bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Hero in the Name of Truth: Mortality Salience Increases Heroic Perceptions of Edward Snowden
Authors: Schindler Simon , Reinhard Marc-André
Published: October 2015

Edward Snowden has made significant personal sacrifices by revealing the truth about secret surveillance activities by the National Security Agency. According to research on terror management theory, reminding people of their own death strengthens worldview-bolstering reactions, such as following cultural standards and supporting people who uphold those standards. Assuming Snowden’s disclosures were motivated by fighting for the truth and for the value of honesty, and further that cultural values become more important under mortality salience, we hypothesized that reminding people on their own death increases heroic perceptions of Snowden. As predicted, results of our study indicated that participants in the mortality salience condition reported stronger heroic perceptions compared to a control group. This effect was found to be independent of patriotism or political orientation.
Ingroup Bias and Ingroup Projection in the Furry Fandom
Authors: Reysen Stephen , Plante Courtney N. , Roberts Sharon E. , Gerbasi Kathleen C.
Published: October 2015

In two studies, we examine ingroup favoritism within the furry community. Furry fans construct personas (“fursonas”) that are often related to a species of animal (e.g., fox, wolf). In Study 1, furries were found to rate their fursona species more favorably than other species. In Study 2, we examined whether the ingroup projection model may aid in understanding this ingroup species bias. Participants’ ratings of prototypicality of their species within the fandom was associated with greater favoritism of one’s species. A serial mediation model showed that identification with the fursona and perceived benefits of one’s fursona mediated the association between ingroup projection and ingroup species bias.
Early indications of drought impacts on forests in the southeastern United States
Authors: Crosby Michael K. , Fan Zhaofei , Spetich Martin A. , Leininger Theodor D. , Fan Xingang
Published: October 2015

In the southeastern United States, drought can pose a significant threat to forests by reducing the amount of available water, thereby stressing trees. Destructive changes in crown conditions provide the first visible indication of a problem in a forested area, making it a useful indicator for problems within an ecosystem. Forest Health and Monitoring (FHM) and Palmer's Drought Severity Index (PDSI) data from 11 states in the southeastern United States were obtained in an effort to determine the role that drought, forest type, and ecoregion have in indicating differences in crown dieback. Analyses were conducted by species groups using classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. The greatest amount of total relative crown dieback occurred in red oak (18%), followed by other hardwoods (14%), and white oak (11%). Relative crown dieback varied by forest type and ecoregion with a relationship to drought in both red oak and white oak. This information will be useful for focusing future research and modeling efforts to predict forest health conditions affected by changing climate variables.
Climate change and the forest sector: Perception of principal impacts and of potential options for adaptation
Authors: Morin Mathieu B. , Kneeshaw Daniel , Doyon Frédérik , Le Goff Héloïse , Bernier Pierre , Yelle Véronique , Blondlot Anne , Houle Daniel
Published: October 2015

As evidence points to the importance of climate change (CC) impacts on forests, it is critical to understand how forestry and forest-dependent communities will be affected. People active in the Quebec forest sector were consulted about their perceptions on the most important potential impacts and adaptation measures. Preoccupations covered many aspects of natural ecosystems, forest-based communities, and industries. Expected impacts and adaptation measures were grouped according to biomes and sectors. Prioritized impacts included increases in extreme meteorological events and natural disturbances. Impacts were also expected for human or economic systems such as reductions in wood volume and quality, difficulties in accessing forests, and additional costs for forest operations. Adaptation was perceived to come from new policies, a greater awareness, and local and regional adjustments to forest operations and management. Identified barriers to adaptation included lack of knowledge or understanding of CC impacts, lack of scientific support and knowledge transfer, and lack of leadership in CC issues at a regional scale. This synthesis will help orient future needs in climate-sensitive forest management planning and identify ways to increase adaptive capacity of the forest sector.
Assessing forest management scenarios on an Aboriginal territory through simulation modeling
Authors: Asselin Hugo , Larouche Mario , Kneeshaw Daniel
Published: October 2015

The dominant management strategy in boreal forests—aggregated clearcuts (AC)—faces increased criticism by various stakeholders, including Aboriginal people. Two alternative strategies have been proposed: dispersed clearcuts (DC) and ecosystem-based management (EM). We modelled the long-term and landscape-scale effects of AC, DC, and EM on a set of indicators of sustainable forest management relevant to an Aboriginal community's values: (1) forest age structure; (2) spatial configuration of forest stands; (3) road network density; and, (4) forest habitat loss to clearcuts. EM created a forest age structure closer to what would result from a natural disturbance regime, compared to AC and DC. Cut blocks were more evenly distributed with EM and DC. The road network density was lower and increased slower with EM, thus reducing the potential for conflicts between forest users. Under EM, a higher forest cover was maintained (and thus potential wildlife habitat) than in AC or DC. The EM scenario provided the best outcome based on the four measured indicators, partly because the constraints imposed on the modeling exercise led it to harvest less than the other scenarios. Annual allowable cut should thus be a key factor to consider to ensuring better compliance with Aboriginal criteria of sustainable forest management.
Long-term efficacy of diameter-limit cutting to reduce mountain pine beetle-caused tree mortality in a lodgepole pine forest
Authors: Vandygriff J.C. , Hansen E.M. , Bentz B.J. , Allen K.K. , Amman G.D. , Rasmussen L.A.
Published: October 2015

Mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, is the most significant mortality agent in pine forests of western North America. Silvicultural treatments that reduce the number of susceptible host trees, alter age and size class distributions, and diversify species composition are considered viable, long-term options for reducing stand susceptibility to mountain pine beetle-caused tree mortality. Short-term efficacy of thinning treatments has been evaluated, but long-term efficacy has not. We evaluated mountain pine beetle-caused lodgepole pine mortality in 2008, ∼28 years after diameterlimit cutting from above that removed the largest diameter lodgepole pines in a Wyoming, USA forest. Following extensive recent mountain pine beetle activity, the partially-cut stands had significantly less mountain pine beetle-caused tree mortality compared to untreated reference stands. These results are similar to observations five years post-treatment, albeit using different reference stands because the original controls were lost to timber harvest. The original management objective was reduced mountain pine beetle-caused tree mortality, and this objective was achieved, lasting for up to 28 years. Despite the reduced mortality among partially-cut stands, however, untreated and treated stands had similar densities of residual live mature lodgepole pine and those in untreated stands had larger average diameters.
“I Am More Productive in the Library Because It’s Quiet”: Commuter Students in the College Library
Authors: Regalado Mariana , Smale Maura A.
Published: October 2015

This article discusses commuter students’ experiences with the academic library, drawn from a qualitative study at the City University of New York. Undergraduates at six community and baccalaureate colleges were interviewed to explore how they fit schoolwork into their days, and the challenges and opportunities they encountered. Students identified physical and environmental features that informed their ability to successfully engage in academic work in the library. They valued the library as a distraction-free place for academic work, in contrast to the constraints they experienced in other places—including in their homes and on the commute.
Developmental Continuity in the Link Between Sensitivity to Numerosity and Physical Size
Authors: Starr Ariel , Brannon Elizabeth M.
Published: October 2015

Converging evidence suggests that representations of number, space, and other dimensions depend on a general representation of magnitude. However, it is unclear whether there exists a privileged relation between certain magnitude dimensions or if all continuous magnitudes are equivalently related. Four-year-old children and adults were tested with three magnitude comparison tasks – nonsymbolic number, line length, and luminance – to determine whether individual differences in sensitivity are stable across dimensions. A Weber fraction (w) was calculated for each participant in each stimulus dimension. For both children and adults, accuracy and w values for number and line length comparison were significantly correlated, whereas neither accuracy nor w was correlated for number and luminance comparison. However, although line length and luminance comparison performance were not correlated in children, there was a significant relation in adults. These results suggest that there is a privileged relation between number and line length that emerges early in development and that relations between other magnitude dimensions may be later constructed over the course of development.
The Development of Arabic Digit Knowledge in 4- to 7-Year-Old Children
Authors: Knudsen Birgit , Fischer Martin H. , Henning Anne , Aschersleben Gisa
Published: October 2015

Recent studies indicate that Arabic digit knowledge rather than non-symbolic number knowledge is a key foundation for arithmetic proficiency at the start of a child’s mathematical career. We document the developmental trajectory of 4- to 7-year-olds’ proficiency in accessing magnitude information from Arabic digits in five tasks differing in magnitude manipulation requirements. Results showed that children from 5 years onwards accessed magnitude information implicitly and explicitly, but that 5-year-olds failed to access magnitude information explicitly when numerical magnitude was contrasted with physical magnitude. Performance across tasks revealed a clear developmental trajectory: children traverse from first knowing the cardinal values of number words to recognizing Arabic digits to knowing their cardinal values and, concurrently, their ordinal position. Correlational analyses showed a strong within-child consistency, demonstrating that this pattern is not only reflected in group differences but also in individual performance.
The Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factor PDZ-RhoGEF governs susceptibility to diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Chang Ying-Ju , Pownall Scott , Jensen Thomas E , Mouaaz Samar , Foltz Warren , Zhou Lily , Liadis Nicole , Woo Minna , Hao Zhenyue , Dutt Previn , Bilan Philip J , Klip Amira , Mak Tak , Stambolic Vuk
Published: October 2015

Adipose tissue is crucial for the maintenance of energy and metabolic homeostasis and its deregulation can lead to obesity and type II diabetes (T2D). Using gene disruption in the mouse, we discovered a function for a RhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor PDZ-RhoGEF (Arhgef11) in white adipose tissue biology. While PDZ-RhoGEF was dispensable for a number of RhoA signaling-mediated processes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, including stress fiber formation and cell migration, it's deletion led to a reduction in their proliferative potential. On a whole organism level, PDZ-RhoGEF deletion resulted in an acute increase in energy expenditure, selectively impaired early adipose tissue development and decreased adiposity in adults. PDZ-RhoGEF-deficient mice were protected from diet-induced obesity and T2D. Mechanistically, PDZ-RhoGEF enhanced insulin/IGF-1 signaling in adipose tissue by controlling ROCK-dependent phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). Our results demonstrate that PDZ-RhoGEF acts as a key determinant of mammalian metabolism and obesity-associated pathologies.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor serum levels in genetically isolated populations: gender-specific association with anxiety disorder subtypes but not with anxiety levels or Val66Met polymorphism
Authors: Carlino Davide , Francavilla Ruggiero , Baj Gabriele , Kulak Karolina , d’Adamo Pio , Ulivi Sheila , Cappellani Stefania , Gasparini Paolo , Tongiorgi Enrico
Published: October 2015

