bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antlers Characterization for Identification of Deer Species (Family Cervidae) in Indonesia
Authors: Yudha Donan Satria , Pratama M Zulfiqar Meizar , Eprilurahman Rury
Published: December 2019

There are five species of deer (family Cervidae) living in Indonesia today. Male deer possesses antlers, a unique character of male deer. Antlers have economic values for quite a long time. Antler’s growth is influenced by several factors, therefore each species of deer have its own unique antlers’ shape and size. Antler’s identification usually relies on size measurement and overall shape of complete antlers which still attach to the skull. It is difficult to identify shed, broken or individual antler. The purpose of the research is to understand antlers’ morphological characters on each species to become diagnostic characters. Specimens analysed were collections of LIPI and were analysed with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) using PAST3 software. The results showed each species of deer having their own unique antlers’ character, and so it can be used to determine the species of Indonesian deer. The important structures for identification are relief, pedicle, brow, bez, and main beam.
THE EFFECT OF LIMAN LEAVES EXTRACT ON FETAL RAT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: METI WIDIYA LESTARI  , IRDA FIDRIANNY  , ANDREANUS A SOEMARDJI
Published: December 2019

Objective: The objective of the study was to observe the effect of liman leaves extract on fetal rat development and provide safety information for its use during pregnancy.

Methods: Estrus cycles of female Wistar rats were observed and mated to male rats, 0 day of pregnancy determined after finding a vaginal plug or in a vaginal smear, there was sperm. Sample was administered orally using sonde with a single administration on the 11th day of pregnancy, at doses of 3750 mg/kg bw, 1185 mg/kg bw, and 375 mg/kg bw. On the 19th day of pregnancy, the rats were sacrificed and then observed the number of implantation, corpus luteum, intrauterine death, and fetal abnormalities.

Results: The dose of 375 mg/kg bw exposed the highest average implantation rate (13.20%) and the largest number of corpus luteum (13.90%). The highest total intrauterine death was presented by dose of 3750 mg/kg bw and significantly different (p<0.05) compared to the control group. The dose of 375 mg/kg bw expressed the highest percentage of embryos with resorption (19.03%), while the lowest average fetal body was shown by 3750 mg/kg bw compared to the other groups. The highest percentage of external abnormalities was given by the dose of 375 mg/kg bw (12.91%), which abnormalities found were dwarf, cleft palate, hydrocephalus, short sleeve, and hematoma.

Conclusion: Liman leaves extract was mild teratogenic on Wistar rat fetus.
PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF PORTULACA GRANDIFLORA HOOK PLANT EXTRACT ON STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETES IN RATS
Authors: DEVI M  , KOMAL S  , LOGESHWARI B
Published: December 2019

Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of the whole aerial plant of Portulaca grandiflora Hook on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

Methods: Experimental diabetes was induced by a single dose of intraperitoneal injection of STZ (150 mg/kg). Adult male Wister albino rats were divided into five groups; normal control, diabetic control, diabetic glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), diabetic P. grandiflora H. extract (200 mg/kg), and diabetic P. grandiflora H. extract (400 mg/kg) for 21 days and analyzed for body weight (BW) and blood glucose.

Results: The STZ-treated diabetic control rats showed a significant increase in blood glucose with a concomitant decrease in BW. Oral administration of P. grandiflora H. extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) for 21 days showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels and elevation in the bodyweight studies as compared to control and glibenclamide-treated rats.

Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that a potent antidiabetic activity was present in the aerial part of plant P. grandiflora H. extract.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, ANTIOXIDATIVE, CYTOTOXIC, AND GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF MISCANTHUS CAPENSIS ROOTS EXTRACT
Authors: IDOWU JONAS SAGBO  , WILFRED OTANG MBENG
Published: December 2019

Objective: Miscanthus capensis (Nees) Andersson (Poaceae family) is used in traditional medicine to treat pimples, wounds, eczema, acne, and other ailments. The present study investigates the possible chemical constituents, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of the methanol extract of the M. capensis roots.

Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was carried out to identify the chemical constituents of the plant extract. Cytotoxicity and mode of cell death toward human dermal fibroblasts (MRHF) cells were assessed using the ImageXpress® Micro XLS analysis system. Genotoxic effect toward Vero cells was also investigated using micronucleus assay. Furthermore, ferric reducing power (Ferric reducing antioxidant potential [FRAP]) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in MRHF cells were used to estimate the antioxidant activity of the plant extract.

Results: The GC-MS results showed a maximum amount of bioactive components (77 compounds) with rosifoliol (33.66%) being the major component detected. However, the extract was not toxic to MRHF cells but demonstrated anti-proliferation rather than cell death at the tested concentrations (25, 50, and 100 μg/ml). In addition, the plant extract also displayed non-genotoxic toward Vero cells with no significant increase in micronucleus formation at the tested concentration while a concentration dependence response in FRAP values and ROS levels in MRHF cells lines were observed indicating better antioxidant activities of the plant extract.

Conclusion: The results suggest that M. capensis could be a promising candidate for preventing or eradicating skin and oxidative-stress related diseases.
THE ROLE OF YOGA THERAPY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA (TAMAKA SHWASA)
Authors: ARPAN A BHATT  , SHWETA PANDEY  , BRAJESH SINGH  , GAURAVI VYAS  , GYANENDRA DATTA SHUKLA  , UPASNA GULATI
Published: December 2019

Objective: The present study was conducted on patients taken from Swasthavrutta department of Gujarat Ayurved University in Jamnagar town, Gujarat. The study was done with an objective of providing a safe and reliable as well as cost-effective natural management of symptoms occurring in patients of bronchial asthma. This is also done to reduce the various harmful effects of modern medicines among the patients and to reduce the use and dependency on inhalers.

