bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Deployment of Personal Luck: Sympathetic Magic and Illusory Control in Games of Pure Chance
Authors: Wohl Michael J. A. , Enzle Michael E.
Published: March 2007

In three studies, the authors expand on Langer’s (1975) illusion of control model to include perceptions of personal luck as a potential source of misperceived skillful influence over non-controllable events. In an initial study, it was predicted and found that having choice in a game of chance heightened both perceived personal luck and perceived chance of winning. In additional studies, hypotheses were tested based on the proposition that luck perceived as a personal quality follows the laws of sympathetic magic. The results showed that participants acted as though luck could be transmitted from themselves to a wheel of fortune and thereby positively affect their perceived chance of winning. Results are discussed both in terms of the previously unexamined connection between illusory control and beliefs in sympathetic magic and as an extension of the illusory control model.
Depression and Perceptions of Inequity among Couples Facing Cancer
Authors: Ybema Jan F. , Kuijer Roeline G. , Buunk Bram P. , DeJong G. Majella , Sanderman Robbert
Published: March 2007

In the present study, symptoms of nonclinical depression among 106 cancer patients and their intimate partners were assessed. From the perspective of equity theory, it was examined how depression was related to neuroticism, marital quality, and perceptions of inequity in the relationship. LISREL analyses showed that neuroticism and perceptions of inequity in the relationship were associated with higher depression, but differences were found between patients and partners in the way that inequity and depression were related. Cancer patients reported more symptoms of depression when they felt that they invested too little in the relationship, whereas their partners were higher in depression when they felt that they received too little benefits in the relationship. The findings are discussed in terms of structural differences in roles between patients and caregiving partners.
Ethnic Identity Moderates Perceptions of Prejudice: Judgments of Personal Versus Group Discrimination and Subtle Versus Blatant Bias
Authors: Operario Don , Fiske Susan T.
Published: March 2007

Two studies investigate the association between ethnic identity and perceptions of prejudice. Study 1 examined the relationship between ethnic identity and the personal-group discrimination discrepancy (PGD) among ethnic minority and White respondents. High-identified minorities reported increased personal vulnerability to discrimination and less PGD, whereas less-identified minorities conformed more to the PGD phenomenon. Whites also reported more personal than group discrimination, but ethnic identity did not moderate this effect. Study 2 examined minorities’ perceptions of prejudice in an interaction with a White confederate, who displayed either obvious or subtle prejudice. High-identified minorities showed stronger reactions to subtle prejudice than did low-identified minorities, who tended to overlook subtle prejudice. The authors relate findings to principles from stigma research, social identity, and self-categorization theory and suggest that ethnic identity can explain why some minorities perceive prejudice when others do not.
Language and the Bicultural Self
Authors: Ross Michael , Xun W. Q. Elaine , Wilson Anne E.
Published: March 2007

In a study of bicultural individuals’ self-perceptions, Chinese-born students were randomly assigned to participate in either Chinese or English. Serving as controls, Canadian-born participants of either European or Chinese descent participated in English. The effects of the language manipulation paralleled findings in previous studies comparing East Asians to North Americans. Participants responding in Chinese reported more collective self-statements in open-ended self-descriptions, lower self-esteem on the Rosenberg scale, and more agreement with Chinese cultural views than did the remaining groups. In their self-descriptions, participants writing in Chinese provided similar numbers of favorable and unfavorable self-statements. The other groups reported more favorable self-statements. Participants reporting in Chinese indicated similar levels of positive and negative mood. The remaining groups reported more positive mood. The results suggest that East-Asian and Western identities may be stored in separate knowledge structures in bicultural individuals, with each structure activated by its associated language.
Being Attuned to Intergroup Differences in Mergers: The Role of Aligned Leaders for Low-Status Groups
Authors: Jetten Jolanda , Duck Julie , Terry Deborah J. , O’Brien Anne
Published: March 2007

The present research focused on responses of low-status group members to a merger with a high-status group. A study was conducted (N = 153) in which the alignment of the leader for the merged group (ingroup vs. outgroup) and leader behavior (equality, outgroup favoritism, ingroup favoritism, complementarity) were manipulated. The authors predicted that the leader, by his or her behavior, would play an important role in defining the new relationship between premerger groups. Overall, low-status ingroup leaders were evaluated more positively than high-status outgroup leaders. Ingroup leaders were evaluated more favorably and were more likely to engender a common identity in the merged group than were outgroup leaders when leaders behaved in an ingroup-favoring or complementary fashion. In contrast, evaluations of ingroup and outgroup leaders did not differ when the leader stressed equality or was outgroup favoring. The findings demonstrate the important role leaders can play in accentuating or de-emphasizing premerger status differences.
I Belong, therefore, I Exist: Ingroup Identification, Ingroup Entitativity, and Ingroup Bias
Authors: Castano Emanuele , Yzerbyt Vincent , Paladino Maria-Paola , Sacchi Simona
Published: March 2007

