bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic analysis confirms hepatitis C virus transmission among hemodialysis patients in Kosovo
Authors: Jakupi Xhevat , Mlakar Jana , Lunar Maja , Rudhani Ibrahim , Raka Lul , Tavakoli Norma , Poljak Mario
Published: January 2020

Introduction: It has recently been demonstrated that there is a very high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among hemodialysis patients in Kosovo with HCV subtype 1 being the most prevalent subtype. In this study, we further detail the molecular epidemiology of HCV outbreaks occurring in seven dialysis centers in Kosovo.

Methodology: In total, 273 samples obtained from HCV RNA positive patients undergoing hemodialysis at one of the seven centers in Kosovo were selected for this study: 171 subtype 1a samples, 91 subtype 4d samples, and 11 subtype 1b samples. A partial HCV NS5B region was amplified and sequenced. Subtype-specific phylogenetic analyses were performed with the inclusion of control sequences and transmission clusters were identified.

Results: NS5B sequences were successfully obtained in 257/273 (94.1%) of samples; 162 subtype 1a, 84 subtype 4d, and 11 subtype 1b sequences. Phylogenetic analyses showed a high degree of phylogenetic clustering of HCV sequences subtyped 1a (99.4%), 1b (63.6%), and 4d (76.2%). Distinct phylogenetic clusters of sequences obtained from hemodialysis patients were observed for all three subtypes studied. In addition, several smaller clusters within the large clusters were identified, mainly from a single dialysis center.

Conclusions: Phylogenetic analyses confirmed nosocomial transmission during dialysis as a major factor in the spread of HCV at the seven dialysis centers in Kosovo.
Colocasia kachinensis, a new species of Araceae from Myanmar
Authors: Zhou Shi-Shun , Quan Rui-Chang , Li Ren , Liu Qiang , Yin Jian-Tao
Published: January 2020

Colocasia kachinensis S.S. Zhou & J.T. Yin, is described and illustrated as a new species of Araceae from Kachin, Mynamar. The morphological characters are compared to those of other Colocasia species. Colocasia kachinensis is closely related to C. menglaensis J.T Yin, H. Li & Z.F. Xu, 2004, but differs from in having an erect stem, no stolons, smaller size, a different pattern of surface bristle distribution and male flowers 1–4-androus with stamens connate in truncate synandrium.
Taxonomic studies on Begonia (Begoniaceae) in Myanmar I: three new species and supplementary description of Begonia rheophytica from Northern Myanmar
Authors: Maw Mya Bhone , Ding Hong-Bo , Yang Bin , Win Pyae Pyae , Tan Yun-Hong
Published: January 2020

Three new species of Begonia (B. chenii, B. putaoensis and B. crassitepala) belonging to Begonia section Platycentrum and a supplementary description of B. rheophytica with a detailed description of female flowers from Putao, Kachin State, Northern Myanmar, are described and illustrated. All the new species are endemic to Northern Myanmar and can be easily distinguished from other species among the section Platycentrum. A detailed description, photographs, habitat, distribution and a comparison with the most related allied species for all new species are provided.
Comportements (non) éthiques et stratégies morales
Authors: Villeval Marie Claire
Published: January 2020

La théorie du crime de Gary Becker a été mise à mal par une accumulation de preuves expérimentales qui ont mis en évidence une aversion intrinsèque des agents économiques au mensonge et l’importance de leurs croyances sur la perception de leur conduite morale par autrui. Cherchant à préserver leur réputation et leur image quand leurs actes génèrent des externalités négatives, les individus développent une variété de stratégies leur permettant de motiver leurs croyances et accroître l’incertitude, générant des limitations cognitives motivées. Nous illustrons ces stratégies à travers un ensemble de recherches récentes qui témoignent de l’émergence d’une véritable théorie comportementale alternative des choix moraux.
Images in Pediatric Opthalmology: Retinal Hamartoma in a Healthy 5-Year-Old Boy
Authors: Meerschaert A. , Casteels I.
Published: January 2020

A monthly case study, featured in Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus, showing encounters in the field of Pediatric Ophthalmology.
Transepithelial Surface Ablation With Mitomycin C for the Treatment of Chronic Central Corneal Scars Following Adenoviral Keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Oliveira Renan F. , Ferreira Gabriel A. , Ghanem Vinícius C. , Corrêa-Dantas Paulo Elias , Ghanem Ramon C.
Published: January 2020

PURPOSE:

To assess visual and refractive outcomes and recurrence rates of subepithelial infiltrates after corneal surface ablation with mitomycin C (MMC) 0.02% for the treatment of chronic corneal scars following epidemic keratoconjunctivitis and to compare these results with a control group receiving only medical treatment.

