bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Principais características da ação da melatonina no corpo humano: uma revisão literária
Authors: Britto Diana Babini Lapa de Albuquerque , Costa Luis Filipi Souza de Britto , Tenório Bruno Mendes , Maia Carina Scanoni , Gomes José Anderson  da Silva , Guedes Geovanna Hachyra Facundo , De Oliveira Maria Luísa Figueira , De Medeiros Juliana Pinto , Lapa Vanessa Silva , Tenório Fernanda Chagas Ângelo Mendes
Published: April 2020

Objetivo: descrever as principais características da ação da melatonina sobre o corpo humano. Revisão Bibliográfica: Atualmente, pesquisas vêm acontecendo com propósito de descobrir cada vez mais sobre as ações da melatonina (MEL) em humanos. A literatura descreve como sendo o hormônio do sono, fundamental no ritmo circadiano do corpo humano. Diversas ações fisiológicas da MEL ocorrem através da sua interação com receptores de membrana, chamados: MT1 e MT2. Além disso, apresenta um papel importante durante o ciclo da vida.  Atingem os maiores valores nos niveis séricos no desenvolvimento da criança e fase prépubere. Sofre diminuição progressiva na puberdade, descrescendo bastante com o envelhecimento. Atualmente os estudos relatam que a MEL vem apresentando ação antioxidante, anti-inflamatória, antioncostática e, também, na eliminação de radicais livres. Também apresenta ação otoprotetora, importante ação na placenta no período gestacional e ainda atua no sistema genital feminino. Considerações finais: Conclui-se, desta forma, que a melatonina tem um papel fundamental no ritmo circadiano do corpo humano bem como em tratamento com ações protetoras no corpo, podendo, ser utilizado em pesquisas para que haja um maior avanço científico através da sua aplicabilidade em diversas áreas da saúde que poderão ser aplicadas futuramente em tratamento cada vez mais específico.
Utilização do DSD para a correção da estética vermelha do sorriso com técnica cirúrgica suficientemente invasiva
Authors: Nunes Itamar da Silva , Palmeira Júlia Tavares , Goes Vitor Nascimento , Gomes Nilvia Maria Lima , Ramos Laíse da Luz , Cruz José Henrique de Araújo , Dos Santos Maria Vitória Calado Ramalho , Rodrigues Rachel de Queiroz Ferreira , De Sousa João Nilton Lopes
Published: April 2020

Introdução: A busca por procedimentos estéticos periodontais, especialmente aqueles que envolvem tratamentos menos invasivos, têm se tornado constante na prática clínica odontológica, principalmente em casos de correções do sorriso gengival. Objetivo: relatar um caso clínico de correção da estética vermelha do sorriso com cirurgia plástica periodontal planejada com auxílio do digital smiledesing (dsd).  Relato do caso: Paciente J.G.G.L. 25 anos de idade, sexo feminino, leucoderma, sistemicamente saudável compareceu a clínica escola de odontologia insatisfeita com seu sorriso. Ao exame clínico periodontal, observou-se que a paciente apresentava sorriso gengival de aproximadamente 4 mm e coroas clínicas curtas. Foi realizado o protocolo fotográfico necessário ao planejamento digital do sorriso, a fim de verificar por meio da gengivectomia, a quantidade necessária para aumentar as coroas clínicas de cada elemento. A técnica cirúrgica indicada para o caso foi gengivectomia com osteotomia suficientemente invasiva, ou seja, sem levantamento de retalho nos incisivos e caninos superiores. Após 120 dias do procedimento cirúrgico, os resultados revelaram aumento significativo das coroas clínicas e redução do sorriso gengival em 3mm. Conclusão: A cirurgia com osteotomia suficientemente invasiva, planejada com o auxilio do DSD, apresenta previsibilidade do resultado e aumenta o sucesso do procedimento cirúrgico periodontal.
Que fatores afetam a satisfação e sobrecarga de trabalho em unidades da atenção primária à saúde?
Authors: Assis Bianca Cristina Silva de , De Sousa Girliani Silva , Da Silva Gisele Geralda , Pereira Maria Odete
Published: April 2020

Objetivo: Analisar a produção científica acerca dos fatores associados à satisfação e sobrecarga de trabalho de profissionais que atuam na Estratégia Saúde da Família. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão da literatura, realizada em setembro de 2019 nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE, CINAHL e WEB OF SCIENCE, sem limite temporal.  Resultados: Os fatores que se destacaram para que os profissionais se percebessem menos satisfeitos e sobrecarregados no trabalho foram: condições precárias de trabalho, dificuldade de relacionamento interpessoal com equipe de trabalho e gestão, e serem profissionais jovens que atuam em áreas mais pobres e com alto risco de violência. Os fatores associados à insatisfação e sobrecarga de trabalho acarretam prejuízos à saúde física e psíquica do trabalhador. Considerações finais: Profisisonais atuantes em Unidades de Atenção Primária à Saúde estão envolvidos em processos de trabalho que lhes trazem sofrimento físico e psíquico. Dessa forma, faz-se necessário a implementação de ações que visem a promoção da saúde do trabalhador de forma integral.
Síndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White: uma revisão narrativa
Authors: Inês Paula Ananda Chacon , Margarido Edson Alves , Oliveira Ana Carolina Valadão
Published: April 2020

