bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emulsion electrospun PLA/calcium alginate nanofibers for periodontal tissue engineering
Authors: Ye Zhanchao , Xu Weihong , Shen Renze , Yan Yurong
Published: September 2019

Objective

The regeneration of periodontal bone tissue is a major obstacle in tissue engineering. We have recently designed a compound nanofiber scaffold for the tissue repair of periodontal bone, which was composed of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and calcium alginate (CA). The obtained improvements in both physical properties and biological effects on periodontal tissue were systematically evaluated and discussed.

Method

Neat PLA and PLA/CA nanofiber scaffolds were prepared by electrospinning technology. Scanning electron microscopy was applied for the observation of surface morphology. Their mechanical properties were evaluated in terms of elongation at break and elastic modulus. Hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature of the nanofibers was investigated by a stereomicroscope, and their vitro degradation was tested as well. Cell proliferation and adhesion were detected in order to evaluate the biocompatibility of nanofiber scaffolds. Expression of cell mineralization gene and formation of mineralization knots were examined so as to assess scaffolds’ capability of regenerating bone tissues. The expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β was utilized to decide the possibility of tissue inflammation caused by the nanofibers with the assistance of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay.

Results

The obtained nanofibers possessed uniform surface morphology. The elongation at break and elastic modulus of PLA/CA nanofiber scaffolds were higher than those of neat PLA. CA could enhance the hydrophilicity of PLA fibers; in the meantime, it promoted cell adhesion of periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Addition of CA had raised the expression level of cell mineralization gene and the formation of mineralization knots (BMSCs). On the other hand, both neat PLA fibers and PLA/CA fibers could induce higher expression level of inflammatory mediators and TLR4 of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs).

Conclusions

The introduction of CA enhanced the mechanical properties of neat PLA nanofibers and increased its hydrophilicity. Neat PLA nanofibers and PLA/CA scaffold could both facilitate BMSCs proliferation, while the addition of CA promoted BMSCs osteogenic differentiation. The improved (or enhanced) expression of inflammatory mediators caused by nanofibers might be regulated via TLR4 pathway.
Childhood Socioeconomic Status and Cognitive Function Later in Life: Evidence From a National Survey in Indonesia
Authors: Maharani Asri
Published: September 2019

Introduction:

Social and economic conditions in childhood have been found to predict cognitive ability in midlife and old age in high-income countries. This study examines the long-term effect of childhood conditions on cognition among a nationally representative sample of older adults in a low- and middle-income country.

Materials and Methods:

Data were obtained from the 2014 to 2015 Indonesia Family Life Survey Wave 5 (6676 respondents, aged 50 years and older). Cognitive function was assessed based on total score on a series of tests adapted from the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. Retrospective information was collected on childhood poverty, with questions including whether respondents ever experienced hunger before age 15, whether basic facilities were available, and the number of books in the childhood home. We used linear regression to examine the association between childhood conditions and cognitive function in later life.

Results:

The findings show that the numbers of facilities and books available in childhood homes are substantially associated with cognition in later life after taking adulthood characteristics into account. Childhood hunger has no significant association with cognitive ability in later life. Belonging to an older birth cohort and living in a rural area were shown to have negative associations with cognitive ability in Indonesia.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest that childhood poverty, birth cohort, and living in a rural area may contribute to cognitive aging in Indonesia. Policies and interventions that target childhood poverty in developing countries may also recognize the rural–urban divide in access to educational and other socioeconomic resources.
New preparation approach, electrical and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)-loaded graphene films
Authors: Saber Osama , Abu-Abdeen Mohammed , Aljaafari A , Mazher Javed , Ahmed Mohamad M , BoNagma Osama
Published: September 2019

Previous publications showed that graphene sheets polymer nanocomopsites were prepared by incorporating previously prepared graphene into the polymer matrix through two or more successive steps. In this work, graphene sheets were exfoliated from graphite inside the polymer matrix solution for certain period in one step. This approach was easy to perform, low cost, high mass production of graphene and, almost, produces effective results. In this respect, electrolytic solution from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and salt was prepared and exfoliation process took place inside it for different times. After that, solution was dried to get films of PVA loaded with different concentrations of graphene sheets. Scanning electron microscopic and transmission electron microscopic images of exfoliated graphene sheets were studied. Raman spectroscopy of graphite, graphene nanosheets, and PVA-loaded graphene was studied. The dielectric permittivity, dielectric loss, and alternating current electrical conductivity were studied and had maximum values at 10 min of exfoliation time. Cole–Cole impedance plots show semicircles behavior with lowest radius for samples prepared at 10 min. The elastic modulus was found to have a maximum value at exfoliation time of 30 min.
Kant, Divinity and Autonomy
Authors: Insole Christopher J.
Published: September 2019

