thomas Willum , Wagner Jakob Birkedal , Liu Chang , Cheng Hui‐Ming
Published: October 2023

The asymmetrical growth of a single‐wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) by introducing a change of a local atomic structure, is usually inevitable and supposed to have a profound effect on the chirality control and property tailor. However, the breaking of the symmetry during SWCNT growth remains unexplored and its origins at the atomic‐scale are elusive. Here, environmental transmission electron microscopy is used to capture the process of breaking the symmetry of a growing SWCNT from a sub‐2‐nm platinum catalyst nanoparticle in real‐time, demonstrating that topological defects formed on the side of a SWCNT can serve as a buffer for stress release and inherently break its axis‐symmetrical growth. Atomic‐level details reveal the importance of the tube‐catalyst interface and how the atom rearrangement of the solid‐state platinum catalyst around the interface influences the final tubular structure. The active sites responsible for trapping carbon dimers and providing enough driving force for carbon incorporation and asymmetric growth are shown to be low‐coordination step edges, as confirmed by theoretical simulations.
Surface Modification of Kombucha Bacterial Cellulose for High Water and Water Vapor Barrier: Enhanced Properties through Enzyme Etching and Cardanol‐Silane Coating
Authors: Chong Hio Lam , Cheung Ka Man , Jiang Zhuolun , Ngai To
Published: October 2023

This study presents surface modification for fabricating high water and water vapor barrier, mechanically/thermally strong, nontoxic, and biodegradable Kombucha bacterial cellulose (KBC) films, which have the potential to replace petroleum‐based single‐use plastic toiletries in hotel industry. The desire for more sustainable, biodegradable, and easy‐to‐process materials has driven the increasing attention to the application of KBC. However, the hydrophilicity, low reactivity, and prolonged activation have limited the use of KBC. Herein, enzyme etching is shown prior to chemical treatment and can enhance surface area and functional properties of etched KBC (EKBC) films. Improving surface area for condensation reaction between surface hydroxyl group and silane‐modified cardanol solution, a hydrophobic byproduct from the cashew nut industry, the surface of KBC can turn hydrophobic with water contact angle up to 108.3° ± 0.4°. The proof of synthesis, grafting, water barrier, mechanical strength, biodegradablility, and nontoxicity is thoroughly investigated. The result shows that etching for 20 min and coated with 2% cardanol‐based silane (CBS) achieves the highest water barrier with high biodegradability that can completely degrade within 5 months. As such, coated CBS with EKBC (CBS‐EKBC) is shown to possess high sustainability with a simple modification step.
Probable digenic inheritance of Diamond–Blackfan anemia
Authors: Furuta Yutaka , Tinker Rory J , Gulsevin Alican , Neumann Serena M. , Hamid Rizwan , Cogan Joy D. , Rives Lynette , Liu Qi , Chen Hua‐Chang , Joos Karen M. , Phillips John A. ,   the Undiagnosed Diseases Network
Published: October 2023

A 26‐year‐old female proband with a clinical diagnosis and consistent phenotype of Diamond–Blackfan anemia (DBA, OMIM 105650) without an identified genotype was referred to the Undiagnosed Diseases Network. DBA is classically associated with monoallelic variants that have an autosomal‐dominant or ‐recessive mode of inheritance. Intriguingly, her case was solved by a detection of a digenic interaction between non‐allelic RPS19 and RPL27 variants. This was confirmed with a machine learning structural model, co‐segregation analysis, and RNA sequencing. This is the first report of DBA caused by a digenic effect of two non‐allelic variants demonstrated by machine learning structural model. This case suggests that atypical phenotypic presentations of DBA may be caused by digenic inheritance in some individuals. We also conclude that a machine learning structural model can be useful in detecting digenic models of possible interactions between products encoded by alleles of different genes inherited from non‐affected carrier parents that can result in DBA with an unrealized 25% recurrence risk.
Diagnostic Utility of Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Patients with Rapidly Progressive Dementia
Authors: Kuchenbecker Lindsey A. , Tipton Philip W. , Martens Yuka , Brier Matthew R. , Satyadev Nihal , Dunham S. Richard , Lazar Evelyn B. , Dacquel Maxwell V. , Henson Rachel L. , Bu Guojun , Geschwind Michael D. , Morris John C. , Schindler Suzanne E. , Herries Elizabeth , Graff‐Radford Neill R. , Day Gregory S.
Published: October 2023

