bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Faroe Islands and the Arctic: Genesis of a Strategy
Authors: Bailes Alyson J.K. , Jákupsstovu Beinta í
Published: December 2013

The Faroe Islands, a non-sovereign nation within the Kingdom of Denmark, have become the latest actors in the extended Arctic region to prepare their own strategy on Arctic affairs. A working group report of April 2013 predicts peaceful Arctic development that could bring profit for the Faroes but also new challenges notably in the field of civil security. Its detailed sections contain recommendations on economic opportunities especially linked with increased shipping and fisheries; research and education; the environment; and maritime safety and emergency response. The report is a professional product, reflecting years of Faroese engagement in Arctic research, fisheries, and international cooperation in the Arctic Council and elsewhere. It shows how Arctic considerations are pushing the Faroes towards acquiring more independent capacities, including new legal rights and institutional participation, given their already extensive relevant competences and the differences between their needs and Denmark’s. Further, some features of the Faroes’ response to the challenges facing them mirror the finds of ‘small state’ studies and confirm that non-sovereign entities having reached a certain level of autonomy can (mutatis mutandis) have similar external agendas, and seek similar solutions, to states of comparable size. While the report’s conclusions have already been accepted by the Faroese Parliament, some question-marks remain over Faroese capacity to realize its potentially costly recommendations.
Staðgöngumæður: Frjálsar og fórnfúsar konur
Authors: Einarsdóttir Jónína , Finnsdóttir Helga
Published: December 2013

Markmið þessarar greinar er að lýsa niðurstöðum rannsókna á staðgöngumæðrum og hugmyndum íslenskra fjölmiðla og áhugafólks um staðgöngumæðrun um konur sem taka að sér að ganga með barn fyrir aðra. Gagnaöflun fór fram með þátttökunálgun á opnum málstofum og fundum um staðgöngumæðrun, viðtölum við einstaklinga sem hafa látið sig málið varða og greiningu á opinberri umræðu. Viðmælendur og þátttakendur á málstofum skiptu sér flestir í fylkingar með eða á móti tillögu til þingsályktunar um staðgöngumæðrun á Alþingi. Stuðningsmenn telja allflestir að konur séu sjálfar best til þess hæfar að taka ákvörðun um að gerast staðgöngumæður, en þó eingöngu í velgjörðarskyni. Þeir lofa hinar fórnfúsu konur sem gefa barnlausum einstaklingum hina einu sönnu gjöf, barn. Stuðningsmenn vitna gjarnan til rannsókna sem sýna að staðgöngumæðrun sé að mestu vel heppnuð á Vesturlöndum og telja að lögleiðing hennar geti komið í veg fyrir arðrán staðgöngumæðra í lágtekjulöndum. Andstæðingar telja engan hafa rétt á að nýta sér líkama annarra, hvorki með greiðslum né félagslegum þrýstingi. Mögulega geri lögleiðing staðgöngumæðrunar hana sjálfsagða í hugum fólks og skapi þrýsting á konur um að ganga með barn fyrir aðra. Þá taka sumir ekki afstöðu til málsins og telja að þörf sé á meiri umræðu og auknum rannsóknum. Fræðimenn kvarta gjarnan undan skorti á langtímarannsóknum á velferð og heilsu staðgöngumæðra og rannsóknum af upplifun þeirra og aðstæðum, og að rannsóknir sem til séu byggi flestallar á litlu úrtaki. Eins eru vísbendingar um aukna ásókn í þjónustu indverskra staðgöngumæðra frá löndum sem hafa lögleitt staðgöngumæðrun.
Fíkniefni, íslenskt samfélag og nýir kostir í stefnumótun
Authors: Gunnlaugsson Helgi
Published: December 2013

Fíkniefnavandinn er af mörgum álitinn einn helsti vandi sem vestræn ríki glíma við í dag. Viðhorfsmælingar á Íslandi sýna að flestir telja neyslu fíkniefna alvarlegasta vandamál afbrota en samneyslu áfengis og fíkniefna mikilvægustu ástæðu þess að sumir leiðast út í afbrot. Neysla algengasta fíkniefnisins, kannabis, hefur reglulega verið mæld meðal grunnskólabarna hér á landi en neysla fullorðinna hefur minna verið könnuð. Lítið er því vitað um hvernig neysla sem hefst í grunnskóla þróast þegar kemur fram á fullorðinsár, hvort hún aukist, standi í stað eða minnki. Ekki er heldur mikið vitað um félagsleg einkenni þeirra sem misnota hörð fíkniefni á Íslandi. Í greininni er útbreiðsla kannabis skoðuð eins og hún er meðal fullorðinna á Íslandi. Hversu margir hafa prófað efnið á lífsleiðinni, hversu margir hafa neytt þess oftar en tíu sinnum og hversu margir á síðustu sex mánuðum fyrir mælinguna? Staða sprautufíkla er sérstaklega greind og hvaða félagslegu áhættuþættir koma þar við sögu. Mat almennings á alvarleika brota er kannað og ástæður þess að fólk leiðist út í afbrot eru einnig kannaðar. Helstu niðurstöður eru þær að heildarfjöldi þeirra sem einhvern tíma hefur prófað kannabis hefur aukist á síðustu árum en fjöldi þeirra sem nota efnið reglulega er óverulegur. Sprautufíklar standa margir hverjir höllum fæti í samfélaginu og eiga við margvíslegan vanda að stríða. Brýnt er að stefnumótun í fíkniefnamálum taki mið af ólíkum hliðum neyslunnar í samfélaginu um leið og úrræði fyrir langt leidda fíkla verði efld í félags- og heilbrigðiskerfinu.
Einelti og líðan starfsfólks sveitarfélaga á tímum efnahagsþrenginga
Authors: Sigursteinsdóttir Hjördís
Published: December 2013

