bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relevance of host tau in tau seeding and spreading in tauopathies
Authors: Ferrer Isidro , Zelaya Maria Victoria , Aguiló García Meritxell , Carmona Margarita , López‐González Irene , Andrés‐Benito Pol , Lidón Laia , Gavín Rosalina , Garcia‐Esparcia Paula , del Rio José Antonio
Published: August 2019

Human tau seeding and spreading occur following intracerebral inoculation of brain homogenates obtained from tauopathies in transgenic mice expressing natural or mutant tau, and in wild‐type (WT) mice. The present study was geared to learning about the patterns of tau seeding, the cells involved and the characteristics of tau following intracerebral inoculation of homogenates from primary age‐related tauopathy (PART: neuronal 4Rtau and 3Rtau), aging‐related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG: astrocytic 4Rtau) and globular glial tauopathy (GGT: 4Rtau with neuronal deposits and specific tau inclusions in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes). For this purpose, young and adult WT mice were inoculated unilaterally in the hippocampus or in the lateral corpus callosum with sarkosyl‐insoluble fractions from PART, ARTAG and GGT cases, and were killed at variable periods of three to seven months. Brains were processed for immunohistochemistry in paraffin sections. Tau seeding occurred in the ipsilateral hippocampus and corpus callosum and spread to the septal nuclei, periventricular hypothalamus and contralateral corpus callosum, respectively. Tau deposits were mainly found in neurons, oligodendrocytes and threads; the deposits were diffuse or granular, composed of phosphorylated tau, tau with abnormal conformation and 3Rtau and 4Rtau independently of the type of tauopathy. Truncated tau at the aspartic acid 421 and ubiquitination were absent. Tau deposits had the characteristics of pre‐tangles. A percentage of intracellular tau deposits co‐localized with active (phosphorylated) tau kinases p38 and ERK 1/2. Present study shows that seeding and spreading of human tau into the brain of WT mice involves neurons and glial cells, mainly oligodendrocytes, thereby supporting the idea of a primary role of oligodendrogliopathy, together with neuronopathy, in the progression of tauopathies. In addition, it suggests that human tau inoculation modifies murine tau metabolism with the production and deposition of 3Rtau and 4Rtau, and by activation of specific tau kinases in affected cells.
Birth and coming of age of islet autoantibodies
Authors: Bonifacio E , Achenbach P
Published: August 2019

This review takes the reader through 45 years of islet autoantibody research, from the discovery of islet-cell antibodies in 1974 to today’s population-based screening for presymptomatic early-stage type 1 diabetes. The review emphasizes the current practical value of, and factors to be considered in, the measurement of islet autoantibodies.
Serum complexes between C1INH and C1INH autoantibodies for the diagnosis of acquired angioedema
Authors: López-Lera A , Garrido S , Nozal P , Skatum L , Bygum A , Caballero T , López Trascasa M
Published: August 2019

Acquired angioedema due to C1-inhibitor (C1INH) deficiency (AAE) is caused by secondary C1INH deficiency leading to bradykinin-mediated angioedema episodes. AAE typically presents in adulthood and is associated with B cell lymphoproliferation. Anti-C1INH autoantibodies (antiC1INHAbs) are detectable in a subset of AAE cases and considered a hallmark of the disease. When free antiC1INHAbs and malignant tumors are not detectable, diagnosis relies on the finding of low C1INH levels and/or function, lack of family history and SERPING1 mutations, age at onset and low or undetectable C1q levels, none of which is specific for AAE. We tested the diagnostic value of a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of circulating complexes between C1INH and antiC1INHAbs (C1INH–antiC1INHAb) in the serum of 20 European AAE patients characterized on the basis of their complement levels and function. Free antiC1INHAbs were detected in nine of 20 patients [six of immunoglobulin (Ig)G class, two of IgM class and one simultaneously presenting IgG and IgM classes], whereas C1INH–antiC1INHAb complexes were found in 18 of 20 of the AAE cases, regardless of the presence or absence of detectable free anti-C1INHAbs. Of note, nine of 20 patients showed negative free antiC1INHabs, but positive C1INH–antiC1INHAb complexes in their first measurement. In the cohort presented, IgM-class C1INH–antiC1INHAb are specifically and strongly associated with low C1q serum levels. Detection of C1INH–antiC1-INHAbs provides an added value for AAE diagnosis, especially in those cases in whom no free anti-C1INH antibodies are detected. The link between IgM-class C1INH–antiC1INHAb complexes and C1q consumption could have further implications for the development of autoimmune manifestations in AAE.
Critical roles of regulatory B and T cells in helminth parasite-induced protection against allergic airway inflammation
Authors: Gao X , Ren X , Wang Q , Yang Z , Li Y , Su Z , Li J
Published: August 2019

