bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ontogeny of Otolith Formation in Two Demersal Estuarine Reef Fishes
Authors: Hoffman Kyle J , Harding Juliana M
Published: May 2019

Planktonic reef fish larvae locate and orient to reefs during settlement. Consequently, metamorphosis occurs in appropriate juvenile and/or adult habitats. Larval fish use otoliths for hearing (sagittae and asterisci) as well as equilibrium (lapilli) required for directional swimming. Striped blenny (Chasmodes bosquianus) and naked goby (Gobiosoma bosc) larvae, settled individuals, and juveniles were used to describe otolith ontogeny from hatching through settlement, the transition from pelagic to benthic habitats, and metamorphosis. Larvae hatched from nests collected in North Inlet estuary, SC, were cultured from May through July in 2012 and 2013 at ambient temperatures. Sagittae and lapilli were present at hatching in both species. Asterisci were only observed in settlement (gobies and blennies) or metamorphosis (blennies) stage fishes, regardless of age (days post-hatch). Otoliths within a pair were symmetrical. Fish total length increased faster than sagittae otolith length in settlement stage blennies and postflexion gobies. The allometric model explained ∼90% of the variability in sagittae otolith length with total length for both species. Settlement occurred 15–20 days post-hatch in striped blennies and 19–27 days post-hatch in naked gobies. Asterisci were found in 100% of settlement stage striped blennies and 67% of naked gobies. We hypothesize that the presence of asterisci in settlement stage demersal oyster reef fishes facilitates identification of and orientation to suitable settlement habitats thereby enhancing recruitment success.
A new balaenopterid whale from the late Miocene of the Southern North Sea Basin and the evolution of balaenopterid diversity (Cetacea, Mysticeti)
Authors: Bisconti Michelangelo , Munsterman Dirk K. , Post Klaas
Published: May 2019

Background

Balaenopterid mysticetes represent the most successful family-rank group of this clade. Their evolutionary history is characterized by a rich fossil record but the origin of the living genera is still largely not understood. Recent discoveries in the southern border of the North Sea revealed a number of well preserved fossil balaenopterid whales that may help resolving this problem. In particular, skull NMR 14035 shares morphological characters with the living humpback whale,Megaptera novaeangliaeand, for this reason, its characteristics are investigated here.

Methods

The comparative anatomical analysis of the new specimen formed the basis of a new phylogenetic analysis of the Mysticeti based on a matrix including 350 morphological character states scored for 82 Operational Taxonomic Units. The stratigraphic age of the specimen was determined based on the analysis of the dinocyst assemblage recovered in the associated sediment. We assessed clade diversity in Balaenopteridae by counting the numbers of clades in given time intervals and then plotted the results.

Results

Nehalaennia devossin. gen. et sp. is described for the first time from the late Tortonian (8.7–8.1 Ma) of the Westerschelde (The Netherlands). This new taxon belongs to Balaenopteridae and shows a surprisingly high number of advanced characters in the skull morphology.Nehalaennia devossiis compared to a large sample of balaenopterid mysticetes and a phylogenetic analysis placed it as the sister group of a clade including the genusArchaebalaenoptera. The inclusion of this fossil allowed to propose a phylogenetic hypothesis for Balaenopteridae in which (1) Eschrichtiidae (gray whales) represents a family of its own, (2) Balaenopteridae + Eschrichtiidae form a monophyletic group (superfamily Balaenopteroidea), (3) Cetotheriidae is the sister group of Balaenopteroidea, (4) livingBalaenopteraspecies form a monophyletic group and (5) livingM. novaeangliaeis the sister group ofBalaenoptera. Our work reveals a complex phylogenetic history of Balaenopteridae andN. devossiinforms us about the early morphological transformations in this family. Over time, this family experienced a number of diversity pulses suggesting that true evolutionary radiations had taken place. The paleoecological drivers of these pulses are then investigated.
Spatial variations of microbial communities in abyssal and hadal sediments across the Challenger Deep
Authors: Cui Guojie , Li Jun , Gao Zhaoming , Wang Yong
Published: May 2019

Microbial communities in hadal sediments are least explored in hadal zone (>6,000 m), especially in the Challenger Deep with high pressure (∼110 M pa at the bottom). In this study, we investigated the microbial communities in the sediments of the slope and trench-axis bottom of the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench. Classification of the reads of the 16S rRNA gene amplicons showed vertical distribution of prokaryotic microbial inhabitants from the surface to up to 60 centimeter below surface floor (cmbsf). The most dominant phyla were Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes and candidate phyla Patescibacteria and Marinimicrobia. Distinct dominant groups in the microbial communities were observed in trench-axis sediment (water depth >8,600 m), compared to the slopes of the Challenger Deep. A sampling site at the northern slope was enriched with archaea from mesophilic Euryarchaeota Marine Group II (MGII) as a biomarker of specific geochemical setting. Among archaeal community, Thaumarchaeota represented byNitrosopumiluswere dominant in the upper layers and diminished drastically in the deeper layers. “Ca. Woesearchaeota”, however, became the dominant group in the deeper layers. Overall, our study provides a better understanding on the pattern of the microbial communities in the deepest hadal sediments on Earth, and highlights the extraordinary diversity still waiting to be discovered.
A MEDIAÇÃO LITERÁRIA NA LEITURA E NA CONSTRUÇÃO DE POEMAS-OBJETO
Authors: Neitzel Adair De Aguiar , Moraes Taiza Mara Rauen , Dos Santos Amanda Demétrio
Published: May 2019