Objetivo: Os autores realizaram uma revisão bibliográfica a fim de conhecer os mais recentes aspectos genéticos, clínicos, diagnósticos e de tratamento dos portadores da síndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White. Revisão bibliográfica: A síndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White é uma patologia cardíaca na qual o paciente possui uma via de condução acessória e é diagnosticada unicamente por meio do eletrocardiograma. Embora alguns pacientes possam desenvolver sintomas, a maioria destes são assintomáticos e podem ter morte súbita como primeira manifestação da doença. O tratamento dos pacientes assintomáticos ainda é um assunto muito debatido no meio científico, devido às diretrizes não serem claras quanto a esses pacientes, associado à apresentação de estudos com resultados contraditórios. Considerações finais: O melhor entendimento da apresentação clínica, do diagnóstico e dos tratamentos disponíveis para os portadores da síndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White permitem reduzir a morbidade e a mortalidade dos pacientes, além de os tornarem ativos na decisão terapêutica.
Manejo de lesões císticas pancreáticas: Uma revisão narrativa
Authors: Nunes Gabriel Martins , Papacosta Nicolas Garcia , Moura Juliana Santos , Santos Orlando José dos
Published: April 2020

Objetivo: Avaliar o manejo adequado perante os inúmeros tipos de lesões císticas pancreáticas. Revisão bibliográfica: As lesões císticas do pâncreas presentam uma baixa incidência na população, entretanto, correspondem a um grande número de indicações de ressecções pancreáticas, sendo observado um aumento na incidência de tumores pancreáticos malignos nos últimos anos. Cerca de 80% dessas lesões correspondem a pseudocistos, cerca de 10% a 15% correspondem a neoplasias císticas pancreáticas e 5% correspondem a cistos pancreáticos não neoplásicos. Caso o diagnóstico seja feito precocemente, apresenta alta possibilidade de cura. Os protocolos avaliados recomendam a ressecção de cistos na presença de icterícia, pancreatite aguda ou na presença de citologia positiva para malignidade. Considerações finais: A ressecção cirúrgica dever ser realizada em casos selecionados e de preferência em centros de alto volume devido à alta morbimortalidade, sendo a vigilância dos casos confirmados fator importante no prognóstico. Há consenso sobre a necessidade de discussão multidisciplinar inicial e a necessidade de incluir os pacientes na decisão.
Role of Nasopharyngeal lactate dehydrogenase as a possible economical mass screening test for the detection and segregation of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) cases in India
Authors: Gharote Mukul Arvind
Published: April 2020

COVID-19 pandemic is affecting almost every country in the world. Every country must test all the individuals with suspected clinical presentation of COVID-19. Unfortunately, the symptoms are mild and often the incubation period is 5–7 days. Hence, the detection of COVID-19 takes time and is costly even, many resource-constrained nations are not testing their citizens due to cost incurred. That is why we need an economical mass screening test to detect and help the health-care system to segregate cases needing their attention. Nasopharyngeal lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is raised in viral upper respiratory infections, it can be easily tested and raised serum LDH in addition to nasopharyngeal LDH can predict stormy outcome of disease. Such prediction will help health-care system for effective resource allocation.
Low-income countries are more immune to COVID-19: A misconception
Authors: Roy Soumya
Published: April 2020

Objective:

The COVID-19 pandemic has hit countries such as Italy, Spain, France, UK, and the USA with great force, whereas the number of cases in countries such as India and most parts of Africa is comparatively lower. Such observation has made many people believe that the low-income countries may be more immune to COVID-19. Theories such as warm climate, weaker strain of the virus, and cross-protection by malaria have been popularly put forward. One such interesting theory is that since the general people of the low- income countries are mostly habituated to dwell in lesser hygienic condition and with lesser medical attention throughout their lifetime; hence, they have naturally acquired better immunity and more resilience against many infective diseases.

Materials and Methods:

We sought to investigate the above claim by comparing the case fatality rate (CFR) as well as number of cases per million population versus the gross domestic product at purchasing power parity per capita of different countries.

Results:

We found that while the number of cases showed a slight decline in the lower-income countries, the CFR was independent of the financial condition of the country.

Conclusion:

We conclude that the theory of better immunity in economically poor countries is a misconception. We suggest that people must come out of these misconceptions and resort to strict home isolation.
Does the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine provide protection from COVID-19?
Authors: Roy Soumya
Published: April 2020

Objective:

The novel coronavirus pandemic is ravaging throughout the world. It has infected more than 1.2 million people and killed more than 64,000. Frantic research is underway to find prevention and cure. Of late, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) has been speculated as a possible protection from COVID-19. We sought to investigate the evidence behind the claim.

Material and Methods:

Data were collected regarding the total number of COVID-19 cases per million and total number of COVID-19 deaths per million in various countries. The BCG vaccination policies of these countries were also obtained.

