bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public Relations, Issue Management, and the Transformation of American Environmentalism, 1948–1992
Authors: ARONCZYK MELISSA
Published: August 2018

This article examines the case of U.S. corporate environmentalism as a dramatic instance of issue management over four decades. Drawing on administrative and trade publications, archival sources, and personal interviews, the article tracks the gradual adoption of issue management and strategic planning techniques by the environmental public relations industry, demonstrating the increasingly powerful role of PR in influencing environmental policy making in the United States. By tracing its origins in the realm of environmental issues, the article argues that issue management became, over a forty-year period, a key strategy to define, limit, and control the concept of the environment in American society. The issue management tactics deployed by public relations actors to counter environmental activism and regulation offer a paradigmatic example from which to derive critical insights about the twin evolution of American social movements and the public relations industry.
Access to Prison Law Libraries as a Precursor to Effective Administration of Justice in Nigeria: Lessons from the United States of America
Authors: Bamgbose Oludayo John
Published: August 2018

A decade after the inauguration of the national working group on the reform of criminal justice administration in Nigeria by the then Attorney General of the Federation, Chief Akin Olujinmi, SAN, Nigeria was presented with a newly signed law—Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA), which was a direct response to the growing call for reforms that would address the plethora of problems confronting the administration of the criminal justice system in Nigeria. The 495-section law harmonized the existing two principal laws: the Criminal Procedure Act (CPA) and the Criminal Procedure Code (CPC), which hitherto governed the administration of criminal justice system across all Federal-owned Courts in Nigeria and the Courts within the Federal Capital Territory. Both CPA and CPC operated for many decades in Nigeria, but had many challenges, hence the urgency for the newcomer— ACJA.
Information Literacy in a Fake/False News World: Why Does it Matter and How Does it Spread?
Authors: Niedringhaus Kristina L.
Published: August 2018

Now that we have a better understanding of the history and context of fake news, I am going to discuss why fake news and combatting it matters and how the recent rise of fake news correlates with a change in how society views expertise. I will also share the recently released results of a huge research project examining how fake news spreads.
UNIFORM PROCEDURES IN UNCOUNTABLE STRUCTURES
Authors: GREENBERG NOAM , MELNIKOV ALEXANDER G. , KNIGHT JULIA F. , TURETSKY DANIEL
Published: August 2018

This article contributes to the general program of extending techniques and ideas of effective algebra to computable metric space theory. It is well-known that relative computable categoricity (to be defined) of a computable algebraic structure is equivalent to having a c.e. Scott family with finitely many parameters (e.g., [1]). The first main result of the article extends this characterisation to computable Polish metric spaces. The second main result illustrates that just a slight change of the definitions will give us a new notion of categoricity unseen in the countable case (to be stated formally). The second result also shows that the characterisation of computably categorical closed subspaces of ${\Cal R}^n $ contained in [17] cannot be improved. The third main result extends the characterisation to not necessarily separable structures of cardinality κ using κ-computability.
KEISLER’S ORDER IS NOT LINEAR, ASSUMING A SUPERCOMPACT
Authors: ULRICH DOUGLAS
Published: August 2018

We show that if there is a supercompact cardinal, then Keisler’s order is not linear. More specifically, let Tn,k be the theory of the generic n-clique free k-ary graph for any n > k ≥ 3, and let TCas be the simple nonlow theory described by Casanovas in [2]. Then we show that TCas$$Tn,k always, and if there is a supercompact cardinal then Tn,k$$TCas.
THE COMPLEXITY OF THE EMBEDDABILITY RELATION BETWEEN TORSION-FREE ABELIAN GROUPS OF UNCOUNTABLE SIZE
Authors: CALDERONI FILIPPO
Published: August 2018

We prove that for every uncountable cardinal κ such that κ<κ = κ, the quasi-order of embeddability on the κ-space of κ-sized graphs Borel reduces to the embeddability on the κ-space of κ-sized torsion-free abelian groups. Then we use the same techniques to prove that the former Borel reduces to the embeddability relation on the κ-space of κ-sized R-modules, for every $\mathbb{S}$-cotorsion-free ring R of cardinality less than the continuum. As a consequence we get that all the previous are complete $\Sigma _1^1$ quasi-orders.
WEIGHT ELEMENTS OF THE KNOT GROUPS OF SOME THREE-STRAND PRETZEL KNOTS
Authors: TERAGAITO MASAKAZU
Published: August 2018

A knot group has weight one, so is normally generated by a single element called a weight element of the knot group. A meridian is a typical weight element, but some knot groups admit other weight elements. We show that for some infinite classes of three-strand pretzel knots and all prime knots with up to eight crossings, the knot groups admit weight elements that are not automorphic images of meridians.
THE LOCAL -POLYNOMIALS OF CLUSTER SUBDIVISIONS HAVE ONLY REAL ZEROS
Authors: ZHANG PHILIP B.
Published: August 2018

