bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Keystone role of Eurasian beaver Castor fiber in creating the suitable habitat over the core breeding range for forest specialist species the three-toed woodpecker Picoides tridactylus
Authors: Pietrasz Krzysztof , Sikora Dawid , Chodkiewicz Tomasz , Ślęzak Magdalena , Woźniak Bartłomiej
Published: May 2020

The European breeding range of the three-toed woodpecker Picoides tridactylus overlaps with the distribution range of coniferous and mixed forests with domination of Norway spruce Picea abies or European silver fir Abies alba. The paper describes a new breeding site of the three-toed woodpecker in the Sobibór Forest, eastern Poland outside the distribution range of these two tree species and its relationship with Eurasian beaver Castor fiber. The birds occurred in dead alder forests and were recorded 3–4 years after forest started to decline due to the high level of surface waters associated with the keystone role of the beaver. The decaying cycle of trees was possible because the area settled by woodpeckers was protected as a nature reserve.
Dead wood diversity in a Norway spruce forest from the Calimani National Park (Eastern Carpathians)
Authors: Vlad Radu , Sidor Cristian Gheorghe , Dinca Lucian , Constandache Cristinel , Grigoroaea Dan , Ispravnic Alexandra , Pei Gheorghe
Published: May 2020

The role of dead wood in forests encompasses the preservation of biodiversity, the productivity, and the storage of carbon. In this study, we aimed to investigate the variation of the dead wood volume in a subalpine Norway spruce forests. Using a regular grid, the size of the wood, ordered in a five-class scale for snags and logs and a six-class scale for stumps, was recorded. The relationship between the dead wood volume and site respectively stand characteristics by some predictive factors (stand   age, altitude, human   influence   and   site   productivity) was   modelled   using mixed linear/nonlinear models. Dead wood volume (74.3 m3·ha-1) accounted for 18.3% of the volume (live trees and dead wood). Regarding the dead wood only, snags amounted to 44.8% of the volume and logs and stumps amounted to 46.5, and 8.7%, respectively. Snags (57.5% of the total) and logs (42.8%), were most common in the 2nd decay class, while stumps were most common in the 6th (51.2%). The distribution of the number of dead wood pieces, in terms of diameter, was obtained according to the Meyer theoretical distribution for snags and to the Gamma theoretical distribution for logs and stumps. This study completes the dead wood database from Norway spruce forests in the subalpine area to find the common features across the Carpathians Mountains. It contributes to the understanding of the dead wood dynamics in a young National Park, considering the year of establishment, consists of forests where forestry work was carried out and stands that were exempt from cutting.
Why Do Heritage Language Speakers Opt Out of Their Own Heritage Language? A Survey-based Study of Heritage Language Learners at Community Colleges
Authors: Nagano Tomonori , Ketcham Eric , Funk Alexander
Published: May 2020

This study analyzes the choices that heritage language (HL) learners make when enrolling in
language courses at community colleges. Data from the Students and Instructors of Languages at
Community Colleges (SILCC) Surveys, a nationwide survey with 1,756 students taking language
courses at 101 community colleges across 33 states in the U.S., show that as many as 42.2% of
community college students in modern language classrooms are identified as HL speakers.
Surprisingly, more than half of these HL speakers are studying a language other than their own
HL despite their prior linguistic knowledge, cultural familiarity, and familial ties with their HL.
This paper evaluates a few possible explanations why a large proportion of HL speakers are opting
to learn a new, third language. Building upon prior research and current data, we discuss
differences in linguistic backgrounds, demographics, motivational attributes, and academic goals
between HL learners studying their own HL and those studying a new language.
Pengaruh Ekstrak Sarang Semut (Myrmecodia Sp) dalam Pengencer Ringer Laktat Terhadap Abnormalitas dan Viabilitas Spermatozoa Ayam Kampung
Authors: Inggriani Kiki , Tethool Angelina Novita , Lumatauw Sintje
Published: May 2020

Antioxidants can inhibit the oxidation process by reacting with free radicals, which in turn, maintain the quality of spermatozoa. This study aims to determine the viability and the abnormality of “ayam kampung” (Gallus gallus) spermatozoa after being diluted in ringer lactate infused with “sarang semut” (Myrmecodia Sp) extract. RAL is the research method used, utilizing 4 different Gallus gallus as test subjects. The variables observed are the abnormality and the viability of the spermatozoa sample treated with different amounts of Myrmecodia Sp extract, P0: 0 ml, P1: 0.02 ml, P2: 0.03, and P3: 0.04 ml. The abnormality rate for each sample is as follows; P0: 14 ± 4.05%, P1: 13.5 ± 3.78%, P2: 3.5 ± 1.23% and P3: 12.83 ± 5.04 %. Using the variance analysis, the result showed that the addition of Myrmecodia Sp extract in ringer lactate solution had little to no effect on causing spermatozoa abnormalities. Furthermore, the viability of spermatozoa for each sample is; P0: 14 ± 4.05%, P1: 13 ± 3.78%, P2: 13 ± 1.22% and P3: 12 ± 5.04%. Based on the variance analysis, the result showed that Myrmecodia Sp extract had a significant effect (P <0.05) on the spermatozoa viability. The addition of Myrmecodia sp extract to ringer lactate diluter had little to no effect on the abnormality of the Gallus gallus’ spermatozoa but had a significant effect on the spermatozoa’s viability.
Profil Darah Pada Kucing Selama Proses Kesembuhan Luka Melalui Teknik Skin Flaps Rotasi Yang Dirawat Dengan Dry Dressing Dan Moist Dressing
Authors: Erwin Erwin , Rusli Rusli , Jones Fidella Diva
Published: May 2020

