bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-Li/Al Dissimilar Joints via Dynamic Support Friction Stir Lap Welding
Authors: Gao Yisong , Zuo Yingying , Liu Huijie , Li Dongrui , Li Xuanmo
Published: June 2024

In this study, two-mm-thick dual-phase LA103Z Mg-Li and 6061 Al alloys, known for their application in lightweight structural designs, were joined using dynamic support friction stir lap welding (DSFSLW). The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of dissimilar joints were investigated at different welding speeds. The analysis revealed two distinct interfaces: the diffusion interface and the mixed interface. The diffusion interface, characterized by a pronounced diffusion zone, is formed under slower welding speeds. The diffusion zone height, the effective lap width, and the interface layer thickness decrease with increasing welding speed due to low plastic deformation capacity and weak interfacial reactions. Conversely, the mixed interface, associated with higher welding speeds, contained large Al fragments. The extremely high microhardness values (130.5 HV) can be ascribed to the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and strain-hardened Al fragments. Notably, the maximum shear strength achieved was 175 N/mm at a welding speed of 20 mm/min. The fracture behavior varied significantly with the interface type; the diffusion interface showed enhanced mechanical strength due to better intermetallic reactions and interlocking structures, while the mixed interface displayed more linear crack propagation due to weaker IMCs and the absence of hook structures. Fracture surface analysis indicates that fractures are more likely to propagate through the Al matrix and interface layers.
Kinetic Study of Anaerobic Adhesive Curing on Copper and Iron Base Substrates
Authors: Abenojar Juana , López de Armentia Sara , del Real Juan Carlos , Martínez Miguel Angel
Published: June 2024

Anaerobic adhesives (AAs) cure at room temperature in oxygen-deprived spaces between metal substrates. The curing process is significantly influenced by the type of metal ions present. This study investigates the curing kinetics of a high-strength AA on iron and copper substrates using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The activation energy and kinetic parameters were determined with different empiric models, revealing that curing on copper is faster and more complete compared to iron. The findings suggest that copper ions lower the activation energy required for curing, enhancing the adhesive’s performance. This research addresses the gap in understanding how metal ions affect AA curing kinetics, offering valuable insights for optimizing adhesive formulations for industrial applications.
On Defect Evolution in EBM Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V via In Situ Investigations
Authors: Sun Wei , Li Ming , Li Hezong
Published: June 2024

This study concerned the in situ investigation of the defect evolution and fracture mechanism of additively manufactured (AM) Ti-6Al-4V under uniaxial tensile tests. In order to achieve this, microstructure characterization was initially carried out in order to identify the defects within the matrix of the candidate material. In situ testing was then performed, focusing on the spherical defect to observe its evolution under tensile loading. It was found that, before the fracture stage, the geometric evolution of the spherical defect towards an ellipse shape was dominated by the load in the tensile direction. In addition, the slip band density was found to be aggravated near the spherical defect due to the geometric discontinuity-induced stress concentration. During the fracture process, the defect geometry evolved as an irregular shape, which was mainly attributed to the micro-void-induced localized multi-axial stress state. The fracture analysis indicated that defects play a key role in crack initiation, leading to the fracture of LPBF materials.
Production of Composite Zinc Oxide–Polylactic Acid Radiopaque Filaments for Fused Deposition Modeling: First Stage of a Feasibility Study
Authors: Cherubini Francesca , Riberti Nicole , Schiavone Anna Maria , Davì Fabrizio , Furlani Michele , Giuliani Alessandra , Barucca Gianni , Cassani Maria Cristina , Rinaldi Daniele , Montalto Luigi
Published: June 2024

Three-dimensional printing technologies are becoming increasingly attractive for their versatility; the geometrical customizability and manageability of the final product properties are the key points. This work aims to assess the feasibility of producing radiopaque filaments for fused deposition modeling (FDM), a 3D printing technology, starting with zinc oxide (ZnO) and polylactic acid (PLA) as the raw materials. Indeed, ZnO and PLA are promising materials due to their non-toxic and biocompatible nature. Pellets of PLA and ZnO in the form of nanoparticles were mixed together using ethanol; this homogenous mixture was processed by a commercial extruder, optimizing the process parameters for obtaining mechanically stable samples. Scanning electron microscopy analyses were used to assess, in the extruded samples, the homogenous distribution of the ZnO in the PLA matrix. Moreover, X-ray microtomography revealed a certain homogenous radiopacity; this imaging technique also confirmed the correct distribution of the ZnO in the PLA matrix. Thus, our tests showed that mechanically stable radiopaque filaments, ready for FDM systems, were obtained by homogenously loading the PLA with a maximum ZnO content of 6.5% wt. (nominal). This study produced multiple outcomes. We demonstrated the feasibility of producing radiopaque filaments for additive manufacturing using safe materials. Moreover, each phase of the process is cost-effective and green-oriented; in fact, the homogenous mixture of PLA and ZnO requires only a small amount of ethanol, which evaporates in minutes without any temperature adjustment. Finally, both the extruding and the FDM technologies are the most accessible systems for the additive manufacturing commercial apparatuses.
Comparative Study of Short Circuits and Demagnetization in Delta, Star, and Hybrid Winding Connections for Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Machines
Authors: Chen Junyi , Du Yidong , Zhan Haolan , Zhou Kai , Sun Yuan
Published: June 2024

