bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The distribution of Pre-Westphalian source rocks in the North German Basin – Evidence from magnetotelluric and geochemical data
Authors: Hoffmann N. , Jödicke H. , Gerling P.
Published: May 2019

For the first time this project attempts to directly correlate magnetotelluric and geochemical data with the aim of creating a model on the regional distribution of potential pre-Westphalian source rocks deposited in marine environments in the North German basin.

Analysis of the magnetotelluric data shows, that there is a deep good conductor at the north-eastern fringe of the North German basin around the islands of Rügen and Usedom and on the mainland north east of the Anklam Fault. Through integration with seismic data and the offshore well G14 the conductor can be correlated with the Cambro-Ordovician Scandinavian Alum shales. To the south an adjoining area approximately corresponding to the depo-centre of the Rotliegend basin lacks a deep good conductor. Therefore it can be assumed that a regional distribution of comparable source rocks is unlikely. Another excellent and important conductor starts to the south west of the Lower Elbe Line extending along the Dutch-German border into the North Sea, and into the Münsterland. Its place in the local stratigraphy has not been adequately established. It is most likely that this good conductor corresponds to the black shales of the Early Namurian and the Dinantian, which is the case in the boreholes Münsterland 1 and Pröttlin 1 for example. In this paper they are collectively called Rhenohercynian Alum shales. On the Dutch-German border a transition into the “Bowland Shale” facies or equivalents is to be expected. It cannot be ruled out that even stratigraphically older black shales, possibly from the Cambro-Ordovician could contribute to the high integrated conductivity of the deep good conductor.

The evidence of highly conductive layers in the deep subsurface poses the question whether these layers could be potential source rocks for the gases in the north German gas fields. This question can be answered with a clear yes. Gas and isotope geochemical studies on gases from producing Rotliegend deposits have shown that Rhenohercynian Alum shales have been a significant source for these fields. This will be illustrated in detail using the gas fields from the production province “Ems Estuary” as an example.
Value Analysis: Capturing Total Cost of Ownership reduction opportunities in E&P projects
Authors: van der Schans E. , van Lijssel J.W.N. , van Steenderen P.
Published: May 2019

Value Analysis is a powerful tool to increase the value of a capital investment project and to capture cost saving opportunities. It is a method conceived during WorldWar II and frequently used on infrastructure projects, especially in the USA.

The Value Analysis process typically consists of a well prepared 3 to 5 day workshop with focus on generating ideas to improve the current engineering concept. Emphasis is on screening all proposals in order to identify the most promising ideas. The workshop results in a number of proposals to modify the existing engineering concept.

Stork Engineers & Contractors have used the Value Analysis method on several projects as well as in proposals for Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) projects in the Exploration and Production (EP) industry.

Typical results of Value Analysis led to a decrease of Total Cost of Ownership by some 10 to 30%. A well facilitated Value Analysis workshop also leads to mutual trust and understanding between the parties involved.

A key element in a Value Analysis is (re)definition of the proposed functionality of a project. This is done through challenging the existing technical concept by increasing this functionality or by meeting this functionality at a lower cost.
Locally nilpotent groups with the maximum condition on non-nilpotent subgroups
Authors: Dixon Martyn R. , Kurdachenko Leonid A.
Published: May 2019

In this paper the authors consider the class of locally nilpotent groups that have the maximum condition on non-nilpotent subgroups.
Annotated catalogue of species of Angiostrongylus and the related genera Gallegostrongylus, Rodentocaulus and Stefanskostrongylus (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea, Angiostrongylidae)
Authors: Cowie Robert H.
Published: May 2019

This catalogue is concerned with the closely related angiostrongylid generaAngiostrongylus,Gallegostrongylus,RodentocaulusandStefanskostrongylus. Three species,Angiostrongylus cantonensis,A. costaricensisandA. vasorum, have attracted most attention because of their importance in human and domestic animal disease. Many of the remaining species are poorly known and the number of valid taxa is unclear. The catalogue lists all nomenclaturally available and unavailable genus-group and species-group names that have been applied to the above genera and the species included in them, indicating their current nomenclatural status and providing the rigorous nomenclatural basis for future work. The catalogue lists 14 published and nomenclaturally available genus-group names, with the above four treated as valid, the other ten being junior synonyms. There are 42 published species-group names: 36 are valid, two are junior synonyms, four are nomenclaturally unavailable. One additional species, described inChabaudistrongylus(synonym ofAngiostrongylus), is listed asincertae sedisin Angiostrongylidae. Also listed are two unpublished collection names. The catalogue provides bibliographic details for all published names, and for available names provides locations of type material, details of type localities, geographic distributions and details of type and other hosts, both definitive and intermediate, to the extent known. The catalogue is a work of nomenclature, not a revisionary taxonomic work. No new names or new combinations are proposed. The apparently new family-group synonymy of Cardionematinae with Angiostrongylidae is introduced, as are four genus-group synonymies, three withAngiostrongylusand one withStefaskostrongylus.
New SMS classification of cochleovestibular malformation and its impact on decision-making
Authors: Grover M , Sharma S , Preetam C , Gupta G , Samdani S , Agarwal S , Singh S N , Sharma M P
Published: May 2019

Objective

To propose a new classification of inner-ear anomalies that is more clinically oriented and surgically relevant: the SMS (Sawai Man Singh) classification of cochleovestibular malformations.

