bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optical Methods of Engineering Analysis
Authors: Cloud Gary
Published: February 2010

Fundamental measurement problems in engineering, mechanics, manufacturing, and physics are now being solved by powerful optical methods. This book presents a lucid, up-to-date discussion of these optical methods. Beginning from a firm base in modern optics, the book proceeds through relevant theory of interference and diffraction and integrates this theory with descriptions of laboratory techniques and apparatus. Among the techniques discussed are classical interferometry, photoelasticity, geometric moire, spatial filtering, moire interferometry, holography, holographic interferometry, laser speckle interferometry, and video-based speckle methods. By providing a firm base in the physical principles and at the same time allowing the reader to perform meaningful experiments related to the topic being studied, the book offers a unique user-oriented approach that will appeal to students, researchers and practising engineers.
The Cambridge Double Star Atlas
Authors: Mullaney James , Tirion Wil
Published: February 2010

This magnificent atlas contains the most attractive and interesting double and multiple stars for viewing with binoculars and telescopes. It is a must-have for stargazers who want to explore these fascinating objects. The first modern star atlas devoted to double and multiple stars, it plots over 2000 selected pairs of stars, each labeled with discoverer, catalog, and/or observatory designations. A superb introduction to this important class of celestial objects, it is spiral bound and printed in red-light friendly colours, making it ideal for use in the field. Written by experienced observer James Mullaney, and beautifully illustrated by renowned celestial cartographer Wil Tirion, it provides an easy-to-use 'celestial roadmap' to locate and identify double and multiple stars. Other deep-sky objects such as star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies are also included, and are color-coded for easy recognition and identification, making this an all-purpose observing reference.
Oil Trade
Authors: Hartshorn J. E.
Published: February 2010

After a century of exponential growth, the international oil industry suddenly slowed down in the 1970s, faltered during the 1980s, and by 1991 was just about back to its 1979 level. That break in trend of its dominance in world energy became clear in 'the OPEC decade' from 1973 onwards, gaining a surge of riches for oil-exporting countries. This book, which was originally published in 1993, is a descriptive analysis of influences in the world oil trade. It is concerned with a central unchanged paradox of the industry - its preoccupation with maximising the production of high-cost rather than low-cost oil. It follows the rise and decline of OPEC monopoly power in the crude market, and shows how growth in the international oil business has almost ceased since the late seventies, exploring the reasons behind this slowdown. The author has had twenty-five years of practical experience in petroleum economics.
The Middle Ground
Authors: White Richard
Published: February 2010

This book steps outside the simple stories of Indian-white relations - stories of conquest and assimilation and stories of cultural persistence. It is, instead, about a search for accommodation and common meaning. It tells how Europeans and Indians met, regarding each other as alien, as virtually nonhuman, and how between 1650 and 1815 they constructed a common, mutually conprehensible world in the region around the Great Lakes that the French called the pays d'en haut. Here the older worlds of the Algonquians and of various Europeans overlapped, and their mixture created new systems of meaning and of exchange. Finally, the book tells of the breakdown of accommodation and common meanings and the re-creation of the Indians as alien and exotic.
The Last Colonies
Authors: Aldrich Robert , Connell John
Published: February 2010

This comprehensive and authoritative book is about the last colonies, those remaining territories formally dependent on metropolitan powers. It discusses the surprisingly large number of these territories, mainly small isolated islands with limited resources. Yet these places are not as obscure as might be expected. They may be major tourist destinations, military bases, satellite tracking stations, tax havens or desolate, underpopulated spots that can become international flashpoints, such as the Falklands. The authors find that at a time of escalating nationalism and globalization, these remnants of empire provide insights into the meanings of political, economic, legal and cultural independence, as well as sovereignty and nationhood. This book provides a broad-based and provocative discussion of colonialism and interdependence in the modern world, from a unique perspective.
Gauge Field Theories
Authors: Pokorski Stefan
Published: February 2010

Quantum field theory forms the present theoretical framework for our understanding of the fundamental interactions of particle physics. This up-dated and expanded text examines gauge theories and their symmetries with an emphasis on their physical and technical aspects. Beginning with a new chapter giving a systematic introduction to classical field theories and a short discussion of their canonical quantization and the discrete symmetries C, P and T, the book provides a brief exposition of perturbation theory, the renormalization programme, and the use of the renormalization group equation. It then explores topics of current research interest including chiral symmetry and its breaking, anomalies, and low energy effective lagrangians and some basics of supersymmetry. A chapter on basics of the electroweak theory is now included. Professor Pokorski, a distinguished theoretical physicist, has presented here a self-contained text for graduate courses in physics; the only prerequisite is some grounding in quantum field theory.
Kant's Theory of Taste
Authors: Allison Henry E.
Published: February 2010