The skin flap is one of the techniques employed to reconstruct defects and close wounds. This study aims to observe the blood profile in cats during the healing process of rotation skin flaps that were treated with a dry and moist dressing. This study used six male cats within the age of 1-2 years old and weighed among 2-4 kg, divided into two treatment groups. All of the specimens were treated with the following procedure; the fur on the abdominal area was shaved and disinfectant was applied to the area between the os sacrum and os femur, lastly, 2 cm2 triangle wound was deliberately made on the area. The treatment of the wound was done by the rotation skin flaps method. Group 1 was treated with sterile bandage and group 2 was treated with sofratulle®. Blood samples were taken from the cephalica antebrachii vein on the 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 12th days. The erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, leukocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes were counted by hematology analyzer. The results showed that there is a significant difference (P<0.05) in the increase of neutrophil levels between the group treated with sterile kassa (P-1) and the group treated with sofratulle® (P-2). The number of the cats’ red blood cells rose on the 3rd day and rose again on the 12th day after the treatment with a significant difference (P<0.05) during the observation. In conclusion, the rotation flaps treatment method with dry dressing and moist dressing in the wound healing process affected the cats’ blood profile and the moist dressing was preferred to the dry dressing.
Potensi Bentonite Clay Dan Karbon Aktif Sebagai Aflatoksin Binders Berdasarkan Gambaran Imunologis Dan Histopatologis Pada Ayam Buras
Authors: Ramandani Dhasia , Ummami Risa , Hidayah Nurulia , Dalimunthe Naela Wanda Yusria , Indarjulianto Soedarmanto , Yanuartono Yanuartono , Nururrozi Alfarisa
Published: May 2020

Aflatoxin is a toxic compound from the fungus A. flavus which can cause a decrease in chicken productivity. This study aims to evaluate the effect of bentonite clay and activated charcoal in chicken feed as aflatoxin binders based on histopathological and immunological features in chickens. A total of 60 chickens were randomly divided into 4 groups (G0, G1, G2, and G3) each group consisted of 15 chickens. G0 as a control without the addition of aflatoxin to the feed. Groups G1, G2, and G3’s feed were added with 106 ppb of aflatoxin. G2 was treated with 5g/kg bentonite clay, G3 was treated with 5g/kg activated charcoal. Chickens were vaccinated with Newcastle Disease (ND) on day 5. On days 14 and 28 serum was collected from the specimens for titer antibody testing. At the end of the study the chickens were dissected, the liver was taken for a histopathological test. The results of the aflatoxin level in the G0, G1, G2, and G3 groups were 10.5, 106, 19.1, and 23.95 ppb, respectively. Microscopic changes show the negative effects of aflatoxin on the liver organ. Group G0 did not show any histopathological changes, Group G2 and G3 showed several mild histopathological changes, whereas group G1 was the most severe. The antibody titers against Newcastle Disease (ND) of 4-weeks old chickens in G0, G1, G2, and G3 were 64, 4, 32, 32 HI units, respectively. The G0 treatment group has a protective titer against ND disease. Group G1 has the lowest (non-protective) ND antibody titer. Whereas the G2 and G3 groups both have protective titers against ND disease. Based on this study it was concluded that the administration of bentonite clay and activated charcoal was able to produce better immunological and histopathological features than the control group.
Kualitas Telur Puyuh Selama Penyimpanan dan Temperatur yang Berbeda
Authors: Arizona Rizki , Ollong Abdul Rahman
Published: May 2020

The objective of this study is to determine the quality of quail eggs stored at room temperature and refrigerated. The variables evaluated are weight loss, shape index, air cell size, and the height of both the albumen and the yolk. Several factors, such as storage time and temperature could affect the quality of quail eggs. Therefore, we investigated the impact of both factors. The samples used for this experiment include 360 quail eggs. This research uses a completely randomized factorial design with two treatments. The treatments consisted of storage time (0, 7, 14, and 21 days) and temperature (room temperature and refrigerator). Each treatment was replicated 9 times. Analyses of variance had been applied to analyze the data and followed with Duncan’s test to see whether there was a significant difference between treatments. The result showed that storage time and temperature have significant effects on weight loss of the eggs, air cell size, and albumen and yolk height. The interaction between treatments had a significant impact on air cell size and yolk height. Refrigerated storage for 21 days showed the best result.
A Preliminary Reseach on the Islamic Concept of Jesus as the Spirit and Word of God
Authors: Harmakaputra Hans A.
Published: May 2020

NA
Analisis Kritis Liturgi Perjamuan Kudus Huria Kristen Batak Protestan
Authors: Pakpahan Binsar Jonathan
Published: May 2020

