bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robotization of coal harvesting in open cut lignite mines
Authors: Yousef Ibrahim M. , Barfoot C.
Published: July 2002

Presents a summary of research which is currently being conducted at Monash University ‐ Gippsland Campus. The research aims at the automation of coal harvesting at a major Australian open cut mine. This mine is located at Morwell, Victoria and produces brown coal (lignite). The coal from this mine contributes significantly to the power generation in Victoria. The research aims to provide a computer assisted remote operation of mining machines and services. Also, this research aims at developing an intelligent unmanned mining system using robotics technology. Also discusses the method of robotizing such a mine for maximum economic efficiency and the proposed control configuration for the system. Describes the current automation project, which is to achieve the required alignment between the robotized mining machine and the hopper by employing a reactive/adaptive fuzzy control system for maximum economic efficiency.
Vision and force/torque sensing for calibration of industrial robots
Authors: Lin Grier C.I. , Lu Tien‐Fu
Published: July 2002

Presents an on‐line calibration methodology for robot relative positioning inaccuracy. This methodology eliminates the need for time‐consuming off‐line calibrations relying on accurate models and complicated procedures. To realize this methodology, a vision system, a 3D force/torque sensor, and control strategies involving Neural Networks (NNs) were incorporated with an industrial robot.
Robot workcell design for hydraulic cement mortars mixing process
Authors: Hsieh Sheng‐Jen , Rhoades Gary , Chan Sang‐Shiun
Published: July 2002

One of the primary problems in the production of cement testing cubes is inconsistency in quality due to skill differences between operators and low repeatability in human performance of identical operations. To eliminate this problem and to enhance productivity, a state‐of‐the‐art robot workcell system, which utilized a multitasking control strategy and tool changer and sensor technology to automatically produce cement testing cubes, was designed and integrated. A comparative analysis of compressive strength values of specimens made by human operators and robots indicated that the specimens made by the robot workcell system had lower variation than the human made ones. This study not only demonstrates that robot workcells are flexible and robust enough to be used in cement testing cube production, but also suggests that revision of American Society of Testing Methods (ASTM) procedures to facilitate implementation of high technology in the materials testing process should be considered.
Adhesive bonding of fibre reinforced polymer composite materials
Authors: Ashcroft I.A. , Hughes D.J. , Shaw S.J.
Published: July 2002

Fibre reinforced polymer composites (FRPs) are finding increasing usage in many industrial sectors. Adhesive bonding is often the most attractive joining technique for these materials in terms of structural efficiency and cost of manufacture. However, concerns regarding the lack of reliable design methods, the long term ageing behaviour and the difficulties in non‐destructive evaluation and repair of bonded joints has led to a reluctance to use adhesives in primary structures. DERA has been involved in the assessment of adhesive bonding for joining FRPs for many years. This paper focuses on investigations at DERA into the effects that environment and fatigue loading have on the performance of bonded composite joints, and briefly reviews current approaches to strength and lifetime prediction. It is seen that adhesively bonded composite joints can be significantly affected by the service environment, however, this is highly dependent on the joint type and materials involved.
Orienting small parts with passive juggling
Authors: Swanson Peter
Published: July 2002

Motivated by the problems of flexible manufacturing and parts feeding in sensorless assembly, a flat, level vibrating table is proposed as a means of orienting small parts for assembly. Ideas inspired by academic literature regarding juggling and dynamic manipulation are used to design an oscillatory motion of the table for simple 1 and 3 degree of freedom parts. Passive juggling, in which a part is repeatedly caught and tossed by the table without sensing or feedback, forms the fundamental manipulation strategy. The oscillation is intended to ensure attraction to a predetermined orientation from any initial orientation within a few seconds, without the need for sensing or fixtures. Preliminary simulation results suggest the feasibility of this approach.
Inexpensive conveyor‐based parts feeding
Authors: Lynch Kevin M.
Published: July 2002

This paper describes a manipulation primitive called toppling – knocking a part over. We derive the mechanical conditions for toppling and describe two applications to conveyor‐based feeding. Toppling complements previous approaches to conveyor‐plane feeding, allowing full three‐dimensional parts feeding on a constant‐speed conveyor.
An embedded‐agent technique for industrial control environments where process modelling is difficult
Authors: Hagras Hani , Callaghan Victor , Colley Martin
Published: July 2002

