bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sweet Corn Cultivars Respond Differentially to the Herbicide Nicosulfuron
Authors: Stall William M. , Bewick Thomas A.
Published: February 2019

Twelve sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. rugosa Bonaf.) cultivars were tested for response to nicosulfuron at rates of 0, 18, 36, and 72 g a.i./ha. Weight of marketable ears indicated that five cultivars were intolerant to the herbicide. Three of the cultivars that were intolerant contained the shrunken-2 endosperm mutant (sh) and two contained the sugary enhancer endosperm mutant (se). Cultivars that were most tolerant of nicosulfuron contained the sh, gene. Incorporation of terbufos insecticide before planting led to decreased marketable yield when nicosulfuron was applied at 36 g·ha in all cultivars tested. Chlorpyrifos insecticide incorporated before planting did not affect tolerance to nicosulfuron. Neither soil-applied insecticide affected yield when nicosulfuron was not applied. Chemical names used: 2-[[[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfony]-N,N-dimethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide (nicosulfuron); S-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)thio]methyl] O,O-diethylphosphorodithioate (terbufos); O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl)phosphorothioate (chlorpyrifos).
Alcohols and Carnation Senescence
Authors: Wu Meng-Jen , Zacarias Lorenzo , Saltveit Mikal E. , Reid Michael S.
Published: February 2019

Continuous treatment with 8% ethanol doubled the vase life of `White Sim' carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers. Other alcohols, other concentrations of ethanol, or pulse treatments with up to 8% ethanol had little or no effect. Butanol and longer-chain alcohols shortened vase life and caused the flower stem to fold. During their eventual senescence, the petals of ethanol-treated flowers did not inroll; instead, individual petals dried slowly from their tips. Very little ethylene was produced by ethanol-treated flowers, and the normal increase in ACC content and EFE activity was also suppressed. Ethanol treatment also decreased the flowers' sensitivity to exogenous ethylene.
Inheritance of Phosphoglucomutase and Menadione Reductase Isozymes in Guayule (Parthenium argentatum)
Authors: Hashemi A. , Estilai A.
Published: February 2019

Leaf extracts of diploid guayule were analyzed for phosphoglucomutase (PGM, EC 2.7.5.1) and menadione reductase (MNR, EC 1.6.99.2) isozymes by starch gel electrophoresis. Banding patterns of hybrids indicated that PGM is monomeric and MNR tetrameric in structure. Two codominant alleles were identified at each of two Pgm loci, designated as Pgm-2 and Pgm-3. Two codominant alleles were observed at Mnr-2; MNR-1 was monomorphic in the Parthenium argentatum genotypes analyzed.
Application of RFLP Analysis to Genetic Linkage Mapping in Peaches
Authors: Eldredge L. , Ballard R. , Baird W.V. , Abbott A. , Morgens P. , Callahan A. , Scorza R. , Monet R.
Published: February 2019

Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] is considered the best genetically characterized species of the genus Prunus. We therefore used it as a model in our study of the genome organization in Prunus by means of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RPLPs). Initial results indicated that 60% of cloned DNA sequences examined occur at low copy number within the peach genome. After selecting and examining these sequences, polymorphisms sufficient for RPLP mapping were found. We determined that ≫33% of our cDNA clones and 20% of our genomic clones detected RPLPs among peach cultivars. Analysis of RPLP segregation in two families, both of which segregate for known morphological characters, revealed segregation in 12 RFLP markers for one family and 16 for the other. Although we have not detected linkage between RFLP and morphological markers, preliminary analyses indicate possible linkage between two RPLP markers.
Low-input Apple Production Systems Consumer Acceptance of Disease-resistant Cultivars
Authors: Durner Edward F. , Polk Dean F. , Goffreda Joseph C.
Published: February 2019

An untrained panel evaluated five apple cultivars [Malus domestica Borkh. cvs. Liberty, Prima, Priscilla, and Freedom (all scab resistant) and Spur Red Delicious (Bisbee strain)] in 1988 and 1989 to determine consumer acceptability and opinion of quality. Testers evaluated fruit for five quality characteristics (texture, juiciness, aroma, tartness, and sweetness) plus overall quality in a random, blind taste test on 30 Sept. 1988. Testers consistently identified `Spur Red Delicious' (9% soluble solids content) as undesirable for all attributes. Tasters could not discern differences in juiciness among the cultivars. `Freedom' was rated excellent, `Liberty' and `Prima' very good to good, and `Priscilla' good in overall quality. In a separate blind, random preference test, `Freedom', `Liberty', and `Prima' received higher preference ratings than `Priscilla'. The taste tests were repeated using the same five cultivars on 3 Oct. 1989. `Freedom' and `Liberty' received the highest ratings for overall quality. Freedom received the highest preference ratings. Results, in general, were consistent from year to year. Since we tested only one strain of `Red Delicious', we cannot conclude from this work that resistant cultivars are preferred to any standard; however, we can conclude that resistant cultivars are acceptable to the consumer.
Transplant Date Influences Cold Hardiness of Leyland Cypress following Transplanting into the Field
Authors: Lindstrom Orville M.
Published: February 2019

