bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abhinavagupta’s Theology
Authors: Reich James D.
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at the religious, theological, and philosophical ideas of Abhinavagupta, the next major intellectual to take up and defend Ānandavardhana’s theory of poetry. The chapter gives a broad summary of Abhinavagupta’s religious worldview. Since Abhinavagupta is both a monist and an idealist, the nature and structure of Śiva’s mind, the fundamental origin of all existence, provides a template on which all other phenomena in the universe are modeled. This chapter pays special attention to the reflexivity and independence of awareness, the nature and origin of bliss, cosmogony, and the nature of language. The chapter also explores Abhinavagupta’s interest in and use of Bhartṛhari, not just as a grammarian, but as a theologian with broader ideas about the nature of mind and the universe.
Conspiracy Theories
Authors: Gorman Sara E. , Gorman Jack M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses the complicated topic of conspiracy theories. This topic is complicated because a conspiracy theory is not prima facie wrong. Yet one of the hallmarks of false scientific beliefs is the claim by their adherents that they are the victims of profiteering, deceit, and cover-ups by conglomerates variously composed of large corporations, government regulatory agencies, the media, and professional medical societies. The trick is to figure out if the false ones can be readily separated from those in which there may be some truth. Only by carefully analyzing a number of such conspiracy theories and their adherents does it become possible to offer some guidelines as to which are most obviously incorrect. The chapter then studies the psychology of conspiracy theory adherence. It argues that belittling people who come to believe in false conspiracy theories as ignorant or mean-spirited is perhaps the surest route to reinforcing an anti-science position.
Charismatic Leaders
Authors: Gorman Sara E. , Gorman Jack M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the second factor in promoting science denial: charismatic leaders, who are perhaps the biggest and most formidable opponents to rational understanding and acceptance of scientific evidence in the health field. It looks at several profiles of leaders of anti-science movements and attempts to identify common denominators among them. Although they may be true believers, most of them are people who should know better, who often distort the truth, and who may masquerade as selfless but in fact gain considerable personal benefit from promulgating false ideas. And, most important, what they do harms people. Ultimately, there is a fascinating, albeit at times a bit frightening, psychology behind the appeal of these charismatic leaders that may help in neutralizing their hold over others.
Avoidance of Complexity
Authors: Gorman Sara E. , Gorman Jack M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes another reason people succumb to unscientific notions—the discomfort people have with complexity. It is not that people are incapable of learning the facts but rather they are reluctant to put in the time and effort to do so. This retreat from complexity is similar to the other reasons for science denial in that it is in many ways a useful and adaptive stance. But when making health decisions, the inability to tackle scientific details can leave one prone to accepting craftily packaged inaccuracies and slogans. Scientists, doctors, and public health experts are often not helpful in this regard because they frequently refuse to explain things clearly and interestingly. The chapter then argues that scientists need to work much harder on figuring out the best ways to communicate facts to non-scientists. It proposes some possible methods to make scientific thinking more intuitive. By focusing on the scientific method, one can begin to educate people about how to accept complexity and uncertainty, how to be skeptical, and how to ask the right questions.
The Attack on Health and Science Institutions
Authors: Gorman Sara E. , Gorman Jack M.
Published: May 2021

One of our most trusted sources of accurate scientific information has always been the federal and international scientific regulatory agencies charged with protecting and improving our health and safety. These include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the World Health Organization (WHO). After being chronically underfunded for many years, these agencies have been assaulted by anti-science forces within the previous United States federal administration. Today, many people have lost what was once a very high level of confidence in these agencies. It will be a difficult, but far from impossible, task for a new federal administration to restore them to the positions of trust they once held.
Performance and Performers
Authors: Calloway Colin
Published: May 2021

Indian chiefs in the city attracted curiosity and crowds. They were often “onstage,” expected to comport themselves in certain ways, as both “wild Indians” and dignified diplomats. Some were invited to and participated in the ceremonial meetings of the Tammany Society; others not only attended the theater and the circus but sometimes participated in the shows, with displays of Native dances or horsemanship. Like later performers in the Wild West shows, they “played Indian” for white audiences, but they did so for their own purposes, mastering the arts of diplomatic theater and proclaiming their tribal identity in centers of colonial power.
Redeeming the Study of African Essentialism
Authors: Díaz Juan Diego
Published: May 2021