Objective

This study was undertaken to apply established and emerging cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers to improve diagnostic accuracy in patients with rapidly progressive dementia (RPD). Overlap in clinical presentation and results of diagnostic tests confounds etiologic diagnosis in patients with RPD. Objective measures are needed to improve diagnostic accuracy and to recognize patients with potentially treatment‐responsive causes of RPD.

Methods

Biomarkers of Alzheimer disease neuropathology (amyloid‐β 42/40 ratio, phosphorylated tau [p‐tau181, p‐tau231]), neuroaxonal/neuronal injury (neurofilament light chain [NfL], visinin‐like protein‐1 [VILIP‐1], total tau), neuroinflammation (chitinase‐3‐like protein [YKL‐40], soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 [sTREM2], glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 [MCP‐1]), and synaptic dysfunction (synaptosomal‐associated protein 25kDa, neurogranin) were measured in CSF obtained at presentation from 78 prospectively accrued patients with RPD due to neurodegenerative, vascular, and autoimmune/inflammatory diseases; 35 age‐ and sex‐matched patients with typically progressive neurodegenerative disease; and 72 cognitively normal controls. Biomarker levels were compared across etiologic diagnoses, by potential treatment responsiveness, and between patients with typical and rapidly progressive presentations of neurodegenerative disease.

Results

Alzheimer disease biomarkers were associated with neurodegenerative causes of RPD. High NfL, sTREM2, and YKL‐40 and low VILIP‐1 identified patients with autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. MCP‐1 levels were highest in patients with vascular causes of RPD. A multivariate model including GFAP, MCP‐1, p‐tau181, and sTREM2 identified the 44 patients with treatment‐responsive causes of RPD with 89% accuracy. Minimal differences were observed between typical and rapidly progressive presentations of neurodegenerative disease.

Interpretation

Selected CSF biomarkers at presentation were associated with etiologic diagnoses and treatment responsiveness in patients with heterogeneous causes of RPD. The ability of cross‐sectional biomarkers to inform upon mechanisms that drive rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease is less clear. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:299–313
Seipin overexpression attenuates cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury via preventing apoptosis and autophagy
Authors: Zhu Xiaoxi , An Xiaoqiong , Chen Ming , Guo Dongfen , Xie Peng , Wang Bi , Huang Zhi , Yu Wenfeng
Published: October 2023

Background

Ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICVD) is one of three fatal diseases in humans, along with heart disease and malignant tumors. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/RI) is the primary cause of ICVD. Recently, seipin was reported to be crucial for lipid droplet formation, hepatic steatosis, and axonal atrophy. However, the function and mechanism of seipin in CI/RI has not been explicitly stated.

Methods

Oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) hippocampal neuron cell line (HT‐22) and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats were established. The levels of apoptosis‐ and autophagy‐related proteins and seipin were confirmed by western blot. Cell proliferation was assessed with CCK‐8, and ischemic infarction and pathological structure were monitored by TTC and H&E staining, and tissue apoptosis was assessed through TUNEL assay.

Results

The proliferative activity was decreased, and apoptosis and autophagy pathways could also be induced in the OGD/R HT‐22 cells. Seipin overexpression accelerated viability and inhibited apoptosis and autophagy in the OGD/R HT‐22 cells. Moreover, the data revealed that seipin overexpression could also attenuate cerebral infarction, apoptosis. Autophagy pathways could be repressed by seipin in the MCAO rats.