Results:

It was seen that the countries with no universal BCG policy had a mean 1272.9 (median 795) cases per million and 80.7 deaths (median 18) per million population. On the contrary, the countries with a universal BCG vaccination policy had a mean 131.2 (median 40) cases per million and 4 deaths (median 1) per population. The difference is highly significant (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

The data strongly support the hypothesis that BCG may offer protection from COVID-19. Heterologous protection offered by BCG through production of trained immunity, epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes, non-specific activation of NK cells, and increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (particularly, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha and interleukin 1 beta) production may be the mechanism behind its cross- protection against the novel coronavirus.
Improving Civic Education Learning Achievement Using Cooperative Learning Method with STAD Model in Elementary School
Authors: Suwarto Suwarto
Published: April 2020

The purpose of this study was to analyze the increase in PKN learning achievement using cooperative learning method with STAD (Student Team Achievement Division) model in IVth grade students at SDN 33 Sungai Raya. The research method used in this study was descriptive. The subjects of this study were teachers as researchers in IVth and IVth grade students at SDN 33 Sungai Raya were 38 students consisted of 18 women and 20 men. The research procedure of the implementation of civic education learning using cooperative learning method with STAD model consisted of four stages, namely: a) planning, b) implementation, c) reflection, and d) evaluation. Data collection techniques used were direct observation techniques, with data collection tools in the form of observation sheets. The results showed an increase in the quality of civic education learning. The cooperative learning method with STAD model had a positive impact on improving student achievement, which was marked by an increase in students' learning completeness in each cycle, namely cycle I (68.42%) and cycle II (81.58%). The cooperative learning method with STAD model can also make students feel themselves getting attention and opportunities to express opinions, ideas, ideas, and questions. Students can work independently or in groups and can account for individual and group tasks and have a positive influence, which can increase student learning motivation.
Transmembrane Transport of copper(I) by Imidazole-Functionalised Calix[4]arenes
Authors: Renier Nathan , Reinaud Olivia , Jabin Ivan , Valkenier Hennie
Published: April 2020

Synthetic carriers for various cations and anions have been reported, but here we present the first synthetic Cu+ transporters. A series of calix[4]arenes with two imidazole groups has been developed and their bidentate linear coordination motif allows the selective extraction of Cu+ into chloroform. Transmembrane transport of Cu+ into liposomes was investigated with a newly developed assay and opens the way to the further development of Cu+ ionophores for biomedical applications.
The Effects of Non-Electrostatic Intermolecular Interactions on the Phase Behavior of pH-Sensitive Polyelectrolyte Complexes
Authors: Li Lu , Srivastava Samanvaya , Meng Siqi , Ting Jeffrey , Tirrell Matthew
Published: April 2020

Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) offer enormous material tunability and desirable functionalities, and consequently have found broad utility in biomedical and materials industries. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) are one of the most commonly used pairings to form PECs. However, various aspects of the phase behavior of PAA-PAH complexes have not been sufficiently quantified. We present a comprehensive experimental study depicting the binodal phase boundaries for the PAA-PAH complexes prepared in acidic, neutral and basic conditions using thermogravimetric analysis, turbidimetry and optical microscopy. In neutral and basic conditions, phase behaviors of the complexes were largely similar to each other and followed general expectations of PEC phase behavior, except for unusually high salt resistance with stable complexes observed up to 4 M NaCl concentrations. In acidic conditions, a remarkably different phase behavior of the PAA-PAH complexes was observed. The polymer content in the complex phase increased initially followed by an expected decrease as salt was added to the complexes. This behavior may result from a combination of associative phase separation of PAA and PAH chains, influenced by electrostatic interactions, and segregative phase separation which can be ascribed to the influence of a combination of the hydrophobic interactions of the aliphatic polymer backbone and the interpolymer hydrogen bonding of un- ionized acrylic monomer units. Our systematic investigations detailing these discrepancies in the PAA-PAH phase behavior are expected to clarify the inconsistencies among the reports in the literature and inform the materials design strategies for practical use of the PAA-PAH complexes and multilayer assemblies.
BIMP Catalyzed 1,3-Prototropic Shift for the Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Conjugated Cyclohexenones
Authors: Golec Jonathan , Carter Eve , Ward John W. , Whittingham William , Simon Luis , Paton Robert , Dixon Darren J.
Published: April 2020

A bifunctional iminophosphorane (BIMP) catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of α,β-unsaturated cyclohexenones via a facially selective 1,3-prototropic shift of β,γ-unsaturated prochiral isomers, under mild reaction conditions and in short reaction times, on a range of structurally diverse substrates, is reported. α,β-Unsaturated cyclohexenone products primed for downstream derivatisation were obtained in high yields (up to 99%) and consistently high enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee). In-depth studies into the reaction mechanism and origins of enantioselectivity, including multivariate linear regression of TS energy, were carried out computationally on the catalytic system and the obtained data was found to be in good agreement with experimental findings.
DpgC-Catalyzed Peroxidation of DPA-CoA: Insights onto the Spin-Forbidden Transition and Charge Transfer Mechanisms
Authors: Ortega Pablo , Zanchet Alexandre , Sanz-Sanz Cristina , Gómez-Carrasco Susana , González-Sánchez Lola , G. Jambrina Pablo
Published: April 2020

