bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The production of Bio-Jet fuel from palm fatty acid distiliate over covalt and nickel supported HZSM-12 catalysts
Authors:   , Alel Ariya
Published: September 2023

Aviation sector becomes one of the largest-developing public transportation nowadays, the number of air passangers always increases year by year. However, this number are proportionally related to the enhance of jet-fuel worldwide demand. The conventional jet-fuel are commonly known as a carbon dioxde emission source and the world has more concern to this pollutant due to its contribution to the climate change. The usage of renewable materials to produce jet fuel is more glanced. One of the renewable sources can be used to generate green jet fuel is palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) which is a by-product of palm oil production. This bio-jet fuel is converted via hydrogenation and isomerization reaction by using HZSM-12 catalyst which is a one dimensional zeolite structure. Cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and bimetallic Co-Ni were used to increase the catalyst activity. The catalysts prepared by various methods i.e. incipient wetness impregnation, ion exchange, and melt infiltration. The best metal used in this study to produce high selectivity of bio-jet fuel is cobalt with selectivity about 44.6% followed by bimetallic Co-Ni (32.8%) and Nickel (30.3%) under identical condition. Based on the experiment, Co/HZSM-12 prepared via melt infiltration showed the highest selectivity of bio-jet fuel which was 55.5% followed by incipient wetness impregnation 51.6% and ion exchange 50.5%. The optimum condition gained for this reaction was 350 °C, 20 bar and LHSV of 1.5 h⁻¹. In addition, Co/HZSM-12 exhibited higher selectivity to bio-jet fuel (51.6%) than Co/HZSM-22 (31.1%) under identical condition and preparation.
The Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming for Combined Heat and Mass Exchanger Network Synthesis with The Effect of EMCD and EMAT on Economic Analysis
Authors:   , Amelia Eleonora
Published: September 2023

The Combined Heat and Mass Exchanger Network Synthesis (CHAMENS) which comprised a win-win strategy simultaneously diminishing the emission alongside maximizing the profits of the whole systems has been accomplished in this work. The novelty comes from the development of the original stage-wise superstructure (SWS) to be able to overcome the problems including detailed cost considerations by using more accurate formularies to determine the exchanger configurations, initializations, favorable boundaries to solve the complexities, eradicate the number of the heat and mass exchangers, and decrease the TAC. The purpose of this work is generate the new applicable method which is noticeable and flexible to be implemented with a better accuracy output for the case studies, MENS, HENS, CHAMENS using GAMS. The Total Annual Cost (TAC), the number of units needed, some advantages and limitations of each method have been compared and analyzed. The results for the application of this work in CHAMENS have been achieving a significant TAC reduction of $ 235,306 a⁻¹ for a year operational time compared to the floating pinch method.
Natural gas storage using clathrate technology : Enhanced formation at High temperature
Authors:   , Jeenmuang Kan
Published: September 2023

Solidified natural gas (SNG) by storing natural gas in the hydrate form, which is safe and easy to recover stored gas compared to other methods. However, to make this technology competitive, storing natural gas at a higher temperature, lower pressure with faster formation is needed. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is a well-known thermodynamic promoter used to increase the hydrate formation temperature. However, increasing the hydrate formation temperature has a drawback on decreasing the formation rate. Nonpolar amino acids have been used as a secondary promoter, which increases the hydrate formation kinetics. This work used 5.56 mol% THF cooperated with different concentrations of nonpolar amino acids (leucine, valine, and methionine) at 20 °C 8 MPa in the unstirred reactor configuration. The experiment was investigated for the effects of these co-promoters in both kinetics and morphology studies. Results showed that the nonpolar amino acids affected the hydrate kinetics by increasing the hydrate formation rate up to 5 times, and certain nonpolar amino acids did not show the muti-step hydrate formation, which resulted in the low methane uptake. However, the methane uptake in the presence of leucine and methionine was as high as that 5.56 mol% THF. The morphology showed different hydrate growth patterns with the investigated solutions. The hydrate formation morphology in the 5.56 mol% THF was similar to leaflike stack up. However, that behavior was not observed when the amino acids were added for the hydrate formation. In addition, the formation morphology among the solutions with the amino acids was also different. Moreover, the presence of the amino acids did not result in the foam formation as surfactants during the hydrate dissociation. When the formation temperature was increased to 25 °C, the formation pressure at 8 MPa or even at 9 MPa was not enough to form the hydrates. To induce the hydrate formation, the hybrid reactor configuration was installed. The results showed the need of amino acid to maintain the high methane uptake and the formation kinetics was not promoted by the amino acids but rather by the hybrid reactor at this condition.
ADS₄/CFT₃ Holography from four-dimensional gauged supergravity
Authors:   , Upathambhakul Khem
Published: September 2023

We study holographic RG flows from N = 3 and N = 4 gauged supergravities in four dimensions. The scalar manifold of N = 3 gauged supergravity is in the form of the coset space G/H = SU(3, n)/SU(3) × SU(n) × U(1). Possible gauge groups, in this study, are given by SO(3) × SO(3), SO(3, 1), SO(2, 2), SO(2, 1) × SO(2, 2), and SL(3, R). We then study N = 4 gauged supergravity from type II compactification on T⁶/Z₂ × Z₂ with non-semisimple gaugings. The scalar manifold of N = 4 gauged supergravity is in the form of SL(2, R)/SO(2) × SO(6, n)/SO(6) × SO(n) coset. The gauge group arising from non-geometric compactification of type IIB is ISO(3) × ISO(3), which is embedded in SO(6,6) via the SO(3,3) × SO(3,3) subgroup. We also consider N=4 gauged supergravity from type IIB GKP (Giddings-Kachru-Polchinski) compactification. We similarly study non-semisimple ISO(3) ⋉ U(1) ⁶ gauge group arising from type IIA geometric compactification. For semisimple gaugings, we consider SO(4) × SO(4), SO(3, 1) × SO(3, 1), SO(2, 2) × SO(2, 2), SO(4) × SO(3, 1), SO(4) × SO(2, 2), and SO(3, 1) × SO(2, 2) gauge groups. A number of supersymmetric AdS₄ critical points for each gauge group are found. We give RG flow solutions interpolating between these critical points together with possible flows to non-conformal theories, in each gauge group. We also give examples of Janus solutions for N = 4 gauged supergravity obtained from type IIB non-geometric compactification.
Multipole resonance probe measurement in plasma
Authors:   , Jampaiboon Natthapong
Published: September 2023

