bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecology of ammonium oxidizing and nitrite oxidizing microorganisms in namibian coastal upwelling zone at different depths.
Authors: Lau Evan , Frame Caitlin , Nolan Edward , Dillard Zachary , Kinker Marcus , Lukich Daniel , Mihalik Nicole , Yauch Katelyn , Waychoff Samantha
Published: May 2022

The upwelling of nutrient-rich South Atlantic waters (as part of the Benguela current) along the Namibian coast sustains some of the highest rates of primary production in oceans, which involves important steps in the Nitrogen cycle. However, the ecology of nitrifying microbes in this ecosystem is not well-studied. Using deep multiplex sequencing of (~450bp) 16S rRNA amplicons, complemented by salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), fluorescence and N2O isotope concentration measurements, we profiled the microbiota at 10m, 25m, 100m, 130m, and 250m depths. We assessed the diversity and abundance of Ammonia oxidizing Archaea (AOA), Ammonia oxidizing Bacteria (AOB), and nitrite oxidizing Bacteria (NOB), which oxidize ammonium (NH4+) or ammonia (NH3) to nitrite (NO2−), and nitrite to nitrate (NO3−). Our data indicate that the AOA or anammox (anaerobic oxidation of ammonium by Archaeal ammonia oxidizing microbes) are the dominant nitrifying microbes at 25m and below, where dissolved oxygen levels in the upwelling seawater becomes depleted. Their abundances and diversity far exceed that of other nitrifying bacteria. This study supports previous reports on the abundance of anammox cells, and biomarker lipids that indicate that anammox bacteria are responsible for significant losses of fixed nitrogen in this ecosystem, as well as other oxygen-depleted upwelling seawaters.
Predictive scenario for methane- air-dust fires in a mining passage: Effect of compressibility and non- homogeneous dust distributions.
Authors: Demir Sinan , Rangwala Ali S , Akkerman Vyacheslav
Published: May 2022

Accidental gas/dust explosions constitute a tremendous hazard for personnel and equipment in industries, such as coal mining industry that has one of the highest occupational fatality and injury rates, claiming hundreds of lives annually. Among various factors driving fires in coal mines, such as turbulence, acoustics, wall friction and obstacles; combustion instabilities, dust impurities and a finger shape of the flamefront play the dominant role. Focusing on these acceleration mechanisms, a predictive scenario of a methane-air- dust fire in a mining passage is developed, and the characteristic stages of the flame evolution are identified. Starting with gaseous fuels, the formulation is then extended to dusty- gaseous medium, with combustible and inert dust as well as their mixture employed. Specifically, the effects of equivalence ratio as well as dust size and concentration on the flame evolution are systematically investigated. While initial formulations are assumed to be incompressible and distribution of gas-dust particles is homogeneous, later, formulations are separately extended to compressible and non-homogenous dust distribution scenarios.Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank the National Science Foundation for funding this work (NSF CAREER Award #1554254).
Computational studies of oxy-fuel combustion in fired tube boilers integrated with an ion transport membrane.
Authors: Adebiyi Abdulafeez Akinola , Akkerman Vyacheslav
Published: May 2022

Most industrial processes utilize fossil fuels as energy source which produces greenhouse gases and other hazardous emissions. In the U.S., industry generates circa 21% of greenhouse gases, being thereby the major origin for the emissions. . In order to reduce the pollution effects from industrial processes, standard air-fuel combustion is aimed to be replaced by oxy-fuel combustion, which has been identified to have a zero-emission potential. In this respect, an Ion Transport Membrane (ITM) can be used to produce pure oxygen for oxy-fuel combustion. However, adopting an ITM into the reactor of a fired tube boiler has been a major challenge due to the simultaneous oxygen permeation, combustion and heat transfer that occur through the walls of the reactor. For this reason, successful employment of an ITM is of critical importance, and thereby motivates the present work. Specifically, a Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis has been carried out on a small-scale fired tube boiler model incorporated with an ITM. The thermal and chemical characteristics of oxy-methane gaseous combustion under constant reactor wall temperature have been investigated. In particular, the reactors performance at elevated temperature has been analyzed. It is observed that oxygen permeation, heat transfer and combustion characteristics can be optimized at elevated temperature of 1373K. Also, increasing the mass fraction of methane in this reactor to 6% facilitates both the heat transfer and combustion in the reactor. At the same time, increasing the mass flow rates of both the air and fuel streams does not impact the reactor performance significantly. This work is supported by West Virginia University’s Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering through the Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions.
Sensitivity of parameters in an immuno-chemotherapy model to treat colorectal cancer.
Authors: Jarrell Brendan , Stadnitchii Vasile , Wang Zhijun , Wang Qing , Klinke David J
Published: May 2022

