bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Total Hip Arthroplasty in Hemophilia Patients: A Mid‐term to Long‐term Follow‐up
Authors: Wu Guo‐liang , Zhai Ji‐liang , Feng Bin , Bian Yan‐yan , Xu Chi , Weng Xi‐sheng
Published: December 2017

Objective

To report the results of mid‐term to long‐term follow‐up after primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) in hemophiliacs and to hypothesize that THA can provide satisfactory outcomes in these patients.

Methods

Twenty‐four primary THA performed in 21 hemophilia patients between 2002 and 2012 were reviewed retrospectively, including 20 cases of hemophilia A and 1 case of hemophilia B. The standard lateral approach was used for all implantations. Substitution therapy for factor VIII and activated prothrombin complex concentrates were administered to patients with hemophilia A and B, respectively. Total and hidden blood loss were calculated. Outcomes were assessed using the Harris hip score before surgery and at the final follow‐up visit. Complications were recorded by clinical and radiographic assessment and then compared to those in previous reports.

Results

The mean follow‐up period was 113 months (range, 5–15 years). The average total blood loss was 3559 mL (range, 1494–7506 mL). The mean amount of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion was 4.4 U (range, 0–14 U). The mean amount of clotting factor used in the perioperative period for management of hemophilia was 14 031.3 U (range, 8100–25 200 U). Harris hip scores improved from 37 points (range, 15–81) before surgery to 90 points (range, 70–96) at the last follow‐up. No signs of loosening, infection or other complications of the implant components occurred after discharge. The overall survivorship of the implants was 100% for all patients, and no revision surgery was performed.

Conclusions

With modern techniques and hematological management, THA in patients with hemophilia leads to significant improvement in joint function with a relatively low incidence of complications. Increased blood loss and substitution therapy have no obvious negative influences on the mid‐term to long‐term results of THA.
A New Intraoperative Syndesmosis Instability Classification System: Utility and Medium‐term Results in Closed Displaced Ankle Fractures
Authors: Qiu Hai‐bin , Jiang Jun , Porter Daniel
Published: December 2017

Objective

To investigate the utility and medium‐term results of a new intra‐operative classification system for distal tibiofibular syndesmosis injury in ankle fractures.

Methods

Between January 2010 and January 2015, 116 patients diagnosed with displaced closed Weber B and C ankle fractures were treated in our department. The etiology of injury was 56 cases of fall‐sprain, 36 of traffic injury, 14 of fall from a height, and 10 of multiple injuries. After fixation of the fibular fracture, we classify syndesmosis stability as either normal or one of three grades of instability using the fibular hook traction test. This determined further fixation selection and final syndesmosis treatment.

Results

Of 116 cases, 82 (71%) demonstrated a tibiofibular syndesmosis injury and 52 (45%) were unstable. Twenty‐six cases were type I injuries (<4 mm displacement), 41% cases were type II injuries (4–7 mm displacement), and 3% of cases were type III injuries (>7 mm displacement). Types II and III are defined as unstable and require stabilization. Type III injuries have multiplanar instability and require two screws at the syndesmosis. Weber C fractures demonstrate significantly greater degrees of instability than Weber B fractures (χ2 = 15.50, P = 0.0014). All patients were followed up for 12–24 months, with no cases of non‐union or broken screws. Good and excellent results were achieved in 93% of cases (according to the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society scoring system).

Conclusion

The syndesmosis instability classification system provides a rational and efficient basis for managing syndesmosis instability. Our results from application of the algorithm justify its further evaluation in the treatment of patients with closed displaced Weber B and C ankle fractures.
Paradoxic eczema in infants after heart transplantation
Authors: Jackson Cullison Stephanie R. , Siegfried Elaine C.
Published: December 2017

New‐onset psoriasis in patients receiving tumor necrosis factor inhibitors is well recognized in children and adults. We describe three children who underwent cardiac transplantation and developed an analogous form of paradoxic eczema occurring 2‐48 months after starting systemic tacrolimus, a drug widely used topically to treat eczema. Anecdotal reports and our experience suggest that tacrolimus taper with alternative systemic antirejection immunosuppressant may lead to skin clearance. Pending additional insight, treatment should include optimizing skin barrier function, minimizing microbial and allergic triggers, and coordinating care to choose the best‐tolerated systemic immunosuppressant regimen at the lowest effective dose.
Dental calculus: the calcified biofilm and its role in disease development
Authors: Akcalı Aliye , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: December 2017

Dental calculus represents the first fossilized record of bacterial communities as a testimony of evolutionary biology. The development of dental calculus is a dynamic process that starts with a nonmineralized biofilm which eventually calcifies. Nonmineralized dental biofilm entraps particles from the oral cavity, including large amounts of oral bacteria, human proteins, viruses and food remnants, and preserves their DNA. The process of mineralization involves metabolic activities of the bacterial colonies and strengthens the attachment of nonmineralized biofilms to the tooth surface. From a clinical point of view, dental calculus always harbors a living, nonmineralized biofilm, jeopardizing the integrity of the dento‐gingival or implanto‐mucosal unit. This narrative review presents a brief historical overview of dental calculus formation and its clinical relevance in modern periodontal practice.
Expression of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 in cattle placenta during early pregnancy
Authors: Wang W , Liu R , Liang X , Zhao Q , Qu P , Yao K , Jiang M , Luo Y , Zhang W , Qing S
Published: December 2017

