bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the economic situation and food security of rural households in India
Authors: Suresh Veena , Fishman Ram , von Lieres Johanna Sophie , Rao Bhavani R.
Published: January 2022

Purpose

The purpose of the study is to understand what impact the first COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 had on the income and food security of rural households in India and whether it differed across socioeconomic factors. Moreover, the study assesses the needs of rural households and determines whether they had received adequate support services during the lockdown.

Design/methodology/approach

The study adopted a repeated-measures quantitative survey design with 1,319 rural women from 16 states of India and conducted a telephonic survey.

Findings

The lockdown had directly impacted rural households' employment status and income but the impact differed depending on the type of employment. For example, working in a salaried job or on one's farm led to a lower likelihood of a complete decline in income in states other than Kerala as the lockdown continued. The study also revealed a change in the pattern of food consumption, with higher consumption of subsidized staple foods. It also became evident that the aid announced by the government reached the rural population with some delay.

Research limitations/implications

A limitation of the study was that many respondents refused to participate in phase 2, which reduced the sample size when comparing the two phases because the women did not own mobile phones. Instead, they were using their husbands' phones.

Originality/value

The study's findings can help better understand the needs of rural populations during crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This can help to plan better and build preventive actions for such populations once their needs are understood. In addition, this can aid disadvantaged people for a minimal level of preparedness and security during such a crisis in the future.
Effect of high-frequency PCB laminate on thermal cycling behavior of electronic packaging structures
Authors: Huang Lijuan , Zhu Zhenghu , Wu Hiarui , Long Xu
Published: January 2022

Purpose

As the solution to improve fatigue life and mechanical reliability of packaging structure, the material selection in PCB stack-up and partitioning design on PCB to eliminate the electromagnetic interference by keeping all circuit functions separate are suggested to be optimized from the mechanical stress point of view.

Design/methodology/approach

The present paper investigated the effect of RO4350B and RT5880 printed circuit board (PCB) laminates on fatigue life of the QFN (quad flat no-lead) packaging structure for high-frequency applications. During accelerated thermal cycling between −50 °C and 100 °C, the mismatched coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) between packaging and PCB materials, initial PCB warping deformation and locally concentrated stress states significantly affected the fatigue life of the packaging structure. The intermetallics layer and mechanical strength of solder joints were examined to ensure the satisfactorily soldering quality prior to the thermal cycling process. The failure mechanism was investigated by the metallographic observations using a scanning electron microscope.

Findings

Typical fatigue behavior was revealed by grain coarsening due to cyclic stress, while at critical locations of packaging structures, the crack propagations were confirmed to be accompanied with coarsened grains by dye penetration tests. It is confirmed that the cyclic stress induced fatigue deformation is dominant in the deformation history of both PCB laminates. Due to the greater CTE differences in the RT5880 PCB laminate with those of the packaging materials, the thermally induced strains among different layered materials were more mismatched and led to the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks in solder joints subjected to more severe stress states.

Originality/value

In addition to the electrical insulation and thermal dissipation, electronic packaging structures play a key role in mechanical connections between IC chips and PCB.
Romantic attachment, childhood stability, depression, and PTSD in couples with an incarcerated partner
Authors: Tadros Eman , Ansell Andrew
Published: January 2022

Incarceration has a multitude of effects on prisoners’ finances, health, education, employment, and family relationships. Incarceration complicates the maintenance of attachment bonds between romantic partners. Data from the Multi‐site Family Study on Incarceration, Parenting, and Partnering were analyzed to examine the effects of childhood stability on adult romantic attachment while controlling for the effects of PTSD and depression within the carceral population. Findings indicate that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression have statistically significant effects on adult romantic attachment. PTSD on romantic attachment for men is statistically significant (p < 0.05) at −0.193 with an overall standardized effect of −0.086. For women, the effect is statistically significant (p < 0.01) at −0.235 with an overall standardized effect of −0.1. Effects of depression on romantic attachment for men is statistically significant (p < 0.001) −0.129 with an overall standardized effect of −0.229. For women, depression is also statistically significant (p < 0.001) at −0.153 with a standardized effect of −0.265. We examined the effects of childhood stability on adult romantic attachment while controlling for the effects of PTSD and depression within the carceral population. Findings supported our hypothesis that individuals with better childhood stability will experience better romantic attachments. Findings related to our hypothesis that having a partner with better childhood stability is positively associated with better romantic attachment produced mixed results. Clinical implications are discussed, and future directions call for research, practice, and training to improve outcomes for justice‐involved romantic partners, their attachment, and consideration of covariates of depression and PTSD.
Catestatin induces glycogenesis by stimulating the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase‐AKT pathway
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Gautam , Tang Kechun , Webster Nicholas J. G. , van den Bogaart Geert , Mahata Sushil K.
Published: January 2022

Aim

Defects in hepatic glycogen synthesis contribute to post‐prandial hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetic patients. Chromogranin A (CgA) peptide Catestatin (CST: hCgA352‐372) improves glucose tolerance in insulin‐resistant mice. Here, we seek to determine whether CST induces hepatic glycogen synthesis.