Markmið þessarar rannsóknar er að skoða einelti og líðan á vinnustað meðal starfsfólks sveitarfélaga í kjölfar efnahagshrunsins hér á landi 2008. Rafrænn spurningalisti var í þrígang lagður fyrir starfsfólk 20 sveitarfélaga með þekkt netfang, fyrst í byrjun árs 2010, svo á vordögum 2011 og að lokum í byrjun árs 2013. Niðurstöður rannsóknarinnar sýndu að einelti er til staðar meðal starfsfólksins og það hefur aukist milli fyrirlagna spurningalistans. Jafnframt má sjá að félagslegur stuðningur á vinnustað fer minnkandi sem og ánægja með stjórnun vinnustaðarins og löngun til að hætta í starfi eykst. Þolendur eineltis telja sig fá minni félagslegan stuðning en þeir sem ekki hafa orðið fyrir einelti á vinnustað, þeir eru ekki eins ánægðir með stjórnun vinnustaðarins og hafa meiri löngun til að hætta í starfi. Hægt er að álykta út frá hlutfalli þeirra sem orðið hafa fyrir einelti á vinnustað að einelti sé orðið alvarlegt vandamál á vinnustöðum íslenskra sveitarfélaga. Ástæða er til þess að staldra aðeins við og leitast við að finna rót vandans í því augnamiði að uppræta einelti á vinnustað. Sérstaklega í ljósi þess að rannsóknir hafa sýnt það að einelti hefur alvarlegar afleiðingar fyrir heilsu og líðan þolenda og er talið meiri skaðvaldur heldur en öll önnur vinnutengd streita.
Antenatal identification of factor VII Padua during a healthy pregnancy: implications for labor and delivery
Authors: Rigney Tara , Cooley Sharon , Kevane Barry , Ryan Kevin , Byrne Mary , Áinle Fionnuala Ní
Published: December 2013

We present a case in which a 28-year-old pregnant woman (para 1) was suspected to have inherited factor VII (FVII) deficiency following investigation for recurrent mild easy bruising. However, this was ruled out by identification of a rare FVII variant not associated with an increased bleeding risk. This allowed usual obstetric care to proceed without any restrictions, facilitating an uncomplicated spontaneous vaginal delivery at term.
Inter-coder reliability of categorising force-dynamic events in human-technology interaction
Authors: Hurtienne Jörn
Published: December 2013

Two studies are reported that investigate how readily accessible and applicable ten force-dynamic categories are to novices in describing short episodes of human-technology interaction (Study 1) and that establish a measure of inter-coder reliability when re-classifying these episodes into force-dynamic categories (Study 2). The results of the first study show that people can easily and confidently relate their experiences with technology to the definitions of force-dynamic events (e.g. “The driver released the handbrake” as an example of restraint removal). The results of the second study show moderate agreement between four expert coders across all ten force-dynamic categories (Cohen’s kappa = .59) when re-classifying these episodes. Agreement values for single force-dynamic categories ranged between ‘fair’ and ‘almost perfect’, i.e. between kappa = .30 and .95. Agreement with the originally intended classifications of study 1 was higher than the pure inter-coder reliabilities. Single coders achieved an average kappa of .71, indicating substantial agreement. Using more than one coder increased kappas to almost perfect: up to .87 for four coders. A qualitative analysis of the predicted versus the observed number of category confusions revealed that about half of the category disagreement could be predicted from strong overlaps in the definitions of force-dynamic categories. From the quantitative and qualitative results, guidelines are derived to aid the better training of coders in order to increase inter-coder reliability.
Go mad – come true – run dry : Metaphorical motion, semantic preference(s) and deixis
Authors: Schönefeld Doris
Published: December 2013

It has been suggested that the semantics of some metaphoricalmotion constructions is related to the deixis of the verbs involved. In accordance with the directions of movement, metaphorical
Association of diet and anthropometric measures as cardiovascular modifiable risk factors in young adults
Authors: Mishra Soumya , Banerjee Swasti , Sengupta Tridip Kumar , Behera Anugya Aparajita , Manjareeka Magna , Mishra Jayanti
Published: December 2013

Background: Cardiovascular accidents are the major cause of death in the developing world, accounting for nearly 40% of deaths in adult men and women. Developed countries have already brought this under control, whereas India has to take a giant leap. Diet plays a pivotal role among the various modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. The sole objective of this study is to point at nutrition as being the main modulator of different anthropometric parameters and directly or indirectly has a tremendous impact on the blood pressure levels even during young age.

Methods: In a cross-sectional study involving 223 young adults, the pattern of food habits and level of physical activity were determined from self-reported questionnaires, while blood pressure, weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference were measured, and body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were computed. The subjects were grouped as normotensives and prehypertensives and also were compared according to their BMI and other parameters.

Results: Statistically significant, greater association of weight followed by WC with the prehypertensive levels of blood pressure compared to other parameters was seen. The subjects detected as prehypertensives had predilection for salty, fried, oily, sweet, and fast food; BMI >25 kg/m2; and WC and WHR in high risk-categories per World Health Organization standards. More than 69% of subjects had high WHR, whereas only 9% of total subjects exercised regularly.

