bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Working social assemblages: Towards a new geography of social work
Authors: Andrews Gavin J.
Published: November 2019

This paper explores possibilities for extending the geographical imagination in academic studies of social work. It notes how current “geographical” research is extensive and diverse—including interests in social and natural environments, practice settings, and global issues—but argues for a change whereby it is more explicitly informed by, and cast as, human geography. Part of this change would involve a transition in basic enterprise, whereby researching social work geographically shifts from being a one‐way effort on the part of academic social workers, to being a two‐way project also involving geographers. Another part would be an important theoretical transition whereby a broadly posthumanist geographical imagination is developed. Moving beyond humanistic privileging of a sovereign subject, this might emphasise distributed agency and a range of more‐than‐human actors, processes, and forces. Specifically, with this theoretical transition in mind, adopting a recently developed posthumanist theoretical typology, attention is paid to how research might be framed around three spatial processes always at play in the emergence and expression of social work. For each of these processes, resonance is acknowledged in existing social work literature, and final consideration is given to quite specific questions that could be asked and expertise that could be tapped.
The transnationalist US foreign‐policy elite in exile? A comparative network analysis of the Trump administration
Authors: DE GRAAFF NANA , VAN APELDOORN BASTIAAN
Published: November 2019

The presidency of Donald Trump – often framed as a result of a populist revolt against the elites of Washington and Wall Street – and his apparent break with the postwar liberal internationalist foreign‐policy elite consensus, has raised fundamental questions about the future of elite power in the USA and the implications for its global role. As established by previous research, America's foreign‐policy elite has in the past decades been closely connected to transnationally oriented corporate elite networks, the theme of this special issue. In this article, we address to what extent the Trump presidency represents a real rupture with these extant power structures in the American political system and its foreign‐policy establishment. We present the first systematic mapping and social network analysis of Trump, his cabinet and his White House advisers, which, based on a novel biographical data set, compares earlier findings on the elite networks of the Clinton, Bush and Obama administrations. While finding some strong continuities, the Trumpian foreign‐policy elite is shown to display some very distinctive characteristics, particularly with respect to a lack of previous political affiliations, ties with a different kind of corporate elite, and a disconnect with the policy‐planning networks that have been so central to the previous administrations.
Clostridiumdifficile‐associated disease and Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence: A case‐control study
Authors: Muhsen Khitam , Na'amnih Wasef , Adler Amos , Carmeli Yehuda , Cohen Dani
Published: November 2019

Background

Helicobacter pylori inhabits the stomach and causes persistent inflammation, with changes in gastric acidity. However, it is unclear whether the presence of H pylori plays a role in Clostridium difficile‐associated disease (CDAD). The study's aim was to examine relationships of H pylori seroprevalence and serum pepsinogens (PGs), as markers of gastric inflammation, with CDAD.

Materials and Methods

A case‐control study was conducted among 49 CDAD cases and 54 controls (median age 82 years). Using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, sera were tested for H pylori IgG antibody, and PGI and PGII levels. Helicobacter pylori‐positive samples were tested for IgG antibody to recombinant cytotoxin‐associated gene A (CagA) virulent protein. Logistic regression models were fitted.

Results

Cases and controls were comparable in age (P = .5) and sex distribution (females 62% vs 57%, P = .6). Helicobacter pylori IgG seroprevalence was 47%, of whom 23% were CagA seropositives. Among cases compared to controls, 43% vs 28% were H pylori seropositive but lacking CagA IgG antibody: adjusted odd ratio (OR) 3.43 (95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.29‐9.10); 18% vs 4% were positive for CagA phenotype: adjusted OR 9.32 (95% CI 1.61‐53.76). This association was not affected by PG levels.

Conclusions

Helicobacter pylori infection, especially with CagA virulent phenotype, might predispose to C difficile infection in elderly patients.
Novel antibacterial Cu/Mg‐substituted 58S‐bioglass: Synthesis, characterization and investigation of in vitro bioactivity
Authors: Moghanian Amirhossein , Ghorbanoghli Alireza , Kazem‐Rostami Masoud , Pazhouheshgar Arang , Salari Emad , Saghafi Yazdi Morteza , Alimardani Tannaz , Jahani Hossein , Sharifian Jazi Fariborz , Tahriri Mohammadreza
Published: November 2019

In this study, six sol‐gel copper/magnesium substituted derivatives of 58S‐BG, that is, a mol% series of 60SiO2–4P2O5–5CuO–(31–x) CaO/xMgO (where x = 0, 1, 3, 5, 8, and 10), were synthesized as new multifunctional bioactive glasses (BGs). Afterwards, the effect of MgO/CaO substitution on the in vitro formation of nanohydroxyapatite (HA), osteoblast‐like cell responses, and bioactive glasses antibacterial performance were studied. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results revealed that Cu‐substituted 58S‐BG consisting of 5 mol% MgO (BG‐5/5) had capability of the formation of HA on its surface while, Cu‐substituted 58S‐BGs consisting 8 mol% and 10 mol% MgO (BG‐5/8 and BG‐5/10) displayed lower bioactivity.

