bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Эвфемизмы семантического поля секс в русском и польском языках с точки зрения их прямых значений
Authors: Fludra Elżbieta
Published: November 2021

The aim of this article is to compare the basic meanings of Russian and Polish euphemisms from the semantic ﬁeld of sex. Eight areas of this ﬁeld were examined: the terms for the sexual act, the male sex organ, testicles, the female sex organ, buttocks, breasts, and prostitutes. Along with the area of the sexual act, a separate meaning for ‘engaging in a sexual activity’ has been diﬀerentiated. The analysis showed that the basic meanings are divided into the same groups in both languages, which allows us to conclude that euphemisms from the semantic ﬁeld of sex in Russian and Polish are created based on similar cognitive foundations.
Überlegungen zur Aussprachebewusstheit im Kontext der Fremdsprachenvermittlung
Authors: Grzeszczakowska-Pawlikowska Beata
Published: November 2021

Multilingualism at the European or worldwide level is related to the need for changing the perception of foreign language teaching and learning. As a result, the concept of language awareness has been given a high priority. It implies the reﬂection on the language elements and their functions – language comparisons on the one hand, and the interdisciplinary sensitivisation for languages with the inclusion of language curiosity, etc. on the other. At the same time, the concept of language awareness plays a signiﬁcant role in the ﬁeld of tertiary language didactics, such as teaching German after English. With that in mind, this article presents in-depth reﬂections about the consciousness of pronunciation aspects and their multidimensional character.
Verbes français préﬁxés en „sur-” et leurs équivalents lexicographiques polonais
Authors: Hrabia Michał
Published: November 2021

The present paper belongs to the stream of the verbal preﬁxation contrastive studies. It aims at conducting a short investigation of French verbs preﬁxed by sur- and their Polish equivalents found in the “Great French-Polish Dictionary”. In the ﬁrst part, selected theoretical approaches concerning the French preﬁx sur- are presented, with particular attention to the semantic-based theories by Danny Amiot and Kristel Van Goethem. The second part focuses on the results of the contrastive French-Polish analysis of 48 verbs distributed into 9 semantic categories: excess, intensity, repetition, posteriority, simultaneity, spatial superiority, hierarchical superiority, notional uses, and lexicalized uses. The goal is to show what linguistic means (grammatical and/or lexical) the Polish language utilizes to express diﬀerent semantic values conveyed by the French preﬁx sur- in each of the listed categories. Consequently, the Polish equivalents are divided into several classes, of which the most relevant are: verbs preﬁxed by prze- and do-, prepositional constructions (with the prepositions na and nad), and periphrastic adverbial constructions.
Die Präposition „auf” als Verkettungskomponente
Authors: Pilarski Anna
Published: November 2021

The article presents the idea of examining the preposition auf ‘on’ from the generative perspective, in which the preposition is understood as an elementary unit of the mental lexicon (lexical array) without a syntactic category. The unit auf ‘on’ is treated as a phonological segment to which a corresponding syntactic category is assigned in the selected syntactic context. The syntactic processing system ensures the correct assignment through correct decoding from auf ‘on’ by concatenating various grammatical features with diﬀerent functions and meanings. The article analyses the unit auf ‘on’ in terms of concatenation properties in the syntactic process of sentence generation in German.
The role of inner speech in the speech production process
Authors: Sekścińska Izabela
Published: November 2021

The article summarizes the current state of understanding of the concept of inner speech and evaluates the role of the internal language in the speech generation process. First, the available deﬁnitions of inner speech are presented and its features are brieﬂy characterised. Subsequently, the inner voice is compared to overt speech and the main diﬀerences between those two planes of speech: the internal and the external one are outlined. Since the aim of the paper is to show the role of inner speech in overt speech production, a speech generation model which coalesces Levelt‘s (1993) assumptions with the stratiﬁ cational approach to language is presented. Diﬀerent stages of linguistic processing are described and the impact of internal languaging on linguistic output is discussed. It is claimed that inner speech plays a threefold role in overt speech production: (1) provides an inter-nal draft for external speech, (2) is vital for the self-monitoring system, and (3) supports working memory. Any impairment in the functioning of inner speech may thus lead to speech errors and slips of the tongue phenomena.
„Gesundheit/zdrowie” und „Krankheit/choroba” als kommunikativ semantisierte sprachliche Größen und Elemente des Systems der Kollektivsymbolik in Deutschland und Polen
Authors: Siemes Annette
Published: November 2021

The article deals with the words Gesundheit/zdrowie and Krankheit/choroba as communicationally semanticized language units, which have been analyzed (among other words) in the framework of a broader study concerning collective symbolism in Germany and Poland. In the context of the current situation that is characterized by the COVID-19 pandemic, both issues appear prominently in communications, so their detailed analysis seems to be particularly interesting. How the semantics of this words is shaped from the perspective of respondents who are asked to characterize their meaning? Moreover, the question comes up if and how such topicalities are reﬂected in the outcomes (collected, however, just at the beginning of the pandemic), particularly in the semantic proﬁles. It turns out that an eﬀect manifests itself, but it is only added to existing semantic constellations that have been stable over decades, without modifying them basically.
Pojęcie karalnego usiłowania w doktrynie oraz ustawodawstwie miast włoskich (XIII–XIV wiek)
Authors: Rudnik Wojciech
Published: November 2021