Conclusions: Central obesity is associated with sedentary life and high intake of calories, leading to hypertension with advancing age. Early detection, awareness, and primary prevention would help reduce morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular diseases.
Are We Morally Obligated to Assist Climate Change Migrants?
Authors: Wyman Katrina M.
Published: December 2013

There is considerable concern that climate change will displace many people in developing countries from their homes. This article examines whether developed countries are morally obligated to assist people displaced by climate change in developing countries. The article argues that there may not be a moral duty to assist climate change migrants as a category. Nonetheless, developed countries may have duties to assist vulnerable people elsewhere and may be obligated to assist climate change migrants along with other vulnerable people. In addition, there likely is a duty to assist a particular subset of climate change migrants, specifically the citizens of small island countries existentially threatened by climate change. The article concludes by assessing the implications of its moral analysis for the focus of law and policy. Instead of developing new treaties to assist climate change migrants as a number of academics and practitioners have recently proposed, law and policy should be concerned with assisting migrants at risk generally, and/or the citizens of small island countries existentially threatened by climate change.
Applicability of Raman spectroscopy as a tool in nuclear forensics for
analysis of uranium ore concentrates
Authors: Lin D. Ho Mer , Manara D. , Varga Zs. , Berlizov A. , Fanghänel Th. , Mayer K.
Published: December 2013

In the present study, the suitability of Raman spectroscopy for nuclear forensics is proven by a systematic investigation of
laboratory-prepared synthetic and industrial uranium ore concentrate (UOC) samples, of different origin and with wide range of
impurity content. Besides the identification of the compound type, the identification of process-related impurities observed in
these samples is reported for the first time. Both handheld and laboratory Raman spectrometers were used in the
measurements. The ability to measure different UOCs and the sufficient sensitivity of the handheld device demonstrate its
usefulness in nuclear safeguards and nuclear security applications. Even more importantly in such a context, the likely
identity of process-related impurities could be verified by Raman Spectroscopy in the present work, allowing to draw
conclusions on the process history of the sample.
Plasma levels of pentraxin-3, an inflammatory protein involved in fertility, are reduced in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Tosi Flavia , Di Sarra Daniela , Bonin Cecilia , Zambotti Francesca , Dall'Alda Marlene , Fiers Tom , Kaufman Jean-Marc , Donati Matilde , Franchi Massimo , Zanolin Maria Elisabetta , Bonora Enzo , Moghetti Paolo
Published: December 2013

Objective

Pentraxin-3 (PTX3), like C-reactive protein (CRP), is an acute-phase protein that belongs to the pentraxin superfamily. Moreover, it is expressed in the cumulus oophorus and appears to be involved in female fertility. The aim of the present study was to assess whether PTX3 levels are altered in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women and whether they show any relationship with the main features of these subjects.

Design

A cross-sectional study was conducted at the outpatient clinic of an academic centre.

Methods

A total of 66 women affected with PCOS and 51 healthy controls were studied. Plasma PTX3 and serum CRP were measured by ELISA. Androgens were measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and free testosterone was measured by equilibrium dialysis. In PCOS women, insulin sensitivity was assessed by the glucose clamp technique.

Results

Adjusting for age and BMI, plasma PTX3 was reduced in PCOS women (P=0.036), in contrast with serum CRP, which was increased (P=0.004). In multiple regression analysis, serum androgens and other endocrine and ovarian features of PCOS were predictors of PTX3 levels, whereas body fat was the main independent predictor of CRP concentrations.

Conclusions

Plasma PTX3 levels were reduced in PCOS women and independently associated with hyperandrogenism and other endocrine and ovarian features of PCOS.
Improved Nitridation of GeO2 Interfacial layer for Ge Gate Stack Technology
Authors: Bhatt P. , Chaudhuri K. , Maharaja P. , Nainani A. , Abraham M. , Subramaniam M. , Ganguly U. , Lodha S.
Published: December 2013

Nitridation of GeO2 interfacial layer (IL) was done using continuous wave (CW) and pulsed wave (PW) decoupled plasma nitridation (DPN) processes. Langmuir probe analysis of the N2 plasma demonstrates that at the same effective power and pressure, PW plasma has similar electron density (Ne) with lower electron temperature (kTe) and plasma potential (Vp) as compared to CW plasma. This results in softer plasma conditions using a PW process leading to lower plasma-related damage in the IL, but without reducing the overall nitrogen concentration. The plasma parameters were further correlated to mobility (μ) and interface trap density (Dit) extracted from fabricated Ge n-MOSFETs. As expected from the plasma analysis, at the same effective power and pressure, the PW DPN process shows 1.2X higher electron mobility as compared to a CW process. This improvement can enable GeON as an IL for future Ge CMOS gate stack technology.
Ethephon use and application timing of abscisic acid for improving color of 'Rubi' table grape
Authors: Roberto Sergio Ruffo , Assis Adriane Marinho de , Yamamoto Lilian Yukari , Miotto Lidiane Carla Vilanova , Koyama Renata , Sato Alessandro Jefferson , Borges Rogério de Sá
Published: December 2013

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of ethephon and of abscisic acid (ABA) application timing on the color of 'Rubi' Table grape. Eight treatments were evaluated: control, without application; ethephon 500 mg L‑1 applied seven days after veraison (7 DAV); and two concentrations of ABA (200 and 400 mg L‑1) arranged with three application timings at 7 DAV, at 15 days before harvest (DBH), and at 7 DAV + 15 DBH. ABA does not modify physical‑chemical characteristics of the cluster and improves the color of grapes, especially when applied twice (7 DAV + 15 DBH) at the concentration of 400 mg L‑1.
Deposição de nutrientes na carcaça de girinos de rã-touro
Authors: Mansano Cleber Fernando Menegasso , De Stéfani Marta Verardino , Pereira Marcelo Maia , Macente Beatrice Ingrid
Published: December 2013