The In vitro investigations proved that the highest values of both differentiation and proliferation of MC3T3‐E1 cells can be obtained from a 5 mol% MgO substituted BG. Furthermore, these novel Cu/Mg‐substituted 58S‐BGs displayed antibacterial effect against methicillin‐resistant staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Taken together, the results suggest the equally substituted BG‐5/5 (ie.,the one consists of 5 mol% of both CuO and MgO) as a promising candidate for bone tissue engineering, among all newly designed BGs in this work, owing to its desirable cell proliferation, ALP activity, and antibacterial properties.
A Contemporary (Catholic) Appropriation of Augustine's massa damnata Theory of Predestination
Authors: Brotherton Joshua
Published: November 2019

Over the centuries, especially since the Jansenist controversy, much ink has been spilled defending and criticizing Augustine’s contentious interpretation of the revealed doctrines of predestination and reprobation. Instead of attempting to trace the entire debate or adjudicate the exegetical questions, I attempt the more modest task of analyzing how Augustine’s massa damnata theory of election has been re‐received in modern Catholic scholarship. Thus, leaving aside the historical and exegetical complexity of the issue, I argue for a particular conceptual appropriation of Augustine’s theory in line with a contemporary Catholic theology of grace and predestination.
Protecting and Benchmarking Migrants’ Rights: An Analysis of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration
Authors: Gest Justin , Kysel Ian M. , Wong Tom K.
Published: November 2019

The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration (GCM) was to be “guided by human rights law and standards” in recognition of the rights of international migrants, who are currently protected by an overlapping patchwork of treaties and international law. The GCM contains many laudable commitments that, if implemented, will ensure that states more consistently respect, protect, and fulfil the rights of all migrants and also that states incorporate data on migration into a more cohesive governance regime that does more to promote cooperation on the issue of international migration. However, many concerns remain. Using a legal analysis and cross‐national policy data, we find that the GCM neither fully articulates existing law nor makes use of international consensus to expand the rights of migrants. In its first section, this article provides a concise analysis of the GCM's compliance with a set of core principles of existing international human rights law regarding migrants. In the second section, we apply a novel instrument to create an objective, cross‐national accounting of the laws protecting migrants’ rights in various national legal frameworks. Focusing on a sample of five diverse destination and sending countries, the results suggest we are close to an international consensus on the protection of a core set of migrants’ rights. This analysis should help prioritize the work necessary to implement the GCM.
Exploring the relation between maternal mind‐mindedness and children’s symbolic play: A longitudinal study from 6 to 18 months
Authors: Giovanelli Chiara , Di Dio Cinzia , Lombardi Elisabetta , Tagini Angela , Meins Elizabeth , Marchetti Antonella , Carli Lucia
Published: November 2019

Relations between mothers’ mind‐mindedness (appropriate attunement to their infants’ internal states) at 6 and 12 months and infants’ early symbolic play during infant–mother pretense at 12 and 18 months were investigated in a sample of 43 mothers and infants. Mothers’ appropriate mind‐related comments were associated with average level, length, complexity, and maturity level of symbolic play. Specific sub‐categories of appropriate mind‐related comments were identified as independent predictors of children's symbolic play. Appropriate comments about desires and cognitions at 6 months were associated with average level and length of episodes, as well as with maturity level of symbolic play at 12 months. Longitudinal stability in the appropriateness and content of mothers’ mind‐related comments was also investigated. The results are discussed in terms of the proposal that attunement to specific types of internal state should vary as a function of infant age in order to index mind‐mindedness.
In situ study of rotating lattice single‐crystal formation in Sb2S3 glass by Laue μXRD
Authors: Au‐Yeung Courtney , Stan Camelia , Tamura Nobumichi , Jain Himanshu , Dierolf Volkmar
Published: November 2019

Single‐crystal architectures in glass, formed by a solid‐solid transformation via laser heating, are novel solids with a rotating lattice. To understand the process of lattice formation that proceeds via crystal growth, we have observed in situ Sb2S3 crystal formation under X‐ray irradiation with simultaneous Laue micro X‐ray diffraction (μXRD) pattern collection. By translating the sample with respect to the beam, we form rotating lattice single (RLS) crystal lines with a consistently linear relationship between the rotation angle and distance from nucleation site. The lines begin with a seed crystal, followed by a transition region comprising of sub‐grain or very similarly oriented grains, followed by the presence of a rotating lattice single crystal of unrestricted length. The results demonstrate that the primary cause of lattice rotation within RLS crystals is the densification accompanying the glass → crystal transformation, rather than stresses produced from the difference in thermal expansion coefficient of the two phases or paraelectric → ferroelectric transition during cooling to ambient temperature.
Effect of cation vacancies on the optical and dielectric properties of KSr2Nb5O15: A first‐principles study
Authors: Chen Qian , Gao Feng , Xu Jie , Wu Changying , Cao Shuyao , Guo Yiting , Pawlikowska Emilia , Szafran Mikołaj , Cheng Guanghua
Published: November 2019