Anxiety disorders (ADs) are disabling chronic disorders with exaggerated behavioral response to threats. This study was aimed at testing the hypothesis that ADs may be associated with reduced neurotrophic activity, particularly of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and determining possible effects of genetics on serum BDNF concentrations. In 672 adult subjects from six isolated villages in North-Eastern Italy with high inbreeding, we determined serum BDNF levels and identified subjects with different ADs subtypes such as Social and Specific Phobias (PHSOC, PHSP), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), and Panic Disorder (PAD). Analysis of the population as a whole or individual village showed no significant correlation between serum BDNF levels and Val66Met polymorphism and no association with anxiety levels. Stratification of subjects highlighted a significant decrease in serum BDNF in females with GAD and males with PHSP. This study indicates low heritability and absence of any impact of the Val66Met polymorphism on circulating concentrations of BDNF. Our results show that BDNF is not a general biomarker of anxiety but serum BDNF levels correlate in a gender-specific manner with ADs subtypes.
An investigation of the genusMesacanthus(Chordata: Acanthodii) from the Orcadian Basin and Midland Valley areas of Northern and Central Scotland using traditional morphometrics
Authors: Baron Matthew G.
Published: October 2015

Mesacanthusis a common and speciose genus of acanthodian fish from Lower Old Red Sandstone and Middle Old Red Sandstone assemblages (representing the Lower Devonian and Middle Devonian respectively) and is well represented in many palaeoichthyology collections in the UK. Based upon descriptions given during the 19th century, specimens of the genusMesacanthusfrom the Orcadian Basin and Midland Valley areas of Northern and Central Scotland have historically been referred to a number of different species; of these, the most frequently discussed in the literature areM. mitchelli,M. peachiandM. pusillus. In order to test the validity of these three species, traditional morphometric analyses were carried out on over 100 specimens ofMesacanthus, from both the Lower Devonian and the Middle Devonian, that cover the full range of known localities for these taxa in Northern and Central Scotland. Based upon morphological and morphometric comparisons, this investigation has found that at least two species ofMesacanthusare valid (M. mitchelliandM. pusillus) as specimens from the Lower Devonian and Middle Devonian have been shown to differ significantly in a number of important ways. However, no evidence has been found for the validity of the second and distinct Middle Devonian species,M. peachi.
Biotransformation ofMomordica charantiafresh juice byLactobacillus plantarumBET003 and its putative anti-diabetic potential
Authors: Mazlan Farhaneen Afzal , Annuar M. Suffian M. , Sharifuddin Yusrizam
Published: October 2015

Lactobacillus plantarumBET003 isolated fromMomordica charantiafruit was used to ferment its juice.Momordica charantiafresh juice was able to support good growth of the lactic acid bacterium. High growth rate and cell viability were obtained without further nutrient supplementation. In stirred tank reactor batch fermentation, agitation rate showed significant effect on specific growth rate of the bacterium in the fruit juice. After the fermentation, initially abundant momordicoside 23-O-β-Allopyranosyle-cucurbita-5,24-dien-7α,3β,22(R),23(S)-tetraol-3-O-β-allopyranoside was transformed into its corresponding aglycone in addition to the emergence of new metabolites. The fermentedM. charantiajuice consistently reduced glucose production by 27.2%, 14.5%, 17.1% and 19.2% at 15-minute intervals respectively, when compared against the negative control. This putative anti-diabetic activity can be attributed to the increase in availability and concentration of aglycones as well as other phenolic compounds resulting from degradation of glycosidic momordicoside. Biotransformation ofM. charantiafruit juice via lactic acid bacterium fermentation reduced its bitterness, reduced its sugar content, produced aglycones and other metabolites as well as improved its inhibition ofα-glucosidase activity compared with the fresh, non-fermented juice.
Two different approaches to the affective profiles model: median splits (variable-oriented) and cluster analysis (person-oriented)
Authors: Garcia Danilo , MacDonald Shane , Archer Trevor
Published: October 2015

Background.The notion of the affective system as being composed of two dimensions led Archer and colleagues to the development of the affective profiles model. The model consists of four different profiles based on combinations of individuals’ experience of high/low positive and negative affect: self-fulfilling, low affective, high affective, and self-destructive. During the past 10 years, an increasing number of studies have used this person-centered model as the backdrop for the investigation of between and within individual differences in ill-being and well-being. The most common approach to this profiling is by dividing individuals’ scores of self-reported affect using the median of the population as reference for high/low splits. However, scores just-above and just-below the median might become high and low by arbitrariness, not by reality. Thus, it is plausible to criticize the validity of this variable-oriented approach. Our aim was to compare the median splits approach with a person-oriented approach, namely, cluster analysis.

