bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gaze Mapping for Immersive Virtual Environments Based on Image Retrieval
Authors: Rolff Tim , Steinicke Frank , Frintrop Simone
Published: May 2022

In this paper, we introduce a novel gaze mapping approach for free viewing conditions in dynamic immersive virtual environments (VEs), which projects recorded eye fixation data of users, who viewed the VE from different perspectives, to the current view. This generates eye fixation maps, which can serve as ground truth for training machine learning (ML) models to predict saliency and the user’s gaze in immersive virtual reality (VR) environments. We use a flexible image retrieval approach based on SIFT features, which can also map the gaze under strong viewpoint changes and dynamic changes. A vocabulary tree enables to scale to the large amounts of data with typically several hundred thousand frames and a homography transform re-projects the fixations to the current view. To evaluate our approach, we measure the predictive quality of our eye fixation maps to model the gaze of the current user and compare our maps to computer-generated saliency maps on the DGaze and the Saliency in VR datasets. The results show that our method often outperform these saliency predictors. However, in contrast to these methods, our approach collects real fixations from human observers, and can thus serve to estimate ground truth fixation maps in dynamic VR environments, which can be used to train and evaluate gaze predictors.
The Transmission of ULF Waves From the Solar Wind to the Magnetosphere: An Analysis of Some Critical Aspects
Authors: Villante U. , Recchiuti D. , Di Matteo S.
Published: May 2022

Several critical aspects may influence the analysis of the relationship between the solar wind (SW) and magnetospheric fluctuations, for example, the characteristics and frequency of SW fluctuations that are expected to impinge the magnetosphere may not be the same when they are observed by spacecraft located at different places in front of the magnetosphere; similarly, the choice of analytical methods adopted for the spectral analysis might influence the frequency estimate (as well as the wave identification itself) both in the SW and magnetosphere. Focusing our attention on these aspects, we present an analysis of SW compressional fluctuations (f ≈ 1–5 mHz), following two interplanetary shocks observed by two interplanetary spacecraft, regarded as two different situations in terms of spacecraft separation and distance from the magnetosphere. Our results show that some differences in the characteristics of SW fluctuations emerge when the same stream is observed at different places and confirm the critical role of analytical methods in determining fluctuation characteristics. We compared aspects of SW fluctuations with those of magnetospheric fluctuations following the sudden impulses due to the impact of interplanetary shocks. For this scope, we examined observations by two satellites at geostationary orbit and at several ground-based stations. We found that the magnetospheric fluctuations were related to compressional SW fluctuations approximately at the same frequencies, with no evidence for wave activity of internal origin or directly driven by the shock impact.
Risk of Low Energy Availability, Disordered Eating, Exercise Addiction, and Food Intolerances in Female Endurance Athletes
Authors: Fahrenholtz Ida Lysdahl , Melin Anna Katarina , Wasserfurth Paulina , Stenling Andreas , Logue Danielle , Garthe Ina , Koehler Karsten , Gräfnings Maria , Lichtenstein Mia Beck , Madigan Sharon , Torstveit Monica Klungland
Published: May 2022

Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) is a complex syndrome describing health and performance consequences of low energy availability (LEA) and is common among female endurance athletes. Various underlying causes of LEA have been reported, including disordered eating behavior (DE), but studies investigating the association with exercise addiction and food intolerances are lacking. Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between DE, exercise addiction and food intolerances in athletes at risk of LEA compared to those with low risk. Female endurance athletes, 18–35 years, training ≥5 times/week were recruited in Norway, Sweden, Ireland, and Germany. Participants completed an online-survey comprising the LEA in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q), Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI), Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), and questions regarding food intolerances. Of the 202 participants who met the inclusion criteria and completed the online survey, 65% were at risk of LEA, 23% were at risk of exercise addiction, and 21% had DE. Athletes at risk of LEA had higher EDE-Q and EAI scores compared to athletes with low risk. EAI score remained higher in athletes with risk of LEA after excluding athletes with DE. Athletes at risk of LEA did not report more food intolerances (17 vs. 10%, P = 0.198), but were more frequently reported by athletes with DE (28 vs. 11%, P = 0.004). In conclusion, these athletes had a high risk of LEA, exercise addiction, and DE. Exercise addiction should be considered as an additional risk factor in the prevention, early detection, and targeted treatment of RED-S among female endurance athletes.
Why and How to Strengthen Indigenous Peoples' Food Systems With Examples From Two Unique Indigenous Communities
Authors: Kuhnlein Harriet V. , Chotiboriboon Sinee
Published: May 2022

Indigenous Peoples' food systems contain extensive and sophisticated knowledge that is often undocumented and underutilized in contemporary society that has increasingly poor nutrition and loss of food biodiversity. Indigenous Peoples in all global regions are among the most vulnerable to marginalization, food insecurity and chronic disease and will benefit greatly from strengthening their resource-rich food systems to make them more resilient and sustainable. It is in this spirit that we contribute to the databases of Indigenous Peoples' food system knowledge with information on unique traditional foods from the Nuxalk Nation in British Columbia, Canada, and the Pwo Karen People of Sanephong Community, Thailand. Several publications from these case studies originated from interdisciplinary mixed-method research, in part through the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. We highlight selected foods with nutrient data and various qualitative and quantitative methods used to identify and promote their use within these unique communities. Our intent is to stimulate complementary strengthening efforts among other traditional and Indigenous Peoples that will contribute to global intercultural food system evidence and advances.
Acute or Subacute, the Optimal Timing for Uncomplicated Type B Aortic Dissection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Yang Yang , Zhang Xi-Hao , Chen Zuo-Guan , Diao Yong-Peng , Wu Zhi-Yuan , Li Yong-Jun
Published: May 2022

