bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Mineralogy and Distribution of Zeolitic Tuffs in the Maramures Basin, Romania
Authors: Cochemé Jean-jacques , Leggo Peter J. , Damian Gheorghe , Fulop Alexandrina , Ledésert Béatrice , Grauby Olivier
Published: January 2004

The Maramures Basin, in the Carpathian mountain belt of northern Romania on the border with the Ukraine, belongs to the eastern part of the Pannonian Basin. In the study area, extensional tectonic movements during the Miocene were coeval with silicic and intermediate volcanism in the inner part of the Eastern Carpathians. Throughout this region, explosive events have resulted in the deposition of pyroclastic flows and ash-fall deposits interbedded with marine sediments.

Several tuff units of Badenian (15–13.6 Ma) age occurring throughout the area are extensively zeolitized. These rocks occur as massive homogeneous beds, white to pale greenish-blue, and are commonly extensively jointed. In the Bârsana-Calinesti area and along the Morii Valley, two conspicuous tuff units that can be traced over many km are separated by a calcareous sandstone bed. Most tuffs have a vitroclastic texture in which former glass shards are pseudomorphed by clay minerals and clinoptilolite. Opal-CT commonly occurs as clumps of radiating rods that produce a spherical morphology. Also, rare celadonite is found in the lower greenish tuffs. Pyrogenic crystal fragments are quartz, plagioclase and biotite. Folded muscovite plates and fragments of basement rocks are dominant among the lithic clasts. Above the Bârsana Formation, a second series of white zeolitized tuff, the Ocna Sugatag Formation, is represented by at least two different units overlying an evaporite salt deposit. A large outcrop of a massive white tuff at this locality contains abundant fine-grained clinoptilolite and cation-exchange capacity values of >160 meq/100 g. Clinoptilolite-Ca is also present in the Sighetu tuff unit in the northern part of the Maramures Basin where a distinctive horizon contains plant remains preserved in spherical concretions. Plant material and algal limestones in the same succession strongly suggest that the marine depositional environment was close inshore, and shallow-rather than deep-water conditions are inferred. A mineralogically similar, unaltered, volcanic tuff found in the Coas area suggests that the precursor glass was rhyolitic (72–74% SiO2) with a high-K calc-alkaline affinity. We conclude that pervasive zeolitization is due to the interaction between seawater and vitroclasts at an early stage after deposition.
Remediation of Cd- and Pb-Polluted Soil by Treatment with Organozeolite Conditioner
Authors: Coppola Elio , Battaglia Giampiero , Bucci Maria , Ceglie Donato , Colella Abner , Langella Alessio , Buondonno Andrea , Colella Carmine
Published: January 2004

The present work is part of a study focused on the use of organo-zeolite conditioner to remediate soil polluted by toxic elements. The Neapolitan yellow tuff (NYT) was utilized as a component of an organo-mineral sorbent/exchanger soil conditioner with pellet manure (NYT/PM) to reduce the mobility of Cd and Pb and recover plant performance in heavily polluted soils from illegal dumps near Santa Maria La Fossa (Lower Volturno river basin, Campania Region, southern Italy). Pot experiments were performed by adding the NYT/PM mixture (1:1, w/w) to polluted soil at the rates of 0%, 25%, 50% or 75% (w/w). Wheat (Triticum aestivum) was used as the test plant. The addition of organo-zeolite NYT/PM mixture significantly reduced the DTPA (diethylene-triamine-pentaaceti c acid)-extractable Cd and Pb from 1.01 and 97.5 mg kg−1 in the polluted soil, to 0.14 and 11.6 mg kg−1, respectively, in the soil amended with 75% NYT/PM. The best plant response was observed in amended soil systems treated with 25% NYT/PM, whereas larger additions induced plant toxicities due to increased soil salinity.
Effects of the Nature of the Exchangeable Cation and Clay Concentration on the Rheological Properties of Smectite Suspensions
Authors: Malfoy C. , Pantet A. , Monnet P. , Righi D.
Published: January 2004

The rheological characteristics of purified bentonite suspensions as a function of exchangeable cation <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest">(Ca2+,NH4+,Li+)$({\rm{C}}{{\rm{a}}^{2 + }},{\rm{NH}}_4^ + ,\;{\rm{L}}{{\rm{i}}^ + })$ are studied at three different clay concentrations (40 gL−1, 60 gL−1, 80 gL−1). A Herschel-Bulkley model is used to determine rheological parameters such as yield value, consistency and fluidification index. The flow curves are typical for shear thinning fluids but differ on two points; presence of yield stress and/or thixotropy. The Li suspensions are not yield stress fluid, and the thixotropy is weakly expressed only for the 80 gL−1 suspension. On the contrary, Ca-clay suspension flow curves always present yield stress and a large thixotropic area. The NH4-clay suspensions exhibit an intermediate behavior as there is no thixotropy, but a yield stress appears for the most concentrated suspension. These differences in macroscopic mechanical properties are discussed with reference to the suggested microscopic clay organization in suspension.
Alteration of Volcanic Rocks and Genesis of Kaolin Deposits in the Şile Region, Northern Istanbul, Turkey. I: Clay mineralogy
Authors: Ece O. Isik , Nakagawa Zenbe-E , Schroeder Paul A.
Published: January 2004

