bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Left Ventricular Assist for Pediatric Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy Using the Medos Vad Cannula and a Centrifugal Pump
Authors: Huang Shu‐Chien , Chi Nai‐Hsin , Chen Chun‐An , Chen Yih‐Sharng , Chou Nai‐Kuan , Ko Wen‐Je , Wang Shoei‐Shen
Published: October 2009

Ventricular assist devices for small pediatric patients are expensive and commercially unavailable in Taiwan. We used the Medos ventricular assist device cannula (Medos, Aachen, Germany) and a centrifugal pump to support pediatric patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and decompensated heart failure. From January 2007 to December 2008, three pediatric patients with dilated cardiomyopathy were supported using a centrifugal pump as the left ventricular assist device. The Medos arterial cannula was sutured to the ascending aorta, and the Apex cannula was fixed into the left ventricular apex. When the patient was weaned off of cardiopulmonary bypass, the left ventricular assist device pump was started. The pump flow was gradually titrated according to the filling status of the left ventricle. All the left ventricular assist devices were successfully implanted and functioned well. Two patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation had severe lung edema before left ventricular assist device implantation. Both patients required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for the postoperative period until the pulmonary edema was resolved. Among the three patients, two successfully bridged to heart transplantation after support for 6 and 11 days, respectively. The first patient (10 kg) expired due to systemic emboli 30 days after left ventricular assist device support. In summary, these results suggest that the Medos ventricular assist device cannula and a centrifugal pump is an option for temporary left ventricular assist device support in patients with intractable heart failure and as a bridge to heart transplantation.
Baseline Lower Extremity Strength and Subsequent Decline in Functional Performance at 6‐Year Follow‐Up in Persons with Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease
Authors: Herman Seth D. , Liu Kiang , Tian Lu , Guralnik Jack M. , Ferrucci Luigi , Criqui Michael H. , Liao Yihua , McDermott Mary M.
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate associations between baseline lower extremity strength and decline in functional performance over 6 years of follow‐up in men and women with lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD).

DESIGN: Prospective observational study.

SETTING: Three Chicago‐area hospitals.

PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred seventy‐four men and women with PAD.

MEASUREMENTS: Baseline isometric hip extension, hip flexion, knee flexion, and knee extension strength were measured using a musculoskeletal fitness evaluation chair. Usual and fastest‐paced 4‐m walking speed, 6‐minute walk, and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) were assessed at baseline and annually thereafter. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, race, ankle–brachial index (ABI), comorbidities, and other confounders.

RESULTS: In women with PAD, weaker baseline hip and knee flexion strength were associated with faster average annual decline in usual‐pace 4‐m walking speed (P trend <.001 and .02, respectively) and SPPB (P trend=.02 and .01, respectively). In women, weaker hip extension strength was associated with faster decline in usual‐pace 4‐m walking speed and SPPB (P trend=.01 and <.01, respectively). There were no significant associations between baseline strength and decline in 6‐minute walk in women. There were no significant associations between any baseline strength measure and functional decline in men.

CONCLUSION: Weaker baseline leg strength is associated with faster functional decline in nonendurance measures of functional performance in women with PAD but not in men with PAD.
Pneumonia and Influenza Hospitalizations in Elderly People with Dementia
Authors: Naumova Elena N. , Parisi Sara M. , Castronovo Denise , Pandita Manisha , Wenger Julia , Minihan Paula
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVES: To compare the demographic and geographic patterns of pneumonia and influenza (P&I) hospitalizations in older adults with dementia with those of the U.S. population and to examine the relationship between healthcare accessibility and P&I.

DESIGN: Observational study using historical medical claims from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and CMS records supplemented with information derived from other large national sources.

SETTING: Retrospective analysis of medical records uniformly collected over a 5‐year period with comprehensive national coverage.

PARTICIPANTS: A study population representative of more than 95% of all people aged 65 and older residing in the continental United States.

MEASUREMENTS: Six million two hundred seventy‐seven thousand six hundred eighty‐four records of P&I between 1998 and 2002 were abstracted, and county‐specific outcomes for hospitalization rates of P&I, mean length of hospital stay, and percentage of deaths occurring in a hospital setting were estimated. Associations with county‐specific elderly population density, percentage of nursing home residents, median household income per capita, and rurality index were assessed.

RESULTS: Rural and poor counties had the highest rate of P&I and percentage of influenza. Patients with dementia had a lower frequency of influenza diagnosis, a shorter length of hospital stay, and 1.5 times as high a rate of death as the national average.

