bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nodular hyperplasia of oncocytes in mouse submandibular glands
Authors: Takeda Y. , Suzuki A. , Ishikawa G.
Published: April 2006

Multinodular hyperplastic foci of oncocytes found in mouse submandibular glands were examined ultrastructurally, and their morphogenesis discussed. The oncocytic foci showed lobular architecture surrounded by myoepithelial cells, and tubular formations were frequently present. The cytoplasm of the oncocytes was distended by tightly‐packed and non‐oriented mitochondria which varied in size and shape. Furthermore, varying numbers of electron‐dense fine granules, which were remnants of secretory granules of granular duct cells, were scattered in the cytoplasm. Within the salivary gland parenchyma neighboring the hyperplastic foci of oncocytes, intermediate‐type cells between oncocytes and normal salivary gland epithelia were found. The result of the present study shows that the oncocytic change has a tendency to be more frequent in the granular ducts and less in the striated ducts, and that some oncocyte‐transformed cells proliferate to form nodular hyperplastic foci.
Lichen plan us and liver disease: how strong is the association?
Authors: Scully C. , Potts A. J. C. , Hamburger J. , Wiesenfeld D. , McKee J. I. , El Kom M.
Published: April 2006

One hundred and thirteen patients with histologically confirmed oral lichen planus, from three stomatology clinics, were examined for evidence of liver disease. No patient had clinical evidence of liver disease. Nine patients (7.9%) had a raised serum concentration of a single enzyme; 6 patients had raised gamma‐glutamyl trans‐peptidase, 2 had raised alkaline phosphatase, and 1 had raised aspartate transaminase levels. No patient had serum auto‐antibodies suggestive of primary biliary cirrhosis or chronic active hepatitis. Most patients presenting with oral lichen planus are unlikely to have liver disease.
A quantitative ultrastructural study of alterations in the area of the basal cell‐stromal interface during experimental oral carcinogenesis
Authors: White F. H. , Gohari K.
Published: April 2006

Because of its topographical location, the basal cell in carcinomas must play a significant role in the invasion of adjacent tissues. We have analysed the proportion of the basal cell plasma membrane in direct contact with the adjacent lamina propria during in vivo oral carcinogenesis. Samples of hamster check‐pouch mucosa treated with DMBA were assigned to hyperplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma groups using strictly defined histopathological criteria. Electron micrographs of basal cells were subjected to stereological intersection counting to provide estimates of the proportion of the total basal cell membrane in contact with the connective tissue (SSBM,PM). In untreated controls, a mean value of 9% was obtained, whereas, for DMBA‐induced hyperplasias, dysplasias and carcinomas, values were 8%, 12% and 16% respectively. Statistically, (SSBM,PM) values were significantly elevated in dysplasias and carcinomas. The changes in this parameter may reflect an increased motility in the transforming basal cell prior to and concomitant with cellular invasion, and may prove to be of value as a structural indicator of malignant transformation.
Distribution of fibronectin and laminin in oral leukoplakia and carcinoma
Authors: Meyer J. R. , Silverman S. , Daniels T. E. , Kramer R. H. , Greenspan J. S.
Published: April 2006

We determined the distribution of 2 components of the extracellular matrix, fibronectin and laminin, in normal, premalignant, and malignant oral mucosa. Both indirect immunofluorescence and avidin‐biotin complex immunoperoxidase techniques were used with antisera to each glycoprotein. Fibronectin was consistently present in the basement membrane and connective tissue of normal, leukoplakic and malignant oral mucosa regardless of anatomic site. A continuous laminin‐reactive basement membrane structure separated tumor parenchyma from the associated stroma except in areas of invasion in which no laminin staining was evident.
Immunohistochemical investigation of lysozyme, lactoferrin, α1‐antitrypsin, α1‐antichymotrypsin and ferritin in parotid gland tumors
Authors: Sehested M , Barford C. , Krogdahl A. , Bretlau P.
Published: April 2006

Presence of lysozyme, lactoferrin, α1‐antitrypsin, α1‐antichymotrypsin and ferritin was examined by the immunoperoxidase method in 15 consecutive parotid gland tumors as well as in normal parotid gland tissue. Lysozyme and lactoferrin were detected in intercalated duct cells of normal tissue and in the epithelial component of pleomorphic adenomas. α1‐antitrypsin, α1‐antichymotrypsin and ferritin were found in both epithelial and mesenchymal components of pleomorphic adenomas but not in normal parotid tissue. In the epithelial components of adenolymphoma only α1‐antichymotrypsin and lactoferrin were observed. The results would support a tentative histogenic link between the intercalated duct cell and the epithelial component of the pleomorphic adenoma.
A critical evaluation of epithelial dysplasia in oral mucosal lesions using the Smith‐Pindborg method of standardization *
Authors: Katz H. , Shear M. , Altini M.
Published: April 2006

