bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the dynamics of international trade operations in the market of vegetables and fruits in Russia
Authors: Aksenov I. A.
Published: March 2020

Relevance. The structure of the food market is represented by various types of products, of which the largest share is taken by the fruit and vegetable sector. In the conditions of a tense political situation in the world and the establishment of barriers in foreign trade, agriculture is a strategically important branch of the Russian economy. Today, the fruit and vegetable sector of the Russian economy does not fully satisfy the needs of the population for vegetables and fruits. This is evidenced by the fact that the domestic market does not provide the population with high-quality vegetables and fruits, creates favorable conditions for filling it with foreign goods, which constitute about 35% of the consumer basket of Russians. All this leads to the need for additional analysis to identify trends in the development of the Russian market for fruits and vegetables and to identify priority areas for its development.

Methods. The purpose of the article is to conduct an analysis of the main trends in the development of the Russian fruit and vegetable market, in order to determine the priority areas of its operation. The basis of the study was the statistical data of the customs authorities of the Russian Federation on the import and export of fruits and vegetables, as well as the federal service of state statistics on the volumes of production and consumption of fruits and vegetables in Russia.

Results. As a result of the analysis of the state of the fruit and vegetable market in Russia in 2011-2018, carried out in the article. It can be stated that the population is experiencing a shortage of consumption of fruits and vegetables. Over the past eight years, imports exceeded exports in the structure of commodity circulation of fruits and vegetables, which indicates the dependence of the national market on foreign goods. The state of the fruit and vegetable market is influenced by the following factors: the level of development of the logistics infrastructure, material and technical equipment of enterprises, as well as the presence of sanctions and counter sanctions.
Örgütsel Özdeşleşmenin İş Tatminine Etkisi: Burdur İlinde Bir Araştırma
Authors: Gönüllü Hatice , Ceyhan Sefa , Bektaş Meral , Çiçek Hüseyin
Published: March 2020

Bireylerin kendisini işine, çalışma arkadaşlarına ve yöneticilerine bağlı hissetmesi durumunda örgütüyle özdeşleşmesi muhtemeldir. Ancak örgütü ile özdeşleşen her bireyin işinden tatmin olduğunu ifade etmek mümkün değidir. Bu sebeple örgütsel özdeşleşmenin iş tatmini üzerindeki etkisini belirlenmesi bu araştırmanın temel amacını oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın Burdur ilinde gerçekleştirilme sebebi ise alanda daha önce benzer nitelik taşıyan çalışma yapılmamış olması ve kamu çalışanlarının örgütsel özdeşleşme düzeylerinin tespit edilmemiş olmasıdır. Çalışmanın özgün yanını ifade eden bu kapsam doğrultusunda kamu çalışanlarından oluşan 285 kişiye yüz yüze anket çalışması uygulanmış, 34 kişi ile gerçekleştirilen görüşmenin yarıda kesilmesi sebebi ile 251 kişilik veri seti değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda örgütsel özdeşleşmenin iş tatminin örgüt boyutu ile hem anlamlı ilişkiye hem de anlamlı etkiye sahip olduğu, ücret boyutu ile herhangi bir ilişki ya da etkiye sahip olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu tespit örgütsel özdeşleşme algısına sahip olan kamu çalışanlarının içinde bulundukları çalışma ortamından tatmin oldukları ancak ücretin bu tatmin içerisinde yer almadığı şeklinde yorumlanabilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Örgütsel Özdeşleşme, İş Tatmini, Kamu KurumlarıJEL Sınıflandırması: D23, M10, M12, M54
Etkin Bir Borç Yönetiminin Sağlanmasında Risk Yönetiminin Önemi
Authors: Tandırcıoğlu Haluk
Published: March 2020

Devletlerin ekonomide sorumlulukları arttıkça olağan kamu gelirlerinin yetersizliği nedeniyle borçlanmaya duyulan ihtiyaç da artmaktadır. Borçlanmanın artması borç yönetimini daha önemli hale getirmektedir. Günümüzde risk yönetimini içeren borç yönetimi vazgeçilmez bir mali ve ekonomik politika aracı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Borç yönetimleri sadece borçlanmak için değil optimal bir bileşimle borçlanmak için önlemler geliştirmektedir. Dolayısıyla borç yönetimlerine daha fazla iş düşmektedir. Borç yönetimleri, büyüklükleri ve etkileri birbirinden farklı risk türü ile karşılaşmaktadır. Özellikle gelişmekte olan ekonomiler için çok daha önem arz eden bu riskler kredi riski, borç çevirme riski, likidite riski piyasa riski, uzlaşma riski ve operasyonel risk olarak belirtilmektedir. Ayrıca piyasa riskinin ölçülmesi etkinliği sağlayıcı bir faktördür. Bu konuda senaryo analizi, risk altındaki değer analizi, risk altındaki maliyet analizi, dayanıklılık testi ve süre ve vadeye kalan ortalama süre analizi şeklinde teknikler kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmamızda öncelikle borç yönetimi ve risk yönetimi kavramları ve risk türleri ele alınmıştır. Risklerin, politika kararlarını etkilediği dikkate alındığında risk türlerinin önemi daha fazla ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ardından risk ölçüm yönetimleri ve teknikleri incelenmiştir. Bu çerçevede aktif ve pasif borç yönetimi risk ölçümünde ayrıntılı bilgi veren tekniklerdir. Risk yönetimi teknik bilgiyi ve uygulama sonuçlarına ilişkin kontrolleri içeren etkin bir yönetimi ifade eder. Ancak gelişmekte olan ülkelerde bunun uygulamasında güçlükleri yaşanmaktadır. Bu güçlüklerin belirlenmesi önemlidir. Bu nedenle çalışmanın bir sonraki bölümünde risk yönetimindeki güçlükler incelenmiştir. Ardından Türkiye’de borç ve risk yönetiminin koordinasyonuna ilişkin düzenlemeler açıklanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuç bölümünde ise borç yönetiminin önemi, bu süreçte yaşanan sorunlar ve bunlara karşı önlemler incelenmiş ve Türkiye’de borç yönetimine ilişkin sürecin genel bir değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Borç Yönetimi, Risk Yönetimi, Risk Ölçüm YöntemleriJEL Sınıflandırması: H63, H68, G32
İkiz Açık Hipotezinin Geçerliliğinin Kırılgan Beşli Ülkeleri İçin Test Edilmesi
Authors: Baş Seher
Published: March 2020

