bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transfer of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues into Cigarette Smoke as a Function of Tobacco Blends and Filter Types
Authors: Ceschini P. , Chauchaix R.
Published: July 2016

The transfer during smoking of pesticides contained in tobacco into the smoke and the filter of cigarettes was investigated. The overall transfer into the mainstream smoke was 17 %. It was found to be independent of the type of the tobacco blend (American, Maryland, Virginia and Oriental). The pesticide retention of the following four filters was investigated: cellulose filter, cellulose acetate filter with low and high pressure drop, and a charcoal filter, characterized by nicotine retentions of 38 %, 27 %, 48 % and 54 %, respectively. The corresponding pesticide retentions found were 40 %, 21 %, 39 % and 38 %, i.e. lower than the nicotine retention in the cellulose acetate, and significantly lower in the charcoal filter. A 3 % degradation of p,p'-DDT and o,p'-DDT contained in tobacco to p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDE respectively, was also observed. The pesticides initially contained in the tobacco part of the cigarette butt decreased during smoking. This appears to be the result of some initial condensation of substances carried through by the smoke stream (as indicated by the presence of pesticide degradation products), followed by strong desorption during the very last puffs.
Distillation Method for the Determination of Inorganic Bromide in Cured Tobacco
Authors: Toet L.
Published: July 2016

A rapid, reliable and inexpensive method for the determination of inorganic bromide in cured tobacco is presented. The method features a unique CrO
Cigarette Smoke Formation Studies: VI. The Carbon Contribution to Total Smoke from Each Individual Component in the 1R1-Type Cigarette
Authors: Jenkins R. W. , Chavis M. K. , Bass R. T. , Osdene T. S.
Published: July 2016

Shown for the first time is the contribution of carbon into each smoke phase from each ingredient in the 1R1-type cigarette. In many cases, the actual percentage contribution is greatly different from the theoretical contribution assumed correct for many years. The bright lamina is a larger carbon contributor to mainstream total particulate matter (MS-TPM) than expected and the bright stem contributes considerably less. These data imply that Burley tobacco contributes more than the expected amounts of carbon to those smoke components which are more easily condensable, as compared to bright tobacco, which contributes more than expected to the non-volatile particulate phase and less to the condensable phase. The cigarette paper was shown to contribute a disproportionate share of carbon to the side-stream total particulate matter (SS-TPM). Glycerol was shown to contribute heavily to the MS-TPM, in keeping with what would be expected for distillable materials.
The Effect of Moisture on the Growth of Cigarette Smoke Particles
Authors: Ishizu Y. , Ohta K. , Okada T.
Published: July 2016

The effect of water vapour on the growth of cigarette smoke particles was investigated by a light-scattering method which can measure the particle size distribution and the refractive index. The particle growth, below 90 % relative humidity, was less than 10 % for both main and side-stream smoke. The results were discussed with equations derived from the weight changes of smoke condensate in moist air, and with the changes of the refractive index. Calculations showed that the cigarette smoke particle reaches equilibrium very quickly and that it doubles its radius at about 99.5 % relative humidity.
Measurements of Low Concentrations of Carbonyl Sulfide
Authors: Kamstrup Ole , Hugod Carl , Larsen Elfinn
Published: July 2016

Three methods are described for measuring carbonyl sulfide at low concentration levels (1-120 ppm): mass spectrometry (MS), gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC/ECD) and measurements by a Beckman carbon monoxide infra-red analyser (B-CO). When the results obtained by mass spectrometry were used as reference values the two other methods gave linear responses. The practical applicability for gas chromatography with an electron capture detector for measurements of the carbonyl sulfide content of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke is demonstrated. The values obtained revealed an approximately eight times higher concentration of carbonyl sulfide in mainstream than in sidestream cigarette smoke.
Hormonal Effects on the Biosynthesis of Tobacco RuBPCase in vitro
Authors: Kung S.D. , Rhodes P.R. , Schaeffer G.W. , Tso T.C.
Published: July 2016

1. The three genotypes, Su/Su, Su/su, su/su, of John Williams Broadleaf tobacco (N. tabacum) grew equally well on Murashige-Skoog medium. On a fresh weight basis, the heterozygous (Su/su) yellow mutant and the homozygous (su/su) wild type plants contain similar amounts of RuBPCase and Fraction II protein in roughly equal proportions, but with a somewhat reduced amount of 70S and 80S free ribosomes. The homozygous albino (Su/Su) plants contain appreciable amounts of RuBPCase and free 70S ribosomes, although the chlorophyll levels are extremely low. In the case of the yellow and albino forms, there appears to be no correlation between RuBPCase and chlorophyll content.