Standardization is one of the greatest problems in assessing epithelial dysplasia, as is establishing the relative importance of different clinical and dysplastic features. In this study, 214 cases characterized historically by varying degrees of epithelial dysplasia, were analyzed for various clinical features: and representative sections were assessed histologically and graded according to the Smith‐Pindborg standardized scoring system. Data were analyzed by computer Seven cases with scores of less than 10 were excluded as not dysplastic There were 85 cases (41%), with scores of 11–25 which were regarded as mild dysplasia; 60 (29%) with scores of 26–43 were regarded as moderate dysplasia; and 62 (30%) with scores of more than 45 which were reported as severe dysplasia. Peak frequency was in the 6th decade and the severe dysplasias were most frequent in the 8th decade The M:F was 2:1. Tongue (58 cases), lower lip (36), floor of mouth (32) and cheeks (26) were sites most commonly involved. Of 107 cases, 93 were described as homogeneous leukoplakia. 11 as speckled leukoplakia and 3 as crythroplakia. The distribution of mild, moderate and severe dysplasias did not differ significantly by ago. sex or race, Half of all cases involving floor of mouth and oropharynx were severely dysplastic, whereas most lesions occurring in check and alveolar mucosa/gingiva were mildly dysplastic; but differences were not significantly different. Severe grades of each dysplastic feature, as might be expected, occurred in lesions classified finally as ‘severe dysplasia’. Features which predominated in the severely dysplastic lesions were, in de‐wending order, mitotic activity superficial to basal layer (98%); increased nucleo‐cytoplasmic ratio (85%); increased mitotic activity (84%); pleomorphic cells and nuclei (79%); irregular epithelial stratification (75%); basal cell hyperplasia (73%); loss of polarity (72%); loss of intercellular adherence (71%) Other features, including bizarre mitoses (56%) occurred less frequently in the severe dysplasias. The use of a procedure of this kind is extremely valuable for purposes of standardization The question of whether the weighting of the different characteristics proposed by Smith and Pindborg is sufficiently accurate, or whether it is too subjective, should be tested Similarly, it is important to lest whether the histological criteria now used to assess the severity of dysplasia arc. in fact, those which arc of the greatest value in prognosing potential fur malignant change.
An investigation into the association between leukoedema and smoking
Authors: van Wyk C. W.
Published: April 2006

One thousand, nine‐hundred and ninety‐six Cape Coloured high school pupils (655 females and 1,341 males, 14–18 years old) were examined to determine the prevalence of leukoedema and to investigate its relationship with smoking. Results were contradictory. Only in some subgroups was it found I) that the proportion of smokers with leukoedema was significantly larger than non‐smokers with leukoedema; 2) that those with leukoedema consumed significantly more tobacco than those without leukoedema. and 3) that there was a corresponding increase in smoking and leukoedema with age. An analysis of the relationship between smoking, the sex, and leukoedema showed a relationship between sex and leukoedema, but that leukoedema was independent of smoking. Also the prevalence of the condition in smokers and ex‐smokers was not significantly different. No correlation existed with the type of smoking and between the severity of the lesion and the amount of tobacco consumed. It is concluded that smoking docs not cause the lesion hut may aggravate it and that its etiology must be multifactorial.
Tumours of the minor (oropharyngeal) salivary glands: a demographic study of 336 cases
Authors: Eveson J. W. , Cawson R. A.
Published: April 2006

There arc 2410 primary epithelial salivary gland tumours in the files of the British Salivary Gland Tumour Panel. Of these tumours, 336 (14%) involved the minor (oropharyngeal) salivary glands, and these were studied m the present investigation Individual tumours were diagnosed according to the W H O Classification The percentage of malignant or potentially malignant tumours (46%) was much higher than in major glands (18%), and in some of the less common intraoral sites all the tumours were malignant. The principal sites were the palate (54%), lips (21%) and buccal mucosa (11%), and, in these sites, pleomorphic adenoma was the most common tumour Monomorphic adenomas accounted for 6% of palatal tumours, hut 30% of lip salivary gland tumours. The most common malignant tumour was the adenoid cystic carcinoma The results arc compared with several other large surveys and with tumours of major salivary glands.
Advances in understanding cell interactions in tissue resorption. Relevance to the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and a new hypothesis
Authors: Meikle M. C. , Heath J. K. , Reynolds J. J.
Published: April 2006

Much of the connective tissue degradation that takes place in periodontal diseases is mediated by proteolytic enzymes. Previous studies have focused on the action of proteinases released by invading polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages, and bacterial enzymes. In view of recent work establishing that resident connective tissue cells can be induced by cytokines to bring about the destruction of their own matrix, we propose a new hypothesis. In this we envisage that a critical step is the interaction of bacterial antigens with inflammatory cells, resulting in the production of a cytokine, interleukin‐1. Our interpretation of in vitro evidence is that the loss of connective tissue attachment and bone matrix resorption in periodontal diseases is mediated by metalloproteinases such as collagenase and stromelysin released by cells of the periodontium. Such proteolytic destruction can be induced by interleukin‐1, whose production may not be dependent on a specific microbial flora but may be triggered by a number of organisms. It is now clear that interleukin‐1 has multiple actions on both immune and non‐immune cells; these include the induction of lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation and the stimulation of bone and cartilage resorption, and prostaglandin and metalloproteinase synthesis by connective tissues. It seems likely that further knowledge about the production and function of this cytokine will have an increasing impact in many diseases that involve resorption, particularly since interleukin‐1‐like molecules can be produced by cell types other than monocytes/macrophages, including keratinocytes and fibroblasts.
Growth and acid production of Candida species in human saliva supplemented with glucose
Authors: Samaranayake L. P. , Hughes A. , Weetman D. A. , MacFarlane T. W.
Published: April 2006