Most automatic devices designed to control even moderately complex systems are based on feedback. The concept of feedback control is so intuitively straightforward that many people assume it must be quite simple to combine such simple mechanisms to create relatively sophisticated automatic control systems. However, the reality is that to design a truly effective automatic controller is often the greatest challenge an engineer may face. A major cause of the difficulty is time lag, which means that the system is constantly trying to correct for conditions that existed earlier. Conventional control theory seems to work best when attempting to design control devices for a process that can be well approximated by a model with linear and otherwise straightforward relationships between just a few variables. However, for complex and non‐linear processes, where it is difficult (if not impossible) to develop a mathematical model for the system to be controlled, conventional control fails and the control is left to the human operator. Examples of such systems appear in process control industries such as cement industry, water treatment processes … etc. In addition, conventionally designed automatic control devices often have relatively narrow performance bands, as many types of real world processes and systems can be well approximated by linear models when variables are limited to narrow ranges. If a variable goes beyond this range then the system will become unstable and the control device may no longer be able to make appropriate adjustments. Until recently, certain types of processes were still controlled by human operators simply because it proved to be difficult to design an automatic control device by the conventional methods. This was not due to the lack of sensors or any other hardware problem, but simply because of non‐linearities or other complexities in the process.
Low cost ultrasonic sensors for tele‐operated vehicles
Authors: Stott Ian , Sanders David , Tewkesbury Giles
Published: July 2002

Describes a new reliable low‐cost ultrasonic ranging system to assist in steering a powered wheelchair. Detection algorithms have been created and implemented on a micro controller based stand‐alone system suitable for a tele‐operated vehicle. The detection uses the gradient of the echo envelope and is resistant to noise and inconsistencies in the detection circuitry. The sensor array was considered as separate sensors, working independently so the system could quickly gather separate sets of range information. These sets were overlaid on to a 2D grid array. The new system is cheaper and simpler than available systems for powered wheelchairs.
Resonance: picking up good vibrations
Authors: Beeby Steve
Published: July 2002

Resonant sensing is a high performance technique suitable for a wide range of applications. Defines the principles of resonant sensing and describes the various fabrication techniques. Details resonant sensor performance and finally gives examples of resonant sensors in use today.
Design of integrated systems for the control and detection of actuator/sensor faults
Authors: Stoustrup Jakob , Grimble M.J. , Niemann Henrik
Published: July 2002

Considers control systems operating under potentially faulty conditions. Discusses the problem of designing a single unit which not only handles the required control action but also identifies faults occurring in actuators and sensors. In common practice, units for control and for diagnosis are designed separately. Attempts to identify situations in which this is a reasonable approach and cases in which the design of each unit should take the other into consideration. Presents a complete characterization for each case and gives systematic design procedures for both the integrated and non‐integrated design of control and diagnosis units. Shows how a combined module for control and diagnosis can be designed which is able to follow references and reject disturbances robustly, control the system so that undetected faults do not have disastrous effects, reduce the number of false alarms and identify which faults have occurred.
Use of scanning electron microscopy in concrete studies
Authors: Balendran R.V. , Pang H.W. , Wen H.X.
Published: July 2002

This paper offers a brief review of the present use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in concrete studies, from the perspective of how research in materials science is translated into applications in construction engineering. It describes the scope of present use of the method, and attempts a prospective for the near future in areas where more work could make productive use of the technology. Selected case studies have also been discussed. The electron microscope has been used as a research tool in understanding the root cause of the differing performance of various types of concrete under various conditions, a development tool in making better concrete, and a diagnosis tool on problems like cracking of concrete. The paper also explains how sample preparation affects the type and quality of information which the SEM can produce.
Advanced solution methods in structural optimization based on evolution strategies
Authors: Papadrakakis Manolis , Lagaros Nikolaos D. , Thierauf Georg , Cai Jianbo
Published: July 2002

The objective of this paper is to investigate the efficiency of hybrid solution methods when incorporated into large‐scale optimization problems solved by evolution strategies (ESs) and to demonstrate their influence on the overall performance of these optimization algorithms. ESs imitate biological evolution and combine the concept of artificial survival of the fittest with evolutionary operators to form a robust search mechanism. In this paper modified multi‐membered evolution strategies with discrete variables are adopted. Two solution methods are implemented based on the preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) algorithm. The first method is a PCG algorithm with a preconditioner resulted from a complete Cholesky factorization, and the second is a PCG algorithm in which a truncated Neumann series expansion is used as a preconditioner. The numerical tests presented demonstrate the computational advantages of the proposed methods, which become more pronounced in large‐scale optimization problems and in a parallel computing environment.
Mesh generation over curved surfaces with explicit control on discretization error
Authors: Lo S.H. , Lau T.S.
Published: July 2002

