bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La educación y el apoyo parental hacia la actividad física como promoción de hábitos saludables en los escolares
Authors: Blanco Calvo Elena , GuevaraIngelmo Rosa María , Urchaga Litago José David. , Moral García José E.
Published: December 2021

La práctica de actividad física (AF) comprende actividades variadas
de la vida diaria, por lo que aporta innumerables beneficios a la salud de las personas
desde el ámbito fisiológico, psicológico y social. A pesar de que es sabido que la AF
mejora la calidad de vida y la salud, en la actualidad están proliferando los hábitos
sedentarios, no llegándose a cumplir con las recomendaciones de práctica de AF, lo
cual supone un riesgo transcendiendo desde la adolescencia hasta la edad adulta. Para
revertir el excesivo sedentarismo actual, es importante el papel de la familia, de ahí
que el apoyo parental hacia la práctica de AF ejerce una influencia muy positiva. De
hecho, los adolescentes de padres físicamente activos o que apoyan a sus hijos para el
desarrollo y mantenimiento de hábitos saludables, presentan niveles de AF superior en
comparación a sus semejantes que no tienen tanto apoyo de sus padres. En por eso que
resultan fundamental, en las etapas iniciales de la vida, que los hijos tengan una educación donde se potencie la práctica habitual de AF, ya que eso repercutirá positivamente en su salud, proyectándose estos beneficios también en la edad adulta
Ser hijo, «absoluto recibido», en la filosofía de Julián Marías
Authors: Rodríguez Obregón Juan José
Published: December 2021

Este artículo, basado en el tercer periodo de la filosofía de Julián Marías, ofrece al lector las características básicas de ser hijo.
En este sentido, aquellas que son
propias del concepto de persona, le
pertenecen de igual modo al concepto de hijo. No en vano, cuando
intenta explicar filosóficamente el
concepto persona echa mano del
concepto creación para indicar la
radical novedad que ella comporta.
Ser hijo es alguien que es persona,
y viceversa. Cada hijo lo es de manera absoluta (pregunta por el
quién) en tanto que radical novedad
e irreductible a cualquier otra y es
realidad recibida (pregunta por el
qué) en tanto que es otorgada, advenida, por ello proyectiva y menesterosa. El artículo intenta abordar de manera sencilla en qué consiste esa misteriosa realidad: absoluta y recibida
La encíclica social Laudato si’ como respuesta radical para la ruptura del círculo vicioso de la pobreza y enfermedad
Authors: LópezCortacans Germán
Published: December 2021

: Los organismos internacionales informan que el número de
personas que viven en la pobreza extrema ha aumentado en 150 millones en
este año. Ante esta realidad, los más beneficiados socialmente tienen una actitud de rechazo hacia los pobres, es la
actitud aporofóbica que expulsa a estos
colectivos a los márgenes de la ciudad.
En los evangelios se nos describe la
Buena Noticia anunciada por Jesús que
se concreta en una actitud aporofílica
hacia los enfermos generando espacios
de salvación y sanación para reintegrándolos con su familia y comunidad.
En la encíclica Laudato Sí’ El papa Francisco señala la interconexión de toda la
creación conectando el cuidado de la creación a la protección de la vida y
afirmando la necesidad de una conversión ecológica que hunda sus raíces en
la Buena Noticia que se concreta en la
exigencia de compartir los bienes en
una actitud solidaria con los pobres.
PARTICLE FILTER OPTIMIZATION TOOLS FOR DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS PROBABILISTIC MODELS
Authors: Полухин П.В.
Published: December 2021

В работе предложены математические инструменты на основе достаточных статистик и декомпозиции выборок в сочетании с алгоритмами распределенных вычислений, позволяющие существенно повысить эффективность процедуры фильтрации.

Filtering algorithms are used to assess the state of dynamic systems when solving various practical problems, such as voice synthesis and determining the geo-position and monitoring the movement of objects. In the case of complex hierarchical dynamic systems with a large number of time slices, the process of calculating probabilistic characteristics becomes very time-consuming due to the need to generate a large number of samples. The essence of optimization is to reduce the number of samples generated by the filter, increase their consistency and speed up computational operations. The paper offers mathematical tools based on sufficient statistics and sample decomposition in combination with distributed computing algorithms that can significantly improve the efficiency of the filtering procedure.
AUTO-CONFIGURABLE DBMS REPLICATION WITH SPECIAL TRAINING TO IMPROVE SECURITY
Authors: Азиз А.И.
Published: December 2021

Рассмотрен самонастраивающийся механизм, основанный на обучении с подкреплением, для безопасного конфигурирования и регулирования в режиме реального времени гибридного промежуточного программного обеспечения репликации в паре с системой СУБД.

A self-adjusting mechanism based on reinforcement learning is considered for the safe configuration and real-time regulation of hybrid replication middleware paired with a DBMS system.
SIMULATION OF THE CONTROL PROCESS ELECTRIC LOADS IN THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK OF 0.4 KV
Authors: Клименко Ю.А. , Преображенский А.П.
Published: December 2021

В статье рассматривается решение задачи моделирования процесса управления электрическими нагрузками для повышения качественных показателей электрической энергии в распределительных электрических сетях 0,4 кВ на основе использования адаптивной системы управления электрическими нагрузками. Проведен анализ существующих методов снижения неравномерности распределения мощностей. Алгоритм процесса управления электрическими нагрузками в распределительных электрических сетях, алгоритмы анализа распределения мощностей и напряжений по фазам сети, а также алгоритм устранения отклонений напряжения, которые могут быть использованы при разработке электрооборудования. для обеспечения необходимого качества электроэнергии.

