bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disorder policing to reduce crime: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Braga Anthony A. , Schnell Cory , Welsh Brandon C.
Published: May 2024

Research Summary

Broken windows theory suggests that police can prevent serious crime by addressing social and physical disorder in neighborhoods. In many U.S. cities, recent increases in disorder, fear, and crime have initiated calls for an intensification of disorder policing efforts. Disorder policing programs can be controversial, with evaluations yielding conflicting results. Further, a growing number of descriptive analyses of aggressive order maintenance programs raise concerns over varied negative consequences, such as increased racial disparities in arrests of citizens. Systematic review and meta‐analytic techniques were used to conduct an updated analysis of the effects of disorder policing on crime. Fifty‐six eligible studies including 59 independent tests of disorder policing interventions were identified, representing almost twice the number included in the previous review. As part of the meta‐analysis, new effect size metrics were used. The updated meta‐analysis suggests that policing disorder strategies are associated with overall statistically significant crime reduction effects that spill over into surrounding areas. The strongest program effect sizes were generated by community and problem‐solving interventions designed to change social and physical disorder conditions at crime hot spots. Conversely, aggressive order maintenance strategies did not generate significant crime reductions.

Policy Implications

The types of strategies used by police departments to address disorder seem to matter in controlling crime, and this holds important implications for police–community relations, justice, and crime prevention. Further research is needed to understand the key programmatic elements that maximize the capacity of these strategies to prevent crime.
Intraoperative bladder visualization by indocyanine green filling and subsequent washout in endoscopic hysterectomy: ICG‐Washout method
Authors: Yoshida Ueno Akiko , Sato Takayuki , Namba Takaomi , Kawase Fumie , Komatsu Junko , Hayashi Kazutoshi
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Despite a potential risk of bladder injury in laparoscopic hysterectomy (LH) and robot‐assisted LH (RaLH), an intraoperative method for delineating the entire bladder with indocyanine green (ICG) has not been established.

Methods

We conducted a preliminary experiment using porcine bladders to verify the appropriate amount of ICG for intraoperative bladder visualization. Afterward, intraoperative bladder visualization was tried in LH and RaLH in two patients suspected of having adhesions around the bladder after previous abdominal surgery.

Results

Although near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence was well observed through the wall of the porcine bladder filled with ICG solution at a concentration of 0.024 mg/mL, the subsequent replacement of the ICG solution with saline made the NIR fluorescence brighter. In both patients, the bladder was successfully delineated by NIR fluorescence after filling the bladder with ICG solution and the subsequent washout with saline.

Conclusion

The ICG‐Washout method for locating the bladder by NIR fluorescence could be useful in LH and RaLH.
The effect of AZD9567 vs. prednisolone on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Results from a phase 2a clinical trial
Authors: Ambery Philip , Zajac Grzegorz , Almquist Joachim , Prothon Susanne , Astbury Carol , Brown Mary N. , Nemes Szilard , Nsabimana Joselyne , Edman Karl , Öberg Lisa , Lepistö Matti , Edenro Goran , Dillmann Inken , Mitra Suman , Belfield Graham , Keen Christina , Heise Tim
Published: May 2024

Aims

Corticosteroids are the treatment of choice for many inflammatory diseases but often lead to adverse effects, including hyperglycaemia. This study investigated the mechanisms driving differential effects on glucose control for AZD9567, an oral nonsteroidal selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator vs. prednisolone in 46 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods

In this randomized, double‐blind, 2‐way cross‐over study (NCT04556760), participants received either AZD9567 72 mg and prednisolone 40 mg daily (cohort 1); AZD9567 40 mg and prednisolone 20 mg daily (cohort 2); or placebo and prednisolone 5 mg daily (cohort 3). Treatment duration was 3 days with a 3‐week washout between treatment periods. Glycaemic control was assessed after a standardized meal and with continuous glucose monitoring.

Results

A significant difference between AZD9567 and prednisolone in favour of AZD9567 was observed for the change from baseline to Day 4 glucose excursions postmeal in cohort 1 (glucose area under the curve from 0 to 4 h −4.54%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −8.88, −0.01; P = .049), but not in cohort 2 (−5.77%; 95% CI: −20.92, 12.29; P = .435). In cohort 1, significant differences between AZD9567 and prednisolone were also seen for the change from baseline to day 4 in insulin and glucagon secretion postmeal (P < .001 and P = .005, respectively) and change from baseline to Day 4 in GLP‐1 response (P = .022). Significant differences between AZD9567 and prednisolone for 24‐h glucose control were observed for both cohort 1 (−1.507 mmol/L; 95% CI: −2.0820, −0.9314; P < .001) and cohort 2 (−1.110 mmol/L; 95% CI −1.7257, −0.4941; P < .001).

Conclusion

AZD9567 significantly reduced treatment‐induced hyperglycaemia compared with prednisolone.
Risk factors for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia after kidney transplantation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cheng Bingjie , Qi Chang , Zhang Senlin , Wang Xiaowen
Published: May 2024

Background and objective

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), an opportunistic infection, often leads to an increase in hospitalization time and mortality rates in kidney transplant (KT) recipients. However, the risk factors associated with PJP in KT recipients remain debatable. Therefore, we conducted this meta‐analysis to identify risk factors for PJP, which could potentially help to reduce PJP incidence and improve outcome of KT recipients.