A scheme is presented for the automatic generation of triangular meshes over general analytical curved surfaces with explicit control on the discretization error over the interior of the domain. The element size on the curved surface is estimated based on the given allowable discretization error and the surface curvature. The mesh generation starts with the subdivision of the curved boundary of the domain into straight line segments in compliance with the given discretization error constraint. Elements are generated directly over the surface in such a way that the discretization error is kept within the required geometrical tolerance. Those elements violating the given constraint are noted and post‐processed by either element subdivision or node repositioning. Various schemes as to how improvement should be made are proposed, which reduce the discretization error by different strategies depending on the position of the point where the maximum discretization error occurs.
Is the force still with you? Measuring police commitment
Authors: Metcalfe Beverly , Dick Gavin
Published: July 2002

There have been few studies that have explored commitment among police officers in the UK. Our research aims to fill a gap in the police commitment literature. Using survey data (100 per cent population = 3,828) the paper analyses the extent to which organisational commitment is shaped by: employees’ experiences of the level of management support, organisation support and performance appraisal. The commitment measure we use is derived from the real life HR concerns of the participating police organisation ForceCo. Results show that these factors strongly influence commitment at all ranks. Key new findings reveal that the level of commitment varies according to position in the hierarchy, and police commitment increases with tenure. The paper discusses the limitations in management style and personnel procedures and suggests ForceCo needs to re‐evaluate existing systems.
Can leader direction and employee participation co‐exist?
Authors: Cassar Vincent
Published: July 2002

Employee participation is an important construct in contemporary organisations. Recently, the argument has concentrated on whether leader direction and participation can co‐exist. It is argued that leader direction is perceptually acceptable by employees at the strategic level of the decision process but is interpreted as intrusive at the tactical (task) level. This study examined the possibility of any interaction effects between leader direction at the task level and participation, and whether this exacerbated the relationship between participation and favourable work‐related attitudes. A total of 108 middle managers were surveyed using measures for both dimensions of leader direction, participation, job satisfaction, commitment and intrinsic motivation. Separate two‐step moderator regression analysis was conducted to test the hypothesis. Results indicate that while participation predicts significantly all work‐related attitudes, both leader direction variables exacerbated the relationship between participation and job satisfaction. Implications of the results and future research are also discussed.
Impedance Control of Conductors Acting as Transmission Lines in Printed
Boards for High‐frequency Digital Applications
Authors: Jeffery J.E.
Published: July 2002

High‐frequency performance of printed boards
(PBs) — a term which encompasses printed wiring boards (PWBs) and
printed circuit boards (PCBs) — is becoming increasingly important in digital circuits
and knowledge of the electrical characteristics associated with conductors acting as transmission
lines is essential. This paper is an introduction to the electrical theory associated with
transmission lines and develops the fundamental principles into formulae of use to PB users,
designers and manufacturers. Established equations for calculating propagation delay
and characteristic impedance based on physical parameters of conductor configurations are then
summarised. The concept of ‘critical conductor length’ is proposed as a method of
ascertaining whether control of characteristic impedance is required for a particular transmission
line. The paper uses the surface microstrip configuration as a vehicle for mathematical
analysis but the analysis is equally applicable to other transmission line configurations such as
embedded microstrip, symmetrical stripline and dual stripline for which the associated physical
parameter equations are included.
Plastic‐encapsulated Microcircuits (PEMs) : Long‐term Dormancy Studies
Authors: Hakim E.B. , Fink J. , Tam S.M. , McCluskey P. , Pecht M.
Published: July 2002

For many years, the concern over the use of plastic encapsulated microcircuits (PEMs) has been their capability to survive in harsh environments over a long term with continuous or intermittent operation. The issues centred around operational life limitation, due to failure mechanisms associated with internal corrosion, wires and wire bonds, and surface effects, It has now been conclusively demonstrated that best commercial practices will ensure that PEMs made using best commercial materials, processes, and quality techniques will permit devices to perform reliably in the most severe environments. Missile systems are low volume production items, which use relatively few microcircuits. They are required to operate for very short times after being unpowered (dormant) for very long times (10 to 20 years) and exposed to humidity, temperature cycle, and mechanical shock. This paper will address reliability concerns and provide data from studies which were performed to determine if PEMs could survive such long‐term unbiased applications. These studies include analysis of PEMs (some date coded 1968) from inventory or various storage locations and from applications where the electronic modules containing PEMs were stored for 10‐12 years in various environments. Regardless of the storage conditions, the significant factor is that these early vintage commercial grade PEMs, without screening or incoming inspection, survived assembly and extended storage.
Is librarianship in the UK a true profession, a semi‐profession or a mere occupation?
Authors: Freeman Mike
Published: July 2002