Methods

A retrospective multicentric study was conducted of 436 cochlear implantations carried out in 3 Indian tertiary care institutes. Patients with anomalous anatomy were included and classified, as per the new SMS classification, into cochleovestibular malformation types I, II, III and IV, based on cochlear morphology, modiolus and lamina cribrosa.

Results

There were 19, 23, 8 and 4 patients with cochleovestibular malformation types I, II, III and IV, respectively. Two-year post-operative Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale scores were statistically analysed.

Conclusion

This new classification for inner-ear anomalies is a simpler, more practical, outcome-oriented classification that can be used to better plan the surgery. These merits make it a more uniform classification for recording results.
Towards the enhancement of pregnancy rate: The effect of insemination time on sperm transport, fertilization rate and embryo quality in dairy cattle
Authors: Dalton J.C. , Nadir S. , Bame J. , Noftsinger M. , Saacke R.G.
Published: May 2019

To further identify factors which influence pregnancy rates, three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of insemination time on sperm transport, fertilization rate, and embryo quality. All cows were continuously monitored for behavioural oestrus by HeatWatch®, and received AI at heat onset (0 h after the first standing event), 12 h after onset, or received natural service at 0 hfrom one of three bulls (Exp. 1). In Exp. 2, cows received AI at 0 h, 12 h, or 24 h after the first standing event. On d 6 after insemination 115 embryos(ova) (Exp. 1) and 117 embryos(ova) (Exp. 2) were recovered from single-ovulating cows. For Exp. 1, median accessory sperm values were: 1 (0 h), 10 (12 h), 27 (natural service O h) (P < 0.05). For Exp. 2, median accessory sperm values were: 1 (0 h), 2 (12 h), 4 (24 h) (P < 0.05). Fertilization rates were: 67% (0 h), 79% (12 h), 98% (natural service O h) (P < 0.05)(Exp. 1); and did not differ in Exp. 2. Embryo quality was not different in Exp. 1. In Exp. 2, percentages of excellent and good fair and poor, and degenerate embryos were: 77, 15, 8 (0 h), 52, 38, 10 (12 h), 47, 19, 34 (24 h) (P < 0.05). In Exp. 3, 30 cows were superovulated and were inseminated once at either 0 h, 12 h, or 24 h after the first standing event. On d 6 after insemination, 529 embryos(ova) were recovered. Fertilization rates were: 29% (0 h); 60% (12 h); 81% (24 h)(P < 0.01). Percentages of embryos with accessory sperm were: 5 (0 h); 8 (12 h); and 41(24 h) (P < 0.01). Embryo quality was not affected by time of AI. We conclude that the time of insemination affects: 1) sperm transport as measured by median accessory sperm number (Exp. 1 and 2) and the percentage of embryos with accessory sperm (Exp. 3); 2) fertilization rate (Exp. 1 and 3); and embryo quality (Exp. 2).
Determining Restricted Fairway Additional Width due to Bank Effect for Fine Form Vessels
Authors: Baric Mate , Mohovic Robert , Mohovic Djani
Published: May 2019

In order to determine fairway width accurately and to ensure an adequate level of safety, it is necessary to fulfil different safety standards and user needs. There are a number of international recommendations for fairway design, but the recommendations by Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses (PIANC), Puerto Del Estado (ROM 3·1) and the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) are some of the best known. However, in all of these recommendations, additional width due to ship-bank effect is obsolete and needs to be improved. The objective of this paper is to use a navigational simulator with a predefined ship-bank interaction model and fine form ships models to determine the ship trajectory caused by ship-bank effect. The methodology of research used in the paper consisted of using ship trajectory data to propose a deterministic model for improving fairway additional width due to ship-bank effect. Results showed that such a method is not time-consuming and can improve fairway design in terms of ship-bank effect, increasing additional width accuracy.
Early childhood social communication deficits in youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis: Associations with functioning and risk
Authors: Osborne K. Juston , Vargas Teresa , Mittal Vijay A.
Published: May 2019

Effective social functioning requires a broad range of social communication skills that are impaired in psychosis populations. However, little is known about early childhood (4- to 5-year period) social communication during the premorbid (pre-illness) stage of psychosis. The present study utilized retrospective parent reports to examinetotalearly childhood social communication deficits, as well as deficits in two distinct domains,reciprocal social interaction(social smiling/eye gaze) andcommunication(social chat/gesture), in youth at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis (ages 13–21; 37.2% female). Furthermore, associations between early childhood social communication and CHR youth's current functioning (social, academic/work), symptoms (positive/negative), and risk for conversion to psychosis were examined. Compared to healthy controls, CHR individuals had greater deficits intotalandcommunication-specific early childhood social communication. Early childhoodtotal,communication, andreciprocal social interactiondeficits were associated with worse current functioning and greater current negative symptom severity (amotivation/anhedonia) in CHR youth. Early childhoodtotalandreciprocal social interactiondeficits were also associated with increased risk for conversion. These findings inform the field's understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of psychosis by extending the current developmental literature on premorbid deficits in psychosis populations to specific domains of social behavior in a critical developmental period.
Phytic acid and phosphorus in crop seeds and fruits: a global estimate
Authors: Lott1 John N.A. , Ockenden Irene , Raboy Victor , Batten Graeme D.
Published: May 2019

