bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transition in Older Parent–Adult Child Relations in U.S. Chinese Immigrant Families
Authors: Guo Man , Stensland Meredith , Li Mengting , Beck Todd , Dong Xinqi
Published: October 2019

Background and Objectives

The family fundamentally underpins the immigration and acculturation processes. But most existing research on acculturation focuses on individual instead of family experience. Guided by Berry’s acculturation theory and Intergenerational Solidarity Theory, this study examined continuity and changes in parent–adult child relations of older Chinese immigrants over a 2-year period, and their implications for older adults’ depression and quality of life (QoL).

Research Design and Methods

Participants included 2,605 older Chinese immigrants from the Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago (PINE). Latent Transition Analysis (LTA) was used to identify transitions in multidimensional parent–child relations over time. Negative binomial and logistic regressions were used to examine the influence of family transitions on depression and QoL, respectively.

Results

LTA revealed five types of family relations: traditional, modified traditional, coresiding-unobligated, independent, and detached. Over 40% of the respondents shifted to a different relation type, with more families classified as modified traditional or independent over time. Transitioning into modified traditional relations or out of detached relations was associated with fewer depressive symptoms and better QoL at the follow-up. Transitioning into independent relation was associated with more depressive symptoms over time.

Discussion and Implications

Parent–child relations among Chinese older immigrants demonstrate significant complexity, including both heterogeneity and fluidity. Better well-being of these older adults seems to stem from the optimal combination of retaining the supportive heritage culture and embracing the host society’s instrumental cultural elements. Services to this population need to include the family context in assessment and interventions.
Are People Ready for Personalized Brain Health? Perspectives of Research Participants in the Lifebrain Consortium
Authors: Friedman Barbara Bodorkos , Suri Sana , Solé-Padullés Cristina , Düzel Sandra , Drevon Christian A , Baaré William F C , Bartrés-Faz David , Fjell Anders M , Johansen-Berg Heidi , Madsen Kathrine S , Nyberg Lars , Penninx Brenda W J H , Sexton Claire , Walhovd Kristine B , Zsoldos Enikő , Budin-Ljøsne Isabelle
Published: October 2019

Background and Objectives

A healthy brain is central to physical and mental well-being. In this multi-site, qualitative study, we investigated views and attitudes of adult participants in brain research studies on the brain and personalized brain health as well as interest in maintaining a healthy brain.

Design and Methods

We conducted individual interviews with 44 adult participants in brain research cohorts of the Lifebrain consortium in Spain, Norway, Germany, and the United Kingdom. The interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and coded using a cross-country codebook. The interview data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

Results

Most participants did not focus on their own brain health and expressed uncertainty regarding how to maintain it. Those actively focusing on brain health often picked one specific strategy like diet or memory training. The participants were interested in taking brain health tests to learn about their individual risk of developing brain diseases, and were willing to take measures to maintain their brain health if personalized follow-up was provided and the measures had proven impact. The participants were interested in more information on brain health. No differences in responses were identified between age groups, sex, or countries.

Discussion and Implications

Concise, practical, personalized, and evidence-based information about the brain may promote brain health. Based on our findings, we have launched an ongoing global brain health survey to acquire more extensive, quantitative, and representative data on public perception of personalized brain health.
Mutations in CHCHD2 cause α-synuclein aggregation
Authors: Ikeda Aya , Nishioka Kenya , Meng Hongrui , Takanashi Masashi , Hasegawa Iwao , Inoshita Tsuyoshi , Shiba-Fukushima Kahori , Li Yuanzhe , Yoshino Hiroyo , Mori Akio , Okuzumi Ayami , Yamaguchi Akihiro , Nonaka Risa , Izawa Nana , Ishikawa Kei-ichi , Saiki Hidemoto , Morita Masayo , Hasegawa Masato , Hasegawa Kazuko , Elahi Montasir , Funayama Manabu , Okano Hideyuki , Akamatsu Wado , Imai Yuzuru , Hattori Nobutaka
Published: October 2019