Leyland cypress [×Cupressocyparis leylandii (A.B. Jacks. and Dallim.) Dallim. and A.B. Jacks.] plants were transplanted into the field monthly from Aug. 1989 through Mar. 1990, and laboratory cold-hardiness estimates of these transplants were obtained monthly for two winter seasons. Cold hardiness estimates obtained in Dec. 1989 and Jan. 1990 revealed that the Nov. and Dec. 1989 transplants were 6C less cold-hardy than those transplanted into the field earlier in the year. There was little difference in cold hardiness due to transplant date during Feb., Mar., and Apr. 1990. In the second year of the study, on the same transplants, cold hardiness varied among transplanting dates. In Dec. 1990 and Jan. 1991, those transplanted in Jan.-Mar. 1990 were up to 9C less cold-hardy than those transplanted earlier in the season. However, in Mar. and Apr. 1991, those transplanted in Jan.-Mar. 1990 were equally or more cold-hardy than those transplanted earlier in the season. Transplanting Leyland cypress into the field in August to November appears to be the best time to ensure development of cold hardiness in early winter, whereas January to March planting appears to promote greater cold hardiness in the spring months.
Antitranspirant, Water Stress, and Growth Retardant Influence Growth of Golden Pothos
Authors: Wang Yin-Tung , Hsiao Kuo-Hsiun , Gregg Lori L.
Published: February 2019

Cuttings of Epipremnum aureum (Linden & André) Bunt. were soaked for 5 seconds in 5% Folicote or Stressguard antitranspirant solution, planted immediately or after 6 hours, and misted or not misted during the daylight hours for 2 weeks. Neither antitranspirant affected the growth of misted cuttings. However, in nonmisted cuttings, Folicote resulted in delayed first leaf unfolding and small plants. Misting improved shoot growth relative to not misting. In a second experiment, Stressguard sprayed on leaves of stock plants resulted in slow growth of cuttings taken from them, while Folicote had no effect. Water stress induced by delayed planting resulted in water loss and slow lateral shoot growth in both experiments. Application of uniconazole at the four-leaf stage at 0.05 to 0.4 mg/0.5-liter pot reduced stem elongation, leaf count, and the length of nodal roots. Uniconazole increased individual leaf size on the main shoot and promoted the growth of basal lateral shoots. While stem and total plant dry weights were reduced, total leaf dry weight was not affected by uniconazole. Uniconazole continued to provide good control on the elongation of newly emerged lateral shoots and promoted the production of more and larger leaves when evaluated 4 weeks after the main shoot was severed above the fourth basal node. Chemical name used: (E)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-trizol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol (uniconazole).
Response of `Tifway' Bermudagrass to Rate and Frequency of Flurprimidol and Paclobutrazol Application
Authors: Johnson B.J.
Published: February 2019

A field experiment was conducted for 2 years to determine the effects of rate and time interval for repeated applications of the plant growth regulators (PGR) flurprimidol and paclobutrazol on vegetative suppression of `Tifway' bermudagrass [Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davy × C. dactylon (L.) Pers.]. Suppression of vegetative growth of this grass was generally the same when either flurprimidol or paclobutrazol was applied twice after a 2-, 3-, or 4-week interval. The duration of growth suppression was also similar after initial application with flurprimidol at 0.84 kg·ha-l and repeated at 0.28 to 0.84 kg·ha-1 or with paclobutrazol applied initially at 1.1 kg·ha-1 an d repeated at 0.56 to 1.1 kg·ha-1. Both PGRs caused slight to moderate turfgrass injury at these rates, but the injury was temporary and the grass had fully recovered by 10 weeks. Chemical names used: α -(1-methylethyl)- α -[4-(trifluoromethoxy)-phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (flurprimidol); (±)-(R*R*) β -[(4-chlorophenyl)-methyl]- α -(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Irrigation Regimes Affect Leaf Yield and Water Turnip Use by Mustard
Authors: Smittle Doyle A. , Dickens W. Lamar , Stansell James R. , Simonne Eric
Published: February 2019

Turnip (Brassica rapa L.) and mustard (Brassica juncea L.) were grown in drainage lysimeters under controlled soil water regimes during 2 years. Irrigation regimes consisted of water applications when the soil water tension at a 10-cm depth exceeded 25,50, or 75 kPa throughout growth of the two crops on two soil types during spring and fall production seasons. Leaf yield and water use were highest when irrigation was applied at 25 kPa soil water tension. Regression equations are presented to describe the relationships of daily pan evaporation and water use to plant age, and to compute daily evapotranspiration: pan evaporation ratios (crop factors) during spring and fall production seasons.
Paclobutrazol Affects Growth and Fruit Composition of Potted Grapevines
Authors: Hunter David M. , Proctor John T.A.
Published: February 2019

Paclobutrazol applied as a soil drench at 0, 1, 10, 100, or 1000 μg a.i./g soil reduced vegetative growth of `Seyval blanc' grapevines (Vitis spp.). At all rates, there was a reduction in internode length, while at rates higher than 10 μg a.i/g soil, there was also a reduction in node count. Leaf area produced following treatment declined in response to increasing rates, but specific leaf weight increased. Treatment with paclobutrazol delayed senescence and increased the retention of basal leaves that were nearly fully expanded at the time of treatment. Paclobutrazol application had no effect on fruit set or berry size, but the reduction in vegetative growth following treatment decreased the ability of the vine to supply sufficient photoassimilates for fruit maturation. Chemical name used: ß[(4-chlorophenyl)-methyl]-a-(1,1-dimethylethyl)1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Mathematical Indices for Comparing Small Fruit Crops for Harvest Time and Trait Similarity
Authors: Khanizadeh Shahrokh , Fanous Mamdouh A.
Published: February 2019

