bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Hawthorn Lacebugs on Pyracantha, 1980
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , Young Jerry , Ree Bill , Peden Martha
Published: March 2022

Hawthorn lacebug control was evaluated on a pyracantha hedge in two separate tests between May 22 and July 2. In Test 1, 480 feet of hedge were utilized and treatments were randomized and replicated four times. Each treatment consisted of a 20 ft section, 4 to 5 ft high. In test 2, 240 feet of hedge were utilized and treatments were randomized and replicated three times. Each treatment consisted of a 10 ft section, 4 to 5 ft high. Treatments were made with a John Bean 55 sprayer and a Spraying Systems Gun, Jet No 43, which delivered 2.4 gal/min at 200 psi. Sprays were applied until runoff. Temperature and wind velocity at the time of treatment were 65°F, 0-5 mph and 85°F, 0-5 mph respectively for Test 1 and 2. Infestations were determined by counting adults and nymphs on leaves on 6 inches of terminal branch at 10 locations in each treatment.
Apple, Evaluation of Several Sythetic Pyrethroid Insecticides for Control of Apple Pests, 1980
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Ponton L. F. , McCaffrey J. P. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

Four apple trees (one of each of the four cultivars, Triple Red Delicious, Yellow Delicious, Double Red Stayman and Commander Red York) were sprayed to the drip point for each treatment and the water control. All treatment trees were bordered on all sides by unsprayed buffer trees. Application was with an adjustable hand gun at 200 psi (14 kg/cm2). The pH of spray water was 7.4 in all cases. Treatments were applied on Apr 18, 24, May I, 12, 22, 28; Jun 4, II, 18, 25, Jul 2, 9, 16, 24; Aug 6 and 13. Pounce 3.2EC, 4 oz/100 gal (.31ml/litre) was applied up to and including Jun 4 on one treatment (4 trees). Commencing on Jun II at the manufacturer’s request, F.M.C. 45806 2.5ECat 2 oz/100 gal (l.56ml/litre) was substituted for Pounce. In determining the percent fruit injured by codling moth and plum curculio injuries per 50 fruit, from each of the four replicates, for each treatment were recorded if there were 50 apples present. Where there were less than 50 fruit, all were counted and the percentage injured recorded.
Phytotoxicity Following Drench Applications of Insecticides, Ornamentals, Georgia, 1980
Authors: Oetting Ronald D.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were applied to selected ornamental plants to evaluate potential phytotoxicity following drench treatments for Insect control. Experiments were conducted between May and Sep at the GA Exper Sta, Experiment on raised benches in the greenhouse. A treatment block consisted of 1 plant grown in a 1:1 mixture of Metro-Mix 300 and peat moss. There were 5 replications in each experiment. The treatments and rates (lb ai/100 gal) were: Vydate 2L (0.25, 0.5, 1.0); Resmethrin 2E (0.25, 0.5, 1.0); and Dlazinon AG 500 (0.5, 1.2, 2.0). The diluted insecticide was poured into each pot from a graduated cylinder. The volume applied to each pot was based on pot size: 75 mm pot received 70 ml, 100 mm pot received 100 ml, 115 mm pot received 125 ml, and 125 mm pot received 150 ml. Each treatment was applied to the soil and evaluated for 4 weeks, then 2 applications were made 7 days apart and evaluated for 4 weeks. The plants were observed weekly and evaluated for phytotoxicity on a scale of: 0 = no damage, 1 = slight damage, 2 = moderate (affects marketability), and 3 = severe (unmarketable). Un-treated checks of each species were maintained to aid in evaluating phytotoxicity.
Phytotoxicity on Poinsettia, California, 1978-79
Authors: Parrella M. P. , Morishita F.S. , Robb K. R. , Nolan P.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted at the Paul Ecke Poinsettia Ranch, Encinitas, from Oct 17 - Nov 16’78. The following materials and rates were evaluated: Resmethrin 2E (SPB-1382), Fenvalerate 2.4E (SD-43775), Permethrin 2E (SPB-1513) {all at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 lb ai/100 gal) and Oxamyl 2E (Vydate) (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 lb ai/100 gal). A spreader-sticker, X-77, was added at a rate of 1 ml/gal. Materials were applied until run-off to both sides of bracts and leaves using a 10 gal hydro-piston pump delivering 2.5 gpm (9.5 litres per min) at 100 psi. The C-l red (in 5 inch pots) and Annette Hess variety (in 4 inch pots) were used with 3 replicates/variety/treatment and 10 plants/replicate. Applications were made on 3 dates: l)when plants were well-rooted (ca 3-4 weeks after sticking), 2)when bracts began to show color and flower buds were evident and 3)when 0.5-0.75 in bloom. A commercial application of Temik 10G was applied on C ct 20 at 0.0416g ai/sq ft. Observations on phytotoxicity were made 2,4, and 7 days after each spray application and compared to an untreated control.
The Efficacy of Single Applications of Selected Insecticides Upon German Cockroach Populations, 1980
Authors: Gold R. E. , Ballard J. B.
Published: March 2022

