bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF REARING TEMPERATURE ON THE SIZE AND FAT CONTENT OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR BEETLE
Authors: Atkins Michael D.
Published: December 2009

Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., broods developed more rapidly at a constant 21 °C. than at 13 °C. or at the temperature outdoors during the summer. The dry weight and fat content of young larvae developed at 13 °C. were lowest, whereas the dry weight and fat content of adults reared at 13 °C. were highest. Adults reared outdoors had the lowest dry weight and fat content. The differences in weight and accumulated fat are attributed to the effect of temperature on the length of time available for feeding, and on the rate of metabolism in the various developmental stages. Variations in temperature during the prediapause–diapause period also produce changes in the relation between the size and fat content of the adults.
THE BISEXUAL AND AGAMIC GENERATIONS OF BESBICUS MIRABILIS (HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE), AND THEIR ASSOCIATE INSECTS
Authors: Evans David
Published: December 2009

Alternation of generations, or heterogony, wherein progeny resemble their grandparents but not their parents, is a little-known aspect of some cynipid life histories. This study represents the first record of its occurrence within the genus Besbicus, until now recognized solely from agamic females. The bisexual generation described herein has not been described previously. The literature on B. mirabilis (Kinsey) is reviewed briefly and some of the difficulties of cynipid study are assessed. The life history and ecology of both generations is presented and the immediate insect associates are discussed.
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE ENGELMANN SPRUCE WEEVIL, PISSODES ENGELMANNI (CURCULIONIDAE: COLEOPTERA) AND ITS PARASITES AND PREDATORS
Authors: Stevenson Robert E.
Published: December 2009

The Engelmann spruce weevil, Pissodes engelmanni Hopkins, is an indigenous pest of spruce regeneration in western Canada and the adjacent United States. It is univoltine, overwintering as an adult in the duff beneath the host trees. Eggs are deposited in feeding punctures in the terminal leader. Larvae feed downward in the phloem causing two or more years loss of height growth. Deformities incurred by three or more consecutive years of weevil attacks produce a tree of no commercial value. The incidence of weevilling is most numerous in open grown, even-aged, young stands. Of 14 insect parasites and one predator, Dolichomitus terebrans nubilipennis (Viereck), Eurytoma pissodis Girault and Lonchaea corticis Taylor are considered principal natural control agents.
DEVELOPMENT AND MORTALITY OF THE APPLE MAGGOT, RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA, IN CRAB APPLES
Authors: Neilson W. T. A.
Published: December 2009

Eggs of Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) laid in Siberian crab, Malus baccata Borkh., hatched, but the larvae did not develop beyond the first instar. The small amount of feeding indicated that death occurred within a few days after hatching. Similar incidents of complete mortality occurred in the crab apples of Malus toringoides Hughes, Dupont Flowering, Henrietta Crosby, and Almey that were infested in the laboratory. Larvae were able to complete their development in the crab apples of Bedford, Pink, Beauty, Dolgo, Virginia, and Chestnut. The causes of this mortality are unknown.
A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT LIGHTS IN TRAPS FOR CULICOIDES (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)
Authors: Belton Peter , Pucat Amalia
Published: December 2009

The effectiveness of incandescent and cool white and black light fluorescent lamps was compared in traps used to sample biting midges, mainly Culicoides sanguisuga (Coq.), around Lac Serpent, Quebec, between 17 June and 31 July 1966. The ratio of the modified geometric mean nightly catches of the lamps was about 1:1:40, respectively. A New Jersey trap with a fluorescent black light is highly effective, and to some extent selective, for Culicoides spp.
DIEL PERIODICITY IN SENSITIVITY OF TETRANYCHUS URTICAE (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE) TO DICOFOL
Authors: Fisher R. W.
Published: December 2009

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, showed a pronounced two-peak diel periodicity of susceptibility to dicofol, in a natural regimen of light: dark. The first occurred between 0200 and 0500 hours and the second between 1300 and 1800 hours. Mortality dropped sharply after sunrise (0441 hours) and again an hour before sunset (2002 hours). Lowest mortality occurred near midday. Egg-laying was inversely related to mortality over the 24-hour period.
THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE AMBROSIA BEETLE XYLOTERINUS POLITUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: MacLean David B. , Giese Ronald L.
Published: December 2009

Head capsule measurements of the ambrosia beetle Xyloterinus politus (Say) revealed three larval instars. The xylomycetophagous larvae lengthened their cradles and a positive correlation existed between head width and cradle length. A sex factor of 0.84 was in favor of the female adults. Dissection of active galleries revealed only a single female per gallery. Males were never seen to initiate or excavate a gallery and were forced from the entrance hole by the female when placed in an active attack. The gallery system studied was simple, the entrance hole penetrated into the sapwood for a variable distance before it branched into secondary tunnels at right angles to the main gallery.

