bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delivery room blood pressure percentiles of healthy, singleton, liveborn neonates
Authors: Salihoğlu Özgül , Can Emrah , Beşkardeş Ayşegül , Koç Begüm Şirin , Tan İlhan , Can Günay , Hatipoğlu Sami
Published: November 2011

Background:  Arterial blood pressure (BP) is one of the four vital signs that reflect cardiovascular status in neonates. The present study aimed to obtain BP percentiles among healthy, singleton, liveborn neonates between 34 and 43 weeks of gestation who were less than 1 h old.

Methods:  BP measurements were taken after birth in supine‐positioned neonates in the delivery room using an oscillometric device. A total of 982 well‐nourished neonates who did not require resuscitation, were not fetally malnourished, were not admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit and were without obvious congenital abnormalities were included in the study.

Results:  Sex‐ and type‐of‐delivery‐specific 5th and 95th percentiles BP measurements were obtained for gestation. Mean BP values for systolic, diastolic and mean of term neonates were 63.98 ± 12.29 mmHg, 38.34 ± 11.06 mmHg and 49.32 ± 11.33 mmHg, and late preterm neonates were 61.80 ± 12.46 mmHg, 33.17 ± 9.97 mmHg and 46.52 ± 10.8 mmHg, respectively. There were weak but significant correlations between birthweight, birth length and head circumference and systolic, diastolic and mean arterial BP values (r = 0.20, r = 0.15 and r = 0.20, respectively, P < 0.001). Neonates who were delivered vaginally had higher mean BP values for systolic, diastolic and mean than neonates delivered by cesarean section (P < 0.05). Female neonates had higher systolic BP values than male neonates (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  Data presented in this study include sex‐ and delivery‐mode‐specific BP percentile curves using an oscillometric method and serve as a valuable reference for physicians in dealing with the management of singleton, liveborn late preterm and term newborns in the delivery room intensive care.
Turkish version of the Stroke‐Specific Quality of Life Scale
Authors: Hakverdioğlu Yönt Gülendam , Khorshid Leyla
Published: November 2011

Hakverdioğlu Yönt G. & Khorshid L. (2012) Turkish version of the Stroke‐Specific Quality of Life Scale. International Nursing Review59, 274–280

Aim:  To test the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Stroke‐Specific Quality of Life Scale (SS‐QOL).

Background:  Stroke is a leading cause of activity limitation and participation restriction that negatively affect health‐related quality of life. The assessment of SS‐QOL in stroke patients has not been validated in Turkey.

Methods:  Cross‐sectional and methodological research design was used. Five hundred stroke survivors who had been diagnosed with stroke at least 6 months previously were included in this cross‐sectional study. The reliability of the SS‐QOL was based on internal consistency, item correlation. Construct validity was evaluated by Exploratory Factor Analysis. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated for the total score of the SS‐QOL to establish the internal consistency of the instrument. Construct validity was assessed by comparing patients' scores on the SS‐QOL with those obtained by other test methods: SF‐36 Health Survey and Katz Index of Activities of Daily Living.

Findings:  In the process of adaptation to the Turkish population, the scale was converted to 48 items. The correlation coefficient for the test‐retest scores of the SS‐QOL was calculated as 0.81. Internal consistency for the scale showed Cronbach's alpha = 0.97. As a result of applying factor analysis to the scale, eight factors were obtained, which accounted for 77.47% of the scale's total variance.

Conclusion:  SS‐QOL is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring self‐reported health‐related quality of life at group level among people with stroke who are diagnosed with stroke at least 6 months previously in the Turkish population.
Simplex and Diamond Hierarchies: Models and Applications
Authors: Weiss K. , De Floriani L.
Published: November 2011

Hierarchical spatial decompositions are a basic modelling tool in a variety of application domains. Several papers on this subject deal with hierarchical simplicial decompositions generated through regular simplex bisection. Such decompositions, originally developed for finite elements, are extensively used as the basis for multi‐resolution models of scalar fields, such as terrains, and static or time‐varying volume data. They have also been used as an alternative to quadtrees and octrees as spatial access structures. The primary distinction among all such approaches is whether they treat the simplex or clusters of simplices, called diamonds, as the modelling primitive. This leads to two classes of data structures and to different query approaches. We present the hierarchical models in a dimension‐independent manner, and organize the description of the various applications, primarily interactive terrain rendering and isosurface extraction, according to the dimension of the domain.
Modelling the spatiotemporal distribution of the incidence of resident foreign population
Authors: Marra Giampiero , Miller David L. , Zanin Luca
Published: November 2011

Many European countries have recently experienced a substantial increase in the proportion of immigrants in their populations. The incidence of resident foreigners calculated at a national level does not provide information on the local spatial and temporal distribution of the phenomenon. This information may be of crucial importance for planning local policies. In this article, we suggest a tool for practitioners to provide spatiotemporal maps representing the local distribution of the incidence of resident foreigners in the territory, and changes in spatial trends over time. We illustrate this with Italian data at a municipal level, for the period 2003–2008. To account for spatiotemporal interactions in the data, we propose using a generalized additive model incorporating a smoother of the time and space dimensions. Specifically, we set up a tensor product smoother combining a cubic regression spline basis for time and a soap film spline basis for space. This approach provides a consistent framework to produce spatiotemporal maps which could be effectively used by policy makers to decide the allocation of economic resources at a local level.
AN ENERGY PRIMER: FROM THERMODYNAMICS TO THEOLOGY
Authors: Laurendeau Normand M.
Published: November 2011