Mutations in CHCHD2 are linked to a familial, autosomal dominant form of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The gene product may regulate mitochondrial respiratory function. However, whether mitochondrial dysfunction induced by CHCHD2 mutations further yields α-synuclein pathology is unclear. Here, we provide compelling genetic evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction induced by PD-linked CHCHD2 T61I mutation promotes α-synuclein aggregation using brain autopsy, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and Drosophila genetics. An autopsy of an individual with CHCHD2 T61I revealed widespread Lewy pathology with both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles that appeared in the brain stem, limbic regions and neocortex. A prominent accumulation of sarkosyl-insoluble α-synuclein aggregates, the extent of which was comparable to that of a case with α-synuclein (SNCA) duplication, was observed in CHCHD2 T61I brain tissue. The prion-like activity and morphology of α-synuclein fibrils from the CHCHD2 T61I brain tissue were similar to those of fibrils from SNCA duplication and sporadic PD brain tissues. α-Synuclein insolubilization was reproduced in dopaminergic neuron cultures from CHCHD2 T61I iPSCs and Drosophila lacking the CHCHD2 ortholog or expressing the human CHCHD2 T61I. Moreover, the combination of ectopic α-synuclein expression and CHCHD2 null or T61I enhanced the toxicity in Drosophila dopaminergic neurons, altering the proteolysis pathways. Furthermore, CHCHD2 T61I lost its mitochondrial localization by α-synuclein in Drosophila. The mislocalization of CHCHD2 T61I was also observed in the patient brain. Our study suggests that CHCHD2 is a significant mitochondrial factor that determines α-synuclein stability in the etiology of PD.
Impact of acute kidney injury on prognosis of chronic kidney disease after aortic arch surgery
Authors: Nakamura Tamami , Mikamo Akihito , Matsuno Yutaro , Fujita Akira , Kurazumi Hiroshi , Suzuki Ryo , Hamano Kimikazu
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVES

Postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication associated with increased long-term mortality after cardiothoracic surgery. However, AKI after total aortic arch replacement (TAR) is not well studied. This study aimed to investigate the prognosis and impact of AKI on the long-term outcomes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients undergoing TAR.

METHODS

We included 208 patients who underwent TAR between September 2003 and December 2014. Patients were divided into a CKD (n = 83, 40%) and non-CKD (n = 125, 60%) group. The definition of AKI followed the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function and End-stage kidney disease (RIFLE) criteria. Independent risk factors for all-cause death and AKI were identified with multivariable analysis.

RESULTS

Postoperative AKI was observed in 24 patients (29%) and 39 patients (31%) of CKD and non-CKD groups, respectively. The survival rate of CKD patients was significantly lower than that of non-CKD patients (P = 0.02). Among CKD patients, the 5-year survival rate was 57% in those with AKI group and 92% in those without AKI; prognosis was significantly poorer in patients with AKI (P = 0.001). In the non-CKD group, there was no difference in prognosis between patients with or without AKI (P = 0.77). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that intraoperative blood loss of ≥600 ml was the only predictor of AKI in the CKD group (odds ratio 4.32, P = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

CKD is associated with reduced long-term survival after TAR. Postoperative AKI strongly influences long-term survival in CKD patients only.
Processing Style and Responsiveness to Corrective Information
Authors: Carnahan Dustin , Garrett R Kelly
Published: October 2019

The limited influence of corrective messages is one of the most striking observations in the misperceptions literature. We elaborate on this well-known outcome, showing that correction effectiveness varies according to recipients’ judgment strategy. Using data from two online experiments, we demonstrate that individuals’ responses to corrective messages are less biased by prior attitudes when they engage in on-line rather than memory-based processing. We also show that individuals are more responsive to one-sided messages under conditions of on-line rather than memory-based processing. Unexpectedly, two-sided messages, which repeat the inaccuracy before correcting it, performed better than one-sided messages among individuals using memory-based processes. These findings contribute to our understanding of fact-checking, and suggest strategies that could help promote greater responsiveness to corrective messages.
Row Contractions Annihilated by Interpolating Vanishing Ideals
Authors: Clouâtre Raphaël , Timko Edward J
Published: October 2019

We study similarity classes of commuting row contractions annihilated by what we call higher-order vanishing ideals of interpolating sequences. Our main result exhibits a Jordan-type direct sum decomposition for these row contractions. We illustrate how the family of ideals to which our theorem applies is very rich, especially in several variables. We also give two applications of the main result. First, we obtain a purely operator theoretic characterization of interpolating sequences for the multiplier algebra of the Drury–Arveson space. Second, we classify certain classes of cyclic commuting row contractions up to quasi-similarity in terms of their annihilating ideals. This refines some of our recent work on the topic. We show how this classification is sharp: in general quasi-similarity cannot be improved to similarity. The obstruction to doing so is a scarcity of norm-controlled similarities between commuting tuples of nilpotent matrices, and we investigate this question in detail.
Persistent circulation of a fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica Typhi clone in the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Britto Carl D , Dyson Zoe A , Mathias Sitarah , Bosco Ashish , Dougan Gordon , Jose Sanju , Nagaraj Savitha , Holt Kathryn E , Pollard Andrew J
Published: October 2019

Background

The molecular structure of circulating enteric fever pathogens was studied using hospital-based genomic surveillance in a tertiary care referral centre in South India as a first genomic surveillance study, to our knowledge, of blood culture-confirmed enteric fever in the region.

Methods

Blood culture surveillance was conducted at St John’s Medical College Hospital, Bengaluru, between July 2016 and June 2017. The bacterial isolates collected were linked to demographic variables of patients and subjected to WGS. The resulting pathogen genomic data were also globally contextualized to gauge possible phylogeographical patterns.