Methods

We systematically retrieved relevant studies in PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library up to November 2023. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) or mean differences (MDs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the impact of potential risk factors on the occurrence of PJP.

Results

27 studies including 42383 KT recipients were included. In this meta‐analysis, age at transplantation (MD = 3.48; 95% CI = .56–6.41; p = .02), cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (OR = 4.00; 95% CI = 2.53–6.32; p = .001), BK viremia (OR = 3.38; 95% CI = 1.70–6.71; p = .001), acute rejection (OR = 3.66; 95% CI = 2.44–5.49; p = .001), ABO‐incompatibility (OR = 2.51; 95% CI = 1.57–4.01; p = .001), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (MD = ‐14.52; 95% CI = ‐25.37– (‐3.67); p = .009), lymphocyte count (MD = ‐.54; 95% CI = ‐.92– (‐.16); p = .006) and anti‐PJP prophylaxis (OR = .53; 95% CI = .28–.98; p = .04) were significantly associated with PJP occurrence.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that transplantation age greater than 50 years old, CMV infection, BK viremia, acute rejection, ABO‐incompatibility, decreased eGFR and lymphopenia were risk factors for PJP.
TMAD enters the toolbox for evaluating selected heart transplant patients
Authors: Kerkhof Peter L. M. , Cecere Annagrazia , Tona Francesco
Published: May 2024

Adaptation of the heart is often a blessing for the patient, but sometimes a diagnostic challenge for the responsible physician. The clinical difficulty may be enhanced when employing diagnostic tools that are hard to interpret. Ratio‐based metrics are notorious in this respect, and particularly risky in the follow‐up evaluation of heart transplant patients. However, measures expressed as physical units contribute to a comprehensive clinical evaluation and guide proper patient management.
Don't blame me! Politicians' accountability and electoral response when powers are shared
Authors: Monterosa Iacopo
Published: May 2024

This paper examines if politicians react to events they cannot control to avoid political blame and if voters hold politicians accountable for functions beyond their office. I focus on the response of mayors and voters to a farmland tax implemented by the Italian central government. I investigate how the municipalities affected by the new policy adjust to it and study if the election odds of the incumbent mayor's party in towns subject to the tax are affected. Mayors increase spending in municipalities where the tax is implemented. Average spending grows by 1.38 euro (about a 1% increase) and it is financed by increased borrowing which expands by 0.64 euro per capita, on average. Voters do not seem to punish the local incumbent for a policy decided by the national government. Two factors may have contributed to offsetting the electoral impact. The first is greater spending in those municipalities where the incumbent is on the ballot. The second is a media account of the policy which was factual and not biased against the local incumbent. Overall, these findings suggest politicians react to policies that are fully out of their hands, potentially to avoid electoral punishment.
Oral health statuses of individuals diagnosed with gastroparesis: A Cross‐Section study
Authors: Nieto Valerie , VanDuine Stefanie , Peltz Kristin , Rulli Danielle
Published: May 2024

Background

Gastroparesis (GP) is a debilitating gastric motility disorder associated with digestive dysfunction, reduced quality of life (QoL), and increased mortality rates. There is no known cure for GP and treatment options are limited. The oral cavity is responsible for initiating digestion, yet the impact of GP symptom frequency on oral health status and oral healthcare utilization is not well understood.

Methods

A 21‐item electronic survey was developed and disseminated to a private GP social media forum. Survey questions explored GP symptom frequency, oral health status, dental care utilization, and oral health education post GP diagnosis. Descriptive and inferential statistics analysed data.

Key Results

There were 434 study participants. An overwhelming 83% reported GP negatively influenced their oral health and oral function. Significance was observed between GP symptom frequency and oral health status (p = <0.0001). The majority (81%) reported receiving dental care post GP diagnosis, yet (63%) reported current untreated dental concerns. Interestingly, (74%) of participants reported that they have never been educated about oral health risks associated with GP by any healthcare professionals.

Conclusions

GP negatively affects oral health. Study participants reported a need for extensive dental treatments and high levels of untreated dental concerns. Results strongly support that preventive oral healthcare and education must be provided for individuals with a GP diagnosis. As leading oral disease prevention specialists, dental hygienists must be aware of the effects of GP on the oral cavity to help provide person‐centred evidence‐based care, improve digestive processes, and increase QoL for GP sufferers.
The impact of early withdrawal on superannuation balance at retirement: Evidence from Australia
Authors: Kapoor Utkarsh , Tajaddini Reza , Moradi‐Motlagh Amir
Published: May 2024

This study examines the effect of the early tax‐free release of the superannuation (ERS), which was introduced as a financial stimulus to counter the economic havoc created by the COVID‐19 pandemic, on Australians' superannuation retirement balances. By considering 2800 scenarios based on individuals' working industries, age, withdrawal amounts, and asset allocation strategies, we find that individuals with non‐aggressive asset allocation strategies may struggle to reach the minimum required superannuation balance for a comfortable lifestyle in retirement if they opt‐in for the ERS. This impact is more evident for individuals employed in certain industries such as accommodation and food, and retail trade.
The Cerrado through cacti
Authors: Köhler Matias , Romeiro‐Brito Monique , Telhe Milena
Published: May 2024