Active plasma resonance spectroscopy (APRS) is one of the interesting methods which could avoid plasma contamination problem occurs in a conventional Langmuir probe measurement. It is because the probe conductors are covered by a dielectric material. The APRS probe can be of any shape. A multipole resonance probe is a hemisphere APRS probe since a sphere imposes the simplest way to find an analytical solution by solving the Laplace equation in the spherical coordinates with the azimuthal symmetry. In this study, the APRS probes in the hemisphere, microstrip, and parallel rod shapes were constructed. Plasma density was obtained by using the probe that is connected with a network analyzer to locate the match frequencies in the reflection coefficient spectrum. The match frequencies of different probe shapes were then calibrated with the plasma density obtained by Langmuir probe measurement. Our experiments showed that the constructed probes respond with the change in plasma. For the hemisphere probe, the results of the calibrated and the mathematically analyzed results were compared. Our study showed that the plasma density from the mathematical model is approximately the second order of magnitude away from that of the Langmuir probe.
Effects of gardenia jasminoides fruit extract on helicobacter pylori induced gastritis in vitro and in vivo studies
Authors:   , Noonak Nattida
Published: September 2023

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) releases virulence factors to gastric epithelial cells causing an imbalance between aggressive factors and protective factors leading to gastritis inflammation. Gardenia jasminoides (G. jasminoides) fruit extract contains geniposide as a major bioactive compound that possesses anti-inflammatory effects. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of G. jasminoides fruit extract on gastric inflammation and protective mechanisms in H. pylori-induced gastritis. In an in vitro experiment, we demonstrated that G. jasminoides fruit extract could inhibit growth of H. pylori using disk diffusion method. The result showed that the inhibition zone was observed at geniposide ≥ 0.16 mg/disc. In an in vivo experiment, rats were divided into 5 groups (n=7 each): 1) control, 2) H. pylori; rats were inoculated with H. pylori (108-1010 CFU/mL) 1 mL twice daily for 3 consecutive days, 3) Hp+gen8, 4) Hp+gen16, 5) Hp+gen32; rats were inoculated with H. pylori and two weeks later, treated with G. jasminoides fruit extract suspended in 5% methylcellulose, received G. jasminoides fruit extract at the dose of 98.52, 197.04, and 394.09 mg/kg, which contained geniposide at the dose of 8, 16 and 32 mg/kg, respectively once daily for 1 week. Gastric tissues were collected for gastric histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for epidermal growth factor (EGF). Serum samples were collected for interleukin-17 (IL-17), interleukin-33 (IL-33), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) analyses using ELISA. The results showed that rats in H. pylori group had increased IL-17, IL-33, EGF and decreased PGE2 levels and developed gastric inflammation on histology. Treatment with geniposide in G. jasminoides fruit extract could decrease IL-17, IL-33, EGF, and increase PGE2 levels. In addition, G. jasminoides fruit extract improved gastric histopathology. These findings suggested that G. jasminoides fruit extract attenuated H. pylori-induced gastritis by inhibiting bacterial growth, reducing inflammation, and enhancing protective mechanisms.
Silver Nano Polymer Composite Membrane for hydrogen sulfide sensing
Authors:   , Arif Muhammad
Published: September 2023

Optical and electrochemical sensor for H2S sensing were developed using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) immobilized onto polyelectrolyte membranes (PEMs) as substrate. Two approach for the deposition of the silver nanoparticles namely in-situ and ex-situ were compared for their sensing efficiency. The Poly(diallyldimethylchloride) (PDADMAC) and Poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) (PSS) were used to build PEMs via layer-by-layer assembly mechanism as polycation and polyanion respectively. In situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles was achieved by dipping the PEM coated substrate in silver nitrate (AgNO₃) solution followed by sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) as reducing agent. For ex situ technique, a monolayer of pre-synthesized silver nanoparticles was deposited as single top layer on the PEMs. The silver nanoparticles were synthesized by capping with a copolymer of styrene sulfonate and maleic acid at various concentrations. The successful synthesis of silver nanoparticles was confirmed using UV-Vis spectroscopy by monitoring the plasmon band peak at 400 nm which is characteristic of AgNPs. Screen printed electrodes were used for electrochemical sensing and were modified with the PEM following 2 different approach that were single electrode coating and double electrodes coating. The equivalent circuit was used to study the Nyquist plot of impedance results. Both types of composite membranes were exposed to hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) as analyte and compared by UV-Vis spectroscopy for optical sensing and LCR meter for impedance sensing. Ex situ synthesis technique had significant result for optical sensing, but in situ synthesis technique had better sensitivity for impedance sensing.
Knowledge and attitude on practice of iron deficiency anemia prevention among high school female students in Banjarmasin City, Indonesia: a mixed method study
Authors:   , Munira Lafi
Published: September 2023

Based on the Indonesia National Basic Health Survey in 2018, the prevalence of anemia in young women was 48.9%, along with the major proportions of anemia in the age group of 15-24 years. This study aimed to examine the influence of knowledge and attitude on iron deficiency anemia prevention practice and to find out the reasons for not practicing anemia prevention among female high school students in Banjarmasin, Indonesia. The mixed-method study with a quantitative study: cross-sectional survey study (April 2020) was conducted through an online survey among 359 female students (15-18 years old) and qualitative study: focus group discussion and in-depth interview (April-May 2020) were conducted through tele-interview via video call among teacher and health officers. Purposive sampling was used to select three high schools with a high prevalence of anemia in Banjarmasin, Indonesia. Data analysis for the quantitative study was used binary logistic regression and for qualitative study were used a combination of content analysis and thematic analysis. Results: A total of 359 female students participated in the study with the age range from 15 to 18 years old. The results showed 166 (46.2%) of female students had poor practice, along with 152 (42.3%) poor attitude level and 175 (48.7%) poor knowledge level towards iron deficiency anemia prevention.  The study also indicated that age group (17-18 years old) OR (95%CI): 1.60 (1.03, 2.50) p = 0.039, types of school l OR (95%CI): 0.55 (0.34, 0.90) p = 0.017, knowledge OR (95%CI): 1.07 (1.01, 1.13) p = 0.031 were significant predictors of practicing iron deficiency anemia prevention. Top 3 reasons for not practicing anemia prevention among students were 1) Feeling nausea after taking iron tablets (32%); 2) Don’t like the smell and color of iron tablets (21.4%); 3) Don’t know the benefit of practice anemia prevention (18.9%). From focus group discussion findings found that lack of information given and lack of the duration of information given linked to lack of knowledge among female students. Main reasons for not practicing anemia prevention among female students were related to the dislike of iron tablets and lack of knowledge due to ineffective anemia education program. Therefore, anemia prevention programs should be improved for increasing the knowledge of students towards the benefit of anemia prevention practice and iron tablets compliance.
Effectiveness of the self static stretching strengthening program on physical performances in market vendors: a Quasi-experimental study
Authors:   , Cetthakrikul Salila
Published: September 2023

