bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restriction of sonic hedgehog signalling during early tooth development
Authors: Cobourne Martyn T. , Miletich Isabelle , Sharpe Paul T.
Published: May 2004

The signalling peptide encoded by the sonic hedgehog gene is restricted to localised thickenings of oral epithelium, which mark the first morphological evidence of tooth development, and is known to play a crucial role during the initiation of odontogenesis. We show that at these stages in the murine mandibular arch in the absence of epithelium, the Shh targets Ptc1and Gli1 are upregulated in diastema mesenchyme, an edentulous region between the sites of molar and incisor tooth formation. This ectopic expression is not associated with Shh transcription but with Shh protein, undetectable in the presence of epithelium. These findings suggest that, in diastema mesenchyme, restriction of Shh activity is dependent upon the overlying epithelium. This inhibitory activity was demonstrated by the ability of transplanted diastema epithelium to downregulate Ptc1 in tooth explants, and for isolated diastema mesenchyme to express Ptc1. A candidate inhibitor in diastema mesenchyme is the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked membrane glycoprotein Gas1. Gas1is normally expressed throughout mandibular arch mesenchyme; however, in the absence of epithelium this expression was downregulated specifically in the diastema where ectopic Shh protein was identified. Although Shh signalling has no effect upon Gas1 expression in mandibular arch mesenchyme,overexpression of Gas1 results in downregulation of ectopic Ptc1. Therefore, control of the position of tooth initiation in the mandibular arch involves a combination of Shh signalling at sites where teeth are required and antagonism in regions destined to remain edentulous.
Anti-angiogenic action of the C-terminal domain of tenomodulin that shares homology with chondromodulin-I
Authors: Oshima Yusuke , Sato Koji , Tashiro Fumi , Miyazaki Jun-ichi , Nishida Koji , Hiraki Yuji , Tano Yasuo , Shukunami Chisa
Published: May 2004

Tenomodulin (TeM) is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that contains a C-terminal domain with homology to the mature, secreted form of chondromodulin-I (ChM-I), a cartilage-derived angiogenesis inhibitor. TeM transcripts have been found in hypovascular tissues such as tendons and ligaments but the biological activity of TeM has not yet been fully explored. Using an adenovirus expression system, we utilized the forced expression and subsequent secretion of the human TeM C-terminal 116 amino acids (Ad-shTeM) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to assess the anti-angiogenic properties of TeM. The C-terminal 120 amino acids of the human ChM-I precursor (Ad-shChM-I) was similarly expressed in HUVECs as a comparison study. Transduction of both Ad-shTeM and Ad-shChM-I resulted in significant impairment of the tube-forming activity of HUVECs, when cultured in Matrigel. Similarly, conditioned medium from COS7 cells, transfected with plasmid DNA encoding shTeM or shChM-I, inhibited tube formation of HUVECs when compared to medium derived from either COS7 cells transfected with control vector or from non-transfected cells.

Upon infection of HUVECs with Ad-shTeM or Ad-shChM-I, DNA synthesis stimulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was reduced to 40-50% of normal levels. Additionally, in a modified Boyden chamber assay, migration of HUVECs in response to VEGF was significantly affected following transduction of either Ad-shTeM or Ad-shChM-I and these transduced HUVECs were found to spread well on type I collagen or fibronectin, but not on vitronectin. Furthermore, the transduction of either Ad-shTeM or Ad-shChM-I in human melanoma cells resulted in suppression of tumor growth in association with decreased vessel density in vivo. Hence, we have demonstrated that, similarly to ChM-1, the C-terminal domain of TeM exhibits both anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activities when expressed in a secreted form.
Fluorescent Hydrophobic Probes Based on Intramolecular Charge Transfer State for Sensitive Protein Detection in Solution
Authors: Jun Hyunsook , Hong Soo Yeon , Yoon Seung Soo , Kang Chulhun , Suh Myungkoo
Published: May 2004

New hydrophobic intramolecular charge transfer probes, comprising an aminostyryl and a cyanopyranyl moieties, were developed for sensitive protein quantification in solution. The probes exhibited dramatic increase of fluorescence quantum yields with accompanying blue-shift of the emission when bound to protein–sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) complexes. Using this emission enhancement, the synthesized probes were successfully applied for determining protein concentrations in solution.
Kinetic Analysis of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Raw Starch by Glucoamylase Using an Amperometric Glucose Sensor
Authors: Tatsumi Hirosuke , Katano Hajime
Published: May 2004

An amperometric glucose sensor has been introduced to study the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of raw starch by glucoamylase in a thick raw starch suspension. The initial rate of the hydrolysis increased with increasing amount of enzyme to approach a saturation value, whereas it was proportional to the amount of substrate. The dependence can be explained by the rate equation based on the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Alternatingly 6-O-Carboxymethylated Chitotetraose by Selective Glycosidation with Chitinase Catalysis
Authors: Ochiai Hirofumi , Ohmae Masashi , Kobayashi Shiro
Published: May 2004

