bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a rehabilitation researcher survey of knowledge and interest in learning health systems research
Authors: Resnik Linda , Clark Melissa A. , Freburger Janet , McDonough Christine , Poploski Kathleen , Ressel Kristin , Whitten Margarite , Stevans Joel
Published: November 2021

Introduction

LeaRRn, an NIH‐funded rehabilitation resource center, is dedicated to developing learning health systems (LHS) research competencies within the rehabilitation community. To appropriately target resources and training opportunities for rehabilitation researchers, we developed and pilot tested a survey based on AHRQ LHS research core competencies to assess the training needs of rehabilitation researchers interested in LHS research.

Methods

Survey items were developed by the investigative team and iteratively refined with the assistance of an expert panel using two rounds of content validation. Survey items addressed knowledge of, ability to apply, and interest in LHS research competencies. The survey was pre‐pilot tested with six rehabilitation professionals, refined again, and then pilot tested. Time to complete the survey was measured. Spearman correlations examined relationships between knowledge and ability.

Results

A 78‐item survey was pilot tested. Forty‐five individuals completed the pilot survey in full (71% female, 84% white, and 93% non‐Hispanic). Due to concerns about response burden (mean 15 minutes to complete) and strong correlation between “knowledge” and “ability” ratings (all rho >0.57), “ability” was dropped, resulting in a 55‐item survey assessing “knowledge” and “interest” in LHS research competencies.

Conclusions

We developed a survey of knowledge and interest in LHS research competencies for rehabilitation researchers. The resulting survey may be used to assess training needs and guide LHS research content development by educators, programs directors, and other initiatives within the rehabilitation research community.
Effect of Thyme extract as an ecofriendly inhibitor for corrosion of mild steel in acidic media
Authors: Golshani Zahra , Moezabad Hossein Cheraghi , Amiri Mahnaz , Sajadi Ghazal S. , Naghizade Razie , Hosseini Seyed M. A.
Published: November 2021

Natural extracts have been widely used to protect metal materials from corrosion. Mild steel (MS) corrosion inhibition in 0.5 M sulfuric acid was investigated in the absence and presence of Thyme leaf extracts as an economical corrosion inhibitor. The effects of various concentrations and different temperatures on inhibitor efficacy were investigated. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization curves, the corrosion resistance of the alloy was also estimated. The polarization technique indicated that the Thyme extract is a mixed‐type inhibitor for MS in 0.5 M H2SO4. The obtained results revealed an excellent inhibition efficiency of 98% at 200 ppm of Thyme concentration. The thermodynamic parameters calculated, the effects of temperature, and the adsorption mechanism were also investigated, that suggested formation of monolayer inhibitor molecules (i.e. the Langmuir adsorption isotherm) on the metal surface. The value calculated from the Langmuir adsorption isotherm plots for inhibitor indicated that it was adsorbed on the alloy surface via a physisorption mechanism. Additional studies on plant extracts as corrosion inhibitors on metals are needed to produce solutions for industrial purposes.
An n‐shaped multimode wideband substrate integrated suspended line antenna using characteristic mode analysis
Authors: Tang Bin , Ma Kaixue , Luo Yu , Newton Moro Eric , Ma Jianguo
Published: November 2021

An n‐shaped antenna with multimode for wideband application based on substrate integrated suspended line (SISL) platform is presented using characteristic mode analysis (CMA). By exciting three modes simultaneously, a wideband characteristic is achieved. The size of the proposed antenna is 0.74 λ0 × 1.47 λ0 × 0.11 λ0 (where λ0 is the free‐space operating wavelength at the center frequency of 6.205 GHz). The antenna prototype is fabricated and measured. Experimental results show that in the band of 5.1–7.31 GHz, |S11| <−10 dB, and the realized gain is from 5.2 to 9.8 dBi which can be used for WLAN and 5G wireless communication system.
In Memoriam: Bruce R. Hopkins
Authors: Roady Celia
Published: November 2021

Readers of this newsletter, which bears Bruce Hopkins' name, no doubt feel they know Bruce personally. His wit, wisdom, and personality shine through in his writings that kept readers up to date on the latest developments in nonprofit law. And, Bruce did more than provide a straightforward explanation of the matter at hand. What made Bruce unique is how adeptly he offered valuable insight and perspective about key developments, informed by some five decades of scholarship in the nonprofit field, and a willingness to speak frankly and criticize cases and rulings he found deficient in reasoning or result.
Application of crosshole electrical resistivity tomography measurements under the influence of horizontally slotted plastic cased boreholes
Authors: Almpanis Angelos , Tsourlos Panagiotis , Vargemezis George , Papazachos Costas
Published: November 2021