Bu çalışmada, ikiz açık hipotezinin geçerliliği Kırılgan Beşli (Brezilya, Endonezya, Güney Afrika, Hindistan ve Türkiye) ülkeleri için araştırılmıştır. 2000 – 2017 dönemi için ele alınan çalışmada, panel veri analizi yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Yüksek cari açık ve bütçe açığına sahip kırılgan beşli ülkelerinin etkin ve sürdürülebilir bir maliye ve para politikası oluşturabilmelerinin önünde ikiz açık önemli bir sorun olabilmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında, yatay kesit bağımlılığını dikkate alan birim kök testlerinden CADF ve SURADF testleri kullanılmıştır. Tüm ülkelerde düzeyde ve seviyede durağanlık elde edilememiştir. Bu yüzden durağan olmayan panel veri modellerinden Westerlund Hata Düzeltme Modeli tercih edilmiştir. Kısa ve uzun dönemli parametrelerin tahminlenmesinde Havuzlanmış Ortalama Grup Tahmincisi ve Birimler İçin Havuzlanmış Ortalama Grup Tahmincisi kullanılmıştır. Ampirik sonuçlara göre uzun dönemde bütçe açığındaki % 1 artış cari açıkta % 0.34 oranında artışa yol açmaktadır. Bu bağlamda Geleneksel Keynesyen Yaklaşımı çerçevesinde ikiz açık hipotezinin geçerli olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: İkiz Açık, Bütçe açığı, Cari Açık, Durağan Olmayan Panel Veri Modelleri, Kırılgan BeşliJEL Sınıflandırması: C23, F30, H62
Erratum to: “Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the taxonomy of Miscanthus”
Authors: Slynko N. M. , Burmakina N. V. , Potseluyev O. M. , Kapustyanchik S. Yu. , Galitsin G. Yu. , Goryachkovskaya T. N. , Kuybida L. V. , Shekhovtsov S. V. , Peltek S. E. , Shumny V. K.
Published: March 2020

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Profilaktyka dla rodzin z problemem alkoholowym
Authors: Łukowski Karol
Published: March 2020

Profilaktyka dla rodzin z problemem alkoholowym pokazuje zakres możliwości, z których może skorzystać rodzina. Profilaktyka stwarza warunki do zmiany, daje korzyści i dostarcza wiedzę. W referacie przedstawię rozszerzony zakres opcji pomocy profilaktyki uniwersalnej, wskazującej i selektywnej. Opisana profilaktyka alkoholowa dotyczy edukacji, metod wsparcia, interakcji terapeutycznych i uzyskania niezbędnych informacji. Głównym celem środków zapobiegawczych jest zmniejszenie negatywnych skutków picia alkoholu w rodzinie. Artykuł składa się z części wstępnej, opisu profilaktyki alkoholowej rodzin, psychoedukacji rodzin, działań wspierających profilaktykę alkoholową i podsumowania.
Przeciwdziałanie problemom alkoholowym w świetle ustawy z 26 października 1982 r. O postępowaniu w sprawach nieletnich. Zagadnienia wybrane
Authors: Badziak Justyna
Published: March 2020

Szkodliwe spożywanie alkoholu powoduje rocznie milion zgonów, z czego znaczną część jego ofiar stanowią młodzi ludzie. Co więcej szeroki zakres problemów związanych ze spożywaniem alkoholu może w sposób druzgocący wpływać nie tylko na samych nieletnich, ale także na ich rodziny, a nawet życie społeczności lokalnej. Wszystko to przyczyniło się do opracowania szeregu strategii zapobiegawczych lub powodujących co najmniej częściową redukcję tego zjawiska. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest przedstawienie wybranych działań podejmowanych w tej dziedzinie przez sąd dla nieletnich na podstawie ustawy z dnia 26 października 1982 r. o postępowaniu w sprawach nieletnich. Oparcie obowiązującego polskiego systemu postępowania z nieletnimi na modelu opiekuńczo‑wychowawczo‑ochronnym i uznaniu za jego naczelną dyrektywę kierowanie się przede wszystkim dobrem nieletniego oznacza z jednej strony rezygnację z represji jako podstawowego środka stosowanego wobec nieletnich, a z drugiej nawiązuje do zasady dobra dziecka. Wskazany priorytet dobra nieletniego, który uznany został za fundamentalną dyrektywę polskiego modelu postępowania z tą grupą osób, w założeniu teoretycznym powinien rzutować na wszystkie przyjęte w nim rozwiązania prawne, a w konsekwencji także na decyzje wydawane na każdym jego etapie. Przy czym te z nich, które nie służyłyby dobru nieletniego, rozumianemu jako dążenie do osiągnięcia takich korzystnych zmian w jego osobowości i zachowaniu, aby mógł on stosownie do biologicznego wieku i dojrzałości odpowiednio funkcjonować w otaczającej go rzeczywistości społecznej, są z założenia błędne i powinny ulec zmianie lub uchyleniu. Odnosi się to także do specjalnych środków prawnych, które mają zapobiegać alkoholizmowi wśród nieletnich.
Strategie pracy z rodzicami osób uzależnionych od alkoholu. Perspektywa profesjonalistów
Authors: Dobińska Gabriela , Cieślikowska‑Ryczko Angelika
Published: March 2020

