bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vibronic recovering of functionality of quantum cellular automata based on bi-dimeric square cells with violated condition of strong Coulomb repulsion
Authors: Tsukerblat Boris , Palii Andrew , Zilberg Shmuel , Korchagin Denis , Aldoshin Sergey , Clemente-Juan Juan Modesto
Published: July 2022

Strong Coulomb repulsion between the two charges in a square planar mixed-valence cell in quantum cellular automata (QCA) allows us to encode the binary information in the two energetically beneficial diagonal distributions of the electronic density. In this article, we pose a question: to what extent is this condition obligatory for the design of the molecular cell? To answer this question, we examine the ability to use a square-planar cell composed of one-electron mixed valence dimers to function in QCA in a general case when the intracell Coulomb interaction U is not supposed to be extremely strong, which means that it is comparable with the characteristic electron transfer energy (violated strong U limit). Using the two-mode vibronic model treated within the semiclassical (adiabatic) and quantum-mechanical approaches, we demonstrate that strong vibronic coupling is able to create a considerable barrier between the two diagonal-type charge configurations, thus ensuring bistability and polarizability of the cells even if the Coulomb barrier is not sufficient. The cases of weak and moderate Coulomb repulsion and strong vibronic coupling are exemplified by consideration of the cation radicals of the two polycyclic derivatives of norbornadiene [C12H12]+ and [C17H16]+ with the terminal C=C chromophores playing the role of redox sites. By using the detailed ab initio data, we reveal the main characteristics of the bi-dimeric cells composed of these molecules and illustrate the pronounced effect of the vibronic recovery clearly manifesting itself in the shape of the cell–cell response function. Revealing such “vibronic recovery” of strong localization when the strong U limit is violated suggests a way to a significant expansion of the class of molecular systems suitable as QCA cells.
Acoustic energy harvesting metasurface based on surface wave conversion
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Lei , Li Shi-Feng , Li Xin , Zou Xin-Ye , Cheng Jian-Chun
Published: July 2022

In this work, we propose and demonstrate an acoustic gradient metasurface with phase modulation that can convert the propagating waves into surface bounded waves for energy concentration. Due to the periodic design, multiple surface waves can form the standing wave in the case of normal incidence. Then, all piezoelectric composite sheets (PCSs) are placed in the antinode regions for acoustic energy harvesting and the output voltage of different PCS keeps the same phase. Numerical simulation and experimental results confirm that the sound pressure is 5 times larger than the incident waves, and the output power is increased by 8 times for single PCS. Our work provides an alternative way to reduce the incident noise in an enclosed space like machine room and work as a power source with a simplified design.
Increasing the mobility and power-electronics figure of merit of AlGaN with atomically thin AlN/GaN digital-alloy superlattices
Authors: Pant Nick , Lee Woncheol , Sanders Nocona , Kioupakis Emmanouil
Published: July 2022

Alloy scattering in random AlGaN alloys drastically reduces the electron mobility and, therefore, the power-electronics figure of merit. As a result, Al compositions greater than 75% are required to obtain even a twofold increase in the Baliga figure of merit compared to GaN. However, beyond approximately 80% Al composition, donors in AlGaN undergo the DX transition, which makes impurity doping increasingly more difficult. Moreover, the contact resistance increases exponentially with the increase in Al content, and integration with dielectrics becomes difficult due to the upward shift of the conduction band. Atomically thin superlattices of AlN and GaN, also known as digital alloys, are known to grow experimentally under appropriate growth conditions. These chemically ordered nanostructures could offer significantly enhanced figure of merit compared to their random alloy counterparts due to the absence of alloy scattering, as well as better integration with contact metals and dielectrics. In this work, we investigate the electronic structure and phonon-limited electron mobility of atomically thin AlN/GaN digital-alloy superlattices using first-principles calculations based on density-functional and many-body perturbation theory. The bandgap of the atomically thin superlattices reaches 4.8 eV, and the in-plane (out-of-plane) mobility is 369 (452) cm2 V−1 s−1. Using the modified Baliga figure of merit that accounts for the dopant ionization energy, we demonstrate that atomically thin AlN/GaN superlattices with a monolayer sublattice periodicity have the highest modified Baliga figure of merit among several technologically relevant ultra-wide bandgap materials, including random AlGaN, β-Ga2O3, cBN, and diamond.
Variable temperature thermal droop characteristics of 255 nm UV LED
Authors: Deng Shaodong , Chen Zhiqiang , Li Min , Su Mengwei , Zhu Xinglin , Xiao Kai , Wang Yukun , Deng Jianyu , Sun Wenhong
Published: July 2022