The Şile Region contains discontinuous, cyclic, thin coal beds and industrial clay deposits that were accumulated in lacustrine basins which received extensive volcanoclastic sediments due to transport of highly weathered calc-alkaline volcanic rocks. The Sülüklü area has the largest kaolin deposit in this region. Cyclic kaolinization depended on the degree of leaching of Si and alkalis in cyclic swamp environments and, therefore, kaolinite contents vary in each discontinuous lens-shaped clay bed and underclay within the basin. The kaolins comprise disordered kaolinite, illite, smectite, gibbsite, quartz, pyrite, anatase, K-feldspar and goethite. Depth-related changes in the distribution of clay minerals, associated with coal beds, are indicative of organic acid-mineral reactions. Kaolinite crystallization initiated at the edges of sericitic mica sheets in the form of composite kaolinite stacks. The small size (<1 µm), morphology and poor crystallinity of kaolinite crystals suggest that kaolinization post dated transportation. Primary or secondary origins of particles can be determined from the stacking sequences of kaolinite particles using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images. Kaolinite stacks always contain a small amount of illite, but smectite is only present in the middle and upper levels. Gibbsite is a main constituent of refractory bauxitic clays locally found as discontinuous lenses and exploited from the lower level of the basin.

Genesis of kaolin deposits took place in two stages: first, there was in situ weathering of the oldest andesitic agglomerates, tuffs and ashes at the base of the lacustrine basin coupled with discharge of shallow thermal waters which were initiated by local hydrothermal alteration; second, surface weathering enhanced transportation of altered rocks from the surrounding hills into the lacustrine basin. Kaolinization took place in cyclic swamp environments, as indicated by the presence of cyclic thin- to thick-bedded coals that provided necessary humic and fulvic acids for the post-depositional alteration of altered volcanic rocks to kaolin in dysaerobic, relatively low-pH conditions in saturated groundwater zones.
Effect of Sonication on Particle-Size Distribution in Natural Muscovite and Biotite
Authors: Pérez-Maqueda Luis A. , Franco Francisco , Avilés Miguel A. , Poyato Juan , Pérez-Rodríguez José L.
Published: January 2004

The effects of ultrasound treatment on the mean particle size, crystal structure, crystallite dimensions and specific surface area of natural muscovite and biotite samples have been investigated. Sonication of macroscopic flakes of muscovite and biotite produced a drastic particle-size reduction. The conditions for the preparation of micron and submicron-sized muscovite and biotite particles of narrow particle-size distribution by sonochemistry are described. The effect of sonication on particle-size reduction is more significant for muscovite than for biotite. Thus, for long sonication times (100 h), submicron and micron particles are predominant in muscovite and biotite, respectively. The resulting materials are crystalline, as assayed by X-ray diffraction, only broadening of the diffraction lines due to size-reduction was observed. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies revealed that the coordination of Al and Si was not modified by the treatment. Chemical analysis showed that the composition of the sample was not affected by the sonication except for a small contamination by Ti from the tip cup of the sonication instrument.
Stable Hopelessness and its Predictors in a General Population: A 2‐Year Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Haatainen Kaisa M. , Tanskanen Antti , Kylmä Jari , Honkalampi Kirsi , Koivumaa‐Honkanen Heli , Hintikka Jukka , Antikainen Risto , Viinamäki Heimo
Published: January 2004

Information on hopelessness at the population level is limited, and no previous studies have focused on its stability in a general population. We examined the stability and associated factors of hopelessness in a general population sample of 1,389 adults. More than half of those who were hopeless at baseline remained hopeless on follow‐up. When those with a mental disorder were excluded, the relative risk for stable hopelessness in unemployed men was 7.2 (95% CI 2.6–19.9), in men with a poor financial situation it was 3.5 (95% CI 1.3–9.3), and in women with a poor financial situation it was 3.8 (95% CI 1.5–9.4). Awareness of the stability of hopelessness offers us new possibilities in preventative and mental health work.
Suicide after Suicide Attempt in Severe Depression: A Long‐Term Follow‐Up
Authors: Brådvik Louise
Published: January 2004

The temporal relation between completed suicide and first‐ever suicide attempt was investigated in 58 future suicides with a primary severe depression/melancholia. The median survival after a first attempted suicide was 6.7 years. Male patients with initial ratings of psychomotor retardation lived significantly longer after their initial attempt than those who were not retarded. They also had more depressive episodes compared to other male suicides and retarded controls. Thus a slow suicidal process in the men with a severe depression and psychomotor retardation is proposed. Severity, repetition, and method of suicide attempt did not decrease the survival time.
Affective, Behavioral, and Cognitive Functioning in Adolescents with Multiple Suicide Attempts
Authors: Esposito Christianne , Spirito Anthony , Boergers Julie , Donaldson Deidre
Published: January 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine affective, behavioral, and cognitive functioning in adolescents with multiple suicide attempts. Forty‐seven adolescents with a history of multiple suicide attempts (MA) were compared to 74 single suicide attempters (SA) on psychiatric diagnosis, depressive symptoms, affect regulation, self‐mutilation, alcohol use, and hopelessness. Results revealed that the MA group was more likely to be diagnosed with a mood disorder, and reported more severe depressive symptoms and anger, in comparison to the SA group. Behaviorally, the MA group had higher rates of disruptive behavior disorders and higher levels of affect dysregulation and serious self‐mutilation than the SA group. Further, greater levels of hopelessness were reported by the MA than the SA group. After controlling for a mood disorder diagnosis, only differences in anger, affect dysregulation, and serious self‐mutilation remained significant. Overall, results suggest that treatment with adolescent suicide attempters might specifically target anger and affect dysregulation to reduce risk for future suicidal behavior.
Telephone Counselling for Adolescent Suicide Prevention: Changes in Suicidality and Mental State from Beginning to End of a Counselling Session
Authors: King Robert , Nurcombe Barry , Bickman Leonard , Hides Leanne , Reid Wendy
Published: January 2004