Cerrado is a large and heterogeneous ecoregion in the Neotropics marked by the fire‐prone savanna vegetation, to which succulent lineages are usually not associated due to this adverse condition. However, recent studies have highlighted the importance of Cerrado as an ancestral range for the origin, dispersal and in situ diversification of remarkable lineages of South American cacti. In this perspective, we explore the implications of these occurrences in the Cerrado, shedding light on a frequently overlooked aspect of this ecoregion—the role of scattered rocky outcrop habitats acting as micro‐refuges for fire‐sensitive lineages. We show that most cacti occurrences are associated with patches of rock outcrops across the Cerrado. In contrast, when terricolous, a few disparate and not closely related species can develop underground structures or present a specialized habit that facilitates their presence as a putative response to fire—reinforcing the evolutionary lability of fire adaptation in Cerrado lineages. Despite some notable endemisms, several occurrences are from species with core distributions in adjacent ecoregions (e.g. Caatinga and Chaco), demonstrating the permeability of Cerrado, which can act concomitantly as a biogeographical barrier (especially due to its fire‐prone habitats) and as a corridor for biota interchange. Finally, we stress that Cerrado heterogeneity, often leading to different circumscriptions, is a relevant issue when studying and characterizing Neotropical biota, which must be further explored and considered to assess the evolutionary assembly of the biomes involved.
Switching from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to tenofovir alafenamide in virologically suppressed patient with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Nam Heechul , Han Ji Won , Lee Soon Kyu , Yang Hyun , Lee Hae Lim , Sung Pil Soo , Song Myeong Jun , Kwon Jung Hyun , Jang Jeong Won , Chang U‐Im , Kim Chang Wook , Nam Soon Woo , Bae Si Hyun , Choi Jong Young , Yoon Seung Kew , Yang Jin Mo , Kim Hee Yeon
Published: May 2024

Background and Aim

Our study evaluated the outcomes of switching from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) to tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We assessed viral and biochemical responses as well as changes in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and bone mineral density (BMD).

Methods

This retrospective multicenter study included CHB patients who achieved virologic response (VR) (HBV DNA < 20 IU/mL) while on TDF and were subsequently switched to TAF between April 2018 and October 2021.

Results

This study included 309 patients with a median age of 59 years, and 42.1% were male. The mean duration of TDF and TAF administration were 54.0 and 37.5 months, respectively. All patients maintained VR after switching to TAF. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization rate significantly increased 6 months after switching (74.8%–83.5%; P = 0.008). Adjusted eGFR significantly improved at 6 months (+5.55 ± 10.52 mL/min/1.73 m2; P < 0.001) and 12 months (+6.02 ± 10.70 mL/min/1.73 m2; P < 0.001) after switching. In the subgroup of patients with renal impairment (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), significant improvement in renal function was observed at 6 months (+0.6 ± 10.5 mL/min/1.73 m2; P < 0.001) and 12 months (+1.0 ± 10.7 mL/min/1.73 m2; P < 0.001) after switching to TAF. In patients with osteoporosis (n = 182), switching to TAF resulted in significant improvement in spine and hip BMD at 12 months, with increases of 9.7% (95% CI: 7.0–12.5) and 9.4% (95% CI: 7.0–11.8), respectively.

Conclusion

In this real‐world study, switching to TAF was effective and safe in patients, with notable improvements in ALT levels, renal function, and BMD.
Recognising the importance and impact of Imaging Scientists: Global guidelines for establishing career paths within core facilities
Authors: Wright Graham D. , Thompson Kerry A. , Reis Yara , Bischof Johanna , Hockberger Philip Edward , Itano Michelle S. , Yen Lisa , Adelodun Stephen Taiye , Bialy Nikki , Brown Claire M. , Chaabane Linda , Chew Teng‐Leong , Chitty Andrew I. , Cordelières Fabrice P. , De Niz Mariana , Ellenberg Jan , Engelbrecht Lize , Fabian‐Morales Eunice , Fazeli Elnaz , Fernandez‐Rodriguez Julia , Ferrando‐May Elisa , Fletcher Georgina , Galloway Graham John , Guerrero Adan , Guimarães Jander Matos , Jacobs Caron A. , Jayasinghe Sachintha , Kable Eleanor , Kitten Gregory T , Komoto Shinya , Ma Xiaoxiao , Marques Jéssica Araújo , Millis Bryan A. , Miranda Kildare , JohnO'Toole Peter , Olatunji Sunday Yinka , Paina Federica , Pollak Cora Noemi , Prats Clara , Pylvänäinen Joanna W. , Rahmoon Mai Atef , Reiche Michael A. , Riches James Douglas , Rossi Andres Hugo , Salamero Jean , Thiriet Caroline , Terjung Stefan , Vasconcelos Aldenora dos Santos , Keppler Antje
Published: May 2024

