bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic evaluation of the impacts of GPSRO data on the prediction of typhoons over the northwestern Pacific in 2008–2010
Authors: Chen Y.-C. , Hsieh M.-E. , Hsiao L.-F. , Kuo Y.-H. , Yang M.-J. , Huang C.-Y. , Lee C.-S.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. In this paper, we perform a systematic evaluation of the impact of Global Positioning System radio occultation (GPSRO) data on typhoon-track prediction over the northwestern Pacific. Specifically, we perform data assimilation and forecast experiments using the Typhoon Weather Research and Forecasting (TWRF) system at 45 km resolution on 11 typhoons (with a total of 327 cases) in the period of 2008–2010 over the northwestern Pacific, with or without the use of GPSRO refractivity observations. On average, about 100 GPSRO soundings are assimilated over a 12 h partially cycling assimilation period. The results indicate that the assimilation of GPSRO data reduces the 72 h track forecast errors by approximately 12 km (5 %). Although this is only a modest improvement, it is statistically significant. The assimilation of GPSRO data improves the analysis and the forecast of temperature, water vapor, and wind fields. Further analysis shows that the reduction in typhoon-track forecast errors can be attributed to the improved prediction of western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and its associated circulation, which leads to better forecasting of the environmental steering flow.
Carbon stocks and soil sequestration rates of tropical riverine wetlands
Authors: Adame M. F. , Santini N. S. , Tovilla C. , Vázquez-Lule A. , Castro L. , Guevara M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Riverine wetlands are created and transformed by geomorphological processes that determine their vegetation composition, primary production and soil accretion, all of which are likely to influence C stocks. Here, we compared ecosystem C stocks (trees, soil and downed wood) and soil N stocks of different types of riverine wetlands (marsh, peat swamp forest and mangroves) whose distribution spans from an environment dominated by river forces to an estuarine environment dominated by coastal processes. We also estimated soil C sequestration rates of mangroves on the basis of soil C accumulation. We predicted that C stocks in mangroves and peat swamps would be larger than marshes, and that C, N stocks and C sequestration rates would be larger in the upper compared to the lower estuary. Mean C stocks in mangroves and peat swamps (784.5 ± 73.5 and 722.2 ± 63.6 MgC ha−1, respectively) were higher than those of marshes (336.5 ± 38.3 MgC ha−1). Soil C and N stocks of mangroves were highest in the upper estuary and decreased towards the lower estuary. C stock variability within mangroves was much lower in the upper estuary (range 744–912 MgC ha−1) compared to the intermediate and lower estuary (range 537–1115 MgC ha−1) probably as a result of a highly dynamic coastline. Soil C sequestration values were 1.3 ± 0.2 MgC ha−1 yr−1 and were similar across sites. Estimations of C stocks within large areas need to include spatial variability related to vegetation composition and geomorphological setting to accurately reflect variability within riverine wetlands.
Impact of forest harvesting on water quality and fluorescence characteristics of dissolved organic matter in Eastern Canadian Boreal Shield lakes
Authors: Glaz P. , Gagné J.-P. , Archambault P. , Sirois P. , Nozais C.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Forestry activities in the Canadian Boreal region have increased in the last decades, raising concerns about their potential impact on aquatic ecosystems. Water quality and fluorescence characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were measured over a three-year period in eight Eastern Boreal Shield lakes: four lakes were studied before, one and two years after forest harvesting (perturbed lakes) and compared with four undisturbed reference lakes (unperturbed lakes) sampled at the same time. ANOVAs showed a significant increase in total phosphorus (TP) in perturbed lakes when the three sampling dates were considered and in DOC concentrations when considering one year before and one year after the perturbation only. At one year post-clear cutting DOC concentrations were about 15 % greater in the perturbed lakes at ~15 mg C L−1 compared to 12.5 mg C L−1 in the unperturbed lakes. In contrast, absorbance and fluorescence measurements showed that all metrics remained within narrow ranges compared to the range observed in natural waters, indicating that forest harvesting did not affect the nature of DOM characterised with spectroscopic techniques. Multivariate statistical analysis showed lakes to be significantly different one year after the perturbation. These results confirm an impact of forestry activities one year after the perturbation. However, this effect seems to be mitigated two years after, indicating that the system shows high resilience and may be able to return to its original condition.
The ability of atmospheric data to resolve discrepancies in wetland methane estimates over North America
Authors: Miller S. M. , Andrews A. E. , Benmergui J. , Commane R. , Dlugokencky E. J. , Janssens-Maenhout G. , Melton J. R. , Michalak A. M. , Sweeney C. , Worthy D. E. J.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Existing estimates of methane fluxes from North American wetlands vary widely in both magnitude and distribution. In light of these disagreements, this study uses atmospheric methane observations from the US and Canada to analyze seven different bottom-up, wetland methane estimates reported in a recent model comparison project. We first use synthetic data to explore how well atmospheric observations can constrain wetland fluxes. We find that observation sites can identify an atmospheric pattern from Canadian wetlands but not reliably from US wetlands. The network can also identify the spatial distribution of fluxes in Canada at multi-province spatial scales. Based upon these results, we then use real data to evaluate the magnitude, temporal distribution, and spatial distribution of each model estimate. Most models overestimate the magnitude of fluxes across Canada. Most predict a seasonality that is too narrow, potentially indicating an over-sensitivity to air or soil temperatures. In addition, the LPJ-Bern model has a spatial distribution that is most consistent with atmospheric observations. Unlike most models, LPJ-Bern utilizes land cover maps, not just remote sensing inundation data, to estimate wetland coverage. A flux model with a constant spatial distribution outperforms most other existing flux estimates across Canada.
Insights into the transfer of silicon isotopes into the sediment record
Authors: Panizzo V. N. , Swann G. E. A. , Mackay A. W. , Vologina E. , Sturm M. , Pashley V. , Horstwood M. S. A.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The first δ30Sidiatom data from lacustrine sediment traps are presented from Lake Baikal, Siberia. Data are compared with March surface water (upper 180 m) δ30SiDSi compositions for which a mean value of +2.28 ‰ ± 0.09 (95 % confidence) is derived. This value acts as the pre-diatom bloom baseline isotopic composition of waters (δ30SiDSi initial). Open traps were deployed along the depth of the Lake Baikal south basin water column between 2012–2013. Diatom assemblages display a dominance (>85 %) of the spring bloom species Synedra acus var radians, so that δ30Sidiatom compositions reflect spring bloom utilisation. Diatoms were isolated from open traps and in addition, from 3 monthly (sequencing) traps (May, June and July 2012) for δ30Sidiatom analyses. Mean δ30Sidiatom values for open traps are +1.23 ‰ ± 0.06 (at 95 % confidence and MSWD of 2.9, n = 10) and, when compared with mean upper water δ30SiDSi signatures, suggest a diatom fractionation factor (εuptake) of −1.05 ‰, which is in good agreement with published values from oceanic and other freshwater systems. The near constant δ30Sidiatom compositions in open traps demonstrates the full preservation of the signal through the water column and thereby justifies the use and application of the technique in biogeochemical and palaeoenvironmental research. Data are finally compared with lake sediment core samples, collected from the south basin. Values of +1.30 ‰ ± 0.08 (2σ) and +1.43 ‰ ± 0.13 (2σ) were derived for cores BAIK13-1C (0.6–0.8 cm core depth) and at BAIK13-4F (0.2–0.4 cm core depth), respectively. Trap data highlight the absence of a fractionation factor associated with diatom dissolution (εdissolution) down the water column and in the lake surface sediments, thus validating the application of δ30Sidiatom analyses in Lake Baikal and other freshwater systems, in palaeoreconstructions.