Methods

We determined liver glycogen, glucose‐6‐phosphate (G6P), uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and glycogen synthase (GYS2) activities; plasma insulin, glucagon, noradrenaline and adrenaline levels in wild‐type (WT) as well as in CST knockout (CST‐KO) mice; glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis in primary hepatocytes. We also analysed phosphorylation signals of insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate‐1 (IRS‐1), phosphatidylinositol‐dependent kinase‐1 (PDK‐1), GYS2, glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β), AKT (a kinase in AKR mouse that produces Thymoma)/PKB (protein kinase B) and mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) by immunoblotting.

Results

CST stimulated glycogen accumulation in fed and fasted liver and in primary hepatocytes. CST reduced plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline levels. CST also directly stimulated glycogenesis and inhibited noradrenaline and adrenaline‐induced glycogenolysis in hepatocytes. In addition, CST elevated the levels of UDPG and increased GYS2 activity. CST‐KO mice had decreased liver glycogen that was restored by treatment with CST, reinforcing the crucial role of CST in hepatic glycogenesis. CST improved insulin signals downstream of IR and IRS‐1 by enhancing phospho‐AKT signals through the stimulation of PDK‐1 and mTORC2 (mTOR Complex 2, rapamycin‐insensitive complex) activities.

Conclusions

CST directly promotes the glycogenic pathway by (a) reducing glucose production, (b) increasing glycogen synthesis from UDPG, (c) reducing glycogenolysis and (d) enhancing downstream insulin signalling.
Central metabolism as a potential origin of sex differences in morphine antinociception but not induction of antinociceptive tolerance in mice
Authors: Gabel Florian , Hovhannisyan Volodya , Andry Virginie , Goumon Yannick
Published: January 2022

Background and Purpose

In rodents, morphine antinociception is influenced by sex. However, conflicting results have been reported regarding the interaction between sex and morphine antinociceptive tolerance. Morphine is metabolised in the liver and brain into morphine‐3‐glucuronide (M3G). Sex differences in morphine metabolism and differential metabolic adaptations during tolerance development might contribute to behavioural discrepancies. This article investigates the differences in peripheral and central morphine metabolism after acute and chronic morphine treatment in male and female mice.

Experimental Approach

Sex differences in morphine antinociception and tolerance were assessed using the tail‐immersion test. After acute and chronic morphine treatment, morphine and M3G metabolic kinetics in the blood were evaluated using LC‐MS/MS. They were also quantified in several CNS regions. Finally, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability of M3G was assessed in male and female mice.

Key Results

This study demonstrated that female mice showed weaker morphine antinociception and faster induction of tolerance than males. Additionally, female mice showed higher levels of M3G in the blood and in several pain‐related CNS regions than male mice, whereas lower levels of morphine were observed in these regions. M3G brain/blood ratios after injection of M3G indicated no sex differences in M3G BBB permeability, and these ratios were lower than those obtained after injection of morphine.

Conclusion

These differences are attributable mainly to morphine central metabolism, which differed between males and females in pain‐related CNS regions, consistent with weaker morphine antinociceptive effects in females. However, the role of morphine metabolism in antinociceptive tolerance seemed limited.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed issue on Advances in Opioid Pharmacology at the Time of the Opioid Epidemic. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.7/issuetoc
Improving zebrafish laboratory welfare and scientific research through understanding their natural history
Authors: Lee Carole J. , Paull Gregory C. , Tyler Charles R.
Published: January 2022

Globally, millions of zebrafish (Danio rerio) are used for scientific laboratory experiments for which researchers have a duty of care, with legal obligations to consider their welfare. Considering the growing use of the zebrafish as a vertebrate model for addressing a diverse range of scientific questions, optimising their laboratory conditions is of major importance for both welfare and improving scientific research. However, most guidelines for the care and breeding of zebrafish for research are concerned primarily with maximising production and minimising costs and pay little attention to the effects on welfare of the environments in which the fish are maintained, or how those conditions affect their scientific research. Here we review the physical and social conditions in which laboratory zebrafish are kept, identifying and drawing attention to factors likely to affect their welfare and experimental science. We also identify a fundamental lack knowledge of how zebrafish interact with many biotic and abiotic features in their natural environment to support ways to optimise zebrafish health and well‐being in the laboratory, and in turn the quality of scientific data produced. We advocate that the conditions under which zebrafish are maintained need to become a more integral part of research and that we understand more fully how they influence experimental outcome and in turn interpretations of the data generated.
Combined phylogenetic analysis of Pleurodema (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
Authors: Ferraro Daiana Paola
Published: January 2022

The genus Pleurodema comprises 15 species distributed through the Neotropical region, from sea level up to 5000 m.a.s.l. A total‐evidence analysis of Pleurodema is provided based on the parsimony criterion. The combined dataset included morphometric, phenotypic, and DNA evidence (34 taxa, 4441 characters). The parsimony analysis yielded one most‐parsimonious tree. Pleurodema was recovered as a well‐supported clade composed of two major subclades. One subclade has an identical topology to that of previous analyses, the P. brachyops Clade (P. alium, P. borellii, P. brachyops, P. cinereum, P. diplolister, and P. tucumanum). The other subclade includes the remaining nine species of the genus, exhibiting a topology different from that of previous studies. According to the present phylogeny, this second lineage is formed by the P. nebulosum Clade (P. guayapae + P. nebulosum), P. marmoratum, the re‐defined P. thaul Clade (P. bufoninum, P. somuncurense, P. thaul) and the P. bibroni Clade (P. bibroni, P. cordobae, P. kriegi). The reproductive modes of Pleurodema represent a unique combination of features within Leiuperinae, including three egg‐clutch structures, two types of amplexus, and lack of vocalization. Also, some species of Pleurodema have been considered fossorial, because they are capable of digging with their hind‐limbs and remaining in self‐made burrows during dry seasons. The evolution of characters associated with reproductive biology and fossoriality is discussed in light of the obtained results.
Detecting population trends for US marine mammals
Authors: White Easton R. , Schakner Zachary , Bellamy Amber , Srinivasan Mridula
Published: January 2022

