bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abortions, Witches, and Catholics: Reproduction and Revolution
Authors: Cody Lisa Forman
Published: November 2023

In 1679 and 1680, the English followed news about ‘The Affair of Poisons’, a murderous scandal in Louis XIV’s court that implicated scores of French aristocrats and their servants. At the heart of this tale of arsenic-laced gloves and powdered-toad tea was a ‘Midwife Enchantress’ who had claimed not only to arrange the death of several unwanted aristocratic husbands through magic but also to have performed 2,500 abortions and burned most of the foetuses in an oven in her Paris bedroom. Catherine Montvoisin, or ‘La Voisin’ as she was known, captured an English audience’s worst fears not only about midwives’ secret powers over life and death, but also about the machinations of Catholics and the French. La Voisin was not the only midwife who embodied these specific fears in this period.
‘Is not your Lordship with Child too?’:Pregnant Fathers and Fathers of Science
Authors: Cody Lisa Forman
Published: November 2023

Charles IT, unlike the rest of the audience, apparently found the play amusing. The diarist Samuel Pepys, for one, remarked that he found it ‘so poor a thing as I ever saw almost’.2 We do not know if Pepys and others recoiled from the plot of male pregnancy or whether they simply found the play silly, as most critics have since concluded about The Wild Gallant.
Breeding Scottish Obstetrics in Dr Smellie’s London
Authors: Cody Lisa Forman
Published: November 2023

In the wake of the Mary Toft debacle, men-midwives developed new strategies to assert their authority over the reproductive body and to win a regular clientele. Though St Andre’s use of a seemingly objective scientific method failed miserably, male practitioners continued to emphasize the importance of observation and experimentation. They advertised to their students and the public that the combination of vast clinical experience, dissections of normal and abnormal reproductive anatomy, and the experimental development of obstetrical tools allowed them an authority that neither their predecessors nor typical female midwives could attain. More than this, and generally overlooked by historians, Georgian men-midwives additionally emphasized their subjective abilities to be charitable, tender, solicitous, and patient.
Revolutionary Bodies in the Britain of George III
Authors: Cody Lisa Forman
Published: November 2023

The year 1766 was explosive, and the possibility for revolution could be found in almost every imaginable realm. The Seven Years War had ended, but the Peace of Paris in 1763 had brought no end to problems for George Ill, his ministers, and Parliament. The public, including the outspoken oppositional journalist and Member of Parliament John Wilkes, had lambasted the Treaty as giving too much away to the French, whereas, in fact, it won too much territory for the British government, which was now saddled with enormous North American and Indian empires that needed to be governed and guarded. The cost of shouldering these burdens fell to the American colonists, who baulked at taxes on sugar, coffee, silk, iron, wine, cider, playing cards, and newspapers, and at the billeting of troops with the Quartering Act. George III repealed the Stamp Act by the beginning of 1766 after Benjamin Franklin warned Parliament that the imposition could lead to revolution, but Parliament responded by imposing the Declaratory Act in March 1766 giving itself absolute legislative control over the colonies.
Sex, Science, and Race
Authors: Cody Lisa Forman
Published: November 2023

Late Georgians became more acutely aware of identity and difference in the wake of the American and French Revolutions. While the independent Americans shook Britons’ perhaps over-easy assumptions that their colonial cousins were entirely kindred and shared the same political values, the French revolutionaries helped to reinforce the traditional view of fundamental Gallic otherness. Both events, however, did more than simply continue a long British discussion about the differences and similarities between nations and cultures. Both the American and French revolutionaries, as well as such home-grown radicals as John Wilkes and the Quaker abolitionists, raised new debates about the definitions of citizenship and human rights. Domestic events including Scottish Lord Mansfield’s 1772 statement in the Somerset case proposing that perhaps no man could be a slave on British soil, the recognition that the American colonists’ revolutionary rhetoric of slavery and freedom did not translate after independence into the actual freeing of African-American slaves, and such watersheds as the liberation of French colonial slaves in 1794, not to mention of the passage of the 1773 and 1784 India Acts that established British imperial authority over Indian subjects, led Georgians to ask fresh questions about identities.
The State Takes Charge: Conceived, Consummated, Counted
Authors: Cody Lisa Forman
Published: November 2023

By the turn of the nineteenth century, men-midwives and other men of science had established a cultural authority over sex and birth. Their apparent accomplishments and the ramifications of their knowledge deeply impressed the public, including Members of Parliament, who began to pass legislation on reproductive matters. As this occurred, many long-held assumptions about the sanctity of maternal life, the inherent authority of women over their own bodies, and the positive value of population growth were overturned. Beginning in the late eighteenth century, the national government began to take a more active role in reproductive matters that had once been handled by midwives and in local parish courts, and while they did so, Britons began to view population, birth, and sex more negatively, as in need of expert management.
An Abuse of Context in Semantics: The Case of Incomplete Definite Descriptions
Authors: Lepore Ernie
Published: November 2023

