bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Norms and Institutions in Global Competition Policy
Authors: Tarullo Daniel K.
Published: April 2006

Over the last several years, a chorus of voices have called for international action in the area of competition policy. A good deal of dissonance, however, can be discerned among these voices. Most who have joined in share at least a stated commitment to promoting competition principles, as embodied in the antitrust laws of many countries. Yet their policy prescriptions differ dramatically, as evidenced by the divergent views of the United States and Europe. The European Commission proposes that the member states of the World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiate a binding competition code. The United States has rejected this idea and counterproposes increased bilateral cooperation between national competition authorities and continued study of the issue. Of course, national differences may arise as much from negotiating tactics as from disagreement on the analytics of which kind of arrangements are most likely to advance competition principles; but for those interested in law and policy, these analytics should be central to choosing among varying proposals. Since competition policy was one of the many issues left unresolved by the failed Seattle ministerial meeting of the WTO in late 1999, and will surely be revisited, how and why certain institutional configurations advance or retard agreed policy aims are questions ripe for attention. The answers will help define the possibilities for competition policy in an era of globalizing markets and contribute to a broader debate over the limits of trade policy in reconciling national economic policies.
The Incident at Cavalese and Strategic Compensation
Authors: Reisman W. Michael , Sloane Robert D.
Published: April 2006

Penny wise, pound foolish.

—Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanack

In 1953 the United States ratified the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s Status of Forces Agreement of 1951 (SOFA), which set forth “conditions and terms which will control the status of forces sent by one state, party to the Agreement, into the territory of another state, party to the Agreement.” The drafters foresaw that the presence and training of foreign military forces within and between their territories would probably, if not inevitably, cause injury to civilians, giving rise to claims that, if not settled quickly and satisfactorily, could spark incidents disruptive to their cooperation in mutual defense. To this end, the SOFA established ajurisdictional regime designed to minimize the political friction these incidents threatened to generate, by providing prompt and manifestly fair settlement procedures. The SOFA’s jurisdictional framework protects nationals of a foreign military force from the criminal processes of the alienjurisdiction in which they reside and train, yet permits injured citizens of the host state to pursue civil damages for the tortious acts of foreign forces without fear that their claims might receive prejudicial treatment in the foreign state’s local courts.
Sex expression, skewed sex ratios, and microhabitat distribution in the dioecious desert moss Syntrichia caninervis (Pottiaceae)
Authors: Bowker Matthew A. , Stark Lloyd R. , McLetchie D. Nicholas , Mishler Brent D.
Published: April 2006

The moss Syntrichia caninervis is the dominant soil bryophyte in a blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima) community in the southern Nevada Mojave Desert, with a mean cover of 6.3%. A survey of the 10‐ha study site revealed an expressed ramet sex ratio of 14♀ : 1♂ (N = 890), with 85% of ramets not expressing sex over their life span, and an expressed population sex ratio of 40♀ : 2♂ : 1♀♂ (female : male : mixed‐sex, N = 89), with 52% of populations not expressing sex. A greater incidence of sex expression was associated with shaded microsites, higher soil moisture content, and taller ramets. Shaded microsites had higher surface soil moisture levels than exposed microsites. In the exposed microhabitat, surface soil moisture was positively correlated with ramet height but not with sex expression. Male ramets and populations were restricted to shaded microhabitats, whereas female ramets and populations were found in both shaded and exposed microhabitats, suggesting gender specialization. The rarity of mature sporophytes, found in 0% of the ramets sampled and in only 3% of the populations, is probably due to the rarity of mixed‐sex populations. We hypothesize that mixed‐sex populations are rare because of factors relating to male rarity and that the differential cost of sex expression reduces the clonal growth capacity of male individuals.
Directional selection on initial flowering date in Phlox drummondii (Polemoniaceae)
Authors: Kelly Martin G. , Levin Donald A.
Published: April 2006

The fitness effects due to initial flowering date in Phlox drummondii were determined for three populations in central Texas (USA) over 3 yr (1990–1992). Mean fitness (seed set) always decreased with the later initiation of flowering. The likelihood of a plant fruiting differed with flowering date in five of the six instances (population by year combinations). Though plants that initiated flowering later tended to have spent more time in the vegetative stage and tended to die later in the year than did earlier flowering plants, this was not sufficient to overcome the reproductive penalties of flowering late. Plants that initiated flowering later in the season spent less time in the adult phase and were smaller. The mean number of flowers, fruits, and seeds per flowering plant always decreased with later flowering. Fruit set was negatively correlated with flowering date in four of the six population by year combinations. Nonparametric fitness functions were used to summarize predicted fitness among different initial flowering dates for each population on a yearly basis. Predicted mean fitness always declined nonlinearly with later flowering; the earliest flowering plants always had the highest predicted fitness. These fitness functions describe directional selection for the early initiation of flowering.
Theoretical aspects of surface‐to‐volume ratios and water‐storage capacities of succulent shoots
Authors: Mauseth James D.
Published: April 2006