Objective

To evaluate the optimal timing (acute or subacute) of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for uncomplicated B aortic dissection (uTBAD) through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Method

A comprehensive literature search was undertaken across three major databases (EMBASE/Medline, PubMed, and Cochrane Library) and was assessed until November 2021 to identify studies reporting the outcomes of TEVAR utilized to treat patients with uTBAD. The continuous variables were compared between the two groups using t-test and the categorical variables were compared using the χ2-test. A meta-analysis was used to produce pooled odds ratios for early and follow-up outcomes. The random effects models were applied. A statistical analysis was performed using R software v.4.1.

Result

A comprehensive literature search found 490 citations published within the predetermined time span of the analysis. Three studies including 1,193 patients (acute group 718, subacute group 475) were finally included for downstream meta-analysis. An acute uTBAD group presented with higher rates both in 30-day complications (20.5 vs. 13.7%; p = 0.014) and mortality (4.6 vs. 1.3%; p = 0.004) than subacute group. The respiratory complications were significantly higher in the acute group than in the subacute group (10.8 vs. 5.0%; p = 0.015). The procedure success rate (90.8 vs. 93.6%; p = 0.329), the follow-up mortality (7.7 vs. 7.6%; p = 1) and dissection-related late mortality (3.9 vs. 5.3%; p = 0.603) showed no significant difference.

Conclusion

Our meta-analysis suggested that despite significantly higher 30-day complications and 30-day mortality in the acute uTBAD group, there was no significant difference in the follow-up mortality between the two groups.

Systematic Review Registration

PROSPERO, identifier: CRD42021247609.
Clinical Characteristics of Hydrocephalus Following the Treatment of Pyogenic Ventriculitis Caused by Multi/Extensive Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli, Acinetobacter Baumannii, and Klebsiella Pneumoniae
Authors: Pandey Sajan , Yao Pei Wen , Qian Zhouqi , Ji Tao , Wang Ke , Gao Liang
Published: May 2022

Objective

Hydrocephalus is common after ventriculitis. This study explores hydrocephalus's clinical characteristics following pyogenic ventriculitis due to multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Patients and Methods

We retrospectively reviewed patients with post-neurosurgical pyogenic ventriculitis due to multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae in our department between January 2014 and June 2020. Once diagnosed, patients received intraventricular lavage followed by daily intraventricular administration of Colistin (polymyxin-E). The patient's clinical/radiographic findings were analyzed and evaluated 6 months after discharge.

Results

In total, 48 cases were included in this study, and 25% were female. The median age was 45 (SD ± 15) years old. Median intraventricular Colistin administration to acquire sterile cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was 20 days. Forty-one patients developed hydrocephalus; among them, 18 (43%) had multiloculated hydrocephalus (MLH), 23 (56%) had uni/non-loculated hydrocephalus (ULH/NLH), and 7 (17%) did not develop hydrocephalus. The patients with MLH had (15 days) delayed initiation of intraventricular irrigation (p < 0.022). They had (32 days) longer intraventricular Colistin (p < 0.003) and showed worse outcomes in terms of Glasgow outcome score (GOS) at 6 months follow-up than those without hydrocephalus. The mean score of the MLH group was 1.67 (SD1.23), and ULH/NLH was 2.61 (SD1.4) at p < 0.008.

Conclusion

Multiloculated hydrocephalus is common in patients receiving delayed intraventricular administration of Colistin and required a longer duration on intraventricular Colistin to treat the pyogenic ventriculitis caused by multidrug/extensive drug-resistant A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae. It is associated with worse clinical outcomes.
Treatment of Familial Hypercholesterolemia with Intracranial Xanthoma: Case Report
Authors: Kou XiaoBo , Liu LunXin , Zhou LiangXue
Published: May 2022

Intracranial xanthoma is a rare benign intracranial tumor. It often occurs in patients with hyperlipidemia. Intracranial xanthomas grow slowly, and clinical symptoms only appear when the mass compresses the surrounding tissues, so early diagnosis of the disease is difficult.
Effects of Protein Restriction and Succedent Realimentation on Jejunal Function and Bacterial Composition of Different Colonic Niches in Weaned Piglets
Authors: Wang Jue , Zhu Yizhi , Tian Shiyi , Shi Qing , Yang Huairong , Wang Jing , Zhu Weiyun
Published: May 2022