I suggest that in Kant’s conception of autonomy, we have a faithful variant of a perennial philosophical conception of divinity, distinctively re-configured by Kant’s own preoccupations and system, but still recognisably oriented around some philosophical conceptions of the divine, which have their origins in deep classical wells, with dreams and memories of thought-thinking-itself, and joyously diffusing itself, generating plenitude and harmony. If this is correct, then we might find that the most interesting dialogue in the realm of ‘public theology’ is not necessarily between Christianity and secularism, but between Christianity and a latent pagan religious philosophy, that draws upon a perennial strand of Platonism in Western philosophy.
Review of the lateral resistance of ballasted tracks
Authors: Jing Guoqing , Aela Peyman
Published: September 2019

The lateral resistance is one of the main functions of continuously welded rails that are influenced by various factors such as rail temperature, specifications of fastening systems, sleepers, ballast layer, the maintenance process of rails, etc. Nowadays, heavy haul and high-speed railways are operated under extremely complicated conditions, with the structure of the ballasted track and sleeper types also being constantly innovated. Therefore, research on the lateral resistance of ballasted tracks needs further investigation. In this paper, the ballasted track profile, the characteristics of the ballast aggregates, maintenance, and innovative sleepers were investigated and categorized to precisely examine the lateral behaviour of the ballasted tracks. In addition, the changes in the specifications of the abovementioned factors and components were also investigated. It was concluded that the geometry of the ballast layer and the interaction between the ballast and the sleeper are the main factors that led to the higher lateral resistance. In this regard, changes in the shape and type of sleepers as well as the ballast could increase the resistance. The influence of the loading frequency induced by trains and environmental conditions should be considered in further studies.
Test analysis of a scalable UAV conflict management framework
Authors: Radanovic Marko , Omeri Marsel , Piera Miquel Angel
Published: September 2019

This study elaborates the conflict management framework of unmanned aerial vehicles, focusing on the identification of the spatiotemporal interdependencies between them, with consideration of the future scalability problems in highly dense traffic scenarios. The paper first tries to justify the applied separation criteria among small cooperative unmanned aerial vehicles based on their performance characteristics and the planned missions’ type. The adopted criteria, obtained from the simulations of 160 missions, present a testing asset, referring to a current lack of the spatiotemporal requirements and a need for extending the research in this area to provide a more rapid integration of these vehicles into the civil controlled airspace. The paper then elaborates the computational framework for the conflict detection and resolution function and operational metrics for causal identification of the spatiotemporal interdependencies between two or more cooperative vehicles. The vehicles are considered as a conflict mission system that strives to achieve an efficient solution by applying certain maneuvering measures, before a loss of separation occurs. The operational trials of five local, short-range missions, supported by the simulation scenario, demonstrate the potential for a time-based complexity analysis in the conflict resolution processes with less demanding and more efficient coordinated maneuvers. The results show that those maneuvers would not induce any new conflicts and disrupt the cooperative mission system when the spatial capacity only might not be favorable in provision of the avoidance maneuvers within an available airspace.
Economic effects of the liquid biofuel industry in South Korea using input–output analysis
Authors: Seo Hyoung-Ju , Kim Ha-na , Jeon Eui-Chan
Published: September 2019

Bio-energy is a research field that is of worldwide interest. South Korea, which imports all of its heavy fuel oil for consumption, passed a new law allowing bio-heavy oil made from animal fat, by-product of biodiesel processes, palm oil, and other leftover oil to be used to generate electricity in place of heavy fuel oil. As there is lack of policy research with respect to liquid biofuels, the purpose of this study is to define the bio-heavy oil industry in South Korea and to investigate the economic effects of bio-heavy oil. An input–output analysis model was used and demonstrated that the production-, value-added-, import-, and employment-induced effects of the bio-heavy oil industry were larger than those induced by the heavy fuel oil industry. As the import of fuel by the heavy fuel oil industry was greater than the bio-heavy oil industry, the import substitution effect of the bio-heavy oil industry was found to be greater. This resulted in a positive value for the net-induced effect of the bio-heavy oil industry. When considering the global concern with respect to the development and expansion of biofuel feedstock, this study shows the possibility of transforming heavy fuel oil plants distributed around the world into renewable energy sources.
Cultural heritage literacy: A survey of academics from humanities and social sciences
Authors: Öztemiz Semanur
Published: September 2019

In the 21st century, some factors, such as the awareness of multiculturalism, the preservation of local culture and the recognition of national cultural heritage, have led to the need for a new literacy skill called cultural heritage literacy. This study aimed to draw attention to the concept of cultural heritage literacy, defining the competencies of this literacy and investigating these competencies among academics from the humanities and social sciences at Hacettepe University Faculty of Letters, Turkey. Cultural heritage information needs and the information behaviours of academics were found to have differences in practices and perceptions across age, gender, status and subject disciplines. Within the scope of the study, a questionnaire with 30 questions was given to 114 academics from the humanities and social sciences at Hacettepe University Faculty of Letters, Turkey. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and a chi-square test. The findings show that most of the academics reported having strong cultural heritage literacy abilities. There are statistically significant correlations between participants’ demographic features and cultural heritage literacy. It is expected that this study will contribute to the professionals of cultural heritage institutions. By considering cultural heritage literacy skills, professionals of cultural heritage institutions can develop new information services for cultural-heritage literate people.
Protect us from ourselves: Balancing the parental instinct of saving
Authors: Ursin Lars , Syltern Janicke
Published: September 2019

Background

Neonatologists, legal experts and ethicists extensively discuss the ethical challenges of decision-making when a child is born at the limit of viability. The voices of parents are less heard in this discussion. In Norway, parents are actively shielded from the burden of decision-making responsibility. In an era of increasing patient autonomy, is this position still defendable?