Thermal droop, i.e., the loss of emission efficiency over a certain temperature range, is an important performance bottleneck for the successful commercial application of deep-ultraviolet light emitting diodes. In this study, we examined the mechanism of two thermal droop processes of 255 nm AlGaN quantum well light emitting diodes under temperature stresses in order to obtain steady optical output in a broad temperature range. We discovered that the increase in leakage current in the low forward bias region is accompanied by a decrease in apparent carrier concentration of quantum wells near the p side during the thermal droop process at high temperature (>300 K), indicating that the activation of thermal defects enhances the trap assisted tunneling effect and causes the optical power to decrease more significantly at low current. Compared with normal temperature, the low emission power at low temperatures is attributed to the minority trap H1, which has an activation energy of 0.527 eV at 190 K, according to deep level transient spectrum analysis. At low temperatures above 175 K, the optical power increases as the temperature rises due to enhanced hole injection. By analyzing the droop characteristics, we concluded that the activation of thermal defects is the most probable cause of high temperature thermal droop in 255 nm AlGaN quantum well light emitting diodes, whereas hole trap H1, which is linked to gallium vacancy complexes related defects, is most likely the source of low temperature thermal droop.
Effect of gravity-induced fluid inertia on the accumulation and dispersion of motile plankton settling weakly in turbulence
Authors: Shim Hyoeun , Lee Changhoon
Published: July 2022

We investigate the effect of gravity-induced fluid inertia on motile plankton cells settling weakly through isotropic turbulence using direct numerical simulations. Gyrotaxis arises from the gravity-induced fluid inertial torque, leading to upward migration of the settling elongated micro-organisms when their swimming speed exceeds the settling speed. Preferential sampling and small-scale fractal clustering of plankton cells are studied over a wide range of swimming speeds and aspect ratios. It is found that orientation fluctuation induced by the effect of the fluid inertia and preferential alignment with turbulent strain are the most important factors affecting the statistics, which are responsible for determining the optimal shape. For strong gyrotaxis, the organisms tend to form noticeable clusters in the vertical direction. An investigation of the dispersion reveals that the fluid inertial effects contribute to the enhancement of the long-time vertical dispersion of the organisms by increasing their root-mean-squared velocity. Our results show how the fluid inertial effects can influence clustering and dispersion statistics of the organisms in turbulence, which turns out to provide an environment conducive to their survival.
Anthropogenic fire practices only ‘best’ if they promote a large seed buildup: comment on the conservation needs of a fire-killed grevillea
Authors: Lamont Byron B.
Published: July 2022

Fire regimes control the population dynamics of fireprone plant species. Here, I re-analyse the data acquired in a study of the conservation requirements of a rare, fire-killed grevillea. I conclude that specific knowledge is required on the rate at which seeds accumulate in the soil, and the effect of fire frequency on population dynamics for a comprehensive understanding of the conservation biology of this species. Modelling indicates that fires at intervals in the order of multiple decades and covering at least 60% of the ground surface are optimal for this species, independently of the type of fire employed.
Response to ‘Fire practices only ‘best’ if they promote a large seed buildup: comment on the conservation needs of a fire-killed grevillea’ (Lamont 2022)
Authors: McKemey Michelle , Hunter John , Ens Emilie , Reid Nick
Published: July 2022

In response to Lamont’s critique, we highlight the nuances of modelling and observing population dynamics, the benefits of cross-cultural research and ongoing challenges for fire management. We reinforce our conclusion that cultural fire management supported by science provides the most adaptive approach to support the recovery of the Backwater grevillea.
Coupled KIPP-EDGE2D modelling of parallel transport in the SOL and divertor of inter-ELM JET high radiative H-mode plasma
Authors: Chankin A V , Corrigan G , Coster D P
Published: July 2022

The Kinetic Code for Plasma Periphery (KIPP) models parallel (along magnetic field lines) propagation of charged particles in the scrape-off layer (SOL) and divertor of tokamaks. An iterative coupling between KIPP and a 2D edge fluid code EDGE2D, which in turn is coupled to the Monte-Carlo solver EIRENE for neutrals, was used to achieve a converged KIPP-EDGE2D-EIRENE solution. The original EDGE2D-EIRENE solution simulated SOL and divertor of JET high radiative inter-edge localized mode H-mode plasma conditions with strong nitrogen injection, leading to partial detachment at divertor targets. This work is a continuation of earlier studies of modelling kinetic electrons (Chankin et al 2018 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
60 115011) and ions (Chankin et al 2020 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
62 105022) with KIPP. For numerical reasons caused by large cell-to-cell plasma parameter variations near entrances to divertors, multipliers for parallel electron and ion conductive power fluxes (KIPP/EDGE2D ratios) which are passed onto EDGE2D, could only be used in the main SOL, outside divertors. There, the heat flux limiting effect led to an increase in maximum plasma temperatures in the main SOL and a decrease in power fluxes to divertor targets. Results of the coupling studies are consistent with earlier studies, suggesting that under investigated JET plasma conditions kinetic effects of charged particle parallel propagation do not drastically change target power deposition at divertor targets calculated by EDGE2D-EIRENE along.
Impact of trapped waves radiation losses on the saturation of low threshold two-UH-plasmon parametric decay instability
Authors: Popov A Y , Nagovitsin A A , Gusakov E Z
Published: July 2022

The dispersion equation for metastable states in a finite tower of eigenmodes of trapped upper hybrid (UH) waves arising from a non-monotonic density profile is derived and then solved both analytically and numerically. The influence of the UH eigenmode damping due to the radiation losses on the saturation level of the two-UH-plasmon low-threshold parametric decay instability is analyzed. Transitions from the odd-step number secondary decay saturation cascade to the even one and vice versa at the radiation loss variation are investigated and shown to initiate a substantial change of the anomalous absorption.
Electron impact cross-sections of tetraethyl silicate
Authors: Luthra Meetu , Garkoti Pankaj , Goswami Kanupriya , Bharadvaja Anand , Baluja Kasturi Lal
Published: July 2022

