bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOCIAL ASPECT OF SUPPORT OF SMALL BUSINESS AND PROBLEMS OF MIGRATION IN GERMANY
Authors: Onuchak V. A.
Published: May 2021

The flow of refugees in Germany is a political migration at which the flow of migrants increases load of the budget due to payments of social benefits. At first sight, apparently, the existing privileges and incentives of creation of small and medium-sized enterprises (MSP) rather big and that problems inemployment of such number of migrants shouldn't be. They will take potential workplaces or will open the business, but a question in, whether it is possible to occupy the arrived migrants in small business in the territory of Germany. However, unlike labor migration which increases self-employment of the population, political migration of such effect can't give. At present it is necessary to limit global migration of the same Germany if the country intend store the economy. Positive influence of a migratory stream on national economy will be short-term, connected with increase in demand. In the near future refugees will demand considerable expenses of the budget as they don't pay taxes or pay them in a smaller size, demand additional expenses on safety in the social sphere.
MGIMO-UNIVERSITY IN GO TO THINK TANKS 2015 RANKING: GLOBAL TRENDS, LOCAL RESPONSES
Authors: Kharkevich M. V.
Published: May 2021

The article discusses the latest issue of Go to think tank ranking and MGIMO position in it. It also considers global trends related to changes in the environment and forms of activities of research centers, identified by the ranking. In particular, it notes the changes in the system of financing think tanks from the few large grants for an extended period of time to a small but numerous grants for short periods for specific projects. It also notes the increasing state pressure on think tanks from around the world. In addition, it points to increased competition on the market of ideas and scientific expertise. Research centers have to adapt to these changes. In view of these trends the experience of one of the research centers of MGIMO, the Center for Military-Political Studies is considered. Innovation activities of the Centre on a whole corresponds to global trends. The center is seeking to diversify its sources of funding and enhances the focus of research topics - long-term forecasting of the international military and political relations.
SCIENTIFIC SUBSTANTIATION OF THE HUMANISTIC TURN IN SOCIOLOGY
Authors: Zarubina N. N.
Published: May 2021

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THE CONCEPT OF “THE CONCERT OF EUROPE” IN XX CENTURY BRITISH AND AMERICAN HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: Romanova E. V.
Published: May 2021

The article provides a critical analysis of the interpretations of the Concert of Europe by British and American historians of the XXth century. The interest in the study of this phenomenon is rooted in its relation to the problems of the maintenance of international order and stability. It is not only academic, being partly determined by the fact that throughout the XX century first Britain and then the USA was at the top of the world hierarchy, and accordingly played a leading role in the construction and maintenance of the European order. Current international environment, the experience of the two World Wars of the XXth century determined the angle from which the phenomenon of the Concert of Europe was studied. Whereas in the second half of the 1910s - early 1920s historians pointed to the deficiencies of the international system of the preceding century (and in particular, the institution of the Concert of Europe), the students of the Vienna system working after the Second World War regarded the period of 1815-1914 as relatively stable, compared to the short interwar interlude. The Concert of Europe was named as one of the factors contributing to stability and peace. Certain logic can be discerned in the development of the historiography of the problem, which to some degree reflected the evolution of ideas about international relations management. At the same time, the differences in the interpretations of the Concert of Europe derive from the fact that this very concept in the XIXth century was not fixed and static. Great Powers' readiness to cooperation did not mean that there were no conflicts of interests. They struggled for leadership within the Concert and sought to impart to it their own interpretation.
TURKEY’S FOREIGN TRADE AS A DRIVER OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Masumova N. R.
Published: May 2021

Turkey now is a regional leader due to economic success story of the past decade, changes in the economy's structure and dynamic. Since 1980th foreign trade has become the main driver of the economic growth. Due to liberalization policy Turkey was able to overcome the system crisis. The negative economic trends had contributed to the political instability. That's why it will be interesting to highlight some aspects of Turkish foreign trade policy, which influence the value, geographical and product orientation of foreign trade. Negative balance of trade is the result of its oil import dependence. But the export of goods with more value added has the trend to growth - 30% of exports come to machineries and transport equipments. After the collapse of the USSR Turkish-Russian economic relationship was facing revival. Trade and investment cooperation was developing rapidly. But the conflict of interest during the war in Syria led to growing differences between Russia and Turkey. 24th of November 2015 became a turning point for the Russian-Turkish relations, when Turkish fighter jet F-16 shot down a Russian military jet along the Syrian border. This tragedy had serious consequences for the bilateral economic relations. Huge investment pipeline project "Turkish stream" is freezed, the work of intergovernmental authorities is stopped, certain agricultural goods originated from Turkey is banned to the territory of the Russian Federation. Russia also suspended the visa-free regime for Turkish citizens, all charter flights to Turkey are prohibited. Nevertheless economic sanctions inevitable affect both the Turkish and Russian economies, but Russia is still one of the main partners of Turkey.
ACTIVITIES OF THE MIDDLE EAST QUARTET AND ITS PARTICIPANTS TO ACHIEVE ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN SETTLEMEN WITHIN THE ROAD MAP PROJECT (2003 – 2008)
Authors: Leshchenya I. A.
Published: May 2021