Method.The participants (N= 2, 225) were recruited through Amazons’ Mechanical Turk and asked to self-report affect using the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule. We compared the profiles’homogeneityandSilhouette coefficientsto discern differences in homogeneity and heterogeneity between approaches. We also conducted exact cell-wise analyses matching the profiles from both approaches and matching profiles and gender to investigate profiling agreement with respect to affectivity levels and affectivity and gender. All analyses were conducted using the ROPstat software.

Results.The cluster approach (weighted average of clusterhomogeneity coefficients= 0.62,Silhouette coefficients= 0.68) generated profiles with greater homogeneity and more distinctive from each other compared to the median splits approach (weighted average of clusterhomogeneity coefficients= 0.75,Silhouette coefficients= 0.59). Most of the participants (n= 1,736, 78.0%) were allocated to the same profile (Rand Index= .83), however, 489 (21.98%) were allocated to different profiles depending on the approach. Both approaches allocated females and males similarly in three of the four profiles. Only the cluster analysis approach classified men significantly more often than chance to a self-fulfilling profile (type) and females less often than chance to this very same profile (antitype).

Conclusions.Although the question whether one approach is more appropriate than the other is still without answer, the cluster method allocated individuals to profiles that are more in accordance with the conceptual basis of the model and also to expected gender differences. More importantly, regardless of the approach, our findings suggest that the model mirrors a complex and dynamic adaptive system.
Sensitivity of dispersion model forecasts of volcanic ash clouds to the physical characteristics of the particles
Authors: Beckett F. M. , Witham C. S. , Hort M. C. , Stevenson J. A. , Bonadonna C. , Millington S. C.
Published: October 2015

This study examines the sensitivity of atmospheric dispersion model forecasts of volcanic ash clouds to the physical characteristics assigned to the particles. We show that the particle size distribution (PSD) used to initialise a dispersion model has a significant impact on the forecast of the mass loading of the ash particles in the atmosphere. This is because the modeled fall velocity of the particles is sensitive to the particle diameter. Forecasts of the long‐range transport of the ash cloud consider particles with diameters between 0.1 μm and 100 μm. The fall velocity of particles with diameter 100 μm is over 5 orders of magnitude greater than a particle with diameter 0.1 μm, and 30 μm particles fall 88% slower and travel up to 5× further than a 100 μm particle. Identifying the PSD of the ash cloud at the source, which is required to initialise a model, is difficult. Further, aggregation processes are currently not explicitly modeled in operational dispersion models due to the high computational costs associated with aggregation schemes. We show that using a modified total grain size distribution (TGSD) that effectively accounts for aggregation processes improves the modeled PSD of the ash cloud and deposits from the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in 2010. Knowledge of the TGSD of an eruption is therefore critical for reducing uncertainty in quantitative forecasts of ash cloud dispersion. The density and shape assigned to the model particles have a lesser but still significant impact on the calculated fall velocity. Accounting for the density distribution and sphericity of ash from the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in 2010, modeled particles can travel up to 84% further than particles with default particle characteristics that assume the particles are spherical and have a fixed density.
The impact of vertical shear on the sensitivity of tropical cyclogenesis to environmental rotation and thermodynamic state
Authors: Zhou Wenyu
Published: October 2015

The impact of vertical wind shear on the sensitivity of tropical cyclogenesis to environmental rotation and thermodynamic state is investigated through idealized cloud‐resolving simulations of the intensification of an incipient vortex. With vertical shear, tropical cyclones intensify faster with a higher Coriolis parameter, f, irrespective of the environmental thermodynamic state. The vertical shear develops a vertically tilted vortex, which undergoes a precession process with the midlevel vortices rotating cyclonically around the surface center. With a higher f, the midlevel vortices are able to rotate continuously against the vertical shear, leading to the realignment of the tilted vortex and rapid intensification. With a lower f, the rotation is too slow such that the midlevel vortices are advected away from the surface center and the intensification is suppressed. The parameter, χb, measuring the effect from the low‐entropy downdraft air on the boundary layer entropy, is found to be a good indicator of the environmental thermodynamic favorability for tropical cyclogenesis in vertical shear. Without vertical shear, tropical cyclones are found to intensify faster with a lower f by previous studies. We show this dependency on f is sensitive to the environmental thermodynamic state. The thermodynamical favorability for convection can be measured by χm, which estimates the time it takes for surface fluxes to moisten the midtroposphere. A smaller χm not only leads to a faster intensification due to a shorter period for moist preconditioning of the inner region but also neutralizes the faster intensification with a lower f due to enhanced peripheral convection.
Compartmentalization Approaches in Soft Matter Science: From Nanoreactor Development to Organelle Mimics
Authors: Schoonen Lise , van Hest Jan C. M.
Published: October 2015

