bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in pharmaceutical market and “fake drug” problem in the Qing period
Authors: CHOI Jihee
Published: October 2021

Since ancient times, fake drugs have been on the market in Chinese society. However, during the Ming-Qing Dynasty, this problem intensified as the size of the pharmaceutical market grew, the collection and distribution structure of pharmaceutical products became increasingly complex, and the phenomenon of separation between the prescription and distribution of drugs advanced. Additionally, the government did not manage the manufacturing or quality of drugs and there was no law or institution designed to solve the problem of fake drugs. Furthermore, social opinion also criticized the widespread problem of fake drugs, and patients and doctors had to rely on various pharmacognostic books and medical knowledge to find reliable drugs in the drug market. Meanwhile, as merchants participated and invested commercial capital in the pharmaceutical industry, large reputable pharmacies began to emerge in large cities and produced drugs. With the commercialization of the pharmaceutical market, the public gained interest in drugs and consumed drugs produced by these pharmacies. Moreover, there were frequent problems in the market as fake drugs imitating popular drugs were distributed and the names of famous pharmacies were stolen. Although fake drugs were a universal social problem, the Qing government was reluctant to strictly control them tried to solve this issue by enforcing banning and punishment through local governments. Prominent pharmacies filed several lawsuits against the government over the theft of fake drugs and drug names. They also advertised the legitimacy and authenticity of drugstore to the public and customers. Doctors and merchants responded to the problem of fake drugs by following occupational morality, developing drug discrimination, cracking down on organizational discipline, filing complaints with government offices, and advertising their authenticity. However, the fake medicines did not easily disappear despite such a response, as there was no state control or legislation. Evidently, the pharmaceutical market was already highly commercialized and its structure were complex. Moreover, the financial benefits of fake drugs, competition in the pharmaceutical market, and public demand for drugs with similar effects at low prices also affected the popularity of fake drugs. Hence, the distribution of fake medicine in the Qing society can be seen as a phenomenon of separation between the prescription and distribution of drugs, commercialization and consumption of drugs, and competition on the medical market.
Loss processes on crystal cooling efficiency
Authors: Caminati Francesco , Cittadino Giovanni , Damiano Eugenio , Di Lieto Alberto , Tonelli Mauro
Published: October 2021

In the perspective of building a solid state cryocooler based on optical refrigeration, it is strategic to develop high purity crystals and to have a full understanding of the mechanisms that can reduce cooling efficiency. In this paper we highlight two loss mechanisms that can hinder the optical refrigeration performance of a Yb:YLF monocrystal: the presence of impurities and fluorescence reabsorption. We show how the presence of impurities can be inferred by measuring the mean lifetime of the Yb optical transition. We measure how a few ppms of other rare earth ions can be detrimental for optical refrigeration by exciting a cooling Yb:YLF sample with two laser sources. We also report the first practical demonstration of the negative effect of fluorescence reabsorption on the cooling performance.
Acceleration of polygon-based computer-generated holograms using look-up tables and reduction of the table size via principal component analysis
Authors: Wang Fan , Shimobaba Tomoyoshi , Zhang Yaping , Kakue Takashi , Ito Tomoyoshi
Published: October 2021

In this study, we first analyze the fully analytical frequency spectrum solving method based on three-dimensional affine transform. Thus, we establish a new method for combining look-up tables (LUTs) with polygon holography. The proposed method was implemented and proved to be accelerated about twice compared to the existing methods. In addition, principal component analysis was used to compress the LUTs, effectively reducing the required memory without artifacts. Finally, we calculated very complex objects on a graphics processing unit using the proposed method, and the calculation speed was higher than that of existing polygon-based methods.
Optical nanoantenna with muitiple surface plasmon resonances for enhancements in near-field intensity and far-field radiation
Authors: Liu Shengde , Ju Peng , Lv Liupeng , Tang Ping , Wang Huiyang , Zhong Liyun , Lu Xiaoxu
Published: October 2021

Plasmonic nanostructures with dual surface plasmon resonances capable of simultaneously realizing strong light confinement and efficient light radiation are attractive for light-matter interaction and nanoscale optical detection. Here, we propose an optical nanoantenna by adding gold nanoring to the conventional Fano-type resonance antenna. With the help of gold nanoring, the following improvements are simultaneously realized: (1). The near-field intensity of the Fano-type antenna is further enhanced by the Fabry Perot-like resonance formed by the combination of the gold nanoring and the substrate waveguide layer. (2). Directional radiation is realized by the collaboration of the gold nanoring and the Fano-type antenna, thus improving the collection efficiency of the far-field signal. (3). The multi-wavelength tunable performance of the Fano resonance antenna is significantly improved by replacing the superradiation mode in the Fano resonance with the dipole resonance induced by the gold nanoring. The optical properties of the nanoantennas are demonstrated by numerical simulations and practical devices. Therefore, the proposed optical nanoantenna provides a new idea for further improving the performance of conventional Fano-type nanoantennas and opens new horizons for designing plasmonic devices with enhancements in both near- and far-field functionalities, which can be applied in a wide range of applications such as surface-enhanced spectroscopy, photoluminescence, nonlinear nanomaterials/emitters and biomedicine sensing.
Toward integrated synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillators in silicon nitride
Authors: Lüpken Niklas M. , Becker David , Würthwein Thomas , Boller Klaus-J. , Fallnich Carsten
Published: October 2021

