bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF OCCLUSION OF THE BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE POPLITEAL LYMPH NODE OF THE RABBIT ON THE CELL AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF THE LYMPH AND ON THE HISTOLOGY OF THE NODE
Authors: Osogoe B , Courtice FC
Published: December 2007

The anatomical arrangement of the blood vessels supplying the popliteal lymph node of the rabbit was determined by injecting latex into the femoral artery and vein. Complete occlusion of its blood supply caused no appreciable change in the flow and protein concentration in afferent and efferent lymph of the node.

The cell count in the efferent lymph fell from 6th hr. to 5th day after occlusion to levels approaching those in afferent lymph, and during this time degeneration of cells within the node occurred except for small areas adjacent to the marginal and medullary sinuses.

Regeneration of the lymphatic tissue with an increase in the cell counts of the efferent lymph began from about the 7th day after occlusion and was due to the regeneration of blood vessels connected with the blood circulation outside the node.

In experiments, in which one or more small collateral arteries were left intact, no degeneration of the cells or reduction in cell content of the lymph occurred.
CELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF 125I‐LABELLED SALMONELLA ADELAIDE FLAGELLIN FOLLOWING INJECTION INTO THE RAT IN THE PRESENCE OF FREUND'S COMPLETE ADJUVANT
Authors: Lind Patricia E
Published: December 2007

A comparison has been made of the uptake of 125I‐labelled flagellin in the pepliteal lymph nodes following its injection into the foot‐pad of the rat in aqueous solution and in Freund's complete adjuvant

In aqueous solution the cellular localization of the antigen within the node was found to follow the characteristic pattern previously described by Ada, Nossal and Austin (1964) with high concentrations of label appearing in the medullary macrophages and over the lymphoid follicles of the cortex.

Antigen injected in adjuvant persisted for a long period both at the injection site and in the draining lymph node. Only minimal follicular localization of the antigen was observed within the node. Instead large amounts of label were found to accumulate in the subcapsular sinus and from this source, relatively small aggregates of label associated with droplets of lipid from the adjuvant appeared to migrate slowly and randomly into the body of the node. This process was accompanied by lymph node hyperplasia associated principally with a massive plasma Cell proliferation in the medullary area. At the same time high titres of circulating antibody developed.

It has been postulated that antigen taken up by the reticular dendritic web of the cortical lymphoid follicles, following its injection in aqueous solution, may act as an antigen depot with which antigen‐sensitive precursors of antibody‐ producing cells may make contact and receive their specific inductive stimulus. It is further suggested that, when antigen is Injected in Freund's complete adjuvant, not only does the adjuvant stimulate intensive lymphoid cell proliferation within the draining lymph nodes with a probable increase in the number of antibody‐producing cell precursors, but that the antigen in the antigen‐ adjuvant droplets which reach the interior of the node, both in quantity and persistence, may fulfil more efficiently the role played by antigen on the reticulum cells of the cortical follicles.
THE ROLE OF ALDOSTERONE IN RENAL SODIUM CONSERVATION DURING SODIUM DEPLETION
Authors: Blair‐West JR , Coghlan JP , Denton DA , Scott D , Wright RD
Published: December 2007

The effect of aldosterone infused intravenously at 2, 4, 8 and 16 μg./hr., i.e. over the physiological range, upon the renal retention of sodium was studied in adrenalectomized sheep during progressive sodium depletion over 32 hr. via a parotid fistula. The animals were given basal cortisol and corti‐costerone. The resulting patterns of renal sodium excretion were compared with the renal response to sodium loss in the same animals before bilateral adrenalectomy. With high renal output of sodium under high sodium load there was no evidence of aldosterone activation of sodium retention, but as sodium loss progressed there was evidence of increased sensitivity to aldosterone of the renal sodium retention mechanism. The dose/effect relation between rate of aldosterone infusion and renal excretion of sodium at this stage showed (a) a threshold dosage for this effect, (b) a proportionality between dosage and degree of sodium retention, (c) that the effective dosage is similar to the aldosterone secretion rate from the adrenal when present under similar circumstances of sodium toss. The results demonstrate that the normal rate of release of aldosterone in the sodium replete animal, 0·64 ± 0·36 ± 0·10 (14) μg./hr, is not sufficient to allow a maximal sodium retention by the kidney. Therefore, aldosterone secretion is commensurate and causal to normal renal sodium conservation during sodium loss.
THE EFFECTS OF ALPHA‐ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKADE AND SYMPATHETIC DENERVATION ON THE PRESSOR ACTION OF ANGIOTENSIN IN MAN
Authors: Scroop GC , Whelan RF
Published: December 2007

Intravenous phentolamine abolished the sympathetically‐mediated hand vasoconstriction which occurs during intravenous infusions of angiotensin in normal subjects. However, the blood pressure response was not significantly modified, indicating that the sympathetic stimulating action of angiotensin, in the doses and duration of exposure used, did not make a major contribution to the overall increase in peripheral resistance.

This conclusion is supported by the observation of enhanced pressor responses to angiotensin in two patients with autonomic nervous system degeneration and in one patient with complete cervical cord transection.

The failure of phentolamine to modify the pressor response to angiotensin indicates that with the doses used adrenal medullary release of catecholamines, which is known to occur in animals during angiotensin infusions, does not make a significant contribution to the pressor response in man.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ANGIOTENSIN, NORADRENALINE AND SEROTONIN ON THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD VESSELS IN MAN
Authors: Scroop GC , Walsh JA
Published: December 2007

The constrictor action of noradrenaline on the hand vessels was significantly enhanced in the presence of threshold amounts of angiotensin as was that of angiotensin in the presence of threshold amounts of serotonin. No such potentiation was seen with the same combinations in the forearm.