Growth characteristics and acid production of oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata in glucose supplemented and glucose‐free, pooled, human whole saliva were examined. Both Candida species exhibited sigmoidal growth curves in hatch cultures of mixed saliva, supplemented with glucose. The growth of Candida in saliva was accompanied by a rapid decline in pH from 7.5 to 3.2 over 48 h and the major acidic components initiating and sustaining this pH drop were pyruvates and acetates. These acidic metabolites may play an important role in the pathogenesis of oral Candida infections.
Enhanced penetration of nitrosonornicotine across oral mucosa in the presence of ethanol
Authors: Squier C. A. , Cox P. , Hall B. K.
Published: April 2006

There is evidence for synergy between tobacco and alcohol in the etiology of oral cancer but the reason for such an effect is unclear. One possible explanation is that alcohol enhances the penetration of carcinogens through the oral lining. We measured the permeability in vitro of three regions of porcine oral mucosa to the tobacco associated carcinogen, nitrosonornicotine (NNN) alone and in the presence of 5% or 50% ethanol. 50% ethanol did not significantly alter the permeability of oral mucosa to NNN except for buccal mucosa, where it was reduced. However, there was a significant increase in the permeability of gingiva and floor of mouth mucosa (but not buccal mucosa) in the presence of 5% ethanol; this increase occurred after far shorter exposures for floor of mouth than for gingiva. These results accord well with studies showing (a) that the Door of mouth is a “high risk area” for oral carcinoma and (b) that there is an increased relative risk of oral cancer for heavy smokers and drinkers and, in particular, for those individuals who consume beverages with a low alcohol content.
Oral epithelial atypia and acantholytic dyskeratosis in rats painted with 4‐nitroquinoline N‐oxide
Authors: Prime S. S. , Malamos D. , Rosser T. , Scully C.
Published: April 2006

Oral epithelial atypia and foci of acantholytic dyskeratosis (FAD) were investigated in 54 rats treated with the carcinogen 0.5% (w/v) 4‐nitroquinoline‐N‐oxide in propylene glycol and in 18 rats treated with propylene glycol only. The palate of each animal was painted 3 times weekly for up to 9 months and rats were killed at monthly intervals. A gradual significant increase in the epithelial atypia indices of the palatal and lingual tissues (anterior and posterior of the intermolar tubercle) was observed with a maximum value of 17–22 of a possible 75 at 28–32 weeks. No significant differences were noted between the atypia indices of the palatal and lingual tissues. FAD were not evident in the palate or lingual tissues before 12 weeks and 16–24 weeks, respectively, and although the palate consistently showed more FAD compared with the lingual tissues the differences were not significant. Features of epithelial atypia and FAD were absent in the 18 control rats treated with propylene glycol only and in 8 untreated control animals. At 28 weeks of 4NQO treatment 2 of 5 rats, at 32 weeks 3 of 4 rats and at 36 weeks 3 of 3 rats had developed infiltrating squamous cell carcinomas in either/both the palate or tongue. The results suggest that epithelial dysplasia and acantholytic dyskeratosis may be late morphological features of a more fundamental change occurring earlier in the process of tumour development.
Botryomycosis of the oral regions
Authors: Altini M. , Peters E. , White B. , Lello G.
Published: April 2006

Botryomycosis is an unusual bacterial infection capable of producing chronic granulomatous inflammation and characterised by the production of distinctive grains formed by the interaction of the infective bacteria with the host tissues. The occurrence of this infection in a healthy individual generally results in locally destructive lesions which can clinically mimic a sarcoma. A case is reported involving the oral regions of a healthy adult male which illustrated these features and a discussion is presented of the diagnostic features of this condition.
Autoimmunity to collagen in adult periodontal disease
Authors: Hirsch H.Z. , Tarkowski A. , Miller E.J. , Gay S. , Koopman W. J. , Mestecky J.
Published: April 2006

Although it has been documented that exogenous antigens of microbial origin are involved in the induction of the local inflammatory responses in human adult periodontitis (AP), endogeneous antigens may contribute to the chronicity of this common disease. In this study, we used the enzyme‐linked immunospot (ELISPOT) test to enumerate antibody‐secreting cells to human collagen Types 1‐VI by cells isolated from the gingivae and peripheral blood of AP patients. Analyses of dissociated cells from gingivae of 39 AP patients revealed the presence of high numbers of cells that secrete antibodies to Type I collagen, and to a lesser extent, Type III. Although the majority of such cells produced specific antibodies of the IgG class, IgA‐ and IgM‐ anti‐collagen ‐secreting cells were also detected. When compared to the total antibody‐producing cells, the numbers of cells forming specific antibodies to collagen Type I were surprisingly high. In contrast, anti‐collagen antibody‐producing cells were rarely detected in the peripheral blood of patients with adult periodontal disease and only low levels of anti‐collagen antibodies were present in the serum. The finding of local production of anti‐collagen antibodies in AP suggests that autoimmunity may contribute to the pathogenesis of this common disease.
Immune properties of glucosyltransferases from S. sobrinus
Authors: Taubman M. A. , Smith D. J. , King W. F. , Eastcott J. W. , Bergey E. J. , Levine M. J.
Published: April 2006

