bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of enteric pathogens, intestinal parasites and resistance profile of bacterial isolates among HIV infected and non-infected diarrheic patients in Dessie Town, Northeast Ethiopia
Authors: Belay Assefa , Ashagrie Melaku , Seyoum Berhanu , Alemu Mekuanent , Tsegaye Aster
Published: December 2020

Background

Enteric pathogens likeSalmonellaandShigellaspecies as well as intestinal parasites (IPs) are among the main causative agents of diarrhea in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), particularly in low income countries like Ethiopia. Antimicrobial resistance against commonly prescribed drugs has become a major global threat. This study, therefore, aimed at determining the magnitude ofSalmonella,Shigellaand IPs infections, their predicting factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among HIV infected and non-infected diarrheic patients in Dessie town, Northeast Ethiopia.

Methods

A cross sectional study was conducted at three health facilities in Northeast Ethiopia between January 2018 and March 2018. Data on socio-demographic and associated risk factors were collected using structured questionnaire from 354 HIV infected and non-infected diarrheic outpatients. Fresh stool specimen was processed according to standard operating procedures. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Descriptive statistics was used to determine frequency, Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predicting factors associated with the outcome variable. P-value <0.05 were used to declare statistical significance.

Results

Among 354 diarrheic patients, 112 were HIV infected and 242 were HIV non-infected. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasite and bacterial infection among HIV infectedversusnon-infected, respectively, was 26 (23.2%) and 8 (7.1%)versus50 (20.7) and 16 (6.6%).Salmonellawas the highest in both groups, 6 (5.4%) vs 11 (4.5%). Most prevalent parasite wasC.parvum, 9 (8%) among HIV+ whileE.histolytica/dispar39 (16.1%) among HIV-. Having bloody plus mucoid diarrhea, not utilizing latrine and drinking river or spring water were factors significantly associated with bacterial infection. Whereas, being illiterate or having primary level education, diarrhea lasting for 6–10 days, CD4 level between 200–500 cells/μl, not washing hand with soap showed significant association with IPs. The bacterial isolates were 100% susceptible to Ceftriaxone and 95.4% to Ciprofloxacin, while 100% resistant to Ampicillin and Amoxicillin. MDR was observed among 19 (79.2%) isolates.

Conclusion

Preventing and controlling infection by enteric pathogens as well as IPs require strengthening intervention measures. The 100% resistance of isolates to commonly prescribed antibiotics calls for expanding antimicrobial susceptibility testing so as to select appropriate antimicrobial agent and prevent emergence of drug resistant bacteria.
COVID-19: Spatial analysis of hospital case-fatality rate in France
Authors: Souris Marc , Gonzalez Jean-Paul
Published: December 2020

When the population risk factors and reporting systems are similar, the assessment of the case-fatality (or lethality) rate (ratio of cases to deaths) represents a perfect tool for analyzing, understanding and improving the overall efficiency of the health system. The objective of this article is to estimate the influence of the hospital care system on lethality in metropolitan France during the inception of the COVID-19 epidemic, by analyzing the spatial variability of the hospital case-fatality rate (CFR) between French districts. In theory, the hospital age-standardized CFR should not display significant differences between districts, since hospital lethality depends on the virulence of the pathogen (the SARS-CoV-2 virus), the vulnerability of the population (mainly age-related), the healthcare system quality, and cases and deaths definition and the recording accuracy. We analyzed hospital data on COVID-19 hospitalizations, severity (admission to intensive care units for reanimation or endotracheal intubation) and mortality, from March 19 to May 8 corresponding to the first French lockdown. All rates were age-standardized to eliminate differences in districts age structure. The results show that the higher case-fatality rates observed by districts are mostly related to the level of morbidity. Time analysis shows that the case-fatality rate has decreased over time, globally and in almost all districts, showing an improvement in the management of severe patients during the epidemic. In conclusion, it appears that during the first critical phase of COVID-19 ramping epidemic in metropolitan France, the higher case-fatality rates were generally related to the higher level of hospitalization, then potentially related to the overload of healthcare system. Also, low hospitalization with high case-fatality rates were mostly found in districts with low population density, and could due to some limitation of the local healthcare access. However, the magnitude of this increase of case-fatality rate represents less than 10 per cent of the average case-fatality rate, and this variation is small compared to much greater variation across countries reported in the literature.
Toward a better definition of hematopoietic progenitors suitable for B cell differentiation
Authors: Dubois Florian , Gaignerie Anne , Flippe Léa , Heslan Jean-Marie , Tesson Laurent , Chesneau Mélanie , Haspot Fabienne , Conchon Sophie , David Laurent , Brouard Sophie
Published: December 2020

The success of inducing human pluripotent stem cells (hIPSC) offers new opportunities for cell-based therapy. Since B cells exert roles as effector and as regulator of immune responses in different clinical settings, we were interested in generating B cells from hIPSC. We differentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and hIPSC into B cells onto OP9 and MS-5 stromal cells successively. We overcame issues in generating CD34+CD43+ hematopoietic progenitors with appropriate cytokine conditions and emphasized the difficulties to generate proper hematopoietic progenitors. We highlight CD31intCD45int phenotype as a possible marker of hematopoietic progenitors suitable for B cell differentiation. Defining precisely proper lymphoid progenitors will improve the study of their lineage commitment and the signals needed during the in vitro process.
PEREGRINE: A genome-wide prediction of enhancer to gene relationships supported by experimental evidence
Authors: Mills Caitlin , Muruganujan Anushya , Ebert Dustin , Marconett Crystal N. , Lewinger Juan Pablo , Thomas Paul D. , Mi Huaiyu
Published: December 2020

