bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Repairing Collagen in Dentin Carious Lesions. Influence of Sealing the Material: A Morphometric Study
Authors: Pinheiro Sérgio Luiz , Gallassi Paula Cristina , Saldanha Talita Costa , Bincelli Iris Nogueira , Barros Pedro Paulo , Silva Gustavo Henrique
Published: April 2015

Objective: The aim of the present work was to morphometrically evaluate collagen in carious lesions sealed with calcium hydroxide, adhesive systems, glass ionomer cement, and an antibacterial cement. Study design: Samples of infected and affected dentin were stained with Sirius Red (SR). The areas intensively stained with SR were delimited, and the percentage of these areas was measured by blind calibrated examiners. The mean results were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The affected dentin sealed with Ca(OH)2 showed a better organization of the collagen in relation to the adhesive systems Prime & Bond (p= .0159) and Adhese (p<0.0001). The affected dentin sealed with Prime & Bond promoted better increase of organized collagen areas in relation to Adhese (p = 0.0004). The infected dentin sealed with glass ionomer cement (p = 0.0018) or antibacterial cement (p = 0.0004) brought a significant increase in the organized collagen areas. Conclusions: Ca(OH)2 is indicated to seal affected dentin and glass ionomer cement and antibacterial cement may be used for treatment of infected dentin. The addition of antibiotics did not influence the restoration of the infected dentin.
In vitro Comparison of Self versus Professionally Applied Remineralizing Materials
Authors: Trairatvorakul Chutima , Kangvansurakit Napassorn , Pathomburi Jarinya
Published: April 2015

Objective: To compare the effect of 4 remineralizing materials on the incipient artificial carious lesion and its proximal sound enamel when used with fluoride dentifrice.

Study Design: Models mimicking proximal contact were made, each of which was placed with an artificial carious specimen in contact with a sound enamel specimen. Each carious specimen was treated with one of four materials: glass ionomer cement (GIC), resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), 5000 ppm sodium fluoride (F-gel), and casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP). The GIC and RMGIC specimens were thermocycled. Then all specimens were pH-cycled for 5 days with twice a day soaking in 1,000 ppm NaF dentifrice solution. Specimens were examined by polarized light microscopy and lesion area quantified by image analysis.

Results: RMGIC significantly yielded smaller areas of lesion than CPP-ACP and GIC (p<0.05). F-gel reduced more area of lesion than CPP-ACP significantly (p<0.05). In the associated contact, RMGIC significantly reduced the area of lesion better than CPP-ACP (p<0.05).

Conclusions: The most effective remineralizing material in reducing the carious lesion areas was RMGIC followed by F-gel, GIC and CPP-ACP. The demineralization inhibitory effects on the associated sound contact enamel followed the same trend.
Can Parents Assess Dental Pain in Children with Cognitive Impairment?
Authors: Alaki Sumer
Published: April 2015

It is often said that the "gold standard" for pain assessment in both children and adults is verbal report. This means that the individual is best at describing his or her pain experience. This however does not take into account individuals who lack the ability to communicate their feelings including those with cognitive immaturity such as infants and very young children, people with cognitive impairment and adults with dementia. This is even complicated by the fact that children who experience the most pain are those who are least able to verbally describe it; those with greater physical and cognitive disability. This paper reviews past and current beliefs on the experience and expression of pain in children with cognitive impairment and how parents can be used as useful tools in diagnosing their pain.
Spectrophotometric Analysis on Bleaching Efficacy of Blood Stained Demineralized and Deproteinized Dentin – An in vitro Study
Authors: Ghousia S , Naik N Sathyajith , Reddy VV Subba
Published: April 2015

Background and Objective: The objectives of this in vitro study, is to evaluate the influence of various dentin treatment procedures prior to bleaching namely, demineralization and demineralization in conjunction with deproteinization on the dentin permeability and bleaching efficacy. Method: The study used a total of 40 sound premolars, which were sectioned longitudinally, and their color coefficients and absorption spectrum was recorded and used as control values for the later study. These dentin samples were then discolored by blood and their color coefficients and absorption spectrum were calibrated. They were then divided into two Groups with 20 samples each per group. Group A - dentin samples were demineralized prior to bleaching. Group B - dentin samples were deproteinized also in conjunction to demineralization prior to bleaching. The values of color coefficient and absorption spectrum were determined using Spectrophotometer for samples of each group respectively. Results: There were significantly higher color coefficient and absorption spectrum values in the group where dentin was treated with demineralization in conjunction with deproteinization prior to bleaching when compared to the group where dentin was treated by demineralization alone prior to bleaching. Conclusion: Demineralization in conjunction with deproteinization has proven to be a good method of increasing dentin permeability for achieving a higher bleaching efficacy.
Factor XIII Deficiency: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Poornima P , Shashibhushan K , Bharath K , Subba Reddy V
Published: April 2015