METHODS:

This was a retrospective case series enrolling patients with central corneal scars following epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Patients were divided into two groups: (1) control with clinical follow-up and refractive correction with glasses or rigid gas-permeable contact lenses when necessary and (2) transepithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) with MMC 0.02%, combined with photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in selected cases (treatment group). Signs and symptoms, corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) in logMAR units, manifest and cycloplegic refraction, and depth of the corneal opacities were assessed.

RESULTS:

Thirty-five eyes of 27 patients (11 men [40.7%] and 16 women [59.3%]) were enrolled, with a mean follow-up of 54.4 ± 19.7 and 27.5 ± 22.8 months in the control and treatment groups, respectively. Mean improvement in CDVA was 0.13 ± 0.17 logMAR (
P
= .007) in the control group and 0.29 ± 0.24 logMAR (
P
= .001) in the treatment group. Intergroup comparison showed a greater improvement in the treatment group (
P
= .041). Mean hyperopic shift induced in the treatment group was +0.46 ± 1.20 diopters. The recurrence rate of subepithelial infiltrates was 77.7% in the control group and 11.7% in the treatment group throughout the follow-up (54.4 ± 19.7 and 27.5 ± 22.8 months, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:

Corneal surface ablation with MMC 0.02% was efficient in treating corneal scars following adenoviral epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, with greater visual improvement in comparison to clinical treatment and a decreased rate of infiltrate recurrence.

[
J Refract Surg.
2020;36(1):55–61.]
Adapted Physical Education in the Special Education Process
Authors: Mcnamara Scott , Pan Cheng-Chen
Published: January 2020

Adapted physical education (APE) services have the same overall objectives as general physical education; however, adapted physical educators should implement accommodations and modifications to personalize the programs to meet the individual needs of students with disabilities. Because of the high levels of health disparity for people with disabilities, as well as cognitive and socio-emotional benefits associated with physical activity and exercise, it is crucial that students with disabilities receive high-quality APE programming. To give the readers a broad overview of APE and how it should be implemented, this chapter covers the following topics: physical education and physical literacy, the benefits of physical education and exercise for students with disabilities, federal laws in relation to physical education for students with disabilities, the role of adapted physical educators in interdisciplinary team approaches within the individualized education program process, and highlighting specialized teaching strategies and specialized equipment for students with disabilities.
Informing School Rehabilitation Professionals
Authors: Lin Pei-Ying
Published: January 2020

The importance of appropriate use of test accommodations has drawn researchers to look closely for empirical evidence that supports the appropriateness and effectiveness of current accommodation practices over the last three decades. To inform teacher candidates enrolled in special education courses as well as school rehabilitation professionals who may or may not be new to the field, this chapter synthesizes research findings on the effectiveness of major accommodation categories and discusses how to make valid decisions for students with diverse special learning needs.
A Case Study on Strengthening the Link Between Psychometrics, Assessment, and Intervention in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Authors: Anunciação Luis , Portugal Anna Carolina
Published: January 2020

A comprehensive childhood evaluation is a fundamental feature of rehabilitation. This process relies on the collection of quality data including that obtained from psychometric instruments, such as tests and scales, family interviews, and natural observations. Therefore, an evidence-based assessment counts on the interface of using psychometrically valid and reliable instruments, in addition to understanding data gathered from other sources of information. This chapter provides an overview of the key features of psychometric testing applied to childhood assessment. A case study is presented to link the psychometric instruments and its clinical utility within the assessment framework. To better accomplish this goal, this chapter is split into three sections: i. key features of psychometrics and its tools; ii. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); iii. a case study to link both topics.
Advising and Mentoring Disadvantaged Students Through the Medical School Admissions Process
Authors: Reichard-Brown Jan L. , Wood-Hill Lolita A. , Watts Ellen M.
Published: January 2020

Undergraduate students from disadvantaged backgrounds can find the adjustment to college academics and other collegiate expectations confusing and disconcerting. They must learn to understand and navigate what has been referred to as the Hidden Curriculum: the ideas, norms, and expectations that are not overtly stated, but which the student must implicitly understand. These students don't even know what they don't know when they arrive on campus. This chapter focuses on aspects of the undergraduate hidden curriculum, particularly as they affect the career of the pre-medical student and the student's potential for becoming a competitive applicant to medical school. Several illustrative case studies are presented and analyzed in light of what is referred to as the Bachelors Hidden Curriculum (BHC). The chapter closes with a discussion of approaches that pre-medical advisors and student mentors may take to try to mitigate the impact of the BHC on these worthy students.
21st Century Problem-Based Learning
Authors: Ely Susan , Greenawald Joanne H. , Vari Richard C.
Published: January 2020