Abstract Scientific, technological, ethical, and religious issues confronting the human prospect are emerging as we encounter the inevitable shift from fossil to renewable fuels. In particular, we are entering a period of monumental transition with respect to both the forms and use of energy. As for any technological transition of this magnitude, ultimate success will require good ethics and religion, as well as good science and technology. Economic and political issues associated with energy conservation and renewable energies are arising in the context of climate change, sustainability, and human purpose. Specifically, we must consider (1) ethical and religious perspectives which might guide future energy choices and (2) energy choices which, in turn, might challenge ethical and religious perspectives. In this paper, I set the stage for subsequent articles by introducing thermodynamic and theological considerations relevant to our energy future. Scientific and technological aspects are covered within the context of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Ethical and religious aspects are covered within the context of basic philosophical and theological motifs within our secular culture. My intention is to provide the necessary background, motivation, and perspectives for a fuller discussion of pertinent issues in the remainder of the conference papers.
Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma, a possible culprit in mycosis fungoides: an immunohistochemical study
Authors: Youssef R. , Hegazy R.A. , Fawzy M.M. , Abdel Halim D.M. , Nabil N. , Sayed S.S. , Shaker O.G.
Published: November 2011

Background  It still remains debatable whether peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is pro‐ or antineoplastic, and its exact role in mycosis fungoides (MF) remains unclear.

Objective  This prospective comparative study aimed to investigate the expression of PPARγ in MF and compare it with psoriatics and controls in a trial to deduce its possible role in MF. Also, we tried to clarify the relation between PPARγ and Bcl‐2 in MF.

Methods  Twenty MF patients, 20 psoriatic patients and 20 controls were included. All participants underwent a skin biopsy, and immunohistochemical staining for both PPARγ and Bcl‐2 were performed. Western blot analysis was performed for detection of both PPARγ and Bcl‐2.

Results  The mean area per cent of PPARγ measured in the MF patients (57.1217 ± 9.502417) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) when compared with that of both the psoriatics (2.989 ± 1.723) and controls (35.9357 ± 8.1789). The mean area per cent of Bcl‐2 in MF patients (9.3763 ± 6.6328) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that of both the psoriatics (2.35 ± 1.35) and the controls (0.73105 ± 0.5302)]. Our results were confirmed using the western blot analysis. We detected a highly significant positive correlation between the PPARγ and Bcl‐2 mean area per cents in all patients. In our MF patients, both parameters were also positively correlated with the age of the patient, duration and stage of MF (P < 0.05).

Conclusion  Our data suggest a possible role for PPARγ in the pathogenesis of MF possibly through several mechanisms, one of which might be conferring upon the lymphoma cells, a survival advantage at least partially through up regulating Bcl‐2.
Serum apelin levels: clinical association with vascular involvements in patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Aozasa N. , Asano Y. , Akamata K. , Noda S. , Masui Y. , Yamada D. , Tamaki Z. , Tada Y. , Sugaya M. , Kadono T. , Sato S
Published: November 2011

Background  Apelin is a bioactive peptide exerting its pro‐angiogenic and pro‐fibrotic effects in a context‐dependent manner through the activation of its receptor APJ, which is ubiquitously expressed on the surface of various cell types. The activation of apelin/APJ signalling appears to be involved in the pathological process of fibrotic disorders, including liver cirrhosis.

Objective  As an initial step to clarify the role of apelin/APJ signalling in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc), we investigated serum apelin levels and their clinical association in patients with SSc.

Methods  Serum apelin levels were determined by a specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in 56 SSc patients and 18 healthy controls.

Results  Serum apelin levels were comparable among three groups, including diffuse cutaneous SSc, limited cutaneous SSc and control subjects (1.77 ± 1.48, 1.63 ± 1.51 and 1.61 ± 0.44 ng/mL, respectively). When we classified SSc patients into three groups according to disease duration, serum apelin levels were elevated in early SSc (<3 years) compared with mid‐stage SSc (3–10 years) (1.74 ± 1.26 vs. 1.02 ± 0.52 ng/mL, P < 0.05). Importantly, in late stage SSc (>10 years), the prevalence of severe vascular involvements, including intractable skin ulcers, scleroderma renal crisis and pulmonary arterial hypertension, was significantly higher in patients with elevated serum apelin levels than in those without (100% vs. 20%, P < 0.05).