Enhancers are powerful and versatile agents of cell-type specific gene regulation, which are thought to play key roles in human disease. Enhancers are short DNA elements that function primarily as clusters of transcription factor binding sites that are spatially coordinated to regulate expression of one or more specific target genes. These regulatory connections between enhancers and target genes can therefore be characterized as enhancer-gene links that can affect development, disease, and homeostatic cellular processes. Despite their implication in disease and the establishment of cell identity during development, most enhancer-gene links remain unknown. Here we introduce a new, publicly accessible database of predicted enhancer-gene links, PEREGRINE. The PEREGRINE human enhancer-gene links interactive web interface incorporates publicly available experimental data from ChIA-PET, eQTL, and Hi-C assays across 78 cell and tissue types to link 449,627 enhancers to 17,643 protein-coding genes. These enhancer-gene links are made available through the new Enhancer module of the PANTHER database and website where the user may easily access the evidence for each enhancer-gene link, as well as query by target gene and enhancer location.
Assessment of the impact of inpatient infectious events in pediatric patients with newly diagnosed acute leukemia at Dr. Robert Reid Cabral Children’s Hospital, Dominican Republic
Authors: Burns Julianne E. , Reyes Pérez Dominga , Li Yimei , Gómez García Wendy , Garcia F. Jay , Gil Jiménez Johanna Penélope , Sánchez Jacqueline , Castillo Bueno María , Hunger Stephen P. , Reaves Lisa , Contreras González Johanny , Coffin Susan E. , Deverlis Adriana , Steenhoff Andrew P. , Fisher Brian T.
Published: December 2020

Survival rates for pediatric acute leukemia vary dramatically worldwide. Infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and the impact is amplified in low and middle-income countries. Defining the epidemiology of infection in a specific health care setting is paramount to developing effective interventions. This study aimed to define the epidemiology of and outcomes from infection in children with acute leukemia treated in a large public pediatric hospital in the Dominican Republic. A retrospective cohort was assembled of children newly diagnosed with acute leukemia between July 1, 2015 to June 30, 2017 at Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral in Santo Domingo. Patients were identified from the Pediatric Oncology Network Database (PONDTM) and hospital admissions from the Oncology admissions logbook. Medical records and microbiology results were reviewed to identify all inpatient invasive infections. Distance from a child’s home to the hospital was determined using ArcGIS by Esri. Infection rates were described in discrete time periods after diagnosis and risk factors for invasive infection were explored using negative binomial regression. Overall, invasive infections were common and a prominent source of death in this cohort. Rates were highest in the first 60 days after diagnosis. Gastroenteritis/colitis, cellulitis, and pneumonia were most frequent, with bacteremia common early on. Multidrug resistant bacteria were prevalent among a small number of positive cultures. In a multivariate negative binomial regression model, age ≥ 10 years and distance from the hospital > 100 km were each protective against invasive infection in the first 180 days after diagnosis, findings that were unexpected and warrant further investigation. Over one-third of patient deaths were related to infection. Interventions aimed at reducing infection should target the first 60 days after diagnosis, improved supportive care inside and outside the hospital, and increased antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention and control measures.
Kinetic gait analysis in healthy dogs and dogs with osteoarthritis: An evaluation of precision and overlap performance of a pressure-sensitive walkway and the use of symmetry indices
Authors: Brønniche Møller Nielsen Michelle , Pedersen Tenna , Mouritzen Amalie , Vitger Anne Desiré , Nielsen Lise Nikolic , Poulsen Helle Harding , Miles James Edward
Published: December 2020

In veterinary practice, a thorough gait examination is essential in the clinical workup of any orthopedic patient, including the large population of dogs with chronic pain as a result of osteoarthritis. The traditional visual gait examination is, however, a subjective discipline, and systems for kinetic gait analysis may potentially offer an objective alternative for gait assessment by the measurement of ground reaction forces. In order to avoid unnecessary testing of patients, a thorough, stepwise evaluation of the diagnostic performance of each system is recommended before clinical use for diagnostic purposes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the Tekscan pressure-sensitive walkway system by assessing precision (agreement between repetitive measurements in individual dogs) and overlap performance (the ability to distinguish dogs with lameness due to osteoarthritis from clinically healthy dogs). Direction of travel over the walkway was investigated as a possible bias. Symmetry indices are commonly used to assess lameness by comparing ground reaction forces across different combinations of limbs in each dog. However, SIs can be calculated in several different ways and specific recommendations for optimal use of individual indices are currently lacking. Therefore the present study also compared indices in order to recommend a specific index preferable for future studies of canine osteoarthritis. Forty-one clinically healthy dogs and 21 dogs with osteoarthritis were included in the study. High precision was demonstrated. The direction of travel over the walkway was excluded as a possible bias. A significant overlap was observed when comparing ground reaction forces measured in dogs with osteoarthritis compared to clinically healthy dogs. In some affected dogs, symmetry indices comparing contralateral limbs differed from clinically healthy dogs, but in general, the overlap performance was insufficient and, consequently, general use of this method for diagnostic purposes in dogs with osteoarthritis cannot be recommended.
Evaluation method of medical service system based on DEMATEL and the information entropy: A case study of hypertension diagnosis and treatment in China
Authors: Miao Rui , Xiang Xiaohao , Wu Qi , Jiang Zhibin
Published: December 2020