In this work, we study the performance of cross‐hole electrical resistivity tomography measurements by employing different electrode array configurations in plastic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cased and horizontally slotted observation boreholes by inserting a multi‐electrode cable directly into the borehole. Preliminary cross‐hole electrical resistivity tomography measurements in PVC cased boreholes related to an underground tunnel construction showed poor data quality. This was attributed to the borehole‐fluid effect caused by the PVC casings. An experimental study was conducted to support this hypothesis by setting up various simulations in a water tank, using different PVC casings with various slot densities, and different electrode array configurations. We conclude that the applicability of various measurement setups depends mainly on the acquisition protocol and, to a lesser extent, on the slot density of the PVC casing. Among the different array configurations considered, the pole–dipole array with the potential measuring electrodes being placed in a separate borehole to the current electrodes provide the most robust and reliable results, even for low slot density PVC casings. Besides, denser borehole slot configurations result in better data quality, though to a different extent for the examined protocols. A minimum slot density criterion of at least six slots/electrode spacing is proposed, regardless of the electrode array. The experimental findings are finally evaluated against real field measurements associated with the construction of an underground tunnel of the new Thessaloniki Metro, verifying the pole–dipole array's superior behaviour for this type of measurement configuration. Finally, for those cases where the aspect ratio (hole depth/hole separation) is limited, we propose a modified borehole‐to‐surface configuration with the current electrodes placed outside the boreholes. The overall results indicate that slotted PVC cased observation boreholes (e.g., conventional piezometers), typically constructed as part of many infrastructure monitoring projects, can be efficiently employed for electrical resistivity tomography mapping, generating a new perspective for geoelectrical prospecting. This measuring approach exhibits a significant advantage. The use of pre‐existing boreholes reduces the overall survey costs, reliability, and effort, while also providing high‐resolution subsurface images, especially in urban environments.
Effectiveness of public policy in reviving the COVID‐19 hit economy: Evidences from Kerala, India
Authors: Mohammed Kasim Chakkungal , Azad Parambengal , Muhammed Refeque Eanthen , Maya Kizhayoor
Published: November 2021

The economic crisis triggered by the COVID‐19 urgently required active policy interventions to enhance the revival strategies of the world economy. This paper examines the effectiveness of policy intervention of the State Government of Kerala in India in mitigating the risks caused by the pandemic. The policy effectiveness is evaluated by analyzing the data collected from a sample of 300 beneficiaries with the help of descriptive statistics, ordered probit (OP) model, and semi nonparametric extended OP (SNEOP) model. Our results are assertive with the fact that state policies are effective in reviving the crisis‐hit economy as they have primarily helped low‐income groups and other marginalized communities. The majority of BPL families, self‐help group members, and social security beneficiaries rated government policies as highly or fairly effective. Though the policies are found to be highly effective among those who have suffered income loss, the study does not find sufficient evidence to believe that the government interventions are effective in helping those who have lost their jobs. The level of effectiveness is inversely related to age, education, and family size. Our results suggest that an extensive fiscal package is required to help people recover from the crisis.
Registration of ‘KS Hamilton’ hard red winter wheat
Authors: Zhang Guorong , Martin Terry J. , Fritz Allan K. , Li Yonghui , Seabourn Bradford W. , Chen Richard Y. , Bai Guihua , Bowden Robert L. , Chen Ming‐Shun , Rupp Jessica , Jin Yue , Chen Xianming , Kolmer Jim , Marshall David S.
Published: November 2021

Hard winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major crop in semi‐arid western Kansas. The objective of this research was to develop a hard red winter wheat cultivar for western Kansas with high grain yield potential, good baking quality, and resistance to the important diseases in this region, including Wheat streak mosaic virus, Barley yellow dwarf virus, stripe rust, leaf rust, stem rust, and Hessian fly. ‘KS Hamilton’ (Reg. no. CV‐1188, PI 699003) hard red winter wheat was developed by the wheat breeding program at the Agricultural Research Center‐Hays, Kansas State University, and released by the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station in 2020. KS Hamilton was selected from a three‐way cross of KS08HW176‐4//‘Bill Brown’/KS08HW61‐2. It was released for the dryland production in western Kansas. KS Hamilton was developed using a modified bulk breeding method. KS Hamilton is an F6‐derived line and was tested in yield trials for 6 yr. KS Hamilton has an intermediate maturity and plant height and an average straw strength. It has moderate tolerance to grain shattering and good winterhardiness. KS Hamilton has high grain yield potential in western Kansas and a good disease resistance package, including resistance to Wheat streak mosaic virus, stem rust, and Hessian fly; moderate resistance to Barley yellow dwarf virus; and intermediate resistance to stripe and leaf rusts. KS Hamilton has an average test weight and an above‐average baking quality.
Suicidal ideation and executive functioning in pediatric cancer
Authors: Sharkey Christina M. , Hardy Kristina K. , Gioia Anthony , Weisman Hannah , Walsh Karin
Published: November 2021

Objective

Neurocognitive impairments and psychological distress are among the most common difficulties experienced by children treated for cancer. Elevated rates of suicidal ideation (SI) are documented among cancer survivors, and a link between neurocognitive deficits and SI is evident, yet the relationship between SI and pediatric cancer‐related neurocognitive effects has not yet been studied.

Participants and Methods

Participants were 166 pediatric cancer patients (57.8% Brain Tumor, 31.3% leukemia, 10.8% other cancers) aged 6‐23 (M = 11.57, SD = 3.82; 45.8% female) referred for neuropsychological surveillance. SI prevalence was measured by parent, teacher, or patient endorsement of self‐harm related items on informant‐report measures (e.g., the Child Behavior Checklist). Executive functioning (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function), ADHD symptoms (ADHD Rating Scale), and performance‐based measures were compared between those with SI and those without.