This article comprehensively compares the short circuits and irreversible demagnetization in star, delta, and hybrid winding connections for surface-mounted permanent magnet (SPM) machines, including the three-phase short circuit (3PSC) and two-phase short circuit (2PSC). The analytical and finite element (FE) methods are adopted. It is found that when 3PSC or 2PSC happens, the peak current is the largest in the hybrid connection, which further results in the severest demagnetization. In addition, the delta connection always results in a larger 2PSC peak current than the star connection. Under relatively low permanent magnet (PM) temperature, the delta connection leads to more severe demagnetization than the star connection. However, when PM temperature increases, the opposite condition can occur. As for 3PSC, whether the peak current of the delta connection exceeds that of the star connection is determined by the phase of the third back-EMF harmonic. The delta connection shows higher 3PSC peak current when the third harmonic is in phase with the fundamental back EMF, and conversely, the star connection shows higher peak current. The comparison of demagnetization also heavily depends on PM temperature. Finally, the experiments are conducted to verify the theoretical analysis.
Cytotoxic Pentaketide-Sesquiterpenes from the Marine-Derived Fungus Talaromyces variabilis M22734
Authors: Tang Lingzhi , Xia Jinmei , Chen Zhongwei , Wu Xiaohui , Li Guangyu , Lai Qiliang , Shao Zongze , Wang Weiyi , Hong Xuan
Published: June 2024

Talaromyces, a filamentous fungus widely distributed across terrestrial and marine environments, can produce a diverse array of natural products, including alkaloids, polyketones, and polyketide-terpenoids. Among these, chrodrimanins represented a typical class of natural products. In this study, we isolated three previously undescribed pentaketide-sesquiterpenes, 8,9-epi-chrodrimanins (1–3), along with eight known compounds (4–11). The structures of compounds 1–3 were elucidated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS), while their absolute configurations were determined through X-ray crystallography and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) computations. The biosynthetic pathways of compounds 1–3 initiate with 6-hydroxymellein and involve multiple stages of isoprenylation, cyclization, oxidation, and acetylation. We selected four strains of gastrointestinal cancer cells for activity evaluation. We found that compound 3 selectively inhibited MKN-45, whereas compounds 1 and 2 exhibited no significant inhibitory activity against the four cell lines. These findings suggested that 8,9-epi-chrodrimanins could serve as scaffold compounds for further structural modifications, potentially leading to the development of targeted therapies for gastric cancer.
Characterization and Biosynthetic Regulation of Isoflavone Genistein in Deep-Sea Actinomycetes Microbacterium sp. B1075
Authors: Li Xin , Cui Yukun , Wu Weichao , Zhang Zhizhen , Fang Jiasong , Yu Xi , Cao Junwei
Published: June 2024

Deep-sea environments, as relatively unexplored extremes within the Earth’s biosphere, exhibit notable distinctions from terrestrial habitats. To thrive in these extreme conditions, deep-sea actinomycetes have evolved unique biochemical metabolisms and physiological capabilities to ensure their survival in this niche. In this study, five actinomycetes strains were isolated and identified from the Mariana Trench via the culture-dependent method and 16S rRNA sequencing approach. The antimicrobial activity of Microbacterium sp. B1075 was found to be the most potent, and therefore, it was selected as the target strain. Molecular networking analysis via the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) platform identified 25 flavonoid compounds as flavonoid secondary metabolites. Among these, genistein was purified and identified as a bioactive compound with significant antibacterial activity. The complete synthesis pathway for genistein was proposed within strain B1075 based on whole-genome sequencing data, with the key gene being CHS (encoding chalcone synthase). The expression of the gene CHS was significantly regulated by high hydrostatic pressure, with a consequent impact on the production of flavonoid compounds in strain B1075, revealing the relationship between actinomycetes’ synthesis of flavonoid-like secondary metabolites and their adaptation to high-pressure environments at the molecular level. These results not only expand our understanding of deep-sea microorganisms but also hold promise for providing valuable insights into the development of novel pharmaceuticals in the field of biopharmaceuticals.
Insights into the Gut Microbiome of the South American Leaf-Toed Gecko (Phylodactylus gerropygus) Inhabiting the Core of the Atacama Desert
Authors: Rivera Daniela S. , Beltrán Valentina , Gutiérrez-Cortés Ignacio , Vargas Constanza , Alfaro Fernando D.
Published: June 2024