CONCLUSION: The results suggest strong disparities in healthcare practices in rural locations and vulnerable populations; infrastructure, proximity, and access to healthcare are significant predictors of influenza morbidity and mortality. These findings have important implications for influenza vaccination, testing, and treatment policies and practices targeting the growing fraction of patients with cognitive impairment.
Another individual (J.R.) whose red blood cells appear to carry a hybrid MNSs sialoglycoprotein
Authors: Langley J.W. , Issitt P.D. , Anstee D.J. , McMahan M. , Smith N. , Pavone B.G. , Tessel J.A. , Carlin M.A.
Published: October 2009

The serum of J.R. contains anti‐Wrband her red blood cells are of the phenotype Wr(a‐b‐). Evidence was obtained that suggested that her cells totally lack normal MN and Ss sialoglycoproteins (SGPs), and carry instead an abnormal SGP, which is likely to be a hybrid SGP resembling the MN SGP in its outer portion and the Ss SGP in its inner portion. Although the apparent hybrid SGPs of J.R. and theMiVhomozygote are virtually indistinguishable in terms of their electrophoretic mobility (apparent molecular weight 40,000) and staining characteristics, they are not identical. That of J.R. is associated with a weak M and increased S antigen, while that of theMiVhomozygote is associated with a very weak N, a greatly exalted s, and the rare antigen, Hil. Like the study on the blood of theMiVhomozygote, serologic studies on the red blood cells of J.R. have revealed considerable heterogeneity of what have previously been called the Enaantigen and anti‐Enaantibodies.
Evaluation of gravity leukapheresis and comparison with intermittent centrifugation leukapheresis
Authors: Aisner J. , Schiffer C.A. , Daly P.A. , Buchholz D.H.
Published: October 2009

Fifteen normal donors underwent gravity leukapheresis using a prototype collection and reinfusion harness after receiving dexamethasone for leukocyte stimulation. A mean of 4.6 units of blood were processed, producing a mean granulocyte yield of 10.8 × 109, with an average donation time of 261 minutes. Granulocyte collection efficiency was 79.9 per cent, but yield was only 2.5 × 109 granulocytes/hour. Granulocytes obtained by gravity leukapheresis were normal morphologically and had normal bactericidal capacity. Serial determinations showed no changes before and after donation of coagulation profile and serum chemistries in the donors. Seven donors underwent leukapheresis using intermittent centrifugation the day following gravity leukapheresis without further leukocyte stimulation. Mean granulocyte yield (16.1 × 109), and yield/hour (5.37 × 109) of donation were significantly greater for the mechanical method (p < 0.0005). Gravity leukapheresis required considerable blood bag handling and bag entries, even with the prototype harness. Considering the amount of blood handling, the expense of the sedimenting agent, the probable dose response phenomenon of granulocyte transfusions, and the low yield resulting from the limited volume of blood processed, this technique should not be made widely available, especially where regional centers can provide granulocytes obtained by more productive methods.
Changes in red blood cell membrane phosphate concentration during blood bank storage
Authors: McCue JP. , Vincent J.M
Published: October 2009

The change in red blood cell membrane phosphate concentration of standard CPD whole blood stored in Fenwal blood bags at 4 C was measured daily for two weeks. Membrane phosphate concentrations increased rapidly when stored pH fell to 6.95. At the same time, the rate of K+ leakage from the cells increased, and transport of inorganic phosphate across the membrane decreased. It is concluded that gross uptake of phosphorus by the red blood cell membrane during blood bank storage may be in part responsible for physical changes in the membrane.
Improved blood utilization with leukocyte‐poor cell masses (LPCM) prepared by cell washing
Authors: Ness P.M. , Frey E. , Perkins H.A.
Published: October 2009

The preparation of leukocyte‐poor cell masses (LPCM) by saline washing with the IBM 2291 Blood Cell Processor was investigated. Units to be washed were preferentially selected from short‐dated units to reduce outdating. LPCM had a mean of 0.34 × 109 WBC (90% WBC removal) with 87.8 per cent RBC recovery. At least 50 per cent of the LPCM prepared used blood that was salvaged from typically discarded units. Febrile transfusion reactions were prevented in alloimmunized patients with this product. Cell washing with the IBM Blood Cell Processor can prepare LPCM from blood of any storage date to meet American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) standards.
Applying Measures of Spatial Autocorrelation: Computation and Simulation
Authors: Bivand Roger
Published: October 2009

Knowing about the challenges and opportunities of spatial autocorrelation is one thing, but applying the measures to one's own data is another matter entirely. While manual computation of the measures for toy data sets is possible, applying them to small data sets required the use of computers and thus software. This article will shed some light on how the measures were and are implemented in software and on implementation issues that are still not fully resolved.
Spatial Weights Matrices
Authors: Getis Arthur
Published: October 2009

The impetus for Cliff and Ord's landmark article, “The Problem of Spatial Autocorrelation,” was to avoid the problem of topological invariance in the spatial weights matrix. The problem and three points of view on it – theoretical, topological, and empirical – are discussed.
Impact of Cliff and Ord on the Housing and Real Estate Literature
Authors: Pace R. Kelley , LeSage James , Zhu Shuang
Published: October 2009

The works of Cliff and Ord have had a major impact on empirical practices in real estate. Cliff and Ord proposed both techniques for detecting as well as modeling spatial dependence. Because the existence of spatial dependence is almost assured in real estate data, their most important contribution was feasible means of estimating spatial models. The full implications of these ideas and the numerous modeling techniques spawned by their seminal works have not been fully explored and provide numerous opportunities for future research.
Spatial Autocorrelation and Impacts on Criminology
Authors: Townsley Michael
Published: October 2009

