bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A multi-platform investigation of midlatitude sporadic E and its ties to E–F coupling and meteor activity
Authors: Helmboldt Joseph
Published: May 2016

Abstract. This paper describes the results of a multi-platform observing campaign aimed at studying midlatitude sporadic E (Es) and associated ionospheric phenomena. The assets used were the digisonde in Boulder, Colorado; the first station of the Long Wavelength Array, LWA1, in New Mexico; the transmitters of the radio station WWV in Colorado; and 61 continuously operating GPS receivers between LWA1 and WWV. The results show that southwestward-directed medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) were substantially more prevalent when Es was detected. The amplitudes of these correlate with a plasma frequency up to about 4.5 MHz. For fp ≳ 5 MHz, the MSTIDs become significantly weaker and basically vanish above  ∼ 6.5 MHz. The prevalence of meteor trail reflections observed with LWA1 also correlates with fp up to about 4.5 MHz; above this limit, the relationship exhibits a significant turnover. The observed intensity of coherent backscatter from Es field-aligned irregularities (FAIs) also correlates with inferred plasma frequency. However, this trend continues to higher frequencies with a peak near 6 MHz, followed by a much more subtle turnover. The reflected power from Es structures observed with LWA1 is significantly more correlated on spatial scales between 10 and 40 km. The magnitude of this correlation increases with fp up to  ∼  6 MHz, above which it drops. These results are consistent with the following: (1) southwestward-directed MSTIDs are produced via E–F coupling; (2) this coupling is stronger when the Es layer, seeded by meteor ablation, is more dense; (3) the coupling is substantially diminished for Es layers harboring extremely dense structures (fp ≳ 5 MHz).
Change in coccolith size and morphology due to response to temperature and salinity in coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta) isolated from the Bering and Chukchi seas
Authors: Saruwatari Kazuko , Satoh Manami , Harada Naomi , Suzuki Iwane , Shiraiwa Yoshihiro
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Strains of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta) collected from the subarctic North Pacific and Arctic oceans in 2010 were established as clone cultures and have been maintained in the laboratory at 15 °C and 32 ‰ salinity. To study the physiological responses of coccolith formation to changes in temperature and salinity, growth experiments and morphometric investigations were performed on two strains, namely MR57N isolated from the northern Bering Sea and MR70N at the Chukchi Sea. This is the first report of a detailed morphometric and morphological investigation of Arctic Ocean coccolithophore strains. The specific growth rates at the logarithmic growth phases in both strains markedly increased as temperature was elevated from 5 to 20 °C, although coccolith productivity (estimated as the percentage of calcified cells) was similar at 10–20 % at all temperatures. On the other hand, the specific growth rate of MR70N was affected less by changes in salinity in the range 26–35 ‰, but the proportion of calcified cells decreased at high and low salinities. According to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, coccolith morphotypes can be categorized into Type B/C on the basis of their biometrical parameters. The central area elements of coccoliths varied from thin lath type to well-calcified lath type when temperature was increased or salinity was decreased, and coccolith size decreased simultaneously. Coccolithophore cell size also decreased with increasing temperature, although the variation in cell size was slightly greater at the lower salinity level. This indicates that subarctic and arctic coccolithophore strains can survive in a wide range of seawater temperatures and at lower salinities with change in their morphology. Because all coccolith biometric parameters followed the scaling law, the decrease in coccolith size was caused simply by the reduced calcification. Taken together, our results suggest that calcification productivity may be used to predict future oceanic environmental conditions in the polar regions.
Sediment characteristics as an important factor for revealing carbon storage in Zostera marina meadows: a comparison of four European areas
Authors: Dahl Martin , Deyanova Diana , Gütschow Silvia , Asplund Maria E. , Lyimo Liberatus D. , Karamfilov Ventzislav , Santos Rui , Björk Mats , Gullström Martin
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The seagrass ecosystem is an important natural carbon sink but the efficiency varies greatly depending on species composition and environmental conditions. What causes this variation is not fully known and could have important implications for management and protection of the seagrass habitat to continue to act as a natural carbon sink. Here, we assessed sedimentary organic carbon in Zostera marina meadows (and adjacent unvegetated sediment) in four areas of Europe (Gullmar Fjord on the Swedish west coast, Askö in the Baltic Sea, Sozopol in Black Sea and Ria Formosa in southern Portugal) down to ~ 35 cm depth. We also tested how sedimentary organic carbon in Z. marina meadows relates to different sediment characteristics, a range of seagrass-associated variables and water depth. The carbon storage varied both among and within areas, where the Gullmar Fjord had a 15 times higher carbon storage compared to Askö and Sozopol. We found that high carbon content in Z. marina sediment is strongly related to a high proportion of fine grain size, high porosity and low density of the sediment. We suggest that sediment characteristics should be highlighted as an important factor when evaluating high priority areas in management of Z. marina generated carbon sinks.
Dynamic INtegrated Gap-filling and partitioning for OzFlux (DINGO)
Authors: Beringer Jason , McHugh Ian , Hutley Lindsay B. , Isaac Peter , Kljun Natascha
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Standardised, quality-controlled and robust data from flux networks underpin the understanding of ecosystem processes and tools necessary to support the management of natural resources including water, carbon and nutrients for environmental and production benefits. The Australian regional flux network (OzFlux) currently has 23 active sites and aims to provide a continental-scale national research facility to monitor and assess Australia's terrestrial biosphere and climate for improved predictions. Given the need for standardised and effective data processing of flux data we have developed a software suite called the Dynamic INtegrated Gap-filling and partitioning for OzFlux (DINGO) that enables gap-filling and partitioning of the primary fluxes into ecosystem respiration and gross primary productivity and subsequently provides diagnostics and results. We outline the processing pathways and methodologies that are applied in DINGO (v12a) to OzFlux data including 1) gap-filling of meteorological and other drivers; 2) gap-filling of fluxes using artificial neural networks; 3) the u* threshold determination; 4) partitioning into ecosystem respiration and gross primary productivity; and 5) diagnostic, summary and results outputs. Opportunities remain for DINGO to incorporate robust measurements of uncertainty for application in land management and carbon accounting. In addition, footprint information is crucial in understanding and interpreting the scale and spatial influence of flux measurements. Both these features are scheduled for the next release (v13) but are detailed here. DINGO was developed for Australian data but the framework is applicable to any flux data or regional network. Quality data from robust systems like DINGO ensure the utility and uptake of the flux data and facilitates synergies between flux, remote sensing and modelling.