The notion of punishable attempt in doctrine and statutory law of Italian cities (13th–14th century)
The purpose of the article is organising the past knowledge about criminal liability of the intent to commit a criminal offence. The legal construction of first offences formed in the statutes passed by Italian cities from the thirteenth to the fourteenth century. The possibility of an unfettered enactment of these legal acts was related to the autonomy of peculiar state structures — urban communes. In statutory law the elements of Roman and Lombard law articulated one another. However, these previous legal systems did not yet know the liability for attempting to commit crime as a general rule. A major influence on the activity of urban legislators was exerted by the notions framed by contemporary jurists, concerning themselves with the theoretical grounds for the institution of attempted crime. The author gives instances of legal rules, originating from the statutes of various communes, which proclaim that the intent to commit an unlawful act was punishable, despite the act itself not being committed.
Der Begriff eines strafbaren Versuchs in der Doktrin und in der Gesetzgebung der italienischen Städte (13.–14. Jahrhundert)
Ziel des Beitrags ist, das bisherige Wissen über die strafrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit des Vorsatzes zur Begehung einer Straftat zu organisieren. Die Konstruktion des Versuchs ein Verbrechen zu begehen, erschien zum ersten Mal in den im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert durch die italienischen Städte erlassenen Statuten. Die Möglichkeit einer ungehinderten Entstehung dieser Rechtsakte war auf die Autonomie der eigenartigen institutionellen Form — der Stadtkommunen zurückzuführen. In der Satzungsgesetzgebung verbanden sich Elemente des römischen und des langobardischen Rechts miteinander. Diese früheren Rechtssysteme kannten jedoch grundsätzlich die Verantwortlichkeit für verbrecherischen Vorsatz noch nicht. Großen Einfluss auf die Tätigkeit der städtischen Gesetzgeber übten die Ansichten der damaligen Juristen aus, die sich mit der theoretischen Begründung der Institution des Versuchs befassten. Der Autor stellt Beispiele der Vorschriften dar, die den Statuten verschiedener Kommunen zu entnehmen sind und die von der Strafbarkeit eines Versuchs, eine Straftat zu begehen, ohne dass diese vollendet wurde, zeugen.
John Erskine z Carnock (1695–1768) — adwokat, profesor Uniwersytetu w Edynburgu, pisarz instytucjonalny
Authors: Szymura Mateusz
Published: November 2021

John Erskine of Carnock (1695–1768) — jurist, professor at the University of Edinburgh, institutional writer
The article is an attempt to describe John Erskine — a Scottish advocate, the second person to hold the chair of Scottish law at the University of Edinburgh, and an institutional writer. The author of An Institute and Principles largely abandoned the comparative approach of his predecessors in favour of a systematic interpretation of Scottish law enriched with scholarly reflection on its nature, whilst taking into proper account the current state of Scottish case law. Erskine’s works have not only provided a foundation for the education of many generations of Scottish jurists, but having found recognition in the eyes of Scottish jurisprudence, they have secured for themselves the status of a subsidiary source of law, and for their author, a great deal of respectability. 
John Erskine von Carnock (1695–1768) — Rechtsanwalt, Professor an der Universität Edinburgh, institutioneller Schreiber
Gegenstand des Beitrags ist der Versuch die Gestalt von John Erskine zu schildern. Er war schottischer Rechtsanwalt, zweite Person, die den Posten des Professors für schottisches Recht an der Universität Edinburgh bekleidete und zugleich ein institutioneller Schreiber. Der Verfasser von Institutionen und Grundsätzen verzichtete überwiegend auf die komparatistische Auffassung seiner Vorgänger zugunsten des systematischen Vortrages des schottischen Rechts, bereichert um wissenschaftliche Reflexion seinen Charakter betreffend, unter gleichzeitiger Berücksichtigung des aktuellen Standes der schottischen Rechtsprechung. Die Werke von Erskine stellten nicht nur ein Fundament der Edukation vieler Generationen schottischer Juristen dar, aber nachdem sie durch die schottische Jurisprudenz anerkannt wurden, sicherten sie sich auch den Status einer subsidiären Rechtsquelle, und dem Autor dieser Werke — großen Respekt.
O genezie instytucji usiłowania i pracach nad jej ujęciem w projekcie polskiego kodeksu karnego z 1932 roku
Authors: Pasek Andrzej
Published: November 2021

