bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Review on Fouling of Heat Transfer Units in Sugar Factory Ethanol Plant: Mechanisms and Mitigation Methods
Authors: Abo Lata Deso , Hailegiorgis Sintayehu Mekuria , Gindaba Gadissa Tokuma , Jayakumar Mani , Prabhu Sundramurthy Venkatesa
Published: December 2024

Fouling in heat transfer units has a negative economic impact. Many scale‐forming impurities are present in cane molasses generated by sugar cane production technology, including cations of aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), as well as anions of carbonates, sulfites, phosphates, sulfate, silicates, and chlorides. Ca cations, in particular, form insoluble complexes with many other chemical constituents, making them a scale‐forming impurity. The accumulation of Ca ion on the heat exchanger's surface could increase heat transfer resistance and reduce its overall efficiency. This article reviews many types of heat‐transmitting unit fouling and their successive fouling occurrences. Identifying the chemicals found in scale deposits helps to determine which cleaning products will effectively clean heat transfer units and which scale inhibitors will drastically lower scale formation rates. Furthermore, numerous unit operations and unit processes, such as molasses pre‐treatment and pre‐fermentation practice (inoculation of yeast), followed by fermentation practice, and product purification practice distillation, are used to limit deposit formation and boost ethanol production efficiency. Molasses pre‐treatment and treatment such as chemical treatment, heat treatment, acid centrifugation, and mechanical treatment are critical in decreasing scale development during heat exchange operations.
Screen Media, Obesity, and Nutrition
Authors: Staiano Amanda E. , Button Alyssa M. , Goldfield Gary S. , Robinson Thomas N. , Mota Jorge , Woolford Susan J. , Katzmarzyk Peter T.
Published: December 2024

This chapter provides an update on and the synthesis of the most current evidence on screen use, nutritional intake, and obesity in youth. The strongest evidence of a mechanism linking screen media use to obesity is through repeated exposures to unhealthy food marketing and excess eating while viewing screens. Evidence of the neurocognitive effects on dietary consumption via the effects of executive function, satiety, and memory is emerging. Interventions to reduce children’s screen time or to incorporate screen media into improving nutrition and obesity outcomes have had mixed results. The evidence base is also limited by imprecise measurements of screen use and a focus on the total duration of screen use without capturing the type, content, quality, or interactivity. Recommendations are offered to researchers, clinicians, providers, policymakers, advocates, and industry leaders to develop and validate accurate methods to capture the content, context, functions, timing, and quantity of children’s screen time to better understand linkages to children’s dietary intake and dietary habits; to counsel families on health boundaries for screen media use; to develop effective strategies to reduce sedentary screen use; and to expand parental control features and regulate industry to limit children’s exposure to food marketing and food placement on screen media.
Digital Therapeutics in Child Psychiatry: Harnessing Technology to Treat Pediatric Mental Health
Authors: Gansner Meredith , Jacobson Nicholas C. , Marsch Lisa A. , Kulman Randy
Published: December 2024

Innovations in interface design have made digital mediums increasingly appealing to children and adolescents. Today’s youth adapt quickly to new digital technologies, from smartphones to video game consoles. These factors have fueled interest in digital therapeutics to augment existing treatment modalities for various pediatric diseases. Digital therapeutics use gamification, momentary symptom assessment, and sensor-based data collection to provide immediate feedback to users in order to teach skills and manage maladaptive thoughts and behaviors. The first Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved digital therapeutic for child mental health, EndeavorRx, was approved in 2020 for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-associated symptoms. Other promising digital treatments include ecological momentary intervention (EMI) protocols for depression and anxiety and as mindfulness-based interventions for substance use disorders (SUDs). Despite the surging interest in digital therapeutics for mental health, their efficacy remains mostly unclear. Independent clinical trials are few in number, and it is challenging to compare studies that use different study populations, methodologies, and/or outcome measures. Outstanding issues of data security, digital literacy, and lack of clinician familiarity further limit incorporation of digital therapeutics into the clinical setting. Collaborative problem-solving between private industry, researchers, clinicians, and policymakers will be critical in order to ensure the creation of both efficacious technologies and equitable access.
Youth Digital Wellbeing and Social Connectedness
Authors: Charmaraman Linda , Nesi Jacqueline , Schueller Stephen M. , Choukas-Bradley Sophia , Hernandez J. Maya , Davis Katie
Published: December 2024