Colorectal cancer is a common, yet deadly disease that provokes an estimated 200,000 new U.S. cases per year. In a recently released study, research was done on lab mice to assess the effect of OXP and IL-12 on liver-implanted colon cancer cells. In the study’s findings, the OXP and IL-12 were proven to enhance the immunosuppressive response of the body to tumor cells. The goal of this project was to determine sensitivity of parameters of an impulsive ODE model whose parameters were calibrated against experimental results in the study. We assessed the effect that manipulation of parameters taken during the initial experiment would have on tumor growth, concentration of interferon gamma, and the ratio of T-effector to T-regulatory cells when compared to this original control group. Variables were manipulated by powers of 100*, 10*, 0.1*, 0.01* and 0.001* and differences were observed using graphs of solutions of the model. We found that eight (out of forty eight) parameters, including T-effector death rate due to OXP (kd2), tumor cell natural death rate (kd10), rate constant for OXP flow from blood to the tumor (c23); constant in tumor logistic growth [reciprocal of tumor carrying capacity] (r1), OXP natural decay rate constant (kd4), tumor cell proliferation rate (kp4), rate constant for OXP flow from blood to lymph nodes (c21), and OXP saturation rate [in tumor] (g15), are sensitive to tumor growth and other important factors. The project was supported by NIH Grant P20GM103434 to the West Virginia IDeA Network for Biomedical Research Excellence.
Analyzing psychophysiological effects of music using coherency of multichannel EEG.
Authors: Mirza Hanif , Hossain Mahmood , Kato Tadashi
Published: May 2022

The goal of this project was to identify the existence of psychophysiologically significant levels of coherency between the activities in different areas of the brain triggered by different types of music. This study was performed using Electroencephalogram (EEG) data collected from human subjects who were exposed to three different types of instrumental music (guitar, piano, and gyil) each with and without resonance, measured at eight frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. Discrete Fourier Transformation (DFT) was used to convert the time-domain EEG signals into frequency domain and the frequency signals were separated into the alpha (8-12 Hz) and the beta (13-30 Hz) frequency bands that are known to be associated with the relaxed and active states of the brain respectively. The coherency between the converted EEG signals were computed for different lobes of the brain and data mining was used to investigate how different types of music can affect the coherency between the EEG signals in different parts of the brain.
Influence of parenting styles on self-control in emerging adults.
Authors: Currie Nicole , Fletcher Tifani
Published: May 2022

The patterns in which parents interact with their children, known as a parenting styles (PS), permeates many aspects of adult cognitions and behaviors. The majority of PS research has focused on behavioral outcomes, such as elementary and high school performance.  There is a dearth of research that examines adults’ recollections of their parents’ parenting styles (PS), and relating that information to outcomes as an adult. Similarly, there is a lack of research examining how PS influences levels of self- control as an adult. A modified version of the Primary Caregivers Practices Report and a modified Self- Control Questionnaire were used to investigate how parenting styles implemented during childhood influenced self-control levels in college students. Participants included 210 students (117 female), from a Northern panhandle University. Two separate two-way ANOVA’s were used to explore the impact of PS and participant’s gender on levels of self-control as an adult, one for the female parents, the other for the male parents, in addition to examining the self-control outcomes of the different combinations of two parent households. It was found that having a male permissive parent was related to having significantly lower self-control scores, particularly for female participants, compared to the other PS’s. Due to the lack of research it is crucial to continue studies, especially with permissive parenting style by using other variables such as the number of children in a family, self-efficacy, as well as using a larger sample size outside of a university setting to better support the findings of this study.
"EUSCORPIUS" - the online research journal of scorpiology.
Authors: Fet Victor
Published: May 2022

We present "Euscorpius", the first and only periodical, online research publication completely devoted to scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones), which is located online at www.science.marshall.edu/fet/euscorpius and on Marshall Digital Scholar (MDS) at http://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/. A peer-reviewed publication, it is published only in electronic form. Since its inception in 2001, Euscorpius has published 218 issues authored by 137 zoologists from 31 countries. In 2002-2016, 184 new species and 13 new genera of scorpions from 52 countries have been described and published in this journal. Victor Fet, professor of biological sciences at Marshall, and Michael E. Soleglad of Winchester, California, are the editors of "Euscorpius". "Euscorpius" takes advantage of the evolving medium of rapid and continuous online publication, while at the same time maintaining high research standards for the burgeoning field of scorpion science (scorpiology). Marshall Digital Scholar (MDS: http://mds.marshall.edu/) is Marshall’s institutional digital repository that supports open access or subscription-based journals.
Pervasive computing.
Authors: Gall Karl , Guzide Osman , Corp Nathan , Earls Ryan
Published: May 2022

The main focus of this research will be on pervasive computing. Pervasive computing, (also called ubiquitous computing) is the growing trend towards embedding microprocessors in everyday objects so they can communicate information. Pervasive computing devices are completely connected and constantly available. Throughout this research pervasive computing will be defined, examples will be provided, and we will discuss it’s relevancy as time goes forward. Towards the end of our research we will provide an idea that could ease the human experience with respect to pervasive computing.
Modern physiology equipment may benefit high school education.
Authors: Omelchenko Natalia , Loughman Kathleen
Published: May 2022