The most active phase in the work of the Quartet of international intermediaries was connected with the attempts to implement the Road Map plan for the Israeli-Palestinian peace settlement. The significance of the Road Map lies in the fact that it is the plan on the Israeli-Palestinian peace settlement which was, for the first time ever, collectively drafted by the global actors and accepted by both conflicting parties To facilitate the implementation of the Road Map, a peculiar "division of labour" based on historical roles which each member of the Quartet had played in the Middle East settlement, emerged inside the Quartet. The work of the Quartet as a collective intermediary was complemented by individual actions of its members which influenced or were supposed to influence the Road Map implementation. The complex analysis of the examined problem conducted by the author in accordance with his own criteria revealed that all other activities of the international intermediaries were, in one way or another, connected to the Road Map. They were either implemented mainly within the framework of the aforementioned peace plan, or were connected with the efforts to create conditions to get the parties back to implementation of that plan, or were aimed at including alternative programmes into the framework of the Road Map. Quartet's activities to implement the settlement plan couldn't avoid the influence by the United States and a special character of the US-Israeli relations. The US leading role in the work of the Quartet led to a series of events which aggravated the Israeli-Palestinian peace process and became decisive for further development of the conflict which in the end led to the current stalemate. Nevertheless, the very fact of the Quartet creation, which evidenced that even the most influential global actor has no power to solve all aspects of the regional conflict on its own, became a sign of gradual transformation of a unipolar world towards a multipolar one.
REGULATION OF «BANKING GROUP» IN RUSSIA IN BANKING MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS IN THE MODERN CONDITIONS
Authors: Gurin N. V.
Published: May 2021

The article says about the specific regulation of banking groups in Russia and applicability of the category in corporate structuring M&A practices. Relevancy and importance of the research are based on increasing attention of the regulatory authorities to the disclosure of grounds and means of establishing a control over groups of entities and, controlling of expenses of funding from the budget of the State Corporation "Deposit Insurance Agency", the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The article discusses the definitions banking group", "banking holding", "group of entities", "group of entities connected to a credit institution", consolidated "banking group" and applicability of the definitions to filing of the group statements, the use of the banks' (banking group) indicators, the applicability of these data to the efficient allocation of resources and the rehabilitation of the Russian banking system. This paper analyzes the current regulations, the author refers to the indicator maximum risk associated with the credit institution a person (a group associated with the credit institution officials), as well as a new version of the indicator maximum amount of loans, bank guarantees and sureties issued by a credit institution (banking group) to its members (shareholders) and the procedure for calculating them, which come into force from January 1,2016. At the end of the article the author suggests possible options to improve current regulations. The urgency of the problems mentioned is confirmed by cases from practice, which point to the problems identified. The novelty of the work lies in the complex economic and legal approach to risk management to ensure information transparency of banks in the performance of the duty of notification (approval) of transactions with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the disclosure and reporting its performance. This approach acknowledges the practical importance of the conclusions. Based on the research the author suggests legal developments to the regulations of mergers and acquisitions of banks in Russia.
Russian" Israel and Russia
Authors: Fedorchenko A. V.
Published: May 2021

Morozov V.M. "Russian" Israel: the impact of immigrants on Russian-Israeli relations. Moscow: MGIMO- University, 2015. 165 p.
The Present International Situation: Civilization, Ideology, Elite
Authors: Alexandrov M. V.
Published: May 2021

The Present International Situation: Civilization, Ideology, Elites / A.I.Podberezkin, V.G.Sokolenko, S.R. Tsyrendorzhiev. Moscow: MGIMO-University, 2015. 464p.
"LETTER TO THE KING" BY JULES DESTRY: FROM SEPARATISM TO UNITARISM IN BELGIUM
Authors: Ermakova E. V.
Published: May 2021

Contradictions between the regions of Belgium - Wallonia and Flanders - have a long history associated with uneven political, economic and cultural development of the territories, which in 1830 became parts of an independent state, the Kingdom of Belgium. The "Letter to the King", written by eminent Belgian politician and writer, socialist Jules Destree (1863 - 1936 gg.), is one of the most interesting sources on the history of Belgium of this period, It became a kind of manifesto of balance between the ideas of separatism and unitarianism. This article includes excerpts from the "Letter to the King", which were given for the first time in the author's Russian translation and conducted historical criticism of the source. The study is based on a set of scientific methods and approaches, including the principle of scientific objectivity and systematic approach, used in historical research. The main methods are problematic and historical-comparative analysis, classification and comparison of political and historical concepts. An external source of criticism included information about the place and the time of the creation of document, the biography of the author studies; internal critic source recreates the idea of the letter and the background of historical events. Prominent Belgian politician and writer, socialist Jules Destree (1863 - 1936), highly appreciated the personal qualities of King Albert I, appealed to his experience and political vision, describing all the problems Walloons faced in their opposition to the Flemish. Destree in his letter opposed the unequal development of the regions of Belgium and the protectionist policies of the central government in respect to the detriment of Flanders Wallonia. He summarized and formulated the factors that, in his opinion, interfere with the full development of his country. Destree pays great attention to linguistic differences, which were at the heart of conflicts between Walloons and Flemings, and are still shaken by Belgium. He reflects on the fact that the central government should be doing to reduce the national tensions that unites two people, and that the shares, which should be a system of education that future generations were able to overcome the historical alienation of such geographically close and ideologically distant peoples. Although Jules Destree firmly defends separatism idea for Wallonia as the only solution to the problem, however, by the end of his letter, reasoning it takes a more balanced position. The idea of a unitary state was not denied completely, but Destree emphasizes the importance of a balanced central government policy in relation to the regions in order to reduce internal tensions between the two nations. The ideas embodied in his "Letter to the King", formed the basis of the principles of peaceful co-existence of further autonomous regions as part of the union, which was manifested in the future during the First World War, when the Walloons and Flemings alongside confronted a common enemy.
RUSSIA'S RELATIONS WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION AND CHINA: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MUTUAL PERCEPTION IN THE BORDER REGIONS
Authors: Simonyan R. H. , Kochegarova T. M.
Published: May 2021

