bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Versatile On‐Chip Programming of Circuit Hardware for Wearable and Implantable Biomedical Microdevices
Authors: Lee Ah‐Hyoung , Lee Jihun , Leung Vincent , Nurmikko Arto
Published: October 2023

Wearable and implantable microscale electronic sensors have been developed for a range of biomedical applications. The sensors, typically millimeter size silicon microchips, are sought for multiple sensing functions but are severely constrained by size and power. To address these challenges, a hardware programmable application‐specific integrated circuit design is proposed and post‐process methodology is exemplified by the design of battery‐less wireless microchips. Specifically, both mixed‐signal and radio frequency circuits are designed by incorporating metal fuses and anti‐fuses on the top metal layer to enable programmability of any number of features in hardware of the system‐on‐chip (SoC) designs. This is accomplished in post‐foundry editing by combining laser ablation and focused ion beam processing. The programmability provided by the technique can significantly accelerate the SoC chip development process by enabling the exploration of multiple internal circuit parameters without the requirement of additional programming pads or extra power consumption. As examples, experimental results are described for sub‐millimeter size complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor microchips being developed for wireless electroencephalogram sensors and as implantable microstimulators for neural interfaces. The editing technique can be broadly applicable for miniaturized biomedical wearables and implants, opening up new possibilities for their expedited development and adoption in the field of smart healthcare.
Estimated effects of amyloid reduction on cognitive change: A Bayesian update across a range of priors
Authors: Ackley Sarah F. , Wang Jingxuan , Chen Ruijia , Power Melinda C. , Allen Isabel Elaine , Glymour M. Maria
Published: October 2023

INTRODUCTION

The results of the CLARITY‐AD, GRADUATE I and II, and TRAILBLAZER‐ALZ 2 trials have rekindled discussion on the impact of amyloid‐targeting drugs. We use a Bayesian approach to quantify how rational observers would have updated their prior beliefs based on new trial results.

METHODS

We used publicly available data from the CLARITY‐AD, GRADUATE I and II, and TRAILBLAZER‐ALZ 2 trials to estimate the effect of reducing amyloid on the clinical dementia rating scale, sum of boxes (CDR‐SB) score. A range of prior positions were then updated according to Bayes’ theorem using these estimates.

RESULTS

After updating with new trial data, a wide range of starting positions resulted in credible intervals that did not include no effect of amyloid reduction on CDR‐SB score.

DISCUSSION

For a range of starting beliefs and assuming the veracity of the underlying data, rational observers would conclude there is a small benefit of amyloid reductions on cognition. This benefit must be weighed against opportunity cost and side‐effect risk.

Highlights

The results of recent trials of amyloid‐targeting drugs have rekindled discussion on the impact of amyloid reductions achieved with amyloid‐targeting drugs on cognition.

Prior to the announcement of trial results, beliefs about the effects of altering amyloid levels varied.

For a range of starting beliefs, one would conclude there is a small benefit of amyloid reductions due to amyloid‐targeting drugs on cognition.

The perceived value of individual drugs must balance the magnitude of this benefit against opportunity cost and risk of side effects.
Small Organic Molecular Electrocatalysts for Fuels Production
Authors: Torres‐Méndez Carlos , Axelsson Martin , Tian Haining
Published: October 2023

In recent years, heterocyclic organic compounds have been explored as molecular electrocatalysts in relevant reactions for energy conversion and storage. Merging mimetics of biological systems that perform hydride transfer with rational synthetic chemical design has opened many opportunities for organic molecules to be tuned at the atomic level conferring them interesting reactivities. These molecular electrocatalysts represent an alternative to traditional metallic materials and metal complexes employed for water oxidation, hydrogen production, and carbon dioxide reduction. This minireview describes recent reports concerning design, catalytic activity and the mechanism of synthetic molecular electrocatalysts towards solar fuels production.
How dense can you be? New automatic measures of vein density in angiosperm leaves
Authors: Green Walton A. , Losada Juan M.
Published: October 2023

Premise

Because of the trade‐off between water loss and carbon dioxide assimilation, the conductivity of the transpiration path in a leaf is an important limit on photosynthesis. Closely packed veins correspond to short paths and high assimilation rates while widely spaced veins are associated with higher resistance to flow and lower maximum photosynthetic rates. Vein length per area (VLA) has become the standard metric for comparing leaves with different vein densities; its measurement typically utilizes digital image processing with varying amounts of human input.

Methods and Results

Here, we propose three new ways of measuring vein density using image analysis that improve on currently available procedures: (1) areole area distributions, (2) a sizing transform, and (3) a distance map. Each alternative has distinct practical, statistical, and biological limitations and advantages. In particular, we advocate the log‐transformed modal distance map of a vein mask as an estimator to replace VLA as a standard metric for vein density.

