bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Cp2Mg supply on MOVPE growth behavior of InN
Authors: Sugita K. , Sasamoto K. , Hashimoto A. , Yamamoto A.
Published: June 2011

This report shows the effect of Cp2Mg supply on MOVPE growth behavior of InN. At low growth temperature (∼600 °C), the formation of adducts occurred, which degenerates the crystal quality. With increasing the growth temperature, the adduct formation was suppressed because the decomposition of Cp2Mg was enhanced and thus the incorporation of carbon into the film was suppressed. The use of Cp2Mg during InN growth increases the growth rate in the lateral direction. Non‐doped InN film grown on GaN buffer has an In‐face of the top side. On the other hand, the inversion domains seems to be formed in the highly Mg‐doped InN. Tilt distribution decreases from 65 to 30 arcmin with the increase of Cp2Mg/TMI molar ratio 0 to 0.06. The donor is produced in highly Mg‐doped MOVPE‐grown InN (Cp2Mg/TMI molar ratio > 0.005). Therefore, the effect of Cp2Mg supply on MOVPE growth behavior of InN is found to improve a macro‐scale crystal quality but also produces the donor (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Low temperature growth of GaN using catalyst‐assisted MOVPE
Authors: Sasamoto Kohei , Hotta Toru , Tanaka Mikiyasu , Sugita Ken‐ichi , Bhuiyan Ashraful Ghani , Hashimoto Akihiro , Yamamoto Akio
Published: June 2011

Low‐temperature (∼600 °C) MOVPE growth of GaN is investigated using a catalyst to enhance NH3 decomposition rate. As a catalyst, Ir is employed in this study. Significant differences in electrical properties between samples grown with and without catalyst are observed. The sample grown at 600 °C without catalyst shows a high resistivity (106 Ωcm) and a low carrier concentration (1011 cm‐3). The low carrier concentration is seemed to be due to the compensation by the carbon impurity known as a deep level acceptor, since the activation energy for such sample is closed to that for carbon‐doped GaN. The employment of the catalyst results in the improvement of crystalline quality of low‐temperature grown GaN. As a result of this study, we have found that the catalyst‐assisted MOVPE has significant effects on the suppression of impurity (mainly carbon) incorporation and the improvement of crystalline quality of GaN grown films. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of n‐AlGaN cleave assistance layers on the morphology of c ‐plane cleaved facets for m ‐plane InGaN/GaN laser diodes
Authors: Hardy M. T. , Farrell R. M. , Hsu Po S. , Haeger D. A. , Kelchner K. , Fujito Kenji , Chakraborty Apran , Cohen D. A. , Nakamura Shuji , Speck J. S. , DenBaars St. P.
Published: June 2011

The effect of thick n‐type Al0.12Ga0.88N cleave assistance layers (CALs) on the morphology of c ‐plane cleaved facets was investigated for m ‐plane InGaN/GaN laser diode (LD) ridge waveguide structures. Five LD structures with AlGaN CAL thicknesses ranging from 0 to 800 nm were thinned, scribed, cleaved, and characterized via plan view optical microscopy to evaluate the morphology of the cleaved facets. The fraction of facets that appeared straight across the entire width of the ridge waveguides increased with increasing AlGaN CAL thickness, nearly doubling from a minimum of 43% in samples with no AlGaN CAL to a maximum of 85% in samples with a 600 nm AlGaN CAL. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High quality factor of AlN microdisks embedding GaN quantum dots
Authors: Mexis M. , Sergent S. , Guillet T. , Brimont C. , Bretagnon T. , Gil B. , Semond F. , Leroux M. , Néel D. , David S. , Chécoury X. , Boucaud P.
Published: June 2011

We report the observation of high quality (Q) factor whispering gallery modes for GaN/AlN quantum dot based microdisks. Room temperature photoluminescence measurements show a large number of high Q modes on the whole PL spectral range. For the first time we report Q values up to 6000 for nitride based cavities. We attribute this improvement of the Q factor to the etching quality and to the relatively low cavity loss by inserting dots into the microdisks. The uniformity of the resonant modes with respect to a wide range of energies allows us to identify the different radial mode families. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Robotic‐assisted bariatric surgery: a systematic review
Authors: Gill Richdeep S. , Al‐Adra David P. , Birch Daniel , Hudson Matthew , Shi Xinzhe , Sharma Arya M. , Karmali Shahzeer
Published: June 2011

Background

Bariatric laparoscopic surgery has been shown to lead to sustainable weight‐loss in obese individuals. Robotic‐assisted laparoscopic surgery is proposed as the next major evolution in minimally invasive surgery. This study systematically reviews the literature regarding the feasibility and safety of robotic‐assisted bariatric surgery in obese patients.

Methods

A comprehensive search of electronic databases was completed for the period 2003 to 2010. Two independent reviewers assessed the studies for relevance, inclusion, and extracted data.

Results

After an initial screen of 297 titles, 22 studies met the inclusion criteria. A total of 1253 patients with a mean preoperative body mass index of 46.6 kg/m2 were obtained from 13 included studies. Major complications of malabsorptive procedures included eight anastomotic leaks (2.4%), bleeding (7/349 patients = 2%) and strictures/stenosis (13/430 patients = 3%). There were no reported deaths.