An alternatingly 6-O-carboxymethylated chitotetraose derivative was selectively synthesized via enzymatic glycosidation of a 6′-O-carboxymethylated chitobiose oxazoline derivative catalyzed by chitinase. The enzyme from Streptomyces griseus acted as an efficient catalyst for the reaction, giving rise to N,N′,N″,N′″-tetraacetyl-6′,6′″-di-O-carboxymethylchitotetraose in a 42% yield.
Enzymatic Synthesis of 3-O-Methylated Chitin Oligomers from New Derivatives of a Chitobiose Oxazoline
Authors: Sakamoto Junji , Kobayashi Shiro
Published: May 2004

Regiospecifically 3-O- and/or 3′-O-methylated derivatives of a chitobiose oxazoline have been synthesized as new substrate monomers and subjected to a chitinase catalysis, leading to the first synthesis of 3-O-methylated chitin oligomers via enzymatic oligomerization.
A Step-Growth Model for Molecular Mechanisms of Monolayer Formation in Ordered Nanoporous Channels
Authors: Chang Jeong Ho , Shim Chang Han , Kim Kyung Ja , Liu Jun
Published: May 2004

The work describes the direct evidence of a new step-growth mechanism in which the silane molecules are first deposited in the wide region of the mesoporous surface. When the wide pore region is filled, the silane molecules begin to deposit in the narrow pore region. The pore size in the wide region and narrow region change alternatively and discretely in accordance with the step-growth mechanism and the molecular size of the silane.
Formation of 10 nm-sized Oxo(phtalocyaninato)vanadium(IV) Particles by Femtosecond Laser Ablation in Water
Authors: Sugiyama Teruki , Asahi Tsuyoshi , Masuhara Hiroshi
Published: May 2004

We have succeeded in preparing oxo(phtalocyaninato)vanadium (IV) (VOPc) nanoparticles dispersed in water by femtosecond laser ablation of its bulk crystals. The mean size of VOPc nanoparticles was 17 ± 7 nm, estimated by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis.
Photocatalytic Decomposition of H2O into H2 and O2 over Ga2O3 Loaded with NiO
Authors: Yanagida Takashi , Sakata Yoshihisa , Imamura Hayao
Published: May 2004

Photocatalytic decomposition of H2O over NiO-loaded Ga2O3, one of the oxides with a d10 electron configuration, was confirmed. Without pretreatment, both H2 and O2 have been continuously produced in stoichiometric amounts under the irradiation of high pressure Hg lamp.
Clinical Utilization of Atypical Antipsychotics in Pregnancy and Lactation
Authors: Gentile Salvatore
Published: May 2004

OBJECTIVE:

To analyze the available literature regarding the safety of atypical antipsychotics in pregnancy and lactation in order to recommend evidence-based strategies for pharmacologic management of psychosis in these conditions.

DATA SOURCES:

We summarized the results from articles identified via MEDLINE/PubMed/TOXNET (1993–January 31, 2004), using the key terms pregnancy, lactation, breast-feeding, human milk, psychotropic drugs, atypical antipsychotics, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, clozapine, ziprasidone, and aripiprazole. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Retrospective studies, clinical observations, and case reports regarding the 6 atypical antipsychotics mentioned above were selected and analyzed. Extensive manual review of pertinent journals and textbooks was also performed.

DATA SYNTHESIS:

Reviewed studies show that olanzapine and clozapine apparently do not increase the teratogenic risk if administered to pregnant women, while evidence on quetiapine, risperidone, aripiprazole, and ziprasidone is still limited. In contrast, available information is not able to exclude unwanted serious effects associated with the use of all atypical antipsychotics on mother—infant dyads. Furthermore, more than a few studies suggest increased hyperglycemic risk for pregnant women related to atypical antipsychotic therapy during gestation. Finally, published evidence about the effects on long-term infant neurodevelopment of drug exposure through both placenta and breast milk is represented only by sporadic case reports.

CONCLUSIONS:

It is well known that potential consequences of an untreated psychotic episode may be severe and may lead to the mother attempting suicide and/or infanticide. For these reasons, clinicians need to help mothers weigh both fetal and neonatal risks of exposure to drugs against the potential risk they and their infant may incur if the psychiatric illness is not treated. On the other hand, atypical antipsychotics in pregnancy and breast-feeding do not show evident advantages in safety when compared with typical neuroleptic agents. Therefore, we suggest that the most relevant parameters for selecting the best clinical option for pregnant and breast-feeding women with schizophrenia and related disorders remain strongly related to 3 main points: (1) cautious evaluation of the risk/benefit ratio of fetal and neonatal drug exposure, (2) degree of severity of maternal psychiatric illness, and (3) careful preliminary choice of drugs characterized by a balanced safety/efficacy profile.
An Insulin Infusion Protocol in Critically Ill Cardiothoracic Surgery Patients
Authors: Zimmerman Christopher R , Mlynarek Mark E , Jordan Jack A , Rajda Carol A , Horst H Mathilda
Published: May 2004

BACKGROUND:

Critically ill cardiothoracic patients are prone to hyperglycemia and an increased risk of surgical site infections postoperatively. Aggressive insulin treatment is required to achieve tight glycemic control (TGC) and improve outcomes.

OBJECTIVE:

To examine and report on the performance of an insulin infusion protocol to maintain TGC, defined as a blood glucose level of 80–150 mg/dL, in critically ill cardiothoracic surgical patients.

