bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neural Basis of the Perception and Estimation of Time
Authors: Merchant Hugo , Harrington Deborah L. , Meck Warren H.
Published: June 2013

Understanding how sensory and motor processes are temporally integrated to control behavior in the hundredths of milliseconds-to-minutes range is a fascinating problem given that the basic electrophysiological properties of neurons operate on a millisecond timescale. Single-unit recording studies in monkeys have identified localized timing circuits, whereas neuropsychological studies of humans who have damage to the basal ganglia have indicated that core structures, such as the cortico-thalamic-basal ganglia circuit, play an important role in timing and time perception. Taken together, these data suggest that a core timing mechanism interacts with context-dependent areas. This idea of a temporal hub with a distributed network is used to investigate the abstract properties of interval tuning as well as temporal illusions and intersensory timing. We conclude by proposing that the interconnections built into this core timing mechanism are designed to provide a form of degeneracy as protection against injury, disease, or age-related decline.
Axions: Theory and Cosmological Role
Authors: Kawasaki Masahiro , Nakayama Kazunori
Published: June 2013

We review recent developments in axion cosmology. Topics include axion cold dark matter, axions from topological defects, axion isocurvature perturbation and its non-Gaussianity, and axino/saxion cosmology in a supersymmetric axion model.
Diseases in Intercropping Systems
Authors: Boudreau Mark A.
Published: June 2013

Intercropping, the simultaneous cultivation of multiple crop species, has been used throughout history and remains common among farmers of small landholdings in the tropics. One benefit of this practice may be disease control. In phenomenological research comparing disease in monocrops and intercrops, primarily due to foliar fungi, intercropping reduced disease in 73% of more than 200 studies. Nematodes are the primary pathogen for which disease increases are reported, but variability in disease impacts among studies can be high for all types of diseases. The mechanisms by which intercrops affect disease dynamics include alteration of wind, rain, and vector dispersal; modification of microclimate, especially temperature and moisture; changes in host morphology and physiology; and direct pathogen inhibition. The effect of intercropping on host density is a factor underlying many of these mechanisms. By synthesizing our growing understanding of mechanisms and their interactions with phenomenological studies, we may develop a theoretical grounding that allows us to improve the application of intercropping for tropical smallholders and industrial farmers alike.
Nonhost Resistance Against Bacterial Pathogens: Retrospectives and Prospects
Authors: Senthil-Kumar Muthappa , Mysore Kirankumar S.
Published: June 2013

Nonhost resistance is a broad-spectrum plant defense that provides immunity to all members of a plant species against all isolates of a microorganism that is pathogenic to other plant species. Upon landing on the surface of a nonhost plant species, a potential bacterial pathogen initially encounters preformed and, later, induced plant defenses. One of the initial defense responses from the plant is pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI). Nonhost plants also have mechanisms to detect nonhost-pathogen effectors and can trigger a defense response referred to as effector-triggered immunity (ETI). This nonhost resistance response often results in a hypersensitive response (HR) at the infection site. This review provides an overview of these plant defense strategies. We enumerate plant genes that impart nonhost resistance and the bacterial counter-defense strategies. In addition, prospects for application of nonhost resistance to achieve broad-spectrum and durable resistance in crop plants are also discussed.
The Perverse Effects of Biofuel Public-Sector Policies
Authors: de Gorter Harry , Drabik Dusan , Just David R.
Published: June 2013

Biofuel policies are a subset of policies designed to achieve energy security, an improved environment, enhanced agricultural incomes, technological change, and overall economic benefits, with increased domestic energy production creating green jobs and foreign exchange savings. In assessing this broad spectrum of proclaimed policy goals with the outcome of biofuel mandates, subsidies, import barriers, binary sustainability standards, and indirect land use measures, we identify many perverse and contradictory effects. Most importantly, we show how biofuel policies established the crop-energy price link and hence the food-fuel trade-off, the contradictory effects of combining mandates with different subsidies, the various surprising welfare economic effects, and the various inconsistencies associated with binary sustainability standards and carbon leakages. We conclude with examples of how biofuel policies have generated paradoxical effects in many other different dimensions.
Race, Religious Organizations, and Integration
Authors: Edwards Korie L. , Christerson Brad , Emerson Michael O.
Published: June 2013

We review the bourgeoning literature on multiracial religious organizations. Although scholars have paid attention to racial integration in congregations since the 1940s, only recently has there been a concerted focus on this topic. This article—having reviewed the state of the field—argues that research on this topic must engage in three vital labors: explore more theory building or theory extension, interact with the broader field of sociology, and explicate how religious racial diversity contributes to or dismantles systems of social stratification. We discuss possible paths and approaches for future research on race, religion, and integration.
A teacher-developed inquiry model to teach the molecular basis of hyperbolic kinetics in biological membrane transport
Authors: Marcus Leanne , Plumeri Julia , Baker Gary M. , Miller Jon S.
Published: June 2013