A very important mineral storage compound in seeds is phytate, a mixed cation salt of phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakis phosphoric acid). This compound is important for several reasons: (1) It is vital for seed/grain development and successful seedling growth. (2) It is often considered to be an antinutritional substance in human diets, but it may have a positivenutritional role as an anti-oxidant and an anti-cancer agent. (3) It represents a very significant amount of phosphorus being extracted from soilsand subsequently removed with the crop. (4) It plays a role in eutrophication of waterways. A key part of this review is an estimate of the annualtonnage of phosphorus and phytic acid sequestered in up to 4.1 billion metric tonnes of crop seeds and fruits globally each year. We estimate thatnearly 35 million metric tonnes of phytic acid, containing 9.9 million metric tonnes of P, is combined with about 12.5 and 3.9 million metric tonnes of K and Mg respectively, to form each year over 51 million metric tonnes of phytate. The amount of P inthis phytate is equal to nearly 65÷ of the elemental P sold world wide for use in mineral fertilizers. Dry cereal grains account for 69÷ of the total crop seed/fruit production but account for 77÷ of the total phytic acid stored each year. Low phytate mutants, that are now available for some key staple food crops such as maize and barley, offer potential benefits in such areas as the sustainability of lands used to grow crops, the mineral nutrition of humans and animals, and reduction in pollution of waterways.
Dormancy in white-grain mutants of Chinese Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Warner R.L , Kudrna D.A. , Spaeth S.C. , Jones S.S.
Published: May 2019

Red wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) are generally more dormant and sprout resistant than white wheats. Whether this is caused by pleiotropic effectsof the red grain colour genes (R) on dormancy and coat colour, or to tight linkage between R and dormancy genes has not been fully resolved. To directly determine the effect of the R1 allele on dormancy, mutations were induced with sodium azide in a pure line selection of the red genotype (R1R1r2r2r3r3) Chinese Spring wheat. Two white mutants (CSW01, CSW02) were recovered from M3 caryopses derived from approximately 20,000 M2 plants. Both mutants were shown to be allelic to a domesticwhite genotype (r1r1r2r2r3r3). Except for seed coat colour, CSW01 and CSW02 are morphologically indistinguishable from the wild type and are presumed to be near isogenic lines of Chinese Spring. Freshly harvested grainsproduced under four different environments were evaluated for post-harvest dormancy. In all environments, intact caryopses of all three isolines exhibited high temperature dormancy typical of cereal species, although the red wild type consistently exhibited greater dormancy than the white mutant isolines. Dormancy was dissipated by afterripening in dry storage at 37°C in a similar manner for the red and white isolines. Excised embryos of the three isolines exhibited similar levels of dormancy and sensitivities to exogenous abscisic acid. These results indicate a functional R1 allele is not absolutely required for dormancy in wheat, but does enhance its expression in caryopses with dormant (sensitive) embryos
The Post School Outcomes of Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Burrows Michael , Ford Jerry , Bottroff Verity
Published: May 2019

This study presents a broad picture of the post school outcomes of 28 young adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder living in South Australia. Findings from the study suggest that the majority of the participants still have a long way to go to reach the goal of meaningful participation in the economic and social life of their local communities. Most of the young adults had limited social networks and were highly dependent on their families for tangible and emotional support. While many of the participants were regularly Involved in structured recreational and leisure activities, the majority were unemployed and still living with their families. Individuals with higher levels of cognitive functioning generally had better outcomes than those identified as functioning at a lower cognitive level. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for practice and further research.
Net energy efficiencies of Holstein, Jersey and Holstein-Jersey F1-crosses
Authors: Schwager-Suter R. , Stricker C. , Erdin D. , Künzi N.
Published: May 2019

