bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Periostitis of the mandible. A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Aden‐Wansbury Cory
Published: July 2007

Periostitis of the mandible has not been previously discussed in the otolaryngologic literature and only infrequently in the dental literature.

It is characterized by a hard, painless, fixed mass overlying the mandible in a child or young adult. The etiology is usually an endosteal infection in the molar region with periosteal inflammation. Reactive new bone is deposited beneath the elevated periosteum, external to the outer cortex of the jaw, and separated from it by a layer of suppurative fluid.

Treatment consists of removal of involved teeth and infected bone, drainage of the fluid pocket and appropriate antibiotics. Patients are followed with repeat X‐rays and erythrocyte sedimentation rates.

A case is presented and the world literature is reviewed.

The otolaryngologist should be aware of this entity and include it in the differential diagnosis of any fixed jaw mass to avoid mistaking it for a more malignant process with unfortunate consequences.
Traumatic carotid‐cavernous sinus fistula
Authors: Sofferman Robert A. , Fabian Richard L.
Published: July 2007

Seventy‐five percent of carotid‐cavernous sinus fistulae result from high velocity head trauma. The most common symptom is a pulse synchronous bruit which usually becomes apparent when the patient regains his sensorium. The objective manifestations of such an arteriovenous fistula are characteristically localized to the ipsilateral orbit. A periorbital bruit and venous engorgement of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctivae are pathognomonic features. Bilateral carotid angiography confirms the diagnosis and determines which of several techniques might be used to obliterate the fistula. Occasionally the classic signs and symptoms may be delayed for days or weeks. Thus, the maxillofacial surgeon must be aware of this clinical entity to avoid untimely repair of facial fractures with potentially disastrous consequences.
Tuberculous mastoiditis
Authors: Emmett John R. , Fischer Newton D. , Biggers William P.
Published: July 2007

Two cases of tuberculous mastoiditis treated at the University of North Carolina are presented, and the need for periodic review of this disease entity is stressed. An historical review, the clinical course, routes of infection, complications, pathological findings, and methods of treatment are summarized.
Safe use of epinephrine with halothane anesthesia
Authors: Lowry Louis Dale
Published: July 2007

A review of the anesthesia literature outlines safe limits for use of epinephrine with halothane anesthesia and adequate ventilation. Excluded from the safe category are patients with previous cardiac disease, hypertension, patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors and reserpine. Considered as safe is 10 milliliters of 1:100,000 epinephrine in 10 minutes and not more than 30 milliliters of 1:100,000 epinephrine per hour.
Experimental results of cancellous autografts and frozen allografts transplanted into the canine frontal sinus
Authors: Abramson Allan L. , Eason Robert L.
Published: July 2007

Autograft and frozen allograft cancellous bone were each placed into one of the canine frontal sinus cavities of eight animals and analyzed by radiographie and histologie methods after one year. Complete and equal bony obliteration was demonstrated. Thus no advantage was seen in using an autograft over a frozen allograft in obliterating the frontal sinus cavity.
Stapedectomy‐fistula repair
Authors: Caparosa Ralph J. , Shamblin Jerry D. , Junkkr Carolyn W.
Published: July 2007

Perilymphatic fistulae have been proposed to occur most frequently on the short side of the graft in stapedectomized patients. The usual recommendation in fistula cases has been replacement of the entire prosthesis by a piston and tissue graft complex.

In this case the stapedectomy had been performed, using a polyethylene Shea strut, 15 years previously. The air‐bone gap had been closed during this entire period. A fistula was suspected after sudden hearing loss developed after barotrauma. At the time of exploratory tympanotomy, a fistula was noted on the long side of the oval window graft. It was elected to leave the polyethylene tube prosthesis in place because of its solid fixation, both laterally and medially. The fistula was closed by subcutaneous tissue graft.
Air caloric test: Irrigation technique
Authors: Proctor L. R.
Published: July 2007

The technique of using air to perform the caloric test is discussed. Greater temperature differences and larger volumes of air are needed to achieve stimulations equal to those caused by water irrigations. Special consideration must be given to the design and operation of air irrigation equipment. The effects of irrigating a wet canal and of misdirecting the air jet are discussed. A new air irrigation apparatus is described.
Z‐Plasty repositioning of an anatomical unit
Authors: Dickinson John T. , Moyce Andrew W.
Published: July 2007

The Z‐Plasty was originally described in the writings of Hippocrates and since that time has developed into one of the most useful techniques in facial plastic surgery. Familiarity with its myriad of uses is invaluable to the practicing otolaryngologist.

The basic technique of Z‐Plasty consists in the design and transposition of adjacent triangular soft tissue flaps. Most common applications capitalize on the changes which occur during transposition to the common limb between the flaps. The resultant lengthening is used to provide needed tissue in areas of contracted scars and the change in direction is useful in camouflage of scars which cross skin tension lines. Additionally, displaced anatomical units such as the auricle, angle of the mouth or eyelid can be included in the flaps of the Z‐Plasty to transpose them into a new anatomical position. Many congenital and acquired deformities can be corrected by this technique without loss of valuable tissue.

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the above principle utilizing two patients with congenitally displaced auricles.
Gastro‐esophago‐pharyngeal reflux
Authors: Chodosh Paul L.
Published: July 2007

Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, pharynx, and larynx does occur. This phenomenon can produce hoarseness, globus, dysphagia, otalgia and laryngospasm. It may be responsible for the appearance of contact granulomata, esophageal webs, and pachyderma.