Oxygenases are a family of enzymes that catalyse the breaking of molecular oxygen with incorporation of, at least, one oxygen atom into an organic substrate. Since molecular oxygen is a diradical and most organic molecules have no unpaired-electrons, reactions catalysed by oxygenases involve changes in the spin state of the system that are forbidden in non-relativistic quantum theory. To overcome this limitation, oxygenases usually require metal or redox cofactors for catalysis. Intriguingly, some oxygenases can catalyse oxygen incorporation reactions even in the absence of any cofactor, but the detailed mechanism followed by these enzymes to overcome this limitation is still unknown. In the present work we give insight onto the mechanism for the enzymatic cofactor-independent oxidation of 3,5-dihydroxyphenylacetyl-CoA (DPA-CoA) by the combination of multi-reference calculations on a model system, with QM/MM calculations for the enzymatic reaction. Our results reveal that intersystem crossing takes place without requiring concerted protonation of molecular oxygen. We characterized and identifed the nine concurrent electronic states, showing that a first electron transfer is concomitant with the triplet-singlet transition (intersystem crossing). The enzyme apparently plays a passive role in promoting the intersystem crossing, although spontaneous reorganization of the water-wire connecting the active site with the bulk presets the substrate for subsequent chemical transformations. We believe that our results are fairly general showing that stabilization of the singlet radical-pair state between molecular oxygen and enolates is enough to promote spin-forbidden reaction without the need of neither metal cofactors nor basic residues in the active site.
Tandem Photoredox Catalysis: Enabling Carbonylative Amidation of Aryl and Alkylhalides
Authors: Forni José Augusto , MICIC NENAD , Connell Timothy , WERAGODA GEETHIKA , Polyzos Anastasios
Published: April 2020

We report a new visible light-mediated carbonylative amidation of aryl, heteroaryl and alkyl halides. A tandem catalytic cycle of [Ir(ppy)2(dtb-bpy)]+ generates a potent iridium photoreductant via a second catalytic cycle in the presence of DIPEA which productively engages aryl bromides, iodides and even chlorides as well as primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl iodides. The versatility of the in-situ generated catalyst is illustrated by compatibility with aliphatic and aromatic amines, high functional group tolerance and the late-stage amidation of complex natural products.
Geometry-Wave Potential Quantified and Unified Properties in General Chemistry
Authors: Tian Zheng
Published: April 2020

Many long-known but never-quantified properties in chapters of general chemistry have for the first time been quantitatively compared and consistently unified, using the newly introduced geometro-wave (GW) potential of particles (i.e. atoms, molecules, clusters, ions, and nanoparticles). Th GW Potential has helped update the electrochemistry, Lewis acid-base chemistry, redox chemistry, self-assembly, surface chemistry, catalysis, and inter-nanoparticle bonding.
Development and evaluation of colon targeted delivery of budesonide polymeric nanoparticles for colitis therapy
Authors: Shrikrishna D Gite  , Kishor S Salunkhe  , Ravindra B Chintamani  , Shubhangi S G
Published: April 2020

Targeted delivery of the drug at site of action in case of Inflammatory Bowel Disease like colitis is the big challenge for formulators. The case where conventional drug delivery fails in severe stages of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Nanoparticles is good dosage form to targeted inflammatory site. The idea of the this research was to prepare Nanoparticles with polymer Eudragit S100 and Surfactant Poloxamer containing Budesonide which finally filled in capsules providing immediate release at the ileocecal site, the most affected area in IBD i.e. pH dependent release. Nanoparticles are prepared by nanoprecipatation technique. Budesonide was used as a drug because of its therapeutic potential for in IBD. This study compares the different ratios of drug to polymer and drug to surfactant with optimized solvent and antisolvent concentration in preparation of Nanoparticles. Optimized formulation ratio of drug to polymer was 1:2 and drug to surfactant was 1:1. The optimized batch of nanoparticles was filled in capsule and was evaluated for in-vitro studies.
ELABORACIÓN DE UN SIMULADOR CON GEOGEBRA PARA LA ENSEÑANZA DE LA FISICA. EL CASO DE LA LEY DE COULOMB
Authors: Sánchez Ivonne C. , Sánchez-N Irene
Published: April 2020

Con la llegada del siglo XXI es más notorio el uso de tecnologías digitales en la enseñanza de la Matemática y de las Ciencias Naturales, uno de estos tipos recursos más usados son los simuladores computacionales. Las investigaciones con foco en las implicaciones del uso de estos recursos digitales en la enseñanza poco comentan sobre las potencialidades de la elaboración de simuladores para el aprendizaje y mucho menos de la matemática que emerge en esta actividad. Atendiendo a esta consideración, en este trabajo se describe la secuencia de las tareas de construcción resueltas con GeoGebra que permiten emular uno de los fenómenos electrostáticos de atracción y repulsión, vinculados a la Ley de Coulomb. La descripción incluye la especificación de los contenidos matemáticos emergentes en la actividad, así como una valoración subjetiva de las potencialidades del GeoGebra para el aprendizaje de los fenómenos físicos y los contenidos matemáticos emergentes de la experiencia.
Precise verbal feedback may expedite the attainment of standing long jump accuracy in women
Authors: Zalech Mirosław , Bujak Zbigniew
Published: April 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the
precision of verbal feedback affected the accuracy of a standing long jump
performance. Sixty-eight female participants (M age=21.44±1.01) were randomly
assigned to two experimental groups. In total, each subject performed nine jumps
at three distances, i.e. 50 cm (3 trials), 75 cm (3 trials) and 100 cm (3
trials). Group 2 performed jumps in a reverse order. During the task execution,
the study participants received verbal feedback at different levels of
precision (no feedback; information that the jump was either: too far, close, or correct;
information about the distance in centimetres). The results of statistical
analysis indicated that the speed of changes in jump accuracy depended on the
precision of verbal feedback. The difference between an actual jump result and
a target result increased proportionally with jump length. With a large number
of trials, verbal feedback accuracy does not affect significantly the precision
of women’s long jump performance. However, when the high accuracy of task
performance needs to be obtained quickly, feedback ought to define the exact
difference between the target and the actual jump results. The current findings
also indicate that providing no feedback does not contribute to improving motor
task performance accuracy.
Review of "Sustainable Futures for Music Cultures: an Ecological Perspective".
Authors: Diettrich Brian
Published: April 2020