Results

17.5% of pediatric cancer patients experienced SI, of which 44.7% had self‐endorsement only, 58.5% parent‐endorsement only, 20.6% teacher‐endorsement only, and 24.1% had two endorsements. Those with SI had significantly greater impairments in global executive composite scores by both parent‐ and teacher‐report (ps < 0.05). Parents of children with SI endorsed significantly more inattention symptoms (M = 6.10, SD = 15.48) than those without SI (M = 50.56, SD = 8.70; p < 0.01), but hyperactivity symptoms did not differ. Intellectual and executive function performance did not differ between those with and without SI (ps > 0.1).

Conclusions

An elevated number of children treated for cancer experience SI and related neurocognitive problems. Screening for SI and further assessment of the connection between executive functioning and SI in pediatric cancer populations is needed.
The search for new herbicide mechanisms of action: Is there a ‘holy grail’?
Authors: Duke Stephen O , Dayan Franck E
Published: November 2021

New herbicide modes of action (MOAs) are in great demand because of the burgeoning evolution of resistance of weeds to existing commercial herbicides. This need has been exacerbated by the almost complete lack of introduction of herbicides with new MOAs for almost 40 years. There are many highly phytotoxic compounds with MOAs not represented by commercial herbicides, but neither these compounds nor structural analogues have been developed as herbicides for a variety of reasons. Natural products provide knowledge of many MOAs that are not being utilized by commercial herbicides. Other means of identifying new herbicide targets are discussed, including pharmaceutical target sites and metabolomic and proteomic information, as well as the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning to predict herbicidal compounds with new MOAs. Information about several newly discovered herbicidal compounds with new MOAs is summarized. The currently increased efforts of both established companies and start‐up companies are likely to result in herbicides with new MOAs that can be used in herbicide resistance management within the next decade. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Integrated data analysis making use of the total information from gas chromatography and high‐resolution time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry to identify qualitative differences between two whisky samples
Authors: Cody Robert B. , Fukudome Takao , Ubukata Masaaki
Published: November 2021

Rationale

Analysis of complex mixtures with gas chromatography coupled with high‐resolution time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GC/HRTOFMS) can produce a large amount of data. A new software program was recently reported that integrates all of the available mass spectrometric information from GC/HRTOFMS analysis into a concise report. New capabilities have now been added to the software to incorporate retention index data and to identify differences between two samples.

Methods

Two Scotch whisky samples were sampled by solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) and analyzed by GC/HRTOFMS. One of the two whisky samples (Sample B) was identical to the other sample (Sample A) except for an additional 6‐months storage in sherry casks. Both electron ionization (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) data were obtained using a new GC/TOFMS system (JEOL AccuTOF GC‐Alpha) with enhanced resolving power and mass accuracy. Statistical analysis of replicate measurements of the whisky samples was carried out with a new software program (msFineAnalysis version 3.2) to identify and assign differences between the samples.

Results

There were 124 peaks detected in the two whiskies. Thirteen compounds were detected with a relative peak area greater than 0.05% that were present in greater amounts in the whisky that had been stored in sherry casks for an additional 6 months. Ten of these compounds were identified by the software with high confidence, two were identified as isomers with close retention indices, and one was identified interactively.

Conclusions

The software identified small differences between the two samples that resulted from sherry cask aging. Because all of the information available from the hard and soft ionization analyses for each compound is summarized in a concise integrated report, the operator can rapidly determine the level of confidence for each assignment and inspect the information for compounds that are not present in the database.
Robust fixed‐time connectivity preserving consensus of nonlinear multi‐agent systems with disturbance
Authors: Sun Fenglan , Wang Feng , Liu Peiyong , Kurths Jürgen
Published: November 2021

This article studies the fixed‐time tracking consensus of second‐order nonlinear multi‐agent systems with disturbance. To make the fixed‐time tracking consensus, a consensus protocol based on the integral sliding mode surface is proposed, which can ensure the adjacent agents remain within a limited communication range in the communication process. By adopting Lyapunov stability theory and matrix theory, sufficient conditions for the fixed‐time tracking consensus are given, and a bound of the settling time is obtained. Finally, a simulation example is presented to verify the potential correctness of the obtained results.
An Investigation on the Effect of Extended Conjugation on the Photophysical Properties of Graphene Quantum Dot‐Porphyrin Dyads
Authors: Pallikkara Athira , Sebastian Deepa , Ramakrishnan Kala
Published: November 2021

