bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Light-induced changes in silicon nanocrystal based solar cells: Modification of silicon–hydrogen bonding on silicon nanocrystal surface under illumination
Authors: Kim Ka-Hyun , Johnson Erik V. , Roca i Cabarrocas Pere
Published: June 2016

Hydrogenated polymorphous silicon (pm-Si:H) is a material consisting of a small volume fraction of nanocrystals embedded in an amorphous matrix. pm-Si:H solar cells demonstrate interesting initial degradation behaviors such as rapid initial change in photovoltaic parameters and self-healing after degradation during light-soaking. The precise dynamics of the light-induced degradation was studied in a series of light-soaking experiments under various illumination conditions such as AM1.5G and filtered 570 nm yellow light. Hydrogen effusion experiment before and after light-soaking further revealed that the initial degradation of pm-Si:H solar cells originate from the modification of silicon–hydrogen bonding on the surface of silicon nanocrystals in pm-Si:H.
Microwave-assisted atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization of hexamethyldisiloxane
Authors: Matsubayashi Toshiki , Hidaka Hiroki , Muguruma Hitoshi
Published: June 2016

Microwave-assisted atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization is presented. A system with a re-entrant microwave cavity realizes simple matching, stable plasma, and free space under the orifice of plasma steam. Hexamethyldisiloxane is employed as a monomer, while argon is used as a carrier gas. The effective area of the hydrophobic coating film used corresponds to a circle of 20 mm diameter and the deposition rate considered is 5 nm/min. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy shows that the coating film has a large molecular weight (>200 kDa), suggesting that a high-crosslinking and three-dimensional polymer matrix is formed and microwave-assisted atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization is fulfilled.
Atomically flat nickel film grown on synthetic mica
Authors: Tanaka Hiroyuki , Taniguchi Masateru
Published: June 2016

We have grown nickel heteroepitaxially on muscovite and synthetic mica in vacuo for use as substrates for scanning probe microscopy (SPM) and graphene formation. We have determined annealing conditions that could generate atomically flat surfaces (with rms surface roughness of less than 1 nm). Owing to accelerated degradation at temperatures above 600 °C, muscovite mica was unsuitable as a substrate at high growth temperatures. Thermally stable synthetic fluorophlogopite mica [KMg3(AlSi3O10)F2], on the other hand, was found to be stable at 800 °C and successfully employed for the formation of atomically flat films.
Thermal dispersion method for an ultrasonic phased-array transducer
Authors: Choi Euna , Lee Wonseok , Roh Yongrae
Published: June 2016

When the driving voltage of an ultrasonic transducer is increased to improve the quality of ultrasound images, heat is generated inside the transducer, which can burn the patient’s skin and degrade transducer performance. In this study, the method to disperse the heat inside an ultrasonic phased-array transducer has been examined. The mechanism of temperature rise due to heat generation inside the transducer was investigated by numerical analysis and the effects of the thermal properties of the components of the transducer such as specific heat and thermal conductivity on the temperature rise were analyzed. On the basis of the results, a heat-dispersive structure was devised to reduce the temperature at the surface of the acoustic lens of the transducer. Prototype transducers were fabricated to check the efficacy of the heat-dispersive structure. By experiments, we have confirmed that the new heat-dispersive structure can reduce the internal temperature by as much as 50% in comparison with the conventional structure, which confirms the validity of the thermal dispersion mechanism developed in this work.
Control of self-excitation mode in thermoacoustic system using heat phase adjuster
Authors: Kido Aiko , Sakamoto Shin-ichi , Taga Kazusa , Watanabe Yoshiaki
Published: June 2016

The capability of a heat phase adjuster (HPA) to control the resonance mode in a loop-tube-type thermoacoustic system by locally heating the outside is experimentally investigated. It is shown that the HPA enables the resonance mode of the tube to shift to lower modes with higher thermoacoustic conversion efficiency, thus significantly enhancing the energy conversion efficiency. The transition of the resonance mode due to the stepwise change in the input electric power to the HPA is also investigated. As a result, it is demonstrated that the resonance mode changes with the temperature and a threshold exists for the HPA temperature at which the transition is induced. These results suggest the possibility of externally controlling a loop-tube-type thermoacoustic system.
Tissue characterization of skin ulcer for bacterial infection by multiple statistical analysis of echo amplitude envelope
Authors: Omura Masaaki , Yoshida Kenji , Kohta Masushi , Kubo Takabumi , Ishiguro Toshimichi , Kobayashi Kazuto , Hozumi Naohiro , Yamaguchi Tadashi
Published: June 2016

To characterize skin ulcers for bacterial infection, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) parameters were estimated by the multiple statistical analysis of the echo amplitude envelope based on both Weibull and generalized gamma distributions and the ratio of mean to standard deviation of the echo amplitude envelope. Measurement objects were three rat models (noninfection, critical colonization, and infection models). Ultrasound data were acquired using a modified ultrasonic diagnosis system with a center frequency of 11 MHz. In parallel, histopathological images and two-dimensional map of speed of sound (SoS) were observed. It was possible to detect typical tissue characteristics such as infection by focusing on the relationship of QUS parameters and to indicate the characteristic differences that were consistent with the scatterer structure. Additionally, the histopathological characteristics and SoS of noninfected and infected tissues were matched to the characteristics of QUS parameters in each rat model.
Investigation of microplasma discharge in sea water for optical emission spectroscopy
Authors: Gamaleev Vladislav , Okamura Yo , Kitamura Kensuke , Hashimoto Yusuke , Oh Jun-Seok , Furuta Hiroshi , Hatta Akimitsu
Published: June 2016

