bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Free-ocean CO2 enrichment (FOCE) systems: present status and future developments
Authors: Gattuso J.-P. , Kirkwood W. , Barry J. P. , Cox E. , Gazeau F. , Hansson L. , Hendriks I. , Kline D.I. , Mahacek P. , Martin S. , McElhany P. , Peltzer E. T. , Reeve J. , Roberts D. , Saderne V. , Tait K. , Widdicombe S. , Brewer P. G.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Free-ocean CO2 enrichment (FOCE) systems are designed to assess the impact of ocean acidification on biological communities in situ for extended periods of time (weeks to months). They overcome some of the drawbacks of laboratory experiments and field observations by enabling (1) precise control of CO2 enrichment by monitoring pH as an offset of ambient pH, (2) consideration of indirect effects such as those mediated through interspecific relationships and food webs, and (3) relatively long experiments with intact communities. Bringing perturbation experiments from the laboratory to the field is, however, extremely challenging. The main goal of this paper is to provide guidelines on the general design, engineering, and sensor options required to conduct FOCE experiments. Another goal is to introduce xFOCE, a community-led initiative to promote awareness, provide resources for in situ perturbation experiments, and build a user community. Present and existing FOCE systems are briefly described and examples of data collected presented. Future developments are also addressed as it is anticipated that the next generation of FOCE systems will include, in addition to pH, options for oxygen and/or temperature control. FOCE systems should become an important experimental approach for projecting the future response of marine ecosystems to environmental change.
Brief Communication: Understanding disasters and early-warning systems
Authors: Castaños H. , Lomnitz C.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. This paper discusses some methodological questions on understanding disasters. Destructive earthquakes continue to claim thousands of lives. Tsunamis may be caused by recoil of the upper plate. Darwin's twin-epicenter hypothesis is applied to a theory of tsunamis. The ergodicity hypothesis may help estimating the return periods of extremely rare events. A social science outline on the causation of the Tôhoku nuclear disaster is provided.
Towards an Integrative View of Innovation in Food Sector SMEs
Authors: Baregheh Anahita , Hemsworth David , Rowley Jennifer
Published: August 2014

Most literature on innovation focuses on organizational engagement with innovation types in isolation from one another. By establishing the interdependency of innovation types in SMEs in the UK food sector, this study provides evidence to support the case for a more holistic approach in innovation research. Thus the study both contributes to the limited research on innovation in food sector SMEs and supports the integrative view of innovation. Using questionnaire-based data, structured equation modelling was used to propose and test the interrelationships between the level of engagement with product, process, position and paradigm innovation. A significant positive relationship between innovation types was identified.
Barriers to Micro Food Enterprise Engagement in Business Support Programmes
Authors: Quinn Barry , McKitterick Lynsey , McAdam Rodney , Dunn Adele
Published: August 2014

Micro food producers contribute to the fabric of the local rural community and economy in developing a local food culture, employment and gross domestic product (GDP). This paper explores the range and effectiveness of government-based business policies and support programmes at both regional and firm levels for micro food enterprises, and the barriers to micro-firm engagement in such programmes. The authors present empirical evidence from interviews with key stakeholders and micro-sized food producers based in Northern Ireland. The evidence suggests that micro food producers are engaging with introductory levels of support, but that key barriers to further adoption of support include the understanding and coherence of support; regulations and the level of bureaucracy; and various issues concerning networking capabilities. The authors propose areas for future research and highlight the implications for future policy support provision.
Barriers to Employee-Driven Innovation
Authors: Aaltonen Satu , Hytti Ulla
Published: August 2014

Innovativeness and employee-driven innovations in particular are important sources of competitiveness for small and medium-sized food companies. The fierce competition in the food industry is forcing these companies to increase their operational efficiency in order to compete with the large companies in the market. This paper investigates barriers to innovations in the bakery sector through a case study of a growth-oriented regional bakery. The study contributes to new contextualized knowledge of employee-driven innovation activity in small food production companies. It provides a nuanced understanding of how the manufacturing context of a bakery leads to specific constraints on innovative employee behaviour, and of how the context and the human, organizational and physical resources interact with employee-driven innovation activity.
Intraspecific variability of olfactory responses in Cerambyx welensii Küster (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Influence of anatomical, physiological and experimental factors
Authors: Sánchez-Osorio I. , Tapias R. , Domínguez L. , López-Pantoja G.
Published: August 2014

Intraspecific variability of EAG responses in Cerambyx welensii has been studied.We have not found significant differences of EAG responses neither between sexes nor types of solvent, paraffin oil and hexane, but there was a highly significant variability of responses between individuals (0,92 mV +/- 0,6. Mean +/- DT) to (E)-2-hexenal (50% v/v). More than 68% of individual variability can be explained by the combination of the previous aptitude of insects, its physiological state (vitality at the moment of study) and the capillary's diameter in the reference electrode. Anatomical features of the individuals had not influence in the response. In order to avoid or minimize the effect caused for this variability, it is advisable to carry out EAG tests with insects obtained under controlled conditions. In other case, the EAG responses must be standardized using a standard stimulus, as well as to homogenize the tip diameter of the reference electrode.
A Power-Efficient Propulsion Method for Magnetic Microrobots
Authors: Lucarini Gioia , Palagi Stefano , Beccai Lucia , Menciassi Arianna
Published: August 2014

