bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical efficiency limit of diffractive input couplers in augmented reality waveguides
Authors: Zhao Zhexin , Lee Yun-Han , Feng Xiayu , Escuti Michael J. , Lu Lu , Silverstein Barry
Published: March 2024

Considerable efforts have been devoted to augmented reality (AR) displays to enable the immersive user experience in the wearable glasses form factor. Transparent waveguide combiners offer a compact solution to guide light from the microdisplay to the front of eyes while maintaining the see-through optical path to view the real world simultaneously. To deliver a realistic virtual image with low power consumption, the waveguide combiners need to have high efficiency and good image quality. One important limiting factor for the efficiency of diffractive waveguide combiners is the out-coupling problem in the input couplers, where the guided light interacts with the input gratings again and get partially out-coupled. In this study, we introduce a theoretical model to deterministically find the upper bound of the input efficiency of a uniform input grating, constrained only by Lorentz reciprocity and energy conservation. Our model considers the polarization management at the input coupler and can work for arbitrary input polarization state ensemble. Our model also provides the corresponding characteristics of the input coupler, such as the grating diffraction efficiencies and the Jones matrix of the polarization management components, to achieve the optimal input efficiency. Equipped with this theoretical model, we investigate how the upper bound of input efficiency varies with geometric parameters including the waveguide thickness, the projector pupil size, and the projector pupil relief distance. Our study shines light on the fundamental efficiency limit of input couplers in diffractive waveguide combiners and highlights the benefits of polarization control in improving the input efficiency.
Compact and low-insertion-loss polarization beam-splitting multimode filter using pixelated waveguides
Authors: Ma Lingxiao , Jin Tao , Yao Runkui , Wang Pengjun , Fu Qiang , Chen Weiwei , Dai Shixun , Kong Dejun , Lin Jian , Chen Haoqi , Li Jun , Dai Tingge , Yang Jianyi
Published: March 2024

A polarization beam-splitting multimode filter using pixelated waveguides has been presented and experimentally demonstrated in this paper. Finite difference time domain method and direct binary search optimization algorithm are employed to optimize pixelated waveguides to realize compact size, broad bandwidth, large extinction ratio, low insertion loss, and good polarization extinction ratio. Measurement results show that, in a wavelength range from 1520 to 1560 nm, for the fabricated device working at transverse-electric polarization, the measured insertion loss is less than 1.23 dB and extinction ratio is larger than 15.14 dB, while for transverse-magnetic polarization, the corresponding insertion loss lower than 0.74 dB and extinction ratio greater than 15.50 dB are realized. The measured polarization extinction ratio larger than 15.02 dB is achieved. The device’s length is only 15.4 µm.
Deep-learning based flat-fielding quantitative phase contrast microscopy
Authors: Wang Wenjian , Zhuo Kequn , Liu Xin , Feng Wenjing , Xiong Zihan , Liu Ruihua , Ali Nauman , Ma Ying , Zheng Juanjuan , An Sha , Gao Peng
Published: March 2024

Quantitative phase contrast microscopy (QPCM) can realize high-quality imaging of sub-organelles inside live cells without fluorescence labeling, yet it requires at least three phase-shifted intensity images. Herein, we combine a novel convolutional neural network with QPCM to quantitatively obtain the phase distribution of a sample by only using two phase-shifted intensity images. Furthermore, we upgraded the QPCM setup by using a phase-type spatial light modulator (SLM) to record two phase-shifted intensity images in one shot, allowing for real-time quantitative phase imaging of moving samples or dynamic processes. The proposed technique was demonstrated by imaging the fine structures and fast dynamic behaviors of sub-organelles inside live COS7 cells and 3T3 cells, including mitochondria and lipid droplets, with a lateral spatial resolution of 245 nm and an imaging speed of 250 frames per second (FPS). We imagine that the proposed technique can provide an effective way for the high spatiotemporal resolution, high contrast, and label-free dynamic imaging of living cells.
“Nothing without connection”–Participant perspectives and experiences of mentorship in capacity building in Timor-Leste
Authors: Yan Jennifer , Martins Nelson , Amaral Salvador , Francis Joshua R. , Kameniar Barbara , Delany Clare
Published: March 2024