Factor XIII deficiency is one of the rare clotting factor deficiencies. Although rare, it is an important disorder because of seriousness of its bleeding manifestations, in particular the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage is higher than any other bleeding disorder. Hence an early diagnosis is extremely important where bleeding manifestations can be prevented by prophylactic factor XIII replacement given at every 4-6 week interval. Case1 presents the management of a factor deficiency associated with a very rare blood group AB+ve, while the case 2 reports the successful surgical management with a replacement therapy.
Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome Presenting with Neck Pits and Café au Lait Patches
Authors: Balasundram Sathesh , Kovilpillai Ferdinand Jesudian , Hopper Colin
Published: April 2015

Background: A 10- year-old patient presented with a slow growing jaw swelling. The initial general examination did not reveal any significant findings. Method: Conservative enucleation of the cyst confirmed it to be an odontogenic keratocyst. The patient remained asymptomatic for the following 2 years and subsequently presented cystic lesions in jaws with displaced teeth. These cysts were enucleated and were confirmed to be odontogenic keratocysts. The patient has been on regular follow up since then and subsequent scans have shown further occurrence of cysts in the jaws with displacement of the third molars. Results:Clinical examination also revealed macrocephaly, fronto-parietal bossing, pitting on palmar and plantar surfaces, calcification of falx cerebri and splayed ribs, confirming the diagnosis of Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome. He also presented with a café au lait patch and skin pits on the neck. The family history was negative for features of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Conclusion: Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome is a condition that can cause significant morbidity if not detected early. Over the years this syndrome has presented with many other non specific phenotype presentation, of which the current finding may be one of. This calls for meticulous assessment and examination of patients and a standardized protocol in screening and managing these patients that may facilitate a more beneficial outcome for the patient.
Genetic and Dental Study of Patients with Celiac Disease
Authors: Ouda Soliman , Saadah Omar , Meligy Omar El , Alaki Sumer
Published: April 2015

Objectives: The aim of this work was to study the pattern of inheritance of celiac disease in a group of Saudi patients and to compare oral mucosal and dental clinical findings in these patients to those of healthy controls.Study design: Fifty patients suffering from celiac disease were screened for dental evaluation. They were subjected to clinical genetic examination, pedigree construction, oral mucosal and dental clinical evaluation. Results: An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance was evident in some of the studied cases,while others showed sporadic occurrence. Oral mucosal and dental clinical examinations revealed recurrent oral ulcerations, enamel hypoplasia in most of the celiac disease patients. Conclusions: Pedigree analysis of families is important to identify the mode of inheritance. Oral mucosal and dental clinical examinations are important in diagnosing and monitoring cases of celiac disease.
Bactericidal Capacity of Silver Nanoparticles Associated with Gantrez S-97 on Streptococcus Mutans
Authors: Hernández-Sierra Juan Francisco , Salas-López Enid Karina , Martínez-Gutiérrez Fidel , Ruíz Facundo , Pierdant-Pérez Mauricio , Mandeville Peter , Pozos-Guillén Amaury
Published: April 2015

Dental caries is a worldwide public health problem. S mutans plays an important role in the etiology of caries. There have been studies that showed the antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles are an effective agent to diminish S. mutans. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of silver nanoparticles in addition to the Gantrez S-27 copolymer, on S mutans. Method:We performed an in vitro experimental study using the liquid microdilution method in order to find the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) with the subcultures obtained. The mixture was obtained by preparing 98 µg/mL of silver nanoparticles (10-3mol)with Gantrez S-27 2%, in distilled water. The readings were performed 24 hours after incubation and on 3 consecutive days. The results showed an average MIC of 6.12 µg /mL and MBC of 6.12 µg /mL.Conclusion: The addition of Gantrez 2% to silver nanoparticles does not alter its antimicrobial effect.
Changes in Maxillary Alveolar Morphology with Nasoalveolar Molding
Authors: Sabarinath VP , Thombare Pallavi , Hazarey PV , Radhakrishnan Vasant , Agrekar Sushil
Published: April 2015

Aim: To evaluate the changes in maxillary alveolar morphology in unilateral cleft lip palate infants treated with nasoalveolar molding(NAM). Setting and Design: Study was carried out in the orthodontic department associated with a operating cleft unit in a rural region of central India. Ten UCLP (unilateral cleft lip palate) infants less than 6 weeks of age were treated with NAM prior to surgical repair. Materials and Methods:Pre NAM and Post NAM study models of the UCLP infants were analyzed. Critical linear dimensions including inter- canine width, inter-tuberosity width, arch length and midline deviation were recorded at the different stages using a digital vernier caliper and compared. Statistical analysis were performed using SPSS 13.00 statistical software. Results: Results from this study showed that the width of the alveolar cleft showed a significant decrease with NAM. The arch length and width of the arch in the anterior region also showed a reduction with NAM. The intertuberosity width showed a statistically significant increase during treatment. The arch perimeter showed a significant increase with NAM. Conclusion: NAM was effective in reducing the severity of the initial cleft deformity mainly at the anterior portion of the maxillary arch.
Developmental Dental Defects Linked with Chemoradiotherapy: A Case Report
Authors: Hwang S , Yoon RK
Published: April 2015

