bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigations on the Similarity of the Structure of Two Covariance Matrices for Some Blood Pressure Data
Authors: Bartkowiak A.
Published: May 2007

We have two sample covariance matrices of size p × p, where p is the number of variables denoting measurements of arterial blood pressure recorded in various positions and methods for women and men. The hypothesis on equality of the two covariance matrices was rejected and we want to find, why this happened and in which covariances the two matrices differ.

In § 2 we explore the primary (observed) data looking for outliers and deviations from normality. We do it by drawing χ2 plots.

In § 3 we look for common principal components. We use here Flury's method. We find that the data for blood pressure systolic might have a common principal axes system (P≈︁0.0866), while for blood pressure diastolic this is dubious (p≈︁0.0112). The variances of the first principal component found for woman are a little larger than those for men, and this fact explains the rejection of the classical test ∑1 = ∑2 on the equality of the two covariance matrices.

After applying a common rotation to the two covariance matrices we reduce them to a nearly diagonal form. Looking at the non diagonal elements we see which covariances do not fit into the model.

In § 4 we repeat the calculations from § 3 for covariance matrices calculated from the same data using robust methods.
Nearest Neighbor Classification Rule for Mixtures of Discrete and Continuous Random Variables
Authors: Wojciechowski T. J.
Published: May 2007

In this paper very simple nonparametric classification rule for mixtures of discrete and continuous random variables is described. It is based on the method of nearest neighbor proposed by Cover and Hart (1967). The bounds on the limit of the nearest neighbor rule risks are given. Both lower and upper bound depend on the Bayes risk and the loss function. Finally the method is compared with other existing methods on some practical data set.
Statistical Analysis of Spatial Point Processes: A Soft‐Core Model and Cross‐Correlations of Marks
Authors: Stoyan D.
Published: May 2007

This paper suggests correlation characteristics for marked point processes with two marks for each point and describes statistical methods for their estimation. Its use is demonstrated by means of an example, where the points are locations of pine saplings, and the marks are their heights and ages. Furthermore, a soft‐core point process model is presented. It is shown that a pattern of sites of beadlet anemones on a rock has a pair‐correlation function and intensity which can be very well approximated by the model.
A Ratio Estimator of the Kappa Index of Agreement Between Two Observers
Authors: Bouza C. N.
Published: May 2007

The kappa index is usually used for measuring the agreement between two observers when the scale is nominal. A modification of Cohen's kappa index was given by Krauth. The new estimator was biased and its large sample variance was obtained. An alternative estimator is developed here It is a ratio estimator and its mean square error is derived. A comparison with Cohen's estimator and Krauth's one is given by the examples used in the paper of Krauth.
Nonparametric Evaluation of Learning Curves by Hierarchical Contingeney Analysis
Authors: Lienert G. A. , Longo N.
Published: May 2007

Hierarchical contingency analysis (HCA) is derived from the Perli‐Hommel‐Lehmacher (1986) closed test procedure for nonparametrical evaluation of learning curves of a 2 x 2‐factorial experiment. By HCA, univariate main effects are detected without Bonferroni alpha adjustment, as is shown by a numerical example from gold fish shock avoidance conditioning. Alternative approaches to nonparametrical evaluation of MANOVA designs with and without repeated measurements are discussed.
Probability of Inadmissible Estimates of Heritability from Full‐Sib Analysis Under a General Model of Gene Action
Authors: Prabhakaran V. T. , Jain J. P.
Published: May 2007

Evaluation of probabilities of the heritability (h2) estimates in full‐sib analysis falling outside the permissible limits [0,1] was undertaken for several combinations of sire/dam numbers, h2 and proportions of dominance and additive × additive epistatic variances, assuming two full‐sibs per mating and the dominance related epistasis as negligible. In the light of the results use of sire component and sire‐dam combination has been recommended in the estimation of heritability of lowly and highly heritable traits respectively.
The General Linear Model as a Framework for Models in Configural Frequency Analysis
Authors: Eye Alexander Von
Published: May 2007

The present paper discusses models of Configural Frequency Analysis (CFA). For most models of CFA maximum likelihood estimators are given. For all of these models least squares estimators are also given. These estimators are equivalent to each other if quasiparametric conditions prevail. Using the second approach, the general linear model can be used to systematize CFA models. Numerical examples are given, using both artificial and psychiatric data.
Construction of Lattice Square Designs
Authors: Federer W. T. , Wright J.
Published: May 2007

Khare and Federer (1981) presented a simple method for constructing incomplete block designs for any number of treatments. Their procedure is extended to constructing lattice square designs. Using variety cutting, lattice square designs are available for any number of treatments.
A New Rank Test Against Ordered Alternatives in K‐Sample Problems
Authors: Le Chap T.
Published: May 2007

The distribution‐free test against ordered alternatives proposed by Jonckheere (1954) is based on the Kendall's rank correlation coefficient τ. A new rank test is proposed and illustrated with a numerical example. The proposed test is based on Spearman's σ and has similar functional structure as the Kruskal‐Wallis test. A useful by‐product is a test for departure from a trend.
The Use of Time‐Varying Markov Model to Study the Effect of Weather on Asthma
Authors: Jain R. K.
Published: May 2007

A time‐varying Markov model with periodically changing transition probability matrix is proposed to predict the behaviour of those diseases which are periodic with respect to year. In the present paper, computing techniques are used for asthma patients to estimate the limiting state probabilities at the end of each scycle (i.e. seasons), and it has been shown that results agree with the real life situations.
Fractionation in Triad Comparisons
Authors: Rai S. C.
Published: May 2007