Precise and reasonable evaluation of the multi-attribute value of medical system is the basis for hospitals to implement total quality management. Excellent medical system is necessary as a part of modern urban governance. However, most of medical value evaluation work relies on scale and artificial scoring at present, lacking in objectivity. Therefore, a scientific and comprehensive medical value evaluation system is needed urgently to give full play to the guiding role of value evaluation and promote the improvement of the medical service system. In this study, DEMATEL and information entropy are used to quantify the degree of mutual influence between system indicators and the differences in medical market performance respectively, so as to obtain the objective index weight. Hypertension has the highest incidence in the whole chronic disease system, which seriously affects people's daily life. Based on the existing hypertension diagnosis and treatment index system, a comprehensive and objective evaluation model is established to evaluate the hypertension diagnosis and treatment behaviors of different medical institutions, which achieves good result. This method has effectively improved the relative deficiency of one-sided subjective evaluation and has a great guiding significance for the comparison of treatment in departments and the economical use of medical resources.
Organ-specific effects on glycolysis by the dioxin-activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor
Authors: Diani-Moore Silvia , Marques Pedro Tiago , Rifkind Arleen B.
Published: December 2020

Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) by the environmental toxin dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, TCDD) causes diverse toxicities, including thymus atrophy and hepatosteatosis. The mechanisms by which AHR activation by TCDD leads to these toxicities are not fully understood. Here we studied the effects of TCDD on a major energy pathway, glycolysis, using the chick embryo close to hatching, a well-established model for studying dioxin toxicity. We showed that 24 hr of TCDD treatment causes changes in glycolysis in both thymus and liver. In thymus glands, TCDD decreased mRNAs for glycolytic genes and glucose transporters, glycolytic indices and levels ofIL7mRNA, phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) and HIF1A, stimulators of glycolysis and promoters of survival and proliferation of thymic lymphocytes. In contrast, in liver, TCDD increased mRNA levels for glycolytic genes and glucose transporters, glycolytic endpoints and pAKT levels. Similarly, increases by TCDD in mRNA levels for glycolytic genes and glucose transporters in human primary hepatocytes showed that effects in chick embryo liver pertain also to human cells. Treatment with the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose exacerbated the effects on thymus atrophy by TCDD, supporting a role for decreased glycolysis in thymus atrophy by TCDD, but did not prevent hepatosteatosis. NAD+precursors abolished TCDD effects on glycolytic endpoints in both thymus and liver. In summary, we report here that dioxin disrupts glycolysis mediated energy metabolism in both thymus and liver, and that it does so in opposite ways, decreasing it in the thymus and increasing it in the liver. Further, the findings support NAD+boosting as a strategy against metabolic effects of environmental pollutants such as dioxins.
Accounting for drinking water quality in measuring multidimensional poverty in Ethiopia
Authors: Ambel Alemayehu Azeze , Mugera Harriet Kasidi , Bain Robert E. S.
Published: December 2020

The Multidimensional Poverty Index is used increasingly to measure poverty in developing countries. The index is constructed using selected indicators that cover health, education, and living standards dimensions. The accuracy of this tool, however, depends on how each indicator is measured. This study explores the effect of accounting for water quality in multidimensional poverty measurement. Access to drinking water is traditionally measured by water source types. The study uses a more comprehensive measure, access to safely managed drinking water services, which are free from E. coli contamination, available when needed and accessible on premises in line with Sustainable Development Goal target 6.1. The study finds that the new measure increases national multidimensional headcount poverty by 5–13 percentage points, which would mean that 5–13 million more people are multidimensionally poor. It also increases the poverty level in urban areas to a greater extent than in rural areas. The finding is robust to changes in water contamination risk levels and Multidimensional Poverty Index aggregation approaches and weighting structures.
Soil-transmitted helminth infections among pre-school aged children in Gamo Gofa zone, Southern Ethiopia: Prevalence, intensity and intervention status
Authors: Asfaw Mekuria Asnakew , Gezmu Tigist , Wegayehu Teklu , Bekele Alemayehu , Hailemariam Zeleke , Masresha Nebiyu , Gebre Teshome
Published: December 2020

Background

Soil-transmitted helminths (STH), i.e., Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms are among the most prevalent Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in Ethiopia. Although pre-school aged children pay a high morbidity toll associated with STH infections, evidence on prevalence, intensity and intervention status is lacking in Ethiopia. This study, therefore, aimed to address these gaps to inform decision made on STH.

Methods

We did a community-based cross-sectional study in five districts of Gamo Gofa zone, Southern Ethiopia; in January 2019. Data were collected using pre-tested questionnaire, and the Kato-Katz technique was used to diagnose parasites eggs in stool. Then, collected data were edited and entered into EpiData 4.4.2, and exported to SPSS software (IBM, version 25) for analysis.

Results

A total of 2462 PSAC participated in this study. Overall, the prevalence of STH was 23.5% (578/2462) (95% confidence interval (CI) = 21.8%–25.2%). As caris lumbricoides was the most prevalent (18.6%), followed by Trichuris trichiura (9.2%), and hookworms (3.1%). Of the total, 7.4% PSAC were infected with two STH species. Most of the positive cases with STH showed low infection intensities, while 15.1% ascariasis cases showed moderate infection intensities. The study found that 68.7% of PSAC were treated with albendazole. Also, household’s level data showed that 39.4% used water from hand-dug well; 52.5% need to travel ≥30 minutes to collect water; 77.5% did not treat water, and 48.9% had no hand washing facility. In addition, almost 93% care givers achieved less than the mean knowledge and practice score (≤5) on STH prevention.