Methods: Thirty-two patients with bronchial asthma (Tamaka Shwasa) underwent training for 16 weeks in an integrated set of yoga exercises, including prayer, strengthening exercises, Yogasanas (including standing Asana, prone Asana, sitting Asana, and supine Asana), Pranayama (Nadi Shodhana, Ujjayi, Bhramari, and Aumkara Dharana), and Shuddhi Kriya (to be done once in a week) which includes Kunjal, Sutraneti, and Kapalabhati. The patients were told to practice these exercises for 60 min daily.

Results: Significant improvement was seen in the patients who undergone yogic interventions. There was significant improvement in the duration of Shwasakashtata, frequency of Shwasakashtata, reduction in taking number of emergency medicine, Pinasa, Kaphashtheevana, cough, Ghurghuraka, orthopnea, Parshvashula, Lalate Sweda, result on peak expiratory flow rate, airway exchange catheters, oxyhemoglobin saturation, and chest expansion.

Conclusion: From the study, it can be concluded that yoga practices can be opted as long-term management of bronchial asthma, but its beneficial effects need to be studied in more details on large sample size.
ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY OF CRATEVA MAGNA IN TRANSPLANTABLE TUMOR MODELS IN MICE
Authors: ANKITA DEEP  , SINDHU R  , KENGANORA MRUTHUNJAYA  , SANTHEPETE N MANJULA
Published: December 2019

Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the anticancer and immunomodulatory activity of both the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Crateva magna (ALCM and AQCM) in solid tumor model and ascites tumor model in mice.

Methods: The study was divided into in vitro and in vivo sections. In vitro, antioxidant activity of both the extracts was evaluated by well-established antioxidant assays such as α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, reducing power, and 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging. Both the extracts were subjected for in vitro preliminary cytotoxicity screening by brine shrimp lethality assay and Trypan blue exclusion assay. In vivo antitumor activity of ALCM and AQCM was assessed at the doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg bodyweight, respectively, by Dalton’s Lymphoma ascites induced robust tumor model and Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma induced ascites tumor model in mice. Substantial tumor volume, tumor weight, and % inhibition of the tumor weight in treated and untreated groups were evaluated. In addition to the investigation of antitumor activity, the possible immunomodulatory activity was also assessed.

Results: The studies showed that the ALCM demonstrated more significant antioxidant activity. The results also showed more immunomodulatory activity when compared to AQCM.

Conclusion: The study proves that the plant extract is of higher therapeutic efficacy in cancer. However, the extracts require more exploration toward its usefulness in drug discovery.
EFFECTS OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF RHINACANTHUS NASUTUS (L) KURZ AS AN ANTIMICROBIAL AGAINST ESCHERICHIA COLI BACTERIA USING IN VITRO METHOD
Authors: SUNARTI M.BIOMED  , DEBORA PANINSARI
Published: December 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to discover of the ethanolic extract of Rhinacanthus nasutus (L) Kurz in inhibiting Escherichia coli bacteria using an in vitro method.

Methods: This is an experimental study using a laboratory test with Kirby-Bauer or paper disc method by observing and measuring the inhibition zone of the ethanolic extract of R. nasutus against E. coli bacteria with extract concentrations of 15%, 30%, and 60% consisting of control groups and treatment group. The positive control group used chloramphenicol antibiotics and negative control groups used Aquadest. E. coli was incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Then, the plates were incubated for 24 h at 37°C and the diameter of the inhibition zone was observed until the 3rd day with three repetitions.

Results: The results of the study showed that the mean inhibition zone of E. coli bacteria was 10.93 mm, 12.09 mm, and 18.90 mm. The results of the Shapiro–Wilk test were p=0.199. The results of the one-way analysis of variance test were p<0.05 and that of the post hoc test indicated a significant value of p<0.05. Based on the results of the research, there were significant differences in the inhibition zone between the control group and the treatment group at a concentration of 15%, 30%, and 60%.

Conclusion: R. nasutus extract was effective to inhibit the growth of E. coli bacteria at concentrations of 15%, 30%, and 60%, so R. nasutus is effective as an antimicrobial.
ADHERENCE TO INSULIN IN SINGAPOREAN PEDIATRIC TYPE 1 DIABETES PATIENTS AND ITS IMPACT ON GLYCEMIC CONTROL AND HEALTH-CARE UTILIZATION
Authors: BRANDON WEN BING CHUA  , XIN YAN LIM  , KAR MEN POH  , JAMIE STEPHANIE CALEB  , MCVIN HUA HENG CHEEN  , SOO TING LIM  , NGEE LEK
Published: December 2019

Objective: Optimizing glycemic control is challenging with insulin non-adherence. This study aimed to characterize the prevalence of non-adherence among Singaporean pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and investigate its associated outcomes.

