bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mass Spectral Study of the Occurrence of Tautomeric Forms of Thiohydantoins
Authors: Allegretti Patricia E. , de las Mercedes Schiavoni M. , Guzmán Celia , Ponzinibbio Agustín , Furlong Jorge J.P.
Published: October 2007

Mass spectrometry is used to evaluate the occurrence of thio-enol structures among the several possible tautomers of thiohydantoins and dithiohydantoins. Mass spectra of differently-substituted thiohydantoins are examined looking for common mass spectral behaviors to be predicted. Ion fragmentations from specific tautomers allow the most stable thio-enol structure for both type of compounds. The mass spectrum of the alkylation product of 5,5-dimethyldithiohydantoin and the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the alkylation products of both 2-thiohydantoin and dithiohydantoin support the fact that the most likely thio-enol structure is determined by the presence of one or two thio-carbonyl groups in the hydantoin molecule.
Design and Analysis of a Foldable Mobile Shelter System
Authors: De Temmerman Ir. arch. Niels , Mollaert Marijke , Van Mele Ir. arch. Tom , De Laet Ir. arch. Lars
Published: October 2007

A concept for a mobile shelter is proposed, based on the geometry and kinematic behaviour of foldable plate structures. The folding pattern and the associated design parameters are discussed, along with their influence on the geometry and the kinematic behaviour. It is shown that the transition can be made from a foldable plate structure to a foldable bar structure, while retaining an identical kinematic behaviour. This is done by introducing custom-built joints for connecting the bars which allow the system to deploy in the desired way, maintaining the same D.O.F (degree of freedom) as the plate system. For the structure to be employable as a fully-fledged temporary space enclosure, a lightweight textile membrane is incorporated beforehand and deployed along with the bar structure.
Protein-free spliceosomal snRNAs catalyze a reaction that resembles the first step of splicing
Authors: Valadkhan Saba , Mohammadi Afshin , Wachtel Chaim , Manley James L.
Published: October 2007

Splicing of introns from mRNA precursors is a two-step reaction performed by the spliceosome, an immense cellular machine consisting of over 200 different proteins and five small RNAs (snRNAs). We previously demonstrated that fragments of two of these RNAs, U6 and U2, can catalyze by themselves a splicing-related reaction, involving one of the two substrates of the first step of splicing, the branch site substrate. Here we show that these same RNAs can catalyze a reaction between RNA sequences that resemble the 5′ splice site and the branch site, the two reactants of the first step of splicing. The reaction is dependent on the sequence of the 5′ splice site consensus sequence and the catalytically essential domains of U6, and thus it resembles the authentic splicing reaction. Our results demonstrate the ability of protein-free snRNAs to recognize the sequences involved in the first splicing step and to perform splicing-related catalysis between these two pre-mRNA-like substrates.
The 1.3 Å resolution structure of the RNA tridecamer r(GCGUUUGAAACGC): Metal ion binding correlates with base unstacking and groove contraction
Authors: Timsit Youri , Bombard Sophie
Published: October 2007

Metal ions play a key role in RNA folding and activity. Elucidating the rules that govern the binding of metal ions is therefore an essential step for better understanding the RNA functions. High-resolution data are a prerequisite for a detailed structural analysis of ion binding on RNA and, in particular, the observation of monovalent cations. Here, the high-resolution crystal structures of the tridecamer duplex r(GCGUUUGAAACGC) crystallized under different conditions provides new structural insights on ion binding on GAAA/UUU sequences that exhibit both unusual structural and functional properties in RNA. The present study extends the repertory of RNA ion binding sites in showing that the two first bases of UUU triplets constitute a specific site for sodium ions. A striking asymmetric pattern of metal ion binding in the two equivalent halves of the palindromic sequence demonstrates that sequence and its environment act together to bind metal ions. A highly ionophilic half that binds six metal ions allows, for the first time, the observation of a disodium cluster in RNA. The comparison of the equivalent halves of the duplex provides experimental evidences that ion binding correlates with structural alterations and groove contraction.
Information Technology and the Changing Fabric of Organization
Authors: Zammuto Raymond F. , Griffith Terri L. , Majchrzak Ann , Dougherty Deborah J. , Faraj Samer
Published: October 2007

Technology has been an important theme in the study of organizational form and function since the 1950s. However, organization science's interest in this relationship has declined significantly over the past 30 years, a period during which information technologies have become pervasive in organizations and brought about significant changes in them. Organizing no longer needs to take place around hierarchy and the collection, storage, and distribution of information as was the case with “command and control” bureaucracies in the past. The adoption of innovations in information technology (IT) and organizational practices since the 1990s now make it possible to organize around what can be done with information. These changes are not the result of information technologies per se, but of the combination of their features with organizational arrangements and practices that support their use. Yet concepts and theories of organizational form and function remain remarkably silent about these changes. Our analysis offers five affordances—visualizing entire work processes, real-time/flexible product and service innovation, virtual collaboration, mass collaboration, and simulation/synthetic reality—that can result from the intersection of technology and organizational features. We explore how these affordances can result in new forms of organizing. Examples from the articles in this special issue “Information Technology and Organizational Form and Function” are used to show the kinds of opportunities that are created in our understanding of organizations when the “black boxes” of technology and organization are simultaneously unpacked.
Pharmaceutical Care in Community Pharmacies: Practice and Research in Peru
Authors: Alvarez-Risco Aldo , Mil JW Foppe van
Published: October 2007

Objective:

To describe the current and possible future development of pharmaceutical care activities and research in healthcare settings in Peru.