Living in arid environments presents unique challenges to organisms, including limited food and water, extreme temperatures, and UV exposure. Reptiles, such as the South American leaf-toed gecko (Phyllodactylus gerrhopygus), have evolved remarkable adaptations to thrive in such harsh conditions. The gut microbiome plays a critical role in host adaptation and health, yet its composition remains poorly characterized in desert reptiles. This study aimed to characterize the composition and abundance of the gut microbiome in P. gerrhopygus inhabiting the hyperarid Atacama Desert, taking into account potential sex differences. Fecal samples from adult female and male geckos were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. No significant differences in bacterial alpha diversity were observed between the sexes. However, the phylum Bacteroidota was more abundant in females, while males had a higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio. The core microbiome was dominated by the phyla Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria in both sexes. Analysis of bacterial composition revealed 481 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) shared by female and male geckos. In addition, 108 unique ASVs were exclusive to females, while 244 ASVs were unique to males. Although the overall bacterial composition did not differ significantly between the sexes, certain taxa exhibited higher relative abundances in each sex group. This study provides insight into the taxonomic structure of the gut microbiome in a desert-adapted reptile and highlights potential sex-specific differences. Understanding these microbial communities is critical for elucidating the mechanisms underlying host resilience in Earth’s most arid environments, and for informing conservation efforts in the face of ongoing climate change.
Dual Gene Detection of H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Based on Dual RT-RPA
Authors: Wang Qian , Wu Shiwen , Shuai Jiangbing , Li Ye , Fu Xianshu , Zhang Mingzhou , Yu Xiaoping , Ye Zihong , Ma Biao
Published: June 2024

The H5N1 avian influenza virus seriously affects the health of poultry and humans. Once infected, the mortality rate is very high. Therefore, accurate and timely detection of the H5N1 avian influenza virus is beneficial for controlling its spread. This article establishes a dual gene detection method based on dual RPA for simultaneously detecting the HA and M2 genes of H5N1 avian influenza virus, for the detection of H5N1 avian influenza virus. Design specific primers for the conserved regions of the HA and M2 genes. The sensitivity of the dual RT-RPA detection method for HA and M2 genes is 1 × 10−7 ng/μL. The optimal primer ratio is 1:1, the optimal reaction temperature is 40 °C, and the optimal reaction time is 20 min. Dual RT-RPA was used to detect 72 samples, and compared with RT-qPCR detection, the Kappa value was 1 (p value < 0.05), and the clinical sample detection sensitivity and specificity were both 100%. The dual RT-RPA method is used for the first time to simultaneously detect two genes of the H5N1 avian influenza virus. As an accurate and convenient diagnostic tool, it can be used to diagnose the H5N1 avian influenza virus.
Supramolecular Materials as Solid-Phase Microextraction Coatings in Environmental Analysis
Authors: Riboni Nicolò , Ribezzi Erika , Bianchi Federica , Careri Maria
Published: June 2024

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been widely proposed for the extraction, clean-up, and preconcentration of analytes of environmental concern. Enrichment capabilities, preconcentration efficiency, sample throughput, and selectivity in extracting target compounds greatly depend on the materials used as SPME coatings. Supramolecular materials have emerged as promising porous coatings to be used for the extraction of target compounds due to their unique selectivity, three-dimensional framework, flexible design, and possibility to promote the interaction between the analytes and the coating by means of multiple oriented functional groups. The present review will cover the state of the art of the last 5 years related to SPME coatings based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and supramolecular macrocycles used for environmental applications.
Asymmetrical Diketopyrrolopyrrole Derivatives with Improved Solubility and Balanced Charge Transport Properties
Authors: Carella Antonio , Landi Alessandro , Bonomo Matteo , Chiarella Fabio , Centore Roberto , Peluso Andrea , Nejrotti Stefano , Barra Mario
Published: June 2024

The diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) unit represents one of the building blocks more widely employed in the field of organic electronics; in most of the reported DPP-based small molecules, this unit represents the electron acceptor core symmetrically coupled to donor moieties, and the solubility is guaranteed by functionalizing lactamic nitrogens with long and branched alkyl tails. In this paper, we explored the possibility of modulating the solubility by realizing asymmetric DPP derivatives, where the molecular structure is extended in just one direction. Four novel derivatives have been prepared, characterized by a common dithyenil-DPP fragment and functionalized on one side by a thiophene unit linked to different auxiliary electron acceptor groups. As compared to previously reported symmetric analogs, the novel dyes showed an increased solubility in chloroform and proved to be soluble in THF as well. The novel dyes underwent a thorough optical and electrochemical characterization. Electronic properties were studied at the DFT levels. All the dyes were used as active layers in organic field effect transistors, showing balanced charge transport properties.
Field-Induced Slow Magnetic Relaxation in Mononuclear Cobalt(II) Complexes Decorated by Macrocyclic Pentaaza Ligands
Authors: Zeng Mengmeng , Ruan Zeyu , Wu Siguo , Tong Mingliang
Published: June 2024

Two cobalt(II) complexes [CoL1](OTf)2 (1, L1 = 6,6′′-di(anilino)-4′-phenyl-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine) and [CoL2](OTf)2·MeOH (2, L2 = 6,6′′-di(N,N-dimethylamino)-4′-phenyl-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine) were synthesized and characterized. Crystal structure analyses showed that the spin carries were coordinated by five N atoms from the neutral pentaaza ligands, forming distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination environments. Ab initio calculations revealed large easy-axial anisotropy in complexes 1 and 2. Magnetic measurements suggest that complexes 1 and 2 are field-induced single-molecule magnets, whose relaxations are mainly predominated by Raman and direct processes.
Role of Tau Protein in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Development of Its Targeted Drugs: A Literature Review
Authors: Yang Jiakai , Zhi Weijia , Wang Lifeng
Published: June 2024