In the forearm significant potentiation was only seen with constrictor doses of noradrenaline in the presence of threshold amounts of serotonin. No potentiation was seen with this combination in the hand vessels.

Although statistically significant potentiation was seen with all three possible combinations of the drugs, it was not common to both vascular beds studied. Furthermore, it was often of a minor degree and inconsistent within the one combination. These considerations make it unlikely that these interactions are of biological importance in man.
PATTERNS OF MIGRATION OF LYMPHOID CELLS
Authors: Austin Caroline M
Published: December 2007

Studies in inbred Lewis rats have shown that primary lymphoid follicles are within the pathway or traffic area of lymphoid tissue, both in the spleen and in regional lymph nodes. Suggestive evidence is given for antigenic stimulation causing blast cell transformation within these follicles.

The studies have been performed using cells labelled with 3H‐thymidine in vitro or 3H‐uridine in vivo. Cells cultured with 3H‐uridine in vitro were those of the peripheral lymphoid organs. In vivo labelling was carried out using parabiosed animals.

Marked overall differences in the pattern of movement of these different populations of cells have been annotated. The majority of cells labelled with 3H‐uridine are found in the diffuse cortex of the nodes or the periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath of the spleen. However, when cells are labelled with 3H‐ thymidine there is a fairly even distribution throughout the different compartments of the lymphoid organs. Thus, young lymphocytes show a different migratory pattern to the bulk of the population.
COLONY GROWTH OF RAT BONE MARROW CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Bradley TR , Siemienowicz R
Published: December 2007

A method is described which is suitable for the growth of colonies from rat bone marrow cells in vitro. The method involves plating out rat marrow cell suspensions in agar, using small amounts of rat serum as the stimulus to colony growth. Dose response relationships are shown to exist between the dose of rat serum used and the number of colonies produced and between the number of marrow cells plated and the number of colonies produced. Thus, the system is suitable for quantitative work with rat marrow cells. The nuclear morphology of cells in the colonies is described. The colonies initially consisted of cells with ring‐shaped nuclei but showed a transition to large mononuclear cells later in the incubation period.
STIMULATION OF MOUSE BONE MARROW COLONY GROWTH IN VITRO BY CONDITIONED MEDIUM
Authors: Bradley TR , Sumner Margaret A
Published: December 2007

Incubation of culture medium with cells from 8‐day‐old mouse kidney or cells from 16‐ to 18‐day mouse embryos resulted in production of conditioned medium which was capable of stimulating colony growth in vitro of mouse bone marrow cells.

A linear relationship was demonstrated between the dose of conditioned medium and the number of colonies developing. A similar relationship was also found between conditioned medium dosage and the size of the colonies grown.

The activity of conditioned medium was not lost on extensive dialysis; it showed a high degree of heat stability and was precipitated by 50‐100 saturation with ammonium sulphate.

The morphology of cells in colonies grown with conditioned medium was typical of mouse metamyelocytes early in the incubation period but later there was a transition to mononuclear cell types.
TUBERCULIN SENSITIVE LYMPHOCYTES IN HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD FOLLOWING MANTOUX TEST
Authors: Hughes Norman R
Published: December 2007

In two series of peripheral blood leucocyte cultures taken from a Mantoux positive donor it was found that following tuberculin (P.P.D) injections there were (1) increases in the number of cultured lymphocytes responding to P.P.D. by transformation to blast cells, and (2) decreases in the number of macrophages attaching to cover slips in the presence of P.P.D.
THE MOVEMENT OF POTASSIUM IONS ACROSS THE UTERINE MUCOSA OF THE RAT
Authors: Lopata A
Published: December 2007

In the group of prooestrus rats examined the fluid which collected in the uterine lumen contained a high concentration of potassium ions.

It was shown that during prooestrus and oestrus the potassium ions in the luminal fluid penetrate the endometrial mucosa and enter the uterine wall. The maximum amount of endometrial or myometrial potassium ions, derived from the luminal fluid, occurred during late prooestrus.
BINDING OF SULFHYDRYL REAGENTS TO NORMAL AND IRRADIATED LEUCOCYTE LYSOSOMES
Authors: Harris JW
Published: December 2007

The cytoplasmic granules (lysosomes) of leucocytes are highly reactive in situ, undergoing explosive rupture during phagocytosis, and relatively radiosensitive in the isolated state. The possibility that these properties might be related to membrane sulfhydryl groups was investigated by standard the binding of 203Hg‐labelled HgCL2 and p‐chloromercuribenzenesulfonate to granules isolated from rabbit peritoneal‐exudate neutrophils.

Leucocyte lysosomes had a maximum mercury‐binding capacity of 1·92×10−7moles/mg. protein (7·5 × 10−17 moles per “average” granule), p‐chloro‐mercuribenzenesulfonate binding at 6·6 × 10−4 M was similar to this figure, but at lower concentrations binding of the mercurial was approx. 25% less than that of mercury. Binding of p‐chloromercurihenzenesulfonate was influenced by the physical state of the preparations as well as by the ionic composition of the suspending medium.

