bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yeni İletişim Modelleme Sistemlerinin Eğitim Teknolojisinin Geliştirilmesindeki Rolü
Authors: Dündar Zeliha
Published: September 2021

Developed personality, learning takes place, locations offering training services which are produced and these developments are certainly not outside the schools, is not. Secondary educational institutions, especially in recent years, one of the most significant trends in the field of education has been individualization. Taking into account the individual growth rates of students in the students progress at their own speed, giving the students' attention and interest them, providing timely and useful feedback, which includes a difficult and dangerous to be seen and tested, and that the classroom environment, using the format of the game a more permanent way students learn topics and understanding the teacher's guide that allows the computer to examine the application of computer support tools that today's education system, rooted in the sense of innovation in education, especially Fatih Project, the subject of this thesis attempts to examine the selection has been effective. Key Words: Educational Technology, New Communication Technologies, New Media Systems, Mobile Learning.
Mientras los años pasan ¿los juegos cambian? : la importancia del juego en el devenir histórico
Authors: Ana Inés Span,
Published: September 2021

La elección de este tema, se origina por interrogantes que surgen desde el registro de situaciones lúdicas que realizan niños del Colegio Santo Domingo, Institución en la cual tengo inserción como docente de sala de 4 años en el turno mañana. De la observación diaria del alumnado, nace mi interés por conocer y comparar, si es que se dieron transformaciones en la manera de jugar que tienen en la actualidad dichos niños y las que poseían en su época sus padres y abuelos. La elección del grupo a tomar, es aleatoria, es una población con la cual tengo contacto diariamente y la investigación no se centra en lo que sucede en la sala sino, que la pretensión es trascender esas fronteras para ver el juego como fenómeno lúdico y sus transformaciones. Por tal motivo el período de tiempo a analizar en el trabajo es desde 1950 hasta la actualidad, teniendo en cuenta estas décadas como referencia para comparar con un abuelo de 65 años, un papá de 34 y niño de 4 años, y analizar el juego que tenían los adultos cuando eran niños. Diariamente, se pueden observar múltiples formatos de juegos, muchos de ellos son juegos tradicionales, algunos recreados y otros renovados e incluso nuevos. De estas situaciones es que surgen en mí, interrogantes como: ¿Se dan continuidades y rupturas en el juego de tres generaciones (abuelos, padres e hijos)? ¿Los niños en la actualidad, reproducen juegos provenientes de otras épocas? ¿Qué interés tienen en esos juegos? ¿Quiénes los transmiten? ¿Los aprendió en el contexto familiar o entre pares? ¿Se presentan diferentes variaciones de formatos lúdicos en los espacios de juego? ¿Los cambios de espacio de juego modificaron en el tiempo los formatos de juego? ¿El avance tecnológico y las transformaciones sociales han transformado el juego de los niños y el modo de vincularse con los demás? ¿de qué manera? Párrafo extraído de tesis de doctorado a modo de resumen.
GENERATIONS OF WARFARE AND THE FUTURE OF THE HYBRID WARS
Authors: Hovhannisyan Artsrun
Published: September 2021

The article is about the generations of war and expounds on Hybrid wars. Its connection to the model of generational divisions is detailed. Today, as well, with the Cold War is over, the hyperactivity of the US in the military-political arena has brought forth a similar storm. The American war machine is in a victory march. At the same time a variety of ideas and theories of war are brought forth and being discussed. There are differing views on how generations of war should be classified. In my opinion, the main spheres of human development, such as that of commerce, economics, politics, science, education and culture, are the main determining factors. Taking into consideration the various factors, wars have been divided into the following six generations. Fifth generation warfare's necessity became apparent during fourth generation wars. The main elements in question were automated control systems and precision-guided armament. Along with new political, economic and social developments, these ensured new victories. Again, in this generation, armies chose to avoid operations that required large scale mobilization, and instead tried promptly sending small groups into battle, avoiding large-scale preparatio. The issues in the fields of war, as well as the issue of waves of communication, reached their peak. This generation, once and for all, confirmed the importance of force accumulation on any platform, anywhere in the world. Fifth generation wars brought armies to a point where they retired from classical combined arms warfare; Electro-Fire Battle is more commonly applied. Trenches and engineered structures are nearly extinct. This was yet another example of believing in the superiority of quality over quantity. The effects of information became a decisive factor. These were the wars of the digital media industry.
ARMENIA AND SYRIA - WHAT SHAPES THE RELATIONS?
Authors: Ghahriyan Mushegh , Vardanyan Grigor
Published: September 2021

The article discusses the major tendencies of the development of Armenian-Syrian relations during the last 30 years based on the primary sources, including the archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia, other official documents, and statistical data. The research is an attempt to explain what determines the relations between the two countries and the dynamics of these relations. It represents political, economic and social factors determining the relationship between Armenia and Syria.
The New Kingdom of Egypt and the Early State Organizations of the Armenian Highland in the Second Half of the II Millennium Bc (Based on Historical Sources and Archaeological Evidence)
Authors: Piliposyan Ashot , Hayrapetyan Armine
Published: September 2021