The paper considers the solution of the problem of modeling the process of controlling electrical loads to improve the quality parameters of electrical energy in distribution electrical networks of 0.4 kV based on the use of an adaptive system for controlling electrical loads. The analysis of existing methods of reducing the uneven distribution of capacities is carried out. An algorithm for the process of controlling electrical loads in distribution electrical networks, algorithms for analyzing the distribution of powers and voltages over the phases of the network, as well as an algorithm for eliminating voltage deviations, which can be used in the development of electrical equipment to ensure the required quality of electricity, have been developed.
Dependence of deformation indices on initial yield strength and
hardening intensity of wire material in the passage of drawing route
Authors: Gur'yanov G.N.
Published: December 2021

The model of hardening is considered, which provides for dependence of the current yield strength σт on the product
of the initial yield strength σт0 and drawing coeffi cient μ to the degree of hardening coeffi cient k (σт = σт0μk). Difference of
axial stress increase from action of anti-tension in absence and action of hardening depending on hardening coeffi cient is
determined. Dependencies of drawing stress, safety factor I.L. Perlin and stress state index V.L. Kolmogorov on hardening
coeffi cient at different values of initial yield strength are built. Limit hardening factor k is defi ned, at which safety factor
is equal to 1. Dependencies of deformation indices on initial yield strength of σт0 at different deformation parameters are
constructed.
Influence of the second-generation adaptive friction clutch
configuration method (basic version) for its maximum load
Authors: Shishkarev M.P.
Published: December 2021

It is shown that the maximum torque of adaptive friction clutches of the second generation (baseline) when it is
configured with the minimum coefficient of friction less than the setting based on an average coefficient of friction, if a ratio
of the coefficient of friction to its minimum value more than the value of the safety factor.
Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran Zoom Terhadap Hasil Belajar Fikih Mahasiswa Jurusan Syariah Semester V STIBA Makassar
Authors: P. Hamudin , Saat Sulaiman , Mania Sitti
Published: December 2021

This study aims to describe the use of zoom learning media, learning motivation, and fiqh learning outcomes, as well as to analyze the effect of using zoom learning media and learning motivation on fiqh learning outcomes for students majoring in sharia in the fifth semester of comparative study program of the Makassar STIBA school, either partially or simultaneously. The type of research in this research is ex post facto that analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of study showed that: 1) The use of zoom learning media is in the good enough category. 2) Learning motivation is in the good enough category. 3) Jurisprudence learning outcomes are in the high category. 4) There is an effect of using zoom learning media on fiqh learning outcomes, the effect is 28.4%. This means that in this study 28.4% of the variables of fiqh learning outcomes were influenced by the variable of using zoom learning media and included in the weak but definite category. 5) There is an influence of learning motivation on fiqh learning outcomes, the effect is 17.6%. This means that in this study 17.6% of the fiqh learning outcomes variables were influenced by learning motivation variables and included in the very weak category. 6) There is an effect of using zoom learning media and learning motivation on fiqh learning outcomes for students majoring in sharia in the fifth semester of the Makassar STIBA school of comparison study program, the effect is 8.8%. This means that in this study 8.8% of the variables of fiqh learning outcomes were influenced by the variable use of zoom learning media and learning motivation variables together and included in the very weak category, the rest was influenced by other factors not examined in this study.
Faktor - Faktor yang Memengaruhi Profitabilitas pada Perusahaan Subsektor Investment Company di BEI Periode 2015 â€“ 2019
Authors: Pebriani Reny Aziatul , Sari Rafika
Published: December 2021

The aim of this study is to determine and analyse the effect of ESOP, leverage, and the size of the company partially and simultaneously to the profitability of the Investment Company Subsector Company in IDX Period 2015-2019. The data used in this study is library studies and documentation. Sample selection in this study using nonprobability purposive sampling technique. The data analysis method used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results prove that ESOP and company size partially have no significant effect on profitabilitas, but leverage has a significant effect on profitability. Then simultaneously ESOP, Leverage, and Company Size have no effect on profitability. The results of research with Agency theory and signal theory, ESOP is expected to increase the loyalty of the company manager to the owner of the company in improving profitability, and ESOP does not affect the contribution of profitability information of a company in assessing the condition of a company, between the relationship of the manager and the owner of the company.Â  Leverage, in the explanation of signal theory is one of the factors that influence in providing information to investors on the profitability of acompany. Size of the company is determined by the management steps to manage the company's profit as best as possible, which we know companies with large scale does not necessarily have a good company performance also in improving its profitability. This research is expected to help companies to improve the profitability of thecompany.Keywords: ESOP, leverage, company size, profitabilitas
Analisis Komparatif Strategi Digital Marketing terhadap Keputusan Penggunaan Jasa Transportasi Online Gojek dan Grab di Kabupaten Karawang
Authors: Maulidia Gina , Ratnasari Ina
Published: December 2021