Isolated granules were highly sensitive to mercury and p‐chloromencuribenzenesulfonate, undergoing rapid disruption upon incubation at 28° in the presence of low concentrations of these agents. At high concentrations of mercury (but not of p‐chloromercuribenzeuesulfonate) the granules became increasingly resistant to rupture. Lysosomes were more sensitive to gammaradiation when they were irradiated in the presence of 10 −5 M HgCl2, indicating that sulfhydryl groups may be involved in the rupture of the granules by radiation.
ELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES ON THE HAEMOGLOBINS OF AUSTRALIAN LAMPREYS
Authors: Potter IC , Nicol Patricia I
Published: December 2007

Electrophoresis on “Cellogel” strips shows that during metamorphosis a complete change occurs in the haemoglobins of all three Australian species of lampreys. The haemoglobin electrophoretic patterns of the two closely related species, Mordacia mordax and Mordacia praecox, are identical. These patterns differ markedly from those found in Geotria australis, suggesting that Mordacia and Geotria are not closely related.
ESTABLISHMENT OF CELL LINES FROM AUSTRALIAN LEUKAEMIC PATIENTS: PRESENCE OF A HERPES‐LIKE VIRUS
Authors: Pope JH
Published: December 2007

Two cell lines (QIMR‐WIL and QIMR‐FIN) were established from peripheral leucocytes from patients with myeloblastic and lymphoblastic leukaemia. The predominant cells were primitive blast cells. Electron microscopy revealed the presence in each cell line of a herpes‐like virus morphologically indistinguishable from that previously described in cultured Burkitt lymphoma or leukaemic cells of African or U.S. origin. The virus was distinct from Herpesvirus hominis.
THE ISOLATION OF A PSITTACOSIS‐LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM (PL) AGENT FROM AN EMPEROR PENGUIN (APTENODYTES FORSTERI) CHICK
Authors: Cameron AS
Published: December 2007

An organism, shown to be a member of the Psittacosis‐Lympho‐ granuloma Venereum group has been isolated from an emperor penguin chick found dead at the Auster penguin rookery in Antarctica. This is the first evidence by isolation of the presence of this group of organisms among birds in Antarctica.
THE BIOGENESIS OF MITOCHONDRIA
Authors: Lukins HR , Jollow D , Wallace Patricia G , Linnane Anthony W
Published: December 2007

A comparison has been made of the composition and enzymic content of mitochondria isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown under varying degrees of glucose repression. An increase in the degree of repression of that whole yeast cell results in a decreased oxidative activity of the isolated mitochondria, a decrease associated with a lower content of cytochromes and decreased activities of a number of membrane‐bound dehydrogenases and citric acid cycle enzymes. The concentrations of individual cytochromes and enzymes were affected by the catabolite repression to a variable degree.

The lipid content and composition of yeast mitochondria and the effects of repression on the mitochondrial lipids have also been investigated. Mitochondria from non‐repressed yeast cells, which in oxidative activity resemble mammalian mitochondria, differ from them in having a lower phospholipid and higher neutral lipid content and in containing a high proportion of mono‐unssaturated fatty acids in place of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Glucose repression selectively affects the phospholipids of the mitochondria, resulting in a reduced total phospholipid content and a more saturated pattern of the fatty acyl composition of the phospholipid.

The changes in the protein and lipid composition of the mitochondria are correlated with changes in the morphology of mitochondria as shown in electron micrographs of cells grown under different degrees of repression.

The results indicate that catabolite repression affects the entire organization of the yeast mitochondrion, and the wide variation in the proportions of lipid and protein components in the mitochondria suggests that the assembly of the organelle in yeast is a stepwise process.
THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOME AUSTRALIAN FAUNA TO INFECTION WITH FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS
Authors: Snowdon WA
Published: December 2007

Several species of Australian fauna were tested for their susceptibility to infection with foot and mouth disease virus. The majority of the fauna tested would support the multiplication of virus after either intramuscular or intradermal inoculation, although clinical signs of foot and mouth disease were rarely seen. The preferred sites for virus multiplication appeared to be the soft palate and pharynx in the red kangaroos, and the salivary glands in the water rats.

The serum neutralizing antibody titres to foot and mouth disease virus in the kangaroos, wallabies and wombats reached a peak 14 days after inoculation and then gradually declined. Serum neutralizing antibody could not be de‐ tected in the echidnas 21 days after inoculation, but significant titres were present 35 days after inoculation.

When red kangaroos and wombats were closely confined with cattle, it was found that (i) a proportion of red kangaroos infected by intramuscular inoculation was capable of infecting cattle, (ii) infected cattle were capable of infecting red kangaroos and wombats, and (iii) after being confined with infected cattle for 48 hr., red kangaroos subsequently did not infect susceptible cattle when confined with them.

It was not possible to demonstrate spread of infection from infected red kangaroos to previously unexposed red kangaroos, or persistence of virus in red kangaroos.