Tau protein is a microtubule-associated protein that is widely distributed in the central nervous system and maintains and regulates neuronal morphology and function. Tau protein aggregates abnormally and forms neurofibrillary tangles in neurodegenerative diseases, disrupting the structure and function of neurons and leading to neuronal death, which triggers the initiation and progression of neurological disorders. The aggregation of tau protein in neurodegenerative diseases is associated with post-translational modifications, which may affect the hydrophilicity, spatial conformation, and stability of tau protein, promoting tau protein aggregation and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Therefore, studying the role of tau protein in neurodegenerative diseases and the mechanism of aberrant aggregation is important for understanding the mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases and finding therapeutic approaches. This review describes the possible mechanisms by which tau protein promotes neurodegenerative diseases, the post-translational modifications of tau protein and associated influencing factors, and the current status of drug discovery and development related to tau protein, which may contribute to the development of new therapeutic approaches to alleviate or treat neurodegenerative diseases.
Promising Molecular Architectures for Two-Photon Probes in the Diagnosis of α-Synuclein Aggregates
Authors: Porcu Stefania , Corpino Riccardo , Carbonaro Carlo Maria , Ricci Pier Carlo , Vargiu Attilio Vittorio , Sanna Anna Laura , Sforazzini Giuseppe , Chiriu Daniele
Published: June 2024

The abnormal deposition of protein in the brain is the central factor in neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). These detrimental aggregates, stemming from the misfolding and subsequent irregular aggregation of α-synuclein protein, are primarily accountable for conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and dementia. Two-photon-excited (TPE) probes are a promising tool for the early-stage diagnosis of these pathologies as they provide accurate spatial resolution, minimal intrusion, and the ability for prolonged observation. To identify compounds with the potential to function as diagnostic probes using two-photon techniques, we explore three distinct categories of compounds: Hydroxyl azobenzene (AZO-OH); Dicyano-vinyl bithiophene (DCVBT); and Tetra-amino phthalocyanine (PcZnNH2). The molecules were structurally and optically characterized using a multi-technique approach via UV-vis absorption, Raman spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence mapping (PLE), time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL), and pump and probe measurements. Furthermore, quantum chemical and molecular docking calculations were performed to provide insights into the photophysical properties of the compounds as well as to assess their affinity with the α-synuclein protein. This innovative approach seeks to enhance the accuracy of in vivo probing, contributing to early Parkinson’s disease (PD) detection and ultimately allowing for targeted intervention strategies.
From Stem to Spectrum: Phytochemical Characterization of Five Equisetum Species and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Potential
Authors: Nosrati Gazafroudi Khadijeh , Mailänder Lilo K. , Daniels Rolf , Kammerer Dietmar R. , Stintzing Florian C.
Published: June 2024

The Equisetaceae family, commonly known as horsetails, has been of scientific interest for decades due to its status as one of the most ancient extant vascular plant families. Notably, the corresponding species have found their place in traditional medicine, offering a wide array of applications. This study presents a comprehensive phytochemical analysis of polar secondary metabolites within the sterile stems of five distinct Equisetum species using HPLC–DAD-ESI-MSn. For this purpose, fresh plant material was extracted with acetone/water, and the resulting crude extracts were fractionated using dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol, respectively. The results reveal a complex array of compounds, including hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, flavonoids, and other phenolic compounds. In addition, total phenolic contents (Folin–Ciocalteu assay) and antioxidant activities (DPPH assay) of the plant extracts were evaluated using spectrophotometric methods. The present comparative analysis across the five species highlights both shared and species-specific metabolites, providing valuable insights into their chemical diversity and potential pharmacological properties.
Development of an UV−Resistant Multilayer Film with Enhanced Compatibility between Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Polylactic Acid via Incorporation of Tannin and Ferric Chloride
Authors: Xiao Jian , Liu Tingting , Chu Qiulu , Yu Chaoguang , Yin Yunlong , Xuan Lei , Wu Shufang
Published: June 2024

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polylactic acid (PLA) are recognized for their environmental friendliness. By merging them into a composite film, packaging solutions can be designed with good performance. Nonetheless, the inherent interface disparity between CMC and PLA poses a challenge, and there may be layer separation issues. This study introduces a straightforward approach to mitigate this challenge by incorporating tannin acid and ferric chloride in the fabrication of the CMC−PLA. The interlayer compatibility was improved by the in situ formation of a cohesive interface. The resulting CMC/TA−PLA/Fe multilayer film, devoid of any layer separation, exhibits exceptional mechanical strength, with a tensile strength exceeding 70 MPa, a high contact angle of 105°, and superior thermal stability. Furthermore, the CMC/TA−PLA/Fe film demonstrates remarkable efficacy in blocking ultraviolet light, effectively minimizing the discoloration of various wood surfaces exposed to UV aging.
Overview of Functionalized Porous Materials for Rare-Earth Element Separation and Recovery
Authors: Peng Yong , Zhu Pingxin , Zou Yin , Gao Qingyi , Xiong Shaohui , Liang Binjun , Xiao Bin
Published: June 2024