The key to reflux is the lower esophageal sphincter and the nature of the stomach contents. Multiple factors may be influential including those conditions causing aerophagia. The diagnosis of reflux depends on a high index of suspicion. Physical findings may reveal only subtle changes of arytenoid erythema. Thyrohyoid tenderness is not an infrequent sign. Treatment is usually simple, involving first elimination of those factors which increase intragastric pressure or lower the lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Elevation of the head of the bed and antacids will often prevent further gastric insult to the pharynx and larynx and thus eliminate the patient's discomfort.
Vestibular dysfunction associated with benign paroxysmal vertigo
Authors: Mcclure Joseph , Lycett Paul , Rounthwaite John
Published: July 2007

Benign paroxysmal vertigo (BPV) is a clinical syndrome of vestibular origin although generally no evidence of vestibular dysfunction can be demonstrated with conventional tests. In a review of 1350 consecutive dizzy patients, there were 125 with BPV and of these, 33 underwent a quantitative rotational test of vestibular function. The rotational results showed reduced vestibular system gain for these BPV patients. In addition, they could be subdivided on the basis of a normal or shorter cupular time constant (Tc).

Separation of patients into diagnostic categories revealed that those categorized as cupulolithiasis and viral labyrinthitis had a normal Tc range and those categorized as trauma and idiopathic had a short Tc. The reduced gain and short Tc in the latter group suggests hair cell and/or nerve damage since these same changes occur in patients with destructive peripheral vestibular disease.
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the head and neck
Authors: Blitzer Andrew , Lawson William , Biller Hugh F.
Published: July 2007

Review of the literature reveals of 29 cases of fibrous histiocytoma of the deep structures of the head and neck. Three additional cases are reported: a multicentric case involving the submandibular gland with metastases to the lungs; an intraosseous tumor of the mandible locally invasive; and a submental tumor which rapidly recurred after simple excision. A metastatic potential of 22% is established. The history, nomenclature, histopathology and clinical features are reviewed. The value of electron microscopy and tissue culture in arriving at the current diagnosis are stressed. Wide excision is the treatment of choice.
Use of implantation in facial deformities
Authors: Stucker F. J.
Published: July 2007

Augmentation of facial defects remains an area of challenge and controversy. Advocates of alloplastic implants cite the convenience of prepackaged materials, which they feel outweighs the possibility of rejection. Those favoring autografts prefer their long‐term predictability, but must contend with resorption and the disadvantages of obtaining the implantation material.

The use of supramid mesh may combine the advantages of alloplasts with the long‐term predictability of autografts after fibrous ingrowth has occurred. Our experience over the past 4 years in 164 cases indicates that supramid mesh may represent a significant advance in augmentation of facial deformities.
Cervical angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia
Authors: Weintraub Marvin I. , Shibata Carlos
Published: July 2007

A three‐and‐a‐half‐year‐old male with cervical angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia is presented. Only 185 cases of this lesion have ever been described. The greater majority of these (80%) were located in the mediastinum. This case represents the youngest patient ever described as having such a lesion, especially located in the neck. The history, etiological theories, and pathology of this problem are discussed.
Combined effect of 3', 4'‐dideoxykanamycin B and potent diuretics on the cochlea: (A scanning and transmission electron microscopic evaluation)
Authors: Nakai Yoshiaki
Published: July 2007

In investigations on the action of DKB (3' 4'‐dideoxykanamycin B), an aminoglycoside type drug, on the inner ears of mice and guinea pigs by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy, it was evident that the action of DKB against the inner ear is similar to that of kanamycin.

When the same type of investigation was performed using the diuretics furosemide and ethacrynic acid, changes were observed in the stria vascularis.

When DKB and ethacrynic acid, which show no long lasting defects when given independently, were administered concurrently in the same doses, a very high level of degeneration was found in the organs of Corti of guinea pigs.

From the above results, it is evident that when two or more types of ototoxic drugs are administered concurrently, they have a potentiating action on the ear and care should be taken clinically concerning this point.
A technique for collection of bone paste
Authors: William Wright J.
Published: July 2007

A rapid, efficient, inexpensive method of collecting bone dust for tym‐panoplastic reconstruction is presented.
Repair pattern of the reticular lamina of the organ of corti in human ears
Authors: Watanuki Kozo , Sato Yoshiki , Hozawa Jiro , Kawamoto Kazutomo
Published: July 2007

The repair pattern of the reticular lamina of the organ of Corti was studied in the cochleae of human ears. The inner ears were obtained at autopsy from the individuals who had no evidence of auditory or vestibular disorders or therapy with ototoxic drugs:

After a loss of outer or inner hair cells, the framework of the reticular lamina was distorted but no gaps were detected. The supporting cells were hypertrophied but no reparative proliferation of the supporting cells was found in the organ of Corti.

Defects due to the collapse of outer hair cells of the first row were filled in mainly by the hypertrophied heads of the outer pillar cells.

Defects due to the collapse of outer hair cells of the second, third and fourth row were filled in mainly by the hypertrophied phalanges of Deiters' cells of the first, second and third row respectively.

The space due to inner hair cell loss was filled in by the nearest inner supporting cells which were hypertrophied and extended toward the space.

