bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
الانتماء في الأدب الأندلسي دراسة تحليلية
Authors: العطوي مشعل بن سلمان بن عتيق
Published: February 2023

يهدف البحث إلى دراسة الانتماء في الأدب الأندلسي، كما يهدف إلى مناقشة بعض الشبهات التي أثيرت حول موضوع الانتماء في الأدب الأندلسي والرد عليها، وتم تقسيمه إلى مقدمة وتمهيد وثلاثة مباحث، أمّا التمهيد فقد تناولت فيه التعريف بمفهوم الانتماء، ثم تحدثت في المبحث الأول عن الانتماء إلى المشرق، وفي المبحث الثاني تحدثت عن الانتماء إلى الأندلس، وفي المبحث الثالث تحدثت عن التقاطبية الأندلسية، وقد استعنت في هذه الدراسة بالمنهج التاريخي في تتبع نشوء الانتماء في الأدب الأندلسي، وقد توصل البحث إلى: دحض مقولة "احتقار المشارقة لكل ما هو أندلسي"، وأثبتُّ بالشواهد محبة وتطلع المشارقة للأدب الأندلسي ومعرفة أدبائه، وأنّ التقاطبية الأندلسية هي الحالة الأنسب في وصف ثنائية الانتماء في الأدب الأندلسي.
الانزياح الاستبدالي في شعر عبد الله الوشمي
Authors: العراجة آلاء بنت أحمد حمد
Published: February 2023

عُني البحث بدراسة "الانزياح الاستبدالي في شعر عبدالله الوشمي" في ضوء المنهج الأسلوبيّ، وقد قام على مبدأ: (الانزياح) كما ورد لدى (ريفاتير)، وعلى هذا الأساس مضى البحث في كشف الانزياح الاستبداليّ الذي يرى أن البنية الأسلوبية لنصٍّ ما تتحدَّد بتوالي العناصر الموسومة في مقابل غير الموسومة في مجموعات ثنائية تمثل السِّياقَ والإجراءَ المضادَّ له الذي لا ينفصل عنه. وحاولت الباحثة أن تتتبَّع "الانزياح الاستبدالي" للوشمي الوارد في دلالات القصائد التي تتحدَّث عن الشعر في سبعة نماذج، تمثل سبعة مباحث، هي: إسناد أفعال إنسانية إلى ما هو غير إنساني، وإسناد صفات لونية إلى أشياء ليست ملونة بطبيعتها، وإسناد النعت إلى منعوت غير معهود، وإسناد المحسوس إلى غير المحسوس، واستخدام اللفظ للدلالة على غير معناه الأصلي، والتداعي، والتشخيص، ثم خلص البحث إلى جملة من النتائج، أبرزها: استخدام الوشمي "القصيدة" في سياق الموت والألم والحزن؛ فجعلها متنقِّلةً بين: الانتحار، والاغتيال، والتشييع؛ وذلك للدلالة على موت القيم الإنسانية، وضياع الهوية الأخلاقية.
الوظيفة النسقية لظاهرة الصالونات الثقافية النسائية في المملكة العربية السعودية مقاربة ثقافية
Authors: الدوسري سحر بنت عبد الرحمن
Published: February 2023

يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة الكيانات الثقافية النسائية التطوعية في المملكة العربية السعودية، بقصد استنطاق بيانات هذه الكيانات، والتأمل والمقارنة بين مضمراتها ووظائفها النسقية، مستعينًا بأدوات المنهج الثقافي، وقد قُسِّم إلى تمهيدٍ يعرِّف بمصطلح صالون، ويتحدث عن نشأته وأوليته قديما وحديثًا، ومبحث أول يقدم معلومات وصفية عن الصالونات في المملكة العربية السعودية، ومبحث ثانٍ يسلط الضوء على الوظيفة النسقية لهذه الكيانات الثقافية؛ ابتداء بما اتكأت عليه كل مؤسسة في التسمية التي اختارتها لمبادرتها الثقافية، والفترة الزمانية، والبقعة المكانية التي رأت بها المبادرة النور، مرورًا بمهنة الـمُؤسسة، وتخصصها، ونتاجها العلمي، وأضواء ذلك على مبادرتها المجتمعية، وما خطَّته لمبادرتها من أهداف، وموارد تمويل، ومقر، وإن كانت قد اتخذت لمخرجات مبادرتها الثقافية وسيلة توثيق تكسبها صفة التعميم والديمومة، وإن كان ثمة وسائل إشهار لأنشطة الجمعية العامة على منصات التواصل الاجتماعي وليس لذات مؤسستها الفردية. وقد خلص البحث إلى جملة من النتائج أبرزها: أهمية حوكمة هذه الجهود الفردية وإكسابها الطابع التعاوني الجمعي، إلى جانب دور التركيز والتوثيق المنتظم والمرونة في استمرارية هذه الأنشطة.
توظيف ابن الخشَّاب للشواهد الشعريَّة في كتابه (المرتجل في شرح الجُمل) وموقف النحويين منها
Authors: القحطاني وداد بنت أحمد بن عبدالله
Published: February 2023

يدرس البحث توظيف ابن الخشَّاب للشواهد الشعريَّة في كتابه (المرتجل في شرح الجُمل) وموقف النحويين منها، وهو موضوع يحتاج إلى الدراسة والبحث فيه؛ لمعرفة طريقة توظيف الشواهد عندهم في الاستدلال بها. ويمثِّل ابن الخشَّاب أحد نحاة القرن السادس أنموذجًا لنحويي عصره، الذي احتذى نهج مَنْ سبقه في كتاب المرتجل، فكانت الشواهد الشعرية عنده لها القدح المعلَّى على باقي أنواع الشواهد السماعيَّة في كتابه، وقد قُسِّم إلى: مقدمة، وتمهيد، وستة مطالب تبيّن طريقة توظيف ابن الخشاب للشواهد الشعريَّة. وقد خَلص إلى نتائج من أهمها: أنَّ أكثر مواضع توظيف ابن الخشَّاب للشواهد الشّعريَّة كانت لبيان اطراد القاعدة، ولم ينسب أغلب الشَّواهد الشعرية لقائلها، كما هي عادة النحويين. وأحيانًا يوظِّف أكثر من شاهد شعري لبيان صحة الاستعمال النحوي في المسألة الواحدة، وجميع شواهده التي استشهد بها جاءت في عصور الاحتجاج ماعدا بيتًا ذكره لأبي نواس من باب التمثيل وتوضيح ما أُخذ عليه فيه.
الإدراك والتوهم التأويلي عند الآلوسي مقاربة إدراكية
Authors: الغامدي عزة علي
Published: February 2023