No description supplied
Source of Funds and Islamic Insurance Growth: Investment Returns as a Mediation
Authors: Rahmanto Dhidhin Noer Ady , Fasa Muhammad Iqbal , Rijal Khoirul
Published: April 2020

Sustainable growth must be maintained by maintaining an increase in investment returns, with the source of funds as a stimulant. The population of this study was all Islamic life insurance companies in Indonesia. The study used path analysis mediation with regression or two layers OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) and followed by Sobel test. The result showed that investment returns can mediate participant funds in influencing the growth of Islamic life insurance companies. Meanwhile, investment returns did not mediate the influence of company funds in influencing the growth of Islamic life insurance companies.
Cryptocurrency as A Main Currency: A Maqasidic Approach
Authors: Mohd Noh Mohd Shahid , Abu Bakar Mohamed Syakir
Published: April 2020

Cryptocurrency is a new phenomenon in investment industry in particular and financial world in large. The opportunities and threats come one over another in cryptocurrency debate that left people in perplex state whether to accept or reject the currency. In other view, it also brings advantages and inevitable disadvantages since it is operated online that vulnerable to number of threats and danger. This paper tries to examine maqasid views on this currency relying on SWOT analysis then will be viewed on the mirror of maslahah dan mafsadah as main pillars in maqasid al-syari’ah. As a result, this issue needs to be studied further since the maslahah and mafsadah sometime interchange the roles as particular, general maslahah and its counterparty since the system is always been designed for the benefits, that yet created the negative implication simultaneously. Furthermore, this innovation could be designed followed the desire of designers with dynamics structure in fulfilling the market’s needs.
The Visibility of Children Whose Mothers are Being Sentenced for Criminal Offences in the Courts of England and Wales
Authors: Minson Shona , Condry Rachel
Published: April 2020

Set within a general understanding of the judicial interpretation of mitigation, and the development of sentencing guidelines, this article presents a study exploring the visibility of children within the sentencing process, and the way in which judges in the courts of England and Wales regard dependent children as a mitigating factor in sentencing. The findings, taken from the results of an analysis of sentencing transcripts from court cases in England and Wales, indicate that the visibility of children of defendants is increased at the initial sentencing hearing if the judge requests a pre-sentence report. In appellate decisions, the children have enhanced visibility as their limited impact on mitigation at first instance usually forms part of the grounds of appeal. There is, however, divergence on a case by case basis as to their impact on mitigation. In offences where a deterrent theory of punishment underpins the sentencing guidelines, the sentences have higher starting points and judges are less able to take the personal mitigation of the defendant’s dependent children into consideration. The discussion then considers the impact of these findings on the broader debates about the punitive impact of maternal imprisonment on children, issues of secondary victimisation, vulnerable populations and human rights.
The Identic Turn: The Culpability of Accessories and Perpetrators
Authors: Crofts Penny
Published: April 2020

This article analyses the legal concept of wickedness through the 16th century case of Saunders and its representations by treatise writers. Saunders had tried to kill his wife by giving her a poisoned apple. Not knowing it was poisoned, his wife gave the apple to their daughter, who died. Saunders was charged with murder but argued that he did not have malice against his daughter, and therefore should not be found guilty. Treatise writers drew upon different sources to construct a persuasive model of legal wickedness including evil intention, harmful consequences, manifest criminality, and the religious imagery of the apple. Saunders is a reminder of alternative models of legal wickedness that have been neglected.
The Australian Constitution and the End of Empire – A Century of Legal History
Authors: Gummow AC William
Published: April 2020

This article considers the Australian Constitution and the end of empire – it is an examination of, and a reflection on, effectively a century of legal history. It canvasses five particular topics: the assumption by Australia of international legal personality; the sovereign’s position and authority; the Governor-General’s office; the scope of various legislative powers; and the Australian judicial structure. This examination illustrates how, with the diminishing impact of the British Empire and its institutions in the past century, the Australian Constitution’s operation has been modified, and the High Court’s position in the judicial structure has changed significantly.
Gay Lotharios and Innocent Eves: Child Maintenance, Masculinities and the Action for Breach of Promise of Marriage in Colonial Australia
Authors: Simmonds Alecia
Published: April 2020

This article will focus upon the action for breach of promise of marriage in colonial Australia to reflect more broadly on the legal regulation of intimacy. Drawing upon a database of 211 breach of promise cases, I seek to explain a contradiction: almost half of the female plaintiffs in my study had illegitimate children, although a lack of virtue operated as a complete defence for (predominantly) male defendants. In spite of this, a vast majority of the women were successful. This paradox is clarified through an examination of the action in contract treatises and through an analysis of the way that the action operated as a supplement to maintenance for women with children. I conclude with a close study of a breach of promise case involving illegitimacy, as a means of examining the informal and formal norms governing love (and its discontents) in colonial Australia
Between Love of Revolution and Hatred of Injustice, or, The Erotic Jurisprudence of Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara
Authors: Romero Luis Gómez
Published: April 2020

Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara famously claimed that ‘the true revolutionary is guided by great feelings of love’. This article contends that the emotional constituents of Guevara’s political and legal thought have played an essential role in the cultural configuration of his political myth. In the wake of the global financial crisis, they also seem to be quite relevant for our current understanding of society and law. As law and myth are synonymous with the symbolic order, Guevara’s myth constitutes an outstanding case to dissect the passionate ingredients that the perception of injustice introduces in the symbolic order. The emotions that saturate Guevara’s writings and revolutionary actions – love for justice, hatred of injustice – relentlessly challenge and undermine the intersections between law and inequality in Latin America. Guevara’s wrath, however, could hardly be contained within this region today. In a world in which the gap between poor and rich people is continuously deepening, it seems convenient to be at least aware of the canvas behind Guevara’s legal and political thought, which constitutes one of the most powerful social imaginaries that have been erected around law’s contribution to the unequal distribution of income, capital and political standing.
Introduction
Authors: Henderson Emma
Published: April 2020

This Special Issue of Law in Context is comprised of articles developed at the 2015 Criminal Law Workshop, co-hosted by the La Trobe University and Melbourne University Law Schools. This annual workshop brings together criminal law academics from across Australia and New Zealand, and results in a day of intense, diverse, and fascinating discussion about contemporary criminal law issues. This collection of articles is accordingly wide-ranging. From the creation of new offences dealing with contemporaneous political panics (such as one-punch homicides and the spectre of out-of-control teenagers using social media to gatecrash suburban parties) and new processes such as paperless arrest warrants, to the re-purposing of old crimes (consorting, conspiracy) and processes (such as bail) in the service of new targets of social/political concern (bikies, domestic violence perpetrators), the articles in this Special Issue interrogate the boundaries of the criminal law and the extent to which it can or should legitimately be used as a tool to police the margins of society.
Domestic and Family Violence and the Approach to Bail
Authors: Ng Emily , Douglas Heather
Published: April 2020

A number of jurisdictions in Australia have introduced special provisions that either displace or reverse the presumption in favour of bail where domestic and family violence offences are alleged. This article examines the different approaches taken to bail in domestic violence cases across Australia in order to consider how to strike the best balance between protecting victims of family violence and upholding the rights of the accused. This article concludes that many of the legislative changes to bail presumptions are unjustified and that the safety of victims can be sufficiently protected by a focus on the basic assessment of whether the risk that the accused will harm the victim is unacceptable, and on a careful consideration and appropriate tailoring of the conditions of the bail grant.
Common Purpose and Conspiracy Liability in New Zealand: Criminality by Association?
Authors: Tolmie Julia , Gledhill Kris
Published: April 2020

Case law interpreting the common purpose aspect of party liability and the law on conspiracy in New Zealand (as set out in ss 66(2) and 310 of the Crimes Act 1961 (NZ)) has created a situation of over-reach. Individuals who have a limited relationship to criminality carried out by another or in a group context are potentially caught by extended liability rules that can lead to a poor association between the moral culpability of a defendant and serious criminal liability. Indeed, it is suggested that these forms of liability risk guilt by association rather than on the basis of individual positive fault: we suggest that New Zealand’s judges, following and sometimes expanding upon interpretations from other common law jurisdictions, have lost sight of the core concept of individual fault.
Emergency Situations and the Defence of Necessity
Authors: Finn Jeremy
Published: April 2020

This article explores the extent to which the criminal law defence of necessity in both its excusatory and justificatory forms can apply appropriately in situations of emergency or natural disaster. Some particular problems are examined, including the possible limitation of the defence to responses to threats to life rather than threats to property and arguments that the defence only applies to persons to whom a defendant owed some duty of protection. The article draws on research into disaster response and recovery to suggest that several formulations of the defence are not well-suited to protect disaster responders, particularly spontaneous volunteer responders, and calls for reform to reconcile more effectively the competing interests and policy imperatives arising in disaster situations.
‘Weeds of Our Own Making’: Language Ideologies, Swearing and the Criminal Law
Authors: Methven Elyse
Published: April 2020

In adjudicating offensiveness, judicial officers create and apply a number of ‘common sense’ judgments about how language works. These ‘language ideologies’ are rarely informed by, and are often contrary to, empirical research and linguistic literature; they are instead constructed through constant repetition of popular views and questionable assumptions. Through the cases Jolly v The Queen and Heanes v Herangi, this article examines how judicial officers construct realities about swear words in the criminal law. In the first part, I briefly set out the legal doctrine in relation to offensive language crimes. Following this, I draw on critical discourse analysis to critique language ideologies in offensive language cases. I argue that offensive language crimes, as they are currently framed and interpreted, encourage judicial officers to pick and choose from whichever linguistic or ‘folk-linguistic’ ideas they see fit, and enable them to elude the rigorous critiques to which linguists are exposed.
ADR processes: Connections between purpose, values, ethics and justice
Authors: Ojelabi Lola Akin , Noone Mary Anne
Published: April 2020