Surveys the process of professionalization as it applies to UK librarianship in its evolution from occupation through semi‐profession to full blown professional status. Examines Abbott’s ideas on the heartland of work and jurisdiction in relation to librarianship and some of the issues bearing on the profession today, such as deprofessionalization and hospitality of membership. Gives an historical overview of the first events in the passage of the Library Association along the professionalization continuum. Outlines a model of a fusion‐fission process underlying the life cycle of professional bodies.
Developing graduate sales professionals through co‐operative education and work placements: a relationship marketing approach
Authors: Ellis Nick
Published: July 2002

Examines issues within sales training and stresses the importance of work experience as part of undergraduate business degree programmes, both for those individuals wanting to develop many of the key capabilities of sales professionals and for companies seeking sales recruits. Issues of recruitment are addressed and an explanation is offered of how student placements can benefit organisations in their search for and development of sales professionals. Observations are drawn from an extensive review of selling and placement literature, and from data gathered via the author’s substantial experience as a placement manager for a large UK university’s business school. In the light of comments in the wide‐ranging evaluation of higher education in the UK conducted by Dearing, the article stresses the need for careful management of work placement programmes, and makes suggestions for improved employer and education links in order to optimise skills and knowledge development.
Developing Learning Environments: Challenges for Theory, Research and
Practice
Authors: Iles Paul
Published: July 2002

Addresses four key challenges in developing learning environments: how
to develop learning organizations, how to promote learning cultures, how
to enhance learning processes, and how to develop learning communities.
For each challenge, addresses a variety of issues for theory, research
and practice. Argues that organizational and individual learning are at
the heart of competitive strategy, and provide the only sustainable
source of competitive advantage, especially at a time of rapid
environmental change. Promoting learning environments is a key issue for
managers and organizations.
Noise parameters of HEMTs: analysis of their properties from a circuit model approach
Authors: Caddemi A. , Sannino M.
Published: July 2002

Noise parameters of high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) at microwave frequencies are a subject of active research since the knowledge of their performance is of key importance for the use of these devices for designing low‐noise amplifiers. Employs a simple noise model to derive the analytical expressions for the device noise parametersF0, Γ0andNin terms of the electrical elements associated with the basic equivalent circuit of an HEMT. Analyses such expressions to establish some fundamental relationships, as well as the expected noise performance of the device when the parasitic elements representing package effects are included.
Irreversible thermodynamics and thermal noise of non‐linear networks
Authors: Weiss Laurens , Mathis Wolfgang
Published: July 2002

The conventional treatment of thermal noise is based on Nyquist’s theorem. This theorem has only been derived for linear, reciprocal (we define “reciprocal networks” as networks that are built of reciprocal network elements) networks. In this paper a description of thermal noise in reciprocal non‐linear RLC networks is presented. This description is derived from first principles, i.e. from a direct application of non‐equilibrium thermodynamics (irreversible thermodynamics) to electrical networks. As an example, the class of “complete” non‐linear networks is considered. Using the idea of equivalentn‐ports, the theory’s extension to certain classes of transistor circuits should be possible.
Possibility‐Probability Transformation: A New Result via Information Theory of Deterministic Functions
Authors: Jumarie Guy
Published: July 2002

By combining the theory of relative information and the information of deterministic functions, one can obtain a model of possibility‐probability transformation. Relative information defines possibility in terms of syntax‐semantics coupling of natural languages, while entropy of deterministic functions refers to the maximum conditional entropy principle. These two theories use the basic concepts of Shannon information theories, and do not apply any of the new recent notions such as belief, necessity, confusion, dissonance, nonspecificity, and so on. The model appears as a direct consequence of the Shannon theory itself.
Context‐free parallel grammars and their applications to generating context‐sensitive languages
Authors: Lee Edward T.
Published: July 2002

Describes intuitively the fact that four types of formal languages can be generated by four types of grammars or can be recognized by four types of automata. Gives the relationships between context‐sensitive languages and computer programming languages. Defines and investigates parallel productions, parallel grammars, and context‐free parallel grammars. Shows that context‐sensitive languages exist which can be generated by context‐free parallel grammars. In addition, states the advantages of context‐free parallel grammars. Also shows that context‐free languages (CFL) are a proper subset of context‐free parallel languages (CFPL). Furthermore, CFPL is a more effective tool for modelling computer programming languages than CFL, especially for parallel computer programming languages, for example, the ADA programming language. Also illustrates context‐sensitive property of recognizing hand‐written characters. The results may have useful applications in artificial intelligence, model parallel computer programming languages, software engineering, expert systems and robotics.
System entropy analysis
Authors: Bailey Kenneth D.
Published: July 2002