Developmental orofacial dentoalveolar complications associated with chemoradiotherapy in an 8 year old child with a history of rhabdomyosarcoma are reported. This report details, clinically and radiographically,these effects in a child diagnosed at 3 years of age with a lesion primary to the left buccinator. Early evaluation is vital to determine potential dentoalveolar complications and long-term consequences.
Endoflas, Zinc Oxide Eugenol and Metapex as Root Canal Filling Materials in Primary Molars—A Comparative Clinical Study
Authors: Subramaniam Priya , Gilhotra Kanupriya
Published: April 2015

Several materials have been used to fill root canals of primary teeth. Traditionally, zinc oxide eugenol was used for the purpose, until the introduction of calcium hydroxide and iodoform based materials. Another root canal filling material that contains zinc oxide eugenol, calcium hydroxide and iodoform is commercially available as Endoflas. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of Endoflas, zinc oxide eugenol and Metapex as root canal filling materials. Method: A total of forty-five primary molars from children aged 5-9 years were selected for a one stage pulpectomy procedure. Teeth were randomly divided into three groups of fifteen teeth each based on the type of root canal filling material used. All the molars were evaluated clinically and radiographically at regular intervals of 3, 6, 12 and 18 months. The observations were tabulated and statistically analyzed. Results: Endoflas and zinc oxide eugenol showed 93.3% success, whereas a higher percentage of success was observed with Metapex (100%). Overfilling and voids were more commonly seen in teeth filled with Metapex. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the three root canal filling materials.
Assessment of Pediatricians Dental Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Sabbagh Heba , El-Kateb Mona , Al Nowaiser Abeer , Hanno Azza , Alamoudi Najlaa
Published: April 2015

Early assessment of the oral health status of children has the potential to reduce or even eliminate oral diseases. Parents rarely take their children to dentist early enough to control dental diseases. However, parents contact pediatricians several times even before the child is born and during the child's early life. Accordingly, pediatricians are considered a perfect and reliable source for oral health control and prevention.Aim: To measure the dental knowledge, attitude and behavior (KAB) of pediatricians in the City of Jeddah regarding oral health status and methods for prevention of dental diseases in children. Materials and method: Questionnaires consisting of 40 demographic and KAB's questions were distributed to all pediatricians in Jeddah city (605 pediatricians). The KABs' questions consisted of general dental knowledge, preventive dental measures, timing for referral, diet counseling, parafunctional habits and handling of traumatized teeth. A score was given for each question. Percentages of total scores of KABs were compared.Results: The response rate of pediatricians in Jeddah city (363) was 60%. Their mean age was 39.57 years. Pediatricians' KABs were found to be unsatisfactory. The most important observation was that the concept of oral health prevention was deficient. Pediatricians' awareness of fissure sealants, fluoride, dietary counseling,time of first dental visits and thumb sucking were quite limited. Pediatricians' knowledge was significantly lower than their attitude and behavior's scores. Conclusion: In general, pediatricians' knowledge,attitudes and behavior regarding oral health were not satisfactory.
Intra-Coronal Bleaching in Young Permanent and Primary Tooth with Biologic Perspectives
Authors: Sharma Divya , Barjatya Khushboo , Agrawal Anuradha
Published: April 2015

The odd attracts society in odd manner, as is the case when a patient with discolored tooth smiles. Because of that, pediatric patients have psychological impact. Trauma and pulpal necrosis are the most common causes for discoloration of teeth. If tooth is intact, intra-coronal bleaching is the most conservative and noninvasive treatment modality provided, it is done cautiously. This article intends to present two case-reports of successful intra-coronal bleaching using milder (sodium perborate) and tissue-friendly bleaching agent with walking bleach.
Ameloblastic Fibro-Odontoma: A Clinicopathologic Study of 12 Cases
Authors: Boxberger NR , Brannon RB , Fowler CB
Published: April 2015

The opinions and assertions expressed herein are those of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of the Air Force or the Department of Defense.

Objective: The ameloblastic fibro-odontoma (AFO) is an uncommon odontogenic tumor occurring in childhood with limited reported data on recurrence. The purpose of this AFO study was to review its clinicopathologic features, investigate treatment modalities and establish a recurrence rate. Study Design: The clinicopathologic features of 12 new cases of AFO were analyzed and compared with those of 208 cases from the literature, with special emphasis on the clinical behavior, treatment, and recurrence rate. Results:The average age was 9.4 (±6.7) years with a male-to-female ratio of 1.6:1. The mandible was the site of occurrence in 59.5%. The tumor most often presented radiographically as a unilocular mixed density lesion associated with the crown of an impacted tooth. Displacement of teeth, delayed eruption and bony expansion were commonplace. There were 5 recurrences among 68 cases with adequate follow-up for a recurrence rate of 7.4%. All recurrences were attributed to incomplete removal at the time of the initial surgery.Conclusions: The AFO is a childhood tumor most often affecting the posterior jaws and frequently causing bony expansion with profound affects on the dentition. Conservative surgical removal with extraction of the associated teeth is recommended. The established recurrence rate is less than 10%.
Oral Manifestation Associated with Multiple Pituitary Hormone Deficiency and Ectopic Neurohypophysis
Authors: Scaramucci T , Guglielmi CAB , Fonoff RD , CGD Zardetto
Published: April 2015

Multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (MPHD) is the diminished secretion of all the hormones produced in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The oral manifestation of this condition includes delayed eruption and prolonged retention of primary teeth, delayed formation and eruption of permanent teeth, delay in development and growth of the jaws, tendency towards development of deep bite and enamel disturbances. This paper reports the case of an adolescent patient with MPHD. Clinical examination revealed partial ankylosis and prolonged retention of primary second molars, primary maxillary canines and deep bite. Dental treatment included extraction of all molars with prolonged retention preceded by the necessary medical care with clinical and radiographic follow-up afterwards. The patient was also referred to an orthodontist for orthodontic treatment. Patients' medical condition should always be investigated by clinicians when faced with cases of delayed tooth eruption and bone development.
Decreasing Cariogenic Bacteria with a Natural, Alternative Prevention Therapy utilizing Phytochemistry (Plant Extracts)
Authors: Ramakrishna Y , Goda H , Baliga MS , Munshi AK
Published: April 2015

The association between the oral microbiota and oral diseases is well established. Various antimicrobial agents including antibiotics are commercially available against oral pathogenic bacteria. For the reasons of antibiotic resistance, their adverse effects and financial considerations in the developing countries, there is a need for alternate preventive and curative treatment options that are also safe, effective and economical. Traditional medicines have been used since ancient times for the treatment of oral diseases including dental caries, periodontal diseases that affect the majority of the population and can affect a person's overall health. Natural phytochemicals are certain organic components isolated from plants and some of these extracts are considered to be beneficial to health. They serve as antioxidants, enhance immune response,provide protection against oral cancer and other diseases and also repair DNA damage caused by smoking and other toxic exposure, and detoxify carcinogens. The natural products derived from medicinal plants have proven to be an abundant source of biologically active compounds, many of which have been the basis for the development of new lead chemicals for pharmaceuticals.They are considered to be good alternatives to synthetic chemicals. This article presents a review of natural alternatives derived from plants and plant products that can serve as a prevention and treatment option against cariogenic bacteria.
Tooth Agenesis: Newer Concept
Authors: Kulkarni Meena , Agrawal Tripti , Kheur Supriya
Published: April 2015

Developmental disturbances involving the oral cavity affect the growth and development of a child. Tooth agenesis may be associated with a number of documented syndromes or may present as an isolated entity. The presence or absence of teeth is decided by the influence of various genes and their signaling pathways. These syndromes appear due to chromosomal defects or due to mutations in the genes responsible for organogenesis. Identification of these mutations helps understand the underlying defect and plays an important role in their treatment strategies. This is a comprehensive review of literature on syndromic and nonsyndromic forms of dental agenesis and an attempt in enlisting various syndromes associated with dental agenesis.
Palatal Training Appliances in Children with Mild to Moderate Oral Dysfunctions
Authors: Koskimies Marjukka , Pahkala Riitta , Myllykangas Riitta
Published: April 2015

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of palatal training appliances on speech articulation and orofacial functions in children undergoing speech therapy. Study design: The material consisted of 134 boys and 34 girls who were referred by speech and language therapists to the Public Dental Health Service in Vantaa due to mild to moderate problems with speech articulation or in oral motor skills. The mean age of the children at the start of the palatal plate therapy was 6.4 years (SD 1.9). The articulation assessment was performed by five speech and language therapist while the palatal plate therapy was carried out by an experienced dentist. The mean treatment time with the oral plates was 4.4 months (SD 2.3). Results: An improvement in speech articulation was observed by the speech and language therapists in 51% of the children. Tongue movements improved in 47%, and lip closure in 38% of the participants. Drooling decreased in 54% of the cases. A multiple logistic regression model revealed that with respect to speech articulation the best improvement was found in children with /r/-disorder, and in those with a crossbite. Conclusions: Palatal training appliances during speech therapy seemed to be an efficient way to improve speech articulation and tongue movements in children with mild to moderate problems in orofacial functions.
Prevalence of Five Biofilm-Related Oral Streptococci Species from Plaque
Authors: Mitrakul Kemthong , Asvanund Yuwadee , Vongsavan Kudkao
Published: April 2015

Objective: To examine the prevalence of five oral streptococci species of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) and caries-free (CF) groups. Study design: Supra gingival plaque samples were obtained from 198 Thai children with ages ranging from one to six years old. Eighty-seven subjects had no caries (dmft=0), and 111 had S-ECC. After DNA extraction, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. sanguinis, S. oralis, and S. gordonii were identified by standard PCR using species-specific primers. Statistical analysis determined the differences among prevalence rates of each species using Pearson chi-square test. The relationship among dmft score, age, sex and caries status within each group was analyzed by logistical regression (p ≤ 0.05). Results: Sex was not correlated with any of the species detected in both groups (mean age =3.09, mean±SD of dmft=11.04±7.89). S. mutans was found at greatest prevalence in both groups followed by S. oralis. S. gordonii was detected at a high prevalence, but S. sobrinus and S. sanguinis were lower in S-ECC when compared with those from the CF group. Conclusion: S. mutans was associated significantly with S-ECC (p ≤ 0.05). Caries prevalence was highest (56.5%) in subjects infected by S. mutans alone. S. sanguinis prevalence was higher in the CF group, but not statiscally different. Infection with MS did not show higher caries prevalence.
Candida, Mutans Streptococci, Oral Hygiene and Caries in Children
Authors: Peretz Benjamin , Mazor Yardena , Dagon Nurit , Bar-Ness Greenstein Ronit
Published: April 2015

