bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variable Reinforcement versus Constant Reinforcement in Eyelid Conditioning
Authors: Passey George E. , Sekyra Francis
Published: September 2011

The conditioned eyelid response was developed in 45 Ss. A pure tone served as CS and a puff of air to the cornea was utilized as UCS. The magnitude of the reinforcing puff was varied in such a way that for one group of Ss the series generated an arithmetic mean intensity of 6.5 psi and a geometric mean of 4.5 psi. Control groups were stimulated at a constant value of 4.5 or 6.5 psi throughout training which consisted of 70 trials for all groups. Conditioning occurred in all groups with differences significant between the constant groups and the 6.5 psi constant group and the variable group. Failure to find a significant difference between the 4.5-psi constant group and the variable group is interpreted as support of the contention of Helson that it is the geometric mean of a series of stimuli which is its best representative value.
An Exploratory Factor Analytic Study of Interests, Intelligence, and Personality
Authors: Becker James A.
Published: September 2011

The present study attempted to determine the factor structure of a psychological test battery measuring the areas of interests, intelligence, and personality. Six factors were identified and tentatively were named as Self Satisfying Activity vs Others Satisfying Activity, Adjustment, Masculinity, Clerical, Femininity, and Emotional Maturity. Since this was an exploratory study, further research is needed to verify these factors.
Failure to Verbally Condition Socially Desirable Speech
Authors: Bryan James H. , Lichtenstein Edward
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of verbal reinforcements in increasing the emission of more socially desirable self-descriptive statements was not demonstrated. Utilizing 42 psychiatric patients as Ss, an attractive young female E, and the reinforcer “hm-hm,” no significant differences were found on the dependent variable between those Ss receiving and those not receiving the reinforcement.
Supplementary Note: Recall as a Function of Word Association Strength and Associative Overlap
Authors: Garskof Bertram E. , Houston John P.
Published: September 2011

18 Michigan undergraduates were read a list of 20 word pairs which varied systematically in terms of both word association strength and associative overlap. An attempt was made to reduce intentional learning of the pairs. Following 40 min. of interpolated paper-and-pencil activity Ss were presented the stimuli and asked to recall the responses. Both word association and associative overlap strength correlated positively with recall. These results, obtained under conditions of incidental learning and interpolated activity, parallel results obtained with immediate recall following intentional learning.
Relationship of Various Behaviors in the Open-Field Test of Emotionality
Authors: Pare William P.
Published: September 2011

Using Hall's open-field test of emotionality, measures of latency, ambulation, rearing, defecation, urination, and squealing were obtained from 126 male Sprague-Dawley rats for 4 daily sessions. Defecation correlated significantly only with urination. The hypothesis that defecation and ambulation are inversely related was not confirmed. Emotionality, in the rat, is best defined by amount of defecation in the open field.
Generalizing to a Language Population
Authors: Coleman E. B.
Published: September 2011

Many studies of verbal behavior have little scientific point if their conclusions have to be restricted to the specific language materials that were used in the experiment. It has not been customary, however, to perform significance tests that permit generalization beyond these specific materials, and thus there is little statistical evidence that such studies could be successfully replicated if a different sample of language materials were used. Three tests are described that will allow generalization to a population of language materials.
Modification of Emotionality in the Rat as a Function of Prolonged Shock Stress
Authors: Pare William P.
Published: September 2011

In order to investigate the effect of chronic stress on open-field behavior in adult organisms, 24 male, 95-day-old rats, equated with 24 control Ss, were subjected to tone-shock stress 20 hr. daily for 26 days. Open-field responses of latency, ambulation, rearing and emotional elimination (EE) were obtained on 4 subsequent open-field trials. In addition to a significant adrenal hypertrophy, chronic stress produced a significant decrease in latency, and an increase in ambulation and rearing scores for experimental Ss. Conclusions are: (a) latency, ambulation, rearing, and EE are not equally valid indices of emotionality in the rat; (b) 26-day stress does not modify adult emotionality as defined by EE. Results are discussed in terms of adaptation and Malmo's activation theory.
An Analysis of Various Methods for Deriving the Social Desirability Score
Authors: Boe Erling E. , Kogan William S.
Published: September 2011

Seven methods of deriving the social desirability (SD) score for the Interpersonal Check List were evaluated by examining their intercorrelations, their correlations with five MMPI SD measures, and their ability to detect Ss instructed to fake SD responses. The results indicated that SD Scores discriminated SD fakers about equally well, that SD Scores based only on the tendency to endorse socially desirable items correlated least with MMPI SD measures, and various SD Scores based upon all the items in the Interpersonal Check List were highly correlated. These results were obtained for both college students and psychiatric patients.
Test Instructions and Identification of Creative Scientific Talent: Supplementary Report
Authors: Datta Lois-Ellin
Published: September 2011