A statistical procedure for comparing the performance of a new product with the existing products on the basis of sensory characters has been developed. A test statistic was evolved for testing the null hypothesis of equality of treatment effects in the case of fractional triad comparisons. The null distribution of the test statistic has been obtained and it is found that it has a χ2‐distribution for large number of observations. The procedure is quite simple and is based on a distribution‐free test requiring only ordinal scale measurement. The method of analysis has been explained by a numerical example.
Conformational analyses of a partially‐folded bioactive prodomain of human furin
Authors: Bhattacharjya Surajit , Xu Ping , Wang Ping , Osborne Michael J. , Ni Feng
Published: May 2007

The 81‐residue multifunctional prodomain of human furin adopts only a partially‐folded conformational state under near physiological conditions. By use of NMR spectroscopy, we demonstrate that the N‐terminal residues 1–46 of the prodomain in 50% trifluoroethanol (TFE) populates backbone conformations containing a short helix, a β‐strand and a helix‐loop‐helix super‐secondary structure with elements of tertiary interactions. 15N NMR relaxation measurements indicate that the helix‐loop‐helix region has similar motional characteristics in the fast picosecond to nanosecond timescales. On the other hand, the intervening segment (residues 47–65) is predominately unstructured with a long and highly flexible region surrounding the protease ‘activation loop’ followed by a partially helical segment in the C‐terminal end. Interestingly, the helix‐loop‐helix “fold” was found to be populated even when excised out of the full‐length prodomain, since a peptide fragment derived from residues Pro16‐Arg49 can also form the helix‐loop‐helix structure in aqueous solution in the absence of TFE. Structure analyses reveal that two helices orient in an antiparallel fashion directed by the sharing of hydrophobic residues involved in helix‐capping interactions. Very importantly, a positively‐charged Lys residue replacing His43 in the 16–49 fragment imparts stability to the super‐secondary structure at both acidic and neutral pH, while a hydrophobic residue Leu at position 43 appears to destabilize the helical conformation in the 31–44 region. As such, this study provides valuable insights into the structural properties of the furin prodomain in relation to its role in the folding of the furin zymogen and its inhibitory action toward furin. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 86: 329–344, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Anion Selectivity in Zwitterionic Amide‐Functionalised Metal Salt Extractants
Authors: Galbraith Stuart G. , Wang Qiang , Li Li , Blake Alexander J. , Wilson Claire , Collinson Simon R. , Lindoy Leonard F. , Plieger Paul G. , Schröder Martin , Tasker Peter A.
Published: May 2007

Amide‐functionalised salen ligands capable of extracting metal salts have been synthesised and characterised. Single‐crystal X‐ray structure determinations of complexes of NiSO4, [Ni(L)(SO4)], confirm that the ionophores are in a zwitterionic form with NiII bound in the deprotonated salen moiety and the SO42− ion associated with protonated pendant N′‐amidopiperazine groups. Treatment of [Ni(L)(SO4)] with base removes the protons from the pendant amido–amine group resulting in loss of the SO42− ion and formation of metal‐only complexes of type [Ni(L−2H)], which have been characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Three of the ligands with solubilities suitable for solvent extraction studies show loading and stripping pH‐profiles that are suitable for the recovery of CuSO4 or CuCl2 from industrial leach solutions. The copper‐only complexes, [Cu(L−2H)], are selective for Cl− over SO42− in both solvent extraction and bulk liquid membrane transport experiments and were found to bind Cl− in two steps via the formation of a 1:1:1 [Cu(L−H)Cl] assembly, followed by a 1:1:2 [Cu(L)Cl2] assembly as the pH of the aqueous phase is lowered. The anion transport selectivity was evaluated for a number of other mono‐charged anions and interestingly the ligands were found to display a preference for the Br− ion. To probe the influence of the Hofmeister bias on the selectivity of anion complexation, single‐phase potentiometric titration experiments were employed to investigate the binding of SO42− and Cl− by one of the copper only complexes, [Cu(L−2H)] in 95 %/5 % MeOH/water. Under these conditions selectivity was reversed (SO42−>Cl−) confirming that the Hofmeister bias, which reflects the relative hydration energies of the anions, dominates the selectivity of anion extraction from aqueous media into CHCl3.
Analysis of Pharmacology Data and the Prediction of Adverse Drug Reactions and Off‐Target Effects from Chemical Structure
Authors: Bender Andreas , Scheiber Josef , Glick Meir , Davies John W. , Azzaoui Kamal , Hamon Jacques , Urban Laszlo , Whitebread Steven , Jenkins Jeremy L.
Published: May 2007

