bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discourses of Deception: Cheating in Professional Running1
Authors: Mewett Peter G.
Published: February 2009

Cheating, it is claimed, is anathema to sport. But is this the case? In this paper it is argued that cheating is integral to modern sport, that the model of sport as ‘fair play’ is simply an ideological guise of amateurism. The paper focuses on the sport of professional running which, since its origins in the eighteenth century, has been a gambling sport. Strategies involving cheating to manipulate wins, or losses, have featured in this sport as ways of increasing the probability of striking successful wagers. Such strategies are an accepted part of professional running: participants anticipate and expect others to be playing it in this way. However, a distinction is made between what is referred to in the paper as ‘clean’ cheating and ‘dirty’ cheating. The former is an accepted way of the sport, the latter occurs but is deprecated. The paper explores these different forms of cheating and the athletes' responses to them.

Through a focus on the discourses of success in capitalist society, a model of cheating is developed to interpret such practices. Within the context of professional running, a working class sport, it is argued that, given the habitus of its practitioners, ‘success’ may be measured in terms of monetary gains and the ‘kick‐on’ in life that these might provide. Cheating practices may serve to enhance the probability of success and social mobility. Given the relatively short career spans of sports people and the costs involved in developing the requisite skills, cheating may promote success and establish a financial base for post‐sport careers. The paper concludes that cheating in sport can be anticipated as a feature of an acquisitive capitalist society.
Fixing a Match or Two: Cricket, Public Confession and Moral Regeneration
Authors: Wardrop Joan
Published: February 2009

‘In a moment of stupidity and weakness I allowed Satan and the world to dictate terms to me. The moment I took my eyes off Jesus my whole world turned dark.’ With these words, the former South African cricket captain, Hansie Cronje, publicly confessed that he had been a cheat, attempted to make peace with the United Cricket Board, located his fall from grace within a peculiarly fundamentalist Christian frame of guilt and atonement, and subtly connected himself and his corruption with a set of understandings about the simultaneous rigidity and vulnerability of the moral order that have grown over the past two centuries to inform, underpin and idealise Afrikaner collective notions of self. That moral order and its vulnerabilities, I will suggest here, have framed a collective identity and a collective sense of both victimhood and entitlement, within which any act becomes acceptable and possible if it can be deemed necessary.
Deep Identity, Shallow Time: Sustaining a Future in Victorian Fishing Communities
Authors: Minnegal Monica , King Tanya J. , Just Roger , Dwyer Peter D.
Published: February 2009

Like commercial fishers everywhere, it seems, those living in coastal communities of Victoria perceive themselves to be under threat from recreational fishers, environmentalists, imposed management regimes, and modernisation and globalisation of the industry. In responding to these threats they appeal to conventional props of tradition—to continuity in genealogical time, affiliation with place and specialised knowledge and practice. This seems paradoxical, given that most established fishers in Victoria are first or second generation members of an industry that, through its 150‐year history, has been characterised by innovation and mobility. That paradox, we argue, is more apparent than real. Fisher identity is grounded primarily in engagement with an environment that is not familiar to outsiders. The paradox arises because fishers, like others who seek to sustain a future in the face of threat from outsiders, reshape strongly felt identity as tradition.
On Shifting Ground: Changing Formulations of Place in Anthropology
Authors: Ward Sally
Published: February 2009

This article explores the ways in which anthropologists have formulated ‘place’. In recent years, place and its companion concept ‘home’ have become themes conceived in terms of fluidity, unboundedness and multiplicity. These formulations are most apparent in that body of literature concerned with people who move between geographical and cultural worlds. The nature of recent conceptions I argue, is a necessary adaptation if anthropologists are to capture meaning in a world of increasing transnational flux.
Spouses and Siblings in Sa Stories1
Authors: Jolly Margaret
Published: February 2009

Earlier functionalist and structuralist approaches treat myths as texts rather than as stories told by people speaking in specific and variable contexts. An analysis of variations in the telling of two Sa stories from South Pentecost, Vanuatu, suggests that myths are not so much collective charters or manifestations of a deep unconscious structure of the mind but are stories which might be more biographically and historically situated.
Legitimising Belief: Identity Politics, Utility, Strategies of Concealment, and Rationalisation in Australian Aboriginal Religion
Authors: Kolig Erich
Published: February 2009

The ‘women's business’ on Hindmarsh Island has had spectacular success although vital evidence had been kept secret ‘in a sealed envelope’. This paper, drawing primarily on the author's own encounter with the native title claims procedure, discusses various formative processes involved in the contemporary construction of Aboriginal indigeneity in which religious belief is heavily valorised. Subjected to a process of rationalisation for a long time, religious traditions are now being used as a strategic resource in native title claims. In the endeavour to make best possible use of the jurisprudential opportunity offered, the maintenance of secrecy and cloaking of information emerges as an important strategy. Secrecy clearly is an integral part of traditional Aboriginal culture. However, cloaking in fact may not only privilege esoteric contents, but merge with attempts of deliberate deception. Yet, in itself this too might be considered an Aboriginal cultural tradition.
Longing For Belonging: A Critical Essay on Peter Read'sBelonging
Authors: Miller Linn
Published: February 2009

