bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictors of pain in nursing home residents with dementia: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Lin Pei‐Chao , Lin Li‐Chan , Shyu Yea‐Ing L , Hua Mau‐Sun
Published: May 2011

Aim.  The aim of this study was to investigate the association between care activities and pain and restraint and pain in residents with dementia.

Background.  If pain in people with dementia is not identified or alleviated in a timely manner, it could lead to an adverse effect on their physical, mental, social health and quality of life. Care activities and restraint might cause pain, but little is known as to whether they are true risk‐factors of pain in people with dementia.

Design.  A cross‐sectional research design was employed.

Methods.  One hundred and twelve people with dementia were chosen from two nursing homes located in northern Taiwan. The demographic and clinical data collected included diagnoses, analgesics, restraints, recent falls, etc. The severity of dementia was assessed using the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. The researchers observed every participant immediately following instances of routine care and then recorded the level of pain using the Chinese version of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia scale.

Results.  About 36·6% of the participants had a Chinese version of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia scale score above two points and an overall mean score of 1·50 (SD 1·81) with a range from 0–8. Only one resident with dementia received regular analgesic. Pain level in residents with dementia that needed assisted care was higher than in residents who were able to move about freely. It showed a positive correlation between level of pain and the severity of dementia among residents. The major predictors for pain in residents with dementia included restraint, assisted bathing and assisted transfer.

Conclusion.  The findings confirm the association between care activities and pain and between restraint and pain in residents with dementia.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Formal caregivers need to minimise the triggering of pain when they assist residents’ daily activities and avoid unnecessary restraints, while offering personalised, conventional nursing care to residents with late‐stage dementia.
Polysomnography and actigraphy concordance in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, asthma and healthy children
Authors: WARD TERESA M. , LENTZ MARTHA , KIECKHEFER GAIL M. , LANDIS CAROL A.
Published: May 2011

The aims of this study were to evaluate sensitivity, specificity and accuracy with an epoch‐by‐epoch comparison of polysomnography (PSG) and actigraphy with activity counts scored at low, medium and high thresholds, and to compare PSG‐derived total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency (SE) and wake after sleep onset (WASO) to the same variables derived from actigraphy at low, medium and high thresholds in 9‐ to 11‐year‐old children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), asthma and healthy control children. One night of PSG and actigraphy were recorded. Pairwise group comparisons for sensitivity showed significant differences at the low [Tukey’s honest significant difference (HSD)P < 0.002], medium (P < 0.001) and high thresholds (P < 0.001) between JIA and asthma groups, and at the high threshold between JIA and controls (P < 0.009). Significant differences were found for specificity at the low (P < 0.001), medium (P < 0.001) and high thresholds (P < 0.001) between JIA and asthma groups, and between JIA and controls (low,P < 0.002: medium,P < 0.002: high,P < 0.008 threshold). PSG TST, WASO and SE were not significantly different among the groups, but significant group differences were found for actigraphy TST, WASO and SE at all three thresholds. Actigraphy showed the least overestimation or underestimation of sleep or wakefulness at the medium threshold for TST and WASO for all three groups. Compared to PSG, actigraphy was most accurate in the identification of sleep from wakefulness in 9‐ to 11‐year‐old healthy children, and less accurate in children with JIA and asthma.
Determinants of tick‐borne encephalitis virus antibody presence in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) sera
Authors: KIFFNER C. , VOR T. , HAGEDORN P. , NIEDRIG M. , RÜHE F.
Published: May 2011

In order to identify variables associated with the presence of the tick‐borne encephalitis (TBE) virus, we conducted a serological survey of roe deer [Capreolus capreolus (Artiodactyla: Cervidae, Linnaeus 1758)] in three forest districts of southern Hesse, Germany. Overall, 24 out of 105 (22.9%) of the sera were positive (≥1 : 10 plaque reduction neutralization test). Using a logistic regression approach, we found that unexplained spatial variation, indexed roe deer density (positive correlation), hind foot length of the tested roe deer (positive correlation) and infestation with female Ixodes spp. ticks (negative correlation) predicted the probability of TBE virus antibody presence in individual roe deer sera. Spring temperature increase and host sex were rejected as explanatory variables. We found considerable differences in TBE virus antibody seroprevalence (50.0% vs. 17.6%) between two forest districts located in the same county; this finding questions the current county‐resolution of public health recordings. Given the high seroprevalence of roe deer and the considerable explanatory power of our model, our approach appears suitable to delineate science‐based risk maps at a smaller spatial scale and to abandon the current human incidence per county criterion. Importantly, using roe deer as sentinels would eliminate the inherent bias of risk maps based on human incidence (varying levels of immunization and exposure of humans).
Genomics and population biology of Cryptosporidium species
Authors: WIDMER G. , SULLIVAN S.
Published: May 2011

