bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
General and contextualized emotion goals and its link with well‐being across late, middle, and young adulthood
Authors: López‐Pérez Belén , McCulloch Suzanne
Published: July 2020

Prior research with young adults has shown how emotion goals (i.e., cognitive representations of preferred emotional states) can be instrumental (positive or negative) depending on the context and how this context sensitivity is linked to higher well‐being. However, this research has overlooked older adults. We argue it is important looking at this age group as there is mixed evidence given that on one hand they have been described as exhibiting a positivity bias (hedonic orientation; preference for positive emotion goals), and on the other hand, being capable of suppressing this when it is adaptive to do so. Importantly, this bias towards positive emotion goals has been linked to better emotion regulation and higher well‐being in older adults. In order to understand whether older adults can also exhibit instrumental emotion goals and whether this is linked to well‐being, we conducted an exploratory study with older (N = 43, Mage = 68.33), middle (N = 47, Mage = 43.83), and young adults (N = 47; Mage = 21.98) who reported about their general and contextual emotion goals (in collaboration and confrontation), their well‐being, and their current positive and negative affect. Although older adults reported lower negative affect than young adults, there were no age differences for general and contextualized emotion goals. Across the three age groups, a higher preference for happiness in general and in collaboration was linked to higher well‐being. The obtained results highlight the need to study emotion goals longitudinally to better understand their possible changes throughout the lifespan and their influence on well‐being.
Dynamic awareness of age‐related losses predict concurrent and subsequent changes in daily inductive reasoning performance
Authors: Zhu Xianghe , Neupert Shevaun D.
Published: July 2020

To address gaps in previous research, we examined daily within‐person associations between awareness of age‐related change (AARC) and cognitive performance in older adults. One hundred twelve adults aged 60–90 participated in an online daily diary study for nine consecutive days. On Day 1, they reported demographic information. On Days 2–9, they reported daily AARC, subjective age, and stressors and completed three tasks that gauged memory (word recall), perceptual speed (number comparison), and reasoning (letter series), respectively, once per day. Unconditional multilevel models revealed significant within‐person fluctuations in daily cognitive performance and daily AARC. Controlling for age, education, health, and daily stressors, daily awareness of age‐related losses was negatively associated with letter series scores of the same day and changes from one day to the next. The effects held over and above AARC gains and subjective age. Dynamic, naturally occurring perceptions of ageing may influence within‐person concurrent and subsequent changes in reasoning performance on a daily basis and point to a promising avenue of intervention.
A qualitative examination of affect and ideology within mass media interventions to increase HIV testing with gay men garnered from a systematic review
Authors: Langdridge Darren , Flowers Paul , Riddell Julie , Boydell Nicola , Teal Gemma , Coia Nicky , McDaid Lisa
Published: July 2020

Objectives

Increasing appropriate HIV testing among men who have sex with men (MSM) is crucial to HIV prevention. Mass media interventions are effective in promoting testing, but to date, there has been little examination of their active content.

Design

We conducted a qualitative analysis of intervention materials (n = 69) derived from a systematic review of mass media interventions designed to improve testing with MSM.

Methods

Visual data were analysed for their affective and ideological content using a novel method drawing on concepts from semiotics (i.e., broadly speaking, the analysis of signs).

Results

Whilst affect was not explicitly theorized or examined in any of the studies, there are clearly identifiable affective elements implicitly at play in these interventions. Four thematic categories of affect/ideology were identified including (1) sexual desire and the ‘pornographication’ of the gay/bisexual male subject; (2) narratives of romance and love; (3) fear, threat, and regret; and (4) ‘flattened’ affect.

Conclusions

This is the first study to examine and detail the affective and ideological aspects of intervention content in this field. Using analytic techniques such as those reported here, in addition to approaches that focus on the manner in which intervention content address more proximal determinants of behaviour, can provide a rich and potentially more useful evidence base to assist with future interventions.
Plio‐Pleistocene fault reactivation within the Crag Basin, eastern UK: implications for structural controls of landscape development within an intraplate setting
Authors: Lee Jonathan R. , Haslam Richard , Woods Mark A. , Rose James , Graham Romaine L. , Ford Jonathan R. , Schofield David I. , Kearsey Timothy I. , Williams Christopher N.
Published: July 2020

This study examines the long‐term neotectonic evolution of the Crag Basin of eastern England during the Plio‐Pleistocene (c. 4.0–0.48 Ma) and the influence of neotectonics on coastal and drainage development. The Crag Basin was situated within the western margins of the southern North Sea with palaeogeography influenced by changes in global sea‐level and longer‐term regional‐scale neotectonic uplift and subsidence. This study identifies an additional local‐scale neotectonic control on basin development with localized crustal displacement occurring along normal faults. Plio‐Pleistocene movement along these faults was accommodated by partial dip‐slip (normal) reactivation of an Oligocene‐age (Pyrenean) dextral strike‐slip shear zone, which in turn was inherited from much older Caledonian orogenic crustal structure. Fault displacement was driven by sediment‐loading reflecting enhanced landscape denudation under progressively deteriorating climates and increased rates of erosion/sedimentation. Faulting acted to regulate accommodation space, controlling sedimentation patterns and the courses of major preglacial drainage systems including the Kesgrave Thames and Bytham rivers. The lower reaches of both river systems are considered to have been confluent in the Crag Basin during much of the Early Pleistocene with their lower reaches structurally controlled. Divergence occurred at c. 0.9 Ma with the lower reaches of the Bytham utilizing the former Bytham‐Thames valley and the Kesgrave Thames adopting progressively more southern routes, aligned to the axis of subsidence within the London Basin. The study highlights the significance of tectonic inheritance in driving recent neotectonic crustal deformation and its influence on sedimentation patterns and drainage development within an intraplate setting.
HTR3A is correlated with unfavorable histology and promotes proliferation through ERK phosphorylation in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Tone Mitsuyo , Tahara Shinichiro , Nojima Satoshi , Motooka Daisuke , Okuzaki Daisuke , Morii Eiichi
Published: July 2020