Preclinical Safety Pharmacology (PSP) attempts to anticipate adverse drug reactions (ADRs) during early phases of drug discovery by testing compounds in simple, in vitro binding assays (that is, preclinical profiling). The selection of PSP targets is based largely on circumstantial evidence of their contribution to known clinical ADRs, inferred from findings in clinical trials, animal experiments, and molecular studies going back more than forty years. In this work we explore PSP chemical space and its relevance for the prediction of adverse drug reactions. Firstly, in silico (computational) Bayesian models for 70 PSP‐related targets were built, which are able to detect 93 % of the ligands binding at IC50≤10 μM at an overall correct classification rate of about 94 %. Secondly, employing the World Drug Index (WDI), a model for adverse drug reactions was built directly based on normalized side‐effect annotations in the WDI, which does not require any underlying functional knowledge. This is, to our knowledge, the first attempt to predict adverse drug reactions across hundreds of categories from chemical structure alone. On average 90 % of the adverse drug reactions observed with known, clinically used compounds were detected, an overall correct classification rate of 92 %. Drugs withdrawn from the market (Rapacuronium, Suprofen) were tested in the model and their predicted ADRs align well with known ADRs. The analysis was repeated for acetylsalicylic acid and Benperidol which are still on the market. Importantly, features of the models are interpretable and back‐projectable to chemical structure, raising the possibility of rationally engineering out adverse effects. By combining PSP and ADR models new hypotheses linking targets and adverse effects can be proposed and examples for the opioid μ and the muscarinic M2 receptors, as well as for cyclooxygenase‐1 are presented. It is hoped that the generation of predictive models for adverse drug reactions is able to help support early SAR to accelerate drug discovery and decrease late stage attrition in drug discovery projects. In addition, models such as the ones presented here can be used for compound profiling in all development stages.
7‐Azamelatonin: Efficient Synthetic Routes, Excited‐State Double Proton Transfer Properties and Biomedical Implications
Authors: Wu Pei‐Wen , Cheng Yi‐Ming , Hsieh Wan‐Ting , Wang Yu‐Hsiu , Wei Ching‐Yen , Chou Pi‐Tai
Published: May 2007

On the basis of a seven‐step synthetic route, the total synthesis of 7‐azamelatonin, an analogue of melatonin, has been achieved with an overall yield of ∼9.2 %. In aqueous solution, 7‐azamelatonin exhibits a unique excited‐state double proton transfer (ESDPT) property, resulting in dual emission bands (405 and 560 nm). The ESDPT property makes 7‐azamelatonin superb as a potential molecular probe for future bioapplication and for pharmacological research.
Germline mutations of the perforin gene are a frequent occurrence in childhood anaplastic large cell lymphoma
Authors: Cannella Sonia , Santoro Alessandra , Bruno Giuseppa , Pillon Marta , Mussolin Lara , Mangili Giovanna , Rosolen Angelo , Aricò Maurizio
Published: May 2007

BACKGROUND.

Monoallelic and biallelic mutations of the PRF1 gene have been reported in some cases of childhood lymphoma. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) accounts for 10% to 15% of all childhood lymphomas. To assess the possible role of PRF1 mutations in ALCL, the authors screened a series of patients collected by the Associazione Italiana di Ematologia Oncologia Pediatrica (AIEOP).

METHODS.

The authors investigated 44 patients with ALCL by direct sequence of the PRF1 gene. To address the issue of the prevalence of the most frequently observed PRF1 mutations in the control population, the authors examined a series of 400 healthy white control subjects for the 272C>T mutation (A91V).

RESULTS.

A total of 6 different mutations were identified in 12 patients (27.3%). Eleven patients had 1 mutation whereas 1 patient was found to have 2 mutations. Of the 6 PRF1 mutations identified, 2 were novel mutations: 529C>T (resulting in R177C) and 1471G>A (resulting in D491N). The remaining 4 mutations were previously described; in particular, the 272C>T mutation (resulting in the A91V amino acid change) was found in 8 patients, whereas the 368G>A (R123H), 695G>A (R232H), and 1262T>G (F421C) mutations were all found in 1 case each. Overall, the incidence of PRF1 mutations was found to be significantly higher in patients with ALCL compared with 400 control subjects, among whom only heterozygous A91V was observed in 41 subjects (10.2%) (chi‐square test, 10.9; P <.01).

CONCLUSIONS.

Patients with childhood ALCL have a higher probability of being a carrier of a PRF1 mutation compared with healthy controls, suggesting a possible predisposing role. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Tagging (Arene)ruthenium(II) Anticancer Complexes with Fluorescent Labels
Authors: Zobi Fabio , Mood Beeta Balali , Wood Peter A. , Fabbiani Francesca P. A. , Parsons Simon , Sadler Peter J.
Published: May 2007

Fluorescent (arene)ruthenium(II) complexes have been prepared by tagging a small fluorogenic reporter onto the chelating ligand of complexes of the type [(η6‐arene)RuCl(Z)]+ (Z = chelating ligand). Complexes [(η6‐p‐cym)RuCl(NNO)](Cl) (2), [(η6‐p‐cym)RuCl(L3)](Cl) (3) and [(η6‐p‐cym)RuCl(L4)](Cl) (4) {p‐cym = p‐cymene, NNO = 2‐[(2‐aminoethyl)amino]ethanol, L3 = 2‐[(2‐aminoethyl)amino]ethyl‐2‐(methylamino)benzoate and L4 = N‐{2‐[(2‐aminoethyl)amino]ethyl}‐2‐(methylamino)benzamide} were obtained in good yield from the reaction of the Ru dimer [(η6‐p‐cym)RuCl2]2 (1) and the corresponding ligand. The compounds have been fully characterized and their X‐ray crystal structures are reported. Compounds 3 and 4 show a photoluminescence response centered at 435 nm with partial fluorescence quenching of the fluorogenic reporters L3 and L4 upon coordination to the metal center. Species 2–4 show good solubility both in water and organic solvents. In water, 2–4 readily hydrolyze to form the aqua complexes. These are stable at acidic pH forming 10–15 % of the corresponding hydroxido complexes in buffered solution (25 mM HEPES) as the pH is raised to a physiological value (pH = 7.44). Under these conditions, 4 (but not 2 or 3) undergoes a fast pH‐dependent reversible intramolecular rearrangement. Experimental data and semiempirical calculations indicate that the major species arising from this transformation is a complex with a tridentate chelating ligand following deprotonation at the nitrogen atom of the amide group. Esterase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of 3 liberates isatoic acid (MIAH) and generates 2 indicating that the complex is a substrate for the enzyme. Complexes similar to 3 may have potential for esterase‐activated Ru‐based prodrug delivery systems.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Asymmetric Addition of Chiral 1,3,2‐Benzoxazaphosphinine 2‐Oxides to Aldehydes: Diastereoselective Synthesis of α‐Substituted β‐Hydroxyphosphonic Acids
Authors: López Beatriz , Maestro Alicia , Pedrosa Rafael
Published: May 2007