Conclusion  Apelin may be associated with altered and activated angiogenesis prior to fibrotic responses in early SSc and with the development of proliferative vasculopathy in late stage SSc.
Differentiating Population Stratification from Genotyping Error Using Family Data
Authors: Sebro Ronnie , Lange Christoph , Laird Nan M. , Rogus John J. , Risch Neil J.
Published: November 2011

Identifying population stratification and genotyping error are important for candidate gene association studies using the Transmission Disequilibrium Test (TDT). Although the TDT retains the prespecified Type I error in the presence of population stratification, the test may have decreased power in the presence of population stratification. Genotyping error can also cause the TDT to have an elevated Type I error. Differentiating population stratification from genotyping error remains a challenge for geneticists. Both genotyping error and population stratification can result in an increase in the observed homozygosity of a sample relative to that expected assuming Hardy‐Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE). We show that when family data are available, even if a limited number of markers are genotyped, evaluating the markers that show statistically significant deviation from HWE with the Mating Type Distortion Test (MTDT) – a test based on the mating type distribution – can reliably differentiate genotyping error from population stratification. We simulate data based on several models of genotyping error in previously published literature, and show how this method could be used in practice to assist in differentiating population stratification from systematic genotyping error.
GM2 gangliosidosis in a UK study of children with progressive neurodegeneration: 73 cases reviewed
Authors: SMITH NICHOLAS J , WINSTONE ANNE MARIE , STELLITANO LESLEY , COX TIMOTHY M , VERITY CHRISTOPHER M
Published: November 2011

Aim  To report the demographic, phenotypic, and time‐to‐diagnosis characteristics of children with GM2 gangliosidosis referred to the UK study of Progressive Intellectual and Neurological Deterioration.

Method  Case notification is made via monthly surveillance card, administered by the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit to all UK‐based paediatricians; children with GM2 gangliosidosis were identified from cases satisfying inclusion in the UK study of Progressive Intellectual and Neurological Deterioration and analysed according to phenotypic and biochemical categories.

Results  Between May 1997 and January 2010, 73 individuals with GM2 gangliosidoses were reported: 40 with Tay–Sachs disease, 31 with Sandhoff disease, and two with GM2 activator protein deficiency. Together they account for 6% (73/1164) of all diagnosed cases of progressive intellectual and neurological deterioration. The majority (62/73) were sporadic index cases with no family history. Children of Pakistani ancestry were overrepresented in all subtypes, particularly juvenile Sandhoff disease, accounting for 10 of 11 notified cases. Infantile‐onset variants predominated (55/73); the mean age at onset of symptoms was 6.2 and 4.7 months for infantile‐onset Tay–Sachs and Sandhoff disease respectively, and 26.2 and 34.7 months for the corresponding juvenile‐onset variants. Time to diagnosis averaged 7.4 months and 28.0 months in infantile‐ and juvenile‐onset disease respectively.

Interpretation  GM2 gangliosidosis is a significant cause of childhood neurodegenerative disease; timely diagnosis relies upon improved clinical recognition, which may be increasingly important as specific therapies become available. There is a potential benefit from the introduction of screening programmes for high‐risk ethnic groups.
Japanese high school students' use of L1 during pair‐work
Authors: Leeming Paul
Published: November 2011

A considerable proportion of English language education throughout the world occurs in monolingual compulsory settings. It is therefore not surprising that both teacher and students' use of the L1 is a common feature of these classrooms. This study, conducted in a language classroom, used a sociocultural framework to discover how Japanese high school students use their first language while engaging in oral communicative tasks. Observations were followed by student interviews in order to ascertain students' attitudes toward the use of Japanese in English classes. Students' use of Japanese was generally found to be positively related to learning, and it emerged that there were specific contextual factors which influenced students' use of their first language, and the implications of this are discussed.
Genetic and environmental contributions to the relationship between education and anxiety disorders – a twin study
Authors: Tambs K. , Kendler K. S. , Reichborn‐Kjennerud T. , Aggen S. H. , Harris J. R. , Neale M. C. , Hettema J. M. , Sundet J. M. , Battaglia M. , Røysamb E.
Published: November 2011

Tambs K, Kendler KS, Reichborn‐Kjennerud T, Aggen SH, Harris JR, Neale MC, Hettema JM, Sundet JM, Battaglia M, Røysamb E. Genetic and environmental contributions to the relationship between education and anxiety disorders – a twin study.

Objective:  To examine the negative statistical relationship between educational level and risk of anxiety disorders, and to estimate to what extent this relationship may be explained by genes or environmental factors influencing both phenotypes.

Method:  Registry data on educational level for 3339 young adult Norwegian twin pairs and diagnostic data on anxiety disorders for 1385 of these pairs were analysed, specifying structural equations models using MX software.

Results:  In the best‐fitting model, genes accounted for 59% of the variance in education. 18% of the variance was due to environmental factors shared by co‐twins, and the remaining 23% due to non‐shared environment; 46% of the variance in liability to anxiety disorders was genetic, the remaining variance was due to non‐shared environment. A phenotypic polychoric correlation of −0.30 between educational level and ‘any anxiety disorder’ was estimated to be primarily (83% in the best‐fitting model) caused by genes common to the two traits.

Conclusion:  The relationship between low education and risk of anxiety disorders appears to be primarily determined by genetic effect common to educational level and anxiety disorders.
Impact of implant diameter on bone level changes around platform switched implants: preliminary results of 18 months follow‐up a prospective randomized match‐paired controlled trial
Authors: Canullo Luigi , Iannello Giuliano , Penarocha Miguel , Garcia Berta
Published: November 2011

Objective

This prospective randomized match‐paired controlled trial aimed to evaluate the impact of implant platform diameter on marginal bone level around implants restored according to the platform switching (PS) concept.