Athanasiadis [‘A survey of subdivisions and local$h$-vectors’, inThe Mathematical Legacy of Richard P. Stanley(American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2017), 39–51] asked whether the local$h$-polynomials of type$A$cluster subdivisions have only real zeros. We confirm this conjecture and prove that the local$h$-polynomials for all the Cartan–Killing types have only real roots. Our proofs use multiplier sequences and Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind.
A systemic study of lipid metabolism regulation in salmon fingerlings and early juveniles fed plant oil
Authors: Jin Yang , Olsen Rolf E. , Gillard Gareth B. , Østensen Mari-Ann , Korsvoll Sven A. , Santi Nina , Vik Jon O. , Sandve Simen R. , Olsen Yngvar
Published: August 2018

In salmon farming, the scarcity of fish oil has driven a shift towards the use of plant-based oil from vegetable or seed, leading to fish feed low in long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) and cholesterol. Atlantic salmon has the capacity to synthesise both LC-PUFA and cholesterol, but little is known about the regulation of synthesis and how it varies throughout salmon life span. Here, we present a systemic view of lipid metabolism pathways based on lipid analyses and transcriptomic data from salmon fed contrasting diets of plant or fish oil from first feeding. We analysed four tissues (stomach, pyloric caeca, hindgut and liver) at three life stages (initial feeding 0·16 g, 2·5 g fingerlings and 10 g juveniles). The strongest response to diets higher in plant oil was seen in pyloric caeca of fingerlings, with up-regulation of thirty genes in pathways for cholesterol uptake, transport and biosynthesis. In juveniles, only eleven genes showed differential expression in pyloric caeca. This indicates a higher requirement of dietary cholesterol in fingerlings, which could result in a more sensitive response to plant oil. The LC-PUFA elongation and desaturation pathway was down-regulated in pyloric caeca, probably regulated bysrebp1genes. In liver, cholesterol metabolism and elongation and desaturation genes were both higher on plant oil. Stomach and hindgut were not notably affected by dietary treatment. Plant oil also had a higher impact on fatty acid composition of fingerlings compared with juveniles, suggesting that fingerlings have less metabolic regulatory control when primed with plant oil diet compared with juveniles.
Defining host range: host–parasite compatibility during the non-infective phase of the parasite also matters
Authors: Veiga Jesús , De Oña Paloma , Salazar Beatriz , Valera Francisco
Published: August 2018

Host range and parasite specificity determine key epidemiological, ecological and evolutionary aspects of host–parasite interactions. Parasites are usually classified as generalists or specialists based on the number of hosts they feed on. Yet, the requirements of the various stages of a parasite may influence the suitability of a given host species. Here, we investigate the generalist nature of three common ectoparasites (the dipteranCarnus hemapterusand two species of louse flies,Pseudolynchia canariensisandOrnithophila metallica), exploiting two avian host species (the European rollerCoracias garrulusand the Rock pigeonColumba livia), that frequently occupy the same breeding sites. We explore the prevalence and abundance of both the infective and the puparial stages of the ectoparasites in both host species. Strong preferences ofPseudolynchia canariensisfor pigeons and ofCarnus hemapterusfor rollers were found. Moderate prevalence ofOrnithophila metallicawas found in rollers but this louse fly avoided pigeons. In some cases, the infestation patterns observed for imagoes and puparia were consistent whereas in other cases host preferences inferred from imagoes differed from the ones suggested by puparia. We propose that the adult stages of these ectoparasites are more specialist than reported and that the requirements of non-infective stages can restrict the effective host range of some parasites.
Age War as the New Class War? Contemporary Representations of Intergenerational Inequity
Authors: PICKARD SUSAN
Published: August 2018

This paper examines intergenerational justice discourses that feature prominently in both the contemporary UK media and beyond, arguing that these constitute both a continuation of previous debates about the economic and social burden of the dependent ‘fourth age’ and a newer and more prominent denigration of the ‘third age’, both of which possess deep cultural and psychological roots. Both themes are subsumed in the trope of the old as in some ways stealing the future of the nation, represented by youth. Analysing media depictions of intergenerational injustice across several themes, the paper suggests that, whilst justifying welfare retrenchment and other aspects of neoliberalism, the portrayal of social problems in terms of generational war emerges from age ideology and an age system that, among other things, intersects with and naturalises other forms of stratification. This partly accounts for the fact that the attack on the ‘third age’ is particularly prevalent in left of centre, or progressive, media on both sides of the Atlantic. That the age system has been overlooked and underplayed in sociological terms is an important oversight since the former materially and ideologically facilitates the ever-growing socio-economic inequality that is a feature of our times.
Displacing Vision: Contact Improvisation, Anarchy, and Empathy
Authors: Yohalem Hannah
Published: August 2018

In this article, I specify and historicize the modes of communication that were at play among practitioners of contact improvisation+ and between the dancers and their audiences throughout the 1970s and into the early 1980s. I argue that contact improvisation's turn away from dance as a performed visual medium and toward the tactile experience of the participants exceeds a phenomenological reading and instead needs to be considered in light of anarchist theories of mutual assistance in which group behavior supports individual development. At the same time, however, Steve Paxton, the founder of the form, became concerned precisely with its opacity for an audience. I locate this ambivalent engagement with the performance of a participatory action in the edited video recordings that Paxton made together with Lisa Nelson, Nancy Stark Smith, and Steve Christiansen. These mediated videos, aligned with the rise of video art, paradoxically aim to spark a stronger connection than Paxton thought was possible during the live demonstrations of the form.
The acquisition of lexical tones by Cantonese–English bilingual children
Authors: MOK Peggy Pik Ki , LEE Albert
Published: August 2018