Conclusions

These methods, for which open‐source code appropriate for high‐throughput automation is provided, improve on VLA by producing determinate measures of vein density as distributions rather than point estimates. Combined with advances in image quality and computational efficiency, these methods should help clarify the physiological and evolutionary significance of vein density.
A new method of parameter estimation and adaptive control of nonlinear systems with filterless least‐squares
Authors: Jing Lida
Published: October 2023

This paper is concerned with the parameter estimation and adaptive control problem for a sort of strict‐feedback nonlinear systems with unknown parameters. In order to deal with the nonlinear functions, we develop a kind of least‐squares estimator in the parameter estimation part. With such an estimator, we design the state‐feedback control law and analyze the properties of the closed‐loop system. To be concrete, the parameter estimator can guarantee the boundedness of parameter estimate error. At the same time, the adaptive control law is proposed to make the system states converge to zero and the equilibrium stable globally under some common assumptions. Finally, simulations are given to demonstrate the theoretical results.
Protective effect of human epicardial adipose‐derived stem cells on myocardial injury driven by poly‐lactic acid nanopillar array
Authors: Yan Wenju , Li Yan , Yin Jie , Liu Qian , Shi Yugen , Tan Jiayu , Wang Yu , Zhang Shan , Zhang Junyi , Li Jingxin , Yan Suhua
Published: October 2023

We investigated if poly‐lactic acid (PLA) nanopillar array can trigger the differentiation of human epicardial (ADSCs) (heADSCs) into cardiomyocyte‐like cells and explored the effects of these cardiomyocyte‐like cells on myocardial infarction (MI) in vivo. PLA nanopillar array (200 nm diameter) and plain PLA film (PLA planar) induced heADSCs were marked with carboxyfluorescein. After 7 days, the expressions of myocardiocyte‐specific genes were significantly enhanced in cells seeded on PLA nanopillar array compared with that on PLA planar, especially CACNA1C, KCNH2, and MYL2 genes (p < 0.05). However, the expressions of cardiac troponin T (cTNT), KCNQ1, and KCNA5 were lower than those in PLA planar‐induced heADSCs (p < 0.05), whereas GATA4 tended to increase with time. The cells with positively stained α‐actinin and cTNT were elevated in heADSCs induced by PLA nanopillar array compared with those induced by PLA planar only (p < 0.05). In vivo experiments showed that cardiac function was improved after injecting PLA‐nanopillar array‐induced heADSCs into the ischemic heart (p < 0.05, compared with PLA planar + MI group). Furthermore, tyrosine hydroxylase density was significantly lower (p < 0.05). PLA nanopillar array directly drives the differentiation of heADSCs into cardiomyocyte‐like cells, and the induced heADSCs exhibit a protective effect on ischemic myocardium by improving cardiac function in MI rats.
Nanoparticle‐based nanocomposite coatings with postprocessing for enhanced antimicrobial capacity of polymeric film
Authors: Shin Jaemyung , Jeong Robin , Kumar Hitendra , Park Chaneel , Park Simon S. , Kim Keekyoung
Published: October 2023

Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on surfaces pose a significant risk of microbial contamination and chronic diseases, leading to potential health complications. To mitigate this concern, the implementation of antibacterial coatings becomes paramount in reducing pathogen propagation on contaminated surfaces. To address this requirement, our study focuses on developing cost‐effective and sustainable methods using polymer composite coatings. Copper and titanium dioxide nanoparticles were used to assess their active antimicrobial functions. After coating the surface with nanoparticles, four different combinations of two postprocessing treatments were performed. Intense pulsed light was utilized to sinter the coatings further, and plasma etching was applied to manipulate the physical properties of the nanocomposite‐coated sheet surface. Bacterial viability was comparatively analyzed at four different time points (0, 30, 60, and 120 min) upon contact with the nanocomposite coatings. The samples with nanoparticle coatings and postprocessing treatments showed an above‐average 84.82% mortality rate at 30 min and an average of 89.77% mortality rate at 120 min of contact. In contrast, the control sample, without nanoparticle coatings and postprocessing treatments, showed a 95% microbe viability after 120 min of contact. Through this study, we gained critical insights into effective strategies for preventing the spread of microorganisms on high‐touch surfaces, thereby contributing to the advancement of sustainable antimicrobial coatings.
Boron‐ and nitrogen‐embedded blue multi‐resonance emitters with low triplet energy
Authors: Mubarok Hanif , Lee Taehwan , Jung Jaehoon , Lee Min Hyung
Published: October 2023

B,N‐doped multi‐resonance (MR) thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters are of significant interest for realizing the high efficiency and remarkable color purity of optoelectronic devices. Due to their moderate singlet‐triplet energy gap, managing triplet state (T1) energy is important to enhance the performance of these devices. Herein, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as pyrene and anthracene, are appended to the t‐DABNA structure, resulting in t‐DABNA‐PAH compounds, namely t‐DABNA‐pyr and t‐DABNA‐ant. Both compounds display sky‐blue fluorescence which lacks TADF characteristics while preserving high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and high color purity. The compounds possess low T1 energy (~2.0 eV), which is advantageous for suppressing the accumulation of undesirable long‐lived T1 excitons. Particularly, t‐DABNA‐pyr exhibits emissions with a narrow full width at half maximum (~33 nm) and a high PLQY (~100%) in both solution and rigid states. Theoretical studies further suggest that the low‐energy T1 state is localized at the PAH moiety.
Ferulago bernardii as a New Source of α‐Pinene Binds to ctDNA: In Silico and in Vitro Studies
Authors: Shahmoradi Afrooz , Ebadi Ahmad , Dastan Dara
Published: October 2023