A number of entropy models of social systems have been developed recently. Unfortunately, the complementarity of these approaches remains largely unanalysed, due to terminological and conceptual differences among them. There is an urgent need for a meta‐theoretical framework that will facilitate the analysis and comparison of all social entropy models. System entropy analysis (SEA), as presented here, is designed to fill this need. It is a second‐order, meta‐analytic tool which analyses each approach in terms of its major concepts, its basic units of analysis, its definition and measurement of entropy, and its specification of microstates and macrostates. First discusses the need for SEA, and then specifies its structure. Concludes with an application of SEA to the comparison and integration of three entropy approaches: synergetics, complexity theory and social entropy theory (SET).
Electrochemical noise measurement for evaluating anti‐corrosive paints
Authors: Mills Douglas J. , Mabbutt Steve
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this paper is to outline the electrochemical noise method as a way of evaluating quickly (screening) coatings formulations in the laboratory. The standard configuration requires two test specimens and a reference electrode. Equipment is relatively inexpensive and is computer controlled. Data analysis is quite simple but to improve accuracy some treatment of the plots may be necessary. Some previously published results for application to water‐borne coatings both intact and when scratched are reproduced here to illustrate the method. Comparison has been made with DC techniques. Application of the method to detached coatings is included.
Classifying relationship structures: relationship strength in industrial markets
Authors: Donaldson Bill , O’ Toole Tom
Published: July 2002

Although many authors examine relationships, few attempt to classify alternative structures. In this research a relationship strength construct is developed to distinguish among alternative relationship structures based on a key mediating variable set derived from an assessment of the dominant behavior process and economic content variables underlying important buyer‐seller relationships. Results using a cluster analysis procedure based on a sample of 200 industrial company respondents from the UK engineering, electronic and telecommunications sectors support the classification. This allows us to discriminate between four relationship structures in main buyer‐supplier relationships, which are labeled: bilateral, recurrent, dominant partner, and discrete. Such a classification can provide managers with a mechanism for analyzing and planning for the development of their inter‐firm relationships.
Consortial review and purchase of networked resources: the California State University experience
Authors: Dwyer Jim
Published: July 2002

The California State University System (CSU) utilizes a cooperative buying program to provide a wide range of electronic resources at the lowest negotiable prices. The System’s Electronic Access to Information Committee (EAR) surveys campus needs, identifies and reviews resources, and makes recommendations for purchase. The CSU Software and Electronic Information Resources Office arranges product demonstrations and negotiates contracts. This paper reviews the history and operations of EAR and SEIR, the Principles for the Acquisition of Electronic Information Resources, and the Criteria and Recommendations for an Initial Core Collection. The advantages, disadvantages, and future of this approach will also be considered.
Strategic marketing in a changing environment ‐ are the new UK universities in danger of being “stuck in the middle”?
Authors: Julia Bakewell Catherine , Gibson‐Sweet Monica Frances
Published: July 2002

With the recent publication of the UK Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) results, the issue of an institution’s scholarly reputation looks set to play an increasingly important role in the fortunes of many higher education institutions. While the conditions of the early 1990s benefited many of the former polytechnics, the future environment would seem less favourable. Inter alia there is the issue of the concomitant increase/decrease in research funding following the RAE. Many of the new UK universities have performed less well on the RAE which has a number of financial implications. This paper presents some exploratory work into sixth‐formers’ perceptions regarding the former polytechnics’ change in status. Although more able students are still opting for traditional universities, young people generally support the practice of a unitary system and are ignorant of the research differences. The paper concludes by presenting some ideas as to how the new universities might seek to position themselves in order to attract successive generations of students.
The in‐service training of primary school teachers in Greece: views of directors and vice directors of PEK
Authors: Saeed Muhammad
Published: July 2002

Gives a brief view of the in‐service training of primary school teachers in Greece in the historical contexts as well as the current situation. The major purpose, however, is to investigate the views of directors and vice directors of “regional in‐service training centres” (PEK) about the different aspects of in‐service training of primary school teachers. These include: the objectives and curricula of different in‐service training programmes; the methodology of teaching and practice; the assessment criteria for trainee teachers; the criteria for the selection of trainees and trainers; the provision of daily allowance for trainees and trainers; the organizational set‐up; the financing and nature, duration and management and control of different training programmes. The results showed that generally the respondents were satisfied with the existing situation. The chi‐square (w2) test demonstrated that position/rank and qualification had no significant impact on the opinions of directors and vice directors regarding most of these aspects.
On the degradation of the solder joints of underfilled flip chip packages: a case study
Authors: Qun Zhang , Xiaoming Xie , Liu Chen , Guozhong Wang , Zhaonian Cheng , Kempe Wolfgang
Published: July 2002