Occurred nearly a quarter of a century ago, the collapse of the Soviet Union - an event that led to the formation of a new configuration of the world-system. In this global role, the national significance of this event for Russia that she has to find their place in the world that actualizes a scientific discussion on this topic. Without public clarification and comparison of the ideological differences and disagreements it is difficult to imagine the development of a democratic society. Moreover, it is impossible to do without a debate in the society, standing in the darkness. Russia again, as in the beginning 1990-h years is in a situation of historical bifurcation. Russia to go their own way or try to rebuild themselves in the experience of the successful modernization of the States of the European, Asian, South American or African. They have used the Western (European) experience, without losing their national identity. Inherent in our ethnic consciousness and the inclination to extremes, Russian intellectuals keen on totally unproductive debates, like the endless, which is between "Westerners" and "Slavophil's" (in the current language - "fundamentalists"). The notorious dichotomy becomes more and more absurd, Recalling the disputes of "points" and "dull bits" from the famous novel of Jonathan Swift. The country is a completely different choice - effectiveness and development or the inefficiency and backwardness, modernization or preservation of its political and economic model, developed by reformers in 1990-ies. Today, therefore, Russia should not deifying the West, than succeeded ones and not the deification of exclusivity, what more you want to succeed others, but strong awareness of the reality and the pursuit of maximum expediency, pragmatism in the development of the achievements of Western civilization. If Asian countries are to successfully adopt the European (Western) modernization experience, then Russia as a European country should be more favorable conditions. In line with what is happening in the country discussions on ways of socio-economic development of Russia and its role and place in the emerging new global configuration, interactions with neighbors, primarily with the European Union and China in the context of the prospects of replacing the existing economic model and the upcoming modernization. Need to know life plans, orientation and attitudes of the Russian youth, its ideas about the place of Russia in a changing world. how it links its future with the future of their country. In the upcoming modernization, the main burden of its implementation will fall on the current young generation of Russians. In this regard, the article analyzes survey results of University students in six Federal districts of Russia.
KEYNESIAN THEORY IN THE ”MACROECONOMICS“ COURSE FOR NON-CORE FACULTIES
Authors: Kurnosova T. I. , Rudakova I. E.
Published: May 2021

The article deals with the issues related to the teaching of Keynesian theory within the scope of macroeconomics course at the faculties of non-economic professions. It highlights the relevance of Keynes' ideas, the importance of the system approach typical for Keynesian theory that is in particular reflected in the understanding of the connection between economics large-scale processes on the whole and micro-level phenomena. The authors draw special attention to the importance of selecting the sections of Keynesian theory to be included in the economics short course in order to avoid overlooking the scientific significance of the material/data and to retain the essential achievements of the scientist. It refers to the balance of non-financial sector and labor market, to the idea of joint equilibrium in goods and money markets. Particular attention is dedicated to the recognition of the roles of both market and government stated by Keynes. This essential feature of the theory should be reflected in providing educational material. The authors underline that while studying the issues related to such terms as consumption, capital accumulation, investment and money demand, it is necessary to point out the role of psychological factors. These aspects of Keynesian analysis are of key importance for the economic processes' construction. Moreover, they have predetermined the direction of macroeconomics studies for the subsequent decades. Special attention in the article is also paid to the students’ motivation as one of the conditions for mastering the material taught.
THE MARKET CONCEPT OF THE XXI CENTURY: A NEW APPROACH TO CONSUMER SEGMENTATION
Authors: Sokolova M. I.
Published: May 2021