An account of 21st century problem-based learning (PBL) in preclinical medical education is provided through a detailed explanation of the overall process, a description of PBL case construction, and a brief consideration of related activities, including case wrap-up sessions and facilitator debriefing meetings. Composition of student PBL groups, the role of the faculty facilitator, and PBL decorum are also explored in this chapter. The implementation of PBL in a new medical school curriculum by rational design is compared to the introduction of PBL into an existing medical school curriculum by retrofit. Advantages and challenges of PBL are enumerated; a brief comparison of PBL with team-based learning (TBL) is also included.
Transition Courses in Medical School
Authors: Kiluk Vinita C. , Zhu Alina R. , Spoto-Cannons Antoinette C. , Schocken Dawn M. , DeWaay Deborah J.
Published: January 2020

Across the nation, many medical schools have begun to include short courses during key transition points in the curriculum to help prepare students to succeed in the new area where they will be learning. This chapter introduces the reader to these “transition courses” that were not a part of medical education 20 years ago. These courses utilize combinations of high- and low-fidelity simulation, standardized patients, small group sessions, team-based learning and didactics. The authors explore four key transition areas that have seen an influx of these short courses: Orientation to Medical School, Return to Clerkship, Orientation to Clerkship, and Capstone or Boot camp. Each of these four courses is examined in content and relevance in preparing the medical student for the transition in their academic career.
Using Technology to Teach and Teaching About Technology
Authors: Anand Shohreh V. , Anand Tejwansh S.
Published: January 2020

This chapter analyzes the role played by technology in undergraduate medical education (UME) using two perspectives: how technology is used as a tool to facilitate teaching and how medical students are taught to use technology in the clinical setting. For each perspective, a survey of literature, published from 2009 to 2019, was conducted to understand the current state. Authors critically examine the current state and describe and analyze issues with it. Recommendations are made for improving the blending of medical education, technology, pedagogy, and clinical practice. The narrative in this chapter is at the intersection of digital technology, educational theories, and medical settings (educational and practice).
You're a Med Student, so Now What?
Authors: Christophers Briana
Published: January 2020

This reflection chapter is from the perspective of the first-year medical student: teetering the line between the naïveté of embarking into an ambiguous future and the wisdom developing in the midst of self discovery. From the early moments of dissecting in the anatomy lab to making decisions about which content to study further during spare time, the first year of medical school sets the stage for collecting signs and symptoms into a diagnosis and a plan. This lens extends into steps for self-reflection: outline values and current needs (akin to taking your own history); reflect on interests and skills (identifying signs); consider the roles of a physician in society (coming up with a differential for who you might become); identify opportunities for the future (crafting an action plan); seek out connections with other students, trainees, and physicians (assembling a team). In this way, students can be encouraged to take a moment to center themselves in the way they will for the patients under their care to make sense of it all.
My Mentors in Medicine
Authors: Finch Anthony J.
Published: January 2020

The author describes his journey of learning in medicine from childhood through graduation from medical school. The author describes how each of his mentors played a specific role at crucial points in his development. His parents and a high school professor inspired him to pursue medicine as a career. Academic, clinical, and research mentors assisted in the author's preparation for medical school. Finally, medical school faculty and staff at Weill Cornell Medicine enriched his medical school experience, guided his choice of psychiatry as a specialty, and encouraged him to think about the structure of his future career. The author gratefully emphasizes the importance of all of his mentors' efforts and resolves to serve a similar mentorship role for the next generation of physicians.
Training to Be an MD/PhD
Authors: Aiello Salvatore
Published: January 2020

The most influential assignment of the author's career was the first assignment in his first undergraduate class: take a picture and describe it in a thousand words. From there, the author found a way to spend each semester of college writing about the photo essays by Robert Frank and Brassai, exploring surrealistic works by Jorge Luis Borges and Federico Garcia Lorca, or pursing artistic musings. Given the author's enthusiasm for creative pursuits, his standing as an MD/PhD student may come as a surprise. However, creative courses served as outlets from his medical school prerequisite-heavy course load. The author craved their self-guided and exploratory approach. This craving grew to incorporate an interest in research. What follows is the tortuous route that led the author to join an MD/PhD program.
Integrating Computational Thinking and Mathematics
Authors: Bertrand Marja , Namukasa Immaculate Kizito
Published: January 2020

Globally, computational thinking and coding in schools has become more popular as well as a growing area of interest in education reform. Coupling coding with creative thinking promises to meaningfully engage students in their learning and to improve their coding and computational thinking skills. This prompts discussions about STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics), which promotes creativity and innovation through the integration of the arts in STEM subjects. This study addresses the following question: What mathematics and computational thinking do students learn through different models of STEAM education in non-profit and in-school contexts? A small sample was taken of four different STEAM programs in Ontario, Canada. We carried out a qualitative case study with 103 participants, 19 adults and 84 students. The findings from this study have implications for designing, implementing and researching K-8 STEAM programs that promote coding and computational thinking skills in the context of learning mathematics.
Perceptions of Gender Stereotypes About Computer Game-Based Learning Among Pre-Service Teachers
Authors: Liu Xiongyi , Wachira Patrick
Published: January 2020