The previously reported interaction of rated on-the-job creativity and test instructions was found to be relatively unaffected by the judges' professional training and markedly reduced by apparent differences in Ss' extra-experimental milieu.
Adjusting Change or Growth Scores for Initial Level
Authors: Webster Harold
Published: September 2011

An appropriate difference function to represent changes in a group, as reflected by total test scores, makes use of the pooled within persons regression (as distinct from the between persons regression) of posttest scores on pretest scores. Regressions within each individual, based on simple assumptions about his item scores, are also readily available.
A Very Short Test of Personality: The Behavioral Self-Rating (BSR) Form
Authors: Borgatta Edgar F.
Published: September 2011

Reliability and validity data are presented for a factor analytically based short test of personality. The form is essentially a behavioral characteristics, self-rating check list. Use is recommended for screening purposes only where time is at a premium. The names of the five scores of the test are Assertiveness, Likeability, Intelligence, Emotionality, and Responsibility.
Facilitation of Avoidance Behavior by Unavoidable Shocks in Normal and Amygdalectomized Monkeys
Authors: Hearst Eliot , Pribram Karl H.
Published: September 2011

When shocks were occasionally delivered regardless of S's behavior, the avoidance response rates of both amygdalectomized and control monkeys were markedly increased. Amygdalectomized Ss showed at least as great a facilitation as control Ss. The results of this test do not support the general notion that amygdalectomized Ss are relatively insensitive to the effects of aversive stimuli.
Verbal Conditioning: Mediator of Experimenter Expectancy Effects
Authors: Rosenthal Robert , Fode Kermit L. , Vikan-Kline Linda , Persinger Gordon W.
Published: September 2011

Three experiments in E outcome-bias were analyzed to test the hypotheses that verbal conditioning (1) is a necessary condition for, and (2) serves to augment, the mediation of the E outcome-bias phenomenon. It was found that verbal conditioning was not a necessary condition nor did it serve to augment the phenomenon in the three experiments analyzed. The finding that the bias phenomenon was already in evidence on Ss' very first response, suggested we direct special attention to the brief pre-data-collecting phase of the E-S interaction in any studies of the mode of mediation of the E outcome-bias phenomenon.
Method for Observing Social Interactions in Groups of Infant Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Locke Katherine D. , Morgan George A. , Zimmermann Robert R.
Published: September 2011

Twenty-three observational sessions for each of three groups of 4 infant rhesus monkeys were conducted over a 4½-mo. period in order to develop a method for observing and recording social behavior. The final system provided for the reduction of all social interactions to two-digit numbers representing the interaction of the monkey under observation (P) and the other monkey involved in the interaction (O). Reliability coefficients for three pairs of observers were .84, .85, and .70.
Repetitive Psychometric Measures: Equating Alternate Forms
Authors: Moran Louis J. , Kimble James P. , Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

The 20 alternate forms of five psychometric measures (Number Facility, Visualization, Speed of Perception, Speed of Closure, and Flexibility of Closure) were administered to two samples of 544 and 508 college students. All alternate forms but that for Number Facility were found to be reliably different in difficulty level. Statistical weights derived from either sample were found to decrease variability of alternate form means in the other sample. Correction factors were provided for the 20 alternate forms of all but the Number Facility measure.
To Heckel or Not: A Reply
Authors: Oakes William F.
Published: September 2011

Heckel's argument for aversive conditioning based on mere inspection of ( O — E)/ E ratios is rejected in favor of evidence for positive conditioning on the basis of the results of recognized tests of significance, as used in the writer's original paper which evoked Heckel's comment. No evidence or argument is found in the Heckel comment that requires any modification of the conclusion as stated in the original paper.
Effects of Chlorpromazine and Amytal on Hoarding in “Shy” and “Nonshy” Rats
Authors: Torres Aurelio A.
Published: September 2011

Ss were classified into shy and nonshy groups by means of the cage-emergence technique. A series of trials in either open or closed alleys were given, the last 2 serving as saline control trials for the drug stage. An equal number of shy and nonshy Ss were randomly assigned to sodium amytal or chlorpromazine and 3 open test trials were given. Shy animals hoarded less in the open than in the closed alleys, but there was no significant difference between the two groups in the closed alleys. Sodium amytal effectively increased hoarding in the shy Ss, but chlorpromazine failed to do so. Neither drug had a significant effect upon hoarding of nonshy Ss. The significance of these results was discussed in connection with hoarding levels of shy and nonshy Ss and the effects of the drugs on fear.
Further Studies of Overlearning and Position Reversal Learning
Authors: D'Amato M. R. , Schiff Donald
Published: September 2011

The effects of extensive overtraining on position reversal were studied in 2 experiments in which the stimulus complex associated with the choice response was manipulated. In Exp. I a visual cue (brightness) was correlated with the position response. In Exp. II the stimulus consequences of an incorrect response were made highly discriminable by associating an abrupt illumination change with an incorrect choice. Despite these modifications the overlearning reversal effect failed to occur in both experiments, verifying a number of previous reports.
Effects of Psycho-Social Factors on Test Results of the Aging
Authors: Oberleder Muriel
Published: September 2011