Contents

Interferon‐tau (IFNT), a type I interferon, is an antiluteolytic factor secreted by trophoderm during pregnancy. IFNT transmitted signals or stimulated the expression of some factors to build maternal recognition and keep pregnancy by binding its receptors, IFNT receptor 1(IFNAR1) and IFNT receptor 2 (IFNAR2). Up to now, the expression model and roles of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 in placenta have not been investigated in cattle. In this study, the localization and expression of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 in the cattle placenta at days 18–50 of pregnancy were detected by histological examination, immunofluorescence staining and real‐time qPCR. The results showed that IFNAR1 mainly distributed in chorioallantoic membrane, endometrial epithelium, cotyledon and caruncle during the early pregnancy of cattle with change in time‐ and position‐dependent. IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 mRNA expression were mainly detected in chorioallantoic membrane and cotyledon, and markedly increased along with pregnancy process. Moreover, the mRNA expression level of IFNAR1 in chorioallantoic membrane and cotyledon was higher than that of IFNAR2. IFNAR mRNA was also expressed in caruncle tissues, which experienced a tendency of decrease from days 21 to 36, followed by increase after days 36. These results provide morphological basis and quantitative data for investigating the roles of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 on development of cattle placenta and pregnancy maintenance.
The use of ultrasonography in the reproductive evaluation of boars
Authors: Pinho RO , Camilo BS , Lima DMA , Villadiego FAC , Vergara JCM , Shiomi HH , Cardoso RE , Lopes PS , Guimarães SEF , Guimarães JD
Published: December 2017

Contents

The objective was to study the use of ultrasound as a complementary test in the breeding soundness evaluation in male pigs and study the pattern of echogenicity of the testicular parenchyma in boars of different racial groups. Twenty‐six adult boars from four different racial groups were used, 10 from the Piau breed (group 1), four from the commercial and finishing group (group 2), six Pietrain breed (group 3) and six from the Duroc breed (group 4). All animals were evaluated for breeding soundness evaluation and the ultrasound examination of the testicles. The groups of animals that were evaluated showed no difference in the main semen parameters that were evaluated, except for the sperm volume, concentration of the ejaculated sperm and the supravital staining; the lowest figures were for the animals from the Piau breed (group 1). In relation to the testicular biometrics, Duroc animals (group 4) had a greater scrotal width compared to the other groups. But when we assessed the intensity of pixels of the testicles, there was a difference between groups. The groups 2 (finishing animals), 3 (Pietrain) and 4 had no difference between themselves. Group 3 had greater pixel intensity in relation to group 1. Of the 26 animals studied, five showed an abnormality during ultrasound evaluation, like hydrocele, hyperechoic mass in the testicular parenchyma, cyst in the head of the epididymis and the presence of fluid in the head and tail of the epididymis. The various animal groups studied did not differ in the principal reproductive parameters evaluated, showing that despite the great variability of reproductive traits between breeds and within the same breed, the breeding soundness evaluation, the more complete it is, is essential for the selection of breeders and the ultrasonography of the reproductive system becomes an important addition in this examination.
Making ships cleaner: Reducing air pollution from international shipping
Authors: Kopela Sophia
Published: December 2017

This article assesses the international legal framework for the reduction of air pollution from international shipping and the measures adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). It sheds light on the difficulties and challenges in the IMO negotiations, the ensuing compromises, and the role and interests of the various stakeholders. It further identifies the inadequacies of the regulatory framework and the challenges in its implementation, and explores the prospects for the adoption of further measures to strengthen it. The article also evaluates unilateral measures adopted by port and coastal States, especially with respect to jurisdictional issues in their maritime zones. Finally, it assesses the role of private and hybrid initiatives and standards as part of a multi‐actor governance system for tackling air pollution.
Improving the Treatment of Holding Gains and Default Losses in National Accounts
Authors: Reinsdorf Marshall , Durant Dominique , Hood Kyle , Nakamura Leonard
Published: December 2017

Holding gains and losses and default losses play key roles in the operations and reported income of financial intermediaries and other businesses, but are excluded from the national accounts definition of income. Measures that combine income and holding gains/losses and that adjust the income of lenders for predictable default losses are needed to understand the operating results of businesses and the resources available to households, and should be presented in supplementary accounts. Changing the national accounts treatment of retained earnings of corporations to include retained earnings in the income of shareholders would provide improved insight into the roles of holding gains and saving in changes in the wealth of households and governments. To measure output properly in the core national accounts, apparent holding gains that are really payments for services must be distinguished from true holding gains, and expected default losses must be excluded from FISIM on loans.
Does Participation in National Commemorations Increase National Attachment? A Study of Dutch Liberation Festivals
Authors: de Regt Sabrina , van der Lippe Tanja
Published: December 2017