In the light of the dispossession and oppression of Aboriginal peoples, a growing number of Australians seriously doubt that non‐indigenous peoples, unlike Aborigines, belong in this country. Peter Read'sBelonging: Australians, Place and Aboriginal Ownership(2000) is evidence both of its author's avowal of this position and his very personal quest to find a shared belonging that is both meaningful and legitimate. Employing conceptual devices concerning displacement transported from his former workReturning to Nothing: The Meaning of Lost Places(1996) Read offers inBelonginga formula by which some settler Australians can achieve re‐emplacement within indigenous landscapes. Sceptical about how useful the notion of a shared belonging might be and dubious about the formula for belonging that Read offers, this paper provides both a critical analysis ofBelonging's conceptual framework and sketches an alternative model, according to which all Australians might appropriately aspire.
Introduction: Current Directions in Australian Anthropologies of the Environment
Authors: Mulcock Jane , Pocock Celmara , Toussaint Yann
Published: February 2009

Environmental anthropology is an expanding field in Australia. Extensive research on Aboriginal relationships to land and natural resources has provided the foundation for growing anthropological interest in the interactions of other Australians with the biophysical environments they inhabit. Australian‐based anthropologists also continue to contribute to research on environmental beliefs and practices in other parts of the world. This paper provides a brief overview of previously explored themes in this field as a precursor to introducing new research and proposing additional areas of research. It is suggested that these could be usefully developed to enhance anthropological contributions to debates about environmental change in Australia and surrounding regions. We argue that there are roles for anthropologists as `cultural translators' in cross‐disciplinary engagements with environmental scientists and natural resource managers; as cultural theorists skilled at documenting and interpreting changing environmental attitudes; and as environmental advocates pursuing the knowledge needed to create more ecologically sustainable human communities. We also suggest that Australian anthropologies of the environment can make valuable theoretical and ethnographic contributions to this important international field of study.
Land Succession and Fission in Nineteenth‐century Western Victoria: The Case of Knenknenwurrung
Authors: Clark Ian D.
Published: February 2009

This article examines the evidence for land succession in western Victoria and considers the fission, fusion, and extinction of some clan groups at the time of contact with non‐Aboriginal people in the late 1830s and 1840s. A special study is made of the intriguing scraps of evidence surrounding Knenknenwurrung. This appears to be the case of a cluster of related clans fragmenting and being absorbed into contiguous language groups—some into Djadjawurrung, some Jardwadjali, and the majority absorbed into Djabwurrung. Exactly when this fragmentation and fission occurred is unclear, but certainly within the living memory of Aboriginal people in the early 1840s.
Matrilineal Spirits, Descent and Territorial Power in Northern Thailand
Authors: Walker Andrew
Published: February 2009

This paper examines matrilineal spirits (phii puu nyaa) in northern Thailand based on field research recently undertaken in a village in Chiang Mai province. The paper suggests that the puu nyaa spirits remain locally significant—despite previous statements about their demise—and that matrilineal linkages are ideologically and practically important in the constitution of the groups. Nevertheless, there are alternative points of reference—to fathers, spouses and localities—that can attenuate attachments to matrilineal kin and introduce alternative sources of spiritual power. It becomes clear that phii puu nyaa spirit beliefs and practices are malleable and provide a basis for various orientations to spiritual power. The intermingling of different types of spiritual power is well illustrated by the presence of protective spirits locally referred to as aahak. In local perception, there is a very close relationship between phii puu nyaa and aahak, but the two entities appear to reflect quite different orientations: in simple terms the aahak represent a masculine, territorial and outward looking form of power which is contrasted with the female‐focused and lineage‐derived potency of the puu nyaa spirits. The paper argues that the outward orientation of the aahak provides some valuable insights into local perceptions of power, demonstrating how the supposedly peripheral and parochial draws regional power into more intimate domains.
Introduction: Culture Without Cultures—The Culture Effect
Authors: Sullivan Patrick
Published: February 2009

Anthropology has often been handmaiden to administrative and political activity that requires bounded social groups mapped onto territories and possessing defining characteristics such as language, values and behaviours. This introductory essay sets the scene for the papers in this Issue which show that actual sets of social relations in their particular places cannot easily be made to conform with this hermetic construct. Acknowledging this, post‐colonial theory has been driven to theorise borderlands, hybridisation and metissage, liminal and interstitial social spaces. Yet these necessarily reinforce and privilege primary concepts of the pure and the central, the bounded and situated. This paper places the hermetic view of culture in its formative period, which also saw the emergence of nationalism and scientific atomism. The paper proposes that positing pure and bounded cultures, even as an idealised abstraction, is an error of theory which is influenced by an attachment to metaphors of the material world, usually ‘Euclidean’. Finally, the paper explores ways that analyses of cultural interrelation, such as those in this Special Issue, can proceed without imagining a resulting ‘culture’, and what this may do for the political landscape of localised cultural rights.
Nations and Tribes ‘Within’: Emerging Aboriginal ‘Nationalisms’ in Katherine
Authors: Bauman Toni
Published: February 2009