GTF activity was separated into water‐insoluble (GTF‐I) and water‐soluble (GTF‐S) polyglucan‐synthesizing enzymes. Each preparation demonstrated a single band on 6% SDS PAGE. Only water‐insoluble or water‐soluble polyglucan was synthesized by the respective enzyme preparation. Rats were immunized, on Days 1 and 14, with either GTF‐I or GTF‐S in adjuvant. Animals were bled 13, 35 and 54 days after the initial immunization. Individual antisera were tested against either the GTF‐I or the GTF‐S for inhibition of radioactive glucose incorporation into glucan, and in gel diffusion, and by Western transfer analyses. The respective antisera reacted with the homologous, but not the heterologous enzyme in gel diffusion and Western transfer. GTF‐I activity was not inhibited by antibody to GTF‐S, but antibody to GTF‐I inhibited GTF‐I by 68%. GTF‐S was inhibited by more than 60% by each of 3 anti‐GTF‐S sera. Only one anti‐GTF‐I serum inhibited GTF‐S at as much as a modest 30% level. These data support the antigenic and functional distinctiveness of the GTF enzymes of S. sobrinus 6715.
Suppression of Streptococcus sobrinus 6715 (g) in plaques by Streptococcus mutans 32K (c)
Authors: Ikeda T. , Kurita T. , Hirasawa M.
Published: April 2006

The dental plaque of 96 healthy donors was screened for the production of such antibacterial substances as mutalipocin and bacteriocin and 192 strains of mutans streptococci isolated: 28 produced mutalipocin and 22 produced bacteriocin. Mutalipocin produced by these 28 S. mutans strains possessed similar biochemical and biological characteristics of well‐characterized mutalipocin‐producing strain S. mutans 32K (serotype c). When equal amounts of S. mutans 32K and S. sobrinus 6715 (g) were cultured together, cells of S. sobrinus 6715 were completely killed in 18 h. In addition, S. mutans 32K inhibited in vitro plaque formation by S. sobrinus 6715, and S. mutans 32K also eliminated in vitro plaque preformed by S. sobrinus 6715. In rat experiments, S. mutans 32K could preemptively colonize in plaque preformed by S. sobrinus 6715. On the other hand, S. sobrinus 6715 could not colonize in plaque preformed by S. mutans 32K. The results indicate that S. mutans serotype c which produces antibacterial substances is able to invade denatl plaque and replace the other mutans streptococci. This investigation offers one of the possible explanation why S. mutans serotype c is a predominant species among mutans streptococci in human plaque.
Immunoglobulin subclasses in chronic tonsillitis
Authors: Moro I. , Komiyama K. , Iwase T. , Kusama K. , Asano M. , Takahashi T. , Okamura N.
Published: April 2006

The distribution and proportion of immunoglobulin‐producing cells in palatine tonsil, including IgG and IgA subclasses, have been examined in chronic tonsilitis using an immunofluorescence method. Results obtained indicate that the percentage ratios of IgG1 : IgG2 : IgG3 : IgG4 were 53.1 : 35.9 : 4.7 : 6.3. Higher percentages of IgG1‐ and lower percentages of IgG2‐producing cells were found among 3 types of tonsilitis. Proportional ratios of IgA1 : IgA2 were approximately 80 : 20, and a slight elevation of IgA2‐producing cells was observed in chronic tonsilitis.
Shedding of herpes simplex virus Type 1 into saliva
Authors: Kameyama T. , Sujaku C. , Yamamoto S. , Hwang C. B. C. , Shillitoe E. J.
Published: April 2006

The shedding of herpes simplex virus Type 1 (HSV‐1) into saliva was studied in 110 healthy individuals, 55 patients who were undergoing oral surgery, and 21 immunocompromised patients in an asymptomatic Japanese population. Specimens were collected regularly for up to 2 months from each individual. Virus was recovered on at least one occasion from 4.5% of the healthy individuals, 20% of the patients undergoing oral surgery and 38% of the immunocompromised patients. In those individuals that shed virus, the duration of shedding varied from a mean of 1.2 days in the healthy individuals to 5.8 days in patients undergoing oral surgery, and was 3 days in the immunocompromised patients. The majority of oral surgery patients shed HSV‐1 into saliva within 7 days after surgery and immunocompromised patients shed virus almost continuously. The role of surgery in triggering the reactivation of latent HSV‐1, and the differences in rates of viral shedding between Americans and Japanese are discussed.
Expression of heat stress proteins by human periodontal ligament cells
Authors: Sauk J. J. , Norris K. , Foster R. A. , Moehring J. M. , Somerman M. J.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of the present report was to document the stress response produced by physical and chemical abuses to human periodontal ligament cells, and to review some of the known functions of stress response proteins produced as a result of such treatments. For these studies human PDL cells were exposed to sublethal challenges of 43°C heat, sodium arsenite and the amino acid analog L‐azetidine‐2‐carboxylic acid (AZC). The cells were labelled with [35S]‐methionine and the proteins produced were examined by autofluorography of SDS‐PAGE gels. Heat challenges were shown to induce hsps with an apparent mol. wts. of 90K, 68‐72K, 41–47K, and 36 K. Arsenite‐treated cells produced similar hsps including a 30k protein not produced by other forms of stress. AZC treatment resulted in the production of apparent functionless hsps with apparent molecular weights of 90,000, 72,000, 68,000 and 36,000. The function of these proteins and their possible role in periodontal disease is discussed.
Histomorphometric analysis of epithelial changes in chemically induced oral mucosal carcinogenesis in rats
Authors: Rich A. M. , Reade P. C.
Published: April 2006