The prevalence of allergic asthma and incidences of helminth infections in humans are inversely correlated. Although experimental studies have established the causal relation between parasite infection and allergic asthma, the mechanism of the parasite-associated immunomodulation is not fully elucidated. Using a murine model of asthma and nematode parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus, we investigated the roles of regulatory B cells (Breg) and T cells (Treg) in mediation of the protection against allergic asthma by parasite. H. polygyrus infection significantly suppressed ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway inflammation (AAI) evidenced by alleviated lung histopathology and reduced numbers of bronchoalveolar inflammatory cell infiltration, and induced significant responses of interleukin (IL)-10+ Breg, IL-10+ Treg and forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)+ Treg in mesenteric lymph node and spleen of the mice. Adoptive transfer of IL-10+ Breg and IL-10+ Treg cell prevented the lung immunopathology in AAI mice. Depletion of FoxP3+ Treg cells in FoxP3-diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor transgenic mice by diphtheria toxin (DT) treatment exacerbated airway inflammation in parasite-free AAI mice and partially abrogated the parasite-induced protection against AAI. IL-10+ Breg cells were able to promote IL-10+ Treg expansion and maintain FoxP3+ Treg cell population. These two types of Tregs failed to induce CD19+ B cells to transform into IL-10+ Breg cells. These results demonstrate that Breg, IL-10+ Treg and FoxP3+ Treg cells contribute in A discrepant manner to the protection against allergic airway immunopathology by parasiteS. Breg cell might be a key upstream regulatory cell that induces IL-10+ Treg response and supports FoxP3+ Treg cell population which, in turn, mediate the parasite-imposed immunosuppression of allergic airway inflammation. These results provide insight into the immunological relationship between parasite infection and allergic asthma.
Hydrophilic titanium surface‐induced macrophage modulation promotes pro‐osteogenic signalling
Authors: Hamlet Stephen M. , Lee Ryan S.B. , Moon Ho‐Jin , Alfarsi Mohammed A. , Ivanovski Sašo
Published: August 2019

Objectives

As biomaterial‐induced modulation of mediators of the immune response may be a potential therapeutic approach to enhance wound healing events, the aim of this study was to delineate the effects of titanium surface modification on macrophage phenotype and function.

Material and methods

Rodent bone marrow‐derived macrophages were polarized into M1 and M2 phenotypes and cultured on micro‐rough (SLA) and hydrophilic modified SLA (modSLA) titanium discs. Macrophage phenotype and cytokine secretion were subsequently assessed by immunostaining and ELISA, respectively. Osteoblast gene expression in response to culture in the M1 and M2 macrophage conditioned media was also evaluated over 7 days by RT‐PCR.

Results

M1 macrophage culture on the modSLA surface promoted an M2‐like phenotype as demonstrated by marked CD163 protein expression, Arg1 gene expression and the secretion of cytokines that significantly upregulated in osteoblasts the expression of genes associated with the TGF‐ß/BMP signalling pathway and osteogenesis. In comparison, M2 macrophage culture on SLA surface promoted an inflammatory phenotype and cytokine profile that was not conducive for osteogenic gene expression.

Conclusions

Macrophages are able to alter or switch their phenotype according to the signals received from the biomaterial surface. A hydrophilic micro‐rough titanium surface topography elicits a macrophage phenotype associated with reduced inflammation and enhanced pro‐osteogenic signalling.
Functional bowel complaints and quality of life after surgery for colon cancer: prevalence and predictive factors
Authors: van Heinsbergen M. , den Haan N. , Maaskant‐Braat A. J. , Melenhorst J. , Belgers E. H. , Leijtens J. W. , Bloemen J. G. , Rutten H. J. , Bouvy N. D. , Janssen‐Heijnen M. L. , Konsten J. L.
Published: August 2019

Aim

Low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) severely affects the quality of life (QoL) of patients after surgery for rectal cancer. There are very few studies that have investigated LARS‐like symptoms and their effect on QoL after colon cancer surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of functional abdominal complaints and related QoL after colon cancer surgery compared with patients with similar complaints after rectal cancer surgery.

Method

All patients who underwent colorectal cancer resections between January 2008 and December 2015, and who were free of colostomy for at least 1 year, were eligible (n = 2136). Bowel function was assessed by the LARS score, QoL by the EORTC QLQ‐C30 and QLQ‐CR29 questionnaires. QoL was compared between the LARS score categories and tumour height categories.

Results

A total of 1495 patients (70.0%) were included in the analyses, of whom 1145 had a colonic and 350 a rectal tumour. Symptoms of LARS were observed in 55% after rectal cancer resection compared with 21% after colon cancer resection. Female gender (OR 1.88, CI 1.392–2.528) and a previous diverting stoma (OR 1.84, CI 1.14–2.97) were independently associated with a higher prevalence of LARS after colon cancer surgery. Patients with LARS after colon cancer surgery performed significantly worse in most QoL domains.