As social status and peer feedback-seeking are developmentally salient aspects of adolescence, social media has become a highly relevant arena for youth to explore their identities and social selves. Contrary to popular notions that social media inherently decreases opportunities to meaningfully connect with others “in real life,” this chapter conceptualizes how youth digital wellbeing can be intricately tied to social connectedness in both adaptive and maladaptive ways. Studies using different methodologies report mixed findings: social media can either increase wellbeing or contribute to poor wellbeing, depending on context. Studies have begun to move beyond primarily measuring the quantity of time spent, using more longitudinal and ecological momentary-sampling designs as well as focusing more on specific online behaviors that help or hinder youth wellbeing. Qualitative research has revealed that social media can provide critically important sources of connection for youth with marginalized identities; more quantitative research is needed to further investigate mechanisms. Rather than focus exclusively on risk prevention, research on social media use can instead be at the forefront of innovations that promote wellbeing and heightened social connectedness. We review the current state of research, including limitations, future directions, and recommendations for key stakeholders, including clinicians, educators, policymakers, and industry.
Digital Media, Cognition, and Brain Development in Adolescence
Authors: Marciano Laura , Dubicka Bernadka , Magis-Weinberg Lucía , Morese Rosalba , Viswanath Kasisomayajula , Weber René
Published: December 2024

Drawing from the literature on adolescent cognitive development, we describe how digital media usage has been linked to cognitive control processes, including the regulation of affective responses. In addition, we highlight how digital media use is perceived as particularly gratifying for adolescents’ needs. The use of digital media for prolonged periods or in a problematic way has been associated with structural and functional changes in the brain regions related to top-down control and reward systems. Studies are still at an early stage, mostly cross-sectional and based on self-reports. Measures used to assess digital media use mainly cover time and frequency of use, or problematic digital media use, with little or no focus on specific activities and content. Reported effects tend to be negligible-to-small; however, studies have rarely examined the impact of mental health conditions, which can in themselves be the underlying driver of cognitive changes and digital media use. We suggest future research should focus on establishing causality and directionality while highlighting positive uses in relation to cognitive development. More data examining different types of uses and contexts, including vulnerable and underrepresented populations and areas, are necessary before generalizing results.
Video Games and Race
Authors: Gray Kishonna L , McPherson Tara , Russell Gillian , Anderson Rachel
Published: December 2024

Medical discussions around video games usually revolve around addiction, physical health, mental health outcomes, and even acts of violence. The authors of this chapter want to interject race into these discussions to explore the role that race, racialization, and racism have in conversations about gaming. By exploring the social harms of race in gaming, the authors explore how these emerge, from the radicalization of white youth to the toxic cultures that surround gaming, among others. We argue that significant harms occur also because of the ways in which spaces and technologies are designed that might facilitate the process of these racialized harms. The authors conclude with a list of recommendations and future research that focus on how we could imagine, design, and implement our technologies in ways that challenge, rather than reproduce, structural inequalities.
Online Resistance: The Past, Present, and Future of Challenging Racism with Digital Tools
Authors: Eschmann Rob , Anyiwo Nkemka , Toraif Noor , Ortiz Stephanie M.
Published: December 2024

Here we explore the current state of research on online resistance, discuss how future research can build on this body of knowledge, and make recommendations for scholars, activists, and educators invested in understanding and utilizing digital tools to empower online resistance to racism and oppression. Digital tools can amplify resistance efforts as online users and activists create space for community growth and support across geographic boundaries, organize users to engage in collective or direct action, and facilitate the widespread sharing of anti-racist and anti-oppressive ideas, actions, and imaginaries. Digital resistance can change racial power dynamics, reducing the norms and social rules that make it improper to challenge the racism embedded in behaviors, attitudes, and policies in a racial capitalist society. We situate our analysis of online resistance in adolescence and emerging adulthood—developmental periods where youth grappling with their identity, developing their ideologies about the world, and contending with dynamic, increasingly complex forms of racism that can threaten their safety, health, and life trajectory. For youth who came of age as digital natives, the online context provides a unique, accessible space to explore their identity, assert their voice, build community, and challenge hegemonic racial structures that threaten their wellbeing.
Parenting and Screens During Middle Childhood
Authors: Bickham David S. , Cingel Drew P. , Nathanson Amy I. , Rose Chad A. , Johnson Colleen Russo , Scharrer Erica
Published: December 2024

As their children reach middle childhood (6–12), parents are faced with new media-use challenges driven by their children’s development and growing independence. These youth spend over 5 ½ hours a day on screens, potentially displacing sleep, physical activity, and reading. During this stage, young people’s social lives evolve as the importance of peer interactions grows, their ability to understand the perspectives of other people develops, and their desire for online connection increases. In response, parents seek answers to questions concerning when and how to provide personal access to smartphones and social media. Research evidence supports considering a child’s needs, maturity, and responsibilities instead of only their age when providing them with a phone. Restrictive parental mediation strategies such as delaying access to social media during middle childhood may reduce overall use and limit risk for negative online social experiences, but they are also likely to interfere with the development of online social competencies and positive opportunities afforded by online socialization. A parental mediation approach that combines warmth and support with clear and consistent rules and consequences is likely protective, both against the negative impact of specific media content as well as against problematic media use overall.
Global Perspectives on Youth and the Digital Environment: Learnings from Majority World Countries
Authors: Magis-Weinberg Lucía , Dodel Matías , Pangrazio Luci , Pathak-Shelat Manisha , Tao Sisi , Uzuegbunam Chikezie E.
Published: December 2024