Surface‐to‐volume (S/V) ratios of drought‐adapted plants affect transpiration, photosynthesis, and water‐storage capacity. The S/V ratio of cladodes and flat leaves is S/V = 2/T, where T is thickness: even slight thickening greatly reduces S/V. During rain/drought cycles succulent stems swell and shrink without tearing by having flexible ribs, but ribs increase S/V above that of a smooth cylindrical stem with equal volume: the increased surface area is Sribbed/Scylindrical = N/π), where N is number of ribs and x is rib height relative to the radius of the inner stem. Numerous low ribs provide moderate expandability (storage volume) with little increase in S/V and are adaptive where droughts are short. Tall ribs provide greater expandability but greatly increase S/V and probably are adaptive only in mesic habitats. Having ∼8–15 ribs, each about as tall as the inner stem radius, provides large storage capacity and intermediate increase in S/V. By increasing absolute size, S/V is reduced so greatly that even large ribs can have an S/V smaller than that of a narrow cylindrical or spherical stem with less volume.
Occurrence of plastids in rye (Poaceae) sperm cells
Authors: Mogensen H. Lloyd , Rusche Maxine Losoff
Published: April 2006

Studies using classic genetics as well as restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis have demonstrated that rye, unlike most flowering plants, has biparental inheritance of both plastids and mitochondria. Yet, a previous in‐depth ultrastructural study found no plastids in rye sperm cells, and DNA‐specific staining revealed no cytoplasmic DNA in the male gametes of this plant. In the present study, we examined serial ultrathin sections of eight rye sperm cells (four pairs) and found unambiguous examples of plastids in all cases. The number of plastids per sperm cell varies from two to 12. The sperm of a pair may vary with regard to plastid number; however, these differences are not consistent among the sperm pairs examined.
Two male‐sterile mutants of Zea Mays (Poaceae) with an extra cell division in the anther wall
Authors: Chaubal Raj , Zanella Carla , Trimnell Mary R. , Fox Tim W. , Albertsen Marc C. , Bedinger Patricia
Published: April 2006

Two recessive male‐sterile mutants of maize with similar patterns of pollen abortion were studied. Genetic studies showed that one of the two mutations was allelic with a previously identified male‐sterility locus (ms23) and the other mutation was in a newly identified male‐sterility locus (ms32). Cytological characterization of homozygous mutants and fertile heterozygous control siblings was performed using brightfield, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. During normal anther development, the final anther wall periclinal division divides the secondary parietal anther wall layer into the middle layer and tapetum, forming an anther with four wall layers. This is followed by differentiation of the tapetal cells into protoplastic binucleate, secretory tissue. In both the ms23 and ms32 mutants, the prospective tapetal layer divided into two layers, termed t1 and t2, forming an anther with five wall layers. Neither the t1 nor the t2 layers differentiated normally into tapetal layers, as determined by examination of cell walls, nucleus number, and cytoplasmic organization. Pollen mother cells aborted after the onset of prophase I of meiosis, suggesting that an early developmental coordination may exist between tapetum and pollen mother cells.
Phytochemistry and the systematics and ecology of Loasaceae and Gronoviaceae (Loasales)
Authors: Weigend Maximilian , Kufer Johanna , Müller Andreas A.
Published: April 2006

A screening for iridoid compounds of 78 of 315 species from all major groups in Gronoviaceae and Loasaceae has been carried out. The results were compared to the systematic concepts in the family and distribution and ecology of the taxa. Iridoids are present in at least some species of all genera screened. Some simple, monomeric compounds (e.g., loganin, sweroside) are found in all major groups of the two families and represent the basic iridoid inventory. Other compounds are restricted to certain taxonomic groups: nine‐carbon iridoids (e.g., deutzioside) are restricted to Mentzelia (Loasaceae subfam. Mentzelioideae), hetero‐oligomeric iridoids (e.g., tricoloroside methyl ester, acerifolioside) are restricted to two small groups in Loasa (Loasa ser. Macrospermae and ser. Floribundae, Loasaceae subfam. Loasoideae), and oleosides (e.g., 10‐hydroxyoleoside dimethyl ester) are restricted to the large genus Caiophora sensu Weigend). The distribution of certain iridoid compounds thus confirms some of the generic limits. Iridoid phytochemistry does not correlate with systematic entities above the generic level nor does it in any way correlate with the morphological evolution of taxa. Conversely, the amount and complexity of iridoid compounds present in taxa correlate positively with the aridity of their habitat and the extent of mammalian herbivore pressure.
Evolutionary implications of matK indels in Poaceae
Authors: Hilu Khidir W. , Alice Lawrence A.
Published: April 2006