Conclusion

The results of this study highlight the presence of LARS‐like symptoms after surgery for colonic cancer. Patients suffering from major LARS‐like symptoms after colon resection reported the same debilitating effect on their QoL as patients with major LARS after rectal resection. This should be addressed by colorectal cancer specialists in order to adequately inform patients.
Service learning in Spanish for the health professions: Heritage language learners’ competence in action
Authors: Belpoliti Flavia , Pérez María E.
Published: August 2019

The present study examined the impact of a service learning activity on students’ perceptions of language, identity, and community in an advanced Spanish for the Health Professions course. Forty‐five advanced Spanish heritage learners (SHLs) participated in health fairs as assistants to health‐care providers as part of the curriculum requirements. The mixed‐methods analysis of students’ reflection essays shows that this experience had the greatest effect on participants’ confidence in the use of Spanish as a professional language, on their awareness and understanding of the local Hispanic communities’ needs, and on their emerging identity as Hispanic health‐care professionals. The findings also support the value of service learning as a domestic immersion experience, targeting the specific language and professional needs of SHLs.
Disturbance does not have a significant impact on waders in an estuary close to conurbations: importance of overlap between birds and people in time and space
Authors: Goss‐Custard John D. , Hoppe Catherine H. , Hood Matt. J. , Stillman Richard A.
Published: August 2019

Disturbance of wildlife is a potential cause of conservation concern, not least to overwintering waders Charadrii inhabiting estuaries close to conurbations where human recreational and economic activities are often concentrated. Disturbance from people on and alongside intertidal foraging areas could make it more difficult for birds to survive until spring in good condition by reducing the time available for foraging, increasing energy requirements and displacing birds to poorer foraging areas. We adopted a two‐part approach to testing whether such significant impacts occurred in a Special Protection Area where disturbance risk was high because of its small size and close proximity to conurbations. In part one, we recorded over the whole estuary during stages of the tidal cycle when part or all of the intertidal zone was exposed and so accessible to waders (i.e. on receding, low and advancing tides): (1) the numbers and activities of people on the intertidal flats and on the adjacent land in those places where people were visible to waders in the intertidal zone and (2) the numbers of waders present and disturbed into flight, the flight distance and flight duration in the ‘overlap’ areas where people did disturb waders. People occurred on < 25% of the 938 ha of intertidal flats, but most waders foraged on mudflats, whereas most people were on sandflats. People on land were visible to foraging waders along < 35% of the 16.5 km of shoreline. Waders and people were therefore substantially separated in space. Within overlap areas, people and waders were often frequently separated in time: for example, people on land mostly disturbed waders when only the upper shore levels were exposed. The average overwintering wader spent < 0.1% of its foraging time during daylight flying away from people and the additional energy expenditure was equivalent to < 0.02% of its daily requirements. The comparison made in part two between our study area and two comparable estuaries showed that the number of visits each day to the overlap areas would need to be 29 or 43 times greater for disturbance to have lowered the birds’ body condition and winter survival. Both parts of the study therefore suggested strongly that the amount of disturbance was too trivial to have a significant impact on waders. It is concluded that: (1) to properly assess disturbance risk to waders, both extensive and intensive observations must be made on the behaviour of people and birds to quantify the extent to which they overlap in space and time, and (2) it should not be assumed that an estuary's close proximity to conurbations, and the presence of large numbers of people in the vicinity of theSPA, necessarily implies a significant disturbance risk to waders.
Phase stability and magnetic properties of SrFe18O27 W‐type hexagonal ferrite
Authors: Reimann Timmy , Schmidt Thomas , Töpfer Jörg
Published: August 2019

W‐type ferrite is a member of the hexagonal ferrite family and a potential permanent magnet material. However, its synthesis conditions are not fully understood yet. Samples were sintered either at 1400°C in air and quenched, or at 1300°C at reduced oxygen partial pressure. The precise stability conditions of this W‐type ferrite were investigated in the temperature range of 1200°C‐1400°C using thermogravimetry, XRD, and electron microscopy. At 1300°C, the ferrite is stable at oxygen partial pressures of . At more oxidizing conditions, the ferrite decomposes into M‐type ferrite and hematite, while at more reducing atmospheres Sr4Fe6O13 and magnetite are formed. The nonstoichiometry δ of SrFe18−δO27 was derived from thermal analysis data at 1300°C as function of oxygen partial pressure and was found to be mainly due to cation vacancies. Magnetization measurements show that this W‐type ferrite exhibits Ms = 103 emu/g at T = 4 K, which agrees well with a ferrimagnetic spin arrangement according to Gorter's model. As alternative, Zn‐substituted W‐ferrite was found to be stable in air at 1200°C with a large Ms = 123 emu/g at 4 K.
Structural environment of chloride ion‐conducting solids based on lanthanum oxychloride
Authors: Nunotani Naoyoshi , Misran Muhammad Radzi Iqbal Bin , Inada Miki , Uchiyama Tomoki , Uchimoto Yoshiharu , Imanaka Nobuhito
Published: August 2019