Research question

In this article, we discuss the role of parents in neonatal decision-making, based on the following research question: Should parents decide whether to provide lifesaving treatment when their child is born at the limit of viability?

Research design

We conducted eight interviews with 12 parents, 4 individuals and 4 couples, all having experienced prenatal counselling at the limit of viability. The interviews took place at different university locations in Norway in the years 2014–2018.

Ethical considerations

All study participants gave their written informed consent. The Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics approved the study.

Findings

We identified six main themes in parents’ responses to the research question. Parents (1) experienced an emotional turmoil confronted with birth at the border of viability, (2) emphasized the importance of being involved in decision-making, (3) described and reflected on the need to balance the parental instinct of saving, (4) were concerned about the dilemmas involved in protecting the family, (5) were worried about the burden of overwhelming responsibility and (6) called for guideline relief.

Conclusion

The perceived parental instinct of saving the life of their child makes it hard for parents to step away from a call for ‘everything to be done’. Involvement of an interprofessional periviability team drawing on the experiences and viewpoints of nurses and neonatologists in decision-making is needed to protect both infants and parents against undue parental push for treatment and enable parents to make good decisions regarding their child.
Trading company for privacy: A study of patients’ experiences
Authors: Roos Anne Karine Østbye , Skaug Eli Anne , Grøndahl Vigdis Abrahamsen , Helgesen Ann Karin
Published: September 2019

Ethical considerations

The study was conducted according to the principles of Declaration of Helsinki, and was approved by the Norwegian Social Science Data Services.

Objective

To describe patients’ experiences of staying in multiple- and single-bed rooms.

Patients and methods

This qualitative study employed a descriptive and exploratory approach, and systematic text condensation was used to analyze the material. Data were collected in a hospital trust in Norway. A total of 39 in-depth interviews were performed with patients discharged from the medical, surgical, and maternity departments.

Results

Patients had ambiguous views on whether multiple-bed rooms or single-bed rooms were to be preferred. Main results include how patients cherished “the importance of others” but at the same time valued “the importance of privacy.” Being hospitalized in multiple-bed rooms was for many patients a very positive experience in terms of social interaction. Patients in single-bed rooms reported being more dependent on nurses to maintain social contact and obtain safety.

Conclusion

This research provides new knowledge on how the need for privacy can be in contradiction with the need for socializing with other patients. When hospitalized, the physical structure of a hospital impacts with whom patients interact and to what extent they depend on the nursing staff to have their social needs met.
RIL’s Strategic Alliance with BP
Authors: Panda Brahmadev , Leepsa N. M.
Published: September 2019

Reliance Industries Ltd. (RIL), the largest private sector company in India, invested in oil and gas fields by winning the bid under New Exploration and Licensing Policy in the year 1999 and aspired to exploit the growing Indian energy market. Though RIL developed the KG-D6 gas blocks in record time, soon after, it was engulfed with some issues like lack of technical expertise, geological complexities and huge capital expenditures. To tackle these issues RIL was hunting for a partner with technical expertise. Meanwhile, British Petroleum (BP) was also grappling with some serious hurdles and eyeing for a new market. India was the best bet for BP as it has recognized the potential of the subcontinent and its earlier stint with RIL inspired BP to invest in India. This case study analyses whether the much-anticipated deal was successful or not. This case study discusses the entire background, issues and difficulties encountered by RIL and BP prior to the deal. Further, we investigate the impact of the deal on RIL by analyzing its operational efficiency, financial performance and stock gains in the pre and post period of the alliance.

This is an analytical case study based on the secondary databases, where it analyses the various pros and cons of the alliance between RIL and BP.
Business Development in Emerging Economies on the Basis of Limits and Conditions of National Strategies
Authors: Ulanov Vladimir Leonidovich
Published: September 2019

Is it possible for Russian energy companies to develop an effective business strategy based on the restrictions and rules of strategic documents of national scale? Today, Russian Energy Strategy sets the benchmarks for business. World experience confirms the possibility of adjusting corporate strategies for the benefit of society. Danish Energy Strategy prescribes a smooth transition to alternative energy sources and active implementation of smart energy resources. Experience of Norway in this area is also important. The third energy package of the EU defines the rules of the game, influencing business models, strategies and long-term deliveries of external counterparties. The set of methods allows for the analysis of open sources and materials for the development of national and corporate strategies. Management technologies allow us to specify and quantify the characteristics of the national energy strategy and to reflect on the priorities in the development strategies of companies. The conditions of the state policy and the parameters of the companies’ strategies will have more points of contact and reduce the risk of deviation from the declared goals. Revision of the program document is possible due to organizational design and methodological support.
Compensation for Veterans With Service Connected Disabilities: Current Findings and Future Implications
Authors: Maynard Charles , Nelson Karin
Published: September 2019