Conclusions

This systematic review demonstrates that robotic‐assisted bariatric surgery is both a safe and feasible option for severely obese patients. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Membranüberdachung für den historischen Milk Market in Limerick, Irland
Authors: Paech Christoph , Bergermann Rudolf
Published: June 2011

Im Zuge einer Modernisierung des denkmalgeschützten Milk Markets in Limerick wurde eine Membranüberdachung entworfen, um zum einen den lokalen Bauernmarkt vor Witterungseinflüssen zu schützen, aber gleichzeitig der Atmosphäre eines Freiluftmarktes nahe zu kommen. Um die Nutzbarkeit des Platzes zu optimieren, wird die 1400 m2 große Membranüberdachung lediglich durch einen exzentrisch angeordneten Mast unterstützt und ist zu den vier Eckpunkten des Innenhofes hin abgespannt, ohne dabei die denkmalgeschützte Bebauung zu berühren.

Membrane canopy for the preserved Milk Market in Limerick, Ireland. A membrane canopy has been designed for the historic milk market courtyard in Limerick as part of the refurbishment efforts in order to enable the local farmers market to take place independently from environmental influences but still achieve an outdoor ambience. To optimize the usability of the 1400 m2 covered area, the membrane is supported by just one eccentrically aligned mast and is suspended to the four corners of the courtyard without touching any of the preserved structures.
Instandsetzung einer Geh‐ und Radwegbrücke durch Austausch der Hänger gegen Seile
Authors: Schütz Karl G. , Schmidmeier Michael
Published: June 2011

Bei der im Folgenden vorgestellten stählernen Geh‐ und Radwegbrücke wurden bereits nach wenigen Jahren an einer Vielzahl von Hängern Anrisse in den unteren Anschlussbereichen gefunden. Im Rahmen von Bauwerksuntersuchungen und ‐überwachungen (Langzeitmessung, Videoüberwachung) konnte letztlich ein relativ regelmäßiges, mutwilliges Aufschaukeln der gut erreichbaren Hänger durch Passanten als Schadensursache identifiziert werden.

Ziel der anschließenden Bauwerksinstandsetzung war es, die niedrigen Eigenfrequenzen der Rundstahlhänger in kaum mehr anregbare Bereiche anzuheben. Hierzu wurden die vorhandenen Rundstahlhänger mit einem Durchmesser von 63 mm gegen vollverschlossene Seile mit Durchmessern von 21 bzw. 26 mm aus getauscht. Der Ablauf der Untersuchungen sowie die Ausführung der Instandsetzungsarbeiten werden beschrieben.

Repair of a pedestrian bridge by replacing steel‐bar hangers with ropes. After just a few years of service a large number of cracks were detected on the lower hanger attachments of the pedestrian bridge presented below. The examination and observation of the structure (by long‐time measurements and video‐monitoring) ultimately led to the identification of the cause of damage, which was the quite regular and wilful excitation of the easily accessible hangers by pedestrians.

The subsequent repair works aimed at increasing the low eigenfrequencies of the hangers into levels, which no longer allowed excitations. To achieve this, the original steelbar hangers, with a diameter of 63 mm, were replaced by locked coil ropes with diameters of 21 and 26 mm. The course of the examinations and the execution of the repair works are described below.
Das neue Schweizer Normenwerk zum Umgang mit bestehenden Tragwerken
Authors: Brühwiler Eugen
Published: June 2011

Mit der Normenreihe SIA 269 stellt der Schweizerische Ingenieur‐ und Architektenverein seinen Mitgliedern ein Hilfsmittel zur Verfügung, das den Umgang mit bestehenden Tragwerken wesentlich verbessern wird und dabei die Kreativität der Ingenieure herausfordert und auch ermöglicht. In diesem Aufsatz wird das neue Normenwerk vorgestellt. Nach der Erläuterung von Grundsätzen und Tätigkeiten werden wesentliche Aspekte bestehender Tragwerke behandelt und mit Beispielen von Stahlbauten von hohem kulturellem Wert illustriert, bei denen bereits in den letzten Jahren die im Normenwerk SIA 269 festgehaltenen Regeln der Baukunde angewendet wurden.

The new Swiss Codes for engineering of existing structures. The Schweizerische Ingenieur‐ und Architektenverein (Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects) introduces the series of Codes SIA 269 as a tool that will provide guidance for their members to significantly improve engineering of existing structures. These standards will challenge the civil engineering community and allow for creativity. This paper presents the main content of the SIA 269 codes. Principles and activities are outlined. Main aspects of existing structures are discussed and illustrated by means of examples of existing steel structures of high cultural value which have been rehabilitated over the last few years already applying the state‐of‐the‐art rules as establish now in the Codes SIA 269.
Lap shear tests on adhesive bonds of historic iron and mild steel
Authors: Leen Lauriks , Quentin Collette , Ine Wouters , Jan Belis
Published: June 2011

Putty has been used for ages to seal the connection between glass plates and glazing bars in window frames or iron and glass roofs. Nowadays, putty can be replaced by adhesive, to make the two materials structurally work together. To gain insight in the structural behaviour, this article examines the magnitude of the stresses that can be transmitted between glass panels and historic iron which are bonded with modern adhesive.

Experiments on single‐lap joints were carried out to determine the influence of parameters, specific for renovation, on the shear strength. The material of the substrate (modern construction steel/19th century mild steel), its surface roughness (obtained by grit blasting) and its treatment (application of zinc‐phosphate epoxy paint) were tested. All substrates were bonded with an MS polymer adhesive. The experiments demonstrated that a variation in surface roughness has a small effect on the average shear strength, which is positive for the renovation practice. However, the time period between grit blasting and bonding/applying a paint layer seemed crucial.