Insertion/deletion events (indels) and nucleotide substitutions at the extreme 3′ end of the chloroplast gene matK have been identified that distinguish certain major lineages of grasses. A 1‐bp (base pair) deletion creating a shift in the open reading frame (ORF) and a point mutation support the positions of Streptochaeta and Anomochloa as the two most basal lineages in Poaceae. Another 1‐bp deletion resulting in early termination of the ORF is unique to Ehrharta, a member of the taxonomically disputable tribe Ehrharteae. A 6‐bp insertion supports monophyly of subfamilies Panicoideae, Arundinoideae, Centothecoideae, and Chloridoideae (PACC). This marker appears useful in defining PACC clade members and may have potential in providing insight into the sister‐group relationship between PACC and other lineages. Alignment of deduced amino acid sequences from bryophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms shows that this region is relatively conserved, but variation is notably higher in Poaceae. The evolutionary implications of these changes in grasses and other plant families are addressed.
Exploiting wild population diversity and somaclonal variation in the salt marsh grass Distichlis spicata (Poaceae) for marsh creation and restoration
Authors: Seliskar Denise M. , Gallagher John L.
Published: April 2006

The salt marsh grass Distichlis spicata was regenerated from tissue culture and propagated in a greenhouse. Selected regenerants, along with selections from six wild populations, were grown for two years in a common garden flood‐irrigated thrice weekly with tidal creek water. Selected wild and regenerated plants were also planted in a created salt marsh. Significant differences among regenerant and wild population selections were found in several functionally important salt marsh plant characteristics, including potential detritus production, belowground organic matter production, canopy structure, and decomposition rate. A combination of characteristics not found in the wild populations was evident in a regenerated line that exhibited both a high detritus production potential and a high decomposition rate. The amount of variation that occurred among regenerants from one parental line via somaclonal variation was similar to that which occurred among the wild population selections. Results of this study suggest that tissue culture may provide a means of producing marsh grasses with specific characteristics for directing the functional development of newly created salt marshes.
Increased nuclear DNA content in developing cotton fiber cells
Authors: Van't Hof Jack
Published: April 2006

The nuclear DNA content of developing cotton fiber cells (Gossypium hirsutum, cv. MD51ne) increases ∼24% after 2 d postanthesis (dpa). The amount of nuclear DNA at 2 dpa is 5.4 ± 0.27 pg. At 3–4 dpa it increases to 6.7 ± 0.24 pg and by 5 dpa it is 6.8 ± 0.70 pg. These values were obtained by nuclear fluorescence after staining with Hoechst 33258. Human oral squamous cell nuclei were used as a DNA standard. Nuclear DNA content increases in fibers growing on either fertilized or unfertilized ovules. The increase also is detectable in Feulgen stained nuclei using two‐wavelength cytospectrophotometry. All measurements were made on isolated fiber cell nuclei using a newly developed method tailored to cotton fiber cells. The results imply that during the early stages of development fiber cell nuclei either selectively amplify certain sequences or enter S‐phase replicating a portion of their genome.
Molecular phylogenetics of Diseae (Orchidaceae): a contribution from nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences
Authors: Douzery Emmanuel J. P. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Kores Paul , Linder H. P. , Kurzweil Hubert , Chase Mark W.
Published: April 2006

We present here the first molecular phylogeny of tribe Diseae (Orchidoideae: Orchidaceae). Nuclear ribosomal ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2 sequences were compared for 30 Diseae, 20 Orchideae, and four Cranichideae and Diurideae outgroups. ITS ‐ rDNA sequences exhibited a transition:transversion ratio of 1.3 and extensive ITS length polymorphism. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony identified seven major core orchidoid groups. The branching order of the five Diseae and two Orchideae clades was weakly supported but indicated paraphyly of Diseae, with Disperis sister to the rest, followed by successive divergence of Brownleea, Disinae, Coryciinae sensu stricto (s.s.), Satyriinae, and terminated by Orchidinae plus Habenariinae. Within the monophyletic Disinae, Herschelia and Monadenia were nested within a paraphyletic Disa and clustered with D. sect. Micranthae. Within monophyletic Satyriinae, Satyridium rostratum plus Satyrium bicallosum was sister to the rest of Satyrium, and then Satyrium nepalense plus S. odorum was distinct from a cluster of six species. Coryciinae are paraphyletic because Disperis is sister to all other core orchidoids. Coryciinae s.s. are sister to Satyriinae plus Orchideae, with Pterygodium nested within Corycium. Maximum likelihood analysis supported possible affinities among Disinae, Brownleeinae, and Coryciinae but did not support monophyly of Diseae or an affinity between Disinae and Satyriinae. Morphological characters are fully congruent with the well‐supported groups identified in the ITS phylogeny.
Vulnerability to xylem cavitation and the distribution of Sonoran Desert vegetation
Authors: Pockman William T. , Sperry John S.
Published: April 2006