The lifetime of flip chip solder joints can be greatly increased by applying underfill encapsulation. This paper presents a case study where the thermal cycle lifetime was increased by more than 20 times, that is from ∼100 cycles to more than 2,000 cycles for a chip size of 5.6mm × 6.3mm. By combining electrical, acoustic and metallographic investigation, the degradation of the solder joints was monitored, some important factors relevant to solder joint reliability were analysed and discussed. Delamination was found not to be the dominant failure mode.
Numerical modelling of solder joint formation
Authors: Bailey Chris , Wheeler Daniel , Cross Mark
Published: July 2002

Solder materials are used to provide a connection between electronic components and printed circuit boards (PCBs) using either the reflow or wave soldering process. As a board assembly passes through a reflow furnace the solder (initially in the form of solder paste) melts, reflows, then solidifies, and finally deforms between the chip and board. A number of defects may occur during this process such as flux entrapment, void formation, and cracking of the joint, chip or board. These defects are a serious concern to industry, especially with trends towards increasing component miniaturisation and smaller pitch sizes. This paper presents a modelling methodology for predicting solder joint shape, solidification, and deformation (stress) during the assembly process.
Solder joint reliability of plastic ball grid array packages
Authors: Hua Zhong Chong , Yi Sung
Published: July 2002

Presents the results of a study of the effects of solder ball pad metallurgy, intermetallic compound (IMC) thickness and thermal cycling on the shear strengths of PBGA package solder balls. The study of the microstructures of solder balls revealed that only a very thin layer of intermetallic compound existed between solder balls and Ni or Ni alloy barrier layers immediately after ball placement and reflow. The protective Au layer was dissolved completely and a needle like AuSn4intermetallic compound was then formed and dispersed evenly in the solder balls. The overall thickness of the IMC layers was thicker than 15μm after storage at 150°C for 1,000 hours. During the shear tests failure occurred at the interface of the two IMC layers. The fracture surfaces of solder balls with electrolytic Ni and thick Au layers were smooth and brittle fracture was observed. The ball shear strength decreased dramatically with the formation of IMC layers. For the solder balls with electroless Ni and thin Au layers, only a single IMC layer was formed at the interface and its thickness was only 2.5 μm after storage at 150°C for 1,000 hours.
The hare and the tortoise of former Czechoslovakia: reform and enterprise in the Czech and Slovak Republics
Authors: Paul Dana Leo
Published: July 2002

In their quest to move toward free‐market economics, different nations have adopted contrasting strategies in implementing reforms. The Czechs and Slovaks, adjacent nations with similar natural resources, were both united for a substantial period of time. Although both shared a common experience, with centralized policies under communist rule, each retained its respective cultural values. Following the “velvet divorce” of the former Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic rushed into a market economy with entrepreneurs being agents of social change. The Czech Republic became the first former member of the Warsaw Pact to be invited to join NATO and the European Union. Slovakia, in contrast, adopted a policy of slow and gradual reform, with special assistance provided to micro‐enterprise.
German direct foreign investment in Eastern and Central Europe: relocation of German industry?
Authors: Tüselmann Heinz‐Josef
Published: July 2002

Against the background of the hotly‐debated issue of Germany’s attractiveness as a manufacturing location, the article assesses whether, and to what extent, the extraordinary growth of German direct foreign investment (DFI) into Eastern and Central Europe (ECE) can be connected to a relocation of German industry caused by unfavourable location conditions on the cost side of the German economy. Reviews the German DFI position in general, analyses the particularities of the growth patterns of German DFI into ECE, critically evaluates the perceived location advantages of the region, examines the reasons underlying the DFI decisions of German companies and the subsequent types of investments in ECE, and finally assesses their economic impact on Germany. Concludes that, although the majority of German investors transferred production capacities to ECE, these were only in the minority of cases connected to unfavourable conditions on the cost side of the German location. There are strong grounds to suggest that the net effect of all German DFI into ECE on German exports, production, domestic investment and ultimately German jobs, has been positive.
Edge inspection in automatic stitching
Authors: Crispin A.J. , Pokric B. , Rankov M. , Reedman D. , Taylor G.E.
Published: July 2002

The paper describes work relating to the laser line triangulation technique which has been used to inspect the edges of overlapping shoe components prior to the sewing operation. The laser line triangulation technique involves projecting a laser line on to a surface which can be viewed using an area camera. A surface height transition (edge) causes a discontinuity in the observed laser line. Different approaches for extracting the edge positions in the image co‐ordinate system have been investigated based on the Hough transform, the spatial histogram, polynomial regression and the discrete first derivative. These edge detection algorithms are compared in terms of speed and precision performance. Three‐dimensional scans of typical shoe component parts are presented.
A numerical study on heat transport in turbulent Couette flows in concentric annuli
Authors: Torii Shuichi , Yang Wen‐Jei
Published: July 2002