Introduction: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs) often occurs within the market vendor group. This study design is a Self-Static Stretching and Strengthening program for market vendors for reducing and/or preventing WRMDs.   Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the Self-Static Stretching and Strengthening program (SSS program) compared with ergonomic knowledge on physical performances in market vendors.   Methods: This study design was a quasi-experimental study with the control group. Base on convenience, the Samyan market was placed into the intervention group and the Ortorkor market was placed into the control group. The market vendors who volunteered were asked to complete the questionnaire and were measured muscle pain, muscle flexibility, and grip strength. As well, the market vendors who met the criteria were recruited to this study. The market vendors in the intervention group performed SSS program with physical therapists 3 times a week for 4 weeks and they were asked to perform this program by themselves for 6 months. Both groups were assessed at 5-time points. Repeated measures ANCOVA was used for determining the effects of SSS program on physical performances.    Result: After final implementation, there were 131 participants attended the study (intervention group = 56, control group =75). There was no statistically significant difference in participant characteristics between both groups. After the intervention program was completed, there were significant differences in the degree of pain between both groups in the lower back area and at the left leg area at post-intervention and 1-month follow up  (p<0.05). There were significant differences in muscle flexibility between groups at post-intervention and 1-month, 3-months and 6 months follow up (p<0.05).   Conclusion: The Self-Static Stretching and Strengthening program has effective for reducing muscle pain at the lower back and legs and improving muscle flexibility when compared between both groups. The results of this study may be generalized to market vendors in other markets within a similar context.
Factors associated with food choice among high school students in Depok, Indonesia
Authors:   , Aqilah Syarifah
Published: September 2023

Background: Well-being in adulthood are originated from diet behaviour during adolescence. Recently, hurry-up lifestyle of adolescents leads to unusual food choice and results in overnutrition issues. So, the food choice is studied in order to improve the nutritional status of adolescents. Objectives: To explore food choice among high school students in Depok, Indonesia and identify its associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study, using online questionnaires through instant messaging, is conducted from April to May 2020. Food choice is observed through Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) and analysed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The questionnaires in this study were tested for validity and reliability. To examine the correlation between factors and food choice, a multiple linear regression is used. Results: Questionnaire responses from 433 high school students were collected. The response rate in this study is about 89.6% from all recorded responses (483 students) that is sorted by following inclusion criteria. According to characteristics of the respondents, it was found that mean of students’ age were 16 ± 0.91 years old. In nutritional status, it showed that overweight and obese students (z-score > 1 SD) were 14.1%. As for body image perception, only 38.8% students satisfied with their body image and 40% of them were wishing to be thinner. The EFA resulted five food choices in this study namely Health and religion, Price and convenience, Comfort, Weight control, and Familiarity. Among those food choices, students placed Health and religion as the most important one (mean= 3.11 ± 0.94). Physical activity was positively associated with Health and religion food choice (β = 0.306; p-value = 0.001) and Weight control food choice (β = 0.438; p-value < 0.001). Students who frequently accessed the medias, were more likely to choose their food based on price and convenience (β = 0.056; p-value = 0.010) and comfort value (β = 0.044; p-value = 0.042). Stipend given to the students was also positively associated with Comfort food choice (β = 0.018; p-value = 0.003). However, students who wishing to be fatter were less likely to consider weight control motive on their food choice (β = -0.297; p-value = 0.031). It was similar with nutrition knowledge that inversely associated with Familiarity food choice (β = -0.008; p-value = 0.047). Conclusion: High school students emphasised on their health when choosing their foods. The more active the students, the more they put importance on Health and religion as well as Weight control food choices. Also, knowledgeable students in nutrition were more likely to try different foods. Even so, those who were wishing to be fatter, put less importance on weight control motive. As media access and stipend play roles on comfort food choice, food production personnel are expected to enhance those food with more nutrient.
Depression and domestic violence experiences among postpartum women in Nepal
Authors:   , Koirala Pallavi
Published: September 2023

Background: Postpartum Depression  is an important cause of maternal and infant morbidity as well as mortality. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression and domestic violence experience as well as to identify association of postpartum depression with domestic violence experiences and other factors among women in Nepal.

Methods: The study was a cross sectional hospital-based research conducted in Kathmandu, Nepal among women who were 6 weeks to 6 months postpartum; chosen by simple random sampling. Self-report questionnaire was used

Results: The prevalence of PPD was found to be 20.7% while that of the different forms of domestic violence ranged between 10% and 44.5%. History of mental illness (OR= 8.26), family history of mental illness (OR= 2.84), unplanned pregnancy (OR= 3.2), Low Birth Weight of infant (OR= 3.6), Psychological Violence in the past year (OR= 8.3), Physical violence in the past year (OR= 7.6) and Childhood Sexual Abuse (OR= 12.7) were found to increase the odds of PPD.