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death around the world. Adenocarcinoma is the most common histological type and has various histologic subtypes: lepidic, acinar, papillary, solid, and invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma. Histologic subtypes are related to invasiveness of tumors; eg, lepidic subtype is less invasive than acinar/papillary subtype. HTR3A is the main subunit of 5‐hydroxytryptamine 3 (5‐HT3) receptors, which are the only ligand‐gated ion channels in seven families of 5‐HT receptors. Although 5‐HT3 receptor is expressed mainly throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems, some papers report the effect of 5‐HT3 receptors on tumor cells, including lung cancer. However, whether HTR3A correlates with histopathological findings such as the histologic subtypes or the distribution in an individual sample remains unclear. Immunohistochemically, we revealed that the higher expression level of HTR3A was detected in acinar, papillary, and solid adenocarcinoma than in adenocarcinoma in situ and lepidic adenocarcinoma; the former was a more aggressive subtype than the latter. We also showed the relationship between HTR3A expression and Ki‐67 positivity, widely used as a proliferation marker. Moreover, we generated HTR3A‐knockdown lung adenocarcinoma cells and showed that the HTR3A knockdown attenuated proliferation by ERK phosphorylation. Our results indicated that HTR3A expression was related to proliferation in lung adenocarcinoma, by means of both in vitro and immunohistochemical assays on clinical samples. We showed the therapeutic potential of a 5‐HT3 receptor antagonist, tropisetron, for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are activated in the gastrointestinal tissue of patients with combination ipilimumab and nivolumab therapy-related colitis in a pathology distinct from ulcerative colitis
Authors: Sasson S C , Zaunders J J , Nahar K , Munier C M L , Fairfax B P , Olsson-Brown A , Jolly C , Read S A , Ahlenstiel G , Palendira U , Scolyer R A , Carlino M S , Payne M J , Cheung V T F , Gupta T , Klenerman P , Long G V , Brain O , Menzies A M , Kelleher A D
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenesis of combination ipilimumab and nivolumab-associated colitis (IN-COL) by measuring gut-derived and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (GMNC; PBMC) profiles. We studied GMNC and PBMC from patients with IN-COL, IN-treated with no adverse-events (IN-NAE), ulcerative colitis (UC) and healthy volunteers using flow cytometry. In the gastrointestinal-derived cells we found high levels of activated CD8+ T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in IN-COL, changes that were not evident in IN-NAE or UC. UC, but not IN-C, was associated with a high proportion of regulatory T cells (Treg). We sought to determine if local tissue responses could be measured in peripheral blood. Peripherally, checkpoint inhibition instigated a rise in activated memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, regardless of colitis. Low circulating MAIT cells at baseline was associated with IN-COL patients compared with IN-NAE in one of two cohorts. UC, but not IN-COL, was associated with high levels of circulating plasmablasts. In summary, the alterations in T cell subsets measured in IN-COL-affected tissue, characterized by high levels of activated CD8+ T cells and MAIT cells and a low proportion of Treg, reflected a pathology distinct from UC. These tissue changes differed from the periphery, where T cell activation was a widespread on-treatment effect, and circulating MAIT cell count was low but not reliably predictive of colitis.
Biochemical follow‐up of nonfunctioning benign thyroid nodules
Authors: Memon Raafia , Salgado Nunez del Prado Silvia R. , Lamos Elizabeth M. , Mohtasebi Yasaman , Yip Terry Cheuk‐Fung , Magder Laurence , Munir Kashif M.
Published: July 2020

Objective

For the biochemical follow‐up of benign thyroid nodules, some authors recommend periodic lifelong measurement of thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) to assess for the development of toxic nodules over time. The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the incidence of thyroid dysfunction over time in patients with benign thyroid nodule(s), with a normal TSH at diagnosis and to identify any factors that may predict biochemical dysfunction over time.

Methods

Medical records of patients with the diagnosis of thyroid nodule(s) between January 2011 and August 2014 were reviewed. Patients who had TSH measurement within 1 year of initial diagnostic ultrasound (US) were included.

Results

One‐hundred fifty‐seven patients identified with thyroid nodule(s) satisfied inclusion criteria. At a median follow‐up of 45 (34‐63) months, 13 (8.3%) patients developed thyroid dysfunction. The mean initial TSH in the group which developed subclinical hyperthyroidism (0.65 mIU/mL) was statistically different from the group that did not develop thyroid dysfunction (1.37 mIU/mL, P: 0.007). More patients with TSH <1 mIU/L developed thyroid dysfunction as compared to subjects with TSH ≥1 mIU/L (P: .022). There was no significant difference in the incidence of thyroid dysfunction on the basis of gender, race, smoking status, TPO Ab positivity and number of nodules at diagnosis.