Ferulago bernardii Tomk & M. Pimen belongs to Apiaceae family. Various species of the Ferulago genus have antioxidant, anticholinesterase, cytotoxic, and antiproliferative effects. In this study, the essential oil of F. bernardii was extracted using the Clevenger apparatus. The essential oil compounds were identified using GC‐MS/FID. The interaction between the essential oil and DNA strands was evaluated through spectrophotometric titration. The molecular mechanism of the interaction between the main components of the essential oil and different DNA strands was assessed using molecular dynamics simulation. Based on the results, 92.03±1.20 % of the essential oil consisted of α‐pinene. Therefore, the essential oil could serve as a suitable source of α‐pinene. α‐pinene is a monoterpene hydrocarbon that has various effects, including anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumor properties. The binding constant of the essential oil to DNA strands (Ka) was determined to be 5.40±0.47×10−3 M−1. Molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated that α‐pinene could interact with AT and CG rich DNA strands and indirectly stabilize G‐Quadruplex. Given the different applications for α‐pinene and its high percentage in the essential oil, it is suggested that researchers pay more attention to F. bernardii in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries.
Stenting of coarctation of the aorta—“Once and for all?”
Authors: Qureshi Athar M. , Qureshi Shakeel A.
Published: October 2023

Key Points

Long term hemodynamic benefit and survival are sustained in patients undergoing stenting of coarctation of the aorta with bare metal and covered Cheatham‐Platinum (CP) stents.

Reintervention and complication rates are similar with both bare metal and covered CP stents.

Routine advanced imaging should be performed periodically in the long‐term to assess for stent integrity and aortic wall injury, and to guide treatment/reintervention, when necessary.
A rare association of neuromyelitis optica, antisynthetase, and antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: Nemes‐Tömöri Dóra , Csabalik Richárd , Nagy Edit Boglárka , Béldi Tibor , Majai Gyöngyike Emese
Published: October 2023

Key Clinical Message

The association of neuromyelitis optica concurrently with two other autoimmune diseases is rare. Neuromyelitis optica should be taken into consideration when evaluating the symptoms of the patient as a differential diagnostic aspect.
Iron‐Catalyzed Gamma‐Gamma Dimerization of Siloxydienes
Authors: Galaktionova Daria , Liu Xiaoguang , Chen Xiaohong , Mohr Justin T.
Published: October 2023

We report the oxidative dimerization reaction of siloxydienes derived from simple enones that creates a new gamma‐gamma (γ‐γ) C−C bond using catalytic iron and benzoyl peroxide as the terminal oxidant in acetonitrile solvent at ambient temperature. The reaction shows a broad substrate scope including cyclic and acyclic siloxydienes derived from ketones, aldehydes, and esters, which are converted to 1,8‐dicarbonyl compounds under mild catalytic reaction conditions in 19–89 % yield across 30 examples. The method is suitable for the coupling of sterically demanding carbon centers, including the formation of vicinal quaternary centers. Conceptually, the dienol ether serves as a precursor to a conjugated radical cation, which undergoes highly site selective γ‐dimerization reactions. The γ‐γ dimerization strategy is applied to the synthesis of a bioactive analogue of honokiol.
Spin‐Vibronic Coupling Controls the Intersystem Crossing of Iodine‐Substituted BODIPY Triplet Chromophores
Authors: Doležel Jiří , Poryvai Anna , Slanina Tomáš , Filgas Josef , Slavíček Petr
Published: October 2023

4,4‐Difluoro‐4‐borata‐3a‐azonia‐4a‐aza‐s‐indacene (BODIPY) dyes are extensively used in various applications of their triplet states, ranging from photoredox catalysis, through triplet sensitization to photodynamic therapy. However, the rational design of BODIPY triplet chromophores by ab initio modelling is limited by their strong interactions of spin, electronic and vibrational dynamics. In particular, spin‐vibronic coupling is often overlooked when estimating intersystem crossing (ISC) rates. In this study, a combined experimental and theoretical approach using spin‐vibronic coupling to correctly describe ISC in BODIPY dyes was developed. For this purpose, seven π‐extended BODIPY derivatives with iodine atoms in different positions were examined. It was found that the heavy‐atom effect of iodine atoms is site specific, causing high triplet yields in only some positions. This site‐specific ISC was explained by El‐Sayed rules, so both the contribution and character of the molecular orbitals involved in the excitation must be considered when predicting the ISC rates. Overall, the rational design of BODIPY triplet chromophores requires using (i) the high‐quality electronic structure theory, including both static and dynamical correlations; and (ii) the two‐component wave function Hamiltonian, and rationalizing; and (iii) ISC based on the character of the molecular orbitals of heavy atoms involved in the excitation, expanding El‐Sayed rules beyond their traditional applications.
A randomized prospective trial of an ostomy telehealth intervention for cancer survivors
Authors: Krouse Robert S. , Zhang Siqi , Wendel Christopher S. , Sun Virginia , Grant Marcia , Ercolano Elizabeth , Hornbrook Mark C. , Cidav Zuleyha , Nehemiah Ariel , Rock Matthew , Appel Scott , Hibbard Judith H. , Holcomb Michael J.
Published: October 2023

Background

Cancer survivors with ostomies face complex challenges. This study compared the Ostomy Self‐Management Telehealth program (OSMT) versus attention control usual care (UC).