تسعى هذه الدراسة إلى استجلاء الفكر الآلوسي التأويلي الإدراكي في تفسيره الموسوم بـــ(روح المعاني), من حيث إن الخطاب التفسيري هو عمل تأويلي ينهض بالكشف عن المعاني الخفية, واستيضاح المقاصد الخطابية التبليغية, وهو إذ يضطلع بهذا العمل يلج إلى عقل المتلقي فيعالج ما يجول فيه من افتراضات وتوقعات, ويحاور فهمه للخطاب في ضوء ما يعتمل في ذهنه من تصورات, وقد اتخذت الدراسة من الوصف التحليلي الاستقرائي أداة تحليل وتقص, مستعينة بآليات البحث اللساني الإدراكي، الذي يهدف إلى تبيين الكيفية التي ترتبط بها اللغة والعالَم في الذهن البشري, وقد قُسمت هذه الدراسة إلى مبحثين، تناول المبحث الأول مفاهيم إدراكية أساسية، كالإدراك وعلاقته باللغة والعالم, وتناول المبحث الثاني مفهوم التوهم ووسائل دفعه في الخطاب، بوصفه مفهومًا إدراكيًّا وآلية تأويلية, ومن جملة النتائج التي خلص إليها البحث أن الآلوسي لم يفصح عن إجراءات منضبطة تشكِّل منهجًا تأويليًّا إدراكيًّا منظمًا, ولكن حسبه تلك الشذرات التي ألمعت إلى اهتمامٍ بتناول معاني الخطاب بوصفها تمثيلات ذهنية.
استضافة الغريب كما يراها جاك دريدا
Authors: آل حَـمُّـوض عبدالرحيم بن أحمد
Published: February 2023

يهدف هذا البحث إلى بيانِ معنى استضافةِ الغريب عند جاك دريدا، وتم تقسيمه إلى مقدمة ومبحثين، يدور المبحثُ الأول حول مفهومي استضافةِ الغريب عند دريدا، ودوافع انتقال المفهوم من المكان/القيمة إلى الثقافةِ، أما المبحثُ الثاني فيتناول الجانب التطبيقيّ لهذا المفهوم، في كتابه (أحاديَّة الآخرِ اللغويَّة) وفي نظره إلى الترجمة بوصفها وسيلة للتعدد والاختلافِ. وقد خلص إلى مجموعة من النتائج لعلّ أهمَّها أنَّ دريدا وقفَ على الجانبين اللغويّ والثقافي لاستضافةِ الغريب، فرأى أنَّها تعني: القبول، والتَقَبُّلَ، والاستقبالَ، والموافقة، والأخذ، والإعطاء، والترحيب، كما جاءَ المعنى عنده ليباري رؤيتَي إيمانويل كانط، وإيمانويل لوفيناس، على أنَّه يلتقي معهما مرةً، ويتجاوزهما أخرى. وقد جعلَ مدخل الاستضافةِ عنده الإقرار بحقّ الآخرِ في الاخـــ(ت)ـــلافِ، كما جعلَ فضاءَ الفكرِ الأوروبيَّ مادةً لتطبيقِ مقالتِه؛ عندما سعى إلى تفكيكِ الذَّاتِ الغربيّة المتعالية، التي رأتْ أنَّها مركزُ الكونِ، وبهذا عُدَّتْ مقالةُ دريدا هذه دعوةً لإعادةِ صياغةِ كونيَّةٍ جديدةٍ للإنسانيَّة، تقومُ على الضيافةِ التي سَتُعطِي صيغةً تَسالميَّةً منفتحةً، فيها احترامٌ مُتبادلٌ للهُويّاتِ والمعتقداتِ. كما توصل هذا البحثُ إلى أنَّ كتاب دريدا "أحاديَّةُ الآخرِ اللغويَّةِ" قد جاءَ أنموذجًا تطبيقيًا للضيافةِ داخلَ لغةِ الغير. وإلى أهمية الترجمةِ في بناءِ جسورِ التواصلِ مع الآخر المختلفِ إذ في بعضِ اللغاتِ نقص لا ينجبرُ إلّا بأنْ تستضيفَ غيرها.
اللون وأثره في تشكيل الصورة في ديوان (اللّيْل والطريق) للشّاعر التونسي الميداني بن صالح
Authors: الخرابشة علي قاسم
Published: February 2023

تناولت هذه الدراسة اللون وأثره في تشكيل الصورة في ديوان (اللّيْل والطريق) للشّاعر التونسي الميداني بن صالح. وقد استجلى البحث عدة ألوان وهي: اللون الأسود، واللون الأبيض، واللون الأحمر، واللون الأخضر، واللون الأصفر، في ضوء منهج جمالي يقوم على قراءة النتاج الشعري، ورصد الشواهد الدالة على اللون في الديوان وتحليلها وتفسيرها، كما أدى اللون في ديوان" الليل والطريق" دورا حيويا في إغناء الدلالات والمعاني القصدية في القصيدة، والتعبير عن المعاني والأبعاد النفسية للتجربة الشّعرية. لقد جاء البحث مشتملا على مقدمة ومبحثين ونتائج. تناول في المبحث الأول اللون في اللغة والاصطلاح، والثاني، اللون في ديوان الميداني بن صالح. وتوصل البحث إلى مجموعة من النتائج منها: أن اللون كان معبرا واضحا عن طبيعة الحالة الشعورية للشّاعر، وأعطى إيقاعا مناسبا في علاقته مع بناء القصيدة.
الجناس في الشعر اليمني في القرون السابع والثامن والتاسع الهجرية
Authors: الدلالي فؤاد أحمد أحمد
Published: February 2023