Sea ice and pollution-modulated changes in Greenland ice core methanesulfonate and bromine
Authors: Maselli O. J. , Chellman N. J. , Grieman M. , Layman L. , McConnell J. R. , Pasteris D. , Rhodes R. H. , Saltzman E. , Sigl M.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Reconstruction of past changes in Arctic sea ice extent may be critical for understanding its future evolution. Methanesulphonate (MSA) and bromine concentrations preserved in ice cores have both been proposed as indicators of past sea ice conditions. In this study, two ice cores from central and NE Greenland were analysed at sub-annual resolution for MSA (CH3SO3H) and bromine, covering the time period 1750–2010. We examine correlations between ice core MSA and the HadISST1 ICE sea ice dataset and consult back-trajectories to infer the likely source regions. A strong correlation between the low frequency MSA and bromine records during preindustrial times indicates that both chemical species are likely linked to processes occurring on or near sea ice in the same source regions. The positive correlation between ice core MSA and bromine persists until the mid-20th century, when the acidity of Greenland ice begins to increase markedly due to increased fossil fuel emissions. After that time, MSA levels decrease as a result of declining sea ice extent but bromine levels increase. We consider several possible explanations and ultimately suggest that increased acidity, specifically nitric acid, of snow on sea ice stimulates the release of reactive Br from sea ice, resulting in increased transport and deposition on the Greenland ice sheet.
Actors and networks in resource conflict resolution under climate change in rural Kenya
Authors: Ngaruiya Grace W. , Scheffran Jürgen
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The change from consensual decision-making arrangements into centralized hierarchical chieftaincy schemes through colonization disrupted many rural conflict resolution mechanisms in Africa. In addition, climate change impacts on land use have introduced additional socio-ecological factors that complicate rural conflict dynamics. Despite the current urgent need for conflict-sensitive adaptation, resolution efficiency of these fused rural institutions has hardly been documented. In this context, we analyse the Loitoktok network for implemented resource conflict resolution structures and identify potential actors to guide conflict-sensitive adaptation. This is based on social network data and processes that are collected using the saturation sampling technique to analyse mechanisms of brokerage. We find that there are three different forms of fused conflict resolution arrangements that integrate traditional institutions and private investors in the community. To effectively implement conflict-sensitive adaptation, we recommend the extension officers, the council of elders, local chiefs and private investors as potential conduits of knowledge in rural areas. In conclusion, efficiency of these fused conflict resolution institutions is aided by the presence of holistic resource management policies and diversification in conflict resolution actors and networks.
Ecological survey of the native pinewoods of Scotland 1971
Authors: Wood Claire M. , Bunce Robert G. H.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. In 1971, a comprehensive ecological survey of the native pinewoods of Scotland was carried out by the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. The survey was initiated as a consequence of growing concern about the status of the pinewood resource. Since the twentieth century, this unique habitat is widely recognised, not only by ecologists for its inherent biodiversity but also by the general public for its cultural and amenity value. The survey, utilising demonstrably repeatable methods, collected information on ground flora, soils, forest structure and also general site information from the major 27 sites of the 35 sites identified as truly native pinewoods in Scotland. The results from the survey prompted the organisation of an international symposium in 1975, which set the conservation agenda for the old Caledonian pinewoods. The data collected during the 1971 survey are now publicly available via the following DOI: doi:10/7xb ("Habitat, vegetation, tree and soil data from Native Pinewoods in Scotland, 1971"). Although the data are now 44 years old, the repeatable methods will allow for a resurvey to take place, in order to assess changes in the vegetation, habitats and tree composition in a statistically robust manner.
Editorial Note
Authors: Heipke C.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. A case of plagiarism: This editorial note regards the formally withdrawn article "Documentation, Multi-scale and Multi-dimensional Representation of Cultural Heritage for the Policies of Redevelopment, Development and Regeneration".
A compact readout platform for spectral-optical sensors
Authors: Wuchrer Roland , Amrehn Sabrina , Liu Luhao , Wagner Thorsten , Härtling Thomas
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The continuous monitoring of industrial and environmental processes is becoming an increasingly important aspect with both economic and societal impact. So far, spectral-optical sensors with their outstanding properties in terms of sensitivity and reliability have not been considered as a potential solution because of the cost-intensive and bulky readout hardware. Here we present a card-size, inexpensive, and robust readout platform based on a wavelength-sensitive photodiode. In test and characterization experiments we achieved a wavelength shift resolution of better than 0.1 nm and a detection limit of 0.001 AU for ratiometric measurements. We furthermore discuss the capability and current limitations of our readout unit in context with interrogation experiments we performed with a photonic crystal-based fluid sensor. In sum we expect the presented readout platform to foster the exploitation of spectral-optical sensor technology for gas monitoring, chemical analytics, biosensing and many others fields.
Statistical model for economic damage from pluvial floods in Japan using rainfall data and socioeconomic parameters
Authors: Bhattarai Rajan , Yoshimura Kei , Seto Shinta , Nakamura Shinichiro , Oki Taikan
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The assessment of flood risk is important for policymakers to evaluate damage and for disaster preparation. Large population densities and high property concentration make cities more vulnerable to floods and having higher absolute damage per year. A number of major cities in the world suffer from flood inundation damage every year. In Japan, approximately USD 1 billion in damage occurs annually due to pluvial floods only. The amount of damage was typically large in large cities, but regions with lower population density tended to have more damage per capita. Our statistical approach gives the probability of damage following every daily rainfall event and thereby the annual damage as a function of rainfall, population density, topographical slope and gross domestic product. Our results for Japan show reasonable agreement with area-averaged annual damage for the period 1993–2009. We report a damage occurrence probability function and a damage cost function for pluvial flood damage, which makes this method flexible for use in future scenarios and also capable of being expanded to different regions.
Regional impacts of global change: seasonal trends in extreme rainfall, run-off and temperature in two contrasting regions of Morocco
Authors: Khomsi Kenza , Mahe Gil , Tramblay Yves , Sinan Mohamed , Snoussi Maria
Published: May 2016