Understanding the interactions of electrons with molecules in plasma is of vital importance from both academic and technological points of view. Reliable electron collision data is required to model the electron and ion components of low-temperature and nonequilibrium plasmas. Various electron impact cross sections such as the differential, integral, momentum transfer, partial and total ionizations are reported for tetraethyl silicate (TEOS), a plasma-relevant molecule in the energy range between the ionization threshold and 5 keV. The elastic (differential, integral and momentum transfer) cross sections are obtained by invoking the molecular approach and local potential approximation within the single center expansion formalism. The dissociative ionization cross sections are reported within the binary encounter Bethe (BEB) model formalism. The elastic and ionization cross sections are summed incoherently to estimate total cross sections. A good agreement is observed between the present results and others that are available. This work validates the efficacy of the modified BEB model in computing the partial ionization cross sections.
Detailed low temperature studies on thermoelectric performance of K-doped Bi2Ca2Co2Oy ceramics fibers
Authors: Özçelik C , Depci T , Çetin G , Gürsul M , Özçelik B , Madre M A , Sotelo A , Ando H , Terashima K , Takano Y
Published: July 2022

The effect of K substitution for Ca in Bi2Ca2-xKxCo2Oy (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.075, 0.10, and 0.125) thermoelectric ceramics, produced via laser floating zone (LFZ) method, have been systematically investigated. XRD patterns are quite similar for all samples and main peaks in the patterns correspond to reflection planes of the thermoelectric phase together with small amount of secondary phases. SEM micrographs revealed well oriented grains along the growth direction, and the presence of three different contrasts, associated through EDS to different phases, namely, black (Co oxide), white (Bi poor phase) and grey (Bi2Ca2Co1.7Oy TE phase). It was also seen that the amount of secondary phases diminishes with K-increase. The room-temperature resistivity values sharply decrease from 0.75 mΩ.m for the undoped sample to 0.44 mΩ.m for the 0.05 K-doped one, increasing for higher doping. Seebeck coefficient also decreases from 190 μV K−1 in the pristine sample, to 160 μV K−1 in all the K-doped ones, at 390 K. Thermal conductivity increases with temperature up to around 250 K, decreasing at higher temperatures. Thermal conductivity at 390 K decreases from 1.1 W K−1 m−1 in the pristine sample to lower values by K-doping, reaching the minimum, 0.9 W K−1 m−1, in the 0.125 K-doped one. As a result, the highest ZT value of has been determined in 0.05 K-doped sample, around 0.021 at 390 K.
DFT study of the structural, elastic and optoelectronic properties of Cu-based cubic halide-perovskites ACuF3 (A = Mg and Ca)
Authors: Abdullah  , Khan Umar Ayaz , Ullah Inam , Tirth Vineet , Algahtani Ali , Shazia  , Zaman Abid
Published: July 2022

Copper based halide-perovskites ACuF3 (A = Mg and Ca) have been studied for potential application as an electrode material. Structural, electronic, elastic and optical properties of these compounds are investigated by utilizing the wien2k code within density functional theory. Structural study reveal that both compounds have stable and cubic perovskite structure with optimized lattice constants 4.07 Å and 4.15 Å having space group pm-3m 221. Electronic analysis reveals that both compounds have metallic nature. Through IR-Elast package the elastic constants are evaluated and by utilizing these constant various elastic parameters like bulk modulus, shear modulus, Kleinman parameter, Anistropic factor are analyzed. Both compounds are found to be mechanically stable with ductile nature. Furthermore, the various optical parameters such as dielectric function, refractive index, optical conductivity, reflectivity and absorption coefficient are studied. The seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity and electronic thermal conductivity are studied through BoltzTrap. The study reveals that MgCuF3 and CaCuF3 can be potential candidates for electrode materials.
Double source lensing probing high redshift cosmology
Authors: Sharma Divij , Linder Eric V.
Published: July 2022

Double source lensing, with two sources lensed by the same
foreground galaxy, involves the distance between each source
and the lens and hence is a probe of the universe away from
the observer. The double source distance ratio also reduces sensitivity to
the lens model and has good complementarity with standard
distance probes. We show that using this technique at high
redshifts z > 1, to be enabled by data from the Euclid satellite and other surveys, can give insights on dark energy, both in terms of w
0–w

a
and redshift binned density. We find a dark energy figure of merit of 245 from combination of 256 double source systems with moderate quality cosmic microwave background and supernova data. Using instead five redshift bins between z = 1.1–5, we could detect the dark energy density out to z ≈ 5, or make measurements ranging between 31σ and 2.5σ of its values in the bins.
The dynamical holographic QCD method for hadron physics and QCD matter
Authors: Chen Yidian , Li Danning , Huang Mei
Published: July 2022