The literature on mentorship approaches to capacity building in global health is limited. Likewise, there are few qualitative studies that describe mentorship in capacity building in global health from the perspective of the mentors and mentees. This qualitative study examined the perspectives and experiences of participants involved in a program of health capacity building in Timor-Leste that was based on a side-by-side, in-country mentorship approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 participants (including Timorese and expatriate mentors, and local Timorese colleagues) from across a range of professional health disciplines, followed by a series of member checking workshops. Findings were reviewed using inductive thematic analysis. Participants were included in review and refinement of themes. Four major themes were identified: the importance of trust and connection within the mentoring relationship; the side-by-side nature of the relationship (akompaña); mentoring in the context of external environmental challenges; and the need for the mentoring relationship to be dynamic and evolving, and aligned to a shared vision and goals. The importance of accompaniment (akompaña) as a key element of the mentoring relationship requires further exploration and study. Many activities in global health capacity building remain focused on provision of training, supervision, and supportive supervision of competent task performance. Viewed through a decolonising lens, there is an imperative for global health actors to align with local priorities and goals, and work alongside individuals supporting them in their vision to become independent leaders of their professions. We propose that placing mentoring relationships at the centre of human resource capacity building programs encourages deep learning, and is more likely to lead to long term, meaningful and sustainable change.
Time to full enteral feeds in hospitalised preterm and very low birth weight infants in Nigeria and Kenya
Authors: Imam Zainab O. , Nabwera Helen M. , Tongo Olukemi O. , Andang’o Pauline E. A. , Abdulkadir Isa , Ezeaka Chinyere V. , Ezenwa Beatrice N. , Fajolu Iretiola B. , Mwangome Martha K. , Umoru Dominic D. , Akindolire Abimbola E. , Otieno Walter , Olwala Macrine , Nalwa Grace M. , Talbert Alison W. , Abubakar Ismaela , Embleton Nicholas D. , Allen Stephen J. ,   on behalf of the Neonatal Nutrition Network (NeoNuNet)
Published: March 2024

Background

Preterm (born < 37 weeks’ gestation) and very low birthweight (VLBW; <1.5kg) infants are at the greatest risk of morbidity and mortality within the first 28 days of life. Establishing full enteral feeds is a vital aspect of their clinical care. Evidence predominantly from high income countries shows that early and rapid advancement of feeds is safe and reduces length of hospital stay and adverse health outcomes. However, there are limited data on feeding practices and factors that influence the attainment of full enteral feeds among these vulnerable infants in sub-Saharan Africa.

Aim

To identify factors that influence the time to full enteral feeds, defined as tolerance of 120ml/kg/day, in hospitalised preterm and VLBW infants in neonatal units in two sub-Saharan African countries.

Methods

Demographic and clinical variables were collected for newborns admitted to 7 neonatal units in Nigeria and Kenya over 6-months. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify factors independently associated with time to full enteral feeds.

Results

Of the 2280 newborn infants admitted, 484 were preterm and VLBW. Overall, 222/484 (45.8%) infants died with over half of the deaths (136/222; 61.7%) occurring before the first feed. The median (inter-quartile range) time to first feed was 46 (27, 72) hours of life and time to full enteral feeds (tFEF) was 8 (4.5,12) days with marked variation between neonatal units. Independent predictors of tFEF were time to first feed (unstandardised coefficient B 1.69; 95% CI 1.11 to 2.26; p value <0.001), gestational age (1.77; 0.72 to 2.81; <0.001), the occurrence of respiratory distress (-1.89; -3.50 to -0.79; <0.002) and necrotising enterocolitis (4.31; 1.00 to 7.62; <0.011).

Conclusion

The use of standardised feeding guidelines may decrease variations in clinical practice, shorten tFEF and thereby improve preterm and VLBW outcomes.
The impact of maternal health on child’s health outcomes during the first five years of child’s life in countries with health systems similar to Australia: A systematic review
Authors: Mudiyanselage Shalika Bohingamu , Wanni Arachchige Dona Sithara , Angeles Mary Rose , Majmudar Ishani , Marembo Miriam , Tan Eng Joo , Price Anna , Watts Jennifer J. , Gold Lisa , Abimanyi-Ochom Julie
Published: March 2024

Introduction

The first five years of life is an important developmental period that establishes the foundation for future health and well-being. Mothers play a primary role in providing emotional and physical nourishment during early childhood. This systematic review aims to explore the association between maternal health and child health in the first five years of the child’s life.

Materials and methods

As primary aims, we systematically synthesised published evidence relating to the first five years of life for associations between maternal health exposures (mental, physical and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and child health outcomes (physical health, mental health, HRQoL and Health Service Use (HSU) /cost). As a secondary aim, we explored how the above associations vary between disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged populations. The search was limited to studies that published and collected data from 2010 to 2022. The systematic review was specific to countries with similar health systems to Australia. The search was conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, APA PsycINFO, GLOBAL HEALTH, and EMBASE databases. The quality of the included studies was assessed by The Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) tool.

Results

Thirteen articles were included in the final synthesis from the identified 9439 articles in the primary search. Six (46%) explored the association between maternal mental health and child’s physical health, two (15%) explored maternal and child’s physical health, one (8%) explored maternal and child’s mental health, one (8%) explored maternal physical health and child’s HRQoL, and three (23%) explored maternal mental health and child’s HSU. We found an association between maternal health and child health (physical and mental) and HSU outcomes but no association between maternal health and child’s overall HRQoL. The results for disadvantaged communities did not show any difference from the general population.