The effect of the structural environment on the Cl− ion conductivity was demonstrated in LaOCl‐based solid electrolytes. By replacing the La3+ site with lower‐valent Mg2+ or Ca2+ ions, the conductivity was enhanced owing to the formation of a Cl− ion vacancy. Despite the same dopant content, the conductivity of La0.8Ca0.2OCl0.8 was considerably greater than La0.8Mg0.2OCl0.8. This enhancement of the conductivity was influenced by the high ionicity of the Cl− ions, which facilitated the weakening of the La‐Cl bond cleavage to conduct inside the lattice. The elongation of the La‐La distance, associated with the Cl− ion conduction, could also cause an increase of the conductivity.
The influence of welfare state factors on nursing professionalization and nursing human resources: A time‐series cross‐sectional analysis, 2000–2015
Authors: Gunn Virginia , Muntaner Carles , Ng Edwin , Villeneuve Michael , Gea‐Sanchez Montserrat , Chung Haejoo
Published: August 2019

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between welfare states and nursing professionalization indicators.

Design

We used a time‐series, cross‐sectional design. The analysis covered 16 years and 22 countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and the United States, allocated to five welfare state regimes: Social Democratic, Christian Democratic, Liberal, Authoritarian Conservative, and Confucian.

Methods

We used fixed‐effects linear regression models and conducted Prais‐Winsten regressions with panel‐corrected standard errors, including a first‐order autocorrelation correction. We applied the Amelia II multiple imputation strategy to replace missing observations. Data were collected from March–December 2017 and subsequently updated from August–September 2018.

Results

Our findings highlight positive connections between the regulated nurse and nurse graduate ratios and welfare state measures of education, health, and family policy. In addition, both outcome variables had averages that differed among welfare state regimes, the lowest being in Authoritarian Conservative regimes.

Conclusion

Additional country‐level and international comparative research is needed to further study the impact of a wide range of structural political and economic determinants of nursing professionalization.

Impact

We examined the effects of welfare state characteristics on nursing professionalization indicators and found support for the claim that such features affect both the regulated nurse and nurse graduate ratios. These findings could be used to strengthen nursing and the nursing workforce through healthy public policies and increase the accuracy of health human resources forecasting tools.
Similar compositional turnover but distinct insular environmental and geographical drivers of native and exotic ants in two oceans
Authors: Latombe Guillaume , Roura‐Pascual Núria , Hui Cang
Published: August 2019

Aim

This study aims to quantify the patterns in compositional turnover of native and exotic ants on small islands in two oceans, and to explore whether such patterns are driven by similar environmental, geographical and potentially biotic variables.

Location

Pacific and Atlantic islands.

Time period

Present.

Major taxa studied

Ants.

Methods

We applied Multi‐Site Generalised Dissimilarity Modelling (MS‐GDM), which relates zeta diversity, the number of species shared by a given number of islands, to differences in environmental, geographical and biotic drivers. The use of zeta diversity enabled us to differentiate the contribution of rare species (shared by few islands) from those of widespread ones (shared by multiple islands) to compositional turnover. For completion, we also related species richness of insular ants per island with the same set of explanatory variables using Generalised Additive Models (GAM).

Results

Pacific and Atlantic islands have similar patterns of ant species turnover and richness, albeit partly driven by different drivers. Native and exotic species turnover are mostly explained by the same set of variables in the Pacific (annual precipitation and distance to the nearest island), but not in the Atlantic (annual precipitation is a good predictor of native species turnover, but none of the variables considered in our study explained exotic species turnover). No signal of biotic interactions was detected at the insular community level.

Main conclusions

Successful invasion strategies may depend on a combination of factors specific to the region in question. In the Pacific, milder environments and the absence of natives on certain islands enable exotic ants to select the same types of environment as native ants. In the harsher Atlantic Ocean, however, native ant species are likely to be well adapted to local environmental conditions, making it harder for exotics to become established. Exotic ant species, therefore, potentially rely on other attributes to establish, such as a combination of tolerance to a wide range of environmental conditions and human‐mediated colonization.
Impact of immunomodulator use on treatment persistence in patients with ulcerative colitis: A claims database analysis
Authors: Kobayashi Taku , Udagawa Eri , Uda Akihito , Hibi Toshifumi , Hisamatsu Tadakazu
Published: August 2019

Background and Aim

It is unclear how adding an anti‐tumor necrosis factor alpha agent to immunomodulator (IM) treatment, as a step‐up strategy, affects long‐term outcomes in ulcerative colitis. This retrospective study investigated persistence associated with biologic anti‐tumor necrosis factor alpha agents combined with IMs versus biologic monotherapy in patients with ulcerative colitis.

Methods

This was a longitudinal cohort study of patients in the Japan Medical Data Center claims database who had been newly prescribed infliximab or adalimumab as induction (completed) and maintenance (2010–2016). Biologic persistence (i.e. no switch/discontinuation during maintenance) was compared among patients prescribed biologic monotherapy (Bio) and those prescribed a biologic combined with an IM, as step‐up (Bio + prior IM) or simultaneously (Bio + IM).