The liturgy of the Eucharist is a communal rite that becomes a very important foundation of the theological construction of the church. The church must have a good foundation of the Eucharist as a place where they can encounter God as a community. As a result, the theology that comes from this encounter will encourage the church to act out in her theology in the world. In 2014, Huria Kristen Batak Protestan (Protestant Batak Christian Church/HKBP) is trying to reformulate their church order. This research encourages HKBP to look at their theology of the Eucharist more seriously. By using a critical analysis towards the HKBP liturgy of the Eucharist, this paper shows the inconsistency between the HKBP church documents view on the Eucharist. The inconsistency is caused by the different times of the writing of the documents, which were never synchronized.
God as Sound-Conciousness
Authors: Ludji Irene
Published: May 2020

This paper describes the concept of sacred sound in Hinduism as a way for the Hindu to approach and to know the Christian God. Different from Christians who are known as the people of the book, Hindu people are known as the people of the sound. The vocalic syllable Om or Aum and the repeating/chanting of the sacred sound in Hindu worship give a unique room to a new and different way of knowing God. God is no longer perceivable as the powerful figure in the book but as consciousness. The word “consciousness” in this paper refers to the ability of believers to be mindful and responsive to God. This paper will also describe the concept of sonic theology as a different way to perceive God in Hinduism and relate it to the practice of Yoga that is widely practiced in the modern world today.
The Depth of Unknowing
Authors: Sasongko Nindyo
Published: May 2020

What is the relevance of the sixth-century writings attributed to Dionysius of Areopagite or Pseudo-Dionysius for twenty-first-century Christianity? This article is an inquiry into the notion of divine unknowability within the Pseudo-Dionysian corpus. As a thinker who lived in an era in which great disputations over cardinal doctrines of the church had become passé, Pseudo-Dionysius seemed to have creatively used different concepts and phrases than those great thinkers before him. For Dionysius, the way to know God is to unknow (agnōsia) God, for God cannot be the object of human knowledge—God is beyond being. To posit God as being or to be existent means, therefore, idolatry, since God is that which cannot be grasped by words or human concepts. To assess this apophatic theology of Pseudo-Dionysius, I shall make use of the thinking of Raimon Panikkar who struggles against Western “strict monotheism.” Finally, I shall demonstrate the implications of the doctrine of the unknowability of God vis-à-vis modern debates on the existence of God and on atheism.
Hapus Perilaku Pelecehan Spiritual dalam Penanganan Kasus Perempuan Korban Perkosaan
Authors: Kristianto Paulus Eko
Published: May 2020

Incidents of rape are often broadcast on the news and other media. Although the frequency of reported rape need not equate to its being commonplace, there is a danger of desensitization. We're such conditioning to continue, women victims could be placed at greater risk for gender inequality. Pastors are in a special position, to execute the duties of priesthood and prophet (civic justice advocate), as part of an overall strategy of ministry to the community. But when a pastor does not play this role, perhaps due to the politics of influence and power vis-à-vis his or her position, in the analysis of the present author this should be regarded as spiritual abuse. Therefore, this paper considers the following proposal: such pastors must turn to reflect upon the nature of pastoral service and upon the attitude Jesus showed throughout his exemplary ministry. Only such reflection will combat the proclivity toward perpetuating the aforementioned spiritual abuse.
Yesus, Perantau dari Surga
Authors: Tupamahu Ekaputra
Published: May 2020

This article registers a preliminary effort to (re)construct Christology in the Gospel of John from a migrant perspective. Jesus is "the Stranger" who immigrates to the earth from heaven. He is not only a migrant, John also describes him as an unwanted and rejected foreigner. Special attention is given to the paradoxical relationship between Jesus and the world. The seemingly paradoxical tension the Gospel of John describes is better explained, this article will argue, when Jesus is conceived as an immigrant.
Implikasi Pemikiran Kristologi Logos dalam Bingkai Perspektif Teologi Proses terhadap Relasi Antar Agama
Authors: Hutagalung Boydo Rajiv Evan Duvano
Published: May 2020

The fact that religious plurality has become a growing reality, especially in Indonesia, demands that every religion and their respective adherents reconsider basic doctrinal premises that stand in dismissive exclusivity toward other religions. The doctrine of Christology appears as one of Christianity’s frequently claimed bases, in support of the notion of Christianity’s superiority to other religions. One such Christology is that of “Logos Christology,” as developed in the prologue of John’s Gospel (John 1:1-18). In order to understand Christology in a more inclusive way, a deeper contextual consideration of the Johannine prologue also invites its reinterpretation from different perspectives. In this essay, I attempt to demonstrate the suitability of process theology for the task of a more inclusive conception of Logos Christology—one in which aspects of the process and of relation, rather than of substance, become most fundamental for comprehension of reality.
The Living Tradition of Living in the Law
Authors: Onggosanusi Eko Nugroho
Published: May 2020

This essay addresses Paul’s quotations of Leviticus 18:5 in Galatians and Romans. Starting from the interpretive tradition of Leviticus 18:5, intertextuality between the quotation and the surrounding texts is traced along with echoes of Leviticus 18:5 throughout each epistle. It is demonstrated that Paul interpreted Leviticus 18:5 in Galatians in connection to the reward of life. In Romans, on the other hand, Paul interpreted Leviticus 18:5 as the law written on the hearts of those who are in Christ –thus fulfilling its covenantal function. Rather than implying inconsistency, Paul’s different applications of Leviticus 18:5 are consistent with the unity of his view on the law.
Menyentuh Surga, Memeluk Dunia
Authors: Verdino Timotius
Published: May 2020