The addition of stabilized phosphorus anions to aldehydes leads to α‐substituted β‐hydroxyphosphonates. The diastereoselectivity of the process is strongly influenced by the substitution of the phosphorus atom. Whereas P‐ethyl derivatives provide a mixture of three isomers, the presence of a benzyl group enhances the stereocontrol, providing two diastereomers in ratios of up to 5:1. Elimination of the aminomenthol appendage produces enantiopure α‐phenyl‐β‐hydroxyphosphonic acids in high yields.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Serine Protease Inhibitor Analogues
Authors: Kamoune Laila , De Borggraeve Wim M. , Gielens Constant , Voet Arnout , Robeyns Koen , De Maeyer Marc , Van Meervelt Luc , Compernolle Frans , Hoornaert Georges
Published: May 2007

Recent efforts in the field of thrombin inhibitor research have focused on the identification of pyrazinone‐containing compounds. In this manuscript we describe the synthesis of the new pyrazinones 12–36. All the targets were fully characterised and screened for serine protease inhibition. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Thermodynamic studies of the interaction of molecular micelles and copolymerized molecular micelles with benzodiazepines and alkyl phenyl ketones using MEKC
Authors: Akbay Cevdet , Gill Nicole L. , Warner Isiah M.
Published: May 2007

In this study, polymers of sodium 10‐undecenoyl L‐leucinate (SUL) and sodium undecenyl sulfate (SUS) as well as their copolymerized molecular micelles (CoPMMs) were applied in MEKC as pseudostationary phases to separate benzodiazepines and alkyl phenyl ketones. SDS, a common pseudostationary phase used in MEKC, was also used for comparison. The van't Hoff relationship was applied to compute the temperature dependence of the MEKC retention factors of the test solutes to estimate the enthalpy, entropy, and the Gibbs free energy. Nonlinear van't Hoff plots were obtained with the majority of benzodiazepines indicating that the thermodynamic parameters were temperature‐dependent in all surfactant systems for these solutes. In contrast, all alkyl phenyl ketones resulted in linear van't Hoff plots.
Electrophoretic assay for penicillinase: Substrate specificity screening by parallel CE with an active pixel sensor
Authors: Urban Pawel L. , Goodall David M. , Bergström Edmund T. , Bruce Neil C.
Published: May 2007

We report application of a new UV imaging detector incorporating an active pixel sensor in an electrophoretic enzyme assay for penicillinase (β‐lactamase) with multiple substrates. The method based on electrophoretically mediated microanalysis was developed on a standard CE system with a single‐point diode array detector and 200 nm UV wavelength, then transferred to a parallel capillary setup with the UV imaging detector for screening of penicillinase substrate specificity. One capillary is used for the assay and the other for reference, with an enzyme solution plug introduced into the first at the same time as a water plug into the second capillary. A mixture of antibiotics and markers is subsequently introduced as a sample plug to both capillaries, and driven through the enzyme (or water) plug by application of voltage. Most individual reactant and product peaks were separated and compounds amenable to β‐lactam hydrolysis could readily be identified and the extent of the reaction quantified within a single electrophoretic run.
Synthesis of 5‐methyl‐4‐oxo‐2‐(coumarin‐3‐yl)‐N‐aryl‐3,4‐dihydrothieno[2,3‐d]‐pyrimidine‐6‐carboxamides
Authors: Kovalenko Sergiy M. , Vlasov Sergiy V. , Chernykh Valentin P.
Published: May 2007

Possible approaches to synthesis of 5‐methyl‐4‐oxo‐2‐(coumarin‐3‐yl)‐N‐aryl‐3,4‐dihydrothieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐6‐carboxamides 4 have been discussed. It is shown that the preferable approach is cyclization of 2‐iminocoumarin‐3‐carboxamides 1, utilizing 5‐amino‐3‐methyl‐N2‐arylthiophene‐2,4‐dicarboxamides 2 as binucleophilic reagents. The proposed procedure allowed us to easily obtain 4 in two stages, using common reagents. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:341–346, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20303
Phosphaalkenes palladium(II) complexes in the suzuki and sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions
Authors: Deschamps Bernard , Le Goff Xavier , Ricard Louis , Le Floch Pascal
Published: May 2007

The 1‐methoxy‐2‐(supermesitylphosphanylidenemethyl)‐benzene ligand (1) was prepared by reacting the phospha‐Wittig reagent [Mes*PPMe3] with o‐methoxybenzaldehyde. Reaction of 1 with one equivalent of the [Pd(allyl)Cl]2 dimer in the presence of Ag(OTf) affords a neutral complex (4) in which the triflate ligand is coordinated to the palladium atom. DFT calculations show that the formation of complex 4 is favored by 22.4 kcal/mol with respect to that of a chelate species involving coordination of the ligand through the phosphorus atom of one lone pair at the oxygen of the pendant methoxy group. Reaction of two equivalents of ligand 1 with the [Pd(allyl)Cl]2 dimer affords complex 5, in which the two ligands are coordinated through their phosphorus atom. The catalytic activity of complex 5 was compared to that of the 1,3‐bis[2‐(supermesityl)phosphanediylmethyl]benzene palladium chloride complex (6). Performances of the two catalysts were found to be similar in the Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction between phenylboronic acid and some arylbromides (TON between 55.105 and 99.105) as well as in the Sonogashira coupling between phenylacetylene and arylbromides (TON between 400 and 950). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:363–371, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20307
Syntheses and antimicrobial activities of 4‐aryl‐5‐phenylimino‐3‐S‐(hepta‐O‐acetyl lactosyl)‐1,2,4‐thiadiazolines
Authors: Mangte Dattatraya V. , Deshmukh Shirish P.
Published: May 2007