Despite criminology's widespread application of geography, the full implications of Cliff and Ord's article have yet to be realized. In this essay the major types of spatial studies in criminology are outlined, followed by a depiction of the context of criminological research at the time the article was published. Next the major changes to the field occurring after the publication of Cliff and Ord's paper, focusing on technology advances and theory, are set out. Fortunately these changes mean the discipline is well placed to move beyond seeing the presence of spatial autocorrelation as a methodological issue that needs to be explained away.
West Turns East at the End of History
Authors: Paz Octavio
Published: October 2009

Awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1990, Octavio Paz was Latin America's great poet, essayist and critic whose most enduring work was The Labyrinth of Solitude. We would often meet in the late afternoon over scotch on ice at his apartment on Reforma in Mexico City, the warm afternoon rain pounding against the windows of his book‐lined study, gazing out toward the Angel of Independence column in the center of that daunting megalopolis.

Over the years, we collaborated on several issues of Vuelta, a small but influential journal like NPQ. Paz believed that “the most important things can be said at the margins beyond the entertainment and commercial imperatives of the mass media.”

Though petty literary politics sometimes intruded, Paz was a truly magnanimous soul whose entire life was an exploration. Everything interested him, from Surrealism to the Indian caste system (he was the Mexican ambassador to India before resigning in 1968 to protest the student massacre at Tlatelolco). He liked to quote Baudelaire, saying that poets were universal translators because they translate the language of the universe—stars, water, trees—into the language of man.

Paz died in 1998. We held this conversation in 1992. It also appeared in Vuelta as “La Transformacion del Tiempo: El Encuentro de Oriente y Occidente.”
The Two Souls of Turkey
Authors: Pamuk Orhan
Published: October 2009

Orhan Pamuk, Turkey's best known novelist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2006. I spoke with him in his beloved Istanbul just after his novel Snow—which explores the clashes and symmetries of secularism, nationalism and Islam in Turkish hearts and minds—was published in English in 2005.
Dynamics of an introduced population of mouflon Ovis aries on the sub‐Antarctic archipelago of Kerguelen
Authors: Kaeuffer Renaud , Bonenfant Christophe , Chapuis Jean‐Louis , Devillard Sébastien
Published: October 2009

A commonly reported pattern in large herbivores is their propensity to irrupt and crash when colonizing new areas. However, the relative role of density‐dependence, climate, and cohort effects on demographic rates in accounting for the irruptive dynamics of large herbivores remains unclear. Using a 37‐yr time series of abundance in a mouflon Ovis aries population located on Haute Island, a sub‐Antarctic island of Kerguelen, 1) we investigated if irruptive dynamics occurred and 2) we quantified the relative effects of density and climate on mouflon population dynamics. Being released in a new environment, we expected mouflon to show rapid growth and marked over‐compensation. In support of this prediction, we found a two‐phase dynamics, the first phase being characterised by an irruptive pattern best described by the θ‐Caughley model. Parameter estimates were rm=0.29±0.005(maximum growth rate), K=473±45 (carrying capacity) and S=2903±396 (surplus) mouflon. With a θ=3.18±0.69 our model also supported the hypothesis that density dependence is strongest at high density in large herbivores. The second phase was characterised by an unstable dynamics where growth rate was negatively affected by population abundance and winter precipitation. Climate, however, did not trigger population crashes and our model suggested that lagged density‐dependence and over‐grazing were the probable causes of mouflon irruptive dynamics. We compare our results with those of Soay sheep and discuss the possibility of a reversible alteration of the island carrying capacity after the initial over‐grazing period.
RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF PULMONARY FLUID CLEARANCE IN HEALTHY NEONATAL FOALS
Authors: KUTASI ORSOLYA , HORVATH ANDRAS , HARNOS ANDREA , SZENCI OTTO
Published: October 2009

We characterized the kinetics of postnatal equine lung using sequential thoracic radiography. The aim was to establish the earliest time when normal foals have clear, radiolucent lung fields, and to characterize the pattern of this clearance. Both right‐to‐left and left‐to‐right thoracic radiographs were acquired in lateral recumbency at peak inspiration within the first 30 min after birth and thereafter at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Radiographs were interpreted by three observers. The overall assessment of radiographic lung clearance was followed by the evaluation of individual lung quadrants to document changes in pulmonary radiographic patterns over time. We concluded that thoracic images in a healthy foal older than 4 h should be characterized by clear lungfields and that after this time distinctions between physiologic and pathologic conditions can be made. The ventral lung cleared first, presumably due to the greater flexibility of the thoracic wall in this anatomic region.
IMPROVED IDENTIFICATION OF THE PALMAR FIBROCARTILAGE OF THE NAVICULAR BONE WITH SALINE MAGNETIC RESONANCE BURSOGRAPHY
Authors: SCHRAMME MICHAEL , KEREKES ZOLTAN , HUNTER STUART , NAGY KRISZTINA , PEASE ANTHONY
Published: October 2009