On the origins of attempt and the work on its codification in the draft of the Polish Criminal Code of 1932
The paper presents the origins of attempt as well as the work conducted in the Criminal Unit and the Criminal Law Section of the Codification Commission of the Republic of Poland on the juridical construction of attempt. The discussion and analysis are based on the papers delivered during a meeting of the section by Juliusz Makarewicz and Aleksander Mogilnicki. The proposals presented in them were used in the final version of Chapter III of the draft Polish Criminal Code. The author demonstrates that the construction of attempt was shaped by in-depth discussions within the criminal law section. The aim was to codify attempt in a modern manner in the Criminal Code, taking into account earlier legislation as well as legal doctrine.
Über die Genese der Institution des Versuchs und die Arbeiten um ihre Erfassung im Entwurf des polnischen Strafgesetzbuches aus dem Jahre 1932
In der Bearbeitung wurden die Genese der Institution des Versuchs und der Verlauf der Arbeiten der Strafabteilung und der Sektion Strafrecht der Kodifikationskommission der Republik Polen präsentiert, die ihre rechtliche Struktur betrafen. Die Grundlage der Diskussion und der Analyse stellten die Referate von Juliusz Makarewicz und Aleksander Mogilnicki dar, die während der Verhandlungen der Sektion vorgetragen wurden. Ihre Vorschläge wurden für die Vorbereitung der endgültigen Gestalt des 3. Kapitels des Entwurfes des polnischen Strafgesetzbuches verwendet. Es wurde bewiesen, dass die Form der Institution des Versuchs nach eingehenden Überlegungen im Rahmen der Sektion Strafrecht ausgearbeitet wurde. Das Ziel war, sie in dem Strafgesetzbuch modern zu erfassen, unter Berücksichtigung der Leistungen der früher geltenden Gesetzgebung und der Jurisprudenz.
The EcoMobileum: Experiencing the World of Environmentally Friendly Urban Mobility
Authors: Schwedes Oliver , Otto-Zimmermann Konrad
Published: November 2021

With its sights set on sustainable development, transport policy finds itself confronted with the challenge of convincing people to abandon the current path of growth and instead use small, slower vehicles with a reduced range in the future. The problem with this goal is that people's mental structures are shaped by the car ensconced in their heads. Thinking in other terms hardly seems possible; moreover, many of the products classified as vehicles, but smaller in scale than the "car" and that already exist, remain unknown, nor can they be tried out - they are quite literally nowhere to be seen. In light of this situation, the German Federal Environmental Foundation has commissioned a feasibility study to explore the establishment of a World of Experience (Erlebniswelt) of sustainable urban mobility - the EcoMobileum®. Here, the aim is to open up the horizons of a new culture of mobility in order to get people excited about the transformation of mobility.
Exact Solutions and Dynamic Properties of Perturbed Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation Arised From Nano Optical Fibers
Authors: Xin Baoshu , Chen Shuangqing
Published: November 2021

The main idea of this paper is to investigate the exact solutions and dynamic properties in optical nanofibers, which is modeled by space-time fractional perturbed nonlinear schr\"odinger equation involving Kerr law nonlinearity with conformal fractional derivative. Firstly, by the complex fractional traveling wave transformation, the traveling wave system of the original equation is obtained, then a conserved quantity, namely the Hamiltonian is constructed, and the qualitative analysis of this system is conducted via this quantity by classifying the equilibrium points. Moreover, the prior estimate of the existence of the soliton and periodic solution is established via the bifurcation method. Furthermore, all exact traveling wave solutions are constructed to illustrate our results explicitly by the complete discrimination system for polynomial method.
Targeting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress as an Effective Treatment for Alcoholic Pancreatitis
Authors: Li Hui , Wen Wen , Luo Jia
Published: November 2021

Pancreatitis and alcoholic pancreatitis are serious health concerns, and there is an urgent need for effective treatment strategies. Alcohol is a known etiological factor for pancreatitis, including acute pancreatitis (AP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP). Excessive alcohol consumption induces many pathological stress responses; of particular note is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR). ER stress results from the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded protein in the ER and is implicated in the pathogenesis of alcoholic pancreatitis. Here we summarize the possible mechanisms by which ER stress contributes to alcoholic pancreatitis. We also discuss potential approaches targeting ER stress and UPR for developing novel therapeutic strategies for the disease.
Meta-Analysis of Transcriptome-Wide Association Studies Across 13 Brain Tissues Identified Novel Clusters of Genes Associated with Nicotine Addiction
Authors: Ye Zhenyao , Mo Chen , Ke Hongjie , Yan Qi , Chen Chixiang , Hong Elliot L , Kochunov Peter , Mitchell Braxton D , Chen Shuo , Ma Tianzhou
Published: November 2021

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified and reproduced thousands of diseases associated loci but many of them are not directly interpretable due to the strong linkage disequilibrium among variants. Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) incorporated expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) cohorts as reference panel to detect associations with the phenotype at the gene level and were gaining popularity in recent years. For nicotine addiction, several important susceptible genetic variants were identified by GWAS, but TWAS that detected genes associated with nicotine addiction and unveiled the underlying molecular mechanism were still lacking. In this study, we used eQTL data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) consortium as reference panel to conduct tissue specific TWAS on cigarettes per day (CPD) over 13 brain tissues in two large cohorts: UK Biobank (UKBB; N=142,202) and the GWAS & Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine use (GSCAN; N=143,210), and then meta-analyzed the results across tissues while considering the heterogeneity across tissues. We identified three major clusters of genes with different meta-patterns across tissues consistent in both cohorts, including homogenous genes associated with CPD in all brain tissues, partially homogeneous genes associated with CPD in cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus tissues, and lastly the tissue-specific genes associated with CPD in only few specific brain tissues. Downstream enrichment analyses on each gene cluster identified unique biological pathways associated with CPD and provided important biological insights into the regulatory mechanism of nicotine dependence in the brain.
From Mises and Hayek to the Planned and Mixed Economy. Planning Criteria, Basic Income, Guaranteed Job
Authors: Stefanov Yaroslav
Published: November 2021