In the dynamic landscape of scientific research, imaging core facilities are vital hubs propelling collaboration and innovation at the technology development and dissemination frontier. Here, we present a collaborative effort led by Global BioImaging (GBI), introducing international recommendations geared towards elevating the careers of Imaging Scientists in core facilities. Despite the critical role of Imaging Scientists in modern research ecosystems, challenges persist in recognising their value, aligning performance metrics and providing avenues for career progression and job security. The challenges encompass a mismatch between classic academic career paths and service‐oriented roles, resulting in a lack of understanding regarding the value and impact of Imaging Scientists and core facilities and how to evaluate them properly. They further include challenges around sustainability, dedicated training opportunities and the recruitment and retention of talent. Structured across these interrelated sections, the recommendations within this publication aim to propose globally applicable solutions to navigate these challenges. These recommendations apply equally to colleagues working in other core facilities and research institutions through which access to technologies is facilitated and supported. This publication emphasises the pivotal role of Imaging Scientists in advancing research programs and presents a blueprint for fostering their career progression within institutions all around the world.
Comparative efficacy of telehealth interventions on promoting cancer screening: A network meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Zhang Shu , Zhou Lin , Yi Li , Chen Xiaoli , Zhang Yun , Li Juejin , Zhang Yalin , Hu Xiaolin
Published: May 2024

Background

Cancer screening is a pivotal method for reducing mortality from disease, but the screening coverage is still lower than expected. Telehealth interventions demonstrated significant benefits in cancer care, yet there is currently no consensus on their impact on facilitating cancer screening or on the most effective remote technology.

Design

A network meta‐analysis was conducted to detect the impact of telehealth interventions on cancer screening and to identify the most effective teletechnologies.

Methods

Six English databases were searched from inception until July 2023 to yield relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Two individual authors completed the literature selection, data extraction, and methodological evaluations using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Traditional pairwise analysis and network meta‐analysis were performed to identify the overall effects and compare different teletechnologies.

Results

Thirty‐four eligible RCTs involving 131,644 participants were enrolled. Overall, telehealth interventions showed statistically significant effects on the improvement of cancer screening. Subgroup analyses revealed that telehealth interventions were most effective for breast and cervical cancer screening, and rural populations also experienced benefits, but there was no improvement in screening for older adults. The network meta‐analysis indicated that mobile applications, video plus telephone, and text message plus telephone were associated with more obvious improvements in screening than other teletechnologies.

Conclusion

Our study identified that telehealth interventions were effective for the completion of cancer screening and clarified the exact impact of telehealth on different cancer types, ages, and rural populations. Mobile applications, video plus telephone, and text message plus telephone are the three forms of teletechnologies most likely to improve cancer screening. More well‐designed RCTs involving direct comparisons of different teletechnologies are needed in the future.

Clinical Relevance

Telehealth interventions should be encouraged to facilitate cancer screening, and the selection of the optimal teletechnology based on the characteristics of the population is also necessary.
Beyond probiotics, uses of their next‐generation for poultry and humans: A review
Authors: Salahi Ahmad , Abd El‐Ghany Wafaa A.
Published: May 2024

The production of healthy food is one of the basic requirements and challenges. Research efforts have been introduced in the human's food industry to reduce the microbial resistance and use safe and healthy alternatives with a high durability. However, the conducted work about these issues in the field of livestock animal production have been started since 2015. Inappropriate and extensive use of antibiotics has resulted in the increase of antimicrobial resistance, presence of drug residues in tissues, and destruction of the gut microbiome. Therefore, discovering and developing antibiotic substitutes were urgent demands. Probiotic compounds containing living micro‐organisms are important antibiotic alternative that have been beneficially and extensively used in humans, animals, and poultry. However, some probiotics show some obstacles during production and applications. Accordingly, this review article proposes a comprehensive description of the next‐generation of probiotics including postbiotics, proteobiotics, psychobiotics, immunobiotics and paraprobiotics and their effects on poultry production and human's therapy. These compounds proved great efficiency in terms of restoring gut health, improving performance and general health conditions, modulating the immune response and reducing the pathogenic micro‐organisms. However, more future research work should be carried out regarding this issue.
Transport of glycinin, the major soybean allergen, across intestinal epithelial IPEC‐J2 cell monolayers
Authors: Zheng Shugui , Zhao Yintong , Zheng Ziang , Liu Yajing , Liu Simiao , Han Junfeng
Published: May 2024

Soybean allergen entering the body is the initial step to trigger intestinal allergic response. However, it remains unclear how glycinin, the major soybean allergen, is transported through the intestinal mucosal barrier. The objective of this study was to elucidate the pathway and mechanism of glycinin hydrolysates transport through the intestinal epithelial barrier using IPEC‐J2 cell model. Purified glycinin was digested by in vitro static digestion model. The pathway and mechanism of glycinin hydrolysates transport through intestinal epithelial cells were investigated by cellular transcytosis assay, cellular uptake assay, immunoelectron microscopy and endocytosis inhibition assay. The glycinin hydrolysates were transported across IPEC‐J2 cell monolayers in a time/dose‐dependent manner following the Michaelis equation. Immunoelectron microscopy showed a number of glycinin hydrolysates appeared in the cytoplasm, but no glycinin hydrolysates were observed in the intercellular space of IPEC‐J2 cells. The inhibitors, colchicine, chlorpromazine and methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin, significantly inhibited the cellular uptake of glycinin hydrolysates. The glycinin hydrolysates crossed IPEC‐J2 cell monolayers through the transcellular pathway. Both clathrin‐ and caveolae‐dependent endocytosis were involved in the epithelial uptake of the hydrolysates. These findings provided potential targets for the prevention and treatment of soybean allergy.
Comparative impact of replacing fish meal with azolla on growth, water quality, and physiology of red tilapia fingerlings at varying salinities
Authors: Sallam Ghada R. , Helal Amr M. , Mabrouk Hafez A. H. , Hermina Andrew H. F. G. , Habib Yusuf J. , Fayed Walied M. , Dossou Serge , El Basuini Mohammed F. , Shehata Akram I.
Published: May 2024