Quantitative analysis of rat palatal mucosa after the carcinogen 4‐nitroquinoline‐1‐oxide had been applied to the epithelium for varying periods of time showed that there was a significant increase in epithelial thickness, due largely to an increase in thickness of the basal compartment. This alteration was measurable before epithelial dysplasia could be recognised.
In situ hybridization analysis of keratin gene expression in human ameloblastomas
Authors: Luo W. , Roop D. R. , Lau E. C. , Melrose R. J. , Mostofi R. , Stenman G. , Snead M. L.
Published: April 2006

Complementary DNA (cDNA) clones corresponding to the 55 kDa (K 14) and 59 kDa (K 10) keratins were used as probes for in situ hybridization analysis for the expression of keratin genes in human ameloblastomas and in oral mucosa. Transcripts for either the K 14 keratin or the K 10 keratin were restricted in their spatial distribution within stratified epithelia consistent with the stage of differentiation of the keratinocyte: the K 14 keratin gene transcript was restricted to the basal cell layers of the mucosa, while the K 10 kerattranscript was expressed predominantly in suprabasal cells, within the granular and prickle layers. In contrast, only the K 14 keratin transcript could be indentified within the epithelial cells of human ameloblastomas. The differentiation‐specific keratin transcript (K 10) was not present at detectable levels in this type of odontogenic tumors. In an atypical, infiltrating ameloblastoma, either the K 10 nor the K 14 transcript could be identified. Granular cells within one ameloblastoma expressed the K 14 transcript. A detailed examination of the pattern of gene expression in these unique tumors may lead to a better understanding of their pathogenesis.
The unicystic ameloblastoma: a clinicopathological study of 57 cases
Authors: Ackermann G. L. , Altini M. , Shear M.
Published: April 2006

A clinicopathological study of 57 unicystic ameloblastomas has been undertaken, which represents 15% of all cases of ameloblastoma accessioned in our department over a 30‐yr period. Of the cases where gender was recorded: 30 were male and 23 female. The majority of patients were black (51 cases) and most occurred in the mandible (52). This distribution conforms to that of solid and multicystic ameloblastomas. The mean age at diagnosis was 23.8 years (S.D. 14.9) which is significantly younger than for the conventional counterpart (p <0.1%). The lesions were classified histologically into 3 groups: Group 1 (42%) cyst lined by a variable often non‐descript epithelium; Group 2 (9%) cyst showing intraluminal pelxiform proliferation of epithelium; Group 3 (49%) cyst with invasion of epithelium into the cyst wall in either follicular or plexiform patterns. While Group 1 and 2 lesions may be treated by enucleation, Group 3 lesions should be treated aggressively as for conventional ameloblastomas. The objectives of correct histological diagnosis, sub‐classification and appropriate therapy are best achieved by enucleation biopsy. There is little evidence to support origin from pre‐existing odontogenic cysts.
Amelogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis imperfecta and dentin dysplasia revisited: problems in classification
Authors: Witkop C. J.
Published: April 2006

The classification and prevalence of amelogenesis imperfecta is updated based upon new information in the literature. Problems with the currently used classification of inherited dentin defects are discussed.
Multiple myeloma and amyloidosis of the tongue
Authors: Raubenheimer E. J. , Dauth J. , Pretorius F. J.
Published: April 2006

Tongue biopsies of 30 diagnosed cases of multiple myeloma were examined light and electron microscopically and amyloid deposits were identified in 8 patients. Immunochemical typing of amyloid in kappa and lambda subtypes was performed successfully although positive staining of tissue‐associated immunoglobulin light chains made reliable identification of amyloid with this technique difficult. Cells of macrophage lineage appear to play a central role in light chain‐associated amyloidogenesis. Our findings do not agree with the reported higher amyloidogenic potential of lambda light chains and we were unable to show a positive correlation between the percentage plasma cells in bone marrow aspirates or the presence of urinary light chains and myeloma‐associated amyloidosis.
Morphometric study of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia in granular cell tumors of the tongue
Authors: van der Wai N. , Baak J. P. A. , Schipper N. W. , van der Waal I.
Published: April 2006

Several reports have mentioned the possibility of misdiagnosing pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (PEH) of the overlying mucosa of a granular cell tumor as a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Because of this, morphometry was applied to five granular cell tumors with PEH and five well‐differentiated SCC of the tongue. In addition, ten normal tongues have been examined. The mean area, the mean perimeter and the mean diameter of the 50 largest squamous epithelial nuclei in 50 fields were found to be significantly larger in squamous cell carcinomas than in granular cell tumors and normal tongues. The shape factor of the nucleus and the mitotic activity appeared to be of no significant value in this respect.
Epithelial dendritic cells in pathological human oral tissues
Authors: Pitigala‐Arachchi A. , Crane I. J. , Scully C. , Prime S. S.
Published: April 2006

Epithelial dendritic cells (EDC) were examined in human oral tissues with non‐specific keratosis, lichen planus and squamous cell carcinoma. Acetone‐fixed frozen sections were stained using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique and monoclonal antibodies to the human CD1 thymocyte (OKT6) and HLA‐DR antigens. Significantly more T6+ and DR+ EDC were present in lichen planus tissues than normal controls, tissues with non–specific keratosis and the epithelia overlying/adjacent to squamous cell carcinomas, the latter tissues having comparable numbers of both T6+ and DR+ EDC. By contrast, significantly fewer T6+ EDC and significantly more DR+ cells were present in the invasive epithelium of squamous cell carcinomas than the overlying/adjacent epithelium of carcinomas, the non‐specific keratosis group and the normal tissues. 23–60% of pathological tissues had either focal or general DR+ reactivity in keratinocytes, but there was no correlation between the density of T6+ or DR+ EDC and the keratinocyte DR status of the tissues. The results suggest that immunological enhancement occurs in lichen planus and possibly immunological impairment may characterize invasive squamous cell carcinoma.
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: current concepts of etiology, pathogenesis and management
Authors: Scully Crispian , Porter Stephen
Published: April 2006