In this paper we present a short overview on the dynamical holographic QCD (DhQCD) method for hadron physics and QCD matter. The five-dimensional DhQCD model is constructed in the graviton-dilaton-scalar framework with the dilaton background field Φ and the scalar fieldXdual to the gluon condensate and the chiral condensate operator thus can represent the gluodynamics (linear confinement) and chiral dynamics (chiral symmetry breaking), respectively. The dilaton background field and the scalar field are a function of the 5th dimension, which plays the role of the energy scale, in this way, the DhQCD model can resemble the renormalization group from ultraviolet (UV) to infrared (IR). By solving the Einstein equation, the metric structure at IR is automatically deformed by the nonperturbative gluon condensation and chiral condensation in the vacuum. We review the results on the hadron spectra including the glueball spectra, the light/heavy meson spectra, as well as on QCD phase transitions, and thermodynamical as well as transport properties in the framework of the DhQCD model.
Conservation of Balinese Customary Buildings with BIM Technology Approach
Authors: Suhari K T , Abidin H Z , Saptari A Y , Gunawan P H , Sudarsono B , Sumardi
Published: July 2022

Digitizing architectural heritage information has become an important task during these past years. However, only a few studies have addressed the digitization of historic building models for conservation and restoration purposes. As historical building conservation began to decline, many historical buildings are being abandoned and converted into modern facilities in response to our changing needs. The conservation attempt can be made simple by utilizing the Building Information Modeling (BIM), and High Definition Survey (HDS) approaches. These technologies are considered brand new in managing important information related to 3D models, providing us with semantic information and accurate information in both position and elevation. HDS data is constructed in the form of point clouds generated by the collaboration of survey equipment such as GNSS, Drones, Terrestrial Laser Scanning, and high-performance computers. Point cloud data is registered, filtered, and georeferenced before using BIM modeling. This study resulted from registering point cloud data with RMSE 3mm and customary semantic information. The BIM model based on accurate point cloud data is expected to be a solution and a reference in carrying out the conservation and reconstruction of historical buildings in the future.
A Review on Global and Localised Coverage Elevation Data Sources for Topographic Application
Authors: Abd Rahman Mohd Faizuddin , Md Din Ami Hassan , Mahmud Mohd Razali , Pa’suya Muhammad Faiz
Published: July 2022

As the need for elevation data grows, it is more vital than ever for users to match the data degree of dependability, precision, and spatial resolution to their specific uses to produce a useful and cost-effective product. This article will describe several sources of elevation data, ranging from space-based to aerial-based techniques, and classify the data according to its respective quality and accuracy. The elevation data sources can be classified into two namely localised or can also be referred to as regional, and global coverage. Among the example of localised sources of elevation data are Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). The global sources of elevation data are Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer-Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER), Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOSW3D), Global Multi-Resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED2010), TerraSAR-X add on for daily Digital Elevation Measurement (TanDEM-X), The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2), Radar Satellite (RADARSAT) Constellation Mission (RCM) and Satellite-Derived Bathymetry (SDB). The characteristics of each elevation data source were discussed in terms of its launch date, period of observation, spatial resolution, horizontal and vertical datum, and coverage. Its reliability was described in detail for future topographic applications.
Increasing influence of Canadian anthropogenic and the Great Lakes Region shipment SO2 emission on ultrafine particle number concentrations in New York State
Authors: Luo Gan , Yu Fangqun , Schwab James
Published: July 2022

The adverse health effects of exposure to high levels of ultrafine particulate number concentration have been widely reported. New York State (NYS) borders southeastern Canada and the Great Lakes Region and is influenced by air pollutants from these upwind source regions. Through comparison of observed and simulated CN10 (condensation nuclei >10 nm) at rural and remote sites in NYS, we show that Canadian anthropogenic and the Great Lakes Regions shipment SO2 emission (CAGLESO2) significantly influenced CN10 in NYS. These emissions on average produced a 22% enhancement of CN10 in NYS in 2017, varying from 40% in Northwestern NYS to 10% in Southeastern NYS. We also found that the impact of CAGLESO2 on NYS’s CN10 in 2017 was 2.5 times higher than that in 2005 and 1.6 times higher than that in 2011, which indicated increasing influence of CAGLESO2 on CN10 in NYS over the last decade.
On the Goncharov depth conjecture and a formula for volumes of orthoschemes
Authors: Rudenko Daniil
Published: July 2022

We prove a conjecture of Goncharov, which says that any multiple polylogarithm can be expressed via polylogarithms of depth at most half of the weight. We give an explicit formula for this presentation, involving a summation over trees that correspond to decompositions of a polygon into quadrangles.