The Ancient Near Eastern powerful states in the mid II millennium BC were not only directing and supervising the military-political, trading-economic, and sociocultural processes, but were also trying to obtain their dominance and control in the region. This was the reason that two conflicting groups gradually polarized in the region, where each state, despite its interests concerning the redistribution of spheres of influence in the ancient Near East, had to ally a more convenient political formation, given the current political situation and its capacities. As a result, the Hittite New Kingdom, Arzawa and Wilusa appeared to be in one of the groups, and the New Kingdom of Egypt, Kassite Babylonia and Mitanni were in the other one. The inter-state relations of these powers included both military-political and diplomatic rivalry, and a controlled system of well-organized transit trading and cultural relations. At the same time, each of the groups sought to urge other small early state organizations and tribal unions of the region to get involved in the alliance, contributing to the realization of prospective political plans with their capacities of raw materials, production of specific items and human resources. This was the situation also with the part of the early state organization of the Armenian Highland. Meanwhile, both the written sources and the archaeological excavations in general, testify the anti-Hittite orientation of the early state organizations of the Armenian Highland and their tending towards Egypt-Mitanni-Kassite Babylonia alliance.
River Traffic on the Euphrates
Authors: KOSYAN ARAM
Published: September 2021

In two articles representing his journey by the Upper Euphrates E. Huntington, well-known US geographer, describes the river transportation on sheepskin rafts which was practiced by the local population, mostly Armenians. The description of kellek (sheepskin raft) by E. Huntington leaves no doubt that they are similar with the raft which was used by the people of Mesopotamia according to Herodotus.
Computer Modeling in Archaeology: The Case of Bronze and Iron Age Monumental Constructions of Armenia
Authors: Avetisyan Hayk , Gnuni Artak , Mkrtchyan Levon , Bobokhyan Arsen
Published: September 2021

The given contribution is devoted to the problem of computer modeling in archaeology. The territory of the Republic of Armenia is chosen as a target zone for investigations, which is considered in the context of historical and cultural developments of the neighboring countries. The chronological range of the given study is the Bronze and Iron Ages (3rd-1st millennia BC). Тhe principles of computer modeling are applicable to the investigation of monumental architecture (fortifications, towers, cairns, kites, kurgans, dolmens), aiming at reconstructing both the complexes of the monuments and the historical landscape.
The Influence of Metacognitive Scaffolding on Learning Academic Writing Online
Authors: Rahmat Noor Hanim , Aripin Norhartini , Razlan Zarina , Khairuddin Zulaikha
Published: September 2021

The pandemic has caused a big wave of change in the way teaching is done. One of the many areas of concern is that the teaching that was previously done not only face -to-face but also using hands-on; coupled with one-to-one or group by group conferences, is now done online. How can that be done online? In the traditional face-to-face classroom, the writing teacher monitors the working memory of the writers (planning, translating and reviewing) by marking and making comments of the learners’ drafts. The comments and recommendations for changes made by the teachers acted as scaffolds to the learners to guide them to improve on their writing. When online learning hits the classrooms, writing teachers need to incorporate creative language teaching into the online classrooms. This study explores the use of metacognitive scaffolding on learning academic writing online. Learners were taught metacognitive scaffolding during online classes. They responded to the survey. Findings revealed interesting implications for teaching and learning of academic writing online.
Virgin Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Oil Attenuates Rotenone-Induced Toxicity in Fruit Flies (Drosophila melanogaster)
Authors:   Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria., Dosumu O.O. , Akang E.N. , Idowu O.K. , Adeyemi G.J.
Published: September 2021

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease with pathogenic mechanisms traceable to oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. Rotenone, a chemical compound commonly found in pesticides, has been found to inhibit mitochondrial complex-I and initiate PD-like symptoms in mammals and several invertebrates. Virgin Coconut Oil (VCNO) obtained from the coconut fruit has been found to possess anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Objectives: The present study evaluated the effect of VCNO on rotenone-induced Parkinsonism in fruit flies- Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster). Methods: Canton special (CS) strains of D. melanogaster, aged between 1 to 3 days were orally exposed for 7 days to 0, 250, 500 and 750 μM rotenone diet for toxicity assay, and 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 % w/w VCNO diet for longevity assay. Thereafter, 5 % VCNO diet was selected for evaluation against 500 μM rotenone. Subsequently, behavioural test (negative geotaxis), markers for redox status and enzyme activities were evaluated. Results: The results showed that rotenone induced toxicity in the flies, while VCNO increased the lifespan of D. melanogaster in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, VCNO ameliorated rotenone-induced locomotor deficits, elevated MDA, as well as the depleted GSH levels. It also mitigated the inhibited activities of SOD, CAT and ATPase in the flies. Conclusions: VCNO protected D. melanogaster against rotenone-induced toxicity by extending longevity, preventing locomotor deficits and reducing oxidative stress.
From Silent Suffering to Strong Self Identity: A Study of Anees Jung’s Breaking the Silence
Authors: Dr. M. Sandra Carmel Sophia
Published: September 2021