Objective: to test the association between Candida and mutans streptococci (ms), oral hygiene and caries levels and in children. Methods: 22 boys and 12 girls (age 6 to 14.5 years) participated in the study. Each participant received a toothbrush, and was asked to brush his/her teeth after proper instructions. Dental caries and oral hygiene were recorded. Candida and ms levels were determined in saliva samples. Results: Candida colonies were observed in 70.5% of the children. No association was found between Candida and caries or plaque and gingival indices. C. albicans-positive children demonstrated significantly higher brushing scores. Conclusions: Our findings may suggest that there is no clear association between Candida in saliva, and levels of cariogenic bacteria and caries risk in children.
Metastatic Mandibular Neuroblastoma: A Rare Cause of Tooth Mobility
Authors: Kürklü Esma , Emiroğlu Halil Haldun , Kebudi Rejin , Özdaş Didem Öner , Ayan İnci , Görgün Ömer , Zülfikar Bülent , Yekeler Ensar , Ak Gülsüm
Published: April 2015

Neuroblastoma (NBL), a malignant embryonic tumor derived from neural crest cells, is the most common tumor worldwide among children less than 1 year of age. Metastasis to the mandible is uncommon. This article reports the case of a 15-month-old male diagnosed with NBL with bone metastasis including the mandible which resulted in severe tooth mobility. Dentists or pediatricians should consider the primary or metastatic tumors of the maxillofacial region in the differential diagnosis in children presenting with premature loss of teeth related to tooth mobility.
Salivary Parameters and Caries Indices in Children with Black Tooth Stains
Authors: Aysun Garan , Akyüz Serap , Öztürk Leyla Koç , Yarat Ayşen
Published: April 2015

Objective: Black tooth stain in children has been associated commonly with a low caries experience. The present study aimed to to compare salivary factors and caries indices in children with and without black tooth stain and to investigate the relationship between caries and caries associated salivary factors in these children. Study Design: Salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, total calcium and phosphorus were determined. Calcium and phosphorus levels were assayed by Inductive Coupled Plasma with Atomic Emission Spectrometry. DMFT and dft indices were evaluated according to WHO criteria. Results: Significantly higher levels of salivary buffering capacity and calcium, and lower flow rate were found in children with black tooth stain compared with those of without black tooth stain (p < 0.01, p = 0.044 and p = 0.037, respectively). The differences in phosphorus and pH were not significant between the groups. The dft index was found to be significantly lower in children with black tooth stain than children without black tooth stain (p = 0.030). However, DMFT did not change between the groups. There is no relationship between salivary parameters and caries indices in children with black tooth stain. Conclusion: It is suggested that low caries tendency seen in children with black tooth stain may be associated with high salivary calcium and buffering capacity.
Well-being of Hispanic Children in the United States
Authors: Waldman HB , Perlman SP
Published: April 2015

The availability of general information about the economic, health and social well being of Hispanic children in the United States is essential for dental and other health practitioners. Only recently have government and private agencies moved beyond the standard presentation of information by traditional "white, black and other" groupings. The need is to develop an increased awareness of the different factors which affect children in general, and in particular Hispanic children. An overview is carried out to stimulate such an effort.
In vitro Biocompatibility Tests of Glass Ionomer Cements Impregnated with Collagen or Bioactive glass to Fibroblasts
Authors: Subbarao C , Neelakantan P , Subbarao CV
Published: April 2015

Aim and Design: To evaluate the biocompatibility of glass ionomer cement (GIC) impregnated with collagen or bioactive glass to BHK-21 fibroblasts in vitro. Mineral Trioxide Aggregate was used as the standard for comparison. Human maxillary central incisors (n=70) were instrumented with a rotary NiTi system and filled. Following resection of the apical 3mm, root end cavities were prepared and restored with conventional GIC (group 1) or GIC with 0.01%, 0.1% or 1% collagen (groups 2, 3, 4 respectively) or, 10%, 30 % or 50% bioactive glass (groups 5,6,7 respectively), or Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (group 8). The root slices were incubated in tissue culture plates with BHK-21 fibroblast cell line. Phase contrast and scanning electron microscopes were used to score cell quantity, morphology and cell attachment. The data were statistically analyzed by one way ANOVA with Post Hoc Tukey HSD test (p = 0.05). Results and conclusions: Group 5 showed the highest scores which was significantly higher than all other groups (p<0.05) except group 8, with which there was no significant difference (p>0.05). Glass ionomer cement with 10% bioactive glass showed better adhesion and spreading of cells than glass ionomer cement with 0.01% collagen. The biocompatibility of collagen and bioactive glass was concentration dependent. The addition of bio active glass improved the biocompatibility of glass ionomer cement to fibroblasts better than addition of collagen.
Comparison of the Antibacterial Effect of Modified 3-mix Paste versus Ultrapex over Anaerobic Microorganisms from Infected Root Canals of Primary Teeth
Authors: Velasco-Loera N , De Alba-Vazquez Y , Garrocho-Rangel A , Gonzalez-Amaro AM , Flores-Reyes H , Pozos-Guillen AJ
Published: April 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial efficacy of a modified 3-mix paste and to compare it with an iodoform paste (Ultrapex) against anaerobic microorganisms isolated from root canals of infected or necrotic primary teeth. Study design: An in vitro experimental assay was performed over isolated and identified anaerobic microorganisms of 21 samples, in order to compare the antimicrobial ability of both root canal filling materials, using a disc-diffusion method. Results: A total of 21 microbial samples (15 polymicrobial and 6 monomicrobial) were obtained, from which 19 different strains were identified. Modified 3-mix paste showed an excellent antimicrobial effect against most of both kinds of microbial samples, although some of them exhibited resistance; on the other hand, Ultrapex showed only minimal antimicrobial ability (null or low categories). Clostridium ramosum exhibited the most resistance to both materials. Conclusion: The bactericidal effect of the modified 3-mix paste was superior to Ultrapex, with a statistically significant difference, against anaerobic microorganisms isolated from infected root canals of primary teeth.
Validity and Reliability of Oral Impacts on Daily Performances Frequency Scale
Authors: Usha GV , Thippeswamy HM , Nagesh L
Published: April 2015