Scherversuche an einschnittigen Klebverbindungen von historischen Eisenwerkstoffen und Flussstahl. Seit jeher war Fensterkitt das Material der zur Abdichtung des Übergangs zwischen Glasscheiben und Sprossen in Fensterrahmen oder eisernen Glasdachkonstruktionen. Heutzutage kann Kitt durch Klebstoffe ersetzt werden, um ein strukturelles Zusammenwirken der beiden Werkstoffe zu erreichen. Um Erkenntnisse über das Tragverhalten zu gewinnen, untersucht der vorliegende Aufsatz die Größe der Kräfte, die zwischen Glasscheiben und historischen Eisenwerkstoffen übertragen werden können, die mit einem modernen Klebstoff verbundenen sind.

Es wurden Untersuchungen an einschnittigen Verbindungen durchgeführt, um zu ermitteln, welchen Einfluss die für die Ertüchtigung relevanten Parameter auf die Scherfestigkeit haben. Geprüft wurden Eisen‐ bzw. Stahlwerkstoffe (moderner Baustahl/Flussstahl aus dem 19. Jahrhundert), deren Oberflächenrauheit (durch Sandstrahlen erzielt) und Vorbehandlung (Auftrag von Zinkphosphat‐Epoxidharz‐Grundierung). Alle Eisen‐ bzw. Stahlwerkstoffe wurden mit einem MS‐Polymer‐Klebstoff verklebt. Die Versuche ergaben, dass der Grad der Oberflächenrauheit die durchschnittliche Scherfestigkeit nur geringfügig beeinflusst, ein positives Ergebnis im Hinblick auf die Ertüchtigungspraxis. Entscheidend ist dagegen offenbar die Zeitspanne zwischen Sandstrahlen und Kleben/Grundieren.
Instandsetzung des stählernen Glockenstuhls im Ulmer Münster
Authors: Barthel Rainer , Maus Helmut , Löffler Michael
Published: June 2011

Im Hauptturm des Ulmer Münsters befindet sich ein stählerner Glockenstuhl aus dem Jahre 1897. Er wurde im Zuge der Vollendung des Turmes im 19. Jahrhundert als Ersatz für einen alten hölzernen Glockenstuhl in den mittelalterlichen Teil des Turmes eingebaut. Es handelt sich um ein für die damalige Zeit hochmodernes und sorgfältig durchkonstruiertes Tragwerk aus genieteten Stahlprofilen. Umfangreiche und vielfältige Korrosionsschäden machten eine umfassende Instandsetzung erforderlich. Dabei waren hohe Anforderungen von Seiten der Denkmalpflege zu erfüllen. Die Originalsubstanz sollte so weit als irgend möglich erhalten werden, der Charakter und das Erscheinungsbild sollten nicht verfremdet werden. Mit Hilfe einer sorgfältigen Schadensaufnahme und ‐analyse konnte ein Instandsetzungskonzept entwickelt werden, das einerseits lokale Schädigungen und statische Beanspruchungen auf differenzierte Weise berücksichtigt, andererseits aber eine formale Einheitlichkeit bewahrt.

Repair of the steel belfry in the Ulm Minster, Germany. The famous main tower of Ulm Minster contains a steel bell frame from 1897. Situated in the tower’s medieval part, it was erected during the completion of the tower in the late 19th century as a substitute for an ancient wooden construction. The riveted steel structure of the bell frame shows a very efficient and, in its time, modern design. Due to heavy corrosion on the profiles and joints, a thorough restoration had to be carried out. With view on the exceptional qualities of the structure, one of the main goals was a maximum preservation of the original material as well as of the bell frame’s general character and appearance. Based on a meticulous damage survey, it was possible to develop a restoration considering local damage as well as general structural shortcomings.
Optic Vesicle-like Structures Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Facilitate a Customized Approach to Retinal Disease Treatment
Authors: Meyer Jason S. , Howden Sara E. , Wallace Kyle A. , Verhoeven Amelia D. , Wright Lynda S. , Capowski Elizabeth E. , Pinilla Isabel , Martin Jessica M. , Tian Shulan , Stewart Ron , Pattnaik Bikash , Thomson James A. , Gamm David M.
Published: June 2011

Differentiation methods for human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) typically yield progeny from multiple tissue lineages, limiting their use for drug testing and autologous cell transplantation. In particular, early retina and forebrain derivatives often intermingle in pluripotent stem cell cultures, owing to their shared ancestry and tightly coupled development. Here, we demonstrate that three-dimensional populations of retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) can be isolated from early forebrain populations in both human embryonic stem cell and hiPSC cultures, providing a valuable tool for developmental, functional, and translational studies. Using our established protocol, we identified a transient population of optic vesicle (OV)-like structures that arose during a time period appropriate for normal human retinogenesis. These structures were independently cultured and analyzed to confirm their multipotent RPC status and capacity to produce physiologically responsive retinal cell types, including photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We then applied this method to hiPSCs derived from a patient with gyrate atrophy, a retinal degenerative disease affecting the RPE. RPE generated from these hiPSCs exhibited a disease-specific functional defect that could be corrected either by pharmacological means or following targeted gene repair. The production of OV-like populations from human pluripotent stem cells should facilitate the study of human retinal development and disease and advance the use of hiPSCs in personalized medicine.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Fluoride‐Rich Rubidium Scandium Fluoride Oxosilicate Rb3Sc2F5Si4O10
Authors: Schäfer Marion C. , Schleid Thomas
Published: June 2011