Methods: Singaporean patients with T1DM aged ≤18 years old with ≥1 year of insulin prescription between 2012 and 2016 were included in this retrospective, single-center longitudinal study. Patients on insulin pumps were excluded from the study. Non-adherence was defined as medication possession ratio (MPR) <100%. Glycemic control was defined using mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) within the study period. Health-care utilization was defined as the number of outpatients, inpatient, and emergency visits. The t-test, Chi-square test, logistic regression, and Poisson regression were used to analyze means, proportions, factors associated with non-adherence, and association of non-adherence and health-care utilization, respectively. Sensitivity analyses were performed for MPR thresholds of 80% and 95%.

Results: A total of 206 patients were included in this study. Non-adherent patients were older, had a longer duration of diabetes since diagnosis and shorter duration of follow-up. Gender, race, financial class, and number of concurrent medications were comparable between groups. The prevalence of non-adherence was 34.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 27.9–40.7%). Non-adherent patients had a higher average HbA1c (non-adherent: 9.6% [2.1] vs. adherent: 8.6% [1.3], p<0.001). Non-adherence was not associated with health-care utilization. Patients with >5 years of diabetes were more likely to be non-adherent.

Conclusion: Non-adherence defined as MPR <100% is associated with poorer glycemic control. Further interventions may focus on patients with >5 years of diabetes to improve their adherence to insulin therapy.
LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: KANAAN AL-TAMEEMI  , RAIAAN KABAKLI
Published: December 2019

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a tropical disease caused by infection with the parasitic filarial worms: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. The symptoms of this chronic disease appear in adults (in men more than in women) and include damage to the lymphatic system, arms, legs, and genitals, which cause significant pain, reducing productivity, and social problems. LF is a cause of continued disability, pain, disfigurement, and sexual disability in the world, so the knowledge of the disease and the infection control is very important. In addition to the importance of prevention, that includes giving medicine and using controlling ways of mosquitoes. Moreover, the prevention of disease is important, that includes giving medicine and using controlling ways of mosquitoes. However, although the efforts of health organizations to reduce the LF infections, there are still many challenges including the early diagnosis and control of infection among people.
MOLECULAR FRACTIONATION WITH CONJUGATE CAPS STUDY OF THE INTERACTION OF THE ANACARDIC ACID WITH THE ACTIVE SITE OF TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI GAPDH ENZYME: A QUANTUM INVESTIGATION
Authors: MÁRCIA MACHADO MARINHO  , RICARDO PIRES DOS SANTOS  , EVELINE MATIAS BEZERRA  , RONER FERREIRA COSTA  , CIRO SIQUEIRA FIGUEIRA  , ALICE MARIA COSTA MARTINS  , PEDRO LIMA NETO  , EMMANUEL SILVA MARINHO  , VALDER NOGUEIRA FREIRE  , EUDENILSON LINS ALBUQUERQUE
Published: December 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to use the molecular fractionation with conjugate caps (MFCC) method to elucidate the possible interaction mechanism of anacardic acid (AA) with the saturated alkyl chain (AA0) in the Trypanosoma cruzi glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (TcGAPHD) enzyme.

Methods: Initially, the geometry optimization of the AA three-dimensional structure (with the pentadecyl chain) was performed using density functional theory (B3LYP) calculations. With the AA0 optimization data, it was possible to plot the molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) surface. Molecular docking simulation was performed using automated coupling with the AutoDock Vina program. The best-fit conformation in the docking simulation of AA0 is the binding site used for the construction of the TcGAPHD-AA0 complex. Interaction energies between the AA0 molecule and the amino acid residues of the TcGAPHD enzyme were estimated using the MFCC strategy.

Results: To obtain more reliable quantitative information on the interaction of AA with the active site of the TcGAPHD enzyme, the fragmentation method was combined with conjugated layers (MFCC) and molecular docking. It can be observed that the AA0 molecule occupies a region near the active site of the chalepin molecule in the TcGAPHD enzyme, and the Ile13 residue has the strongest binding energy of approximately 25 kcal/mol with AA0, through a strong Van der Waals interaction.

Conclusion: The paper presents an improved quantitative analysis approach for assessing the contribution of individual amino acids to the free energy of interaction between AA and TcGAPHD. Specifically, the paper illustrates the advantageous approach of combining molecular docking with the MFCC method.
THE COMBINED EFFECT OF DEXAMETHASONE AND BACILLUS CALMETTE–GUÉRIN ON THE NEUROBEHAVIORAL ASPECT IN MALE MICE (MUS MUSCULUS)
Authors: ABDELKRIM HAOULI  , SAMIR DJEMLI  , ABDELKRIM TAHRAOUI
Published: December 2019

Objective: Our study aims to evaluate the combined effect of Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) and dexamethasone (DEX) on male mice undergoing behavioral testing (forced swimming test, elevated plus maze, tail suspension test, and sucrose intake). An intraperitoneal injection of 0.2 ml/mg of BCG and 0.1 ml/mg of DEX body weight was administered after all behavioral tests were applied.

Methods: This study is based on the distribution of 15 male mice in three groups: Controls, DEX, and DEX+BCG. These mice underwent behavioral tests.

Results: The result after administration of DEX and BCG was found after 10 days. We observed an increase in locomotors activity with some degree of anxiety.