A 210‐day experiment to assess the efficacy of substituting azolla plant powder at levels of 0, 20, 40, and 60% for fish meal on red tilapia fingerlings (RTF, initial weight of 18.23 ± 0.12 g) performance under salinity levels of 5, 18, and 28ppt. Among the various conditions, RTF‐fed 20% azolla at 28 and 5ppt salinity showcased the highest specific growth rate (SGR), whereas the lowest SGR was observed in fish‐fed 60% azolla at 5ppt salinity. Upon azolla incorporation, noteworthy elevations in phytoplankton, zooplankton, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, NH3, and NO3 were noted and conversely, azolla introduction led to decreased NH4 and NO2 concentrations in all salinity levels. Further, a significant (p < 0.05) interaction between azolla levels and water salinity (S×A) significantly impacted the hematological parameters of RTF. The highest levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total protein (TP) were found in RTF‐fed 20% azolla at 28ppt salinity, while the lowest CAT and TP levels occurred in RTF‐fed 60% azolla at 5ppt salinity. The highest aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were recorded in the RTF group fed 60% azolla at 5ppt salinity, with the lowest values seen in the group given 20% azolla at 28ppt salinity. RTF fed a 20% azolla diet at 18ppt salinity exhibited the highest lysozyme value, in contrast to the lowest value observed in the RTF group fed the control diet at 18ppt salinity. In conclusion, this study recommends the utilization of azolla at inclusion levels ranging from 20 to 40%, as it has the potential to notably enhance the immune system and elevate the survival rate of RTF.
The Middle East and the Ukraine War: Between Fear and Opportunity
Authors: Mankoff Jeffrey
Published: May 2024

While the ambivalence among Middle Eastern states about the war in Ukraine stems from multiple sources, Russian influence is a significant, if underappreciated, factor. Several of these countries see Moscow as an external balancer and hedge against the possibility of a broader US pullback from the region. At the same time, Russia maintains significant coercive capabilities thanks to its military presence in Syria and burgeoning strategic partnership with Iran. Many aspiring regional powers are also sympathetic to Moscow's calls for an international order less centered on the West. This article analyzes these concerns and perceptions, and it shows how they have shaped the way states in the region have responded to the invasion of Ukraine. Broadly speaking, these states see it as a peripheral concern—especially following the outbreak of war between Israel and Hamas in October 2023—though one that could destabilize the region by stoking inflation or further emboldening Iran. While they are wary of confronting Moscow or facing regional instability, many also directly benefit from Russia's economic decoupling from the West. These countries share President Vladimir Putin's assessment that the war in Ukraine is inaugurating a new age more friendly to middle powers.
Fecal incontinence patients categorized based on anal pressure and electromyography: Anal sphincter damage and clinical symptoms
Authors: Swartz Jessica L. , Zifan Ali , Tuttle Lori J. , Sheean Geoffrey , Tam Rowena M. , Mittal Ravinder K.
Published: May 2024

Background

Disruption of external anal sphincter muscle (EAS) is an important factor in the multifactorial etiology of fecal incontinence (FI).

Objectives

We categorize FI patients into four groups based on the location of lesion in neuromuscular circuitry of EAS to determine if there are differences with regards to fecal incontinence symptoms severity (FISI) score, age, BMI, obstetrical history, and anal sphincter muscle damage.

Methods

Female patients (151) without any neurological symptoms, who had undergone high‐resolution manometry, anal sphincter EMG, and 3D ultrasound imaging of the anal sphincter were assessed. Patients were categorized into four groups: Group 1 (normal)—normal cough EMG (>10 μV), normal squeeze EMG (>10 μV), and normal anal squeeze pressure (>124 mmHg); Group 2 (cortical apraxia, i.e., poor cortical activation)—normal cough EMG, low squeeze EMG, and low anal squeeze pressure; Group 3 (muscle damage)—normal cough EMG, normal squeeze EMG, and low anal squeeze pressure; and Group 4 (pudendal nerve damage)—low cough EMG, low squeeze EMG, and low anal squeeze pressure.

Results

The four patient groups were not different with regards to the patient's age, BMI, parity, and FISI scores. 3D ultrasound images of the anal sphincter complex revealed significant damage to the internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter, and puborectalis muscles in all four groups.

Conclusion

The FI patients are a heterogeneous group; majority of these patients have significant damage to the muscles of the anal sphincter complex. Whether biofeedback therapy response is different among different patient groups requires study.
Short‐ and long‐term reproducibility of body surface gastric mapping using the Gastric Alimetry® system
Authors: Law Mikaela , Schamberg Gabriel , Gharibans Armen , Sebaratnam Gabrielle , Foong Daphne , Varghese Chris , Fitt India , Daker Charlotte , Ho Vincent , Du Peng , Andrews Christopher N. , O'Grady Greg , Calder Stefan
Published: May 2024

Background

Many diagnostic tests for gastroduodenal symptoms, such as gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES), gastric emptying breath tests (GEBT), and electrogastrography (EGG) show variable intra‐individual reproducibility over time. This study investigated the short‐ and long‐term reproducibility of body surface gastric mapping (BSGM), a non‐invasive test for assessing gastric function, in controls and patients with chronic gastroduodenal disorders.