Recent studies have proved that protein succedent realimentation could rescue the loss of growth performance in weaning piglets caused by a prior protein restriction. However, how the protein restriction and succedent realimentation influence the jejunal function and bacterial composition of different colonic niches microbiota in weaning piglets needs a further investigation. After protein succedent realimentation, we found that the treatment group (TRE) piglets had a higher IGF-1 content and IGF-1R gene expression level in jejunal mucosa than the control group (CON) piglets. The ZO-1 gene expression level was up-regulated in the jejunal mucosa of TRE piglets during protein restriction and succedent realimentation, while the jejunal permeability of TRE piglets was only decreased after protein succedent realimentation. In addition, we found that protein restriction and succedent realimentation increased the gene expression of Pept-1 and the fecal apparent digestibility of crude protein in TRE piglets, but decreased the fecal nitrogen content. After 16S rRNA MiSeq sequencing of bacteria in different colonic niches (mucosa and digesta), TRE piglets had a higher relative abundance of beneficial bacteria and a lower relative abundance of potential pathogens than CON piglets in different colonic niches after protein restriction and succedent realimentation. Our data showed that protein restriction and succedent realimentation decreased the concentrations of branch chain fatty acids and ammonia-N in the colon of TRE piglets. In addition, protein succedent realimentation increased the concentration of total short chain fatty acids in the colon of TRE piglets. All these findings demonstrated that the strategy of protein restriction and succedent realimentation is an effective way to improve intestinal health of weaning piglets, and provided new insights into the nutrition management of piglets during the weaning period.
Dog Owners' Ideas and Strategies Regarding Dental Health in Their Dogs-Thematic Analysis of Free Text Survey Responses
Authors: Enlund Karolina Brunius , Pettersson Ann , Eldh Ann Catrine
Published: May 2022

Periodontal disease is the most common disease in dogs over 3 years of age. In dogs, as in humans, daily tooth brushing, as a means of active dental home care, is considered the gold standard for prophylaxis and prevention of periodontal disease progression. However, the performance of adequate tooth brushing is insufficient in dogs. There is no full account as to why dog owners fail to comply with this routine, but in order to facilitate better practice, a further understanding of dog owner's perspectives is needed. The aim of this study was to investigate dog owners' ideas and strategies regarding their dogs' dental health. In a large-scale Swedish survey regarding dental health in dogs, dog owners' free text comments (n = 8,742) from a concluding open-ended query were analyzed using qualitative methods. Many different notions concerning dental health in dogs were identified, of which perceived importance of different diets and chewing being the most prominent. Five common themes represented dog owners' ideas and strategies regarding dental health in their dogs: what is considered to cause dental problems; what is deemed not to promote dental health; how to prevent dental problems; what impedes proper dental care, and; needs for increased knowledge and support. Contrary to existing research and knowledge in the field, the respondents commonly trusted that diet procure good dental health in the dog, as does chewing on bones. Seemingly, a range of misconceptions flourish among dog owners, indicating a need to share information and experiences, as well as support to bridge barriers to tooth brushing and other aspects that can enhance dog owners' knowledge and practice. In addition, this study highlights the need for randomized controlled trials on effects of diets and supplements on different aspects of dental health; calculus, periodontal disease, and dental fractures, including dogs of different breeds, sizes and ages. Further research is also needed with respect to which strategies that best aid dog owners, by whom the support is best provided, when, and at what time point.
Measurement of Ultrasound Parameters of Bovine Cancellous Bone as a Function of Frequency for a Range of Porosities via Through-Transmission Ultrasonic Spectroscopy
Authors: Karki Alina , Wu Junru
Published: May 2022

The relationship between ultrasonic parameters (attenuation coefficients and velocity) and bone porosity in bovine cancellous bone is explored to understand the possibility of fracture risk diagnosis associated with osteoporosis by applying ultrasound. In vitro measurements of ultrasonic parameters on twenty-one bovine cancellous bone samples from tibia were conducted, using ultrasonic spectroscopy in the through-transmission mode. Transducers of three different center frequencies were used to cover a wide diagnostic frequency range between 1.0–7.8 MHz. The nonlinear relationship of porosity and normalized attenuation coefficient (nATTN) and normalized broadband attenuation coefficient (nBUA) were well described by a third-order polynomial fit, whereas porosity and the phase velocity (UV) were found to be negatively correlated with the linear correlation coefficients of −0.93, −0.89 and −0.83 at 2.25, 5.00 and 7.50 MHz, respectively. The results imply that the ultrasound parameters attain maximum values for the bone sample with the lowest porosity, and then decrease for samples with greater porosity for the range of porosities in our samples for all frequencies. Spatial variation in the ultrasound parameters was found to be caused by non-uniform pore size distribution, which was examined at five different locations within the same bone specimen. However, it did not affect the relationship of ultrasound parameters and porosity at these frequencies.
Illness Characteristics of COVID-19 in Children Infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant
Authors: Molteni Erika , Sudre Carole H. , Canas Liane Dos Santos , Bhopal Sunil S. , Hughes Robert C. , Chen Liyuan , Deng Jie , Murray Benjamin , Kerfoot Eric , Antonelli Michela , Graham Mark , Kläser Kerstin , May Anna , Hu Christina , Pujol Joan Capdevila , Wolf Jonathan , Hammers Alexander , Spector Timothy D. , Ourselin Sebastien , Modat Marc , Steves Claire J. , Absoud Michael , Duncan Emma L.
Published: May 2022