We describe recent advances in the genomics and population biology of Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis, the causative agents of cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals. Many basic aspects of the biology of Cryptosporidium species remain to be investigated and effective drugs to control cryptosporidiosis are not available. Sequencing and annotation of the genome of C. parvum and C. hominis has uncovered unique features of the metabolism of these species. The recently sequenced genome of the gastric species C. muris is providing new insights into the evolution of the genus. Cryptosporidian sequence information has facilitated the identification of polymorphic genetic markers. Genotyping of oocysts excreted by human and animal hosts using such markers has revealed many new species and genotypes, and is leading to a better understanding of the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis.
Glatiramer Acetate Treatment Directly Targets CD11b+Ly6G− Monocytes and Enhances the Suppression of Autoreactive T cells in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Toker A. , Slaney C. Y. , Bäckström B. T. , Harper J. L.
Published: May 2011

Glatiramer acetate (GA) is used for the treatment of relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) and can suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in animals. Effective GA treatment is associated with the induction of anti‐inflammatory TH2 responses and antigen‐specific expansion of CD25+/Foxp3+ Tregs through the modulation of antigen‐presenting cells. Here, we show that intravenous injection of fluorochrome‐labelled GA resulted in rapid and specific binding of GA to CD11b+ F4/80lo Ly6G− blood monocytes via an MHC class II–independent mechanism. Intravenous GA treatment enhanced the intrinsic capability of these monocytes to directly suppress T cell proliferation in vitro. The suppressive function correlated with reduced proliferation of myelin‐specific T cells in vivo after intravenous GA treatment. In contrast, subcutaneous treatment with GA inhibited the pro‐inflammatory IFNγ‐producing T cell phenotype rather than suppressing T cell proliferation. These data indicate that (1) GA engages directly with circulating monocytes to induce type II monocyte suppressor function; and (2) the therapeutic efficacy of GA may be expanded by employing different routes of GA administration to engage alternative mechanisms of suppression of autoreactive T cells in MS.
Differential Binding and Internalization of Clostridium difficile Toxin A by Human Peripheral Blood Monocytes, Neutrophils and Lymphocytes
Authors: Modi N. , Gulati N. , Solomon K. , Monaghan T. , Robins A. , Sewell H. F. , Mahida Y. R.
Published: May 2011

Colitis due to Clostridium difficile infection is mediated by secreted toxins A and B and is characterized by infiltration by cells from the systemic circulation. The aim of our study was to investigate interactions between fluorescently labelled toxin A and peripheral blood monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes. Purified toxin A was labelled with Alexa Fluor® 488 (toxin A488) and incubated with isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or washed whole blood cells for varying time intervals at either 37 or 4 °C/ice. The ability of trypan blue to quench cell surface–associated (but not cytoplasmic) fluorescence was also investigated. At 37 °C, toxin A488‐associated fluorescence in monocytes peaked at 1 h (majority internalized), with subsequent loss associated with cell death. In contrast to monocytes, binding of toxin A488 in neutrophils was greater on ice than at 37 °C. Studies using trypan blue suggested that over 3 h at 37 °C, most of the toxin A488‐associated fluorescence in neutrophils remained at the cell surface. Over 48 h (37 °C and ice/4 °C), there was minimal toxin A488‐associated fluorescence in lymphocytes. These studies suggest major differences in interactions between toxin A and circulating cells that infiltrate the mucosa during colonic inflammation in C. difficile infection.
The characteristics of aeolian sediment flux profiles in the south‐eastern Tengger Desert
Authors: ZHANG ZHENGCAI , DONG ZHIBAO , ZHAO AIGUO
Published: May 2011

Deserts are one of the most important dust sources in the world. Because dust content changes as a function of height at low levels in the atmosphere, this affects long‐term dust transport. In this paper, field data measured above shifting sands in the south‐eastern Tengger Desert were used to analyse the vertical distribution of sediment fluxes in the near‐surface layer (0 to 48 m). It was possible to express horizontal sediment flux as a power function, but aeolian deposition as a function of height could be expressed as an exponential function. There are two curve types for the particle size distributions in the horizontal sediment flux and aeolian deposition: bimodal and unimodal curves. For the horizontal sediment flux and aeolian deposition, heights of 24 m and 32 m, respectively, were the key heights in the size distribution curve; below these heights, the curve was bimodal, whereas above these heights, it was unimodal. At heights of 4 to 16 m, and especially between 8 m and 12 m, the data were particularly interesting because the sediment size, transport mode, degree of sorting, and the skewness and kurtosis change. For the horizontal sediment flux, wind turbulence moved saltating particles higher than expected.
Lotus japonicus symRK‐14 uncouples the cortical and epidermal symbiotic program
Authors: Kosuta Sonja , Held Mark , Hossain Md Shakhawat , Morieri Giulia , MacGillivary Amanda , Johansen Christopher , Antolín‐Llovera Meritxell , Parniske Martin , Oldroyd Giles E. D. , Downie Allan J. , Karas Bogumil , Szczyglowski Krzysztof
Published: May 2011