Methods

Participants completed three standardized BSGM tests using Gastric Alimetry® (Alimetry, New Zealand). The test encompassed a fasting baseline (30 min), a 482 kCal standard meal, and a 4 h postprandial recording. The first two tests were >6 months apart and the last occurred ~1 week after the second test, to evaluate long and short‐term reproducibility.

Results

Fourteen patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms and 14 healthy controls were recruited. There were no significant differences in any BSGM metrics between the tests at short and long term (all p > 0.180). Lin's concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) for the primary metrics were high, ranging from 0.58 to 0.96, with intra‐individual coefficients of variance (CVintra) ranging from 0.2% to 1.9%. Reproducibility was higher, and intra‐individual variation lower, than in previous studies of GES (CCC = 0.54–0.83, CVintra = 3%–77%), GEBT (CVintra = 8%–11%), and EGG (CVintra = 3%–78%).

Conclusions

BSGM spectral metrics demonstrate high reproducibility and low intra‐individual variation at both short and long term, with superior results to comparable tests. The high reproducibility of Gastric Alimetry supports its role as a diagnostic aid for gastric dysfunction and a reliable tool for evaluating treatment outcomes and disease progression over time.
Reliability of pediatric Rome IV criteria for the diagnosis of disorders of gut–brain interaction
Authors: Ginton Lee , Budhathoki Rasmita , Saps Miguel
Published: May 2024

Background

The diagnosis of disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBI) in children is exclusively based on clinical criteria called the Rome criteria. The inter‐rater reliability (IRR) measures how well two raters agree with a diagnosis using the same diagnostic tool. Previous versions of the Rome criteria showed only fair to moderate IRR. There have been no studies assessing the IRR of the current edition of the pediatric Rome criteria (Rome IV). This study sought to investigate the IRR of the pediatric Rome IV criteria and compare its reliability with the previous versions of the Rome criteria. We hypothesized that changes made to Rome IV would result in higher IRR than previous versions.

Methods

This study used the same methodology as the previous studies on Rome II and III, including identical clinical vignettes, number of raters, and levels of expertise. Participants included 10 pediatric gastroenterology fellows and 10 pediatric gastroenterology specialists. IRR was assessed using the percentage of agreement and Cohen's kappa coefficient to account for possible agreement by chance.

Results

The average IRR percentage of agreement using the Rome IV criteria was 55% for pediatric gastroenterologists and 48.5% for fellows, indicating moderate agreement (k = 0.54 for specialists, k = 0.47 for fellows). The results demonstrated higher percentages of agreement and kappa coefficients compared to the Rome II and III criteria.

Conclusions

The findings demonstrate improved reliability in Rome IV compared to Rome II and III, suggesting that the changes incorporated into the Rome IV criteria have enhanced diagnostic consistency. Despite the advancements, the reliability is still moderate, indicating the need for further refinement of future versions of the Rome criteria.
Follicular Becker's nevi: A case series and review of literature
Authors: Gaurav Vishal , Ahuja Rhea , Chandra Akash Deep , Ahuja Sana , Bhagwat Abhishek , Lal Ankur , Danish Mohammad , Khan Ejaz , Taneja Neha
Published: May 2024

The follicular variant of Becker's nevus is an under‐reported entity. We present the rare occurrence of follicular Becker's nevus in 7 patients, confirmed through dermoscopy and histopathological examination. Dermoscopy shows perifollicular hypopigmentation surrounded by a well‐defined net‐like pigmentation corresponding clinically to the presence of folliculocentric macules. Histology shows prominent basal and suprabasal melanization surrounding the follicle, corresponding to well‐defined net‐like pigmentation seen on dermoscopy. However, the melanization does not extend along the entire length of the follicular epithelium leading to perifollicular hypopigmentation on dermoscopy. Though biopsy is confirmatory, it is not usually necessary.
Unzipping hBN with ultrashort mid-infrared pulses
Authors: Chen Cecilia Y. , Moore Samuel L. , Maiti Rishi , Ginsberg Jared S. , Jadidi M. Mehdi , Li Baichang , Chae Sang Hoon , Rajendran Anjaly , Patwardhan Gauri N. , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Hone James , Basov D. N. , Gaeta Alexander L.
Published: May 2024

Manipulating the nanostructure of materials is critical for numerous applications in electronics, magnetics, and photonics. However, conventional methods such as lithography and laser writing require cleanroom facilities or leave residue. We describe an approach to creating atomically sharp line defects in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) at room temperature by direct optical phonon excitation with a mid-infrared pulsed laser from free space. We term this phenomenon “unzipping” to describe the rapid formation and growth of a crack tens of nanometers wide from a point within the laser-driven region. Formation of these features is attributed to the large atomic displacement and high local bond strain produced by strongly driving the crystal at a natural resonance. This process occurs only via coherent phonon excitation and is highly sensitive to the relative orientation of the crystal axes and the laser polarization. Its cleanliness, directionality, and sharpness enable applications such as polariton cavities, phonon-wave coupling, and in situ flake cleaving.
Why do seismic hazard models worldwide appear to overpredict historical intensity observations?
Authors: Salditch Leah , Gallahue Molly Margaret , Stein Seth , Neely James Scott , Abrahamson Norman , Hough Susan Elizabeth
Published: May 2024