It is generally assumed that national commemorations have the power to increase national attachment. This is because such ceremonies highlight shared history, communicate core values, and have the potential to decrease conflicts in societies, while celebrating and mourning together enhances attachment to the group. Remarkably, only a limited number of studies have empirically studied the relation between participation in national commemorations and feelings of national attachment. Studies that have addressed this question focused mainly on the intentions of the organizing elite, employed qualitative research designs, or suffered from methodological problems such as causality. In this study, we examined participation in Dutch liberation festivals by means of survey data. We compared people's feelings of national attachment before they visited the liberation festival with people's feelings of national attachment after they visited the festival, but no evidence was found for the integrative role of national ceremonies. In the concluding section, we discuss potential reasons why the expected positive relation was not found and formulate suggestions for future research.
Politics of Primordial Loyalties and Its Transnational Dimensions: Tamilness as Pan‐ethnic and Supranational
Authors: Jayapalan Athithan
Published: December 2017

The article pertains to the pan‐ethnic and transnational dimensions of contemporary political and cultural interaction and orientations between diverse ethnically/culturally and linguistically kindred ethnic groups such as Tamils. It explores the transnational dimensions and dynamics of habitats of meaning, identity formations, political cosmology/world view among kindred ethnic groups and their relation to historical processes, events of violence and trauma, and transnational communication, information, and travel technologies. The dynamics between kindred ethnic groups, facilitated by the technological advances and accessibility in the period of accelerated globalization, enhance engagement and attachment centred on primordial loyalties, cultural and ethnic/linguistic sentiments, and identity. The subsequent social interaction constitutes pan‐ethnic or trans/supra‐national political cosmologies/imagery and moral community. Beside the central role of cultural similarity and meaning, historical connectivity, or transnational technology and processes, it is historical events/moments of state violence and injustice which prove a central condition in enabling transnational political solidarity and engagement between people who would otherwise have imagined their linkages differently.
Experiencing Gendered Seeing
Authors: Tullmann Katherine
Published: December 2017

This paper explores the concept of “gendered seeing”: the capacity to visually perceive another person's gender and the role that one's own gender plays in that perception. Assuming that gendered properties are actually perceptible, my goal is to provide some support from the philosophy of perception on how gendered visual experiences are possible. I begin by exploring the ways in which sociologists and psychologists study how we perceive one's sex and the implications of these studies for the sex/gender distinction. I then discuss feminist philosopher Linda Alcoff's concept of “interpretative horizons,” which highlights the role that one's social and political identities play in how we understand the world around us. I also discuss Elizabeth Grosz's notion (borrowed from Merleau‐Ponty) of double sensation. I then apply some work in the philosophy of perception on perceptual learning and the cognitive penetration of perception to gendered seeing. My hypothesis is that we can explain how one's interpretative horizons are acquired through some notion of perceptual learning. I conclude by suggesting some of the epistemic and ethical implications of gendered seeing.
The presynaptic scaffolding protein Piccolo organizes the readily releasable pool at the calyx of Held
Authors: Parthier Daniel , Kuner Thomas , Körber Christoph
Published: December 2017

Key points

Bassoon and Piccolo do not mediate basal synaptic vesicle release at a high‐frequency synapse.

Knockdown of Bassoon increases short‐term depression at the calyx of Held.

Both Bassoon and Piccolo have shared functions in synaptic vesicle replenishment during high‐frequency synaptic transmission.

Piccolo organizes the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles. It safeguards a fraction of them to be not immediately available for action potential‐induced release. This enables the synapse to sustain high‐frequency synaptic transmission over long periods.

Synaptic vesicles (SVs) are released at the active zone (AZ), a specialized region of the presynaptic plasma membrane organized by a highly interconnected network of multidomain proteins called the cytomatrix of the active zone (CAZ). Two core components of the CAZ are the large, highly homologous scaffolding proteins Bassoon and Piccolo, whose function is not well understood. To investigate their role in synaptic transmission, we established the small hairpin RNA (shRNA)‐mediated in vivo knockdown (KD) of Bassoon and Piccolo at the rat calyx of Held synapse. KD of Bassoon and Piccolo, separately or simultaneously, did not affect basic SV release. However, short‐term depression (STD) was prominently increased by the KD of Bassoon, whereas KD of Piccolo only had a minor effect. The observed alterations in STD were readily explained by reduced SV replenishment in synapses deficient in either of the proteins. Thus, the regulation of SV refilling during ongoing synaptic activity is a shared function of Bassoon and Piccolo, although Bassoon appears to be more efficient. Moreover, we observed the recruitment of slowly‐releasing SVs of the readily‐releasable pool (RRP), which are normally not available for action potential‐induced release, during high‐frequency stimulation in Piccolo‐deficient calyces. Therefore, the results obtained in the present study suggest a novel and specific role for Piccolo in the organization of the subpools of the RRP.
Tumor carcinoide bronquial en pediatría: reporte de caso
Authors: De Castro Hernández Melissa , Soler Angela Maria , Arjona Juan
Published: December 2017

Los tumores primarios de pulmón son poco frecuentes en el paciente pediátrico. Dentro de ellos, el tumor carcinoide bronquial es el más común. Clínicamente, su manifestación más usual es como infección respiratoria a repetición; sin embargo, su presentación puede ser variada. Reportamos el caso de una paciente de catorce años de edad con clínica de dolor torácico y síntomas respiratorios. 
Astenia y adinamia en un paciente con trastorno esquizoafectivo: no todo está en la mente
Authors: Rodríguez Ospina Gloria Marcela , Rosselli Cock Diego Andrés
Published: December 2017

