bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AdS5 black strings in the stu model of FI-gauged N = 2 supergravity
Authors: Azzola Matteo , Klemm Dietmar , Rabbiosi Marco
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We analytically construct asymptotically AdS5black string solutions starting from the four-dimensional domain wall black hole of [1]. It is shown that its uplift gives a black string ind= 5 minimal gauged supergravity, with momentum along the string. Applying instead the residual symmetries ofN= 2,d= 4 Fayet-Iliopoulos-gauged super-gravity discovered in [2] to the domain wall seed leads, after uplifting, to a dyonic black string that interpolates between AdS5and AdS3× H2at the horizon. A Kaluza-Klein reduction of the latter along an angular Killing directionϕfollowed by a duality transformation yields, after going back to five dimensions, a black string with both momentum along the string and rotation alongϕ. This is the first instance of using solution-generating techniques in gauged supergravity to add rotation to a given seed. These solutions all have constant scalar fields. As was shown in [3], the construction of supersymmetric static magnetic black strings in the FI-gauged stu model amounts to solving the SO(2, 1) spinning top equations, which descend from an inhomogeneous version of the Nahm equations. We are able to solve these in a particular case, which leads to a generalization of the Maldacena-Nuñez solution.
Soliton solutions of the fermion-Skyrmion system in (2+1) dimensions
Authors: Perapechka I. , Sawado Nobuyuki , Shnir Ya.
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We study effects of backreaction of the fermionic modes localized by the baby Skyrmion in the (2+1)-dimensional Skyrme model. It is shown that there is a tower of fermionic modes of two different types, localized by the soliton, however there is only one fermionic level, which flows from positive to negative value as coupling increases. Considering the strong coupling regime we observe that the coupling of the bosonic field to the fermions may strongly deform the Skyrmion, in particular the regions of negative topological charge density appear.
Wilson loops in 5d $$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$ theories and S-duality
Authors: Assel Benjamin , Sciarappa Antonio
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We study the action of S-duality on half-BPS Wilson loop operators in 5d

$$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$

N
=
1

theories. The duality is the statement that different massive deformations of a single 5d SCFT are described by different gauge theories, or equivalently that the SCFT points in parameter space of two gauge theories coincide. The pairs of dual theories that we study are realized by brane webs in type IIB string theory that are S-dual to each other. We focus on SU(2) SQCD theories with N

f
≤ 4 flavors, which are self-dual, and on SU(3) SQCD theories, which are dual to SU(2)2 quiver theories. From string theory engineering we predict that Wilson loops are mapped to dual Wilson loops under S-duality. We confirm the predictions with exact computations of Wilson loop VEVs, which we extract from the 5d half-index in the presence of auxiliary loop operators (also known as higher qq-characters) sourced by D3 branes placed in the brane webs. A special role is played by Wilson loops in tensor products of the (anti)fundamental representation, which provide a natural basis to express the S-duality action. The exact computations also reveal the presence of additional multiplicative factors in the duality map, in the form of background Wilson loops.
Deep inelastic scattering from polarized spin-1/2 hadrons at low x from string theory
Authors: Kovensky Nicolas , Michalski Gustavo , Schvellinger Martin
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We study polarized deep inelastic scattering of charged leptons from spin-1/2 hadrons at low values of the Bjorken parameter and large ’t Hooft coupling in terms of the gauge/string theory duality. We calculate the structure functions from type IIB superstring theory scattering amplitudes. We discuss the role of the non-Abelian Chern-Simons term and the Pauli term from the five-dimensional SU(4) gauged supergravity. Furthermore, the exponentially small-x regime where Regge physics becomes important is analyzed in detail for the antisymmetric structure functions. In this case the holographic dual picture of the Pomeron exchange is realized by a Reggeized gauge field. We compare our results with experimental data of the proton antisymmetric structure function g
1, obtaining a very good level of agreement.
A method to estimate mean lying rates and their full distribution
Authors: Garbarino Ellen , Slonim Robert , Villeval Marie Claire
Published: October 2018

Studying the likelihood that individuals cheat requires a valid statistical measure of dishonesty. We develop an easy empirical method to measure and compare lying behavior within and across studies to correct for sampling errors. This method estimates the full distribution of lying when agents privately observe the outcome of a random process (e.g., die roll) and can misreport what they observed. It provides a precise estimate of the mean and confidence interval (offering lower and upper bounds on the proportion of people lying) over the full distribution, allowing for a vast range of statistical inferences not generally available with the existing methods.
On the effectiveness of elected male and female leaders and team coordination
Authors: Reuben Ernesto , Timko Krisztina
Published: October 2018

We study the effect on coordination in a minimum-effort game of a leader’s gender depending on whether the leader is democratically elected or is randomly selected. Leaders use non-binding messages to try to convince followers to coordinate on the Pareto-efficient equilibrium. We find that teams with elected leaders coordinate on higher effort levels. Initially, the benefits of being elected are captured solely by male leaders. However, this gender difference disappears with repeated interaction because unsuccessful male leaders are reelected more often than unsuccessful female leaders.
Managing Country-of-Origin Affiliations for Luxury Brand-Building in China
Authors: Heine Klaus , Atwal Glyn , He Jiaxun
Published: October 2018