METHODS:

A nurse-driven insulin infusion protocol was developed and initiated in postoperative cardiothoracic surgical intensive care patients with or without diabetes. In this before—after cohort study, 2 periods of measurement were performed: a 6–month baseline period prior to the initiation of the insulin infusion protocol (control group, n = 174) followed by a 6–month intervention period in which the protocol was used (TGC group, n = 168).

RESULTS:

Findings showed percent and time of blood glucose measurements within the TGC range (control 47% vs TGC 61%; p = 0.001), AUC of glucose exposure >150 mg/dL versus time for the first 24 hours of the insulin infusion (control 28.4 vs TGC 14.8; p < 0.001), median time to blood glucose <150 mg/dL (control 9.4 h vs TGC 2.1 h; p < 0.001), and percent blood glucose <65 mg/dL as a marker for hypoglycemia (control 9.8% vs TGC 16.7%; NS).

CONCLUSIONS:

An insulin infusion protocol designed to achieve a goal blood glucose range of 80–150 mg/dL efficiently and significantly improved TGC in critically ill postoperative cardiothoracic surgery patients without significantly increasing the incidence of hypoglycemia.
Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring by Reverse Iontophoresis in Vivo: Application of the Internal Standard Concept
Authors: Sieg Anke , Guy Richard H , Delgado-Charro M Begoña
Published: May 2004

Background: The GlucoWatch® Biographer uses reverse iontophoresis to extract glucose across the skin to monitor glycemia in diabetes. The invasive daily calibration with a conventional “fingerstick” has been perceived as a disadvantage. We used an “internal standard” to render the approach completely noninvasive.

Methods: The simultaneous extraction of glucose and sodium by reverse iontophoresis was performed on human volunteers over 5 h, and blood glucose was measured in the conventional manner at each collection interval. These data were used for each volunteer to calculate an extraction constant (K), which equals the ratio of the extracted fluxes (JGlucose/JNa+) normalized by the corresponding ratio of the concentrations in the blood ([Glucose]/[Na+]). The values of K were compared between and within volunteers.

Results: The iontophoretically extracted glucose flux reflected the glucose concentration profiles in the blood, and sodium extraction remained essentially constant, consistent with the fact that its systemic concentration does not vary significantly. A constant value of K was established for two thirds of the study population. However, the efficiency of glucose extraction varied seasonally, whereas the reverse iontophoresis of Na+ did not; i.e., variation in K became apparent.

Conclusions: Use of the sodium ion as an internal standard could refine the determination of glycemia by reverse iontophoresis without requiring calibration with a blood sample.
A New Unbonded Capping Practice for Evaluating the Compressive Strength of Controlled Low-Strength Material Cylinders
Authors: Du L , Folliard KJ , Trejo D
Published: May 2004

Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) is a low strength cementitious material often used for pipe bedding, backfill, void fills, and in some cases bridges approaches. Because of its low strength, handling of test cylinders, especially at early ages, is often not possible or results in significant damage to the samples. Sulfur-capped specimens require more handling than non-sulfur capped specimens. To minimize handling, a new material is proposed for use as an end pad for compressive strength testing. Similar to the approach used for conventional concrete cylinders, a new method is proposed that uses different pads for different CLSM compressive strength levels. Pads made of sorbothane viscoelastic polyurethane rubber, neoprene, and a combination of the two were used for compressive strength and variability. Results indicate that the sorbothane viscoelastic polyurethane rubber material should be used when the compressive strength of the CLSM is less than approximately 1 MPa and neoprene pads with a durometer value not greater than 50 should be used when the compressive strength is expected to be greater than 2 MPa. Either pad type can be used for CLSM mixtures having expected compressive strengths between 1.0 and 2.0 MPa.
Freezing and Thawing and Alkali-Aggregate Reaction Weakens Lightweight, Structural Concrete in North Dakota
Authors: Hurcomb DR , vonFay KF , Albright D
Published: May 2004

The Bureau of Reclamation may replace a transfer deck that is deteriorating in North Dakota. The transfer deck serves as the parking deck and roof for a pumping plant. In late June 2001, portions of the lightweight concrete failed and fell to the pumping plant floor during a storm. The concrete failed along a continuous fracture about 1 cm above the ceiling surface. The fracture penetrated all aggregate particles encountered. Petrographic examination of 15 cores indicated about 18% of the concrete below a waterproofing membrane and 3% of the lower surface of the concrete was damaged by freezing and thawing deterioration and minor alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR). The water saturating the lightweight concrete apparently penetrated the field-manufactured seams in the membrane. Saturated aggregates froze during the winter as the depth of frost penetrated the full thickness of the deck and structural concrete. Evidence indicates that ceiling insulation held water in contact with the lower concrete surface, while freezing and thawing deterioration and AAR caused the concrete to fail. Structural analysis indicates the transfer deck loads be restricted to 40.7 kPa (850 lbsf) unless further deterioration is anticipated or additional damage is observed. The lightweight concrete cannot be repaired and will have to be replaced eventually.
Effect of Temperature-Match-Curing on Freeze-Thaw and Scaling Resistance of High-Strength Concrete
Authors: Jonsson JA , Olek J
Published: May 2004