Current magnetic systems for microrobotic navigation consist of assemblies of electromagnets, which allow for the wireless accurate steering and propulsion of sub-millimetric bodies. However, large numbers of windings and/or high currents are needed in order to generate suitable magnetic fields and gradients. This means that magnetic navigation systems are typically cumbersome and require a lot of power, thus limiting their application fields. In this paper, we propose a novel propulsion method that is able to dramatically reduce the power demand of such systems. This propulsion method was conceived for navigation systems that achieve propulsion by pulling microrobots with magnetic gradients. We compare this power-efficient propulsion method with the traditional pulling propulsion, in the case of a microrobot swimming in a micro-structured confined liquid environment. Results show that both methods are equivalent in terms of accuracy and the velocity of the motion of the microrobots, while the new approach requires only one ninth of the power needed to generate the magnetic gradients. Substantial equivalence is demonstrated also in terms of the manoeuvrability of user-controlled microrobots along a complex path.
Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of the Cell Envelopes and Native Membrane Vesicles Derived from Gram‐Negative Bacteria
Authors: Zielke Ryszard A. , Gafken Philip R. , Sikora Aleksandra E.
Published: August 2014

Proteins localized to the cell envelope and naturally released membrane vesicles (MVs) play diverse functions in physiology and pathogenesis of Gram‐negative bacteria. Study of these proteome fractions is essential for better understanding the basic physiological processes, development of vaccines, and identification of potential drug targets. This unit presents gel‐free quantitative proteomic methods for comprehensive proteomic profiling of the cell envelopes and MVs. The procedure starts with the precipitation of the isolated proteome fractions to remove any potential compounds that may interfere with downstream experimental steps. Subsequently, the proteins are reduced, alkylated, and subjected to trypsin digestion. The trypsinized peptides are labeled using isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ), and analyzed samples are pooled and subjected to rigorous prefractionations by strong cation exchange (SCX) and reversed‐phase (RP) liquid chromatography (LC). Finally, the tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) fragmentation enables peptides identification and quantification. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 34:1F.3.1‐1F.3.16. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High Frequency Thermal Energy Harvesting Using Magnetic Shape Memory Films
Authors: Gueltig Marcel , Ossmer Hinnerk , Ohtsuka Makoto , Miki Hiroyuki , Tsuchiya Koki , Takagi Toshiyuki , Kohl Manfred
Published: August 2014

A new method for thermal energy harvesting at small temperature difference and high cycling frequency is presented that exploits the unique magnetic properties and actuation capability of magnetic shape memory alloy (MSMA) films. Polycrystalline films of the Ni50.4Co3.7Mn32.8In13.1 alloy are tailored, showing a large abrupt change of magnetization and low thermal hysteresis well above room temperature. Based on this material, a free‐standing film device is designed that exhibits thermomagnetically induced actuation between a heat source and sink with short heat transfer times. The cycling frequency of the device is tuned by mechanical frequency up‐conversion to over 200 Hz. An integrated pick‐up coil converts the thermally induced change of magnetization as well as the kinetic energy to electricity. For a temperature change of 10 K, the maximum peak power density is in the order of 5 mW cm‐3.
Alkenyl complexes of platinum group metals: a platform for diverse reactivity patterns
Authors: Sravani Chinduluri , Venkatesh Sadhana , Vijayakrishna Kari , Sivaramakrishna Akella
Published: August 2014

Intermediates for many catalysis reactions reported in the literature are metal‐alkyl and metal‐alkenyl, including metallacycloalkane species. Synthesis and reactions of metal‐alkyl, alkenyl and metallacyle complexes have shown a great deal of development during the past few decades. This review summarizes the significant contributions reported on metal‐alkenyl compounds, specifically those containing at least a carbon chain with pendant alkene group [M―CH2CH2CHCH2]. Although metal‐alkenyl complexes are stable with strong chelating diphosphines and with a decrease in the ligand donor strength, the complexes can decompose without any ambiguity. For example, platinum‐dialkenyl complexes react readily via β‐hydrogen elimination and reductive elimination promoted by the nature of the ligand, solvent and length of carbon chains. These complexes can also undergo intramolecular irreversible isomerization and this leads to the selective catalytic isomerization of 1‐alkenes to 2‐alkenes in the presence of platinum‐dialkenyl complexes as catalysts. Perhaps the most striking manifestations of flexibility are the facile and complete intramolecular and intermolecular alkene metathesis to yield the corresponding metallacycloalkenes in the presence of Grubbs’ catalysts. The diverse chemical reactivity of these complexes demonstrates both the scope and complexity of metal‐alkenyl chemistry depending on the nature of ligand and metal. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energiedissipierende Fassadenverankerung mit Crashmaterial für explosionsbeanspruchte Gebäude
Authors: Viefhues Eva , Wellershoff Frank , Mehdianpour Milad
Published: August 2014

Wenn repräsentative Bauwerke wie Botschaften und Flughäfen außergewöhnlichen Lasten aus Explosion ausgesetzt sind, dann kann das Ausmaß des zu erwartenden Schadens aus einer solchen Belastung durch den Einsatz von energiedissipierenden Schutzbauteilen in der Fassadenverankerung begrenzt werden. Bisher ist über das Tragverhalten solcher Schutzbauteile wenig bekannt. In diesem Aufsatz werden Konstruktion und Wirkungsweise einer Verankerung für vorgehängte Fassaden vorgestellt, die in der Lage sind, einen Teil der Stoßenergie über Verformung eines Crashmaterials zu dissipieren. Versuche an einer bauteilähnlichen Konstruktion liefern Informationen über das Tragverhalten der Fassadenverankerung, insbesondere bei dynamischen Belastungen. Aus den Ergebnissen wird ein Konzept für die Vordimensionierung der vorgestellten Schutzbauteile abgeleitet.