There is little relationship between test performance and the vague, misleading criterion “senility” which is usually based on stereotyped misconceptions about the elderly. “Senile” test results may reflect avoidance or other defenses rather than deterioration. Anxiety is a pervasive factor. Total understanding of the aging person within the context of his cultural climate, as well as the test situation itself, is essential for accurate judgments of projective and objective tests in this age group. A more meaningful evaluation is obtained if allowance is made for the intricate pattern of psycho-social factors affecting test performance, and if various alternative interpretations are entertained.
Behavior of Human Neonates and Prenatal Maternal Anxiety
Authors: Ottinger Donald R. , Simmons James E.
Published: September 2011

A population of obstetrical patients was administered the IPAT Anxiety Scale during each trimester of pregnancy. Nineteen women representing extreme total scores were selected to test the hypothesis that there would be a positive relationship between the mothers' anxiety scores during gestation and neonatal behavior. Body activity and crying behavior were recorded on the second, third, and fourth day of life. Body weight was recorded at birth and on each day. The data confirmed the hypothesis of a positive relationship between mothers' anxiety level and amount of neonatal crying.
Effect of Environmental Conditions on Locomotor Behavior in Monkeys with Frontal Lesions
Authors: Somervill John , Foshee D. P. , Andy O. J.
Published: September 2011

This study was conducted to gain information regarding relations between certain environmental conditions and hyperactivity following frontal resection. The basic question was: will locomotor behavior vary in relation to specific stimulus conditions, including those resulting from time of day? It was believed that activity changes would be present in some environmental conditions and not present in others. In the two frontal resectioned animals, locomotor behavior exceeded preoperative levels. Results, however, did not reveal effects of specific environmental changes on locomotor or other observable forms of behavior. The belief that activity changes would be related to specific environmental conditions was not substantiated.
An Automated System for Discrete-Trial Research with Animals
Authors: Atkinson R. C. , Calfee R. C.
Published: September 2011

A system has been constructed for the study of two- and three-choice behavior in animals, using either a free operant or discrete-trial procedure. An IBM-026 card punch is utilized to automatically program stimulus and reinforcement events, and to record choices and choice latencies. Eight Ss may be run simultaneously in the apparatus.
Influence of Nursery Group Experience on Children's Drawings
Authors: Reichenberg-Hackett Wally
Published: September 2011

This study investigates environmental influences on potential creativity of 120 preschool children, of similar socio-economic status, median age 4-3 who are exposed to nursery school environments differing widely in regard to teacher practices and attitudes. The children's drawings of a man are being analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively and evaluated statistically.
Concept Formation: Response-Time Considerations
Authors: Siegel Paul S.
Published: September 2011

Methodology and instrumentation suited to the objective recording of response latencies during the learning of a concept are described and the results of an exploratory study summarized.
Saccharin Avoidance Behavior Instigated by X-Irradiation in Backward Conditioning Paradigms
Authors: Scarborough B. B. , Whaley D. L. , Rogers J. G.
Published: September 2011

Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to eight groups of seven animals each. The remaining four animals served as a pooled control. The eight experimental groups received 68 r of x-irradiation during a 10-min. exposure period. The pooled control group received only sham-irradiation. Animals were presented a choice of tap water of 0.1% saccharin solution at delays following irradiation ranging from 0 to 96 hr. Subsequent saccharin consumption was recorded for 4 days following irradiation. Results showed a decrease in saccharin consumption in groups which had first received the saccharin from 0 to 12 hr. after irradiation. No significant decrease was exhibited by groups with delays of 24 hr. or more.
A Third Comparison of Two Short-Form Derivatives of the Taylor MAS, Using Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Howe Edmund S.
Published: September 2011

Earlier studies in this Journal failed to adduce convincing evidence that Christie and Budnitzsky's 20-item forced-choice anxiety scale reduces social desirability effects otherwise assumed to be present in Bendig's 20-item (True-False) version of Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale. Using 70 heterogeneous psychiatric patients as Ss, this research shows a correlation of .92 between test scores on the two scales, which value is significantly larger than twice observed for normal control Ss. Our earlier impressions remain unchanged.
Acquired Word Value and Verbal Learning
Authors: Silverstein Albert , McCreary Charles
Published: September 2011

This experiment tested the hypothesis that pairing nonsense syllables with pleasant photographs would make them more learnable subsequently than would pairing them with indifferent photographs. Ss were shown syllable-photograph pairs and instructed to learn their own labels for the photographs as responses to the syllables. Half the photographs were “very pleasant” and half were “indifferent.” Next, the same syllables were made responses to 2-digit numbers in a second paired-associate list. The pleasant photographs were learned faster in Phase 1 and the pleasantly-paired syllables were learned faster in Phase 2. The superiority of the latter syllables was based partly upon greater availability at the end of Phase 1 but partly upon some independent learning effect during Phase 2. This superiority was hypothesized to be the result of greater implicit rehearsal of the pleasantly-paired syllables.
Post-Irradiation Saccharin Avoidance with Non-Coincident Stimuli
Authors: McLaurin William A. , Farley John A. , Scarborough Barron B. , Rawlings Travis D.
Published: September 2011