Throughout Australia, many Aboriginal responses to the legislative and administrative pressures of the native title regime have been couched in a nation‐building idiom expressed through legally incorporated Aboriginal associations. The membership criteria of these umbrella associations are often derived from definitions of the ‘tribe’ or ‘language group’. Yet, in a kind of Balkanisation, those who see themselves as marginalised to positions of uncertainty on the peripheries of the nation often seek to establish their own independent corporations on the basis of exclusive ties to specific areas of land within it, in search of greater recognition and in competition for scarce resources. In Katherine, in the Northern Territory of Australia, the administrative and legislative gaze of the State, particularly the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976, brought into focus a Jawoyn ‘tribe’, soon to express itself in the idiom of nationhood, closely followed by a Wardaman ‘tribe’ and ‘nation’. More recently, a native title gaze has now brought into focus ‘new’ configurations of kindred clusters, apparently located on the ‘peripheries' of the Jawoyn and Wardaman nations, and named and valued them as Dagoman. This paper discusses the processes associated with an emerging, but seemingly already fragmenting, Dagoman nation. It argues that divergent and changing Aboriginal subjectivities disrupt what might be seen as mimetic processes as Aboriginal people employ strategies of transforming essentialist representations of their collective selves in changing conditions of possibility.
Untimeliness as Moral Indictment: Tamil Agricultural Labouring Women's Use of Lament as Life Narrative
Authors: Ram Kalpana
Published: February 2009

How do Dalit women forge certain forms of critical perspectives in relation to their existence? This paper explores the very particular poetics that shape the women's responses to an invitation by the ethnographer to tell her their life stories. Their narratives made use of several dominant discourses in south India that ritually construct a woman's life as a teleology of an unfolding essence, an embodied force that comes into flower and fruition, and must be socially shaped and tended in order to bring about an auspicious confluence for both woman and the social order. The women also made use of the structure and tropes of several styles of performance that have tragedy at their emotional heart, and which gain their force against the normative construction of life cycle as temporality. By using these forms, women were able to bring into discourse several aspects of their experience of marriage that would otherwise gain no social recognition. In particular, they highlighted the prematurity of their marriage, having wed while still children themselves. The wider argument of this paper engages with two very different versions of agency—one predicated on the use of reason and consent by the individual, the other derived from an examination of the Dalit women's narratives.
Outside the Moral Economy? Single Female Migrants and the Changing Bangladeshi Family
Authors: Rozario Santi
Published: February 2009

Unmarried female migrants, travelling overseas for work, form a small proportion of Bangladeshi overseas migrants. Their situation is anomalous and suspect, since unmarried women should remain at home under male protection and control. The stories of Dipti, a single woman who migrated to Australia in the 1980s, and of two other single women from her native village, demonstrate clearly some of the contradictions of these women's lives. Like other single female migrants I knew, Dipti retained close links to kin in Bangladesh, contributing significantly to the income of parents and siblings back home. Indeed, her constant and generous gift‐giving can be understood as an attempt to counter her anomalous position and remain part of the moral economy of the village. However, Dipti's longing to remain part of an ‘ideal’ extended family conflicted with her relatives' desire for autonomy. This is because families in Bangladesh were themselves changing over this period, due to the intersection of the developmental cycles of domestic groups, dispositions towards the autonomy of children from their parents and each other, and through the economic pressures of contemporary Bangladeshi society, which provide a strong further impetus towards the financial autonomy of the nuclear family. These changes within the structure of their families result in alienating further these single female migrants. Thus, ultimately, both Dipti's attempts to maintain her extended family in Bangladesh and her efforts to recreate it in Australia were doomed to failure. The brief stories of the other two single women I use in the article are parallel to that of Dipti's.
The Unwavering Eye: David McKnight's Ethnographic‐Historical Legacy
Authors: Sutton Peter
Published: February 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

David McKnight.Going the Whiteman's Way: Kinship and Marriage among Australian Aborigines.
The Texture of Events and the Stuff of Dreams: Jean Rouch at the Heart of Film and Anthropology
Authors: Mortimer Lorraine
Published: February 2009

Too little known in the English‐speaking world, Jean Rouch died in 2004, leaving a prolific body of work. Influenced by the surrealists, by dance, cinema and music, his ‘shared anthropology’ and filmmaking began when he was an engineer in colonial West Africa during World War II—through friendship with African public works employees and revolt over the working and living conditions of the people forced to labour. Rouch saw his engineering, anthropology and filmmaking as creating with the concrete, ‘building bridges’. He did not renounce the ‘rational’, but wanted to supplement and broaden it with other ways of searching and knowing, always concerned with the relationship of the concrete material to the spiritual, dream and fantasy—working in the imaginative place where art meets science. This article discusses Rouch's ciné‐ethnography, focusing on a few of the many films he made.
Enchanted Landscapes: Sensuous Awareness as Mystical Practice among Sufis in North India
Authors: Saniotis Arthur
Published: February 2009