The exceptional photoelectromagnetic characteristics of rare-earth elements contribute significantly to their indispensable position in the high-tech industry. The exponential expansion of the demand for high-purity rare earth and related compounds can be attributed to the swift advancement of contemporary technology. Nevertheless, rare-earth elements are finite and limited resources, and their excessive mining unavoidably results in resource depletion and environmental degradation. Hence, it is crucial to establish a highly effective approach for the extraction and reclamation of rare-earth elements. Adsorption is regarded as a promising technique for the recovery of rare-earth elements owing to its simplicity, environmentally friendly nature, and cost-effectiveness. The efficacy of adsorption is contingent upon the performance characteristics of the adsorbent material. Presently, there is a prevalent utilization of porous adsorbent materials with substantial specific surface areas and plentiful surface functional groups in the realm of selectively separating and recovering rare-earth elements. This paper presents a thorough examination of porous inorganic carbon materials, porous inorganic silicon materials, porous organic polymers, and metal–organic framework materials. The adsorption performance and processes for rare-earth elements are the focal points of discussion about these materials. Furthermore, this work investigates the potential applications of porous materials in the domain of the adsorption of rare-earth elements.
Sepiolite-Supported Manganese Oxide as an Efficient Catalyst for Formaldehyde Oxidation: Performance and Mechanism
Authors: Li Dongdong , Liu Hongyan , He Xiaobao , Yao Yujie , Liu Haoming , Chen Jun , Deng Bin , Lan Xiaobing
Published: June 2024

The current study involved the preparation of a number of MnOx/Sep catalysts using the impregnation (MnOx/Sep-I), hydrothermal (MnOx/Sep-H), and precipitation (MnOx/Sep-P) methods. The MnOx/Sep catalysts that were produced were examined for their ability to catalytically oxidize formaldehyde (HCHO). Through the use of several technologies, including N2 adsorption–desorption, XRD, FTIR, TEM, H2-TPR, O2-TPD, CO2-TPD, and XPS, the function of MnOx in HCHO elimination was examined. The MnOx/Sep-H combination was shown to have superior catalytic activities, outstanding cycle stability, and long-term activity. It was also able to perform complete HCHO conversion at 85 °C with a high GHSV of 6000 mL/(g·h) and 50% humidity. Large specific surface area and pore size, a widely dispersed active component, a high percentage of Mn3+ species, and lattice oxygen concentration all suggested a potential reaction route for HCHO oxidation. This research produced a low-cost, highly effective catalyst for HCHO purification in indoor or industrial air environments.
Optical Absorption in Tilted Geometries as an Indirect Measurement of Longitudinal Plasma Waves in Layered Cuprates
Authors: Sellati Niccolò , Fiore Jacopo , Castellani Claudio , Benfatto Lara
Published: June 2024

Electromagnetic waves propagating in a layered superconductor with arbitrary momentum, with respect to the main crystallographic directions, exhibit an unavoidable mixing between longitudinal and transverse degrees of freedom. Here we show that this basic physical mechanism explains the emergence of a well-defined absorption peak in the in-plane optical conductivity when light propagates at small tilting angles relative to the stacking direction in layered cuprates. More specifically, we show that this peak, often interpreted as a spurious leakage of the c-axis Josephson plasmon, is instead a signature of the true longitudinal plasma mode occurring at larger momenta. By combining a classical approach based on Maxwell’s equations with a full quantum derivation of the plasma modes based on modeling the superconducting phase degrees of freedom, we provide an analytical expression for the absorption peak as a function of the tilting angle and light polarization. We suggest that an all-optical measurement in tilted geometry can be used as an alternative way to access plasma-wave dispersion, usually measured by means of large-momenta scattering techniques like resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) or electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS).
Evolution of the Surface Wettability of Vertically Oriented Multilayer Graphene Sheets Deposited by Plasma Technology
Authors: Paul Domen , Zaplotnik Rok , Primc Gregor , Vesel Alenka , Mozetič Miran
Published: June 2024

Carbon deposits consisting of vertically oriented multilayer graphene sheets on metallic foils represent an interesting alternative to activated carbon in electrical and electrochemical devices such as super-capacitors because of the superior electrical conductivity of graphene and huge surface–mass ratio. The graphene sheets were deposited on cobalt foils by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition using propane as the carbon precursor. Plasma was sustained by an inductively coupled radiofrequency discharge in the H mode at a power of 500 W and a propane pressure of 17 Pa. The precursor effectively dissociated in plasma conditions and enabled the growth of porous films consisting of multilayer graphene sheets. The deposition rate varied with time and peaked at 100 nm/s. The evolution of surface wettability was determined by the sessile drop method. The untreated substrates were moderately hydrophobic at a water contact angle of about 110°. The contact angle dropped to about 50° after plasma treatment for less than a second and increased monotonously thereafter. The maximal contact angle of 130° appeared at a treatment time of about 30 s. Thereafter, it slowly decreased, with a prolonged deposition time. The evolution of the wettability was explained by surface composition and morphology. A brief treatment with oxygen plasma enabled a super-hydrophilic surface finish of the films consisting of multilayer graphene sheets.
Corrosion Behavior of 20G and TP347H in Molten LiCl-NaCl-KCl Salt
Authors: Xie Shijing , Lei Min , Sun Jiawei , Yang Chongdou , Liu Wenbo , Yun Di , Zhao Xiqiang , Qiu Jie
Published: June 2024

