bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CTO Characteristics and ESG Performance of Corporation: Evidence from Korea
Authors: Lim Taejin , Kim Donggi , Cho Keuntae
Published: September 2024

While there has been a steady stream of research on chief technology officers (CTOs), studies specifically examining the expanding role of CTOs, particularly in the areas of environmental, social, and governance (ESG), remain scarce. Despite extensive research on boards of directors (BODs), chief executive officers (CEOs), and corporate social responsibility (CSR) committees, there is a significant lack of research on the role of CTOs in integrating ESG considerations into technology development and operations. To fill this gap, this study investigated the impact of CTO characteristics (personal, positional, and career-related) on corporate ESG performance. Based on previous studies, we created a conceptual model and proposed 12 hypotheses. A sample of 218 publicly traded corporations in Korea was selected, and a structural equation model was used to test the fit of the research model and hypotheses. The results indicate that the positional characteristics of the CTO positively affect a corporation’s ESG performance, whereas the career-related characteristics of the CTO negatively affect it. However, personal characteristics did not exhibit significant effects. Therefore, this study underscores the need for corporations to empower technology leaders, such as the CTO, and enable them to play an important role in strategic decision-making. By doing so, organizations can enhance their social responsibility, improve environmental sustainability, and maintain competitiveness.
Sustainable Marketing Strategies for Incoming Students to Chinese Universities
Authors: Chen Zongsheng , Constantin Cristinel Petrișor
Published: September 2024

This paper investigates the motivations and satisfaction levels of international students studying in China, using a marketing approach. Through a literature review, it examines education service quality, marketing tools, and the importance of international students. The main goal is to identify the main incentives for students coming to China and to assess the gaps between their expectations and satisfaction with various aspects of the marketing mix during their studies. To achieve this goal, a quantitative survey was conducted, which reveals that the most valued incentives are related to the campus environment, professional teachers, student life, and cultural diversity. In terms of student satisfaction, the results highlight that the least satisfactory factors include aspects related to the promotion of international studies and the partnerships between universities. These areas require more attention from Chinese university management for future improvement. The paper concludes with theoretical implications and managerial recommendations for universities, national policymakers, and Chinese authorities in the context of China’s national education development strategy, entitled “Opinions on Accelerating and Expanding the Opening Up of Education to the World in the New Era”.
Imaging Pressure Distribution in Geological Reservoirs from Surface Deformation Data
Authors: Abdollahi Reza , Hosseinzadeh Sirous , Movassagh Abbas , Kasperczyk Dane , Haghighi Manouchehr
Published: September 2024

Geological reservoirs are widely used for storing or disposing of various fluids and gases, including groundwater, wastewater, carbon dioxide, air, gas, and hydrogen. Monitoring these sites is essential due to the stored assets’ economic value and the disposed materials’ hazardous nature. Reservoir pressure monitoring is vital for ensuring operational success and detecting integrity issues, but it presents challenges due to the difficulty of obtaining comprehensive pressure distribution data. While direct pressure measurement methods are costly and localized, indirect techniques offer a viable alternative, such as inferring reservoir pressure from surface deformation data. This inversion approach integrates a forward model that links pressure distribution to deformation with an optimization algorithm to account for the ill-posed nature of the inversion. The application of forward models for predicting subsidence, uplift, and seismicity is well-established, but using deformation data for monitoring underground activity through inversion has yet to be explored. Previous studies have used various analytical, semi-analytical, and numerical models integrated with optimization tools to perform efficient inversions. However, analytical or semi-analytical solutions are impractical for complex reservoirs, and advanced numerical models are computationally expensive. These studies often rely on prior information, which may only sometimes be available, highlighting the need for innovative approaches. This study addresses these challenges by leveraging advanced numerical models and genetic algorithms to estimate pressure distribution from surface deformation data without needing prior information. The forward model is based on a discrete Green matrix constructed by integrating the finite element method with Python scripting. This matrix encapsulates the influence of reservoir properties and geometry on the displacement field, allowing for the rapid evaluation of displacement due to arbitrary pressure distributions. Precomputing Green’s matrix reduces computational load, making it feasible to apply advanced optimization methods like GA, which are effective for solving ill-posed problems with fewer observation points than unknown parameters. Testing on complex reservoir cases with synthetic data showed less than 5% error in predicted pressure distribution, demonstrating the approach’s reliability.
The Impact of Speed Limit Change on Emissions: A Systematic Review of Literature
Authors: Fondzenyuy Stephen Kome , Turner Blair Matthew , Burlacu Alina Florentina , Jurewicz Chris , Usami Davide Shingo , Feudjio Steffel Ludivin Tezong , Persia Luca
Published: September 2024