Microplasma discharge in sea water for optical emission spectroscopy was investigated using a needle-to-plane electrode system. The electrodes of a Pd needle and a Pt plate were placed with a gap of 25 µm in typical artificial sea water or locally sampled natural deep sea water. A pulse current source, consisting of a MOSFET switch, a capacitor, an inductor and the resistance of the sea water between the electrodes, was used. The circuit parameters were optimized to decrease the breakdown voltage and the spark duration to suppress erosion of the electrodes. Using a microgap configuration, spark discharges were reproducibly ignited in the highly conductive sea water at low breakdown voltages. The ignition of spark discharges required not only a critical voltage sufficient for breakdown, but also a critical energy for preheating of the sea water, sufficient for bubble formation. The possibility of using optical emission spectroscopy of microplasma in water is shown for identifying elemental composition of sea water.
Current-induced domain wall motion attributed to spin Hall effect and Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya interaction in Pt/GdFeCo (100 nm) magnetic wire
Authors: Kurokawa Yuichiro , Kawamoto Masaya , Awano Hiroyuki
Published: June 2016

We investigated the current-induced domain wall motion (CIDWM) in Pt/GdFeCo bilayer wires where the thicknesses of the GdFeCo layer are 110 and 150 nm. We found that the direction of CIDWM in the Pt/GdFeCo wires is the same as the current flow direction. The velocity of the domain wall depends on the in-plane magnetic field. These results indicate that the CIDWM along the current direction in the Pt/GdFeCo wires is probably attributed to the spin Hall effect and Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya interaction. Generally, these effects do not appear in thick magnetic wires because they effectively occur at the interfaces of a heavy metal and magnetic layers. Therefore, these results are interesting phenomena because they probably suggest that the spin Hall effect and Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya interaction in the Pt/GdFeCo wire have an anomalously long-range influence.
Magnetic layer thickness dependence of all-optical magnetization switching in GdFeCo thin films
Authors: Yoshikawa Hiroki , El Moussaoui Souliman , Terashita Shinnosuke , Ueda Ryohei , Tsukamoto Arata
Published: June 2016

To clarify the relationship between all-optical magnetization switching (AOS) and nonlocal and nonadiabatic energy dissipation process, we focus on the contribution from energy dissipation in the depth direction. Differently designed structure dependence of created magnetic domain is observed from the reversal phenomenon, AOS, or multidomains by thermomagnetic nucleation (TMN) in GdFeCo multilayer thin films. TMN depends on the shared absorbed energy throughout the continuous metallic volume. On the other hand, AOS critically depends on nonadiabatic energy dissipation process with the electron system in sub-picoseconds. Furthermore, the laser fluence dependence of AOS-created domain sizes indicates that the value of irradiated laser fluence threshold per magnetic domain volume is almost constant. However, a lower laser irradiation fluence below 1–2 mW has a larger value and thickness dependence. From these results, we suggest that AOS depends on energy dissipation from the incident surface in the depth direction for a few picoseconds.
Numerical analysis of inductive detection of magnetic vortex motion excited with circularly polarized field
Authors: Ya Xiaorui , Tanaka Terumitsu , Matsuyama Kimihide
Published: June 2016

In the present study, the rotation and switching of a vortex core in submicron-size square dots were numerically analyzed by micromagnetic simulation. This study clarified that the eigenfrequency of the vortex core is strongly dependent on the magnetostatic energy and that rapid switching can be realized by circularly polarized fields with practical amplitudes at the corresponding eigenfrequency. The inductive detection of vortex core rotation, which can distinguish vortex core polarity, was successfully demonstrated and the structural design of the detector was optimized.
Transversal Kerr effect of In1−
xMnxAs layers prepared by ion implantation followed by pulsed laser annealing
Authors: Gan’shina Elena , Golik Leonard , Kun’kova Zoya , Bykov Igor , Novikov Andrey , Rukovishnikov Alexander , Yuan Ye , Zykov Georgy , Böttger Roman , Zhou Shengqiang
Published: June 2016

In1−

x
Mn
x
As (x = 6.9%) layers prepared by ion implantation and subsequent pulsed laser annealing have been studied using the magnetooptical transversal Kerr effect (TKE) and spectral ellipsometry. Ellipsometry data reveal the good crystal quality of the layers. The samples show ferromagnetic behaviour below 77 K. Near the absorption edge of the parent InAs semiconductor, large TKE values are observed. In the energy regions of the transitions in the Γ and L critical points of the InAs Brillouin zone, there are several clearly defined structures in the low-temperature TKE spectra. We have calculated the spectral dependences of the diagonal and nondiagonal components of the permittivity tensor (PT), as well as the spectrum of magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) for our samples. A number of extrema in the obtained MCD and PT spectra are close to the energies of transitions in the critical points of the parent semiconductor band structure, which confirms the intrinsic ferromagnetism of the Mn-doped InAs layers.
Vol 6, No 1 (2016)
Authors: Professionalism Professions &
Published: June 2016