يقدمُ البحثُ قراءةً تحليليةً فنيةً للجناس في شعر اليمن في القرون السابع والثامن والتاسع للهجرة الذي لا نجد قصيدةً فيه أو مقطوعةً إلا وهي مزينةٌ بإحدى أنواعه، ومستندةٌ في ينائها عليه، حتى بلغ الشعر اليمني فيها أوج قوته وازدهاره في العصر الإسلامي الوسيط. يتكون البحث من مقدمة فمناقشة الموضوع فالخاتمة التي تلخص نتائج البحث. توصل البحث إلى أن الشعراء اليمنيين أولوا جلَّ عنايتهم بعنصر الحناس، وظهرت إحدى تجلّياته المهمة عند استخدامهم له في بناء إبداعهم الشعري والإيقاعي، فظهر الجناس بأنواعه المختلفة حليةَ بديعيةً، استغلها أولئك الشعراء؛ لتزيين قصائدهم، وتوليد الإيقاع وإثراء الدلالة، ووظفوه في خدمة المعنى، وإن خرج إلى التقعر والتكلف في حالات نادرة.
Soft Power in the Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Prospects and Potentials
Authors: PhD Scholar Khalid Saifullah , Associate Professor Irfan Hussain Qaisrani , Professor and Dean Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Adam Saud
Published: February 2023

Transition and diffusion of power are changing the political context and have made soft power more relevant than ever. The Government of Pakistan has started taking some initiatives to harvest soft power through its foreign policy. These include providing development assistance, signing bilateral and multilateral agreements, promoting culture, providing scholarships to international students, contributing to global peace and providing humanitarian assistance. This study aims to describe how soft power operates within the foreign policy of Pakistan. It also aims to explain how far the integration of soft power in foreign policy benefitted Pakistan and what new strategies are there to explore. The study borrows the conceptual framework of soft power proposed by Joseph Nye, follows the qualitative research design and uses primary and secondary data.
The ‘Petrocurrency’ Determinants in Growing Sino-US Confrontation: Implication for South Asia
Authors: Assistant Professor Ahmed Ijaz Malik
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this article is to identify the areas where China’s internationally rising monetary and petrocurrency influence is likely to conflict with the US’s monetary as well as strategic interests. It is assumed that China’s creation of mutually financially supportive networks of economic, monetary, petrocurrency as well as highly innovative and expanding defence industrial structures are sources of generation and reinvestment of revenues and surpluses which are directly coming in conflict with the US’s international interests and especially in the South Asian region. In this perspective, this article poses the questions: what are the innovative developments in China’s refinement of its petrocurrency and its internationally extended arms industry? How are these leading to confrontation with the US? And lastly what are the impacts of this monetary and petrocurrency policies on the South Asian region? In the theoretical domain, this article addresses the role of the combination of monetary and strategic factors in growing confrontation between the two great powers and the possibilities of conflicts leading to changes in international polarity and order. It is argued that China appears to suggest that its new version of international order encourages economic competition among great powers; however, this newly emerging Chinese global monetary and geostrategic network has equal risks of leading to strategic confrontations and armed conflict between China and the US as well as South Asian states.
Outbreak of Ralstonia bacteraemia among chronic kidney disease patients in a haemodialysis unit in the Philippines
Authors: Aranas Denmarc , Demot Bernard , Cajulao Thea Pamela
Published: February 2023

Ralstonia insidiosa is an opportunistic pathogen considered an emerging problem among clinically vulnerable populations such as those with chronic kidney disease. This study presents three cases of Ralstonia bacteraemia among chronic kidney disease patients in a haemodialysis unit in Baguio City, the Philippines. Case 1 was an elderly male who experienced chills during two concurrent dialysis sessions. Case 2 was a young female who also experienced chills and dizziness during a dialysis session; as this was thought to be related to hypotension, she was admitted. Case 3 was an elderly female with known hypertension and diabetes who had been newly diagnosed with chronic kidney disease; she was brought to the emergency room hypotensive, dyspnoeic and disoriented with deranged laboratory parameters and was admitted to the intensive care unit. All three cases had blood cultures positive for R. insidiosa with an attack rate of 1.67%. Drug and device tracing were conducted and environmental samples collected to identify the source of infection. A sample from the faucet of the reprocessing machine in the haemodialysis unit that was positive for Ralstonia spp. was the source of the outbreak. Control measures were implemented and the haemodialysis unit was thoroughly cleaned. No further cases were reported, with active surveillance continuing until January 2022. Taken with previously published outbreaks, these findings suggest that medical products and devices can be contaminated with Ralstonia spp. and cause illness. Early identification of cases and the source of infection is required to prevent large outbreaks in this vulnerable population.
Systematic sequencing of imported cases leads to detection of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant in central Viet Nam
Authors: Hung Do Thai , Nguyen Bao Trieu , Do Thi Thu Thuy , Olmsted Allison , Trinh Hoang Long , Nguyen Duc Duy , Huynh Kim Mai , Hien Bui Thi Thu , Nguyen Van Van , Tran Van Kiem , Vo Thi Thuy Trang , Nguyen Truong Duy , Ton That Thanh , Huynh Van Dong , Gould Philip , Moore Matthew
Published: February 2023

As authorities braced for the arrival of the Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), infrastructure investments and government directives prompted action in central Viet Nam to establish capacity for genomic surveillance sequencing. From 17 November 2021 to 7 January 2022, the Pasteur Institute in Nha Trang sequenced 162 specimens from 98 150 confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases in the region collected from 8 November to 31 December 2021. Of these, all 127 domestic cases were identified as the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant, whereas 92% (32/35) of imported cases were identified as the B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant, all among international flight passengers. Patients were successfully isolated, enabling health-care workers to prepare for additional cases. Most (78%) of the 32 Omicron cases were fully vaccinated, suggesting continued importance of public health and social measures to control the spread of new variants.
critical analysis of e-banking frauds and laws in India
Authors: Modi Seema , Premani Vanshika , Kaur Mandeep
Published: February 2023