A growing number of studies support the superiority of active learning approach over traditional instructions and demonstrations. The active learning approach often relies on engagement of the students in problem solving activities using relatively complex equipment, including conducting experiments and observations during the laboratory sessions and performing consequent analysis of the findings. The method is widely used in the anatomy and physiology instructions in colleges, but it is remains unclear if the complexity of modern physiology equipment limits its application for high schools. Three anatomy and physiology activities in cardiovascular system physiology using iWorx physiology stations were organized at John Marshall High School, WV. After the demonstrations, learning outcomes were assessed with a questionnaire (42 responses). Ninety one percent of the students indicated that the provided equipment helped them to develop better understanding of the key concepts related to the cardiac system physiology, and ninety two percent expressed interest in being engaged in research activities using these physiology stations. In conclusion, active learning strategies and modern physiology equipment can be successfully used for high school classroom instruction. This approach clearly allows better understanding of complex field of human physiology and promotes interest to research activities in the biomedical field.
Improving the synthesis and functionalization of polystyrene foams for removal of groundwater contaminants.
Authors: Kambis Tyler N , Mader Jordan A
Published: May 2022

Arsenic is one of the most abundant elements in the earth’s crust and is a contaminant in the groundwater of many developing countries, as well as certain areas within the United States. Using polystyrene foams created by High Internal Phase Emulsion polymerization, arsenic can be removed from contaminated water in order to improve the drinkability in highly polluted areas. This research was centered on streamlining the reaction process required to functionalize the polystyrene with a thiol group that would bind to arsenic, as well as observing how different types of storage (wet versus dry) would affect the functionality of the polymer. Arsenic concentrations were lowered from 400 ppb to around 200 ppb with no noticeable trend in regards to how the polymer was stored. The second step of deprotection was able to be removed when functionalizing the polymer, as data suggested that it had little to no effect on how much arsenic bonded to the thiol functionalized foam.
Effects of conservation tillage practices on nodulation of Phaseolus vulgaris roots.
Authors: Pierce Rachel , Vila Peter
Published: May 2022

The cost of chemically produced nitrogen fertilizers can be cost prohibitive to farmers. One method of reducing the input of chemically based nitrogen fertilizers is to plant nitrogen fixing cover crops such as the important food crop Phaseolus vulgaris, the common bean. Cover crops also have the benefit of maintaining soil structure and can reduce erosion. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of conservation tilling practices on nodulation of the common bean. Beans were grown in a randomized control split plot design of Wheat (Control), Rye and Clover (Treatments) utilizing Strip- and No-Till conditions. The beans were planted over the previous season’s cover residue, which grew back during the study. Parameters measured were plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), damage (%), and number of roots and nodules. Among cover crop plots, there was no difference in mean nodulation of bean plants (P=0.98). A positive correlation was found between nodulation and bean plant height (Wheat: P=0.003, Rye: P=0.01, Clover: P=0.004). In tilling practice, Strip Till was significantly higher in mean nodulation than No Till (P=0.002) and a positive correlation was found between nodulation and plant height in tilling practice (No Till: P=0.004 and Strip Till: P=0.001). Other factors that may interact with nodulation in beans are soil microbe inoculation and existing bacterial communities, root growth habits, soil nutrient content, as well as soil moisture and temperature; however, the importance of these factors may also vary depending upon the species and variety of legume.
Identification of a new genus within the subtribe Gloxiniinae (Gesneriaceae).
Authors: Proctor Daniel , Keene Jeremy
Published: May 2022

Morphological and molecular analyses within the subtribe Gloxiniinae have led to the discovery of several previously undescribed genera. One of these genera comes from studies of the species Diastema vexans H.E. Moore, which has been identified from central to south Colombia. The nomenclatural history of the species has been very confused due to multiple species being designated under the same name. Morphological studies of the species and other closely related plants to confirm the species identification has provided evidence of a differing evolutionary lineage leading to the group. These studies have also revealed three new species that are distributed from Colombia southward through Peru. These taxa are identified by a suite of characters including axillary inflorescences, orbicular calyx base, and cup-shaped fruits. The traits are not seen among the other species of Diastema and this grouping represents a new genus in the tribe. Recent molecular studies have provided support to show that the flower shape and color of Diastema vexans and congeners is due to convergence through pollinator selection. Ongoing molecular and morphological research will be used to confirm the placement of the new genus Regeliantha within the subtribe Gloxiniinae.
Bumble bees of Kanawha County, WV, with statewide trends over the last century.
Authors: Aliff Hunter L , Collins Sean A
Published: May 2022

The goal of our research is to assess the overall diversity of and to evaluate the presence and relative abundance of declining bumble bee species (e.g., Bombus affinis, B. pensylvanicus and B. terricola), in Kanawha County, WV. We collected bees locally from a variety of field sites to establish local population numbers and community structure. Additionally, to determine whether the community structure of bumble bees has changed over time, we compiled museum collection data to calculate community structure data from the last 95 years. Our local data indicated suggested that the bumble bee community of Kanawha County is dominated (~95% of total specimens collected) by three species (B. impatiens, B. bimaculatus and B. griseocollis); a pattern of diversity similar to that found in other regions of North America that have been similarly surveyed. Additionally, our data suggested very weak populations of bumble bees in the subgenera Thoracobombus and Bombus (sensu strictu). Our statewide data indicated that species of bees that are experiencing declines in other parts of North America are also declining in WV and that the bees that are replacing those declining species are predominantly those in the subgenera Pyrobombus and Cullumanobombus.This study undoubtedly contributes to our understanding of the local diversity of these insects, but perhaps more importantly, it will provide valuable data regarding the decline of these pollinators and perhaps provide insights to the locations of refugia where otherwise declining species may occur in higher, sustainable densities.
Potamilus alatus (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) glochidia-induced histopathology in freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens rafinesque, from the Kanawha River, West Virginia, USA.
Authors: Ranavaya Mohammad , Joy James
Published: May 2022