It is concluded that it would be only under exceptional conditions that the Australian fauna tested in this study would participate in the spread of foot and mouth disease under field conditions.
TISSUE CATECHOLAMINE LEVELS IN NORMOTENSIVE, GENETICALLY HYPERTENSIVE AND RENAL HYPERTENSIVE RATS
Authors: Robertson Allison A , Hodge JV , Laverty R , Smirk FH
Published: December 2007

Rats with genetic hypertension have been shown to have raised catecholamine levels in the forebrain, cerebellum and caudate nucleus when compared with control rats. In rats made hypertensive by renal artery narrowing, brain catecholamine levels were normal. Both hypertensive groups showed decreased concentrations of noradrenaline in heart muscle. Possible explanations of these changes are discussed.
SIMULTANEOUS ASSAY OF INSULIN AND GLUCAGON IN SERUM
Authors: Young JD , Kraegen EW
Published: December 2007

A radioimmunoassay method is described for the simultaneous drtermination of insulin and glucagon in human serum. The technique uses 125I and 131labelled hormones, specific antisera of negligible cross reaction and an anion exchange resin to separate antiserum‐bound and “free” labelled hormones. Evidence is presented that there is non‐specific protein binding of both labelled insulin and labelled glucagon in human sera, and a correction for this is described. The method is suitable for the rapid assay of a large number of serum samples and fulfils the necessary criteria of specificity, sensitity, accuracy and reproducibility for clinical use.
SERUM INSULIN AND GLUCAGON DURING THE GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST.
Authors: Young JD , Jenkinson IS
Published: December 2007

Using the radioimmunoassay technique, simultaneous measurements of serum insulin and serum glucagon levels at 10‐min. intervals or periods of 1 to 6 hr. have been made‐ on 15 normal subjects, 8 obese diabetics and 5 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, while undergoing the oral glucose tolerance test. In addition, simultaneous blood sugar determinations were made.

The general features of the observed damped oscillations in serum levels of sugar, insulin and glucagon are discussed in terms of a feedback loop of control acting between the physiological variables involved. The feedback loop is based on the known physiology of glucose metabolism.
PROPERTIES OF THE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR IN LEUKAEMIC AND NORMAL MOUSE SERUM
Authors: Stanley ER , Robinson WA , Ada GL
Published: December 2007

The factor in normal and leukaemic mouse serum responsible for the stimulation of bone marrow colony growth in vitro has been characterised. It is a heat labile, non‐dialysable molecule which migrates electrophoretically in the α‐globulin‐post‐albumin region, is resistant to treatment with ether, RNA‐ase and DNA‐ase, has a buoyant density of approximately 1·34 and a sedimentation coefficient of between 4·5 and 7·0. It is likely that this factor is a protein or glycoprntein and that it may represent a Specific leucopoietic substance.

The study also revealed the presence in various mouse sera of components which inhibited or potentiated the effect of the Factor in stimulating colony formation from bone marrow cells.
OUTPUT OF SYMPATHETIC TRANSMITTER IN THE ISOLATED RABBIT EAR
Authors: de la Lande IS , Paton WDM , Waud Barbara
Published: December 2007

The release of sympathin in response to periarterial nerve and ventral auricular nerve stimulation in the isolated perfused rabbit ear has been measured by bioassay of the perfusate on the electrically stimulated rat colon and, in some experiments, by bioassay on a second perfused ear. The output was extremely small, the maximum amount of sympathin recorded being 27 pg. per pulse. In a number of preparations, sympathin was not detected in the perfusate.

Loss of noradrenaline by re‐uptake into storage sites is probably not the major factor responsible for the difficulty in detecting sympathin, since injected noradrenaline showed only a small loss during its passage through the ear and the output remained low in the presence of phenoxybenzamine and cocaine. The possibility is considered that the small quantities of sympathin detected in the perfusate reflect either a small overflow of transmitter or a genuinely low output of sympathin in the ear vessels compared with tissues such as heart spleen and intestine.

Attention is drawn to the ability of the central artery alone to reproduce much of the resistance to perfusion observed in the whole ear in response to periarterial stimulation and to noradrenaline.
A COMPARISON OF THE PHARMACOLOGY OF THE ISOLATED RABBIT EAR AND ITS CENTRAL ARTERY
Authors: de la Lande IS , Waterson JG
Published: December 2007

The vascoconstrictor potency of angiotensin on the rabbit ear was greatly reduced by sectioning the ear so that only the proximal portion remained, or by removal of the entire vasculature other than a small segment of the central artery immediately distal to the site of cannulation.

The above procedure had much less effect on the vasoconstrictor potencies of noradrenaline and histamine.

The findings indicate that angiotensin's action on the ear vessels is mediated largely beyond the larger resistance vessels such as the central artery, whereas noradrenaline and histamine constrict both large and small resistance vessels.

It is concluded that comparison of drug effects on the whole ear and on the central artery alone provides a useful guide to their sites of action on the ear vasculature.
ACUTE ACTIONS OF 2‐(2,6‐DICHLOROPHENYLAMINO)‐ 2‐IMIDAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE (ST 155) IN THE RAT
Authors: Hughes IE
Published: December 2007

Doses of 2‐(2,6‐dichlorophenylamino)‐2‐imidazoline hydrochloride (ST 155) administered to rats under pentobarbitone anaesthesia produced graded reductions in blood pressure and heart rate which were preceded by a small pressor response. The pressor action of ST 155 is attributed to direct stimulation of of‐receptors, since it is affected in a similar manner to noradrenaline by small doses of an α‐blocking agent and is unaffected by pre‐treatment of the animals with reserpine or guanethidine. The depressor response and brudycardia, which were not seen in pithed or ganglion‐blocked animals, could not be attributed to depression of vascular smooth muscle, α‐bloekade, adrenergic neurone blockade or ganglion blockade. Involvement of the cholinergic system or the chemo‐ and baro‐ receptors was excluded, since the hypotensive response and slowing of the heart were still seen in atropinised and/or vagotomised animals and in animals in which the nerves to the carotid and aortic chemo‐ and baro‐ receptors had been sectioned. Since administration of ST 155 in such a way as to induce a higher concentration in the central nervous system than would be encountered after administration into the general circulation potentiated the actions, it is suggested that ST 155 has a predominantly central action, mediated by a reduction in sympathetic nervous activity.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF EPITHELIAL CELLS IN THE MEDULLA OF THE GUINEA‐PIG THYMUS
Authors: Mandel T
Published: December 2007