Conclusions

We recommend re‐examining the current practice and clinical utility of frequent TSH monitoring in all patients with thyroid nodules, particularly if initial TSH level is ≥1 mIU/L.
Voltage‐gated potassium channel complex (VGKC) antibody encephalitis in a Filipino adult: A reversible cause of early‐onset neurocognitive disorder
Authors: Ocampo Ferron F. , Saniel Edmundo G. , Martinez Ma. Socorro C.
Published: July 2020

Background

Voltage‐gated potassium channels (VGKCs) are cell‐surface proteins with several functions in the central nervous system. VGKC antibody encephalitis is caused by antibodies against the cell‐surface antigens that are part of the VGKC complex, which are highly concentrated in the limbic lobes and the hippocampus.

Case Presentation

We report a case of a 46‐year‐old Filipino female who presented with subacute onset of memory loss, behavioral changes, and focal motor seizures. On cranial magnetic resonance imaging, there were increased signal intensities on both medial temporal lobes but no intracranial tumor, restricted diffusion, or meningeal enhancement. Electroencephalography showed focal slowing on bilateral frontotemporal regions and blood test revealed hyponatremia. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed high titers for antibodies against VGKC complex. Pulse intravenous steroid therapy was administered and oral steroids and azathioprine were continued as outpatient. The patient showed significant response with marked improvement of memory without any recurrence of seizure episodes.

Conclusion

This case highlights VGKC antibody encephalitis as an important diagnostic consideration in patients presenting with subacute onset of memory loss, behavioral changes, and seizures. With prompt initiation of immunosuppressive therapy, neurocognitive changes can be potentially reversed.
Chornobyl radiation—congenital anomalies: A persisting dilemma
Authors: Wertelecki Wladimir
Published: July 2020

We report population prevalence rates of neural tube defects (NDT) and microcephaly (MIC) as well as levels of incorporated Cs137 by pregnant women in two areas of the Rivne Province of Ukraine, a northern half (Polissia) polluted by Chornobyl radiation and not‐Polissia areas. Monitoring of congenital malformations was conducted with adherence to methods adopted by a European surveillance network (EUROCAT). Incorporated Cs137 (Bq/kg) by pregnant women residing in the Polissia and not‐Polissia areas were obtained concurrently with prenatal ultrasound examinations. In Polissia, the incorporated Cs137 levels by pregnant women as well as the prevalence rates of NDTs and MIC are significantly higher than in not‐Polissia. In Polissia, the prevalence rates of NDTs and MIC are among the highest in Europe. The debate concerning the teratogenic impact of chronic exposures to low levels of ionizing radiation was re‐ignited by our 2010 report. Health agencies uphold the notion that exposure to Chornobyl radiation levels are too low to be teratogenic, which is inconsistent with our observations. Further investigations in Rivne by international teams can, we believe, contribute facts to the ongoing debate. Our monitoring system, experience and data can facilitate concurrent investigations of teratogenic risks from exposures to other sources of ionizing radiation, alcohol, folate, and zinc deficiencies, among other risk factors. Study of genomic impacts can likewise be undertaken.
Elevated prevalence of nodal positivity in carcinoid tumours of the appendix smaller than 2 cm has a negative impact on overall survival
Authors: Skancke M. , Sharp S. P. , Maron D. J. , Wexner S. D.
Published: July 2020

Aim

The current standard of care for clinically node‐negative carcinoid tumours of the appendix < 2.0 cm in size is appendectomy alone. The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the prevalence of pathological nodal positivity in clinically node‐negative appendiceal tumour specimens < 2.0 cm and quantify the impact of occult pathological nodal positivity on overall survival following resection.

Method

A retrospective database review of the 2019 US National Cancer Database for appendiceal cancer identified 2007 cases of clinically node‐negative appendiceal carcinoid tumours based on SEER histology codes 8240, 8241, 8242, 8243, 8243, 8244, 8245, 8246 and 8249. Kaplan–Meier with log‐rank testing and multivariate Cox regression analysis evaluated the impact of occult nodal positivity on overall survival following resection for clinically node‐negative appendiceal carcinoma.

Results

The prevalence of occult nodal positivity increased from 1.9% for sub‐centimetre tumours to 7% for tumours between 1.0 and 1.5 cm, 16.5% for tumours between 1.5 and 2.0 cm and to >29.5% for tumours > 2.0 cm. Rates of metastatic spread were similar for tumours < 2.0 cm but increased for larger tumours. Over two‐thirds of patients received a segmental colectomy as definitive surgical therapy. After controlling for differences in cohorts, multivariate analysis showed an increased hazard ratio for mortality of 162% (HR 2.62, CI 1.884–3.541) for patients with pathological node‐positive disease.

Conclusion

Clinically node‐negative carcinoid tumours of the appendix bigger than 1.5 cm have an increased rate of occult nodal spread which has a negative impact on overall survival.
Genetic variation in lean body mass, changes of appetite and weight loss in response to diet interventions: The POUNDS Lost trial
Authors: Li Xiang , Zhou Tao , Ma Hao , Heianza Yoriko , Champagne Catherine M. , Williamson Donald A. , Bray George A. , Sacks Frank M. , Qi Lu
Published: July 2020

Aim

To investigate whether the genetic risk score (GRS) for lean body mass (LBM) modified the effects of weight‐loss diets on changes in appetite and adiposity among overweight and obese individuals.