We studied 15 riparian and upland Sonoran desert species to evaluate how the limitation of xylem pressure (Ψx) by cavitation corresponded with plant distribution along a moisture gradient. Riparian species were obligate riparian trees (Fraxinus velutina, Populus fremontii, and Salix gooddingii), native shrubs (Baccharis spp.), and an exotic shrub (Tamarix ramosissima). Upland species were evergreen (Juniperus monosperma, Larrea tridentata), drought‐deciduous (Ambrosia dumosa, Encelia farinosa, Fouquieria splendens, Cercidium microphyllum), and winter‐deciduous (Acacia spp., Prosopis velutina) trees and shrubs. For each species, we measured the “vulnerability curve” of stem xylem, which shows the decrease in hydraulic conductance from cavitation as a function of Ψx and the Ψcrit representing the pressure at complete loss of transport. We also measured minimum in situ Ψx(Ψxmin) during the summer drought. Species in desert upland sites were uniformly less vulnerable to cavitation and exhibited lower Ψxmin than riparian species. Values of Ψcrit were correlated with minimum Ψx. Safety margins (Ψxmin–Ψcrit) tended to increase with decreasing Ψxmin and were small enough that the relatively vulnerable riparian species could not have conducted water at the Ψx experienced in upland habitats (−4 to −10 MPa). Maintenance of positive safety margins in riparian and upland habitats was associated with minimal to no increase in stem cavitation during the summer drought. The absence of less vulnerable species from the riparian zone may have resulted in part from a weak but significant trade‐off between decreasing vulnerability to cavitation and conducting efficiency. These data suggest that cavitation vulnerability limits plant distribution by defining maximum drought tolerance across habitats and influencing competitive ability of drought tolerant species in mesic habitats.
Generic realignment in primuloid families of the Ericales s.l.: a phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences from three chloroplast genes and morphology
Authors: Källersjö Mari , Bergqvist Gullevi , Anderberg Arne A.
Published: April 2006

The phylogenetic interrelationships in Primulaceae, Myrsinaceae, and Theophrastaceae were investigated using DNA sequence data from the chloroplast genesatpB, ndhF, andrbcL.The three genes were analyzed separately, together, and in combination with morphology, using parsimony jackknifing. The sequence data are further explored by analyses of first and second codon position only, third positions only, and transversions only. The results show that all codon positions contribute group support to thendhFtree, whereas third codon positions provide most of the structure in theatpBandrbcLtrees. Analyzed separately, transversions inatpBandrbcLhave little structure, whereas inndhFthey produce a well‐resolved tree. We conclude that the most informative and robust results are obtained from analyses with all codon positions included and that the tree resulting from the combined analysis of all available data provides the best estimate of phylogeny.

The results show thatMaesais sister to all other taxa from the three families. Theophrastaceae are well supported, but both Myrsinaceae and Primulaceae are paraphyletic. We conclude that four families should be recognized, Maesaceae, Theophrastaceae, Primulaceae, and Myrsinaceae. For all families to be monophyletic,Samoluswas transferred to Theophrastaceae, andLysimachia, Anagallis, Trientalis, Glaux, Asterolinon, andPelletierawere moved to the Myrsinaceae together with the generaCoris, Ardisiandra, andCyclamen.
Fossil legumes from the Middle Eocene (46.0 Ma) Mahenge Flora of Singida, Tanzania
Authors: Herendeen Patrick S. , Jacobs Bonnie F.
Published: April 2006

Middle Eocene age caesalpinioid and mimosoid legume leaves are reported from the Mahenge site in north‐central Tanzania. The Mahenge flora complements a sparse Paleogene tropical African fossil plant record, which until now consisted of a single macrobotanical assemblage, limited palynological studies in West Africa and Egypt, and fossil wood studies primarily from poorly dated deposits. Mahenge leaf macrofossils have the potential to add significantly to what is known of the evolutionary history of extant African plant groups and to expand our currently limited knowledge of African Paleogene environments. The site is associated with a kimberlite eruption and demonstrates the potential value of kimberlite‐associated lake deposits as much‐needed resources for African Paleogene floras. In this report we document a relatively diverse component of the flora consisting of the leaves of at least five species of Leguminosae. A new species of the extant genus Acacia (Mimosoideae), described herein, is represented by a bipinnate leaf. Another taxon is described as a new species of the extant genus Aphanocalyx (Caesalpinioideae), and a third leaf type may be related to the extant genus Cynometra (Caesalpinioideae). Two additional leaf types are less well understood: one appears to be referable to the Caesalpinioideae and subfamily affinities of the other taxon are unknown.
Evidence of sexuality in European Rubus (Rosaceae) species based on AFLP and allozyme analysis
Authors: Kollmann Johannes , Steinger Thomas , Roy Barbara A.
Published: April 2006

Reproduction of polyploid Rubus species is described as facultatively apomictic. Pollination is needed for seed set, but most seedlings are produced asexually by pseudogamy. Although sexual processes may occur, clonal diversity can be extremely low. We performed a pollination experiment to investigate the breeding system and used allozyme and AFLP markers to analyze genetic variation among and within seed families in R. armeniacus and R. bifrons. Pollination either with self or outcross pollen was necessary to trigger seed set. Outbreeding marginally increased the number and quality of seeds compared with selfing. The enzyme PGI revealed some genetic variation within seed families. Seven other enzyme systems were monomorphic. The more detailed AFLP analyses with five primer pairs detected the same rate of genetic variation (14–17% of seedlings were genetically distinct) and confirmed the allozyme results for the same individuals. No genetic variation was found between the seed families from within a species collected in widely separated populations, but clear species‐specific differences were observed. The results support the view that polyploid Rubus species are pseudogamous apomicts with low genetic diversity among and within seed families. However, sexual reproduction occasionally occurs and contributes to the maintenance of genetic variation within natural populations.
A new Bennettitalean trunk with unilacunar five‐trace nodal structure from the Upper Cretaceous of Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Saiki Ken'ichi , Yoshida Yuji
Published: April 2006