The study sites were residences under the management of the Omaha Tribal Housing Authority, Macy, Nebraska. Pretreatment German cockroach population levels were assessed by placing sticky traps (distributed by Mitsuboshi Boeki, Inc.) In the homes for 1 night. A trap was placed under the kitchen sink, behind the stove, and behind the toilet of each residence. Traps were removed, cockroaches counted, and a cockroaches/trap/night value calculated. All insecticide treatments were applied using a 3.81 B&G hand sprayer operated at 1.4 kg/cm2 utilizing a multi-tip nozzle set for fan spray. All treatments were applied in accordance with experimental label guidelines. In order to evaluate the efficacy of the treatments, traps were placed in the original locations in the residences for 1 night at 1,2,3 and 6 months posttreatment. A cockroaches/trap/night value was calculated and compared to the pretreatment values to determine percent reduction data.
Control of Adult Manure Breeding Muscid Flies in High Rise Poultry Houses with Ectrin, 1980
Authors: Collison Clarence H. , Smith Judith A.
Published: March 2022

Three high rise poultry houses located in Lancaster Co., PA were used to evaluate residual wall treatments of Ectrin 13.76% WP (fenvalerate) for controlling adult manure breeding flies. Applications of either 0.1% or 0.25% Ectrin were applied by a hand held compressed air sprayer to the manure pit walls of each house at a rate of 1 gal/750 sq ft. Changes in adult fly populations were monitored by counting the number of flies resting within sq ft areas marked on the walls in both treated and untreated sections of the manure pit. Counting stations were located both on the cinder block and wood or foam sections of the wall. The house at Lititz, PA was 36 by 304 ft and housed 30,000 caged layers which had been in place since Oct’79. Fly control measures consisted of removing the manure in April and spraying with Poultry Spray and Larvicide (Rabon + Vapona). The 8 ft high pit walls had cinder blocks on the lower half and technifbam above. On July 10, at total of 4.5 gal of Ectrin 0.1% spray was applied to 61.5% of the pit wall surface. A second treatment, 6 gal of 0.1% Ectrin spray, was applied to 82% of the pit walls on Aug 14. An additional 375 sq ft was treated with 0.5 gal of 0.1% Ectrin on Sept 2 and 1500 sq ft was treated with 2 gal 0.25% Ectrin on Sept 16. The manure was partially removed on July 21 and Sept 16. House flies comprised 100% of the population. At Elm, PA the house was 64 by 400 ft and housed 48,000 caged layers. The flock had been in place since Feb and no fly control measures had been taken. Manure pit walls were 4 ft of cinder block on the bottom and painted wood paneling on the upper half. On July 10, 60.1% of the pit walls were sprayed with 6 gal of 0.1% Ectrin. The fly population at the time of treatment consisted of 99% Ophyra and 1% Muscadomestica. Manure was removed on Sept 18. The third house at Sporting Hill, PA was 44 by 270 ft and housed 30,000 caged layers. The flock had been in place since Feb and no fly control measures had been taken. The pit walls were similar in construction to those in the Lititz house. Two gal of 0.25% Ectrin spray were applied to 29.6% of the pit wall on July 17. Only Muscadomestica were present.
Apple ,Test of Insecticides, 1980
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Starner Van R. , Kanour William W.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 replicates of York Imperial. Treated single-trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. Experimental sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a spray mast carrying 7 spray guns arranged to wet the uniformly trimmed trees. Approximately 8.0 gallons of spray were applied per replicate tree. Dates of application were as follows: Temik treatments applied only once by hand on May 13; both amitraz treatments (no Guthion) applied on May 22; Jun 5 Guthion only on 1st amitraz treatment, amitraz only on 2nd treatment (Guthion only then applied on remaining spray dates to both treatments); all other treatments. May 23, Jun 10 and 24, Jul 9 and 23, Aug 6 and 21. During the season general sprays involving Cyprex, Polyram, captan, sulfur, zineb and calcium chloride were applied with an airblast sprayer at 50 GPA to the whole experimental block. Average temperatures were: May 61.5° F, Jun 66.5° F, Jul 74.9° F, Aug 76.3° F and Sep 65.5° F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 4.49, Jun 4.02, Jul 1.48, Aug 1.71 and Sep 1.53. Effectiveness on the apple aphid was evaluated by counting the number of infested terminals/100 top terminals/tree, the number of aphid infested leaves/terminal, and the number of aphlds/most infested leaf/infested terminal. The effect of the sprays on the white apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 leaves/tree. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on the European red mite was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 15 leaves/tree, 60 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the predators S.punctum and H.vitripennis was evaluated by 3-minute counts of adults and larvae and adults and nymphs, respectively, around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after Jul 17 and 2 picked samples on Aug 19 and Sep 3. Apple samples averaged 240 fruits/replicate and 960/treatment. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season. Russet ratings are based on 30 apples/replicate, 60/treatment. No russet (1), light russet (2), moderate russet (3), and severe russet (4). Possible means are: no russet to light russet 30-60, light to moderate russet 60-90, and moderate to severe russet 90-120.
The Effect of BeelureR, A Bee Attractant, on the Behavior of Honey Bees and Fruit Set of Apple, 1980
Authors: Rajotte E. G. , Fell R. D.
Published: March 2022

The effects of Beelure (Helena Chemical Co.) on (1) the number of foraging bees, (2) the percent of bees with pollen, (3) the percent of bees foraging on non-floral foliage and, (4) the fruit set of the trees.were measured. All test were done at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Horticulture Research Farm in Blacksburg, Virginia.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1980
Authors: Townsend Howard G. , Micinski Stephen
Published: March 2022