As a part of a comprehensive study to evaluate the effects of elevated curing temperatures on hardened concrete properties, four non-air-entrained high-strength concrete (HSC) mixtures were prepared at temperatures ranging from 10 to 35°C. After mixing, 5.5 liters of concrete were placed inside a large polystyrene block to simulate temperature development in HSC structural members. The concrete temperature inside the block was continuously monitored with thermocouples, and collected temperature information was used to simultaneously temperature-match-cure (TMC) a series of compressive strength, scaling, and freeze-thaw specimens. The maximum recorded temperatures ranged from 59 to 69°C, depending on the fresh concrete temperature. Control specimens from each of the four mixtures were cured at room temperature. Based on the amount of residue collected during scaling tests in the presence of 3% NaCl solution, the TMC specimens were 7–63 times less resistant than the control specimens. However, during the freezing and thawing tests, seven of the eight TMC specimens outperformed their respective control specimens.
Development and Calibration of a Large-Scale Thermal Conductivity Probe
Authors: Hanson JL , Neuhaeuser S , Yesiller N
Published: May 2004

A large-scale probe has been developed for measuring the thermal conductivity of geomaterials. The large probe was designed to conduct tests on materials containing large particles, materials with high heterogeneity, and materials with high stiffness. The probe has dimensions of 680 mm length and 15.9 mm diameter and was constructed of stainless steel tubing. The probe operates on the principle of heating an infinite line source in an infinite medium. Initially, parametric evaluations were conducted to determine the operational and test conditions for the large probe, including power level, heating duration, and zone of heating influence. Then, tests were conducted on five homogeneous materials to calibrate the newly developed probe. Thermal conductivity measurements obtained using the large probe were compared with measurements obtained using a conventional small probe. A calibration curve was established for the large probe. In addition, the performance of the large probe was evaluated in two manufactured heterogeneous materials and a large particle material. The test program indicated that the large probe can be used effectively for determining thermal conductivity of geomaterials. This new probe may be suitable for large-scale laboratory testing and field investigations.
Collapse Behavior of Compacted Clays in Suction-Controlled Triaxial Tests
Authors: Sun DA , Matsuoka H , Xu YF
Published: May 2004

Using a suction-controlled triaxial apparatus for unsaturated soils, a series of tests on a compacted clay was performed to investigate the influences of stress states, water content, void ratio, and matric suction on the collapse behavior. The triaxial tests were carried out under the conditions of (1) different stress ratios and mean stresses, (2) triaxial compression and extension, (3) different initial void ratios of specimens with the same water content, (4) different initial water contents with the same degree of compaction, and (5) different controlled matric suctions. The main conclusions were obtained as follows: (1) The volume change induced by the collapse mainly depends on the initial void ratio and mean net stress under which the collapse occurs, irrespective of imposed matric suction; (2) the amount of collapse is small at both low and high confining stresses, and there exists a maximum value of collapse at a particular mean stress; (3) the shear strain increment induced by collapse depends on stress ratio, triaxial compression, or extension stress; (4) when imposed suction is decreased, large collapse deformation takes place in the samples compacted dry-of-optimum, while little collapse deformation takes place in the samples compacted wet-of-optimum; and (5) the collapse behavior can be explained by the elastoplastic theory for unsaturated soils.
Martensitic Transformations in Neutron Irradiated and Helium Implanted Stainless Steels
Authors: Kadyrzhanov KK , Maksimkin OP
Published: May 2004

Results of experiments aimed at revealing the phase-structure stability as well as mechanisms of the mechanical property changes formation in austenitic chrome-nickel and manganese steels irradiated with high-energy nuclear particles and subjected to elevated temperatures are presented and discussed. Influence of the phase-structure transformations on radiation hardening and embrittlement of steels used in nuclear power industry is analyzed. Change in the experimentally determined “true” values of critical strains and peculiarities of the α'-phase initiation in deformed steels Cr18Ni9Ti, 12Cr18Ni10Ti as a function of temperature and deformation rate, type and fluence of the bombarding particles are discussed. Influence of irradiation on the martensitic structure morphology, critical γ→α' transformation parameters, and thermal effects accompanying the nondiffusion phase transformation is analyzed. The revealed effects are discussed in terms of the internal strength field changes due to thermal and radiation effects.
Effect of Ion Irradiation on Microstructure and Hardness in Zircaloy-4
Authors: Zu XT , Atzmon M , Wang LM , You LP , Wan FR , Was GS , Adamson RB
Published: May 2004

In studies of radiation effects on materials for reactor applications, it is desirable to identify irradiation methods that induce microstructural effects similar to those of neutrons, but at reduced time and expense. In the present study, 2 MeV protons were used to introduce up to seven displacements per atom in Zircaloy 4 at 350°C. The effect on the intermetallic precipitates, the formation of dislocation loops and hardness were investigated by analytical and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the precipitate evolution during 600 keV Ne ion irradiation at 350°C was monitored by in situ TEM. The results are compared with literature data for neutron-irradiated Zircaloy. While Ne irradiation leads to precipitate amorphization, no amorphization or chemical redistribution is observed in the proton-irradiated sample. The dislocation-loop size and density in the Zr matrix of the proton-irradiated alloy are similar to those in the neutron-irradiated alloys.
Stress and Temperature Dependence of Irradiation Creep of Selected FCC and BCC Steels at Low Swelling
Authors: Toloczko MB , Garner FA
Published: May 2004