An ultrastrutural study of the thymic medulla of near‐term foetal and young post‐natal guinea‐pigs revealed the presence of a variety of epithelial cells. Three groups of structurally specialized medullary epithelial cells were distinguished and were referred to as the ‘squamous',‘villous’ and ‘cystic’ cells. Structurally undifferentiated epithelial cells were also seen and cells intermediate in appearance between these and each of the other epithelial cell types were also noted.

The “squamous” cells formed Hassall's corpuscles and closely resembled keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium.“Villous” cells were seen forming an epithelial lining to cleft‐like spaces around the periphery of some Hassall's corpuscles. These cells resembled intestinal lining cells. The “cystic” cells were characterized by the presence of intracytoplasmic cystic spaces, frequent mitochondria and numerous profiles of smooth‐surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. In “thick” sections stained with the periodic acid‐Schiff (P.A.S.) technique and examined with the light microscope these cells were seen to contain periodic acid‐ Sehiff positive material within the cysts. The morphology of the cystic cells is consistent with a secretory function and they may be the source of a thymic humoral Factor.

No evidence was seen of any cells intermediate in structure between epithelial cells and lymphocytes.
SERUM ANTIBODY TO SALMONELLA FLAGELLAR ANTIGENS
Authors: Wistar R
Published: December 2007

In this report two methods are described for the assay of antibody to Salmonella flagellar (H) antigens. One depends on the agglutination of tanned sheep erythrocytes sensitized with polymerized flagellin, tanned red cell haemagglutination (TRC), and the other is a microprecipitin test employing nanogram quantities of I125 labelled monomeric flagellin. When compared with the Standard bacterial immobilization assay, the TRC is more sensitive in detecting natural antibody, human antibody and early primary antibody in rats. The microprecipitin test is most useful as an inhibition assay for determining the antigenicity of flagellar antigen preparations.
FORMATION OF LYMPHOID NODULES IN THE THYMUS IN ALLOGRAFT IMMUNITY
Authors: Awaya Kazuhiko
Published: December 2007

The formation of lymphoid nodules was observed in the thymus of mice that had received lymph node allografts in diffusion chambers. No lymphoid nodules were seen in the thymus of control non‐treated mice or those bearing empty diffusion chambers. A preliminary allografting experiment of another type also showed similar lymphoid nodule formation in the thymus of albino rats. This fact suggests that the prolonged retention of the allograft in the body of experimental animals may induce thymie follicle formation.
AN ANTI‐BRUCELLA PRINCIPLE OF PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: Rezai Hamid R , Naghshgar B
Published: December 2007

A factor inhibiting the growth of Brucella abortus was found in extracts of peritoneal macrophage from Brucella‐vaccinated guinea‐pigs. Mac‐rophages of normal guinea‐pigs lacked this inhibitory activity. Sera from normal or Brucella‐vaccinated guinea‐pigs were devoid of the inhibitory factor.
THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICE TO LEPTOSPIRA POMONA
Authors: Spradbrow PB
Published: December 2007

Inoculation of unweaned mice with two strains of Leptospira pomona resulted in chronic renal infection and urinary excretion of many organisms for long periods. Infection of 2‐day‐old mice with one strain resulted in reduced growth and mortalities 3 to 4 weeks later associated with a high excretion rate. In adult mice, only a transient period of leptospiruria was produced.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY IN RAT PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: Reade Peter C
Published: December 2007

The development of bactericidal activity in peritoneal macrophages from foetal to adult rats has been demonstrated with regard to Salmonella typhimurium C5 and Escherichia coli. (Lilly). Concomitant changes in morphology, acid phosphatase levels and intracytoplasmic inclusions have been described. The phagocytic activity of these cells, however, does not appear to be related to the age of animal from which the macrophages are obtained. The significance of the increasing ability of these cells to degrade bacteria has been discussed with regard to the ontogenesis of the immune response.
AN INDICATOR METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF BACTERIAL X AND V FACTOR DEPENDENCE
Authors: Cooper RG , Attenborough ID
Published: December 2007

The utilization of a colour change in a pH indicator to demonstrate X factor and V factor dependence provides a method that is sensitive, economical, easy to perform and suitable for processing a large number of cultures. The results are clear cut and the method seems to be reliable.
NITROGEN BALANCE AND WATER INTAKE IN THE KANGAROO ISLAND WALLABY, PROTEMNODON EUGENII (DESMAREST)
Authors: Barker S
Published: December 2007

Nitrogen balance, water intake and urine volumes of five female Kangaroo Island wallabies. Protemnodon eugenii (Desmarest) were measured. It was found that theoretical nitrogen equilibrium was achieved at an intake of 289 mg N/kg. W0.75/day which is slightly less than that given by Brown and Main (1967) for the euro. Macropus robustus Gould, a desert adapted macropod marsupial. It was calculated that metabolic faecal nitrogen excretion of the Kangaroo Island wallaby is 411 mg.N/100 g. dry matter intake. From this the theoretical digestible nitrogen intake required to maintain nitrogen equilibrium was calculated as 248 mg.N/kg. W0.75/day, a figure higher than that found by Brown and Main (1967) for the euro. Although urinary nitrogen excretion is low in both species when they are fed a low nitrogen diet, the euro seems to be more efficient at utilising nitrogen. This is probably achieved by lowering the excretion of both uninary urea and metabolic faecal nitrogen.