We present a tunable, hybrid waveguide-fiber optical parametric oscillator (OPO) synchronously pumped by an ultra-fast fiber laser exploiting four-wave mixing (FWM) generated in silicon nitride waveguides. Parametric oscillation results in a 35 dB enhancement of the idler spectral power density in comparison to spontaneous FWM, with the ability of wide wavelength tuning over 86 nm in the O-band. Measurements of the oscillation threshold and the efficiency of the feedback loop reveal how an integration of the OPO on a single silicon nitride chip can be accomplished at standard repetition rates of pump lasers in the order of 100 MHz.
Considerations for Whole-Slide Analysis of Murine Xenografts Experiments
Authors: Bland Abigail R. , Ashton John C.
Published: October 2021

Histochemistry of tumor sections is a widely employed technique utilized to examine cell death in preclinical xenograft animal models of cancer. However, this is under the assumption that tumors are homogeneous, leading to practices such as automatic cell counting across the entire section. We have noted that in our experiments the core of the tumor is largely or partially necrotic, and lacks evidence of vascularization (in contrast to the outer areas of the tumor). We note that this can bias and confound immunohistochemical analyses that do not take care to sample areas of interest in a way to take this into account. Design-based stereology with image analysis techniques is an alternative process that could be used to measure the volume of the necrotic region compared to the volume of the whole tumor.
Use of relevancy and complementary information for discriminatory gene selection from high-dimensional gene expression data
Authors: Haque Md Nazmul , Sharmin Sadia , Ali Amin Ahsan , Sajib Abu Ashfaqur , Shoyaib Mohammad
Published: October 2021

With the advent of high-throughput technologies, life sciences are generating a huge amount of varied biomolecular data. Global gene expression profiles provide a snapshot of all the genes that are transcribed in a cell or in a tissue under a particular condition. The high-dimensionality of such gene expression data (i.e., very large number of features/genes analyzed with relatively much less number of samples) makes it difficult to identify the key genes (biomarkers) that are truly attributing to a particular phenotype or condition, (such as cancer), de novo. For identifying the key genes from gene expression data, among the existing literature, mutual information (MI) is one of the most successful criteria. However, the correction of MI for finite sample is not taken into account in this regard. It is also important to incorporate dynamic discretization of genes for more relevant gene selection, although this is not considered in the available methods. Besides, it is usually suggested in current studies to remove redundant genes which is particularly inappropriate for biological data, as a group of genes may connect to each other for downstreaming proteins. Thus, despite being redundant, it is needed to add the genes which provide additional useful information for the disease. Addressing these issues, we proposed Mutual information based Gene Selection method (MGS) for selecting informative genes. Moreover, to rank these selected genes, we extended MGS and propose two ranking methods on the selected genes, such as MGSf—based on frequency and MGSrf—based on Random Forest. The proposed method not only obtained better classification rates on gene expression datasets derived from different gene expression studies compared to recently reported methods but also detected the key genes relevant to pathways with a causal relationship to the disease, which indicate that it will also able to find the responsible genes for an unknown disease data.
Hedera rhombea inhibits the biofilm formation of Candida, thereby increases the susceptibility to antifungal agent, and reduces infection
Authors: Kim Daseul , Kim Ki-young
Published: October 2021

Candidais an opportunistic pathogen and a common cause of fungal infections worldwide. Anti-fungal use againstCandidainfections has resulted in the appearance of resistant strains. The limited choice of anti-fungal therapy means alternative strategies are needed to control fungal infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibition ofCandidabiofilm formation byHedera rhombea(Korean name: songak) extract. Biofilm formation was assessed using the crystal violet assay which showed a dose dependent reduction in the presence of extract with the biofilm formation inhibitory concentration ofC.albicans(IC50= 12.5μg/ml),C.tropicalis var.tropicalis(IC50= 25μg/ml),C.parapsilosis var.parapsilosis(IC50= 6.25μg/ml),C.glabrata(IC50= 6.25μg/ml),C.tropicalis(IC50= 12.5μg/ml), andC.parapsilosis(IC50= 12.5μg/ml) without directly reducingCandidagrowth. Treatment with 6.25μg/mL of extract increased the antifungal susceptibility to miconazole from 32% decreasing of fungal growth to 98.8% of that based on the fungal growth assay. Treatment of extract dose-dependently reduced the dimorphic transition ofCandidabased on the dimorphic transition assay and treatment of 3.125μg/mL of extract completely blocked the adherence ofCandidato the HaCaT cells. To know the molecular mechanisms of biofilm formation inhibition by extract, qRT-PCR analysis was done, and the extract was found to dose dependently reduce the expression of hyphal-associated genes (ALS3,ECE1,HWP1,PGA50, andPBR1), extracellular matrix genes (GSC1,ZAP1,ADH5, andCSH1), Ras1-cAMP-PKA pathway genes (CYR1,EFG1, andRAS1), Cph2-Tec1 pathway gene (TEC1) and MAP kinases pathway gene (HST7). In this study,Hedera rhombeaextract showed inhibition of fungal biofilm formation, activation of antifungal susceptibility, and reduction of infection. These results suggest that fungal biofilm formation is good screen for developing the antifungal adjuvant andHedera rhombeaextract should be a good candidate against biofilm-related fungal infection.
Assessments of bilateral asymmetry with application in human skull analysis
Authors: Hou M. , Fagan M. J.
Published: October 2021