Energy dissipating protective component for façade connectors of buildings under impulsive blast loads using crash material

In the past few years public awareness of the need to protect structures against blast effects has risen. Blast wave energy is transmitted to the supporting structure by its façade connectors. Energy dissipating protective components placed at the connectors allow protecting people in the building as well as the primary building structure from damage. In this paper we present a protective component that dissipates blast energy by crash material. The report explores the system's fundamentals of operation from an experimental point of view. The results of dynamic tests are the basis of a design concept for the protective components.
Combining Topological and Steric Constraints for the Preparation of Heteroleptic Copper(I) Complexes
Authors: Mohankumar Meera , Monti Filippo , Holler Michel , Niess Frédéric , Delavaux‐Nicot Béatrice , Armaroli Nicola , Sauvage Jean‐Pierre , Nierengarten Jean‐François
Published: August 2014

Invited for the cover of this issue are Nicola Armaroli (ISOF, CNR, Bologna, Italy), Jean‐Pierre Sauvage (ISIS, University of Strasbourg), Jean‐François Nierengarten (University of Strasbourg and CNRS), and Béatrice Delavaux‐Nicot (LCC, CNRS, Toulouse). The image depicts an artistic view of a phosphorescent copper(I) complex with a glowing yin–yang symbol in the background because the formation of the compound is thermodynamically driven. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201402429.
Effects of sex and seasonality on the song control system and FoxP2 protein expression in black‐capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus)
Authors: Phillmore Leslie S. , MacGillivray Heather L. , Wilson K. Ryan , Martin Stephanie
Published: August 2014

Plasticity in behavior is mirrored by corresponding plasticity in the brain in many songbird species. In some species, song system nuclei (Phillmore et al. [2006]: J Neurobiol 66:1002–1010) are larger in birds in breeding condition than birds in nonbreeding condition, possibly due to increased vocal output in spring. FOXP2, a transcription factor associated with language expression and comprehension in humans and song learning in songbirds, also shows plasticity. FoxP2 expression in songbird Area X, a region important for sensorimotor integration, is related to developmental and adult vocal plasticity (Teramitsu et al. [2010]: J Neurosci 24:3152–3163, Chen et al. [2013], J Exp Biol 216:3682–3692). In this study, we examined whether sex and breeding condition affects both song control system volume (HVC, X) and FoxP2 protein expression in black‐capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus). HVC volume was larger in males in breeding condition than males in nonbreeding condition, but there were no sex differences. In contrast, Area X volume was larger in males than females, regardless of breeding condition, likely reflecting that male and female chickadees produce learned chick‐a‐dee calls year round, but output of the learned song increases in breeding males. FoxP2 protein levels did not differ between sexes or breeding condition when calculated as a ratio of labeled cells in Area X to labeled cells in the surrounding striato‐pallium, however, absolute density of FoxP2 in both regions was higher in males than in females. This may indicate that chickadees maintain a level of FoxP2 necessary for plasticity year‐round, but males have greater potential for plasticity compared to females. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 203–216, 2015
Preliminary works for the new Semmering Base Tunnel – geotechnical monitoring of slope stabilization measures and earth retaining structures / Vorarbeiten für den Semmering‐Basistunnel neu – geotechnisches Monitoring bei Hangsicherungen und Stützkonstruktionen
Authors: Schuller Hartmut , Schachinger Tobias , Riepler Franz
Published: August 2014

In preparation for the construction of the new Semmering Base Tunnel, which will reach a length of 27.3 km, comprehensive preliminary measures had to be completed. As a part of Contract Section SBT2.3, several slope stabilization measures, as well as earth retaining structures and ramps using the reinforced earth method, were constructed. This contribution will give an overview of the construction measures, as well as of the systematic geotechnical monitoring that was implemented as part of the geotechnical safety management program.

Für den 27,3 km langen Semmering‐Basistunnel neu wurden umfangreiche vorbereitende Maßnahmen ausgeführt. Im Baulos SBT2.3 wurden neben einer Vielzahl an Böschungs‐ und Hangsicherungsmaßnahmen auch Stützkonstruktionen und Rampen in Bewehrte‐Erde‐Bauweise errichtet. Der vorliegende Beitrag bietet einen Überblick über die Baumaßnahmen und das systematische geotechnische Monitoring, das im Rahmen des geotechnischen Sicherheitsmanagement ausgeführt wurde.
Maximum Order of Triangle‐Free Graphs with a Given Rank
Authors: Ghorbani E. , Mohammadian A. , Tayfeh‐Rezaie B.
Published: August 2014