Methods

Three academic centers randomized participants. OSMT group sessions were led by ostomy nurses and peer ostomates (three for ostomates‐only, one for support persons, and one review session for both). Surveys at baseline, OSMT completion, and 6 months were primary outcome patient activation (PAM), self‐efficacy (SE), City of Hope quality of life‐Ostomy (COH‐O), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Surveys were scored per guidelines for those completing at least two surveys. Linear mixed effects models were used to select potential covariates for the final model and to test the impact of OSMT within each timeframe.

Results

A total of 90 OSMT and 101 UC fulfilled analysis criteria. Arms were well‐matched but types of tumors were unevenly distributed (p = .023). The OSMT arm had a nonsignificant improvement in PAM (confidence interval [CI], –3.65 to 5.3]; 4.0 vs. 2.9) at 6 months. There were no significant differences in other surveys. There was a significant OSMT benefit for urinary tumors (four SE domains). Higher OSMT session attendance was associated with post‐session improvements in five SE domains (p < .05), two COH‐O domains (p < .05), and HADS anxiety (p = .01). At 6 months, there remained improvements in one SE domain (p < .05), one COH‐O domain (p < .05), and HADS anxiety (p < .01).

Conclusions

No clear benefit was seen for the OSMT intervention, although there may be an advantage based on type of tumor. Benefit with greater session attendance was also encouraging.

Plain Language Summary

Cancer patients with ostomies have many challenges.

We tested a telehealth curriculum compared to usual care.

There are indications of benefit for the program for those that attend more sessions and those with urostomies.
Clinical benefits of intraoperative radiotherapy for the recurrence of centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion
Authors: Tao Changcheng , Zhang Kai , Tao Zonggui , Liu Yue , Wu Anke , Wang Liming , Feng Qinfu , Wu Fan , Rong Weiqi , Wu Jianxiong
Published: October 2023

Background

Although the efficacy and safety of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) in the treatment of malignant tumours, such as breast cancer, have been documented, it remains unclear whether this treatment is effective for centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with microvascular invasion (MVI).

Aims

This study aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of IORT in the treatment of centrally located HCC with MVI.

Methods and results

Patients with centrally located HCC, who underwent surgery between January 2016 and January 2020, were enrolled. The patient cohort was then allocated to two groups: those who underwent IORT combined with liver resection (IORT+LR); or LR alone (LR). Propensity score matching and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate recurrence‐free survival (RFS), and the log‐rank test was used to determine whether RFS differed between the groups. Subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate differences in RFS and early recurrence rates in patients with different MVI grades. E‐values were generated to measure the sensitivity to unmeasured confounding factors. In total, 97 patients were enrolled, 27 of whom underwent IORT+LR and 70 underwent LR alone. The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year RFS rates in the IORT+LR group were 66%, 50%, and 32%, respectively, whereas those in the LR group were 54%, 37%, and 26%, respectively. After matching analysis, 23 patients were successfully matched, and RFS was found to be significantly different between the two groups (p = .04). IORT was an independent prognostic factor for RFS (hazard ratio 0.46 [95% confidence interval 0.21–0.99]). In subgroup analysis, RFS between the IORT+LR and LR groups was significantly different in patients with MVI (M1 grade) (p = .0067). The postoperative early recurrence rate was significantly reduced with IORT (p < .05). No serious complications were reported in either group following surgery. Based on E‐values, the results appeared to be robust against unmeasured confounding factors.

Conclusion

IORT+LR provided safe, feasible treatment for patients with centrally located HCC with MVI, along with an improvement in prognosis and lower early recurrence rates.
A Theoretical Study on the Mechanisms Involved in Catalytic Dehydrogenation and Dehydration of Isopropanol on SrTiO3
Authors: Lizana Ignacio , Bernales Gabriel , Pecchi Gina , Delgado Eduardo J.
Published: October 2023

The dehydrogenation and dehydration of isopropanol on the SrO and TiO2 terminated surfaces, of the SrTiO3 perovskite, is addressed by periodic DFT calculations in order to shed light on the involved mechanisms. The results show that the dehydrogenation occurs through a mechanism involving the dissociative adsorption of the alcohol on the SrO terminated surface, followed the nucleophilic attack of a hydride species on the previously adsorbed hydrogen atom to form molecular hydrogen and the corresponding carbonyl compound. The dehydration instead occurs by the molecular adsorption of the alcohol on the TiO2 terminated surface, followed by various possible E1 elimination pathways leading to the formation of the corresponding alkene and a water molecule. The article reports a thorough study on the involved mechanisms, including identification of the transition states and intermediates along the reaction paths, and evaluation of the respective activation barriers, as well. Thus, this article provides significant insights about the mechanisms of dehydrogenation and dehydration of isopropanol on the SrTiO3, not reported earlier in literature. The calculated barrier energies are in good agreement with experimental values.
Dominant factors in MiniCone, CPT and pile correlations: A data‐based approach
Authors: Shirani Seyed Sajad , Eslami Abolfazl , Ebrahimipour Amirhossein , Karakouzian Moses
Published: October 2023