A large amount of data on irradiation creep of face centered cubic (FCC) and body centered cubic (BCC) steels have been analyzed and published by the present authors, but a recent reanalysis of these data have provided further insight into irradiation creep behavior. The present paper looks at the stress and temperature dependence of creep at low swelling for selected 316 stainless steels and HT9 steels irradiated at temperatures from 400–670°C. Analysis of the creep data has revealed that a transition from a lower creep rate with a stress exponent of one to a higher creep rate with an unknown stress exponent occurs in FCC and BCC steels at moderate stresses, and the transition stress is approximately the same for both classes of steels. Due to limited data at higher stresses, the nature of the creep behavior at stresses greater than the transition stress cannot be unambiguously defined. One possibility is that the stress exponent is transitioning from a value of one to a value greater than one. Another possibility is that the creep compliance value is transitioning to a higher value while the stress exponent remains at a value of one. The creep compliance coefficients of the FCC and BCC steels have also been carefully reanalyzed in the regime where the stresses are lower than the transition stress, and in this regime there is a clear delineation in the creep compliance values between 316 stainless steels, titanium-modified 316 steels, and HT9 steels as a function of temperature.
Homicide by Manual Occipitoatlantal Dislocation
Authors: Raul JS , Tracqui A , Ludes B
Published: May 2004

Occipitoatlantal dislocation is usually seen as a fatal injury in traffic accidents and has rarely been reported as a consequence of a homicide. The authors report the case of a woman presenting a fatal occipitoatlantal dislocation, the circumstances of which pointed to a homicidal origin. Blood extravasation surrounding the muscles of the posterior part of the neck as well as abnormal mobility of the cranio-cervical joint was noted during autopsy; thus a complete dissection of this region was performed. This led to the finding of a fracture of the left occipital condyle and of the left superior articular facet of the atlas. This case clearly demonstrates the need to perform a large, systematic, posterior approach to the upper cervical spine, completed by the opening of the skull around the posterior fossa, when injury to the cranio-cervical junction is suspected. In these cases, the classic anterior approach gives poor information and poor dissection possibilities.
Screening Postmortem Whole Blood for Oxycodone by ELISA Response Ratios
Authors: Spiehler VR , DeCicco L , McCutcheon JR , Kupiec T , Kemp P
Published: May 2004

The objective of this study was to investigate the accuracy of screening postmortem whole blood for oxycodone using the ratio of the oxycodone immunoassay response to the response for the specimen obtained with a general opiate-class immunoassay. Fifty eight specimens which were negative for opiates and 158 postmortem whole blood specimens positive for opiates including 66 specimens known to contain oxycodone were assayed. Specimens were diluted 1:5 with assay buffer and analyzed by both the Neogen Oxymorphone/Oxycodone ELISA and the Neogen Opiate Group ELISA (Neogen Corporation, Lexington KY). The oxycodone equivalents in ng/mL from the Oxymorphone/Oxycodone ELISA were divided by the morphine equivalents in ng/mL from the Opiates ELISA to obtain an Oxycodone/Opiates Response Ratio. This ratio was compared with the GC/MS data for all specimens and for opiate positive specimens. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis suggested that optimum relative response ratio was 2.0. The sensitivity of the ELISA response ratio for the presence of oxycodone at a response ratio cutoff of 2.0 was 89.4% ± 3.8% and the specificity was 88.1% ± 3.2%. Specimens with a ratio of 2.0 or higher had a greater than 50% probability (positive predictive value) of containing oxycodone in a population with a greater than 15% prevalence of oxycodone.
Establishing the rDNA IGS Structure of Cannabis sativa
Authors: Hsieh HM , Hou RJ , Chen KF , Tsai LC , Liu SW , Liu KL , Linacre A , Lee JCI
Published: May 2004

The rDNA intergenic spacer (IGS) structure of Cannabis sativa was established and can be used for classification and identification of this species. In this study, DNA fragments of rDNA IGS were amplified by PCR from Cannabis sativa plant extracts and a 1387 bp fragment was obtained. DNA sequence analysis revealed six different repeat motifs. In the middle of the IGS sequence, there were three sequence motifs, and the same three sections of DNA were then repeated with minor variation in sequence. The terminal region of the IGS was composed of another three different repeat units; multiple copies of these terminal repeat motifs were present in no discernible order. Within six repeat motifs, point variations were observed in five. The DNA sequence of the locus was compared with all the plant sequences registered in GenBank by the Fasta program of GCG software with the result that this DNA fragment was significantly different from any other DNA sequence recorded to date. The most similar sequence was that of Hops (Humulus lupulus), but with a similarity of only 88.9% over 579 bp. These specific and complex variations of IGS may be related to the species and geographic distributions.
The Application of an Automated Allele Concordance Analysis System (Compare CallsSM) to Ensure the Accuracy of Single-Source STR DNA Profiles
Authors: Ryan JH , Barrus JK , Budowle B , Shannon CM , Thompson VW , Ward BE
Published: May 2004