Discussion and conclusion

Our review findings show that maternal health influences the child’s health in the first five years. However, the current evidence is limited, and the findings were primarily related to a specific maternal or child’s health condition. There was no evidence of associations of child health outcomes in healthy mothers. There is an extensive research gap investigating maternal health exposures and child outcomes in quality of life and overall health.
Modified Mesenchymal stem cell, platelet-rich plasma, and hyaluronic acid intervention in early stage osteoarthritis: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of arthroscopic-guided intra-articular approaches
Authors: Tjandra Kevin Christian , Novriansyah Robin , Sudiasa I. Nyoman Sebastian , Ar Ardiyana , Rahmawati Nurul Azizah Dian , Dilogo Ismail Hadisoebroto
Published: March 2024

Background

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold promise for osteoarthritis (OA) treatment, potentially enhanced by combining them with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and hyaluronic acid (HA). This study aimed to assess the synergy of MSCs, PRP, and varying HA doses, and determine optimal MSC sources to treat early-stage OA in the perspective of Lysholm score, VAS Score, KSS score, and WOMAC score.

Method

Original articles from 2013 to 2023 were screened from four databases, focusing on clinical trials and randomized controlled trials. The Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies—of Interventions (ROB-2) tool evaluated bias, and a PICOS criteria table guided result construction. Revman 5.4 analyzed outcomes such as Lysholm score, VAS score, KSS, WOMAC score, cartilage volume, and defect size using MRI. This systematic review adhered to PRISMA guidelines.

Result

Nine studies met the final inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis revealed a significant improvement in Lysholm score (MD: 17.89; 95% CI: 16.01, 19.77; I2 = 0%, P = 0.56), a notable reduction in VAS score (MD: -2.62; 95% CI: -2.83, -2.41; I2 = 99%, P < 0.00001), elevated KSS (MD: 29.59; 95% CI: 27.66, 31.52; I2 = 95%, P < 0.0001), and reduced WOMAC score (MD: -12.38; 95% CI: -13.75, -11.01; I2 = 99%, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Arthroscopic guided high-dose subchondral application of primary cultured synovial MSCs in popliteal PRP media with HA effectively regenerates cartilage defects and improves clinical outcomes in early-stage osteoarthritis. Clarification of MSC sources and quantities enhances the understanding of this promising treatment modality.
A new method to identify key match-play behaviours of young soccer players: Development of the Hull Soccer Behavioural Scoring Tool
Authors: Robinson James , Cumming Sean , Salter Jamie , Toner John , Towlson Chris
Published: March 2024

The aim of this research was to assess the validity and reliability of a newly developed scoring tool, designed for monitoring youth soccer players during match-play performance to support coaches/scouts with the talent identification process. The method used to design the Hull Soccer Behavioural Scoring Tool comprised of a five-stage process of (i) conducting an initial literature review to establish content validity (ii) gaining content validity through a cross sectional online survey (iii) establishing face validity via expert coach feedback (iv) conducting inter-rater reliability tests and (v) intra-rater reliability tests. In stage two, twenty-two soccer academy practitioners completed an online survey, which revealed that player behaviours such as resilience, competitiveness, and decision making were all valued as the most important behavioural characteristics by practitioners (90.9%), whilst X-factor was valued as least important by a significant amount (27.2%). Stages three to five of the testing procedure included a sample of four academy coaches not involved in the preceding stage. Twenty male collegiate soccer players (under-16 to under-18) involved in the study took part in four versus four small-sided games (SSG) in a ‘round-robin’ tournament across three weeks which accumulated 14 SSG’s, 100–140 minutes of playing time and 70–98 individual player grades. Two of the four academy coaches watched the SSG’s and used the Hull Soccer Behavioural Scoring Tool to assess live evidence of desirable player behaviours, which was subsequently followed by retrospective video analysis for intra-rater reliability testing. The remaining two academy coaches watched the same SSG retrospective video footage to test for inter-rater reliability. Reliability results revealed an acceptable level of agreement with scores between 81.25%—89.9% for inter-rater whilst intra-rater provided scores between 80.35%—99.4%. Preliminary evidence here suggests that the Hull Soccer Behavioural Scoring Tool is both a valid and reliable method to assess desirable player behaviours during talent identification processes. Thus, youth soccer practitioners and researchers should seek to test and further validate the tool in order to confirm its utility as a means of measuring behavioural characteristics of youth soccer players.
Study on the mechanism of multidimensional cutting teeth and the influencing factors of rock breaking efficiency
Authors: Chen Lin , Li Debo , He Jingbin , Meng Leifeng , Chi Qifu , Li Gang , Chen Weilin , Zhao Ying , Yi Xianzhong , Xia Chengyu
Published: March 2024