Chapter 2 provides the book’s theoretical foundations by positioning tropes of Africanness as central to the analysis of musical constructions of diasporic identities. After introducing six well-known tropes—rhythmicity, percussiveness, embodiment, spirituality, spontaneity, and collectivism—with the baggage and symbolism attached to them, it presents their role in the debate of African survivals. By interpreting early writings on Africanisms, Paul Gilroy’s concept of anti-anti-essentialism, and Steven Feld’s notion of interpretive moves, this chapter argues for the importance of taking seriously musicians’ ideas and rhetoric about essentialisms as well as the ways in which they materialize them in sound, musical structure, and performance practices. This implies an analytical shift of focus from Africanisms as cultural imponderables to tropes of Africanness that are rhetorically asserted and overtly manifested, enabling better understandings of diasporic cultural creation and people’s agency.
Orquestra AfrosinfônicaThe Africanization of Erudite Music
Authors: Díaz Juan Diego
Published: May 2021

Chapter 5 focuses on the Orquestra Afrosinfônica, a group led by Bira Marques that attempts to indigenize symphonic music in Bahia by drawing on Afro-Bahian genres such as Candomblé and carnival music. It discusses the problematic division between “erudite” and “popular” music in Brazil in relation with Marques’s rhetoric about rhythm, melody, and harmony. The analysis engages the director’s use of timelines, modal and tonal harmonies, lyrics in African languages, rhythms used by Brazilian nationalistic composers, Afro-Bahian and symphonic percussion, and black bodies. It demonstrates how and why the tropes of African rhythmicity and percussiveness are mainly hidden in discourse but become plain in practice. The director’s visit to Namibia and his collaboration with two Angolan musicians in Bahia are seen to clarify his position in regard to the relationship between Candomblé and Christianity and his view of Bahia as a hyperreal Africa.
The Nzinga Berimbau Orchestra
Authors: Díaz Juan Diego
Published: May 2021

Chapter 6 discusses the Nzinga Berimbau Orchestra, a berimbau ensemble formed by members of a capoeira angola group headquartered in Bahia. Led by Mestra Janja and Mestre Poloca, this orchestra explores new repertoires beyond capoeira, and utilizes the berimbau in new contexts—dissociated from capoeira’s physical expression, in the concert hall. The chapter begins by discussing the role and perceptions of the berimbau in capoeira and Brazilian popular music and moves on to explain the various strands grounding the Bantu-centric rhetoric of the Nzinga orchestra. Remaining close to capoeira aesthetics, drawing on rhythms and songs from the Angola Candomblé tradition, treating the berimbau as a purely percussive instrument, and emphasizing the tropes of African spontaneity and collectivism, the Nzinga orchestra articulates the strongest Afrocentric discourse studied in the book.
The Tuned Berimbaus of OBADX
Authors: Díaz Juan Diego
Published: May 2021

Chapter 7 discusses a second berimbau orchestra: the Dainho Xequerê Orchestra of Tuned Berimbaus (OBADX), led by the capoeira Contramestre Dainho Xequerê. With a more eclectic and inclusive approach than the Nzinga orchestra, OBADX keeps a greater distance from capoeira aesthetics, fuses various genres, including pieces of the so-called common practice period (e.g., Ravel’s Bolero), and, crucially, tunes its berimbaus to create melodies in hocket, much in the same way as British and US American handbell choirs, the Central African Republic’s banda linda horn ensembles, or Indonesian angklung groups function. In doing so, OBADX challenges the themes of African rhythmicity and percussiveness, asserting the importance of African melody and harmony in diasporic creation.
Conclusion: Lessons from Essentialism
Authors: Díaz Juan Diego
Published: May 2021

This conclusive chapter compares and contrasts the ways in which the musicians and ensembles discussed in the book approach the tropes: sometimes emphasizing them, at others downplaying them, and at yet other times interrupting them. It presents the implications of this study for diaspora studies, Afro-diasporic religion, and the erudite/popular divide in Brazil. It closes by arguing that a conscious and disciplined study of African tropes enables researchers to discover that variety in African diasporic creation is limitless and enables musicians to access an expanded range of musical expression.
The Melancholy Lens
Authors: Pipolo Tony
Published: May 2021

The Melancholy Lens is an original study of the films and videos of five major figures of American avant-garde cinema: Maya Deren, Stan Brakhage, Gregory Markopoulos, Robert Beavers, and Ernie Gehr. Unlike other books on these artists, the approach of The Melancholy Lens is to examine the filmic form, imagery, and structures of the selected works in terms of how they reflect, directly or indirectly, consciously or unconsciously, important aspects of the personal and psychological dimensions of each artist, including how each grappled with significant losses in their lives. The author, a film scholar and practicing psychoanalyst, is in a unique position to consider these filmmakers and their work from such a perspective.
Introduction
Authors: Wenham Clare
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces the book’s proposal that Zika offers a window for analysing broader themes in global health security: those of perpetuating global-local inequalities and silencing of women in securitised policy, governed by Westphalian and domestic politics. It outlines how the global health security narrative promoted a path dependency which reproduced state security-focused policies of masculine evidence based medicine and short-term response efforts and rendered the everyday lives of those (women) most at risk of the disease invisible. The chapter analyses the lack of gender considerations in global health security policy and further justifies the need for a feminist global health security, through highlighting the ways in which women are differentially infected and affected by infectious disease.
Bordering Places
Authors: Maher Kristen Hill , Carruthers David
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains and illustrates four core arguments that contribute to literatures on borders, territorial stigma, and geographies of inequality. They are presented in an accessible way, with stories and illustrations from this region as well as other parts of the world, and they are relevant to any circumstances in which people have mental geographies that divide “good neighborhoods” from “bad” ones. First, the stigmatization and valorization of places are relational processes that contribute to spatialized inequalities. Second, place stigma plays an important role in producing and maintaining asymmetric borders. Third, asymmetric bordering occurs wherever people construct spatial lines demarcating distinction and inequality, at any scale. Fourth, asymmetric borders generate particular dynamics of crossings and contact zones that serve to protect and reinforce inequalities of status.
Images of Place and Race in Historic Tourism Promotion
Authors: Maher Kristen Hill , Carruthers David
Published: May 2021