Results

Three hundred and sixty‐nine eligible patients were analyzed (233, 78, and 58 in the Bio, Bio + prior IM, and Bio + IM subgroups, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed a lower probability of nonpersistence during maintenance for infliximab‐treated patients in the Bio + prior IM versus Bio subgroup (hazard ratio: 0.53; 95% confidence interval: 0.29–0.99; P = 0.045). No such effect was seen in adalimumab‐treated patients (P = 0.222) or in the overall population (P = 0.398). The probability of nonpersistence during maintenance in the Bio + IM subgroup was not significantly different from that in the Bio subgroup in either the biologic subpopulation or in the overall population.

Conclusions

Adding infliximab to an existing IM results in a lower probability of nonpersistence compared with infliximab monotherapy in ulcerative colitis patients. This effect is not seen in adalimumab‐treated patients.
Endoscopic features of esophageal adenocarcinoma derived from short‐segment versus long‐segment Barrett's esophagus
Authors: Yamasaki Akira , Shimizu Tomoki , Kawachi Hiroshi , Yamamoto Noriko , Yoshimizu Shoichi , Horiuchi Yusuke , Ishiyama Akiyoshi , Yoshio Toshiyuki , Hirasawa Toshiaki , Tsuchida Tomohiro , Sasaki Yutaka , Fujisaki Junko
Published: August 2019

Background and Aim

The study aims to clarify the endoscopic features and clinicopathological differences in superficial Barret's esophageal adenocarcinoma (s‐BEA) derived from short‐segment Barrett's esophagus (SSBE) and long‐segment Barrett's esophagus (LSBE).

Methods

We reviewed data of 130 patients (141 lesions) with pathologically confirmed s‐BEA (SSBE: 95 patients and 95 lesions; LSBE: 35 patients and 46 lesions). We analyzed endoscopic and clinicopathological features of s‐BEA in patients with SSBE and LSBE.

Results

The distribution of lesions according to macroscopic findings were as follows (s‐BEA in SSBE vs LSBE): flat type (0‐IIb), 3.2% (3/95) vs 32.6% (15/46) (P < 0.001); accompanied type 0‐IIb, 2.1% (2/95) vs 21.7% (10/46) (P < 0.001); and complex type (0‐I + IIb, 0‐IIa + IIc, etc.), 30.5% (29/95) vs 50.0% (23/46) (P = 0.025). Complex‐type s‐BEAs had high incidences of T1b invasions and poorly differentiated components (simple type: 22.5% [20/89] and 18.0% [16/89]; complex type: 59.6% [31/52] and 44.2% [23/52], P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively). In SSBE, 72.6% (69/95) of lesions were located at the right anterior wall (P = 0.01). All flat‐type or depressed‐type lesions derived from SSBE were identified as reddish areas, whereas only 65.2% (15/23) from LSBE were identified as reddish areas (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

In LSBE, flat‐type, accompanied‐type 0‐IIb, and complex‐type lesions were significantly more prevalent. Furthermore, complex‐type s‐BEAs tended to have T1b invasions and poorly differentiated components. S‐BEAs in LSBE should be more carefully evaluated on endoscopic appearance including flat‐type and complex‐type lesions than in SSBE.
A Dynamic Model of Characteristic‐Based Return Predictability
Authors: ALTI AYDOĞAN , TITMAN SHERIDAN
Published: August 2019

We present a dynamic model that links characteristic‐based return predictability to systematic factors that determine the evolution of firm fundamentals. In the model, an economy‐wide disruption process reallocates profits from existing businesses to new projects and thus generates a source of systematic risk for portfolios of firms sorted on value, profitability, and asset growth. If investors are overconfident about their ability to evaluate the disruption climate, these characteristic‐sorted portfolios exhibit persistent mispricing. The model generates predictions about the conditional predictability of characteristic‐sorted portfolio returns and illustrates how return persistence increases the likelihood of observing characteristic‐based anomalies.
Challenges in the clinical implementation of a biopsychosocial model for assessment and management of orofacial pain
Authors: Sharma Sonia , Breckons Matthew , Brönnimann Lambelet Ben , Chung Jin‐Woo , List Thomas , Lobbezoo Frank , Nixdorf Donald R. , Oyarzo Juan Fernando , Peck Christopher , Tsukiyama Yoshihiro , Ohrbach Richard
Published: August 2019