Eggs were laid singly in cup-shaped cradles excavated by the female. The cradle openings were plugged with frass throughout the duration of the immature stages. Callow adults emerged from the cradles by forcing the frass plug covering the entrance, and re-entered, their position reversed to feed upon the ambrosial fungus growing on the cradle walk X. politus overwintered as an adult in the old cradles and galleries. Larvae of Ipideurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), probably a larval parasite of X. politus, were found in cradles.
AN EXTRACTION METHOD FOR RAPID COUNTS OF INSECT EGGS AND SMALL ORGANISMS
Authors: Condrashoff S. F.
Published: December 2009

Insect eggs and small organisms may be removed from foliage or bark with solvents and recovered on filter paper. Tests with Acleris variana (Fern.) showed that 96 per cent of eggs were recovered compared to 47–70 per cent counted on foliage. Tests indicated that the extraction method required one-third to one-tenth the time spent in counting the organisms on foliage. The extraction method was more consistent than counts on foliage, and less affected by differences in personnel and working conditions. The method and the solvent must be selected and modified to suit the organism.
A KNOCKDOWN METAL CAGE FOR REARING LARCH SAWFLY LARVAE
Authors: Elliott Ken R. , Muldrew J. A.
Published: December 2009

The construction of a portable and durable knockdown-type cage, designed for rearing larch sawfly larvae in the field, is described.
A Spray Nozzle Composed of Three Concentric Tubes
Authors: Randall A. P.
Published: December 2009

An account is given of the development of a spray nozzle consisting of three steel hypodermic needles coaxially arranged to form three concentric tubes. Air from the inner passage and outer annular orifice atomizes the liquid issuing from the intermediate annular orifice. The resultant effect is an improved control over spray breakup and deposit. A description of the nozzle, its performance characteristics and some application to the study of insect toxicology are presented.
DISTRIBUTION OF CHOLINESTERASE IN THE LARVAE OF HYPODERMA BOVIS AND HYPODERMA LINEATUM (DIPTERA: OESTRIDAE) AND ITS INHIBITION BY SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES
Authors: Steward C. C.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of Hypoderma bovis (L.) and H. lineatum (De Vill.) when incubated with the substrate acetylthiocholine iodide showed the presence of cholinesterase throughout the central nervous system and sense organs, in gonads, oenocytes, Malpighian tubes, anlagen of adult structures, part of the posterior midintestine, and at the junctions of the muscles of the body wall. Incubation with the substrate 5-bromoindoxyl acetate showed all the aforementioned and in addition demonstrated the presence of aliesterase (organophosphorus-sensitive esterase) in the cell cytoplasm of all the midintestinal epithelium, the ring gland, tracheal epithelium, salivary duct epithelium, and in the perineurium of the nerve sheath. Aromesterase (organophosphorus-resistant esterase) was particularly abundant in the epithelium of the midintestine. Lipase was prominent in the lipid droplets of the fat body cells and in similar droplets in the haemocytes.

When the larvae or their tissues, prior to incubation with the substrates, were treated with any one of the three organophosphorus insecticides coumaphos (Co-Ral), trichlorfon (Neguvon, Dipterex), or Ruelene, the cholinesterase was inhibited and so was much of the aliesterase, but not the aromesterase or lipase. Fixation of the larval tissues in formalin did not result in loss of enzyme activity, but on the other hand was not necessary for good histochemical demonstration of the enzymes.

It is concluded that these insecticides by their anticholinesterase action kill the first-instar cattle grubs before the latter can migrate to the lumbar region of the bovine host.
FOUR NEW SPECIES OF UDEA FROM SOUTH AMERICA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

The following four new species of Udea are described: U. decoripennis, Chile; U. soratalis, Bolivia; U. coranialis, Bolivia; U. punoalis, Peru.
ANNOTATED KEYS TO SOME NEARCTIC LEAF-MINING LEPIDOPTERA ON CONIFERS
Authors: Freeman T. N.
Published: December 2009

This paper contains six annotated keys to the larval behavior of 28 species of Lepidoptera that mine the leaves of Picea spp., Abies spp., Tsuga canadensis (L.), Larix spp., Juniperus spp, and Thuja occidentalis L.
OCCURRENCE OF FRUMENTA NUNDINELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE) IN CANADA
Authors: Foott W. H.
Published: December 2009

The first record of Frumenta nundinella (Zeller) in Canada is reported, with notes on development in the only known host, Solanum carolinense L.
INFLUENCE OF WILD FLOWERS ON PARASITISM OF TENT CATERPILLAR AND CODLING MOTH
Authors: Leius K.
Published: December 2009

Surveys in unsprayed orchards showed that the wild flowers that are food sources for adult parasites influence the extent to which host Lepidoptera are parasitized. Proportionately about 18 times as many tent caterpillar pupae were parasitized in orchards with rich undergrowths of wild flowers as in orchards with poor floral undergrowths. The corresponding figures for tent caterpillar egg parasitisms were about 4 to 1, and for codling moth larvae about 5 to 1. Orchards with average undergrowths of wild flowers produced intermediate figures.
ON CONIFEROPHAGOUS SPECIES OF CHORISTONEURA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA: IV. SEXUAL ISOLATION BETWEEN THREE SPECIES
Authors: Campbell I. M.
Published: December 2009

Tests of sexual isolation indicate that, in the absence of temporal and spatial isolation, the strict mating behavior of the females and the high sexual aggressiveness of the males of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) would obstruct any inward flow of genes from either C. occidentalis Free, or C. biennis Free. Under these same conditions, however, the two latter species may receive genes from C. fumiferana, since, in tests, their females mated indiscriminately and their males were less aggressive than those of C. fumiferana.
Notes on the Biology of the Pitted Ambrosia Beetle, Corthylus punctatissimus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), in Ontario and Quebec
Authors: Finnegan R. J.
Published: December 2009