Merging insights from the intergroup relations literature and terror management theory, the authors conducted an experiment in which they assessed the impact of death-related thoughts on a series of ingroup measures. Participants in the mortality-salience condition displayed stronger ingroup identification, perceived greater ingroup entitativity, and scored higher on ingroup bias measures. Also, perceived ingroup entitativity as well as ingroup identification mediated the effect of the mortality salience manipulation on ingroup bias. The findings are discussed in relation to theories of intergroup relations and terror management theory. A new perspective on the function of group belonging also is presented.
The Impact of Assimilation and Differentiation Needs on Perceived Group Importance and Judgments of Ingroup Size
Authors: Pickett Cynthia L. , Silver Michael D. , Brewer Marilynn B.
Published: March 2007

At the heart of optimal distinctiveness theory is the idea that a group’s level of inclusiveness is a significant determinant of how well that group can meet members’ needs for assimilation and differentiation. In two studies, this principle was demonstrated by experimentally manipulating both needs and examining their effects on perceptions of ingroup size and on the perceived importance of ingroups that vary in level of inclusiveness. It was predicted that assimilation need would lead to a preference for inclusive ingroups and the tendency to overestimate ingroup size, whereas differentiation need would lead to a preference for exclusive ingroups and the tendency to underestimate ingroup size. Support for these predictions was found across both studies. The results support the hypothesis that the arousal of assimilation and differentiation needs interacts with ingroup inclusiveness to determine optimal social identities.
Excerpts from Letters Received by Bibb Latané
Authors: Altman Irwin , Berscheid Ellen , Davis James H. , Gross Alan , Rosenberg Seymour , Wheeler Ladd , Wyer Robert S.
Published: March 2007

A number of people wrote letters to B. Latan6 commenting on and responding to his "Notes for a talk on our scientific publication -system". Excerpts are reproduced with the writers' permission.
Effects of Television Violence on Expectations of Other's Aggression
Authors: Thomas Margaret Hanratty , Drabman Ronald S.
Published: March 2007

After exposure to either an aggressive or nonaggressive television program, third and fifth grade boys and girls heard descriptions of nine conflict situations and were asked (a) to predict how the average child would react in such a situation and (b) to indicate the behavior they believed to be most morally correct. As predicted, children who had seen the aggressive film were significantly more likely to choose aggressive responses as being normative than were children exposed to the control film. Beliefs about the moral correctness of aggression, however, were not reliably influenced by film condition. Older children were found to regard aggressive responses to conflict as more commonplace than did younger children, and in accordance with sex-role stereotypes, males more frequently than females suggested that aggressive reactions were morally correct.
Simulated Work Climate as an Influence on Choice of Leadership Style
Authors: Fodor Eugene M.
Published: March 2007

Twenty-four foremen assumed the role of "supervisor" in an industrial simulation experiment and directed the labors of two successive work crews. One crew exhibited characteristics of group stress and the other did not. Supervisors were observed to employ a more authoritarian style of control in the group-stress than in the neutral condition (P<.01).
A Self-Presentation Interpretation of the Seeking of Social Approval
Authors: Jellison Jerald M. , Gentry Kevin W.
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted to demonstrate the idea that individuals seek social approval because of the material rewards contingent upon approval and not because approval is inherently valuable. It was predicted that individuals would seek either social approval or social disapproval as a function of the particular material reward contingencies. Subjects were presented with a personnel manager who either hired individuals he liked or individuals he disliked. They completed a set of employment tests on which it was possible to make responses that would engender either the approval or disapproval of the personnel manager. As predicted, subjects responded to the tests so as to obtain the job even when this involved creating disapproval. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for explanations of social behavior.
The Matching Hypothesis: Physical Attractiveness among Same-Sexed Friends
Authors: Cash Thomas F. , Derlega Valerian J.
Published: March 2007

Twenty-four male pairs and 24 female pairs of close friends were individually photographed and were independently and reliably rated on physical attractiveness by two judges. Actual friends were hypothesized to be significantly less discrepant on attractiveness than a control group contrived by randomly pairing the ratings within each same-sex sample. Results support this hypothesis for male friends (p < .02) and for female friends (p < .05). The findings' implications for research and for the self-fulfillment of physical attractiveness stereotyping are discussed in terms of social exchange and social learning formulations.
Consequences of Social Power and Causal Attribution for Compliance as Seen by Powerholder and Target
Authors: Litman-Adizes Tchia , Raven Bertram H. , Fontaine Gary
Published: March 2007