The new quinary fluoride‐rich rubidium scandium oxosilicate Rb3Sc2F5Si4O10 was obtained from mixtures of RbF, ScF3, Sc2O3 and SiO2 in sealed platinum ampoules after seventeen days at 700 °C. The colourless compound crystallises orthorhombically in space group Pnma with a = 962.13(5), b = 825.28(4), c = 1838.76(9) pm and Z = 4. For the oxosilicate partial structure, [SiO4]4– tetrahedra are connected in (001) by vertex‐sharing to form corrugated unbranched vierer single layers ${2}\atop{{\infty}}${[Si4O10]4–} (d(Si–O) = 158–165 pm, ∠(O–Si–O) = 103–114°, ∠(Si–O–Si) = 125–145°) containing six‐membered rings. Similar oxosilicate layers with 63‐net topology are well‐known for the mineral group of micas or in sanbornite Ba2Si4O10. Regarding other systems, identical tetrahedral layers can be found in the synthetic borophosphate Mg(H2O)2[B2P2O8(OH)2]·H2O. The Sc3+ cations are coordinated octahedrally by four F– and two O2– anions. These cis‐[ScF4O2]5– octahedra (d(Sc–F) = 200–208 pm, d(Sc–O) = 202–205 pm) share one equatorial and two apical F– anions with others to build up slightly corrugated ${1}\atop{{\infty}}${[Sc2F${t}\atop{2/1}$F${v}\atop{6/2}$O${t}\atop{4/1}$]7–} double chains along [010]. These are linked with the oxosilicate layers via two oxygen vertices to construct a three‐dimensional framework with cavities apt to host the three crystallographically independent Rb+ cations with coordination numbers of eleven, twelve and thirteen.
Copper(I)d10···d10Interactions and Diselenide(1–) Radical Anions in Mixed Valent Selenides Cu4–δBiSe4I
Authors: Heerwig Andreas , Isaeva Anna , Ruck Michael
Published: June 2011

Melting reactions of copper, CuI, selenium, and Bi2Se3yielded black, shiny needles of Cu4BiSe4I = Cu4BiSe2(Se2)I. The compound decomposes peritectically above 635(5) K and crystallizes in the orthorhombic space groupPnmawitha =960.1(1) pm,b= 413.16(3) pm, andc= 2274.7(2) pm (T= 293(2) K). In the crystal structure, strands${1}\atop{{\infty}}$[BiSeSe2/2(Se2)2/2]3–run along [010]. Therein, the bismuth(III) cation is coordinated by five selenium atoms, which form a square pyramid. The copper(I) cations are coordinated tetrahedrally by selenide, diselenide and iodide ions. Edge‐sharing of these tetrahedra results in zigzag chains of copper cations with short distances of 262.7(4) pm. Enhanced dispersion of the 3dbands, the Crystal Orbital Hamilton Populations (COHP), and disynaptic ELI‐D basins indicate weakly attractived10···d10interactions between the copper cations. The semiconducting properties and the calculated electronic band structure suggest an electron‐precise compound. In copper‐deficient Cu3.824(8)BiSe4I, the Cu···Cu distances are 5 pm shorter, and Raman spectroscopy indicates the presence of diselenide(1–) radical anions besides the diselenide(2–) groups. As a result, in Cu3.824(8)BiSe4I, selenium coexists in the oxidations states –II, –I, and –0.5.
Effect of the silk protein sericin on cryopreserved rat islets
Authors: Ohnishi Kenji , Murakami Makoto , Morikawa Mitsuhiro , Yamaguchi Akio
Published: June 2011

Background/purpose

Cryopreservation is necessary for the long‐term storage of islet cells and to increase the practicality of clinical islet transplantation. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplemented with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is generally used as a freezing medium for islet cells. However, FBS should ideally be avoided in cell culture and transplantation because of recent animal health problems, such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy and viral infections. The aim of this study was to develop a new serum‐free freezing medium by examining the effectiveness of the silk protein sericin, which is produced by Bombyx mori.

Methods

Islets prepared from Lewis rats by collagenase digestion and Histopaque gradient centrifugation, followed by culture in medium containing 0.1% sericin for 3 days, were cryopreserved using 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5% sericin or FBS. DMSO (1, 4, 7, 10, and 15%) was added to the medium as a cryoprotectant. After thawing, on days 1, 4, 7, and 14, viable islets were counted in order to evaluate their survival. Insulin secretion was measured in vitro by a static incubation test on day 4. The in vivo function of cultured islets was tested by syngeneic transplantation. Islets were evaluated histologically and immunohistochemically after transplantation.

Results

There were no significant differences between freezing medium containing 1% sericin and that containing 10% FBS with regard to the survival rate of islets and stimulated insulin secretion. Following transplantation, islets rapidly reversed hyperglycemia and maintained normal glycemic control. In addition, the use of 7% DMSO as a cryoprotectant with sericin showed the same results as higher DMSO concentrations with FBS.

Conclusion

The present results showed that serum‐free medium containing sericin is useful for both cryopreservation and cell culture.
Trichogramma pretiosumparasitism and dispersal capacity: a basis for developing biological control programs for soybean caterpillars
Authors: de Freitas Bueno R.C.O. , Parra J.R.P. , de Freitas Bueno A.
Published: June 2011

In order to succeed in biological control programs, not only is it crucial to understand the number of natural enemies to be released but also on how many sites per area this releasing must be performed. These variables might differ deeply among egg parasitoid species and crops worked. Therefore, these trials were carried out to evaluate the parasitism (%) in eggs ofAnticarsia gemmatalisandPseudoplusia includensafter the release of different densities of the egg parasitoidTrichogramma pretiosum. Field dispersal was also studied, in order to determine appropriate recommendations for the release of this parasitoid in soybean fields. The regression analysis between parasitism (%) and densities of the parasitoid indicated a quadratic effect for bothA. gemmatalisandP. includens. The maximum parasitism within 24 h after the release was reached with densities of 25.6 and 51.2 parasitoids per host egg, respectively, for the two pests. Parasitism ofT. pretiosumin eggs ofP. includensdecreased linearly as the distance of the pest eggs from the parasitoid release sites increased. ForP. includens, the mean radius ofT. pretiosumaction and the area of parasitoid dispersal in the soybean crop were 8.01 m and 85.18 m2, respectively. We conclude that for a successful biological control program of lepidopteran pests usingT. pretiosumin soybean fields, a density of 25.6 parasitoids per host egg, divided into 117 sites per hectare, should be used.
Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the development and fecundity of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Authors: Tamiru A. , Getu E. , Jembere B. , Bruce T.
Published: June 2011