Material and methods

A total of 24 implants were examined in 12 patients. All patients received two adjacent implants inserted at the crestal level: 4.3 mm (control group) and 4.8 mm (test group) in diameter. Mesio‐distal implant position was randomly performed. According to the PS concept, for restoration, a 3.8 and 4.3 mm diameter abutment was used, respectively in the control and test groups, resulting, in both groups, with 0.25 mm of implant/abutment mismatching. Implant restorations were splinted. Eighteen months after final restoration, periapical standardized digital radiographs were taken to evaluate marginal bone level alterations after loading. The Wilcoxon Signed‐Rank Test was selected to identify differences between groups.

Results

At the last follow‐up, control implants exhibited a mean bone loss value of 1.10 mm (SD: 0.47 mm); the test group showed a mean value of 1.09 mm (SD: 0.08 mm). No statistically significant differences were found between test and control groups.

Conclusions

Within the limits of this study, the present results suggest that bone resorption is mostly related to biologic (biologic width re‐establishment) rather than to biomechanical factors (implant platform diameter). Furthermore long‐term studies with a wider sample size are needed to confirm the platform diameter influence on hard tissue response around implants restored according to the PS concept.
A comparison of implant‐retained mandibular overdentures and conventional dentures on quality of life in edentulous patients: a randomized, prospective, within‐subject controlled clinical trial
Authors: Harris David , Höfer Stefan , O'Boyle Ciaran A. , Sheridan Sean , Marley John , Benington Ian C. , Clifford Tom , Houston Frank , O'Connell Brian
Published: November 2011

Objectives

To determine any difference in patient response to implant overdentures compared with conventional complete dentures alone.

Materials and methods

In a randomized, prospective, controlled study, 122 edentulous patients (Mean age 64; 39 men, 83 women) underwent baseline assessment of denture satisfaction and quality of life using the Oral Health Impact Profile‐49 (OHIP‐49) and a Denture Satisfaction Questionnaire. All patients were provided with new conventional complete dentures (CCDs) that they wore for 3 months, at which point they were reassessed using the same measures. Patients were randomly assigned either to continue with CCDs (CC group) or to have implant‐retained overdentures (IODs) made (CI group). The CC group was assessed after a further 3 months (6 months after receiving CCDs). The CI group was assessed 3 months after receiving IODs.

Results

Significant improvements in satisfaction and quality of life were found in the patients 3 months after receiving CCDs (P < 0.05). No further improvements were found in the CC group at 6 months on any of the measures. The CI group showed significant additional improvements at 3 months following IODs on the functional limitation, physical pain, psychological discomfort, physical disability, social disability, psychological disability and handicap scales of the OHIP and on 10 of the 11 scales of the Denture Satisfaction Questionnaire (P < 0.05, ANOVA).

Conclusions

The findings show that, controlling for expectancy bias and variability in baseline levels, IODs significantly increase patient satisfaction, dental function and quality of life over and above those achieved with good quality CCDs.
A critical review of diabetes, glycemic control, and dental implant therapy
Authors: Oates Thomas W. , Huynh‐Ba Guy , Vargas Adriana , Alexander Peggy , Feine Jocelyne
Published: November 2011

Objectives

To systematically examine the evidence guiding the use of implant therapy relative to glycemic control for patients with diabetes and to consider the potential for both implant therapy to support diabetes management and hyperglycemia to compromise implant integration.

Material and Methods

A systematic approach was used to identify and review clinical investigations directly assessing implant survival or failure for patients with diabetes. A MEDLINE (PubMED) database search identified potential articles for inclusion using the search strategy: (dental implants OR oral implants) AND (diabetes OR diabetic). Inclusion in this review required longitudinal assessments including at least 10 patients, with included articles assessed relative to documentation of glycemic status for patients.

Results

Although the initial search identified 129 publications, this was reduced to 16, for inclusion. Reported implant failure rates for diabetic patients ranged from 0% to 14.3%. The identification and reporting of glycemic control was insufficient or lacking in 13 of the 16 studies with 11 of these enrolling only patients deemed as having acceptable glycemic control, limiting interpretation of findings relative to glycemic control. Three of the 16 studies having interpretable information on glycemic control failed to demonstrate a significant relationship between glycemic control and implant failure, with failure rates ranging from 0% to 2.9%.

Conclusions

Clinical evidence is lacking for the association of glycemic control with implant failure while support is emerging for implant therapy in diabetes patients with appropriate accommodations for delays in implant integration based on glycemic control. The role for implants to improve oral function in diabetes management and the effects of hyperglycemia on implant integration remain to be determined.
Early loading of surface modified implants in the posterior mandible – 5 year results of an open prospective non‐controlled study
Authors: Schliephake Henning , Rödiger Matthias , Phillips Keith , McGlumphy Edwin A. , Chacon Guillermo E. , Larsen Peter
Published: November 2011

Aim: 

The aim of the present study was to evaluate an early loading protocol for surface modified implants placed in the posterior mandible.

Material and Methods: 

A total of 134 implants with a TiO2 blasted, fluoride modified surface were inserted into the posterior mandibles of 44 patients. The implants were functionally loaded after 7 weeks of healing. Implant stability quotient (ISQ) values (during the first year), bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque accumulation and marginal bone level (MBL) were assessed until the end of the observation period of 5 years. A total of 41 patients with 123 implants completed the study.