Three mathematical indices were developed to estimate: 1) potential for early dollar return or early ripening (IE), 2) concentrated cropping (IC), and 3) deviation or similarity of a genotype to known cultivars (ID). Early ripening genotypes with high yield early in the season will have larger IE values than late genotypes with lower yield early in the season. Genotypes with few harvests will have larger IC values than those requiring several harvests. The ID index helps to identify and group genotypes with similar characteristics. These indices condense numerous values or arrays of traits into single index values, thereby simplifying genotype comparisons.
Microwave Sterilization of Plant Tissue Culture Media
Authors: Tisserat Brent , Jones Danny , Galletta Paul D.
Published: February 2019

Nutrient medium can be sterilized using a household-type microwave oven. The required microwave treatment time was influenced by the oven's microwave power intensity (70 to 700 W), vessel type, volume of medium employed, and the presence of energy sink water reservoirs (ESWR). Growth rates of strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) shootlets, lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.] fruit halves, or carrot (Daucus carota L.) callus cultured on either microwaved or autoclaved media were similar. Microwaving and autoclaving appeared to reduce GA3 activity compared with medium containing filter sterilized GA3. Chemical name used: gibberellic acid (GA3).
Rowcovers and Plant Architecture Influence Development and Spatial Distribution of Bell Pepper Fruit
Authors: Gaye M.M. , Eaton G.W. , Joliffe P.A.
Published: February 2019

The effects of rowcovers and plant architecture on fruit development and spatial distribution were assessed in a study of field-grown bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Ace Hybrid). A forced regression procedure indicated that rowcovers advanced anthesis and delayed harvest dates on the lower nodes and increased the duration of maturation (over all branches and nodes). Rowcovers did not influence total fruit yield. Fruit were obtained from as many as nine node locations, but the largest portion of the total yield was obtained from the first five nodes. Fruit frequency declined with later nodes and lateral branches, compared with the main branch. Fruit produced after lateral branch four on uncovered plants were below an acceptable market size. Marketable fruit were obtained from all nodes, with the exception of node six of covered plants.
Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Leea coccinia and Leea rubra in Response to Light Flux
Authors: Sarracino J.M. , Merrit R. , Chin C.K.
Published: February 2019

Two foliage plant species, Leea coccinia L. and Leea rubra L., were evaluated for survival and for morphological and physiological changes in response to low light flux. Both species of Leea survived in light as low as that survived by Ficus benjamina L. Following 124 days under simulated interior lighting conditions of 5.7, 2.6, or 0.70 mol·m-2·day-1, L. coccinia, L. rubra, and F. benjamina plants grown in 92% shade had lower total fresh/dry weight, smaller leaf area, and thinner leaves than plants grown in full sun. After 124 days, plants of all three species in 92% shade were shorter, narrower, and had fewer growing points than plants in full sun. After 124 days, plants of L. coccinia grown in 92% shade contained more total chlorophyll, and more chlorophyll a and b, and they had a lower chlorophyll a: b ratio than plants from full sun. Anthocyanin content in L. rubra plants grown in 92% shade was lower than that of plants grown in full sun. Plants of F. benjamina grown in 92% shade contained more total chlorophyll and more chlorophyll a and b than plants grown in full sun.
Emergence of Spring- and Summer-planted Onions following Osmotic Priming
Authors: Murray Glen A. , Swensen Jerry B. , Beaver Gary
Published: February 2019

The effect of osmotic priming on onion (Allium cepa L.) seedling emergence was evaluated in the field and in a controlled environment at 15C. Seeds of onion cultivars Bronze Wonder, Challenger, Big Mac, and White Keeper were primed in a solution of 300 g polyethylene glycol 8000/liter for 7 days at 10C 1 to 2 weeks before being planted in Spring 1986 and Summer 1987. Time to 50% of maximum emergence (T) for seedlings from primed seeds averaged 10% to 12% less than for unprimed seeds in both seasons and in laboratory experiments. Maximum emergence was improved 7% by priming in one spring field experiment but not in the summer field experiments or in the laboratory. Differences in T among cultivars in the 1986 experiments were small and significant only in one laboratory experiment. In 1987, cultivar differences in T were significant but not consistent in all experiments. Cultivar T means from laboratory experiments were significantly (P = 0.05) correlated with those for field emergence in three of four experiments, but coefficients were low (r = 0.37 to r = 0.45). Values for maximum emergence in the laboratory were not correlated with maximum emergence in the field. Laboratory emergence tests at 15C were a poor predictor of field emergence. Seed priming may benefit establishment of spring-seeded onions emerging at soil temperatures ≤ 15C more than summer-seeded onions emerging in soils >24C.
Repeated Mechanical Stress from Leaf Cuvette Influences Leaf Gas Exchange
Authors: Marler Thomas E. , Mickelbart Michael V.
Published: February 2019

Long-term effects on stomatal conductance of mechanical stress from repeated clamping of a porometer leaf cuvette to laminae of avocado (Persea americana Miller), carambola (Averrhoa carambolu L.), hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.), mango (Mangifera indica L.), and sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) plants were determined under glasshouse conditions. Following 10 weeks of applying the mechanical stimulus seven times during every 4th day to mature leaves, stomatal conductance was lower than for untreated leaves of all species except mango. Similarly, following 10.5 weeks of applying the stimulus one time every 4th day to expanding leaves of avocado, carambola, hibiscus, and sugar apple, stomatal conductance was lower than for untreated leaves of the same age in all species except hibiscus. Carambola and sugar apple were more sensitive to the mechanical stress than the other species. Thus, the indirect effect of leaf chamber clamping on gas exchange should be known before any conclusions are formulated regarding environmental, cultural, or genetic effects on gas exchange. Random leaf samples from a canopy instead of measurements on a fixed set of leaves may be more appropriate for repeated determinations of leaf gas exchange on a set of plants.
Meristem Micropropagation Protocols for Vitis rotundifolia Michx.
Authors: Thies Karen L. , Graves Clinton H.
Published: February 2019