As a common feature, bilateral symmetry of biological forms is ubiquitous, but in fact rarely exact. In a setting of analytic geometry, bilateral symmetry is defined with respect to a point, line or plane, and the well-known notions of fluctuating asymmetry, directional asymmetry and antisymmetry are recast. A meticulous scheme for asymmetry assessments is proposed and explicit solutions to them are derived. An investigation into observational errors of points representing the geometric structure of an object offers a baseline reference for asymmetry assessment of the object. The proposed assessments are applicable to individual, part or all point pairs at both individual and collective levels. The exact relationship between the developed treatments and the widely used Procrustes method in asymmetry assessment is examined. An application of the proposed assessments to a large collection of human skull data in the form of 3D landmark coordinates finds: (a) asymmetry of most skulls is not fluctuating, but directional if measured about a plane fitted to shared landmarks or side landmarks for balancing; (b) asymmetry becomes completely fluctuating if one side of a skull could be slightly rotated and translated with respect to the other side; (c) female skulls are more asymmetric than male skulls. The methodology developed in this study is rigorous and transparent, and lays an analytical base for investigation of structural symmetries and asymmetries in a wide range of biological and medical applications.
Pilot study to investigate differences in middle molecules, oxidative stress and markers of peripheral vascular disease in patients treated by high flux haemodialysis and haemodiafiltration
Authors: Nongnuch Arkom , Kitiyakara Chagriya , Sappadungsuk Supawadee , Sathirapongsasuti Nuankanya , Vipattawat Kotcharat , Zhang Pin , Davies Nathan , Davenport Andrew
Published: October 2021

Background

Dialysis patients have an increased risk of mortality. Recently treatment with haemodiafiltration (HDF) has been reported to reduce mortality, particularly cardiovascular mortality, compared to standard high-flux haemodialysis (HD). However, why HDF may offer a survival advantage remains to be determined. So, we conducted a pilot study to explore differences in middle-molecules, inflammation and markers of vascular disease in patients treated by HD and HDF.

Methods

Observational cross-sectional study measuring serum β2-microglobulin (β2M), Advanced Glycosylation End Products (AGEs) by skin autofluorescence (SAF), oxidative stress with ischaemia modified albumin ratio (IMAR) and peripheral vascular disease assessment using Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI), and arterial stiffness using Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI).

Results

We studied 196 patients, mean age 69.1 ± 12.4 years, 172 (87.8%) treated by HD and 24 (12.2%) by HDF. Age, body mass index, co-morbidity and dialysis vintage were not different between HD and HDF groups. Middle molecules; β2M (31±9.9 vs 31.2±10 ug/mL) and SAF (2.99±0.72 vs 3.0±0.84 AU), ABI (1.06±0.05 vs 1.07±0.10) and CAVI (9.34±1.55 vs 9.35±1.23) were not different, but IMAR was higher in the HD patients (38.4±14.8 vs 31.3 ± 17.4, P = 0.035)

Conclusions

In this pilot observational study, we found patients treated by HDF had lower oxidative stress as measured by IMAR, with no differences in middle molecules. Lower oxidative stress would be expected to have diverse protective effects on the cardiovascular system Although we found no differences in ABI and CAVI, future studies are required to determine whether reduced oxidative stress translates into clinically relevant differences over time.
Quality of life among germ-cell testicular cancer survivors: The effect of time since cancer diagnosis
Authors: Jovanovski Aleksandar , Zugna Daniela , Di Cuonzo Daniela , Lista Patrizia , Ciuffreda Libero , Merletti Franco , Rosato Rosalba , Richiardi Lorenzo
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Testicular cancer is one of the most treatable cancers, with a 10-year survival of more than 95%. Many patients will be long-term survivors and this disease strikes men in an important phase of their lives, therefore the quality of life (QoL) among these patients is an area of particular interest. We aimed to study whether QoL in testicular cancer survivors depends on the time since cancer diagnosis.

Methods

Data were collected from the EPSAM (Esposizioni postnatali e salute maschile) study, a case-control study on patients with testicular cancer, diagnosed between 1997 and 2008 in the province of Turin, Northern Italy, and interviewed between 2008 and 2010 (response rate among cases 57%). Patients were contacted through their oncologist at the San Giovanni Batista Hospital in Turin or through their general practitioner (GP) in the rest of the Province of Turin. QoL was assessed cross-sectionally using the short form 12 (SF-12) questionnaire, a generic short-form health survey that produces two summary scores, PCS (physical component score) and MCS (mental component score), to evaluate physical and mental health, respectively.