The recent wave of luxury ventures in China has created an important need to understand luxury brand-building in China. A critical component of this research domain is the concept of country-of-origin (CoO). Chinese ventures use multiple country associations which makes the country one of the most suitable places to study the new phenomenon of hybrid brands. This marks a new stage in the evolution of CoO research. Findings stemming from a conceptual research and an explorative study are used to develop a conceptual model for managing CoO affiliations for hybrid brands within the context of Chinese luxury brands. Practical implications will help brand managers to understand which CoO facets make a luxury brand ‘Chinese’ and, on the other hand, how to improve brand prestige with Western CoO cues.
Form-finding with robotics: Rapid and flexible fabrication of glass fiber reinforced concrete panels using thermoformed molds
Authors: Chen Yutong , Koh Jing Lin , Tian Xia , Goh Yi Qian , Dritsas Stylianos
Published: October 2018

We present a process that revisits form-finding within digital media, namely parametric design and robotic fabrication. It is inspired by classical architectural and engineering experiments producing minimal surfaces and tensile structures by physical simulation of materials and natural forces. Fabrication is based on thermoforming, where thin sheets of amorphous PET are heat-treated and while in malleable state, where the material behaves like stretchable membrane, an industrial robot imprints a shape and sheets are rapidly cooled down assuming their final form. Key aspects of the approach include: (a) Speed: as each sheet is formed within seconds; (b) Flexibility, as a wide-range of shapes are produced without fabrication of unique dies; and (c) Resilience, as unlike traditional form-finding processes where the derived forms are ephemeral, the objects produced here are robust, they may be used directly or employed in subsequent fabrication processes. The produced sheets are used here as molds for glass-reinforced concrete casting offering excellent surface quality and the ability to create geometry unlike any conventional fabrication techniques. We present the design and development of the process and a proof-of-concept artwork produced.

Highlights A form-finding process that fuses digital and physical computation. Industrial robotics as the forcing system for form-finding material experiments. From delicate physical experimental prototypes to reproducible precise artifacts. Hybrid thermoforming and glass reinforced concrete casting digital and analog fabrication. Presentation of experimental large-scale artwork as demonstration of process.
Self-Reported Vaginal Laxity—Prevalence, Impact, and Associated Symptoms in Women Attending a Urogynecology Clinic
Authors: Campbell Patrick , Krychman Michael , Gray Thomas , Vickers Holly , Money-Taylor John , Li Weiguang , Radley Stephen
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Vaginal laxity is increasingly recognized as an important condition, although little is known regarding its prevalence and associated symptoms.

Aim

To report the prevalence of self-reported vaginal laxity in women attending a urogynecology clinic and investigate its association with pelvic floor symptoms and female sexual dysfunction.

Method

Data were analyzed from 2,621 women who completed the electronic Personal Assessment Questionnaire-Pelvic Floor (ePAQ-PF).

Main Outcome Measure

Response data from ePAQ-PF questionairre.

Results

Vaginal laxity was self-reported by 38% of women and significantly associated with parity, symptoms of prolapse, stress urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, reduced vaginal sensation during intercourse, and worse general sex life (P < .0005).

Clinical Implications

Clinicians should be aware that vaginal laxity is prevalent and has an associated influence and impact on sexual function.

Strength & Limitations

The main strength of this study is the analysis of prospectively collected data from a large cohort of women using a validated questionnaire. The main limitation is lack of objective data to measure pelvic organ prolapse.

Conclusion

Vaginal laxity is a highly prevalent condition that impacts significantly on a woman’s sexual health and quality of life.
Prevalence of Female Sexual Function Difficulties and Sexual Pain Assessed by the Female Sexual Function Index: A Systematic Review
Authors: Koops Thula U. , Briken Peer
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Sexual difficulties, and sexual pain in particular, represent a global health issue for women, and their prevalence has been shown to differ across countries.

Aim

To review the existing literature on the prevalence of female sexual difficulties and sexual pain worldwide measured by the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI).

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature review based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Included were peer-reviewed publications indicating prevalence rates of female sexual difficulties based on the FSFI and cutoff values. Studies with samples limited to a certain age group or health condition were excluded.

Main Outcome Measure

The outcome measure includes cutoff values and prevalence rates for sexual difficulties and sexual pain, as well as sample characteristics.

Results

22 studies conducted in 11 countries were included. These examined samples from the community, patient records, health care staff, or the Internet. Various prevalence cutoff values were applied. Prevalence rates of overall sexual difficulties ranged between 5.5% and 77%. For sexual pain, rates from 3% to 95.5% were found. A comparison between countries was restricted due to differences in sample size, sample type, and applied cutoffs. Representative community samples using comparable cutoffs found that 5.8–63.3% of women experience general sexual difficulty and 6–31.6% experience sexual pain.

Clinical Implications

Sexual difficulties and sexual pain are prevalent in all examined countries, and despite restrictions to interpretability, the large prevalence rates point to the necessity of further clinical research.

Strength & Limitations

Many studies had to be excluded because of missing data. The comparison of studies is descriptive, and not all regions worldwide are represented. Nevertheless, results of the review were useful to derive recommendations for reporting of future studies using the FSFI.