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common oral disorder, however, despite detailed clinical, immunologic, hematologic and microbiologic investigation, the etiology of RAS remains unknown. At present, topical steroids and antimicrobial mouth rinses are the mainstays of treatment, but there is still no means of preventing recurrence of the oral ulceration.
Ultrastructural findings in clinically uninvolved oral mucosa of patients with HIV infection
Authors: Zhang X. , Langford A. , Gelderblom H. , Reichart P.
Published: April 2006

Twelve biopsies of clinically normal oral mucosa taken from HIV seropositive patients have been investigated by means of light‐ and electron microscopy. Vascular abnormalities were found in all biopsies, regardless of the clinical stage of the HIV infection. In particular slit‐like vascular channels, sparseness of intercellular junctions and swollen, protruded endothelial cells with an increased quantity of Weibel‐Palade bodies were noticed. These findings were similar to those described in lesions of early stage Kaposi's sarcoma.
Familial pemphigus vulgaris with oral manifestations affecting two Greek families
Authors: Laskaris G. , Sklavounou A. , Stavrou A. , Stavropoulou K.
Published: April 2006

Two families of Greek origin with oral pemphigus vulgaris are reported. Both are fully documented cases of familial pemphigus in Greek Mediterranean patients. In the first family, a sister and a brother developed oral mucosal pemphigus lesions within a 5‐year period, and a cousin had died from the disease 20 years earlier. In the second family, a daughter, a son and their mother developed the disease 2, 4 and 6 years apart. HLA typing has been performed and disclosed striking associations and similarities between the members of each family. Review of the fully documented cases of familial pemphigus vulgaris is also presented in a tabular form.
Effect of plaque removal on patients with acute leukemia
Authors: Ellegaard Birgit , Bergmann Olav J. , Ellegaard Jørgen
Published: April 2006

The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of daily plaque removal on gingival inflammation and the occurrence of oral mucosal ulcers in granulocytopenic patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Eleven patients were analyzed prospectively and consecutively during a period of 28 days, in which the patients were treated with antineoplastic drugs. The patients had their teeth scaled, and plaque was removed daily. On Day 1 all had gingival inflammation, and two had profound periodontitis with pocket depths and loss of attachment > 5 mm. During the treatment period plaque scores were reduced in all patients and a corresponding decrease in gingival inflammation was seen. It was possible to obtain healthy gingiva during treatment with cytotoxic drugs. In addition, the development of oral mucosal lesions was low compared with other studies. This study demonstrates that daily plaque removal from the teeth resolves gingival inflammation also in severely granulocytopenic patients.
New malignancy grading is a better prognostic indicator than Broders' grading in oral squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Bryne Magne , Koppang Hanna Strömme , Lilleng Rune , Stene Torbjörn , Bang Gisle , Dabelsteen Erik
Published: April 2006

The prognostic value of histopathologic grading of oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) has varied from not any to highly significant. We have retrospectively studied all (130) SCCs registered in Norway 1963‐72 in the buccal and maxillary alveolar mucosa. From 68 of these cases biopsy specimens of accetable quality were obtained. Broders’method of grading was compared with a modification of a recent malignancy grading system recommended by Annerothet al.which was performed only within the histologically most invasive areas of the tumors. Cox's multivariate survival analyses showed that this grading in the invasive sites had highly significant prognostic value. Brodersgrade had no prognostic value. The stage of tumor had also prognostic value. These highly significant results indicate that the histologically invasive areas may be primarily responsible for the clinical behavior of the tumor, and this may be of importance for the choice of therapy for oral SCC.
Differential lectin‐bindings in normal and precancerous epithelium and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa
Authors: Saku T. , Okabe H.
Published: April 2006

In order to establish a useful and objective marker of malignancy of oral mucosa, the binding sites for Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA‐I), Bandeiraea simplicifolia agglutinin I (BSA‐I) and peanut agglutinin (PNA) were comparatively examined in the surgical materials from the normal, dysplastic and cancerous epithelium of the oral mucosa by a novel lectin‐antilectin immunoperoxidase method. Based on the staining patterns of the normal keratinized epithelium, UEA‐I was regarded as the marker for the prickle cells, BSA‐I for the cells in the upper prickle to the horny layers, and PNA for those in the basal layer. As the degree of dysplasia advanced, all layers of epithelium came to react with UEA‐I and PNA, whereas the BSA‐I binding was negative. Positive reactions for UEA‐I and PNA were seen in most carcinoma cells other than the keratinizing foci stained by BSA‐I. The results indicate that a UEA‐I‐positive reaction in the basal cells, a PNA‐positive in the prickle cells and loss of receptor for BSA‐I occur in the course of malignant transformation of oral mucosa, and that these lectins may be regarded as useful markers of oral epithelial cytoplasmic differentiation.
Sialochemistry in Sjögren's syndrome: a review
Authors: Thorn J. J. , Prause J.U. , Oxholm P.
Published: April 2006