Vol 6, No 1 (2016)
CORPOÉTICO: A PALAVRA EM POTLACH
Authors: Assis Adriana Carolina Hipolito de , Müller Marcos José
Published: June 2016

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo pôr em debate o conceito de potlach a partir das obras Claude Lévi-Strauss el Nuevo Festín de Esopo, de Octávio Paz e A Parte Maldita, de Georges Bataille. Potlach é uma definição utilizada pela antropologia e está presente, principalmente na obra Ensaio sobre a Dadiva, de Marcel Mauss, texto que observa as relações de troca nas sociedades primitivas e explicam a relação de dispêndio erotizado na poética. O presente trabalho pretende compreender a partir dessa discussão o corpo poético erotizado latino como um potlach.
POR UMA VONTADE DE DESDIGITALIZAR
Authors: Vieira da Silva Francisco , Sousa Claudemir
Published: June 2016

Este artigo pretende analisar como o discurso de desintoxicação digital, presente em uma reportagem intitulada Tchimbum (ed. 2413), da Revista Veja, de 18 de fevereiro de 2015, insere-se no interior das preocupações biopolíticas e constrói uma subjetividade de doente e dependente para o sujeito hiperconectado. De um modo mais específico, pretendemos investigar a objetivação desse sujeito a partir de diferentes saberes que a citada reportagem deixa entrever e os modos de subjetivação propostos para resistir à dependência da tecnologia. Ancoramo-nos teoricamente na Análise do Discurso, mobilizando como categorias analíticas as noções-conceitos foucaultianas de enunciado, sujeito, biopoder, biopolítica e cuidado de si. Metodologicamente, nossa análise apresenta uma abordagem qualitativa, de cunho descritivo-interpretativo, partindo da arquegenealogia foucaultiana, que possibilita analisar o feixe de relações de saber e poder que permeiam os discursos. A partir das análises, foi possível concluir que as discursividades sobre o digital na mídia sustentam-se em saberes, principalmente clínicos, e fazem funcionar mecanismos de feições biopolíticas, na medida em que aferem a necessidade de conservar uma vida saudável e feliz, cujo objetivo fora prejudicado frente aos ardis das tecnologias digitais.
AS CARTAS TROCADAS ENTRE JOÃO ANTÔNIO E ILKA BRUNHILDE
Authors: Milan Cleia Garcia da Cruz , Dos Santos Alves Regina Célia
Published: June 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é abordar a correspondência intensa que foi trocada entre João Antônio e Ilka Brunhilde, o que colaborou para a construção das personagens antonianas. O gênero carta, neste sentido, faz parte do universo dos escritores para troca de informações, para aconselhamento sobre narrativas que ambos escreviam, indo de crônicas aos contos premiados do autor João Antônio. As cartas estão no acervo do escritor em Assis-SP (CEDAP) e é uma importante fonte primária sobre a trajetória do mesmo, como jornalista, contista e também exposição da sua vida do autor, que aliás, para muitos pesquisadores têm a ver com as personagens, com o gosto pela sinuca, pelo futebol, por músicas do Noel Rosa e outros. A contribuição de Ilka Brunhilde é, sem dúvidas, consolidadora da escrita do autor, mesmo porque, ela detinha arquivos originais, que o próprio autor havia perdido, por causa de incêndio em sua casa. A metodologia segue os preceitos de Bakhtin sobre o autor, criação verbal e estruturas dos enunciados. A pesquisa resulta em compreender as intenções discursivas do autor João Antônio, o uso de palavras da coletividade para explicar a própria sociedade. As trocas discursivas entre os autores possibilitou a João Antônio a força que precisava para continuar os seus objetivos, falar da marginalidade, conscientizando outras pessoas dos problemas brasileiros.
A METAFICÇÃO HISTORIOGRÁFICA EM MEMORIAL DO CONVENTO, DE JOSÉ SARAMAGO
Authors: Sousa Raimundo Expeditos dos Santos , Queiroz Cristofane Da Silveira
Published: June 2016

Memorial do Convento constitui uma importante reflexão sobre o passado histórico da sociedade portuguesa do século XVIII e seu impacto nos dias de hoje. Sabe-se que o autor, José Saramago, concebe a ficção a partir do registro da história. Desta forma, examinamos neste trabalho como o escritor trata a história no cerne da estética literária, resgatando-a criticamente e subvertendo-a, ou seja, lidando com a história de modo meta-ficcional numa obra exponencial da narrativa pós-moderna.
QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA UTILIZADA NA IRRIGAÇÃO DE HORTALIÇAS NA REGIÃO DO LITORAL NORTE DE SANTA CATARINA
Authors: Cantu Rafael Ricardo , Haro Marcelo Mendes , Morales Rafael Gustavo Ferreira , Visconti Alexandre , Schallenberger Euclides
Published: June 2016