Fibrocartilage degeneration is the earliest pathologic finding in navicular disease but remains difficult to detect, even with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. We hypothesized that injection of the navicular bursa with saline would improve accuracy of MR imaging evaluation of palmar fibrocartilage. Thoracic limbs were collected from 11 horses within 6 h of death. Imaging was performed with a 1.5 T magnet using sagittal 2D proton density and transverse 3D FLASH sequences with fat saturation. For the purpose of determining sensitivity and specificity of the MR images, fibrocartilage was classified as normal or abnormal, based on combination of the findings of gross and microscopic pathology. Thickness of fibrocartilage was measured on histologic sections and corresponding transverse FLASH MR images before and after injection of saline. A paired Student's t‐test was used for comparison of measurements. Partial thickness fibrocartilage loss was present in 6 of 22 limbs. Sensitivity of precontrast MR images for detection of lesions was 100% while specificity was 6%. Saline MR arthrography resulted in both sensitivity and specificity of 100% based on consensus review. Mean histologic fibrocartilage thickness was 0.75±0.12 mm. Mean fibrocartilage thickness on precontrast transverse FLASH images was 0.93±0.065 and 0.73±0.09 mm on postsaline images. The histologic cartilage thickness was signficantly different from that in precontrast images (P<0.001) but not in images acquired after saline injection (P=0.716). Based on our results, and using pulse sequences as described herein, navicular fibrocartilage can only be evaluated reliably for the presence of partial thickness lesions after intrabursal injection of saline.
INCOMPLETE OSSIFICATION OF THE ATLAS IN DOGS WITH CERVICAL SIGNS
Authors: WARREN‐SMITH CHRISTOPHER M. R. , KNEISSL SIBYLLE , BENIGNI LIVIA , KENNY PATRICK J. , LAMB CHRISTOPHER R.
Published: October 2009

Osseous defects affecting the atlas were identified in computed tomography and magnetic resonance images of five dogs with cervical signs including pain, ataxia, tetraparesis, or tetraplegia. Osseous defects corresponded to normal positions of sutures between the halves of the neural arch and the intercentrum, and were compatible with incomplete ossification. Alignment between the portions of the atlas appeared relatively normal in four dogs. In these dogs the bone edges were smooth and rounded with a superficial layer of relatively compact cortical bone. Displacement compatible with unstable fracture was evident in one dog. Concurrent atlantoaxial subluxation, with dorsal displacement of the axis relative to the atlas, was evident in four dogs. Three dogs received surgical treatment and two dogs were treated conservatively. All dogs improved clinically. Incomplete ossification of the atlas, which may be associated with atlantoaxial subluxation, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dogs with clinical signs localized to the cranial cervical region.
Eucharistic Celebrations: the Chasm between Idea and Action
Authors: O’Loughlin Thomas
Published: October 2009

The two changes (1, a new rite; and 2. the move to the vernacular) that occurred in the eucharistic liturgy of the Roman Rite have often been seen as simply evolutionary, liturgical variations: this perception suited that time of great change in the liturgy, and has continued among many in that they assume that these changes are somehow optional. However, this change is better seen as a change in paradigm: no longer is the general understanding of the Eucharist based in catechesis or theology that is parallel to the liturgy, but the understanding of the Eucharist is a function of participating linguistically in the actual event of the Eucharist. This paradigm shift needs to be appreciated if we are to discuss the state of eucharistic theology and liturgical celebration today.
Aquinas’ Solution of Aristotle's Incontinent Man and Augustine's Two Wills
Authors: Stepinova Martina
Published: October 2009

Aquinas’ treatise on conscience was the culmination of a lengthy debate that had been going on for centuries. This debate is today known and carried on under the name “weakness of the will” or akrasia. In my article, I am aiming to demonstrate that this discussion, which started with the Aristotle's problem of incontinent (akratic) man, has been going on through Augustine's problem of “two wills”. I would like to demonstrate that Aquinas links this discussion to his conception of the conscience and synderesis. Despite the fact, that R. Saarinen in his book about “weakness of the will” proves there is no connection between Aristotle's incontinent (akratic) man and Augustine's problem of “two wills”, my aim is to explain that it is Aquinas himself who connects Aristotle's incontinent man with Augustine's “two wills” and that incontinent person is someone who acts against his conscience.
Modeling of ATP–ADP steady‐state exchange rate mediated by the adenine nucleotide translocase in isolated mitochondria
Authors: Metelkin Eugeniy , Demin Oleg , Kovács Zsuzsanna , Chinopoulos Christos
Published: October 2009

A computational model for the ATP–ADP steady‐state exchange rate mediated by adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) versus mitochondrial membrane potential dependence in isolated rat liver mitochondria is presented. The model represents the system of three ordinary differential equations, and the basic components included are ANT, F0/F1‐ATPase, and the phosphate carrier. The model reproduces quantitatively the relationship between mitochondrial membrane potential and the ATP–ADP steady‐state exchange rate mediated by the ANT operating in the forward mode, with the assumption that the phosphate carrier functions under rapid equilibrium. Furthermore, the model can simulate the kinetics of experimentally measured data on mitochondrial membrane potential titrated by an uncoupler. Verified predictions imply that the ADP influx rate is highly dependent on the mitochondrial membrane potential, and in the 0–100 mV range it is close to zero, owing to extremely low matrix ATP values. In addition to providing theoretical values of free matrix ATP and ADP, the model explains the diminished ADP–ATP exchange rate in the presence of nigericin, a condition in which there is hyperpolarization of the inner mitochondrial membrane at the expense of the mitochondrial ΔpH gradient; the latter parameter influences matrix inorganic phosphate and ATP concentrations in a manner also described.
Serum autoantibodies as biomarkers for early cancer detection
Authors: Tan Hwee Tong , Low Jiayi , Lim Seng Gee , Chung Maxey C. M.
Published: October 2009