Trend analysis can provide valuable information about marine mammal population dynamics, potentially revealing the influence of environmental factors and inform conservation and management decisions. We reviewed the marine mammal stock assessment reports (SARs) published by the US National Marine Fisheries Service and found that 80% of the selected 244 marine mammal stocks with SARs lack assessment for trends in population abundance. We compared trend analysis with another common management tool, potential biological removal (PBR), a measure of the maximum human‐caused mortality that can still result in positive population growth. We found that, generally, estimates of PBR were lower for declining stocks than for increasing or stable stocks and varied by life history characteristics. As a case study, we used a resampling approach on three well‐studied stocks, killer whale (Orcinus orca—Northern Resident), beluga (Delphinapterus leucas—Cook Inlet), and humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae—CA/OR/WA), to test the minimal amount of time and sampling necessary to detect population trends with high statistical power. We found seven sampling events over more than 10 years were needed for a high statistical power level for all three stocks. Altogether, these findings suggest that well‐studied stocks can provide crucial information on the statistical requirements for detecting trends. Furthermore, our proposed resampling approach might enable more frequent trend analysis, even with limited time series available for many stocks.
Immunosuppression in patients with grade 3 acute‐on‐chronic liver failure at transplantation: A practice analysis study
Authors: Faitot Francois , Artzner Thierry , Michard Baptiste , Besch Camille , Schenck Maleka , Herbrecht Jean‐Etienne , Janssen Langenstein Ralf , Maestraggi Quentin , Guillot Max , Harlay Marie‐Line , Castelain Vincent , Addeo Pietro , Ellero Bernard , Woehl‐Jaegle Marie‐Lorraine , Serfaty Lawrence , Bachellier Philippe , Schneider Francis ,   the Strasbourg LIVER Transplantation (SLIVERT) Study group
Published: January 2022

Transplantation for patients with acute‐on‐chronic liver failure grade 3 (ACLF3) has encouraging results with 1‐year‐survival of 80‐90%. These patients with multiple organ failure meet the conditions for serious alterations of drug metabolism and increased toxicity. The goal of this study was to identify immunosuppression‐dependent factors that affect survival. This retrospective monocentric study was conducted in patients with ACLF3 consecutively transplanted between 2007 and 2019. The primary endpoint was 1‐year survival. Secondary endpoints were overall survival, treated rejection, and surgical complications. Immunosuppression was evaluated as to type of immunosuppression, post‐transplant introduction timing, trough levels, and trough level intra‐patient variability (IPV). One hundred patients were included. Tacrolimus IPV < 40% (P = .019), absence of early tacrolimus overdose (P = .033), use of anti‐IL2‐receptor antibodies (P = .034), and early mycophenolic acid introduction (P = .038) predicted 1‐year survival. Treated rejection was an independent predictor of survival (P = .001; HR 4.2 (CI 95%: 1.13‐15.6)). Early everolimus introduction was neither associated with higher rejection rates nor with more surgical complications. Management of immunosuppression in ACLF3 critically ill patients undergoing liver transplantation is challenging. Occurrence and treatment of rejection impacts on survival. Early introduction of mTOR inhibitor seems safe and efficient in this situation.
A qualitative study to understand people’s experiences of living with Charcot neuroarthropathy
Authors: Gooday Catherine , Hardeman Wendy , Game Frances , Woodburn Jim , Poland Fiona
Published: January 2022

Aims

Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN) is a complication of neuropathy, in people with diabetes. Treatment requires the prolonged wearing of an offloading device, which can be challenging. The importance of understanding people's perspectives for promoting their engagement in self management is well known. However, no such studies have been done in CN. This qualitative study aimed to understand people's experiences of CN.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews with a purposive sample of 14 participants with CN, recruited from a randomised controlled trial. We gathered opinions, thoughts and the meanings participants attributed to their experiences of CN and its physical, socio‐economic and physiological effects and how this affected their families and relationships. We analysed the interviews using Inductive Thematic Analysis.

Results

Four analytic themes were identified: (1) ‘Trapped at home isolated and missing social life and daily life routines’; (2) ‘Disruption to people's roles, responsibilities, relationships and mobility, which people adapted to try and address and manage’; (3) ‘Pain which participants related to the direct or indirect consequences of wearing the cast or boot’; and (4) ‘Blame for developing CN, attributed to themselves and healthcare professionals’. Participants described guilt about needing more support, expressing frustration, low mood and low self‐esteem.

Conclusion

This study highlights experiential aspects of the previously unrecognised burden of CN. Its physical, social and emotional impacts on participants and their families are substantial and sustained. There is a need to raise clinical awareness of CN and its wider effects.