The pitted ambrosia beetle, Corthylus punctatissimus (Zimm.), was studied during widespread infestations in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) stands of southern Ontario and Quebec. A brief description of each stage of the insect is given, and its life history and habits, as well as the damage caused to the host plant are discussed.
BIOLOGY AND DOWNSTREAM DRIFT OF SOME OREGON TRICHOPTERA
Authors: Anderson N. H.
Published: December 2009

Data are given on the biology of several species of Trichoptera in the Metolius River, Oregon, based on drift and benthos samples. Twenty-seven species were collected. Species of Limnephilidae, Brachycentridae, Hydroptilidae, and Lepidostomatidae were important drift components. The Metolius River is extremely productive, with a mean density of larval Trichoptera of 7400 per square meter in benthos samples and a maximum of 5000 per 24 hours in drift-trap samples. Different species varied in their tendency to drift, in the age class distribution in the drift, and in diel periodicity. Drift-trap collecting is shown to be a useful method of studying aspects of behavior such as the dispersal of larvae and the emergence of pupae.
FACTORS INDUCING DIAPAUSE IN HYPHANTRIA CUNEA
Authors: Morris R. F.
Published: December 2009

Diapause induction in Hyphantria cunea is under the joint control of photo-period, temperature, humidity, food quality, and possibly other variables, but insufficient data are available to permit a precise evaluation of their actions and interactions. Short daylength and low temperature induce diapause and the critical thresholds for New Brunswick – Nova Scotia populations are in the vicinity of 14.3 hours and 72°F, respectively. Low humidity increases the incidence of diapause, as does also the change in the nutritional quality of foliage late in the season. Both field data and the extrapolation of laboratory data to field conditions indicate that the occurrence of a partial second generation is unlikely in this area, even in warm seasons.
A NEW PELECORHYNCHUS FROM CHILE (DIPTERA: TABANOIDEA: PELECORHYNCHIDAE)
Authors: Pechuman L. L.
Published: December 2009

Pelecorhynchns peñai is described as new from Chile. A distinctive form, it seems to show close relationship only with P. kröberi Lindner.
THE EFFECTS OF BARK MOISTURE ON POLYGRAPHUS RUFIPENNIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ADULTS AND THEIR DEVELOPING BROODS
Authors: Beanlands G. E.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of bark moisture content on the survival and development of Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby). Adults and immature stages were reared in white spruce bark of five different moisture contents for 20, 40, and 60 days. Adult activity and brood success were related to the moisture content of the bark with the adverse effects of the drier bark becoming more pronounced with time. After 40 days factors associated with high bark moisture levels, such as fungus and rate of decomposition, may have been responsible for a decrease in survival and rate of development in the moister bark.
ERYTHRONEURA LEAFHOPPERS FROM BIRCHES IN NEW BRUNSWICK: II. SUBGENUS ERATONEURA (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Varty I. W.
Published: December 2009

In New Brunswick at least nine species of Erythroneura leafhoppers feed and oviposit on birch trees. The appearance and ecological requirements of two species in the subgenus Eratoneura are described.
The Effect of Temperature on the Immature Stages of Culiseta inornata (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Laboratory
Authors: Hanec W. , Brust R. A.
Published: December 2009

A study was initiated to determine the effects of various constant and alternating temperatures on the survival and development of the immature stages of Culiseta inornata (Williston). Eggs did not hatch at 2° and 5 °C. but at 10°, 15°, 21° and 26 °C. between 83 and 96% hatched. Larvae required up to 239 days to reach the pupal stage at 5 °C. but no adults emerged at this temperature. The optimum temperature for rearing C. inornata was near 21 °C. Temperatures below 21 °C. caused an extended period of development; above 21 °C. high mortality occurred among late instar larvae and pupae.
EFFECT ON ADULT EMERGENCE OF WHOLE AND PARTIAL X-IRRADIATION OF PUPAE OF THE HOUSEFLY, MUSCA DOMESTICA NEBULO
Authors: Nair K. K. , Bhaskaran G. , Sivasubramanian P.
Published: December 2009

Irradiation of specific regions of 5- to 20-h-old housefly pupae with X-rays shows that exposure of anterior seven segments alone to 1200 r prevents adult emergence, whereas irradiation of posterior region with doses up to 10,000 r has no effect on this phenomenon. It is evident that the target organ, damage to which results in the failure of adult emergence, lies in the anterior seven segments. It is suggested that failure to emerge is due to a direct effect of radiation on the differentiating myoblasts leading to dystrophy of the muscles.
THE IDENTITY OF LEUCOPIS ANNULIPES (DIPTERA: CHAMAEMYIIDAE)
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: December 2009

The syntypes of Leucopis annulipes Zetterstedt are described and their identities discussed. A lectotype is designated and the identity of the nominal species is established.
FATE OF THE SAN JOSÉ SCALE AND THE EUROPEAN FRUIT SCALE (HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) ON APPLES AND PRUNES HELD IN STANDARD COLD STORAGE AND CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE
Authors: Morgan C. V. G.
Published: December 2009

The San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock, died within 84 to 140 days on Winesap apples harvested in early October and placed in standard cold storage or controlled atmosphere storage under laboratory or commercial conditions. The scale died more quickly in controlled atmosphere storage than in standard cold storage. The black caps of the first instar stage were the most resistant to mortality factors in cold storage. It is suggested that Winesap apples infested with the San José scale can be given an inspection certificate for export that guarantees freedom from live scale if the fruit has been stored for specified periods.

The San José scale on Italian prunes died within 34 days when the harvested fruit was kept in standard cold storage.