Badania nad doświadczeniem kryzysu alkoholowego rodziny pozwoliły na zgromadzenie kilkudziesięciu wywiadów pogłębionych nie tylko z rodzicami dorosłych dzieci uzależnionych od alkoholu, ale również osobami zaangażowanymi w ich wsparcie zarówno nieformalne, jak i profesjonalne. Doświadczenia zawodowe ostatniej wspomnianej grupy (profesjonalistów – m.in. pracowników socjalnych, terapeutów, lekarzy) stały się głównym przedmiotem naszych rozważań. Krótka charakterystyka potrzeb rodzin oraz instytucjonalnej odpowiedzi na te potrzeby prowadzi do drugiej części artykułu, w której to przyglądamy się rozmaitym tropom badawczym i inspiracjom teoretyczno-metodologicznym. Pochylamy się nad pojęciem działań profesjonalnych oraz ich standaryzacji, a także uzupełniamy nasze rozważania o koncepcję pracy pośredniczącej, charakteryzując jej typy. W ramie interakcyjnej podejmujemy rozważania (wolne od podsumowujących uogólnień i wniosków) nad relacją zorientowaną na wsparcie i pomoc rodzicom w kryzysie alkoholowym. W ostatniej kluczowej części staramy się odpowiedzieć na pytanie – jakie strategie pracy obierają badani profesjonaliści? Jak charakteryzują podejmowane przez siebie działania, a także jak definiują rodzica jako partnera interakcji?
Przymus leczenia osób uzależnionych od alkoholu: perspektywa dylematów prawno‑etycznych
Authors: Kmieciak Błażej
Published: March 2020

W Polsce od ponad trzech dekad obowiązują zapisy ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu alkoholizmowi i wychowaniu w trzeźwości. Pojawienie się wskazanego dokumentu posiadało trudne do przecenienia społeczne znaczenie. W latach 70. i 80. ubiegłego wieku można było dostrzec wyraźną korelację pomiędzy wzrostem poziomu spożywania alkoholu oraz pojawieniem się coraz poważniejszych dramatów wewnątrzrodzinnych. Antyalkoholowa ustawa miała wprowadzić istotne normy dotyczące sprzedaży produktów alkoholowych. Jednocześnie skonstruowała ona – obowiązujące do dzisiaj – zasady kierowania osób uzależnionych na przymusową terapię. Wątek przymusowego leczenia osób uzależnionych od alkoholu jest nadal szeroko dyskutowany jest w literaturze zarówno prawniczej, medycznej, jak i psychopedagogicznej. Spotkać się można z postawą, zgodnie z którą jedynie dobrowolnie wyrażona zgoda na terapię umożliwia rozpoczęcie skutecznego procesu powrotu do zdrowia. Z drugiej natomiast strony przypomina się, że w przypadku uzależnienia od alkoholu niejednokrotnie nie jest możliwe uzyskanie akceptacji pacjenta na leczenie. Zaznacza się, że dalsze trwanie w nałogu nieuchronnie prowadzi do cierpienia np. rodziny osoby nałogowo spożywającej alkohol. Dodaje się, że człowiek w podobnym stanie jest „zniewolony” przez alkohol. Uniemożliwia mu to podejmowanie racjonalnej decyzji, kluczowej dla niego oraz jego bliskich. W Polsce przymus leczenia szpitalnego dotyczący osób uzależnionych (poza wyjątkami) można stosować wyłącznie wobec osób, u których wykryto zespół zależności alkoholowej. Czy działania te posiadają nadal uzasadnienie? Czy działanie to ma na celu wyłącznie ochronę zdrowia osoby uzależnionej? Być może kluczowe jest w tym względzie przede wszystkim położenie, w jakim znajduje się rodzina osoby uzależnionej od alkoholu? Refleksja nad tymi pytaniami jest celem artykułu.
Artykuł został przygotowany w ramach realizacji tematu badawczego „Prawno‑społeczne wyzwania ochrony zdrowia psychicznego” nr 502-03/6-074-06/502-64-103 finansowanego ze środków Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Łodzi.
Metodologiczno‑etyczne aspekty prowadzenia badań fokusowych z udziałem przedstawicieli instytucjonalnego systemu wsparcia dla rodzin z problemem alkoholowym
Authors: Dobińska Gabriela , Walczak‑Człapińska Karolina
Published: March 2020