A meristem micropropagation system was developed to produce Agrobacterium -free muscadine grape. Meristems were cultured on a modified Woody Plant Medium (mWPM) supplemented with 0.45 μm BAP. After 2 weeks, cultures were transferred to mWPM containing 8.92 μm BAP to enhance shoot proliferation. Propagules were subsequently subdivided and transferred to fresh medium at 2- to 4-week intervals. New shoots were excised and inserted in mWPM supplemented with 0.57 μm IAA to promote root formation. This method has been successfully used to produce Agrobacterium -free plants of muscadine cultivars Carlos, Doreen, Jumbo, Magnolia, and Sterling for research purposes and for a foundation planting in Mississippi. Chemical names used: benzylaminopurine (BAP); indole3-acetic acid (IAA).
In Vitro Propagation of Heliconia psittacorum by Bud Culture
Authors: Nathan M.J. , Goh C.J. , Kumar P.P.
Published: February 2019

A protocol was developed for in vitro propagation of Heliconia psittacorum L.f. by culture of terminal and axillary buds of rhizomes. Cultures were initiated on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 40 μm BA, 150 ml coconut water/liter, 30 g sucrose/liter, and 2 g Gelrite/liter. Shoot multiplication was achieved on the above medium without coconut water, but supplemented with 10 μm BA. Shoots were rooted on MS basal medium and successfully acclimated to greenhouse conditions. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1 H-purin-6-amine (BA).
In Vitro Micropropagation of 54 Species from 15 Genera of Bamboo
Authors: Prutpongse P. , Gavinlertvatana P.
Published: February 2019

Fifty-four out of 67 species of bamboo tested were successfully propagated in vitro. For nearly every species, multiple shoots were produced from axillary buds on stem node segments cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium containing BA. In a very few species plants could be regenerated adventitiously from callus. This method of propagation was not very efficient or reliable. Rooting occurred in media containing NAA at 2.7 to 5.4 μM. Several species could be stored in vitro on half-strength medium at room temperature > 15 months without transfer. Chemical names used: N6-benzylamino purine (BA); napthyleneacetic acid (NAA).
REGENERATION OF PISTACIA
Authors: Kitto S.L. , McGranahan G.
Published: February 2019

Cotyledons and embryonic axes of Pistacia vera L. `Kerman' were cultured on modified DKW or MS media. Cotyledonary petioles regenerated shoots when cultured on DKW medium supplemented with (in g/liter) 2.5 Zn(NO3)2, 0.48 H3BO3, 100 KNO3 and (in mg/liter) 1 BA, 0.01 IBA, 2 kinetin and 250 glutamine whether under light (80 μmol·m-2·s-1) or dark conditions. Cotyledons regenerated floral parts from their abaxial surfaces when cultured on (1) DKW or MS, both supplemented with (in mg/liter) 600 glutamine, 300 glycine, 200 asparagine, 50 arginine, 20 ascorbic acid and 0.05-0.1 2,4-D plus 0.1 BA or 0.1 zeatin under light or dark conditions or (2) DKW medium supplemented with (in g/liter) 2.5 Zn(NO3)2, 0.48 H3BO3, 100 KNO3 and (in mg/liter) 0.002 thidiazuron plus 0.2 2,4-D under light conditions.
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF YOUNG APPLE TREES ON 3 ROOTSTOCKS TO DROUGHT STRESS
Authors: Fernandez Rodney T. , Perry Ronald L. , Flore James A.
Published: February 2019

`Imperial Gala' on M.9 EMLA, MM.111 and Mark rootstocks were planted in a rain exclusion shelter. Two drought stress periods lasting approximately 1 month each were imposed during 1991. Water was supplied at 2 liters per day per tree before and after each drought cycle while water was withheld from half of the trees during the drought stresses. Maximal and variable chlorophyll fluorescence and fluorescence quenching were significantly reduced by the drought stress with M.111 generally affected first and with the largest difference between drought and control followed by Mark and then M.9. Leaf and stomatal conductance, assimilation and transpiration usually occurred first and were lowest for M.9 followed by Mark and then M.111 during the first stress cycle while Mark responded more rapidly and to a greater extent than M.9 and M.111 during the second stress. Water potential was lower for the stressed trees during both stress periods but osmotic and turgor potentials were reduced only during the first stress period. Changes in water relations were noticed first and to a greater extent for Mark followed by M.9 with M.111 exhibiting the least sensitivity and differences.
DECLINE AND RECOVERY OF HEDGEROW WALNUTS FROM SUSTAINED DEFICIT IRRIGATION
Authors: Goldhamer David A. , Beede Robert , Sibbett Steve , Ramos Dave
Published: February 2019

Mature hedgerow walnut trees (Juglans regia L. cv. Chico) were irrigated at rates of 33, 67, and 100% of potential orchard ETc (about 350, 700, and 1050 mm/season, respectively) for three years. All trees were then returned to 100% ETc for the subsequent three year period.