A previously published classroom teaching method for helping students visualize and understand Michaelis-Menten kinetics ( 19 ) was used as an anticipatory set with high school and middle school science teachers in an Illinois Math and Science Partnership Program. As part of the activity, the teachers were asked to collect data by replicating the method and to analyze and report the data. All concluded that the rate data they had collected were hyperbolic. As part of a guided inquiry plan, teachers were then prompted to reexamine the method and evaluate its efficacy as a teaching strategy for developing specific kinetic concepts. After further data collection and analysis, the teachers discovered that their data trends were not, in fact, hyperbolic, which led to several teacher-developed revisions aimed at obtaining a true hyperbolic outcome. This article outlines the inquiry process that led to these revisions and illustrates their alignment with several key concepts, such as rapid equilibrium kinetics. Instructional decisions were necessary at several key points, and these are discussed.
Offering an anatomy and physiology course through a high school-university partnership: the Minnesota model
Authors: Jensen Murray , Mattheis Allison , Loyle Anne
Published: June 2013

This article describes a one-semester anatomy and physiology course that is currently offered through the concurrent enrollment program at the University of Minnesota. The article explains how high school teachers are prepared to teach the course and describes efforts to promote program quality, student inquiry, and experiential learning. Recommendations are made for anatomy and physiology instructors who are involved in similar endeavors.
Distension of central great vein decreases sympathetic outflow in humans
Authors: Cui Jian , Gao Zhaohui , Blaha Cheryl , Herr Michael D. , Mast Jessica , Sinoway Lawrence I.
Published: June 2013

Classic canine studies suggest that central great vein distension evokes an autonomic reflex tachycardia (Bainbridge reflex). It is unclear whether central venous distension in humans is a necessary and sufficient stimulus to evoke a reflex increase in heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). Prior work from our laboratory suggests that limb venous distension evokes a reflex increase in BP and MSNA in humans. We hypothesized that in humans, compared with the limb venous distension, inferior vena cava (IVC) distension would evoke a less prominent increase in HR and MSNA. IVC distension (monitored with ultrasonography) was induced by two methods: 1) head-down tilt (HDT, N = 13); and 2) lower-body positive pressure (LBPP, N = 10). Two minutes of HDT induced IVC distension (Δ2.6 ± 0.2 mm, P < 0.001, ∼27% in cross-sectional area), slightly increased mean BP (Δ2.3 ± 0.7 mmHg, P = 0.005), decreased MSNA (Δ5.2 ± 0.8 bursts/min, P < 0.001, N = 10), and did not alter HR ( P = 0.37). LBPP induced similar IVC distension, increased BP (Δ2.0 ± 0.7 mmHg, P < 0.01), and did not alter HR ( P = 0.34). Thus central venous distension leads to a rapid increase in BP and a subsequent fall in MSNA. Central venous distension does not evoke either bradycardia or tachycardia in humans. The absence of a baroreflex-mediated bradycardia suggests that the Bainbridge reflex is engaged. Clearly, this reflex differs from the powerful sympathoexcitation peripheral venous distension reflex described in humans.
Four-Rod Stabilization of Severely Destabilized Lumbar Spine Caused by Metastatic Tumor
Authors: Shibuya Isao , Sairyo Koichi , Kanamori Yasuo , Dezawa Akira
Published: June 2013

We report a case of a 67-year-old female with severely destabilized lumbar spine caused by metastatic malignant tumor. The primary lesion was a thyroid follicular adenocarcinoma. Complete destruction of the L3, L4, and L5 vertebrae had resulted in severe instability, which left the patient with severe back pain and bed-ridden. Since the vertebrae were so severely damaged at 3 levels, 4 rods were used to stabilize the spine. Following stabilization, the pain was alleviated and the patient’s quality of life improved. We introduce here the 4-rod technique to stabilize the spine over 3 vertebral levels following severe destruction by metastatic tumor.
A Polyethylenimine-Linoleic Acid Conjugate for Antisense Oligonucleotide Delivery
Authors: Xie Jing , Teng Lesheng , Yang Zhaogang , Zhou Chenguang , Liu Yang , Yung Bryant C. , Lee Robert J.
Published: June 2013

A novel antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) carrier, polyethylenimine conjugated to linoleic acid (PEI-LA), was synthesized and evaluated for delivery of LOR-2501 to tumor cells. LOR-2501 is an ASO targeting ribonucleotide reductase R1 subunit (RRM1). In this study, PEI-LA was synthesized by reacting PEI (Mw ~ 800) with linoleoyl chloride. Gel retardation assay showed complete complexation between PEI-LA and LOR-2501 at N/P ratio above 8. No significant cytotoxicity was observed with these complexes at the tested dosage levels. Interestingly, at N/P ratio of >6, levels of cellular uptake of PEI-LA/LOR-2501 were double that of PEI/LOR-2501 complexes of the same N/P ratio. PEI-LA/LOR-2501 induced downregulation of 64% and 70% of RRM1 at mRNA and protein levels, respectively. The highest transfection activity was shown by PEI-LA/LOR-2501 complexes at N/P ratio of 10. Finally, using pathway specific inhibitors, clathrin-mediated endocytosis was shown to be the principle mechanism of cellular internalization of these complexes. In conclusion, PEI-LA is a promising agent for the delivery of ASOs and warrants further investigation.
Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Therapy-Induced Tumor Apoptosis Detected by Caspase-3–Selective Molecular Imaging
Authors: Nguyen Quang-Dé , Lavdas Ioannis , Gubbins James , Smith Graham , Fortt Robin , Carroll Laurence S. , Graham Martin A. , Aboagye Eric O.
Published: June 2013