Trial registration

ISRCTN74101606. Registered on 6 November 2017, http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN74101606?q=CADom&filters=&sort=&offset=1&totalResults=1&page=1&pageSize=10&searchType=basic‐search
How structural is unemployment in the United States?
Authors: Liu Yuelin
Published: January 2022

Aggregate matching efficiency (AME) is constructed and endogenized for assessing driving forces behind U.S. unemployment fluctuations. Working with AME sidesteps the problematic orthogonal assumptions on sources of mismatch in the previous studies. Matching efficiency and labor supply shocks, which capture potential variations in structural factors, are identified in a time‐varying structural vector autoregression. Empirical results suggest that the bulk of U.S. unemployment fluctuations is cyclical rather than structural. Meanwhile, the contribution of aggregate shocks to unemployment is substantially time‐varying. In particular, the surge of unemployment rate during the Great Recession is mainly resulting from a shortfall in aggregate demand.
A fatigue life prediction approach to interior cracking induced high cycle and very high cycle fatigue for surface‐carburized steels
Authors: Li Cheng , Zhang Yucheng , Cai Liang , Hu Tianyi , Wang Ping , Li Xiaolong , Sun Rui , Li Wei
Published: January 2022

High cycle fatigue and very high cycle fatigue tests with pulsating tension for three surface‐carburized steels were performed to investigate interior failure behavior and life prediction method. As a result, all cracks with fine granular area and fisheye characteristics are induced from inclusions in matrix or in carburized layer. However, the later cracking morphology is smoother, which is due to the difference of plastic deformation and microstructure of the two regions. Based on estimation of threshold values for small and long crack growth, fatigue design curves are established. The maximum inclusion sizes of three carburizing steels were estimated by four statistical analysis methods. Combined with material microstructure characteristics and the critical plane theory, a failure‐based life prediction model is proposed by using fatigue indicator parameter, whose validity is verified based on good agreement between predicted and experimental ones.
Balancing responsibilities, rewards and challenges: A qualitative study illuminating the complexity of being a rapid response team nurse
Authors: Bunkenborg Gitte , Barfod O'Connell Malene , Jensen Hanne Irene , Bucknall Tracey
Published: January 2022

Aim and Objective

To explore Rapid Response Team nurses' perceptions of what it means being a Rapid Response Team nurse including their perceptions of the collaborative and organisational aspects of the rapid response team (RRT).

Background

For more than 20 years, RRT nurses have been on the frontline of critical situations in acute care hospitals. However, a few studies report nurses' perceptions of their role as RRT nurses, including collaboration with general ward nurses and physicians. This knowledge is important to guide development and adjustment of the RRT to benefit both patients' safety and team members' job satisfaction.

Design

Qualitative focus group interviews.

Methods

A qualitative approach was applied. Throughout 2018 and across three regions and three acute care settings in Denmark, eight focus group interviews were conducted in which 27 RRT nurses participated. Transcribed interviews were analysed using inductive content analysis. Reporting of this study followed the COREQ checklist.

Results

One overarching theme ‘Balancing responsibilities, rewards, and challenges’ was derived, comprising six categories: ‘Becoming, developing and fulfilling the RRT nurse role’, ‘Helping patients as the core function of RRT’, ‘The RRT‐call at its best’, ‘The obvious and the subtle RRT tasks’, ‘Carrying the burden of the RRT’, and ‘Organisational benefits and barriers for an optimal RRT’.

Conclusion

Being a RRT nurse is a complex task. Nurses experience professional satisfaction and find it meaningful helping deteriorating patients. The inadequate resources available to train general ward staff how to manage basic clinical tasks are an added stress to nurses.

Relevance to clinical practice

Organisational managers need a better understanding of the necessary staffing requirements to attend patients' needs, train staff and handle the increasing acuity of ward patients. Failure to do so will be detrimental to patient outcomes and compromise RRT nurses' job satisfaction.
Evaluation of alarm fatigue of nurses working in the COVID‐19 Intensive Care Service: A mixed methods study
Authors: Akturan Selçuk , Güner Yasemin , Tuncel Bilge , Üçüncüoğlu Melek , Kurt Tuğba
Published: January 2022

Aims and Objectives

To reveal the existence of alarms in COVID‐19 intensive care units, where medical devices with alarm function are frequently used, the effects of alarms on nurses, especially their on‐the‐job performances and social lives, and their coping methods.

Methodology/Methods

This was a mixed design, including descriptive and qualitative research methods with two stages, and was carried out between March and April 2021. The study adhered to the STROBE checklist for cross‐sectional studies and the COREQ guidelines for qualitative studies.

Setting

Nurses in the COVID‐19 intensive care unit of a university hospital constituted the sample. 58 nurses participated in the quantitative data phase, and 18 nurses in the qualitative interviews.

Results

More than half of the nurses worked in the COVID‐19 intensive care unit for more than 5 months and overtime, and 87.9 had day and night shifts. The monthly income level of 65.5% was between the hunger and poverty lines, and 12.1 % received psychiatric support in the last 6 months. A positive and significant relationship was found between the mean score obtained from the alarm fatigue questionnaire and the level of discomfort felt due to the alarms (1–10 points) (p = 0.001). Five themes and thirty sub‐themes were emerged in the focus group interviews.