Deficit irrigation reduced vegetative growth as measured by shaded area of the orchard floor and trunk growth. Yield reductions, which were minimal after one season, were significantly greater in years two and three. However, the relationships between crop yield and applied water were linear for all deficit irrigation seasons. Upon a return to full irrigation, trunk (and presumably shoot) growth of the previously stressed trees accelerated to levels greater than the control. The subsequent increase in fruiting positions resulted in a return to full production after two years. This suggests that hedgerow walnuts have the potential to recover rapidly from drought-induced production losses if no secondary effects of tree water stress, such as disease or pests, occur.
RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM IN GENETICALLY RELATED ROSE CULTIVARS
Authors: Rajapakse Sriyani , Abbott Albert , Kelly John , Ballard Robert
Published: February 2019

The feasibility of using RFLP to distinguish genetically related Hybrid Tea rose cultivars for DNA `fingerprinting' was examined with a group of cultivars related to `Peace'. The following cultivars used in this study, `Chicago Peace', `Flaming Peace', `Climbing Peace' and `Lucky Piece', were derived from bud mutations (sports) of `Peace'. We also investigated two additional cultivars, `Perfume Delight' and `Garden Party', in which one of the parents for each was `Peace'. Genomic rose DNA probes, cloned in pUC8 plasmid of Escherichia coli, were hybridized with genomic DNA of these cultivars digested with different restriction enzymes. Although polymorphisms were observed among these related cultivars, only a few probe/enzyme combinations screened produced RFLPs due to the high degree of genetic relatedness of these cultivars. We have identified probes that can distinguish all of these related rose cultivars. This study demonstrates that RFLP markers can be used effectively in DNA `fingerprinting' of genetically related rose cultivars, eventhough the level of detectable polymorphism is quite low.
PHYTOTOXIC SIMAZINE CONCENTRATIONS IN TURF IRRIGATION WATER
Authors: Waltz F. C. , Whitwell Ted
Published: February 2019

Herbicides can runoff during storms or irrigation and contaminate ponds that are used for irrigation. Overseeded turf areas are particulary vulunerable to low concentrations of herbicides in irrigation water. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the phytotoxic concentration of simazine in irrigation water perenial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris), and fine fescue (Festuca rubra). Irrigation of 6.5 mm of herbicide contaminated and uncontaminated water was applied to seeded pots during a six week period. Concentrations of water containing simazine levels of 0.0001. 0.01, 0.1 and 1.00 ppm were used. Visual injury and number of live seedlings were evaluated every seven days after the beginning of the treatments and a threshold concentration was determined. An immunoassay kit was evaluated for practicality to the golf industry. Species varied in their response to simazine concentrations and immunoassay diagnostic kits have potential for use in detecting phytotoxic simazine concentrations.
THE EDUCATIONAL BENEFIT OF TWO DEMONSTRATION XERISCAPE GARDENS
Authors: Mottern Bobby , Hague Mary , Caldwell Judy
Published: February 2019

Two xeriscape gardens have been designed for the purpose of educating the public about the importance of water conservation through xeriscaping. One was designed and implemented for a temporary exhibit at the South Carolina State Fair in October of 1991. The exhibit was cosponsored by the Clemson University Extension Service and Master Gardener programs.

The second garden has been designed for the Clemson University Botanical Garden. This will be a permanant addition to the botanical garden soley for display purposes. It is designed to be a model for students, professors, and the general public to observe and study principles associated with water conservation in the landscape.
AN EDUCATIONAL BOOKLET FOR HIGHWAY LANDSCAP DESIGNS
Authors: Lee Tracy K. , Hague Mary , Caldwell Judy
Published: February 2019

A program called “Writing Across the Curriculum” has been initiated in many universities across the nation. In response to this initiative, the Horticulture Department at Clemson University is promoting writing in all areas of study. As part of this effort, an independent study was conducted to produce an educational booklet providing an account of a major landscape project. The project involved a tree inventory, landscape designs, and tree plantings along Highway 123. This interdisciplinary effort was completed by the City of Clemson and Clemson University's Horticulture 308 Landscape Design class with funding from America the Beautiful.

Included in the booklet are student articles, concepts, and designs, as well as an account of the process they followed. Layout was completed on the Macintosh IIsi with Pagemaker software.

The South Carolina Forestry Commission is publishing the booklet, which will be used by local officials as they implement future phases of the project. It will also be distributed to communities throughout the South to be used as an educational tool, showing the process our city followed in enhancing our urban tree cover.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD ON FLOWERING OF ANIGOZANTHOS HYBRIDS
Authors: Roh Mark S. , Griesbach Robert , Lawson Roger
Published: February 2019

Flowering responses of two Anigozanthos hybrids were investigated. Flowering of 20-week old `Regal Claw' and A. manglesii x A. flavidus either from the main fan or the lateral fans was accelerated when plants received a night temp of 13 C, regardless of the photoperiod treatments. Temperature was the major factor controlling flowering of Anigo- zanthos hybrids. Flowering was accelerated from the lateral fans by treating plants at 15.5 or 18 C and a long day (LD) photoperiod. There were fewer than 2.5 branches in the stem at 18 C compared to more than 4.0 branches at 13 C. A night temp of 13 C was optimum for early flowering and for increased quality of cut flowers. At an inductive night temp of 13 C, Anigozanthos hybrids are day neutral while at 15.5 or 18 C they are quantitative LD plants.
A COMPARISON OF LEAF AND WHOLE PLANT NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN ALSTROEMERIA
Authors: Leonardos E.D. , Tsujita M.J. , Grodzinski B. , Blom T.J.
Published: February 2019

Gas exchange (net photosynthesis Pn, dark respiration, transpiration, and stomatal resistance) of `Jaqueline' Alstroemeria, grown in pots in a greenhouse, were measured. Measurements were made under laboratory conditions using an open-flow infrared gas analysis system for leaf studies, and a semi-closed computer controlled whole plant photosynthesis system for whole plant studies.