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a deposição de nutrientes na carcaça de girinos de rã-touro (Lithobates catesbeianus) por meio de modelo não linear. Foram utilizados 2.700 girinos com peso médio inicial de 0,039 g. Ração comercial farelada com 55% de proteína bruta foi fornecida ad libitum. Os animais foram pesados e avaliados a cada dez dias para análise dos conteúdos de proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, água e sais minerais. Os parâmetros do modelo Gompertz foram estimados pelo método de Gauss-Newton modificado, e as taxas de deposição (g por dia) em função do tempo foram calculadas por meio da derivada da equação. Os valores encontrados para os parâmetros da equação de Gompertz, para descrever a deposição dos nutrientes na carcaça de girinos, apresentaram interpretação biológica. A taxa máxima (t*) de deposição foi observada aos 36,2331 dias para proteína, aos 37,1420 dias para água, aos 35,2971 dias para sais minerais, e aos 41,3547 dias para gordura. O consumo de nutrientes da dieta é maior do que a taxa de deposição na carcaça dos girinos.
Digestibilidade aparente de farelos vegetais tratados para remoção de antinutrientes em dietas para jundiá
Authors: Bergamin Giovani Taffarel , Veiverberg Cátia Aline , Siqueira Luciana Valentim , Eggers Daniel Prois , Radünz Neto João
Published: December 2013

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade aparente de farelos vegetais, submetidos ou não a tratamento químico para extração de antinutrientes, em dietas para jundiá (Rhamdia quelen). Foram formuladas três dietas-teste com fontes proteicas na forma comercial sem tratamento - SNT, farelo de soja; CNT, farelo de canola; e GNT, farelo de girassol - e três dietas submetidas a tratamento para redução de ácido fítico, fenóis totais e taninos totais: ST, farelo de soja tratado; CT, farelo de canola tratado; e GT, farelo de girassol tratado. Os tratamentos CNT, CT, GNT e GT apresentaram menor digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca. O tratamento ST apresentou maior digestibilidade da proteína bruta que CT e CNT, mas não diferiu dos demais tratamentos. Os tratamentos GNT, GT e CNT apresentaram as menores digestibilidades da matéria orgânica. A remoção de antinutrientes não afeta a digestibilidade aparente de proteína bruta, matéria seca e matéria orgânica dos farelos de soja e girassol, mas melhora a digestibilidade da matéria seca do farelo de canola.
Parasitic fauna in hybrid tambacu from fish farms
Authors: Silva Ronilson Macedo , Tavares-Dias Marcos , Dias Maycon Willian Reis , Dias Márcia Kelly Reis , Marinho Renata das Graças Barbosa
Published: December 2013

The objective of this work was to evaluate the parasitic fauna of hybrid tambacu (Colossoma macropomum x Piaractus mesopotamicus) from fish farms and the host-parasite relationship. A hundred and fourteen fish were collected from four fish farms in Macapá, in the state of Amapá, Brazil, 80.7% of which were infected by: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora); Piscinoodinium pillulare (Dinoflagellida); Anacanthorus spatulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis, and Mymarothecium viatorum (Monogenoidea); Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae (Acanthocephala); Cucullanus colossomi (Nematoda); Perulernaea gamitanae (Lernaeidae); and Proteocephalidae larvae (Cestoda). A total of 8,136,252 parasites were collected from the examined fish. This is the first record of N. buttnerae, C. colossomi, N. janauachensis, M. viatorum, and Proteocephalidae for hybrid tambacu in Brazil. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis was the most prevalent parasite, whereas endohelminths were the less. A positive correlation was observed between number of I. multifiliis and total length and weight of fish, as well as between number of P. gamitanae and total length. The infection by I. multifiliis had association with the parasitism by Monogenoidea. Low water quality contributes to high parasitism of hybrid tambacu by ectoparasites, which, however, does not influence the relative condition factor of fish.
Desempenho de alevinos de jundiá alimentados com silagem de rejeito de peixe
Authors: Enke Dariane Beatriz Schoffen , Lopes Paulo Rodinei Soares , Britto Aline Conceição Pfaff de , Rocha Cleber Bastos , Pouey Juvêncio Luiz Osório Fernandes
Published: December 2013

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho zootécnico de alevinos de jundiá, alimentados com silagem de rejeitos de pescado, em substituição ao farelo de soja e à levedura de cana. Durante 35 dias, 375 alevinos de jundiá com peso inicial de 1,73±0,17 g, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, foram avaliados em cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de inclusão de silagem de pescado a 0, 12,5, 25, 37,5 e 50%. Todos os parâmetros zootécnicos avaliados, exceto o fator de condição, mostraram que a substituição do farelo de soja e da levedura pela silagem de rejeito de pescado melhora o desempenho produtivo de alevinos de jundiá.
Land‐use change: incorporating the frequency, sequence, time span, and magnitude of changes into ecological research
Authors: Watson Simon J , Luck Gary W , Spooner Peter G , Watson David M
Published: December 2013

The frequency and extent of human‐induced land‐cover changes is escalating worldwide. Recurrent turnover of land‐cover types will affect ecosystems over and above major, one‐time changes (eg deforestation). Here, we show how a deeper appreciation of the temporal dynamics of land‐cover change is needed to understand its effects on ecosystems. We distinguish between four key components of land‐change regimes: (1) frequency of land‐cover changes over a period of time, (2) the sequence of land‐cover types, (3) the time span over which each land‐cover type extends, and (4) the magnitude of difference between land‐cover types. We synthesize the impacts of these four components on ecological communities, showing that frequent land‐cover changes are likely to favor species that are habitat and dietary generalists. Greater attention to the complex dynamics of land‐cover changes is critical for a better understanding of the future impacts that human‐generated land‐use changes will have on global biodiversity.
Soft Tissue Changes after Orthognathic Surgery: A Study
Authors: Upadhyaya Chandran , Baliga Mohan , Shetty Premalatha
Published: December 2013

Aim and objective: The main aim and objectives of this study was to determine the changes in the facial soft tissue profile following orthognathic surgery, to evaluate eventual treatment effects on stability of facial aesthetics and degree of predictability of these changes.