Conclusion

The number of alarms of the medical devices in the COVID‐19 intensive care units was more than the other intensive care units, resulting in fatigue in nurses. Since alarm fatigue is directly related to patient safety, the effective management of medical device alarms can reduce alarm fatigue and prevent potentially dangerous outcomes.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses care for patients with severe clinical conditions in COVID‐19 intensive care units. This situation caused them to be exposed to more alarms. Nurses should make efforts to reduce their alarm intensity.
Assessing sleep‐related attitudes with the implicit association test: A prospective study in young adults
Authors: Peuters Carmen , Cummins Jamie , Vandendriessche Ann , DeSmet Ann , Crombez Geert
Published: January 2022

The measurement of automatic attitudes towards sleep, in addition to reflective self‐reports, might improve our ability to predict and explain sleep‐hindering practices. Two types of implicit association tests (IATs), a sleep‐related evaluations IAT and a sleep‐related self‐identity IAT, were developed to evaluate their efficacy for assessing automatic sleep‐related attitudes. In addition, a speeded self‐report measure of sleep evaluations was explored as a means to assess automatic sleep‐related attitudes. The study included 136 young adults (age = 21.70 ± 2.22, 43% female). At baseline, the two IATs, the speeded self‐report, and standard self‐reports of sleep determinants (reflective attitudes, self‐efficacy, intention and action planning for sleep‐promoting behaviour), sleep hygiene practices, sleep quality, and sleep duration were assessed. All variables except for the sleep determinants were assessed again at 2‐week follow‐up. The results demonstrated good reliability of the two IAT versions, but both IATs were unrelated to the speeded self‐report, the sleep determinants, sleep practices, sleep quality or sleep duration. The speeded self‐report correlated significantly with the standard self‐reports of sleep determinants. Baseline scores on the IATs or speeded self‐report did not predict sleep hygiene practices, sleep duration or sleep quality at follow‐up. The findings indicate that sleep‐related IATs might not be suited to assess automatic sleep‐related attitudes. Further investigation is needed to determine whether speeded self‐reports are valid measures of automatic attitudes. Moreover, more empirical research is required to clarify the role of automatic processes for sleep hygiene behaviours.
Management of supragastric belching
Authors: Velosa Monica , Sergeev Ilia , Sifrim Daniel
Published: January 2022

Increased SGB is currently more often recognized not only in patients with belching as a main symptom, but also in patients with reflux like symptoms that are refractory to PPI treatment or patients with reflux hypersensitivity. Detection of increased SGB during analysis of impedance‐pHmetry can help to better understand the pathophysiology of symptoms in individual patients and to provide more focused and specific treatment. At the moment, the most efficient treatments for increased SGB are CBT and Speech therapies, pharmacological treatment being less effective and prone to mild secondary effects.

In this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Punkinnen et al demonstrate, in controlled clinical trial, that behavioral therapy was superior to follow‐up without intervention in patients with SGB. We present a critical review of the different treatment modalities currently available for patients with pathological SGB.
Thiophanate‐methyl and carbendazim resistance in Fusicoccum amygdali, the causal agent of constriction canker of peach and almond
Authors: Fontaine Séverine , Caddoux Laëtitia , Remuson Florent , Barrès Benoit
Published: January 2022

In light of growing environmental concerns, surveys of fungicide resistance are needed to ensure efficient control of fungi and avoid unnecessary treatments. Investigations of fungicide resistance in Fusicoccum amygdali are scarce despite the economic impacts of this pathogen in peach and almond orchards. Thiophanate‐methyl has been registered for more than 20 years to control F. amygdali but no resistance has been reported to date. This propesticide is metabolized by fungi into carbendazim, a β‐tubulin inhibitor. Sensitivity to carbendazim of nine populations of F. amygdali from French orchards was assessed using germination bioassays. Also, resistance levels of 63 strains isolated from four populations were evaluated using mycelial growth assays. The underlying mechanism of resistance was investigated by sequencing the β‐tubulin gene, the molecular target of thiophanate‐methyl, in a set of isolates with different levels of sensitivity to carbendazim. Cross‐resistance to thiophanate‐methyl and to another β‐tubulin inhibitor, diethofencarb, was also assessed in carbendazim‐sensitive and ‐resistant strains. Isolates highly resistant to carbendazim were found in one of the nine orchards studied. Sequencing showed that resistant phenotypes carry a mutation in the β‐tubulin gene leading to E198K substitution. Positive cross‐resistance to thiophanate‐methyl was confirmed and no negative cross‐resistance to diethofencarb was identified in the phenotyped isolates, which were all resistant to this active substance. To our knowledge, this is the first report of resistance to thiophanate‐methyl in F. amygdali. The high level of resistance of isolates sampled in one population is of concern, although the limited geographical scope of resistance suggests its recent emergence.
The impact of the COVID‐19 outbreak on activation of the massive transfusion protocol in the emergency department
Authors: Yang Cheng‐Xin , Lin Pei‐Chin , Chang Chih‐Chun , Tsai Huang‐Wen ,   The Transfusion Committee, Sun Jen‐Tang
Published: January 2022

Background and Objectives

An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) occurred in mid‐May of 2021 in Taiwan. After 2 months of hard work, transmissions were successfully prevented and the number of newly confirmed COVID‐19 cases fell remarkably. We evaluated the impact of this outbreak on the massive transfusion protocol (MTP) in the emergency department (ED) of a trauma centre.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively compared the activation and efficacy of MTP before, during and after the outbreak by analysing the clinical data relevant to MTP activations.

Results

There was no remarkable change in the average number of MTP triggers per month during the outbreak. The interval from an MTP trigger to the first unit of blood transfused at bedside was significantly increased during the outbreak compared to that before the outbreak (22.4 min vs. 13.9 min, p < 0.001); while the 24‐h survival rate decreased (57.1% vs. 71.1%, p = 0.938). There were no remarkable changes in blood unit return or wastage during the outbreak.