A tropical speleothem record of glacial inception, the South American Summer Monsoon from 125 to 115 ka
Authors: Burns S. J. , Kanner L. C. , Cheng H. , Lawrence Edwards R.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Relatively few marine or terrestrial paleoclimate studies have focused on glacial inception, the transition from an interglacial to a glacial climate state. As a result, neither the timing and structure of glacial inception nor the spatial pattern of glacial inception in different parts of the world is well known. Here we present results of a study of a speleothem from the Peruvian Andes that records changes in the intensity of South American Summer Monsoon (SASM) rainfall over the period from 125 to 115 ka. The results show that late in the last interglacial period, at 123 ka, SASM rainfall decreased, perhaps in response to a decrease in temperature and ice cover in the high northern latitudes and associated changes in atmospheric circulation. Then at 120.8 ka, a rapid increase in SASM rainfall marks the end of the last interglacial. After a more gradual increase between 120 and 117 ka, a second abrupt increase occurs at 117 ka. This pattern of change is mirrored to a remarkable degree by changes in the East Asian Monsoon. It is interpreted to reflect both a long-term gradual response of the monsoons to orbitally driven insolation changes and to rapid changes in Northern Hemisphere ice volume and temperature. Both monsoon systems are close to their full glacial conditions by 117 ka, before any significant decrease in atmospheric CO2.
Quantifying molecular oxygen isotope variations during a Heinrich Stadial
Authors: Reutenauer C. , Landais A. , Blunier T. , Bréant C. , Kageyama M. , Woillez M-N. , Risi C. , Mariotti V. , Braconnot P.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. δ18O of atmospheric oxygen (δ18Oatm) undergoes millennial scale variations during the last glacial period, and systematically increases during Heinrich Stadials (HS). Changes in δ18Oatm combine variations in biospheric and water cycle processes. The identification of the main driver of the millennial variability of δ18Oatm is thus not straightforward. Here, we quantify the response of δ18Oatm to such millennial events using a freshwater hosing simulation (HS_exp) performed under glacial boundary conditions. Our global approach takes into account the latest estimates of isotope fractionation factor for respiratory and photosynthetic processes and make use of atmospheric water isotopes and vegetations changes. Our modeling approach allows to reproduce the main observed features of a HS in terms of climatic conditions, vegetation distribution and δ18O of precipitation. We use it to decipher the relative importance of the different processes behind the observed changes in δ18Oatm. The results highlight the dominant role of hydrology on δ18Oatm and confirm that δ18Oatm can be seen as a global integrator of hydrological changes over vegetated areas.
Initial assessment of a multi-model approach to spring flood forecasting in Sweden
Authors: Olsson J. , Uvo C. B. , Foster K. , Yang W.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Hydropower is a major energy source in Sweden and proper reservoir management prior to the spring flood onset is crucial for optimal production. This requires useful forecasts of the accumulated discharge in the spring flood period (i.e. the spring-flood volume, SFV). Today's SFV forecasts are generated using a model-based climatological ensemble approach, where time series of precipitation and temperature from historical years are used to force a calibrated and initialised set-up of the HBV model. In this study, a number of new approaches to spring flood forecasting, that reflect the latest developments with respect to analysis and modelling on seasonal time scales, are presented and evaluated. Three main approaches, represented by specific methods, are evaluated in SFV hindcasts for three main Swedish rivers over a 10-year period with lead times between 0 and 4 months. In the first approach, historically analogue years with respect to the climate in the period preceding the spring flood are identified and used to compose a reduced ensemble. In the second, seasonal meteorological ensemble forecasts are used to drive the HBV model over the spring flood period. In the third approach, statistical relationships between SFV and the large-sale atmospheric circulation are used to build forecast models. None of the new approaches consistently outperform the climatological ensemble approach, but for specific locations and lead times improvements of 20–30 % are found. When combining all forecasts in a weighted multi-model approach, a mean improvement over all locations and lead times of nearly 10 % was indicated. This demonstrates the potential of the approach and further development and optimisation into an operational system is ongoing.
A ground temperature map of the North Atlantic permafrost region based on remote sensing and reanalysis data
Authors: Westermann S. , Østby T. I. , Gisnås K. , Schuler T. V. , Etzelmüller B.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Permafrost is a key element of the terrestrial cryosphere which makes mapping and monitoring of its state variables an imperative task. We present a modeling scheme based on remotely sensed land surface temperatures and reanalysis products from which mean annual ground temperatures (MAGT) can be derived at a spatial resolution of 1 km at continental scales. The approach explicitly accounts for the uncertainty due to unknown input parameters and their spatial variability at subgrid scale by delivering a range of MAGTs for each grid cell. This is achieved by a simple equilibrium model with only few input parameters which for each grid cell allows scanning the range of possible results by running many realizations with different parameters. The approach is applied to the unglacierized land areas in the North Atlantic region, an area of more than 5 million km2 ranging from the Ural Mountains in the east to the Canadian Archipelago in the west. A comparison to in situ temperature measurements in 143 boreholes suggests a model accuracy better than 2.5 °C, with 139 considered boreholes within this margin. The statistical approach with a large number of realizations facilitates estimating the probability of permafrost occurrence within a grid cell so that each grid cell can be classified as continuous, discontinuous and sporadic permafrost. At its southern margin in Scandinavia and Russia, the transition zone between permafrost and permafrost-free areas extends over several hundred km width with gradually decreasing permafrost probabilities. The study exemplifies the unexploited potential of remotely sensed data sets in permafrost mapping if they are employed in multi-sensor multi-source data fusion approaches.
Overheidsstichting of gesubsidieerde stichting?
Authors: Sybesma Jeff
Published: June 2015