The distortion of the reticular lamina and the aging degeneration were regarded as two possible causes for the total loss of the organ of Corti near the end of the first turn.
Management of the dog ear deformity
Authors: Toomey James M.
Published: July 2007

The dog ear is a common skin deformity resulting from attempted closure of unfavorably shaped defects or from transfer of many local flaps. Prevention is possible in many instances and surgical correction is usually feasible when the deformity appears.
Management of congenital ear abnormalities
Authors: Pulec Jack L. , Freedman Harvey M.
Published: July 2007

Congenital malformation of the ear has a complex origin and the possibility of hereditary, viral and toxic etiologies.

The authors require audiometric evaluation, using the objective brain stem evoked response in young children, and polytomography of the middle and inner ears in all patients with atretic external auditory canals.

Unilaterally atretic ear canals can be repaired electively at the discretion of the family and the patient, while in bilateral cases reconstruction is ideally done at approximately age four years. Regular follow‐up is recommended to be certain that no cholesteatoma develops medial to an atretic external ear canal. The authors propose a working classification for congenital malformation of the ear.

In the authors' series of 35 operations for the repair of congenital ear abnormalities, 55% were improved to adequate levels of hearing without the use of a hearing aid. Eight exemplary cases and comments are presented.
Epidemiology of head and neck cancer
Authors: Rothman Kenneth J.
Published: July 2007

The epidemiology of head and neck cancer can be accounted for largely in terms of known carcinogens introduced into the body through the mouth. Though there are many environmental exposures—such as asbestos, radon, nickel and arsenic—which have strong carcinogenic effects, most of these have only a small impact on the general population because exposure is limited, usually to small occupational groups. Two prevalent exposures, however, tobacco and alcohol, are strong risk factors for nearly all sites in the head and neck, and together account for about 80%&90% of all cancers of the head and neck. There is evidence for biologic interaction between some occupational exposures and cigarette smoking for cancer of the lung, and tobacco and alcohol for cancer of the mouth. Based on this evidence for biologic interaction and the prevalence of smoking, it seems likely that tobacco is related to about 80% of all cancers of the head and neck in the United States.
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
Authors: Lockey Myron W.
Published: July 2007

As a serendipitous by‐product of polio virus research, a highly fatal amoebic meningoencephalitis was recognized in animals. The causative microorganisms, contaminants of the viral cultures, were identified as small soil amoebae. These organisms, previously considered non‐pathogenic, are prevalent throughout the world. Based on animal studies, the original investigators suggested the possibility of a similar disease in humans. Seven years later, human cases of amoebic meningoencephalitis were reported from widely separated areas of the world. Since 1965, a total of 79 cases have been reported.

The literature of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis is presented. The history of the discovery and elucidation of this disease is reviewed. The 79 cases reported in the world literature are divided into two groups, those diagnosed retrospectively after reviewing previous deaths from meningoencephalitis, and those diagnosed at the time of the illness. The classification, morphology, pathogenicity, virulence and distribution of pathogenic soil amoebae are reviewed. The presenting clinical findings, diagnostic procedures, pathology, and management of this recently recognized, highly fatal, human disease is presented along with a report of a new case. Otolaryngologists should become familiar with this serious disorder with a transnasal portal of entry.
Diagnosis of palatal defects by trispiral tomography: A Pilot Study
Authors: Michel Randall G. , Baylin George J. , Hall Allen S. , Pipkin Isaac , Hudson William R.
Published: July 2007

A pilot study is presented in which 12 selected patients, ages 3–11 years, were evaluated for a palatal defect utilizing trispiral tomography. Each patient, because of speech and hearing abnormalities, was evaluated by a speech pathologist and an otolaryngologist and voice recordings, audiometry, tympanometry and plain and cine radiographic X‐rays were obtained. Those children with speech and hearing abnormalities in whom the question of a palatal defect was raised underwent trispiral palatal tomography. Nine of the 12 patients selected for tomography demonstrated a palatal defect that was not detected by other means. Trispiral tomography appears to be a useful tool in the diagnosis of suspected palatal defects in selected patients.
Levamisole in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis
Authors: Heyning J. Van De
Published: July 2007

In a pilot study as well as in a double‐blind placebo‐controlled study, 21 patients suffering from recurrent aphthous stomatitis were treated with the immunotherapeutic agent, levamisole.

The results obtained confirm previous studies that levamisole has a beneficial effect on the symptoms of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and is well‐tolerated.
Acetylcholinesterase levels in nasal turbinate congestion.
Authors: Sherman Allen H. , Ellman George , Townsend Jeannette
Published: July 2007

In a previous communication, one of the authors discussed prolonged congestion of the turbinates following nasal surgery. The clinical factors responsible were allergy or the traumatic effects of nasal packing on the turbinates.

A study of turbinate function was done to find the factor responsible for this congestion. Biopsies of an inferior turbinate were obtained pre‐operatively and two weeks after surgery. The specimens were examined for the level of acetylcholinesterase by histochemical assay and were also studied by examining sections histologically.

In the majority of cases, the level of acetylcholinesterase fell with the appearance of congestion and rose when the turbinates returned to normal.

