bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Economic Analysis of GI Tagged Chilli and Hybrid Teja Chilli in the Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Bonigala Deepika , Olekar Jagannath , Patil Yashavantagouda S , Naresh
Published: June 2024

Chilli is an important spice in every Indian cuisine and is grown throughout the country. Andhra Pradesh is India's largest chilli-producing state, contributing about 45 per cent of the country’s chilli production. The study was conducted in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh chosen purposively, where the geographical indication (GI) tagged Guntur chilli cultivation is concentrated. Data was collected from the selected 60 farmers using the questionnaire. The impact of Guntur Sannam chilli cultivation over Teja variety chilli cultivation was analysed using the Partial budgeting technique. The total cost of cultivation of Guntur Sannam chilli was lower (Rs. 1,69,798/acre) compared to Teja chilli (Rs. 1,85,027/acre) by 8.23 per cent. The Guntur Sannam chilli farmers realised a price of Rs. 19,283 per quintal while the Teja chilli farmers realised a relatively lower price of Rs. 17,566 per quintal which in turn determined the profitability of adoption of Guntur Sannam chilli cultivation. In terms of net returns per acre, Guntur Sannam chilli farmers earned Rs. 1,44,519 per acre while Teja chilli growers earned Rs. 1,18,865 per acre showing a substantial difference in net returns (21.5%). Partial budgeting of Guntur Sannam chilli and Teja variety chilli farms revealed that the economic worthiness i.e., net gain of Guntur Sannam chilli cultivation over Teja variety chilli cultivation was Rs. 24,309 per acre. Thus, there is a need to increase the awareness of GI-tagged chilli cultivation as it was inferred that the adoption of GI-tagged Guntur Sannam chilli cultivation was economically viable.
Topoisomerase Assays
Authors: Nitiss John L. , Soans Eroica , Rogojina Anna , Seth Aman , Mishina Margarita
Published: June 2012

Topoisomerases are nuclear enzymes that play essential roles in DNA replication, transcription, chromosome segregation, and recombination. All cells have two major forms of topoisomerases: type I enzymes, which make single‐stranded cuts in DNA, and type II enzymes, which cut and pass double‐stranded DNA. DNA topoisomerases are important targets of approved and experimental anti‐cancer agents. The protocols described in this unit are for assays used to assess new chemical entities for their ability to inhibit both forms of DNA topoisomerase. Included are an in vitro assay for topoisomerase I activity based on relaxation of supercoiled DNA, and an assay for topoisomerase II based on the decatenation of double‐stranded DNA. The preparation of mammalian cell extracts for assaying topoisomerase activity is described, along with a protocol for an ICE assay to examine topoisomerase covalent complexes in vivo, and an assay for measuring DNA cleavage in vitro.Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 57:3.3.1‐3.3.27. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High Throughput Functional Assays for P2X Receptors
Authors: Namovic Marian T. , Jarvis Michael F. , Donnelly‐Roberts Diana
Published: June 2012

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) activates two receptor superfamilies, metabotropic P2Y and ionotropic P2X receptors. The P2X receptors are nonselective cation channels that are widely expressed on excitable cells including neurons, glia, and smooth muscle cells. The protocols in this unit are useful for evaluating ligands that interact with P2X receptors on native cells or that are cloned and expressed in recombinant heterologous cell systems. Calcium imaging methods are described for the pharmacological characterization of fast or slowly desensitizing P2X receptors. While these methods are readily applicable to a wide variety of ligand‐gated ion channels, the protocols provided herein detail how they can be used to measure activation of homomeric P2X3 (fast desensitizing) and heteromeric P2X2/3 (slowly desensitizing) receptors. Appropriate agonists and/or calcium dyes can be substituted to assess activity at other P2X receptor subtypes. An additional protocol is provided for measuring P2X7 receptor‐mediated pore formation in THP‐1, a native human acute monocytic leukemia cell line that can be used to study homomeric P2X7 (non‐desensitizing) receptors that are expressed on macrophages and microglial cells. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 57:9.15.1‐9.15.21. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Discovery Genetics: The History and Future of Spontaneous Mutation Research
Authors: Davisson Muriel T. , Bergstrom David E. , Reinholdt Laura G. , Donahue Leah Rae
Published: June 2012

Historically, spontaneous mutations in mice have served as valuable models of heritable human diseases, contributing substantially to our understanding of both disease mechanisms and basic biological pathways. While advances in molecular technologies have improved our ability to create mouse models of human disease through targeted mutagenesis and transgenesis, spontaneous mutations continue to provide valuable research tools for discovery of novel genes and functions. In addition, the genetic defects caused by spontaneous mutations are molecularly similar to mutations in the human genome and, therefore, often produce phenotypes that more closely resemble those characteristic of human disease than do genetically engineered mutations. Due to the rarity with which spontaneous mutations arise and the animal‐intensive nature of their genetic analysis, large‐scale spontaneous mutation analysis has traditionally been limited to large mammalian genetics institutes. More recently, ENU mutagenesis and new screening methods have increased the rate of mutant strain discovery, and high‐throughput DNA sequencing has enabled rapid identification of the underlying genes and their causative mutations. Here we discuss the continued value of spontaneous mutations for biomedical research. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 2:103‐118 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ferroelastic Strain Induced Antiferroelectric‐Ferroelectric Phase Transformation in Multilayer Thin Film Structures
Authors: Mirshekarloo Meysam Sharifzadeh , Yao Kui , Sritharan Thirumany
Published: June 2012