Previous studies on bilingual children found intact tonal development at the initial stages of interaction between Cantonese and English in successive bilingual children, whereas children exposed to both languages from birth have not been studied in this regard. We examined the production of Cantonese tones by five simultaneous bilingual children longitudinally at 2;0 and 2;6, and compared them with age-matched monolingual children using auditory analysis. Our results showed that some bilingual children had a delay at 2;0, compared to their monolingual peers. Some bilingual children also exhibited a ‘high–low’ template in their production, resembling the pitch pattern of English trochaic words. These findings suggest a possible early interaction of the Cantonese and English prosodic systems in which bilingual children adopted the English stress pattern in Cantonese production. The time-point along the trajectory of phonological development is important in modulating whether cross-linguistic transfer can be observed.
Interdisciplinarity as a State of Mind: How Can Individuals and Societies Reach It?
Authors: Muzur Amir
Published: August 2018

The necessity of an interdisciplinary approach to both research and education can today hardly be debated, especially when one thinks of the complexity and dynamics of changes in the human brain and behaviour related to digitalisation and informatisation. Real interdisciplinarity, however, has to be born within the individual, representing a kind of a particular state of mind. To achieve such a goal, reforms of both science and the educational system are needed, broadening the fundamentals of our knowledge. To support and elaborate this thesis, various ideas will be analysed related to one successful example of interdisciplinarity, represented, in the author’s opinion, in the history of development of bioethics.
Funding Empowerment: U.S. Foundations and Global Gender Equality
Authors: Irvine Jill A. , Halterman Nicholas
Published: August 2018

Although U.S. private foundations provide significant and varied kinds of support for women and girls globally, we know little about the scope of foundation giving or its effects. In what ways, we ask, has foundation funding attempted to promote the empowerment of women and girls? An important critique has emerged among scholars and practitioners that funding practices often undermine women's activism and movements. We study the empirical evidence for this critique, examining funding trends internationally in the areas of capacity building, issue framing, and coalition forming from 2002 to 2013. We argue that there are reasons for both optimism and concern. On the one hand, we find that the share of funding for organizations and issues that have a political advocacy component has held steady in the past decade. On the other hand, we find trends in the opposite direction in declining shares of funding for general operating costs, leadership training, and coalition building for groups engaged in political advocacy—trends that may weaken the ability of gender equality organizations to promote enduring change.
Mafic High‐Pressure Rocks Are Preferentially Exhumed From Warm Subduction Settings
Authors: van Keken Peter E. , Wada Ikuko , Abers Geoffrey A. , Hacker Bradley R. , Wang Kelin
Published: August 2018

The oceanic crust that enters a subduction zone is generally recycled to great depth. In rare and punctuated episodes, however, blueschists and eclogites derived from subducted oceanic crust are exhumed. Compilations of the maximum pressure‐temperature conditions in exhumed rocks indicate significantly warmer conditions than those predicted by thermal models. This could be due to preferential exhumation of rocks from hotter conditions that promote greater fluid productivity, mobility, and buoyancy. Alternatively, the models might underestimate the forearc temperatures by neglecting certain heat sources. We compare two sets of global subduction zone thermal models to the rock record. We find that the addition of reasonable amounts of shear heating leads to less than 50 °C heating of the oceanic crust compared to models that exclude this heat source. Models for young oceanic lithosphere tend to agree well with the rock record. We test the hypothesis that certain heat sources may be missing in the models by constructing a global set of models that have high arbitrary heat sources in the forearc. Models that satisfy the rock record in this manner, however, fail to satisfy independent geophysical and geochemical observations. These combined tests show that the average exhumed mafic rock record is systematically warmer than the average thermal structure of mature modern subduction zones. We infer that typical blueschists and eclogites were exhumed preferentially under relatively warm conditions that occurred due to the subduction of young oceanic lithosphere or during the warmer initial stages of subduction.
Sources, Sinks, and Transport of Energetic Electrons Near Saturn's Main Rings
Authors: Roussos E. , Kollmann P. , Krupp N. , Paranicas C. , Dialynas K. , Jones G. H. , Mitchell D. G. , Krimigis S. M. , Cooper J. F.
Published: August 2018

The inner boundary of Saturn's electron radiation belts, near the planet's A ring (∼2.27 Rs), is studied using Cassini's proximal orbit measurements. We find that variable convective flows transport energetic electrons to the A ring, which absorbs them instantaneously, forming the inner belt boundary. These flows are also responsible for a variable and longitudinally asymmetric boundary configuration. Prenoon, the boundary oscillates toward and away from the A ring with a 2‐week period. Postnoon, it maps persistently near the F ring (∼2.32 Rs) and coexists with localized MeV electron intensity enhancements (microbelts). We propose that the microbelts contain electrons in drift resonance with corotation, trapped in local time‐confined trajectories, which result from the aforementioned convective flows. The microbelts' collocation with the F ring implies either a local, secondary electron production due to galactic cosmic ray collisions with F ring dust or an enhanced resonant electron trapping due to an electrodynamic interaction between the F ring and Saturn's magnetosphere.
Deformation of Electron Pitch Angle Distributions Caused by Upper Band Chorus Observed by the Arase Satellite
Authors: Kurita S. , Miyoshi Y. , Kasahara S. , Yokota S. , Kasahara Y. , Matsuda S. , Kumamoto A. , Matsuoka A. , Shinohara I.
Published: August 2018