With the proliferation of technology, the digital environment has become integral to youth globally. We provide an overview of research from Majority World countries (MWCs), where most children and adolescents are located and represent the fastest growing demographic of users. Digital inequalities in terms of access, use and skills, and risks and benefits impact the online and offline lives of youth in MWCs. We focus on micro-, meso-, and macro-level factors including gender, the role of parents and schools in mediation and scaffolding, digital literacy, and review recent regulatory initiatives. We highlight the unique challenges and opportunities that youth in MWCs face in navigating the digital environment and how these have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. We identify areas for future research, including the need for more focus on children and younger adolescents, contextualized approaches that incorporate qualitative methodologies, and attention to the long-term consequences of the pandemic on youth’s digital technology use and well-being. Research and practical recommendations are included. We argue that a better understanding of youth’s experiences in MWCs can help inform more effective and equitable policies and programs that leverage the potential of digital technologies to improve the lives of youth globally, especially as regulatory initiatives gain momentum.
Education Technology During the Pandemic and Future Emergencies
Authors: Reich Justin , Cobo Cristóbal , Dryden-Peterson Sarah , Klopfer Eric , Kamenetz Anya , Trust Torrey
Published: December 2024

As average global temperatures rise and extreme weather events become more common, schooling will be interrupted with greater frequency, for longer durations, in places without prior histories of disaster preparedness. Throughout the pandemic, educators developed a range of strategies for maintaining learning even when school buildings were inaccessible. These approaches included using outdoor spaces, supporting home-based learning, facilitating online learning, and adjusting class sizes and schedules. We call these approaches pedagogies of adaptability, and they will become increasingly important in an overheating world. To prepare for an uncertain future, schools and communities should develop local pedagogies of adaptability, ensure universal connectivity, prepare curriculum and policies for interruptions to learning, embrace critical approaches to technology adoption, and invest in social welfare and well-being for youth and families.
Gaming Convergences with Other Digital Technologies: Gambling, Pornography, Social Media, and Streaming
Authors: Gainsbury Sally M. , Swanton Thomas B. , Baenas Isabel , Castro-Calvo Jesús , Fernández-Aranda Fernando , Flayelle Maèva , Jiménez-Murcia Susana , Mestre-Bach Gemma , Billieux Joël
Published: December 2024

This chapter explores the convergence of various digital technologies and their potential impacts on problematic online behaviors. Incorporation of gaming elements into many online activities (e.g., gambling, on-demand video streaming, social media, and pornography) has created concerns about problematic use, particularly among youth). We review the current state of knowledge, which suggests that problematic engagement in different activities represents distinct conditions. Nonetheless, despite their apparent distinctiveness, online addictive activities have shared risk factors, including personality factors, comorbid psychopathological symptoms, cognitive processes, and neurobiology. A common approach to prevention is therefore sensible, even if treatment of problematic cases should follow individualized approaches. Approaches actively involving parents are encouraged. We call for expanded research on the impact of specific design features of online activities on problematic behavior and risk, particularly relating to gamified activities. Longitudinal research is needed to better understand the use and impacts of online activities across developmental stages. Given the limited understanding of long-term impacts and the dynamic nature of related technologies, greater evidence is needed to inform policy and regulation relating to exposure of children and adolescents to content and activities that might in some cases promote problematic behaviors.
Genetic Effects
Authors: Kärkkäinen Katri , Kujala Sonja T. , Garcia-Gil Rosario , Steffenrem Arne , Sonesson Johan , Hoikkala Liina , Mäkinen Harri , Valkonen Sauli
Published: December 2024

Genetic effects of continuous cover forestry (CCF) are not well known. We need more research, especially on the genetics of spruce-dominated CCF sites. Levels of relatedness are of interest, as are estimates of safe limits for the intensity and duration of CCF practices that secure genetic potential for good growth and quality.

With even-aged forestry, genetically improved regeneration material can be used to mitigate climate change-related risks through breeding and deployment recommendations. In CCF, currently based on natural regeneration, we assume that enough seedlings establish, and that sites contain enough genetic variation to enable natural selection and evolutionary processes.

Based on research in other regions, the number of reproducing trees must be kept large to avoid excessive levels of relatedness and inbreeding and to maintain sufficient levels of genetic diversity.