Net energy efficiencies were calculated from data of an experimental herd with respect to type of cow, lactation number, stage of lactation and diet. The trial consisted of 71 Holstein-Friesians, 71 Jerseys and 71 Holstein-Jersey F1-crosses in 1st, 2nd and > 2nd lactation. Data were collected during 210 days of lactation, from calving to week 30 and included total dry matter intake, energy content of foods, milk yield, milk solids, body weight, body condition scores and several body measurements. The cows were divided into four feeding groups : high and low energy content of roughage as well as high and low proportion of concentrates. Net energy efficiency was calculated as the ratio of milk energy to total net energy intake after subtracting energy utilized for maintenance and body tissue change. Body tissue change was calculated either via body-weight changes or body condition-score changes. Due to the distribution of the efficiencies being skewed, efficiencies were transformed applying a Box-Cox transformation. Transformed net energy efficiencies were analysed using a repeated measurements design considering the sequential nature of the observations. Mixed models with a compound symmetry structure for the variance components were applied. Final models contained the fixed effects of type, lactation number, feeding group and the covariates week of lactation and its square. Holstein-Jersey crosses were more efficient than purebreds, second lactation cows were least efficient, cows given low energy roughage and a lower proportion of concentrates were more efficient than cows on the other diets. Least efficient were the cows belonging to the high energy roughage and higher proportion of concentrates group. The coefficients of determination of the final models were between 0·357 and 0·492.
Thwarted Belongingness and Perceived Burdensomeness Mediate the Association Between Bullying and Suicide Ideation
Authors: Brailovskaia Julia , Ujma Martina , Friedrich Sören , Teismann Tobias
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Background: Bullying has regularly been shown to be associated with suicide ideation. However, so far, only a few studies have examined the mechanisms underlying the relationship between bullying and suicide ideation within a theory of suicide. Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate whether thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness mediate the association between bullying and suicide ideation. Method: A total of 267 outpatients (63.3% female; Mage = 37.52, SDage = 12.80) completed online measures of bullying, suicide ideation, thwarted belongingness, and perceived burdensomeness. Results: Thwarted belongingness as well as perceived burdensomeness fully mediated the association between bullying and suicide ideation – controlling for gender and age. Limitations: Given the cross-sectional nature of the data, only hypothetical conclusions on causality can be drawn. Conclusion: Our results support the hypothesized and theory-derived relations between bullying, thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and suicide ideation. In anti-bullying programs it seems to be of particular importance to counter impressions of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness.
Perceived Utility of the Internet-Based Safety Plan in a Sample of Internet Users Screening Positive for Suicidality
Authors: Spangler Danielle A. , Muñoz Ricardo F. , Chu Joyce , Leykin Yan
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Background: The Internet may offer resources for individuals who struggle with suicidality but have no access to other resources or fail to use them. Aims: To develop an automated, self-guided Internet-based safety plan (IBSP), and to evaluate its use and perceived utility among individuals who report suicidality online. Method: Participants ( N = 150) were recruited from a depression/suicide screening website. Participants developed personalized safety plans and reported their perceived utility. Results: Participants reported moderate utility of the IBSP. Participants' demographic and clinical characteristics were not related to any metrics reflecting the perceived utility of the IBSP, suggesting that the ISBP does not appeal more or less to any particular group. Similarly, participant characteristics were largely unrelated to IBSP completion rates. The sole exception was gender, with males completing fewer steps ( p < .001). Interestingly, participants were more likely to believe that IBSP could be helpful for others than for themselves ( p < .001). Limitations: Quality and use of IBSPs were not assessed; poststudy assessments were limited to those completing the study; participants uninterested in reducing suicidality are not represented. Conclusion: The IBSP may eventually be an acceptable tool for Internet users at risk for suicide.
Dependence of Whistler Mode Chorus Wave Generation on the Maximum Linear Growth Rate
Authors: Tang Rongxin , Summers Danny
Published: May 2019

Whistler mode chorus waves play a key role in controlling electron dynamics in Earth's inner magnetosphere. A criterion has been previously suggested whereby if the maximum value of the linear growth rate of whistler mode waves exceeds a certain critical bound, then fully nonlinear wave growth occurs and chorus waves are generated. This criterion corresponds to a boundary curve in (Nh/N0,AT) space where Nh is the hot electron number density, N0 is the cold electron number density, and AT is the thermal anisotropy. Chorus waves are generated in the region above the boundary curve, while no chorus waves are generated below the boundary curve. In the present study, we make use of a recently published set of 36 particle simulations of chorus, and we thereby are able to confirm the validity of the criterion. It is expected that this simple concept of the theoretical boundary curve based on linear theory will be useful in guiding the choice of parameters in future simulations of chorus and also of practical use in interpreting experimental chorus wave data.
Rapid Discriminative Variational Bayesian Inversion of Geophysical Data for the Spatial Distribution of Geological Properties
Authors: Nawaz M. A. , Curtis A.
Published: May 2019

We present a new, fully probabilistic and nonlinear inversion method to estimate the spatial distribution of geological properties (depositional facies, diagenetic rock types, or other rock properties) from geophysical data (e.g., seismic data). Contrary to the conventional generative approach that models solution probabilities via the likelihood of observed data, our method uses a discriminative approach that directly models the posterior distribution of the geological properties given the data. This reduces the modeling effort significantly and allows machine learning algorithms such as neural networks to be deployed to solve large geophysical inference problems. We show that our method honors spatial distributions of geological parameters supplied as prior information about local geology and can be trained using supervised learning to be robust against noise present in the data as long as we can provide statistical characteristics of the noise. Exact Bayesian inference is almost always infeasible in practice because it requires normalization of the posterior distribution; this is intractable for large models and must therefore be approximated. Most existing probabilistic inversion methods use stochastic sampling (e.g., Markov chain Monte Carlo, McMC) for approximate inference. However, McMC involves the use of subjective criteria to detect convergence. We use the variational Bayes method to transform probabilistic inference into numerical optimization. This is a more efficient, deterministic alternative to McMC‐based inference for suitably structured problems. Our method thus avoids extensive sampling during inference, yet provides fully probabilistic Bayesian results, and is therefore scalable to higher dimensional problems.
Seasonality of Warm Water Intrusions Onto the Continental Shelf Near the Totten Glacier
Authors: Silvano Alessandro , Rintoul Stephen R. , Kusahara Kazuya , Peña‐Molino Beatriz , van Wijk Esmee , Gwyther David E. , Williams Guy D.
Published: May 2019