This book constitutes one of the most important contributions to recent Kant scholarship. In it, one of the pre-eminent interpreters of Kant, Henry Allison, offers a comprehensive, systematic, and philosophically astute account of all aspects of Kant's views on aesthetics. The first part of the book analyses Kant's conception of reflective judgment and its connections with both empirical knowledge and judgments of taste. The second and third parts treat two questions that Allison insists must be kept distinct: the normativity of pure judgments of taste, and the moral and systematic significance of taste. The fourth part considers two important topics often neglected in the study of Kant's aesthetics: his conceptions of fine art, and the sublime.
Real Ethics
Authors: Rist John M.
Published: February 2010

John Rist surveys the history of ethics from Plato to the present and offers a vigorous defence of an ethical theory based on a revised version of Platonic realism. In a wide-ranging discussion he examines well-known alternatives to Platonism, in particular Epicurus, Hobbes, Hume and Kant as well as contemporary 'practical reasoners', and argues that most post-Enlightenment theories of morality (as well as Nietzschean subversions of such theories) depend on an abandoned Christian metaphysic and are unintelligible without such grounding. He also argues that contemporary choice-based theories, whether they take a strictly ethical or more obviously political form, are ultimately arbitrary in nature. His lively and accessible 2001 study is informed by a powerful sense of philosophical history, and will be of interest to both students and scholars of ethics.
Searching for Sustainability
Authors: Norton Bryan G.
Published: February 2010

This book examines from a multidisciplinary viewpoint the question of what we mean - what we should mean - by setting sustainability as a goal for environmental management. The author, trained as a philosopher of science and language, explores ways to break down the disciplinary barriers to communication and deliberation about environment policy, and to integrate science and evaluations into a more comprehensive environmental policy. Choosing sustainability as the keystone concept of environmental policy, the author explores what we can learn about sustainable living from the philosophy of pragmatism, from ecology, from economics, from planning, from conservation biology and from related disciplines. The idea of adaptive, or experimental, management provides the context, while insights from various disciplines are integrated into a comprehensive philosophy of environmental management. The book will appeal to students and professionals in the fields of environmental policy and ethics, conservation biology, and philosophy of science.
Information and American Democracy
Authors: Bimber Bruce
Published: February 2010

This 2003 book assesses the consequences of new information technologies for American democracy in a way that is theoretical and also historically grounded. The author argues that new technologies have produced the fourth in a series of 'information revolutions' in the US, stretching back to the founding. Each of these, he argues, led to important structural changes in politics. After re-interpreting historical American political development from the perspective of evolving characteristics of information and political communications, the author evaluates effects of the Internet and related new media. The analysis shows that the use of new technologies is contributing to 'post-bureaucratic' political organization and fundamental changes in the structure of political interests. The author's conclusions tie together scholarship on parties, interest groups, bureaucracy, collective action, and political behavior with new theory and evidence about politics in the information age.
Remote Sensing of Landscapes with Spectral Images
Authors: Adams John B. , Gillespie Alan R.
Published: February 2010

Remote Sensing of Landscapes with Spectral Images describes how to process and interpret spectral images using physical models to bridge the gap between the engineering and theoretical sides of remote-sensing and the world that we encounter when we venture outdoors. The emphasis is on the practical use of images rather than on theory and mathematical derivations. Examples are drawn from a variety of landscapes and interpretations are tested against the reality seen on the ground. The reader is led through analysis of real images (using figures and explanations); the examples are chosen to illustrate important aspects of the analytic framework. This textbook will form a valuable reference for graduate students and professionals in a variety of disciplines including ecology, forestry, geology, geography, urban planning, archaeology and civil engineering. It is supplemented by a web-site hosting digital colour versions of figures in the book as well as ancillary images: www.cambridge.org/9780521662214.
Hyperbolic Geometry from a Local Viewpoint
Authors: Keen Linda , Lakic Nikola
Published: February 2010

Written for graduate students, this book presents topics in 2-dimensional hyperbolic geometry. The authors begin with rigid motions in the plane which are used as motivation for a full development of hyperbolic geometry in the unit disk. The approach is to define metrics from an infinitesimal point of view; first the density is defined and then the metric via integration. The study of hyperbolic geometry in arbitrary domains requires the concepts of surfaces and covering spaces as well as uniformization and Fuchsian groups. These ideas are developed in the context of what is used later. The authors then provide a detailed discussion of hyperbolic geometry for arbitrary plane domains. New material on hyperbolic and hyperbolic-like metrics is presented. These are generalizations of the Kobayashi and Caratheodory metrics for plane domains. The book concludes with applications to holomorphic dynamics including new results and accessible open problems.
Open Source
Authors: Deek Fadi P. , McHugh James A. M.
Published: February 2010

From the Internet's infrastructure to operating systems like GNU/Linux, the open source movement comprises some of the greatest accomplishments in computing over the past quarter century. Its story embraces technological advances, unprecedented global collaboration, and remarkable tools for facilitating distributed development. The evolution of the Internet enabled an enormous expansion of open development, allowing developers to exchange information and ideas without regard to constraints of space, time, or national boundary. The movement has had widespread impact on education and government, as well as historic cultural and commercial repercussions. Part I discusses key open source applications, platforms, and technologies used in open development. Part II explores social issues ranging from demographics and psychology to legal and economic matters. Part III discusses the Free Software Foundation, open source in the public sector (government and education), and future prospects.
Schumann: Fantasie, Op. 17
Authors: Marston Nicholas
Published: February 2010