Results

Out of 234 study patients, 125 cases were seminomas and 109 cases were nonseminomas. The mean age at diagnosis was 34.5 years. After adjusting for age, time since diagnosis was not associated with PCS and MCS scores. Among nonseminomas, the median PCS slightly increased (adjusted OR (odds ratio) for 5+ vs < 2 years since cancer diagnosis: 1.78 (1.17–2.73), p = 0.008) and MCS slightly decreased (adjusted OR per 1-year increase since cancer diagnosis: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.82–1.05, p = 0.23) with time. Similar findings of no association between time since diagnosis and PCS and MCS were found when the analyses were restricted to the subgroup of cancer patients contacted through their oncologist, whose response proportion was 82%.

Conclusion

In a study of testicular cancer patients interviewed cross-sectionally at 1 to more than 10 years since diagnosis, time since cancer diagnosis was not associated with QoL when we considered all germ-cell testicular cancer patients together. When stratified by histology type, we found certain evidence that nonseminoma cases report higher PCS over time since cancer diagnosis.
Comprehensive evaluation of COVID-19 patient short- and long-term outcomes: Disparities in healthcare utilization and post-hospitalization outcomes
Authors: Salerno Stephen , Sun Yuming , Morris Emily L. , He Xinwei , Li Yajing , Pan Ziyang , Han Peisong , Kang Jian , Sjoding Michael W. , Li Yi
Published: October 2021

Background

Understanding risk factors for short- and long-term COVID-19 outcomes have implications for current guidelines and practice. We study whether early identified risk factors for COVID-19 persist one year later and through varying disease progression trajectories.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of 6,731 COVID-19 patients presenting to Michigan Medicine between March 10, 2020 and March 10, 2021. We describe disease progression trajectories from diagnosis to potential hospital admission, discharge, readmission, or death. Outcomes pertained to all patients: rate of medical encounters, hospitalization-free survival, and overall survival, and hospitalized patients: discharge versus in-hospital death and readmission. Risk factors included patient age, sex, race, body mass index, and 29 comorbidity conditions.

Results

Younger, non-Black patients utilized healthcare resources at higher rates, while older, male, and Black patients had higher rates of hospitalization and mortality. Diabetes with complications, coagulopathy, fluid and electrolyte disorders, and blood loss anemia were risk factors for these outcomes. Diabetes with complications, coagulopathy, fluid and electrolyte disorders, and blood loss were associated with lower discharge and higher inpatient mortality rates.

Conclusions

This study found differences in healthcare utilization and adverse COVID-19 outcomes, as well as differing risk factors for short- and long-term outcomes throughout disease progression. These findings may inform providers in emergency departments or critical care settings of treatment priorities, empower healthcare stakeholders with effective disease management strategies, and aid health policy makers in optimizing allocations of medical resources.
Atrial slow conduction develops and dynamically expands during premature stimulation in an animal model of persistent atrial fibrillation
Authors: Lange Matthias , Hirahara Annie M. , Ranjan Ravi , Stoddard Gregory J. , Dosdall Derek J.
Published: October 2021

Slow conduction areas and conduction block in the atria are considered pro-arrhythmic conditions. Studies examining the size and distribution of slow conduction regions in the context of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) may help to develop improved therapeutic strategies for patients with AF. In this work, we studied the differences of size and number in slow conduction areas between control and persistent AF goats and the influence of propagation direction on the development of these pathological conduction areas. Epicardial atrial electrical activations from the left atrial roof were optically mapped with physiological pacing cycle lengths and for the shortest captured cycle lengths. The recordings were converted to local activation times and conduction velocity measures. Regions with slow conduction velocity (less than 0 . 2 m s) were identified. The size of the connected regions and the number of non-connected regions were counted for propagation from different orthogonal directions. We found that regions of slow conduction significantly increases in our 15 persistent AF goat recordings in response to premature stimulation (24.4±4.3% increase to 36.6±4.4%, p < 0.001). This increase is driven by an increase of size from (3.70±0.89[mm2] to 6.36±0.91[mm2], p = 0.014) for already existing regions and not by generation of new slow conduction regions (11.6±1.8 vs. 13±1.9, p = 0.242). In 12 control goat recordings, no increase from baseline pacing to premature pacing was found. Similarly, size of the slow conduction areas and the count did not change significantly in control animals.
Determination of Urinary Gluten Immunogenic Peptides to Assess Adherence to the Gluten-Free Diet: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Study
Authors: Monachesi Chiara , Verma Anil K. , Catassi Giulia N. , Franceschini Elisa , Gatti Simona , Gesuita Rosaria , Lionetti Elena , Catassi Carlo
Published: October 2021

INTRODUCTION:

The adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) is a trending topic in the management of celiac disease. The aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of urinary gluten immunogenic peptides (GIP) determination to detect gluten contamination of the GFD.

METHODS:

In study A, 25 healthy adults on a standard GFD performed 6 gluten challenges (0, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 mg) with quantification of urinary GIP before (T0) and during the following 24 hours. In study B, 12 participants on a gluten contamination elimination diet underwent urinary GIP determination at T0 and after challenge with 5 or 10 mg gluten. Urine GIP concentration was determined by an immunochromatographic assay.