Results: 

No implants were lost. ISQ values decreased significantly from the time of insertion to 2 weeks and increased significantly until the 1‐year follow up. BOP varied until the end of the observation period between 7.9% and 13.0%. Plaque accumulation decreased from the time of early loading to the end of the study. MBL changed from 0.59 mm at the time of implant placement to 0.80 mm at the time of early loading. Thereafter, only slight variations in MBL occurred until the end of the observation period.

Conclusions: 

The results confirm that early loading is a promising option also in posterior edentulism of the mandible.
Peri‐implant disease in subjects with and without preventive maintenance: a 5‐year follow‐up
Authors: Costa Fernando Oliveira , Takenaka‐Martinez Satoshi , Cota Luís Otávio Miranda , Ferreira Sergio Diniz , Silva Geraldo Lúcio Magalhães , Costa José Eustáquio
Published: November 2011

Aim

To determine the incidence of peri‐implantitis in individuals with mucositis in a 5‐year follow‐up study.

Material and Methods

A sample of 212 partially edentulous individuals, rehabilitated with dental implants, underwent periodontal and peri‐implant clinical examinations in 2005 (baseline). Five years later, 80 individuals who had been diagnosed with mucositis in the baseline examination were re‐examined. These individuals were divided into two groups: one group with preventive maintenance during the study period (GTP; n = 39), and another group without preventive maintenance (GNTP; n = 41). The following parameters were clinically evaluated: plaque index, bleeding on periodontal and peri‐implant probing, periodontal and peri‐implant probing depth, suppuration and peri‐implant bone loss. The influence of biological and behavioural risk variables associated with the occurrence of peri‐implantitis was analysed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.

Results

The incidence of peri‐implantitis in the global sample was 31.2% (GNTP = 43.9% and GTP = 18.0%).

Conclusion

The absence of preventive maintenance in individuals with pre‐existing peri‐implant mucositis was associated with a high incidence of peri‐implantitis. Clinical parameters, such as bleeding on peri‐implant probing, periodontal probing depth and the presence of periodontitis were associated with a higher risk of developing peri‐implantitis.
Regulation of Membrane Protein Degradation by Starvation‐Response Pathways
Authors: Jones Charles B. , Ott Elizabeth M. , Keener Justin M. , Curtiss Matt , Sandrin Virginie , Babst Markus
Published: November 2011

The multivesicular body (MVB) pathway delivers membrane proteins to the lumen of the vacuole/lysosome for degradation. The resulting amino acids are transported to the cytoplasm for reuse in protein synthesis. Our study shows that this amino acid recycling system plays an essential role in the adaptation of cells to starvation conditions. Cells respond to amino acid starvation by upregulating both endocytosis and the MVB pathway, thereby providing amino acids through increased protein turnover. Our data suggest that increased Rsp5‐dependent ubiquitination of membrane proteins and a drop in Ist1 levels, a negative regulator of endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) activity, cause this response. Furthermore, we found that target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) and a second, unknown nutrient‐sensing system are responsible for the starvation‐induced protein turnover. Together, the data indicate that protein synthesis and turnover are linked by a common regulatory system that ensures adaptation and survival under nutrient‐stress conditions.
Initial assessment of responsiveness of the P‐CPQ (Brazilian Version) to describe the changes in quality of life after treatment for traumatic dental injury
Authors: Antunes Lívia Azeredo Alves , Luiz Ronir Raggio , Leão Anna Thereza Thomé , Maia Lucianne Cople
Published: November 2011

Abstract –  This study aimed to assess the responsiveness of the Brazilian version of the Parental–Caregiver Perception Questionnaire (B‐P‐CPQ) to describe changes in quality of life (QoL) after treatment for traumatic dental injury (TDI). After eligibility criteria were applied, 42 of 255 patients who went to a dental trauma center for TDI treatment were included. QoL was evaluated in two different appointments: A1 (after TDI) and A2 (after TDI treatment). The B‐P‐CPQ scores were calculated using the additive method. Psychometric properties like internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha), test–retest reliability, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and construct validity (Spearman’s correlations) were assessed, and, mainly, the responsiveness was analyzed by standardized response means (SRM). Mean B‐P‐CPQ scores were 30.05 (1.74 SD) and 2.67 (4.05 SD), while the median scores were 17.39 and 2.00 (P < 0.01), respectively in A1 and A2. Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.87 in A1 and 0.66 in A2. ICC was 0.90. B‐P‐CPQ scores were correlated with overall well‐being (P < 0.01; rho: 0.71). The B‐P‐CPQ responsiveness scores declined 27.38 points, and a perfect SRM of 1.76 was achieved. The B‐P‐CPQ scores indicated changes in QoL following TDI. The change was observed as an impact decrease after TDI treatment, demonstrating positive reduction and improvement on QoL. The responsiveness of the P‐CPQ (Brazilian version) in detecting change on QoL after TDI treatment was confirmed by SRM assessment. The findings represent an evidence of the importance of professional care and treatment of TDI.
Frugivory and Seed Dispersal by Brown Lemurs in a Malagasy Tropical Dry Forest
Authors: Sato Hiroki
Published: November 2011