Conclusions

This study showed that significant proportions of pre-school aged children are suffering from STH infections despite preventive chemotherapy exist at the study area. Also, gaps in the interventions against STH were highlighted. Thus, a call for action is demanding to eliminate STH among PSAC in Ethiopia by 2030.
Frailty and depression predict instrumental activities of daily living in older adults: A population-based longitudinal study using the CARE75+ cohort
Authors: Coventry Peter A. , McMillan Dean , Clegg Andrew , Brown Lesley , van der Feltz-Cornelis Christina , Gilbody Simon , Ali Shehzad
Published: December 2020

Objectives

To evaluate if depression contributes, independently and/or in interaction with frailty, to loss of independence in instrumental activities of daily living (ADL) in older adults with frailty.

Methods

Longitudinal cohort study of people aged ≥75 years living in the community. We used multi-level linear regression model to quantify the relationship between depression (≥5 Geriatric Depression Scale) and frailty (electronic frailty index), and instrumental activities of daily living (Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living scale; range: 0–66; higher score implies greater independence). The model was adjusted for known confounders (age; gender; ethnicity; education; living situation; medical comorbidity).

Results

553 participants were included at baseline; 53% were female with a mean age of 81 (5.0 SD) years. Depression and frailty (moderate and severe levels) were independently associated with reduced instrumental activities of daily living scores. In the adjusted analysis, the regression coefficient was -6.4 (95% CI: -8.3 to -4.5, p<0.05) for depression, -1.5 (95% CI: -3.8 to 0.9, p = 0.22) for mild frailty, -6.1 (95% CI: -8.6 to -3.6, p<0.05) for moderate frailty, and -10.1 (95% CI: -13.5 to -6.8, p<0.05) for severe frailty. Moreover, depression interacted with frailty to further reduce instrumental activities of daily living score in individuals with mild or moderate frailty. These relationships remained significant after adjusting for confounders.

Conclusion

Frailty and depression are independently associated with reduced independence in instrumental activities of daily living. Also, depression interacts with frailty to further reduce independence for mild to moderately frail individuals, suggesting that clinical management of frailty should integrate physical and mental health care.
Association between meat intake and mortality due to all-cause and major causes of death in a Japanese population
Authors: Saito Eiko , Tang Xiaohe , Abe Sarah Krull , Sawada Norie , Ishihara Junko , Takachi Ribeka , Iso Hiroyasu , Shimazu Taichi , Yamaji Taiki , Iwasaki Motoki , Inoue Manami , Tsugane Shoichiro ,   for the JPHC Study Group
Published: December 2020

Purpose

We examined the association between meat intake and mortality due to all-cause and major causes of death using a population-based cohort study in Japan.

Methods

87,507 Japanese aged between 45 and 74 years old at 5-year follow-up study were followed for 14.0 years on average. Associations between meat intake and mortality risk were assessed using a Cox proportional hazards model.

Results

A heavy intake of total meat was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality relative to the lowest quartile intake in men (Q4: HR,1.18; 95%CIs, 1.06–1.31). A higher intake of total meat was associated with a lower risk of stroke mortality in women (Q2: HR, 0.70; 95%CIs, 0.51–0.94, Q3: HR, 0.68; 95%CIs, 0.50–0.95, Q4: HR, 0.66; 95%CIs, 0.44–0.99). A heavy intake of red meat was also associated with all-cause mortality (Q4: HR, 1.13; 95%CIs, 1.02–1.26) and heart disease mortality (Q4: HR, 1.51; 95%CIs, 1.11–2.06) in men but not in women. Heavy intake of chicken was inversely associated with cancer mortality in men.

Conclusions

Heavy intakes of total and red meat were associated with an increase in all-cause and heart disease mortality in men, while total meat intake was associated with a lower risk of stroke mortality in women.
Socio-economic-demographic determinants of depression in Indonesia: A hospital-based study
Authors: Mumang Andi Agus , Liaury Kristian , Syamsuddin Saidah , Maria Ida Leida , Tanra A. Jayalangkara , Ishida Takafumi , Shimizu-Furusawa Hana , Yusuf Irawan , Furusawa Takuro
Published: December 2020

The association of socio-economic-demographic (SED; e.g., income-related) factors with depression is widely confirmed in the literature. We conducted a hospital-based case–control study of 160 patients with psychiatrist-diagnosed clinical depression. The control group comprised 160 participants recruited from local communities. We used a questionnaire to collect SED data from all participants. We replaced missing values using multiple imputation analyses and further analyzed the pooled data of five imputations. We also recorded the results from the original analysis and each imputation. Univariate analyses showed income was associated with depression. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that, among all SED variables, high income (odds ratio = 2.088 [95% confidence interval = 1.178–3.700];p= 0.012), middle-level (completed junior or senior high school) education (1.688 [1.042–2.734];p= 0.033) and cohabitating with four or more family members (1.632 [1.025–2.597];p= 0.039) were significant predictors for the case group. We conclude that cash income is a determinant of depression in hospital outpatients in Indonesia. This study suggests health policy implications toward better hospital access and service for people with depression in middle- or low-income households, and recommends considering high income as correlated with a high risk of depression, owing to socio-cultural changes.
Registos audiovisuais de eventos de cariz científico para ulterior utilização em espaços educativos
Authors: Silva Carlos
Published: December 2020