Sufi studies in India have become increasingly popular in the last fifteen years, which has provided insight into Sufi thought and practice. However, many of these studies tend to deal with political and social issues in relation to Sufi movements and shrine culture. My analysis presents an innovative way of understanding how Sufis experience sacred landscapes, and differs markedly from other studies on Indian Sufism. My aim is to analyse how Sufis at the Nizamuddin shrine sensuously engage with the sacred landscape.
Changing Pacific Masculinities: The ‘Problem’ of Men
Authors: Taylor John P.
Published: February 2009

This introduction places the papers of this Special Issue within the context of a brief overview of previous literature on the subject of masculinities in the Pacific, and especially of Melanesia. The particular focus on Melanesia is discussed in terms of the colloquia from which the papers originated and is also linked to a discussion of the regionalism of applied social science in Australia. In acknowledging the current link between academic research into gender and the aid and development industries, this introduction critically discusses how understandings of Pacific men and masculinities have presented a ‘problem’ to both of these areas. Indeed, while assessing particular instances in the changing situation of Pacific men's lives, the papers in this Issue also provide a timely critique of the shared dilemmas of anthropology and development within the region.
Vector Extrapolation for Strong Coupling Fluid-Structure Interaction Solvers
Authors: Küttler Ulrich , Wall Wolfgang A.
Published: February 2009

Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) solvers based on vector extrapolation methods are discussed. The FSI solver framework builds on a Dirichlet–Neumann partitioning between general purpose fluid and structural solver. For strong coupling of the two fields vector extrapolation methods are employed to obtain a matrix free nonlinear solver. The emphasis of this presentation is on the embedding of well known vector extrapolation methods in a popular FSI solver framework and, in particular, the relation of these vector extrapolation methods to established fixed-point FSI schemes.
Computation of Inviscid Supersonic Flows Around Cylinders and Spheres With the V-SGS Stabilization and YZβ Shock-Capturing
Authors: Rispoli Franco , Saavedra Rafael , Menichini Filippo , Tezduyar Tayfun E.
Published: February 2009

The YZβ shock-capturing technique was introduced originally for use in combination with the streamline-upwind/Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) formulation of compressible flows in conservation variables. It is a simple residual-based shock-capturing technique. Later it was also combined with the variable subgrid scale (V-SGS) formulation of compressible flows in conservation variables and tested on standard 2D test problems. The V-SGS method is based on an approximation of the class of SGS models derived from the Hughes variational multiscale method. In this paper, we carry out numerical experiments with inviscid supersonic flows around cylinders and spheres to evaluate the performance of the YZβ shock-capturing combined with the V-SGS method. The cylinder computations are carried out at Mach numbers 3 and 8, and the sphere computations are carried out at Mach number 3. The results compare well to those obtained with the YZβ shock-capturing combined with the SUPG formulation, which were shown earlier to compare very favorably to those obtained with the well established OVERFLOW code.
The Deformation of a Vesicle in a Linear Shear Flow
Authors: Takagi Shu , Yamada Takeshi , Gong Xiaobo , Matsumoto Yoichiro
Published: February 2009

In this paper, we discuss the motion of a vesicle in a linear shear flow. It is known that deformable vesicles such as liposomes show the so-called tank-treading and tumbling motions depending on the viscosity ratio between the inside and outside of the vesicle, the swelling ratio, and so on. First, we have conducted numerical simulations on the tank-treading motion of a liposome in a linear shear flow and compared the results with other numerical and experimental results. It is confirmed that the inclination angle of the vesicle becomes smaller when the viscosity ratio becomes larger or the swelling ratio becomes smaller and that the present results show quantitatively good agreement with other results. Then, the effects of membrane modeling are discussed from the mechanics point of view. There are two types of modeling for the lipid bilayer biomembrane. One is a two-dimensional fluid membrane, which reflects the fluidity of the lipid molecules. The other is a hyperelastic membrane, which reflects the stiffness of cytoskeleton structure. Liposome is usually modeled as a fluid membrane and red blood cell (RBC) is modeled as a hyperelastic one. We discuss how these differences of membrane models affect the behaviors of vesicles under the presence of shear flow. It is shown that the hyperelastic membrane model for RBC shows a less inclination angle of tank-treading motion and early transition from tank-treading to tumbling.
Single vs. Dual Stage Actuators: Why and When
Authors: Huang Fu-Ying , Semba Tetsuo , White Matthew
Published: February 2009