Conclusion

Seipin has a protective role against CI/RI in rats, and its mechanism might be relevant to the suppression of apoptosis and autophagy, suggesting that seipin might be a latent target for CI/RI.
How do stakeholder groups make sense of sustainability: Analysing differences in the complexity of their cognitive frames
Authors: Preuss Lutz , Fischer Isabel , Arora Bimal
Published: October 2023

Characterizing major sustainability issues as ‘grand challenges’ has led to a call for collaboration among heterogeneous stakeholder groups, not least in multi‐stakeholder initiatives (MSIs). Research into MSIs has made substantial progress in understanding their workings; yet, it is still criticized for remaining undertheorized, echoing a criticism of management studies generally as paying insufficient attention to the micro–macro divide. Hence, we examined differences between stakeholder groups in the complexity of their cognitive frames on the topic of sustainability. We analysed 265 cognitive frames across four stakeholder groups (business, government, NGO, education). Analysing these frames in terms of the two dimensions of cognitive complexity—differentiation and integration—we found statistically significant differences in frame complexity between stakeholder groups. These micro‐level cognitive differences can explain macro‐level problems in stakeholder engagement and communication. Hence, we conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for the enhancement of the effectiveness of MSIs.
Cancer vaccines in the clinic
Authors: Janes Morgan E. , Gottlieb Alexander P. , Park Kyung Soo , Zhao Zongmin , Mitragotri Samir
Published: October 2023

Vaccines are an important tool in the rapidly evolving repertoire of immunotherapies in oncology. Although cancer vaccines have been investigated for over 30 years, very few have achieved meaningful clinical success. However, recent advances in areas such antigen identification, formulation development and manufacturing, combination therapy regimens, and indication and patient selection hold promise to reinvigorate the field. Here, we provide a timely update on the clinical status of cancer vaccines. We identify and critically analyze 360 active trials of cancer vaccines according to delivery vehicle, antigen type, indication, and other metrics, as well as highlight eight globally approved products. Finally, we discuss current limitations and future applications for clinical translation of cancer vaccines.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Studies on the Nyctinastic Leaf‐Movement Regulated by a Biological Clock
Authors: Ueda Minoru , Yamamura Shosuke
Published: October 2023

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Reactions with Catalytic Antibodies
Authors: Hilvert Donald
Published: October 2023

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Practical and Statistical Considerations for the Long Term Follow‐Up of Gene Therapy Trial Participants
Authors: Rohde Maximilian , Huh Seoan , D'Souza Vanessa , Arkin Steven , Roberts Erika , McIntosh Avery
Published: October 2023

Study sponsors and market authorization holders are required by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) to enroll patients administered a gene therapy product, whether in a trial setting or post‐licensure, in a long term follow‐up safety study to continue the safety assessments of their product. These follow‐up studies range between 5 and 15 years after dosing. This unprecedented duration of engagement with patients and caregivers raises logistical challenges that will require innovation and collaboration across sponsors and regulators. In this paper we delineate some of the key considerations for designing long term follow‐up protocols in the gene therapy setting, with an eye toward platform and master protocol approaches, and offer guidance for innovative operational and statistical methods that can help assess the safety profile and durability of response for these novel therapeutics.
Determinants of sustainability reporting: A systematic literature review
Authors: Arkoh Paul , Costantini Antonio , Scarpa Francesco
Published: October 2023

Sustainability reporting has been widely acknowledged as a crucial corporate sustainability practice and recently received increasing attention from regulators, standard‐setters, practitioners, and researchers. Motivated by the abundance of work, and the variety of theoretical perspectives and existing evidence, this paper explores how the research on sustainability reporting determinants has developed over time and what is known and not known about this topic. To address this question, we conducted a systematic literature review of articles on sustainability reporting determinants published in ABS‐ranked journals between 2002 and 2021. Building on Lozano et al. (2015) framework of corporate sustainability theories, our findings provide an updated overview of factors driving sustainability reporting and the determinants still under debate. Furthermore, to fill existing gaps and inspire future research developments, findings suggest further work focus on non‐listed companies, environmentally sensitive industries, underexplored geographical areas, and qualitative methods. Finally, the paper has implications for managers and policymakers.
Impact of preoperative self‐expandable metal stent on benign hepaticojejunostomy anastomotic stricture after pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Mie Takafumi , Sasaki Takashi , Kobayashi Kosuke , Takeda Tsuyoshi , Okamoto Takeshi , Kasuga Akiyoshi , Inoue Yosuke , Takahashi Yu , Saiura Akio , Sasahira Naoki
Published: October 2023