Compartmentalization is an essential feature found in living cells to ensure that biological processes occur without being affected by undesired external influences. Over the years many scientists have designed self‐assembled soft matter structures that mimic these natural catalytic compartments. The rationale behind this research is threefold. First of all, compartmentalization leads to the creation of a secluded environment for the catalytic species, which solves compatibility issues and which can improve catalyst efficiency and selectivity. Secondly, nano‐ and micro‐compartments are constructed with the aim to obtain microenvironments that more closely mimic the cellular architecture. These biomimetic platforms are used to attain a better understanding of how cellular processes are executed. Thirdly, natural design rules are applied to create biomolecular assemblies with unusual functionality, which for example are used as artificial organelles. Here, recent developments will be discussed regarding these compartmentalized catalytic systems, with a selected number of illustrative examples to demonstrate which strategies have been followed, and to show to what extent the ambitious goals of this field of science have been reached. The focus here is on the field of soft matter science, covering the wide spectrum from polymeric assemblies to protein nanocages.
Recent Advances in Upconversion Nanoparticles‐Based Multifunctional Nanocomposites for Combined Cancer Therapy
Authors: Tian Gan , Zhang Xiao , Gu Zhanjun , Zhao Yuliang
Published: October 2015

Lanthanide‐doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have the ability to generate ultraviolet or visible emissions under continuous‐wave near‐infrared (NIR) excitation. Utilizing this special luminescence property, UCNPs are approved as a new generation of contrast agents in optical imaging with deep tissue‐penetration ability and high signal‐to‐noise ratio. The integration of UCNPs with other functional moieties can endow them with highly enriched functionalities for imaging‐guided cancer therapy, which makes composites based on UCNPs emerge as a new class of theranostic agents in biomedicine. Here, recent progress in combined cancer therapy using functional nanocomposites based on UCNPs is reviewed. Combined therapy referring to the co‐delivery of two or more therapeutic agents or a combination of different treatments is becoming more popular in clinical treatment of cancer because it generates synergistic anti‐cancer effects, reduces individual drug‐related toxicity and suppresses multi‐drug resistance through different mechanisms of action. Here, the recent advances of combined therapy contributed by UCNPs‐based nanocomposites on two main branches are reviewed: i) photodynamic therapy and ii) chemotherapy, which are the two most widely adopted therapies of UCNPs‐based composites. The future prospects and challenges in this emerging field will be also discussed.
N‐Imidazolylation of Sulfoximines from N‐Cyano Sulfoximines, 1‐Alkynes, and N‐Sulfonyl Azides
Authors: Kim Sanghyuck , Kim Ji Eun , Lee Jinsub , Lee Phil Ho
Published: October 2015

The rhodium‐catalyzed N‐imidazolylation of N‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles with a variety of N‐cyano sulfoximines has been developed for the synthesis of N‐imidazolyl sulfoximines via elimination of molecular nitrogen. Copper‐catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition followed by rhodium‐catalyzed N‐imidazolylation from 1‐alkynes, N‐sulfonyl azides, and N‐cyano sulfoximines is also demonstrated for the synthesis of N‐imidazolyl sulfoximines in a one‐pot procedure.

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Mass transfer into/from nanofluid drops in a spray liquid‐liquid extraction column
Authors: Ashrafmansouri Seyedeh‐Saba , Nasr Esfahany Mohsen
Published: October 2015

The performance of a spray liquid‐liquid extraction column at two mass‐transfer directions was experimentally studied in the presence of silica nanoparticles. Toluene‐based nanofluid drops containing 0.0005–0.01 vol % silica nanoparticles were dispersed in aqueous phase and acetic acid (AA) transfer between phases was investigated. The experiments were performed at fixed volumetric flow rates of dispersed and continuous phases. Maximum enhancement of 47.4% and 107.5% in overall mass‐transfer coefficient, respectively, for mass‐transfer direction of dispersed to continuous phase and vice versa were achieved for drops with 0.001 vol % silica nanoparticles. These enhancements can be referred to Brownian motion of nanoparticles and induced microconvection. The results showed that nanoparticles are more effective in augmenting AA transfer from continuous to dispersed phase. Probable reason is that smaller diameter and lower internal turbulence of drops in this transfer direction increase dispersed phase resistance potential to be manipulated by Brownian motion of nanoparticles. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 62: 852–860, 2016
Identification and characterization of three‐dimensional turbulent flow structures
Authors: Ghasempour Farideh , Andersson Ronnie , Andersson Bengt
Published: October 2015

Many phenomena in chemical processes for example fast mixing, coalescence and break‐up of bubbles and drops are not correctly described using average turbulence properties as the outcome is governed by the interaction with individual vortices. In this study, an efficient vortex‐tracking algorithm has been developed to identify thousands of vortices and quantify properties of the individual vortices. The traditional algorithms identifying vortex‐cores only capture a fraction of the total turbulent kinetic energy, which is often not sufficient for modeling of coalescence and break‐up phenomena. In the present algorithm, turbulent vortex‐cores are identified using normalized Q‐criterion, and allowed to grow using morphological methods. The growth is constrained by estimating the influence from all neighboring vortices using the Biot‐Sawart law. This new algorithm allows 82% of the total turbulent kinetic to be captured, at the same time the individual vortices can be tracked in time. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 1265–1277, 2016
An Electrically Driven and Readable Molecular Monolayer Switch Based on a Solid Electrolyte
Authors: Marchante Elena , Crivillers Núria , Buhl Moritz , Veciana Jaume , Mas‐Torrent Marta
Published: October 2015