These results suggest a connection between turbinate congestion and levels of tissue acetylcholinesterase in the presence of inflammation or allergy.
What every otolaryngologist should know about hearing aids.
Authors: Schiff Maurice , Cohen Ivan J.
Published: July 2007

The otolaryngologist does not have to fit hearing aids, but he does have to know with a broad encompassing view what is being done by the hearing aid dispenser and the audiologist in regards to hearing aid fitting and selection. The acquisition of a hearing aid is part of the general care for the hard of hearing. In this particular case, the otolaryngologist should always be the “Captain of the Ship.“ With him, as paramedical advisors and assistors, are the audiologist and the hearing aid dispenser. The ultimate responsibility of the members of this team to see that the patient is properly fitted and cared for is with the otolaryngologist. When problems exist with improper diagnosis or care, the medical‐legal responsibility falls on the shoulders of the otolaryngologist. Having an audiologist work with the otolaryngologist is most desirable for the measurement and recommendations for the hearing aid. The new FDA regulations require an otolaryngologic examination prior to fitting hearing aids, except for personal and religious reasons. Children under 18 years of age require both a medical and audiologic examination.

To simplify conversation with other members of this team, one should have some basic concepts clarified: 1) The nature of a hearing aid. 2) The concepts and nomenclature used in and for probably 90% of all descriptions regarding hearing aids. 3) Types of aids. 4) Coupling methods which involve ear molds, tubes, vents, and inserts. 5) Types of fittings, whether cross, bi‐cross, monaural, etc. 6) Distortion. 7) Measurements. 8) Problems in fitting of hearing aids.

It is reasonable to assume that adequate background in these simple basic concepts regarding hearing aids will permit the otolaryngologist to supervise and understand the nature of some of the complaints made by patients. It is totally desirable that a patient be seen by an otolaryngologist prior to being fit with a hearing aid. This can be accomplished by education of the public by the otolaryngologist.
Symposium on hearing loss ‐ The otolaryngologist's responsibility.: Differential diagnosis of hearing loss.
Authors: Paparella Michael M.
Published: July 2007

In the practice of otolaryngology, a definite diagnosis or at least a working diagnosis should be established for all cases of hearing loss and especially sensorineural hearing loss. In this study, we described a time proven method by which the otolaryngologist can meet his responsibility for this important societal problem.
Crisis Intervention: The Police Response to Vulnerable Individuals
Authors: Parent Rick
Published: July 2007

Police agencies require a specialised response when dealing with individuals who are vulnerable owing to their emotional, mental or physical state. During their time of crisis, these individuals may be irrational and violent due to factors that include suicidal ideation, psychosis, emotional upheaval and the influence of a substance. In a significant number of these cases the police response has resulted in the wounding or death of the vulnerable individual. As a result, police officers require a comprehensive strategy that will provide an emotionally charged individual an opportunity to calm down or, an individual in a drug/alcohol-induced state an opportunity to regain perspective. By way of specialised training, tactics and less-lethal weaponry the police may be able to facilitate a successful intervention to an otherwise tragic event.
‘Are You Thick?’: A Case Study of Confrontational Aspects of a Police Interview with a Suspect
Authors: Baxter James S. , Bain Stella A. , McAusland Jennifer H.
Published: July 2007

A growing body of research has illustrated that use of an accusatorial, confrontational style by police officers in their interviews with suspects may not be more effective than a neutral, investigation-centred style, and may in some cases be counter-productive. Excerpts from one case in which such a style was adopted are presented, with accompanying excerpts from a report on the interview by an expert witness for the defence. It is argued that whether or not such interviews result in confessions by suspects, confrontational interviewing of suspects is likely to bring additional, unnecessary, and avoidable challenges to a prosecution case. It is also noted that the expert evidence on interviewing may on occasion be insufficiently informed or biased, contrary to what should be the professional attitude of the expert involved.
The roost preference of Nyctalus noctula (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) in summer and the ecological background of their urbanization
Authors: Bihari Zoltán
Published: July 2007

The paper summarises the investigation of roost-selection of Nyctalus noctula
in prefabricated panel buildings and trees. The noctule bats occupy only special
man-made constructions which are similar in many ways to the natural
hollows, providing the same or better climatic conditions than in a treehollow.
The bats prefer similar height and width of entrances both in the trees
and in the panel buildings. In summer the noctule bats prefer roosts situated
on the western walls of panel buildings. The rhythm of temperature fluctuation
in that side best corresponds to the daily life cycle of the bats. Because of
the good roosting possibilities, the density is higher in housing estates than in
natural forests. The noctule bats occupy buildings with well determined characteristics.
When talking about urbanization, we do not refer to adaptation
but only to the use of roosts having more advantageous conditions.
Flight activity and habitat use of Pipistrellus pygmaeus in a floodplain forest
Authors: Bartonička Tomàš , Řehák Zdeněk
Published: July 2007

Seasonal and overnight changes in flight activity and habitat use of Pipistrellus
pygmaeus were studied in the floodplain forest in south-eastern Moravia
(Czech Republic) during the season 2001 using bat detectors. The night was
divided into thirds; during each one bat activity was recorded in selected
habitats, i.e. ecotones, water bodies, meadows inside the forest, forest paths
and dense forest. The season was also divided into four parts with respect
to the reproduction of bats, i.e., pregnancy, lactation, post-lactation and
movement period.