Overheidsstichting of gesubsidieerde stichting?

De Curaçaose overheid kent zogenaamde overheidsinstellingen. Dit zijn instellingen die op afstand zijn gezet van het bestuur doch waar, simpel gezegd, de overheid nog wel (gedeeltelijk) zeggenschap in en over heeft. Overheidsinstellingen kunnen worden onderscheiden in overheids-nv’s en overheidsstichtingen. Ten aanzien van de eerste groep, de overheids-nv’s, is al veel geschreven mede in de context van de Verordening corporate governance en in hoeverre de overheidsinvloed botst met de doelstellingen van de naamloze vennootschap. Over overheidsstichtingen is daarentegen nauwelijks geschreven. De overheid heeft echter recentelijk alle in haar ogen als overheidsstichting aan te merken stichtingen aangeschreven met de opdracht dat zij hun statuten in lijn dienen te brengen met de door de overheid opgestelde modelstatuten. Dit artikel gaat dieper in op deze materie, waarbij tevens aan bod komt de overheidsstichting in relatie tot de overheid en hoe dit zich verhoudt met gesubsidieerde stichtingen.
10 jaar nieuw erfrecht en de legitieme portie
Authors: Mellema-Kranenburg T.J.
Published: June 2015

10 jaar nieuw erfrecht en de legitieme portie

Na tien jaar erfrechtrecht is het de vraag of de regeling van de legitieme portie niet aan heroverweging toe is. Argumenten daarvoor zouden kunnen zijn de maatschappelijke veranderingen, maar ook de gecompliceerdheid van bepaalde onderdelen uit de regelingen. In deze bijdrage wordt een inventarisatie hiervan gemaakt.
10 jaar nieuw erfrecht en de fiscaliteit
Authors: Schols B.M.E.M.
Published: June 2015

10 jaar erfrecht en de fiscaliteit. ‘Niet meer inhoudelijk overeenkomen met?’

In deze bijdrage beschrijft de auteur de fiscale perikelen die het Nederlandse keuzetestament, in het bijzonder de quasi-wettelijke verdeling, de afgelopen tien jaar heeft doorgemaakt, alsmede de huidige stand van zaken. De rode draad van het verhaal is de vraag in hoeverre het keuzetestament nog ‘inhoudelijk moet overeenkomen met’ de wettelijke verdeling. Dit was het geval voor defiscalisatie in de inkomstenbelasting en voor de ventieltechniek in de Successiewet. Fiscaal is dit thans echter geen must meer, maar dat neemt niet weg dat de praktijk om praktische redenen inhoudelijk zal blijven overeenkomen met de wettelijke verdeling. De auteur geeft ook aan dat art. 10 SW 1956 in beginsel niet van toepassing is op de langstlevendentestamenten. Ook komt de fiscale hype rond het Radartestament aan bod. De auteur geeft aan dat de reden dat er zo veel fiscaal creatieve testamenten worden gemaakt, is gelegen in het afnemen van de kracht van de legitieme portie onder nieuw erfrecht. Hierdoor heeft bijvoorbeeld het fiscale fenomeen ‘afvullegaat’ zich kunnen ontwikkelen.
Strategy as practice and Organizational Routines: A Start Point to Innovate
Authors: Machado Francisco Oliveira
Published: June 2015