A negative correlation was found between dry matter intake and mean daily temperature during the pre‐feeding periods. Similar findings have been made in the euro and in the tammar, the Western Australian representative of the Kangaroo Island wallaby. There was a stepwise increase in mean dry matter intake as nitrogen intake increased, and dry matter intake and water intake were positively correlated. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to a naturally occurring population of the Kangaroo Island Wallaby.
A STUDY OF THE POSSIBLE BASIS OF AGE‐DEPENDENT RESISTANCE OF MICE TO POXVIRUS DISEASES
Authors: Subrahmanyan TP
Published: December 2007

The age‐dependent resistance of mice to cowpox virus has been studied. The young mice were more susceptible to the lethal effects of the virus inoculated by various routes, and adult levels of resistance were attained between 2 and 3 weeks of age.

Subcutancously inoculated cowpox virus infected adult and young mice equally. Virus titrations and immunofluorescence studies showed that significant viraemia and infection of viscera occurred only in young mice. There was no particular target organ in young mice, and the degree of infection and the extent of histological damage seen in the liver were slight compared to that seen in fatal mousepox. Circulating free virus was found to infect the livers of young mice more easily.

The adult mice had a superior neutralizing antibody response and this could have been an important factor in preventing the infection of internal organs. The evidence did not suggest that interferon or macrophages were important, factors in age‐dependent resistance to poxviruses. Death in young mice from viral infection did not appear to be due to any greater sensitivity to bacterial endotoxin. It was also found that young mice from a low pathogen colony were more resistant than mice of the same age from the regular colony.
THE EFFECT OF NEPHRECTOMY ON ALDOSTERONE SECRETION IN THE CONSCIOUS SODIUM‐DEPLETED HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED SHEEP
Authors: Blair‐west JR , Coghlan JP , Denton DA , Goding JR , Wintour Marelyn , Wright RD
Published: December 2007

The effect of nephrectomy on aldosterone secretion was studied in 34 hypophysectomized sheep. Access to adrenal vein blood was obtained in 31 animals by the adrenal jugular bypass technique which involves left nephreetomy and cannulation of the left renal vein. The remaining 3 animals had cervical adrenal autotransplants. Sodium depletion by loss of parotid saliva was used as a stimulus to aldosterone secretion.

In the majority of the bypass experiments and in each case in the sheep with adrenal transplants, nephrectomy resulted in aldostrerone secretion falling to the levels found in the sodium replete animal. There was little change 3–5hr. after nephrectomy, but by 10–12hr. aldosterone had decreased to the sodium replete range. In some experiments the fall took as long as 22hr. The findings were the same in animal with subtotal hypophysectomy as with complete hypophysectomy. Stopping infusion of sheep renin in does which elevated aldosterone secretion to comparable level in nephrectomized hypo‐physectomized animals resulted in a rapid fall within 2–3 hr. of aldosterone secretion to basal levels. In control experiments with nephrectomy of sodium repletete hypophysectomized sheep aldosterone secretion did not alter except where, after 12–24 hr., it rose coincident with a rise of plasma potasium concentration.

The results showed that the presence of the kidney was essential for sustained aldosterone hypersecretion of the hypophysectomized sodium depleted sheep.
6‐MERCAPTOPURINE ADMINISTRATION TO NZB MICE
Authors: Casey TP
Published: December 2007

An intensive course of 6‐Mercaptopurine therapy in NZB mice immediately before the overt onset of their autoimmune haemolytic disorder did not delay or modify the subsequent development of antierythrocyte auto‐ antibody or of anaemia.

Anaemic mice tolerated the drug poorly. They became more anaemic without lessening of strength of Coombs tests. It is suggested that the drug should be used with caution in anaemic patients with autoimmune disorders.
ASPECTS OF STIMULATION OF BONE MARROW COLONY GROWTH IN VITRO
Authors: Bradley TR
Published: December 2007

Cells from the kidneys of embryonic mice (17–19th day of gestation) were shown to be inactive with respect to the stimulation of colony growth of adult mouse bone marrow cells in vitro, whilst kidney cells from 2‐, 8‐ or 14‐day‐old mice were active in the induction of colony growth. Colony stimulating activity decreased piogiessively with cells from the kidneys of 1‐, 2‐ or 3‐month‐old mice.

In vitro marrow cell colony stimulating activity was shown to be related to the number of kidney feeder cells used but was not confined to marrow cells of the same mouse strain.

Similar colony stimulating activity was shown by trypsinized mouse embryo cells, and cells from several tissues were shown not to contribute to this activity. Contact between the feeder layers and bone marrow cells was not essential for colony development.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ENERGY AND WATER RESERVES OF PUPS BORN TO MICE GESTATING AT 21° AND 36°
Authors: Pennycuik Pamela R , Burnard ED , Woodward Maureen
Published: December 2007

Mice acclimatized to 36° were found to hove longer gestation periods than those acclimatized to 21°.

When gestation was prolonged beyond 18 days, both the size of the litter and the percentage of pups alive in the litter declined.