Objectives

Hepaticojejunostomy anastomotic stricture (HJAS) is a serious adverse event of pancreaticoduodenectomy. Preoperative biliary drainage with a self‐expandable metal stent (SEMS) is often performed before pancreaticoduodenectomy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the risk factors and impact of preoperative SEMS placement on developing benign HJAS after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed consecutive patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy at our institution between July 2014 and June 2020. Risk factors for benign HJAS were identified using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. We also compared outcomes of preoperative biliary drainage using SEMS and non‐SEMS.

Results

Of the 626 included patients, benign HJAS occurred in 36 patients (5.8%). The median follow‐up time was 36.7 months (interquartile range, 25.4–57.4 months). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that lack of preoperative biliary drainage, preoperative bile duct diameter <5 mm, and former or current smoking were independent predictors of benign HJAS. In the preoperative biliary drainage group, the rate of preoperative bile duct diameter <5 mm was significantly lower in the SEMS group than in the non‐SEMS group (2.0% vs. 12.8%, p = 0.04).

Conclusions

Preoperative biliary drainage with SEMS may be useful to maintain bile duct diameter ≥5 mm and to reduce benign HJAS as a result.
Fungal community dissimilarity predicts plant–soil feedback strength in a lowland tropical forest
Authors: Delavaux Camille S. , Angst Janika K. , Espinosa Hilario , Brown Makenna , Petticord Daniel F. , Schroeder John W. , Broders Kirk , Herre Edward A. , Bever James D. , Crowther Thomas W.
Published: October 2023

Soil microbes impact plant community structure and diversity through plant–soil feedbacks. However, linking the relative abundance of plant pathogens and mutualists to differential plant recruitment remains challenging. Here, we tested for microbial mediation of pairwise feedback using a reciprocal transplant experiment in a lowland tropical forest in Panama paired with amplicon sequencing of soil and roots. We found evidence that plant species identity alters the microbial community, and these changes in microbial composition alter subsequent growth and survival of conspecific plants. We also found that greater community dissimilarity between species in their arbuscular mycorrhizal and nonpathogenic fungi predicted increased positive feedback. Finally, we identified specific microbial taxa across our target functional groups that differentially accumulated under conspecific settings. Collectively, these findings clarify how soil pathogens and mutualists mediate net feedback effects on plant recruitment, with implications for management and restoration.
Coordination Adaptable Networks: Introducing Vitrimer Properties Using Dynamic Coordination Bonds
Authors: Murali Meenu , Manoury Eric , Poli Rinaldo
Published: October 2023

Coordination adaptable networks (CooANs) may be obtained by combination of ligand‐functionalized polymers and metal ions or clusters when the crosslink migration by ligand exchange with available free ligands in the polymer matrix is facile. These materials may be called “coordination vitrimers” if proven to follow an associative ligand exchange mechanism. This review presents various types of CooANs, classified according to the nature of the metal‐binding functions, e. g. imine, imidazoles, pyridines as L‐type ligands; catecholates, thiolates, carboxylates as X‐type ligands. Particular attention is placed on the crosslink migration mechanism.
Thermal properties and applications of form‐stable phase change materials for thermal energy storage and thermal management: A review
Authors: Fu Tingwei , Wang Wenze , Fang Guiyin
Published: October 2023