RESULTS:

In study A, 51 of 150 baseline urine samples were GIP+ on GFD and 7 of 17 were GIP+ after the zero-gluten challenge, whereas only 55 of 81 were GIP+ after the 10–1,000 mg gluten challenges. There was no significant change in the 24-hour urinary GIP when increasing gluten from 10 to 1,000 mg. In study B, 24 of 24 baseline urine samples were GIP−, whereas 8 of 24 were GIP+ after 5 or 10 mg of gluten.

DISCUSSION:

Traces of gluten in the standard GFD may cause positivity of urinary GIP determination, whereas a false negativity is common after a gluten intake of 10–1,000 mg. Owing to the impossibility of standardizing the test in normal conditions, it seems unlikely that urinary GIP determination may represent a reliable tool to assess the compliance to the GFD of patients with celiac disease or other gluten-related disorders.
Iñupiaq Knowledge of Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Southern Beaufort Sea, Alaska
Authors: Rode Karyn D. , Voorhees Hannah , Huntington Henry P. , Durner George M.
Published: October 2021

Successful wildlife management depends upon coordination and consultation with local communities. However, much of the research used to inform management is often derived solely from data collected directly from wildlife. Indigenous people living in the Arctic have a close connection to their environment, which provides unique opportunities to observe their environment and the ecology of Arctic species. Further, most northern Arctic communities occur within the range of polar bears (nanuq, Ursus maritimus) and have experienced significant climatic changes. Here, we used semi-structured interviews from 2017 to 2019 to document Iñupiaq knowledge of polar bears observed over four decades in four Alaskan communities in the range of the Southern Beaufort Sea polar bear subpopulation: Wainwright, Utqiaġvik, Nuiqsut, and Kaktovik. All but one of 47 participants described directional and notable changes in sea ice, including earlier ice breakup, later ice return, thinner ice, and less multiyear pack ice. These changes corresponded with observations of bears spending more time on land during the late summer and early fall in recent decades—observations consistent with scientific and Indigenous knowledge studies in Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. Participants noted that polar bear and seal body condition and local abundance either varied geographically or exhibited no patterns. However, participants described a recent phenomenon of bears being exhausted and lethargic when arriving on shore in the summer and fall after extensive swims from the pack ice. Further, several participants suggested that maternal denning is occurring more often on land than sea ice. Participants indicated that village and regional governments are increasingly challenged to obtain resources needed to keep their communities safe as polar bears spend more time on land, an issue that is likely to be exacerbated both in this region and elsewhere as sea ice loss continues.
Weichenstellerinnen – ein Blick hinter die Kulissen der Fachdisziplin Vorgeschichte zwischen 1918–1939
Authors: Schöbel Gunter
Published: October 2021

Der Beitrag thematisiert die Bedeutung dreier Frauen, die im Umfeld bedeutender vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Archäologen der Universitäten Tübingen und Berlin im Zeitraum zwischen 1918 und 1939 ihren Einfluss ausübten und forschungsgeschichtliche Entwicklungen in neuem Lichte erscheinen lassen.
Reinforcement Effect Investigation of Geogrids in the Junction between New and Existing Subgrades in Highway Widening
Authors: Zhang Junhui , Li Xiangping , Ding Le , Xiao Yachong
Published: October 2021

To investigate the reinforcement effect of geogrids with different laying schemes in subgrade widening, one tested road was selected in northern China, and the subgrade deformation and the geogrid strains were analyzed by field testing, the centrifuge model test, and numerical calculation. It was revealed that the geogrid strain of the construction period was mainly derived from the roller’s compaction. The addition of the geogrid is helpful to prevent shear sliding of the new subgrade. In the centrifugal model test and numerical calculation, the geogrid reinforcement was proved to be effective in reducing the settlement of the new subgrade, but little effect to the existing one. Strain of the lower geogrid layer was generally larger, and the connection line of maximum strain points in each layer is close to the shear-sliding location of the new subgrade. The reinforcement effect of different geogrid layers changed noticeably, and the bottom one played a major role in withstanding the tensile stress.
Deficits in Behavioral and Neuronal Pattern Separation in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Madar Antoine D. , Pfammatter Jesse A. , Bordenave Jessica , Plumley Erin I. , Ravi Swetha , Cowie Michael , Wallace Eli P. , Hermann Bruce P. , Maganti Rama K. , Jones Mathew V.
Published: October 2021

In temporal lobe epilepsy, the ability of the dentate gyrus to limit excitatory cortical input to the hippocampus breaks down, leading to seizures. The dentate gyrus is also thought to help discriminate between similar memories by performing pattern separation, but whether epilepsy leads to a breakdown in this neural computation, and thus to mnemonic discrimination impairments, remains unknown. Here we show that temporal lobe epilepsy is characterized by behavioral deficits in mnemonic discrimination tasks, in both humans (females and males) and mice (C57Bl6 males, systemic low-dose kainate model). Using a recently developed assay in brain slices of the same epileptic mice, we reveal a decreased ability of the dentate gyrus to perform certain forms of pattern separation. This is because of a subset of granule cells with abnormal bursting that can develop independently of early EEG abnormalities. Overall, our results linking physiology, computation, and cognition in the same mice advance our understanding of episodic memory mechanisms and their dysfunction in epilepsy.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPeople with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) often have learning and memory impairments, sometimes occurring earlier than the first seizure, but those symptoms and their biological underpinnings are poorly understood. We focused on the dentate gyrus, a brain region that is critical to avoid confusion between similar memories and is anatomically disorganized in TLE. We show that both humans and mice with TLE experience confusion between similar situations. This impairment coincides with a failure of the dentate gyrus to disambiguate similar input signals because of pathologic bursting in a subset of neurons. Our work bridges seizure-oriented and memory-oriented views of the dentate gyrus function, suggests a mechanism for cognitive symptoms in TLE, and supports a long-standing hypothesis of episodic memory theories.
PRODUCTION OF QUINCE JAM WITH GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT AS A PECTIN SUBSTITUTE: EFFECTS ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL, MICROBIOLOGICAL, RHEOLOGICAL AND SENSORY QUALITIES
Authors: RAYMAN ERGÜN Ahsen , TEKGÜL Yeliz
Published: October 2021