Discussion:  The findings of the study unequivocally shows the association between different factors, most notable among which is domestic violence and PPD. Maternal mental health is a neglected area of healthcare in Nepal. Likewise, domestic violence is a readily recognized, but inadequately addressed social issue. We recommend that healthcare workers be trained to recognize and support the women who are vulnerable to violence and depression during pregnancy and postpartum. Policies need to be developed at national levels to tackle these issues with utmost urgency.
Factors influencing ‘stage of change’ among alcohol use disorder patients in rehabilitation centers in Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors:   , Dahal Pranab
Published: September 2023

INTRODUCTION: The ‘stages of change’ model defines behavior change as a process with a series of stages. Alcohol use disorder which includes ‘harmful use’ and ‘alcohol dependence’ is a serious public health concern. With the ever increasing prevalence of ‘alcohol use disorder’ there is an increasing need to better understand the complexities of behavior change among this group. METHODS: A cross- sectional survey was conducted in 8 alcohol and drug rehabilitation centers (residential treatment centers) of Kathmandu, Nepal, in September 2018, involving 225 male patients. AUDIT screening test was used to screen patients with alcohol use disorder. A self-report questionnaire was developed to measure socio- demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, alcohol use characteristics and mode of referral, whereas standard questionnaires were used to assess locus of control, perceived social support and ‘stages of change’. RESULTS: Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test and multivariate analysis was done in linear regression model. The highest number of patients were in the contemplation stage of the ‘stages of change’ model. Factors that influenced ‘stages of change’ in AUD patients in rehabilitation centers of Kathmandu, Nepal were history of psychiatric disorder, marital status and education. DISCUSSION: On the ‘Stages of change’ model, those who were either single or divorced were found to be a lowers stage then those who were currently married, and those with history of psychiatric disorders and those educated less than high school were also found to be at a lower stage when compared to those without psychiatric disorder and educated until high school and above.
Breast self-examination Among Akha women in Chiang Rai province Thailand: policy recommendations based on the formative research study design
Authors:   , Suwannaporn Sirinan
Published: September 2023

Background: The mortality rate of breast cancer has increased in several countries in Asia. In Thailand, this fact is confirmed by the hospital–based cancer registry annual report which ranked breast cancer as first of all female cancer patients. One an urgent concern of prevention and education on early detection is Breast Self-Examination (BSE). ‘Akha’ women, the largest ethnic group in Chiang Rai, northern part of Thailand, have a significantly low percentage of BSE practice because of language barrier and other problems. This study aims to identify factors associated with BSE among this ethic group to better understand the reasoning for this and also look at means to resolve the problem.

Methods: Two phase of study included a mixed methods and Quasi-experimental study. Firstly, study was conducted ‘Akha’ women in Mae Fah Luang district, Chiang Rai, Thailand. Quantitative in-person survey used a structured questionnaire with 296 Akha women aged 30-59 years old and qualitative assessed 24 participants (2 local health providers and 22 Akha women). Secondly, BSE program was created from first phase results and measured the effectiveness of program between intervention and control group. The survey tool contained information related to socio-demographic factors, risk factors, and lifestyle factors relevant to breast cancer, and self-practice on BSE. A semi-structured in-depth interview was used for qualitative part. Analysis of the quantitative data was done by descriptive statistics, chi-square test, binary logistic regression, and multiple logistic regression. Content analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. As for intervention, this study conducted 44 intervention participants at Mae Fah Luang District but control used participant at Mae Lao district. The tool to measure effectiveness used a survey tool and BSE practice checklist compare in baseline, 3 moths, and 6 months.

Results: The majority of the participants were 45-59 years old. This study found that 24.70% women had done a good practice. Logistic regression analysis showed that women who received breast information were eight times more likely to report good BSE practice compared to those non receiving (Odd ratio (OR): 8.02; 95% CI: 1.89-33.96). In additional, knowledge, awareness, and local health staffs were related to good BSE practice from in-depth information. Intervention effectiveness were significantly at 0.016 in Different in Difference (DID) but the program is limitation of results. 

Conclusion: BSE practice by Akha women was found main linked with perception towards of BSE and health care provider. Based on findings, we recommend implementing a new practical program to promote BSE followed social norm, lifestyle, and cultural.
Social integration of Chinese students in Thai society: the case of Chinese students in Chulalongkorn University and Dhurakij Pundit University
Authors:   , Zhang Caoyi
Published: September 2023

International students may not integrate as successfully and smoothly as has been assumed. These students may experience multiple challenges in their new social and academic host environments. As Chinese student is the majority and the main source of international students in Thailand, promotion for their better integration into Thai society should be done. Therefore, this study aims to investigate social life of Chinese students in Thailand and the factors that influent Chinese students’ integration into Thai society. The author chosen two representative universities as case study. The data was collected from observation and semi-structured interviews about integration in various domains and language proficiency self-evaluation.

Social integration refers to their social networks and involvement in local communities. Regarding integration in each domain, the results of the study show that Chinese students encountered some problems in the process of integration. From the result of patterns of friendships , it is found that Chinese students preferred to make Chinese-dominated social circle. In addition, there are five major problems on integration barriers from interview data. These results imply that Chinese students did not integrate into Thai society successfully. Inferred from the interview data about the main barriers. It is found that language proficiency and  commutation with local people could be the most important problem in the process of Chinese students’ integration. Students with better language proficiency could have a better results in their integration. According to the theory of integration, it is clear that language proficiency that facilitates communication with local people is a crucial factor in gaining a more profound understanding of cultural characteristics.
The awareness of mandarin and the maintenance of Yunnan dialect of Chinese among Chinese Thais in Lat Krabang, Bangkok
Authors:   , Du Xiaoshan
Published: September 2023

There are a large number of Chinese Thais living Lat Krabang, Bangkok. Most of them are native speakers of Yunnan dialect of Chinese and migrated from Yunnan, China. They have become Thai citizens and also speak Thai fluently. Today it has been observed that Mandarin seems to play the most important role in the business of Lat Krabang. Therefore, this study aims to investigate what language (Thai, Mandarin and Yunnan dialect) is chosen for communication in the family, friendship, neighborhood, school, work and market domains and to interpret the degree of awareness of Mandarin and the maintenance of Yunnan dialect among Yunnan Chinese who live in Lat Krabang. The data was collected from observation, semi-structured interviews and questionnaires about language choice in various domains and language proficiency self-evaluation. The results of the study show that Thai is the most preferred language in friendship, school and market domains; Yunnan dialect is used most in family and neighborhood domain; and Mandarin is used most in work domain. As for the use of Mandarin, its use is increasing from the old to the young generations. In addition, the young generations, who tend to take Mandarin courses, have a higher Mandarin ability than old generations. It may imply that Chinese Thais in Lat Krabang have a strong awareness of Mandarin. With regard to the maintenance of Yunnan dialect, the youngest generation still use it a lot in family domain, and almost half of them have the excellent level of Yunnan dialect capability. It may be speculated that Yunnan dialect as the mother tongue of Yunnan Chinese in Lat Krabang will not disappear in a short time. However, the maintenance is likely to decline because choice and ability of Yunnan dialect shows a gradual decreasing trend from generation to generation.
The popularity and the localization of Muay Thai in California, USA
Authors:   , Sorrells Andrew
Published: September 2023