We report on deformation of electron pitch angle distributions associated with upper band chorus observed by the Arase satellite. The deformation is characterized by flux increase of 17–30 keV electrons in a narrow and oblique pitch angle range (65–80°) and by flux decrease in 7–17 keV electron flux in the smaller pitch angle range than the flux increase. Comparison of change in electron pitch angle distributions with resonant ellipses of the upper band chorus shows that the deformation appears where effective wave‐particle interaction is expected in the velocity space, and the flux increase takes place along the resonant ellipse of the upper frequency of the wave. This strongly suggests that the deformation is a consequence of wave‐particle interactions between electrons and upper band chorus. The Arase observation demonstrates that the deformation occurs within 30 s, which is faster than expected from the quasi‐linear diffusion theory.
Precursors of Magnetic Flux Emergence in the Moat Flows of Active Region AR12673
Authors: Attie R. , Kirk M. S. , Thompson B. J. , Muglach K. , Norton A. A.
Published: August 2018

We report on observations of magnetic disturbances in active region AR12673 between 1 and 3 September 2017 seen as a disruption of the moat flow several hours before the onset of strong flux emergence near the main sunspot. The moat flow is commonly known as a radially oriented strong outflow of photospheric plasma surrounding sunspots, which ends abruptly and thus shapes an annular pattern around the penumbra. Using highly accurate methods of tracking this photospheric flow applied to Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager data, we are able to describe the evolution of the moat surrounding the main sunspot of AR 12673. We find that several hours before the emergence of strong magnetic flux near the main sunspot, the moat boundaries are broken at these very same locations. This behavior is observed both on 1 and 3 September. There is no such behavior observed in the absence of flux emergence. These observational results pose the question of how often they occur in other active regions and whether the disruption of the moat flow might be, like in this case, an indication of impending enhanced magnetic activity or simply a coincidental event.
The anchoring effect—long-term dormancy and genetic population structure
Authors: Sundqvist Lisa , Godhe Anna , Jonsson Per R , Sefbom Josefin
Published: August 2018

Understanding the genetic structure of populations is key to revealing past and present demographic and evolutionary processes in a species. In the past decade high genetic differentiation has been observed in many microbial species challenging the previous view of cosmopolitan distribution. Populations have displayed high genetic differentiation, even at small spatial scales, despite apparent high dispersal. Numerous species of microalgae have a life-history strategy that includes a long-term resting stage, which can accumulate in sediments and serve as refuge during adverse conditions. It is presently unclear how these seed banks affect the genetic structure of populations in aquatic environments. Here we provide a conceptual framework, using a simple model, to show that long-term resting stages have an anchoring effect on populations leading to increased genetic diversity and population differentiation in the presence of gene flow. The outcome that species with resting stages have a higher degree of genetic differentiation compared to species without, is supported by empirical data obtained from a systematic literature review. With this work we propose that seed banks in aquatic microalgae play an important role in the contradicting patterns of gene flow, and ultimately the adaptive potential and population dynamics in species with long-term resting stages.
Rsad2 is necessary for mouse dendritic cell maturation via the IRF7-mediated signaling pathway
Authors: Jang Ji-Su , Lee Jun-Ho , Jung Nam-Chul , Choi So-Yeon , Park Soo-Yeoun , Yoo Ji-Young , Song Jie-Young , Seo Han Geuk , Lee Hyun Soo , Lim Dae-Seog
Published: August 2018

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent professional antigen presenting cells and inducers of T cell-mediated immunity. However, few specific markers of mature DCs (mDC) have been reported. A previous microarray analysis revealed expression of mDC-specific genes and identified Rsad2 (radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2) as a candidate specific marker for DC maturation. Mouse bone marrow-derived DCs were transfected with Rsad2 siRNA and examined by flow cytometry, ELISA, western, and confocal microscopy. C57BL/6 mice received intravenously B16F10 cells to establish a pulmonary metastasis model. Tumor-bearing mice then received subcutaneously two injections of mDCs or Rsad2 knockdown DCs. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) population was examined from splenocytes of DC-vaccinated mice by flow cytometry. Rsad2 was induced at high levels in LPS-stimulated mDCs and mDC function was markedly attenuated under conditions of Rsad2 knockdown. Moreover, Rsad2 was necessary for mDC maturation via the IRF7-mediated signaling pathway. The importance of Rsad2 was confirmed in an Rsad2 knockdown lung metastasis mouse model in which mDCs lost their antitumor efficacy. Data on the CTL population further supported the results as above. Taken together, Rsad2 was an obvious and specific marker necessary for DC maturation and these findings will be clearly helpful for further understanding of DC biology.
Deep learning to predict the lab-of-origin of engineered DNA
Authors: Nielsen Alec A. K. , Voigt Christopher A.
Published: August 2018