A new species of Bucklandia is described based on a permineralized fossil trunk that was obtained from sediments of Upper Cretaceous age from Hokkaido, Japan. The quality of preservation is exquisite, and anatomical and morphological features are preserved at the cellular level. The specimen is clearly bennettitalean because of the cycadeoidean‐type arrangement of vascular bundles in the petiole. However, this specimen is unique among previously described progymnosperms and gymnosperms in possessing a unilacunar five‐trace type of nodal structure. The fossil thus contributes to a more complete understanding of the variation of nodal structure in bennettitalean trunks.
From flowering to dispersal: reproductive ecology of an endemic plant, Astragalus australis var. olympicus (Fabaceae)
Authors: Kaye Thomas N.
Published: April 2006

Astragalus australis var. olympicus is an endemic plant of the Olympic Mountains, Washington. It is considered a Species of Concern by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. This study focused on the reproductive biology of the plant from flower production through seed germination to identify possible weak points that might contribute to its rarity and impede its conservation. Most plants produced a large mean number of flowers and ovules (314.8 and 4106, respectively), but relatively few of these formed fruits and seeds (25.8 and 3.8%, respectively). In decreasing importance, ovules in fruits were lost to predation, seed abortion, and lack of fertilization. The percentages of these fates differed among sites and years. Excluding pollinators by bagging flowers reduced fruit set by ∼50%, but seed set per fruit and seed mass were unaffected. Germination was affected by scarification, temperature, and moisture availability. About 11% of seeds damaged by predispersal seed predators (weevil larvae) remained viable and were released from dormancy. I hypothesize that predispersal seed predation (over 80% at one site) has a negative effect on population growth. Conservation of this species could benefit from improved fruit set and decreased seed predation.
Plant reproductive phenology over four years including an episode of general flowering in a lowland dipterocarp forest, Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Sakai Shoko , Momose Kuniyasu , Yumoto Takakazu , Nagamitsu Teruyoshi , Nagamasu Hidetoshi , Hamid Abang A. , Nakashizuka Tohru
Published: April 2006

The first systematic observation of a general flowering, a phenomenon unique to lowland mixed‐dipterocarp forests in Southeast Asia, is presented. During general flowering, which occurs at irregular intervals of 3–10 yr, nearly all dipterocarp species together with species of other families come heavily into flower. We monitored reproductive phenology of 576 individual plants representing 305 species in 56 families in Sarawak, Malaysia. Observations continued for 53 mo from August 1992 and covered one episode of a general flowering cycle. Among 527 effective reproductive events during 43 mo, 57% were concentrated in the general flowering period (GFP) of 10 mo in 1996. We classified 257 species into flowering types based on timing and frequency of flowering. The most abundant type was “general flowering” (35%), which flowered only during GFP. The others were “supra‐annual” (19%), “annual” (13%), and “sub‐annual” (5%) types. General flowering type and temporal aggregation in reproductive events were commonly found among species in various categories of taxonomic groups, life forms, pollination systems, and fruit types. Possible causes for general flowering, such as promotion of pollination brought about by interspecific synchronization and paucity of climatic cues suitable for flowering trigger, are proposed, in addition to the predator satiation hypothesis of Janzen (1974).
Seed germination patterns in green dragon (Arisaema dracontium, Araceae)
Authors: Yang J , Lovett‐Doust J , Lovett‐Doust L
Published: April 2006

Arisaema dracontium(green dragon) is a perennial herb that is widely distributed in eastern North America. However, in Canada, at the northern edge of its distribution, the species is designated as “vulnerable” with respect to conservation status. In natural populations, seedlings are uncommon; the present study was undertaken in order to characterize seed and seedling properties in green dragon. Seeds were sampled from five sites, ranging from Ontario at the northern limit of the distribution range, to Louisiana in the south. Seed germinability ranged from 25 to 55%, depending upon source. Experiments indicated that neither the hard seed coat nor a water‐soluble exudate from the seed was responsible for inducing or maintaining dormancy. Patterns of seed germination appear to reflect general climatic conditions at the sites where seeds had originated. Cold stratification at 3°C produced significantly greater relative germinability in all seed collections except the most southerly one, from Baton Rouge. These seeds also had a slower overall speed of germination. In contrast, germination of seeds from the most northerly site was promoted by cold stratification and occurred over a relatively brief period. Germination in alternating light and dark conditions decreased the speed of germination compared to germination in the dark, however exposure to light changed the phenology of germination by promoting development of adventitious roots and primary leaves in these seedlings.
Pollination ecology of Agave macroacantha (Agavaceae) in a Mexican tropical desert. II. The role of pollinators
Authors: Arizaga Santiago , Ezcurra Exequiel , Peters Edward , de Arellano Fernando Ramírez , Vega Ernesto
Published: April 2006