Muay Thai as the traditional martial art of the Thai people. In the last few decades, Muay Thai has spread throughout the world. The International Federation of Muay Thai Amateurs (IFMA), based in Bangkok, boasts 130 member countries. One of the places Muay Thai spread to and became popularized is California, USA. This paper is an ethnographic study of the phenomenon of how the Thai martial art of Muay Thai has been popularized and localized in California. I did field work at Muay Thai gyms in California and Thailand where I observed the different traditions, practices, and training methodologies. I analyzed Google Trends search data and statistics from the US Muay Thai Federation (USMF) and International Kickboxing Federation (IKF) to determine the popularity of Muay Thai, MMA and other martial arts in California. The results of this study show the popularity of Muay Thai in California started with the beginning of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) in 1993. The UFC featured several different martial arts styles, including Muay Thai, and led to the phenomenon of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA). As Muay Thai gained popularity in California it was localized by entrepreneurs to adapt to the tastes of Californians. The main aspects of traditional Muay Thai that were localized in California are: competition rules, the lack of gambling, the deletion of the Wai Kru, pedagogical methods, kids Muay Thai classes, the band system of promotions, Muay Thai for fitness, and the teaching of other martial arts at Muay Thai gyms. Interest in Muay Thai has exploded internationally. The inclusion of Muay Thai as a demonstration sport in the 2020 Olympics is sure to increase attention to the sport. Recommendations for further study are to analyze these trends in popularity, as well as international promotions offering Muay Thai fights, such as One Championship, to ensure what they are calling “Muay Thai” holds true to the image that Thailand wants to promote for the sport. The internationalization of Muay Thai should be carefully studied by stakeholders in Thailand to ensure the country benefits from the popularity of their traditional sport, and the cultural tradition of Muay Thai is preserved.
Mechanism and reaction pathways of CO2 AND HCO3-photoreduction to hydrocarbons
Authors:   , Sattayamuk Duangthip
Published: September 2023

CO2/HCO3- photocatalytic reductions in water, using P25 Titanium dioxide, produce gas products at the order of the following rate:  CO>H2>CH4, using bicarbonate as a substrate, reduction rates are ca.  5 times faster than using CO2 due to the adsorption constant of CO2 on the TiO2 surface is smaller than the bicarbonate. Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model was used to describe the mechanism; therefore, adsorption constant (K) and the rate of maximum substrate coverage (k) at different charges of P25-surface were readily obtained. The K constant of TiO2-adduct formation favors no charge surface but k constant favors positive charge surface. Most of the products formed come from partitioning of the radical anion (TiO2-CO2.-) in the rate-limiting step. However, the bicarbonate absorption at OV promotes alternative pathways. This provides more CO and H2 production. Solvent isotope effect (H2O Vs. D2O) is ca. 1.5. This means that during the radical anion formation in the transition state, there is H being transferred from water in the radical anion intermediate step. In addition, the collapse of anatase and rutile phases from sonication increases CH4 production rate and selectivity due to improved charge separation that reduces alternative pathways.
Longitudinal survey of swine influenza virus infection in a pig farm in Thailand, 2017-2018
Authors:   , Nasamran Chanakarn
Published: September 2023

Swine influenza cause by influenza A virus, is the one of the most important zoonotic disease of pigs. Swine influenza virus (SIV) infection in pigs causes both economic loss in pig production and public health problem. SIVs subtypes H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 cause respiratory disease in pigs worldwide. The objectives of this thesis were to determine the dynamic of swine influenza virus subtypes circulation in a pig farm in 2017-2018 and to monitor genetic diversity of swine influenza virus in a pig farm. During January 2017 to November 2018, the nasal swab samples (n=436) and blood samples (n=436) were collected from 4-10 weeks-old pigs from a pig farm. For influenza A virus detection, the nasal swabs were tested for influenza A virus by real-time RT-PCR. Our result showed that 38.76% (169/436) were positive and suspected for influenza A virus. Subsequently, 13.07% (57/436) could be isolated for influenza A virus. For serological test, 37.23% (140/436), 18.35% (69/436) and 27.13% (102/436) of pigs had antibodies against SIV-H3N2, SIV-H1N1 and pdmH1N1 viruses, respectively. For SIV characterization, 24 SIVs were characterized by whole genome sequencing using next-generation sequencing. Our result showed that SIVs can be subtyped as SIV-H1N1 (n=18) and SIV-H3N2 (n=6). The SIV-H1N1 can be classified into 2 genotypes,rH1N1 (pdm+2) and rH1N1 (pdm+1), and SIV-H3N2 can be classified into 1 genotype, rH3N2 (pdm+2). Genotype rH1N1 (pdm+2) contained HA and NA genes from endemic Thai SIV-H1N1, and internal genes from pandemic H1N1-2009. Genotype rH1N1 (pdm+1) contained HA gene from endemic H1N1, while NA and internal genes from pandemic H1N1-2009. Genotype rH3N2 (pdm+2) contained HA and NA genes from human-like swine from endemic Thai-SIV and the internal genes from pandemic H1N1-2009. It is noted that genotype rH1N1 (pdm+1) is the novel genotype which never been reported in Thailand. While the rH1N1 (pdm+2) and rH3N3 (pdm+2) were previously observed in Thailand. The results of genetic analysis showed that SIVs in this thesis possessed most human-like characteristics and some avian-like characteristics. Base on our result, it could be speculated that pandemic H1N1-2009 was circulating in a pig farm for a period of time, Thus, zoonotic and reverse zoonotic infection between workers and pigs in the pig farm is common. Thus, monitoring of SIVs in pigs and workers is important and should be routinely conducted. Good practice and management in pig farm including personal hygiene and personal protective equipment (PPE) should be practiced and used in the farm for prevention and control of influenza virus transmission in pigs and humans.
Monitoring of influenza a viruses in Thailand and pathogenicity in dogs and guinea pigs
Authors:   , Tangwangvivat Ratanaporn
Published: September 2023