In and since its historical beginnings, Christian worship has retained its eschatological dimension, as this even is intricately related to aspects of its missionality. As such, the worship given and performed in the contemporary Reformed church must also retain its eschatological-missionality. While Martha L. Moore-Keish locates this eschatological dimension within the event of Holy Communion, Reformed churches do not celebrate Holy Communion every Sunday. Might Reformed worship, whenever it goes without Holy Communion, be losing its very own eschatological quality? This article serves as a constructive proposal for (re)locating the eschatological-missionality of weekly Reformed worship, by way of emphasizing the eucharistic aspect of the Reformed liturgy. To pursue this inquiry, the present article undertakes an investigation of Reformed eucharistic theology, followed by a consideration of the Orthodox Alexander Schmemann's figuring of the world as sacrament and its relation to mission. I then reconstruct the positionality of the eschatological dimension within Reformed worship, in the end thereby synthesizing the Reformed eucharistic theology of Calvin with the Eastern Orthodox eucharistic theology articulated in Schmemann's thought in order to locate the eschatological-missionality of the Reformed liturgy. In the end, it is hoped that this constructive proposal might underscore the importance of the eucharistic aspect of the Reformed liturgy, even in such a way that emphasizes the very character of its eschatological-missionality.
Teologi, Studi Biblika, dan Misi
Authors: Barker Ailsa
Published: May 2020

Missional hermeneutics is the interpretation of Scripture as it relates to the missionary task of the church. Four elements comprise a missional hermeneutics: 1) the missional trajectory of the biblical story being the foremost element, which also underlies the other three, 2) a narrative throughout Scripture centered on Christ and intended to equip the people of God for their missional task, 3) the missional context of the reader, in which attention moves from the task of equipping to the community being equipped, a community that is active, and 4) a missional engagement with culture and the implications thereof. Through the life of God’s people an alternative is offered, together with an invitation to come and join. Because the separation of theology from the mission of the church has distorted theology, all theology needs to be reformulated from the perspective of missio Dei and from the realization that the church is a sent community, missional in its very being. A missional hermeneutics bears implications upon the congregation, worship, preaching, discipleship, education, ministerial training, and the missionary task in multicultural contexts.
The Rise and Fall of the Complementarian Doctrine of the Trinity
Authors: Sasongko Nindyo
Published: May 2020

A book review of The Rise and Fall of the Complementarian Doctrine of the Trinity
Pengantar Kepada Edisi Khusus Biblika
Authors: Tupamahu Ekaputra
Published: May 2020

This is an editor introduction to a special issue in Biblical Studies
Imago Dei
Authors: Tiwery Weldemina Yudit
Published: May 2020

This paper examines the close connection between the domain of biblical interpretation and the communal sphere, which is comprised of living data that serves as starting point for scriptural interpretation. The yield of such interpretations serves as an important contribution for a church seeking proactively to address and resolve various urgent concerns in the current context. This essay considers one such crisis needing to be addressed: the issue of human trafficking in East Nusa Tenggara, with specific regard to how female victims of human trafficking have been torn apart by the variegated forms of oppression they have undergone. By looking to Genesis 1:26-27, with its emphasis on the concept of imago Dei, this paper demonstrates just how useful is a postcolonial approach to reading scripture, namely in the case of female victims who are reconsidering the manner in which they regard and understand themselves; no less than are men, women too are created in the image of God and, therefore, have in the sight of God an equality and parity of status with men. Equality and parity become a strong foundation upon which to resist every effort to debase the dignity and value of women. Furthermore, this article highlights the role of the community, namely as an agential collective set to oppose any attempt to rob fellow human beings of their claim, namely as living persons created according to God’s image.
A Muslim Reading of the Haustafeln of Ephesians 5:21-33 in Dialogue with Quran 4:34
Authors: Fina Lien Iffah Naf’atu
Published: May 2020

The essay questions whether Ephesians 5:21-33 supports a hierarchical relation between husbands and wives as an ideal and universal principle. To answer the question, as a Muslim, I share my reading of this passage in dialogue with a similar Qur’anic passage, Q. 4:34. I learn that the two texts have undergone similar history since its emergence until today. Through a contextual reading, I view that even though Ephesians 5:21-33, as well as Q. 4:34, adopted the household concept accepted in the area, which was patriarchal, the author instilled a new higher equal relationship between husbands and wives. In short, this text proposes “an intended transformation” or an “imaginative vision.” Offering a new reading of gender-related texts is a shared struggle in both traditions. It is an important endeavor to make the scriptures speak for today’s world as a powerful basis for social transformation.
Menjembatani Teks dan Konteks
Authors: Setiawidi Agustinus
Published: May 2020