Two separate studies were made to determine the degree of post-irradiation saccharin avoidance behavior displayed by rats given tap water or no fluid to drink prior to low-level x-irradiation exposure. In neither study were significant differences, in post-treatment saccharin avoidance behavior, found between the groups receiving saccharin solution, tap water or no fluid to drink prior to radiation exposure. It was concluded that the results could be viewed as additional evidence for the hypothesis of an association of a disturbed physiological state and the discriminatory saccharin solution in the home cage and not an association of x-irradiation with saccharin solution per se. Doubt was expressed that the results could be taken as evidence for successful backward conditioning.
A Note on Variance Heterogeneity in the Analysis of Variance
Authors: Heilizer Fred
Published: September 2011

This article reviews and summarizes the empirical sampling studies of the effects of variance heterogeneity in the analysis of variance. The general conclusion of these studies, that heterogeneity of variance is not an occurrence of importance, is only demonstrated for the simple randomized design; it remains to be demonstrated for the more complex designs. There is also a general inattention to E( MS) and to the effects of the sampling model upon E( MS) and F.
Effect of a Secondary Reinforcement Stimulus on the Auditory Startle Response
Authors: Armus Harvard L. , Carlson Kristin R. , Guinan James F. , Crowell Ronald A.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were carried out in which food-deprived rats received food pellets in the presence of an intermittent light-sound stimulus. The animals were then tested in a stabilimeter device for magnitude of startle reaction to a loud, percussive sound in the presence and absence of the light-sound (secondary reinforcement) stimulus. Exp. I showed a non-significant tendency for the startle amplitude to be less in the presence of the secondary reinforcement stimulus. Exp. II was carried out for 2 test days rather than 1. Results similar to those of Exp. I were found for the first day of testing, the startle being less (non-significantly) in the presence of the secondary reinforcement stimulus. For the second test day, however, this tendency proved to be highly significant ( p < .005). Several interpretations of these findings were discussed.
Apparatus for Recording Frequency, Duration, and Sequence of Verbal Responses
Authors: Gottfried Nathan W. , Davis James H.
Published: September 2011

An apparatus was designed to record the duration and frequency of vocal responses. Utilizing a circuit employing an output transformer, diode rectifier, and an electrolytic capacitor, the output of an audio amplifier activates a sensitive relay. The switching circuit of the relay connected to an event recorder produces a permanent record of S's vocal responses.
Relationship of Level of Abstraction to Intelligence and Academic Performance
Authors: Hare Robert D.
Published: September 2011

Samples of written material were obtained from 95 Grade 12 students. The level of abstraction of each sample was determined and correlated with the SCAT and with school grades. The results supported the hypothesis that level of abstraction in writing is related to intelligence and academic performance.
Stimulus Generalization as a Function of Drive and Strength of Competing Responses to Generalized Stimuli
Authors: Golin Sanford , Bostrum Bruce
Published: September 2011

Based on a S-R analysis of the summation of overlapping gradients of generalized habit strength, it was predicted that an increase in drive may both lower and raise an empirical generalization gradient depending on the relative response strength of competing tendencies elicited by generalized stimuli. A neutral and a motivated group were presented with a generalized task involving voluntary responses. Each group was subdivided into three groups which differed with respect to percentage of reinforcement of competing responses to generalized stimuli. When the strength of competing responses was negligible, increased motivation raised the gradient, while in other cases the gradient was lowered.
Difference-Preference Testing with the Duo-Trio Test
Authors: Stone Herbert , Bosley John P.
Published: September 2011

In a difference-preference test involving an uncharacterized flavor change, S's preference responses can provide useful information about a test material. This is especially important when S's difference discriminations are not clear cut.
Short-Term Retention as a Function of Recall Point Coding
Authors: Lloyd Kenneth E.
Published: September 2011

Recall is facilitated if items to be stored are easily coded into familiar chunks. The means of coding the items is usually obvious at the time they are presented. The purpose of the present study was to learn if recall was facilitated when the basis for coding a stored item was delayed until the time of recall. The results indicated a substantial improvement in recall as the appropriateness of the recall point for the stored item was increased. This improvement varied inversely with the storage requirements of the task.
Nature of Infantile Shock Traumatization, Strain Differences, and Adaptability to Stress
Authors: Gauron Eugene F.
Published: September 2011