Test materials were evaluated for efficacy against phytophagous and predatory mites. Treatments were applied using an air-blast sprayer at ca 250 GPA. Pretreatment counts were taken and the treatments applied on Aug 26. Treatments consisted of 4, 2-tree replicates in design. Post-treatment counts were taken weekly (Sep 2, 9, 16, 23, and 30) by collecting 25 leaves at random from each replicate. Mites were brushed onto plates and counted. The 1980 growing season was characterized by abnormally high temperatures and low moisture.
Fruitworm Control, 1980
Authors: Brodel Charles F.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a uniformly vined, 12-yr-old section of State Bog in East Wareham, Massachusetts. The experiment design was a randomized complete block with 10 treatment plots replicated 3 times. Plots of 15 x 7 ft were separated within blocks by 5-ft pathways and between blocks by 20-ft pathways. Two post-bloom applications were made on Jul 18 and Jul 30-31 with a 10-gal, powered ground sprayer delivering ca. 0.6 gal per min at 50 psi. All treatments were diluted to the rate of 400 gal of water per acre. A spray disc (4/64 inch orifice) and long distance nozzle tip allowed the applications to simulate those achieved commercially with over-head sprinkler systems. Difolatan was applied on Jun 24 and Jul 24 to prevent infection by fruit rot organisms. Temperatures were normal and precipitation well below normal throughout the test period. During the last week of August, berries from 5 randomly selected, square-foot areas within each plot were harvested by hand and frozen. These were later inspected for injury by A.vaccinii and S.sulfureana. Data transformed to arcsine were subjected to analysis of variance. Infestation levels were rated as moderate for A.vaccinii and light for S.sulfureana.
Control of Leafhopper on Concord Grapes, 1980
Authors: Jubb Gerald L.
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted in an established Concord grape vineyard infested with Erythroneuracomes (Say). Plots consisted of 5 vines in a row replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Sprays were applied on Aug 6 using an Ortho garden sprayer operated off a high pressure hose of a Myers 6I256ET2 hydraulic vineyard sprayer. Operating pressure was 100 psi. Sprays were applied to runoff resulting in approximately 200 gal spray per acre. The equivalent of 0.5 pt Triton AG-98 per 100 gal was used with each treatment. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of leafhopper nymphs on each of 10 injured leaves selected randomly per plot. Data were transformed to x + 0.5 and treated by analysis of variance and Duncan’s modified (Bayesian) least significant difference test.
Leafhopper Control with Low and High Volume Sprayers
Authors: Jubb Gerald L.
Published: March 2022

Two vineyard sprayers were evaluated for control of leafhoppers using carbaryl at “full” and “one-half” rates (2.0 and 1.0 lb ai/acre, respectively) in a Concord grape vineyard in North East, PA. The high volume (HV) sprayer was a Myers 6I256ET2 sprayer equipped with a covered boom for spraying single trellis rows with minimal drift. This sprayer was calibrated to deliver 100 gal/acre @ 2.5 mph and 500 psi. The low volume (LV) sprayer was a Kinkelder Super 160 electrostatic sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre with alternate middle spraying @ 3.1 mph and 20 psi. Plots were 4 rows wide and 6 vines long with 3 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Sprays were applied on Jul 18. Triton CS-7 @ [ pt/100 gal was used in the spray with the Kinkelder application and Triton AG-98 @ 0.5 pt/100 gal was used in the spray with the Myers application. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of leafhopper nymphs on each of 25 injured leaves selected randomly per plot. Data were transformed to X + 0.5 and treated by analysis of variance and Duncan’s modified (Bayesian) least significant difference test.
Aphid Control on Alabama Pecans, 1980
Authors: Estes Paul M. , Edelson Jonathan V.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted at the Auburn University farm in Union Springs, AL using a modified randomized block design. Each treatment was replicated 4 times with ca 9 trees per rep. Application was made with a John Bean Air Blast Sprayer using 10 gal spray per free. Aphid populations were monitored I day before each treatment date by counting all aphids on 10 arbitrarily selected leaves from each of 2 trees located in the middle of each block. Treatments were made on May I, 14, Jun 3, 27, and Jul 16. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and DMRT at the 5% level.
Cabbage Maggot Control on Chinese Cabbage, Japanese Radish, and Turnip, 1979
Authors: Halfhill J. E.
Published: March 2022