Background: The Delta (B.1.617.2) SARS-CoV-2 variant was the predominant UK circulating strain between May and November 2021. We investigated whether COVID-19 from Delta infection differed from infection with previous variants in children. Methods: Through the prospective COVID Symptom Study, 109,626 UK school-aged children were proxy-reported between 28 December 2020 and 8 July 2021. We selected all symptomatic children who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and were proxy-reported at least weekly, within two timeframes: 28 December 2020 to 6 May 2021 (Alpha (B.1.1.7), the main UK circulating variant) and 26 May to 8 July 2021 (Delta, the main UK circulating variant), with all children unvaccinated (as per national policy at the time). We assessed illness profiles (symptom prevalence, duration, and burden), hospital presentation, and presence of long (≥28 day) illness, and calculated odds ratios for symptoms presenting within the first 28 days of illness. Results: 694 (276 younger (5–11 years), 418 older (12–17 years)) symptomatic children tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 with Alpha infection and 706 (227 younger and 479 older) children with Delta infection. Median illness duration was short with either variant (overall cohort: 5 days (IQR 2–9.75) with Alpha, 5 days (IQR 2–9) with Delta). The seven most prevalent symptoms were common to both variants. Symptom burden over the first 28 days was slightly greater with Delta compared with Alpha infection (in younger children, 3 (IQR 2–5) symptoms with Alpha, 4 (IQR 2–7) with Delta; in older children, 5 (IQR 3–8) symptoms with Alpha, 6 (IQR 3–9) with Delta infection ). The odds of presenting several symptoms were higher with Delta than Alpha infection, including headache and fever. Few children presented to hospital, and long illness duration was uncommon, with either variant. Conclusions: COVID-19 in UK school-aged children due to SARS-CoV-2 Delta strain B.1.617.2 resembles illness due to the Alpha variant B.1.1.7., with short duration and similar symptom burden.
Tumor Stroma Ratio and Its Significance in Locally Advanced Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Sullivan Luz , Pacheco Richard R. , Kmeid Michel , Chen Anne , Lee Hwajeong
Published: May 2022

Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death, and its incidence is rising in the younger patient population. In the past decade, research has unveiled several processes (underlying tumorigenesis, many of which involve interactions between tumor cells and the surrounding tissue or tumor microenvironment (TME). Interactions between components of the TME are mediated at a sub-microscopic level. However, the endpoint of those interactions results in morphologic changes which can be readily assessed at microscopic examination of biopsy and resection specimens. Among these morphologic changes, alteration to the tumor stroma is a new, important determinant of colorectal cancer progression. Different methodologies to estimate the proportion of tumor stroma relative to tumor cells, or tumor stroma ratio (TSR), have been developed. Subsequent validation has supported the prognostic value, reproducibility and feasibility of TSR in various subgroups of colorectal cancer. In this manuscript, we review the literature surrounding TME in colorectal cancer, with a focus on tumor stroma ratio.
An Opposition-Based Learning CRO Algorithm for Solving the Shortest Common Supersequence Problem
Authors: Luo Fei , Chen Cheng , Fuentes Joel , Li Yong , Ding Weichao
Published: May 2022

As a non-deterministic polynomial hard (NP-hard) problem, the shortest common supersequence (SCS) problem is normally solved by heuristic or metaheuristic algorithms. One type of metaheuristic algorithms that has relatively good performance for solving SCS problems is the chemical reaction optimization (CRO) algorithm. Several CRO-based proposals exist; however, they face such problems as unstable molecular population quality, uneven distribution, and local optimum (premature) solutions. To overcome these problems, we propose a new approach for the search mechanism of CRO-based algorithms. It combines the opposition-based learning (OBL) mechanism with the previously studied improved chemical reaction optimization (IMCRO) algorithm. This upgraded version is dubbed OBLIMCRO. In its initialization phase, the opposite population is constructed from a random population based on OBL; then, the initial population is generated by selecting molecules with the lowest potential energy from the random and opposite populations. In the iterative phase, reaction operators create new molecules, where the final population update is performed. Experiments show that the average running time of OBLIMCRO is more than 50% less than the average running time of CRO_SCS and its baseline algorithm, IMCRO, for the desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein datasets.
Application of the Time-Domain Signal Analysis for Electrical Appliances Identification in the Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring
Authors: Dowalla Krzysztof , Bilski Piotr , Łukaszewski Robert , Wójcik Augustyn , Kowalik Ryszard
Published: May 2022

The paper presents a novel method for non-intrusive appliances identification. It can be used for energy load disaggregation in a smart grid. The approach identifies changes in the state of the particular appliance by measuring and processing the common supply current signal. Analysis of the instantaneous changes in the aggregated current on the output of the analyzed circuit in the power network is exploited here. The signal is processed using the time alignment of the current and voltage signals samples represented in the array form. The scheme includes filtering, event detection and identification, which is performed by comparing parameters of the detected event against previously determined signatures of monitored appliances. The analysis is performed in the time domain; therefore (unlike other existing methods), the information contained in the original signal is not lost. The approach was tested in the laboratory designed specifically for this purpose. All tests have been conducted with up to 12 appliances operating at the same time in the single power supply circuit. The measurement setup was developed and used to record appliances’ switching on/off events. During tests, 2300 events for devices were recorded. Collected data were processed to identify particular devices with the accuracy of 98.8% and macro-averaged F-score measure of 0.9874. High identification accuracy was achieved despite the high number of devices operating in the background.
Design Optimization of Tubular Heat Exchangers for a Free-Piston Stirling Engine Based on Improved Quasi-Steady Flow Thermodynamic Model Predictions
Authors: Kim Dong-Jun , Park Yeongchae , Kim Tae Young , Sim Kyuho
Published: May 2022