According to Russell (1905, 1919), any sentence of the form dThe F is Ge is true just in case there is exactly one F and it is G. And so ‘The president of the United States of America in 2000 is happy’ is true just in case there is a unique US president in 2000, and he is happy. So understood, this sentence expresses a perfectly general proposition and not a singular one about Bill Clinton. Critics and champions alike have fussed and fretted for well over half a century about whether Russell’s treatment is compatible with acceptable uses of incomplete definite descriptions,1 where a description dthe Fe is incomplete just in case more than one object satisfies its nominal F, as in (1).
Predicate Structure: General
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R
Published: November 2023

The predicate is the most complex part of Jarawara grammar. It will be dealt with in this and the next five chapters. The first section of this chapter provides a complete list of components of the predicate. Chapter 5 then discusses the miscellaneous suffixes, chapter 6 the tense-modal suffixes, and chapter 7 the secondary verbs, the mood suffixes, and the negative suffix. Valency-increasing derivational prefixes-applicative and causative-are the subject of chapter 8. There is a full discussion of verbal reduplication in chapter 9.
Predicate Structure: The Tense-Modal System
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R
Published: November 2023

Corresponding to slot G of predicate structure there is a system of eleven tense-modal suffixes (six of them also including information about evidentiality). Like all other suffixes, this is an optional system. There is great variation in the extent of use of tense-modal suffixes according to genre, style, and, no doubt, the whim of the speaker. One short (two-minute) text about a speaker ‘s future plans had a tense-modal suffix in every main clause (these were: intention, future, and immediate past eyewitness). A short (minute and a half) autobiographical narrative had no tense-modal specification in any of its predicates. Most conversation and narrative falls between these two extremes. The number of clauses showing tense-modal in four text samples each of 1OO main clauses varied from 32 per cent to 51 per cent with an overall average of 44 per cent. Tense-modal suffixes are slightly less common in dependent clauses, occurring in about 3O per cent of them. There is no tense-modal marking in com- plement clauses or in nominalized clauses.
The languages of East and Southeast Asia: a first look
Authors: Goddard Cliff
Published: November 2023

This book is all about the similarities and differences among the languages and “language cultures” of East and Southeast Asia. Moving from south to north, the countries we will cover can be grouped as follows: (a) Indonesia, East Timor, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, and the Philippines, (b) Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, (c) China, (d) Korea and Japan.

How many languages are there in this broad area? Many people would probably answer: about a dozen or so, to match the number of countries involved.
Appeals to Intuition and the Ambitions of Epistemologr
Authors: Kornblith Hilary
Published: November 2023

It is a common feature of epistemology, and philosophy generally, that appeals to intuition play a prominent role. Thus, Laurence BonJour (2002: 48) remarks:’... our commonsense intuitions about cases of knowledge ... are ... our main and indispensable basis for deciding what the concept of knowledge really amounts to.’ On BonJour’s view, and that of many others as well, it is the job of epistemology to provide us with an account of the content of our epistemic concepts, and our intuitions provide us with the data upon which epistemological theories may be built.
On the Gettier Problem problem
Authors: Lycan William G
Published: November 2023

It took about ten years for people to get the idea that there was something wrong with the Gettier Problem. By the early 1970s, a number of analyses had been offered to accommodate Gettier’s (1963) counter examples to the traditional ‘JTB’ view: Michael Clark’s (1963) simple no-false-lemmas proposal, various ‘indefeasibility’ analyses beginning with Lehrer (1965) and Lehrer and Paxson (1969), and Goldman’s (1967) original causal theory, among others. Those analyses had run into further counterexamples; revision after revision had been offered, only to meet further and more elaborate counterexamples. Not only was there no end in sight; there was not even a sense of beginning to converge.
Seasonal Patterns in Food Consumption in the Later Middle Ages
Authors: Dyer C C
Published: November 2023

Historians have rightly focused their attention on the fluctuations in supplies of food, and especially grain, from year to year. They have also highlighted the long-term shifts, such as the rise of meat consumption in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, which has been discussed in earlier chapters. This chapter, while taking note of movements over long periods of time, is mainly concerned with seasonal changes, because these were an important dimension of people’s experience of eating and drinking. The questions to be addressed here are how and why did medieval diet vary through the year? In order to proceed from the known to the less well documented, the questions will first be answered in relation to aristocratic households, and then for the remainder of society. Throughout society explanations will be partly functional and economic, as food supplies were affected by the weather, the cycle of growth (for crops) and reproduction (for animals and birds), and storage and distribution of commodities. We must also take into account cultural factors, as religious and family calendars had their impact on diet, and consumers’ preferences.
Medieval Diet and Demography
Authors: Schofield P R
Published: November 2023