Compensation is an essential benefit provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) for veterans with service connected conditions, which are illnesses or injuries incurred or aggravated during military service. The purpose of this paper is to inform beneficiaries, program administrators, policy makers, and the general public about key developments in the VA compensation program. Based on findings from publicly available data as well as recently published papers, this paper identifies key topics that have future implications for veterans receiving compensation for service connected conditions. These topics include (a) increases in the number of veterans, the combined rating for service connected conditions, and expenditures for compensation, (b) increases in the number of women veterans with service connected conditions, (c) service connected mental health conditions, (d) the use of VA health care by veterans with service connected conditions, (e) premature death in veterans with service connected conditions, and (f) veterans with a combined 100% rating. We hope these questions will be considered by all parties who value this critical program for veterans with service connected conditions.
Pathway of Employment From Uncovering Barriers to Discovering Hope: Nontraditional, Student-Centered, Relationship-Based Approach
Authors: Hong Philip Young P. , Hong Rana , Lewis Dara , Williams Diane
Published: September 2019

This study explores the experiences and perspectives of service providers with regard to the process of psychological self-sufficiency (PSS) among students in the Health Profession Opportunity Grants (HPOG) program. Based on a social work theory of PSS as our organizing framework, combined qualitative content analysis (inductive to deductive) was conducted with two service provider focus groups ( n = 16) and three student focus groups ( n = 27). The overarching theme of nontraditional, student-centered, holistic staff approaches which lead to the pathway from uncovering perceived employment barriers to discovering employment hope emerged with four phenomenological categories. The findings supported the adaptations of service providers’ different roles when providing student-centered approach in service delivery to reach maximal PSS for a better outcome in case management.
Nonlinear ultrasonic inspection of smart carbon fibre reinforced plastic composites with embedded piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate transducers for space applications
Authors: Andreades Christos , Malfense Fierro Gian Piero , Meo Michele , Ciampa Francesco
Published: September 2019

Carbon fibre reinforced plastic composites used in spacecraft structures are susceptible to delamination, debonds and fibre cracking that may arise during manufacturing, assembly or in-service operations (e.g. caused by debris impacts in near-Earth orbital spaceflights). Therefore, in situ and real-time health monitoring is necessary to avoid time-consuming and unsafe visual inspections performed either on-ground or during extra vehicular activities. In this article, a recently created ‘smart’ carbon fibre reinforced plastic composite structure with embedded piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate transducers was used to detect multiple areas of artificial delamination and real impact damage of different size using nonlinear ultrasound. The electrical insulation of embedded piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate transducers was achieved by interlacing a dry layer of woven glass fibre fabric between the sensor and the carbon fibre reinforced plastic plies before curing. Damage detection was successfully demonstrated using both second harmonic generation and nonlinear modulation (sidebands) of the measured ultrasonic spectrum. The material nonlinear response at the second harmonic and sidebands frequencies was also measured with a laser Doppler vibrometer to validate the nonlinear ultrasonic tests and provide damage localisation. Experimental results revealed that the proposed configuration of embedded piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate transducers can be utilised for on-board ultrasonic inspection of spacecraft composite parts.
Influence of Infant Cleft Dimensions on Velopharyngeal Function in 5-Year-Old Danish Children Born With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Botticelli Susanna , Küseler Annelise , Mølsted Kirsten , Andersen Helene Soegaard , Boers Maria , Shoeps Antje , Emborg Berit Kildegaard , Kisling-Møller Mia , Pedersen Thomas Klit , Andersen Mikael , Willadsen Elisabeth
Published: September 2019

Aim:

To examine the association of cleft severity at infancy and velopharyngeal competence in preschool children with unilateral cleft lip and palate operated with early or delayed hard palate repair.

Design:

Subgroup analysis within a multicenter randomized controlled trial of primary surgery (Scandcleft).

Setting:

Tertiary health care. One surgical center.

Patients and Methods:

One hundred twenty-five infants received cheilo-rhinoplasty and soft palate repair at age 3 to 4 months and were randomized to hard palate closure at age 12 or 36 months. Cleft size and cleft morphology were measured 3 dimensionally on digital models, obtained by laser surface scanning of preoperative plaster models (mean age: 1.8 months).

Main outcome measurements:

Velopharyngeal competence (VPC) and hypernasality assessed from a naming test (VPC-Sum) and connected speech (VPC-Rate). In both scales, higher scores indicated a more severe velopharyngeal insufficiency.