ADR processes are now used extensively in Australia to resolve disputes in courts and tribunals. In addition, government departments see ADR as an important tool in improving access to justice for ordinary citizens. However, what justice means in different ADR contexts may differ. One possible explanation for the divergence of views on justice and ethics in ADR practice is the fact that practitioners come from different professional backgrounds and disciplines and also use a range of processes. Also, while some processes have clearly stated normative purposes under enabling legislation and Charters, others do not. There are also industryscheme ADR processes with normative purposes beyond individual disputes. Drawing from empirical research, this paper begins to explore the relationship between process purpose, underlying values and ethical responsibilities that arise for a range of ADR practitioners working in different fields and the potential of those processes to promote substantive and procedural justice.
Inequality in America and Spillover Effects on Mediation Practice: Disputing for the 1 Per Cent and the 99 Per Cent
Authors: Waldman Ellen
Published: April 2020

We are living in an era of vast inequality. Income and wealth gaps between ‘the haves’ and ‘have-nots’ have reached epidemic proportions. The top 1 per cent of earners in the United States pulled in a whopping 19.3 per cent of household income in 2012, their biggest slice of total income in more than 100 years. In 2014, the World Economic Forum listed severe income inequality as the number one global risk and Tom Piketty’s unlikely best seller, Capital in the 21st Century, documented the rising ratio of wealth to income and the growth of a ‘rentier class’. Even in Australia, where the mining industry continues to power economic growth, the income and wealth gap between the lowest and highest quintile of earners is stark. According to recent data, the top 20 per cent of Australians earn five times the income of the bottom 20 per cent, while holding 71 times more wealth. The question for mediation scholars and practitioners is whether this growing gap is affecting the way in which society’s ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’ access and experience mediation. At the low end of the socio-economic totem pole, government cuts in legal services – combined with mediation practitioners’ obsession with neutrality – potentiate uninformed decision-making by unrepresented parties. At the high end, models of practice catering to legal professionals’ preferences threaten to rob mediation of its transformative, therapeutic potential. This paper will explore these troubling developments and query whether growing social inequality should precipitate shifts in our thinking about mediation ethics and the way we educate the next generation of lawyers.
An Ethical Evaluation Process for Mediators: A Preliminary Exploration of Factors Which Impact Ethical Decision-Making
Authors: Wolski Bobette
Published: April 2020

Ethical decision-making by mediators is, of necessity, contextual in nature. When mediators are confronted with an ethical dilemma such that they must choose between two or more ‘right’ or ‘good’ but contradictory courses of action, they must take numerous case-specific factors into account in arriving at a decision that they can justify. This article identifies some of the factors which mediators might take into account in deciding what is the ‘ethically fitting’ course to be followed. It provides detailed discussion of three factors which impact ethical decision-making by mediators. They are: the objectives and values given priority in mediation; the approaches or models of mediation chosen by a mediator; and the standards of conduct to which mediators are subject. In discussing these factors, attention is given to the debate concerning the appropriateness of evaluative mediation. Attention is also drawn to the difficulty involved in drafting standards of conduct for mediators. The focus of the discussion about mediator standards of conduct is upon Australia’s National Mediator Accreditation Scheme Practice Standards. As with most mediator standards, inevitably they provide no more than a set of core principles or values which form a framework for ethical decision-making by mediators.
Seed bank dynamics and climate change in semi-arid ecosystems: a focus on physically dormant species
Authors: Ooi Mark K. J.
Published: April 2020

The dynamics surrounding seeds are arguably the most important drivers of population persistence in semi-arid ecosystems. To fully understand plant population persistence and, in particular, to predict the impacts of changing climatic conditions, we need to develop a clearer picture of the ecological consequences of variation in seed dormancy and germination. In this review, I focus on seeds with physical dormancy in semi-arid regions, looking at the mechanistic effects of climate on seed bank dynamics. Both pre-dispersal and post-dispersal environment effects are considered. Knowledge is lacking in the understanding of the effects of changing climate on seed production, dormancy-breaking temperature thresholds, seed longevity and seed vigour. While lessons can be learnt from the broader range of studies conducted in the agricultural sector, there is a limit as to how the results from such studies can be applied to wild species in natural ecosystems. A concerted effort to increase the amount of ecological research in native environments is needed to gain a better understanding of the effects of climate change on biodiversity.
Umore grafikoa Hego Euskal Herriko egunkarien on eta off line edizioetan (2019). Gerturatze deskriptiboa
Authors: Castañeda Zumeta Aitor
Published: April 2020

Ikerketa labur honetan, Hego Euskal Herrian audientzia gehien duten informazio orokorreko egunkarietako umore grafikoa aztertzen da. Metodo sistematiko eta deskriptibo baten bidez, El Correo, El Diario Vasco, Deia, Diario de Navarra, Noticias de Navarra, Berria eta Gara berripaperen bertsio digital zein paperezkoan diharduten marrazkilarien lana aztertzen da. Emaitza bezala, euskal prentsaren umore grafikoa zertan den eta tokiko egunkariek nola kudeatzen duten ere ikusten da, eta ondorio modura umoreak gure prentsan duen osasun ona nabarmentzen.
Pendampingan Pembuatan Kreasi Eceng Gondok pada Anggota Forum Komunikasi Disabilitas Kudus (FKDK)
Authors: Hidayati Richma , Izzah Nailatul , Nindya Nazulla Niftyra , Syafitri Dewi , Hidayat Muhammad Ikhwan
Published: April 2020