This paper presents the design optimization of a heat exchanger for a free-piston Stirling engine (FPSE) through an improved quasi-steady flow (iQSF) model and a central composite design. To optimize the tubular hot heat exchanger (HHX) design, a design set of central composite designs for the design factors of the HHX was constructed and the brake power and efficiency were predicted through the iQSF model. The iQSF model is improved because it adds various heat and power losses based on the QSF model and applies a heat transfer model that simulates the oscillating flow condition of an actual Stirling engine. Based on experimental results from the RE-1000, an FPSE developed by Sunpower, the iQSF model significantly improves the prediction error of the indicated power from 66.9 to 24.9% compared to the existing QSF model. For design optimization of the HHX, the inner diameter and the number of tubes with the highest brake power and efficiency were determined using a regression model, and the tube length was determined using the iQSF model. Finally, the brake output and efficiency of FPSE with the optimized HHX were predicted to be 7.4 kW and 36.4%, respectively, through the iQSF analysis results.
Mobility Based on GPS Trajectory Data and Interviews: A Pilot Study to Understand the Differences between Lower- and Higher-Income Older Adults in Hong Kong
Authors: Guo Yingqi , Yeung Cheuk-Yui , Chan Geoff C. H. , Chang Qingsong , Tsang Hector W. H. , Yip Paul S. F.
Published: May 2022

Few studies have examined mobility from a social exclusion perspective. Limited mobility can restrict opportunities to interact with others and therefore may lead to social exclusion. This pilot study was designed to test the feasibility of integrating Global Positioning System (GPS) trajectory data and interview data to understand the different mobility patterns between lower- and higher-income older adults in Hong Kong and the potential reasons for and impacts of these differences. Lower- (n = 21) and higher- (n = 24) income adults aged 60 years of age or older in Hong Kong were recruited based on purposive sampling. They were asked to wear a GPS device for 7 days. Seven measures of mobility (four dimensions) were created based on GPS data and compared between lower- and higher-income older adults, including extensity (standard deviation ellipse, standard distance between all locations), intensity (time spent out of home, doing activities), diversity (number of locations), and non-exclusivity (time spent in public open spaces and places with higher public service provisions). It then administered semi-structured interviews to understand the determined differences. The activity spaces for lower-income older adults were, on average, smaller than those for higher-income older adults, but lower-income older adults spent significantly more time participating in out-of-home activities. They were more likely to be exposed to environments with similar socioeconomic characteristics as their own. The interviews showed that limited social networks and expenditure on transport were the two main factors associated with lower-income older adults having relatively fewer activity spaces, which may lead to further social exclusion. We recommend using GPS in daily life as a feasible way to capture the mobility patterns and using interviews to deeply understand the different patterns between lower- and higher-income older adults. Policy strategies aiming to improve the mobility of older might be helpful for further improving the social inclusion of lower-income older adults.
Investigation on the Relationship between Biodiversity and Linguistic Diversity in China and Its Formation Mechanism
Authors: Zhang Xuliang , Bu Zhanting , Ju Hongrun , Jing Yibo
Published: May 2022

Previous studies have demonstrated that countries, biodiversity hotspots, wildness areas, and islands with high biodiversity also have high linguistic diversity, while the regional correlation between phonetic, lexical, and grammatical diversity within a particular kind of language and biodiversity has not been verified. Based on the methods of GIS visualization and Spearman correlation coefficient, the regional differences and correlations between linguistic diversity and biodiversity in China are investigated in this paper using the numbers of plant species, animal species, Chinese dialects, and the data of phonetic, lexical, and grammatical diversity of Chinese dialects. The results reveal the positive regional correlations between the diversity of Chinese dialects, as well as the phonetic, lexical, and grammatical diversity of Chinese dialects and biodiversity. In addition, the regional correlation between linguistic diversity and plant diversity is stronger than that between linguistic diversity and animal diversity. The diversity of Chinese dialects is being weakened by the industrialization and urbanization. Furthermore, some countermeasures to protect linguistic diversity are proposed, such as protecting biodiversity and small communities, as well as promoting national language resource protection projects.
An Exploratory Investigation of Government Air Monitoring Data after Hurricane Harvey
Authors: Adair Kwanita , Miller Shelly , Gage Witvliet Margot
Published: May 2022