In the pursuit of sustainable mobility and the decarbonization of transport systems, public authorities are increasingly scrutinizing the impact of travel speed on emissions within both low-speed and high-speed environments. This study critically examines the evidence concerning emission impacts associated with speed limit changes in different traffic environments by conducting a systematic review of the literature in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 25 studies that met the eligibility criteria were assessed. The results reveal mixed evidence for reducing emissions through speed limit reductions in low-speed areas. However, emerging evidence suggests that reduced urban speeds may abate emissions through enhanced traffic flow and a shift in modal preferences away from personal vehicle use. Additionally, in urban areas, minor observed emission reduction per vehicle can add up to large overall reductions due to the high number of vehicles. In high-speed contexts, the evidence is much clearer, showing that reduced speed limits correlate with significant reductions in NOx, CO2, and particulate matter emissions. The extent of these reductions is highly variable and contingent upon the specific speed limits or limit reductions, the local context, the vehicle type, and the baseline types and levels of pollutants. Notably, there is a lack of research on the effects of speed on emissions, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), highlighting a critical area for future investigation. The findings of this study underscore the potential environmental benefits of speed management policies and advocate for the promotion of smoother and less aggressive driving behavior to mitigate emissions and enhance sustainable mobility in both low-speed and high-speed settings.
Future Carbon-Neutral Societies: Minimising Construction Impact on Groundwater-Dependent Wetlands and Peatlands
Authors: Jorat M. Ehsan , Minto Andrew , Tierney Irene , Gilmour Daniel
Published: September 2024

The decarbonisation of the energy sector through major renewable energy developments in rural areas is one the requirements for sustainable development and future carbon-neutral societies. However, this has resulted in increased construction on peatlands and wetlands and has led to diverse environmental impacts in the affected areas. The overall aim of this project was to review the effectiveness of standard mitigation measures used during construction to maintain the hydrological conditions within peat soils and wetland habitats. This work involved a literature review of the evidence of the impacts of construction on the habitat and groundwater in groundwater-dependent wetlands and peatlands. In addition, developers and contractors were consulted to gain feedback on what practical approaches have and have not been successful and remedial actions taken when monitoring or observation identifies ongoing issues. This research also developed regulatory-relevant recommendations. The main recommendation focuses on the central importance of collecting relevant and detailed site investigation data at an early stage of the application process to enable a full understanding of the site character and to inform a more accurate design process. This will reduce or avoid impacts on the environment, minimise risk, and produce a more informed construction strategy.
Development and Analysis of Artificial Ornamental Stone with Industrial Wastes and Epoxy Resin
Authors: Silva Rivelino Neri , Santos Anderson Ravik dos , Patrício Patrícia Santiago de Oliveira , Fontes Wanna Carvalho
Published: September 2024

The mining and steelmaking industries, while vital for economic and social development, produce and dispose of waste that contributes to environmental instability and discomfort. In this context, this study aimed to develop novel polymer composites intended for Artificial Ornamental Stone (AOS) application by incorporating iron ore tailings (IOTs), quartzite waste (QTZ), and steel slag (SS) into an epoxy (EP) matrix. The chemical, mineralogical, physical, mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties of the materials were assessed. Three waste mixtures were proposed using the Modified Andreassen Curve method, each with 35, 45, and 55 v/v% of EP. The composite properties were evaluated, showing that the composite with QTZ, SS, and 55 v/v% EP exhibited the lowest porosity (0.3%), water absorption (0.1%), and highest flexural strength (41 MPa). The composite containing the three wastes with 55 v/v% EP presented 1.0% porosity, 0.4% water absorption, and 34 MPa flexural strength. Lastly, the composite with IOTs, QTZ, and 55 v/v% EP exhibited 1.1% apparent porosity, 0.5% water absorption, and 23 MPa flexural strength. Therefore, the polymer composites developed with IOTs, QTZ, SS, and EP demonstrated suitable properties for wall cladding and countertops, presenting a potentially sustainable alternative to reduce environmental impacts from the mining and steelmaking industries.
Correction: Yadav et al. Selenium Mediated Alterations in Physiology of Wheat under Different Soil Moisture Levels. Sustainability 2023, 15, 1771
Authors: Yadav Sapna , Sharma Sinky , Sharma Kamal Dutt , Dhansu Pooja , Devi Suman , Preet Kumar , Ahlawat Pooja , Kamboj Paras , Rani Preety , Rani Babita , Kaushik Prashant , Kumar Ashwani
Published: September 2024

In the publication [...]
Interplay between Land Use Planning and Functional Mix Dimensions: An Assemblage Approach for Metropolitan Barcelona
Authors: Crosas Carles , Gómez-Escoda Eulàlia , Villavieja Enric
Published: September 2024

The concept of mixed-use urban planning is gaining recognition as a crucial element in the development of sustainable and vibrant urban environments. In contrast, many 20th-century cities were designed with segregated land uses and monofunctional zones, following the principles set out in the 1933 Athens Charter. Over time, this approach has been widely criticized, and in the present era, mixed-use environments are praised for fostering social interaction, generating economic synergies, and reducing environmental impacts. This article explores the complex relationship between urban activities, morphology, and planning, with a particular focus on the Barcelona metropolitan area. Utilizing GIS mapping and morphological drawings, this research offers innovative perspectives by analyzing a series of selected urban fragments, highlighting the differences and similarities among various urban fabrics. After a review of the evolution of mixed-use planning regulations and plans since the mid-20th century, a threefold analysis was conducted: examining planning standards and codes, assessing the ground floor activities in promoting urban mixticity, and defining the characteristics of urban patterns’ vitality. Through mapping and indexes, the research offers both qualitative and quantitative evaluations, uncovering new tools to better understand functional mix as a critical element in addressing the challenges of contemporary urbanization.
Study on the Selection of Recycling Strategies for the Echelon Utilization of Electric Vehicle Batteries under the Carbon Trading Policy
Authors: Qi Yue , Yao Weixin , Zhu Jiagui
Published: September 2024