Infant rats of two strains were exposed to two types of shock traumatization in infancy: escapable and inescapable. The strains included Sprague-Dawley rats and Long-Evans hooded rats. Animals were tested in adulthood on open-field test, avoidance conditioning, and water escape maze. Statistical analysis yielded several significant Strain × Treatment interactions which suggest that strain of the animal and type of traumatization are potential influencing variables in the nature and direction of the effect produced by early traumatization. Such genetic and ontogenetic interaction complicates the issue of the nature of the effect produced by early experience.
Extinction following Negatively Correlated Reinforcement
Authors: Logan Frank A. , Feldstone Charles S. , Brown Robert T.
Published: September 2011

Rats that were rewarded only if their speed in an alley fell within a narrow band extinguished at a relative rate comparable to that of rats that received the same frequency of reward uncorrelated with speed. This is consistent with the proposition that each response dimension is independently determined by its correlation with reward.
Variables Affecting Incidence of Self Reinforcement
Authors: Marston Albert R.
Published: September 2011

Self reinforcement (sr), the administration of reinforcing stimuli by S to himself without external constraints, was investigated with regard to the effect of task and type of reinforcing stimulus. Each S received the same five tasks during each of two sessions. The tasks all involved a response followed by an sr (3 groups: with sr light, sr chips, sr rating scale). Two of the tasks were relatively unstructured; a second pair were less ambiguous and included a model's response to guide S; and the fifth was a verbal discrimination task learned to a 50% criterion. The results indicated: no consistent differences in rate of sr for the three types of reinforcing stimuli; increases in sr in Session 2 for tasks which showed a practice effect; rate of sr related to task with more sr when S agreed with the model's responses or the model was correct; and significant inter-session correlations on rate of sr for all tasks.
Measurement of Response Sets
Authors: Hand Jack
Published: September 2011

This report presents defensible procedures for measuring Acquiescence and Social Desirability along with scales to measure these variables. Such scales are only slightly related; each is related to both test and non-test behavior. Such scales should be useful: (1) as marker variables in personality research, (2) as “response set” controls when studying the predictive validity of content variance of inventories, and (3) as measures of reliable characteristics of individuals.
Meaningfulness and Retention of a Single Paired Associate
Authors: Johnson Ronald E.
Published: September 2011

The prediction of interference theory that material of low meaning would be more resistant to forgetting was tested by comparing the retention of paired associates of high and low meaning. Each S learned a single paired associate and was tested once after time intervals ranging from 25 sec. to 2 wk. Contrary to the prediction of interference theory, no statistically significant differences were found at retention.
Profile Factor Analysis and Variable Factor Analysis
Authors: Ryder Robert G.
Published: September 2011

Nunnally (1962) mentions three types of profile factor analyses: correlational, covariance, and raw score sums of crossproducts. When principal components factors are used, each of these profile analyses corresponds to a precisely equivalent factor analysis of variables. In particular, if variables have previously been standardized over Ss, factor analysis of raw sums of profile crossproducts yields exactly the same results as factor analysis of correlations among variables. An example is worked out in which it is shown that factor analysis of raw sums of profile crossproducts yields exactly the same factors as factor analysis of correlations between variables. It is concluded that, of the procedures considered, factor analysis of correlations between variables is generally the most useful, because findings are easiest to communicate, and because results can be used to estimate results of the other possible factor analyses.
Hedgehogs and the Retroaction Theory of Forgetting
Authors: Pollard J. S.
Published: September 2011

3 hedgehogs permitted to hibernate for five days after learning a multiple-Y maze did not differ in post-hibernation scores from 3 control animals maintained in a wakeful state for the same period. Non-confirmation of a retroaction hypothesis was attributed to failure of controls to forget.
Dosing Order and Depression of Avoidance Behavior by Chlorpromazine
Authors: Stone George C.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of six rats each were injected with 0.0, 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 mg/kg of chlorpromazine in ascending or descending dosage orders after they had been trained on a nondiscriminated avoidance behavior. The animals that received the high dose first showed lower response rates during tests with low doses than did those that were given the low dose first.
Relationships among Selected Assessment Data Describing a Group of Peace Corps Trainees
Authors: Perloff Robert , Gillmer Richard S.
Published: September 2011

A population of Peace Corps trainees was examined in terms of demographic variables, aptitude and achievement test scores, course grades, peer nominations, estimates of authoritarianism, and rating criteria. The data suggested the tendency ( r = –.37) for the nonwhites, for older people ( r = -.30), and the females ( r = –.30) to be somewhat more authoritarian than younger, white, and male trainees. Trainees with good grades tended to be popular among their peers and not as authoritarian as those with mediocre grades ( r = .62 and –.17, respectively). Peer nominations were stable across time, and selected biases of individual raters against specific variables could be identified. The ultimate significance of the foregoing measures awaits validation against performance criteria of the Peace Corps Volunteers in their overseas assignments.
Longitudinal Evaluation of Nonintellectual Changes Associated with a Special Two-Year Humanities Program
Authors: Plant Walter T.
Published: September 2011