World economic development in the 21st century keeps tendencies and contradictions of the previous century. Economic growth in a number of the countries and, as a result, growth of consumption adjoins to an aggravation of global problems of the present. It not only ecology and climatic changes that undoubtedly worth the attention of world community, but also the aggravation of social problems. Among the last the question of poverty takes the central place. Poverty is a universal problem, in solution of which take part local authorities, the international organizations, commercial and noncommercial structures. It is intolerable to ignore a catastrophic situation in fight against this problem. It is necessary to look for ways of resolving it not only by using the existing methods, but also developing new approaches. One of the most significant tendencies in the sphere of fight against poverty is the development of the commercial enterprises working in the population segment with a low income level which by means of the activity help millions of people worldwide to get out of poverty. In other words, attraction of the commercial capital by an economic justification of profitability and prospects of investments into the companies working in the population segment with a low income level can be one of the methods allowing to solve effectively a poverty problem. This approach includes this population in economic activity, makes them by full-fledged participants of the market, which benefits to the creation of potential for economic growth and is a key step to getting out of poverty.
GOVERNMENTAL SUPPORT MECHANISM OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY IN GERMANY
Authors: Kozaeva N. V.
Published: May 2021

German Energy transition could be considered to be one of the most challenging a widescaled reforms, quite capital-intensive, requiring a high level of scientific input, having an influence on other economic sectors and economic entities. Energy reform is intended to increase the energy security level by increasing the share of renewables in its energy portfolio, environmental protection by decreasing the emission into the atmosphere and the level of energy consumption. Since 1990 the share of renewables in the whole energy sector and in electricity sector has been rising steadily. Governmental support, including direct finance, fiscal benefits and creating favorable market conditions for the sector has been expanding for renewable and declining for traditional energy. The costs for renewable energy are more transparent, during those for traditional energy are often hidden and indirectly charge the budget, can emerge later in form of subsequent costs of the climate. However, the system of support itself discloses its imperfection, when its implementation causes an opposite impact or contradiction between several instruments, which are actually aimed to solve one problem. Given the high strategic importance of the goals set, even an evident necessity to revise the mechanism of governmental support doesn't, however, mean that the government doubts the usefulness of the reform.
PRIVATE AND PUBLIC PENSION SYSTEMS WORLWIDE: CASE OF RUSSIA
Authors: Pudovkin A. V.
Published: May 2021

The article deals with the Russian pension system and make recommendations for its further development on the basis of international experience. The Russian pension system is in a state of transition. The reform of 2013-2015 is not completed, since in its current state pension system is still characterized by very low replacement rate value at a very high level of government spending. Moratorium on pension accumulation introduced in the course of recent reforms calls into question the future of the mandatory funded pension system. Review of international pension systems formation suggests that the most successful of them are not limited solely to public system, and use a combination of distribution and accumulation units. When choosing between mandatory or voluntary options they are guided by the characteristics of the national economy. Studying the successes and mistakes of world practice of voluntary and mandatory funded pension systems is of great scientific and practical interest, since it can contribute to a more accurate choice of the future path of development of the national pension system.
CONTEMPORARY EXPERT DEBATES ON THE SCO-RELATED ISSUES
Authors: Denisov I. E. , Safranchuk I. A.
Published: May 2021

Since its establishment the SCO has always attracted a lot of expert attention. The SCO Forum was founded in 2006 to bring together for annual debates experts from all member-states. Within this format in-depth discussions took place in April 2016 in Dushanbe, which hosted this year conference of the SCO Forum. Participating experts and officials reviewed problems of security, economic cooperation (including transport and water-energy issues) and SCO enlargement, the latter being one of the most debatable. Experts presented some new thesis on all these problems, in particular on the enlargement issue. These new thesis are summed up in this article. Besides, the SCO Forum this year had many statements on the organization approaching a sort of new phase in its development. This line of discussions may lead in the future to even more active debates on SCO's role in the world. This article puts emphasis on the new elements of these debates and reviews major experts' attitudes within this line of discussion on the SCO being in front of a new stage of development.
UKRAINE’S ENERGY POLICY IN THE POST-SOVIET ERA
Authors: Borovsky Y. V.
Published: May 2021

Following the collapse of the USSR, Ukraine has found itself in a heavy, almost insurmountable dependence on imported oil and gas resources. However, owing to the inherited soviet infrastructure and strategic location, it has become a key transit state, capable of controlling the main flows of hydrocarbons from Russia to Europe. Due to these circumstances, a deep, politically motivated and often irreconcilable competition in the triangle Ukraine-Russia and the West has emerged. In the post-Soviet era the Ukrainian authorities, irrespective of their political affiliations, have tried to diversify the Russian oil and gas supplies either by securing deliveries from other sources or by enhancing production within the country. Opposing any Russian initiative aimed at diminishing the transit status of Ukraine (for example, Nord Stream-1,2, South Stream, etc.), Kiev has struggled to keep Ukraine's gas transportation system under the national control. In addition to this, many western energy companies have got invitation from Ukraine to start exploration and production operations in the country. Such a behavior of the Ukrainian leadership, incompatible to a large extent with the Russia interests, was unanimously supported by Washington and Brussels in the 1990s and afterwards. Ukraine, initially involved in the multilateral energy cooperation with the Russian participation, decided to change its camp and join the pro-Western international energy institutions: GUAM, the Energy Charter Treaty and the Energy community. With the backing of Washington and Brussels, Kiev initiated two projects (the Eurasian Oil Transport Corridor, White Stream) designed to secure oil and gas supplies from the Caspian region to Europe bypassing Russia.
THE U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
Authors: Pavlov V. V.
Published: May 2021