The rank of a graph is defined to be the rank of its adjacency matrix. A graph is called reduced if it has no isolated vertices and no two vertices with the same set of neighbors. We determine the maximum order of reduced triangle‐free graphs with a given rank and characterize all such graphs achieving the maximum order.
Bioreducible Branched Polyethyleneimine Derivatives Physically Loaded with Hydrophobic Pheophorbide A: Preparation, Characterization, and Light‐Induced Cytotoxicity
Authors: Cho Hana , Li Li , Bae You Han , Huh Kang Moo , Kang Han Chang
Published: August 2014

Branched‐type hydrophilic polyethyleneimine derivatives (i.e., bPEI derivatives) are developed polymeric carriers for photodynamic therapy. Their chemical structures which contain pH‐tunable hydrophobic/hydrophilic cavities enable efficient loading of hydrophobic drugs in basic pH environments. Intracellular stimuli trigger the release of the loaded drugs in bPEI derivatives. As expected, the hydrophobic photosensitizer known as pheophorbide A (PheoA) is solubilized by physical loading in the inner hydrophobic spaces of bPEI derivatives in environments with basic pH values. Interestingly, acidic pH environments induce aggregation, resulting in poor release of the loaded PheoA as well as in quenched photo‐activity of the PheoA‐loaded polymers. However, when reducible polycation derivatives of bPEI are used (i.e., RPC‐bPEI), intracellular thiols degrade the disulfide linkages in the polymers, resulting in rapid PheoA release. Particularly, a RPC‐bPEI containing 6 wt% PheoA (i.e., RPC‐bPEI0.8kDa‐PheoA6%) respond remarkably well to light exposure and display large differences between dark toxicity and light‐induced toxicity. Cellular uptake of RPC‐bPEI0.8kDa‐PheoA6% is approximately sevenfold to ninefold lower than that of free PheoA. Nevertheless, the photo‐toxicity of RPC‐bPEI0.8kDa‐PheoA6% was only two‐ to sixfold less potent than that of free PheoA. These results suggest that reducible bPEI materials may act as potential solubilizers and carriers for low‐molecular‐weight hydrophobic anti‐cancer drugs.
Translation of technical terminologies between English and Korean based on textual big data
Authors: Kim Taehong , Hwang Myunggwon , Hwang Mi‐Nyeong , Song Sa‐kwang , Jeong Do‐Heon , Jung Hanmin
Published: August 2014

A number of web applications provide completely automated machine translation services, allowing users to easily translate information of interest. However, these services still generate inaccurate results when translating technical terminologies. Therefore, we propose a new method that collects reliable pairs of English–Korean technical terms and translates the given English terminology to Korean. To collect the pairs, we utilize textual big data, such as Korean academic papers, and develop a new statistical model to determine appropriate characteristics. Our method is evaluated in terms of the reliability of English–Korean pairs and the precision of translation. We thus confirm that our method can produce highly reliable data and can positively influence the translation quality of technical terminologies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient production of methionine from 2-amino-4-methylthiobutanenitrile by recombinant Escherichia coli harboring nitrilase
Authors: Jin Li-Qun , Li Zong-Tong , Liu Zhi-Qiang , Zheng Yu-Guo , Shen Yin-Chu
Published: August 2014

Methionine as an essential amino acid has been attracting more attention for its important applications in food and feed additives. In this study, for efficient production of methionine from 2-amino-4-methylthiobutanenitrile, a codon-optimized nitrilase gene was newly synthesized and expressed, and the catalytic conditions for methionine production were studied. The optimal temperature and pH for methionine synthesis were 40 °C and 7.5, respectively. The recombinant nitrilase was thermo-stable with half-life of 5.52 h at 40 °C. The substrate loading was optimized in given amount of catalyst and fixed substrate/catalyst ratio mode to achieve higher productivity. Methionine was produced in 100 % conversion within 120 min with a substrate loading of 300 mM. The production of methionine with the immobilized resting cells in packed-bed reactor was investigated. The immobilized nitrilase exhibited good operation stability and retained over 80 % of the initial activity after operating for 100 h. After separation, the purity and the total yield of methionine reached 99.1 and 97 %, respectively. This recombinant nitrilase could be a potential candidate for application in production of methionine.
Structure of Microemulsion Formulated with Monoacylglycerols in the Presence of Polyols and Ethanol
Authors: Szumała Patrycja
Published: August 2014

The influence of polyols as cosurfactants (propylene glycol PG; glycerol G) and short chain alcohol as a cosolvent (ethanol EtOH) on the formation and solubilization capacity of the systems: hexadecane/monoacylglycerols (MAG)/polyol/water:EtOH, at 60 °C, was investigated. Electrical conductivity measurement, and the DSC method were applied to determine the structure and type of microemulsions formed. The dimension of the droplets was characterized by DLS. It has been stated that concentration of EtOH has a strong influence on the shape and extend the microemulsion areas and helps to avoid rigid structures such as gels, precipitates, and liquid crystals. It was found that, depending on the concentration of five‐component systems, it was possible to obtain fully diluted microemulsions with dispersed particles size distribution ranging from 5 to 30 nm. Studied systems are changing the w/o structure into a bicontinuous system. The results of electrical conductivity showed that the electrical percolation threshold is dependent on the hydration of polar head groups in the whole system and the less rigid interfacial film due to the intercalation of ethanol. In addition, the surfactant/alcohol/polyol can strongly bind water in the inner phase so that it freezes below −10 °C and acts in part as ‘bound’ water. In the systems containing more than 50 mass% of polyols, with respect to the water, the all the water was non‐freezable. Propylene glycol and glycerol are cryoprotectants protecting biological systems from massive ice crystallization, since they lower the freezing point of water.
Community Outcome in Cognitively Normal Schizophrenia Patients
Authors: Muharib Eva , Heinrichs R. Walter , Miles Ashley , Pinnock Farena , McDermid Vaz Stephanie , Ammari Narmeen
Published: August 2014