The spotted stemborer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is one of the most important insect pests attacking maize and sorghum in Ethiopia. Recent studies have indicated that the pest is spreading to new locations where it was not reported before. In the current study, laboratory investigations were carried out to determine the combined effect of different levels of relative humidity and temperature regimes on the development and fecundity of C. partellus, as these physical factors are known to play an important role in the life cycle of insects and adaptability to local climate. Developmental time, longevity, potential fecundity and realized fecundity of C. partellus were measured under controlled conditions. Three temperature regimes (22°C, 26°C and 30°C) and three relative humidity levels (40%, 60% and 80%) were tested. It was found that temperature, relative humidity (RH) and their interaction significantly affected the developmental time, adult longevity, potential fecundity and realized fecundity of the pest. Developmental time was inversely related to temperature. Mean duration of C. partellus life cycle was 70.2 days at 22°C and 80% RH, whereas it took only 26.5 days to complete its life cycle at 30°C and 40% RH. Male and female longevity were similar in most cases. The adult life span ranged between 6.9–11.1 days at 22°C and 3.1–7.2 days at 30°C for different levels of relative humidity. The most suitable conditions for C. partellus development and fecundity were 26–30°C temperatures regimes and 60–80% RH levels.
Risk factors prospectively associated with adult obsessive–compulsive symptom dimensions and obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Grisham J. R. , Fullana M. A. , Mataix-Cols D. , Moffitt T. E. , Caspi A. , Poulton R.
Published: June 2011

Background

Very few longitudinal studies have evaluated prospective neurodevelopmental and psychosocial risk factors for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Furthermore, despite the heterogeneous nature of OCD, no research has examined risk factors for its primary symptom dimensions, such as contamination/washing.

Method

Potential risk factors for symptoms or diagnosis of OCD in adulthood and for specific adult obsessive–compulsive (OC) symptom dimensions were examined in the Dunedin Study birth cohort. The presence of obsessions and compulsions and psychological disorders was assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) at ages 26 and 32 years. Individuals with a diagnosis of OCD at either age (n=36) were compared to both a healthy control group (n=613) and an anxious control group (n=310) to determine whether associations between a risk factor and an OCD diagnosis were specific.

Results

Childhood neurodevelopmental, behavioral, personality and environmental risk factors were associated with a diagnosis of OCD and with OC symptoms at ages 26 and 32. Social isolation, retrospectively reported physical abuse and negative emotionality were specific predictors of an adult OCD diagnosis. Of note, most risk factors were associated with OC symptoms in adulthood and several risk factors predicted specific OCD dimensions. Perinatal insults were linked to increased risk for symmetry/ordering and shameful thoughts dimensions, whereas poor childhood motor skills predicted the harm/checking dimension. Difficult temperament, internalizing symptoms and conduct problems in childhood also predicted specific symptom dimensions and lower IQ non-specifically predicted increased risk for most dimensions.

Conclusions

The current findings underscore the need for a dimensional approach in evaluating childhood risk factors for obsessions and compulsions.
Heart rate after trauma and the specificity of fear circuitry disorders
Authors: Bryant R. A. , Creamer M. , O'Donnell M. , Silove D. , McFarlane A. C.
Published: June 2011

Background

Fear circuitry disorders purportedly include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia and specific phobia. It is proposed that these disorders represent a cluster of anxiety disorders triggered by stressful events and lead to fear conditioning. Elevated heart rate (HR) at the time of an aversive event may reflect strength of the unconditioned response, which may contribute to fear circuitry disorders.

Method

This prospective cohort study assessed HR within 48 h of hospital admission in 602 traumatically injured patients, who were assessed during hospital admission and within 1 month of trauma exposure for lifetime psychiatric diagnosis. At 3 months after the initial assessment, 526 patients (87%) were reassessed for PTSD, major depressive disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.

Results

At the 3-month assessment there were 77 (15%) new cases of fear circuitry disorder and 87 new cases of non-fear circuitry disorder (17%). After controlling for gender, age, type of injury and injury severity, patients with elevated HR (defined as ⩾96 beats per min) at the time of injury were more likely to develop PTSD [odds ratio (OR) 5.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.32–14.43], panic disorder (OR 3.46, 95% CI 1.16–10.34), agoraphobia (OR 3.90, 95% CI 1.76–8.61) and social phobia (OR 3.98, 95% CI 1.42–11.14). Elevated HR also predicted new fear circuitry disorders that were not co-morbid with a non-fear circuitry disorder (OR 7.28, 95% CI 2.14–24.79).