Arguments of Mises and Hayek, who opposed the planned economy (PE), are used in the paper as a starting point for establishing the objective area of effective application of the PE. The abstract model of PE, based on the definitions of Mises and Hayek, leads to the conclusion that for the effective use of PE, it must be a part of mixed economy and it must produce a limited amount of essential goods of irreducible demand. These goods must be distributed among all members of society free of charge, evenly, without competition. Examples of a mixed economy are given that meet this requirement. Calculations of the personal benefit in the transition to a mixed model of the economy have been carried out. The positive and negative qualities of the planned and market methods of organization are considered. Mixed economy model combines these qualities in optimal construction. An analytical framework has been introduced for the construction of product characterization curves. Such curves provide criteria for determining the efficiency of manufacturing of this product in a planned economy. The general economic prerequisites for the usability of the PE are clarified. The applicability and advantages of the PE for the organization of the universal basic income (UBI) system are demonstrated. The possibility of using PE to solve the problem of guaranteed employment is mentioned.
Emerging Fabrication Techniques for Engineering Extracellular Matrix Biomimetic Materials
Authors: Ebhodaghe Samuel Ogbeide , Fattahi Farnaz Sadat , Ndibe Henry , Imanah Ojeaga Evans
Published: November 2021

There is need to address the challenges of organ shortage, through development of tissues and organs with alternatives to those of the allograft-kind. This illustrates the quest behind novel biofabrication strategies such as 3D bio-printing, which is necessary to create artificial multi-cellular tissues/organs. Several findings have been reported in this review. First, the role of ECM components in tissue regenerative medicine is presented. Different ECM components such as collagen, gelatin, elastin, fibronectin, laminins and glycosaminoglycans are concisely examined for their tissue regenerative medicine applications. Next, current state of research on extrusion-based 3D bio-printing techniques and their limitations are reviewed. For example, we show that cell viability is still a challenge with extrusion, while the use of natural polymers such as collagen in improving composites’ mechanical properties is limited. Lastly, we examine unresolved research questions necessary to advance the present state of research in the field.
Identification of RPS28 as a Promising Therapeutic Target for Osteosarcoma Patients with Poor Prognoses Stratified by a Seven-Gene Signature
Authors: Sun Yin , Zhou Juan , Wang Yongjie , Zeng Lin , Liang Chao , Zhou Jin , Shao Lan , Zhang Zhichang , Ji Weiping , Zhang Yunlong , Tu Shikui , Liu Zhiyan , Dong Yang
Published: November 2021

Osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor. More than 40% of patients with OSA have poor prognoses. We aimed to discover a biomarker for patient stratification and therapeutic targets for these high-risk patients. Using Single Sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) and univariate Cox analysis, six hallmarks were identified as significant prognostic factors for overall survival (OS). Three were selected to construct a multivariate Cox model. Then, WGCNA, univariate Cox regression, Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival analyses, and multivariate Cox analyses were combined to filter promising candidates and establish a seven-gene signature to predict OS, whose prognostic value was validated internally and externally. Subsequently, Differential Expression Analysis was conducted between high- and low-risk patients, and the Robust Rank Aggregation algorithm was used to determine the robust DEGs. Metascape was used to perform pathway and process enrichment analyses as well as construct protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. Finally, RPS28 was identified as an independent risk factor by using univariate and multivariate Cox regression, which was preliminarily validated as a promising therapeutic target by using RNA interference. In conclusion, we might contribute to optimizing risk stratification and an excellent therapeutic target for high-risk patients with OSA.
Synthesis of Novel Tamarind Gum-co-Poly(Acrylamidoglycolic Acid) based pH Responsive semi-IPN Hydrogels and their Ag Nanocomposites for Controlled Release of Chemotherapeutics and Inactivation of Multi Drug Resistance Bacteria
Authors: Nagaraja Kasula , Krishna Rao Kummari S.V. , Zo Sunmi , Han Sung Soo , Kummara Madhusudana Rao
Published: November 2021

Novel pH responsive semi-interpenetrating polymer hydrogels based on tamarind gum-co-poly(acrylamidoglycolic acid) (TMGA) polymers have been synthesized using simple free radical polymerization in the presence of bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate as a crosslinker and potassium persulfate as a initiator. In addition, these hydrogels have been used as templates for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (13.4±3.6 nm in diameter, TMGA-Ag) by using leaf extract of Teminalia bellirica as reducing agent. Swelling kinetics and equilibrium swelling behavior of the TMGA hydrogels have been investigated in various pH environment the maxium % equilibrium swelling behavior observed i.e., 2882±1.2. The synthesized hydrogels and silver nanocomposites have been characterized by the UV, FTIR, XRD, SEM and TEM. TMGA and TMGA-Ag hydrogels have been investigated to study the characteristics of drug delivery and antimicrobial study. Doxorubicin hydrochloride, a chemotherapeutic agent successfully encapsulated with maximum encapulstaion efficiency i.e., 69.20±1.2 and performed in vitro release studies in pH physiological and gastric environment at 37 ℃. The drug release behavior is examined with kinetic models such as zero order, first order, Higuchi, Hixson Crowell, Korsmeyer-Peppas. These release data was the best fitted with the Korsemeyer-Peppas transport mechanism with n=0.91. Treatment effect on HCT116 Cell, human colon cancer cells were assessed with cell viability and cell cycle analysis. Antimicrobial activity of TMGA-Ag hydrogels is studied against to Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia. Finally, the results demonstrate that TMGA and TMGA-Ag are promising candidates for anti-cancer drug delivery and inactivation of pathogenic bacteria, respectively.
Phage Therapy: A Potential Novel Therapeutic Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Gildea Logan , Ayariga Joseph , Abugri James , Villafane Robert
Published: November 2021