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune exocrinopathy. The salivary glands are the site of activated T‐ and B‐lymphocytes, along with gradual parenchymal destruction, diminished flow and altered composition of the secretory product. At present, Sialochemistry has achieved no significance for the evaluation of SS patient. However, the number of sialochemical publications is steadily growing. This study review current sialochemical findings in patients with SS and relate the observations to the present concept of diagnosis, pathogenesis and prognosis of SS. An ideal combination of the collection of low‐stimulated pure secretion, measurements of absolute flow‐rates, and biopsy from the same glands seem to be unobtainable in SS patients. But two procedures may be appropriate: stimulated parotid secretion combined with parotid biopsies, or absorbance of low‐stimulated labila saliva combined with labial gland biopsy. Sufficient data on disease‐specific alterations in salivary composition in SS are still lacking. However, detection of specific changes in protein synthesis or in glycosylation as well as the detection of inflammatory cell products should be possible with the use of sensitive biochemical assays.
Ultrastructural findings in oral hyperpigmentation of HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Zhang X. , Langford A. , Gelderblom H. , Reichart P.
Published: April 2006

Oral hyperpigmentation has been observed in six HIV‐infected patients, in two of whom systemic medication (ketokonazole, clofazimine) was supposed to be etiologically involved. Histologically, pigment was found in epithelial basal cells and particularly in subepithelial connective tissue. Ultrastructurally, the presence of premature melanosomes in subepithelial keratinocytes was of interest. Stimulation of melanocytes during HIV infection may occur in association with immunopathologic changes in the oral mucosa.
Explants of human oral epithelium exposed to viruses and cancer chemotherapeutics
Authors: Ebbesen P. , Petersen P.M. , Jepsen A. , Norskov‐Lauritsen N. , Nielsen C. M. , Philipsen H. P. , Arenholt‐Bindslev D. , Nara P.
Published: April 2006

Cultures of proliferating epithelial cells were established from explants of normal human oral epithelium from healthy young volunteers. The epithelial cells were found permissive for herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2, coxsackie virus A‐4 and A‐16, adenovirus type 5, measles vaccine, rubella and influenza type A virus‐. Medium from DEAE‐pretreated epithelial cultures infected with two subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus‐1 showed an increasing content of virusprotein with time by antigen ELISA testing. In contrast there was no evidence of infection with coxsackie virus type B‐2, cytomegalovirus, Epstein‐Barr virus and varicella zoster virus. Treatment of the epithelial cells with a non‐cytotoxic dose of cancer chemotherapeutic prior to or after infection with coxsackie virus A‐4 or herpes simplex virus type 1 influenced the virus production dependent on both compound, mode of application, and virus. Adriamycin (doxorubicin) in low dose was found to stimulate the production of the two viruses.
Oral candidiasis and human immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Samaranayake Lakshman P. , Holmstrup Palle
Published: April 2006

The association of oral candidiasis with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been known since the advent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrom (AIDS) pandemic. Oral candidiasis is one of the earliest premonitory signs of HIV infection and its diagnosis may have grave prognositic implications for the eventual development of full blown AIDS. There is now an expanding body of data on novel clinical variants of this ‘old’disease, its epidemiology in HIV seropositive individuals and, advanes in its management, particulary with respect to the recently introduced bis‐triazole antifungals. Current concepts pertaining to the epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and management of oral candidiases in HIV infection are reviewed.
Fine structure of EBV‐infected keratinocytes in oral hairy leukoplakia
Authors: Greenspan J. S. , Rabanus J.‐P. , Petersen V. , Greenspan D.
Published: April 2006

We evaluated biopsy specimens of 42 cases of clinically suspected oral hairy leukoplakia for the pattern and frequency of ultrastructural alterations specific to epithelial cells infected with Epstein‐Barr virus. Some structures could clearly be identified as Epstein‐Barr virus at different stage of assembly, but other intranuclear and cytoplasmic alterations were not conclusively identificable as any known structure. Keratinocytes producing Epstein‐Barr virus conhtained intranuclear particles of different size and shape; some of them were arranged in a monodispersed pattern and others formed arrays. In contrast, both lesional keratinocytes not producing virus and keratinocytes in uninvolved mucosa contained intrauclear particles reminiscent of perichromatin granules. The nuclei of productive cells also contained marginated chromatin, tubular structures, and occasionally, crystalline and fibrillar formations as well as enveloped virus. Formationis of electron‐dense bilayers were seen on both sides of the nuclear membrane. In the cytoplasm of productive cells we observed aggregates of parallel tubules and enveloped electron‐dense bodies. Although many of these observations are of diagnositc and pathobiological significance, the morphogenesis, composition, and function of alterations with uncertain morphological identification remain unclear.
Metastases to the oral mucosa: analysis of 157 cases
Authors: Hirshberg Abraham , Leibovich Pnina , Buchner Amos
Published: April 2006