Autoantibodies against autologus tumor‐associated antigens have been detected in the asymptomatic stage of cancer and can thus serve as biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis. Moreover, because autoantibodies are found in sera, they can be screened easily using a noninvasive approach. Consequently, many studies have been initiated to identify novel autoantibodies relevant to various cancer types. To facilitate autoantibody discovery, approaches that allow the simultaneous identification of multiple autoantibodies are preferred. Five such techniques – SEREX, phage display, protein microarray, SERPA and MAPPing – are discussed here. In the second part of this review, we discussed autoantibodies found in the five most common cancers (lung, breast, colorectal, stomach and liver). The discovery of panels of tumor‐associated antigens and autoantibody signatures with high sensitivity and specificity would aid in the development of diagnostics, prognostics and therapeutics for cancer patients.
Leaving the Oil Under the Amazon: Ecuador's Yasuní‐ITT Initiative
Authors: Finer Matt , Moncel Remi , Jenkins Clinton N.
Published: October 2009

Oil and gas concessions now cover vast swaths of the western Amazon, including protected areas and indigenous territories. The Yasuní‐ITT Initiative, Ecuador's innovative proposal to leave nearly a billion barrels of oil locked beneath Yasuní National Park, is the first major effort to reverse this trend. We provide a concise overview of the initiative, including an in‐depth look at its widely lauded goals of protecting biodiversity, respecting indigenous peoples' territory, and combating climate change. We also discuss the proposal's lingering caveats, such as technical questions regarding the generation of financial resources to replace the forgone oil revenue. We conclude that the Yasuní‐ITT Initiative is a potentially precedent‐setting advance towards avoiding damaging oil and gas development in sensitive areas.
Time delays in PG 1115+080: new estimates
Authors: Vakulik V. G. , Shulga V. M. , Schild R. E. , Tsvetkova V. S. , Dudinov V. N. , Minakov A. A. , Nuritdinov S. N. , Artamonov B. P. , Kochetov A. Ye. , Smirnov G. V. , Sergeyev A. A. , Konichek V. V. , Sinelnikov I. Ye. , Bruevich V. V. , Akhunov T. , Burkhonov O.
Published: October 2009

We report new estimates of the time delays in the quadruple gravitationally lensed quasar PG 1115+080, obtained from the monitoring data in filter R with the 1.5-m telescope at the Maidanak Mountain (Uzbekistan, Central Asia) in 2004–2006. The time delays are 16.4 d between images C and B and 12 d between C and A1+A2, with image C leading for both pairs. The only known estimates of the time delays in PG 1115 are those based on observations by Schechter et al. –23.7 and 9.4 d between images C and B, and C and A1+A2, respectively, – and as revised by Barkana –25 and 13.3 d for the same image components, but with the use of another method. The new values of time delays in PG 1115+080 may be expected to provide larger estimates of the Hubble constant, thus decreasing a diversity between the H0 estimates taken from gravitationally lensed quasars and those taken from other methods.
Currency Denomination of Intercompany Debt and Multinational Taxes
Authors: O'Brien Thomas J.
Published: October 2009

For multinational companies (MNCs) with foreign subsidiaries, the currency denomination of intercompany debt can have important effects on both taxes and financial statements. This paper analyzes the choice between an intercompany loan denominated in the home currency and one denominated in the subsidiary's functional currency. Using U.S. rules for financial accounting and taxes, the author demonstrates the expected impact of the loan's currency denomination on the expected level and variability of an MNCs overall taxes in the case where it has excess foreign tax credits.

The author's analysis shows that the foreign currency loan denomination leads to lower expected tax if the foreign withholding tax rate on interest is higher than the parent's home income tax rate. At the same time, the parent currency denomination leads to lower expected taxes if the parent's home income tax rate is higher than the foreign withholding tax rate on interest. Moreover, if an MNCs excess foreign tax credits are attributable to the subsidiary, the foreign currency loan denomination leads to lower variability in overall taxes. But in cases where the excess foreign tax credits arise from other foreign operations, the parent currency denomination leads to lower variability of overall tax.
Pricing Final Indemnification Payments to Private Sponsors in Project‐Financed Public‐Private Partnerships: An Application of Real Options Valuation
Authors: Caselli Stefano , Gatti Stefano , Marciante Antonio
Published: October 2009

The extraordinary global growth in the private funding of public infrastructure projects in the form of public‐private partnerships (or PPPs) is expected to have major social and economic benefits—benefits that result in large part from improving the allocation of project risks between the public and private sectors. But with the financial crisis and severe tightening of credit likely to limit the financing and delivery of new projects, both project participants and their financiers need to manage the technical, economic, legal, and political complexities of infrastructure projects more carefully, especially in less traditional infrastructure deals that involve complex operations, new assets, or emerging markets.