Established in accordance with the provisions of the National Security Act of 1947, the U.S. National Security Council is the main advisory body to the President of the United States tasked with helping the head of state to make the right decisions on matters related to national security. NSC system has been constantly evolving for some 70 years, and the NSC staff became a separate 'ministry' of a kind, allowing presidential administrations to focus ever-increasing control over American foreign policy in the White House. That is why serious attention is devoted to the National Security Council by American researches studying foreign policy decision-making. Here, a 'three-pronged consensus' exists: functioning and efficiency of the decision-making process is primarily a result of presidential actions; the President will make the best decision after becoming aware of the whole range of possible alternatives and assessing the consequences of each policy option; the position of the National Security Advisor, who is often one of the closest officials to the President and serves as a coordinator of the decision-making process, is considered to be one of the most notable in today's U.S. presidential administrations - and the most influential of those not being a subject to approval by the legislative branch of U.S. government. Any fundamental changes in the practice of U.S. foreign policy mechanism, as well as a decline of the White House influence on foreign policy are unlikely in the short term.
"STRATEGIC PROGNOSTICATION OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"
Authors: Mekhdiev E. T.
Published: May 2021

Book review: Strategic prognostication of international relations: the count. monograph / ed. A.I., Podberezkin, M.V. Aleksandrov; [A. Podberezkin I. et al.]; Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation the Center for Military-Political Studies. - M.: MGIMO-University, 2016. - 743 p.
SCIENCE POLICY IN SPAIN: NATIONAL PROGRAMMES AND PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF SCIENCE
Authors: Novikova V. M.
Published: May 2021

The article studies the organization and financing of the Spanish state policy in the field of scientific and technological research and innovation, its institutional basic and the legal and regulatory framework, as well as analyzes the problem of Spanish public opinion on research and work of scientists. The author uses the methods of texts analysis, interviews and expert assessments. First, the author examines the legislative framework of scientific and technical policy of the Kingdom of Spain, the theoretical basis of its development and implementation Then, we study the institutional characteristics of scientific policy in the country, in particular the principal organs of coordination, financing and implementation, including their functional powers. Finally, we investigate the Spanish people perception of the science as a whole, the introduction of new technologies and the sources of material support to scientific research. In conclusion, the past 10years have seen active steps of the Spanish authorities improve the legislation in the field of science in order to ensure the effective implementation of innovation and enhance the overall competitiveness of the country in the international arena. An important finding was also positive changes in the public attitude towards science and the intensification of the dialogue between the scientific community and the public.
INTERNATIONAL ISOTOPES MARKETS
Authors: Zhiznin S. Z. , Timohov V. M.
Published: May 2021

The paper studies world markets of stable and radioactive isotopes. Isotopes have found various applications in science, industry, agriculture and other sectors of the economy, but especially - in medicine. Nuclear medicine is developing intensively all over the world thanks to the success in the treatment of various diseases with the help of radioactive pharmaceuticals (radiopharmaceuticals). The article uses empirical data from a forecast study of the global radiopharmaceuticals market made in 2015 by a research company «Markets and Markets» for the European, North American and global markets. The paper also analyzes the statistical data on the global export and import of natural uranium, enriched and depleted uranium, plutonium, thorium and some stable isotopes of non-medical purposes, presented by a company «Trend economy» in 2014. Despite a unique industrial base for the production of isotopes created in the Soviet Union Russia occupies a modest position on the world market of nuclear medicine except for certain areas. More than 80% of isotopes, produced in USSR were consumed domestically, the export of the stable and radioactive isotopes was in equal proportions. Now the country's domestic radiopharmaceuticals market is poorly developed. To radically change the situation, it is necessary to carry out reforms that stimulate the development of nuclear medicine.
THE PROBLEM OF WORLD ORDER IN WESTERN IR STUDIES
Authors: Soljanova M. V.
Published: May 2021

The article "Problem of world order in modern Western studies" is the study of one of the most debated issues in the science of international relations - world order. Discussion of the structure of world order is underway in various countries, both at the state level and in the expert community. Some researchers insist on the fact that after the end of the cold war, the collapse of the bipolar model of international relations, the world has become unipolar. Others argue that the increase in the number of centers of power and the need for a multilateral approach to solving global problems (terrorism, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, environmental and climate issues) talking about the formation of multipolarity. However, it should be recognized that currently no widely accepted theoretical and conceptual apparatus, which complicates not only the study of the world order, but makes it impossible to search for common approaches of the international community in solving the problems associated with global development, new challenges and threats. The author of this article seeks to research and analyze the various theoretical paradigms (neo-realism, neo-liberalism, institutionalism, neo-marxism, etc.) and concepts to form a coherent picture of the structure of the world system, its main features and to offer readers the vision of the concept of "world order". Thus, the article notes that the multidimensional structure of the modern system of international relations established after the end of the cold war is so complex that none of the concepts can claim to accurate interpretation of the world order. The modern system differs from systems of the past centuries. Characteristics inherent in it (on the one hand, the increasing global processes in economy, politics, culture, etc., on the other, the attraction to return to the concept of "nation state", the closure of borders, the disintegration), require new approaches to the study of world order, factors of its formation and its components. The world system is dynamic and none of the previously existing concepts of world order are not able to accurately describe the processes occurring in the world today. For example, a bipolar model is formed based on the principle of "balance of power", a unipolar system exists on the basis of the dictates of the powers, and a multipolar - subject to the availability of the political equilibrium. It becomes obvious that the constantly changing conditions in the global arena require a whole new approach to the formation of a genuine world order. While each country will be guided by their own ideas of the world development plan focused on their interests, often in conflict with the global balance of power, to speak of a stable, efficient, safe development is impossible.
Development of a New Personality-Oriented Work Analysis Questionnaire: First Steps Towards Validation
Authors: Manea Alexandru Ioan , Iliescu Dragos
Published: May 2021