SYMRK is a leucine‐rich‐repeat (LRR)‐receptor kinase that mediates intracellular symbioses of legumes with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. It participates in signalling events that lead to epidermal calcium spiking, an early cellular response that is typically considered as central for intracellular accommodation and nodule organogenesis. Here, we describe the Lotus japonicus symRK‐14 mutation that alters a conserved GDPC amino‐acid sequence in the SYMRK extracellular domain. Normal infection of the epidermis by fungal or bacterial symbionts was aborted in symRK‐14. Likewise, epidermal responses of symRK‐14 to bacterial signalling, including calcium spiking, NIN gene expression and infection thread formation, were significantly reduced. In contrast, no major negative effects on the formation of nodule primordia and cortical infection were detected. Cumulatively, our data show that the symRK‐14 mutation uncouples the epidermal and cortical symbiotic program, while indicating that the SYMRK extracellular domain participates in transduction of non‐equivalent signalling events. The GDPC sequence was found to be highly conserved in LRR‐receptor kinases in legumes and non‐legumes, including the evolutionarily distant bryophytes. Conservation of the GDPC sequence in nearly one‐fourth of LRR‐receptor‐like kinases in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana suggests, however, that this sequence might also play an important non‐symbiotic function in this plant.
Prevalence and specificity of red‐blood‐cell antibodies in a multiethnic South and East Asian patient population and influence of using novel MUT+Mur+ kodecytes on its detection
Authors: Nadarajan V. S. , Laing A. A. , Saad S. M. , Usin M.
Published: May 2011

Background and Objectives  Appropriate screening for irregular red‐cell antibodies is essential for ensuring transfusion compatibility and for antenatal management of mothers at risk of haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn. Screening for all relevant antibodies is, however, limited by screening cells that do not express antigens present in the patient and donor population. Technology to artificially incorporate antigens into red cells is currently available and may be an option for customizing screening cells.

Materials and Methods  We sought to identify retrospectively the changing patterns of alloantibody prevalence in our multiethnic population on change of screening cells. Antibody screening records of 143 501 patients tested from 2004 to 2010 were retrieved and divided into two groups: period‐1 (2004–2008) and period‐2 (2009–2010). During period‐1, standard screening cells were used while in period‐2, MUT+Mur+ KODE™ transformed red cells (kodecytes) were used.

Results  Four per cent of samples tested during period‐2 were positive on antibody screening compared to 3·2% in period‐1. Specific antibodies, excluding anti‐D, were identified in 1·66% and 1·52% of patients in period‐2 and ‐1, respectively. When confined to antibodies of clinical significance only, period‐2 showed higher alloantibody prevalence of 1·16% as compared to 0·66% in period‐1. Antibodies to glycophorin variants of MNS (vMNS) were more commonly detected while antibodies to Lewis antigens declined during period‐2.

Conclusion  Antibodies to vMNS antigens are common in South and East Asian populations and are often missed when using standard screening cells. Use of specifically engineered screening cells to express red‐cell antigens artificially is beneficial in detecting the diverse alloantibodies present in our population.
Retinoid receptors in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Retinoid X receptor as a potent prognostic factor
Authors: Fujishima Fumiyoshi , Suzuki Takashi , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Taniyama Yusuke , Ono Katsuhiko , Sugawara Akira , Miyazaki Shukiti , Moriya Takuya , Sato Akira , Satomi Susumu , Sasano Hironobu
Published: May 2011

Retinoids regulate cell proliferation and differentiation in normal and neoplastic tissue. These effects are mainly mediated by two types of nuclear retinoid receptors, retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR). RXR have been demonstrated to play important roles in esophageal carcinoma, but the expression of RXRβ and RXRγ has not been examined in esophagus. Therefore, we examined the immunoreactivity of all subtypes of RAR and RXR in 53 non‐neoplastic esophageal epithelium and 74 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues. In non‐neoplastic epithelium RARβ immunoreactivity was marked in the basal layer and weak in the suprabasal layer, but immunoreactivity of other retinoid receptors was detected in both of layers. In addition, the status of RARβ and RXRβ immunoreactivity inversely correlated with that of lymph node metastasis (P= 0.0477 and P= 0.0034, respectively); decreased RXRβ immunoreactivity of carcinoma cells was positively associated with adverse clinical outcome of the patients (P= 0.0187). These findings all indicate the important roles of retinoid receptors, especially, RXR in the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Matrix‐producing carcinoma of the breast in the Chinese population: A clinicopathological study of 13 cases
Authors: Shui Ruohong , Bi Rui , Cheng Yufan , Lu Hongfen , Wang Jian , Yang Wentao
Published: May 2011