Conclusion

This review is the first comparison of prevalence studies based on the FSFI. It reflects the extent of available research and limitations in comparability.
Effects of Density‐Driven Flows on the Long‐Term Morphodynamic Evolution of Funnel‐Shaped Estuaries
Authors: Olabarrieta Maitane , Geyer W. Rockwell , Coco Giovanni , Friedrichs Carl T. , Cao Zhendong
Published: October 2018

Subtidal flows driven by density gradients affect the tide‐averaged sediment transport in estuaries and, therefore, can influence their long‐term morphodynamic evolution. The three‐dimensional Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Wave‐Sediment Transport modeling system is applied to numerically analyze the effects of baroclinicity and Earth's rotation on the long‐term morphodynamic evolution of idealized funnel‐shaped estuaries. The morphodynamic evolution in all the analyzed cases reproduced structures identified in many tide‐dominated estuaries: a meandering region in the fluvial‐tidal transition zone, a tidal maximum area close to the head, and a turbidity maxima region in the brackish zone. As the morphology of the estuaries evolved, the tidal propagation (including its asymmetry), the salinity gradient, and the strength of subtidal flows changed, which reflects the strong bathymetric control of these systems. The comparison with barotropic simulations showed that the three‐dimensional structure of the flow (induced by density gradients) has leading order effects on the morphodynamic evolution. Density gradient‐driven subtidal flows (1) promote near‐bed flood dominance and, consequently, the import of sediment into the estuary, (2) accelerate the morphodynamic evolution of the upper/middle estuary, (3) promote a more concave shape of the upper estuary and reduce the ebb‐tidal delta volume, and (4) produce an asymmetric bathymetry and inhibit the formation of alternate bars that would form under barotropic conditions. This latter effect is the consequence of the combined effect of Earth's rotation and baroclinicity.
How Does Knowledge Infrastructure Mobilization Influence the Safe Operating Space of Regulated Exploited Ecosystems?
Authors: Mathias Jean‐Denis , Anderies John M. , Janssen Marco
Published: October 2018

Decision makers often have to act before critical times to avoid the collapse of ecosystems using knowledge that can be incomplete or biased. Adaptive management may help managers tackle such issues. However, because the knowledge infrastructure required for adaptive management may be mobilized in several ways, we study the quality and the quantity of knowledge provided by this knowledge infrastructure. In order to analyze the influence of mobilized knowledge, we study how the following typology of knowledge and its use may impact the safe operating space of exploited ecosystems: (1)knowledge of the past based on a time series distorted by measurement errors; (2)knowledge of the current systems' dynamics based on the representativeness of the decision makers' mental models of the exploited ecosystem; (3)knowledge of future events based on decision makers' likelihood estimates of extreme events based on modeling infrastructure (models and experts to interpret them) they have at their disposal. We consider different adaptive management strategies of a general regulated exploited ecosystem model and we characterize the robustness of these strategies to biased knowledge. Our results show that even with significant mobilized knowledge and optimal strategies, imperfect knowledge may still shrink the safe operating space of the system leading to the collapse of the system. However, we also show that in some cases imperfect knowledge may unexpectedly increase the safe operating space by suggesting cautious strategies. We leverage the quantitative results to frame a discussion focusing on the importance of understanding subtleties of how adaptive knowledge mobilization and knowledge infrastructure affect the robustness of exploited ecosystems.
Subsurface Imaging Sheds Light on Dead Sea Sinkholes
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: October 2018

Using seismic waves, researchers study sediment layering near the Dead Sea to reveal how the area’s numerous sinkholes form.
Theoretical Considerations on Factors Confounding the Interpretation of the Oceanic Carbon Export Ratio
Authors: Li Zuchuan , Cassar Nicolas
Published: October 2018

The fraction of primary production exported out of the surface ocean, known as the export ratio (ef ratio), is often used to assess how various factors, including temperature, primary production, phytoplankton size, and community structure, affect the export efficiency of an ecosystem. To investigate possible causes for reported discrepancies in the dominant factors influencing the export efficiency, we develop a metabolism‐based mechanistic model of the ef ratio. Consistent with earlier studies, we find based on theoretical considerations that the ef ratio is a negative function of temperature. We show that the ef ratio depends on the optical depth, defined as the physical depth times the light attenuation coefficient. As a result, varying light attenuation may confound the interpretation of ef ratio when measured at a fixed depth (e.g., 100 m) or at the base of the mixed layer. Finally, we decompose the contribution of individual factors on the seasonality of the ef ratio. Our results show that at high latitudes, the ef ratio at the base of mixed layer is strongly influenced by mixed layer depth and surface irradiation on seasonal time scales. Future studies should report the ef ratio at the base of the euphotic layer or account for the effect of varying light attenuation if measured at a different depth. Overall, our modeling study highlights the large number of factors confounding the interpretation of field observations of the ef ratio.
Elemental Systematics in MORB Glasses From the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Yang Shuying , Humayun Munir , Salters Vincent J. M.
Published: October 2018