Anees Jung is one of the widely read post–independence Indian English women writers who write consciously of the issues that concern the educated middle-class women in Indian society. She attempts to closely analyze man-woman relationship within the family and the contemporary social set-up. She focuses on the captivating problems and the suffocating environs of her female characters who struggle hard in this malicious and male-dominated world to discover their true self identity. Jung does not advocate separation from the partner but a diplomatic assertion of one’s identity from silent suffering.
Ecological Instability as a Global Issue in the Select Indian Creative Writings in English
Authors: Dr. Alok Chandra
Published: September 2021

Ecological Instability refers to the degradation of landscapes, frequent climatic changes, global warming, pollution, disappearance of various mammals and birds, acid rains, destruction of the wild habitats, massive upheaval in the aquatic world, infertility of the soil, demolition of trees or deforestation, etc. In the recent years the entire global world has been suffering from different types of environmental catastrophes due to instabilities in the smooth mechanism of the ecosystems in both aquatic and non aquatic regions. The concrete solution or remedy lies in the fact that anyhow self centred and mechanized people happily relinquish their claim to rule over the natural resources and engage themselves in the mission of bringing stability in all parts of the global environment. The present paper brings to light the ecological Instability as an issue of the entire globe by investigating the select Indian creative writings written in English. Amitav Ghosh's The Glass Palace and Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things have unraveled the deep pressing global issue of the ecological unrest by raising the questions of exploitation and extinction of the wild animals and also the impurity or pollution in the river. The paper endeavors its best to find out the solutions to counterbalance the increasing ecological instability for the infinite existence of the Earth.
Understanding the Nobel Laureate ‘Mo Yan’ Through His Fiction
Authors: Nishant Kumar
Published: September 2021

One of the main characteristics of Contemporary Chinese Literature is that it has remained true to the time it represented. Although it has been used extensively to serve the political agenda of the Communist party on occasions, but it has managed to carry forward the idea of realism, which started to flourish during the May Fourth period. After the announcement of the policy of “Reform and Opening up” by Deng Xiaoping in the Post Mao period China, a brilliant story teller emerged from the rural area of Gaomi in Shandong province of China. This paper aims to understand the phenomena created by Mo Yan’s writings in contemporary period of Chinese literature. The paper initially has discussed the major trends in post-Mao period Chinese literature to provide the background for understanding the emergence of Mo Yan. The paper has tried to discuss the major trends in Mo Yan’s writings focusing on the fiction-world created by him in his novels. Then it has further analysed the characteristics of Mo Yan’s writings. Finally, through the analysis of available contents a conclusion has been drawn.
The “Healing Touch” of Nature: Corresponding Elements in the Poetry of William Wordsworth and Jibanananda Das
Authors: Firoze Basu
Published: September 2021

This paper endeavours to find resonances between Wordsworth's treatment and responses to Nature and Jibanananda's fascination with rural Bengal. A lecturer in English, he tried to bring the West to the Bengali psyche and consciousness utilizing the unique strategy of de-familiarizing the Bengali landscape. In effecting this achievement Jibanananda's familiarity with English poetry is of paramount importance. He has analogical and genealogical similarities with Keats and Wordsworth's particularly Wordsworth, in the celebrations of solitude, of nature.
Industries and Tribal: Erosion of Their Ethos
Authors: Mujaffar Hossain
Published: September 2021

Tribal issue is a matter of global concern. In India around 8.8% of the total population consist of tribal. They are of primitive human civilisation of India. The major tribes in India are the Gonds, the Bhils, the Santals, the Oraons, the Minas and the Mundas. Eighty percent of the tribes are found in the central region of India. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­If we look back in the history of pre-independent India, the tribes’ position was not in much privileged; they are intended for the laborious job, a kind of slaves under the British colonials. Later on, a decade of independence, unfortunately there are virtually no alterations in the present socio-economic scenario of the tribe’s conditions. Tribes are treated as outsiders and unwanted in their own homeland by the modern capitalist’s society. In the process of national development tribes and their cultural identity is badly affected as compared to any other community as the second Five Year Plan was modelled on the idea of either industrialisation or perish, providing the front seat of debates and decision only to the economic issues. Tribal areas have been comprehended as the heaven of natural resources by the industrial houses and investors. As a consequence, thousands of industrial projects are installed by the investors in or near these tribal areas for the rude fabrics of the yields. And the tribes were disowned from their lands and homes; forced to migrate from their traditional sources of livelihood – Jal, Jungal and Zamin, leaving their culture, tradition and identity to a critical stage. This paper concentrates on the impact of industrialization in the tribal regions and their economic and social inclusion in the mainstream resulting in their dichotomy of existence and alienation.
Gendered Violence: A Look at Northeast Women’s Writing as Literary Interventions
Authors: Dr. Vizovono Elizabeth
Published: September 2021