In some well-documented long-term experiments in other regions, intensive high-grading has led to slower growth rates, which could partly be due to genetic degradation of the stand. If contemporary recommendations for selection cutting are followed, negative genetic effects should be unlikely.
ESSD–ESGAR best practice position statements on the technical performance of videofluoroscopic swallowing studies in adult patients with swallowing disorders
Authors: Scharitzer Martina , Schima Wolfgang , Walshe Margaret , Verin Eric , Doratiotto Stefano , Ekberg Olle , Farneti Daniele , Pokieser Peter , Quaia Emilio , Woisard Virginie , Xinou Ekaterini , Speyer Renée
Published: December 2024

Objectives

Videofluoroscopic swallowing studies (VFSS) remain the gold standard for the instrumental assessment of oropharyngeal swallowing disorders alongside flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES), requiring a high standard of quality and correct implementation. The current best practice position statements aim to guide the clinical practice of VFSS in individuals experiencing swallowing disorders.

Materials and methods

An international expert consensus panel with expertise in oropharyngeal dysphagia, comprised of radiologists, speech-language therapists, otolaryngologists, and other professionals in the field, convened by the European Society of Swallowing Disorders (ESSD) and the European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology (ESGAR), developed best practice position statements. They were established using an online Delphi methodology involving an online panel discussion and item preparation and three consecutive rounds. Consensus was reached when ≥ 80% of the participants agreed on a specific recommendation.

Results

Eighteen best practice position statements were formulated, thereby establishing standard recommendations on the technical performance of VFSS. They cover VFSS planning, correct implementation, documentation, radiation protection, equipment and maintenance, and education and training.

Conclusion

These position statements summarise the panel’s deliberations and recommendations in performing VFSS, representing the agreed consensus of experts from ESSD and ESGAR. They provide a structured framework for optimising and standardising the performance of VFSS in patients with swallowing disorders.

Key Points

QuestionSignificant regional and national differences in clinical practice when performing VFSS highlight the need for interdisciplinary recommendations to optimise patient care.

FindingsEighteen statements were developed by representatives of the ESSD and the ESGAR.

Clinical relevanceThese best practice position statements on the technical performance of VFSS may serve as a basis for standardising the procedure and ensuring high-quality service.
Contemporaneity of the Typical and Upper Capsian (Northwest African Later Stone Age)
Authors: Perrault Nicolas
Published: December 2024

The Capsian (9000–5400 cal BC) is an early Holocene Northwest African prehistoric tradition. It is generally divided into two facies: the Typical Capsian (TC) and the Upper Capsian (UC). While the TC was restricted to the eastern Capsian range, the UC existed in both the eastern and western ranges. Initially, these two facies were regarded as two successive phases (1933–1969). But with the arrival of radiocarbon dates, the TC, the eastern UC, and the western UC all came to be viewed as contemporary entities (1970–2002). Later, Rahmani (2003) argued for a return to the original view (1933–1969) and most authors have now come to accept this. Aumassip (2015:31–32), however, has recently argued that Rahmani’s theory may be flawed (“tendentious,” “partisan”). To investigate this possibility, the current paper reviews evidence from lithics, the bone industry, mortuary practices, the fauna, and radiocarbon dates. It concludes that Rahmani’s theory is indeed untenable. In particular, her assumption of western population replacement contradicts most relevant evidence. Due to developments in radiocarbon dating, however, it does not seem possible to return to the 1970–2002 view either, as suggested by Aumassip. A new model (the “H-model”) is therefore presented to reflect available evidence: Before the development of a flint knapping technique (pressure flaking) in the 6000s cal BC, Early Upper Capsians lived in the western Capsian range and Typical Capsians lived in the eastern range. By exchanging ideas, both groups then became Late Upper Capsians together, at the time of the development of pressure flaking. This new model emphasizes population continuity in both east and west.
Exploring Students’ Multimodal Representations of Ideas About Epistemic Reading of Scientific Texts in Generative AI Tools
Authors: Cheung Kason Ka Ching , Pun Jack , Kenneth-Li Wangyin , Mai Jiayi
Published: December 2024

As students read scientific texts created in generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools, they need to draw on their epistemic knowledge of GenAI as well as that of science. However, only a few research discussed multimodality as a methodological approach in characterising students’ ideas of GenAI-science epistemic reading. This study qualitatively explored 44 eighth and ninth graders’ multimodal representations of ideas about GenAI-science epistemic reading and developed an analytical framework based on Lemke’s (1998) typology of representational meaning, namely presentational, organisational, and orientational meanings. Under each representational meaning, several categories were inductively generated while students expressed preferences in using drawn, written, or both drawn and written mode to express certain categories. Findings indicate that a multimodal approach is fruitful in characterising students’ semiotic resources in meaning-making of ideas about GenAI-science epistemic reading. We suggested implications regarding future intervention studies on tracking students’ ideas about GenAI-science epistemic reading using the analytical framework developed in this study.
Exploring the potential of Tb and Bi-doped LaF3 as a UV absorber
Authors: Deshmukh Pratik , Sharma Bhumika , Sahu Khageswar , Satapathy Srinibas , Majumder Shovan Kumar
Published: December 2024