Measures of dogmatism, ethnocentrism, and authoritarianism were administered to freshmen invitees to a special Humanities Program and again 2 yr. later. Mean changes on the three scales were reported for two groups: (a) Ss who accepted the invitation and completed the sequence and (b) Ss who declined the invitation and completed the college general education requirements in the conventional “collection of courses” fashion. Both groups changed significantly toward decreased dogmatism, ethnocentrism, and dogmatism but Group (a) had the largest net change from an initially lower level on each of the scales.
Monetary Incentive and Cooperation/Competition Instructions in a Minimal Social Situation
Authors: Crawford Thomas , Sidowski Joseph B.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the influence of monetary incentive and cooperation/competition instructions upon performance in a minimal social situation, pairs of Ss were interconnected so that the button-pressing responses of S1 provided positive or negative rewards to S2, and vice versa. Competing Ss were told to make more points than the opponent. Cooperating Ss were told to make as high a combined score as possible. Ss were offered a monetary incentive for the highest score or no incentive. Analyses indicated more correct responses for cooperating Ss and no significant monetary incentive effects.
Extension of the Repression-Sensitization Hypothesis to Success and Failure Experience
Authors: Tempone Vincent J.
Published: September 2011

Byrne's (1961) R-S scale was administered to 244 university students. Those scoring in the 75th percentile or above were designated sensitizers; those in the 25th percentile and below, repressers. Forty Ss were selected from each of these two groups and were further sub-divided to form success and failure conditions. Ss then received a success or failure experience followed by a tachistoscopic task where eight critical words (words associated with the tests) and eight neutral words (words not associated) were presented. The following hypotheses were supported. (a) Repressers had higher thresholds than sensitizers for critical words under the failure condition. (b) There was no significant difference between repressers' and sensitizers' thresholds under the success condition. (c) Thresholds to neutral words, although following the same trend as critical words in the four groups, did not differ significantly for repressers and sensitizers under either the success or failure condition.
Preferences of Monkeys for Automatically Dispensable Rewards
Authors: Polidora V. J. , Schneider Ira J.
Published: September 2011

Initial and long-term preferences of 6 rhesus monkeys for 14 automatically dispensable rewards were determined by paired-comparison and operant response rate procedures. Initial preference for sugar pellets, dextrose or sucrose, was at least as high as that for any other single reward studied. Reward “cocktails,” composed of mixtures of several different rewards, were preferred after several hundred rewards had been consumed. It was concluded that the paired-comparison method provided a better estimate of initial preference than did the operant response rate procedure.
Application of the Dollard and Auld Content Analysis Method to Sentence Completion Material
Authors: Hampton Peter J.
Published: September 2011

Comparison of sentence completion responses scored in two ways favors the Dollard-Auld content analysis for evaluation of strengths of an otherwise doubtful prospective employee.
Reliability of Learning and Recall Scores as Affected by Length and Difficulty of Lists
Authors: Stroud James B. , Boose Beatrice J.
Published: September 2011

The effects of length of list, level of difficulty, and method of determination upon the reliability estimates of learning and recall scores (CVC trigrams) were investigated in the paired-associate situation. For all conditions estimates of reliability were obtained by the equivalent-form and split-half methods. The two methods gave fairly comparable results for the reliability of the learning scores on lists of moderate length. The obtained reliability estimates tended to increase with increased list length, although these did not increase in the manner predicted by the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula. The reliabilities of the recall scores were low, but they did increase with increased length of list more than did the learning scores. Means of learning scores increased with practice while those of recall scores decreased. Means of recall scores were relatively greater for the longer lists than for the shorter ones.
Drug-Personality Interaction in the Learning of a Nonsense Syllable Task
Authors: McPeake John D. , Dimascio Alberto
Published: September 2011

DiMascio, et al. have demonstrated that drugs produce differential effects in two personality types. The effects of three drugs (chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, and secobarbital) on learning (nonsense syllables) were examined in individuals pre-selected according to the criteria set forth by DiMascio, et al. Drugs improved learning in one personality type only. The importance of drug-personality interaction in psychopharmacologic studies is stressed.
Conflict Resolution and the Process of Temporal Integration
Authors: Renner K. Edward
Published: September 2011

Four experiments using rats as Ss are reported. First, delay of reward and delay of punishment gradients were determined empirically for a similar right-left position-discrimination response, using the same apparatus. Second, this empirical information was used to describe how a double approach-avoidance conflict would be resolved when the rewards and punishments for both the right- and left-choice were unevenly distributed in time. The purposes of the experiments were: (a) to demonstrate that the process of resolving such temporal conflicts requires S to integrate over a delay interval the relative value of both the reward and the punishment for each of the two choices, and (b) to show that this value was, in turn, jointly determined by the separate delay of reward and delay of punishment gradients. Further, it was shown that the height and duration of these two types of delay of reinforcement gradients were determined by other variables, and when the height or duration of one of the gradients was altered, so was the underlying value of the reinforcement and the resolution of a temporal conflict. The relation of this process, and of delay of reinforcement in general, to neurotic or self-defeating behavior was noted.
Effect of Unpaired UCS Presentations on Performance in Eyelid Conditioning
Authors: Loess Henry
Published: September 2011