Noncovalent dyads embodied with porphyrin (PPy) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were subjected to photophysical studies with the aim of a deep understanding on the electron transfer dynamics in such systems. Peculiarities of a single fluorophore seems to be inadequate in light harvesting materials for various applications which can be rectified by the method of co‐sensitization. In this work Tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) and Tetranaphthylporphyrin (TNaP) have been utilized for the preparation of the nanohybrid systems to realize the effect of conjugation on the photophysical properties of these materials. The photophysical studies of these nanohybrids such as UV‐Visible spectra, Fluorescence emission spectra and Time‐correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) were carried out. Both the ground and excited state interaction studies indicate an effective association between the two components in these nanohybrids. The photoexcited porphyrin molecules behave as electron donors and GQDs as acceptors and the interaction studies show that the quenching of the porphyrin derivatives occurs through a combined static and dynamic quenching mechanism in the PPy‐GQD nanocomposites. Moreover the extended conjugation in naphthyl system exalted the binding with quantum dots through π‐π interaction and results in augmented electron transfer than that in phenyl nanocomposite. The higher non‐radiative rate constant from TCSPC authenticates the above results. Understanding the photodynamics of electrons in such systems is significant for their effective utilization and practical applications of these materials in light harvesting devices and photocatalysis.
A fossil fish assemblage from the middle Miocene of the Cocinetas Basin, northern Colombia
Authors: Ballen Gustavo A. , Jaramillo Carlos , Dagosta Fernando C. P. , de Pinna Mario C. C.
Published: November 2021

Freshwater fossil fish faunas have long been used to infer past drainage connections, given that they are bounded by physical freshwater barriers. Here we study a middle Miocene (15.0–15.5 Ma) freshwater fish fossil fauna (Makaraipao) from the Castilletes Formation in northern Colombia, nowadays west of the Andes. We record the presence of lungfishes (Lepidosiren), pacus (Mylossoma and Piaractus), armoured catfishes (Callichthyidae), and red‐tail catfishes (Phractocephalus). Extant members of all those groups (except the Callichthyidae, due to lack of taxonomic resolution) are found in Amazonian faunas east of the Andes and are absent from faunas west of the Andes, indicating that the riverine systems of the Guajira Peninsula were connected to Amazonia during the middle Miocene. The similarity of La Venta (west of the Andes) and Rio Acre (east of the Andes) fish faunas during the late Miocene further indicates that the northern Andean uplift was not a complete barrier at least until c. 11 Ma. However, there is a continental‐wide structuring of the Miocene fish faunas that is also found in the extant faunas, suggesting that other factors such as ecological conditions, in addition to the uplift of the Andes, have shaped the biogeographic evolution of South American fish faunas.
A low-energy perspective on the minimal left-right symmetric model
Authors: Dekens W. , Andreoli L. , de Vries J. , Mereghetti E. , Oosterhof F.
Published: November 2021

Abstract

We perform a global analysis of the low-energy phenomenology of the minimal left-right symmetric model (mLRSM) with parity symmetry. We match the mLRSM to the Standard Model Effective Field Theory Lagrangian at the left-right-symmetry breaking scale and perform a comprehensive fit to low-energy data including mesonic, neutron, and nuclear β-decay processes, ∆F = 1 and ∆F = 2 CP-even and -odd processes in the bottom and strange sectors, and electric dipole moments (EDMs) of nucleons, nuclei, and atoms. We fit the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa and mLRSM parameters simultaneously and determine a lower bound on the mass of the right-handed WR boson. In models where a Peccei-Quinn mechanism provides a solution to the strong CP problem, we obtain $$ {M}_{W_R} $$

M

W
R

≳ 5.5 TeV at 95% C.L. which can be significantly improved with next-generation EDM experiments. In the P-symmetric mLRSM without a Peccei-Quinn mechanism we obtain a more stringent constraint $$ {M}_{W_R} $$

M

W
R

≳ 17 TeV at 95% C.L., which is difficult to improve with low-energy measurements alone. In all cases, the additional scalar fields of the mLRSM are required to be a few times heavier than the right-handed gauge bosons. We consider a recent discrepancy in tests of first-row unitarity of the CKM matrix. We find that, while TeV-scale WR bosons can alleviate some of the tension found in the Vud,us determinations, a solution to the discrepancy is disfavored when taking into account other low-energy observables within the mLRSM.
Hidden relations of central charges and OPEs in holographic CFT
Authors: Li Yue-Zhou , Lü H. , Ma Liang
Published: November 2021

Abstract

It is known that the (a, c) central charges in four-dimensional CFTs are linear combinations of the three independent OPE coefficients of the stress-tensor three-point function. In this paper, we adopt the holographic approach using AdS gravity as an effect field theory and consider higher-order corrections up to and including the cubic Riemann tensor invariants. We derive the holographic central charges and OPE coefficients and show that they are invariant under the metric field redefinition. We further discover a hidden relation among the OPE coefficients that two of them can be expressed in terms of the third using differential operators, which are the unit radial vector and the Laplacian of a four-dimensional hyperbolic space whose radial variable is an appropriate length parameter that is invariant under the field redefinition. Furthermore, we prove that the consequential relation c = 1/3ℓeff∂a/∂ℓeff and its higher-dimensional generalization are valid for massless AdS gravity constructed from the most general Riemann tensor invariants.
Effect of Thermal Exposure Simulating Vapor Deposition on the Impact Behavior of Additively Manufactured AlSi10Mg Alloy
Authors: Lattanzi L. , Merlin M. , Fortini A. , Morri A. , Garagnani G. L.
Published: November 2021