Although efforts to construct Old Testament theology in Indonesia started in the 1970s, as attested in the number of theses and dissertations written by Indonesian scholars, the shape of contextual biblical theology itself remains dominated by a one-way model. The Bible is taken to be source, inspiration, evaluator, or teacher, while readers merely listen, imitate, and adhere to it. Yet readers today, who come from dynamically variegated contexts, are inevitably required to bridge-build between biblical texts and their own respective contexts. In view of this, dialogue in its broadest sense becomes the key to constructing a biblical theology overall, including OT theology. This paper challenges biblical theologians to find available approaches and, deploying them properly, to construct contextual Old Testament theology in Indonesia.
Perempuan Penenun
Authors: Lolo Irene Umbu
Published: May 2020

Knowledge, capacity, and creativity are God’s gifts to women, and these gifts enable women to weave cloth. From a perspective of theological aesthetics, the activity of such weaving women may be seen as a form of participation in God’s beauty, just as their experience as women weavers become an experience of the beauty of God. These women express understanding, knowledge, and awareness of their own personhood, namely, as human beings who through the process and experience of weaving cannot be separated from one another, nature, or God. This article locates the experience of women weavers as an important site for theological aesthetics. Such experience invites more than mere recognition or appreciation, even as it might also function as a basis for a contextual theology in Sumba. This is so, because—as I explicate—such experience amounts to an experience of the beauty of God.
Menalar Dilema Etis Dalam Film Silence
Authors: Aruan Abel Kristofel
Published: May 2020

Silence was a provocative film, particularly for Christians viewers. Aside from sketching stories of great interest concerning challenges endured by Jesuit missionaries to Japan, the film presents a deep ethical struggle one finds worthy of careful analysis. In the most climactic scene, the missionary Rodrigues faces an ethical dilemma. He must desecrate fumi-e, a bronze board depicting Christ Jesus, in an act of apostasy to save five tortured and dying hostages. Rodrigues must choose: apostasy or allowing people to die. In this article, the author attempts to reason through Rodrigues' ethical dilemma, without providing conclusive arguments in support of any ethical choices the author might prefer, to broaden the thinking of his readers. Following preliminary considerations for how to define the category of ethical dilemma, the author provides two key questions for evaluating solutions belonging to the moral agent. (α) Concerning competing moral demands, which one is highest in standing amid the rest? (β) Concerning available interventions by the moral agent, which action most effectively realizes the highest moral demand? These two lines of inquiry frame three proposed solutions. Finally, the author also proposes a fourth solution termed Kierkegaardian conflict, following the philosopher of ethics Phillip L. Quinn, whose own proposal, too, remains inconclusive for resolving the dilemma.
Uang dan Keterasingan
Authors: Weny Nelman Asrianus
Published: May 2020

Money is, in of itself, an anonymous and neutral force. However, throughgoing capitalization in all dimensions of life has brought humankind to regard the making of money as its sole objective to be achieved by any means necessary. At the same time, the misuse of money breeds alienation. The expression, “Whosoever has the money, has the power,” only exacerbates alienation. As a social reality, alienation presents a confessional challenge to the church, including churches in Indonesia. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, with particular emphasis upon philosophical and theological studies, I argue that the church bears ethical-moral responsibility for overcoming this challenge. The solution that I offer amounts to a “new language” for money within the framework of a “theology of money”: To meet its ministry obligations, the church needs money, yet the church must also combat the idolization of it. To wit, churches must dare to prove that each, whether as individual or institution, is truly free from all forms of monetary idolatry.
Meretas Polarisasi Pendidikan Kristiani
Authors: Sidjabat Binsen S.
Published: May 2020

This paper presents an introduction for understanding Christian education holistically. The discussion of Christian education to follow covers not only Christian Religious Education (Pendidikan Agama Kristen, PAK) in the context of schools and Congregation Membership Development (Pembinaan Warga Gereja, PWG), but also higher education contexts where instruction is oriented fundamentally according to Christian faith. Emphasized, as well, is the inseparable connection between Christian education for the formation and development of faith, spirituality, and character, and the formation and development of knowledge (academia) and life skills.
Germinação e desenvolvimento de mudas do tomateiro Super Marmande submetidos à aplicação de giberelina em diferentes níveis de sombreamento
Authors: Almeida Ramonn Diego Barros de , Hüther Cristina Moll , Langaro Ana Claudia , Correa Nathan Pereira da Costa , Oliveira Julia , Correa Daniela Marques , Azevedo Jóice
Published: May 2020