Higher TPI HDD requires lower disturbance and higher error rejection capability. One of the limitations to achieve high error rejection capability is the dynamics of the actuator. Dual stage actuator (DSA) has been considered to replace single stage actuator (SSA) someday because of system dynamics difference and more freedom in servo design that may avoid the constraint of single stage actuator dynamics on servo. SSA and DSA were compared based on their dynamics, servo designs, and TMR benefits. The extendibility and limitations of both systems were studied. The criteria on when DSA would be implemented are also discussed.
Formation of Lubricant “Sierra” at Boundary Between PFPE Solution Dipped and Un-Dipped Zones Over DLC Coated Magnetic Disks
Authors: Mitsuya Yasunaga , Goto Keiko , Hayashi Yoshihiro
Published: February 2009

An unstable phenomenon arising at the boundary between PFPE solution dipped and un-dipped zones over DLC coated magnetic disks has been studied. The formation conditions of a ridge of lubricant, or “sierra,” at this boundary and the structure of the “sierra” were clarified. Lubricant film having a step-shaped boundary was first formed by the halfway dip-coating method, and film thickness distribution was then measured around the boundary area. It was found that the film thickness was uniform over the entire lubricated area for a higher speed of withdrawing the disk from the lubricant solution and decreased linearly when the withdrawing speed was lowered. However, the “sierra” structure of the lubricant suddenly formed along the boundary line when the withdrawing speed was further decreased to less than a specified value of around 1 mm/s. The “sierra” was less likely to form for a lower dilution and a longer elapsed time after making the lubricant solution. It was also revealed that, along the ridgeline of the “sierra,” peaks formed periodically and the peak feet propagated in the direction perpendicular to the boundary, forming convex fronts and leaving multiplex bead chains of lubricant accumulations inside the convex.
Contact ABS Design Concepts
Authors: Xu Junguo , Kohira Hidekazu , Saegusa Shozo
Published: February 2009

The design of a head-disk interface for an ultra-low flying height was studied from the viewpoint of contact vibration. It is known that a super-smooth disk is necessary for a slider to fly at an ultra-low flying height; however, such a disk increases the friction force, which potentially increases the vibration of the slider. To solve this problem, the head-disk interface must be optimized to reduce this increased vibration. We found that the use of micro-texture on the air bearing surface can prevent contact vibration. Combining trimming with the use of a micro-texture was most effective in reducing contact vibration. A frequency-shift-damping slider was also found to damp vibration effectively.
Understanding the Dynamics of Contact Recording Head-Disk Interfaces
Authors: Knigge Bernhard E. , Mate C. Mathew , Dai Qing , Lee Francis C. , Payne Robert N. , Ruiz Oscar J.
Published: February 2009

Contact recording is fast becoming an attractive alternative to conventional flying recording heads. For contact recording, a new design philosophy has to be developed based on good understanding of contact dynamics of the head-disk interface. We have developed an integrated approach to understanding these interfaces, where experimental results from friction and laser doppler interferometer measurements are modeled using modified air bearing codes. Important insights gained: 1) smaller contact pad size reduces friction and bounce, 2) rougher disk surfaces have lower friction and contact stiffness, and 3) pitch angle and lubricant lube thickness strongly influence damping of slider motions.
A Nano-Scale Multi-Asperity Model for Contact and Friction
Authors: Adams George G. , Mu¨ftu¨ Sinan , Azhar Nazif Mohd
Published: February 2009

As surfaces become smoother and loading forces decrease in applications such as MEMS and NEMS devices, the asperity contacts which comprise the real contact area will continue to decrease into the nano scale regime. Thus it becomes important to understand how the material and topographical properties of surfaces contribute to measured friction forces at this nano scale. We have incorporated the single asperity nano contact model of Hurtado and Kim into a multi-asperity model for contact and friction which includes the effect of asperity adhesion forces using the Maugis-Dugdale model. Our model spans the range from nano-scale to micro-scale to macro-scale contacts. We have identified three key dimensionless parameters representing combinations of surface roughness measures, Burgers vector length, surface energy, and elastic modulus. Results are given for the normal and friction forces vs. separation, and for the friction coefficient vs. normal force for various values of these key parameters.
Precise Estimation of Mobility of PFPE Lubricants Combining the Experimental Method and Numerical Method
Authors: Oka Mineo , Nakazawa Shinichi
Published: February 2009

The diffusion coefficient has been used to estimate the mobility of PFPE lubricant on hard disk media. In former researches, initial lubricant thickness distribution is assumed to be step function. And similar solution was used to estimate the diffusion coefficient. But based on our experimentally measured data, initial distribution is not step function but has inclined slope. It leads the over estimation of the diffusion coefficient especially for low mobility lubricants. In this paper, instead of assuming initial distribution is step function and using similar solution, the diffusion coefficient is estimated by the method combining the experimentally measured results and the numerical solutions. The estimated diffusion coefficient is much lower for the low mobility lubricants. Calculated thickness distribution agrees well with the experimentally measured distribution. The mobility and spreading characteristics of PFPE lubricants can be estimated precisely using this method.
High Deformation Rate Uniaxial Elongation Flow of Mobile Fluids in Cavitation Bubble Collapse Experiments
Authors: Williams P. Rhodri , Barrow Matthew S. , Cordy Stephen , Hawkins Karl
Published: February 2009