`2. When equal concentrations (1 mg/l) of kinetin and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), or kinetin alone, were added to the medium, a drastic reduction of RuBPCase and disappearance of free 70S ribosomes were observed in the yellow mutant and wild type plants, whereas the effect on the albino plants was not significant.
Effects of Nitrogen and Potassium on Certain Agronomic and Chemical Characteristics of Samsun Tobacco In Greece
Authors: Mylonas V. A. , Athanasiadis V. N. , Sidiropoulos I. G.
Published: July 2016

Field experiments were conducted in 1973-1975 at Katerini, Greece, to determine the effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilization rates on the yield, value and chemical composition of Samsun tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. (cv. Samsun 53)) leaves. Nitrogen was applied at rates of 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg/ha and potassium at rates of 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg/ha. Leaf yield increased significantly as applied nitrogen increased from 20 to 40 kg/ha, whereas further increase of nitrogen to 60 or to 80 kg/ha resulted in an insignificant increase in leaf yield. There was a tendency for value/ha of tobacco to increase as nitrogen rate increased from 20 to 40 kg/ha. A further increase of nitrogen to 60 and 80 kg/ha tended to decrease the value of tobacco. Generally, burning capacity and percentage of total alkaloids, total nitrogen, calcium and magnesium increased significantly as applied nitrogen increased. Percentage leaf potassium tended to increase as rate of nitrogen increased. Leaf yield and value/ha tended to increase as applied potassium increased from 30 to 60 kg/ha, beyond which no further increase occurred. Burning capacity and concentration of leaf potassium tended to increase, whereas the percentage of total alkaloids and magnesium tended to decrease as the rate of potassium increased. Concentrations of nitrogen and calcium were not affected by potassium rates. Generally, for production of a good yield and quality of Samsun tobacco in soils similar to that of Katerini, Greece, the rate of applied nitrogen should be higher than 20 kg/ha but lower than 60 kg/ha, while the rate of applied potassium should be above 30 kg/ha and up to 90 kg/ha.
The Effect of Water Supply on the Growth of lzmir, Palotina and Amarelinho Tobaccos
Authors: Comber R.
Published: July 2016

The Oriental tobacco variety Izmir has been grown in sand culture in a greenhouse under various degrees of water stress. Plants given 400 cm3 of water (or nutrient solution) twice a week produced leaves of approximately the same size as field-grown Izmir tobacco, but they were somewhat taller. Plants given 25 cm3 or less of water twice a week died, and those given more than 400 cm3 of water twice a week grew larger than field-grown Izmir tobacco. At 49 days after transplanting, the total leaf area per plant was approximately proportional to the amount of water supplied, at least in the range 100-1600 cm3. In a second water stress experiment, the growth patterns of the varieties Amarelinho and Palotina, which are not normally grown in conditions of water stress, were found to be different from that of Izmir. Izmir was more tolerant of water stress than the other two varieties, in that complete (but small) plants developed in a shorter time.
Particle Size Studies on Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Keith C. H.
Published: July 2016

To evaluate the effects of dilution and filtration on the particle size of tobacco smoke, a cyanoacrylate fixation technique has been applied directly to smoke issuing from a cigarette. This fresh, undiluted smoke has appreciable numbers of particles with diameters less than 0.1 and relatively few particles with diameters greater than 0.5 micrometer. For a middle puff on an unfiltered tobacco cigarette, the median and mass median diameters are 0.20 and 0.32 micrometer. The experimental method involves the injection of cyanoacrylate vapor directly into the issuing smoke stream, collecting a sample of fixed particles on a membrane filter, and the use of image analysis to separate, size and count individual particles. Aging of undiluted smoke for up to 1.4 seconds essentially doubles the number and mass median diameters and decreases the particulate concentration in line with coagulation theory. Different puffs on unfiltered cigarettes have little effect on the size distribution and particulate concentration. Addition of a filter removes both larger and smaller particles, and tends to skew the distribution to smaller sizes. The reduction in particulate concentration in filtered smoke is as expected from nicotine removal efficiencies. Filter dilution tends to skew the size distribution to larger sizes, while tobacco column dilution has no great effect. Particulate concentration correlates well with overall dilution levels.
Leaf Proteins and Chemical Constituents in Tobacco Chlorophyll Genotypes
Authors: Sheen S. J. , Lowe R. H. , Burton H. R.
Published: July 2016

Bright and Burley tobacco breeding lines carrying the chlorophyll-deficiency genes Py and yg were compared with the corresponding normal genotypes and dark fire-cured and Maryland tobacco types during the growing season for the quantity of proteins and chemical constituents affecting the quality of homogenized cured leaves. Varietal difference in soluble leaf protein content was not observed in the immature plant stage but became evident upon approach to leaf maturation. Fraction I protein (F I protein) accumulated to a maximum level of about 130 mg / g dry weight in all tobaccos analysed before topping. The greatest quantity of Fraction II protein (F II protein), ranging from 100 to 160 mg / g dry weight, occurred one to two weeks after maximum F I protein accumulation. F I protein concentration decreased at a faster rate than F II protein during leaf maturation and senescence. Among the chlorophyll genotypes, Ky14 and Burley 21-yg had the highest amounts of soluble leaf proteins and the lowest levels of plastid pigments and/or chlorogenic acid. These characteristics are desirable for the homogenized leaf curing (HLC) process, which yields smoking material as a main product and heat-denatured protein as a by-product. The present results also suggest that tobacco can be grown for the production of both water-soluble and insoluble proteins as main products and deproteinized fibers as a by-product. In this regard, protein production would be affected by the yield of leaf biomass since the concentrations of soluble and insoluble proteins were similar in plants of the different tobacco types and chlorophyll genotypes under comparison.
Migration and Delivery of Filter Flavours
Authors: Mathis D.E.
Published: July 2016