Conclusion

The COVID‐19 outbreak limitedly affected MTP activation and waste of blood products, but significantly increased the interval from an MTP trigger to the first unit of blood transfused at bedside.
Effects of Microbiological and Physicochemical Properties of Cow’s Milk and Goat’s Milk Dadih Inoculated with Various Lactobacillus Species
Authors: Lani Mohd Nizam , Bahar Nurshafika , Taghavi Elham , Tufail Ahmad Fauziah , Sharifudin S.A. , Aziz Japar Wan Mohd Arif
Published: January 2022

Dadih is a dairy-based product and it is one of the most popular desserts among Malaysians and Indonesians. It is made from raw milk which naturally contains various types of microorganisms. This study was conducted to develop cultured dadih by inoculating various Lactobacillus species such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus paracasei into dadih made from cow’s milk and goat’s milk. Prior to isolation of LAB from control dadih (dadih without inoculation with LAB), the dadih was stored at 4˚C for 48 hours. The microbiological (general microbial load, viability of and LAB, mould and yeast count) and physicochemical properties (pH, lactic acid content, total soluble solid, colour, texture and proximate composition) of dadih with different LAB strains and without LAB strain were determined. Results showed that L. paracasei spp. paracasei, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus casei were isolated from cow’s milk dadih while only L. paracasei spp. paracasei was isolated from goat’s milk dadih. The number of LAB ranged from 5.73 to 6.06 log10 CFU/g for cow’s milk dadih and 5.19 to 5.88 log10 CFU/g for goat’s milk dadih. Results revealed that dadih inoculated with LAB has lower pH and greater amount of lactic acid produced than control dadih. Total soluble solid for dadih with LAB also decreased. Hardness of dadih without LAB culture was higher compared to the inoculated dadih with LAB cultures. Proximate compositions (moisture, ash, crude fat, crude protein and total carbohydrate) showed variations due to differential formulations and incorporations of different LAB strains. Findings showed that L. acidophilus was chosen as the best starter culture for both types of dadih because it has significant effects on pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solid and texture of the dadih.
Prediction of Nickel Removal using Diffusion Model in Flat Sheet Supported Liquid Membrane
Authors: Raja Sulaiman Raja Norimie , Othman Norasikin , Vithilingam Kissan
Published: January 2022

Supported liquid membrane (SLM) is one of the potential extraction methods for the treatment of wastewater containing various toxic heavy metal ions. Advantageously, this process offers simultaneous removal and recovery, as well as low energy consumption and operational cost. In this study, the prediction of nickel removal was investigated using a diffusion model developed through MATLAB.
An uncertainty-aware, shareable, and transparent neural network architecture for brain-age modeling
Authors: Hahn Tim , Ernsting Jan , Winter Nils R. , Holstein Vincent , Leenings Ramona , Beisemann Marie , Fisch Lukas , Sarink Kelvin , Emden Daniel , Opel Nils , Redlich Ronny , Repple Jonathan , Grotegerd Dominik , Meinert Susanne , Hirsch Jochen G. , Niendorf Thoralf , Endemann Beate , Bamberg Fabian , Kröncke Thomas , Bülow Robin , Völzke Henry , von Stackelberg Oyunbileg , Sowade Ramona Felizitas , Umutlu Lale , Schmidt Börge , Caspers Svenja , Kugel Harald , Kircher Tilo , Risse Benjamin , Gaser Christian , Cole James H. , Dannlowski Udo , Berger Klaus
Published: January 2022

A network-based quantification of brain aging uncovers and fixes a fundamental problem of all previous approaches.
Fluoxetine targets an allosteric site in the enterovirus 2C AAA+ ATPase and stabilizes a ring-shaped hexameric complex
Authors: Hurdiss Daniel L. , El Kazzi Priscila , Bauer Lisa , Papageorgiou Nicolas , Ferron François P. , Donselaar Tim , van Vliet Arno L.W. , Shamorkina Tatiana M. , Snijder Joost , Canard Bruno , Decroly Etienne , Brancale Andrea , Zeev-Ben-Mordehai Tzviya , Förster Friedrich , van Kuppeveld Frank J.M. , Coutard Bruno
Published: January 2022

Researchers show how the antidepressant drug fluoxetine targets a viral protein and inhibits viral replication.
Integrated index-based assessment reveals long-term conservation progress in implementation of Convention on Biological Diversity
Authors: Hu Yisi , Wang Meng , Ma Tianxiao , Huang Mingpan , Huang Guangping , Zhou Wenliang , Ping Xiaoge , Lu Yonglong , Wei Fuwen
Published: January 2022

Numerical indices highlight efforts to reverse biodiversity loss trends under social-ecological context.
A substitution in the glutathione reductase lowers electron leakage and inflammation in modern humans
Authors: Coppo Lucia , Mishra Pradeep , Siefert Nora , Holmgren Arne , Pääbo Svante , Zeberg Hugo
Published: January 2022

In contrast to archaic humans such as Neanderthals, modern humans have a more efficient enzyme for combating oxidative stress.
TRIB3 reduces CD8
+
T cell infiltration and induces immune evasion by repressing the STAT1-CXCL10 axis in colorectal cancer
Authors: Shang Shuang , Yang Yu-wei , Chen Fei , Yu Liang , Shen Shuo-hao , Li Ke , Cui Bing , Lv Xiao-Xi , Zhang Cheng , Yang Chen , Liu Jing , Yu Jiao-jiao , Zhang Xiao-wei , Li Ping-ping , Zhu Sheng-tao , Zhang Hai-zeng , Hua Fang
Published: January 2022