A complete mortality of the European fruit scale, Aspidiotus ostreaeformis Curtis, on Hyslop crab, McIntosh, or Newtown apples, could not be obtained, in any type of storage.
LECTOTYPE DESIGNATIONS FOR CRYPHALUS AMABILIS AND C. GRANDIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Bright Donald E.
Published: December 2009

Lectotypes are designated for Cryphalus amabilis Chamberlin and C. grandis Chamberlin. The lectotypes are in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.
RESPONSES BY DIPRION HERCYNIAE (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE) TO ITS FOOD PLANT AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH ITS PARASITE DRINO BOHEMICA (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)
Authors: Monteith L. G.
Published: December 2009

The sawfly Diprion hercyniae (Htg.) prefers the old to the new growth of its preferred food plant, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss. The similarity between the responses by the sawfly and those by one of its parasites, the tachinid Drino bohemica Mesn., and the significance of this similarity are discussed.
THE PIGEON TREMEX, TREMEX COLUMBA (HYMENOPTERA: SIRICIDAE), IN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Stillwell M. A.
Published: December 2009

In New Brunswick, Tremex columba (Linnaeus) has a minimum life cycle of 2 years. Adults oviposit most commonly in weakened or injured beech trees (Fagus grandifolia Ehrhart) from about 15 August to 15 October and lay two to five eggs in each oviposition hole. The blackish eggs either hatch in 2–4 weeks or hatch the next May or early June. The larvae tunnel in wood infected with the fungus Daedalea unicolor Buller ex Fries. This fungus is closely associated with each stage of female development. Eggs laid in the absence of the fungus hatch but the larvae do not develop beyond the first instar. T. columba passes the second winter in the larval stage and the adults begin to emerge in August. During each year of observation, males began emerging before females. The emerging females often lay eggs in the galleries and the progenies are male. Three species of Megarhyssa are the chief parasites of T. columba larvae in New Brunswick.
POSTGLACIAL COLONIZATION OF CANADA BY ITS SUBBOREAL WINTER STONEFLIES OF THE GENUS ALLOCAPNIA
Authors: Ross Herbert H. , Rotramel George L. , Martin John E. H. , McAlpine J. Frank
Published: December 2009

The three boreal species of the winter stonefly genus Allocapnia, minima (Newport), pygmaea (Burmeister), and illinoensis Frison are subboreal species whose ranges include a band across eastern Canada from the western end of Lake Superior to the east coast; minima occurs also in Newfoundland. An analysis of variation in pygmaea and illinoensis suggests that during the Wisconsin glacial maximum these two species occurred south of the ice in the Cumberland Plateau region in east-central United States, and that they dispersed first northward through the Appalachians, then east and west into their present range. Geoclimatic evidence suggests that minima did not persist in Newfoundland during the glacial maximum. Its ecological similarity to pygmaea suggests that minima also persisted in the Cumberland Plateau area and dispersed in the same fashion as the other two species.
MORTALITY IN APPLE MEALYBUG, PHENACOCCUS ACERIS (HOMOPTERA: COCCIDAE), POPULATIONS IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Chachoria Hari S.
Published: December 2009

The apple mealybug, Phenacoccus aceris Sig., has been a pest of apple trees periodicallv since an outbreak was reported by Gilliatt in 1935. The writer investigated mortality in its population during the summer of 1966 in connection with the current sporadic outbreak in the Annapolis Valley. Decline of outbreaks was attributed bv Marshall and Pickett (1944) to attacks by the parasite Allotropa utilis (Mues.) (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae), and the abundance of this parasite in the current upsurge in mealybugs suggests it is an important factor. Mr. K. H. Sanford (personal communication) estimated approximately 58% of the mealybugs in the winter of 1965–1966 and about 80% in the winter of 1966–1967 were parasitized by this species.
NORTH AMERICAN NITIDULIDAE (COLEOPTERA): IV. EPURAEA ASSOCIATED WITH FUNGI OF PINE AND OAK
Authors: Parsons Carl T.
Published: December 2009

Several species of Epuraea have been reared from fungi causing diseases of pine and oak over much of northern United States and Canada. Epuraea obliquus Hatch and E. boreades new species are described and figured. Three other species, E. avara (Rand.), E. corticina Er., and E. terminalis Mann., were reared from oak wilt fungus mats.
RELATIVE DENSITIES OF PREDACIOUS AND PHYTOPHAGOUS MITES ON THREE VARIETIES OF APPLE TREES
Authors: Downing R. S. , Moilliet T. K.
Published: December 2009

In two well-kept but nonsprayed orchards, the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), was more numerous and caused more leaf damage to Delicious than to Spartan or McIntosh apple trees. The predacious phytoseiid mites, Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) and Neoseiulus caudiglans (Schuster), were more numerous on both Spartan and McIntosh than on Delicious. The differences in the external structure of the leaves may be the reason for the greater abundance of phytoseiids on Spartan and McIntosh.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE ON THE TOXICITY OF SIX CARBAMATES TO THE GRASSHOPPER MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (= M. BILITURATUS)
Authors: McKinlay K. S. , Martin W. K.
Published: December 2009