The potential application of molecular switches as active elements in information storage has been demonstrated through numerous works. Importantly, such switching capabilities have also been reported for self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs). SAMs of electroactive molecules have recently been exploited as electrochemical switches. Typically, the state of these switches could be read out through their optical and/or magnetic response. These output reading processes are difficult to integrate into devices, and furthermore, there is a need to use liquid environments for switching the redox‐active molecular systems. In this work, both of these challenges were overcome by using an ionic gel as the electrolyte medium, which led to an unprecedented solid‐state device based on a single molecular layer. Moreover, electrochemical impedance has been successfully exploited as the output of the system.
Regio‐ and Stereospecific 1,3‐Allyl Group Transfer Triggered by a Copper‐Catalyzed Borylation/ortho‐Cyanation Cascade
Authors: Yang Yang
Published: October 2015

A copper‐catalyzed borylation/ortho‐cyanation/allyl group transfer cascade was developed. Initiated by an unconventional copper‐catalyzed electrophilic dearomatization, this process features regio‐ and stereospecific 1,3‐transposition of the allyl fragment enabled by an aromatization‐driven Cope rearrangement. This method provides an effective means for the construction of adjacent tertiary and quaternary stereocenters with excellent diastereocontrol.
Tailoring of Electronic Structure and Thermoelectric Properties of a Topological Crystalline Insulator by Chemical Doping
Authors: Roychowdhury Subhajit , Shenoy U. Sandhya , Waghmare Umesh V. , Biswas Kanishka
Published: October 2015

Topological crystalline insulators (TCIs) are a new quantum state of matter in which linearly dispersed metallic surface states are protected by crystal mirror symmetry. Owing to its vanishingly small bulk band gap, a TCI like Pb0.6Sn0.4Te has poor thermoelectric properties. Breaking of crystal symmetry can widen the band gap of TCI. While breaking of mirror symmetry in a TCI has been mostly explored by various physical perturbation techniques, chemical doping, which may also alter the electronic structure of TCI by perturbing the local mirror symmetry, has not yet been explored. Herein, we demonstrate that Na doping in Pb0.6Sn0.4Te locally breaks the crystal symmetry and opens up a bulk electronic band gap, which is confirmed by direct electronic absorption spectroscopy and electronic structure calculations. Na doping in Pb0.6Sn0.4Te increases p‐type carrier concentration and suppresses the bipolar conduction (by widening the band gap), which collectively gives rise to a promising zT of 1 at 856 K for Pb0.58Sn0.40Na0.02Te. Breaking of crystal symmetry by chemical doping widens the bulk band gap in TCI, which uncovers a route to improve TCI for thermoelectric applications.
Conceptual process design and economics for the production of high‐octane gasoline blendstock via indirect liquefaction of biomass through methanol/dimethyl ether intermediates
Authors: Tan Eric CD , Talmadge Michael , Dutta Abhijit , Hensley Jesse , Snowden‐Swan Lesley J. , Humbird David , Schaidle Joshua , Biddy Mary
Published: October 2015

This work describes in detail one potential conversion process for the production of high‐octane gasoline blendstock via indirect liquefaction of biomass. The processing steps of this pathway include the conversion of biomass to synthesis gas via indirect gasification, gas clean‐up via reforming of tars and other hydrocarbons, catalytic conversion of syngas to methanol, methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether (DME), and the homologation of DME over a zeolite catalyst to high‐octane gasoline‐range hydrocarbon products. The current process configuration has similarities to conventional methanol‐to‐gasoline (MTG) technologies, but there are key distinctions, specifically regarding the product slate, catalysts, and reactor conditions. A techno‐economic analysis is performed to investigate the production of high‐octane gasoline blendstock. The design features a processing daily capacity of 2000 tonnes (2205 short tons) of dry biomass. The process yields 271 liters of liquid fuel per dry tonne of biomass (65 gal/dry ton), for an annual fuel production rate of 178 million liters (47 MM gal) at 90% on‐stream time. The estimated total capital investment for an nth‐plant is $438 million. The resulting minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) is $0.86 per liter or $3.25 per gallon in 2011 US dollars. A rigorous sensitivity analysis captures uncertainties in costs and plant performance. Sustainability metrics for the conversion process are quantified and assessed. The potential premium value of the high‐octane gasoline blendstock is examined and found to be at least as competitive as fossil‐derived blendstocks. A simple blending strategy is proposed to demonstrate the potential for blending the biomass‐derived blendstock with petroleum‐derived intermediates. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Gross anatomical study on the human myocardial bridges with special reference to the spatial relationship among coronary arteries, cardiac veins, and autonomic nerves
Authors: Watanabe Yuko , Arakawa Takamitsu , Kageyama Ikuo , Aizawa Yukio , Kumaki Katsuji , Miki Akinori , Terashima Toshio
Published: October 2015