TRIB3 promotes exclusion of CD8
+
T cells and enhances immune evasion by inhibiting the STAT1-CXCL10 signaling axis in colorectal cancer.
DICAM promotes T
H
17 lymphocyte trafficking across the blood-brain barrier during autoimmune neuroinflammation
Authors: Charabati Marc , Grasmuck Camille , Ghannam Soufiane , Bourbonnière Lyne , Fournier Antoine P. , Lécuyer Marc-André , Tastet Olivier , Kebir Hania , Rébillard Rose-Marie , Hoornaert Chloé , Gowing Elizabeth , Larouche Sandra , Fortin Olivier , Pittet Camille , Filali-Mouhim Ali , Lahav Boaz , Moumdjian Robert , Bouthillier Alain , Girard Marc , Duquette Pierre , Cayrol Romain , Peelen Evelyn , Quintana Francisco J. , Antel Jack P. , Flügel Alexander , Larochelle Catherine , Arbour Nathalie , Zandee Stephanie , Prat Alexandre
Published: January 2022

DICAM contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune neuroinflammation by promoting the migration of T
H
17 lymphocytes across the blood-brain barrier.
Citizen Science Surveillance of Triazole-Resistant
Aspergillus fumigatus
in United Kingdom Residential Garden Soils
Authors: Shelton Jennifer M. G. , Collins Roseanna , Uzzell Christopher B. , Alghamdi Asmaa , Dyer Paul S. , Singer Andrew C. , Fisher Matthew C.
Published: January 2022

The findings presented here highlight compost as a potential health hazard to individuals with predisposing factors to
A. fumigatus
lung infections and as a potential health hazard to immunocompetent individuals who could be exposed to sufficiently high numbers of spores to develop infection. Furthermore, we found that 14% of
A. fumigatus
isolates in garden soils were resistant to an agricultural triazole, which confers cross-resistance to medical triazoles used to treat
A. fumigatus
lung infections.
Establishment of a Monoclonal Antibody against Human NTCP That Blocks Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Authors: Takemori Toshitada , Sugimoto-Ishige Akiko , Nishitsuji Hironori , Futamura Yushi , Harada Michishige , Kimura-Someya Tomomi , Matsumoto Takehisa , Honma Teruki , Tanaka Miho , Yaguchi Masami , Isono Kyoichi , Koseki Haruhiko , Osada Hiroyuki , Miki Daiki , Saito Takashi , Tanaka Takashi , Fukami Takehiro , Goto Toshio , Shirouzu Mikako , Shimotohno Kunitada , Chayama Kazuaki
Published: January 2022

A number of entry inhibitors are being developed to enhance the treatment of HBV patients with oral nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (NA). To amplify the effectiveness of NA therapy, several efforts have been made to develop therapeutic MAbs with neutralizing activity against HBs antigens.
Role of the Sw5 Gene Cluster in the Fight against Plant Viruses
Authors: Sharma Namisha , Prasad Ashish , Prasad Manoj
Published: January 2022

The Sw5 gene cluster furnishes robust resistance to
Tomato spotted wilt virus
in tomato, which has led to its widespread applicability in agriculture. Among the five orthologs, Sw5b functions as a resistance gene against a broad-spectrum tospovirus and is linked with tospovirus resistance.
SARS Antibody Testing in Children: Development of Oral Fluid Assays for IgG Measurements
Authors: Hoschler Katja , Ijaz Samreen , Andrews Nick , Ho Sammy , Dicks Steve , Jegatheesan Keerthana , Poh John , Warrener Lenesha , Kankeyan Thivya , Baawuah Frances , Beckmann Joanne , Okike Ifeanichukwu O. , Ahmad Shazaad , Garstang Joanna , Brent Andrew J. , Brent Bernadette , Aiano Felicity , Brown Kevin E. , Ramsay Mary E. , Brown David , Parry John V. , Ladhani Shamez N. , Zambon Maria
Published: January 2022

We report on the first large-scale assessment of the suitability of oral fluids for detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibody obtained from healthy children attending school. The sample type (gingiva-crevicular fluid, which is a transudate of blood but is not saliva) can be self collected.
Nosocomial Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Involving Vaccinated Health Care Workers
Authors: Pérez-Lago Laura , Machado Marina , Gómez-Ruiz María de Mar , Sola-Campoy Pedro J. , Buenestado-Serrano Sergio , de la Cueva-García Victor Manuel , Herranz Marta , Andrés Zayas Cristina , Sánchez-Arcilla Ignacio , Flores-García Rubén Francisco , López-Fresneña Nieves , García de San José Sonia , Catalán Pilar , Muñoz Patricia , García de Viedma Darío
Published: January 2022

COVID-19 vaccination has proven to be effective at preventing symptomatic disease but there are scarce data to fully understand whether vaccinated individuals can still behave as SARS-CoV-2 transmission vectors. Based on viral genome sequencing and detailed epidemiological interviews, we report a nosocomial transmission event involving two vaccinated health care-workers (HCWs) and four patients, one of them with fatal outcome.
Natural Chromosome-Chromid Fusion across rRNA Operons in a
Burkholderiaceae
Bacterium
Authors: Mori Jiro F. , Kanaly Robert A.
Published: January 2022