Devido à crescente importância socioeconômica do fruto do tomateiro, a preocupação acerca da germinação e do crescimento vegetativo dessa espécie é alvo de estudos para seu melhoramento, visando principalmente ao aumento da produtividade. Portanto, objetivou-se avaliar a influência do ácido giberélico e de diferentes níveis de sombreamento na germinação e no desenvolvimento inicial das mudas de tomateiro da variedade Super Marmande. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso e os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial (2x3), sendo o fator A com e sem a aplicação do hormônio, Giberelina (GA), na concentração de 200 mg.L-1, e o fator B com três diferentes níveis de intensidade luminosa (pleno sol (0%), 70 e 90% de sombreamento). A germinação e a condução do experimento foram realizadas em bandejas de polietileno com substrato comercial Terral®, composto por 20 plantas com 10 repetições cada e as avaliações foram realizadas 26 dias após a semeadura (DAS). Foram analisados taxa de germinação diária, índice de velocidade de germinação, porcentagem de germinação, massa fresca e seca da plântula inteira, volume de raiz, diâmetro do caule, comprimento de raiz e altura da parte aérea e pigmentos fotossintéticos. Os resultados demonstraram que somente os níveis de sombreamento influenciaram na germinação. Já a utilização do ácido giberélico na concentração de 200 mg.L-1, para as mudas do tomateiro Super Marmande, não apresentou efeito significativo. O desenvolvimento das mudas nos níveis de sombreamento de 70% e 90% foi melhor quando comparado com o tratamento a pleno sol.
Interannual and seasonal variations in aerosol optical depth of the atmosphere in two regions of Spitsbergen Archipelago (2002–2018)
Authors: Kabanov Dmitry M. , Ritter Christoph , Sakerin Sergey M.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. In this work hourly averaged sun photometer data from the sites Barentsburg and Ny-Ålesund, both located in Spitsbergen in the European Arctic, are compared. Our data set comprises the years 2011 to 2017. We found for more turbid periods (aerosol optical depth τ0.5 > 0.1) that typically Barentsburg is more polluted than Ny-Ålesund, especially in the short wave spectrum. However, the diurnal variation of AOD is highly correlated. Next, τ was divided into a fine and coarse mode. It was found that generally the fine mode aerosol optical depth dominates and also shows a larger interannual as inner annual variation. Tau fine τf is in fact larger in spring during the Arctic Haze period. Overall the aerosol optical depth seems to decrease, although this is not statistically significant.
Spatiotemporal history of fluid-fault interaction in the Hurricane
fault zone, western USA
Authors: Koger Jace M. , Newell Dennis L.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The Hurricane Fault is a ~250-km-long, west-dipping normal fault located along the transition between the Colorado Plateau and Basin and Range tectonic provinces in the western U.S. Extensive evidence of fluid-fault interaction, including calcite mineralization and veining, occur in the footwall damage zone. Calcite vein carbon (δ13CVPDB) and oxygen (δ18OVPDB) stable isotope ratios range from −4.5 to 3.8 ‰ and −22.1 to −1.1 ‰, respectively. Fluid inclusion microthermometry constrain paleofluid temperatures and salinities from 45–160 °C and 1.4–11.0 wt % as NaCl, respectively. These data identify mixing between two primary fluid sources including infiltrating meteoric groundwater (70 ± 10 °C, ~1.5 wt % NaCl, δ18OSMOW ~−10 ‰) and sedimentary brine (100 ± 25 °C, ~11 wt % NaCl, δ18OSMOW ~5 ‰). Interpreted carbon sources include crustal- or magmatic-derived CO2, carbonate bedrock, and hydrocarbons. U-Th dates from 5 calcite vein samples indicates punctuated fluid-flow and fracture healing at 539 ± 10.8, 287.9 ± 5.8, 86.2 ± 1.7, and 86.0 ± 0.2 ka in the upper 300 m of the crust. Collectively, the data imply that the Hurricane Fault imparts a strong influence on regional flow of crustal fluids, and that the formation of veins in the shallow parts of the fault damage zone has important implications for the evolution of fault strength and permeability.
Impact of upper mantle convection on lithosphere hyper-extension and subsequent convergence-induced subduction
Authors: Candioti Lorenzo G. , Schmalholz Stefan M. , Duretz Thibault
Published: May 2020