The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, especially in the clinical setting, has renewed interest in alternative treatment methods. The utilization of prokaryotic viruses in phage therapy has demonstrated potential as a novel treatment method against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. As the post-antibiotic era quickly approaches, the development and standardization of phage therapy is critically relevant to public health. This review serves to highlight the development of phage therapy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), an antibiotic-resistant bacterial strain responsible for severe clinical infections.
Escape From the Heat: Thermal Stratification in a Well-Mixed Estuary and Implications for Fish Species Facing a Changing Climate
Authors: Mahardja Brian , Bashevkin Samuel , Pien Catarina , Nelson Michelle , Davis Brittany , Hartman Rosemary
Published: November 2021

Climate change may cause organisms to seek thermal refuge from rising temperatures, either by shifting their ranges or seeking microrefugia within their existing ranges. We evaluate the potential for thermal stratification to provide refuge for two fish species in the San Francisco Estuary (SFE): Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus). We compiled water temperature data from multiple monitoring programs to evaluate spatial, daily, hourly, intra-annual, and inter-annual trends in stratification using generalized additive models. We used our data and models to predict the locations and periods of time that the bottom of the water column could function as thermal refuge for salmon and smelt. Periods in which the bottom was cooler than surface primarily occurred during the peak of summer and during the afternoons, with more prominent stratification during warmer years. Although the SFE is often exceedingly warm for fish species and well-mixed overall, we identified potential for thermal refugia in a long and deep terminal channel for Delta Smelt, and in the periods bordering summer for Chinook Salmon. Thermal stratification may increase as the climate warms, and pockets of cooler water at depth, though limited, may become more important for at-risk fishes in the future.
Evaluation of the Diagnostic Values and Utility of Helicobacter Pylori Stool Antigen Lateral Immunochromatography Assay
Authors: Abdelmalek Shaymaa , Hamed Wafy , Nagy Neven , Shokry Karim , Abdelrahman Hisham
Published: November 2021

Helicobacter pylori is the most common human gastric infection. H. pylori stool antigen lateral flow immunochromatography assay (HpSA-LFIA) is considered one of the most cost-effective and rapid non-invasive assays (active tests). The evaluation of this test is crucial for accuracy and utility assurance. This study aimed to evaluate the polyclonal antibody-based HpSA-LFIA in comparison to a monoclonal antibody-based ELISA kit. Methodology: Stool samples were collected from 200 gastric patients for HpSA-LFIA and semi-quantitative HpSA-ELISA. Statistical analysis of the diagnostic values was performed using MedCalc software. Chi-square tests were used to determine the effects of gender and age. Results: The obtained results found that HpSA-LFIA achieved promising sensitivity (93.75%) and NPV (98.00%). However, it had poor specificity, PPV, and accuracy, respectively, 59.76%, 31.25%, and 65.31%. LR+ & LR- were 2.33% & 0.1%, respectively. Gender had no significance on the di-agnostic parameters of HpSA-LFIA. Age groups had irrelevant sensitivity; however, specificity was significantly higher in patients over 45 years. Conclusion: It was concluded that HpSA-LFIA was not accurate enough to be the sole test for di-agnosis and needs other confirmatory tests in case of positive conditions
Synaptic Plasticity is Altered by Supraphysiological Levels of Retinoic Acid Acting Nongenomically however Endogenous Retinoic Acid Has Not Been Shown to Control Synaptic Plasticity
Authors: Duester Gregg
Published: November 2021

A paper recently published on forebrain cortical synaptic plasticity reports that retinoic acid (RA) induces synaptopodin-dependent metaplasticity in mouse dentate granule cells (Lenz et al., 2021). Retinoic acid (RA) is the active form of vitamin A that functions as a ligand for nuclear RA receptors that directly bind genomic control regions to regulate gene expression (Chambon, 1996; Ghyselinck and Duester, 2019). However, Lenz et al. report that RA functions in a nongenomic fashion to control forebrain cortical synaptic plasticity which modulates synaptic transmission to effectively respond to specific stimuli; specifically, they report that this nongenomic response occurs in the dorsal hippocampus but not ventral hippocampus. They performed RA treatment studies which provided information on how a supraphysiological level of RA effects synaptic plasticity. However, the authors did not perform an RA loss-of-function study to verify that endogenous RA is required for synaptic plasticity.
Selective Scandium (Sc) Extraction from Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) Obtained by Alkali Fusion-Leaching Method
Authors: Shoppert Andrei , Loginova Irina , Napol’skikh Julia , Kyrchikov Aleksey , Chaikin Leonid , Rogozhnikov Denis , Valeev Dmitry
Published: November 2021