The migration and delivery of filter flavour agents were studied by dissolving 10 model flavour compounds in triacetin at 10 mg/ml each and fabricating cigarettes with flavoured filter tips. The concentrations of these compounds in filters, tobacco, and smoke particulates collected on Cambridge filters were determined by capillary column gas chromatography initially and after 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Flavour migration was found to obey first-order kinetics, with the rate constant being determined by the volatility of the flavour compound dissolved in the plasticized filter. Delivery of flavour compounds decreased with time at a greater rate than could be explained by flavour migration. A high correlation between the solubility characteristics of the flavour and its rate of delivery efficiency loss lead to the proposed explanation that flavour compounds diffuse into the cellulose acetate fibers with time and become less accessible for elution into the smoke aerosol. Model compounds with poor solubilities in plasticized cellulose acetate remain near the surface of the fibers where they are readily eluted into the mainstream smoke and, consequently, exhibit smaller delivery efficiency losses with time. Ventilation was observed to initially increase the ratio of flavour to TPM delivery, but this advantage was lost as the cigarette aged.
Determination of the Antioxidant Properties of Tobacco Smoke by Cytochrome C
Authors: M. Neri
Published: July 2016

The reduction of cytochrome c was taken as an index of the antioxidant activity of the whole smoke and the vapour phase. The method developed consists in the determination of the antioxidant activity in smoke by spectrophotometric and potentiometric determinations. Cigarette smoke was placed in direct contact with the buffer solution of the cytochrome c, thus avoiding the collection and extraction necessitated by other systems. The antioxidant activity of smoke was determined by spectrophotometric analysis as a function of thee variation in the absorption value of 550 nm caused by the reduced cytochrome, while the potentiometric analysis determines the rapid decrease in the reduction potential. The data obtained by these two methods corresponded perfectly with each other and they also showed that the above methods were reliable as an index of the antioxidant activity of smoke. Reduction of cytochrome in the smoke of ventilated cigarettes shows a difference in the vapour phase and not in the whole smoke.
Physical Properties of Tobacco Smoke Particles Produced under Different Conditions
Authors: Ishizu Y. , Ohta K. , Tomita H.
Published: July 2016

Small samples of tobacco powder, prepared by grinding the dried tobacco leaves, were heated in a micro-thermo-balance in different atmospheres and at different heating rates. The size distribution and the mass concentration of the smoke particles produced were measured simultaneously with a laser particle counter and a piezo balance mass monitor. In addition, the change of weight loss with time was also measured during each experiment. It was found that a larger amount of smoke particles was produced when tobacco was heated in the atmosphere of inert gas and/or at higher heating rates. Furthermore, comparison of measured and calculated size distributions showed that the particle size distribution was governed mainly by coagulation.
The Effect of Tip Dilution on the Filtration Efficiency of Upstream and Downstream Segments of Cigarette Filters
Authors: Norman V. , Ihrig A. M. , Shoffner R. A. , Ireland M. S.
Published: July 2016

The amount of particulate matter captured by the upstream and downstream segments of ventilated filters was directly determined by a UV method. With 25 mm 3.3 dpf/35000 total denier filters the dry particulate matter efficiency of the upstream section approximately doubled and the nicotine efficiency increased by about a half in going from 0 to 70 % tip ventilation. The efficiency of the downstream segment showed only minor variations. This resulted in an increase of total filtration efficiency from 48 % to 63 % for dry particulate matter and from 40 % to 49 % for nicotine. The dry particulate matter/nicotine ratio decreased from about 15 for non-ventilated cigarettes to less than 10 at 70 % tip ventilation because the tobacco column produced smoke containing relatively more nicotine and the difference between dry particulate matter and nicotine filtration efficiencies became successively larger as ventilation increased.
The Application of Capillary Gas Chromatography to the Analyses of Acidic Constituents of Tobacco Leaf and Smoke
Authors: Arrendale R. F. , Severson R. F. , Chortyk O. T.
Published: July 2016

Extensive details are presented for the laboratory preparation of specific glass capillary columns for the gas chromatographic analysis of various phenolic and acidic compounds of leaf and smoke. The chromatography of derivatized and underivatized mono- and dihydroxybenzenes, volatile acids, phenolic acids, and fatty acids is evaluated on both Pyrex glass and fused silica columns prepared by our methodology. The stability, efficiency, and low surface activity of columns prepared from different liquid stationary phases (SE-54, Superox-4, SP-1000, Silar 10C) are illustrated by numerous separations.
Effect of Cigarette Circumference on Weight Loss during Puffs and Total Delivery of Tar and Nicotine
Authors: Yamamoto T. , Anzai U. , Okada T.
Published: July 2016

Using cigarettes of different circumference but a constant packing density, the weight loss during a puff, Wp, and the total deliveries of tar and nicotine were measured. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: the puff count, n, and the weight loss during a puff, Wp, were nearly proportional to the radius of the cigarette. The total deliveries of tar and nicotine were closely proportional to the weight loss during puffs. Based on these results the following equations were derived:

for tar:

for nicotine:

where

T

N

W = weight of tobacco column,

L = length of tobacco column,

n

l

l

µ

µ

K

From these equations, the amount of tar and nicotine in mainstream smoke can easily be estimated.
Analyses of Bright and Burley Tobacco Laminae and Stems
Authors: Bokelman GH , Ryan WS
Published: July 2016