Abstract. We present two-dimensional thermo-mechanical numerical models of coupled lithosphere-mantle deformation, considering the upper mantle down to a depth of 660 km. We consider visco-elasto-plastic deformation and for the lithospheric and upper mantle a combination of diffusion, dislocation and Peierls creep. Mantle densities are calculated from petrological phase diagrams (Perple_X) for a Hawaiian pyrolite. The model generates a 120 Myrs long geodynamic cycle of subsequent extension (30 Myrs), cooling (70 Myrs) and convergence (20 Myrs) in a single and continuous simulation with explicitly modelling convection in the upper mantle. During lithosphere extension, the models generate an approximately 400 km wide basin of exhumed mantle bounded by hyper-extended passive margins. The models show that considering only the thermal effects of upper mantle convection by using an effective thermal conductivity generates results of lithosphere hyper-extension that are similar to the ones of models that explicitly model the convective flow. Applying a lower viscosity limit of 5 × 1020 Pa s suppresses convection and generates results different to the ones for simulations with a low viscosity asthenosphere having minimal viscosity of approximately 1019 Pa s. During cooling without far-field deformation, no subduction of the exhumed mantle is spontaneously initiated. Density differences between lithosphere and mantle are too small to generate a buoyancy force exceeding the mechanical strength of the lithosphere. The extension and cooling stages generate self-consistently a structural and thermal inheritance for the subsequent convergence stage. Convergence initiates subduction of the exhumed mantle at the transition to the hyper-extended margins. The main mechanism of subduction initiation is thermal softening for a plate driving force (per unit length) of approximately 15 TN m−1. If convection in the mantle is suppressed by high effective thermal conductivities or high, lower viscosity limits, then subduction initiates at both margins leading to divergent double-slab subduction. Convection in the mantle assists to generate a single-slab subduction at only one margin, likely due to mantle flow which exerts an additional suction force on the lithosphere. The first-order geodynamic processes simulated in the geodynamic cycle of subsequent extension, cooling and convergence are applicable to orogenies that resulted from the opening and closure of embryonic oceans bounded by magma-poor hyper-extended passive margins, which might have been the case for the Alpine orogeny.
Targeting the soil quality and soil health concepts when aiming for the
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the EU Green
Deal
Authors: Bonfante Antonello , Basile Angelo , Bouma Johan
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The soil quality and soil health concepts are widely used as soils receive more attention in the worldwide policy arena. So far, however, the distinction between the two concepts is unclear and operational procedures for measurement are still being developed. A proposal is made to focus soil health on actual soil conditions, as determined by a limited set of indicators that reflect favourable rooting conditions. In addition, soil quality can express inherent soil conditions in a given soil type (genoform) reflecting the effects of past and present soil management (expressed by various phenoforms). Soils contribute to ecosystem services that, in turn, contribute to the UN Sustainable Development Goals and, more recently, to the EU Green Deal. Relevant soil ecosystem services are biomass production (SDG2: zero hunger), providing clean water (SDG6); climate mitigation by carbon capture and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (SDG13: climate action) and biodiversity preservation (SDG15: life on land). The use of simulation models for the soil-water-atmosphere-plant system is proposed as a quantitative and reproducible procedure to derive single values for soil health and soil quality for current and future climate conditions. Crop production parameters from the international: yield-gap program are used combined with soil-specific parameters expressing the effects of phenoforms. These procedures focus on the ecosystem service: biomass production Other ecosystem services are determined by soil-specific management to be based on experiences obtained in similar soils elsewhere or by new research. A case study, covering three Italian soil series, illustrates the application of the proposed concepts, showing that soil types (soil series) acted significantly different to effects of management also in their reaction to climate change.
Canada and the International Human Rights Regime
Authors: Hai Jiya , Pasternak Avery
Published: May 2020

Canada, a country of relative economic and military unimportance, garnered significant soft power and influence from its international reputation as a moral leader and protector of human rights. However, a deeper analysis of Canada’s role in the development and implementation of the international human rights regime reveals a continued emphasis on economic benefits at the expense of human rights. This and other inconsistencies are clear in Canada's dealings with historic and current cases involving indigenous rights and human rights abuses by Saudi Arabia, China, and Myanmar. Realistically, Canada requires capital-intensive resource development and trade deals with major economic and military powers that often lack actionable interest in the advancement of human rights. In the modern age, it can be said that although Canada had a significant role in developing the international human rights regime, with a broad collection of formal treaties, organizations, and processes and many informal norms and values, the country's supposed reputation is subject to influences incongruent with the protection of human rights.
La episiotomía como práctica cultural de género: otro caso de mutilación genital femenina.
Authors: Rodrigues Ribeiro María Augusta
Published: May 2020

En la primera mitad del siglo XX la episiotomía se asentó como un procedimiento rutinario dentro del paradigma tecnocrático de atención al parto. Los estudios sobre su efectividad se iniciaron medio siglo después, sin encontrar beneficios en su práctica. En la actualidad la evidencia científica sigue sin apoyar su efectividad, sin embargo la episiotomía se practica de forma rutinaria en gran cantidad de países, especialmente en primíparas. Este artículo tiene por objetivo profundizar en la comprensión de la episiotomía como una Mutilación Genital Femenina moderna (MGF) analizando su práctica en relación a la construcción social del género y la maternidad como institución y vivencia. El análisis, desarrollado en base a una investigación bibliográfica, revela la episiotomía como una práctica de género constitutiva del patriarcado moderno, cuya génesis en el siglo XVIII se enmarca en la producción del dispositivo de sexualidad teorizado por Foucault. Finalmente, el análisis del doble discurso mantenido en relación a las MGF sitúa la práctica de la episiotomía como una tecnología disciplinaria de dominación colonial y de género.
El deseo hostil de no ser madres: una identidad contrahegemónica
Authors: Alzard Cerezo Dunia Alzard
Published: May 2020

Este artículo tiene como objetivo visibilizar el discurso y la presencia social de aquellas mujeres que a lo largo de sus vidas han ido tomando la decisión de no convertirse en madres. Para ello, hemos elaborado una investigación en la que, metodológicamente, ha sido imprescindible recurrir al análisis de diversas entrevistas a mujeres de edades comprendidas entre los 25 y 55 años. De modo que, a través de sus testimonios, claves a la hora de comprender las presiones sociales, exigencias y estigmas a los que estas mujeres se enfrentan culturalmente por representar la hostilidad de un deseo considerado socialmente contrahegemónico, observamos cómo la identidad femenina sigue construyéndose en torno a una visión ontológica sobre la maternidad. Esto implica que el discurso antimaternal carezca prácticamente de representaciones y espacios que visibilicen su necesaria presencia y existencia en la sociedad actual. Por ello, la finalidad de este artículo reside en dar a conocer que la no-maternidad representa un deseo y una práctica tan loable como otra cualquiera; y que, a su vez, aporta un discurso contrahegemónico sobre la identidad femenina que cuestiona los mandatos de género imperantes.
Estudio de las metodologías feministas de El Beso, un proyecto de arte comunitario
Authors: García-Oliveros Elena
Published: May 2020