72 subjects read six scenarios in which a supervisor used different bases of power to successfully influence a worker to alter his method of work. Half the subjects were asked to take the perspective of the supervisor in answering the questions and half that of the worker. Information power was perceived as most effective in inducing private acceptance of change. Information, reward, and referent power were most conducive to mutual evaluation and liking. Coercive and legitimate power were least effective in both respects. Subjects were more likely to attribute compliance to the worker's will if referent, information, or reward power was used, less so if coercion or legitimate power was used. Supervisors, as compared to workers, were particularly likely to assume responsibility for inducing change, feel confident that change would continue, and evaluate the other favorably. Theoretical implications for social power and attributional mediation are discussed.
The Effects of Positive Reinforcement, Attributions, and Punishment on Model Induced Altruism in Children
Authors: Rushton J. Philippe , Teachman Goody
Published: March 2007

The effects of positive reinforcement and punishment on model induced altruism was assessed on the subsequent generosity of 60 boys aged 8-11 in relation to a no reinforcement control. This study employed an anonymous test of the child's generosity and did so on both an immediate and a delayed test. Positive reinforcement led to increased generosity while punishment led to a decrement. These effects endured over the two week retest but did not generalize to a different task. In the positive reinforcement condition, three different attributions provided to the child for his generous behavior failed to have a differential effect. A small amount of consistency was found for individual differences in generosity. Further, older children were more generous than younger ones.
Accuracy in Predicting Situational Variations in Help-Seekers' Responses
Authors: DePaulo Bella M.
Published: March 2007

Over 300 subjects at four different age levels predicted situational variations in two different self-reported responses of persons asking for help. Accuracy at this task was substantially better than chance. Subjects were more accurate in predicting the importance to askers of getting help than their feelings about asking for help. Predictions of importance were relatively more accurate in same-sex giver-asker dyads, while predictions of feelings were relatively more accurate in opposite-sex dyads. Females were more accurate predictors than males, and they were more accurately judged than males.
Self-Consciousness and Speed of Processing Self-Relevant Information
Authors: Turner Robert G.
Published: March 2007

The present study investigated relationships between the Self-Consciousness Scale and the amount of time required to report the self-relevance of groups of socially desirable and socially undesirable trait terms. As predicted, Social Anxiety was significantly related to time required to process both socially desirable and socially undesirable terms. Private Self-Consciousness was significantly related to response time to the socially undesirable traits but not the socially desirable terms. No significant results were found for Public Self-Consciousness. The significant relationships involving Social Anxiety were discussed in terms of concern for the social implications of self-ascription.
On the Current Confusion of Group-related Behavior and Collective Behavior: A Reaction to Buys
Authors: Shaffer Leigh S.
Published: March 2007

Buys (1978) published a literature review which led him to conclude that "humans would do better without mbst forms of groups." Buys' conclusion is rejected and his paper is re- viewed as symptomatic of the "crisis" in social psychology. It is argued that social psychologists, like Buys, have lost contact with sociological theory and have repeatedly confused collective behavior with group-related behavior. Buys' con- clusion is restated as a problem for social-psychological research.
Order Effects in the Integration of Verbal Descriptions
Authors: Manis Melvin , Platt Marjorie B.
Published: March 2007

Respondents were provided with a series of message ensembles, each of which contained nine descriptions, all based on the same referent-photograph. Their task was to identify the appropriate target-photograph. Descriptions that were presented at the beginning or at the end of a message-set were more influential determinants of choice than those presented in the middle of the series.
Perceptions of Ethicality of Psychological Research: Effects of Experimenter Status, Experiment Outcome, and Authoritarianism
Authors: Tanke Elizabeth Decker
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the effect of experimenter status and experiment outcome on the perceived ethicality of a psychological experiment. High authoritarians, but not low authoritarians, judged the experiment as more ethical when the experimenter was of high status and when the experimental hypothesis was confirmed. Ratings of ethicality were significantly correlated with perceived harm to participants for both groups; ratings of ethicality were significantly correlated with perceived benefits of research to science and society only in the case of high authoritarians.
Changes in Evaluative Beliefs as a Function of Behavioral Commitment
Authors: Davis Mark H.
Published: March 2007

Research on post-decisional changes in beliefs has been criticized for its inconsistent and sometimes inappropriate choice of dependent measures (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). An experiment was conducted utilizing Fishbein's (1963) operationalization of beliefs; in accord with dissonance theory, subjects who were committed to one of two choice alternatives reported more positive beliefs about the chosen alternative and more negative beliefs about the nonchosen alternative than did subjects not yet committed.
Status Equity, Sex Composition of Group, and Intergroup Bias
Authors: Dion Kenneth L.
Published: March 2007