Telephone counselling is an accessible and confidential means by which distressed young people can seek help. Telephone counselling services were funded under Australia's National Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy between 1997 and 2000. In this study, the effectiveness of telephone counselling for young people seeking help in the context of suicidal ideation or intent was evaluated in an investigation of calls made by suicidal young people to a telephone counselling service. Independent raters measured callers' suicidality and mental state at the beginning and end of 100 taped counselling sessions. Changes in suicidality and mental state were measured using a reliable rating scale developed for the study. Significant decreases in suicidality and significant improvement in mental state were found to occur during the course of counselling sessions, suggesting positive immediate impact. Limitations of the study with respect to longer‐term outcomes and the relevance of the results for suicide prevention are discussed. Notwithstanding the study limitations, the results lend support for continuing development of hotline services.
Uncovering the Mystery: Factors of African American Suicide
Authors: Willis Leigh A. , Coombs David W. , Drentea Patricia , Cockerham William C.
Published: January 2004

Traditionally, African Americans have registered lower rates of suicide than other ethnic groups. In the last 20 years this pattern has changed, particularly among young African Americans. To date, the research conducted regarding this phenomenon has been limited for a variety of reasons and previous research has been inconclusive in determining risk factors of African American suicide. The purpose of this paper is to identify risk and protective factors specific to African American suicide. To determine the factors, the 1993 National Mortality Follow‐back Survey was analyzed. The risk factors identified include being under age 35, southern and northeastern residence, cocaine use, firearm presence in home, and threatening others with violence. Some of the protective factors associated with African American suicide include rural residence and educational attainment. These results provide valuable information about completed African American suicides in relation to Whites. Several of these factors are unique to African Americans.
Die Maschinerie der Apoptose: Chronik eines angekündigten Todes
Authors: Höffeler Fritz
Published: January 2004

Das Kernelement der Apoptose‐Maschinerie besteht aus drei funktionell unterschiedlichen Komponenten: der regulatorisch wirkenden Bcl‐2‐Familie, den integrierenden Mitochondrien (genauer: den aus Mitochondrien freigesetzten Proteinen) und den ausführenden Caspasen. Diese drei Faktoren sind über verzweigte Reaktionsketten miteinander verbunden und vereinen den über aktivierte Todesrezeptoren ausgelösten extrinsischen mit dem durch zellinterne Signale ausgelösten intrinsischen Reaktionsweg. Über beide Wege wird die Autoaktivierung von Initiator‐Caspasen initiiert. Erst von diesem Ereignis an ist die Apoptose irreversibel. Ein Arsenal aus verschiedenen Regulatorproteinen, einschließlich der Bcl‐2‐Familie, entscheidet über die Höhe der Schwelle, die bis zur Auslösung dieser Initialzündung überschritten werden muss. Die für jeden Zelltyp charakteristische Apoptose‐Sensibilität wird im Laufe einer Tumorgenese über die Expressionssteigerung bestimmter antiapoptotischer Regulatorproteine drastisch verringert. Die genaue Kenntnis der an der Apoptose beteiligten Reaktionspartner und ‐wege wird der Krebsforschung Ansätze für neue Therapiekonzepte bieten.
Buchweizen — die vergessene Kulturpflanze: Funktionelles Lebensmittel
Authors: Zeller F. J. , Hsam S. L. K.
Published: January 2004

Der Buchweizen aus der Familie der Knöterichgewächse war im Späten Mittelalter und in der Frühen Neuzeit in Deutschland ein wichtiges Lebensmittel. Seit der Einführung der Kartoffel und der Zunahme der Getreidefläche wurde er jedoch immer seltener angebaut. Aufgrund hoher Gehalte essenzieller Aminosäuren ist die biologische Wertigkeit seines Samenproteins einzigartig unter den Kulturpflanzen. Sekundäre Inhaltsstoffe machen den Buchweizen zu einem funktionellen Lebensmittel, das für die Gesundheit des Menschen von großem Nutzen ist. Durch die Übertragung eines Gens für homostyle Blütenform und eines weiteren Gens für determinierten Wuchs in kultivierte Formen lässt sich nicht nur ein Pflanzentyp mit neuer Wuchs‐ und Blütenform herstellen, sondern auch der Ertrag deutlich erhöhen. Damit kann der Landwirtschaft eine alternative Fruchtart und der Lebensmitteltechnologie ein Grundstoff für neuartige Produkte zur Verfügung gestellt werden.
Die Grube Messel: Säugetiere am Beginn ihrer großen Karriere
Authors: Storch Gerhard
Published: January 2004