Lanthanide-based nanophosphors are finding significant applicability in various fields such as LED, solar spectral convertors, lasers, and biological sensors, owing to their superior stability and luminescence properties. However, their function as a UV protector has not evolved, possibly because of their limited absorption cross-section in the UV spectral region. Hence, to overcome this limitation, in this work, a strategy to utilize Bi3+ ion as a co-dopant in LaF3:Tb3+ nanophosphor has been devised. These nanophosphors with an uniform morphology and narrow particle size distribution were synthesized using the hydrothermal method. Luminescence mechanism involving energy transfer from Bi3+ to Tb3+ was investigated. The excitation spectrum of a LaF3 nanophosphor, co-doped with Bi and Tb, reveals distinct absorption bands. Absorption ascribed to Bi3+ characterizes the UV range between 220 and 275 nm, whereas Tb3+ is associated with absorption in another UV range spanning 280 to 380 nm. This shows the potential applicability of the Bi and Tb co-doped LaF3 nanophosphors as a UV absorber. The cytotoxicity of these nanophosphors was tested on HaCaT cells, indicating their potential applicability in the healthcare field.
Plant-specific microbial diversity facilitates functional redundancy at the soil-root interface
Authors: Wicaksono Wisnu Adi , Köberl Martina , White Richard Allen , Jansson Janet K. , Jansson Christer , Cernava Tomislav , Berg Gabriele
Published: December 2024

Aims

Plant-specific microbial diversity reflecting host-microbe coevolution was frequently shown at the structural level but less on the functional scale. We studied the microbiome of three compartments at the soil root interface (root endosphere, rhizosphere, bulk soil) of medicinal plants cultivated under organic management in Egypt. The study aimed to examine the impact of the rhizosphere on microbial community composition and diversity in desert agricultural soil, as well as to identify specific functions associated with the rhizosphere.

Methods

The microbiome community structure, diversity, and microbial functioning were evaluated through the utilization of 16S rRNA gene amplicon and shotgun metagenome sequencing.

Results

We found the typical rhizosphere effect and plant-species-specific enrichment of bacterial diversity. The annual plants Calendula officinalis and Matricaria chamomilla (Asteraceae) were more similar than the perennial Solanum distichum (Solanaceae). Altogether, plant species explained 50.5% of the variation in bacterial community structures in the rhizosphere. Our results indicate a stronger effect of the plant species in terms of modulating bacterial community structures in the rhizosphere than in root endosphere samples. The plant-driven rhizosphere effect could be linked to redundant plant beneficial functions in the microbiome, while enrichment of specific genes related to amino acid ion transport and metabolism, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, defense mechanisms, and secondary metabolites biosynthesis were more specific.

Conclusions

The study explores the microbiome continuum at the soil-root interface of medicinal plant species, revealing significant bacterial community structure shifts and plant specificity. The study provides insights into the essential microbiome components contributing to rhizosphere functionality.
Cargo bikes and their modal shift effects: from substitution to car renunciation
Authors: Marincek Dimitri , Rérat Patrick , Lurkin Virginie
Published: December 2024

In the context of a modal shift towards alternative transport modes such as cycling, walking and public transport, cargo bikes for personal transport could fill a void in the transport market by providing an alternative to car trips, especially among families. Yet, few studies have considered their modal shift effects on the use of other transport modes. We conduct a nationwide survey of 696 cargo bike owners in Switzerland, one of the largest samples to date. Cargo bikes’ modal shift effects are considered through three dimensions (1) their owners’ characteristics, motivations and uses; (2) the substitution of trips by other transport modes; and (3) the renunciation of ownership of other transport modes – especially the car. Our results provide a typology of five types of households depending on how the cargo bike induces a modal shift from the car.
Antifragile Treatment for Efficient Chimerism of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Kwon Daekee , Lee Taewook , Han Mijung , Han So-Woon , Kang Kyung-Sun
Published: December 2024

Engraftable hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) can be obtained from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, and peripheral blood (PB). However, a major bottleneck in HSC transplantation is identifying an unrelated donor that completely matches the human leukocyte antigen type of the recipient. This issue can be resolved by producing patient-specific stem cells. The purpose of this study was to identify the conditions under which induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived hematopoietic stem cells (iHSC) exhibit high efficiency. Because HSC are fragile and vulnerable to damage, this study was performed under the hypothesis that the engraftment rate could be increased by antifragile treatment. Antioxidant ginsenoside Rg1 was used to differentiate from iPSC to iHSC, and differentiated iHSC was intravenously injected into Balb/c nude mouse conditioned with diverse concentrations of busulfan. Engraftment was verified by the presence of human-specific markers in the PB at 2 and 8 weeks post iHSC transplantation. iHSC differentiated by incorporating 1 µM of Rg1 demonstrated high colony forming efficiency in vitro. Additionally, high efficiency engraftment occurred immediately after iHSC were transplanted into mice conditioned with high dose busulfan at a dosage of 125 mg/kg or higher. In this study, high-quality iHSC manufacturing and transplantation conditions capable of high efficiency engraftment in vivo were established. Hereafter, this method of producing HSC using patient-specific iPSC will become the fourth new source of HSC. Additionally, if gene-editing technology is applied, the scope of its application can be expanded to diverse infectious diseases.