Findings:

Pharmaceutical care has developed slowly in Peru because, until recently, clinical practice never was part of community or hospital pharmacy practice. Some activities of the Ministry of Health, schools of pharmacy, pharmacy organizations, and individual pharmacists, including changes in legislation, are now creating the opportunity to develop pharmaceutical care practice. The implementation of pharmaceutical care in different settings will follow, based on the legislation and experiences of the pharmacists involved.

Discussion:

The 2004 legislative changes in Peru In the field of drug regulation and the health system create more opportunities for pharmacists to be active in providing care to patients. To stimulate the provision of care, programs of formal training are offered by universities, but more pharmacists need to participate in these courses. As long as pharmacists are absent from their pharmacies (their presence is required by taw), little can be expected. The development of interprofessional collaboration in the Peruvian health system, currently nonexistent, is also important. To improve the performance of the pharmaceutical care system, good relationships between teachers and practitioners must be stimulated. Such links are also essential for developing research into the impact of pharmaceutical care on clinical, economic, and humanistic outcomes of patient care.

Conclusions:

The pharmaceutical care movement is growing in Peru, The legislation now supports the provision of pharmaceutical care. A number of developments must be stimulated, such as protocol development, appropriate continuing education, different kinds of networking, and remuneration procurement for care provision. When these successfully evolve, pharmaceutical care will become a professional aspect of the work of all pharmacists in Peru.
Effects of Thiazolidinediones on Bone Loss and Fracture
Authors: Murphy Catherine E , Rodgers Philip T
Published: October 2007

Objective:

To examine the evidence regarding the effects of thiazolidinediones on bone loss and fracture.

Data Sources:

Published studies assessing the effects of thiazolidinediones on bone and/or fracture risk in humans were selected for review. A MEDLINE (1950–April 2007) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–April 2007) search was performed. Search terms included thiazolidinediones, rosiglitazone, pioglltazone, troglitazone, bone, bone mineral density, fracture, and osteoporosis.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

The literature search retrieved 5 English-language studies evaluating the effects of thiazolidinediones on bone in humans. These consisted of 2 small, uncontrolled studies using troglitazone; 1 prospective, randomized controlled study and 1 retrospective cohort study using rosiglitazone; and a post hoc analysis of an observational cohort study in subjects taking various thiazolidinediones. All of the studies assessed markers of bone metabolism and/or bone mineral density (BMD). No studies were identified that addressed rate of fractures in subjects taking thiazolidinediones.

Data Synthesis:

The first troglitazone study demonstrated a decrease in levels of bone formation markers (10%; p<0.05) and resorption markers (12%; p<0.01), and authors determined that troglitazone produces a protective effect on bone through decreased bone turnover. The second troglitazone study did not demonstrate a significant change in BMD or levels of bone turnover markers. The 2 rosiglitazone studies demonstrated decreases in BMD of 1.19–1.9% with rosiglitazone use (p<0.05), The post hoc analysis with various thiazolidinediones indicated a 2.5-fold greater decrease in BMD in women reporting thiazolidinedione use.

Conclusions:

Few studies have assessed the effects of thiazolidinediones on bone in humans. Studies available suggest that treatment with thiazolidinediones, primarily rosiglitazone, contributes to bone loss. The effect appears to be most prominent in postmenopausal women. More studies are needed to better understand the effects of thiazolidinediones on bone and fracture rates.
Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis Infection
Authors: Segarra-Newnham Marisel
Published: October 2007

Objective:

To summarize current literature on the manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis infection.

Data Sources:

A search was conducted of PubMed (1970–August 2007). Search terms included Strongyloides stercoralis, hyperinfection, prevention, and treatment. Reviews, studies, and recent case reports were included. Additional references were obtained from article bibliographies.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

All studies or review articles published in English from 1970 to August 2007 and case reports of hyperinfection or disseminated disease published since 2000 were evaluated.

Data Synthesis:

Strongyloidiasis is a parasitic infection endemic to tropical, subtropical, and temperate areas including the Appalachian region of the southern US. Prevalence rates vary widely. Patients may present with infection decades after original exposure. Diagnosis can be achieved by identifying the larvae in the stool; usually, more than one sample is needed. Most patients are asymptomatic, However, in immunosuppressed patients, a hyperinfection syndrome or disseminated disease may occur due to the ability of the parasite to reproduce within the host. The most common risk factors for these complications are immunosuppression caused by corticosteroids and infection with human T lymphotropic virus type 1. Treatment options for uncomplicated disease include thiabendazole, ivermectin, and albendazole. Thiabendazole has been replaced by ivermectin as treatment of choice due to better tolerance. These antihelminthics have been used to treat hyperinfection or disseminated disease alone or in combination, but data are limited to case reports or case series. Prevention of disease is mainly achieved by wearing shoes in endemic areas to avoid contact with infected soil.