The highest activity was recorded at the beginning of the night (1st third).
During the 2nd third, flight activity was very low throughout the whole season.
The level of activity increased after the parturition during the 3rd third.
The seasonal course in activity showed a bimodal pattern along edges and
inside the forest with the first peak in spring (May) and the second one at the
end of summer (August). On the contrary, the level of foraging activity varied
at water surfaces although it was permanently higher in comparison with
activity in other habitats. Flight activity was well-balanced in the close forest
and over forest paths and was much lower than over water. Very low activity
was also registered over the meadows throughout the season.
Radiotracking of Myotis myotis (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) in South Tyrol and implications for its conservation
Authors: Drescher Christian
Published: July 2007

In Central Europe, greater mouse eared bats (Myotis myotis, Chiroptera:
Vespertilionidae) are simultaneously reliant on man (for maternity roosts)
and adversely affected by him (e.g. landscape destruction). This is a common
situation for most of the Central-European bat species. In South Tyrol, however,
large maternity colonies of mouse eared bats are often situated amidst
zones of intensive apple growing and they usually thrive. A radiotracking
study conducted in July 2000 and 2001 shows strong foraging activity in the
valley bottom and nearby slopes. The elongation of the home range was
15 km, core areas ranged from 2 to 6 km away from the nursery. The greater
mouse eared bats mainly used intensively cultivated orchards and deciduous
shrub forests. Mature forests, meadows and pastures were scarcely used.
Unfortunately intensification in apple growing; eliminating high trees and
covering orchards with hail nets, is an ongoing process. To preserve greater
mouse eared bats it is necessary for them to continue using the orchards in the
future. So it seems necessary to convince farmers that bats in the orchards are
beneficial.
Tunnels as a possibility to connect bat habitats
Authors: Bach Lothar , Burkhardt Petra , Limpens Herman J. G. A.
Published: July 2007

Fragmentation of the landscape is one of the greatest problems for animals
which use large home ranges and/or different habitats within a landscape.
Even in the case of undisturbed hunting habitats and roosts, disconnection of
flight paths could lead to a decline in the populations of bats. Tunnels
connecting both sides of a barrier, allowing exchange, can be used to
minimise the impact of e.g. motorways. Results of studies in different parts of
Germany and anecdotal observations in other parts of Germany demonstrate
the use of tunnels for nine species of bats. Data are analysed with respect to
different types of tunnels. Although our data do not allow quantitative analysis,
observations suggest smaller bats like Myotis nattereri, and M. daubentonii
can use relatively low and narrow tunnels, whereas the larger M. myotis, was
only observed using larger tunnels. The results support the role of tunnels as
effective for the conservation of the connectivity of landscapes.
Eine neue Robotergeneration für Raumfahrt, Dienstleistung und Chirurgie (A new Roboter-Generation for Space, Service and Surgery)
Authors: Hirzinger Gerd
Published: July 2007

Häufig wird die Robotik – insbesondere die Dienstleistungs- oder Service-Robotik – in ihrer Bedeutung für das neue Jahrhundert mit der Gen- und Biotechnologie verglichen. Vor allem Japan und Korea haben sich zum Ziel gesetzt, die erwarteten Milliarden-Märkte frühzeitig für sich zu erobern. Gefragt ist eine neue Generation von Robotern mit leichten, energieoptimalen Armen und geschickten mehrfingrigen Händen, die ein kleines Trägerfahrzeug oder eine Laufmaschine nicht überlasten. Die Anforderungen der Raumfahrt an mechatronische Höchst-Integration, Extrem- Leichtbau und minimalen Energieverbrauch tragen dazu bei, diesem Technologie-Defizit zu begegnen. Die entsprechenden Entwicklungen des DLR-Instituts für Robotik und Mechatronik und ihre Anwendungsperspektiven auf die terrestrische Service- und Chirurgierobotik sind die Kernelemente dieses Beitrags.
Spontaneous splenic rupture occurring as a complication of symptomfree infections mononucleosis
Authors: Szokó Márta , Matolcsy András , Kovács Gábor , Simon Gábor
Published: July 2007

A lépruptura a mononucleosis infectiosa ritka szövődménye, a betegek 0,1–0,5%-ánál következik be. Ez a betegség leggyakoribb halálos komplikációja. A mononucleosisra jellemző egyéb tünetek nélkül kialakuló spontán lépruptura különösen ritka, váratlan bekövetkezése miatt a fatális kimenetel lehetőségével fenyeget. A szerzők egy 16 éves, spontán lépruptura miatt splenectomizált fiú esetét ismertetik, akinél a szerológiai vizsgálatok friss Epstein–Barr-vírusinfekciót igazoltak, a mononucleosis infectiosa egyéb tünetei, jelei nélkül. Áttekintik a mononucleosisban kialakuló lépruptura diagnosztikáját és kezelését.
Molecular Imaging of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cell Homing and Engraftment in Ischemic Myocardium
Authors: Sheikh Ahmad Y. , Lin Shu-An , Cao Feng , Cao Yuan , van der Bogt Koen E.A. , Chu Pauline , Chang Ching-Pin , Contag Christopher H. , Robbins Robert C. , Wu Joseph C.
Published: July 2007

Bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMMC) therapy shows promise as a treatment for ischemic heart disease. However, the ability to monitor long-term cell fate remains limited. We hypothesized that molecular imaging could be used to track stem cell homing and survival after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We first harvested donor BMMCs from adult male L2G85 transgenic mice constitutively expressing both firefly luciferase (Fluc) and enhanced green fluorescence protein reporter gene. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis revealed ∼0.07% of the population to consist of classic hematopoietic stem cells (lin-, thy-int, c-kit+, Sca-1+). Afterward, adult female FVB recipients (n = 38) were randomized to sham surgery or acute I/R injury. Animals in the sham (n = 16) and I/R (n = 22) groups received 5 × 106 of the L2G85-derived BMMCs via tail vein injection. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was used to track cell migration and survival in vivo for 4 weeks. BLI showed preferential homing of BMMCs to hearts with I/R injury compared with sham hearts within the first week following cell injection. Ex vivo analysis of explanted hearts by histology confirmed BLI imaging results, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (for the male Sry gene) further demonstrated a greater number of BMMCs in hearts with I/R injury compared with the sham group. Functional evaluation by echocardiography demonstrated a trend toward improved left ventricular fractional shortening in animals receiving BMMCs. Taken together, these data demonstrate that molecular imaging can be used to successfully track BMMC therapy in murine models of heart disease. Specifically, we have demonstrated that systemically delivered BMMCs preferentially home to and are retained by injured myocardium.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Circadian Activity Patterns of Canada Lynx in Western Montana
Authors: KOLBE JAY A. , SQUIRES JOHN R.
Published: July 2007

Abstract:We recorded activity data for 6 male and 5 female lynx in winter and 3 male and 6 female lynx during summer in western Montana, USA, using motion‐sensitive radiocollars. Lynx diel activity appeared to vary by sex, season, and reproductive status. During summer, male lynx exhibited a crepuscular activity pattern, whereas females with kittens remained active throughout the photoperiod. During winter, lynx of both sexes were most active during the afternoon and early evening. Although we observed no evidence that predation risk drove lynx activity patterns, such patterns may be a function of kitten‐rearing activity, thermoregulatory strategies, and foraging behavior.
Spatial Population Structure of Yellowstone Bison
Authors: OLEXA EDWARD M. , GOGAN PETER J. P.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Increases in Yellowstone National Park, USA, bison (Bison bison) numbers and shifts in seasonal distribution have resulted in more frequent movements of bison beyond park boundaries and development of an interagency management plan for the Yellowstone bison population. Implementation of the plan under the adaptive management paradigm requires an understanding of the spatial and temporal structure of the population. We used polythetic agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis of radiolocations obtained from free‐ranging bison to investigate seasonal movements and aggregations. We classified radiolocations into 4 periods: annual, peak rut (15 Jul‐15 Sep), extended rut (1 Jun‐31 Oct), and winter (1 Nov‐31 May). We documented spatial separation of Yellowstone bison into 2 segments, the northern and central herds, during all periods. The estimated year‐round exchange rate (4.85‐5.83%) of instrumented bison varied with the fusion strategy employed. We did not observe exchange between the 2 segments during the peak rut and it varied during the extended rut (2.15‐3.23%). We estimated a winter exchange of 4.85‐7.77%. The outcome and effectiveness of management actions directed at Yellowstone bison may be affected by spatial segregation and herd affinity within the population. Reductions based on total population size, but not applied to the entire population, may adversely affect one herd while having little effect on the other. Similarly, management actions targeting a segment of the population may benefit from the spatial segregation exhibited.
Fence‐Line Contact Between Wild and Farmed Cervids in Colorado: Potential for Disease Transmission
Authors: VERCAUTEREN KURT C. , LAVELLE MICHAEL J. , SEWARD NATHAN W. , FISCHER JUSTIN W. , PHILLIPS GREGORY E.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Direct and indirect contact between wild and farmed cervids along perimeter fences may play a role in transmission of diseases like chronic wasting disease (CWD), but no studies have quantified such interactions. At 9 high‐fenced commercial elk (Cervus elaphus) farms in Colorado, USA, during October 2003 to January 2005, we used animal‐activated video to estimate rates of fence‐line use by wild cervids, rates of direct contact between farmed and wild cervids, and probability of direct contact when wild cervids were present. We recorded 8‐fold‐more wild elk per unit time than mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) at fence lines. Depending on site, we recorded 0.66 to 46.90 wild elk per 1,000 hours of camera monitoring. We documented 77 interactions between wild and farmed elk involving naso‐oral contact and no contact between wild mule deer and farmed elk. Rate of direct contact ranged from 0.00 to 1.92 direct contacts per 1,000 hours of camera monitoring among sites. Given recorded presence of wild elk, estimated probability of observing direct contact during a 2‐minute video recording ranged from 0.00 to 0.11 among sites. Risk of direct contact was about 3.5 times greater for single woven‐wire fence compared with offset electric fence attached to a single woven‐wire fence. We observed no direct contact through double woven‐wire fences. Because little is currently known about infection rates associated with infection mechanisms, we cannot infer a level of CWD infection risk from our results, but some form of double fencing should reduce potential for direct and indirect transmission of disease into or out of elk farms.
Multistage, Long‐Range Natal Dispersal by a Global Positioning System‐Collared Scandinavian Wolf
Authors: WABAKKEN PETTER , SAND HÅKAN , KOJOLA ILPO , ZIMMERMANN BARBARA , ARNEMO JON M. , PEDERSEN HANS C. , LIBERG OLOF
Published: July 2007