A powerful method for validating a scientific result is to confirm specific results utilizing independent methodologies and processing pathways. Thus, we have designed, developed and validated an automated allele concordance analysis system (CompareCallSM, patent pending) that performs comparisons between two independent DNA analysis platforms to ensure the highest accuracy for allele calls. Application of this system in a quality assurance role has shown the potential to eliminate greater than 90% of the STR analysis required of a DNA data analyst. While this system is broadly applicable for use with any two independent STR analysis programs, either prior to or following human data review, we are presenting its application to data generated with the ABI Prism™ Genotyper™ software system versus data generated with the SurelockIDSM system. With the automated allele concordance analysis system, the GeneScan™ DNA fragment data generated from an ABI 377™ gel image are analyzed in two independent pathways. In one analysis pathway, the GeneScan™ data are imported into Genotyper™ software where STR labels are assigned to the fragment data based upon the criteria of the Kazam 20% macro. The “Kazam” macro provided with the Genotyper™ program works by labeling all peaks in a category (or locus) and then filtering (or removing) the labels from peaks, such as those in stutter positions, that meet predefined criteria. In the second pathway, the GeneScan™ data are imported into the SurelockIDSM analysis platform where STR labels and error messages are assigned to the fragment data based upon hard-coded allele calling criteria and quality parameters. The resulting STR allele calls for each analysis platform are then compared, utilizing the automated allele concordance analysis system. Any differences in the STR allele calls between the two systems are flagged in a discordance report for further review by a qualified DNA data analyst. The automated allele concordance analysis system guides the DNA data analyst to the discordant data generated by either analysis platform. Additionally, the analyst is also directed to data that are of less than pristine quality which may have an increased potential for errors in interpretation by either analysis platform or by a human DNA data analyst. Implementation of an automated allele concordance analysis system will yield high-quality data for CODIS and free the human DNA data analyst to perform other critical duties within the laboratory.
Evaluation of Iodine-Benzoflavone and Ruthenium Tetroxide Spray Reagents for the Detection of Latent Fingermarks at the Crime Scene
Authors: Flynn K , Maynard P , Pasquier ED , Lennard C , Stoilovic M , Roux C
Published: May 2004

The performance of two spray reagents, iodine-benzoflavone and ruthenium tetroxide (RTX), was evaluated and compared with the conventional technique currently used at the crime scene, that is, powdering. Neither the spray techniques nor powdering were shown to be suitable for all surfaces and ages of marks tested. On some surfaces such as glass and treated wood, powdering was still the superior technique, whereas the spray techniques produced better development on wallpaper, vinyl, and brick. Sequencing work showed that RTX was incompatible with powdering and cyanoacrylate (with a rhodamine 6G stain). Iodine-benzoflavone can be used successfully either before or after powdering in a sequence; however, it was incompatible with cyanoacrylate. Two non-CFC formulations of iodine-benzoflavone using HFC4310mee and HFE7100 solvents were tested and shown not to be as effective as the original Arklone (CFC-113) formulation; however, the HFC4310mee solvent is recommended as the most suitable replacement solvent. Due to the expense of the commercial RTX spray, attempts at formulating a more cost-effective version were also carried out. A formulation was developed that gave comparable development to the commercial version but at a much cheaper cost, and with a shelf life of up to two months. Recommendations are presented for which techniques are suitable for different surfaces and ages of marks. Powdering was shown to be the best technique on all ages of marks tested on treated wood, glass, and also on marks aged three days and older on paint. Iodine-benzoflavone was the best technique on wallpaper, vinyl, brick, and raw wood. RTX was the best detection technique for fresh marks and marks aged up to one day on wallpaper and paint.
A New Technique for Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Scanning of Facial Tissues
Authors: Smith SL , Throckmorton GS
Published: May 2004

We report the development of an ultrasonic facial scanning technique that allows for the visualization of continuous contours without deforming surface tissues. Adhesive markers are placed on the face to enable measurement of facial tissue thicknesses at specific landmarks. The subject immerses the face in a clear plastic box filled with water for about 20 seconds while the researcher moves the transducer along the bottom of the box, guiding transducer movement by watching the facial image in a mirror placed below. 3D Echotech® software (1) builds the images from sequentially acquired 2D frames. Reliability of repeat measurements at landmarks is good, and individual tissues (skin, subcutaneous, muscle) can be distinguished. The method is simple, reliable, less expensive and less time consuming than alternatives such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It is applicable in both research and clinical contexts.
Identification of Ascorbic Acid and Its Degradation Products in Black Powder Substitutes
Authors: Goodpaster JV , Keto RO
Published: May 2004

Low explosives such as smokeless powder, black powder, and black powder substitutes have been used in illicit pipe bombings throughout the United States. Some of the newer black powder substitutes are formulated with ascorbic acid, which gradually decomposes as the powder ages, making it difficult if not impossible for the forensic chemist to identify it by traditional bulk techniques. A sensitive method for the identification of residual levels of ascorbic acid in black powder substitutes is presented. Powder samples are extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile and bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA), which converts carboxylic acid and alcohol functional groups to trimethylsilyl esters and ethers, respectively. Samples are then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results have shown that trace amounts of ascorbic acid can be identified at detection limits that are well below those for traditional bulk techniques. Degradation products for ascorbic acid (hydroxylated carboxylic acids, furanones, and lactones) can also be detected.
Visualization and LC/MS Analysis of Colorless Pepper Sprays?
Authors: Cavett V , Waninger EM , Krutak JJ , Eckenrode BA
Published: May 2004