Este artigo discute as possibilidades de mediação literária do poema-objeto explorada pelos bolsistas do PIBID de Letras da Universidade do Vale do Itajaí em uma escola da Rede Municipal de Itajaí, Santa Catarina. Centra-se a atenção no poema-objeto por possibilitar a compreensão da literatura como arte. A metodologia utilizada é qualitativa e de intervenção, e os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram portfólios produzidos pelos bolsistas. As análises foram feitas por meio da análise de conteúdo. O aporte teórico foi Neitzel e Carvalho (2016), Barthes (2003), Heidegger (2003) e Larrosa (2016). As propostas literárias possibilitaram aos bolsistas uma revisão de postura, a de “mestres emancipadores”, e a sala de aula passou a ser espaço de fazer experiência, onde os estudantes foram protagonistas de sua própria aprendizagem.
O MUSEU DE ARTE E SUA DIMENSÃO EDUCATIVA: EM DEFESA DA CRIANÇA PEQUENA COMO PÚBLICO
Authors: Gabre Solange De Fátima
Published: May 2019

Esse artigo apresenta um recorte da tese “Para Habitar o Museu com o público Infantil: uma proposta de formação colaborativa entre professoras da infância e profissionais do Museu Municipal de Arte de Curitiba”. O objetivo centra-se em refletir sobre a educação museal e a sua relação com a infância. Seguindo uma linha qualitativa, a pesquisa bibliográfica e as observações de campo indicam que a partir do entendimento de um museu educativo, reconhecer a presença da criança pequena em seu espaço, torna-se possível pela disponibilidade e investimento intelectual e sensível daqueles que estão diretamente envolvidos nesse trabalho.
POÉTICA DAS VÉRTEBRAS: UMA PESQUISA EDUCATIVA BASEADA NAS ARTES
Authors: Gaspar Débora Da Rocha , Portabella Sílvia Úbeda , Melendro. María Luisa De la Fuente , Páez María Luisa Álvarez
Published: May 2019

Um encontro inesperado, mais de 9000Km de distancia, uma experiência docente compartilhada, e um informe de pesquisa curioso são as vértebras desta experiência. Este artigo narra o encontro de mundos docentes: quatro pedagogos dos Anos Iniciais da Catalunha e uma professora de Arte brasileira, trabalhando juntas no projeto Tándem em Artes (Música) na escola Mossèn Jacint Verdaguer em Barcelona. O relato  dessa experiência educativa é elaborado a partir de metodologias artísticas de pesquisa, em que o informe final, como objeto viajante, gerou novos encontros: com a Fundação Miró e mais adeptos à trabalhar por projetos na escola Jacint Verdaguer em Barcelona.
CLUBE DE CIÊNCIAS VIABILIZANDO A DEMOCRATIZAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA
Authors: De Campos da Silva Patrícia Do Socorro , Dos Santos Sonia Barbosa , Rôças Giselle Fonseca
Published: May 2019

O Brasil já teve diversas fases e estratégias de divulgação científica.Nas últimas décadas, embora tenha crescido o número de centros de ciência, ainda há uma desigualdade na disponibilização dos conhecimentos científicos.Portanto, são necessárias ferramentas que democratizem a ciência entre grupos sociais desprivilegiados. Assim, este trabalho apresenta atividades desenvolvidas por um Clube de Ciências,que aproximaram a ciência e alunos da rede pública e discute a sua importância, assim como o envolvimento de cientistas, para a democratização da ciência e formação científica e cidadã destes alunos. Concluímos que o projeto tem sido um instrumento de redução desta desigualdade no acesso, na compreensão e na discussão sobre a ciência.
FORMAÇÃO ESTÉTICA DE PROFESSORES: O QUE REVELAM AS PESQUISAS EM EDUCAÇÃO NO BRASIL?
Authors: Rausch Rita Buzzi , Carvalho Carla , Paulo Silvia , Radwanski Eliana
Published: May 2019

Esta pesquisa analisou o que revelam as pesquisas que investigaram a formação estética de professores no Brasil, publicadas em 2005 a 2015 na BDTD - IBICT. De cunho qualitativo e bibliográfico, do tipo estado do conhecimento, 57 dissertações e 30 teses foram analisadas. Como resultados, constatamos que os teóricos mais utilizados foram Foucault, Deleuze, Bakhtin e Vigotski. Quanto à metodologia prevaleceram pesquisas autobiográficas e bibliográficas. A maioria das pesquisas concentrou-se em contextos de formação continuada de professores. Os resultados apontam para uma formação docente que promova o saber do sensível. Na aproximação com a filosofia, a sociologia, a psicologia, a arte e a educação relacionadas à formação de professores, a estética apareceu por vieses diferenciados, o que amplia e pulveriza as discussões acerca do tema.
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of a Blend of Herbal Extracts Taken Once Per Day for Weight Loss in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Kassis Eli
Published: May 2019

Aims: We previously demonstrated that a blend of herbal extracts (Weighlevel®; a mixture of extracts from the leaves of Alchemilla vulgaris, Olea europaea, Mentha longifolia and from the seeds of Cuminum cyminum) taken 3 times per day produces weight loss in preclinical and clinical studies. The aim of the present study was to test the efficacy of a new slow-release formulation (Weighlevel® One) taken once per day on change in body weight and related measures.

Study Design:  Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Place and Duration of Study: Health Clinics in Copenhagen, Denmark between 7 January 2016 and 5 March 2016.

Methodology: Thirty-six adult subjects were randomized to consume the herbal blend (n = 20) or placebo (n = 16) once per day for 8 weeks. Weight and waist circumference were assessed weekly. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline in body weight for the herbal blend group compared with placebo. Secondary assessments included waist circumference, appetite, craving, bowel health, and safety and tolerability.