Warm Modified Circumpolar Deep Water (MCDW) from the Southern Ocean drives rapid basal melt of the Totten Ice Shelf on the Sabrina Coast (East Antarctica), affecting the mass balance of the grounded Totten Glacier. Recent observations show that MCDW intrudes onto the continental shelf through a depression at the shelf break. Here we investigate such intrusions by combining (1) new oceanographic and bathymetric observations collected for two consecutive years by profiling floats in the depression south of the shelf break, (2) oceanographic measurements collected by conductivity‐temperature‐depth‐instrumented seals on continental slope, and (3) an ocean model. The depression provides a pathway for persistent inflow of warm (0‐1°C) MCDW to the inner shelf. In austral autumn and early winter MCDW intrusions were up to 0.5°C warmer and were ~75 m thicker than in spring and summer. The seasonality of the flow on the continental slope explains the seasonality of the intrusions. The MCDW layer on the continental slope is warmer and thicker to the east of the depression than to the west. In autumn and early winter a strong, top‐to‐bottom westward current (Antarctic Slope Current) transports the warmer and thicker MCDW layer along the slope and is diverted poleward at the eastern entrance of the depression. A bottom‐intensified eastward current (Antarctic Slope Undercurrent) develops in other months, allowing cooler and thinner intrusions to enter the depression from the west. Our study illustrates how circulation on the Antarctic slope regulates the ocean heat delivery to the continental shelf and ultimately to the ice shelves.
Effect of Meteorological Variability on Fine Particulate Matter Simulations Over the Contiguous United States
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Lee Jared A. , Delle Monache Luca , Alessandrini Stefano
Published: May 2019

This study quantifies the impact of meteorological variability on the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model‐simulated particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter 2.5 μm or smaller (particulate matter 2.5 [PM2.5]) over the contiguous United States (CONUS). The meteorological variability is represented using the Short‐Range Ensemble Forecast (SREF) produced operationally by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. A hierarchical cluster analysis technique is applied to down‐select a subset of the SREF members that objectively accounts for the overall meteorological forecast variability of SREF. Three SREF members are selected to drive off‐line CMAQ simulations during January, April, July, and October 2016. Changes in emissions, vertical diffusion, and aerosol processes due to meteorological variability dominate changes in aerosol mass concentrations over 55‐73% of the domain except in July when dry deposition dominates emissions and aerosol processes. Weather Research and Forecasting‐Advanced Research WRF (WRF‐ARW) simulations reproduced the variability of surface temperature very well but overestimated the 10‐m wind speed, precipitation, and at some sites the planetary boundary layer height. Averaged over CONUS, CMAQ simulations driven by all three meteorological configurations capture the observed daytime low and nighttime high PM2.5 mass concentrations but underestimated the observed concentrations likely due to faster advection and higher wet deposition in the model. PM2.5 levels across the three simulations agreed well during daytime but showed larger variability during nighttime due to dominance of aerosol, clouds, and advection processes in nighttime. The meteorology‐induced variability in PM2.5 is estimated to be 0.08–24 μg/m3 over the CONUS with larger variability over the eastern United States.
Soil Evaporation in a Shaded Coffee Plantation Derived From Eddy Covariance Measurements
Authors: Holwerda F. , Meesters A. G. C. A.
Published: May 2019

Little is known about soil evaporation (Esoil) in shaded coffee plantations. In this study, Esoil and its proportion to total evapotranspiration and rainfall (P) were quantified for a densely shaded Arabica coffee plantation (~80% tree cover) in central Veracruz, Mexico, using eddy covariance (EC) measurements made above the tree canopy and at the boundary between the stem space and canopy of the coffee crop. While measurements above the canopy were made continuously during the 1‐year study period (October 2016 to September 2017), this was not possible for the above‐soil level due to logistical considerations, and hence, annual Esoil was calculated from a relationship between the ratio of the actual to the equilibrium Esoil and surface soil water content. This empirical model was calibrated using 31 days of EC measurements, representing the range in surface soil water content observed during the study period. Examining the above‐canopy and above‐soil EC measurements for quality yielded similar results with regard to stationarity (99% and 85% of the time, respectively) and degree of energy balance closure (81% and 96%, respectively). The permanent and relatively dense vegetation cover provided by the shade trees and coffee plants reduced net radiation at the soil surface to only about 12% of the above‐canopy value. Consequently, Esoil was a minor fraction of evapotranspiration (10–13%) and P (8–9%), with the spread reflecting uncertainties related to the failure to close the energy balance. In addition to the low‐energy availability, Esoil may have been reduced by the presence of a litter layer.
Investigating Ocean Deoxygenation During the PETM Through the Cr Isotopic Signature of Foraminifera
Authors: Remmelzwaal Serginio R. C. , Dixon Sophie , Parkinson Ian J. , Schmidt Daniela N. , Monteiro Fanny M. , Sexton Philip , Fehr Manuela A. , Peacock Caroline , Donnadieu Yannick , James Rachael H.
Published: May 2019