Materials and method: 15 numbers of patients underwent with le fort I, anterior maxillary osteotomy, genioplasty and bimaxillary surgery. The alar base cinch suture and the V-Y closure techniques were used in each maxillary procedure. The criteria applied included an average follow-up of 6 months post-operatively.

Results: In this study preoperative and postoperative cephalometric tracing were compared to analyze the soft tissue profile changes in relation to hard tissue changes in both upper and lower lip and chin regions after double jaw surgery. Only horizontal changes were analyzed for which an X-Y coordinate system was used. The upper lip responded variably to the direction and amount of maxillary positioning. The predictability and the significance of changes of soft tissue in relation to hard tissue are variable as it reaches towards the nose.

Conclusion: It is important for the clinician to realize that numerous factors of variability exist so that he can understand that the soft-tissue profile will sometimes deviate quite markedly from what is expected, in spite of careful planning.
Crown Lengthening vs Forced Eruption
Authors: Singh Ayush Razdan , Verma Ruchita
Published: December 2013

Once the biologic width of the supporting periodontal attachment apparatus has been severely violated, more extensive procedures are often necessary to manage compromised root structure and supporting bone. Surgical techniques advocated are primarily corrective in nature and consist of root movement and repositioning or root removal and alteration of tooth morphology, with concomitant correction of the periodontium.

Some indications for surgical corrective intervention to manage radicular perforations include extensive cervical resorption or traumatic perforation which extends well below the osseous crest in both single and multirooted teeth and damage to the furcation region of multirooted teeth which is not responding to nonsurgical therapy, is not amenable to simple surgical correction, or is complicated and compromised further by extensive periodontal disease.

Common indications for orthodontic root extrusion include fractured tooth margins below crestal bone, deep carious margins, some isolated infrabony defects, and perforations from resorptions, post space preparation and aberrant access openings. When root extrusion is indicated to elevate a perforative root defect above the osseous crest; seldom is the desired result achieved without surgical crown lengthening. This is necessary to compensate for the coronal movement of the gingival attachment and alveolar bone which occurs with the tooth during eruption resulting in unacceptable esthetics. Although it is possible to extrude nearly any tooth the simplest cases are those that have single roots and an immediate proximal tooth on either side for appliance anchorage. Molars are generally difficult to treat as are the terminal teeth in the arch or free standing teeth.
Orthodontic Treatment in a Class I Bimaxillary Protrusion Malocclusion: Clinical and Cephalmomeric Results
Authors: Sharma Jagan Nath
Published: December 2013

Esthetically pleasing face with harmonious soft tissue profile, stable occlusion and pleasant smile are important goals of orthodontic treatment. This case report along with the treatment results is of Class I bimaxillary protrusion malocclusion treated with fixed orthodontic appliance after extraction of all first premolars. The orthodontic treatment involving extraction of premolars brought about good esthetic changes in the face and dentition resulting into improvement in the soft tissue profile, occlusion and attainment of a more harmonious smile and dentofacial esthetics.
Effectiveness of Heavier Tack Coat on Field Performance of Open-Graded Friction Course
Authors: Tran Nam , Timm David , Powell Buzz , Sholar Gregory , Willis Richard
Published: December 2013

Compared with a conventional hot-mix asphalt mixture, an open-graded friction course (OGFC) is more prone to pavement distresses, such as cracking and raveling, which result in a shorter service life. One way to potentially improve the performance of OGFC is to enhance the interface bond between the OGFC and the underlying layer by applying a heavier tack coat. This study evaluated the effectiveness of using a heavier tack coat on the field performance of OGFC by comparing the field performance of the same OGFC mixture with different tack coats placed on Sections N1 and N2 of the National Center for Asphalt Technology pavement test track in Opelika, Alabama. In Section N1, a heavier polymer-modified tack coat was applied with a spray paver immediately before the OGFC layer was placed. In Section N2, a distributor truck applied a trackless tack at a regular application rate. The sections were trafficked to 10 million equivalent single-axle loads by a fleet of heavy trucks for 2 years. The field performance of these two sections was monitored weekly. Field performance characteristics measured included pavement stiffness, pavement structural response, surface functional characteristics, and pavement distresses. The results showed that the OGFC layer in Section N1, in which a heavier tack coat was applied, performed better than that in Section N2, in which a conventional tack coat was used. It is recommended that a heavier tack coat be used to improve the performance of OGFC surfaces.
Newark Airport Runway
Authors: King Gayle , Rowe Geoffrey , Reinke Gerry
Published: December 2013