Aim: To examine reliability and validity of an abbreviated version of Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (OIDP) questionnaire and to analyze the interrelationship among OIDP scores, socio-demographic characteristics and oral health status among 12–15 year old adolescents in Davanagere city, Karnataka, India. Method: The descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 900 adolescents aged between 12–15 years. The study subjects were randomly selected from six high schools. Selected subjects completed a survey instrument designed to measure subjective oral health indicators including the eight-item OIDP frequency scores. The study participants were clinically examined for dental caries and completed a self-administered questionnaire about demographic information and oral behaviors. Results: 44% of the students reported at least one oral impact in the last six months. Cronbach’s alpha for the OIDP frequency items was 0.81. Eating was the most common performance affected (33%) followed by cleaning teeth (22%) and speaking (20%). The severity of impacts was low for relaxing and carrying out works. Conclusion: The OIDP frequency score have acceptable psychometric properties in the context of an oral health survey among 12-15 year old adolescents.
Palatal Soft Tissue Thickness at Different Ages Using an Ultrasonic Device
Authors: Lee SM , Park JH , Bayome M , Kim HS , Mo SS , Kook YA
Published: April 2015

Objective: To evaluate the palatal soft tissue thickness among placement sites of temporary anchorage devices (TADs) in late mixed, early permanent and permanent dentition. Materials and Method: The sample consisted of three groups; 42 late mixed dentition (mean age = 11.0 years), 41 early permanent dentition (mean age = 13.8 years), and 38 permanent dentition (mean age = 23.1 years). Soft tissue thickness was measured intraorally with an ultrasonic device using a grid of 27, 4x4 mm2 squares to delineate the measurement points. Repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to analyze the data. Results: There was a significant difference in soft tissue thickness among dentition groups with the permanent dentition group showing the highest values (P < 0.001). In each group, the thickness significantly increased from median to lateral and from anterior to posterior sites. Furthermore, the thickness showed a significant difference according to the arch form and gender (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences according to irregularity index and Angle classification. Conclusions: The soft tissue thickness of the palate increases from the late mixed to permanent dentition. These findings may be helpful for clinicians to enhance their successful application of TADs in the palate.
Knowledge of Care Providers Regarding the Oral Health of Visually Impaired Children
Authors: Bhandary S , Shetty V , Hedge AM , Rai K
Published: April 2015

Objective: To assess the awareness of care providers of visually impaired children regarding their oral hygiene. Method: A simple pre-structured questionnaire was given to the care providers and the awareness regarding their oral health was assessed. Results: There was a general lack of awareness among the care providers of these children regarding dental diseases and its prevention. Furthermore, the importance of oral hygiene was found to be very low. Conclusion: The results obtained showed that most of the caretakers were unaware of the difficulties faced by these children in the maintenance of their oral health.
Ghost Cell Odontogenic Tumor Associated with Odontoma - Report of Two Rare Cases
Authors: Hogge M , Velez I , Kaltman S , Movahed R , Yeh F
Published: April 2015

The ghost cell odontogenic tumor (GCOT) is a neoplastic/cystic lesion with a diverse histopathological and clinical behavior. It was formerly known as calcified odontogenic cyst, but in 2005 the World Health Organization categorized this lesion as an odontogenic, benign tumor rather than a cyst; nominating this neoplasm as calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor. A later comprehensive classification named it ghost cell odontogenic tumor, because the most remarkable histopathologic characteristic is the presence of a mass of ghost cells embedded in the epithelium. We report two cases of a rare variant of a ghost cell odontogenic tumor associated with odontoma; to our knowledge, one is the youngest patient (four month old) reported in the English literature.
Multifunctional Ribbond - A Versatile Tool
Authors: Chaudhary V , Shrivastava B , Bhatia HP , Aggarwal A , Singh AK , Gupta N
Published: April 2015