This paper is a theoretical essay. It was developed under intention to do a contraposition between distinct themes: Organizational Routines and Strategy as Practice. As similar founded aspects to both studies areas, we explain: (1) the learning is developed and treated as necessary basis to develop both of strategies as routines; (2) both theoretical branch focus the individual action as source organizational change; and (3) as study object, both theoretical branch also focus inside organizational environment, to groups of people in its practical activities, however it cannot completely disconnect to environmental context that organizational is situated. At the end, the paper concludes that routines and learning are theoretical focus to study Strategy as Practice. In this way, in a juxtaposition of these streams, it can have new possibilities to comprehend the innovative process inside organizations.
Barumiki antocyjanowe u Iris germanica [Anthocyanin pigments in Iris germanica L.]
Authors: Szczepańska J. , Solecka M.
Published: June 2015

Anthocyanin pigments occurring in the flowers of Iris germanica were investigated in five varieties: Rota, Wedgewood, Empress of India, Deputate Nomblot and Joanna. The relation between the colour of the flower and the amount of the pigment was studied. The pigments were extracted from the dry plant material with 1% hydrochloric acid in methanol. Paper chromatography and colorimetric determinations were used for identification of the pigments and their quantitative determination. The results allow the following conclusions: 1. The varieties investigated were characterized toy the occurrence of delphinidine glycoside; 2. The colour intensity is dependent on the anthocyanin pigments; 3. The colour spectrum of Iris sp. flowersis greatly extended by yellow copigments.
Wpływ intensyiuności światła i długości dnia na produkcję biomasy siewek zbóż w uprawie hydroponicznej [Influence of light intensity and daylength on biomass production by cereal seedlings in hydroponic culture]
Authors: Telżyńska J.
Published: June 2015

The influence of light intensity, daylength and of the duration of the cultivation cycle on biomass production was investigated in the case of wheat, rye, oats and barley seedlings reared in hydroponic culture in the glasshouse. The investigations performed show together with the literature data that there is a possibility of obtaining very high yields from a very small surface area if the cultivation cycles are appropriately schemed, and the technical installations and suitable light combinations are applied.
Próby uprawy Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. i wstępna ocena przydatności nasion [An attempt at Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. cultivation and the initial estimation of the seeds utility]
Authors: Kostecka-Mądalska O. , Noculak A.
Published: June 2015

Trials of cultivating Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. were carried out in the Medicinal Plant Garden of the Medical Academy to Wrocław. The seeds were obtained from Bucarest and stored for one year. The plants obtained from those seeds developed well, produced flowers and fruited. The seeds germinated in darknees in about 90%. Light distinctly inhibited germination. Urease activity was determinated initially in the seeds by the method of Sumner. One kilogram of whole seeds has an activity of about 12000 Summer units.
Zawartość olejku w różnych fazach dojrzałości owoców kminku di- i tetraploidalnego – Carum carvi L. [Content of oil in different stages of ripen fruits of diploid and tetraploid cumin, Carum carvi L.]
Authors: Zderkiewicz Tadeusz
Published: June 2015

In the period 1967-1968 the influence of the stage of ripeness of fruits of diand triploid cumin on the oil content was investigated. The quantity and quality of the oil was found to improve with ripeness. The highest 1000-grain weight fell to the milk ripe stage, and then decreased with advancing ripeness. The highest oil content was noted in fruits harvested in the milk and dough stages. Comparison of the physico-chemical constants of the oil at both stages with the standards of Polish Pharmacopeia III showed it to meet all requirements.
Badania nad patogenicznością grzyba Rhizoctonia solani Kühn na lnie [Investigations of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn pathogenicity to flax]
Authors: Sadowski St.
Published: June 2015

The investigations on the pathogenicity of four Rhizoctonia solani isolates were carried out in relation to three varieties of flax; LCSD - 210, LCSD - 200 and Wiera. Variety LCSD - 210 was found to be the most resistant. Isolates obtaind from flax and potatoes were especially pathogenic. Rhizoctonia solani was parasitic during the whole vegetation season, but particularly in the course of emergence. Parasitism of this fungus is of great economical significance.
Dalsze studia cyto-embriologiczne di-, tetra- i oktoploidaluych form Trifolium [Further cyto-embryological studies on di, tetra- and octoploid forms of Trifolium]
Authors: Bijok K. , Góral St. , Grygorczyk L.
Published: June 2015

In the course of this study no significant differences in the length of pollen-tubes of ecological types collected from natural stations (Trifolium pratense L. var. spontaneum Willk., T. hybridum L. and T. repens L,) were found as compared with their polyploid forms obtained in the experimental way. Disorders in fertilization, decay of unfertilized embryo sacs, and degeneration of embroys were observed more frequently on a percentage basis in the polyploid forms. Embryo and endosperm development were similar in the initial species and in the experimentally obtained polyploids.
Ocena odporności kilku odmian pomidorów na Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary [Estimation of resistance of several tomato varieties to Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary]
Authors: Marcinkowska J.
Published: June 2015