The present work focuses on the evolution of hardness and impact toughness after thermal exposure at high temperatures of the AlSi10Mg alloy produced by selective laser melting. The thermal exposure simulated the vapor deposition of coatings on aluminum alloys. The aim is to assess the possibility of combining the ageing step of heat treatments and the deposition treatment. The alloy was aged at 160 and 180 °C for up to 4 hours, both directly and after an innovative rapid solution treatment. Direct ageing had no significant effects on the microstructure, showing an almost constant hardness trend. These results accord with the impact properties, which showed a negligible difference in the impact toughness of the direct aged and the as-built samples. The same ageing treatments performed after rapid solution treatment induced age hardening in the alloy. The hardness values were lower by 38% than those of the directly aged samples. The innovative solution treatment positively affected impact toughness, which increased by 185% compared to the directly aged material. These results highlight that the ageing step can be integrated with the vapor deposition process. Moreover, the heat treatment is suitable for components requiring high impact strength after coating.
A deep learning approach based hardware solution to categorise garbage in environment
Authors: Gupta Tanya , Joshi Rakshit , Mukhopadhyay Devarshi , Sachdeva Kartik , Jain Nikita , Virmani Deepali , Garcia-Hernandez Laura
Published: November 2021

Garbage detection and disposal have become one of the major hassles in urban planning. Due to population influx in urban areas, the rate of garbage generation has increased exponentially along with garbage diversity. In this paper, we propose a hardware solution for garbage segregation at the base level based on deep learning architecture. The proposed deep-learning-based hardware solution SmartBin can segregate the garbage into biodegradable and non-biodegradable using Image classification through a Convolutional Neural Network System Architecture using a Real-time embedded system. Garbage detection via image classification aims for quick and efficient categorization of garbage present in the bin. However, this is an arduous task as garbage can be of any dimension, object, color, texture, unlike object detection of a particular entity where images of objects of that entity do share some similar characteristics and traits. The objective of this work is to compare the performance of various pre-trained Convolution Neural Network namely AlexNet, ResNet, VGG-16, and InceptionNet for garbage classification and test their working along with hardware components (PiCam, raspberry pi, infrared sensors, etc.) used for garbage detection in the bin. The InceptionNet Neural Network showed the best performance measure for the proposed model with an accuracy of 98.15% and a loss of 0.10 for the training set while it was 96.23% and 0.13 for the validation set.
Work-related online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany
Authors: Kleinert Corinna , Zoch Gundula , Vicari Basha , Ehlert Martin
Published: November 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has made access to face-to-face learning opportunities—the most common form of adult learning—impossible. Many firms have scaled back their training investments due to economic uncertainty. One way to fill these gaps is through self-directed learning via the Internet. Learning opportunities via apps and online videos are available flexibly in terms of time and location. But can online learning substitute for the lack of face-to-face courses, especially in the workplace where constant skill updating becomes ever more important? We wanted to know if online learning opportunities were used more in the first months of the pandemic, and if so, for which purposes and by which groups. Using data from the Adult Cohort of the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS-SC6) and a supplementary web survey conducted in May and June 2020, we show that the work-related use of online learning was stronger in these months than before the crisis. At the same time, however, educational inequalities in the use of such opportunities were larger than before the pandemic. Thus, the expansion of online learning seems to benefit highly educated workers rather than educationally disadvantaged groups.
Designing Boundaries in Early China
Authors: Olberding Garret Pagenstecher
Published: November 2021

Ancient Chinese walls, such as the Great Wall of China, were not sovereign border lines. Instead, sovereign space was zonally exerted with monarchical powers expressed gradually over an area, based on possibilities for administrative action. The dynamically shifting, ritualized articulation of early Chinese sovereignty affects the interpretation of the spatial application of state force, including its cartographic representations. In Designing Boundaries in Early China, Garret Pagenstecher Olberding draws on a wide array of source materials concerning the territorialization of space to make a compelling case for how sovereign spaces were defined and regulated in this part of the ancient world. By considering the ways sovereignty extended itself across vast expanses in early China, Olberding informs our understanding of the ancient world and the nature of modern nation-states.
The Archaeology of the North American Great Plains
Authors: Bamforth Douglas B.
Published: November 2021

In this volume, Douglas B. Bamforth offers an archaeological overview of the Great Plains, the vast, open grassland bordered by forests and mountain ranges situated in the heart of North America. Synthesizing a century of scholarship and new archaeological evidence, he focuses on changes in resource use, continental trade connections, social formations, and warfare over a period of 15,000 years. Bamforth investigates how foragers harvested the grasslands more intensively over time, ultimately turning to maize farming, and examines the persistence of industrial mobile bison hunters in much of the region as farmers lived in communities ranging from hamlets to towns with thousands of occupants. He also explores how social groups formed and changed, migrations of peoples in and out of the Plains, and the conflicts that occurred over time and space. Significantly, Bamforth's volume demonstrates how archaeology can be used as the basis for telling long-term, problem-oriented human history.
Increase in maize yield and soil aggregate-associated carbon in North China due to long-term conservation tillage
Authors: Shen Ying , Zhang Tingting , Cui Jichao , Chen Siyu , Han Huifang , Ning Tangyuan
Published: November 2021