The purpose of the present study is to develop a scale for measuring pre-service teacher perceptions of gender stereotypes about computer game-based learning, and conduct a preliminary study to explore the reliability and validity of the scale. Data was collected via survey from 119 pre-service teachers enrolled in a mathematics methods class at a mid-western university. Results of data analysis provided strong support for the reliability of the scale and partial support for its validity. Consistent with our hypotheses, perceptions of gender stereotypes were negatively related to computer gaming experience, gamer identity, and intention to use computer game-based learning in future teaching practice. At the same time, perceptions of gender stereotypes were positively related to perceived barriers to computer game-based learning. Factor analysis suggested a four-factor structure pertaining to four aspects of gender stereotypes with favorable perceptions towards male gamers: intrinsic motivation, competency, confidence, and game compatibility.
Enhancing Preservice Teachers' Confidence and Efficacy in Computer Science
Authors: Tran Yune
Published: January 2020

The growing demand for digital literacy, computer science (CS), and computational thinking (CT) has taken traction in U.S. schools. The emphasis on teaching these skills in the classroom demands teachers who are prepared to teach such content and skills. However, there has been limited research on preservice teacher self-efficacy for teaching CS to elementary-aged students even though a body of research related to teacher efficacy has supported positive changes in student learning. The purpose of the mixed-method research was to examine over 30 preservice teachers' self-efficacy in teaching CS lessons to elementary-aged students. Findings included improved efficacy, confidence, and positive perceptions about teaching CS from pre-to post-test surveys, focus-group interviews, and written reflections. Three prominent topics emerged from qualitative data and consisted of: (1) lack of familiarity of concepts caused nervousness; (2) peer and content support to ease implementation; (3) developing enthusiasm of the content through multiple exposures.
Introducing Computational Thinking Unplugged in Early Childhood Education Within the Context of Physical and Natural Science Courses
Authors: Kalogiannakis Michail , Kanaki Kalliopi
Published: January 2020

In the contemporary digital era, introducing computational thinking concepts is considered an imperative need at all stages of schooling, since they are inextricably linked to skills applicable and beneficial in everyday life. This chapter presents a novel educational framework that aims to foster the growth of computational thinking at early childhood stages, within the context of physical and natural science courses, pursuing the unplugged philosophy and following the principles of game-based, project-based and collaborative learning. This chapter also presents a relevant pilot study, conducted with second grade students of a Greek primary school, with the objective of assessing the feasibility of the proposed educational framework, as well as examining its effectiveness. The results stemming from the pilot are promising and reveal that the proposed approach serves our goal to enhance computational thinking at the first stages of schooling through engaging and fun educational activities that appeal to young students.
The Rise of the Digital Polymath
Authors: Repenning Alexander , Lamprou Anna , Wigger Patrick
Published: January 2020

A difficult challenge to computer science education is the systemic professional development of teachers. K-12 computer science education models limited to voluntary in-service teacher professional development may not reach a critical majority of teachers who are skeptical towards information technology, computer science, programming and computational thinking. The inclusion of computer science in a national K-12 education standard in Switzerland has made it possible to move beyond voluntary K-12 computer science education for in-service teachers to mandatory pre-service teacher education for all elementary teachers. This chapter describes the vision of the Digital Polymath as a digitally enabled person empowered by computational thinking to connect computer science with other disciplines. The course design, combining game design activities, computational thinking tools and the 7 big ideas from the computer science principles framework is outlined and experiences are reported.
Pre-Service Teacher Preparation to Integrate Computational Thinking
Authors: Farmer Lesley S. J. , An Shuhua
Published: January 2020

United States education has experienced a big push for students to learn coding as part of computer science and more explicitly address computational thinking (CT). However, CT remains a challenging subject for many students, including pre-service teachers. CT, which overlaps mathematics and computer science, tends to be offered as an elective course, at best, in P-16 education. Pre-service teaching profession students usually do not have foundational knowledge to guide them in integrating computational thinking into the curriculum that they will eventually teach as instructors themselves. This chapter explains computational thinking in light of K-8 education, discusses issues and needs in integrating CT into K-8 curriculum, identifies relevant theories and models for teaching CT, describes current practice for integrating computational thinking into K-8 curriculum, and discusses pre-service teachers' preparation that can lead to their successful incorporation of CT into the curriculum.
Achievement Differences Between Students in Single-Sex Schools and Students in Coeducational Schools
Authors: Rugutt John K. , Chemosit Caroline C.
Published: January 2020