Global climate change has prompted all sectors of society to take urgent action to reduce carbon emissions. Electric vehicles are the key to low-carbon transportation transformation, but their popularity has led to difficulties in disposing of used batteries. Improper handling will pollute the environment and violate the original goal of promoting low-carbon practices. Therefore, it is crucial to establish a sustainable battery-recycling and disposal system. This study uniquely incorporates the concept of battery echelon utilization into its analytical framework using a Stackelberg game model, exploring the equilibrium strategies for stakeholders in a closed-loop supply chain under carbon emission constraints. We analyzed the impact of multiple factors in the recycling process, as well as the influence of digital technology, on enterprise pricing, recycling efficiency, and the choice of recycling channels. The study found that the market pricing of batteries and electric vehicles is not influenced by recycling participants, but is instead related to the application of digital technology. Numerical simulations further reveal that the battery’s echelon utilization rate and carbon emission limit policies jointly motivate enterprises to be more proactive in recycling. In the joint recycling model, battery suppliers can achieve more substantial profit growth compared to electric vehicle manufacturers, providing new insights and directions for innovation and the development of collaborative models within the supply chain.
Mapping the Landscape of Climate-Smart Agriculture and Food Loss: A Bibliometric and Bibliographic Analysis
Authors: Wang Yufei , Morkūnas Mangirdas , Wei Jinzhao
Published: September 2024

Global food security has been significantly affected by climate change; hence, there is a need to come up with lasting and adaptable agricultural practices. The objective of this study is to understand the relationships between climate-smart agriculture (CSA) and food loss management, as these are essential fields that influence sustainable agriculture. By conducting a detailed bibliometric and bibliographic analysis, we have mapped out the research landscape regarding the intersection of CSA and food loss; more importantly, we have concentrated on climate-smart strategies’ implementation for the reduction of losses all through the agricultural value chain. Our investigation combined results concerning types of crops that can survive extreme weather conditions like droughts caused by global warming or cold snaps from severe weather events. This work brought out core research directions, clusters, and the regional distribution of scholarly articles, giving an understanding of the present state of CSA and food loss study.
The Formulae and Symmetry Property of Bernstein Type Polynomials Related to Special Numbers and Functions
Authors: Yilmaz Ceylan Ayse , Simsek Buket
Published: September 2024

The aim of this paper is to derive formulae for the generating functions of the Bernstein type polynomials. We give a PDE equation for this generating function. By using this equation, we give recurrence relations for the Bernstein polynomials. Using generating functions, we also derive some identities including a symmetry property for the Bernstein type polynomials. We give some relations among the Bernstein type polynomials, Bernoulli numbers, Stirling numbers, Dahee numbers, the Legendre polynomials, and the coefficients of the classical superoscillatory function associated with the weak measurements. We introduce some integral formulae for these polynomials. By using these integral formulae, we derive some new combinatorial sums involving the Bernoulli numbers and the combinatorial numbers. Moreover, we define Bezier type curves in terms of these polynomials.
The Effects of Co-Exposure to Antifoulants and Microplastics on the Survival, Oxidative Status, and Cholinergic System of a Marine Mysid
Authors: Lee Somyeong , Haque Md. Niamul , Lee Do-Hee , Rhee Jae-Sung
Published: September 2024

Antifoulants such as copper pyrithione (CuPT) and zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) are widespread and hazardous pollutants in aquatic environments. The presence of microplastics (MPs) introduces significant uncertainty regarding the toxicity of CuPT and ZnPT, as their effects can be influenced by MPs. There is a limited understanding of the toxic potential of CuPT and ZnPT when they coexist with MPs. Here, the marine mysid Neomysis awatchensis was treated using no observed effect concentration (NOEC) values of CuPT and ZnPT premixed with MPs (1 µm; 1–100 particles mL−1). The presence of MPs increased the toxicity of the antifoulants in juvenile and adult mysids over 96 h. The additive effect of the MPs varied by chemical; feeding was only reduced by CuPT with MPs, whereas no fluctuation in feeding was observed in response to ZnPT with MPs. Co-exposure to antifoulants and MPs increased malonaldehyde levels, but the response of antioxidant components varied by chemical. In mysids co-exposed to CuPT and MPs, the activity levels of catalase and superoxide dismutase were decreased, whereas their enzymatic activity levels were elevated by co-exposure to ZnPT and MPs. Similarly, depletion of glutathione (GSH) was observed in mysids co-exposed to CuPT and MPs, with significant reductions in GSH reductase (GR) and peroxidase (GPx). However, the GSH level was increased by co-exposure to ZnPT and MPs, with elevations in GR and GPx activity levels. Significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity was only observed in response to CuPT and MPs. These results suggest that MPs can increase toxicity via additive and/or synergistic effects through oxidative imbalance, but these effects of MPs can vary with different chemicals.
Plant Root Secretion Alleviates Carbamate-Induced Molecular Alterations of Dissolved Organic Matter
Authors: Niu Zihan , Chen Chao , Ruan Qijun , Duan Yingming , Liu Shuqin , Chen Da
Published: September 2024