Southeast Texas is home to some of the largest refineries in the United States. During Hurricane Harvey, emergency shutdowns took place. In this exploratory investigation, we examine how government air monitors performed in measuring air quality in Beaumont, Texas during and in the months following Hurricane Harvey. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) data from two active air monitors in Beaumont, Texas were analyzed during the year 2017–2018. Concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxide (NO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), ozone, benzene, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were investigated. The number of hours and days no data were reported by air monitors were also investigated. Yearly maximum values (MAX, all in parts per billion (ppb)) in 2017 for SO2, NO, and NOx (53.7, 113.4, 134, respectively) and their respective standard deviations (SD: 1.3, 3.4, and 14) were higher as compared to 2018 (MAX, all in ppb and (SD) = 40.9, (1.4); 103.9, (3.3); 123.8, (14), respectively). The data capture rate for these chemicals were between 88 and 97% in both years. During the months following Hurricane Harvey (August–December 2017) there was an increase in most maximum values. The yearly averages for H2S were 0.68 ppb (SD 1.02) in 2017 and 0.53 ppb (SD 1.07) in 2018. Missing days were observed for both the H2S and NOx air monitors, with the highest number observed in 2017 (213 missing days) for the air monitor measuring H2S. We identified that residents of Beaumont, Texas are exposed daily to low-level concentrations of air pollutants. H2S is released each day at a level high enough to be smelled. Data capture rates for air monitors are not always above 90%. Improved air quality data and disaster preparations are needed in Beaumont, Texas.
Effects of Crawling before Walking: Network Interactions and Longitudinal Associations in 7-Year-Old Children
Authors: Cazorla-González Jorge , García-Retortillo Sergi , Gacto-Sánchez Mariano , Muñoz-Castro Gerard , Serrano-Ferrer Juan , Román-Viñas Blanca , López-Bermejo Abel , Font-Lladó Raquel , Prats-Puig Anna
Published: May 2022

Background: To study the impact of crawling before walking (CBW) on network interactions among body composition, the cardiovascular system, lung function, motor competence and physical fitness, at age 7, and to assess the longitudinal association between CBW and body composition, the cardiovascular system, lung function, motor competence, physical fitness and physical activity parameters, at age 7. Method: CBW, body composition, cardiovascular system, lung function, motor competence, physical fitness and physical activity were assessed in seventy-seven healthy Caucasian children. Results: Network analyses revealed that the crawling group had a greater number of links among all the studied variables compared with the non-crawling group. In the longitudinal study, using multiple regression analyses, crawling was independently associated with fat mass (%), fat-to-muscle ratio and systolic blood pressure, with models explaining up to 56.3%, 56.7% and 29.9% of their variance, respectively. Conclusions: CBW during child’s development is a possible modulator in the network interactions between body systems and it could influence future metabolic and cardiovascular health.
A2A Adenosine Receptor: A Possible Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer’s Disease by Regulating NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity?
Authors: Merighi Stefania , Nigro Manuela , Travagli Alessia , Pasquini Silvia , Borea Pier Andrea , Varani Katia , Vincenzi Fabrizio , Gessi Stefania
Published: May 2022

The A2A adenosine receptor, a member of the P1 purinergic receptor family, plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of different neurodegenerative illnesses, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It regulates both neurons and glial cells, thus modulating synaptic transmission and neuroinflammation. AD is a complex, progressive neurological condition that is the leading cause of dementia in the world’s old population (>65 years of age). Amyloid peptide-β extracellular accumulation and neurofibrillary tangles constitute the principal etiologic tracts, resulting in apoptosis, brain shrinkage, and neuroinflammation. Interestingly, a growing body of evidence suggests a role of NLRP3 inflammasome as a target to treat neurodegenerative diseases. It represents a tripartite multiprotein complex including NLRP3, ASC, and procaspase-1. Its activation requires two steps that lead with IL-1β and IL-18 release through caspase-1 activation. NLRP3 inhibition provides neuroprotection, and in recent years adenosine, through the A2A receptor, has been reported to modulate NLRP3 functions to reduce organ damage. In this review, we describe the role of NLRP3 in AD pathogenesis, both alone and in connection to A2A receptor regulation, in order to highlight a novel approach to address treatment of AD.
Tumour Stem Cells in Breast Cancer
Authors: Ibragimova Marina , Tsyganov Matvey , Litviakov Nikolai
Published: May 2022

Tumour stem cells (CSCs) are a self-renewing population that plays important roles in tumour initiation, recurrence, and metastasis. Although the medical literature is extensive, problems with CSC identification and cancer therapy remain. This review provides the main mechanisms of CSC action in breast cancer (BC): CSC markers and signalling pathways, heterogeneity, plasticity, and ecological behaviour. The dynamic heterogeneity of CSCs and the dynamic transitions of CSC− non-CSCs and their significance for metastasis are considered.
Pannexin-1 Activation by Phosphorylation Is Crucial for Platelet Aggregation and Thrombus Formation
Authors: Metz Lisa Maria , Elvers Margitta
Published: May 2022

Pannexin-1 (PANX1) is a transmembrane protein that forms ion channels as hexamers on the plasma membrane. Electrophysiological studies prove that PANX1 has a high conductance for adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which plays an important role as a signal molecule in platelet activation. Recently, it was shown that PANX1 channels modulate platelet functions. To date, it remains unclear how PANX1 channels are activated and which signaling mechanisms are responsible for impaired hemostasis and thrombosis. Analysis of PANX1 phosphorylation at Tyr198 and Tyr308, and the impact on platelet activation and thrombus formation using genetically modified platelets or pharmacological inhibitors. Platelet activation via immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) coupled, G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCR) and thromboxane receptor (TP)-mediated signaling pathways led to increased PANX1 phosphorylation at Tyr198 and Tyr308. We identified the Src-GPVI signaling axes as the main pathway inducing PANX1 activation, while PKC and Akt play a minor role. PANX1 channels function as ATP release channels in platelets to support arterial thrombus formation. PANX1 activation is regulated by phosphorylation at Tyr198 and Tyr308 following platelet activation. These results suggest an important role of PANX1 in hemostasis and thrombosis by releasing extracellular ATP to support thrombus formation.
Evidence for Non-Essential Salt Bridges in the M-Gates of Mitochondrial Carrier Proteins
Authors: Miniero Daniela Valeria , Monné Magnus , Di Noia Maria Antonietta , Palmieri Luigi , Palmieri Ferdinando
Published: May 2022

