bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modul Praktikum Tes Intelegensi
Authors: Habibah Nur
Published: October 2021

Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamiin, hanya karena ridlo Allah SWT kami dapat menyelesaikan revisi modul tes intelegensi. Modul ini disusun dan diterbitkan sebagai panduan pelaksanaan praktikum mata kuliah tes intelegensi bagi mahasiswa Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo (UMSIDA). Kami menyadari bahwa modul ini walaupun sudah melalui proses revisi masih membutuhkan masukan dari pembaca agar lebih efektif penggunaannya. Dengan segala kerendahan hati kami mohon saran dan kritik dari pembaca agar modul ini semakin mendekati sempurna. Pada kesempatan ini kami menyampaikan terima kasih atas kesempatan yang diberikan untuk menyusun modul ini, kepada yang terhormat: 1. Dr. Drs. Hidayatullah, M.Si., selaku rektor UMSIDA 2. Eko Hardiansyah, M.Psi, Psi., selaku Dekan Fakultas Psikologi UMSIDA 3. Effy Wardati Maryam, S.Psi.,M.Si. selaku Ketua Program Studi Fakultas Psikologi UMSIDA 4. Ghozali Rusyid Affandi, S.Psi.,M.A. selaku Kepala Laboratorium Fakultas Psikologi UMSIDA 5. Semua pihak yang telah memberikan bimbingan, motivasi, bantuan dan masukan sehingga dapat terselesaikannya revisi modul ini. Akhirnya dengan segala kerendahan hati, kami berharap semoga modul ini dapat bermanfaat bagi praktikan, peneliti maupun pembaca, dan semoga upaya yang telah dilakukan ini dapat bernilai ibadah di sisi Allah SWT.
Mapping Riset Intelllectual Capital Dengan Analisis Bibliometric
Authors:   Dewi Andriani, Hermawan Sigit ,   Eny Maryati
Published: October 2021

Puji syukur kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, sehingga Buku Hasil Penelitian dengan judul “Mapping Riset Intelllectual Capital Dengan Analisis Bibliometric” ini dapat disusun dengan baik. Buku ini merupakan hasil dari penelitian Hibah Instutusi Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo Tahun Akademik 2020-2021. Adapun tujuan utama penelitian adalah untuk pemetaan riset intellectual capital (IC). Pemetaan yang dimaksud adalahriset IC dikaitkan dengan bidang ilmu misalnya akuntansi keuangan, akuntansi manajemen, manajemen strategi, sistem informasi dan ilmu lainnya. Pemetaan juga dimaksudkan untuk merekomendasikan agenda riset IC mendatang yang perlu dilakukan oleh para peneliti IC. Tujuan lainnya dari penelitian adalah untuk memetakan jurnal yang telah mempublikasikan IC, menganalisis artikel IC yang banyak disitasi, dan peneliti yang produktif menulis artikel IC. Buku ini terdiri dari 4 bab, yakni pendahluan……… Semoga buku hasil penelitian ini bermanfaat untuk rekanrekan dosen atau mahasiswa yang sedang melakukan penelitian tentang intellectual capital. Kami berterima kasih kepada Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo (UMSIDA) yang telah membiayai penelitian ini sehingga dapat menjadi bahan untuk buku hasil penelitian. Kami juga berterima kasih kepada Pimpinan UMSIDA, rekan-rekan Direktorat Risat dan Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat (DRPM), anggota peneliti (Ibu Dewi Andriani, SE., M.M dan Ibu Eny Maryati, SE., M.A), dan pihak lain yang membantu pada proses penelitian dan penerbitan buku ini, dan tentunya keluarga kami tercinta.
Buku Ajar Digital Marketing
Authors:   Alshaf Pebrianggara, Komalasari Dewi
Published: October 2021

Penulis mengucapkan puji syukur kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, dengan kesempatan ini kami dapat menyelesaikan penulisan buku Digital Marketing. Buku Digital Marketing terdiri atas 14 bab, yang membahas tentang Konsep Dasar Digital Marketing, Perkembangan Internet, Website Dan Aplikasnya, Konsep Bisnis Digital Marketing, Bisnis Online, Fungsi Privacy Bagi Pengguna Dalam Digital Marketing, Kepercayaan Dalam Bisnis Online, Keamanan Bisnis Online, Strategi Penentuan Harga DalamDigital Marketing, Tool Internet Marketing. Akhirnya saya berharap semoga buku ini dapat berguna dan memberikan manfaat, besar harapan penulis agar pembaca dapat menjadikan buku Digital Marketing sebagai referensi dalam proses pembelajaran matakuliah Digital Marketing. Saran dan kritik yang membangun kami sangat harapkan untuk perbaikan buku ini kedepannya. Penulis juga mengucapkan terima kasih khususnya kepada: 1. Dr. Hidayatullah, M.Si pemangku pimpinan tertinggi yaitu Rektor Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo yang telah memberikan dan memfasilitasi dalam penulisan buku ajarini. 2. LP3iK Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo yang telah memfasilitasi dan mengkoordinasi dalam penulisan buku ajar ini. 3. Wisnu Panggah Setiyono, SE., M.Si., Ph.D sebagai Dekan Fakultas Bisnis, Hukum dan Ilmu Sosial, Universitas Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo yang telah memberikan dukungan untuk mengikuti penulisan buku ajar ini. Akhir kata, kritik dan saran sangat diharapkan untuk penyempurnaan buku ajar ini. Harapan kami semoga buku ajar ini dapat digunakan sebagai tambahan informasi dan bermanfaat bagi aktivitas pembelajaran mata kuliah Digital Marketing di Program Studi Manajemen, Fakultas Bisnis, Hukum dan Ilmu Sosial, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo.
Islamism, Christianism, Urbanism, and The Capitalization of Urban Space
Authors: Tambunan Elia , Larhzizer Fouad
Published: October 2021