In this study Ginkgo biloba leaf extract which is rich in phytochemical metabolites was used as a pectin substitute in quince jam. The extraction process was performed ultrasonically at 70°C with ethanol that gives the highest flavonoid content. The jam was produced with pectin in the traditional procedure and pectin-free jams were made using two different weight concentrations (0.05% and 0.1%) of Ginkgo biloba extract and compared to the pectin group. Shear stress value decreased when Ginkgo biloba was used as a pectin substitute so the jam becomes softer. Phenolic content 170.09 (mg/g GAE), and antioxidant activity (1.80 mM Trolox/100g) was found highest in the 0.1 g extract group. Lightness and yellowness increased with Ginkgo biloba compared to the pectin group. The jam sample with 0.1 g extract was preferred in sensory tests.
A formaldehyde-free adhesive for particleboards based on soy flour, magnesium oxide, and a plant-derived enzymatic hydrolysate
Authors: Balducci Francesco , Adamopoulos Stergios , Pettinari Claudio , Canti Enrico , Di Nicola Corrado , Tombesi Alessia , Cecchini Alessandra , Gabbani Christian
Published: October 2021

An adhesive for particleboards based on natural materials was prepared. Soy flour (38.9 wt%), magnesium oxide (MgO) (2.8 wt%), and a hydrolysate from an agricultural crop (13.9 wt%) were mixed with water and ground in a ball mill at 44% solids. The solubility and interaction of the soy flour proteins and the proteins contained in the plant hydrolysate were triggered by the strong basic environment created by MgO in the presence of water. The natural adhesive appeared to be thermally stable at temperatures from 130 °C to 240 °C, with unchanged mass and no major signals in the thermal analysis curves. These results, together with a viscosity of 510 Pa·s at 25 °C, suggested a good operability of the adhesive. Three-layered particleboards were manufactured with weight combinations of natural adhesive and polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE) of 0%:100%, 33%:67%, 50%:50%, 67%:33%, and 100%:0%. The natural adhesive showed inferior internal bond strength and poor water resistance compared with urea-formaldehyde-bonded boards. Addition of the PAE significantly improved the internal bond and swelling, and for all the combinations these properties were comparable or, in most cases, better than in the urea-formaldehyde controls. All boards were formaldehyde-free, while the natural adhesive itself released no dangerous volatile substances.
Chemical modification of beech wood: Effect on thermal stability
Authors: Bodîrlău Ruxanda , Teacă Carmen Alice , Spiridon Iuliana
Published: October 2021

Beech sawdust was reacted with phthalic (PA) and maleic (MA) anhydrides for chemical modification. The influence of reaction time and anhydride amount was investigated. IR spectra gave evidence of wood esterification. Thermogravimetric investigation of chemically modified wood indicated a better thermal stability (mainly for wood treated with phthalic anhydride) in comparison with the untreated wood.
Structural shifts: impact on productivity and growth of Ukraine's economy
Authors:   State Institution ", Shovkun Inna ,   Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine"
Published: October 2021

The leading feature of the modern world has been the deep structural shifts caused by radical transformations of its industrial landscape. The corresponding transformations were caused by changes in the internal structure of national industrial sectors and were based on the technologies of the "fourth industrial revolution", whose emergence gave additional impetus to the structural transformation of the world economy, intensifying competition in global markets. The Covid crisis was a catalyst for accelerating changes in the intersectoral proportions of the world economy, complicating the existing structural problems. The study shows that the key feature of the model of structural changes that occurred in Ukraine's economy after the global financial crisis was the accelerated reduction of the industrial sector, especially the loss of potential of the processing industry, its technological simplification and narrowing the variety of industries. This was accompanied by increased dominance of the tertiary sector and the growth of the primary sector. Excessive share in the structure of production is occupied by industries, whose mode of reproduction is able to generate only relatively low rates of economic growth (mining and related industries of primary processing in industry and agriculture). Such a trend of structural shifts is not able to generate the necessary boost of economic growth, and much less so as it is burdened by the risks of deepening structural inconsistency of Ukraine’s economy with the cardinal changes taking place in the world economy. Comparison of parameters and trends of structural changes in Ukraine’s economy and in a comparable group of countries and the world as a whole shows that the changes in the structure of Ukraine’s economy were much higher, but did not create sufficient potential for sustainable economic growth. The author analyzes the gaps in labor productivity between economic activities and sectors of Ukraine’s economy, as well as changes in their dynamics, which leads to the conclusions about the relationship between the rates of technological development of different sectors of Ukraine’s economy and the gradual slowdown of the already imperfect technological development of this country’s industry with further loss of competitiveness. Estimated the degree of influence of such factors as investments and technological innovations, as well as shifts in the structure of employment on the increase of labor productivity in Ukraine’s economy. Using the apparatus of econometric modeling, the author evaluates the dependence of the dynamics of GDP growth on the change of the indices of the physical volume of GVA in the sectors of this country’s economy.
THE LOCAL SOURCES OF DETRITAL MATERIAL IN MIDDLE DEVONIAN QUARTZITES OF THE DONETS BASIN: RESULTS OF U-Pb LA-ICP-MS ZIRCON DATING
Authors: Shumlyanskyy L.V. , Hofmann M. , Borodynya B.V. , Artemenko G.V.
Published: October 2021