Results:

No difference between surgical groups was shown. A low positive correlation was found between posterior cleft width and VPC-Rate (Spearman = .23; P = .025). The role of the covariate “cleft size at tuberosity level” was confirmed in an ordinal logistic regression model (odds ratio [OR] = 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.01-1.35). A low negative correlation was shown between anteroposterior palatal length and VPC-Sum (Spearman = −.27; P = .004) and confirmed by the pooled scores VPC-Pooled (OR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.69-0.98) and VPC-Dichotomic (OR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.68-0.99).

Conclusions:

Posterior cleft dimensions can be a modest indicator for the prognosis of velopharyngeal function at age 5 years, when the soft palate is closed first, independently on the timing of hard palate repair. Antero-posterior palatal length seems to protect from velopharyngeal insufficiency and hypernasality. However, the association found was significant but low.
Impact of Cranial Base Abnormalities on Cerebellar Volume and the Velopharynx in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
Authors: Haenssler Abigail E. , Baylis Adriane , Perry Jamie L. , Kollara Lakshmi , Fang Xiangming , Kirschner Richard
Published: September 2019

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between cranial base, cerebellar, craniofacial, and velopharyngeal (VP) variables in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS).

Methods:

Thirteen typically developing healthy children and 13 age- and sex-matched individuals with 22q11DS completed a magnetic resonance imaging scan, which was used to examine craniofacial and VP variables.

Results:

A statistically significant difference was noted in cerebellum volumes, F1,24= 7.947, P = .010, posterior nasal spine to posterior pharyngeal wall (PNS-PPW), F1,24= 4.878, P = .037, nasion-sella-basion (NSB) cranial base angles, F1,24= 7.253, P = .013, and sella-basion-opisthion (SBO) cranial base angles, F1,24= 9.134, P = .006, between children with 22q11DS and controls. The cerebellum volume was significantly reduced and cranial base angles were significantly more obtuse in individuals with 22q11DS. In the 22q11DS group, cerebellum volume was significantly correlated with sella-basion (SB) length, osseous pharyngeal depth, the PNS-PPW length, and velar length ( P < .05). The PNS-PPW length was correlated with SB length, basion-opisthion length, NSB angle, SBO angle, and the VP ratio ( P < .05).

Conclusion:

This study supports previous findings on anatomical differences among individuals with 22q11DS and has expanded our current understanding of the potential relationship between craniofacial and VP variables in at least a subset of children with 22q11DS. Results provide preliminary insights into the potential relationship between a decrease in cerebellar volume, obtuse cranial base angles, and unfavorable VP dimensions.
Comparison of the Effects of Intravenous and Oral Tranexamic Acid on Perioperative Hemoglobin Levels During Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Pathan Sophia , Cruz Joseph E. , Curtin Patrick
Published: September 2019

Background: Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic agent shown to reduce perioperative blood loss in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but there are limited data regarding the efficacy of intravenous (IV) in comparison to oral (PO) TXA. Objective: The purpose of this research was to compare the effects of IV and PO TXA on perioperative hemoglobin (Hgb) levels in patients who have undergone TKA. Methods: In this single-center, retrospective chart review, patients at least 18 years of age who received IV or PO TXA following medical center protocol from 1 of 3 orthopedic surgeons were included. The primary outcome was the change in Hgb within 24 hours following TKA. Secondary outcomes included comparisons of postsurgical complications and hospital length of stay. Results: The IV TXA group contained 62 participants, and the PO TXA group contained 61 participants. Patients receiving PO therapy had a larger decrease in Hgb compared with the IV TXA group (−2.382 vs −1.908, P = 0.02), but there were no statistically significant differences in mean length of stay (3.13 vs 2.95, P = 0.27), venous thromboembolism (VTE) occurrence (0 vs 0, P = 1), or requirement for transfusions (6 vs 5, P = 0.76). Conclusions and Relevance: IV and PO TXA may not be equivalent in outcomes for patients undergoing TKA. This study found a statistically significant decrease in the mean change of Hgb in patients receiving PO TXA compared with IV TXA. However, the rate of transfusions, mean length of stay, and rate of VTE were similar between groups.
The Plight of the Male Teacher: An Interdisciplinary and Multileveled Theoretical Framework for Researching a Shortage of Male Teachers
Authors: McGrath Kevin F. , Moosa Shaaista , Van Bergen Penny , Bhana Deevia
Published: September 2019

In this article, four researchers from Australia and South Africa consider why it is important for primary schools to include both male and female teachers. The authors refute previous calls directed by public and political discourse, for male teachers to enhance boy’s educational outcomes or to act as role models or father figures. Instead, the authors present a theoretical framework that justifies calls for male teachers at four levels: the child level, the classroom level, the organizational level, and the societal level. While complex barriers may continue to limit male teacher representation, the authors hope that this interdisciplinary framework might stimulate further international scholarly discussions about the interactions between teacher-gender, education, and culture.
The Complex Relationships between Sex and the Brain
Authors: Joel Daphna , Garcia-Falgueras Alicia , Swaab Dick
Published: September 2019