Abstract: This paper relates Islamic studies, namely Islamism, with Christian studies, urban studies in an integrative way. The objects of written material are religions, social movements, politics, and cities. The research was conducted from July 2012 to July 2018 using a qualitative empirical approach with depth interview techniques and the use of social media, combined with literature studies. The author argues, it is a fundamental mistake if scholars of Islamic studies believe too much that Islamic social movements are a manifestation of Islamism as the ideology of Islamists as published so far. In practice, Islamic social movements, especially in urban communities, are far more complex than ideological issues. Examining the Salatiga urbanites as the location and subject research, it is found a religious linkage and the caliptalization of urban space. This linkage creates a contentious politics and the interests of the urban elite that play into it during the Regional Head Election.الملخص: تربط هذه الورقة الدراسات الإسلامية ، أي الإسلاموية ، بالدراسات المسيحية ، والدراسات الحضرية بطريقة تكاملية. المواد المكتوبة هي الأديان والحركات الاجتماعية والسياسة والمدن. تم إجراء البحث في الفترة من يوليو 2012 إلى يوليو 2018 باستخدام نهج تجريبي نوعي مع تقنيات المقابلة العميقة واستخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي ، جنبًا إلى جنب مع دراسات الأدب. يجادل المؤلف بأنه من الخطأ الأساسي أن يعتقد علماء الدراسات الإسلامية أن الحركات الاجتماعية الإسلامية هي مظهر من مظاهر الإسلاموية باعتبارها إيديولوجية الإسلاميين كما نُشرت حتى الآن. في الممارسة العملية ، الحركات الاجتماعية الإسلامية ، خاصة في المجتمعات الحضرية ، أكثر تعقيدًا بكثير من القضايا الإيديولوجية. عند دراسة سكان سالاتيجا كموقع وبحث موضوعي ، وجد ارتباطًا دينيًا وخلافة الفضاء الحضري. يخلق هذا الارتباط سياسة مثيرة للجدل ومصالح النخبة الحضرية التي تلعب دورها خلال انتخابات رئيس المنطقة.Abstrak: Tulisan ini mengaitkan studi Islam, yakni Islamisme dengan studi Kristen, studi perkotaan secara integratif. Objek material tulisan adalah agama, gerakan sosial, politik, dan kota. Penelitian dilakukan sejak Juli 2012 hingga Juli 2018 dengan pendekatan kualitatif empirik dengan teknik wawancara mendalam dan penggunaan media sosial, digabung dengan studi literatur. Penulis berargumentasi, adalah kekeliruan mendasar jika para sarjana studi Islam terlalu meyakini bahwa gerakan-gerakan sosial Islam merupakan manifestasi Islamisme sebagai ideologi kaum Islamis seperti dipublikasikan selama ini. Dalam praksisnya, gerakan-gerakan sosial Islam, khususnya di masyarakat kota jauh lebih kompleks dari persoalan ideologis. Dari masyarakat Kota Salatiga sebagai lokasi dan subjek penelitian, ditemukan keterkaitan agama dengan kaliptalisasi ruang kota. Keterkaitan itu menimbulkan politik perselisihan dan kepentingan elite urban yang bermain dalamnya pada saat Pemilihan Kepala Daerah.
An Efficient Solution to Mudmat Design for Jacket Structures in Soft Seabed Soil
Authors: Suryatin Timbul , Sitanggang Hercules , Budiman Arief , Frieze Paul
Published: October 2021

Conventional jacket structures are normally equipped with mat foundations for support during offshore installation when the jacket sits on the seabed before piling. An efficient mudmat design is required to support the jacket since the weight of the mudmat contributes about 20% to the overall structural weight. It is challenging to analyze and to find an exact solution when calculating the bearing capacity of the soil beneath the mudmat because the seabed conditions vary from hard to very soft soil: this is especially true for a relatively slender jacket on very soft soil. The paper presents an efficient method for conducting such design.
Cost Effective Method of Installing Hydraulic Lift System Using Straddle Packers
Authors: Rehman Abid Ur , Abdelbary Marwan
Published: October 2021

The oil and gas industry is still in transition due to uncertain oil prices. The lower demand in oil production has become a key challenge for oil and gas companies to drill new wells. To endure the operating expenses, producers are now searching for different advancements for the optimum utilization of the production from their existing wells. Artificial lift systems (ALS) is the most efficient technique to optimize production from the well.