A produção de hortaliças é uma atividade com elevada importância socioeconômica para o Estado de Santa Catarina. Sua viabilidade técnica e econômica depende da disponibilidade da água utilizada para irrigação, cuja qualidade deve atender aos requisitos legais. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar atributos relacionados à qualidade da água empregada na irrigação de hortaliças, oriunda de reservatórios de captação de água das chuvas e de rios, açudes, poços e córregos na região do litoral Norte de Santa Catarina. Os municípios do estudo foram Tijucas, Itajaí, Itapema, Piçarras, Barra Velha, Porto Belo e Camboriú. Foram analisadas características físicas (dureza, condutividade elétrica e sólidos dissolvidos totais), químicas (pH, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cd, Pb) e biológicas (coliformes termotolerantes e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio) das amostras de água. Os resultados revelaram que, apesar de possuir algumas inconformidades, as águas da chuva e de poços artesianos são as mais indicadas para a irrigação do cultivo de hortaliças no litoral Norte Catarinense.
ORDEM GLOBAL E ACUMULAÇÃO POR DESAPROPRIAÇÃO. A EXPORTAÇÃO DE “ÁGUA VIRTUAL” E A PEGADA HÍDRICA DA MINERAÇÃO DOS METAIS NA ARGENTINA (1997-2014)
Authors: Gómez Lende Sebastián
Published: June 2016

Orientado a reestruturar os papéis dos países e dos lugares em função dos interesses do capital, a ordem global é um arranjo social econômico, político e territorial hegemônico com base na acumulação por desapropriação. Coordenado e concretizado por corporações transnacionais e apoiado pelos governos dos países periféricos, este espólio é expresso em uma infinidade de formas e facetas: entre eles estão o aumento crescente do extrativismo na América Latina, um fenômeno que desperta crescente preocupação devido tanto à degradação, como à extração e à transferência para o estrangeiro de intangívels ambientais como a "água virtual". À luz desta situação, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o relativamente recente boom da mega-mineração de metais a céu aberto na Argentina, visando cumprir dois objetivos complementares: avaliar a pegada hídrica desta atividade e o papel que ela desempenha nas exportações nacionais de ‘água virtual’, bem como levar em conta o impacto social e ambiental das estratégias de apropriação dos recursos hídricos desenvolvidos pela mineração transnacional (e legitimadas pelo Estado), demonstrando as suas ligações com o problema do agravamento do acesso a esse vital elemento sofrido pelas províncias envolvidas.
Nighttime mesospheric hydroxyl enhancements during SEP events and accompanying geomagnetic storms: Ionization rate modeling and Aura satellite observations
Authors: Verkhoglyadova O. P. , Wissing J. M. , Wang S. , Kallenrode M.‐B. , Zank G. P.
Published: June 2016

We quantify the effects of combined precipitating solar protons and magnetospheric electrons on nighttime odd hydrogen density enhancements during two solar energetic particle (SEP) events accompanied by strong geomagnetic storms. We perform detailed modeling of ionization rates for 7–17 November 2004 and 20–30 August 2005 intervals with improved version 1.6 of the Atmospheric Ionization Module Osnabrück model. Particle measurements from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites and Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites are sorted and combined in 2 h intervals to create realistic particle precipitation maps that are used as the modeling input. We show that modeled atmospheric ionization rates and estimated peak odd hydrogen (primarily hydroxyl) production from 0.001 hPa to 0.1 hPa atmospheric pressure levels during these intervals are consistent with enhancements in nighttime averaged zonal odd hydrogen densities derived from newly reprocessed and improved data set of Microwave Limb Sounder instrument on board Aura satellite. We show that both precipitating SEPs and magnetospheric electrons contribute to mesospheric ionization and their relative contributions change throughout the intervals. Our event‐based modeling results underline the importance of the combined ionization sources for odd hydrogen chemistry in the middle atmosphere.
Atmospheric winter response to Arctic sea ice changes in reanalysis data and model simulations
Authors: Jaiser Ralf , Nakamura Tetsu , Handorf Dörthe , Dethloff Klaus , Ukita Jinro , Yamazaki Koji
Published: June 2016

The changes of atmospheric flow patterns related to Arctic Amplification have impacts well beyond the Arctic regional weather and climate system. Here we examine modulations of vertically propagating planetary waves, a major feature of the climate response to Arctic sea ice reduction by comparing the corresponding results of an atmospheric general circulation model with reanalysis data for periods of high and low sea ice conditions. Under low sea ice condition we find enhanced coupling between troposphere and stratosphere starting in November with preferred polar stratospheric vortex breakdowns in February, which then feeds back to the troposphere. The model experiment and ERA‐Interim reanalysis data agree well with respect to temporal and spatial characteristics associated with vertical planetary wave propagation including its precursors. The upward propagating planetary wave anomalies resemble a wave number 1 and 2 pattern depending on region and timing. Since our experimental design only allows influences from sea ice changes and there is a high degree of resemblance between model results and observations, we conclude that sea ice is a main driver of observed winter circulation changes.
EURO‐CORDEX regional climate model analysis for the Greater Alpine Region: Performance and expected future change
Authors: Smiatek Gerhard , Kunstmann Harald , Senatore Alfonso
Published: June 2016