A series of 4‐aryl‐5‐phenylimino‐3‐S‐(hepta‐O‐acetyl lactosyl)‐1,2,4‐thiadiazolines have been synthesized by the interaction of S‐(hepta‐O‐acetyl lactosyl)‐1‐arylisothiocarbamides and S‐chloro‐N‐phenyl isothiocarbamoyl chloride. The title compounds were characterized on the basis of elemental analysis and IR, NMR, mass spectral studies. The title compounds exhibited comparable antimicrobial activities against pathogens such as E. coli, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, S. typhi, A. niger, and Candida guilliermondii. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:390–392, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20310
New reaction of pyridinium ylide with 2,4,6‐trinitrofluorobenzene leading to stable heptatrienide moiety
Authors: Gololobov Yuri G. , Linchenko Olesya A. , Petrovskii Pavel V. , Khrustalev Victor N. , Garbuzova Irina A.
Published: May 2007

A new reaction of pyridinium ylide (4) with 2,4,6‐trinitrofluorobenzene leading to stable negatively charged heptatriene moiety (6) is described. This reaction proceeds via a new route of decomposition of intermediate σ‐complex (5) occurring with the formation of ethylfluoroformate. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:421–424, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20315
Microwave‐assisted synthesis and anti‐HIV activity of new benzenesulfonamides bearing 2,5‐disubstituted‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole moiety
Authors: Zareef Muhammad , Iqbal Rashid , Al‐Masoudi Najim A. , Zaidi Javid H. , Arfan Muhammad
Published: May 2007

New benzenesulfonamides, most of which are chiral, incorporating 1,3,4‐oxadiazole, and selected amino acid entities have been synthesized, using the microwave irradiation method. Most of the synthesized compounds were tested against HIV activity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:425–431, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20316
In vitro characterization of a slow release system of polylactic acid and rhBMP2
Authors: Schliephake H. , Weich H. A. , Schulz J. , Gruber R.
Published: May 2007

The aim of the present report was to test a system for controlled release of recombinant human bone morphogenic protein (rhBMP2) incorporated into polylactic acid (PLA) implants. Incorporation of rhBMP2 into the polymer was accomplished by mixing rhBMP2 solution with granular powder of amorphous poly‐DL‐lactic acid, subsequent lyophilization, and high pressure CO2 treatment at 100 bar. Porous cylindrical implants of 8 mm diameter and 3 mm thickness were fabricated with 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg BMP2/g polymer and submitted to in vitro testing. Polymer degradation was assessed during immersion of PLA implants into PBS for 176 days by measuring the inherent viscosity at days 0, 99, and 131. BMP2 release was evaluated by immersion of both the lyophilized powder and the implants into cell culture medium for up to 27 days. BMP2 release was assessed using a custom made ELISA. The biological activity of the released growth factor was determined by measuring the induction of alkaline phosphatase (AP) in C2C12 cells. There was a significant retardation in the release of BMP2 from the implants compared to the granular powder. Detectable amounts of BMP2 were found for all concentrations of BMP2 until the end of the observation period. Significant induction of AP was detected by BMP released from the implants after 3, 6, and 9 days. The present in‐vitro study has shown that incorporation of rhBMP2 into PLA implants with subsequent slow release of biologically active growth factor is possible. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2007
Influence of the substrate's hydrophilicity on the in vitro Schwann cells viability
Authors: Soria J. M. , Martínez Ramos C. , Bahamonde O. , García Cruz D. M. , Salmerón Sánchez M. , García Esparza M. A. , Casas C. , Guzmán M. , Navarro X. , Gómez Ribelles J. L. , García Verdugo J. M. , Monleón Pradas M. , Barcia J. A.
Published: May 2007

A series of polymeric biomaterials including poly (methyl acrylate) (PMA), chitosan (CHT), poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA), poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA), and a series of random copolymers containing ethyl acrylate and hydroxyethyl acrylate monomeric units were tested in vitro as culture substrates and compared for their impact on the proliferation and expansion of Schwann cells (SCs). Immunocytochemical staining assay and scanning electron microscopy techniques were applied to perform a quantitative analysis to determine the correct maintenance of the cultured glial cells on the different biomaterials. The results strongly suggest that cell attachment and proliferation is influenced by the substrate's surface chemistry, and that hydrophobic biomaterials based on PMA, PEA, and the copolymers PEA and PHEA in a narrow composition window are suitable substrates to promote cell attachment and proliferation of SCs in vitro. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2007
PlexinD1 deficiency induces defects in axial skeletal morphogenesis
Authors: Kanda Tomoatsu , Yoshida Yutaka , Izu Yayoi , Nifuji Akira , Ezura Yoichi , Nakashima Kazuhisa , Noda Masaki
Published: May 2007