The main purpose of artificial lift systems is to maximize production from a candidate well. However, there are many systems applicable to a single well. Hence, the selection and design of a suitable system play a vital role in the cost optimization of the well. The hydraulic lift system is one of the primary lift systems used widely for decades and has always been given successful results, provided the selection and designs are as per the requirements of a specific well to optimize its production. The jet pump has no moving parts and most of the time can be deployed rig-less, which drastically decreases the installation cost and time for the Operator, translated consequently to decrease the well's kick-off time to start flow. This lift system can be installed in a variety of ways depending on the well's conditions and is a very effective method of lifting a well. However, if not planned and executed properly, the lift system will not be cost-effective for the client.

This paper is about the installation of a jet pump in a unique method of punching a tubing with no seating and sealing profiles to get communication between casing to tubing annulus, then to install the Downhole Jet Pump along with a Straddle Packers assembly. The well 8D located in northern Iraq was drilled in 2014, mud losses were observed during drilling. The well was producing 50 BBLS every three days (after shutting down two days for pressure build-up. The jet pump was designed for this well, with tubing punch and straddle packer options. Since the jet pump system needs isolated pathways for its three different fluids, two straddle packers were used along with the jet pump itself to provide the sealing and proper pathways for the fluids.

The study about the unique installation of jet pump systems will be discussed in detail alongside the field-gathered data to validate initial theoretical designs. The operational procedure and optimization technique for the well is also mentioned for a proper understanding of the whole system. The method used in this well will prove to be an economical option for lifting and producing old wells if there are no communication profiles between casing and tubing annulus.
Delivered Successfully an Open Hole Side-Track from Very Challenging Formation Through Very Narrow MD Window: A Case Study from Kuwait
Authors: Al-Barazi Naser , Al-Naqa Faisal Adel , Chouhan Manoj , Al-Mekhlef Alanoud Mahdi , Saleh Ashraf Mohammad , Bahgat Ahmed , Mustafa Mohammed Mobasher , Saleh Rashad Mohiey , Abdelbaset Shady Moustafa , Al-Qnaai Mohammad Al-Jassim
Published: October 2021

This article presents a unique case study where operating company, Kuwait Oil Company (KOC), decided to make an attempt to perform open hole side-track through a very narrow side-track window along with other exiting conditions such as severe downhole losses and drill through very challenging formation. To deliver such project in first attempt requires very detailed planning, close coordination with various service partners such as directional drilling and cementing.

Placing a good side-track cement plug in such formation was a challenge, and 2nd challenge to get kicked off from this narrow window in first attempt which was the key. In case of failure, whip stock option has to be planned as a contingency, which possess new challenging of opening a depleted zone leading to commingling low/high pressure formation which could cause a complicated problem such as borehole stability, leads to stuck pipe problem. Failure to side-track from open hole could end of planning to drill extra hole which required extra casing string to run which will put this project well over AFE and heavily impact on well objective.

This open hole Side-track was planned because while drilling original hole (12 ¼" hole section) close to planned well TD, experienced complete losses. In attempt to cure the losses, LCM was pumped with no success. Performed thixotropic cement plug job for losses control. While performing thixotropic cement plug job, the cement flash set before finishing the displacement, leading to stuck string. After backing off string and fishing attempts, unable to recover the fish completely. Fish left in hole leading to only 68 ft of open hole window available to side-track where performing a cement job was impossible due to severe losses. Only way to secure the well is to try for open hole side-track. With existing sever loss situation for initiating open hole side-track was a serious challenge due to lack of side force and flow restriction to initiate the side-track.

Extensive pre-job planning, peer review and risk assessment was done in coordination with various service partners to deliver such challenging side-track. A hazard analysis decision tree was established to pinpoint the risks and appropriate mitigation measures along with contingency plan put in place. A detailed side-track guidelines was shared and review with the field crew.

The wellbore was successfully side-tracked through a challenging reactive shale formation in a first attempt using a customized kick-off BHA, which not only helped to avoid loss zone in side-tracked hole but also provide additional cost savings to the company. The good hole condition at the side-track point was important to enable smooth passing of the following directional BHA to achieve directional goals.
Role of Geomechanics in Identification of Possible Mechanisms for Non-productive Times NPT and Improving Drilling Operations in a Mature Field in Offshore Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Chatterjee Avirup , Ghosh Amitava , Santha Moorthy Priveen Raj
Published: October 2021

This paper presents a case study on the role of geomechanics to identify possible failure mechanisms for non-productive time (NPT), avoid drilling risks and minimize costs in a field development drilling campaign, Offshore Sarawak Malaysia. Drilling optimization and reducing NPT for the drilling campaign was one of the key focus for maintaining the drilling time and costs. Drilling of moderately to highly deviated wells in this field has proven to be extremely challenging. Numerous lost-time incidents due to tight hole, stuck pipe, pack-off, casing held up were experienced, particularly when drilling through the shallow overburden shales and deeper reservoirs interbedded with shales and coals. Faced with continually increased NPTs, a geomechanical model was developed using regional offset wells to understand the mechanism of failures. A geomechanical model was developed to quantify the minimum recommended mud weights and optimize the wellbore trajectories. The outcome of this study was used as key input for casing and mud design. The in-situ stress state derived from field wide geomechanical model indicates the field is associated with a normal faulting stress regime, i.e., Shmin < SHmax < SV.