The corrosion behavior of 20G and TP347H materials was investigated in molten LiCl-NaCl-KCl salt. The corrosion rates of these materials in molten chloride salt are high and are strongly affected by the alloying surface oxide formation. The 20G shows uniform surface corrosion with almost no protective oxide formation on the surface. In contrast, the austenitic steel TP347H exhibits better corrosion resistance in molten chloride salts due to its high Cr content. Owing to the highly corrosive nature of molten chloride salts, the Cl− in molten salt could react with oxides and alloy, inducing intergranular corrosion of austenitic steel in molten chloride salt environments.
Low Prognostic Nutritional Index Predicts In-Hospital Complications and Case Fatality in Patients with Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Jhang Shang-Wun , Liu Yen-Tze , Kor Chew-Teng , Wu Yi-Ping , Lai Cheng-Hung
Published: June 2024

Background: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with high case fatality and significant healthcare costs. Recent studies emphasize the critical role of nutritional status in affecting outcomes in neurological disorders. This study investigates the relationship between the Prognostic Nutrition Index (PNI) and in-hospital complications and case fatality among patients with ICH. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed using data from the Changhua Christian Hospital Clinical Research Database between January 2015 and December 2022. Patients under 20 or over 100 years of age or with incomplete medical data were excluded. We utilized restricted cubic spline models, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, and ROC analysis to assess the association between PNI and clinical outcomes. Propensity score matching analysis was performed to balance these clinical variables between groups. Results: In this study, 2402 patients with spontaneous ICH were assessed using the median PNI value of 42.77. The cohort was evenly divided between low and high PNI groups, predominantly male (59.1%), with an average age of 64 years. Patients with lower PNI scores at admission had higher in-hospital complications and increased 28- and 90-day case fatality rates. Conclusions: Our study suggests that PNI could serve as a valuable marker for predicting medical complications and case fatality in patients with spontaneous ICH.
Trends in Nutrition-Related Risk Factors Identified Post-Operatively in Patients Treated for a Lower-Extremity Injury
Authors: Podvin Caroline , Morrison Taylor , Dabis Jessica , McGinley James J. , Ellis Henry B. , Wilson Philip L. , Ulman Sophia
Published: June 2024

This study investigated trends within a custom Sports Nutrition Assessment for Consultation (SNAC) survey designed to identify nutrition-related risk factors among post-operative lower-extremity youth athletes. Athletes aged 8–18 years who completed the SNAC at a sports medicine institution after lower-extremity surgery were reviewed for associations between SNAC questions and age/sex differences. Of 477 patients (15.0 ± 2.0 years; 47.8% female), 319 (66.9%) answered ‘yes’ to at least one question and were identified for a consult, though 216 (64.3%) declined. The most frequent questions to prompt a consult were a desire to better understand nutrition for recovery (41.5%) and regularly skipping at least one meal a day (29.8%). Inter-question responses were often significantly related, especially regarding appetite changes, weight changes, and/or meal-skipping. While consult acceptance was not significantly different between sex/age, males were more likely to report a desire to better understand nutrition (p = 0.004) and a weight change (p = 0.019), and females were more likely to report struggling with dizziness/fatigue (p < 0.001). Additionally, older athletes reported an appetite change (p = 0.022), meal-skipping (p = 0.002), a desire to better understand nutrition (p < 0.001), a weight change (p < 0.001), and an effort/recommendation to change their body composition/weight (p = 0.005). These findings demonstrate a link between risky nutrition behaviors and physical detriments.
Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking, the Active Components, Targets, and Mechanisms of Flemingia philippinensis in Improving Inflammation Were Excavated
Authors: Zhang Dongying , Zhou Qixing , Zhang Zhen , Yang Xiangxuan , Man Jiaxu , Wang Dongxue , Li Xiaoyong
Published: June 2024

Flemingia philippinensis, a polyphenol-rich plant, holds potential for improving inflammation, but its mechanisms are not well understood. Therefore, this study employed network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the mechanism by which Flemingia philippinensis ameliorates inflammation. In this study, 29 kinds of active ingredients were obtained via data mining. Five main active components were screened out for improving inflammation, which were flemichin D, naringenin, chrysophanol, genistein and orobol. In total, 52 core targets were identified, including AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2), serum albumin (ALB), and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1). Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis identified 2331 entries related to biological processes, 98 entries associated with cellular components, and 203 entries linked to molecular functions. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis yielded 149 pathways, including those involved in EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, endocrine resistance, and the PI3K–Akt signaling pathway. Molecular docking results showed strong binding effects between the main active components and the core targets, with binding energies less than −5 kcal/mol. In summary, this study preliminarily elucidated the underlying mechanisms by which Flemingia philippinensis, through a multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway approach, ameliorates inflammation. This provides a theoretical foundation for the subsequent application of Flemingia philippinensis in inflammation amelioration.
Prevalence and Control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Tourist Facilities across the Canary Islands, Spain
Authors: Doménech-Sánchez Antonio , Laso Elena , Albertí Sebastián
Published: June 2024