Simulations from 13 highly resolved regional climate models run within the Coordinated Downscaling Experiment initiative at 0.11° resolution with boundary forcings from five different Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 global models are employed to derive future climate change signal for the Greater Alpine Region (GAR) and four smaller investigation areas. Evaluation statistics include mean temperature and precipitation, frequency of days with precipitation over 1 mm and over 15 mm, 90% quantile of the frequency distribution, and maximum number of consecutive dry days. The evaluation for the period from 1971 to 2000 indicates that the models reproduce spatial seasonal precipitation patterns. In general, the simulations underestimate the seasonal mean temperature and overestimate the mean precipitation values. In GAR the ensemble seasonal mean temperature bias ranges from −0.8 to −1.9°C. The bias in precipitation varies between +14.8% in summer and +41.6% in the winter season. Larger errors are found for other statistics and in the investigated regions. In general, no significant gains in the quality of reproduction of the observed precipitation and temperature statistics compared to previous experiments can be identified. The temperature calculations for 2071–2100 related to the period from 1971 to 2000 in the GAR area show ensemble mean increases in the seasonal mean 2 m temperature of 2.5°C in fall and winter, 2.4°C in summer, and 1.9°C in spring. In the same area, precipitation is simulated to increase up to 12.3% in winter and 5.7% in spring. Only minor changes of the ensemble mean are predicted with +2.3% in fall and −1.7% in summer.
Perchlorate and volatiles of the brine of Lake Vida (Antarctica): Implication for the in situ analysis of Mars sediments
Authors: Kenig Fabien , Chou Luoth , McKay Christopher P. , Jackson W. Andrew , Doran Peter T. , Murray Alison E. , Fritsen Christian H.
Published: June 2016

The cold (−13.4°C), cryoencapsulated, anoxic, interstitial brine of the >27 m thick ice of Lake Vida (Victoria Valley, Antarctica) contains 49 µg · L−1 of perchlorate and 11 µg · L−1 of chlorate. Lake Vida brine (LVBr) may provide an analog for potential oxychlorine‐rich subsurface brine on Mars. LVBr volatiles were analyzed by solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) with two different SPME fibers. With the exception of volatile organic sulfur compounds, most other volatiles observed were artifacts produced in the GC injector when the thermal decomposition products of oxychlorines reacted with reduced carbon derived from LVBr and the SPME fiber phases. Analysis of MilliQ water with perchlorate (40 µg · L−1) showed low level of organic artifacts, reflecting carbon limitation. In order to observe sample‐derived organic compounds, both in analog samples and on Mars, the molar abundance of reduced carbon in a sample must exceed those of O2 and Cl2 produced during decomposition of oxychlorines. This suggests that the abundance of compounds observed by the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instruments in Sheepbed samples (CB‐3, CB5, and CB6) may be controlled by an increase in the reduced‐carbon/oxychlorine ratio of these samples. To increase chances of in situ detection of Martian organics during pyrolysis‐GC‐MS, we propose that the derivatization agents stored on SAM may be used as an external source of reduced carbon, increasing artificially the reduced‐carbon to perchlorate ratio during pyrolysis, allowing the expression of more abundant and perhaps more diverse Martian organic matter.
Near‐Earth heliospheric magnetic field intensity since 1750: 1. Sunspot and geomagnetic reconstructions
Authors: Owens M. J. , Cliver E. , McCracken K. G. , Beer J. , Barnard L. , Lockwood M. , Rouillard A. , Passos D. , Riley P. , Usoskin I. , Wang Y‐M.
Published: June 2016

We present two separate time series of the near‐Earth heliospheric magnetic field strength (B) based on geomagnetic data and sunspot number (SSN). The geomagnetic‐based B series from 1845 to 2013 is a weighted composite of two series that employ the interdiurnal variability index; this series is highly correlated with in situ spacecraft measurements of B (correlation coefficient, r = 0.94; mean square error, MSE = 0.16 nT2). The SSN‐based estimate of B, from 1750 to 2013, is a weighted composite of eight time series derived from two separate reconstruction methods applied to four different SSN time series, allowing determination of the uncertainty from both the underlying sunspot records and the B reconstruction methods. The SSN‐based composite is highly correlated with direct spacecraft measurements of B and with the composite geomagnetic B time series from 1845 to 2013 (r = 0.91; MSE = 0.24 nT2), demonstrating that B can accurately reconstructed by both geomagnetic and sunspot‐based methods. The composite sunspot and geomagnetic B time series, with uncertainties, are provided as supporting information.
Subduction beneath Laurentia modified the eastern North American cratonic edge: Evidence from P wave and S wave tomography
Authors: Boyce A. , Bastow I. D. , Darbyshire F. A. , Ellwood A. G. , Gilligan A. , Levin V. , Menke W.
Published: June 2016

The cratonic cores of the continents are remarkably stable and long‐lived features. Their ability to resist destructive tectonic processes is associated with their thick (∼250 km), cold, chemically depleted, buoyant lithospheric keels that isolate the cratons from the convecting mantle. The formation mechanism and tectonic stability of cratonic keels remains under debate. To address this issue, we use P wave and S wave relative arrival‐time tomography to constrain upper mantle structure beneath southeast Canada and the northeast USA, a region spanning three quarters of Earth's geological history. Our models show three distinct, broad zones: Seismic wave speeds increase systematically from the Phanerozoic coastal domains, through the Proterozoic Grenville Province, and to the Archean Superior craton in central Québec. We also recover the NW‐SE trending track of the Great Meteor hot spot that crosscuts the major tectonic domains. The decrease in seismic wave speed from Archean to Proterozoic domains across the Grenville Front is consistent with predictions from models of two‐stage keel formation, supporting the idea that keel growth may not have been restricted to Archean times. However, while crustal structure studies suggest that Archean Superior material underlies Grenvillian age rocks up to ∼300 km SE of the Grenville Front, our tomographic models show a near‐vertical boundary in mantle wave speed directly beneath the Grenville Front. We interpret this as evidence for subduction‐driven metasomatic enrichment of the Laurentian cratonic margin, prior to keel stabilization. Variable chemical depletion levels across Archean‐Proterozoic boundaries worldwide may thus be better explained by metasomatic enrichment than inherently less depleted Proterozoic composition at formation.
Biofilm growth in gravel bed streams controls solute residence time distributions
Authors: Aubeneau A. F. , Hanrahan Brittany , Bolster Diogo , Tank Jennifer
Published: June 2016