Studying the interaction between pesticide contamination in the plant system and the dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition is important to understand the impact of pesticides and plants on the ecological function of DOM. The present study investigated the effects of DOM on the bioaccumulation and biotransformation of carbamates in plants, carbamate exposure on DOM composition, and plant root secretion on the interaction between DOM and carbamates. The concentrations of carbamates and their metabolites in living cabbage plants were continuously tracked through an in vivo analytical method. The presence of DOM was found to reduce the highest bioconcentrations and shorten the time it took to reach the highest bioaccumulated amounts of isoprocarb and carbofuran in plants, while it showed no significant effect on the uptake behavior of carbaryl. DOM profiling results indicated that carbamate exposure substantially decreased the number and molecular diversity of DOM. Notably, plant root secretion alleviated carbamate-induced DOM molecular alterations by inducing a higher turnover rate of DOM compared to that in the uncontaminated group, highlighting the role of plants in mitigating the effects of exogenous pesticide exposure on DOM composition and maintaining DOM molecular homeostasis.
Exploring New Physics with Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment High-Energy Flux: The Case of Lorentz Invariance Violation, Large Extra Dimensions and Long-Range Forces
Authors: Giarnetti Alessio , Marciano Simone , Meloni Davide
Published: September 2024

DUNE is a next-generation long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. It is expected to measure, with unprecedented precision, the atmospheric oscillation parameters, including the CP-violating phase δCP. Moreover, several studies have suggested that its unique features should allow DUNE to probe several new physics scenarios. In this work, we explore the performances of the DUNE far detector in constraining new physics if a high-energy neutrino flux is employed (HE-DUNE). We take into account three different scenarios: Lorentz Invariance Violation (LIV), Long-Range Forces (LRFs) and Large Extra Dimensions (LEDs). Our results show that HE-DUNE should be able to set bounds competitive to the current ones and, in particular, it can outperform the standard DUNE capabilities in constraining CPT-even LIV parameters and the compactification radius RED of the LED model.
Case Report of Two Independent Moroccan Families with Syndromic Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis and STK4 Deficiency
Authors: El Kettani Assiya , Ouair Hind , Marnissi Farida , El Bakkouri Jalila , Chevalier Rémi , Lorenzo Lazaro , Kholaiq Halima , Béziat Vivien , Jouanguy Emmanuelle , Casanova Jean-Laurent , Bousfiha Ahmed Aziz
Published: September 2024

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare genodermatosis caused by β-human papillomaviruses (HPV) in immunodeficient patients. EV is characterized by flat warts and pityriasis-like lesions and might be isolated or syndromic, associated with some other infectious manifestations. We report here three patients from two independent families, with syndromic EV for both of them. By whole exome sequencing, we found that the patients carry new homozygous variants in STK4, both leading to a premature stop codon. STK4 deficiency causes a combined immunodeficiency characterized by a broad infectious susceptibility to bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Auto-immune manifestations were also reported. Deep immunophenotyping revealed multiple cytopenia in the three affected patients, in particular deep CD4+ T cells deficiency. We report here the fourth and the fifth cases of the syndromic EV due to STK4 deficiency.
KSHV ORF20 Promotes Coordinated Lytic Reactivation for Increased Infectious Particle Production
Authors: Orbaum-Harel Odelia , Sloutskin Anna , Kalt Inna , Sarid Ronit
Published: September 2024

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a cancer-causing virus that establishes life-long infection. KSHV is implicated in the etiology of Kaposi’s sarcoma, and a number of rare hematopoietic malignancies. The present study focuses on the KSHV open reading frame 20 (ORF20), a member of the conserved herpesvirus UL24 protein family containing five conserved homology domains and a conserved PD-(D/E)XK putative endonuclease motif, whose nuclease function has not been established to date. ORF20 encodes three co-linear protein isoforms, full length, intermediate, and short, though their differential functions are unknown. In an effort to determine the role of ORF20 during KSHV infection, we generated a recombinant ORF20-Null KSHV genome, which fails to express all three ORF20 isoforms. This genome was reconstituted in iSLK cells to establish a latent infection, which resulted in an accelerated transcription of viral mRNAs, an earlier accumulation of viral lytic proteins, an increase in the quantity of viral DNA copies, and a significant decrease in viral yield upon lytic reactivation. This was accompanied by early cell death of cells infected with the ORF20-Null virus. Functional complementation of the ORF20-Null mutant with the short ORF20 isoform rescued KSHV production, whereas its endonuclease mutant form failed to enhance lytic reactivation. Complementation with the short isoform further revealed a decrease in cell death as compared with ORF20-Null virus. Finally, expression of IL6 and CXCL8, previously shown to be affected by the hCMV UL24 homolog, was relatively low upon reactivation of cells infected with the ORF20-Null virus. These findings suggest that ORF20 protein, with its putative endonuclease motif, promotes coordinated lytic reactivation for increased infectious particle production.
Elucidating the Substrate Envelope of Enterovirus 68-3C Protease: Structural Basis of Specificity and Potential Resistance
Authors: Azzolino Vincent N. , Shaqra Ala M. , Ali Akbar , Kurt Yilmaz Nese , Schiffer Celia A.
Published: September 2024