Matrix‐producing carcinoma (MPC) of the breast is an extremely rare variant of metaplastic carcinoma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathological features and immunohistochemical expression profile of this rare tumor in Chinese population. Thirteen cases of MPC were evaluated using morphology observation and immunohistochemistry. All tumors had invasive carcinoma with an abrupt transition to chondromyxoid matrix without an intervening spindle cell sarcomatoid component. The distribution of tumor cells was diffuse in eight cases and peripheral in five cases. Matrix distribution was diffuse or multifocal. Necrosis was present in 11 cases. An overt invasive ductal carcinoma was observed in 11 cases and the other two tumors were consistent with MPC arising in microglandular adenosis. Ten of 13 cases were triple negative (ER‐, PR‐, Her2/neu‐). Eight of 10 triple negative cases were cytokeratin 5/6, cytokeratin 14 or epidermal growth factor receptor positive, consistent with the basal‐like phenotype. S‐100 protein was positive in all cases. At the time of initial diagnosis, one of 13 patients had lung metastasis and axillary lymph nodes metastasis. Follow‐up time ranged from 6 to 30 months. All patients remained alive. One patient developed a soft tissue metastasis 24 months after surgery.
Duplication of the digestive organs in the retroperitoneum: A case report with reference to the importance of a standardized nomenclature and definition
Authors: Emoto Katsura , Mukai Makio , Kawachi Shigeyuki , Kitagawa Yuko , Sakamoto Michiie
Published: May 2011

Duplications of the digestive organs, especially in the retroperitoneum, are rare malformations. We present the case of a 20‐year‐old man who had recurrent abdominal pain because of a solid and cystic mass located in the retroperitoneum, posterior to the pancreatic body. Preoperative diagnosis was difficult and a resection was performed. Histopathologically, intestinal mucosa, respiratory mucosa, aberrant pancreatic tissue, smooth muscle coat, and an external fibrous capsule were found. The mass was diagnosed as a duplication of the digestive organs. Findings in the pancreatic tissue indicated chronic pancreatitis and mild atypia in the pancreatic duct epithelium. Currently, many terms are used to describe these series of malformations, including duplication, foregut cyst, gastrointestinal duplication cyst, and enteric duplication cyst. Consequently, diagnosis and investigation can be difficult. In the atlas produced by the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, duplication is used as a standardized diagnostic nomenclature with subclassification according to the site, but this has not been uniformly accepted. In addition, there are cases whose origins are unclear, especially in the retroperitoneum. In this report, we propose that the term duplication should be uniformly used for all cases in the digestive organs, and that they may then be distinguished according to their mechanisms.
Does one's sense of coherence change after an acute myocardial infarction?: A two‐year longitudinal study in Sweden
Authors: Bergman Eva , Malm Dan , Berterö Carina , Karlsson Jan‐Erik
Published: May 2011

The aim of this study was to assess changes in the sense of coherence of patients who had suffered their first myocardial infarction. Out of 100 patients at the start of the study, these changes were evaluated in 66 men and 18 women aged 36–70 years. Generally, the sense of coherence was found to be stable among the whole group, but there were significant individual variations in its development in some of the participants over the following years. Even the individuals with an initally high sense of coherence could experience a decrease in its level. The changes that were found in the men can be explained by their marital status, level of treatment satisfaction, disease perception/quality of life, physical limitation, and alcohol intake and/or tobacco use at the baseline. An unexpected finding was that the single men with an initially high sense of coherence experienced a decreased level over time. In order to maintain or increase patients' sense of coherence, it is important for nurses to help them identify their risk factors and to provide conditions for individualized cardiac rehabilitation in order to avoid another myocardial infarction.
Incidental prostate cancer revisited: Early outcomes after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate
Authors: Nunez Rafael , Hurd Kimberly J , Noble Brie N , Castle Erik P , Andrews Paul E , Humphreys Mitchell R
Published: May 2011

Incidental prostate cancer (PCa) after treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is becoming less common. This is a result of the changing patterns of BPH treatment. The purpose of the present research was to re‐examine the clinical outcomes and importance of cT1a and cT1b PCa in a contemporary cohort after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP). All patients with newly diagnosed PCa after HoLEP were retrospectively identified. Pre‐ and postoperative prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), biopsy history, pathological features and disease progression were examined. Patients were matched to a control group with benign pathology for outcome comparisons. The database consisted of 240 consecutive patients, aged 52–90 years with prostate sizes from 25 to 375 cm3. A total of 28 patients were identified with incidental PCa (14 cT1a and 14 cT1b). Median follow up was 11 months and 13 months for cT1a and cT1b, respectively. Hospitalization time, catheterization time, complications and functional outcomes were similar. Three patients with cT1b required additional treatment as a result of PSA progression. All other cancers are being closely followed. The functional benefits of HoLEP are well established. The incidental PCa detection rate of 11.7% shows the potential benefit of pathological analysis. Just 10.7% of these patients received additional treatment, but this might be significant as these patients would otherwise go untreated. The impact on disease‐specific survival and progression requires a longer follow up.
Malignant potential in incidental pancreatic cysts
Authors: Cadili Ali , Bigam David
Published: May 2011