Os registos audiovisuais são vulgarmente registos em vídeo. Há outros registos audiovisuais, como o cinema por exemplo, mas são caros e desadequados à utilização em eventos científicos e pedagógicos.No contexto de pandemia, o registo destes eventos e a sua transmissão por videoconferência para plataformas de Net torna-se um imperativo, pois é a melhor forma de divulgar e difundir o conhecimento que foi produzido e apresentado nestes eventos, uma vez que, em modo não presencial, corre sérios riscos de deixar de se efetuar.Ao longo deste trabalho são apresentados equipamentos que permitem realizar o registo e assegurar a transmissão, bem como é proposta a metodologia adequada para essa execução.
Imposição de riscos e estado do licenciamento das Minas Gerais
Authors: Gazzinelli Gustavo T.
Published: December 2020

A mineração de ferro no estado de Minas Gerais (Brasil) é tema central do presente artigo, na perspetiva do neoextrativismo e de decisões de órgãos públicos e instâncias colegiadas com deliberado desequilíbrio de interesses. Apresentamos sucintamente as condições da ocupação territorial do Quadrilátero Ferrífero (e Aquífero) e sua estruturação contemporânea para a exportação de minério de ferro. Expomos como a integração e ampliação de estruturas de extração e beneficiamento do minério de ferro resultam, cada vez mais, na utilização de grandes barragens/reservatórios de rejeitos.Casos destacados das mineradoras Samarco, Vale e Anglo American ilustram as formas tendenciosas da gestão e autorização de intervenções territoriais pelo Estado e conselhos de meio ambiente. Neste contexto, manobras de interpretação de dispositivos legais conduzem à suspensão e protelação da realização de direitos. Como consequência, sob a pressão de megaprojetos minerários e interesses corporativos a estes associados, riscos são impostos, pelas autoridades do Estado, às condições de vida quotidiana de comunidades, que passam a viver situações de desastres sem que estes tenham necessariamente ocorrido.
Sustainable food consumption intentions related to food safety among young adults
Authors: Kovács Ildikó
Published: December 2020

Long-term sustainability of food consumption is in the mainstream of the current trends in the production and consumption patterns of food. A growing number of analyses question this issue nowadays. Despite several papers investigating the profile of sustainable consumers, understanding of the determinants of consumer decision-making and intention towards sustainable food consumption needed further investigation. This study investigates the determinants of sustainable food and food safety on consumer behavior among young customers in Hungary. The objective of this paper is to explore the intention factors of food safety based on sustainable consumption patterns. To gain a better insight into sustainable consumption patterns, the research process was quantitative in nature.
Behavior of the structure of different materials under static force
Authors: Szabó Balázs P. , Zakupszki Zita , Szabó Balázs
Published: December 2020

The subject of rheology is the study of force-induced deformation and creep in materials, taking into account the effect of time too. The purpose of the measurements is to study time-dependent tension-deformation correlations, which include creep and tension-relaxation parameters, and viscosity. Due to the characteristic structure of biological materials, we try to introduce rheology through different materials. Our samples also include soft, semi-hard and hard materials from fish meat to human teeth. It is very clear from the obtained results that the internal structure of each material is influenced by many factors. These factors also interact with each other and they cannot be standardized in a single study.
Az innováció és az oktatás a versenyképesség alapvető tényezői. Az 56. Közgazdász-vándorgyűlés főbb megállapításai
Authors: Csóka Imola , Kozák Sándor , Balogh Attila
Published: December 2020

Sikeres volt a 2018. szeptember 6. és 8. között Debrecenben megrendezett Magyar Közgazdasági Társaság 56. Közgazdász-vándorgyűlése. A konferencia három napja alatt, két plenáris és 19 szekcióülés keretében csaknem 190 előadó osztotta meg gondolatait a hazai és határainkon túli magyar közgazdászokból álló 900 fős hallgatósággal. A plenáris ülések és a 19 tematikus szekció előadói idén a hagyományos témák (a pénzügyek, a gazdaságpolitika vagy éppen az EU-források tervezése és felhasználása) mellett elsősorban olyan speciális kérdésekkel foglalkoztak, mint az innováció és az oktatás, szakképzés fontossága a foglalkoztatás és a nemzetgazdaság versenyképessége, illetve fenntartható fejlődése szempontjából. Emellett a konferencián szóba kerültek például a fintechszektor szabályozási kérdései, a sportfinanszírozás, a felelős vállalatirányítás, az öngondoskodás, a logisztikai ipar, az agrárium vagy éppen a startupok világa. Az 56. Közgazdász-vándorgyűlés meghatározó „horizontális” témái a versenyképesség, az innováció és az oktatás voltak: a konferencia előadói szinte kivétel nélkül egyetértettek abban, hogy a magyar gazdaság versenyképességének elsődleges meghatározó tényezői az innováció, a termelékenység javítása és az oktatási rendszer ehhez nélkülözhetetlen erősítése. A Magyar Közgazdasági Társaság Elnökségének nevében, az 56. Közgazdász-vándorgyűlés plenáris és szekcióülésein elhangzott néhány megállapítást, javaslatot terjesztünk elő megfontolásra a magyar gazdaság- és monetáris politika irányítóinak, meghatározó szereplőinek.
Az oktatás és a gazdasági fejlődés I.
Authors: Polónyi István
Published: December 2020