Results

Hospital-based genomic surveillance for enteric fever in Bengaluru, India, identified 101 Salmonella enterica Typhi and 14 S. Paratyphi A in a 1 year period. Ninety-six percent of isolates displayed non-susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. WGS showed the dominant pathogen was S. Typhi genotype 4.3.1.2 (H58 lineage II). A fluoroquinolone-resistant triple-mutant clone of S. Typhi 4.3.1.2 previously associated with gatifloxacin treatment failure in Nepal was implicated in 18% of enteric fever cases, indicating ongoing inter-regional circulation.

Conclusions

Enteric fever in South India continues to be a major public health issue and is strongly associated with antimicrobial resistance. Robust microbiological surveillance is necessary to direct appropriate treatment and preventive strategies. Of particular concern is the emergence and expansion of the highly fluoroquinolone-resistant triple-mutant S. Typhi clone and its ongoing inter- and intra-country transmission in South Asia, which highlights the need for regional coordination of intervention strategies, including vaccination and longer-term strategies such as improvements to support hygiene and sanitation.
The second-hand effects of antibiotics: communicating the public health risks of drug resistance
Authors: Langford B J , Daneman N , Leung V , Wu J H C , Brown K , Schwartz K L , Garber G
Published: October 2019

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a threat to modern medicine, but there are challenges in communicating its urgency and scope and potential solutions to this growing problem. It is recognized that AMR has a ‘language problem’ and the way in which healthcare professionals communicate about AMR may not always resonate with patients. Many patients are unaware that antibiotics can have detrimental effects to those beyond the recipient, due to transmission of drug-resistant organisms. The overestimation of benefits and underestimation of risks helps to fuel demand for antibiotic use in situations where they may be of little or no benefit. To better communicate risks, clinicians may borrow the term ‘second-hand’ from efforts to reduce smoking cessation. We present several examples where antibiotics themselves have second-hand effects beyond the individual recipient in hospitals, long-term care homes and the community. Incorporation of the concept of the second-hand effects of antibiotics into patient counselling, mass messaging and future research may help facilitate a more balanced discussion about the benefits and risks of antibiotic use in order to use these agents more appropriately.
Patient preferences for visualization of longitudinal patient-reported outcomes data
Authors: Stonbraker Samantha , Porras Tiffany , Schnall Rebecca
Published: October 2019

Objective

The study sought to design symptom reports of longitudinal patient-reported outcomes data that are understandable and meaningful to end users.

Materials and Methods

We completed a 2-phase iterative design and evaluation process. In phase I, we developed symptom reports and refined them according to expert input. End users then completed a survey containing demographics, a measure of health literacy, and items to assess visualization preferences and comprehension of reports. We then collected participants’ perspectives on reports through semistructured interviews and modified them accordingly. In phase II, refined reports were evaluated in a survey that included demographics, validated measures of health and graph literacy, and items to assess preferences and comprehension of reports. Surveys were administered using a think-aloud protocol.

Results

Fifty-five English- and Spanish-speaking end users, 89.1% of whom had limited health literacy, participated. In phase I, experts recommended improvements and 20 end users evaluated reports. From the feedback received, we added emojis, changed date and font formats, and simplified the y-axis scale of reports. In phase II, 35 end users evaluated refined designs, of whom 94.3% preferred reports with emojis, the favorite being a bar graph combined with emojis, which also promoted comprehension. In both phases, participants literally interpreted reports and provided suggestions for future visualizations.

Conclusions

A bar graph combined with emojis was participants’ preferred format and the one that promoted comprehension. Target end users must be included in visualization design to identify literal interpretations of images and ensure final products are meaningful.
The Conduct and Consequence of Research on Digital Communication
Authors: Flanagin Andrew J
Published: October 2019

Research on digital communication is best served by concentrating not on current technological tools, but rather on the novel processes of social and communicative change to which such technologies are often closely linked. Thus, scholarship should consider contemporary technologies mainly as manifestations of underlying phenomena rather than as particular objects of study and should cultivate a focus on the capabilities that span technologies. Theories in this domain, in turn, must concentrate on what is exceptional about technologies in terms of the psychological, social, and behavioral mechanisms that help to comprehend them in the long term. Seen this way, the key to understanding technological mediation is remarkably consistent even in the face of radical technological change.
Scatological Asklepios: The Use of Excrement in Graeco-Roman Healthcare1
Authors: Harris W V
Published: October 2019