The present era is the age of science and technology. Information communication and technology has a great contribution to society. It has contributed to all spheres of society.  The banking field is no exception to it. Just because of e-banking, money can be transferred at any time without waiting for the opening of banks. E-banking is therefore quite speedy and convenient. However, there is a drawback to online banking. It isn't completely safe. A significant sum of money is moved illegally through e-banking scams. A poor ordinary man makes great efforts to save money for emergency situations, but e-banking fraudsters employ every malfeasance to make money quickly and steal from the poor. There are laws in place to regulate it. True evidence of it may be found in the Information Technology Act of 2000. In addition to that, the Reserve bank also promptly releases instructions in this respect. In order to address these serious concerns, a separate complaint cell has been developed. However, it has been shown that these offences are becoming worse every day. Therefore, it is important to research it and identify a workable solution to this problem.
ANTI-HEMORRHOIDAL ACTIVITY OF AYURVEDIC CREAM IN RATS
Authors: Pawar Anil T. , Deshmukh Chinmay D. , Jadhav Digambar K. , Kulkarni Ranganath R. ,   School of Pharmacy, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune-411 038, Maharashtra, India
Published: February 2023

Piloheal cream is an Ayurvedic proprietary medicine claimed to be effective in the treatment of hemorrhoids. The present work was undertaken to evaluate the anti-hemorrhoidal activity of Piloheal cream against croton oil-induced hemorrhoids in rats. The hemorrhoids were induced by applying 3% croton oil preparation in the anorectal region. Rats were intrarectally administered with Piloheal cream, twice a day for 4 days. Hemorrhoids were assessed by measuring macroscopic parameters such as weight, area of mucosal damage, and the number of red thrombi of anorectal tissue along with histology of the tissue. Croton oil-induced hemorrhoids were prevented by treatment with Piloheal cream as indicated by the decrease in macroscopic and histological changes in Piloheal treated rats as compared to hemorrhoids-induced rats. It is concluded that Piloheal cream exhibits a beneficial effect on croton oil-induced hemorrhoids and is useful in the treatment of hemorrhoids.
PHARMACODYNAMIC EVALUATION OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA FRUIT EXTRACT AGAINST LEAD ACETATE-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS
Authors:   Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Delhi Road (NH-24), Moradabad - 244 102, Uttar Pradesh, India, Singh Ranjeet , Sachan Neetu , Singh Shiv D. , Chandra Phool
Published: February 2023

Lead is a toxicant that may induce a wide range of social, biochemical, and physiological changes in humans. This study is undertaken to evaluate the pharmacodynamic effects of dietary supplementation of Averrhoa carambola, fruit extract (ACF) against lead acetate-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Six groups of rats were used in this study namely, control, lead acetate (20 mg kg-1, ip), lead acetate (20 mg kg-1, ip) + 200 mg kg-1 silymarin orally (reference drug), lead acetate + 100 mg kg-1 ACF orally, lead acetate + 150 mg kg-1 ACF orally and lead acetate + 200 mg kg-1 ACF extract orally. All experimental groups except the control received the lead acetate by intraperitoneal route for 5 days and normal saline or silymarin or ACF by oral route employing an orogastric cannula for seven days. Lead intoxication leads to a significant increase in ALT and AST activities, malondialdehyde (MDA), and a significant decline in liver homogenate, reduced glutathione (GSH) level, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Different doses of ACF supplement, as well as silymarin, led to improving biochemical parameters of serum and liver and prohibited the lead acetate-induced significant changes in plasma and antioxidant status of the liver. ACF or silymarin supplement exhibited more antioxidant activity. Conclusively, the present work results reveals that the treatment of lead-intoxicated rats with A. carambola fruit extract supplement revealed a significant increase in GSH level, CAT, SOD activity, and a decrease in TBARS levels as compared to lead-intoxicated rats, indicating its antioxidant activity
FORMULATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF A NOVEL MEFENAMIC ACID TOPICAL CREAM
Authors:   Department of Community and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, 63000, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia, I. W. Ahmad Wan Nurfatini , Liew Kai Bin , B.V.S Lokesh , Rashid Shaharuddin A.
Published: February 2023

Mefenamic acid (MA) is a Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID), which has been established in pharmacologic management of musculoskeletal disorders. This study was designed to formulate and conduct an in vitro evaluation of a novel MA topical cream, which would reduce the gastrointestinal associated toxicities related to oral administration. A concentration of 1-2% of MA was prepared by using a different combination of the excipients. Either ethanol or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are employed as vehicles for hydrophobic compounds, which are commonly used as solvents. The creams were evaluated by their physical properties, stability studies and addition of an in vitro anti-inflammatory test for mefenamic acid creams. The physical studies include organoleptic test, pH test, spreadability test and dye test while for the stability studies, the creams were tested with accelerated stability studies and microbial growth. MA in DMSO showed better anti-inflammatory effect compared to MA in ethanol in the correlation of results with that of marketed products. In conclusion, this study proved that MA cream can also be a good choice of semi-solid formulation and further studies would be suggested to enhance this cream as a novel choice of formulation to be introduced and marketed by the pharmaceutical industry
Does Rwanda’s flagship microcredit programme boost agriculture and incomes?
Authors:   College of Business and Economics, African Centre of Excellence in Data Science, University of Rwanda, Gikondo, Kigali-Rwanda, Habimana Dominique ,   Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Ital, Haughton* Jonathan ,   Department of Economics, Suffolk University, Boston MA, USA
Published: February 2023

One of the three components of Rwanda’s flagship anti-poverty programme, Vision 2020 Umurenge (VUP), is the provision of credit to relatively poor households, nearly all of them farmers. In this paper we estimate the impact of the programme using high-quality household survey data from 2013/2014 and 2016/2017. Using the panel data, the double-difference model shows that households that borrow increase their stock of livestock. This is confirmed by the cross-section inverse probability-weighted regression adjustment models, which also find that VUP borrowing leads to more purchases of farm inputs, greater consumption (especially of home-produced food), lower poverty, and greater secondary school enrolment, but not to more hours worked. While VUP loans account for only 2% of the value of microcredit in Rwanda, they do help fill a need for production credit at a scale large enough to be able to help households appreciably increase their agricultural and other assets, and ultimately their income.
Will Nation-state Survive?: A Narrative on its Decline, Essentiality and Alternatives
Authors:   Faculty of Arts and Chairman, Department of Political Science, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, Assadi Muzaffar
Published: February 2023