All the studied varieties of tomato were attacked by the late blight although they differed in their susceptibility. Slightly attacked varieties (New Yorker, Rockingham, West Virginia 63, N. H. Surecrop), moderatly attacked ones (En-terprizer, Najwcześniejszy, Ottawa 50, Wisconsin 55, Rhode Island Early) and strongly attacked ones (V 656, Summerdawn, Highlander) were distinguished.
Application of gibberellin and cytokinin in crown formation of apple trees
Authors: Plich H. , Jankiewicz L. S.
Published: June 2015

Lanolin paste containing a mixture of gibberellin and cytokinin was smeared in February and March on the 8 buds chosen to form scaffold branches. The treated buds developed 5-10 days earlier than those smeared with lanolin alone. They formed shoots longer than those of the control trees. The applied growth regulators had no influence upon the crotch angles.
Badania procesu demetylacji nikotyny w warunkach in vivo [Investigations of nicotine demethylation process in vivo]
Authors: Blaim K. , Ciszewska R.
Published: June 2015

Investigations were carried out on intact leaves of Nicotiana alata which contain practically not alkaloids. Whey these leaves are infiltrated with nicotine it undergoes some chemical changes rather quickly. After introducing the nicotine into the leaves the alkaloid composition was investigated in three day intervals after the infiltration was stopped. No oxynicotine was present in the investigated material. The formation of nornicotine was determined quantitatively in outer and internal layers of the leaf blade. On the basis of these results determination of order and rate of nicotine demethylation was attempted. The reaction was classifield as a first order monomolecular reaction. In this connection a presumed mechanism of nicotine demethylation in leaves of Nicotiana alata was discussed.
Influence of Simazin 50 and Dicuran on oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria of spring barley (Damazy) embryos
Authors: Tłuczkiewicz J.
Published: June 2015

Oxidative phosphorylation was investigated in the embryos of spring barley (Damazy) grain collected from plants sprayed in the period of shooting with Simazin 50 (2-chloro-4,6-etylamino-S-triazine) and Dicuran (N(3-chloro-4-methylphenol)N',N'dimethylurea) as well as in embryos of grains germinated in solutions of these herbicides and in 2,4-dinitrophenol. The analyses were performed on grain of varying ripeness (waxy, full post-harvest dormancy) and at various stages of germination (24, 48 h). It was found that the herbicides applied reduced succinate oxidation by the embryonal mitochondria and also depressed to the same exten the estirifi-cation of inorganic phosphate. Owing to this the P/O ratio did not show significant changes. Herbicide in germinated embryos solutions uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation. Simazin 50 (3 g/l.) and Dicuran <500 mg/l.) exhibited a weaker effect than 2,4-dinitrophenol (5X10-4 M). They, however, greatly reduced the oxidative activity of mitochondria what may have been caused by inhibition of electron transport in the respiratory chain.
Changes in chloroplastic and cytoplasmic ribosomal protein after GA3-treatment of Zea mays leaves
Authors: Masłowski P. , Komoszyński M. , Śliwak A.
Published: June 2015

Protein was isolated from chioroplastic and cytoplasmic ribosomes of 14-day-old maize leaves subjected to the action of gibberellic acid. The proteins were separated electrophoretically on polyacrylamide gel. Fourteen fractions of ribosomal protein were obtained exhibiting wide electrophoretic differences. Qualitative differences were found between the chloroplastic and cytoplasmic ribosomes. Gibberellic acid caused the appearance of an additional protein Traction in cytoplasmic ribosomes. It did not, however, affect the qualitative composition of ribosome proteins from chloroplasts.
Characteristic of the nutritive value of the protein from rye caruopses. I. Amino acid composition of protein and the nitrogen forms in the caryopses of ten rue varieties from the breeding collection
Authors: Kubiczek R. , Rakowska M.
Published: June 2015

Total and soluble nitrogen, protein and non-protein -nitrogen was determined as well as the amino acid composition of the caryopses of ten rye varieties including three bred in Poland and cultivated on a commercial scale: 'Dańkowskie Złote', 'Dańkowskie Selekcyjne' and 'Borkowskie Tetra'. and seven foreign varieties characterized by a high total protein content (11.9-16.4% in dry weight). In the varieties examined the amount of protein nitrogen increased in the same degree as did the content of total nitrogen. The amino acids limiting the nutritive value of the protein in rye caryopses were mostly lysine and methionine, and in the varieties with high protein content tryptophan. The low-protein varieties had a relatively higher content of lysine, sulphur amino acids, tryptophan and other amino acids (as % of protein) than the high protein ones, but their absolute amino acid content (as % of dry weight) was lower.
Some observations upon the influence of morphactin IT 3456 applied into the soil on the yield of tomatoes
Authors: Łukasik S.
Published: June 2015

It was found that the application of 25 ml of morphactin IT 3456 solution in 0.25; 0.5 and 1 ppm concentrations into 4.8 kg of soil (air dry matter) caused an increase of the total number and weight of fruits in the 'New Yorker' tomato variety. In contrast, a higher dose (50 ml) of the morphactin solution in 5 ppm concentration applied into 4.7 kg of soil (air dry matter) caused a considerable decrease of the number and weight of all fruits, the deformation of fruits and the seasonal blight of plants as well. Morphactin IT 3456 applied into 7.2 kg of pure sand (air dry matter) in 50 ml of the solution in 1 ppm concentration caused much more damage of the plants than observed in the plants grown in the soil treated with the IT 3456 solution in four smaller concentrations. When 50 ml of morphactin IT 3456 solution in 5 ppm (soil) and 1 ppm (sand) concentration was used, from 74.2 to 100% of parthenocarpy was found. In the remaining combinations development of parthenocarpic fruits was observed sporadically.
Rozwój warstw ściennych i otwieranie się pylnika u kilku dzikich gatunków ziemniaka (Solarium chacoense Bitt., S. phureja Juz. et Buk., 5. giberulosum Juz. et Buk., S. Commersonii Dun.) [The development of the parietal layers and dehiscence of the anthers at some wild potato species (Solanum chacoense Bitt., S. phureja Juz. et Buk., S. giberulosum Juz. et Buk., and S. Commersonii Dun.]
Authors: Hausbrandt L. , Golinowski W.
Published: June 2015