The facilitative effect of unpaired UCS presentations in eyelid conditioning was studied by varying the number of prior paired CS-UCS presentations (associative factor) and the intensity of the UCS (motivational factor). Results showed that, when a strong UCS was used on paired CS-UCS trials, performance following unpaired UCS presentations was significantly poorer than performance of a control group which had received continued CS-UCS pairings. When a weak UCS was used, unpaired UCS presentations led to an increase in CRs but no more than would have been expected following an equal number of prior paired CS-UCS trials. Performance was not related to the intensity of the UCS on unpaired trials. Results are interpreted as leaving the issue unresolved.
Effects of Overtraining on Acquisition and Reversal of Place and Response Learning
Authors: Hicks Leslie H.
Published: September 2011

Five groups of rats were given 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 overtraining trials in a T-maze to determine the effects on the acquisition and reversal of place and response habits. Increasing overtraining produced more response than place learners, but there was no facilitative effect in reversal learning with increased overtraining, nor was there a differential effect on the ease of reversal of place or response learning.
An Experimental Analysis of Analogical Reasoning
Authors: Willner Allen
Published: September 2011

Previous studies of analogical reasoning leave two important questions unanswered: (1) What does analogical reasoning consist of as a process? (2) What do analogy tests test? The purpose of the studies described in this paper was to investigate the process of analogical reasoning under conditions which control for hypothesized confounding effects of word association. The results suggest that approximately half the analogy items on current tests can be solved by word association; a new analogy test minimally soluble by word association was therefore constructed. Several other extraneous variables which may also be confounded with analogical reasoning were described.
Greater Resistance to Extinction after Continuous Reinforcement than after Partial Reinforcement
Authors: Bridger Wagner H. , Lopez Thomas
Published: September 2011

50 paid volunteer college students were used in a GSR conditioning experiment with electric shock as the UCS. Words were used as stimuli with the CS word embedded among 4 control stimuli. Ss were divided into two groups, partially or continuously reinforced over 25 trials. Part of each group was informed as to the onset of extinction. For the Informed Ss, those continuously reinforced showed greater resistance to extinction than those partially reinforced ( p = .03). For the Uninformed Ss the reverse was true ( p = .02). The results show that informing Ss as to the onset of extinction makes response strength, as measured by resistance to extinction, a positive function of the number of reinforcements.
Effects of Unpaired Pre-Acquisition Exposure of CS and UCS on Classical Conditioning of the Nictitating Membrane Response of the Albino Rabbit
Authors: Suboski Milton D. , di Lollo Vincent , Gormezano I.
Published: September 2011

The effects of the presentation, prior to acquisition training of (1) “no stimulation,” (2) CS alone trials, (3) UCS alone trials, and (4) CS-UCS unpaired trials were investigated in conditioning and extinction of the nictitating membrane response. The principal findings were: (a) significantly higher blink rates in adaptation for the groups receiving the UCS, (b) no differences among groups in acquisition, (c) greater resistance to extinction by groups receiving the CS in adaptation, as evidenced by significant differences in spontaneous recovery, and (d) a significant over-all increase in UCR magnitude in adaptation and acquisition.
Epps Performance under Social Desirability Instructions: College Females
Authors: Stollak Gary E.
Published: September 2011

The EPPS was administered to 59 female Ss under social desirability instructions (SDI). Under SDI, and similar to males under SDI, Ach, Def, Ord, Aff, Nur, and End means were significantly higher than under standard instructions (Edwards' college norms), and Exh, Aut, Chg, Het, Agg, and Suc, were significantly lower. Whereas for males, the SDI-SI correlation is .19, for females it is .77. Such results suggest that the high SDI-SI correlations previously found by other investigators were mainly due to the contribution of the females' performance. Furthermore, performance of males and females under SDI correlates .88, indicating close agreement as to their choices of SD statements on the EPPS.
Cognitive Complexity: Construct Descriptive Terms vs Cognitive Process
Authors: Carr John E.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that cognitive complexity (CC) scores derived from own and provided constructs may be equivalent because of the limited relevance of specific construct descriptive terms to the actual underlying cognitive dimensions used by the judge. Sixty-three Ss, assigned to three levels of abstractness, were administered the Interpersonal Discrimination Test from which were derived 2 CC type scores: differentiation, based on the number of non-repeated constructs generated, and over-all discrimination, based on the extent to which functionally independent construct dimensions were broken down. The groups were not significantly different on mean differentiation scores, but were significantly different on mean discrimination scores. The results were interpreted as supporting the original hypothesis and further implications were discussed.
Relative Predictive Validities of MOS and DAT Batteries for Junior High School Students
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Clarke Walter V. , Jacobsen Gwendolyn
Published: September 2011