Conclusions:

Strongyloides is a unique parasite that can cause a hyperinfection syndrome and disseminated infection several years after exposure. Treatment options include ivermectin, thiabendazole, or albendazole. Information on the best treatment for disseminated disease and hyperinfection is limited.
Oil Spill Dispersants
Authors: Fiocco Robert J. , Lewis Alun
Published: October 2007

Introduction: The purpose of any oil spill response is to minimise the damage that could be caused by the spill. Dispersants are one of the limited number of practical responses that are available to respond to oil spills at sea.

When oil is spilled at sea, a small proportion will be naturally dispersed by the mixing action caused by waves. This process can be slow and proceed to only a limited extent for most situations. Dispersants are used to accelerate the removal of oil from the surface of the sea by greatly enhancing the rate of natural dispersion of oil and thus prevent it from coming ashore. Dispersed oil will also be more rapidly biodegraded by naturally occurring microorganisms. The rationale for dispersant use is that dispersed oil is likely to have less overall environmental impact than oil that persists on the surface of the sea, drifts and eventually contaminates the shoreline.

The development of modern dispersants began after the Torrey Canyon oil spill in 1967. Many lessons have been learned since that spill, and consequently the modern dispersants and application techniques in use today have become an effective way of responding to an oil spill. For example, the dispersant response to the Sea Empress spill in 1996 demonstrated that dispersants can be very effective and prevent a much greater amount of environmental damage from being caused (6).

This chapter describes the chemistry and physics of dispersants, planning and decision-making considerations, and finally their practical application and operational use in oil spill response.
Effectiveness & Environmental Considerations for Countermeasures
Authors: Walker Ann Hayward , Kucklick Janet H. , Michel Jacqueline
Published: October 2007

Mechanical countermeasures for oil spill response have various effectiveness and operational limitations under certain spill situations. This has led to an interest in and use of alternative treatment methods. This chapter reviews the potential utility of one such group, non-dispersant chemical countermeasures, in controlling the adverse impacts from marine oil spills. The types of non-dispersant chemical countermeasures presented here include: herding agents, emulsion treating agents, solidifiers, elasticity modifiers, and shoreline cleaning agents. Each countermeasure group is discussed separately to provide a definition, mechanism of action, and effectiveness and environmental considerations for the group. Where ever possible, examples are given of countermeasure use during an actual spill. In addition to the groups mentioned above, a few other treating agents are briefly described under the section "Miscellaneous Agents" to illustrate other, less prominent types of chemical countermeasures.

Non-dispersant chemical countermeasures appear to have discrete response niches, i.e., situations where the countermeasures are well-suited and offer potential benefits. The key is matching conditions for optimal effectiveness with the appropriate incident-specific characteristics and window of opportunity. The practical aspects of logistics are not addressed because, if their potential utility can be demonstrated, the resolution of these issues would follow.
The Interaction of Fine Particles with Stranded Oil
Authors: Owens Edward H.
Published: October 2007

The interaction of micron-sized mineral particles with stranded oil reduces its adhesion to solid surfaces, such as sediments or bedrock. The net result is the formation of stable, micron-sized, oil droplets that disperse into the water column. In turn, the increase in surface area makes the oil more available for biodegradation. Oil and Fine-particle Interaction ("OFI") can explain how oiled shorelines are cleaned naturally in the absence of wave action in very sheltered coastal environments. Fine-particle interaction can be accelerated during a spill response by relocating the oiled sediments into the surf zone. This has been achieved successfully on two occasions to date: the Tampa Bay response in Florida, and the Sea Empress operation in Wales. Sediment relocation also causes physical abrasion by the hydraulic action of waves so that the processes of fine-particle interaction and surf washing usually occur in combination on open coasts.
Separation of Oil and Water in Oil Spill Recovery Operations
Authors: Gaaseidnes Knut , Turbeville Joseph
Published: October 2007

The separation of water from oil that is collected in any oil spill recovery operation is a continuing and necessary requirement during every stage of the effort. Its importance is reflected in the cost of transport and storage of large volumes of oily water, the salvage value of separated oil and the added labor costs associated with long-term recovery operations.

This paper addresses the effects of weathering and emulsion generation which increase the problems normally associated with water extraction. Separation theory, practical separation technology and recommendations for the future direction of research and development are presented.
Occupational-health Aspects of Marine Oil-spill Response
Authors: Park John M. , Holliday Michael G.
Published: October 2007

Introduction: This chapter addresses chemical aspects of occupational health and marine oil-spill response and is restricted to exposures to crude oil in its various forms. Thus in-situ burning of oil is included, but ancillary chemicals such as surfactants or bioremediation agents are not. The content of this chapter is largely based on the literature published after 1985, the date of a comprehensive review conducted by Politzer et al. [1985] for the American Petroleum Institute, and on a review carried out for the Marine Spill Response Corporation early in 1993 [Holliday and Park, 1993].