The gills of 37 of 173 freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque, collected from two locations on the Kanawha River, West Virginia, USA, from 25 May through mid-October, 1986, were infected with glochidia (i.e., larval mussels). Of the 85 hosts captured from 25 May through 21 June, 37 (43.5%) carried glochidia infections. No glochidia were observed in the remaining 88 hosts collected in monthly samples from 22 June through mid-October. Infections gave rise to granulomas that caused a distal “clubbing” of the parasitized gill filaments. The resulting lymphohistocytic response was reminiscent of a type IV hypersensitive reaction seen in mammalian tissues. Development of the definitive and larval mantles, and the gut and digestive glands corroborated findings of previous investigators. The transitory larval adductor, pedal retractors, heart, and gill buds were prominent as well, but the number of glochidia at the necessary stages (ages?) of development was insufficient to adequately describe their origin and subsequent development.
Teaching science writing conventions in introductory-level geology courses.
Authors: Scharman Mitchell R , Lillvis Kristen , Rollins Anna , Wright Amber , Owens Shayla
Published: May 2022

Writing is an integral part of communication in the sciences, which allows an effective exchange of ideas, observations, and results within any scientific field’s community and to the general public. However, when writing in science courses is needed, students are often left to determine how to write their ideas and observations without much instruction on what makes for quality scientific writing. This is apparent in introductory geology courses—taken by both science and non-science majors—where students struggle with the written communication of basic concepts in short answer questions on quizzes and exams. Over the last year, geology and English instructors have taken an interdisciplinary approach to helping students better understand writing conventions in introductory geology lecture courses. By working on revising the language of instructor prompts and rubrics, and by also aiding students in the evaluation and revisions of their own in-class written compositions, students learned genre-specific writing practices in preparation for their exams. Students’ exam responses were analyzed for correlation of common mistakes, and the instructors used this data to shape future instruction. Determining common pitfalls will help us to apply these methods to courses beyond introductory levels and in other STEM fields.
Western Pennsylvania's primary burrowing crayfish: Distributional survey and determination of conservation status.
Authors: Scott Katie , Dillard Zachary , Sadecky Nicole , Sadecky Luke , Myers Greg , Loughman Zachary
Published: May 2022

Arnold Ortmann, one of the nations first crayfish biologists, conducted crayfish surveys in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s across western Pennsylvania. Unique for the time was Ortmann’s inclusion of primary burrowing crayfishes. Primary burrowing crayfish utilize subterranean burrows for all facets of their ecology, and are rarely encountered outside their burrows. Urbanization, extractive industries, and the genesis of industry have all occurred across western Pennsylvania since Ortmann’s initial surveys. We visited all of Ortmann’s historic sites to determine if burrowing crayfish still occur throughout the region following the past century of environmental change. Furthermore, crayfish have been recognized recently as one of North America’s most imperiled group of animals. Resultants of this, our efforts will lead to the determination of conservation baselines for each burrowing crayfish species occurring in the region.
Putative sensory structures associated with the food canal of Hybomitra difficilis (diptera: tabanidae).
Authors: Setser Emily , Joy James
Published: May 2022

The feeding tube of Hybomitra difficilis is made up of a short distal vestibule followed by a food canal that leads to the cibarium; the two regions demarcated by the vestibule/food canal junction. Two pairs of sensilla were consistently observed in the vestibular walls, the first pair of basiconic design in the mid-vestibular region, and the latter pair of setiform design at the base of the vestibule. Food canal sensilla, which varied from 45 to 73 (n = 20; mean = 50.15; ± 1 SD = 10.02), were aggregated in the distal and distal median regions of the food canal, with relatively few sensilla observed in the proximal food canal region. This aggregation was significant (X 2 = 261.05; P < 0.0001), leading to rejection of the null hypothesis that sensilla were evenly distributed throughout the length of the food canal. Food canal sensilla were of the setiform or trichite type, with the exception of a single basiconic sensillum in each wall of the food canal of every fly examined. All but one basiconic sensilla were located in the distal-most region of the food canal. While basiconic sensilla varied in position (i.e., distance) from the vestibule/food canal junction, they were significantly aggregated (X 2 = 12.38; P < 0.0062) in the two median sections of the distal canal region, thus leading to the rejection of Ho that basiconic sensilla were evenly distributed in subdivisions (i.e., sections) of the distal food canal region.
Determination of the potential cross-reactivity of commercially available field test drug kits with common over-the-counter medications.
Authors: Sheppard Brittany , Flood Mark
Published: May 2022