This study used hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) approach to investigate relationships between student achievement and single-sex school status with a sample of 57,041 students in 996 secondary schools in Kenya. An ANOVA was conducted to compare achievement levels of student enrolled in computer science courses and those who are not. The results showed that students enrolled in computer science courses achieved at a higher level whether in single-sex or coeducational schools. Students in single-sex schools achieved at a significantly higher level than those in co-education schools across all counties studied and across all subjects. The study concluded with a discussion of the importance of the study findings and call for the education stakeholders to be cognizant of the contribution the variables discussed in this study make to teaching and learning environment so that they are fully involved in providing the kinds of educational experiences that promote student learning.
Performance of Strain Gauge in Strain Measurement and Brittle Coating Technique
Authors: P. S. Balaji , Karuppasamy Karthik Selva Kumar , K. V. J. Bhargav , Dalela Srajan
Published: January 2020

The strain gauge system consists of a metallic foil supported in a carrier and bonded to the specimen by a suitable adhesive. Previous chapters discussed the construction, configuration, and the material of the strain gauge. The strain gauge has advantages over the other methods. A strain gauge can give directly the strain value as output. However, in optical methods, it is required to interpret the results. It is also required to be aware that the strain gauge technology is majorly used, and it can also be easily wrongly used. Hence, it is required to obtain the proper knowledge of the strain gauge to get the full benefit of the technology. This chapter covers the majorly on the performance of the strain gauge, its temperature effects, and strain selection. Further, this chapter also covers the brittle coating technique that is used to decide the position of the strain gauge in the applications.
Measurement of Strain Using Strain Gauge and Piezoelectric Sensors
Authors: Kamal Abhishek , Kulkarni Vinayak , Sahoo Niranjan
Published: January 2020

Today, measurement of strain plays a crucial role in different areas of research such as manufacturing, aerospace, automotive industry, agriculture, and medical. Many researchers have used different types of strain transducers to measure strain in their relevant research fields. Strain can be measured using mainly two methods (i.e., electrical strain sensors and optical strain sensors). Electrical strain sensors consist basically of strain gauges, piezo film, etc. In electrical strain sensors, the strain gauge is one of the oldest and reliable strain sensors which are available in different types (i.e., wire strain gauge, foil strain gauge, and semiconductor strain gauge). Piezofilm is also playing an important role in the field of strain measurement due to easy availability and less cost.
Deformation Assessment of Stainless Steel Sheet Using a Shock Tube
Authors: Barik Saibal Kanchan , Sahoo Niranjan , Rajaura Nikki
Published: January 2020

In the present study, a high-velocity sheet metal forming experiment has been performed using a hemispherical end nylon striker inside the shock tube. The striker moves at a high velocity and impacts the sheet mounted at the end of the shock tube. Three different velocity conditions are attained during the experiment, and it helps to investigate the forming behavior of the material at different ranges of velocity conditions. Various forming parameters such as dome height, effective strain distribution, limiting strain, hardness, and grain structure distribution are analysed. The dome height of the material increases monotonically with the high velocity. The effective-strain also follows the similar variation and a bi-axial stretching phenomenon is observed. The comparative analysis with the quasi-static punch stretching process illustrates that the strain limit is increased by 40%-50% after the high-velocity forming. It is because of the inertial effect generated on the material during the high-velocity experiment, which stretches the sheet further without strain localization.
Finite Element Analysis of Chip Formation in Micro-Milling Operation
Authors: S. P. Leo Kumar , D. Avinash
Published: January 2020

Finite element analysis (FEA) is a numerical technique in which product behavior under various loading conditions is predicted for ease of manufacturing. Due to its flexibility, its receiving research attention across domain discipline. This chapter aims to provide numerical investigation on chip formation in micro-end milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. It is widely used for medical applications. The chip formation process is simulated by a 3D model of flat end mill cutter with an edge radius of 5 μm. Tungsten carbide is used as a tool material. ABACUS-based FEA package is used to simulate the chip formation in micro-milling operation. Appropriate input parameters are chosen from the published literature and industrial standards. 3-D orthogonal machining model is developed under symmetric proposition and assumptions in order to reveal the chip formation mechanism. It is inferred that the developed finite element model clearly shows stress development in the cutting region at the initial stage is higher. It reduces further due to tool wear along the cutting zone.
When Democratic Innovations Integrate Multiple and Diverse Channels of Social Dialogue
Authors: Spada Paolo , Allegretti Giovanni
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the opportunities, limitations, and risks of integrating multiple channels of citizen engagement within a democratic innovation. Using examples and case studies of recent face-to-face and online multichannel democratic innovations, the authors challenge the emerging consensus that redundancy and diversification of venues of participation are always positively correlated with the success of democratic innovations. Applying their concrete experience in areas of the world in which a systemic organization of different channels of citizen participation exists, the authors provide guidelines for achieving better integration of multiple channels of social dialogue.
Centrality of Youth Engagement in Media Involvement
Authors: Iwasaki Yoshitaka
Published: January 2020