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen associated with recreational water facilities and poses risks to public health. However, data on the prevalence of P. aeruginosa in tourist destinations like the Canary Islands, Spain, remain limited. We assessed P. aeruginosa prevalence in 23 tourist facilities from 2016 to 2019. Compliance with water quality standards was evaluated, and 3962 samples were collected and analyzed. We examined different types of recreational water installations, including outer swimming pools, whirlpools, and cold wells. Of the sampled facilities, 31.2% did not comply with the current legislation’s parametric values, mainly due to inadequate disinfectant levels, water temperature, and P. aeruginosa presence. The prevalence of P. aeruginosa was 4.8%, comparable to some European countries but lower than others. Cold wells displayed the highest non-compliance rate (89.2%) and yet exhibited a lower P. aeruginosa prevalence (1.9%) than outer swimming pools and whirlpools. Children’s presence did not significantly impact P. aeruginosa contamination. Chlorine-based disinfectants are more effective than bromine-based ones in controlling P. aeruginosa. Regional variability in contamination was observed, with Fuerteventura showing lower colonization rates. Disinfectant levels play a critical role in P. aeruginosa control, and maintaining adequate levels is essential, particularly in bromine-treated installations. Our findings provide valuable insights into the prevalence and distribution of P. aeruginosa in recreational waters within tourist facilities. Tailored strategies are needed to ensure water safety in different Spanish regions. Continued monitoring and assessment, combined with artificial intelligence and machine learning, will enable the implementation of targeted interventions to protect the health of recreational water users.
Correction: Luo et al. Role of Recognition MicroRNAs in Hemaphysalis longicornis and Theileria orientalis Interactions. Pathogens 2024, 13, 288
Authors: Luo Jin , Tan Yangchun , Zhao Shuaiyang , Ren Qiaoyun , Guan Guiquan , Luo Jianxun , Yin Hong , Liu Guangyuan
Published: June 2024

In the original publication [...]
Comprehensive Summary of Safety Data on Nirsevimab in Infants and Children from All Pivotal Randomized Clinical Trials
Authors: Mankad Vaishali S. , Leach Amanda , Chang Yue , Wählby Hamrén Ulrika , Kiazand Alexandre , Kubiak Robert J. , Takas Therese , Villafana Tonya , Shroff Manish
Published: June 2024

Background: Nirsevimab is approved in the US for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract disease in neonates and infants during their first RSV season and in children aged ≤24 months who remain vulnerable to severe RSV disease through their second RSV season. We summarize a pre-specified analysis of nirsevimab safety data from three randomized controlled trials: Phase 2b (NCT02878330; healthy infants born ≥29 to <35 weeks’ gestational age [wGA]); Phase 3 MELODY (NCT03979313; healthy infants born ≥35 wGA); and Phase 2/3 MEDLEY (NCT03959488; infants with congenital heart disease [CHD] and/or chronic lung disease of prematurity [CLD] or born ≤35 wGA). Methods: Participants (randomized 2:1) received a single intramuscular dose of nirsevimab or comparator (placebo, Phase 2b/MELODY; 5× once-monthly palivizumab, MEDLEY) before their first RSV season (recipients < 5 kg, nirsevimab 50 mg; ≥5 kg, nirsevimab 100 mg). In MEDLEY, children with CHD/CLD continued to a second RSV season: first-season nirsevimab recipients received nirsevimab 200 mg; first-season palivizumab recipients were re-randomized 1:1 to receive nirsevimab 200 mg or 5× once-monthly palivizumab. Results: The incidence, severity, and nature of AEs were similar across treatments (nirsevimab, n = 3184; placebo, n = 1284; palivizumab, n = 304). Most AEs were mild to moderate in severity, with ≥98% unrelated to treatment. AEs of special interest occurred infrequently (<1%): no anaphylaxis or thrombocytopenia were treatment-related, and no immune complex disease was reported. Deaths (incidence < 1.0%) were all unrelated to treatment. Conclusions: A single dose per season of nirsevimab for the prevention of RSV disease had a favorable safety profile, irrespective of wGA or comorbidities.
A Novel Cryptic Virus Isolated from Galphimia spp. in Mexico
Authors: Iglesias Dianella , Stevens Kristian , Sharma Ashutosh , Diaz-Lara Alfredo
Published: June 2024

Galphimia spp. is a plant employed in traditional medicine in Mexico because of its anxiolytic and sedative effects. Viruses have been associated with different alterations in plants, although asymptomatic agents (i.e., cryptic viruses) are also known. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) allows for the detection of pathogenic and non-pathogenic viral agents in plants, including potential novel viruses. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of viral agents in two populations of Galphimia spp. by HTS. Sequencing was conducted on an Illumina NextSeq 550 platform, and a putative novel virus was identified. Two contigs showed homology to partitiviruses, and these encoded the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and coat protein. These proteins showed the highest identities with orthologs in the recently discovered Vitis cryptic virus. A phylogenetic analysis of both RNAs showed that the new virus clusters into the monophyletic genus Deltapartitivirus along with other plant-infecting viruses. The result of the HTS analysis was validated by conventional RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. A novel virus was discovered in a symptomless Galphimia spp. plant and tentatively named the Galphimia cryptic virus (GCV). This is the first virus discovered in medicinal plants in Mexico.
A Simulation Study to Reveal the Epidemiology and Aerosol Transmission Characteristics of Botrytis cinerea in Grape Greenhouses
Authors: Yuan Lifang , Jiang Hang , Li Tinggang , Liu Qibao , Jiang Xilong , Han Xing , Wei Yanfeng , Yin Xiangtian , Wang Suna
Published: June 2024