The analysis of unknown powders found on crime scenes is important in the field of forensic science. Specificity is critical to the process of drug analysis. Several drug-screening tests have been created for use in forensic field investigations involving drug related crimes. It is important to get correct results from the screening tests in order to 1) not waste valuable lab time analyzing materials that are not actually drugs if a “false positive” test is present, or 2) let people get away unpunished if a “false negative” result is present. How specific are the available drug screening kits available for use in the forensic science field? In order to assess this question, two different field test kits (NIK and NARCO) were tested for cross-reactivity with various substances in over-the-counter medications. NIK pouches and NARCO pouches were obtained and the results were compared to color charts such as the IDENTIDRUG CHART. Several common over-the-counter medications were selected and tested against the two commercially available drug-screening kits to determine cross-reactivity with the field test pouches. The preliminary results of this study have shown a higher sensitivity in the NARCO test kits, however the NIK test kits have proven to be easier to read results. Future research to be done in this area may include testing the sensitivity of other field test kits and using other medications, or a mixture of medications. This research was funded by a WV NASA Space grant consortium Fairmont State University’s SURE (Summer Undergraduate Research Experience).
Exploring the use of short paper fiber as a soil amendment in coal refuse
Authors: Cyphers Levi Jacob , Hopkinson Leslie , Quaranta John
Published: May 2022

Water infiltration of coal refuse piles leads to an increase of acidity in groundwater and nearby streams and rivers. This study tested the effect of adding short paper fiber as a soil amendment to establish and maintain vegetative cover in coarse coal refuse. Two blends of short paper fiber and coarse coal refuse were tested for use as a topsoil mixture as well as a control sample containing only coal refuse. The ratios tested were 80% refuse with 20% short paper fiber (80/20 blend), 60% refuse with 40% paper fiber (60/40 blend), and 100% refuse with 0% paper fiber (control). All samples were tested using the same seeding mixture in identical growing conditions. The experiment lasted 16 weeks, mid-July – October 2016.  Vegetation growth was measured weekly based on ground cover and stem height. Biomass measurements were collected in the final week of the study. Ground cover reached a maximum for samples containing paper fiber at 77.1% in the 80/20 blend. The maximum ground cover for any sample without paper fiber was 0.5%. Samples with short paper fiber had greater ground cover and biomass than the refuse samples. Results show that both blend ratios performed similarly with respect to the use as a growth medium. Therefore, the addition of short paper fiber shows potential to support vegetation establishment in coarse coal refuse.   The work described in this presentation was supported in part by Grant/Cooperative Agreement Number S15AC20020 from the Office of Surface Mining.
Quantum Computers
Authors: Cordova Daniel Benjamin , Guzide Osman
Published: May 2022

DANIEL CORDOVA, Dept of Computer Sciences, Mathematics, and Engineering, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, WV, 25443, and OSMAN GUZIDE, Dept of Computer Sciences, Mathematics, and Engineering, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, WV, 25443. Quantum Computers.Quantum computers once only existed in dreams and science fiction. Now, they are very much a reality. With quantum computers entering the market, questions are being asked. What is a quantum computer? What does it do? What are some of its features? And what is the future of quantum computers? This paper presents an analysis of quantum computers’ purpose, functionality, and future uses.
Analysis of CKM (creatine kinase, muscle) polymorphism frequencies.
Authors: Cannone Anna E , Flood Mark
Published: May 2022

In this experiment the prevalence of a 3’ untranslated region (UTR) polymorphism in the creatine kinase, muscle (CKM) gene was explored.  Previous studies indicated that AA, AG and GG genotypes were found in 51%, 44% and 5% of the population.  CKM is found in skeletal and heart muscle tissue, and its presence in the bloodstream is an indicator of muscle damage.  The objective of this study was to replicate prior research utilizing CKM and to assess the frequency in the sample.  It was hypothesized that the previous research could be replicated and that the genotype frequencies in the sample would match published research on CKM.  Fifty-five individuals (16 male, 39 female) were sampled through the use of a cheek swab, and were worked up using Chelex resin techniques.  Genotyping was performed using PCR with previously designed primers followed by digestion with the NcoI.  When running results on the final gel, A allele digestion yielded fragments of 63bp and 52bp, while the G allele was undigested, resulting in a 115bp fragment.  Results were obtained for 47 individuals and 12 (26%) were AG genotype while 43 (74%) were AA genotype.   These results indicated that the genotyping of the 3’ UTR region of CKM was successful, but genotype frequencies were different from those previously documented.  Future plans would be to assess the polymorphism frequency on a larger population.
Testing metal oxides for oxygen generation capacity with HARPOON.
Authors: Starcovic Sarah Ann , Moore Allison , Ruttherford Rebecca , Harvey Erica
Published: May 2022