There is no simple and straightforward association to be made for the Middle Ages between diet and demographic behaviour. We can and do risk certain assumptions regarding this relationship, however. These assumptions include correlations between the behaviour of population and the overall availability of food, and the consequences for demography and health of limited food availability, in terms of quantity and also of range and quality. We might also argue, with some justification, that large-scale population movements were not occasioned by diet. Background mortality and crisis mortality, the consequences of endemic and epidemic disease, may have had significantly greater roles to play in the demographic history of the period.
Mother Leakey and the Bishop
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: November 2023

Halloween 1636: sightings of the ghost of an old woman begin to be reported in the small English coastal town of Minehead, and a royal commission is sent to investigate. December 1640: a disgraced Protestant bishop is hanged in the Irish capital, Dublin, after being convicted of an 'unspeakable' crime. In this remarkable piece of historical detective work, Peter Marshall sets out to uncover the intriguing links between these two seemingly unconnected events. The result is a compelling tale of dark family secrets, of efforts to suppress them, and of the ways in which they finally come to light. It is also the story of a shocking seventeenth-century Church scandal which cast its shadow over religion and politics in Britain and Ireland for the best part of three centuries, drawing in a host of well known and not-so-well-known characters along the way, including Jonathan Swift, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Walter Scott. A fascinating story in its own right, Mother Leakey and the Bishop is also a sparkling demonstration of how the telling of stories is central to the way we remember the past, and can become part of the fabric of history itself.
The World of the Leakeys
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: November 2023

In February 1637, three important and powerful men sat and listened to the tale you have just read, or to something very similar, and decided that they did not believe a word of it. There was a ghost story, but there had been no actual ghost: ‘we are yet of opinion and do believe that there was never any apparition at all, but that it is an imposture, devise, and fraud for some particular ends, but what they are we know not

It had been a long and not entirely.
Interlude: A Hanging in Dublin
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: November 2023

December 1640, a cold Saturday morning in the city of Dublin, the grandest place in King Charles I’s other kingdom of Ireland. A coach is making its way slowly through unusually crowded streets, from the seat of government at Dublin Castle to the common ground of Oxmantown Green on the north side of the River LiVey, a place where the citizens of Dublin are accustomed ‘to walk and take the open air’. There is no such innocent recreation today, however: the people milling around the open spaces to the rear of St Michan’s church are starting to congregate around a scaVold which has been erected there, and they have come to see a man lose his life upon it. In Ireland as in England, hangings are common enough things. But this particular expression of the judicial severity of the state has turned into a momentous civic event. In the vicinity of Dublin Castle, a single bell, a passing-bell, tolls from the tower of the cathedral church of the Holy Trinity, commonly called Christ Church. At this eloquent signal, we are told, ‘the whole town and castle so thronged, as was never the like seen, that if there had not been a coach allowed him, it would have been impossible to have gone through’.
The Shameful End of Bishop Atherton
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: November 2023

detestable and abominable sin, amongst Christians not to be named, committed by carnal knowledge against the ordinance of the creator, and order of nature. ‘ This was how the eminent English jurist, one-time attorney-general, and scourge of the Gunpowder Plotters, Sir Edward Coke, described the crime of ‘buggery or sodomy ‘. He went on to deWne the act as involving ‘penetratio, that is, res in re [thing in thing], either with mankind, or with beast ‘. It was for this most heinous of moral oVences that John Atherton was tried, convicted, and executed in the last months of 1640.
Interlude: In a London CoVee House
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: November 2023

January 1710, a brisk Thursday afternoon among the clientele of Slaughter’s CoVee House in St Martin’s Lane near Covent Garden—a mixed bag of gentlemen, clerks, merchants, artisans, and artists. Around the wooden tables at which the patrons sit in lively groups, bewigged and hatted, the air is thick with tobacco fumes, the acrid scent of bitter coVee, and intermittently loud political argument. Some have come in to enjoy a warm dish of coVee or glass of port, in respite from the chill January air; others to indulge a competitive passion for the game of chess. But here, as at nearly all of the hundreds of coVee houses scattered throughout the city, the main business is the circulation of news, and a chance to consult the periodicals, pamphlets, and journals which the proprietor makes freely available to all those paying their penny entrance fee.
Youth
Authors: Karaka Pita , Brace Hugh
Published: November 2023

My father died when I was 3 and my aunt—Roy’s mother—persuaded my mother to come back to live in south Wales with her two daughters. My sister was 18 months older than I and every time she was ill— measles, scarlet fever, shingles, or whatever—I was packed off to live with my aunt. The stays became increasingly frequent and long. My mother died when I was 17, and I then went to live with my aunt and uncle entirely, until I left Wales at the age of 21.I was 5 ½ years older than Roy,who was an only child, so I was more elder sister than cousin.
Euripides and Aristophanes: What does Tragedy Teach?
Authors: Pucci Pietro
Published: November 2023

In Aristophanes ‘ Frogs 1008–12, a short dialogue unfolds between two poets. Aeschylus asks Euripides for what qualities a poet should be admired, and Euripides answers without hesitation:
What ‘s in a Wall?
Authors: Goldhill Simon
Published: November 2023