A numerical study is performed to investigate turbulent Couette flow and heat transfer characteristics in concentric annuli with a slightly heated inner cylinder moving in the flow direction. A two‐equationk‐εturbulence model is employed to determine the turbulent viscosity and the turbulent kinetic energy. The turbulent heat flux is expressed by Boussinesq approximation in which the eddy diffusivity for heat is given as functions of the temperature variancet2‐and the dissipation rate of temperature fluctuationsεt, together withkandε. The governing boundary‐layer equations are discretized by means of control volume finite‐difference technique and numerically solved using a marching procedure. It is disclosed from the study that the streamwise movement of the inner core causes substantial reductions in the turbulent kinetic energy and the temperature variance, particularly near the inner wall region, resulting in the deterioration of the Nusselt number, and that an attenuation in heat transfer performance is induced by the velocity ratio of the moving inner cylinder to the fluid flow.
Reflections on quality assessment in England: 1993‐1996
Authors: Clark Paul M.
Published: July 2002

Reflects on the quality assessment experience from 1993 to 1996. Discusses the issues raised during that period, the historical situation of higher education and the technical and organizational problems of a rigorous quality assessment programme. Concludes that the revised assess‐ment method delivers valuable information, and clarifies the process and responsibilities of assessors.
Developing a suitable business continuity planning methodology
Authors: Moh Heng Goh
Published: July 2002

Presents the methodology used by a UK‐based multinational banking group to develop its business continuity plans. Describes the stages (modules) in the methodology sequentially and shows how this modularity is a key success factor, enabling a project manager to complete a module ‐ with specific objectives, tasks and deliverables ‐ within a specific time period, facilitating effective management of the overall project.
Co‐ordination of mobile information agents in TuCSoN
Authors: Omicini Andrea , Zambonelli Franco
Published: July 2002

The increasing need to access and elaborate dynamic and heterogeneous information sources distributed over the Internet calls for new models and paradigms for application design and development. The mobile agent paradigm promotes the design of applications where agents roam through Internet sites to locally access and elaborate information and resources, possibly co‐operating with each other. Focuses on mobile agent co‐ordination, and presents the TuCSoN co‐ordination model for Internet applications based on mobile information agents. TuCSoN exploits a notion of local tuple‐based interaction space, called a tuple centre. A tuple centre is a tuple space enhanced with the capability of programming its behaviour in response to communication events. This enables properties to be embedded into the interaction space, and a mobile agent to be designed independently of the peculiarities of the information sources. Several issues critical to Internet applications can then be charged on tuple centres transparently to agents. The effectiveness of the TuCSoN model is first shown by means of an application example in the area of Internet information retrieval, then discussed in the context of workflow management and electronic commerce.
Be rational! But what does it mean?
Authors: Rutgers Mark R.
Published: July 2002

An ancient, and most influential, concept in management thought is the idea of rationality. Criticism with regard to a rational approach to management seems to focus on the importance of value issues. It is argued in this article that from a historical‐philosophical perspective values and rationality are not simply each other’s opposites, but closely related. The article sketches the conceptual development of the idea of rationality in philosophical thinking. The adopted focus is to consider the major changes in the meaning of the idea of rationality, and the kind of criticism the idea has encountered. Schematically, the article approaches the conceptual development of a current‐day comprehension of “rationality” by using four episodes: ancient thinking towards wise leadership; the Greek idea of logos; the nineteenth century modernist belief in positivism; and the twentieth century “postmodernist” debate which culminates in Habermas’ “communicative” rationality. An assessment of the meaning of rationality in management thought is undertaken by an initial appraisal of the roots of management thought prior to the emergence of rationality as an idea. This illustrates the often neglected normative basis of management thought, and stresses the importance of managerial “values”. It enables a perspective on the ancient Greek development of meaning for logos, which is the classical precursor for modern day rationality. By appraising the development of rationality as a particular conceptual type, rather than a specific philosophical idea, the non‐normative approach adopted in modernist management writings emerges as being a severely constrained concept. From a philosophical perspective, a reduction of rationality to some kind of “goal‐oriented” action is inadequate. This is because rationality and valuation have traditionally been, and remain, closely linked. As such, the three Es of goal‐rationality (economy, efficiency, and effectiveness) acquire a counterpart that refers to value‐rationality ‐ ethics.
Fast, functional prototypes via multiphase jet solidification
Authors: Greulich Michael , Greul Matthias , Pintat Theo
Published: July 2002