We did a series of observational studies and manipulative experiments on the guild of nocturnal visitors of Agave macroacantha, including (1) a description of the hourly patterns of visits by moths and bats, (2) an evaluation of the relative contribution of bats and moths to flowering success, and (3) an evaluation of the pollination efficiency of the different bat species. Scapes exposed to moths but excluded to bats yielded ∼50% fewer fruits than those exposed to both pollinator groups. Flowers exposed to the bat species Leptonycteris curasoae showed similar fruiting success to those exposed to Choeronycteris mexicana and to those exposed to the whole nocturnal visitor guild. However, the fruits originated from flowers pollinated by Leptonycteris curasoae yielded significantly more seed than those exposed to Choeronycteris mexicana or to the whole pollinator guild. It is concluded that Agave macroacantha is extremely dependent on nocturnal pollinators for its reproductive success and that bats are especially important for successful pollination. Some of these pollinators are migratory and have been reported to be steadily declining. A continuing decline in the populations of pollinators may impede the successful sexual reproduction of the plant host and may put the long‐term survival of this agave species under risk.
Tall Requirements and “Small” Reality
Authors: Mironov Boris N.
Published: April 2006

In my view, the skeptical comments of Steven L. Hoch, whether intentionally or not, undeservedly discredit human height data as an indicator of the physiological status and well-being of populations, and possibly represent the historiographical appearance of a postmodern intellectual ideology, whose representatives look with distrust on historical sources. Hoch repeats some traditional objections connected with data on height: 1) terminal height—that is, the height a person attains by the age of 20 to 25–is not a true indicator of the physiological status and well-being of a population; 2) the precision of height data falls below the standard scientific requirements for reliable indicators; 3) periodization of the dynamics of physiological status of the population and of basic data on height is impossible in principle; 4) the reasons for changes in physiological status cannot be subjected to rigorous analysis.
Toward an Objective Evaluation of the Complexities of Soviet Social Reality under Stalin
Authors: Wheatcroft Stephen G.
Published: April 2006

John Komlos is one of the leading specialists on international comparative anthropometric history, and Steven L. Hoch is a leading specialist on the Russian peasantry. Their responses to my paper are a little disappointing, for they seem to have failed to grasp the main points of my argument and, despite my warnings, they have continued to view this problem from the standpoint of political interest. They both appear to be more concerned with condemning the Soviet system than with attempting to understand that system. My paper concluded by stating: “It is unfortunate that our academic debates are not used to confronting a complex situation in which secular improvements in welfare and mortality are accompanied by massive short-term crises in welfare and mortality. Instead of concentrating on the question, Who is to blame, we need to know more clearly What really happened? How large was the crisis? What factors were causing or moderating the secular trend?”
The Patriots' Pushkin
Authors: Slater Wendy
Published: April 2006

A nation's shared culture reflects its status as an "imagined community."1 Different sections of the imagined community, however, have their own ideas about what the shared culture should include and what ought to be excluded from it, and this incessant debate over the cultural canon affects the nation's sense of identity. The rise of the civil rights movement and feminism in the United States in the 1960s, for example, challenged the dominance of "dead white males" in the American literary canon. Political as much as aesthetic considerations, then, dictate what the canon of works that constitute any shared culture should include. Similarly, political circumstances often determine the "correct" interpretation of these works.
U.S. Military Commissions: One of Several Options
Authors: Matheson Michael J.
Published: April 2006

At the time this essay is being written (in mid-February), much is still not known about the system of military commissions contemplated by the president’s Military Order of November 13, 2001, and about the circumstances in which such commissions will be used. For example, it is not yet clear what offenses will be tried, what rules of evidence will be adopted, whether the defendants’ choice of counsel will be restricted, and whether defendants will be able to pursue ajudicial appeal of their conviction or a collateral challenge to their detention. Presumably, these points will be clarified by further orders or regulations from the executive branch.
The Private “I” in the Works of Nina Berberova
Authors: Peterson Nadya L.
Published: April 2006

This article aims to identify prevalent concerns and anxieties informing Berberova's works, whether designated as fiction, biography, fictionalized history, or autobiography; to observe what is hidden behind the public facade of the autobiographical self; and to determine how the fictional and the autobiographical are connected in the writer's narratives. Berberova's autobiography, as well as her fictional and biographical writings, provide a fertile ground for investigating the author's frame of reference from the point of view of her gender. A close look at the nature of autobiography, with its careful construction of a public self, offers insight into the way Berberova wants others to see her. Paying attention to the struggle for physical and spiritual survival, the focus of Berberova's writing in general, affords an understanding of what the author deems necessary in order to overcome the hardships of emigration, the challenges of failed relationships, and the hazards of being a woman writer. Berberova's connections with men and women in her life—described by herself, seen by others, reflected in her fiction—all point to a pivotal concern with the strengths and weaknesses of her own gender.
Language Politics in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: The Crisis over the Future of Serbian
Authors: Greenberg Robert D.
Published: April 2006