Axial patterning in embryonic skeletogenesis associates with coordinated programming of somitogenesis and angiogenesis. As seen in endochondral bone formation, skeletogenesis is closely related to angiogenesis during development. PlexinD1 is a member of plexin family, is expressed in central nervous system and endothelium, and plays a role in blood vessel patterning and endothelium positioning during embryonic development. Here, we examined the effects of PlexinD1 deficiency on skeletogenesis. Three‐dimensional micro CT examination revealed that PlexinD1 deficiency resulted in axial skeletal patterning defects including malformation in vertebral body and rib bone shape. Histological examination of the vertebral bodies and long bones showed that PlexinD1 deficiency altered the development of cartilage. PlexinD1 deficiency did not affect the levels of von Willebrand factor staining in relatively large vessels not attached but close to the vertebral body of mice. However, PlexinD1 deficiency reduced the von Willebrand factor (vWf) staining in most of the microvasculatures attached to the vertebral bone. PlexinD1 was expressed in osteoblastic cells and bone tissues of newborn and adult mice. As most of the homozygous knockout mice did not survive, we examined the role of PlexinD1 in bone formation in heterozygous adult mice subjected to bone marrow ablation. However, PlexinD1 heterozygous knockout did not reveal defects in new bone formation. In conclusion, PlexinD1 is involved in the patterning of axial skeletogenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 101: 1329–1337, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient algorithm for “on‐the‐fly” error analysis of local or distributed serially correlated data
Authors: Kent David R. , Muller Richard P. , Anderson Amos G. , Goddard William A. , Feldmann Michael T.
Published: May 2007

We describe the Dynamic Distributable Decorrelation Algorithm (DDDA) which efficiently calculates the true statistical error of an expectation value obtained from serially correlated data “on‐the‐fly,” as the calculation progresses. DDDA is an improvement on the Flyvbjerg‐Petersen renormalization group blocking method (Flyvberg and Peterson, J Chem Phys 1989, 91, 461). This “on‐the‐fly” determination of statistical quantities allows dynamic termination of Monte Carlo calculations once a specified level of convergence is attained. This is highly desirable when the required precision might take days or months to compute, but cannot be accurately estimated prior to the calculation. Furthermore, DDDA allows for a parallel implementation which requires very low communication, O(log2N), and can also evaluate the variance of a calculation efficiently “on‐the‐fly.” Quantum Monte Carlo calculations are presented to illustrate “on‐the‐fly” variance calculations for serial and massively parallel Monte Carlo calculations. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2007
Prediction of refractive index of vinyl polymers by using density functional theory
Authors: Yu Xinliang , Yi Bing , Wang Xueye
Published: May 2007

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out in the prediction of refractive index (n) of vinyl polymers at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level. A set of quantum chemical descriptors calculated from monomers of polymers, the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital ELUMO, the molecular average polarizability α, the heat capacity at constant volume Cv, and the most positive net atomic charge on hydrogen atoms in a molecule q+, were used to built a general quantitative structure‐property relationship (QSPR) model for refractive index. The proposed model gives the mean error of prediction 1.048% for the validation set, and has better prediction ability than the existing model. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2007
The in vitro effect of pH on osteoclasts and bone resorption in the cat: Implications for the pathogenesis of FORL
Authors: Muzylak Mariusz , Arnett Timothy R. , Price Joanna S. , Horton Michael A.
Published: May 2007

Dental disease due to osteoclast over‐activity reaches epidemic proportions in older domestic cats and has also been reported in wild cats. Feline osteoclastic resorptive lesions (FORL) involve extensive resorption of the tooth leaving it liable to root fracture and subsequent tooth loss. The aetio‐pathogenesis of FORL is not known. Recent work has shown that systemic acidosis causes increased osteoclast activation and that loci of infection or inflammation in cat mouth are likely to be acidotic. To investigate this, we generated osteoclasts from cat blood and found that they formed in large numbers (∼400) in cultures on bovine cortical bone slices. Acidosis caused an increase in the size of cells—in cultures maintained up to 14 days at basal pH 7.25, mean osteoclast area was 0.01 ± 0.003 mm2, whereas an 8.6‐fold increase was observed in cells cultured between 11 and 14 days at pH 7.15 (0.086 ± 0.004 mm2). Acidosis caused a modest increase in the number of osteoclasts. Exposure to pH 6.92 exhibited a 5‐fold increase in the area of bone slices covered by resorption lacunae (∼70% bone slice resorbed). In line with this finding, significant increases were observed in the expression of cathepsin K and proton pump enzymes (both approximately 3‐fold) that are key enzymes reflective of resorptive activity in osteoclasts. These results demonstrate that acidosis is a major regulator of osteoclast formation and functional activation in the cat, and suggest that local pH changes may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of FORL. J. Cell. Physiol. 213: 144–150, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Roles of Rho/ROCK and MLCK in TNF‐α‐induced changes in endothelial morphology and permeability
Authors: McKenzie Jenny A.G. , Ridley Anne J.
Published: May 2007

Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) is known to induce changes in endothelial cell morphology and permeability, but the mechanisms have not been extensively characterized. TNF‐α rapidly induced RhoA activation and myosin light chain phosphorylation, but caused only small changes to cortical F‐actin, without significantly increasing paracellular permeability up to 30 min after stimulation. TNF‐α subsequently caused a progressive increase in permeability and in stress fiber reorganization, cell elongation, and intercellular gap formation over 8–24 h. Consistent with the increased permeability, Occludin and JAM‐A were removed from tight junctions and ZO‐1 was partially redistributed. Rho/ROCK but not MLCK inhibition prevented the long‐term TNF‐α‐induced changes in F‐actin and cell morphology, but ROCK inhibition did not affect permeability. These results suggest that the gradual increase in permeability induced by TNF‐α does not reflect contractile mechanisms mediated by Rho, ROCK, and MLCK, but involves long‐term reorganization of tight junction proteins. J. Cell. Physiol. 213: 221–228, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth and properties of KLu(WO4)2, and novel ytterbium and thulium lasers based on this monoclinic crystalline host
Authors: Petrov V. , Cinta Pujol M. , Mateos X. , Silvestre Ò. , Rivier S. , Aguiló M. , Solé R.M. , Liu J. , Griebner U. , Díaz F.
Published: May 2007

