bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexual Career Paths of Black Adolescent Females
Authors: Murry Velma McBride
Published: March 2007

Using data from the 1982 Family Growth Cycle III variables predicting the sexual career paths of Black adolescent females were examined (N = 4,621). Results from this study indicated thatBlack adolescent females ofmiddle and high socioeconomic status became sexually active about the same age. However, age at first conception among Black adolescents of middle socioeconomic status was similar to Black adolescents of low socioeconomic status. Regardless of socioeconomic status, age at first conception for Black adolescent females occurred during late adolescence, with those of high socioeconomic status becoming pregnant later than Black adolescent females of middle or low socioeconomic status. Separate multiple-regression models (by socioeconomic status) were produced. Results from this analysis yielded different estimates for the onset offirst coitus, duration of preconception sexual activity period, and age at first conception among Black adolescent females. Findings from this study have implications for constructing profiles to identify Black adolescent females at risk of early sexual intercourse and early motherhood.
Adolescent Nonsexual and Sex-Related Problem Behaviors
Authors: Ketterlinus Robert D. , Lamb Michael E. , Nitz Katherine , Eister Arthur B.
Published: March 2007

Because researchers have identified an underlying propensity for some adolescents to be involved in a variety of problem behaviors, the present study compared the involvement in problem behaviors of a national sample of male and female youth who were either virgins, sexually experienced (never pregnant), or were pregnant or parents. Logistic regression analyses showed that, after controlling for the effects of socio-demographic status, age, school status, andfrequency of attendance at religious services, sexually experienced, never pregnant adolescents were more likely than virgins to have been involved in four types of nonsexual problem behaviors. However, adolescents who were pregnant or parents were no more involved in problem behaviors than sexually experienced, never pregnant adolescents. For males, but not for females, furthermore, early age at first intercourse was associated with increased involvement in problem behaviors. The implications of the results for policy and interventions for adolescents at risk are discussed.
Adolescents with Cancer
Authors: Stern Marilyn , Norman Sloan L. , Zevon Michael A.
Published: March 2007

This study compared 48 adolescents with cancer and a contrast group of 40 healthy adolescents on two indexes of adjustment, self-image, and perceived social support. Overal4 the findings suggested that adolescents with cancer were relatively well-adjusted, although they exhibited, in comparison to healthy adolescents, a less positive self-image in terms of their social and sexual self Several differences were found when the relationship between stressors appraised as most difficult to deal with and perceived social support was examined. Adolescents with cancer dealing with stressors related to family and interpersonal relationships perceived relatively higher levels of social support than did healthy adolescents. In contrast, healthy adolescents perceived greater levels of social support than did adolescents with cancer when stressors related to external demands were identified as most difficult to manage. These results support the importance of considering the relationship between situations appraised as stressful and the process of adjustment to cancer for adolescents.
Adolescents' Perceived Ability to Say "No" to Unwanted Sex
Authors: Zimmerman Rick S. , Sprecher Susan , Langer Lilly M. , Holloway Chad D.
Published: March 2007

Although violent sexual assaults occur in adolescence, lessfrequently recognized are the more subtle forms of sexual coercion. This investigation focused on adolescents'perceived ability to say no to pressures from a partner to engage in unwanted sex. With a sample of 2,472 10th-grade White, Hispanic, and Black adolescents, which adolescents may have had a more difficult time saying no to unwanted sex was examined. Results indicated that females were more likely than males to believe that they could say no to unwanted sex, but no consistent differences were found among the racial and ethnic groups. Multivariate analyses revealed several other predictors of the perceived ability to say no, including a less-permissive attitude toward sex, the low importance of peer influence and, for females, a generalized sense of self-efficacy. Implications of these results for intervention andfuture research are discussed.
Socialization in Context
Authors: Barber Brian K. , Olsen Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the relation to school grades, feelings of depression, and antisocial behavior of youth perceptions of three central dimensions of socialization (connection with significantothers, regulation of behavior, andpsychological autonomy) as they are experienced infour social contexts: family, school, neighborhood, ndpeers. Analyses of a random sample of 900 fifth and eighth-grade youth included both descriptive accounts of youth experience in these contexts and testedfor various models predicting independent and interactive effects among contexts on youth functioning. Findings showed that connection, regulation, and autonomy were meaningful dimensions of socialization experience in the four contexts, thatfamily and peers were primary socialization domains, and that discrete aspects of youth functioning were related to specific contexts. There was some evidence that deficits in experience in one context can be compensatedfor by experience in other contexts.
An Exploratory Examination of Identity Formation among Jewish Adolescents According to Context
Authors: Markstrom Carol A. , Berman Rachel C. , Brusch Gina
Published: March 2007