Schumann's Fantasie, Op. 17 is one of the finest examples of Romantic piano music. In a rounded picture of this major keyboard work, Nicholas Marston traces the fascinating history of its composition, drawing on many of Schumann's letters to Clara Wieck and to his publisher. Examining the few surviving sketches: to whom was the work really dedicated? Was the celebrated opening movement perhaps intended as an independent composition? Schumann's own critical writings provide vital insights into his ideas on genre and the relationship between the Fantasie and the many generic and descriptive titles which the composer gave the work before publication. Dr Marston also considers the role of allusion and quotation in the work, preparing the way for an analytical study of each of the movements. The book concludes with an overview of the reception and performance of the Fantasie from 1839 onwards. Every aspect of the work is covered, providing the performer, the listener or the student with an understanding not only of the Fantasie, but of Schumann himself as a composer.
Towards Justice and Virtue
Authors: O'Neill Onora
Published: February 2010

Towards Justice and Virtue challenges the rivalry between those who advocate only abstract, universal principles of justice and those who commend only the particularities of virtuous lives. Onora O'Neill traces this impasse to defects in underlying conceptions of reasoning about action. She proposes and vindicates a modest account of ethical reasoning and a reasoned way of answering the question 'who counts?', then uses these to construct linked accounts of principles by which we can move towards just institutions and virtuous lives.
Jews and Christians
Authors: Whittaker Molly
Published: February 2010

The aim of this book is to give access to sources which illustrate Graeco-Roman views on Jews and Christians from 200 BC to AD 200. Passages range from longer extracts written by historians to short incidental references by disparate authors which throw light on attitudes towards beliefs and social customs. The pagan religious background, especially the Mystery religions, is also described and illustrated by selected passages, so that the reader may have some idea of the general religious climate during this period. Every quotation is prefixed by a brief biography of the author and all passages have been translated into English, with explanatory comment when necessary. Connecting essays act as summaries and focus the attention on essential issues. These, together with a chronological chart and maps should enable a student coming fresh to the subject, without previous specialized knowledge, to see the period in historical perspective.
Hegel
Authors: Dickey Laurence
Published: February 2010

This major study of Hegel's intellectual development up to the writing of The Phenomonology of Spirit argues that his work is best understood in the context of the liberalisation of German Protestantism in the eighteenth century.
Politics and Value in English Studies
Authors: Guy Josephine M. , Small Ian
Published: February 2010

The current debate about the nature of English studies has questioned the status of English as a discipline. In this 1993 book, Josephine Guy and Ian Small set this so-called 'crisis in English' within the larger context of disciplinary knowledge. They examine the teaching of English and literary studies in the United States and Britain, and argue that the explicit attempt by some radical critics on both sides of the Atlantic to politicise the discipline has profound consequences for the nature of English studies. They describe the state of disciplinary knowledge, together with its social and philosophical preconditions; they analyse proposals for reform; and they discuss the ways in which these proposed reforms would affect the three main practices of the discipline - literary criticism, literary history and text-editing. In the process they demystify issues and arguments which have often in the past been obscured by jargon and polemic.
A Coherent Splendor
Authors: Gelpi Albert
Published: February 2010

In this book Albert Gelpi traces the emergence of American Modernist poetry as a reaction to, and outgrowth of, the Romantic ideology of the nineteenth century. He focuses on the remarkable generation of poets who came to maturity in the years of the First World War and whose works constitute the principal body of poetic Modernism in English. Gelpi argues that the essential dialectic in Modernism extends and reconstitutes issues central to Romanticism. This is expressed in the interaction between two important strains in Modernism: the Symbolist exemplified in Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot, Allan Tate, and Hart Crane; and the Imagist, exemplified in Ezra Pound, H. D. and William Carlos Williams.
Pascal and the Arts of the Mind
Authors: Davidson Hugh M.
Published: February 2010

This 1993 book studies the ways in which Pascal posed and solved intellectual problems in three very different areas of his work: mathematics and mathematical physics, religious experience and theology, communication and controversy. Hugh Davidson shows how three of the classical 'liberal arts', rhetoric, dialectic and geometry, pervade Pascal's method as liberating and guiding influences in his search for truth. They appear throughout his production and are used and adapted with great skill both in his attacks on tradition in mathematics and physics and in his defences of tradition in the sphere of religion and morality. Professor Davidson throws light on both the diversity and the unity of Pascal's thought, and places it in the context of other seventeenth-century innovations in the use of traditional disciplines.
Institutional Design in Post-Communist Societies
Authors: Elster Jon , Offe Claus , Preuss Ulrich K.
Published: February 2010