Purpose: Induction of apoptosis in tumors is considered a desired goal of anticancer therapy. We investigated whether the dynamic temporal and spatial evolution of apoptosis in response to cytotoxic and mechanism-based therapeutics could be detected noninvasively by the caspase-3 radiotracer [18F]ICMT-11 and positron emission tomography (PET).

Experimental Design: The effects of a single dose of the alkylating agent cyclophosphamide (CPA or 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide), or the mechanism-based small molecule SMAC mimetic birinapant on caspase-3 activation was assessed in vitro and by [18F]ICMT-11–PET in mice bearing 38C13 B-cell lymphoma, HCT116 colon carcinoma, or MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma tumors. Ex vivo analysis of caspase-3 was compared to the in vivo PET imaging data.

Results: Drug treatment increased the mean [18F]ICMT-11 tumor uptake with a peak at 24 hours for CPA (40 mg/kg; AUC40–60: 8.04 ± 1.33 and 16.05 ± 3.35 %ID/mL × min at baseline and 24 hours, respectively) and 6 hours for birinapant (15 mg/kg; AUC40–60: 20.29 ± 0.82 and 31.07 ± 5.66 %ID/mL × min, at baseline and 6 hours, respectively). Voxel-based spatiotemporal analysis of tumor-intrinsic heterogeneity suggested that discrete pockets of caspase-3 activation could be detected by [18F]ICMT-11. Increased tumor [18F]ICMT-11 uptake was associated with caspase-3 activation measured ex vivo, and early radiotracer uptake predicted apoptosis, distinct from the glucose metabolism with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-PET, which depicted continuous loss of cell viability.

Conclusion: The proapoptotic effects of CPA and birinapant resulted in a time-dependent increase in [18F]ICMT-11 uptake detected by PET. [18F]ICMT-11–PET holds promise as a noninvasive pharmacodynamic biomarker of caspase-3–associated apoptosis in tumors. Clin Cancer Res; 19(14); 3914–24. ©2013 AACR.
BIBF 1120 (Nintedanib), a Triple Angiokinase Inhibitor, Induces Hypoxia but not EMT and Blocks Progression of Preclinical Models of Lung and Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Kutluk Cenik Bercin , Ostapoff Katherine T. , Gerber David E. , Brekken Rolf A.
Published: June 2013

Signaling from other angiokinases may underlie resistance to VEGF-directed therapy. We evaluated the antitumor and biologic effects of BIBF 1120 (nintedanib), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets VEGF receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and fibroblast growth factor receptor in preclinical models of lung and pancreatic cancer, including models resistant to VEGF-targeted treatments. In vitro, BIBF 1120 did not show antiproliferative effects, nor did it sensitize tumor cells to chemotherapy. However, in vivo BIBF 1120 inhibited primary tumor growth in all models as a single agent and in combination with standard chemotherapy. Analysis of tumor tissue posttreatment revealed that BIBF 1120 reduced proliferation (phospho-histone 3) and elevated apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3) to a greater extent than chemotherapy alone. Furthermore, BIBF 1120 showed potent antiangiogenic effects, including decreases in microvessel density (CD31), pericyte coverage (NG2), vessel permeability, and perfusion, while increasing hypoxia. Despite the induction of hypoxia, markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were not elevated in BIBF 1120–treated tumors. In summary, BIBF 1120 showed potent antitumor and antiangiogenic activity in preclinical models of lung and pancreatic cancer where it induced hypoxia but not EMT. The absence of EMT induction, which has been implicated in resistance to antiangiogenic therapies, is noteworthy. Together, these results warrant further clinical studies of BIBF 1120. Mol Cancer Ther; 12(6); 992–1001. ©2013 AACR.
Impact of Prenatal Risk Factors on Congenital Heart Disease in the Current Era
Authors: Fung Alan , Manlhiot Cedric , Naik Sapna , Rosenberg Herschel , Smythe John , Lougheed Jane , Mondal Tapas , Chitayat David , McCrindle Brian W. , Mital Seema
Published: June 2013

Background

The healthcare burden related to congenital heart disease (
CHD
) is increasing with improving survival. We assessed changing trends in prenatal risk factors for
CHD
in the current era in a Canadian cohort.