Identity formation among Jewish adolescents was examined according to a goodness- '4f fit model and an exploration-based/perspective-taking model. Forty-eight high school students living in Jewish dominant neighborhoods and 54 high school students living in Jewish nondominant neighborhoods completed measures of ideological, interpersonal, and ethnic forms of identity, self-esteem, and self-acceptance. A series of 2 (Context) x 2 (Gender) x 4 (Grade) ANCOVA procedures (controlling for religious orientation and religious attendance) were performed on subscales of ideological, interpersonal, and ethnic identity. Slight support was shown.for the goodness-of-fit model. Ideological identity diffusion was higher among Jewish nondominant participants, and ethnic behaviors and practices and total ethnic identity were higher among Jewish dominant adolescents. There were several significant correlations between ideological and interpersonal,forms of identity and self-esteem. Limitations of the study are discussed and suggestions.forfurther research are given.
Adolescent Apprentices in Germany
Authors: Silverberg Susan B. , Vazsonyi Alexander T. , Schlegel Alice E. , Schmidt Sabine
Published: March 2007

Guided by Hamilton's discussion on apprenticeships and adolescent delinquency, the goals of the present exploratory study were twofold: (a) to document variation in delinquency (attitudes and behavior), attachment to adults, optimism about occupational future, and disposition toward aggressiveness among a group (N = 43) of German apprentices; and (b) to examine the relations among attachment to adults, optimism about occupational future, and delinquency-endorsing attitudes. Questionnaire and interview data revealed considerable variation across allfour variables. As hypothe-sized, attachment to adults predicted attitudes toward delinquency; notably, this was over and above the effects of aggression. Apprentices who reported higher levels of attachment to adults were also more optimistic regarding their occupational future. Level of aggression moderated the association between attachment to adults and attitudes toward delinquency; specifically, reports of relatively high attachment to adults were associated with low levels of delinquency-endorsing attitudes but only among the low-aggression apprentices. The implications of thesefindings are discussed.
Doing Good Deeds
Authors: Eberly Mary B. , Montemayor Raymond
Published: March 2007

In this study, adolescents' prosocial behavior toward parents was explored as an embedded aspect of parent-adolescent relationships. Gender, grade, attachment, and interdependency were examined as characteristics contributing to variation in adolescent prosocial behavior Adolescents (n = 129) in the 6th, 8th, and 10th grades; their mothers (n = 126); and their fathers (n = 104) completed questionnaires during two l-hour, in-home visits that were 1 week apart. For this study, the Adolescent Prosocial Behavior Inventory was developed, from which emerged two dimensions: affection and helpfulness. Additional analyses showed that mothers received more prosocial behavior than didfathers, and daughters acted more prosocially than did sons. Attachment had a direct and an indirect effect through interdependency on adolescent prosocial behavior From parents' viewpoints, interdependency related directly to helpfulness; whereas for sons'reports, attachment linked with helpfulness. Results supported a relationalperspective for understanding adolescents'prosocial behavior
Nonmarital School-Age Motherhood
Authors: Moore Kristin A. , Manlove Jennifer , Glei Dana A. , Morrison Donna R.
Published: March 2007

Despite a voluminous literature on the determinants of adokscent parenthood, little research exists on school-kvel influences on nonmartal, school-age motherhood. To address this gap, analyses of nationally representative data were conducted to examine individual, family, and school-level predictors of nonmarital motherhood between 8th grade and 12th grade. All independent variables were measured in 8th grade, and the analyses were repeated separately for Black adolescents and White adolescents. The analyses indicated that school safety was an important predictor of nonmarital motherhood. However, school context did not overridefamily and individual-level effects. Low individual educational perfonnance measures, such as lower test scores and self-reported grades, predicted a higher risk of early motherhood, as did being held back in school and repeatedly changing schools. A substantial level of involvement in school clubs and religious organizations was associated with a lower risk of school-age motherhood.
First-Year Students’ Adjustment to University Life as a Function of Relationships with Parents
Authors: Wintre Maxine Gallander , Yaffe Mordechai
Published: March 2007

One understudied aspect of first-year students’transition to university is their relationship with parents. This study investigates the contributions that perceived parenting style, current relationships with parents, and psychological well-being variables make toward perceived overall adjustment to university, from both socio/emotional adaptation perspectives and actual academic achievement. Data were collected from a sample of 408 (116 males and 292 females) first-year students attending university in a large metropolitan Canadian city. Results indicated that mutual reciprocity and discussion with parents, as well as the psychological well-being variables, have direct links to adjustment to university. There was an indirect, positive relationship between authoritative parenting and adaptation variables. Furthermore, the predictor variables differed by both gender and outcome measures. Interpretation of these results, their congruence within the context of the theoretical frameworks, and practical implications are discussed.
Assessing the Impact of Exposure Time and Incapacitation on Longitudinal Trajectories of Criminal Offending
Authors: Piquero Alex R. , Blumstein Alfred , Brame Robert , Haapanen Rudy , Mulvey Edward P. , Nagin Daniel S.
Published: March 2007