The authors of this book have developed a new and stimulating approach to the analysis of the transitions of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia to democracy and a market economy. They integrate interdisciplinary theoretical work with elaborate empirical data on some of the most challenging events of the twentieth century. Three groups of phenomena and their causal interconnection are explored: the material legacies, constraints, habits and cognitive frameworks inherited from the past; the erratic configuration of new actors, and new spaces for action; and a new institutional order under which agency is institutionalized and the sustainability of institutions is achieved. The book studies the interrelations of national identities, economic interests, and political institutions with the transformation process, concentrating on issues of constitution making, democratic infrastructure, the market economy, and social policy.
An Introduction to the Kinetic Theory of Gases
Authors: Jeans James
Published: February 2010

This book can be described as a student's edition of the author's Dynamical Theory of Gases. It is written, however, with the needs of the student of physics and physical chemistry in mind, and those parts of which the interest was mainly mathematical have been discarded. This does not mean that the book contains no serious mathematical discussion; the discussion in particular of the distribution law is quite detailed; but in the main the mathematics is concerned with the discussion of particular phenomena rather than with the discussion of fundamentals.
An examination of genetic diversity and effective population size in Atlantic salmon populations
Authors: NIKOLIC NATACHA , BUTLER JAMES R. A. , BAGLINIÈRE JEAN-LUC , LAUGHTON ROBERT , McMYN IAIN A. G. , CHEVALET CLAUDE
Published: February 2010

Effective population size (Ne) is an important parameter in the conservation of genetic diversity. Comparative studies of empirical data that gauge the relative accuracy ofNemethods are limited, and a better understanding of the limitations and potential ofNeestimators is needed. This paper investigates genetic diversity andNein four populations of wild anadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) in Europe, from the Rivers Oir and Scorff (France) and Spey and Shin (Scotland). We aimed to understand present diversity and historical processes influencing current population structure. Our results showed high genetic diversity for all populations studied, despite their wide range of current effective sizes. To improve understanding of high genetic diversity observed in the populations with low effective size, we developed a model predicting present diversity as a function of past demographic history. This suggested that high genetic diversity could be explained by a bottleneck occurring within recent centuries rather than by gene flow. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficiency of coalescence models to estimateNe. Using nine subsets from 37 microsatellite DNA markers from the four salmon populations, we compared three coalescence estimators based on single and dual samples. ComparingNeestimates confirmed the efficiency of increasing the number and variability of microsatellite markers. This efficiency was more accentuated for the smaller populations. Analysis with low numbers of neutral markers revealed uneven distributions of allelic frequencies and overestimated short-termNe. In addition, we found evidence of artificial stock enhancement using native and non-native origin. We propose estimates ofNefor the four populations, and their applications for salmon conservation and management are discussed.
Temporal variation ofMeiogymnophallus minutusinfections in the first and second intermediate host
Authors: Fermer J. , Culloty S.C. , Kelly T.C. , O'Riordan R.M.
Published: February 2010

In order to study seasonal patterns ofMeiogymnophallus minutusinfections in its intermediate hosts, bivalve samples were collected monthly between April 2008 and March 2009 from a high intertidal flat at Courtmacsherry Bay, Ireland. Infection rates in the first intermediate hostScrobicularia planadid not fluctuate significantly with season. Completely developedM. minutuscercariae appeared in daughter sporocysts from June and prevailed from July to October, indicating that transmission ofM. minutusfrom its first to its second intermediate host is confined to this period of the year. All analysed individuals of the second intermediate hostCerastoderma edulewere found to be infected with metacercariae. Infection levels significantly increased in September, suggesting recent cercarial invasions. Throughout the year, the majority of metacercariae were hyperinfected by the pathogenic microsporidianUnikaryon legeri. Spreading of hyperinfections was confined to spring and summer. Newly settled metacercariae were not affected by hyperparasitism and presumably retained their infectivity for half a year. Our findings suggest that the spreading of hyperinfections is correlated with higher water temperatures and that the entire metacercarial population has to rebuild every year as a consequence of hyperparasite-induced mortality.
Electroglottogram approximate entropy: a novel single parameter for objective voice assessment
Authors: Douglas C M , Moore C , Manickam K , Lee L , Sykes A , Carr A , Jones S , Jones J , Swindell R , Homer J J , Slevin N
Published: February 2010

Background:

The electroglottogram approximate entropy value is a numerical variable which gives an overall measure of voice quality. It is derived by analysing the complexity of the electroglottogram waveform using regulatory statistics.

Aims:

(1) To use electroglottogram approximate entropy to measure voice quality in patients with glottic pathology and in normal subjects, to ascertain whether this parameter can distinguish between pathological and normal voices. (2) To ascertain whether electroglottogram approximate entropy can measure voice change over time within individual subjects. (3) To determine any correlation between electroglottogram approximate entropy and the grade–roughness–breathiness–asthenia–strain scale.