Results: After 8 weeks, the herbal blend group lost an average of 3.7 kg (95% CI of 3.0 to 4.5 kg); whereas the placebo group lost 0.1 kg (95% CI of -0.7 to 1.0 kg). This difference in mean weight loss between the herbal blend and placebo groups was statistically significant (P <.001). A statistically significant reduction in waist circumference was also observed for the herbal blend compared with placebo (P <.001). The herbal blend was well tolerated; no adverse events were reported.

Conclusion: Daily administration of this blend of herbal extracts, administered once daily, may produce weight loss.
First-year Students’ Self-regulation Process through Self-report at a Minority Serving Institution (MSI)
Authors: King Berkley N. , Hamilton Leroy , Johnson Carol J.
Published: May 2019

First-year college students face a difficult task of self-regulating in a formal academic environment, especially those lacking the fundamental skills to do so. The purpose of this study is to assess the self-regulated processes of first-year students at a Minority Serving Institution, or MSI. Participants consisted of 822 freshmen (519 females; 303 males) enrolled in an orientation course at a Minority Serving Institution in the United States. Collection of data included using the Self-Regulation Questionnaire designed to assess self-regulatory processes through self-report. The questionnaire was administered through Taskstream system and analyzed through version SPSS 23 for continued analysis of data. The data were analyzed using a regression analysis to determine whether correlations existed within or between variables. The self-regulation score was calculated by totaling all the items.

Analysis of data from this study indicated that females (r = -.12, p<.001) and transfer students                (r = .14, p<.001) had significantly higher SRQ scores. The data also revealed that for self-regulation, more transfer students (41.5%) placed in the high (intact) category than did non-transfer students (24.7%). A stepwise regression model predicting the SRQ total score were based on six candidate demographic variables. The final two variable model was significant (p = .001) and accounted for 3.2% of the variance in the SRQ total score. Specifically, SRQ total scores were higher for transfer students (β = .13, p = .001) and for females (β = -.11, p = .001).

Among 822 participants, 306 fell into the low self-regulation range; 293 were in the mid-level self-regulation range; and 223 ranked in the high self-regulation range. Results stemming from the dataset revealed that thirty-seven percent of first-year students have low self-regulatory scores. Nearly 50% of the male students were less favorable to self-regulate than female students during their experience in post-secondary education.
KETERAMPILAN MEMBACA DAN MENULIS KARAKTER HANZI RUNNER DIVISI CHINA WEDDING DI PERUSAHAAN VARAWEDDING
Authors: Pranata Ellen Aprilia , Christiana Elisa , Chun – I Kuo
Published: May 2019

Di Pulau Bali, terdapat perusahaan wedding organizer bernama Varawedding, yang memiliki sebuah divisi China Wedding. Pada divisi tersebut terdapat anggota runner yang membantu klien menjalankan acara di lokasi pernikahan. Saat bertugas, terdapat klien yang meminta bantuan membaca atau menulis karakter hanzi, tetapi sebagian besar runner tidak menguasai keterampilan tersebut, mereka hanya mampu keterampilan mendengar dan berbicara saja. Melalui metode kualitatif, penulis melakukan wawancara semi-terstruktur terhadap lima runner yang tidak dapat membaca dan menulis karakter hanzi dan paling lama bekerja di Varawedding, serta terhadap seorang kepala runner untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang mendalam mengenai kesulitan, solusi, keterampilan membaca dan menulis karakter hanzi yang dibutuhkan runner. Anggota runner mengakui keterampilan membaca dan menulis tidak penting, kepala runner juga mengatakan keterampilan tersebut hanya sebagai nilai plus untuk runner. Saat menghadapi kesulitan membaca rundown, mereka menggunakan Google Translate atau meminta bantuan anggota sales. Beberapa runner mengatakan tidak ada keterampilan membaca dan menulis yang dibutuhkan, sedangkan sebagian runner butuh membaca dan menulis kata-kata yang berhubungan dengan pernikahan, serta membaca sekilas supaya mengerti maksud bacaan. Walaupun runner mengalami kesulitan, tetapi perusahaan tidak pernah mengadakan pelatihan membaca dan menulis karakter hanzi. Jika kemampuan mendengar, berbicara, membaca, dan menulis bahasa Tionghoa baik, maka runner dapat meminimalkan kesulitan saat bekerja.
ANALISIS KESALAHAN PENGGUNAAN KATA KETERANGAN BAHASA TIONGHOA DALAM TUGAS VLOG MAHASISWA SASTRA TIONGHOA UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN PETRA ANGKATAN 2015
Authors: Yessica Yulia , Untari Dwi Retnaning , Zhu Shuiqing
Published: May 2019

Kesalahan berbahasa menunjukkan bahwa tujuan pengajaran bahasa belum tercapai secara maksimal, dan harus dikurangi sampai ke batas minimal, bahkan diusahakan dihilangkan sama sekali. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui bentuk kesalahan dan penyebab kesalahan penggunaan adverbia bahasa Tionghoa dalam tugas pembuatan vlog mahasiswa Sastra Tionghoa Universitas Kristen Petra angkatan 2015. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis tekstual. Data dalam penelitian ini yang adalah dokumen berupa 8 buah vlog yang dibuat oleh 17 mahasiswa angkatan 2015 Sastra Tionghoa Universitas Kristen Petra.Dari keseluruhan 8 jenis kata keterangan bahasa Tionghoa, penulis menemukan adanya 5 jenis kata keterangan yang mengalami kesalahan pengunaan yaitu kata keterangan level, waktu, ruang lingkup, negasi, dan hubungan.  Kesalahan yang terjadi berupa kesalahan penggunaan kata keterangan 太(tài), 正在 (zhèngzài), 就是 (jiùshì), 很 (hěn), 还是 (háishì), 只zhī, 是否(shìfǒu) atau 是不是 (shìbúshì), 已经 (yǐjīng), dan 也 (yě).Kesalahan penggunaan kata keterangan bahasa Tionghoa disebabkan oleh karena adanya pengaruh dari kata keterangan bahasa Indonesia, dimana bahasa Indonesia adalah bahasa ibu dari mahasiswa.
NAATP annual meeting: Measure what you're doing
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2019