Concern about health and safety is a normal part of every oil spill. In general, safety is easier to understand and address than are concerns about exposure to crude oil and other chemicals which might be used in the response. At one level, human exposure can be addressed through the enforcement of very conservative requirements for the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). In the real world, however, conditions at a spill site make the use of such equipment inconvenient or even hazardous, and so the goal becomes to balance the risk from exposure with the appropriate level of PPE.

While oil-spill cleanup is a comparatively new aspect of occupational-health practice, and dates from the formalization of response measures by companies and national and international agencies (something that occurred over the last 30 years), exposure to crude oil itself is a "mature" occupational-health matter. Workers have been exposed, both by inhalation and dermally, to the effects of crude oil for the past century. The exposure of response workers during the early phases of the oil-spill response can be likened to that experienced by oil-well-drilling crews and, to a lesser extent, by oil-well-maintenance personnel or fighters of oil-well fires. In contrast, exposures in the later stages of the cleanup are less clearly related to occupations within the oil industry. The crude oil will have been altered by weathering, and exposure to cleanup chemicals (e.g., dispersants, bioremediation agents) will become relatively more prominent. Such substances are beyond the scope of this chapter, and in any event, few data are available on the compositions or mammalian toxicity of dispersants. Although there are frequent references to toxicity in connection with dispersants, these invariably seem to refer to ecotoxicity. Human hazard does not appear to be an issue. For example, in a recently published paper entitled, "Effectiveness and safety of biosurfactants as agents of oil spill response" [Lepo et al., 1997], "safety" refers to possible toxicity to crustaceans and fish.
Ecological Effectiveness of Oil Spill Countermeasures: How Clean is Clean?
Authors: Baker Jenifer M.
Published: October 2007

Introduction: In the aftermath of an oil spill, what should drive the cleanup response and when is it reasonable to stop cleaning? Further, which of the diversity of oil spill clean-up technologies as described in other chapters of this volume might be employed most effectively to achieve this elusive goal? These are complex questions involving chemical, ecological, socio-economic and political considerations and there are no simple answers. It is important to identify and build consensus for recommended clean-up protocols. These recommendations should be based on the considerable experience that has accumulated over the past 30 years. It is the intent of this paper to identify key points and issues with respect to ecological aspects, bearing in mind that these in turn commonly relate to socio-economic aspects.
The Use of Mesocosms in Marine Oil Spill Ecological Research and Development
Authors: Reilly Timothy J.
Published: October 2007

Introduction: The use of chemical and biological agents (e.g. dispersants and bioremediation agents, respectively), as well as certain physical oil removal techniques (e.g. high-pressure, hot-water applications to oiled shorelines) during oil spill response operations requires consideration both of the gross effectiveness of such oil removal/displacement techniques and of the ecological impact of the response technique. Accordingly, the intent of response technology optimization requires the identification of suitable response agents, their application strategies, determination of mass oil removal effectiveness, and efficient coordination of alternative response strategies with conventional measures, all compared with traditional mechanical collection methods and evaluation or relative response ecological impacts. These issues often need to be examined in an experimental setting in order to acquire information required to make more effective decisions during oil spill response and cleanup operations. Controlled field studies that are designed to identify optimal response and clean-up strategies, while valuable for realism, are expensive and often difficult to implement because of regulatory barriers (Reilly et al., 1994)). Conversely, results from small scale laboratory testing do not incorporate sufficient environmental realism (variables and scale) to permit confident predictions about real-world situations. However, bounded and partly enclosed outdoor experimental units, or 'mesocosms', can closely simulate natural aquatic environments (Odum, 1984). Such test systems provide a simulation of real-world exposure without the costs of a controlled-release field study. Mesocosms can serve to bridge the gap between large-scale field experiments, with their inherent control difficulties, laboratory experiments which can be statistically replicated but suffer from a lack of environmental realism (Rodgers et al., 1996).

Mesocosms have strengths and weaknesses depending upon system design. Therefore, the type of ecological research to be conducted will dictate the choice of mesocosm design. The following discussion presents design requirements and scientific considerations for mesocosm simulations of marine environments impacted by oil spills. Two existing mesocosm systems for marine oil spill ecological research in both pelagic and nearshore environments are reviewed in some detail - the Marine Ecosystem Research Laboratory (MERL) in Narragansett, Rhode Island, and the Coastal Oil-Spill Simulation System (COSS), in Corpus Christi, Texas.
Bioremediation of Oil on Shoreline Environments: Development of Techniques and Guidelines
Authors: Lee Kenneth , Merlin Xavier
Published: October 2007