Enterovirus-D68 (EV68) has emerged as a global health concern over the last decade with severe symptomatic infections resulting in long-lasting neurological deficits and death. Unfortunately, there are currently no FDA-approved antiviral drugs for EV68 or any other non-polio enterovirus. One particularly attractive class of potential drugs are small molecules inhibitors, which can target the conserved active site of EV68-3C protease. For other viral proteases, we have demonstrated that the emergence of drug resistance can be minimized by designing inhibitors that leverage the evolutionary constraints of substrate specificity. However, the structural characterization of EV68-3C protease bound to its substrates has been lacking. Here, we have determined the substrate specificity of EV68-3C protease through molecular modeling, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and co-crystal structures. Molecular models enabled us to successfully characterize the conserved hydrogen-bond networks between EV68-3C protease and the peptides corresponding to the viral cleavage sites. In addition, co-crystal structures we determined have revealed substrate-induced conformational changes of the protease which involved new interactions, primarily surrounding the S1 pocket. We calculated the substrate envelope, the three-dimensional consensus volume occupied by the substrates within the active site. With the elucidation of the EV68-3C protease substrate envelope, we evaluated how 3C protease inhibitors, AG7088 and SG-85, fit within the active site to predict potential resistance mutations.
Recipients’ and Environmental Factors Affecting the Pregnancy Rates of a Large, Fresh In Vitro Fertilization-Embryo Transfer Program for Dairy Cows in a Commercial Herd in China
Authors: Xie Chengyun , Huang Cong , Yan Longgang , Yao Ruiqi , Xiao Jinbang , Yang Mingmao , Chen Huatao , Tang Keqiong , Zhou Dong , Lin Pengfei , Wang Aihua , Jin Yaping
Published: September 2024

The main objective of this study was to determine the influence of the recipient dairy cows’ breed, lactation number, estrus condition, the type, location and volume of the corpus luteum (CL) and the time of year that the embryo transfer (ET) was performed on the pregnancy rates of a large, fresh in vitro fertilization–embryo transfer program for dairy cows in a commercial herd in China. The recipients were from a herd of dairy cows in Ningxia, a province in northwest China, and we statistically analyzed the data of 495 cows from 2021 to 2023. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCS) were isolated from follicular fluid obtained through ovum pick-up (OPU) and oocytes were incubated 20–22 h for in vitro maturation (IVM). Embryos were obtained after 10–12 h of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and six days of in vitro culture (IVC). Embryos at the morula or blastocyst stage were transferred to randomly chosen recipients (n = 495). The influence of recipients’ breed (Holstein or other), recipients’ lactation number (heifers or cows), estrus type (natural or synchronized), CL type (homogeneous, CLhom or cavitary, CLcav), CL side (left or right), volume of the CL and season of transfer (spring, autumn or winter) on pregnancy rates were determined. The pregnancy rates were analyzed by binomial logistic regression with IBM SPSS statistics software, version 26. Pregnancy rates after ET to Holstein cows and other breeds were 43.49% and 42.68%, respectively (p > 0.05). Regarding age, pregnancy rates were 45.56% for heifers and 30.77% for cows (p < 0.05). Pregnancy rates following ET during natural and synchronized estrus were 44.41% and 41.5%, respectively (p > 0.05). Pregnancy rates with a left- or right-side CL were 40.18% and 45.65%, respectively (p > 0.05). The pregnancy rates achieved with a CLhom and CLcav were 44.44% and 39.68%, respectively (p < 0.05). The rates obtained in spring, autumn and winter were 49.26%, 46.02% and 34.64%, respectively (p < 0.05). Moreover, it was found that pregnancy rates were higher in recipients with a CL volume measuring greater than 10 cm3 compared with those with a CL volume measuring less than 10 cm3 (p < 0.05). The comparisons showed that recipients’ breed, estrus type or side of the CL had no effect, but the recipients’ lactation number, ET season and the type and volume of the CL have significant effects on pregnancy rates during ET.
Preparation and Antigenic Site Identification of Monoclonal Antibodies against PB1 Protein of H9N2 Subtype AIV
Authors: Cai Yiqin , Yin Guihu , Hu Jianing , Liu Ye , Huang Xiangyu , Gao Zichen , Guo Xinyu , Jiang Ting , Sun Haifeng , Feng Xiuli
Published: September 2024

Recently, low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV), including H9N2 subtype, has been common clinical epidemic strains, and is widely distributed globally. The PB1 protein is a key component of the viral RNA polymerase complex (vRNP), and is vital to viral transcription and translation. In this study, to investigate the antigenic determinants in the PB1 protein, the truncated PB1 sequence (1bp-735bp) from H9N2 subtype AIV was amplified with PCR, and expressed in plasmid pET-28a (+). After purification, the recombinant PB1 protein was used to immunize BALB/c mice. Following immunization, hybridoma cells producing PB1-specific monoclonal antibodies were generated through the fusion of splenic lymphocytes with SP2/0 cells. Then, four stable hybridoma cell lines (5F12, 5B3, 2H9, and 3E6) were screened using indirect ELISA and Western blotting. Furthermore, two antigenic sites, 67NPIDGPLPED76 and 97ESHPGIFENS106, were identified through the construction of truncated overlapping fragments of the PB1 protein. These sites were conserved among 28 AIV strains, and were located on the PB1 protein surface. The findings offer a theoretical reference for the development and improvement of H9N2 vaccines and offer biological materials for virus detection during AIV infection mechanisms.
Bayesian Estimation of Neyman–Scott Rectangular Pulse Model Parameters in Comparison with Other Parameter Estimation Methods
Authors: Nizeyimana Pacifique , Lee Kyeong Eun , Kim Gwangseob
Published: September 2024