Increasing gestation length was also accompanied by a gradual fall in the total body water, the body fat to body weight ratio and the heart glycogen content. There was a marked fall in liver glycogen content between the 19th and 20th day.

These charges in energy reserves were similar in foetuses taken from mothers at 21° and from mothers at 36°. At all ages the foetues at 36° had a higher water content than those at 21°.

Pups delivered at 19 days and exposed to 21° survived for longer periods than those exposed to 36°. The rates of disappearance of water, fat and heart glycogen were similar in both groups, but those at 36° lost liver glycogen at a significantly higher rate than those at 21°.

When pups delivered at 20 days were exposed to 21° or to 36° they survived less well than those delivered at 19 days. Twenty‐day pups exposed to 36° died in a shorter time than those exposed to 21°. In the group at 36° both liver glycogen and body water stores were depleted rapidly.

When pups delivered at 19 days were fostered to mothers at 21° they increased their fat stores threefold in a period of 6 hr. Two‐thirds of pups delivered at 20 days failed to suck when left with a foster mother for 6 hr.
ANTIGEN LOCALIZATION AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AS A FUNCTION OF AGE
Authors: Legge Josephine S , Austin Caroline M
Published: December 2007

The pattern of localization of 123I‐polymerized flagellin prepared from SW1338 was studied in the spleens of young (3–4 month) and aged (18–27 month) C57B1 mice. Young animals invariably localized antigen in the primary and secondary follicles contained within the white pulp. Aged animals varied in their ability to localize antigen, the variation correlating with variable spleen histology. Improvement in follicular localization in aged mice was noted in the presence of specific active or passive antibody.

Aged mice given a single intravenous injection of polymerized flagellin developed a level of serum anti‐H antibodies not detectably different from that of a group of young mice. On secondary challenge, however, antibody response of aged mice was markedly depressed.
STUDIES ON CYTOPHILIC ANTIBODIES
Authors: Nelson DS , Mildenhall P
Published: December 2007

Some factors affecting the production of cytophilic antibodies by guinea‐pigs were investigated, with special reference to the possible relationship between delayed‐type hypersensitivity and cytophilic antibody production.

Guinea‐pigs were injected by different routes (intradermal, footpad, intra‐peritoneal, subcutaneous) with sheep erythrocytes incorporated in Freund's complete adjuvant. Sera were obtained after two weeks, when some of the animals were skin tested to determine the degree of delayed‐type hypersensitivity, and after three weeks. They were titrated for macrophage cytophilic antibody activity and complement‐fixing antibody activity. There was not a close correlation between the intensity of the delayed skin reactions and the titres of cytophilic antibodies present in the sera of individual animals two weeks after sensitization.

Animals immunized by the subcutaneous rovite tended to develop much less intense delayed reactions and to produce much less cytophilic antibody than those immunized by other routes. This was, however, true only for sheep erythrocytes in guinea‐pigs. The responses to human serum albumin in adjuvant were almost as great after subcutaneous as after intradermal injection. These findings, together with previous observations on the responses of guinea‐pigs to ovalbumin and of mice to sheep erythrocytes, highlight the importance of an exact definition of conditions before conclusions on the efficacy of a particular mode of immunization can be drawn.

The skin tests acted as booster doses of antigen which were followed by a much more pronounced rise in cytophilic antibody titres than in complement‐fixing antibody titres. There was some correlation between the intensity of delayed skin reactions at two weeks and the titres of cytophilic antibodies at three weeks, suggesting that to some extent cytophilic antibody production might reflect a previous delayed‐type hypersensitivity reaction. There was no correlation between cytophilic and complement‐fixing antibody titres in individual animals, suggesting that these two types of antibody are produced independently.
THE CONCENTRATION OF MAJOR CATIONS IN THE SPERMATOZOA AND ERYTHROCYTES OF HK AND LK RAMS
Authors: White IG , Quinn PJ , Evans JV
Published: December 2007

Semen and blood were collected from 19 HK and 12 LK rams and the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium estimated in the spermatozoa and erythrocytes. HK sheep had a characteristically high potassium and low sodium concentration in the erythrocytes but there was no difference in the calcium and magnesium concentrations. The concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the spermatozoa were very similar for the two groups of sheep.
THE LOCAL ACTION OF AMMONIUM, CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM ON ADRENOCORTICAL SECRETION
Authors: Blair‐West JR , Coghlan JP , Denton DA , Goding JR , Wintour Marelyn , Wright HD
Published: December 2007

Solution of ammonium chloride, magnesium chloride and calcium chloride were infused locally into the adrenal arterial blood supply of conscious sheep with autotransplanted adrenal glands. At rates of infusion calculated to increase ammonia concentration by 1 mEq./l, or more. NH4Cl increased aldosterone secretion without a regular effect on glucocorticoid secretion. Increase of plasma magnesium concentration by 1–6 mEq./l. or plasma calcium by 2–10 mEq./l. did not affect aldosterone secretion.
THE SEPARATION OF DIFFERENT CELL CLASSES FROM LYMPHOID ORGANS
Authors: Shortman Ken , Evans Margaret A
Published: December 2007

A method is presented for the separation of lymphoid cells on the basis of buoyant density. Up to 5 × 108 cells are dispersed in an isotonic, linear gradient of albumin in balanced salt solution at pH 5·1, and centrifuged at 3800 g. for 45 min at 4°. Density distribution profile for the cell population are calculated after determining the density, cell count and biological activity of about 30 fractions. The method maintains cells at their original volume and density, and gives around 90% cell recovery with little loss of biological activity. The position of a peak of cells is reproducible to ± 0·0003 g./cm3.