The presence of relatively weak rocks means the field is potentially subject to stress-induced wellbore instability problems. However, observations of numerous time-dependent failures imply secondary influences must also be considered to arrive at possible remediation strategies. It was observed that the combination of weak rocks and numerous time-dependent failures using different types of mud system have contributed to wellbore stability problems. The wellbore stability is due to reactive shale, which is time sensitive as majority of the drilling problems are observed after drilling. The major contributor to the time-dependent deterioration process is mechanical and chemical imbalances between shale and drilling fluids compounded by large open-hole exposure area and contact time resulting in rising pore pressure caused by the invasion of drilling fluid into the formations, and then exacerbated by less-than-optimal drilling practices. This finding, together with improved geomechanical understanding of the field helped to evaluate the safe mud weight windows, formulate the mud designs and optimize drilling practices. All the planned wells were drilled successfully without any loss time incidents and non-productive time. This paper presents an integrated approach and workflow that combines the drilling data and formation response to identify the most likely causative mechanisms of the time-delayed wellbore instabilities in a mature field. This knowledge was then used to develop strategies for optimizing future drilling operations in the field.
Digital Solutions Suite: Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, and Digital Barrel
Authors: Fuenmayor Roberto Carlos
Published: October 2021

The concept of digital transformation is based on two principles: data driven—exploiting every bit of data source—and user focused. The objective is not only to consolidate data from multiple systems, but to apply an analytics approach to extract insights that are the product of the aggregation of multiple sources then present it to the user (field manager, production and surveillance engineer, region manager, and country) with criteria's of simplicity, specificity, novelty—and most importantly, clarity.

The idea is to liberate the data across the whole upstream community and intended for production operations people by providing a one-stop production digital platform that taps into unstructured data and is transformed into structured to be used as input to engineering models and as a result provide data analytics and generate insights.

There is three main key objectives:

To have only one source of truth using cloud-based technology To incorporate artificial intelligence models to fill the data gaps of production and operations parameters such as pressure and temperature To incorporate multiple solutions for the upstream community that helps during the slow, medium, and fast loops of upstream operations.

The new "way of working" helps multiple disciplines such as subsurface team, facilities, and operations, HSSE and business planning, combining business process management and technical workflows to generates insights and create value that impact the profit and losses (P&L) sheet of the operators.

The "new ways of working" tackle values pillars such as production optimization, reduced unplanned deferment, cost avoidance, and improved process cycle efficiency. The use of big data and artificial intelligence algorithms are key to understand the production of the wells and fields, as well as anchoring on processing the data with automated engineering models, thus enabling better decision making including the span of time scale such as fast, medium, or slow loop actions.
Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium Study for the Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulphide in Deionized Water and NaCl Aqueous Solution at Temperature from 373.15 to 423.15 K
Authors: Zaidin Mohd Fakrumie , Valtz Alain , Coquelet Christophe , Chapoy Antonin
Published: October 2021

New vapour liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) mixture in deionized water and NaCl aqueous solution are generated at temperature range from 373.15 to 423.15 K and pressure up to 25.0 MPa. A static-analytic type method, taking advantage of two magnetic capillary samplers for phase sampling is used for this VLE measurements. The VLE data generated in this work are compared against literature data, Duan model and the simplified cubic plus association (CPA-SRK72) Equation of State (EoS) model predictions. From the results, it is demonstrated that the CPA-SRK72 EoS model is able to predict the phase behaviour of CO2 and H2S in water and NaCl aqueous solutions with low absolute average deviation (AAD) against the measured experimental data.
Enhancing Reservoir Stimulation and Productivity Through Reservoir Tunneling Technologies: A Review on Recent Development
Authors: Alali Eyad A. , Bataweel Mohammed A.
Published: October 2021

The oil and gas industry has been developing various technologies to increase the productivity and recovery of hydrocarbons from conventional and unconventional reservoirs. Reservoir stimulation is an essential operation used to enhance production in many fields around the world. Hydraulic fracturing and acid treatments are the main stimulation methods. Reservoir tunneling concepts are used to drill branched channels in the formation from the main wellbore. With thousands of tunnels drilled to date, it is a viable technique that can improve the recovery of selected reservoirs.

This paper reviews the recent developments in reservoir tunneling technologies and their current applications. These tunneling methods can be categorized mainly into water jetting, abrasive jetting, reactive jetting (acid), and needle and mechanical tunneling (radial drilling). The paper includes reviewing and analyzing these techniques based on documented literature results that include simulation studies, lab and yard experiments, field implementation, candidate selection, operational requirements, technology enhancements, advantages, limitations, and challenges of each technique.