Abstract. In Morocco, socio-economic activities are highly vulnerable to extreme weather events. This study investigates trends in mean and extreme rainfall, run-off and temperature, as well as their relationship with large-scale atmospheric circulation. It focuses on two Moroccan watersheds: the subhumid climate region of Bouregreg in the north and the semi-arid region of Tensift in the south, using data from 1977 to 2003. The study is based on a set of daily temperature, precipitation and run-off time series retrieved from weather stations in the two regions. Results do not show a homogeneous behaviour in the two catchments; the influence of the large-scale atmospheric circulation is different and a clear spatial dependence of the trend analysis linked to the distance from the coast and the mountains can be observed. Overall, temperature trends are mostly positive in the studied area, while weak statistically significant trends can be identified in seasonal rainfall, extreme rainfall events, average run-off and extreme run-off events.
The street, an area exposed to earthquakes (the Lorca case, Spain 2011)
Authors: B. Rojo M. , Beck E. , Lutoff C.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The Lorca earthquake (Spain, 11-05-2011) caused considerable damages, including a building collapse. This earthquake killed 9 persons affected outside the buildings, on the street, and more than 300 people injured. Studying this specific human exposure requires an adapted methodolgy. This article proposes a dynamic and spatio-temporal approach of individual mobility during the seismic crisis. Its application on Lorca case shows spatial and temporal variability of individual exposure level in the street during the hours following the shake. Not really studied until now, this specific human exposure deserves more attention particularly in zones of moderate seismicity, like Euromediterranean area.
Switchgrass ecotypes alter microbial contribution to deep-soil C
Authors: Roosendaal Damaris , Stewart Catherine E. , Denef Karolien , Follett Ronald F. , Pruessner Elizabeth , Comas Louise H. , Varvel Gary E. , Saathoff Aaron , Palmer Nathan , Sarath Gautam , Jin Virginia L. , Schmer Marty , Soundararajan Madhavan
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a C4, perennial grass that is being developed as a bioenergy crop for the United States. While aboveground biomass production is well documented for switchgrass ecotypes (lowland, upland), little is known about the impact of plant belowground productivity on microbial communities down deep in the soil profiles. Microbial dynamics in deeper soils are likely to exert considerable control on ecosystem services, including C and nutrient cycles, due to their involvement in such processes as soil formation and ecosystem biogeochemistry. Differences in root biomass and rooting characteristics of switchgrass ecotypes could lead to distinct differences in belowground microbial biomass and microbial community composition. We quantified root abundance and root architecture and the associated microbial abundance, composition, and rhizodeposit C uptake for two switchgrass ecotypes using stable-isotope probing of microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) after 13CO2 pulse–chase labeling. Kanlow, a lowland ecotype with thicker roots, had greater plant biomass above- and belowground (g m−2), greater root mass density (mg cm−3), and lower specific root length (m g−1) compared to Summer, an upland ecotype with finer root architecture. The relative abundance of bacterial biomarkers dominated microbial PLFA profiles for soils under both Kanlow and Summer (55.4 and 53.5 %, respectively; P  =  0.0367), with differences attributable to a greater relative abundance of Gram-negative bacteria in soils under Kanlow (18.1 %) compared to soils under Summer (16.3 %; P  =  0.0455). The two ecotypes also had distinctly different microbial communities process rhizodeposit C: greater relative atom % 13C excess in Gram-negative bacteria (44.1 ± 2.3 %) under the thicker roots of Kanlow and greater relative atom % 13C excess in saprotrophic fungi under the thinner roots of Summer (48.5 ± 2.2 %). For bioenergy production systems, variation between switchgrass ecotypes could alter microbial communities and impact C sequestration and storage as well as potentially other belowground processes.
Assessment of Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice Predictability in CMIP5 Decadal Hindcasts
Authors: Yang Chao-Yuan , Liu Jiping , Hu Yongyun , Horton Radley M. , Chen Liqi , Cheng Xiao
Published: May 2016