The anthers in these species like in whole genus Solanum are poricidal still some differences have been observed in structure of their anther walls. The fibrous cells associated with dehiscence restricted usually to the area around the pore may form a single layer or may form compact mass often irregular in thickness or it may be lacking at all. Besides the apical pore one can observe a lateral dehiscence. By desintegra-tion of cells a gap is forming in the wall separating the two anther chambers which causes breaking it down. Then stomium like cells in epidermis contribute to the lateral opening.
Correlations among lateral shoots in young apple trees
Authors: Pilich H. , Jankiewicz L. S. , Borkowska Bożena , Moraszczyk Alicja
Published: June 2015

Growth correlations among axillary buds and young shoots in one-year-old apple trees were investigated. Darkening of every second bud for 3-5 days during bursting time resulted in the formation of mainly short shoots. Thinning of part of the buds caused a higher percentage of the remaining ones to form long shoots. High nutrition level favored the formation of long shoots. When no special treatment was given to the trees, the initial size of the buds played an important role in the determination of future shoot vigor. The medium-size and large buds, in most cases, showed an ability to accumulate more 32PO3-4 per unit of dry weight than did the smaller ones. This indicates that the initial differences among the buds are amplified by a positive feedback mechanism. In horizontally placed trees, the buds on the lower side showed inhibited phosphate uptake. Different growth regulators applied in very small amounts, in a droplet of water to every second bud or shoot tip, markedly changed the correlative interrelations among the developing shoots. The development of vascular connections between the main axis and the lateral buds and shoots of different sizes was investigated.
Badania biologii pyłku wytwarzanego przez kwiaty wiśni zakwitajace w różnych fazach kwitnienia [Studies of the biology of pollen formed by sour cherry flowers flowering in different stages of the blooming period]
Authors: Wociór Stanisław
Published: June 2015

During four years (1971-1974), five sour cherry cultivars were examined for the pollen viability, germination and pollen tube growth. Pollen which was taken from the earliest and the last blooming stages had the smaller viability, germination and the shorter pollen tube then the pollen from the flowers at full bloom. Substancial differences of the pollen characters between cultivars and the years of investigations were found.
Magnesium nutrition of apple trees. III. Comparison of different methods of magnesium fertilization
Authors: Sadowski A. , Jadczuk E. , Pękacki J. , Ścibisz K.
Published: June 2015

In the period 1969-1973 two experiments were performed in young orchards in Central Poland: a four-year experiment at Julianów, on sandy loamy soil on underlying sand and one-year experiment at Kośmin, on sandy loam soil on clay loam. At Kosmin, in spite of a high Mg content in the subsoil, Mg deficiency symptoms appeared, because of shallow rooting owing to poor aeration. In both experiments, foliar sprays with epsomite were less effective than fertilization to the soil; at Kośmin even eight sprays were less effective than soil dressings. Mg losses from a sandy soil due to leaching were high, particularly where sand was present in the whole profile; under these conditions the least losses of Mg were from split doses of epsomite (Mg3x120). Single doses of epsomite were the most effective in increasing leaf Mg content, reducing Mg deficiency symptoms and promoting growth of trees in the first year after application; in the later years split doses of epsomite and a single initial dose of magnesium lime were more effective. Effects of Mg fertilization on growth and yields of apples were rather slight, when K fertilizer doses were low. No effect of Mg fertilization upon fruit drop and fruit quality was found. Preliminary recommendations for practice are given.
A new retardant for tomatoes N,N-dimethylmorpholinium chloride (preparate RW3)
Authors: Borkowski Jan
Published: June 2015

The preparate RW3 produced in Poland, is a stronger growth retardant for young tomato plants than chlormequat. It shows no additive effect with chlormequat when given simultaneously with it.
Polyphenols and inhibitors of indoIyl-3-acetic acid oxidase in carrot roots infested with northern root-knot nematode
Authors: Janas Krystyna M.
Published: June 2015

It is suggested that IAA-oxidase inhibitors accumulate in plants infested by the nematodes. This leads to local accumulation of active auxins and causes proliferation of tissues near the place of nematode infection. T e carrot cv. Slendero seems to be less sensitive to nematode as the inhibitors of IAA-oxidase do not accumulate at early stages of infection.
The pattern of stolon growth, onset of bulking, and time-span of stolonisation and tuberisation by cv. Pierwiosnek, an early potato variety
Authors: Lis-Kaczyńska B. , Listowski A.
Published: June 2015

Experiments were performed to check the course of stalonisation growth of the stolons and of the tuberisation in three experiments in which the plants of an early potato cv. Pierwiosnek grew under different conditions, including different lengths of the day. The following were inwestigated: the rate of stolon emergence, stolon growth, differences of the pattern of stolon growth, time-span of stolonisation and of tuber initiation, frequency of particular patterns of stolon growth in relation to the time of stolen emergence, intensity of terminal and laterel tuberisation, and of the branching of the stolons. The differences in the growth conditions in each of the three experiments enabled us to check the of variability of the particular features during the development of the stolons.
Amylase and acid phosphatase activity in potato tubers treated with gibberellic acid and stored at 2°C and 8°C
Authors: Bielińska-Czarnecka M. , Białek K.
Published: June 2015