Methods:

One hundred and forty-one normal volunteers were recruited to characterise electroglottogram approximate entropy in the normal voice. One hundred and eighty-six patients with glottic squamous cell carcinoma underwent electroglottogram approximate entropy measurement prior to radiotherapy and then three to six months and one year after treatment. Subjects’ voices were categorised by a speech therapist using the grade–roughness–breathiness–asthenia–strain scale.

Results:

The mean electroglottogram approximate entropy of the normal volunteers was 0.302 (range 0.05–0.42). The mean electroglottogram approximate entropy of the glottic squamous cell carcinoma patients was significantly lower prior to treatment, at 0.227 (range 0.001–0.397;p < 0.0005), but improved after radiotherapy to 0.277 at three to six months and 0.282 at one year. Electroglottogram approximate entropy results correlated significantly with grade–roughness–breathiness–asthenia–strain scale results.

Conclusion:

Electroglottogram approximate entropy can be used to assess change in voice quality resulting from glottic morphological abnormality. Electroglottogram approximate entropy values improve as voice quality improves after treatment. Electroglottogram approximate entropy values correlate significantly with grade–roughness–breathiness–asthenia–strain scale results.
Prospective, comparative, cohort study comparing the rhinogram, Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-20 and Heath-Related Quality of Life questionnaire
Authors: Patel P M , Maskell S , Heywood R , Eze N , Hern J
Published: February 2010

Background:

Many outcome measures exist for rhinosinusitis. However, few are used in the clinical setting due to their long completion times.

Objective:

To assess the validity, reliability and responsiveness of the rhinogram, compared with two validated rhinosinusitis outcome measures: the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-20 and the Heath-Related Quality of Life questionnaire.

Methods:

Fifty-one patients were entered into a prospective, comparative, cohort study using all three outcome measures one week pre-operatively and three months post-operatively. Outcome scores were then correlated using non-parametric Spearman's rank correlation and chi-square testing for the diagnostic criteria of all three outcome measures.

Results:

Statistically significant correlations were found between all three outcome measures for all symptom scores, individually as well as combined (p < 0.01 for all calculations). Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of the rhinogram, compared with the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-20 and the Heath-Related Quality of Life questionnaire, showed statistical significance (p < 0.05; chi-square test).

Conclusion:

The rhinogram is a reliable, valid and responsive rhinosinusitis outcome measure which can assist patient diagnosis and management in the clinical setting. Due to its quick completion time, this outcome measure could be used in rhinology out-patient clinics.
Identifying high-risk areas of schistosomiasis and associated risk factors in the Poyang Lake region, China
Authors: PENG W. X. , TAO B. , CLEMENTS A. , JIANG Q. L. , ZHANG Z. J. , ZHOU Y. B. , JIANG Q. W.
Published: February 2010

The epidemiology of schistosomiasis japonicum over small areas remains poorly understood, and this is particularly true in China. We aimed to identify high-risk areas for schistosomiasis and associated risk factors in the Poyang Lake region, China. A cross-sectional study was conducted and 60 of 920 persons (6·5%) were found to be infected with Schistosoma japonicum. Locations of households and snail habitats were determined using a hand-held global positioning system. We mapped the data in a geographical information system and used spatial scan statistics to explore clustering of infection, logistic regression and Bayesian geostatistical models to identify risk factors for each individual's infection status and multinomial logistic regression to identify risk factors for living in a cluster area. The risk of schistosomiasis was spatially clustered and higher in fishermen and males, not in persons who lived in close proximity to snail habitats and infected water sources. This study has demonstrated significant spatial variation in the prevalence of schistosomiasis at a small spatial scale. The results suggest that demographic factors (gender, occupation) rather than the distance to infected water are driving human transmission at small-scale spatial levels. Such information can be used to plan locally targeted interventions based on anthelminthic drug administration, snail control and sanitation improvement.
Leonard Bernstein (An Appreciation)
Authors: Rorem Ned
Published: February 2010

We have no sacred monsters anymore, no larger-than-life Stravinskys whose every gesture fires the collective imagination. Even our performing artists are now sold as regular guys, while American saints are fundamentalist hacks snatching expensive haloes from each other.
Rediscovering Leon Theremin
Authors: Montague Stephen
Published: February 2010

In the early 1920s and 30s a strange electronic instrument found its way from Russia into some of the more fashionable ballrooms, night clubs, and concert halls in Europe and America. This exotic new invention, called the ‘theremin’ or ‘thereminvox’, caused a considerable stir. Part of the interest was its unusual sound (like a musical saw mated with a light soprano), but its most dramatic feature was that the performer never actually touched the instrument. He or she simply waved graceful hands near the two antennae (one set vertically, the other looped horizontally) to coax out seamless, melifluous melodies. The proximity of the right hand to the vertical antenna changed the ultrasonic electromagnetic field, thus changing the pitch over about a six-octave range. The left hand (or sometimes a foot pedal) controlled the volume. By gently shaking the right hand at the antenna a vibrato could be achieved, giving performances a little more musical (not to mention choreographic) interest. Fashionable women dressed in long gowns seemed to be favourite photographic subjects of the period as performers, as well as the inventor himself, poised ‘playing the rods’ in full dress tails, arms outstretched like a great conductor–or perhaps sorcerer.
Villa-Lobos ‘ben trovato’
Authors: Peppercorn Lisa M.
Published: February 2010