Probabilistic seismic hazard assessments (PSHAs) provide the scientific basis for building codes to reduce damage from earthquakes. Despite their substantial impact, little is known about how well PSHA predicts actual shaking. Recent PSHA for California, Japan, Italy, Nepal, and France appear to consistently overpredict historically observed earthquake shaking intensities. Numerical simulations show that observed shaking is equally likely to be above or below predictions. This result from independently developed models and datasets in different countries and tectonic settings indicates possible systematic bias in the hazard models, the observations, or both. Analysis of possible causes shows that much of the discrepancy is due to a subtle and rarely considered issue: the conversion equations used in comparing the models—which forecast shaking as peak ground acceleration or velocity—and observations—parameterizations of qualitative shaking reports. Historical shaking reports fill a crucial data gap, but more research is warranted on how qualitative observations relate to instrumental shaking measures for earthquakes.
Sensing spin wave excitations by spin defects in few-layer-thick hexagonal boron nitride
Authors: Zhou Jingcheng , Lu Hanyi , Chen Di , Huang Mengqi , Yan Gerald Q. , Al-matouq Faris , Chang Jiu , Djugba Dziga , Jiang Zhigang , Wang Hailong , Du Chunhui Rita
Published: May 2024

Optically active spin defects in wide bandgap semiconductors serve as a local sensor of multiple degrees of freedom in a variety of “hard” and “soft” condensed matter systems. Taking advantage of the recent progress on quantum sensing using van der Waals (vdW) quantum materials, here we report direct measurements of spin waves excited in magnetic insulator Y3Fe5O12(YIG) by boron vacancyVB−spin defects contained in few-layer-thick hexagonal boron nitride nanoflakes. We show that the ferromagnetic resonance and parametric spin excitations can be effectively detected byVB−spin defects under various experimental conditions through optically detected magnetic resonance measurements. The off-resonant dipole interaction between YIG magnons andVB−spin defects is mediated by multi-magnon scattering processes, which may find relevant applications in a range of emerging quantum sensing, computing, and metrology technologies. Our results also highlight the opportunities offered by quantum spin defects in layered two-dimensional vdW materials for investigating local spin dynamic behaviors in magnetic solid-state matters.
Evaluating bias and noise induced by the U.S. Census Bureau’s privacy protection methods
Authors: Kenny Christopher T. , McCartan Cory , Kuriwaki Shiro , Simko Tyler , Imai Kosuke
Published: May 2024

The U.S. Census Bureau faces a difficult trade-off between the accuracy of Census statistics and the protection of individual information. We conduct an independent evaluation of bias and noise induced by the Bureau’s two main disclosure avoidance systems: the TopDown algorithm used for the 2020 Census and the swapping algorithm implemented for the three previous Censuses. Our evaluation leverages the Noisy Measurement File (NMF) as well as two independent runs of the TopDown algorithm applied to the 2010 decennial Census. We find that the NMF contains too much noise to be directly useful without measurement error modeling, especially for Hispanic and multiracial populations. TopDown’s postprocessing reduces the NMF noise and produces data whose accuracy is similar to that of swapping. While the estimated errors for both TopDown and swapping algorithms are generally no greater than other sources of Census error, they can be relatively substantial for geographies with small total populations.
Post-retrieval stress impairs subsequent memory depending on hippocampal memory trace reinstatement during reactivation
Authors: Heinbockel Hendrik , Wagner Anthony D. , Schwabe Lars
Published: May 2024

Upon retrieval, memories can become susceptible to meaningful events, such as stress. Post-retrieval memory changes may be attributed to an alteration of the original memory trace during reactivation-dependent reconsolidation or, alternatively, to the modification of retrieval-related memory traces that impact future remembering. Hence, how post-retrieval memory changes emerge in the human brain is unknown. In a 3-day functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we show that post-retrieval stress impairs subsequent memory depending on the strength of neural reinstatement of the original memory trace during reactivation, driven by the hippocampus and its cross-talk with neocortical representation areas. Comparison of neural patterns during immediate and final memory testing further revealed that successful retrieval was linked to pattern-dissimilarity in controls, suggesting the use of a different trace, whereas stressed participants relied on the original memory representation. These representation changes were again dependent on neocortical reinstatement during reactivation. Our findings show disruptive stress effects on the consolidation of retrieval-related memory traces that support future remembering.
Mechanochemical dynamics of collective cells and hierarchical topological defects in multicellular lumens
Authors: Yu Pengyu , Li Yue , Fang Wei , Feng Xi-Qiao , Li Bo
Published: May 2024

Collective cell dynamics is essential for tissue morphogenesis and various biological functions. However, it remains incompletely understood how mechanical forces and chemical signaling are integrated to direct collective cell behaviors underlying tissue morphogenesis. Here, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) mechanochemical theory accounting for biochemical reaction-diffusion and cellular mechanotransduction to investigate the dynamics of multicellular lumens. We show that the interplay between biochemical signaling and mechanics can trigger either pitchfork or Hopf bifurcation to induce diverse static mechanochemical patterns or generate oscillations with multiple modes both involving marked mechanical deformations in lumens. We uncover the crucial role of mechanochemical feedback in emerging morphodynamics and identify the evolution and morphogenetic functions of hierarchical topological defects including cell-level hexatic defects and tissue-level orientational defects. Our theory captures the common mechanochemical traits of collective dynamics observed in experiments and could provide a mechanistic context for understanding morphological symmetry breaking in 3D lumen–like tissues.
Efficient spin-up of Earth System Models using sequence acceleration
Authors: Khatiwala Samar
Published: May 2024