Genetic engineering projects are rapidly growing in scale and complexity, driven by new tools to design and construct DNA. There is increasing concern that widened access to these technologies could lead to attempts to construct cells for malicious intent, illegal drug production, or to steal intellectual property. Determining the origin of a DNA sequence is difficult and time-consuming. Here deep learning is applied to predict the lab-of-origin of a DNA sequence. A convolutional neural network was trained on the Addgene plasmid dataset that contained 42,364 engineered DNA sequences from 2230 labs as of February 2016. The network correctly identifies the source lab 48% of the time and 70% it appears in the top 10 predicted labs. Often, there is not a single “smoking gun” that affiliates a DNA sequence with a lab. Rather, it is a combination of design choices that are individually common but collectively reveal the designer.
Strong whistler mode waves observed in the vicinity of Jupiter’s moons
Authors: Shprits Y. Y. , Menietti J. D. , Drozdov A. Y. , Horne R. B. , Woodfield E. E. , Groene J. B. , de Soria-Santacruz M. , Averkamp T. F. , Garrett H. , Paranicas C. , Gurnett D. A.
Published: August 2018

Understanding of wave environments is critical for the understanding of how particles are accelerated and lost in space. This study shows that in the vicinity of Europa and Ganymede, that respectively have induced and internal magnetic fields, chorus wave power is significantly increased. The observed enhancements are persistent and exceed median values of wave activity by up to 6 orders of magnitude for Ganymede. Produced waves may have a pronounced effect on the acceleration and loss of particles in the Jovian magnetosphere and other astrophysical objects. The generated waves are capable of significantly modifying the energetic particle environment, accelerating particles to very high energies, or producing depletions in phase space density. Observations of Jupiter’s magnetosphere provide a unique opportunity to observe how objects with an internal magnetic field can interact with particles trapped in magnetic fields of larger scale objects.
Pathogen-derived HLA-E bound epitopes reveal broad primary anchor pocket tolerability and conformationally malleable peptide binding
Authors: Walters Lucy C. , Harlos Karl , Brackenridge Simon , Rozbesky Daniel , Barrett Jordan R. , Jain Vitul , Walter Thomas S. , O’Callaghan Chris A. , Borrow Persephone , Toebes Mireille , Hansen Scott G. , Sacha Jonah B , Abdulhaqq Shaheed , Greene Justin M. , Früh Klaus , Marshall Emily , Picker Louis J. , Jones E. Yvonne , McMichael Andrew J. , Gillespie Geraldine M.
Published: August 2018

Through major histocompatibility complex class Ia leader sequence-derived (VL9) peptide binding and CD94/NKG2 receptor engagement, human leucocyte antigen E (HLA-E) reports cellular health to NK cells. Previous studies demonstrated a strong bias for VL9 binding by HLA-E, a preference subsequently supported by structural analyses. However,Mycobacteria tuberculosis(Mtb) infection and Rhesus cytomegalovirus-vectored SIV vaccinations revealed contexts where HLA-E and the rhesus homologue, Mamu-E, presented diverse pathogen-derived peptides to CD8+T cells, respectively. Here we present crystal structures of HLA-E in complex with HIV and Mtb-derived peptides. We show that despite the presence of preferred primary anchor residues, HLA-E-bound peptides can adopt alternative conformations within the peptide binding groove. Furthermore, combined structural and mutagenesis analyses illustrate a greater tolerance for hydrophobic and polar residues in the primary pockets than previously appreciated. Finally, biochemical studies reveal HLA-E peptide binding and exchange characteristics with potential relevance to its alternative antigen presenting function in vivo.
Local orthorhombic lattice distortions in the paramagnetic tetragonal phase of superconducting NaFe1−xNixAs
Authors: Wang Weiyi , Song Yu , Cao Chongde , Tseng Kuo-Feng , Keller Thomas , Li Yu , Harriger L. W. , Tian Wei , Chi Songxue , Yu Rong , Nevidomskyy Andriy H. , Dai Pengcheng
Published: August 2018

Understanding the interplay between nematicity, magnetism and superconductivity is pivotal for elucidating the physics of iron-based superconductors. Here we use neutron scattering to probe magnetic and nematic orders throughout the phase diagram of NaFe1−xNixAs, finding that while both static antiferromagnetic and nematic orders compete with superconductivity, the onset temperatures for these two orders remain well separated approaching the putative quantum critical points. We uncover local orthorhombic distortions that persist well above the tetragonal-to-orthorhombic structural transition temperature Ts in underdoped samples and extend well into the overdoped regime that exhibits neither magnetic nor structural phase transitions. These unexpected local orthorhombic distortions display Curie–Weiss temperature dependence and become suppressed below the superconducting transition temperature Tc, suggesting that they result from the large nematic susceptibility near optimal superconductivity. Our results account for observations of rotational symmetry breaking above Ts, and attest to the presence of significant nematic fluctuations near optimal superconductivity.
Regulation of striatal cells and goal-directed behavior by cerebellar outputs
Authors: Xiao Le , Bornmann Caroline , Hatstatt-Burklé Laetitia , Scheiffele Peter
Published: August 2018