This paper proposes and illustrates the application of the real options valuation approach to a critical feature of most PPPs: establishing the final “indemnification” amount to be paid by a public administration to private partners in the project financing of those PPPs that face substantial market risks. In demonstrating this approach, the authors use the case of the Pedemontana Lombarda toll road, a major transportation infrastructure project in Northern Italy for which financial plans have been filed and whose start is now pending.

The main function of real options in this case is to capture the effects on value of the major market risk in such projects—namely, the uncertainty about volume of traffic on the new road. The authors interpret the final indemnification price as the value of a real put option sold by the awarding authority to private investors (in the case of a project that would otherwise be unprofitable and have a negative NPV). The put option takes the form of a clause in the concession contract that gives investors the right, under certain circumstances, to sell the toll road back to the government for a fixed sum (in this case, €2.9 billion). According to the authors, this valuation approach is likely to be helpful in any kind of infrastructure project that faces risk stemming from the unpredictability of market demand and future revenue streams.
Optimal Planning Quantities for Product Transition
Authors: Li Hongmin , Graves Stephen C. , Rosenfield Donald B.
Published: October 2009

The replacement of an existing product with a new one presents many challenges. In particular, uncertainties in a new product introduction often lead to extreme cases of demand and supply mismatches. This paper addresses inventory planning decisions for product upgrades when there is no replenishment opportunity during the transition period. We allow product substitution: when a company runs out of the old product, a customer may be offered the new product as a substitute. We show that the optimal substitution decision is a time‐varying threshold policy and establish the optimal planning policy. Further, we determine the optimal delay in a new product introduction, given the initial inventory of the old product.
The Next Phase: Laying Bare the Contributions of Design
Authors: Joziasse Frans , Selders Tim
Published: October 2009

We no longer have to prove the value of design, say these authors. Now, the task is to use design to the fullest. It boils down to two basic ideas: 1) that design's aims must be closely related to the objectives of the company; and 2) that design must be implemented in a manner consistent with that relationship.
Can Toilet Paper Be Black?
Authors: Santos Carlos Oliveira
Published: October 2009

What does it take for a small company from a small country to survive in a global market? That's the guestion Renova needed to answer, and sometimes answers are found in unusual places—like the bathroom.
Homepage Redesign: A Collaborative and Creative Journey
Authors: Blanco Felix
Published: October 2009

More and more often, car shoppers are forsaking traditional print media and going online. As a leader in the automotive marketplace, http://AutoTrader.com depends on its website—especially the homepage—to drive its business. So when it came time for a redesign, everyone had to be involved.
Flow Over Two Circular Disks in Tandem
Authors: Morel T. , Bohn M.
Published: October 2009

Placing two or more bluff-bodies in tandem is known to lead, in some cases, to configurations with relatively low overall drag. The present study concerns one particular case where two disks of unequal diameters, normal to the flow, are placed in tandem for the purpose of drag reduction. It shows that very significant drag reductions may be achieved by proper sizing of the disk diameters and of the gap between them. Placing a properly sized disk at an optimum distance ahead of a single reference disk can result in a configuration whose total drag is up to 81 percent lower than that of the reference disk alone. If the additional disk is placed behind into the near-wake of the reference disk, the drag of the two-disk configuration can be up to 70 percent lower than for the reference disk alone. Four different flow regimes have been identified, depending on the diameter ratio of the two disks, two with relatively steady flows and two with unsteady flows. The absolute drag minimum was found to occur in one of the two steady-flow regimes.
Inlet Distortion Effects in Axial Compressors
Authors: Stenning A. H.
Published: October 2009

Although uniform inlet conditions are highly desirable and system designers attempt to insure distortion-free flow entering compressors, situations frequently arise in which substantial total pressure, velocity, and angle variations exist at the compressor inlet. Aircraft gas turbines are particularly prone to inlet distortion problems due to changes in aircraft attitude and the effect of the airframe on the inlet flow conditions, but industrial insallations may also suffer from inlet distortion in cases where poorly designed bends have been installed upstream of the compressor. In this paper, problems associated with inlet distortion are discussed and some of the simpler techniques for analyzing the effects of circumferential inlet distortion are presented.
Dimensionless Correlation of the Hanging Film Phenomenon
Authors: Eichhorn Roger
Published: October 2009

The hanging film experiments of Wallis and Makkenchery and Pushkina and Sorokin are reviewed. The results indicate that the product of the Kutateladze number and the square root of the gas phase friction coefficient should be a constant for tubes for which the Bond number exceeds 20. A tentative dimensionless correlation of the data is advanced but more experiments are needed to resolve the mechanisms governing the phenomenon.
Supercavitating Cavity Observations by Means of Laser Velocimeter
Authors: Oba R. , Ikohagi T. , Yasu S.
Published: October 2009