Rapid prototyping (RP) systems were designed to reduce the time taken to develop new products, and, today, available RP systems work with different techniques using paper, polymers and waxes. In order to fulfil the demand for the direct production of metallic prototypes for functional application and testing, the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Materials Research (IFAM) has developed a new process, named “multiphase jet solidification (MJS)”, which is able to produce metallic or ceramic parts. The MJS process uses low‐melting alloys or a powder‐binder mixture which is squeezed out through a computer‐controlled nozzle. Parts are manufactured layer by layer and the “green parts” are debinded and sintered to reach final density. Presents experiences of using this new technique, along with some results.
Substrate integrated packaging for RF‐applications
Authors: Richter H. , Ferling D. , Buchali F. , Heck W.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, Substrate Integrated Packaging (SIP) based on thin film multilayer technology is presented. Coplanar waveguide feedthroughs calculated with 3D‐Finite Differential Methods were manufactured using a ceramic or silicon carrier, gold conductors and polyimide as dielectric. The substrate integrated packages were realized with metallic frames and lids mounted on the thin film circuitry. S‐parameter measurements show the superior quality of the feedthroughs. To verify the new packaging concept, a 10GHz and a 58GHz amplifier module were realized. From these modules the potential of the SIP‐technology is demonstrated.
Advances in microwave MCM‐D technology
Authors: Pieters Philip , De Raedt Walter , Beyne Eric
Published: July 2002

The thin film multilayer multichip module technology (MCM‐D) was originally used for the interconnection of high speed digital circuits in a single module. Nowadays, the technology is more and more evolving towards use in the interconnection of RF and microwave circuits with integrated passive components. This paper gives an overview of this evolution towards microwave MCM‐D technology and the recent advances with respect to the integration of high quality passive components. With a discussion on the flip chip mounting of active devices, the link towards fully integrated high frequency front‐end systems is pointed out.
Conformational analysis of putative regulatory subunit D of the toluene/o‐xylene‐monooxygenase complex from Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1
Authors: Scognamiglio Roberta , Notomista Eugenio , Barbieri Paola , Pucci Piero , Piaz Fabrizio Dal , Tramontano Anna , Di Donato Alberto
Published: July 2002

A gene cluster isolated from Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1 genomic DNA and containing six ORFs codes for toluene/o‐xylene‐monooxygenase. The putative regulatory D subunit was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Its protein sequence was verified by mass spectrometry mapping and found to be identical to the sequence predicted on the basis of the DNA sequence. The surface topology of subunit D in solution was probed by limited proteolysis carried out under strictly controlled conditions using several proteases as proteolytic probes. The same experiments were carried out on the homologous P2 component of the multicomponent phenol hydroxylase from Pseudomonas putida CF600. The proteolytic fragments released from both proteins in their native state were analyzed by electrospray mass spectrometry, and the preferential cleavage sites were assessed.

The results indicated that despite the relatively high similarity between the sequences of the two proteins, some differences in the distribution of preferential proteolytic cleavages were detected, and a much higher conformational flexibility of subunit D was inferred. Moreover, automatic modeling of subunit D was attempted, based on the known three‐dimensional structure of P2. Our results indicate that, at least in this case, standard modeling procedures based on automatic alignment on the structure of P2 fail to produce a model consistent with limited proteolysis experimental data. Thus, it is our opinion that reliable techniques such as limited proteolysis can be employed to test three‐dimensional models and highlight problems in automatic model building.
Extending the capabilities of targeted molecular dynamics: Simulation of a large conformational transition in plasminogen activator inhibitor 1
Authors: Krüger Peter , Verheyden Stefan , Declerck Paul J. , Engelborghs Yves
Published: July 2002

Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI‐1) is an inhibitor of plasminogen activators such as tissue‐type plasminogen activator or urokinase‐type plasminogen activator. For this molecule, different conformations are known. The inhibiting form that interacts with the proteinases is called the active form. The noninhibitory, noncleavable form is called the latent form. X‐ray and modeling studies have revealed a large change in position of the reactive center loop (RCL), responsible for the interaction with the proteinases, that is inserted into a β‐sheet (s4A) in the latent form. The mechanism underlying this spontaneous conformational change (half‐life = 2 h at 37°C) is not known in detail. This investigation attempts to predict a transition path from the active to the latent structure at the atomic level, by using simulation techniques. Together with targeted molecular dynamics (TMD), a plausible assumption on a rigid body movement of the RCL was applied to define an initial guess for an intermediate. Different pathways were simulated, from the active to the intermediate, from the intermediate to the latent structure and vice versa under different conditions. Equilibrium simulations at different steps of the path also were performed. The results show that a continuous pathway from the active to the latent structure can be modeled. This study also shows that this approach may be applied in general to model large conformational changes in any kind of protein for which the initial and final three‐dimensional structure is known.