From a cognitive differentiation hypothesis, it was predicted that the presence of status inequities among group members would curtail the usual phenomenon of ingroup-outgroup bias. Consistent with this view, groups characterized by marked status inequities among their members failed to show any evidence of ingroup favoritism. In contrast, members of groups lacking status distinctions evaluated their ingroup more favorably than an outgroup, whether individuals or groups served as the object of evaluation. Second, groups composed of men versus women exhibited alternative patterns of ingroup-outgroup bias. Groups of males primarily showed overevaluation of own group product; whereas groups of females were prone to ingroup favoritism in interpersonal evaluations. These sex differences in intergroup bias were interpreted in terms of differential orientations toward task vs. interpersonal evaluations.
Sex Roles and Achievement Conflicts
Authors: Saddl Susan , Miller Frederick D. , Zeitz Baila
Published: March 2007

A survey study was conducted to investigate the relationship between sex roles and achievement conflicts. Contrary to contemporary interpretations, femininity was not related to fear of success or self-deprecation and insecurity. Masculinity was negatively related to fear of success in men and women and to selfdeprecation and insecurity more strongly in women than in men. Implications for concepts of sex roles are discussed.
Effects of the Perceived Intentionality and Stability of Another's Dependency on Helping Behavior
Authors: Barnes Richard D. , Ickes William , Kidd Robert F.
Published: March 2007

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects on help-giving of the perceived intentionality and stability of the cause of a dependent person's need. Subjects were asked to lend class notes to a caller whose need for help was described as due either to a lack of ability ("unintentional" dependency) or to a lack of effort ("intentional" dependency). The cause of the caller's dependency was also varied according to its perceived degree of stability (stable vs. unstable). As predicted, more help was elicited (1) when the caller's dependency was attributed to a lack of ability rather than to a lack Df effort, and (2) when the dependency was seen as stable rather than unstable. The results are discussed in terms of theorizing which has attempted to relate outcome attributions to helping behavior.
Selectivity in the Use of Social Comparison Information
Authors: Sanders Glenn S. , Gastorf John W. , Mullen Brian
Published: March 2007

Previous research has generally supported Festinger's proposal that similar others are preferred sources of comparison information, but has not examined the use to which the information is put. Subjects in the present study took a test and received a score and comparison information from both similar and dissimilar others. A change in the overall central tendency from a baseline value produced a significant shift in ability estimates only if the change involved the scores of similar others. Thus, selectivity in the desire for information extends to the use of that information for self-evaluation.
Influence of Gaze on Compliance with Demanding and Conciliatory Requests in a Field Setting
Authors: Kleinke Chris L. , Singer David A.
Published: March 2007

Leaflets were offered to 600 male and 600 female pedestrians by gazing and non-gazing male and female experimenters with a conciliatory tone ("Excuse me. Would you like one?"), a demanding tone ("Take one!"), or with no verbalization. Significant main effects showed that subjects took more leaflets when the experimenter gazed and when the experimenter was female. There were no main effects for subject sex and tone of request. Significant interactions resulted in the following conclusions: (a) female subjects complied significantly more with a demanding request than male subjects; (b) experimenter gaze had greater influence on compliance to male experimenters than on compliance to female experimenters; (c) the influence of gaze on compliance was greater when experimenters were silent or conciliatory then when they were demanding.
Looking at Behavior and Seeing as a Psychologist
Authors: Petersoni Gerald L.
Published: March 2007

Aqreeing with recent calls for more emphasis on observation and description, it is nevertheless argued that merely tabulating behavior does not address the basic conceptual and methodological problems responsible for the lack of a viable descriptive approach in social psychology. Social psycholonists are far more adept at quantifying or countinq behavior than in explicating what is of social or psychological interest in the phenomena studied. Thus, it is argued that the more basic issue is not the counting of behavior but the articulation of a psychological perspective. Graduate education, by stressing the direct observation and study of phenomena as they are lived, could promote greater appreciation of the difference between counting behaviors and seeini as a psychologist. The mental blindness of nearly every academic social psychologist for any observable fact of human nature is so unfailing and complete as almost to compel admiration. (Edwin Bissell Holt, 1935, p.172)
Adolescents' Attributions for Delinquent Behavior
Authors: Wells Kathleen
Published: March 2007

This studs' examines adolescents' causal attributions for their own and others' delinquent behavior and the relationship between those attributions and delinquent involvement. In addition, the impact of living in a state school for delinquents on attributions is examined. Seventy institutionalized adolescents and 69 ninth-graders completed measures of attributions and delinquent involvement. Multivariate analyses of these data indicate the following: (1) adolescents attribute both their own and others' behavior to situational over dispositional causes; (2) adolescents use both situational and dispositional attributions to a greater degree when explaining others' behavior than when explaining their own behavior; (3) institutionalization effects attributions; and (4) there is no relationship between attributions for one's own behavior and degree of involvement in that behavior.
Socialization of Achievement
Authors: Olejnik Anthony B.
Published: March 2007