Graphical Abstract
Pulmonale Beteiligung bei systemischer Sklerose
Authors: Hermann Maria , Guettler Bastian , Zeder Katarina , Moazedi-Fürst Florentine , Talakic Emina , Kneidinger Nikolas , Flick Holger
Published: December 2024

Die systemische Sklerose (SSc) ist eine schwerwiegende autoimmune Bindegewebserkrankung, die jedes Organ betreffen kann. Die Haupttodesursache der SSc ist jedoch bedingt durch pulmonale Komplikationen, die sich entweder als interstitielle (ILD) oder als vaskuläre Lungenerkrankung (pulmonale Hypertonie, PH) manifestieren können. Die Diagnostik ist mehrstufig und erfolgt in der Regel über funktionelle und bildmorphologische Diagnostik. Die definitive Abklärung sowie Behandlung beider Komplikationen sollten im Expertenzentrum erfolgen.
Automated generation of dispatching rules for the green unrelated machines scheduling problem
Authors: Frid Nikolina , Ɖurasević Marko , Gil-Gala Francisco Javier
Published: December 2024

The concept of green scheduling, which deals with the environmental impact of the scheduling process, is becoming increasingly important due to growing environmental concerns. Most green scheduling problem variants focus on modelling the energy consumption during the execution of the schedule. However, the dynamic unrelated machines environment is rarely considered, mainly because it is difficult to manually design simple heuristics, called dispatching rules (DRs), which are suitable for solving dynamic, non-standard scheduling problems. Using hyperheuristics, especially genetic programming (GP), alleviates the problem since it enables the automatic design of new DRs. In this study, we apply GP to automatically design DRs for solving the green scheduling problem in the unrelated machines environment under dynamic conditions. The total energy consumed during the system execution is optimised along with two standard scheduling criteria. The three most commonly investigated green scheduling problem variants from the literature are selected, and GP is adapted to generate appropriate DRs for each. The experiments show that GP-generated DRs efficiently solve the problem under dynamic conditions, providing a trade-off between optimising standard and energy-related criteria.
Spatio-Temporal Keyword Query Processing Based on Key-Value Stores
Authors: Li Ruiyuan , He Xiang , Sun Yingying , Jiang Jun , Shang You , Li Guanyao , Chen Chao
Published: December 2024

With the popularity of mobile devices and the development of location technology, there is an increasing amount of text data with spatial and temporal tags generated. Querying with spatial, temporal, and keyword constraints on such data, known as spatio-temporal keyword query (STK query), is of great significance. However, most existing STK query solutions rely on tree-based indexes designed for stand-alone architectures, which struggle to scale for big data. Key-value stores, with the keys as their indexes, are designed for big data scenarios. On one hand, key-value stores can only support one-dimensional indexes initially, which makes them unsuitable for multi-dimensional STK queries. On the other hand, key-value stores put their indexes out of the memory, making it inevitable to trigger many unnecessary disk I/Os and slow down the query efficiency. To this end, based on key-value stores, we provide the first attempt by combining the in-memory index with on-disk index to efficiently support STK queries. Specifically, we design two-layer filters as the in-memory index, which enormously prunes unqualified spatio-temporal keyword combinations. An eviction policy is employed for the in-memory index, allowing it to support an infinite amount of data with limited memory usage. We deploy our solution on both HBase and Redis, conducting extensive experiments with two real and one synthetic datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that our solution achieves approximately twice the query efficiency of the state-of-the-art key-value based solutions, and is much more scalable than the tree-based competitor.
Risk of Instagram Dieting Trends on Eating Behaviour and Body Satisfaction in Women of Different Age and Body Mass Index
Authors: Davey Caitlin , Newman Emily , Hare Joanna , Fluck David , Han Thang Sieu
Published: December 2024