Contextualized within the popularity of new media, youth engagement is a very important concept in the practice of public involvement. Guided by the current literature on youth engagement and media studies, this chapter examines the key engagement-related notions involving youth and media usage. Being informed by a variety of case studies on youth engagement through the use of media within various contexts globally, the chapter discusses the opportunities and challenges of engaging youth through media involvement. The specific notions covered in this chapter include (1) the role of “hybrid” media in youth engagement, (2) “intersectionality” illustrating the diversity of youth populations and their media usage, (3) meaning-making through media involvement among youth, and (4) building global social relationships and social and cultural capital through youth's media usage. Importantly, the use of new media can be seen as a means of reclaiming and reshaping the ways in which youth are engaged, as key meaning-making processes, to address personal, social, and cultural issues.
Exploring a Methodological Model for Social Media Gatekeeping on Contentious Topics
Authors: Groshek Jacob
Published: January 2020

The notion of news networks has changed from primarily one of print and broadcast networks to one of social networks and social media. This study examines the intersection of technological affordances, dialogic activity, and where traditional news gatekeepers are now situated in the contemporary multigated and networked media environment. Using genetically modified organisms (GMOs) as a topical issue, social data was collected from Twitter. The most connected (and connecting) users were algorithmically identified and then sorted into ‘community' groups. The resultant graphs visually and statistically identify which users were important gatekeepers and how the flow of information on this topic was being structured around and by certain users that acted as ‘hubs' of communication in the network. Results suggest that the ongoing evolution of networked gatekeeping has led to the virtual absence of journalists and news organizations from prominence in social media coverage on certain topics, in this instance GMOs. Normative implications are discussed.
Alternative Social Media for Outreach and Engagement
Authors: Gow Gordon A.
Published: January 2020

Commercial social media (CSM) play a vital role in support of community outreach and engagement. Despite the apparent benefits of CSM, its widespread use raises important concerns about privacy and surveillance, limits on innovation, and data residency for the organizations that increasingly rely on them. This chapter will consider these concerns in relation to an international research collaboration involving technology stewardship training. Technology stewardship is an approach adapted from the communities of practice literature intended to promote effective use of digital ICTs for engagement. The program currently focuses on using commercial social media platforms for introductory capacity building, but this chapter will suggest important reasons to assist them in exploring non-commercial alternative social media (ASM) platforms. The chapter describes how the technology stewardship model offers a pathway for communities of practice interested in adopting ASM for outreach and engagement.
Political Mobilization Strategies in Taiwan's Sunflower Student Movement on March 18, 2014
Authors: Yang Kenneth C. C. , Kang Yowei
Published: January 2020

Taiwan's Sunflower Student Movement on March 18, 2014 has been characterized as a social movement with its sophisticated integration of social and mobile media into mobilizing Taiwanese society through participant recruitment and resource mobilization domestically and globally. Ample research has contributed the roles of these emerging media platforms as one of the main reasons for its success. This study was based on resource mobilization theory (RMT) to examine the roles of new communication technologies on mobilizing resources. This chapter focuses on the resource mobilization strategies by activists and organizations of the 318 Sunflower Student Movement. A large-scale text mining study was developed to examine how cross-national English media have described this social movement in Taiwan. Results and implications were discussed.
Digital Transformation and Innovation Explained
Authors: Luppicini Rocci
Published: January 2020

Digital transformation is reshaping many areas of work and life within contemporary society. These include healthcare, education, government, politics, law, human rights, and ethical controversies. This chapter addresses the following questions, What is the current conception of digital transformation as an emerging interdisciplinary field of research and study? The objectives of the chapter are twofold: (1) to conceptualize digital transformation as an emerging interdisciplinary field and (2) to identify key research areas that currently constitute digital transformation. The chapter contributes by positing a comprehensive systems definition of digital transformation as an interdisciplinary research field to help guide researchers and other leaders in the field.
Critical Citizenship Education and Heritage Education
Authors: Santisteban-Fernández Antoni , González-Monfort Neus , Pagès-Blanch Joan
Published: January 2020