Mitochondrial carriers, which transport metabolites, nucleotides, and cofactors across the mitochondrial inner membrane, have six transmembrane α-helices enclosing a translocation pore with a central substrate binding site whose access is controlled by a cytoplasmic and a matrix gate (M-gate). The salt bridges formed by the three PX[DE]XX[RK] motifs located on the odd-numbered transmembrane α-helices greatly contribute to closing the M-gate. We have measured the transport rates of cysteine mutants of the charged residue positions in the PX[DE]XX[RK] motifs of the bovine oxoglutarate carrier, the yeast GTP/GDP carrier, and the yeast NAD+ transporter, which all lack one of these charged residues. Most single substitutions, including those of the non-charged and unpaired charged residues, completely inactivated transport. Double mutations of charged pairs showed that all three carriers contain salt bridges non-essential for activity. Two double substitutions of these non-essential charge pairs exhibited higher transport rates than their corresponding single mutants, whereas swapping the charged residues in these positions did not increase activity. The results demonstrate that some of the residues in the charged residue positions of the PX[DE]XX[KR] motifs are important for reasons other than forming salt bridges, probably for playing specific roles related to the substrate interaction-mediated conformational changes leading to the M-gate opening/closing.
Function Analysis of the PR55/B Gene Related to Self-Incompatibility in Chinese Cabbage Using CRISPR/Cas9
Authors: Shin Na-Ri , Shin Yun-Hee , Kim Han-Seul , Park Young-Doo
Published: May 2022

Chinese cabbage, a major crop in Korea, shows self-incompatibility (SI). SI is controlled by the type 2A serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PP2As). The PP2A gene is controlled by regulatory subunits that comprise a 36 kDa catalyst C subunit, a 65 kDa regulatory A subunit, and a variety of regulatory B subunits (50–70 kDa). Among them, the PP2A 55 kDa B regulatory subunit (PR55/B) gene located in the A05 chromosome has 13 exons spanning 2.9 kb, and two homologous genes, Bra018924 and Bra014296, were found to be present on the A06 and A08 chromosome, respectively. In this study, we performed a functional analysis of the PR55/B gene using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated system 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated gene mutagenesis. CRISPR/Cas9 technology can be used to easily introduce mutations in the target gene. Tentative gene-edited lines were generated by the Agrobacterium-mediated transfer and were selected by PCR and Southern hybridization analysis. Furthermore, pods were confirmed to be formed in flower pollination (FP) as well as bud pollination (BP) in some gene-edited lines. Seed fertility of gene-edited lines indicated that the PR55/B gene plays a key role in SI. Finally, self-compatible T-DNA-free T2 gene-edited plants and edited sequences of target genes were secured. The self-compatible Chinese cabbage developed in this study is expected to contribute to Chinese cabbage breeding.
Mitochondrial Side Effects of Surgical Prophylactic Antibiotics Ceftriaxone and Rifaximin Lead to Bowel Mucosal Damage
Authors: Baráth Bálint , Jász Dávid K. , Horváth Tamara , Baráth Bence , Maróti Gergely , Strifler Gerda , Varga Gabriella , Sándor Lilla , Perényi Domonkos , Tallósy Szabolcs , Donka Tibor , Jávor Péter , Boros Mihály , Hartmann Petra
Published: May 2022

Despite their clinical effectiveness, a growing body of evidence has shown that many classes of antibiotics lead to mitochondrial dysfunction. Ceftriaxone and Rifaximin are first choice perioperative antibiotics in gastrointestinal surgery targeting fundamental processes of intestinal bacteria; however, may also have negative consequences for the host cells. In this study, we investigated their direct effect on mitochondrial functions in vitro, together with their impact on ileum, colon and liver tissue. Additionally, their impact on the gastrointestinal microbiome was studied in vivo, in a rat model. Rifaximin significantly impaired the oxidative phosphorylation capacity (OxPhos) and leak respiration in the ileal mucosa, in line with increased oxidative tissue damage and histological changes following treatment. Ceftriaxone prophylaxis led to similar changes in the colon mucosa. The composition and diversity of bacterial communities differed extensively in response to antibiotic pre-treatment. However, the relative abundances of the toxin producing species were not increased. We have confirmed the harmful effects of prophylactic doses of Rifaximin and Ceftriaxone on the intestinal mucosa and that these effects were related to the mitochondrial dysfunction. These experiments raise awareness of mitochondrial side effects of these antibiotics that may be of clinical importance when evaluating their adverse effects on bowel mucosa.
Eosinophils and Lung Cancer: From Bench to Bedside
Authors: Sibille Anne , Corhay Jean-Louis , Louis Renaud , Ninane Vincent , Jerusalem Guy , Duysinx Bernard
Published: May 2022