The authors examine the potential effect of accounting for exposure time by examining the arrests of 272 serious offenders who were paroled at age 18 and followed through age 33. The authors describe the overall change in the arrest rate over the 16-year period, with and without adjustments for exposure time. The authors also estimate latent class models that decompose the heterogeneity of arrest rate trends, with and without variation in exposure time. Two results are noteworthy: (a) conclusions about the level of arrest activity did depend on adjustments for exposure time, but the overall trend in arrest activity did not depend on these adjustments; and (b) latent class analysis without exposure time adjustments suggested that more than 92% of the sample exhibited their highest level of arrest activity in late teens and early 20s; then offending declined during the late 20s and early 30s. When adjusted for exposure time, the analysis revealed that about 72% of the sample exhibited this decline; the remainder remained quite active in offending.
Emotional Autonomy and Adolescent Adjustment
Authors: Garber Judy , Little Stephanie A.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relations among maternal depression, family dysfunction, emotional autonomy, and adolescent adjustment. Participants were 145 mothers and children who were assessed in eighth grade (mean age = 13.51, SD = .57) and again in ninth grade. Results indicated that maternal depression significantly moderated the relation between emotional autonomy and adolescent adjustment. Among offspring of depressed mothers, higher levels of emotional autonomy (detachment) significantly predicted increases in internalizing and externalizing problems, whereas among offspring of nondepressed mothers, higher levels of emotional autonomy significantly predicted decreases in adolescents’ symptoms. Within families of depressed mothers, family dysfunction significantly predicted adolescent symptoms, and this relation was partially mediated through emotional autonomy. These results further highlight the importance of considering the family context in studies of adolescent autonomy.
Participation in Athletics and Female Sexual Risk Behavior
Authors: Dodge Tonya , Jaccard James
Published: March 2007

Researchers have reported that female athletes exhibit lower levels of sexual risk behavior than female nonathletes. The present study explored four causal structures relevant to such associations. Potential mediators and confounds included physical development, educational aspirations, self-esteem, attitudes toward pregnancy, adolescent involvement in a romantic relationship, age, ethnicity, and social class. Data were analyzed for a sample of female adolescents in Grades 7 through 11 using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health in a two-wave panel design. A statistically significant association between the occurrence of a pregnancy and sports participation was reduced to statistical nonsignificance when certain demographic confounds were held constant, suggesting a spurious association between the variables. Pregnancy attitudes were found to account for the association between sports participation and sexual activity. Finally, sports participation interacted with paternal relationship satisfaction to predict pregnancy, with the father variable having a larger impact for athletes than nonathletes.
The Impact of Adolescent Employment on Family Relationships
Authors: Pickering Lloyd E. , Vazsonyi Alexander T.
Published: March 2007

The present investigation examined the impact of adolescent employment on family process. Data collected from 725 adolescents were employed to compare mean levels of maternal and paternal familyprocess scales (caring and trust, control and supervision, conflict, intimate communication, and instrumental communication) across three categories of adolescents: nonworkers, low-intensityworkers (less than 20 hours per week), and high-intensityworkers (20 or more hours per week). Most maternal and paternal familyprocess scores followed a curvilinear pattern across the three work intensity groups, with low-intensityworkers reporting the highest levels of familyprocess (e. g., caring and trust), high-intensityworkers the lowest levels, and nonworkers in between. LISREL analyses, which were used to test for similarities and/or differences in developmental process bysex and age, confirmed that relationships between work intensity and familyprocess were highlysimilar for males versus females and for younger adolescents versus older adolescents.
Dimensions of the Construct of Resilience and Adaptation among Inner-City Youth
Authors: Tiêt Quyên Q. , Huizinga David
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the conceptualization of resilience and empirically examines the dimensionality of a construct of resilience and adaptation by using structural equation modeling techniques. As part of a longitudinal study of youth development, youth ages 12, 14, and 16 and their parents who lived in high-risk neighborhoods in the Denver metropolitan area were interviewed. The construct of resilience and adaptation was measured by six indicators: psychosocial functioning, self-esteem, academic performance, absence or low level of drug use, gang involvement, and delinquent activities. Factor analyses using LISREL suggest the existence of at least two latent constructs of resilience and adaptation: Adjustment and low level of Antisocial Behavior. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Ethnic Identity and Self-Esteem of Latino Adolescents
Authors: Umaña-Taylor Adriana J. , Diversi Marcelo , Fine Mark A.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews 21 empirical studies in which the relationship between self-esteem and ethnic identity among Latino adolescents was examined. This analysis indicates that for some conceptualizations of ethnic identity there has been a positive relationship between ethnic identity and self-esteem, whereas with other conceptualizations the relationships between ethnic identity and self-esteemhave been inconsistent. The methodological limitations of the existing work are also examined. Despite the differences in conceptualization and the methodological limitations, the existing research suggests a positive relationship between degree of ethnic identification and self-esteemfor Latinos who live in areas where their Latino group composes the majority of the Latino population.
Adolescent Decision Making
Authors: Ganzel A. K.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the impact of mood, age, and gender on decision processes of adolescents and adults. A total of 161 7th through 12th graders and adults completed a computer-administered decision task (choosing a part-time job). Each job varied on eight categories of information. Positive, neutral, and negative moods were induced; participants then used the computer to review information about the jobs. The computer recorded the amount of time spent viewing each piece of information, categories that were discarded, and the sequence of these views. Type of information processing (careful vs. superficial) was affected by mood, but only for females, who discarded more information and took longer to decide in negative vs. positive or neutral moods. Age affected participants’ estimates of the probability of obtaining their desired job and predecision search strategy: Junior high females were more pessimistic about their chances, and adults used more sophisticated decision strategies.
Circadian Rhythmicity within Single Cells of Paramecium bursaria
Authors: Miwa Isoji , Nagatoshi Hiroyuki , Horie Toshihiro
Published: March 2007