There are few images as powerful in contemporary political consciousness as the fall of the Berlin Wall. The image is deeply evocative not merely because it heralded an extraordinary change in political order in Germany and in Europe in general, but also because it required a realignment of self-definition. Without the Cold War, without communism to fight, America and NATO needed new enemies against whom home values could be defined. Germans needed to rethink what national unity might mean in practical and ideological terms. European countries needed to articulate a new set of relations, marked still by the inheritance of the Second World War as much as by the years of the communist regimes. The remarkable scenes of joy and liberation at the dismantling of the wall (which for those outside Berlin appeared, so surprisingly, on television) developed also into political and social anxiety, as the work of finding a new sense of self in the integrated Germany proved more difficult and prolonged than had been hoped at the outset of the brave new world.
Context and Unrestricted Quantification
Authors: Glanzberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Quantification is haunted by the specter of paradoxes. Since Russell, it has been a persistent idea that the paradoxes show what might have appeared to be absolutely unrestricted quantification to be somehow restricted. In the contemporary literature, this theme is taken up by Dummett (1973, 1993) and Parsons (1974a,b). Parsons, in particular, argues that both the Liar and Russell’s paradoxes are to be resolved by construing apparently absolutely unrestricted quantifiers as appropriately restricted. Building on Parsons’ work, I have advocated a contextualist version of the view that there is no absolutely unrestricted quantification (Glanzberg 2001, 2004a,b).
Something About Everything: Universal Quantification in the Universal Sense of Universal Quantification
Authors: Lavine Shaughan
Published: November 2023

Some simple metaphysical truths apparently cannot be expressed without the notion of everything, a notion that therefore seems indispensable. It is often argued that the notion inevitably leads to paradox and must therefore be avoided. McGee has highlighted arguments by Quine and Putnam that are fruitfully understood as arguments that there is no coherent notion of everything, arguments not based on the claim of paradoxicality, a claim he does not take to be central.
Unrestricted Unrestricted quantification: The Cardinal Problem of Absolute Generality
Authors: Uzquiano Gabriel
Published: November 2023

Philosophical inquiry abounds with putative examples of absolute generalizations. When a philosopher utters the sentence ‘There are no merely possible objects’;, we generally take the domain of her inquiry to be absolutely unrestricted. And yet, it remains highly controversial whether we should take the appearance of absolute generality of such utterances at face value. Some have casted doubt upon the implicit assumption that there is an all-inclusive domain to begin with.
from fringe politics to the seizure of power
Authors: Fritzsche Peter
Published: November 2023

On the night of 30 January 1933, thousands of members of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) crowded the streets of Berlin and marched past government buildings in the city centre where they were greeted by the new chancellor, Adolf Hitler, and the president of the Reich, Paul von Hindenburg, who that afternoon had agreed to Hitler’s appointment after three years of mounting political instability.
The economic history of the Nazi regime
Authors: Tooze Adam
Published: November 2023

What is the relevance of economic history to understanding the Third Reich? It is tempting to think of National Socialism as an anti-economic, purely political phenomenon. Hitler and his Nazi orators never ceased extolling the disinterested idealism of their movement. The ability of human will-power to overcome any material obstacle was one of the most cherished tenets of Nazi ideology. And Nazism’s central objective, the prosecution of racial war, appears to lack any obvious economic rationale. The same cannot be said, of course, for Hitler’s pursuit of Lebensraum (living-space).
Body and Narrative in Contemporary Literatures in German
Authors: Müller Herta , Moníková Libuše , Hensel Kerstin
Published: November 2023

This book examines the relationship between representations of the body and narrative strategies in the work of three contemporary women writers from the former Eastern Bloc countries: Herta Müller, an ethnic German from Romania; Libuse Moníková, who emigrated from Czechoslovakia to West Germany and chose to write in German; and Kerstin Hensel, from the GDR. Marven shows how the content and form of their works are interlinked, and how these challenge the hegemonic discourses within repressive socialist regimes. The introduction contextualizes the writers' socially, culturally, and historically, and outlines the theoretical basis of the approach, drawing on psychoanalysis, performativity theory, and feminist critical theory. Chapters on the individual authors offer new interpretations of the writers' works, focusing on the structures of trauma (in Müller's work), hysteria (in Moníková's) and the grotesque (in Hensel's). The images of the body analysed in the first half of each chapter show the effects of violence; challenge the understanding of the body as natural or authentic; and raise questions about identity and gender. The analysis in the second half of each chapter covers a range of formal features, from the fantastic and collage, through parody and intertextuality, to irony, plot, and story telling. The book also traces developments in the work of all three authors, taking account of the historical changes in the Eastern Bloc countries since 1989. Body and Narrative in Contemporary Literatures in German will be valuable for anyone researching contemporary German literatures, as well as those interested in feminist theory, minority literatures, and trauma.
Introduction: ‘Dass Dies Der Osten Ist was Im Kopf Night Aufhört’
Authors: Müller Herta , Moníková Libuše , Hensel Kerstin
Published: November 2023