Un hombre de 53 años de edad, con antecedente de trastorno esquizoafectivo, consultó por astenia y adinamia. Se le diagnosticó una crisis depresiva y se le hospitalizó en una unidad de salud mental. En el examen médico se encontró malnutrición, anemia ferropénica e hipovitaminosis B12. En el paciente con enfermedad mental severa es necesario superar el estigma de enfermedad mental y ofrecer servicios médicos integrales de calidad. 
Cordoma en la articulación facetaria de C4: reporte de caso
Authors: Calvo Maria Gabriela , Acevedo González Juan Carlos , Berbeo Calderóna Miguel Enrique
Published: December 2017

Resumen

Los cordomas son tumores óseos primarios, poco frecuentes, derivados de remanentes no diferenciados de la notocorda. Por su origen histológico, suelen ubicarse en la línea media del esqueleto axial, y los lugares de presentación más frecuentes son la base del cráneo y la columna. Se caracterizan por presentar un crecimiento lento, por lo que tienden a ser clínicamente silenciosos hasta alcanzar tamaños que causan manifestaciones que varían según el sitio de presentación; sin embargo, tienen alta agresividad y recurrencia local. El tratamiento es quirúrgico e, idealmente, se busca una resección completa de la lesión. El artículo presenta el caso de un hombre de 20 años de edad, quien desarrolló un cordoma en la articulación facetaria superior izquierda de C4, que es una localización rara. 
Estrategias no farmacológicas en el paciente clínicamente enfermo, ¿qué nos dice la literatura?
Authors: Sucerquia Quintero Julián Andrés
Published: December 2017

Resumen

En el paciente médicamente enfermo, las intervenciones farmacológicas o psicoterapéuticas habituales caen en desuso por particularidades propias de la hospitalización y la comorbilidad física; por ello se hace necesario identificar diferentes estrategias que permitan incidir benéficamente en la calidad de vida de este grupo de pacientes. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión narrativa de la literatura que permita identificar estrategias terapéuticas que hayan demostrado efectividad en el proceso de este grupo de pacientes. Metodología: Revisión narrativa de literatura. Resultados: Se identificaron 10 corrientes terapéuticas no farmacológicas que han demostrado mejoría en indicadores como percepción de dolor, mejoría en calidad de vida, regulación de alteraciones del patrón de sueño, fatiga, en el contexto de pacientes con enfermedad crónica, que puede encontrarse en entornos tan diversos como son los pacientes de oncología o de las unidades de dolor crónico. Conclusiones: Las intervenciones no farmacológicas han demostrado efectividad en el control de síntomas físicos y emocionales en pacientes con enfermedad crónica y son herramientas con las que debe contar el profesional en salud mental.
Histological Findings in Very Low Risk Prostate Cancer Patients Managed with Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Trujillo Ordoñez Carlos Gustavo , Ramos Hernández Anamaria , Robledo Cárdenas Daniela , Mariño Álvarez Ángela Marcela , Cataño Cataño Juan Guillermo , Caicedo Cárdenas Juan Ignacio , Escobar Monroy Rebeca , Plata Salazar Mauricio
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Objectives: To describe the histological findings in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) clinically classified as very low risk who underwent treatment with radical prostatectomy (RP). Material and methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted. Clinical records of patients who underwent RP between 2007-2015 who met Epstein criteria for very low risk disease were reviewed. Histological diagnosis was described and analyzed to determine if such criteria predicted very low risk. Results: A total of 609 records were reviewed; 83 (13.6%) met Epstein’s criteria. Mean age was 59 (SD±7) years and median PSA at diagnosis was 5.4 ng/dl (IQR 4.3 – 6.8). Pathology showed a median tumor volume of 4% (IQR 1 – 10%). Gleason score was 3+3 in 55 (66.3%) cases, but 28 (33.7%) were reclassified to a greater score. Two (2.4%) patients were reclassified as pT3a, 80 (96.4%) as pT2 and 1 (1.2%) was found to be pT0. In those subjected to pelvic lymphadenectomy (42.2%) no positive lymph nodes were found. Conclusions: Up to one-third of the patients clinically classified with very low risk PCa had a greater Gleason score. Only 3% had locally advanced tumors, which is comparable to previous studies. Epstein’s criteria seem to be adequate in predicting organ-confined disease. 
A Molecular Dynamics Study of PDMS Stamp-Based Graphene Exfoliation
Authors: Jayasena Buddhika , Melkote Shreyes N.
Published: December 2017

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to gain insights into the process conditions that cause separation of graphene layers from a highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) source in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp-assisted mechanical exfoliation process. Specifically, the effects of selected exfoliation process parameters and pre-existing defects, such as layer discontinuities in the graphite source, on the exfoliation process are investigated. The results show that exfoliation of individual and few layer graphene requires delicate control of the normal force applied to the HOPG by the PDMS stamp. The study also shows that defects (e.g., discontinuities) in the HOPG have a significant impact on the thickness of separated layers and the layer separation force. The insights derived from this study are expected to be very useful in the development of a low-cost, scalable, large area graphene production process.
Development of Highly Durable Thermal Barrier Coating by Suppression of Thermally Grown Oxide
Authors: Negami Masahiro , Hibino Shinya , Kawano Akihito , Nomura Yoshimichi , Tanaka Ryozo , Igashira Kenichiroh
Published: December 2017