There are more than enough writings and debates on political conflict and violence in the Northeast region of India, but violence targeted at women specifically, has not received equal attention. This paper aims to initiate honest and serious critical examinations about sexual abuse and other forms of gendered violence that are inflicted on women in these communities, but which continues to remain like a taboo subject. Violence against women in Northeast has roots deep in cultural and colonial history. Set against this context, the paper is based on a framework of referencing literary studies and intersecting it with empirical evidence from other relevant studies. The literary works are all based on actual lived experiences of women. Hence these writings also intersect with and validate the social reality of our times. It also highlights how Northeast women writers have been voicing and questioning the silence and shame attached to this issue through their writings. The paper contends that these significant literary interventions into gendered violence are noteworthy and point to the need for understanding the experiences of tribal Northeast women from their specific context.
Existentialism in Anita Nair’s Ladies Coupe
Authors: Dr. Ratnesh Baranwal
Published: September 2021

This paper is an attempt to explore the fragrance of existentialism in Anita Nair’s Ladies Coupe. She was born on 26th Jan., 1966. She has penned down three very famous novels; The Better Man (1999), Ladies Coupe (2001) and Mistress (2005). She happens to be a multi-talented literary figure, holding her authority not only in the field of fiction but also that of poetry. She is better known as a competent modern woman-novelist in the realm of Indian English literature of the modern age. Currently she lives in Bangalore. Ladies Coupe is basically a novel of the “feminine sensibility” but it remains unsuited to the category of the female-writing that represented women as “battered, bartered and abandoned” on the shoals of low self-worth. It rides triumphantly against the tide giving us a glimpse of the innate strength that a woman has to rebuild up her life. This is why Nair has called her novel a story revealing about “ordinary women with indomitable spirit”. Unlike her first novel – ‘The Better Man’, having a male protagonist, Nair’s ‘Ladies Coupe’, rotates around the 45 year old bachelor Akhila or Akhilendeswari, being a pen pusher in the Income Tax Department. She has gone fed up with the lone provider in her family. One day, she happens to get a ticket booked for Kanyakumari to explore certain answers for herself, mainly to the question if a woman is able to make her survival alone, being away from her family. There are five other women accompanying her for the overnight journey. They are Janaki, married with Margaret, a forty year old young Chemistry-teacher, Prabha Devi, very close to Akhila’s age, the fifteen year old Sheela and Mariakonthu, a woman who is obviously different from the rest of them. All these women connect their life-stories to Akhila, helping the latter to gain her full potential woman and struggle with the response to the questions she has been searching out so long. Thus this paper analyses the search-operation of Akhila as she arrives by degrees as to how she should live her life freely and maintain her own identity in this patriarchal society. Anita Nair has paid emphasis on the fact that it is not the response to the question which has been alluding Akhila so long, but the search for exploring it which is more pleasant to the protagonist. The central character Akhila’s responsibility has been considerably exposed. She has found the potential to come out more afresh from the prison-house of her old-self as symbolized by the stiffness of the cotton saris she always used to put on while working. She can at least switch back to her previous life where perhaps nothing could have changed on the surface but on a mental plane a sure process of development has occurred.
Women’s Simmering Discontent, and Emancipatory Attempts in Margaret Laurence’s The Fire-Dwellers
Authors: Dr. Bharti Tyagi  , Rupa Rana
Published: September 2021

The Fire-Dwellers (1969) is one of the Manawaka series novels of Margaret Laurence. The novel was written at the time when women’s emancipation movements were gaining momentum, primarily in the United States, but in other parts of the world as well. So, clearly, the narrative is largely affected by women’s simmering discontent with their stagnant lives in Canada too. The novel reflects Canadian women’s desire to free themselves from the common drudgery at home and to be part of a more active populace working outside the home, themselves writing the rules of their lives. The woman protagonist in the novel, Stacey MacAindra, is a common housewife taking care of her husband and their four children. She feels she is happy keeping the societal values intact but suddenly feels frustrated realizing one day that she is the only one in her family whose existence in the family is only for others, while to everyone else in the family their lives are important for themselves, not for others. However, my reading of The Fire-Dwellers is that Margaret Laurence was not in total disregard of family values, or for complete independence of women from the patriarchal system as we see it in women's emancipation movements today.
Getting the food out: A content analysis of the online communication of Seattle food banks during the initial response to COVID-19
Authors: Immel Audrey , Sipos Yona , Khan Amber , Errett Nicole
Published: September 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has threatened food availability, accessibility, and acceptability. Food banks are experiencing increased demand at the same time as operational challenges due to COVID-19. The objective of this study was to assess if and how food banks have utilized web and social media platforms to communicate dynamic information relevant to food security to a growing clientele amid a widespread emergency. We conducted a content analysis of web and social media communications made by 25 Seattle food banks in April and May 2020, which corresponded with the two full months of Washington Governor Inslee’s initial stay-at-home order (March 25–May 31, 2020). We developed and applied a codebook to assess if communications contained information related to food availability, accessibility, and acceptability in the context of COVID-19, as well as other descriptive information, such as changes to food bank operations. Our findings show that food banks in Seattle communicated the most on web and social media platforms about food avail¬ability and accessibility, while they communicated less commonly about food acceptability. Past disasters have exposed the need to include food acceptability in disaster planning to ensure that emergency food can be equitably distributed and consumed by diverse populations. Our results suggest that food banks may wish to periodically assess the main themes of their online communications and the reach of their different platforms during the COVID-19 pandemic as one strategy to facilitate community food security.
RETHINKING HIGHER EDUCATION AFTER THE SARS-COV-2 PANDEMIC
Authors:   PhD, Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Los Cabos, Mexico, Gracia Alejandra Jiménez
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this article is to make known the current problems posed by higher education derived - now - from the Covid-19 pandemic, the same epidemic that came to disrupt the world and that, to date, in Mexico, as well as in other countries it is not possible to define what the course of this educational level will be. Therefore, it is intended to contribute to its improvement by advocating for educational freedom, flexibility and restructuring of universities so that it reaches all students and gives them the opportunity to complete their studies, without leaving anyone out.
INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND COMPETITIVENESS OF THE TUNISIAN MANUFACTURING SECTOR
Authors:   PhD, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Sfax,, Frikha Nihel , Ben Amar Mohamed ,   PhD student, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Sfax,
Published: September 2021