The development of the transportation service industry is currently very fast. Especially in several big cities including Karawang district. Along with digital development, traditional transportation has become online transportation. Online transportation services that are currently very well known and often seen by the public are Gojek and Grab. This study aims to analyze digital marketing strategies on purchasing decisions in Karawang Regency. There are 100 respondents who use Gojek and Grab online transportation in Karawang Regency. This research uses quantitative methods. The analysis technique used is quantitative and descriptive analysis. In the verification analysis method used Simple Linear Regression analysis. The hypothesis sought is the partial effect or t-test and comparative t-test. In the test based on the research results it was found that there was a partial influence between digital marketing strategies on purchasing decisions. And based on the Comparative t-test research, there are differences between Go-Jek companies and Grab companies.
Hubungan Motivasi Kerja dan Sistem Pengembangan Pegawai Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai di Koperasi Dharmayukti Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara Palembang
Authors: Liana Wendy
Published: December 2021

Employees are the most important assets in an agency, so that quality improvement needs to be an important concern in an effort to achieve agency goals effectively and efficiently. In every management activity, efforts should be made to align the goals of employees so that in the end the objectives of the agency can be achieved as much as possible. Performance appraisal is the most reliable tool for managers to control human resources and productivity. Performance appraisal can be used effectively in directing employee behavior, in order to produce high quality and volume of human resources. Managers can use the operational performance process to set the direction of work in selecting, training, guiding career planning, and rewarding competent employees. The essence of employment is basically regulation, potential mobilization, motivation process, and human resource development in fulfilling satisfaction through his work. This is useful for achieving the goals of the individual, organization, or community in which he works. Decisions made regarding manpower are strongly influenced by the philosophy adopted by the leader regarding labor empowerment. For example, views on work motivation, and the concept of labor. From this point of view, an employment pattern will be formed that is adjusted to the image of the leader. Every government and private agency will always try to improve the effectiveness of employees' work. This can be done by developing employee work. Most leaders are very supportive of employee development. The lower the job level, the more labor supply there is. The positions leading to special skills are not filled because of the lack of employees who meet the requirements. A person is trained to carry out the basic arrangements essential for the job, the most common types of training being fieldwork, meetings or discussions.
Sistem Rekrutmen dan Pelatihan terhadap Kompetensi Tenaga Pendamping Lokal Desa (PLD) di Kabupaten Karo
Authors: Sitepu Jupianus , Saragih Rafika Devi
Published: December 2021

Village Local Assistance (PLD) is a program of the Ministry of Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Areas and Transmigration, the goal is Assistance to Village Government Wheels in terms of community social and village infrastructure. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of training recruitment on the competence of Village Local Assistants (PLD) in Karo district, also knows whether the perceived benefits moderate or mediate the effect of recruitment and training on the competence of Village Local Assistants (PLD) in Karo district. This research was conducted for one year. This research is a type of causality research, namely to examine the effect of recruitment and training on competence. This type of research data is primary data because it is carried out by means of field studies by distributing questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS veri 22 application. The results of this study were to determine the effect of recruitment and training on the competence of Village Local Assistants (PLD) throughout Karo district. Population 259 based on the equation in the Formulation Method and using a percentage of errors in sampling of 10%, the number of samples obtained: 72 people. The population of this research is all village officials in Karo. The research sample in Karo district was taken as many as 72 people and to determine the magnitude of the influence of recruitment and training on PLD performance. Based on the hypothesis and research results, it can be seen that there is a positive effect of training on PLD performance but the effect of recruitment has not had a positive effect on PLD competence because has been tested using Partial T and simple linear regression and the results are negative. And on the answer scores of all respondents, it can be seen from the category table.
Analisa Karakteristik Mutu Sabun Padat Ekstrak Kulit Buah Manggis (Garcinia Mangostana L.) Berbahan Dasar Minyak Jelantah
Authors: Susanti Maria Mita , Juliantoro Benediktus Toni
Published: December 2021

Penggunaan minyak jelantah dapat menimbulkan berbagai penyakit apabila dikonsumsi bahkan akan menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan jika dibuang tanpa adanya pengolahan. Oleh karena itu perlu upaya untuk memanfaatkan minyak jelantah menjadi produk yang dapat meningkatkan nilai ekonomis yang lebih tinggi salah satunya adalah produk berbasis minyak seperti sabun padat. Sabun yang baik bukan hanya mampu membersihkan kulit dari kotoran, tetapi juga memiliki kandungan zat yang dapat menangkal efek radikal bebas seperti antioksidan. Kulit buah manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) adalah salah satu sumber antioksidan alami yang mengandung xanthone dengan IC50 sebesar 2,710 ppm. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat dan menganalisis karakteristik mutu sabun padat ekstrak kulit buah manggis berbahan dasar minyak jelantah. Penelitian ini menganalisa karakteristik mutu sediaan sabun padat meliputi uji organoleptis, pH, kadar asam lemak bebas, kestabilan busa, kadar air dan kadar alkali bebas. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik mutu sabun padat sesuai dengan persyaratan mutu yaitu organoleptis berbentuk padat, pH 10, kestabilan busa 89,33%,kadar air 14,33%, kadar asam lemak bebas 1,54% dan kadar alkali bebas 0,07%.Kata Kunci: minyak jelantah, sabun, manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.), karakteristik mutu
Cirugía endoscópica para cierre de fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo en la base de cráneo: experiencia de dos hospitales en Bogotá, 2012-2018.
Authors: Pinzón-Navarro MA , Borja-Pérez JC , Prieto-Sánchez KL , Piñeros-García LM , Castellanos-Toro Juan Carlos
Published: December 2021

Objetivo: Describir la experiencia en el manejo quirúrgico de cierre de fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo, por técnica endoscópica transnasal en dos hospitales de Bogotá.

Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de serie de casos con recolección retrospectiva, se evaluaron pacientes con diagnóstico de fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo manejados con endoscópica transnasal, para determinar complicaciones, manifestaciones clínicas, hallazgos imagenológicos, morbilidad y recidiva.

Resultados: Se incluyeron 19 casos de fístula de LCR manejados con técnica endoscópica transnasal. El 63% de los pacientes fueron de sexo femenino, los síntomas más frecuentes: rinoliquia (73%), cefalea (42%) y meningitis (21%). La etiología idiopática se presentó en el 47% de casos,  de origen tumoral (31%). El cierre fue exitoso en el 94% de los pacientes. Con un solo caso de meningitis.
Sialolitiasis submandibular gigante, extracción quirúrgica y reparación ductal: reporte de caso
Authors: Kammerer Miranda Christian , Escobar Diego , Holguín Jorge
Published: December 2021

La patología litiásica de las glándulas salivales forma parte de un grupo de afecciones que perjudica el sistema de drenaje normal de la saliva hacia la cavidad oral, ocasionando lesiones múltiples sobre la glándula afectada. Se realizó el reporte de un caso clínico con esta patología que, por el tamaño del lito, se considera extremadamente rara en nuestro medio. Método: se realizó el reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura (estudios radiológicos, historia clínica y hallazgos clínicos); además, el paciente firmó el consentimiento para esta publicación. Resultados: un paciente masculino de 38 años remitido de consulta externa con un cuadro clínico de 1 semana de dolor, edema y tumefacción en la región submandibular izquierda asociado con una secreción sialopurulenta por la cavidad oral. En la radiografía (Rx) oclusal estricta y en la tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) de cuello contrastado se evidenció una lesión litiásica de más o menos 4,5x1,8cm
Caracterización clínica y sociodemográfica de los pacientes con tinnitus en un centro especializado de Medellín
Authors: Moreno T Andrea , Arboleda Villa Nathalie Cristina , Martinez S Damian , Schwarz L Margarita , Mendoza C Dandis J , Garrido A Alejandra
Published: December 2021

Introducción: Teniendo en cuenta la repercusión del tinnitus en la calidad de vida de los pacientes, este estudio busca conocer las características específicas de esta población.

Objetivo: Describir las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los pacientes con diagnóstico de tinnitus que asistieron ambulatoriamente a la consulta de tinnitus de la Clínica ORLANT en la ciudad de Medellín.

Materiales y métodos:  Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes referidos por primera vez a la consulta especializada de tinnitus en el centro de especialistas en Otorrinolaringología y Otología, clínica ORLANT, en un año. Se obtuvo información demográfica y se recopilaron datos de las historias clínicas.

Resultados: 61 pacientes fueron incluidos. El 59% de sexo masculino, edad media de 52,5 años. La mediana del tiempo de evolución fue 24 meses, como características clínicas  54,1% presentó tinnitus bilateral, 78,7% refirió tono agudo y  59% intensidad moderada, como síntomas asociados 67,2% refirió sensación de giro y 80,3% desequilibrio o inestabilidad. El 23% tenía hipertensión arterial, 5 pacientes recibieron ototóxicos, 34,4% tuvo exposición crónica al ruido y 8,2% hipoacusia súbita. El 21,3% tenía diagnóstico de trastorno psiquiátrico. El 65,5% diagnóstico de hipoacusia, 52,5% bilateral y 54,1% de tipo neurosensorial

Conclusión: Las características del tinnitus más comunes fueron la presentación bilateral, duración mayor de 3 meses, tonalidad aguda y de intensidad moderada. Encontrando una representación similar de algunas características en la población de otras áreas geográficas.

Importancia clínica: conocer las particularidades del paciente con tinnitus, hace un acercamiento para plantear medidas de prevención y tratamiento específicamente dirigidas
Radioterapia definitiva en el carcinoma adenoide quístico de la tráquea. A propósito de un caso
Authors: Noreña María Paulina , Vallejo Alexandra , González Alvarez Iván Dario , Guerrero Eduardo , Cotes Martha
Published: December 2021

Los carcinomas adenoides quísticos son tumores extremadamente raros, para los cuales la cirugía es el pilar terapéutico, sin embargo el abordaje quirúrgico puede estar contraidicado en función del tamaño tumoral, el compromiso de estructuras adyacentes o enfermedades concurrentes. En estos casos, la radioterapia externa definitiva puede ofrecer un adecuado control tumoral y alivio de síntomas. El presente reporte de caso, describe un paciente con un tumor irregular que rodea la circunferencia de la tráquea, generando disminución de la luz traqueal, en quién se decidió realizar una reducción de volúmen  de la lesión tumoral con argon plasma, seguido de colocación de un stent en Y (traqueal , bronquial izquierdo y bronquial derecho),  y posteriomente tratamiento definitivo con radioterapia externa con técnica de intensidad modulada a dosis de 60 Gy en fraccionamiento de 2 Gy.
ROMANTİK İLİŞKİSİ OLAN KADINLARDA ALGILANAN PARTNER DEĞİŞİMİ, YAKINLIK VE YAŞAM DOYUMU
Authors: DİNÇER Duygu
Published: December 2021