Coupling effects among mechanical, electrical and magnetic parameters in thin film structures including ferroic thin films provide exciting opportunity for creating device functionalities. For thin films deposited on a substrate, their mechanical stress and microstructure are usually determined by the composition and processing of the films and the lattice and thermal mismatch with the substrate. Here it is found that the stress and structure of an antiferroelectric (Pb0.97,La0.02)(Zr0.90,Sn0.05,Ti0.05)O3 (PLZST) thin film are changed completely by a ferroelastic strain in a magnetic shape memory (MSM) alloy Ni‐Mn‐Ga (NMG) thin film on the top of the PLZST, despite the existence of the substrate constraint. The ferroelastic strain in the NMG film results in antiferroelectric (AFE) to ferroelectric (FE) phase transformation in the PLZST layer underneath. This finding indicates a different strategy to modulate the structure and function for multilayer thin films and to create unprecedented devices with ferroic thin films.
3D Free‐Form Patterning of Silicon by Ion Implantation, Silicon Deposition, and Selective Silicon Etching
Authors: Fischer Andreas C. , Belova Lyubov M. , Rikers Yuri G. M. , Malm B. Gunnar , Radamson Henry H. , Kolahdouz Mohammadreza , Gylfason Kristinn B. , Stemme Göran , Niklaus Frank
Published: June 2012

A method for additive layer‐by‐layer fabrication of arbitrarily shaped 3D silicon micro‐ and nanostructures is reported. The fabrication is based on alternating steps of chemical vapor deposition of silicon and local implantation of gallium ions by focused ion beam (FIB) writing. In a final step, the defined 3D structures are formed by etching the silicon in potassium hydroxide (KOH), in which the local ion implantation provides the etching selectivity. The method is demonstrated by fabricating 3D structures made of two and three silicon layers, including suspended beams that are 40 nm thick, 500 nm wide, and 4 μm long, and patterned lines that are 33 nm wide.
Barium Hydroxide as an Interlayer Between Zinc Oxide and a Luminescent Conjugated Polymer for Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Lu Li Ping , Kabra Dinesh , Friend Richard H.
Published: June 2012

A study of hybrid light‐emitting diodes (HyLEDs) fabricated with and without solution‐processible Cs2CO3 and Ba(OH)2 inorganic interlayers is presented. The interlayers are deposited between a zinc oxide electron‐injection layer and a fluorescent emissive polymer poly(9‐dioctyl fluorine–alt‐benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) layer, with a thermally evaporated MoO3/Au layer used as top anode contact. In comparison to Cs2CO3, the Ba(OH)2 interlayer shows improved charge carrier balance in bipolar devices and reduced exciton quenching in photoluminance studies at the ZnO/Ba(OH)2/F8BT interface compared to the Cs2CO3 interlayer. A luminance efficiency of ≈28 cd A−1 (external quantum efficiency (EQE) ≈ 9%) is achieved for ≈1.2 μm thick single F8BT layer based HyLEDs. Enhanced out‐coupling with the aid of a hemispherical lens allows further efficiency improvement by a factor of 1.7, increasing the luminance efficiency to ≈47cd A−1, corresponding to an EQE of 15%. The photovoltaic response of these structures is also studied to gain an insight into the effects of interfacial properties on the photoinduced charge generation and back‐recombination, which reveal that Ba(OH)2 acts as better hole blocking layer than the Cs2CO3 interlayer.
A Rapid Screening Method for Wound Dressing by Cell‐on‐a‐Chip Device
Authors: Zhao Qilong , Wang Shiwen , Xie Yunyan , Zheng Wenfu , Wang Zhuo , Xiao Le , Zhang Wei , Jiang Xingyu
Published: June 2012

This report demonstrates an in vitro method for screening wound dressing candidates that can minimize the use of animals for developing better methods for wound care. The development of materials and formulations for wound dressings, an important application of biomaterials, is laboriously and ethically challenging because of the use of a large number of animals. A method for rapid and effective screening of wound dressings in vitro, therefore, is in great need. A cell‐on‐a‐chip model was used to simulate the cutaneous wound in vitro and screen the performances of several electrospun fibrous wound dressings in enhancing wound healing. For comparison, the performances of wound dressings were also evaluated in a rat model. It was found that the results acquired by microchip model corroborates well with animal experiments. It is the first time, as far as we know, that a good correlation between in vitro and in vivo results is reported for fibrous wound dressings. The cell‐on‐a‐chip wound model we developed here may change the way that scientists screen candidates for wound dressings.
Polyvalent Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle‐Aptamer Bioconjugates Target Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Li Le‐Le , Yin Qian , Cheng Jianjun , Lu Yi
Published: June 2012

Spatiotemporal control over the delivery of therapeutic agents is an outstanding challenge to cancer treatment. By taking advantage of recent advances in DNA aptamer biology and mesoporous silica nanotechnology, we report a general approach to design and fabricate controlled release drug delivery systems that are able to effectively target cancer cells. Specifically, polyvalent mesoporous silica nanocarriers‐aptamer bioconjugates were constructed; the high‐surface‐area nanoporous core allowed high drug loading and the surface‐conjugated aptamer facilitated the nanoparticle targeting of nucleolin overexpressed MCF‐7 cells. The efficient cancer‐cell‐specific fluorescent imaging and drug delivery of the bioconjugates outline the great potential for therapeutic applications.
Esterification Reaction of Polystyrene Modified with Maleic Anhydride in the Presence of Resin Catalyst
Authors: Okudan Ahmet , Baktir Serdar , Sagdic Ahmet
Published: June 2012