The tests were conducted at Yakima, WA, in Ritzville sandy loam soil (coarse, silty, mesic, Calciorfhidic Haploxerolls) with a pH of 6.2 and containing 1.6% organic matter. Seeds were planted on Aug 6 in plots consisting of 2 rows (55.9 cm apart x 6.1 m long). Plots were separated by 0.91 m alleys. Interplant spacing of Japanese radish and turnips was 10.2-15.2 cm and that of Chinese cabbage was 30.5-40.6 cm. Treatments applied to the different crops consisted of 3 rates of Lorsban plus the control and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The at-plant granular treatments were applied and incorporated by use of the “bow wave” method whereby the opening and covering shoes of the seeder are used to distribute and incorporate the insecticide. These were followed by a 30-day postplanting (= 30-day preharvest) application to the soil surface of a band spray of the EC formulation at the same rates as the granules. The pesticides were applied in 13.25 litre water/304.8 m linear ft of row through TeeJet 80015E even-spray flat fan nozzles operated at 3.16 kg/cm2 by air pressure. Both treatment methods resulted in 7.6-10.2 cm wide bands of insecticide over the row. With turnips only, an additional test was conducted in which only at-planting granular treatments were applied. At harvest, 15 plants selected at random from each plot were washed and examined for determination of yield, number of roots injured, and degree of Injury to the roots based on an injury rating.
Foliage Sprays to Control Cabbage Looper on Cabbage, 1980
Authors: Hofmaster R. N. , Francis J. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Round Dutch’ cabbage was transplanted Aug 15 in 3-ft rows with 20-inch row spacing. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of a single 25-ft long row with an untreated row adjacent to each treatment plot. The sprays were applied with a D. B. Smith 5-gallon, knapsack, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 75 gal/acre (40 psi), using a D. B. Smith #E-147 adjustable cone nozzle. Applications were made on Sep 2, 11, 19 and Oct 2. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of loopers/10 cabbage plants and by foliage injury ratings. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were categorized as follows: 1) Only occasional feeding - necessary to look very close to see evidence of injury; 2) Visible signs of feeding but less than 10% of leaves severely damaged; 3) Heavy feeding on 10-25% of foliage; 4) Intense feeding on 25-50% of foliage; and 5) Practically 100% of the foliage severely damaged, plants nearly defoliated.
Caterpillar Control on Sweet Corn, 1980
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Silver Treat’ sweet corn were planted Jul 7 ‘80 to a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 4 rows wide on 30 in centers and 25 ft long. Granular systemic treatments were banded in the furrow at planting; granular whorl treatments were applied with a hand shaker over the whorl; whorl sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with one nozzle centered over the row calibrated to deliver 30 gal/A at 40 psi; and foliar sprays at silking were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 4 nozzles/row, directed at the ear zone, which delivered 85 gal/A at 250 psi. Whorl treatments were applied Aug 8 and 15; foliar sprays at silking were applied Aug 29, Sep 2, 5, 8 and 11. Twenty plants/plot were evaluated on Aug 18 for armyworm damage. The categories for armyworm foliar injury damage are as follows: 1) slight feeding; 2) 10% feeding; 3) heavy feeding, 25% of whorl damaged; 4) whorl destroyed, 50% defoliation; and 5) skeletonized, whorls destroyed. At harvest, Sep 15, 20 ears from the middle 2 rows of each plot were evaluated for ‘worm’ damage as “none” (clean), “tip” (< 1 1/2 in tip damage) and “side”. On Oct 15, 20 stalks and ear shanks in each plot were split from 3 nodes above the ear to 3 nodes below the ear; each inch of damage was recorded as 1 cavity.
Foliar Sprays to Control Corn Earworms, Fall Armyworms and European Corn Borers in Sweet Corn, 1980
Authors: Linduska James J. , Dively Galen P. , Harrison Floyd P. , Hiddleson Loren M. , Hellman John L.
Published: March 2022

‘NK - 199’ sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 50 ft in length on Jun 6 ’80. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Silk sprays were applied with an International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. The sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 20 gallons of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/acre with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at 50% silk (Jul 30 ’80) and 6 days later (Aug 5 ’80). Plots were harvested Aug 13 ’80 and evaluated as to insect species causing injury. One-hundred ears/treatment/ replication were harvested and graded. Only the center 2 rows of each plot were harvested. The soil type was a Galestown sandy loam.
Cowpea Curculio Control on Southern Peas, 1980
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A. , Johnson Eric M.
Published: March 2022

‘Dixilee’ southern peas were planted in single-row plots 15 ft long on May 22. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design with 5 ft alleys between replications. Treflan (at 0.5 lbs ai/acre) was incorporated preplant for weed control. Treatments were applied weekly on Jun 6, 13,20,27, Jul 3, 11, 18, and 25 for a total of 8 applications. All applications were made at a rate equivalent to 100 gallons of water at 40 psi using a piston pump sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle. A single harvest was made on Jul 31 and the percentage of pods with stings and the number of stings per 10 pods were determined. At the same time, all leafminers on 10 leaves were counted for each treatment. Irrigation was used to supplement natural rainfall such that approximately 1 in of water was applied weekly.
Insect Control on Bell Peppers, Delaware, 1980
Authors: Burbutis Paul P. , Chaffee Michael G. , Poekert Joseph
Published: March 2022

Spray materials were applied, using a 2-gal, CO2-pressurized, stainless steel sprayer at 38 psi in 1 gal water (= 40 gal/acre), to both sides of the rows. Granular materials were applied to 1 side of each row ca. 5 inches from the main stems and 1-2 inches deep with a hand shaker on Jun 24. Treatments were replicated 4 times, in 3-row, 30 ft-long plots in a randomized complete block design. Plants were set out in early May. Spray treatments were applied on a 10-day schedule starting on Jul 9 and ending on Sep 22 except the Orthene at 1.25 lbs ai/acre treatment which was applied on a 14-day schedule. Copper and Dithane were applied separately to all treatments on a 10-day spray schedule for disease control. First harvest (Sep 22-23) consisted of large red fruit only and the second harvest consisted of commercial-size, mixed red and green fruit (Oct 3). Leaves were sampled every 10 days, 25/plot, for green peach aphid population counts. The test was conducted in Staytonville (Sussex Co.) DE-on a cooperator’s farm.
Irish Potato, Foliar Sprays for Seasonal Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1980
Authors: Bowman James S.
Published: March 2022

This study was located on the Robert Wiggin Farm, Stratham, New Hampshire. ‘Katahdin’ Irish potato seed pieces were planted in rows 36-inches apart on May 25, 1980. Each plot consisted of two 47-ft rows with each treatment replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. The plots were separated by two buffer rows that had been treated with Temik 15G at 3 lb ai/acre in the seed furrow at planting time. Sprays were applied on Jul 24, Aug 1, 12 and 29, 1980 with a B & G CO2 pressurized sprayer at a rate of 36 gal/acre (40 psi) using a 5 ft hand held boom. Control was determined on Aug 25, 1980 by counting the live larvae and adults that were visible from above without disturbing the foliage on 47 ft of row. Foliage damage ratings were made using the following categories: 0 = no visible signs of leaf feeding injury; 1 = only occasional leaves with partial feeding injury; 2 = moderate injury to 25% of foliage; 3 - heavy feeding to 50% of foliage; 4 = severe injury approaching 100% loss. Yields were determined at harvest on Oct 1, 1980 by weighing all the potatoes in 20 ft of row from the center of each plot.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Foliar Sprays and Soil Applied Systemics, 1980
Authors: Cooper R. M. , Simonet D. E.
Published: March 2022