Methods and Results

CHD
patients <18 years old (n=2339) and controls without structural heart disease (n=199) were prospectively enrolled in an Ontario province‐wide biobank registry from 2008–2011. Family history, frequency of extra‐cardiac anomalies (
ECA
s), and antenatal risk factors were assessed. Temporal trends were analyzed and associations with
CHD
were measured using linear and logistic regression. Family history of
CHD
and frequency of major
ECA
s was higher in cases versus controls (
P
<0.001). Despite an increase in genetic testing in the recent era, only 9.5% of cases with
CHD
had a confirmed genetic diagnosis. Yield of genetic testing (ie, frequency of abnormal results) was higher in familial and syndromic cases. There was an increase in parental age at conception, maternal prepregnancy body mass index, maternal urinary tract infections, type 1 diabetes, and exposure to nonfertility medications during pregnancy from 1990–2011. Later year of birth, family history of
CHD
, presence of major
ECA
s, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and maternal medication exposure were associated with increased odds of
CHD
(
P
<0.05 for all). Advanced parental age was associated with increased odds of
CHD
caused by genetic abnormalities.

Conclusions

The increase in prenatal risk factors for
CHD
highlights the need for more rigorous ascertainment of genetic and environmental factors including gene‐environment interactions that contribute to
CHD
.
The Role of Discrete Terms in the Theory of the Properties of Terms
Authors: Brumberg-Chaumont Julie
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Discrete supposition occurs whenever a discrete term, such as ‘Socrates‘, is the subject of a given proposition. I propose to examine this apparently simple notion. I shall draw attention to the incongruity, within a general theory of the semantic variation of terms in a propositional context, of the notion of discrete supposition, in which a term usually has a single semantic correlate. The incongruity comes to the fore in those treatises that attempt to describe discrete supposition as a sort of personal supposition, although the same term cannot be in simple supposition in another propositional context, because it has no significate distinct from its suppositum. This shows a fundamental link between common signification, simple supposition and predicability, three notions that rely on the existence of a significate distinct and independent from the suppositum of the term. The connection is to be seen especially in William of Sherwood’s Introductiones, the only author of a terminist Summa who recognizes the existence of simple supposition for discrete terms.
Richard Brinkley on Supposition
Authors: Cesalli Laurent
Published: June 2013

Abstract

This study comments on six notabilia found in the general observations (praemittenda) with which Brinkley begins his treatise on supposition in his Summa logicae: i) the logico-metaphysical explanation of the distinction between significatio and suppositio, ii) the ontic division principle of supposition, iii) the relationship between supposita and truth-makers, iv) what seems to be a late (and English) resurgence of natural supposition, v) a pragmatic suspension of the regula appellationum and vi) Brinkley’s apparently incompatible claims that there are communicable things and that there are only singular things, a position that is a medieval form of immanent realism. Based on the two manuscripts that contain the treatise on supposition, an appendix offers a provisional edition of part of Brinkley’s Summa, a collaboration between the author and Joël Lonfat.
The Role of ‘Denotatur’ in Ockham’s Theory of Supposition
Authors: Dutilh Novaes Catarina
Published: June 2013

Abstract

In the scholarship on medieval logic and semantics of the last decades, Ockham’s theory of supposition is probably the most extensively studied version of such theories; yet, it seems that we still do not fully understand all its intricacies. In this paper, I focus on a phrase that occurs countless times throughout Ockham’s writings, but in particular in the sections dedicated to supposition in the Summa logicae: the phrase ‘denotatur’. I claim that an adequate understanding of the role of the concept of denotatur within Ockham’s supposition theory shall yield a deeper understanding of the theory as a whole. Here, I first examine a few uses of the term ‘denotatur’ and its variants by other authors. I then turn to Ockham: first I briefly mention some uses of the term in contexts other than his theory of supposition. Following that, I focus on his supposition theory, in particular on how ‘denotatur’ allows him to deal with two crucial puzzles, namely the supposition of empty terms and the supposition of terms in false affirmative propositions. The treatment of these two puzzles suggests that Ockham’s theory of supposition must be understood as a theory chiefly intended for the generation of the meanings of propositions.
When the Inference ‘p is true, therefore p’ Fails: John Buridan on the Evaluation of Propositions
Authors: Perini-Santos Ernesto
Published: June 2013

Abstract

For John Buridan, truth-bearers are assertions. This fact explains why the inference ‘p is true, therefore p’ may fail. On the one hand, the tense of the verb plus the time of utterance do not determine the time about which a sentence is intended to be true: the intention of the speaker is needed. On the other hand, since the meaning of vocal and written words is conventional, it may seem that they can be used with different meanings on each side of the inference. While the antecedent may talk about a situation different from the present one, this doesn’t make it the actual situation of utterance, and the words have meanings only in the actual situation of use. Although such situations are different, in both of them we are asked to see the importance of identifying features of which the disquotational schema doesn’t keep track and that can only be specified in the context of use.
The Hermeneutical Rehabilitation of Supposition Theory in Seventeenth-Century Protestant Logic
Authors: Meier-Oeser Stephan
Published: June 2013