Apical fully expanded leaves on non-flowering and flowering (at two stages) shoots had similar photosynthetic responses in respect to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and to CO2 concentration. Light saturation occurred at 600 umol/m2/s PAR with maximum leaf Pn rates ranging from 9 to 11 umol CO2/m2/s. CO2 saturation was estimated at approximately 1100 to 1200 ppm with maximum leaf Pn rates from 17 to 22 umol CO2/m2/s.

Whole plant Pn rates increased with increased PAR. Maximum rates 4 to 5 umol CO2/m2/s (half that of individual leaves) occurred at approximately 1000 to 1100 umol/m2/s PAR. CO2 saturation was estimated at 1100 to 1200 ppm, with maximum whole plant Pn rates ranging from 7 to 8 umol CO2/m2/s. These data will be discussed in relation to respiration and mutual shading at the leaf canopy.
REACHING NEW EXTENSION AUDIENCES THROUGH RECERTIFICATION PROGRAMS
Authors: Lamberts Mary , Nesheim O. Norman
Published: February 2019

Ten percent (10%) of all restricted use pesticide (RUP) applicators certified by the Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. (FDACS) reside in Dade County, Florida. Through a joint agreement, the Fla. Cooperative Extension Service (FCES) provides training and testing and FDACS issues private, public and commercial RUP licenses. In 1991, the Dade County Pesticide Trainer analyzed licensing patterns for Dade County's 1454 applicators to determine training needs. She developed a Pesticide Advisory Committee which prioritized 3 of the 14 categories of licenses--Aquatics (weed control), Ornamental & Turf (O&T), and Right-of-Way--for initial certification and recertification classes. It also coordinates programs to reduce duplicated efforts. During 1991, training for initial certification was offered once for Aquatics and twice for O&T. Classes for 1992 have been expanded, placing emphasis on recertification as well. Programs for recertification credits are an ideal way for the extension service to promote sound horticultural management practices which may be new to many commercial and public applicators since they are not part of traditional extension clientele groups.
USE OF A DOUBLE PHASE (LIQUID OVERLAY) CULTURE SYSTEM TO ENHANCE SHOOT QUALITY AND ROOTING RESPONSE IN MINIATURE ROSES
Authors: Eichorst S.M. , Rogers R.B. , Smith M.A.L.
Published: February 2019

Use of a liquid media during micropropagation has promoted improved proliferation and rooting response in several species. In this experiment, a double phase system (a combination of liquid and agar solidified medium) was applied to three cultivars of miniature roses (Rosa chinensis var. minima) to determine the effects on shoot quality and subsequent ex-vitro rooting. Applications of liquid media to the surface of agar solidified media were made at 0, 2, and 4 weeks. Evaluation via computerized image analysis after eight weeks of proliferation revealed equal or greater values for shoot length, area and weighted density (equivalent to fresh weight) for cultures receiving overlay, regardless of timing, compared to the solid media control. Additionally, application of a liquid overlay improved rooting response by up to 20% over the control and resulted in a tendency for a greater number of roots of greater length and area than the treatment without liquid media overlay.
CORRELATION BETWEEN NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION AND TISSUE CONTENT OF MICRONUTRIENTS IN GERANIUM, MARIGOLD, AND PETUNIA
Authors: Lee Chiwon W. , Pak Chun-Ho , Choi Jong-Myung
Published: February 2019

Correlations between the nutrient solution concentration and tissue content of micronutrients were determined for geranium, marigold and petunia. When nutrient solution contained 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 mM of boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn), the tissue content of each microelement increased linearly with increasing levels of the same micronutrient in the fertilizer. Equations for these correlations were established for the six micronutrients used for each species. Increasing levels of micronutrients did not influence tissue macroelement contents. Increasing levels of one micronutrient had little influence on the accumulation of other micronutrients in the tissue. Plant toxicity symptoms developed when the leaf content of microelements increased to a level 5-10 times that of plants grown with the control (Hoagland) solution.
SESQUITEPENOID ACIDS DETER MITE COLONIZATION OF THE TOMATO RELATIVE, LYCOPERSICON HIRSUTUM
Authors: Snyder John C. , Thacker Richard , Pvrek Jan St. , Goodman Jack P.
Published: February 2019

Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch) readily colonize the cultivated tomato. Lycopersicon esculentum L. However, mites have extreme difficulty colonizing the wild relative of tomato, L. hirsutum Humb. and Bonpl. When mites approach leaves of L. hirsutum, they often veer away, suggesting the presence of a deterrent or repellent. Initial experiments indicated that trichome secretions on leaflets of L. hirstum deterred mites. In vitro bioassays indicated that at least four distinct compounds present in these sequiterpenoid secretions of L. hirsutum P.I. 251303 were deterrent. At least two of the compounds were soluble in dilute NaOH. Based on mass spectra and 1H and 13C NMR the structure of two base soluble compounds were established as two related bisabolane derived carboxylic acids.
EFFICIENCY OF EMBRYO RESCUE FROM CROSSES BETWEEN TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM) AND TWO L. PERUVIANUM ACCESSIONS WITH HEAT-STABLE NEMATODE RESISTANCE
Authors: Scott J. W. , Emmons C. L.
Published: February 2019