Neyman–Scott rectangular pulse is a stochastic rainfall model with five parameters. The impacts of initial values and optimization methods on the parameter estimation of the Neyman–Scott rectangular pulse model were investigated using both the method of moments and the method of maximum likelihood. The estimates using the method of moments were influenced by the optimization method and were sensitive to the initial values and the aggregation scale of the data. Thus, by using frequentist estimation methods, we cannot guarantee the unique values as estimates. The aim of this study is to find more reliable unique values as estimates using a Bayesian approach. In this approach, parameters are estimated from the posterior distribution, and model performance is assessed by comparing observed values with fitted values. Slice sampling within the Gibbs sampler algorithm demonstrates superior convergence and model fitting, yielding unique estimates for the model parameters. The main conclusion of this study is that Bayesian estimation methods outperform other estimation methods in terms of providing reliable and stable estimates that improve rainfall generation accuracy.
The Effect of Glycerol on Microbial Community in Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant
Authors: Prawira Negara Mohamad Agung , Jayawardhana Bayu , Euverink Gert-Jan Willem
Published: September 2024

In this paper, a lab-scale reactor designed to simulate the operations of the North Water Saline Wastewater Treatment Plant (SWWTP) located in Delfzijl, The Netherlands, was constructed and assessed. Unlike conventional municipal wastewater treatment facilities, this industrial plant deals with wastewater containing stubborn chemicals that are difficult to break down, along with a high ratio of chemical oxygen demand (COD) to nitrogen and elevated sodium chloride levels. Furthermore, its treatment process diverges from standard industrial setups by employing an aerobic process preceding the anaerobic phase. The proposed lab-scale reactors were proven stable and effective in mimicking the conditions of the studied industrial SWWTP, particularly in the presence of abundant glycerol, a factor not explored in similar lab-scale models. Throughout the experiment, the removal of COD (specifically glycerol) and nitrogen were monitored, alongside changes in the microbial community within both reactors. The data enabled us to examine the proliferation of microbial populations within the sludge. The results indicated the complete removal of glycerol and ammonia from the system, with some residual nitrate detected in the effluent. The soluble COD decreased in the first reactor (R1) to approximately 50% of the influent and reduced further to less than 100 mg/L in the second reactor (R2), while nitrogen was majorly removed in the R1. By the experiment’s conclusion, Actinomycetales was identified as the dominant order in the anaerobic reactor (sometimes even exceeding 70% of the population), which is known for its utilization of glycerol as a carbon source and its tolerance to high salt concentrations in the influent. Conversely, the aerobic reactor was predominantly inhabited by the order Flavobacteriales, which correlates with ammonia concentration.
Beta Testing an AI-Based Physical Analysis Technology for Microplastic Quantification and Characterization
Authors: Boyle Kellie , Örmeci Banu
Published: September 2024

Microplastic pollution is accumulating at alarming rates in the natural environment. New and innovative technologies are needed to help understand the gravity of the global microplastic pollution. In this study, a portable artificial intelligence system using image capture and analysis technology was beta tested to determine its suitability for microplastic quantification and characterization. Many factors were examined, including quantity, colour, shape and appearance (i.e., fragment, pellet, and film), and environmentally simulated (i.e., weathered and humic acid soaked). These were all factors considered. The beta prototype showed a pronounced aptitude for microplastic detection with a clean microplastic detection accuracy of 89% and an environmentally simulated microplastic detection accuracy of 77%. The beta prototype was compact, easy to use, and provided extensive information about the samples through its machine learning algorithm. The beta prototype would be well-suited for both scientific research and citizen science and is ideal for larger (≥0.5 mm) and lighter-coloured microplastic characterization.
Characterization of Groundwater Hydrochemistry and Temporal Dynamics of Water Quality in the Northern Baiquan Spring Basin
Authors: Wu Di , Li Bo , Li Yuxing , Li Qingbin , Sheng Chen , Liu Jiutan , Wang Min , Min Yangyang , Feng Jianguo , Zhang Yuqi , Yu Jieqing
Published: September 2024