Although pancreatic cysts are being diagnosed with greater frequency, a uniform agreement on management is still lacking. This is mainly because accurate and reliable preoperative determination of the exact pathology of a pancreatic cyst remains elusive. Although ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration represents a significant advancement in our ability to characterize pancreatic cysts preoperatively, significant limitations persist. In this article, we review the roles of clinical characteristics, imaging features and biochemical markers in the correct classification of incidental pancreatic cysts. The correct diagnosis and management of these cysts still hinges, to a large extent, on clinical experience and multidisciplinary cooperation.
Human papillomavirus and gene mutations in head and neck squamous carcinomas
Authors: Friedland Peter , Thomas Anitha , Naran Anupam , Amanuel Benhur , Grieu‐Iacopetta Fabienne , Carrello Amerigo , Harnett Gerald , Meyer Christine , Phillips Michael
Published: May 2011

Background:  Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is implicated as an aetiological factor in head and neck squamous carcinomas (HNSCC), especially in the tonsils of the oropharyngeal region. This study investigates the frequency of HPV infection, p16 and p53 tumour profile and mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Kirsten RNA Associated Rat Sarcoma 2 Virus (KRAS) and B‐Raf proto‐oncogene serine/threonine protein kinase (BRAF) genes in tonsillar and non‐tonsillar HNSCCs and correlates with clinical outcome and histopathological parameters in previously unstudied cohort of patients.

Methods:  A retrospective clinical study was performed utilising the demographic data and pathological specimens from 60 out of 726 head and neck cancer patients. Smoking and alcohol history, tumour staging, treatment and outcomes were recorded. Histopathology and immunochemistry for p16 and p53 was performed and HPV DNA was detected with polymerase chain reaction. Genomic DNA from all cancers were analysed for somatic mutations of EGFR, BRAF and KRAS genes.

Results:  20 (33%) of 60 cases were tonsillar squamous carcinomas and 38 (66%) were non‐tonsillar. 19 (95%) of the 20 tonsillar cancers and three (8%) of 38 non‐tonsillar patients were patients who were HPV 16‐positive. Nine (47%) of the 19 HPV 16‐positive tonsillar cases were p16 positive. Gene mutations were rare. There was a statistically significant (P < 0.05) improved survival of patients with HPV positive tonsillar tumours, younger age and non‐smokers.

Conclusion:  Although limited in numbers, this study reinforces the role of HPV infection in HNSCC and its association with a more favourable clinical course in younger non‐smokers worldwide. Gene mutation frequencies were low in all cancers tested and routine testing not recommended.
Age at surgery, educational level and long‐term urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Nilsson Andreas E. , Schumacher Martin C. , Johansson Eva , Carlsson Stefan , Stranne Johan , Nyberg Tommy , Wiklund N. Peter , Steineck Gunnar
Published: May 2011

Study Type – Harm (case series)

Level of Evidence 4

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Several factors, including age, body mass index (BMI), prostate size and previous transurethral resection of the prostate, have been suggested to play a part in determining the risk of urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy.

Results relating to the importance of each factor have been conflicting, so we need more data to be able to identify the relevant factors. In this consecutive series, with information from 1179 patients who had undergone radical prostatectomy, age at the time of surgery, educational level, respiratory disease and salvage radiation therapy predicted the occurrence of long‐term urinary incontinence. Increasing age predicted the risk in an exponential manner, and the data indicate a correlation across all educational levels. There was no certain association between previous transurethral resection of the prostate, increased BMI or prostate size and urinary incontinence.

OBJECTIVE

• To identify predictors for long‐term urinary leakage after radical prostatectomy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• A consecutive series of 1411 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (open surgery or robot‐assisted laparoscopic surgery) at Karolinska University Hospital between 2002 and 2006 were invited to complete a study‐specific questionnaire.

• Urinary leakage was defined as use of two or more pads per day.

RESULTS

• Questionnaires were received from 1288 (91%) patients with a median follow‐up of 2.2 years. Age at surgery predicts in an exponential manner long‐term urinary incontinence at follow‐up with an estimated relative increase of 6% per year.

• Among the oldest patients, 19% had urinary incontinence compared with 6% in the youngest age group, translating to a prevalence ratio of 2.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5–8.1).

• Low educational level, as compared with high, yielded an increased age‐adjusted prevalence ratio of 2.5 (95% CI, 1.7–3.9).

• Patients who had undergone salvage radiation therapy had an increased prevalence of urinary incontinence (2.5; 95% CI, 1.6–3.8), as did those with respiratory disease (2.4; 95% CI, 1.3–4.4).

• Body mass index, prostate weight, presence of diabetes or previous transurethral resection did not appear to influence the prevalence of urinary incontinence.

CONCLUSIONS

• In this series, a patient’s age at radical prostatectomy influenced, in an exponential manner, his risk of long‐term urinary incontinence.

• Other predictors are low educational level, salvage radiation therapy and respiratory disease.