Celem artykułu jest refleksja nad dylematami o charakterze etyczno‑metodologicznym, których doświadczyły badaczki w trakcie planowania oraz realizacji badań fokusowych z udziałem przedstawicieli instytucjonalnego systemu wsparcia dla rodzin z problemem alkoholowym. W pierwszej części autorki przedstawiły główne założenia teoretyczne dotyczące realizacji badań fokusowych, wskazując na rozmaitość podejść, wątpliwości oraz dylematów wynikających m.in. ze statusu metodologicznego badania grupy fokusowej, elementów procedury badawczej, etyki, doboru uczestników, analizy zgromadzonego materiału empirycznego, roli moderatora, doboru przestrzeni oraz sposobu rejestracji badania. Następnie w części metodologicznej badaczki zaprezentowały szczegółowy przebieg procedury badawczej, który stanowił swoisty wstęp dla trzeciej, ostatniej części analitycznej, w której autorki prezentują dylematy, a także sposoby radzenia sobie z ograniczeniami metodologicznymi, wskazując równocześnie na potencjał oraz możliwości badań fokusowych. Zrealizowany przez badaczki wywiad fokusowy z przedstawicielami instytucji pomocowych dla rodzin z problemem alkoholowym stanowił jedną z części szerszego projektu badawczego.
Badania prowadzone przez zespół Pracowni Pedagogiki Specjalnej na Wydziale Nauk o Wychowaniu Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego w ramach projektu naukowego pt. „Rodzina w systemie wsparcia społecznego i pomocy osobom z problemem alkoholowym. Badania biograficzne z udziałem rodziców (dorosłych) dzieci uzależnionych od alkoholu”, realizowanego jako zadanie „Wspieranie badań naukowych w obszarze problemów wynikających z używania alkoholu” finansowane ze środków Narodowego Programu Zdrowia na lata 2016–2020.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE EPIDEMIC PROCESS MANIFESTATIONS AND LEADING FACTORS OF SEROUS MENINGITIS PATHOGENSAND HERPETIC ANGINA OF ENTEROVIRAL ETIOLOGY TRANSMISSION
Authors: Sergevnin V. I. , Tryasolobova M. A. , Devyatkov M. Yu. , Kuzovnikova E. Zh.
Published: March 2020

The aim of the work is a comparative evaluation of the epidemic process manifestations and the leading factors of serous meningitis (SM) pathogens and enteroviral etiologyherpetic angina (HA) transmission. Materials and methods. Manifestations of the epidemic process of SM and HA were studied according to the official registration of the incidence of the population of Perm for the 2010-2016. 1464 water samples of the distribution network, 178 samples of water from decentralized sources of water system, 293 samples of surface water, 117 samples of bottled water, and 57 wipe samples from the surface of vegetables and fruits were studied usingpolymerase chain reaction (PCR)for the presence of markers of non-polyemic enteroviruses (NEV). In conditions of analytical “case-control” method the epidemiological survey of 350 epidemiological focuses of SM and 142 focuses of GA were conducted. Results. The findingsclearly demonstratethat it is similarity betweenepidemic process manifestations of SM and enteroviral etiologyHA. In both clinical variants of enteroviral infection, the priority role is the water way of transmission of the pathogen by drinking water from centralized and decentralized sources of water system, as well as swimming in surface water. The water transmission way is activated in the summer-autumn period of the year due to the increase in the number of emergency situations on the water supply networks, as well as due to the swimming factor. The role of bottled water as well as vegetables and fruits as factors of transmission of enteroviral infection has been revealed.
A Study on the Social Movements in Contemporary Islamic Thought
Authors: Mokhtari Mohammad Hossain
Published: March 2020

Today, Islam is not restricted to the geographical borders of only a limited number of countries, but now covers the though, cultural, tribal and language borders of nations from Asia to Africa and can be counted as one of the most important and fastest growing religions in Europe and America. Whilst this spread is a means of delight, it has suffered from a type of ideological dismantling.

Contemporary Islamic though can be categorized into five main groupings: 1. Anti- rational Salafism, headed by Ibn Taymiyyah and Muhammad b. Abd al-Wahab, 2. Anti –Western Religious Revivalism, headed by Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadrabadi, 3. Anti- Religious Protestantism headed by Akhund Zadeh and Taqi Zadeh, 4. Reformist Protestantism headed by Shariati and 5. the movement of forming an Islamic civilization, led by the unique architect of the 20th century, Imam Khomeini.These schools of thought, at times contain ideas that are quite similar, but at others are extremely contradictory. It is this issue that has made research concerning these schools and ideas even more essential. Elements such as irrationality, being anti-western, reactions in the face of the waves of modernity and political theories based on religion can be mentioned as being some of the most important factors in the appearance of these trends. It is the aim of this paper to explore the backgrounds and latest developments of these thoughts over the last century in a descriptive – analytical way.
Characteristics for Performance Optimization of Safety-Critical System Development (SCSD)
Authors: Thawaba Abdulaziz Ahmed , Ramli Azizul Azhar , Fudzee Mohd. Farhan Md. , Wadata Junzo ,   Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia,   Computer and Information Sciences Department, Center for Research in Data Science (CERDAS), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
Published: March 2020