The debate over whether nation-states are a recent development or a long-standing phenomenon, as well as whether to prioritise the nation or the state when analysing nation-states, has recently taken on a lot of significance. This has sparked discussion on whether the idea itself is a part of the liberal agenda, a project to homogenise the nation at the expense of many cultural practises, or is just a phenomenon that is deeply troubled. There are arguments that attempt to portray the nation-state as vanishing in the midst of globalisation, yet many continue to support its relevance by putting up alternative models. Keywords: Globalization; McDonaldization; Clash of Civilization; Dialogue among nations
Clothing – A Mark of Noble Identity in Early Modern Transylvania (II)
Authors:   Facultatea de Istorie și Filosofie, Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca, Lupescu Makó Mária
Published: February 2023

For a long time, it was the garment that gave the person individuality. Once the costume was lost, the identity was lost. Clothing is, therefore, one of the essential markers of social convention, with each part of the population being assigned a specific role and place, easily recognizable by shape and color. The symbolism of clothing articles, with a very different cut and color range, could immediately be interpreted by the contemporaries. Based on the last wills of the Transylvanian nobility, this study proposes to examine the role of clothes as status indicator, or the social role of noble men’s clothing in the late sixteenth century and the first half of the seventeenth century in Transylvania. From a structural point of view, the study continues the topics addressed in the first part, discussing issues concerning the value of white clothing and women’s attire in terms of rank and status in society.
‘Five-Day Labor.’ The Mass Deportations in the Autumn of 1944 in the Memory of the Former Székely Internees and Prisoners of War
Authors:   Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca, Benkő Levente
Published: February 2023

The experience of imprisonment at the end of World War II and during the subsequent period is still deeply etched in the survivors’ memory. Throughout the present paper, the author deals with specific issues related to the topic, focusing on the ordeal of some Hungarians from the Székelyland who took part in the operations and were taken prisoner by the Soviet and Romanian authorities both from the front and through centrally issued orders and instructions regarding those who had returned to civilian daily life. The author turns to several of the dozens of interviews with survivors that he has collected during the 1990s and the 2000s, but also to archival sources that reveal the details of how they were taken prisoners and their attachment to the homeland and the loved ones left behind. The paper approaches the topic from the bottom up, from the perspective of individuals affected by the war and its consequences.
Conservation and Restoration of Archaeological Textiles. A Child’s Dolman from the Seventeenth-Eighteenth Centuries
Authors:   Muzeul Național de Istorie a Transilvaniei, Cluj-Napoca, Mago Andrea Beatrix , Chetrari Mihaela ,   Muzeul Național de Istorie a Transilvaniei, Cluj-Napoca, Csók Zsolt ,   Muzeul Național de Istorie a Transilvaniei, Cluj-Napoca
Published: February 2023

Several archaeological textiles were discovered in 2019 during the rehabilitation works of the Calvinist Church in Huedin. A child’s dolman was among the items of clothing found in the crypt. The dolman is a three‑dimensional piece of clothing made of green silk brocade ornamented with vegetal motifs arranged in 4.5 cm wide vertical registers. Its components were assembled by hand stitching with running stitches using silk threads. From the moment the piece arrived at the National Museum of Transylvanian History, it went through several conservation‑restoration processes meant to restore its structural integrity. The undertaken treatment allowed for its display and storage in optimal conditions.
A Study of Derivative and Integration a Neutrosophic Functions
Authors:   Departement of  Mathematics, port said, Egypt, Salamah Ahmed ,   Departement of  Mathematics, Albaath University,Homs, Syria,   Departement of  Mathematics, Albaath University,Homs, Syria, Alaswad Malath F. , Dallah Rasha
Published: February 2023

The objective of this paper is to study and define the neutrosophic real functions with one neutrosophic variable depending on the geometric isometry (AH-Isometry), with a lot of concepts from real analysis including continuality, differentiability, derivativility, integrability. We have presented the formal forms of different popular functions in neutrosophic environment like logarithmic function, exponential function, trigonometric functions. Rising neutrosophic derivative, indefinite integral, and definite integral well defined including rising to neutrosophic functions.
Bucket-Handle Meniscus Tear Management With Meniscectomy Versus Repair Correlates With Patient, Socioeconomic, and Hospital Factors
Authors: Mercier Michael R. , Galivanche Anoop R. , Efthymiou Lazaros , Wilhelm Christopher V. , Grauer Jonathan N. , Gardner Elizabeth C.
Published: February 2023

Introduction:

Bucket-handle meniscus tears are common knee injuries that are often treated surgically with meniscectomy or meniscal repair. Although clinical factors may influence the choice of one treatment approach over the other, the influence of patient, socioeconomic, and hospital factors remains poorly characterized. This study aimed to estimate the relative nationwide utilization of these two procedures and delineate a variety of factors that are associated with the selection of one treatment approach over the other.

Methods:

Meniscal repair and meniscectomy procedures conducted for isolated bucket-handle meniscus tears in 2016 and 2017 were identified in the Nationwide Ambulatory Surgery Sample database. Cases were weighted using nationally representative discharge weights. Univariate analyses and a multivariable logistic regression model were used to compare patient, socioeconomic, and hospital factors associated with meniscal repair versus meniscectomy.

Results:

In total, 12,239 cases were identified, which represented 17,236 cases after weighting. Of these, meniscal repair was conducted for 4,138 (24.0%). Based on the logistic regression model, meniscal repair was less likely for older and sicker patients. By contrast, several factors were associated with markedly higher odds of undergoing meniscal repair compared with meniscectomy. These included urban teaching hospitals; geographic location in the midwest, south, and west; and higher median household income.