Tanulmányunkban két kérdést igyekszünk megvizsgálni. Az egyik az iskolázottság és a gazdasági fejlődés kapcsolatának speciális (társadalmi, gazdasági – vagy más szóhasználattal kapitalizmus – modellek szerint vett) országcsoportonkénti sajátosságai. A másik a gazdasági fejlődésnek az oktatás (PISA vizsgálatok eredményeivel mért) minőségével és az innovációs teljesítménnyel összefüggő vizsgálata ugyancsak ezen országcsoportokra. Tulajdonképpen úgy is megfogalmazhatjuk kutatási kérdésünket, hogy az iskolázottságnak és az innovációs teljesítménynek a gazdasági fejlettséggel összefüggésben vannak-e a posztszocialista országcsoportra (és azon belül Magyarországra) jellemző fejlődési sajátosságai.
A nemkonvencionális turisztikai mobilitás magyarországi sajátosságai, különös tekintettel a turizmusból származó bevételek növelésének lehetőségére = Features of non-traditional touristic mobility in Hungary, especially in respect of a potential increase in tourism-related revenue
Authors: Michalkó Gábor , Ilyés Noémi
Published: December 2020

A turizmus természetében az ezredfordulót követően kikristályosodó változások szükségszerűvé tették értelmezésének és mérésének újragondolását. A politikai szféra a turisztikai szervezetekkel, statisztikai intézetekkel, akadémiai kutatóhelyekkel együttműködve törekszik az utazással összefüggő új jelenségek gazdasági, társadalmi és környezeti hatásmechanizmusainak korszerű interpretálására. A turizmus hagyományos, a szálláshelyek igénybevételén alapuló értelmezése mára már a múlté. A szakpolitikának a stratégiaalkotás, a jogszabály-előkészítés, a fejlesztési irányok meghatározása és a támogatási rendszerek működtetése során a nemkonvencionális turisztikai mobilitásban rejlő lehetőségek kiaknázását is célszerű szem előtt tartania. Jelen tanulmány az elmélet és a gyakorlat határmezsgyéjén haladva (a hazai és a nemzetközi szakirodalom feldolgozására, valamint az UNWTO és a KSH adatbázisainak másodelemzésére építve) arra törekszik, hogy rávilágítson a statisztikai számbavételezésen kívül eső, úgynevezett láthatatlan turizmus hordozta potenciálra, amelynek felismerése helyi (térségi) és nemzetgazdasági szinten egyaránt jelentősen hozzájárulhat a turizmussal összefüggő bevételek növekedéséhez.
Társadalmi vállalkozók kapcsolati beágyazottsága és szerepe a társadalmi hatás kiterjesztésében
Authors: Agárdi Irma , Török Áron
Published: December 2020

Jelen kutatás arra a kérdésre keresi a választ, hogy a társadalmi vállalkozók kapcsolati beágyazottsága hogyan járul hozzá a vállalkozás társadalmi hatásának kiterjesztéséhez. A kutatási kérdés megválaszolásához esettanulmány-módszert alkalmaztak a szerzők olyan társadalmi vállalkozók körében, akik hátrányos helyzetű, fogyatékossággal élő, vagy megváltozott munkaképességű felnőttek számára nyújtanak munkaerő-piaci szolgáltatást a vendéglátóiparban. Az elemzéshez szekunder adatokat gyűjtöttek és interjúkat készítettek a társadalmi vállalkozókkal és a legfontosabb partnereikkel. A feltáró kutatás eredményei alapján elmondható, hogy a társadalmi vállalkozók eltérő partnertípussal alakítottak ki szoros, beágyazott kapcsolatokat. A kapcsolati beágyazottságban mutatkozó eltérések a társadalmi hatás kiterjesztésének különböző mintázatait (funkcionális, politikai és kvantitatív) hozták létre. A kutatási eredmények elméleti, gyakorlati és szakpolitikai vonatkozásait részletesen kifejtik.
Freight trip generation to buildings under construction: a comparative analysis with linear regression and generalised linear regression
Authors: De Oliveira Leise Kelli , Herédia Rafael Tagliatti , Bertoncini Bruno Vieira , De Oliveira Renata Lúcia Magalhães
Published: December 2020

A estimativa do número de viagens geradas por uma empresa é parte essencial do processo de modelagem da demanda de carga. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo compara modelos de viagens de carga para edifícios em construção (BUC) estimados por regressão linear generalizada e regressão linear, em um estudo de caso para Belo Horizonte. As principais contribuições deste artigo estão relacionadas aos modelos para estimar viagens de carga para BUC, a verificação das premissas de linearidade dos modelos lineares e a comparação de diferentes técnicas de modelagem para oa geração de viagens de carga. As suposições de linearidade permitiram avaliar a confiabilidade dos resultados dos modelos de regressão linear. Os resultados indicam que os modelos com melhor acurácia na previsão de viagens de carga ao BUC são os modelos lineares que utilizam a área como variável explicativa.
Truck routing cut and fill problem in roadworks using integer programming
Authors: Falcão Viviane Adriano , Nobre Júnior Ernesto Ferreira , Prata Bruno De Athayde
Published: December 2020