In this study, a data set of 60 elements in 319 mid‐oceanic ridge basalt (MORB) glasses representing 144 chemically distinct lava flows from the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge was acquired by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Our new data are comparable in terms of the number of elements analyzed to several recent MORB data sets, albeit limited in geographic coverage to the North Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. This extensive data set was used to examine the elemental systematics of depleted (D)‐, normal (N)‐, and enriched (E)‐MORBs. We show that elemental ratios sensitive to fluid transport in subduction zones (e.g., Th/U, Nb/U, Ba/Th, and Ba/La) are constant and similar to their primitive mantle values in N‐ and E‐MORBs, but depleted in accordance with their compatibility in D‐MORBs. The absence of evidence for subduction zone processing indicates the need to reassess the relation between MORB enrichment and recycled materials. Additionally, we reexamined the ratios of chalcophile and siderophile elements to lithophile elements of comparable compatibility, which are important in assessing planetary accretion, core formation, crust‐mantle differentiation, and hydrothermal ore formation processes. MORBs show significant negative anomalies of As, Tl, Pb, and Bi, but not of Sb, relative to lithophile elements of similar compatibility, which cannot be accounted for by melt depletion alone. The depletions of As, Tl, Pb, and Bi in MORB are complementary to significant enrichments observed in the continental crust, indicating that they have been transferred to the continental crust via fluid mobility in arcs or obduction of seafloor hydrothermal ores.
Influence of Compaction Length on Radial Melt Segregation in Torsionally Deformed Partially Molten Rocks
Authors: Qi Chao , Kohlstedt David L.
Published: October 2018

To investigate the influence of compaction length on radial melt segregation during torsional shear deformation of partially molten rocks, experiments were performed on samples composed of olivine plus ∼7 vol.% of either an albite, alkali basalt, or lithium silicate melt. These three melts cover a range of three orders of magnitude in viscosity, yielding samples that vary by approximately two orders of magnitude in compaction length. Samples were deformed in torsion at 1,473 K and 300 MPa in constant strain rate experiments to outer‐radius shear strains of up to 14.3. Radial melt segregation occurred toward the axial center in all three types of samples that were sheared to
 4. At the same strain, samples with the largest compaction length exhibited the highest segregation rate, while samples with intermediate and smallest compaction lengths exhibited similar segregation rates. The experimental observations qualitatively agree with previously published results from two‐phase flow theory for base‐state melt segregation with anisotropic viscosity; specifically, the segregation rate for radial melt segregation increases with increasing compaction length. However, quantitatively, the segregation rate in experiments is smaller than the rate predicted by simulations for the same compaction length. This discrepancy may, for example, reflect the difference in rheological behavior between that observed in our experiments (non‐Newtonian, dislocation‐accommodated creep) and that incorporated into the numerical models (Newtonian, diffusion‐accommodated creep). Our results thus provide a baseline for testing current and future models of two‐phase flow, particularly as applied to understanding melt migration, segregation, and extraction from Earth's deeper interior.
Gravitational Potential Energy per Unit Area as a Constraint on Archean Sea Level
Authors: Molnar Peter
Published: October 2018

To constrain the density structure of Archean lithosphere, I assume that gravitational potential energy (GPE) per unit area at Archean spreading centers equals that for continents whose surfaces lay near sea level. The present‐day balance of GPE limits average density deficits in Archean mantle lithosphere due to depletion of iron during its formation to ∼30–45 kg/m3. For an Archean volume of seawater equal to or greater than that today and heat loss approximately three times that today (e.g., at ∼3.5 Ga), plausible Archean structures, constrained by GPE balance, favor submerged spreading centers and continents. Emergent Archean continents would be allowed by a combination of the following (a) heat loss only twice that today, (b) less than approximately half of the present‐day volume of thick crust, either continental or oceanic plateaus, and (c) deep Archean spreading centers (
2 km below continents), which would require a thickness of Archean oceanic crust
25 km. If the volume of Archean seawater were 50% greater than that today, emergent spreading centers could have existed only as isolated unusual features, and emergent continents would require both limited extent of thick crust and spreading centers deeper that ∼2 km. The observed widespread development of continental margins and carbonate platforms at ∼2.7–2.5 Ga is consistent with heat loss roughly twice that today, a volume of seawater comparable with that today, and either (a) a volume of continental crust comparable to that at present and oceanic crust
30 km thick or (b) thicker oceanic crust, possibly 40–50 km, but with a volume of continental crust less than approximately half that today. Calculated temperatures at the Archean Moho are ∼700–900 °C. These calculations do not rule out a hot early Archean ocean (∼50–80 °C) and do not favor an early Archean emergence of life on land above sea level.
Taphonomic and Ontogenetic Effects on Na/Ca and Mg/Ca in Spinose Planktonic Foraminifera From the Red Sea
Authors: Mezger E. M. , de Nooijer L. J. , Siccha M. , Brummer G.‐J. A. , Kucera M. , Reichart G.‐J.
Published: October 2018