Six carbamates, Niagara 10242, Niagara 10586, Niagara 10559, carbaryl, Baygon, and Bayer 44646, had negative temperature coefficients of toxicity to second instar nymphs of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fab.). The intensity of the negative temperature effect was inversely related to the basic toxicity of each compound. Piperonyl butoxide synergized all six compounds, but the amount of synergism was not related to basic toxicity. The results suggested that several carbamate detoxication mechanisms of varying importance for different carbamates occur in grasshoppers. Whereas all of these mechanisms appeared to be equally affected by post-treatment temperature, they were not all equally inhibited by piperonyl butoxide.
The Nearctic obscurusella Group of the Genus Chionodes (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: Sattler K.
Published: December 2009

Six nearctic species of the genus Chionodes Hübner feeding on Acer (3), Quercus (2), and Salix (1) are dealt with. Keys to the species based on male and female genitalia are presented. Moths and genitalia are described, male and female genitalia are figured, and distribution maps are included. Two new species are described: Chionodes acerella n. sp. from British Columbia, on Acer sp.; Chionodes salicella n. sp. from British Columbia, on Salix sp.
LEUCOPIS SIMPLEX (DIPTERA: CHAMAEMYIIDAE) AND OTHER SPECIES OCCURRING IN GALLS OF PHYLLOXERA VITIFOLIAE (HOMOPTERA: PHYLLOXERIDAE) IN ONTARIO
Authors: Stevenson A. B.
Published: December 2009

At least seven species of arthropods were found in or associated with leaf galls of the grape phylloxera, Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch), on cultivated and wild grapes in Ontario, Leucopis simplex Loew and Lestodiplosis grassator (Fyles) were the most common species. Larvae of both preyed upon eggs of the phylloxera; whether they attacked other stages was not determined, nor was their effect on gall populations. L. grassator occurred almost exclusively on wild grapes; L. simplex was found in galls on both cultivated and wild grapes, associated with all generations of the leaf form of phylloxera. L. simplex was parasitized by Melanips sp. and Lygocerus sp. Another predator, Scymnus cervicalis Muls., occurred rarely. Thrips, mites, and neuropterous larvae were also found occasionally, but predation by these species was not demonstrated.
THE PERSISTENCE OF A NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS IN THE HABITAT OF THE HOST INSECT, TRICHOPLUSIA NI II.: POLYHEDRA IN SOIL
Authors: Jaques R. P.
Published: December 2009

The viral activity of soil treated with polyhedra of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), was determined at intervals by bioassay. Soil in plots treated in 1961 at a rate of 6.4 × 1010 polyhedra per square meter of surface contained about 25% of the original infective virus more than 5 years after treatment. A similar rate of decline in viral activity occurred in plots treated with polyhedra in 1963. Viral activity of soil retained under artificial conditions decreased more rapidly.

Field and laboratory tests showed that foliage of cruciferous plants grown in soil treated with polyhedra was contaminated with the virus, probably largely by virus-laden soil being splashed onto foliage by rain.
Notes on the Extralimital Distribution of Some Species of Coleoptera
Authors: Brown W. J.
Published: December 2009

The Atlantic Provinces received many coleopterous immigrants from Europe during colonial times. These immigrants live in man-made habitats, and they show unnaturally restricted distributional patterns. Many were introduced independently to regions about Puget Sound, and there were multiple introductions in the East. Parthenogenesis is a factor in the establishment of imported otiorhynchine weevils. Imported species not previously reported from North America are Abax parallelopipedus (Pill. & Mitt.), Eusphalerum torquatum (Marsh.), Meligethes viridescens (Fab.), and Longitarsus luridus (Scop.). Aphodius tenellus Say is strictly North American and has been confused with the Eurasian species that should be known as uliginosus Hardy. American records of Sitona tibialis (Hbst.) and probably those of S. discoideus Gyll. are based on S. scissifrons Say, which is native to North America. The Alaskan Philostratus ptinoides (Germ.) occurs, evidently as an import, in eastern Canada. New synonymy is proposed: Thes bergrothi (Reitter, 1880) = Enicmus tricarinatus Brown, 1934; Aphodius borealis Gyllenhal, 1827 = A. errans Brown, 1930. Notes are given on the distribution, characters, or nomenclature of other species.
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE IMMATURE STAGES OF STENODYNERUS CLAREMONTENSIS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE)
Authors: Markin George P. , Gittins Arthur R.
Published: December 2009

Detailed descriptions and illustrations are given for the immature stages (egg, larva, prepupa, and pupa) of Stenodynerus claremontensis (Cameron), a solitary ground-nesting vespid wasp from the western United States. Special attention is given characteristics which may be used to separate the four larval instars.
A NEW SPECIES OF DIROPHANES (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) PARASITIC ON CHORISTOISEURA PINUS IN NORTHERN MICHIGAN
Authors: Allen Douglas C.
Published: December 2009

A new species of Dirophanes parasitic on Choristoneura pinus Free. is described in comparison with its closest relative D. spinicoxus Viereck and a species it superficially resembles, Phaeogenes cacoeciae Viereck. A key to the three species is included.
ON THE BIOLOGY OF HYLASTES NIGRINUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN WESTERN OREGON
Authors: Zethner-Møller O. , Rudinsky J. A.
Published: December 2009

During 1965–66, studies of a large population of Hylastes nigrinus (Mannerheim), breeding in roots and stumps of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, killed by Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins in 1964, were conducted on Marys Peak in western Oregon, near the city of Corvallis.