Conclusion: This allowed us to conclude that the combination of DEX+BCG seems to play a depressinogenic effect that will develop to become antidepressive.
THE THE TERATOGENIC EFFECTS OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF BINTANGUR LEAVES (CALOPHYLLUM SOULATTRI BURM. F) ON FEMALE WHITE RATS
Authors: INARAH FAJRIATY  , HAFRIZAL RIZA  , FAJAR NUGRAHA  , FRENGKI FRIANTO
Published: December 2019

Objectives: Drugs can cause undesired effects on the fetus during pregnancy, especially embryonic/organogenesis which could lead to defects in the fetus because some types of drugs can penetrate the placenta and will undergo biotransformation into a highly reactive compound that has the potential to become a teratogenic compound. The aim of this research was to examine the teratogenic effect of bintangur leaves (Calophyllum soulattri Burm. F) ethanol extract to Sprague Dawley strain white rats.

Methods: The white rats are divided into four treatment groups: Control group was given carboxymethyl cellulose Na 1%, comparison group was given trimethoprim 360 mg/kg BW, C. soulattri leaves ethanol extract (CLE) 100 mg/kg BW, and CLE 500 mg/kg BW. The treatment was administrated since organogenesis period. Cesarian section was performed to pregnant rat at the 20th day to separate the fetuses. Observation covered body weight of pregnant rats, fetal biometric, morphological malformation, and skeletal formation.

Results: CLE 100 mg/kg BW and 500 mg/kg BW did not cause any change in the number of a living fetus, body weight, and length of fetuses like the comparison group. Both doses of CLE shown have a normal skeletal formation. Resorption was found in the comparison group and CLE 100 mg/kg BW with the percentage was 65.21% and 6.67%. It was found that there is no significant difference (p<0.05) between both doses of CLE compared to control group.

Conclusion: From the results, it is concluded that CLE did not have the teratogenic effect.
STUDIES ON GLUCOSE-LOWERING EFFICACY OF THE ACACIA SUMA ROXB. ROOT
Authors: JITENDRA DEBATA  , SUNDEEP KUMAR HK
Published: December 2019

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the glucose-lowering efficacy of the Acacia suma Roxb. (Family: Fabaceae) root extracts on Wister albino rats.

Methods: A. suma roots were shade dried, powdered, and extracted by Soxhlet extraction procedure using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, and water. The acute toxicity studies were conducted on Swiss albino mice as per the OECD guidelines 423. The antidiabetic activity of extracts was evaluated on adult Wistar rats at dose levels of 100,200, and 400 mg/kg P.O, respectively each using normoglycemic,glucose-loaded and Streptozotocin-induced rats. Metformin (50 mg/kg) was used as a reference standard for activity comparison.

Results: Among the tested extracts, the ethanol extract was found to produce promising results that are comparable to that of the reference standard metformin.

Conclusion: The study established the scientific basis for the utility of this plant in the treatment of diabetes and justifies the use of the root of the plant for treating diabetes as suggested in folklore remedies.
IMPROVED CIPROFLOXACIN PENETRATION IN GOAT EYES USING COMPLEXATION TECHNIQUE
Authors: DURGA PANDEY  , DEEPTI JAIN
Published: December 2019

Objective: The objective of the present work was to improve the retention and penetration of ciprofloxacin (CF) ion pair entrapped within submicron emulsion (SE) in goat eyes and characterize the SE for improvement of ocular activity. The developed delivery system resulted with prolonged drug release as compared to the conventional dosage form.

Methods: SE prepared by high-energy emulsification and sonication to obtain uniform globule size. Ion-pair complex is prepared by precipitation method.

Results: Average internal droplets size of the optimized formulation was 0.300 μm, pH of the optimized formulation was 6.4±0.7 (average of three determinations) and viscosity 3.2±0.3 cP suitable for ocular use. Entrapment was 92.12%. In vitro drug release pattern in dialysis membrane showed sustain release of CF, a cumulative percent release of CF was found 77% in 10 h. Scanning electron microscopy showed spherical shape and size within 1 μm. In vitro release in goat eyes was found 35.86 % for optimized formulation compared to market, 26.83% in 60 min.

Conclusion: Developed optimized formulation can be a good candidate for ocular drug delivery in severe ocular infections where frequent dosing required such as endophthalmitis, corneal ulcer, and penetrating trauma.
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER – A VERSATILE TOOL FOR THE ESTIMATION OF NICKEL CONTENT IN DRONEDARONE
Authors: VASAVI DEVI DASARI  , SWARNALATHA DUGASANI  , VENKATASUBBA REDDY GOPIREDDY
Published: December 2019

Objective: The present investigation is to develop a validated analytical method for the determination of nickel content in dronedarone hydrochloride bulk drug by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS).

Methods: Samples were analyzed after a preparation of sample solution by dissolving in suitable diluents of nitric acid and perchloric acid. In the present method, AAS with 0.2 nm slit width, nickel hollow cathode lamp with a wavelength of 232 nm has been employed.

Results: The system suitability parameters were performed to assess the system performance. The limit of detection and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.051 ppm and 0.15 ppm, respectively. The percentage recovery at LOQ, 50%, 100%, and 150% levels of nickel in dronedarone was found to be 95.55, 109.33, 96, and 97.55, respectively.

Conclusion: With the developed method, the nickel content in dronedarone bulk sample was found to be 3.0 ppm.
FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING, ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL, AND NITRIC OXIDE INHIBITION IN HUMAN THP1 DERIVED MACROPHAGES BY KOKILAKSHAM KASHAYAM
Authors: TEENA MERLIN  , PRAKASH KUMAR B
Published: December 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of Kokilaksham kashayam and its effect on the production of nitric oxide (NO) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated THP1 derived macrophages.