Two substantial developments have affected German literature in the recent past, bringing with them a need to redefine the idea of a national literature in order to recognize the many and varied forms of writing in German and within Germany. The rise to prominence of a multiplicity of ‘other’ literatures in German has coincided with the demise of the GDR, which was viewed for so long as the source of the other German literature. This book considers the relationship between representations of the body and narrative strategies in the work of three women writers from former Eastern Bloc countries who write in German, and whose writing forms part of what one might broadly term ‘literatures in German’: Herta Muller, born in the Banat, Romania, in 1953; Libuse Monikova (1945-98), born in Prague; and Kerstin Hensel, born 1961 in Karl-Marx-Stadt (Chemnitz), in the GDR. Bringing together these particular three authors highlights their common experience of the repressive socialist regimes of the Eastern Bloc. This is an experience predicated on the state appropriation of the body and its effects inform both the content and the form of the texts I examine.
Libuše Moníková: ‘Ich Bin Am Ort Meines Ursprungs’, ‘Innen Bin Ich Hohl’
Authors: Müller Herta , Moníková Libuše , Hensel Kerstin
Published: November 2023

The body, and particularly the female body, is at the heart of Libuse Monfkova’s texts. Her first two texts centre on damaged bodies: Eine Schadigung (1981) begins with the rape of a female student by a policeman; Pavane fur eine verstorbene Infantin (1983) focuses on the narrator’s psychosomatic limp and her subsequent decision to take to a wheelchair. In a more positive light, the protagonists of her last two completed texts, Treibeis (1992) and Verklarte Nacht (1996), exercise their bodies in their respective professions as stuntwoman and choreographer-dancer. This physicality does not imply an entirely unmediated experience of the body, however; each of these manifestations is overlaid with, and constructed within, many forms of discourse.
Kerstin Hensel: ‘Wer “Draussen” Steht, Kann Deutlicher Sehen’
Authors: Müller Herta , Moníková Libuše , Hensel Kerstin
Published: November 2023

In her review of Hallimasch, Kerstin Hensel’s first prose publication, Eva Kaufmann describes the characters as ‘unheimliche Sonderlinge’.1 She points to the obese ‘Nilpferdpaar’, identical twins Liese and Lotte Mobius (in ‘Hallimasch’), with their incestuous relationship, and the abused Jutta Gallwitz (in ‘Katzenbericht’), who mistakes her cats for her children. The eccentricity of Hensel’s protagonists, Kaufmann suggests, consists in physical oddity as well as emotional deformity, barely suppressed sexuality, and violent tendencies. Eccentricity-etymologically, ‘out of the centre’ -is a particularly apt term for these characters on the margins of society. Their difference, as well as the reaction they evokethey are ‘unheimlich’-marks these characters as grotesque: the grotesque deals with the excluded other, who transgresses both physical form and social norms. Furthermore, these characters are at the centre of grotesque texts, which play with the reader’s expectations of narrative and plot.
Causation with Human Face
Authors: Woodward Jim
Published: November 2023

The recent literature on causation presents us with a striking puzzle. On the one hand, (I) there has been an explosion of seemingly fruitful work in philosophy, statistics, computer science, and psychology on causal inference, causal learning, causal judgment, and related topics.1 More than ever before, ‘causation’ is a topic that is being systematically explored in many different disciplines. This reflects the apparent usefulness of causal thinking in many of the special sciences and in common sense.
Pragmatic Causation
Authors: Eagle Antony
Published: November 2023

Russell (1913) famously attacked the law of causality, and indirectly the concept of causation itself, as an inessential anachronism encumbering our proper understanding of the world disclosed to us by science. Russell’s primary target is the ftmdamental law of causality, which is the principle that every actual event has an actual sufficient cause, one that is guaranteed to bring that event about and in fact did so. He proposes to argue against the law by indicating that the causal re1ation between events that it requires does not exist.
Counterfactuals and the Second Law
Authors: Loewer Barry
Published: November 2023

I will be discussing a kind of conditional (or counterfactual) typically expressed in English by subjunctive conditionals. Here are some examples: ‘if I were to strike this match there would be an exp1osion’, ‘if there had been an explosion it is likely that I would have heard it’, ‘if the explosion had not occurred then the window would not have broken’.
The History of Philosophy as Philosophy
Authors: Hatfield Gary
Published: November 2023

Philosophers have been talking about their predecessors since before Plato and Aristotle. The history of philosophy as a sub- discipline of philosophy has been recognized since the eighteenth century, when subdivisions beyond the traditional logic, meta physics, natural philosophy, and moral philosophy became generally established. Philosophers have addressed the shape of philosophy ‘s history as a philosophical topic since Kant and Hegel.
What ‘s Philosophical about the History of Philosophy?
Authors: Garber Daniel
Published: November 2023