Abstract. This paper examines the ability of coupled global climate models to predict decadal variability of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice. We analyze decadal hindcasts/predictions of 11 CMIP5 models. Decadal hindcasts exhibit a large multi-model spread in the simulated sea ice extent, with some models deviating significantly from the observations. For the models having large biases and using full-field initialization, the predicted sea ice extent quickly drifts away from the initial constraint, deteriorating the decadal predictive skill. The anomaly correlation analysis between the decadal hindcast and observed sea ice suggests that in the Arctic, for most models, the areas showing significant predictive skill become broader associated with increasing lead times. This area expansion is largely because nearly all the models are capable of predicting the observed decreasing Arctic sea ice cover. Sea ice extent in the north Pacific has better predictive skill than that in the north Atlantic (particularly at a lead-time of 3–7 years), but there is a re-emerging predictive skill in the north Atlantic at a lead-time of 6–8 years. In contrast to the Arctic, Antarctic sea ice decadal hindcasts do not show broad predictive skill at any time scales, and there is no obvious improvement linking the areal extent of significant predictive skill to lead-time increase. This might be because nearly all the models predict a retreating Antarctic sea ice cover, opposite to the observations. For the Arctic, the predictive skill of the MMEE outperforms most models and the persistence prediction at longer time scales, which is not the case for the Antarctic.
NESTEROIDINIŲ VAISTŲ NUO UŽDEGIMO VARTOJIMO YPATUMAI: VISUOMENĖS ŽINIŲ, ELGESIO IR POŽIŪRIO ĮVERTINIMAS
Authors: Obeleniūtė Marija , Adomaitienė Aida , Daveckaitė Justina , Pavydė Eglė , Sveikata Audrius
Published: May 2016

Iki šiol Lietuvoje nebuvo atlikta tyrimų, kurie vertintų visuomenės žinias apie NVNU. Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo įvertinti nesteroidinių vaistų nuo uždegimo vartojimo ypatumus, visuomenės žinias apie šiuos vaistus bei elgesį juos vartojant. Atliktas perspektyvinis momentinis stebėjimo tyrimas, jam atlikti pasirinktas anoniminės apklausos metodas. Tyrimo insturmentas – originalus klausimynas, sudarytas iš 5 dalių, 22 klausimų. Aprašomoji ir lyginamoji statistinė duomenų analizė atlikta statistiniu paketu SPSS Statistics 17.0. Rezultatai laikyti statistiškai patikimais, kai patikimumo koeficientas p<0,05. Nors tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad NVNU yra labai dažnai vartojami vaistiniai preparatai, tačiau visuomenės žinios apie šiuos vaistus nėra pakankamos. Daugiau nei pusės apklaustųjų žinios apie NVNU buvo vidutinės arba silpnos (55.7 proc.). Dažniausiai vartojami NVNU yra ibuprofenas, diklofenakas ir nimesulidas. Savigyda NVNU yra plačiai paplitęs reiškinys, galintis nulemti neracionalų NVNU vartojimą ir grėsmę pacientų saugumui. Gydytojai ir vaistininkai turėtų skirti daugiau laiko konsultuodami pacientus apie NVNU racionalų vartojimą, saugumą bei galimas nepageidaujamas reakcijas, skirdami ar išduodami šiuos vaistinius preparatus.
Nepalankių kraujotakos reakcijų išsivystymo prognozavimas ir paciento kūno padėties įtaka širdies minutiniam tūriui mažųjų anorektalinių operacijų metu
Authors: Borodičienė Jurgita , Gudaitytė Jūratė , Macas Andrius
Published: May 2016

Tikslas. Nustatyti pradinio širdies minutinio tūrio, matuojamo impedanso kardiografijos metodu, ribą, leidžiančią prognozuoti nepalankių kraujotakos reakcijų, sąlygotų paciento kūno padėties pokyčių, vystymąsi anorektalinių operacijų, atliekamų mažos dozės vietinių anestetikų spinalinėje nejautroje, metu pacientams, sergantiems lydimąja kardiovaskuline patologija.Darbo metodika. Perspektyvusis, stebimasis, klinikinis tyrimas, į kurį įtraukti 48 pacientai, įvertinti ASA 3 funkcinės būklės klase, turintys lydimąją kardiovaskulinę patologiją, stacionarizuoti mažajai anorektalinei operacijai, kuri atlikta mažos vietinių anestetikų dozės spinalinėje nejautroje. Iš jų 3 pacientai į vėlesnį tyrimą neįtraukti dėl įtraukimo kriterijų neatitikimo. Pacientai užklijuotų vokų metodo pagalba, atsitiktine tvarka buvo suskirstyti į dvi grupes: I grupė (n=24), tai pacientai, kuriems operacija atlikta paguldžius į lenktinio peilio padėtį, II grupė (n=24) – pacientai, kuriems operacija atlikta paguldžius į litotomijos padėtį. Operacijos metu buvo stebimi ir registruojami standartiniai rodikliai: širdies susitraukimų dažnis, elektrokardiograma, arterinis kraujo spaudimas bei impedanso kardiografijos parametrai: širdies minutinis tūris, sistolinis tūris, sisteminis kraujagyslių pasipriešinimas. Spinalinė anestezija buvo atlikta sušvirkščiant į subarachnoidinį tarpą 0,8ml (4mg) 0,5proc. hiperbarinio bupivakaino ir 0,2ml (10μg) fentanilo. Rezultatai. Širdies susitraukimų dažnis ir vidurinis arterinis kraujo spaudimas tarp grupių ir grupės viduje nesiskyrė (p>0,05). Širdies minutinis tūris statistiškai reikšmingai sumažėjo nuo pradinio 6,2±1,4 l/min. iki 3,1±0,9 l/min. pacientą paguldžius į lenktinio peilio padėtį ir išliko sumažėjęs operacijos pradžioje (3,0±0,8 l/min.) bei pabaigoje (3,1±0,7 l/ min.). Atitinkamai skirtumas tarp I ir II grupių paguldžius į operacijos padėtį buvo 3,7 l/min., operacijos pradžioje - 3,3 l/min. ir operacijos pabaigoje - 3,1 l/min. (p<0.05). Atlikus diskriminantinę analizę nustatėme, jog pradinė širdies minutinio tūrio riba, kuriai esant tikėtina, kad paguldžius pacientą į lenktinio peilio padėtį širdies minutinis tūris bus mažesnis nei 3,0 l/min., yra <5,94 l/min. Išvados. Lenktinio peilio padėtis anorektalinių operacijų metu veikia širdies minutinio tūrio sumažėjimą. Pacientams, įvertintiems ASA 3 klase dėl kardiovaskulinės patologijos, širdies minutinis tūris sumažės iki < 3,0 l/min., pacientą operacijos metu paguldžius į lenktinio peilio padėtį, esant pradiniam širdies minutiniam tūriui < 5,94 l/min.
Sintetinio oksitocino naudojimo gimdymo veiklos sužadinimui ir skatinimui sąsajos su vaikų iki 1,5 m. amžiaus emocijų ir elgesio sunkumais
Authors: Jasiulionė Jurgita Smiltė , Jusienė Roma , Markūnienė Eglė
Published: May 2016