Methods: Kokilaksham kashayam was subjected to fractionation and assessed for antioxidant activity. The effect of fractions on cell viability was determined using 3-(4,5 – dimethylthiazol -2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and the fractions were evaluated for their effect on the production of NO by LPS stimulated THP1 derived macrophages.

Results: It was found that the fractions of the herbal decoction were able to scavenge a variety of free radicals 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, NO, and hydroxyl radical. Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay showed the antioxidant capacity and cell culture studies in THP derived macrophages showed that the fractions inhibited the production of NO in LPS-stimulated THP1 derived macrophages.

Conclusion: The overall study showed that the proinflammatory role of free radicals in general and specifically NO in chronic inflammatory condition could be managed by the use of Kokilaksham kashayam. The inhibitory effect of Kokilaksham kashayam on NO production and free-radical scavenging activity, in general, proves that the vital phytoconstituents in the herbal decoction are responsible for the antioxidant activity thereby preventing or slowing the process of chronic inflammatory conditions.
HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECT OF HIGH-RESISTANT STARCH ANALOG RICE THROUGH GLP-1 AND INSULIN OR HIGH-RESISTANT STARCH ANALOG RICE ATTENUATES BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL THROUGH ENHANCEMENT OF GLP-1 AND INSULIN
Authors: HAIRRUDIN  , SOETJIPTO  , RETNO HANDAJANI
Published: December 2019

Objective: This study was to investigate the effect of analog rice (AR) on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and insulin serum levels, glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) expression, and fasting blood glucose (FBG) level in diabetic rats.

Methods: Fifty male Wistar rats divided into the control group (n=10) and the experimental group. High-fat diet and streptozotocin were administered in experimental groups, which then divided into four equal groups (n=10, each) (negative control group, rice group, AR1 and AR2 group, given standard pellet, rice pellet, AR1 and AR2 pellet, respectively, for 6 weeks). GLP-1 and insulin serum levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of GLUT-2 and the number of pancreatic β-cells observed using an immunohistochemistry method.

Results: FBG levels in the AR1 and AR2 groups decreased, while the rice group remained. GLP-1 serum levels of the negative control and rice groups were not significantly different from the control group, while the AR1 and AR2 groups higher than the control group (p≤0.05). All the treatment groups had insulin serum levels significantly lower than control group (p≤0.05), except the AR1 group. The expression of GLUT-2 and the number of pancreatic β-cells in the treatment groups were less than the control group, but between treatment groups were not significantly different.

Conclusion: AR significantly effective in reducing FBG level in diabetic rats through stimulation of increased GLP-1 and insulin serum levels serum levels but AR did not affect on the expression of GLUT-2.
PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENERGY RESTRICTED CALCIUM DIET MODULATES THE INFLAMMATORY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS RESPONSE IN HEALTHY MALE RATS
Authors: SANDEEP DAS  , DIPAYAN CHOUDHURI
Published: December 2019

Objective: Emerging evidence established the role of dietary calcium in the modulation of obesity. Obesity is known to induce inflammatory and oxidative stress in adipocytes resulting in several metabolic complications. In the present study, we evaluated the role of low and high calcium diet on systemic inflammatory response and oxidative stress markers in both plasma and hepatic tissues in male rats.

Methods: A total of 30 male rats were divided into three groups and fed with control, low calcium (0.25%), and high calcium (1.0%) diet for 3 months. All the diets were isocaloric in nature. At the end of the treatment, all rats were sacrificed, followed by collection of blood and hepatic tissue for inflammatory, oxidative, antioxidant, and histological study.

Results: Rats fed with a low calcium diet showed a significant increase in the body weight gain, liver mass, plasma inflammatory markers C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Low calcium diet significantly increased the lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation and decreased the superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in both plasma and liver. High calcium diet, on the other hand, showed the reversed effect.

Conclusion: Low calcium in the diet, along with obesity, increases the systemic inflammatory response, which in turn increases oxidative stress both in blood and hepatic tissues. This might be associated with obesity-induced hepatic disorder. High calcium in diet attenuates this effect.
PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION, GC-MS ANALYSIS OF PHYTOACTIVE COMPOUNDS, AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY STUDIES FROM LINUM USITATISSIMUM
Authors: THAMILMARAI SELVI B  , SATHAMMAI PRIYA N  , STEFFI PF  , PRIYADARSHNI S
Published: December 2019

Objective: The flaxseed or linseed (Linum usitatissimum) is a minor oil seed belonging to the family Linaceae and genus Linum, which has been used as a precious nutritional food grain and folklore medicine in human diets for thousands of years and more. Recently, it has been used as a source of nutraceuticals and identified as a healthy component whose benefits on health are generally attributed to the high concentration of linolenic acids (omega 3) and lignans as well as significant quantities of dietary fiber including soluble and insoluble fibers.

Methods: The present study was carried out to assess the various phytochemical compositions, Gas chromatogram and Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, and antibacterial potential of different extracts of L. usitatissimum.

Results: The crude extracts of L. usitatissimum revealed the presence of several biologically active phytochemicals with the highest quantity of steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, protein, and amino acids. The antibacterial potency was explored against pathogenic bacteria, and the highest inhibitory activity of ethanol and methanol extracts was obtained against Staphylococcus aureus. The GC-MS analysis provides different peaks determining the presence of 10 phytochemical compounds with different therapeutic activities. The phytoactive principles were described with their molecular formula, retention time, molecular weight, and peak area (%).