Abstract

The paper focuses on some aspects of the early modern aftermath of supposition theory within the framework of the protestant logical tradition. Due to the growing influence of Humanism, supposition theory from the third decade of the sixteenth century was the object of general neglect and contempt. While in the late sixteenth-century a number of standard textbooks of post-Tridentine scholastic logic reintegrated this doctrine, although in a bowdlerized version, it remained for a century out of the scope of Protestant logic. The situation changed when the Strasburg Lutheran theologian J.C. Dannhauer, who in 1630 developed and propagated the program of a new discipline which he called ‘general hermeneutics’ (hermeneutica generalis), accentuating the importance of supposition theory as an indispensable device for the purpose of textual interpretation. Due to Dannhauer’s influence on later developments of hermeneutics, which in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was regarded as a logical discipline, supposition theory is still present in several logical treatises of the eighteenth century. The explication of the underlying views on the notion of supposition and its logico-semantic function may give at least some clues as to how to answer the question of what supposition theory was all about.
A Quantified Temporal Logic for Ampliation and Restriction
Authors: Uckelman Sara L.
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Temporal logic as a modern discipline is separate from classical logic; it is seen as an addition or expansion of the more basic propositional and predicate logics. This approach is in contrast with logic in the Middle Ages, which was primarily intended as a tool for the analysis of natural language. Because all natural language sentences have tensed verbs, medieval logic is inherently a temporal logic. This fact is most clearly exemplified in medieval theories of supposition. As a case study, we look at the supposition theory of Lambert of Lagny (Auxerre), extracting from it a temporal logic and providing a formalization of that logic.
Resurrection-Faith and the ‘Historical’ Jesus
Authors: Hurtado Larry W.
Published: June 2013

It is clear that a remarkable Jesus-devotion, in which Jesus was accorded unprecedented kinds of reverence, was central in early Christian faith from its earliest extant expressions, and represents a significant escalation from the kinds of reverence that followers expressed during Jesus’ earthly ministry. This devotion seems to have been prompted by the conviction that God had raised Jesus from death and given him heavenly glory. The impact of Jesus’ own activities was certainly a factor, but experiences of the risen Jesus were crucial in generating this belief. Moreover, Jesus’ resurrection meant a resounding vindication of the earthly Jesus. Belief in Jesus’ personal resurrection, thus, contributed strongly to interest in Jesus’ own activities and teaching, the formation and circulation of Jesus-tradition, and the composition of narrative accounts of his career. In short, the earliest ‘quest for the historical Jesus’ was prompted by the conviction that he had been resurrected.
Multilevel Energy Policy in the EU: Paving the Way for Renewables?
Authors: Calliess Christian , Calliess Christian , Hey Christian
Published: June 2013

The legal and political interrelations between national and EU energy policy competencies and the actual policies are multifaceted. In order to understand those interrelations properly one has to analyse both the formal competencies of the EU as enshrined in the Lisbon Treaty and the actual EU policies with their direct and indirect impact on the choice of energy sources. The Treaty grants the EU competence as regards (a) the functioning of the energy market; (b) security of energy supply in the Union; (c) promotion of energy efficiency and energy saving and the development of new and renewable forms of energy; and (d) promotion of the interconnection of energy networks. However, Member States remain in control of choosing between different energy sources and the general structure of their energy supply. Any decision affecting this national competence must be adopted by a unanimous vote of the European Council. EU renewable energy support policy needs to develop within the framework of these mixed and multifaceted competences. Our overall argument is that easy fixes do not work. Considering the different national preferences regarding the energy mix, it is premature to ask for a full-fledged EU energy competence leading to a harmonised support system for renewables. Besides which, the emerging climate and renewables policies could also be a driver for deepened energy integration – rather as a bottom-up than a top-down process. In that sense a framework for 2030 with clear goals for climate mitigation, renewables shares and efficiency are of pivotal importance for the transition towards a low carbon economy by 2050.
The Prohibition of Mercury Discharges from Coal-Fired Power Stations under European Law
Authors: Kremer Peter
Published: June 2013

Coal-fired power plants emit mercury trough the air and the water pathway into surface water. Often the occurring depositions from the air and air-soil pathway are higher then the direct depositions through the water pathway. The following article explores the question whether these depositions are in line with the Industry Emission Directive and the Water Framework directive. Whilst the IED does not contain emission limits, there are limitations via the phase-out requirement of the WFD and via the environmental quality standards for mercury contamination of biota in the daughter directive on priority hazardous substances. The phase-out requirement demands the cessation of mercury depositions by 23.12.2006. And based on the biota requirements any new deposition of mercury by coal power plants is inadmissible. These requirements do not only apply to the permission of new power plants, but also to existing plants.
Repositioning Identity in Conceptualizations of Human–Place Bonding
Authors: Kyle Gerard T. , Jun Jinhee , Absher James D.
Published: June 2013

In this investigation, we adapted identity theory to reassess a conceptualization of place attachment—conceived herein as an attitudinal construct used by environmental psychologists to describe people’s bonding to the physical landscape. Past work has conceptualized the construct in terms of three components: cognitive, affective, and conative elements. Based on the tenets of identity theory, we hypothesized that the cognitive component—reflected in the dimension place identity—is an antecedent of these other affective and conative facets. We empirically tested this reconceptualization using data collected from two spatial contexts in Southern California: residents living in the wildland–urban interface outside of San Diego and Los Angeles. Analyses of both data sets provided strong empirical support for our conceptualization of place and its associated measures. Rather than existing on the same temporal plane, we suggest that identification processes drive other affective and conative elements that underlie people attachments to physical environments.
Using Public Transport Can Make Up for Flying Abroad on Holiday
Authors: Kaklamanou Daphne , Jones Christopher R. , Webb Thomas L. , Walker Stuart R.
Published: June 2013