Results of U-Pb dating of zircons from the Middle Devonian sandstones of the Mykolaivka Suite, taken from the junction zone between the Azov Domain of the Ukrainian Shield and Donets basin, are reported. The rocks are taken from a drill core and they occur beneath a 210 m sequence of mafic and ultramafic volcanic rocks that belong to the Antonivka (D2-3) and Mykolaivka (D2) suites. In total, 28 U-Pb isotope analyses were performed. The predominant population (18 grains) of zircons yielded a concordant age of 2075±9 Ma (MSWD = 0.64). The second largest population consists of zircon crystals with concordant to nearly concordant ages ranging from 3130 to 2830 Ma. These results indicate a local origin for the detrital zircons. The occurrence of coarse-grained terrigenous sediments, derived from local rock sources, indicates significant erosion of the Precambrian basement that might have been caused by differential vertical movements during the Middle Devonian period. In the Donets basin, rifting and uplift started ca. 10 Myr before that of other parts of the Prypyat-Dnieper-Donets Paleorift.
Peningkatan Komitmen Guru Terhadap Profesi Melalui Pengembangan Budaya Organisasi Dan Kepuasan Kerja
Authors: Djuanda Isep
Published: October 2021

Generally, the aim of this research is to analyze how teachers’ commitment to the profession in Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri Jakarta Selatan can be improved through organizational culture and work satisfaction. Hence, this research specifically aims to find out, comprehend, and analyze empirically upon 1) the relation between organizational culture and teachers’ commitment to the profession, 2) the relation between work satisfaction and teachers’ commitment to the profession, and 3) the relation between organizational culture and work satisfaction with teachers’ commitment to the profession.This research is conducted as a quantitative study. The population of this research is the teachers of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri (MTsN) Jakarta Selatan as many as 315 in which 177 of them are taken as the samples. The number of the sample was determined by using proporsional random sampling technique with the Slovin formula at a 5% margin of error.The results of the research show: 1) there is a significant positive relationship between Organizational Culture and Teachers’ Commitment to the Profession, which is indicated by correlation coefficient value ry1 = 0,611 and determinant coefficient value ry12= 0,373; 2) there is a significant positive relationship between Work Satisfaction and Teachers’ Commitment to the Profession, which is indicated by correlation coefficient value ry2 = 0,665., and determinant coefficient value ry22= 0,442; and 3) there is a significant positive relationship between Organizational Culture and Work Satisfaction with Teachers’ Commitment to the Profession, which is indicated by correlation coefficient value ry12 = 0.677., and determinant coefficient value ry122= 0,458.
Upaya Guru Kelas Dalam Meningkatkan Disiplin Pada Anak Usia 4-5 Tahun Melalui Metode Pembiasaan
Authors: Ishma Noor , Purwani Lilis
Published: October 2021

This research started from the background of the lack of understanding of the class teacher regarding instilling discipline in children from an early age, namely awareness in discipline including, arriving on time, obeying class rules, tidying up toys after use, queuing and being orderly. The formulation of the problem in this paper is how the class teacher's efforts in improving the discipline of children aged 4-5 years through the method of habituation. The purpose of this study is to describe the discipline of children aged 4-5 years through the method of habituation. This writing is Classroom Action Research, which is carried out through 3 cycles with each cycle of stages being planning, implementing, observing and reflecting. This writing took place in Darunnajah Islamic Kindergarten 1. The data was collected by observation, interviews and documentation. The results of the writing show: 1) The results showed an increase in discipline with the habituation method in the first cycle which was in the category of developing according to expectations amounting to 56.4%, then in the second cycle it became 83.3% and in the third cycle it reached 93.6%. 2) Children's discipline can be improved by the habituation method by providing examples to students, providing motivation, in instilling discipline carried out continuously and consistently. Besides that, it is also accompanied by clapping and songs, reading Islamic stories, accompanied by giving rewards in the form of praise and star stickers.
Membangun Kesiapan Belajar Membaca di Jenjang Prasekolah
Authors: Adelani Risa
Published: October 2021