Groundwater represents a critical resource for sustaining the livelihoods of both urban and rural populations, facilitating economic and social development, and preserving ecological equilibrium. This study leverages groundwater quality monitoring data from the northern Baiquan spring basin (NBSB) to elucidate groundwater hydrochemical characteristics and decipher the temporal variability in water quality. Findings suggest that groundwater within the NBSB is predominantly weakly alkaline and characterized as hard-fresh, with HCO3− and Ca2+ as the predominant ions, which collectively demarcate the hydrochemical type as predominantly HCO3-Ca. The principal constituents of NBSB groundwater are influenced predominantly by the weathering of carbonates and silicates alongside the dissolution of gypsum and halite. Moreover, agricultural operations and similar human activities have exerted an impact on the hydrochemical attributes of NBSB’s groundwater. Generally, fluctuations in groundwater anion concentrations over time are more pronounced than those of cations, exemplified by a significant upward trend in the major ion concentrations at the BQ03 monitoring site in the later stages. While the general groundwater quality within the NBSB is deemed satisfactory, most monitoring sites have experienced an escalation in water quality indices over time, notably at BQ03, which warrants serious attention. The findings of this research contribute to the efficient management and sustainable utilization of groundwater resources in the NBSB.
Hydrology and Droughts in the Nile: A Review of Key Findings and Implications
Authors: Melesse Meklit Berihun , Demissie Yonas
Published: September 2024

The Nile Basin has long been the subject of extensive research, reflecting its importance, which spans from its historical role in the development of ancient civilizations to its current significance in supporting rapidly changing socioeconomic conditions of the basin countries. This review synthesizes studies focusing on the past and future climate, hydrologic, and drought outlooks of the basin, and explores the roles played by large-scale atmospheric phenomena and water infrastructure on the basin’s climate and hydrology. Overall, the studies underscore the complexity of the Nile hydrological system and the necessity for improved modeling and data integration. This review serves as a guide to areas warranting further research by highlighting the uncertainties and inconsistencies among the different studies. It underscores the interconnectedness of climatic and hydrological processes in the basin and encourages the use of diverse data sources to address the data scarcity issue and ensemble models to reduce modeling uncertainty in future research. By summarizing the data and modeling resources employed in these studies, this review also provides a valuable resource for future modeling efforts to understand and explore of the basin’s complex climatic and hydrological dynamics.
The Impact of Sandbars on Bank Protection Structures in Low-Land Reaches: Case of Ganges and Brahmaputra-Jamuna
Authors: Shampa  , Muktadir Hussain Muhammad , Nejhum Israt Jahan , Islam A. K. M. Saiful , Rahman Md. Munsur , Islam G. M. Tarekul
Published: September 2024

Sandbars are an integral part of the alluvial river’s geophysical system due to these rivers’ wide sediment availability and varied transport capacity. The sandbars’ evolution and translation considerably influence the stability of the riverbank. However, while designing the riverbank protection structures (RBPS), the impact of such sandbars is often overlooked, as the evolution of such bars is quite uncertain in terms of location, amplitude, and translation. This study evaluates the localized impact of sandbars on bank protection structures in two types of alluvial rivers: meandering (Ganges) and braided (Brahmaputra-Jamuna), utilizing time series satellite images, hydraulic characteristics, and numerical modeling. We found that sandbar development initiates width adjustment in both meandering and braided rivers when the ratio of width to depth surpasses 90. In the case of meandering rivers, riverbank erosion mostly occurs as a result of the presence of alternate bars or point bars. Sandbars in a meandering river (Ganges) can lead to an approximate 18% increase in flow depth. The depth-averaged velocity is anticipated to rise by approximately 29%, and the tractive force may increase by a factor of 1.6. On the other hand, the braided river (the Brahmaputra-Jamuna) underwent significant bank erosion due to the presence of both free unit and hybrid types of bars. In such rivers, the depth of the flow may experience a notable increase of 18%, while the depth-averaged velocity undergoes an approximate increase of 50%, and the tractive force has the potential to grow by a factor of 5.3. Consequently, we recommend allowing the natural evolution of sandbars while preserving the riverbank (where needed only) through RBPS, considering these additional loads.
Parameters Identification for Lithium-Ion Battery Models Using the Levenberg–Marquardt Algorithm
Authors: Alshawabkeh Ashraf , Matar Mustafa , Almutairy Fayha
Published: September 2024

The increasing adoption of batteries in a variety of applications has highlighted the necessity of accurate parameter identification and effective modeling, especially for lithium-ion batteries, which are preferred due to their high power and energy densities. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (LMA) for validating and identifying lithium-ion battery model parameters to improve the accuracy of state of charge (SOC) estimations, using only discharging measurements in the N-order Thevenin equivalent circuit model, thereby increasing computational efficiency. The framework encompasses two key stages: model parameter identification and model verification. This framework is validated using experimental measurements on the INR 18650-20R battery, produced by Samsung SDI Co., Ltd. (Suwon, Republic of Korea), conducted by the Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE) battery group at the University of Maryland. The proposed framework demonstrates robustness and accuracy. The results indicate that optimization using only the discharging data suffices for accurate parameter estimation. In addition, it demonstrates excellent agreement with the experimental measurements. The research underscores the effectiveness of the proposed framework in enhancing SOC estimation accuracy, thus contributing significantly to the reliable performance and longevity of lithium-ion batteries in practical applications.
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway Augments Peritoneal Fibrosis in a Murine CKD Model Exposed to Peritoneal Dialysate
Authors: Lotfollahzadeh Saran , Vazirani Aniket , Sellinger Isaac E. , Clovie Janelle , Hoekstra Isaac , Patel Arjun , Malloum Abbas Brahim , Yin Wenqing , Paul Herreet , Yadati Pranav , Siracus Jeffrey , Malikova Marina , Pernar Luise I. , Francis Jean , Stern Lauren , Chitalia Vipul C.
Published: September 2024

Key Points

CKD and high glucose–containing peritoneal dialysate alter peritoneal membrane contributing to peritoneal dialysis failure, with a poorly understood mechanism.