This paper aims to assess the impact of industrial policy instruments on international competitiveness and in particular on the competitiveness of the manufacturing sector in Tunisia. From a non-stationary panel model composed of 13 Tunisian manufacturing sectors during the period 1995-2016, we show the existence of a long-term cointegration relationship between manufacturing exports and its determinants. The results show that spending on research and development and tertiary education has a positive effect on exports. Hence, it is necessary for the public authorities to intervene within the framework of industrial policy to promote technological innovation and higher education.
Professionalism and personal integrity: a humble example in a humble fisherman
Authors: Andanti Maria Fransisca
Published: September 2021

The paper addresses professionalism and personal integrity, what lies between them, how they connect each other, and what real example could be drawn into both issues. It discusses professionalism and personal integrity as proposed by Suseno (1991). It also highlights professionalism from Buddhist perspective. Finally, it analyzes professionalism and personal integrity in the character of Santiago, Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea (1952) as proposed by Khan (2014). The paper concludes that professionalism is not only about mastering certain skills and having certain knowledge, but it should be built based on personal integrity.
The role of educators in education transformation and development of Buddhist students in the era of covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Lamirin Lamirin
Published: September 2021

The outbreak of a new coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19) has caused global pandemic that lead to a dramatic changed of education system, including Buddhist education. During the covid-19 pandemic, Buddhist educators are required to made tireless efforts to maintain learning continuity. Besides, the educators also should be able to adapt new pedagogical concepts and modes of delivering their teaching. This research is carried out a literature study to explore the role of educators in the effort of education transformation and the development of Buddhist students in the covid-19 pandemic. It is found that those educators still face various kinds of obstacles that need to be solved, such as (1) lack of skill and knowledge to carry out the teaching and learning process properly in accordance with the situation of covid-19 pandemic situation; (2) the availability of Buddhist teaching-learning sources in Bahasa Indonesia; (3) frequent changes of the curriculum; and (4) low education budgets to conducted online teaching and learning process, particularly in the remote areas. The results of this study contribute practical insights for educators, especially Buddhist educators in maximizing their role to transform and develop Buddhist students in the covid-19 pandemic.
Cengiz Han ve Mirası
Authors: Korkut Cem , Doğrul Mürsel
Published: September 2021

Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongolian Empire, is a historic figure who has influenced the entire world and societies. The military, economic and political changes he brought to the peoples of Asia spread to other regions over time. He set to work with a holistic world vision and struggled to establish a strong central system. Genghis Khan has influenced not only the history, culture, and architecture of Mongolian society but also other societies and the Turkic world in some regards. It holds an important place in the political history of other Asian societies, particularly the Chinese and Russians who were neighbours of the Mongols at the time. The imperial system set up by Gengis Khan, with its unique economic and social institutions, has become the secret of the growth and expansion of the Mongolian Empire. This book deals with Genghis Khan and his legacy in a multidimensional and comprehensive manner in 17 chapters with a multidisciplinary approach.
Moğolların İkinci Kuşak Halefleri: Türk-Tatar Hanlıklarında Yönetim Anlayışı
Authors: Acar Serkan
Published: September 2021