In this study, primary modification of polystyrene (PS) was carried out with maleic anhydride using the Friedel–Crafts reaction. Its secondary modification was realized through esterification of modified polystyrene (MPS) containing a carboxyl group with various alcohols in the presence of Amberlyst‐36 as a heterogeneous catalyst. The heterogeneous catalyst gave moderate yields, whereas the reaction catalyzed by a homogeneous catalyst did not occur. The amount of carboxyl groups in the structure of MPS and unreacted carboxyl groups in the structure of the esterified MPS (EMPS) was found by using a chemical titration method for the determination of esterification yield. Some important reaction parameters were assigned to optimize the esterification process. FT‐IR, 1H NMR, and thermogravimetric studies indicate that the esterification reaction was successfully realized for each alcohol in the presence of the heterogeneous catalyst. The results demonstrated that both the acylation reaction and esterification reaction can be carried out to obtain a significantly functionalized polymer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E451–E461, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21292
A genome‐wide single‐nucleotide polymorphism‐array can improve the prognostic stratification of the core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Huh Jungwon , Kim Hee‐Je , Jung Chul Won , Kim Hee‐Jin , Kim Sun‐Hee , Kim Yeo‐Kyeoung , Kim Hyeoung‐Joon , Shin Myung Geun , Moon Joon Ho , Sohn Sang Kyun , Kim Sung Hyun , Lee Won Sik , Won Jong Ho , Mun Yeung Chul , Kim Hawk , Park Jinny , Min Woo Sung , Kim Dong Hwan (Dennis) ,   ; on behalf of AML/MDS working party, Korean Society of Hematology
Published: June 2012

Core binding factor (CBF) AML with the D816 C‐KIT gene mutation demonstrate inferior treatment outcomes. However, the remaining cases without the D816 C‐KIT mutation imply a requirement of more sophisticated dissection of the patients according to their prognosis. In this study, we analyzed the prognostic value of a single nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP‐A) based karyotyping combined with metaphase cytogenetics (MC) to facilitate further stratification of CBF AML patients. A total of 98 CBF AML patients were included and genome‐wide Human SNP 6.0 Arrays (Affymetrix) were performed using marrow samples taken at diagnosis. Overall, 40 abnormal lesions were identified in 25 patients (26%). Survival of the patients with the abnormal lesion(s) detected by SNP‐A and/or MC was worse than those without lesions in terms of the 2‐year overall survival (OS; 57.5% vs. 76.4%, P = 0.028), event‐free (EFS; 45.7% vs. 66.2%, P = 0.072), and leukemia‐free survival (LFS; 49.0% vs. 77.4%, P = 0.015), specially in the subgroup with inv(16)/t(16;16) (40.9% vs. 80.2% OS, P = 0.040) and in the subgroup without the D816 C‐KIT mutation (61.6% vs. 82.7% OS, P = 0.038). Multivariate analysis confirmed the prognostic impact of the abnormal SNP‐A and/or MC lesion on EFS (HR 2.011, P = 0.047), and LFS (HR 3.231, P = 0.005) in the overall CBF AML. This study suggests that the combined use of SNP‐A with MC in the CBF AML can provide important prognostic value, especially in the inv(16)/t(16;16) subgroup or in the patients without the D816 C‐KIT mutation. Am. J. Hematol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of c‐Myb in the survival of pre B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and leukemogenesis
Authors: Sarvaiya Purvaba J. , Schwartz Jason R. , Hernandez Claudia P. , Rodriguez Paulo C. , Vedeckis Wayne V.
Published: June 2012

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer in children. The current treatment protocol for ALL involves an intense chemotherapy regimen yielding cure rates of nearly 80%. However, new therapies need to be designed not only to increase the survival rate but also to combat the risk of severe therapy associated toxicities including secondary malignancies, growth problems, organ damage, and infertility. The c‐Myb proto‐oncogene is highly expressed in immature hematopoietic cells. In this study, we demonstrate that loss of c‐Myb itself decreased the viability of these leukemic cells. Additionally, the inhibition of c‐Myb caused a decrease in cell proliferation, significantly increased the number of cells in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, increased the sensitivity of pre‐B‐ALL cells to cytotoxic agents in vitro, and significantly delayed disease onset in a mouse model of leukemia. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Bcl‐2 is a target of c‐Myb in pre‐B‐ALL cells. Our results identify c‐Myb as a potential therapeutic target in pre‐B‐ALL and suggest that suppression of c‐Myb levels or activity, in combination with currently used therapies and/or dose reduction, may lead to a decrease in toxicity and an increase in patient survival rates. Because c‐Myb is aberrantly expressed in several other malignancies, targeting c‐Myb will have broad clinical applications. Am. J. Hematol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Proteintango: wie man den Partner einfängt
Authors: Rutkowska Anna , Schultz Carsten
Published: June 2012

Die Bestimmung von Proteinfunktionen in lebenden Zellen ist essenziell, um Zellen und Organismen zu verstehen. Von besonderer Wichtigkeit ist dabei die Ermittlung und Beeinflussung von Protein‐Protein‐Interaktionen. In den letzten Jahren wurden mehrere Methoden entwickelt, um Protein‐Protein‐Interaktionen in lebenden Zellen zu messen bzw. zu induzieren. Daher sind jetzt Werkzeuge verfügbar, um intrazelluläre Abläufe spezifisch durch reversibles oder irreversibles Verknüpfen zu manipulieren. Dies kann neue Türen öffnen, um komplizierte Proteinnetzwerke im Detail zu analysieren. Hier beschreiben wir die verfügbaren Verknüpfungs‐ und Dimerisierungsreagentien und ihre Anwendungen.
Optimization of engineering and solvent resistive behavior of high vinyl acetate content EVA‐modified poly(ethylene‐co‐1‐octene) interpenetrating network blends using taguchi orthogonal array
Authors: Pervin Rumiya , Goswami Luna , Vijayabaskar V. , Bandyopadhyay Abhijit
Published: June 2012