Over the last 20 years, the development of operational procedures to accelerate the natural biodegradation rates of oil spilled on shoreline environments has been the focus of numerous research programs. As a result, bioremediation has been demonstrated to be an effective oil spill countermeasure for use in cobble, sand beach, salt marsh, and mudflat environments. Today, studies are directed towards improving the efficacy and evaluating the ecological impacts of available bioremediation agents and/or procedures. This review describes the latest developments in bioremediation strategies and their key success factors.
Orimulsion Containment and Recovery
Authors: Sommerville Matthew
Published: October 2007

Introduction: Orimulsion is a fuel consisting of natural bitumen dispersed in fresh water (26% to 30%) which is stabilised (as a bitumen-in-water emulsion) by the addition of a small quantity of surfactant. The process of creating Orimulsion turns semi-solid bitumen with a viscosity of 10,000 mPas into a mixture with a viscosity of 450 mPas. The composition of Orimulsion makes it, at first consideration, seem an unlikely fuel. The combination of modern emission control, independence from the fluctuations in world crude oil prices and proven reserves of 1.27 trillion barrels (Middle East crude reserves are estimated at only 267 billion barrels) make this a significant energy source for the future. The typical composition of Orimulsion is given in Table 1.

Orimulsion is clearly destined for increased consumption around the world and, with this, will inevitably come an increased risk of spillage and a requirement for appropriate spill control technologies. However, unlike conventional crude or fuel oils, we have no past spills or documented experiences to exploit. The development of containment and recovery systems must therefore rely on limited examinations of the product, and its fate and behaviour.
Appropriate Technology for Oil Spill Management in Developing Nations
Authors: Wayment E. C. , Wagstaff B.
Published: October 2007

It has been estimated that some 6 million tonnes of crude oil is routinely transported by tankship around the world's oceans on a daily basis. Despite the introduction of stringent operating and safety regimes there remains the possibility of an incident occurring that could threaten the waters and shorelines of countries that are in the vicinity of these routes. Shipboard and international contingency plans assume a level of preparedness which may be limited in some of the countries that lay along these shipping lanes.

Although the probability of significant oil pollution incidents occurring whilst the vessel is on the high seas is m minimal, they have occurred, some with considerable impact on the areas concerned.

Whilst the majority of countries have some form of mutual aid and agreements in place and a number have access to equipment stockpiles, there are still a significant number of areas where there is heavy reliance on local resources.

This paper addresses ways in which countries with limited resources can best be prepared for an oil spill and some of the challenges, which this entails.
Terminology, relative photonic efficiencies and quantum yields in heterogeneous photocatalysis. Part II: Experimental determination of quantum yields
Authors: Salinaro Angela , Emeline Alexei V. , Zhao Jincai , Hidaka Hisao , Ryabchuk Vladimir K. , Serpone Nick
Published: October 2007

In the preceding article [Serpone and Salinaro, Pure Appl. Chem., 71(2), 303-320 (1999)] we examined two principal features of heterogeneous photocatalysis that demanded scrutiny: (i) description of photocatalysis and (ii) description of process efficiencies. For the latter we proposed a protocol relative photonic efficiency which could subsequently be converted to quantum yields. A difficulty in expressing a quantum yield in heterogeneous photochemistry is the very nature of the system, either solid/liquid or solid/gas, which places severe restrictions on measurement of the photon flow absorbed by the light harvesting component, herein the photocatalyst TiO2, owing to non-negligible scattering by the particulates. It was imperative therefore to examine the extent of this problem. Extinction and absorption spectra of TiO2 dispersions were determined at low titania loadings by normal absorption spectroscopy and by an integrated sphere method, respectively, to assess the extent of light scattering. The method is compared to the one reported by Grela et al. [J. Phys. Chem., 100, 16940 (1996)] who used a polynomial extrapolation of the light scattered in the visible region into the UV region where TiO2 absorbs significantly. This extrapolation underestimates the scattering component present in the extinction spectra, and will no doubt affect the accuracy of the quantum yield data. Further, we report additional details in assessing limiting photonic efficiencies and quantum yields in heterogeneous photocatalysis.
The determination of stigmastadienes in vegetable oils. Results of collaborative studies and the standardized method
Authors: Dobarganes M. C. , Cert A. , Dieffenbacher A.
Published: October 2007

The development by collaborative study of a standardised method for the determination of the stigmastadienes content in vegetable oils is described. The procedure involves the isolation of the unsaponifiable matter in the oil ands its fractioning on a silica gel column. The fraction containing the steroidal hydrocarbons is then analysed by capillary gas chromatography and the quantitative assessment made by the use of an internal standard /cholea-3,5-staddiene). The procedure is very sensitive allowing determination at levels of 0.01 - 4.0 mg/kg.
Extension and revision of the von Baeyer system for naming polycyclic compounds (including bicyclic compounds)
Authors: Moss G. P.
Published: October 2007