Conclusions

These data provide tentative evidence of a common mechanism underpinning the onset of fear circuitry disorders.
The Villa Pigneto Sacchetti excavation: a new interpretation
Authors: Perkins Phil , Schafer Sally
Published: June 2011

I resti settecentesca della Villa Pigneto Sacchetti si trovano a Roma, a nordovest della Città del Vaticano, sul ripido fianco nella Valle dell'Inferno nel parco regionale di Monte Mario. Concepito per la famiglia Sacchetti da Pietro da Cortona, essa fu una delle poche tra i suoi progetti architettonici ad essere costruita. Nel 1990 si pensava che la villa fosse andata perduta, e così fu elaborato un progetto per collocare ed esplorare i resti materiali; nel 1992 abbiamo parzialmente scavato la villa e in seguito pubblicato una relazione di scavo (in Papers of the British School at Rome 68 (2000)). Nel 2008 è stata pubblicata la molto attesa monografia di Jörg Martin Merz, Pietro da Cortona and Roman Baroque Architecture. Senza alcun dubbio questo volume fornisce un importante contributo alla letteratura architettonica del Barocco romano. Esso include un capitolo dedicato alla Villa Pigneto Sacchetti, che prende in considerazione alcuni dei nostri rinvenimenti. Questo articolo riguarda vari punti sollevati sul nostro lavoro e offre una reinterpretazione della storia della costruzione della villa con lo scopo di riconciliare opinioni divergenti e di incorporare i progressi degli studi dal 2000.
Investigations at Falacrinae, the birthplace of Vespasian
Authors: Coarelli Filippo , Kay Stephen , Patterson Helen , Ferraby Rose , Hay Sophie
Published: June 2011

Fin dal 2005 la British School at Rome con l'Università di Perugia e la Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Lazio sta conducendo uno studio sistematico del territorio di Cittareale, situato sulle montagne appenniniche a nord-est di Rieti, lungo la Via Salaria, sul confine tra le regioni Lazio, Umbria e Marche. Il progetto è parte di una serie più ampia di eventi programmati per il 2009 per ricordare il bimillenario della nascita di Vespasiano, ed è focalizzato principalmente sulla localizzazione e lo scavo del vicus di Falacrinae, dove Svetonio riporta che nacque l'imperatore. Il progetto ha comportato come prima cosa un programma di indagine di superficie, quindi l'analisi di una serie di siti attraverso la ricognizione geofisica, e lo scavo. Questo contributo presenta i risultati delle ricognizioni geofisiche e li compara con le evidenze emerse dallo scavo.
Mura di Roma dalla Porta Latina all'Appia
Authors: Cozza Lucos
Published: June 2011

The stretch of the Aurelianic Walls from the Porta Latina to the Porta Appia comprises twelve towers linked bv curtain walls with covered walkways. The surviving state of the monument is described in detail. The individual phases (from AD 275 to the present) are distinguished through the analysis of their construction techniques, archive drawings and photographs of vanished sections, papal coats of arms, and inscriptions (in pencil or graffito) recording more recent events. When the entire circuit was doubled in height during the Honorian phase (AD 401–3), the floors of the towers were built at a considerably higher level than the rampart walkways, so as to exploit fully the type of siege machinery(halhstae)located in the towers' upper chambers. The Honorian loopholes, for the use of archers, reveal a long and complex history: undergoing modifications during construction, they were subsequently blocked to prevent the illegal traffic of goods (and the avoidance of customs dues), and were finally reopened and modified once again for the defence of papal Rome. The modern restorations of 1930–67 are examined critically. The need for immediate restoration and sustained maintenance to guarantee the monument's structural integrity is now clear. It is to be hoped that a direct link (with visitor access) will be provided with the ‘Museo delle Mura’, which was set up in the neighbouring Porta Appia in 1970.
The Jerusalem Temple treasure and the church of Santi Cosma e Damiano in Rome
Authors: Osborne John
Published: June 2011

Gli studiosi si sono a lungo chiesti perché un'aula absidata e il suo vestibolo adiacente, appartenente al Foro della Pace di Vespasiano, doveva essere stato scelto come sito per la prima chiesa cristiana nel Foro Romano, quella dei Santi Cosma e Damiano, un progetto di Papa Felice IV (526–30). Con questo articolo si suggerisce che uno dei fattori che ha influenzato la scelta può essere stata la precedente presenza in quest'area dei tesori tratti dal Tempio di Gerusalemme, rubati a Roma dai Vandali nel 455. Questa storia puó spiegare l'aggiunta di un candelabro d'oro alla decorazione musiva dell'arco di trionfo — che altrimenti segue l'iconografia di San Paolo fuori le mura —, come pure l'inusuale espressione della dedica scritta.
Falerii Novi: further survey of the northern extramural area
Authors: Hay Sophie , Johnson Paul , Keay Simon , Millett Martin
Published: June 2011

Sommarii:

L'articolo presenta i risultati di nuove ricognizioni geofisiche nell'area esterna, immediatamente a nord del circuito murario di Falerii Novi. I risultati, integrati con recenti pubblicazioni su evidenze da fotografia aerea, chiariscono ulteriormente la sequenza dello sviluppo della città dalla sua fondazione nel 241 a.C. al periodo imperiale. Essi rivelano nuovi dettagli delle necropoli e deH'anfiteatro, e pongono importanti questioni circa l'assegnazione dei terreni nelle vicinanze della città.
Cooking pots and cooking practice: an African bain-marie?
Authors: Fentress Elizabeth
Published: June 2011

Sommarii:

L'articolo prende in considerazione tre particolari forme di ceramica da cucina: l'Hayes 23B, 196 e 197. Realizzati nella Tunisia settentrionale fin dal periodo flavio, esse rappresentano le forme più comuni tra i rinvenimenti africani nei siti del Mediterraneo occidentale. Comunque, ci sono problemi nell'interpretare i modi in cui erano usati. In questa sede suggerisco che le tre forme costituissero un set per la cottura a bagnomaria (con il recipiente più basso che andava riempito per metà d'acqua; uno superiore in cui veniva immesso il cibo; e un coperchio soprastante). Vengono discusse le origini di simili vasi e il loro ruolo nella cottura.
Warmundus of Ivrea and episcopal attitudes to death, martyrdom and the millennium
Authors: Mackie Gillian
Published: June 2011