In this paper we detail the construction and validation process for a new personality-oriented work analysis instrument, in the form of a standardized questionnaire, based on extant research that shows that personality traits are good predictors of job performance. We present the process of item development, frame of reference training, rating scale creation, and the selection of subject matter experts. By administering the instrument to three distinct positions, the interrater reliability coefficients resulted between .80 and .94. We also investigated the instrument’s ability to discriminate between the same rated positions, and the results for this indicator were quite low. Conclusions provide some possible explanations for the lower resulted discriminability. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed as well as other future research for general improvement of data quality.
The Role of Work Alienation in the Relationship Between Perceived Organizational Injustice and Counterproductive Work Behaviors
Authors: Amzulescu Gabriel , Butucescu Andreea
Published: May 2021

Previous studies supported the relationship between perceived organizational injustice and counterproductive behaviors at work, and in the current research the emphasis is on the explanatory mechanism of alienation. This study aims to investigate whether work alienation could be a potential mediator in the relationship between the two constructs. In an attempt to research an explanatory mechanism that is less addressed in the literature, a non-experimental cross-sectional study was conducted, based on a sample of 145 participants from different industries. The statistical analysis’ results indicated that perceived organizational injustice is a significant predictor of counterproductive behavior. Furthermore, workplace alienation has completely mediated the relationship between perceived organizational injustice and employees’ counterproductive behaviors. These findings reiterate the role and importance of employees' perceptions of organizational justice in the emergence and possible reduction of counterproductive behaviors that are detrimental to both the organization and individuals. The data obtained also supported a possible explanatory mechanism of their relationship.
Analisis Dampak Likuiditas, Leverage dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Peringkat Obligasi
Authors: Kaltsum Hafizhoh , Anggraini Dahlia Tri
Published: May 2021

The aim of this reseach is to analyze the effect of liquidity, leverage, and company size on bond rating which rated by PT. Pemeringkat Efek Indonesia (PEFINDO). The samples were processed by selecting the population with specific criteria (purposive sampling technique), 55 samples obtained from financial statement of financial companies (financing subsector) in www.idx.co.id for the 2014-2018 periods. The quntitative associative method with multiple linear regression analysis as a data analysis technique. The results of this research indicate that both liquidity and leverage have significant negative effect on bond rating partially.Company size has no significant effect on bond rating partially
Farklı Maviyemiş Çeşitlerinden (Vaccinum Sp.) Üretilen Reçel ve Marmelatın Bazı Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: Güzel Emine Kübra , Kaya Cemal , Esin Yücel Esra , Bayram Mustafa
Published: May 2021

Yapılan bu çalışmada, Türkiye‘de yetişen iki farklı Maviyemiş (Brigitta ve Darrow) çeşidine ait sezonluk meyveler tüm yıl boyunca ulaşılabilirliğinin sağlanması amacıyla reçel ve marmelata işlenmiştir. Elde edilen ürünlerin depolama süresince toplam fenolik madde, toplam antosiyanin ve antioksidan kapasitesi gibi beslenme ve sağlık açısından son derece önemli fitokimyasal özelliklerindeki değişimlerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Taze maviyemiş meyvelerinde başlangıçta, reçel ve marmelatlarda ise 6 aylık depolama sürecinin 0, 2, 4 ve 6. aylarında toplam fenolik madde, antioksidan kapasite (TEAC, FRAP), toplam antosiyanin, polimerik renk ve HMF analizleri yapılmıştır. Depolama süresince maviyemiş çeşitlerine ait reçel ve marmelat örneklerinde toplam fenolik madde miktarı 178,68-518,45 Î¼g GAE/g; TEAC değerleri 1,16-11,60 Î¼mol TE/g; FRAP değerleri 1.83-10,33 Î¼mol TE/g ve antosiyanin miktarının 7,35-298,22 Âµg cy-3 glu/g arasında değiştiği ve en yüksek değerlere Darrow çeşidine ait örneklerin sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. 6 aylık depolama süresi sonunda Polimerik renk değeri bakımından en fazla artışın (%124 ve %73) Darrow çeşidine ait reçel ve marmelat örneklerinde gerçekleştiği, HMF değeri bakımından ise en fazla artışın (%65 ve %87) Brigitta çeşidine ait reçel ve marmelat örneklerinde meydana geldiği gözlemlenmiştir.
مقارنة بين البرمجة الخطية وطرائق مشاكل النقل (الركن االشمالي الغربي، اقل كلفة، فوجل، الطريقة الصفرية) لايجاد الحل الامثل في شركة مصافي الوسط
Authors: T. Ibrahim Samaher
Published: May 2021