The innovative cutting mechanism of multi-dimensional teeth presents a groundbreaking approach to drill bit design, particularly optimizing drilling efficiency in challenging geological formations such as interlayers and gravel-rich layers within the Changqing Oilfield. Nevertheless, compared to conventional flat-tooth PDC drill bits, several aspects of the cutting mechanism and design parameters for multi-dimensional teeth require further elucidation. This article employs a linear cutting finite element model to establish cutting models for traditional flat teeth and two distinct types of multi-dimensional teeth, designated as Ridge and Benz. It systematically investigates the influence of varying cutting parameters on the effectiveness of rock-crushing within the multi-dimensional tooth-cutting mechanism. This study conducts laboratory-based single-tooth rock-crushing experiments to validate the numerical simulation results. Furthermore, applying principles derived from soil plastic mechanics contrasts the stress states experienced by rocks during the rock-crushing process between multi-dimensional teeth and conventional flat teeth, shedding light on the rock-crushing mechanism employed by multi-dimensional teeth. This research categorizes PDC cutting teeth on the drill bit into two groups: those near the center and those near the outer shoulder. A linear cutting model for teeth positioned near the outer shoulder is developed to analyze the impacts of different rake angles, side clearance angles, and welding errors on the tooth helix angle and the rock-crushing efficiency of the Benz tooth. This comprehensive study is a valuable reference for tailored drill bit design and holds potential for publication in a prestigious scientific journal.
Social prescribing for children and youth: A scoping review protocol
Authors: Muhl Caitlin , Mulligan Kate , Bayoumi Imaan , Ashcroft Rachelle , Ross-White Amanda , Godfrey Christina
Published: March 2024

Social prescribing is suited to all age groups, but it is especially important for children and youth, as it is well understood that this population is particularly vulnerable to the effects of the social determinants of health and health inequities, and that intervening at this stage of life has the greatest impact on health and wellbeing over the life course. While this population has largely been neglected in social prescribing research, policy, and practice, several evaluations of social prescribing for children and youth have emerged in recent years, which calls for a review of the evidence on this topic. Thus, the objective of this scoping review is to map the evidence on the use of social prescribing for children and youth. This review will be conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews and will be reported in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The search strategy will aim to locate both published and unpublished literature. No language or date restrictions will be placed on the search. The databases to be searched include MEDLINE (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCO), Embase (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ovid), AMED (Ovid), ASSIA (ProQuest), Sociological Abstracts (ProQuest), Global Health (Ovid), Web of Science (Clarivate), Epistemonikos, JBI EBP Database (Ovid), and Cochrane Library. Sources of gray literature to be searched include Google, Google Scholar, Social Care Online (Social Care Institute for Excellence), SIREN Evidence and Resource Library (Social Interventions Research and Evaluation Network), and websites of social prescribing organizations and networks. Additionally, a request for evidence sources will be sent out to members of the Global Social Prescribing Alliance. Two independent reviewers will perform title and abstract screening, retrieval and assessment of full-text evidence sources, and data extraction. Data analysis will consist of basic descriptive analysis. Results will be presented in tabular and/or diagrammatic format alongside a narrative summary.
Effect of foot orthoses on balance among individuals with flatfoot: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chinpeerasathian Chatanun , Sin Oo Phyu , Siriphorn Akkradate , Pensri Praneet
Published: March 2024

Individuals with flatfoot have impaired proprioception owing to ligament laxity and impaired tendons, which can result in poor balance. Foot orthoses (FOs) have been reported to stimulate plantar mechanical receptors and are used to manage foot overpronation in individuals with flatfoot. However, the results of the use of FOs to improve balance are inconsistent. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to identify and investigate the effects of FOs on balance in individuals with flatfoot. Electronic databases were searched for articles published before March 2023. Peer-reviewed journal studies that included adult participants with flexible flatfoot and reported the effects of FOs on balance were included and classified based on the study design: randomized control trials (RCT) and non-RCTs. Four RCT studies were retained, and their methodological quality was assessed (mean, 63.2%; range 47.3%–73.1%: high), as were three non-RCT studies (mean, 54.1%; range, 42.1%–68.4%: high). Meta-analysis was performed by calculating the effect size using the standardized mean differences between the control and FO conditions. Transverse-arch insoles immediately improved static balance after use. However, no immediate significant effect was found for medial archsupport FOs, cuboid-posting FOs, or University of California Berkeley Laboratory FOs during the study period (2–5 weeks) when compared with the controls. The transverse-arch insole is the most effective FO feature for improving static balance. However, the high heterogeneity between study protocols contributes to the lack of evidence for the effects of FO on balance in people with flatfoot.
Evaluating the potential of bioacoustics in avian migration research by citizen science and weather radar observations
Authors: Weisshaupt Nadja , Saari Juha , Koistinen Jarmo
Published: March 2024