The paper provides a comprehensive summary of different tunneling techniques focusing on the operational practices, tunneling mechanisms, tunneling depth, and recent advancements available in the market. The most effective applications of the tunneling techniques are in stimulating low permeability, depleted and thin reservoirs, layers close to water zones, and bypassing near wellbore formation damage. The efficiency of creating tunnels is affected by many factors such as reservoir properties, nozzle, and fluid types, etc. The tunnel shape and trajectory are affected by reservoir geological properties. The combination of the tunneling with other stimulation techniques can result in more effective treatments, which enhance the methods of current stimulation. Reservoir tunneling technologies can pave the way to improve hydrocarbon recovery and enable access to unstimulated formations.
SNB AOI Topside Design Optimization: Solution for Marginal Resources
Authors: Mubarok Rudi Syahru , Andriana Monica , Prabowo Albertino
Published: October 2021

Sisi Nubi Area of Interest (SNB AOI) is an ongoing project to develop the marginal resources located in Sisi Nubi offshore field operated by Pertamina Hulu Mahakam (PHM). As the resources being developed are small and scattered, low cost solution platform design is required to develop these marginal resources. Therefore, design optimization is a must.

Fit-for-purpose design concept is used as the basis to develop process and safety facilities in new SNB AOI platforms while maintaining the compliance with government regulations and international codes and standards. Various exercises were performed in order to ensure optimized process, safety and operating philosophy requirement. Lesson learnt and benchmarking from various established platforms design including PHM's minimalist offshore/swamp platform were performed. The previous designs are reviewed, adopted and SNB AOI platform design is adjusted as per operating philosophy requirement.

Based on the available basis of design and operating parameters, fully rated topside facilities design is considered feasible to be applied for new SNB AOI platforms. With this design, relief system size (i.e. vent stack and vent knock-out drum) can be further optimized. In addition, closed drain drum and LP (low pressure) vent knock-out drum is also combined in one single vessel after careful safety verification. Other optimization is externalizing equipment that could be managed with Operating Expenditure (e.g. well offloading activity by using external facility).

As for process safety design, preliminary reviews based on international codes and standards showed that the following designs are considered feasible: portable Gas Detector by operator during platform visit (in lieu of permanent Gas Detection system), Fusible Plug loop installation only (instead of redundant protection using Flame Detector system), non-provision of dry fire water mains, application of Passive Fire Protection (PFP) only after confirmation from fire risk study (risk-based approach), and considering not permanently manned installation, 1 (one) stair & 1 (one) ladder combination on each platform deck (instead of dual stairs). Overall, the proposed design maintains the safety of installation with minimum impacts to future platform operation.

This optimization has contributed to reduction of dimension and weight of topside installation (i.e. 32% less compared to PHM's latest Offshore Minimalist Platform design) and also weight of the structure.

Design of SNB AOI project could become a good reference for other Pertamina affiliate and other companies and could open a further way forward to economically develop the "marginal resources", especially in offshore area, by implementing the "fit for purpose" design concept.
Unconventional Single Slurry Solution for ERD Wells with Depleted Formations
Authors: Flores Anibal , Vasquez Jorge , Anggarawinata Rama , Chan Lakmun
Published: October 2021

Tailoring slurry designs using amorphous liquid silica base has been a success for Cementing Extended Reach Drilling (ERD) wells in Brunei in development fields. The use of this unconventional slurry density and design has helped to achieve the necessary top of cement and required zonal isolation for the production string of these wells.

Cementing across depleted formations has been a challenge for the drilling sector within the oil industry. Isolation of production zones with competent cement slurries has become a necessity in fields, especially where a low Equivalent Circulating Density(ECD) during the cementing operation is required to achieve the desired top of cement in low fracture gradient formations. For Brunei offshore operations a novel approach has been proposed that uses an amorphous liquid silica-based slurry system to design a new 14 ppg lightweight cement slurry. The slurry properties were tailored to eliminate the need for a dual slurry system. Planning, execution, and post-operation evaluation methods have been developed for this new design.

Extensive laboratory testing has been performed for the 14 ppg extended slurry which includes basic slurry testing as well as more advanced evaluations such as a full mechanical properties study and finite element analysis that was used compared to conventional slurry designs. Various optimizations were done for the slurry design to overcome mixability challenges and deployment using a conventional offshore liquid injection system or by premixing the water with liquid additives on a mixing tank or rig pits.

To validate this technology, a field trial was performed at the rig site where a production liner for an extended reach well was cemented and subsequently evaluated using cement evaluation logging tools.

The first Brunei offshore trial operation, executed in Q2 2020, was a 4.5-in. production liner where 16.5 m3 of a 14ppg novel slurry design was mixed, pumped and successfully placed within the annulus. Since the initial trial, a total of 8 jobs have been executed successfully in Brunei, with a few more wells identified as candidates for this solution. The paper provides laboratory testing details, hydraulic simulation validations along with job execution and post-operation cement evaluation.
A Success Story in Managing and Optimising Gas Lift Wells in Matured Oil Field: Automated Workflows in Digital Fields as Enablers to Accelerate Opportunities Creation and Production Optimisation
Authors: M. Nazri Amir Badzly , W. Khairul Anuar W. M. Anas , Avianto Nasution Lucas Ignatius , Turiman Hayati , Shafie Shar Kawi Hazim , Mokhlis Mohamad Mustaqim
Published: October 2021

Field S located in offshore Malaysia had been producing for more than 30 years with nearly 90% of current active strings dependent on gas lift assistance. Subsurface challenges encountered in this matured field such as management of increasing water-cut, sand production, and depleting reservoir pressure are one of key factors that drive the asset team to continuously monitor the performance of gaslifted wells to ensure better control of production thereby meeting target deliverability of the field.