Durability of thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems is important because of recent rising of turbine inlet temperature (TIT) for improved efficiency of industrial gas turbine engines. However, high-temperature environment accelerates the degradation of the TBC as well as causes spalling of the top coat. Spalling of the top coat may be attributed to several factors, but evidently the growth of thermally grown oxide (TGO) should be considered as an important factor. One method for reducing the growth rate of TGO is to provide a dense α-Al2O3 layer at the boundary of the bond coat and top coat. This α-Al2O3 layer will suppress the diffusion of oxygen to the bond coat and consumption of aluminum of the bond coat is suppressed. In this study, we focused on thermal pre-oxidation of the bond coat as a means for forming an α-Al2O3 barrier layer that would be effective at reducing the growth rate of TGO, and we studied the suitable pre-oxidation conditions. In the primary stage, we analyzed the oxidation behavior of the bond coat surface during pre-oxidation heat treatment by means of in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. As a result, we learned that during oxidation in ambient air environment, in the initial stage of oxidation metastable alumina is produced in addition to α-Al2O3, but if the thermal treatment is conducted under some specific low oxygen partial pressure condition, unlike in the ambient air environment, only α-Al2O3 is formed with suppressing formation of metastable alumina. We also conducted transmission electron microscope (TEM) and XRD analysis of oxide scale formed after pre-oxidation heat treatment of the bond coat. As a result, we learned that if pre-oxidation is performed under specific oxygen partial pressure conditions, a monolithic α-Al2O3 layer is formed on the bond coat. We performed a durability evaluation test of TBC with the monolithic α-Al2O3 layer formed by pre-oxidation of the bond coat. An isothermal oxidation test confirmed that the growth of TGO in the TBC that had undergone pre-oxidation was suppressed more thoroughly than that in the TBC that had not undergone pre-oxidation. Cyclic thermal shock test by hydrogen burner rig was also carried out. TBC with the monolithic α-Al2O3 layer has resistance to >2000 cycle thermal shock at a load equivalent to that of actual gas turbine.
Multistage Blisk and Large Mistuning Modeling Using Fourier Constraint Modes and PRIME
Authors: Kurstak Eric , D'Souza Kiran
Published: December 2017

Current efforts to model multistage turbomachinery systems rely on calculating independent constraint modes for each degree-of-freedom (DOF) on the boundary between stages. While this approach works, it is computationally expensive to calculate all the required constraint modes. This paper presents a new way to calculate a reduced set of constraint modes referred to as Fourier constraint modes (FCMs). These FCMs greatly reduce the number of computations required to construct a multistage reduced order model (ROM). The FCM method can also be integrated readily with the component mode mistuning (CMM) method to handle small mistuning and the pristine rogue interface modal expansion (PRIME) method to handle large and/or geometric mistuning. These methods all use sector-level models and calculations, which make them very efficient. This paper demonstrates the efficiency of the FCM method on a multistage system that is tuned and, for the first time, creates a multistage ROM with large mistuning using only sector-level quantities and calculations. The results of the multistage ROM for the tuned and large mistuning cases are compared with full finite element results and are found in good agreement.
Stabilization Mechanisms of Swirling Premixed Flames With an Axial-Plus-Tangential Swirler
Authors: Jourdaine Paul , Mirat Clément , Caudal Jean , Schuller Thierry
Published: December 2017

The stabilization of premixed flames within a swirling flow produced by an axial-plus-tangential swirler is investigated in an atmospheric test rig. In this system, flames are stabilized aerodynamically away from the solid components of the combustor without the help of any solid anchoring device. Experiments are reported for lean CH4/air mixtures, eventually also diluted with N2, with injection Reynolds numbers varying from 8500 to 25,000. Changes of the flame shape are examined with OH* chemiluminescence and OH laser-induced fluorescence measurements as a function of the operating conditions. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements are used to reveal the structure of the velocity field in nonreacting and reacting conditions. It is shown that the axial-plus-tangential swirler allows to easily control the flame shape and the position of the flame leading edge with respect to the injector outlet. The ratio of the bulk injection velocity over the laminar burning velocity Ub/SL, the adiabatic flame temperature Tad, and the swirl number S0 are shown to control the flame shape and its position inside the combustion chamber. It is then shown that the axial velocity field produced by the axial-plus-tangential swirler is different from those produced by purely axial or radial devices. It takes here a W-shape profile with three local maxima and two minima. The mean turbulent flame front also takes this W-shape in an axial plane, with two lower positions located slightly off-axis and corresponding to the positions where the axial flow velocity is the lowest. It is finally shown that these positions can be inferred from axial flow velocity profiles under nonreacting conditions.
Numerical Characterization of Flow and Heat Transfer in Preswirl Systems
Authors: Da Soghe Riccardo , Bianchini Cosimo , D'Errico Jacopo
Published: December 2017