Safety-critical systems (SCS) are the most significant systems that affect our daily life in many areas such as flight control systems, railway systems, medical devices, nuclear systems, and military weapons. SCS failures could result in losing life or serious injuries. Improving the practices during development phases of SCS can reduce failures up to 40%, thus resulting developers to follows specific development practices and techniques. Developers should improve safety-critical system development (SCSD) by taking into account all factors and understanding the causes of failure. Previous studies have highlighted the causes of failure during the development of SCS, but for specific areas such as designs, requirements, or the human factor, while developers need to know the causes of failure in all areas and the relationship between them clearly and comprehensively. This research aims to analyze SCSD characteristics and discuss performance improvement as well as causes of failure. This paper proposed a guideline that helps developers reduce the causes of failure during SCS development. This guide has four characteristics, each with a role in improving SCSD and reducing causes of failure.
Evaluation of Phenomena Preceding Earthquakes and Earthquake Predictability
Authors: Nakatani Masao ,   Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
Published: March 2020

Unusual phenomena sometimes precede a large earthquake and are considered by some as a telltale sign of that earthquake. Judging whether the phenomenon was indeed related to the earthquake is difficult for individual cases. However, the accumulation of data over time allows for statistical evaluation to determine whether there is a correlation between the occurrence of a certain type of phenomena prior to an earthquake. The focus of this study is to review such statistical evaluation. The aspects considered in this study include seismicity, crustal deformation, slow slip, crustal fluids, crustal properties, electromagnetic phenomena, and animal behaviors. The lead times range from minutes to a few decades. The magnitude of the earthquake-preceding tendency can be universally measured by the probability gainG, which is the enhancement ratio of earthquake probability suggested by the occurrence of the phenomenon. A preceding tendency is considered to exist ifGis > 1 with reasonable statistical significance. Short-term foreshock activity, that is, temporarily heightened seismicity, produces by far the highestG> 100, sometimes exceeding 10000. While this strongly contributes to empirical forecasting, a considerable part of the predictive power of foreshocks is likely to derive from the mere aftershock triggering mechanism. This enhances the probability of small and large earthquakes by the same factor. It is fundamentally different from traditional expectations that foreshock activity signifies the underlying nucleation process of the forthcoming (large) earthquake. Earthquake-preceding tendency has also been proven significant for a number of other phenomena not ascribable to the aftershock-triggering effect. Some phenomena may be indicators of physical conditions favorable for large earthquakes, while some (e.g., slow slip) may represent triggering effects other than aftershock triggering. Phenomena not ascribable to aftershock triggering have a modestGof < 20 so far. However, these phenomena, including higher-order features of foreshocks, can be combined with the highGfrom aftershock-triggering effect, sometimes yielding a fairly scaring level of forecast. For example, say ∼10% chance of an M7 earthquake in a week in a few hundred km radius.
Cumulative Prevalence of Confirmed Maltreatment and Foster Care Placement for US Children by Race/Ethnicity, 2011–2016
Authors: Yi Youngmin , Edwards Frank R. , Wildeman Christopher
Published: March 2020

Objectives. To estimate the cumulative prevalence of confirmed child maltreatment and foster care placement for US children and changes in prevalence between 2011 and 2016.

Methods. We used synthetic cohort life tables and data from the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System and the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System and population counts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Results. US children’s cumulative prevalence of confirmed maltreatment remained stable between 2011 and 2016 at about 11.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 11.6%, 11.7%) of the population and increased by roughly 11% for foster care placement from 4.8% (95% CI = 4.8%, 4.8%) to 5.3% (95% CI = 5.3%, 5.4%). American Indian/Alaska Native children experienced the largest change, an 18.0% increase in confirmed maltreatment risk from 13.4% (95% CI = 13.1%, 13.6%) to 15.8% (95% CI = 15.6%, 16.1%) and a 21% increase in foster care placement risk from 9.4% (95% CI = 9.2%, 9.6%) to 11.4% (95% CI = 11.2%, 11.6%).

Conclusions. Confirmed child maltreatment and foster care placement continued to be experienced at high rates in the United States in 2012 through 2016, with especially high risks for American Indian/Alaska Native children. Rates of foster care have increased, whereas rates of confirmed maltreatment have remained stable.
Health Implications of Housing Assignments for Incarcerated Transgender Women
Authors: Ledesma Elida , Ford Chandra L.
Published: March 2020

Transgender women (i.e., persons who were assigned male sex at birth but who live and identify as female) experience forms of discrimination that limit their access to stable housing and contribute to high rates of incarceration; once incarcerated, the approaches used to assign them housing within the jail or prison place them at risk for abuse, rape, and other outcomes. Yet, a paucity of studies explores the implications of carceral housing assignments for transgender women.

Whether the approaches used to assign housing in jails and prisons violate the rights of incarcerated transgender persons has been argued before the US federal courts under Section 1983 of the US Constitution, which allows persons who were raped while incarcerated to claim a violation of their Eighth Amendment rights.

Reforms and policy recommendations have been attempted; however, the results have been mixed and the public health implications have received limited attention.
Policy Changes and Child Blood Lead Levels by Age 2 Years for Children Born in Illinois, 2001–2014
Authors: Abbasi Ali , Pals Bridget , Gazze Ludovica
Published: March 2020

Objectives. To evaluate how lowering the blood lead level (BLL) intervention threshold affects childhood lead testing policy.

Methods. We geocoded 4.19 million Illinois lead testing records (2001–2016) and linked to 2.37 million birth records (2001–2014), data on housing age, industrial emissions, and roads. We used multinomial logistic regression to determine predictors of BLLs of 10 micrograms per deciliter (µg/dL) or greater, 5 to 9 µg/dL, and 4 µg/dL.