Discussion:

Using a large nationally representative cohort, the current data revealed that only 24.0% of surgically treated bucket-handle meniscus tears were treated using repair. Identification of patient, socioeconomic, and hospital factors differentially associated with meniscal repair suggest that other factors may systematically influence surgical decision-making for this patient population. Surgeons should be conscious of these potential healthcare disparities when determining the optimal treatment for their patients.

Level of Evidence:

Level III
Trends of Venous Thromboembolism After Total Hip Arthroplasty in the United States: Analysis From 2011 to 2019
Authors: Agarwal Amil R. , Das Avilash , Harris Andrew , Campbell Joshua C. , Golladay Gregory J. , Thakkar Savyasachi C.
Published: February 2023

Background:

In 2011, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons released a Clinical Practice Guideline` that recommended routine venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis after total joint arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to examine (1) the change in the incidence of 90-day VTE, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism, (2) the change in the utilization of antithrombotic agents; and (3) the change in the economic burden associated with VTE after total hip arthroplasty (THA) from 2011 to 2019.

Methods:

National, administrative claims data from 2011 to 2019 were used to identify patients who underwent primary THA for osteoarthritis. Exclusions entailed liver pathology, coagulopathy, malignancy, or those on prior prescribed blood thinners before THA. Multivariable regression was used, controlling for age and Charlson Comorbidity Index for all years, with 2011 as the reference year.

Results:

From 2011 to 2019, there was a significant reduction in 90-day VTE rates after THA, with a significant reduction in deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism during this time frame as well. Of the antithrombotic agents prescribed after THA, the utilization of prescribed aspirin significantly increased and that of nonaspirin anticoagulants significantly decreased. Among nonaspirin anticoagulants, the utilization of direct factor Xa inhibitors and direct thrombin inhibitors significantly increased. The added reimbursements associated with VTE after THA significantly decreased during this period.

Conclusion:

Since 2011, the incidence and economic burden associated with VTE after THA have significantly declined. In addition, there has been an increase in prescription aspirin and direct oral anticoagulants.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic, III.
Incidental Durotomy After Posterior Lumbar Decompression Surgery Associated With Increased Risk for Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Gouzoulis Michael J. , Joo Peter Y. , Caruana Dennis L. , Kammien Alexander J. , Rubio Daniel R. , Grauer Jonathan N.
Published: February 2023

Introduction:

Incidental durotomies can occur during posterior lumbar decompression surgery. Not only can this slow patient recovery but many surgeons recommend a period of bed rest in these situations, which can further slow mobilization. This immobility might be associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after spinal surgery. This study aims to determine whether incidental durotomies are associated with increased risk of VTE in patients undergoing lumbar decompression surgery.

Methods:

Adult patients undergoing laminectomy or laminotomy (excluding any with concomitant fusion procedures) for degenerative etiologies and with a minimum of 90-day follow-up were identified from the MSpine Pearldiver dataset. Incidental durotomies were identified based on hospital administrative coding, and patient demographics, comorbidities, and the occurrence and timing of VTE (deep vein thrombosis [DVT] and/or pulmonary embolism) were defined. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.

Results:

Of 156,488 lumbar decompression patients included in the study, incidental durotomies was noted for 2,036 (1.3%). Markedly more VTEs were observed in the first five days in the incidental durotomies group (P < 0.001) but not incrementally any day after (P > 0.05). On univariate analyses, a significant increased risk of VTE, DVT, and PE was observed (P < 0.001 for each). On multivariate analyses controlling for age, sex, and comorbidities, odds were significantly increased for VTE (Odds ratios = 1.75, P < 0.001) and DVT (OR = 1.70, P < 0.001) but not independently significant for pulmonary embolism.

Discussion:

Patients who have incidental durotomies during lumbar laminectomy or laminotomy surgery were found to have increased odds of VTE, primarily in the first five days. Although not all factors associated with this could be directly determined, slower mobilization would seem to be a likely contributing factor. Increasing mobilization and/or adjusting chemoprophylaxis in this group would seem appropriately considered.
Antibacterial Activities of Various Antibiotics Against Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli
Authors: Abbas Ansar
Published: February 2023

Antibiotics are a vital tool in the treatment of a wide range of bacterial diseases, but their overuse and abuse are leading to bacterial resistance. Objectives: To check the antibacterial activities of various antibiotics against E. coli. Methods: Collection of samples was done from patients at the Fatima Memorial Hospital's pathology department in Lahore, Pakistan, for this investigation. Total of 170 clinical isolates of E. coli were isolated from all samples collected. Conventional culture and biochemical tests were used for the identification of bacteria. Antibacterial activity were assessed by comparing antibiotic susceptibility patterns of all clinical isolates to commercial antibiotic discs (cefazolin, cefepime, cefixime, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, cephalothin, amikacin, amoxycillin, ampicillin, Augmentin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, gentamycin, imipenem, levofloxacin, linezolid, meropenem, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, rifampicin, and vancomycin) by using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Antibiotics which showed high sensitivity against Escherichia coli were imipenem (100%), nitrofurantoin (100%), gentamycin (99%) and amikacin (92%). Escherichia coli were showing high resistance to meropenem (100%), ceftazidime (98%), cefepime (78%), ofloxacin (78%), cefuroxime (78%), cefazolin (74%) and ciprofloxacin (65%). Conclusions: We concluded that meropenem, ampicillin, cefuroxime and cefepime showed widespread resistance against all E. coli clinical isolates. There is need to improve the technical facilities to minimize the antibiotic resistance by selecting appropriate antibiotics and proper hand washing recommended.
Relationship between Ethnic Enclave Settlements with Development Spectrum in Gambella City Ethiopia
Authors: Wal Simon Mun , Asseffa Tibebu , Belachew Samson Kassahun
Published: February 2023