Bu çalışmanın amacı romantik ilişkisi olan kadınlarda algılanan partner değişimi, ben tasavvuruna ötekini katma (yakınlık) ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkileri incelemektir. Çalışmada algılanan partner değişimi ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkide ben tasavvuruna ötekini katmanın aracı bir rolü olup olmadığı test edilmiştir. Araştırma verileri, yaşları 19-22 arasında değişmekte olan ve romantik ilişki içinde bulunan 203 kadın katılımcıdan elde edilmiştir. Katılımcıların ilişki durumları flört ya da nişanlıdır; ilişki süreleri bir ile beş yıl arasında değişmektedir. Verilerin toplanmasında demografik bilgi formu, Romantik İlişkilerde Algılanan Partner Değişimi Ölçeği, Ben Tasavvuruna Ötekini Katma Ölçeği ve Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde değişkenler arası ilişkileri değerlendirmek amacıyla Pearson çarpım moment korelasyon katsayısına başvurulmuştur. Ben tasavvuruna ötekini katmanın, algılanan partner değişimi ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkideki aracılık rolünü incelemek üzere yapısal eşitlik modeli kullanılmıştır. Korelasyon analizi sonuçları yaşam doyumunun algılanan benlik değişimi ve ben tasavvuruna ötekini katma ile ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Aracılık testi sonuçları öngörülen modeli doğrulamıştır ve ben tasavvuruna ötekini katmanının algılanan partner değişimi ile yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkide aracılık rolü olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu bulgular ben tasavvuruna ötekini katmanın algılanan partner değişimi ve yaşam doyumu arasında bilişsel ve duyuşsal bir düzenleyici işlevi görebileceğine işaret etmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında elde edilen bulgular, yakın ilişkiler alanyazını ışığında tartışılmıştır.
FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER AS A REINFORCING MATERIAL FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Authors: Layang Samuel
Published: December 2021

Concrete is one of the materials that is widely used in various structural works because it has advantages, especially it has high compressive strength and is easy to form. However, concrete can also be damaged by physical, chemical, mechanical and excessive loads. Damaged concrete structures must be repaired and strengthened immediately to prevent further damage that can lead to structural failure. One of the materials that can be used for structural reinforcement is Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP). FRP is a composite material made of three basic components, namely fiber, polymer and additives. FRP has advantages such as having high strength, light weight, corrosion resistance, easy installation, requiring little or no scaffolding. FRP is very well used to increase the capacity of structures in buildings that are undergoing changes in function
Ieskats latviešu valodas izloksnēs apzinātajos biezputru nosaukumos
Authors:   Latvijas Universitāte, Latviešu valodas institūts, Bušmane Brigita
Published: December 2021

Porridge has long been one of the main dishes in the national diet. In the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, porridges were not only cooked on a daily basis on farms but more often (more frequently barley groats or potato-cooked groats) were associated with folk traditions and cooked at the end of each major work, such as sowing, cuts, threshing, finishing of linen plucking or a larger fabric. The names of some porridges form very broad thematic vocabulary groups. Their characteristic feature is semantic branching, i.e. the use of the same products, similarity in the way of cooking, their external features determine that the same word is used to describe different porridges. In the article, the names of porridge have been examined mainly from the semantic and areal points of view. Insights are provided into names that include a reference to the source product of the food and names that reveal an activity related to the preparation or use of the food. Several of the names considered cover smaller or larger areas (e. g. klecene, studzene, pļepene). The designation of the raw product is usually included in the first component resp. in the first part of the compound name for porridge (for example, miltu biezputra ‘flour porridge’, putraimbiezputra ‘groat porridge’, azbara biezputra ‘id.’). A reference to an activity carried out during the preparation of food may reveal its relationship to the food in question, either directly (e. g. kultene ‘stirred porridge’, karseknis ‘heated porridge’) or indirectly (e. g. šķeterene ‘twisted porridge’). The considered material also provides evidence of porridge names from the word-formational, morphological and phonetical points of view. For example, derivatives with the suffixes -en-, -in-, -nīc- (lecene, pankšene, biezine, kultenīca) are widespread, prefixal derivatives (papļepene, sakratene) and compounds (puspļepene) are found, the stem change (kratene, kratenis) is observed, the interchange of the consonants s and š (studzene, študzene) has been fixed.
Zinātniskā raksta ievada struktūrelementi un to formulējumi
Authors:   Ventspils Augstskola, Dubova Аgnese
Published: December 2021

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Textbausteine der Einleitungen der lettischen wissenschaftlichen Artikel behandelt. Obwohl im Lettischen schon einzelne Untersuchungen zu den Titeln in wissenschaftlichen Texten, zu Abstracts und Schlüsselwörtern vorgenommen worden, sind noch einige Studien zur Einleitung der akademisch-wissenschaftlichen Texten und deren Textbausteine vorhanden. Diesbezüglich wurden bisher die Diplomarbeiten und die Zusammenfassungen der Promotionsarbeiten erforscht. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist die Textbausteine der Einleitung der wissenschaftlichen Artikel zu bestimmen und deren sprachliche Formulierungen anzugeben. Zur Erforschung der Textbausteine der Einleitung der lettischen wissenschaftlichen Artikel wird der Textkorpus des Forschungsprojektes „Lettisch als Wissenschaftssprache aus der intralinguistischen Blickrichtung“ benutzt, der die lettischen wissenschaftlichen Artikel aus sechs wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen enthält. Die Textbausteine werden mithilfe der Software AntConc ermittelt und danach anhand des qualitativen Vorgehens analysiert. Aus der vorliegenden Untersuchung lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass in der Einleitung der untersuchten lettischen wissenschaftlichen Artikel folgende Textbausteine enthalten sein können: die Relevanz und die Aktualität des Forschungsthemas, das Ziel und die Aufgaben, Forschungsmetode(-n) oder -vorgehen, theoretische Grundlage und Struktur des Artikels. Seltener sind Textbausteine wie Hypothese, Forschungsfrage, Untersuchungsgegenstand und -objekt zu treffen.
Personvārdi Nīcas pagasta Verbeļu kapu piemiņas zīmju uzrakstos
Authors:   Liepājas Universitāte, Krieviņa Karīna
Published: December 2021