Results. We found that 2.2% of children had BLLs of 10 µg/dL or greater, 8.9% had BLLs of 5 to 9 µg/dL, and 5.7% had BLLs of 4 µg/dL. Pre-1930 housing was associated with more than 2- to 4-fold increased relative risk of BLLs above all thresholds. Housing built in 1951 to 1978 was associated with increased relative risk of BLLs of 5 to 9 µg/dL (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06, 1.21) but not with increased relative risk of BLLs of 10 µg/dL or greater (RRR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.84, 1.16). At a given address, previous BLLs of 5 to 9 µg/dL or BLLs of 10 µg/dL or greater were associated with increased risk of BLLs of 5 to 9 µg/dL or BLLs of 10 µg/dL or greater among current occupants by 2.37- (95% CI = 2.20, 2.54) fold and 4.08- (95% CI = 3.69, 4.52) fold, respectively.

Conclusions. The relative importance of determinants of above-threshold BLLs changes with decreasing intervention thresholds.

Public Health Implications. States may need to update lead screening guidelines when decreasing the intervention threshold.
The Developmental Experience of Forest-Dependent Communities in Developing Countries
Authors: Lissel Hernandez
Published: March 2020

Forest management is a key element for sustained community development and climate change mitigation, especially in developing countries. This research sets out to test the hypothesis that community-based management of forests generates more community development benefits and higher forest sustainability levels than state or private sector forest management approaches. This presentation provides background on the crisis of forestry and the potential of communitybased natural resource management (CBNRM). It discusses the different forestry management approaches and presents the results of the analysis of the outcomes identified in different cases of forest management using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF). Limitations on the quality and homogeneity of the information provided by the literature reviewed did not support definitive conclusions. However, the cases analyzed suggest that community forest management might create more community development benefits and higher forest sustainability than state and private forest management. The implications for rural Ontario are the potential of CBNRM, the pertinence of the SLF and the need to have homogeneous and comparable indicators when analyzing developmental and sustainability outcomes in rural communities.
Rural and Remote Municipalities as Practitioners and Intermediaries in Social Enterprise Development: A Case for Place Based Policy
Authors: Mary Ferguson
Published: March 2020

Rural municipalities have a critical role to play as intermediaries in the social enterprise development field. This level of government is crucial in the development and maintenance of social enterprise activity in rural and remote contexts, because it is the most reflective of local conditions, concerns, values and histories. Most municipalities do not see or understand how they can leverage municipal and community assets through social enterprise development. There is very little research that supports rural municipalities’ decision-making on their current and potential role as practitioners and intermediaries in rural social enterprise development. This research highlights the effective practices currently in use, or practices that could be replicated to more effectively stimulate and support rural development of social enterprise. And so, this research documents social enterprise interventions as a local phenomenon, but also within an understanding specifically of rural policy, rural opportunities, and rural challenges.
Surveying Municipal Data Systems in Ontario
Authors: Alex Petric
Published: March 2020

Recent years have seen an increase in the public availability of various forms of municipal data, both in cities and in higher-level governments, in countries across the globe. Rural areas have been slower to engage with this developing technology. While several reasons have been proposed for this disparity, including a lack of municipal resources, a lack of interest, Internet accessibility issues, and more, the academic literature assessing this phenomenon remains thin. In this poster, we outline the literature that is available on this topic from across several countries. We also discuss a planned research project to survey municipal actors in order to understand how and why Ontario's rural communities are or are not engaging with newer data technologies.
Hacking the Rural Renaissance: Understanding Models of Rural Innovation Ecosystems and Their Implications for Public Policy and Community Development Practice
Authors: Ashleigh Weeden
Published: March 2020

The Government of Canada opened its Innovation Agenda consultations by stating: “Innovation is a Canadian value…. [It] will create jobs, drive growth and improve the lives of all Canadians…. We have the talent, the drive, the dedication and the opportunity to succeed. So, what’s next?” However, it often seems like “what’s next” are policies that fail to recognize, support and leverage innovation in the diverse rural communities that feed our bodies and fuel our economies. This research will use a comparative case study approach to examine how different rural communities successfully leverage innovation systems for community economic development and identify key drivers for rural economic resiliency by exploring: (i) the influence of spatial, relational, and structural dimensions in the development of place-based rural innovation ecosystems; (ii) the influence and role of infrastructure investments; and (iii) the influence of provincial/national policy frameworks on rural community capacity to leverage placebased innovation ecosystems.
Closed, Bused, Mixed: A Literature Review on the Impact of Rural School Closure; Effects of Busing on Rural Students; and Student Performance in Small Schools and Mixed-Age Classes
Authors: Tatiana Zakharova
Published: March 2020

In 2000, Lauzon and Leahy completed a literature review on rural schools and educational reform, concluding that rural schools were indeed worth saving. In 2017, I conducted a literature review with the goal of offering an update to that article, investigating the post-2001 research on the impact of rural school closures; the effects of bussing of rural students to/from school; and student performance in small schools and mixed-grade classes. The results were mixed and contradictory, equal in their puzzling to the complexity of defining what is “rural” and what is “small school”. While some of the researchers continue to point out the unique place of local schools in rural settings, many also note the lack of large-scale studies into the impact of rural school closures, especially the impact on students – even "who pays and the price they pay, is always of interest" (bell hooks)… or is it?
Older adults preferences for, adherence to and experiences of two self-management falls prevention home exercise programmes: A comparison between a digital programme and a paper booklet
Authors: Mansson Linda , Lundin-Olsson Lillemor , Skelton Dawn A , Janols Rebecka , Lindgren Helena , Rosendahl Erik , Sandlund Marlene
Published: March 2020