Virtually every fellow historian of philosophy I know would agree to the proposition that analytic philosophers should take the history of philosophy seriously. But, at the same time, virtually every historian of philosophy I know has at one time or another been involved in a heated conversation on the subject, and been forced to defend the philosophical relevance of the history of philosophy to a benighted colleague who simply can’t see the point.
Richard Burthogge and the Origins of Modern Conceptualism
Authors: Ayers M R
Published: November 2023

Richard Burthogge was an original, subtle, and relatively readable minor philosopher who lived from 1638 to 1705, a close contem- porary of Locke, with whom he corresponded. He has claims to be counted the first modern European idealist, but his characterization as an idealist is not as straightforward as it may seem from some of his pronouncements. His theory is quite unlike Berkeley’s, although, as some of those few who have discussed him point out, there are some remarkable affinities with Kant. Yet, in some ways he may be more like Locke than like Kant, and in one or two deep ways he is more like Quine than like any of them.
Early Life and Learning
Authors: Kassell Lauren
Published: November 2023

Forman ‘s story begins on 23 December 1600 because this is the day that he dated the first and most extensive version of his life. He would write at least five more accounts during the next decade, though writing about oneself was not a commonplace activity. Biography and autobiography became codified genres in the eighteenth century. Before that, writings about the events of one ‘s own or someone else ‘s life took various forms, and historians and literary scholars recently have tackled these nimble species of texts armed with the generic and cumbersome labels life-writing, self-writing, and ego-writing.1 Forman ‘s accounts of his life have held a place in the history of life-writing in England since James Halliwell edited two of them in the nineteenth century.
The College of Physicians and Irregular Medicine in London, c.1580-1640
Authors: Kassell Lauren
Published: November 2023

When the noxious summer airs had cleared, the physicians returned to the city. The College met in November 1592 and they discussed ‘the insolent and illicit practice of the quacks ‘ and unanimously decided ‘to summon them all ‘.1 For man was one of the many irregular medical practitioners (often referred to as ‘empirics ‘) who thrived in the periodic absences of the physicians, and he appears in histories of medicine as a typical example of the insolent, irrational, uneducated medical practitioner. He was named in the College Annals ten times between 1594 and 16rn, and in the late seventeenth century these records formed the basis of a history of the College in which Forman epitomized quackery, the ignorant, dangerous, and opportunistic practice of medicine.
The Food of Angels
Authors: Kassell Lauren
Published: November 2023

Nine hundred years after Adam and Eve were expelled from Paradise, Adam lay on his deathbed, called his numerous children before him, and told them the story of the Fall. Because he and Eve had eaten the forbidden fruit, God had expelled them from the Garden and proclaimed that they and their offspring would suffer seventy diseases from the crowns of their heads to the soles of their feet forevermore. Genesis did not record this part of the story, but the ‘Vita Adae et Evae ‘, or ‘Life of Adam and Eve ‘ (hereafter the ‘Life ‘), did. This was part of a tradition of pseudoepigraphical texts collectively known as the Book of Adam and Eve, dating from between the first and third centuries AD.1 Versions of the ‘Life ‘ circulated throughout medieval and early modern Europe, in Latin and the vernacular, and in 1599 Forman transcribed and augmented an English version of it.
Magic and Medicine
Authors: Kassell Lauren
Published: November 2023

Anno domini 1599 the 17 Aug an m [Friday morning] very early I drempt that I and Jhon Ward our clarke and another were in the chauncell of a church together and Jhon Ward was calling sprites for me thought he had powar in calling of sprites, and stod by loking on him to see the sprites but I could not see them but by glimpsinge and then me thought I sawe a white sprite. And I byd him aske the sprites what wold mak me to see and he determined to doe yt but we could not bring them to speake and talk to us. And I loked up and sawe the church dore open, and I went to shut yt leste any body should com in and as I came to the dore ther cam in a talle long old woman with exceading black hallowe eyes and too daughters with her.
Boys in Khaki, Girls in Print
Authors: Potter Jane
Published: November 2023

Modernist texts and writings of protest have until now received most of the critical attention of literary scholars of the First World War. Popular literature with its penchant for predictable storylines, melodramatic prose, and patriotic rhetoric has been much-maligned or at the very least ignored. Boys in Khaki, Girls in Print: Women's Literary Responses to the Great War redresses the balance. It turns the spotlight on the novels and memoirs of women writers - many of whom are now virtually forgotten - that appealed to a British reading public hungry for amusement, news, and above all, encouragement in the face of uncertainty and grief. The writers of 1914-18 had powerful models for interpreting their war, as a consideration of texts from the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902 shows. They were also bolstered by wartime publishing practices that reinforced the sense that their books, whether fiction or non-fiction, were not simply 'light' entertainment but a powerful agents of propaganda. Generously illustrated, Boys in Khaki, Girls in Print is a scholarly yet accessible illumination of a hitherto untapped resource of women's writing and is an important new contribution to the study of the literature of the Great War.
Studying Bilinguals
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis
Published: November 2023