These recommendations document the von Baeyer system for naming polycyclic ring systems described in Rules A-31, A-32 and B-14 of the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, Sections A, B, C, D, E, F and H, 1979 and R-2.4.2 of A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, 1993 and extend the system to cover more complex cases. It provides guidance on the naming of ring systems which previously the rules did not cover. The methods is to identify the main ring and main bridge which provide the basic bicyclic system and to number these atoms. Then all further bridges, whether or not they include additional atoms, are identified by indicating not only the number of atoms but also the two atoms to which the bridge is attached. The final name also indicated the number of rings and the total number of skeletal atoms in the ring systems. Heteroatoms, unsaturation and substituents are indicated in the usual way.
Influence of Pressure on Chemical Equilibria in Aqueous Systems - with Particular Reference to Seawater
Authors: Byrne Robert H. , Laurie S. H.
Published: October 2007

Synopsis: The influence of pressure on chemical equilibria in aqueous solutions and the parameters that influence such equilibria are reviewed in this work. Particular emphasis is given to equilibria in seawater, including mineral dissolution, weak acid dissociation and metal ion complexation. Intended perspectives include the capabilities of predictive models to describe chemical equilibria in low temperature geochemical systems and the extent to which predictive models are constrained by direct observations. In context of the importance of pressure as a key variable controlling the pathways and fate of environmental chemicals, a need for further direct observations of chemical equilibria at high pressure, under conditions which are often challenging to the experimentalist, is evident.
Definitions of Terms for Diffusion in the Solid State
Authors: Kizilyalli M. , Corish John , Metselaar R.
Published: October 2007

Synopsis: This document provides definitions of terms and processes which are used in describing the migration of host and foreign species through solid materials. Both the phenomenological theory of diffusion and the detailed atomistic mechanisms by which atom transport occurs are treated. Also included are the various types of gradients such as electrical, chemical, thermal and mechanical, which provide the driving forces for diffusion.
Corrections to 'A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds'
Authors: Favre H. A. , Hellwich K.-H. , Moss G. P. , Powell W. H. , Traynham J. G.
Published: October 2007

Among the names and structures used as examples in the 1993 Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds some errors appear, several of which are likely to be quickly obvious and untroublesome. To reduce the possibility of confusion among users of the Guide, however, we publish a list of corrections here rather than waiting until a new edition of the Guide has been prepared.
Classification and Use of Terms for Amplification and Related Reactions
Authors: Burns D. T. , Townshend A.
Published: October 2007

A systematic classification scheme is given for the various types of amplification and related reactions currently available. The report extends and refines earlier IUPAC recommendations (Pure Appl. Chem.
54 (1982), 2553-2556) to include non-multiplication reactions.
Significance of the Long Range Transport of Pesticides in the Atmosphere
Authors: Unsworth J. B. , Wauchope R. D. , Klein A-W. , Dorn E. , Zeeh B. , Yeh S. M. , Akerblom M. , Racke K. D. , Rubin B.
Published: October 2007

Synopsis:Since the 1960’s there has been a growing body of data regarding the presence of pesticides in the atmosphere. The monitoring results obtained show that traces of pesticides may undergo long range transport and be deposited considerable distances away from the treatment areas, including remote areas such as the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Pesticides have been found in air, rain, cloud water, fog and snow. The appearance and subsequent behaviour of pesticides in the atmosphere are complex processes and the concentrations found depend on several variables such as their volatility, photostability, method of application and extent of use. Whilst volatility of pesticides can be linked to their Henry’s Law constant this is very much a simplification since it is also influenced by the surfaces treated, e.g. soil or leaves, and by the extent to which aerosols are formed during the application. The disappearance of pesticides from the atmosphere is due to hydrolysis, indirect photolysis via OH. radicals and to deposition in rain. Pesticides which are resistant to hydrolysis and photolysis can be transported over great distances, for example, organochlorine insecticides have been detected in the Arctic regions. In general, concentrations in rainwater are, when detected, in the low or sub mg/l range and highest concentrations are found during the time of application. The use of fugacity models has been shown to be a useful approach to predict concentrations in air. Under most conditions the presence of pesticides in air, or rainwater, has no significant effects on non-target systems, including direct and indirect effects. Exceptions to this are damage by auxin-type herbicides to sensitive plants which has resulted on restrictions in their use in certain areas and transient chlorotic spotting thought to be caused by drift of aerosols from application of low rate sulfonyl urea herbicides. For animal species one possible exception has been postulated. This is for persistent organochlorine pesticides in Arctic regions where, due to the very oligotrophic nature of the Arctic ocean, they are more liable to bioaccumulate and be transported in the food web giving enhanced levels in mothers’ milk.
An Extension to the JCAMP-DX Standard File Format, JCAMP-DX V.5.01
Authors: Lampen Peter , Lambert Jörg , Lancashire R. J. , McDonald R. S. , McIntyre P. S. , Rutledge D. N. , Fröhlich Thorsten , Davies Antony N.
Published: October 2007

Version 5.00 of the JCAMP-DX specifications were published for NMR and Mass Spectrometry file formats in Appl. Spectrosc.47, 1093-1099, (1993) and Appl. Spectrosc.48, 1545-1552, (1994). Since publication of these protocols developments in spectroscopy have led to a large number of requests for additions for applications not originally covered. Following careful consideration, it has become apparent that a few minor modifications will significantly increase the range of possible applications.