Last week's annual leadership meeting of the National Association of Addiction Treatment Providers (NAATP) focused on the quality assurance guidebook coming out from the organization (see “NAATP releases draft guidebook for residential treatment providers,” ADAW, April 22, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adaw.32334). It culminated with a visit to Capitol Hill (see story, p. 3).
Agonist dose, patient perception both influence opioid HCV
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: May 2019

A study of hepatitis C virus (HCV) risk among injection drug users on opioid agonist medication concludes that both actual medication dosage and the patient's perception of dosage adequacy have a significant impact on outcomes. Authors of the study say the results suggest the need for greater involvement among patients in shaping the course of their treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD).
Review of Recent Development of In Situ/Operando Characterization Techniques for Lithium Battery Research
Authors: Liu Dongqing , Shadike Zulipiya , Lin Ruoqian , Qian Kun , Li Hai , Li Kaikai , Wang Shuwei , Yu Qipeng , Liu Ming , Ganapathy Swapna , Qin Xianying , Yang Quan‐Hong , Wagemaker Marnix , Kang Feiyu , Yang Xiao‐Qing , Li Baohua
Published: May 2019

The increasing demands of energy storage require the significant improvement of current Li‐ion battery electrode materials and the development of advanced electrode materials. Thus, it is necessary to gain an in‐depth understanding of the reaction processes, degradation mechanism, and thermal decomposition mechanisms under realistic operation conditions. This understanding can be obtained by in situ/operando characterization techniques, which provide information on the structure evolution, redox mechanism, solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, side reactions, and Li‐ion transport properties under operating conditions. Here, the recent developments in the in situ/operando techniques employed for the investigation of the structural stability, dynamic properties, chemical environment changes, and morphological evolution are described and summarized. The experimental approaches reviewed here include X‐ray, electron, neutron, optical, and scanning probes. The experimental methods and operating principles, especially the in situ cell designs, are described in detail. Representative studies of the in situ/operando techniques are summarized, and finally the major current challenges and future opportunities are discussed. Several important battery challenges are likely to benefit from these in situ/operando techniques, including the inhomogeneous reactions of high‐energy‐density cathodes, the development of safe and reversible Li metal plating, and the development of stable SEI.
A Crystalline, 2D Polyarylimide Cathode for Ultrastable and Ultrafast Li Storage
Authors: Wang Gang , Chandrasekhar Naisa , Biswal Bishnu P. , Becker Daniel , Paasch Silvia , Brunner Eike , Addicoat Matthew , Yu Minghao , Berger Reinhard , Feng Xinliang
Published: May 2019

Organic electrode materials are of long‐standing interest for next‐generation sustainable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). As a promising cathode candidate, imide compounds have attracted extensive attention due to their low cost, high theoretical capacity, high working voltage, and fast redox reaction. However, the redox active site utilization of imide electrodes remains challenging for them to fulfill their potential applications. Herein, the synthesis of a highly stable, crystalline 2D polyarylimide (2D‐PAI) integrated with carbon nanotube (CNT) is demonstrated for the use as cathode material in LIBs. The synthesized polyarylimide hybrid (2D‐PAI@CNT) is featured with abundant π‐conjugated redox‐active naphthalene diimide units, a robust cyclic imide linkage, high surface area, and well‐defined accessible pores, which render the efficient utilization of redox active sites (82.9%), excellent structural stability, and fast ion diffusion. As a consequence, high rate capability and ultrastable cycle stability (100% capacity retention after 8000 cycles) are achieved in the 2D‐PAI@CNT cathode, which far exceeds the state‐of‐the‐art polyimide electrodes. This work may inspire the development of novel organic electrodes for sustainable and durable rechargeable batteries.
4D Printing of Shape‐Memory Hydrogels for Soft‐Robotic Functions
Authors: Shiblee MD Nahin Islam , Ahmed Kumkum , Kawakami Masaru , Furukawa Hidemitsu
Published: May 2019

Hydrogel actuators with soft‐robotic functions and biomimetic advanced materials with facile and programmable fabrication processes remain scarce. A novel approach to fabricating a shape‐memory‐hydrogel‐(SMG)‐based bilayer system using 3D printing to yield a soft actuator responsive to the methodical application of swelling and heat is introduced. Each layer of the bilayer is composed of poly(N,N‐dimethyl acrylamide‐co‐stearyl acrylate) (P(DMAAm‐co‐SA))‐based hydrogels with different concentrations of the crystalline monomer SA within the SMG network and which exhibit distinctive physicochemical properties that enable anisotropic swelling‐induced actuation of the bilayer with reversible shape‐memory properties. The deformation, reversibility, and response time of the bilayer actuator are extensively dependent on temperature. Utilizing the proposed SMG bilayer actuator model with its synergistic functions, a nature‐inspired flower architecture that changes its shape upon immersion in water and an underwater 3D macroscopic soft gripper that can grab, transport, and release a guest substance are developed to demonstrate the applicability of these hydrogels in biomimetic actuators, encapsulating systems, and soft robotics.
Recent Progress in 2D Layered III–VI Semiconductors and their Heterostructures for Optoelectronic Device Applications
Authors: Yang Zhibin , Hao Jianhua
Published: May 2019