The social media platform Instagram popularises a “healthy eating” movement, but some of its trends may be harmful. We assessed the risk of viewing #cleaneating and #whatieatinaday content on eating behaviours using adapted items from a short version of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and body satisfaction using the Body Image States Scale (BISS). A total of 403 women aged 18–78 years recruited through snowball and opportunity sampling were randomised into three study groups: #cleaneating (n = 140), #whatieatinaday (n = 141) and #nature (n = 122) as control. Participants completed online EDE-Q (lower score indicated more disordered eating behaviour) and BISS scales before and after viewing the content of their assigned hashtag. Post-exposure EDE-Q or BISS scores below pre-exposure (baseline) scores were defined as deficit scores. Logistic regression, adjusted for age and BMI, and presented as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), was used to compare deficit scores between study groups. The overall baseline mean (SD) age was 26.7 years (11.7), BMI 23.3 kg/m2 (3.6), EDE-Q 2.7 (1.0) and BISS scores 5.6 (0.8), which were similar between study groups. Compared to control (#nature), EDE-Q scores were reduced after exposure to #cleaneating and #whatieatinaday (ANOVA: P < 0.001), and there was an increased risk for having deficit EDE-Q scores after exposure to #cleaneating: OR = 2.86 (95% CI = 1.68–4.90), and to #whatieatinaday: OR = 2.58 (95% CI = 1.52–4.39). The corresponding ORs were higher in younger age (18–21 years) but similar in different BMI categories. Exposure to #cleaneating or #whatieatinaday did not change BISS scores. A single exposure to #cleaneating and #whatieatinaday content on Instagram may encourage disordered eating behaviours, especially in younger women. Future research should examine the effects of this type of diet advice media on all genders, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic, educational and marital status, as well as LGBTQ + identity, over the longer term and after exposure to video-based content.
Application of microscopic image processing and artificial intelligence detecting and classifying the spores of three novel species of Trichoderma
Authors: Soltani Nezhad Fatemeh , Rahnama Kamran , Javidan Seyed Mohamad , Asefpour Vakilian Keyvan
Published: December 2024

Trichoderma is a type of fungus genus usually used in agriculture to prevent and control various plant diseases. One of the ways Trichoderma helps control plant diseases is by producing secondary metabolites that prevent the growth of pathogens. The ability to identify Trichoderma spores is important to detect the presence of this fungus in plants and soil. However, traditional microscopic techniques used for spore detection are time-consuming and tedious, and require the intervention of highly skilled technicians, leading to delayed diagnosis and ineffective control measures. Microscopic image processing techniques have been developed to make the spore detection process intelligent, resulting in a faster and more accurate output. In this study, a microscopic image dataset has been developed, followed by identifying and classifying the spores of three Trichoderma species including T. harzianum, T. atroviride, and T. virens using microscopic image processing techniques. The genetic algorithm was used to identify the most effective visual features for spore classification, including color, texture, and shape. Then, using the identified effective features, the random forest was capable of classifying the spores with an accuracy of 95.38%. Also, the classification precision results for T. harzianum, T. atroviride, and T. virens were obtained as 100, 90.48, and 95.24% respectively. This study showed that texture is the most important visual feature for spore classification. Besides, the findings reveal that instead of deep learning-based methods which require big data for training, traditional feature extraction methods still provide promising results with low computational complexities. The use of such new techniques can help control plant diseases more effectively by providing faster and more accurate detection of Trichoderma spores in crop plants.
Vietnam's American War
Authors: Asselin Pierre
Published: December 2024

The American war in Vietnam was so much more than the sum of its battles. To make sense of it, we must look beyond the conflict itself. We must understand its context and, above all, the formative experiences, worldview, and motivations of those who devised communist strategies and tactics. Vietnam's American War, now in its second edition, remains a story of how and why Hanoi won. However, this revised and expanded edition offers more extensive and nuanced insights into Southern Vietnamese history, politics, and society. It puts to rest the myth of Vietnamese national unity by documenting the myriad, profound local fractures exacerbated by US intervention. It also includes over thirty-five new images intended to highlight that the Vietnam War was, fundamentally, a Vietnamese civil war and tragedy. This new edition is as richly detailed as it is original, eye-opening, and absorbing.
Bureaucracies at War
Authors: Jost Tyler
Published: December 2024

Why do states start conflicts they ultimately lose? Why do leaders possess inaccurate expectations of their prospects for victory? Bureaucracies at War examines how national security institutions shape the quality of bureaucratic information upon which leaders base their choice for conflict – which institutional designs provide the best counsel, why those institutions perform better, and why many leaders fail to adopt them. Jost argues that the same institutions that provide the best information also empower the bureaucracy to punish the leader. Thus, miscalculation on the road to war is often the tragic consequence of how leaders resolve the trade-off between good information and political security. Employing an original cross-national data set and detailed explorations of the origins and consequences of institutions inside China, India, Pakistan, and the United States, this book explores why bureaucracy helps to avoid disaster, how bureaucratic competition produces better information, and why institutional design is fundamentally political.
Quantitative and Computational Approaches to Phonology
Authors: Chandlee Jane
Published: December 2024