Gradual divisions occurred in the Great Mongol Empire sometime after Genghis Khan’s death. The Golden Horde in the north of the Black Sea, the Chagatai Khanate in Turkestan, the Kublai Khanate in China, and the Ilkhanids in Iran appeared in the middle of the XIIIth century. These political organizations, descended from Genghis, were the first-generation successors of the Mongols. The situation was completely different in the dominions of the Kublai Khanate and the Ilkhanids. In contrast in the geographical regions that the Golden Horde and the Chagatay Khanate ruled steppe traditions were alive. Kublai Khanate ruled over the Chinese cultural geography, which dates to ancient times, and the Ilkhanids continued their existence in the Persian cultural circle with the creation of a strong civilization. Naturally, there were some changes in the administration styles of these successor states, molded by the local administrative features of their regions. Some signs of dissolution were seen in the Golden Horde, which interacted with the Russians who in the first half of the XVth century climbed the ladder of civilization later than Chinese and Iranians. At the time the state of the Golden Horde was disappearing from the stage of history it gave birth to its successors, which we call the Turco-Tatar khanates, such as Kazan, Crimea, Qasim, Sibir and Astrakhan. These states were the second-generation successors of the Mongols. Although they were the successors of the Golden Horde and originated from the same origin, the administration mentality of the khanates was different from one another. In fact, the Qasim Khanate entered the orbit of the Grand Duchy of Moscow while the Crimean Khanate recognized the high authority of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was different in Kazan, Sibir and Astrakhan khanates. This issue, which has not been properly examined as a whole, constitutes the core of thşs study.
Rus Yıllıklarındaki Tarihî Hikâyelerde Altın Orda
Authors: Kemaloğlu İlyas
Published: September 2021

The Golden Horde is one of the greatest Turkish states in the Middle Ages. Although there are not many sources left from the Golden Horde until today, the historical sources of neighboring states relatively fill this gap, especially in terms of the state’s foreign policy. Some of these sources were published in Turkey. The least utilized works relevant to this subject are the sources named as ‘historical stories’ located in the Russian chronicles. These stories, which speak of real incidents, deal with the important events in the Golden Horde – Russian relations as well as the Russian states and the lives of clergy who came to the fore in this process. The historical stories in the Russian chronicles referring to the issues from the first encounter of the Mongols with the Russians (1223) until the end of the Golden Horde’s rule over Russia (1480) will be briefly introduced in the context of the relations between the Golden Horde and Russian principalities in this study.
Moğol İmparatorluk Mirasının Önemli Bir Unsuru Olarak Alangoa Kültü
Authors: Dalkesen Nilgün
Published: September 2021

State formations have generally transformed societies into more hierarchical structures, caused differentiation in gender roles and formed more powerful patriarchal social structures. However, the traditional understanding of the Mongol society, which gives importance to the female line and female values, was institutionalized and preserved through centuries in the Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan. The fact that Chinggis Khan’s divine lineage was based on a woman named Alangoa, who got pregnant from divine light, has been very influential. In the Secret History, the ideal female model through the Alangoa cult was shaped by the mother of Chinggis Khan, Mother Höe’lün and his wife Börte and institutionalized in the Mongolian official state ideology. This article will examine how the traditional gender roles were institutionalized around the Alangoa cult in the light of the Secret History of the Mongols. In addition, the questions of why and how this understanding continued among Turco-Mongolian states and empires that were not descendants from Chinggis Khan’s lineage after the Mongol Empire will also be addressed.
Amasya’da Bir Darüşşifa Ve Kırşehir’de Cacabey Medresesi
Authors: Koçak Meral
Published: September 2021

This study focuses on Kırşehir Cacabey Madrasah, according to its inscription and endowment dates to 1272-1273 as well as Amasya Darussifa, which according to its inscription was built in 1308-1309. These constructions have an important place among the Ilkhanid era buildings in Anatolia. The Cacabey madrasah, built by Kırşehir governor Cacabey in Kırşehir, was the center of culture, science, and art at the time. The Darüşşifa, located in Amasya, was built during the Olcayto Han era and became one of the important medical centers of the time. The aim of this study is to examine these buildings by reflecting on the cultural characteristics, builders, and architectural features of the time.
Erzurum'un Sembolü İki Medrese: Çifte Minareli/Hatuniye ve Yakutiye Medreseleri
Authors: Şaman Doğan Nermin
Published: September 2021

"Erzurum, a border borough in the Eastern Anatolia region, was an important center at the time of the Roman, Byzantium, Georgian, Armenian, Saltuqids, Seljuk, Ilkhanid, Aqqoyunlu, Qarakoyunlu and Ottoman eras. In Erzurum, historical urban fabric related to the Turks came into being at the time of the Saltuqids. This pattern continued by construction during the time of Seljuk and Ilkhanid periods. Today, the citadel, Kale Masjid located within the citadel (mid-12th century) and Tepsi Minaret (mid-XIIth century) along with Grand Mosque (1179), Double Minaret/Hatuniye (1285-1290) and Yakutiye Madrasahs that are located outside of the citadel and within the bailey constitute the monumental constructions of the city. Following Seljuks’ defeat in the Battle of Kösedağ in 1243, in the ongoing period, the region experienced a process of Mongol invasions. Erzurum was the first city that was captured by Mongols in their incursions to Anatolia (1242). The monumental constructions that gave the city of Erzurum its characteristics were built in the Ilkhanid Period. In this study, these constructions will be reinterpreted in the context of their cultural medium Double Minaret/Hatuniye (1285-1290) and Erzurum Yakutiye (1310-1311) were built during the Ilkhanid period in Erzurum. Over the course of the Ilkhanid period in Anatolia, monumental constructions like madrasahs were prioritized. Erzurum Double Minaret/Hatuniye Madrasa (1285-1290) has an open courtyard and Erzurum Yakutiye Madrasa (1310-1311) with an enclosed courtyard are examples of the biggest madrasas in Anatolia. "
PROTEÇÃO RESPIRATÓRIA PARA PROFISSIONAIS DE SAÚDE DURANTE A PANDEMIA COVID-19.
Authors: Laelcio da Silva Oliveira Wenderson
Published: September 2021