This paper deals with a numerical study aimed at the validation of a computational procedure for the aerothermal characterization of preswirl systems employed in axial gas turbines. The numerical campaign focused on an experimental facility which models the flow field inside a direct-flow preswirl system. Steady and unsteady simulation techniques were adopted in conjunction with both a standard two-equation Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)/unsteady RANS (URANS) modeling and more advanced approaches such as the scale-adaptive-simulation (SAS) principle, the stress-blended eddy simulation (SBES), and large eddy simulation (LES). Overall, the steady-state computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predictions are in reasonable good agreement with the experimental evidences even though they are not able to confidently mimic the experimental swirl and pressure behavior in some regions. Scale-resolved approaches improve the computations accuracy significantly especially in terms of static pressure distribution and heat transfer on the rotating disk. Although the use of direct turbulence modeling would in principle increase the insight in the physical phenomenon, from a design perspective, the trade-off between accuracy and computational costs is not always favorable.
On Scaling Method to Investigate High-Speed Over-Tip-Leakage Flow at Low-Speed Condition
Authors: Jiang Hongmei , He Li , Zhang Qiang , Wang Lipo
Published: December 2017

Modern high-pressure turbine blades operate at high-speed conditions. The over-tip-leakage (OTL) flow can be high-subsonic or even transonic. From the consideration of problem simplification and cost reduction, the OTL flow has been studied extensively in low-speed experiments. It has been assumed a redesigned low-speed blade profile with a matched blade loading should be sufficient to scale the high-speed OTL flow down to the low-speed condition. In this paper, the validity of this conventional scaling approach is computationally examined. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology was first validated by experimental data conducted in both high- and low-speed conditions. Detailed analyses on the OTL flows at high- and low-speed conditions indicate that, only matching the loading distribution with a redesigned blade cannot ensure the match of the aerodynamic performance at the low-speed condition with that at the high-speed condition. Specifically, the discrepancy in the peak tip leakage mass flux can be as high as 22%, and the total pressure loss at the low-speed condition is 6% higher than the high-speed case. An improved scaling method is proposed hereof. As an additional dimension variable, the tip clearance can also be “scaled” down from the high-speed to low-speed case to match the cross-tip pressure gradient between pressure and suction surfaces. The similarity in terms of the overall aerodynamic loss and local leakage flow distribution can be improved by adjusting the tip clearance, either uniformly or locally.
Excitation Transfer via Instant Replay in the Microstructure of Broadcast Sport
Authors: Cummins R. Glenn , Berke Collin K.
Published: December 2017

Although a variety of tools are employed to package sport for at-home consumption, instant replay is among the most ubiquitous. Excitation transfer theory has been a useful lens for explaining how emotion compounds during sport consumption, but research has failed to explore how instant replay can serve to facilitate the transfer of arousal between sequential events in televised sport. This experiment invokes excitation transfer to examine how both the nature of content and instant replay can facilitate sustained arousal and enhanced evaluations of events in the context of college football. Results suggest the superiority of game content to facilitate excitation transfer, both in terms of objective measures of emotion and self-reported enjoyment. The production feature examined here, instant replay, yielded mixed results. Although it failed to consistently impact objective physiological measures of emotion, it did elicit enhanced enjoyment when the content being represented was intrinsically exciting.
Predicting Changing Media Use Patterns via Mega Events: An Examination of Multi-Screen Viewing During the 2016 Rio Olympics
Authors: Tang Tang , Cooper Roger
Published: December 2017

Mega events, such as the Olympics, provide a unique context and valuable opportunity to study changing media use patterns in today’s convergent environment. This study examined how and why audiences watched the 2016 Rio Olympics across media, and found that while TV was still the dominant platform for mega-event viewing, audiences tended to seek alternative content and niche sports on computers, and primarily used mobile devices to get a second-screen experience during the Rio Games. In addition, findings suggest that multiscreen Olympics viewing was not exclusively determined by individual characteristics and psychological needs. Structures, media use routine, and social contexts played a big (though maybe less obvious) role in driving screen choice.
Denitrification by Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans, a Common Soil Bacterium Lacking the Nitrite Reductase Genes
nirS
and
nirK
Authors: Onley Jenny R. , Ahsan Samiha , Sanford Robert A. , Löffler Frank E.
Published: December 2017

The versatile soil bacterium
Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans
lacks the hallmark denitrification genes
nirS
and
nirK
(encoding NO
2
−
→NO reductases) and couples growth to NO
3
−
reduction to NH
4
+
(respiratory ammonification) and to N
2
O reduction to N
2
.
A. dehalogenans
also grows by reducing Fe(III) to Fe(II), which chemically reacts with NO
2
−
to form N
2
O (i.e., chemodenitrification). Following the addition of 100 μmol of NO
3
−
or NO
2
−
to Fe(III)-grown axenic cultures of
A. dehalogenans
, 54 (±7) μmol and 113 (±2) μmol N
2
O-N, respectively, were produced and subsequently consumed. The conversion of NO
3
−
to N
2
in the presence of Fe(II) through linked biotic-abiotic reactions represents an unrecognized ecophysiology of
A. dehalogenans
. The new findings demonstrate that the assessment of gene content alone is insufficient to predict microbial denitrification potential and N loss (i.e., the formation of gaseous N products). A survey of complete bacterial genomes in the NCBI Reference Sequence database coupled with available physiological information revealed that organisms lacking
nirS
or
nirK
but with Fe(III) reduction potential and genes for NO
3
−
and N
2
O reduction are not rare, indicating that NO
3
−
reduction to N
2
through linked biotic-abiotic reactions is not limited to
A. dehalogenans
. Considering the ubiquity of iron in soils and sediments and the broad distribution of dissimilatory Fe(III) and NO
3
−
reducers, denitrification independent of NO-forming NO
2
−
reductases (through combined biotic-abiotic reactions) may have substantial contributions to N loss and N
2
O flux.