Recent reports suggest that cognition is relatively preserved in some schizophrenia patients. However, little is known about the functional advantage these patients may demonstrate. The purpose of this study was to identify cognitively normal patients with a recently developed test battery and to determine the functional benefit of this normality relative to cognitively impaired patients. Average-range cognitive ability was defined by the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) composite score (T≥40) and applied to 100 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and to 81 non-psychiatric research participants. With group assignment adjusted for demographic variables, this procedure yielded 14 cognitively normal patients, 21 cognitively impaired patients, and 21 healthy adults with normal-range MCCB scores. Cognitively normal patients were indistinguishable from controls across all MCCB scales. Furthermore, their performance was superior to impaired patients on all scales except Social Cognition. Cognitively normal patients were also superior to impaired patients on a summary index of simulated life skills and functional competence. Nevertheless, both patient groups were equally disadvantaged relative to controls in independent community living. These findings suggest that normal-range cognition exists in schizophrenia, but fails to translate into enhanced community outcome. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–7)
Division of labour and terminal differentiation in a novel Bacillus thuringiensis strain
Authors: Deng Chao , Slamti Leyla , Raymond Ben , Liu Guiming , Lemy Christelle , Gominet Myriam , Yang Jingni , Wang Hengliang , Peng Qi , Zhang Jie , Lereclus Didier , Song Fuping
Published: August 2014

A major challenge in bacterial developmental biology has been to understand the mechanisms underlying cell fate decisions. Some differentiated cell types display cooperative behaviour. Cooperation is one of the greatest mysteries of evolutionary biology and microbes have been considered as an excellent system for experimentally testing evolution theories. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a spore-forming bacterium, which is genetically closely related to B. anthracis, the agent of anthrax, and to B. cereus, an opportunistic human pathogen. The defining feature that distinguishes Bt from its relatives is its ability to produce crystal inclusions in the sporulating cells. These toxins are solubilized after ingestion and are cooperative public goods in insect hosts. In this study, we describe a Bt strain LM1212 that presents the unique ability to terminally differentiate into crystal producers and spore formers. Transcriptional analysis based on lacZ and gfp reporter genes suggested that this phenotype is the consequence of a new type of cell differentiation associated with a novel regulation mode of cry gene expression. The differentiating crystal-producer phenotype has higher spore productivity than a typical Bt strain and is better able to compete with Cry toxin null ‘cheaters’. Potentially, this division of labour provides additional fitness benefits in terms of spore viability or durability of Cry toxin.
Adaptation of an abundant Roseobacter RCA organism to pelagic systems revealed by genomic and transcriptomic analyses
Authors: Voget Sonja , Wemheuer Bernd , Brinkhoff Thorsten , Vollmers John , Dietrich Sascha , Giebel Helge-Ansgar , Beardsley Christine , Sardemann Carla , Bakenhus Insa , Billerbeck Sara , Daniel Rolf , Simon Meinhard
Published: August 2014

The RCA (Roseobacter clade affiliated) cluster, with an internal 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of >98%, is the largest cluster of the marine Roseobacter clade and most abundant in temperate to (sub)polar oceans, constituting up to 35% of total bacterioplankton. The genome analysis of the first described species of the RCA cluster, Planktomarina temperata RCA23, revealed that this phylogenetic lineage is deeply branching within the Roseobacter clade. It shares not >65.7% of homologous genes with any other organism of this clade. The genome is the smallest of all closed genomes of the Roseobacter clade, exhibits various features of genome streamlining and encompasses genes for aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis (AAP) and CO oxidation. In order to assess the biogeochemical significance of the RCA cluster we investigated a phytoplankton spring bloom in the North Sea. This cluster constituted 5.1% of the total, but 10–31% (mean 18.5%) of the active bacterioplankton. A metatranscriptomic analysis showed that the genome of P. temperata RCA23 was transcribed to 94% in the bloom with some variations during day and night. The genome of P. temperata RCA23 was also retrieved to 84% from metagenomic data sets from a Norwegian fjord and to 82% from stations of the Global Ocean Sampling expedition in the northwestern Atlantic. In this region, up to 6.5% of the total reads mapped on the genome of P. temperata RCA23. This abundant taxon appears to be a major player in ocean biogeochemistry.
MicroRNAs differentially present in the plasma of HIV elite controllers reduce HIV infection in vitro
Authors: Reynoso Rita , Laufer Natalia , Hackl Matthias , Skalicky Susanna , Monteforte Rossella , Turk Gabriela , Carobene Mauricio , Quarleri Jorge , Cahn Pedro , Werner Roland , Stoiber Heribert , Grillari-Voglauer Regina , Grillari Johannes
Published: August 2014