A review of the English‐language literature revealed 157 well‐documented cases of metastatic lesions to the oral mucosa. Most (64%) were diagnosed in patients in their fifth to seventh decade. The frequency of the primary site differed between genders: for men it was the lung (35.5%) followed by the kidney (16%) and skin (15%); for women it was the breast (24%) followed by the genital organs (17%). The most common oral site was the gingiva and alveolar mucosa (54.8%) followed by the tongue (27.4%), and with much less frequency by the tonsil, palate, lip, buccal mucosa and floor of the mouth. Of the dentulous patients, 79%) exhibited the metastatic tumor in the attached gingiva. The clinical appearance of the metastatic oral lesion in most cases resembled hyperplastic or reactive lesions.
Acyclovirl is it an effective virostatic agent for orofacial infections?
Authors: Lavelle C. L. B.
Published: April 2006

Oral and intravenous acyclovir formulations provide effective virostasis against many herpes viruses infections, especially severe herpes simplex or varicella‐zoster infections in ambulatory and immunocompromised patients. The therapeutic virostatic efficacy of topical acyclovir formulations requires further development, however, especially for orolabial herpetic infections.
Tissue markers of potentially malignant human oral epithelial lesions
Authors: Scully Crispian , Burkhardt A.
Published: April 2006

Tissue markers of potential malignancy have been sought for many years. Cell surface markers, particularly blood group and histocompatibility antigens, have shown great promise and several squamous carcinoma antigens have been identified ‐ but not fully studied in potentially malignant lesions. Growth factors and receptors also need further study. Cytoplasmic markers of potential malignancy have been examined and, of these, keratins, filaggrin, and some carcinoma antigens show most promise. Nuclear analyses have promise but are time‐consuming and expensive. Image cytometric analyses appear to be sensitive and predictive: oncogene and tumour suppressor analyses remain to be fully evaluated. New investigative techniques at the cellular and molecular level show increasing promise at defining potentially malignant oral epithelial lesions but more prospective studies arc required.
Immunological investigation of adult patients with primary herpes simplex virus‐1 infection
Authors: Yamamoto T. , Osaki T. , Yoneda K. , Ueta E.
Published: April 2006

Peripheral blood mononuclear cell parameters were examined in 17 adult patients with primary herpes simplex virus‐1 (HSV‐I) infection. Two‐color flow cytometry revealed an increase in HLA‐DR + T cell and Leu8+ T cell subsets, and a decrease in CD57+CD16+ subset in the patients. In the symptomatic phase of HSV‐1 infection, serum interferon gamma (IFN‐γ) level increased in many patients, and the mean serum level in the patients (0.26±0.12 U/ml) was significantly higher than the mean control level (0.14 + 0.06 U/ml). Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (sICAM‐1) in patients’ serum also was increased to a mean level of 398+130 ng/ml at the first visit. Both the IFN‐y and sICAM‐1 levels fell to near the control levels after the disappearance of oral inflammation. Natural killer (NK) activity was at first increased (mean 46.1 ± 17.9%), and later decreased to the control level (mean 38.4± 10.6%). In contrast, lymphokine activated killer (LAK.) activity at the first visit (mean 53.2± 15.7%) was significantly lower than the control level (mean 69.5± 10.3%). PHA‐ or ConA‐stimulated lymphocytes from the patients incorporated less thymidine than control lymphocytes. These reduced lymphocyte reactivities recovered to the control levels alter the disappearance of the acute infection. These results indicate some of the characteristics of lymphocyte pathophysiology in primary HSV‐1 infection.
Oral infections due to Cytomegalovirus in immunocompromised patients
Authors: Schubert Mark M. , Epstein Joel B. , Lloid Michele E. , Cooney Elizabeth
Published: April 2006

Herpes group virus infections in the immunocompromised host are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and to a lesser extent varicella zoster virus (VZV) have long been recognized as causes of oral and peri‐oral lesions in subjects undergoing bone marrow transplantation and in individuals infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). A role for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in such lesions is less clear and not well documented. This report describes two bone marrow transplant recipients and one individual infected with HIV in whom CMV was implicated as the cause of oral lesions. Diagnostic and management issues as well as clinical implications are discussed.
Epstein‐Barr virus in lingual epithelium of liver transplant patients
Authors: Schmidt‐Westhausen A. , Gelderblom H. R. , Neuhaus P. , Reichart P. A. , Schmidt‐Westhausen A.
Published: April 2006

Thirty‐three liver transplant patients and 20 controls were examined for the presence of EBV in epithelium of the lateral border of the tongue by negative staining electron microscopy. Five of the specimens (15%) showed particles typical of the herpes virus family, while all controls were negative for EBV. In 3 of the 5 patients moderate oral hairy leukoplakia was observed clinically. Our results indicate that EBV may be expressed at the lateral border of the tongue of liver transplant patients, who in some cases show oral hairy leukoplakia clinically.
Oncogenes, tumour suppressors and viruses in oral squamous carcinoma
Authors: Scully Crispian
Published: April 2006

The pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma involves recognised carcinogens in tobacco and/or alcohol but other factors, including viruses, may also have a role. This paper reviews the gene changes revealed in oral carcinoma, the evidence implicating viruses, and mechanisms whereby viruses may affect gene function.
Cytomegalovirus: a virus of increasing relevance to oral medicine and pathology
Authors: Epstein Joel , Scully Crispian
Published: April 2006

Human Cytomegalovirus (Hcmv) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus, emerging as an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised persons, particularly those infected with human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV). Clinical syndromes caused by Hcmv are usually not specifically identifiable without laboratory investigations. However, it is now apparent that Hcmv may cause oral ulceration in immunocompromised persons and it may play a role in other diverse conditions in these and other patients.