College students (160 males and 192 females) made achievement evaluations for 6- and 11-year-old boys and girls who differed in their efforts and outcomes on a classroom task. Males and females evaluated the performances differently, and both sex and age of the child affected the achievement evaluations. Results from previous studies were discussed and it was suggested that age trends in achievement judgments may be due not simply to cognitive-developmental changes but also to differential socialization practices by adults.
Does Learning Others' Opinions Change One's Opinions?
Authors: Myers David G. , Bruggink James B. , Kersting Robert C. , Schlosser Barbara A.
Published: March 2007

Two experiments examined the attitudinal effects of mere exposure to others' attitudes. Both experiments replicated previous findings that people exposed to others' judgments often then exceed those judgments when indicating their own opinions. The first experiment indicated that (1) exposure to only a small number of others' responses (rather than a large distribution, as in previous experiments) will still produce the effect, that (2)face-to-face exposure and statistical exposure to others' opinions elicit much the same effect, and that (3) making a public pretest commitment attenuates the phenomenon. The second experiment revealed that observing others' judgments on onescale also influenced responding on a separate, but related judgment scale. This indicates that the effect of mere exposure to others' attitudes is not just a response effect that is specific to the scale on which others' responses have been observed
Verbal Reports on Mental Processes
Authors: Cotton John L.
Published: March 2007

Nisbett and Wilson (1977) proposed that subjects are often unaware of important stimuli, cognitive processes, and responses, and that verbal reports concerning these are often incorrect. Following this hypothesis, the experimenter may assume that when the subjects disagree with the experimenter and his or her hypothesis, the subjects must be unaware of the process involved and are wrong. One problem with Nisbett and Wilson's hypothesis, then, is that valuable verbal reports may be abandoned when they conflict with established theories. Using the misattribution of arousal paradigm, an example of how this can happen is outlined. A warning against too free use of Nisbett and Wilson's hypothesis is given.
How do Fans and Oddsmakers Differ in their Judgments of Football Teams?
Authors: Kaplan Robert M.
Published: March 2007

Mathematical models have been shown to be no more successful in predicting the outcomes of professional football games than professional oddsmakers. Study I demonstrated that the strategy used by the oddsmakers can be approximated by a simple linear model which subtracts average points allowed on defense from average points scored on offense and adjusts for quality of opponent. In Study 2, football fans were asked to judge the quality of nine football teams on the basis of their average offense and their average defense. The nine teams were selected to vary systematically on these dimensions and to complete the cells of a 3 x 3 factorial design. Only half of the subjects were also told from which professional teams the data were obtained. When fans do not know the names of the teams, they tend to use the information similarly to oddsmakers. However, when team identities are also given, fans tend to use the information differently—making it less likely they will be successful in predicting outcomes.
Assessing the Personalities of Soviet Politburo Members
Authors: Hermann Margaret G.
Published: March 2007

Reporting on a content analysis of speeches and interviews of Soviet Politburo members, this study provides an initial assessment of the personal characteristics of these political leaders. The characteristics examined are ethnocentrism, belief in one's own ability to control events, need for power, need for affiliation, conceptual complexity, self-confidence, distrust of others, and task orientation. In addition to describing Politburo members and exploring the impact of situational variables on their personal characteristics, interrelations are reported between these characteristics and background data as well as position on detente.
Causal Attributions and Medical School Admissions
Authors: Smith Eliot R. , Manard Barbara Bolling
Published: March 2007

A survey of the causal attributions of successful and unsuccessful medical school applicants yields evidence that attribution theories are applicable to impactful events outside the laboratory. Applicants viewed admission decisions based on controllable factors as fairer than those based on external or ascribed factors, and they demonstrated ego-defensive attributional tendencies by rating controllable factors as more important causes of success than of failure. The extension of social-psychological theories outside the laboratory through survey and other techniques is advocated.
Control and the Coronary-Prone Behavior Pattern
Authors: Fazio Russell H. , Cooper Mary , Dayson Kathleen , Johnson Michael
Published: March 2007

An experiment was conducted to examine the relation between the coronary-prone behavior pattern and responses to increased situational demands. Subjects performing a proofreading task were or were not required to attend to additional extraneous task demands. Whereas the proofreading performance of Type Bs was undermined by the need to respond to multiple demands, Type As displayed no such decrement in performance. It was suggested that Type As increased the effort they put forth when their control was threatened by extraneous demands.
Increasing Blood Donor Pledge Fulfillment
Authors: Pittman Thane S. , Pallak Michael S. , Riggs Janet Morgan , Gotay Carolyn C.
Published: March 2007