We report experimental work involving the rapid uniaxial elongation of jets of mobile (i.e. low shear viscosity) liquids formed by the collapse of a gas bubble under a cavitation-generated shockwave. The results of this work establish that the jets experience a significant degree of extensional deformation, at high rates of extension (typically > 1000 s−1) which are relevant to considerations of journal bearing lubrication. The results of experiments conducted on samples of commercial multigrade motor lubricants in the 15W40 category indicate a substantially increased resistance to extensional flow when compared with the behaviour of their Newtonian counterparts. Interestingly, the technique is able to distinguish between the rheological properties of lubricants of identical category (15W40) which are formulated for use in different engines (petrol engine and diesel engine, respectively). The lubricant formulated for the latter application is found to exhibit the highest resistance to extensional flow.
Experimental and Numerical Study of the Cavitating Flow on a Hydrofoil
Authors: Coutier-Delgosha O. , Devillers J.-F.
Published: February 2009

The unsteady cavitating flow field on a 2D hydrofoil is investigated by experimental means and numerical calculations. The self-oscillatory behavior of the cavitation sheet observed experimentally is correctly simulated by the numerical model. A particularly good agreement is obtained concerning the frequency of the phenomenon in various flow configurations. To confirm the low void ratio predicted by the model in the main part of the liquid/vapor cavity a new experimental device is applied: it is based on an endoscopic visualization of the interior of the mixture. Recent developments of the method are presented, and some first results are analysed.
Growth Process to Cloud-Like Cavitation on Separated Shear Layer
Authors: Saito Yasuhiro , Sato Keiichi
Published: February 2009

It is important to explain a high-speed liquid flow phenomenon because of the developments of various fluid machines. Cavitation is one of the most important phenomena in high-speed liquid flow. When cavitation appears in a liquid flow, it causes some problems such as performance deterioration, vibrations, noise, and cavitation damage. So, it is important to observe the cavity behavior to solve such problems. Especially, it is well known that a cloud cavitation has heavy unsteadiness and high impulse. In this study, a fundamental experimental research on the process of growing to the cloud-like cavitation was performed. The aspect of the cavitation in a circular cylindrical orifice and in a convergent-divergent channel was observed by the high-speed video camera. As a result, the unsteady shedding behavior of the vortex cavity was characteristically observed in a region of the separation bubble at an inlet of a circular cylindrical orifice. There are several vortex cavities on the separated shear layer. These cavities behave pairing and coalescence with each other repeatedly and grow up into a cloud-like cavity. The cloud-like cavity is shed downstream and then generates high impulses at the collapse. In the case of a circular cylindrical orifice, the cavities can be observed clearly by using a laser sheet method. Similar behaviors of the cavity are observed on the separated shear layer in a two dimensional convergent-divergent channel. This paper discusses how the behaviors of vortex cavity relate closely to the flow pattern at non-cavitating condition on the separated shear layer and that the process of the vortex cavities develop to the cloud-like cavity.
Flow Visualization of Cavitation With Particle and Bubble Image Processing
Authors: Kato Kazuhiko , Matudaira Yasuaki , Obara Hiromichi
Published: February 2009

The new PIV image processing method is proposed to apply to cavitation flow field. Two CCD cameras take each high quality image shots utilizing the difference of the scatter light intensity between seeding particle and bubble. From the image of seeding particle, cavitation information such as the equivalent void fraction and the cavity boundary is obtained by using binary process for luminosity intensity. From both images of seeding particle and bubble, velocity information is obtained individually in regard to the inner or the outer area of the cavity by using cross correlation method and finally composed into one. For the evaluation of this PIV measurement and processing, the experiment was carried out about the wake vortex cavitation flow behind a wedge. Accordingly, the cavity boundary, the equivalent void fraction, the velocity vector and the vorticity were clarified and these reliability and validity were discussed in detail.
Cavitating Flow Simulation in a Closed Pump Sump by Two-Fluid Model and Its PIV Verification
Authors: Xu Yu , Wu Yulin , Liu Shuhong , Li Yong
Published: February 2009

In this paper, the two-fluid model was adopted to analyze the cavitating flow. Based on Boltzmann equation, governing equations for two-phase cavitating flow were obtained by using the microscopic kinetic theory, in which the equation terms for mass and momentum transportations can be obtained directly. Then the RNG k–ε–kg turbulence model, that is RNG k–ε model for the liquid phase and kg model for the cavity phase, was used to close the Reynolds time-averaged equations. According to the governing equations above, the simulation of the two-phase cavitating flow through a closed pump sump has been carried out. The calculated results have been compared with a PIV experiment. Good agreement exhibited.
Application of AUSM Schemes to Multi-Dimensional Two-Phase Flow Problems
Authors: Garci´a-Cascales Jose´ R. , Paille`re Henri
Published: February 2009