Process parameters of poly (ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (EVA)‐modified poly (ethylene‐co‐1‐octene) (POE)‐interpenetrating, double network blend was designed through Taguchi L9 orthogonal array as a novel approach for complete optimization of engineering and solvent‐swelling properties. Influence of different factors like EVA and peroxide concentrations, blending temperature, and blending time on gel content, tensile modulus, tensile strength, ultimate elongation were statistically calculated. Results showed good correlation between mathematical and physical inferences. Stress relaxation, hysteresis and other physico‐mechanicals like total elongation, solvent‐swelling, etc., were interestingly depended upon the nature of dominantly crosslinked phase instead of net crosslinking of the network hybrids. Sorption, on the other hand, depended on the hydrophobic‐hydrophilic property of the surfaces. The series of data produced finally helped to select the best process parameters under which a particular POE‐EVA blend composition yielded most balanced physico‐mechanicals. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
α‐cyclodextrin assisted self‐assembly of poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) in aqueous media
Authors: Yuen Fanny , Tam Kam Chiu
Published: June 2012

Poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PEG‐b‐PNIPAM) block copolymers were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization, and the α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD) induced self‐assembly characteristics of the system were elucidated. Below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAM, CD threaded onto the PEG segments and induced micellization to form rod‐shaped nanostructures comprising of a PEG/α‐CD condensed phase and a PNIPAM shell. Increasing the temperature of system above the LCST caused the PNIPAM segments to collapse, which resulted in the dethreading of the CD. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Population prioritization for conservation of imperilled warmwater fishes in an arid‐region drainage
Authors: Clarkson Robert W. , Marsh Paul C. , Dowling Thomas E.
Published: June 2012

Continuing reductions in biodiversity, coupled with limited resources, have generated the need to perform triage to maximize success in conservation efforts.

The development and implementation of a species recovery programme requires identifying which population units are most vulnerable to extirpation, which are most valuable to conserve, and which are most feasibly restored.

Based on a review of the recent literature, there are few generalized approaches available to guide such prioritization procedures, but to adapt one existing method was adapted to rank populations of six imperilled, native, warmwater fish species of the Gila River basin of Arizona‐New Mexico, USA and Sonora, Mexico.

The approach uses a series of binary questions that consider the biological consequences of extinction and whose scores accumulate to rank conservation value.

With significant adjustment, the approach accommodated differences among species, evolutionary ecologies, habitats, and conservation problems between Pacific salmon stocks (the basis of the original method) and desert fishes of the arid American Southwest.

A major result of the population prioritization process was that some of the highest‐ranked populations have poor recovery potential, and challenges to recovery are daunting.

Isolation management (segregation of native from non‐native fishes) is considered the primary recovery action for the native fauna.

The general method appears adaptable for application to other conservation situations and taxa, but its value will be realized only if it results in implementation of ‘in‐the‐water’ recovery actions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
T‐optimality and neural networks: a comparison of approaches for building experimental designs
Authors: Berni Rossella , De March Davide , Stefanini Federico M.
Published: June 2012

This paper deals with optimal experimental design criteria and neural networks in the aim of building experimental designs from observational data. It addresses the following three main issues: (i) the introduction of two radically different approaches, namely T‐optimal designs extended to Generalized Linear Models and Evolutionary Neural Networks Design; (ii) the proposal of two algorithms, based on model selection procedures, to exploit the information of already collected data; and (iii) the comparison of the suggested methods and corresponding algorithms by means of a simulated case study in the technological field.

Results are compared by considering elements of the proposed algorithms, in terms of models and experimental design strategies. In particular, we highlight the algorithmic features, the performances of the approaches, the optimal solutions and the optimal levels of variables involved in a simulated foaming process. The optimal solutions obtained by the two proposed algorithms are very similar, nevertheless, the differences between the paths followed by the two algorithms to reach optimal values are substantial, as detailed step‐by‐step in the discussion. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical evaluation of currents induced in a worker by ELF non‐uniform electric fields in high voltage substations and comparison with experimental results
Authors: Tarao Hiroo , Korpinen Leena H. , Kuisti Harri A. , Hayashi Noriyuki , Elovaara Jarmo A. , Isaka Katsuo
Published: June 2012

An ungrounded human, such as a substation worker, receives contact currents when touching a grounded object in electric fields. In this article, contact currents and internal electric fields induced in the human when exposed to non‐uniform electric fields at 50 Hz are numerically calculated. This is done using a realistic human model standing at a distance of 0.1–0.5 m from the grounded conductive object. We found that the relationship between the external electric field strength and the contact current obtained by calculation is in good agreement with previous measurements. Calculated results show that the contact currents largely depend on the distance, and that the induced electric fields in the tissues are proportional to the contact current regardless of the non‐uniformity of the external electric field. Therefore, it is concluded that the contact current, rather than the spatial average of the external electric field, is more suitable for evaluating electric field dosimetry of tissues. The maximum induced electric field appears in the spinal cord in the central nervous system tissues, with the induced electric field in the spinal cord approaching the basic restriction (100 mV/m) of the new 2010 International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines for occupational exposure, if the contact current is 0.5 mA. Bioelectromagnetics 34:61–73, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Estimation of Box's ε for low‐ and high‐dimensional repeated measures designs with unequal covariance matrices
Authors: Brunner Edgar , Bathke Arne C. , Placzek Marius
Published: June 2012