Heitor Villa-Lobos's musical output is very comprehensive. Nevertheless, he thought it useful or necessary, at some later stage, to incorporate certain pieces – in their original form or in transcription – into other compositions, apparently for lack of time to write a completely new work, or sheer laziness. Or, he found delight in teasing his listeners, friends and admirers, unless they discovered his hoax. The Brazilian composer-conductor Walter Burle-Marx (b. 1902), in a letter to me of 31 May 1981 from Caracas, Venezuela (and reproduced here by his kind permission), commented on this characteristic of Villa-Lobos

A typical example of Villa-Lobos's temperament and way of thinking concerns the Bachianas Brasileiras # 5.1 did the U.S premiere in New York at the World's Fair on May 4th, 1939 with the New York Philharmonic and Bidú Sayão, using the manuscript of Villa-Lobos. Later on, when I saw the manuscript again, there was a repeat sign on the first introductory measure in 5/4. I asked him why he did that and he replied that he felt that the introduction was too short. I asked why he didn't compose two different measures – he who had so much imagination – and he smiled and said: ‘To tell the truth, I felt lazy’. This was one of his faults; once a work was finished, he very rarely went back to polish it much less to change it.
Witold Lutoslawski in Interview
Authors: Gieraczyński Bogdan
Published: February 2010

Witold Lutoslawski is one of the foremost creators of contemporary music, and as a Pole he has attained a rank second only to Chopin. His art is recognized as a brilliant contribution to the European musical heritage, and he has gained the reputation of a contemporary classic – the reward for many decades of painstaking effort to construct and develop his own vision of music.
The Origin of Shostakovich's ‘Rayok’
Authors: Lebedinsky Lev Nikolayevitch
Published: February 2010

In 1957 the second Congress of Composers of the USSR took place in Moscow. It was as of little significance and just as boring as the previous ones. In the name of the Central Committee of the CPSU we were instructed by Shepilov, a secretary of the Central Committee on questions of ideology. Wishing to 'show off’ his ‘scholarship’, he weighed down his speech with a mountain of great names. In one phrase he combined the names of Glinka, Tchaikovsky, and Rimsky KorSAkov – this was how Shepilov declaimed the name of the composer of The Snow Maiden, making an illiterate howler by misplacing the accent on the A of the middle syllable. Shostakovich, who had been languishing from boredom, immediately revived and even started laughing on hearing this example of ‘scholarship’ in the speech of our instructor. Sitting down next to me, he warned me that as soon as the session was over, we were to go together to his dacha at Bolshevo outside Moscow. During the journey there he spoke of nothing but Shepilov's learned speech.
The Murdered Self: John Ireland and English Song 1903–13
Authors: Docherty Barbara
Published: February 2010

‘An obsessive investigation of desire… a perpetual elegy on the death of possibility’ was a judgement made of Thomas Hardy's life and art, but it is no less exact a description of John Ireland's conscious or unconscious creative impulsions. Obsession and elegy may be traced in Ireland's vocal music from the early settings published as Songs of a Wayfarer in 1912 through the ‘out-of-door’ songs such as When lights go rolling round the sky (1911) and the first Hardy cycle (1925) to the bleak introversion of the second Housman cycle (1926–7), no less than in the fastidious selection of poets whose ‘uncoloured truth[s]’ were most clearly able to express them.
Leopold Spinner's Later Music
Authors: Graubart Michael
Published: February 2010

Leopold Spinner is one of the outstanding inheritors of the traditions of the Second Viennese school, not only by virtue of his direct relationship (as Webern's pupil), but also because his music builds upon and extends that school's achievements. In my first article (TEMPO 109) I isolated two fundamental characteristics of his style. First, Spinner continually makes use of intervallic asymmetries in the polyphonic combination of motifs and lines which, through their similarities of shape, set up expectations of symmetry. Secondly—and contrary to the practice of Schoenberg and Webern—he frequently exploits the duplications which arise (often in the same register) from the proximity of the same notes in two or more simultaneous set-forms. The close relationship of Spinner's music to Webern's late works—with their avoidance of note-duplications and their predominantly homogeneous and symmetrical textures—allows these Spinnerian characteristics to stand out against an immediately recognizable Webernian background, and thus to acquire their peculiar expressive and dramatic tension.
Bartók's Notation: Tonality and Modality
Authors: Gillies Malcolm
Published: February 2010