نموذج النقل هو اهم نماذج البرمجة الخطية التي تقوم على اساسه النقل الاقتصادي للوحدات المنتجة  باقل كلفة   نقل ممكنة وباقل وقت ممكن لتلبية احتياجات تلك المراكز (Destinations ) الى المواقع الطلب (sources) من مصادر الانتاج ويعد نموذج النقل مكمل للعملية الانتاجية بحسب حاجة الانتاج من مستلزمات لهذه العملية وتعد مشكلة النقل احد الاساليب الرياضية المهمة التي ساعدت في عملية صنع القرار الاقتصادي لصناع القرار ومن اهم المشاكل الاقتصادية التي تواجه المنشات الانتاجية اذ تبرراهميتها من خلال توزيع السلع او البضائع الى المستهلك.

ويهدف البحث الى حل مشكلة النقل لتحديد اقل كلفة نقل ممكنة لجميع البضائع وبالنظر لعدم توفر طريقة محددة تعطي حلا امثل عدا طريقة البرمجة الخطية لذلك حاولة الباحثة ان تقوم بدراسة لاهم الطرق لحل مشاكل النقل التي تعطي حل امثل او حلا قريبا من الامثل ومقارنة نتائج هذه الطرق مع نتيجة البرمجة الخطية لمعرفة اية طريقة مطابقة او قريبة الى نتيجة البرمجة الخطية وذلك من خلال تطبيقها على ارض الواقع باخذ احدى المشتقات النفطية المتمثلة بمنتوج (زيت الوقود) الذي ينقل من مستودعات مصافي الوسط الاربعة الى مستودعات التابعة للمحافظات ( بغداد ، البصرة ، كربلاء ، بابل ، الكوت)  من اجل تخفيض التكاليف الاجمالية الى ادنى حد ممكن .

وقد خرجت الدراسة بالاستنتاجات التالية نستنتج من خلال دراسة الباحثة لطرائق النقل الموضحة اعلاه وتطبيقها على ارض الواقع فقد تبين من خلال النتائج المستخرجة ان افضل طريقة هي طريقة البرمجة الخطية لانها حققت اقل كلفة  كلية ممكنة للنقل والتي كانت قيمتها 179580وان الطريقة التي جاءت بعد البرمجة الخطية هي الطريقة الصفرية وذلك لانها اعطت حل قريب من الامثلية فقد كانت قيمته 180600 ومن هذا نستنتج انه يمكن الاعتماد على الطريقة الصفرية اعلاه لانها اعطت حل جيد ومقارب من الحل الامثل في حالة البيانات المتعلقة بتوزيع مادة (زيت الوقود) من مستوعات مصافي شركة مصافي الوسط الى مستودعات المحافظات  وانها افضل من جميع الطرق الابتدائية ( طريقة الركن الشمالي الغربي ، طريقة اقل كلفة ، طريقة فوجل ) وهذه الطرق اعطت كلفة عالية جدا مقارنة بطريقتين التي ذكرت سابقا وتعتبر هذه الطريقة من الطرق الحديثة والمهمة جدا لصناع القرار الاداري والاقتصادي لانها تسعى لتخفيض تكاليف النقل الى ادنى حد ممكن.
Los informes de inteligencia como medios de prueba: el caso Europol
Authors: Nicolás García José Neftalí
Published: May 2021

La European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) es la agencia europea encargada de luchar contra la criminalidad especialmente grave, y presta su apoyo a los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea (UE). Uno de sus principales productos son los informes operativos de inteligencia que van dirigidos a la coordinación de la información en investigaciones donde, al menos, dos Estados miembros estén involucrados, y que se encuentren entre las encomendadas por el correspondiente mandato a dicha agencia. Los informes de operativos de inteligencia son una potente herramienta que sirve para desatascar investigaciones encalladas por un volumen ingente de información e importantes y complejas conexiones internacionales. Muchos medios de prueba podrán llegar a obtenerse gracias a la valiosa aportación que supone este producto de Europol, pero se deben guardar las debidas cautelas procesales, para no invalidar, por prueba prohibida, los frutos hallados mediante dichos informes de inteligencia. Uno de los principales recursos de los investigadores policiales encargados de combatir el crimen organizado son las intervenciones de las comunicaciones. Dichos medios de investigación son especialmente invasivos de derechos fundamentales, por lo que se debe velar por una escrupulosa utilización de estos, para que no se vean letalmente afectadas las pruebas en el plenario que puedan derivar de esos medios.
Las amenazas híbridas contra las democracias abiertas
Authors: Luque Juárez José María
Published: May 2021