Phase change materials possess the merits of high latent heat and a small range of phase change temperature variation. Therefore, there are great prospects for applying in heat energy storage and thermal management. However, the commonly used solid‐liquid phase change materials are prone to leakage as the phase change process occurs. To address this drawback of solid‐liquid phase change materials, researchers have developed form‐stable phase change materials. There are three main strategies for preparation of form‐stable phase change materials. The objectives of this article are: (1) The form‐stable phase change materials are classified according to the preparation strategy, and the properties of each class of form‐stable phase change materials are presented. (2) The advantages and disadvantages of form‐stable phase change materials are also discussed. (3) It is also summarized that the methods to improve the drawbacks and enhance the characteristics of form‐stable phase change materials. (4) Moreover, the multifunctional form‐stable phase change materials are also described. (5) Finally, applications of form‐stable phase change materials are analyzed and discussed.
Pre‐rehabilitation interventions for patients with head and neck cancers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Seth Ishith , Bulloch Gabriella , Qin Kirby R. , Xie Yi , Sebastian Benjamin , Liew Hann , Rozen Warren Matthew , Lee Chun Hin Angus
Published: October 2023

Objective

To investigate the effect of pre‐rehabilitation interventions such as nutrition and exercise for patients with head and neck cancer (HNC).

Methods

Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases were searched up to December 2022. Quality of life, length of hospital stay, postoperative complications, change in body mass index or muscle mass, and functional assessments were the primary outcomes. PRISMA guidelines were adhered to, and the study was registered on PROSPERO. The Cochrane Collaboration tool and Newcastle Ottawa scale assessed the quality of included studies. Pooled data are presented as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Analysis was conducted using RevMan5.4.

Results

A total of 31 articles were included for quantitative analysis and 15 for qualitative synthesis. Nutrition alone resulted in significant weight retention (2.60; 2.32, 2.88, p < 0.00001), length of stay (−4.00; −6.87, −1.13), p = 0.0006) and complications (0.64; 0.49, 0.83, p = 0.0009). Nutrition and psychoeducation resulted in a significant reduction in mortality rate (0.70; 0.49, 1.00, p = 0.05 and 0.60; 0.48, 0.74, p < 0.00001), and exercise resulted in a significant reduction in dysphagia (0.55; 0.35, 0.87, p = 0.01). Exercise with nutrition resulted in significant improvements in weight loss, length of stay, complications, and dysphagia. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) had a moderate risk of bias and cohort studies were of fair to good quality.

Conclusion

Prehabilitation programs based on exercise, nutrition, or psychoeducation demonstrated improved post‐interventional outcomes in HNC, such as quality of life, and mortality and morbidity. Studies with longer follow‐ups and larger sample sizes, and investigations comparing nutritional supplements with exercise programs are needed.
The neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio in salivary gland cancers treated with pembrolizumab
Authors: Lee Rex H. , Truong Angeline , Wu Xin , Kang Hyunseok , Algazi Alain P. , El‐Sayed Ivan H. , George Jonathan R. , Heaton Chase M. , Ryan William R. , Ha Patrick K. , Wai Katherine C.
Published: October 2023

Background

A minority of patients with recurrent/metastatic (R/M) salivary gland cancers (SGCs) benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), necessitating reliable biomarkers for ICI response prediction.

Methods

Retrospective observational study of R/M SGC patients treated with pembrolizumab between 2016 and 2022, with a primary outcome of 6‐month progression‐free survival (PFS) and secondary outcome of 2‐year overall survival (OS). Univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were employed.

Results

Twenty R/M SGC patients were included. After adjustment, NLR as a continuous variable was independently associated with 6‐month PFS (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.10–1.54, p = 0.002) and 2‐year OS (HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.07–1.66, p = 0.010). Similarly, NLR ≥ 5 was associated with higher hazards of progression at 6 months (HR 12.85, 95% CI 2.17–76.16, p = 0.005) and death at 2 years (HR 11.25, 95% CI 1.67–75.77, p = 0.013).

Conclusions

Higher pretreatment NLR was independently associated with inferior 6‐month PFS and 2‐year OS in pembrolizumab‐treated R/M SGC patients.