Loose aggregate raveling from a runway surface creates a risk for foreign object damage to aircraft. To reduce the probability of surface raveling and cracking, engineers often use polymer-modified asphalt (PMA), which has been widely shown to reduce pavement surface damage. Unfortunately, every paving paradigm has exceptions, including performance expectations for PMA. When two high-quality PMA pavement sections exhibited raveling before any damage was noted in the conventional PG 64-22 mix, a forensic analysis was begun. Numerous binder and mixture properties were evaluated, with particular emphasis on moisture damage and accelerated aging coefficients that might indicate binder hardening or embrittlement. The initial (2004) forensic analysis of these 5-year-old pavements eliminated moisture damage as the cause and focused primarily on binder aging. Although significant increases in binder and mixture moduli were noted near the surface as the pavement aged, no definitive failure criteria could be directly tied to the initiation of raveling or surface cracking. This older forensic study is revisited to evaluate the recently proposed Glover–Rowe parameter as a predictor of age-induced surface damage. This damage index, which is easily measured in a dynamic shear rheometer at intermediate temperatures, has been proposed as a materials indicator for timing pavement preservation strategies. For this limited field study, the Glover–Rowe parameter correctly predicted the unexpected onset of raveling for the two PMA sections, as well as the good performance of the conventional section, but other common aging or cracking parameters failed to rank the materials correctly. Further field validation of this parameter is recommended.
Human Interleukin 23 Receptor Induces Cell Apoptosis in Mammalian Cells by Intrinsic Mitochondrial Pathway Associated with the Down-Regulation of RAS/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription factor 3 Signaling Pathways
Authors: Shi Wei-Ye , Che Chang-Yan , Liu Li
Published: December 2013

The composition of IL-23R complex is similar to that of the IL-12 receptor (IL-12R) complex with a shared IL-12R-β1 chain. The IL-12R-β1 heterodimerizes with IL-23R and IL-12R-β2 to form IL-23R and IL-12R complexes, respectively. The IL-12R-β2 has been shown to function as a tumor suppressor gene and apoptotic inducer. However, whether IL-23R also functions in cell apoptosis is currently unknown. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that overexpression of IL-23R markedly induces cell apoptosis in both 293ET and HeLa cells. The activations of caspase 3 and caspase 9 are induced by IL-23R. Mechanistic study reveals that IL-23R markedly inhibits RAS/MAPK and STAT3 but not STAT1 and PI-3K/Akt signaling pathways in both 293ET and HeLa cells. Overexpression of IL-23R significantly up-regulates IL-12Rβ1 expression but not IL-23α and IL-12β expressions in both cell lines. Therefore, our data strongly indicates that IL-23R is able to induce cell apoptosis by activating the intrinsic mitochondrial pathways associated with the inhibition in RAS/MAPK and STAT3 activations in mammalian cells.
Necrostatin-1 Attenuates Ischemia Injury Induced Cell Death in Rat Tubular Cell Line NRK-52E through Decreased Drp1 Expression
Authors: Zhang Li , Jiang Fen , Chen Yuanhan , Luo Jialun , Liu Shuangxin , Zhang Bin , Ye Zhiming , Wang Wenjian , Liang Xinling , Shi Wei
Published: December 2013

Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) inhibits necroptosis and is usually regarded as having no effect on other cell deaths. Here, this study explored whether the addition of Nec-1 has an effect on cell death induced by simulated ischemia injury in rat tubular cell line NRK-52E. In addition, we also investigated the mechanism of Nec-1 attenuates cell death in this renal ischemia model. The NRK-52E cells were incubated with TNF-α + antimycinA (TA) for 24 h with or without Nec-1. Cell death was observed under fluorescent microscope and quantified by flow cytometry. Cell viabilities were detected by MTT assay. The protein expression of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) was detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay. Increased cell death in simulated ischemia injury of NRK-52E cells were markedly attenuated in the Nec-1 pretreated ischemia injury group. Meanwhile, cell viability was significantly improved after using Nec-1. In addition, we also observed that the protein expression of Drp1, a mediator of mitochondrial fission, was significantly increased in simulated ischemia injury group. Increased Drp1 expression in the ischemia injury group can be abolished by Nec-1 or Drp1-knock down, accompanied with decreased cell death and improved cell viabilities. These results suggest that Nec-1 may inhibit cell death induced by simulated ischemia injury in the rat tubular cell line NRK-52E through decreased Drp1 expression.
Implications of Surface and Bulk Properties of Abutment Implants and Their Degradation in the Health of Periodontal Tissue
Authors: De Avila Erica , De Molon Rafael , Palomari Spolidorio Denise , De Assis Mollo Jr. Francisco
Published: December 2013

The aim of the current review was to investigate the implications of the surface and bulk properties of abutment implants and their degradation in relation to periodontal health. The success of dental implants is no longer a challenge for dentistry. The scientific literature presents several types of implants that are specific for each case. However, in cases of prosthetics components, such as abutments, further research is needed to improve the materials used to avoid bacterial adhesion and enhance contact with epithelial cells. The implanted surfaces of the abutments are composed of chemical elements that may degrade under different temperatures or be damaged by the forces applied onto them. This study showed that the resulting release of such chemical elements could cause inflammation in the periodontal tissue. At the same time, the surface characteristics can be altered, thus favoring biofilm development and further increasing the inflammation. Finally, if not treated, this inflammation can cause the loss of the implant.
Performance Prediction of Differential Fibers with a Bi-Directional Optimization Approach
Authors: Wang Yi , Ding Yongsheng , Hao Kuangrong , Wang Tong , Liu Xiaoyan
Published: December 2013

This paper develops a bi-directional prediction approach to predict the production parameters and performance of differential fibers based on neural networks and a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm. The proposed method does not require accurate description and calculation for the multiple processes, different modes and complex conditions of fiber production. The bi-directional prediction approach includes the forward prediction and backward reasoning. Particle swam optimization algorithms with K-means algorithm are used to minimize the prediction error of the forward prediction results. Based on the forward prediction, backward reasoning uses the multi-objective evolutionary algorithm to find the reasoning results. Experiments with polyester filament parameters of differential production conditions indicate that the proposed approach obtains good prediction results. The results can be used to optimize fiber production and to design differential fibers. This study also has important value and widespread application prospects regarding the spinning of differential fiber optimization.
Debt Contagion in Europe: A Panel-Vector Autoregressive (VAR) Analysis
Authors: Bouvet Florence , Brady Ryan , King Sharmila
Published: December 2013