The behavior of supercavitation as well as of cavitation, especially near the separation point, were carefully observed in a two-dimensional subcritical flow around a cylinder with and without ventilation. Since supercavitating flow generally detaches from the separation point abruptly, the assumption “smooth separation” often applied is evidently unsatisfactory. There is a transient region, where a kind of supercavitation and of subcavitation can be alternately observed. Outside the immediate neighborhood of the separation point, the flow features are uniquely expressed by σc based on cavity pressure both with and without ventilation, while within that neighborhood, there arise some different features due to ventilation.
Leading Edge Separation From a Blunt Plate at Low Reynolds Number
Authors: Lane J. C. , Loehrke R. I.
Published: October 2009

The flow over a blunt plate aligned parallel to the stream was visualized using dye tracers. A leading edge separation bubble was observed to form at a Reynolds number based on plate thickness of 100. The steady, laminar separation bubble on a long plate, L/t ≥ 8, grows in size with increasing Reynolds number reaching a maximum streamwise length at Ret = 325. The separated shear layer becomes unsteady and the bubble shrinks in size with further increases in Reynolds number. The leading and trailing edge separation zones on short plates, L/t ≤ 4, may combine to form a large recirculation pocket.
A Method for the Calculation of 3D Boundary Layers on Practical Wing Configurations
Authors: Lindhout J. P. F. , Moek G. , De Boer E. , Van Den Berg B.
Published: October 2009

This paper gives a description of a calculation method for 3D turbulent and laminar boundary layers on nondevelopable surfaces. A simple eddy viscosity model is incorporated in the method. Special attention is given to the organization of the computations to circumvent as much as possible stepsize limitations. The method is also able to proceed the computation around separated flow regions. The method has been applied to the laminar boundary layer flow over a flat plate with attached cylinder, and to a turbulent boundary layer flow over an airplane wing.
A Round Jet Normal to a Crossflow
Authors: Crabb D. , Dura˜o D. F. G. , Whitelaw J. H.
Published: October 2009

Measurements of the velocity characteristics of a jet in crossflow are reported and encompass the entire mixing region. Laser-Doppler anemometry was used in the upstream region (x/D ≤ 6) where the turbulence intensities were larger and hot-wire anemometry in the downstream region. The scalar field, stemming from the injection of a trace gas in the jet flow, was also determined. Jet to cross-flow velocities of 2.3 and 1.15 were used. The results confirm and quantify the double-vortex characteristics of the downstream flow and demonstrate that this is associated with fluid emanating from the jet. The velocity maximum observed further from the wall than the double vortex is shown to correspond to freestream fluid accelerated by the pressure field. The mean-velocity profiles in the plane of the jet exit are shown to be far from uniform and the developing jet to be characterised by strong anisotropy associated with the acceleration of the freestream around the jet and into its wake. Probability distributions of velocity together with values of the Reynolds stresses, allow a detailed interpretation of the double vortex in the downstream region and indicate, for example, the larger magnitude of the crossstream fluctuations. The flow in the downstream region is also characterised by very different magnitudes of the shear stress and the non-coexistence of zero shear stress and zero gradients of mean velocity and turbulence energy.
An Investigation Into the Performance of Two Inlet Nozzles for Flow Measurement
Authors: Ito¯ H. , Watanabe Y. , Ishimaru H. , Abe Y.
Published: October 2009

The discharge coefficients for two inlet nozzles with different contraction shapes were studied experimentally together with the behavior of the boundary layer on the nozzle wall. For the inlet nozzle which has the same contraction shape as the ISA 1932 nozzle, it was found that boundary-layer transition with an intermediary separation bubble is responsible for the occurrence of a large hump in the discharge coefficients. The well-rounded inlet nozzle showed a satisfactory performance. The effect of pressure tap size and that of the proximity of a wall to the inlet on discharge coefficients were quantified experimentally.
Some Experiments With Specific Types of Cavitation on Ship Propellers
Authors: Kuiper G.
Published: October 2009

The influence of the boundary layer and of the nuclei content of the fluid on cavitation inception is investigated. Two models of ship propellers, displaying sheet cavitation and bubble cavitation respectively, are used. Generation of additional nuclei is obtained by electrolysis. It is shown that nuclei are necessary to create sheet cavitation when the laminar boundary layer separates. When the boundary layer is laminar, however, the absence of sheet cavitation is very persistent and independent of the nuclei content. Application of roughness at the leading edge of the propeller blades generates sheet cavitation independent of the nuclei content. Bubble cavitation is strongly affected by the nuclei content of the water. Roughness at the leading edge can indirectly affect bubble cavitation when nuclei are generated by the roughness elements.
Transverse Oscillations of a Vertical Pile in Waves
Authors: Angrilli F. , Cossalter V.
Published: October 2009

A cantilevered pile, flexible only in the transverse direction, has been submitted to wave action. It has been found that resonance transverse vibrations, with natural frequency fn, are induced by eddies shedding in waves having frequency fw = 1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 fn. A lock-in effect has been observed within the range of 0.9 fn ≤ fw ≤ 1.1 fn. Results of a simple mathematical model find reasonable support in the experiments.
Development of Magnetohydrodynamic Flow in a Parallel-Plate Channel in an Inclined Field
Authors: Rajaram S. , Yu C. P.
Published: October 2009