Tourism has played an important role in shaping the economies and reputations of San Diego and Tijuana. This chapter draws on archival research—including materials such as tourism brochures, maps, guidebooks, and postcards—to examine how tourism boosters have represented Tijuana, especially in relation to neighboring San Diego. This analysis identifies five thematic narratives that emerge, disappear, and reappear over the course of more than a century, as different actors draw upon different meanings of place and race to suit their current needs or agendas. Once created, these narratives live on and remain available for different purposes over time.
The Look of Tijuana
Authors: Maher Kristen Hill , Carruthers David
Published: May 2021

This chapter uses photographs to analyze how ordinary people in San Diego visualized the neighboring city of Tijuana in relation to their own. In qualitative interviews, forty-five people sorted a set of photographs from the Tijuana–San Diego borderlands, evaluating them according to how much they thought the images resembled Tijuana and discussing which visual cues led to their conclusions. This process brought to the surface dimensions of a bordered geographic imaginary that reflected implicit, mundane forms of social knowledge that they may not have thought to articulate otherwise. Three overarching and interrelated themes arose inductively from the interviews: dirt, disorder, and economic deprivation. Each of these themes reinforces the border as a marker of inequality, either in terms of class distinction or as part of a neocolonial imaginary about a socially distant “Third World.”
Framing the Neighbors
Authors: Maher Kristen Hill , Carruthers David
Published: May 2021

How does photojournalism in San Diego represent Tijuana and its residents? This chapter analyzes both articles and photographs in the San Diego Union-Tribune over the course of a decade (2000–2010), using visual methods and a broad heuristic to capture four dimensions of stigmatizing narratives about Tijuana. On one hand, the analysis finds a complex portrait of Tijuana that encompassed not only the expected images from the drug war but also stories from business and daily life that would feel familiar and empathetic to San Diego readers. On the other hand, themes of violence and disorder pervaded much of the content, even on topics unrelated to crime, particularly in headlines and captions. This chapter demonstrates how bordering and debordering representations in local media can coexist in paradoxical ways and how they shift scales from local to national, depending on the topic and framing.
Imagining the Border-City Relationship
Authors: Maher Kristen Hill , Carruthers David
Published: May 2021

Many alternative visions of the border-city relationship between San Diego and Tijuana circulate among local actors. Some visualize an egalitarian, integrated future. Others have various stakes in reinforcing a bordered imaginary that exaggerates asymmetries and obscures complex economic realities on the ground. Bordering can create local opportunities for profit and contribute to the availability of marginalized labor on both sides of the line. Bordering discourse also provides an identity foil for San Diegans who have come to define themselves as superior, in contrast to a Tijuana stigmatized as impoverished, disorderly, corrupt, dirty, and dangerous. The place images of these cities are intertwined, such that more positive representations of Tijuana will require a reimaging of San Diego. Ultimately, this chapter examines the promise of and constraints on developing a more equal shared regional future, a reduction in Tijuana’s place stigma, and a less bordered imaginary.
Quantity and Quality
Authors: Merchant Emily Klancher
Published: May 2021

Chapter 1 describes the emergence in the 1920s of two scientific approaches to human population. The first, rooted in the natural sciences, suggested that the world was headed for overpopulation, while the second, rooted in vital statistics, suggested that the countries of North America and Western Europe were instead facing imminent depopulation. It demonstrates that the two scientific perspectives supported opposing positions in debates over birth control legalization and immigration restriction. Natural scientists and statisticians from the Americas, Europe, and Asia nonetheless came together in 1928 to form the International Union for the Scientific Investigation of Population Problems (IUSIPP; today the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population or IUSSP). This chapter contends that, although the IUSIPP was unable to survive the rise of fascism in Europe, the political and scientific struggles that tore it apart also laid the foundation for demography in the United States.
Global Population
Authors: Merchant Emily Klancher
Published: May 2021