Con base en el análisis tanto de las vulnerabilidades propias de las democracias como de las características de los adversarios y del contexto híbrido específico, se busca distinguir entre dos tipos de amenazas híbridas. Por un lado, están las amenazas híbridas de carácter global, que afectan a las sociedades democráticas por igual, y cuya solución, por lo general, debe ser afrontada de modo colectivo por parte de toda la comunidad internacional o, al menos, por la mayoría de las sociedades de una región. Por otro lado, están las amenazas híbridas internas, que afectan de modo específico a una determinada sociedad, con base en sus características y su contexto.
“Telas de Aranha”: Vieira da Silva na poesia de Alberto de Lacerda
Authors: Pereira Paulo Alexandre
Published: May 2021

Propomos uma análise dos poemas que, na obra de Alberto de Lacerda (1928- 2007), elegem como pretexto a personalidade artística ou a criação plástica de Maria Helena Vieira da Silva. Combinando reminiscência afetiva, tributo elegíaco e pulsão ecfrástica, os textos que o poeta de Oferenda dedica à pintora não são imunes ao discurso crítico que em torno da sua singularíssima obra foi sendo produzido, em âmbito artístico, e que, desde sempre, acentuou a sua consubstancial portugalidade.
O desenho que sobrevive no ar: a casa camponesa de Carlos de Oliveira em Guernica
Authors: Candal Thalles , Salles Luciana
Published: May 2021

Na primeira seção de Entre duas memórias (1971), no poema “Descrição da guerra em Guernica”, Carlos de Oliveira realiza uma ekphrasis do quadro Guernica (1937) de Pablo Picasso. Pretendemos abordar a leitura que Oliveira faz da casa camponesa na tela de Picasso, inscrevendo a gândara portuguesa em Guernica através de elementos recorrentes em sua obra (e vida), como as sestas pobres, a aridez e a casa arruinada. Essa leitura, porém, parece apontar para uma salvação do real em meio à barbárie: uma resistência pela forma.
Laços poéticos de natureza e cultura em Fiama Hasse Pais Brandão
Authors: Bernardino Lígia
Published: May 2021

Natureza e cultura são elementos cruciais na obra de Fiama Hasse Pais Brandão. O intuito deste ensaio é analisar os entrelaçamentos que a poesia desta escritora portuguesa concretiza, através de uma leitura de inspiração ecocrítica. Focando-se no livro Cantos do Canto, de 1995, verifica-se que a natureza surge nesta poesia como potência de enorme vitalidade, cuja existência supera a ação humana. À abordagem ontológica, acrescenta-se uma reflexão sobre o conceito de naturacultura, numa sugestão de que, nesta poesia, tanto a natureza como a cultura são essenciais como forma de perscrutação do mundo a converter-se em texto poético.
Heterotopic Salivary Gland Tissue in the Larynx
Authors: Bidaye Rohan , Mahmood Ashraf , Arman Sam , Griffiths Huw
Published: May 2021

Heterotopic Salivary Gland Tissue (HSGT) of the larynx is an extremely rare pathology, with only 8 cases reported in English literature. We are reporting 2 cases of HSGT in the larynx which we encountered in our practice. The first one is a unique presentation of a 45 year old female with HSGT in bilateral false vocal cords. While the second case is 50-year-old male patient with HSGT in the left false vocal cord and subglottic region. With these 2 cases, we would be discussing about the clinical presentation of this rare anomaly and add to the literature.
Emergence of the category of “accessority” and historical peculiarities of its reception in Russian civil law
Authors: Nadtochii Igor' Olegovich , Trukhan Roman Petrovich
Published: May 2021

The subject of the article is the examination of evolution of the institution of accessory obligations and its gradual “infiltration” into Russian law. The author reviews the genesis of the category of “accessority” in Roman law, within the framework of which its initial formula “the validity of the accessory legal relationship is predetermined by the validity of the basic legal relationship" gained widespread. Description is given to the peculiarities of evolution of accessority in Russian law. In civil law of pre-revolutionary Russia, accessority was being neglected for a long time. In the Soviet period, the identification of the terms “security obligation” and “accessory obligation” established in civil science. Currently, in Russian law, the concept of “accessority” is identified with the security obligation. The conclusion is made on versatility of the category of “accessority”. In the course of the development of law, the concept of accessory obligations undergone significant changes – from perception of accessority as a certain obligation that ensures the repayment of debt and the transfer of “belonging” to the sold goods towards its identification with security obligations as a whole. With time, the opinion that accessority is attributed to different types of obligations with own features and specifics, has established in the legal doctrine. The relevance of the selected topic is defined by a range of problematic questions, which have not been previously covered in Russian civil science. Thus, the legislation of the Russian Federation does not contain a legal definition of the concept of accessory obligations. The civil law doctrine also does not have a unanimity of opinion on the matter. The authors assume that the established situation, namely in the context of the civil legislation that has been fundamentally reformed in 2012 – 2015, does not contribute to unified understanding of the essence of accessory obligations and optimization of their doctrinal interpretation.