Heritage education enables us to question past societies to help us understand the present and think about the future to develop historical awareness. Heritage should be interpreted based on the implicit power relations, the stories that created it and those that now interpret it from different vantage points. Education for critical citizenship should examine the role of women or minorities when studying the heritage and call for an intercultural perspective. Heritage education is an extraordinary tool to help us understand the change and continuity in both objects and ideas, traditions and everyday life. Through heritage education, we have to develop youth critical awareness so that they reinterpret their culture based on their reality and interests.
Future Citizens
Authors: Molina Puche Sebastian , Riquelme Adán Maria del Pilar
Published: January 2020

This chapter analyzes the knowledge, behaviors, attitudes and values of Spanish students in the last year of Elementary Education regarding citizenship and civility. The authors carried out quantitative research using an ex post facto and descriptive design and circumstantial non-probabilistic sampling. The technique was indirect, while the instrument was two questionnaires adapted from those used in the ICCS 2009 study. These questionnaires, which were originally intended for students in the 2nd year of Compulsory Secondary Education (14 years old students), were adapted to the 6th year of Elementary Education (11 years old). The sample analyzed was a hundred students from a state school in the Region of Murcia located. TSPSS V. 23 was used for the data analysis. The results show deficiencies in terms of knowledge in matters related to civic education and citizenship.
Educommunication Web 2.0 for Heritage
Authors: Rivero Pilar , Navarro Iñaki , Aso Borja
Published: January 2020

Museums have now been using social networks for nearly twenty years. While they began by engaging in activities characteristic of web 1.0, they have come to learn how to adapt to the new digital landscape. They are now fluent in the language and conventions of each social media platform and post content on a daily basis. The 2005 Faro Convention is partially responsible for urging museums to develop these new online strategies. The present chapter examines how large institutions are capable of generating daily content that is both multiform and attractive, but which barely encourages the exchange of experiences and opinions between users. Interestingly, it is in the local heritage-based cyber communities that we find the creation of authentic educommunicative spaces that are even capable of moving action from the digital realm of social media into the physical world.
Conflictive Memory and Heritage Education in the Initial Training of Primary Teachers
Authors: Domínguez-Almansa Andrés , Riveiro-Rodríguez Tania , Monteagudo-Fernández José , López Facal Ramón
Published: January 2020

This study shows that the professional competence of trainee teachers improves when social aptitudes are accepted as a key dimension guiding their training and the education of their pupils within the social sciences field. In the initial phase of the training of several cohorts of students of primary teaching degrees in Spain, work has been carried out on uncomfortable pasts, discovering hidden memories in everyday places. Taking this to be both a civic and educational problem, a process was begun to integrate emotion and critical rationality and to give meaning to the students' educational experience both at university and, later, in the primary classroom. Here, results are presented in relation to the impact on trainee teachers of a training method incorporating conflictive memory, heritage education and emotional education. Secondly, the results of transferring this training to the primary classroom during periods of teaching practice in schools are shown.
ICTs and Knowledge Management Synergies to Impulse Senior Entrepreneurship
Authors: Olalla-Caballero Beatriz
Published: January 2020

This chapter deals with an analysis of how information and communication technologies and knowledge management may have several synergies that might help entrepreneurship, discussing the benefits and advantages of these elements and synergies involved when considered together. There are also some essential perspectives of this issues that may help entrepreneurs to achieve their objectives and might help them to introduce their enterprises into the digital transformation that is currently impacting on the evolution of all companies. There are many points to be considered and analyzed from different points of view.
National Public Policy of Aging and Old Age
Authors: Olaya Molano Juan Carlos , Aguirre Garzón Carolina , Mora Cruz Jaime Manuel , Gaitán Méndez Jorge Eliecer
Published: January 2020

The application of the public policy of aging and old age in the city of Bogotá in the last 10 years has forced people over 60 years to regularly undertake activities in which they worked for many years as employees. Other older adults have continued working to meet their basic needs. However, under this reference, the methodology used in the research was a mixed qualitative-quantitative approach because the two are of great importance to deduce whether the national public policy of aging has brought advantages or disadvantages to the development and/or continuity of the business plans being prepared by senior entrepreneurs.
How to Encourage the Entrepreneurial Spirit in Ecuador
Authors: Barbery-Montoya Danny C.
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on understanding profiles of aged entrepreneurship according to the Ecuadorian reality. Through literature review, information gathering, and studies of the Ecuadorian environment, it is established that aged entrepreneurship, beyond visualizing opportunities or needs, is motivated by self-government and the search for a dignified life that impacts society; however, there are barriers linked to the physical and mental conditions due to aging, also adding the prejudices of the environment on the capabilities of this age group. The development of four defined profiles according to these elements results in the establishment of own actions of the government and of the whole society to create opportunities for active inclusion that allow this group to extend its professional and productive life cycle within society.
System and Environment for Tourism 4.0
Authors: Barbery-Montoya Danny C. , Del Hierro César A. Vélez , Arroba-Hurtado Nathaly Y.
Published: January 2020