One sample each of aged uncased, cured bright lamina, bright stems, Burley lamina and Burley stems were examined by a variety of general analytical methods and then characterized by our standard fractionation procedure. These tobacco samples were chosen to be reasonably representative of the tobaccos used in current commercial cigarette products. Although for a given variety of tobacco the concentrations of chemical constituents may vary as a function of stalk position, cultural management, geographic origin or crop year, we believe that the following conclusions based on these samples are generally valid: [1] levels of ethanol solubles, total reducing sugars and starch are much higher in bright than in Burley, [2] concentrations of soluble ammonia and nitrate are greater in Burley than in bright, [3] total alkaloid and protein concentrations are higher in lamina than in stems, [4] cellulose, potassium and chloride concentrations are much greater in stems than in lamina, [5] concentrations of pectin, lignin and soluble hemicellulose do not vary greatly from one type of tobacco to another, [6] Burley lamina has greater concentrations of protein and acid detergent solubles than do the other types of tobaccos, and [7] bright lamina has a much lower level of total ash than do the other types of tobaccos. An examination of some of the components in ash led to the following conclusions: [1] total ash values are reasonable relative indicators of the level of non-nitrate inorganics, [2] a good estimate of the total contents of potassium, calcium, chloride, sulfate, phosphorus, silicon and magnesium may be obtained by multiplying the total ash value by 0.612, and [3] it is likely that most of the potassium and calcium in total ash is actually present as carbonates rather than oxides. The significantly higher levels of both protein and acid detergent solubles found in Burley lamina are thought to indicate that this protein may be unique in terms of its carbohydrate content or in terms of the nature or extent of its cross linkage.
Chronic Inhalation Studies in Mice: I. Facilities and Equipment for “Nose-Only” Exposure to Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Henry CJ , Dansie DR , Kanagalingam KK , Kouri RE , Gayle T , Guerin M , Holmberg R , Florant L , Greenspan J
Published: July 2016

Facilities and equipment are described for large-scale, long-term “nose-only” inhalation exposure of mice to whole cigarette smoke. Experimental procedures and equipment were designed to provide the mice with exposure conditions where [1] the lung was the major target organ for the smoke, [2] large quantities of fresh, whole cigarette smoke could be generated, [3] large numbers of animals could be exposed at one time, [4] routine, daily exposures could be given over a major portion of the lifetime of the animal, [5] monitoring and documentation of the quantity of smoke presented to the animals was provided during each exposure session, [6] safety systems were provided that assured exposure of the animals to smoke only under pre-set exposure conditions, and [7] cigarette smoke was generated under conditions where factors, such as cigarette type, smoke aerosol concentration and smoke particle size, were controlled.
Residue and Sucker Control from Two Formulations of Maleic Hydrazide (MH)
Authors: Sheets TJ , Seltmann H
Published: July 2016

Data from experiments conducted at one location in 1980 and two in 1981 showed that MH residues were greater on flue-cured tobacco after application of a K-MH (potassium salt of MH) formulation than of a DEA-MH (diethanolamine salt of MH) formulation at the same rate of active ingredient. On cured lamina mean residue values from K-MH for the two locations in 1981 were 48 % and 61 % greater than those for DEA-MH. There was no apparent loss of residue for either formulation during the curing process. Sucker control was less efficient with the DEA-MH than with the K-MH formulation and was associated with the level of residue in the leaf.
The Rapid Pyrolytic Characterization of Tobacco Leaf Carbohydrate Material
Authors: Schlotzhauer WS , Arrendale RF , Chortyk OT
Published: July 2016

A rapid, semi-micropyrolysis technique was developed and applied to materials representative of tobacco cell-wall constituents and sucrose. Glass capillary gas chromatography - mass spectrometry was used to separate and identify the major semi-volatile pyrolyzate components. Cellulose and dextrin produced a pattern of furan and cyclic ketones of potential importance to flavour and aroma of tobacco smoke. Sucrose pyrolysis resulted in the formation of substantial amounts of 2-furaldehyde and lesser quantities of substituted furans. The cell-wall biopolymer lignin was a source of phenols, but contributed little to the compounds produced in the thermal breakdown of carbohydrates.
Fluctuations in Protein Levels of Tobacco Leaves and Consequences for Extractability
Authors: DeJong DW , Saunders JA
Published: July 2016

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of time, cultural conditions and genetic factors on protein extractability from tobacco leaves. Leaf protein was periodically extracted from green tobacco from time of transplanting through early senescence. Intensive sampling revealed substantial fluctuations in protein concentrations superimposed upon an age-related decline in protein levels with approaching plant maturity. Predictably, these oscillations affected the degree of protein extractability. Combined totals of the three major soluble protein fractions, viz. the green chlorophyll/protein complex, the white Fraction I protein (cryoprecipitate), and the white Fraction II protein (thermoprecipitate), deviated occasionally from protein values in unfractionated homogenates, but the fluctuation trends were similar. Investigations of variations in protein extractability among greenhouse-grown tobacco and selected genotypes grown under field conditions revealed that protein fluctuations during plant development are a common phenomenon. It is concluded that the occurrence of periodic fluctuations in total protein concentration and in the amount of extractable protein can severely distort estimates of leaf protein yields that are based upon insufficient numbers of samples and prolonged intervals between sampling.
Simultaneous Monitoring of Filter Ventilation and a Gaseous Component in Whole Cigarette Smoke Using Tunable Diode Laser Infra-red Spectroscopy
Authors: Parrish ME , Harward CN , Vilcins G
Published: July 2016