During the past decade, great effort has been devoted to research on 2D layered materials due to their reduced thickness and extraordinary physical properties, which open new opportunities for developing next‐generation applications in various fields. Ultrathin III–VI semiconductors (e.g., GaSe, InSe, In2Se3, etc.) have emerged as potential candidates for nano‐optoelectronic applications thanks to their sizable layer‐dependent bandgaps and high carrier mobility, which could enable broadband photodetection and efficient conversion of solar energy. A systematic review is provided on 2D III–VI semiconductor‐based state‐of‐the‐art optoelectronic devices, such as phototransistors, photoconductors, and solar cells, reported in recent years. To better understand the mechanism and performance of the devices, an introduction to the electronic structures and optical properties of several representative III–VI members is first given. A comprehensive overview is then given on device geometry design, operating principles, and performance in optoelectronic applications based on III–VI semiconductors and their heterostructures. The techniques to enhance the performances of devices are also discussed. Finally, a brief discussion on the challenges and future opportunities in this field is provided.
Light‐Responsive (Supra)Molecular Architectures: Recent Advances
Authors: Baroncini Massimo , Groppi Jessica , Corra Stefano , Silvi Serena , Credi Alberto
Published: May 2019

The development and investigation of (supra)molecular‐based architectures characterized by light‐activated functionalities is a highly relevant topic of chemical research. The interest on photo‐controlled systems arises not only from their potential applications in different fields of technology but also from their scientific significance related to the understanding of light–matter interactions at the nanoscale. Indeed, light is a peculiar and unique tool as it can be conveniently applied to supply the energy required to affect and operate a system and, at the same time, to probe its state and investigate its transformations. Some basic aspects of light‐induced processes in (supra)molecular architectures are discussed here in the frame of their use to implement novel functionalities in nanostructured systems and materials. In this perspective, a few recent examples from our own work will be illustrated which are meant to provide an overview of the current directions in this highly cross‐disciplinary field of research.
A High Voltage Aqueous Zinc–Organic Hybrid Flow Battery
Authors: Park Minjoon , Beh Eugene S. , Fell Eric M. , Jing Yan , Kerr Emily F. , De Porcellinis Diana , Goulet Marc‐Antoni , Ryu Jaechan , Wong Andrew A. , Gordon Roy G. , Cho Jaephil , Aziz Michael J.
Published: May 2019

Water‐soluble redox‐active organic molecules have attracted extensive attention as electrical energy storage alternatives to redox‐active metals that are low in abundance and high in cost. Here an aqueous zinc–organic hybrid redox flow battery (RFB) is reported with a positive electrolyte comprising a functionalized 1,4‐hydroquinone bearing four (dimethylamino)methyl groups dissolved in sulfuric acid. By utilizing a three‐electrolyte, two‐membrane configuration this acidic positive electrolyte is effectively paired with an alkaline negative electrolyte comprising a Zn/[Zn(OH)4]2− redox couple and a hybrid RFB is operated at a high operating voltage of 2.0 V. It is shown that the electrochemical reversibility and kinetics of the organic redox species can be enhanced by an electrocatalyst, leading to a cyclic voltammetry peak separation as low as 35 mV and enabling an enhanced rate capability.
KCNJ6 variants modulate reward‐related brain processes and impact executive functions in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Ziegler Georg C. , Röser Christoph , Renner Tobias , Hahn Tim , Ehlis Ann‐Christine , Weber Heike , Dempfle Astrid , Walitza Susanne , Jacob Christian , Romanos Marcel , Fallgatter Andreas J. , Reif Andreas , Lesch Klaus‐Peter
Published: May 2019

KCNJ6, encoding a potassium channel subunit, regulates the excitability of dopaminergic neurons and is expressed in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)‐relevant brain regions. As a potential ADHD risk gene, KCNJ6, therefore, may contribute to the endophenotypic variation of the disorder. The impact of two SNPs, rs7275707 and rs6517442, both located in the transcriptional control region of KCNJ6, on reporter gene expression was explored in cultured cells. The KCNJ6 variants were then tested for association with ADHD and personality traits in a family‐based sample (165 affected children) and an adult case–control sample (450 patients, 426 controls). Furthermore, the genotypic influence on performance in an n‐back task and a cued continuous performance test (cCPT) was investigated by electroencephalography recordings. Finally, rs6517442 function was assessed by a reward anticipation paradigm using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Different haplotypes of rs7275707 and rs6517442 significantly influenced KCNJ6 gene expression proving their functional relevance on the molecular level. In the family‐based children sample rs7275707 was associated with ADHD (p = .038). Moreover, rs7275707 showed association with the personality trait of Reward Dependence (p = .031). In the ADHD group, both rs7275707 and rs6517442 influenced the Go‐centroid location in the cCPT and the N200 amplitude in the n‐back task. Furthermore, ventral striatal activation was impacted by rs6517442 during reward anticipation. Our data indicate that functional variants of KCNJ6 influence brain activity during reward‐related and executive processes supporting the view of a differential, age‐dependent modulatory impact of dopamine‐related brain processes in ADHD risk.
Physical Manipulation of Lanthanide‐Activated Photoluminescence
Authors: Wang Yangbo , Zhou Jie , Gao Jiaxin , Zhang Kun , Gao Chao , Xie Xiaoji , Huang Ling
Published: May 2019