Streambed substrates harbor a rich biome responsible for biogeochemical processing in riverine waters. Beyond their biological role, the presence of benthic and hyporheic biofilms can play an important role in influencing large‐scale transport of solutes, even for conservative tracers. As biofilms grow and accumulate biomass, they actively interact with and influence surface and subsurface flow patterns. To explore this effect, we conducted experiments at the Notre Dame Linked Ecosystems Experimental Facility in four outdoor streams, each with different gravel beds. Over the course of 20 weeks we conducted transport experiments in each of these streams and observed different patterns in breakthrough curves as biofilms grew on the substrate. Biofilms played a major role in shaping the observed conservative transport patterns. Overall, while the presence of biofilms led to a decreased exchange rate between the fast (mobile) and slow (immobile) parts of the flow domain, water that was exchanged tended to be stored in the slow regions for longer times once biofilms had established. More specifically, we observed enhanced longitudinal dispersion in breakthrough curves as well as broader residence time distributions when biofilms were present. Biofilm colonization over time homogenized transport patterns across the four streams that were originally very distinct. These results indicate that stream biofilms exert a strong control on conservative solute transport in streams, a role that to date has not received enough attention.
Development of a social emotional information processing assessment for adults (SEIP‐Q)
Authors: Coccaro Emil F. , Fanning Jennifer , Lee Royce
Published: June 2016

An expanded self‐report, vignette‐based, questionnaire was developed to assess five components in a social emotional information processing model (SEIP: attribution, emotional response, response valuation, outcome expectancy, response efficacy, and response enactment), first in a population‐based sample (n = 250) and, second in healthy control participants (n = 50) and in those with DSM‐5 Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED: n = 50). SEIP‐Q vignettes depict, separately, both overtly aggressive and relationally aggressive as well as socially ambivalent scenarios. This expanded SEIP‐Q assessment demonstrated good internal reliability, as well as convergent and discriminant validity, for all five SEIP components. IED participants differed from healthy controls in all SEIP‐Q components. This expanded SEIP‐Q assessment is thus proposed as a reliable and valid method for studying the various stages of SEIP in adult human subjects. Aggr. Behav. 43:47–59, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhanced Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells with Low‐Temperature Hydrothermally Grown SnO2 Electron Transport Layers
Authors: Liu Qin , Qin Min‐Chao , Ke Wei‐Jun , Zheng Xiao‐Lu , Chen Zhao , Qin Ping‐Li , Xiong Liang‐Bin , Lei Hong‐Wei , Wan Jia‐Wei , Wen Jian , Yang Guang , Ma Jun‐Jie , Zhang Zhen‐Yu , Fang Guo‐Jia
Published: June 2016

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) may offer huge potential in photovoltaic conversion, yet their practical applications face one major obstacle: their low stability, or quick degradation of their initial efficiencies. Here, a new design scheme is presented to enhance the PSC stability by using low‐temperature hydrothermally grown hierarchical nano‐SnO2 electron transport layers (ETLs). The ETL contains a thin compact SnO2 layer underneath a mesoporous layer of SnO2 nanosheets. The mesoporous layer plays multiple roles of enhancing photon collection, preventing moisture penetration and improving the long‐term stability. Through such simple approaches, PSCs with power conversion efficiencies of ≈13% can be readily obtained, with the highest efficiency to be 16.17%. A prototypical PSC preserves 90% of its initial efficiency even after storage in air at room temperature for 130 d without encapsulation. This study demonstrates that hierarchical SnO2 is a potential ETL for fabricating low‐cost and efficient PSCs with long‐term stability.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Multi‐Substituted Benzenes from Enals and α‐Cyano‐β‐methylenones
Authors: Zhang Chun‐Lin , Gao Zhong‐Hua , Liang Zhi‐Qin , Ye Song
Published: June 2016

An oxidative NHC‐catalyzed [2+4] annulation of enals and α‐cyano‐β‐methylenones was established for the rapid assembly of multi‐substituted benzenes.