A computer-controlled high-resolution infra-red tunable diode laser (TDL) system has been developed to determine simultaneously the concentration of a gaseous smoke component (carbon monoxide) and the filter ventilation of a cigarette during smoking. The simultaneous monitoring of these two parameters provided information which can lead to enhancing the successful development of new cigarette products. The approach selected was to place a cigarette with the ventilation holes of the filter in a chamber filled with a gas not normally detected in cigarette smoke, such as nitrous oxide (N2O), and to mix this gas with the smoke under actual smoking conditions. The N2O provided information concerning the ventilation level and the representative smoke component provided information about the mainstream smoke delivery. This is the first study of which we are aware where the concentration of a smoke component was obtained simultaneously with the dynamic ventilation level within seconds after each puff was taken. Experiments were conducted with cigarettes having different filter ventilation levels (0 %, 13 %, 30 %, 40 %, 60 %, 75 % and 90 %). Each cigarette was measured for the static ventilation prior to smoking using the CORESTA standard ventilation method. These values were in good agreement with those obtained using the TDL. The data collected during this study confirmed that the concentration of the mainstream component investigated increased as the filter ventilation decreased from 90 % to 0 %. With respect to puff number, the ventilation increased slightly during the first puffs then decreased for the later puffs, while the delivery of the smoke component monitored increased with increasing puff number. The 40 % ventilation cigarette showed the largest change in ventilation during smoking compared with the value for the unlit puff.
Pyrolysis - Field lonization Mass Spectrometry - A New Method for Direct, Rapid Characterization of Tobacco
Authors: Schulten HR
Published: July 2016

For the first time, pyrolysis - field ionization (Py-FI) mass spectra of the tobacco blends of three different cigarette brands have been recorded in the mass range up to 1000 mass units and evaluated by operational fingerprinting techniques. Due to the high reproducibility of the applied methods, all three tobacco blends could be differentiated clearly with several univariate or multivariate statistical methods. Feature scaling with Fisher ratios revealed that the signal at m/z 93, mainly due to aniline, is the most suited to distinguishing the tobacco blends analysed. Principal component analysis showed the variety of pyrolytic reactions during the thermal decomposition of tobacco in high vacuum. It revealed that, in addition to aniline, lignin-related signals can also be used for a clear differentiation. From the whole pattern of Py-FI mass spectrum, nearest-neighbour relationships are visualized by the non-linear mapping technique and further classification of tobacco blends is obtained by hierarchical cluster analysis. A thorough chemical interpretation of the data obtained should give new insights into the structure of tobacco and its pyrolytic decomposition. Pyrolysis - soft ionization mass spectrometry in combination with pattern recognition techniques appears to provide a useful tool for future investigations connected with the quality control of commercial tobacco products.
The Contribution of Sucrose Esters to Tobacco Smoke Composition
Authors: Schlotzhauer WS , Severson RF , Martin RM
Published: July 2016

Sucrose esters, principally the 6-O-acetyl-2,3,4-tri-O-(3-methylvaleryl)-a-D-glucopyranosyl-b-D-fructofuran-oside isomer, isolated from the cuticular waxes of green T.I. 165 tobacco leaf, were evaluated as enhancers of 3-methylvaleric acid in the smoke of a tobacco deficient in this important flavor compound. Analyses of the products from semi-micro pyrolyses of sucrose and isolated sucrose esters, over a temperature range of 250°C - 850°C, showed that free sucrose produced 5-hydroxy-methylfurfural as the major component, whereas the ester isolate yielded 3-methylvaleric acid and lesser amounts of isomeric C4 and C5 aliphatic acids. Incorporation of sucrose ester isolate of T.I. 165 leaf into cigarettes prepared from flue-cured NC 2326 tobacco, the smoke of which is essentially devoid of 3-methylvaleric acid, resulted in a total particulate matter with enhanced levels of this compound. The data indicated that addition of approximately 2 mg of sucrose ester isolate per cigarette produced levels of 3-methylvaleric acid in the smoke of NC 2326 cigarettes that were comparable to levels observed in the smoke from cigarettes containing all T.I. 165 or blended Turkish tobacco.
Seasonal Nutrient Contents in Grey and Non-grey Flue-cured Tobacco
Authors: Arnold N , Chong C , Binns M
Published: July 2016

Analysis of leaf samples at intervals between late June and early August of 1979 and 1980 indicated lower mean concentrations of nitrogen and potassium, and higher mean concentrations of iron and manganese in grey than in non-grey (normal) tobacco. In grey tobacco, the concentrations of potassium and iron were present in deficient and toxic levels, respectively, in the majority of the samples throughout the whole sampling periods. Although symptoms on leaves resembled those of iron toxicity, changes in intensity of grey symptoms during sampling were associated with severity of potassium deficiency.
Die Züchtung von TabakimHinblick auf verschieden hohe Alkaloidgehalte - Tobacco Breeding in View of Different Levels of Alcaloid Contents
Authors: Chaplin JF
Published: July 2016