In the classical world, “official” rationalistic medicine made therapeutic use of excrement, urine and other substances that modern humans normally regard as repulsive (this was even true of Galen, the culminating authority); and popular medicine seems to have done so on a large scale. Such practices, which finally lost their professional though not their popular acceptability in the 18th century, have been studied to good purpose by other historians, but they have never been explained in a satisfactory fashion, partly because the relevant evidence is highly diverse. The present paper, by considering the long term (pre-Greek as well as Greek and Roman) and all the relevant contexts, including ancient feelings of disgust and the general state of ancient pharmacology, and by probing people’s subconscious motives, attempts to establish a multi-factor explanation. This explanation balances traditions, beliefs about the inherent qualities, physical and magical, of natural substances, and the psychological needs of both healers and the sick.
On epistemic and ontological interpretations of intuitionistic and paraconsistent paradigms
Authors: Carnielli Walter , Rodrigues Abilio
Published: October 2019

From the technical point of view, philosophically neutral, the duality between a paraconsistent and a paracomplete logic (for example intuitionistic logic) lies in the fact that explosion does not hold in the former and excluded middle does not hold in the latter. From the point of view of the motivations for rejecting explosion and excluded middle, this duality can be interpreted either ontologically or epistemically. An ontological interpretation of intuitionistic logic is Brouwer’s idealism; of paraconsistency is dialetheism. The epistemic interpretation of intuitionistic logic is in terms of preservation of constructive proof; of paraconsistency is in terms of preservation of evidence. In this paper, we explain and defend the epistemic approach to paraconsistency. We argue that it is more plausible than dialetheism and allows a peaceful and fruitful coexistence with classical logic.
Host Range of Herpetogramma basalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a Biological Control Agent for the Invasive Weed Alternanthera philoxeroides (Centrospermae: Amaranthaceae) in China
Authors: Chu Shihai , Cong Shengbo , Li Ruhai , Hou Youming
Published: October 2019

Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. is an invasive herbaceous amphibious weed species in China. A pyralid moth Herpetogramma basalis (Walker) was discovered feeding on A. philoxeroides through field surveys and may be a potentially useful biocontrol agent. To determine the host range of H. basalis and evaluate its potential to control A. philoxeroides, no-choice and multiple-choice tests were conducted. Herpetogramma basalis fed on target weeds and 29 nontarget plant species. In addition to the target weed A. philoxeroides, H. basalis developed to adult on eight other nontarget species. Herpetogramma basalis survived to adulthood successfully on A. philoxeroides and less successfully on several other Amaranthaceae species. In multiple-choice studies, H. basalis showed a strong oviposition preference for A. philoxeroides over Amaranthus tricolor L. (Centrospermae: Amaranthaceae). Amaranthus tricolor was the only crop plant that supported the complete development of H. basalis. We cautiously recommend H. basalis for the biological control of A. philoxeroides in China.
Severe late dysphagia after multimodal treatment of stage III/IV laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer
Authors: Huh Gene , Ahn Soon-Hyun , Suk Jun-Girl , Lee Min-Hyung , Kim Won Shik , Kwon Seong Keun , Ock Chan-Young , Keam Bhumsuk , Heo Dae Seog , Kim Jin Ho , Wu Hong-Gyun
Published: October 2019

Background

Long-term side effects after radiotherapy for organ preservation ‘could deteriorate’ the laryngeal function. This study intended to identify the incidence of severe late dysphagia following the multimodal treatment for stage III/IV laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer ‘to evaluate the function of larynx’.

Methods

The medical records of patients successfully treated for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer with a multimodal approach, including radiotherapy, were retrospectively analyzed. ‘Functional larynx was defined as tolerable oral diet without severe late dysphagia or tracheostoma’.

Results

The study included 99 patients with a median follow-up period of 72 months. ‘Tracheostomy during the follow-up period was required in only one patient due to aspiration pneumonia, and dysphagia is the main determinant for functional larynx’. The probability of maintaining functional larynx was 63% for 10 years, when the treatment was started with radiotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy. In upfront surgery (operation first and adjuvant radiotherapy/concurrent chemoradiotherapy) group, 37% of patients required total laryngectomy as primary treatment and 43% of patients could maintain laryngeal function for 10 years. And severe late dysphagia in the latter group developed mainly after laryngeal preservation surgery. The patients aged ≥65 years showed significantly higher incidence of dysphagia. Severe late dysphagia was very rare in laryngeal cancer successfully cured with radiotherapy/concurrent chemoradiotherapy (1/25, 4%); however, it gradually increased over time in hypopharyngeal cancer patients showing a statistically significant difference from laryngeal cancer patients (P = 0.040).