Background: Fall prevention exercise programmes are known to be effective, but access to these programmes is not always possible. The use of eHealth solutions might be a way forward to increase access and reach a wider population. In this feasibility study the aim was to explore the choice of programme, adherence, and self-reported experiences comparing two exercise programmes – a digital programme and a paper booklet. Methods: A participant preference trial of two self-managed fall prevention exercise interventions. Community-dwelling adults aged 70 years and older exercised independently for four months after one introduction meeting. Baseline information was collected at study start, including a short introduction of the exercise programme, a short physical assessment, and completion of questionnaires. During the four months intervention period, participants self-reported their performed exercises in an exercise diary. At a final meeting, questionnaires about their experiences, and post-assessments, were completed. For adherence analyses data from diaries were used and four subgroups for different levels of participation were compared. Exercise maintenance was followed up with a survey 12 months after study start. Results: Sixty-seven participants, with mean age 77±4 years were included, 72% were women. Forty-three percent chose the digital programme. Attrition rate was 17% in the digital programme group and 37% in the paper booklet group (p=.078). In both groups 50-59% reported exercise at least 75% of the intervention period. The only significant difference for adherence was in the subgroup that completed ≥75% of exercise duration, the digital programme users exercised more minutes per week (p=.001). Participants in both groups were content with their programme but digital programme users reported a significantly higher (p=.026) degree of being content, and feeling supported by the programme (p=.044). At 12 months follow-up 67% of participants using the digital programme continued to exercise regularly compared with 35% for the paper booklet (p=.036). Conclusions: Exercise interventions based on either a digital programme or a paper booklet can be used as a self-managed, independent fall prevention programme. There is a similar adherence in both programmes during a 4-month intervention, but the digital programme seems to facilitate long-term maintenance in regular exercise.
The disease stage-associated imbalance of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg in uterine cervical cancer patients and their recovery with the reduction of tumor burden
Authors: Lin Wei , Zhang Hua-ling , Niu Zhao-yuan , Wang Zhen , Kong Yan , Yang Xing-sheng , Yuan Fang
Published: March 2020

Background

Nearly all uterine cervical cancer (UCC) cases result from human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. After high-risk HPV infection, most HPV infections are naturally cleared by humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Thus, cervical lesions of only few patients progress into cervical cancer via cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and lead to persistent oncogenic HPV infection. This suggests that immunoregulation plays an instrumental role in the carcinogenesis. However, there was a few study on the relation between the immunologic dissonance and clinical characteristics of UCC patients.

Method

We examined the related immune cells (Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells) by flow cytometric analysis and analyzed their relations with UCC stages, tumor size, differentiation, histology type, lymph node metastases, and vasoinvasion. Next, we quantified the Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells before and after the operation both in UCC and CIN patients.

Results

When compared with stage I patients, decreased levels of circulating Th1 cells and elevated levels of Th2, Th17, and Treg cells were detected in stage II patients. In addition, the imbalance of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg cells was related to the tumor size, lymph node metastases, and vasoinvasion. We found that immunological cell levels normalized after the operations. In general, immunological cell levels in CIN patients normalized sooner than in UCC patients.

Conclusions

Our findings suggested that peripheral immunological cell levels reflect the patient’s condition.
Implementation of a complex intervention to improve participation in older people with joint contractures living in nursing homes: A process evaluation of a cluster-randomised pilot trial
Authors: Klingshirn Hanna , Müller Martin , Beutner Katrin , Hirt Julian , Strobl Ralf , Grill Eva , Meyer Gabriele , Saal Susanne
Published: March 2020

Background: Joint contractures in frail older people are associated with serious restrictions in participation. We developed the Participation Enabling CAre in Nursing (PECAN) intervention, a complex intervention to enable nurses to promote participation in nursing home residents with joint contractures. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of the implementation strategy and to identify enablers and barriers for a successful implementation. Methods: The implementation of PECAN was investigated in a 6-month pilot cluster-randomised controlled trial (c-RCT). As a key component of the implementation strategy, nominated nurses were trained as facilitators in a one-day workshop and supported by peer-mentoring (visit, telephone counselling). A mixed-methods approach was conducted in conjunction with the pilot trial and guided by a framework for process evaluations of c-RCTs. Data were collected using standardised questionnaires (nursing staff), documentation forms, problem-centred qualitative interviews (facilitators, therapists, social workers, relatives, peer-mentors), and a group discussion (facilitators). A set of predefined criteria on the nursing home level was examined. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data were analysed using directed content analysis. Results: Seven nursing homes (n=4 intervention groups, n=3 control groups) in two regions of Germany took part in the study. Facilitators responded well to the qualification measures (workshop participation: 14/14; workshop rating: “good”; peer-mentor visit participation: 10/14). The usage of peer-mentoring via telephone varied (one to seven contacts per nursing home). Our implementation strategy was not successful in connection with supplying the intervention to all the nurses. The clear commitment of the entire nursing home and the respect for the expertise of different healthcare professionals were emphasised as enablers, whereas a lack of impact on organisational conditions and routines and a lack of time and staff competence were mentioned as barriers. Conclusion: The PECAN intervention was delivered as planned to the facilitators but was unable to produce comprehensive changes in the nursing homes and subsequently for the residents. Strategies to systematically include the management and the nursing team from the beginning are needed to support the facilitators during implementation in the main trial. Trial Registration: German clinical trials register, DRKS00010037. Registered 12 February 2016.
Genome-wide identification of the expansin gene family reveals that expansin genes are involved in fibre cell growth in cotton
Authors: Lv Limin , Zuo Dongyun , Wang Xingfen , Cheng Hailiang , Zhang Youping , Wang Qiaolian , Song Guoli , Ma Zhiying
Published: March 2020