Abstract: We document a new record dispersal for wolves worldwide. The natal straight‐line dispersal distance of a Global Positioning System‐collared female wolf from the Scandinavian population was 1,092 km from southeast Norway to northeast Finland, with a multistage actual travel distance of >10,000 km. Natural gene flow to the isolated, inbred Scandinavian wolf population may occur if survival of dispersers is improved.
Scale of Management for Mature Male White‐Tailed Deer as Influenced by Home Range and Movements
Authors: WEBB STEPHEN L. , HEWITT DAVID G. , HELLICKSON MICKEY W.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The scale at which populations use landscapes influences ecological processes and management. We used dispersal and home‐range data of 3 age groups of male white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to determine the scale at which management will be effective. Home‐range size at 5.5 years of age (182 ha ± 24.9 SE) was 56% smaller (P < 0.001) than home‐range size of the same 13 males as yearlings (416 ± 59.4 ha). Percent overlap of yearling and 5.5‐year‐old home ranges was 62.7 6 10.3% (n = 13). Distance between home‐range centers of yearling and mature deer was 1,264.9 ± 407.4 m, including 3 deer that dispersed after 2.5 years of age. Average 95% fixed‐kernel home‐range size was 207.4 ± 20.4 ha and 225.7 ± 30.1 ha for all mature males in years 1 and 2 of our study, respectively. We found that properties >10,000 ha were needed to manage >50% of original yearling males found on the property, whereas properties of 4,500 ha would maintain 50% of original middle‐aged (2.5‐4.5 yr of age) and mature males (≥4.5 yr of age). Movements after dispersal were minimal, with deer shifting their center of activity <600 m and <350 m each year for middle‐aged and mature males, respectively. These data could be used by managers developing management plans, recommending harvest rates, and interpreting harvest data of male white‐tailed deer and by biologists attempting to understand ecological processes such as spread of disease.
Effects of Radiotransmitter Necklaces on Behaviors of Adult Male Western Burrowing Owls
Authors: CHIPMAN ERICA D. , McINTYRE NANCY E. , RAY JAMES D. , WALLACE MARK C. , BOAL CLINT W.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: We studied the behavioral effects of necklace‐style radiotransmitters on breeding male western burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) in 2 areas of northwestern Texas, USA, in 2004 and 2005. We tested the hypothesis that transmittered owls would spend time interacting with their necklaces and as a result spend less time in vigilance and resting activities than would nontransmittered owls. Nontransmittered owls (n = 6) spent significantly more time being vigilant (P = 0.007) than did transmittered owls (n = 3) in 2004, who spent significant amounts of time interacting with their necklaces. In 2005, behaviors of transmittered owls (n = 8) were significantly different (P < 0.001) from control individuals (n = 4), but behaviors did not vary consistently by treatment period (prenecklace vs. necklace vs. postnecklace periods). Behavioral activity budgets varied considerably among individuals. Although the owls spent a significant amount of time interacting with their necklaces, they appeared to habituate to the presence of the transmitters within a relatively short period (<1week), and necklaces did not affect survivorship or fitness in the short‐term.
Utilization Distribution Estimation Using Weighted Kernel Density Estimators
Authors: FIEBERG JOHN
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Ecologists and wildlife biologists have long recognized the importance of random sampling but have largely used haphazard (i.e., nonrandom) designs for collecting location data for home‐range and habitat‐use studies. Using simulated movement paths, I illustrate the importance of random sampling in obtaining unbiased estimates of space use in home‐range and habitat‐use studies. Stratified random sampling will typically be more time efficient and easier to implement than simple random sampling. Therefore, I propose 2 weighted kernel density estimators (WKDEs) for use with stratified designs. Simulations indicate that these weighted estimators perform considerably better than traditional kernel density estimators when observations are sampled nonuniformly in time. Lastly, I illustrate the use of WKDEs to analyze data for a female northern white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) collected using Global Positioning Systems with seasonally varying intensity levels. By correcting for nonuniform sampling intensities, these estimators may provide a more accurate description of space use over the fixed study period.
Mosaic variegated aneuploidy without microcephaly: Implications for cytogenetic diagnosis
Authors: Micale Mark A. , Schran David , Emch Sean , Kurczynski Thaddeus W. , Rahman Nazneen , Van Dyke Daniel L.
Published: July 2007