Ten tomato cultigens were crossed with L. peruvianum accessions PI 126443 and PI 129152. Fruit (536 total) were harvested between 15 and 65 days after anthesis (DAA). Culturable embryos were obtained from 13% of the fruit. There were 140 embryos plated, from which 36 plants were obtained (7% of fruit, 26% of embryos plated). 'Campbell 28', Fla. 7217, and Fla. 7182 were the most efficient tomato lines for producing F1 plants, there was no difference between the L. peruvianum accessions. No embryos were obtained beyond 57 DAA. No trend in embryo viability was detected between 15 and 56 DAA. Of 248 backcross fruit, 94 embryos were plated (38% of fruit) and 15 plants were obtained (6% of fruit, 16% of embryos plated). Female parents with the best percentage of plants per fruit crossed were Fla. 7217, Fla. 7215, and 'Campbell 28' with 15, 8, and 7%, respectively. No plants were obtained from 45 crosses on Fla. 7182.
DORMANT SEASON CARBOHYDRATE LEVELS OF PEACH STIONS ON A SHORT LIFE SITE
Authors: Reighard Gregory L. , Ellis Danielle , Graham Charles
Published: February 2019

'Redhaven' and 'Springcrest' peach cultivars were budded to 12 rootstock selections and planted on a non-fumigated peach tree short life site. After 2 growing seasons, 2 shoots/tree (20 trees/stion) were collected in late November 1990 and again in early March 1991. Samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and later freeze dried and prepared for analysis. Total soluble sugars and starch were extracted from the shoot and quantified. No significant differences among rootstocks or cultivars were found for total soluble sugars and starch. No significant correlations were found between stion carbohydrates in fall and spring and the incidence of bacterial canker in April 1991. Total soluble sugars and starch averaged 110 and 120 mg/g dry tissue for fall and spring sample times, respectively. Cultivars on the hybrid plum rootstock 'Edible Sloe' had the highest soluble carbohydrates in both fall and spring.
EFFECT OF NEGATIVE DIF REGIMES ON CARBOHYDRATE LEVELS IN LILIUM LONGIFLORUM
Authors: Miller William B. , Hammer P. Allen , Kirk Terri I.
Published: February 2019

Commercial greenhouse operators are increasingly using “negative DIF” temperature regimes for crop height control. A negative DIF exists where the night temperature (NT) is greater than day temperature (DT). Large differences in DT-NT strongly suppress stem elongation in many crops, and have been used to reduce labor and material costs for chemical growth regulator applications on Easter lily. We have explored some of the biochemical effects of negative DIF temperature regimes. 'Nellie White Easter lilies were grown (1989 and 1991) at Purdue under a +10 or -10 DIF regime with temperatures adjusted so that daily averages were equal. Plants were harvested at visible bud (VB) and anthesis. Carbohydrates in stems, leaves and flowers were analyzed by HPLC With both temperature regimes, timing data indicated equal daily temperature averages were achieved. Negative DIF severely reduced stem length, and leaf and stem dry weight. Negative DIF reduced leaf and stem total soluble carbohydrate (TSC) content 39-46% at VB and anthesis, while flower TSC was reduced 10-13%. These results indicate negative DIFs have potentially detrimental biochemical effects on Easter lilies. Other techniques, such as early morning temperature drops, were not a part of this study, and their physiological effects should be evaluated as well.
EFFECTS OF HYPOXIA ON RIPENING OF GALA APPLES
Authors: Solomos Theophanes
Published: February 2019

In the past four years the effects of levels of O2 from 1 % to 100%1 on ripening of Gala apples were studied. It was observed that oxygen concentrations larger than 8% did not delay the onset of the climacteric rise in ethylene evolution and respiration, and had no effect on any parameters of ripening, such as texture, acidity and soluble solids. The timing of the onset in the rise of ethylene evolution differed with the year. Low O2 environments of 1-2% did not induce any rise in ethanol concentration. One hundred percent O2 was highly detrimental in that it induced visible symptoms akin to low O2 injury and enhanced the accumulation of ethanol. Hypoxic environments induced a novel 61 kd polypeptide whose quantity was inversely related to the levels of O2. The data also indicate that the effect of low O2 environments on respiration is a function of the physiological stage of the fruits.
TEMPORAL CHANGES IN BORON CONTENT OF SELECTED APPLE AND PEAR TISSUES
Authors: Peryea Frank J.
Published: February 2019

Boron (B) deficiency symptoms often appear in the reproductive tissues of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and pear (Pyrus communis L.) without attendant vegetative symptoms. The primary symptoms are blossom blast, and internal and external cork in fruit. Leaf analysis is the principal diagnostic procedure for evaluating tree B status in Washington orchards. Because flower cluster and fruitlet B contents are influenced by soil moisture availability during the previous autumn, variability in fall precipitation limits the ability of leaf analysis to accurately predict tree B demands the following spring. In the 1960s, Woodbridge and Crandall of Washington State University reported that the B content of apple and pear buds was constant during the winter. The objective of the current study is to determine if winter bud analysis is an accurate predictor of flower and fruitlet B status. Temporal changes in bud, flower cluster, and fruit B are presented for two apple orchards and one pear orchard during the period 1988 to present, as well as the relationships between bud, flower cluster and fruit B concentrations.
SOIL WATER DEFICIT EFFECTS ON PLANT WATER RELATIONS AND LEAF GROWTH OF CUCUMBER
Authors: Melkonian Jeffrey , Wolfe David W.
Published: February 2019