Background : Expansins ( EXPs ), a group of proteins that loosen plant cell walls and cellulosic materials, are involved in regulating cell growth and diverse developmental processes in plants. However, the biological functions of this gene family in cotton are still unknown. Results: In this paper, we identified a total of 93 expansin genes in Gossypium hirsutum . These genes were classified into four subfamilies, including 67 GhEXPAs , 8 GhEXPBs , 6 GhEXLAs , and 12 GhEXLBs , and divided into 15 subgroups. The 93 expansin genes are distributed over 24 chromosomes, excluding Ghir_A02 and Ghir_D06. All GhEXP genes contain multiple exons, and each GhEXP protein has multiple conserved motifs. Transcript profiling and qPCR analysis revealed that the expansin genes have distinct expression patterns among different stages of cotton fibre development. Among them, 3 genes ( GhEXPA4o , GhEXPA1A , and GhEXPA8h ) were highly expressed in the initiation stage, 9 genes ( GhEXPA4a , GhEXPA13a , GhEXPA4f , GhEXPA4q , GhEXPA8f , GhEXPA2 , GhEXPA8g , GhEXPA8a , and GhEXPA4n ) had high expression during the fast elongation stage, and GhEXLA1c and GhEXLA1f were preferentially expressed in the transition stage of fibre development. Conclusions: Our results provide a solid basis for further elucidation of the biological functions of expansin genes in relation to cotton fibre development and valuable genetic resources for future crop improvement.
Application of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification combined with colorimetric and lateral flow dipstick visualization as the potential point-of-care testing for Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Authors: Zasada Aleksandra Anna , Wiatrzyk Aldona , Czajka Urszula , Brodzik Klaudia , Formińska Kamila , Mosiej Ewa , Prygiel Marta , Krysztopa-Grzybowska Katarzyna , Wdowiak Karol
Published: March 2020

Background: Diphtheria outbreaks occurred in endemic areas and imported and indigenous cases are reported in UE/EEA. Because of the high infectiveness and severity of the disease, early and accurate diagnosis of each suspected case is essential for the treatment and management of the case and close contacts.The aim of the study was to establish simple and rapid testing methods based on Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and differentiation between toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains.Methods: Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans isolates from the National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene collection were used for the development of LAMP assay for the diagnosis of diphtheria and nontoxigenic C. diphtheriae infections. Various colorimetric methods for visualization of results were investigated. Sensitivity and specificity of the assay were examined using a collection of DNA samples from various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.Results: The LAMP assay for tox and dtxR genes was developed. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were calculated as 100%. The detection limit was estimated as 1.42 pg/µl concentration of DNA template when the reaction was conducted for 60 min. However, the detection limit was lowered 10 times for every 10 minutes of reduction in the time of incubation during the reaction. Positive results were successfully detected colorimetrically using hydroxynaphthol blue, calcein, QuantiFluor, and lateral flow Milenia HybriDetect dipsticks.Conclusion: The assay developed in the study might be applied for point-of-care testing of diphtheria and other C. diphtheriae infections as well as for other infections caused by diphtheria-toxin producing Corynebacterium species. It is highly sensitive, specific, inexpensive, easy to use, and suitable for low-resource settings.
Canine colostrum exosomes: Characterization and influence on the canine mesenchymal stem cell secretory profile and fibroblast anti-oxidative capacity.
Authors: Villatoro Antonio J , Martín-Astorga María del Carmen , Alcoholado Cristina , Becerra José
Published: March 2020

Background : Canine colostrum milk (CCM) is a specific secretion of the mammary gland that is fundamental for the survival of the newborn. CCM has many described components (immunoglobulins, proteins or fat), but its small vesicles, named exosomes, are largely unknown. Results : A characterization of CCM exosomes was performed. Exosomes were abundant in CCM and appeared with the characteristic cup-shaped morphology and well-defined round vesicles. The size distribution of exosomes was between 37 and 140 nm, and western blot analysis showed positive expression of specific exosomal markers. Proteomic analysis revealed a total of 826 proteins in exosome cargo. We also found that exosomes modified the proliferation and secretory profiles in canine mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow (cBM-MSCs) and adipose tissue (cAd-MSCs). Additionally, CCM exosomes demonstrated a potent antioxidant effect on canine fibroblasts in culture. Conclusions : Our findings highlight, for the first time, the abundant presence of exosomes in CCM and their ability to interact with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The addition of exosomes to two types of MSCs in culture resulted in specific secretory profiles with functions related to angiogenesis, migration and chemotaxis of immune cells. In particular, the cAd-MSCs secretory profile showed higher potential in adipose tissue development and neurogenesis, while cBM-MSC production was associated with immunity, cell mobilization and haematopoiesis. Finally, exosomes also presented antioxidant capacity on fibroblasts against reactive oxygen species activity within the cell, demonstrating their fundamental role in the development and maturation of dogs in the early stages of their life.