Two studies conducted during campus blood drives assessed two techniques derived from a commitment and social support analysis that were designed to increase the rate of pledge fulfillment by volunteer donors. A reminder about donation addressed to the individual donor plus two other named donors (Three-Name Reminder) elicited greater pledge fulfillment than a reminder addressed to the individual alone (One-Name Reminder). Similarly, a reminder addressed to the individual that simply stated that two other people would donate at the same time (Group Reminder) also enhanced pledge fulfillment relative to the One-Name Reminder.
Orientations: Self, Social, and Environmental Percepts through Auto-Photography
Authors: Ziller Robert C. , Lewis Douglas
Published: March 2007

Orientations are defined as behaviors involved in the process of self-definition where the environment is scanned in search of personal points of reference and available sources of self-reinforcement. The method requires the subject to take (or have someone else take) a set of 12 photographs which describe "who you are." Juvenile delinquents were found to reveal lower institutional orientation (home and school) and aesthetic orientation but greater peer orientation than a control group.
Effects of Personalistic Self-Disclosure
Authors: Taylor Dalmas A. , Gould Robert J. , Brounstein Paul J.
Published: March 2007

The present experiment was designed to readdress the issue of whether or not there are special effects of "personalistic" self-disclosure (Jones & Archer, 1976). Subjects were exposed to a confederate who disclosed at either high or low levels of intimacy, and subsequently learned that the confederate felt that the level of intimacy of her disclosure was determined by 1)her dispositional characteristics, 2) characteristics of the subject, or 3) the situation. The personalism hypothesis predicts that confederates who attribute their disclosing behavior to characteristics of the subject will increase the subject's liking for them when the disclosure is perceived to be at a high level of intimacy, but will decrease the subject's liking/for them when the disclosure is perceived to be at a low level of intimacy. The results supported the personalism hypothesis predictions and are discussed in terms of the contrasting findings of Jones and Archer and the implications of the attributional perspective for understanding self-disclosure phenomena.
Ratings of Prestige and Desirability
Authors: White Michael C. , Crino Michael D. , DeSanctis Gerry L.
Published: March 2007

A study by Touhey (1974) indicated that increasing numbers of women entering a high status occupation decreased subjective ratings of the prestige and desirability of those occupations. A replication by Suchner (1979) failed to support these findings. Suchner has called for further research on this phenomenon in populations other than those used in his and Touhey's studies. This study is a conceptual replication of the Touhey and Suchner studies using business-related occupations and a population of male management students from a college of business administration. The,esults of this study are consistent with those of Suchner's.
Physical Attractiveness and Assumptions about Social Deviance
Authors: Unger Rhoda K. , Hilderbrand Marcia , Madar Theresa
Published: March 2007

The hypothesis that individuals would sort less attractive individuals into categories representing various forms of minor social deviance was tested. As predicted, both male and female subjects selected less attractive individuals of both sexes as more likely to be politically radical. Female homosexuals were also selected from less attractive stimulus photographs by both sexes whereas less attractive males were selected as homosexuals only by female subjects. Both sexes selected less attractive males as those with stereotypically feminine occupational aspirations, but did not attribute masculine occupational aspirations to unattractive females. In contrast to earlier studies, only the feminist-nonfeminist label failed to produce any categorization based on physical attractiveness. Findings were discussed in terms of the evaluation process as a measure of social desirability.
Social Psychology as Viewed by its Practitioners
Authors: Lewicki Pawel
Published: March 2007

This article explores the attitudes of social psychologists toward some general problems in their research. A questionnaire was sent to all members of the Society of Experimental Social Psychology. The findings reported and discussed here included their opinions about the current state of social psychology, desired changes, and their predictions about the future of the discipline.
The "Feminine Modesty" Effect
Authors: Gould Robert J. , Slone Caroline G.
Published: March 2007

Causal attributions were made explaining the outcomes of 48 male and 48female subjects who succeeded or failed on an anagram task. Actual outcome was manipulated by varying the difficulty of the anagram task. Half of the subjects were led to believe their scores and ratings would remain private, whereas the other half were told they would participate in a group discussion about scores and causal explanations. Manipulation of anticipated privacy level had little effect under conditions of success, but after failure female subjects made more modest attributions in the public than in the private conditions. Attributions of males remained constant across public and private failure. Results were interpreted as casting doubt on expectancy explanations for sex differences in causal attributions for task outcome and as supporting a self-presentational analysis.
Effect of an Encounter with a Black Panhandler on Subsequent Helping for Blacks
Authors: Rosenfield David , Greenberg Jeff , Folger Robert , Borys Robert
Published: March 2007