Uncut Norchip potatoes (Size B) were planted, on 3 ft centers at Wooster, OH on May 15, 1980. Each plot consisted of 3, 25-ft long rows with 12 ft between plots. Between each replicate was a 15 ft alley. The soil type was silt loam with O.M. 2.5% and pH 6.6. The herbicide Eptam 7EC at 4.0 lbs ai/A was applied May 6 and the preemergence herbicide Sencor 50W was applied May 27. The fungicide Dithane M-45 at 1 lb ai/acre was applied periodically throughout the season for control of late blight. Granular Temik was applied as insecticide for two treatments with a Planet Jr. in-furrow at planting. The foliar insecticides were applied at a walking pace of 2 mph with a hand-held CO2 sprayer at 40 psi. Spray volume was 2 gal of water per treatment (50 GPA). The decision whether to spray in a given week was based on weekly counts of Colorado potato beetle larvae and adults. The thresholds were: (1) greater than 2 overwintered adults/plant; (2) greater than 5 larvae/plant, and (3) greater than 5 first generation adults/plant. Larvae were classed as small (l-ll instar) or large (MI-IV instar). The insect count data were supplemented by percent defoliation data taken Jul 11 and Aug 1 for individual plants within each treatment. By late July, the check plots were completely defoliated. Potatoes were harvested and yields measured on Sep 16.
Apple, Summer Mite Control Treatments, 1980
Authors: Cobb Leonard J. , Poe Sidney L.
Published: March 2022

Acaricide treatments were applied on Jul 24 to five year old York trees. Treatments were applied with a Bean 35 gallon per minute hydraulic sprayer at 300 psi. Trees were sprayed to runoff. Single tree treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sampling was done by collecting 20 leaves from each tree and brushing them with a modified Henderson-McBurnie type machine. Mites and eggs were trapped in a thin layer of polyvinyl alcohol (Emcol 5100) on a revolving glass plate. Mites and eggs on two sections of each plate equalling 20% of the total area were counted. From this the number of mites and eggs on the plate was calculated. All treatments were compatible with horticultural practices and no phytotoxicity was observed. Other pesticides used throughout the season were Polyram, benomyl, captan, Dithane, phosalone, Pirimor, azinphosmethyl, Karathane, Manzate, thiram, and carbaryl.
Trickle Tape Irrigation Applied Insecticide to Control Colorado Potato Beetle, 1980
Authors: Longley T. S. , Sandvol Larry , Wheeler Steven , Burrup Dave
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted May 15, 1980 in 36 inch rows in declo silt loam soil. Plots consisting of 5 treatments and 5 replications were planted in two 40 ft rows, arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each row was irrigated with a single trickle tape with soil moisture maintained at 65 to 100% available soil moisture. Two to 6 hours were required for each irrigation. Ten cc syringes were used to inject DiSyston LC into trickle tape 10 days apart at 1.5 lb ai/acre and 3,0 ai/acre. Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae were recorded 1 and 7 days after last injection.
Control of Fruitworm on Processing Tomato, 1979
Authors: Hamilton J. T.
Published: March 2022

The triol was conducted on a commercial crop at Cowra, New South Wales and commenced on December 19, 1978 when the crop was in full flower with a few small fruits. The crop was planted in single rows on hills at 1.5m centres. The plots consisted of 5 rows, 5 m long, and 5 replications were arranged at random in 5 blocks. Sprays were applied on Dec 19 and 28 and Jan 5 and 16, using a CO2 powered back-pack sprayer equipped with 4 hollow cone nozzles delivering 450 l/ha at 310 kPa. The trial was evaluated on Jan 26 by examining 100 fruit per plot selected at random for fruitworm injury. These fruit were obtained from the central area of the middle 3 rows of each plot.
Foliar Sprays to Control Fruitworm on Tomato, 1980
Authors: Hofmaster R. N. , Francis J. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Marglobe’ tomatoes were transplanted Jul 26 in 6-ft rows with 20-in spacing between plants. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Each treatment plot consisted of a single, 25-ft long row bordered on each side by an untreated row. The sprays were applied with a D. B. Smith 5-gallon, knapsack, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 75 gal/acre (40 psi), using a D. B. Smith# E147 adjustable cone nozzle. Applications were made on Aug 29, Sep 4, 10 and 18, Oct 2 and 15. The treatments were evaluated by counting the number of fruitworm damaged tomatoes per 100 fruit on Oct 7 and Oct 27. Infested or damaged fruit were removed during the Oct 7 count therefore the Oct 27 data represent additional wormy fruit.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Direct Seeded Tomatoes with Systemic Insecticides, 1980
Authors: Linduska James J. , Bagley P. C.
Published: March 2022