Hence, Gas Lift Optimization (GLOP) campaign was embarked in Field S to accelerate short term production with integration of Gas Lift Management Modules in Integrated Operations (IO). A workflow was created to navigate asset team in this campaign from performing gaslift health check, diagnostic and troubleshooting to data and model validation until execution prior to identification of GLOP candidates with facilitation from digital workflows.

Digital Fields and Integrated Operations (IO) developed in Field S provided an efficient collaborative working environment to monitor field performance real time and optimize production continuously. Digital Fields comprises of multiple engineering workflows developed and operationalized to act as enablers for the asset team to quickly identify the low-hanging fruit opportunities.

This paper will focus on entire cycle process of digital workflows with engineer's intervention in data hygiene and model validation, the challenges to implement GLOP, and results from the campaign in Field S.
Remote-Controlled Automated Foam Injection: A Digital Solution to Liquid Loading in a China Unconventional Gas Development
Authors: Bo Jiang Wei , Audrey Beryl , Orivri Uzezi , Wang Nian Xi , Qiao Xiang Yang , Fendt Andrew , Kartoatmodjo Gayatri , Li Lin Wei , Song Yu Long , Qi Shi Wei
Published: October 2021

Gas field C is an unconventional tight gas reservoir located in the central of China which has prominent characteristics, including thin formation, low permeability and poor reservoir connectivity which significantly impact on the field development. Horizontal wells multistage hydraulic fracturing has been proven to be an effective technique to recover the hydrocarbons from this gas field.

However, with continuous production overtime, reservoir pressure declines which results in a decrease in gas production rate below the critical gas velocity, leading to accumulation of liquid in the wellbore (liquid loading), which further results in back pressure and damage to the formation. Currently, gas field C loses up to 1500 mmscf/year in gas production and associated revenue due to liquid loading. Some other factors which hinders effective deliquification of the gas wells include remote well pad locations, poor road conditions during harsh weather conditions, friction with local communities, limited manpower to daily effectively analyze over 200 wells for liquid loading diagnostics and operational risks during well intervention.

To tackle these challenges, a new versatile intelligent dosing technology has been piloted to reduce liquid loading. This remote-control dosing unit is located at the well pad and is equipped with automatic valves that can dispense two different chemicals (soap and methanol) in one unit. A key new feature of this system is the ability to receive and implement instructions that optimizes the dosing rate and frequency. This remote-control functionality eliminates on-site operator intervention and HSE risks especially in winter when the well pads could be inaccessible with poor road conditions.
Statistical Models to Predict Tensile Strength from Unconfined Compressive Strength: Case Study from Southern Iraq
Authors: Alkinani Husam Hasan , Al-Hameedi Abo Taleb Tuama , Dunn-Norman Shari , Al-Alwani Mustafa Adil
Published: October 2021

Tensile strength (To) is an important parameter for creating geomechanical models, especially when tensile failure is the failure of interest. The most common way to estimate the tensile strength is by utilizing Brazilian tests. However, due to material limitation, cost, or time, To is sometimes assumed or estimated empirically. In this work, laboratory test data of To and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) conducted for three zones in southern Iraq (Zubair sandstone, Zubair shale, and Nahr Umr shale) were utilized to create three regression models to estimate To from UCS. The reason for selecting UCS as the independent parameter is that static UCS, in most cases, has to be estimated from laboratory tests to create robust geomechanical models. In other words, UCS will be given the preference over Towhen there is the material limitation, cost, or time involved. The data of each zone were divided into training (80%) and testing (20%) to ensure the models can generalize for new data and avoid overfitting. Multiple least squares fits were tested, and linear least squares regression was selected since it provided the highest R2 and the lowest error. The models yielded training R2 of 0.983, 0.988, and 0.965 while the testing R2 were 0.978, 0.990, and 0.993 for Zubair sandstone, Zubair shale, and Nahr Umr shale, respectively. The errors were assessed using root mean squared error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE), and they both have shown an acceptable margin of error for all three models. In short, the created three models showed the ability to estimate To from UCS when material limitation, cost, or time factors are involved or when executing a Brazilian test is not applicable. The proposed models can contribute to robust geomechanical models as well as minimizing cost, time, and material usage.
Long Horizontal Well Completion via a New Flotation Technique
Authors: Shan Youngbin , Lu Hongjun , Jiang Qingbo , Li Zhijun , Xue Jianpeng , Tian Fengjun , Wang Yungong , Li Luke , Shi Chongdong , Shi Peiming , Yuan Bin , He Hangyu
Published: October 2021

The objective of the paper is to introduce a new technology which secures long horizontal casing deployment by a reliable casing flotation technology.

It is common nowadays to drill a slim hole and extends to long horizontal extension to pay zones in condensate and shale oil and gas reservoir.

To assure a successful casing deployment into the horizontal section, a flotation collar is often installed to float the casing in horizontal to mitigate the friction and Torque & Drag. However, slim casing may encounter difficulty in circulation and subsequent cementing even after the collar is broken.

A new proprietary technique proposed in this paper solved above contingencies and secured 100% success in casing deployment, This technique secures smoothly circulation and cementing by flotating air in horizontal casing interval and purging air out of hole to overcome Spring Effect before circulation and cementing.