Even though more than half the world's population is bilingual, the study of bilinguals has lagged behind that of monolinguals. With this book, which draws on twenty-five years of the author's research, François Grosjean contributes significantly to redressing the balance. The volume covers four areas of research: the definition and characterization of the bilingual person, the perception and production of spoken language by bilinguals, the sign-oral bilingualism of the Deaf, and methodological and conceptual issues in research on bilingualism. While the author takes a largely psycholinguistic approach, his acute linguistic and sociolinguistic awareness is evident throughout and especially so in his reflections on what it means to be bilingual and bicultural. The book also defends increased co-operation among researchers in connecting fields such as the language sciences and the neurosciences.
The Bicultural Person: A Short Introduction∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis
Published: November 2023

Even though one sees the term “bicultural” almost as often as the word “bilingual”—in the title of educational programs, in state or federal laws, on the cover of books, etc.—one knows much less about biculturalism than about bilingualism. And yet many people are bicultural, although they are probably not as numerous as bilinguals, and many of the “advantages” or “disadvantages” of bilingualism are often linked to biculturalism and not to bilingualism.
A Nation of Provincials
Authors: Hanssen Jens
Published: November 2023

The successful Beiruti struggle to persuade the Ottoman government to make Beirut a provincial capital fundamentally altered the urban hierarchy and territorial imagination in Bilad al-Sham in Beirut’s favour. During the years of the province’s existence, Beirut’s scale of social organization expanded in terms of geographic, demographic, and administrative size. The relation between city, state, and society became more complex and diversified but also more formalized and standardized. The clue to understanding these changes is not to jump automatically to inquiries into nationalism or nation-states-in-the-making-essential though the context and effect of the late Ottoman organizational expansion for such analytical concepts are. Rather they need to be historicized in the context of internal politico-administrative units in which cities and inhabitants operated.
Provincial Classrooms: Intellectuals, Missionaries, and the State
Authors: Hanssen Jens
Published: November 2023

In the second half of the nineteenth century, Beirut’s extramural quarter of Zuqaq al-Blat became home to intellectuals, converts, mavericks, exiles, and reformers-as well as the place where thousands of children went to school.2 As in no other quarter in Beirut, and arguably in any Ottoman provincial capital, urban development was linked to its mushrooming educational institutions.3 This chapter examines the schools, teachers, and literary societies that interacted to produce a vibrant intellectual atmosphere in fin de sieclè Beirut not because of but aside from the presence of the much-studied missionary schools. Whether local or foreign, Muslim or Christian, the cultural activists of the late Ottoman period shared a sense of optimism that hard work and education would bring salvation from the traumas of the recent past. There were, however, differences in cultural diagnosis and remedy. This chapter traces some of the major educational projects and debates in Beirut. In particular, questions of civilization and public morality affected urban discourses of modernity that the next and final part will examine.
Public Morality and Social Marginality
Authors: Hanssen Jens
Published: November 2023

This final part of the book examines physical places and mental spaces of the city: on the one hand the central places of commerce, literature, and bourgeois sociability such as theatres, coffeehouses, cabarets, early cinemas, and public squares, and on the other the marginal places of perceived lower class vice and bourgeois fear. A host of texts-newspaper editorials and medical publications, diaries and consular reports-invested all these spaces real-and-imagined with meaning. In the process, I argue, an elite discourse of morality and deviance emerged in post-1860 Beirut which attempted a geographical alignment of evolving class and gender notions. In other words, social activities were labelled as deviant precisely because they occurred in central places that were envisaged to represent more enlightened urban images for Beirut. Alcohol consumption, gambling, prostitution, or lewd shadow plays were dangerous nocturnal activities that took place too close for comfort to respectable citizens.
Actors and Zombies
Authors: Stoljar Daniel
Published: November 2023

Much of contemporary philosophy of mind is dominated by the intersection of three topics: physicalism, the conceivability argument, and the necessary a posteriori. I will be concerned here (i) to describe (what I take to be) the consensus view of how these topics intersect; (ii) to explain why I think this account is mistaken; and (iii) to briefly sketch an alternative.
Idiolects
Authors: Heck Richard G
Published: November 2023

Students of language should presumably study language, but there is room for disagreement about how the ordinary notion of a language should be refined for the not so ordinary purposes of scientific or philosophical inquiry. One central question is to what extent, or in what ways, the appropriate object of study is socially or communally constituted. And one answer, of course, is that it isn’t. On this view, the primary objects of study are idiolects. An idiolect, in this sense, belongs to a single individual, in the sense that one’s idiolect reflects one’s own linguistic capabilities and, in that sense, is fully determined by facts about oneself. An alternative is to hold that the primary objects of study should be common languages, so called because they are the common property of a community of individuals.
Rhetoric and Action
Authors: Davies Wendy
Published: November 2023