Smart cities are a new scheme for urban planning and management, in which smart destinations become key points for tourist attraction. The objective of the present study is to determine through the theoretical review, the most appropriate technological tools to be used in fairs and turn them into smart spaces. The Raíces International Gastronomic Fair of the city of Guayaquil and its satisfaction / dissatisfaction indexes are taken as an example case in order to propose a technological management system that improves its performance, in which the use of Big Data, georeferencing, IoT, and augmented reality are key pieces to guarantee the security, experience, and promotion of the event.
Qualitative Analysis of Learning Territorial Planning
Authors: Flores Christian A. Quinteros
Published: January 2020

This chapter addresses the management process of the Regulator Program of Melipilla district in Chile in 1988–2016. Evidence indicates that territorial planning processes are rare in decision-makers, as they are in favor of a technocratic logic focused on quantitative metrics, rather than in qualitative or processional analyses, such as organizational learning. To this end, the qualitative analysis in this study sought to capture the perceptions of some of its actors regarding issues such as citizen participation, technical management, and political management of this instrument. The fieldwork consisted of the application of in-depth interviews of actors involved at different stages of their implementation from a multi-level approach. It is concluded that the process of updates to this planning instrument was strongly associated with political issues with little strategic vision for the future, precarious levels of citizen participation, and an absolute shortage of organizational learnings into the process.
Regional Development via Entrepreneur Multi-Perspective Approach
Authors: Baporikar Neeta , Deshpande M. V.
Published: January 2020

Entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship have always been highlighted for overall development. This chapter aims to understand the entrepreneurs' multi-perspective approach as a catalyst for regional development in India. It reviews SMEs' policies and multi-perspective approach adopted by the auto component sector/cluster for regional growth by including a broader range of human resource and leadership-related aspects than is normally found in the SME and entrepreneurship literature. The methodology adopted is exploratory study with the open-ended approach of grounded theory, complemented by secondary data analysis with a focus on entrepreneurs of a particular sector/cluster and limited to Pune region development. The findings hope to provide insights on a multi-perspective approach and suggest that successful entrepreneurial firms that operate as clusters create entrepreneurial leaders who then act as “integrating forces” on two levels: integrating the elements of entrepreneurship and mediating between the regional development and entrepreneurship development.
Regional Impact of Innovation
Authors: Gutierrez José R.
Published: January 2020

Since the 1980s, a great deal of research has been carried out regarding endogenous economic growth. The focus has been specially put on the triangle of relationships among growth, territories, and innovation, and concepts as means of technological innovation have been extensively studied. In this context, this chapter does not pursue to enhance theoretical knowledge on this topic, but, on the contrary, it intends to remark conclusions previously reached by contrasting them with the implementation of a specific innovation policy program. To achieve this objective, an analysis is made of the European Union programme to foster R&D called Horizon 2020 (H2020). Also, it shows the case of an H2020 Project from the 2015 call, applying an impact assessment analysis.
Strengthening Academic Learner Support at the University of Botswana
Authors: Motswagosele Dineo Phana , Butale Chandapiwa
Published: January 2020

This chapter provides a situational analysis of academic language and learning (ALL) support at the University of Botswana (UB) with the view to assess how the university is doing in this regard and the implications for student retention and success. Strategies for enhancing academic literacy and learner support are discussed based on current issues related to changing student profiles in the international higher education (HE) arena facilitated by globalization and technology. The national context of Botswana, as well as UB, will be discussed in this chapter. The need for ALL in HEIs will also be discussed and recommendations made to the UB on how to best structure their support services. Finally, an academic literacy model for the UB geared at equipping students with requisite skills for academic excellence will be proposed.
A Study of the One-to-One Writing Tutoring Effects
Authors: Zhang Hai-yan , Hao Yunhui , Li Mingsheng , Velliaris Donna M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter is motivated by the fact that few studies have been made about the effects of one-on-one writing tutoring in English writing centers in Chinese universities. It intends to examine the effects through the evaluation of tutors' performance by students. A sample of 57 students responded to the questionnaires designed based on Kaplan's 7 EFL writing objectives proposed in his theory of contrastive rhetoric with minor revision, and 12 participated the structured in-depth interviews. Results demonstrate that tutors have achieved higher level of satisfaction in objectives of vocabulary and expressions (86%), sentence and grammar(85%), etc., but lower satisfaction level in those of awareness of audience(37%), discourse structure (34%), and rhetoric and writing knowledge (40%). The findings indicate no significant correlation between tutoring duration and students' improvement extent, yet a strong negative association between students' language proficiency and their improvement. Finally, some measures about enhancing tutoring effects are suggested.