Marine and terrestrial biogeochemical models are key components of the Earth System Models (ESMs) used to project future environmental changes. However, their slow adjustment time also hinders effective use of ESMs because of the enormous computational resources required to integrate them to a pre-industrial equilibrium. Here, a solution to this "spin-up" problem based on "sequence acceleration", is shown to accelerate equilibration of state-of-the-art marine biogeochemical models by over an order of magnitude. The technique can be applied in a "black box" fashion to existing models. Even under the challenging spin-up protocols used for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) simulations, this algorithm is 5 times faster. Preliminary results suggest that terrestrial models can be similarly accelerated, enabling a quantification of major parametric uncertainties in ESMs, improved estimates of metrics such as climate sensitivity, and higher model resolution than currently feasible.
Can restoring water and sediment fluxes across a mega-dam cascade alleviate a sinking river delta?
Authors: Chua Samuel De Xun , Yang Yuheng , Kondolf G. Mathias , Oeurng Chantha , Sok Ty , Zhang Shurong , Xixi Lu
Published: May 2024

Hydropower, although an attractive renewable energy source, can alter the flux of water, sediments, and biota, producing detrimental impacts in downstream regions. The Mekong River illustrates the impacts of large dams and the limitations of conventional dam regulating strategies. Even under the most optimistic sluicing scenario, sediment load at the Mekong Delta could only recover to 62.3 ± 8.2 million tonnes (1 million tonnes = 10
9
kilograms), short of the (100 to 160)–million tonne historical level. Furthermore, unless retrofit to reroute sediments, the dams are doomed to continue trapping sediment for at least 170 years and thus starve downstream reaches of sediment, contributing to the impending disappearance of the Mekong Delta. Therefore, we explicitly challenge the widespread use of large dead storages—the portion of the reservoirs that cannot be emptied—in dam designs. Smaller dead storages can ease sediment starvation in downstream regions, thereby buffering against sinking deltas or relative sea level rises.
Vaccination with antigenically complex hemagglutinin mixtures confers broad protection from influenza disease
Authors: Luo Zhaochen , Miranda Hector A. , Burke Kaitlyn N. , Spurrier M. Ariel , Berry Madison , Stover Erica L. , Spreng Rachel L. , Waitt Greg , Soderblom Erik J. , Macintyre Andrew N. , Wiehe Kevin , Heaton Nicholas S.
Published: May 2024

Current seasonal influenza virus vaccines induce responses primarily against immunodominant but highly plastic epitopes in the globular head of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. Because of viral antigenic drift at these sites, vaccines need to be updated and readministered annually. To increase the breadth of influenza vaccine–mediated protection, we developed an antigenically complex mixture of recombinant HAs designed to redirect immune responses to more conserved domains of the protein. Vaccine-induced antibodies were disproportionally redistributed to the more conserved stalk of the HA without hindering, and in some cases improving, antibody responses against the head domain. These improved responses led to increased protection against homologous and heterologous viral challenges in both mice and ferrets compared with conventional vaccine approaches. Thus, antigenically complex protein mixtures can at least partially overcome HA head domain antigenic immunodominance and may represent a step toward a more universal influenza vaccine.
Fungi: friends or foes—an outreach science initiative for the collection of airborne fungal spores by high school students
Authors: Piontkivska Daryna , Jorge João M. P. , Neves Rita , Crespo Pedro , Ramalho Renata , Silva Pereira Cristina
Published: May 2024

Fungi mostly reproduce through spores that are adapted for airborne dispersal; hence, fungal spores (and fungi) are found virtually everywhere. Fungi can be “friends or foes.” Our friends include fungi used in the food and biotech industries, fungi that contribute to the cycling of carbon and nutrients, and those involved in the decontamination of polluted soils and/or water, to mention just a few examples. Many species, however, are foes—they are detrimental to plants, animals, and/or humans. Annually, >1.5 million people die due to invasive fungal infections. With the aim of enhancing microbiology literacy and the understanding of microbial concepts, we set up a project for the collection of airborne spores (the principal agent through which human airways are exposed to fungi). Students from five high schools in the Oeiras municipality partnered with us as citizen scientists; they carried out sampling by collecting fungal spores on adhesive stickers. The fungal spores collected by the students were subsequently processed in the schools and our research laboratory. Results obtained by the students themselves revealed a large variety of fungal species capable of growing in a rich medium at 30°C. In the research laboratory, using selective isolation conditions, 40 thermotolerant fungi were isolated, 32 of which were taxonomically identified as aspergilla, mostly from within the
Aspergillus fumigatus
taxa, yet exhibiting high genetic heterogeneity. The protocols and results were presented to the students, who were made aware of the local dispersal of airborne fungal spores, including some from potentially pathogenic fungi. Through carrying out scientific activities, the students developed both the interest and the self-confidence needed to implement future environmental investigations.