Distress, suffering and care‐seeking behaviour are characteristics of pain‐related disease and illness. Pain that transitions from an acute to a chronic phase carries with it the potential of further effects: these include a worsening of the disease or illness; high‐impact chronic pain; and substantial personal, societal and economic burden. The biopsychosocial model directly addresses these multiple processes, yet clinical frameworks supporting this model are not universally implemented. This paper explores barriers to clinical implementation of a full biopsychosocial framework for temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and other oro‐facial pain (OFP) conditions. In June 2016, INfORM invited OFP researchers to a workshop designed to optimise the DC/TMD Axis‐II. Workshop groups identified five sources of implementation barriers: (1) cultures and societies, (2) levels‐of‐care settings, (3) health services, (4) cross‐cultural validity of self‐report instruments and (5) provider and patient health literacy. Three core problems emerged: (A) mental health aspects are seldom fully considered, thus impairing the recognition of illness, (B) training in use of validated multi‐axial assessment protocols is under‐rated and insufficiently used, and (C) clinical assessment often fails to recognise that sensory and emotional dimensions are fundamental aspects of pain. To improve patient care, these barriers and problems require action. Most importantly, TMD/OFP educators and researchers need to coordinate globally and (i) be educated in the biopsychosocial model, (ii) implement evidence‐based biopsychosocial guidelines for assessment and management of OFP conditions at their institutions, (iii) incorporate this model in undergraduate and postgraduate dental curricula and (iv) be responsive to stakeholders, including regulatory authorities and practitioners.
Exploring social‐based discrimination among nursing home certified nursing assistants
Authors: Travers Jasmine L. , Teitelman Anne M. , Jenkins Kevin A. , Castle Nicholas G.
Published: August 2019

Certified nursing assistants (CNAs) provide the majority of direct care to nursing home residents in the United States and, therefore, are keys to ensuring optimal health outcomes for this frail older adult population. These diverse direct care workers, however, are often not recognized for their important contributions to older adult care and are subjected to poor working conditions. It is probable that social‐based discrimination lies at the core of poor treatment toward CNAs. This review uses perspectives from critical social theory to explore the phenomenon of social‐based discrimination toward CNAs that may originate from social order, power, and culture. Understanding manifestations of social‐based discrimination in nursing homes is critical to creating solutions for severe disparity problems among perceived lower‐class workers and subsequently improving resident care delivery.
Frequent fire reorganizes fungal communities and slows decomposition across a heterogeneous pine savanna landscape
Authors: Semenova‐Nelsen Tatiana A. , Platt William J. , Patterson Taylor R. , Huffman Jean , Sikes Benjamin A.
Published: August 2019

Pyrogenic savannas with a tree–grassland ‘matrix’ experience frequent fires (i.e. every 1–3 yr). Aboveground responses to frequent fires have been well studied, but responses of fungal litter decomposers, which directly affect fuels, remain poorly known. We hypothesized that each fire reorganizes belowground communities and slows litter decomposition, thereby influencing savanna fuel dynamics.

In a pine savanna, we established patches near and away from pines that were either burned or unburned in that year. Within patches, we assessed fungal communities and microbial decomposition of newly deposited litter. Soil variables and plant communities were also assessed as proximate drivers of fungal communities.

Fungal communities, but not soil variables or vegetation, differed substantially between burned and unburned patches. Saprotrophic fungi dominated in unburned patches but decreased in richness and relative abundance after fire. Differences in fungal communities with fire were greater in litter than in soils, but unaffected by pine proximity. Litter decomposed more slowly in burned than in unburned patches.

Fires drive shifts between fire‐adapted and sensitive fungal taxa in pine savannas. Slower fuel decomposition in accordance with saprotroph declines should enhance fuel accumulation and could impact future fire characteristics. Thus, fire reorganization of fungal communities may enhance persistence of these fire‐adapted ecosystems.
Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator in primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death: A meta‐analysis
Authors: León Salas Beatriz , Trujillo‐Martín María M. , García García Javier , Ramallo Fariña Yolanda , García Quintana Antonio , Quirós López Raúl , Serrano‐Aguilar Pedro
Published: August 2019

Background

Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (S‐ICD) is gaining in popularity for primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death. The objective was to evaluate the safety and clinical effectiveness of the S‐ICD for prevention of sudden cardiac death compared to transvenous cardioverter‐defibrillator (TV‐ICD).

Methods

A systematic review with meta‐analyses was performed. The electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCI, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were consulted in March 2018 with no restrictions on publication date. Predefined criteria were used to determine inclusion of studies and to assess their methodologic quality.

Results

Ten longitudinal‐observational studies with comparison group presenting moderate methodologic flaws were included (N = 7820). The combination of results indicates that health‐related quality of life is not significantly different between S‐ICD and TV‐ICD groups (Physical health: MD = 2.90; 95% CI = −3.88, 9.68/Mental health: MD = 0.13; 95% CI = −2.11, 2.37). Mortality occurred in 4.4% of S‐ICD patients and 5.9% of TV‐ICD patients died (OR = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.50, 1.24). The incidence of infections (OR = 1.79; 95% CI = 0.93, 3.43) and inappropriate shocks (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 0.91, 1.78) is not significantly different between both groups. The S‐ICD reduces complications related to electrodes/leads (OR = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.29) and has lower electrodes/leads movement compared with TV‐ICD (OR = 0.26; 95% CI 0.10, 0.67). In contrast, pneumothorax is more likely in TV‐ICD than S‐ICD (OR = 0.17; 95% CI = 0.03, 0.97).