Cell populations of Paramecium bursaria show mating reactivity in the light period, but not in the dark period, when exposed to a light-dark cycle (LD 12:12). After they are transferred to constant-light (LL) conditions (1,000 lux), they continue to show a circadian rhythm of mating reactivity. The rhythm gradually dampens in LL so that mating reactivity in populations becomes arrhythmic in LL within 2 weeks. We wanted to know whether the arrhythmicity of this population was due to the absence of circadian rhythmicity within each individual cell, or merely due to asynchrony of a population of individually rhythmic cells. Therefore, single cells were isolated randomly from an arrhythmic population that had been in LL for a long time. Then the mating reactivity of these single cells was individually tested every 3 hr for 2 days. Each single cell showed a circadian mating rhythm in LL. This shows that the disappearance of the mating rhythm in cell populations under LL is not caused by disappearance of circadian rhythmicity within individual cells, but is due to desynchronization among cells in a population. When an arrhythmic population in LL is darkened for 9 hr, the mating reactivity rhythm of the cell population reappears. This occurs by resynchronization of the rhythms among individual cells, as can be shown by exposing single cells to pulses of 9 hr of darkness. This dark treatment causes phase shifts of single-cell rhythms, and a phase response curve is obtained for this stimulus. This phase-shifting behavior explains the efficacy of 9-hr dark pulses in restoring the population's rhythm.
Effects of Stimulated Physical Activity on the Circadian Pacemaker of Vertebrates 1
Authors: Turek Fred W.
Published: March 2007

A dogma in the field of circadian rhythms is that in order to keep accurate time, pacemakers that generate such rhythms must be relatively independent of changes in the external and internal environment. While it is true that the period of circadian oscillators is conserved within a narrow range, regardless of alterations in the external and internal envi ronment, numerous perturbations have now been found that can change the period and/or induce a phase shift in circadian pacemakers. Many of these perturbations also alter the overall level of activity and/or metabolic state of the organism. In 1960, Aschoff suggested that alterations in the "level of excitement" may induce changes in circadian clocks. Although little attention has been given to this hypothesis over the past three decades, recent findings support its validity and open new avenues for studying the function and organization of circadian clock systems.
Circadian Phototransduction: Phase Resetting and Frequency of the Circadian Clock of Gonyaulax Cells in Red Light1
Authors: Johnson Carl Hirschie , Hastings J. Woodland
Published: March 2007

Constant red light (RR) influences the Gonyaulax clock in several ways: (1) Phase resetting by white or blue light pulses is stronger under background RR than in constant white light (WW); (2) frequency of the rhythm is less in RR than in WW; and (3) the amplitude of the spontaneous flashing rhythm is greater in RR than in WW. The phase response curve (PRC) to 4-hr white or blue light pulses is of high amplitude (Type 0) for cells in RR, but is of lower amplitude (Type 1) for cells in WW. In all cases, the PRC is highly asymmetrical: The magnitude of advance phase resetting is far higher than that of delay resetting. Consistent with this PRC, Gonyaulax cells in RR (free-running period greater than 24 hr) will entrain to T cycles of between 21 and 26.5 hr. The bioluminescence rhythms exhibit "masking" by blue light pulses while entrained to these T cycles. The fluence response of phase resetting to light-pulse intensity is not linear or logarithmic—rather, it is discontinuous. This feature is consistent with a limit cycle interpretation of Type 0 resetting of circadian clocks. Light pulses that cause large phase shifts also shorten the subsequent free-running period. The phase angle difference between the clock and the previous LD cycle is within 2 hr of the same phase between 16°C and 25°C, as determined from the light PRCs at various temperatures. Several drugs that inhibit mitochondria and/or electron transport will partially inhibit the phase shift by light.
Temporal Structure of In Vivo Adrenal Secretory Activity Estimated by Deconvolution Analysis
Authors: Veldhuis Johannes D. , Johnson Michael L. , Iranmanesh Ali , Lizarralde German
Published: March 2007