The cerebellum integrates descending motor commands and sensory information to generate predictions and detect errors during ongoing behaviors. Cerebellar computation has been proposed to control motor but also non-motor behaviors, including reward expectation and cognitive flexibility. However, the organization and functional contribution of cerebellar output channels are incompletely understood. Here, we elaborate the cell-type specificity of a broad connectivity matrix from the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) to the dorsal striatum in mice. Cerebello-striatal connections arise from all deep cerebellar subnuclei and are relayed through intralaminar thalamic nuclei (ILN). In the dorsal striatum, these connections target medium spiny neurons, but also ChAT-positive interneurons, a class of tonically active interneurons implicated in shifting and updating behavioral strategies. Chemogenetic silencing of cerebello-striatal connectivity modifies function of striatal ChAT-positive interneurons. We propose that cerebello-striatal connections relay cerebellar computation to striatal circuits for goal-directed behaviors.
Precardiac organoids form two heart fields via Bmp/Wnt signaling
Authors: Andersen Peter , Tampakakis Emmanouil , Jimenez Dennisse V. , Kannan Suraj , Miyamoto Matthew , Shin Hye Kyung , Saberi Amir , Murphy Sean , Sulistio Edrick , Chelko Stephen P. , Kwon Chulan
Published: August 2018

The discovery of the first heart field (FHF) and the second heart field (SHF) led us to understand how cardiac lineages and structures arise during development. However, it remains unknown how they are specified. Here, we generate precardiac spheroids with pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) harboring GFP/RFP reporters under the control of FHF/SHF markers, respectively. GFP+ cells and RFP+ cells appear from two distinct areas and develop in a complementary fashion. Transcriptome analysis shows a high degree of similarities with embryonic FHF/SHF cells. Bmp and Wnt are among the most differentially regulated pathways, and gain- and loss-of-function studies reveal that Bmp specifies GFP+ cells and RFP+ cells via the Bmp/Smad pathway and Wnt signaling, respectively. FHF/SHF cells can be isolated without reporters by the surface protein Cxcr4. This study provides novel insights into understanding the specification of two cardiac origins, which can be leveraged for PSC-based modeling of heart field/chamber-specific disease.
Inhibition of a K9/K36 demethylase by an H3.3 point mutation found in paediatric glioblastoma
Authors: Voon Hsiao P. J. , Udugama Maheshi , Lin Wendi , Hii Linda , Law Ruby H.P. , Steer David L. , Das Partha P. , Mann Jeffrey R. , Wong Lee H.
Published: August 2018

An array of oncogenic histone point mutations have been identified across a number of different cancer studies. It has been suggested that some of these mutant histones can exert their effects by inhibiting epigenetic writers. Here, we report that the H3.3 G34R (glycine to arginine) substitution mutation, found in paediatric gliomas, causes widespread changes in H3K9me3 and H3K36me3 by interfering with the KDM4 family of K9/K36 demethylases. Expression of a targeted single-copy of H3.3 G34R at endogenous levels induced chromatin alterations that were comparable to a KDM4 A/B/C triple-knockout. We find that H3.3 G34R preferentially binds KDM4 while simultaneously inhibiting its enzymatic activity, demonstrating that histone mutations can act through inhibition of epigenetic erasers. These results suggest that histone point mutations can exert their effects through interactions with a range of epigenetic readers, writers and erasers.
Dietary stearic acid regulates mitochondria in vivo in humans
Authors: Senyilmaz-Tiebe Deniz , Pfaff Daniel H. , Virtue Sam , Schwarz Kathrin V. , Fleming Thomas , Altamura Sandro , Muckenthaler Martina U. , Okun Jürgen G. , Vidal-Puig Antonio , Nawroth Peter , Teleman Aurelio A.
Published: August 2018

Since modern foods are unnaturally enriched in single metabolites, it is important to understand which metabolites are sensed by the human body and which are not. We previously showed that the fatty acid stearic acid (C18:0) signals via a dedicated pathway to regulate mitofusin activity and thereby mitochondrial morphology and function in cell culture. Whether this pathway is poised to sense changes in dietary intake of C18:0 in humans is not known. We show here that C18:0 ingestion rapidly and robustly causes mitochondrial fusion in people within 3 h after ingestion. C18:0 intake also causes a drop in circulating long-chain acylcarnitines, suggesting increased fatty acid beta-oxidation in vivo. This work thereby identifies C18:0 as a dietary metabolite that is sensed by our bodies to control our mitochondria. This could explain part of the epidemiological differences between C16:0 and C18:0, whereby C16:0 increases cardiovascular and cancer risk whereas C18:0 decreases both.
Intrinsic processes drive variability in basal melting of the Totten Glacier Ice Shelf
Authors: Gwyther David E. , O’Kane Terence J. , Galton-Fenzi Benjamin K. , Monselesan Didier P. , Greenbaum Jamin S.
Published: August 2018