As a recorder of the hydrological cycle and ocean circulation, salinity is one of the most wanted parameters in paleoceanography. Current paleosalinity reconstructions mostly rely on the interpretation of stable oxygen isotope signals combined with an independent paleotemperature proxy. Due to error propagation, this indirect approach is associated with large uncertainties. Recent culture studies and a Red Sea field study have shown that incorporation of Na in foraminiferal shell calcite depends on salinity, providing a potential direct proxy for salinity. However, application of a Na/Ca‐based salinity proxy requires further calibration, which should also consider settling of foraminifera through the water column and burial in the sediment. Here we compare Na/Ca in living specimens from Red Sea surface waters with specimens collected from 0‐ to 500‐m water depth and sedimentary specimens from core‐tops. This shows that Na/Ca in Globigerinoides ruber and Trilobatus sacculifer shells decrease with increasing water depth and until the sediment surface. For both species, laser‐ablation‐ICP‐Q‐MS measurements combined with electron‐probe microanalysis show that Na is enriched in the spines. Loss of spines during settling of foraminifera through the water column hence provides a mechanistic explanation for the observed Na decrease in bulk specimens with water depth. In contrast, average Mg/Ca values increase toward the seafloor in both species, coinciding with deposition of gametogenic calcite, which is enriched in Mg but has Na/Ca values similar to that in lamellar calcite. Both spine shedding and gametogenic calcite addition hence affect the average minor/trace element composition of foraminiferal calcite.
Molecular Characterization and Seasonal Variation in Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosols in Beijing, China
Authors: Li Linjie , Ren Lujie , Ren Hong , Yue Siyao , Xie Qiaorong , Zhao Wanyu , Kang Mingjie , Li Jie , Wang Zifa , Sun Yele , Fu Pingqing
Published: October 2018

Biomass burning (BB) aerosols, primary biological aerosol particles, and secondary organic aerosols, are critical components of particulate matter in the atmosphere. In this study, saccharides, lignin/resin acids, biogenic secondary organic aerosols tracers, aromatic acids, and hydroxyacids/polyacids were measured in total suspended particles collected from April 2012 to March 2013 at an urban site in Beijing using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The concentration of levoglucosan was elevated during 18–20 June. The high ratio of levoglucosan to mannosan and low ratio of galactosan to mannosan in June demonstrated the influence of wheat straw combustion in the North China Plain via long‐rang transport. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose were more abundant in April, the spring bloom season. The maximum trehalose content (298 ng/m3) occurred during a dust storm (27–29 April) with the highest stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C, −21.2‰) of total carbon. Fungal spore tracers (arabitol and mannitol) peaked in summer. The largest concentrations of the oxidization products of isoprene and α/β‐pinene also occurred in summer. However, the β‐caryophyllene tracer was much more abundant on long‐lasting haze days in winter and was positively related to levoglucosan. The contributions of biogenic primary sources (plant debris, fungal spores, and BB) to organic carbon were estimated to be in range of 2.64–35.2% (11.8%), with BB being the predominant source. Biogenic secondary sources (isoprene, α‐pinene, and β‐caryophyllene) and anthropogenic secondary source (naphthalene) accounted for 0.23–10.9% (3.36%) of organic carbon with large contributions in summer and winter, respectively.
Influences of Subsidence and Free‐Tropospheric Conditions on the Nocturnal Growth of Nonclassical Marine Stratocumulus
Authors: Ma Y.‐F. , Pedersen J. G. , Grabowski W. W. , Kopec M. K. , Malinowski S. P.
Published: October 2018

Effects of free‐tropospheric thermodynamic properties and large‐scale subsidence on the nocturnal growth of marine stratocumulus clouds are investigated through large‐eddy simulation based on Flight 5 of the Physics of Stratocumulus Top research campaign. It was characterized by a weak inversion and moist troposphere. Sensitivity simulations are performed using variations in the subsidence and free‐tropospheric temperature and humidity. The results confirm that the cloud‐top entrainment instability parameter κ alone cannot unambiguously control the behaviors of marine stratocumulus due to the opposite response of liquid water path (LWP) to changes in the humidity and temperature jumps with the same variation in κ, thereby both jumps should be considered separately. However, sometimes it could be considered as a joint factor of the humidity and temperature jumps controlling LWP even though cloud‐top entrainment instability does not occur or κ < 0. An obvious role of subsidence is to push the inversion layer down nearly identically and at the same rate under different ambient conditions. Enhanced subsidence, as expected, diminishes the entrainment rate, cloud‐top height, cloud thickness, and LWP. However, it has a small influence on the inversion thickness and the dynamic instability across the inversion. An LWP budget analysis shows that the direct effect of subsidence is a small reduction in the LWP, but the indirect effect of subsidence is large due to contributions from other physical processes. Therefore, subsidence is an important physical process controlling the LWP budget, even though its direct contribution is significantly smaller than the largest contributions from both radiation and entrainment.
Evidence for Shelf Acidification During the Onset of the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum
Authors: Bralower Timothy J. , Kump Lee R. , Self‐Trail Jean M. , Robinson Marci M. , Lyons Shelby , Babila Tali , Ballaron Edward , Freeman Katherine H. , Hajek Elizabeth , Rush William , Zachos James C.
Published: October 2018

A transect of paleoshelf cores from Maryland and New Jersey contains an ~0.19‐ to 1.61‐m‐thick interval with reduced percentages of carbonate during the onset of the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Outer paleoshelf cores are barren of nannofossils and correspond to two minor disconformities. Middle paleoshelf cores contain a mixture of samples devoid of nannofossils and those with rare specimens characterized by significant dissolution (i.e., etching). The magnitude of the decrease in carbonate cannot be explained by dilution by clastic material or dissolution resulting from the oxidation of organic matter during early diagenesis. The observed preservation pattern implies a shoaling of the calcite compensation depth and lysocline to the middle shelf. This reduced carbonate interval is observed during the onset of the PETM on other continental margins raising the possibility that extreme shoaling of the calcite compensation depth and lysocline was a global signal, which is more significant than in previous estimates for the PETM. An alternative scenario is that shoaling was restricted to the northwest Atlantic, enhanced by regional and local factors (eutrophication from rivers and microbial activity associated with warming) that exacerbated the impact of acidification on the shelf.
Active Tectonics of the North Chilean Marine Forearc and Adjacent Oceanic Nazca Plate
Authors: Geersen Jacob , Ranero César R. , Klaucke Ingo , Behrmann Jan H. , Kopp Heidrun , Tréhu Anne M. , Contreras‐Reyes Eduardo , Barckhausen Udo , Reichert Christian
Published: October 2018