The North China Plain (NCP) is an important agricultural area, where conventional tillage (CT) is used year-round. However, long-term CT has damaged the soil structure, threatening agricultural sustainability. Since 2002, we have conducted a long-term tillage experiment in the NCP to explore the effects of different types of tillage on soil and crop yield. As part of long-term conservation tillage, we conducted a 2-year study in 2016/2017 to determine the impact of no tillage (NT), subsoiling (SS), rotary tillage (RT) and CT on soil aggregate distribution, aggregate-associated organic carbon (AOC), aggregate-associated microbial biomass carbon (AMBC), and maize yield. Compared to CT, NT increased the content of macro-aggregates (+4.8%), aggregate-AOC (+8.3%), and aggregate-AMBC (+18.3%), but decreased maize yield (−11.5%). SS increased the contents of macro-aggregates (+5%), aggregate-AOC (+14.7%), and aggregate-AMBC (+16%); although the yield increase was not significant (+0.22%), it had the highest economic benefit among the four tillage measures. RT had no significant advantage when considering the above soil variables; moreover, it reduced maize yield by 16.1% compared with CT. Overall, SS is a suitable tillage measure to improve soil macro-aggregate content, carbon content, yield, and economic benefit in the NCP area.
Knowledge and the brain: Why the knowledge-centric theory of mind program needs neuroscience
Authors: Bricker Adam Michael
Published: November 2021

The knowledge-centric theory of mind research program suggested by Phillips et al. stands to gain significant value by embracing a neurocognitive approach that takes full advantage of techniques such as fMRI and EEG. This neurocognitive approach has already begun providing important insights into the mechanisms of knowledge attribution, insights which support the claim that it is more basic than belief attribution.
Beliefs for human-unique social learning
Authors: Richardson Hilary
Published: November 2021

Phillips et al. argue that understanding what others know is central to social cognition across species and that this understanding underlies human-unique accumulation and transmission of cultural knowledge. Knowledge representations can't be both what we have in common with our evolutionary ancestors and what sets us apart from them. Belief representations are necessary for human-unique social learning.
Ignorance matters
Authors: Royka Amanda , Jara-Ettinger Julian
Published: November 2021

The ability to reason about ignorance is an important and often overlooked representational capacity. Phillips and colleagues assume that knowledge representations are inevitably accompanied by ignorance representations. We argue that this is not necessarily the case, as agents who can reason about knowledge often fail on ignorance tasks, suggesting that ignorance should be studied as a separate representational capacity.
Do knowledge representations facilitate learning under epistemic uncertainty?
Authors: Handley-Miner Isaac J. , Young Liane
Published: November 2021

Phillips and colleagues argue that knowledge representations are more fundamental than belief representations because they better facilitate social learning. We suggest that existing theory of mind paradigms may be ill-equipped to adequately evaluate this claim. Future study should explore learning in situations where there is uncertainty about one's own and others’ knowledge, which better mirror real-world social learning contexts.
Theory of mind in context: Mental-state representations for social evaluation
Authors: Woo Brandon M. , Tan Enda , Hamlin J. Kiley
Published: November 2021

Whereas Phillips and colleagues argue that knowledge representations are more basic than belief representations, we argue that an accurate analysis of what is fundamental to theory of mind may depend crucially on the context in which mental-state reasoning occurs. Specifically, we call for increased study of the developmental trajectory of mental-state reasoning within socially evaluative contexts.
No way around cross-cultural and cross-linguistic epistemology
Authors: Machery Edouard , Barrett H. Clark , Stich Stephen P.
Published: November 2021

Phillips and colleagues claim that the capacity to ascribe knowledge is a “basic” capacity, but most studies reporting linguistic data reviewed by Phillips et al. were conducted in English with American participants – one of more than 6,500 languages currently spoken. We highlight the importance of cross-cultural and cross-linguistic research when one is theorizing about fundamental human representational capacities.
Semantic memory before episodic memory: How memory research can inform knowledge and belief representations
Authors: Rosenbaum R. Shayna , Halilova Julia G. , Pathman Thanujeni
Published: November 2021

Knowledge and belief attribution are discussed in the context of episodic and semantic memory theory and research, with reference to patient-lesion and developmental studies under naturalistic conditions. Consideration of how episodic and semantic memory relate to each other and intersect in the real world, including how they fail, can illuminate the approach to studying how people represent others' minds.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COGNITIVE-LINGUISTIC TASK DIFFICULTY AND L1-L2 INTERACTION FOR ACADEMIC LISTENING COMPREHENSION IN TURKISH–DUTCH EMERGENT BILINGUALS
Authors: Sierens Sven , Van Gorp Koen , Slembrouck Stef , Van Avermaet Piet
Published: November 2021