Campbell 28 and UC - 134 tomatoes were direct seeded in alternating rows witft a Planet Jr. UC - 134 tomatoes were planted on May 19 and Campbell 28 tomatoes were planted on May 23. The UC - 134 tomatoes served as buffer rows and were planted early so as to encourage an infestation of Colorado potato beetle. Plots consisted of a single row of tomatoes 45 ft-long, buffered on each side by a guard row. Distance between rows was 6 ft. When plants were 2-3 inches tall they were thinned so as to provide clumps of 3 tomato plants spaced 12 inches apart. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The 10 inch band treatments were applied pre-plant using an electric drive Gandy (Model 901-2) applicator. They were incorporated into the top 2-3 inches of soil with roiling cultivators. Soil temp at the 4 inch depth at the time of treatment was 78° F. The treatment rows were seeded with Campbell 28 tomatoes the same day (May 23) that insecticides were applied to the soil. Soil was classified as a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. When plants were 6-8 inches tall, 10 plants were selected at random in each plot and rated visually to the nearest 10% defoliation. Yield data were taken from a 10-ft section in the center of each plot. Yield data from 6 different harvest dates were combined and reported in tons/acre. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.
Control of Fruitworm and Whitefly on Tomato, 1980
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A. , Johnson Eric M.
Published: March 2022

‘Better Boy’ tomatoes were transplanted on May 23, 1980, near Benson, NC. Individual plots consisted of 8-ft rows. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Row spacing was 36 in with 5-ft alleys and plants were spaced 12 in apart. Treflan (at 0.5 lb ai/acre) was incorporated preplant. To prevent blossom end rot, plots were mulched and CaCl2 was applied. Bravo 500 {at 0.75 lb/100 gal) was applied weekly beginning June 20 to prevent early blight. Treatments were applied, using a CO2 back-pack sprayer equipped with a hollow cone nozzle and delivering 100 gal/acre at 40 psi, on Jul 16, 23, 30, Aug 6, and 13 for a total of 5 applications. All ripe fruit was harvested on Aug 8, 11, 13, 15, and 20 and examined for H. zea damage. Whitefly ratings were made on Aug 13, 15, and 20. Data from all harvests and ratings were pooled for statistical analysis.
Apple, Aphid Control, 1981
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied on Jul 30 to 31-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, ME, as dilute sprays with a handgun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 200 psi and at a rate of 250 gal/A. There were 2 single-tree replica-tions/treatment in a randomized complete block design. Prior to treatment, 10 succulent terminal vegetative shoots (5 with high aphid counts and 5 with low counts) were tagged around the periphery of each tree at a height of 3 to 6 ft. Evaluation was based on a count of all live aphids found on the distal 4 unfurled and 1 furled leaves and on the stem included by these leaves on each tagged terminal shoot.
Soil Treatment with Systemic Insecticide for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1981
Authors: Sherrod D. W. , Francis J. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Norchip’ seed pieces were planted in open furrows in State sandy loam soil (Typic Hapludult) on Mar 4 at our research station near Painter, VA. Each plot was 3 rows wide (36 inch rows) and 25 ft long with each treatment replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. For furrow application the granular insecticides were spread with a hand-held shaker over the seed pieces and the seed pieces covered. Sidedress treatments were made on May 8 by dribbling the granular insecticide in a 2 inch band on each side of the row ca 4 inches from the center of the row and lightly incorporating the granules with a garden hand rake. Foliar sprays were applied on May 29, Jun 8, 15, 22 and 29.
Soil Insecticide Treatments to Control European Corn Borer and Potato Tuberworm in Fall Potatoes, 1981
Authors: Sherrod D. W. , Francis J. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Red Lasoda’ Irish potatoes were planted in open furrows in State sandy loam soil (typic Hapludult) on Jul 28. Each plot consisted of 3 rows (36 inch rows), 25 ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Furrow applications were made at planting time by spreading the granular insecticide over the potato seed using a hand held shaker and then covering the seed. The sidedress application was made on Oct 5 by sprinkling the granules in a 2 inch band on each side of the row ca 4 inches from the center of the row and lightly incorporting the granules in the top 2-3 inches of soil with a garden hand rake. Evaluations were made by counting the number tuberworm mines/10 stems taken from 10 separate plants/plot and counting the number of vines with obvious European corn borer injury/10 hills.
Potato Tuberworm Control in Potatoes, 1981
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Hayashi J. T.
Published: March 2022

An experimental potato planting (’Kennebec’ variety) was made on Mar 26 at Moreno Valley Field Station, Riverside, CA. Insecticide treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. The replicates were 21 rows wide (32 inch centers) by 75 ft long with a 5 ft buffer between replicates. Insecticides were applied at 2 wk intervals from Jun 3 through Jul 15 (4 applications). Insecticides were applied by a tractor-mounted back boom sprayer with 1 nozzle per row at an operating pressure of 100 psi and delivery rate of 20 gal/acre. Nozzles were hollow cone, D3 orifice, 25 core and 50 mesh screen. All treatments included 0.04% spreader-sticker (Biofilm). Ten stems/replicate were inspected weekly from Jun 10 through Jul 7 for larvae and mines. The center 2 rows/replicate were harvested on Jul 22. Data were analyzed by DMRT at the 5% level of probability. An arcsin transformation was performed on mean percent infested white and light green tubers and mean percent total infested tubers before analysis.
Control of Lygus and Aphid on Radish Seed Crops with Temik, 1978
Authors: Halfhill J. E. , Lydrin L. V.
Published: March 2022