Chapter 3 documents the way in which, after World War II, the United Nations Population Division and Population Commission statistically reorganized the world into a series of national populations that could be compared to national economies to promote economic development and that could be aggregated to represent the population of the world as a whole. It contends that this process was initially conceived of as a nation-building project that would promote democracy worldwide by fostering the development of governmental institutions that would simultaneously count populations and constitute self-governing subjects. This effort failed, however, as disputes over sovereignty at local, national, and international levels rendered population data either uncollectable or untrustworthy. Ultimately the UN turned to demographic theory and models to fill in persistent gaps in its data tables, rendering the populations of the world tractable to control by governments and nongovernmental organizations.
Demography as Diplomacy
Authors: Merchant Emily Klancher
Published: May 2021

Chapter 5 demonstrates how, in the 1950s and 1960s, U.S.-based philanthropic organizations invested in the growth of demography, the social science of human population dynamics, and used demography to convince heads of state of developing countries to integrate family planning programs into their nation-building and economic development agendas. The Population Council and the Ford Foundation established population research and training centers at major U.S. universities, to which they recruited graduate students from developing countries, with the understanding that they would return home after completing their education to advocate for the establishment of family planning programs. These organizations also funded fertility surveys by American demographers in Africa, Asia, and Latin America that promoted small-family norms and the distribution of new systemic contraceptive technologies, specifically the intrauterine device and birth control pill, and documented the existence of what demographers termed “unmet need” for family planning services.
Detonating the Population Bomb
Authors: Merchant Emily Klancher
Published: May 2021

Chapter 6 documents the fragmentation of what had previously been a consensus regarding global population growth at the end of the 1960s and beginning of the 1970s, resulting in the emergence of two separate factions. The population establishment continued to promote the position of the erstwhile consensus, which held that rapid population growth in developing countries was a barrier to economic development and could be adequately slowed through voluntary family planning programs. The population bombers contended that population growth anywhere in the world posed an immediate existential threat to the natural environment and American national security and needed to be halted through population control measures that demographers had previously rejected as coercive. These two positions went head-to-head at the UN World Population Conference in 1974, where both were rejected by leaders of developing countries.
Epilogue
Authors: Merchant Emily Klancher
Published: May 2021

The epilogue briefly traces the history of population thought and policy from the 1974 UN World Population Conference to the present. It contends that the real problem with population is that it remains a prominent scapegoat for nearly all of the world’s ills and demonstrates that debates about how to control the growth of the world’s population have largely silenced and co-opted voices that refuse to attribute such pressing problems as poverty and climate change to expanding human numbers. The framing of the world’s complex issues as “the population problem” diverts resources from just and equitable solutions at the expense of the world’s most vulnerable people and of the planet itself.
Between Beats
Authors: Wells Christi Jay
Published: May 2021

Between Beats: The Jazz Tradition and Black Vernacular Dance explores the complex intersections between jazz music and popular dance over the last hundred-plus years. It aims to show how popular entertainment and cultures of social dancing were crucial to jazz music’s formation and development, but it also investigates the processes through which jazz music came to earn a reputation as a “legitimate” art form better suited for still, seated listening. Through the concept of “choreographies of listening,” the book explores amateur and professional jazz dancers’ relationships with jazz music and musicians as jazz’s soundscapes and choreoscapes were forged through close contact and mutual creative exchange. The book’s later chapters also critically unpack the aesthetic and political negotiations through which jazz music supposedly distanced itself from dancing bodies. As musicians and critics sought to secure institutional space for jazz within America’s body-averse academic and high-art cultures, an intentional severance from the dancing body proved crucial to jazz’s re-positioning as a form of autonomous, elite art. Fusing little-discussed material from diverse historical and contemporary sources with the author’s own years of experience as a social jazz dancer, this book seeks to advance participatory dance and embodied practice as central topics of analysis in jazz studies. As it explores the fascinating history of jazz as popular dance music, this book also exposes how American anxieties about bodies and a broad cultural privileging of the cerebral over the corporeal have shaped efforts to “elevate” expressive forms such as jazz to elite status.
Jazz Music and Its Choreographies of Listening
Authors: Wells Christi Jay
Published: May 2021