• Intervention studies are needed to understand if these data are relevant to the prevalence of urinary leakage if a radical prostatectomy is postponed in an active monitoring programme.
Getting that Certain Feeling: The Role of Emotions in the Meaning, Construction and Enactment of Doctor Managers' Identities
Authors: Cascón‐Pereira Rosalía , Hallier Jerry
Published: May 2011

Although identity research in organizations has increased in recent years, none of the current perspectives has examined the role of emotion for understanding how individuals construct and enact professional identity. In this paper we examine how emotions affect the development, conduct and meanings of professional identity among a sample of 20 doctor managers from two Spanish hospitals. While not excluding other approaches, we found that a social identity approach was especially useful. The contribution of this paper is threefold. First, our results provide new insights about how, in a work setting, emotions prioritize awareness of identity issues that need attention. Second, we discuss the role of emotions for understanding complex role identities by reference to the enactment of different sides of doctor managers' identities. Third, we show how our analysis of the findings may be used to embellish the social identity approach.
Small Oscillations of a Soap Bubble
Authors: Grinfeld P.
Published: May 2011

We analyze the spectrum of small oscillations of a soap bubble surrounded by incompressible inviscid air. The analysis is based on the linearization of the exact system for the dynamics of free fluid films. The underlying model takes into account variations in the film's shape and thickness. The resulting dispersion relationship shows the fundamental interplay among these variations. In the limit of vanishing soap bubble mass, the presented dispersion relationship agrees with Rayleigh's classical formula for an oscillating liquid droplet under the influence of surface tension.
GLOBAL ETHICS AND HUMAN RIGHTS: A REFLECTION
Authors: Twiss Sumner B.
Published: May 2011

This paper examines the contributions that the international human rights community can make to the definition and framing of a practically effective global ethic, especially in light of ongoing concerns about social and economic justice, environmental issues, and systematic abuses of vulnerable populations. The principal argument is that the human rights movement in all of its dimensions (moral, legal, political) provides the pivotal foundation for a practicable global ethic now and for the foreseeable future. Evidence for the truth of this claim is discerned in the movement's contemporary efforts to intersect explicitly with other areas of international law and politics. Examples adduced include developments with respect to the rights of indigenous peoples, decision making about the environment, and transitional justice.
GREED AS VIOLENCE: Methodological Challenges in Interreligious Dialogue on the Ethics of the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Premawardhana Shanta
Published: May 2011

The current financial crisis is one rooted not in recent deregulation but in the breaking of ancient (religious) laws, and this crisis is one of many ethical problems today that have religious roots. The tone of this essay is informed by a document from the World Council of Churches, which affirms “greed as violence” and that Christians do not have all the answers to the problem of greed; therefore, Christians need to seek solutions with other religious communities. Furthermore, religious leaders, theologians, and ethicists, by their very station in life, are not able to effectively listen to the voices of the poor and marginalized people of the world. Self‐critically examining the mainstream traditions within Christianity for its allegiance to empires, the article calls for engaging the alternative, rather than the mainstream traditions within religions whose interpretations of Scripture have provided insights that are at variance with the mainstream. It calls those who engage in this work to be double‐headed: to examine others' beliefs from the perspective of the other—while continuing to be rooted in one's own center—and to recognize that the voices of those in poor or marginalized communities are inaccessible, unless those who are poor themselves become the mediators of dialogue.
UNDERSTANDING THROUGH APPROPRIATION IN INTERRELIGIOUS DIALOGUE ON ETHICS
Authors: Cisneros Ariane Hentsch
Published: May 2011

In today's globalized world, we need to communicate values clearly and constructively across cultures and religions to avoid misunderstanding and conflict and to find shared solutions to the issues affecting human communities across the world. This communication is not easy to implement and requires a considerable amount of commitment and empathy. To be effective, intercultural and interreligious dialogues on ethics demand, first of all, an accommodation of different epistemologies coupled with a sincere respect for their richness and internal coherence. Furthermore, our values are so closely rooted in our identity that expressing them becomes a cultural act—even an act of faith in the case of interreligious dialogue. In this paper, I argue that we need to reiterate or embrace this act of faith in the other's values if we are to properly understand them. How is this possible? The answer calls for a theoretical discussion of the hermeneutics of interreligious dialogue. When applied to intercultural and interreligious dialogues, I contend that the theory of hermeneutics needs a specific epistemological dimension—namely that of “appropriation”—that entails that we borrow the other's epistemological outlook, adopt the other's ad hoc modes of communication or transmission of values, and integrate the other's values into the constellation of our sources of meaning.
IS SEX WORTH DYING FOR? Sentimental‐Homicidal‐Suicidal Violence in Theological Discourse of Sexuality
Authors: Rees Geoffrey
Published: May 2011

In theological discourse of sexuality, queer theory has often been regarded as an extension of the project of gay and lesbian liberation, when it actually challenges an organizing value of the entire discourse, because it challenges any ascription of ultimate value to “sex,” an imaginative formation of power relations. Rather than appeal to God to authorize the privileged status of sex, queer commentary suggests that theological writers should refuse assertions of the absolute importance of any particular formation of human imagination as a basis of relation between self and God. The goal is to recognize the violence—symbolized and real—that enforces the worth of certain imaginations of intelligibly sexed personal identity and stunts the formation of alternative imaginations of intelligible personal identity. Critical account of this violence as sentimental‐homicidal‐suicidal opens space to confess a theological discourse of personal identities that is entirely beyond sex.
TRANSCENDING JUSTICE: Pope John Paul II and Just War
Authors: Simpson Peter L. P.
Published: May 2011