Two systems of genetic control are involved in the quality and level of total alkaloids in tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.). A single locus controls the conversion of nicotine to nornicotine and two loci control total alkaloid levels. These levels may be further modified by minor genes or quantitative factors. Breeding lines and cultivars of flue-cured tobacco have been developed with varying levels of total alkaloids (nicotine). Levels of nicotine in tobacco range from near zero in cigar strains up to 4.5 % in Burley varieties. Within the collection of N. tabacumgermplasm and Nicotiana species maintained by the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, total alkaloid levels range from 0.20 % to 7.87 %. Flue-cured lines of tobacco with varying levels of total alkaloids have been developed and characterized. In general the high alkaloid lines had the highest grade indexes. All of the extremely low alkaloid lines were also lower in grade index indicating that total alkaloids do have some relationship with the grade index. The high total alkaloid lines were lower in yield. However, it is believed that the levels of total alkaloids reported do not result from yield variation. N. rustica generally has considerably higher total alkaloid levels, based on percent dry weight, than N. tabacum. With the stabilizing of a low total alkaloid line of N. tabacum (0.20 %) it was feasible to introgress the gene(s) for alkaloid production from N. rustica into N. tabacum. Indications are that more than one gene is responsible for total alkaloid production in this material. Also preliminary indications are that the genes for total alkaloid production in N. rustica may be the same as those in N. tabacum.
The Efficacy of Kabat¯ as a Surface Spray on Oriental Tobacco Bales for Control of the Cigarette Beetle Lasiodermaserricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae)
Authors: Faustini DL , Lehman RM , Long JS , Manzelli MA
Published: July 2016

Methoprene, a synthetic juvenile hormone analogue, was shown to have the capability of preventing the cigarette beetle Lasiodermaserricorne (F.) from propagating when applied to the outside of packaged Oriental tobacco bales. Control was achieved for a 33-month’ storage period when methoprene was applied at 40 mg/m2 and 80 mg/m2 to either the burlap sheathing or to the outer surface of the tobacco following removal of the burlap sheath.
Pattern Recognition of Tobacco Headspace GC Profiles: A Potential New Analytical Tool for the Classification of Raw Tobaccos
Authors: Heinzer F , Maitre HP , Rigaux M , Wild J
Published: July 2016

The first part of the paper describes a new method of obtaining reproducible and meaningful headspace profiles of tobacco lamina by using a modified closed loop stripping apparatus. The complex chromatograms are obtained by high-resolution glass capillary gas chromatography. The second part summarizes the results of a chemometric approach to interpret the chromatograms obtained from a series of nine Virginia flue-cured tobaccos from different origins and belonging to different quality groups, each one analysed three times by the method described above. After the elimination of peaks containing redundant information, the resulting data set, consisting of 27 × 17 data points, was analysed to detect natural groupings by using an in-house program (in Basic) for principal component analysis. A subsequent discriminant analysis yielded two discriminant functions capable of separating the nine Virginia tobaccos into three quality groups as defined by a conventional organoleptic analysis carried out by a smoking panel. All the tobaccos could be classified correctly (100 %). A first attempt to classify, by the procedure described above, a group of six Virginia tobaccos whose organoleptic scores were not known, did not yield clearly interpretable results, possibly because the performance of the capillary column used for analysis had slightly deteriorated during the experiment with resultant changes in retention characteristics, which led to wrong identifications of certain peaks.
A Method for the Determination of Tobacco-specific Nitrosamines (TSNA), Nitrate and Nitrite in Tobacco Leaves and Processed Tobacco
Authors: Spiegelhalder B , Kubacki SJ , Fischer S
Published: July 2016

A method for the simultaneous determination of tobacco-specific nitrosamines [TSNA], N'-nitrosonornicotine [NNN], 4-(methylnitrosamino)1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone [NNK], N'-nitrosoanabasine [NAB] and N'-nitrosoanatabine [NAT], as well as nitrate and nitrite in tobacco leaves and processed tobacco was developed. The analytical procedure included aqueous extraction of tobacco leaves and processed tobacco respectively under alkaline conditions in the presence of an antibacterial agent and, for TSNA analysis, a further clean-up of the aqueous extract by liquid-liquid partition extraction (kieselguhr column extraction), removal of nicotine, and determination of the nitrosamines by gas chromatography In combination with chemiluminescence detection. It is demonstrated that N'-nitrosopentylpicolylamine [NPePicA] as well as N-nitrosodibenzylamine [NDBenzA] can be used for internal standardization. For clean-up two different extraction procedures can be utilized: alkaline extraction on kieselguhr / ascorbic acid extraction columns or acidic extraction on kieselguhr including prior destruction of nitrite with sodium azide. The recoveries of the internal standards were in a similar range (73-96 %) as those of the TSNA. The analysis of nitrite and nitrate was carried out according to standard analytical procedures using the alkaline aqueous extract. The determination of nitrate and nitrite showed high accuracy and reproducibility. It is demonstrated that, under the conditions described, artifact formation did not occur even when nitrite was present. The method described is specifically applicable for the simultaneous determination of TSNA and nitrate/nitrite in tobacco leaves.
Growth and Development of the Main Greek Oriental Tobacco Cultivars
Authors: Sficas AG , Antoniou IC
Published: July 2016