The linguistic landscape of Verbeļi Cemetery in Nīca municipality was researched, analyzing the use of personal names in memorial inscriptions. As the oldest inscriptions of the memorial were from 1874, the possible time of the cemetery’s establishment is the end of the 19th century. The cemetery belongs to an open type, which means that burials are still carried out there. The research material covers the period from 1874 to 2020. 133 cemetery burials were recorded; 124 of them are identifiable memorial signs. The study analyzes various trends in the use of personal names and peculiarities of spelling, as well as extensions of the anthroponymic formula like a woman’s surname before the wedding inscripted on the monument (Anna Bumbulis born Verbelis, Ilze Paipa born Rāva); inclusion of the person’s middle name (Jānis Voldemārs Pundiks, Austra Maiga Ģelze). The frequency of the anthroponymic formula (name, surname in Latvian) or deviations from this norm was studied: surname written before the name (Nāģis Miķelis, Pāvils Zelma); the use of feminine surnames in masculine (Made Novads, Klibais Margrieta); female surnames without a suffix (Ilse Werbel, Anna Baschtik). The use of initials was also found in two cases. Surnames from other languages are one of the aspects that reveal the diversity of the linguistic landscape of the cultural environment of the cemetery: Russian-language-based surnames (Žuravļevs Osips, Zaharovs Pēteris); German-language-based surnames (Dzintars Šulcs, Ilze Maulics, Stenders Kārlis, Haralds Freibergs); Polish-language-based surnames (Vidopski Gunārs, Valija); Lithuanian-language-based surnames (Alfrīdas Dejus, F. Sergējus). Some ancient memorial inscriptions have retained unique historical evidence of writing traditions in old orthography, such as the long vowel writing, where a consonant follows the short vowel: - h-: -eh- < ē = Jehkab < Jēkabs. The influence of the German language can be seen, for example, in the spelling of letters, where three special letters or a set of specific letters indicate consonant softening: sch < š = Baschtik < Baštik. In the inscriptions, the tendency of partial anonymity was found: the family members are not named, but only the name of the family is mentioned: Piķu family. One surname in the masculine in singular or plural form unites two family members, for instance, husband and wife, father and son, etc.
Pieturzīmes senajos latviešu tekstos
Authors:   Latvijas Universitāte, Latviešu valodas institūts, Ķauķīte Sintija
Published: December 2021

Early written Latvian texts are important sources not only for linguistics but also for culture and social studies. Latvian texts (and indeed Latvian culture as a whole) show consistent German influence. These texts were produced in a cross-cultural context of Catholicism and Protestantism and display elements from local folklore. The history of the Latvian written language dates to the 16th century and is largely linked to the Reformation of the Church. The earliest texts from the 16th century are various versions of translations of the Lord’s Prayer, as well as separate short records in the books of Riga trade associations. Since the 17th century, the scope of genres of written sources widens: lexicographical, legal, and other secular texts have been published. There are two significant aspects of these early Latvian texts. The first is that most of the texts were translations from German, Latin, and Polish, and there were very few original texts. The second aspect is that most of the translators were not native speakers of Latvian. First punctuation marks in Latvian appeared in the 16th century in translations from the German language. In 16th-century texts, the following punctuation marks – point, question mark, slash, double hyphen, colon, and parentheses – were used. Semicolons and exclamation marks were used in 17th-century writings. The following punctuation marks have entered the 18th century: a dash, dots, round quotation marks, a comma, and an apostrophe, but they had been used on a different basis than today. While reading various texts of the 16th and the 17th century, the author also looked at the punctuation marks used at this time – a point, a question mark, a slash, a colon, a semicolon, brackets, a double hyphen, and an exclamation mark. In this study, the use of punctuation marks of 11 texts of Early Written Latvian is analyzed, and a comparison of Early Latvian Texts and the Luther Bible is given. The descriptive method and the comparative method are used. At the end of the paper, the main conclusions are given.
Ieskats TV žurnālistu valodas lietojumā (2019–2020)
Authors:   Latvijas Universitāte, Latviešu valodas institūts, Liepa Dite ,   Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte, Mežapuķe Kristīne ,   Latvijas Universitāte, Latviešu valodas institūts
Published: December 2021