Our second result is a formula for volume of hyperbolic orthoschemes, generalizing the formula of Lobachevsky in dimension three to an arbitrary dimension. We show a surprising relation between the two results, which comes from the fact that hyperbolic orthoschemes are parametrized by configurations of points on

P

1

\mathbb {P}^1

. In particular, we derive both formulas from their common generalization.
Improved computation of fundamental domains for arithmetic Fuchsian groups
Authors: Rickards James
Published: July 2022

A practical algorithm to compute the fundamental domain of an arithmetic Fuchsian group was given by Voight, and implemented in Magma. It was later expanded by Page to the case of arithmetic Kleinian groups. We combine and improve on parts of both algorithms to produce a more efficient algorithm for arithmetic Fuchsian groups. This algorithm is implemented in PARI/GP, and we demonstrate the improvements by comparing running times versus the live Magma implementation.
The intermediate orders of a Coxeter group
Authors: Carnevale Angela , Dyer Matthew , Sentinelli Paolo
Published: July 2022

We define a class of partial orders on a Coxeter group associated with sets of reflections. In special cases, these lie between the left weak order and the Bruhat order. We prove that these posets are graded by the length function and that the projections on the right parabolic quotients are always order preserving. We also introduce the notion of

k
k

-Bruhat graph,

k
k

-absolute length and

k
k

-absolute order, proposing some related conjectures and problems.
Square-free smooth polynomials in residue classes and generators of irreducible polynomials
Authors: Bagshaw Christian
Published: July 2022

Building upon the work of A. Booker and C. Pomerance [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 145 (2017), pp. 5035–5042], we prove that for a prime power

q
≥
7

q \geq 7

, every residue class modulo an irreducible polynomial

F
∈

F

q

[
X
]

F \in \mathbb {F}_q[X]

has a non-constant, square-free representative which has no irreducible factors of degree exceeding

deg
⁡
F
−
1

\deg F -1

. We also give applications to generating sequences of irreducible polynomials.
Normalization, optimal regularity, and solvability in Gevrey classes of vector fields near trapped orbits
Authors: Hoepfner Gustavo , Jahnke Max , Novelli Vinícius
Published: July 2022

We prove a normalization and solvability result in Gevrey spaces for a family of vector fields in a neighborhood of a torus, extending recent work of Meziani [Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 369 (2017), pp. 3325–3354]. The consideration of Gevrey order allows for a precise characterization of solvability, or lack thereof, for some vector fields of this class, which includes the real-analytic classes considered by Meziani. We also prove semiglobal solvability for a normalized family of real vector fields in the case of classical and non-homogeneous Gevrey spaces.
Wreath Macdonald polynomials at 𝑞=𝑡 as characters of rational Cherednik algebras
Authors: Mathiä Dario , Thiel Ulrich
Published: July 2022

Using the theory of Macdonald [Symmetric functions and Hall polynomials, The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995], Gordon [Bull. London Math. Soc. 35 (2003), pp. 321–336] showed that the graded characters of the simple modules for the restricted rational Cherednik algebra by Etingof and Ginzburg [Invent. Math. 147 (2002), pp. 243–348] associated to the symmetric groupSn\mathfrak {S}_nare given by plethystically transformed Macdonald polynomials specialized atq=tq=t. We generalize this to restricted rational Cherednik algebras of wreath product groupsCℓ≀SnC_\ell \wr \mathfrak {S}_nand prove that the corresponding characters are given by a specialization of the wreath Macdonald polynomials defined by Haiman in [Combinatorics, symmetric functions, and Hilbert schemes, Int. Press, Somerville, MA, 2003, pp. 39–111].
Random groups at density 𝑑<3/14 act non-trivially on a CAT(0) cube complex
Authors: Montee MurphyKate
Published: July 2022

For random groups in the Gromov density model at

d
>
3

/

14

d>3/14

, we construct walls in the Cayley complex

X
X

which give rise to a non-trivial action by isometries on a CAT(0) cube complex. This extends results of Ollivier-Wise and Mackay-Przytycki at densities

d
>
1

/

5

d>1/5

and

d
>
5

/

24

d>5/24

, respectively. We are able to overcome one of the main combinatorial challenges remaining from the work of Mackay-Przytycki, and we give a construction that plausibly works at any density

d
>
1

/

4

d>1/4

.
Labor Market Policy as Immigration Control: The Case of Temporary Protected Status
Authors: Helms Benjamin , Leblang David
Published: July 2022

Controlling immigration has become a central political goal in advanced democracies. Politicians across the world have experimented with a range of policies such as foreign aid in the hopes that aid will spur development in migrant origin countries and decrease the demand for emigration. We argue that internal policy tools are more effective, in particular, the use of policies that allow temporary migrants short-term access to host country labor markets. These policies provide migrants an opportunity to obtain higher wages, which, in turn, increases remittances back to home countries. This increase in financial flows to households decreases subsequent demand for migration into destination countries. We test this argument using data on migration to the United States and find that an increase in remittances from the United States decreases subsequent demand for entry in that country.

Controlar la inmigración se ha vuelto un objetivo político central de las democracias avanzadas. Los políticos de todo el mundo han experimentado con un abanico de políticas, como la asistencia en el extranjero, con miras a que la ayuda fomente el desarrollo en los países de origen de los migrantes y reduzca la demanda de emigración. Sostenemos que las herramientas de política interna son más efectivas: en particular, el uso de políticas que permiten a los migrantes temporales el acceso a corto plazo a los mercados laborales del país de destino. Estas políticas brindan a los migrantes la oportunidad de obtener salarios más altos, lo que, a su vez, aumenta las remesas a los países de origen. Este aumento del flujo económico hacia los hogares reduce la subsecuente demanda de migración hacia los países de destino. Evaluamos este argumento con información de migraciones a EE. UU. y observamos que el aumento de las remesas desde EE. UU. disminuye la demanda de ingreso al país.