Pepper sprays are used in a variety of circumstances, including criminal activity, self-defense, and law enforcement. As such, the presence or absence of pepper sprays on evidentiary materials is often important when determining the facts of an incident. When no visible stains are present on evidentiary materials, ascertaining the presence or absence of pepper spray can be a challenge to the forensic analyst. A method, based on a chemical derivatization of capsaicinoids using a diazonium salt, has been developed for the visualization of colorless, ultraviolet (UV) activated fluorescent dye-free pepper sprays on textiles. Identification of both the capsaicinoids and their derivatives is confirmed via extraction of the derivatized capsaicinoids followed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis. LC/MS analysis is conducted using a YMC Basic™ column and elution of the compounds using a gradient of 10 mM ammonium formate, pH 4.2 and methanol at 0.35 mL/min. Full-scan MS data are collected for the full 6.5 min LC analysis. Although this method is qualitative in nature, visual detection of as little as 50 µL of a 0.2% pepper spray (equivalent to ~0.1 mg) on a variety of garments is possible, and more than adequate signal-to-noise is obtained for reconstructed ion chromatograms on LC/MS analysis at these levels.
A Simple and Efficient Method for Extracting DNA From Old and Burned Bone
Authors: Ye J , Ji A , Parra EJ , Zheng X , Jiang C , Zhao X , Hu L , Tu Z
Published: May 2004

It has been a challenge to extract DNA from bones previously soaked in water, burned, or buried for a long time, due to the reduced quality and quantity of DNA in the bone samples. The dramatic degradation of the DNA and the presence of PCR inhibitors in the collagen significantly complicate the process of DNA identification in dated and charred bones. In this article, we present a novel strategy to obtain DNA from bones based on the use of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) lysis buffer and isoamyl alcohol-chloroform extraction with subsequent DNA purification using the DNA IQ™ System, or alternatively the QIAquick™ system. When applied to bones soaked, burned or buried for up to nine years, this method increases the purity and yield of DNA with respect to the traditional phenol-chloroform method and significantly improves multiplex STR genotyping using fluorescence-based methods. The results of this research will assist forensic scientists in the identification of DNA from victims whose bodies underwent significant trauma or burning, prec luding the utilization of traditional forensic DNA identification techniques.
Suicide by Cyanide: 17 Deaths
Authors: Gill JR , Marker E , Stajic M
Published: May 2004

We reviewed 17 intentional ingestions of cyanide that occurred in New York City over a ten-year interval. The toxicologic and postmortem findings were reviewed. Certain occupations and nationalities of the decedents predominated among this group of suicides. Scientists, jewelers, and metal workers were common occupations among the decedents. In addition, 8 of 17 fatalities were West Indian/Caribbean Island and South American decedents, including three decedents from Guyana. Fourteen of the 17 fatalities were male. Pink lividity, a “bitter-almond” smell, and a hemorrhagic gastric mucosa were not prevailing findings in these decedents. A color test was used for screening for cyanide with confirmation and quantitation using gas chromatography.
The Safety Helmet Detection Technology and Its Application to the Surveillance System
Authors: Wen C-Y
Published: May 2004

The Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) plays an important role in the modern economy. It provides a fast and convenient way to process transactions between banks and their customers. Unfortunately, it also provides a convenient way for criminals to get illegal money or use stolen ATM cards to extract money from their victim's accounts. For safety reasons, each ATM has a surveillance system to record customer's face information. However, when criminals use an ATM to withdraw money illegally, they usually hide their faces with something (in Taiwan, criminals usually use safety helmets to block their faces) to avoid the surveillance system recording their face information, which decreases the efficiency of the surveillance system. In this paper, we propose a circle/circular arc detection method based upon the modified Hough transform, and apply it to the detection of safety helmets for the surveillance system of ATMs. Since the safety helmet location will be within the set of the obtainable circles/circular arcs (if any exist), we use geometric features to verify if any safety helmet exists in the set. The proposed method can be used to help the surveillance systems record a customer's face information more precisely. If customers wear safety helmets to block their faces, the system can send a message to remind them to take off their helmets. Besides this, the method can be applied to the surveillance systems of banks by providing an early warning safeguard when any “customer” or “intruder” uses a safety helmet to avoid his/her face information from being recorded by the surveillance system. This will make the surveillance system more useful. Real images are used to analyze the performance of the proposed method.
Y-SNP Typing of U.S. African American and Caucasian Samples Using Allele-Specific Hybridization and Primer Extension
Authors: Vallone PM , Butler JM
Published: May 2004

Multiplex analysis of genetic markers has become increasingly important in a number of fields, including DNA diagnostics and human identity testing. Two methods for examination of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a potential for a high degree of multiplex analysis of markers are primer extension with fluorescence detection, and allele-specific hybridization using flow cytometry. In this paper, we examined 50 different SNPs on the Y-chromosome using three primer extension multiplexes and five hybridization multiplex assays. For certain loci, the allele-specific hybridization method exhibited sizable background signal from the absent alternate allele. However, 100% concordance (>2000 alleles) was observed in ten markers that were typed using both methods. A total of 18 unique haplogroups out of a possible 45 were observed in a group of 229 U.S. African American and Caucasian males with the majority of samples being assigned into 2 of the 18 haplogroups.
Motor-Vehicle Collision-Related Death Due to Delayed-Onset Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Associated with Anticoagulant Therapy
Authors: Lopez AE , Barnard JJ , White CL , Oeberst JL , Prahlow JA
Published: May 2004