Die Fossillagerstätte Grube Messel trägt wesentlich zu einem besseren Verständnis der frühen Entfaltung des modernen Tier‐ und Pflanzenlebens auf der Erde bei. Die mitteleozänen, etwa 50 Millionen Jahre alten Ölschiefer der Grube Messel haben eine reiche Fauna und Flora in einzigartiger Erhaltung geliefert. Hier bietet sich die Möglichkeit, ein Ökosystem aus einer Zeit zu rekonstruieren, als im heutigen Mitteleuropa tropisch‐subtropische Klimaverhältnisse herrschten und ein dramatischer Faunenumbruch das moderne Säugerleben auf der Erde eingeleitet hatte. Es war die Zeit eines Optimums in der bewegten Klimageschichte des Känozoikums, denn es herrschte ein globales Treibhausklima. Direkte Landbrücken über den Nordatlantik und das Tethysmeer im Zeitraum der Paleozän‐Eozän‐Wende dienten interkontinentalen Faunenaustauschen. Sie legten auch den Grundstock der Messeler Fauna. Wirbeltiere aus der Grube Messel wirken vielfach exotisch und können außergewöhnliche, ja bizarr anmutende Spezialisationen aufweisen.
Coregonen: Galapagos in Mitteleuropa
Authors: Freyhof Jörg , Schulz Michael
Published: January 2004

Heimische Wirbeltiere gelten als gut erforscht und ausreichend beschrieben. Dennoch werden immer wieder neue Arten gefunden oder bekannte Populationen als eigenständige Arten abgetrennt. Wie viele unbekannte Tiere es wohl noch zwischen den Gipfeln unserer Berge und den Tiefen unserer Seen gibt? In einem See in Brandenburg wurde jetzt jedenfalls ein Rätsel gelöst — und ein kleiner Fisch nach einem berühmten Schriftsteller benannt.
Liebe im warmen Blumenbett
Authors: Wendler Silke
Published: January 2004

Aronstabähnliche Pflanzen aus Südamerika bieten ihren Bestäubern keinen Nektar als Belohnung für den Pollentransport, sondern einen warmen Übernachtungsplatz. Damit machen sich die Pflanzen eine „Versorgungslücke”︁ bei den Insekten zu Nutze: Um die für bestimmte Aktivitäten notwendige Körpertemperatur zu bekommen, können Insekten Wärme durch Stoffwechselenergie erzeugen — oder sich an einem Ort mit höherer Temperatur aufwärmen.
Bienenvölker: Männer ohne Väter, Frauen ohne Kinder
Authors: Kronberg Inge
Published: January 2004

Schon im Jahre 1845 stellte der Bienenforscher J. Dzierzon fest, dass weibliche Honigbienen (Apis mellifera) aus befruchteten Eiern, männliche aus unbefruchteten Eiern schlüpfen. Ob sich aus den weiblichen Eiern Arbeiterinnen oder Königinnen entwickeln, hängt von der Ernährung der Larven ab; ob Arbeiterinnen als Stockbienen oder Sammelbienen arbeiten, wird von ihrem Alter und sozialen Bedingungen beeinflusst. Morphologie und Verhalten der Honigbiene werden also in komplexer Weise von Genom und Umwelt gesteuert.
Zwergmutanten versprechen höhere Erträge für Mais und Hirse
Authors: Brennicke Axel
Published: January 2004

Die „Grüne Revolution”︁ vor 50 Jahren brachte beeindruckende Ergebnisse aus der ersten zielgerichteten genetischen Kreuzungsstrategie der Geschichte: die neuen Sorten von Weizen und Reis verdoppelten teilweise den Ertrag pro Hektar. Die Analysen von Mais und Hirse klärten jetzt die molekulare Grundlage einer ähnlichen Mutation auf, so dass auch von diesen Pflanzen ertragreichere Sorten gezüchtet werden können.
BIUZ im Internet
Authors: Lauinger Simone
Published: January 2004

Wer bei der Internet‐Recherche www.biuz.de eingibt, landet automatisch auf den Internetseiten von Wiley Interscience: Das ist ein Online‐Dienst des Verlagshauses John Wiley & Sons, der seinen Nutzern Fachliteratur aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik, Medizin und anderen Spezialgebieten zur Recherche bietet. Seit dem Start 1999 wurden die Inhalte stetig erweitert, so dass Sie derzeit auf 468 Zeitschriften, 562 Online‐Bücher, 33 Nachschlagewerke sowie verschiedene Datenbanken und die Laborhandbücher Current Protocols zugreifen können.

Wiley InterScience wird von über 13 Millionen Menschen in 87 Ländern genutzt. In Wiley Interscience finden Sie die BIUZ — und noch viel mehr.
Fremdgehen verschafft Überlebensvorteile
Authors: Irsch Wilhelm
Published: January 2004

Der Einzug molekularer Vaterschaftstests in die Laboratorien lässt auch die Fortpflanzungsbiologie von Gefiederten in neuem Licht erscheinen. Vögel nehmen es demnach mit der Treue nicht immer sehr genau. Gerade bei sozial monogam lebenden Singvögeln ist das „Fremdgehen”︁ — im Fachjargon „außerpaarliche Kopulation”︁ genannt — eher Regel als Ausnahme.
Strategies for leveraging a community college foundation
Authors: Babitz Brenda
Published: January 2004

While community college foundations may be the new kids on the fundraising block, they are well positioned to build private‐sector support. This chapter discusses ways foundations can achieve success by developing a platform for expanded philanthropic growth.
From the foundations up: Contexts for change in community college advancement
Authors: Bass David
Published: January 2004

Unlike past fiscal crises and retrenchment, current changes in the funding of public higher education could precipitate fundamental changes in colleges and universities. Community colleges might be well positioned to thrive in such turbulent times.
It's not the race I signed up for, but it's the race I'm in: The role of community college presidents
Authors: Wenrich J. William , Reid Betheny L.
Published: January 2004