Forum Komunikasi Disabilitas Kudus (FKDK) merupakan suatu komunitas resmi penyandang disabilitas di Kabupaten Kudus, Jawa Tengah yang sudah diakui pemerintah dan berdiri sejak Bulan November 2014. Selama ini masyarakat penyandang disabilitas di Kabupaten Kudus masih terdeskriminasi. Mereka kesulitan untuk mencari kerja karena banyak perusahaan di Kabupaten Kudus yang menolak mereka dan tidak menyediakan kuota bagi penyandang disabilitas. Untuk itu sangat diperlukan keterampilan-keterampilan untuk membuka usaha sehingga mereka dapat menambah pendapatan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Disamping itu keberadaan eceng gondok di Kabupaten Kudus, terutama di Kecamatan Undaan, sangat melimpah. Eceng gondok dianggap tanaman liar yang sangat mengganggu yaitu menimbulkan masalah pada lingkungan dan memperkeruh kualitas air sungai. Dibalik kelemahannya itu, eceng gondok dapat diberdayakan dan diolah menjadi suatu produk kreasi khususnya anyaman yang berdaya guna dan bernilai seni tinggi. Tujuan program pengabdian ini yaitu mengetahui cara mendampingi anggota FKDK untuk meningkatkan produktivitas disabilitas mandiri, mengetahui cara memanfaatkan dan menambah nilai guna eceng gondok dan mengetahui cara mendampingi anggota FKDK dalam memasarkan produk kreasi eceng gondok. Program GENDIS IRENG meliputi survei lokasi dan sosialisasi, pengambilan eceng gondok, pengeringan dan pemipihan eceng gondok, pembuatan sampel, pembuatan buku panduan, pendampingan, keberlanjutan program, monitoring serta evaluasi. Jadi kerajinan eceng gondok membuka peluang usaha bagi masyarakat, mulai dari penyediaan bahan baku, mengolah bahan mentah menjadi setengah jadi, serta memproduksi produk kerajinan eceng gondok.
Temporal rise in the proportion of younger adults and older adolescents among coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases following the introduction of physical distancing measures, Germany, March to April 2020
Authors: Goldstein Edward , Lipsitch Marc
Published: April 2020

Using data on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases in Germany from the Robert Koch Institute, we found a relative increase with time in the prevalence in 15–34 year-olds (particularly 20–24-year-olds) compared with 35–49- and 10–14-year-olds (we excluded older and younger ages because of different healthcare seeking behaviour). This suggests an elevated role for that age group in propagating the epidemic following the introduction of physical distancing measures.
Синдромы, развившиеся при неотложных состояниях у детей раннего возраста с острыми кишечными инфекциями
Authors: Guliyeva Z.M.  , Rustamova L.I.
Published: April 2020

В настоящей статье проанализированы синдромы, развившиеся при неотложных состояниях у детей раннего возраста сострыми кишечными инфекциями. 338 детей раннего возраста с неотложными состояниями были обследованы бактериологическими,серологическими и молекулярнобиологическими методами. Установлено, что у обследованных пациентов в 63,0% случаев отмечался эксикоз, в 21,6% – судороги, в 15,9% – сердечнососудистая недостаточность, в 15,0% – дыхательная недостаточность, в 12,1% – нейротоксикоз и в 6,8% – инфекционнотоксический шок. По нашим клиническим наблюдениям у детей раннего возраста нейротоксикоз отмечается особенно при бактериальновирусной кишечной инфекции. Результаты исследований показывают, что у детей раннего возраста с неотложными состояниями вышеотмеченные синдромы в основном наблюдаются при бактериальновирусной кишечной инфекции.
Когнитивные нарушения у больных с мерцательной аритмией
Authors: Hairieva M.F.  , Gafurov B.G.
Published: April 2020

В работе с помощью набора нейропсихологических тестов, направленных на оценку когнитивных функций (тесты MMSE, FAB, рисования циферблата часов, запоминания 10 слов) обследовано 84 пациента ишемической болезнью сердца (ИБС), в том числе 20 без мерцательной аритмии (МА) и 64 с МА. Последние разделены на подгруппы с посто­ янной (22 пациента) и приступообразной (42 пациента) формами МА. Результаты показали, что у больных ИБС с МА развиваются более выраженные когнитивные нарушения (КН), по сравнению с ИБС без нарушения ритма. При этом, пароксизмальный вариант МА ассоциирует с более выраженными КН, чем перманентный. Авторы заключают, что КН при ИБС с МА требуют большого внимания, как в отношении диагностики, так и лечения.
Коморбидность при болезни альцгеймера и сосудистой деменции
Authors: Bobonazarov J.B.  , Gafurov B.G.
Published: April 2020

Проведено клинико­параклиническое обследование двух групп больных, страдающих болезнью Альцгеймера (138 пациентов) и сосудистой деменцией (111 пациентов) на предмет выявления коморбидной патологии. Выявлены суще­ ственные различия между группами по представленности таких коморбидных состояний как атеросклероз крупных сосудов мозга, перенесенный инсульт, эпилептические припадки, депрессия.