Over the period 2003–2008, the Totten Ice Shelf (TIS) was shown to be rapidly thinning, likely due to basal melting. However, a recent study using a longer time series found high interannual variability present in TIS surface elevation without any apparent trend. Here we show that low-frequency intrinsic ocean variability potentially accounts for a large fraction of the variability in the basal melting of TIS. Specifically, numerical ocean model simulations show that up to 44% of the modelled variability in basal melting in the 1–5 year timescale (and up to 21% in the 5–10 year timescale) is intrinsic, with a similar response to the full climate forcing. We identify the important role of intrinsic ocean variability in setting the observed interannual variation in TIS surface thickness and velocity. Our results further demonstrate the need to account for intrinsic ocean processes in the detection and attribution of change.
Beam Steering Using Momentum-Reconfigurable Goubau Meta-Line Radiators
Authors: Tang Xiao-Lan , Zhang Qingfeng , Hu Sanming , Ge Shangkun , Chen Yifan , Yu Hao
Published: August 2018

Spoof/designer surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) and Goubau line belong to the same category of single-conductor surface waveguide. They feature easy integration and high field confinement capability, and hence are good candidates for wave guiding and radiating at terahertz frequencies. Here, we propose a momentum-reconfigurable Goubau meta-line radiator that is capable of digitally steering its beam at a fixed frequency, in contrast to conventional SPP or Goubau line radiators relying on changing frequencies to steer beams. By periodically loading switchable meta-lines with ON and OFF states along the Goubau line, the modulation period and hence the momentum of Goubau line radiators can be dynamically controlled. The proposed Goubau line radiator is able to steer the main beam at a given frequency by independently switching ON or OFF each unit cell. As a proof of concept, we use line connection and disconnection to mimic ON and OFF state of the switch, respectively. Several radiators, representing different switching coding combinations, are fabricated and experimentally validated. Although this momentum-reconfigurable Goubau meta-line radiator is demonstrated at microwave frequency, it can be easily extended to terahertz frequencies.
An orally-active adiponectin receptor agonist mitigates cutaneous fibrosis, inflammation and microvascular pathology in a murine model of systemic sclerosis
Authors: Yamashita Takashi , Lakota Katja , Taniguchi Takashi , Yoshizaki Ayumi , Sato Shinichi , Hong Wen , Zhou Xingchun , Sodin-Semrl Snezn , Fang Feng , Asano Yoshihide , Varga John
Published: August 2018

The hallmarks of systemic sclerosis (SSc) are autoimmunity, microangiopathy and fibrosis. Skin fibrosis is accompanied by attrition of the dermal white adipose tissue layer, and alterations in the levels and function of adiponectin. Since these findings potentially implicate adiponectin in the pathogenesis of SSc, we employed a novel pharmacological approach to augment adiponectin signaling using AdipoRon, an orally active adiponectin receptor agonist. Chronic treatment with AdipoRon significantly ameliorated bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis in mice. AdipoRon attenuated fibroblast activation, adipocyte-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation, Th2/Th17-skewed polarization of the immune response, vascular injury and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition within the lesional skin. In vitro, AdipoRon abrogated profibrotic responses elicited by TGF-β in normal fibroblasts, and reversed the inherently-activated profibrotic phenotype of SSc fibroblasts. In view of these broadly beneficial effects on all three cardinal pathomechanisms underlying the clinical manifestations of SSc, pharmacological augmentation of adiponectin signaling might represent a novel strategy for the treatment of SSc.
Use of the Extended Fujita method for representing the molecular weight and molecular weight distributions of native and processed oat beta-glucans
Authors: Channell Guy A. , Adams Gary G. , Lu YuDong , Gillis Richard B. , Dinu Vlad , Grundy Myriam M.-L. , Bajka Balazs , Butterworth Peter J. , Ellis Peter R. , Mackie Alan , Ballance Simon , Harding Stephen E.
Published: August 2018

Beta 1–3, 1–4 glucans (“beta-glucans”) are one of the key components of the cell wall of cereals, complementing the main structural component cellulose. Beta-glucans are also an important source of soluble fibre in foods containing oats with claims of other beneficial nutritional properties such as plasma cholesterol lowering in humans. Key to the function of beta-glucans is their molecular weight and because of their high polydispersity - molecular weight distribution. Analytical ultracentrifugation provides a matrix-free approach (not requiring separation columns or media) to polymer molecular weight distribution determination. The sedimentation coefficient distribution is converted to a molecular weight distribution via a power law relation using an established procedure known as the Extended Fujita approach. We establish and apply the power law relation and Extended Fujita method for the first time to a series of native and processed oat beta-glucans. The application of this approach to beta-glucans from other sources is considered.
Oligomerization of bacterially expressed H1N1 recombinant hemagglutinin contributes to protection against viral challenge
Authors: Kuenstling Tess E. , Sambol Anthony R. , Hinrichs Steven H. , Larson Marilynn A.
Published: August 2018