Over the past several decades, oxygen minimum zones have rapidly expanded due to rising temperatures raising concerns about the impacts of future climate change. One way to better understand the drivers behind this expansion is to evaluate the links between climate and seawater deoxygenation in the past especially in times of geologically abrupt climate change such as the Palaeocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), a well‐characterized period of rapid warming ~56 Ma. We have developed and applied the novel redox proxies of foraminiferal Cr isotopes (δ53Cr) and Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*) to assess changes in paleoredox conditions arising from changes in oxygen availability. Both δ53Cr and Cr concentrations decrease notably over the PETM at intermediate to upper abyssal water depths, indicative of widespread reductions in dissolved oxygen concentrations. An apparent correlation between the sizes of δ53Cr and benthic δ18O excursions during the PETM suggests temperature is one of the main controlling factors of deoxygenation in the open ocean. Ocean Drilling Program Sites 1210 in the Pacific and 1263 in the Southeast Atlantic suggest that deoxygenation is associated with warming and circulation changes, as supported by Ce/Ce* data. Our geochemical data are supported by simulations from an intermediate complexity climate model (cGENIE), which show that during the PETM anoxia was mostly restricted to the Tethys Sea, while hypoxia was more widespread as a result of increasing atmospheric CO2 (from 1 to 6 times preindustrial values).
Disentangling Changes in the Spectral Shape of Chlorophyll Fluorescence: Implications for Remote Sensing of Photosynthesis
Authors: Magney Troy S. , Frankenberg Christian , Köhler Philipp , North Gretchen , Davis Thomas S. , Dold Christian , Dutta Debsunder , Fisher Joshua B. , Grossmann Katja , Harrington Alexis , Hatfield Jerry , Stutz Jochen , Sun Ying , Porcar‐Castell Albert
Published: May 2019

Novel satellite measurements of solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) can improve our understanding of global photosynthesis; however, little is known about how to interpret the controls on its spectral variability. To address this, we disentangle simultaneous drivers of fluorescence spectra by coupling active and passive fluorescence measurements with photosynthesis. We show empirical and mechanistic evidence for where, why, and to what extent leaf fluorescence spectra change. Three distinct components explain more than 95% of the variance in leaf fluorescence spectra under both steady‐state and changing illumination conditions. A single spectral shape of fluorescence explains 84% of the variance across a wide range of species. The magnitude of this shape responds to absorbed light and photosynthetic up/down regulation; meanwhile, chlorophyll concentration and nonphotochemical quenching control 9% and 3% of the remaining spectral variance, respectively. The spectral shape of fluorescence is remarkably stable where most current satellite retrievals occur (“far‐red,” >740nm), and dynamic downregulation of photosynthesis reduces fluorescence magnitude similarly across the 670‐ to 850‐nm range. We conduct an exploratory analysis of hourly red and far‐red canopy SIF in soybean, which shows a subtle change in red:far‐red fluorescence coincident with photosynthetic downregulation but is overshadowed by longer‐term changes in canopy chlorophyll and structure. Based on our leaf and canopy analysis, caution should be taken when attributing large changes in the spectral shape of remotely sensed SIF to plant stress, particularly if data acquisition is temporally sparse. Ultimately, changes in SIF magnitude at wavelengths greater than 740 nm alone may prove sufficient for tracking photosynthetic dynamics.
Scavenging of Nitrogen From the Atmosphere by Atmospheric (Rain and Snow) and Occult (Dew and Frost) Precipitation: Comparison of Urban and Nonurban Deposition Profiles
Authors: Kurzyca I. , Frankowski M.
Published: May 2019

This paper describes the comparison of atmospheric (rain and snow) versus occult (dew and frost) precipitation in terms of scavenging of nitrogen compounds (inorganic and organic) from the atmosphere. Exceptional cases of heavy fog, black ice, hail, and heavy rain were also described. Apart from genesis and morphology of these phenomena, various factors affecting precipitation affinity to scavenging of airborne nitrogen compounds from the atmosphere were investigated. A study simultaneously performed at two sampling points (lowland Central Europe, 30 km away from each other, urban vs. woodland) indicated statistically significant differences in hydrological conditions between areas. Local conditions (urban heat island vs. humid woodland) more likely determined precipitation form, amount, and frequency than the air masses characteristic in the upper troposphere. This (apart from pollution sources) significantly affects the deposition load of nitrogen per area unit. The highest values were obtained with atmospheric precipitation (mainly rainwater) at about 9 and 5 kg N/ha/year in the city and woodland areas, respectively. Nevertheless, the investigated affinity of precipitation to scavenging airborne nitrogen from the atmosphere elicited progressively changing loads of nitrogen per volume unit as follows: dew > rain bulk > snow bulk > rain wet only > frost > snow wet only.
An in-silico approach for discovery of microRNA-TF regulation of DISC1 interactome mediating neuronal migration
Authors: John John P. , Thirunavukkarasu Priyadarshini , Ishizuka Koko , Parekh Pravesh , Sawa Akira
Published: May 2019