Conclusions

S‐ICD reduces electrodes/leads movement, electrodes/leads related complications, and pneumothorax. Our study did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference in mortality, health‐related quality of life, and infection rate between S‐ICD and TV‐ICD.
Proteogenomic discovery of cancer antigens: Neoantigens and beyond
Authors: Kanaseki Takayuki , Tokita Serina , Torigoe Toshihiko
Published: August 2019

Host T cells infiltrate the cancer lesion and contribute to patient survival. T cells recognize antigen peptides displayed by the cancer cell human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. Cancer antigens constitute an essential element of T‐cell discrimination and play an indispensable role in anti‐cancer responses. HLA ligandome analysis directly and comprehensively detects the peptides that are naturally presented by HLA of given cells, leading to discovery of cancer antigens. A proteogenomic approach, which combines conventional proteomics with genomic information, has further deciphered the landscape of the cancer HLA ligandome. Neoantigens that arise from somatic mutations are arguably the major type of peptides patient T cells recognize. Moreover, cancer cells present peptides derived from alleged noncoding regions, which also elicit T‐cell responses thereby serving as cancer antigens. The diversity of newly discovered antigen sources implies that T cells are capable of sensing a variety of genomic aberrations in cancer.
Early modern merchant’s marks in medieval English manuscripts
Authors: Kittel Thomas
Published: August 2019

Merchant’s marks were symbols used by merchants and traders from the early middle ages to the seventeenth century. They functioned as nonverbal signatures in trade networks, and in later centuries as quasiheraldic emblems for wealthy mercantile families. They are common in medieval architecture, and were widely studied in this context by nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century scholars. Their presence in books is more difficult to trace, and often crosses period boundaries as owners inscribed books acquired second hand. This article reveals a previously unexplored history of Tudor merchant’s marks entered into medieval manuscript books. A number of sixteenth‐ and seventeenth‐century merchants acquired luxury copies of literary texts produced in the fifteenth century, often circulating, gifting, or bequeathing them to others. Merchant’s marks functioned as symbols of professional identity in these practices of ownership and exchange. The article considers the implications of this self‐fashioning for our understanding of early modern book use, demonstrating how the ownership and social function of a book might have been detached from its contents, reflecting instead its aesthetic value, or the space it offered for memorialisation or recordkeeping.
Identification of the new HLA‐A*24:02:131 allele in a Brazilian candidate donor for bone marrow donation
Authors: Vianna Romulo , Secco Danielle , Hanhoerster Leonardo , Porto Luís Cristóvão
Published: August 2019

Identification of the novel HLA‐A*24:02:131 allele that differs from HLA‐A*24:02:01:01 in exon 4.
A novel near‐peer reflective writing workshop
Authors: Herrick‐Reynolds Kayleigh , Sewanan Lorenzo R , Zheng Daniel J , Wang Priscilla , Encandela John , Shahu Andi , Reisman Anna
Published: August 2019

Background

Training in clinical medicine involves exposure to complex ethical and emotional situations. Reflection aids in the development of personal belief systems and improves self‐awareness. Students may be reluctant to participate when reflection is mandatory and may be concerned about retaliation when the facilitator has a role in evaluations. Near‐peers are institutional equals with more experience than the participants and may be well suited to facilitate reflection.

Methods

A quarterly near‐peer‐facilitated reflective writing workshop (RWW) was implemented in the mandatory clinical curriculum at a single institution. Qualitative feedback forms were solicited and were analysed through an iterative and inductive consensus process. An end‐of‐year web‐based survey was distributed to test the hypotheses generated from our analysis of the feedback forms.

Results

There were 82 responses (80%) to the web‐based survey and 266 (65%) feedback forms were collected. Although few students reported using writing as a coping mechanism, the RWW was viewed favourably, with 62% indicating that they would attend if optional. The structured prompts aided reflection. Students reported a higher likelihood of discussing difficult topics (doubts about medicine as a career, personal shortcomings, harassment and burnout) in sessions led by a near‐peer than by a faculty member. The workshop created a safe space to reflect, increased a sense of camaraderie and helped normalise experiences.

[The workshop] humanised the clinical experience, gave new perspective and reminded students of their positive personal accomplishments

Discussion

The near‐peer‐facilitated RWW is a novel intervention aimed at developing reflective practice and coping with the challenges of entering clinical medicine. It is highly structured and has been incorporated into the mandatory curriculum. It was well received by students, is generalisable and is easily implementable.
Shallow necking depth and differential denudation linked to post‐rift continental reactivation: The origin of the Cenozoic basins in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Silva Rafael M. , Sacek Victor
Published: August 2019

The southeastern Brazilian margin presents post‐breakup Cenozoic tectonism that created a series of grabens and small sedimentary basins, known as the Continental Rift of Southeastern Brazil. The formation of this rift occurred long after the South Atlantic ocean opening and has been attributed to different mechanisms like regional uplift induced by hotspot activity, pulses of Andean orogeny and reactivation of pre‐existing faults. However, the proposed models lack an analytical or numerical verification from a geodynamic point of view. Based on finite element modelling of the lithospheric stress field evolution we conclude that a shallow necking depth, consistent with the hyperextended southeastern Brazilian margin, combined with differential denudation of the continent, resulted in an extensional stress field in the upper crust that induced the observed Cenozoic tectonism.
CT imaging features of canine thymomas
Authors: von Stade Lauren , Randall Elissa K. , Rao Sangeeta , Marolf Angela J.
Published: August 2019