The study of nocturnal bird migration brings observational challenges because of reduced visibility and observability of birds at night. Remote sensing tools, especially radars, have long been the preferred choice of scientists to study nocturnal migrations. A major downside of these remote sensing tools is the lack of species-level information. With technological advances in recent decades and with improved accessibility and affordability of acoustic tools, sound recordings have steeply increased in popularity. In Europe, there is no exhaustive qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the content of such acoustic databases and therefore the value for migration science and migration-related applications, such as bird collision hazard assessments, is mostly unknown. In the present work we compared migration schedules estimated from citizen science data with quantitative temporal occurrence of species in four years of acoustic recordings. Furthermore, we contrasted acoustic recordings with citizen science observations and weather radar data from one spring and one autumn season to assess the qualitative and quantitative yield of acoustic recordings for migration-related research and applications. Migration intensity estimated from weather radar data correlated best at low levels with acoustic records including all species in spring while in autumn passerine species showed stronger correlation than the entire species composition. Our findings identify a minor number of species whose call records may be eligible for applications derived from acoustics. Especially the highly vocal species Song thrush and Redwing showed relatively good correlations with radar and citizen science migration schedules. Most long-distance passerine migrants and many other migrants were not captured by acoustics and an estimated seasonal average of about 50% of nocturnally migrating passerine populations remained undetected. Overall, the ability of acoustic records to act as a proxy of overall migration dynamics is highly dependent on the migration period and species involved.
Novel insights into RAGE signaling pathways during the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in RAGE-deficient SOD1 G93A mice
Authors: Nowicka Natalia , Zglejc-Waszak Kamila , Juranek Judyta , Korytko Agnieszka , Wąsowicz Krzysztof , Chmielewska-Krzesińska Małgorzata , Wojtkiewicz Joanna
Published: March 2024

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of motor neurons resulting in paralysis and muscle atrophy. One of the most prospective hypothesis on the ALS pathogenesis suggests that excessive inflammation and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) accumulation play a crucial role in the development of ALS in patients and SOD1 G93A mice. Hence, we may speculate that RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end-products and its proinflammatory ligands such as: HMGB1, S100B and CML contribute to ALS pathogenesis. The aim of our studies was to decipher the role of RAGE as well as provide insight into RAGE signaling pathways during the progression of ALS in SOD1 G93A and RAGE-deficient SOD1 G93A mice. In our study, we observed alternations in molecular pattern of proinflammatory RAGE ligands during progression of disease in RAGE KO SOD1 G93A mice compared to SOD1 G93A mice. Moreover, we observed that the amount of beta actin (ACTB) as well as Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was elevated in SOD1 G93A mice when compared to mice with deletion of RAGE. These data contributes to our understanding of implications of RAGE and its ligands in pathogenesis of ALS and highlight potential targeted therapeutic interventions at the early stage of this devastating disease. Moreover, inhibition of the molecular cross-talk between RAGE and its proinflammatory ligands may abolish neuroinflammation, gliosis and motor neuron damage in SOD1 G93A mice. Hence, we hypothesize that attenuated interaction of RAGE with its proinflammatory ligands may improve well-being and health status during ALS in SOD1 G93A mice. Therefore, we emphasize that the inhibition of RAGE signaling pathway may be a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases.
Network analysis of spread of SARS-CoV-2 within dialysis clinics: A multi-center network analysis
Authors: Duan Sunpeng , Wang Yuedong , Kotanko Peter , Zhang Hanjie
Published: March 2024

Background

In-center hemodialysis entails repeated interactions between patients and clinic staff, potentially facilitating the spread of COVID-19. We examined if in-center hemodialysis is associated with the spread of SARS-CoV-2 between patients.

Methods

Our retrospective analysis comprised all patients receiving hemodialysis in four New York City clinics between March 12th, 2020, and August 31st, 2022. Treatment-level clinic ID, dialysis shift, dialysis machine station, and date of COVID-19 diagnosis by RT-PCR were documented. To estimate the donor-to-potential recipient exposure (“donor” being the COVID-19 positive patient denoted as “COV-Pos”; “potential recipient” being other susceptible patients in the same shift), we obtained the spatial coordinates of each dialysis station, calculated the Euclidean distances between stations and weighted the exposure by proximity between them. For each donor, we estimated the donor-to-potential recipient exposure of all potential recipients dialyzed in the same shift and accumulated the exposure over time within the ‘COV-Pos infectious period’ as cumulative exposures. The ‘COV-Pos infectious period’ started 5 days before COVID-19 diagnosis date. We deployed network analysis to assess these interactions and summarized the donor-to-potential recipient exposure in 193 network diagrams. We fitted mixed effects logistic regression models to test whether more donor-to-potential recipient exposure conferred a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Results

Out of 978 patients, 193 (19.7%) tested positive for COVID-19 and had contact with other patients during the COV-Pos infectious period. Network diagrams showed no evidence that more exposed patients would have had a higher chance of infection. This finding was corroborated by logistic mixed effect regression (donor-to-potential recipient exposure OR: 0.63; 95% CI 0.32 to 1.17, p = 0.163). Separate analyses according to vaccination led to materially identical results.