The MOS Battery of 8 tests was administered to a sample of junior high school students along with the DAT Battery also consisting of 8 tests. The test-taking time for the MOS Battery is 42 min.; for the DAT Battery, it is 186 min. Multiple regression equations and multiple correlation coefficients were calculated for both batteries in predicting the final marks in Grades 8 and 9 of 88 male and 65 female students. The results, which were similar to those obtained in an earlier study conducted at the senior high school level, revealed that both batteries are essentially equally valid predictors of success in the basic academic courses of English, Mathematics, Science, and Social Studies. A difference in the results for the junior high school samples and senior high school samples of the previous investigation was noted in that memory for facts as measured by the MOS Memory Test and knowledge of good English Usage as measured by the DAT Sentence Test appear to influence the final grades of junior high school students more than they do those of the senior high school students.
Effects of Contrast in Stimulation on Gastrointestinal Motility
Authors: Stern Robert M.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of contrast in stimulation, or in other words, the effects of the immediately preceding level of stimulation on the gastrointestinal response to a moderate level of stimulation. As was hypothesized, a change to a moderate level of stimulation resulted in a decrease in g.i. motility for a group of 20 male Ss who were responding at a high level to high stimulation, and an increase in level of responding for another group of 20 male S s who were responding at a previously low level to low stimulation. For various autonomic measures there is an immediate reversal in relative level of responding with change in level of stimulation, whereas for g.i. motility there is a 2- to 3-min. increase in activity for both groups following any change in stimulation and then a reversal in level of g.i. responding.
Reactions to the President's Assassination and Changes in Philosophies of Human Nature
Authors: Wrightsman Lawrence S. , Noble Frank C.
Published: September 2011

30 college students who had answered the Philosophies of Human Nature Scale 14 mo. earlier retook the scale, along with a questionnaire assessing reactions to the President's death. Those Ss who agreed with Kennedy's policies and who felt a “great personal loss” showed less favorable views of human nature at the time of the post-assassination testing. Those less in agreement and less concerned showed no such change. Followup testing 3 mo. after the first retesting indicated that the disillusionment with human nature was apparently a temporary one.
Acquiescence and Extremes Response Sets of Actors and Teachers
Authors: Zuckerman Marvin , Oppenheimer Cynthia , Gershowitz Daniel
Published: September 2011

Groups of male and female teachers, actors, and actresses were given Berg's Perceptual Reaction Test. An acquiescence score was obtained by totalling the “like much” and “like slightly” responses; and an extremes-set score was obtained by totalling the “like much” and “dislike much” responses. Actors and actresses scored significantly higher than teachers on the “extremes-set” measure. No differences were found on the acquiescence measure. Two hypotheses were offered: the use of “extremes” is symptomatic of a general behavioral deviancy or a general state of arousal or drive.
A Test of Intentional Mixing or Clustering in a Behavior Sequence
Authors: Drewes Donald W.
Published: September 2011

A probability distribution of the number of alternations of individual choice behavior between two or more mutually exclusive behavior categories over a sequence of t trials is proposed. Decision procedures for testing the randomness hypothesis are described and an example given. The maximum-likelihood estimation of the choice parameter is presented and a test of the stationarity assumption of the model described.
Anxiety, Anxiety Reduction and Motivating Instructions in Human Learning and Performance
Authors: Sassenrath Julius M. , Kight Howard R.
Published: September 2011

This experiment assessed the effects of (a) appropriate, random, and no reinforcement; and (b) stress (St) vs reassurance (Re) instructions in a learning situation on anxiety reduction and induction as measured by the Test Anxiety Questionnaire. The results, from a sample of 54 university students, showed no anxiety reduction or induction due to reinforcement conditions but did show anxiety reduction for the Re group and anxiety induction for the St group. The former results indicate that anxiety reduction and induction are not associated with another reinforcing stimulus. However, the latter results support the theory relating motivating instructions and test anxiety to learning.
Intentional Learning of Nonverbal Material with Simultaneous or Incidental Learning of Verbal Material
Authors: Miller Marilyn E. , Burroughs Alice A.
Published: September 2011

224 Ss were instructed to learn a series of 7 geometric forms, each enclosing 1 of 7 different nonsense syllables. Half the Ss were instructed to learn the syllables for recognition (Intentional) and half were not (Incidental). A given syllable either appeared in the same form on all trials (Constant) or in a different form on each trial (Varied). Stimuli were presented for either 2 or 8 sec. for either 1, 3, 5, or 7 trials. These data were compared with data previously obtained from Ss who learned the series of syllables and were tested for form recognition. Serial anticipation learning was slower for forms than for syllables. Varying the position of forms facilitated their recognition, but varied position had no effect upon syllable recognition. Serial position error curves were inspected.