Versatile manipulation of lanthanide photoluminescence not only enables a more thorough understanding of the luminescent mechanism, but also promotes their widespread applications including advanced display and security, bioimaging and biotherapy, and sensors. The traditional chemical methods, engineering of composition, concentration, size, morphology, and surface defects, can easily tune the excitation, energy transfer and emission processes and have been frequently used. Despite the powerful ability to control luminescence intensity and selectivity, these chemical approaches suffer from cumbersome synthesis processes and are usually time consuming and irreversible. Recently, there have been numerous examples of physical approaches realizing in situ, real time, and reversible luminescence manipulation for certain materials under a given excitation. Herein, the existing physical strategies comprising temperature, magnetic field, electric field, and mechanical stress are summarized. For each approach, the action mechanism, material design, applications, as well as current challenges are discussed, and possible development directions and broadening of the potential application areas are considered.
Silica‐Supported Molybdenum Oxo Alkylidenes: Bridging the Gap between Internal and Terminal Olefin Metathesis
Authors: Pucino Margherita , Zhai Feng , Gordon Christopher P. , Mance Deni , Hoveyda Amir H. , Schrock Richard R. , Copéret Christophe
Published: May 2019

Grafting a molybdenum oxo alkylidene on silica (partially dehydroxylated at 700 °C) affords the first example of a well‐defined silica‐supported Mo oxo alkylidene, which is an analogue of the putative active sites in heterogeneous Mo‐based metathesis catalysts. In contrast to its tungsten analogue, which shows poor activity towards terminal olefins because of the formation of a stable off‐cycle metallacyclobutane intermediate, the Mo catalyst shows high metathesis activity for both terminal and internal olefins that is consistent with the lower stability of Mo metallacyclobutane intermediates. This Mo oxo metathesis catalyst also outperforms its corresponding neutral silica‐supported Mo and W imido analogues.
Darstellung von hochmolekularen Polyethern durch die zwitterionische Lewis‐Paar‐Polymerisation von Epoxiden
Authors: Walther Patrick , Krauß Annabelle , Naumann Stefan
Published: May 2019

Ein dualkatalytisches System bestehend aus N‐heterocyclischen Olefinen (NHOs) und Magnesium Bis(hexamethyldisilazid) (Mg(HMDS)2) ermöglicht die Herstellung von Poly(propylenoxid) (PPO) mit einem Molekulargewicht (Mn) von >500 000 g mol−1, in manchen Fällen sogar >106 g mol−1, wie mittels GPC/Lichtstreuung verifiziert wurde. Dies wird durch die Kombination der schnellen Polymerisationskinetik eines zwitterionischen Lewis‐Paares mit der effizienten Epoxidaktivierung durch die MgII‐Spezies erreicht. Hierbei werden Übertragungsreaktionen auf Monomere (“transfer‐to‐monomer”), die üblicherweise die Synthese von Polyethern mit hohen Polymerisationsgraden behindern, quantitativ unterdrückt. Mittels NMR‐ und MALDI‐ToF‐MS‐Experimenten konnten Schlüsselaspekte des vorgeschlagenen Mechanismus identifiziert werden, wobei die Polymerisation über einen nukleophilen Angriff des NHOs am aktivierten Monomer initiiert wird, was eine zwitterionische Spezies generiert. Weiterhin wird demonstriert, dass dieser Ansatz auch auf andere Epoxide übertragbar ist, einschließlich funktionalisierter Monomere.
Core–Shell‐Structured LaTaON2 Transformed from LaKNaTaO5 Plates for Enhanced Photocatalytic H2 Evolution
Authors: Wang Xin , Hisatomi Takashi , Wang Zheng , Song Jun , Qu Junle , Takata Tsuyoshi , Domen Kazunari
Published: May 2019

LaTaON2 is a photocatalyst with intense visible light absorption up to 650 nm, but exhibits low H2 evolution activity owing to uncontrolled facets and high defect densities. In this work, core–shell‐structured plate‐like LaKNaTaO5/LaTaON2 was synthesized by nitriding a layered perovskite‐type LaKNaTaO5. The volatilization of K and Na species during the nitridation promoted the rapid transformation of LaKNaTaO5 into LaTaON2 along [010] direction with the plate‐like shape retained. This yielded high‐quality LaTaON2 shells exposing (010) facets on the lattice‐matched LaKNaTaO5 cores. After loading with a Rh co‐catalyst, LaKNaTaO5/LaTaON2 showed photocatalytic H2 evolution activity four times greater than that obtained from conventional irregular‐shaped LaTaON2 powders and utilized visible light up to 620 nm. This work provides a novel strategy yielding oxynitrides with well‐defined facets and low defect densities by selecting lattice‐matched oxide precursors containing volatile components.
Lewis Pair Polymerization of Epoxides via Zwitterionic Species as a Route to High‐Molar‐Mass Polyethers
Authors: Walther Patrick , Krauß Annabelle , Naumann Stefan
Published: May 2019

A dual catalytic setup based on N‐heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) and magnesium bis(hexamethyldisilazide) (Mg(HMDS)2) was used to prepare poly(propylene oxide) with a molar mass (Mn) >500 000 g mol−1, in some cases even >106 g mol−1, as determined by GPC/light scattering. This is achieved by combining the rapid polymerization characteristics of a zwitterionic, Lewis pair type mechanism with the efficient epoxide activation by the MgII species. Transfer‐to‐monomer, traditionally frustrating attempts at synthesizing polyethers with a high degree of polymerization, is practically removed as a limiting factor by this approach. NMR and MALDI‐ToF MS experiments reveal key aspects of the proposed mechanism, whereby the polymerization is initiated via nucleophilic attack by the NHO on the activated monomer, generating a zwitterionic species. This strategy can also be extended to other epoxides, including functionalized monomers.
Green, cost‐effective and efficient procedure for Heck and Sonogashira coupling reactions using palladium nanoparticles supported on functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2 by polyvinyl alcohol as a highly active, durable and reusable catalyst
Authors: Sardarian Ali Reza , Eslahi Hassan , Esmaeilpour Mohsen
Published: May 2019