Canine thymomas have been evaluated based on clinical features, treatment options, surgical excision, and outcomes with limited information on specific CT features. The objective of this retrospective, descriptive, cross‐sectional study was to describe the CT characteristics of confirmed thymomas and to compare these imaging features to outcome. A total of 22 dogs met the inclusion criteria of histologically confirmed thymomas with concurrent CT imaging. Tumor size varied widely ranging from small and well‐circumscribed to large and invasive. Delayed‐phase, contrast‐enhanced CT studies were best for determining the degree of contrast enhancement in tumors. Of these, 19 of 22 masses had heterogeneous enhancement and three of 22 masses had homogeneous enhancement. Vascular invasion was present in seven of 22 cases. Larger tumors were associated with vascular invasion (height: P = .04; width and volume: P = .02). On precontrast CT, larger tumors (16/21) were heterogeneous and cystic, with smaller tumors (5/21) being more homogeneous (all values P < .05). A larger size was associated with recurrence in fully resected masses (height: P = .03), but not a shorter outcome (P > .3 for all size dimensions). Postoperative complications and incomplete tumor resection were associated with shorter outcome (both values P < .01). Metastasis was confirmed in four cases. There were six cases with lymphadenopathy noted on CT; five of the six cases did not have evidence of metastasis. Larger tumors were more likely to be cystic and associated with vascular invasion.
Emotional Expression of Persons with Dementia: An Integrative Review with Implications for Evidence‐Based Practice
Authors: Lee Kyung Hee , Lee Ji Yeon , Boltz Marie , McConnell Eleanor S.
Published: August 2019

Background

The ability to express emotion typically is preserved longer than language and cognitive function in persons living with dementia. Emotional expression may be an important indicator of underlying individual needs and feelings and may therefore facilitate person‐centered care.

Aims

This review aimed to examine how emotional expression has been described, measured, and utilized in empirical studies.

Methods

The design of this study was an integrative literature review. A systematic search was conducted through electronic databases using defined search terms. Articles published up to March 2018 were included. The method proposed by Whittemore and Knafl was used for data synthesis and review integration. Quality appraisal of the selected articles was evaluated by the Mixed Methods Assessment Tool.

Results

Most of the articles used feeling‐related terms without specific definitions. Less frequently, terms such as affect, emotion, and mood were defined. Although these terms were used interchangeably in the articles, affect, which was defined as expressed emotion in general, was a comprehensive term to encompass other terms. Measurement of emotional expression was performed using observational methods, with direct observation or video recording using a hand‐held camera. In both cases, observed emotion was coded with diverse methods or tools. In studies, the emotional expression was utilized as (a) an outcome to demonstrate the effect of interventions, (b) a factor to show relationship with other variables, or (c) an observed value itself.

Linking Evidence to Action

This review provides insights about measurement options for emotional expressions among persons with dementia in long‐term care. Long‐term care staff should pay attention to emotional expression of persons with dementia to understand underlying unmet needs. Development of adequate measurement of emotional expression could facilitate development of emotion‐oriented intervention program to improve psychological well‐being and the behavioral and functional health of persons living with dementia.
Effectiveness of computer-assisted virtual planning, cutting guides and pre-engineered plates on outcomes in mandible fibular free flap reconstructions: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Chan Andrew , Sambrook Paul , Munn Zachary , Boase Sam
Published: August 2019

Objective:

The objective of this review is to synthesize the best available evidence on the outcomes of mandibular fibular free flap (MFFF) reconstructions using computer-assisted techniques versus traditional freehand techniques.

Introduction:

Fibular free flaps are the most commonly used free flap for mandible reconstruction and are considered best practice for mandible reconstructions following resection of head and neck cancers. There are several reported advantages of computer-assisted MFFF reconstructions, including increased accuracy, decreased operation time, decreased ischemia time, decreased overall cost and improved patient outcomes. It is important to assess the advantages and potential harms of these techniques in a systematic review.

Inclusion criteria:

Eligible studies will consider patients of all ages undergoing MFFF reconstruction. Studies will compare computer-assisted techniques to traditional freehand techniques for the primary outcomes of flap failure, patient-reported outcomes and bony resection margin status. Studies published in English from 2008 will be included. Experimental, quasi-experimental, prospective and retrospective cohort, case-control and analytical cross-sectional studies will be considered.

Methods:

MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials will be searched. Gray literature sources will include Google Scholar and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. Two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts, assess full-text papers against the inclusion criteria, evaluate methodological quality using standardized critical appraisal instruments and extract data using a customized form. If possible, data will be pooled for statistical meta-analysis, and a Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Summary of Findings will be presented.