Nors sintetinis oksitocinas plačiai naudojamas sužadinti ir skatinti gimdymą, jo galimas poveikis psichosocialinei kūdikių ir mažų vaikų raidai nėra pakankamai tyrinėjamas. Šio tyrimo tikslas: nustatyti, ar ir kaip oksitocino vartojimas sužadinti bei skatinti gimdymo veiklą siejasi su vaikų iki 1,5 metų amžiaus emocijų ir elgesio sunkumais. Tęstiniame tyrime dalyvavo 161 vaikas, gimęs mažos rizikos gimdymo metu natūraliais gimdymo takais ir jų motinos. 3 ir 6 mėnesių kūdikių probleminiam elgesiui vertinti naudota motinos nuomonės apie kūdikio probleminį elgesį skalė (6). Pusantrų metų amžiaus vaikų elgesio ir emociniai sunkumai vertinti Vaikų elgesio aprašu (CBCL/1½-5, Achenbach & Rescorla, 2000). Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad vaikai, gimę oksitocino sužadinto ar skatinamo gimdymo metu, motinų vertinimu 3 mėn. amžiaus pasižymi menkesniu domėjimusi tuo, kas vyksta aplinkui, kai yra budrūs, 6 mėn. amžiaus – dažniau nei jų bendraamžiai įsitempia ar verkia paėmus ant rankų ar perrengiant, o 1,5 m. turi daugiau užsisklendimo elgesio apraiškų. Net ir įvertinus galimai susijusių veiksnių reikšmę, tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad oksitocino naudojimas gimdymo sužadinimui gali prisidėti prie anksti pasireiškiančių specifinių raidos sunkumų.
SACRAL NEUROMODULATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF FAECAL INCONTINENCE: FIRST STEPS IN LITHUANIA
Authors: Švagždys Saulius , Vilčinskas Mantas , Vencius Justinas , Radžiūnas Andrius
Published: May 2016

Two female patients with faecal incontinence resistant to conservative treatment but improved after percutaneous tibial nerve neuromodulation were treated with sacral nerve neuromodulation in 2014. Quality of Life questionnaires were used in order to determine the impact of faecal incontinence on everyday life before and after the implantation of the stimulator. To evaluate the functional state, Wexner’s questionnaires were applied. Bowel movement diary was used to detect the improvement of faecal continence before and after temporary and permanent neuromodulation. The data were analyzed using a Statistical Package for Social Sciences program (SPSS, version 22.0). All values were given as mean ± SD. P-values less than 0.05 were accepted to indicate statistical significance. Both patients had a reduction in episodes of incontinence and soiling during a 3 week temporary nerve stimulation period as well as during 3 week followup after permanent stimulator implantation. Statistically significant elevation of faecal urgency frequency (p=0.031) was observed during temporary nerve stimulation. Reduction of episodes of faecal incontinence (p=0.001) and soiling (p=0.000) was observed after permanent stimulator implantation. Both patients presented an improvement in lifestyle, coping, depression and embarrassment as well as an improvement in functional state 3 weeks after the beginning of sacral nerve stimulation. Conclusions: The first results of sacral neuromodulation in patients with faecal incontinence are excellent and very promising. What does this paper add to the literature? The article describes the first Lithuanian experience applying the sacral nerve neuromodulation to treat faecal incontinence.
MicroRNA (miRNA) in food resources and medicinal plant
Authors: Ražná Katarí­na , Bežo Milan , Hlavačková Lucia , Žiarovská Jana , Miko Marián , Gažo Ján , Habán Miroslav
Published: May 2016