Pediatric dentists come across a variety of cases in their day to day practice that requires quick intervention in order to enhance or restore children's smile and functions in the oral cavity. Ribbond is one such material, which has occupied an important place in the dentist's repertoire. Ribbond can be used as an alternative to conventional treatment in pediatric dentistry. This case report demonstrates usage of Ribbond as a space maintainer, a fixed partial denture with an acrylic tooth pontic, an endodontic post and a splint material in children. Ribbond combines high-strength fibers with enhanced bondability and patented crosslink lock-stitch leno weave. Ribbond's strength, esthetics, and bondability make it useful for multiple applications in clinical pediatric dentistry.
Hybrid Layer Width after Conventional Diamond, Carbide and Ultra-Sound CVD Burs
Authors: Pereira Nogueira P , Cavalli V , Liporoni PCS , do Rego MA
Published: April 2015

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate hybrid layer thickness of primary molars sectioned with diamond, carbide and ultrasonic CVD burs. Study Design: The occlusal enamel surfaces of ten molars were removed and superficial dentin was exposed. Three standardized cavities were prepared at mesial, central and distal exposed dentin with diamond, carbide and ultrasonic CVD burs, respectively. A self-etching adhesive system (Adhese, Ivoclar/Vivadent) was applied to prepared cavities and composite resin Z100 (3M/ESPE) was inserted according to manufacturers’ instructions to hybridized dentin. Samples were lightcured and the crown was sectioned mesio-distally dividing the restored cavities in two halves which were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in order to quantitatively evaluate hybrid layer thickness (µm). Three repeated measures were performed at mesial, central and distal sites and mean values obtained were submitted to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Data (mean ± sd) obtained were (µm): 2.69 (0.44), 3.38 (1.23) and 2.72 (1.18) for diamond, carbide and CVD burs, respectively. No differences were observed among groups (p ≯ 0.05). The adhesive systems promoted mechanical retention, uniform and continuous hybrid layer and resin tags formation at all dentin sites for all instruments tested. Conclusion: The results suggest that the minimally invasive cavities prepared with diamond, carbide and CVD for ultrasound, promoted hybrid layer formation with a similar thickness regardless the bur used.
A Computerized Photographic Method to Evaluate Changes in Head Posture and Scapular Position Following Rapid Palatal Expansion: A Pilot Study
Authors: Cerruto C , Di Vece L , Doldo T , Giovannetti A , Polimeni A , Goracci C
Published: April 2015

Objective: to assess the applicability of a computerized method to measure on digital photographs the changes in head and scapular posture following rapid palatal expansion (RPE) treatment. Study design: randomized controlled trial. Twenty-three children (age 9.27±0.88 years) diagnosed with maxillary constriction were randomly divided into two groups: 1. Study group (n=12): patients receiving RPE treatment; 2. Untreated controls (n=11). Postural measurements were taken on frontal, lateral, and dorsal views of each subject. In the study group measurements were taken at T0 (the day orthodontic records were taken), T1 (end of RPE active phase), and T2 (RPE removal). In controls the same observations were conducted at T0 and T1(98.18±36.01 days after T0). Measurements were statistically analyzed (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, t-tests, Signed Rank test, One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance, Tukey test; p<0.05). Results: In the study group a significant reduction in forward head posture (FHP) occurred between T0 and T1. Forward shoulder posture (FSP) decreased significantly between T1 and T2. At T1 treated patients exhibited significantly lower values of the measurements indicating FHP and FSP than controls. Conclusion: Changes in head and scapular posture following RPE treatment can be documented with computerized measurements on digital photographs.
Extreme Tooth Abnormalities and Treatment under General Anesthesia in a Child with chronic GVHD Surviving Relapse of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Maeda S , Suda M , Ishii M , Tomoyasu Y , Higuchi H , Okazaki Y , Egusa M , Miyawaki T
Published: April 2015

Treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) mainly consists of chemotherapy, irradiation and bone marrow transplantation. In terms of long-term treatment effects, dental abnormalities and chronic graft-versus host disease (GVHD) are problems. We present a patient surviving relapse of ALL at one year of age. He had extreme dental abnormalities and multiple caries. Most of his permanent teeth were abnormal, and multiple caries were observed. Since he had a strong vomiting reaction to dental treatment, general anesthesia was given. During the general anesthesia, much sputum was aspirated because of chronic GVHD. His dental condition was worse than other cases reported previously. Since the survival rate has increased recently, the dental effects of ALL treatment have become significant. Especially, in patients undergoing total body irradiation at under 2 years of age, it is highly likely that dental problems will occur in the future.
Enamel Thickness in Primary Teeth
Authors: Arangnnal P , Chandra B , Hariharan VS , Vishnurekha  , Jeevarathan  , Vijayaprabha
Published: April 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the enamel thickness of all primary teeth in both maxilla and mandible. Study Design: An in vitro study was performed with fifty primary teeth including five each of central and lateral incisor, canine, first and second primary molars in both maxillary and mandibular region. Samples were mounted on wax sheets and scanned using a 64-slice CT scanner, which were then 3D reconstructed. Three serial slices were obtained from the middle of the coronal portion of each tooth. Volume rendering was done to differentiate three distinct zones of enamel, dentin and the pulp from each slice. A box was constructed touching the borders of the image on all the surfaces and the mid-point of each side was taken to measure the enamel thickness. Results: Tests used were ANOVA, Post-hoc Tukey's test and student's paired t-test. Enamel thickness was not the same on all the sides. Intergroup comparisons between maxillary anterior and posterior teeth showed difference in enamel thickness. On comparing the mandibular anterior and posterior teeth, the posteriors showed a greater value of enamel thickness on all the sides.(p<0.05). Conclusion: Primary enamel does not follow the same thickness patterns on all sides. It is also different in each primary tooth. There was an increase in enamel thickness in posterior teeth on comparison to their anterior counterparts in both maxilla and mandible. Enamel thickness was more on the distal aspect compared to mesial in all samples.
Ribbond for Treatment of Complicated Crown Fractures: Report of 3 Cases
Authors: Akgun Ozlem Martı , Altun Ceyhan , Guven Gunseli , Basak Feridun
Published: April 2015