In the Ankarafantsika tropical dry forest (northwestern Madagascar), the common brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus fulvus) is the largest frugivore and probably the sole disperser of large‐seeded plants (seed diameter > 10 mm). To investigate seed dispersal by this primate, I recorded the feeding activities of a troop; also conducted fecal analyses, germination trials on defecated seeds, and a vegetation survey over 1 yr (beginning Dec 2006). Brown lemurs mostly consumed fruit (68%). The fruit of Vitex beraviensis was the most exploited resource (21% of total feeding time). Among dung samples, 1126 contained intact seeds of 70 plant species, with a median of six seeds and two species per sample. These data indicate that the brown lemur population dispersed approximately 9854 seeds/km2/d. Although the number of annually defecated seeds was overwhelmingly the largest in Grewia triflora, many of the small seeds were often clumped in dung piles. In contrast, large seeds of V. beraviensis occurred in the largest number of dung samples. The rate and time of seed germination in V. beraviensis were improved by passage through brown lemur guts. Therefore, V. beraviensis may readily establish seedlings in sites of brown lemur fecal deposition. Vitex beraviensis and brown lemurs are probably involved in a strong mutualism. Twenty‐three large‐seeded plants were probably dependent on brown lemurs for seed dispersal and some of these species were common trees in the forest. Maintenance of these key plant–animal interactions will probably contribute to the conservation of species diversity and intact regeneration of the Ankarafantsika forest.
PRECOCIOUS ROLE ENTRY AS A MEDIATING FACTOR IN WOMEN'S METHAMPHETAMINE USE: IMPLICATIONS FOR LIFE‐COURSE AND PATHWAYS RESEARCH*
Authors: CARBONE‐LOPEZ KRISTIN , MILLER JODY
Published: November 2011

Precocious adoption of adult roles and responsibilities at an early age often has been linked to substance abuse and criminal behavior. Yet, much of the existing research suggests that early offending behaviors induce precocious movement into adulthood; less attention has focused on the way in which early adoption of adult roles and responsibilities might itself contribute to the onset of offending. In the following article, we examine the cumulative impact of early transitions into adult roles and responsibilities on the onset of methamphetamine (MA) use. Through inductive analyses of interviews with women methamphetamine users, we identified a range of adult roles and responsibilities that women described as facilitating their initiation into MA use, including family caretaking, motherhood, independent living, and peer and romantic associations with adults. Such findings have theoretical implications for both life‐course perspectives and feminist pathways research. They highlight the importance of attending to the timing and sequencing of experiences as well as highlight the gendered nature of these processes.
Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: A Review of Clinical, Radiological, and Histopathological Phenotypes
Authors: Moran Chris , Phan Thanh G. , Srikanth Velandai K.
Published: November 2011

Cerebral small vessel disease is difficult to directly visualize in vivo. Therefore, we rely on radiological phenotypes as surrogate markers of disease. The principal phenotypes of clinical interest are small, deep brain infarcts, cerebral white matter lesions, deep brain haemorrhages, and cerebral microbleeds. The causes or mechanisms underlying these phenotypes are understood in varying degrees of detail. This review aims to summarize recent knowledge regarding these phenotypes and place it in context with classical clinicopathological observations to provide mechanistic, clinical, and therapeutic insights into small vessel disease.
Motivational interviewing training in juvenile corrections: A comparison of outside experts and internal trainers
Authors: Doran Neal , Hohman Melinda , Koutsenok Igor
Published: November 2011

Purpose. This study was designed to compare expert consultant trainers and less experienced, in‐house trainers in providing basic training in motivational interviewing (MI) for juvenile corrections employees.

Methods. Trainees (n= 1,552) attended a 3‐day workshop administered by either a member of the Motivational Interviewing Network of Trainers (MINT) or a corrections staff member who had been trained by a MINT trainer.

Results. Pre‐ to post‐test MI knowledge and skill gains did not vary between MINT expert and internal trainers, and increased for both groups. MINT trainees were more motivated to learn MI and expected it to be more effective in their work compared with those trained by corrections staff. MINT trainers were perceived as more knowledgeable about the topic, whereas corrections staff trainers were rated as better at utilizing handouts and visual aids. The groups did not differ on other measures of trainee satisfaction.

Conclusions. These data suggest that a train‐the‐trainers model, in which expert consultants provide initial trainings to develop a pool of staff to provide subsequent trainings, may be as effective as a model that relies exclusively on expert trainers.
Cosmic-Ray Origins
Authors: Binns W. Robert
Published: November 2011

The detection of distributed, high-energy gamma-ray emission points to cosmic-ray acceleration in a superbubble.
The New Framework for EU Research and Innovation
Authors: Horvat Manfred
Published: November 2011

Horizon 2020 spells out the prospects for research and innovation in the European Union.
Priming Cancer Cells for Death
Authors: Reed John C.
Published: November 2011

The effects of Bcl-2 family proteins on mitochondria in cancer cells are linked to clinical responses to chemotherapy.
Nightmare of an Exploding Pandemic

Contagion
Steven Soderbergh, director

Warner Brothers, Burbank, CA, 2011. 106 minutes. http://contagionmovie.warnerbros.com
Authors: Mueller Kristen L.
Published: November 2011