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of 19 - 24 nucleotide long non-coding RNAs derived from hairpin precursors, regulating various biological, metabolic and developmental processes at the post-transcriptional level. Many of the known miRNAs are evolutionary conserved across diverse plant species and function in the regulatory control of fundamentally important biological processes. It is known that exogenous plant miRNAs specifically target approximately 30% of protein-coding genes in mammals. The research was focused to analyze the occurrence of selected families of miRNAs (miR156, miR168 and miR171) in less used species but nutritionally important plant food resources (flax and medlar) and medicinal plant (milk thistle). The analyses were done by two individual approaches, by (a) miRNA-based molecular markers - as a novel type of functional markers and (b) qualitative Real-Time PCR. The expression pattern of selected miRNAs was analyzed depending on various plant tissues and developmental stages. Results have confirmed the significance and reliability of novel type of markers based on miRNA molecules as well as the species-specific and tissues-specific expression patterns of plants miRNAs. Significant polymorphism profile of miR156b was detected in various flax tissues of genotypes varying in the content of alpha-linolenic acid. Conclusions indicate that the variable behavior of the miRNA molecules, depending on various factors, may reflect the variability of the gene expression regulation of the human genome.  The exploitation of the background of miRNA functioning within different species and plant tissues will help us to understand the molecular machinery as well as the regulatory mechanisms involved in the expression of miRNAs in plants and consequently in human genome.
Effects of cross-linking modification with phosphoryl chloride (POCl3) on pysiochemical properties of barley starch
Authors: Malekpour Zahra , Hojatoleslamy Mohammad , Molavi Hooman , Keramat Javad , Yazdi Amirpouya Ghandehari , Shariati Mohammad Ali
Published: May 2016

Chemical methods are one of the comon method in starch modification. This study aimed at investigating of cross-link affection of phosphoryl chloride with two different levels 0.5 and 1g.kg-1 in order to enhance funciotnal proeprties and physiochemical changes on extracted starch from barley variety Bahman which cultivates in Chahr-Mahal Bakhtiari Province of Iran. Obtained results indicated that cross-linking leads to reduce sweeling power of strach granuls compred to natural starch and the amount of reduciton increase via the substitituin level. Powerfull cross-linkingnetween starch chains casue more resistance of granules to seweeling which is increased by means of cross-linking dgree. Additioally,  investigationresults from synersis revealed that releasing water percentage in cross-linked starches increase in comparison to natural starches and this amount depends onthe amount of cross-link surface with a significantly difference in (α <0.05). Gelatinization temperature in both levels negligibly increased by modification where in low level of cross-linking was more. Furthermoe evaluating gelation temperatures of both natural and cross-linked modified starches showed that addition of phosphate groups in starch and creating extra coovalent bonds make granues more compressed reulting in slight increase of To, Tp, Tcin barley starch. Icreasing of temperature observed more in less concentration of cross-links. Evaluation of viscosity changes also revealed that this modification depending on increasing the amount of Phosphoryl Chloride led to increasing peak temperature, diminish peak and setback viscosity. Result also exhibited that in morphological level, cross-link causes to incidence changes in particles' diameter size. The comparison of diameter average and frequency between natural starch and cross-links starch exhibited that in cross-linkd treatment with 0.5% phosphoryl chloride, increase in frequency of granules with diameter of 6 - 10µm and >20 µm obersced. While frequency of granules with diamater size of 2 - 6 µm and 10 - 20 µm has been reduced to 0 which create bigger granules.
Investigate the Origin of the Components of Self-Determination Theory in Naturalism Thought
Authors: Maralani Farnaz Mehdipour , Hoseini Afzal Sadat
Published: May 2016

The need for competence sense, autonomy and relatedness are the needs if are supplied have a significant impact in the individual’s mental health. For a true understanding of the needs, the need to identifying is its thinking base. In this paper in the descriptive- analysis method, this intellectual infrastructure is proposed as naturalism and the origins and theoretical foundations self-determination on the basis of intellectual self-deploy, so it can be done if naturalism raising children are investigated on the basis of the infrastructure intellectual needs and as a result of it, if a child be educated by naturalism method can be effective on physiological and basis needs and as a result on self-determination of child. The naturalism doctrine can provide essential context to satisfy the basic psychological needs and thus self- determination. According to the doctrine of naturalism, intervention in nature must be appropriate to the stage of development that the child is at that stage, and it does not exceed, the intervention must be improved, not changer. Leave children to be free and the nature guide him the way he should go. Monitor his actions away. Give him tool feedback, not the executive one.
Black Like Me: Caribbean Tourism and the St. Kitts Music Festival
Authors: Baker Jessica
Published: May 2016

In recent years the St. Kitts Music Festival has become a platform for popular American, Jamaican, and a relatively small number of local Kittitian-Nevisian artists--a shift that mirrors the changing demographic of audiences who attend the festival. These contemporary artists represent the black faces of Caribbean tourism that have previously been unacknowledged within discussions of mass tourism in the Caribbean. This article questions the stability of categories such as tourist, local, and visitor by examining the St. Kitts Music Festival as an occasion for local engagement with American blackness as one aspect of modern Kittitian identity and Caribbean tourism.
On Hybridity in African Popular Music: The Case of Senegalese Hip Hop
Authors: Appert Catherine M.
Published: May 2016

This article critically considers the legacy of hybridity in African popular music studies and questions whether contemporary African engagements with diasporic popular musics like hip hop call for new interpretations of musical genre. Through ethnographic research with hip hoppers in Senegal, I explore how practices of musical intertextuality reinscribe global connections as diasporic ones and challenge the conditions for musical hybridity. I argue that the formal parameters of musical genre themselves constitute conscious and strategic social practice that situates human actors in local and global place.
Perceptions of Using Social Media as an ELT Tool among EFL Teachers in the Saudi Context
Authors: Allam Madawi , Elyas Tariq
Published: May 2016