Our Solar Army research tests the oxygen generating capacity of metal oxides on conductive sample plates using a device called HARPOON (Heterogonous Anodes Rapidly Perusing Oxygen Overpotential for Neutralization). The purpose of our research is to find metal oxide combinations that exceed the efficiency of the oxygen generating capacity internal standards on every sample plate. If a new combination is more effective at oxygen generation than the standards, this may indicate that the sample is a promising electrocatalyst. The long-term project goal is to discover photoelectrocatalysts for the sunlight driven reaction:H2O à H2  +  ½ O2The hydrogen gas will be harvested and subsequently used as a clean, renewable fuel.  In the present work, we show that copper and iron oxides can serve as internal standards for HARPOON. This means that sample plates made for other types of Solar Army testing can also be analyzed using HARPOON. We have also investigated various ultraviolet light sources, which are key components in the setup of HARPOON.  Funding for this research was provided by NASA WV Space Grant Consortium, and the College of Science and Technology at Fairmont State University.
The effect of temperature on cricket stridulation
Authors: Hornsby Morgan , Flood Mark
Published: May 2022

The objective of this study was to observe the impact temperature has on stridulation (chirping) of Gryllus pennsylvanicus (field cricket) and Gryllodes sigillatus (banded cricket).  Dolbear’s Law states that the number of cricket stridulations can be converted to degrees Celsius by counting the number of stridulations in 8 seconds and then adding 5 to get the environmental temperature using the tree cricket Oecanthus fultoni.   The belief is based on an increase in environmental temperature causing an increase in the activity levels of crickets, which will increase the rate of stridulation.  The hypothesis is that both cricket species (field and banded ) will increase stridulation rate as increases occur in environmental temperature and that the observed number of stridulations will be used to predict temperature using the previously mentioned formula.  Crickets were incubated at four different temperatures (20, 22, 24 and 26oC) with a constant light to dark cycle.  Measurements of sound pressure were recorded during the dark cycle using a Vernier Microphone and compared to digital audio recordings.  Preliminary data indicates that stridulation rate increases at higher environmental temperatures and that the use of the audio recordings is preferred over use of the Vernier microphone.  Future research should involve incorporating more species of crickets and a wider variety of environmental temperatures.
Developing a Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Assay to Assess the Effects on Paclitaxel on the Human Breast Cancer Cell Line Hs578T
Authors: Tharakan Jasmin , Shajimon Shelby , Wilson Danica , Wang Qing , Warburton Robert
Published: May 2022

Although much research has been carried out on the efficacy of possible breast cancer drug treatments in two-dimensional in vitro cell cultures, these may not adequately represent the response of tumors observed in vivo. As an alternative, multicellular three-dimensional spheroids provide an in vitro microenvironment that more closely resembles tumors in vivo. The objective of this study was to develop a 3-dimensional spheroidal cell culture assay using the triple-negative human breast cancer cell line, Hs578T. The results of the project provide a better understanding of the variables of the spheroid culture technique, including cell morphology and viability. It is hoped that future experiments will provide a better understanding of the impact of one anti-proliferative chemotherapy agent, Paclitaxel, on spheroidal Hs578T cells that will, ultimately, provide a model that more closely resembles in vivo cancer growth.
Muscle Fatigue: Gender Differences
Authors: Franke Alex , Welsh Lauren , Carrington Skylar , Kalinski Cameron , Omelchenko Natalia
Published: May 2022

Numerous studies have shown women have a greater resistance to fatigue than men; therefore, women are able to sustain continuous and intermittent muscle contractions at low to moderate intensities longer than men. Here we revisited this question for continuous contraction of maximum intensity. The parameters of muscle activities (max strength and half-max fatigue times) were recorded in male and female healthy volunteers (19-23 years old) using iWorx Stations and LabScribe2 software. During the experiment the subjects were asked to squeeze the bulb of the hand dynamometer as tightly and as long as possible in an attempt to fatigue the muscles of the forearm. As time passes, the subject’s muscle force decreased to 25% of the original force, and we told the subject to take a 5-minute break. After that the subject was asked to squeeze the bulb of the hand dynamometer as tightly and as long as possible again. The experiment was concluded when the subject’s muscle force was decreased to 25% the second time. The changes in relative strength and electrical activity in each forearm between the first and second activities were measured and compared to 1) subject hand diameter, 2) hand dominance; 3) max strength of the hand; and 3) gender of the subject. Differences in muscle mass, utilization of foodstuffs during metabolism (reactions to produce ATP), and neuromuscular activation are discussed as contributors to the fatigue differences between the sexes.
Uji Validitas Pengembangan Instrumen Tes untuk Mengukur Kemampuan Analogi Siswa
Authors: Jannah Ismatul , Rahayu Puji
Published: May 2022