Through an interrogation of hybrid social dance/jazz concert events held in Atlanta in 1938, this chapter presents the book’s guiding questions and methods, which also stem from the author’s own experience as a social jazz dancer. Applying Susan Foster’s model of choreography as a broadly applicable analytic for the socially reinforced structuring of movement in space, it asks how and why jazz audiences’ default listening postures have moved from standing and dancing to relatively motionless sitting and listening. Exploring this question requires a critical, reflective look at the role of bodies in intellectual and aesthetic hierarchies and the complex webs of desire and anxiety that have shaped American institutional cultures’ conflicted relationships with music, with dance, and with all things corporeal. Critiquing the valorization of transcendence and universalism in American aesthetic discourses and in jazz music history specifically, this chapter advances an embodied approach to jazz history where dance becomes a point of entry into stories that de-center the pillars upon which jazz music’s canonic historical and ideological narratives rest. Following choreographer/folklorist Mura Dehn’s description of social jazz dancing, this book thus advances a perspective that operates “between the beats” of jazz history’s canonic time-spaces, seeking to focus on dancing and musicking as practices that begin within the body and to dig into the complex and messy viscera underneath the skin of those narratives that form the so-called jazz tradition.
“Counter-Bopaganda” and “Torn Riffs”
Authors: Wells Christi Jay
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the subculture of young African Americans who developed forms of social dancing to bebop music as recounted to the author in oral history interviews with self-identified bebop dancers and as documented by Russian modern dancer/choreographer Mura Dehn in her film The Spirit Moves and in her drafts for an unfinished study on jazz dance. Dehn’s work reveals fascinating creative adaptations to bebop’s accelerating tempos and complex melodic structures in new and expanded dances such as the applejack, Jersey bounce, and bop lindy. Through these developments, dancers engaged in intricate metric and hypermetric play with bebop music—which they refer to as dancing “off-time”—while also embodying bebop’s “cool” aesthetic and the emergent cynicism and radicalism that shaped postwar African American political culture. Their experiences, and Dehn’s work to document them, demand a re-examination of the discursive work performed by bebop’s reputation as a music innately hostile to social dancing, a label that has less to do with the music’s difficulty than with a desire to position bebop as “art” rather than “entertainment.” The chapter closes with a discussion of “the problem of Dizzy Gillespie” to highlight and explore the historiographic challenges that discussion of social dance poses to canonic narrative positionings of bebop. It suggests that bebop is better understood as part of a contiguous spectrum of Black popular culture that thrived alongside, rather than in opposition to, rhythm & blues and other popular music genres.
Dancing Every Note
Authors: Wells Christi Jay
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses emerges from the author’s experiences dancing at Jazz 966, a weekly “jazz club” night held at the Grace Agard Harewood Neighborhood Senior Center in the Clinton Hill neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. For over twenty-five years, Jazz 966 has run as a weekly venue featuring jazz musicians with strong local, national, and international reputations. At Jazz 966, performers play music rooted in a broad array of post–Swing Era jazz styles including bebop, hard bop, and various forms of Latin jazz while the club has an active dance floor with audience members dancing socially to nearly every song. The club’s dancing patrons reveal the significance of dancing as a form of rigorous, participatory, and sensitive listening where those regarded as the best dancers express in their movement a subtle yet virtuosic musicality legible to other attendees who can see the ways they “dance every note.” Like the venue that houses it, Jazz 966 is integrated into the neighborhood’s community-based nonprofit infrastructure, yet this venue and the community center housing it are facing the same pressures of gentrification and rising property costs that more broadly threaten the social and cultural infrastructure of Black communities in Central Brooklyn. While self-consciously offering an alternative to a problematically romanticized “dying breed” narrative, this case study does emphasize the idea of precarity to articulate resonances between the discursive policing and erasure Black bodies face within jazz historical narratives as well as Black communities’ ongoing fight for sustained access to community spaces in which to move freely and to be corporeally present with jazz music.
Reimagining Gospel
Authors: Shelley Braxton D.
Published: May 2021

After using Richard Smallwood’s “It’s Working (Romans 8:28)” to reconstruct the sound world of a single gospel performance, this introductory chapter defines the broader historical, theoretical, and music-analytic contexts of the book, taking up each of its principal foci—Richard Smallwood, the vamp, and the Gospel Imagination. The first section offers a critical biographical sketch that positions Richard Smallwood in the gospel tradition. The second section outlines the centrality of the gospel choir to this musical tradition, and the particular importance of the vamp to choral expressions of contemporary gospel. The third section defines the Gospel Imagination, showing how gospel’s central conviction—that sound affords intimacy with the divine—motivates the intensive grammar of gospel songs, sermons, and prayers.
The Pursuit of Intensity
Authors: Shelley Braxton D.
Published: May 2021