Everyone knows that Bartók's compositions were strongly influenced by his work with folk music. For over 70 years commentators have repeated the fact in one form or another. Bartok himself noted shortly before his death: ‘It is almost a truism that contemporary art music in Hungary has Eastern European folk music as its basis. However, there is much misunderstanding and misinterpretation with reference to the relation between our higher art music and our rural music’. That ‘misunderstanding and misinterpretation’ was not entirely the fault of scholars and critics. Bartók's numerous essays on the subject, written between 1911 and 1944, all too often provide the reader with generalities. Where he is specific it is most usually about thematic, or occasionally harmonic, derivations from folk sources. With the exception of portions of the ‘Harvard Lectures’ (1943), however, Bartók avoids any sustained account of how folk music influenced the modal and tonal structures of his compositions. Above all, he never explains the principles behind his characteristic pitch notations, particularly those double sharps and double flats so frequently found in his scores.
Schoenberg Opus 33a Revisited
Authors: Schoffman Nachum
Published: February 2010

Dodecaphonic theory is potent and persuasive; perhaps too persuasive. There is a promise implicit in Schoenberg's statement: ‘Composition with twelve tones has no other aim than comprehensibility’. This promise is made even more explicit by Webern:

…when that kind of unity [of 12-tone rows] is the basis, even the most fragmented sounds must have a completely coherent effect, and leave hardly anything to be desired as far as ‘comprehensibility’ is concerned.
The Rake's Progress: Some thoughts on the Libretto
Authors: Josipovici Gabriel
Published: February 2010

No two works of Stravinsky are alike, but The Rake's Progress is more different than most.

As we look back over that amazing list of masterpieces, what strikes us now is the unity of the entire canon. From Le Sacre du Printemps to Abraham and Isaac half a century later the ‘feel’ of a Stravinsky work is unmistakable: that combination of a hieratic, ritualistic style with a wonderfully lively and witty texture. (The only comparable achievement is the work of the late Yeats.) This is particularly evident in the stage works. ‘Les Noces’, Stravinsky said, ‘presents rather than tells’. Here, as in Oedipus, the music and the stage action show a ritual unfolding, much as a priest might show an icon to the crowd, in André Boucourechlev's apt analogy. These works eschew expressivity, psychology and mimesis; they do not say ‘I am’ or ‘I wish’, but ‘It is’ and ‘It shall be’.
Hans Gál at 95
Authors: Oliver Roger
Published: February 2010

In an age when music has become increasingly mechanistic and more concerned with sound than content; when the language of music has become a veritable tower of Babel addressing itself to minorities of minorities; when dense ingenuity, often accompanied by pages of notes explaining what it is doing, is hardly even penetrable by the eye let alone the ear, and memorability is often more minimal than the minimalists, Hans Gál is bound to be a lone voice. He is, after all, 95 years old and learnt his craft from distinguished masters of the 19th century, imbibing the classical tradition in a world which could still lay some claim to civilization: that is before the First World War set in train increasingly rapid developments in technology and a steady decline in standards. If the artist's task is to reflect the world around him, then he has done this admirably. If he aims to expose society's weaknesses, it would seem that the forces of evil are winning. If he aims to console and heal—creating images of reconciliation in a barren world, as Tippett so tellingly puts it—then Hans Gál has certainly played his part in this reconciliation and it is our loss that his music is so little known in this country. Surprising, too, for he has been with us for nearly 45 years, composing, conducting, teaching, lecturing, and playing, but having no gimmicks to offer, no ad-man to promote him; and thus, being an essentially private man, never seeking to impose himself—‘the most unpushy composer I have ever met’ as one German radio producer puts it—comparatively few have had a chance to discover his worth.
A 20th–Century Approach to Heterophony: Mark Kopytman'S ‘Cantus II’
Authors: Uscher Nancy
Published: February 2010

Plato discussed the term ‘heterophony’ in his Laws, Part VII, The technique was widely in use by the Notre Dame school of composers in 12th-century Paris. Much of the indigenous music of the Near East and Africa is rich with it. Indeed, there is an important example in the Credo of Beethoven's Missa Solemnis. The Israeli composer Mark Kopytman has in recent years transformed this ancient term into a vital 20th-century technique, and made it the language of some of his important compositions. One of these, Cantus II for violin, viola, and cello (1980), will be performed at the ISCM World Music Days during March in Budapest.
The Symphonies of Tālivaldis Ķeniņš
Authors: Rapoport Paul
Published: February 2010

The economic and political issues which affect the composition, performance, and recording of new orchestral music (or, more precisely, which prevent these activities) operate as much in Canada as in any other western country. Even if works for orchestra do appear, they are more noticeable for their rarity than for their abundance. So it is surprising even to most people in Canada to learn that one Canadian composer has written 21 works for orchestra in the past 26 years, including eight symphonies. Like his other works, these symphonies contain a wide variety of music of impressive technical and formal control and substantial expressive power and depth.
Rebecca Clarke's Chamber Music (I)
Authors: MacDonald Calum
Published: February 2010