The Gambella enclave serves as a crossroads for trade between Ethiopia and Sudan. Since then, weak development in relation to its enclave settlement has been observed. Keeping these gaps in mind, the paper is motivated by a study of the relationships between ethnic enclave settlement and weak development in city. A hybrid methodology was used in the study, and a sample size of 500 households from the five Kebeles that spatially structured Gambella city was used. Moreover, officials from the city administration, Gambella municipality, and Gambella urban development bureau were among the targets for interview. Data was gathered using a variety of instruments, including surveys, interviews, focus groups, and visual observations. Data from the survey was analyzed using RStudio. In this manner, an ethnic enclave settlement in Gambella city resulted in a significant level of 1 percent connection with four development spectrums, according to structural equation modeling (SEM) outputs that are either positive or negative, where a 72 percent mismatch in development sector because of the ethnic enclave settlement is observed. In order to properly utilize ethnic enclaves as resources for development and prosperity in Gambella, policymakers need comprehensive multicultural city planning that invests in residents’ attitudes and thinking. This planning has the potential to curb the observed challenges that hinder development in Gambella City through creating a favorable environment for local and indigenous knowledge, investing in huge public goods, and adopting new trends of entrepreneurship that can be admired by many who want to own the city.
A ESCOLHA PELO PARTO DOMICILIAR PLANEJADO: UMA REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA
Authors: Dos Santos Adrielly Stefanny Damascena , Estevão Isabela Carolina , Pegoraro Gabriela Barbosa , Do Carmo Lilian Sheila Melo Pereira , Rodarte Brunna , Renzi Eduarda Rosa
Published: February 2023

O domicílio já foi o único lugar onde as mulheres realizavam o parto, mas com mudanças que garantiam as mulheres terem mais acesso aos serviços de saúde o parto domiciliar passou a ser uma raridade, embora nos dias de hoje ainda exista algumas mulheres que escolhem pelo parto domiciliar, portanto o objetivo deste estudo é descrever quais são os fatores que levam a gestante escolher pelo parto domiciliar. Este estudo trata se de uma revisão bibliográfica de abordagem qualitativa que objetivou analisar os artigos científicos sobre a escolha pelo parto domiciliar planejado, utilizando as palavras-chaves: parto domiciliar; escolha; gestantes e enfermagem, no total foram selecionados 9 artigos científicos. Os fatores apontados nos artigos como determinantes para a escolha pelo parto domiciliar são a rejeição de intervenções desnecessárias que ocorrem no ambiente hospitalar, a liberdade/ autonomia de poder ser a protagonista daquele momento, a privacidade, o acolhimento da família e companheiro, o respeito, maior vínculo entre a mãe e o recém-nascido, experiências negativas sobre o parto hospitalar, conforto, poder sentir o processo natural do parto e o acesso as informações. Assim sendo os dados sugerem que o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) não tem o parto domiciliar incluído na assistência, dessa forma, maioria das mulheres que escolhem por esse tipo de parto possuem estabilidade financeira e emocional. Diante disso é necessário que o Sistema Único de Saúde coloque o assunto em pauta para que esse modelo seja implantado, fazendo desse momento da mulher especial e seguro no conforto de seu lar.
Ecotheology and Analysis of Christian Education in Overcoming Ecological Problems
Authors: Pangihutan Posman , Jura Demsy
Published: February 2023

Various environmental problems have become a central focus recently and are expected to increase in the coming years. God's command to Adam and Eve to fill and dominate the earth was not intended to exploit natural resources. As stated in Genesis 1:28,31; 2:15, one of God's purposes for creating humans is to inhabit, rule, and maintain the universe as a sustainable place to live. The method used in this study is a qualitative method with a review of literature on ecotheology and analysis of Christian Religious Education in overcoming ecological problems. The basis for understanding environmental theology (ecotheology) is the awareness that the environmental crisis is not only a secular problem, but also a serious religious problem, because it stems from religious misunderstandings about life. Through environmental theology, a review is carried out on religious understandings in society, especially regarding the position of humans and their responsibilities in relation to the nature that has been inhabited. The environment is a very important subject to pay attention to and of course it must get special attention within the learning and application of Christian Religious Education.
Kashmir in India-Pakistan Relations: Perspectives Pakistan's Nuclear Policy, Background and Development Towards conflict resolution
Authors: Souma Tawkeel
Published: February 2023

The conflict between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir problem still seems to be an obstacle in their relations. It has been 58 years since the dispute passed, but there is no final agreement that can be accepted by both parties. If 1947 is the independence day of India and Pakistan, then this year is the beginning of the suffering of the people of Kashmir. Pakistan, as the party that has the right to make Kashmir part of its territory, feels the need to continue to raise this issue even though it has to develop nuclear power.
Pelatihan Pengolahan Hasil Ternak Itik di Kawasan Lumbung Pangan Nasional, Kabupaten Sumba Tengah
Authors: Manihuruk Fitri M
Published: February 2023

Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia mengembangkan kawasan lumbung pangan nasional di Kabupaten Sumba Tengah, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Salah satu programnya adalah pengembangan ternak itik di kelompok tani. Sebagian besar kelompok tani belum mempunyai pengalaman di bidang pengolahan hasil ternak itik. Balai Besar Pelatihan Peternakan Kupang menyelenggarakan pelatihan teknis bagi non aparatur pengolahan hasil ternak itik di Kabupaten Sumba Tengah. Untuk mengukur efektivitas penyelenggaraan pelatihan tersebut dilakukan evaluasi dan monitoring. Evaluasi tersebut terdiri atas evaluasi penguasaan materi, peningkatan pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku peserta; serta kepuasan peserta terhadap penyelenggaraan pelatihan. Hasil evaluasi penguasaan materi menunjukkan rata-rata peserta menguasai materi. Hasil evaluasi peningkatan pengetahuan menunjukkan peserta mengalami peningkatan pengetahuan berdasarkan hasil post-test yang lebih tinggi. Hasil evaluasi terhadap sikap dan pengetahuan peserta menunjukkan sikap dan pengetahuan peserta sangat baik, di awal, tengah dan akhir pelatihan. Hasil evaluasi kepuasan peserta terhadap penyelenggaraan pelatihan menunjukkan peserta puas terhadap aspek kebersihan dan kenyamanan ruang kelas, keramahan dan kerapihan petugas, variasi dan kualitas menu makan, kelengkapan fasilitas praktek, serta ketersediaan alat bantu pengajaran.
Pelatihan Pembuatan Hand Sanitizer Terstandar dan Alami Sederhana sebagai Ketahanan Awal Keluarga pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 di Kampung Pabuaran Hilir Desa Sukatani Sukaraja Kabupaten Bogor
Authors: Widarsih R. Wiwi , Suhartini Suhartini , Amalia Annissa , Anwar Chairil , Pagiaghi Rhani , Rochman Rizky Fatur
Published: February 2023