A shift in the fundraising landscape has prompted community college presidents to take a more proactive approach to winning the hearts and dollars of potential donors. This chapter focuses on how college presidents and foundation CEOs can work together to gain support from funding sources.
The role of the president in supporting the college's foundation
Authors: McGee E. Ann
Published: January 2004

This chapter discusses how strong, engaged presidential leadership can energize the foundation and fundraising efforts.
Weaving the foundation into the culture of a community college
Authors: Carlsen Charles J.
Published: January 2004

This chapter explores the role of the president as enabler and leader in promoting a foundation that is engaged with the community and responsive to the college mission.
Generating new sources of revenue
Authors: Zeiss Tony
Published: January 2004

This chapter focuses on successful practices in fundraising through contractual, partnership, and entrepreneurial activities by community colleges.
Grants development in community colleges
Authors: Herbkersman Neil , Hibbert‐Jones Karla
Published: January 2004

When a grants development office is perceived as an integral component of a community college, it can effectively raise significant amounts of public and private funding to advace the institutional mission, vision, and strategic plan.
Keeping in touch: Alumni development in community colleges
Authors: Pastorella Mark J.
Published: January 2004

Involved alumni are alumni who will give, and then ask how they can do more. If a college knows how to cultivate and engage its alumni, it is well on the way to financial health and growth.
Feels like the third wave: The rise of fundraising in the community college
Authors: Milliron Mark David , de los Santos Gerardo E. , Browning Boo
Published: January 2004

Not so long ago, the word “fundraising” scarcely made an appearance in the community college lexicon. Along came worldwide social, technological, and economic upheavals. Welcome to the future and the new realities of community college advancement.
Sources and information: Development and fundraising within community colleges
Authors: Ryan Edward Francis
Published: January 2004

This chapter summarizes resources from the literature on development and fundraising.
Peak alignment using reduced set mapping
Authors: Torgrip Ralf J. O. , Åberg Magnus , Karlberg Bo , Jacobsson Sven P.
Published: January 2004

This paper presents an algorithm and method for peak alignment or spectral synchronization of first‐ order data with pronounced differences between baseline and signals of interest, e.g. data typically acquired by NMR, MS, GC, LC and CE. The method preserves the shapes of peaks, merely altering their positions on the x‐axis of the data set. The method involves coarse discrimination between baseline and peaks, generation of a sparse vector or a list representing peak maximum positions, and analysis of the vector or list for shift parameters using breadth first search or dynamic programming. The method can align peaks up to the spectral resolution of the acquiring instrument without restrictions on the number of peaks that are to be shifted. Furthermore, the speed and moderate number of meta‐parameters of the algorithm make the method suitable for on‐line implementation. Real 1H NMR and GC data are used to illustrate the method's performance. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interpolative biplots applied to principal component analysis and canonical correlation analysis
Authors: Alves M. Rui , Oliveira M. Beatriz
Published: January 2004

The multivariate statistical analysis of cis and trans isomers of fatty acid profiles of eight margarine brands obtained by HRGC/FID/capillary column was carried out based on biplots applied to principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA). It is shown that while predictive biplots are the best choice for interpretation purposes, interpolative biplots are very useful for classification of new observations that were not used for the construction of the principal component or canonical dimension axes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalization of rank reduction problems with Wedderburn's formula
Authors: Ferré Joan , Faber Nicolaas (Klaas) M.
Published: January 2004

In first‐ and second‐order calibration methods based on spectroscopic data, the calculation of the space spanned by the spectra of the interferences has been an important research subject for, among many other applications, calculating the net analyte signal and obtaining figures of merit. Recently, many different calculation methods have been introduced. We show that the calculation of this space can be interpreted from a unified point of view, namely from the rank‐one downdating Wedderburn formula. This formula enables one to better understand the properties of the calculation methods currently available. A number of recently introduced signal‐preprocessing methods also fit into the proposed framework. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing the implementation of the PARAFAC method for near‐real time calibration of excitation–emission fluorescence analysis
Authors: Nahorniak Michelle L. , Booksh Karl S.
Published: January 2004

A field‐portable, single‐exposure excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorometer is used in conjunction with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) for sub‐ppb polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) determinations in the presence of spectral interferents. Several strategies for bringing multiway calibration methods such as PARAFAC into the field were explored. It was shown that automated methods of PARAFAC model selection can be as effective as manual selection. In addition, it was found that there is not always a single best model to employ for prediction. Second, the effect that reducing data density by systematically decreasing calibration set size and spectral resolution has on PARAFAC speed and prediction accuracy was investigated. By decreasing data density, the computational intensity of the PARAFAC algorithm can be reduced to increase the plausibility of on‐the‐fly data analysis. It was found that reducing eight sample PAH calibration sets to two or three calibration standards significantly decreased computation intensity yet generated adequate predictions. It was also found that spectral resolution can be decreased to reach an optimal compromise between calibration accuracy and analysis speed while minimizing instrumental requirements. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Informational acquisition and cognitive models
Authors: Leve Robert M.
Published: January 2004