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Fouling Resistance and Physicochemical Properties of Polyamide Thin‐Film Composite Membranes Modified with Functionalized Cyclodextrins
Authors: Mbuli Bhekani S. , Mhlanga Sabelo D. , Mamba Bhekie B. , Nxumalo Edward N.
Published: June 2016

Thermal and mechanical properties and fouling resistance of polyamide thin‐film composite (PA‐TFC) membranes modified with amino‐cyclodextrins and diethylamino‐cyclodextrins are investigated. It was found that the decomposition temperatures of the modified membranes were 500°C and were not significantly different with those of the unmodified membranes. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies showed that the modified membranes with heating melting temperatures in the range 112.5–113.8°C were more crystalline than the unmodified membranes due to the presence of cyclodextrin derivatives on the interfacial layer. The crystallization temperatures (Tc) were found to range between 128.75 and 129.03°C and the glass transition temperatures (Tg) ranged between 78.67 and 79.33°C. The modified PA‐TFC membranes were found to have comparable ultimate tensile strengths (UTS) to the unmodified membranes, except for the membranes modified with amino‐β‐CDs, with a UTS of 20.00 ± 0.50 MPa. The PA‐TFC membranes had a lower water uptake percentage due to their enhanced crystallinity. However, these materials had a higher water permeate flux due to the hydrophilic nature of the modified membranes enhanced by the rich hydroxyl groups on the CDs. The modified PA‐TFC membranes also exhibited high MgSO4 salt rejection and fouling resistance capacities compared to unmodified membranes. Different pH levels resulted in different fouling resistance patterns of the membranes. Therefore, the membranes modified with functionalized CDs were thermally and mechanically stable, had enhanced crystallinity, high divalent salt rejection and fouling resistance under different pH conditions.
Cellulose Acetate for Shape Memory Polymer: Natural, Simple, High Performance, and Recyclable
Authors: Bai Yongkang , Liu Yuejun , Wang Qihua
Published: June 2016

In this work, a bio‐shape memory polymer (SMP) with high performance is prepared by using cellulose acetate (CA) as raw material. The materials exhibit good mechanical properties with tensile strength and elongation at break over 46 MPa and 115%, respectively. With hydrogen bond interaction as physically cross‐linked points, the materials also present excellent dual‐shape memory properties with shape fixation and shape recovery ratio of about 99% and 96%, respectively. Moreover, the materials show good triple‐shape memory effect. The recyclability of the materials is also investigated and the results show that the reclaimed samples still hold high mechanical and shape memory properties. With the intrinsic biocompatibility and biodegradation of CA, the materials could be an attractive candidate for applications in smart biomedical devices. Furthermore, the usage of CA as SMP could expand the view of preparing bio‐SMP in future.
Uncertainty quantification via bayesian inference using sequential monte carlo methods for CO2 adsorption process
Authors: Kalyanaraman Jayashree , Kawajiri Yoshiaki , Lively Ryan P. , Realff Matthew J.
Published: June 2016

This work presents the uncertainty quantification, which includes parametric inference along with uncertainty propagation, for CO2 adsorption in a hollow fiber sorbent, a complex dynamic chemical process. Parametric inference via Bayesian approach is performed using Sequential Monte Carlo, a completely parallel algorithm, and the predictions are obtained by propagating the posterior distribution through the model. The presence of residual variability in the observed data and model inadequacy often present a significant challenge in performing the parametric inference. In this work, residual variability in the observed data is handled by three different approaches: (a) by performing inference with isolated data sets, (b) by increasing the uncertainty in model parameters, and finally, (c) by using a model discrepancy term to account for the uncertainty. The pros and cons of each of the three approaches are illustrated along with the predicted distributions of CO2 breakthrough capacity for a scaled‐up process. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3352–3368, 2016
Revealing the role of bromide in the H2O2 direct synthesis with the catalyst wet pretreatment method (CWPM)
Authors: Biasi P. , Mikkola J. ‐P. , Sterchele S. , Salmi T. , Gemo N. , Shchukarev A. , Centomo P. , Zecca M. , Canu P. , Rautio A. ‐R. , Kordàs K.
Published: June 2016

A tailor‐made Pd0/K2621 catalyst was subjected to post synthesis modification via a wet treatment procedure. The aim was the understanding of the role of promoters and how—if any—improvements could be qualitatively related to the catalyst performance for the H2O2 direct synthesis. The Catalyst Wet Pretreatment Method was applied in different methanolic solutions containing H2O2, NaBr, and H3PO4, either as single modifiers or as a mixture. The catalyst was characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy and X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. It was concluded that the modified catalysts give rise to higher selectivities compared to the pristine reference catalyst thus opening a possibility to exclude the addition of the undesirable selectivity enhancers in the reaction medium. This work provides original evidence on the role of promoters, especially bromide, allowing the formulation of a new reaction mechanism for one of the most challenging reactions recognized by the world. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 32–42, 2017
Metal‐organic frameworks for highly efficient adsorption of dibenzothiophene from liquid fuels
Authors: Tang Weijia , Gu Jianlei , Huang Hongliang , Liu Dahuan , Zhong Chongli
Published: June 2016

By taking desulfurization of liquid fuels as a demonstrative example, a bottom‐up selection was performed to find the metal‐organic frameworks (MOF)‐type adsorbents with highly efficient adsorption performance of large molecules. Through carefully analyzing the adsorption mechanism for typical S‐heterocyclic compounds like dibenzothiophene (DBT), PCN‐10 was selected in consideration of the simultaneous inclusion of several kinds of interactions in the framework. Experimental results demonstrate that this MOF exhibits extraordinary high DBT adsorption capacity (75.24 mg S g−1), showing record uptake among all the reported porous materials for the removal of thiophenicsulfur from fuels (below 1000 ppmwS), to the best of our knowledge. Moreover, the removal rate for the low sulfur concentration (50 ppmwS) can reach beyond 99%. This strategy can be conveniently extended to the screening and design of MOFs for the efficient removal of other important large guest molecules. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 4491–4496, 2016
Picomole‐Scale Real‐Time Photoreaction Screening: Discovery of the Visible‐Light‐Promoted Dehydrogenation of Tetrahydroquinolines under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Chen Suming , Wan Qiongqiong , Badu‐Tawiah Abraham K.
Published: June 2016