Growth and development of seven Oriental tobacco cultivars, representing aromatic, neutral and taste type tobacco grown in Greece, were studied at Drama, Greece, during 1982 and 1983. The growing period from transplanting to flowering ranged from 65 to 80 days and was the same for both years. plant height increase followed a sigmoid curve, the number of harvestable leaves developed almost linearly with time, and total dry weight production and leaf area increase can be described by a logarithmic curve. The effect of year on all parameters was significant, but cultivar differences were consistent. Assimilation rates during the whole period ranged from 0.1 g to 3.0 g per day per plant in 1982, and from 0.1 g to 2.7 g in 1983. Dry weight distribution in the plant parts and final yield production for the cultivars tested were also recorded.
Physiology and Biochemistry of the Tobacco Plant. 2. Physiological Malfunctions: Mineral Nutrients - Physiologie und Biochemie der Tabakpflanze: 2. PhysiologischeStörungen: Mineralstoffe
Authors: Barney PE , Bush LP , Tso TC
Published: July 2016

Quality tobacco leaf comes from plants grown with balanced mineral nutrition. The “structural nutrients” (carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) are approximately 90 % of the dry weight of cured leaf but are of little economic concern. The macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur) and the micronutrients (boron, chlorine, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum and zinc) are of great economic concern and adequate amounts in the soil are essential for production of quality tobacco leaf. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium are mobile within the plant and deficiency symptoms are observed first in the lower leaves and later in the upper leaves. Deficiency symptoms of the immobile nutrients calcium, boron, manganese, sulfur and iron are observed first on the upper leaves or terminal bud. Of all the mineral nutrients nitrogen has the greatest effect on shoot and root weight. As available nitrogen increases leaf nicotine increases and reducing sugars decrease; thus the sugar:nicotine ratio decreases dramatically. There is a positive relationship between amount of reduced nitrogen and reduced sulfur in the plant and this interaction is important as most of the reduced nitrogen and sulfur are utilized in protein synthesis. Total uptake of potassium is greater than for any other mineral. Because of the immobility of calcium and boron, deficiency of these nutrients results in physiological decapitation (topping) and consequently increased nicotine content of leaves. Excessive amounts of nutrients can also produce some problems. Excessive nitrogen increases yield but it also increases the incidence of disease, delays flowering and leaf ripening, and lowers leaf quality. Excessive addition of lime causes a basic soil pH which increases disease incidence and limits availability of phosphorus, iron, manganese and zinc. Excessive chlorine increases the hygroscopic property of the leaf and reduces burn rate. Soil applied magnesium oxide may reduce potassium absorption and therefore reduce burn rate.
The Viscous and Inertial Flow of Air through Perforated Papers
Authors: Baker RR
Published: July 2016

Inherently porous cigarette paper consists of an interlocking network of cellulose fibres interspersed with chalk particles. Spaces in this matrix are of the order of 1 AAµm wide which is small compared to the paper thickness (usually 20 AAµm to 40 AAµm). However, when cigarette paper is perforated after the paper-making process, e.g. by an electrostatic or mechanical process, the perforation holes are relatively large, usually having mean diameters of the same order of magnitude as the paper thickness. The total flow of air through perforated cigarette paper thus consists of two components: viscous flow through the porous structure of the paper inherent from the paper-making process, and inertial flow through the perforation holes. Since the air flow / pressure relationships due to these two components of flow differ and since the two components are additive, the total flow through perforated paper may be expressed as: Q = Z A P + Z’ A Pn, where Q is the air flow (cm3 min-1), A is the area of paper (cm2) exposed to the flowing air, P is the pressure difference across the paper (kilopascal), Z is the base permeability of the paper due to viscous flow through the spaces inherent from the paper-making process (cm min-1 kPa-1 or Coresta unit), Z’ is the permeability of the paper due to inertial flow through the perforation holes (cm min-1 kPa-1/n) and n is a constant for a given set of perforation holes. This equation adequately describes gas flow through a variety of perforated cigarette and tipping papers. By using different gases, it is confirmed that Z depends on viscous forces and Z’ depends on inertial forces. By examining the flow of air through a large number of papers with perforation holes of different sizes, it is shown that Z’ is dependent on the total area of perforation holes, and that a jet-contraction effect occurs as the air travels through the paper. The parameter n is shown to have a value between 0.5 and 1.0, and this value is related to mean perforation-hole size. The permeability of cigarette paper is defined as the flow of air through the paper when the pressure across the paper is 1 kilopascal. Thus from the above equation the “total permeability” of perforated cigarette paper is equal to Z + Z'.
Evaluation of a Tobacco Fractionation Procedure Using Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry Combined with Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Scheijen MA , Brandt-de Boer B , Boon JJ , Hass W , Heemann V
Published: July 2016