The emergence and flight of H. nigrinus were at their maximum in late April and early May. Emergence was strongly influenced by temperature and seldom occurred at temperatures below 61° and above 75°F. Flight behavior was strongly affected by light intensity, peaking at intensities between 300 and 1200 ft-c during the late afternoon or early evening. Maturation feeding was found to take place on small roots of dead, old Douglas-fir and on roots of young Douglas-fir weakened after replanting. Egg-galleries, normally running parallel with the grain of the wood, were initiated in June and eggs were kid from the end of that month. Five larval instars were found. Adult beetles as well as full-grown larvae overwintered in the galleries. The majority of the population completed development in 1 year.

The larval population of H. nigrinus was heavily decimated during the fall of 1965 by larvae of the dipteron fly, Medetera vidua Wheeler (Doliohopodidae). Emergence data are presented for scolytid, curculionid, cerambycid, and buprestid species competing with H. nigrinus in stumps or roots.
Seasonal Population Trends and Extensive Census Methods for Hyphantria cunea
Authors: Morris R. F. , Bennett C. W.
Published: December 2009

This is the fourth in a series of papers leading to the development of population models for Hyphantria cunea Drury in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. In 1961 and 1962 seasonal trends were obtained for moth eclosion, larval development, nest population, parasitism, and other factors. It is concluded that one annual census of nests from a moving vehicle can provide an effective method for comparing changes in population and natural control factors over diverse climatic areas. The timing of the census in each area is important, as well as the collection of nests for data on development, colony size, parasitism, and predation.

The seasonal trends also add support to earlier hypotheses concerning the role of weather in the population dynamics of H. cunea, and reveal the nature of an important interaction between the mortality induced by weather and that induced by the main parasite, Campoplex validus Cress.
Insect Parasites of the Armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with Notes on Species Observed in Ontario
Authors: Guppy J. C.
Published: December 2009

Sixty-nine species of primary insect parasites and 12 associated hyperparasites of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.), are listed. All the species occur in the United States or Canada or both; two have been recorded from the host only in Hawaii.

Observations on 23 of the primary species in Canada are reported with particular reference to host-parasite relationships, general distribution, and the degree of parasitism by the principal species. Seven secondary parasites and their primary parasite hosts are discussed.
Subversion of Innate Immune Responses byBrucellathrough the Targeted Degradation of the TLR Signaling Adapter, MAL
Authors: Sengupta Dola , Koblansky Alicia , Gaines Jennifer , Brown Tim , West A. Phillip , Zhang Dekai , Nishikawa Tak , Park Sung-Gyoo , Roop R. Martin , Ghosh Sankar
Published: December 2009

Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the Brucella species cause chronic infections that can result in undulant fever, arthritis, and osteomyelitis in humans. Remarkably, Brucella sp. genomes encode a protein, named TcpB, that bears significant homology with mammalian Toll/IL-1 receptor domains and whose expression causes degradation of the phosphorylated, signal competent form of the adapter MyD88-adapter–like (MAL). This effect of TcpB is mediated through its box 1 region and has no effect on other TLR adapter proteins such as MyD88 or TIR-domain containing adapter protein-inducing IFNβ. TcpB also does not affect a mutant, signal-incompetent form of MAL that cannot be phosphorylated. Interestingly, the presence of TcpB leads to enhanced polyubiqitination of MAL, which is likely responsible for its accelerated degradation. A Brucella abortus mutant lacking TcpB fails to reduce levels of MAL in infected macrophages. Therefore, TcpB represents a unique pathogen-derived molecule that suppresses host innate-immune responses by specifically targeting an individual adapter molecule in the TLR signaling pathway for degradation.
The �Jezebel spirit�: A scholarly inquiry
Authors: Stark Trudie , Van Deventer Hans J.M.
Published: December 2009

Queen Jezebel is rightly recognised as one of the powerful women in the Old Testament. In the biblical text she is introduced as a �foreign� queen and wife to Ahab, the 8th century king of the northern kingdom, Israel. This article examines some of the interpretations of this character in the church over the centuries. The focus falls on the latest development in this regard whereby, in some circles, the biblical character is linked to the existence of a �Jezebel spirit� within the contemporary church. On the basis of a narratological reading of the Jezebel texts it is indicated that such an interpretation is unfounded and fails to take cognisance of developments in biblical interpretation related to literary understandings of the text.
Mitochondrial Respiratory
C
omplex
II
Authors: Bartlam Mark , Sun Fei , Rao Zihe
Published: December 2009

The mitochondrial respiratory Complex II, or succinate : ubiquinone oxidoreductase (SQR), is an integral membrane protein complex in both the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and aerobic respiration. To date, X‐ray crystal structures of mitochondrial respiratory Complex II have been reported from porcine heart and from chicken, as well as the structures of a number of related bacterial SQR or quinol : fumarate oxidoreductase (QFR) structures. Complex II comprises of two hydrophilic proteins (flavoprotein (Fp) and iron–sulfur protein (Ip)) and two transmembrane proteins (CybL and CybS), as well as prosthetic groups required for electron transfer from succinate to ubiquinone. A proximal ubiquinone site (Qp) is located on the matrix side of the protein complex. Inhibitor‐bound structures using 3‐nitropropionate (NPA), 2‐thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA), and carboxin provide further functional details for Complex II. NPA, a succinate analog, confirms the location of the succinate binding site. TTFA, a classical inhibitor for the ubiquinone reduction of Complex II that works by occupying its ubiquinone binding sites, confirms the location of the Qp site in both porcine heart and chicken structures. The available Complex II structures provide models for studying the mitochondrial respiratory system and human mitochondrial diseases related to mutations in this complex.
Manganese Catalase
Authors: Barynin Vladimir V , Whittaker James W
Published: December 2009