Compensatory Green Beliefs (CGBs) refer to beliefs that the negative effects of energy-inefficient or unsustainable behaviors (e.g., flying abroad on holiday) can be compensated for by engaging in energy-efficient or sustainable practices (e.g., using public transport). The present research developed and validated a scale to measure endorsement of CGBs. This scale formed part of an online survey, which investigated the relationship between endorsement of CGBs and how people think and behave in relation to energy and environmental issues. Factor analysis confirmed the reliability of a 16-item, single-factor scale measuring CGBs. Endorsement of CGBs was found to correlate negatively with measures of proecological behavior, environmental values, “green” identity, concern with climate change, age, and education level. These findings offer an insight into the possible cognitive antecedents of “rebound effects” that are known to limit the effectiveness of interventions designed to reduce energy consumption and promote sustainable behavior.
Directional Control-Response Compatibility Relationships Assessed by Physical Simulation of an Underground Bolting Machine
Authors: Steiner Lisa , Burgess-Limerick Robin , Porter William
Published: June 2013

Objective:

The authors examine the pattern of direction errors made during the manipulation of a physical simulation of an underground coal mine bolting machine to assess the directional control-response compatibility relationships associated with the device and to compare these results to data obtained from a virtual simulation of a generic device.

Background:

Directional errors during the manual control of underground coal roof bolting equipment are associated with serious injuries. Directional control-response relationships have previously been examined using a virtual simulation of a generic device; however, the applicability of these results to a specific physical device may be questioned.

Method:

Forty-eight participants randomly assigned to different directional control-response relationships manipulated horizontal or vertical control levers to move a simulated bolter arm in three directions (elevation, slew, and sump) as well as to cause a light to become illuminated and raise or lower a stabilizing jack. Directional errors were recorded during the completion of 240 trials by each participant.

Results:

Directional error rates are increased when the control and response are in opposite directions or if the direction of the control and response are perpendicular. The pattern of direction error rates was consistent with experiments obtained from a generic device in a virtual environment.

Conclusion:

Error rates are increased by incompatible directional control-response relationships.

Application:

Ensuring that the design of equipment controls maintains compatible directional control-response relationships has potential to reduce the errors made in high-risk situations, such as underground coal mining.
Predicting residual stiffness of cracked composite laminates subjected to multi-axial inplane loading
Authors: Kashtalyan M , Soutis C
Published: June 2013

This is a contribution to the exercise that aims to benchmark and validate the current continuum damage and fracture mechanics methodologies used for predicting the mechanical behaviour of fibre-reinforced plastic composites under complex loadings. The paper describes an analytical approach to predict the effect of intra- (matrix cracking and splitting) and inter-laminar (delamination) damage on the residual stiffness properties of the laminate, which can be used in the post-initial failure analysis, taking full account of damage mode interaction. The approach is based on a two-dimensional shear lag stress analysis and the equivalent constraint model of the damaged laminate with multiple damaged plies. The application of the approach to predicting degraded stiffness properties of a multidirectional laminate with multilayer intra- and inter-laminar damage is demonstrated for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] cross-ply laminates made from a specific glass/epoxy system under in-plane uniaxial and biaxial loading damaged by transverse and longitudinal matrix cracks and crack-induced transverse and longitudinal delamination.
Statistical Refinement of the Q-Matrix in Cognitive Diagnosis
Authors: Chiu Chia-Yi
Published: June 2013

Most methods for fitting cognitive diagnosis models to educational test data and assigning examinees to proficiency classes require the Q-matrix that associates each item in a test with the cognitive skills (attributes) needed to answer it correctly. In most cases, the Q-matrix is not known but is constructed from the (fallible) judgments of experts in the educational domain. It is widely recognized that a misspecification of the Q-matrix can negatively affect the estimation of the model parameters, which may then result in the misclassification of examinees. This article develops a Q-matrix refinement method based on the nonparametric classification method (Chiu & Douglas, in press), and comparisons of the residual sum of squares computed from the observed and the ideal item responses. The method is evaluated with three simulation studies and an application to real data. Results show that the method can identify and correct misspecified entries in the Q-matrix, thereby improving its accuracy.
Influence of Sex on the Outcome of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation in Chondral Defects of the Knee
Authors: Kreuz Peter C. , Müller Sebastian , von Keudell Arvind , Tischer Thomas , Kaps Christian , Niemeyer Philipp , Erggelet Christoph
Published: June 2013

Background:

Sex-specific outcomes have been reported in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction as well as in osteoarthrosis progression, but there are currently no related published data on autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI). The present prospective study was performed to investigate sex-dependent differences in the results after ACI.