Soderbergh's latest film charts the impact of a viral pandemic on its victims and our interconnected world.
Dimensions of Science Cooperation
Authors: Chong Lisa , Wible Brad , Jasny Barbara
Published: November 2011

This is a time of changing, sometimes conflicting, priorities for the organization and support of research and innovation. Scientific opportunities abound, but so do societal challenges and economic turmoil. As prosperity and well-being increasingly rely on science and technology, many nations are turning to other countries in pursuit of mutually beneficial collaborations. In the coming months, we will explore different approaches to collaborations and issues that arise from changes in the cooperation landscape. We begin with a preview of the proposed new European Union Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, Horizon 2020. Look for the Dimensions of Science Cooperation icon through 2012.
Researchers Mull Impact of Geron's Sudden Exit From Field
Authors: Kaiser Jocelyn
Published: November 2011

The decision last week by the biotech company Geron to cancel the first-ever clinical trial using human embryonic stem cells and sell off its stem cell programs has shaken the biomedical research community.
UNESCO Science Braces for a Big Squeeze
Authors: Strain Daniel
Published: November 2011

How the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization responds to the sudden loss of U.S. dollars will determine the fate of its roughly $120-million-a-year science portfolio.
Mysteries of the Cell
Authors: Travis John
Published: November 2011

We live in the golden age of genetics, but the fundamental unit of biology is still arguably the cell. The scientists gathering next week in Denver for the American Society for Cell Biology's annual meeting need little reminding of that, but as they detail their latest insights and data, it's useful to reflect on how much of the cell remains unexplained or unknown.
How Do Hungry Cells Start Eating Themselves?
Authors: Leslie Mitch
Published: November 2011

Cell biologists might be close to learning where the internal membrane comes from that a hungry cell sprouts to encapsulate some of its contents and break them down for reuse.
Small Rho GTPases and Cholesterol Biosynthetic Pathway Intermediates in African Swine Fever Virus Infection
Authors: Quetglas Jose I. , Hernáez Bruno , Galindo Inmaculada , Muñoz-Moreno Raquel , Cuesta-Geijo Miguel A. , Alonso Covadonga
Published: November 2011

The integrity of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway is required for efficient African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection. Incorporation of prenyl groups into Rho GTPases plays a key role in several stages of ASFV infection, since both geranylgeranyl and farnesyl pyrophosphates are required at different infection steps. We found that Rho GTPase inhibition impaired virus morphogenesis and resulted in an abnormal viral factory size with the accumulation of envelope precursors and immature virions. Furthermore, abundant defective virions reached the plasma membrane, and filopodia formation in exocytosis was abrogated. Rac1 was activated at early ASFV infection stages, coincident with microtubule acetylation, a process that stabilizes microtubules for virus transport. Rac1 inhibition did not affect the viral entry step itself but impaired subsequent virus production. We found that specific Rac1 inhibition impaired viral induced microtubule acetylation and viral intracellular transport. These findings highlight that viral infection is the result of a carefully orchestrated modulation of Rho family GTPase activity within the host cell; this modulation results critical for virus morphogenesis and in turn, triggers cytoskeleton remodeling, such as microtubule stabilization for viral transport during early infection.
Replication-Competent Influenza A Virus That Encodes a Split-Green Fluorescent Protein-Tagged PB2 Polymerase Subunit Allows Live-Cell Imaging of the Virus Life Cycle
Authors: Avilov Sergiy V. , Moisy Dorothée , Munier Sandie , Schraidt Oliver , Naffakh Nadia , Cusack Stephen
Published: November 2011

Studies on the intracellular trafficking of influenza virus ribonucleoproteins are currently limited by the lack of a method enabling their visualization during infection in single cells. This is largely due to the difficulty of encoding fluorescent fusion proteins within the viral genome. To circumvent this limitation, we used the split-green fluorescent protein (split-GFP) system (S. Cabantous, T. C. Terwilliger, and G. S. Waldo, Nat. Biotechnol. 23:102–107, 2005) to produce a quasi-wild-type recombinant A/WSN/33/influenza virus which allows expression of individually fluorescent PB2 polymerase subunits in infected cells. The viral PB2 proteins were fused to the 16 C-terminal amino acids of the GFP, whereas the large transcomplementing GFP fragment was supplied by transient or stable expression in cultured cells that were permissive to infection. This system was used to characterize the intranuclear dynamics of PB2 by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and to visualize the trafficking of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) by dynamic light microscopy in live infected cells. Following nuclear export, vRNPs showed a transient pericentriolar accumulation and intermittent rapid (∼1 μm/s), directional movements in the cytoplasm, dependent on both microtubules and actin filaments. Our data establish the potential of split-GFP-based recombinant viruses for the tracking of viral proteins during a quasi-wild-type infection. This new virus, or adaptations of it, will be of use in elucidating many aspects of influenza virus host cell interactions as well as in screening for new antiviral compounds. Furthermore, the existence of cell lines stably expressing the complementing GFP fragment will facilitate applications to many other viral and nonviral systems.
A Distinct Class of Internal Ribosomal Entry Site in Members of the Kobuvirus and Proposed Salivirus and Paraturdivirus Genera of the Picornaviridae
Authors: Sweeney Trevor R. , Dhote Vidya , Yu Yingpu , Hellen Christopher U. T.
Published: November 2011