Neuronal migration constitutes an important step in corticogenesis; dysregulation of the molecular mechanisms mediating this crucial step in neurodevelopment may result in various neuropsychiatric disorders. By curating experimental data from published literature, we identified eight functional modules involving Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and its interacting proteins that regulate neuronal migration. We then identified miRNAs and transcription factors (TFs) that form functional feedback loops and regulate gene expression of the DISC1 interactome. Using this curated data, we conducted in-silico modeling of the DISC1 interactome involved in neuronal migration and identified the proteins that either facilitate or inhibit neuronal migrational processes. We also studied the effect of perturbation of miRNAs and TFs in feedback loops on the DISC1 interactome. From these analyses, we discovered that STAT3, TCF3, and TAL1 (through feedback loop with miRNAs) play a critical role in the transcriptional control of DISC1 interactome thereby regulating neuronal migration. To the best of our knowledge, regulation of the DISC1 interactome mediating neuronal migration by these TFs has not been previously reported. These potentially important TFs can serve as targets for undertaking validation studies, which in turn can reveal the molecular processes that cause neuronal migration defects underlying neurodevelopmental disorders. This underscores the importance of the use of in-silico techniques in aiding the discovery of mechanistic evidence governing important molecular and cellular processes. The present work is one such step towards the discovery of regulatory factors of the DISC1 interactome that mediates neuronal migration.
Reply to ‘A refutation to ‘A new A-P compartment boundary and organizer in holometabolous insect wings’
Authors: Abbasi Roohollah , Marcus Jeffrey M.
Published: May 2019

Here we reply to the “Refutation” of Lawrence, Casal, de Cellis, and Morata, who critique our paper presenting evidence for an organizer and compartment boundary subdividing the widely recognized posterior wing compartment of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) and Drosophila, that we called the F-P boundary. Lawrence et al. present no data from the Lepidoptera and while the data that they present from Drosophila melanogaster mitotic clones are intriguing and may be informative with respect to the timing of the activity of the A-P and F-P organizers, considerable ambiguity remains regarding how their data should be interpreted with respect to the proposed wing compartment boundaries. Thus, contrary to their claims, Lawrence et al. have failed to falsify the F-P boundary hypothesis. Additional studies employing mitotic clones labeled with easily detectable markers that do not affect cytoskeletal organization or rates of cell division such as GFP and RFP clones produced by G-Trace or Twin Spot Generator (TSG) may further clarify the number of compartment boundaries in Drosophila wings. At the same time, because Drosophila wings are diminutive and highly modified compared to other insects, we also urge great caution in making generalizations about insect wing development based exclusively on studies in Drosophila.

Replying to: Lawrence, P.A., Casal, J., de Celis, J., Morata, G. A refutation to ‘A new A-P compartment boundary and organizer in holometabolous insect wings’. Sci. Rep. 9 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42668-y.
Fast and low loss flexoelectro-optic liquid crystal phase modulator with a chiral nematic reflector
Authors: Wang Xiuze , Fells Julian A. J. , Yip Wing C. , Ali Taimoor , Lin Jia-de , Welch Chris , Mehl Georg H. , Booth Martin J. , Wilkinson Timothy D. , Morris Stephen M. , Elston Steve J.
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we demonstrate a flexoelectro-optic liquid crystal phase-only device that uses a chiral nematic reflector to achieve full 2π phase modulation. This configuration is found to be very tolerant to imperfections in the chiral nematic reflector provided that the flexoelectro-optic LC layer fulfils the half-wave condition. Encouragingly, the modulation in the phase, which operates at kHz frame rates, is also accompanied by low amplitude modulation. The configuration demonstrated herein is particularly promising for the development of next-generation liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulators.
Clinical Survey and Predictors of Outcomes of Pediatric Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Admitted to the Emergency Department
Authors: Lee Jung , Yang Wen-Chieh , Lee En-Pei , Huang Jing-Long , Hsiao Hsiang-Ju , Lin Mao-Jen , Wu Han-Ping
Published: May 2019

Pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a rare event with severe sequelae. Although the survival to hospital-discharge (STHD) rate has improved from 2–6% to 17.6–40.2%, only 1–4% of OHCA survivors have a good neurological outcome. This study investigated the characteristics of case management before and after admittance to the emergency department (ED) associated with outcomes of pediatric OHCA in an ED. This was a retrospective study of data collected from our ED resuscitation room logbooks dating from 2005 to 2016. All records of children under 18 years old with OHCA were reviewed. Outcomes of interest included sustained return of spontaneous circulation (SROSC), STHD, and neurological outcomes. From the 12-year study period, 152 patients were included. Pediatric OHCA commonly affects males (55.3%, n = 84) and infants younger than 1 year of age (47.4%, n = 72) at home (76.3%, n = 116). Most triggers of pediatric OHCA were respiratory in nature (53.2%, n = 81). Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (29.6%, n = 45), unknown medical causes (25%, n = 38), and trauma (10.5%, n = 16) were the main causes of pediatric OHCA. Sixty-two initial cardiac rhythms at the scene were obtained, most of which were asystole and pulseless electrical activity (PEA) (93.5%, n/all: 58/62). Upon ED arrival, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was continued for 32.66 ± 20.71 min in the ED and 34.9% (n = 53) gained SROSC. Among them, 13.8% (n = 21) achieved STHD and 4.6% (n = 7) had a favorable neurological outcome. In multivariate analyses, fewer ED epinephrine doses (p < 0.05), witness of OHCA (p = 0.001), and shorter ED CPR duration (p = 0.007) were factors that increased the rate of SROSC at the ED. A longer emergency medical service (EMS) scene interval (p = 0.047) and shorter ED CPR interval (p = 0.047) improved STHD.
Human gut derived-organoids provide model to study gluten response and effects of microbiota-derived molecules in celiac disease
Authors: Freire Rachel , Ingano Laura , Serena Gloria , Cetinbas Murat , Anselmo Anthony , Sapone Anna , Sadreyev Ruslan I. , Fasano Alessio , Senger Stefania
Published: May 2019

Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated disorder triggered by gluten exposure. The contribution of the adaptive immune response to CD pathogenesis has been extensively studied, but the absence of valid experimental models has hampered our understanding of the early steps leading to loss of gluten tolerance. Using intestinal organoids developed from duodenal biopsies from both non-celiac (NC) and celiac (CD) patients, we explored the contribution of gut epithelium to CD pathogenesis and the role of microbiota-derived molecules in modulating the epithelium’s response to gluten. When compared to NC, RNA sequencing of CD organoids revealed significantly altered expression of genes associated with gut barrier, innate immune response, and stem cell functions. Monolayers derived from CD organoids exposed to gliadin showed increased intestinal permeability and enhanced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to NC controls. Microbiota-derived bioproducts butyrate, lactate, and polysaccharide A improved barrier function and reduced gliadin-induced cytokine secretion. We concluded that: (1) patient-derived organoids faithfully express established and newly identified molecular signatures characteristic of CD. (2) microbiota-derived bioproducts can be used to modulate the epithelial response to gluten. Finally, we validated the use of patient-derived organoids monolayers as a novel tool for the study of CD.
Serum amino acid profiles and risk of type 2 diabetes among Japanese adults in the Hitachi Health Study
Authors: Chen Sanmei , Akter Shamima , Kuwahara Keisuke , Matsushita Yumi , Nakagawa Tohru , Konishi Maki , Honda Toru , Yamamoto Shuichiro , Hayashi Takeshi , Noda Mitsuhiko , Mizoue Tetsuya
Published: May 2019

Amino acids have emerged as novel biomarkers for predicting type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the epidemiologic data linking circulating amino acid profiles with T2D are sparse in Asian populations. We conducted a nested case-control study within a cohort of 4,754 nondiabetic Japanese employees who attended a comprehensive health checkup in 2008–2009 and agreed to provide blood samples. During a 5-year follow-up, incident T2D cases were ascertained based on plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and self-report. Two controls matched to each case on sex, age, and the date of serum sampling were randomly selected by using density sampling, resulting in 284 cases and 560 controls with amino acid measures. High concentrations of valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, alanine, glutamate, ornithine, and lysine were associated with an increased risk of incident T2D, in a linear manner. High glutamine concentrations were associated with a decreased risk of incident T2D. Further adjustment for the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance attenuated these associations. Overall, these amino acids may be novel useful biomarkers in the identification of people at risk of T2D before overt symptoms. Insulin resistance may account for or mediate the relationship between these amino acids and risk of incident T2D.
GBA and APOE ε4 associate with sporadic dementia with Lewy bodies in European genome wide association study
Authors: Rongve Arvid , Witoelar Aree , Ruiz Agustín , Athanasiu Lavinia , Abdelnour Carla , Clarimon Jordi , Heilmann-Heimbach Stefanie , Hernández Isabel , Moreno-Grau Sonia , de Rojas Itziar , Morenas-Rodríguez Estrella , Fladby Tormod , Sando Sigrid B. , Bråthen Geir , Blanc Frédéric , Bousiges Olivier , Lemstra Afina W. , van Steenoven Inger , Londos Elisabet , Almdahl Ina S. , Pålhaugen Lene , Eriksen Jon A. , Djurovic Srdjan , Stordal Eystein , Saltvedt Ingvild , Ulstein Ingun D. , Bettella Francesco , Desikan Rahul S. , Idland Ane-Victoria , Toft Mathias , Pihlstrøm Lasse , Snaedal Jon , Tárraga Lluís , Boada Mercè , Lleó Alberto , Stefánsson Hreinn , Stefánsson Kári , Ramírez Alfredo , Aarsland Dag , Andreassen Ole A.
Published: May 2019

Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with poor prognosis and mainly unknown pathophysiology. Heritability estimates exceed 30% but few genetic risk variants have been identified. Here we investigated common genetic variants associated with DLB in a large European multisite sample. We performed a genome wide association study in Norwegian and European cohorts of 720 DLB cases and 6490 controls and included 19 top-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms in an additional cohort of 108 DLB cases and 75545 controls from Iceland. Overall the study included 828 DLB cases and 82035 controls. Variants in the ASH1L/GBA (Chr1q22) and APOE ε4 (Chr19) loci were associated with DLB surpassing the genome-wide significance threshold (p < 5 × 10−8). One additional genetic locus previously linked to psychosis in Alzheimer’s disease, ZFPM1 (Chr16q24.2), showed suggestive association with DLB at p-value < 1 × 10−6. We report two susceptibility loci for DLB at genome-wide significance, providing insight into etiological factors. These findings highlight the complex relationship between the genetic architecture of DLB and other neurodegenerative disorders.