Using first‐principles calculations, the effect of cation vacancies on the electronic structures and optical characters of KSr2Nb5O15 (KSN) lead‐free ferroelectrics are investigated. The calculated dielectric properties are demonstrated by the experimental results. The cation vacancies involve K+ vacancies (KSN‐K), Sr2+ vacancies (KSN‐Sr), and coexisting K+ and Sr2+ vacancies (KSN‐K&Sr). When these cation vacancies exist in KSN, the unit cell volumes decrease, leading to phase transition from tetragonal to orthorhombic, and the cation vacancies show strong effects on the band gap of KSN, declining by 1.46%‐9.46%. The optical properties including the static dielectric constants, refraction, and extinction coefficient of KSN‐K, KSN‐Sr, and KSN‐K&Sr increase more than those of KSN without vacancies, but the reflectivity and loss function decrease. All structures with cation vacancies are mainly refractive in the 0‐4 eV photon energy range and are reflective at 5‐8 eV. The refractivity increases and reflectivity decreases after vacancies occur. KSN‐Sr has the largest static dielectric constant while KSN‐K&Sr has the smallest values. The dielectric constant can be adjusted in the range of 25% by controlling the cation vacancies. The calculated dielectric properties are in good agreement with the experimental results. The results pave the way to regulate the optical and dielectric properties of lead‐free ferroelectrics by controlling different cation vacancies.
LncRNA DLEU2 accelerates the tumorigenesis and invasion of non–small cell lung cancer by sponging miR‐30a‐5p
Authors: Wu Weiming , Zhao Yonghong , Gao Erji , Li Yang , Guo Xiang , Zhao Tiancheng , He Weiwei , Zhang Huibiao
Published: November 2019

Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to participate in the pathogenesis of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, how lncRNA deleted in lymphocytic leukaemia 2 (DLEU2) contributes to NSCLC remains undocumented. The clinical significance of lncRNA DLEU2 and miR‐30a‐5p expression in NSCLC was analysed by using fluorescence in situ hybridization and TCGA cohorts. Gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments as well as a NSCLC tumour model were executed to determine the role of lncRNA DLEU2 in NSCLC. DLEU2‐sponged miR‐30a‐5p was verified by luciferase reporter, and RIP assays. Herein, the expression of lncRNA DLEU2 was elevated in NSCLC tissues, and its high expression or low expression of miR‐30a‐5p acted as an independent prognostic factor of poor survival and tumour recurrence in NSCLC. Silencing of lncRNA DLEU2 repressed the tumorigenesis and invasive potential of NSCLC, whereas re‐expression of lncRNA DLEU2 showed the opposite effects. Furthermore, lncRNA DLEU2 harboured a negative correlation with miR‐30a‐5p expression in NSCLC tissues and acted as a sponge of miR‐30a‐5p, which reversed the tumour‐promoting effects of lncRNA DLEU2 by targeting putative homeodomain transcription factor 2 in NSCLC. Altogether, lncRNA DLEU2 promoted the tumorigenesis and invasion of NSCLC by sponging miR‐30a‐5p.
Where Are the Adult Children of LGBTQ Parents? A Critical Review
Authors: Garwood Eliza , Lewis Nathaniel M.
Published: November 2019

Family researchers have cultivated a keen interest in the lives of individuals raised by gay and lesbian parents. Most of this research, however, focuses on childhood rather than later life stages. We suggest in this critical review that being raised by a lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer (LGBTQ) parent or parents has implications for adulthood and the life course more broadly. The complex landscapes that these individuals navigate, which include families, social networks, communities, regions, and the state, can create ambivalence in both relationships and institutional settings such as school and work. We identify four areas in which the life courses of these adult children become “queered,” even for those who do not identify as LGBTQ themselves: disclosure, discrimination, interpersonal and community relationships, and sexual citizenship. We identify elder care, health, and new nonnormative family formations as important areas for future research.
A New Transcranial Doppler Scoring System for Evaluating Middle Cerebral Artery Stenosis
Authors: Hao Qing , Feldmann Edward , Balucani Clotilde , Zubizarreta Nicole , Zhong Xiaobo , Levine Steven R.
Published: November 2019

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) criteria for cerebrovascular stenosis are only based on velocity with unsatisfactory positive predictive value (PPV) in previous studies. We refined a published scoring system that integrates several characteristics of TCD data in diagnosing middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis.

METHODS

Using the TCD‐digital subtraction angiography (DSA) database from Stroke Outcomes and Neuroimaging of Intracranial Atherosclerosis (SONIA) trial, velocity, spectrum pattern, diffuse ratio, and asymmetry ratio were assessed. The cutpoints were defined for each parameter and a point value was assigned to each category within that parameter. A summed score was calculated for each MCA. The accuracy was assessed for different cutpoints in predicting ≥50% MCA stenosis measured by DSA. Logistic regression and C‐statistics were used for analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 114 MCAs were included in vessel‐based and 87 patients were included in patient‐based analysis. Compared to the velocity‐only cutpoints in SONIA, the score results in much improved PPV while negative predictive value (NPV) remains unchanged. The score based on mean velocity (score 0: <140 cm/s, score 3: ≥140 cm/s), spectrum pattern (score 0: no turbulence; score 1: mild turbulence; 2: significant turbulence), and asymmetry ratio (score 0: ratio <1.5, score 1: ratio 1.5‐2; score 2: ratio ≥2.1) has the highest NPV while PPV remains favorable (PPV: 72% [95% CI 54‐90%]; NPV: 84% [95% CI: 75‐93%], area under curve [AUC]: .76 [95% CI: .66‐.86]).