Dutton and Lennox p1974) found that subjects who had their egalitarian self images threatened and were then approached by a black panhandler were less responsive to a subsequent opportunity to help blacks than were similarly threatened subjects who had been approached by a white panhandler. Dutton and Lennox reasoned that the donation to the black panhandler served to assuage any guilt the subjects may have felt about being prejudiced and thus allowed them to be less helpful toward blacks when given a subsequent opportunity to help. The present study investigates an alternative explanation of their finding: The black panhandler may have engendered bad feelings toward blacks, thereby causing the subjects to be less helpful to blacks later. Consistent with our explanation, we found that token acts of compliance decreased later helping for black causes only when the token act involved a negative image of blacks (a black panhandler). When the token act involved a positive image of blacks (a black graduate student asking for signatures on a petition supporting more research on sickle-cell anemia), no decrease in subsequent compliance was found.
Suppression of Menstrual Distress Symptoms
Authors: Matthews Karen A. , Carra Joseph
Published: March 2007

The present study examined Type A and Type B women's reporting of chronic recurring symptoms of menstrual distress, which are culturally defined as interfering with daily activities. Based on previous laboratory experiments, it was expected that Type A women would be motivated to ignore symptoms during menstruation in order to carry on daily activities. Consequently, they would report less intense symptoms during menstruation relative to the intensity of the same symptoms reported when Type As would not be motivated to ignore symptoms. This hypothesis was supported and subsidiary analyses showed that both positive and negative sensations associated with menstruation were relatively underreported by Type As. Thus, it appears that Type As' suppression of acute symptoms during performance of specific tasks extends to suppression of menstrual distress.
Crowd Noise and Mimicry
Authors: Markovsky Barry , Berger Seymour M.
Published: March 2007

It was hypothesized that increasing the sound level of the emotional expressions of a crowd would heighten arousal in observers and enhance their performance of dominant mimetic responses. Observers viewed a videotaped arm wrestling match under two levels of crowd noise (high and low). The results show that the observers' arm activity was greater under high level than low level crowd noise; this difference was most apparent after a brief time period. In addition, arousal (as measured by skin conductance) was greater under high level than low level crowd noise. These findings are interpreted in terms of drive and ideomotor theories.
Social Traps and Temporal Traps
Authors: Messick David M. , McClelland Carol L.
Published: March 2007

A distinction is drawn between social traps-a noncorrespondence between individual and group outcomes -and temporal traps-a noncorrespondence between short-run and long-run outcomes to an individual. Most real-world social dilemmas involve both kinds of oppositions. An experiment is reported in which the two types of traps are separated Groups performed a resource maintainance task more poorly than did individuals, highlighting the importance of the purely social trap; but individuals failed to perform optimally, indicating that the temporal trap is also important.
A Brief Version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale
Authors: Leary Mark R.
Published: March 2007

Although the Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) Scale has widespread applicability to many areas of research in personality and social psychology, its utility is sometimes limited by its length. This article presents a brief, 12-item version of the FNE that correlates very highly (f96) with the original scale and that demonstrates psychometric properties that are nearly identical to those of the full-length scale.
A Note on Gender Stereotyping of Research Topics
Authors: Signorella Margaret L. , Vegega Maria E.
Published: March 2007

Women and men in general psychology classes were surveyed about their interest in signing up for psychological research. The topics in the survey previously had been judged as masculine, feminine, or neutral Women had a greater preference for feminine topics than did men, while men had a greater preference for masculine topics than did women. Thus, it is possible that men and women are volunteering differentially for gender-stereotyped research topics. Implications of this potential sample bias for the study of sex differences are discussed.
Self-Understanding and the Accuracy of Behavioral Expectations
Authors: Warshaw Paul R. , Davis Fred D.
Published: March 2007

While Nisbett and Wilson (1977) and other researchers (e.g., Ericsson & Simon, 1980) argue about the accuracy of self-reported data, the distinction between the ability and the willingness to accurately self-report has been somewhat overlooked. Namely, issues of self-understanding must be differentiated from those of self-presentation. Further, self-understanding that relates to specific behavioral domains must be differentiated from general self-understanding. The present article argues that general self-understanding is a potentially important individual difference variable that has been neglected in the literature. The relationship between general self-understanding and the accuracy of self-reported behavioral expectations is discussed and provocative preliminary findings are reported that suggest that further research on the topic is warranted.
The Conjunction Fallacy
Authors: Morier Dean M. , Borgida Eugene
Published: March 2007