Conclusions

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between in-center hemodialysis patients is unlikely. This finding supports the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as universal masking and other procedures to control spread of COVID-19.
Understanding the impact of network structure on air travel pattern at different scales
Authors: Huynh Hoai Nguyen , Ng Kuan Luen , Toh Roy , Feng Ling
Published: March 2024

This study examines the global air travel demand pattern using complex network analysis. Using the data for the top 50 airports based on passenger volume rankings, we investigate the relationship between network measures of nodes (airports) in the global flight network and their passenger volume. The analysis explores the network measures at various spatial scales, from individual airports to metropolitan areas and countries. Different attributes, such as flight route length and the number of airlines, are considered in the analysis. Certain attributes are found to be more relevant than others, and specific network measure models are found to better capture the dynamics of global air travel demand than others. Among the models, PageRank is found to be the most correlated with total passenger volume. Moreover, distance-based measures perform worse than the ones emphasising the number of airlines, particularly those counting the number of airlines operating a route, including codeshare. Using the PageRank score weighted by the number of airlines, we find that airports in Asian cities tend to have more traffic than expected, while European and North American airports have the potential to attract more passenger volume given their connectivity pattern. Additionally, we combine the network measures with socio-economic variables such as population and GDP to show that the network measures could greatly augment the traditional approaches to modelling and predicting air travel demand. We’ll also briefly discuss the implications of the findings in this study for airport planning and airline industry strategy.
Evaluation of innovation primacy in cross-regional central cities: Evidence from the Huaihai Economic Zone in China (2010–2020)
Authors: Liu Qin-Xia
Published: March 2024

With the intensification of global economic competition, innovation has become one of the core elements of vigorous development in various regions. Improving the innovation ability of cross-regional central cities is the main factor influencing whether a region can achieve economic and social development. In this paper, an innovation primacy index system is designed according to the links of the innovation value chain, and the innovation advantages and empirical effects are comprehensively analyzed by using the point-to-point method, entropy weight method, gravity model and two-way fixed effect model. Based on the data of 8 cities in the core area of the Huaihai Economic Zone from 2010 to 2020 in China, Xuzhou’s innovation primacy ranks first in the core area of the Huaihai Economic Zone, which accords with its status as the central city of the region. Its index has been rising, and its development trend is also good. However, the overall innovation ability of the core area of the Huaihai Economic Zone is unbalanced; the overall economic foundation is not solid enough. In terms of knowledge innovation, R&D innovation and industrial innovation, the industrialization level, around the activation of Xuzhou city vitality, enhances the Xuzhou innovation radiation drive, leading to a decrease in the Huaihai Economic Zone. Finally, some corresponding suggestions on innovation primacy have been proposed for the city of the Huaihai Economic Zone.
Photoimmuno-antimicrobial therapy for Staphylococcus aureus implant infection
Authors: Dijk Bruce van , Oliveira Sabrina , Hooning van Duyvenbode J. Fred F. , Nurmohamed F. Ruben H. A. , Mashayekhi Vida , Hernández Irati Beltrán , van Strijp Jos , de Vor Lisanne , Aerts Piet C. , Vogely H. Charles , Weinans Harrie , van der Wal Bart C. H.
Published: March 2024

Introduction

Implant infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus are responsible for high mortality and morbidity worldwide. Treatment of these infections can be difficult especially when bacterial biofilms are involved. In this study we investigate the potential of infrared photoimmunotherapy to eradicate staphylococcal infection in a mouse model.

Methods

A monoclonal antibody that targets Wall Teichoic Acid surface components of both S. aureus and its biofilm (4497-IgG1) was conjugated to a photosensitizer (IRDye700DX) and used as photoimmunotherapy in vitro and in vivo in mice with a subcutaneous implant pre-colonized with biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus. A dose of 400 μg and 200 μg of antibody-photosensitizer conjugate 4497-IgG–IRDye700DXwas administered intravenously to two groups of 5 mice. In addition, multiple control groups (vancomycin treated, unconjugated IRDye700DX and IRDye700DX conjugated to a non-specific antibody) were used to verify anti-microbial effects.

Results

In vitro results of 4497-IgG-IRDye700DX on pre-colonized (biofilm) implants showed significant (p<0.01) colony-forming units (CFU) reduction at a concentration of 5 μg of the antibody-photosensitizer conjugate. In vivo, treatment with 4497-IgG-IRDye700DX showed no significant CFU reduction at the implant infection. However, tissue around the implant did show a significant CFU reduction with 400 μg 4497-IgG-IRDye700DX compared to control groups (p = 0.037).

Conclusion

This study demonstrated the antimicrobial potential of photoimmunotherapy for selectively eliminating S. aureus in vivo. However, using a solid implant instead of a catheter could result in an increased bactericidal effect of 4497-IgG-IRDye700DX and administration locally around an implant (per operative) could become valuable applications in patients that are difficult to treat with conventional methods. We conclude that photoimmunotherapy could be a potential additional therapy in the treatment of implant related infections, but requires further improvement.
Research on the impact of digitalization on green development: An empirical analysis from the low-carbon strategy perspective
Authors: Zhang Jiehui
Published: March 2024