The 5′-untranslated regions (5′ UTRs) of picornavirus genomes contain an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) that promotes the end-independent initiation of translation. Picornavirus IRESs are classified into four structurally distinct groups, each with different initiation factor requirements. Here, we identify a fifth IRES class in members of
Kobuvirus
,
Salivirus
, and
Paraturdivirus
genera of
Picornaviridae
: Aichi virus (AV), bovine kobuvirus (BKV), canine kobuvirus (CKoV), mouse kobuvirus (MKoV), sheep kobuvirus (SKV), salivirus A (SV-A), turdivirus 2 (TV2), and TV3. The 410-nucleotide (nt)-long AV IRES comprises four domains (I to L), including a hairpin (L) that overlaps a Y
n
-X
m
-AUG (pyrimidine tract/spacer/initiation codon) motif. SV-A, CKoV, and MKoV also contain these four domains, whereas BKV, SKV, and TV2/TV3 5′ UTRs contain domains that are related to domain I and equivalent to domains J and K but lack an AV-like domain L. These IRESs are located at different relative positions between a conserved 5′-terminal origin of replication and divergent coding sequences. Elements in these IRESs also occur elsewhere: domain J's apical subdomain, which contains a GNRA tetraloop, matches an element in type 1 IRESs, and eIF4G-binding motifs in domain K and in type 2 IRESs are identical. Other elements are unique, and their presence leads to unique initiation factor requirements.
In vitro
reconstitution experiments showed that like AV, but in contrast to other currently characterized IRESs, SV-A requires the DExH-box protein DHX29 during initiation, which likely ensures that the initiation codon sequestered in domain L is properly accommodated in the ribosomal mRNA-binding cleft.
Small RNA Deep Sequencing Identifies MicroRNAs and Other Small Noncoding RNAs from Human Herpesvirus 6B
Authors: Tuddenham Lee , Jung Jette S. , Chane-Woon-Ming Béatrice , Dölken Lars , Pfeffer Sébastien
Published: November 2011

Roseolovirus, or human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), is a ubiquitous human pathogen infecting over 95% of the population by the age of 2 years. As with other herpesviruses, reactivation of HHV-6 can present with severe complications in immunocompromised individuals. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of herpesvirus-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) in modulating both cellular and viral gene expression. An initial report which computed the likelihood of various viruses to encode miRNAs did not predict HHV-6 miRNAs. To experimentally screen for small HHV-6-encoded RNAs, we conducted large-scale sequencing of Sup-T-1 cells lytically infected with a laboratory strain of HHV-6B. This revealed an abundant, 60- to 65-nucleotide RNA of unknown function derived from the lytic origin of replication (OriLyt) that gave rise to smaller RNA species of 18 or 19 nucleotides. In addition, we identified four pre-miRNAs whose mature forms accumulated in Argonaute 2. In contrast to the case for other betaherpesviruses, HHV-6B miRNAs are expressed from direct repeat regions (DR
L
and DR
R
) located at either side of the genome. All miRNAs are conserved in the closely related HHV-6A variant, and one of them is a seed ortholog of the human miRNA miR-582-5p. Similar to alphaherpesvirus miRNAs, they are expressed in antisense orientation relative to immediate-early open reading frames (ORFs) and thus have the potential to regulate key viral genes.
Associations between Virologic and Immunologic Dynamics in Blood and in the Male Genital Tract
Authors: Gianella Sara , Strain Matthew C. , Rought Steffney E. , Vargas Milenka V. , Little Susan J. , Richman Douglas D. , Spina Celsa A. , Smith Davey M.
Published: November 2011

To determine the influence of asymptomatic genital viral infections on the cellular components of semen and blood, we evaluated the associations between the numbers and activation statuses of CD4
+
and CD8
+
T lymphocytes in both compartments and the seminal levels of cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV). Paired blood and semen samples were collected from 36 HIV-infected antiretroviral-naïve individuals and from 40 HIV-uninfected participants. We performed multiparameter flow cytometry analysis (CD45, CD45RA, CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD38) of seminal and blood cellular components and measured HIV RNA and CMV and HSV DNA levels in seminal and blood plasma by real-time PCR. Compared to HIV-uninfected participants, in the seminal compartment HIV-infected participants had higher levels of CMV (
P
< 0.05), higher numbers of total CD3
+
(
P
< 0.01) and CD8
+
subset (
P
< 0.01) T lymphocytes, and higher CD4
+
and CD8
+
T lymphocyte activation (RA-CD38
+
) (
P
< 0.01). Seminal CMV levels positively correlated with absolute numbers of CD4
+
and CD8
+
T cells in semen (
P
< 0.05) and with the activation status of CD4
+
T cells in semen and in blood (
P
< 0.01). HIV levels in semen (
P
< 0.05) and blood (
P
< 0.01) were positively associated with T-cell activation in blood. Activation of CD8
+
T cells in blood remained an independent predictor of HIV levels in semen in multivariate analysis. The virologic milieu in the male genital tract strongly influences the recruitment and activation of immune cells in semen and may also modulate T-cell immune activation in blood. These factors likely influence replication dynamics, sexual transmission risk, and disease outcomes for all three viruses.