Thus Hugh Wood in this magazine, nearly a decade ago. At the time he was writing, one name whose re-emergence hadn't even been guessed at was that of Rebecca Clarke (1886–1979), who'd been living in New York for close on 40 years. The New Grove was about to reduce the scant paragraph she'd received in Grove 5 to a single sentence, barely mentioning that she wrote any music at all. Yet since some American broadcasts to mark her 90th birthday, the revival of interest in her works has been swift and strong. Several of them have been committed to record—the Viola Sonata and Piano Trio three times each!—and commentators have recognized, with unusual alacrity, another significant British figure from the inter-war years who wrote with impressive technical command, individual expression, and a refreshingly international outlook.
Benjamin Britten and ‘The Rescue’
Authors: Foreman Lewis
Published: February 2010

Since Benjamin Britten Died in 1976, attention has turned to performance of those of his works which were little-known in his lifetime. To my mind, this activity has been an unprecedented success, quite different from the barrel-scraping seen in the cases of certain other composers. Not only has there been added, in Paul Bunyan, a worthwhile stage work that will be widely performed, but the remarkably self-assured pieces of his teens which have now been heard, and in some cases recorded, have added music of real value to our experience. However of even greater interest, in my opinion, is the considerable quantity of incidental music that Britten wrote for films, plays, and radio productions: these are now the last source of substantial, unfamiliar scores by him.
Rachmaninoff's 24 Preludes, and some thoughts on editing his piano music
Authors: Threlfall Robert
Published: February 2010

Towards the end of his life Sergei Rachmaninoff was interviewed for The Etude, and in the resulting article (which appeared in December 1941) he was reported as follows: ‘… to say what you have to say, and to say it briefly, lucidly, and without any circumlocution, is still the most difficult problem facing the creative artist’. Many who remain unconvinced by Rachmaninoff's larger-scale compositions recognize the precision of utterance of his songs and piano Preludes; all admirers of his work accept the latter collection as a convincing demonstration of his solution to this problem.
Maxwell Davies's ‘The Shepherds' Calendar’
Authors: Andrewes John
Published: February 2010

The Shepherds' Calendar, which was commissioned for the UNESCO Conference on Music in Education in Sydney in 1965, was performed there for the first time on May 20 of that year. As the circumstances of its commissioning suggest, the work is designed for a chorus and orchestra of young people, and the forces were chosen not only with a view to what might be expected to be available in a large school, or group of schools, but also as being suitable for illustrating and commenting upon the words of the text. There are two main groups of performers, disposed on opposing sides of the stage: Group 1, consisting of the chorus, attended by 3 clarinets and bassoon and 3 percussion players, on one side; and Group 2, consisting of solo string quartet, flute, oboe, trumpet, trombone, with two further clarinets, 6 recorders and seven percussion players, on the other side. A further small group, consisting of treble soloist accompanied by glockenspiel and handbells, is placed as far as possible from the two main groups, preferably in an elevated position. The reason for this will appear when we come to discuss the text and the manner in which it is treated. But before leaving the subject of the instruments, it should perhaps be mentioned, as just one example of Maxwell Davies's by now well-known practical attitude towards music-making by children, that many of the percussion instruments can be home-made, and not a few of the percussion parts are capable of being played by children with little musical knowedge but with just three essential qualifications: a strong rhythmic feeling, a lively imagination and plain common-sense.
Homage to Aaron Copland
Authors: Mellers Wilfrid
Published: February 2010

On 14 November last, Aaron Copland, born appropriately enough in the first year of a new century, celebrated his 70th birthday. If this makes him chronometrically an old man, it doesn't affect the ebullience of his spirit; nor indeed of his body, if we may judge from the bouncing elasticity with which he approaches the conductor's podium. The music's qualities are immediately manifest in the man, and they amount to a quintessence of America's positive virtues—which we need reminding of, at a time when America, in self-destructive turbulence, is bearing the brunt of the painful dis- or re-integration of our modern world's industrial technocracy.
Thoughts on Stravinsky's Requiem Canticles
Authors: Souvtchinsky Pierre
Published: February 2010

These Canticles (1965–1966) do not make up a liturgical Requiem and are not designed to be played and sung in the course of a funeral service. As Stravinsky himself has said, they form a ‘Monumentum Spirituale’ (to the memory of Helen Buchanan Seeger, according to its inscription; but perhaps, too, for another, for a different ritual of the imagination …)
The Art Songs of Kodály
Authors: Jolly Cynthia
Published: February 2010

It would be an error to underestimate the magnitude of Kodály's achievement in his art-songs by relating them too closely to the West European art-song instead of setting them against their national background. He was working almost from scratch: as he remarks in Folk Music of Hungary (p. 13), the country was not musically literate until the end of the 19th century. His songs lack the slow process of evolution which made the Lied: Schubert was the culmination of many centuries of reciprocal interplay between folk music and art music, between music and poetry. To create a Hungarian art-song within the lifetime of a single composer was an act of faith and astonishing audacity, and the true measure of the achievement will probably only come clear after decades, if not centuries.