Elite controllers maintain HIV-1 viral loads below the limit of detection. The mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon are poorly understood. As microRNAs (miRNAs) are regulators of gene expression and some of them modulate HIV infection, we have studied the miRNA profile in plasma from HIV elite controllers and chronically infected individuals and compared against healthy donors. Several miRNAs correlate with CD4+ T cell count or with the known time of infection. No significant differences were observed between elite controllers and healthy donors; however, 16 miRNAs were different in the plasma of chronic infected versus healthy donors. In addition, levels of hsa-miR-29b-3p, hsa-miR-33a-5p and hsa-miR-146a-5p were higher in plasma from elite controllers than chronic infected and hsa-miR-29b-3p and hsa-miR-33a-5p overexpression significantly reduced the viral production in MT2 and primary T CD4+ cells. Therefore, levels of circulating miRNAs might be of diagnostic and/or prognostic value for HIV infection and hsa-miR-29b-3p and miR-33a-5p may contribute to the design of new anti-HIV drugs.
Enantioselective N-alkylation of isatins and synthesis of chiral N-alkylated indoles
Authors: Dou Xiaowei , Yao Weijun , Jiang Chunhui , Lu Yixin
Published: August 2014

Asymmetric N-alkylations of isatins with enals were shown to be feasible via a prolinol-catalyzed iminium activation, and N-alkylated isatins and indoles were obtained in good yields and with excellent enantioselectivity.
Isomerisation of 1,4-dichlorobenzene using highly acidic alkali chloroaluminate melts
Authors: Messner J. , Schulz P. S. , Taccardi N. , Kuhlmann Sven , Wasserscheid P.
Published: August 2014

The isomerisation reaction of 1,4-dichlorobenzene leading to the thermodynamically favoured and technically desired 1,3-dichlorobenzene has been studied comparing highly acidic chloroaluminate melts with organic imidazolium and alkali metal ions.
Towards understanding P-gp resistance: a case study of the antitumour drug cabazitaxel
Authors: Baisch U. , Vella-Zarb L.
Published: August 2014

A structural and Hirshfeld surface study of five forms of the antitumour drug cabazitaxel suggests key factors contributing to its poor affinity to P-gp.
Vibrational dynamics and solvatochromism of the label SCN in various solvents and hemoglobin by time dependent IR and 2D-IR spectroscopy
Authors: van Wilderen Luuk J. G. W. , Kern-Michler Daniela , Müller-Werkmeister Henrike M. , Bredenbeck Jens
Published: August 2014

The vibrational label SCN is used to report on local structural dynamics in a protein revealing spectral diffusion on a picosecond scale. The SCN spectra are compared to the response of methylthiocyanate in solvents with different polarity and hydrogen-bonding capabilities.
Stability and binding interaction of bilirubin on a gold nano-surface: steady state fluorescence and FT-IR investigation
Authors: Maity Mritunjoy , Das Supriya , Maiti Nakul C.
Published: August 2014

A gold nanoparticle exhibits strong absorption and emission due to its unique physical geometry and surface plasmon resonance phenomena.
Highly efficient Pd-based core–shell nanowire catalysts for O2 dissociation
Authors: Zhang Yanxing , Yang Zongxian , Wu Meng
Published: August 2014

With the consideration of the stability and cost, we found that the Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ru, Ir atoms have lower price than the Pd and favor at the core even with O adatom at the surface. The formed M@Pd core–shell nanowires are active for O2 dissociation with activation barriers no larger than 0.25 eV.
Mechanical properties and fracture dynamics of silicene membranes
Authors: Botari T. , Perim E. , Autreto P. A. S. , van Duin A. C. T. , Paupitz R. , Galvao D. S.
Published: August 2014

A thorough study on the mechanical properties of silicene membranes. Young's modulus, Poisson's ratios, critical strain values, edge effects, dynamics of edge reconstructions, temperature dependence and stress distributions were investigated.
Colour-tunable aggregation-induced emission of trifunctional o-carborane dyes
Authors: Tominaga Masato , Naito Hirofumi , Morisaki Yasuhiro , Chujo Yoshiki
Published: August 2014

o-Carborane compounds showed a dual-emission property (normal emission and AIE), and the emission intensities could be precisely controlled, resulting in colour-tunable emission from blue to orange via white.
Toughened epoxy polymers via rearrangement of network topology
Authors: Sharifi M. , Jang C. W. , Abrams C. F. , Palmese G. R.
Published: August 2014

A new toughening mechanism for thermosetting polymers is shown. The technique involves manipulation of polymer network topology allowing the glassy material to deform under loading without rupturing covalent bonds.
Depolarized light scattering spectra of molecular liquids: Described in terms of mode coupling theory
Authors: Schmidtke B. , Rössler E. A.
Published: August 2014