In the past decennia, our understanding of the sexual differentiation of the mammalian brain has dramatically changed. The simple model according to which testosterone masculinizes the brain of males away from a default female form, was replaced with a complex scenario, according to which sex effects on the brain of both females and males are exerted by genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. These factors act via multiple partly independent mechanisms that may vary according to internal and external factors. These observations led to the “mosaic” hypothesis—the expectation of high variability in the degree of “maleness”/“femaleness” of different features within a single brain. Here, we briefly review animal data that form the basis of current understanding of sexual differentiation; present, in this context, the results of co-analyses of human brain measures obtained by magnetic resonance imaging or postmortem; discuss criticisms and controversies of the mosaic hypothesis and implications for research; and conclude that co-analysis of several (preferably, many) features and going back from the group level to that of the individual would advance our understanding of the relations between sex and the brain in health and disease.
Patterning the Vertebrate Retina with Morphogenetic Signaling Pathways
Authors: Cardozo Marcos J. , Almuedo-Castillo María , Bovolenta Paola
Published: September 2019

The primordium of the vertebrate eye is composed of a pseudostratified and apparently homogeneous neuroepithelium, which folds inward to generate a bilayered optic cup. During these early morphogenetic events, the optic vesicle is patterned along three different axes—proximo-distal, dorso-ventral, and naso-temporal—and three major domains: the neural retina, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and the optic stalk. These fundamental steps that enable the subsequent development of a functional eye, entail the precise coordination among genetic programs. These programs are driven by the interplay of signaling pathways and transcription factors, which progressively dictate how each tissue should evolve. Here, we discuss the contribution of the Hh, Wnt, FGF, and BMP signaling pathways to the early patterning of the retina. Comparative studies in different vertebrate species have shown that their morphogenetic activity is repetitively used to orchestrate the progressive specification of the eye with evolutionary conserved mechanisms that have been adapted to match the specific need of a given species.
“You Still Have to Try It!”: Helping Picky Eaters in Classroom Groups
Authors: Freeman Stephanny F. N. , Hayashida Kristen , Paparella Tanya , Azad Gazi , Flowers Cyndi D. , Glamore Allease
Published: September 2019

Many teachers struggle with implementing self-help eating goals for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). No group programs exist to target this important problem. We used findings from applied behavior analysis research and adapted single-subject interventions into a group-based eating program. In describing the program using two vignettes, children in two preschool special education classrooms are introduced to a character called “Esther the Eater” and then taught to expand their eating choices. The program is designed to be routine, fun, and classroom-friendly to help children with ASD try new foods.
Becoming With/In Flux: Pedagogies of Sustainment (POSt)
Authors: Hancock Tamara S. , Fontanella-Nothom Oona
Published: September 2019

This article responds to the query “what do intra-active pedagogies produce?” Our experiences with intra-active pedagogies produced a productive flux for us, two graduate students. Although being with this flux was welcome with/in these intra-active pedagogies, with/in other spaces(s) it was unwelcome. Through thinking with theory and writing, we produced new concepts to stay with the flux in our becomings (post-)qualitative scholars: We produced pedagogies of sustainment (POSt). (Re)Presenting three POSt concepts we invite those who teach, learn, and participate in qualitative research courses to consider the ethics of intra-active pedagogies and what emerges and diffracts through the becomings of scholars.
The Right (Way) to Represent: The Emotional Politics of Remembering Mass Rape in Germany After 1945
Authors: Stone Katherine
Published: September 2019

A Woman in Berlin (1954) has undoubtedly shaped global understanding of wartime rape. The present article focuses on the diarist’s use of humor to process her disorientation, assert her subjectivity, and build affective links with other victims. I consider how the diary’s tone influenced its reception and thus how aesthetic analysis might illuminate the conditions under which stories about sexual violence become audible, as well as the ways in which the “cultural politics of emotion” (to quote the title of Sarah Ahmed’s 2004 study) can both foster and obstruct human rights projects.
Framing Sexual Violence in Portuguese Colonialism: On Some Practices of Contemporary Cultural Representation and Remembrance
Authors: Garraio Júlia
Published: September 2019

This essay examines two Portuguese novels about colonialism and its legacies: António Lobo Antunes’s Fado Alexandrino (1983) and Aida Gomes’s Os Pretos de Pousaflores ( The Blacks from Pousaflores) (2011). Fado Alexandrino perpetuates the use of Black women’s raped bodies as a plot device to represent colonial violence, while Gomes’s narrative empowers racialized victims of sexual abuse and challenges dominant public memories of the Colonial War. A close reading of these novels, contextualized against the background of scholarly debates about the representation of sexual violence, exposes both the perils and potential of cultural works to preserve the memory of rape in armed conflict.
Nurse-Led Delivery of Brief Interventions for At-Risk Alcohol Use: An Integrative Review
Authors: Gonzalez Yovan , Kozachik Sharon L. , Hansen Bryan R. , Sanchez Michael , Finnell Deborah S.
Published: September 2019