High‐quality crystals of monoclinic KLu(WO4)2, shortly KLuW, were grown with sizes sufficient for its characterization and substantial progress was achieved in the field of spectroscopy and laser operation with Yb3+‐ and Tm3+‐doping. We review the growth methodology for bulk KLuW and epitaxial layers, its structural, thermo‐mechanical, and optical properties, the Yb3+and Tm3+spectroscopy, and present laser results obtained in several operational regimes both with Ti:sapphire and direct diode laser pumping using InGaAs and AlGaAs diodes near 980 and 800 nm, respectively. The slope efficiencies with respect to the absorbed pump power achieved with continuous‐wave (CW) bulk and epitaxial Yb:KLuW lasers under Ti:sapphire laser pumping were ≈ 57 and ≈ 66%, respectively. Output powers as high as 3.28 W were obtained with diode pumping in a simple two‐mirror cavity where the slope efficiency with respect to the incident pump power reached ≈ 78%. Passively Q‐switched laser operation of bulk Yb:KLuW was realized with a Cr:YAG saturable absorber resulting in oscillation at ≈ 1031 nm with a repetition rate of 28 kHz and simultaneous Raman conversion to ≈ 1138 nm with maximum energies of 32.4 and 14.4 μJ, respectively. The corresponding pulse durations were 1.41 and 0.71 ns. Passive mode‐locking by a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) produced bandwidth‐limited pulses with duration of 81 fs (1046 nm, 95 MHz) and 114 fs (1030 nm, 101 MHz) for bulk and epitaxial Yb:KLuW lasers, respectively. Slope efficiency as high as 69% with respect to the absorbed power and an output power of 4 W at 1950 nm were achieved with a diode‐pumped Tm:KLuW laser. The slope efficiency reached with an epitaxial Tm:KLuW laser under Ti:sapphire laser pumping was 64 %. The tunability achieved with bulk and epitaxial Tm:KLuW lasers extended from 1800 to 1987 nm and from 1894 to 2039 nm, respectively.
Über die Realisierbarkeit gegebener Verteilungstypen durch Streckennetze
Authors: Gysin Liliana Mabel
Published: May 2007

Zusammenfassung. In dieser Arbeit beweisen wir eine von R. Sulanke in „Integralgeometrie ebener Kurvennetze”︁ [2] offengelassene Frage, und zwar, daß jeder realisierbare Kurvennetztyp auch durch eine Streckennetz realisierbar ist.

Außerdem haben wir die Typen, für die 6 die größtmögliche Zahl ist, bis auf eine Ausnahme, vollständig gelöst. Hiermit erweitern wir Sulankes Resultat, welches für diejenigen Typen, für die die größtmögliche Zahl kleiner oder gleich 5 ist, gilt.
Countable Direct Sums of Banach Spaces
Authors: Valdivia M.
Published: May 2007

Let (Xn) be a sequence of infinite‐dimensional BANACH spaces. We prove that has a non‐locally complete quotient if X1 is not quasi‐reflexive.
Dimension Functions
Authors: Haase Hermann
Published: May 2007

We give an unified characterization of dimension functions for generalized HAUSDORFF‐BESICOVITCH dimension and metric dimension.
On the Set of Umbilical Points of a Twistor‐Holomorphic Immersion Into R4
Authors: Marbes Heinz
Published: May 2007

In [2] Th. Friedrich described a twistor‐holomorphic immersion of a surface M2 into R4 by an explicit formula. Using this formula we prove a criterion for the property of a point of M2 to be umbilical.

In the first section of this paper we explain the notion of a twistor‐holomorphic immersion. In section two the explicit formula for a twistor‐holomorphic immersion into R4 is described. The main result of this paper is formulated and proved in section three. In the last section two examples are studied with the help of the criterion of section three.
A Unified Constructive Approach to the Topological Degree in Rn
Authors: Kliesch Wolfgang
Published: May 2007

The paper gives an approach to the topological degree in Rn which takes into account numerical requirements and permits derivation of the known degree computation formulas in a simple way. The new approach subsumes several earlier approaches and represents a general principle of construction of degree computation formulas. The basic idea consists of computing the degree of a continuous function relative to a bounded open subset Ω of Rn by means of an auxiliary function which is defined on a polyhedron approximating Ω and maps into a known fixed convex polyhedron containing the origin of Rn.