The status of the Serbian standard language in the years since the breakup of Yugoslavia has been controversial. Serbian linguists were ill prepared for the demise of the unified Serbo-Croatian language in 1991 and found themselves scrambling to create a new linguistic order. While die Croatian linguists in socialist Yugoslavia had long advocated a separate literary language called Croatian, rather than Croato-Serbian, the Serbs had continued to insist on the joint language and readily accepted the term Serbo-Croatian. With the disintegration of Yugoslavia, the Serbs finally had to recognize that given Croatian and Bosnian-Muslim linguistic separatism, a joint literary language was no longer possible. In this paper, I examine the consequences of the breakup of Serbo-Croatian for Serbs in the Yugoslav successor states, especially in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY). I discuss the emergence of three ideologically opposed factions of Serbian linguists. The debate among Serbian linguists has been heated and acrimonious, reflecting broader political struggles within the FRY. I suggest that politically motivated turmoil in Serbian linguistic circles has put the New Serbian on a chaotic, unstable, and unpredictable path into the future.
Occupation and Ethnicity: Constructing Identity among Professional Romani (Gypsy) Musicians in Romania
Authors: Beissinger Margaret H.
Published: April 2006

Based on fieldwork (primarily in southern Romania), this article treats identity-construction among professional male Romani musicians, investigating in particular the discourse that they generate as they maintain their exclusive vocational niche on the boundaries of intersecting ethnic communities. Seeking to establish the influence of Romani musicians as agents in the construction of their own identity, Beissinger discusses notions that Romani musicians provide of non-Roms and other Roms (including other musicians), as well as how they portray surrounding cultural and political phenomena as expressions of their syncretic occupational and ethnic sense of self. Beissinger argues that Romani musicians are unquestionably enclosed by socially inflicted boundaries but are themselves also agents of boundary-making as they articulate connections with and distinctions from the world around them. Throughout, she draws pertinent comparisons with Romani musicians in other east European countries.
Katherine Parr: the Religious Convictions of a Renaissance Queen
Authors: Haugaard William P.
Published: April 2006

Among the wives of Henry VIII, only his first and last, Katherine of Aragon and Katherine Parr, possessed both the education and the intelligence to exemplify the Renaissance ideal for a woman born to gentle life. Both Katherines took their religion seriously, and in spite of the papal loyalties of the one and the Protestant proclivities of the other, they belonged to the same tradition of Renaissance religion which J. K. McConica has most recently traced in his study of English humanists. If Katherine of Aragon far surpassed her English namesake by the thoroughness of her education in the Spanish humanism of Isabella's court, Katherine Parr actually wrote and had published two books which proved surprisingly popular. If the breadth of the first Katherine's patronage of Renaissance writers was far more extensive than that of the second, the patronage of the second was more closely related to the course of English religion and politics.

A few years ago Conyers Read wrote that Katherine Parr's Lamentation of a Sinner merited more attention than it had received, and the comment could be justly extended to the Queen's religious convictions in general.
Jack Drum's Entertainment as Burlesque
Authors: Andrews Michael C.
Published: April 2006

It has long been recognized that Jack Drum's Entertainment (1600), a play now acknowledged to be the work of Marston, is indebted to the first part of Sir Philip Sidney's tale of Argalus and Parthenia (Arcadia, Bk. 11, chs. 2, 7); and that this as well as other material from the Arcadia appeared in the roughly contemporaneous The Trial of Chivalry. There has been, however, no effort to explore either the precise nature of Marston's use of the Arcadia, or the relationship between the plays. A study of these questions reinforces the argument that Marston's intention in Jack Drum's Entertainment is unmistakably satiric. The evidence strongly suggests that Marston's play, written for performance at Paul's, should be read in the context of the War of the Theaters: it burlesques the naively romantic crudities of the public theatres in general (what Marston, in his Introduction, calls ‘mouldy fopperies of stale Poetry, / Unpossible drie mustie Fictions'), but is directed specifically at The Trial of Chivalry, which had recently been staged by the Earl of Derby's Men.
The London Edition of De Thou's History: A Critique of Some Well-Documented Legends
Authors: Soman Alfred
Published: April 2006

For more than two hundred years, the Buckley-Carte edition (London, 1733) of Jacques-Auguste de Thou's History of His Times has been the standard one for this great Latin chronicle of the latter half of the sixteenth century. In six massive folio volumes, it presents the most complete and accurate text generally available. A seventh volume offers an imposing array of pièces justificatives: letters by and to de Thou and his friends, discussing the publication, emendation, and censoring of the History as well as its reception at the courts of Europe and in the ‘republic of letters.’ Many of these documents were reproduced in the three most widely used French translations of the History. In his recent bibliographical study, Samuel Kinser demonstrates at great length the superiority of the London text.
A Possible Origin for Mopsa in Sidney's Arcadia
Authors: Mcpherson David C.
Published: April 2006

Mopsa, a stupid country wench in Sidney's Arcadia, is such a delightful comic creation that one is curious to know more about her origin and function. William Ringler suggests that the name is ‘probably from Mopsus, a shepherd in Virgil's Eclogues.’ In the Fifth Eclogue one of the two shepherds in the singing contest is named Mopsus. In the Eighth Eclogue the embittered shepherd Damon laments the loss of Nysa, mentioning that she has married Mopsus. Since Sidney uses other names from the Eclogues (Dametas, Menalcas) and since Mopsa is the daughter of a shepherd, Professor Ringler's suggestion has merit.