Life forms must organize information into cognitive models reflecting the outside environment, and in a complex and changing environment a life form must constantly select and organize this mass of information to avoid slipping into a chaotic cognitive state. The task of developing and maintaining adaptive cognitive models can be understood through two processes, crucial to regulating the interconnections between environmental elements. The inclusion and exclusion of information follows a process designated by P and the process by which cognitive models change is designated by K. Higher order concepts are created by reducing the interconnections between elements to a minimal number to avoid cognitive chaos. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 9:31–37, 2004
Loss of a small region around the PTEN locus is a major chromosome 10 alteration in prostate cancer xenografts and cell lines
Authors: Hermans Karin G. , van Alewijk Dirk C. , Veltman Joris A. , van Weerden Wytske , van Kessel Ad Geurts , Trapman Jan
Published: January 2004

We examined 11 prostate cancer xenografts and 4 cell lines for chromosome 10 alterations. Conventional comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and array‐based CGH revealed a pattern of loss of distal 10p, gain of proximal 10p and 10q, and loss of distal 10q. In addition, array CGH identified 2 high‐level amplifications in the cell line PC3, homozygous deletions of PTEN in PC3 and in the xenografts PCEW, PC133, and PC324, and small single‐ or double‐copy deletions around PTEN in PCEW, PC82, PC324, PC346, and LNCaP. Allelotype analysis confirmed all 10p losses, 5 of 6 large 10q losses, the homozygous deletions, and the small regions of one copy loss. MXI1, DMBT1, and KLF6 were excluded as important tumor‐suppressor genes. The sizes of homozygous deletions around PTEN ranged from 1.2 Mbp (PC133) to <30 kbp (PTEN exon 5 in PC295). The regions of small single‐ or double‐copy loss around PTEN were all less than 4.5 Mbp. The loss of 1 or 2 copies of PTEN was always accompanied by loss of the distal flanking gene FLJ11218 and, in most cases, by loss of the proximal flanking genes MINPP1, PAPSS2, and FLJ14600. Furthermore, differential expression was detected for FLJ11218 and PAPSS2. Complete deletion or inactivating mutation of PAPSS2 was found in at least 3 samples. In addition to 4 homozygous deletions, 1 missense mutation was detected in FLJ11218. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that loss of a small region around PTEN is the major chromosome 10 alteration in prostate cancer xenografts and cell lines. In some of the samples, PTEN inactivation was accompanied by loss of 1 MINPP1 allele, loss of 1 copy, mutation, or low expression of PAPSS2, and most frequently by loss of 1 or 2 copies or low expression of FLJ11218. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High frequency of CDKN2A alterations in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma from a high‐risk Chinese population
Authors: Hu Nan , Wang Chaoyu , Su Hua , Li Wen‐Jun , Emmert‐Buck Michael R. , Li Guang , Roth Mark J. , Tang Ze‐Zhong , Lu Ning , Giffen Carol , Albert Paul S. , Taylor Philip R. , Goldstein Alisa M.
Published: January 2004

Because previous studies have shown that loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is common on chromosome arm 9p in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and that genetic alterations in CDKN2A and CDKN2B on 9p are also common, we sought to determine whether LOH and these genetic alterations are related. We performed LOH studies on chromosome bands 9p21–p22 and searched for genetic alterations of CDKN2A and CDKN2B in 56 ESCCs from a high‐risk Chinese population. Seventy‐three percent of patients were found to have LOH at one or more loci on chromosome bands 9p21–p22, and LOH occurred more frequently in patients with a family history of upper gastrointestinal cancer than in those with a negative family history (P = 0.01, global permutation test). CDKN2A mutations (point mutations, deletions, insertions) were observed in 25% (14 of 56) of cases, and the LOH pattern was significantly different for individuals with and without a CDKN2A mutation (P = 0.01, global test). Three new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 2 previously reported SNPs were identified in this group of patients. Intragenic allelic loss at polymorphic sites in CDKN2A was detected in 32% (18 of 56) of patients. Seven of the 56 (13%) cases exhibited what is considered classic evidence (n = 4) or showed potential evidence (n = 3) of biallelic inactivation. Only one alteration was observed in CDKN2B, G171A in the 5′ untranslated region. Both mutation and intragenic allelic loss in CDKN2A appear to play a role in the development of ESCC. ©2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
RAS, FLT3, and TP53 mutations in therapy‐related myeloid malignancies with abnormalities of chromosomes 5 and 7
Authors: Side Lucy E. , Curtiss Nicole P. , Teel Kathryn , Kratz Christian , Wang Pauline W. , Larson Richard A. , Le Beau Michelle M. , Shannon Kevin M.
Published: January 2004

Oncogenic mutations in the KRAS2, NRAS, or FLT3 gene are detected in more than 50% of patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML). RAS mutations are also prevalent in de novo myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), especially chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. However, few studies have examined these genetic lesions in therapy‐related myeloid malignancies. Monosomy 7/del(7q) and monosomy 5/del(5q) represent the most common cytogenetic abnormalities in therapy‐related MDS and AML (t‐MDS/t‐AML) and are strongly associated with prior exposure to alkylating agents. Mutational analysis of bone marrow specimens from a well‐characterized cohort of 26 t‐MDS/t‐AML patients with abnormalities of chromosomes 5 and/or 7 revealed 3 with RAS mutations. Further analyses of 23 of these cases uncovered one FLT3 internal tandem duplication and five TP53 mutations. The four patients with RAS or FLT3 mutations had monosomy 7, including one with abnormalities of chromosomes 5 and 7. One specimen demonstrated mutations in both KRAS2 and TP53. RAS and FLT3 mutations, which are thought to stimulate the proliferation of leukemia cells, appear to be less common in t‐MDS/t‐AML than in de novo AML, whereas TP53 mutations are more frequent. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Germ‐line mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 in the normal breast are associated with altered expression of estrogen‐responsive proteins and the predominance of progesterone receptor A
Authors: Mote Patricia A. , Leary Jennifer A. , Avery Kelly A. , Sandelin Kerstin , Chenevix‐Trench Georgia , Kirk Judy A. , Clarke Christine L.
Published: January 2004

The breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are responsible for a large proportion of familial breast and ovarian cancer, yet little is known of how disruptions in the functions of the proteins these genes encode increased cancer risk preferentially in hormone‐dependent tissue. There is no information on whether a germ‐line mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 causes disruptions in hormone‐signaling pathways in the normal breast. In this study markers of hormone responsiveness were measured in prophylactically removed normal breast tissue (n = 31) in women bearing a germ‐line pathogenic mutation in one of the BRCA genes. The estrogen receptor (ER) and proteins associated with ER action in hormone‐sensitive tissues, namely, PS2 and the progesterone receptor (PR), were detected immunohistochemically. ER expression was not different in BRCA mutation carriers than in noncarriers, but there was a reduction in PS2 expression. PR expression was also reduced, and there was a striking lack of expression of the PRB isoform, which resulted in cases with PRA‐only expression in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. The alterations in PS2 and PR expression were similar in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers, demonstrating that although these proteins are structurally and functionally distinct, there is overlap in their interaction with hormone‐signaling pathways. This study provides evidence for altered cell function arising from loss of function of one BRCA allele in the normal breast, leading to PS2 loss, preferential PRB loss, and expression of PRA alone. In breast cancer development, PRA overexpression becomes evident in premalignant lesions and is associated with features of poor prognosis in invasive disease and altered cell function in vitro. The results of this study suggest that heterozygosity for a germ‐line mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 results in development of PRA predominance. This is likely to lead to changes in progesterone signaling in hormone‐dependent tissues, which may be a factor in the increased risk of cancer in these tissues in women with germ‐line BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of genetic patterns in different tumor areas of intermediate‐grade prostatic adenocarcinomas by high‐resolution genomic array analysis
Authors: van Dekken Herman , Paris Pamela L. , Albertson Donna G. , Alers Janneke C. , Andaya Armann , Kowbel David , van der Kwast Theodorus H. , Pinkel Daniel , Schröder Fritz H. , Vissers Kees J. , Wildhagen Mark F. , Collins Colin
Published: January 2004

Prostate cancer is known for its highly heterogeneous histological appearance. Data concerning the cytogenetic content of areas with different histology are sparse. We have genetically evaluated 10 prostatic adenocarcinomas with intermediate histopathological grades (Gleason score 7) that showed two distinctive growth patterns with different pathologies, that is, Gleason grades 3 and 4 (G3 and G4). The G3 and G4 tumor specimens were taken from spatially separated regions within the cancer mass. Array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was performed to obtain genotypes from the 10 pairs of G3 and G4 cancer areas. The cancer DNAs were retrieved from formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissues allowing optimal recognition and selection of target cells. A genome‐wide 2,400‐element BAC array that provided high‐resolution detection of both deletions and amplifications was used. In the 20 G3 and G4 areas, 252 genomic aberrations (88 gains, 164 deletions) were noted, of which 86 were concurrent in G3 and G4 areas (34% overlap). Ninety‐five of the 252 alterations were defined by a single BAC clone (54 gains, 41 deletions). Overlapping changes were more frequent for deletions (46%) than for gains (13%). Frequent coinciding deletions (≥ 20% of tumors) were seen on 8p (60%), 6q (30%), 1p (20%), 2q (20%), proximal 8q (20%), 10q (20%), 13q (20%), 16q (20%), and 18q (20%). A frequent overlapping gain (≥ 20% of tumors) was detected on distal 13q (20%). The patterns of imbalance could be found to coincide in the G3 and G4 areas of the majority of cancers. Array‐based CGH can be used as a tool for the evaluation of genetic patterns in prostate cancer. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1045–2257/suppmat/index.html © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An introduction to GIS: Concepts, tools, data sources, and types of analysis
Authors: Jardine Daniel D. , Teodorescu Daniel
Published: January 2004

This chapter introduces key concepts, tools, data sources, and types of analysis used in geographic information systems.
Integrating GIS into the survey research process
Authors: Blough David Roy
Published: January 2004

This chapter shows how institutional researchers can make use of GIS to improve the quality of their surveys and extract more information from their results.
Building a GIS database for space and facilities management
Authors: Valcik Nicolas A. , Huesca‐Dorantes Patricia
Published: January 2004

Growth and technology have driven a public university to build a GIS database for its facilities and space management. This chapter reviews the benefits and challenges that come with this implementation.
Using GIS in alumni giving and institutional advancement
Authors: Jardine Daniel D.
Published: January 2004

In a time of decreasing institutional resources, the ability to refine and target donor campaigns is more critical than ever. This chapter demonstrates how GIS can be used to better understand where alumni are located and, further, where to focus future campaign activity.
Bringing GIS analysis to institutional research: Resources for practitioners
Authors: Teodorescu Daniel
Published: January 2004

This chapter discusses useful resources for learning about GIS analysis, software packages, and sources of GIS data.
A possible molecular mechanism of hanatoxin binding‐modified gating in voltage‐gated K+‐channels
Authors: Lou Kuo‐Long , Huang Po‐Tsang , Shiau Yu‐Shuan , Liaw Yen‐Chywan , Shiau Yuh‐Yuan , Liou Horng‐Huei
Published: January 2004