Participants and Methods

In the 2‐year Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS Lost) trial, we included 692 adults who were randomly assigned to one of four diets varying in macronutrient intake. A GRS was calculated using five single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with LBM.

Results

The LBM‐GRS was not associated with the baseline LBM measured by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry in a subgroup (50%) of the study population. We found that the LBM‐GRS had significantly different associations with changes in appetite from baseline to 6 months according to low‐ or high‐fat diet group (P‐interaction < 0.001, 0.021, 0.005 and 0.024 for total appetite score, hunger, fullness and prospective consumption, respectively). Lower LBM‐GRS (indicating a greater genetic predisposition to LBM) was associated with greater decreases in the total appetite score (P < 0.001), hunger (P = 0.01), fullness (P = 0.001) and prospective consumption (P = 0.019) in participants in the low‐fat diet group, whereas no significant associations with these appetite measures were observed in the high‐fat diet group. In addition, lower LBM‐GRS was associated with greater reduction in body weight (P = 0.003) and waist circumference (P = 0.011) among participants in the low‐fat diet group, while no associations were observed in the high‐fat diet group. The interactions attenuated, along with weight regain, from 6 months to 2 years.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that genetic variation in LBM may be differentially associated with appetite changes, and may subsequently be related to changes in body weight and waist circumference, according to dietary fat intake.
CATASTROPHE AND RATIONAL POLICY: CASE OF NATIONAL SECURITY
Authors: Mohtadi Hamid , Weber Bryan S.
Published: July 2020

Predicting catastrophes involves heavy‐tailed distributions with no mean, eluding proactive policy as expected cost‐benefit analysis fails. We study US government counterterrorism policy, given heightened risk of terrorism. But terrorism also involves human behavior. We synthesize the behavioral and statistical aspects in an adversary‐defender game. Calibration to extensive data shows that where a Weibull distribution is the best predictor, US counterterrorism policy is rational (and optimal). Here, we estimate the adversary's unobserved variables, e.g., difficulty of an attack. We also find cases where the best predictor is a Generalized‐Pareto with no finite mean and rational policy fails. Here, we offer “work‐arounds”. (JEL H56, D81, C46)
When LIBOR becomes LIEBOR: Reputational penalties and bank contagion
Authors: Fabrizi Michele , Huan Xing , Parbonetti Antonio
Published: July 2020

We study whether commonality of incentives and opportunity to commit fraud trigger reputational contagion from culpable firms to nonculpable firms. Relying on a sample of 30 banks involved in fixing the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) and a control sample of 30 banks, we find that banks' reputations suffered substantial damage upon the announcement of their involvement in the scandal. We also document reputational contagion spread from banks that manipulated LIBOR to banks that shared the same incentives and opportunity to commit the fraud. The reputational contagion is more pronounced for large derivatives dealers who have had the strongest incentive to commit the fraud.
A New Intestinal Parasitic Entodiniomorph Ciliate From Wild Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) In Gabon?
Authors: Garin Y. , Tutin C.E.G. , Fernandez M. , Goussard B.
Published: July 2020

A ciliate isolated from stools of wild gorillas from northeastern Gabon is briefly described.
Reproductive Performance in Capture‐Acclimated Female Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Walker Margaret Long , Gordon Thomas P. , Wilson Mark E.
Published: July 2020

Behavioral and physiological data were collected over a three‐year period on a colony of compound‐housed rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to examine endocrine influences on sexual behavior. The reproductive performance of the experimental animals was compared to controls which were not routinely handled. The groups did not differ significantly with regard to the percentage of conceptions or other parameters of reproductive biology. The demonstration that manipulations attendant to data collection did not jeopardize reproductive success has important implications for research on primate colonies which are maintained primarily for breeding purposes. Additionally, female copulatory behavior was found to be a reliable indicator of ovulation which allows for an accurate prediction of the parturition date.
The Postnatal Development of the Temporomandibular Joint of the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Wilson N.H.F. , Gardner D.L.
Published: July 2020

The temporomandibular joints (TMJ)of 55 male and 50 female common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with an age range of 1 day‐ to < 12‐yr‐old have been studied to extend the knowledge on the craniomandibular articulation of this primate. Details of changes in the bone structure, gross and functional anatomy, and histologic appearance of the marmoset TMJ during the neonatal period, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood are compared with those which occur in the TMJ of man. It is concluded that further investigations on the structure and function of the marmoset TMJ and jaws may establish this nonhuman primate as a valuable analog for TMJ research in man.
Phenotypic Analysis of New World Primate Mononuclear Cell Surface Antigens
Authors: Schooley R. T. , Byington R. , Falk L. A.
Published: July 2020