Conclusion

Severe late dysphagia occurred in 19.2% of patients treated for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers, regardless of whether treatment started with radiotherapy/concurrent chemoradiotherapy or surgery.
Heat Adaptation of the House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and Its Associated Parasitoids in Israel
Authors: Biale Haim , Geden Christopher J , Chiel Elad
Published: October 2019

Insects are ectothermic organisms; hence, all aspects of their biology are strongly influenced by ambient temperatures. Different insect species respond differently with phenotypic plasticity and/or genetic adaptation to changing temperatures. Here, we tested the thermal adaptation of the house fly and three of its parasitoids species by comparing life-history parameters in populations from a hot climate region (Jordan Valley) and from a moderate-climate region (Galilee). No significant differences were found between the two house fly populations, both under hot and moderate experimental conditions. Life-history parameters of the parasitoids (Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders, Spalangia endius Walker, and Spalangia cameroni Perkins [Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae]) varied markedly between origins, species, sexes, and experimental conditions. Of the three species tested, only M. raptor collected in the Jordan Valley proved better adapted to experimental heat conditions, compared to its counterpart population that was collected in the Galilee. Additionally, we tested the effect of elevating temperatures on a house fly lab population for 17 consecutive generations and found no evidence for heat adaptation. We discuss our results in the context of house fly control and global warming.
Field Validation of a Development Data Set for Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae): Estimating Insect Age Based on Development Stage
Authors: Faris A M , West W R , Tomberlin J K , Tarone A M
Published: October 2019

Insect age estimates can be useful for estimating the postmortem interval when certain assumptions are met. Such estimates are based on species-specific development data that are temperature-dependent and variable, and therefore prone to different degrees of error depending on the combination of data sets, calculations, and assumptions applied in a specific instance. Because of this potential error, validating the methods employed is necessary for determining accuracy and precision of a given technique. For forensic entomology, validation of development data sets is one approach for identifying the uncertainty associated with insect age estimates. Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) is a primary colonizer of remains across the United States and is commonly encountered in forensic investigations. A development study for this species was produced for a central Texas, U.S. population; the variation associated with this data set and the pre-appearance interval were previously explored in an ecological model. The objectives of this study were to determine the accuracy of the development data and the validity of the ecological model when applied to immatures of known age developing under field conditions. Results indicate this data set is an accurate predictor of insect age when using development stage, supporting the validity of the ecological model in central Texas. Age predictions made with all stages present in a sample were more accurate than predictions made with the most developed stage in a sample, and estimates of age when using the prepupal stage were overestimated regardless of prediction method, though thermal requirements for total development were similar.
Oviposition Responses and Potential Larval Control Methods of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Downspout Extensions
Authors: Yee Donald A , Nelsen Joseph A , Deerman James H , Dean Catherine L , Price Taylor L , Rogers Rachel E , Varnado Wendy C
Published: October 2019

Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is an important invasive species and vector of several important arboviruses across the globe. This species uses small water-holding cryptic containers as egg laying sites, which pose serious challenges to effective control of adult mosquito populations. Herein, we examined the response of gravid female Ae. albopictus to various features of common downspout extension tubes associated with human dwellings and the effectiveness of control efforts to eliminate larvae. Controlled field trials quantified oviposition in 1) extensions versus rubber bowls meant to mimic other container types, 2) among different shapes and materials of extensions, and 3) among different colors of extensions. We also investigated how flushing and use of Bti larvicides could control larvae. Females were more likely to lay eggs in flat plastic or metal extensions compared to rubber bowls. Eggs were also more plentiful in flat plastic extensions versus either corrugated or metal, and dark brown corrugated extensions had more eggs compared to tan or white. Flushing reduced nearly all larvae when the extensions were properly angled, and applications of Bti pellets or dunks were effective at killing most larvae. We show that dark extensions were preferred over other colors, and that larvae can be effectively removed with minimal effort. However, effective control will likely only come from better education of the public about proper installation of extensions.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Sand Flies of the Chagasi Series, Psychodopygus (Diptera: Psychodidae) Genus, Focusing on the Genitalia
Authors: Espíndola Godoy Rodrigo , Rangel Elizabeth Ferreira , Santos Mallet Jacenir Reis Dos , Vasconcelos Dos Santos Thiago , da Rocha Barata Iorlando , Arley Costa Pessoa Felipe , Cunha Alda Eunice Farias Lobato da , Vilela Maurício Luiz , Galati Eunice Aparecida Bianchi
Published: October 2019