CONCLUSIONS

The multiparameter scoring system incorporating several characteristics of TCD measures yielded higher PPV while maintaining high NPV compared with the single‐parameter velocity criteria in diagnosing MCA ≥50% stenosis.
A methodology for evaluating tooth wear monitoring using timed automata modelling
Authors: Wetselaar Peter , Lobbezoo Frank , de Jong Pepijn , Choudry Umarah , van Rooijen Jasper , Langerak Rom
Published: November 2019

Objectives

Tooth wear is a multifactorial condition leading to the loss of dental hard tissues. A counselling/monitoring protocol is of importance in order to keep that loss as limited as possible. Since many factors are involved and a time span of decades is included, research to disentangle all these processes in patients is difficult. Instead, a modelling technique was used that is able to deal with time, costs and probabilistic and stochastic information. The aim was to shed light on the question: does a yearly or a once‐in‐five‐years counselling/monitoring protocol yield better outcome measures?

Methods

A so‐called timed automata model was adopted, analysed with the tool UPPAAL. To our knowledge, this is the first time that formal modelling is applied in dentistry. In this article, a UPPAAL model for the evaluation of tooth wear is described.

Results

Using the UPPAAL model, it was calculated that with a yearly counselling/monitoring protocol the severity of tooth wear at age 74, the total costs per person and the number of restorative treatments were less, and the number of so‐called “good years” was higher.

Conclusions

With the use of the UPPAAL model, it may be concluded that a yearly counselling/monitoring protocol can yield better outcome measures.

Clinical Significance

Regarding dentistry in general and tooth wear in particular, with the use of a timed automata model in UPPAAL, actual research questions can be answered, factors of influence in a multifactorial condition like tooth wear can be clarified, and future research topics can be determined.
ROCK1 is associated with non‐syndromic cleft palate
Authors: Palmieri Annalisa , Scapoli Luca , Carrozzo Marco , Cura Francesca , Morselli Paolo Giovanni , Pannuto Lucia , Nouri Nayereh , Carinci Francesco , Lauritano Dorina , Martinelli Marcella
Published: November 2019

Background

Craniofacial morphogenesis is the result of an intricate multistep network of tightly controlled spatial and temporal signalling that involves several molecules and transcription factors organized into highly coordinated pathways. Any alteration in even one step of this delicate process can lead to congenital malformations such as cleft palate. One of the first steps in embryonal orofacial development is the migration of cells from the neural crests to the branchial arches. Next, the cells have to proliferate, differentiate, move and connect to each other in order to correctly form the palate. Cell contraction, promoted by the interaction of non‐muscle myosin II and actin A, is a crucial step in morphogenesis and is regulated by ROCK1 protein.

Methods

A family‐based association study was carried out in order to verify whether or not genetic variants of ROCK1 were associated with non‐syndromic cleft palate (nsCP). Two cohorts from Italy and Iran, a total of 189 nsCP cases and their parents were enrolled.

Results

The rs35996865‐G allele was under‐transmitted in cases of nsCP [P = .006, odds ratio (OR) = 0.63 (95% CI 0.45‐0.88)].

Conclusion

This investigation reveals for the first time data supporting a role for ROCK1 in nsCP aetiology.
Who is prescribing psychotropic medications in a public developmental–behavioural clinical service and how often?
Authors: Hughes Katherine L , Roberts Gehan
Published: November 2019

Aim

Psychotropic prescribing by paediatricians is increasingly common, and there is considerable variation in care provided. The aims of this study were to examine current rates of psychotropic prescribing in the developmental–behavioural outpatient clinics at the Royal Children's Hospital's Centre for Community Child Health, and to compare rates between paediatric consultants and advanced trainees.

Methods

Data were extracted for appointment encounters from electronic medical records across 12 months in 2017. Patient demographics, provider and medication order data were analysed using Excel and STATA to calculate logistic regression, standard deviation, percentages and means.

Results

From 5069 encounters, there were 847 (16.7%) that included psychotropic prescribing. Advanced trainees prescribed psychotropic medications in only 4.4% of their encounters compared with consultants who prescribed these medications in 23% of encounters (P< 0.001). Stimulants were the most commonly prescribed psychotropic medication (62%), either alone (86.3%) or in combination (13.7%).

Conclusions

Psychotropic prescribing rates were lower than expected. Advanced trainees may need more experience in psychotropic prescribing.
Stability and profiling of urinary microRNAs in healthy cats and cats with pyelonephritis or other urological conditions
Authors: Jessen Lisbeth R. , Nielsen Lise N. , Kieler Ida N. , Langhorn Rebecca , Reezigt Bert J. , Cirera Susanna
Published: November 2019

Background

Specific biomarkers of pyelonephritis (PN) in cats are lacking. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have diagnostic potential in human nephropathies.

Objectives

To investigate the presence/stability of miRNAs in whole urine of cats and the discriminatory potential of selected urinary miRNAs for PN in cats.

Animals

Twelve healthy cats, 5 cats with PN, and 13 cats with chronic kidney disease (n = 5), subclinical bacteriuria (n = 3), and ureteral obstructions (n = 5) recruited from 2 companion animal hospitals.

Methods

Prospective case‐control study. Expression profiles of 24 miRNAs were performed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Effect of storage temperature (4°C [24 hours], −20°C, and −80°C) was determined for a subset of miRNAs in healthy cats.