Delayed deaths following injury are not rare. Various mechanisms may be responsible for such deaths, including pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, infection, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and delayed hemorrhage. In the present case, we describe a death due to delayed subarachnoid hemorrhage following a motor vehicle collision, wherein the hemorrhage occurred ten days after the incident, while the patient remained hospitalized for skeletal trauma. At no time prior to the hemorrhage did the victim show any symptoms of brain injury. Autopsy revealed basilar subarachnoid hemorrhage arising from a cerebral cortical contusion. There was no evidence of aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation. A significant underlying contributing factor in the delayed hemorrhage was the victim's chronic anticoagulant therapy, which was required because of a mechanical heart valve.
Y-STR Haplotypes from Eight South Indian Groups Based on Five Loci
Authors: Cordaux R , Bentley G , Aunger R , Sirajuddin SM , Stoneking M
Published: May 2004

Five Y-chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) loci (DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, and DYS393) were typed in 81 males from seven tribal populations of south India, including 30 Koragas, 23 Yeravas, 5 Mullukurunan, 2 Mullukurumba, 4 Paniya, 3 Kuruchian and 3 Bettakurumba; and 11 south Indian caste individuals of mixed origins.
Radiographic Survey of Third Molar Development in Relation to Chronological Age Among Japanese Juveniles
Authors: Arany S , Iino M , Yoshioka N
Published: May 2004

The aim of the present study was to establish Japanese reference material on the third molar development of Japanese juveniles for forensic application. Observations were performed on the orthopantomograms of 1282 Japanese patients between the ages of 14.0 and 24.0 years. Demirjian formation stages of the maxillary and mandibular third molars were recorded for chronological evaluation of wisdom teeth and applied for further statistical analysis. Statistically significant differences were noted between the upper and lower jaws and genders. Accordingly, males achieved root developmental grades earlier than females. We assessed the mean ages for all formation grades and predicted the probability that a Japanese juvenile would be older than the relevant ages of 14, 16, and 20 as defined by Japanese Juvenile Law. We determined the likelihood that a Japanese youth is older than the relevant age of 18 as defined by legislation in the United States.
Distribution and Optical Purity of Methamphetamine Found in Toxic Concentration in a Civil Aviation Accident Pilot Fatality
Authors: Chaturvedi AK , Cardona PS , Soper JW , Canfield DV
Published: May 2004

Toxicological evaluation of postmortem samples collected from a pilot involved in a unique fatal civil aircraft accident is described in this paper. A one-occupant airplane was substantially damaged upon colliding with terrain in poor visibility. Remains of the pilot were found outside the aircraft. Pathological examination revealed multiple blunt force injuries and vascular congestion. The fluorescence polarization immunoassay disclosed 8.0 µg/mL amphetamines in urine. Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analyses determined the presence of methamphetamine (1.13 µg/mLin blood and 59.2 µg/mL in urine) and amphetamine (0.022 µg/mLin blood and 1.50 µg/mL in urine). Methamphetamine was distributed throughout the body, including the brain. The amount of methamphetamine in gastric contents was 575-fold higher than that of amphetamine. The (+)- and (-)-forms of methamphetamine were present in equal proportions in gastric contents. The methamphetamine concentration found in blood was in the range sufficient to produce toxic effects, causing performance impairment.
The Effect of Breath Freshener Strips on Two Types of Breath Alcohol Testing Instruments
Authors: Moore RL , Guillen J
Published: May 2004

The potential for breath freshener strips to interfere with the accuracy of a breath alcohol test was studied. Twelve varieties of breath freshener strips from five manufacturers were examined. Breath tests were conducted using the infrared based BAC DataMaster or the fuel cell based Alco-Sensor IV-XL, 30 and 150 seconds after placing a breath strip on the tongue. No effect was observed using the Alco-Sensor system. Some of the strips gave a small reading at 30 seconds (less than or equal to 0.010 g/210 L apparent alcohol) using the DataMaster. Readings on the DataMaster returned to zero by the 150 second test. A proper pre-test observation and deprivation period should prevent any interference from breath freshener strips on breath alcohol testing.
Allele Frequency Distribution of D8S592 (STR) and PDGFA (VNTR) Among Five Endogamous Population Groups of India
Authors: Ahmad S , Seshadri M
Published: May 2004

Allele frequency distribution have been analyzed at D8S592 (short tandem repeat) and PDGFA (variable number of tandem repeat) among five distinct endogamous groups of India namely Ezhavas, Nayers, Arayas, Vishwakarma and Muslims. Muslims are religio-ethnic group while other populations mentioned above belong to distinct section of Hindu religion. All these populations are from Kollam district of Kerala in Southern India and speak Malayalam, an Indo-Dravidian language. A total of 228 for D8S592 and 212 for PDGFA loci, random, healthy individuals were analyzed.
Concordance Study Between Miniplex Assays and a Commercial STR Typing Kit
Authors: Drábek J , Chung DT , Butler JM , McCord BR
Published: May 2004

U.S. Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, and Asian