Pope John Paul II's opposition to the Iraq War was not that it failed to meet the conditions of Just War Theory. Indeed, we cannot tell from what he publicly said whether he thought it met those conditions or not, for he would have opposed it in any case. His thinking was rather that even just and necessary wars always come, as it were, too late, and are never able to solve the problems that made wars just and necessary. He was not trying therefore to enter into the details of Just War Theory. He wanted to subsume the principles of war into the principles of peace and to do so, not by denying justice, but by transcending it with charity. This article shows how this thinking is to be understood and the many means the Pope devised for putting this thinking into practice.
THE ETHICS OF ECSTASY: Georges Bataille and Amy Hollywood on Mysticism, Morality, and Violence
Authors: Bush Stephen S.
Published: May 2011

Georges Bataille agrees with numerous Christian mystics that there is ethical and religious value in meditating upon, and having ecstatic episodes in response to, imagery of violent death. For Christians, the crucified Christ is the focus of contemplative efforts. Bataille employs photographic imagery of a more‐recent victim of torture and execution. In this essay, while engaging with Amy Hollywood's interpretation of Bataille in Sensible Ecstasy, I show that, unlike the Christian mystics who influence him, Bataille strives to divorce himself from any moral authority external to the ecstatic episode itself. I argue that in his attempt to remove external authority he abandons the only resources that could possibly protect his mystical contemplation from engendering sadistic attitudes.
PEIRCE'S PRAGMATIC THEOLOGY AND STOIC RELIGIOUS ETHICS1
Authors: Shook John R.
Published: May 2011

Charles S. Peirce believed that his pragmatic philosophy could reconcile religion and science and that this reconciliation involves a religious ethics creating a real community with the cosmos and God. After some rival pragmatic approaches to God and religious belief inconsistent with Peirce's philosophy are set aside, his metaphysical plan for a reconciliation of religion and science is outlined. A panentheistic God makes the best match with his desired conclusions from the Neglected Argument for the reality of God, and this God is also capable of fulfilling the pragmatic role demanded by Peirce's ethical expectations for the intelligent functioning of religion. The discussion proceeds to an elaboration of the aesthetic, metaphysical, and ethical elements of Peirce's philosophical system, which indicate why Peirce's religious ethics is best categorized as akin to Stoicism, with some Christian elements. For Peirce, religious ethics proceeds from the (potentially universal) agapic community's cooperation with God's loving creativity of the universe.
Assessing Emigrant Participation in Home Country Elections: The Case of Mexico’s 2006 Presidential Election
Authors: Lafleur Jean‐Michel , Chelius Leticia Calderón
Published: May 2011

How did Mexican migrants react to the opportunity to formally participate for the first time in home country politics during the 2006 Presidential Election? In this paper, we attempt to explain the low level of migrant voter registration in home country elections. Grounding ourselves on the existing literature on voter turnout, we verify two hypotheses that focus (1) on the role of Mexican authorities, and (2) on the interest of migrants and migrant associations in home country politics. Building on the case of Mexico, the paper concludes with proposing a series of variables upon which we suggest research could focus in order to assess migrant voter turnout in home country elections.
The Transnational Political Participation of Latin American and Caribbean Migrants Residing in Europe
Authors: Lafleur Jean‐Michel
Published: May 2011

Migration from Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries to Europe has increased in great proportions over the last decade. Researchers (principally from southern Europe) have tried to underscore the reasons explaining this phenomenon while also studying different questions related to the presence of these populations such as that of gender, development, or integration. While many of these works have integrated the transnational dimension of contemporary migration, little has been said so far on the capacity of these migrants to develop transnational political ties and what this means for sending and receiving societies. This publication seeks to address this gap by looking at forms of transnational political involvement as they develop among different LAC communities in different parts of Europe.
The “Diaspora Politics” of Colombian Migrants in the UK and Spain
Authors: Bermudez Anastasia
Published: May 2011

Within the broader theme of Latin American migration to Europe, this article looks at the less explored case of Colombian migrants in the United Kingdom and Spain. More specifically, it focuses on the transnational political activities of these migrants in connection with the armed conflict and search for peace in Colombia, a case of “diaspora politics” that has not received much attention. It is based on research into the wider transnational political linkages of Colombians in these two countries conducted during 2004–2007. This research involved nearly 100 semi‐structured interviews with Colombian men and women who had migrated for political, security, labour and other reasons, as well as interviews with experts, participant observation and analysis of online community forums and other materials. As such, this study went beyond the dominant focus on economic migration. This approach helped to shed light on an aspect of Colombian migrant transnational politics hardly taken into account before, that is, the individual and collective activities that deal with the violence, human rights situation, and search for peace in Colombia. The first part of the article offers a summary of the conceptual and methodological issues underpinning this research and a description of the most relevant characteristics of the two migrant communities studied. In the second part, the article analyses the evidence gathered on Colombian migrant transnational activism in relation to the armed conflict and search for peace in Colombia and the potential and limitations of this work. The aim of the article is two‐fold: to enrich the pool of knowledge on Latin American migration to Europe and to engage with recent literature on the role that diasporas and transnational communities play in relation to conflict in their home countries as part of diasporic or transnational civil society.
The Transnational Governance of Ecuadorian Migration through Co‐Development
Authors: Maisonave Almudena Cortés
Published: May 2011