One of the potential sources of rare-earth elements (REEs) is the solid waste from alumina industry - bauxite residue, known as “red mud” (RM). The main REEs from the raw bauxite are concentrated in RM after the Bayer leaching process. The earlier worldwide studies were focused on the scandium (Sc) extraction from RM by concentrated acids to enhance the extraction degree. This leads to the dissolution of major oxides (Fe2O3 and Al2O3) from RM. This article studies the possibility of selective Sc extraction from alkali fusion red mud (RMF) by diluted nitric acid (HNO3) leaching at pH ≥ 2 to prevent co-dissolution of Fe2O3. RMF samples have been analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Sc extraction has been found to be 71.2 % at RMF leaching by HNO3 at pH=2 and at 80 °C during 90 min. The kinetic analysis of experimental data by the shrinking core model has shown that Sc leaching process is limited by the interfacial diffusion and the diffusion through the product layer. The apparent activation energy (Ea) was 19.5 kJ/mol. We have established that according to EPMA of RMF, Sc is associated with iron minerals; it could act as the product layer. The linear dependence of Sc extraction of magnesium (Mg) extraction has been revealed. This fact indicates that Mg can act as a leaching agent of Sc presented in RMF by ion-exchangeable phase.
Quantitative Proteomics and Differential Protein Abundance Analysis after Depletion of PEX3 from Human Cells Identifies Additional Aspects of Protein Targeting to the ER
Authors: Zimmermann Richard , Lang Sven , Lerner Monika , Förster Friedrich G , Nguyen Duy , Helms Volkard , Schrul Bianca
Published: November 2021

Protein import into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the first step in the biogenesis of about 10,000 different soluble and membrane proteins in humans. It involves co- or post-translational targeting of precursor polypeptides to the ER and their subsequent membrane insertion or translocation. So far, three pathways for ER targeting of precursor polypeptides plus four pathways for ER targeting of mRNAs were described. Typically, these pathways deliver their substrates to the Sec61 polypeptide-conducting channel in the ER membrane. Next, the precursor polypeptides are inserted into the ER membrane or translocated into the ER lumen, which may involve auxiliary translocation components, such as the TRAP and Sec62/Sec63 complexes, or auxiliary membrane protein insertases, such as EMC and the TMCO1 complex. Recently, the PEX19/PEX3-dependent pathway, which has a well-known function in targeting and inserting various peroxisomal membrane proteins into pre-existent peroxisomal membranes, was also found to act in targeting and, putatively, inserting monotopic hairpin proteins into the ER. These either remain in the ER as resident ER membrane proteins or are pinched off from the ER as components of new lipid droplets. Therefore, the question arose if this pathway may play a more general role in ER protein targeting, i.e. represents a fourth pathway for ER targeting of precursor polypeptides. Thus, we addressed the client spectrum of the PEX19/PEX3-dependent pathway in both PEX3-depleted HeLa cells and PEX3-deficient Zellweger patient fibroblasts by an established approach, which involves label-free quantitative mass spectrometry of the total proteome of depleted or deficient cells and differential protein abundance analysis. The negatively affected proteins included twelve peroxisomal proteins and two hairpin proteins of the ER, thus confirming two previously identified classes of putative PEX19/PEX3-clients in human cells. Interestingly, fourteen collagen-related proteins with signal peptides or N-terminal transmembrane helices and belonging to the secretory pathway were also negatively affected by PEX3-deficiency, which may suggest compromised collagen biogenesis as a hitherto unknown contributor to organ failures in the respective Zellweger patients.
Adaptive Integral Sliding Mode based Path Following Control of Unmanned Surface Vehicle
Authors: González-Prieto José Antonio , Pérez-Collazo Carlos , Singh Yogang
Published: November 2021

This paper investigates the path following control problem for a unmanned surface vehicle (USV) in the presence of unknown disturbances and system uncertainties. The simulation study combines two different types of sliding mode surface based control approaches due to its precise tracking and robustness against disturbances and uncertainty. Firstly, an adaptive linear sliding mode surface algorithm is applied, to keep the yaw error within the desired boundaries and then an adaptive integral non-linear sliding mode surface is explored to keep an account of the sliding mode condition. Additionally, a method to reconfigure the input parameters in order to keep settling time, yaw rate restriction and desired precision within boundary conditions is presented. The main strengths of proposed approach is simplicity, robustness with respect to external disturbances and high adaptability to static and dynamics reference courses without the need of parameter reconfiguration.
Ethyl Loflazepate as a Treatment for Patients with Idiopathic and Psychogenic Taste Disorder
Authors: Shirakawa Hikaru , Sakata Ken-ichiro , Hato Hiroyuki , Sato Jun , Ohga Noritaka , Watanabe Haruhisa , Iori Takashi , Yamazaki Yutaka , Kitagawa Yoshimasa
Published: November 2021