Planejar as atividades de distribuição de materiais em obras de terraplenagem pode representar um ganho na obra como um todo.  Uma das formas de fazer isso é minimizar a distância total percorrida pelos veículos, por exemplo caminhões na movimentação de terra entre as zonas de corte e aterro. Há muitos estudos e trabalhos que focam a otimização da distribuição de materiais entre zonas de corte e aterro, porém poucos aplicaram em projetos reais com a consideração de múltiplos equipamentos, além de não terem feito uma análise baseada na distância entre estacas. Este artigo tem como objetivo desenvolver um modelo de Programação Inteira que minimize a distância percorrida pelos caminhões basculantes em atividades de distribuição de materiais na terraplenagem. O modelo elaborado com princípios da Programação Linear Inteira foi baseado no problema de roteamento, cujo objetivo é minimizar o caminho percorrido. O modelo foi aplicado em dois estudo de casos cujos resultados destacam ganhos significativos, em termos de flexibilidade do processo de planejamento. Engenheiros, planejadores e analistas têm uma importante ferramenta computacional que facilitará a tomada de decisão.
Ausbalanciert. Der Traum vom Fliegen in den Zirkusbildern Edgar Degas' und James Tissots
Authors: Hemkendreis Anne
Published: December 2020

Der Artikel untersucht den Einfluss von Zirkusperformances als moderne Unterhaltungsform industrieller Metropolen auf Pariser Künstler des 19. Jahrhunderts. Insbesondere Vorstellungen von LuftartistInnen ermöglichten Malern die scheinbare Erfahrung von Schwerelosigkeit, die zu einer Reformulierung des Verhältnisses von Figur und Grund führte und das Verständnis von Malerei als ein von der Schwerkraft befreites Medium etablierte. Der Rückgriff auf ikonographische Formeln aus der barocken Illusionsmalerei in Kombination mit einer aus künstlichen Milieus wie dem Aquarium entlehnten naturhaften Ästhetik führte zu einer hybriden Darstellungsweise der weiblichen Artistinnen zwischen Transzendenz und Animalismus. Der Zirkus wurde damit zu einer Metapher für die moderne Malerei als Ort der technischen Visualisierung eines unauflöslichen Amalgams aus Realem und Fiktivem.
Popular Aesthetics of the 19th Century. Ornamental Prints and Pattern Sheets as Actors for Popularization During the 1870s
Authors: Manker Elin
Published: December 2020

This article seeks to investigate a branch of popular science that emerged during the second half of the 19th century: popular aesthetics. The primary format for popular aesthetics was the illustrated journal, and especially journals engaging in contemporary manufacturing and handicraft. Ornamental prints and pattern sheets functioned as core actors for the popularization of aesthetic knowledge within these kinds of publications. They also function as core actors for the in- vestigation undertaken in this article. Popular aesthetics had its roots in German aesthetic philosophy from the turn of the 19th century onward. It aimed for an engagement with aesthetic notions- and even aesthetic practice-in daily life. It thereby differs from other forms of popularization of the period that mainly aimed at conveying a text-based educa- tion. Popular aesthetics was, via mediation through internationally circulating il- lustrated journals, a movement that had implications far outside the borders of Germany. In this article, two ways of approaching popular aesthetics in Sweden are presented: one from a design and engineering journal, and the other from a women's journal.
Elias' Etablierte und Außenseiter
Authors: Preuß Madlen
Published: December 2020

Madlen Preuß entwickelt ein quantitativ-empirisches Modell, das es erstmals ermöglicht, eine systematische und vergleichbare Erschließung des Etablierten-Außenseiter-Modells nach Norbert Elias für größere soziale Einheiten zu vollziehen. Sie konzentriert sich dabei auf autochthone Deutsche, die gegenüber migrantischen Gruppen eine Etablierten-Perspektive einnehmen und den entsprechenden Status behaupten. Ihre Studie füllt damit eine wesentliche Lücke in der Forschung zur Etablierten-Außenseiter-Beziehung und zeigt einerseits, dass die Erklärungskraft des Modells trotz oder gerade wegen der fehlenden Referenz auf Religion und Kultur hoch ist, und das Modell andererseits fähig ist, relevante und weniger relevante Außenseiter-Gruppen zu identifizieren.
Migranten in Frankreich - Überfordert die Flüchtlingskrise das Land der Menschenrechte?
Authors: Liehr Günter
Published: December 2020

Günter Liehr befasst sich mit der französischen Reaktion auf die 2015 massiv einsetzende Migrationskrise, von der Frankreich in weit geringerem Maße betroffen war als Deutschland. Empfangs- und Unterbringungsstrukturen für Asylsuchende wurden nur in bescheidenem Umfang entwickelt. Ein wesentlicher Grund für die begrenzte Aufnahmebereitschaft liegt in der Befürchtung, eine größere Öffnung gegenüber Migranten könnte den rechtspopulistischen Kräften weiteren Auftrieb verschaffen. 2018 wurde ein Gesetz zur Verschärfung des Asyl- und Einwanderungsrechts verabschiedet, das eine Beschleunigung des Asylverfahrens und konsequentere Abschiebungen ermöglichen soll. Gleichwohl blickt Frankreich auf eine lange Tradition als Einwanderungsland und Zufluchtsort für politische Verfolgte zurück. Auf sie berufen sich Menschenrechtsorganisationen und engagierte Teile der Zivilbevölkerung, die mit Hilfsaktionen für Migranten die restriktive Praxis zu unterlaufen versuchen.
Versprechen des Un_Übersetzten im Feld der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften
Authors: Schögler Rafael Y.
Published: December 2020