Often, the flotation collar is made of proprietary material that can break or explodes under certain hydraulic pressure. After breaking, the whole collar becomes a portion of casing with exact the same ID of casing or a very small difference that does not have any negative effect to subsequent Plug & Perf, frac, tools running through and fluid movement.

For long horizontal length of small open hole and casing sizes, casing deployment may be difficult if the Torque & Drag and friction through the low sides can not be mitigated.

This paper proposes a new technique to fill air full of horizontal interval along inside the casing and ensure a sufficient of air purging to overcome Spring Effect before circulation and cementing.

So far twelve (12) wells have been successfully completed including Asian longest horizontal gas well with 7,388.18m measured depth and 4,118.18m horizontal length. All jobs are 100% successful and there is no difficulty in mud circulation and cementing. Even for the longest 4,118.18m horizontal length casing deployment, the hook weight on surface when casing reached the total depth still remained 20 MT.

Before this technique was applied, operators were unable to deploy 4 ½" casing through a 6" bit hole beyond 1500m horizontal length. Most often the hook weight at surface were zero when casing extended to almost 1500m in horizontal length.

This new technique brings a great value to operators to complete longer horizontal well to yield more production with less investment.
IIOT and Real Time Data Analytics - Maximizing the Impact on Safety and Productivity
Authors: Daher Ryan , Aldash Nesma
Published: October 2021

With the global push towards Industry 4.0, a number of leading companies and organizations have invested heavily in Industrial Internet of Things (IIOT's) and acquired a massive amount of data. But data without proper analysis that converts it into actionable insights is just more information. With the advancement of Data analytics, machine learning, artificial intelligence, numerous methods can be used to better extract value out of the amassed data from various IIOTs and leverage the analysis to better make decisions impacting efficiency, productivity, optimization and safety.

This paper focuses on two case studies- one from upstream and one from downstream using RTLS (Real Time Location Services). Two types of challenges were present: the first one being the identification of the location of all personnel on site in case of emergency and ensuring that all have mustered in a timely fashion hence reducing the time to muster and lessening the risks of Leaving someone behind. The second challenge being the identification of personnel and various contractors, the time they entered in productive or nonproductive areas and time it took to complete various tasks within their crafts while on the job hence accounting for efficiency, productivity and cost reduction.

In both case studies, advanced analytics were used, and data collection issues were encountered highlighting the need for further and seamless integration between data, analytics and intelligence is needed. Achievements from both cases were visible increase in productivity and efficiency along with the heightened safety awareness hence lowering the overall risk and liability of the operation. Novel/Additive Information: The results presented from both studies have highlighted other potential applications of the IIOT and its related analytics. Pertinent to COVID-19, new application of such approach was tested in contact tracing identifying workers who could have tested positive and tracing back to personnel that have been in close proximity and contact therefore reducing the spread of COVID. Other application of the IIOT and its related analytics has also been tested in crane, forklift and heavy machinery proximity alert reducing the risk of accidents.
Lessons Learnt from Integrated Production Modelling and Performance Analysis of Gas Lift Wells of One of the Biggest Offshore Complexes in India
Authors: Devshali Sagun , Raman Ravi , Malhotra Sanjay Kumar , Yadav Mahendra Prasad , Uniyal Rishabh
Published: October 2021

The paper aims to discuss various issues pertaining to gas lift system and instabilities in low producer wells along with the necessary measures for addressing those issues. The effect of various parameters such as tubing size, gas injection rate, multi-porting and gas lift valve port diameter on the performance analysis of integrated gas lift system along with the flow stability have been discussed in the paper.

Field X is one of the matured offshore fields in India which has been producing for over 40 years. It is a multi-pay, heterogeneous and complex reservoir. The field is producing through six Process Complexes and more than 90% of the wells are operating on gas lift. As most of the producing wells in the field are operating on gas lift, continuous performance analysis of gas lift to optimize production is imperative to enhance or sustain production.

121 Oil wells and 7 Gas wells are producing through 18 Wellhead platforms to complex X1 of the field X. Out of these 121 oil wells, 5 are producing on self and remaining 116 with gas lift. In this paper, performance analysis of these 116 flowing gas lift wells, carried out to identify various problems which leads to sub-optimal production such as inadequate gas injection, multi-porting, CV choking, faulty GLVs etc. has been discussed. On the basis of simulation studies and analysis of findings, requisite optimization/ intervention measures proposed to improve performance of the wells have been brought out in the paper.

The recommended measures predicted the liquid gain of about 1570 barrels per day (518 barrels of oil per day) and an injection gas savings in the region of about 28 million SCFD. Further, the nodal analysis carried out indicates that the aforementioned gas injection saving of 28 million SCFD would facilitate in minimizing the back pressure in the flow line network and is likely to result in an additional production gain of 350 barrels of liquid per day (65 barrels of oil per day) which adds up to a total gain of 1920 barrels of liquid per day (583 barrels of oil per day). Additionally, system/ nodal analysis has also been carried out for optimal gas allocation in the field through Integrated Production Modelling. The analysis brings out a reduction in gas injection by 46 million SCFD with likely incremental oil gain of ~100 barrels of oil per day.
One Phase Well OPW : Unlock Shallow Reservoir Efficient and Economically by Eliminating Surface Casing
Authors: Hanif Irfan , Sayogyo Bramarandhito , Riko R , Hadistira Praja , Sari Karina
Published: October 2021

Tunu is a mature giant gas and condensate field locate in Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The field has been in development for almost 30 years and currently has been considered as a mature field where to put a state of an economic well has become more challenging nowadays. The deeper zone of Tunu has no longer been considered as profitable to be produced and the current focus is more on the widespread shallow gas pocket located in the much shallower zone of Tunu.