While S4 is known as the voltage sensor in voltage‐gated potassium channels, the carboxyl terminus of S3 (S3C) is of particular interest concerning the site for gating modifier toxins like hanatoxin. The thus derived helical secondary structural arrangement for S3C, as well as its surrounding environment, has since been intensively and vigorously debated. Our previous structural analysis based on molecular simulation has provided sufficient information to describe reasonable docking conformation and further experimental designs (Lou et al., 2002. J. Mol. Recognit. 15: 175–179). However, if one only relies on such information, more advanced structure–functional interpretations for the roles S3C may play in the modification of gating behavior upon toxin binding will remain unknown. In order to have better understanding of the molecular details regarding this issue, we have performed the docking simulation with the S3C sequence from the hanatoxin‐insensitive K+‐channel, shaker, and analyzed the conformational changes resulting from such docking. Compared with other functional data from previous studies with respect to the proximity of the S3–S4 linker region, we suggested a significant movement of drk1 S3C, but not shaker S3C, in the direction presumably towards S4, which was comprehended as a possible factor interfering with S4 translocation during drk1 gating in the presence of toxin. In combination with the discussions for structural roles of the length of the S3–S4 linker, a possible molecular mechanism to illustrate the hanatoxin binding‐modified gating is proposed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunomodulation by the copolymer glatiramer acetate
Authors: Arnon Ruth , Sela Michael
Published: January 2004

Glatiramer acetate (GA; Copaxone®, also known as Copolymer 1 or Cop‐1), a copolymer of amino acids, is very effective in the suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), the animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS), in various species including primates. The immunological cross‐reaction between the myelin basic protein and GA serves as the basis for the suppressive activity of GA in EAE, by the induction of antigen‐specific suppressor cells. The mode of action of GA is by initial strong promiscuous binding to major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and competition with MBP and other myelin proteins for such binding and presentation to T cells. Suppressor T cells induced by GA are of the Th2 type, migrate to the brain and lead to in situ bystander suppression. Clinical trials with GA, both phase II and phase III, were performed in relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) patients, and demonstrated efficacy in reducing the relapse rate, decreasing MRI‐assessed disease activity and burden and slowing progression of disability. GA is generally well tolerated and is not associated with influenza‐like symptoms and formation of neutralizing antibodies seen with β‐interferons. It exerts its suppressive effect primarily by immunomodulation, and has recently shown ameliorating effect in a few additional autoimmune disorders as well as in graft rejection. At present GA is considered a valuable first‐line treatment option for patients with RRMS. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultraviolet and visible emission cross-sections for Tm3+ : YLiF4 laser system
Authors: Medoidze T D , Melikishvili Z G
Published: January 2004

We present the measured values of emission cross
sections for 1I6 manifold of Tm3+
embedded in YLiF4. For these measurements the original
experimental equipment for laser-exited fluorescence spectroscopy
is used. The outcomes have potential applications to ultraviolet
and visible, including tunable lasing based on 4f → 4f
intra-configurational transitions in Tm3+ : YLiF4
systems.
Mode-locked high-power lasers and nonlinear optics –
a powerful combination
Authors: Innerhofer E , Südmeyer T , Brunner F , Paschotta R , Keller U
Published: January 2004

We report on nonlinear experiments pumped with
high-power femtosecond pulses from a passively mode-locked thin
disk Yb:YAG laser: a nonlinear fiber compression experiment,
generating 33-fs pulses with 18 W average power and a
fiber-feedback parametric oscillator generating 19 W of signal
power in the 1.5-μm region and 7.8 W of idler power at a
wavelength of 3.57 μm.
Theoretical study on the formation mechanism of iso‐CH2I‐Cl
Authors: Yang Guanghui , Meng Qingtian , Zhang Xin , Han Keli
Published: January 2004

The dissociation and isomerization reaction mechanism on the ground‐state potential energy surface for CH2ClI are investigated by ab initio calculations. It is found that the isomer iso‐CH2I‐Cl can be produced from either the recombination of the photodissociation fragments or the isomerization reaction of CH2ClI, rather than from isomerization reaction of iso‐CH2Cl‐I. Further explanations of experimental results are also presented. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Ground‐state electronic energies and densities of atomic systems in strong magnetic fields through a time‐dependent hydrodynamical equation
Authors: Vikas  , Deb B. M.
Published: January 2004

Through a single time‐dependent (TD) quantum fluid dynamical equation of motion, ground‐state electronic densities and energies in strong magnetic fields (up to 4.7 × 1011 G) are calculated for H, H−, He, Ne, and Ar atomic systems, by employing an imaginary‐time evolution technique akin to quantum diffusion Monte Carlo method. The equation, based on TD density functional theory and quantum fluid dynamics, yields TD electron densities of a many‐electron system in a real‐time solution. It reduces to the TD Schrödinger equation for the H atom. For H−, He, Ne, and Ar atoms, a local Wigner‐type correlation functional is employed along with an improved local exchange functional. For Ne and Ar, a nonclassical correction term Tcorr[ρ] is added to Weizsäcker's kinetic energy to obtain the correct kinetic energy and atomic shell structure. The results for the spin‐free ground states are presented and compared with previous works wherever possible. At high fields, it is Tcorr[ρ] that decides the actual state of the atom, instead of exchange and/or correlation functional, although the exchange effects dominate over the correlation effects. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004