Coronary arteries are frequently covered by cardiac muscles. This arrangement is termed a myocardial bridge. Previous studies have shown that myocardial bridges can cause myocardial ischemic diseases or cardiac arrhythmia, but the relevant pathogenic mechanisms remain unknown. We examined 60 hearts from Japanese cadavers macroscopically to clarify the spatial relationships among coronary arteries, cardiac veins and autonomic nerves. We found 86 myocardial bridges in 47 hearts from the 60 cadavers examined (78.3%). Next, we dissected out nine hearts with myocardial bridges in detail under the operating microscope. We found no additional branches of coronary arteries on the myocardial bridge surfaces. However, the cardiac veins, which usually accompany the coronary arteries, ran independently on the myocardial bridge surfaces in the same region. Cardiac autonomic nerves comprised two rami: one was associated with the coronary artery under the myocardial bridge and the other ran on the surface of the bridge. Such spatial relationships among the coronary arteries, cardiac veins and cardiac autonomic nerves at the myocardial bridges are quite similar to those in mouse embryo hearts. Clin. Anat. 29:333–341, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Retrograde percutaneous repair of aortic coarctation utilizing trans‐septal puncture in patients with complex anatomy
Authors: Misenheimer Jacob A. , Poommipanit Paul , Amin Zahid
Published: October 2015

Coarctation of the aorta (COA) is one of the more common congenital anomalies, occurring in four in ten thousand live births and accounting for five to eight percent of all congenital heart defects. COA lesions can be challenging to treat percutaneously, especially if complex vascular anatomy is a barrier to crossing the lesion. We present two cases of COA that utilized a trans‐septal approach to cross the lesion in anterograde fashion, subsequently facilitating retrograde stenting of the lesions after snaring and externalizing the wire. In both cases, the trans‐septal approach was employed because traditional femoral and radial approaches failed due to complex anatomy, and the trans‐septal approach allowed for effective intervention without the need for surgery. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Core Halogenation as a Construction Principle in Tuning the Material Properties of Tetraazaperopyrenes
Authors: Hahn Lena , Maaß Friedrich , Bleith Tim , Zschieschang Ute , Wadepohl Hubert , Klauk Hagen , Tegeder Petra , Gade Lutz H.
Published: October 2015

A detailed study on the effects of core halogenation of tetraazaperopyrene (TAPP) derivatives is presented. Its impact on the solid structure, as well as the photophysical and electrochemical properties, has been probed by the means of X‐ray crystallography, UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, high‐resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and DFT modeling. The aim was to assess the potential of this approach as a construction principle for organic electron‐conducting materials of the type studied in this work. Although halogenation leads to a stabilization of the LUMOs compared to the unsubstituted parent compound, the nature of the halide barely affects the LUMO energy while strongly influencing the HOMO energies. In terms of band‐gap engineering, it was demonstrated that the HOMO–LUMO gap is decreased by substitution of the TAPP core with halides, the effect being found to be most pronounced for the iodinated derivative. The performance of the recently reported core‐fluorinated and core‐iodinated TAPP derivatives in organic thin‐film transistors (TFTs) was investigated on both a glass substrate, as well as on a flexible plastic substrate (PEN). Field‐effect mobilities of up to 0.17 cm2 Vs−1 and on/off current ratio of >106 were established.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Direct Photocatalytic Carboxylation of Indoles with CBr4/MeOH
Authors: Yang Qing‐Qing , Marchini Marianna , Xiao Wen‐Jing , Ceroni Paola , Bandini Marco
Published: October 2015

Photocatalysis enables the cascade reactions of indoles and CBr4 in MeOH through a C(sp2)H functionalization/methanolysis sequence. The title reaction provides an efficient access to indole 2‐ and 3‐carboxylates in a single operation (no preinstallation of protecting as well as directing groups was required) with good yields under mild reaction conditions.
Oxidative Coupling of Terminal Alkynes with Aldehydes Leading to Alkynyl Ketones by Using Indium(III) Bromide
Authors: Ogiwara Yohei , Kubota Masahito , Kurogi Kotaro , Konakahara Takeo , Sakai Norio
Published: October 2015

An indium(III)‐promoted direct acylation of terminal alkynes using aldehydes leading to ynones was developed. In contrast to the previous addition reactions of alkynes to aldehydes, which provide propargylic alcohols, the oxidative coupling proceeded exclusively to afford alkynyl ketones. The products were likely generated through an Oppenauer oxidation of the indium propargylic alkoxide species by excess amounts of aldehydes.
Rheological behaviour of oil and water emulsions and their flow characterization in horizontal pipes
Authors: Zhang Jian , Xu Jing‐Yu
Published: October 2015