One phase well is architecture without 9-5/8" surface casing. OPW is one-section drilling using a diverter mode from surface to TD without using BOP. Historical for OPW is began from 2018, where drilling reservoir section using diverter mode in two-phase. In 2018 also succeeded in performing perforated surface casing. Due successfully in drilling operation using diverter and perforated surface casing, in 2019 drilling trials for OPW were carried out. Until now, the OPW architecture has become one of the common architecture used in drilling operations as an optimization effort.

Until December 2020 PHM has completed 15+ OPW wells. A general comparison of OPW and SLA well is at the cost of constructing a well of approximately 200,000 - 300,000 US$. The disadvantages of OPW wells are more expensive in the mud and cement section when using a 9-1/2" hole, but in terms of the duration, OPW drilling time is more efficient up to 2-3 days. If viewed from the integrity of the OPW wells, from 15 OPW wells that have been completed, only 2 of them have SCP.
Application of Class-Based Machine Learning for Potential Hydrocarbon Zones Identification: A Case Study
Authors: Wiyoga Sonny Ari , Xu Jhonny , Carolina Aulia Desiani , Dewanda Ratna
Published: October 2021

At times, petrophysicists are expected to evaluate potential of the well in time-constraint situations while maintaining consistency of the parameters and interpretation. Other than that, some challenges may also occur when working with older wells where the dataset are not as complete as current wells and processing parameters are not transferable. In this case study, class-based machine learning (CBML) approach is used to perform petrophysical evaluation to identify potential hydrocarbon zones in the target wells. The objective is to find solution to improve efficiency and consistency in those challenging situations.

A class-based machine learning (CBML) workflow uses cross-entropy clustering (CEC)-Gaussian mixture model (GMM)- hidden Markov model (HMM) workflow that identifies locally stationary zones sharing similar statistical properties in logs, and then propagates zonation information from training wells to other wells (Jain, et al., 2019). The workflow is divided into two (2) main steps: training and prediction. Key wells which best represent the formation in the field are used to train the model. This approach automatically generates the number of cluster (class) using unsupervised or supervised depending on the input data. The model from key wells data is then used to reconstruct inputs and outputs along with uncertainty and outlier flags. This allows expert to QC and validate the generated class which is the most crucial part of the workflow. Once the model from the key wells has been built, it is applied to predict the same set of zones in the new wells that require interpretation and predict output curves.

The result matched well over the good data interval with the petrophysical interpretation result from conventional approach. While in the bad interval, some discrepancies can be observed. The discrepancy was identified easily from the uncertainty and outlier flags which helps petrophysicists to identify which interval to fix or re-evaluate. Some requirements to condition the input were observed (no missing value over the input and outlier) to get the best result. A number of inputs used in the model need to be consistent over the set of wells used in the training and prediction target. This machine learning workflow speeds-up the petrophysical analysis process, reduce analyst bias and improve consistency result between one well to another within the same field. This machine learning application can also generate auto log QC, zonation class for rock typing also reconstructed logs which enrich the petrophysical interpretation even for wells with limited logs availability.

This paper offers practical examples and lessons learned of CBML approach application to perform petrophysical evaluation and identify potential zones while being in time-constrained and limited resource situations.
A New Productivity Prediction Hybrid Model for Multi-Fractured Horizontal Wells in Tight Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Tao Liang , Guo Jianchun , Li Zhijun , Wang Xuanyi , Yang Shubo , Shi Kun , Zhao Yuhang , Zhao Zhihong
Published: October 2021

Single well productivity is an important index to evaluate the effect of volume fracturing. However, there are many factors affecting the productivity of Multi-fractured horizontal wells (MFHWs) in unconventional reservoirs and the relationship is complex, which makes productivity prediction very difficult. In this paper, taking the tight oil reservoir in Songliao Basin as the research object, a new mixed model of initial cumulative oil production of MFHWs was established, which can consider the geological factors and volume fracturing factors at the same time. Firstly, based on the big data, the multi-level evaluation system was established by using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Then, the weight factor was calculated to uncover key factors that dominate productivity of MFHWs. Finally, the fuzzy logic method was used to calculate the Euclidean distance and quantitatively predict the production of any horizontal wells. The simulation results shown that: the order of the main factors affecting production in the study area was horizontal section sandstone length, number of stages, formation pressure, proppant amount, net pay thickness, permeability, porosity, oil saturation, fracturing fluid volume. The hybrid model has been applied to the productivity prediction of 185 MFHWs in tight oil reservoirs in China, the prediction error was less than 5%. The new model can be used to predict production for MFHWs quickly and economically.