A bacterial chromosome that was naturally fused with the secondary chromosome, or “chromid,” and presented as an unexpectedly large single replicon was discovered in the genome of
Cupriavidus necator
strain KK10, a biotechnologically useful member of the family
Burkholderiaceae
. Although
Burkholderiaceae
is a well-documented group that conserves chromids in their genomes, this chromosomal fusion event has not been previously reported for this family.
Magma recharge patterns control eruption styles and magnitudes at Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico)
Authors: Mangler Martin F. , Petrone Chiara Maria , Prytulak Julie
Published: January 2022

Diffusion chronometry has produced petrological evidence that magma recharge in mafic to intermediate systems can trigger volcanic eruptions within weeks to months. However, less is known about longer-term recharge frequencies and durations priming magma reservoirs for eruptions. We use Fe-Mg diffusion modeling in orthopyroxene to show that the duration, frequency, and timing of pre-eruptive recharge at Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico) vary systematically with eruption style and magnitude. Effusive eruptions are preceded by 9–13 yr of increased recharge activity, compared to 15–100 yr for explosive eruptions. Explosive eruptions also record a higher number of individual recharge episodes priming the plumbing system. The largest explosive eruptions are further distinguished by an ~1 yr recharge hiatus directly prior to eruption. Our results offer valuable context for the interpretation of ongoing activity at Popocatépetl, and seeking similar correlations at other arc volcanoes may advance eruption forecasting by including constraints on potential eruption size and style.
Impact of Atrial Fibrillation on In-Hospital Outcomes among Hospitalizations for Cardiac Surgery: An Analysis of the National Inpatient Sample
Authors: Agnihotri Kanishk , Charilaou Paris , Voruganti Dinesh , Gunasekaran Kulothungan , Mehta Jawahar , Paydak Hakan , Briasoulis Alexandros
Published: January 2022

The short-term impact of atrial fibrillation (AF) on cardiac surgery hospitalizations has been previously reported in cohorts of various sizes, but results have been variable. Using the 2005–2014 National Inpatient Sample, we identified all adult hospitalizations for cardiac surgery using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification as any procedure code and AF as any diagnosis code. We estimated the impact of AF on inpatient mortality, length of stay (LOS), and cost of hospitalization using survey-weighted, multivariable logistic, accelerated failure-time log-normal, and log-transformed linear regressions, respectively. Additionally, we exact-matched AF to non-AF hospitalizations on various confounders for the same outcomes. A total of 1,269,414 hospitalizations were noted for cardiac surgery during the study period. Coexistent AF was found in 44.9% of these hospitalizations. Overall mean age was 65.6 years, 40.9% were female, mean LOS was 11.6 days, and inpatient mortality was 4.5%. Stroke rate was lower in AF hospitalizations (1.8% vs 2.1%, p<0.001). Mortality was lower in the AF (3.9%) versus the non-AF (5%) group (exact-matched OR or emOR=0.48, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.80, p<0.001; 987 matched pairs, n=2423), with similar results after procedural stratification: isolated valve replacement/repair (emOR=0.38, p<0.001), isolated coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) (emOR=0.33, p<0.001), and CABG with valve replacement/repair (emOR=0.55, p<0.001). A 12% increase was seen in LOS in the AF subgroup (exact-matched time ratio=1.12, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.14, p<0.001) among hospitalizations which underwent valve replacement/repair with or without CABG. Hospitalizations for cardiac surgery which had coexistent AF were found to have lower inpatient mortality risk and stroke prevalence but higher LOS and hospitalization costs compared with hospitalizations without AF.
TIM-3 blockade enhances IL-12-dependent antitumor immunity by promoting CD8+T cell and XCR1+dendritic cell spatial co-localization
Authors: Gardner Alycia , de Mingo Pulido Álvaro , Hänggi Kay , Bazargan Sarah , Onimus Alexis , Kasprzak Agnieszka , Conejo-Garcia Jose R , Rejniak Katarzyna A , Ruffell Brian
Published: January 2022

Background

T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing−3 (TIM-3) blocking antibodies are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for solid and hematological malignancies. Despite its identification on T cells, TIM-3 is predominantly expressed by myeloid cells, including XCR1+type I conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s). We have recently shown that TIM-3 blockade promotes expression of CXCR3 chemokine ligands by tumor cDCs, but how this drives a CD8+T cell-dependent response to therapy is unclear.

Methods

T cell infiltration, effector function, and spatial localization in relation to XCR1+cDC1s were evaluated in a murine orthotopic mammary carcinoma model during response to TIM-3 blockade and paclitaxel chemotherapy. Mixed bone marrow chimeras and diphtheria toxin depletion were used to determine the role of specific genes in cDC1s during therapeutic responses.

Results

TIM-3 blockade increased interferon-γ expression by CD8+T cells without altering immune infiltration. cDC1 expression of CXCL9, but not CXCL10, was required for response to TIM-3 blockade. CXCL9 was also necessary for the increased proximity observed between CD8+T cells and XCR1+cDC1s during therapy. Tumor responses were dependent on cDC1 expression of interleukin-12, but not MHCI.

Conclusions

TIM-3 blockade increases exposure of intratumoral CD8+T cells to cDC1-derived cytokines, with implications for the design of therapeutic strategies using antibodies against TIM-3.