Le contrôle de l'immigration est devenu un objectif politique central dans les démocraties avancées. Des politiciens du monde entier ont expérimenté toute une série de politiques telles que l'aide étrangère dans l'espoir que cette aide stimule le développement des pays d'origine des migrants et réduise la demande d’émigration. Nous soutenons que les outils de politique intérieure sont plus efficaces, en particulier, le recours à des politiques qui dotent les migrants temporaires d'd’un accès à court terme aux marchés du travail du pays d'accueil. Ces politiques donnent l'opportunité aux migrants d'obtenir des salaires plus élevés, ce qui, à son tour, augmente les fonds qu'ils transfèrent vers leurs pays d'origine. Cette augmentation des flux financiers vers leurs foyers dans leurs pays d'origine diminue la demande ultérieure de migration dans les pays de destination. Nous avons mis cet argument à l’épreuve à l'aide de données sur la migration vers les États-Unis et nous avons constaté qu'une augmentation des transferts de fonds en provenance des États-Unis diminuait la demande ultérieure d'entrée dans ce pays.
First evidence of a stripped star cluster from the Small Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Piatti Andrés E , Lucchini Scott
Published: July 2022

We present results on the recently discovered stellar system YMCA-1, for which physical nature and belonging to any of the Magellanic System galaxies have been irresolutely analysed. We used SMASH and Gaia Early Data Release 3 data sets to conclude that we are dealing with a small star cluster. Its reddening-free, field star decontaminated colour–magnitude diagram was explored in order to obtain the cluster parameters. We found that YMCA-1 is a small (435 ${\rm \, M_\odot }$), moderately old (age = 9.6 Gyr), moderately metal-poor ([Fe/H] = −1.16 dex) star cluster, located at a nearly Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) distance (60.9 kpc) from the Sun, at ∼17.1 kpc to the east from the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) centre. The derived cluster brightness and size would seem to suggest some resemblance to the recently discovered faint star clusters in the Milky Way (MW) outer halo, although it does not match their age–metallicity relationship, nor those of MW globular clusters formed in situ or ex situ, nor that of LMC clusters either, but is in agreement with that of SMC old star clusters. We performed numerical Monte Carlo simulations integrating its orbital motion backwards in the MW–LMC–SMC system with radially extended dark matter haloes that experience dynamical friction, and by exploring different radial velocity (RV) regimes for YMCA-1. For RVs ≳ 300 km s−1, the cluster remains bound to the LMC during the last 500 Myr. The detailed tracked kinematic of YMCA-1 suggests that it could have been stripped by the LMC from the SMC during any of the close interactions between both galaxies, a scenario previously predicted by numerical simulations.
Prenatal and Postnatal Cocaine Enhances the Induction and Expression of Locomotor Sensitization to Nicotine in Male Rats
Authors: Barbosa-Mendez Susana , Salazar-Juárez Alberto
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Several studies mention that early consumption of cannabis, alcohol, or even cocaine is related to an increase in the prevalence of daily consumption of tobacco in adulthood. However, other factors, such as genetic comorbidity, social influences, and even molecular, neurochemical, and behavioral alterations induced by prenatal and postnatal cocaine exposure, could also explain these observations, since these factors together increase the vulnerability of the offspring to the reinforcing effects of nicotine. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of prenatal and postnatal exposure to cocaine on nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization in young and adult rats.

Aims and Methods

The study was divided into two stages: prenatal and postnatal. In the prenatal stage, a group of pregnant female Wistar rats was administered cocaine daily from day GD0 to GD21 (cocaine preexposure group), and another group of pregnant female rats was administered saline daily (saline preexposure group). Of the litters resulting from the cocaine preexposed and saline preexposed pregnant female groups, in the postnatal stage, only the male rats were used for the recording of the locomotor activity induced by different doses of nicotine (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/kg) during the induction and expression of locomotor sensitization at different postnatal ages (30, 60, 90, and 120 days).

Results

Prenatal and postnatal cocaine exposure enhanced nicotine-induced locomotor activity and locomotor sensitization.

Conclusions

This suggests that prenatal and postnatal cocaine exposure can result in increased vulnerability to other drugs of abuse, such as nicotine, in humans.

Implications

Several studies have shown that the abuse of a drug, such as cannabis, alcohol, or even cocaine, at an early age can progress to more severe levels of use of other drugs, such as nicotine, to adulthood. Our data are consistent with this hypothesis, since prenatal and postnatal cocaine exposure enhanced the nicotine-induced increase in locomotor activity and locomotor sensitization. This suggests that prenatal and postnatal exposure to cocaine enhances the drug’s salience.
Creation of a Human Factors Board to Support Well-Being in General Surgery Residents
Authors: McLaughlin Christopher J. , Stahl Kelly A. , Allen Steven R. , Dodge Daleela G.
Published: July 2022

Problem

Demands placed on resident physicians can make it difficult to keep up with personal needs, often affecting well-being. For military pilots, confidential and nonpunitive human factors boards (HFBs) identify pilots’ human factors (personal or professional problems that might interfere with the ability to perform effectively) and make recommendations for support. The authors sought to determine the feasibility of establishing an HFB for resident physicians and its utility for general surgery residents.