Results

Urinary miR‐4286, miR‐30c, miR‐204, miR4454, miR‐21, miR‐16, miR‐191, and miR‐30a were detected. For the majority of miRNAs tested, storage at 4°C and −20°C resulted in significantly lower miRNA yield compared to storage at −80°C (mean log2fold changes across miRNAs from −0.5  ± 0.4 SD to −1.20 ± 0.4 SD (4°C versus −80°C) and from −0.7 ± 0.2 SD to −1.20 ± 0.3 SD (−20°C versus −80°C)). Cats with PN had significantly upregulated miR‐16 with a mean log2fold change of 1.0 ± 0.4 SD, compared with controls (−0.1 ± 0.2, P = .01) and other urological conditions (0.6 ± 0.3, P = .04).

Conclusions

Upregulation of miR16 might be PN‐specific, pathogen‐specific (Escherichia coli), or both.
Lower urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma in cats: Clinical findings, treatments, and outcomes in 118 cases
Authors: Griffin Maureen A. , Culp William T. N. , Giuffrida Michelle A. , Ellis Peter , Tuohy Joanne , Perry James A. , Gedney Allison , Lux Cassie N. , Milovancev Milan , Wallace Mandy L. , Hash Jonathan , Mathews Kyle , Liptak Julius M. , Selmic Laura E. , Singh Ameet , Palm Carrie A. , Balsa Ingrid M. , Mayhew Philipp D. , Steffey Michele A. , Rebhun Robert B. , Burton Jenna H. , Kent Michael S.
Published: November 2019

Background

Lower urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is an important but rarely described disease of cats.

Objectives

To report the clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes in a cohort of cats with lower urinary tract TCC and to test identified variables for prognostic relevance.

Animals

One‐hundred eighteen client‐owned cats with lower urinary tract carcinoma.

Methods

Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to obtain information regarding clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes. Recorded variables were analyzed statistically.

Results

Median age of affected cats was 15 years (range, 5.0‐20.8 years) and median duration of clinical signs was 30 days (range, 0‐730 days). The trigone was the most common tumor location (32/118; 27.1%) as assessed by ultrasound examination, cystoscopy, or both. Treatment was carried out in 73 of 118 (61.9%) cats. Metastatic disease was documented in 25 of 118 (21.2%) cats. Median progression‐free survival and survival time for all cats were 113 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 69‐153) and 155 days (95% CI, 110‐222), respectively. Survival increased significantly (P < .001) when comparing cats across the ordered treatment groups: no treatment, treatment without partial cystectomy, and treatment with partial cystectomy. Partial cystectomy (hazard ratio [HR], 0.31; 95% CI, 0.17‐0.87) and treatment with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.33‐0.93) were significantly associated with longer survival times.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The results support treatment using partial cystectomy and NSAIDs in cats with TCC.
The flagella of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ and its movement in planta
Authors: Andrade Maxuel O. , Pang Zhiqian , Achor Diann S. , Wang Han , Yao Tingshan , Singer Burton H. , Wang Nian
Published: November 2019

Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is the most devastating citrus disease worldwide. ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (Las) is the most prevalent HLB causal agent that is yet to be cultured. Here, we analysed the flagellar genes of Las and Rhizobiaceae and observed two characteristics unique to the flagellar proteins of Las: (i) a shorter primary structure of the rod capping protein FlgJ than other Rhizobiaceae bacteria and (ii) Las contains only one flagellin‐encoding gene flaA (CLIBASIA_02090), whereas other Rhizobiaceae species carry at least three flagellin‐encoding genes. Only flgJAtu but not flgJLas restored the swimming motility of Agrobacterium tumefaciens flgJ mutant. Pull‐down assays demonstrated that FlgJLas interacts with FlgB but not with FliE. Ectopic expression of flaALas in A. tumefaciens mutants restored the swimming motility of ∆flaA mutant and ∆flaAD mutant, but not that of the null mutant ∆flaABCD. No flagellum was observed for Las in citrus and dodder. The expression of flagellar genes was higher in psyllids than in planta. In addition, western blotting using flagellin‐specific antibody indicates that Las expresses flagellin protein in psyllids, but not in planta. The flagellar features of Las in planta suggest that Las movement in the phloem is not mediated by flagella. We also characterized the movement of Las after psyllid transmission into young flush. Our data support a model that Las remains inside young flush after psyllid transmission and before the flush matures. The delayed movement of Las out of young flush after psyllid transmission provides opportunities for targeted treatment of young flush for HLB control.
Going underground: new approaches to assess dynamic root behaviour during drought
Authors: Santiago Louis S.
Published: November 2019

This article is a Commentary on Mackay et al., 225: 679–692.
Percutaneous epicardial placement of a prototype miniature pacemaker under direct visualization: An infant porcine chronic survival study
Authors: Kumthekar Rohan N. , Opfermann Justin D. , Mass Paige , Clark Bradley C. , Moak Jeffrey P. , Sherwin Elizabeth D. , Whitman Teresa , Marshall Mark , Berul Charles I.
Published: November 2019

Introduction

Pacemaker implantation in infants typically consists of surgical epicardial lead placement with an abdominal generator. Here, we describe the chronic performance of our minimally invasive prototype miniature pacemaker implanted under direct visualization in an immature porcine model.