We have seen, again and again, how much the form and language of the record conditions our interpretation of northern Spain in the tenth century. This is precisely what we would expect as historians, although the particularities of some of the recording practice have sometimes had a quite disproportionate impact upon the historiography: the favourite phrase of this or that monastic house (like trado corpus et animam or incommuniation) have taken on a life as distinctive institutions;1 the words have seemed to indicate distinctive practice, when they have simply been a mode of reference.
From Nizhni-Novgorod to Moabit: The Genesis and Première of Die Mutter, 1931– 2
Authors: Bradley Laura
Published: November 2023

The genesis and première of Die Mutterprovide significant insights into Brecht’s authorial and theatrical practice in the Weimar Republic, engagement with Communist ideas, and responses to contemporary events. He and his co-workers addressed topical, far left-wing debates, using dramatic, musical and aesthetic techniques that were strongly influenced both by more widely practised recent experiments and by his own ideas on epic theatre. In turn, the production and its reception helped Brecht to develop and articulate his aesthetic theories still further. In political and aesthetic terms, Die Mutteris more complex than Brecht’s presentation of it in 1932 suggests. Although he conceived the play as a contribution to the political struggle of the German Communist Party (KPD), certain aspects contravened the Party line and offended Communist commentators. These differences indicate the limits of Brecht’s political grasp in 1932 and explain the Party’s ambivalence towards him. In the programme, meanwhile, his polemical claims for epic theatre obscured the substantial interplay between the epic and the dramatic techniques in the text and its staging. In addition to exploring the political and aesthetic complexities of Die Mutter, my contextual analysis of the première provides a central point of comparison with Brecht’s postwar practice at the BE and productions in other historical and cultural contexts.
Model or Museum Exhibit? Die Mutter at the Berliner Ensemble, 1951– 71
Authors: Bradley Laura
Published: November 2023

The 1951 production of Die Mutterreveals Brecht’s willingness to re-invent his work in the early GDR, even at the cost of sacrificing some of his principles. He made significant textual and aesthetic changes in order to transform his agitational play into a deceptively innocuous piece of family history. In the short term, these strategic concessions, both to official cultural policy and to the audience, helped Brecht to propagate his anti-war argument successfully. In the longer term, however, they had major consequences for the East German reception of Die Mutter. This was because Brecht encouraged subsequent directors to study and copy the 1951 production, even though he had tailored it to a unique and delicate situation. In 1951, Brecht was strongly committed to the overall political goals of the Socialist project but was under pressure to conform to the cultural policy of the SED (Socialist Unity Party). During his years in exile, the conservatives had gained the ascendancy in the long-running debate on left-wing aesthetics, and after the War the new East German authorities had endorsed Socialist Realism as the orthodox aesthetic. Art was required to adhere to nineteenth-century standards of realism and to project a positive view of society’s progress towards Socialism.
The Politics of Performance: Die Mutter in West and East Berlin, 1970 and 1974
Authors: Bradley Laura
Published: November 2023

In the early 1970s, Die Mutterwas staged by two of the divided Germany’s most prominent theatres: the Schaubühne am Halleschen Ufer in West Berlin (1970) and the BE in East Berlin (1974). These productions differed profoundly in almost every respect: their textual interpretations, their aesthetic approaches, and the responses of the audience and critics. These differences were rooted in the divergent politico-cultural contexts and the contrasting priorities of the principal directors, Peter Stein and Ruth Berghaus, who selectively developed Brecht’s methods in accordance with their own distinctive political and artistic programmes. These two productions stand out because of the talent of Stein and Berghaus, their innovative interpretations of Die Mutter, and their theatrical approaches. This was the first time that theatres in both German states had entered into a productive new dialogue with the text: previous GDR stagings had simply copied Brecht’s model, while the FRG had boycotted the play entirely until it was staged by the Westfälisches Landestheater in Castrop-Rauxel (1969). Even though Stein and Berghaus still envisaged a relatively broad audience, they adopted the risky strategy of moving ahead of their spectators’ expectations: Stein politically, Berghaus aesthetically. Their approach thus raises the question of how far, without the kinds of concessions that Brecht had made in 1951, Die Muttercould appeal to a wide audience. Furthermore, since the productions occurred at pivotal points in each company’s history, they also illuminate their institutional development.
Spiking the Field-Artillery
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: November 2023

Deflationism about truth centres upon the idea that, in some sense, there is no more (or less) to the claim that A is true than there is to A itself. (Angle brackets indicate some appropriate name-forming device here.) Clearly, it is diffcult to hear this view in a way that does not endorse Tarski’s T-schema in full generality. But if one does this, then, in the natural course of events, contradiction arises in the form of the Liar and similar paradoxes.
How Significant is the Liar?
Authors: Grover Dorothy
Published: November 2023

In their search for an understanding of truth, some philosophers place high priority on explaining the liar sentence (‘this is false’). The belief is that unless a theory of truth provides an explanation of the liar sentence, the theory is seriously Xawed as a theory of truth.