With the collision between the green and low-carbon economy and the accelerating digital economy, how to realize the effect of "1+1>2" has gradually become an important topic for contributing to the high-quality development of regions and enterprises. Entrepreneurship in the digital age continues to exhibit new characteristics, and its impact on green development is also more closely related. This article focuses on the context of the low-carbon strategy, incorporating the digitalization level, entrepreneurship, and green development into the same framework. It then takes 2011–2021 Chinese provincial panel data and enterprise panel data as samples to conduct research. The results indicate the following: (1) The digitalization level has a significant positive promoting effect on the green development of regions and enterprises, and blockchain technology has the strongest promoting effect on the green development of enterprises. (2) The digitalization level drives the green development of regions and enterprises through three channels: entrepreneurs’ innovative spirit, entrepreneurs’ entrepreneurial spirit and entrepreneurs’ contract spirit. Entrepreneurship is the intermediary bridge for the digitalization level to promote green development. (3) Environmental regulations partially serve as "accelerators" of the impact of green development. The findings of this article will provide empirical support for evaluating the impact of digitalization on green development and offer useful insights for better stimulating and cultivating entrepreneurship in the new era to empower comprehensive green development.
Albufeiras na ilha da Madeira: (imprescindível) impermeabilização com geossintéticos
Authors: Barroso Madalena , Caldeira Laura , França Ferreira Pedro , França Paulo , Maligno Carlos
Published: March 2024

Na ilha da Madeira, existem vários reservatórios de água para diferentes fins, entre eles as albufeiras das barragens de Pico da Urze e da Portela. Estas infraestruturas têm em comum a particularidade de as características das formações geológicas vulcânicas ocorrentes e os materiais de construção das barragens não garantirem a estanquidade necessária para a retenção da água, tornando imprescindível o uso de geossintéticos na impermeabilização do corpo das barragens e das suas albufeiras. Na Barragem do Pico da Urze foi utilizado um geocompósito de impermeabilização (geomembrana de PVC termoacoplada a um geotêxtil) e na Barragem da Portela foi usada uma geomembrana de PEAD. A utilização destes materiais colocou alguns desafios ao nível da conceção e construção dos seus sistemas de impermeabilização. Neste artigo, apresentam-se os principais desafios enfrentados durante as fases de projeto e de construção dos sistemas de impermeabilização, que o Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil acompanhou no âmbito de assessorias técnicas prestadas aos donos de obra.
A Legal Review of the Process of Introducing National Core Infrastructure Legislation in the Disaster and Safety Law
Authors:   Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis, Lee Young Kune , Kim Woo Tae
Published: March 2024

Over the past two decades since the National Core Infrastructure legislation was introduced, substantial progress has been made in various related legislations, such as those governing Critical Infrastructure and National Infrastructure, leading to the development of a more refined legal framework. However, there are still uncertainties regarding the extent of legal completeness embodied in the current definition of National Core Infrastructure. Evaluating how well the objectives of these legislative revisions have been or can be achieved, especially in comparison to existing terms like National Infrastructure, is crucial. This necessity stems from the fact that the legislative process for the National Core Infrastructure was carried out with no discussions on its legal nature or functions at key committees like the Administrative Security Committee or the Legal Affairs and Judiciary Committee. This study aims to scrutinize the objectives underlying the establishment of the National Core Infrastructure Act and identify challenges, limitations, and potential improvements in the current operation of South Korea's National Core Infrastructure legal system.국가핵심기반, 재난안전법, 입법과정, 국가기반시설, 국가기반체계
A Comparative Study of KBLS and BLS in Nursing Students
Authors:   Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis, Lee Myung In , Lee Ju-Hee , Jeong Young Ju
Published: March 2024

This is a non-equivalent control group before-and-after design study. It compares the educational effectiveness of nursing students' KBLS Provider and BLS Provider courses. The comparison is based on the KACPR 2020 guidelines and AHA 2020 guidelines, respectively. The study seeks to provide evidence to suggest an efficient CPR education program suitable for Korean conditions. We recruited 29 and 21 participants for the KBLS and BLS groups, respectively. The results showed a significant difference in CPR knowledge before and after KBLS and BLS training (F=10.30, p=.002) but not in CPR attitude (t=0.71, p=.479), CPR self-efficacy (U=297.50, p=.890), and attitude toward automated external defibrillator use (U=1258.50, p=.361). The findings suggest that the KBLS Provider course, based on the KBLS guidelines, should be applied to nursing students' CPR education in Korea. This course is structured according to the Korean healthcare situation, offers competitive prices, including affordable e-books and association fees, and provides the convenience of accessing the education report system.
Development of Inspection Standards for Mountain Photovoltaic Power Stations Using AHP Method
Authors:   Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis, Lee Kwang Youn , Lim Young Hyup , Lee Jong Seo , Kim Dong Hyeon , Yoon Suk Hee , Bae Hyun Seok , Lee Sang Ho
Published: March 2024