This chapter offers a phenomenological approach to the vamp’s form, arguing that gospel vamps emerge as repetition and intensification become musical conduits of belief. Beginning with an analytical essay on the live recording of Smallwood’s “Anthem of Praise,” the chapter elucidates the interpenetration of compositional strategy and religious expectation in the gospel tradition. Its second section interrogates the phenomenological implications of gospel’s participatory character and analyzes a performance of Brenda Joyce Moore’s “Perfect Praise” by Lecresia Campbell and the Houston Chapter of the Gospel Music Workshop of America in order to clarify the relationship between musical syntax and musical experience—“the gospel stance.” The third part of this chapter weaves together analytical vignettes and theories of repetition, groove, and teleology, theorizing the vamp’s “affective trajectory.” In so doing, this section pays special attention to tonal modulation, “inversion,” and textural accumulation, three techniques that pervade the gospel choral repertory. The chapter’s fourth move reflects on the practice of music analysis, using Kurt Carr’s “For Every Mountain” and Thomas Whitfield’s “Soon as I Get Home” to assert that the chapter’s concern with the way sound is organized provides a deeper understanding of the way musical sound structures believers’ traffic between the seen world and another. This interchange motivates the gospel song’s relentless pursuit of intensity, a quest that comes into particularly clear relief in the chapter’s concluding analysis of Smallwood’s “I Will Sing Praises.”
Religion and Social Change
Authors: Keune Jon
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the peculiarly modern way of relying on the idea of social equality to study the past, which has led to a widespread narrative that religious traditions routinely failed to bring about social equality. It focuses on social historians, whose interest in non-elite people grew out of Marxist sensitivities that predisposed them to view religion as a symptom of distress or instrument of social control but not as a force for social change. It traces the emergence of “equality” as an important term in western political and social writing and how modern nation-state rhetoric from the late 18th century onward made it normative. It becomes clear that modern democracies too have often failed to bring about social equality, even when they explicitly promote it. This develops a penetrating view of scholarship about equality in historical religions, thereby framing the historiographical issues that occupy the rest of the book.
Bhakti in the Shadow of Ambedkar
Authors: Keune Jon
Published: May 2021

This chapter concludes the book by reflecting on the study of bhakti in the shadow of Ambedkar and its effects on historiography and ramifications for contemporary traditions. It argues hagiographers’ strategic ambiguity and the performative nature of bhakti traditions functioning as a resonance chamber led to an ideology of inclusive difference within the Vārkarī tradition. The semantic density of food facilitated this process especially well. In the 19th and 20th centuries, traditional strategic ambiguity and inclusive ideology did not measure up well against the newly articulated standard of social equality. Despite the fact that bhakti saints did not promote social equality per se, whether bhakti traditions and nondualist ethics could embrace it in the future remains an open question. If they can change, then commensality may play a vital role, as it did in the past.
Jewish Reproduction and Children in the Modern Era
Authors: Rebhun Uzi
Published: May 2021

This chapter depicts some major aspects of Jewish reproduction and children in modern times. Integrating data from different sources, I discuss changes in the numbers and share of children out the total Jewish population from 1700 through today. I provide statistics on Jewish birth rate and proportion of children out of the total number of Jews from the late 19th century through the mid-20th century for selected Jewish communities in Europe, the Americas, and North Africa and Palestine. Spatial variations in levels of fertility have resulted in the concentration of a majority of Jewish children in Israel. Still, within Israel, fertility patterns for Jews have evolved in different trajectories according to ethnic extraction and religiosity. Fertility and number of children in the population have many social and economic implications, which I touch upon in my concluding remarks.
Divided Unity: Jewish Writing for Children in the United States and Palestine at the Onset of the Second World War
Authors: Darr Yael
Published: May 2021

In the first half of the 20th century, there was an unprecedented flourishing of secular writing for Jewish children in the United States and Palestine. Despite the profound cultural differences between the two communities, this chapter proposes to view these two bodies of writing as parts of a whole: a much larger corpus that includes all secular Jewish texts for children, informed by a shared multilingual and transnational paradigm of immigration. The chapter focuses on two works: Yankev Glatstein’s Emil un Karl (Emil and Karl), published in Yiddish in New York (1940), and Levin Kipnis’s Bintiv hapele (The Miraculous Path), published in Hebrew in Tel Aviv (1939). During this critical time, at the outbreak of the Second World War, these two writers, so distant geographically, ideologically and culturally, made a similar radical move: to set aside the divisive national and political discourse in favor of an inclusive transnational one.
Growing Up in the Shadow of the Past: Second-Generation Holocaust Survivors’ Childhoods as Depicted in Israeli Documentary Films
Authors: Steir-Livny Liat
Published: May 2021

In the aftermath of the Second World War, Holocaust survivors were represented in Eretz Israeli documentary cinema. In the initial period from 1945 until the 1960s, documentaries, as was the case for other facets of Eretz-Israeli/Israeli culture, emphasized the Zionist lessons of the Holocaust and centered on the national collective transformation of Holocaust survivors from “ashes to renewal.” Documentaries produced in the 1960s and 1970s began dealing with the Jewish past in the diaspora and with the Holocaust itself in greater depth; by the late 1980s, they were exploring such issues as how survivors dealt with post-trauma and the transgenerational transfer of trauma to survivors’ children. This chapter focuses on the representation of second-generation Holocaust survivors in Israeli documentary cinema from the 1980s onwards.
Rites of Passage: Jewish Representations of Children and Childhood in Contemporary Cinema
Authors: Abrams Nathan
Published: May 2021