We present new inference methods for the analysis of low‐ and high‐dimensional repeated measures data from two‐sample designs that may be unbalanced, the number of repeated measures per subject may be larger than the number of subjects, covariance matrices are not assumed to be spherical, and they can differ between the two samples. In comparison, we demonstrate how crucial it is for the popular Huynh‐Feldt (HF) method to make the restrictive and often unrealistic or unjustifiable assumption of equal covariance matrices. The new method is shown to maintain desired α‐levels better than the well‐known HF correction, as demonstrated in several simulation studies. The proposed test gains power when the number of repeated measures is increased in a manner that is consistent with the alternative. Thus, even increasing the number of measurements on the same subject may lead to an increase in power. Application of the new method is illustrated in detail, using two different real data sets. In one of them, the number of repeated measures per subject is smaller than the sample size, while in the other one, it is larger.
Global regulator engineering significantly improved Escherichia coli tolerances toward inhibitors of lignocellulosic hydrolysates
Authors: Wang Jianqing , Zhang Yan , Chen Yilu , Lin Min , Lin Zhanglin
Published: June 2012

Lignocellulosic biomass is regarded as the most viable source of feedstock for industrial biorefinery, but the harmful inhibitors generated from the indispensable pretreatments prior to fermentation remain a daunting technical hurdle. Using an exogenous regulator, irrE, from the radiation‐resistant Deinococcus radiodurans, we previously showed that a novel global regulator engineering (GRE) approach significantly enhanced tolerances of Escherichia coli to alcohol and acetate stresses. In this work, an irrE library was subjected to selection under various stresses of furfural, a typical hydrolysate inhibitor. Three furfural tolerant irrE mutants including F1‐37 and F2‐1 were successfully obtained. The cells containing these mutants reached OD600 levels of 4‐ to 16‐fold of that for the pMD18T cells in growth assay under 0.2% (v/v) furfural stress. The cells containing irrE F1‐37 and F2‐1 also showed considerably reduced intracellular oxygen species (ROS) levels under furfural stress. Moreover, these two irrE mutants were subsequently found to confer significant cross tolerances to two other most common inhibitors, 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furaldehyde (HMF), vanillin, as well as real lignocellulosic hydrolysates. When evaluated in Luria–Bertani (LB) medium supplemented with corn stover cellulosic hydrolysate (prepared with a solid loading of 30%), the cells containing the mutants exhibited lag phases markedly shortened by 24–44 h in comparison with the control cells. This work thus presents a promising step forward to resolve the inhibitor problem for E. coli. From the view of synthetic biology, irrE can be considered as an evolvable “part” for various stresses. Furthermore, this GRE approach can be extended to exploit other exogenous global regulators from extremophiles, and the native counterparts in E. coli, for eliciting industrially useful phenotypes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 3133–3142. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improved RP‐HPLC method for determination of bovine lactoferrin and its proteolytic degradation in simulated gastrointestinal fluids
Authors: Yao Xudong , Bunt Craig , Cornish Jillian , Quek Siew‐Young , Wen Jingyuan
Published: June 2012

The objective of this study was to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate bovine lactoferrin (bLf) and its stability using a rapid RP‐HPLC method. bLf could be rapidly detected within 20 min and quantitated at levels down to 5 µg/mL, and the equation of linearity was y = 86.10x + 178.31 with the correlation coefficient (r2) 0.9997. Quantitative data obtained in the present study proved the improved RP‐HPLC method to be a sensitive and accurate analytical tool for bLf determination. The proteolytic cleavage of bLf in simulated human gastrointestinal fluids was further analyzed by RP‐HPLC, and found to follow pseudo‐first‐order kinetics. The typical equation obtained by pepsin was log10 [At]/[A0] = −0.03x (r2 = 0.85), and log10 [At]/[A0] = −0.01x (r2 = 0.81) for trypsin and chymotrypsin combination. Pepsinolysis of bLf in simulated gastric fluid was relatively fast with the half‐life t1/2 23.1 min. The digestion of bLf in simulated intestinal fluid was slower with about a 3‐fold increase in half‐life (69.3 min). After the complete proteolysis of bLf, small cleaved peptide fragments were fully separated and identified by RP‐HPLC. The proteolytic study indicated that this validated RP‐HPLC was able to evaluate bLf stability though monitoring the derivatization products. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overexpression of Snail induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition and a cancer stem cell–like phenotype in human colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Fan Fan , Samuel Shaija , Evans Kurt W. , Lu Jia , Xia Ling , Zhou Yunfei , Sceusi Eric , Tozzi Federico , Ye Xiang‐Cang , Mani Sendurai A. , Ellis Lee M.
Published: June 2012

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical process providing tumor cells with the ability to migrate and escape from the primary tumor and metastasize to distant sites. Recently, EMT was shown to be associated with the cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype in breast cancer. Snail is a transcription factor that mediates EMT in a number of tumor types, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Our study was done to determine the role of Snail in mediating EMT and CSC function in CRC. Human CRC specimens were stained for Snail expression, and human CRC cell lines were transduced with a retroviral Snail construct or vector control. Cell proliferation and chemosensitivity to oxaliplatin of the infected cells were determined by the MTT (colorimetric 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Migration and invasion were determined in vitro using modified Boyden chamber assays. EMT and putative CSC markers were analyzed using Western blotting. Intravenous injection of tumor cells was done to evaluate their metastatic potential in mice. Snail was overexpressed in human CRC surgical specimens. This overexpression induced EMT and a CSC‐like phenotype in human CRC cells and enhanced cell migration and invasion (P < 0.002 vs. control). Snail overexpression also led to an increase in metastasis formation in vivo (P < 0.002 vs. control). Furthermore, the Snail‐overexpressing CRC cells were more chemoresistant to oxaliplatin than control cells. Increased Snail expression induces EMT and the CSC‐like phenotype in CRC cells, which enhance cancer cell invasion and chemoresistance. Thus, Snail is a potential therapeutic target in metastatic CRC.
ChemInform Abstract: Disk Aromaticity of the Planar and Fluxional Anionic Boron Clusters B‐/2‐20
Authors: Tai Truong Ba , Ceulemans Arnout , Nguyen Minh Tho
Published: June 2012

quantum chemical calculations
ChemInform Abstract: Single‐Step Synthesis of FeSO4F1‐yOHy (0 ≤ y ≤ 1) Positive Electrodes for Li‐Based Batteries.
Authors: Ati M. , Sougrati M. T. , Rousse G. , Recham N. , Doublet M. L. , Jumas J. C. , Tarascon J. M.
Published: June 2012