We have applied a panel of monoclonal antibodies against antigens present on the surface of human mononuclear cells to the study of mononuclear cell surface antigens expressed by seven species of New World primates. Antibodies to the sheep erythrocyte receptor (OKT11a) to a thymocyte antigen (OKT10), to the I region of the major histocompatibility locus (OKIa), and to an antigen found on the surface of human monocytes (OKM1) cross‐reacted with mononuclear cell surface antigens of most of the species studied. Antibodies to antigens which have been correlated with functional capabilities in the human system (OKT4, OKT5, OKT8, 3A1) were much less reactive with platyrrhine mononuclear cells. These reagents may be quite useful in studies of primate phylogeny and immunology.
National and International Services for Primate Animal Research
Authors: Kalter S.S.
Published: July 2020

Extensive use of nonhuman primates for biomedical research has contributed to periodic acute shortages of these animals. As a result, various resources have been developed to assist investigators in maintaining healthy eolonies and eonserving stocks, A wide range of expertise is available at the national and international levels to investigators working with nonhuman primates.
Standard Nomenclature for Primate Breeding and Husbandry
Authors: Hall Arthur S.
Published: July 2020

Managers of primate colonies seek to record colony data in a systematic way which will be helpful in daily management. Each colony develops individual record systems, tailored to its specific operations and budget. These diversified systems provide the base for a set of uniform record items, which enables information to be shared among institutions, and used for the overall management of a self‐sustaining captive primate population, as well as for national planning of primate resources.

The present report identifies basic information needed for local colony management and data items that require standard nomenclature. Such data will provide the basic demographic profiles unavailable at most primate colonics today.
Primate Animal Models and Titered Inocula for the Study of Human Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Non‐A, Non‐B Hepatitis
Authors: Tabor Edward , Purcell Robert H. , Gerety Robert J.
Published: July 2020

Although many primate species have been inoculated with the agents of human hepatitis A, B, and non‐A, non‐B, only a small number of species have been shown to be susceptible, and only the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) has been shown to be reproducibly susceptible to all three types of human hepatitis. Infectious inocula containing each agent have been identified in different laboratories and the end‐point titers of infectivity determined, in most cases by inoculation of chimpanzees. These inocula and the nonhuman primate models have permitted investigators to study the inactivation of these agents and to evaluate passive and active immunization against the agents.
Standardization of Anaesthesia for Radiorenography With Primates Under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Dormehl Irene C. , Jacobs D.J. , Plessis Maryke du , Goosen D.J.
Published: July 2020

The influence of thiopentone intravenous infusion or halothane inhalation on the results of radiorenography was evaluated using, in six chacma baboons (Papio ursinus), 99mTc‐diethyltriamine‐pentaacetic acid (DTPA) as scanning agent. The renogram parameters, which depend on the condition of the cardiovascular system, differed significantly for the two anaesthetic agents. Since anaesthesia is necessary in baboon studies for the duration of renogram acquisition, it is imperative to standardize an experimental procedure which will leave the cardiovascular system relatively stable. From this investigation it seemed most appropriate to use as an anaesthetic a constant intravenous infusion of thiopentone.
Blood Pressure Values in Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Hartley L. Howard , Rodger Richard , Nicolosi Robert J. , Hartley Thomas
Published: July 2020

Normal data are presented for blood pressure values of adult Macaca fascicularis. The mean arterial pressure (direct) was 99 ± 9.8 mmHg (mean ± standard deviation) and was not correlated with sex. age. or weight. Normative data are presented that suggest that this species has a range of values similar to that observed in other primate species including man.
Heterologous Radioimmunoassay of Monkey Luteinizing Hormone: A Critical Assessment
Authors: Khan Shafiq A. , Lindberg Monica , Diczfalusy Egon
Published: July 2020

Available reagents for the immunoassay (RIA) of luteinizing hormone (LH) in monkeys, including a cynomolgus (cynLH) tracer, an antiserum against human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and a rhesus standard (rhLH), were assessed using an in vitro bioassay and the RIA in connection with fractionation by high‐resolution isoelectrofocusing. The data presented indicate that the RIA system represents a significant improvement over the ovine‐antiovine system. Since, however, the sensitivity of the RIA is some 50 times less than that of the in vitro bioassay, and since the rhLH standard is heavily contaminated with FSH, it is felt that until the advent of a homologous RIA, the in vitro bioassay is the method of choice.
Limitations of the Nonhuman Pregnancy Kit for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Baboons
Authors: Bambra C.S. , Eley R.M. , Wall H.
Published: July 2020

The Nonhuman Primate Pregnancy Test (NHPPT) kit was evaluated for diagnosis of pregnancy in baboons. Unreadable controls rendered 33% of all tests inconclusive. Refrigeration and dilution did little to improve the number of inconclusive tests. Positive‐ and false‐negative results from readable tests on days 20 to 27 of confirmed pregnancy were 75% and 25%, respectively. The NHPPT did not always provide an accurate diagnosis of pregnancy and often proved unreadable.
In Vitro Incorporation of (U‐C14)‐Glucose and (1‐C14)‐Sodium Acetate in Peripheral Nerves of Malnourished Young Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Rana S.V. , Mehta S. , Chopra J.S. , Nain C.K. , Mehta J. , Dhand U.K.
Published: July 2020