IMPORTANCE
Current attempts to gauge N loss from soils rely on the quantitative measurement of
nirK
and
nirS
genes and/or transcripts. In the presence of iron, the common soil bacterium
Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans
is capable of denitrification and the production of N
2
without the key denitrification genes
nirK
and
nirS
. Such chemodenitrifiers denitrify through combined biotic and abiotic reactions and have potentially large contributions to N loss to the atmosphere and fill a heretofore unrecognized ecological niche in soil ecosystems. The findings emphasize that the comprehensive understanding of N flux and the accurate assessment of denitrification potential can be achieved only when integrated studies of interlinked biogeochemical cycles are performed.
Pathway for the Biosynthesis of the Pigment Chrysogine by Penicillium chrysogenum
Authors: Viggiano Annarita , Salo Oleksandr , Ali Hazrat , Szymanski Wiktor , Lankhorst Peter P. , Nygård Yvonne , Bovenberg Roel A. L. , Driessen Arnold J. M.
Published: December 2017

Chrysogine is a yellow pigment produced byPenicillium chrysogenumand other filamentous fungi. Although the pigment was first isolated in 1973, its biosynthetic pathway has so far not been resolved. Here, we show that deletion of the highly expressed nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genePc21g12630(chyA) resulted in a decrease in the production of chrysogine and 13 related compounds in the culture broth ofP. chrysogenum. Each of the genes of thechyA-containing gene cluster was individually deleted, and corresponding mutants were examined by metabolic profiling in order to elucidate their function. The data suggest that the NRPS ChyA mediates the condensation of anthranilic acid and alanine into the intermediate 2-(2-aminopropanamido)benzoic acid, which was verified by feeding experiments of aΔchyAstrain with the chemically synthesized product. The remainder of the pathway is highly branched, yielding at least 13 chrysogine-related compounds.

IMPORTANCEPenicillium chrysogenumis used in industry for the production of β-lactams, but also produces several other secondary metabolites. The yellow pigment chrysogine is one of the most abundant metabolites in the culture broth, next to β-lactams. Here, we have characterized the biosynthetic gene cluster involved in chrysogine production and elucidated a complex and highly branched biosynthetic pathway, assigning each of the chrysogine cluster genes to biosynthetic steps and metabolic intermediates. The work further unlocks the metabolic potential of filamentous fungi and the complexity of secondary metabolite pathways.
Gut Microbiota in Human Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and a Mouse Model of Lupus
Authors: Luo Xin M. , Edwards Michael R. , Mu Qinghui , Yu Yang , Vieson Miranda D. , Reilly Christopher M. , Ahmed S. Ansar , Bankole Adegbenga A.
Published: December 2017

Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been observed in a number of autoimmune diseases. However, the role of the gut microbiota in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a prototypical autoimmune disease characterized by persistent inflammation in multiple organs of the body, remains elusive. Here we report the dynamics of the gut microbiota in a murine lupus model, NZB/W F1, as well as intestinal dysbiosis in a small group of SLE patients with active disease. The composition of the gut microbiota changed markedly before and after the onset of lupus disease in NZB/W F1 mice, with greater diversity and increased representation of several bacterial species as lupus progressed from the predisease stage to the diseased stage. However, we did not control for age and the cage effect. Using dexamethasone as an intervention to treat SLE-like signs, we also found that a greater abundance of a group of lactobacilli (for which a species assignment could not be made) in the gut microbiota might be correlated with more severe disease in NZB/W F1 mice. Results of the human study suggest that, compared to control subjects without immune-mediated diseases, SLE patients with active lupus disease possessed an altered gut microbiota that differed in several particular bacterial species (within the genera
Odoribacter
and
Blautia
and an unnamed genus in the family
Rikenellaceae
) and was less diverse, with increased representation of Gram-negative bacteria. The
Firmicutes
/
Bacteroidetes
ratios did not differ between the SLE microbiota and the non-SLE microbiota in our human cohort.