Methods

Twelve piglets underwent miniature pacemaker implantation. A self‐anchoring two‐channel access port was inserted into a 1 cm incision in the subxiphoid space, and a thoracoscope was inserted into the main channel to visualize the thoracic cavity under insufflation. The pacemaker leadlet was inserted through a sheath via secondary channel and affixed against the epicardium using a helical side‐biting electrode. The miniature pacemaker was tucked into the incision, which was sutured closed. Ventricular sensing, leadlet impedance, and capture thresholds were measured biweekly. A limited necropsy was performed after euthanasia.

Results

Nine piglets were followed for a median of 78 (IQR 52‐82) days and gained 6.6 ± 3.2 kg. Three animals were censored from the analysis due to complications unrelated to the procedure. Capture thresholds rose above maximal output after a median of 67 (IQR 40‐69) days. At termination, there was a significant decrease in R‐wave amplitude (P = .03) and rise in capture thresholds at 0.4 ms (P = .01) and 1.0 ms pulse widths (P = .02). There was no significant change in leadlet impedance (P = .74). There were no wound infections.

Conclusions

There were no infections following minimally invasive implantation of our prototype miniature pacemaker. Improvements to epicardial fixation are necessary to address diminished leadlet efficacy over time.
Bipolar catheter ablation in ventricular myocardium
Authors: Liu Xiaolin , Chen Qiushi , Fan Baohan , Zhu Wenwu , Zhao Hongyan , Zhu Yeqian , Zhao Pengcheng , Zhang Fengxiang , Kojodjojo Pipin
Published: November 2019

Background

Recurrence rates after catheter radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for arrhythmias arising from deep myocardial substrates can exceed 40%. Failure of RFA is in part due to the inability of widely used unipolar ablation (UA) to create transmural lesions capable of disrupting the critical components of the arrhythmia circuit. A radiofrequency generator was custom‐made to deliver bipolar ablation (BA) to test the hypothesis that BA is more effective compared to UA in achieving transmurality and to determine the optimal configuration for ventricular BA.

Methods

Sequential UA and BA were created in porcine ventricular septal and free wall preparations using irrigated, contact‐force sensing ablation catheters, orientated perpendicularly to the myocardium. Return catheters, durations of ablation, irrigating fluids, and power settings were varied to determine the optimal configuration for BA. Lesion characteristics, transmurality, and occurrence of steam pops were analyzed.

Results

In both ventricular septal and free wall models, BA resulted in significantly more transmural lesions while causing less steam pops (P < .01). BA lesions were deeper, narrower but larger in volume. Use of 8 mm ground catheters in the epicardium resulted in overheating during BA with temperatures exceeding 95°C, limiting power delivery. Increasing duration and powers of BA resulted in progressively larger lesions and increased transmurality (all P < .01), and 0.45% saline as the irrigation did not enhance BA.

Conclusion

BA created larger lesions with increased chances of transmurality but at lower risks of steam pops. Use of an irrigated catheter as the return electrode and 30 W of BA delivered over 120 seconds provides the optimal balance between creating deep, transmural lesions and avoiding steam pops.
Elevated [CO2] alleviates the impacts of water deficit on xylem anatomy and hydraulic properties of maize stems
Authors: Liu Junzhou , Kang Shaozhong , Davies William J. , Ding Risheng
Published: November 2019

Plants can modify xylem anatomy and hydraulic properties to adjust to water status. Elevated [CO2] can increase plant water potential via reduced stomatal conductance and water loss. This raises the question of whether elevated [CO2], which thus improves plant water status, will reduce the impacts of soil water deficit on xylem anatomy and hydraulic properties of plants. To analyse the impacts of water and [CO2] on maize stem xylem anatomy and hydraulic properties, we exposed potted maize plants to varying [CO2] levels (400, 700, 900, and 1,200 ppm) and water levels (full irrigation and deficit irrigation). Results showed that at current [CO2], vessel diameter, vessel roundness, stem cross‐section area, specific hydraulic conductivity, and vulnerability to embolism decreased under deficit irrigation; yet, these impacts of deficit irrigation were reduced at elevated [CO2]. Across all treatments, midday stem water potential was tightly correlated with xylem traits and displayed similar responses. A distinct trade‐off between efficiency and safety in stem xylem water transportation in response to water deficit was observed at current [CO2] but not observed at elevated [CO2]. The results of this study enhance our knowledge of plant hydraulic acclimation under future climate environments and provide insights into trade‐offs in xylem structure and function.
Inducing Supply Chain Transparency through Supplier Encroachment
Authors: Guan Xu , Liu Baoshan , Chen Ying‐ju , Wang Hongwei
Published: November 2019

This study investigates a supplier’s voluntary disclosure strategy when it can encroach on a retailer’s operations by selling directly to final consumers. The establishment of a direct sales channel expands market potential, induces the supplier to adopt a more frequent disclosure strategy, and ultimately leads to a higher level of information transparency in the supply chain. Since more quality information is revealed in the presence of a dual channel, the retailer is able to free ride on the supplier’s disclosure to enhance consumers’ quality expectations. In most cases, such a free‐riding effect is positive and can even create a higher ex ante payoff for the retailer in face of the supplier’s encroachment. Conversely, more transparent product quality information does not necessarily benefit the supplier, who can then no longer hide negative quality information from consumers due to the potential change in the channel structure. Thus, we show that the supplier’s ex ante payoff may become lower with encroachment and that the supplier may commit not to encroach on the retail market, even when it has a free option to open a direct sales channel.
The Science–Policy Nexus in Collaborative Governance: Use of Science in Ecosystem Recovery Planning
Authors: Koontz Tomas M.
Published: November 2019