New multibeam bathymetry allows an unprecedented view of the tectonic regime and its along‐strike heterogeneity of the North Chilean marine forearc and the oceanic Nazca Plate between 19 and 22.75°S. Combining bathymetric and backscatter information from the multibeam data with subbottom profiler and published and previously unpublished legacy seismic reflection lines, we derive a tectonic map. The new map reveals a middle and upper slope configuration dominated by pervasive extensional faulting, with some faults outlining a >500‐km‐long ridge that may represent the remnants of a Jurassic or pre‐Jurassic magmatic arc. Lower slope deformation is more variable and includes slope‐failures, normal faulting, re‐entrant embayments, and NW‐SE trending anticlines and synclines. This complex pattern likely results from the combination of subducting lower‐plate topography, gravitational forearc collapse, and the accumulation of permanent deformation over multiple earthquake cycles. We find little evidence for widespread fluid seepage despite a highly faulted upper‐plate. An explanation could be a lack of fluid sources due to the sediment starved nature of the trench and most of the upper‐plate in vicinity of the hyperarid Atacama Desert. Changes in forearc architecture partly correlate to structural variations of the oceanic Nazca Plate, which is dominated by the spreading‐related abyssal hill fabric and is regionally overprinted by the Iquique Ridge. The ridge collides with the forearc around 20–21°S. South of the ridge‐forearc intersection, bending‐related horst‐and‐grabens result in vertical seafloor offsets of hundreds of meters. To the north, plate‐bending is accommodated by reactivation of the paleo‐spreading fabric and new horst‐and‐grabens do not develop.
Palinspastic Reconstruction Versus Cross‐Section Balancing: How Complete Is the Central Taurides Fold‐Thrust Belt (Turkey)?
Authors: McPhee Peter J. , van Hinsbergen Douwe J. J. , Maffione Marco , Altıner Demir
Published: October 2018

In many fold‐thrust belts, cross section–derived shortening estimates are significantly lower than predicted based on plate convergence. This has led to controversial hypotheses that shortening may be largely underestimated due to wholesale underthrusting (convergence without shortening) below far‐traveled continent or ocean‐derived nappes. The Late Cretaceous‐Eocene Taurides fold‐thrust belt (southern Turkey) may contain a highly incomplete shortening record of convergence likely caused by wholesale underthrusting. To estimate this underthrusting, we calculate convergence across the belt using a map‐view palinspastic reconstruction that takes into account major rotations of tectonic units during their accretion. We use paleomagnetic and fault kinematic analysis, timing of accretion, and Africa‐Eurasia convergence to constrain our reconstruction. Our paleomagnetic results confirm an ~40° clockwise vertical axis rotation of the Geyikdağı nappe that forms the core of the belt, which we interpret is accommodated by a lateral gradient in underthrusting on faults structurally above and below the Geyikdağı nappe. We reconstruct ~400–450 km of convergence across the Taurides during their accretion. We compare this predicted convergence to shortening calculated from balanced cross sections, in which we reconstruct a minimum of 154‐km shortening: 57 km within far‐traveled nappes, 70‐km thrusting of far‐traveled nappes over the Geyikdağı nappe, and 27‐km shortening within the Geyikdağı nappe. Shortening in the Taurides created a significant nappe stack, but the majority of convergence was accommodated by wholesale underthrusting with barely a trace at the surface, including ~160 km of convergence by rotation of the belt, and 90–130 km related to missing Africa‐Eurasia convergence.
Catalytic enantioselective ene-type reactions of vinylogous hydrazone: construction of α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone derivatives
Authors: Zhang Hang , Yao Qian , Cao Weidi , Ge Shulin , Xu Jinxiu , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming
Published: October 2018

Catalytic asymmetric ene-type reactions of vinylogous hydrazone with isatins, α-ketoester, imines and aldehydes were accomplished which gave an environmentally friendly, straightforward approach to afford bioactive chiral α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone derivatives.
In situ topotactic synthesis of a porous network Zn2Ti3O8 platelike nanoarchitecture and its long-term cycle performance for a LIB anode
Authors: Kong Xingang , Wang Xing , Ma Dingying , Huang Jianfeng , Li Jiayin , Zhao Ting , Yin Lixiong , Feng Qi
Published: October 2018

Porous network Zn2Ti3O8 platelike nanoarchitecture was prepared by an ion exchange reaction and further in situ topotactic transformation, and it exhibited an enhanced reversibility capacity of 408 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles at a current density of 1 Ag−1.
Improvement of emission intensity, colour rendering index and thermal stability of Ca9Ce(PO4)7:Eu2+,Mn2+viaH3BO3doping
Authors: Wang Chao , Wang Zhijun , Cheng Jinge , Li Zhenling , Tian Miaomiao , Yang Zhiping , Li Panlai
Published: October 2018