Conclusion: Our results confer the utility of this plant extract in developing novel broad-spectrum therapeutic agent.
ANATOMICAL STUDIES OF THE FRUIT OF ZIZIPHUS RUGOSA
Authors: PREMA G  , CHITRA M
Published: December 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to study the anatomical features of the fruit Ziziphus rugosa.

Methods: Surface view, longitudinal, transverse section (T.S), and powder microscopy of the fruits were studied.

Results: The fruit is a drupe and shows vertical, irregular brown markings on the surface. The surface of the seed has irregular reticulate thick marking of brown. The longitudinal sections (L.S) of the fruit show thin green epicarp, wide soft mesocarp, and dark brown thick endocarp. In longitudinal view, the seed shows a thick conical part, thick wide shell which is hard. In the cotyledon is more or less cordate,white and soft with shallow notch at the upper end. In T.S, the fruit appears circular with soft pericarp, thick dark brown seed coat of sclereids, and vertically elongated white cotyledon. The epicarp layer is broken at certain places. In the mesocarp, some of the cells have dense tannin content and others have mucilage substance. The mucilaginous canals are wide, unbranched, and wavy. Some of the mesocarp cells contain dense accumulation of protein bodies. The sclerotesta contains palisade or macrosclereids. The seed consists of two elliptical, flat cotyledons which show dense accumulation of starch grains and small less prominent vascular strand. The powder microscopy of the fruit contains abundant dark mucilaginous substance. Fragments of epidermal cells of the pericarp and mesocarp cells are frequently seen. The seed coat epidermal cells are polyhedral with lignified cell walls. The circular brachy sclereids were often seen in the mesophyll tissue of the fruit. The ground parenchyma with various shapes and size is also noticed.

Conclusion: This study revealed the presence of mucilaginous substance, tannin, sclereids, starch grains, and protein bodies. Therefore, this material will be efficient for eliminating some nutritional deficiency diseases.
EVALUATION OF CYTOTOXICITY AND APOPTOTIC POTENTIAL OF OPHIORRHIZA PECTINATA ARN. – A POTENT ANTICANCER AGENT
Authors: PREETHA MOL SN  , JOHN E THOPPIL
Published: December 2019

Objective: Ophiorrhiza pectinata Arn., a notable species belonging to the family Rubiaceae, is reported to be used in traditional and conventional medicines. The present study was aimed at the evaluation of the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of the aqueous extract of O. pectinata.

Methods: Cytotoxic potential of the plant extract was analyzed using Allium cepa assay and the apoptotic effect of the plant extract was analyzed using Evan’s blue staining technique.

Results: The extract was found to be cytotoxic at all tested concentrations, inducing several clastogenic and non-clastogenic aberrations at all the stages of mitosis. The clastogenic aberrations observed include chromosome coagulation, stickiness, chromosome bridges and fragments, nuclear lesions, and giant cells. Among non-clastogenic aberrations seen, the prominent ones were polyploidy, C-metaphase, stathmo-anaphase, ball metaphase, vagrants, tropokinesis, etc. The mitotic index was found to be decreasing with increase in concentration, whereas the abnormality percentage increased with an increase in the concentration of the plant extract. The in situ visualization of cell death by the Evan’s blue staining method gave a positive relation between the concentration of the extract and its apoptotic activity.

Conclusion: As cytotoxicity and apoptosis are bioactivities related to anticancer potential, the study proves that the plant is of high therapeutic efficacy and requires more exploration toward its usefulness in drug discovery.
SCABIOSA COLUMBARIA: A REVIEW OF ITS MEDICINAL USES, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES
Authors: ALFRED MAROYI
Published: December 2019

Scabiosa columbaria is a perennial herb widely used as herbal medicine throughout its distributional range in tropical Africa, Asia, and Europe. This study is aimed at providing a critical review of the biological activities, phytochemistry, and medicinal uses of S. columbaria. Documented information on biological activities, medicinal uses, and phytochemistry of S. columbaria was collected from several online sources which included BMC, Scopus, SciFinder, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, PubMed, and Web of Science. Additional information on the biological activities, phytochemistry, and medicinal uses of S. columbaria was gathered from pre-electronic sources such as book chapters, books, journal articles, theses, and scientific publications sourced from the university library. This study showed that the aerial parts, leaves, roots, stems, and the whole plant parts of S. columbaria are used as colic, love charm and for magical purposes, and as herbal medicine for eye problems, heartburn, respiratory problems, wounds, female infertility, venereal diseases, skin infections, and menstrual problems. Phytochemical compounds identified from the aerial parts and roots of S. columbaria are glycoside scabiosin, loganin, sweroside, palmitic acid, phthalic acid, diisooctyl phthalate, bis-(ethylhexyl) phthalate, and dibutyl phthalate. Pharmacological research revealed that S. columbaria extracts and compounds have antibacterial, antifungal, and antiprotozoan activities. Future research should focus on evaluating the phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties of S. columbaria crude extracts as well as compounds isolated from the species.
A PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND IN VITRO SKIN PENETRATION OF MORUS ALBA ROOT EXTRACT NANOEMULSION
Authors: MAZAYA FADHILA  , ABDUL MUN IM  , MAHDI JUFRI
Published: December 2019

Objective: White mulberry (Morus alba) root extract has terpenoid, flavonoid, and stilbene compounds. The stilbenes, oxyresveratrol and resveratrol, have antioxidant and antityrosinase activities. Nanocarriers can help active ingredients to be delivered in a more efficient manner. The advantages of nanoemulsion on products include increased penetration, biocompatibility, and low toxicity due to its non-ionic properties and have the ability to combine the properties of lipophilic and hydrophilic active ingredients. The objective of this study was to prepare, characterize, and evaluate the in vitro skin penetration of M. alba root extract nanoemulsion.