Social media technologies have undeniably become an integral part of people’s lives and they have been widely used amonsgest the new genrations, particularly, university students. This widespread of social media technologies has certainly made a huge impact on the way people learn and interact with each other resulting in the emergence of communities of learning that are supported by collective intelligence. This study is based on quantitative methods using a survey instrument to gather descriptive data regarding the perceptions of seventy-five (n=75) randomly chosen male and female English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers at two Saudi tertiary institutions. The study utilized a 14 Likert scale statements where each statement had five Likert-type items for the participants to choose from. Analysis of the gathered data indicated that the majority of the participants believe strongly in the pedagoocal values and benefits of using social media as an ELT tool in the EFL classes in the Saudi context. Nevertheless, the majority expressed reservations with regards to the extent to which social media can be freely allowed to be used in the EFL classroom where they perceive it as having a double edged sword effect and that is mainly due to some undesired distractions that some students may resort to which may occasionaly result in the opposite of the intended effect of their usage. The study recommends more research studies in this area so as to closely understand how experienced EFL teachers utilize social media in their classes in order to develop best practices for implementing social media in teaching and learning in EFL in the Saudi contexts
Attitude toward Enhancing Extensive Listening through Podcasts Supplementary Pack
Authors: Alshaikhi Dalal , Madini Abeer Ahmed
Published: May 2016

To promote independent extensive listening, the aim of this study is to investigate Saudi preparatory level students’ and their teachers’ perception about podcasts’ criteria and contents to include in an extensive supplementary listening pack. An exploratory sequential design was adopted to collect data. The results of the focus group thematic analysis helped designing an online close-ended survey. The participants were 120 students and teachers sampled from the four proficiency levels of the English Language Institute (ELI) at King Abdulaziz University (KAU) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The findings of the study revealed that teachers were more familiar with the podcasts than students. Furthermore, all participants had a positive attitude toward using a listening instructional supplementary pack that can include few short authentic podcasts. They recommended using various challenging topics that are related to students’ interests and proficiency levels. This study contributes to the literature of integrating podcasts to enhance extensive listening. It recommends designing an extensive listening supplementary pack based on Vandergrift and Goh’s (2012) metacognitive approach and testing its suitability for application.
The millipede genus Tylopus Jeekel, 1968 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae), with a key and descriptions of eight new species from Indochina
Authors: Likhitrakarn Natdanai , Golovatch Sergei I. , Panha Somsak
Published: May 2016

The Indochinese to southern Chinese millipede genus Tylopus currently comprises 62 species, including eight new ones: T. flavolineatus sp. nov., T. hongkhraiensis sp. nov. from central and northern Thailand, respectively, T. moniliformis sp. nov., T. retusus sp. nov., T. acuminatus sp. nov., T. dorsalis sp. nov., T. thunghaihin sp. nov., all from Laos, and T. punctus sp. nov. from northern Myanmar. A new record of T. baenzigeri Golovatch & Enghoff, 1993, from northern Thailand is given. All these species are richly illustrated, and a modified key to all known species of the genus is also provided.
A formação inicial no curso de artes visuais da UFSM: envolvimentos de estagiários e orientadores
Authors: Agostini Sandra
Published: May 2016

Este artigo é um texto proveniente de uma pesquisa que realizei entre os anos 2006 e 2007, referente ao processo de organização e desenvolvimento de Estágios Curriculares em Cursos de Licenciatura da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), procurando contribuir com sugestões, subsídios e parâmetros para que haja melhorias no processo de organização e desenvolvimento de Estágios Curriculares em Cursos de Licenciatura. Neste artigo, em particular, estudamos apenas o Curso de Licenciatura em Artes Visuais da UFSM, buscando caracterizar o processo de organização e desenvolvimento do EstágioCurricular a partir das "visões" dos vinte e três (23) alunos estagiários e do professor orientador de estágios inseridos neste curso. Como fontes de informação, utilizei questionários de perguntas abertas e grupo de discussão, junto aos alunos estagiários e entrevista estruturada junto ao professor orientador de estágios. Constatei que, o Curso apresenta carga horária pouco superior a prevista pela legislação vigente para as atividades de Estágio Curricular. No geral, todos os alunos estagiários tiveram um bom relacionamento com o professor orientador de estágio, foram orientados para conseguirem sua vaga de estágio na escola, foram bem recebidos pelas escolas que possuem tradição em recebê-los, consideraram sua formação inicial como um momento importante de aprendizagem, e elegeram às disciplinas de "Conhecimento de conteúdo específico" como as que mais contribuíram para a realização dos estágios. Porém, relataram que as escolas não os acompanharam no desenvolvimento do estágio, e, sobretudo, não mostraram preocupação em auxiliar os estagiários em formação, o que indica não haver ações interativas entre as Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) e as Escolas de Educação Básica (EEB) relativamente comprometidas no processo de Formação Inicial de Professores.
Corpos em deslocamento: sobre o percurso criativo da obra de Carlos Vergara
Authors: Santini Renata Favarin
Published: May 2016