A study has been made on the steady, incompressible developing MHD flow in a parallel-plate channel. The applied magnetic field is uniform but its direction makes an arbitrary angle with the channel axis. The full Navier-Stokes equations have been employed in the analysis. Velocity development and induced magnetic fields are found. The results show that for a weak field the entrance length decreases with the magnetic field and only the transverse component of the field has an effect. However, in a strong field the entrance length is found to either increase or decrease with the field depending upon the angle of inclination.
Calculation of the Vibration of an Elastically Mounted Cylinder Using Experimental Data From Forced Oscillation
Authors: Staubli T.
Published: October 2009

Several methods for investigating the fluid-structure interaction of bodies vibrating due to vortex shedding are compared briefly. The advantage of employing a forced-displacement excitation method is asserted. This method has been adopted to measure the response of the fluid forces acting on an oscillating circular cylinder in crossflow. With the results of these measurements, and a calculation based on the assumption of sinusoidal motion, the vibrations of a freely oscillating cylinder are predicted in the lock-in range. It is shown that hysteresis effects, which are observed in experiments with elastically mounted cylinders of certain damping and mass ratios, are caused by the nonlinear relation between the fluid force and the amplitude of oscillation.
Blade Boundary Layer Effect on Turbine Erosion and Deposition
Authors: Menguturk M. , Gunes D. , Mimaroglu H. K. , Sverdrup E. F.
Published: October 2009

As an extension to the inviscid gas flow particle trajectory model presented in earlier papers, a complementary model has been developed to establish the effect of the blade boundary layer on the trajectories of particles and thus on the resulting erosion and/or deposition. The method consists essentially in tracing particles inside the boundary layer with initial conditions taken from the inviscid flow model. The flow data required for the particle trajectory calculations are obtained by using a compressible boundary layer flow computer program. This model has been applied to the first stage stator of a large electric utility gas turbine operating with coal gas. Results are compared with the predictions of the inviscid flow model. It is shown that the effect of the boundary layer on the trajectories of particles smaller than 6 μm is important. Since the hot gas cleaning system of a pressurized fluidized-bed gasifier system is projected to remove particles larger than 6 μm diameter effectively, it is concluded that an accurate assessment of turbine erosion and deposition requires inclusion of the boundary layer effect. Although these results emphasize the relative importance of the blade boundary layer, the absolute accuracy of the method remains to be demonstrated and is thought to be largely dependent on the basic data concerning the erosivity and sticking probability of particles.
Studies of Flows Through N-Sequential Orifices
Authors: Hendricks R. C. , Stetz T. T.
Published: October 2009

Critical mass flux and axial pressure profile data for fluid nitrogen are presented for N = 20, 15, 10, and 7 N-sequential-orifice-inlet configurations uniformly spaced at 15.5 cm. These data correlate well over a wide range in reduced temperature (0.7 < Tr, 0 < ambient) and reduced pressure (to Pr = 2) and are in general agreement with previous studies of one to four inlets. Experimental and theoretical agreement is good for liquid and gas critical mass flux, but inconclusive in the near-thermodynamic critical regions.
Laminar Flow in a Porous Tube
Authors: Terrill R. M.
Published: October 2009

It is shown that an axisymmetric solution of the Navier-Stokes equations can be obtained for potential flow superimposed on Poiseuille flow. The result is used here to obtain a fully developed solution for flow in a porous pipe with variable suction or injection and to show how to obtain the suction distribution needed to change a specified axial velocity distribution at one cross-section to a specified axial velocity distribution at another cross-section.
The Basic Aerodynamics of Floatation
Authors: Davies M. J. , Wood D. H.
Published: October 2009

The original derivation of the basic theory governing the aerodynamics of both hovercraft and modern floatation ovens, requires the validity of some extremely crude assumptions. However, the basic theory is surprisingly accurate. It is shown that this accuracy occurs because the final expression of the basic theory can be derived by approximating the full Navier-Stokes equations in a manner that clearly shows the limitations of the theory. These limitations are used in discussing the relatively small discrepancies between the theory and experiment, which may not be significant for practical purposes.
Compressibility Effect in Two-Phase Flow and Its Application to Flow Metering With Orifice Plate and Convergent-Divergent Nozzle
Authors: Pascal H.
Published: October 2009

The effect of solution gas on the two-phase flow behavior through an orifice plate and a convergent-divergent nozzle has been investigated with regard to the flow metering of compressible two-phase mixtures. A proper thermodynamics approach to consider more accurately the compressibility effect in an accelerated two-phase flow, in particular that through an orifice and Laval’s nozzle in the presence of the solution gas, has been developed. From this approach an equation of state of mixture was derived and used in determining the orifice equation. An analysis of flow behavior has been performed and several illustrative plots were presented in order to evaluate the gas solubility effect in the flow metering with an orifice plate or a convergent-divergent nozzle. A delimitation between critical and noncritical flow has been established in terms of measured parameters and a relationship between the critical pressure and gas-liquid mass ratio was also shown.