Methods: The M. alba root extract was prepared by ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction method. Nanoemulsion was optimized and prepared using virgin coconut oil (VCO), Tween 80, and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) by aqueous phase-titration method to construct pseudoternary phase diagram. M. alba root extract nanoemulsion was characterized for droplet size, viscosity, zeta potential, and physical stability tests for 12 weeks. In vitro skin penetration of oxyresveratrol from nanoemulsion was determined by the Franz diffusion cell and was compared by macroemulsion preparation, then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography method.

Results: Based on pseudoternary phase diagram, nanoemulsion of white mulberry root extract contained of 2% VCO and 18% mixture of surfactant Tween 80 and PEG 400 (1:1) was chosen. Nanoemulsion has average globule size of 81.61 nm, with polydispersity index 0.22, and potential zeta −1.56 mV. The cumulative penetration of oxyresveratrol from nanoemulsion was 55.86 μg/cm2 with flux of 6.53 μg/cm2/h, while regular emulsion was 32.45 μg/cm2 with flux of 3.5501 μg/cm2/h.

Conclusion: Nanoemulsion of white mulberry root extract was penetrated deeper than regular emulsion.
PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF TERMINALIA BELLIRICA FRUIT INSIDE
Authors: HAZRA K
Published: December 2019

Objective: The fruit of Terminalia bellirica Roxb. or Baheda (Family Combretaceae) is an extensively used herb in traditional medicines. The fruit as a whole or a part of it is used in traditional healing. Fruit has two major parts, namely, pericarp and seed, pericarp, in turn, consists of epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. Ayurvedic compound formulations such as Triphala and Pathyadi contain pericarp of the fruit. The present study is aiming a comparative phytochemical investigation of fruit parts such as epicarp, mesocarp, and seed along with the whole fruit.

Methods: The study included physicochemical evaluation, phytochemical screening, biochemical assay, and thin-layer chromatography profile of the inner parts of the fruit.

Results: The study shows that seeds are rich in essential oil (13.25%), but very poor quantity of phenolics (0.65 gallic acid equivalent [GAE]) and flavonoids (0.77 quercetin equivalent [QE]) is present compared to epicarp (139.05 GAE and 141.26 QE) and mesocarp (135.23 GAE and 142.05 QE). In addition to that, qualitative phytochemical screening revealed that seeds are void of steroids and lignans.

Conclusion: The study concluded that seeds are less important in respect to the presence of secondary metabolites. It may also be concluded that mesocarp and epicarp are holding major responsibilities of therapeutic values imposed on the fruit.
The impact of recent power morcellator risk information on inpatient surgery and patient outcomes
Authors: Schuttringer Ehren , Beleche Trinidad
Published: December 2019

Aim:
We examine the impact of the new risk information about a surgical device on surgery and patient outcomes for hysterectomy in the inpatient setting.
Methods:
We utilize a difference-in-differences approach to assess the impact of new risk information on patient outcomes in the inpatient setting between 2009 and 2014. The inpatient data come from a nationally representative sample of hospitalizations in the USA. We use the likelihood of laparoscopic surgery, measures of resource use and surgical complications as outcome variables.
Results:
We estimate a three-percentage point decrease in the likelihood of receiving laparoscopic hysterectomy, a one-percentage point increase in the likelihood of experiencing a surgical complication and no impact on resource use, relative to pre-existing means.
Conclusion:
Our findings show that there was movement away from laparoscopic surgery in the months following the dissemination of new risk information. These changes had limited effect on patient outcomes.
Inteligencia organizacional: revisión teórica y futuras líneas de investigación
Authors: Zazueta Trejo Mahali Adlai , Jacobo Hernández Carlos Armando , Ochoa Jiménez Sergio
Published: December 2019

El conocimiento, el aprendizaje y la inteligencia organizacional son elementos que van estrechamente relacionados y que además se en­cuentran ligados a la creatividad, a la competitividad, al desarrollo de ventajas competitivas y a la toma de decisiones estratégicas. Dicho así, el promover y aplicar estos procesos puede llegar a ser fundamen­tal para dar paso a la innovación y la mejora continua en todo tipo de empresas e instituciones; es por eso que mediante esta investigación se planteó como objetivo analizar la inteligencia organizacional a partir de sus perspectivas teóricas y estudios empíricos, pudiéndose concluir que existe un fuerte vacío en el conocimiento y una falta de consenso general en el concepto de esta variable, además de que son escasos los estudios de aplicación en las organizaciones, pues solo se han encontrado en tres sectores: el sector educativo, el de las pequeñas empresas y el de salud; llegando de esta manera a la identificación de tres futuras líneas de investigación: las fuentes de la inteligencia orga­nizacional, los modelos de trabajo y las metodologías para el fomento de esta variable.
Costo de oportunidad, valor ecosistémico y optimización del uso de la tierra
Authors: Reyes Rolando
Published: December 2019