It is further shown that the topological degree of a continuous function relative to an n‐dimensional polyhedron P can be computed alone by means of a subset of the boundary of P.
On a Class of p‐ Valently α‐Convex Functions
Authors: Owa Shigeyoski , Ren Fuyao
Published: May 2007

The object of the present is to prove some properties of a class Mp(α) of p‐valently α‐convex Functions in the unit disk. Also, an integral representation for functions belonging to the class Mp(α) is shown.
Simplexes of Measures with Closed Extreme Boundary and Presentability of Hausdorff Spaces
Authors: Winkler Gerhard
Published: May 2007

We consider closed bounded Choquet simplexes of tight measures on Hausdorff spaces. If the extreme boundary is closed, then each element is the barycenter of a uniquely determined tight probability measure on the extreme points. Consequently, on Hausdorff spaces tight exchangeable measures can uniquely be decomposed into product measures.
Bessel Potential Operators for Canonical Lipschitz Domains
Authors: Schneider Reinhold
Published: May 2007

We construct convolution operators which define isomorphisms between SOBOLEV spaces of distributions supported on a canonical LIPSCHITZ domain. These operators are used for reduction of order of WIENER‐HOPF equations or pseudodifferential equations on a canonical LIPSCHITZ domain.
Some Uses of Point Processes in Multiple Stochastic Integration
Authors: Kallenberg Olav
Published: May 2007

We discuss a number of topics relating to multiple stochastic integration, where notions and ideas from point process theory seem particularly useful. Thus we give conditions for summability of certain multiple random series in terms of associated Poisson integrals, prove a decoupling result for divergence in probability to infinity, and give conditions for the existence of certain multiple integrals with respect to compensated POISSON and asymmetric LÉVY processes. In particular, the existence criteria for multiple p‐stable integrals are shown to be independent of the skewness parameter.
On the Position Distribution of the Ideal Bose Gas
Authors: Fichtner Karl‐Heinz
Published: May 2007

It is shown that the position distribution of the ideal BOSE gas is an infinitely divisible point process on Rd. Clustering representations of this distribution are considered.
Strong Markov Continuous Local Martingales and Solutions of One‐Dimensional Stochastic Differential Equations (Part III)
Authors: Engelbert H. J. , Schmidt W.
Published: May 2007

This last part of the present paper is devoted to one‐dimensional stochastic differential equations driven by a WIENER process. In Section 4, we give a survey on existence, uniqueness, and various other aspects of solutions. In Section 5, which was the starting point of the present paper, we describe the connection between strong MARKOV continuous local martingales and solutions of one‐dimensional stochastic differential equations without drift.
The Finite Hilbert Transform in ℒ2
Authors: Okada Susumu , Elliott David
Published: May 2007

It is well known that the finite HILBERT transform T is a NOETHER (FREDHOLM) operator when considered as a map from ℒp into itself if 1 < p < 2 or 2 < p < ∞. When p = 2, the map T is not a NOETHER operator. We present two theorems which characterize the range of T in ℒ2 and, as immediate consequences, give simple expressions for its inverse.
On the Galerkin‐Method in Intermediate Spaces for the Initial Boundary‐Value Problem of the Navier‐Stokes Equations in two Dimensions
Authors: Böhm Michael
Published: May 2007

We consider a GALERKIN scheme for the two‐dimensional initial boundary‐value problem (P) of the NAVIER‐STOKES equations, derive a priori‐estimates for the approximations in interpolation spaces between “standard spaces” as occuring in the theory of weak solutions and obtain well‐posedness of (P) with respect to the interpolation spaces. As a by‐product, we obtain various estimates for the solutions in a relatively simple way. The main tool is interpolation of non‐linear operators.
On some Differences in Limit Theorems with a Normal or a Non‐normal Stable Limit Law
Authors: Christoph G.
Published: May 2007

Suppose that the distribution function of a standardized sum of independent identically distributed random variables tends to a stable law as n°. Some differences in moments and pseudomoments, inequalities of the BERRY‐ESSEEN‐Type and asymptotic expansions are characterized when the limit law is either normal or non‐normal stable.
Non‐uniform Estimates in Asymptotic Expansions with a Stable Limit Distribution
Authors: Christoph G.
Published: May 2007

Under pseudomoment conditions a non‐uniform bound is proved for the remainder in asymptotic expansions with a stable limit law, where the quality of the bound with respect to the number of random variables is as good as that with respect to the argument. Further, a theorem for large deviations in the symmetrical problem is obtained.
On the Banach‐Steinhaus Theorem and the Continuity of Bilinear Mappings
Authors: Beattie Ronald , Butzmann H.‐P.
Published: May 2007

In this paper, the BANACH‐STEINHAUS theorem is extended from its usual locally convex topological vector space setting to the much broader framework of convergence vector spaces. It is used to derive theorems yielding the joint continuity of separately continuous bilinear mappings. These results are used, in turn, to show that the convolution mapping 𝒟 is a jointly continuous bilinear mapping when the distribution spaces ℰ and 𝒟 carry the canonical convergence vector space structures.
On a Theorem of C. E. Chidume Concerning the Iterative Approximation of Fixed Points
Authors: Schu Jürgen
Published: May 2007

The iteration process of C. E. Chidume for approximation of fixed points of LIPSCHITZIAN strictly pseudo‐contractive mappings remains true in normed spaces of type (U, λ, m + 1, m).
Lower Bounds for Large Deviations in Rd, d > 1
Authors: Nagaev A. V.
Published: May 2007

We consider the sums Z(n) of i.i.d. random vectors taking values in a d‐dimensional Euclidean space. It is assumed that the so‐called CRAMER condition holds in a neighbourhood of the origin. We establish lower bounds for the large deviation probabilities P(Z(n) ∉ A) with A belonging to a large class of sets.
Local Entropy Conditions in Transonic Potential Flow Problems
Authors: Gittel Hans‐Peter
Published: May 2007

The transonic potential flow problem is handled as a variational problem over a closed convex set which is given by a bound for the gas velocity and by a local entropy condition. It can be shown that the minimum problem has a solution though the functional need not be convex and the given set is not compact. Furthermore, the convergence of an approximation method (KATCHANOV'S method) for the solution to the corresponding variational inequality is proved.