Hypothesis:

The clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results after ACI of the knee are influenced by the patient’s sex.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

The midterm clinical and MRI results of a cell-based fibrin-polymer graft for the treatment of full-thickness cartilage defects were evaluated preoperatively and 6, 12, and 48 months after surgery in 52 patients (male:female ratio, 25:27; average age, 35.6 years). Depending on the sex and the location of the defects (femoral condyles, n = 32; patellofemoral compartment, n = 20), patients were assigned to 4 different groups. Baseline clinical scores were compared with follow-up data by paired Wilcoxon tests for the Lysholm score and the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scoring system. Sex-specific differences were evaluated with the Mann-Whitney U test. The MRI evaluation was performed with the Henderson score at final follow-up.

Results:

Clinical scores improved in all groups over the whole study period ( P < .05). Compared with female patients, male patients achieved significantly better results in the Lysholm score at all time intervals and in the IKDC score at 6 and 12 months after surgery ( P < .05). In a subgroup analysis, female patients with patellar defects had the worst results in both clinical scores. With the available number of patients, MRI evaluation at 48 months after surgery revealed no significant difference in defect fill between male and female patients ( P > .05). The Pearson correlation coefficient between both clinical scores and the MRI parameters of defect fill and cartilage signal was significant ( P < .05).

Conclusion:

Autologous chondrocyte implantation is a promising treatment option for full-thickness cartilage defects of male and female knee joints. Female patients with patellar defects have worse prognostic factors.
Holocene environmental change and human impact in NE Morocco: Palaeobotanical evidence from Ifri Oudadane
Authors: Zapata Lydia , López-Sáez José Antonio , Ruiz-Alonso Mónica , Linstädter Jörg , Pérez-Jordà Guillem , Morales Jacob , Kehl Martin , Peña-Chocarro Leonor
Published: June 2013

The littoral site of Ifri Oudadane is one of the most important recently excavated sites in the Mediterranean Maghreb. The shelter presents Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic layers and therefore offers the possibility to investigate the Neolithic transition in the region. Besides introducing the archaeological context, this paper focuses on palaeobotanical data in order to reconstruct Holocene environmental change and human use of plant resources for the period c. 11 to 5.7 ka cal. BP. Results show intense landscape transformations resulting from anthropic and climatic factors. First human occupations start at the beginning of the Holocene with favourable conditions in this otherwise harsh semi-arid stretch of land. A wooded environment with evergreen sclerophyllous oaks and riparian forests is documented and exploited by hunter-gatherers. From c. 7.6 ka cal. BP farming activities are well attested together with significant human impact, herding pressure and a progressive decline of arboreal components. After 6.6 ka cal. BP conditions become less favourable and markers for aridity increase. Riparian taxa disappear ( Alnus) or decrease ( Fraxinus, Populus, Salix); shrubs ( Tamarix) and grasses ( Artemisia) increase with a degradation of forest into shrubland (macchia). During 6.6 and 6.0 ka cal. BP there is a general occupation gap in arid and semi-arid Morocco and evidence for that change is also found in the alluvial deposits of the Moulouya, NE Morocco. Indicators for food production decrease at the same time and the site is abandoned during the first half of the 6th millennium cal. BP.
ICT and systemic time squeeze: The uncoordinated temporalities of globalization
Authors: Mavrofides Thomas , Papageorgiou Dimitris , Papadopoulos Theocharis , Los Antonios
Published: June 2013

The recent economic crisis (2008–2011) is coupled with a political crisis as well. This is due to a shift of the financial risk to political risk; the markets seem to press the democratic governments to risk their own social capital so that the former reduce the investment risk. The ability of the markets to achieve such a goal is realized by the global dependence on information and communication technology (ICT) networks that squeeze the time of interactions between the markets and the governments, thus causing a profound problem in the operations of democracies. This paper inspects those phenomena as manifestations of globalization and tries to examine certain solutions to those problems, from a systems theoretical perspective.
‘What is professional ethics?’
Authors: Brecher Bob
Published: June 2013

The very term ‘professional ethics’ is puzzling with respect to what both ‘professional’ and ‘ethics’ might mean. I argue (1) that professionalism is ambiguous as to whether or not it is implicitly committed to ethical practice; (2) that to be ‘professionally’ ethical is at best ambiguous, if not in fact bizarre; and (3) that, taken together, these considerations suggest that professional ethics is something to be avoided rather than lauded.
Economic Evaluation of 3-Drug Antiretroviral Regimens for the Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission in Thailand
Authors: Werayingyong Pitsaphun , Phanuphak Nittaya , Chokephaibulkit Kulkunya , Tantivess Sripen , Kullert Nareeluk , Tosanguan Kakanang , Butchon Rukmanee , Voramongkol Nipunporn , Boonsuk Sarawut , Pilasant Songyot , Kulpeng Wantanee , Teerawattananon Yot
Published: June 2013