IMPORTANCE
SLE is a complex autoimmune disease with no known cure. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has been reported for both mice and humans with SLE. In this emerging field, however, more studies are required to delineate the roles of the gut microbiota in different lupus-prone mouse models and people with diverse manifestations of SLE. Here, we report changes in the gut microbiota in NZB/W F1 lupus-prone mice and a group of SLE patients with active disease.
Quasimetagenomics-Based and Real-Time-Sequencing-Aided Detection and Subtyping of Salmonella enterica from Food Samples
Authors: Hyeon Ji-Yeon , Li Shaoting , Mann David A. , Zhang Shaokang , Li Zhen , Chen Yi , Deng Xiangyu
Published: December 2017

Metagenomics analysis of food samples promises isolation-independent detection and subtyping of foodborne bacterial pathogens in a single workflow. The selective concentration of
Salmonella
genomic DNA by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and multiple displacement amplification (MDA) shortened the time for culture enrichment of
Salmonella
-spiked raw chicken breast samples by over 12 h while permitting serotyping and high-fidelity single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing of the pathogen using short shotgun sequencing reads. The herein-termed quasimetagenomics approach was evaluated on
Salmonella
-spiked lettuce and black peppercorn samples as well as retail chicken parts naturally contaminated with different serotypes of
Salmonella
. Culture enrichment of between 8 and 24 h was required for detecting and subtyping naturally occurring
Salmonella
from unspiked chicken parts compared with 4- to 12-h culture enrichment when
Salmonella
-spiked food samples were analyzed, indicating the likely need for longer culture enrichment to revive low levels of stressed or injured
Salmonella
cells in food. A further acceleration of the workflow was achieved by real-time nanopore sequencing. After 1.5 h of analysis on a potable sequencer, sufficient data were generated from sequencing the IMS-MDA products of a cultured-enriched lettuce sample to enable serotyping and robust phylogenetic placement of the inoculated isolate.

IMPORTANCE
Both culture enrichment and next-generation sequencing remain time-consuming processes for food testing, whereas rapid methods for pathogen detection are widely available. Our study demonstrated a substantial acceleration of these processes by the use of immunomagnetic separation (IMS) with multiple displacement amplification (MDA) and real-time nanopore sequencing. In one example, the combined use of the two methods delivered a less than 24-h turnaround time from the collection of a
Salmonella
-contaminated lettuce sample to the phylogenetic identification of the pathogen. An improved efficiency such as this is important for further expanding the use of whole-genome and metagenomics sequencing in the microbial analysis of food. Our results suggest the potential of the quasimetagenomics approach in areas where rapid detection and subtyping of foodborne pathogens are important, such as for foodborne outbreak response and the precision tracking and monitoring of foodborne pathogens in production environments and supply chains.
Poly-3-Hydroxybutyrate Functionalization with BioF-Tagged Recombinant Proteins
Authors: Bello-Gil Daniel , Maestro Beatriz , Fonseca Jennifer , Dinjaski Nina , Prieto M. Auxiliadora , Sanz Jesús M.
Published: December 2017

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable polyesters that accumulate in the cytoplasm of certain bacteria. One promising biotechnological application utilizes these biopolymers as supports for protein immobilization. Here, the PHA-binding domain of the
Pseudomonas putida
KT2440 PhaF phasin (BioF polypeptide) was investigated as an affinity tag for the
in vitro
functionalization of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) particles with recombinant proteins, namely, full-length PhaF and two fusion proteins tagged to BioF (BioF–C-LytA and BioF–β-galactosidase, containing the choline-binding module C-LytA and the β-galactosidase enzyme, respectively). The protein-biopolyester interaction was strong and stable at a wide range of pHs and temperatures, and the bound protein was highly protected from self-degradation, while the binding strength could be modulated by coating with amphiphilic compounds. Finally, BioF–β-galactosidase displayed very stable enzymatic activity after several continuous activity-plus-washing cycles when immobilized in a minibioreactor. Our results demonstrate the potentialities of PHA and the BioF tag for the construction of novel bioactive materials.

IMPORTANCE
Our results confirm the biotechnological potential of the BioF affinity tag as a versatile tool for functionalizing PHA supports with recombinant proteins, leading to novel bioactive materials. The wide substrate range of the BioF tag presumably enables protein immobilization
in vitro
of virtually all natural PHAs as well as blends, copolymers, or artificial chemically modified derivatives with novel physicochemical properties. Moreover, the strength of protein adsorption may be easily modulated by varying the coating of the support, providing new perspectives for the engineering of bioactive materials that require a tight control of protein loading.
Draft Genome Sequence of Leuconostoc citreum CW28 Isolated from Pozol, a Pre-Hispanic Fermented Corn Beverage
Authors: Olvera Clarita , Santamaría Rosa I. , Bustos Patricia , Vallejo Cristina , Montor Juan J. , Wacher Carmen , Lopez Munguia Agustín
Published: December 2017

Leuconostoc citreum
CW28 was isolated from pozol, a Mayan fermented corn beverage. This strain produces a cell-associated inulosucrase, the first described in bacteria. Its draft genome sequence, announced here, has an estimated size of 1.98 Mb and harbors 1,915 coding genes, 12 rRNAs, 68 tRNAs, 17 putative pseudogenes, and 1 putative phage.
Genome Sequence of Bacillus velezensis S141, a New Strain of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacterium Isolated from Soybean Rhizosphere
Authors: Sibponkrung Surachat , Kondo Takahiko , Tanaka Kosei , Tittabutr Panlada , Boonkerd Nantakorn , Teaumroong Neung , Yoshida Ken-ichi
Published: December 2017

Bacillus velezensis
strain S141 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium isolated from soybean (
Glycine max
) rhizosphere that enhances soybean growth, nodulation, and N
2
fixation efficiency by coinoculation with
Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens
USDA110. The S141 genome was identified to comprise a 3,974,582-bp-long circular DNA sequence encoding at least 3,817 proteins.