The cone penetration test (CPT) contributes to the design and analysis of piles regarding geometry, installation effect, and pile capacity (shaft and toe resistance). MiniCone, as an alternative to CPT sounding, has been used to carry out field and laboratory investigations by physical modeling. More tests can be practically carried out through light equipment and small soil mass, involving fewer errors caused by boundary conditions. Furthermore, it can be used for in situ testing, such as quality control, assessment of ground improvement, and subgrade characterization. A database comprising MiniCone and CPT records in field and physical modeling is proposed with a variety of cone diameters. The case study records in the database have been obtained from 140 tests compiled from data from 26 sources. The sources include the results of 20 physical modelings and field data from six sites in 10 countries. The data comprise MiniCone and CPT cone tip resistance (), and sleeve friction (). The different cones are used in sandy, silty sand, and clayey soils via simple chambers (1 g), calibration chambers, and frustum confining vessels. In addition, correlations were found in penetration records in terms of physical modeling types, cone diameters, penetration rates, and soil densities. Moreover, and are related to capacities of pile toes and shafts using proper correlation coefficients less than unity, respectively. Correlations and dominant factors in geotechnical practice between MiniCone, CPT, and pile have been reviewed and discussed.
Diurnal and geographic variations of pollinator importance for Cucurbita maxima Duchesne
Authors: Ikemoto Mito , Tanaka Yoshihiro , Kohno Katsuyuki , Yokoi Tomoyuki
Published: October 2023

Despite growing awareness of the importance of monitoring wild crop pollinators worldwide, there are still few reports, especially in East Asia. Considering ongoing global warming may change the distribution range and diurnal activity of pollinators, it is necessary to describe current geographic and diurnal patterns. We clarified pollinators of Cucurbita maxima Duchesne (Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae) in three geographically distinct (>350 km, minimum) areas in Japan, focusing on diurnal variation. Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Halictidae (Hymenoptera) were observed in all of the experimental gardens. Apis cerana japonica Radoszkowski (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were mainly observed in Mie and Kagoshima, while Bombus diversus diversus Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were observed only in Ibaraki. The peak time of flower visits depended both on bee taxa and area, and interestingly, did not necessarily synchronize with the timing of the highest pollen loads and the probability of stigma contact. In particular, visits and probability of contacting stigmas of Halictidae tended to increase as time passed, whereas pollen grains on their bodies sharply decreased with time; only a few individuals of Halictidae that visit early can become effective pollinators. There were no differences in yields between supplementary hand and natural pollination in all areas, and flower‐enclosure experiments using different mesh sizes clarified that small insects that can go across an approximately 4‐mm mesh may not transport sufficient pollen for fruit set. Our study demonstrated that pollination effectiveness, which is usually regarded as a static value, within a taxon can fluctuate in the space of just several hours. Considering such diurnal patterns can be altered by climate change, we need to carefully monitor the diurnal temporal patterns of pollinators worldwide.
Short‐term effects of sacubitril/valsartan therapy on myocardial oxygen consumption and energetic efficiency of cardiac work in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Nesterov Sergey V. , Räty Johanna , Nammas Wail , Maaniitty Teemu , Galloo Xavier , Stassen Jan , Laurila Sanna , Vasankari Tuija , Huusko Jenni , Bax Jeroen J. , Saraste Antti , Knuuti Juhani
Published: October 2023

Aims

We sought to evaluate the mechanism of angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) sacubitril/valsartan therapy and compare it with a valsartan‐only control group in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).

Methods and results

The study was a phase IV, prospective, randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group study in patients with New York Heart Association class II–III heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤35%. During a 6‐week run‐in period, all patients received valsartan therapy, which was up‐titrated to the highest tolerated dose level (80 mg bid or 160 mg bid) and then randomized to either valsartan or sacubitril/valsartan. Myocardial oxygen consumption, energetic efficiency of cardiac work, cardiac and systemic haemodynamics were quantified using echocardiography and 11C‐acetate positron emission tomography before and after 6 weeks of therapy (on stable dose) in 55 patients (ARNI group: n = 27, mean age 63 ± 10 years, LVEF 29.2 ± 10.4%; and valsartan‐only control group: n = 28, mean age 64 ± 8 years, LVEF 29.0 ± 7.3%; all p = NS). The energetic efficiency of cardiac work remained unchanged in both treatment arms. However, both diastolic (−4.5 mmHg; p = 0.026) and systolic blood pressure (−9.8 mmHg; p = 0.0007), myocardial perfusion (−0.054 ml/g/min; p = 0.045), and left ventricular mechanical work (−296; p = 0.038) decreased significantly in the ARNI group compared to the control group. Although myocardial oxygen consumption decreased in the ARNI group (−5.4%) compared with the run‐in period and remained unchanged in the control group (+0.5%), the between‐treatment group difference was not significant (p = 0.088).