Approach

Publicly available information on HFBs was reviewed and translated to the structure of a general surgery residency. An HFB consisting of a faculty member, resident representative, and neutral third party was established for the general surgery residency program (consisting of 42 residents during the study period) at Penn State Health. From January 1 to July 1, 2020, the HFB responded to human factors needs of general surgery residents. Residents could make requests for themselves or another resident. If all HFB members were in agreement that a request was reasonable, the appropriate resource was directed to the requesting resident and funding was disbursed (if applicable) by the third party.

Outcomes

From January 1 to July 1, 2020, 14 requests were made. Of these, 3 (21%) were made for another resident and 12 (86%) were fulfilled through resources arranged by the HFB. All requests occurred between January 1 and April 1, 2020, likely because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The overall cost of the program was $932.80.

Next Steps

The HFB represents an adaptable tool that can meet residents’ specific needs as they arise and a mechanism through which residents can receive a tangible response to human factors. Formal feedback is needed to identify areas that could be improved. This structure could be generalized to other graduate medical education programs and physicians at all levels.
Disparities in Pediatric Scoliosis: The Impact of Race and Insurance Type on Access to Nonoperative Treatment for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Heffernan Michael J. , Younis Manaf , Song Bryant , Fontenot Bailli , Dewitz Ryan , Brooks Jaysson T. , Leonardi Claudia , Barnett Scott A.
Published: July 2022

Background:

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) has evidence-based, nonoperative treatments proven to be effective with early diagnosis and prompt treatment. The purpose of this study was to identify potential disparities in access to nonoperative treatment for AIS. Specifically, we sought to determine the interaction of socioeconomic factors on a major curve magnitude and recommend treatment at the initial presentation.

Methods:

A retrospective review of AIS patients who underwent surgery at a single tertiary pediatric hospital between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2018 was conducted. Patients were divided into 2 groups for comparison: patients with public insurance (PUB) and those with private insurance (PRV). Primary variables analyzed were patient race, Area Deprivation Index (ADI), major curve magnitude, and treatment recommendation at the initial presentation. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify the predictors of the major curve magnitude at presentation.

Results:

A total of 341 patients met the inclusion criteria; PUB and PRV groups consisted of 182 (53.4%) and 159 (46.6%) children, respectively. Overall, the major curve magnitude at presentation was significantly higher in PUB compared with PRV patients (50.0° vs. 45.1°; P=0.004) and higher in Black patients compared to White patients (51.8 vs. 47.0, P=0.042). Surgery was recommended for 49.7% of the PUB group and 43.7% of the PRV group. A lesser number of PUB patients had curve magnitudes within the range of brace indications (≤40°) compared to PRV patients (22.5% vs. 35.2%, respectively; P=0.010). The odds of having an initial major curve magnitude <40 degrees were 67% lower among Black patients with public insurance compared to Black patients with private insurance (OR=0.33; 95% CI: 0.13–0.83; P=0.019).

Conclusion:

This study demonstrated disparity in access to nonoperative treatment for pediatric scoliosis. Black patients with public insurance were the most at-risk to present with curve magnitudes exceeding brace indications. Future work focused on understanding the reasons for this significant disparity may help to promote more equitable access to effective nonoperative treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Level of Evidence:

III.
Epigenome-wide DNA methylation study of whole blood in patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Cai Zhengyi , Jia Xinmiao , Liu Mingsheng , Yang Xunzhe , Cui Liying
Published: July 2022

Background:

Epigenetics, and especially DNA methylation, contributes to the pathogenesis of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SALS). This study aimed to investigate the role of DNA methylation in SALS using whole blood of SALS patients.

Methods:

In total, 32 SALS patients and 32 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. DNA was isolated from whole blood collected from the participants. DNA methylation profiles were generated using Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip.

Results:

We identified 34 significant differentially methylated positions (DMPs) in whole blood from SALS patients, compared with the healthy controls. Of these DMPs, five were hypermethylated and 29 were hypomethylated; they corresponded to 13 genes. For the DMPs, ATAD3B and BLK were hypermethylated, whereas DDO, IQCE, ABCB1, DNAH9, FIGN, NRP1, TMEM87B, CCSAP, ST6GALNAC5, MYOM2, and RUSC1-AS1 were hypomethylated. We also identified 12 differentially methylated regions (DMRs), related to 12 genes (NWD1, LDHD, CIS, IQCE, TNF, PDE1C, LGALS1, CSNK1E, LRRC23, ENO2, ELOVL2, and ELOVL2-AS1). According to data from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database, DNAH9 and TNF are involved in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathway. Correlation analysis between clinical features and DNA methylation profiling indicated that the methylation level of ELOVL2 and ARID1B was positively associated with the age of onset (r = 0.86, adjust P 
= 0.001) and disease duration (r = 0.83, adjust P 
= 0.01), respectively.