Circadian and ultradian rhythms of plasma cortisol concentrations have been documented under physiological conditions in diverse animal species. Using a novel, biophysical convolution model to remove subject-specific metabolic clearance rates, we have now estimated spontaneous adrenal secretory events in vivo. The latter were characterized by prominent ultradian rhythms of discrete secretory bursts with periodicities averaging 32, 46, 76, and 130 min. These ultradian cortisol secretory rhythms represented a 17- to 240-fold larger fraction of circadian secretory variations than did cortisol concentration rhythms. We conclude that deconvolution analysis can unmask underlying ultradian rhythms in adrenal secretory activity in vivo.
Does Unusual Entrainment of the Circadian System Under T36h Photocycles Reduce the Critical Daylength for Photoperiodic Induction in Japanese Quail?
Authors: Juss Tarvinder S. , King Verdun M. , Kumar Vinod , Follett Brian K.
Published: March 2007

In photoperiodic species, short daylength resonance cycles of modulo t + ½t (t = 24 h) behave like long days because they entrain the circadian system so that alternate light pulses coincide with the photoinducible phase (ø1) in castrated quail. However, while a long-day response after exposure to a single long daylength is readily detected by a rise in plasma LH (photoinduction), long-term exposure to LD 6:30 is ineffective in this respect. To discover whether this occurs because of unusual entrainment, circadian rhythms in quail and starlings were investigated. Whereas starlings entrained in the expected way with alternate pulses falling at different circadian phases, activity bouts in quail appeared to follow 24 h after successive light pulses. Because of this, activity was examined in free-running conditions to confirm that the pacemaker in quail was indeed being reset to a constant phase (reset to circadian time [CT] 0) by successive pulses. Examination of the circadian rhythms of plasma melatonin secretion under LD 6:30 also showed a resetting to CT 0. The positioning of all light pulses at the same circadian phase in the early subjective day explains the lack of photoinduction in quail since ø1 in the early subjective night phase remains unilluminated. A second feature in quail is that when the length of the photophase is gradually increased within T36h cycles, there is a progressive increase in the degree of photoinduction although the photophase length remains well below the critical daylength for induction in normal T24h cycles. We therefore tested whether ø1 is reset to a constant phase by successive pulses in LD 6:30, and that this phase is also advanced relative to light onset so that photophases shorter than the critical daylength can interact with ø1 to cause induction. Such a reduction in critical daylength relative to successive LD 6:30 pulses was confirmed by transferring quail to various types of long day and measuring the change in LH secretion. When the long-day test was replaced with continuous light, stimulation of LH secretion occurred 5-7 h earlier in quail pretreated with LD 6:30 and LD 6:54 compared to quail pretreated with LD 6:18 or LD 6:42, implying that ø 1 had been markedly phase advanced under resonance cycles.
Public Participation in Hazardous Waste Facility Location Decisions
Authors: Anderson Richard F.
Published: March 2007

Public opposition continues to stymie siting of new hazardous waste management facilities in the United States. A review of the literature indicates that much effort has been undertaken in the states to institutionalize public participation in the siting process. However, informal public participation such as public pressure on local elected officials and active passive civil disobedience has been most influential in the denigration of siting proposals. Current state siting procedures suffer from numerous critical flaws: facility needs assessments are rarely performed, and there is much elasticity in the demand for off-site facilities since alternative management options are available; serious and credible environmental sensitivity studies tend to be site specific, but no corresponding regional reference studies indicate that the proposed site is relatively advantageous; and early and meaningful public participation in the siting process has not achieved socially acceptable proposals. These flaws must be addressed effectively in order to provide for safe facilities when they will be needed in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Neighborhood Upgrading
Authors: Varady David P.
Published: March 2007

Housing experts generally have been optimistic about the ability of local governments to promote neighborhood upgrading, that is, physical and social improvement with the existing working-class or lower-class population remaining in place. This review of the theoretical and empirical literature questions such a rosy picture. The fundamental causes of neighborhood decline are changes in their social class and racial composition. Up to now upgrading programs have been too narrowly focused on physical housing conditions to affect these population shifts. Consequently, the prospects for success of upgrading efforts are poor in racially changing communities. Only when the underlying causes of social class change-poverty and discrimination -are addressed will the prospects for neighborhood upgrading in these areas be improved.
National Industrial Policy and the Local Planner
Authors: Armstrong Jeanne H. , Mullin John R.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the debate concerning the problems, approaches, and intent of industrial policy as it relates to the working planner. It begins with a search for a definition. From there the authors set forth a rationale for such a policy and lay out the key characteristics typically proposed by its advocates. The critical dimensions in the debate are then reviewed. Finally, the potential impacts of various policy options upon local planners are discussed.
Small Town Economic Development: Growth or Survival?
Authors: Daniels Thomas L.
Published: March 2007