El Beso de Toxic Lesbian es un proyecto artístico actual desarrollado con las metodologías experimentales que se inician en los años 70 entre los grupos de mujeres artistas feministas en California, dando lugar al Nuevo Género de Arte Público. Igualmente conecta con los mismos principios que desde una perspectiva de género impulsan a grupos de artistas del espectro mujer a desarrollar su obra digital en Internet en el marco del Ciberfeminismo. Unas y otras están conectadas por otros modelos de crear arte, por otra concepción del público, de la obra, de la autoría o de la remuneración del artista. Veremos cómo esta revolución se gesta como oposición al patriarcado, muy significado en el Statu quo del medio artístico convencional. Este artículo se fundamenta en la observación participante durante el desarrollo de El Beso para desgranar su metodología, mostrando a través de este ejemplo los paralelismos con las concreciones que los feminismos llevarán a cabo al reformular el arte desde estos principios. Conecta, a partir de un análisis del estado de la cuestión desde ciertas autoras de referencia, las ideas clave que explican el por qué estas artistas deciden emprender cada uno de estos cambios y de qué modo el impulso feminista es en cada caso el motor de estas reformulaciones. Ilustra la participación de las mujeres en la utopía de la transformación social a través del prisma de la creación artística. Muestra en definitiva de qué modo el arte feminista postula cambiar el arte para de este modo cambiar el mundo.
The Effect of the Relationship between Organizational Excellence and Quality of Work-Life on Organizational Commitment: An Applied Study on the Health Services Sector in Taif City
Authors: Alaqla Mohammed Farag
Published: May 2020

Over the last era of the twentieth century, rapidly drastic changes in the economic environment have occurred. These changes have led to increasing the intensity of global competition. Therefore, the organizations’ success and survival are nowadays dependent on their rapid response to adapt to the ongoing changes. This paper mainly aims to examine the relationship between organizational excellence, quality of work-life, and organizational commitment. It also aims to identify differences among the respondents’ perceptions about their awareness of organizational excellence, the quality of work-life, and organizational commitment. To this end, the descriptive and analytical approaches were adopted to achieve the objectives of the study through collecting, describing, and analyzing data to examine the hypothesized relationships between the variables of the study. Data from published research, journals, and periodicals, in addition to data based on a field study, were used for analysis. The respondents of the study included employees in the health sector (government hospitals) in Taif City, namely doctors, nursing staff, and managers of medical departments. The results showed that there is a statistically significant effect of organizational excellence on both the quality of work-life and organizational commitment. It was found that there is no significant difference among the respondents’ perceptions about their awareness of organizational excellence, the quality of work-life, and organizational commitment according to their profession. Accordingly, it is recommended to emphasize the requirements of organizational excellence requirements regarding the leadership of the Saudi health institutions and review strategies, which are developed based on the standards of excellence.
7‘S’ Model of Business Branding
Authors: Raizada Sumesh
Published: May 2020

Branding is extremely vital in the B2B marketing, where businesses have to differentiate themselves from the competitors, not only on the basis of their product but also on aspects such as management competencies, technologies, services and infrastructure. Branding of businesses is equally important as in consumer products though the number of customers may be much less. Industrial product firms have to target not only the buyers but also the users, deciders and influencers in the buying organizations. Each of the buying unit member involved in industrial buying may be having different perception about the product, service or the suppliers. The marketers are therefore required to package, position and promote their offerings to satisfy each of them. Earlier, industrial marketer usually considered branding as expensive and irrelevant because selling was mostly to the businesses, which were located within a small geographical area or industry. However sourcing and manufacturing activities are these days carried out across the world and immense business opportunities exist for the B2B firms. With growing global competition, expanding markets and technological advancements, consumers have become more informative these days. Industrial product marketers, whether large or small therefore need to formulate their branding strategies effectively in order to compete with the global competitors. The present paper shall briefly discuss the branding strategies of few Indian and foreign firms. It shall also investigate the issues involved in the branding of B2B organizations. Paper shall finally conclude by proposing the strategies and a model for business branding in the contemporary global environment. Paper is based on secondary information sources from print as well as electronic medium.Keywords: Branding, B2B, Global, Strategies, industrial product, marketer
Minority Parent’s Characteristics in Choice of Religious Verses Non-Religious Schools
Authors: Yasmeen Kausar , Anjum Ambreen , -ul-Zahra Zuriat , Yasmeen Kashifa
Published: May 2020

The estimations above tell us about the minority household choice of religious verses non-religious schooling. There are various parameters effect household schooling decision we have estimated parents characteristics with school choice.  We have found that school choices among different minority households are varied. Almost household prefer religious schools very few prefer non-religious schools because of looking bright future of their children. Income, parents education, general reputation, Value of Physical Assets, location and parents income is positively related but there is negative effect of employment status of mother on school choice may be because when mothers are working are working children specially girls are needed to take care of household. In the case of general reputation they prefer highly good reputed religious school on second priority they choose non-religious schools.