BACKGROUND: Nurses are in key positions to reduce the global burden associated with alcohol, yet many are ill-prepared to screen for alcohol use and intervene accordingly. The purpose of this integrative review was to identify best practices for educating nurses to work with patients who are at risk for alcohol-related adverse consequences, implement alcohol screening, and deliver alcohol brief interventions (ABIs). AIMS: To identify and synthesize findings from randomized control trials of ABIs delivered by nurses to patients identified through screening to be at risk because of alcohol use. METHOD: The results of 11 published randomized control trials identified from a multi-database search were synthesized. RESULTS: The Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test was used for alcohol screening in more than half of the studies. Most of the ABIs were based on motivational interviewing and delivered in 30 minutes or less. While there was limited information on the characteristics of nurses who delivered the interventions and how nurses were prepared to deliver the ABIs, the exemplar was a full day workshop teaching nurses on an evidence-based framework for the ABI. All studies measured alcohol consumption as an outcome, yet few used rigorous methods for obtaining this self-reported data. CONCLUSIONS: A 1-day workshop is recommended as an educational modality to prepare nurses to implement the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test for identification of persons who are at risk because of alcohol use, deliver a structured brief intervention in less than 30 minutes, and utilize a standard measure of alcohol consumption for evaluation.
Prolonged QT Interval in Patients Receiving Psychotropic Medications
Authors: Swenson Rebecca S. , Murphy-Ende Kathleen
Published: September 2019

INTRODUCTION: Prolonged QT interval (PQTI) is a cardiac condition widely documented in the mental health literature and linked to psychotropic medication use. Medications notable for contributing to the condition are antipsychotics, antidepressants, and some mood stabilizers. Although additional medication classes and other contributing risk factors are often present, the prudent mental health provider benefits from having a basic understanding of this condition and how to prevent and manage it with safe prescribing practices. AIMS: This guide seeks to provide mental health prescribers with a basic understanding of the risk factors, pathophysiology, identification, and management of PQTI. METHOD: Relevant literature and practice guidelines were reviewed and summarized with a focus on practical interventions for the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP). RESULTS: One of the primary contributing factors to PQTI development and complications is polypharmacy. Patients with co-occurring medical, mental health, and/or substance use disorders may receive medications from multiple providers. Anticancer drugs, antiarrhythmic medications, and even a number of common antibiotics can increase the QT interval, making it a challenge for even the most experienced mental health provider to monitor medication interactions and side effects that contribute to PQTI. Having a sound knowledge base of these factors can guide safe PMHNP practice. CONCLUSIONS: Decision-making trees grounded in evidence-based research were developed in order to direct thorough assessment and safe treatment of patients requiring psychotropic medications.
Suicide by Cop: A New Perspective on an Old Phenomenon
Authors: Jordan Alejandra , Panza Nancy R. , Dempsey Charles
Published: September 2019

Suicide by cop (SbC) occurs when an individual purposely engages in threatening behavior toward police officers in an attempt to be killed. Previous studies have found the prototypical SbC subject is male, mid-30s, with disrupted relationships, and mental health concerns, although these studies have almost exclusively relied on officer involved shootings or public information as sources of data. To address the dearth of knowledge for SbC cases involving no force or less lethal force, 419 SbC cases from the Los Angeles Police Department Mental Evaluation Unit were analyzed. Results revealed similar frequencies with regard to subject characteristics as in the previous literature; however, substantial differences were seen across incident and outcome characteristics, with a much lower rate of injury and death. Thirteen variables were associated with differing levels of force. The results of the present study paint a more positive picture of SbC outcomes for police and subjects alike.
Comparison of clinical outcomes between manual and femtosecond laser techniques for intrastromal corneal ring segment implantation
Authors: Monteiro Tiago , Alfonso José F , Franqueira Nuno , Faria-Correira Fernando , Ambrósio Renato , Madrid-Costa David
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

The purpose was to compare the visual, refractive and aberrometric results of intrastromal corneal ring segments implantation with manual dissection and femtosecond laser–assisted surgery.

Methods:

This is a multicentre study, which included consecutive patients with paracentral keratoconus, in which the difference between the axes of the topographic flattest and the coma aberration was <60°, who had Ferrara-type intrastromal corneal ring segment implantation using manual dissection or femtosecond laser technique. LogMAR uncorrected (uncorrected distance visual acuity) and corrected (corrected distance visual acuity) distance visual acuity, refractive errors and the root mean square for corneal coma-like aberration were recorded before and at 6 months after surgery.

Results:

The study included 84 and 110 eyes in the manual group and in the femtosecond group, respectively. After surgery, there was a statistically significant improvement in uncorrected distance visual acuity and corrected distance visual acuity for both groups ( p < 0.0001), and there were no statistically significant differences between groups ( p > 0.3). For both groups, there was a reduction in spherical equivalent after intrastromal corneal ring segment implantation ( p < 0.0001). There were no statistically significant differences between groups in the magnitude of spherical equivalent reduction ( p = 0.34) The magnitude of the root mean square coma-like reduction was 0.93 ± 0.76 and 0.83 ± 0.80 μm in the manual and femtosecond group, respectively ( p = 0.2). While in the femtosecond laser group no complications were reported, in the manual group, the intraoperative or postoperative complications rate was 13.09%.