Ethyl loflazepate (EL) is a benzodiazepine derivative that has been reported to activate the gustatory cortex. Our department routinely uses EL as a first-line treatment for idiopathic and psychogenic taste disorders, although little has been reported in the literature with respect to patient outcomes, so we conducted a retrospective study examining its safety and efficacy. Between 2008 and 2020, 49 patients (14 males and 35 females; mean age, 62.1 years) were diagnosed with taste disorders and received EL as their only treatment for >14 days. Severity of taste disorder was evaluated using the paper disc method by Sakai et al [7], and treatment efficacy was evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale, wherein patients gave subjective ratings for their symptoms (reductions by >50% after administration of EL for 4 weeks were defined as mprovements). Results showed that the improvement rates for patients with idiopathic and psychogenic taste disorders were 55% and 70%, respectively. Additionally, the majority (78%) improved within 2 weeks, and side effects were mild (seven cases of sleepiness and one case of dizziness). We conclude that EL is an appropriate first-line medication for patients with idiopathic and psychogenic taste disorders.
Landscape Analysis of Supportive Supervisory mechanisms in Maternal and Child Health Programs in India
Authors: Gupta Suruchi , Chatterjee Anirban , Joshi Ankur , Pakhare Abhijit
Published: November 2021

Background: Supportive supervision has lately been gaining traction in various national health systems as an effective way of boosting the performance of community health workers in a constructive and sustainable way. However, not much is known about the basis/mandate of supportive supervision and its approach in maternal and child health programs in India. The current analysis contributes to a clearer understanding of the paradigms within which supportive supervision is envisioned to operate within India and identifies potential strengths and areas requiring attention. Method: Document analysis of implementation documents such as guidelines/ operational manuals/operationalization modules/ training modules of nationally implemented maternal and child health programs, with data extraction according to a pre-determined domain-based template. Results: Many of the documents reviewed do not mention supportive supervision at all. In the few documents where supportive supervision is mentioned, the paradigms within which it is supposed to operate (who will do it, when will it be done, how to do it, training and logistic support, reporting formats, etc.) have not been clearly identified in most programs. Conclusion: Even though supportive supervision is being increasingly identified as an effective way of performative improvement in national health programs in India, more effort needs to be put into identifying and enforcing the tenets of supportive supervision in practice, in order to bring about the desired change.
Unification through Generalised Proper Time: The Elementary Construction of the Theory
Authors: Jackson David
Published: November 2021

Unification based upon the generalisation of proper time is proposed as a comprehensive framework to account for the fundamental structure of matter, in a manner contrasting with the more familiar approach based on extra dimensions of space. The elementary properties of matter to be incorporated include the Standard Model of particle physics together with a source for the dark sector and a coherent formalism for quantum gravity. We elaborate upon the manner in which all such material phenomena and empirical properties as distributed in an extended 4-dimensional spacetime can be encompassed within, and derived from, the continuous flow of time alone via a generalised arithmetic form for infinitesimal intervals of proper time. This approach will also be compared and contrasted with the basic structure of causal set theory as a means of demonstrating how it is possible to construct a full physical theory essentially from elements of time alone, as explicitly developed from the most elementary level. The conception of time as utilised and elucidated in this theory, with emphasis upon the causal continuum properties and as the basis for unification, will be clarified.
When and How Did Cannabis Reach Europe and the Iberian Peninsula?
Authors: Rull Valenti
Published: November 2021

Cannabis is among the oldest human domesticates and has been subjected to intensive artificial (human-mediated) selection through history, to create a wide array of varieties and biotypes for a diversity or uses, including fiber, food, biofuel, medicine and drugs, among others. This paper briefly reviews the available literature on the taxonomy, the evolutionary origin and the domestication of this plant, as well as its worldwide dispersal, either in its wild and cultivated forms. Emphasis is placed on Europe and especially on the Iberian Peninsula, which is the main target of this study. Today it is accepted that Cannabis is a monospecific genus with two subspecies, C. sativa subsp. sativa and C. sativa subsp. indica, originated in Europe and Asia, respectively, by allopatric differentiation after geographical isolation fostered by Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles. Palynological and phylogeographical evidence situate the Cannabis ancestor in the NE Tibetan Plateau during the Oligocene (ca. 28 Ma). The timing and place of domestication is still a matter of debate between contrasting views that defend single or multiple domestication centers, situated in different parts of the Eurasian supercontinent, notably central/southeastern China and the Caucasus region. Recent meta-analyses suggest that wild Cannabis may have been spread across Europe already in the Pleistocene (ca. 1 Ma), and its domestication could have been occurred during the European Copper/Bronze ages (7-5 kyr BP). According to the available reviews and meta-analyses, pre-anthropic dispersal of Cannabis into the Iberian Peninsula seems to have been occurred only in post-glacial times (18.5-15 kyr BP) and the earlier signs of cultivation date to the Early Medieval Ages (ca. 600 CE). However, the palynological and archaeological evidence used to date is insufficient for a sound assessment and the development of thorough Iberian databases to address further meta-analysis are essential for more robust conclusions. Some clues are provided for these achievements to be fulfilled.
Hyperinsulinemia Induces Insulin Receptor Dysfunction in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: Watson Luke S. , Wilken-Resman Brynna , Williams Alexus , Sanchez Guadalupe , McLeod Taylor Lowry , Sims-Robinson Catrina
Published: November 2021