In this paper we study the extension of AUSM schemes to multi-dimensional two-phase flow problems with phase change. We present the system of equations characterizing these problems, the closure relationships and the equations of state to close the system. We present some of the most important characteristics of the numerical method used in this work, discribing how primitive variables are determined from conserved variables. Numerical results, corresponding to a fast depressurization benchmark, are included and compared with some experimental data. Conclusions are then drawn and future work briefly described.
Numerical Study of Condensation of a Polyatomic Vapor by a Shock Wave Based on the Kinetic Theory of Gases
Authors: Yano Takeru , Kobayashi Kazumichi , Fujikawa Shigeo
Published: February 2009

A semi-infinite expanse of a polyatomic vapor bounded by its condensed phase is considered. The condensed phase is a thin liquid film on a solid wall of finite thickness. An incident shock wave is reflected at the liquid film, and thereby the pressure behind the reflected shock exceeds the saturated pressure. Then, the vapor begins to condense onto the surface of the liquid film. We present the results of numerical study of the behavior of vapor and the growth rate of liquid film based on the kinetic theory, the Gaussian-BGK model of the Boltzmann equation with a kinetic boundary condition of a mixed type including the condensation coefficient. It is shown that both the behavior of vapor and the growth rate of liquid film are considerably affected by values of the condensation coefficient. The numerical results are also compared with those by a previous theory.
Visualization of Three-Dimensional Turbulent Structure Based on Orthogonal Wavelet Decomposition
Authors: Li Hui , Hu Hui , Kobayashi Toshio , Saga Tetsuo , Taniguchi Nobuyuki
Published: February 2009

The orthogonal multi-resolution analysis was applied to the digital imaging photographs of lobed mixing jets for revealing the time varying turbulent structures of various scales. The image components of five different broad scales are obtained, and each image components can provide information on the multi-scale turbulent structures. The complex vortical structures of various scales were clearly extracted and visualized at different instances.
Temperature Boundary Analysis of Condensation Jets Using Discrete Wavelets Multiresolution and 2 Dimensional Image
Authors: Kimura Motoaki , Takei Masahiro , Saima Atushi , Vierow Karen , Saito Yoshifuru , Horii Kiyoshi
Published: February 2009

This paper describes the application of discrete wavelet transform to the analysis of condensation jets in order to clarify the fluid and heat transfer phenomenon. The condensation jets in nozzle vicinity are experimentally visualized with laser light sheet method to obtain the condensation particle density images of the jets. The image of the condensation particle density in the jet is decomposed to the mean value and the fluctuation value images by means of wavelet multiresolution. The dominant temperature boundary and the mean component outside boundary were provided from wavelet separation images. These boundaries were compared with the temperature distributions provided from experimental results.
Wavelet Based Solution to Time-Dependent Higher Order Non-Linear Two-Point Initial Boundary Value Problems With Non-Periodic Boundary Conditions: KdV, Boussinesq Equations
Authors: Narang H. N. , Nekkanti Rajiv K.
Published: February 2009

The Wavelet solution for boundary-value problems is relatively new and has been mainly restricted to the solutions in data compression, image processing and recently to the solution of differential equations with periodic boundary conditions. This paper is concerned with the wavelet-based Galerkin’s solution to time dependent higher order non-linear two-point initial-boundary-value problems with non-periodic boundary conditions. The wavelet method can offer several advantages in solving the initial-boundary-value problems than the traditional methods such as Fourier series, Finite Differences and Finite Elements by reducing the computational time near singularities because of its multi-resolution character. In order to demonstrate the wavelet, we extend our prior research of solution to parabolic equations and problems with non-linear boundary conditions to non-linear problems involving KdV Equation and Boussinesq Equation. The results of the wavelet solutions are examined and they are found to compare favorably to the known solution. This paper on the whole indicates that the wavelet technique is a strong contender for solving partial differential equations with non-periodic conditions.
Swirling Flow of Magnetic Fluid in Multi-Pole Rotating Magnetic Field
Authors: Kamioka Kenichi , Yamane Ryuichiro
Published: February 2009

The experiments are conducted on the magnetic fluid flow induced by the multi-pole rotating magnetic field in a circular cylinder. The numbers of poles are two, four, six, eight and twelve. The applied electric current and frequency are 2∼6 A and 20∼60 Hz, respectively. The peak velocity of the flow increases with the increase in the strength and the phase velocity of the magnetic field. As the increase in the number of poles, the flow shifts to the outer periphery.
Characteristics of Ultrasound Propagation in a Magnetic Fluid Under Uniform Magnetic Field
Authors: Motozawa Masaaki , Sawada Tatsuo
Published: February 2009