Conclusions:

We found aberrant methylation in DMP- and DMR-related genes, implying that many epigenetic alterations, such as the hypomethylation of DNAH9 and TNF, play important roles in ALS etiology. These findings can be helpful for developing new therapeutic interventions.
Atorvastatin Ameliorates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy by Regulating the Autophagy–Lysosome Pathway and Its Upstream Regulatory Factor Transcription Factor EB
Authors: Jiang Shiliang , Chou Wan-Ching , Tao Linqing , Qiu Zhaoyang , Gao Ge
Published: July 2022

Doxorubicin is a widely used anticancer drug in clinical practice, and its myocardial toxicity is the main concern in oncotherapy. Statins are commonly used as hypolipidemic drugs. Recent studies have also focused on the effects of statins on autophagy. Autophagy is a process in which cells consume their own cytoplasm or organelles after stimulation and finally degrade the phagosome in the lysosome. Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is the main factor regulating lysosomal gene transcription and function. We found that atorvastatin (ATO) increased TFEB protein levels and the ratio of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2/LC3B in the myocardial tissue of mice with doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DIC). Therefore, we speculated that ATO may improve cardiac function in mice with DIC by increasing the expression of TFEB to enhance lysosomal function and autophagy. This study explored the role of TFEB in DIC and the possible mechanism of ATO in improving DIC and used statins to prevent and treat DIC; various dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure diseases provide more experimental evidence. All relevant data are within the article and its supporting information files.
Advances in Nanoformulated Polyphenols for Protection Against Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Sharma Prasanti , Sharma Neelima
Published: July 2022

In the past decade, a plethora of research has revealed numerous biological effects of polyphenols, most significantly anticancer and antimicrobial. These versatile, naturally occurring compounds have attracted growing interest among researchers owing to their crucial role in modifying disease progression associated with almost all the body's vital systems, including cardiovascular, neurological, and gastrointestinal systems. However, poor water solubility and rapid metabolism result in low bioavailability, which is a critical limitation to their clinical use. Nanotechnology is one promising approach that has served to maximize the therapeutic potential of polyphenols. Incorporation of sensitive polyphenolic compounds into nanocarriers protects them from physiological degradation, facilitates prolonged release, improves bioavailability, and allows targeted drug delivery. There is emerging evidence that nanomedicine could provide a solution to the poor pharmacokinetics of polyphenols and enhance their treatment efficacy. This review focuses on the various nanoparticle-based delivery systems that have been developed for the entrapment of these hydrophobic molecules and circumvent the pitfalls of poor systemic availability with an emphasis on their application in cardiovascular disorders. It elucidates recent developments in nanotechnology that could not only be imperative to cardiovascular disease alleviation but also in resolving issues of safety and specificity associated with these molecules. It also highlights the improved physicochemical properties and possible molecular mechanisms of some major polyphenols administered as nanoformulations and describes the results of in vitro and in vivo studies performed in animal models of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
HUMAN CELLULAR MODELS FOR RETINAL DISEASE
Authors: Mustafi Debarshi , Bharathan Sumitha P. , Calderon Rosanna , Nagiel Aaron
Published: July 2022

Purpose:

To provide a concise review of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and retinal organoids as models for human retinal diseases and their role in gene discovery and treatment of inherited retinal diseases (IRDs).

Methods:

A PubMed literature review was performed for models of human retinal disease, including animal models and human pluripotent stem cell–derived models.

Results:

There is a growing body of research on retinal disease using human pluripotent stem cells. This is a significant change from just a decade ago when most research was performed on animal models. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells has permitted not only the generation of two-dimensional human cell cultures such as RPE but also more recently the generation of three-dimensional retinal organoids that better reflect the multicellular laminar architecture of the human retina.

Conclusion:

Modern stem cell techniques are improving our ability to model human retinal disease in vitro, especially with the use of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. In the future, a personalized approach may be used in which the individual's unique genotype can be modeled in two-dimensional culture or three-dimensional organoids and then rescued with an optimized therapy before treating the patient.
Recent advances in the management of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease
Authors: Hoffmann-Vold Anna-Maria , Distler Oliver , Crestani Bruno , Antoniou Katerina M.
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review

Interstitial lung disease associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc-ILD) is a frequent organ manifestation leading to high morbidity and mortality. In 2020, the European management recommendations for SSc-ILD were published. Despite being comprehensive, several questions could not be answered or no consensus was reached.

Recent findings

We highlight recent advances in the screening and early diagnosis, including surveys emphasizing that still 30–40% of all experts do not order baseline HRCTs in their SSc patients. We discuss recent advances in the assessment of disease progression, risk prediction and monitoring of SSc-ILD including novel insights in the disease course of SSc-ILD, clinical predictive factors for disease progression, the role of increasing extent of ILD on serial HRCT and radiomics, PET/CT and home spirometry as sensitive future tools to monitor SSc-ILD patients. We describe recent advances in the treatment of SSc-ILD, including novel data and trials as well as post hoc analyses of clinical trials on mycophenolate, cyclophosmphamide, tocilizumab, rituximab, riociguat and nintedanib. Lastly, we elucidate on peripheral blood cell gene expression profiling as a novel way to identify patients with a better treatment response to mycophenolate.

In this review, we highlight recent advances in the management of SSc-ILD.