Recently, mountain photovoltaic power stations have caused sediment-related disasters, such as soil erosion and landslides. Efforts to mitigate these issues include strengthening installation slope standards and restructuring systems through mandatory inspections. In response to these challenges, this study aimed to select inspection items for the ongoing management of mountain photovoltaic power stations, and to establish standards for their inspection and overall management. Initially, inspection items for mountain photovoltaic power stations were categorized into three major groups, eight intermediate categories, 17 minor categories, and 58 detailed categories based on spatial criteria. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) analysis method to calculate the weight for each item, 'slope' was found to directly influence mountain landslide disasters, and items related to 'erosion' and 'drainage facilities' carried a high weight. Subsequently, a checklist was developed based on the weight of each item, carrying out on-site inspections. A clear variation in scores depending on the management status was confirmed.
A Proposal and Research on Regulations of Exception and Mitigation for Fire Compartments in Building
Authors:   Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis, Shin So Hee , Kwack Dong Wha , Hwang In Hyeok
Published: March 2024

Buildings are equipped with fire compartments to prevent the spread of fire. However, the fire compartment regulations in South Korea are simplistic and standardized, and the exception and mitigation also have ambiguous criteria, requiring adaptations to accommodate changes in architectures. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the contents related to exception and mitigation for fire compartments in South Korea and propose to make up for the limitations. To identify limitations, this study investigates how fire compartments are implemented in South Korea and analyze international cases to compare fire compartment regulations. The comparative analysis reveals that domestic exception and mitigation have ambiguous spatial criteria, and international cases solve this issue by specifying regulations based on specific uses. Consequently, this study proposes the need to formulate and detail regulations of exception and mitigation considering both building use type and space characteristics, because of fire hazard levels changed by building use type.
Estrategias en la elección de alimentos para familias vegetarianas en el valle de Aburrá, Colombia
Authors: Narváez Rivas Ana María , Gómez Ramírez Briana Davahiva
Published: March 2024

Introducción. El vegetarianismo tiene como eje central la exclusión de alimentos de origen animal. No obstante, dichos cambios en el patrón alimentario conllevan retos sociales porque la adquisición y consumo de alimentos dependen de diversos factores. Dado lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las estrategias de la elección de alimentos para el consumo dentro y fuera del hogar que tienen algunas familias vegetarianas del Valle de Aburrá, Colombia.
Metodología. Se realizó estudio cualitativo fenomenológico con 16 familias vegetarianas captadas por muestreo de poblaciones ocultas y técnica de bola de nieve. Mediante una entrevista semiestructurada se indagó sobre el consumo fuera de casa y la elección de alimentos para el consumo diario.
Resultados. En las elecciones alimentarias para el consumo dentro y fuera del hogar, las familias prefieren alimentos naturales o con un menor grado de procesamiento y que a su vez no contengan nutrientes trazadores de riesgo en salud, por lo que puede tratarse de una alimentación con mayor conciencia. En esta misma línea, optan por elegir establecimientos con denominación vegetariana, sin embargo, los participantes refieren que en ocasiones hay dificultades en el acceso en ambientes escolares.
Conclusión. En la actualidad, se está buscando fomentar consumos alimentarios saludables y responsables. Las estrategias aquí expuestas se muestran como alternativas viables ante las problemáticas de salud y del medioambiente.
Kostensenkung und verbesserte Versorgungsqualität für multimorbide, schwer transportable Patient:innen durch Mobile Endoskopische Dysphagie-Diagnostik im ambulanten Setting
Authors: Stelter W. , Klas T. , Lücking C.
Published: March 2024

Background: Instrumental diagnostic procedures such as the Fiber Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) are recommended as gold standard by the German Society of Neurology (DGN) for the assessment of aspiration risk, extent of disturbance and therapy planning. However, clinical procedures are often used in clinical practice for reasons of costs and handling. Due to their insufficient sensitivity, specificity and rater-dependent variability, these alone are not sufficient to assess the pathomechanisms of a swallowing disorder. In addition, access to FEES is limited for multimorbid and intensive care patients due to transport limitations. The use of Mobile Endoscopic Dysphagia Diagnostics (MEDD) is discussed as a possible solution to the care problem. However, there is a lack of implementation possibilities for a standard deployment in Germany. The purpose of the study is to investigate the implementation requirements of MEDD. Method: Four experts were interviewed using semi-standardized guide interviews on the implementation requirements, optimization and positive and negative aspects of the MEDD. Results: According to experts, MEDD can help to reduce health care costs and increase swallowing-related daily participation among those affected. Moreover, the use of MEDD provides an increasing quality of life and care, as therapists are able to plan and evaluate their treatments in detail using imaging. The standard use of MEDD is mainly limited by unclear legal regulation and accounting aspects as well as an insufficient awareness and trivialization of the symptom complex »dysphagia« by health professionals in Germany. Basically, a health-policy-supported financing model and a revision of the training curricula for the medical profession, speech therapy and nursing profession are required. Conclusion: From the expert's point of view, MEDD can contribute significantly to saving healthcare costs and improving the swallowing-related quality of life of affected patients by differentiated, instrumental and mobile dysphagia diagnostics. For the standard use of MEDD, clear, health-policy-based regulations on delegation, hygiene, emergency management and compensation are necessary, as well as a revision of the training curricula in human medicine and the health professions. Key words: dysphagia, instrumental swallowing diagnostics, FEES, mobile endoscopic dysphagia diagnostics, MEDD