In addition, new data labels have been introduced to ensure that files are year 2000 compliant and allow for conformity with good laboratory practices (GLP). These modifications are detailed in this publication as well as examples of the official NTUPLE JCAMP-DX definition as applied to NMR data.
Guidelines for the use of the Internet by IUPAC bodies
Authors: Davies Antony N. , Heller S. R. , Jost J. W.
Published: October 2007

_

The rapid development of the Internet as a major communication tool between scientists has led to the need for a co-ordinated IUPAC presence. Many diverse groups have already initiated distribution of IUPAC related material via their Web sites. These guidelines will provide the structure on which the official IUPAC Internet site maintained through the Secretariat will be based. Rules governing the interaction between this central site and various sites operated by other IUPAC bodies are published here as well as guidelines for the operation of sites maintained by other bodies which contain IUPAC related information. The need for special care when making provisional recommendations widely available on the Internet will be emphasized.

INTRODUCTION

WWW.IUPAC.ORG

Location

Content

Electronic publication

INTERNET HOMEPAGE DESIGN - SOME DO'S AND DON'TS

Basic principles

Some do's and don'ts

RECOMMENDATION TO USE CHEMICAL MULTIPURPOSE INTERNET MAIL EXTENSIONS ON IUPAC INTERNET WEBSITES

Multipurpose Internet mail extensions

Chemical MIME

CHEMICAL MARKUP LANGUAGE

GLOSSARY
Atomic Weights of the Elements 1997
Authors: Vocke R. D.
Published: October 2007

The biennial review of atomic weight determinations, Ar(E), and other cognate data has warranted no changes for the standard atomic weights of the elements from that previously published in the Table of Atomic Weights 1995 with the exception of a new footnote for lithium. The names for the transfermium elements with atomic numbers 101 to 109 have been officially adopted, and element 112 has been synthesized. Many elements in non-terrestrial matter have isotopic compositions different from those in similar terrestrial substances that may affect their atomic weight. Some recent isotopic data on xenon and oxygen in non-terrestrial materials are included in this report together with a discussion of the possible processes causing these changes.
Substituent effects on the O-H bond dissociation enthalpies in phenolic compounds: agreements and controversies
Authors: Bizarro Magda M. , Cabral Benedito J. Coota , de Santos Rui M. Borges , Martinho Simões José A.
Published: October 2007

Erratum: Unfortunately, the author's corrections arrived at the publisher's office too late to be incorporated into the final printed version of the paper. They are listed in the pdf document accessible below.
Terminology for compounds in the Si-Al-O-N system
Authors: Metselaar R. , Yan D. S.
Published: October 2007

This document proposes a nomenclature for aluminium silicon oxide nitrides.

Introduction: Silicon and aluminium containing nitrides and oxide nitrides are widely studied by the chemical and ceramic community because of the interesting applications, in particular related to their (thermo-) mechanical properties. In the many publications on these materials several abbreviations are used to designate the materials. These relate in part to the processing technology in part to the composition. In the materials community at large and in the ceramic community in particular it is tried to reach agreement upon the use of such acronyms. In the interest of maintaining uniformity in the chemical terms a proposal is made here.
A Critical Evaluation of the Redox Properties of Uranium, Neptunium and Plutonium Ions in Acidic Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Kihara Sorin , Yoshida Zenko , Aoyagi Hisao , Maeda Kohji , Shirai Osamu , Kitatsuji Yoshihiro , Yoshida Yumi
Published: October 2007

Standard redox potentials, E
0s, and redox processes of U, Np and Pu ions in acidic aqueous solutions are reviewed and evaluated critically. The E
0sof reversible redox processes, MO2
2+/MO2
+ and M4+/M3+ (M: U, Np or Pu) adopted are those proposed mainly by Riglet et al. on the basis of the precise correction of formal potentials, E
0's, according to the improved theoretical approach to estimate the activity coefficient. Electrode processes of the U, Np and Pu ions are discussed in terms of current-potential curves, measured so far by polarography, voltammetry or flow coulometry. Special attention is payed to the irreversible MO2
+/M4+ reactions. Disproportionation reactions of MO2
+ are also discussed. New substances are introduced as intermediates during reductions of MO2
+ to M4+ or disproportionations of MO2
+.