The identification of new photocatalytic pathways expands our knowledge of chemical reactivity and enables new environmentally friendly synthetic applications. However, the development of miniaturized screening procedures/platforms to expedite the discovery of photochemical reactions remains challenging. Herein, we describe a picomole‐scale, real‐time photoreaction screening platform in which a handheld laser source is coupled with nano‐electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. By using this method, we discovered an accelerated dehydrogenation pathway for the conversion of tetrahydroquinolines into the corresponding quinolines. This transformation is readily promoted by an off‐the‐shelf [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2⋅6 H2O complex in air at ambient temperature in direct sunlight, or with the aid of an energy‐saving lamp. Moreover, radical cations and trans‐dihydride intermediates captured by the screening platform provided direct evidence for the mechanism of the photoredox reaction.
Sequential liquefaction of Nicotiana tabacum stems biomass by crude polyhydric alcohols for the production of polyols and rigid polyurethane foams
Authors: Patel Chirag M. , Barot Amit A. , Kumar Sinha Vijay
Published: June 2016

In this work, Nicotiana tabacum stalks and castor oil‐based polyol was synthesized via two step process. Preliminarily, stalks were liquefied using acid catalyst to procure glycol‐glycoside and the optimized conditions for liquefaction of N. tabacum stem's biomass was 150 °C temperature for 180 min time using PTSA as catalyst. Progressively, the glycol‐glycoside obtained from the former step was further reacted with castor oil in the presence of lithium hydroxide to get dark brown‐colored polyol with hydroxyl value was running in between 200 and 400 IOH. Glycol‐glycoside and polyols were characterized by chemical and instrumental methods. Further by employing open‐cup method involving the mixing of polyol and isocyanate adducts, the desired poly urethane rigid foam was obtained. The product was tested for their physical, mechanical, thermal, and morphological characteristics, while the thermal conductivity was in the range of 0.013 to 0.017 Kcal/mh °C. The performed study may yield high quality rigid or semi‐rigid polyurethane foams that are commonly used as insulation materials. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43974.
Basicity‐based screening of aniline derivative for composite proton exchange membranes
Authors: Sachan Vinay K. , Michael Rajesh A. , Panday Niharika , Nagarale Rajaram K. , Bhattacharya Prashant K.
Published: June 2016

The aim of this study was to find a suitable aniline derivative to develop composite sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membranes and detail evaluation of their physico‐ and electrochemical properties. The hypothesis was high basicity of the aniline derivatives could form good composite membranes with better physicochemical and electrochemical properties. To assess the basicity we measured the zeta potentials of the polymers and correlated them with ion‐exchange capacities, water uptakes, transport numbers, water‐diffusion coefficients, conductivities, and methanol permeabilities. The obtained values of zeta potentials at pH 7 were 6.52, −14.66, −25.17, and −28 for SPEEK/polynaphthalene (PNAPH), SPEEK/polyanisidine (PANIS), SPEEK/polyaniline (PANI), and SPEEK/polyxylindine (PXYL), respectively supports the hypothesis and strongly suggests polyaniline derivative's basicity‐dependent properties. Of the four derivatives (PNAPH, PANIS, PANI, and PXYL), the SPEEK/PXYL composite membrane had the lowest methanol permeability of 1 × 10−4 cm2/s and highest proton conductivity of 161 mS/cm. These values are far better than the neat SPEEK and SPEEK/PANI composite. The suitability of SPEEK/PXYL can be explained by the high basicity of the PXYL composite membrane, which leads to the formation of effective Debye spheres, meaning that the ionic complex can interact with surrounding hydronium ions and form hydrophilic channels resulting in high proton conductivity and low methanol permeability. These results suggest that SPEEK/PXYL is a highly suitable membrane for methanol fuel cells or other electrochemical applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43978.
Short‐term traffic flow prediction with linear conditional Gaussian Bayesian network
Authors: Zhu Zheng , Peng Bo , Xiong Chenfeng , Zhang Lei
Published: June 2016

Traffic flow prediction is an essential part of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Most of the previous traffic flow prediction work treated traffic flow as a time series process only, ignoring the spatial relationship from the upstream flows or the correlation with other traffic attributes like speed and density. In this paper, we utilize a linear conditional Gaussian (LCG) Bayesian network (BN) model to consider both spatial and temporal dimensions of traffic as well as speed information for short‐term traffic flow prediction. The LCG BN allows both continuous and discrete variables, which enables the consideration of categorical variables in traffic flow prediction. A microscopic traffic simulation dataset is used to test the performance of the proposed model compared to other popular approaches under different predicting time intervals. In addition, the authors investigate the importance of spatial data and speed data in flow prediction by comparing models with different levels of information. The results indicate that the prediction accuracy will increase significantly when both spatial data and speed data are included. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.