The purpose of this paper is to show the relationship between co‐development projects with transnational interests and the governance of migration by the Spanish and Ecuadorian governments. On one hand, the emergence of co‐development is linked with the political dimension of migration, and therefore, with the challenges that its management poses for both the sending and receiving states. Simultaneously, the state exists in a context of the reconfiguration of its traditional functions, and above all, the manner in which it goes about performing them. For these reasons, co‐development projects form part of state governance strategies, based on a special understanding of the nexus between migration and development in European social space, involving international organizations, state governments, and civil society, linked by migratory flows. This is demonstrated in the case of Ecuador and Spain. Since Spain stimulated co‐development, the implementation of projects with Ecuador has been emphasized, due to the dimensions achieved by Ecuadorian migration. Co‐development politics and projects are analyzed in this paper as areas of intervention integrated by values, guide lines and cultural understandings about migration, including appropriate forms of control and management.
Engagement Policies and Practices: Expanding the Citizenship of the Brazilian Diaspora
Authors: Padilla Beatriz
Published: May 2011

Immigration has certainly changed many aspects of politics and policies, and citizenship is one of them. Due to migration, both countries of origin and destination have been forced to look at citizenship with different eyes and both have gained interest in looking at migrants (both emigrants and immigrants) for different reasons. While countries of origin are designing engagement policies with the goal of strengthening ties to the diaspora, countries of destinations are designing integration and citizenship policies to relate to newcomers. However, immigrants find themselves in a complex situation, as they engage in dual practices which aim at expanding and securing their citizenship in both contexts. This paper examines the case of the Brazilian diaspora in Portugal, and explores the concept of transnational citizenship (from the countries of origin and destination, top‐down and bottom‐up citizenship, and contesting citizenship) including its use in generating political belonging, and its application in the specific context of bilateral relations between Brazil and Portugal.
The Transnational Political Practices of “Latin American Italians”
Authors: Tintori Guido
Published: May 2011

The article analyses the political institutional patterns between Italy and Latin America through a study of South American dual nationals who retain full political rights in Italy. It adopts a socio‐historical approach to study the genesis, evolution and consequences of Italy’s external citizenship policies, assessing their impact on the transnational political activities of “Latin American Italians”. It identifies the outputs and outcomes from the transnational political practices of “Latin American Italians”, both in Italy and the countries of residence, if and how these have created overlapping polities, affected the conception of membership, and challenged the definition of “home” and “host” country. The findings are based on over one year of field research, including interviews with key actors in Argentina, Uruguay, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom; in‐depth interviews with seventy‐four Latin Americans who had recently obtained their Italian citizenship by descent; and a statistical analysis.

The article concludes that the current rise of transnational institutions linking sending and receiving countries does not totally break with the past. The strategic use of European nationality laws influences political participation of Latin American Italians in a limited way, and when a transnational political engagement does occur, it produces a disjunction between politics and territory more in terms of a re‐territorialization than of a de‐territorialization of political practices. Thus, this article supports the hypothesis of strengths and weaknesses of the transnational approach to analyse migrant’s political activities.
Nitrogen release from air‐dried biosolids for fertilizer value
Authors: Rouch D. A. , Fleming V. A. , Pai S. , Deighton M. , Blackbeard J. , Smith S. R.
Published: May 2011

Mineral‐N production by air‐dried biosolids was measured in an Australian tenosol type soil with two moisture conditions over 70 days, using a controlled laboratory incubation procedure. The biosolids were from both air‐drying pans and stockpiles. Inorganic‐N components (NH4‐N, NO3‐N and NO2‐N) were present in all biosolids, with higher concentrations in samples from air‐drying pans compared with stockpiles of 1 yr age. Nevertheless, significant production of NO3‐N occurred in moist soil amended with all air‐dried biosolids. In contrast, saturated soil amended with air‐dried biosolids generally showed a net loss of inorganic‐N compounds during incubation, presumably owing to denitrification. In the saturated soil, only biosolids from air‐drying pans provided NO3‐N production from existing NH4‐N. The results indicated that biosolids from air‐drying pans provided the most robust production of NO3‐N, compared with aged material from the stockpiles, owing to the reduced N content and increased stability of the organic fraction in stored biosolids. However, the rates of N‐mineralization in the tenosol soil were substantially lower than reported for more fertile soil types and most of the organic‐N content of the biosolids remained undegraded by day 70. The biosolids thus may substantially remain to provide improved properties of soil, such as structure and water‐holding capacity. The results suggest that anaerobically digested biosolids from air‐drying pans are potentially highly consistent products that could be effective replacements for inorganic‐N fertilizer in agricultural production.