Depolarized light scattering spectra of eight molecular liquids as obtained from applying tandem-Fabry-Pérot interferometry and double monochromator are analyzed in the frame work of the mode coupling theory (MCT). The susceptibility spectra are fitted to the numerical solution of the schematic F12 model of MCT and the validity of the asymptotic laws is discussed. The model is able to quantitatively describe the spectra up to the boiling point, where the main (structural) relaxation and the contribution of the microscopic (vibrational) dynamics essentially merge, and down to the moderately super-cooled liquid where glassy dynamics establishes. The changes of the spectra with temperature are mapped to only two control parameters, which show a smooth variation with temperature. Strong correlation between experimental stretching parameters and extrapolated values from the model is found. The numerical solutions are extrapolated down to Tc, where the asymptotic scaling laws can be applied. Although the spectra apparently follow scaling relations, the application of the asymptotic laws usually overestimates Tc by up to 12 K. In all the cases, the experimental spectra are outside the applicability regime of the asymptotic laws. This is explained by more or less strong vibrational contributions. Within a phenomenological approach which extends the spectral analysis down to Tg and which allows for separating fast and slow dynamics, the strength of the fast dynamics 1 – frel is revealed. It shows the cusp-like anomaly predicted by MCT; yet, the corresponding critical temperature is significantly higher than that derived from the F12 model. In addition, we demonstrate that close to Tg, the susceptibility minimum is controlled by the interplay of the excess wing and the fast dynamics contribution.
Predicting solute partitioning in lipid bilayers: Free energies and partition coefficients from molecular dynamics simulations and COSMOmic
Authors: Jakobtorweihen S. , Zuniga A. Chaides , Ingram T. , Gerlach T. , Keil F. J. , Smirnova I.
Published: August 2014

Quantitative predictions of biomembrane/water partition coefficients are important, as they are a key property in pharmaceutical applications and toxicological studies. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to calculate free energy profiles for different solutes in lipid bilayers. How to calculate partition coefficients from these profiles is discussed in detail and different definitions of partition coefficients are compared. Importantly, it is shown that the calculated coefficients are in quantitative agreement with experimental results. Furthermore, we compare free energy profiles from MD simulations to profiles obtained by the recent method COSMOmic, which is an extension of the conductor-like screening model for realistic solvation to micelles and biomembranes. The free energy profiles from these molecular methods are in good agreement. Additionally, solute orientations calculated with MD and COSMOmic are compared and again a good agreement is found. Four different solutes are investigated in detail: 4-ethylphenol, propanol, 5-phenylvaleric acid, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene, whereby the latter belongs to the class of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The convergence of the free energy profiles from biased MD simulations is discussed and the results are shown to be comparable to equilibrium MD simulations. For 5-phenylvaleric acid the influence of the carboxyl group dihedral angle on free energy profiles is analyzed with MD simulations.
Accurate first-principles calculations for 12CH3D infrared spectra from isotopic and symmetry transformations
Authors: Rey Michaël , Nikitin Andrei V. , Tyuterev Vladimir G.
Published: August 2014

Accurate variational high-resolution spectra calculations in the range 0-8000 cm−1 are reported for the first time for the monodeutered methane (12CH3D). Global calculations were performed by using recent ab initio surfaces for line positions and line intensities derived from the main isotopologue 12CH4. Calculation of excited vibrational levels and high-J rovibrational states is described by using the normal mode Eckart-Watson Hamiltonian combined with irreducible tensor formalism and appropriate numerical procedures for solving the quantum nuclear motion problem. The isotopic H→D substitution is studied in details by means of symmetry and nonlinear normal mode coordinate transformations. Theoretical spectra predictions are given up to J = 25 and compared with the HITRAN 2012 database representing a compilation of line lists derived from analyses of experimental spectra. The results are in very good agreement with available empirical data suggesting that a large number of yet unassigned lines in observed spectra could be identified and modeled using the present approach.
On the absence of asymmetric wakes for periodically plunging finite wings
Authors: Calderon D. E. , Cleaver D. J. , Gursul I. , Wang Z.
Published: August 2014

It has previously been shown that, at high Strouhal numbers, oscillating airfoils can produce deflected jets that can create very high lift-coefficients for otherwise symmetric scenarios. These deflected jets form through pairing of the trailing-edge vortices to create asymmetric vortex couples that self-propel at an angle to the freestream, resulting in an asymmetric flow field and non-zero lift. In this paper results are presented that indicate these high-lift deflected jets cannot form for finite wings. Instead of the straight vortex tubes that pair and convect at an angle to the freestream observed for effectively infinite wings, finite wings exhibit vortex tubes that break into two branches near the tip forming double helix structures. One branch connects with the last vortex; one branch connects with the next vortex. This creates a long “daisy chain” of interconnected trailing edge vortices forming a long series of vortex loops. These symmetric flow fields are shown to persist for finite wings even to Strouhal numbers more than twice those required to produce asymmetric wakes on plunging airfoils. Two contributing reasons are discussed for why deflected jets are not observed. First the tip vortex creates three-dimensionality that discourages vortex coupling. Second, the symmetry of the circulation of the interconnected vortex loops, which has been confirmed by the experiments, is a natural consequence of the vortex topology. Therefore, the asymmetry in trailing edge vortex strength previously observed as characteristic of deflected jets cannot be supported for finite wings.
Evolution of the magnetic field generated by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability
Authors: Modestov M. , Bychkov V. , Brodin G. , Marklund M. , Brandenburg A.
Published: August 2014

The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in an ionized plasma is studied with a focus on the magnetic field generation via the Biermann battery (baroclinic) mechanism. The problem is solved by using direct numerical simulations of two counter-directed flows in 2D geometry. The simulations demonstrate the formation of eddies and their further interaction and merging resulting in a large single vortex. In contrast to general belief, it is found that the instability generated magnetic field may exhibit significantly different structures from the vorticity field, despite the mathematically identical equations controlling the magnetic field and vorticity evolution. At later stages of the nonlinear instability development, the magnetic field may keep growing even after the hydrodynamic vortex strength has reached its maximum and started decaying due to dissipation.
Anisotropy of ferroelectric behavior of (1 − x)Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3–xBaTiO3 single crystals across the morphotropic phase boundary
Authors: Schneider D. , Jo Wook , Rödel J. , Rytz D. , Granzow T.
Published: August 2014