Influenza A virus causes respiratory disease in many species such as birds, horses, pigs, dogs and cats as well as humans. This thesis consists of 5 phases. Phases 1 was monitoring of canine influenza virus infection in Thailand. Phase 2 was determining the intravenous pathogenicity index of Thai canine influenza virus. Phase 3, 4 and 5 were investigating the pathogenicity of canine influenza viruses in dogs, chickens and guinea pigs, respectivly. Our results showed that 0.97% of canine serum samples (9/932) and 1.20% of feline serum sample (1/79) were tested positive for influenza A antibodies by NP-ELISA. Six serum samples (0.64%, 6/932) had HA specific antibodies against pandemic H1N1-2009 by HI assay. Seasonal pattern was also observed. In phase 2, Thai CIV-H3N2 was identified as LPAI based on intravenous pathogenicity test (IVPI), however in phase 3, the intra-species transmission of Thai CIV-H3N2 was confirmed. The CIV-H3N2 infected dogs showed significant clinical signs and H3 specific antibodies. In phase 4, the transmission of Thai CIV-H3N2 in chickens could not be efficiently detected in chickens. In phase 5, the CIV-H3N2 infected guinea pigs and developed mild clinical signs and H3 specific antibodies. In conclusion, our results provided useful information of CIV infection in dogs and cats and the pathogenicity of the Thai CIV-H3N2. These information could be used to develop a strategic plan for influenza prevention and control using One Health approach.
Resistome analysis of aeromonas veronii strains isolated from diseased outbreak in tilapia farms in Thailand
Authors:   , Sakulworakan Rungnapa
Published: September 2023

Aeromonas veronii outbreaks in tilapia farming caused relatively high mortality. Moreover, it was resistant to many kinds of antimicrobial used in Thailand aquaculture. According to no CLSI standard, the determination of antimicrobial efficacy has been limited phenotypically; the genomics study is required. This research aims to analyze the resistome of A. veronii isolated from diseased Tilapia in Chainat, Nong Khai and Uttaradit province, Thailand. Twelve isolates of A. veronii were identified base on gyrB sequencing then determined the MIC value to eight antimicrobials (AMP, AML, GEN, ENR, OXO, OXY, SXT, and FFC). According to MIC patterns, five representatives were performed the whole genome sequencing (WGS) and resistome analysis, including 15 isolates from NCBI. All Tilapia isolates are susceptible to FFC but resistant to AML and AMP; OT resistance is the most dominant resistance. For WGS analysis, 4.5 Mbp of A. veronii was characterized, 19 ARGs were detected by resistome analysis and 14 genes were shared among A. veronii population. In conclusion, A. veronii strains isolated from Tilapia exhibit resistant to several antimicrobials and multidrug resistance (MDR) which related to the presence of multiple ARGs. A. veronii shared the ARGs in their population worldwide with the possibility of acquisition and plasmid-mediated.
การออกแบบกระบวนการดักจับคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์หลังการเผาไหม้ของโรงไฟฟ้าพลังงานความร้อนร่วมจากแก๊สธรรมชาติโดยใช้ K2CO3/γ-Al2O3
Authors:   , โรจนกิจ กนกพล
Published: September 2023

ปัจจุบันโลกเผชิญกับภาวะโลกร้อน ทำให้การดักจับคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ก่อนที่แก๊สร้อนจะถูกปล่อยสู่ชั้นบรรยากาศเป็นสิ่งที่จำเป็น ในงานวิจัยที่ผ่านมาได้มีการศึกษากระบวนการดักจับคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ด้วยตัวดูดซับของแข็งแทนที่กระบวนการดูดซึมด้วยสารละลายเอมีน และศึกษาความเป็นไปได้ทางพลังงาน ในขณะที่ความเป็นไปได้ทางเศรษฐศาสตร์ยังไม่เป็นที่สนใจ ในการวิจัยนี้จะทำการศึกษาความเป็นไปได้ทางพลังงานและเศรษฐศาสตร์ของแบบจำลองกระบวนการดักจับคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์หลังกระบวนการเผาไหม้ด้วยตัวดูดซับของแข็งที่ถูกจำลองด้วย Aspen Plus V.11.0 ที่ใช้ข้อมูลจากการทดลองของตัวดูดซับ K2CO3/ γ-Al2O3 ที่ปรับปรุงด้วยสารละลายเอมีน 3 ชนิด MEA, MDEA และ AMP จากการศึกษาพบว่าตัวดูดซับ K2CO3/γ-Al2O3 ที่ผ่านกระบวนการปรับปรุงสารละลายเอมีนมีความสามารถในการดูดซับสูงขึ้นกว่าเดิม โดยตัวดูดซับ K2CO3/γ-Al2O3 ที่ผ่านกระบวนการปรับปรุงด้วยสารละลายเอมีน ชนิด MDEA สามารถดักจับคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์มีปริมาณมากที่สุด โดยความสามารถในการดักจับคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์เพิ่มขึ้น ร้อยละ 28.81 จากนั้นนำข้อมูลจากการทดลองมาใช้ในแบบจำลองโรงไฟฟ้าที่มีระบบดักจับคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ พบว่าแบบจำลองกระบวนการดักจับคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ด้วยตัวดูดซับของแข็งสามารถดักจับคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ร้อยละ 91.43 โดยมีประสิทธิภาพเอ็กเซอร์จีร้อยละ 29.24 และมีอัตราการคืนทุนที่ร้อยละ 6.55 ซึ่งดีกว่ากระบวนการดักจับคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ด้วยสารละลายเอมีนชนิด MEA ที่มีประสิทธิภาพเอ็กเซอร์จีร้อยละ 28.27 และอัตราการคืนทุนที่ร้อยละ 3.98
ผลของชาร์จากชีวมวลต่อการผลิตน้ำมันดิบชีวภาพโดยไฮโดรเทอร์มัลลิควิแฟกชัน
Authors:   , สมบูรณชนะชัย กัปตัน
Published: September 2023