CKD milieu activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway in the subperitoneal vasculature, increasing the peritoneal fibrosis and collagen deposition in humans and mice.

An aryl hydrocarbon receptor inhibitor mitigates CKD and peritoneal dialysis–mediated peritoneal fibrosis, collagen deposition, and vasculogenesis in a mouse model.

Background

CKD is a proinflammatory and profibrotic condition and can independently alter the peritoneal membrane structure. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) results in profound alterations in the peritoneal membrane. The mechanisms contributing to the alterations of the peritoneal membrane structure in CKD milieu, along with PD, are poorly understood.

Methods

Here, we show that human CKD induces peritoneal membrane thickening, fibrosis, and collagen deposition and activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway in the subperitoneal vasculature. Leveraging a novel model of PD in CKD mice, we confirm these CKD-induced changes in the peritoneal membrane, which are exacerbated on exposure to the peritoneal dialysate. Peritoneal dialysate further augmented the AHR activity in endothelial cells of peritoneal microvasculature in CKD mice.

Results

Treatment of CKD mice with an AHR inhibitor in peritoneal dialysate for 2 weeks resulted in a seven-fold reduction in AHR expression in the endothelial cells of subperitoneal capillaries, a five-fold decrease in subperitoneal space, and a nine-fold decrease in fibrosis and collagen deposition compared with vehicle-treated CKD mice. AHR inhibition reduced inflammation, subperitoneal neovascular areas, and its downstream target, tissue factor. The AHR inhibitor treatment normalized the peritoneal dialysate-induced proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines, such as IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 levels, in CKD mice.

Conclusions

This study uncovers the activation of the AHR-cytokine axis in the endothelial cells of subperitoneal vessels in humans and mice with CKD, which is likely to prime the peritoneal membrane to peritoneal dialysate–mediated alterations. This study supports further exploration of AHR as a potential therapeutic target to preserve the structural and functional integrity of the peritoneal membrane in PD.
رأس المال الفكري وأثره في البراعة التنظيمية: دراسة تطبيقية على الشركات الصناعية بمدينة العاشر من رمضان في مصر
Authors: المنسي محمود عبدالعزيز
Published: September 2024

استهدف البحث الحالي اختبار مدى الاختلاف في كل من رأس المال الفكري، والبراعة التنظيمية، لدى المديرين بالشركات الصناعية بمدينة العاشر من رمضان في مصر وفقاً لطبيعة نشاط تلك الشركات، كذلك تحديد طبيعة العلاقة بين أبعاد رأس المال الفكري وبُعدي البراعة التنظيمية، وأجري البحث على عينة قوامها (306) مفردات، وتم جمع البيانات الأولية باستخدام قائمة استقصاء وزعت على مفردات العينة، وبلغ عدد قوائم الاستقصاء الصحيحة (197) قائمة بمعدل استجابة (%64.4)، وتوصل البحث إلى مجموعة من النتائج أهمها وجود اختلافات جوهرية بين المديرين بالشركات موضع التطبيق نحو رأس المال الفكري، والبراعة التنظيمية وفقاً لطبيعة النشاط، كذلك وجود علاقة معنوية وموجبة بين أبعاد رأس المال الفكري والبراعة التنظيمية.
Major Customers and the Speed of Leverage Adjustments
Authors: Al-Thaqeb Saud A.
Published: September 2024

Purpose: This study investigates how major customers influence the speed of adjustment (SOA) in a firm's capital structure, specifically examining the effects of governmental versus non-governmental major customers.Study design/methodology/approach: The study employs Blundell and Bond’s (1998) GMM model to estimate SOA. Robustness methods include fixed effects, two-stage least squares (2SLS), propensity score matching (PSM), and the augmented doubly censored Tobit (DPF estimator).Sample and data: The sample consists of 186,240 firm-year observations from Compustat North America annual files and Compustat historical segment files, spanning 1978 to 2013. Firms in the utility and financial sectors are excluded.Results: Findings indicate that major customers significantly influence SOA by reducing market uncertainty through certifications. Firms with major customers have a higher SOA, with governmental customers exhibiting an even higher SOA than non-governmental ones. Results are consistent across various models and settings.Originality/value: This study uniquely identifies major customers as critical determinants of SOA, highlighting the heterogeneities in firms' SOA. It stresses the importance of considering customer type in financial strategies, differentiating between governmental and non-governmental impacts. These findings offer valuable insights for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners.Research limitations/implications: Focusing on publicly listed U.S. firms limits generalization. Future research should extend the analysis to other regions and recent periods. The findings provide insights for supplier firms in strategizing financial decisions and managing relationships with major customers. We emphasize the significant role of major customers in financial strategies, advocating for more detailed disclosure policies in the U.S. and globally to enhance transparency and market efficiency.