This study investigated the relationship between the level of cognitive-linguistic difficulty of task input and the size of the cross-linguistic relationship for academic listening comprehension in emergent bilinguals. It was theoretically motivated by task-dependent cross-linguistic interaction frameworks. We hypothesized that task item sets that involve a higher level of cognitive-linguistic difficulty, drawing on a number of sources of item difficulty, would show a smaller strength of interaction than sets involving a lower level. Using a task-based assessment instrument, listening comprehension was measured in 75 Turkish–Dutch bilingual children at first-grade entry (Mage= 6;7). Partial L1-L2 correlations indicated that cognitively more demanding item sets tended to coincide with smaller L1-L2 correlations. This finding was, in part, consistent for cognitive difficulty, yet inconclusive for linguistic difficulty. An explanation is discussed that, in line with information-processing theory, highlights a trade-off between cognitive-linguistic task demands and cross-linguistic influence.
A value-at-risk approach to mis-estimation risk
Authors: Richards Stephen J.
Published: November 2021

Parametric mortality models permit detailed analysis of risk factors for actuarial work. However, finite data volumes lead to uncertainty over parameter estimates, which in turn gives rise to mis-estimation risk of financial liabilities. Mis-estimation risk can be assessed on a run-off basis by valuing the liabilities with alternative parameter vectors consistent with the covariance matrix. This run-off approach is especially suitable for tasks like pricing portfolio transactions, such as bulk annuities, longevity swaps or reinsurance treaties. However, a run-off approach does not fully meet the requirements of regulatory regimes that view capital requirements through the prism of a finite horizon, such as Solvency II’s one-year approach. This paper presents a methodology for viewing mis-estimation risk over a fixed time frame, and results are given for a specimen portfolio. As expected, we find that time-limited mis-estimation capital requirements increase as the horizon is lengthened or the discount rate is reduced. However, we find that much of the so-called mis-estimation risk in a one-year value-at-risk assessment can actually be driven by idiosyncratic variation, rather than parameter uncertainty. This counter-intuitive result stems from trying to view a long-term risk through a short-term window. As a result, value-at-risk mis-estimation reserves are strongly correlated with idiosyncratic risk. We also find that parsimonious models tend to produce lower mis-estimation risk than less-parsimonious ones.
COVID-19 in Pakistan and Papua New Guinea: reflections on mass testing and challenges
Authors: Ali Inayat , Ali Shahbaz
Published: November 2021

The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic continues during 2021. Some countries are revisiting their containment measures to be eased or re-imposed after massive testing programs. Yet is testing itself a solution? Testing may be an important containment step, yet in low-income countries (LICs), it may be substantially challenging to carry out. This is because the situation in LICs is complexified by inadequate and corrupt economic, political, and healthcare systems in which testing is often beyond reach. Focusing on Pakistan and Papua New Guinea (PNG), we contend that the sparse number of recorded COVID-19 infections may demonstrate that both countries lack the required resources to conduct effective testing and deal with the pandemic. To appropriately tackle the pandemic, such countries need focus on implementing the measures they can and on public education about how viruses work and why it is so important to seek to contain their spread. Furthermore, we invite thorough studies to examine and analyze massive testing from various perspectives.
Understanding Rural Identities and Environmental Policy Attitudes in America
Authors: Diamond Emily P.
Published: November 2021

Attitudinal differences between urban and rural voters in America have been in the spotlight in recent years and engaging rural populations politically has been growing in importance, particularly since the 2016 presidential election. Meanwhile, social and geographic sorting is increasing the salience of a rural identity that drives distinct policy preferences. While recent research has examined how rural identities drive social and economic policy preferences, rural Americans are also particularly relevant to the fate of environmental policy. Farmers, ranchers, and forest landowners manage huge portions of American lands and watersheds and are important stakeholders in the implementation of environmental policies. Despite this, the environmental policy preferences of rural Americans have received little attention from the research community. This study fills a gap in the literature by investigating how collective identities among rural Americans drive environmental policy preferences. Through eight focus groups and thirty-five interviews with rural voters across America (total n=105), this study explores how four components of rural American identity—connection to nature, resentment/disenfranchisement, rootedness, and self-reliance—inform specific rural perspectives on environmental policy. The findings have implications for how to best design, communicate, and implement environmental policies in a way that can better engage rural Americans on this issue.
Acute leukemia presenting as acute lower limb	ischemia
Authors: Bontinis Alkis , Bontinis Vangelis , Koutsoumpelis Andreas , Perifanis Vasileios , Kaiafa Georgia , Giannopoulos Argirios , Ktenidis Kiriakos
Published: November 2021