Penularan penyakit di masa pandemi COVID-19 melalui media tangan cukup menarik perhatian sehingga terjadi peningkatan pemakaian hand sanitizer. Hand sanitizer dinilai lebih efisien dalam membersihkan dibanding sabun cuci tangan karena dapat membunuh spora bakteri, jamur, mikroorganisme resisten, serta melawan virus tanpa menggunakan air. Hand sanitizer terstandar harus menggunakan syarat yang sesuai dengan aturan Word Health Organization (WHO) dengan kandungan desinfektan, moisturizer, dan zat aditif lainnya. Mahalnya harga dan kesulitan masyarakat dalam memperoleh bahan pembuatan hand sanitizer menuntut masyarakat untuk mencari bahan alternatif pengganti yang mudah ditemukan namun memiliki efektivitas yang serupa. Pada kegiatan ini dilakukan pelatihan pembuatan hand sanitizer terstandar dan berbahan alami sederhana untuk memenuhi kebutuhan harian sekaligus untuk membantu ketahanan ekonomi masyarakat di masa pandemi. Tahapan kegiatan meliputi survei awal, uji coba pembuatan hand sanitizer, sosialisasi, pelatihan, evaluasi, dan pemantauan. Produk hand sanitizer yang dihasilkan tidak lengket dan beraroma menyegarkan. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat memiliki kepuasan dan minat yang tinggi untuk membuka usaha pembuatan hand sanitizer.
Penyuluhan Potensi Bahan Alami Dalam Pengawetan Tahu di IKM Kota Manis Kecamatan Gunung Putri Kota Bogor
Authors: Kholidanata Fareka , Widarsih Wiwi , Rosalina Rosalina , Supriatna Dadang , Amalia Annissa , Anwar Chairil
Published: February 2023

Tahu merupakan produk pangan dengan umur simpan rendah karena kandungan protein dan air yang tinggi sehingga pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bakteri menjadi optimal. Hal ini menyebabkan tahu mudah mengalami pembusukan sehingga mendorong pengusaha tahu untuk menggunakan pengawet. Saat ini masih banyak ditemukan pengusaha tahu yang menambahkan formaldehida sebagai pengawet karena dianggap paling efektif. Menurut peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 1168/MenKes/PER/X/1999, formaldehida merupakan bahan kimia terlarang untuk produk makanan karena bersifat racun bagi tubuh. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan kegiatan penyuluhan kepada pengusaha tahu agar tidak lagi menggunakan formaldehida sebagai pengawet tahu, namun sebaiknya mengunakan bahan alami seperti kunyit, bunga kecombrang, dan kemangi. Selain sebagai pengawet tahu, bahan alami juga memiliki potensi untuk digunakan dalam pengecekan kandungan formaldehida dalam produk tahu seperti bunga telang dan buah naga. Kegiatan penyuluhan ini tergabung dalam kegiatan pengabdian pada masyarakat (PkM) tim dosen Politeknik AKA Bogor. Adapun tahapan dari kegiatan PkM ini, yaitu kegiatan pra kegiatan (survei kelompok mitra, determinasi sasaran, dan persiapan sarana prasarana), pelaksanaan kegiatan, dan evaluasi (kemitraan dan tim kinerja). Target luaran dari kegiatan ini adalah meningkatnya pemahaman penggunaan bahan alami untuk pengawetan dan pengecekan formaldehida pada produk tahu. Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi, terlihat bahwa kegiatan ini diterima dengan baik, berdampak positif dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan.
ANALISIS KONTEN YOUTUBE SEBAGAI MEDIA BELAJAR BERBASIS E-LEARNING PADA MATERI PECAHAN
Authors: Aulia Rahmawati , Sucipto Lalu , Kinasih Indira Puteri
Published: February 2023

Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan sejauhmana konsep bilangan pecahan disajikan dalam konten video pembelajaran pada empat kanal di Indonesia diantaranya kanal Le Guru Les, Sigma Smart Study, Math Class Ku, dan Pras Academy. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode analisis konten. Data dikumpulkan melalui kegiatan analisis pada empat aspek yaitu aspek isi, aspek penyajian, aspek grafika, dan aspek bahasa yang memuat beberapa indikator disetiap aspek tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kanal Math Class Ku dapat membantu kesulitan belajar matematika materi pecahan karena mulai dari aspek isi yang memenuhi kompetensi dasar (KD) kurikulum 2013 sehingga tercapaiya tujuan pembelajaran materi pecahan kelas VII SMP, meskipun masih terdapat sub bab yang belum dibahas. Selain itu aspek penyajian dan grafika yang terdiri dari berbagai macam daya tarik baik berupa stimulus, gambar, maupun ilustrasi yang interaktif dalam membantu siswa memahami materi pecahan dan hanya ditemukan penggunaan dua kata tidak baku saja. Urutan kedua kanal Sigma Smart Study dari aspek isi masih terdapat KD yang tidak terpenuhi namun memuat beberapa gambar dan ilustasi pecahan namun terdapat suara yang terpotog dan penggunaan beberapa kata tidak baku. Urutan ketiga kanal Pras Academy dari aspek isi sudah memenuhi KD namun lebih kearah penyelesaian contoh soal dan menggunakan beberapa cara penyelesaian. Backgroud dari kanal ini masih monoton karena kurang dalam penggunaan daya tarik dan terdapat kalimat yang tidak efektif dalam membantu siswa memahami materi pecahan. Dan kanal yang keempat Le Guru Les yang memenuhi KD namun belum rinci dalam membahas konsep dasar pecahan dan masih sangat membutuhkan stimulus, gambar dan ilustrasi yang interaktif serta masih ditemukan beberapa penggunaan kata dan kalimat yang tidak efektif dalam membantu siswa memahami materi pecahan.