Males of cryptic or closely related species present great morphological variation in their genitalia, whereas females, such as those of the Chagasi Series of the Psychodopygus Mangabeira, 1941 genus, are more similar. Therefore, our aim was to study the fine structure of the male genitalia of five species of the Chagasi Series to better understand the variation in their morphology and its influence on the copulatory process. The sand fly species were captured in the following Brazilian states: Psychodopygus chagasi (Costa Lima, 1941) (Rondônia), Psychodopygus complexus (Mangabeira, 1941) (Tocantins), Psychodopygus squamiventris maripaensis (Floch & Abonnenc, 1946) (Amapá), Psychodopygus squamiventris squamiventris (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Amazonas), and Psychodopygus wellcomei Fraiha, Shaw & Lainson, 1971 (Pará and Ceará). Insects were stored in ethanol 70% (then dehydrated) and dry after they were sputtered with gold. The samples were observed under a scanning electron microscope. Microtrichiae, two types of trichoid sensilla, coeloconic and chaetic sensillae, were observed on the antenna of all species, with no difference between them. Only on the anepimeron of P. squamiventris squamiventris a modified ‘racket’-like scale was observed. As for the male genitalia, the setae and structures of each species were fully described, such as the small setae on the paramere apex of the P. squamiventris subspecies, and the grooves present in this region and on the paramere lobe of P. complexus and P. wellcomei, which are impossible to observe with optic microscopy. New information is thus provided on the male genitalia, which can contribute to future bionomic studies of these species.
Book Review: Fourie, C., and A. Rid (eds) 2017. What Is Enough: Sufficiency, Justice, and Health. New York: Oxford University Press
Authors: Sachs Benjamin
Published: October 2019

This review uses the excellent recent anthology, What Is Enough: Sufficiency, Justice, and Health, edited by Carina Fourie and Annette Rid, as a springboard for a discussion of a little-noticed problem for sufficientarian principles governing the distribution of health or health care. All sufficientarian principles must be assigned a scope: the set of individuals who are to be brought up to the level of sufficiency. When it comes to health and health care, sufficientarians will, rightly, want to reject broad scopes, because they will entail that we are accountable for securing health care for, for example, wild animals. Unfortunately, any narrow scope will seem morally arbitrary, because it will imply that among all the individuals who could benefit from health care we are obligated to provide it only to some of them. But, I suggest here that such arbitrariness is no problem for narrow-scope sufficientarianism in health or health care as long as the principle is cast as a non-fundamental principle of public policy as opposed to a fundamental moral principle.
Adverse Health Outcomes Among US Testicular Cancer Survivors After Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy vs Surgical Management
Authors: Agrawal Vaibhav , Dinh Paul C , Fung Chunkit , Monahan Patrick O , Althouse Sandra K , Norton Kelli , Cary Clint , Einhorn Lawrence , Fossa Sophie D , Adra Nabil , Travis Lois B
Published: October 2019

We evaluated for the first time, to our knowledge, adverse health outcomes (AHOs) among US testicular cancer survivors (TCS) given chemotherapy (n = 381) vs surgery-only patients (n = 98) managed at a single institution, accounting for non-treatment-related risk factors to delineate chemotherapy’s impact. Chemotherapy consisted largely of bleomycin-etoposide-cisplatin (BEP) administered in three or four cycles (BEPx3, n = 235; BEPx4, n = 82). Incidence of at least 3 AHOs was lowest in surgery-only TCS and increased with BEPx3, BEPx4, and other cisplatin-based regimens (12.2%, 40.8%, 52.5%, 54.8%; P < .0001). Multivariable modeling assessed associations of risk factors and treatment with hearing impairment, tinnitus, peripheral neuropathy, and Raynaud phenomenon. Risk for each AHO statistically increased with both increasing chemotherapy burden (P < .0001) and selected modifiable risk factors (P < .05): hypertension (odds ratio [OR] = 2.40) and noise exposure (OR ≥ 2.3) for hearing impairment; noise exposure for tinnitus (OR ≥ 1.69); peripheral vascular disease for neuropathy (OR = 8.72); and current smoking for Raynaud phenomenon (OR = 2.41). Clinicians should manage modifiable risk factors for AHOs among TCS.
Telephone Sample Surveys: Dearly Beloved or Nearly Departed? Trends in Survey Errors in the Era of Declining Response Rates
Authors: Dutwin David , Buskirk Trent D
Published: October 2019

Telephone surveys have become much maligned in the past few years, considering recent failures to correctly predict elections worldwide, response rates declining into the single digits, and the rise of low-cost, nonprobabilistic alternatives. Yet there is no study assessing the degree to which data attained via modern-day telephone interviewing has or has not significantly declined in terms of data quality. Utilizing an elemental approach, we evaluate the bias of various cross-tabulations of core demographics from a collection of surveys collected over the past two decades. Results indicate that (1) there has been a modest increase in bias over the past two decades but a downward trend in the past five years; (2) the share of cell phone interviews in samples has a significant impact on the bias; (3) traditional weighting largely mitigates the linear trend in bias; and (4), once weighted, telephone samples are nearly on par in data quality to higher response rate unweighted in-person data. Implications for the “fit for purpose” of telephone data and its general role in the future of survey research are discussed given our findings.
Critical Approaches to Jurisdiction and International Law
Authors: McVeigh Shaun
Published: October 2019