Amylase activity was higher in tubers stored at 2°C and mare marked in the soaked ones (both in water and in GA3). In the late and difficult-sprouting cv. Uran, sokaing resulted in increased amylolytic activity also at 8°C stored tubers. On the contrary, the acid phosphatase activity was a little higher at 8°C than at 2°C stored tubers. At the former temperature two peaks of activity were marked:, in November–December and February–March.
Identification of Cladosporium fulvum Cooke races from group B and C on tomatoes in Poland
Authors: Leski B.
Published: June 2015

Further races of Cladosporium fulvum Cooke were identified on tomatoes in Poland: one race of group B affecting the resistance gene Cf-4 (similar to the hypothetic race 1.4) and 2 races from group C affecting the gene combination Cf-2 Cf-4 (one resembling the Dutch race 2.3.4. and the other to the hypothetic race 1.2.3.4). A list of varieties susceptible and resistant to these races is given.
Fungi of the genus Penicillium on apples and pears during the storage period
Authors: Borecka H.
Published: June 2015

Isolation of Penicilium fungi in 1391 cases confirmed their presence on and pathogenicity to apples and pears. Four species were the cause of rotting of the fruits: P. expansum, P. diversum, P. cyclopium and P. spinulosum. All those species may occur separately or coexist in the mould spots. P. expansum spores may infect fruit with injured skin, only if they have an additional source of sugar and nitrogen.
Występowanie szarej pleśni tulipanow – Botrytis tulipae (Lib.) Lind na plantacjach produkcyjnych [Botrytis tulipae (Lib.) Lind in tulip plantations]
Authors: Zamorski Cz.
Published: June 2015

The incidence of disease caused by Botrytis tulipae (Lib.) Lind was studied in selected tulip plantations. Primary and secondary infection, as well as infections of daughter bulbs were observed. The number of affected plants differed according (to the variety, season, and rainfall.
Peroxidase isoenzymes in germinating barley seeds and in seminal roots
Authors: Stroński A. , Zakrzewski Z. , Borys M. W. , Wojciechowski J.
Published: June 2015

Roots and germinating seeds of summer barley of the cv. Alsa, Antałek, Cebeco 7161, Lubuski, Skrzeszowicki and Union were found to differ in the number of peroxidase isoenzymes. In the germinating seeds from 5 to 8 isoenzymes were found whereas in the two-week-old roots – from 10 to 14 isoenzymes. Four isoenzymes in germinating seeds and eight isoenzymes in seminal roots appeared in all the cultivars tested. The cultivars differed also in the relative activity of the isoenzymes in the tested organs.
Charakterystyka anatomiczno-morfologiczna blaszek liściowych odmian Lolium multiflorum [Anatomical-morphological characteristics of Lolium multiflorum leaf blades]
Authors: Falkowski M. , Kozłowski S. , Witkowska B.
Published: June 2015

Results are reported of morphological-anatomical investigations on cultivated varieties of Lolium multiflorum. These varieties exhibit wide differences as regards the width, thickness and length of leaf blades and thicknes of the dermal layer, mesophyll and diameter of vascular bundles. For a more precise characteristic of varieties the ratio of the derma layer thickness to the vascular bundles diameter and mesophyll thickness is important. In the characterization of varieties the correlations between morphological and anatomical traits of leaves can be utilized.
Zgorzel pędow borówki wysokiej wywołana przez grzyb Godronia cassandrae f. vaccinii (Peck.) Groves [The canker of highbush blueberry caused by Godronia cassandrae f. vaccinii (Peck.) Groves]
Authors: Borecki Z. , Pliszka K.
Published: June 2015

Fusicoccum canker of highbush blueberry was first detected in 1973 in Poland. The diseases appeared on the shoots of variety Jersey in the collection of the Department of Pomology, Agricultural University, Warsaw-Ursyn6w. The disease was caused by the fungus Godronia cassandrae f. vaccinii {Peck.) Groves. The conidial stage is known as Topospora myrtilli (Felfch.) Boermema syn. Fusicoccum putrefaciens Shear.
Cyanogenesis in Lotus and Trifolium species
Authors: Blaim Halina , Nowacki Edmunt
Published: June 2015

The occurrence of cyanogenic plants was determined in 48 Trifolium species, 12 Lotus species, in wild population as well as in varieties of T. repens L. and Loins corniculatus L. species. In the genus Trifolium only T. nigrescens Viv. proved to be high-cyanogenic, all the remaining species are acyanogenic or low-cyanogenic. In the T. repens species varieties and wild populations include an insignificant per cent of cyanogenic plants.The genus Lotus comprises both high-cyanogenic and acyanogenic species. In the L. corniculatus species varieties include much more high-cyanogenic plants than do wild populations. It seems that in L. corniculatus the breeding went in a wrong direction, because of lack of plant selection regarding the presence of toxic compounds.
Aktywność cytokininowa sześciu odmian Hordeum vulgare L. [Cytokinin activity of six cultivars of Hordeum vulgare L.]
Authors: Politycka B. , Stroiński A. , Krzywański Z. , Borys M. W.
Published: June 2015