The title phases are synthesized from ball‐milled, stoichiometric mixtures of FeF3 and Fe2(SO4)3·nH2O (autoclave, 300 °C, 50 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Two‐Step Oxidation of μ2‐S Ligands in Trigonal Prismatic Unit {Re3(μ6‐C) (μ2‐S)3Re3} of the Bioctahedral Cluster Anion [Re12CS17(CN)6]6‐.
Authors: Mironov Yuri V. , Gayfulin Yakov M. , Kozlova Svetlana G. , Smolentsev Anton I. , Tarasenko Maria S. , Nizovtsev Anton S. , Fedorov Vladimir E.
Published: June 2012

Oxidation of the cluster anion [Re12CS17(CN)6]6‐ by H2O2 in water is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Protecting Group Free, Stereocontrolled Synthesis of β‐Haloenamides.
Authors: Pasqua Adele E. , Crawford James J. , Long De‐Liang , Marquez Rodolfo
Published: June 2012

A new, efficient, and stereoselective method to prepare (Z)‐ or (E)‐products is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective α‐Benzoyloxylation of Ketones Promoted by Primary Amine Catalyst.
Authors: Jadhav Milind S. , Righi Paolo , Marcantoni Enrico , Bencivenni Giorgio
Published: June 2012

The method allows the preparation of protected α‐hydroxy ketones and 1,2‐diols.
ChemInform Abstract: An Easy Stereoselective Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of (E)‐3‐Trifluoromethylbut‐2‐en‐3‐ynoate via Palladium‐Free Stille Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Zine Khalid , Petrignet Julien , Thibonnet Jerome , Abarbri Mohamed
Published: June 2012

In most cases, clean formation of (E)‐configurated products is observed.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclopentane‐1,2‐dione Bis(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl) Enol Ether in Asymmetric Organocatalytic Mukaiyama—Michael Reactions.
Authors: Reile Indrek , Paju Anne , Kanger Tonis , Jaerving Ivar , Lopp Margus
Published: June 2012

Ether (I) readily reacts with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes to give the adducts (III) as 1,2‐diketone structural subunits with good e.e.values after reductive work‐up and deprotection (no details for step 2 and 3 accessible).
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Coupling of 1,1‐Dibromo‐1‐alkenes with Phenols: A General, Modular, and Efficient Synthesis of Ynol Ethers, Bromo Enol Ethers, and Ketene Acetals.
Authors: Jouvin Kevin , Bayle Alexandre , Legrand Frederic , Evano Gwilherm
Published: June 2012

The process can be controlled by changing the conditions and thus affords the different types of title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: TiCl4‐Mediated Direct N‐Alkylation of Sulfonamides with Inactive Ethers.
Authors: Chen Jiayan , Dang Ling , Li Qiang , Ye Yong , Fu Shaomin , Zeng Wei
Published: June 2012

The simple protocol affords various N‐alkylated sulfonamides.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and Reusable Palladium Catalyst Supported on a Rasta Resin for Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Couplings.
Authors: Diebold Carine , Becht Jean‐Michel , Lu Jinni , Toy Patrick H. , Le Drian Claude
Published: June 2012

The catalyst can be reused up to five times without loss of efficiency.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Nano‐Fe3O4‐Supported 1‐Benzyl‐1,4‐dihydronicotinamide (BNAH): Synthesis and Application in the Catalytic Reduction of α,β‐Epoxy Ketones.
Authors: Xu Hua‐Jian , Wan Xin , Shen Yong‐Ya , Xu Song , Feng Yi‐Si
Published: June 2012

A variety of β‐hydroxyketones are formed in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Densely Substituted α,β,γ,δ‐Dienones via the Pd(II)‐Catalyzed Allylation, H‐Migration, and Aerobic Oxidative δ‐Hydride Elimination Cascade.
Authors: Yuan Feng‐Quan , Han Fu‐She
Published: June 2012

The reaction tolerates a variety of functional groups and is not sensitive to steric effects in the aromatic substituents of the allylic alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Atom‐ and Step‐Economical Pathway to Chiral Benzobicyclo[2.2.2]octenones Through Carbon—Carbon Bond Cleavage.
Authors: Liu Lantao , Ishida Naoki , Murakami Masahiro
Published: June 2012

The asymmetric intramolecular alkene insertion reaction of 3‐(2‐styryl)cyclobutanones is efficiently catalyzed by Ni(cod)2 in the presence of PAM.
ChemInform Abstract: Triphenylphosphine Catalyzed, One‐Pot, Multicomponent Synthesis of Spirooxindoles.
Authors: Riyaz Syed , Naidu A. , Dubey Pramod K.
Published: June 2012

16 Spirooxindoles of type (IV) are prepared by a one‐pot three‐component reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Combined Oxypalladation/C—H Functionalization: Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Oxidative Oxyarylation of Hydroxyalkenes.
Authors: Zhu Rong , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: June 2012