‘Cherry Bell’ radishes grown for seed in Warden silt loam (Zerollic Camborthids) soil near Quincy, Washington, were sldedressed at the time of bolting with Temik. The granules were injected 3 inches into the soil 5 inches from the plant row on May 22. The plots were rill irrigated within one week of the application. Each of the 4 replications in the randomized complete block design consisted of a plot 12 rows wide by 50 ft long. The rows were 22- and the plants 6-12 inches apart. Efficacy was determined by counting the numbers of aphids on 25-leaf samples/plot or in 10 sweeps/plot for both aphids and lygus at weekly intervals from Jun 1 through Aug 14. Phytotoxicity was determined by counting the number of plants in 8, 5-ft row sections at harvest on Aug 2. The germination of 100 seed subsamples from the same plants was determined by sprouting them on moist filter paper in a petri dish in a controlled environment.
Apple, Test of Insecticides, 1981
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 replicates of York Imperial. Treated single-trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. Experimental sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a spray mast carrying 7 spray guns arranged to wet the uniformly trimmed trees. Approximately 8 gallons of spray were applied per replicate tree. Dates of application were as follows: May 21, Jun 5 and 19, Jul 6 and 20, Aug 4 and 8, Sep 2. During the season general sprays involving Cyprex, Polyram, captan, sulfur, zineb and calcium chloride were applied with an alrblast sprayer at 50 GPA to the whole experimental block. Average temperatures were: May 59.9°F, Jun 69.9°F, Jul 73.2°F, Aug 70.0°F and Sep 62.6°F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 3.17, Jun 4.11, July 2.79, Aug 4.08 and Sep 3.02. Effectiveness on the apple aphid was evaluated by counting the number of aphid infested leaves/10 top terminals, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf/infested terminal. The effect of the sprays on the white apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 leaves/tree.
Dipel Plus Coax for Insect Control on Tomato, 1981
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

‘Walter’ tomatoes were planted Jun 3 in 5 styrofoam Speedling trays containing soil mix. Each tray contained 1.5 inches by 1.5 inches inverted pyramid holes (8 holes widthwise and 16 lengthwise) each of which had at least 3 plants. Three weeks after seeding the plants were sprayed to run-off with the following treatments: water only, Dipel only, or Dipel plus Coax at 3 concentrations (1 treatment/tray). Sprays were applied at 40 psi with a 2.5 gal stainless steel sprayer using a single adjustable cone nozzle. When the foliage dried, first fully expanded leaflets were excised and placed on water moistened filter paper on the bottoms of 2 inch diam plastic cups. Twenty-five containers with 2 leaflets each were prepared from each treatment.
Tomato Fruitworm Control, 1981
Authors: Story R. N.
Published: March 2022

tomato seedlings were transplanted into 48 inch rows on Aug 25 at the Hill Farm, Baton Rouge, A. Single row plots 24 ft in length (12 plants/plot) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a hand-held CO2 pressurized sprayer delivering 100 gal/acre at 40 psi through a single spray nozzle containing a D-3 disc, Number 25 core, and 16 mesh strainer. Treatments were begun when ca 50% of the plants had set fruit. Applications were made on Sep 23, Oct 1, 9, and 21. Ripening fruit were picked and examined for injury on oct 21, 26, 30, Nov 3, 10, and 16.
Alfalfa, Second and Third Cutting Insect Control, Missouri, 1981
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Spurgeon D. W.
Published: March 2022

Two locations served as tests sites for potato leafhopper control on established stands of alfalfa. One test was conducted on Jul 8 at Salem, MO on second cutting alfalfa and another at Spickard, MO on Aug 26 on third cutting alfalfa. Evaluations were made 24 h after treatment application. Finished sprays were applied to plots at 12 gpa and 40 psi. An IH cub tractor rigged with a 20 ft spray boom, FS-4 nozzles, 50 mesh filter screens, and a PTO roller pump was used to apply compounds. Temperature at treatment was 80°F at Salem and 75°F at Spickard. Overnight rainfall accumulation was 0.35 in at Spickard. Alfalfa was approximately 10 inches tall. Efficacy evaluation was made by sub-sampling plots with 10 sweeps per plot. Each sweep of a 15 inch net was 180° while moving briskly forward. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Means present in table are of actual counts.
Control of Alfalfa Weevil on Alfalfa, 1980
Authors: Hellman John L. , Curtis William , Hochmuth Robert , Levesque Kevin , Frishman Maria , Bassow Fern
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted in a 2-yr-old production alfalfa stand in Baltimore County. Pre-counts were made on May 12 and weevil larvae averaged 39 per dip sweep of a 15 inch standard size net. Treatment plots were 10 ft x 15 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Plots were sprayed on May pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 30 psi. Plots were sampled for post-counts on May 19.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1981
Authors: Klostermeyer L. E. , Evans R.
Published: March 2022

Experimental insecticides were applied to an established alfalfa field at the Middle Tennessee Experiment Station, Spring Hill, TN on Apr 16. Imidan was included as a standard. Treatments, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete design, were applied to plots 18 ft x 20 ft at the rate of 25 gal/acre at 30 psi with a CO2-powered boom sprayer mounted on bicycle wheels. Five pendulum sweeps were taken with a 15 inch dia insect net in each plot weekty from treatment to harvest. Pre-treatment means were 337 alfalfa weevil larvae and 0.75 alfalfa weevils per 5 sweeps. Yields were taken on May 8 from a 5 ft swath cut out of the center of each plot.
Effects of Insecticides on Potato Leafhopper and Nablds in Alfalfa, 1981
Authors: Luna John M. , Allen W. A.
Published: March 2022