As evidenced by the studies referred to in the introduction of the paper, television is the most popular mass medium both in Latvia and throughout the European Union, and it plays a key role in shaping the linguistic environment. Therefore, it is important that at least the speech of journalists and programme hosts on television corresponds to the norms of literary Latvian. Lately, viewers have been particularly concerned about the quality of language. The rather low quality of Latvian used in mass media stems from both the speech commonly used by the society and the journalists’ Latvian language skills. A knowledgeable journalist is regarded as an authority, and viewers put their trust in authoritative and erudite speech. However, journalists sometimes lack awareness of their role and influence on the wide audience watching, evaluating, and quoting them. Examples were gathered from the most popular television channels in Latvia that broadcast in Latvian – LTV1, TV3, Rīga 24TV, S-TV – and the following programmes: “Rīta Panorāma”, “900 sekundes” (broadcast on LNT in 2019), “TV3 Ziņas”, “Bez tabu”, “Tieša runa”, etc. The examples show that there are numerous errors, linguistic inaccuracies, and stylistic shortcomings, particularly regarding lexis. The aim of the paper is to focus on the most common errors, those being lexicostylistic errors and the widespread use of colloquial speech. Although a mixture of styles is common nowadays and colloquial speech has become an integral part of publicist style, its usage in TV programmes cannot always be justified. A short insight into new words coined by journalists is provided as well; however, these words are not included in dictionaries and are unlikely to become neologisms. The conclusion of the paper focuses on the causes of errors and advice regarding the improvement of the journalists’ language.
Mājsēde, skorbuļēra, tišmājis, sejauts un citi – ieskats 2020. gadā lietotajos saliktajos lietvārdos
Authors: Liparte Evija
Published: December 2021

Im Jahre 2020, nach dem Beginn der COVID-19-Pandemie, waren in der lettischen Sprache bereits vorhandene – allerdings nicht recht breit verwendete – Komposita hoch im Kurs (z. B.: koronavīruss, pašizolācija, aizsargmaska, kontaktpersona, dīkstāve, tāldarbs, mājsēde). Es wurden auch neue Wörter gebildet, darunter viele zusammengesetzte Substantive (von der Autorin dieses Artikels wurden mehr als 1500 solche Komposita erfasst). Darunter sind Komposita mit dem offiziellen Namen der Krankheit kovid- (118 Belege), mit dem Namen des Virus korona- (was eine gekürzte Form ist, 38 Belege) und auch mit Euphemismen bzw. Übersetzungen, die für diese Krankheit benutzt wurden: skorbulis (fiktionale tödliche Krankheit aus einem lettischen Spielfilm, 18 Belege), kronis („Krone”, 7 Belege), vainags („Kranz”, 3 Belege). Im Artikel werden noch viele weitere Substantivkomposita des semantischen Feldes COVID-19 sowie dessen Untergruppen betrachtet, insbesondere die Extra-Benennungen für das spezifische Lockdown, welches unter der lettischen Bezeichnung mājsēde („Haussitzen”) in Lettland Ende Dezember 2020 eingeführt wurde. 106 dieser Neuschöpfungen sind deverbale Dekomposita, z.B. prečgrābe (< preces „Waren” + grābt „greifen” + Endung -e) und tukšpirce (< tukšs „leer” + pirkt „kaufen” + Endung -e) „Hamsterkauf”, smaržnejutis (< smarža „Duft” + nejust „nicht fühlen” + Endung -is) „Störung des Geruchssinns” u. a. Es wurden auch viele Kurzwort-Komposita gebildet, z. B. digipulces (< digitālas sapulces) „Online-Versammlungen”, maskucisti (< masku policisti) „Masken-Polizisten”. So ein großer Wortschöpfungseifer wird von vielen in der lettischen Gesellschaft mit dem Vorbild des Staatspräsidenten Egils Levits in Verbindung gebracht, manche schauen tiefer und sehen darin den von ihm wiedererlebten „alten Atem des Mittelniederdeutschen”. Eigentlich (und das behaupten auch Forscher*innen anderer Sprachen) hängt der Wortschöpfungseifer auch mit dem gezwungenen Zuhause-Bleiben zusammen. Die meisten kreierten Wörter sind als Gelegenheitsbildungen zu betrachten, die kaum jemand kennt und die nach dem Ende der COVID-19-Pandemie gewiss verschwinden werden.
Daži etnonīmi latviešu valodas frazeoloģismos
Authors:   Latvijas Universitāte, Latviešu valodas institūts, Migla Ilga
Published: December 2021

Die Aufgabe des Artikels ist es, die seltener gebrauchten Ethnonyme in lettischen Phraseologismen mithilfe der Wörterbücher und verschiedener Internetquellen zusammenzufassen und auf der Grundlage der Erforschung elektronischer Ressourcen herauszufinden, welche von ihnen in der modernen lettischen Sprache verwendet werden. Als Forschungsquelle dienen ein- und mehrsprachige phraseologische Wörterbücher, erklärende Wörterbücher und Dialektwörterbücher sowie verschiedene Informationsmaterialien. Die Suchfunktionen des GOOGLE-Browsers wurden dazu verwendet, um die neuesten Tendenzen im Sprachgebrauch zu klären. Im Artikel werden neun (9) seltener verwendeten Ethnonyme zusammengefasst und analysiert, die in den lettischen Phraseologismen und Sprichwörtern vorkommen. Es muss gefolgert werden, dass enge historische, kommerzielle u. a. Kontakte mit einer Nation nicht bedeuten, dass sich viele Phraseologismen mit diesem einem Ethnonym entwickelt haben. Wenn es historisch gesehen kein Zusammenhang mit dem jeweiligen Träger des Ethnonyms besteht, sind diese Phraseologismen in vielen europäischen Sprachen aus der Bibel oder Weltliteratur übernommen worden. Linguisten haben festgestellt, dass die Phraseologismen mit Ethnonymen oft einen falschen Eindruck von einer Nationalität, einer Gruppe von Menschen vermittelt. Viele dieser Eindrücke sind das Ergebnis eines bestimmten historischen und kulturellen Inhalts, der nicht mit der Realität konfrontiert ist und die darin enthaltenen Urteile die Tendenz der Menschen, unangemessene Eigenschaften an andere „aufzuschreiben” zeigen (Szczęk 2011, 162). In den lettischen Phraseologismen wurde jedoch noch keine solcher Ausdrucksweisen aufgezeichnet.
Sakāmvārdi un parunas: atšķirīgais un līdzīgais
Authors:   Latvijas Universitāte, Billere Olga
Published: December 2021