The method allows a stereoselective access to a tricyclic furan framework which bears a broad spectrum of functionalities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Functionalized Benzo[b]thiophenes by the Intramolecular Copper‐Catalyzed Carbomagnesiation of Alkynyl(aryl)thioethers.
Authors: Kunz Thomas , Knochel Paul
Published: June 2012

A mild and general method for preparation of the title compounds is presented from readily available starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Aminobenzoxazoles Using Triflic Acid as a Cyclodesulfurizing Reagent.
Authors: Khatik Gopal L. , Dube Namita , Pal Anang , Nair Vipin A.
Published: June 2012

A plausible mechanism elucidating the role of triflic acid in the desulfuration process is outlined.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and High‐Yielding One‐Pot Synthesis of 4‐Acyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles via Triisopropylsilyl‐Protected Ynones.
Authors: Hwang Soonho , Bae Hoon , Kim Sumin , Kim Sanghee
Published: June 2012

The regioselective formation of 4‐acyl‐triazoles involves the initial preparation of Tips‐protected ynones, followed by a AgF‐mediated Tips‐deprotection and Cu‐catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition.
ChemInform Abstract: Trifluoroacetic Anhydride Promoted Tandem Conjugate Addition of Boronic Acids/Acetal Ring Opening.
Authors: Roscales Silvia , Csaky Aurelio G.
Published: June 2012

The conjugate addition of arylethenyl boronic acids to acetal‐containing α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds leads to polysubstituted tetrahydropyran products with formation of 2 C—C bonds and up to 3 stereocenters and formation of a quaternary one.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Sulfenyl‐Substituted Isocoumarins, Heterocycle‐Fused Pyrones and 3‐(Inden‐1‐ylidene)isobenzofuranones by FeCl3‐Promoted Regioselective Annulation of o‐(1‐Alkynyl)benzoates and o‐(1‐Alkynyl)heterocyclic Carboxylates with Disulfides.
Authors: Li Zhen , Hong Jianquan , Weng Linhong , Zhou Xigeng
Published: June 2012

A variety of alkynylbenzoates is used as substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: DABCO‐Promoted Three‐Component Regioselective Synthesis of Functionalized Chromen‐5‐ones and Pyrano[3,2‐c]chromen‐5‐ones via Direct Annulation of α‐Oxoketene‐N,S‐arylaminoacetals under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Singh Maya Shankar , Nandi Ganesh Chandra , Samai Subhasis
Published: June 2012

The presented atom‐economic and high‐yielding method tolerates a wide variety of aromatic substituents.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible Light‐Induced Oxidative Coupling Reaction: Easy Access to Mannich‐Type Products.
Authors: Zhao Guolei , Yang Chao , Guo Lin , Sun Hongnan , Chen Chao , Xia Wujiong
Published: June 2012

The functionalization of the α‐position of tetrahydroisoquinolines (I) with silyl enol ethers (II) is smoothly achieved by irradiation with blue LEDs in the presence of Ru—bipyridine catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: A Hydrazine‐ and Phosgene‐Free Synthesis of Tetrazinanones, Precursors to 1,5‐Dialkyl‐6‐oxoverdazyl Radicals.
Authors: Bancerz Matthew , Youn Beom , DaCosta Matthew V. , Georges Michael K.
Published: June 2012

An effective approach to symmetrical and unsymmetrical target compounds is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: A Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Pyrido[2,1‐d][1,2,5]triazepines.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Khalili Gholamhossein , Sadeghizadeh Fatemeh
Published: June 2012

Sequential reaction between pyridinium ylides, alkyl isocyanides and phenylhydrazines offers a novel route to title compounds of type (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: A Peculiar Transition‐Metal‐Free Cyclodimerization of Propargylic Alcohols to Vinyl Bicyclic Ketals.
Authors: Trofimov Boris A. , Schmidt Elena Yu. , Bidusenko Ivan A. , Ushakov Igor' A. , Protsuk Nadezhda I. , Zorina Nadezhda V. , Mikhaleva Albina I.
Published: June 2012

In all cases, the resulting dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes (II) are formed exclusively as one diastereomer.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient and Convenient Asymmetric Hydrosilylation of Ketones Catalyzed with Zinc Schiff Base Complexes.
Authors: Liu Shuai , Peng Jiajian , Yang Hu , Bai Ying , Li Jiayun , Lai Guoqiao
Published: June 2012

Nine chiral Schiff bases are prepared from α‐amino acids and their zinc complexes are tested in the reaction of (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Selenol Esters from Diorganyl Diselenides and Acyl Chlorides under Solvent‐Free Conditions and Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Godoi Marcelo , Ricardo Eduardo W. , Botteselle Giancarlo V. , Galetto Fabio Z. , Azeredo Juliano B. , Braga Antonio L.
Published: June 2012

The method is also successfully applied to the formation of Se‐protected organylselenides (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Flavonol Acylglycosides from Flower of Albizia julibrissin and Their Inhibitory Effects on Lipid Accumulation in 3T3‐L1 Cells.
Authors: Yahagi Tadahiro , Daikonya Akihiro , Kitanaka Susumu
Published: June 2012

Four new flavonol acylglycosides (I) are isolated together with eighteen known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Monoligated Pd(0)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular ortho‐ and para‐Arylation of Phenols for the Synthesis of Aporphine Alkaloids. Synthesis of (‐)‐Lirinine (VII).
Authors: Hellal Malik , Singh Shambhavi , Cuny Gregory D.
Published: June 2012