Economic development has become-a hotly debated topic and a much sought after goal in small towns across America. The literature, however, has yet to present a comprehensive source on the theory and practice of economic development, due in part to the diversity of small towns. Instead, the literature features a piecemeal collection of strategies, techniques, case studies, and most recently, methods for adapting to changing economic conditions. Industrial recruitment and reliance on outside funding are giving way to locally based finance and entrepreneurial activity. Fewer and larger farms and the popularity of regional shopping malls suggest that the traditional purpose of many small towns as a service and retail center is fading. The literature stresses a need to take advantage of unique local resources and leadership to compete successfully with other communities.
Toward Integrative Tourism Planning in Rural America
Authors: Marcouiller David W.
Published: March 2007

There is a need to develop planningframeworks that address tourism development within the broader context of community or regional development goals in rural areas of the United States. An integrative approach is one such framework that entails careful assessment of economic, social, and environmental impacts of tourism relative to other development strategies. This review takes a historical perspective of rural tourism planning progress. Core concepts of an integrative approach are collaborative planning with the affected stakeholders and the assessment of specific planning issues that foster integration of tourism with overall regional development. The application of more integrativeframeworks allows planners to improve the manner in which rural tourism development occurs.
Lesbian Motherhood: Identity and Social Support
Authors: Levy Eileen F.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the relationship between lesbian identity, social support and lesbian mothers' ability to cope with the stress of a heterosexual and homophobic environment. Interviews with 31 lesbian mothers revealed that social support was obtained from a variety of sources, both lesbian and nonlesbian. The women had strong, positive lesbian identities and were open about their lesbianism, although selective about coming out. They had and used stress-mediating resources and were successfully adapting to their social environments. The implications for social work practice are presented.
Female Social Workers in the Second Generation
Authors: Andrews Janice L.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the contribution of female social workers during the "second generation" of the profession—from about 1920 to 1955. It summarizes secondary data, looks at the men's takeover of social work, and presents primary data on two outstanding women of the period—Helen Hall and Harriett M. Bartlett.
Popular Advice to Women: A Feminist Perspective
Authors: Jimenez Mary Ann , Rice Susan
Published: March 2007

This article examines the ways in which the feminist perspective is being eroded in the popular culture through self-help books for women. It discusses two models of such books—the psychological and the retrofeminist. Both models represent a retraction of the feminist ideal of equality and mutuality in relationships. The proliferation of these books signals a disturbing trend.
Alcoholism and Depression in Women
Authors: Turner Sandra
Published: March 2007

This report describes a study of 116 women alcoholics and examines the relationships between their alcoholism and their depression. Although over a one-year period, the depression of the majority diminished when they reduced or stopped their drinking, a substantial minority remained depressed. Implications of these findings for treatment are discussed.
Flexibility, the Family Ethic, and Rural Home-Based Work
Authors: Gringeri Christina E.
Published: March 2007

Flexibility is often considered an advantage to workers, especially women. This article shows, however, that, in relation to home-based work by rural women workers, flexibility, when set within the frame work of the family ethic, is often a trade-off for job security, wages, and other benefits. The author suggests that work can become flexible only when tasks are no longer rigidly gendered.
From Silence to Activism: Approaches to Research and Practice with Young Mothers
Authors: Healy Karen , Peile Colin
Published: March 2007

This article discusses how four epistemological stances for social work practice and research with adolescent mothers constrain the voice of these young women and shape social work practice with them. In addition, it explores possible activist approaches to practice that take into account both critical and poststructural perspectives.
Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse: The Case of Mormon Women
Authors: Gerdes Karen E. , Beck Martha N. , Cowan-Hancock Sylvia , Wilkinson-Sparks Tracey
Published: March 2007

Adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse who are members of patriarchal religions face a particular challenge because church teachings and interactions with church members may present barriers to the full recognition and healing of their abuse. This article reports on a study of the experiences of 71 Mormon women survivors of abuse in their dealings with church leaders and the women's responses to these interactions.
Changes in the Living Arrangements, Work Patterns, and Economic Status of Middle-Aged Single Women: 1971-1991
Authors: Choi Namkee G.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the growing tendency of women aged 35-45 to remain single and evaluates the differences in motherhood, living arrangements, educational levels, work experience, and economic status of married and single women from 1971 to 1991. It shows that during this period, the economic status of households headed by single women, especially those headed by Black never-married women, de clined. Social service programs geared to furthering the education of single women are discussed.
Contributing Factors to Poor Health Among Incarcerated Women: A Conceptual Model
Authors: Young Diane S.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a conceptual model that depicts the relevant factors that explain why incarcerated women are generally in poor health. These factors include oppressive societal ideologies and practices, personal behavior, and the environments of prisons and jails, all of which have profound effects on health status. The interrelationships among these factors are explored, and implications for research and program planning are provided.
Women in Prison: Approaches to Understanding the Lives of a Forgotten Population
Authors: McQuaide Sharon , Ehrenreich John H.
Published: March 2007

The number of women inmates in state and federal prisons has increased rapidly in recent decades. Relatively little is known about this population, and virtually nothing is known about the distinct experiences of African American, Hispanic, and White women in prison. This article reviews the literature on this population and presents research directions and strategies that can capture both the commonalities and differences in the women's experiences.
Heterogeneity in Patterns of Child Sexual Abuse, Family Functioning, and Long- Term Adjustment
Authors: BENNETT SUSAN E. , HUGHES HONORE M. , LUKE DOUGLAS A.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the relationship between the family environment, childhood sexual abuse experiences, and long-term adjustment of women college students. Cluster analysis was used to classify 124 abuse survivors into eight groups based on aspects of their abusive experiences (3 intrafamilial and 5 extrafamilial clusters). Analysis of variance revealed a significant relationship between perceptions of family psychological health and severity of abuse for the most extreme patterns of abuse (i.e., most and least severe abuse), with more severe abuse associated with poor familial emotional health. Current psychological distress appeared to be related to certain aspects of the abusive situation, such as the use of threat or force and duration of abuse, rather than the overall severity of the abuse pattern. The diversity evident in these women's experiences of abuse and long-term adjustment supports the heterogeneity of the phenomenon of child sexual abuse and its consequences.
Directly Questioning Children and Adolescents About Maltreatment
Authors: AMAYA-JACKSON LISA , SOCOLAR REBECCA R. S. , HUNTER WANDA , RUNYAN DESMOND K. , COLINDRES ROM
Published: March 2007

The methodological, legal, and ethical issues related to questioning children about their maltreatment experiences in research studies are complex. A review of the literature was conducted examining what studies to date have directly asked children about victimization and how study investigators dealt with the human participants issues related to subsequent disclosure. This article examines how different studies have defined and operationalized abuse in survey questions for children, reports prevalence rates when available, describes the differing methods used to collect child self-report data, and highlights how investigators have dealt with the ethical issues related to informed consent and disclosure up to this point.
Cognitive Distortions Among Women Reporting Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: OWENS GINA P. , CHARD KATHLEEN M.
Published: March 2007

Seventy-nine female adults reporting a history of childhood sexual (CSA) abuse were assessed to determine the relationship between severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and cognitive distortions as part of a larger study involving cognitive processing therapy for sexual abuse. The association between two cognitive measures, the Personal Beliefs and Reactions Scale (PBRS) and World Assumptions Scale (WAS), was also examined. Participants were administered the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-SX) to determine PTSD status. Significant correlations were found between PTSD severity and all PBRS subscales and the Worthiness of Self Scale on the WAS. Furthermore, three PBRS subscales predicted PTSD severity at a significant level. Significant correlations were found between several PBRS and WAS subscales. Both measures' subscales had low to moderate internal consistency overall. Results on the PBRS and WAS suggest that sexual abuse survivors appear to focus more on self-blame attributions than on distributing attributions between the world and the self.
Eating Disturbance and Incest
Authors: WONDERLICH STEPHEN , ANN DONALDSON MARY , CARSON DAVID K. , STATON DENNIS , GERTZ LINDA , LEACH LAURIE R. , JOHNSON MAUREEN
Published: March 2007

This study examines the relationship between reported history of incest and the subsequent development of bulimic behavior. A total of 38 women receiving treatment for reported incest abuse were compared with 27 control subjects who were also in treatment but who denied histories of sexual abuse. The results revealed that incest victims were significantly more likely to binge, vomit, experience a loss of control over eating, and report body dissatisfaction than control subjects. Incest victims also more frequently showed comorbidity with other maladaptive behaviors, such as alcohol abuse, suicidal gestures, self-mutilation, and cigarette smoking. These results suggest that incest may increase the risk for the development of bulimic behavior and that these eating problems may be a part of a larger pattern of dysfunctional efforts to regulate trauma-related emotional distress.
Adolescent Dating Violence
Authors: GRAY HEATHER M. , FOSHEE VANGIE
Published: March 2007