The effect of protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) on synthesis of lipids in peripheral nerves was studied by in vitro incorporation of (U‐C14)‐glucose and (1‐C14)‐sodium acetate. Ulnar and tibial nerves obtained from five young rhesus monkeys with PCM, five rehabilitated monkeys, and five control monkeys were incubated for 2 h with the radioactive precursors. Uptake of both radioactive precursors in whole peripheral nerves as well as myelin marker lipids was significantly decreased in animals with PCM. However, uptake returned to normal in rehabilitated monkeys.
Biological and Immunological Characterization of Purified Follicle‐Stimulating Hormone Preparations From Monkey Pituitaries
Authors: Khan Shafiq A. , Fröysa Berit , Diczfalusy Egon
Published: July 2020

The suitability of a purified rhesus (rhFSH) and cynomolgus (cynFSH) follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) preparation to replace the expired LER 1909‐2 reference standard in the immunoassay of monkey FSH was assessed using an in vitro bioassay and two heterologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedures in combination with fractionation by high‐resolution isoelectrofocusing. The results presented indicate that rhFSH is unsuitable for the replacement of LER 1909‐2 as a standard, though cynFSH might be suitable after the removal of its LH contamination.
Characterization of Various Molecular Species of Follicle‐Stimulating Hormone in Baboon Pituitary Preparations
Authors: Khan S.A. , Katzija G. , Fröysa B. , Diczfalusy E.
Published: July 2020

The properties of baboon (Papio hamadryas) follicle‐stimulating hormone (bFSH) have been studied after isoelectrofocusing (IEF) of individual pituitary extracts from five female and three male baboons and of a partially purified bFSH preparation (CM‐1). The in vitro bioactivities of the female and male pituitary extracts and of CM‐1 were 6.0 (range 4.1–9.6), 10.8 (6.9–18.2), and 34.1 (30.3–38.3) mg equivalent of LER 1909‐2 reference standard per mg protein, respectively. The corresponding ratios of bioactivity to immunoreactivity (B/I) were 1.72 (range 1.31–2.06), 1.82 (1.53–2.25), and 1.54 (1.51–1.58), respectively. There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in all B/I ratios after IEF, due to a diminished immunoreactivity without any loss in bioactivity. Several molecular forms of bFSH were observed with pI values ranging from 4.5 to 7.5, with maximum activity between pH 4.5 to 6.0. The IEF profiles of female and male pituitaries and of the purified bFSH preparation were similar. However, the B/I ratios of the different molecular species of bFSH increased with increasing pI values in every case.

It is concluded that there is a significant heterogeneity of bFSH in crude as well as in purified pituitary extracts, but neither the sex of the animals nor the process of purification influenced the quantity and distribution of various molecular species.
Hemodynamic and Endocrine Parameters in the Anesthetized Cynomolgus Monkey: A Primate Model
Authors: Udelsman Robert , Bather John , Gallucci William T. , Cold Philip W. , Morin Martin L. , Renquist David , Loriaux D. Lynn , Chrousos George P.
Published: July 2020

Hemodynamic and endocrine parameters were determined in nine anesthetized adult male cynomolgus monkeys. Simultaneous phasic and mean pressures were measured in the right artrium, pulmonary artery, and abdominal aorta. Intermittent pulmonary artery wedge pressures and mean cardiac output measured by the thermal dilution method were used to calculate stroke volume, systemic vascular resistance, and pulmonary vascular resistance. Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and plasma renin activity were measured throughout the procedure. Technical aspects, data in the anesthetized monkey, and comparison with previously reported data are presented.
The Influence of Physical and Chemical Restraint on the Physiology of the Chacma Baboon (Papio ursinus)
Authors: Goosen D.J. , Davies J.H. , Maree Marianne , Dormehl Irene C.
Published: July 2020

The chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) is extensively used in South Africa for biomedical research. Being a large primate, it is always necessary to apply some measure of chemical or physical restraint. The physiological effects of placing an animal in a restraint chair are compared with the effects of various chemical agents, such as ketamine, halothane, and ketamine/xylazine combination over 90 min. It was found that ketamine and thiopentone infusion were a satisfactory chemical restraint agent that gave a stable physiological state over 90 min.
Hematology and Serum Chemistry Values of Juvenile and Adult Ruffed Lemurs (Varecia variegata)
Authors: Karesh William B. , Olson Thomas P.
Published: July 2020

Hematologic and serum chemistry values are presented for adult and juvenile red ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata rubra) and black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) maintained in a zoological collection. Hematologic and serum chemical values are compared between age groups and subspecies and with other primate species. Elevated hematocrit, total protein, and serum albumin values were noted. Significant differences in cholesterol, total protein, and serum albumin values between the two age groups are discussed.
Characterization of a Gilbert‐Like Syndrome in Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Cornelius Charles E. , Rodgers Pamela A. , Bruss Michael L. , Ahlfors Charles E.
Published: July 2020

Bolivian squirrel monkeys, unlike those of Brazilian origin, exhibit a marked fasting hyperbilirubinemia (FH) similar to that observed in Gilbert's syndrome in man. Since no delays in the hepatic clearance of sulfobromophthalein or indocyanine green arc present, the Bolivian monkey appears to be similar to Gilbert's type I syndrome. FH can be significantly decreased by either phenobarbital or tin‐protoporphyrin pretrealment. Nicotinic acid‐induced hyperbilirubinemia and delayed tolbutamide clearance were not observed as in the human syndrome.
Management of a Harem Breeding Colony of Rhesus Monkeys to Reduce Trauma‐Related Morbidity and Mortality
Authors: Kessler Matt J. , London William T. , Rawlins Richard G. , Gonzalez Janis , Martinez Hector S. , Sanchez Jorge
Published: July 2020