O presente artigo trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica que tem como intenção informar a forma correta na utilização das máscaras de proteção individual pelos profissionais de saúde evitando assim, o desperdício deste artefato tão indispensável neste período pandêmico, buscamos responder sobre as mudanças causadas pela pandemia e sobre que forma afetam a segurança do profissional, além do posicionamento dos órgãos competentes sobre o assunto.
Economic Impacts of Post Pandemic Cyber Crimes – A Global Overview
Authors: Anirudh Bharadwaj M
Published: September 2021

Cybercrimes have become as common as petty crimes and at every level we can face situations that make us vulnerable to cybercrimes through links, text messages on phones, scam phone calls etc. that demand to sensitive information and misuse them. The 2019-2021 Corona Virus (SARS-CoV-2) Pandemic has shown a drastic increase in cybercrimes. As use of technology, remote access work and communication rise, increase in digital process increase, it has also made people vulnerable to many different types of cyber-attacks such as phishing, malwares and social engineering. It has also resulted in commercial theft of intellectual property. This paper tries to throw light on economic loses that have occurred due to cybercrimes.
The Analysis of Angin Puting Beliung Risk Rate by Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems in Semarang
Authors: Fadillah Adil Yusuf , Nurdin Muhammad Riza
Published: September 2021

This study examines the risk rate of Angin Puting Beliung in Semarang of Central Java. The Angin Puting Beliung is a local designation for small-scale tornadoes that occur in Indonesia, originates from differences in pressure of a weather system, leads to strong winds. Between January 2014 and December 2018, the occurrence of Angin Puting Beliung in Semarang city of Central Java reached 91 times with a total financial loss of around IDR 852,500,000 (USD 60,000). High population densities and settlements without being followed by control of spatial use and land-use change make Semarang more at risk of being hit by a tornado. This study specifically aims to determine the level of physical, social, and economic vulnerability as well as to analyze the risk level of Angin Puting Beliung in Semarang city. The survey is used as the main method in this study. Samples were taken to represent the population namely land cover, slope, and land surface air temperature with data analysis using a weighted tiered quantitative method to answer the purpose of knowing the distribution of hazard and vulnerability areas and analysis of the results of mathematical calculations to determine the risk of Angin Puting Beliung. The results obtained show that Semarang city has a high hazard level of 28,502% which is mostly found in the southwest and northeast of Semarang. High levels of vulnerability are in the sub-districts of West Semarang, Mijen, Gunung Pati, and Tembalang. The risk level with a high class ranks the least, namely from other classes with a distribution in the sub-district of Tugu and Tembalang, accounted at 16.294%.
The Evaluation of Regional Spatial Plan for 2011-2031 Based on Land Use Changes Prediction Using Cellular Automata-Markov Model in Sleman
Authors: Hardini Linggar Esty , Noveria Ana
Published: September 2021

In the past years, the development of Sleman Regency has been considered rapid as evidenced by the emergence of built up areas including expansion of the university areas, shopping malls, and housing. Along with the increase in the total population, university students and workers from other regions coming to this regency, the land use in Sleman Regency has started to shift. Land use changes need to be controlled by predicting land use using the CA-Markov model. CA-Markov modeling has dynamic properties that integrate the dimensions of space and time, where the occurrence of events is determined by events that directly precede them and can be used to predict the next event. The accuracy of the CA-Markov concept can be determined by validation and expressed in the Kappa coefficient value (≥ 0.70). This CA-Markov concept has been developed since the 1940s in the field of computers by Von Neumann and Ulam. In this concept it is assumed that pixels are the beginning of the mathematical concept. When a pixel changes, its new status is only affected by its old status and the neighbor status.  This research was conducted to predict the land use in 2031 using the Cellular Automata-Makov model, evaluate the use of land in 2031 in relation to RTRW or city plan, and create a scenario of the direction for land use control in 2031 for disaster-prone areas. Based on the prediction of land use in Sleman Regency in 2031, Kappa coefficient was obtained at 0.7399, implying that the suitability of spatial area and distribution reached 73.99% which is considered good. The results of the prediction also showed that in 2031, the land use would be dominated by building area which was predicted to reach 43.53% out of the total area. The evaluation of land use prediction in 2031 based on RTRW method showed that as large as 40.137,39 ha land would be used according to the RTRW, while 17.411,00 ha would not be used accordingly. The improper use of land might be due to the shift in the use of 4.659,18 ha of rice fields into buildings.
The Analysis Impact of Irrigation Channel on Rice Production in Bendosari, Sukoharjo Regency
Authors: Sauqi Naufal , Sigit Agus Anggoro , Jumadi J
Published: September 2021