One of the most important issues in paremiology is the demarcation of the types of expressions of an oral creative nature. When proverbs and sayings are included in dictionaries, collections, or school assignments, not only they are not separated, but the compilation also includes units with different structures – sentences, word groups; figures of speech – comparisons, and units, which according to the semantic and syntactic structure could be attributed to proverbs, namely, the heterogeneity of units is obvious. Publications of paremia together are not the arbitrariness of dictionary authors or compilers; proverbs and sayings intersect, bind and grow from a common origin. Both types of paremia have much in common: two-membered structure, isosyllabic rhythm, assonance, alliteration, repetition and rhymes, lexical and syntactic archaisms, implicative structure. But there is no shortage of differences. It is considered that proverbs distinguish from sayings by their generalized meaning. Sometimes, in order to delimit a saying from a proverb, in addition to metaphoricity, a connotation is added, or the semantic transfer of the signifier, indicating that the saying is an unconnotated and non-metaphorical expression, while the proverb is connoted and metaphorical. The question remains to distinguish sayings from proverbs that are used only in the direct sense, i.e. units that do not have metaphoricity.
Pandemijos retorika: argumentavimo strategijos socialinio tinklo „Facebook“ komentaruose
Authors:   Vilniaus universiteto Kauno fakultetas, Gabrėnaitė Eglė , Vaišvylaitė Domantė ,   Vilniaus universiteto Kauno fakultetas
Published: December 2021

An analysis of the public COVID-19 discourse reveals how the public responds to the crisis and what kind of communication is actualized during a pandemic. The object of this research is the argumentation strategies in the comments of the articles about coronavirus on social media “Facebook”. The aim of the research is to expand the argumentative level of discourse: to analyze rhetorical and eristic arguments. The comments were collected from the accounts of the most popular Lithuanian news portals on “Facebook” (alfa.lt, Delfi, 15min, lrytas.lt). The analyzed comments were published during the first and second pandemic waves (from March 2020 to January 2021). The research material was analyzed by means of the rhetorical discourse analysis method to isolate and define the categories of rhetoric characteristic to rhetorical appeals models. The chosen method of rhetorical analysis was combined with content analysis. During the research, the respective rhetorical categories of the researched phenomenon were identified and classified, and the content of these categories was expanded – a rhetorical content analysis was performed. The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented situation in which the rhetorical analysis of the communication element is a whole new area of research. The identified dominant models of rhetorical and eristic reasoning not only reveal the regularities of media “consumption” but also help to understand the tendencies of choosing communication strategies in critical situations.
Variability of Time and Amplitude ECG Indicators in Older Adults
Authors:   Syktyvkar State University named after Pitirim Sorokin, Irzhak Lev I. , Russkikh Nadezhda G. , Parshukova Aleksandra N.
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this article was to determine the effect of the clinostatic test on the electrical properties of the myocardium in older adults leading an active lifestyle. Materials and methods. The study involved 38 people aged between 70 and 90 years living in a northern city (Syktyvkar, 61°N) and leading an active lifestyle. The indicators of the electrical properties of the cardiac muscle were determined before and after the clinostatic test. For this purpose, an ECG was recorded in the standard lead II in the standing and lying positions. Results. Using the method of paired comparisons, we showed a decrease in heart rate under the influence of the clinostatic test from 76 ± 10 beats/min to 64 ± 10 beats/min. The variability of ECG components according to pNN50 (the percentage of successive NN intervals differing from each other by more than 50 ms) in older adults in the standing position was, on average, two times lower than in the lying position. The PP interval increased from 0.81 ± 0.12 s (in the standing position) to 0.90 ± 0.10 s (in the lying position). The PT interval remained practically unchanged, staying at the level of (0.46 ± 0.07) – (0.49 ± 0.07) s. The TP segment grew from 0.35 to 0.42 ± 0.10 s. The RD amplitude was 1.04 ± 0.43 mV in the standing and 0.88 ± 0.30 mV in the lying position; the propagation rate of depolarization in the cardiac muscle was 245 ± 137 and 205 ± 106 mm/s, respectively. In addition, the paper discussed the mechanism of opposite reactions to the clinostatic test, i.e. increasing duration of cardiointervals and decreasing amplitude indicators. For citation: Irzhak L.I., Russkikh N.G., Parshukova A.N. Variability of Time and Amplitude ECG Indicators in Older Adults. Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 2021, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 355–365. DOI: 10.37482/2687-1491-Z073