A management procedure was developed for a harem breeding colony of rhesus monkeys to reduce trauma‐related injuries and deaths resulting from the periodic removal of pregnant monkeys for research and their subsequent return to the population. Lower morbidity and mortality rates, a reduced mean conception interval, and a higher mean conception rate occurred when monkeys were maintained in permanent harems to which returning females were reintroduced compared to new social groups formed from aggregates of unfamiliar animals.
Influence of Gonadectomy on Isoelectrofocusing Profiles of Pituitary Gonadotropins in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Khan S.A. , Syed V. , Fröysa B. , Lindberg M. , Diczfalusy E.
Published: July 2020

Isoelectrofocusing (IEF) profiles of bioactive and immunoreactive follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were studied in saline extracts of pituitary glands from rhesus monkeys. No sex differences were found in the IEF profiles of FSH and LH in intact or gonadectomized animals. Gonadectomy in both sexes resulted in a marked increase in the formation of relatively more acidic molecular species of FSH and LH in parallel with the production of an unusual strongly alkaline FSH species.
Pentastomid Nymph From the Brain of a Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus). I. Morphology of the Nymph
Authors: Hall J.E. , Haines D.E. , Frederickson R.G.
Published: July 2020

A Pentastomid nymph of the genus Porocephalus was identified following its removal from the brain–meningeal interface of a squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus. It was characterized by two inner and two outer hooks adjacent to the mouth opening, the presence of accessory lobes (or spines) on the outer hooks, a vertical slit‐like mouth opening surrounded by a U‐shaped conformation of integument, and annulation of the body surface. Stigmata, representing the openings of integumental chloride cells, were present on the dorsum of the head and tail, on anterior aspects of annulae on the body, and on anterior and posterior edges of annulae located on the ventral surface of the tail. These openings were not present on integumental folds at the bases of the inner and outer hooks, on the dorsal aspect of the tail flap, or in the deep grooves separating annulae. Although it was not possible to determine the species, based on the number of annulae this specimen may represent P. stilesi.
The Clinical Chemistry of Chimpanzees: II. Gamma Glutamyl Transferase Levels in Hepatitis Studies
Authors: Valenza Frank P. , Muchmore Elizabeth
Published: July 2020

Normal ranges for gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) in chimpanzees were determined and categorized according to age and sex. Enzyme patterns presented for 36 cases of non‐A, non‐B (NANB) hepatitis and compared to others with hepatitis A and/or B show that the response of this enzyme to these viral agents in chimpanzees is comparable to that seen in human patients. The value of GGT determinations, in addition to aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase for the differentiation of various types of viral hepatitis, is described.
Longitudinal Study of HTLV‐III‐Infected Chimpanzees by Lymphocyte Subpopulation Analysis
Authors: Eichberg J.W. , Alter H.J. , Dreesman G.R.
Published: July 2020

Following inoculation with plasma from human patients with AIDS, two chimpanzees demonstrated specific antihuman T‐cell leukemia virus type 3 (HTLV‐III) antibodies. One of the two chimpanzees also developed massive lymphadenopathy that persisted for 32 weeks and demonstrated a concurrent and more frequent depression of total T cells (T3) and T helper cells (T4) with a decrease in the ratios of T4 to T suppressor cells (T8). These results indicate that chimpanzees demonstrate a range of T‐cell subpopulations during infection and disease induced by HTLV‐III.
Autonomic Nervous System Activity in Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Hartley L.H. , Rodger R.F.
Published: July 2020

This study was performed to determine the contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to cardiovascular control. Hexamethonium was administered to block the autonomic ganglia, propranolol to block beta adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system, and mcthylatropine to block the parasympathetic nervous system. The results of this study indicate high sympathetic tone and low parasympathetic tone in resting Macaca fascicularis. These findings are different from those in man but are similar to other nonhuman primates.
Social Dominance and Serum Testosterone Concentration in Dyads of Male Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Clarke Margaret R. , Kaplan Jay R. , Bumsted Patricia T. , Koritnik Donald R.
Published: July 2020

The relationship between social dominance and serum testosterone concentration was evaluated in 24 male Macaca fascicularis in 14 dyads at 2‐week intervals over an 8‐month period. No associations between testosterone concentration and dominance ranks were found in dyads with “clear dominance” relationships. A significant positive association was found between testosterone concentration and dominance ranks in dyads that exhibited “contested dominance” or dominance reversals. Thus, higher testosterone concentration corresponded to social dominance in subjects dominant as the result of a contest, rather than a consequence of high relative rank.
Baboon (Papio ursinus) Model to Study Deep Vein Thrombosis Using 111‐Indium‐Labeled Autologous Platelets
Authors: Dormehl Irene C. , Jacobs D.J. , Pretorius J.P. , Maree Marianna , Franz R.C.
Published: July 2020

This study evaluates the chacma baboon as a model for investigations on deep vein thrombosis (DVT). There is a good correlation of the baboon and human thrombelastographic parameters (r‐time, k‐time, ma). Investigation on the diagnostic efficacy of 111 In‐labeled platelets as an imaging agent for DVT cast considerable doubt on the procedure, owing to the age of the thrombus.
Spontaneous Cryptococcosis of a Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus) in French Guyana
Authors: Roussilhon Christian , Postal Jean‐Michel , Ravisse Pierre
Published: July 2020