Properties of Ca9Ce(PO4)7:Eu2+,Mn2+can be tuned by adding H3BO3.
Assessing protein conformational landscapes: integration of DEER data in Maximum Occurrence analysis
Authors: Gigli Lucia , Andrałojć Witold , Dalaloyan Arina , Parigi Giacomo , Ravera Enrico , Goldfarb Daniella , Luchinat Claudio
Published: October 2018

DEER data improve the understanding of protein conformational landscapes.
A novel fluorescent sensor for water in organic solvents based on dynamic quenching of carbon quantum dots
Authors: Wei Jianfei , Yuan Ye , Li Haikuo , Hao Dan , Sun Chenying , Zheng Guo , Wang Rui
Published: October 2018

A novel fluorescent sensor for water in organic solvents was proposed based on dynamic quenching of carbon quantum dots.
Synthesis of porous Pd nanoparticles by therapeutic chaga extract for highly efficient tri-modal cancer treatment
Authors: Gil Yeong-Gyu , Kang Seounghun , Chae Ari , Kim Young-Kwan , Min Dal-Hee , Jang Hongje
Published: October 2018

Porous palladium nanoparticles were designed and synthesized to maximize the pharmacological activity of the chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) extract, which has anticancer and antibacterial activities.
A novel peptide dendrimer LTP efficiently facilitates transfection of mammalian cells
Authors: Kozhikhova Ksenia V. , Andreev Sergey M. , Shilovskiy Igor P. , Timofeeva Anastasiia V. , Gaisina Alina R. , Shatilov Artem A. , Turetskiy Evgeny A. , Andreev Igor M. , Smirnov Valeriy V. , Dvornikov Anton S. , Khaitov Musa R.
Published: October 2018

An arginine-rich peptide dendrimer, LTP, is a new low-toxicity promising tool for intracellular gene delivery.
Thickness-tunable core–shell Co@Pt nanoparticles encapsulated in sandwich-like carbon sheets as an enhanced electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Xiang Tao , Fang Ling , Wan Jing , Liu Li , Gao Jiao Jiao , Xu Hai Tao , Zhang Hui Juan , Gu Xiao , Wang Yu
Published: October 2018

Two-dimensional sandwich-like Co/C samples with a series of different thicknesses of Pt layers have been developed for oxygen reduction reaction.
A high capacity nanocrystalline Sn anode for lithium ion batteries from hydrogenation induced phase segregation of bulk YSn2
Authors: Zheng Xinyao , Yang Chengkai , Chang Xinghua , Liu Zhiliang , Wu Xiuqi , Zhou Henghui , Zheng Jie , Li Xingguo
Published: October 2018

The Sn/YHx prepared with hydrogenation-induced phase segregation shows impressive volumetric capacity.
Enhanced thermoelectric performance of Bi–Sb–Te/Sb2O3 nanocomposites by energy filtering effect
Authors: Pakdel Amir , Guo Quansheng , Nicolosi Valeria , Mori Takao
Published: October 2018

24 month high-ZT stability of Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3/Sb2O3 nanocomposites that demonstrate simultaneous Seebeck coefficient enhancement and thermal conductivity decline through energy filtering effect.
Carbon microspheres with well-developed micro- and mesopores as excellent selenium host materials for lithium–selenium batteries with superior performances
Authors: Park Gi Dae , Kim Jong Hwa , Lee Jung-Kul , Chan Kang Yun
Published: October 2018

Highly porous carbon microspheres with well-developed micro- and mesopores were fabricated as excellent host materials for selenium by applying a spray pyrolysis process.
Near-infrared organic photodetectors based on bay-annulated indigo showing broadband absorption and high detectivities up to 1.1 μm
Authors: Verstraeten Frederik , Gielen Sam , Verstappen Pieter , Kesters Jurgen , Georgitzikis Epimitheas , Raymakers Jorne , Cheyns David , Malinowski Pawel , Daenen Michaël , Lutsen Laurence , Vandewal Koen , Maes Wouter
Published: October 2018

Organic photodetectors made from a BAI-based near-infrared copolymer reach high detectivities of 1012 Jones and low dark currents of 10−7 A cm−2.
Impact of HARQ on VoLTE cell capacity for mixed radio condition in duplex mode
Authors: Senapati Rajiv , Pati Hemanta Kumar
Published: October 2018

The impact of hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) retransmission on Voice over Long Term Evolution (VoLTE) cell capacity is investigated in a single LTE cell. An analytical model is proposed to estimate the cell capacity in terms of number of users. The effect of HARQ on cell capacity is investigated and it provides solution to derive transmission parameters in a given radio condition to estimate VoLTE cell capacity. This model may be further useful while estimating call blocking performances and to design efficient Call Admission Control for next generation cellular mobile networks.
Efficient 3DFV for improved discrimination of ballistic warhead
Authors: Choi I.O. , Jung J.H. , Kim K.T. , Riggs L. , Kim S.H. , Park S.H.
Published: October 2018