Sommarii:

Warmundo, vescovo di Ivrea nella seconda metà del X secolo, è conosciuto per i suoi ampi successi come patrono dell'architettura e del volume illustrato. Fu anche poeta. Questo articolo si focalizza sull'ultimo periodo della vita di Warmundo, quando ha fornito nuovi libri liturgici per la sua cattedrale. Le illustrazioni che scelse per il suo Sacramentario rivelano che in vecchiaia la sua attenzione era rivolta alia morte, sia del semplice Cristiano sia dei martiri della fede. Due serie di miniature dal Sacramentario sono senza un confronto tra i manoscritti del suo tempo sopravvissuti. Un gruppo di dieci miniature illustra, in sequenza, le preghiere liturgiche da usare nella malattia e nella morte, mentre un'unica serie di tre miniature a piena pagina accompagna il testo per il giorno di Tutti i Santi e dipinge la sofferenza dei martiri con dettaglio grafico. lo esamino le possibili fonti per queste immagini nei manoscritti e nell'arte monumentale, e anche nella lerteratura, in particolare nelLiber Peristephanondi Prudentio. Possibili influenze sulla scelta dell'immaginario di Warmundo comprendono la sua età avanzata, il clima politico scombussolato e pericoloso dei suoi giorni e l'approccio al regno millenario, con associate le sue paure che la fine del mondo fosse vicina. Tutti questi fattori sono esaminati nel contesto delle illustrazioni che egli sceglie per i suoi manoscritti. I suoi interessi, come dimostrato in queste illustrazioni, possono ben essere stati condivisi con altri vescovi della sua era meno ben documentati, il cui lavoro non è sopravvissuto.
Effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection on reproduction: disease, vertical transmission, diagnostics and vaccination
Authors: Madson D. M. , Opriessnig T.
Published: June 2011

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes great economic losses in growing pigs and there are several reviews on disease manifestations and lesions associated with PCV2 in growing pigs. Reproductive failure in breeding herds, predominately associated with increased numbers of mummies and non-viable piglets at parturition, is one of the disease manifestations of PCV2 infection. Boars shed low amounts of infectious PCV2 in semen for extended time periods, and vertical transmission of PCV2 to fetuses during PCV2 viremia of the dam has been experimentally confirmed. However, intrauterine-infected piglets often are clinically normal. Nevertheless, pigs infected with PCV2 by the intrauterine route can be born viremic, possibly contributing to horizontal spread of PCV2 within the breeding herd and into the nursery. Shedding of PCV2 in semen and prevalence of intrauterine-infected piglets can both be greatly reduced by PCV2 vaccination well ahead of expected PCV2 exposure. This review is a discussion on current knowledge on the effects of PCV2 infection in the dam and inin uterofetuses, including clinical signs, lesions, diagnosis and prevention through vaccination. Infection of boars with PCV2, the potential for PCV2 transmission via semen and prevention of PCV2 shedding are also discussed.
Nutritional and physiological role of medium-chain triglycerides and medium-chain fatty acids in piglets
Authors: Zentek J. , Buchheit-Renko S. , Ferrara F. , Vahjen W. , Van Kessel A. G. , Pieper R.
Published: June 2011

Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are found at higher levels in milk lipids of many animal species and in the oil fraction of several plants, including coconuts, palm kernels and certainCupheaspecies. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) and fatty acids are efficiently absorbed and metabolized and are therefore used for piglet nutrition. They may provide instant energy and also have physiological benefits beyond their energetic value contributing to several findings of improved performance in piglet-feeding trials. MCTs are effectively hydrolyzed by gastric and pancreatic lipases in the newborn and suckling young, allowing rapid provision of energy for both enterocytes and intermediary hepatic metabolism. MCFAs affect the composition of the intestinal microbiota and have inhibitory effects on bacterial concentrations in the digesta, mainly onSalmonellaand coliforms. However, most studies have been performedin vitroup to now andin vivodata in pigs are still scarce. Effects on the gut-associated and general immune function have been described in several animal species, but they have been less studied in pigs. The addition of up to 8% of a non-esterified MCFA mixture in feed has been described, but due to the sensory properties this can have a negative impact on feed intake. This may be overcome by using MCTs, allowing dietary inclusion rates up to 15%. Feeding sows with diets containing 15% MCTs resulted in a lower mortality of newborns and better development, particularly of underweight piglets. In conclusion, MCFAs and MCTs offer advantages for the improvement of energy supply and performance of piglets and may stabilize the intestinal microbiota, expanding the spectrum of feed additives supporting piglet health in the post-weaning period.
Mapping QTLs for yield components and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters in wheat under three levels of water availability
Authors: Czyczyło-Mysza Ilona , Marcińska Izabela , Skrzypek Edyta , Chrupek Małgorzata , Grzesiak Stanisław , Hura Tomasz , Stojałowski Stefan , Myśków Beata , Milczarski Paweł , Quarrie Steve
Published: June 2011