การใช้พลังงานเชื้อเพลิงฟอสซิลทำให้เกิดมลภาวะต่อสิ่งแวดล้อม เนื่องจากเกิดการปลดปล่อยคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์จำนวนมาก พลังงานจากชีวมวลเป็นแหล่งพลังงานหมุนเวียนที่จะช่วยลดปัญหาข้างต้นกระบวนการไฮโดรเทอร์มัลลิควิแฟกชันเป็นกระบวนการแปลงสภาพชีวมวลเป็นเชื้อเพลิงเหลวที่น่าสนใจ กระบวนการนี้ให้ร้อยละผลได้น้ำมันดิบชีวภาพที่สูงกว่ากระบวนการไพโรไลซิส การใช้ตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาร่วมในกระบวนการไฮโดรเทอร์มัลลิควิแฟกชันสามารถปรับปรุงคุณภาพน้ำมันดิบชีวภาพและผลได้ของน้ำมันดิบชีวภาพได้ ดังนั้นในงานวิจัยนี้จึงสนใจศึกษาการนำชาร์จากชีวมวลมาใช้เป็นตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยา การทดลองดำเนินการในเครื่องปฏิกรณ์ความดันสูงแบบกะที่อุณหภูมิ 300-350 องศาเซลเซียส ที่ความดันเริ่มต้น 2 เมกะพาสคัล โดยใช้เวลาในการทำปฏิกิริยา 60 นาที จากผลทดลองพบว่าเมื่อใช้ชาร์ชานอ้อย และ ถ่านกัมมันต์ ให้ร้อยละผลได้น้ำมันดิบชีวภาพเพิ่มขึ้น เนื่องจากชาร์ชานอ้อย และ ถ่านกัมมันต์ มีผลในการเร่งปฏิกิริยาการแตกตัวของชีวมวล และจากผลของอุณหภูมิในการทำปฏิกิริยาที่อุณหภูมิ 300 และ 350 องศาเซลเซียส พบว่าเมื่ออุณหภูมิสูงขึ้นผลได้น้ำมันดิบชีวภาพจะลดลงและผลิตภัณฑ์ที่เป็นแก๊สเพิ่มขึ้น จากการวิเคราะห์องค์ประกอบทางเคมีของน้ำมันดิบชีวภาพด้วยเทคนิค GC / MS พบว่าองค์ประกอบของคีโตนเพิ่มขึ้น ในขณะที่สารประกอบไฮโดรคาร์บอนลดลง แสดงให้เห็นว่า ชาร์ช่วยส่งเสริมปฏิกิริยาการสลายตัวของสารประกอบไฮโดรคาร์บอน นอกจากนี้ยังมีการศึกษาผลของการเติมโพแทสเซียมบนชาร์ชานอ้อย ชาร์กะลามะพร้าว และ ถ่านกัมมันต์ พบว่าโพแทสเซียมบนชาร์ทุกชนิดส่งผลให้ร้อยละผลได้น้ำมันดิบชีวภาพเพิ่มสูงขึ้น
มีเทนเนชันของคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์โดยใช้ตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาฐานนิกเกิลบนตัวรองรับอะลูมินาเตรียมโดยแม่แบบไคโตซาน
Authors:   , แพงจีน ณัฐฐินันท์
Published: September 2023

ปฏิกิริยามีเทนเนชันของคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์เป็นหนึ่งวิธีการเปลี่ยนแก๊สคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ไปเป็นแก๊สมีเทนภายใต้ภาวะบรรยากาศ แต่ข้อจำกัดด้านการเลือกเกิดมีเทนที่อุณหภูมิต่ำจึงได้พัฒนาตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาให้มีประสิทธิภาพยิ่งขึ้น งานวิจัยนี้ใช้ไคโตซานเพื่อเป็นแม่แบบสำหรับการสังเคราะห์ตัวรองรับอะลูมินาด้วยวิธีโซล-เจลซึ่งจะเป็นตัวรองรับให้แก่ตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยานิกเกิล และวิเคราะห์คุณลักษณะเฉพาะของตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาด้วยเทคนิค XRD, TGA, N2 physisorption, CHN analysis, H2-TPR และ NH3-TPD พบว่าตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาที่เตรียมได้มีพื้นที่ผิวจำเพาะสูงและมีความสามารถการถูกรีดิวซ์ที่อุณหภูมิต่ำ จากนั้นศึกษาความสามารถการเกิดปฏิกิริยาโดยรายงานผลในรูปของร้อยละการเปลี่ยนคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์และร้อยละการเลือกเกิดมีเทน เมื่อโหลดนิกเกิลที่ร้อยละ 10 โดยน้ำหนัก บนตัวรองรับอะลูมินาที่เตรียมในสารละลายทั้งสองที่ความเข้มข้น 7 โมลาร์ พบว่าการเตรียมในสารละลายแอมโมเนียมไฮดรอกไซด์มีความว่องไวต่อการเกิดปฏิกิริยามากกว่า เมื่อเปลี่ยนระดับการโหลดนิกเกิลจากร้อยละ 0 ถึง 14 โดยน้ำหนัก บนตัวรองรับอะลูมินาที่เตรียมในสารละลายแอมโมเนียมไฮดรอกไซด์ความเข้มข้น 7 โมลาร์ พบว่าตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยานิกเกิลที่ร้อยละ 10 โดยน้ำหนัก แสดงความสามารถการเกิดปฏิกิริยาสูงกว่าชนิดอื่น โดยให้ร้อยละการเปลี่ยนคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์และร้อยละการเลือกเกิดมีเทน 69.5 และ 97.4 อุณหภูมิ 350 องศาเซลเซียส ตามลำดับ ผลการเตรียมตัวรองรับอะลูมินาในสารละลายแอมโมเนียมไฮดรอกไซด์ที่ความเข้มข้น 3 5 และ 7 โมลาร์ เมื่อโหลดนิกเกิลที่ร้อยละ 10 โดยน้ำหนัก การเตรียมที่ 3 โมลาร์ แสดงความสามารถการเกิดปฏิกิริยาสูงกว่าเนื่องจากมีพื้นที่จำเพาะสูงกว่า การเติมตัวสนับสนุนซีเรียมออกไซด์ร้อยละ 10 โดยน้ำหนักช่วยกระตุ้นให้ค่าการเปลี่ยนคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์และค่าการเลือกเกิดมีเทนเพิ่มขึ้นเป็นร้อยละ 86.7 และ 99.5 ที่อุณหภูมิ 325 องศาเซลเซียส ตามลำดับ โดยมีเสถียรภาพตลอดช่วงการทดลอง 24 ชั่วโมง
การเปลี่ยนกลูโคสเป็น 5-ไฮดรอกซีเมทิลเฟอร์ฟิวรัลโดยใช้ตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาไนโอเบียมรองรับด้วยคาร์บอน/ซิลิกานาโนคอมพอสิต
Authors:   , คุ้มโห้ รุจีลักษณ์
Published: September 2023