The efficiency is enhanced by the monoligated Pd(0) complex.
ChemInform Abstract: Cardioactive C19‐Diterpenoid Alkaloids from the Lateral Roots of Aconitum carmichaeli “Fu Zi”.
Authors: Liu Xiu‐Xiu , Jian Xi‐Xian , Cai Xiu‐Feng , Chao Ruo‐Bing , Chen Qiao‐Hong , Chen Dong‐Lin , Wang Xiao‐Liang , Wang Feng‐Peng
Published: June 2012

New aconitine‐type C19‐diterpenoid alkaloids, N‐deethylaconine (I) and beiwutinine (II), are isolated together with hypaconine, mesaconine and 14α‐hydroxyneoline.
ChemInform Abstract: Suppression of Nitric Oxide Production on LPS/IFN‐γ‐Stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophages by a Novel Catechin, Pilosanol N, from Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb.
Authors: Taira Junsei , Ohmine Wakana , Ogi Takayuki , Nanbu Hitoshi , Ueda Katsuhiro
Published: June 2012

The novel catechin pilosanol N (I) can reduce the level of NO in LPS/IFN‐γ‐stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages through a mechanism that involves both a decrease of NO production and active NO scavenging.
ChemInform Abstract: Determination of the Absolute Structure of (+)‐Akaterpin.
Authors: Hosoi Hayato , Kawai Nobuyuki , Hagiwara Hideki , Suzuki Takahiro , Nakazaki Atsuo , Takao Ken‐ichi , Umezawa Kazuo , Kobayashi Susumu
Published: June 2012

Total synthesis and structure of (+)‐akaterpin (I), an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol‐specific phospholipase C, is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Ground State of the Quasi‐1D Correlated Electronic System BaVS3
Authors: Foury‐Leylekian Pascale , Leininger Philippe , Ilakovac Vita , Joly Yves , Bernu Sylvain , Fagot Sebastien , Pouget Jean‐Paul
Published: June 2012

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Quantum Kagome Antiferromagnet: ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2
Authors: Mendels Philippe , Bert Fabrice
Published: June 2012

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Properties of Layered Titanium Dichalcogenides Intercalated with 3D‐ and 4F‐Metals
Authors: Baranov N. V. , Pleschov V. G.
Published: June 2012

Review: 63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Growth and Applications of Silicides for Nanoscale Devices
Authors: Lin Yung‐Chen , Chen Yu , Huang Yu
Published: June 2012

Review: 62 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Review on Germanium Nanowires
Authors: Pei Li Z. , Cai Zheng Y.
Published: June 2012

Review: 151 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Organocatalytic Cycloadditions
Authors: Pellissier Helene
Published: June 2012

Review: 270 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tris(trimethylsilyl)aluminum
Authors: Suzuki Keisuke , Nagasawa Tetsuya
Published: June 2012

Review: 10 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: (Trimethylsilyl)allene
Authors: Lee Katherine L. , Danheiser Rick L.
Published: June 2012

Review: 25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,1,3,3‐Tetramethyldisilazane
Authors: Tamao Kohei
Published: June 2012

Review: 30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Single‐Molecule Nanomagnets
Authors: Friedman Jonathan R. , Sarachik Myriam P.
Published: June 2012

Review: 132 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Dillon K. B.
Published: June 2012

Review: 63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Basicity of Silatranes
Authors: Voronkov M. G. , Belyaeva V. V. , Abzaeva K. A.
Published: June 2012

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Rational Design of Smart Supramolecular Assemblies for Gene Delivery: Chemical Challenges in the Creation of Artificial Viruses
Authors: Miyata Kanijiro , Nishiyama Nobuhiro , Kataoka Kazunori
Published: June 2012

Review: 84 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Endocytosis at the Nanoscale
Authors: Canton Irene , Battaglia Giuseppe
Published: June 2012

Review: 376 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymeric Multilayer Capsules for Drug Delivery
Authors: De Koker Stefaan , Hoogenboom Richard , De Geest Bruno G.
Published: June 2012

Review: 139 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Introduction to X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Its in situ Application to Organometallic Compounds and Homogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Nelson Ryan C. , Miller Jeffrey T.
Published: June 2012

Review: 62 refs.
On the Physical Basis of Asymmetry and Homochirality
Authors: Cintas Pedro , Viedma Cristóbal
Published: June 2012

Mirror symmetry breaking is ubiquitous in our visible universe taking place in elementary particles, atoms, and molecules. Molecular chirality is not biogenic in itself, although its detection is often considered a biosignature, a conjecture inferred from the fact that we do not know life devoid of homochirality. The question of whether there is a connection between the cosmic preference for one enantiomer, as imposed by the weak force, and the single chirality displayed on Earth is vividly debated. This article gives a glimpse on the origin of asymmetry from a cosmological perspective and on physical transformations that lead to an enantiomeric imbalance, leaving chemical reactions essentially aside. These processes are more plausible as sources of prebiotic chirality than asymmetric amplifications requiring unnatural substrates and conditions and fighting against racemization. The latter may actually be a friend, not foe, and a driving force for enantioselection. Chirality 24:894–908, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Absolute Configuration of Fusarone, a New Azaphilone from the Endophytic Fungus Fusarium sp. Isolated from Melia azedarach, and of Related Azaphilones
Authors: Yang Sheng‐Xiang , Gao Jin‐Ming , Laatsch Hartmut , Tian Jun‐Mian , Pescitelli Gennaro
Published: June 2012

A new azaphilone derivative, named fusarone (1), has been isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble extract of the fermentation broth of an endophytic fungus, Fusarium sp. LN‐12, isolated from the leaves of Melia azedarach Linn. The structure of the new compound was established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D‐NMR and 2D‐NMR (1H‐1H COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY) experiments. The absolute configurations of fusarone (1) and of a second related azaphilone were determined by means of electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy and optical rotation calculations. Chirality 24:621–627, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.