The density distribution profiles of lymphocytes from many sources showed considerable heterogeneity, with several distinct peaks; control experiments suggested these were not products of the method. Lymphocyte populations appear to be composed of many sub‐populations separable on the basis of density.
THE SYNTHESIS OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN‐G BY CULTURED HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Lobb Noelene
Published: December 2007

Human peripheral blood lymphocytes have been grown in short‐ term tissue culture in the presence of phytohaemagglutinin. Fluorescent anti‐ sera directed against the immunoglobulin heavy chain markers Gm(a) and Gm(b), and against whole human IgG, have been used to detect cellular immunoglobulin. Lymphocytes from all cell donors, regardless of whether the serum phototype was Gm(a), Gm(b) or Gm(ab), showed two populations of cells, one positive with anti‐Gm(a) serum and the other positive with anti‐ Gm(b) serum. However, cells which contained both markers were rare. The observations provide evidence in favour of active synthesis of immunoglobulin by cultured lymphocytes. However, immunoglobulin was not detected in the culture fluids. The potential of the cultured lymphocyte and its immunological commitment have been discussed in the light of these findings.
IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN RATS FOLLOWING ANTIGENIC STIMULATION OF PEYER'S PATCHES
Authors: Cooper GN , Turner Kaye
Published: December 2007

The techniques of Peyer's patch infection and preparation of isolated intestinal loops in rats have been used in on attempt to determine whether coproantibody, formed in the local lymphoid tissues, passes directly from these sites to the intestinal lumen. Contrary to this belief, the results suggest that the bulk of antibody which accumulates in the intestine reaches there by way of the blood stream, irrespective of whether it is produced in local or peripheral tissues.

The effects of secondary or tertiary injections of small doses of sheep red blood cells given at 3‐week intervals to rats initially injected by the Peyer's patch or intravenous routes have also been studied. While repeated intravenous injections resulted in primary‐type responses, greatly increased serum antibody titres were observed in animals challenged intravenously after a Peyer's patch injection. In the latter circumstances the greater secondary response was reflected by development of larger numbers of haemolytic plaque‐forming cells in the spleen but not in other lymphoid tissues.
THE ACTION OF EPHEDRINE ON FOREARM BLOOD VESSELS IN MAN
Authors: Frewin DB , Whelan RF
Published: December 2007

Ephedrine hydrochloride given into the brachial artery has been shown to have two distinct actions on the vessels of the human forearm.

The predominant effect is a vasoconstriction which is mediated by release of a constrictor substance from the sympathetic nerve ends acting on α‐adrenergic receptors of the vascular smooth muscle.

The second effect is a vasodilatation which is unmasked when the α‐receptors are blocked by phentolamine or when the sympathetic nerves are absent. This effect is due to a direct action of ephedrine on β‐adrenergic receptors.

A mild vasoconstriction is seen following blockade of both α‐and β‐receptors and in the β‐blocked sympathectomized limb. The mechanism of this effect is uncertain.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CALCIUM CONTENT OF DEPOLARIZED MAMMALIAN SMOOTH MUSCLE AND ITS CONTRACTILITY IN RESPONSE TO ACETYLCHOLINE
Authors: Potter Julia M , Sparrow MP
Published: December 2007

Only a small fraction of the calcium content of depolarized cat circular intestinal smooth muscle is necessary for muscle contraction in response to acetylcholine stimulation at 25°. Equilibration of the tissue at 37° in calcium containing sodium chloride Ringer and potassium sulphate Ringer for up to 6 hr. did not significantly alter the calcium content of 1·57 μmoles/g. Magnesium, sodium and potassium contents were measured concurrently. Tissue damage increased the calcium content by 26%. Storage at 6° resulted in calcium contents of 123%, 180% and 294% after 24 hr., 48 hr. and 120 hr. respectively. The tissue still spontaneously contracted after re‐equilibration at 36°.

Equilibration of the smooth muscle in calcinm containing potassium sulphate Ringer at 25° likewise did not significantly alter the calcium content of the tissue. Contractile responses to maximal acetylcholine stimulation were lost in calcium free potassium sulphate Ringer at 25° when 22% of the tissue calcium remained. Replacement of only a further 9% giving a total calcium content of 31% fully restored contractility.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTIVITY OF PROTEIN ABSORPTION FROM THE INTESTINE DURING SUCKING IN THE RAT
Authors: Jordan Susan M , Morgan EH
Published: December 2007

Preparations of purified rat albumin transferring, γ‐globulin, whole rat serum and rat milm whey, labeled with radioactive iodine, where administered intragastrically to suckling rats aged from 1 to 21 days. Absorption of the proteins was determined by measuring protein‐bound radioactivity in the suckling rats serum 4 hr. later. It was found that on the 1st and 3rd days after birth all three purified proteins were absorbed, but by the 7th day albumin absorption had ceased, and by the 21st day no proteins were absorbed. On the 7th and 14th days γ‐globulin absorption was greater than that of transferrin. The results with whole serum and whey showed that, with increasing age during suckling. Absorption ceased first with the albumin‐fractions, then with the α‐globlins and last of all with the β‐ and γ‐globulin fractions. It is concluded that the suckling rat shows a progressive increase with age in selectivity for absorption of proteins from the alimentary canal and that this is related to the net electric charge carried by the proteins.