CONTENTS

Introduction

Standard redox potentials for uranium, neptunium and plutonium ions in acidic aqueous solutions

2.1 Evaluation of E
0 from E
0' determined by electrochemical measurements

2.2 Temperature dependence of E
0

Redox reactions of uranium, neptunium and plutonium in acidic aqueous solutions investigated by polarography or voltammetry

3.1 Uranium

3.2 Neptunium

3.3 Plutonium

3.4 Disproportionation of NpO2
+, PuO2
+, Np4+ and Pu4+

3.5 Reduction of MO2
+ and reduction intermediates

Redox reactions of uranium, neptunium and plutonium in acidic aqueous solutions investigated by flow coulometry

4.1 Electrode processes of the uranium, neptunium and plutonium ions investigated by flow coulometry at the column electrode at the column electrode

4.2 Disproportionation of MO2
+ during the electrolysis by flow coulometry

4.3 Reduction mechanisms of MO2
+ (M = Np or Pu) and reduction intermediates investigated by flow coulometry

Conclusions

List of abbreviations

Appendix

References
Determination of mono- and diacylglycerols in edible oils and fats by high performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light scattering detector: Results of collaborative studies and the standardised method
Authors: Berner D. , Dieffenbacher A.
Published: October 2007

The development, by collaborative study, of standardised method for the determination of mono- and diacylglycerols in vegetable oils and fats is described. The method involves separation of mono- and diacylglycerols by normal phase high-performance liquid-liquid chromatography (HPLC) and evaporative light scattering detection of a solution of oil, fat or a commercial mono- and diacylglycerol preparation in a organic solvent.
The use of diffusive sampling for monitoring of benzene, toluene and xylene in ambient air
Authors: Brown R. H. , Wright M. D. , Plant N. T.
Published: October 2007

A diffusive sampler, originally developed for workplace monitoring of organic vapours has been evaluated for its potential for monitoring ambient air quality, particularly for benzene, toluene and xylene.

The diffusive sampling rate, which is different for workplace and ambient air applications because of the wide differences in concentration levels and times of exposure, has been determined accurately, and been shown to be similar to other independent estimates determined from field studies or by exposing samplers to standard test atmospheres. In each case, the actual mass concentration of the aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air or test atmosphere has been established by an independent calibrated method, usually using pumped sampling and the diffusive sampling rates of parallel diffusive samplers determined from these concentrations.

The potential for using such samplers for monitoring ambient air has been demonstrated in two local studies, at car parks and in a street canyon, and in three area studies, at urban (Sheffield), regional (UK) and global (world) levels. In addition, the diffusive sampler has been evaluated alongside the UK VOCair measuring instruments in the UK fixed monitoring stations, where in view of the uncertainties involved, similar results were obtained.

These studies also gave useful insight into the practicability of employing these devices, their use by untrained personnel and their ruggedness in transportation and use.
Phosphorus Speciation in Water and Sediments
Authors: Spivakov B. Ya. , Maryutina T. A. , Muntau H.
Published: October 2007

Environmentally significant phosphorus species in water and phosphorus fractions in sediments are briefly discussed and the methods for their determination are described. One of the most critical analytical steps is the separation of the different forms which, after conversion into orthophosphates, may be determined by a multitude of various techniques. Spectrophotometric methods are often preferred for routine analysis. Several rapid automatic methods for the separation and determination of orthophosphate, linear polyphosphates, cyclic condensed phosphates and lower oxidation state anions of phosphorus, which may exist in natural and waste waters, have been developed. They are mainly based on the use of flow-injection analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography including ion chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and a few of other techniques. These methods have been described and critically evaluated.
Analytical Aspects of Chemical Process Control Part 1. Fundamentals
Authors: van Staden J. F.
Published: October 2007

The aim of this document is to present recommendations for reporting results concerning chemical process control and deals with terms most relevant to both analytical chemist's and process engineer's viewpoints. This part gives a brief description of the fundamentals involved in the basic analytical system. After formulating and explaining the operating system, approaches to process control are classified, followed by the planning, design and sample manipulation of dynamic systems as well as measurement and detection modules. The position of different components in the analytical system and the relation to the operating system should be clearly indicated when presenting results concerning process analytical chemistry.
Pillared Clays and Pillared Layered Solids
Authors: Schoonheydt R. A. , Pinnavaia T. , Lagaly Gerhard , Gangas Nick
Published: October 2007

Pillaring is a commonly used procedure to transform a layered crystalline inorganic compound into a material with microporosity and mesoporosity. First, the terms "layered compound, pillaring, pillaring agent and interlayer region" are defined, and then the term pillared layered solid or pillared compound. In the second part, the standard characterization methods and procedures and a systematic classification scheme are proposed.
Metal nanoparticles, nanowires, and carbon nanotubes
Authors: Rao C. N. R. , Kulkarni G. U. , Govindaraj A. , Satishkumar B. C. , Thomas P. John
Published: October 2007

The size-dependent metal to nonmetal transition in metal nanoparticles has been investigated using photoelectron and tunneling spectroscopic techniques. Metal nanoparticles capped by thiols are shown to organize into ordered 2D and 3D structures. Single-walled nanotubes and aligned carbon nanotube bundles have been synthesized by controlling the size of metal nanoparticles produced in situ during the pyrolysis of precursors. Nanowires of gold and other metals have been produced in the capillaries of the single-walled nanotubes.