Despite the great importance Judaism places on children, childhood is a curiously overlooked topic in Jewish film and television studies. This chapter proposes to begin filling the gap by exploring how the universal theme of childhood has been represented in more specific ways, focusing on Jewish cinema specifically. By exploring a series of representations of children and childhood (sometimes Jewish, sometimes not) up to and including the age of 13, it examines films dealing with the child en route to adulthood through the key rite of passage of bar/bat mitzvah; the child as vulnerable and in need of protection, but whose childhood is brutally cut short during the Holocaust; and films in which childhood is not explicitly Jewish but can be read thus. Such representations consider the condition of children and childhood as a comment on the Jewish condition in contemporary society.
Inferential statistics
Authors: Williamon Aaron , Ginsborg Jane , Perkins Rosie , Waddell George
Published: May 2021

Chapter 13 of Performing Music Research outlines a range of statistical approaches designed to identify associations (or “relationships”) between variables. it starts with correlation and regression, which allow the nature and strength of the relationships between two or more variables to be quantified. Next, it considers approaches with specific applications: analyzing relationships between categorical variables; testing the reliability of questionnaires and raters; reducing a large number of variables to a smaller number of underlying factors; and understanding complex interactions within networks of variables. The chapter sets out examples of the situations in which each test can be used, provides guidance on conducting it using standard statistical software, and advises on how best to interpret and report its results.
A New Reign
Authors: Ledger-Lomas Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter sets out the religious expectations on Victoria at her accession in 1837—a blend of the new and the old. While she inherited her dynasty’s commitments to the maintenance of Protestantism and the established church, she was also subject to the new emotional intensity with which religious people regarded their monarchs. The chapter’s survey of religious responses to the deaths of Victoria’s immediate predecessors illustrates how this intensity took hold. It argues that reactions to Victoria’s coronation and to early assassination attempts against her show that she remained, in the eyes of her new subjects, not just a moving, but also a sacral, providential figure. If, in these ways, Victoria was the last Hanoverian, then she quickly distanced herself from the political Protestantism of her predecessors.
A Darkened Earth
Authors: Ledger-Lomas Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter shows how the destruction of Victoria’s household through the deaths of her mother and husband in 1861 tested her faith, prompting an anguished search for spiritual and material sources of consolation. While this alarmed her friends and advisers, it also created a new template for popular attitudes to the throne, as preachers encouraged their congregations to feel emotional community with the mourning Queen. Victoria’s insistence that she had a religious obligation to pile up ever more baroque monuments to her husband’s virtues, ranging from the Royal Mausoleum at Frogmore and the Albert Memorial Chapel to a series of pious memoirs, eventually generated resistance and scepticism. Nonethelessas later chapters will show, her widowhood became an enduring symbol of her soft power, which allowed preachers to wax eloquent on her lonely suffering.
Disunited Kingdom
Authors: Ledger-Lomas Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses Victoria’s efforts to cope with the religious diversity of the United Kingdom. Although Victoria’s admiration for the Church of Scotland, which was centred on the Highlands and a small circle of eloquent preachers, made her a biased participant in disputes over its established status, impressions of Victoria’s Presbyterian sympathies sank deep in Scotland and around the Empire. Victoria had hoped to commend herself to the Irish as she had to the Scots, by paying respect to their different kind of national faith, but the chapter shows that her estrangement from Irish Roman Catholics mounted with her reluctance to cross the Irish Sea. Though increasingly appreciative of Roman Catholicism as she encountered it during travel or in the lives of friends and relatives, and friendly towards popes, who she hoped might bring the Irish hierarchy to heel, Victoria could not translate these affinities into a constructive relationship with Catholic Ireland.
Oecumenic Colonial Carnivals
Authors: Ledger-Lomas Michael
Published: May 2021

Although historians have long recognized the importance of Victoria’s Golden and Diamond Jubilees as occasions that strengthened articulations of imperial ideology, they have not always been understood as distinctively religious events. This chapter begins by tracing the growing expectation that Victoria should become the centre of national religious occasions, which ran against her wishes but proved impossible to deny. It then moves on to discuss the ways in which, with the telling exception of Irish Roman Catholics, different Christian denominations celebrated enthusiastically but distinctively during the Jubilees. It shows how Jubilee sermons constructed Victoria as a godly sovereign and called for a restoration of the British Empire’s Christian ideals. The chapter also argues, though, that the meaning of the Jubilees cannot be reduced to Christian chauvinism. The homages of Jews, Hindus, and Muslims were not merely sycophantic acts of imitation, but attempts to align Victoria with their distinctive religious positions and the hopes they held of Empire.
Flowers Through Concrete
Authors: Fürst Juliane
Published: May 2021