The present investigation adopted a debiasing approach to the judgmental error known as the conjunction fallacy (Tversky & Kahneman, 1982). Such an approach was used to determine the extent to which the conjunction fallacy reflects task specific misunderstanding of particular judgment problems. The results suggest that (a) subjects' misunderstanding of conjunction problems is indeed somewhat task specific, and (b) a debiasing approach can effectively lower but not eliminate the conjunctive error rate for problems that do not strongly implicate representativeness thinking. Educational strategies based on statistical and probabilistic knowledge are discussed as an approach to debiasing inferential errors like the conjunction fallacy.
The Cognitive Organization of Gender-Stereotypic Categories
Authors: Noseworthy Cathryn M. , Lott Albert J.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the hypothesis that if stereotypic categories function as categorical schemas to organize social information in memory, then they should be grouped together in memory, and such organization should be reflected by the clustering of categories in free recall. Gender stereotypic categories of women and their defining attributes, all generated by a large group of subjects in a previous study, were used to test this proposition. Analysis of free recall protocols indicated that stereotypic category attributes were significantly grouped together by category. This result was impressive, in that only minimal cues to stereotypic categories were available; that is, standard memory test instructions were given with no mention of stereotypes in either the instructions or the stimulus list. The results support the notion that stereotypic categories act as organizational schemas for social memory.
Claiming Mood as a Self-Handicap
Authors: Baumgardner Ann H. , Lake Elizabeth A. , Arkin Robert M.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined self-presentational claims of handicaps to future performance. Specifically, it was hypothesized that subjects would claim a handicap when others were unaware of a prior failing performance. Subjects initially completed a "social accuracy" test and received false feedback that they had failed. When led to believe that the experimenter was unaware of the previous failure, subjects were more likely to-claim mood as a handicap to an upcoming task than when they believed that the experimenter was aware of the failure. Results of the study are discussed in terms of a distinction between protective and acquisitive self-presentation and the role of public identity in self-handicapping behaviors.
Interpretation of Interpersonal Interactions
Authors: Hanley-Dunn Patricia , Maxwell Scott E. , Santos John F.
Published: March 2007

This study explored the relationship between scores on the UCLA Loneliness Scale and perceptions and interpretations of interpersonal interactions. It compared 20 elderly females and 20 young females on the dimensions of loneliness, chronic loneliness, and negativeness of interpretation. No significant age differences were found, but a highly significant relationship was obtained among loneliness, chronic loneliness, and negative interpretations of interpersonal interactions. When the time elapsed since the occurrence of loneliness was taken into consideration, the correlation became even stronger. The relationship between loneliness scores and negative interpretations held true for interactions with a family member, neighbor, and authority figure. An inverse relationship was obtained between education and loneliness and between education and negativeness of interpretation. A developmental perspective of friendship and intimacy was proposed to explain severe or chronic loneliness.
The Role of Evaluation in Eliminating Social Loafing
Authors: Harkins Stephen G. , Jackson Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2007

Comparability of performances within four-person groups was manipulated in a brainstorming task. Crossed with this manipulation of evaluation potential, participants' outputs either were individually identifiable or were pooled. Replicating previous social-loafing research (Latane, Williams, & Harkins, 1979), when outputs were identifiable, participants generated more uses than when their outputs were pooled. However, this difference emerged only when participants believed that their individual outputs could be evaluated through comparison with their co-workers' performances. When participants believed that their individual outputs were not comparable and thus could not be evaluated, there was no difference in the number of uses generated by participants whose outputs were identifiable and those whose outputs were pooled. These data suggest that to eliminate social loafing participants must feel not only that their outputs are individually identifiable as suggested by Williams, Harkins, and Latane (1981), but also that these outputs can be evaluated through comparison with the outputs of their co-workers.
The Influence of Categorization on Perceptions of Crowding
Authors: Webb Bill , Worchel Stephen , Riechers Lisa , Wayne Wendy
Published: March 2007

Worchel and Teddlie's (1976) attributional model of crowding suggests that crowding is the individual's cognitive response when arousal is perceived as being caused by others being too close. Wilder (1981) has shown that when a person is perceived as a member of some social category the impact of their individual behavior is diminished. These two factors (categorization and interaction distance) were crossed in a 2 X 2 factorial design. The hypothesis that categorization reduces perceived crowding under conditions of close interaction was supported. The discussion focuses on the level at which categorization effects enter the attribution process.
Self-Touching and Impressions of Others
Authors: Harrigan Jinni A. , Kues John R. , Steffen John J. , Rosenthal Robert
Published: March 2007

This study compared subjects' impressions of their conversational partners who either displayed or did not display self-touching. Previous reports have focused on self-touching as an indication of underlying negative affect. Subjects were individually videotaped in two separate S-minute conversations with two different confederates: One confederate self-touched during the conversation and the other did not. Self-touching confederates were rated significantly more positively on three of four composite variables (working relationship, honest, and outgoing), and first versus second interactions were regarded more positively on likable person and honest variables. Discussion is focused on discrete and continuous self-touching, functional aspects of self-touching, and the issue of saliency for performers and observers.