This paper presents an evaluation of a fractionation procedure for use with tobacco. Correlation coefficients calculated from the weights of the polymer fractions obtained and data obtained with classical wet-chemical methods show that these parameters have a low resolving power, which precludes any detailed distinction between tobaccos and tobacco-derived fractions. Pyrolysis mass spectrometry combined with multivariate analysis is presented as a promising approach for investigating the variability in the chemical composition of tobacco. Multivariate analysis performed on the pyrolysis mass-spectrometric fingerprints of all tobacco fractions indicates that the differences between the individual tobaccos are smaller than the differences induced by the fractionation procedure. Multivariate analysis of subfiles of the pyrolysis mass-spectrometric fingerprints of separate polymer fractions is an excellent method for classifying tobaccos. Leaf and stem material can easily be distinguished. A further differentiation is made between the flue-cured and Burley-type tobaccos. The strong clustering of tobacco samples after treatment with potassium hydroxide points to a uniform cell-wall skeleton. The greater variability in the ethanolized tobacco samples, and samples subjected to hot-water extraction or amylase digestion, is related to the cytosol characteristics. These fractions appear to reflect both the dissimilarities between the distinct tobacco types and phenotypic variations due to differences in cultural management. Pyrolysis mass spectrometry of the Klason lignin residues points to a large variety of chemical constituents unrelated to lignin. Pyrolysis gas-chromatography mass-spectrometric data on the Klason lignin residues of a Burley tobacco showed that the correlation made between the organic-nitrogen content and the protein content of this fraction might be misleading. As a consequence the maximum value for the lignin content of this tobacco is estimated incorrectly.
Transfer of Added [18-14C]Octatriacontane - Cigarette Smoke Formation Studies
Authors: Bass RT , Brown LE , Hassam SB , Newell GC , Newman RH
Published: July 2016

Radiolabelled [18-14C]octatriacontane (C38H78) was used as a model compound to study the transfer of compounds from tobacco into smoke. Non-filter cigarettes were made from Kentucky reference 2R1 cigarette tobacco filler oversprayed with alkane and were smoked on a single-port total recovery smoking machine. Of the recovered activity nearly 60 % was found in the mainstream and sidestream particulate phases of smoke, 5 % in the gaseous phase and 35 % in the butt. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid radiochromatography and thin-layer radiochromatography were used effectively to analyse the cyclohexane extracts of the filler, mainstream and sidestream total particulate matter, and butt. No degradation of the alkane was observed prior to smoking. The radioactivity in the mainstream total particulate matter extracts consisted mostly of intact [14C]octatriacontane. Sidestream total particulate matter extracts contained both intact octatriacontane and breakdown products. The radioactivity in butt extracts consisted almost entirely of intact octatriacontane, indicating that excess radioactivity in the butt is due to filtration of the intact alkane by the filler rod. The transfer of octatriacontane into mainstream smoke without pyrolytic degradation parallels that of the tobacco alkane dotriacontane.
A Transient Method for Determining Thermal Diffusivity of Tobacco Stems
Authors: Barthakur NN , Arnold NP
Published: July 2016

A microwave generator and a closed-circuit wind tunnel were used to measure the thermal diffusivity of tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.) stems in vivo by the unsteady-state method. A simple mathematical model for heat flow, based on Fourier's heat-conduction equation and Newton's law of cooling, was used in this study. The microwave method was found to be relatively rapid as both heating and cooling of a cylindrical stem in an air stream could be completed in approximately 30 minutes for thermal-diffusivity determinations. Thermal-diffusivity value of the tobacco stems, containing 94 % moisture and a mean stem temperature of 30°C, was found to be (1.38 ± 0.06) × 10-7 m2 s-1. The coefficient of variation for the measurements did not exceed 1.4 % as determined through the analysis of cooling curves for five different air-flow rates over the stems. This study showed that the microwave technique could be effectively used to determine both accurately and reliably the thermal diffusivity of tobacco stems in vivo.
Smoke Production from Cell Wall Materials of Tobacco Leaves
Authors: Ishizu Y , Kaneki K , Izawa K
Published: July 2016

Major components of cell wall materials, that is a-cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin, were isolated from tobacco leaves. They were heated in a micro-thermobalance in different atmospheres and at different heating rates. The weight loss rate of the sample materials, production rates of carbon oxides and smoke particles produced were measured. In general, materials which produce more carbon oxides produce less smoke particulate mass. In helium at a heating rate of 240°C/min, which attempts to approximate the burning conditions of a cigarette, weight ratios of smoke particles to the sample weight were 32 % for a-cellulose, 24 % for lignin, 3 % for hemicellulose and 0.4 % for pectin. Since a-cellulose is a major constituent of the cell wall of tobacco leaves and has the highest production rate, it can be concluded that a-cellulose is a major contributor to the production of smoke particles from cigarettes. On the contrary, pectin contributes the least.
The Determination of Benzo[a]Pyrene and Benz[a]Anthracene in Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke of the Kentucky Reference Cigarette 1R4F and a Cigarette Which Heats but Does Not Burn Tobacco: A Comparison
Authors: Risner CH
Published: July 2016

A quantitative method for the determination of benz[a]anthracene (B[a]A) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed. Mainstream and sidestream particulate matter is collected on Cambridge filter pads. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are extracted with cyclohexane and subjected to normal-phase chromatography to isolate target fractions which are concentrated and then diluted with acetonitrile or acetonitrile/water prior to reverse-phase analytical chromatography. The Kentucky Reference cigarette 1R4F and a cigarette which heats but does not burn tobacco (New Cigarette) developed at R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company were analysed and compared with respect to B[a]P and B[a]A in both mainstream and sidestream smoke.