Currently, the practice of learning to read formally is mostly done at the preschool level. Many experts oppose this, but there are also those who support it. In this paper, we will discuss how educational programs at the preschool level should prepare children to learn to read formally. The discussion includes the stages of reading ability, the concept of reading readiness, and the age of reading readiness.
Pengaruh Gaya Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Sekolah dan Motivasi Kerja Terhadap Disiplin Kerja Guru Madrasah Aliyah Negeri di Wilayah Jakarta Selatan
Authors: Wibowo Heru
Published: October 2021

This research aims to recognize the influence of the transformational school principal style leadership and working’s motivation to the teachers’ of senior Islamic high school state in the South Jakarta which consists of 143 people. Because of the large samples which consist of 105 people, the writer uses Slovin formula in this research and the way of data taken is based on school unit proportionally. The research variable includes the transformational school principal style leadership (X1), Working’s motivation (X2) and the discipline of teachers’ dedication (X3). Then the writer uses questionnaire to get the data. This research hypothesis is (1) there is a direct influence, the transformational school principal style leadership to the discipline of teachers’ dedication, (2) there is a direct influence between working’s motivation and the discipline of teachers’ dedication, (3) there is direct influence between the transformational school principal style leadership and working’s motivation. The each hypothesis 1,2,3 are tested by simple regression and partial correlation. However, the writer uses the analysis for the next. The writer uses the survey as his method with the data analysis inferentially. The research result which is found is the first research result concludes that there is a positive influence between the transformational school principal style leadership (X1) and the discipline of teachers’ dedication (X3), with the coefficient iv correlation is 0.639 , on α = 0.05, and the determination coefficient is 0.408. It shows that 40.8 % of the discipline of teachers’ dedication is strengthened by the transformational school principal style leadership with coefficient channel 0.344 and correlation is 0.639. The result of second hypothesis concludes that there is a positive influence between working motivation (X2) and the discipline of teachers’ dedication (X3) with the coefficient correlation is 0.529 on α = 0.05, the determination coefficient is 0.279. it shows that 27.9 % is strengthened by the working’s motivation with coefficient channel 0.529 and the correlation is 0.529. the result of third hypothesis concludes that there is a positive influence between independent variable of the transformational school principal style leadership (X1) and working’s motivation (X3) with the coefficient correlation is 0.656 the determination coefficient is 0.430. it shows that 43.0 % of the discipline of teachers’ dedication is strengthened by the transformational school principal style leadership and the working teachers’ motivation with coefficient channel is 0.656 and the correlation is 0.185. This research recommends all the school principals to improve the transformational style leadership ability in order to do their policies and to improve the teachers of Islamic senior high school state ’ motivation in the south Jakarta in order to create the good and discipline work
New data on the threatened Cerradomys goytaca (RODENTIA, CRICETIDAE).
Authors: Brandão de Oliveira Marcus Vinicius , Rosa Beatris Felipe , Fegies Ana Claudia , Da Silva Belentani Sonia Cristina
Published: October 2021

Cerradomys goytaca is a cricetid rodent endemic to “Restinga” formations from southeastern Atlantic Forest. It is known from only five localities, and it is considered endangered of extinction. Herein, we furnish new data on C. goytaca from an additional locality in Rio de Janeiro state. The present record provides new data on habitat and represents the westernmost geographic limit of this poorly known species.
Sustratos de nidificación y densidad de nidos de abejas sin aguijón en la Reserva de la Biósfera de los Petenes, México.
Authors: Cab-Baqueiro Silvia , Ferrera-Cerrato Ronald , Quezada-Euán José Javier , Moo-Valle Humberto , Vargas-Díaz Arely Anayansi
Published: October 2021

Las abejas sin aguijón (ASA) son organismos relevantes en los ecosistemas por su desempeño como polinizadores. En México, la mayor diversidad de ASA se encuentra en el sureste. En este estudio se determinaron las especies de ASA y densidad de nidos en dos sitios con diferente perturbación dentro de La Reserva de la Biosfera de los Petenes (RBLP) Campeche (México). Asimismo, se identificaron los sustratos y las especies arbóreas de nidificación. En total se realizaron diez muestreos en transectos entre los meses de enero a mayo de 2018. Se registraron 56 nidos pertenecientes a ocho especies diferentes de ASA (Cephalotrigona zexmeniae, Frieseomelitta nigra, Lestrimellita niitkib, Nannotrigona perilampoides, Partamona bilineata, Plebeia frontalis, Scaptotrigona pectoralis y Trigona fulviventris). Las especies con mayor número de nidos correspondieron a F. nigra (41,07 %) y S. pectoralis (28,57 %). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la densidad de nidos entre los sitios Hecelchakán (2,15 nidos/ha) y Calkiní (0,19 nidos/ha). El sustrato preferido para anidación son las cavidades en árboles vivos (78,57 %). En total 15 especies arbóreas fueron identificadas como sustrato de nidificación y la especie más abundante correspondió a Crescentia cujete (n = 18, 40,9 %). El grado de perturbación tuvo poco efecto en el número y densidad de nidos de ASA, sin embargo, en general, la RBLP presentó una composición de especies y densidad de nidos reducida. Por lo tanto, este estudio permitió establecer las bases para futuros estudios sobre estrategias de manejo y conservación de estas especies para evitar su desaparición en la RBLP.