When an external magnetic field is applied to a magnetic fluid, some of the colloidal particles coagulate and form chain-like clusters. Properties of ultrasonic propagation wave are changed by these chain-like clusters. We carried out measurement of the ultrasonic propagation velocity in a magnetic fluid. Measurement were made by changing the magnetic field intensity from 0 mT to 570 mT, and the angle between the magnetic field direction and direction of the ultrasound propagation from 0° to 180°. The ultrasound frequencies were 1 MHz, 2 MHz and 4 MHz. Some of experimental results for the characteristics of ultrasound propagation in a magnetic fluid under a uniform magnetic field were reported.
Influence of Electric Fields on Flow of Liquid Crystal Mixture in a Circular Tube With Electrode Surface
Authors: Tsukiji Tetsuhiro , Mitani Tsuyoshi
Published: February 2009

Liquid crystal is one of functional fluids to control an apparent viscosity using an electric field intensity. It is also called ER (Electro-rheological) fluids. In the present experiment a liquid crystal mixture made of some kinds of the nematic liquid crystal is used. The responses of the pressure drop are examined when the liquid crystal mixture flows in a circular tube with the electrode walls on some parts of the inner surface of the tube for the constant flow rates. The four pair of the electrode is used and the voltages are added in the peripheral direction. When the voltages are applied on the liquid crystal mixture and removed, the pressure responses of the inlet of the circular tube are measured with the pressure transducer. On the other hand, the pulse-wave voltages are added to the electrodes to control the pressure drop using the pulse width modulation or the pulse frequency modulation. The diameter of the circular tube is 1.0mm. The isotropic-nematic transition is 90.0°C and smectic-nematic transition is −44.0°C for the liquid crystal mixture. The open-loop test facility with the liquid crystal mixture is set in a pyrostat to keep the temperature constant.
On the Convective Stability of Oldroyd B Fluid Subject to a Horizontal Temperature Gradient
Authors: Kaloni P. N. , Lou J. X.
Published: February 2009

The linear convective stability analysis of Oldroyd B fluid with horizontal temperature gradient and thermocapillary effects is carried out. The lower surface of the fluid layer is in contact with an adiabatic rigid plate and the upper face is flat and subject to a temperature dependent surface tension. The eigenvalue problem is solved by the Chebyshev Tau-QZ method and the results are presented for Prandtl numbers 10 and 100. The role of different viscoelastic parameters is discussed.
On the Limitations of High Speed Jet Noise Suppression (Keynote Paper)
Authors: Krothapalli Anjaneyuly , Greska Brenton , Arakeri Vijay
Published: February 2009

This paper deals with an experimental investigation on the suppression of high-speed jet noise using air/water microjet injection at the nozzle exit. The far-field acoustic measurements from a high temperature Mj = 1.38 and Mj = 0.9 axisymmetric jet issuing from a converging nozzle show the suppression of screech tones, Mach wave radiation/crackle and mixing noise due to the use of microjets. Estimations of the contributions of different noise sources to the far-field sound are made using the current data supported by observations of previous investigators. It appears that the mixing noise reduction due to elimination of large eddies is found to be about 3–5 dB. Any further reduction of noise may only be accomplished by significant turbulence suppression and thermodynamic changes in the jet.
Features of the Operation of Powered Resonance Tube Actuators: Experiments and Simulations
Authors: Raman Ganesh , Sarpotdar Shekhar , Cain Alan B.
Published: February 2009

There has been a recent surge of interest in powered resonance tube actuators for flow control applications. Additional features of powered resonance tube actuators (both experiments and simulations) are presented in this paper. A Powered Resonance Tube (PRT) is a device based on aeroacoustics principles, capable of producing intense perturbation levels for use in active flow control. The PRT described here is capable of producing frequencies ranging from 1600 to 15,000 Hz at amplitudes as high as 160 dB near the source. Our detailed experiments aimed at understanding the PRT phenomenon are complemented by improved direct numerical simulations. We provide a detailed characterization of the unsteady pressures in the nearfield of the actuator using phase averaged pressure measurements. The measurements revealed that propagating fluctuations were biased towards the upstream direction (relative to the supply jet) for some frequencies. However, this feature depended on the frequency at which the device was operated. The simulations that were performed earlier at a Reynolds number 490 times lower than that in the experiment have been refined. The current simulations are performed at 49 times lower than that in the experiments and show that a finer scale structure develops at higher Reynolds numbers and a more regular oscillation is present at low Reynolds numbers.
On the Sound Sources of the Screech Tone Radiated From Circular Underexpanded Jet Oscillating in the Helical Mode
Authors: Umeda Yoshikuni , Ishii Ryuji
Published: February 2009

The generation mechanism of the screech tone in the helical oscillation mode is investigated using a series of instantaneous photographs. From the photographs, six evanescent sound sources are observed as prominent points along the jet axis. These sound sources move along circular orbits in the planes perpendicular to the jet axis and slightly downstream of the rear edges of each shock cell. The speed of moving sound sources is supersonic and moving Mach cones generated behind the moving sound sources form helical-shaped wave front of the screech tone. Existence of the moving Mach cones about the jet axis was confirmed by comparing schlieren photographs and drawings of the envelopes of the moving Mach cones. The helical vortical structure appears to overlap on the envelopes of the moving Mach cones.