A novel heterogenized organometallic catalyst was synthesized by coordinating palladium with polyvinyl alcohol‐functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2 nanospheres. This novel catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope, dynamic light scattering, UV–vis spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and inductively coupled plasma analysis. The prepared palladium nanoparticles supported on polyvinyl alcohol functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles were successfully applied as a magnetically recyclable catalyst in Heck and Sonogashira coupling reactions in water. They showed remarkable activity toward aryl halides (I, Br, Cl) using very low palladium loading in excellent yields and demonstrated high TONs (mmol of product per mmol of catalyst). Also, the catalyst could be magnetically separated and reused seven times without any appreciable loss of catalytic activity.
Reactivity and Catalytic Activity of Homobimetallic Vanadium(V) Complex Derived from Bis(5‐chlorosalicylaldehyde)oxaloyldihydrazone Ligand
Authors: Syiemlieh Ibanphylla , Asthana Mrityunjaya , Lal Ram A.
Published: May 2019

Homobimetallic vanadium(V) complex of the composition [(CH3)2NH2+]2[(VO2)2(sloxCl)].4H2O was synthesized from the reaction of V2O5 with bis(5‐chlorosalicylaldehyde)oxaloyldihydrazone ligand in a 1:1 molar ratio in methanol. The structure of the complex was established by X‐ray crystallography. Reactivity of the complex with H2O2 leads to bis (monooxidoperoxidovanadate(V)) [{VO(O2)}2(sloxCl)]2− formation and with HCl, oxidohydroxido complex of composition [(VO (OH)(sloxCl)]2− was formed. Binding interaction of the complex was also investigated toward protein (BSA) and it was found to be 2.21 x 108 M−1. The catalytic activity of the complex in the oxidation of alcohols and oxidative bromination of some organic substrates was also studied, and it showed a great potent as a catalyst.
Causal Factors for Knee, Hip, and Hand Osteoarthritis: A Mendelian Randomization Study in the UK Biobank
Authors: Funck‐Brentano Thomas , Nethander Maria , Movérare‐Skrtic Sofia , Richette Pascal , Ohlsson Claes
Published: May 2019

Objective

There is no curative treatment for osteoarthritis (OA), which is the most common form of arthritis. This study was undertaken to identify causal risk factors of knee, hip, and hand OA.

Methods

Individual‐level data from 384,838 unrelated participants in the UK Biobank study were analyzed. Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed to test for causality for body mass index (BMI), bone mineral density (BMD), serum high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, type 2 diabetes, systolic blood pressure (BP), and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels. The primary outcome measure was OA determined using hospital diagnoses (all sites, n = 48,431; knee, n = 19,727; hip, n = 11,875; hand, n = 2,330). Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated.

Results

MR analyses demonstrated a robust causal association of genetically determined BMI with all OA (OR per SD increase 1.57 [95% CI 1.44–1.71]), and with knee OA and hip OA, but not with hand OA. Increased genetically determined femoral neck BMD was causally associated with all OA (OR per SD increase 1.14 [95% CI 1.06–1.22]), knee OA, and hip OA. Low systolic BP was causally associated with all OA (OR per SD decrease 1.55 [95% CI 1.29–1.87]), knee OA, and hip OA. There was no evidence of causality for the other tested metabolic factors or CRP level.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that BMI exerts a major causal effect on the risk of OA at weight‐bearing joints, but not at the hand. Evidence of causality of all OA, knee OA, and hip OA was also observed for high femoral neck BMD and low systolic BP. However, we found no evidence of causality for other metabolic factors or CRP level.
Survival analysis of author keywords: An application to the library and information sciences area
Authors: Peset F , Garzón‐Farinós F , González LM , García‐Massó X , Ferrer‐Sapena A , Toca‐Herrera JL , Sánchez‐Pérez EA
Published: May 2019

Our purpose is to adapt a statistical method for the analysis of discrete numerical series to the keywords appearing in scientific articles of a given area. As an example, we apply our methodological approach to the study of the keywords in the Library and Information Sciences (LIS) area. Our objective is to detect the new author keywords that appear in a fixed knowledge area in the period of 1 year in order to quantify the probabilities of survival for 10 years as a function of the impact of the journals where they appeared. Many of the new keywords appearing in the LIS field are ephemeral. Actually, more than half are never used again. In general, the terms most commonly used in the LIS area come from other areas. The average survival time of these keywords is approximately 3 years, being slightly higher in the case of words that were published in journals classified in the second quartile of the area. We believe that measuring the appearance and disappearance of terms will allow understanding some relevant aspects of the evolution of a discipline, providing in this way a new bibliometric approach.
Designing sustainable online support: Examining the effects of design change in 49 online health support communities
Authors: Introne Joshua , Erickson Ingrid , Semaan Bryan , Goggins Sean
Published: May 2019