Manganese catalase (a.k.a. pseudocatalase, nonheme catalase) is an antioxidant defense metalloenzyme that is broadly distributed over prokaryotic life. While functionally related to heme catalases, manganese catalases have a distinct protein structure based on a four‐helix bundle architecture that is more closely related to the oxygen‐activating iron metalloproteins ferritin and ribonucleotide reductase. Manganese catalase contains a pair of manganese ions bound in the core of the four‐helix bundle in a solvent‐bridged binuclear cluster that serves as the catalytic active site for hydrogen peroxide disproportionation. Both metal ions are redoxactive, cycling between divalent and trivalent oxidation states during catalytic turnover.
Column Theory and Resolution in Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Haddad Paul R.
Published: December 2009

Fundamental theory of liquid chromatography is covered, including the thermodynamic and kinetic processes underlying chromatographic retention. Key chromatographic terms are defined. Processes which lead to band‐broadening phenomena and resultant loss of separation efficiency are then discussed. Next, factors which influence the resolution between analyte peaks are outlined in a discussion of the resolution equation. Finally, peak capacity is discussed in terms of its effect on the probability that a desired separation will be achieved.
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
Authors: Zoski Cynthia G.
Published: December 2009

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) involves the measurement of current through an ultramicroelectrode (UME) tip when it is held or moved in a solution in the vicinity of a substrate. The substrate perturbs the electrochemical response of the tip, and this perturbation provides information about the nature and properties of the substrate. SECM has the advantage of very high spatial resolution and versatility for the detection of both electroactive and nonelectroactive species. It combines the virtues of electrochemistry at UMEs with those of an adjustable thin‐layer cell and allows one to make steady‐state measurements of the type carried out with the rotating ring‐disk electrode (RRDE), but with greater ease in fabrication, comparable rates of mass transfer, and without the requirement of forced convection. SECM has been applied to studies involving many different kinds of systems including electrode surfaces, liquid–liquid interfaces, and biological samples with micrometer and nanometer resolution. Commercial SECM systems exist, which facilitate such investigations.
Gas Chromatography in Forensic Science
Authors: Zadora Grzegorz , Zuba Dariusz
Published: December 2009

Materials such as biological fluids and tissues, fire debris, car paints, and fibers are the most common evidential materials analyzed by forensic chemists and are characterized by a high degree of complexity. Developments in forensic science have introduced many vital crime‐solving techniques over the past decades. The introduction of gas chromatography (GC) has broadened the range of available tools, but more importantly, has improved the credibility of analytical findings by demonstrating a high separation power and high sensitivity. GC is often coupled with molecular detection methods such as mass spectrometry, or infrared spectrometry, making it a powerful tool in identification of a wide variety of chemical substances. Some recent applications of GC in the forensic sciences, including those in forensic toxicology, are presented in the article, which include alcohol and drugs in drivers, markers of alcohol abuse, volatiles and anesthetics, carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, other poisons, drug‐facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) and drug profiling, and more general application to criminalistics in areas such as fire debris, car paints, explosives, toners, fibers, inks, and fingermark analysis.
R
aman Spectroscopy in Forensic Science
Authors: Bartick Edward G. , Buzzini Patrick
Published: December 2009

Though the Raman effect was discovered way back in 1928, Raman spectrometers have been extensively developed only over the last two decades, bringing them into a state of usefulness that had never been enjoyed before. This article describes the basic concepts of Raman spectroscopy compares to infrared (IR) spectroscopy in a manner similar to a vibrational molecular spectroscopic method of analysis and has differences that make the two methods complementary for obtaining chemical information from the same materials. The advantages and disadvantages of Raman compared with IR spectroscopy serve to make both methods to be considered when conducting chemical analysis of materials. The article describes how fibers, paints, drugs, explosives, etc. are being studied by Raman spectroscopy for forensic purposes.
Guanine‐Based Biogenic Photonic‐Crystal Arrays in Fish and Spiders
Authors: Levy‐Lior Avital , Shimoni Eyal , Schwartz Osip , Gavish‐Regev Efrat , Oron Dan , Oxford Geoff , Weiner Steve , Addadi Lia
Published: December 2009

Biological photonic systems composed of anhydrous guanine crystals evolved separately in several taxonomic groups. Here, two such systems found in fish and spiders, both of which make use of anhydrous guanine crystal plates to produce structural colors, are examined. Measurements of the photonic‐crystal structures using cryo‐SEM show that the crystal plates in both fish skin and spider integument are ∼20‐nm thick. The reflective unit in the fish comprises stacks of single plates alternating with ∼230‐nm‐thick cytoplasm layers. In the spiders the plates are formed as doublet crystals, cemented by 30‐nm layers of amorphous guanine, and are stacked with ∼200 nm of cytoplasm between crystal doublets. They achieve light reflective properties through the control of crystal morphology and stack dimensions, reaching similar efficiencies of light reflectivity in both fish skin and spider integument. The structure of guanine plates in spiders are compared with the more common situation in which guanine occurs in the form of relatively unorganized prismatic crystals, yielding a matt white coloration.
Enhancement of Thermoelectric Figure‐of‐Merit by a Bulk Nanostructuring Approach
Authors: Lan Yucheng , Minnich Austin Jerome , Chen Gang , Ren Zhifeng
Published: December 2009