For improved discrimination of a ballistic warhead from a decoy, a simple 3D feature vector (3DFV) is proposed that is composed of the fundamental frequency, the bandwidth, and the sinusoidal moment of the time–frequency image. Compared to two existing methods, the 3DFV was more efficient and gave results that were less sensitive to noise.
Spectral clustering and spatial Frobenius norm‐based Jaya optimisation for BS of hyperspectral images
Authors: Patro Ram Narayan , Subudhi Subhashree , Biswal Pradyut Kumar
Published: October 2018

The hyperspectral images (HSIs) often suffer from Hughes effect, as it records information of a single scene in several spectral bands. This can be mitigated by reducing the dimension of HSI. A novel framework for hybrid band selection (BS) is proposed in this work. The proposed technique is a multi‐objective approach, which incorporates clustering (spectral) and intra‐band (spatially filtered) de‐correlation measure (Frobenius norm) as maximisation of two cost functions. Heuristic optimisers are very sensitive to their associated hyperparameters. So, in the proposed architecture, Jaya optimisation is used for BS, as it does not possess any algorithm‐specific control parameter. Spatial and spectral features are extracted for both BS and classification (using support vector machine) for evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed/ experimented approaches. The evaluated performance measures are overall accuracy, average accuracy, and kappa (K). The experimental result shows that the proposed BS approach is better or competent with other experimented state‐of‐the‐art methods. The advantages of the proposed framework can be stated as: (i) spectrally distinct and spatially invariant objective formulation; (ii) Jaya optimisation with minimal control parameters; (iii) optimised ranking for more accurate BS; and (iv) performing classification using spatial–spectral features for further band reduction with the desired accuracy.
As‐global‐as‐possible stereo matching with adaptive smoothness prior
Authors: Yao Peng , Zhang Hua , Xue Yanbing , Chen Shengyong
Published: October 2018

More global matching (MGM) overcomes the limitation of one‐dimensional scanline optimisation in semi‐global matching (SGM). Nevertheless, the possible weaknesses of the MGM algorithm are as follows: (i) only two directions are considered for each image traversal direction, which may lead to massive mismatches; (ii) disparity estimation around the object boundaries usually performs terrible since the smoothness term is designed independent of the image prior. In this research, the authors consider all of the four directions for each image traversal direction through a novel model. Besides utilising the prior of neighboured pixels' correlation, adaptive smoothness terms are modelled and augmented into the energy function. These contributions encourage ‘as‐global‐as‐possible (AGAP)’. More importantly, different from the recent works in which the aggregated algorithms have been conducted as the data term of an energy function, conversely, the authors make the energy function as a part of cost aggregation framework. Performance evaluations on Middlebury v.2 and v.3 stereo data sets demonstrate that the proposed AGAP outperforms other four most challenging stereo matching algorithms, and also performs better on Microsoft i2i stereo videos. In addition, under various strategies of parallelisation, the presented AGAP shows a near real‐time execution time.
Dual‐frequency‐controlled C‐TPTL DC−DC converter for high and wide input voltage applications
Authors: Liu Fuxin , Zhang Wuyang , Kennel Ralph
Published: October 2018

Traditional three‐level (TL) DC−DC converters are suitable for the power conversion with high‐input voltage, but the performance of the converter is difficult to be optimized within a wide‐input‐voltage range. A combined three‐phase TL (C‐TPTL) DC−DC converter suitable for high and wide input‐voltage applications was investigated, and the topology consists of a TL clamping cell and a three‐phase full‐bridge (TPFB) sub‐converter cell. The TL clamping cell ensures that the voltage stress on switches is half of the input voltage, and the TPFB cell reduces the current rating of switches and the output filter requirement. Meanwhile, the C‐TPTL converter can operate in the half‐input‐voltage mode and full‐input‐voltage mode by controlling the switching sequence of the TL clamping cell. The relationship between the input and output voltages, and the choice of the boundary between different operation modes were discussed. Also, the loss analysis to achieve the optimal efficiency was included. A 200–600 V input and 48 V–20 A output prototype was fabricated and tested in the lab, and the experimental results can effectively verify the theoretical analysis and the performance of the C‐TPTL converter.
Step‐charging technique for CC/CV mode battery charging with low‐cost control components in IPT systems
Authors: Na Kyungmin , Ma Hyunggun , Namgoong Gyeongho , Kim Katherine A. , Jung Jee‐Hoon , Bien Franklin
Published: October 2018

In wireless power transfer technology, power control technique is required to realise constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) modes for battery charging. CC and CV modes are needed to effectively charge lithium (Li)‐ion batteries to ensure long life span and maximum capacity utilisation. The use of additional battery charging circuitry reduces efficiency, increases volume, and increases circuit complexity. The frequency modulation method is a method that can control power without an additional charging circuit, but a high‐resolution controller is needed to control the voltage and current for charging the battery by frequency modulation. This study proposes a system that controls current and voltage for CC and CV modes through a step‐charging method using a battery hysteresis with a low‐cost control system. The in‐band communication circuit is analysed and used to link the primary and secondary sides of the inductive power transfer (IPT) coils, which enables effective feedback control without an additional wireless communication module. This method enables high‐efficiency charging while minimising the overall size and cost of mobile IPT applications such as power tools. The proposed system shows 90.3% transfer efficiency with a 20.75 V, 4 Ah Li‐ion battery at 7 mm distance.