Cytokinin activity was determined in roots, crowns, ears of six varieties of the barley in the tobacco Wisconsin 38 callus tissue test. Analysis was made in early stage of ears. The order increasing values of the total cytokinin activity (the total activity of compounds fitting their mobility with zeatin, zeatin ribosid and their more polar derivatives) were for most part of varieties: younger roots < older roots < crowns < ears. Dependences between the cytokinin activity and fresh weight of analysed material were not found.
Porównanie aktywności peroksydazy, katalazy i fosfatazy kwaśnej w liściach pora w okresie intensywnego wzrostu i pod koniec wegetacji roślin w rożnych warunkach uprawy [Dynamics of the changes of peroxidase, catalase, and acid phosphatase activities in leeks under the influence of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation]
Authors: Gurgul E. , Kołota E. , Ściążko D.
Published: June 2015

Results obtained in a field experiment showed a high influence of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the activity of peroxidase, while acid phosphatase activity showed only small differences. The peroxidase activity depended to a large degree on the leeks growth stage. Maximum peroxidase, catalase and - in some cases – acid phosphatase activity were found at nitrogen doses higher than optimal for the plant growth and yield.
Grand Challenges and Opportunities in Mathematics Education Research
Authors: Stephan Michelle L. , Chval Kathryn B. , Wanko Jeffrey J. , Civil Marta , Fish Michael C. , Herbel-Eisenmann Beth , Konold Clifford , Wilkerson Trena L.
Published: June 2015

Mathematics education researchers seek answers to important questions that will ultimately result in the enhancement of mathematics teaching, learning, curriculum, and assessment, working toward “ensuring that all students attain mathematics proficiency and increasing the numbers of students from all racial, ethnic, gender, and socioeconomic groups who attain the highest levels of mathematics achievement” (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [NCTM], 2014, p. 61). Although mathematics education is a relatively young field, researchers have made significant progress in advancing the discipline. As Ellerton (2014) explained in her JRME editorial, our field is like a growing tree, stable and strong in its roots yet becoming more vast and diverse because of a number of factors. Such growth begs these questions: Is our research solving significant problems? How do we create a system and infrastructure that will provide an opportunity to accumulate professional knowledge that is storable and shareable as we work together to address significant problems (Hiebert, Gallimore, & Stigler, 2002)? How do we “facilitate research and development that is coordinated, integrated, and accumulated” (Lesh et al., 2014, p. 167)?
The Semiotic Structure of Geometry Diagrams: How Textbook Diagrams Convey Meaning
Authors: Dimmel Justin K. , Herbst Patricio G.
Published: June 2015

Geometry diagrams use the visual features of specific drawn objects to convey meaning about generic mathematical entities. We examine the semiotic structure of these visual features in two parts. One, we conduct a semiotic inquiry to conceptualize geometry diagrams as mathematical texts that comprise choices from different semiotic systems. Two, we use the semiotic catalog that results from this inquiry to analyze 2,300 diagrams from 22 high school geometry textbooks in which the dates of publication span the 20th century. In the first part of the article, we identify axes along which the features of geometry diagrams can vary, and in the second part of the article, we show the viability of using the semiotic framework to conduct empirical studies of diagrams in geometry textbooks.
Marcel Dupré's “Dark Years”: Unveiling His Occupation-Period Concertizing
Authors: Cavanagh Lynn
Published: June 2015

Examination of organist Marcel Dupré’s collected concert programs reveals that, of 137 he performed during the German occupation, 14 bear signs of funding by the German Embassy or the military government’s Propaganda Department. Dupré, though, would have participated in good conscience out of personal pride in France’s musical past. Post-Liberation punishments of French musicians who “collaborated with the enemy” were applied so inconsistently as to explain why he thereafter suppressed the extent and nature of his Occupation-period concertizing. This fuller picture of his activities potentially sheds light on his Second World War–period compositions, particularlyÉvocation,op. 37.
Géneros de la Comunicación Internacional en Cursos de Secretariado Ejecutivo
Authors: Poletto Lugli Viviane Cristina
Published: June 2015

Este artículo tiene como objetivo demostrar la necesidad de la inserción de géneros textuales del ámbito internacional en clases de español de cursos de Secretariado Ejecutivo. En el intento de priorizar en el salón de aula un tipo de práctica social condicha con las situaciones de lenguaje constitutivas del contexto social y profesional de secretarios en formación, hicimos una investigación del tipo bibliográfica, a partir de la cual fueron analizados manuales didácticos destinados a la enseñanza de español empresarial para averiguar que géneros de la comunicación internacional estaban presentes en los manuales de enseñanza. Teniendo como base un análisis referente a los tipos de géneros textuales, constatamos que algunos formularios que los secretarios ejecutivos necesitan conocer para ejecutar sus acciones laborales en empresas importadoras de productos del Mercosur no son vehiculados por los manuales didácticos analizados. Basándonos en esa carencia, seleccionamos los formularios “Carta de Porte” y el “Certificado de origen” para didactizarlos e intentar desarrollar en los alumnos las capacidades de lenguaje necesarias para trabajar con tales géneros en su ambiente profesional. Para la realización de esa investigación, nos guiamos por los fundamentos del interaccionismo socio-discursivo de la Universidad de Ginebra que postula la enseñanza a partir del enfoque en la lengua contextualizada y en la propuesta de trabajo con géneros textuales de un equipo de investigadores del Sur de Brasil (CRISTOVÃO; 2001; NASCIMENTO, 2004/2005/2009). Palabras clave: Géneros. Secretariado. Libros.DOI:10.7769/gesec.v4i2.179