This chapter addresses the ways in which critical jurists have grappled with the character and transmission of forms of authority in a variety of settings. Specifically, it describes and comments on two aspects of critical approaches to jurisdiction and international law: one emphasizing the place of jurisdiction within critical discourse and the other thinking critically with jurisdictional forms, arrangements, and practices. In both accounts, holding on to the prudential character of jurisdiction has drawn attention to the conduct of office and relations of law. In doing this, the chapter sets the concern with jurisdiction in the office of jurisprudence and treats critical approaches as, at least in part, a training in office. This training has been characterized in terms of an ethic of responsibility, although what this might mean varies considerably amongst the critical approaches considered in the chapter.
Enforcing Criminal Jurisdiction in the Clouds and International Law’s Enduring Commitment to Territoriality
Authors: Allen Stephen
Published: October 2019

This chapter addresses how cross-border data storage by way of Cloud Computing and related criminal activities have become a major problem for criminal justice authorities. Since these authorities remain beholden to the territoriality principle and cannot search unilaterally for data located within another state’s territory, the dramatic growth in trans-border criminality means that this territorial limitation now risks undermining the extent to which individual states are able to satisfy their positive obligation to maintain the integrity of their criminal justice systems and to uphold the rule of law more generally. The chapter then considers the key proposals which have been advanced by the Cybercrime Committee in order to illustrate the ways in which the Committee has sought to address the challenges of unilateral trans-border activity in connection with the conduct of criminal investigations and to consider their viability from an international legal perspective, insofar as jurisdictional considerations are engaged.
The ‘J’ Word
Authors: Vandenhole Wouter
Published: October 2019

This chapter explores the controversial extra-territorial jurisdiction of human rights courts, arguing that human rights law should accept extraterritorial obligations. This argument relies on two submissions. First, reality indicates that states frequently engage in extraterritorial conduct, or take measures with extraterritorial effects, which can have a negative impact on human rights outside of these states’ borders. Second, human rights law must be able to reflect reality, that is to say, it must be able to engage with extra-territorial conduct or effects. The chapter then addresses the question of which rights-holders a State Party has obligations. It may be said that jurisdiction has rather been a spoiler of change than a game-changer in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
Conceptions of State Jurisdiction in the Jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice and the Permanent Court of International Justice
Authors: Costelloe Daniel
Published: October 2019

This chapter traces the manner in which the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) and the Jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) have understood and applied notions of state jurisdiction in response to a variety of legal issues in international dispute settlement. These have notably included the so-called ‘reserved domain’ of domestic jurisdiction, which certain states have invoked in an effort to challenge the jurisdiction of an international court or tribunal or the admissibility of claims. They have also included the foundational question, invariably associated with the PCIJ’s judgment in the case concerning the SS Lotus, whether a state must invoke a permissive rule before it may lawfully territorial adjudicatory jurisdiction. Finally, these issues have involved international legal limitations on the exercise of such jurisdiction in the context of state immunity.
Human Rights
Authors: Hannum Hurst
Published: October 2019

This chapter focuses on human rights in Asia and the Pacific. On the level of purely legal commitments, the great majority of Asian and Pacific states have ratified both of the two major UN human rights treaties, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is the most developed of the sub-regional organizations with respect to human rights, although that development has been fairly recent and, to date, relatively minimal. However, attempts to characterize or distinguish different approaches to human rights in Asia frequently include reference to a number of arguments put forward to justify Asian exceptionalism in this field. Perhaps the most widely asserted argument contends that ‘Asian values’ are different from the Western values that animate today’s international human rights norms.
International Humanitarian Law and International Criminal Law
Authors: Linton Suzannah
Published: October 2019

This chapter assesses the approaches of Asia-Pacific states to international humanitarian law (IHL) and international criminal law (ICL), within the context of the international legal framework. It first addresses influential approaches in the region, including how states present themselves in relation to IHL and ICL issues. Next, it considers how regional states engage with the issue of responsibility in international law, with an emphasis on IHL and ICL. The chapter then examines acceptance of these two bodies of law, arguing that there is no hostility to the basic norms of IHL, but a more unsettled approach to ICL. There is a definite chill in respect of aspects that potentially encroach on independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity, or that smack of Western neo-colonialism. These are of course subjectively evaluated by each state. In practical terms, this frostiness can be seen in the responses to external threats of accountability against political leaders, the exercise of universal jurisdiction, Security Council referrals to the International Criminal Court, Pillar Three of the R2P doctrine, the crime of aggression, and certain formulations of other international crimes (for example, war crimes in non-international armed conflict). However, even within these broad regional trends, there is no uniformity. There is decidedly no collective ‘Asia-Pacific approach’ that emerges from the present chapter.
International Environmental Law
Authors: Boer Ben
Published: October 2019