Across many social–ecological systems, policy makers and scholars increasingly call for science to inform policy. The science–policy interface becomes especially complex as collaborative approaches include multiple stakeholders working together across jurisdictions. Unfortunately little is known about how much and how science is used in collaborative governance for social–ecological systems. This exploratory study examines instrumental, conceptual, and symbolic use of science in a science‐rich collaborative planning case in the Puget Sound, USA. It also examines the influence of science, relative to other factors, in collaborative planning, and what factors affect it. Results from a survey and document analysis indicate the prevalence of conceptual use of science, with relatively little symbolic use. Some factors promoting conceptual and instrumental use discourage symbolic use. Overall, while science is seen as influential in this science‐rich context, its influence is balanced by local stakeholder preferences and contextual information.
Suicidal Behaviors and Help‐Seeking Attitudes Among Deaf and Hard‐of‐Hearing College Students
Authors: Fox Meghan L. , James Tyler G. , Barnett Steven L.
Published: November 2019

Objective

The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and help‐seeking attitudes among D/HH and hearing college students.

Method

A total of 500,860 students completed the ACHA‐NCHA‐IIb (Fall 2011‐Spring 2015). Survey administration and sampling methods differed across institutions. We randomly selected hearing students to have a 1:1 ratio of D/HH and hearing students (analytic N = 12,056). The mean age was 20.3 years, and the sample was predominantly white (68%) and female (65%). Multinomial and binary logistic regressions determined the relation between hearing status, suicide ideation and attempt, and help‐seeking.

Results

D/HH college students were more likely than hearing college students to have seriously considered suicide or attempted suicide in their lifetime. [Correction added on November 26, 2019, after first online publication: The phrase "but not in the past year" was deleted in the previous sentence.] In adjusted analyses, D/HH college students were more likely than hearing college students to have attempted suicide in the past year (OR 2.42, 95% CI 1.85, 3.17). There were no differences between D/HH and hearing groups in help‐seeking attitudes.

Conclusions

Findings from this national data set indicate that D/HH college students are more likely to consider or attempt suicide. These results underscore the need for focused suicide risk prevention interventions with this population.
“When We Are Laughing Like This Now, We Are Also Being Recorded by Them”: Eliamani's Homestead and the Complicity of Ethnographic Film
Authors: Barnabas Shanade Bianca , Wijngaarden Vanessa
Published: November 2019

Eliamani's Homestead is an unfiltered presentation of unequal power relations, othering, suspicions, misunderstandings, and the untranslated in an exchange between Indigenous hosts and their guests in a cultural tourism setting. A family of Dutch tourists visits a Maasai homestead in Tanzania, where Eliamani and her child have no food. The tourists take copious pictures of the women and children and haggle over the price of a bracelet—a common scene in cultural tourism encounters the world over. The discomforting exchange is all the more palpable when Eliamani breaks the fourth wall and reminds the filmmaker and viewer of their complicity. This film dialogue is part review, part conversation with the filmmaker who describes the process of making, editing, and screening the film, including audience and participants’ reactions. It situates Eliamani's Homestead within the ambit of ethnographic film, both illustrating visual ethnography's complicity in cultural tourism and revealing its potential to offer its own critique when it maintains a multivocal approach that strives for dialogue with “the other” on both sides of the camera.
Exercise‐evoked intramuscular neutrophil‐endothelial interactions support muscle performance and GLUT4 translocation: a mouse gnawing model study
Authors: Chaweewannakorn Chayanit , Nyasha Mazvita R. , Chen Weijian , Sekiai Shigenori , Tsuchiya Masahiro , Hagiwara Yoshihiro , Bouzakri Karim , Sasaki Keiichi , Kanzaki Makoto
Published: November 2019

Key points

Fractalkine receptor antagonist inhibited neutrophil recruitment to masseter muscles and exacerbated fatigability during masticatory activity.

Fractalkine‐mediated neutrophil recruitment is required for both upregulation of myokines (CXCL1, interleukin‐6) and enhanced GLUT4 translocation in response to masticatory activity.

Fractalkine and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 expression in endothelial cells increased in response to masticatory activity.

In vitro experiments demonstrated that contracting myotubes lack the ability to upregulate fractalkine but revealed that endothelial fractalkine upregulation is induced using a conditioned medium of contracting myotubes.