Flowers through Concrete: Explorations in Soviet Hippieland does what the title promises. It takes readers on a journey into a world few knew existed: the lives and thoughts of Soviet hippies, who in the face of disapproval and repression created a version of Western counterculture, skilfully adapting, manipulating, and shaping it to their late socialist environment. This book is a quasi-guide into the underground hippieland, situating the world of hippies firmly in late Soviet reality and offering an unusual history of the last Soviet decades as well as a case study in the power of transnational youth cultures. It tells the almost forgotten story of how in the late sixties hippie communities sprang up across the Soviet Union, often under the tutelage of a few rebellious youngsters coming from privileged households at the heart of the Soviet establishment. Flowers through Concrete recounts not only a compelling story of survival against the odds—hippies were harassed by police, shorn of their hair by civilian guards, and confined in psychiatric hospitals by doctors who believed nonconformism was a symptom of schizophrenia. It also advances a surprising argument: despite obvious antagonism the land of Soviet hippies and the world of late socialism were not incompatible. Indeed, Soviet hippies and late socialist reality meshed so well that the hostile, yet stable, relationship that emerged was in many ways symbiotic. Ultimately, it was not the KGB but the arrival of capitalism in the 1990s that ended the Soviet hippie sistema.
Origins
Authors: Fürst Juliane
Published: May 2021

The first chapter charts the history of the Soviet hippie movement all across the Soviet Union, using both declassified KGB and party documents as well as personal interviews. It explores the role of the official press in inspiring youngsters to become ‘hippies’ and the crucial transmission belt of diplomatic parents and other Soviet elites allowed to have direct contact with the West. It delves into the world of intellectual circles in Moscow in the 1960s, which provided some of the intellectual soil on which a Soviet variation of hippie ideals could grow. It subsequently traces some of the fashion and style roots of the Soviet hippies, which range from the Soviet stiliagi to the British Beatles, from glimpses of Western hippies to the Soviet-infused imagination of youngsters wanting to look different than the rest.
Consolidation
Authors: Fürst Juliane
Published: May 2021

This chapter continues the chronological history of the Soviet hippie movement. It turns its gaze specifically on Moscow, where Iurii Burakov (alias Solntse) was instrumental in creating a loose association of hippies and their friends, which soon became known as the sistema. It explores the personality of Iura, who left a rich archive of auto-biographical writing, revealing a thoughtful young man steeped in his Soviet socialization, which left him with a strong desire for self-improvement and a collective mission. With greater organization on the part of the hippies, the state also mustered a stronger response. Both developments culminated in the 1 June 1971 demonstration, organized by Iura Burakov as a collective action against the American war in Vietnam, but which de facto was used by the authorities as a sting operation to capture the data of Moscow hippies and their like-minded peers. The demonstration resulted in the arrest of hundreds of hippies, possibly more than a thousand. Iura Burakov was left with the tarnished reputation of a potential traitor, entangled in the web of KGB tactics, which were first directed at destroying, later at co-opting the sistema.
Naturally Free Action
Authors: Deery Oisín
Published: May 2021

Do we have free will? This book argues that the answer to that question is “yes,” by showing how the concept of free will refers to many actual behaviors, and how free actions are a natural kind. Additionally, the book addresses the role of phenomenology in fixing the reference of the concept, and argues that free-agency phenomenology is typically accurate, even if determinism is true. The result is a realist, naturalistic framework for theorizing about free will, according to which free will exists and we act freely. For the most part, this verdict is reached independently of addressing the compatibility question, which asks whether free will is compatible with determinism. Even so, the book weighs in on that question, arguing that the natural-kind view both supports compatibilism and provides compatibilists with an attractive way to be realists about free will. The resulting position is preferable to previous natural-kind accounts as well as to revisionist accounts of free will and moral responsibility. Finally, the view defuses recent empirical threats to free will and is able to address emerging questions about whether an artificially intelligent agent might ever act freely or be responsible for its behaviors.
Free-agency experience and belief
Authors: Deery Oisín
Published: May 2021

Accumulating evidence indicates that (1) people tend to presuppose indeterminism as required for free will, and (2) people’s free-agency experiences suggest that they have indeterministic free will. However, most deny that (3) people’s presupposition of indeterminism has its source in their experience. This chapter explains how (3) might be true. It does so by appeal to the phenomenon of prospection, which is the mental simulation of future possibilities for the purpose of guiding action. The resulting view fills in at least some of the details of the HPC natural-kind view defended in Chapters 2 and 3, and also some details of the dual-content view about free-agency phenomenology defended in Chapters 4 and 5. It also links this view about phenomenology to the natural-kind view.