This study investigates differences in 3 dating violence profiles: those who are only victims of violence, those who are only perpetrators of violence, and those who are involved in mutually violent relationships. One hundred and eighty-five adolescents in the 6th to 12th grades responded to a questionnaire about dating violence and dating violence correlates. Study analysis was limited to the 77 students who reported involvement in dating violence in their most recent or current dating relationship. Differences in amount and severity of violence, injuries sustained, relationship characteristics, and individual characteristics across dating violence profile were assessed. About 66% of students reporting violence reported that the violence was mutual. Individuals in mutually violent relationships reported receiving and perpetrating significantly more violence than individuals involved in one-sided violent relationships as victims only or perpetrators only, respectively. Implications are made for treatment and prevention efforts.
Sexual Coercion and Attraction to Sexual Aggression in a Community Sample of Young Men
Authors: CALHOUN KAREN S. , BERNAT JEFFREY A. , CLUM GRETCHEN A. , FRAME CYNTHIA L.
Published: March 2007

Few studies have examined sexually coercive behavior in nonoffending yound adults other than college students. The present investigation examined self-report measures of peer delinquency, sexual promiscuity, hostility toward women, anger, and alcohol consumption on dates as predictors of sexual coercion and attraction to sexual aggression in a cross section of 65 nonoffending young men from a rural community. Delinquency was the strongest predictor of both coercive sexual behavior and attraction to sexual aggression. Attraction to sexual aggression also was significantly predicted by hostility toward women. Individuals with no histories of committing sexually coercive acts but who were highly attracted to sexual aggression shared profiles similar to sexually coercive men on hostility toward women, delinquency, and alcohol consumption on dates. Sexually noncoercive men low on attraction scored significantly lower than sexually coercive men on hostility toward women and alcohol consumption on dates and reported significantly less delinquent behavior than both other groups.
Risk Factors for Traumatic Physical Injury During Sexual Assaults for Male and Female Victims
Authors: COKER ANN L. , WALLS LUCILLE G. , JOHNSON JOSEPH E.
Published: March 2007

This study presents the frequency and correlates of traumatic injury during sexual assaults for male and female victims. Sexual assaults (6,877 total, 6,213 among females, 664 among males) were reported in South Carolina from October 1991 to September 1994 through the Federal Bureau of Investigation's National Incident Based Reporting System. Sexual assaults were defined to include vaginal rape, sodomy, and sexual assaults with objects. Among sexually assaulted females, 28.5% had traumatic physical injuries compared with 18.4% of similarly assaulted males. Risk factors for nongenital traumatic injury during sexual assault included: increasing number of assailants (females only), being sodomized (females only), weapon use by assailant, being kidnapped (females only), being assaulted by intimates or strangers (females only), African American race (males only), and use of alcohol or other drugs. Avoiding environments in which drugs and alcohol are abused may reduce one's risk of traumatic physical injury during sexual assaults.
Intimate Relationships Moderate the Association Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and Depression
Authors: WHIFFEN VALERIE E. , JUDD MELISSA E. , AUBE JENNIFER A.
Published: March 2007

The authors examined adult attachment, intimacy, and partner physical abuse as potential mediators or moderators of the association between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and depression. Contrary to previous research, our results showed that being a survivor of CSA was not necessarily associated with higher levels of physical abuse or with lower levels of intimacy. Thus, the relationship variables did not mediate the association between CSA and depression. However, they did moderate this relationship. CSA survivors were both better protected from depression when they perceived their relationships to be of high quality and more vulnerable to depression when they did not than were nonsurvivors. However, an exception occurred when their relationships were physically abusive: CSA survivors who were being physically abused reported fewer depressive symptoms than did nonsurvivors in the same situation. This finding was interpreted in terms of attachment theory and the self-verification hypothesis.
Plan Design Legal Update: Weanng Two Hats Wlhenlis a Company Speaking as a Plan Fidudiary Rather Than as an Employer?
Authors: Snarr Brian
Published: March 2007

In a 1996 ruling that has important implications for all employers that maintain ERISA covered welfare benefit plans, the U.S. Supreme Court established a new standard for determining when an employer is acting as a "fiduciary" for ERISA purposes in disclosing benefits matters to employees. The High Court set the new standard in the case of Varity v. Howe. It found that the Varity Corporation had misled 1,500 employees about the security of their uninsured, ERISA-covered benefits when it persuaded them to voluntarily transfer to a new spinoff. The spinoff failed within two years, and employees lost their benefits. The High Court characterized the deal as "underhanded," and found that Varity had failed in its fiduciary responsibility to safeguard plan participants' benefits rights. "The principal conclusion to be drawn from Varity-apart from not deliberately misleading employees about ERISA plans-appears to be that an employer should be absolutely clear about when it is speaking as 'employer' versus when it is speaking as 'plan administrator,"' the author advises.