Conclusions

We found no differences in the energetic efficiency of cardiac work between ARNI and valsartan‐only groups in HFrEF patients. However, ARNI appears to have haemodynamic and cardiac mechanical effects over valsartan in heart failure patients.
Quercetin‐encapsulated magnetoliposomes: Fabrication, optimization, characterization, and antioxidant studies
Authors: Kar Sweta , Das Sabya Sachi , Singh Sandeep Kumar
Published: October 2023

Quercetin (QU) faces challenges in its therapeutic efficacy due to its hydrophobic nature and limited oral bioavailability. Using a Box–Behnken design (BBD) approach, we developed QU‐loaded magnetoliposomes (QMLs) to address these limitations. By encapsulating QU within iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and liposomes (LPs), we enhanced its hydrophilicity and improved its potential for drug delivery. Through systematic adjustments of phosal, polyvinyl alcohol, and magnetic/IONPs, we optimized the particle size, zeta potential, and iron content of the QMLs. The formulations underwent comprehensive structural characterization using techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐Ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry–thermogravimetric analysis, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, whereas their morphology was examined through field emission scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, we evaluated the in vitro drug release of the QMLs and antioxidant activity of QU, QU‐loaded LPs, and QMLs using DPPH, 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid), and H2O2 scavenging assays, enabling us to compare their antioxidant potential and the efficiency of QU encapsulation within the magneto LPs.

Practical Applications: This research holds significant practical implications, particularly in targeted drug delivery using magnetic liposomes. The developed system shows promise in enhancing cancer therapy, providing localized treatment for inflammation‐related conditions, delivering drugs to the brain to address neurological disorders, promoting wound healing, and incorporating quercetin into skincare products for its antioxidant and antiaging benefits.
Disordered eating in transgender and gender non‐conforming youth: A comparison to community‐based and clinical samples
Authors: Quiñones Isabel C. , Selkie Ellen , Mammel Kathleen A. , Haedt‐Matt Alissa , Klump Kelly L. , Burt S. Alexandra , Van Huysse Jessica L.
Published: October 2023

Objective

This study investigates eating pathology in transgender and gender non‐conforming (TGNC) youth compared to a community‐based sample and individuals with eating disorders (EDs).

Method

Participants (ages 13–21 years) included TGNC youth from a paediatric gender clinic (N = 97), a demographically matched community‐based sample of cisgender males (N = 97) and cisgender females (N = 97), and treatment‐seeking patients with EDs (N = 112). The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE‐Q) was used to assess ED cognitions and behaviours.

Results

Transgender and gender non‐conforming participants reported significantly higher EDE‐Q global scores compared to the cisgender samples, but significantly lower than the ED sample. Transgender and gender non‐conforming individuals reported a higher likelihood of objective binge episodes (OBEs) than the cisgender groups, albeit lower than youth with EDs. A substantial proportion of TGNC participants scored in elevated ranges on the EDE‐Q global score (35% ≥ score of 3, 17% ≥ score of 4), significantly higher than cisgender males (0% ≥ score of 3, 0% ≥ score of 4) and females (9% ≥ score of 3, 3% ≥ score of 4).

Conclusions

Findings indicate that TGNC youth exhibit increased ED cognitions and OBEs compared to cisgender samples, highlighting the need for screening and addressing ED symptoms in this population.
Lycopene protects against ionizing radiation‐induced testicular damage by inhibition of apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: Qu Mingyue , He Qican , Guo Baoshi
Published: October 2023

Ionizing radiation (IR) is one of the key contributors that cause male infertility by disturbing spermatogenesis. Lycopene, a carotenoid with strong antioxidant properties, was shown to protect against oxidative damage induced by IR in several experimental models. The present study was designed to explore the possible protective effects of lycopene against IR‐induced testicular damage in C57BL/6 mice. Mice were administered lycopene (20 mg/kg) by oral gavage for seven consecutive days prior to a single dose of whole‐body X‐ray irradiation (4 Gy, 1 Gy/min). We observed that lycopene remarkably augmented sperm motility and reduced sperm abnormalities in mice following IR exposure. Histopathological analyses also revealed that lycopene ameliorated the structural damage of seminiferous tubules and enhanced the regeneration of seminiferous epithelium following IR stress. Moreover, lycopene attenuated IR‐induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by a decreasing lipid peroxidation level and an increase in the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase activity. In addition, lycopene reduced the γH2AX expression and the number of TUNEL‐positive cells in the germinal epithelium, as well as restoring the imbalance of Bax/Bcl‐2 expression induced by IR exposure. Furthermore, lycopene prevented mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization and ATP reduction and preserved the activities of mitochondrial complexes I‐IV in the testes of mice after exposure to IR. Lycopene also improved mitochondrial biogenesis in testes of mice exposed to IR, presenting as restored expressions of PGC‐1α, Nrf1, and Tfam. Taken together, our results suggest that lycopene alleviates IR‐induced testicular damage, and the underlying mechanism involves at least in part the inhibition of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and the maintenance of mitochondrial respiration and biogenesis. The beneficial effect of lycopene highlights the therapeutic potential of this plant‐derived antioxidant against impaired spermatogenesis and male infertility induced by IR.
How does a ban on sex‐selective abortions affect child health?
Authors: Dasgupta Aparajita , Sharma Anisha
Published: October 2023