The current program for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Thailand recommends a 2-drugs regimen for HIV-infected pregnant women with a CD4 count >200 cells/mm3. This study assesses the value for money of 3 antiretroviral drugs compared with zidovudine (AZT)+single-dose nevirapine (sd-NVP). A decision tree was constructed to predict costs and outcomes using the governmental perspective for assessing cost-effectiveness of 3-drug regimens: (1) AZT, lamivudine, and efavirenz and (2) AZT, 3TC, and lopinavir/ritonavir, in comparison with the current protocol, AZT+sd-NVP. The 3-drug antiretroviral regimens yield lower costs and better health outcomes compared with AZT+sd-NVP. Although these 3-drug regimens offer higher program costs and health care costs for premature birth, they save money significantly in regard to pediatric HIV treatment and treatment costs for drug resistance in mothers. The 3-drug regimens are cost-saving interventions. The findings from this study were used to support a policy change in the national recommendation.
Parenting Interventions Implementation Science
Authors: Cotter Katie L. , Bacallao Martica , Smokowski Paul R. , Robertson Caroline I. B.
Published: June 2013

Objectives:

This study examines the implementation and effectiveness of Parenting Wisely, an Internet-based parenting skills intervention. The study assesses whether parents benefit from Parenting Wisely participation and whether the delivery format influences program effectiveness.

Method:

This study uses a quasi-experimental design. Participating parents ( N = 144) come from a rural, impoverished, ethnically diverse county in a Southeastern state. The intervention is delivered via four formats: parents-only intensive workshop, parents-only 5-week group, parent and adolescent 5-week group, and parent and adolescent online format.

Results:

Findings show an association between Parenting Wisely participation and improvements in family problem solving, family roles, family involvement, parenting self-efficacy, parenting sense of competence, and decreased adolescent violent behavior. Effect sizes vary by delivery format.

Conclusion:

Positive program effects vary by delivery format and outcome. Practice implications are discussed.
iPads in the Technical Communication Classroom
Authors: Faris Michael J. , Selber Stuart A.
Published: June 2013

Integrating and using technology in the technical communication classroom is an ongoing interest and challenge for the field. Previous work tends to focus on best practices and other types of generalized advice, all of which are invaluable to teachers. But this article encourages teachers to also pay attention to sociotechnical forces and dynamics in local settings. It explains how a cartography of affect can be useful in demonstrating how technologies become imbued with meaning and significance in particular pedagog-ical contexts. The authors illustrate the value of this mapping practice through a case study of iPad integration and use in a technical communication service course and its teacher-training course. They also provide examples of heuristic questions that can guide critical cartography projects in local settings.
Patient Satisfaction About Using Patient Controlled Analgesia in Managing Pain Post Surgical Intervention
Authors: Ratrout Hamza F. , Hamdan-Mansour Ayman M. , Seder Samer S. , Salim Wisam M.
Published: June 2013

Management of postoperative pain using patient controlled analgesia (PCA) has increased for its proven advantages over conventional methods of pain control. The purpose of this study was to investigate patients’ satisfaction about using PCA post surgical intervention among patients at Saudi health care settings. A cross-sectional, descriptive correlational design was used to collect data from patients using PCA post surgical interventions. The analysis showed that patients had a moderate to high level of perception about efficacy of PCA, and had a moderate level of knowledge about PCA use and its function. The duration of using a PCA pump, patients’ age, gender, marital status, educational level, type of surgery, and their work status were significant predictors ( F 7, 76 = 5.13, p < .001; R2= 0.59). PCA offers patients with an individualized analgesic therapy that meets the patients’ demand of pain control. The implications for nurses and medical staff are discussed.
Surveillance of Physician-Diagnosed Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Consistent With Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Among Nebraska High School Athletes, 2008–2012
Authors: Buss Bryan F. , Connolly Susan
Published: June 2013

Though historically confined to hospital settings, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has received increasing attention in the wider community, particularly among athletes. A 2007–2008 investigation in Nebraska concluded that MRSA skin infections were an emerging problem among the state’s student athletes. Statewide surveillance was subsequently conducted during 4 school years (2008–2012) to estimate incidence of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) consistent with MRSA among student athletes. High school athletic officials completed Internet-based surveys following winter and fall sport seasons. Over 3 school years, incidence estimates per 10,000 athletes decreased substantially from 20.9 (2008–2009) to 11.3 (2010–2011) among football players and from 60.8 (2008–2009) to 28.1 (2010–2011) among wrestlers. Following the 2011–2012 sport seasons, however, incidence estimates increased to 16.6 per 10,000 football players and 43.3 per 10,000 wrestlers. School nurses should support school officials to prioritize prevention and control efforts for SSTI, including MRSA.
Attachment, Stress, Dyadic Coping, and Marital Satisfaction of Counseling Graduate Students
Authors: Fuenfhausen Kerrie K. , Cashwell Craig S.
Published: June 2013

A sample of 191 married students from 23 Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs-accredited programs participated in a survey designed to examine factors that affect the marital satisfaction of counseling graduate students. Results indicated that attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, and dyadic coping accounted for 67% of the variance in marital satisfaction. Additionally, dyadic coping partially mediated the relationships between both attachment dimensions and marital satisfaction. Findings provide direction for future research and practical implications for counselors, educators, and graduate students.