An old female squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) with a tumor‐like growth of the lower jaw died in shock after 2 months of illness. Histological studies of different tissue samples demonstrated that the pathological agent was Cryptococcus. Multiple foci of fungus existed in the thoracic cavity with essentially pulmonary and glandular localizations.
Basic Considerations in Assessing and Preventing Occupational Infections in Personnel Working With Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Richardson John H.
Published: July 2020

Transmission of zoonotic infections of nonhuman primates to human contacts is a documented occupational hazard. Although the list of naturally occurring and experimentally induced infections of nonhuman primates is extensive the risks of transmission may substantially be reduced by the use of good animal care practices, appropriate protective measures and devices, and suitable animal facilities. The essential elements of good animal care practices include high levels of personal hygiene; minimizing the creation of potentially infectious aerosols and droplets; use of personal protective clothing, devices, and vaccines; a system for reporting, evaluating, and treatment of occupational exposures and infections; and animal facilities appropriate for the species being used and the activities conducted. These essential elements are described and discussed in the context of published voluntary codes of practice—notably “Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories.”
Determination of Ovulation and Pregnancy in the Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) by Monitoring of Urinary Hydroxypregnanolone Excretion
Authors: Heger W. , Neubert D.
Published: July 2020

In Callithrix jacchus the urinary excretion of hydroxypregnanolone (5α‐pregnane‐3α,7α‐diol‐20‐one) shows a luteal rise during the ovulatory cycle. This progesterone metabolite can therefore be used as an indication of ovulation, implantation, and subsequently for the persistence of the pregnancy. The excretion can be monitored by high performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) and postchromatographic derivatization after enzymatic hydrolysis of the conjugate. Profiles of urinary hydroxypregnanolone levels are presented and correlated with luteinizing hormone excretion. The method is noninvasive and therefore suited for long‐term studies in these monkeys.
Experimental American Leishmaniasis in the Brazilian Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus): Lesions, Hematology, Cellular, and Humoral Immune Responses
Authors: Pung Oscar J. , Kuhn Raymond E.
Published: July 2020

Unulcerated cutaneous lesions appeared and persisted in squirrel monkeys experimentally infected with Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis or L. b. panamensis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) numbers increased following infection, and cultured PBMCs from infected monkeys proliferated in response to parasite antigens. The responses of PBMCs to mitogens were not suppressed in infected monkeys. Elevated levels of leishmania‐specific immunoglobulins M and G were also observed. Thus, the squirrel monkey is susceptible to American leishmaniasis and is capable of responding to the infection with measurable cellular and humoral immunity.
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Axis, Including Aldosterone Binding Globulin and Blood Pressure in Three Species of Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Mavoungou D. , Nowaczynski W. , Cooper R.W. , Collet J‐Y , Fung K.
Published: July 2020

Variables of renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone axis with inclusion of protein binding to specific plasma globulin (ABG), plasma cortisol, and the blood pressure (BP) were measured in 24 chimpanzees, 4 gorillas, and 16 cynomolgus monkeys. ABG activity was readily detected in plasma from the primates. In chimpanzees and gorillas, all the variables under baseline conditions were similar to those in humans. In cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis), both the ABG binding capacity for aldosterone and the diastolic or systolic BP were significantly higher (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01 respectively) than in chimpanzees and gorillas.
Correlative Clinical Biochemistry and Hematological Profiles of Laboratory‐Bred Bolivian Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Kakoma I. , James M.A. , Jackson W. , Montealegre F. , Bennett G. , Carpunky P. , Ristic M.
Published: July 2020

Twenty‐five clinical and biochemical parameters were determined on 17 normal, male, laboratory‐bred Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Parallel hematologic parameters were conducted. The correlation of biochemical and hematological observations and the distribution characteristics, range, and standard error of the mean were determined.

The purpose of the present communication is to establish baseline biochemical values for laboratory‐bred squirrel monkeys and to present a correlative comparison between selected cellular elements and major blood electrolytes.
“Normal” Blood Pressure in Chimpanzees
Authors: Eichberg Jorg W. , Shade Robert E.
Published: July 2020

During routine physical examination under ketamine sedation, 140 blood pressure measurements from male and 170 from female chimpanzees were derived over a period of 3 yr. Statistical analysis revealed generally no differences between the sexes but significant increases of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure with increasing age. The data obtained may constitute a useful management tool with which to identify hypertensive chimpanzees and suggests that this animal species could be a model for hypertension research.
Survey of Nonhuman Primates for Antibodies Reactive With Epstein‐Barr Virus (EBV) Antigens and Susceptibility of Their Lymphocytes for Immortalization With EBV
Authors: Ishida Takafumi , Yamamoto Kohtaro
Published: July 2020

The susceptibility to transformation with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) and the prevalence of antibodies reactive to EBV were examined in 43 primate species. In vitro EBV infection was revealed in lymphocytes from Old World monkeys, including patas monkeys and the colobines, as well as in lymphocytes from the apes. Antibodies reactive to EBV‐early antigen/viral capsid antigen (EA/VCA) were detected in all the species of Old World monkeys and apes examined and in two out of seven species of New World monkeys.