Bans on sex‐selective abortions are typically implemented to make sex ratios more equitable, but they may have adverse effects on surviving children. We examine the impacts of a ban on prenatal sex selection in India on postnatal health outcomes. We first show that the ban increased the share of female children born to mothers, especially among firstborn female families. Strikingly, we also find that the ban led to a worsening of mortality outcomes for both girls and boys in firstborn female families. In terms of mechanisms, we find that fertility increases in firstborn female families after the ban, pointing to the following channel: firstborn female families are disproportionately affected by the ban and are more likely to use the son‐biased fertility stopping rule to achieve a desired number of sons. Children in firstborn female families likely face greater competition for parental resources, which may worsen their health.
Financial incentives and health provider behaviour: Evidence from a capitation policy in Ghana
Authors: Dzampe Adolf Kwadzo , Takahashi Shingo
Published: October 2023

The capitation payment model has been used as a supply‐side cost‐containment tool in controlling physician behaviour. However, little is known regarding its effectiveness in controlling costs and discouraging use of low‐value care. This study seeks to examine whether financial incentives in capitation influence provider behaviour, and if so, whether such behaviour compromises outcomes for inpatients with hypertension. To this end, we evaluate the effect on outpatient visits and inpatient outcomes of the introduction of capitation into a mixed payment system involving diagnosis‐related groups and fee‐for‐service in the Ashanti region of Ghana. We use difference‐in‐differences with fixed effects and event study analysis of claims data over 48 months (2016–2019). We found that providers responded to financial incentives in capitation; outpatient visits were approximately 35% lower. However, we found no significant impact of capitation on inpatient outcomes; that is, the in‐hospital death rate did not increase, and the length of hospital stay (which may be a rough indicator of the severity of illness) also did not increase. These findings indicate that patient health outcomes did not deteriorate. Evidence suggests that the observed reduction in outpatient visits may be in unnecessary or low‐value visits, especially at lower levels of the healthcare system.
Effects of squamous cell carcinoma and smoking status on oropharyngeal and laryngeal microbial communities
Authors: Oberste Maximilian , Böse Brit Elisabeth , dos Anjos Borges Luis Gustavo , Junca Howard , Plumeier Iris , Kahl Silke , Simon Frank , Beule Achim Georg , Rudack Claudia , Pieper Dietmar H.
Published: October 2023

Background

Still, little is known about microbial dysbiosis in oropharyngeal and laryngeal tissue as risk factor for development of local squamous cell carcinoma. The site‐specific microbiota at these regions in healthy and cancer tissue and their modulation by environmental factors need to be defined.

Methods

The local microbiota of cancer tissue and healthy controls was profiled by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and statistical analysis using 111 oropharyngeal and 72 laryngeal intraoperative swabs.

Results

Oropharynx and larynx harbor distinct microbial communities. Clear effects of both smoking and cancer were seen in the oropharynx whereas effects in the larynx were minor.

Conclusion

The distinct microbial communities at larynx and oropharynx partially explain why the effects of cancer and smoking were distinct at those sites. Thus, the use of microbiota supposed to mirror community changes in another target location should be avoided and more studies on the actual cancerous environment are necessary.
How do subjective mortality beliefs affect the value of social security and the optimal claiming ages?
Authors: Dai Tiantian , Sun Wei , Webb Anthony
Published: October 2023

Households that postpone claiming Social Security benefits are, in effect, making additional purchases of the Social Security annuity and acquiring valuable longevity insurance. This paper investigates the impact of plausible variations of subjective mortality beliefs on the value of delayed claiming and the optimal claiming ages of retired workers. Using the Health and Retirement Study data, we show that older individuals could, on average, predict their life expectancy correctly; however, the average variance of age of death calculated from subjective mortality tables is 6.2%–14.4% lower than that from cohort life tables. Using numerical optimization techniques, we further show that, theoretically, older households place a lower value on delaying claiming when they have greater confidence in their ability to forecast their age of death. But the magnitude of this effect is not large enough to change their optimal claiming ages, unless they hold extreme subjective mortality beliefs. As a result, we conclude that subjective mortality beliefs alone cannot explain the prevalence of early claiming behaviors.
Analyzing behavioral factors of willingness to pay for sustainability
Authors: Ishaq Mariam , Kolady Deepthi , Grebitus Carola
Published: October 2023

Consumption of sustainably produced food enables consumers to contribute to greenhouse gas emission reduction. Using choice experiment data, this study analyzes the effect of socio‐demographics and behavioral factors on consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for sustainably produced beefsteak. Results show increased WTP for traceable beefsteak raised carbon‐friendly and humanely. Behavioral factors, such as, lifestyle is affecting this WTP more than socio‐demographics and psychographic characteristics. Findings highlight the importance of labeling standards and policies in promoting green consumer behavior targeting lifestyle characteristics.
Inpatient psychiatry patient medication education groups: A retrospective observational case series evaluating education provided on prescribed psychiatric medications at discharge and documentation practices
Authors: McGrane Ian R. , Nuebel Matthew J. , Shooshtari Jason N. H.
Published: October 2023

Introduction

Patient medication education groups (PMEGs) during inpatient psychiatric hospitalizations have occurred for over 40 years. It is unknown to what degree patients are educated on their prescribed medications following PMEGs, or, pharmacist PMEG documentation practices.