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan hasil uji validitas pengembangan instrumen tes untuk mengukur kemampuan penalaran analogi pada materi bangun ruang sisi datar kelas VIII semester 2. Prosedur pengembangan pada penelitian ini menggunakan model penelitian pengembanagn atau research and development dengan tipe formative research Tessmer yang terdiri dari 4 tahap, yaitu tahap preliminary, tahap self evaluation, tahap prototyping, dan tahap field test. Namun, akibat dari wabah COVID-19 maka tahap field test tidak dapat terlaksana karena adanya PSBB (Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar) diseluruh dunia termasuk dinegara tercinta kita Indonesia. Jenis data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah data kualitatif da data kuantitatif. Data kualitatif untuk deskripsi kata-kata brupa kritik dan saran dari para validator, sedangkan data kuantitatif digunkan dalam perhitungan skor penilaian produk penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil uji validitas produk instrumen tes penalaran analogi dari ahli materi diperoleh data CVRnya dengan nilai 1 dan berkriteria sangat baik, dan data CVInya dengai nilai 1 pula berkriteria sangat sesuai, serta hasil perolehan presentase penilaian 82,44% berkategori sangat baik. Sedangkan dari ahli bahasa diperoleh data CVRnya dengan nilai 1 dan berkriteria sangat baik, dan data CVInya dengai nilai 1 pula berkriteria sangat sesuai, serta hasil perolehan presentase penilaian 80% berkategori baik Sehingga dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa produk instrumen tes penalaran analogi ini  valid dan dapat diterapkan.
Implikasi Konsep Yesus Pengudus Menurut A.B. Simpson Bagi Orang Kristen Masa Kini
Authors: Silitonga Ayu Rotama , Natonis Priskha , Darmawan I Putu Ayub
Published: May 2022

Sanctification is a blessing and gift from God to believers. According to Albert Benyamin Simpson, the Holy Jesus has an important meaning, which is a form of complete submission to God. The problem formulation in this writing is what is the concept of Jesus the Holiness according to the thought of Albert Benjamin Simpson? The purpose of this paper is to know the concept of the Holy Jesus according to the thought of Albert Benyamin Simpson. To obtain information in this writing, the writer uses the Literature method by observing books and journals to support writing. The result of this writing is that Simpson thinks that the concept of Jesus is a form of submission to God. The meaning of the Holy Jesus as explained by the author is to live in holiness and as a sign of submission to God. The implication that today's believers can do is continue to believe in God and fully surrender to the Lord Jesus Christ as a sanctuary. Abstrak:Pengudusan merupakan berkat dan anugrah dari Tuhan kepada orang percaya. Menurut Albert Benyamin Simpson, Yesus Pengudus memiliki makna penting, yaitu bentuk penyerahan diri sepenuhnya kepada Allah. Yang menjadi rumusan masalah dalam penulisan ini ialah seperti apa konsep Yesus Pengudus menurut pemikiran Albert Benyamin Simpson? Adapun tujuan dalam penulisan ini ialah untuk mengetahui konsep Yesus Pengudus menurut pemikiran Albert Benyamin Simpson. Untuk mendapatkan informasi dalam penulisan ini, maka penulis menggunakan metode Literatur dengan melakukan observasi terhadap buku-buku dan jurnal untuk mendukung penulisan. Hasil dari penulisan ini adalah Simpson beranggapan bahwa konsep Yesus Pengudus ialah bentuk penyerahan diri kepada Allah. Makna Yesus Pengudus yang dipaparkan oleh penulis adalah hidup dalam kekudusan dan sebagai tanda penyerahan diri kepada Allah. Implikasi yang dapat dilakukan orang percaya masa kini adalah tetap percaya kepada Tuhan dan berserah penuh kepada Tuhan Yesus Kristus sebagai pengudus.
Prinsip Dasar Pemberitaan Injil Menurut Kisah Para Rasul 28:23-31
Authors: Huwae Esau
Published: May 2022

New Testament record church growing as result of God works through church and missionary. The failure of Christian mission because they do not understand the basic principles of missionary work. Narration of Luke in Acts 28:23-31 provides basic principles of missionary work. This article examines the passages of Acts 28:23-31 with evangelical approaching. Church and missionary workers must have a pure heart, biblical material, good quality based on Holy Spirit work and continuously follow-up. Thus, the basis of missionary work carry out of God’s will according the scripture. Abstrak Perjanjian Baru mencatatkan tentang pertumbuhan gereja sebagai dampak pemberitaan injil yang dikerjakan Allah melalui gereja dan para pekerja injil. Kegagalan pemberitaan injil yang dilaksanakan oleh gereja atau pemberita injil dikarenakan mereka tidak memahami prinsip-prinsip dasar pemberitaan injil. Narasi Lukas dalam Kisah Para Rasul 28:23-31 memberikan prinsip-prinsip dasar pemberitaan injil. Artikel ini mengkaji nats Kisah Para Rasul 28:23-31 dengan pendekatan yang dipakai oleh kaum injili. Pemberitaan injil harus memiliki pondasi motivasi yang murni, materi yang alkitabiah, mutu sesuai dengan pekerjaan Roh Kudus dan tindak lanjut yang terus menerus. Dengan demikian dasar pekerjaan injil yang dilakukan gereja adalah berdasarkan kehendak Allah yang tertulis dalam Alkitab.
Implementasi Pendidikan Agama Kristen Dalam Pembentukan Karakter Anak
Authors: Pinat Nahum , Tari Ezra , Pasande Purnama
Published: May 2022