The irrigation network infrastructure development and rehabilitation program has several targets to be achieved including the construction and improvement of the 9.89 million ha irrigation network, and the rehabilitation of the surface irrigation network, covering 3.01 million ha. The program for adding and repairing irrigation networks is expected to be able to realize food self-sufficiency that has been declared by the Indonesian government. The method used is a field survey. The survey method aims to obtain a general description of the object or target in this study. The variable used is the amount of rice farmland production each year based on the potential of agricultural land and irrigation canal damage. The results of the calculation of estimated rice production in Sukoharjo Regency in 2018 were 400574.62 tons. High potential rice field productivity class with 2-3 times the amount of harvest per year has the most production that is 220,327.52 tons. Potential factors of paddy farming land and the number of harvests in one year greatly affect the productivity of rice plants, while damage to irrigation channels is slightly damaged and moderate does not affect rice productivity.
Comparative evaluation of proximate composition and anti-sickling potential of Annona muricata Linn seeds and leaves
Authors: Onuoha Chinyere Henrietta , Nwachukwu Charity Chinenye , Nwachukwu Ruth Tochukwu , Nwogu Chinwe Glory Nwogu , Chukwudoruo Chieme Sunday , Ujowundu Favour Ntite
Published: September 2021

Background: Annona muricata Linn is a notable, well-studied plant of therapeutic value. Based on the abundant pharmacological constituents contained in the understudied plant, it is imperative that the plant parts are investigated for nutritional value and anti-sickling potentials. Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is an inheritable haematological disorder, caused by an amino acid substitution on the haem protein. The outcomes for SCA are poor health indices and high mortality. Therefore, the use of natural products is necessary and widely promoted in countries with poor health infrastructure. Methods: In this study, A. muricata seeds and leaves were comparatively analysed for the proximate compositions. In addition, aqueous and ethanol extracts of A. muricata seeds and leaves were respectively analysed for anti-sickling potentials with the use of spectrophotometry. Results: Proximate composition of A. muricata seeds and leaves showed that both plant parts contain ash, carbohydrate, fat, fibre, moisture and protein. However, percentage proximate composition of A. muricata seeds was not significantly different from the percentage proximate composition of A. muricata leaves (p ≤ 0.05). From anti-sickling analysis, the aqueous extracts of A. muricata seeds and leaves were observed to inhibit HbSS polymerisation, while the ethanol extracts of A. muricata seeds and leaves showed limitations to the inhibition of HbSS polymerisation. Conclusion: A. muricata seeds and leaves possess potentials as health or nutritional supplements for the management of SCA. Further studies are necessary in order to ascertain efficacy and safety in in vivo models
Phytochemical and safety evaluations of Diospyros mespiliformis, and in silico evaluations of drug-likeness, pharmacokinetics and acute toxicity of its bioactive compound (Diospyrin)
Authors: Agbadoronye Chizoba P. , Abolarinwa Simon O. , Nasir-Naeem Khadeejah O. , Oigbochie Victor E. , Irhue Adonis E. , Ibrahim Mohammed , Chibuogwu Ugochukwu F.
Published: September 2021

Diospyros mespiliformis is among the popular multipurpose tropical fruit trees, commonly used as herbal medicines. However, due to the lack of adequate scientific data on the safety of this plant, the present study was conducted to determine the phytochemical compositions and acute toxicity profile of the crude methanol extract of D. mespiliformis. In addition, diospyrin, a bioactive compound from the plant was evaluated for in silico drug-likeness, pharmacokinetics (PKs) and acute toxicity. The phytochemical contents of the plant were quantified using standardized protocols while the 50% lethal dose (LD50) was evaluated using Lorke’s methods. Results revealed that flavonoids (265.46±0.32 mg/g) are the most abundant phytochemical in methanol leaf extract of D. mespiliformis, followed by alkaloids (224.56±0.19 mg/g) and phenols (191.82±0.04 mg/g) while saponins (7.90±0.32 mg/g) was the least abundant phytochemical. The plant extract has LD50 of > 5000 mg/kg in rats. No death was recorded throughout the study period. Similarly, no behavioural changes were observed in animals dosed with the crude extract at 10 -2900 mg/kg BW. Animals administered 5000 mg/kg BW were hyperactive, restless, and displayed profused breathing which lasted only for 30 minutes after administrations. Diospyrin a bioactive compound from D. mespiliformis demonstrated good druglike candidates and exhibited a high safety profile as revealed by in silico study. In conclusion, the crude methanol extract of D. mespiliformis and its bioactive compound is well-tolerated and non-toxic to rats, and thus could be considered a safe medicinal plant for acute oral remedies