Drought is one of the major factors limiting wheat yield in many developing countries worldwide. Parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics under drought stress conditions have been used to characterize dehydration tolerance in wheat. In the present study, a set of 94 doubled haploid lines obtained from Chinese Spring × SQ1 (CSDH), mapped with 450 markers, was evaluated for yield (grain dry weight/main stem ear), number of grains/main stem ear (NG) and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters (FC) under moderate and severe drought stress, and compared with results for well-watered plants. quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified using Windows QTLCartographer version 2.5 software and the results were analysed using single-marker analysis (SMA) and composite interval mapping (CIM). Analysis using SMA and CIM showed mostly similar QTLs for all traits, though more QTLs were identified by SMA than by CIM. The genetic control of yield, NG and FC varied considerably between drought-stressed and non-stressed plants. Although no major QTL co-locations were found for yield and FC using CIM, the co-location of QTLs for NG, yield and Fv/Fm in drought-stressed plants was observed on chromosome 5A using SMA.
The Role of Feeling in the Entertainment=Emotion Formula
Authors: Cupchik Gerald C.
Published: June 2011

This paper examines feelings and emotions in relation to entertainment experiences. Feelings reflect an appraisal of everyday events or media products that shape our experience of pleasure and interest which are complementary. Pleasure can result from the meaningful interpretation of a program or from positive associations that it evokes. Interest in a program can result from intellectual engagement and a search for meaning or simply to alleviate boredom. According to a reactive model of media involvement, a person selects stimuli which modulate feelings of pleasure or excitement. This affective covariation process is superficial in the sense that there is no need for deep processing in order to determine the value of the stimulus. Emotions are more closely tied to the self and the meaning of social situations. Emotion can be related to a reflective model of aesthetic involvement whereby a person interprets the work in terms of relevant aesthetic knowledge and personal life experiences. This search for underlying layers of meaning leads to deeper aesthetic engagement and emotional elaboration. The main point here is that processes related to the experience of feelings and emotions run concurrently. Feelings reflect more global responses to events involving characters and plots. Emotions are more firmly grounded in the search for meaning in depicted situations and implicate the lives of audiences who watch the programs.
Moral Intuition and Media Entertainment
Authors: Tamborini Ron
Published: June 2011

This paper applies the social intuitionist perspective of moral foundations theory (MFT) to the study of media entertainment. It begins by introducing the MFT’s conception of morality as an intuitive evaluative response governed by the association of moral codes organized in five mental modules. These include harm/care (concerned with suffering and empathy); fairness (related to reciprocity and justice); loyalty (dealing with common good and punitiveness toward outsiders); authority (negotiating dominance hierarchies); and purity (concerned with sanctity and contamination).

After discussing initial tests examining MFT’s application to narrative appeal, and its potential broad application to entertainment theory, a model of intuitive morality and exemplars (MIME) is presented. The model describes long-term and short-term processes of reciprocal influence between media and moral intuition. In the long-term, the model predicts that repeated exposure to module-related content will lead to an individual and culturally-shared increase in the salience of specific modules and module exemplars. In the short-term, resulting patterns of module salience will affect the immediate appraisal of media content or, if content presents ambiguous or complex moral patterns, a delayed response though careful reappraisal. Patterns of positive or negative evaluative responses resulting from these appraisal processes are expected to shape individual and aggregate patterns of selective exposure to media, as well as the subsequent production of content within media systems driven by these exposure patterns. The paper concludes with an example of the model’s utility by showing how its short-term components can be applied to address conceptual difficulties in distinguishing enjoyment from appreciation.
Toward a Theory of Intellectual Entertainment
Authors: Latorre José I. , Soto-Sanfiel María T.
Published: June 2011

We reflect on the typical sequence of complex emotions associated with the process of scientific discovery. It is proposed that the same sequence is found to underlie many forms of media entertainment, albeit substantially scaled down. Hence, a distinct theory of intellectual entertainment is put forward. The seemingly timeless presence of multiple forms of intellectual entertainment finds its roots in a positive moral approval of the self of itself.
Digit Repetition Effect in Two-Digit Number Comparison
Authors: Gazzellini Simone , Laudanna Alessandro
Published: June 2011

Previous data from two-digit number naming show that when target and prime numbers share one digit at different positions (e.g., target 28 and prime 86 or 72) an inhibition effect may be observed (Ratinckx, Brysbaert, & Fias, 2005). Such an effect has been ascribed to the mechanism of morpho-phonological transcoding from Arabic to verbal format. We evaluate the alternative hypothesis of an inhibition effect arising during the Arabic form processing when two different syntactic values have to be assigned to the same single digit. In Experiments 1 and 3, a digit repetition effect was observed in number comparison tasks, even when phonological transcoding is blocked by an articulatory suppression task. Conversely, Experiment 2 showed that no digit repetition effect can be found with number comparison of verbal written numbers. Results are compatible with an Arabic-syntactic processing stage, where units and decades are decomposed and where each single digit is activated and recognized.
Attentional Strategies in Place-Value Integration
Authors: Mann Anne , Moeller Korbinian , Pixner Silvia , Kaufmann Liane , Nuerk Hans-Christoph
Published: June 2011

To process a multi-digit number its constituting digits need to be integrated into the place-value structure of the Arabic number system. For two-digit numbers, processes of unit-decade integration are reflected by the compatibility effect in magnitude comparison. Recent research in adults indicated that the size of the compatibility effect increases when stimuli prevent to focus on the decade digits as achieved by the inclusion of within-decade items (43_47). In the present study within- and between-decade items (47_62) were used to assess the compatibility effect in children. We observed reliable compatibility effects that increased with grade level and that were larger than in a previous study without within-decade stimuli. Furthermore, evaluation of the developmental trajectories showed that two-digit number processing develops to more automatic parallel processing of the constituent digits of tens and units. From these results we conclude that (i) even for children attentional processes can strongly influence multi-digit number processing and (ii) with increasing age and experience more parallel and automated understanding of two-digit numbers develops which seems to remain relatively stable once achieved.