Summary: Objectives: Acute lower limb ischemia (ALLI) is a common vascular emergency. However, ALLI presenting as the initial symptom of acute leukemia (AL) is scarce. Here we present a case of ALLI in the setting of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) while systematically reviewing the current literature to withdraw conclusions about the management, prognosis, and treatment for this atypical presentation of AL. Methods: We conducted a systematic electronic research according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis protocol (PRISMA) for articles published from January 1981 up to January 2021 concerning ALLI in the setting of acute leukemia (AL). Patients’ baseline characteristics were recorded and nine outcomes of interest were studied. Results: Twenty-six individuals, 16 males with a mean age of 46.3 years (±20) were included in this review. The diagnosis included 13 AML patients (50%), 11 acute promyelotic leukemia (APL) (42.3%) and two acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL) (7.7%). Treatment varied among nine different regimens. Four patients were treated with chemotherapy alone (15.4%), four with thrombectomy alone (15.4%), and 11 with a combination of chemotherapy and thrombectomy (42.3%). Eight major amputations were recorded (30. 8%). Thirty-day mortality was 35.7%. Forty-eight peripheral thrombotic events were recorded with 12 patients suffering recurrent thrombotic events. Conclusion: ALLI as the presenting symptom of AL is a rare condition that carries significant mortality and amputation rates. Timely diagnosis is crucial concerning short-term survival and limb salvage. APL, despite being the rarest form of AL, represented a significant proportion of the patient population in this review. The role of leukostasis in the disease’s progression and the efficacy of leukapheresis as a treatment regimen should be further investigated through case-control studies.
Zehn Argumente für dialogische Interaktion und kognitive Modelle als Grundlage neuropsychologischer Rehabilitation
Authors: Hildebrandt Helmut
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung. Rehabilitation wird neben der Diagnostik zunehmend zu einem wesentlichen Standbein neuropsychologischer Tätigkeit. Versuche, den Inhalt und Prozess neuropsychologischer Rehabilitation theoretisch zu beschreiben, sind selten. In diesem Papier wird eine Interaktionstheorie zwischen neuropsychologischer Therapeutin bzw. neuropsychologischem Therapeut und Patient_in entwickelt. Im Zentrum dieses Vorschlags stehen die Thesen, dass neuropsychologische Therapie (aber auch Diagnostik) a) eine kognitive Umgebung konstruiert, in der Patient_innen die Erfahrung machen können, welche Funktionen durch die erlittene Läsion verändert wurden, b) darauf aufbauend eine geschützte kognitive Umgebung simuliert, die in der Komplexität den vorhandenen Fähigkeiten der Patient_innen gerade noch entspricht, c) eine Hierarchie von therapeutischen Cues anwendet, um den Patient_innen die geforderte Leistung des nächsten Schwierigkeitsgrades zu ermöglichen, d) diese Cues im wachsenden Maße ausschleicht, um den Patient_innen die Handlung selbstständigkeit zu ermöglichen. Ziel der Therapie ist damit ein dialogischer Prozess, der von zwei Polen ausgeht: dem Wunsch beider Parteien (Patient_in und Therapeut_in), Wiederherstellung der Leistungsfähigkeit zu erreichen, und der realistischen Wahrnehmung, auf welcher Stufe kognitiver Komplexität mit wie viel Anstrengung und therapeutischer Unterstützung maximale Selbstständigkeit möglich sein könnte. Zwischen diesen beiden Polen vermittelt die Prognose der Schädigung und diese muss durch das aktuelle Wissen um die Leistungsfähigkeit und Grenzen der bestmöglichen neuropsychologischen Therapie, also ihrer Evidenzbasierung, abgesichert sein. Die Prognose stellt sich gemäß den vulnerablen Phasen der Erholung (akute, subakute, chronische Phase) unterschiedlich und wird gleichzeitig durch die Interaktion zwischen Therapeut_in und Patient_in beeinflusst. Sie kann damit nicht allgemein gestellt werden, sondern nur entwickelt. Die Verpflichtung zur bestmöglichen Therapie impliziert, dass technische Neuerungen der Neurowissenschaften bekannt sein und potenziell angewandt werden müssen. Die Sichtweise der neuropsychologischen Therapie als Interaktion und Simulation einer geschützten kognitiven Umgebung stellt damit nicht nur den Gedanken der therapeutischen Kooperation in den Mittelpunkt, sie eröffnet gleichzeitig die Möglichkeit einer Wiederannäherung von klinischer Neuropsychologie und neurowissenschaftlicher Forschung.
Neuropsychologische Störungen bei coronavirusassoziierten Erkrankungen
Authors: Peper Martin , Schott Juliana
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung. Nach Infektionen mit Coronaviren (z. B. SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; ICD-10 [International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems]: U07) und assoziierten Begleit- und Folgeerkrankungen berichten Betroffene häufig über kognitive, emotionale und motivationale Beeinträchtigungen. Das Erscheinungsbild ist komplex und inkludiert Symptome wie verminderte Belastbarkeit, Müdigkeit, Aufmerksamkeits- und Gedächtnisbeeinträchtigungen sowie dysexekutive Störungen. Fortbestehende Funktionsstörungen werden den Beschwerdebildern eines „Long-/Post-COVID“-Syndroms zugerechnet. Nach einer Übersicht relevanter biomedizinischer Informationen werden die neuropsychologischen Störungen mit pathogenetischen Mechanismen und klinischen Syndromen in Beziehung gesetzt und Implikationen für die neuropsychologische Diagnostik und Therapie abgeleitet. Im Kontext der Rehabilitation des „Neuro-COVID“ leistet die Neuropsychologie nicht nur wichtige Beiträge zur Definition von Effektkriterien, sondern trägt auch dazu bei, spezifische Behandlungsbedürfnisse für Untergruppen von Betroffenen zu ermitteln, Krankheitsverläufe und Behandlungsergebnisse vorherzusagen sowie Entscheidungshilfen für die Behandlungsplanung bereitzustellen.