Se presenta una metodología para la determinación del uso óptimo de la tierra de los ecosistemas terrestres y para la valoración de los servicios ecosistémicos que estos producen, alcanzando ambos propósitos a partir del costo de oportunidad del uso agrícola de sus territorios. Dicha metodología se fundamenta en la observación y la aceptación de que la productividad agrícola de la tierra disminuye a medida que aumenta su pendiente, tal y como se puede comprobar en muchos estudios citados sobre la planificación y la vocación de uso de la tierra. Estos estudios también concluyen que la vocación de la tierra de alta pendiente es la conservación para la producción de servicios ecosistémicos. Si la productividad agrícola y, por ende, el costo de oportunidad varían con la pendiente de la tierra, entonces debería existir un punto óptimo por debajo del cual siempre sería más conveniente producir alimentos, y por encima de él convendría más producir servicios ecosistémicos, lo cual podría asegurar que la distribución resultante entre ambos usos de la tierra concilie los objetivos 1, 2, 13 y 15 de la Agenda 2030 de las Naciones Unidas.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Cr (III), Mn (III) and Fe (III) Schiff Base of Metals Complexes
Authors: Halder Kalpataru , Saha Utpal
Published: December 2019

A novel synthesized Schiff base metal complexes Cr (III), Mn (III) and Fe (III) of 2-hydroxy-5-chloro acetophenone 2-imino-4-phenyl thiazole were prepared by condensed from 2-hydroxy-5-chloro acetophenone and 2-amino-4-phenyl thiazole have been synthesized and characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, Infrared, 1H NMR, molar conductance and magnetic susceptibilities analysis. The Schiff base acts as a monobasic bidentate ligand commonly coordinates through the oxygen atom of phenolic OH group and the nitrogen atom of azomethine group, which is confirmed by IR spectral data. All the metal complexes have studies thermal properties and their thermal parameter.

Keyword: Schiff base, Magnetic, Thermal studies.
Estimation of Nortriptyline hydrochloride in Bulk and Formulation by UV-Spectrophotometric Area Under Curve Method
Authors: Abhang Suchita R. , Dhobale Shankar M. , Suryawanshi Akshada D. , Jadhav Suresh L. , Patel Salim G.
Published: December 2019

The simple, precise and accurate UV-Spectrophotometric method has been developed and validated for the estimation of nortriptyline hydrochloride in bulk and dosage form. In that work was carried out for estimation of nortriptyline hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form by utilizing area under curve (AUC) method. For this purpose the wavelength range 200-400nm was selected. DMSO was used as solvent throughout the work. Linearity was observed in concentration range 5-25µg/ml (R2 =0.996) for the method. The present method was found which can be used for routine quality control analysis for spectrophotometric estimation of Nortriptyline hydrochloride in bulk and dosage form.

Keywords: Nortriptyline hydrochloride, Area under curve (AUC), DMSO, UV-Spectrophotometric.
A Aglomeração de Xangai e as Transformações da Estrutura Espacial da sua Área Central: Declínio e Renovação
Authors: Reis Lucimara Flávio
Published: December 2019

O objetivo deste artigo é examinar a estrutura espacial da cidade de Xangai, localizada na República Popular da China, com enfoque na evolução do conjunto de substituição dos usos do solo no centro da aglomeração, como resultado da gradual abertura econômica. A cidade será enquadrada e serão apontados alguns processos por meio dos quais se deu o seu formidável desenvolvimento. Como se verá, a mudança na economia política ocasionada pela introdução de mecanismos de mercado apresentou três efeitos principais diretos sobre o tecido urbano: a descentralização, a expansão e a remodelação ou readaptação de estruturas urbanas. Com base nessa contextualização, serão apresentados argumentos que corroboram a tese de que a entrada em novo patamar econômico, possibilitada por decisões de planejamento que resultaram nas reformas econômicas, trouxe mudanças significativas para a economia política do desenvolvimento urbano, ao determinar o processo de substituição dos usos do solo, com a recuperação radical de estruturas existentes para novos usos do capital.
La participación como derecho en la preservación del patrimonio cultural de Santa Cruz desde una doble perspectiva: la legal y la de los actores involucrados en Puerto Deseado y Río Gallegos (2010-2018)
Authors: Ciselli Graciela , Duplatt Antonella , Hernández Marcelo
Published: December 2019

En Argentina, el reconocimiento constitucional al patrimonio cultural lo ha colocado en un lugar privilegiado de tutela con responsabilidades para el Estado y los ciudadanos. A partir de la valoración de sus atributos como derecho colectivo, recurso cultural e identitario vinculado a la calidad de vida, factor dinamizador de las economías locales y generador de nuevos ingresos, los gobiernos locales están obligados a diseñar políticas patrimoniales no sólo que garanticen el ejercicio de los derechos culturales sino también que fomenten la preservación del patrimonio mediante la participación de los individuos, las comunidades o las ONGs reconocida en Pactos, Convenios y Protocolos ratificados por el Estado argentino. La Provincia de Santa Cruz ha generado políticas públicas para preservar el patrimonio cultural que interesa analizar desde un enfoque de derechos humanos.

Como propuesta metodológica se utilizan los tres tipos de indicadores de progreso (estructurales, de proceso y de resultado) en materia de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales (DESC) que propuso la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH, 2008) y que permiten organizar la información relevada facilitando el análisis de las acciones estatales para el cumplimiento del derecho. Para indagar en las opiniones de los actores locales se realizaron encuestas y entrevistas en profundidad en las localidades de Puerto Deseado y Río Gallegos.