In this work, the rheological behaviour of oil and water emulsions and their flow characterization were studied using a Haake RS6000 rheometer and a lab scale flow loop. The rheological properties of the synthetic emulsions were investigated at oil volume fractions from 0.1–1.0 L/L and shear rates from 0.001–1000 s−1 at a system temperature of 20 °C. The emulsions flow, formed by the SMV static mixer installed before the test section, was observed in the 2‐m long horizontal pipes with 25 and 50 mm inner diameters at different mixture flow rates from 0.01–7.00 m3/h. A comparison between rheological measurements and laminar flow data shows that the values of the Sauter mean droplet diameters formed by the SMV static mixer are approximately one order of magnitude bigger than those measured by the rheometer. For oil‐in‐water emulsions with low oil content, the stress‐strain relationships obtained in the rheometer are more suitable for predicting the transport characteristics of the emulsions with a large pipe diameter than those with a small pipe diameter. In addition, the phase inversion points in the pipe flow are closer to those measured at high shear rates in the rheometer. Therefore, the apparent viscosity obtained by the rheology measurements at high shear rates could be introduced for accurate calculations of the mixture Reynolds number and the friction factor in emulsions flow.
From Solid Carbon Sources to Graphene
Authors: Liang Tao , Kong Yuhan , Chen Hongzheng , Xu Mingsheng
Published: October 2015

Chemical vapor deposition on metal substrates using gaseous hydrocarbon as carbon feedstock has proven to be a feasible way for synthesis of large‐area and uniform graphene films. Meanwhile, rearrangement of amorphous carbon species extracted from solid carbon sources into crystalline graphene not only offers an alternative route for graphene growth but also provides a powerful tool to excavate the underlying mechanisms of graphene formation. In this review, we discuss the processes of extracting carbon species from various solid carbon sources to form graphene. We summarize the typical steps of solid carbon sources to graphene transition and evaluate the resultant graphene film quality with regard to electrical performance. Unveiling the detailed solid carbon to graphene transition process paves the way for a reproducible production of graphene with controlled layer number, defect type and density, toward the final end of graphene's commercial utilizations with low cost.
Solution‐Processed Graphene Composite Films as Freestanding Platinum‐Free Counter Electrodes for Bendable Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Zhou Qinqin , Chen Shan , Zhang Miao , Wang Liduo , Li Yingru , Shi Gaoquan
Published: October 2015

Sulfuric acid‐treated poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)/less‐defective reduced graphene oxide (ST‐PEDOT:PSS/L‐rGO) composite films were prepared via a solution‐processing route and used as the counter electrodes of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). These platinum (Pt)‐ and transparent conductive oxide (TCO)‐free counter electrodes exhibited strong catalytic activity and excellent flexibility, showing no obvious change in their sheet resistances after 10000 cycles of bending. The integrated quasi‐solid‐state DSSC device with a TiO2 nanotube/Ti mesh photoanode and a ST‐PEDOT:PSS/L‐rGO counter electrode exhibited an energy conversion efficiency (η) of about 1.8%. It also displayed an excellent mechanical stability and durability after bending for 1000 cycles at a small curvature radius of 10 mm. The high flexibility, low cost and efficient catalytic activity make ST‐PEDOT:PSS/L‐rGO composite films promising counter electrodes for flexible DSSCs.
Therapeutic innovations in inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Vanhove W , Nys K , Vermeire S
Published: October 2015

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a spectrum of complex multifactorial immune disorders characterized by chronic inflammation of the gut. Significant advances have been made in unraveling the pathogenesis of this disease spectrum, which have spurred the discovery of new therapeutic targets and strategies. In this review, we highlight the emerging new classes of IBD therapeutics under clinical evaluation and their method of action, including JAK inhibitors, anti‐SMAD7 oligonucleotides, and cell‐based therapies. Moreover, we discuss how an approach based on unique molecular insights in a given patient will, in the future, lead to a truly individualized/tailored disease management, starting at diagnosis, aiding in prognosis, and resulting in a personalized therapeutic approach.
Chronic up‐regulation of sonic hedgehog has little effect on postnatal craniofacial morphology of euploid and trisomic mice
Authors: Singh Nandini , Dutka Tara , Reeves Roger H. , Richtsmeier Joan T.
Published: October 2015

Background: In Ts65Dn, a mouse model of Down syndrome (DS), brain and craniofacial abnormalities that parallel those in people with DS are linked to an attenuated cellular response to sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling. If a similarly reduced response to SHH occurs in all trisomic cells, then chronic up‐regulation of the pathway might have a positive effect on development in trisomic mice, resulting in amelioration of the craniofacial anomalies. Results: We crossed Ts65Dn with Ptch1tm1Mps/+ mice and quantified the craniofacial morphology of Ts65Dn;Ptch+/− offspring to assess whether a chronic up‐regulation of the SHH pathway rescued DS‐related anomalies. Ts65Dn;Ptch1+/− mice experience a chronic increase in SHH in SHH‐receptive cells due to haploinsufficiency of the pathway suppressor, Ptch1. Chronic up‐regulation had minimal effect on craniofacial shape and did not correct facial abnormalities in Ts65Dn;Ptch+/− mice. We further compared effects of this chronic up‐regulation of SHH with acute pathway stimulation in mice treated on the day of birth with a SHH pathway agonist, SAG. We found that SHH affects facial morphology differently based on chronic vs. acute postnatal pathway up‐regulation. Conclusions: Our findings have implications for understanding the function of SHH in craniofacial development and for the potential use of SHH‐based agonists to treat DS‐related abnormalities. Developmental Dynamics 245:114–122, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.