Este artigo abriga algumas reflexões contidas em minha pesquisa de mestrado, referente à trajetória do artista Carlos Vergara. Neste texto, o enfoque é dado ao processo construtivo de três obras, São Miguel - Sagrado Coração, (Monotipia e pintura sobre lona crua), S.M. 4 (3D lenticular) e São Miguel - Piso VI (Monotipia sobre lona crua), iniciadas durante a intervenção do artista nas ruínas de São Miguel das Missões (2008). Como resultados, foi constatada a presença da linguagem fotográfica no processo dessas três obras, nas quais se evidenciam deslocamentos físicos. Quando deslocadas para o ambiente de exposição, essas obras sustentam tais deslocamentos, que se evidenciam por meio de monotipias. No entanto, a visualidade das obrasmuitas vezes encobre desdobramentos de outros deslocamentos, que se comprovam através da análise dos documentos de processo. Sendo assim, torna-se evidente a possibilidade de os deslocamentos contidos no processo das obras desagregarem sentido nas mesmas, possibilitando assim o surgimento de novos regimes de visibilidade.
Fontes imagéticas na poética de Andreas Gryphius
Authors: Brandão Antônio Jackson De Souza
Published: May 2016

Pretendemos refletir sobre a utilização de elementos imagéticos e suas fontes na Alemanha do século XVII e demonstrar que a literatura barroca não deve ser entendida como uma poética de experiências pessoais no sentido contemporâneo. Andreas Gryphius, como os artistas inseridos no contexto social do barroco alemão, estava imerso num mar de imagense tópicas, fazendo largo emprego dessas em seu trabalho poético. Para isso, utilizou como fonte de inspiração não só os auctoritas e os livros de emblemas que circulavam na Europa no século XVII, como também a Bíblia, já que o período também estava impregnado do elemento sacro.
Educação das artes visuais: corpo, subjetividades e diferenças na perspectiva da fotografia
Authors: Paz Thais Raquel da Silva
Published: May 2016

Este artigo trata da abordagem de questões sobre corpo e subjetividades do educando através da linguagem da fotografia no ensino de arte na escola. Partindo da idéia de que a fotografia tem uma presença habitual na vida das pessoas, seja em um álbum de família, em jornais, em revistas ou em páginas e blogs pessoais que circulam pela internet, a pesquisa buscou mostrar outra perspectiva da fotografia como inserção na educação das artes visuais. E a partir dela, problematizar com os educandos a necessidade de refletir o que e como representamos para a sociedade na qual vivemos.Palavras-chaveEducação das artes visuais, fotografia, corpo, subjetividade.
ECM+Génération2014 : pistes de réflexion sur la notion de style chez les compositeurs de la relève canadienne
Authors: Henry Symon
Published: May 2016

En 2014, l’Ensemble contemporain de Montréal (ECM+), dirigé par Véronique Lacroix, célébrait le 20e anniversaire du projet Génération, concours pancanadien bisannuel de composition. Cet article étudie les démarches des compositeurs qui ont participé à l’édition 2014 : Marie-Pierre Brasset (Québec), Alec Hall (Ontario/New-York), Evelin Ramon (Québec/La Havane) et Anthony Tan (Alberta/Berlin). Y sont proposées certaines bases de réflexion quant à la notion de style appliquée aux démarches de compositeurs de la relève liés à la scène canadienne de musique contemporaine.

L’article circonscrit d’abord l’idée de style telle qu’elle a été comprise dans le cadre de cet article. Est ensuite mise en perspective, grâce à cette définition de concept, les démarches des lauréats du projet ECM+ Génération2014. Ceux-ci partagent un certain dialecte stylistique, tout en ayant une forte volonté d’indépendance. On remarque particulièrement un positionnement fort, chez les quatre compositeurs, par rapport aux archétypes de la musique classique occidentale – comme le lyrisme traditionnel et l’expression personnelle. L’idée de recherche et d’expérimentation constante s’est aussi révélée être un angle d’approche important afin d’étudier la notion de style chez les quatre lauréats. L’expression personnelle a été le dernier enjeu majeur commun ayant émergé de cette étude. En conclusion, la prise en charge critique, par les compositeurs, de l’ensemble de contraintes qui définit leur donné stylistique, s’est révélé être un outil de création de sens puissant dans leur travail.
Accurate analysis of top gate effect of a typical triple-gate fin-type FET using three-dimensional device simulation
Authors: Tsutsumi Toshiyuki , Nakamura Takeshi , Yokoyama Norihiro , Fukuoka Shota
Published: May 2016

Triple-gate (TG) fin-type FETs (FinFETs) are used in advanced mass production of high-performance devices. The TG FinFET was developed from the double-gate (DG) FinFET by adding another gate for higher performance and lower variability. We analyzed the effect of the top gate of a typical TG FinFET using three-dimensional (3D) device simulation accurately for the first time. It was found that the top gate improves the drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) by 9%. The improvements of the threshold voltage (V
th) and ON current (I
on) were found to be as small as 5 and 7%, respectively. The improvement of subthreshold swing (SS) was very small at 1% despite our expectation. However, the OFF current (I
off) was substantially reduced by 28% contrary to our intuitive prediction. The top gate only slightly enhances the electrostatic controllability of the channel current, so the improvements of device performance are marginal except that it has a large effect on I
off reduction. It is therefore found that the biggest role of the top gate of a typical TG FinFET is substantially decreasing I
off. The reason for the I
off reduction is the increase in the bottleneck energy of the conduction band near the channel surface by 100 meV caused by the presence of the top gate. Since the large I
off reduction is very important to suppress power consumption, our new knowledge is beneficial to develop ultralow-power devices.