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Marketmore 80) plants were exposed to a soil water deficit and subsequently rewatered. Maximum stress intensity was -1.5 MPa midday leaf water potential compared to -0.6 to -0.8 MPa in the well watered control, eight days after withholding water. Midday stomatal conductance {ks), leaf turgor potential and water potential decreased in the stress treatment compared to the control beginning at the first sampling, two days after withholding water. The decrease in all three was approximately linear with time over the stress. Decreased leaf elongation was observed at the second sampling, three days after the initial decline in ks and five days after withholding water. At similar relative water content {RWC), osmotic potentials of the stress and control treatments were the same throughout most of the stress. Further, there was no difference in osmotic potential, at the same RWC, between the stress and control treatments 12 - 16 hours after rewatering. Split-root experiments were also conducted to examine a possible role of a non-hydraulic signal from roots in drying soil in the regulation of ks and leaf elongation in cucumber. No conclusive evidence of a signal was found despite significant decreases in soil water potential of one-half of the root system of the stress plants. However, fluctuating vapor pressure gradients (vpg) may have obscured evidence of a signal.
SALT TOLERANCE OF A SELECTED LINE FROM THE CROSS BETWEEN A WILD, TOLERANT TOMATO SPECIES (LYCOPERSICON CHEESMANII, ECOTYPE LA 1401) AND A CULTIVATED SPECIES (L. ESCULENTUM MILL.)
Authors: Shannon Michael C. , Wrona Anne F.
Published: February 2019

A salt-tolerance selected F5 generation from a cross between the wild tomato species, Lycopersicon cheesmanii, ecotype LA 1401, and the cultivated species, L. esculentum Mill. (cv Heinz 1350) was compared to the wild parental line in a solution culture experiment to determine the effects of selection on salt tolerance, and ion discrimination and accumulation characteristics in the selected line. Seedlings were transplanted to nutrient solutions at the 3 to 4-leaf stage of growth and after a 1-week period of adjustment, were salinized at 25 mM NaCl day-1 (approximately -1 bar osmotic potential) to final salt concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mM. Plasmalemma and tonoplast vesicles were isolated from fresh root samples, and ATPase and Na+/H+ antiport activity was determined using fluorescence assays. The selected line restricted Na uptake into the shoot and maintained higher shoot K+ than did the wild parent. Growth rate under salinity was greater in the selected line than in the wild species, but relative salt tolerance was higher in the wild parent. Interspecific hybridization appears to be a useful process for the transfer of salt tolerance characters from wild to cultivated tomato.
`JALORO' - A NEW MULTIPLE VIRUS-RESISTANT HOT YELLOW JALAPEÑO PEPPER
Authors: Villalón Benigno
Published: February 2019

JALORO is a multiple virus resistant (MVR) open pollinated pepper cultivar developed by Texas Agricultural Experiment Station at Weslaco. This pungent, cylindrical (fruit with blunt end) yellow jalapeño cultivar possesses high levels of resistance to several isolates of Texas tobacco etch virus, potato virus Y, pepper mottle virus, tobacco ringspot virus, cucumber mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus. The genotype combines desirable characteristics of commercial hot yellow wax `Caloro'(TMR), the jalapeño genome from `Jalapeño-L' and Jalapeño 1158, and MVR genes from AC2207 (hot serrano) and PI 264280. `Jaloro' has the ability to set fruit at temperatures above 35C. It has a concentrated flower setting habit, sets fruits earlier and matures more uniformly than `Caloro'. The singlestem plant will support a heavy set of large thick yellow jalapeño fruit which can be mechanically harvested. It is suited for fresh market in salads or as a processed product, pickled whole, sliced as `nacho' rings or diced in picante sauces.
REPRODUCTIVE EXPRESSION OF GENETIC INCONGRUITY IN Fl PROGENY OF INTERSPECIFIC CROSSES OF VITIS
Authors: Filler Debbv M. , Luby James J. , Ascher Peter D.
Published: February 2019

Three classes of crosses using four genotypes of V. riparia (wild Riverbank grape) as maternal parents were evaluated for evidence of reproductive expression of genetic incongruity. The classes were: I V. riparia x V. vinifera cultivars (European domesticated grape); II V. riparia x French Hybrids (complex interspecific hybrids); III V. riparia x V. riparia. Percent fruit set and seeds per berry were recorded for two years. If incongruity is a factor in interspecific grape crosses, then the values for these traits would be expected to be lower in classes I and II than in class III. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences for some half-sib families. Fruit and seed set were lower in classes I and II than in class III, suggesting that incongruity is operative in wide grape crosses. In the process of creating French hybrids, genomes of several species came together over generations of hybridization. In concert with selection for fertility, repeated interspecific genomic exposure would be expected to have ameliorated the effects of initial incongruity between American species and V. vinifera, increasing their value as genetic bridges in breeding programs.
TIME-RELEASE FERTILIZERS AND MEDIA AFFECT GROWTH OF CONTAINER-GROWN LAGERSTROEMIA AND LIGUSTRUM
Authors: Khatamjan Houchang , Vyapari Sudeep
Published: February 2019

One-year-old liners of Firebird crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L. 'Firebird') and Vicary golden privet (Ligustrum X vicaryi) were planted in 7.6 liter containers. The growing media consisted of 3 pinebark: 1 Canadian peat moss: 1 sand and 3 sawdust: 1 Canadian peat moss: 1 sand (v/v/v). Both media were amended with NH4NO3 and dolomite. Several controlled release fertilizers at varying rates were incorporated into each medium prior to planting. Thirty, 60 and 90 days after planting, leachate samples were collected and tested for E.C. and pH. Fertilizer Sierra (17-6-10) and Osmocote (18-7-13) resulted in maximum shoot dry weight with both species and media types followed by Osmocote (24-4-8) and Escote (20-4-11). Plants grew equally well in pinebark and sawdust medium. After 30 and 60 days leachate from Sierra (17-6-10) had highest E.C. levels. Osmocote (18-7-13 and 24-4-8) recorded highest E.C. at 90 day sampling date. The sawdust medium had higher pH values than the pinebark.