A randomized block design with 50 ft x 50 ft plots replicated 3 times was used to evaluate insecticide effects on potato leafhopper and nabids in an established alfalfa stand near Christiansburg, VA. Insecticides were applied to 9 inch tall 3rd cutting alfalfa Aug 3 using a hand-carried, CO2-powered boom sprayer at 18 psi and 25 gal water/A. A sample unit consisted of 10 pendular sweeps of a 15 inch dia sweep net with the insects counted in the field as they emerged from the net after each sample. Three samples were taken in each replicate, for a total of 9 samples/treatment. Pre-spray relative density estimates of 18 potato leafhopper adults and 1.7 nabids per 10 sweeps were obtained. Pre-treatment counts of potato leafhopper nymphs were not taken.
Relative Toxicities of Insecticides to Entomophagous and Pest Insects in Alfalfa, 1981
Authors: Luna John M. , Allen William A.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to 50 ft x 50 ft plots, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design in an established alfalfa stand near Verona, VA. Plots were sprayed May 6 using a hand-carried, CO2-powered boom sprayer at 18 psi and 25 gal water/acre. To estimate densities of alfalfa weevil larvae, 10 stems were clipped and shaken in a 3 gal bucket at each sample site. Weevil larvae were separated by size class; 1st and 2nd instar = small, and 3rd and 4th instar - large. Two samples were taken in each replicate giving 8 samples per treatment. Density estimates of meadow spittlebug nymphs were obtained by visually examining 10 stems at each sample site, with 2 samples taken per replicate. A 15 inch dia sweep net and a portable, glass-topped sleeve cage were used to estimate relative densities of alfalfa weevil adults and entomophagous insects. Two sweep net samples were taken per replicate, each sample consisting of 50 pendular sweeps. After each sample, the net contents were emptied into the sleeve cage. Insects were collected from the cage with an aspirator and returned to the laboratory for identification and counting. Pre-spray mean density estimates obtained May 5 were: small weevil larvae, 3.1/10 stems; large larvae, 9.1/10 stems; spittlebug nymphs, 2.0/stem. No pre-spray counts of adult alfalfa weevil or entomaphagous insects were taken.
Alfalfa Weevil Larvae Control, Kentucky 1981
Authors: Parr John C. , Pass B. C.
Published: March 2022

The test area was a 3-yr-old stand of Buffalo variety alfalfa. The plots were 34 ft x 36 ft and each treatment and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a completely random design. Twenty gal of spray was applied per acre. Treatments were applied with a low-pressure, low-volume, Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 Spraying systems 8003 Teejet nozzles and operated at a pressure of 35 psi. Population densities of larvae were determined 3, 6, 13, 17, and 22 days following treatment by collecting 10 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15 inch dia net. A damage rating was based, on a scale of 1-9 where 1 = no damage and 9 = 100% of leaves consumed, with 2-8 being intermediate. Treatments were applied Apr 21.
Alfalfa Insect Control, 1981
Authors: Quisenberry Sharron S. , Foster David E.
Published: March 2022

Applications of registered and experimental insecticides were applied to second cutting alfalfa on the ISU Dairy Research Farm, Ames, IA. All treatments were applied to 4.7 x 12.2 m plots arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Materials were broadcast using a back-pack sprayer equipped with Teejet 65015 tips at 30 psi pressure and 30 gal/acre. All treatments were applied on Jul 18. Treatments were evaluated by taking ten 180° sweeps using a 38.1 cm dia sweep net. Samples were taken pre-treatment and 1, 3 and 6 days post-treatment. Samples were bagged, returned to the laboratory where garden webworm, green cloverworm and alfalfa plant bug numbers were recorded.
Control of Leafh0Pper Vector of Maize Chlorotic Dwarf (Mcd) Virus Disease of Corn, 1981
Authors: All J. N. , Javid A.
Published: March 2022

Field corn was planted Apr 13 at the University of Georgia Experiment Station, Floyd Co. Soil type was Sequatchie silty clay loam. A randomized complete block design was used with 18 row plots x 18 m long x 1 m wide x 5 m alleys, 5 replicates. Granules were applied in the seed furrow at planting time. Leafhoppers were sampled with a D-vac in 10 m x 8 middle rows per plot at 22, 35, and 50 days post-planting. Disease ratings were made on 50 plants/plot 100 days post-planting. Four middle rows/plot were mechanically harvested 150 days post-planting for determining grain yield.
Field Corn, Southern Corn Rootworm Control, 1981
Authors: Estes P. M.
Published: March 2022

Test plots were at the Auburn University Gulf Coast Substation, Fairhope, AL. Test lots were 4 rows (36 inch spacing) by 100 ft arranged as a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Granules were applied in a 7 inch band with a Ford applicator attached to a Ford 4 row planter. For the seed treatment, Pioneer 3369A seed was mixed with a solution of 2.27 gm of Orthene 80SP in 1.5 ml water per lb of seed and air dried. For the hopper box treatment, Orthene 80SP dry formulation was mixed with the seed in a plastic bag and the seed then poured into the hoppers. Plots were planted and treatments made on Mar 23. Stand and SCR damage counts (yellow leaf stripe, wilted plants, deadheart or any other overt sign of SCR larval feeding) were made on Apr 23 by counting total and affected plants in the 2 center rows of each plot. Multiple checks were included for a better estimate of variance. Twenty row-feet were hand harvested from each plot on Aug 5 and shelling percentage and yield (bu/acre at 15.5% MC and 56 Ib/bu) determined.
Field Corn, Northern Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1981
Authors: Hower Arthur A.
Published: March 2022

The test fields at Rock springs, Centre County, had been in continuous corn for 3 yrs with no insecticide treatments for the 2 yrs previous to this study. Corn was planted no-till in 4 row plots 100 ft long (30 inch centers) with 4 replications in a randomized block design. Two buffer rows, with no insecticide, separated each plot. Five insecticides were compared at 12 formulation, rate and placement combinations.