Mosaic variegated aneuploidy (MVA) is a rare condition characterized by multiple trisomies, rarely monosomies, and a non‐specific phenotype including microcephaly, growth and mental retardation, mild malformations, and an increased risk of malignancy. We describe a patient with MVA in whom trisomy 19 mosaicism was originally suspected. The patient was the product of an uncomplicated term pregnancy and delivery. Significant findings were mental retardation, obesity, mild epicanthal folds, tapering fingers, relatively small hands and feet, alternating exotropia, nasal speech limited to short phrases, and generalized hypotonia. There is no family history for birth defects, mental retardation, or consanguinity. The initial peripheral blood chromosome study showed trisomy 19 in 4 of 31 metaphase cells. Because mosaic trisomy 19 is rare, the study was extended to 100 cells, wherein two cells with trisomy 8 were identified. A second blood karyotype was obtained and found to be 47,XX,+8[3]/47,XX,+19[3]/47,XX, +18[2]/47,XX,+9[1]/46,XX[91]. Skin fibroblast chromosome studies revealed a 46,XX karyotype in 120 cells examined. There was no evidence of premature centromere separation. Mutations in the BUB1B gene that encodes a key mitotic spindle checkpoint protein have been described in MVA; however, no mutations of this gene were identified in our patient. This case illustrates the importance of considering other possibilities when confronted with an extremely rare diagnosis such as mosaic trisomy 19. In addition, it shows the importance of not simply interpreting a low percentage of multiple aneuploidies as cell culture artifact, because an additional work‐up to rule out MVA may be warranted since this diagnosis is associated with an increased risk of malignancy. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genotype–phenotype mapping of chromosome 18q deletions by high‐resolution array CGH: An update of the phenotypic map
Authors: Feenstra Ilse , Vissers Lisenka E.L.M. , Orsel Mirjam , van Kessel Ad Geurts , Brunner Han G. , Veltman Joris A. , van Ravenswaaij‐Arts Conny M.A.
Published: July 2007

Partial deletions of the long arm of chromosome 18 lead to variable phenotypes. Common clinical features include a characteristic face, short stature, congenital aural atresia (CAA), abnormalities of the feet, and mental retardation (MR). The presence or absence of these clinical features may depend on the size and position of the deleted region. Conversely, it is also known that patients whose breakpoints are localized within the same chromosome band may exhibit distinct phenotypes. New molecular techniques such as array CGH allow for a more precise determination of breakpoints in cytogenetic syndromes, thus leading to better‐defined genotype–phenotype correlations. In order to update the phenotypic map for chromosome 18q deletions, we applied a tiling resolution chromosome 18 array to determine the exact breakpoints in 29 patients with such deletions. Subsequently, we linked the genotype to the patient's phenotype and integrated our results with those previously published. Using this approach, we were able to refine the critical regions for microcephaly (18q21.33), short stature (18q12.1‐q12.3, 18q21.1‐q21.33, and 18q22.3‐q23), white matter disorders and delayed myelination (18q22.3‐q23), growth hormone insufficiency (18q22.3‐q23), and CAA (18q22.3). Additionally, the overall level of MR appeared to be mild in patients with deletions distal to 18q21.33 and severe in patients with deletions proximal to 18q21.31. The critical region for the ‘typical’ 18q‐phenotype is a region of 4.3 Mb located within 18q22.3‐q23. Molecular characterization of more patients will ultimately lead to a further delineation of the critical regions and thus to the identification of candidate genes for these specific traits. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zur Reaktionskinetik des Voltolprozesses
Authors: Umstätter H.
Published: July 2007

Unter Voltolprozeß versteht man ein im technischen Maßstab ausgeführtes Verfahren zur Polymerisation von Schmierölkohlenwasserstoffen und Fetten unter dem Einfluß stiller elektrischer Entladungen im Vakuum. Die Erscheinung als solche wurde schon von Berthelot beobachtet. Sie wurde technisch erstmalig von den Hemptinen in den grundlegenden Electrion‐Patenten ausgewertet. Der physikalische Vorgang wurde von W. Nernst als Stoßionisation gedeutet. Danach wird durch Elektronenstoß Wasserstoff abgespalten, wodurch die entstehenden Olradikale sich zu größeren Molekeln verbinden (Kondensation). So plausibel diese Erklärung auch sein mag und im wesentlichen den Kern der Sache auch trifft, so bleibt doch noch eine Reihe technisch wichtiger Einzelfragen offen, die im folgenden behandelt wird.
Synthesis, Cleavage Profile, and Antitumor Efficacy of an Albumin‐Binding Prodrug of Methotrexate that is Cleaved by Plasmin and Cathepsin B
Authors: Warnecke André , Fichtner Iduna , Saß Gretel , Kratz Felix
Published: July 2007

Cathepsin B and plasmin are intra‐ or extracellular proteases that are overexpressed by several solid tumors. In order to exploit both proteases as molecular targets for tumor‐specific cleavage of prodrugs, an albumin‐binding formulation of methotrexate was developed that incorporated the peptide sequence D‐Ala‐Phe‐Lys as the protease substrate. Albumin is a suitable carrier for cytostatic agents due to passive accumulation in solid tumors. Synthesis was performed by coupling the peptide linker EMC‐D‐Ala‐Phe‐Lys(Boc)‐Lys‐OH (EMC = ε‐maleimidocaproic acid) to the γ‐COOH group of α‐tert‐butyl protected methotrexate. After cleavage of the protective groups and purification on reverse phase HPLC, a highly water‐soluble methotrexate‐peptide derivative was obtained that binds rapidly and selectively to human serum albumin. The albumin‐bound form of the prodrug was shown to be efficiently cleaved by cathepsin B and plasmin as well as in an ovarian carcinoma homogenate (OVCAR‐3) liberating a methotrexate‐lysine derivative. In an OVCAR‐3 xenograft model, the prodrug at a dose of 4×15 mg/kg methotrexate equivalents demonstrated distinctly superior antitumor efficacy compared to free methotrexate at a dose of 4×100 mg/kg [T/C(%) for MTX = 69; T/C(%) for MTX prodrug = 29]. The data provide a further proof of concept for the development of albumin‐binding, enzymatically cleavable prodrugs of anticancer drugs.