Virgil is probably not the only source of Mopsa's name, however; I suggest that Sidney is making a kind of pun, humorously combining the name's Virgilian associations with those surrounding the Dutch word mops and its playfully Latinized form Mopsus or, feminine, Mopsa. Mops means ‘pug dog’ and, formerly, by extension, meant ‘countrylout' also; Mopsa in the Arcadia is in a sense ‘doggy’ and is clearly a country lout.
The Vita Longolii: Additional Considerations about Reginald Pole's Authorship
Authors: Vos Alvin
Published: April 2006

George B. Parks has recently argued, largely on the basis of internal evidence, that Reginald Pole could hardly have written the biographical sketch that was prefixed to the literary remains (epistles and orations) of the noted Ciceronian Christophe de Longueil (Longolius, ca. 1490-1522). Parks thus challenges the unanimous opinion of Pole's biographers. The young Englishman, he concedes, may yet have been responsible for the ‘Vita Longolii,’ but certain Italian friends (notably Bembo or Leonico Tomeo) and/or English compatriots (Thomas Lupset perhaps) must at least have had a hand in it. The purpose of the following discussion is to bring forth and evaluate additional evidence concerning the authorship of the ‘Vita,’ evidence that, without being conclusive, raises new doubts about the traditional attribution of the ‘Vita’ to Pole.
Duplessis-Mornay, Foix-Candale and the Hermetic Religion of the World
Authors: Harrie Jeanne
Published: April 2006

The cumulative results of over thirty-five years of research by historians of Renaissance thought have established the importance of the Hermetic tradition in the intellectual life of Renaissance Europe. The studies of Frances Yates especially have focused the attention of historians of science upon the problem of the relationship of Hermetic magic to the development of modern scientific attitudes. Others have regarded the Hermetic tradition as a foundation of religious toleration in late Renaissance Europe. The studies of Yates, Walker, and Dagens have suggested that acceptance of theHermetica,together with the remaining texts of theprisca theologia,by Renaissance intellectuals was manifested in practical life in ‘eirenic, reunionist opinions’ and efforts to effect a reconciliation between warring Catholics and Protestants at the end of the sixteenth century.
Galileo's Letter to Christina: Some Rhetorical Considerations
Authors: Moss Jean Dietz
Published: April 2006

The year 1982 marked the 350th anniversary of the publication of Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, a work that was to have a tragic impact on the astronomer's life, and also on the relations between science and religion. It was the publication of the Dialogue that precipitated the trial of Galileo before the Inquisition on charges of teaching the Copernican system, which had been condemned in 1616. The book sets forth the inadequacies of the Ptolemaic system and the superiority of the Copernican for “saving the appearances” of celestial motion, but it does not press openly for acceptance of the theory. An earlier writing of Galileo, the Letter to Madame Christina of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, referred to in short as the Letter to Christina, does just that. It was written in 1615 before the opinion on Copernicanism was delivered, and written, moreover, to dissuade the Church from condemning Copernicus's De revolutionibus of 1543.
The Literary Conventions of Erasmus' Education of a Christian Prince: Advice and Aphorism
Authors: Hardin Richard F.
Published: April 2006

The advent of the great autocrats of the sixteenth century—Francis I, Charles V, and Henry VIII—was a source of concern and perplexity to many sensitive observers of that age, a reaction that was more than the mere aversion to magnificence that Hans Baron saw motivating an earlier civic humanism. The sixteenth century brought with it a series of disastrous wars and an expansion of monarchies the likes of which the preceding century had not known. The Holy Roman Empire came to include, at least nominally, a vast area of Europe from Austria to the Netherlands; the ambitious Francis I had designs on Italy and the Netherlands; Henry VIII was pursuing the reconquest of France.
A Last Testimony by Savonarola and His Companions
Authors: Pugliese Olga Zorzi
Published: April 2006

Mystery and legend continue to cloud the events surrounding the trial and death of Fra Girolamo Savonarola, the Dominican who advocated religious reform, prophesied doom for corrupt political and ecclesiastical leaders and, in spite of the considerable power he had gained in Florence; was hanged and burned at the stake in 1498 together with his faithful companions Fra Domenico Buonvicini of Pescia and Fra Silvestro Maruffi of Florence.
A Humanist Historian and His Documents: Giovanni Simonetta, Secretary to the Sforzas
Authors: Ianziti Gary
Published: April 2006

One of the most promising trends in recent investigations into Quattrocento humanistic historiography has been the willingness to focus attention on the histories themselves, rather than on the sparse and often unsystematic theoretical statements formulated by the humanists in their prefaces, epistles and rhetorical treatises. By leaving aside for a moment what the humanists said about history, and concentrating on what they did, the latest efforts have exploded a number of idées reçues concerning the genesis, aims and forms of humanist historical writing in its various centers. Much work nevertheless remains to be done in this direction, especially in the area of textual analysis.