This Element surveys the various lines of work that have applied algorithmic, formal, mathematical, statistical, and/or probabilistic methods to the study of phonology and the computational problems it solves. Topics covered include: how quantitative and/or computational methods have been used in research on both rule- and constraint-based theories of the grammar, including questions about how grammars are learned from data, how to best account for gradience as observed in acceptability judgments and the relative frequencies of different structures in the lexicon, what formal language theory, model theory, and information theory can and have contributed to the study of phonology, and what new directions in connectionist modeling are being explored. The overarching goal is to highlight how the work grounded in these various methods and theoretical orientations is distinct but also interconnected, and how central quantitative and computational approaches have become to the research in and teaching of phonology.
Ritual and Earthquakes in Constantinople
Authors: Roosien Mark
Published: December 2024

Located on the North Anatolian Fault, Constantinople was frequently shaken by earthquakes over the course of its history. This book discusses religious responses to these events between the fourth and the tenth century AD. The church in Constantinople commemorated several earthquakes that struck the city, prescribing an elaborate liturgical rite celebrated annually for each occasion. These rituals were means by which city-dwellers created meaning from disaster and renegotiated their relationships to God and the land around them in the face of its most destabilizing ecological characteristic: seismicity. Mark Roosien argues that ritual and theological responses to earthquakes shaped Byzantine conceptions of God and the environment and transformed Constantinople's self-understanding as the capital of the oikoumene and center of divine action in history. The book enhances our understanding of Byzantine Christian religion and culture, and provides a new, interdisciplinary framework for understanding Byzantine views of the natural world.
Evolutionary Aestheticism in Victorian Culture
Authors: Wilhelm Lindsay
Published: December 2024

The Aesthetic Movement, a collection of artists, writers and thinkers who rejected traditional ideas of beauty as guided and judged by morals and utility and rallied under the banner of 'art for art's sake', are often associated with hedonism and purposelessness. However, as Lindsay Wilhelm shows, aestheticism may have been more closely related to nineteenth-century ideas of progress and scientific advancement than we think. This book illuminates an important intellectual alliance between aestheticism and evolutionism in late-nineteenth-century Britain, putting aesthetic writers such as Vernon Lee, Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater into dialogue with scientific thinkers such as Darwin and mathematician W. K. Clifford. Considering in particular how Aestheticism and scientific thinking converged on utopian ideas about beauty, Lindsay Wilhelm reveals how this evolutionary aestheticism crucially shaped Victorian debates about individual pleasure and social progress that continue to resonate today.
The Pacific's New Navies
Authors: Jamison Thomas M.
Published: December 2024

The initial creation of the United States' ocean-going battlefleet – otherwise known as the 'New Navy' – was a result of the naval wars and arms races around the Pacific during the late-nineteenth century. Using a transnational methodology, Thomas Jamison spotlights how US Civil War-era innovations catalyzed naval development in the Pacific World, creating a sense that the US Navy was falling behind regional competitors. As the industrializing 'newly-made navies' of Chile, Peru, Japan, and China raced against each other, Pacific dynamism motivated investments in the US 'New Navy as a matter of security and civilizational prestige. In this provocative exploration into the making of modern US navalism, Jamison provides an analysis of competitive naval build-ups in the Pacific, of the interactions between peoples, ideas, and practices within it, and ultimately the emergence of the US as a major power.
Active noise control of a supersonic underexpanded planar jet guided by resolvent analysis
Authors: Liang Long-Long , Wan Zhen-Hua , She Ming-Xuan , Zhang Peng-Jun-Yi , Sun De-Jun , Lu Xi-Yun
Published: December 2024

This study is dedicated to achieving efficient active noise control in a supersonic underexpanded planar jet, utilizing control parameters informed by resolvent analysis. The baseline supersonic underexpanded jet exhibits complex wave structures and substantial high-amplitude noise radiations. To perform the active control, unsteady blowing and suction are applied along the nozzle inner wall close to the exit. Employing both standard and acoustic resolvent analyses, a suitable frequency and spanwise wavenumber range for the blowing and suction is identified. Within this range, the control forcing can be significantly amplified in the near field, effectively altering the original sound-producing energetic structure while minimizing far-field amplification to prevent excessive noise. A series of large-eddy simulations are further conducted to validate the control efficiency, demonstrating an over 10 dB reduction in upstream-propagated screech noise. It is identified that the present unsteady control proves more effective than steady control at the same momentum coefficient. The controlled jet flow indicates that the shock structures become more stable, and the stronger the streamwise amplification of the forcing, the more likely it is to modify the mean flow characteristics, which is beneficial for reducing far-field noise radiation. Spectral proper orthogonal decomposition analysis of the controlled flow confirms that the control redistributes energy to higher forcing frequencies and suppresses large-scale antisymmetric and symmetric modes related to screech and its harmonics. The findings of this study highlight the potential of resolvent-guided control techniques in reducing noise in supersonic underexpanded jets and provide a detailed understanding of the inherent mechanisms for effective noise reduction through active control strategies.