The European sovereign-debt crisis began in Greece when the government announced in December, 2009, that its debt reached 121% of GDP (or 300 billion euros) and its 2009 budget deficit was 12.7% of GDP, four times the level allowed by the Maastricht Treaty. The Greek crisis soon spread to other Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) countries, notably Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Italy. Using quarterly data for the 2000–2011 period, we implement a panel-vector autoregressive (PVAR) model for 11 EMU countries to examine the extent to which a rise in a country’s bond-yield spread or debt-to-GDP ratio affects another EMU countries’ fiscal and macroeconomic outcomes. To distinguish between interdependence and contagion among EMU countries, we compare results obtained for the pre-crisis period (2000–2007) with the crisis period (2008–2011) and control for global risk aversion.
Towards Clinical Applications of Anti-endotoxin Antibodies; A Re-appraisal of the Disconnect
Authors: Hurley James
Published: December 2013

Endotoxin is a potent mediator of a broad range of patho-physiological effects in humans. It is present in all Gram negative (GN) bacteria. It would be expected that anti-endotoxin therapies, whether antibody based or not, would have an important adjuvant therapeutic role along with antibiotics and other supportive therapies for GN infections. Indeed there is an extensive literature relating to both pre-clinical and clinical studies of anti-endotoxin antibodies. However, the extent of disconnect between the generally successful pre-clinical studies versus the failures of the numerous large clinical trials of antibody based and other anti-endotoxin therapies is under-appreciated and unexplained. Seeking a reconciliation of this disconnect is not an abstract academic question as clinical trials of interventions to reduce levels of endotoxemia levels are ongoing. The aim of this review is to examine new insights into the complex relationship between endotoxemia and sepsis in an attempt to bridge this disconnect. Several new factors to consider in this reappraisal include the frequency and types of GN bacteremia and the underlying mortality risk in the various study populations. For a range of reasons, endotoxemia can no longer be considered as a single entity. There are old clinical trials which warrant a re-appraisal in light of these recent advances in the understanding of the structure-function relationship of endotoxin. Fundamentally however, the disconnect not only remains, it has enlarged.
Les lampes antiques en terre cuite (suite)
Authors: Provoost Arnold
Published: December 2013

L'auteur poursuit et achève l'inventaire typologique des spécimens de lampes, dont il a livré la première partie dans le fascicule précédent. Les objets étudiés proviennent, en ordre principal, d'Italie, de Grèce et du Proche-Orient. Les plus anciens datent du début de l'époque romaine impériale, les plus récents permettent de descendre dans le temps jusqu'au Moyen Age, et même plus bas.
La educación del Emperador Constancio II
Authors: Arce Javier
Published: December 2013

L'empereur Constance II bénéficia, comme fils de Constantin le Grand, d'une instruction soignée dans les disciplines littéraires, militaires et sportives, aussi bien que dans la foi nicéenne. Cette formation ne révéla pas en lui un génie, ni même un esprit très brillant. Elle lui valut néanmoins de compter parmi les hommes cultivés du ive siècle et influença, de manière décisive, son attitude â l'égard des lettres et des intellectuels en général - comme en témoignent les mesures qu'il prit en leur faveur dans la nouvelle capitale de l'Empire. Son éducation politique, marquée par les relations strictement courtisanes qui prévalaient alors à Constantinople dans l'entourage impérial, est à l'origine de sa conception absolutiste du pouvoir, tandis que ses interventions en matière religieuse apparaissent liées au respect de la figure paternelle qui lui avait été inculqué dès son jeune âge.
Sull'origine della teoria localistica di Massimo Planude
Authors: Murru F.
Published: December 2013

A la suite des travaux que les linguistes contemporains consacrent depuis peu à son oeuvre, Maxime Planude tend aujourd'hui â être présenté comme l'inventeur de l'hypothèse localistique. L'étude, â la fois philologique et linguistique, de la question conduit â montrer que son originalité n'est pas aussi absolue : des passages d'Apollonius Dyscole et de Priscien contiennent des vues sinon identiques, du moins analogues aux siennes.
Ajax's Gods and the Gods of Sophocles
Authors: Podlecki A. J.
Published: December 2013

Divine and semi-divine beings permeate Sophocles' plays. The whole roster of Olympian deities is frequently named ; nameless theoi and daimones are often invoked by his characters ; the efficacy of oracles seems to be taken for granted. Of greater significance, however, are the pervasiveness of such pre-Olympian abstractions as Aidos, Tyche, Dike and Eusebeia ; all-revealing and all-nurturing Helios ; the awesome, but also reconciliatory power of the nether gods.
Gorgia. Origine e struttura materiale della parola
Authors: Mazzara Giuseppe
Published: December 2013

Selon Gorgias, la parole est due à l'incidence de flux de σχήματα sur notre sensibilité. Il faut y distinguer un aspect matériel et un aspect rationnel. Le premier est constitué par le σῶµα et le σχῆµα, le second par le σημαῖον. Comme σημεῖον, la parole est prise entre deux exigences : l'utilisation des inventions de l'art rhétorique pour que, franchi le seuil du bruit, l'attention soit éveillée par des sons adéquats, d'autre part leur dépassement en vue d'un message conforme, non plus au vraisemblable, mais à la pure vérité, dont la poursuite, quoique difficile, est toujours possible.
Mediis discumbere in astris : Statius Silvae IV 2
Authors: Thomson Vessey D.W.
Published: December 2013