Online social support communities can significantly improve health outcomes for individuals living with disease. Although they are well studied in the literature, little research examines how sociotechnical design changes influence the sustainability of support communities for different medical conditions. We compare the impact of a single design change on 49 disease‐specific health support forums hosted on the WebMD platform, a popular online health information service. A statistical analysis showcases changes in posting patterns before and after the design intervention; a subsequent interpretive examination of forum content reveals how the design change affected members' perceived affordances of the platform. Our findings suggest that, despite differences between communities, the design change triggered a common set of cascading effects: it made it difficult for core users to create and maintain relationships, that led them to ultimately leave the site, and, in turn, reduced the activity drawing newcomers to the platform. Using these findings, we argue that the design of sustainable and robust online communities must account for systemic, sociotechnical dynamics.
One‐Dimensional Nanostructured Pseudocapacitive Materials: Design, Synthesis and Applications in Supercapacitors
Authors: Sun Jinfeng , Guo Lingzhi , Sun Xuan , Zhang Jinyang , Hou Linrui , Li Li , Yang Shuhua , Yuan Changzhou
Published: May 2019

In the past decades, pseudocapacitive materials (PCMs) for electrochemical energy storage have drawn enthusiastic attention from researchers, owing to their virtue of larger Faradaic capacitance facilitating enhanced energy densities compared to electric double‐layer capacitive materials. To maximize capacitive properties without sacrificing power densities, novel design and fine fabrication of innovative PCMs with rational micro‐structures become of significant importance. Typically, enormous efforts have been devoted to fabricating 1D nanostructured PCMs for advanced supercapacitors, thanks to their geometrical merits facilitating the ionic/electronic transport. This review mainly focuses on the latest development and progress of 1D nanostructured PCMs for advanced supercapacitors. Firstly, typical pseudocapacitive mechanisms are discussed in detail. Secondly, physicochemical properties and intrinsic merits of 1D nanoscaled electrodes are comprehensively described. Thirdly, representative synthetic methodologies, optimization strategies and involved formation mechanisms for 1D nanodimensional PCMs are surveyed. Besides, the applications of 1D versatile PCMs including 1D conventional nanostructures, nano‐arrays, core‐shell nano‐architectures and secondary superstructures are systematically summarized as competitive electrodes for supercapacitors. Finally, future challenges, prospects and opportunities of 1D nanostructured PCMs for next‐generation supercapacitors are further proposed.
Life‐cycle assessment of green biorefinery process options
Authors: Prieler Manuela , Lindorfer Johannes , Steinmüller Horst
Published: May 2019

In this study, the biorefinery process for generating amino acids (AA) from grass silage is analyzed ecologically. Life‐cycle assessment is conducted in accordance with ISO 14040 and ISO 14044. A kilogram of amino acid is selected as a functional unit. The system boundary is drawn around silage production and includes both agricultural and conversion processes. The technology setup is modeled based on data from a demonstration amino acid production plant that uses the silages of permanent grassland in Austria (GBR 1), and data from the experimental work conducted within the European‐funded GRASSFinery project (GBR 2) located in the Czech Republic and Germany, using life‐cycle assessment software (GaBi®).

Different scenarios are developed with different system boundaries. The baseline scenario for GBR 1 and the primary and central processing units of GBR 2 includes the green biorefinery processes without the disposal of waste flows to the biogas plant. By enlarging the system boundaries, the waste flows to the biogas plant and the energy yield from anaerobic digestion are considered as well as the transportation of intermediate products.

The global warming potential (GWP) of the whole AA production process ranges from 11.4 to 16.8 kg CO2eq/kg AA, depending on the scenario. The GWP excludes biogenic carbon so the bound carbon in the grass silage is not included. High quality grass silage is crucial to achieve high yields of amino acids. Closed loops are a sensible step to reduce the environmental impact. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Sampling uncertainty versus method uncertainty: A general framework with applications to omics biomarker selection
Authors: Klau Simon , Martin‐Magniette Marie‐Laure , Boulesteix Anne‐Laure , Hoffmann Sabine
Published: May 2019

Uncertainty is a crucial issue in statistics which can be considered from different points of view. One type of uncertainty, typically referred to as sampling uncertainty, arises through the variability of results obtained when the same analysis strategy is applied to different samples. Another type of uncertainty arises through the variability of results obtained when using the same sample but different analysis strategies addressing the same research question. We denote this latter type of uncertainty as method uncertainty. It results from all the choices to be made for an analysis, for example, decisions related to data preparation, method choice, or model selection. In medical sciences, a large part of omics research is focused on the identification of molecular biomarkers, which can either be performed through ranking or by selection from among a large number of candidates. In this paper, we introduce a general resampling‐based framework to quantify and compare sampling and method uncertainty. For illustration, we apply this framework to different scenarios related to the selection and ranking of omics biomarkers in the context of acute myeloid leukemia: variable selection in multivariable regression using different types of omics markers, the ranking of biomarkers according to their predictive performance, and the identification of differentially expressed genes from RNA‐seq data. For all three scenarios, our findings suggest highly unstable results when the same analysis strategy is applied to two independent samples, indicating high sampling uncertainty and a comparatively smaller, but non‐negligible method uncertainty, which strongly depends on the methods being compared.
5 Strategic Talent Imperatives for the Boardroom
Authors: Barrett John , Buck Bryan
Published: May 2019

John Barrett and Bryan Buck are partners at the executive search firm ON Partners, where they work with public and private companies to identify and recruit high‐impact executives for board, C‐suite, and other senior leadership roles. Here, they discuss the ways that changing global conditions in 2019 and the foreseeable future are combining to create five strategic talent imperatives for the boardroom. Whether companies seek growth or transformation moving forward, their future success will rest to some degree upon their ability to create and maintain boards that meet these essential imperatives.