(1 − x)(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3-xBaTiO3 (BNT-100xBT) single crystals with three different compositions of x = 0.036, 0.065, and 0.088, covering the rhombohedral to predominantly tetragonal region of the phase diagram and encompassing the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB), were grown by top-seeded solution growth. Dielectric and ferroelectric measurements were performed on samples with different orientations with respect to the crystallographic axes. While the results complied with the current understanding of the crystallographic structure, no enhancement of electromechanical properties based on transient polarization rotation was observed. This clearly sets BNT-100xBT apart from other relaxor ferroelectric systems with a rhombohedral-tetragonal MPB such as (1 − x) Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3. An anomaly was observed in the poling behavior of the strain in 〈001〉 oriented BNT-100xBT in the immediate vicinity of the MPB with x = 0.065, resulting in a giant small-signal piezoelectric coefficient d33 of 4600 pm/V. This effect is hypothesized to be due to an irreversible phase change from rhombohedral polar nanoregions to tetragonal ferroelectric microdomains.
Electric field control of spin re-orientation in perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions—CoFeB and MgO thickness dependence
Authors: Meng Hao , Naik Vinayak Bharat , Liu Ruisheng , Han Guchang
Published: August 2014

We report an investigation of electric-field (EF) control of spin re-orientation as functions of the thicknesses of CoFeB free layer (FL) and MgO layer in synthetic-antiferromagnetic pinned magnetic tunnel junctions with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. It is found that the EF modulates the coercivity (Hc) of the FL almost linearly for all FL thicknesses, while the EF efficiency, i.e., the slope of the linearity, increases as the FL thickness increases. This linear variation in Hc is also observed for larger MgO thicknesses (≥1.5 nm), while the EF efficiency increases only slightly from 370 to 410 Oe nm/V when MgO thickness increases from 1.5 to 1.76 nm. We have further observed the absence of quasi-DC unipolar switching. We discuss its origin and highlight the underlying challenges to implement the EF controlled switching in a practical magnetic memory.
A strained silicon cold electron bolometer using Schottky contacts
Authors: Brien T. L. R. , Ade P. A. R. , Barry P. S. , Dunscombe C. , Leadley D. R. , Morozov D. V. , Myronov M. , Parker E. H. C. , Prest M. J. , Prunnila M. , Sudiwala R. V. , Whall T. E. , Mauskopf P. D.
Published: August 2014

We describe optical characterisation of a strained silicon cold electron bolometer (CEB), operating on a 350 mK stage, designed for absorption of millimetre-wave radiation. The silicon cold electron bolometer utilises Schottky contacts between a superconductor and an n++ doped silicon island to detect changes in the temperature of the charge carriers in the silicon, due to variations in absorbed radiation. By using strained silicon as the absorber, we decrease the electron-phonon coupling in the device and increase the responsivity to incoming power. The strained silicon absorber is coupled to a planar aluminium twin-slot antenna designed to couple to 160 GHz and that serves as the superconducting contacts. From the measured optical responsivity and spectral response, we calculate a maximum optical efficiency of 50% for radiation coupled into the device by the planar antenna and an overall noise equivalent power, referred to absorbed optical power, of 1.1×10−16 W Hz−1/2 when the detector is observing a 300 K source through a 4 K throughput limiting aperture. Even though this optical system is not optimized, we measure a system noise equivalent temperature difference of 6 mK Hz−1/2. We measure the noise of the device using a cross-correlation of time stream data, measured simultaneously with two junction field-effect transistor amplifiers, with a base correlated noise level of 300 pV Hz−1/2 and find that the total noise is consistent with a combination of photon noise, current shot noise, and electron-phonon thermal noise.
Nucleation transitions in undercooled Cu70Co30 immiscible alloy
Authors: Zhang Yikun , Simon Christian , Volkmann Thomas , Kolbe Matthias , Herlach Dieter , Wilde Gerhard
Published: August 2014

High temperature differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is applied to undercool and crystallize melts of a Cu70Co30 alloy into the metastable miscibility gap. The kinetic prefactor Γ and the activation energy ΔG* of the nucleation rate are determined based on the statistical analysis within classical nucleation theory. The value of Γ reaches 2.64 (0.21) × 1037 m−3 s−1, which is close to that of the value for homogenous nucleation and much larger than that of undercooled pure Co melts. The value of ΔG* is estimated to be 67 (2.5) kBT which is also higher than that of undercooled pure Co melts. The nucleation of the crystallization of the Co-rich phase is governed by homogeneous nucleation or conditions that are indistinguishable from homogeneous nucleation and the Cu-rich liquid phase effectively prevents the occurrence of heterogeneous nucleation for the nucleation of the Co-rich phase in the liquid-phase separated Cu70Co30 alloy. The results indicate that nucleation of the crystalline phase is sensitively dependent on the metastable binodal, which modifies the nucleation boundary conditions, leading to an effective transition of the dominant nucleation mechanism that depends critically on the vicinity to the metastable miscibility gap.