Objectives

The primary objective was to determine the percentage of patients educated on their newly prescribed or continued psychiatric medications at hospital discharge during daily pharmacy‐delivered education sessions at an inpatient psychiatric hospital.

Methods

This single‐center, six‐month, retrospective observational case series of PMEGs and individual education occurred during acute inpatient psychiatric hospitalization. Educational content was adapted by the board‐certified psychiatric pharmacist (BCPP) to emphasize medications that attendees wished to discuss. Data collection included demographics, medications prescribed at discharge, educational content provided, and documentation by pharmacy staff regarding attendees' behaviors and shared medication experiences. The chi‐square test was used to determine differences in percentages of patients educated on psychiatric medication classes.

Results

A total of 87 PMEGs and 90 individual patient education were performed, reaching 230 unique patients. The average patient attended two PMEGs. Patients prescribed the following scheduled medication classes at discharge were educated on them: antipsychotics (76.3%), antidepressants (67.3%), antiepileptic drugs (66.7%), substance use disorder medications (63.6%), lithium (60%), and non‐antidepressant anti‐anxiety medications (58.6%). Education was provided more frequently on newly prescribed medication classes (79%) compared to continued medication classes at discharge (58.3%) (p = 0.00001). Individual patient interactions during educational sessions documented behavioral or psychiatric symptoms (68%), patient‐sharing experience with medications (39%), medication‐related concerns (28%), medication efficacy comments (18%), and interest in pharmacotherapy modification (14%).

Conclusion

Nearly 80% of patients who attended PMEG or met individually with the BCPP were educated on newly prescribed scheduled psychiatric medications. Additional research is needed to determine patient preference of how education is delivered, and how PMEGs impact pharmacist interventions, medication adherence, and hospital readmission rates.
Relationship between nurses' perceptions of the benefits/challenges of nursing and degree of interprofessional and intraprofessional collaboration in all‐inclusive services combining day services, overnight stays and home‐visit nursing for the older people living at home
Authors: Katahira Nobuko , Maruo Satomi
Published: October 2023

Background

Many countries are experiencing rapid population aging, and the provision of support for older adults with diseases or disabilities to continue living in their communities is a major global challenge. Japan has established multifunctional long‐term care in small group homes and home‐visit nursing (MLSH) as a service category that integrates medical and care services. These services focus on nursing functions to support continuous, long‐term home, and end‐of‐life care for older adults with high levels of medical care dependency. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between nurses' perceptions of nursing benefits/challenges and the degree of interprofessional collaboration in the context of MLSH.

Methods

We conducted a mail questionnaire survey of MLSH facilities throughout Japan. All facilities in Japan that had been operating for at least 1 year were included. We analyzed 182 responses (response rate: 36.0%; valid response rate: 98.3%).

Results

Comparison of scores representing the degree of interprofessional collaboration perceived by nurses showed the highest score was for colleague nurses (3.9 ± 0.5) and the lowest was for external care managers (2.5 ± 0.9). Compared with the weak collaboration group, the strong collaboration group had higher perceptions of the benefits of nursing and lower perceptions of the challenges.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that strong collaboration allows teams to achieve sufficient effects of care while reducing related challenges. It may be necessary to promote collaboration with external professionals to appropriately manage service users' worsened conditions and improve the quality of care.
Managing multiple stressors for sustainable livelihoods in dryland ecosystems: Insights and entry points for resource management
Authors: Li Tong , Singh Ranjay K. , Cui Lizhen , Xu Zhihong , Pandey Rajiv , Liu Yuexian , Cui Xiaoyong , Liu Yali , Fava Francesco , Yang Yaqian , Wang Yanfen
Published: October 2023

Communities in dryland ecosystems face multiple stressors that threaten their livelihood resilience. While community resilience in socio‐ecological systems is largely determined by access to and sustainable management of natural resources, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. This study, which uses grounded theory integrated with discourse analysis, aims to contribute addressing this knowledge gap. First, we explore global literature describing trends and patterns in the various stressors—including climate change, frequent drought, and famine, ecological, socio‐economic, and institutional stressors—that impact the livelihood resilience of these communities, with the goal of summarizing how multiple stressors impact the sustainability of dryland social‐ecological systems. Then, using the sustainable development goals (SDGs) as a reference target, we propose potential entry points to support livelihood resilience pathways. These include land, water, livestock and agroforestry, and institutional and social capital. Lastly, we suggest an integrated multi‐scalar pathway embedded with cross‐sectorial policies and differential cross‐social strategies towards combining resilience with SDGs targets. This research can help stakeholders to adapt to and mitigate the impacts of various stressors, ultimately strengthening livelihood resilience in dryland ecosystems.