Vaccination is the most effective intervention to prevent influenza and control the spread of the virus. Alternatives are needed to the traditional egg-based vaccine strategy for a more rapid response to new outbreaks. Two different hemagglutinin (HA) fragments (rHA11-326 and rHA153-269) derived from influenza A virus subtype H1N1 were expressed in Escherichia coli and characterized by immunoblot, gel filtration, hemagglutination, and competitive binding assays. rHA11-326 included neutralizing epitopes and the trimerization domain, whereas rHA153-269 included only the head of HA with the neutralizing epitopes. Mice were immunized with rHA11-326 or rHA153-269, and sera were tested for the presence of neutralizing antibodies. Mice were then challenged with H1N1 and infection severity was monitored. rHA11-326 trimerized, whereas rHA153-269 was unable to form oligomers. Both rHA11-326 and rHA153-269 elicited the production of neutralizing antibodies, but only oligomerized rHA11-326 protected against live virus challenges in mice. This study demonstrated that bacterially expressed HA was capable of folding properly and eliciting the production of neutralizing antibodies, and that HA oligomerization contributed to protection against viral challenge. Therefore, prokaryotic-derived vaccine platforms can provide antigenic and structural requirements for viral protection, as well as allow for the rapid and cost-effective incorporation of multiple antigens for broader protection.
Increased expression and altered localization of cathepsin Z are associated with progression to jaundice stage in primary biliary cholangitis
Authors: Aiba Yoshihiro , Harada Kenichi , Ito Masahiro , Suematsu Takashi , Aishima Shinichi , Hitomi Yuki , Nishida Nao , Kawashima Minae , Takatsuki Mitsuhisa , Eguchi Susumu , Shimoda Shinji , Nakamura Hitomi , Komori Atsumasa , Abiru Seigo , Nagaoka Shinya , Migita Kiyoshi , Yatsuhashi Hiroshi , Tokunaga Katsushi , Nakamura Minoru
Published: August 2018

Our recent genome-wide association study found that the NELFCD/CTSZ locus was significantly associated with progression of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) to jaundice stage in the Japanese population. In this study, we investigated the role of cathepsin Z in the etiology and pathology of PBC. Serum cathepsin Z levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression and localization of cathepsin Z in liver specimens were analyzed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. In PBC patients, serum cathepsin Z levels were significantly increased with disease progression. In addition, its levels were positively correlated with alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and total bilirubin, and were negatively correlated with platelet count and albumin. Cathepsin Z expression was markedly increased in hepatocytes at later stages of PBC, and its localization was altered from the peri-bile canaliculus to the cytoplasm, where a fraction was no longer colocalized with endosomal/lysosomal vesicles. Similar altered expression of cathepsin Z was observed in end-stage of other cholestatic liver diseases including sepsis, obstructive jaundice, and Alagille syndrome. Our results indicate that altered expression and localization of cathepsin Z in hepatocytes are characteristic features of PBC and other cholestatic liver diseases, and are implicated in the progression of PBC.
Cooperative foraging expands dietary niche but does not offset intra-group competition for resources in social spiders
Authors: Majer Marija , Holm Christina , Lubin Yael , Bilde Trine
Published: August 2018

Group living animals invariably risk resource competition. Cooperation in foraging, however, may benefit individuals in groups by facilitating an increase in dietary niche. To test this, we performed a comparative study of social and solitary spider species. Three independently derived social species ofStegodyphus(Eresidae) occupy semi-arid savannas and overlap with three solitary congeners. We estimated potential prey availability in the environment and prey acquisition by spiders in their capture webs. We calculated dietary niche width (prey size) and breadth (taxonomic range) to compare resource use for these six species, and investigated the relationships between group size and average individual capture web production, prey biomass intake rate and variance in biomass intake. Cooperative foraging increased dietary niche width and breadth by foraging opportunistically, including both larger prey and a wider taxonomic range of prey in the diet. Individual capture web production decreased with increasing group size, indicating energetic benefits of cooperation, and variance in individual intake rate was reduced. However, individual biomass intake also decreased with increasing group size. While cooperative foraging did not completely offset resource competition among group members, it may contribute to sustaining larger groups by reducing costs of web production, increasing the dietary niche and reducing the variance in prey capture.
In situ viscoelastic properties and chain conformations of heavily hydrated carboxymethyl dextran layers: a comparative study using OWLS and QCM-I chips coated with waveguide material
Authors: Saftics Andras , Prósz György Aurél , Türk Barbara , Peter Beatrix , Kurunczi Sándor , Horvath Robert
Published: August 2018

Hydration, viscoelastic properties and dominant structure of thin polymer layers on the surface of waveguide material were evaluated using optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS) and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) methods. The fundamentally different principles of the two applied label-free biosensors enable to examine analyte layers from complementary aspects, e.g. to determine the amount of bound water in hydrated layers. In this study, a new QCM instrument with impedance measurement (QCM-I) is introduced. Its specially designed sensor chips, covered by thin film of waveguide material, supply identical surface as used in OWLS sensors, thus enabling to perform parallel measurements on the same type of surface. Viscoelastic analysis of the measured data was performed by our evaluation code developed in MATLAB environment, using the Voinova’s Voigt-based model. In situ deposition experiments on the ultrathin films of poly(L-lysine)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG) were conducted for instrumental and code validation. Additionally, a novel OWLS-QCM data evaluation methodology has been developed based on the concept of combining hydration and viscoelastic data with optical anisotropy results from OWLS measurements. This methodology provided insight into the time-dependent chain conformation of heavily hydrated nano-scaled layers, resulting in unprecedented structural, hydration and viscoelastic information on covalently grafted ultrathin carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) films. The measured mass values as well as hydration and viscoelastic properties were compared with the characteristics of PLL-g-PEG layers.