Conclusion:

Although both surgical techniques provide comparable visual, refractive and aberrometric outcomes, it should be noted that the femtosecond laser is a safer surgical procedure, with no complications reported.
Efficacy of pulsed-light accelerated crosslinking in the treatment of progressive keratoconus: Two-year results
Authors: Belviranli Selman , Oltulu Refik
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the 2-year results of epithelium-off pulsed-light accelerated corneal collagen crosslinking treatment in progressive keratoconus using 30 mW/cm2 ultraviolet A light for 6 min with a total dose of 5.4 J/cm2.

Methods:

A total of 30 eyes of 22 patients with documented progressive keratoconus and treated with epithelium-off pulsed-light accelerated corneal collagen crosslinking using the KXL® crosslinking device (Avedro Inc, Waltham, MA, USA) were included in this retrospective study. Corneal tomographic measurements and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity were compared using analysis of variance with repeated measurements between the baseline visit (before the corneal collagen crosslinking treatment), and the sixth month, first, and second year visits.

Results:

Flat keratometry (K1), steep keratometry (K2), and mean keratometry (Km) decreased significantly at sixth month, first, and second years ( p < 0.001, p = 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). Maximum keratometry (Kmax) decreased from 55.40 ± 4.90 D at baseline to 54.82 ± 4.68 D, 54.80 ± 5.12 D, and 54.65 ± 5.36 D at sixth month, first year, and second year, respectively ( p = 0.007). The best spectacle-corrected visual acuity improved from 0.34 ± 0.24 logMAR at baseline to 0.25 ± 0.16 logMAR, 0.22 ± 0.15 logMAR, and 0.17 ± 0.13 logMAR at sixth month, first year, and second year, respectively ( p < 0.001). At the second year visit, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity remained stable (no lines lost) with respect to the baseline in 8 eyes and increased 1 or more lines in 22 eyes.

Conclusion:

Pulsed-light accelerated corneal collagen crosslinking using 30 mW/cm2 ultraviolet A light for 6 min with a total dose of 5.4 J/cm2 is an effective treatment modality in cases with progressive keratoconus—it stops progression at 2 years also regresses some of the cases.
Accuracy of cup placement in total hip arthroplasty by means of a mechanical positioning device: a comprehensive cadaveric 3d analysis of 16 specimens
Authors: Kievit Arthur J , Dobbe Johannes G G , Mallee Wouter H , Blankevoort Leendert , Streekstra Geert J , Schafroth Matthias U
Published: September 2019

Introduction:

We tested whether a mechanical device (such as Hipsecure) to pinpoint the anterior pelvic plane (APP) as a guide can improve acetabular cup placement. To assess accuracy we asked: (1) is the APP an effective guide to position acetabular cup placement within acceptable ° of divergence from the optimal 40° inclination and 15° anteversion; (2) could a mechanical device increase the number of acetabular cup placements within Lewinnek’s safe zone (i.e. inclination 30° to 50°; anteversion 5° to 25°)?

Methods:

16 cadaveric specimens were used to assess the 3D surgical success of using a mechanical device APP to guide acetabular cup placement along the APP. We used the Hipsecure mechanical device to implant acetabular cups at 40° inclination and 15° anteversion. Subequently, all cadaveric specimens with implants were scanned with a CT and 3D models were created of the pelvis and acetabular cups to assess the outcome in terms of Lewinnek’s safe zones.

Results:

The mean inclination of the 16 implants was 40.6° (95% CI, 37.7–43.4) and the mean anteversion angle was 13.4° (95% CI, 10.7–16.1). All 16 cup placements were within Lewinnek’s safe zone for inclination (between 30° and 50°) and all but 2 were within Lewinnek’s safe zone for anteversion (between 5° and 25°).

Conclusion:

In cadaveric specimens, the use of a mechanical device and the APP as a guide for acetabular cup placement resulted in good positioning with respect to both of Lewinnek’s safe zones.
Young Sámi men on the move: actors, activities, and aims for the future
Authors: Saus Merete , Boine Else Målfrid
Published: September 2019

In this study, we have been interviewing eight young Sámi men about experience with rural-urban and majority-minority transition. The analyses revealed that the transition affected three dimensions in their life: actors, activities, and aims for the futures. The important actors transformed from relatives to friends. Desirable duties transformed to leisure and sports activities. The transformation of aims for the future was guided by birget (to manage or to handle): a Sámi concept meaning to cope in your life, both independently and together with others. We suggest that social workers can use the three A’s (actors, activities, and aims for the future) in an intervention to enhance the well-being for indigenous young men on the move.