This chapter addresses the development and implementation of international and regional instruments and policies concerning the environment and natural resources across the sub-regions of the Asia-Pacific, in the context of the continuing debate on the need to promote ecological sustainability globally. Many of these instruments and policies began to shape national environmental law responses in the region from the 1970s. Two recent and highly significant instruments are the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and the Sustainable Development Goals, both agreed in 2015. The chapter then examines the functions of the more important regional environmentally oriented institutions, together with their associated legal frameworks and soft law instruments, for each of the Asia-Pacific’s sub-regions. It also focuses on the increasing international, regional, and national trend of recognizing the links between environmental law and human rights, and specifically the promotion of the right to a safe, clean, healthy, and sustainable environment.
International Dispute Settlement
Authors: Owada Hisashi
Published: October 2019

This chapter studies Asian participation in international dispute settlement, revealing three thematic characteristics of the region. The first is the diversity of state practice within Asia. Intersecting this sub-regional diversity is the diversity of approaches within any given state towards different areas of concern. Thus, participation in international dispute settlement varies not only according to sub-region, but also according to the area of law. The second characteristic is that Asian states on the whole are generally quite willing to substantively engage with international dispute resolution. Finally, notwithstanding the above, the third characteristic is that there remains in Asia a cautious hesitation towards open commitments to international dispute-resolution mechanisms. The most glaring omission is that of any regional dispute settlement body. Whereas Africa, Europe, and Latin America all have regional human rights courts and sub-regional courts of different varieties, only the Central Asian states participate in any standing regional court.
China
Authors: Zhaojie Li
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses international law in China. Although the teaching, research, and dissemination of international law have become part of China’s steady efforts to achieve its aspirations for national rejuvenation, early Chinese experience with international law still remains a key to understanding China’s present attitude towards international law. Indeed, the perennial concern with its status, security, and territorial integrity, as shaped by its historical legacies, still overshadows China’s legal behaviour in the conduct of its foreign relations. Today, with its rise to world great-power status, China is depicted as a stakeholder in the present international system. China has been playing a constructive role in international and regional issues and has made significant contributions to world peace and development. In the inquiry into China’s attitude towards international law, one area which China attempts to draw attention to is the importance of the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence.
South Korea
Authors: Lee Seokwoo , Lee Hee Eun
Published: October 2019

This chapter evaluates international law in South Korea. The tumultuous experiences of the Korean nation in the twentieth century, within the context of international relations in Northeast Asia, has had a significant impact on South Korea’s attitude towards and practice of public international law. Joseon, as Korea was referred to in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, was confronted with public international law introduced by Western imperial states that challenged the existing ‘Sinocentric’ normative system. Eventually, the devolution of the Sinocentric order led to the demise of Joseon, despite appeals to state sovereignty under public international law in the face of Japanese imperialism. This inevitably set the stage for the creation of the modern South Korean state. South Korea today is an active participant in the international legal system, in large part due to its vibrant export-oriented economy, its status as an Asian middle power, as well as its emergence as a robust democracy.
The Philippines
Authors: Bagares Romel Regalado
Published: October 2019

This chapter assesses international law in the Philippines. The primary entry points of international law in Philippine jurisdiction are the Incorporation Clause and the Treaty Clause of the 1987 Charter. The chapter considers the paradoxical phenomenon of the supposedly dualist device of treaties opening a quasi-monist door to international legal obligations in the form of executive agreements that do not require the concurrence of the Senate but become binding on the Philippines by Executive imprimatur. Moreover, as quasi-monist devices, executive agreements function both as a sword, giving direct effect to international law—especially in the protection of rights—and as a shield, raising barriers to public or international accountability according to political considerations. The four other entry points for international law in Philippine practice include the direct effect by the Supreme Court’s rule-making powers, constitutionalization, statutory application, and international law in the State of Exception.
Migrant shoes and forced walking in children’s literature about refugees: Material testimony and embodied simulation
Authors: Arizpe Evelyn
Published: October 2019

Increasing numbers of children’s books on the topic of refugees are appearing in publishers’ catalogues around the world, raising awareness of diverse contexts of forced migration and of the hardships faced by children and their families in this situation. Yet, few studies have analysed in depth how aesthetic and literary strategies work to engage readers with the refugee experience in these well-intentioned attempts. Drawing on a corpus of refugee texts which draw attention to the material, the corporeal and the symbolic aspects of shoes and forced walking, in this article, I look at materiality and mobility (or immobility) and analyse how text and image create three main points of connection between the narrative and the reader: appropriate footwear; physical discomfort/pain and what I have termed as ‘the chronotope of forced migration’. I discuss how calling attention to these connections is used as a strategy to create an ‘embodied simulation’ (Bergen 2016) which encourages readers to ‘walk in refugee shoes’ and adopt a more empathetic stance. Examining these strategies shows how it is possible to engender an understanding of the refugee situation through text and/or image in ways that allow a level of emotional engagement even when young readers have not experienced these circumstances directly. Understanding how these aesthetic and literacy strategies work can help to support the claims made for the role of children’s literature in fostering empathy as well as the pedagogical use of this literature by teachers and other professionals.