Dental trauma is relatively common and can occur secondary to sporting injuries, falls, fights, or accidents. According to the International Association of Dental Traumatology, 50% of children experience dental trauma between the ages of 8 to 12. There are many options for endodontic and restorative treatments of traumatized teeth. Ribbond, which was introduced in the market in 1992, consists of bondable, reinforced ultra-high strength polyethylene fibers. Ribbond may be an option for the treatment of traumatized teeth because of its aesthetic properties; absence of additional tooth preparation; and its high resistance to traction, which allows it to easily adapt to tooth morphology. In this report, we describe endodontic and restorative treatments using Ribbond for 3 female patients with horizontal complicated crown fractures of the maxillary incisors.
Orocraniofacial Findings and Dental Management of a Pediatric Patient with Dubowitz Syndrome
Authors: Garrocho-Rangel JA , Bueno-Rubio GA , Martínez-Sandoval B , Ruiz-Rodríguez MS , Santos-Diaz MA , Pozos-Guillén AJ
Published: April 2015

Dubowitz syndrome is a rare genetic condition characterized by microcephaly, dysmorphic facial features and delayed general growth. It is transmitted through autosomal recessive inheritance. The purpose of this report is to describe the oral, craniofacial and systemic characteristics of a 7-year 11-month-old boy with Dubowitz syndrome and the dental management provided. The pediatric dentist should possess the ability to recognize this rare alteration, to provide dental treatment and to refer for the necessary medical and multidisciplinary treatment.
Deproteinization Treatment on Bond Strengths of Primary, Mature and Immature Permanent Tooth Enamel
Authors: Aras S , Küçükeçmen HC , öaroğlu Sönmez I
Published: April 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of pre-post deproteinization treatment with 5% sodium hypochloride on shear bond strength (sbs) of adhesive resin to primary, immature and mature permanent teeth enamel. Method: 30 teeth were used for each of primary, immature and mature permanent teeth groups. (totally 90). In control groups, enamel was etched for 60s with 37% phosphoric acid (3M) and rinsed for 10s (Procedure A). In experimental groups, deproteinization was applied with 5% NaOCI solution for 120s before (Procedure D+A) and after acid-etching (Procedure A+D). Gluma Comfort Bond (Heraeus-Kulzer) and Charisma (Heraeus-Kulzer) composite resin were applied to etched enamel surfaces. Data were determined with Two-Way ANOVA and LSD Multiple Comparison Test (p<0.05). Results: SBS was significantly lower in primary and immature permanent teeth than mature permanent teeth (p<0.05). “Procedure A+D” statistically increased sbs values in primary and immature permanent teeth (p<0.05). Conclusion: Deproteinization after acid etching significantly enhanced the shear bond strength values in primary and immature permanent teeth.
Sedative effects of Oral Midazolam, Intravenous Midazolam and Oral Diazepam in the Dental Treatment of Children
Authors: Tyagi P , Tyagi S , Jain A
Published: April 2015

Objective: To evaluate and compare the behavioral changes and effect of sedative techniques in pediatric dental patients using Oral Midazolam, Intravenous Midazolam and Oral Diazepam as sedative agents. Method: Triple blind randomized control trial with 40 patients aged between 2-10 years, exhibiting definitely negative behavior was considered. Patients were randomly assigned to one of the four treatment groups. Group I received midazolam 0.5mg/kg orally, Group II received 0.5mg/kg diazepam orally, Group III received 0.06mg/kg midazolam intravenously and Group IV received oral placebo. Behavioral changes (sleep, crying, movement, and overall behavior) and effect of sedative techniques on pediatric patients were assessed. Results: All the patients in group 3 were significantly better in post administrative behavior viz. sleep, crying and movement. Over all behavior scores for group 3 patients were significantly better than other three groups (p<0.001). Positive behavior of patients in group 2 and 3 did not show significant difference but positive behavior in group 3 was significantly (p<0.05) more than group 2. Placebo group showed the highest negative behavior. Conclusion: Sedative effects of oral midazolam and oral diazepam were comparable, where as intravenous midazolam produced more sedation. Anxiolysis was found to be more in both the midazolam groups than the diazepam group. Most number of positive changes were observed in midazolam groups as compared to diazepam group.