Eosinophils are rare, multifunctional granulocytes. Their growth, survival, and tissue migration mainly depend on interleukin (IL)-5 in physiological conditions and on IL-5 and IL-33 in inflammatory conditions. Preclinical evidence supports an immunological role for eosinophils as innate immune cells and as agents of the adaptive immune response. In addition to these data, several reports show a link between the outcomes of patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) for advanced cancers and blood eosinophilia. In this review, we present, in the context of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the biological properties of eosinophils and their roles in homeostatic and pathological conditions, with a focus on their pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects. We examine the possible explanations for blood eosinophilia during NSCLC treatment with ICI. In particular, we discuss the value of eosinophils as a potential prognostic and predictive biomarker, highlighting the need for stronger clinical data. Finally, we conclude with perspectives on clinical and translational research topics on this subject.
The Impact of Cytokines on Neutrophils’ Phagocytosis and NET Formation during Sepsis—A Review
Authors: Gierlikowska Barbara , Stachura Albert , Gierlikowski Wojciech , Demkow Urszula
Published: May 2022

Sepsis is an overwhelming inflammatory response to infection, resulting in multiple-organ injury. Neutrophils are crucial immune cells involved in innate response to pathogens and their migration and effector functions, such as phagocytosis and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, are dependent on cytokine presence and their concentration. In the course of sepsis, recruitment and migration of neutrophils to infectious foci gradually becomes impaired, thus leading to loss of a crucial arm of the innate immune response to infection. Our review briefly describes the sepsis course, the importance of neutrophils during sepsis, and explains dependence between cytokines and their activation. Moreover, we, for the first time, summarize the impact of cytokines on phagocytosis and NET formation. We highlight and discuss the importance of cytokines in modulation of both processes and emphasize the direction of further investigations.
Enamel Matrix Derivative Decreases Pyroptosis-Related Genes in Macrophages
Authors: Sordi Mariane Beatriz , Cabral da Cruz Ariadne Cristiane , Panahipour Layla , Gruber Reinhard
Published: May 2022

Background: Pyroptosis is a caspase-dependent catabolic process relevant to periodontal disorders for which inflammation is central to the pathophysiology of the disease. Although enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has been applied to support periodontal regeneration, its capacity to modulate the expression of pyroptosis-related genes remains unknown. Considering EMD has anti-inflammatory properties and pyroptosis is linked to the activation of the inflammasome in chronic periodontitis, the question arises whether EMD could reduce pyroptosis signalling. Methods: To answer this question, primary macrophages obtained from murine bone marrow and RAW 264.7 macrophages were primed with EMD before being challenged by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cells were then analysed for pyroptosis-signalling components by gene expression analyses, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) immunoassay, and the detection of caspase-1 (CAS1). The release of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) was also detected. Results: We report here that EMD, like the inflammasome (NLRP3) and CAS1 specific inhibitors—MCC950 and Ac-YVAD-cmk, respectively—lowered the LPS-induced expression of NLRP3 in primary macrophages (EMD: p = 0.0232; MCC950: p = 0.0426; Ac-YVAD-cmk: p = 0.0317). EMD further reduced the LPS-induced expression of NLRP3 in RAW 264.7 cells (p = 0.0043). There was also a reduction in CAS1 and IL-1β in RAW 264.7 macrophages on the transcriptional level (p = 0.0598; p = 0.0283; respectively), in IL-1β protein release (p = 0.0313), and CAS1 activity. Consistently, EMD, like MCC950 and Ac-YVAD-cmk, diminished the ROS release in activated RAW 264.7 cells. In ST2 murine mesenchymal cells, EMD could not be tested because LPS, saliva, and IL-1β + TNF-α failed to provoke pyroptosis signalling. Conclusion: These findings suggest that EMD is capable of dampening the expression of pyroptosis-related genes in macrophages.
Sonochemical Combined Synthesis of Nickel Ferrite and Cobalt Ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Application in Glycan Analysis
Authors: Ilosvai Agnes Maria , Dojcsak Dalma , Váradi Csaba , Nagy Miklós , Kristály Ferenc , Fiser Béla , Viskolcz Béla , Vanyorek László
Published: May 2022

The combination of the sonochemical activation of Ni(NO3)2 and Co(NO3)2 in the presence of Fe(NO3)3 and polyethylene glycol and consecutive heat treatment of the formed metal hydroxides offers a cheap and efficient method for the preparation of nickel ferrite and cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles, which can be successfully applied in the selective capture of fluorescently derivatized N-glycans from human serum. XRD measurement revealed that, besides the ferrite phase, nickel and cobalt oxides also form during heat treatment. The amount of simple metal oxides can be well controlled by the temperature of the heat treatment, since increasing temperature yielded higher spinel content. For both nickel and cobalt, the best heat treatment temperature was found to be 673 K, where the samples contained 84.1% nickel ferrite, and in the case of cobalt, almost pure (99.6%) cobalt ferrite could be prepared. FT-IR and zeta potential measurements indicated the presence of surface OH groups, which aided in the dispersion of the particles in water and, in addition, can promote the adsorption of polar compounds. The practical applicability of the magnetic nanopowders was demonstrated in the purification of fluorescently derivatized N-glycans (from human serum). Cobalt ferrite was found to be the most effective. Owing to the easy preparation and the simplicity of the magnetic separation the pure cobalt ferrite, magnetic nanoparticles could be efficient tools for the selective enrichment of serum N-glycans in HPLC measurements.