Analyse littéraire et historique de Stace, Silvae, IV, 2. L'eucharistikon reflète fidèlement l'idéologie impériale de Domitien.
Aristide e l'Athenaion Politeia
Authors: Piccirilli Luigi
Published: December 2013

À la différence de Plutarque, Aristote présente Aristide comme collaborateur de Thémistocle et prostates tou demou. Le philosophe souligne le moment de la collaboration (non de la rivalité) entre les deux hommes d'État parce qu'il désire mettre en évidence les « lois » historiques de l'État athénien, et non les changements « irrationnels » qui émaillent le cours des événements.
Trois refrains nuptiaux et le fragment 124 Mette d'Eschyle
Authors: Lambin Gérard
Published: December 2013

La scholie de Pindare, Pythiques, III, 19, dont le texte est ici rétabli, a conservé trois refrains nuptiaux. Le premier, également cité par Hésychius et surtout par Eschyle, dans le fragment 124 Mette des Danaïdes, connu grâce à cette scholie de Pindare, provient d'un épithalame du matin. Les deux autres, dont l'un se retrouve chez Horapollon (Hiéroglyphes, I, 8), proviennent des acclamations apotropaïques et propitiatoires qui étaient traditionnelles le soir des noces.
The narrative architecture of Petronius' Satyricon
Authors: Hubbard Thomas K.
Published: December 2013

L'étude démontre que le Satyricon de Pétrone n'est pas une narration incohérente et sans but, comme on l'a cru. Tout au contraire, il manifeste une structure très élaborée d'enchâssement autour des harangues des affranchis dans la Cena Trimalchionis. Cette structure annulaire souligne des échos thématiques et éclaire le sens de plusieurs épisodes du roman.
Lucullus Daemoniac
Authors: Wylie Graham
Published: December 2013

The enigma of L. Licinius Lucullus' life puzzled even his biographer Plutarch. His early career as Sulla's trusted associate was distinguished both for military and naval successes and for wise and humane administration of the war-ravaged Greek states in Asia. Yet his Eastern command showed thirst for military glory and adulation, and personal greed, leading him to prolong the war against Mithridates and Tigranes. Arrogance and contempt for his troops led to mutiny, negating past victories, and to his recall. The luxury of his retired üfe disgusted even his friends.
La concezione tucididea dell'esercizio del potere
Authors: Bonelli Guido
Published: December 2013

Dans son œuvre, Thucydide ne reproche jamais au plus puissant d'exercer son pouvoir sur le faible ; celui-là, à son avis, ne fait que suivre une loi de nature. Pareille loi, dans l'abstrait, c'est-à-dire en dehors de toute réalité historique, est bien sûr injuste, mais on ne peut pas l'invoquer pour réprouver l'injustice, l'hybris, etc. de l'État qui en vient à imposer sa domination. Sous l'angle historiciste, la légitimité «naturelle» de l'Empire d'Athènes est hors de discussion. Analyse des discours des livres I et II, et du Dialogue des Méliens.
Ctésias romancier
Authors: Auberger Janick
Published: December 2013

Ctésias est quelque peu méprisé par les critiques anciens et modernes, qui insistent toujours sur ses mensonges, ses fabulations. Au lieu de vouloir montrer ce qu'il n'est pas (il n'est certes pas un historien à la manière de Thucydide), il convient d'étudier ce que sa narration doit aux techniques orientales et les procédés nouveaux qui font de lui, peut-être, le premier écrivain grec de roman ; cette recherche se penche sur quelques points spécifiques, comme la place du sentiment amoureux dans son œuvre, et la manière qu'il a d'insérer des petits récits autonomes dans sa narration : caractères qu'on retrouvera, cette fois à l'abri de toute critique, dans les romans grecs bien des années plus tard.
Alexander and Aristotle's Pambasileus
Authors: Nagle Brendan
Published: December 2013

Brendan NAGLE, Alexander and Aristotle's Pambasileus. - Aristotle's or absolute king (Politics III, 14, 1285b 29-33) is not a theoretical constmct, an hypothetical element in his theory of distributive justice, but a real, existential king who rules justly over poleis and ethne. The article discusses how it was possible for Aristotle to include this type of king in his list of orthodox, monarchic politeiai.
The Artists of Aphrodite
Authors: Fountoulakis Andreas
Published: December 2013

Andreas FOUNTOULAKIS, The Artists of Aphrodite - Cet article traite des problèmes posés par deux inscriptions siciliennes qui datent du Ier siècle av. J.-C. et sont mises en relation avec le monde du théâtre. Elles se rapportent à un synode d'artistes qui ne se dévoue pas à Dionysos mais à Aphrodite. L'examen d'un grand nombre de sources littéraires et non-littéraires concernant la nature et le développement du spectacle érotique dans l'antiquité montre que les artistes de ces inscriptions étaient, sans doute, artistes du théâtre du mime spécialisés dans ce type de spectacles.
Deux dédicaces religieuses d'Arlon (ILB 64 et ILB 65) et le culte public des Trévires
Authors: Raepsaet-Charlier Marie-Thérèse
Published: December 2013

Marie-Thérèse Raepsaet-Charlier (ULB), Deux dédicaces religieuses d'Arlon (ILB 64 et ILB2 65) et le culte public des Trévires. - La révision de deux inscriptions latines d'Arlon permet d'intégrer ces monuments au culte officiel de la colonie de Trêves dont faisait partie le uicus Orolaunum. Le catalogue de toutes les attestations des uici et pagi du territoire et de toutes les constructions évergétiques conduit aussi à mettre en évidence le rôle prééminent de la religion dans le fonctionnement des institutions civiques des Trévires sous le Haut- Empire.