This contribution understands the untranslated as the product of the instability of meaning and the provisionality of translation. Focusing on translation in the field of the social sciences and humanities, the paper will develop and explore four manifestations of promises of the un_translated as voiced by different agents: reduction of complexity as a subordinate dimension, and distinction, epistemic authority and increased coverage as three specific manifestations of the promises related to the intricate relationship between the translated and the untranslated. The un_translated will be discussed as form of translatorial agency leading to strategic decisions as exemplified in Harriet Martineau's translations of Auguste Comte. Further it will be shown in a discussion of the exchange between the sociologist Norbert Elias and some of his translators that manifestations of the above-mentioned promises are not necessarily kept. Overall, the differentiation of these promises pertaining to the un_translated serves as a heuristic for the study of translation in the construction of social and cultural knowledge-making.
Religion in Flüchtlingsunterkünften
Authors: Powroznik Natalie
Published: December 2020

Mit der Aufnahme vieler Geflüchteter im Jahr 2015 ergeben sich in Deutschland neue gesellschaftliche Fragestellungen, die auch religionsbezogene Aspekte beinhalten. Flüchtlingsunterkünfte als besondere Räume des Zusammenlebens eignen sich hierbei sehr gut, um nachzuvollziehen, wer jene Geflüchtete sind, inwiefern ihr Alltag von Religion geprägt ist und wie unter den Bewohner*innen und von Seiten der Sozialarbeiter*innen mit Phänomenen um Religion umgegangen wird. Natalie Powroznik nimmt sich diesen Aspekten im nordrhein-westfälischen Kontext an und zeigt aus sozialanthropologischer Perspektive, wie vielfältig und unterschiedlich Religion in Erscheinung treten kann - und warum der erste Blick manchmal täuscht.
Klientelisierte Staatlichkeit in Konfliktregionen
Authors: Naucke Philipp
Published: December 2020

Die Peacebuilding-Forschung und -Praxis sieht in der »Abwesenheit des Staates« gemeinhin eine zentrale Ursache für die Gewalt in Konfliktregionen - nicht nur in Kolumbien. Dass diese Annahme mindestens fraglich ist, zeigt Philipp Naucke in seiner historisch sensiblen Analyse der Formation staatlicher Strukturen und der Handlungsmöglichkeiten der kleinbäuerlichen Friedensgemeinde San José de Apartadó in der Konfliktregion Urabá. Seine detaillierte und einfühlsame Ethnographie paradoxer Begegnungen zwischen staatlichen Institutionen und Gemeindemitgliedern macht die Verantwortung eines »klientelisierten Staates« in der sozio-kulturellen Produktion des Gewaltkonfliktes sichtbar - und liefert besonders für den aktuellen Friedensprozess äußerst relevante Einsichten.
Ruderale Texturen
Authors: Kubin Julia
Published: December 2020

Die Ruderalvegetation - eine Pflanzenwelt, die sich in vom Menschen tiefgreifend veränderten, devastierten oder brach liegenden Räumen einstellt - hat in der Literatur des 20. Jahrhunderts Konjunktur. Auch in Erzählungen über den (post-)sozialistischen Raum wird das Unkraut als ein Motiv des Magischen Realismus prominent inszeniert. Auf Schutt und Abraum, in zerstörten Fabrikarealen und leer geräumten Landschaften siedeln sich Ruderalvegetation und Literatur gleichermaßen an. Am Beispiel einschlägiger Texte von Erwin Strittmatter bis Andrzej Stasiuk zeigt Julia Kubin die Reaktion der Literatur auf die Veränderungen seit 1945 und entwirft dabei Grundzüge einer Poetik der Ruderalität.
Navigating Disciplinary Differences in (Digital) Research Projects Through Project Management
Authors: Neubert Anna
Published: December 2020

In this article I survey our approach to implementing digital research in a collaborative research center by navigating disciplinary differences through tools and methods deriving from project management. I argue that by providing a clear framework and making regulations in cooperative work as well as acknowledging each individual contribution, interdisciplinary collaboration especially in the digital humanities can - even in a short time - produce meaningful and satisfying research results. This article is an account of our strategy to tackle challenges and opportunities that arose during our cooperation in combining the »humanities« and the »digital«. It shows where effort payed off and where failures required us to tackle problems and solve them. I conclude by recommending an approach to a new and different recognition of research results and their applicability within disciplinary boundaries that supports a better understanding within interdisciplinary collaborations.
From Serial Sources to Modeled Data
Authors: Dönecke Anna
Published: December 2020

This article focuses on the issue of data modeling from a historian's point of view and analyzes the development of a relational data base for court records from 18th-century French Pondicherry. On the basis of a detailed description of this case study, it makes a case for the potential of applying digital methods in history beyond the actual analysis of data. First, a pragmatic approach is applied, tracing the modeling of data in three steps: Deriving a conceptual data model from the sources, transferring it into a structure for the database, and importing automatically extracted data into the database. These steps are examined as a process of successively »atomizing« rather unwieldy information from historical sources into entities with attributes and relationships between one another. Here, I point out specific challenges and difficulties of digitally assessing historical sources. Secondly, the article takes a self-reflexive stance by examining the application of digital methods in historical research as an encounter of different ways of handling information. It contends that actively adapting the material to computational demands necessarily entails thinking in terms of abstract patterns as opposed to focusing on individual cases. This tension brings about an awareness of one's own premises and methodological contingencies. In doing so, I argue, the application of digital methods itself can already be enriching for the research process.