Most previously studies had considered that plant fungal disease spread widely and quickly by airborne fungi spore. However, little is known about the release dynamics, aerodynamic diameter, and pathogenicity threshold of fungi spore in air of the greenhouse environment. Grape gray mold is caused by Botrytis cinerea; the disease spreads in greenhouses by spores in the air and the spore attaches to the leaf and infects plant through the orifice. In this study, 120 μmol/L propidium monoazide (PMA) were suitable for treatment and quantitation viable spore by quantitative real-time PCR, with a limit detection of 8 spores/mL in spore suspension. In total, 93 strains of B. cinerea with high pathogenicity were isolated and identified from the air samples of grapevines greenhouses by a portable sampler. The particle size of B. cinerea aerosol ranged predominately from 0.65–3.3 μm, accounting for 71.77% of the total amount. The B. cinerea spore aerosols were infective to healthy grape plants, with the lowest concentration that could cause disease being 42 spores/m3. Botrytis cinerea spores collected form six greenhouse in Shandong Province were quantified by PMA-qPCR, with a higher concentration (1182.89 spores/m3) in May and June and a lower concentration in July and August (6.30 spores/m3). This study suggested that spore dispersal in aerosol is an important route for the epidemiology of plant fungal disease, and these data will contribute to the development of new strategies for the effective alleviation and control of plant diseases.
Fertilizer Effects on the Nitrogen Isotope Composition of Soil and Different Leaf Locations of Potted Camellia sinensis over a Growing Season
Authors: Guo Zuchuang , Li Chunlin , Li Xin , Shao Shengzhi , Rogers Karyne M. , Li Qingsheng , Li Da , Guo Haowei , Huang Tao , Yuan Yuwei
Published: June 2024

The nitrogen-stable isotopes of plants can be used to verify the source of fertilizers, but the fertilizer uptake patterns in tea (Camellia sinensis) plants are unclear. In this study, potted tea plants were treated with three types of organic fertilizers (OFs), urea, and a control. The tea leaves were sampled over seven months from the top, middle, and base of the plants and analyzed for the δ15N and nitrogen content, along with the corresponding soil samples. The top tea leaves treated with the rapeseed cake OF had the highest δ15N values (up to 6.6‰), followed by the chicken manure, the cow manure, the control, and the urea fertilizer (6.5‰, 4.1‰, 2.2‰, and 0.6‰, respectively). The soil treated with cow manure had the highest δ15N values (6.0‰), followed by the chicken manure, rapeseed cake, control, and urea fertilizer (4.8‰, 4.0‰, 2.5‰, and 1.9‰, respectively). The tea leaves fertilized with rapeseed cake showed only slight δ15N value changes in autumn but increased significantly in early spring and then decreased in late spring, consistent with the delivery of a slow-release fertilizer. Meanwhile, the δ15N values of the top, middle, and basal leaves from the tea plants treated with the rapeseed cake treatment were consistently higher in early spring and lower in autumn and late spring, respectively. The urea and control samples had lower tea leaf δ15N values than the rapeseed cake-treated tea and showed a generalized decrease in the tea leaf δ15N values over time. The results clarify the temporal nitrogen patterns and isotope compositions of tea leaves treated with different fertilizer types and ensure that the δ15N tea leaf values can be used to authenticate the organic fertilizer methods across different harvest periods and leaf locations. The present results based on a pot experiment require further exploration in open agricultural soils in terms of the various potential fertilizer effects on the different variations of nitrogen isotope ratios in tea plants.
The Potential of Hemp Extracts to Modify the Course of Oxidative-Stress Related Conditions
Authors: Bijelić Katarina , Srdjenović Čonić Branislava , Prpa Blagoje , Pilija Vladimir , Vukmirović Saša , Kladar Nebojša
Published: June 2024

The leaves of industrial hemp, which have long been considered as a waste product, have been proven to contain numerous compounds that possess potential biological activity. One of the most interesting groups of compounds present are polyphenolic compounds, which, due to their specific structure, have a pronounced antioxidant and antihyperglycemic potential. This study aimed to detect biological activity, including antioxidant and antihyperglycemic potential, of water and water–alcoholic extracts of five commercially available hemp teas, followed by phytochemical profiling. Hemp aqueous and ethanolic extracts demonstrate potent antioxidant properties. Ethanol extracts are better scavengers of DPPH• and OH•, while aqueous extracts neutralize NO• better. Both types of extracts exhibit antioxidant potential in the catalase test and moderate XOD inhibition. Furthermore, aqueous extracts are potent α-amylase inhibitors, while ethanolic extracts demonstrate stronger anti-α-glucosidase activity, suggesting therapeutic potential for chronic diseases like insulin resistance or diabetes. Further detailed chemical characterization and in vivo studies are needed to validate these findings.