Insulin receptors are internalized by endothelial cells; however, the impact of hyperinsulinemia on this process is not known. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the role of hyperinsulinemia on insulin receptor function and internalization, as well as the potential impact of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). To this end, hippocampal microvessels were isolated from male C57Bl/6J mice on either a control or high-fat diet and assessed for insulin receptor signaling. Cell surface insulin receptors in brain microvascular endothelial cells were labelled with biotin to assess the role hyperinsulinemia plays on receptor internalization in response to stimulation, with and without Claramine treatment, a potent PTP1B antagonist. Our results indicated that insulin receptor levels increased in tandem with insulin receptor dysfunction in the high-fat diet mouse hippocampal microvessels. Hyperinsulinemic cell-receptors demonstrate a shift in splice variation towards decreased IR-A/IR-B ratios and demonstrate a higher membrane-localized proportion. This corresponded with decreased autophosphorylation at sites critical for receptor internalization and signaling, however, Claramine restored signaling and receptor internalization in hyperinsulinemic cells. In conclusion, hyperinsulinemia negatively impacts brain microvascular endothelial cell insulin receptor function and internalization, likely through both alternative splicing and increased negative feedback from PTP1B.
Disinhibited-Like Behavior Correlates With Frontal Cortex Damage in Alcohol-Induced Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Authors: Moya Marta , López-Valencia Leticia , García-Bueno Borja , Orio Laura
Published: November 2021

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) is induced by thiamine deficiency (TD) and mainly related to alcohol consumption. Frontal cortex dysfunction has been associated to impulsivity and disinhibition in WKS patients. The pathophysiology involves oxidative stress, excitotoxicity and inflammatory responses leading to neuronal death, but the relative contributions of each factor (alcohol and TD, isolate or in interaction) to these phenomena are still poorly understood. A rat model was used by forced consumption of 20% (w/v) alcohol for 9 months (CA), TD hit (TD diet + pyrithiamine 0.25 mg/kg, i.p. daily injections the last 12 days of experimentation; TDD), and both combined treatments (CA+TDD). Motor and cognitive performance and cortical damage were examined. CA caused hyperlocomotion as a possible sensitization of ethanol-induced excitatory effects and recognition memory deficits. In addition, CA+TDD animals showed a disinhibited-like behavior, which appears to be dependent on TDD. Also, combined treatment led to more pronounced alterations in nitrosative stress, lipid peroxidation, apoptosis and cell damage markers. Correlations between injury signals and disinhibition suggest that CA+TDD disrupts behaviors dependent on the frontal cortex. Our study sheds light on the potential disease-specific mechanisms, reinforcing the need for neuroprotective therapeutic approaches along with preventive treatments for the nutritional deficiency in WKS.
Models That Link and Suggest Data about Elementary Particles, Dark Matter, and the Cosmos
Authors: Buckholtz Thomas J.
Published: November 2021

We suggest progress regarding the following six physics opportunities. List all elementary particles. Describe dark matter. Explain ratios of dark matter to ordinary matter. Explain eras in the history of the universe. Link properties of objects. Interrelate physics models. We use models based on Diophantine equations.
Double-Scale Gevrey Asymptotics for Logarithmic Type Solutions to Singularly Perturbed Linear Initial Value Problems
Authors: Malek Stephane
Published: November 2021

We examine a family of linear partial differential equations both singularly perturbed in a complex parameter and singular in complex time at the origin. These equations entail forcing terms which combine polynomial and logarithmic type functions in time and that are bounded holomorphic on horizontal strips in one complex space variable. A set of sectorial holomorphic solutions are built up by means of complete and truncated Laplace transforms w.r.t time and parameter and Fourier inverse integral in space. Asymptotic expansions of these solutions relatively to time and parameter are investigated and two distinguished Gevrey type expansions in monomial and logarithmic scales are exhibited.
Analysis of Genotype-Interaction of a 4-Year-Old Populus euramericana Using BLUP-GGE Technique
Authors: Liu Ning , Ding Changjun , Li Bo , Ding Mi , Su Xiaohua , Huang Qinjun
Published: November 2021

Poplar is a globalized commercial tree species that supports humanity's economy, energy, and ecology. To evaluate the twelve hybrid Populus euramericana genotypes developed in China, a total of six locations were selected for the test, comprising four climatic types and three soil kinds. The objective of this study is to characterize the early stages of Populus euramericana growth and test locations; to identify good genotypes for stable and high yield that may be encouraged; and to offer practical experience and technical assistance for further breeding of Populus euramericana. Main research methods include the statistical description of tree heights and diameter at breast heights[DBH], the establishment of a mixed effect model to analyze the genotype and environmental interaction effect [G×E], the use of best linear unbiased prediction[BLUP] values as GGE biplots to achieve visual screening, and the calculation of genetic parameters. Results show that the genotype effect [G], the environmental effect [E], and the G×E is significant; the BLUP value has a strong correspondence with the observed value; the goodness of fit of all biplots can explain more than 85% of the variation; broad-sense heritability of tree height and DBH is 0.13 and 0.3, type-B correlation is 0.36 and 0.65; G5, G7, G4 and G9 are excellent genotypes with high yield and stability; using these four genotypes tree height and DBH can get 3.35% and 0.81% genetic gains.The study concludes as follows: Rank-change interaction and scale-effect interaction were distinctly occurred. The G, E, and G×E all had a significant effect on the growth of poplar trees during their early stage. G4, G5, G7, and G9 genotypes have favorable development characteristics. N146 is a great source of paternal genetics.