Recently a significant figure‐of‐merit (ZT) improvement in the most‐studied existing thermoelectric materials has been achieved by creating nanograins and nanostructures in the grains using the combination of high‐energy ball milling and a direct‐current‐induced hot‐press process. Thermoelectric transport measurements, coupled with microstructure studies and theoretical modeling, show that theZTimprovement is the result of low lattice thermal conductivity due to the increased phonon scattering by grain boundaries and structural defects. In this article, the synthesis process and the relationship between the microstructures and the thermoelectric properties of the nanostructured thermoelectric bulk materials with an enhancedZTvalue are reviewed. It is expected that the nanostructured materials described here will be useful for a variety of applications such as waste heat recovery, solar energy conversion, and environmentally friendly refrigeration.
High‐Resolution Spectroscopic Mapping of the Chemical Contrast from Nanometer Domains in P3HT:PCBM Organic Blend Films for Solar‐Cell Applications
Authors: Wang Xiao , Zhang Dai , Braun Kai , Egelhaaf Hans‐Joachim , Brabec Christoph J. , Meixner Alfred J.
Published: December 2009

A high‐resolution near‐field spectroscopic mapping technique is successfully applied to investigate the influence of thermal annealing on the morphology of a poly(3‐hexylthiophene) and [6,6]‐penyl‐C61 butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) blend film. Based on the simultaneously recorded morphological and spectroscopic information, the interplay among the blend film morphology, the local P3HT:PCBM molecular distribution, and the P3HT photoluminescence (PL) quenching efficiency are systematically discussed. The PL and Raman signals of the electron donor (P3HT) and acceptor (PCBM) are probed at an optical resolution of approximately 10 nm, which allows the chemical nature of the different domains to be identified directly. In addition, the local PL quenching efficiency, which is related to the electron transfer from P3HT to PCBM, is quantitatively revealed. From these experimental results, it is proposed that high‐resolution near‐field spectroscopic imaging is capable of mapping the local chemical composition and photophysics of the P3HT:PCBM blends on a scale of a few nanometers.
A replication of the RIRD strategy to decrease vocal stereotypy in a student with autism
Authors: Liu‐Gitz Lan , Banda Devender R.
Published: December 2009

This study was conducted to decrease vocal stereotypy in a student with autism. Results of functional analysis indicated that vocal stereotypy was maintained by automatic reinforcement. We used the Response Interruption and Redirection (RIRD; Ahearn, Clark, & McDonald, 2007) strategy to decrease the vocal behavior. An ABAB design was used. Results indicated that the RIRD intervention successfully reduced the target behavior. Results are discussed and implications for practice are provided. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of agent‐based system for bioprocess description and process improvement
Authors: Gao Ying , Kipling Katie , Glassey Jarka , Willis Mark , Montague Gary , Zhou Yuhong , Titchener‐Hooker Nigel J.
Published: December 2009

Modeling plays an important role in bioprocess development for design and scale‐up. Predictive models can also be used in biopharmaceutical manufacturing to assist decision‐making either to maintain process consistency or to identify optimal operating conditions. To predict the whole bioprocess performance, the strong interactions present in a processing sequence must be adequately modeled. Traditionally, bioprocess modeling considers process units separately, which makes it difficult to capture the interactions between units. In this work, a systematic framework is developed to analyze the bioprocesses based on a whole process understanding and considering the interactions between process operations. An agent‐based approach is adopted to provide a flexible infrastructure for the necessary integration of process models. This enables the prediction of overall process behavior, which can then be applied during process development or once manufacturing has commenced, in both cases leading to the capacity for fast evaluation of process improvement options.

The multi‐agent system comprises a process knowledge base, process models, and a group of functional agents. In this system, agent components co‐operate with each other in performing their tasks. These include the description of the whole process behavior, evaluating process operating conditions, monitoring of the operating processes, predicting critical process performance, and providing guidance to decision‐making when coping with process deviations. During process development, the system can be used to evaluate the design space for process operation. During manufacture, the system can be applied to identify abnormal process operation events and then to provide suggestions as to how best to cope with the deviations. In all cases, the function of the system is to ensure an efficient manufacturing process. The implementation of the agent‐based approach is illustrated via selected application scenarios, which demonstrate how such a framework may enable the better integration of process operations by providing a plant‐wide process description to facilitate process improvement. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Functionalization of cellulose acetate fibers with engineered cutinases
Authors: Matamá Teresa , Araújo Rita , Gübitz Georg M. , Casal Margarida , Cavaco‐Paulo Artur
Published: December 2009

In the present work, we describe for the first time the specific role of cutinase on surface modification of cellulose acetate fibers. Cutinase exhibits acetyl esterase activity on diacetate and triacetate of 0.010 U and 0.007 U, respectively. An increase on the hydroxyl groups at the fiber surface of 25% for diacetate and 317% for triacetate, after a 24 h treatment, is estimated by an indirect assay. Aiming at further improvement of cutinase affinity toward cellulose acetate, chimeric cutinases are genetically engineered by fusing the 3′‐end coding sequence with a bacterial or a fungal carbohydrate‐binding module and varying the linker DNA sequence. A comparative analysis of these genetic constructions is presented showing that, the superficial regeneration of cellulose hydrophilicity and reactivity on highly substituted cellulose acetates is achieved by chimeric cutinases. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010