งานวิจัยนี้ศึกษาการสังเคราะห์ 5-ไฮดรอกซีเมทิลเฟอร์ฟิวรัล (HMF) จากกลูโคสในระบบตัวทำละลาย 2 วัฏภาค (biphasic system) วัฏภาคหนึ่งเป็นน้ำซึ่งอิ่มตัวด้วยโซเดียมคลอไรด์ (NaCl) และอีกวัฏภาคคือเตตระไฮโดรฟิวแรน (THF) ซึ่งเป็นตัวทำละลายอินทรีย์ โดยใช้ไนโอเบียมรองรับด้วยเฮกซะกอนอลมีโซพอรัสซิลิกา (Nb/HMS) และมีโซพอรัสคาร์บอน/ซิลิกานาโนคอมพอสิต (Nb/MCS) เป็นตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยา ทำการศึกษาสมบัติทางกายภาพและเคมีของตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาที่เตรียมได้ด้วยเทคนิคต่างๆ จากการศึกษาพบว่า Nb/MCS มีพื้นที่ผิวจำเพาะสูง (ประมาณ 400 ตารางเมตรต่อกรัม) และมีขนาดรูพรุนน้อยกว่า 2 นาโนเมตร อีกทั้งยังแสดงสมบัติเป็นตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาของแข็งชนิดกรด Nb/MCS มีสมบัติความเป็นกรดสูงกว่า Nb/HMS เนื่องจากพื้นผิวของตัวรองรับ MCS มีหมู่ฟังก์ชันของออกซิเจน ได้แก่ หมู่ไฮดรอกซิล (-OH) และหมู่คาร์บอกซิล (-COOH) ซึ่งมีสมบัติเป็นกรดบรอนสเตด อีกทั้งการมีคาร์บอนในโครงสร้างของ MCS ส่งผลให้ Nb/MCS มีความชอบน้ำลดลง และศึกษาปัจจัยต่างๆ ที่มีผลต่อการเปลี่ยนของกลูโคสไปเป็น HMF ได้แก่ ชนิดของตัวรองรับ, ปริมาณไนโอเบียมบนตัวรองรับ, อุณหภูมิและเวลาในการทำปฏิกิริยา และปริมาณตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยา จากการศึกษาพบว่า Nb/MCS มีสมรรถนะเชิงเร่งดีกว่า Nb/HMS เนื่องจาก Nb/MCS มีสภาพกรดที่เหมาะสมกว่า อีกทั้งความไม่ชอบน้ำของตัวรองรับ MCS สามารถช่วยยับยั้งการเกิดปฏิกิริยารีไฮเดรชันของ HMF เปลี่ยนไปเป็นผลิตภัณฑ์พลอยได้อื่น ๆ เช่น ฮิวมิน เป็นต้น  และ Nb/MCS ที่มีปริมาณไนโอเบียมบนตัวรองรับร้อยละ 10 โดยน้ำหนัก (10 wt% Nb/MCS) เป็นตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาที่เหมาะสมที่สุดในการสังเคราะห์ HMF จากกลูโคส โดยให้การเปลี่ยนของกลูโคสร้อยละ 93.2 โดยโมล และผลได้ของ HMF ร้อยละ 57.5 โดยโมล เมื่อใช้ภาวะที่เหมาะสมคือ ปริมาณตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยา 0.018 กรัม, อุณหภูมิในการทำปฏิกิริยา 190 องศาเซลเซียส และเวลาในการทำปฏิกิริยา 1 ชั่วโมง
เชื้อเพลิงเหลวสัดส่วนเบาโดยไพโรไลซิสนํ้ามันจากทะลายปาล์มเปล่าโดยใช้ตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาผสม
Authors:   , สุนทร สุดาพร
Published: September 2023

งานวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาการผลิตเชื้อเพลิงเหลวสัดส่วนเบา (C5-C15) โดยไพโรไลซิสน้ำมันจากทะลายปาล์มเปล่าโดยใช้ตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาผสมในเครื่องปฏิกรณ์แบบแบตช์ ตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาที่ใช้ประกอบด้วย แมกนีเซียมออกไซด์และถ่านกัมมันต์ที่ผสมกันในอัตราส่วน 1 ต่อ 1 และนำมาผสมกับ 10% นิกเกิลบนตัวรองรับซีโอไลต์ HY ทำการทดลองเพื่อหาภาวะที่เหมาะสมที่ทำให้ได้ผลิตภัณฑ์เชื้อเพลิงเหลวที่มีสัดส่วนเบามากที่สุด โดยการออกแบบการทดลองเชิงแฟกทอเรียลแบบ 2 ระดับ (2K factorial design) มีตัวแปรที่ทำการศึกษา คือ อุณหภูมิที่ใช้ในการทดลอง 420-450 องศาเซลเซียส เวลาที่ใช้ในการทดลอง 30-60 นาที ปริมาณตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาผสมร้อยละ 1-5 โดยน้ำหนัก และอัตราส่วนระหว่างแมกนีเซียมออกไซด์ที่ผสมกับถ่านกัมมันต์ และ10% นิกเกิลบนตัวรองรับซีโอไลต์ HY คือ 70 ต่อ 30  และ 30 ต่อ 70 เมื่อนำผลการทดลองที่ได้ไปวิเคราะห์ด้วยโปรแกรม Design-Expert พบว่า ภาวะที่เหมาะสมคือ อุณหภูมิในการทำปฏิกิริยา 449.99 องศาเซลเซียส เวลาในการทำปฏิกิริยา 30 นาที ตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาผสมร้อยละ 1 โดยน้ำหนัก อัตราส่วนระหว่างแมกนีเซียมออกไซด์ที่ผสมกับถ่านกัมมันต์ และ10% นิกเกิลบนตัวรองรับซีโอไลต์ HY คือ 32.51 ต่อ 67.49 จะได้ผลิตภัณฑ์เชื้อเพลิงเหลวร้อยละ 69.50 และร้อยละผลได้ของเชื้อเพลิงเหลวสัดส่วนเบา 64.17 โดยน้ำหนัก ผลิตภัณฑ์เชื้อเพลิงเหลวที่ได้ มีองค์ประกอบของคาร์บอนร้อยละ 84.93 ไฮโดรเจนร้อยละ 12.57 และออกซิเจนร้อยละ 2.51 ตรวจไม่พบค่าความเป็นกรดและมีค่าความร้อนเท่ากับ 42.50 เมกะจูลต่อกิโลกรัม