Physical exercise stimulates neutrophil recruitment within working skeletal muscle, although its underlying mechanisms remain ill‐defined. By employing a masticatory behaviour (gnawing) model, we demonstrate the importance of intramuscular paracrine and autocrine systems that are triggered by muscle contractile activity and reliant upon fractalkine/CX3CL1‐mediated signals. These signals were revealed to be required for achieving proper GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake to meet the glucose demands for fatigue alleviation. Specifically, fractalkine expression and neutrophil recruitment both increased in the masseter muscle tissues upon masticatory activity. Importantly, a fractalkine antagonist inhibited neutrophil accumulation and exacerbated fatigability during masticatory activity. We found that fractalkine‐dependent neutrophil recruitment is required for both upregulation of myokines (i.e. CXCL1 and interleukin‐6) and enhanced GLUT4 translocation in response to gnawing activity. Immunofluorescence analysis of masseter muscles demonstrated that fractalkine and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 expression are both upregulated in endothelial cells but not in myofibres. The in vitro exercise model further revealed that contractile activity failed to stimulate fractalkine upregulation in myotubes, implying that fractalkine is not a myokine (myofibre‐derived factor). Nevertheless, endothelial fractalkine expression was markedly stimulated by a conditioned medium from the contracting myotubes. Moreover, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, a key adhesion molecule for neutrophils, was upregulated in endothelial cells by fractalkine. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that endothelial fractalkine serves as a key factor for organizing a physiologically beneficial intramuscular microenvironment by recruiting neutrophils in response to relatively mild exercise (i.e. masticatory muscle activity).
Short‐term bed rest‐induced insulin resistance cannot be explained by increased mitochondrial H2O2 emission
Authors: Dirks Marlou L. , Miotto Paula M. , Goossens Gijs H. , Senden Joan M. , Petrick Heather L. , van Kranenburg Janneau , van Loon Luc J.C. , Holloway Graham P.
Published: November 2019

Key points

We determined if bed rest increased mitochondrially derived reactive oxygen species and cellular redox stress, contributing to the induction of insulin resistance.

Bed rest decreased maximal and submaximal ADP‐stimulated mitochondrial respiration.

Bed rest did not alter mitochondrial H2O2 emission in the presence of ADP concentrations indicative of resting muscle, the ratio of H2O2 emission to mitochondrial O2 consumption or markers of oxidative stress

The present data suggest strongly that mitochondrial H2O2 does not contribute to bed rest‐induced insulin resistance

Mitochondrial H2O2 has been causally linked to diet‐induced insulin resistance, although it remains unclear if muscle disuse similarly increases mitochondrial H2O2. Therefore, we investigated the potential that an increase in skeletal muscle mitochondrial H2O2 emission, potentially as a result of decreased ADP sensitivity, contributes to cellular redox stress and the induction of insulin resistance during short‐term bed rest in 20 healthy males. Bed rest led to a decline in glucose infusion rate during a hyperinsulinaemic‐euglycaemic clamp (−42 ± 2%; P < 0.001), and in permeabilized skeletal muscle fibres it decreased OXPHOS protein content (−16 ± 8%) and mitochondrial respiration across a range of ADP concentrations (−13 ± 5%). While bed rest tended to increase maximal mitochondrial H2O2 emission rates (P = 0.053), H2O2 emission in the presence of ADP concentrations indicative of resting muscle, the ratio of H2O2 emission to mitochondrial O2 consumption, and markers of oxidative stress were not altered following bed rest. Altogether, while bed rest impairs mitochondrial ADP‐stimulated respiration, an increase in mitochondrial H2O2 emission does not contribute to the induction of insulin resistance following short‐term bed rest.
Welding Fused Silica Glass by Picosecond Pulsed Laser With Low Numerical Aperture
Authors: Zhao Kai , Wang Han , Yan Jingwen , Shen Hong
Published: November 2019

Researches on glass welding using tightly focused ultrafast lasers have attracted much attention. However, optical systems with low numerical aperture (NA) in laser material processing are commonly used in industry applications. Transmission welding of two fused silica glass plates is performed by using picosecond laser irradiation with low NA in this study. The welding strength under different process parameters such as focal position, pulse energy, and scanning velocity is measured. The role of the modification in welding process is demonstrated through the interior morphology in single-piece glass samples. A model is presented to predict the position of the bottom tip of the modification (BTM). The model considers the propagation property of the laser beam and the incubation effect of modification threshold. The numerical and experimental positions of BTM are compared. The model can give an idea for selecting process parameters to the achievement of glass welding for low NA optical system in ultrafast laser welding.
Advances in marine vibrators for seismic survey
Authors: Morozov Andrey K.
Published: November 2019

The reducing impact of noise from traditional air-guns on marine mammals is an actual problem for oil and gas producers. The application of coherent, broadband signals instead of explosive, high intensity, and air-gun pulses is the potential way of noise mitigation. The three major oil companies, Shell, Exxon, and Total, are sponsoring the Marine Vibrator Joint Industry Project MVJIP. Marine Vibrators are a coherent type of seismic source, which are less harmful for marine inhabitants and give a clearer, higher resolution imaging of the sub-bottom formations. Teledyne as one of the participants in the MVJIP using a large underwater bubble resonator as a new type of seismic source. The cylindrical bubble keeps its shape in the water and can be towed with the speed 8 knots. The polyurethane membrane covering the gas-filled bubble supports a high volume displacement. The research shows that the best driver for ultra-low frequency 1–10 Hz source is the blower with the airflow controlled by a proportion valves. The experimental prototype has good performance with a maximum more than SPL 200 dB at the frequency 5–12 Hz. However, for a limited sound pressure level of 185 dB in a frequency band of 10–100 Hz, the subwoofer driver shows very good performance.