Penulis tertarik untuk menemukan pola pendidikan di dalam keluarga jemaat GMIT Betel Dalehi. Karena anak ada masalah dengan kepribadian terutama rasa percaya diri. Penulis mencari tahu penyebab anak bertumbuh jauh dari karakter kristiani. Penelitian ini hendak memberi jalan keluar bagi orang tua dalam mendidik anak. Usaha untuk mendekati persoalan dilakukan dengan mempelajari fakta dilapangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa orang tua belum mampu mempraktikkan bentuk pendidikan yang mampu membuat anak memiliki karakter yang baik. Pola asuh yang diterapkan orang tua cenderung orotiter. Ada pola permisif, yang menyebabkan anak tidak bertumbuh sesuai dengan karakter Kristiani. Bentuk  bimbingan dalam keluarga berperan penting terhadap kepribadian anak.  Pengetahuan secra teoritis yang dimiliki oleh orang tua di Jemaat betel Dalehi sangat kurang sehingga orang tua belum melaksanakan bentuk pola pendidikan yang seharusnya diberikan dalam keluarga. Pembentukan keluarga Kristen belum dijalankan sesuai dengan seharusnya. Orang tua lebih perlu menerapkan pola demokratis dalam hal memberi pendidikan dalam keluarga.
Implementasi Pola Pelayanan Gereja Mula-Mula Dalam Kisah Para Rasul 2:41-47 Terhadap Gerakan Kesatuan Tubuh Kristus Masa Pandemi
Authors: Patandean Yohanes Enci , Iskandar Iskandar
Published: May 2022

The author discusses the implementation of the early church ministry pattern in Acts 2:41-47 to the unity movement of the body of Christ during the pandemic. The situation experienced by humans today, the author feels that this issue is important to discuss. The method used by the author is a qualitative method with a thematic descriptive approach. The condition of the early church they lived in one heart and soul; even though they were many, they lived in unity, sharing. Not only that, but they are also getting closer to the Lord Jesus; the early church service pattern was applied in fostering the faith of the congregation to become more mature during the pandemic. Abstrak Penulis membahas implementasi pola pelayanan gereja mula-mula dalam Kisah Para Rasul 2:41-47 terhadap gerekan kesatuan tubuh Kristus masa pandemi. Keadaan yang dialami oleh manusia saat ini, penulis merasa bahwa isu ini penting untuk dibahas. Metode yang digunkan penulis adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif tematis. Keadaan jemaat mula-mula mereka hidup sehati, sejiwa, meskipun mereka jumlah yang banyak, mereka hidup kompak, saling berbagi satu sama lainnya. Bukan hanya itu saja mereka juga semakin dekat dengan Tuhan Yesus, pola pelayanan jemaat mula-mula diterapkan dalam membina iman jemaat agar semakin dewasa dimasa pandemi.
Guru sebagai Fasilitator dalam Pembelajaran Daring ditinjau dari Perspektif Kristen
Authors: Simamora Kristina , Tangkin Wiyun Philipus
Published: May 2022

The role of the teacher as a facilitator aims to provide freedom of learning for students. This role adheres to humanistic learning theory, namely students as centers, teachers as escorts, and facilitators in learning. In the implementation of online learning, teachers only give and collect assignments from students, and education is done without the teacher's help. This shows that the teacher is not adequately performing his role as a facilitator. This paper was written using a research method of literature review with the formulation of the problem of how teachers' role as facilitators in online learning to write to find out how teachers should perform their role as facilitators for elementary school students in online learning. From a Christian perspective, learning is done christ-centered and student-oriented. As a person who has been redeemed, the teacher has a responsibility to introduce students to God; one way is to carry out his role as a facilitator well. The role of teachers as facilitators that can be applied in online learning includes accompanying, directing, listening, making time for students. It is recommended that authors, teachers, and researchers who will continue this research should carry out the role of teachers as facilitators responsibly through the use of available platforms such as teams, zoom, and video calls.  AbstrakPeran guru sebagai fasilitator bertujuan memberikan kebebasan belajar bagi siswa. Peran ini, menganut teori belajar humanistik, yaitu siswa sebagai pusat, guru sebagai pendamping dan fasilitator dalam pembelajaran. Dalam pelaksanaan pembelajaran daring terdapat guru hanya memberikan dan menagih tugas dari siswa dan pembelajaran dilakukan tanpa dampingan guru. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa guru tidak menjalankan perannya sebagai fasilitator dengan baik. Makalah ini ditulis menggunakan metode penelitian kajian literatur dengan rumusan masalahnya adalah bagaimana peran guru sebagai fasilitator dalam pembelajaran daring dengan tujuan penulisan untuk mengetahui bagaimana seharusnya guru menjalankan perannya sebagai fasilitator bagi siswa sekolah dasar dalam pembelajaran daring. Berdasarkan perspektif Kristen, pembelajaran dilakukan dengan berpusat kepada Kristus dan berorientasi kepada siswa. Guru sebagai pribadi yang telah ditebus, memiliki tanggung jawab untuk mengenalkan siswa kepada Allah, salah satu caranya adalah dengan melaksanakan perannya sebagai fasilitator dengan baik. Peran guru sebagai fasilitator yang dapat diterapkan dalam pembelajaran daring di antaranya, mendampingi, mengarahkan, mendengarkan, menyediakan waktu untuk siswa. Disarankan kepada penulis, guru dan peneliti yang akan melanjutkan penelitian ini hendaknya melaksanakan peran guru sebagai fasilitator dengan bertanggung jawab melalui melalui penggunaan platform yang tersedia seperti teams, zoom, dan video call.